Pierre-Paulin Gourrège (9 June 1749 in Bordeaux — 27 October 1805 near Cadiz) was a French Navy officer and captain.

Career
Gourrège started his career in the merchant Navy in 1749, rising to assistant pilot the next year, to lieutenant in 1772 and earning his commission of captain in 1777. In 1791, he became captain in the National Guard, and was appointed Lieutenant in the Navy on 1 July 1792, taking command of the frigate Fraternité on 13 November 1793. With Fraternité, he cruised from Brest off Southern Spain before transferring on Brutus.

On 21 March 1796, Gourrège was promoted to Commander, and to Captain on 22 September. On 10 November, he was appointed to Coquille, supervised the commissioning of Indienne at the Havre from 20 October 1797, and took command of Créole on 12 April 1799.

After taking part in an abortive sortie with the division under contre-amiral Lacrosse, where Créole sustained some damage in a collision with Fidèle, Gourrège took part in Ganteaume's expeditions of 1801. During the cruise, he was appointed to the 80-gun Indivisible, which he commanded during the action of 24 June 1801, where she and Dix-Août captured HMS Swiftsure.

Gourrège commanded the Jean Bart from 5 September 1801, and the Aigle from 28 November 1802. In 1803, he served off Santo Domingo, ferrying troops from Livorno to Cap-Français and performing an amphibious landing at Gonaïves, before returning to Cadiz. On 5 February 1804, he was made a Knight in the order of the Legion of Honour, and promoted to Officer on 14 June.

On Aigle, he reinforced the Franco-Spanish fleet during the Trafalgar Campaign and took part in the Battle of Cape Finisterre and in the Battle of Trafalgar, where he was mortally wounded at the outbreak of the fight possibly by mistake by fire from Principe de Asturias. Aigle was captured during the battle, recaptured afterwards by her own crew mutined against the British, but ultimately wrecked near Cadiz. Gourrège died of his injuries six days after the battle.

Sources and references

Notes

References

Bibliography

 GOURREGE (Pierre-Paulin) (1749 – 1805)

1749 births
1805 deaths
French Navy officers
French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
French naval commanders of the Napoleonic Wars

Pierre-Paulin Gourrège


Manzini (formerly known as Bremersdorp) is a city in Eswatini; it is the capital of Eswatini's Manzini District. The city is the country's second largest urban centre behind Mbabane, with a population of 78,000 (2008). It is known as "The Hub" of Eswatini and lies on the MR3 road.

Cities in Eswatini
Capital cities in Africa

Manzini, Eswatini


The abdominal external oblique muscle (also external oblique muscle, or exterior oblique) is the largest and outermost of the three flat abdominal muscles of the lateral anterior abdomen.

Structure
The external oblique is situated on the lateral and anterior parts of the abdomen.  It is broad, thin, and irregularly quadrilateral, its muscular portion occupying the side, its aponeurosis the anterior wall of the abdomen. In most humans (especially females), the oblique is not visible, due to subcutaneous fat deposits and the small size of the muscle.

It arises from eight fleshy digitations, each from the external surfaces and inferior borders of the fifth to twelfth ribs (lower eight ribs). These digitations are arranged in an oblique line which runs inferiorly and anteriorly, with the upper digitations being attached close to the cartilages of the corresponding ribs, the lowest to the apex of the cartilage of the last rib, the intermediate ones to the ribs at some distance from their cartilages.

The five superior serrations increase in size from above downward, and are received between corresponding processes of the serratus anterior muscle; the three lower ones diminish in size from above downward and receive between them corresponding processes from the latissimus dorsi. From these attachments the fleshy fibers proceed in various directions. Its posterior fibers from the ribs to the iliac crest form a free posterior border.

Those from the lowest ribs pass nearly vertically downward, and are inserted into the anterior half of the outer lip of the iliac crest; the middle and upper fibers, directed downward (inferiorly) and forward (anteriorly), become aponeurotic at approximately the midclavicular line and form the anterior layer of the rectus sheath. This aponeurosis formed from fibres from either side of the external oblique decussates at the linea alba.

The aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle forms the inguinal ligament.  The muscle also contributes to the inguinal canal.

The internal oblique muscle is just deep to the external oblique muscle.

Nerve supply
The external oblique muscle is supplied by ventral branches of the lower six thoracoabdominal nerves and the subcostal nerve on each side.

Blood supply
The cranial portion of the muscle is supplied by the lower intercostal arteries, whereas the caudal portion is supplied by a branches of either the deep circumflex iliac artery or the iliolumbar artery.

Function
The external oblique functions to pull the chest downwards and compress the abdominal cavity, which increases the intra-abdominal pressure as in a Valsalva maneuver.  It also performs ipsilateral (same side) side-bending and contralateral (opposite side) rotation: the right external oblique would side-bend to the right and rotate to the left, and vice versa. The internal oblique muscle functions similarly except it rotates ipsilaterally.

Society and culture

Oblique strain
The oblique strain is a common baseball injury, particularly in pitchers. In both batters and pitchers it can affect the contralateral (leading) side external oblique, or the trailing internal oblique.

Training

Side plank

Additional images

References

External links

Abdomen
Muscles of the torso
Spine flexors
Spine lateral flexors
Spine rotators

Abdominal external oblique muscle


Fermín Barva was a Filipino pre-war director who made his film debut in a silent movie Ang Dugong Makamandag, Englist title The Poisonous Blood.

Filmography

1932 – Ang Dugong Makamandag aka The Poisonous Blood

1934 - Mag-inang Mahirap

1934 - Hinagpis ng Magulang aka Wrath of Parents

1934 - X3X

1934 - Liwayway ng Kalayaan aka Dawn if Freedom

1935 - Ang Gulong ng Buhay aka The Wheel of Life

1936 - Malambot na Bato aka Soft Stone

1937 - Gamu-Gamong Naging Lawin

1937 - Umaraw sa Hatinggabi aka Midnight Becomes Morning

1937 - Magkapatid

1937 - Sanga-Sangang Dila

1937 - Sampaguitang Walang Bango

1938 - Makasalanan at Birhen - Philippine National Pictures

1939 - Pag-ibig ng Isang Ina - Philippine Artist Guild aka Mother's Love

1949 - He Promised to Return -  [Movietec]

1950 - The Pirates Go to Town -  Lebran Pictures

1950 - Beasts of the East

1951 - Hiwaga ng Langit - Fortune Pictures aka Mystery of Heaven

1953 - Malapit sa Diyos - Lebran Pictures aka Close to God

1953 - Babaing Kalbo - Lebran Pictures aka Bald Lady

External links

Year of death missing
Filipino film directors

Fermín Barva


Mary, Lady Dering (née Mary Harvey), (bap. 3 September 1629 – 7 February 1704) was an English composer.

