King Tirian (born between 2530 and 2535, Narnian time) is a fictional character from C. S. Lewis's fantasy series The Chronicles of Narnia. He is the protagonist of The Last Battle, in which he is the last King of Narnia, who has to defend his kingdom against subversion and invasion. He is well respected by the Narnians and a skilled swordsman. He is descended from Prince Caspian, and is the son of King Erlian. His closest friend is Jewel the Unicorn.

Troubles in Narnia cause King Tirian to doubt the purported return of Aslan. Enraged at Calormene treatment of a talking beast, he and Jewel slay the men but are then filled with guilt at this act and surrender to the Calormene enclave and Shift. There Tirian witnesses the fraudulent exhibition of 'Aslan' and is sentenced to death by Shift. He prays for Aslan or the friends of Narnia to come to save Narnia, and Eustace and Jill come to his rescue.

He leads an assault upon the Calormenes at the stable and, on the verge of defeat, wrestles their leader Rishda Tarkaan into the stable to meet Tash. There he finds himself in Aslan's Country, meets High King Peter, King Edmund, Lord Digory, Lady Polly and Queen Lucy, and bears witness to the end of Narnia.

References

The Chronicles of Narnia characters
Literary characters introduced in 1956
Kings and Queens of Narnia
Fictional kings
Fictional swordfighters in literature

Tirian


The Club des Hashischins, the Hashish Club, (sometimes also spelled Club des Hashishins or Club des Hachichins), was a Parisian group who explored using drugs, mainly hashish, to get creative ideas.

It was active from about 1844 to 1849. Some of the most important literary and intellectual people in Paris were members. They including Dr. Jacques-Joseph Moreau, Théophile Gautier, Charles Baudelaire, Victor Hugo, Honoré de Balzac Gérard de Nerval, Eugène Delacroix and Alexandre Dumas, père. Monthly "séances" were held at the Hôtel de Lauzun (at that time: Hôtel Pimodan) on the Île Saint-Louis.

Gautier wrote about the club in an article called the "Le Club des Hachichin" published in the Revue des Deux Mondes in February 1846. While he is often said to have started the club, in the article he says he was attending their séances for the first time that evening.

The group dressed up in Arab clothing. They drank coffee and added hashish, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, pistachio, sugar, orange juice, butter and cantharides. It was a thick, green mixture, like a jam.

Dr. Moreau wrote a book in 1846 about the cannabis and the drug taking experiments of the club. The 439 page book was called Hashish and Mental Illness - Psychological Studies. Baudelaire wrote that while the drug did give people ideas, it quickly affected their personality. They felt they could only create while under the influence of the drug.

References

Other websites
The Hashish Club

Writers from Paris
Cannabis

Club des Hashischins


Salomón Jaar Welchez (1962 – 4 April 2010) was the presidential commissioner for Southern Honduras. He had previously served in many positions in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He died as a result of chest wounds received in an assault by robbers who waylaid his vehicle in Guatemala on a trip he was taking with his wife and daughter to the LDS Church's Guatemala City Guatemala Temple.

Jaar joined the LDS Church at age 18. He served as a Mormon missionary in Guatemala. He later worked as a coordinator for the Church Educational System.

Jaar was the first president of the LDS Church's Valle de Sula Honduras Stake. He later served as an area seventy and as president of the Honduras Tegucigalpa Mission of the church. He had also served as a bishop in the LDS Church. Jaar was mission president from 1993 to 1996 and an area seventy from 1996 to 2000. At the time of his death he was the bishop of the Tamarindo Ward in the Choluteca Honduras Stake.

Jaar wrote the book Quieres Ser Rico?.

References

Further reading
Latin American Herald article on Jaar's death
article on Jaar's death
Deseret News, April 16, 2010
news source on Jaar's death
author listing for Jaar

1962 births
Converts to Mormonism
Honduran leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Honduran Mormon missionaries
Mormon missionaries in Honduras
Mormon missionaries in Guatemala
Church Educational System instructors
Mission presidents (LDS Church)
Area seventies (LDS Church)
20th-century Mormon missionaries
2010 deaths
Honduran people murdered abroad
People murdered in Guatemala
Honduran expatriates in Guatemala

Salomón Jaar


I Gusti Ketut Jelantik (-1849) was a Balinese Prime Minister of the state of Buleleng, who resisted the imposition of Dutch treaties.

Military career
He became a leader in the resistance against the Dutch invasion of Bali, fighting them in several Dutch military interventions: the Dutch intervention in Northern Bali during 1846, 1848, and 1849.

In 1849, he escaped the Dutch offensive in Buleleng with the ruler of Buleleng, and fled to escape to allied Karangasem, but he was ultimately killed in an ambush by forces of Lombok, allies of the Dutch.

He has been designated as an Indonesian National Hero.

References

History of Bali
Balinese people
1849 deaths
Guerrillas killed in action
Year of birth unknown
National Heroes of Indonesia

I Gusti Ketut Jelantik


The White River is a 722-mile (1,162-km) long river that flows through the U.S. states of Arkansas and Missouri.

Course

The source of the White River is in the Boston Mountains of northwest Arkansas, in the Ozark–St. Francis National Forest southeast of Fayetteville. The river flows northwards from its source in northwest Arkansas. It loops up through southwest Missouri into Table Rock Lake at Branson, Missouri. In Branson the river enters Lake Taneycomo, controlled by the Powersite Dam. The Powersite was the first dam on the White River. The flow continues downstream into Bull Shoals Lake. From there it travels back into Arkansas, and then heads generally southeast to where it flows into the Mississippi River. Despite being much shorter than the Arkansas River, it carries nearly as much water—normally more than , and occasionally more than  during floods.

River modifications

Lake Taneycomo was created in 1913 when the Empire District Electric Company built a dam just south of Forsyth, Missouri. Beaver Lake, Table Rock Lake, and Bull Shoals Lake are man-made lakes or reservoirs created by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. This was  under the authority of the Flood Control Act of 1938. A total of eight dams restrict the upper White River. Six are in Arkansas and two in Missouri. The White River National Wildlife Refuge lies along the lower part of the river. None of the original White River remains in Missouri. It has been replaced by a series of dams that flooded it's valleys. The White River was once known as one of the best Smallmouth bass fisheries in the world. Smallmouth still inhabit the impoundments but trout have replaced the smallmouth in much of the river, as the dams release much colder water.

Tributaries

The tributaries of the White River include Cache River, Bayou des Arc, Little Red River, Black River, North Fork River, Buffalo River, Kings River, James River, and Roaring River. Some cities that lie on the White River are Newport, Augusta, Calico Rock, and Batesville, all in Arkansas, as well as Branson and Hollister in Missouri.

Angling

Fishing for trout is popular in the upper portions of the river. This ranges from the Beaver Lake tailwaters in northwestern Arkansas, through its course through southwest Missouri(including all of Lake Taneycomo), and back down through Arkansas. This is to the Highway 58 bridge in Guion. The river has long been ranked one of the top trout fisheries in the United States. Fishing is popular in these waters for a number of trout species including rainbow, brown, and cutthroat trout. A number of trout fishing resorts lie on the tailwaters of Bull Shoals Lake and the North Fork River. Fishing for white bass is also popular in these waters.

References

Rivers of Arkansas
Rivers of Missouri
Ozarks

White River (Arkansas)


Louis Gabriel Charles Vicaire (January 25, 1848 – September 23, 1900) was a French poet.

Life
Vicaire was born at Belfort. He served in the campaign of 1870, and then settled in Paris to practise at the bar, which, however, he soon abandoned for literature.

His work was twice "crowned" by the Académie française, and in 1892 he received the cross of the Legion of Honour. Born in the Vosges, and a Parisian by adoption, Vicaire remained all his life an enthusiastic lover of the country to which his family belonged (in Bresse), spending much of his time at Ambérieu-en-Bugey. His freshest and best work is his Emaux bressans (1884), a volume of poems full of the gaiety and spirit of the old French chansons. Other volumes followed: Le Livre de la patrie, L'Heure enchantée (1890), A la bonne franquette (1892), Au bois joli (1894) and Le Clos des fées (1897).

Vicaire wrote in collaboration with Jules Truffier two short pieces for the stage, Fleurs d'avril (1890) and La Farce du marl refondu (1895); also the Miracle de Saint Nicolas (1888). With his friend Henri Beauclair he produced a parody of the Decadents entitled Les Deliquescences and signed Adoré Floupette. His fame rests on his Emaux bressans and on his Rabelaisian drinking songs; the religious and fairy poems, charming as they often are, carry simplicity to the verge of affectation. Vicaire died in Paris, after a long and painful illness, on 23 September 1900.

References

Attriburion

External links

1848 births
1900 deaths
Writers from Belfort
French male poets
19th-century French poets
19th-century French male writers

Louis-Gabriel-Charles Vicaire


Saudi Oger Ltd (), was a Saudi construction company, incorporated in January 1978 with its headquarters in Riyadh. The initial paid up capital of SR 1 million (US$267,000) was subsequently increased to the present level of SR 750 million (US$200 million). Saudi Oger was a private company, wholly owned by the Rafik Hariri family. After struggling for a long period, Saudi Oger closed down on 31 July 2017.

Business lines
The Oger Telecommunications subsidiary provides fixed-line and mobile communication, and Internet services in Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Jordan, and South Africa. In 2008, Saudi Telecom Company (STC), acquired Oger Telecom for $2.56 billion with a 35% stake in the company.

Criticism
Due to alleged mismanagement, corruption and falling oil prices, Saudi Oger suffered a significant financial impact, and failed to provide monthly salaries to its employees as of November 2015.

The French government appealed to the government of Saudi Arabia to assist 200 distressed French employees of Saudi Oger.

About 9,000 Filipino workers were appealing to both local officials and their country's embassy to help them resolve their escalating labor problem in terms of eight to nine months' salary due, some not having been paid since November 2015.

The company had recently shut down the canteen for foreign workers. Some workers continue to rely on food donations from some community groups and embassy personnel.

