Swami Chinmayananda Saraswati (IAST: Svāmī Cinmayānanda Sarasvatī), born Balakrishna Menon; 8 May 1916 – 3 August 1993, was a Hindu spiritual leader and a teacher. In 1951, he founded Chinmaya Mission, a worldwide nonprofit organisation, in order to spread the knowledge of Advaita Vedanta, the Bhagavad Gita, the Upanishads, and other ancient Hindu scriptures. Through the Mission, Chinmayananda spearheaded a global Hindu spiritual and cultural renaissance that popularised these spiritual texts and values, teaching them in English all across India and abroad.

Chinmayananda was originally a journalist and participated in the Indian independence movement. Under the tutelage of Swami Sivananda and later Tapovan Maharaj, he began studying Vedanta and took the vow of sannyasa. He gave his first jñāna yajña, or lecture series about Hindu spirituality, in 1951, starting the work of the Mission. Today, Chinmaya Mission encompasses more than 300 centres in India and internationally and conducts educational, spiritual, and charitable activities.

Chinmayananda's approach was characterized by an appeal to the English-educated Indian middle class and Indian diaspora; he gave lectures and published books in English. Chinmayananda also helped found the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), an Indian right-wing Hindu organization that is considered a member of the Sangh Parivar. In 1964, he convened delegates to create the VHP at Sandeepany ashram and served as the organisation's first president. He aimed to "awake(n) the Hindus and to make them conscious of their proud place in the comity of nations," saying that, "Let us convert Hindus to Hinduism, then everything will be all right."

Chinmayananda authored 95 publications, including commentaries on the major Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita. He was a visiting professor of Indian philosophy at several American and Asian universities, and he conducted university lecture tours in many countries.

Biography

Indian independence movement and imprisonment

Approaching August 1942, in the midst of a wide-scale attempt by Indian activists to make the British "Quit India," Balan was one of the students to join in writing and distributing leaflets to stir up national pride. A warrant was issued for his arrest. When word of this reached him, he went undercover spending the next year moving around in the state of Abbottabad, out of range of British officials, and then moved to Delhi.

In 1944, almost two years after the British had issued his arrest warrant, believing his case was long forgotten, Balan arrived in Punjab and associated himself with several freedom groups. He advised students on distributing leaflets and organising public strikes but was arrested and imprisoned. He spent several months in unhygienic conditions in prison and caught typhus. This caused him to be among those who were carried out into the night and tossed beside a road on the outskirts of the city, where he was found by a passing Indian Christian. Reminded of her son serving in the army, she took him to her home and called for a doctor, who insisted that he be taken to a hospital.

Career in journalism

Balan slowly recovered his health. K. Rama Rao gave Balan his first job, as a journalist at The National Herald, a young newspaper that had been founded a few years back by Jawaharlal Nehru. He wrote a series of articles on the imperative of socialism in a society where the vast majority of people were poor. He covered subjects ranging from history and culture to social and political issues. Articles such as "In Praise of the Postman," and "The Mochi—Symbol of Craftsmanship," gained him a reputation as a controversial character. In 1947, he began a new series of articles for The Commonweal.

Study of Vedanta
It was while working as a journalist that he travelled to Sivananda's ashram in Rishikesh for this purpose of writing an exposé of the sadhus. He later said, "I went not to gain knowledge, but to find out how the swamis were keeping up the bluff among the masses."
In the summer of 1947, Balan arrived in Rishikesh, by the banks of the Ganges and made the one-mile hike to the Divine Life Society, the ashram of Swami Sivananda. The sages opened his eyes. Balan extended his stay from a week to a month, then more and more. At the age of 31, he went from being a sceptic to an enthusiast, finally becoming a renunciate monk. He began reading more about Hindu scriptures and reviewing spiritual books. Sivananda recognised Balan's latent talents and entrusted him to organise a Gita Committee. Having returned to the Divine Life Society ashram, on 25 February 1949, the holy day of Mahashivratri, Balan was initiated into sannyasa (Hindu vow of renunciation) by Sivananda, who gave him the name Swami Chinmayananda, or "bliss of pure Consciousness."

With Sivananda's blessing, Chinmayananda sought out one of the greatest Vedantic masters of his time, Tapovan Maharaj of Uttarkashi, and devoted the next few years of his life to an intensive study of Vedanta under his tutelage. As his disciple, from 1949, Chinmayananda led an extremely austere lifestyle and underwent a rigorous study of the scriptures.

Launch of spiritual movement

In 1951, flying in the face of orthodox Hindu traditions but with the blessings of his guru, Chinmayananda decided to bring the teachings of Vedanta to the masses. In May of that year, he left the Himalayas with a plan to set out on an all-India tour and to visit places of worship to see how Hindu religious heritage was being handed down. He said of that time: "I was miserably disillusioned and disappointed about ... the stuff doled out as the best in Hinduism. ... My experiences during those five months of roaming only strengthened my conviction that I must execute ... Upanishad Jñāna Yajña sessions (lecture series) all over India, in all the great cities."

Chinmayananda held his first lecture series at a Ganesha temple in the city of Pune in December 1951. His audiences soon swelled from a handful into thousands.  Army officers from the Southern Command attended and the audience overflowed into the lanes near the temple. Everyone in the audience, man and woman, across all social strata, was asked to participate in the rituals.

Chinmaya Mission

At the end of the second jñāna yajña in Madras in 1953, a handful of people expressed the desire to create a forum for the study and discussion of Vedanta. Chinmayananda agreed in principle, but he said, "Don't start any organization in my name. I have not come here to be institutionalized. I have come here to give the message of our ancient sages, which has benefited me. If it has benefited you, pass it on."

The Madras group insisted that the best way to "pass it on" was through the support of a forum. They wrote back pointing out that the word "Chinmaya" did not have to indicate Chinmayananda's name, since, in Sanskrit, the word itself means "pure Knowledge," which they were seeking. He conceded. On 8 August 1953, the Chinmaya Mission was formed.

Before long, hundreds of study groups were set up all over the country for people to get together in small batches to study religion and philosophy in a systematic manner. Devi groups were organised for women to take up regular spiritual study and social work.

In 1956, the 23rd jñāna yajña in Delhi was inaugurated by the President of India, Rajendra Prasad. He spoke highly of the work Chinmayananda was doing to restore India's cultural glory. In a span of five years, Chinmayananda had instructed over 50,000 of his countrymen through 25 jñāna yajñas across the country.

On 6 March 1965, Chinmayananda set out on his first global teaching tour, covering 39 cities in 18 countries: Thailand, Hong Kong, Japan, Malaysia, United States, Mexico, Spain, United Kingdom, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, Germany, Denmark, France, Switzerland, Italy, Greece and Lebanon. Over the next 28 years, he continued these international discourses, staying only a week or so in each place, delivering a minimum of two lectures a day, and handling numerous meetings, interviews, discussions, and programs.  He wrote scores of letters a day.

It soon became necessary to co-ordinate the growing spiritual movement in the United States. Chinmaya Mission West was formed in 1975 for this purpose.

Chinmayananda's message resonated with heads of other faiths. One of his yajñas in Bombay was inaugurated by Cardinal Valerian Gracias, a prominent Catholic archbishop of the time.  The Dalai Lama, head of the Tibetan Buddhist order, visited with him at the Chinmaya Mission ashram in Sidhbari in 1981. Chinmayananda was a supporter of interfaith dialogue and participated in many interfaith events.

In 1992, he undertook a lecture tour of twelve US universities to establish an international library and research center, the Chinmaya International Foundation, in Kerala, India. In 2014, the Chinmaya Viswavidyapeeth, a to-be deemed university, was founded in Kochi, Kerala.

Vishva Hindu Parishad

In 1963, Swami Chinmayananda wrote an article airing the idea of calling for a World Hindu Council, inviting delegates from throughout the world to discuss the difficulties and needs concerning the "survival and development of Hindu culture." This attracted the attention of RSS pracharak S. S. Apte, who was airing similar ideas at that time.

In the same year, Chinmaya Mission collected Rs. 10,000 to fund the construction of the Vivekananda Rock Memorial, which the RSS was building at the time in Kanyakumari. Additionally, in August 1964, the Pope announced that the International Eucharistic Conference would be held in November in Bombay, and stated that a specific number of Hindus would be converted to Christianity; Chinmayananda announced in response that he would convert an even greater number of people to Hinduism.

Apte and Chinmayananda jointly organised such a conference at the Sandeepany ashram in August 1964, which resulted in the founding of the Vishva Hindu Parishad.  Swami Chinmayananda was elected as president and Apte as general secretary of the new organisation.

According to Chinmayananda, the VHP was founded in order to

awake(n) the Hindus and to make them conscious of their proud place in the comity of nations. Once we have made every Hindu conscious of his own identity, the Parishad has done its job and we shall feel fully rewarded... ...Let us convert Hindus to Hinduism, then everything will be all right.He also believed that the VHP should be focused on educating members of the Hindu diaspora and their children about knowledge of their "cultural duties and spiritual values" and give them the opportunity to "learn, to appreciate and involve themselves in our tradition". In the 1980s, Chinmayananda also supported the VHP's Ekatmata Yatras, stating that those who oppose the yatras "have no respect for national unity and suffer from alienation from the country."

In 1992, Chinmayananda attended the Vishwa Hindu Parishad's 5th European Hindu Conference in Frankfurt, Germany, where the ongoing Ayodhya dispute was a major topic of discussion. During the conference, he stated that the 14 pillars of the Babri Masjid that were identifiable as Hindu temple pillars should be turned over to the Hindus. The mosque was illegally destroyed by VHP activists later that year in an escalation of the Ayodhya dispute.

In January 1993, he gave an interview to Ram Madhav in which he discussed the demolition of the Babri Masjid. Comparing it to the fall of the Berlin Wall, he asserted that "pulling down that structure is nothing wrong" because it was not really used as a mosque. "[F]irst let us have this Rama Temple," he said, after which there were "two more monuments which are built upon our Krishna's birth place and Kashi Viswanath." He stated that enthusiasm for the Ram Temple today was not enough, asking Hindus, "Are we ready to live Rama's life?"

At the time of his death, Chinmayananda was to have been a featured speaker at the World Vision 2000 Global Conference in Washington, D.C., from August 6 through 8, staged by the VHP to mark the centenary of Swami Vivekananda's 1893 address to the Parliament of World Religions. On August 8, five days after Chinmayananda died, conference delegates observed a moment of silence in tribute to him.