The daughter of Daniel Harvey and Elizabeth Kynnersley, Mary Harvey was baptised in Croydon on 3 September 1629, and therefore probably born within a day or two of that. Daniel Harvey was a wealthy London merchant and member of the Levant Company, his eldest brother being the anatomist William Harvey.

Mary Harvey was sent to Mrs Salmon's school in Hackney, where her friends included Mary Aubrey (later her sister-in-law, and niece of John Aubrey) and  Katherine Philips (the Matchless Orinda). In 1645, she married her cousin and father's former apprentice, William Hauke; this was without her father's consent, and it was quickly annulled. The man her father arranged for her to marry, and whom she did on 5 April 1648, was Sir Edward Dering. The marriage turned out well; the couple produced seventeen children (seven of whom died young), as well as poems and music. Despite bearing so many children, Dering outlived her husband by twenty years, dying in February 1704 (1705 New Style); she also outlived her eldest son Sir Edward Dering, 3rd Baronet.

Dering studied music with Henry Lawes. Lawes dedicated his Second book of airs to her, declaring that

I have consider'd, but could not find it lay in my power to offer this Book to any but to your Ladiship. Not only in regard of that honour and esteem you have for Musick, but because those Songs which fill this Book have receiv'd much lustre by your excellent performance of them; and (which I confesse I rejoice to speak of) some which I esteem the best of these Ayres, were of your own Composition, after your Noble Husband was pleased to give the Words. For (although your Ladiship resolv'd to keep it private) I beg leave to declare, for my own honour, that you are not only excellent for the time you spent in the practise of what I set, but are your self so good a Composer, that few of any sex have arriv'd to such perfection.

The only works of hers which survive are the three songs that Lawes published in this volume - incidentally, the first published music by a female composer in England.

Dering was buried at Pluckley in Kent, and has a memorial inscription in the church there.

References

Further reading
Kerr, Jessica M., "Mary Harvey: The Lady Dering", Music & Letters, 25 (1944): 23–33. JSTOR(subscription needed)
Ian Spink. "Lady Mary Dering", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (accessed September 13, 2006), grovemusic.com  (subscription needed).
Judith Tick. "Women in Music", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (accessed September 13, 2006), grovemusic.com  (subscription needed).

External links
Dering's works on IMSLP

1629 births
1704 deaths
English classical composers
British women classical composers
English Baroque composers
17th-century English women
Wives of baronets
Musicians from Croydon
People from Pluckley

Lady Mary Dering


Benegal Shiva Rao (26 February 1891 – 15 December 1975) was an Indian journalist and politician. He was a member of the Constituent Assembly of India and an elected representative of the South Kanara constituency in the First Lok Sabha (later named Mangalore, currently Dakshina Kannada). He was the correspondent of The Hindu and then of the Manchester Guardian. He was also a member of the Rajya Sabha from 1957 - 1960 and a recipient of the civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan.

Biography
B. Shiva Rao was born in Mangalore on 26 February 1891 into a distinguished family. His father was B. Raghavendra Rao, a renowned medical practitioner. He graduated from the Presidency College, Chennai. His elder brothers were Benegal Narsing Rau and Benegal Rama Rau. He joined labour movement and rose to vice president of INTUC. In 1929 he married Kitty Verstaendig, an Austrian. Early in his life, he came under influence of theosophical society and its leader Annie Besant. He was a correspondent of The Hindu and the Manchester Guardian. He is well known for his work Framing of India's Constitution (in six volumes, 1968). He was an ardent admirer of Gandhi but one of the first to criticize his strategy for national movement. His objectivity and deep analysis endeared him to his readers including Nehru, Gandhi and S. Radhakrishnan. His participation in International labour movement continued after independence as delegate to UN and ILO where he worked with Mrs. Vijaylakshmi Pandit and Babu Jagjeevan Ram. He remained member of Lok Sabha from 1952–57 and Rajya Sabha from 1957–1960. After that, he retired from public life and concentrated on research. He also edited papers of his brother B. N. Rau as India's Constitution in the Making (1960). He was one of contributors to Cyril Henry Phillips and Mary Doreen Wainwright edited The Partition of India:Policies & Perspectives 1935-47. His last work was India's Freedom Fighters: Some Notable Figures published in 1972 as a tribute to his departed colleagues.
His other works are:
 What Labour has Gained from Reform in India (1923)
 The Problem of India (1926), co-written with David Graham Pole
 Select Constitutions of the World (1934)
 Industrial Worker in India (1939)
 India's Freedom Struggle: Some aspects (1968)
 India Goes to the Polls (1968)
 India's Role in UN (1968), co-written with Ǧaʻfar Riḍā'Bilġrāmī

He led the Indian Delegation to the United Nations General Assembly Sessions in 1947, 1948, 1949 and 1950.

On 15 Dec 1975, he died in New Delhi and was survived by his wife.

References

Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka
People from Dakshina Kannada district
Mangaloreans
Journalists from Karnataka
India MPs 1952–1957
Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka
The Hindu journalists
Politicians from Mangalore
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education
1891 births
1975 deaths
Members of the Constituent Assembly of India
20th-century Indian journalists
Lok Sabha members from Karnataka

B. Shiva Rao


Alypus () was a sculptor of ancient Greece, a native of Sicyon.  He studied under Naucydes of Argos.  His age may be fixed from his having executed bronze statues of some Spartans who shared in the victory of Lysander at Aegospotami around 405 BC.  Pausanias also mentions some statues of victors of the Ancient Olympic Games made by him.

References

Ancient Sicyonians
5th-century BC Greek sculptors

Alypus


Abergavenny Museum is a museum situated in the grounds of Abergavenny Castle, Abergavenny, Monmouthshire, south east Wales.

The museum is housed in the square 'keep' on the high point of the castle motte, in the hunting lodge built for the Marquess of Abergavenny in 1819 on the site. The castle grounds overlook the River Usk and Castle Meadows and is in Abergavenny town centre itself.

History of the museum
The museum had been mooted early in the 20th century but action to establish it only took place in the late 1950s at a period when parts of the old town of Abergavenny were undergoing some redevelopment and some interesting historical and archaeological artifacts came to light. Local residents realised that some action had to be taken to prevent these items from being lost forever and to provide a home for future finds. The action of local volunteers established the museum on its present site.