The workers cannot leave their accommodations because their residence permits known as "Iqama" have expired. Only their employers can renew the expired permits. This would entail enormous costs given the immigration penalties involved per worker. If caught, they will be given prison sentences. The expiration of their "Iqama" also complicates other matters, such as closing of bank account and inability to call home because retail outlets look for these permits before selling SIM cards or mobile-phone credits. Their lack of mobility due to lack of a valid permit also prevents these workers from going to the nearest embassy or consulate to seek help.

Crime has risen inside the workers' accommodations and company premises. Company cars were overturned, housing units burned to the ground, and pickets have continued.

The reason why workers cannot leave the country is because they need to have a valid exit clearance to be able to leave, which only the management can provide. Most workers have already resigned from their jobs and filed for their exit clearances. However, the company could not provide airplane tickets, end of service benefits, and most importantly salaries which have resulted in their dire situation as stranded workers.

References

External links
Official website

Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1978
Construction and civil engineering companies of Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabian brands
Companies based in Riyadh
Saudi Arabian companies established in 1978
Hariri family

Saudi Oger


Henk Schouten (16 April 1932 – 18 April 2018) was a Dutch footballer. He was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands. He was active as a midfielder. Schouten made his debut at Excelsior Rotterdam and also played for Holland Sport and Feijenoord.

Schouten died of pancreatic cancer on 18 April 2018 in Rotterdam at the age of 86.

References

Other websites
 Profile

1932 births
2018 deaths
Cancer deaths in the Netherlands
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Footballers from Rotterdam

Henk Schouten


Head of a Faun is a lost sculpture by Italian Renaissance master Michelangelo, dating from c. 1489. His first known work of sculpture in marble, it was sculpted when he was 15 or 16 as a copy of an antique work with some minor alterations. According to Giorgio Vasari's biography of the artist, it was the creation of this work that secured the young Michelangelo the patronage of Lorenzo de' Medici.

See also
List of works by Michelangelo

Sources
Artists Life — Michelangelo, page 14,15 — Enrica Crispino, 2001, Giunti Editore.
The Life of Michelangelo Buonarroti, page 23 — John Addington Symonds, BiblioBazaar.
Michael Angelo: Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Artists, Fordham University

External links

The Boy Michelangelo carving the Head of the Faun - Sculpture of Cesare Zocchi (end of nineteenth century). It is in Casa Buonarroti

Lost sculptures
Sculptures by Michelangelo
1489 sculptures

Head of a Faun


Carver Historic District is a historic district in Carver, Minnesota, United States.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 for having state-level significance in the themes of architecture, commerce, exploration/settlement, industry, and transportation.  The district encompasses about 100 contributing properties mostly built from 1855 to 1880.  It was nominated for being the well-preserved core of a Minnesota River town, and Carver County's greatest concentration of historically and architecturally significant buildings.

History
The city of Carver was one of the earliest communities in Carver County. Located on the Minnesota River, it was often the first place immigrants to Carver County visited. From there they spread out to other towns and farms.  Norwegian immigrant Axel Jorgenson settled in the area that became Carver in the winter of 1851–1852. In 1854 Jorgenson sold his land to a group of townsite investors from Saint Paul, called the Carver Land Company. Minnesota Territorial Governor Alexander Ramsey was part of this group. He suggested the name "Carver" for the town site after Jonathan Carver, who first explored the area.

By 1855 the town of Carver was already growing. It had a tailor, a hotel, a boarding house, a building designer, a carpenter, a livery stable, a blacksmith, two shoemakers, and a general store. By 1857, 35 buildings existed in Carver. The area was a main stopping point in trade and immigrant travel along the Minnesota River. In 1877 Carver was incorporated as the Village of Carver. By the 1890s Carver was one of the biggest settlements in the county.

Carver's future changed with the loss of river trade during railroad development. When railroads were built, they bypassed Carver, taking businesses with them. The Prohibition era from 1920 to 1933 made this worse, as many saloons and hotels shut down. Carver became impoverished.  Simple lack of money protected historic structures from being torn down. There was no new building and growth. However more was needed to stop future destruction of the historic town. On June 25, 1969 a non-profit corporation called Carver-on-the-Minnesota, Incorporated was created. The group began by raising money to buy buildings in need of repair. This was the seed of the Carver Historic District.

Carver-on-the-Minnesota created restoration plans and design guidelines for restorations in historic Carver. They also serve as a source for historic building research. Their work led to even more buildings being preserved. In 1980, the old town of Carver was chosen as one of the first historic districts in Minnesota, due in part to the work of this organization.  Carver Historic District contains 87 buildings and four other structures of importance. National Register signs mark many district buildings. They vary from private homes and businesses to churches and public buildings. Buildings range in time from 1852–1925. Many of them have been returned to their original look and style.

In February 1989 the city of Carver created a Heritage Preservation Commission. Their goal was to help the City Council, Planning and Zoning Commission, and Parks Department with preservation work. Carver was named a Preserve America community by the federal government in 2007. It was only the eighth so to be named in the state of Minnesota.

See also
 List of Preserve America Communities
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Carver County, Minnesota

References

1980 establishments in Minnesota
Geography of Carver County, Minnesota
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Carver County, Minnesota

Carver Historic District


The Volksparty (VP) (People's Party) was a short-lived South African political party from 1939 to 1941.

In 1934 the coalition government of the National Party under J.B.M. Hertzog and the South African Party under Jan Smuts merged to form the United Party, which won 111 of the 150 seats in the South African general election, 1938 with Hertzog as prime minister.  Dissident National Party members formed the Gesuiwerde Nasionale Party under D.F. Malan.

When the United Kingdom declared war on Germany in 1939, Hertzog proposed to his party and parliament that South Africa remain neutral. This was defeated and Hertzog left the government to be replaced by Smuts with South Africa joining the Allies. Following the rupture of the United Party, Hertzog and his supporters negotiated with the Gesuiwerde Nasionale Party in an attempt to reunify the Afrikaner parties. Initially, the differences between the more moderate Hertzog group and Gesuiwerde Nasionale Party seemed insurmountable and so the Volksparty was formed with Ben Schoeman elected as the chairman of the party on 9 December 1939.

After difficult negotiations with Malan, the joint opposition called itself Gesuiwerde Nasionale Party of Volksparty (Purified National Party or People's Party) nominally under Hertzog's leadership from January 1940.  But further disagreements led to another split in 1941 with Hertzog and Nicolaas Havenga forming the Afrikaner Party and Malan the Herenigde Nasionale Party (Re-united National Party).  These two parties together won the South African general election, 1948, and then merged calling themselves the National Party again.

References

Afrikaner organizations
Defunct political parties in South Africa
Political parties established in 1939
1939 establishments in South Africa
Political parties disestablished in 1941

Volksparty


Nevra Serezli (born 9 August 1944) is a Turkish film, stage, television and voice actress. Following her graduation from Robert College, she went on to study theatre. In 1965, she started working as a professional stage actress at the Dormen Theatre. Two years later, she appeared at the Ankara Art Theatre. Between 1971 and 1978, she performed in numerous plays with Altan Erbulak and Metin Serezli. In 1984, she registered with Devekuşu Kabare Tiyatrosu (Ostrich Cabaret Theatre) as an actress. She served at the Devekuşu Kabare until 1989. After reprising her duties at the Dormen Theatre in 1990, she joined the theatrical assembly called Tiyatro İstanbul. She gave lessons at the Language and Culture Centre (LCC).

Whilst a student at American College for Girls, she was spotted by college coaches with her role in the musical My Fair Lady. She took lessons from Müşfik Kenter, Melih Cevdet, Haldun Taner and Haldun Dormen. At the age of 22, she played in Cengiz Han'ın Bisikleti at the Dormen Theatre. She participated in theatre festivals in Italy and England.

Nevra Serezli's first film appearance was in the 1966 film Kara Tren and she went on to appear in the comedy films Ne Olacak Şimdi? (1979), Zübük (1980), Kılıbık (1983), Atla Gel Şaban (1984), Aşık Oldum (1985) and Şendul Şaban (1985).

She provided the Turkish voice of a character in the U.S. film Of Mice and Men. She has also starred in the films Unutulmayanlar (2006) and Senin Hikâyen (2013), amongst others. In 2015, she was cast as Peyker in Şebnem Burcuoğlu's adaptation of Kocan Kadar Konuş (2015).

Serezli's television work includes appearances in Ahududu (1974), Kavanozdaki Adam (1987), Sonradan Görmeler (1994–1996), Yerim Seni (1997), Vay Anam Vay (2001), Anne Babamla Evlensene (2005), Sevgili Dünürüm (2007), Altın Kızlar (2009), Başrolde Aşk (2011), Salih Kuşu (2013), Bebek İşi (2013) and Diğer Yarım (2014) before starring as Süreyya Üstün in the  Star TV series Gönül İşleri in 2015.

She portrayed Dudu for five seasons in the Turkish television series Sihirli Annem from 2003 to 2011.

Nevra Serezli was married to the prominent actor Metin Serezli from 1968 until his death in 2013. Their son, Murat Serezli, is also an actor in Turkey.

Early life and marriage
Nevra Serezli was born in 1944, in Ankara, Turkey. Her father, Mehmet Abdülkadir Süreyya Şirvan, was a businessman. Her paternal grandfather was from Shirvan, Azerbaijan. Her mother, Ulya Şirvan, was an ethnic Circassian. Before she turned one year old, her parents moved from Ankara to the yalı of her mother's family in Bebek, Istanbul. Nevra Serezli spent a vast majority of her childhood in Istanbul where she attended the American College for Girls. She lived in the neighbourhoods of Bebek, Arnavutköy, Teşvikiye and Kavacık, respectively. Nevra Serezli has a younger sister.

On 7 March 1968, she married the eminent actor and director Metin Serezli, whom she had met in 1966 and got engaged to in 1967. The couple had two sons, Murat and Selim, and two grandchildren. Metin Serezli died of lung cancer on 10 March 2013. He was buried at the Zincirlikuyu Cemetery following a religious funeral held at the Teşvikiye Mosque two days later.

