This page describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Laos.

Fossil fuel
The Hongsa Thermal Power Station is an 1,878-megawatt (MW) coal-fired power station in Hongsa District, Sainyabuli Province. It is a "mine mouth" facility, fueled by lignite from an adjacent mine. Its three power generating units came on line in 2015–2016.

In February 2021, the Lao government announced that two lignite-fired power plants will constructed in Sekong Province. Work is to begin in 2021 and be completed by 2025. The electricity generated will be sold to Cambodia for 7.2 US cents per kWh. The first plant will be built by Phonesack Group in Kaleum District. It will have an installed capacity of 1,800MW. The company will invest between US$3–4 billion, including the construction of transmission lines to export electricity to Cambodia. The second coal-fired, 700 MW plant will be built in La Mam District by a Chinese company that will invest over US$1 billion in the project. The government claims that coal reserves adjacent to the plants are sufficient to power the plants for the entire 25-year concession period.

Environmental impact
The combustion of fossil fuels, particularly coal, is the main contributing factor to the increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Laos. In 2015, coal started to be consumed by the power sector. Consequently, Laos's CO2 emissions increased sharply in 2015. The CO2 to
GDP intensity increased by 9.8% per year, from 68 kg CO2 per thousand dollars PPP to 278 kg CO2 per thousand dollars PPP. As of 2021, despite cheap hydro power for electricity production, Laos continues to rely on fossil fuels, coal in particular.

Hydropower

In 2010, Laos petitioned the Mekong River Commission (MRC) to approve their proposal for 11 new dams. This move resulted from the government's intention to become the "battery of Southeast Asia", as Laos currently exports an estimated two-thirds of its hydropower. This goal can be attributed to the geographical region of Laos being situated in the lower Mekong Basin (LMB), which includes a 35% of Mekong's total inflows. According to the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of the MRC, if the proposed dams are built, they will generate 15,000 MW of power, which is projected to fill 8% of the regional demand by 2025. Additionally, the SEA reports hydropower in Laos can result in a gross income of $3.8 billion per year. With the SEA research, the Lao government's decision to develop hydropower plants is explained by its economic benefit. The Lao Government has ongoing plans for 50+ new hydropower plants for electricity export. However, hydropower development may have large environmental and social consequences beyond national borders. Non-governmental organizations such as International Rivers has raised concerns over these developments in the Mekong.

Hydropower has brought in significant foreign exchange reserves to Lao. Much of the Lao hydropower has been exported to Thailand, which in turn has benefited from Lao hydropower in developing its poorer areas, especially in Thailand's northeast.

Xayaburi Dam
The US$3.8 billion (£2.4bn) proposed hydroelectric Xayaburi Dam has caused tension among Mekong region countries: Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand. In April 2012 a contract was signed for a Thai company, C H Karnchang, to build the dam. The Lao government has pledged to resolve the environmental issues. The government says two big issues—fish migration and sediment flow—will be addressed. Critics say the hydro-electric dam project at Xayaburi would harm the river's eco-system.

Finnish engineering firm Pöyry supported the Lao government's hydropower construction proposal by arguing that no international agreement is needed. Pöyry Engineering in 2012 supported the Xayabar hydropower plant that was opposed by Cambodia, Vietnam and non-governmental organisations. Pöyry admitted it had not assessed all environmental risks (fish, ecosystem). According to Pöyry they have no responsibility for their reports: Olemme pelkkä konsultti ('We only consult') it said in June 2012.

The aim was to supply electricity mainly to Thailand by a Thai company and to provide export income to the government of Laos. However, the Mekong River Commission recommended suspending the project. According to Finnish media, the Finnish government is among the main financiers of the river commission. As of 2012, the Mekong River downstream is free of dams. Approximately 60 million people live in the area in Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia. U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton visiting the ASEAN countries in July 2012, demanded environmental investigations of the project. During her visit, the Lao government made the first official announcement of project cancellation.

Other renewable energy resources
Aside from large-scale hydro power, Laos has also significant small-scale hydro and solar energy potential. Laos adopted the Renewable Energy Development Strategy in 2011 and set a target of 30% small-scale renewable energy in the energy production by 2025; to achieve the target Laos could improve renewable energy governance, adopt a feed-in tariff, build an effective regulatory framework and facilitate market entry for foreign investors.

Natural history of the Mekong River basin

Geography

The Mekong River is the largest river in Southeast Asia, with a length of 4,350 km flowing through six countries: China, Myanmar, Thailand, Lao PDR, Cambodia, and Vietnam. The Mekong River Basin (MRB) incorporates a large area and can be defined by seven physiographic regions: Tibetan Plateau, Three Rivers Area, Lancang Basin, Northern Highlands, Khorat Plateau, Tonle Sap Basin, and the Mekong Delta. The Tibetan Plateau, Three Rivers Area and Lancang Basin form the Upper Mekong Basin while the Northern Highlands, Khorat Plateau, Tonle Sap Basin and Mekong Delta make up the Lower Mekong Basin. Laos is in the Lower River Basin, which has a catchment of 25% of the MRB—approximately 202,000 km2 of water. The region of Laos contains 35% of Mekong's total inflows.

Resources
The Lower Mekong Basin provides a wide range of benefits: drinking water, freshwater food supplies, biodiversity hotspots, agricultural irrigation, transport, and industrial uses (such as hydropower development). The Tonle Sap region of Cambodia, the largest freshwater lake in Southeast Asia, is critical for food security as it provides areas for agriculture and aquaculture in the surrounding wetlands and flooded forests. This region is the center of Cambodia's fishing industry and rice fields on which 40% of the population depend. Additionally, the Tonle Sap region consists of a variety of habitats and biomes, resulting in an area of biodiversity. Another region of the Lower Mekong Basin is the Mekong delta, a resource vital to Vietnam's rice production.

Environmental effects of hydropower

Impacts on the fish life cycle
The construction of dams in the Mekong Basin greatly impact fish migration and local fisheries. Generally, the development of a hydropower dam results in altered flow patterns and creates a large physical barrier, thus disrupting the fish and their breeding habitats within the river. This is particularly impactful in the Mekong as 40-70% of fish catch is from migrating species, where most hunted fish can potentially fail to reach historic fishing areas with dams impeding upstream migration. Looking at a 2008 study of Hydropower dams in the Lower Mekong Basin, planned dams will have a major impact on fisheries and "disrupt upstream migration of economically and biologically important species". Additionally, the downstream drift of fish eggs that sustain lower fisheries will be blocked by the construction of dams. Trying to apply modern solutions to fish passage can partially mitigate the impact; however, the scale of fish migration on the Mekong stream involves over 50 different species which current methods cannot support. With the addition of more hydropower dams, local fisheries must adapt to different flow conditions and be prepared for unexpected floods with the potential to wash away assets.

Impacts to Mekong sediment
With Laos planning over 50 dams on the Mekong and its tributaries, the physical barrier of hydropower dams disturbs natural sediment flow downstream. This barrier can cause water levels to rise and creates a trap for sediment behind walls. Investigations note 26,400 tons of nutrient is sent into the Mekong floodplains per year through sediment loads. With dams in place, the floodplains and agricultural lands that are reliant on a certain level of sediment will be deprived. A report by the International Center for Environmental Management suggest, "current nutrient load will be reduced by seventy-five percent by 2030" if all proposed dams are built. A block to nutrient-carrying sediment sets off a chain reaction that will inevitability impact all nations downstream, lowering food security and putting millions of livelihoods at risk.

Impacts on human development
The continual development of Hydropower has positive effects such as flood control, irrigation, and river navigation; conversely, the development of Hydropower plants can negatively affect the 3 million Laotians relying on the Mekong for livelihood and food security. With dams blocking the migration of fish, many communities will experience a loss of fish population. Over the last few years, the development of hydropower dams have caused a 10-20% population loss while during a period of 2001–2003, the Thai-Lao border showcased a 50% catch decrease, greatly affecting local communities and their livelihood. With the hydrology of the Lower Mekong forcefully altered, agricultural lands will experience a new river regime—variability in its discharge—that can negatively affect farms. The most notable change for the population near the Mekong is the loss of agricultural land due to flooding from hydropower dams. Flooding can cause a loss of crop, productivity, livestock. With an increase of floods near agricultural land there can be a loss of nutrition, an input to the productivity of nearby agriculture.

The rural communities of a riparian country like Laos rely heavily on fishing for food security.  Hydropower development affecting the migration of fish and productivity of fisheries are a great threat to food security. Local communities are not the ones impacted, a study done by the Mekong River Commission showcased, "Fisheries do not only benefit the people living next to the river or the floodplains, but all of the Lower Mekong Basin countries." Hydropower development indirectly impacts human development on many scales.

Power companies
Power companies responsible for energy and electricity production in Laos include: Electricite du Laos, Glow Energy (a subsidiary of GDF Suez), Lao Holding State Enterprise and Nam Theun 2 Power Company, a consortium comprising French-owned EDF (40% ownership), Thai (35%) and Lao (25%) entities.

See also
 Economy of Laos

References

Energy in Laos


Diplomatic Immunity was a weekly political analysis television show on TVOntario, which ran from 1998 until June 2006. Issues discussed reflected contemporary foreign affairs concerns including terrorism, Middle East affairs, and US politics, though potentially any issue of international significance was considered.

It was hosted by Steve Paikin, who also co-created it, and featured regular guests and invited analysts. The show began as a weekly segment on the network's flagship news and public affairs series Studio 2, before being spun off into a standalone series in 1998.

Regular guests included:

 Janice Stein, Director of the Munk Centre for International Studies at the University of Toronto.
 Patrick Martin, a columnist and editor at The Globe and Mail
 Richard Gwyn, a columnist at the Toronto Star
 Lewis MacKenzie, a retired Major-General of the Canadian Forces
 Eric Margolis, a columnist at the Toronto Sun and the Huffington Post

Invited analysts were typically experts in the field of discussion; they were sourced from academia, politics and the business community alike.

The show aired on Friday nights after Studio 2, and was repeated in the afternoon and at night on Sundays. It was cancelled at the same time as Studio 2. The new series The Agenda incorporated elements of both shows, as well as the political affairs series Fourth Reading.