The collection
The museum houses a collection of objects of local significance: old photographs of the landscape and town; archaeological finds discovered when the new 1960s Post Office and telephone exchange was built on part of the site of the Roman fort of Gobannium; earlier prehistoric finds dating from the Mesolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age such as axe heads and arrow heads; items from the medieval and Tudor periods; a Welsh kitchen of the 1890s, a saddlers shop from 1900 to 1930 and Basil Jones' old grocers shop  from Abergavenny town; and nationally valuable collections associated with Father Ignatius and Lady Llanover.

Liaison with schools
Abergavenny Museum works closely with local schools and educational establishments. It provides a range of workshops covering the Celts and Romans locally to the Victorian kitchen.

See also
Conservation in the United Kingdom
List of museums in Wales

References

External links
Abergavenny Museum website
Monmouthshire County Council website information on the museum
Gathering the Jewels Welsh website — some of the artefacts held at Abergavenny Museum
Museum Wales on a rare Roman find from near Abergavenny
Museum Wales on coins found near Abergavenny
Roman Gobannium on the Roman Britain website

History of Monmouthshire
Museums in Monmouthshire
Local museums in Wales
Abergavenny

Abergavenny Museum


Anti-Assyrian sentiment, also known as anti-Assyrianism and Assyrophobia, is a diverse spectrum of negative feelings, dislikes, fears, aversion, racism, derision and/or prejudice towards Assyrians, Assyria, and Assyrian culture. Anti-Assyrian sentiment is largely fueled by an Anti-Christian sentiment, and very rarely for their ethnicity itself.

In Iran
In October 1917, the Ottomans launched the Persian campaign with the hopes of capturing more land. The Assyrians, led by Agha Petros held them off until June 1918, however, up to 100,000 Assyrians left Persia in 1918, but around half died of Turkish and Kurdish massacres, starvation, disease, or famine.  About 80 percent of Assyrian clergy and influential leaders had perished.

The city of Urmia and the areas around it, 200 villages were ravaged, 200,000 of Assyrian dead, and hundreds of thousands more Assyrians starving to death in exile. The Associated Press reported that in the vicinity of Urmia, "Turkish regular troops and Kurds are persecuting and massacring Assyrian Christians." The victims included 800 massacred near Urmia, and 2,000 dead from disease. Two hundred Assyrians were burned to death inside a church, and the Russians had discovered more than 700 bodies of massacre victims in the village of Hafdewan outside Urmia, "mostly naked and mutilated", some with gunshot wounds, others decapitated, and others chopped to pieces. The New York Times reported on 11 October that 12,000 Assyrian Christians had died of massacre, hunger, or disease; thousands of girls as young as seven had been raped in sex attacks, or forcibly converted to Islam; Christian villages had been destroyed, and three-fourths of these Christian villages were burned to the ground.

In Iraq
Christian priests were prime targets; eight Assyrian priests were killed during the massacre, including one beheaded and another burned alive. Back in the city of Duhok, 600 Assyrians were killed by Sidqi's men. In the end, around 65 Assyrian villages were targeted in the Mosul and Dohuk districts. The Simele massacre of the Assyrian people is often regarded as a phase of the Assyrian genocide beginning in August 1914 in the early days of what became World War I. Today, most of these villages are inhabited by Kurds. The main campaign lasted until August 16, but violent raids on Assyrians were being reported up to the end of the month. After the campaign, Bakr Sidqi was invited to Baghdad for a victory rally. The campaign resulted in one third of the Assyrian population of Iraq fleeing to Syria.

After the Invasion of Iraq and fall of Saddam Hussein, Assyrians became victims of Islamist violence. During the period of 2003-2013, there were increasing amounts of Church attacks, beheadings, and bombings of Assyrians.

After the Fall of Mosul, ISIS demanded that Assyrian Christians living in the city convert to Islam, pay jizyah, or face execution, by July 19, 2014. ISIS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi further noted that Christians who do not agree to follow those terms must "leave the borders of the Islamic Caliphate" within a specified deadline. This resulted in a complete Assyrian exodus from Mosul, marking the end of 1,800 years of continuous Christian presence. A church mass was not held in Mosul for the first time in nearly 2 thousand years.

In Syria
On 23 February 2015, 150 Assyrians from villages near Tell Tamer in northeastern Syria were kidnapped by ISIS. At Assyrian Christian farming villages on the banks of the Khabur River in Northeast Syria, 253 people, 51 of them children and 84 of them were women, with one account claiming that ISIS is demanding $22 million (or roughly $100,000 per person) for their release. On 8 October 2015, ISIS released a video showing three of the Assyrian men kidnapped in Khabur being murdered. It was reported that 202 of the 253 kidnapped Assyrians were still in captivity, each one with a demanded ransom of $100,000. On 25 October, hundreds of civilians were trapped in Sadad, Syria, with Archbishop Silwanos Al-Nemeh saying that the situation was dire and that they were in fear of a massacre. Also, opposition fighters entered the Mar Theodore Church damaging it and stealing Church items. More than 100 government soldiers and 100 rebels, including 80 jihadists from ISIS and al-Nusra, were killed in the fighting. Foreign rebel fighters were also among the dead. The rebels retreated to the surrounding farmland, with the military in pursuit, and the government news agency reported that the militants had vandalized Sadad's Saint Theodor Church and much of its infrastructure.

See also
 Anti-Armenian sentiment

References

Sources

Persecution of Assyrians
Persecution of Assyrians
Racism

Anti-Assyrian sentiment


Institute of Physics and Technology (IPT) is one of leading institutions of Ural Federal University. IPT was transformed from Physical Engineering faculty of USTU-UPI during merging USTU-UPI and USU. The institute trains specialists in the following fields: physico-chemical, physical engineering, IT, social and humanitarian, quality management of innovative products and technologies. IPT also known as "UPI's Phystech"().

History
The Physical Engineering faculty of USTU-UPI was established May 27, 1949 in order to prepare personnel for the nuclear industry. Originally known as Engineering Physics Faculty, it was renamed to the Physical Engineering faculty in autumn of 1949. The first graduates (students transferred from the Power Engineering Faculty in 1949) in December 1950.

1953 - a dormitory faculty was built (10th student housing)
1956 - its own faculty building  (5th academic building).

For 60 years Phystech produced more than 12,000 engineers, some of whom are directors of nuclear power plants and research institutions, university presidents, members of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Russian Academy of Sciences, academicians.