Illness & Mahasamadhi
Chinmayananda had chronic heart problems. He had his first heart attack in 1969, when his treatment at the newly opened Chinmaya Mission Hospital in Bangalore made him its first patient. In the summer of 1980, when he was in the United States for a series of jnana yajnas, he had to undergo multiple heart bypass surgeries in Texas.

On 26 July 1993, he suffered breathing problems in San Diego, California, while staying at a family devotee's house for the day before a yagna camp that was supposed to take place in Los Angeles, the next day.  Taken to Scripps Memorial Hospital in La Jolla, he was later transferred to Sharp Memorial Hospital, where he had a quintuple bypass surgery on 29 July. But his condition continued to be critical and he was put on a life-support system. He attained Mahasamadhi five days later at 5:45 pm on 3 August 1993, aged 77. His followers mark the date as the occasion of Sadhana Day.

On 7 August 1993, thousands of people were at Indira Gandhi International Airport in New Delhi when his body returned to India. It was transported to Sidhbari, Himachal Pradesh, where it was finally laid to rest in accordance with Vedic ritual. A mahasamadhi shrine has been built there.

At the time of his death, Chinmayananda was to have spoke at the VHP's World Vision 2000 Global Conference in Washington, D.C., and led the Hindu delegation for the 1993 Parliament of World's Religions, both events which took place later that August.

Tribute
Forty years after his first jñāna yajña, on 24 December 1991, in the Leela Kempinski Hotel, in Bombay, Chinmayananda's devotees gathered in Mumbai to offer him an amount of gold equal to his body weight, presented to him on a tula (ceremonial balance scale) in an age-old ritual called suvarņa tulābhāram. The funds generated were used to support the myriad service projects and programs of Chinmaya Mission.

Legacy

Chinmaya Mission
Chinmayananda established ashrams around the world as places for spiritual retreat, study, and practice.

There are numerous and diverse devotional, spiritual, cultural, and social projects that the Chinmaya Mission continues to administer and conduct in Chinmayananda's memory, including the Bala Vihar, the Chinmaya Yuva Kendra (CHYK, the global youth wing of Chinmaya Mission), and Chinmaya Study Groups for adults, which are also known as Devi Groups. The Mission has also constructed over 58 temples in India and abroad and it operates the Chinmaya Organisation for Rural Development (CORD), which was founded by Chinmayananda to facilitate integrated sustainable development for the poor through self-empowerment.

Chinmaya International Foundation
He established the Chinmaya International Foundation at the Tharavad house of Adi Shankara which the foundation bought – in the village Veliyanad in Eranakulam District in Kerala.

Nursery school
From its beginnings in 1965 at a nursery school inaugurated by Chinmayananda in Kollengode, Kerala (India), today there are over 76 Chinmaya Vidyalayas (schools), seven Chinmaya colleges, and the Chinmaya International Residential School in India, and the first Chinmaya Vidyalaya outside India's borders, in Trinidad, West Indies.

Medical facilities
Chinmayananda inaugurated the Chinmaya Mission Hospital in 1970. The facility has grown into a modern, fully equipped 200-bed hospital in Bangalore in Karnataka, India.

In the late 1970s, Chinmayananda established rural health care services in Sidhbari, Himachal Pradesh, India.

Publications
Chinmayananda authored 95 publications in his lifetime, including forty commentaries on classical scriptural texts, eight compilations, 13 co-authored works and 34 original works. Over the years, luxury hotels in India started keeping a copy of his commentary on the Bhagavad-gita in all their guest rooms. His books, written in English, have been translated into numerous regional Indian languages, including Hindi, Tamil, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu, Kannada, Odia, Bengali, Sindhi, and Urdu and in one European language, French. His birth centenary has been celebrated with publication of Chinmaya Birth Centenary Series. A series of 12 books were being published. The last in the series is on the teachings of Swami Chinmayananda, through the analogy of tennis, which he always loved. The book is named as 'Final Score - Love All'

BMI chart
The BMI (Body Mind Intellect) Chart is a teaching tool innovated by Chinmayananda that became one of his hallmarks. It categorises the totality of human experience, according to the science of Vedanta, by drawing on 11 characters of the English and Devanagari alphabets.

Honours and recognition

On 2 December 1992, Chinmayananda addressed the United Nations and the talk was titled "Planet in Crisis."

The US magazine, Hinduism Today, conferred him with its Hindu Renaissance Award and the title of "Hindu of the Year" in 1992.

In 1993, he was selected as "President of Hindu Religion" for the Centennial Conference of the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago, where Swami Vivekananda had given his address one hundred years previously. He was also to be honoured for his selfless service to humanity in Washington, DC at "World Vision 2000," a conference of religious leaders organised by Vishva Hindu Parishad on 6–8 August 1993. He did not attend either of the latter two functions, as he attained Mahasamadhi, in San Diego, on 3 August 1993.

On 8 May 2015, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi released a commemorative ₹20 coin to mark his birth centenary.

Biopic
In 2014, On a Quest, an English-language biopic featuring the life and works of Chinmayananda, was released. In June 2022, the movie was released to the public on YouTube in English, Hindi and Sanskrit languages. In August 2022, the movie was released in Tamil, Telugu, and Malayalam languages.

See also
 Dayananda Saraswati (Arsha Vidya)

References

External links

 Chinmaya Mission Worldwide

1916 births
1993 deaths
20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians
Indian Hindu spiritual teachers
Advaitin philosophers
Indian founders
Indian theologians
Hindu revivalist writers
Indian spiritual writers
Indian Hindu monks
University of Lucknow alumni
Scholars from Kerala
St. Thomas College, Thrissur alumni
University of Madras alumni
People from Ernakulam district
20th-century Indian scholars
Malayali Hindu saints
Translators of the Bhagavad Gita

Chinmayananda Saraswati


FlyAway is an airport shuttle service which transports passengers non-stop to and from Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). Currently, service is offered between LAX and a bus terminal near Van Nuys Airport or Los Angeles Union Station. The FlyAway service is managed by Los Angeles World Airports (LAWA), which also operates LAX and Van Nuys Airport. Buses are owned and operated by third-party contractors. FlyAway is part of the LAWA ground transportation initiative to reduce traffic congestion and vehicle emissions pollutants by encouraging high-occupancy vehicle ridership.

LAWA reported the FlyAway network serviced more than 1.5 million passengers in 2008, allowing its passengers to avoid driving a combined total of 23 million vehicle miles and saving nearly  of gasoline.

FlyAway buses do not accept cash payments due to past incidents of cash being stolen from the counter, or scam modus operandi fees for loading large passenger luggages. Tickets may be purchased with a credit or debit card at the station or via online. Fares may also be paid with an Transit Access Pass (TAP) card. Tickets for the Union Station route can also be purchased at a Metrolink ticket vending machine located at all train stations, including Union Station. Metrolink monthly pass holders can ride the Union Station route for free with a same-day plane ticket.

Routes

Van Nuys/San Fernando Valley

This route travels between LAX and the FlyAway terminal building and parking structure located next to the LAWA-owned Van Nuys Airport. The Van Nuys FlyAway route provides services 24 hours a day, with buses departing every half-hour throughout much of the day (except every 15 minutes during peak hours and every hour late in the night).

Van Nuys is the only FlyAway location with a passenger terminal building (located at 7610 Woodley Ave), which opened on December 17, 2004. The US$34-million facility was designed to serve as a remote LAX terminal, and was designed with the ability to add airline ticketing and checked baggage services in the future.  The renovation also added a 2,000-car parking structure, more convenient passenger drop-off and new landscaping.  There is now a total of 3020 available parking spaces. The service is operated with 45-foot motorcoaches. Parking is $6/day.

The Van Nuys FlyAway is the original route and was the only FlyAway service for more than 30 years after it was launched on July 10, 1975. During its first year of operation, it transported over 275,000 passengers. By 2008, Los Angeles World Airports reported the annual passenger count from its flagship location in the San Fernando Valley rose to nearly 988,000.

The Van Nuys FlyAway route is one of the few public transportation systems that operate at a profit. Fares and parking fees charged to customers generate enough revenue that LAWA predicted to have a net operating profit of approximately $168,000 in 2013.

Union Station

This route travels between LAX and the Patsaouras Transit Plaza on the east side of Union Station in downtown Los Angeles. It facilitates those who use public transportation to get to Union Station and then transfer to the bus to complete their journey. There is, however, a parking garage available for those who wish to drive to Union Station on the Vignes Street side, though the rates are higher than at Van Nuys.

The Union Station FlyAway route operates 24 hours a day, with buses departing every half-hour throughout much of the day (except every 20 minutes during peak hours and every hour late in the night). The buses leave from Bay 1 at Union Station's Patsaouras Transit Plaza, and use the high-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes on the Harbor Freeway (I-110) and the carpool/high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes on the Century Freeway (I-105). Tickets may be purchased from the staffed FlyAway kiosk at the Patsaouras Transit Plaza or at any Metrolink ticket vending machine.

The LAX FlyAway began offering service at Union Station on March 15, 2006, and has been hailed as a success by city officials since its inception. Union Station was the second FlyAway service location to open. During its first year of operation, the FlyAway at Union Station transported 250,000 passengers, more than three times the number predicted at the onset of service. By 2008, Los Angeles World Airports reported the annual passenger count rose to more than 433,000.

Former routes

Irvine

The LAX FlyAway from Irvine operated from the Irvine Transportation Center. Service commenced on November 16, 2009, providing for a 60-minute or more journey between LAX and the Irvine Transportation Center. Following the Chapter 11 bankruptcy of Coach America, the operator of the route, service was terminated on August 31, 2012.

The Irvine Transportation Center provided access to Metrolink and Amtrak services and provided more convenient access to Central and Southern Orange County. The LAX FlyAway station was next to the tracks near the shuttle pick-up and drop-off area. LAX FlyAway passengers had access to free long-term overnight parking (500 spaces) near the Irvine Transportation Center.

Unlike the frequent services of the other FlyAway routes, the Irvine route only ran six times a day, with buses two to four hours apart. The fare was also much higher at $25 for adults.