References

External links
 Diplomatic Immunity at TVOntario archive

TVO original programming
1990s Canadian television news shows
2000s Canadian television news shows
1998 Canadian television series debuts
2006 Canadian television series endings
Canadian political television series

Diplomatic Immunity (Canadian TV series)


Connor's Mill is a steam driven flour mill located on Stirling Terrace in Toodyay, Western Australia.

The mill is still operational; the Shire of Toodyay protected the then dilapidated building in 1975 and established the Toodyay Tourist Centre. It is now one of the town's main tourist attractions.

History
The mill was built in 1870 by local builder George Hassel for Dan Connor, a store owner.  It was the third built in the Toodyay district. The mill originally had a shingle roof, no turret and a slide from the first floor doorway to wagon height. This was used to slide bags of flour onto the wagons waiting below. Little is known about the internal workings of the mill. The original grind mill is seen on the lawn outside. The grindstone machine was originally from Newgain and donated by Langley Lefroy and initially owned by the Twines. The big wheel drive mechanism was originally from the mill at Northam.

During the 1880s Charles Marris leased and eventually bought the mill, operating it until the turn of the century. The flour produced was of very high quality, presenting the established Drummond and Monger mills with good competition. In 1870, flour from the mill won an award at an exhibition in Melbourne.

In 1917, Charles Marris sold the mill to Charles Lukin, who reconditioned the building as a power station for the town.  The first power generating engine was installed in a galvanized iron extension to the rear of the mill. In 1921, a major fire destroyed all machinery within the power house. The charred top floor roofing beams are still evident today.

After the fire, engineer Mr N. Garvey installed a new Stockport gas engine in the annex to provide power to the town. This generator had a unique starting procedure. The operator would place a foot on a flywheel spoke, held onto the roof timbers and treadmill the belt. When sufficient momentum was obtained, the operator would jump off the wheel and turn the magneto on.

In 1922 the Road Board assumed control of the power service. The generator provided lighting to the town from 4pm to midnight, seven nights a week.  The Municipal Council ran the power station until 1955, when the electrical grid operated by the State Energy Commission was connected to Toodyay. The building was deserted from 1955 to 1975.

Current use
In 1975 the Shire of Toodyay established the Toodyay Tourist Centre in the mill building, following a restoration project which included the construction of a staircase to the upper floors.

The engine was donated to the Shire in 1974 and ex industrial factory engineer Graham Jones helped move the engine to its present location. Due to the engine's size, bricks from around the front door had to be removed.

References

External links

Museums in Western Australia
State Register of Heritage Places in the Shire of Toodyay
Flour mills in Australia
Mill museums in Australia
Agriculture museums in Australia
Buildings and structures in Toodyay, Western Australia
Stirling Terrace, Toodyay

Connor's Mill


Elisha David Standiford (December 28, 1831 – July 26, 1887) was a United States representative from Kentucky. He was born near Louisville, Kentucky. He attended the common schools and St. Mary's College, near Lebanon, Kentucky. He graduated from the Kentucky School of Medicine and commenced practice in Louisville, Kentucky. Later, he abandoned the practice of medicine and engaged in agricultural pursuits and other enterprises.

Standiford was a member of the Kentucky Senate in 1868 and 1871. He was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-third Congress (March 4, 1873 – March 3, 1875) but declined a renomination in 1874 to the Forty-fourth Congress. After leaving Congress, he was president of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company from 1875 to 1879. In addition, he engaged in banking and agricultural pursuits. He died in Louisville, Kentucky in 1887 and was buried in Cave Hill Cemetery.

Louisville's largest airport was originally named Standiford Field before being changed to Louisville International Airport in 1995.  On January 16, 2019, the Regional Airport Authority voted to change the name of the airport to Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport in honor of the boxer and Louisville native Muhammad Ali. The airport today still retains the airport code of SDF.

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

1831 births
1887 deaths
Burials at Cave Hill Cemetery
Democratic Party Kentucky state senators
Louisville and Nashville Railroad
Politicians from Louisville, Kentucky
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Kentucky
St. Mary's College (Kentucky) alumni
19th-century American politicians

Elisha Standiford


Michael Norman Manley  (10 December 1924 – 6 March 1997) was a Jamaican politician who served as the fourth Prime Minister of Jamaica from 1972 to 1980 and from 1989 to 1992. Manley championed a democratic socialist program, and has been described as a populist. He remains one of Jamaica's most popular prime ministers.

Early life

Michael Manley was the second son of premier Norman Washington Manley and artist Edna Manley. He studied at Jamaica College between 1935 and 1943. He attended the Antigua State College and then served in the Royal Canadian Air Force during World War II. In 1945, he enrolled at the London School of Economics. At the LSE, he was influenced by Fabian socialism and the writings of Harold Laski. He graduated in 1949, and returned to Jamaica to serve as an editor and columnist for the newspaper Public Opinion. At about the same time, he became involved in the trade union movement, becoming a negotiator for the National Workers Union. In August 1953, he became a full-time official of that union.

Entry into politics

When his father was elected premier of Jamaica in 1955, Manley resisted entering politics, not wanting to be seen as capitalizing on his family name. However, in 1962, he accepted an appointment to the Senate of the Parliament of Jamaica. He won election to the Jamaican House of Representatives for the Central Kingston constituency in 1967.

After his father's retirement in 1969, Manley was elected leader of the People's National Party, defeating Vivian Blake. He then served as leader of the Opposition, until his party won in the general elections of 1972.

Domestic reforms

In the 1972 Jamaican general election, Manley defeated the unpopular incumbent Prime Minister, Hugh Shearer of the Jamaica Labour Party, as his People's National Party swept to a landslide victory with 37 of 53 seats.

He instituted a series of socio-economic reforms that produced mixed results. Although he was a Jamaican from an elite family, Manley's successful trade union background helped him to maintain a close relationship with the country's poor majority, and he was a dynamic, popular leader. Unlike his father, who had a reputation for being formal and businesslike, the younger Manley moved easily among people of all strata and made Parliament accessible to the people by abolishing the requirement for men to wear jackets and ties to its sittings. In this regard he started a fashion revolution, often preferring the Kariba suit, a type of formal bush-jacket suit with trousers and worn without a shirt and tie.

Under Manley, Jamaica established a minimum wage for all workers, including domestic workers. In 1974, the PNP under Manley adopted a political philosophy of Democratic Socialism.

In 1974, Manley proposed free education from primary school to university. The introduction of universally free secondary education was a major step in removing the institutional barriers to private sector and preferred government jobs that required secondary diplomas. The PNP government in 1974 also formed the Jamaica Movement for the Advancement of Literacy (JAMAL), which administered adult education programs with the goal of involving 100,000 adults a year.

Land reform expanded under his administration. Historically, land tenure in Jamaica has been rather inequitable. Project Land Lease (introduced in 1973), attempted an integrated rural development approach, providing tens of thousands of small farmers with land, technical advice, inputs such as fertilizers, and access to credit.

The minimum voting age was lowered to 18 years, while equal pay for women was introduced. Maternity leave was also introduced, while the government outlawed the stigma of illegitimacy. The Masters and Servants Act was abolished, and a Labour Relations and Industrial Disputes Act provided workers and their trade unions with enhanced rights. The National Housing Trust was established, providing "the means for most employed people to own their own homes," and greatly stimulated housing construction, with more than 40,000 houses built between 1974 and 1980.

Subsidised meals, transportation and uniforms for schoolchildren from disadvantaged backgrounds were introduced, together with free education at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. Special employment programmes were also launched, together with programmes designed to combat illiteracy. Increases in pensions and poor relief were carried out, along with a reform of local government taxation, an increase in youth training, an expansion of day care centres, and an upgrading of hospitals.

A worker's participation programme was introduced, together with a new mental health law and the family court. Free health care for all Jamaicans was introduced, while health clinics and a paramedical system in rural areas were established. Various clinics were also set up to facilitate access to medical drugs. Spending on education was significantly increased, while the number of doctors and dentists in the country rose. Project Lend Lease, an agricultural programme designed to provide rural labourers and smallholders with more land through tenancy, was introduced, together with a National Youth Service Programme for high school graduates to teach in schools, vocational training, and the literacy programme, comprehensive rent and price controls, protection for workers against unfair dismissal, subsidies (in 1973) on basic food items, and the automatic recognition of unions in the workplace.

Manley was the first Jamaican prime minister to support Jamaican republicanism (the replacement of the constitutional monarchy with a republic). In 1975, his government established a commission into constitutional reform, which recommended that Jamaica become a republic. In July 1977, after a march to commemorate the Morant Bay rebellion, Manley announced that Jamaica would become a republic by 1981. This did not occur, however.

Diplomacy

Manley developed close friendships with several communist and socialist leaders, foremost of whom were Julius Nyerere of Tanzania, Olof Palme of Sweden, and Fidel Castro of Cuba. Manley's support for Cuba sending troops to Angola during the Angolan Civil War was criticized by Henry Kissinger and others, and led to a worsening of relations between the US and Jamaica.

In December 1977, Manley visited President Jimmy Carter at the White House to remedy the situation, and relations improved somewhat. Details of the meeting, however, were never disclosed.

In a speech given at the 1979 meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement, Manley strongly pressed for the development of an alliance between the Non-Aligned movement and the Soviet Union to battle imperialism: "All anti-imperialists know that the balance of forces in the world shifted irrevocably in 1917 when there was a movement and a man in the October Revolution, and Lenin was the man." Despite some international opposition, Manley deepened and strengthened Jamaica's ties with Cuba.

Violence

Manley was Prime Minister when Jamaica experienced a significant escalation of its political culture of violence. Supporters of his opponent Edward Seaga and the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) and Manley's People's National Party (PNP) engaged in a bloody struggle which began before the 1976 election and ended when Seaga was installed as Prime Minister in 1980. While the violent political culture was not invented by Seaga or Manley, and had its roots in conflicts between the parties from as early as the beginning of the two-party system in the 1940s, political violence reached unprecedented levels in the 1970s. Indeed, the two elections accompanied by the greatest violence were those (1976 and 1980) in which Seaga was trying to unseat Manley.

In response to a wave of killings in 1974, Manley oversaw the passage of the Gun Court Act and the Suppression of Crime Act, giving the police and the army new powers to seal off and disarm high-violence neighborhoods. The Gun Court imposed a mandatory sentence of indefinite imprisonment with hard labour for all firearms offences, and ordinarily tried cases in camera, without a jury. Manley declared that "There is no place in this society for the gun, now or ever."