Deans of the faculty
Krylov Evgenii Ivanovich (1949–1956)
Vlasov Vasily Grigorievich (1956–1958)
Derjaguin Pavel Ilyich (1958–1960)
Raspopin Sergei Pavlovich (1960–1962)
Skripov Vladimir Pavlovich (1962–1964)
Dmitriev, Ivan Aleksandrovich (1964–1970)
Suetin Parigory Evstafievich (1970–1976)
Egorov Yuri Vyacheslavovich (1976–1986)
Beketov Askold Rafailovich (1986–2004)
Rychkov Vladimir Nikolayevich (dean since 2004, director 2011-2019)
Ivanov Vladimir Yurievich (2020-)

Departments
Physical and Chemical Methods of Analysis
Radio Chemistry and Applied Ecology
Technical Physics
Theoretical Physics and Applied Mathematics
Experimental Physics
Physical Methods and Devices for Quality Control
Rare Metals and Nanomaterials
Innovative Technologies
Electrophysics
Informatics & Computer Engineering
Foreign Languages
Public Safety
Intellectual Property Management

See also
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT)

References

Ural Federal University

UrFU, Institute of Physics and Technology


The Circle line, coloured yellow on the tube map, is the eighth busiest line on the London Underground. It forms a loop line around the centre of London on the north side of the River Thames. Platforms are 120 metres long in the south and 130 metres long on the part of the track shared with the Metropolitan line.

History

Origins

In 1863 the Metropolitan Railway opened in London between Paddington and Farringdon. It was the world's first underground railway. It connected the Great Western Railway's relatively remote terminus at Paddington with Euston and King's Cross stations and the City, London's financial heart. In the same year a  report recommended an 'inner circle' of railway lines between the London termini that had been built or were under construction. In the next year the Metropolitan District Railway (commonly known as the District Railway) was formed to build and operate a railway from South Kensington to Tower Hill. The Metropolitan western extension opened in 1868 from a new station at Paddington to South Kensington. By May 1870 the District railway had opened its line from West Brompton to Blackfriars via Gloucester Road and South Kensington, services being operated at first by the Metropolitan. In 1871 the District had built a terminus at Mansion House, and on 18 November 1876 the Met opened its terminus at Aldgate. Due to conflict between the two companies it took an Act of Parliament before further work was done on the inner circle. In 1882 the Metropolitan extended its line from Aldgate to a temporary station at Tower Hill and the District completed its line to Whitechapel. On 6 October 1884 the temporary station was replaced with a joint station and the inner circle was complete. The Metropolitan provided the clockwise or 'outer rail' trains, the District the 'inner rail' or anti-clockwise.

Other circle routes
As well as the inner circle, other routes circumnavigated London, although these were not complete loops. From 1872 the L&NWR began an "outer circle" service from Broad Street to Mansion House via Willesden Junction and Earl's Court, diverting an earlier service that had run to Victoria; and the GWR began a "middle circle" service from Moorgate to Mansion House via Latimer Road and Earl's Court. Both of these routes were cut back to Earl's Court: the "middle circle" in 1900 and the "outer circle" in 1909. The GWR service survived as a shuttle service from the Hammersmith & City line to Addison Road, now Kensington (Olympia), until 1940.

The Midland Railway briefly ran a "super outer circle" from St Pancras to Earl's Court from 1878 to 1880. Today London Overground runs services between Clapham Junction, Willesden Junction and Dalston Junction and between Dalston Junction and Clapham Junction.

Electrification

Wooden carriages were originally hauled by steam locomotives leading to smoke-filled stations and carriages, unpopular with passengers. At the start of the 20th century the District and Metropolitan were seeing increased competition in central London from the new electric underground tube lines and trams, and conversion to electric traction was seen as the way forward. Experiments were carried out on the Earl's Court to High Street Kensington section, and a jointly-owned six-carriage train began passenger service in 1900. Following this an AC system was suggested, and this was accepted by both parties. However, the District was looking for a way to raise the finance needed and in 1901 found an investor, the American Charles Yerkes. He formed the Underground Electric Railways of London (UERL), and his experience in the United States led him to favour DC, with third-rail pick-up similar to that in use on the City & South London Railway and Central London Railway. After arbitration by the Board of Trade the DC system was taken up, and the railways began electrifying the routes, using multiple-unit stock.

The District and Metropolitan Railways bought different designs of electric multiple unit. Both had open saloons; the Metropolitan trains with gated ends, the District B Stock with sliding doors in the middle of each car. When their introduction was attempted on 1 July 1905, a Metropolitan train overturned the third rail on the District Railway, requiring all Metropolitan trains to be modified before running again on the District lines. Full electric service started on 24 September, initially with 6-car trains, later reduced to 4-car. The Metropolitan trains were soon modified to enclose the gated end and eventually to add sliding doors in the middle. Trains were increased to 5 cars in 1918 and the Metropolitan introduced new stock in 1921, with three pairs of sliding double doors on trailer cars. In 1926 the Metropolitan took over all inner circle workings except for three trains on Sundays.

London Transport

On 1 July 1933 the Metropolitan and the District Railways were amalgamated with other Underground railways, tramway companies and bus operators to form the London Passenger Transport Board. Metropolitan Railway electric multiple units were refurbished in 1934 at Acton Works to become eighteen 5-car trains of Circle Stock, at first painted red and cream, later painted red all over to reduce costs. These trains included first-class accommodation, but this was downgraded in 1940. From 1947 these were replaced by 5-car trains of O and P Stock, with doors remotely operated by the guard, released by the transfer of F Stock to the Uxbridge line. The 1933 London Underground Beck map shows a Metropolitan line north of  and  stations and a District line south of these points. On the 1947 map the Metropolitan and District lines were shown together in the same colour and two years later in 1949 the Circle line was shown separately on the map.

In 1959–1960 Circle line trains were increased to 6 cars, the same length as those operating on the Hammersmith & City line, and the stock of the two lines was integrated with maintenance concentrated at Hammersmith depot, allowing Neasden depot to concentrate on the new A Stock. Aluminium C Stock trains, with public address systems and originally unpainted, replaced these trains from 1970. One person operation of the trains was proposed in 1972 but, due to conflict with the trade unions, was not introduced until 1984. In 2003, the infrastructure of the Circle line was partly privatised in a public–private partnership, managed by the Metronet consortium. Metronet went into administration in 2007 and the local government body Transport for London took over responsibilities.

On 7 July 2005, at about 08:50, bombs exploded on two Circle line trains. One was travelling between Liverpool Street and Aldgate and the other was at Edgware Road. The bombs killed 15 people, including the two suicide bombers. Following the attacks, the whole of the Circle line was closed until 8 August.

A day before a ban on drinking alcohol on public transport in London came into force, a party was held on 31 May 2008, mainly on the Circle line. Thousands of people attended and 17 were arrested by police due to disorderly behaviour, eventually causing several stations to be closed.

