The Priory of St. Mary the Virgin and St. Martin of the New Work, or Newark, commonly called Dover Priory, was a priory at Dover in southeast England. It was variously independent in rule, then occupied by canons regular of the Augustinian rule, then finally monks of the Benedictine rule as a cell of Christchurch Monastery, Canterbury.

The priory was located just east of what is now Dover Priory railway station, in fact the railway was built on the western part of the site. Housing has been built on the eastern part of the site where the church once stood, between Priory Road and the later Effingham Street in the area of Norman Street and Saxon Street. Dover College, a private boarding school, occupies the land between the station and Effingham Street and has rescued some of the medieval buildings for use by its pupils. The 12th-century Strangers' Refectory on Effingham Street retains its function and is also used for concerts; the gateway to the priory is now a music school and the priory guesthouse has been consecrated as the school chapel.

History

Saxon origins
In the early 7th century, a community of 22 secular canons was instituted in the Saxon burgh at Dover Castle by King Eadbald of Kent (616-640), possibly related to the Saxon church of St Mary de Castro there.  Taking their existing rights and privileges with them, these canons were transferred to a new small church dedicated to St Martin in the land now occupied by Market Square towards the end of the 7th century, by King Wihtred in fulfilment of a vow to that saint.  Their living was dependent on land and tithe grants, and the grant of half of some of the dues levied at the port, held in common.

Odo
The original small church at Market Square was granted to Odo, Bishop of Bayeux upon the Norman Conquest.  He rebuilt it on a grander scale, probably on or near the same site, and so was henceforth known as St. Martin's Le Grand (the Great). It was built above the much earlier foundations of Roman baths, with its churchyard covering most of the present Market Square.

New foundation
Since the Castle church, which had been their original Saxon home, was in some sense a Royal Chapel, the canons had always been a Royal peculiar, outside any episcopal control and only recognising the authority of the King, and later the Pope.  The then Archbishop of Canterbury, William de Corbeil, wanted to bring an end to this and extend his influence to Dover.  Therefore, in 1130, using the canons' behaviour as a pretext, he persuaded Henry I to give him a charter allowing him to transfer their assets to a new Priory of St Martin in Dover, whilst leaving their Market Square church to be used as the principal parish church of the town for the use of the townsfolk.  The parish church remained dedicated to St Martin - the new priory was called "St. Martin's of the New Work", or "Newark", to distinguish it from the parish church - and under the new Priory's control (its few remains can now be seen on the western side of Market Square, near Dover Museum.)

A site having been secured (probably from land that belonged to the former canons of St. Martin's le Grand), building began there in 1131, and within five years it was partially occupied by 12 canons regular as a Priory dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary and St. Martin.  Archbishop Theobald completed the buildings in about 1140 and in 1143 confirmed the transfer of the assets of St Martin le Grand and established that thereafter the new priory would follow the Benedictine Rule and remain in possession of the Cathedral church at Canterbury as a mere "cell", at the disposition of the Archbishop.  Much controversy thus ensued over the following two centuries between the monks of the cathedral and the canons of Dover Priory.

1150-1500
King Stephen was said to have died on a journey whilst staying at the Priory in 1154. Repaired and extended in 1231 after much damage in a fire of 1201, it was pillaged by the French in a raid in August 1295, during which a monk called Thomas de la Hale was murdered. Extensive repairs were made in the 1480s.

The abbey's church seems to have been a very large one - the King's Commissioner sent to assess it by Thomas Cromwell (just prior to its dissolution) described it to him in a letter as "the fairest church in all that quarter of Kent." It was probably three times as long as St. Mary's Church in Dover, with a general plan perhaps comparable to Repton Priory, or to the Cistercian Stanley Abbey in Wiltshire. Its tower would have stood almost at the present junction of Effingham and Saxon Streets.  Of its estimated area of about , about  square of this were its cloisters, with a chapter house joined to the church's transept's north wall, and about an eighth was a refectory.

It had an impressive scriptorium and library which vanished from the records at the Dissolution - parts of it re-appeared on the open market later and are now in colleges of the University of Cambridge, including the Dover Bible (one of only six surviving giant Romanesque Bibles) in the Parker Library of Corpus Christi.