Violence flared in January 1976 in anticipation of elections. A state of emergency was declared by Manley's party the PNP in June and 500 people, including some prominent members of the JLP, were accused of trying to overthrow the government and were detained, without charges, in the South Camp Prison at the Up-Park Camp military headquarters. During the emergency, according to a report published on 2 November 1977, by investigative reporters Ernest Volkman and John Cummings of the New York newspaper Newsday, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) plotted Manley's assassination, with attempts that "were supposed to have taken place" on 14 July 1976 in Jamaica, and during a visit later in the year to Toronto. Manley's response to the report was "I can confirm not a shot was fired."

Elections were held on 15 December in the 1976 Jamaican general election, while the state of emergency was still in effect. The PNP was returned to office, winning 47 seats to the JLP's 13. The turnout was a very high 85 percent. The state of emergency continued into the next year. Extraordinary powers granted the police by the Suppression of Crime Act of 1974 continued to the end of the 1990s.

Violence continued to blight political life in the 1970s. Gangs armed by both parties fought for control of urban constituencies. In the election year of 1980 over 800 Jamaicans were killed. Jamaicans were particularly shocked by the violence at that time.

In the 1980 Jamaican general election, Seaga's JLP won 51 of the 60 seats, and he became Prime Minister.

Opposition

As Leader of the Opposition, Manley became an outspoken critic of the new conservative administration. He strongly opposed intervention in Grenada after Prime Minister Maurice Bishop was overthrown and executed. Immediately after committing Jamaican troops to Grenada in 1983, Seaga called a snap election – two years early – on the pretext that Dr. Paul Robertson, General Secretary of the PNP, had called for his resignation. Manley, who may have been taken by surprise by the manoeuvre, led his party in a boycott of the elections, and so the Jamaica Labour Party won all seats in parliament against only marginal opposition in six of the sixty electoral constituencies.

In 1980, Manley gave a series of public lectures at Columbia University in New York.

Seaga's failure to deliver on his promises to the US and foreign investors, as well as complaints of governmental incompetence in the wake Hurricane Gilbert's devastation in 1988, contributed to his defeat in the 1989 elections. The PNP won 45 seats to the JLP's 15.

Re-election

By 1989, some right-wing critics had begun to assert that Manley had softened his socialist rhetoric, explicitly advocating a role for private enterprise.

Manley's second term focused on liberalizing Jamaica's economy, with the pursuit of a programme that stood in marked contrast to the more social democratic economic policies pursued by Manley's first government. Various measures were, however, undertaken to cushion the negative effects of austerity and structural adjustment. A Social Support Programme was introduced to provide welfare assistance for poor Jamaicans. In addition, the programme focused on creating direct employment, training, and credit for much of the population.

The government also announced a 50% increase in the amount of nutritional assistance for the most vulnerable groups (including pregnant women, nursing mothers, and children). A small number of community councils were also created. In addition, a limited land reform programme was carried out that leased and sold land to small farmers, and land plots were granted to hundreds of farmers. The government had an admirable record in housing provision, while measures were also taken to protect consumers from illegal and unfair business practices.

In 1992, citing health reasons, Manley stepped down as Prime Minister and PNP leader. His former Deputy Prime Minister, P. J. Patterson, assumed both offices.

Family

Manley was married five times. In 1946, he married Jacqueline Kamellard, but the marriage was dissolved in 1951. In 1955, he married Thelma Verity, the adopted daughter of Sir Philip Sherlock, OM and his wife Grace Verity; in 1960, this marriage was also dissolved. In 1966, Manley married Barbara Lewars (died in 1968); in 1972, he married Beverley Anderson, but the marriage was dissolved in 1990. Beverley wrote The Manley Memoirs in June 2008. Michael Manley's final marriage was to Glynne Ewart in 1992.

Manley had five children from his five marriages: Rachel Manley, Joseph Manley, Sarah Manley, Natasha Manley, and David Manley.

Retirement and death

Manley wrote seven books, including the award-winning A History of West Indies Cricket, in which he discussed the links between cricket and West Indian nationalism. The other books he wrote include The Politics of Change (1974), A Voice in the Workplace (1975), The Search for Solutions, The Poverty of Nations, Up the Down Escalator, and Jamaica: Struggle in the Periphery.

On 6 March 1997, Michael Manley died of prostate cancer, the same day as another Caribbean politician, Cheddi Jagan of Guyana. He is interred at the National Heroes Park, where his father Norman Manley is also interred. Photographer Maria LaYacona's portrait of Manley appears on the Jamaican $1,000 note.

Honours

1973:  Order of the Liberator, Venezuela
1976:  Order of José Martí
1978:  United Nations Medal
1989: Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom (P.C.)
1992:  Order of Merit of Jamaica (O.M.)
1994: Order of the Caribbean Community (O.O.C.)

Posthumously:

 Order of the Nation (O.N.)

References

Bibliography

 Henke, Holger (2000). Between Self-Determination and Dependency: Jamaica's foreign relations, 1972–1989. Kingston: University of the West Indies Press, 2000.
 Levi, Darrell E. (1990). Michael Manley: the making of a leader. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1990.

External links

 Michael Norman Manley
 The Word Is Love: Jamaica's Michael Manley – documentary on the life and career of Michael Manley

1924 births
1997 deaths
Prime Ministers of Jamaica
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Jamaican people of English descent
Jamaican people of Irish descent
Jamaican republicans
Jamaican socialists
Royal Canadian Air Force personnel of World War II
Jamaican members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Columbia University faculty
Deaths from cancer in Jamaica
Deaths from prostate cancer
People's National Party (Jamaica) politicians
North American democratic socialists
Recipients of the Order of the Nation
Recipients of the Order of Merit (Jamaica)
Children of prime ministers
Michael
Royal Canadian Air Force officers
Jamaican expatriates in Antigua and Barbuda
Jamaican expatriates in the United Kingdom
Recipients of the Order of the Caribbean Community
People educated at Jamaica College

Michael Manley


In Jainism, Balabhadra or Baladeva are among the sixty-three illustrious beings called śalākāpuruṣas that are said to grace every half cycle of time. According to Jain cosmology, śalākāpuruṣa are born on this earth in every Dukhama-sukhamā ara. They comprise twenty-four tīrthaṅkaras, twelve chakravartins, nine balabhadra, nine narayana, and nine pratinarayana. Their life stories are said to be most inspiring. According to the Jain puranas, the Balabhadras lead an ideal Jain life.

Nine Balabhadras
According to the Digambaras nine Balabhadras of the present half cycle of time (avasarpini) are:

References

General references

Salakapurusa

Balabhadra


Sir Colin Earl Meads  (3 June 1936 – 20 August 2017) was a New Zealand rugby union player. He played 55 test matches (133 games), most frequently in the lock forward position, for New Zealand's national team, the All Blacks, from 1957 until 1971.

Meads is widely considered one of the greatest players in history. Nicknamed 'Pinetree' due to his physical presence, he was an
icon within New Zealand rugby, and was named the country's Player of the Century at the NZRFU Awards in 1999.

Early life and family
Colin Earl Meads was born to Vere Meads and Ida Meads (née Gray) on 3 June 1936, in the town of Cambridge in the Waikato region. His father Vere was a descendant of early settlers Joseph Meads and Ann Meads (née Coates), who emigrated to New Zealand from England in 1842. Vere's grandfather Zachariah Meads was among the first British children to be born in Te Aro, Wellington, in 1843, and his grandmother Elizabeth Meads (née Lazare) was the daughter of an Irish minister who had educated freed slaves on the island of Mauritius before emigrating to Wanganui.
Vere and his wife raised their five children on a sheep farm near Te Kuiti. Meads credited the farming lifestyle for his strong physique and high level of fitness. Meads' brother Stanley Meads was also a noted rugby player, playing 30 matches as an All Black. In 11 matches Stanley and Colin locked the All Black scrum.

Meads and his wife Verna had five children: Karen Stockman, Kelvin Meads, Rhonda Wilcox (who represented New Zealand in the Silver Ferns netball team), Glynn 'Pinecone' Meads (who also played and managed rugby for provincial side King Country) and youngest daughter Shelley Mitchell (who played for the New Zealand women's basketball team). Meads raised his family on a farm on the outskirts of Te Kuiti  and continued to live in the area until his death in 2017.

Rugby career
Meads played his club rugby throughout his career for Waitete R.F.C in Te Kuiti. He played his first game for King Country in 1955 against Counties, at the age of 19. He had a memorable game, scoring a try, and even a drop-goal (an unusual feat for a lock). He would play a further 138 games for the province.

In 1955 Meads was also selected for the New Zealand under 21 side which toured Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). He "played all eight matches, scored three tries and was recognised by the Rugby Almanack as one of the 1955 season's most promising players." In 1956 Meads played in national trials and was selected for the North Island team as a loose forward, but was considered too young to play for the All Blacks against the Springboks.

Meads was selected for the 1957 tour of Australia. He played in ten matches and made his test debut, against the Wallabies. He played both tests, scoring a try in the second. Although normally a lock, he played at flanker and number 8, and even wing (from where he scored a try), as the All Black team was strong on locks. From 1957 until 1971 Meads was effectively an automatic pick for the All Blacks, missing selection for just two series; the British & Irish Lions in 1959 and Australia in 1962. There are differing accounts of how he acquired his nickname "Pinetree". Roger Boon believes he was the first to come up with the name in 1955. Alternatively, when he toured Japan in the New Zealand Under-23 team in 1958 teammate Ken Briscoe gave him the nickname and it stuck.

He was named captain of the All Blacks 11 times, his first in a 23–9 victory over the Combined Services during the 1963–64 tour of Britain. His captaincy debut for the All Blacks in a test match came in his final series against the Lions in 1971. His final international game ended in a 14–14 draw, giving the Lions a 2–1 series victory, their only series win over the All Blacks. He seriously injured his back in a Land Rover accident at the end of the year and never played for the All Blacks again. Meads recovered enough to continue playing for King Country for two more years before retiring, amassing a total of 361 first class matches, a record that stood for 42 years.

His strength and high threshold for pain became legendary — best illustrated when in a game against Eastern Transvaal in South Africa, in which he emerged from a particularly vicious ruck with his arm dangling horribly, with an obvious fracture, yet completed the match. When the doctor cut away his shirt and confirmed the break, Meads muttered, "At least we won the bloody game." He missed the first two Tests, but returned for the third with his still broken arm held together by a thin guard. Another incident occurred when Meads was kicked in the head, causing a large gash. The All Blacks doctor at the time wanted to take him to hospital so they could use anaesthetic, but Meads ordered him to do it right there in the dressing room.