Expo/La Brea
This route traveled from the Expo/La Brea station on the Metro Expo Line to LAX. Service on the Expo/La Brea FlyAway route began on July 1, 2013, and offered bi-hourly service priced lower than other routes. The route was discontinued on September 2, 2014, due to low ridership.

Santa Monica
This route traveled between LAX and Santa Monica Place (2nd Street & Colorado Avenue).

The route ran once an hour between 5:45 am and 9:45 pm southbound and 6:45 am and 11:45 pm northbound with buses departing Santa Monica Place and LAX at 45 minutes past the hour.

Service on the Santa Monica FlyAway route began on July 15, 2014. There was no dedicated long-term FlyAway parking at the Santa Monica Place. However, public pay parking is available nearby. The Santa Monica FlyAway route was intended for those who live in Santa Monica, those using the city's Big Blue Bus system, the nearby Metro Expo Line, and those being picked up or dropped off nearby. This service was discontinued as of 11:59 pm, Monday, September 5, 2016.

One of the reasons this route failed is there is already a Big Blue Bus route 3 along Lincoln Boulevard with service to LAX.

Orange Line
Starting on December 7, 2015, some trips on the Van Nuys FlyAway made an additional stop at the Woodley station on the Metro Orange Line (now G Line). The stop allowed San Fernando Valley residents to reach LAX without having to drive to the airport or to the existing Van Nuys terminal building.

Hourly service was offered at this stop between 4 am and 11 pm each day. Buses stopped at a dedicated bus bay on the south side of Victory Boulevard just east of Woodley Avenue. No parking was available.

Due to low ridership, the Orange Line FlyAway stop was discontinued on January 31, 2019.

Westwood

This route traveled between LAX and Parking Structure 32 south of the UCLA campus in Westwood.

The Westwood FlyAway route ran once an hour between 6 am and 10 pm southbound and 6 am and 11 pm northbound with buses departing UCLA and LAX at the top of every hour.

Drivers dropping off or picking up FlyAway passengers could enter and exit UCLA's Parking Structure 32 without paying a fee. Limited parking was also available (25 stalls in the structure are marked for the use of FlyAway passengers) for $12 per weekday, $8 per weekend day and $63 for any 7-day period.

The LAX FlyAway in Westwood began operating on June 14, 2007. The Westwood location was the third FlyAway route in the network of non-stop buses to LAX.

The Westwood route converted to smaller clean-fueled, compressed natural gas (CNG) buses in fall 2008. The buses mostly traveled on the congested Interstate 405 Freeway, so average travel time could have been 45 minutes or longer during peak traffic hours.

During its first year of operation the FlyAway at Westwood transported 105,300 passengers, nearly 10 percent more than the number predicted at the onset of service. The 2008 annual passenger count reported by Los Angeles World Airports was nearly 125,300.

The Westwood Flyaway route was discontinued on July 1, 2019. It had the lowest service rating of the FlyAway stops, citing the $12 daily parking fee at the UCLA parking lot closest to the stop and a preference for ride-sharing services.  One of the reasons this line was unsuccessful is the Culver City 6 and Rapid 6 bus lines already exist to LAX.

Long Beach

This route traveled between LAX and Shelter A at the Long Beach Transit Gallery in downtown Long Beach. The stop was near the Downtown Long Beach station on the Metro A Line, with dozens of Long Beach Transit bus routes stopping nearby.

The Long Beach FlyAway route ran once an hour between 5:30 am and 9:30 pm northbound and 5:30 am and 10:30 pm southbound with buses departing Hollywood and LAX at 30 minutes past the hour.

Service on the Long Beach FlyAway route began on December 30, 2015. There was no dedicated long-term FlyAway parking in Long Beach, although public pay parking is available nearby. The route was intended for those who live in or near Long Beach, those using transit, and those being picked up or dropped off nearby.

The Long Beach Flyaway route was suspended on March 28, 2020, at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a 29% decrease in ridership in March 2020 compared to the previous year.

Hollywood
This route traveled between LAX and a stop located on Vine Street, just southwest of the Hollywood/Vine station on the Metro B Line.

The Hollywood FlyAway route ran once an hour between 5:15 am and 9:15 pm southbound and 6:15 am and 10:15 pm northbound with buses departing Hollywood and LAX at 15 minutes past the hour.

Service on the Hollywood FlyAway route began on September 3, 2014. There was no dedicated long-term FlyAway parking at the Hollywood/Vine station, although public pay parking is available nearby. The Hollywood FlyAway route was intended for those who live in or near Hollywood, those using the Metro B Line, or those being picked up or dropped off by a motorist at nearby metered parking or paid parking facilities.

Since its inception, over 75 complaints about the Hollywood FlyAway had been logged, ranging from buses arriving up to an hour late to not arriving at all. In December 2014, LAWA informed Corinthian Transportation, the contractor that supplies the service, that they expect greatly improved service immediately; however, the organization did not specify what punitive measures would be taken in the event service did not improve. Corinthian offered a plan in January 2015 to LAWA to improve the service, but it was rejected as inadequate. Corinthian claimed that they had increased the number of buses on the Hollywood route, but as of January 2015, the problems persisted.

The Hollywood Flyaway route was suspended on March 28, 2020, at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a 29% decrease in ridership in March 2020 compared to the previous year. Although no official announcement was made, both the Long Beach and Hollywood FlyAway routes have been permanently discontinued.

References

External links

Public transportation in Los Angeles County, California
Bus transportation in California
Transit authorities with natural gas buses
Los Angeles International Airport
Airport bus services

FlyAway (bus)


A space elevator is a theoretical transportation device for cheaply sending people and cargo into orbit. If one can be built, a space elevator would make it possible to go to outer space without inefficient and often single use rockets, lowering the average cost to launch from the current average of $10,000 to $25,000 per kilogram to as little as $100 per kilo, thus making widespread civilian space travel and colonization economically feasible. The elevator would consist of a cable or tower stretching to a mid or geostationary orbit, with two tethers, one at the surface and the other at a space station. Some kind of climbing vehicle would go up and down it. No known building material is strong enough and with a low enough density to build a space elevator, but a material like carbon nanotubes could be it.

Elevators

Space elevator


"In the Mood" is a popular big band-era jazz standard recorded by American bandleader Glenn Miller. "In the Mood" is based on the composition "Tar Paper Stomp" by Wingy Manone. The first recording under the name "In the Mood" was released by Edgar Hayes & His Orchestra in 1938.

In 1983, the Glenn Miller recording from 1939 was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 2004, the recording was inducted into the Library of Congress National Recording Registry which consists of recordings that are "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."

In 1999, National Public Radio (NPR) included the 1939 Glenn Miller recording in its list of "The 100 most important American musical works of the 20th century".

Glenn Miller's "In the Mood", with "I Want to Be Happy" on the B-side, became the best-selling swing instrumental.

Arrangement
"In the Mood" starts with a saxophone section theme based on repeated arpeggios that are rhythmically displaced; trumpets and trombones add accent riffs. The arrangement has two solo sections: a "tenor fight" or chase solo—in one recording between Tex Beneke and Al Klink—and a 16-bar trumpet solo by Clyde Hurley. At the end of the song, a coda climbs triumphantly, then sounds a sustained unison tonic pitch with a rim shot.

History
"In the Mood" was an arrangement by Joe Garland based on an existing melody. Lyrics were added by Andy Razaf. The main theme with repeated arpeggios rhythmically displaced appeared under the title "Tar Paper Stomp" and was credited to trumpeter Wingy Manone. Manone recorded "Tar Paper Stomp" on August 28, 1930, in Richmond, Indiana, and released it as a 78 single for Champion Records under the name Barbecue Joe and his Hot Dogs. It was re-released in 1935 by Wingy Manone's Orchestra.

Horace Henderson used the same riff in "Hot and Anxious", which was recorded by his brother Fletcher Henderson on March 19, 1931, for Columbia under the name the Baltimore Bell Hops. Don Redman recorded "Hot and Anxious" for Brunswick in 1932.

Under copyright laws, a tune that had not been written down and registered with the copyright office could be appropriated by any musician with a good ear. Manone raised the similarity between "Tar Paper Stomp" and "In the Mood" to Joe Garland and to the publisher Shapiro, Bernstein, and Company of New York. Manone also discussed the issue in DownBeat magazine.

"Tar Paper Stomp" was copyrighted on November 6, 1941, as a pianoforte version by Peer International.

The first recording of Joe Garland's version of "In the Mood" was made by Edgar Hayes and his Orchestra in 1938 with Garland participating. It was released as a B side to their recording of "Stardust" for Decca. On this recording there was a baritone saxophone duet rather than a tenor saxophone battle. The riff had appeared in a 1935 recording by the Mills Blue Rhythm Band entitled "There's Rhythm in Harlem", which had been composed and arranged by Garland. Before offering it to Miller, Garland sold it in 1938 to Artie Shaw, who chose not to record it because the original arrangement was too long, but he did perform it in concert.

Artie Shaw's version was over six minutes long and met a lackluster audience response. Jerry Gray arranged Shaw's version. The band later performed a shorter version. The Hayes recording was over three minutes in length to fit on one side of a 78 record.

The song was sold in 1939 to Glenn Miller, who experimented with the arrangement. The author of the final arrangement is unknown. One possibility is Eddie Durham because he wrote other arrangements on the same day that "In the Mood" was recorded. Other possibilities include pianist Chummy MacGregor, who was Miller's chief arranger, John Chalmers, and Miller himself. According to an account by MacGregor, "all they used of the original arrangement were the two front saxophone strains and another part that occurred later on in the arrangement." Both MacGregor and Miller were involved in creating the final arrangement: "MacGregor mentioned that additional solos were added to the original arrangement and he wrote the finishing coda. Miller probably edited some of the arrangement along with MacGregor."  In its final form, it is an example of Hemiola rhythm.

Two copyrights were filed by Joseph Copeland Garland on June 8 and November 26, 1938, before the song was published by Lewis Music Pub. Co., Inc. on October 31, 1939, with Joe Garland the lone songwriter. Then on November 27, a copyright was filed with both Garland and Razaf by Shapiro, Bernstein & Co., Inc. of New York. A final copyright was filed by Shapiro, Bernstein on December 11, 1939, worded as follows: "In the mood; fox-trot, Andy Razaf & Joe Garland, arr. Joe Garland as suggested by Glenn Miller; orch. pts., with w."