Extension
Prior to 13 December 2009, Circle line trains travelled in both directions around a simple loop with 27 stations and  of track. In 2006 there were fourteen trains in service on the line with an interval between trains of  minutes during peak hours and 8 minutes off-peak; the minimum running time around the circle off-peak was  minutes, although timetabled stops at stations extended this.

In December 2009 the Circle line was extended to include the Hammersmith & City route from Edgware Road to Hammersmith. Rather than continuously running around the circle, trains now travel from Hammersmith to Edgware Road, generally going around the circle once before terminating at Edgware Road, and returning via the same route; occasionally, trains may also continue clockwise through Edgware Road to additional stations. The change was made to improve reliability and increase the service frequency on the Hammersmith branch.

The first S7 Stock train entered passenger service on the Hammersmith & City line on 6 July 2012, running a shuttle service between Hammersmith and Moorgate, and first ran on the Circle line on 2 September 2013. By June 2014 all services were provided by S7 Stock trains.

Notes

References

London Underground lines
Transport in the City of London
Transport in the City of Westminster
Transport in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Transport in the London Borough of Camden
Transport in the London Borough of Islington
Transport in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
1949 establishments in Europe
1940s establishments in England

Circle line (London Underground)


Sant Karmamela was a fourteenth-century poet saint from Maharashtra. He was a son of Chokhamela and Soyarabai who belonged Mahar caste. In his  Abhangs he accused God for forgetting and how his life was made miserable as a low caste. He rebelled against varna system.

There is at least one Buddhist tradition interested in Karamamela, who was a strong and bitter voice, not suffering his social status with content. Kramamela and his family followed the Bhakti movement.  Their Abhangs comments on that time, on the way to meditate and God's loves for his devotee. These poems resonate with current Dalit poetry, describing criticism of society and beliefs of religion, disbelief in pure doctrine and pollution, and protest for survival.

References

Warkari
14th-century Indian poets
Marathi-language poets
Dalit literature
Medieval Hindu religious leaders
Poets from Maharashtra
14th-century Indian scholars
Scholars from Maharashtra

Karmamela


A journaling file system is a file system that keeps track of changes not yet committed to the file system's main part by recording the goal of such changes in a data structure known as a "journal", which is usually a circular log.  In the event of a system crash or power failure, such file systems can be brought back online more quickly with a lower likelihood of becoming corrupted.

Depending on the actual implementation, a journaling file system may only keep track of stored metadata, resulting in improved performance at the expense of increased possibility for data corruption.  Alternatively, a journaling file system may track both stored data and related metadata, while some implementations allow selectable behavior in this regard.

History
In 1990 IBM introduced JFS in AIX 3.1 as one of the first UNIX commercial filesystems that implemented journaling.  The next year the idea was popularized in a widely cited paper on log-structured file systems.
This was subsequently implemented in Microsoft's Windows NT's NTFS filesystem in 1993, in Apple's HFS Plus filesystem in 1998, and in Linux's ext3 filesystem in 2001.

Rationale
Updating file systems to reflect changes to files and directories usually requires many separate write operations.  This makes it possible for an interruption (like a power failure or system crash) between writes to leave data structures in an invalid intermediate state.

For example, deleting a file on a Unix file system involves three steps:
 Removing its directory entry.
 Releasing the inode to the pool of free inodes.
 Returning all disk blocks to the pool of free disk blocks.

If a crash occurs after step 1 and before step 2, there will be an orphaned inode and hence a storage leak; if a crash occurs between steps 2 and 3, then the blocks previously used by the file cannot be used for new files, effectively decreasing the storage capacity of the file system. Re-arranging the steps does not help, either. If step 3 preceded step 1, a crash between them could allow the file's blocks to be reused for a new file, meaning the partially deleted file would contain part of the contents of another file, and modifications to either file would show up in both. On the other hand, if step 2 preceded step 1, a crash between them would cause the file to be inaccessible, despite appearing to exist.

Detecting and recovering from such inconsistencies normally requires a complete walk of its data structures, for example by a tool such as fsck (the file system checker).  This must typically be done before the file system is next mounted for read-write access.  If the file system is large and if there is relatively little I/O bandwidth, this can take a long time and result in longer downtimes if it blocks the rest of the system from coming back online.

To prevent this, a journaled file system allocates a special area—the journal—in which it records the changes it will make ahead of time.  After a crash, recovery simply involves reading the journal from the file system and replaying changes from this journal until the file system is consistent again.  The changes are thus said to be atomic (not divisible) in that they either succeed (succeeded originally or are replayed completely during recovery), or are not replayed at all (are skipped because they had not yet been completely written to the journal before the crash occurred).

Techniques
Some file systems allow the journal to grow, shrink and be re-allocated just as a regular file, while others put the journal in a contiguous area or a hidden file that is guaranteed not to move or change size while the file system is mounted.  Some file systems may also allow external journals on a separate device, such as a solid-state drive or battery-backed non-volatile RAM.  Changes to the journal may themselves be journaled for additional redundancy, or the journal may be distributed across multiple physical volumes to protect against device failure.

The internal format of the journal must guard against crashes while the journal itself is being written to.  Many journal implementations (such as the JBD2 layer in ext4) bracket every change logged with a checksum, on the understanding that a crash would leave a partially written change with a missing (or mismatched) checksum that can simply be ignored when replaying the journal at next remount.

Physical journals
A physical journal logs an advance copy of every block that will later be written to the main file system.  If there is a crash when the main file system is being written to, the write can simply be replayed to completion when the file system is next mounted.  If there is a crash when the write is being logged to the journal, the partial write will have a missing or mismatched checksum and can be ignored at next mount.

Physical journals impose a significant performance penalty because every changed block must be committed twice to storage, but may be acceptable when absolute fault protection is required.

Logical journals
A logical journal stores only changes to file metadata in the journal, and trades fault tolerance for substantially better write performance.  A file system with a logical journal still recovers quickly after a crash, but may allow unjournaled file data and journaled metadata to fall out of sync with each other, causing data corruption.

For example, appending to a file may involve three separate writes to:
 The file's inode, to note in the file's metadata that its size has increased.
 The free space map, to mark out an allocation of space for the to-be-appended data.
 The newly allocated space, to actually write the appended data.
In a metadata-only journal, step 3 would not be logged.  If step 3 was not done, but steps 1 and 2 are replayed during recovery, the file will be appended with garbage.

Write hazards
The write cache in most operating systems sorts its writes (using the elevator algorithm or some similar scheme) to maximize throughput.  To avoid an out-of-order write hazard with a metadata-only journal, writes for file data must be sorted so that they are committed to storage before their associated metadata.  This can be tricky to implement because it requires coordination within the operating system kernel between the file system driver and write cache.  An out-of-order write hazard can also occur if a device cannot write blocks immediately to its underlying storage, that is, it cannot flush its write-cache to disk due to deferred write being enabled.