Stage career
Nevra Serezli's stage work includes appearances in Pierre Barillet and Jean-Pierre Gredy's Çetin Ceviz (1996–1996; Tiyatro İstanbul) and Acaba Hangisi (1988–1999; Tiyatro İstanbul), Refik Erduran's Cengiz Han'ın Bisikleti (Dormen Theatre), Turgut Özakman's Paramparça (Dormen Theatre) and Deliler (1984–1989, Devekuşu Kabare Tiyatrosu), Richard Alfieri's Six Dance Lessons in Six Weeks (Tiyatro İstanbul), A. R. Gurney's Sylvia (1999–2000; Tiyatro İstanbul), Jacques Deval's Tovaritch (Şahane Züğürtler), Lerner and Loewe's My Fair Lady, Aşk Münir Özkul Theatre, Hisseli Harikalar Kumpanyası (Şan Tiyatrosu), Işıklar Neden Karardı? (Çevre Tiyatrosu), Çılgın Sonbahar, Çıplak Ayaklı Kontes (Dormen Theatre), Durdurun Dünyayı İnecek Var, Geceye Selam, Gönül Hırsızı (Tiyatro İstanbul), Olur Böyle Vakalar (Çevre Tiyatrosu), Sait Hop Sait, Şen Sazın Bülbülleri and Yolun Yarısı (1990).

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1944 births
Living people
Turkish film actresses
Turkish television actresses
Turkish people of Circassian descent
People from Ankara
Actresses from Istanbul

Nevra Serezli


The Heinkel HE 3 was a sports aircraft built in Germany in the early 1920s. It was a conventional, low-wing monoplane with seating for three people in two tandem cockpits. The wing was a cantilever design, an unusual and advanced feature for the day. The fixed undercarriage was designed to be quickly changed from wheeled tailskid type to twin pontoons for operation as a seaplane. A HE 3 won first prize in its class at the 1923 aero meet at Gothenburg, and was subsequently selected as a trainer by the Swedish Navy, which bought two examples. In Swedish service, the aircraft gained the nickname Paddan ("Toad").

The HE 3 had fabric-covered wooden wings, and a plywood-covered wooden fuselage.

Operators

Swedish Navy
Swedish Air Force

Specifications (HE 3)

References

1920s German sport aircraft
HE 003
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1923

Heinkel HE 3


James Lake is a lake in northeastern Ontario, Canada, located in the Temagami region along Highway 11.

History
Water levels of James Lake increased and decreased in the early 1900s. The cause of this alternation could have been caused by beavers building dams in the lake's outlet, eventually causing the water levels in rise. This rise in water levels began to cease in 1906 when operations of Northland Pyrite Mine on the lake's southwestern shore dumped waste rock into the lake. Erosion of the waste rock resulted in the development of acidic lake waste waters next to the waste pile, causing neighboring organisms to disappear.

See also
Lakes of Temagami

References

Lakes of Temagami
Lakes of Timiskaming District

James Lake (Ontario)


Boris Artashesovich Babayan (; ; born Baku, 20 December 1933) is a Soviet and Russian computer scientist of Armenian descent, notable as the pioneering creator of supercomputers in the former Soviet Union and Russia.

Biography
Babayan was born in Baku, Soviet Union to an Armenian family. He graduated from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in 1957. He completed his Ph.D. in 1964 and his doctorate of science in 1971.

From 1956 to 1996, Babayan worked in the Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering, where he eventually became chief of the hardware and software division. Babayan and his team built their first computers during the 1950s. In the 1970s, being one of 15 deputies of chief architect V. S. Burtsev, he worked on the first superscalar computer, the Elbrus-1 and programming language Эль-76. Using these computers in 1978, ten years before commercial applications appeared in the West, the Soviet Union developed its missile systems and its nuclear and space programs.

A team headed by Babayan designed Elbrus-3 computer using an architecture named Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC).

From 1992 to 2004, Babayan held senior positions in the Moscow Center for SPARC Technology (MCST) and Elbrus International. In these roles he led the development of Elbrus 2000 (single-chip implementation of Elbrus-3) and Elbrus90micro (SPARC computer based on domestically developed microprocessor) projects.

Since August 2004, Babayan is the Director of Architecture for the Software and Solutions Group in Intel Corporation and scientific advisor of the Intel R&D center in Moscow. He leads efforts in such areas as compilers, binary translation and security technologies. He became the second European holding the Intel Fellow title (after Norwegian, Tryggve Fossum).

Babayan was awarded the two highest honors in the former Soviet Union: the USSR State Prize for his achievements in 1974 in the field of computer-aided design, and the Lenin Prize in 1987 for the Elbrus-2 supercomputer design. Since 1984, he has been a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (later - Russian Academy of Sciences). , he serves as a professor at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology and holds the Microprocessor Technology chair in Moscow based R&D center of Intel Corporation.

References

External links
Biography
Elbrus E2K
Boris A. Babayan Intel Fellow, Software and Solutions Group. Director, Architecture
Brief biography (in Russian)
Babayan receives Intel Fellow title (in Russian)
The Elbrus-2: a Soviet-era high performance computer – history of the Elbrus project with an 18-minute video interview from the Computer History Museum oral history collection

1933 births
Living people
Engineers from Baku
Computer designers
Intel people
Armenian inventors
Armenian scientists
Russian computer scientists
Russian inventors
Soviet computer scientists
Russian scientists

Boris Babayan


The Fontana della Navicella (Fountain of the Small Ship) is a fountain built around a marble and travertine replica of an Ancient Roman sculpture, depicting a decorated Roman Galley, and erected in front of the church of Santa Maria in Domnica of Rome, Italy. While the statue is a copy (1518-1519) made by Andrea Sansovino on commission from Pope Leo X based on fragments discovered near the church.

History
The origins of the ship sculpture are vague. The prow of the galley is decorated with a boar's head. Some attribute the sculpture as having been part of a chapel dedicated to the cult of the goddess Isis, protector of mariners, used by sailors housed near here during the Ancient Roman empire. Others claim it was an ex voto from the Castra Peregrina, housed near here and consisting of soldiers from regions from provinces distal to Rome, many of whom traveled here by ship.

For years it formed part of the entrance to the church, but in 1931 it was formulated as part of a fountain in front of the church. It suffers frequent vandalism.

See also
List of fountains in Rome

References

External links
Andrea Pollett: La Fontana della Navicella,

Navicella
Rome R. XIX Celio
Roman Empire sculptures
Vandalized works of art in Italy

Fontana della Navicella, Rome


ATLA: All This Life Allows, Vol. 1 is the second studio album by American rapper Stat Quo. The album was released on February 25, 2014, under his independent label ATLA Music.  It was preceded by Stat Quo's first studio album Statlanta (2010). The album's production was handled by DeUno, Amir Perry, A.O., Steve Esterfern, Ty Cutta, Bink, LT Moe, Tone Mason and Dr. Dre.  It also features guest appearances from Stoney Brown, Sha Sha, Dre (of Cool & Dre), Scarface and Devin the Dude. The album was promoted by four singles: "Michael", "Trillion" featuring Dre, "OutKast" and "That's Life, Pt. 1".

Singles
On September 9, 2013, Stat Quo released the first single "Michael" (a tribute to Michael Jordan, Mike Tyson, & Michael Jackson) and confirmed it to appears as a bonus track. It was produced by Tone Mason.

On December 16, 2013, the second single titled "Trillion" was released. It features Dre from production duo Cool & Dre and was produced by Tone Mason who also produced "Michael", the album's lead single.

On December 20, 2013, "OutKast" was released as the third single. The song was produced by DeUno and  pays homage to Atlanta rap group Outkast.

Stat Quo released the album opener "That's Life, Pt. 1" as the album's fourth single on January 6, 2014.  The single was produced by Bink.

Track listing

References

2014 albums
Stat Quo albums
Albums produced by Bink (record producer)
Albums produced by Dr. Dre
Albums produced by Tone Mason

ATLA: All This Life Allows, Vol. 1


The IBM 1401 Symbolic Programming System (SPS) was an assembler that was developed by Gary Mokotoff, IBM Applied Programming Department, for the IBM 1401 computer, the first of the IBM 1400 series.  One source indicates that "This programming system was announced by IBM with the machine."

SPS-1 could run on a low-end machine with 1.4K memory, SPS-2 required at least 4K memory.

SPS-1 punched one card for each input instruction in its first pass and this deck had to be read during pass 2. At the University of Chicago and many other locations, SPS-1 was replaced by assemblers taking advantage of the commonly available 4K memory configuration to pack the output of pass one into several instructions per card.  Other assemblers were written which placed the pass one output into memory for small programs.

As the 1400 series matured additional assemblers, programming languages and report generators became available, replacing SPS in most sites.

See also
 Autocoder
 FARGO (programming language)

References

External links
IBM 1401 Symbolic Programming Systems: SPS-1 and SPS-2, C20-1480-0
"1401s I have known" by Tom Van Vleck includes a description of an operating environment including 1401 SPS machines.

Assembly languages
1401 Symbolic Programming System

IBM 1401 Symbolic Programming System


Sandgate Town Hall is a heritage-listed town hall at 5 Brighton Road, Sandgate, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Thomas Ramsay Hall and built from 1911 to 1912 by John Gemmell. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 January 1995.

History
The Sandgate Town Hall was constructed in 1911–1912 when the previous chambers were destroyed by fire on 24 May 1910. The architect of the hall, which cost £5000, was Thomas Ramsay Hall, and the contractor John Gemmell.

Britons first settled in Sandgate in the 1850s, and the area prospered into the following century as the principal sea-side resort in south east Queensland, encouraged by the introduction of the railway in May 1882. The Town of Sandgate was established in 1902, previously included as part of the Nundah Division from 1879, then established as a separate Borough of Sandgate in April 1880.

The first Municipal Council meetings from 1880 until 1882 were held in a large room rented in a masonry building, thought to be the oldest building in Sandgate. The first official Sandgate Municipal Chambers and Town Hall was designed by Richard Gailey in 1882, and built in Kate Street near the popular pier and bathing area in what is now Shorncliffe. However, as Sandgate progressed, the centre of development was nearer the Sandgate railway station in Rainbow Street. Therefore, when a fire in 1910 destroyed the chambers a site for the new Town Hall was chosen closer to the Sandgate railway station and the 1887 Sandgate Post Office.