Two editions of the sheet music are in circulation. The 1939 publication credited to Garland and Razaf is in A♭ and has lyrics beginning: "Mister What-cha-call-em, what-cha doin' tonight?" The 1960 reprint credited only to Garland (with piano arrangement by Robert C. Haring) is in G and has lyrics beginning: "Who's the livin' dolly with the beautiful eyes?"

The personnel on Miller's recording included Al Mastren and Paul Tanner on trombone; Clyde Hurley, Legh Knowles, and Dale McMickle on trumpet; Wilbur Schwartz on clarinet; Hal McIntyre on alto saxophone; Tex Beneke, Al Klink, and Harold Tennyson on tenor saxophone; Chummy MacGregor on piano; Richard Fisher on guitar; Rowland Bundock on double bass; and Moe Purtill on drums.

Other versions

In February 1944, the Glenn Miller RCA Victor Bluebird 1939 studio recording of "In the Mood" was released as a V-Disc, one of a series of recordings sent free by the U.S. War Department to overseas military personnel during World War II. A second version recorded by Glenn Miller's Overseas Band in 1945, was released in May 1948. A new recording by Glenn Miller with the American Band of the Allied Expeditionary Forces (AEF) was broadcast to Germany in 1944 on the radio program The Wehrmacht Hour.

This piece of music was not new in Europe. The first Swiss record of "In the Mood" were released in April 1940 by Teddy Stauffer und seine Original Teddies in Zurich. Another interpretation was made by Ernst van't Hoff in February 1941 in Berlin.

In 1951 a Ferranti Mark 1 computer at the University of Manchester played "In the Mood", one of the first songs to be played by a computer, and the oldest known recording of digitally generated music.

In December 1959, the rendition of "In the Mood" that Ernie Fields and his Orchestra recorded peaked at number 4 by means of the Billboard popular hit parade and number 7 by means of both the Rhythm and Blues and the Cash Box hit parades.

Jerry Lee Lewis, under the alias of The Hawk, recorded an instrumental version of "In the Mood" in 1959. For contractual reasons, the track was released in the USA on the Phillips label, a subsidiary of the Sun Records label owned by Sam Phillips.

Jonathan King, under the name Sound 9418 released his version in 1976 which reached No. 46 on the UK Singles Chart.

Ivar Hovden of the norwegian pop group New Jordal Swingers recorded his version in 1977 on the album Instrumental.

In the winter of 1977, a novelty version by the Henhouse Five Plus Too (a Ray Stevens project) employing the sounds of clucking chickens entered the U.S. Pop Top 40: (Billboard No. 40, Cash Box #37).

An Indonesian-Dutch singer Taco recorded his version in 1986 for his album "Swing Classics: In the Mood of Glenn Miller".

Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers prominently featured "In the Mood" as part of their hit medley "Swing the Mood", which was a #1 single in the UK in 1989 and reached #11 in the US in 1990.

John Lee Hooker said that "In the Mood" was the inspiration for his song "I'm in the Mood" which became a No. 1 hit on the R&B Singles chart.

In 2021, Art of Noise released an album of a 1986 live show titled In The City, Live In Tokyo, 1986 which contains an encore cover of "In The Mood".

See also
List of 1930s jazz standards

References

External links
 Library of Congress essay on the National Recording Registry

United States National Recording Registry recordings
1939 songs
1939 singles
Glenn Miller songs
Jonathan King songs
Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients
Songs written by Andy Razaf
American jazz songs
1930s jazz standards
Swing jazz standards
Benny Goodman songs
Bluebird Records singles
Jazz compositions in A-flat major

In the Mood


Madhu Bhaskaran  is an engineer and Professor at RMIT University. She co-leads the Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group at RMIT University She won the APEC Aspire prize in 2018 for her development of "electronic skin".

Early life and education
Madhu Bhaskaran was born and grew up in Chennai in India. After high school she went on to study Electronics and Communications Engineering at PSG College of Technology in Coimbatore from 2000 to 2004, where she met her partner Sharath Sriram. After moving to Australia, Bhaskaran completed a Masters in Microelectronics Engineering at RMIT University in 2005, and graduated with a Ph.D. in Electronic Materials Engineering four years later.

Career
After completing her PhD in 2009, Madhu Bhaskaran won a competitive Australian Postdoctoral Fellowship to investigate piezoelectric thin films. She also co-established and currently co-leads the Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group in 2010. Bhaskaran's group measured the potential of piezoelectric nano-films to provide energy for small electronic devices. Bhaskaran's research interests include functional oxide thin films, wearable technologies and stretchable electronics which can be applied in monitoring health and in communications.

Bhaskaran's work on combining functional oxide materials processed at high temperatures with elastic and plastic materials has led to stretchable electronics and sensors, that can be worn as electronic skin. Bhaskaran is a member of the Australian Nanotechnology Network and her team focuses on the characterisation of semiconductor interfaces (metal-silicide and silicide-silicon), characterisation of piezoelectric thin films, and micro-scale semiconductor and microsystem fabrication. Bhaskaran's research use a material called polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) in the design of their devices. PDMS is stretchable, transparent and non-toxic, and it has been used in contact lenses, and skin and hair products. Her publications (December 2005 – August 2018) include one edited book, six book chapters, 106 journal articles, 36 conference proceedings – totalling 152 publications and five patents.

Bhaskaran has obtained over $5 million in competitive research funding for projects and equipment, and in an industry partnership, Bhaskaran's research team and Sleeptite were awarded $1.7 million in a Cooperative Research Centre Projects (CRC-P) grant from the Federal Government in July, 2018. These funds will be used to develop a silicon fabric with sensors to monitor sleep. As part of the 23rd Australian Institute of Physics Congress, Professor Bhaskaran is serving on the COMMAD Scientific Advisory Committee

Board service
An advocate for young researchers and women in science, Bhaskaran is a co-founder of the Women Researchers' Network at RMIT University and Board member of Women in STEMM Australia. Bhaskaran was one of six women in science recently featured in "Just some of the Australian women killing it in science leadership right now" published by Women's Agenda in 2018. Professor Bhaskaran says, "What gives me happiness is that I have managed to do many things beyond research in my career so far – this includes mentoring PhD students and postdocs, holding leadership positions in the Higher Degrees by Research space (and that has helped enhance the research environment at my workplace) as well as contributing to the gender diversity space." Bhaskaran currently serves with the Expert Advisory Group to the Australian Government's Decadal Plan for Women in STEM and recently attended an APEC Women in STEM workshop 'Making the Case for APEC Women in STEM‑Partnership and Impact'.

Awards and honours
Professor Madhu Bhaskaran has received the following honours and awards for her research:
International Postgraduate Scholarship 2006-2009
Australian Research Council Postdoctoral Fellowship 2010-2014
Research Media Star Award 2011
Victoria Fellowship Physical Sciences 2015
Australian Research Council DECRA Fellowship 2016–present
named one of Top 10 Innovators under 35 for Asia, MIT Technology Review, 2016
Australian inventors on MIT's top 10 'Innovators Under 35' list
Eureka Prize for Outstanding Early Career Researcher 2017
named one of Australia's Most Innovative Engineers by Engineers Australia 2017
Batterham Medallist, Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, 2018
Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, 2022

In 2018 she won the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering's Batterham Medal and the Victorian QuickFire Challenge: Driving Device Innovation. Nominated by Australian Academy of Science, Bhaskaran also won the APEC Science Prize for Innovation, Research and Education (ASPIRE). ASPIRE recognises young scientists from Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) member economies who have demonstrated a commitment to excellence in innovation, research and education.

References

Indian women engineers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Academic staff of RMIT University
RMIT University alumni
20th-century Indian women scientists
20th-century Indian engineers
21st-century Indian engineers
21st-century Indian women scientists
20th-century women engineers
21st-century women engineers
Indian emigrants to Australia
Indian expatriate academics
Scientists from Chennai
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering

Madhu Bhaskaran


The Ontario Natural Law Party ran a number of candidates in the 1999 provincial election, none of whom were elected.  Information about these candidates may be found here.

Candidates
Brampton West—Mississauga: Mei Sze Viau
Broadview—Greenwood: Bob Hyman
Don Valley West: Debbie Weberg
Glengarry—Prescott—Russell: Mary Glasser
London—Fanshawe: Wanda Beaver
Nepean—Carleton: Brian Ernest Jackson
Peterborough: Robert Mayer
St. Catharines: Helene Anne Darisse
Sudbury: Bernard Fram
Trinity—Spadina: Ron Robins
Windsor—St. Clair: Janet Shorten
Windsor West: Lynn Tobin

Candidates in Ontario provincial elections
1999

Natural Law Party of Ontario candidates in the 1999 Ontario provincial election


Ferrymead is a suburb south-east of Christchurch, New Zealand. It is the main thoroughfare for reaching the eastern sea suburbs such as Sumner, as well as home to a number of cliff-top residences and businesses along the estuary front. After the 2011 Canterbury earthquake, a number of prominent Christchurch businesses relocated to the Ferrymead area, making it into a secondary business hub.

Geography
Ferrymead is located on the Avon Heathcote Estuary / Ihutai, close to the point where the Ōpāwaho / Heathcote River drains into the estuary, and three km west of the eventual outflow into Pegasus Bay. To the north lie the oxidation ponds from Christchurch's main sewage treatment works, which are within a large wildlife refuge and are inhabited by many species of bird life. To the south lie the Port Hills. The suburb is named for the ferry that operated across the Ōpāwaho / Heathcote River during the early period of settlement. After the 2011 Christchurch earthquake, a number of businesses have relocated to the suburb, making it a small hub and helping other shops and cafes grow.

History

Early European settlement

European settlement of the area dates from the arrival of the early colonists in 1850. Farming was the major industry of the area from its early years and parts of the Heathcote Valley are still in agricultural production. Ferry services began about 1851 firstly as a cattle punt. James Townsend (1788–1866) operated the punt service from 1852. When he sold up, the new owners called his house Ferry Mead Hotel (the meadow of the ferry) and this gave the name to the suburb. These ferry services continued until the completion of the Heathcote Bridge in 1864. Shipping at this time was also able to travel up the Ōpāwaho / Heathcote River as far as the Christchurch Quay adjacent to the present Radley Street Bridge. Later the Steam Wharf was opened by the present Tunnel Road intersection with Ferry Road. The Railway Wharf was opened in December 1863 along with the Ferrymead Railway.