To complicate matters, many mass storage devices have their own write caches, in which they may aggressively reorder writes for better performance.  (This is particularly common on magnetic hard drives, which have large seek latencies that can be minimized with elevator sorting.)  Some journaling file systems conservatively assume such write-reordering always takes place, and sacrifice performance for correctness by forcing the device to flush its cache at certain points in the journal (called barriers in ext3 and ext4).

Alternatives

Soft updates
Some UFS implementations avoid journaling and instead implement soft updates: they order their writes in such a way that the on-disk file system is never inconsistent, or that the only inconsistency that can be created in the event of a crash is a storage leak.  To recover from these leaks, the free space map is reconciled against a full walk of the file system at next mount.  This garbage collection is usually done in the background.

Log-structured file systems
In log-structured file systems, the write-twice penalty does not apply because the journal itself is the file system:  it occupies the entire storage device and is structured so that it can be traversed as would a normal file system.

Copy-on-write file systems
Full copy-on-write file systems (such as ZFS and Btrfs) avoid in-place changes to file data by writing out the data in newly allocated blocks, followed by updated metadata that would point to the new data and disown the old, followed by metadata pointing to that, and so on up to the superblock, or the root of the file system hierarchy.  This has the same correctness-preserving properties as a journal, without the write-twice overhead.

See also
 ACID
 Comparison of file systems
 Database
 Intent log
 Journaled File System (JFS) a file system made by IBM
 Transaction processing
 Versioning file system

References

Computer file systems

Journaling file system


After Burner is a arcade vehicular combat video game, developed by Sega AM2 and published by Sega. The playere assumes controlled by American fighter jet F-14 Tomcat, and player must cleared each stages of the game's eighteen unique stages by destroying all enemies around the player, using both a machine gun and a limited supply of heat-seeking missiles. It uses a third-person perspective, using previously of Sega's earlier games Space Harrier (1985) and Out Run (1986), and also using the game engine Sega X Board arcade system and usingh a sprite rotation. It is the fourth Sega game tu used a hydraulic "taikan" motion simulator arcade cabinet.

Sequel
A sequel called After Burner II that released in 1987, After Burner III released in 1993.

1987 video games
After Burner series
Amiga games
Arcade games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Video games developed in Japan

After Burner


The C.T. Hayden House, also known as, "La Casa Vieja," or, "The Old House," is a historic building and landmark in Tempe, Arizona, and is the oldest occupied structure in the Salt River Valley (more commonly, The Valley of the Sun). Built in 1873, the home originally belonged to Charles Trumbull Hayden, who founded the city of Tempe. It is located at 100 S. Mill Ave, Tempe, and was the birthplace of Carl Hayden.

History

Hayden Family Home (1874–1889 )
C.T. Hayden House was the residence of Charles T. Hayden following a relocation from Tucson. The home started out as a 13-room Mexican adobe style structure and saw an addition of two rooms by 1876. It was later renovated to add an additional six rooms to the main floor and a two-room second story. After the family moved out in 1889, the home was used as a boarding house until 1924.

La Casa Vieja (1924–2014)
In 1924, the house was renovated and repurposed as a restaurant. Crews tore down the second story and preserved and restored its adobe-style features. It was initially owned by Sallie and Mary Hayden, until they sold it in 1930. Ownership of the house passed through several hands until it was bought by Leonard Monti in 1954. Monti owned the restaurant, rebranded as Monti's La Casa Vieja, until it shuttered its doors in 2014.

Hayden House (2020)
As of summer 2020, the Hayden House has nearly been rehabilitated to its 1924-era state by Hensel Phelps as a condition of further development on the site (see 100 Mill). The city of Tempe will then acquire the Hayden House for $10. This marks the first time that the City will retain ownership of the site.

References

Buildings and structures in Tempe, Arizona
National Register of Historic Places in Maricopa County, Arizona
Houses completed in 1873
1873 establishments in Arizona Territory

C.T. Hayden House


CNET (written as c|net) is formerly known as  Computer Network. Founded in 1994 by Halsey Minor and Shelby Bonnie, it was the flagship brand of CNET Networks and became a brand of CBS Interactive through that unit's acquisition of CNET Networks in 2008, which was the previous owner prior to October 30, 2020. Red Ventures owned CNET since 2020. CNET originally produced content for radio and television in addition to its website and now uses new media distribution methods through its Internet television network, CNET Video, and its podcast and blog networks.

It is an American media website that publishes reviews, news, articles, blogs, podcasts and videos on global technology and consumer electronics.  CNET has the highest readership among web news sites. It has over 200 million readers per month. It is among the 200 most visited websites globally in 2015.

References

Other websites

Webby Award winners
American websites
1994 establishments in California

CNET


Erich Maria Remarque (, ; born Erich Paul Remark; 22 June 1898 – 25 September 1970) was a German-born novelist. His landmark novel All Quiet on the Western Front (1928), based on his experience in the Imperial German Army during World War I, was an international bestseller which created a new literary genre,   and was adapted to film several times. Remarque's anti-war themes led to his condemnation by Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels as "unpatriotic." He was able to use his literary success to relocate to Switzerland and the United States where he became a naturalized citizen.

Early life
Remarque was born on 22 June 1898, as Erich Paul Remark, to Peter Franz Remark and Anna Maria (), a working-class Roman Catholic family in Osnabrück. He was never close with his father, a bookbinder, but he was close with his mother and he began using the middle name Maria after World War I in her honor. Remarque was the third of four children of Peter and Anna. His siblings were his older sister Erna, older brother Theodor Arthur (who died at the age of five or six), and younger sister Elfriede.

The spelling of his last name was changed to Remarque when he published All Quiet on the Western Front in honor of his French ancestors and in order to disassociate himself from his earlier novel The Dream Room (). His grandfather had changed the spelling from Remarque to Remark in the 19th century. Research by Remarque's childhood and lifelong friend Hanns-Gerd Rabe proved that Remarque had French ancestors his great-grandfather Johann Adam Remarque, who was born in 1789, came from a French family in Aachen. This is contrary to the falsehood perpetuated by Nazi propaganda that his real last name was Kramer ("Remark" spelled backwards) and that he was Jewish.