The foundation stone for the Sandgate Town Hall was laid by Sir William MacGregor, Governor of Queensland, on 14 October 1911. The building was constructed by John Gemmell, in eleven months, at a cost of £5000 including £300 for furnishing. Thomas Ramsay Hall, the architect, was then the Town Clerk of Sandgate. Later in his career, Hall went into partnership with George Gray Prentice (1919–1929) and designed such buildings as the Brisbane City Hall and from 1929 to 1948, he was in partnership with Lionel Blythewood Phillips with whom he designed many buildings, including Ascot Chambers and the McWhirters corner block.

The Sandgate Town Hall was designed to sit on a prominent corner, and was therefore an L-shaped building with wings extending along both streets; the hall in the Brighton Road wing was accessed from the principal corner entrance and Council Chambers and various offices were accessed from a centrally located entrance on Seymour Street. The rear elevation featured a balcony opening from both the hall and the offices. The clock tower climbed three levels from the cloak room near the principal corner entrance, with room allocated for the clock on the second level and a bell on the third.

The Town Hall was opened on 21 September 1912 by the Queensland Governor, William MacGregor, at a ceremony attended by 500 people. A four dial clock, acquired from the Old Ipswich Town Hall by a Brisbane watchmaker, Frederick John Bright, was installed in the clocktower in 1923. The clock is reputedly one of the oldest working clocks in Brisbane, built by Gillet and Johnstone of Croydon, England in 1877.

In 1925, under the requirements of the City of Brisbane Act of 1924, the Town of Sandgate merged with 19 other local government areas to form the Greater Brisbane, and the Sandgate Town Hall was retained by the new Brisbane City Council for use as a community hall, variously acting as the library for the school of arts and a health clinic. The main hall is currently used for public meetings and other community gatherings the council library operates from the former Council Chambers and offices which were altered for this purpose.

Description
Sandgate Town Hall is a single-storeyed masonry building with a partial basement floor. The building has a gabled corrugated-iron roof and features a face-brick plinth and rough-cast stuccoed facade. It is L-shaped in plan with a prominent clock tower near the intersection of the two wings. The stuccoed tower has face brick corner pilasters and decorative mouldings. A bellcast roof sheeted with decorative pressed metal conceals the three bells and is surmounted by a weathervane.

The town hall has square-arched openings to the Brighton Street wing and round arched openings to the other. The principal entrance, at the corner of the site is defined by two massive Ionic columns, behind which a recessed entrance porch is located. The entrance to the library, on Seymour Street, is emphasised by a decorative parapeted section featuring Art Nouveau signage "SANDGATE TOWN COUNCIL AD 1911" and a large round arched opening with floral leadlight window. Other decorative elements include face-brick quoining, Art Nouveau signage, roughcast stucco render in some sections, and dormer windows.

Internally the building features a large hall and stage, a library chamber and various administrative offices. The hall has a mezzanine dress circle level, with early timber and iron row seating. The ceiling of the hall and the proscenium arch are sheeted with decorative pressed metal. The clock tower is accessed in the vestibule at the rear of the dress circle by a fixed timber ladder leading to three levels containing various clock workings, weights and bells.

The library features four different patterns of pressed metal on the ceiling, which indicate the original layout of the space. An early half-glazed door in the library has an embossed pattern, featuring lettering "THE MAYOR" in stylised Art Nouveau lettering.

Heritage listing
Sandgate Town Hall was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 January 1995 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.

The Sandgate Town Hall provides evidence of the Town of Sandgate in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.

Sandgate Town Hall, erected in 1911–1912, is significant as an excellent example of a Federation style civic building in Queensland.

It is an intact example of the civic work of renowned Brisbane architect, Thomas Ramsay Hall.

The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.

The building is a landmark on a prominent site in Sandgate, of particular note for its unusual clocktower, and as an integral element of the precinct including the Post Office and Sandgate War Memorial Park.

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

The building has a long association with the local community as a focal point for social and community functions.

References

Attribution

External links

 Brisbane City Council library at Sandgate
Queensland Heritage Register
Sandgate, Queensland
Town halls in Queensland
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register
Town of Sandgate

Sandgate Town Hall


Edison John Clayton Loney (23 February 1929 – 22 January 2017) was a member of the House of Commons of Canada in the 1960s and again in the 1990s. His career has been in agriculture and business.

Loney, a Progressive Conservative for most of his political career, first won a seat in Canadian Parliament during the 1963 federal election for the Bruce electoral district in Ontario. He was re-elected there in the 1965 federal election, but defeated in 1968. During this time, Loney served in the 26th and 27th Canadian Parliaments.

Loney made further unsuccessful attempts to regain the Bruce riding in 1972 and 1974. He moved to Alberta and made another failed attempt to return to Parliament in the Edmonton North riding in the 1988 federal election.

After switching to the Liberal party, Loney won Edmonton North in the 1993 federal election. After serving in the 35th Canadian Parliament, he did not seek another term in Parliament and left Canadian politics in 1997.

External links

1929 births
2017 deaths
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Alberta
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
People from Bruce County
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs

John Loney


Ronnie James (8 October 1917 – 12 June 1977) was a British Lightweight boxing champion. Born in Swansea, Wales, James had over 130 professional bouts winning 114 of them, 61 through knockout. In 1946 he challenged Ike Williams at Cardiff for the NBA Lightweight title, but lost the contest in the ninth round.

Boxing career
James' first recorded professional fight was on 21 January 1936 against local fighter Sid Williams. James then went on an unbeaten run of 52 contests before being stopped by Dave Crowley at the Empire Pool on 12 January 1936. Although many of the matches in his early career were against fairly inexperienced fighters, several notable opponents were faced; including wins over Welsh champions Boyo Rees and Terence Morgan; a draw with Southern area champion Dick Corbett and a victory against future NBA World champion Jackie Wilson.

After the Crowley contest, James began to face more challenging contests on a regular basis. James fought and lost against Spaniard Baltasar Sangchili, but then knocked out fellow Welshman Phineas John in the eighth round in October 1936. These bouts were followed with another points draw with Corbett. The end of 1936 through to 1937 saw James face a dearth of experienced challengers, before he met Cuthbert Taylor at St Helen's in Swansea. The match was won by James, which was followed by another victory, this time against Douglas Kestrell. The Kestrell fight was followed by a loss to Liverpool fighter Tony Butcher, who came off a twelve-match losing streak to stop James by a technical knockout in the sixth of a twelve-round bout in the Market Hall of Haverfordwest.

James bounced back in 1938 with four straight wins, three by knockout, before being disqualified in a contest in front of his hometown against NBA ex-champion Freddie Miller of Cincinnati. He then took in ten winning bouts, most notably over Tommy Hyams and Dick Corbett, before two losses, to Dave Finn and another loss to Crowley. After losing to Crowley in April 1939, James didn't lose a fight until May 1942, including wins over both Finn and Crowley. By 1943 James was heading towards a British title fight, which had evaded him before this date. Although losing three bouts on a run on the build-up to his championship claim, one to Lefty Satan Flynn and two to Arthur Danahar, he was still allowed a shot at the title against Eric Boon. The Boon contest was for the British Lightweight title and took place on 12 August 1944 at the Cardiff Arms Park in the Welsh capital. James took the title after a tenth-round knockout. He served as a sergeant-instructor in the Army Physical Training Corps during the Second World War.

James never defended his British title but before retiring he challenged American Ike Williams for the NBA World Lightweight title. The match brought the champion to Wales, the first time a boxing title had been held in the country, taking place at Ninian Park on 9 September 1946. James was knocked out in the ninth round after suffering six knockdowns during the bout. James retired from boxing in 1947 after being beaten by a 19-year-old Cliff Curvis at the Vetch Field in Swansea. James had failed to make the  weight limit for the challenge against Curvis, for which he was stripped of his British title, and subsequently retired from boxing.

See also
 List of British lightweight boxing champions

References

External links

 Ike Williams v Ronnie James World title commentary BBC Sport

Welsh male boxers
Lightweight boxers
1917 births
1977 deaths
Boxers from Swansea
Royal Army Physical Training Corps soldiers
British Army personnel of World War II
Military personnel from Swansea

Ronnie James


James Warden (1 March 1820 – 24 October 1904) was a Scottish-born Australian politician.

He was born at Kirriemuir in Forfarshire. He was orphaned at a young age and became a ship's carpenter at Dundee. Around 1844 he arrived at Hobart and then went to New South Wales, settling at Ulladulla where he became a ship builder. He married Sarah Gates around 1850; they had five children. In 1855 he turned to farming, purchasing the Boolgata estate in the pioneer settlement of Yatte Yattah (north or present day Milton). He was an Ulladulla alderman and served several times as mayor. In 1871 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Shoalhaven, serving until his retirement in 1877. Warden died at Boolgata in 1904. His nephew, Winter Warden, served in the New South Wales Legislative Council.

References

1820 births
1904 deaths
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
19th-century Australian politicians

James Warden (politician)


A Punu-Lumbo mask is a tribal mask native to the Ogooué River basin in Gabon, especially in the south in Ngounié Province. The masks are extremely valuable to collectors of African art, and have been sold at Sotheby's for well over $400,000.  The earliest known example, collected in 1867, is part of the Pitt Rivers Museum collection at the University of Oxford. Several other museums, such as the National Museum of African Art in Washington, D.C. are in possession of one. They have been featured in the African Negro Art show at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City (1935), and at the , in Rotterdam (1953). The masks were popular among European collectors during the 1920s and 1930s.

Design
Compared stylistically to Japanese art, the masks are typically oval in shape, with narrowed eyes, arched eyebrows and small ears. The male masks (ikwar) tend to be brown and black pigment over kaolin and viewed as ugly and are shown at night whilst the masks for females (mukudj) tend to be lighter and considered prettier by the locals and are shown in the day. The Okuyi (or mokuyi) white-faced masks commonly contain nine scale-like patterns on the forehead. This is said to be a "central eye" and also a flowering tree. The white color, usually derived from kaolin, represents clarity, light, and beauty.

Use
Male dancers are known to wear the Okuyi while dancing.  The white-faced masks are also used by other Gabon and Zaire rainforest people, such as the Kotas and Mpongwe, The Ashira also share in the white-faced mask tradition, which includes soft facial characteristics. The masks have been linked to the Mukui society and to female ancestor celebration dances, a funerary spirit association. A variation of the Punu-Lumbo mask is produced by the Tsangui in the northern Democratic Republic of the Congo.