Shipping on the river was very costly, around 2 pounds per tonne, more than it cost to bring cargo from the UK, and the ships were very small. Later on, steamships brought the cost down, but the difficulties of bringing ships over the bar of the Estuary and up the river itself were a considerable inconvenience. River shipping only outlasted the advent of the railway by a few years, although both the 1864 and 1907 bridges were designed to allow shipping to pass.

The original railway

On 1 December 1863 New Zealand's first public railway line was opened from Ferrymead to the central city.

The line was a temporary expedient to allow construction of the Heathcote/Lyttelton tunnel to proceed. It closed in 1867 after the opening of the Moorhouse railway tunnel to the port of Lyttelton.

Its track ran 7 km to the city of Christchurch, where the station was situated near to the site later occupied by the 1960 Christchurch station (closed in 1995). The locomotives and rolling stock were imported from Victoria, Australia, this being the main reason why the 5' 3" (1600 mm) railway gauge was adopted. Stations were located in later years at Woolston (formerly Hillsborough), Opawa and Linwood (the last two as passenger halts until the end of suburban trains in 1972). A branch also headed towards Heathcote at the time of tunnel construction.

The Moorhouse Tunnel was completed in a much shorter time than envisaged; and consequently the Ferrymead Railway was officially closed on 9 November 1867, the same day as the railway line to Lyttelton was opened. Following the subsequent conversion of the Main South Line to 3' 6" (1067 mm) gauge, all its broad gauge rolling stock was sold back to Australia. The ship they were placed on was wrecked off the New Zealand coast, but the cargo was salvaged. The rolling stock then lay abandoned for almost 100 years until the advent of Ferrymead Historic Park.

Following the commemoration of the centenary of this line, various groups including the New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society (Canterbury Branch) (now the Canterbury Railway Society) became interested in developing the historical site. The Ferrymead Railway operates on the original railway formation as part of Ferrymead Heritage Park (formerly Ferrymead Historic Park).

Demographics
The statistical area of Brookhaven-Ferrymead covers . It had an estimated population of  as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Brookhaven-Ferrymead had a population of 1,074 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 57 people (5.6%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 3 people (0.3%) since the 2006 census. There were 390 households, comprising 543 males and 531 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.02 males per female. The median age was 40.7 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 198 people (18.4%) aged under 15 years, 201 (18.7%) aged 15 to 29, 477 (44.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 195 (18.2%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 84.9% European/Pākehā, 12.8% Māori, 5.9% Pasifika, 7.3% Asian, and 0.8% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 22.1, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 54.2% had no religion, 35.5% were Christian, 0.3% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.6% were Hindu, 0.3% were Muslim, 0.6% were Buddhist and 1.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 159 (18.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 165 (18.8%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $35,300, compared with $31,800 nationally. 135 people (15.4%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 465 (53.1%) people were employed full-time, 147 (16.8%) were part-time, and 24 (2.7%) were unemployed.

See also
Ferrymead Heritage Park

References

Suburbs of Christchurch

Ferrymead


Asım Can Gündüz (August 15, 1955 – June 24, 2016) was a Turkish rock and blues guitarist. He was also known as Awesome John, especially outside Turkey, partly because his name is pronounced very much like Awesome (Asım) John (Can).

Career

Gündüz lived in New York City until the early 1980s as John Gundez, where he formed "Zacharia", a three-piece rock band playing his original material consisted of guitarist Harry Zaverdas who played bass, various drummers during its existence. John Gundez auditioned and was selected along with Harry Zaverdas to portray/perform as Jimi Hendrix, on drums was Robert Gottfried http://robthedrummer.com/ they sold out four nights in New York City at The Bottom Line night club "Jimi and Janis Together Again" show which toured as far as Chicago's largest indoor amusement park. His career in the United States was cut short after family obligations forced him to return to Turkey at the height of his United States career. In Turkey, he formed rock bands including Ambulans, Delikanlı, Affetmez, Çapkınlar, Hard Rakı. He finished the sessions for his first album Anasının Gözü Cin Gibi in 1989, released three years later in 1992. Gündüz released his second album Bir Sevgi Eseri / "A Work Of Love" which consisted of Turkish language versions of blues singles in 1998.

After the year 2000 Gündüz resumed touring and performing outside of Turkey.

Death
Gündüz died of a heart attack on June 24, 2016, at his home in İçmeler, Marmaris.

See also
List of Turkish musicians
Anatolian blues

References

External links
Sample video and audio files
TonyMcKenzie.com

Sample Video "AJ in Ortaca Full Length"

1955 births
2016 deaths
Turkish rock guitarists
Turkish expatriates in the United States
Anatolian blues

Asım Can Gündüz


Parineeta () is a 2005 Indian Hindi-language musical romance film adaptation of Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's 1914 Bengali novella of the same name. Directed by debutant Pradeep Sarkar, it was based upon a screenplay by the film's producer, Vidhu Vinod Chopra. The film stars Sanjay Dutt, Saif Ali Khan, and Vidya Balan (in her Bollywood debut) in lead roles, with Raima Sen, Sabyasachi Chakrabarty and Dia Mirza in supporting roles. The film has several notable allusions to Indian literature and cinema.

Parineeta primarily revolves around the lead characters, Lalita and Shekhar. Since childhood, Shekhar and Lalita have been friends and slowly this friendship blossoms into love. A series of misunderstandings surface and they are separated due to the conniving schemes of Shekhar's father. The plot deepens with the arrival of Girish, who supports Lalita's family. Eventually, Shekhar's love defies his father's greed and he seeks out Lalita.

Parineeta released on 10 June 2005, and despite pre-release inhibitions, it proved to be a commercial success at the box office, grossing ₹32.63 crore worldwide. It received positive reviews upon release, with praise for its screenplay, soundtrack, production design, costumes and performances of the cast; however its pacing and climax received criticism. It was showcased at several international film festivals.

At the 53rd National Film Awards, Parineeta won Best Debut Film of a Director (Sarkar). At the 51st Filmfare Awards, the film received a leading 13 nominations, including Best Film, Best Director (Sarkar), Best Actor (Khan) and Best Actress (Balan) and Best Supporting Actor (Dutt), and won 4 awards, including Best Female Debut (Balan).

Plot
The story takes place in 1962 in Kolkata. As the credits roll, scenes from erstwhile Calcutta are displayed along with the narrator's (Amitabh Bachchan) introduction of the era.

On the night of his arranged marriage to Gayatri Tantiya, (the daughter of one of his father's business connections), Shekhar has images of his childhood friend, Lalita, calling him by his name flashing through his mind.

Meanwhile, downstairs, musical celebrations begin as Shekhar meets Vasundhara, a widow from his neighbourhood, who is thankful to her son-in-law, Girish (Sanjay Dutt), for supporting their family after the death of her husband, Gurcharan. Lalita, who is present there, playfully confronts Shekhar as to why he is being indifferent to her. Shekhar admonishes her for speaking so in spite of being married.

An angry Shekhar comes back home to play a favourite tune from the past on his piano. The flashback shows a young Shekhar playing Rabindranath Tagore's tune on his piano while young Lalita and Koel are around. Lalita, with her parents having died in a car accident, lives with Gurcharan's family. Koel is her cousin whereas Charu is her neighbour. As this scene flashes across Shekhar's mind, he sings a song full of sadness and loss. As time flies, they grow up to become close friends. The rebellious and musically inclined Shekhar spends his days playing the music of Rabindranath Tagore or Elvis Presley and composing his own songs with Lalita rather than becoming part of his shrewd father's business. Part of this rebellion involves resistance to meeting Gayatri Tantiya, the beautiful but devious daughter of a wealthy industrialist, whom his father would like Shekhar to marry. Meanwhile, Girish, a steel tycoon from London, makes a dramatic entry into Charu's house. Girish seems smitten by Lalita while Koel is by Girish. Shekhar is visibly jealous of Lalita's close friendship with Girish.

One day, a shocked Lalita, who is employed at the Roy's office, remembers a hotel project from Gurcharan's ancestral haveli (palatial house). On an earlier occasion, Gurcharan had borrowed money from Naveen Roy after putting his haveli on mortgage. She understands that if the money is not repaid in a few months, Naveen Roy would take over the property. She immediately thinks of asking Shekhar for monetary help. Unforeseen circumstances prevent this, and Girish, upon realising this, alleviates their problem by making Gurcharan his business partner. Gurcharan repays the debt and the turn of events prompts Shekhar to think why Lalita chose to ask Girish for money instead of him. On one auspicious night, Shekhar and Lalita exchange garlands and consummate their "marriage" unbeknownst to anyone else.

While Shekhar is off to Darjeeling on a business trip, Naveen Roy violently thunders at Lalita about the loss of his hotel project, embarrassing and humiliating her. Roy gets a wall built between his and Gurcharan's house symbolising the end of their association. Gurcharan, unable to digest this, suffers a heart attack. Upon Shekhar's return, Roy informs him of the ill-health of his mother and Gurcharan viciously adds a note of Lalita and Girish's marriage. Shekhar is disgusted to hear of the marriage and in his anger he scowls at Lalita, humiliating her like his father. Meanwhile, Girish assists Gurcharan's family and takes them to London for the heart treatment. Misunderstandings follow and upon the family's return from London, Shekhar assumes that Girish and Lalita are married and agrees to marry Gayatri. The film returns to the night of Shekhar's marriage when Girish hands him the ownership papers of Gurcharan's haveli. He shocks Shekhar by telling him that he married Koel because Lalita rejected his marriage proposal. As a conclusion, Shekhar confronts his father and symbolically breaks down the wall separating the two families. He then brings Lalita to his home as his bride much to the delight of his mother.