Military service
During World War I, Remarque was conscripted into the Imperial German Army at the age of 18. On 12 June 1917, he was transferred to the Western Front, 2nd Company, Reserves, Field Depot of the 2nd Guards Reserve Division at Hem-Lenglet. On 26 June 1917 he was posted to the 15th Reserve Infantry Regiment, 2nd Company, Engineer Platoon Bethe, and fought in the trenches between Torhout and Houthulst. On 31 July 1917 he was wounded by shell shrapnel in his left leg, right arm and neck, and after being medically evacuated from the field was repatriated to an army hospital in France, where he recovered from his wounds. In October 1918, he was recalled to military service, but the war's armistice a month later put an end to his military career.

Post-war employment
After the war he continued his teacher training and worked from 1 August 1919 as a primary-school teacher in Lohne, at that time in the county of Lingen, now in the county of Bentheim. From May 1920 he worked in Klein Berssen in the former County of Hümmling, now Emsland, and from August 1920 in Nahne, which has been a part of Osnabrück since 1972. On 20 November 1920 he applied for leave of absence from teaching.

He worked at a number of different jobs in this phase of his life, including librarian, businessman, journalist, and editor. His first paid writing job was as a technical writer for the Continental Rubber Company, a German tire manufacturer.

Writing career
Remarque had made his first attempts at writing at the age of 16. Among them were essays, poems, and the beginnings of a novel that was finished later and published in 1920 as The Dream Room (). Between 1923 and 1926 he also scripted a comic series, , drawn by Hermann Schütz, published in the magazine Echo Continental, a publication by the rubber and tire company Continental AG.

After coming back from the war, the atrocities of war along with his mother's death caused him a great deal of mental trauma and grief. In later years as a professional writer, he started using "Maria" as his middle name instead of "Paul", to commemorate his mother. When he published All Quiet on the Western Front, he had his surname reverted to an earlier spelling from Remark to Remarque to disassociate himself from his novel .

In 1927, he published the novel Station at the Horizon (). It was serialised in the sports journal  for which Remarque was working. (It was first published in book form in 1998.) All Quiet on the Western Front () (1929), his career-defining work, was also written in 1927. Remarque was at first unable to find a publisher for it. Its text described the experiences of German soldiers during World War I. On publication it became an international bestseller and a landmark work in twentieth-century literature. It inspired a new genre of veterans writing about conflict, and the commercial publication of a wide variety of war memoirs. It also inspired dramatic representations of the war in theatre and cinema, in Germany as well as in countries that had fought in the conflict against the German Empire, particularly the United Kingdom and the United States.

Riding on the tail of the success of All Quiet on the Western Front, a number of similar works followed from Remarque. In simple, emotive language, they described wartime and the postwar years in Germany. In 1931, after finishing The Road Back (), he bought a villa in Ronco, Switzerland with the substantial financial wealth that his published works had brought him. He planned to live both there and in France.

On 10 May 1933, at the initiative of the Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels, Remarque's writing was publicly declared as "unpatriotic" and was banned in Germany. Copies were removed from all libraries and restricted from being sold or published anywhere in the country.

Germany was rapidly descending into a totalitarian society, leading to mass arrests of elements of the population of which the new governing order disapproved. Remarque left Germany to live at his villa in Switzerland. His French background as well as his Catholic faith were also publicly attacked by the Nazis. They continued to decry his writings in his absence, proclaiming that anyone who would change the spelling of his name from the German "Remark" to the French "Remarque" could not be a true German. The Nazis further made the false claim that Remarque had not seen active service during World War I. In 1938, Remarque's German citizenship was revoked. In 1939, he and his ex-wife were remarried to prevent her repatriation to Germany. Just before the outbreak of World War II in Europe, they left Porto Ronco, Switzerland for the United States. They became naturalised citizens of the United States in 1947.

Remarque continued to write about the German experience after WWI. His next novel, Three Comrades (), focuses on life in Weimar Republic in the years of 1928 and 1929. His fourth novel, Flotsam (in German titled , or Love Thy Neighbour), first appeared in a serial version in English translation in Collier's magazine in 1939. He spent another year revising the text for its book publication in 1941, both in English and German. His next work, the novel Arch of Triumph, was first published in 1945 in English, and the next year in German as . Another instant bestseller, it reached worldwide sales of nearly five million. His final novel was Shadows in Paradise. He wrote it while living at 320 East 57th Street in New York City. The apartment building "played a prominent role in his novel".

In 1943, the Nazis arrested his youngest sister, Elfriede Scholz, who had stayed behind in Germany with her husband and two children. After a trial at the notorious  (Hitler's extra-constitutional "People's Court"), she was found guilty of "undermining morale" for stating that she considered the war lost. Court President Roland Freisler declared, "" ("Your brother is unfortunately beyond our reach you, however, will not escape us.") Scholz was beheaded on 16 December 1943. Remarque later said that his sister had been involved in anti-Nazi resistance activities.

In exile, Remarque was unaware of his sister Elfriede's fate until after the war. He would dedicate his 1952 novel Spark of Life () to her. The dedication was omitted in the German version of the book, reportedly because she was still seen as a traitor by some Germans.

Later years

In 1948, Remarque returned to Switzerland, where he spent the remainder of his life. There was a gap of seven years a long silence for Remarque between Arch of Triumph and his next work, Spark of Life (), which appeared both in German and in English in 1952. While he was writing The Spark of Life he was also working on a novel  (Time to Live and Time to Die). It was published first in English translation in 1954 with the not-quite-literal title A Time to Love and a Time to Die. In 1958, Douglas Sirk directed the film A Time to Love and a Time to Die in Germany, based on Remarque's novel. Remarque made a cameo appearance in the film in the role of the Professor.

In 1955, Remarque wrote the screenplay for an Austrian film The Last Act (), about Hitler's final days in the bunker of the Reich Chancellery in Berlin, which was based on the book Ten Days to Die (1950) by Michael Musmanno. In 1956, Remarque wrote a drama Full Circle () for the stage, which played in both Germany and on Broadway. An English translation was published in 1974. Heaven Has No Favorites was serialised (as Borrowed Life) in 1959 before appearing as a book in 1961 and was made into the 1977 film Bobby Deerfield. The Night in Lisbon (), published in 1962, is the last work Remarque finished. The novel sold about 900,000 copies in Germany.

Personal life

Remarque's first marriage was to the actress Ilse Jutta Zambona in 1925. The marriage was stormy and unfaithful on both sides. Remarque and Zambona divorced in 1930, but in 1933 they fled together to Switzerland. In 1938, they remarried, to prevent her from being forced to return to Germany, and in 1939 they emigrated to the United States, where they both became naturalized citizens in 1947. They divorced again on 20 May 1957, this time for good. Ilse Remarque died on 25 June 1975.