References

Masks in Africa
Gabonese culture
Indigenous art
Ngounié Province

Punu-Lumbo mask


Busi Kheswa is an oral historian as well as lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) activist from South Africa. She is most notable for directing the Forum for the Empowerment of Women (FEW). FEW works to promote and protect the rights of LBT women in South Africa.

Career

Kheswa is a member in multiple organizations that are involved in LGBT rights in South Africa, including the Gay and Lesbian Archives (GALA) and Lesbian and Gay Equality Project (LGEP) as well as FEW. GALA is an organization that records the struggles and histories of LGBT South Africans, and uses their stories for documentaries which challenge homophobia and promote gay rights. Kheswa was in charge of acquiring histories for the visual collections put together by GALA, as well as contributing to public education projects.  The LGEP is an activists group that works on improving the legislation to ensure the freedom of LGBT South Africans.

As a director for the FEW foundation, Kheswa's work has been instrumental in lobbying for protection against hate crimes, including corrective rapes against women, which happen routinely and often go unpunished, despite being in opposition to South African law which states that LGBT people have fair and equal rights. Women often face physical torture, rape, and even death. The FEW was established in 2002 in Johannesburg, and uses a variety of tools to increase the recognition of gay rights including leadership programs to encourage people to stand up for themselves and their communities, organization of campaigns that lobby for hate crime legislation, and health rights projects.

Personal life
Kheswa is also an elder at Hope and Unity Metropolitan Community Church, which is Africa's first openly gay congregation.

References

External links
Forum for the Empowerment of Women

LGBT Protestants
South African LGBT rights activists
Living people
Oral historians
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century South African LGBT people

Busi Kheswa


Nina Raginsky , (born April 14, 1941) is a Canadian photographer who received the honour of the Order of Canada in 1984.

Life and work
Born in Montreal, Quebec, she received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Rutgers University in 1962. While at Rutgers she studied painting with Roy Lichtenstein, sculpture with George Segal and Art History with Allan Kaprow.

From 1963 to 1981, she was a freelance photographer with the National Film Board of Canada. Her photographs have appeared in various books by the National Film Board of Canada.

She was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1984. She is a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. Her photographs have appeared in Queen (magazine), Daily London Telegraph Magazine, and L'Express Paris. From 1962, her photographs have been in numerous exhibits at the George Eastman Museum Rochester, New York, the San Francisco Museum, the Burton Gallery in Toronto, the National Gallery of Canada, and the Photo Gallery in Ottawa, among others.

Nina Raginsky, photographer (b at Montréal 14 Apr 1941). Educated at Rutgers University in New Jersey, Raginsky turned to photography seriously in 1964, doing freelance work for the National Film Board. She worked first in black and white but later began to sepia tone and hand-colour her prints. She has also created oil paintings based on photographs. After spending a year in Mexico, she returned to Canada in 1968 and began a project recording remote life in the Yukon and First Nations communities in British Columbia. The following year, she became an assistance curator of education at the Vancouver Art Gallery until 1972. She then began a series of photos documenting the city and people of Vancouver, Victoria, and British Columbia. Between 1972 and 1981, Raginsky was an instructor at the Emily Carr College of Art, formerly Vancouver School of Art. Her work has appeared in solo and group exhibitions in Canada and the US and in various magazines and books, including those of the National Film Board's "Image" series, Canada: A Year of the Land and Between Friends. She is best known for her frontal, full-figure portraits, particularly of eccentric or whimsical personalities.<ref>'Faking Death: Canadian Art Photography and the Canadian Imagination. (2003) Cousineau-Levine, Penny.</ref> One such example is the 1974 work, The Kirkpatrick Sisters in front of the Empress Hotel, Victoria, British Columbia. Raginsky left the photographic medium during the 1980s and turned almost exclusively to painting. In 1985 she was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.

In 2015, her photo Shoeshine Stand appeared on Canada Post postage stamps.

Artistic inspiration
Nina Raginsky has cited German photographer, August Sander as inspiration for her portraits in particular his work, Men Without Masks''.

Notes

References

1941 births
Living people
Canadian women artists
Canadian women photographers
Officers of the Order of Canada
Artists from Montreal
Members of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts

Nina Raginsky


Robert L. Jordan (born 1943), known as Jay Jordan, is an American business executive who most recently served as president and executive officer of OCLC, an international computer library network and conglomerate of databases and Web services. He served as president of OCLC from 1998 to his retirement in June 2013, and was succeeded in that position by Skip Prichard.

Biography
Jay Jordan earned a bachelor's degree in English literature from Colgate University. He served in the US Army from March 1966 to March 1969, and was stationed in Germany. He became a first lieutenant. After working for 3M in Europe and the United States, he joined Information Handling Services, where he worked for 24 years and was president of one of its divisions, IHS Engineering. In 1998, he became president and CEO of OCLC. Jordan was the fourth president of OCLC, after Frederick G. Kilgour, Rowland C. W. Brown and K. Wayne Smith.

OCLC
At the time Jordan joined OCLC, the nonprofit organization represented around 8,300 member libraries. 14 years later technological developments had completely changed the information society and the use of libraries. During Jordan's term as president, OCLC tried to adapt to these new developments. WorldCat holdings grew during this period (to around 270 million bibliographic records), member libraries increased to around 22,500, and WorldCat.org was made available on the open web. At the same time OCLC developed new services (like QuestionPoint). OCLC made several acquisitions such as the Research Libraries Group (2006), PICA (2007), Ezproxy (2008) and OAIster (2009). OCLC sold NetLibrary in 2010. VIAF was implemented and hosted by OCLC. VIAF is a service to link identical records from different data sets together, thereby making it easier for patrons to find e.g. books from Dostoyevsky/Dostoïevski

During Jordan's presidency OCLC also created a library advocacy program ("Geek the library"). It invested in new computer infrastructure, so it could handle non-Roman scripts. OCLC introduced new initiatives to make libraries and their paper and digital holdings more visible. CONTENTdm was set up to create better and stable online visibility for special collections and art treasures.

In June 2012 Jay Jordan announced that he would postpone his retirement, which was planned for that year, and continue leading OCLC until June 2013. In May 2013 OCLC announced Skip Prichard to be the new CEO and President of OCLC as of July 2013.

References

External links
Interview with Jay Jordan by Thomas Hogan, Information Today, June 2012

1943 births
Living people
3M people
American computer businesspeople
American technology chief executives
Businesspeople in software
Colgate University alumni
Date of birth missing (living people)
OCLC people
People from Dublin, Ohio
Place of birth missing (living people)
United States Army officers

Jay Jordan


Zero-risk bias is a tendency to prefer the complete elimination of risk in a sub-part over alternatives with greater overall risk reduction. It often manifests in cases where decision makers address problems concerning health, safety, and the environment. Its effect on decision making has been observed in surveys presenting hypothetical scenarios.

Explanation
Zero-risk bias is based on the way people feel better if a risk is eliminated instead of being merely mitigated. Scientists identified a zero-risk bias in responses to a questionnaire about a hypothetical cleanup scenario involving two hazardous sites X and Y, with X causing 8 cases of cancer annually and Y causing 4 cases annually. The respondents ranked three cleanup approaches: two options each reduced the total number of cancer cases by 6, while the third reduced the number by 5 and eliminated the cases at site Y. While the latter option featured the worst reduction overall, 42% of the respondents ranked it better than at least one of the other options. This conclusion resembled one from an earlier economics study that found people were willing to pay high costs to eliminate a risk. It has a normative justification since once risk is eliminated, people would have less to worry about and such removal of worry also has utility. It is also driven by our preference for winning much more than losing as well as the old instead of the new way, all of which cloud the way the world is viewed.

Multiple real-world policies have been said to be affected by this bias. In American federal policy, the Delaney clause outlawing cancer-causing additives from foods (regardless of actual risk) and the desire for perfect cleanup of Superfund sites have been alleged to be overly focused on complete elimination. Furthermore, the effort needed to implement zero-risk laws grew as technological advances enabled the detection of smaller quantities of hazardous substances. Limited resources were increasingly being devoted to low-risk issues.

Critics of the zero-risk bias model cite that it has the tendency to neglect overall risk reduction. For instance, when eliminating two side effects, it holds that the complete eradication of just one side-effect is preferable to lowering the overall risk.

Causes
Other biases might underlie the zero-risk bias. One is a tendency to think in terms of proportions rather than differences. A greater reduction in proportion of deaths is valued higher than a greater reduction in actual deaths. The zero-risk bias could then be seen as the extreme end of a broad bias about quantities as applied to risk. Framing effects can enhance the bias, for example, by emphasizing a large proportion in a small set or can attempt to mitigate the bias by emphasizing total quantities.

References

Cognitive biases
Risk management

Zero-risk bias


"Whiskey in the Jar" (Roud 533) is an Irish traditional song set in the southern mountains of Ireland, often with specific mention of counties Cork and Kerry. The song, about a rapparee (highwayman) who is betrayed by his wife or lover, is one of the most widely performed traditional Irish songs and has been recorded by numerous artists since the 1950s.

The song first gained wide exposure when Irish folk band the Dubliners performed it internationally as a signature song, and recorded it on three albums in the 1960s. In the U.S., the song was popularised by the Highwaymen, who recorded it on their 1962 album Encore. Irish rock band Thin Lizzy hit the Irish and British pop charts with the song in 1973. In 1990, the Dubliners re-recorded the song with the Pogues with a faster rocky version charting at No. 63 in the UK. American metal band Metallica in 1998 played a version very similar to that of Thin Lizzy's, though with a heavier sound, winning a Grammy for the song in 2000 for Best Hard Rock Performance. In 2019, Canadian singer-songwriter Bryan Adams performed a cover of the song on his album Shine a Light.