He also had the reputation of being a "hard man" and "an enforcer". Benoit Dauga, the player Meads thought had kicked him in the head ended up with a broken nose. South African center John Gainsford once tried to challenge Meads, who proceeded to hold his wrists in a grip that was "like being held in a band of steel" and simply said "Don't bother, son." Meads considered the Welsh player Rhys Williams  and Irishman Willie John McBride just as hard as himself. However, he considered the "one-eyed Springbok" Martin Pelser as his toughest opponent.

Meads was involved in some controversial incidents. In 1967, he was sent off by Irish referee Kevin D. Kelleher for dangerous play against  at Murrayfield, becoming only the second All Black suspended in a test match at the time. The British newspaper The Daily Telegraph said of the incident that 'For one with Meads' worldwide reputation for robust play, this was rather like sending a burglar to prison for a parking offence.'

In Australia he is notorious for having ended the career of Ken Catchpole by wrenching Catchpole's leg while he was pinned down, tearing his hamstring off the bone and severely rupturing his groin muscles. Meads says he was just trying to put him on the ground and did not realise his other leg was pinned. Years later he was invited to a dinner in Catchpole's honour, but was warned off by the organisers saying he would get booed off the stage. Meads saw that as more of a reason why he should attend and did so without receiving any boos.

After retirement

After retiring as a player in 1973, Meads became chairman of the King Country union, and spent time selecting and coaching the now-defunct North Island rugby team. In 1986 he was elected to the national selection panel, but was fired later in the year for acting as coach to the unauthorised New Zealand Cavaliers tour of apartheid South Africa, where the All Blacks were no longer allowed to tour. In 1992 he was elected to the New Zealand Rugby Union council and remained there for four years. In 1994 and 1995 he was All Blacks manager, which included the 1995 Rugby World Cup. He was uncompromising in this role, not afraid to let loose at his players when they played poorly.

Despite his retirement from rugby, Meads remained a familiar face to many New Zealanders. He was a frequent public speaker at events, donating money raised to buy a farm for people with intellectual disabilities. He also appeared on television advertising products ranging from tanalised fence posts to finance companies. He was seen by many as the public face of Provincial Finance, he described the company as "solid as, I'd say" in an advertisement, and was later criticised when it went bankrupt. He regretted doing the ad and was sorry so many people lost money when it failed. Despite this Meads was named the third most trusted New Zealander after Victoria Cross holder Willie Apiata and triple Olympic gold medallist Peter Snell in 2008.

In 2007 the Meads sold their  sheep farm so they could move into Te Kuiti.

In August 2016 it was announced that Meads had been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, following several months of illness. He died on 20 August 2017, as a result of cancer. As a mark of respect many New Zealanders placed rugby balls outside the front doors of their homes.

Meads is buried in the Te Kuiti New Cemetery.

Honours and tributes
Meads is regarded by many as New Zealand's greatest ever rugby player, and was named Player of the Century at the NZRFU Awards dinner in 1999. He is a member of both the World Rugby Hall of Fame and the New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame, and was a member of the International Rugby Hall of Fame before its merger with the World Rugby Hall in 2014. The International Rugby Hall of Fame considers him to have been 'the most famous forward in world rugby throughout the 1960s'.

Meads was considered by many to be a tough, uncompromising, loyal and humble person. At  tall and weighing , he was a similar size to  many other players of the era. He had a large physical presence though, being very strong and having a high level of fitness. Meads credited this to growing up and working on a farm.

In the 1971 New Year Honours, Meads was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for services to rugby. He was appointed a Distinguished Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit (CNZM) for services to rugby and the community, in the 2001 New Year Honours. In the 2009 Special Honours, following the restoration of titular honours by the New Zealand government, Meads accepted redesignation as a Knight Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit (KNZM). On 19 June 2017, during the then-ongoing British & Irish Lions tour, a statue of Meads was unveiled in the Te Kuiti town centre. Despite his ongoing battle with cancer, Meads attended and spoke at the unveiling.

One of the other trophies contested in New Zealand's domestic competition, the Heartland Championship, is named the Meads Cup in his honour. Rugby writer Lindsay Knight wrote that "As a sporting legend Meads is New Zealand's equivalent of Australia's Sir Donald Bradman or the United States of America's Babe Ruth."

References

External links

 NZ Rugby Museum profile
 Player listing from Planet Rugby

1936 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from cancer in New Zealand
New Zealand international rugby union players
New Zealand Members of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit
New Zealand rugby union players
Rugby union flankers
Rugby union locks
Rugby union number eights
World Rugby Hall of Fame inductees
20th-century New Zealand farmers
Sportspeople from Te Kūiti
Rugby football people awarded knighthoods
Sportspeople from Cambridge, New Zealand
King Country rugby union players
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
People educated at Te Kuiti High School
Rugby union players from Waikato

Colin Meads


Sir Sabaratnam Arulkumaran is a Sri Lankan Tamil physician, former president of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, and president-elect of the British Medical Association.

Early life and family
Arulkumaran was born in 1948. He was the son of K. Sabaratnam, a Director of the Jaffna Co-operative Society, and Gnambikai. He was from Kantharmadam in northern Ceylon. He was educated at Jaffna Central College and Mahajana College, Tellippalai. After school he joined the University of Ceylon in 1968 and graduated with an honours MBBS degree in 1972. He then obtained a Diploma in Child Health from the university. He then entered the National University of Singapore from where he obtained MD and PhD degrees. He then became a fellow of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh.

Career
Arulkumaran joined the National University of Singapore in 1982 as a lecturer. He was professor of obstetrics and gynaecology (1993-1997) and head of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (1995-1997). Whilst working in Singapore, Arulkumaran also carried out research in the United States, Sweden, and France.

Arulkumaran moved to the United Kingdom in 1997 to be closer to other family members. Here, he was professor of obstetrics and gynaecology at the University of Nottingham (1997-2001) and non-executive director of the Southern Derbyshire Acute Hospital NHS Trust (1997-2001). Arulkumaran was professor and head of obstetrics and gynaecology at St George's, University of London from 2001 to 2013.

Arulkumaran was treasurer of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (1997-2003), its secretary-general (2003-2006) and is its president since 2012. He served as vice-president of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists before serving as its president from 2007 to 2010. In June 2012, he was elected president of the British Medical Association for 2013-2014.

Arulkumaran is an honorary fellow of the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Federation of Obstetric and Gynaecological Societies of India, Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Pakistan, South African Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, and Sri Lanka College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. He is an honorary member of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gynäkilogie und Geurtshilfe, Obstetrical and Gynaecological Society of Malaysia and Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. He has also received an honorary doctorate from the University of Athens.

Arulkumaran has been editor-in-chief of Best Practices and Research in Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology since 1998. He has written or edited 24 books, 240 articles, and more than 150 book chapters. He was appointed Knight Bachelor in June 2009 for his services to medicine.

In November 2012, Arulkumaran was appointed chair of a panel of inquiry into the death of Savita Halappanavar in Ireland.

References

1948 births
Academics of the University of Nottingham
Alumni of Jaffna Central College
Alumni of Mahajana College, Tellippalai
Alumni of the University of Ceylon (Peradeniya)
British people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent
Knights Bachelor
Living people
National University of Singapore alumni
Academic staff of the National University of Singapore
Academics of St George's, University of London
People from Northern Province, Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan Tamil people
Sri Lankan medical doctors
Fellows of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
Members of the National Academy of Medicine

Sabaratnam Arulkumaran


Westminster is the central part of the City of Westminster, in London. It is on the north side of the River Thames. It contains the Houses of Parliament, Whitehall, Downing Street and Westminster Abbey.

Westminster is the official seat of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

References

Westminster


A between maid (nickname tweeny, also called hall girl particularly in the United States) was a female junior domestic worker in a large household with many staff. The position became largely defunct in the 20th century, as few households needed or could afford great retinues of domestic workers with the elaborate hierarchy of the past.

Description
Between maids were roughly equivalent to scullery maids (dishwashers, floor scrubbers, oven minders, etc.). The term hall girl came from her chief duty, which was waitressing in the servants' hall. The term between maid came from the fact that her duties were split between the area of responsibilities of the housekeeper, butler and cook. If those individuals did not like one another, the job of the between maid was a very difficult one.

A between maid was required to set the table and remove the dishes, as well as waiting at table. She may also have carried meals up to the head housekeeper, if that head of staff had breakfast or afternoon tea in her room(s). A between maid should not be confused with a parlour maid, though both maids had similar household duties. Parlour maids cleaned and tidied reception rooms and living areas in the mornings, and often served refreshments at afternoon tea, as well as sometimes serving dinner. They tidied studies and libraries and, with footmen, answered bells calling for service.

See also
 Hall boy

 Bet
Domestic work

Obsolete occupations

Between maid


is an erotic manga series by Toshiki Yui.

Plot
Hot Tails is an anthology containing mostly stand-alone chapters, with a few recurring characters. Many of them are high school students, portrayed as being 18 years of age at least. Notable characters include:
Kanomi Nakajima, a pretty blonde who is also a futanari
The School Doctor Shizuka, who helps Kanomi to understand and eventually accept her unusual physiology
Mika & Yuka, identical twin sisters who experience each other's sensations through haptic telepathy, including pain and pleasure - they seem to attend Kanomi's school
Hiromi, a classmate of Kanomi's who blows her cover
In her own story, Hiromi is seduced by a water elemental whilst swimming on holiday; thinking it was a man, she applies multiple times to join the Mile High Club on her flight home, trying to find 'him' again
Masami Hoshino, a brunette who's tricked into having sex with a quick succession of boys by Mika
Mariko, another futanari who becomes engaged to Kanomi
Nami, a girl who wanders into a bizarre lingerie shop and acquires a pair of 'techno-panties', equipped with bio-textile vibrators that sense her mood
Nao, a flat-chested blonde who wakes up one morning with massive breasts - much to the surprise of the boy next door, he soon discovers that she's 'grown' elsewhere too
Miki & Tetsuya, a young couple who fall afoul of a curse placed on the latter by...
The Demon, a tall blond di-phallic humanoid who double-penetrates Miki on his own - until Tetsuya intervenes

Other stories featuring minor characters involve:
an inter dimensional portal appears in the house of a girl who ends up trapped halfway through it, and has sex with Santa Claus and a reindeer-girl (in a similar style to a bunny girl)
a girl who winds up having sex in a glass phone booth - while in mid-call
a female fantasy-RPG warrior who is attacked by two shapeshifting warlocks
three female hunters in the year 20X0 who hunt men down, have sex with them to propagate the human race, and then kill them for food
a young girl caught out late at night, who is abducted and 'experimented' on by alien creatures
a tourist in a fantasy land  - which turns out to be Yui's surreal depiction of Europe - who is rescued from trouble by another female warrior
three students who find what they think is an extremely lifelike sex toy - but it's actually the real penis that has fallen off a boy, who vanishes when the three girls have a threesome using it

In the final chapter the Demon has sex with Kanomi & Mariko, who in turn and at the same time have sex with Mika & Yuka - and then most of the series' other characters (along with some from Yui's other works) arrive, leading to a mass orgy and even more demons.