During the 1930s, Remarque had relationships with Austrian actress Hedy Lamarr, Mexican actress Dolores del Río, and German actress Marlene Dietrich. The affair with Dietrich began in September 1937, when they met on the Lido while in Venice for the film festival, and continued until at least 1940, maintained mostly by way of letters, telegrams and telephone calls. A selection of their letters was published in 2003 in the book  ("Tell Me That You Love Me") and then in the 2011 play Puma.

Remarque married actress Paulette Goddard in 1958.

Death
Remarque died of heart failure at the age of 72 in Locarno on 25 September 1970. His body was buried in the Ronco Cemetery in Ronco, Ticino, Switzerland.

Goddard, Remarque's wife, died in 1990, and her body was interred next to her husband's. She left a bequest of US$20 million to New York University to fund an institute for European studies, which is named in honour of Remarque, as well as funding "Goddard Hall" on the Greenwich Village campus in New York City.

Legacy

The first director of The Remarque Institute was Professor Tony Judt. Remarque's papers are housed at NYU's Fales Library.

In November 2010, efforts to raise 6.2 million Swiss francs (US$7M), to buy and save the villa of Erich Maria Remarque and Paulette Goddard from demolition were underway. The intent was to transform the "Casa Monte Tabor" into a museum and home to an artist-in-residence program. In 2017, the property was being offered for sale as a private residence.

List of works
Note: the dates of English publications are those of the first publications in book form.

Novels

 (1920) ; English translation: The Dream Room
 (written 1924, published 1998)
 (1928) ; English translation: Station at the Horizon
 (1929) ; English translation: All Quiet on the Western Front (1929)
 (1931) ; English translation: The Road Back (1931)
 (1936) ; English translation: Three Comrades (1937)
 (1939) ; English translation: Flotsam (1941)
 (1945) ; English translation: Arch of Triumph (1945) (Reviewed by Dr. Albert Simard in Free World)
 (1952) ; English translation: Spark of Life (1952)
 (1954) ; English translation: A Time to Love and a Time to Die
 (1956) ; English translation: The Black Obelisk (1957)
 (1961)  (serialized as ); English translation: Heaven Has No Favorites (1961)
 (1962) ; English translation: The Night in Lisbon (1964)
 (1970) ; English translation: The Promised Land
 (1971) ; English translation: Shadows in Paradise (1972)

Other works
 (1931) ; English translation: The Enemy (1930–1931); short stories
 (1955) ; English translation: The Last Act; screenplay
 (1956) ; English translation: Full Circle (1974); play
 (1988) ; English translation: The Return of Enoch J. Jones; play
 (1994) ; English translation: A Militant Pacifist; interviews and essays

See also

 Exilliteratur

References

Further reading

External links

 Multilingual pages about Erich Maria Remarque

 German Language Guide to the Remarque papers at NYU's Fales Library

1898 births
1970 deaths
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American screenwriters
20th-century German male writers
20th-century German novelists
20th-century German short story writers
American male dramatists and playwrights
American male novelists
American male screenwriters
American people of French descent
American writers in German
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Emigrants from Nazi Germany to Switzerland
Emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
Exilliteratur writers
German comics writers
German male novelists
German male short story writers
German Army personnel of World War I
German people of French descent
German Roman Catholics
Lost Generation writers
Military personnel from Osnabrück
People from Bentheim
People from the Province of Hanover
People who lost German citizenship
People with acquired American citizenship
Prussian Army personnel
Roman Catholic writers
War writers
Writers from Osnabrück

Erich Maria Remarque


Bill Bottrell (born 27 October 1952) is an American record producer, songwriter and musician, probably best known for his Grammy Award-winning collaboration with Sheryl Crow.

During the late 1980s, Bottrell worked with a number of major recording artists, including Madonna and Michael Jackson. In the early 1990s he formed his own recording studio and founded a musical "think tank" he called the "Tuesday Night Music Club". One of the resulting acts was Sheryl Crow, whose 1993 debut album (produced by Bottrell) was titled Tuesday Night Music Club. Her single "All I Wanna Do" from that album won a Grammy Award for Record of the Year for Bottrell and Crow.

Bottrell has worked with many other artists, including Alisha's Attic, Rosanne Cash, Thomas Dolby, Five For Fighting, Lisa Germano, Kevin Gilbert, Shelby Lynne, Linda Perry, Tom Petty, and Toy Matinee.

Other websites
Bill Bottrell official website

1952 births
American songwriters
American record producers
Living people

Bill Bottrell


Cephenemyia ulrichii or the moose botfly, also called the elk botfly, moose nose botfly or moose throat botfly, is a large botfly that resembles a bumblebee. In the wild, they attack chiefly the nostrils and pharyngeal cavity of moose (also known as elk in Europe), but have been found in other deer species. There have also been several cases of C. ulrichii squirting their larvae into the eyes of human beings, a somewhat painful event that requires medical attention to forestall any possibility of serious damage.

Description
The adult C. ulrichii botfly is 16–18 mm long, its body covered with fluffy hairs of yellow, black and white, making it look like a bumblebee. Mouth parts are reduced and, like other adult Cephenemyia, they cannot feed.

Eggs hatch inside the female into first instar larvae, which are minute, white with black heads and barbed. In sunny weather, from July to September, females seek out an appropriate host site, typically the nostrils of a moose, and forcefully eject larvae onto its surface. Larvae enter their second instar in the moose's nostrils, then travel to its throat for the third instar. Third instar larvae have rows of spines on both ventral and dorsal surfaces and may be up to 4 cm long.

When fully formed, the larva is ejected by the moose, mixed with blood and mucus. It pupates in the soil.

Habitat
C. ulrichii are common parasites of moose in northeastern parts of Scandinavia, but have recently expanded their range into southern Sweden. They have also been reported in Denmark, northeast Norway and the Baltic states.

Although once thought to be a species specific to Alces alces, they have recently been found in western roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) near Helsinki.

Economic and medical impact
Several cases of human ophthalmomyiasis due to C. ulrichii have been reported in Sweden and Finland. In one case in 2010, a woman was walking in the woods near Falun in Dalarna, Sweden, when a moose botfly squirted more than 30 larvae into her eye. The larvae were removed by a doctor before they attached to the cornea, which can cause serious damage. Due to their barbs, it is difficult to wash the larvae out of the eye. One physician has suggested that C. ulrichii mistakes a human eye for the nostril of a moose because human eyes face forward, as do moose nostrils.

Botfly larvae of other kinds have also been known to cause eye problems for human beings.

References

External links
 Cephenemyia ulrichii at Fauna Europaea

Oestridae
Parasitic flies
Muscomorph flies of Europe
Taxa named by Friedrich Moritz Brauer
Insects described in 1863

Cephenemyia ulrichii