Cast
 Sanjay Dutt as Girish Sharma. A simple and straightforward businessman who plays Lalita's moral support with warmth and compassion.
 Saif Ali Khan as Shekhar Roy. Shows a balance of love for Lalita and jealousy towards Girish. He is a passionate musician. Towards the end his utter hatred for himself transforms him into a cold and bitter person.
 Vidya Balan as Lalita Roy. A woman of dignity with unflinching love for Shekhar. A lovely singer, who resigned to circumstances, upholding her respect when she faces insult.
 Tina Dutta as Lalita in her teens.
 Raima Sen as Koel. Lalita's playful, mischievous and cheerful cousin who is lively, peppy and lives through every moment.
 Dia Mirza as Gayatri Tantiya. A devious socialite who lures for Shekhar with her charm and beauty.
 Achyut Potdar as Gurcharan.
 Sabyasachi Chakrabarty as Navinchandra Roy. Cold at heart, a shrewd and a conniving businessman who even places human values and relationships below his greed for money.
 Surinder Kaur as Rajeshwari Roy. The mother of Shekhar who scornfully watches how badly her husband treats the neighbours and gets ill.
 Kumkum Bhattacharya as Vasundhara Roy.
 Oindrila Saha as Vasundhara's daughter.
 Supriya Shukla as Sunita
Gita Dey as Shekhar's Grandmother.
 Ninad Kamat as Ajit
 Rekha in a special appearance in the song "Kaisi Paheli Zindagaani"
 Rita Ganguly in a special appearance in the song "Dhinak Dhinak Dha"
 George Baker as Sir William Eckhart
 Kharaj Mukherjee as Singer in Recording Studio

Production

The key elements
Before Parineeta, Pradeep Sarkar was a well-known personality in the area of advertisements. With 17 years in mainstream advertising and 7 years of advertisement film-making and commercial cinema, he completed about 1000 commercials and 15 music videos. Vidhu Vinod Chopra, the producer, took notice of his music videos and contacted Sarkar to direct some of the music videos of the film Mission Kashmir (2000). After carving a niche in filming music videos, Sarkar gave the thought of filming Parineeta to Chopra. There began the making of the film.

About the film's comparison with the novel, Chopra said in an interview that, as compared to its 1953 namesake film by Bimal Roy, the story was based in the year 1962. He said that it took them one and a half years to script the film, with them adding new characters and emphasizing under-represented characters from the novel. In a separate interview, Chopra admitted that he was actively involved with the screenplay because the film was an adaptation of the novel. When speaking about cinematic adaptation, Chopra gave due credit to Sarkar, and Natarajan Subramaniam (the film's cinematographer), for providing the vintage visuals. Saif Ali Khan once said that the film was initially attempted to be made in a contemporary way. When the film's crew did not find the depiction appealing, the filming began with the 60s look.

Chopra once cited an interesting anecdote about his belief in Sarkar's film-making abilities. He said that he never personally signed the cheques for the film's expenditure. He transferred money into Sarkar's bank account and the cheques were eventually signed by Sarkar and his spouse.

Casting
Chopra said in an interview that Saif Ali Khan and Vidya Balan were not the first choices for the lead roles in Parineeta. In fact, Abhishek Bachchan was being cast as Shekhar and Saif Ali Khan as Girish. However Abhishek walked out of the project and Saif readily was accepted as a replacement. This fact was corroborated by Saif in an interview when he said that even though Sarkar had faith in his abilities, Chopra was not too keen on having him.

The choice of Vidya Balan came with Sarkar's prior work experience with her in three music videos. Chopra said that Vidya was screen-tested for six months and only then they were sure of her acting abilities. Saif once said that he was not convinced of Vidya's abilities, since Parineeta was to be her first film. He instead hoped to work with established actresses like Aishwarya Rai or Rani Mukherjee. However, after seeing Vidya portray the character of Lalita, he was thoroughly appreciative of her performance. Getting an opportunity to debut with big names from the industry along with a lovely character to portray made Vidya accept the role of Lalita.

The choice of Sanjay Dutt was because of his versatility, said Chopra in an interview. He also said that the affable nature of Sanjay was a plus during film making.

Sreelekha Mitra was approached to portray the role of Gayatri but she refused due to her pregnancy. The role then went to Dia Mirza who liked the script so well that she chose to play the role in spite of it being small. Raima Sen had a similar story with her want to work with the duo of Chopra and Sarkar. The cameo of the veteran actress, Rekha was purely out of her interest in the song, "Kaisi Paheli Zindgani".

Filming and music
Since Sarkar knew the city of Kolkata very well, the film was primarily shot there. While most of the film was made in Kolkata, a small portion was shot in Darjeeling.

To re-create the 60s era, lot of efforts were made by the producers. For instance, Chopra said that it cost them money and difficulty to procure the green coloured car which was driven by Shekhar in the film. Chopra confirmed the authenticity of the piano used in the song "Piyu Bole", and of the toy train used in the song "Kasto Mazza". About the look of the characters, Mirza said that the 60s look was well captured by the make-up artist, Vidyadar. The song "Kaisi Paheli Zindagani" was based on the tune to Louis Armstrong's "A Kiss to Build a Dream on".

Critics had high expectations from Parineeta's music because of the award-winning music that was provided in some of Chopra's previous films, such as 1942: A Love Story (1994) and Mission Kashmir (2000). Shantanu Moitra, Parineeta's music director composed hundreds of tunes before six of them got finalised after a year's effort. After finalizing the soundtrack, Chopra was appreciative of the musician's abilities when he said that Moitra has the potential to become another R. D. Burman, a yesteryear Bollywood music director.

Cultural and cinematic allusions
Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay, the author of Parineeta, was a contemporary of Rabindranath Tagore; both authors documented Bengali life and social issues at the turn of the century. The 2005 cinematic version of Parineeta pays homage to this relationship by referencing Satyajit Ray's film Charulata (1964), which itself is based upon Tagore's noted novella, Nashtanir. Lalita (Parineeta) is dressed to resemble Nashtanir / Charulatas Charu (Madhabi Mukherjee), particularly during the song "Soona Man Ka Aangan", which incorporates Tagore's song "Phoole Phoole Dhole Dhole." In both Parineeta and Charulata, "Phoole Phoole Dhole Dhole" is sung while Lalita and Charu are each on a swing. The film continues the above connection by placing Saif Ali Khan on the same train used in the film Aradhana (1969) which featured his mother, Sharmila Tagore.

This film was the third one to bear resemblance to the novella, the other two being its 1953 namesake film and Sankoch (1976).

Reception

Box-office and ratings
Parineeta collected over Rs 170 million in India at the end of 2005. Its overseas success was notable as well with gross collections of Rs. 36 million in the United Kingdom, Rs. 35 million in North America, and Rs 15 million in the rest of the overseas.

Reviews, critiques and controversies
Before its release on 10 June 2005, one preview wondered how the film would fare at the box office. Citing comparisons with the 1953 version, the preview suggested that debutant director, Sarkar's inexperience in film-making, the probable inability of debutant actress, Balan to portray Lalita's character appropriately, suitable 1960s depiction by contemporary actors and musician, Shantanu Moitra's until-then unimpressive soundtracks, could be impediments to a successful adaptation.

Post-release, the same critic said "Vidhu Vinod Chopra's "Parineeta" – a remake of an old classic of the same name...(had) the love story (which) was received well by the younger generation and it went on to become the biggest hit of the year." It was generally well-received by the critics, with one of them terming the film as "...a beautiful story, beautifully told. It approximates what most of us expect, and increasingly yearn for, in vain, our cinematic experience." A reviewer from About.com said that it is "contemporary retelling of...(an) engaging and timeless tale rich with human emotion and universal drama". The reviewer appreciates the film in most of the nuances of film making saying that this is "enhanced by a brilliant musical score, and accentuated by superb performances by Sanjay Dutt, Saif Ali Khan, Raima Sen, Diya Mirza and debutante Vidya Balan in the lead role of Lalita". 3000 copies of the novella were sold within weeks of the film's release, owing to the film's good reception.

Derek Elley from Variety said "A character-driven meller that's a treat for the eyes, with performances to match, "Parineeta" is high-end Bollywood near its best". He also says that, "though the climax is still emotionally powerful, it comes over as overcooked." A mixed review from Mid-Day says "Pradeep Sarkar weaves the story like magic, especially in the first half ... excelling in the detailing ... the vintage look of the film (that stood out) with authentic costumes, props and the roads of Kolkata". However, the review criticised the film's climax terming it as amateur, thereby diluting the whole film's impact. Another such review came from The Hindu which begins by saying "A simple enough story, but Sarkar tells it well, with some great shots of Shekhar and Lalita together." The review eventually says "Except for the end ... where it is too much to bear."

The issue of piracy cropped up when a news article published in The Indian Express exposed the dark side of the film market. Hardly into weeks of the film's release, CDs were being sold at as low as Rs. 40. Another blemish was that Soumitra Dasgupta, a writer and close associate of Sarkar alleged that the film's story had a striking resemblance to his parallel work on the novella. On Saif Ali Khan's 48th birthday, August 16, 2018, it was one of the films to prove his versatility as an actor.

Screenings
In 2005, Parineetas cast got a red carpet walk when it was the "World Premiere Film" at the International Indian Film Awards (IIFA) weekend in Amsterdam. Owing to this European premiere, Sarkar said that the film had a great opening in the American and English box-offices. The film was on the UK Top Ten films for four consecutive weeks.

The film was chosen among 15 debut works for the 2006 Berlin Film Festival. It received enthusiastic reception from the audience as it ran to packed houses to the Chopra's surprise. Expecting an audience of about 100 Westerners, a critic visiting the festival was surprised to see the cinema hall full and people jostling for seats even on the steps.

At the 24th Annual Minneapolis-St. Paul International Film Festival held in April 2006, Parineeta was the only Indian mainstream cinema to feature among 135 films from 40 countries.

In 2006, the film featured in the Palm Springs International Film Festival, 24th San Francisco International Asian American Film Festival, Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles, Helsinki Film Festival and the International Film Festival of Marrakech.

Awards
At the 53rd National Film Awards, Sarkar won the Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director.