Reception
Derek Guder, writing about Hot Tails, described Yui as "an adult manga king", enjoying his unique "mix of sex, humor, and bizarre imagination. He simply lets his id run wild, and we get stories that are as surreal as they are sexual".  Guder found the artwork of Hot Tails "still a bit unpolished and busy in these older stories, but his style is undeniable. The art is gorgeous, the ladies are sexy, and the premises too bizarre not to enjoy", giving it a rating of four out of four stars. Yui's Hot Tails has been called the best known exponent of the futanari genre in the West.  Yui's earlier work, Wingding Party, was translated into English as Wingding Orgy: Hot Tails Extreme due to the popularity of Hot Tails, despite there being no connection between the two series.

Trisha L. Sebastian, writing for Sequential Tart, liked Hot Tails because she found it "funny as well as being sexy", and enjoyed Yui's use of recurring characters. animePRO noted that the variety of sexual situations did not extend to male-male intercourse, and found it "amazing" that the futanari's penis was able to "rotate 180 degrees and they could satisfy themselves", summing it up as "the main thing is that it's fun, all without, of course, prevention".

References

Hentai anime and manga
1993 manga
Seinen manga
Surreal comedy anime and manga

Hot Tails


Ivan Wells "Tiny" Cahoon (May 22, 1900 – February 3, 1973) was an American football player and coach.  He played professionally as a  tackle for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL) from 1926 to 1929. He played college football at the University of Montana and at Gonzaga University.

Biography
Cahoon was born on May 22, 1900, in Baraboo, Wisconsin.  He played college football under head coach Gus Dorais at Gonzaga, and was part of the school's undefeated team in 1924. After graduating from Gonzaga in 1925, Cahoon taught and coached at Libby High School in Montana for a year, then played pro football. He was a tackle for the Green Bay Packers for four seasons from 1926 until 1929, when a knee injury ended his playing career. He coached high school football at West De Pere in Wisconsin while a pro player, moved to Green Bay West High School in 1933, and to Monmouth College in Illinois in 1938.

Cahoon moved to the professional Milwaukee Chiefs, a new team in the American Football League in 1940 and 1941, then entered the United States Army during World War II, and coached football service teams. In 1951, he returned to Gonzaga University as an ROTC instructor.

Head coaching record

College

See also
 List of Green Bay Packers players

References

External links

1900 births
1973 deaths
American football tackles
Green Bay Packers players
Gonzaga Bulldogs football players
Monmouth Fighting Scots football coaches
Montana Grizzlies football players
High school football coaches in Wisconsin
United States Army personnel of World War II
People from Baraboo, Wisconsin
Players of American football from Wisconsin
Military personnel from Wisconsin

Tiny Cahoon


Albertine Zullo (born 1967), known simply as Albertine, is a Swiss illustrator. She specializes in illustrating children's books, many of which have been published in English. Since 1996, she has taught screen printing at the Geneva University of Art and Design (HEAD). Zullo was awarded the Hans Christian Andersen Award for illustrator in 2020.

Biography
Born on 1 December 1967 in Dardagny in the Swiss Canton of Geneva. She attended the Ecole des Arts Décoratifs in Geneva, and the Ecole Supérieure d'Art Visuel de Genève (ESAV), graduating in 1990. She immediately opened a screen printing studio. Starting in 1991, she provided illustrations for various newspapers including Le Nouveau Quotidien, L'Hebdo and Le Temps.

In 1993, she met the writer Germano Zullo. After their marriage in 1996, they collaborated closely, publishing numerous books and receiving several awards. These included the Golden Apple in the Biennial of Illustration in Bratislava (1999) and the Prix suisse Jeunesse et Médias (2009). Albertine has also exhibited her work in Geneva, Lausanne, Paris, Rome and Tokyo.

In 2020 Albertine won the Hans Christian Andersen Award for illustration.

Selected publications
 (won the Bratislava Golden Apple as Marta et la bicyclette in 1999)
 (originally published as Les oiseaux by La Joie de Lire in 2010)
 (originally published as Les gratte-ciel by La Joie de Lire in 2010
 (originally published as Ligne 135 by La Joei de Lire in 2012)
 (originally published as Dada by La Joie de Lire in 2013)

References

External links
Official website
Albertine Zullo's cv

1967 births
Living people
People from the canton of Geneva
Swiss illustrators
Swiss children's book illustrators
Swiss women illustrators
20th-century Swiss women artists
21st-century Swiss women artists
Academic staff of Geneva University of Art and Design
Hans Christian Andersen Award for Illustration winners

Albertine Zullo


Sausapor (alternates: Sansapor or Tandjong Sausapor) is a small town and District in the Tambrauw Regency of Southwest Papua, Indonesia. The town is located on the northern coast of the Bird's Head Peninsula, also known as the Vogelkop Peninsula. According to the 2010 census, the kecamatan has a population of 2,633, and more recent figures reveal around 1000 people living in the main town of Sausapor. Sausapor is a major breeding ground for sea turtles and bird habitat.

History
Roman Catholicism spread to Sausapor during the Dutch colonial period when the villagers favoured a Catholic mission effectively governing them rather than a formal Dutch Protestant government. Historically, it has been noted as a cloth producing centre.

World War II

In preparation for Operation Typhoon (code name for the planned US Army landings on the Vogelkop Peninsula), on June 17, 1944, S-47, under Lieutenant Lloyd V. Young, sailed from the Admiralty Islands for Waigeo, with the mission to insert elements of the Alamo Scouts, Allied Intelligence Bureau agents, terrain experts of the Fifth Air Force, and hydrographic survey men of the VII Amphibious Force. The reconnaissance force landed near Sausapor-Mar on June 23 where the party spent the week surveying the region. As a result of both the ground and aerial reconnaissance the landing facilities was diverted to land  northeast of Sorong.

On June 30, 1944 Operation Typhoon landed at Sansapar (Green Beach), Mar (Red Beach), Middelburg Island and Amsterdam Island. In charge of the Operation Typhoon ground forces was Major General Franklin C. Sibert, commanding general of the 6th Infantry Division. General Sibert was to command an organization designated the TYPHOON Task Force, which comprised the 6th Division (Reinforced), less the 20th Regimental Combat Team. Combat units for the D-Day echelon of the TYPHOON Task Force were the 1st Infantry Regiment, the 1st Battalion, 63d Infantry Regiment, the 1st Field Artillery Battalion, the 6th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop, a company of the 6th Engineers, and four antiaircraft batteries.  All of the landings ultimately proved to be unopposed and it was not until August 16 that elements of the Japanese 35th Division were able to reach the area of the landings. By 31 August the 63d Infantry had killed 155 Japanese and taken 42 prisoners. The American regiment lost only 3 men killed and 4 wounded. The 1st Infantry, on the west flank, killed 197 Japanese and captured 154, while losing only 4 men wounded itself. The 6th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop, during its series of far flung patrols, killed 42 Japanese and captured 5 others. Total battle casualties for the TYPHOON Task Force from 30 July through 31 August were 14 killed, 35 wounded, and 9 injured. Japanese losses during the same period were estimated to be 385 killed and 215 captured.

Eventually, the runway for fighter aircraft was built on Middleburg Island and for bombers near Mar to the northeast (the landing strip is still visible to this day), although the control of Sausapor was vital for the security of the base to launch the campaign and remained an air warning radar station. Ships patrolled this area of the coastline throughout the month-long campaign, keeping the Japanese at bay. Operation Globetrotter ended on August 31 and General MacArthur's last point of landing on the way back to the Philippines was at Sausapor. Cape Opmarai Airfield is now a nearby, disused airfield.

After American troops landed in Sausapor in 1944, a tsutsugamushi epidemic occurred. Subsequently, research was conducted on Sansapor's rats and mites, using C-rations as rat bait, to better understand the epidemiology of the illness. The First Infantry Regiment suffered nine dead and 121 hospitalized from the disease. Another 258 reported fevers but were not hospitalized.

Geography

Sausapor is located on the northern coast of the Bird's Head Peninsula of northwestern Papua. It is situated  west of Tanjung Yamursba, the northernmost point of New Guinea. The mouth of the Wewe River empties into the sea near Sausapor. While it was known as Dutch New Guinea, Sansapor, just south of the equator, was its most northern area.

Sausapor has several zones which include rain forest, garden areas, beach, and forest margin. Thirteen miles to the northeast of the settlement is Mar and the islands off its coast; Mios Soe Islands, Middleburg Island and Amsterdam Island. The area around the village is heavily forested, with hilly areas to the southeast. The extensive stretch of beach in the area is known as the "Green Beach". Entrance into Sansapor's jetty is through a narrow opening in the coral reef. The sea bottom,  to  below water, is visible from above.

Annual rainfall is approximately  per year.

Demography

Population

According to the 1983 census, the kecamatan of Sausapor had a population of 3325 people. The town itself according to more recent figures has a population of 1000 people; 400 people at least in the town speak a language known as the Je dialect of the Abun language. The district contains seven villages.

The main religions group is under Sorong, most of them are Christians with Muslims forming a major minority. The main ethnic groups are the Karon and Yeden constituted by the sub ethnic groups of Karon Pantai, Karondori, Marei, Madik, Meyah, Haram and Arfak.

Culture
A tribal dance native to this region is known as alin or sera (to the north of Sausapor) which involves the participants forming a circle.