Story
"Whiskey in the Jar" is the tale of a highwayman or footpad who, after robbing a military or government official, is betrayed by a woman; whether she is his wife or sweetheart is not made clear. Various versions of the song take place in Kerry, Kilmoganny, Cork, Sligo Town, and other locations throughout Ireland. It is also sometimes placed in the American South, in various places among the Ozarks or Appalachians, possibly due to Irish settlement in these places. Names in the song change, and the official can be a Captain or a Colonel, called Farrell or Pepper among other names. The protagonist's wife or lover is sometimes called Molly, Jenny, Emzy, or Ginny among various other names. The details of the betrayal are also different, being either betraying him to the person he robbed and replacing his ammunition with sand or water, or not, resulting in his killing the person.

History
The song's exact origins are unknown. A number of its lines and the general plot resemble those of a contemporary broadside ballad "Patrick Fleming" (also called "Patrick Flemmen he was a Valiant Soldier") about Irish highwayman Patrick Fleming, who was executed in 1650.

In the book The Folk Songs of North America, folk music historian Alan Lomax suggests that the song originated in the 17th century, and (based on plot similarities) that John Gay's 1728 The Beggar's Opera was inspired by Gay hearing an Irish ballad-monger singing "Whiskey in the Jar". In regard to the history of the song, Lomax states, "The folk of seventeenth century Britain liked and admired their local highwaymen; and in Ireland (or Scotland) where the gentlemen of the roads robbed English landlords, they were regarded as national patriots. Such feelings inspired this rollicking ballad."

At some point, the song came to the United States and was a favourite in Colonial America because of its irreverent attitude toward British officials. The American versions are sometimes set in America and deal with American characters. One such version, from Massachusetts, is about Alan McCollister, an Irish-American soldier who is sentenced to death by hanging for robbing British officials.

The song appeared in a form close to its modern version in a precursor called "The Sporting Hero, or, Whiskey in the Bar" in a mid-1850s broadsheet.

The song collector Colm Ó Lochlainn, in his book Irish Street Ballads, described how his mother learnt "Whiskey in the Jar" in Limerick in 1870 from a man called Buckley who came from Cork. When Ó Lochlainn included the song in Irish Street Ballads, he wrote down the lyrics from memory as he had learnt them from his mother. He called the song "There's Whiskey in the Jar", and the lyrics are virtually identical to the version that was used by Irish bands in the 1960s such as the Dubliners. The Ó Lochlainn version refers to the "far fam'd Kerry mountain" rather than the Cork and Kerry mountains, as appears in some versions.

The song also appears under the title "There's Whiskey in the Jar" in the Joyce collection, but that only includes the melody line without any lyrics. Versions of the song were collected in the 1920s in Northern Ireland by song collector Sam Henry. It is Roud Folk Song Index no. 533.

Variations

"Whiskey in the Jar" is sung with many variants on locations and names, including a version by Jerry Garcia of the Grateful Dead with mandolinist David Grisman; a version by the Dubliners (which is often sung in Irish traditional music sessions around the world); a rock version sung by Thin Lizzy; and a heavy metal version (inspired by Thin Lizzy's performance of the song) by Metallica.

There is also a song about Irish troops in the American Civil War called "We'll Fight for Uncle Sam", which is sung in the same tune of "Whiskey in the Jar".

Field recordings
 Lena Bourne Fish of East Jaffrey, New Hampshire, United States, 1940, recorded by Frank and Anne Warner
 Séamus Ennis of Dublin, Ireland, World Library of Folk and Primitive Music, Vol. 2: Ireland 1951, recorded by Alan Lomax
 Mary Byrnes of Springside near Orange, New South Wales, Australia, 1954/1955, recorded by John Meredith
 Sarah Organ Gunning of Knox County, Kentucky, United States, 1974, recorded by Mark Wilson

Recordings
Partial discography:
 Burl Ives – Songs of Ireland 1958, as "Kilgary Mountain"
 The Highwaymen – Encore 1962
 The Brothers Four – In Person 1962, as "Darlin' Sportin' Jenny"
 The Limeliters – Sing Out! 1962, as "Kilgary Mountain"
 Robert De Cormier – Dance Gal – Gimme the Banjo 1964, as "Kilgary Mountain"
 The Seekers – The Seekers 1964
 Peter, Paul and Mary – A Song Will Rise 1965, as "Gilgarra Mountain"
 Joe Dassin – Mâche ta chique 1965
 The Dubliners – 1967 (album), 1968 (Single), 1969 (album)
 Thin Lizzy – November 1972 (Single), August 1976 (album)
 Euskefeurat – Mutta Herra Jumala 1982
 The Pogues – 1990, with the Dubliners
 Jerry Garcia, David Grisman – Shady Grove 1996
 Metallica – Garage Inc. 1998
 Smokie – Uncovered 2000
 The Poxy Boggards – Lager than Life 2002
 LeperKhanz – Tiocfaidh Ár Lá (2005)
 Johnny Logan – The Irish Connection 2007
 The High Kings – Memory Lane 2010
 Blaggards – Live in Texas 2010
 Celtic Thunder – Heritage 2011
 Nolwenn Leroy – Bretonne 2011 (only the deluxe edition)
 The Killdares – Live at the Granada Theater 2011
 Stompin' Tom Connors – Stompin' Tom and the Road's of Life 2012
 Santiano – Bis ans Ende der Welt 2012
 Daniel Kobialka – as "Gift of Dreams", a New Age version
 Down by Law - "Revolution Time" 10" EP, 2014
 El Cuarteto de Nos – Habla tu espejo 2014, as "Whisky en Uruguay"
 Gaelic Storm – Full Irish: The Best of Gaelic Storm 2004–2014 2014
 Bryan Adams – Shine a Light 2019

The song has also been recorded by singers and folk groups such as Roger Whittaker, the Irish Rovers, Seven Nations, Off Kilter, King Creosote, Brobdingnagian Bards, Charlie Zahm, and Christy Moore.

Liam Clancy recorded the song with his son and nephew on Clancy, O'Connell & Clancy in 1997, and Tommy Makem recorded it on The Song Tradition in 1998. The High Kings, featuring Bobby Clancy's son Finbarr, released a version in February 2011.

Thin Lizzy's 1972 single (bonus track on Vagabonds of the Western World [1991 edition]) stayed at the top of the Irish charts for 17 weeks, and the British release stayed in the top 30 for 12 weeks, peaking at No. 6, in 1973. This version has since been covered by U2, Pulp (first released on a 1996 various artist compilation album Childline and later on deluxe edition of Different Class in 2006), Smokie, Metallica (Garage Inc. 1998, which won a Grammy), Belle and Sebastian (The Blues Are Still Blue EP 2006), Gary Moore (2006), Nicky Moore (Top Musicians Play Thin Lizzy 2008), Simple Minds (Searching for the Lost Boys 2009), and Israeli musician Izhar Ashdot. The song is also on the Grateful Dead live compilation So Many Roads disc five.

On the bluegrass scene, Jerry Garcia and David Grisman recorded a  version for the album Shady Grove. It has also been performed by the Scarecrows bluegrass band and the Dutch band Blue Grass Boogiemen.

Icelandic folk band Þrjú á palli (Three On The Podium) recorded it in 1971 as "Lífið Er Lotterí (Life Is A Lottery)" with lyrics by Jónas Árnason. Lillebjørn Nilsen adapted it to Norwegian, as "Svikefulle Mari (Fraudulent Mari)", on his 1971 album Tilbake (Back). Finnish band Eläkeläiset (The Retired) recorded a humppa version as the title track of their 1997 album Humppamaratooni (Jump Marathon). In 2007 the Lars Lilholt Band made a Danish version, "Gi (Give)' Mig Whiskey in the Jar", for the album Smukkere Med Tiden (More Beautiful With Time). Estonian band Poisikõsõ recorded "Hans'a Õuhkaga" on the album Tii Päält Iist in 2007.

In 1966, the Yarkon Bridge Trio, an Israeli singing group, recorded a song named "Siman Sheata Tsair" ("It Is a Sign That You Are Young") set to the melody of "Whiskey in the Jar"; the song became a hit and was later covered by various artists, notably by Gidi Gov.

Charts

Thin Lizzy version

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

The Dubliners and Pogues version

Metallica version

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

The Dubliners version

Metallica version

References

External links
 Whiskey in the Jar Lyrics and chords on Irish Music Daily

1972 singles
1973 singles
1999 singles
Decca Records singles
The Brothers Four songs
The Dubliners songs
Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance
The Highwaymen (folk band) songs
Irish folk songs
Irish rock songs
Irish Singles Chart number-one singles
Metallica songs
Music videos directed by Jonas Åkerlund
Peter, Paul and Mary songs
Songs about alcohol
Songs about criminals
Songwriter unknown
Thin Lizzy songs
Vertigo Records singles
Year of song unknown

Whiskey in the Jar


Pedro Sánchez Pérez-Castejón (; born 29 February 1972) is a Spanish politician who has been Prime Minister of Spain since June 2018. He has also been Secretary-General of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) since June 2017, having previously held that office from 2014 to 2016. Moreover, Sánchez is the current President of the Socialist International, having been elected to that position in November 2022.

Sánchez began his political career in 2004 as a city councillor in Madrid, before being elected to the Congress of Deputies in 2009. In 2014, he was elected Secretary-General of the PSOE, becoming Leader of the Opposition. He led the party through the inconclusive 2015 and 2016 general elections, but resigned as Secretary-General shortly after the latter, following public disagreements with the party's executive. He was subsequently re-elected in a leadership election eight months later, defeating Susana Díaz and Patxi López.

On 1 June 2018, the PSOE called a vote of no confidence in Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy, successfully passing the motion after winning the support of Unidas Podemos, as well as various regionalist and nationalist parties. Sánchez was subsequently sworn in as Prime Minister by King Felipe VI the following day. He went on to lead the PSOE to gain 38 seats in the April 2019 general election, the PSOE's first national victory since 2008, although they fell short of a majority. After talks to form a government failed, Sánchez again won the most votes at the November 2019 general election; further, in January 2020 he formed a minority coalition government with Unidas Podemos, the first national coalition government since the country's return to democracy.