 51st Filmfare Awards:

Won

 Best Female Debut – Vidya Balan
 R. D. Burman Award – Shantanu Moitra
 Best Choreography – Howard Rosemeyer for "Kaisi Paheli"
 Best Art Direction – Keshto Mandal, Pradeep Sarkar and Tanushree Sarkar
 Best Sound Design – Bishwadeep Chatterjee

Nominated

 Best Film – Vidhu Vinod Chopra
 Best Director – Pradeep Sarkar
 Best Actor – Saif Ali Khan
 Best Actress – Vidya Balan
 Best Supporting Actor – Sanjay Dutt
 Best Music Director – Shantanu Moitra
 Best Lyricist – Swanand Kirkire for "Piyu Bole"
 Best Male Playback Singer – Sonu Nigam for "Piyu Bole"
 Best Female Playback Singer – Shreya Ghoshal for "Piyu Bole"
 Best Female Playback Singer – Sunidhi Chauhan for "Kaisi Paheli"

DVD
The first version of the DVD version of Parineeta was released by UTV Motion Pictures on 30 October 2006. It has subtitle options in English, Arabic, Spanish, German, Italian, Malay, and French. An additional disc includes interviews with the actors and a behind the scenes look at the making of the film. It is available in 16:9 Anamorphic widescreen, Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround, progressive 24 FPS, widescreen and NTSC format. The film is also available on Netflix.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack to Parineeta was released by Tips Music in 10 April 2005. It received positive reviews, with a reviewer stating, "praising the soundtrack of Parineeta leaves you at a loss for superlatives. In each song, the trend was great singing, great composition, and great lyrics". It was later re-released by Zee Music Company in 2018. Shantanu Moitra composed the music and Lyrics were penned by Swanand Kirkire.

See also

 Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director

References

External links

 Parineeta at Rediff.com
 Parineeta at Bollywood Hungama

2000s Hindi-language films
2005 romantic drama films
2005 directorial debut films
2005 films
Best Debut Feature Film of a Director National Film Award winners
Films about women in India
Films based on Indian novels
Films based on works by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay
Films set in Darjeeling
Films set in Kolkata
Films shot in Darjeeling
Films shot in Kolkata
Indian romantic drama films
Films directed by Pradeep Sarkar
Durga Puja in popular culture

Parineeta (2005 film)


Vännäs Municipality () is a municipality in Västerbotten County in northern Sweden. Its seat is located in Vännäs.

History
In 1928 the locality Vännäs was detached from the rural municipality with the same name, forming the market town (köping) of Vännäs. The two entities were reunited in 1971. In 1974 Bjurholm Municipality was added. A split took place in 1980 when Bjurholm Municipality was re-established.

Geography
The municipality is located just west of Umeå Municipality, where Umeå is the seat, with about 110,000 inhabitants, and it is part of the Umeå region. This is evident considering that the municipality has 1,500 people commuting to Umeå Municipality and about 400 commuters from Umeå Municipality. Its neighbouring municipalities Vindeln Municipality, Bjurholm Municipality and Nordmaling Municipality only receive a total of about 100 commuters from Vännäs Municipality and Vännäs Municipality receives a total of 200 commuters from them.

Localities
There are two localities (or urban areas) in Vännäs Municipality:

The municipal seat in bold

See also
 Blue Highway, tourist route (Norway - Sweden - Finland - Russia)

References

External links

Vännäs Municipality - Official site

Municipalities of Västerbotten County

Vännäs Municipality


The Anti-Evolution League of America was a biblical creationist organization created in 1924 a year after William Bell Riley founded the Anti-Evolution League of Minnesota.  The first president was the Kentucky preacher Dr. J. W. Porter and T. T. Martin of Mississippi was field secretary and editor of the organization's official organ, The Conflict. The organization was behind anti-evolution legislation in Kentucky, where its efforts were supported by William Jennings Bryan. Following Bryan's death after the Scopes Trial, his son, William Jennings Bryan, Jr., briefly accepted the presidency of the league.

References

Creationist organizations
Organizations established in 1924
1924 establishments in the United States

Anti-Evolution League of America


Metaphase ( and ) is a stage of mitosis in the eukaryotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are at their second-most condensed and coiled stage (they are at their most condensed in anaphase). These chromosomes, carrying genetic information, align in the equator of the cell between the spindle poles at the metaphase plate, before being separated into each of the two daughter nuclei. This alignment marks the beginning of metaphase. Metaphase accounts for approximately 4% of the cell cycle's duration.

In metaphase, microtubules from both duplicated centrosomes on opposite poles of the cell have completed attachment to kinetochores on condensed chromosomes. The centromeres of the chromosomes convene themselves on the metaphase plate, an imaginary line that is equidistant from the two spindle poles. This even alignment is due to the counterbalance of the pulling powers generated by the opposing kinetochore microtubules, analogous to a tug-of-war between two people of equal strength, ending with the destruction of B cyclin.

In order to prevent deleterious nondisjunction events, a key cell cycle checkpoint, the spindle checkpoint, verifies this evenly balanced alignment and ensures that every kinetochore is properly attached to a bundle of microtubules and is under balanced bipolar tension.  Sister chromatids require active separase to hydrolyze the cohesin that bind them together prior to progression to anaphase. Any unattached or improperly attached kinetochores generate signals that prevent the activation of the anaphase promoting complex (cyclosome or APC/C), a ubiquitin ligase which targets securin and cyclin B for degradation via the proteosome. As long as securin and cyclin B remain active, separase remains inactive, preventing premature progression to anaphase.

Metaphase in cytogenetics and cancer studies

The analysis of metaphase chromosomes is one of the main tools of classical cytogenetics and cancer studies. Chromosomes are condensed (thickened) and highly coiled in metaphase, which makes them most suitable for visual analysis. Metaphase chromosomes make the classical picture of chromosomes (karyotype). For classical cytogenetic analyses, cells are grown in short term culture and arrested in metaphase using mitotic inhibitor. Further they are used for slide preparation and banding (staining) of chromosomes to be visualised under microscope to study structure and number of chromosomes (karyotype). Staining of the slides, often with Giemsa (G banding) or Quinacrine, produces a pattern of in total up to several hundred bands. Normal metaphase spreads are used in methods like FISH and as a hybridization matrix for comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) experiments.

Malignant cells from solid tumors or leukemia samples can also be used for cytogenetic analysis to generate metaphase preparations. Inspection of the stained metaphase chromosomes allows the determination of numerical and structural changes in the tumor cell genome, for example, losses of chromosomal segments or translocations, which may lead to chimeric oncogenes, such as bcr-abl in chronic myelogenous leukemia.

References

External links

Mitosis
Cell cycle

de:Mitose#Metaphase

Metaphase


Israel Coins and Medals Corp. is the body permitted by the Government of Israel to issue the official State Medals of Israel  and under an exclusive contract with the Bank of Israel, the corporation is the exclusive worldwide distributor of the commemorative coins and special banknote issues of the Bank of Israel. From its inception in 1958 until 2008, the corporation was fully owned by the Government. In 2008, it was privatized. The corporation has its own manufacturing plant, where commemorative coins for the Bank of Israel, Israel State medals and privately ordered medals are minted.

History

Israel Coins and Medals Corp. was established in 1958 by the first Prime Minister of Israel, David Ben Gurion, and was to be an Ambassador to the Jewish people and the world, through distribution of the Commemorative Coins issued by the Bank of Israel and the Official State Medals. Since its establishment, the Israel Coins and Medals Corp. has maintained its original character and values, as Ben Gurion had envisioned.

In 2008, the corporation was privatized, according to a decision made by the Israeli Government, and purchased by G.R.A.S Design Combinations Ltd., following a stringent selection process.

Corporation's Aims

The aims of the Corporation are to commemorate historical and national events, scientific accomplishments and achievements of Israel, perpetuate the memory of its outstanding leaders and personalities, highlight its historical sites, preserve its culture and art and give artistic expression to the joyful occasions in Israeli society and lives of the individuals.

Roles

	Distribution of the Collector Coins issued by the Bank of Israel
	Issuance of the official State Medals of Israel and special medals for organizations, enterprises and individuals
	Issuance of one-gram to one-kilogram Gold and Silver Bars, for investment and gifts
	Design and production of "Adillion" Coin-Jewelry, mounted with coins and medals
	Production of recreations of ancient coins discovered in archaeological excavations in Israel and sale of authentic ancient coins, licensed by the Israel Antiquities Authority
	Design, production and marketing of authentic Israeli art works

Exclusive Distributor of the Commemorative Coins issued by the Bank of Israel

The Bank of Israel, which is the Central Bank of the State of Israel, solely, has the right by law to issue the currency of Israel - banknotes, coins, commemorative and special coins. The Governor of the Bank of Israel determines the form of banknotes and coins with the approval of the Administrative Council and the Government. For this purpose, the Governor consults with the Public Committee for the Planning of Banknotes and Coins.

Commemorative Coins and Series

The Bank of Israel usually issues five new Commemorative Coins in limited mintages, annually. Four of the coins are issued within series

	Biblical Art
	UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Israel
	Views of Israel
	Jerusalem of Gold (Israeli Gold Bullion Coins)

A special Commemorative Coin is issued each year in honor of Israel's Independence Day and is dedicated to one of the outstanding achievements of the State of Israel.

Bank of Israel Gold and Silver Commemorative Coins

The commemorative coins issued by the Bank of Israel are struck in gold and silver. The 1 New Shekel and 2 New Shekel Coins are struck in silver, while the 5, 10 and 20 New Shekels (and small size 1 New Shekel) are struck in gold.

In 2010, the Bank of Israel issued the first Israeli Bullion Coin in a Series entitled "Jerusalem of Gold". The coins in this series picture famous sites in Jerusalem. Their mintages are limited to 3,600 and they are struck in fine gold.9999 with a diameter of 32mm. They weigh 1 Troy Oz. (31.1 grams) and bear a 20 New Shekels face value. The price of these coins changes daily in accordance with the international gold spot price.

State Medals of Israel

Israel State Medals are miniature works of art that commemorate the history of the Israeli nation and the historical events in Israel and the world, in which Israel takes part. They bear the Israel State Emblem with authorization from the Committee on Ceremonies and Symbols.

The first Israel State Medal, "Liberation", was issued in 1958, the tenth anniversary year of Israel. One side of the medal bears the design of the "Judaea Capta" Roman coins that were issued following the destruction of the Second Temple and victory of Rome, while the other side depicts a happy mother lifting her baby and an agriculturist planting a tree in the young State of Israel, symbolic of the rebirth of the Jewish people in the Land of Israel.

Over the years, many medals commemorating the history of the State of Israel have been issued.

Famous leaders and personalities in the history of Israel and the Jewish people are featured on medals – Prime Ministers and Presidents, Chiefs of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces who have died and Jewish Contributors to World Culture.  A "Jewish Sages" Medal Series presents important Rabbis who have been influential spiritual leaders in Jewish history and a "Jewish Folktales" Series features the well-known Jewish legends. Other medal series focus on the fighting units of the Israel Defense Forces, as well as the airplanes, tanks and ships that have played a part in the annals of the State of Israel.