Fauna and flora
Sausapor is an important wildlife spot, in particular it is a sea turtle breeding ground and host to a diversity of bird species. Birds which have been spotted at Sausapor include Gymnocorvus, Manucodia ater ater, Manucodia chalybatus and Craspedophora magnifica magnifica. A pigeon-sized, light blue coloured bird is called bocrocu by the inhabitants.

A variety of bananas grow here, including yellow-skinned, green-skinned, and "red bananas".

Avifauna
According to the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia published in 1940, the various birds species collected or sighted near Sausapor are: Acipeter poliocephalus (at sea level), Pandion haliaetus cristatus, Megaphodius freycinet duperyii (along the shore), Gaura cristata cristata (common along the coast and not inland), Psittrichas fulgidus (found in flocks of 5 or 6), Geoffroyus Geoffroyi pucherani, Podargus Papuensis, Podargus ocellatus ocellatus, Caprimulgus macrurus yorki, Collocalia vanikorensis granti, Ceyex lepidus solitarius, Halcyon sancta sancta, Tanysiptera galatea galatea, Meropa ornatus, Eurystomus orientalis pacificus, Hirundo thahitica frontalis, Gerygone chrysogaster notata, Gerygone pelpebrosa pelpebrosa, Rhipidura leucophyra melaleuca, Rhipidura rufiventris gularis, Monarcha cinerascens inornatus, Monarcha chrysomela melanonotus, Arses telescophthalmus telescophthalmus, Machaerirhynchus flaviventer albigula, Poecilodryas hypoleuca hypoleuca, Pachycephala griseiceps griseiceps, Pitohui ferrugineus ferrugineus, Oriolus szalayi, Cracticus cassicus, Gymnocorvus tristis, Manucodia ater ater, Manucodia chalybatus, Craspedophora magifica magnifica, Parotia sefilata, Cicinnurus regius rex, Paradissea minor minor, Cinnyris jugularsis frenata, Toxorhamphus novaguineae novaguineae and Xanthotis chrysotis chrysotis.

Conservation

The coastline off Sausapor has been proposed for a reserve named Sausapor Nature Reserve, although a 1989 publication seems to indicate that a reserve named Sausapor Strict Nature Reserve protecting turtle nesting ground has existed in the area for quite some time. This is also corroborated by the action proposed to relocate 50 families living near the turtle nestling beach area of this reserve. Along with the proposed Wewe-Koor and Jamursba-Medi reserves the three reserves combined would protect  of the coastline.

The Sausapor Nature Reserve is part of the proposed Jamursba-Medi, Sausapor and Wewe-Koor Nature Reserves that extends over a length of 85 km of the northern coast of Vogelkop peninsula. It is reported that these sites have the world's largest number of leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea'') colonies. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) in association with the Indonesian officials has been active in this area, since 1993, by patrolling the area to prevent poaching of the turtle and their eggs.

References

Populated places in Southwest Papua
Port cities and towns in Indonesia
Populated places in Tambrauw

Sausapor


The Suzuki Vitara is a series of SUVs produced by Suzuki in five generations since 1988. The second and third generation were known as the Suzuki Grand Vitara, while the fourth generation eschewing the "Grand" prefix. In Japan and a number of other markets, all generations have used the name .

The choice of the name "Vitara" was inspired by the Latin word vita, as in English word vitality. "Escudo", the name primarily used in the Japanese Domestic Market, refers to the "escudo", the monetary unit of Portugal before adoption of the Euro. The original series was designed to fill the slot above the Suzuki Jimny. The first generation was known as Suzuki Sidekick in the United States. The North American version was produced as a joint venture between Suzuki and General Motors known as CAMI. It was also sold as the Santana 300 and 350 in Spain and in the Japanese market, it was also sold as the Mazda Proceed Levante.

The second generation was launched in 1998 under the "Grand Vitara" badge in most markets. It was accompanied by a still larger SUV known as the Suzuki XL-7 (known as Grand Escudo in Japan). The third generation was launched in 2005.

The fourth generation, released in 2015, reverted to the original name "Vitara" in most markets, but shifted from an off-road SUV towards a more road-oriented crossover style. It shares the platform and many components with the slightly larger SX4 S-Cross.

The model introduced in 2022 for the Indian market only reuses the "Grand Vitara" nameplate. It is slightly larger than the SX4 S-Cross.

First generation (ET/TA; 1988)

The Suzuki Escudo was first introduced in the Japanese domestic market in July 1988. North American Sidekick became available for model year 1989 as a 2-door convertible or hardtop. A fuel injected  1.6-litre, 8-valve, four-cylinder Suzuki G16A engine was available on the JX and JLX. 1990 brought the deletion of the upscale JLX version. A carburetted version without a catalytic converter was available for some markets; this model produces  at 5250 rpm.

In August 1990, the Japanese market received a 16-valve G16B engine with  as well as an optional 4-speed automatic. At the same time, the commercial Van version was discontinued. Three months later a 5-door version with a lengthened wheelbase was introduced; it was sold as the "Escudo Nomade" in Japan. It was thought that the 5-door would overlap with the shorter 3-door in the market; instead, it appealed to a whole new segment and sales in the domestic Japanese market doubled as a result. 1991 brought the introduction of rear anti-lock brakes. European deliveries of the five-door version began in the summer of 1991.

In December 1994, a 2.0 V6 (Suzuki's first six-cylinder) and a 2.0-litre Mazda-sourced turbodiesel were added; in return, Mazda got to sell the Escudo in the Japanese market as the Proceed Levante with V6 models styling in 1995. A diesel option arrived in Europe in early 1996. In 1996 the Vitara received a facelift, which meant that the V6 was upsized to 2.5-litre while a 2.0-litre four-cylinder was slotted into the range. In Japan, the "Nomade" tag was dropped from the five-door Escudos in October 1996. Also for the 1996 model year, Suzuki introduced the Suzuki X-90 which was mechanically identical to the Escudo/Vitara but had a much rounder body, a trunk, and removable T-bar roof. The Suzuki X-90 disappeared from Suzuki's lineup after the 1998 model year. The Sport variant was replaced by the Grand Vitara in 1999.

Foreign markets

North America

When introduced in 1988, the Sidekick was available with three trim levels (JA, JX and JLX) and two engines (1.3-litre 8-valve Suzuki G13BA engine  and 1.6-litre 8-valve Suzuki G16A engine ). The 1.3-litre engine was only available in JA trim with 2-door convertible body style.
For the 1992 model year a , 1.6-litre, 16-valve Suzuki G16B engine was introduced to the United States. The original Sidekick was updated in 1996 with a new Sport version available with , 1.8-litre 16-valve four-cylinder Suzuki J18 engine. The Sport also had dual airbags, two-tone paint and 16-inch alloy wheels. 1993 brought an update of the dash in conjunction with the exterior.

Australia
In Australia, there were two models available. The Vitara JX and the Vitara JLX. The JLX offered powered windows and body-coloured bumpers. Both versions featured the 1.6-litre engine: G16A (carburettor) in the 2-door, G16B (SOHC EFI) in the 4-door, introduced 1992, 2-doors got G16B from 1994. In May 1997, Suzuki introduced the 1995 cc J20 2.0-litre 16-valve DOHC engine with both soft top and hardtop three-door models. This engine was rated at  at 6300 rpm. At the same time the 5-door models received the 1998 cc H20A 2.0-litre V6. Engine power rated for the five-door V6 models was at  at 6500 rpm. Some of the 1.6-litre variant for the 3-door models were named the Suzuki Vitara Rebel. Many paint or trim or sticker-variants appeared as marketing exercises during the model's run in Australia. All models in Australia were sold as four-wheel drives. Early 3-door automatics featured a 3-speed transmission, this was a GM sourced TH180 which was used in Holden Kingswoods and early Commodores and was said to not be robust as the later Suzuki-built 4-speed electronic overdrive auto transmission. The rear diff on the 1st series Vitara was colloquially-known as "the Japanese 9-inch" as it was a very strong diff and hard to damage, even with oversized tyres. The front diffs were less strong, those with the aluminium-cased housing the weakest. The front diff with steel housing was not as widely available but is sought after by modifiers.

Indonesia

In Indonesia, Suzuki only sold the 5-door model under three different nameplates. It was first introduced as the Vitara in August 1992. Suzuki launched a two-wheel drive version labelled as the Escudo in late 1993 to target urban-driver market and to avoid higher taxes on four-wheel-drive vehicles, while the four-wheel-drive Vitara with 1.6-litre 8-valve G16A carburetor engine remained available until May 1994. The Escudo sales began in early 1994. Both the Vitara and Escudo initially came with the single JLX variant, and appeared with 16-inch steel wheels similar to the Suzuki Katana GX but with silver finishings instead of white. Updates and improvements on the Escudo were available in March 1995, such as three-spoke alloy wheel with dark grey and chrome finishings, redesigned four-spoke steering wheel with Suzuki's S logo, new seat upholstery, and updated colour options (green metallic and dark purple metallic were available by March 1995).

In April 1995, Suzuki introduced the Sidekick, a lower specification version of the Escudo, as the entry level model. The Sidekick has no power window and other luxuries installed on the Escudo, and appeared with steel wheels similar to the earliest Escudo. The Sidekick also has redesigned steering wheel with Suzuki S logo, similar to the Escudo.

In early 1995, the Vitara received a 1.6-litre 16-valve G16B engine with fuel-injection system and was marketed as Vitara EPI (Electronic Petrol Injection). However, due to the much higher price that the earlier Vitara, the Vitara EPI sold poorly, discontinued in late 1995. Minor facelifts became available in July 1996, when the Escudo/Sidekick got a new interior with rounded dashboard and meter cluster, new front grille, and two-tone colour options on JLX trim. The JLX trim was replaced by Escudo Nomade variant in August 1997, it initially came with two-tone color but returned to single-tone body color in 1999. At the same period, the 1.6-litre 16-valve G16B engine was introduced for Escudo/Sidekick range, but still with carburettor.

Another special variant called Sidekick Drag One was introduced in 1996, followed by Sidekick X Pro and Sidekick cruiser in 1997, this variant was placed between the basic Sidekick and Escudo. Both the Escudo Nomade and the Sidekick was available until the launch of Grand Escudo (full model change) in June 2001.