Early life
Pedro Sánchez Pérez-Castejón was born in 1972 in Madrid to a well-off family, son to Pedro Sánchez Fernández and Magdalena Pérez-Castejón. His father was a public administrator long employed at the Ministry of Culture's Instituto Nacional de las Artes Escénicas y de la Música (). He later became the owner of an industrial packing company. His mother worked as a civil servant in the social security system (later becoming a lawyer, graduating with her son at the same university). Raised in the Tetuán district, he studied at the Colegio Santa Cristina, also located in the district. According to Sánchez himself, he frequented breakdancing circles in AZCA when he was a teenager. He moved from the Colegio Santa Cristina to the Instituto Ramiro de Maeztu, a public high school where he played basketball in the Estudiantes youth system, with links to the high school, reaching the U-21 team.

In 1990, Sánchez went to study economics and business sciences. In 1993, he joined the PSOE after the victory of Felipe González in the elections that year. Sánchez earned a licentiate degree from the Real Colegio Universitario María Cristina, attached to the Complutense University of Madrid, in 1995. Following his graduation he worked in New York for a consulting firm.

In 1998, before entering a career in local and national politics, Sánchez started to work in Brussels in the PSOE's delegation to the European Parliament as assistant to MEP Bárbara Dührkop. He also worked in the staff of the United Nations high representative in Bosnia, Carlos Westendorp. He earned a degree in Politics and Economics in 1998 after graduating from the .

He earned a degree of business leadership from IESE Business School in the University of Navarra, a private university and apostolate of the Opus Dei. Sánchez obtained a diploma in Advanced Studies in EU Monetary Integration from the Instituto Ortega y Gasset in 2002.

Political career

Early local and national career
In 2003, Sánchez stood in the Madrid City Council election on the PSOE list headed by Trinidad Jiménez. He was 23rd on the proportional representation list, but the PSOE only won 21 seats. Sánchez did not become a city councillor until a year later, when two socialist councillors resigned. He quickly became one of the fundamental components of opposition leader Trinidad Jiménez's team. Between 18 May 2004 – 15 September 2009, he was one of the 57 members of the City Council of Madrid, representing PSOE in the city of Madrid. At the same time, he went to help the PSdG (PSOE's affiliated party in Galicia) contest the 2005 Galician regional election, in which PSdG won eight seats, allowing Emilio Pérez Touriño to become president of Galicia. In 2007, he was part of the Miguel Sebastián campaign for Madrid's premiership. In parallel to his seat at the city council, Sánchez started to work as instructor at the Universidad Camilo José Cela (UCJC) in 2008, lecturing about Economic Structure and History of Economic Thought.

Sánchez was elected to the Congress of Deputies for Madrid, replacing Pedro Solbes, Minister of Economy and Finance in the José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero cabinet, after Solbes retired from politics in 2009.

In the general election of 2011, which saw a heavy defeat for the Socialists, PSOE placed Sánchez 11th on the Proportional Representation list, while only electing 10 deputies. Having thus failed to win a seat, he focused on preparing his Doctorate in Economics at the UCJC, earning the PhD in November 2012 by writing a dissertation titled Innovaciones de la diplomacia económica española: Análisis del sector público (2000–2012) (English translation: Innovations of Spanish Economic Diplomacy: Analysis of the Public Sector (2000–2012)) supervised by María Isabel Cepeda González. In 2018 Sánchez was accused by the Spanish daily ABC of plagiarism. In order to refute the plagiarism allegations, Sánchez published his full thesis online.

In January 2013, Sánchez returned to Congress, replacing Cristina Narbona, who left her seat to enter the Nuclear Safety Council. In December 2013, after numerous Socialist leaders such as Elena Valenciano, Trinidad Jiménez, Miguel Sebastián, and José Blanco López attended his new book release, his name began to be discussed as a prospective candidate for the party leadership.

Sánchez officially launched his bid to party leader on 12 June 2014. He was elected as the Secretary-General on 13 July, after winning 49% of votes against his opponents Eduardo Madina and José Antonio Pérez Tapias (member of the Socialist Left platform). He was confirmed as Secretary-General after an Extraordinary Congress of the PSOE was held on 26–27 July that ratified the electoral result.

Leading the opposition
Representing a platform based on political regeneration, Sánchez demanded constitutional reforms establishing federalism as the form of administrative organization of Spain to ensure that Catalonia would remain within the country; a new progressive fiscal policy; extending the welfare state to all citizens; joining labour unions again to strengthen economic recovery; and regaining the confidence of former Socialist voters disenchanted by the measures taken by Zapatero during his term as Prime Minister amid an economic crisis. He also opposed the grand coalition model supported by the former Prime Minister and PSOE leader Felipe González, who lobbied in favour of the German system in case of political instability. Sánchez asked his European party caucus not to vote for the consensus candidate Jean-Claude Juncker of the European People's Party.

Upon taking office as PSOE's Secretary-General, Sánchez faced a political crisis after the formation of a new party, Podemos. Approximately 25% of all PSOE supporters switched their loyalties to Podemos. Sánchez's political agenda included reforming the constitution, establishing a federal model in Spain to replace the current devolution model, and further secularization of Spain's education system, including the removal of religion-affiliated public and private schools. He named César Luena as his second-in-command. On 21 June 2015, Sánchez was officially announced as the PSOE premiership candidate for the December 2015 general election. His party earned 90 seats, being second to rivals of Partido Popular (PP), who won the election with 123 representatives out of a parliament formed by 350. Since PP's leader did not stand officially for the premiership, following this Sánchez was requested by the King to form a coalition, but he was unable to obtain the support of a majority of representatives. This led to a further general election in June 2016, where he stood again as PSOE's prospective candidate to prime minister. The party won only 85 seats in the general election.

Removal and political comeback
Amid deep inner strife within the party started by September 2016 (the 2016 PSOE crisis), Sánchez lost support from the PSOE's federal committee in a key vote and was forced to resign as Secretary-General on 1 October 2016. His defeated proposal (107 in favour versus 132 against) was that of celebrate a snap PSOE primary election in October 2016 and a party congress in November.

In order to avoid obeying the directive of the PSOE's interim leadership to facilitate Mariano Rajoy's investiture as Prime Minister by means of an abstention and thus "betraying his word", Sánchez also renounced to his seat at the Congress of Deputies in October 2016, and started to prepare for a new candidacy to the leadership of the party in the upcoming primary election. Besides the renunciation of Sánchez, 15 PSOE MPs would break party discipline by voting against Rajoy, yet as Rajoy only needed the abstention from 11 PSOE MPs (out of 84), the latter was invested as Prime Minister.

After resigning as Secretary-General of the party and to prepare for his bid to party leadership, Sánchez made a tour aboard his car visiting base members in different parts of Spain. On 21 May 2017, Sánchez was re-elected Secretary-General for the second time with 50.2% of the votes, over his competitors Susana Díaz (39.94%) and Patxi López (9.85%).

Sánchez opposed the Catalan independence referendum and supported the Rajoy government's decision to dismiss the Catalan government and impose direct rule on Catalonia in October 2017.

In May 2018, after verdicts were announced in the Gürtel trial, PSOE filed a successful no-confidence motion against Mariano Rajoy. Per the Constitution, Spanish votes of no confidence are constructive; those bringing the motion must propose a replacement candidate for Prime Minister. Accordingly, the PSOE proposed Sánchez (who was not a member of the Congress of Deputies at the time) as Rajoy's replacement. With the passage of the no-confidence motion, Sánchez was automatically deemed to have the confidence of the Congress of Deputies and thus ascended as Prime Minister on 1 June 2018.

Premiership (2018–present)

Sánchez was sworn in as Prime Minister by King Felipe VI on 2 June. Sánchez said he planned to form a government that would eventually dissolve the Cortes Generales and call for a general election, but he did not specify when he would do it while also saying that before calling for an election he intended take a series of measures like increasing unemployment benefits and proposing a law of equal pay between the sexes. However, he also said he would uphold the 2018 budget approved by the Rajoy government, a condition the Basque Nationalist Party imposed to vote for the motion of no-confidence.

Spanish media noted that while Sánchez was swearing his oath of office on the Spanish Constitution, no Bible or crucifix were on display for the first time in modern Spanish history, due to Sánchez's atheism. After being sworn in, Sánchez announced that he would only propose measures that had considerable parliamentary support, and re-affirmed the government's compliance with the EU deficit requirements.

Foreign policy

Sánchez has taken a more active role in the international sphere, especially in the European Union, saying that "Spain has to claim its role" and declaring himself "a militant pro-European". On 16 January 2019, in a speech before the European Parliament, he said that the EU should be protected and turned into a global actor, and that a more social Europe is needed, with a strong monetary union. He stated in a speech in March 2019 adding that the enemies of Europe are inside of the European Union. In his second government, he continued strengthening the pro-European profile of its ministers, appointing José Luis Escrivá, the then chair of the Independent Authority for Fiscal Responsibility and former chair of the EU Independent Fiscal Institutions Network, as minister for social security. In June 2020, the Sánchez government proposed deputy prime minister and economy minister, Nadia Calviño, to be the next chair of the Eurogroup.

In September 2018, during his first term in office as Prime Minister, Defense Minister Margarita Robles cancelled sales of laser-guided bombs to Saudi Arabia over concerns relating to the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen. Overruling Robles, Sánchez ordered the sale to proceed because he had promised President of Andalusia Susana Díaz to help protect jobs in the shipyards of the Bay of Cádiz, highly dependent on the €1.813 billion contract with Saudi Arabia to deliver five corvettes. In response to the killing of Saudi dissident journalist Jamal Khashoggi in October 2018, Sánchez defended the decision to continue arms sales to Saudi Arabia and insisted on his government's "responsibility" to protect jobs in the arms industry.

Following the fall of Kabul and the subsequent de facto creation of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, the Prime Minister offered Spain as a hub for Afghans who collaborated with the European Union, which would later be settled in various countries. The Spanish government created a temporary refugee camp in the air base of Torrejón de Ardoz, which was later visited by officials from the European Union, including president of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen and president of the European Council Charles Michel. Von der Leyen praised Sánchez government's initiative, stating that the actions of Spain represents "a good example of the European soul at its best". US President Joe Biden spoke with Sánchez to allow the use of the military bases of Rota and Morón to temporarily accommodate Afghan refugees, while praising "Spain's leadership in seeking international support for Afghan women and girls".