Examples of innovative medallic art works produced in more recent years include sculpted art medals based on biblical themes, colorful art medals depicting ancient mosaics discovered in the Holy Land and medals with inset lithographs of famous paintings.

One-Gram to One-Kilogram Gold and Silver Bars

In 2012, for the first time, Israel Coins and Medals Corp. issued gold and silver bars with Dove of Peace and Jerusalem designs, for investment and gifts. The bars range in weight from 1 gram to 1 kilogram, are struck in gold/999.9 and silver/999, serially numbered and come in special secure tamper-proof packagings. The Bar reverse bears the Holy Land Mint logo (the international trade mark of the corporation), the precious metal fineness, weight and serial number.
The gold bars are struck in 1 gram, 2.5 gram, 5 gram, 10 gram, Half Ounce., One Ounce. and One Kilogram weights.

Collaboration

Israel Coins and Medals Corp. is authorized to deal in authentic ancient coins. In special collaboration with the Israel Antiquities Authority, the corporation has produced replicas of ancient coins, such as coins found in Qumran and Masada. According to the law of the United States of America, each replica bears the word "COPY" in order to prevent confusion.

Among Israel's Coin and Medal Issues

International Prizes

	"Promised Land", Israel Independence Day Coin 1989, designed by Ruben Nutels, won the title "Best Artistic Coin of the Year" (Coin of the Year Contest 1991)
	"Moses and the Tablets of the Law", tenth Coin in the "Biblical Art" Series (2005), designed by Gideon Keich, won the title "Most Inspirational Coin of the Year" (Coin of the Year Contest 2007)
	"Tel Aviv, the White City", first coin in the "World Heritage Sites in Israel" Series (2006), for its impressive architectural design by Meir Eshel, won second place in the Palladio International Coin Contest held in Vicenza, Italy, in 2007
	"Wolf with the Lamb", twelfth coin in the "Biblical Art" Series (2007), designed by Aharon Shevo, won second place in the International Coin Contest held in Vicenza, Italy, in 2008
	"Israel 60th Anniversary", Israel Independence Day Coin 2008, designed by Ruben Nutels, won the title "Best Artistic Coin of the Year" (Coin of the Year Contest 2010)
	"Jonah in the Whale", fifteenth Coin in the "Biblical Art" Series (2010), designed by Gideon Keich and Aharon Shevo, won the title "Best Coin of the Year" (Coin of the Year Contest 2012)
	"Akko", third in the "World Heritage Sites" Series (2010), designed by Moshe Pereg, won second place for its architectural design, in the Palladio International Coin Contest held in Vicenza, Italy, in 2010
	"Gymnastics" Coin (2011), designed by David Harel, won first place in the International Coin Contest held in Vicenza, Italy, in 2012
	"Tel Megiddo", fourth in the "World Heritage Sites" Series (2012), designed by Osnat Eshel, was given special mention for its architectural design, in the Palladio International Coin Contest held in Vicenza, Italy, in 2013

References

External links
 Israel Coins & Medals Corp. website
 Bank of Israel
 A gold medal, The Jerusalem Post
 Israel mints NIS 20 gold coins, costing NIS 6,393, HAARETZ
 Israel Producing Gold 'Ten Commandments' Medallions, Israelnationalnews
 Bank of Israel issues Western Wall coin, Ynetnews

Manufacturing companies of Israel
Medals
Israeli awards

Israel Coins and Medals Corp.


Interdisciplinary Center for Organizational Architecture (ICOA) is a research center at Aarhus University, School of Business and Social Sciences in Aarhus, Denmark.

The Center for Organizational Architecture is a transdisciplinary partnership between research groups at Aarhus University, the Danish cross-ministerial innovation unit Mindlab and leading international researchers and institutions. The center works, in close dialogue with businesses and public organizations, with the design and redesign of organizations.

Staff
 Børge Obel - Centre Director
 Rick L. Edgeman - Professor
 Jacob Kjær Eskildsen - Professor
 Anders Frederiksen - Professor
 René Franz Henschel - Professor
 Anne Bøllingtoft - Associate Professor
 Dorthe Døjbak Håkonsson - Associate Professor
 Lars Bach - Assistant Professor
 Jacob Brix - Assistant Professor
 Panagiotis Mitkidis - Assistant Professor
 Dan Mønster - Assistant Professor
 Elena Shulzhenko - Postdoc

In addition to this several PhD students

Visiting Professors
 Richard M. Burton - Professor of Management and Organization at The Fuqua School of Business, Duke University
 Linda Argote - Professor of Organizational Behavior and Theory at Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University
 Charles Snow - Professor of Business Administration at Pennsylvania State University
 George Huber - Professor in Management at The University of Texas at Austin
 Fabian Lange - Assistant Professor of Economics at Department of Economics, Yale University

See also
 Organizational architecture

External links
ICOA Website
Aarhus School of Business and Social Sciences Website

Business models
Enterprise modelling


An ocean planet (or ocean world, water world, aquaplanet or panthalassic planet) is a type of terrestrial planet that contains a high amount of water. This may be a planet with ocean covering all of its surface (except maybe at the polar regions, where ice caps may exist), or a planet with a ocean bellow its surface (called a subsurface ocean).

Ocean planets are also the name of planets that have other types of liquids on them such as liquid ammonia, ethane, or even lava.

Habitation
A ocean planet covered in water may have conditions to support life. This has been questioned though, since some studies suggest that water worlds may not be friendly to life, since elements like phosphorus (a key part to DNA) may be hard to access, since it any be hidden in rocks at the bottom of the planet's oceans. Other problems here may be certain parts of the water cycle not working on an ocean planet, or the low amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. With that being said, there are still possibilities for life on water planets.

Possible ocean worlds

There are a few planets that could be ocean planets. All of these are extrasolar planets.

Kepler-22b a rocky super-Earth that lies in the habitable zone of its host star.
Gliese 1214b a super Earth that circles its red dwarf star very close, but a deep ocean may exist under high pressure caused by a strong atmosphere.
Kepler-62e, a rocky Earth-like planet that may be a warm and humid planet.
At least one of the TRAPPIST-1 planets may be an ocean world. The TRAPPIST-1 system is home to at least seven Earth-sized planets.

Several of the moons in the solar system may have oceans bellow their surfaces, which would make them ocean moons. One such example is Europa, one of Jupiter's moons.

References

Types of planet

Ocean planet


The Umkhonto Field Engineer Regiment (formerly 19 Field Engineer Regiment) is a regiment of the South African Army Engineer Formation. The unit is based in Durban with the HQ being at Old Fort Military Base, Lord's Grounds . As a reserve unit, it has a status roughly equivalent to that of a British Army Reserve or United States Army National Guard unit.

The role of the Engineers is to maintain mobility and serviceability of own forces and counter mobility of
enemy forces. Tasks include bridging, water purification, obstacles, demolition, infrastructure repair and
development.

History

Origin
19 Field Engineer Regiment was established as a Squadron in 1970 directly under Natal Command and was the first Engineer Squadron to be formed in Durban since the Second World War.

Border War
The squadron and later the Regiment was called up for a number of border duty camps during the 1970s and 1980s.

Post 1994
During the 1994 election, the unit was called up and deployed in the Eshowe area under command of the Durban Light Infantry.

In 1995 and 1996 the unit participated in training camps in Lohatla.

With the formation of the 'type' formations, including the South African Army Engineer Formation (SAAEF), in 1999, the regiment shifted from the territorial command structure to that of the SAAEF.

During 2000 to 2005 a new strategy was put in place and for the first time the unit started to train its own recruited members in Basic Engineer Corps training and Junior Leader training.

One of the highlights during this time was the construction of a permanent 8 bay Single-Double Bailey bridge in the Manguzi area, near the Mozambique border to improve local security.

By 2006 the unit mandate changed. The first detachments of unit members were deployed to the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), as part of the United Nations (MONUC) and AU Peace Support operations. Up until October 2014, the Regiment has undertaken six deployments to the DRC.

The Regiment supplied one member to be part of the United Nations Force Intervention Brigade. Lt John Dovey  deployed in the post of Combat Demolitions Team Leader as part of the Engineer troop attached to the 6 SAI Battalion.

The motto of the Engineer Corps is "Ubique" which means, Everywhere.
The motto of the Regiment is First in, Last out.

Insignia
The unit's insignia is based in the Roman numerals XIX (19) from its name.

Leadership

References

External links

Engineer regiments of South Africa
Military units and formations in Durban
Military units and formations established in 1970

Umkhonto Field Engineer Regiment


Purochana () is a character in Hindu mythology, an architect in the kingdom of Hastinapura, and one of Duryodhana's trusted aides in the Indian epic Mahabharata. He was also a minister under the Kauravas.

He is better known as the individual who created the Lakshagraha (palace of lac) under the orders of Duryodhana and his evil mentor, Shakuni. Purochana himself perished in the fire meant to kill the Pandavas. In his previous life, he had been born as Prahasta, who was a powerful rakshasa warrior, and chief commander of Ravana's army of Lanka. In both his births, he has been the minister of antagonistic monarchs.

References

Characters in the Mahabharata

Purochana


Ernest Johnson, Jr. (born November 5, 1956) is a sportscaster for Turner Sports coverage on TNT, TBS, truTV and CBS Sports.

He calls play-by-play for Golf on TNT and MLB on TBS. He is also the studio host for the NBA on TNT and college basketball tournaments for Turner Sports and CBS Sports. Johnson called Atlanta Braves games from 1993-1996 and again in 2010. He was also the studio host for TNT's coverage of the Wimbledon Championships. He also worked on Olympic Games and Goodwill Games for Turner Sports.  He was a co-host for Charles Barkley's talk show "Listen Up". Johnson also called weightlifting at the 2000 Summer Olympics for NBC. Johnson has called occasional NBA games for TNT.

Johnson is the son of the late pitcher for the Milwaukee Braves Ernie Johnson Sr.

References

College football broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Olympic Games broadcasters
Tennis broadcasters
American Christians
1956 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Milwaukee
Sportspeople from Atlanta

Ernie Johnson Jr.