Europe
The Vitara was an immediate success across Europe. Italy had enacted a law which allowed off-roaders to bypass EEC quotas on Japanese imports, allowing the Vitara to be sold there without limits. In 1988, however, Italy's Ministry of Foreign Commerce enacted a law requiring "at least one differential lock" for a vehicle to be considered an off-roader - a requirement not met by the Vitara. Thus, from 1 January 1989 the Vitara became subject to the quota in the Italian market as well, as it was now classified as a passenger car. In early 1996 European markets began receiving a diesel model.

Santana Motor built these vehicles and sold them both as the Santana 300/350 and as the Suzuki Vitara, to circumvent the EEC quota on Japanese imports. The 300 and 350 have round headlights and taillights, and is the only version of the car to have fog lights fitted in the front bumper from factory. The Spanish-built Vitara models, on the other hand, look nearly identical to the Japanese-built models, sporting a Suzuki logo in the grille. Steel and paint quality is different between the Spanish and Japanese-built models, both commonly found throughout Europe. Therefore, the Spanish-built Vitaras and 300/350s are more prone to rusting in northern European climates than Japanese-built counterparts of the same age and mileage. In addition, these vehicles had less insulation than the Japanese ones since they were built for warmer climates. Some of these have also been exported to South America. Some of the notable differences between the Japanese and Spanish models are different wheels, different paint schemes and details, different side plastic trim, interior details on the Spanish ones in fake wood, and the VIN code letters - Santana-built examples have chassis numbers that begin with "VSE".

In the United Kingdom, two additional body kit models were offered. Some two-door models were sold with an OEM body kit called Wideboy, which had wider wheel arches, sidesteps and 8 inch wide alloy wheels. The Fatboy was also a popular bodykit conversion, offered by the company Suzi Qs, located in Oldbury, Birmingham, UK. The Fatboy converted models had different trim levels, where most sported Cooper Cobra tires, 10 inch wide alloy wheels, different taillights integrated into the rear bumper, in addition to extra styling options like mud flaps, sidesteps, an A-shaped bullbar and auxiliary high beam lights.

The Suzuki Vitara Commercial was available in the UK. It was a Santana-built 3-door tintop Vitara panel van, with no rear windows. The Vitara Commercial had the JX 1.9 TD trim level, and sported a Peugeot XUD9 1.9-litre diesel engine. In 1999, the 1.9-litre diesel engine was replaced by more modern 2.0-litre DW10 HDi turbodiesel engine.

In Norway, a modified version of the 5-door version with a taller glass fibre roof were sold with green van registration plates to bypass some tax laws. These models had no rear seats and a grille separating the front seats and the rear compartment. In addition, these had longitudinal roof rails and special custom made, removable transverse roof bars. Normal roof racks intended to be mounted in the raingutters do fit on the longitudinal rails, but do stand taller than normal raingutter mounted ones. Many of these were later converted to 5-seat passenger cars with normal white registration plates. All Vitaras sold in Norway (and other Scandinavian countries) were modified to have the low beams automatically turn on with the engine running, similarly to DRLs on the CAMI versions of the car.

Another modified version of the 5-door was available in the Netherlands. It was a van similarly to the Norwegian one, but had a different glass fibre roof replacement.

Official production for this generation ended in 2006 with the end of the Santana 300/350.

There is also a very limited edition named Vitara Philippe Cousteaux which came in metallic pink or cyan with cream leather interior, wooden steering wheel, new wheels, bullbar and several other changes. Only 500 of this model were produced for European market. There are also similar limited editions for British market, but called Rossini (pink) and Verdi (cyan) with different wheels. These limited editions are only available in 2-door body style with a 1.6-litre 8-valve petrol engine.

China
This generation was not sold in China, however there were two versions of this car sold illegally as Wanli WLZ5020XLD and Guangtong GTQ5020XLZ. During the 1990s, the government of Guandong province created a loophole by allowing grey market goods importer companies to bring the car as knock-down kit to be assembled in China and avoiding the 60-80% import tax for full car. The China government only allows manufacturers to assemble the cars in China with at least 60% local components via official 50:50 joint venture. However, the government of Guangdong province allowed these importers to import cars without tires, mirror and door handles and then reassemble these cars in Guangdong and cut the import tax only to 25%. These companies then making business agreement to get the license from the government approved local car manufacturers for using their brands for selling these Vitaras.

This was barely concealed smuggling and led the government to arresting more than 200 government, customs and law enforcement officials in the southern Guangdong area around Zhanjiang on September 8, 1998. This affair was known as "9898 smuggling case", the largest mainland smuggling racket of the last 50 years. The state's lost revenue was estimated around ¥30 billion from the illegal import of thousands of tonnes of crude oil, steel, cars and other manufactured goods.

Second generation (FT/GT; 1998)

Suzuki announced the second generation model in November 1997. Slightly larger, more expensive, and more powerful, it used a light-duty automobile-type rack-and-pinion steering box instead of the recirculating ball truck unit used in the first generation. The three-door version remained in the mini SUV class while the five-door version moved up to a compact SUV. In most international markets the name "Grand Vitara" was adopted. In many markets it was originally only available with larger (two litres and up) engines while the earlier Vitara was still available with smaller engines. In the United Kingdom, a 1.6-litre Grand Vitara (the GV1600) arrived in early 2001.

The Vitara continued using Escudo name in Japan and Indonesia. Mazda also continued selling rebadged Escudo in Japan as Proceed Levante until 2000 when it was replaced by Mazda Tribute.

It received its facelift in 2000, 2002 and again in 2004. As of 2003, the smaller Vitara has been withdrawn from the North American market. Sales were slow, with just 4,860 sold in 2004 for the United States. In Canada, sales were strong. All North American Vitaras were built at CAMI Automotive in Ingersoll, Ontario facility. The soft-top was only built in North America. The 3/5-door wagon was brought in from Japan for European buyers and sold alongside the Canadian-made convertibles. The 2001 model Suzuki Grand Vitara comes standard as a 2.0-litre 4WD vehicle in New Zealand.

This generation was also assembled in Argentina by General Motors in Alvear, Santa Fe from 2000 to 2005 along with the Chevrolet version for several countries in South American market.

In the Philippines, the Grand Vitara (FT) replaced the aging ET Vitara. It was introduced in 1998. It is offered in 2 different trims, the "Sport" & "Elite Sport". The "Sport" is powered by Suzuki's 2.0L inline-four coupled to a 5-speed manual transmission while the "Elite Sport" is powered by a bigger 2.5L V6 engine coupled to either a 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic transmission. Both trims came in "Low-Range 4WD" configuration. The "Elite Sport" featured third-row seats, automatic climate controls, three-spoke steering wheel, japanese vinyl (earlier models), central locking, tachometer, keyless entry with immobilizer.

By 2002, Suzuki introduced the "XL7" in the Philippine market. It is powered by Suzuki's bigger 2.7L V6 engine coupled to a 5-speed automatic transmission. It featured longer wheelbase as opposed to the Vitara which has a shorter wheelbase. It also featured redesigned front-end, slightly different sidings & a complete refreshed rear-end. Production of the 2nd Generation Grand Vitara in the Philippines ended in 2005 while the XL7 continued until 2006.

Grand Escudo

In 1998, the Grand Escudo was released, a longer 7-seater, slightly larger, pricier and more powerful version of the regular five-door. The Japanese market Grand Escudo was sold in North America and Chile as the Suzuki XL-7. In Australia, Europe and India it was marketed as the Grand Vitara XL-7. In Indonesia, it was sold as Grand Escudo XL-7.

Third generation (JT; 2005)

An all-new redesigned Grand Vitara (called Escudo in Japan or Grand Nomade in Chile) was introduced for the 2005 model year. The third-generation received significant changes over the outgoing model. The ladder-frame construction was replaced with unibody construction which featured a unique built-in ladder frame to improve stiffness and ground clearance while also reducing the floor (and subsequently the roof) height. The outgoing model's front MacPherson strut suspension was retained while the rear solid axle was replaced with a fully independent multi-link suspension. Depending on the market, engine options included a 1.6-litre inline-four (125 hp), 2.0-litre inline-four (156 hp), 2.7-litre V6 (185 hp) and a 1.9-litre Renault-sourced diesel engine (127 hp).

The engine and transmission are longitudinally mounted unlike most front-wheel drive based compact SUVs in its class. Engines are available with either a 5-speed manual or 5-speed automatic transmission. The Grand Vitara is available in both rear-wheel drive only models (for the Australian market) or with full-time 4WD. The full-time 4WD system is always engaged and contains a torque sensing limited slip center differential with 47:53 front to rear axle torque distribution ratio. Some 3-door Vitara editions do not have the ability to lock the center differential and do not have low range gearing transmission mode. The 5-door Vitara (and some 3-door editions) has the ability to lock the center differential (transmission mode called "4H lock") and also has a low range transmission mode with locked center differential (called "4L lock") with the reduction gearing ratio at 1,970 (roughly twice slower with twice more torque than in high range transmission mode). There is also the neutral transmission mode meant to be used if the vehicle is being towed.

The most widely available Escudo is the 5-door version, but a three-door version is also available in some markets such as in Japan, Australia, (parts of the) Middle East, New Zealand and (most of) South America. In some markets the three-door variant drops the "Grand" to be branded simply "Vitara". In some countries, including Chile the 5-door version is named "Grand Nomade".

The third-generation Grand Vitara is not related to the GM Theta platform, since the model were developed by Suzuki separate from General Motors and shares no components with GM vehicles.

The 1.6-liter M16A I4 (petrol) is available in the base-spec 3-door version in Japan and many other markets; the base-spec 5-door was also offered with this engine in certain markets. This engine was only available in conjunction with a 5-speed manual. The 2.0 L J20A I4 (petrol) is available in both bodystyles, usually with a 5-speed manual but with a 4-speed automatic transmission available.

2008–2011

In the second half of 2008, the Grand Vitara was given a facelift and two new engines. A Suzuki 2.4-litre inline four is offered producing  of power and  of torque, usually in conjunction with the 4-speed automatic transmission. The previous 2.7-litre Suzuki V6 is replaced with a GM-sourced 3.2-litre V6. The V6 is only offered in the flagship prestige model which produces  of power and  of torque. Fuel economy has also been improved with the addition of VVT to both engines and the 1.9-litre turbo-diesel has also received some mechanical work improving its economy. Safety has also been improved with more air-bags and traction control being standard on all models. The four mode four-wheel-drive system is also available on all models. It features a lockable central differential along with low ratio gears. Subtle improvements were made on the exterior of the car such as indicators in the door mirrors and a more pronounced front grille and bumper. The interior was also updated.