On August 2022, during his state visit to Serbia as part of his overall visits to Balkan countries, Sánchez reaffirmed Spain's non-recognition of the independence of Kosovo.

Domestic policy
On 18 June 2018, Sánchez' government announced its intention to remove the remains of former dictator Francisco Franco from the Valley of the Fallen. On 24 August 2018, Sánchez's cabinet approved a decree that modifies two aspects of the 2007 Historical Memory Law to allow the exhumation of Franco's remains from the Valley of the Fallen. After a year of legal battles with Franco's descendants, the exhumation took place on 24 October 2019, and Franco was reburied at Mingorrubio Cemetery in El Pardo with his wife Carmen Polo.

After the sentence in 2019 trial of Catalonia independence leaders Sánchez confirmed his support of the sentence, and denied the possibility of any indulgence, proclaiming that the sentence should be served by the convicts in its entirety, in spite of that two years later Sánchez granted indulgence to all convicts. Shortly after granting the indulgence, Sánchez stressed that despite the indulgence, there would never be a referendum for the independence of Catalonia, in response he was mocked by Gabriel Rufian and other Catalan politicians, who reminded him that two years prior he had made the same claim with regards to granting indulgences, and insinuated that it is just a matter of time before Sánchez will break his latest claims.

Under Sánchez's leadership, the Cortes Generales approved a total central government budget of 196 billion euros – the biggest budget in the country's history – in 2021, after he had won the support of the Catalan pro-independence Republican Left of Catalonia.

COVID-19 pandemic

On 13 March 2020, Sánchez announced a declaration of the state of alarm in the nation for a period of 15 days, to become effective the following day after the approval of the Council of Ministers, becoming the second time in democratic history and the first time with this magnitude. The following day imposed a nationwide lockdown, banning all trips that were not force majeure and announced it may intervene in companies to guarantee supplies. On July 14, 2021, the Constitutional Court of Spain, acting upon the 2020 appeal by Vox, sentenced by a narrow majority (6 votes in support vs. 5 votes against) that the state of alarm was unconstitutional in the part of suppressing the freedom of movement established by the Article 19 of the Constitution of Spain.

2023 snap election
After the negative outcome of the 2023 regional and local elections, Sanchez announced a snap general election for 23 July. In a speech, Sanchez stated that it was important to listen to the will of the people, but stressed the need to persevere with post-Covid economic recovery measures implemented by his government.

After Alberto Núñez Feijóo's failed attempt to form a government, the king asked Sánchez to try to form a government.

Ideology
Sánchez ran in the 2014 PSOE primary election under what has been described as a centrist and social liberal profile, later switching to the left in his successful 2017 bid to return to the PSOE leadership in which he stood for a refoundation of social democracy, in order to transition to a "post-capitalist society", ending "neoliberal capitalism". A key personal idea posed in his 2019 Manual de Resistencia book is the indissoluble link between "social democracy" and "Europe".

Sánchez is a strong opponent of prostitution, and supports its abolition.

Personal life

Sánchez married María Begoña Gómez Fernández in 2006 and they have two children. The civil wedding was officiated by Trinidad Jiménez.

Aside from Spanish, Sánchez speaks fluent English and French. He is the first Spanish prime minister fluent in English while in office (former PM José María Aznar learned English after leaving office). Foreign languages were not widely taught in Spanish schools until the mid-1970s, and former Prime Ministers were known for struggling with them.

He is an outspoken atheist.

Electoral history

Distinctions
 Medal of Salvador Allende (28 August 2018).
 Grand Collar of the Order of the Condor of the Andes (29 August 2018).
 Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun of Peru (27 February 2019).
 Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (16 November 2021).

Notable published works
 Ocaña Orbis, Carlos y Sánchez Pérez-Castejón, Pedro (2013): La nueva diplomacia económica española. Madrid: Delta. .
 Sánchez Pérez-Castejón, Pedro (2019): Manual de resistencia. Madrid: Península. .

Controversial authorship
 In 2018 a newspaper revealed that his book La nueva diplomacia económica española includes the plagiarism of six other people's texts. The suspicion was extended to his doctoral thesis, whose authorship was questioned.

 Regarding Manual de resistencia, Sánchez is given as the author, but the falsity of this claim is deduced from the words of Sánchez himself, who states in the prologue that "This book is the result of long hours of conversation with Irene Lozano, writer, thinker, politician and friend. She gave a literary form to the recordings, giving me a decisive help". The mentioned writer, for her part, affirmed that "I made the book, but the author is the prime minister".

Notes

References

External links

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1972 births
Living people
Politicians from Madrid
Prime Ministers of Spain
Leaders of political parties in Spain
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party politicians
Spanish atheists
Madrid city councillors (2003–2007)
Madrid city councillors (2007–2011)
Members of the 10th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 11th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 12th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 13th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 14th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 15th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Sun of Peru
University of Navarra alumni
Université libre de Bruxelles alumni
20th-century Spanish people
21st-century Spanish politicians
21st-century Spanish male writers
21st-century Spanish non-fiction writers
Leaders of the Opposition (Spain)

Pedro Sánchez


The Mad Man is a literary novel by Samuel R. Delany, first published in 1994 by Richard Kasak. In a disclaimer that appears at the beginning of the book, Delany describes it as a "pornotopic fantasy". It was originally published in 1994, republished and slightly revised in 1996, and republished again with significant changes in 2002  and again in an e-book version with further corrections in 2015. Delany considers the 2015 version the definitive edition.

Plot summary

In New York City in the early 1980s, a black gay philosophy graduate student, John Marr, is researching a dissertation on Timothy Hasler, a Korean-American philosopher and academic stabbed to death under unexplained circumstances outside a gay bar in 1973. As details emerge, Marr finds his lifestyle converging with that of Hasler, and he becomes increasingly involved in intense sexual encounters with homeless men, despite his growing awareness of the risks of HIV. In the course of unravelling the mystery of Hasler's death, Marr joins with a homeless man from West Virginia, who goes by the street name "Leaky." Scenes based on letters Delany actually wrote (see: 1984: Selected Letters) take place in a gay bar in New York, though the basic incident is fictional.

Major themes
The Mad Man, spanning 501 pages in its first hardcover edition, is Delany's longest and most ambitious novel since Dhalgren (1975). As such, it combines a number of perspectives: a realistic portrayal of academic research, New York street life and both pre- and post-HIV gay activity, as well as explicit portrayals of fellatio, coprophilia, urophilia, and mysophilia. It also contains magic realist elements, such as the bull-like monster that appears in Marr's nightmares. Also, it employs autobiographical elements from Delany's life, having to do with his more recent life as an academic. The relationship between the intellectual Marr and a street person, Leaky Sowps, mirrors those in many of his previous novels, as well as his real-life partnership of 17 years (as of 2007) with Dennis Rickett, formerly homeless for six years, before they met. Scenes in The Mad Man occur during "wet night" at the Mineshaft, a gay bar that actually existed in New York's meat-packing district in the '70s and '80s and indeed held such a monthly event. Other scenes detail visits to the pornographic movie theaters in the 42nd Street area, where much gay activity occurred from the sixties until they were shut down in the mid-nineties. Marr writes letters to friends containing passages that are verbatim transcripts of actual letters Delany wrote at the time; some of the originals are collected in his 1984: Selected Letters (Voyant, 2000). As such, the novel has great value as a gay history of the passage between the seventies and nineties in New York, as well as portrayals of the complex and changing attitudes towards AIDS by sexually active gay men over those years.

All three editions conclude with the article "Risk Factors for Seroconversion to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Among Male Homosexuals," by Kingsley, Kaslo, and Renaldo et alia, as published in the Lancet, Saturday, 14 February 1987, which statistically supports the theory that AIDS cannot be transmitted orally. This supports both the plot of the book and why Delany himself remained HIV-negative.

Allusions/references to other works
Delany said that the novel was inspired by his outrage at an article on AIDS by Harold Brodkey that appeared in The New Yorker in the June 21, 1993 issue. (Brodkey's series of articles about dying of AIDS was reprinted in revised form as a book, This Wild Darkness: The Story of My Death (Henry Holt and Company, 1996)). The article entitled "To My Readers" begins, "I have AIDS. I am surprised that I do. I have not been exposed since the nineteen-seventies, which is to say that my experiences, my adventures with homosexuality took place largely in the nineteen-sixties, and back then I relied on time and abstinence to indicate  my degree of freedom from infection and to protect others and myself." Once past its "Proem," Delany's novel opens with similar statements, but placed in the negative: "I do not have AIDS. I'm surprised that I don't . . ." As critic Reed Woodhouse (in Unlimited Embrace: A Canon of Gay Fiction, 1945—1995, University of Massachusetts Press, 1998), wrote, "What one hears in Delany's sentence is the sound of the gauntlet being thrown down, for he wants to completely reverse the story Brodkey tells: the story, that is, of an 'innocent victim' who may have played around a little but very long ago and certainly not doing those things. John Marr, by contrast, is presented as a 'guilty victor', so to speak, in that he has done all those things (though not, it is true, unprotected anal intercourse) and has yet survived."

The character of Timothy Hasler is based in part on the philosopher Richard Montague. Unlike Montague, who was strangled, he dies in a knife fight in a bar at age 29. Montague was murdered in his own home at the age of 40 in Los Angeles, though it was almost certainly from a sexual partner or partners he brought home from a bar.

The chimeric creature from Marr's nightmares makes its first appearance here in Delany's body of work. It appears on the cover of Phallos and a statue modeled after it appears in Through the Valley of the Nest of Spiders.

Marr collaborates with a "well-known" science fiction writer named Aranlyde, who is described as having "some particular cachet among more intellectual SF readers". A character "Muels Aranlyde" appears in Delany's Empire Star; the name is an anagram of "Samuel R. Delany".

Delany discusses some of the background behind the novel in "The Phil Leggiere Interview: Reading The Mad Man", which appears in his essay collection Shorter Views.

Notes

References

1994 American novels
1994 fantasy novels
American erotic novels
Novels by Samuel Delany
Novels with gay themes
Novels about HIV/AIDS
American magic realism novels
Novels set in New York City
Fiction set in the 1980s
1990s LGBT novels

The Mad Man