In 2010, a version without mounted spare tyre was released for selected markets such as Japan, North America and Europe. This reduced vehicle length by 200 mm and vehicle weight as well, however at the cost of having a tyre repair kit instead of a spare tyre.

2012–2019

In the second quarter of 2012 for the 2013 model year, Suzuki unveiled a facelifted Escudo with new wheels, a new grille and front lights. The V6 engine was discontinued from here on. Starting with this facelift, the Grand Vitara in Indonesia is imported from Japan.

Discontinuation
Suzuki officially discontinued the third-generation Escudo in Japan in April 2017, however production would continue for export markets. In Indonesia, the third-generation Grand Vitara was discontinued in 2018. It was also no longer available in Europe, CIS countries and Southeast Asia. It was no longer listed on the Suzuki Philippines website as of January 2019, indicating that it was no longer available. In Iran, it was discontinued in July 2019 due to a shortage of CKD parts in Iran Khodro's facilities, low sales, and the political tensions and sanctions.

As of July 2019, the Grand Vitara was removed from the Suzuki Australia website and it had been withdrawn from sale, and in South Africa, it was officially discontinued in October 2019 with sales continuing well into 2020.

Fourth generation (LY; 2015)

The fourth-generation Vitara was presented first as the iV-4 concept at 65th IAA Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2013. The production model was unveiled at the 2014 Paris Motor Show. Its production by Magyar Suzuki in Hungary started in March 2015 and parallels with the third-generation model produced in Japan until 2019. The Vitara went on sale in Japan as the fourth-generation Escudo on 15 October 2015.

Unlike the previous generations, the all-new fourth-generation model was changed from the traditional ladder frame SUV platform to a lightweight unibody platform, shared with SX4 S-Cross. The engine position and layout also changed from longitudinal rear-wheel drive/all-wheel drive layout to transverse front-wheel drive/all-wheel drive layout. It is now sized as a subcompact crossover SUV, with  shorter wheelbase,  shorter body,  lower and  narrower than the previous generation Grand Vitara. It has a luggage space of 375-litre, expanding to 710-litre with rear seats folded (VDA method).

The fourth-generation Vitara features a 5-speed manual transmission for the 1.6-litre petrol engine and a 6-speed manual transmission for the 1.6-litre diesel engine. A 6-speed automatic transmission with paddle shifters is also available for the 1.6-litre petrol engine.

In April 2016, a new twin clutch automated manual transmission with hydraulically controlled clutch and gear change called TCSS (Twin Clutch System by Suzuki) was added to the line up in Europe. It is only available for the Fiat-powered 1.6-litre turbo-diesel engine with all-wheel drive configuration.

Facelift
Suzuki unveiled a renewed version of the Vitara at the 2018 Paris Motor Show in milestone of its 30th anniversary in 2018. Changes include a heightened front bumper to give space for the millimeter-wave radar at the front. The conventional digital multi-information display was replaced with a 4.2" colour LCD MID. Like the Jimny and Swift, Suzuki Safety Support was also adopted for the model which includes a collision avoidance system (called Dual Sensor Brake Support by Suzuki) and a traffic sign recognition function. The M16A 1.6-litre naturally aspirated petrol engine is also replaced with a new K10C Boosterjet 1.0-litre three-cylinder turbocharged petrol engine in Europe.

Starting from March 2020, all engine for European market Vitara was replaced by a new Euro 6d compliant "K14D Boosterjet" 1.4-litre turbocharged petrol engine with a 48V mild hybrid technology, coupled to a belt-driven Integrated Starter Generator (ISG), which delivers  and . The ISG electric motor produces  and .

Full hybrid

In January 2022, Suzuki released a 140V full hybrid variant of Vitara in selected countries in Europe such as Hungary, France, Poland and the Netherlands, other European countries such as United Kingdom and Ireland received this model in March. The strong hybrid model was released in Japan as the Escudo in April 2022, which after the nameplate's temporary discontinuation in September 2021, as the conventional petrol model is no longer offered in the Japanese domestic market.

It is powered with a new dual-injector 1.5-litre petrol engine called K15C Dualjet, a reworked version of the K15B engine. The engine is combined with a Motor Generator Unit (MGU) electric motor, which produces  and . The combined power of the petrol engine and the electric motor is . This hybrid model is only available with a 6-speed automated manual (dubbed as Auto Gear Shift (AGS) by Suzuki) and available for both front-wheel and all-wheel drive configuration. Due to the placement of battery pack in the boot, as a result, the capacity is decreased to 289-litre and 569-litre when rear seats folded.

Limited and special editions
Suzuki released a special version of the fourth-generation Vitara called the Vitara S or Vitara Sport in some markets. The Vitara S features a 1.4-litre K14C Boosterjet turbocharged petrol engine, which delivers  and , 20 percent more power and 40 percent more torque over the standard 1.6-litre petrol engine. The engine, shared with the 2017 SX4 S-Cross facelift, is paired to a 6-speed automatic transmission as standard. It was first available in 4WD "AllGrip" only until summer 2016 and after that again since 2017; starting with autumn 2016 the 2WD system is available for the S variant. The Vitara S also comes with several cosmetic changes over other Vitara trim levels including leather/suede sports seats with red stitching, aluminum sports pedals, red LED headlamp surrounds, distinctive five-slotted grille and black alloy wheels.

In August 2018, Changan Suzuki launched a special edition Vitara called "Star Edition (星耀版)" for Chinese market. It comes with rose gold colored body, headlights, interior and new grille design. It is only available with 1.4-litre turbocharged petrol engine.

A limited edition called "Vitara Katana" was introduced for Italian market in November 2019. This limited edition Vitara pays tribute to the new Suzuki Katana 1000 sport bike. It is based on the 1.0-litre Boosterjet model with manual transmission and can be ordered with front-wheel drive, or with the renowned Suzuki AllGrip all-wheel drive sistem. Austrian market also received similar limited edition in September 2020, but based on the 1.4-litre Boosterjet hybrid AllGrip model. Both available in Metallic Silver or Black colors and limited to 100 units.

A limited edition was made specifically for Mexico named "Cristal" in October 2019. It is only limited to 290 units.

In Japan, a special edition for Escudo called "S Limited" was announced in November 2020. This special edition has similar concept like the Chinese market Vitara Stars Edition, but with brown colored headlights, interior, wheels and silver stainless steel pedal.

Limited edition of Vitara Hybrid called "Style" with Urban Pack accessories and an extended 5-year or  warranty was announced in April 2021 for Czech Republic. It is limited only to 200 units.

Powertrain

Sales

Safety

Nameplate usage

Vitara Brezza

In 2016, Suzuki released a smaller derivative of the fourth-generation Vitara destined for the Indian market as the Vitara Brezza, which occupied the sub-4-metre SUV segment in the country. The model was only produced in India with right-hand drive configuration. It was renamed to simply Brezza since the second-generation model.

Grand Vitara (YM; 2022)

The 2022 model, based on the lengthened fourth-generation Vitara's platform, was introduced in India in July 2022 and marketed as the "Grand Vitara". It replaced the S-Cross in the Indian market, which also sit on the same platform and segment. It is also sold under Toyota badge as the Urban Cruiser Hyryder. It will be exported to selected developing markets in Asia, Africa, Middle East (GCC countries) and Latin America.

General Motors versions

A rebadged version was sold in North America by General Motors as the Chevrolet Tracker for the first two generations. In Latin America - (excluding Mexico and several other countries), it was marketed as Chevrolet Vitara (first generation 3-door) or Chevrolet Grand Vitara (second generation 5-door). The first generation was also sold with various General Motors' brands in North America such as the Geo Tracker and the Canadian market exclusive Asüna Sunrunner, GMC Tracker and Pontiac Sunrunner.

The last General Motors branded Vitara was the third generation model for Ecuadorian market called Chevrolet Grand Vitara SZ. Even though the car was sold and distributed through Chevrolet, it was marketed with Suzuki badge. The "SZ" suffix was added because the previous generation Chevrolet Grand Vitara was still available in the country until 2016.

Motorsports

In 1994, Suzuki built a twin-engined Escudo to compete in hillclimbing. It featured two heavily modified turbocharged 1.6-litre G16B (with G13B DOHC cylinder head) inline-four engines – one at the front driving the front wheels and one at the rear driving the rear wheels – with a combined power output of . The car had a curb weight of . Driven by Nobuhiro "Monster" Tajima, it finished fifth overall at the Pikes Peak International Hill Climb in 1994 and won the event outright in 1995, making Tajima the first Japanese driver to win the event.

For 1996, Suzuki produced a new Escudo for hillclimbing which had a single twin-turbocharged 2.0-litre H20A V6 engine with a power output of  and  of torque for the prototype version, the racing version has higher power output, produces  and . In 1997, Suzuki upgraded the Escudo with a bigger 2.5-litre H25A V6 engine with a power output of  at 8100 rpm and . It had four-wheel drive and weighed . For 1998, the engine was replaced by twin-turbocharged 2.7-litre H27A V6 engine with the same  power output as the previous 2.5-litre engine. Again, driven by Nobuhiro Tajima, it finished second overall at Pikes Peak in 1996, 1998 and 1999, and won the Queenstown Gold Rush International Hill Climb outright in 1998, 1999 and 2000.

A newer Escudo went on to win at Pikes Peak in 2006 and at Queenstown in 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007.

Suzuki Vitara also participated in numerous cross country rally events around the world since the first generation, such as Dakar Rally, Australasian Safari, Asia Cross Country Rally and Transsyberia rally.

References

External links

  (Vitara)
  (Grand Vitara)

Vitara
Cars introduced in 1988
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Euro NCAP superminis

Suzuki Vitara


Sorolopha brunnorbis is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Burma and Vietnam.

The wingspan is about 19 mm. The ground colour of the forewings is olive grey and the strigulation (fine streaks) is brownish grey. The hindwings are brown but paler towards the base.

Etymology
The name refers to the large blotch of the forewing and is derived from Latin brunneus (meaning brown) and orbis (meaning disc).

References

Moths described in 2009
Olethreutini
Moths of Asia
Taxa named by Józef Razowski

Sorolopha brunnorbis