Dissolution
In 1538 it was suppressed in the Dissolution of the Monasteries.  The inventory made of the Priory's goods just beforehand suggest that the monks were living in straitened circumstances by that time (although that may be a fictional pretext for dissolution), but that some provision was still made for the entertainment of visitors to the town.

After its suppression, leading townsmen plundered the buildings for stone, lead and other building materials, leaving just two barns, the gate-house, the refectory and a large hall still standing. Fishermen speaking in court in 1565, said that they had in the past taken their tithes of fish to the Priory "whiles it stood".  These buildings were adapted to agricultural use (apart from the 'large hall', which might have been used to house guests). The town records (the new poor law demanded that vagrants be rounded up periodically by the mayor and his officers for questioning and then usually ejected from the town) show that one of these buildings, known as the "Priory Barn", was frequently used as a refuge for vagrants, particularly at times of poor harvests, plague and low employment such as the 1590s and 1620s.  This may have been because of a folk memory of a time when the Priory, like other religious houses, was a place of refuge and hospitality for the poor.

Its lands were granted first to a cleric called Richard Thornden or Thornton, but passed on shortly afterwards to Archbishop Thomas Cranmer when Thornton  received an important benefice.  In December 1538, Cranmer leased them out to Henry Bingham of Wingham, gentleman, on a 999-year lease, who then (as the Archbishop had always done when the monastery was still active) in turn leased them out to others. Probably some active, entrepreneurial men who were later to become very influential in the life of the town first came to Dover with the express purpose of exploiting the lands and tithes of this and other suppressed religious houses of the area.

18th and 19th centuries

Illustrations from the 18th and early 19th centuries of the Priory Farm show its decaying Norman buildings and its two ponds as a picturesque ruin and a pleasant spot on the edge of the town.  Upon the Duke of Wellington's installation as Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports in August 1839, a grand fete was held in the Priory meadow.

Much of the buildings were demolished during the first half of the 19th century, including the two barns, one in the north-west corner of the grounds some time after 1850, and one in the south-west corner in 1868.

In 1840 the Priory site's owner (a farmer called John Coleman) the south-eastern parts of the enclosed site was let on a building lease to Parker Ayres. This damaged the remaining buildings but fortunately, between 1845 and 1847, the local cleric Dr. F.C.Plumptre had already noted everything he possibly could about the foundations of the original buildings.  His reconstruction suggests that the builders probably created Effingham Street along the site of the dormitory, chapter house and transepts, Effingham Crescent along what might have been the reredorter, and Saxon Street and the houses and gardens of the north side of St. Martin's Hill along what was once the nave of the church.

From c.1840 to 1868, the local timber merchant Steriker Finnis leased or owned the western portion of the site. In 1868 the ponds were drained and this portion of the grounds became Priory Gate Road and part of the yard of Dover Priory railway station.

Dover College

In 1869 Robert Chignell, who had a private school at Westmount, in Folkestone Road, leased part of the Priory buildings for a private school. He passed on his interest, however, to a group of leading citizens in Dover who had formed the Dover College Company to promote the foundation of a public school on what remained of the Priory site with the dual intention of providing a public school education for local boys and of using and thus preserving the Priory's remaining ancient buildings.

Dover College opened modestly in 1871. It acquired the large hall, or guest-house, in 1879 and converted it into a chapel for the school by enlarging the east end into an apse. In time, the Ecclesiastical Commissioners made over the whole property to the College Trustees. The Strangers' Refectory was restored and an important but damaged fresco was found there. The gatehouse was restored in 1881, to mark a charitable act by Sir Richard Dickenson the then mayor of Dover. Famous alumni of Dover College include Simon Cowell, Air Marshal Sir Hugh Walmsley, Sir Frederick Ashton, J. Lee Thompson, Admiral Sir Peter White, George Lam, Michael Kuhn, Guy East, and Dai Fujikura.

See also
 Maison Dieu, Dover - across Priory Road, founded in 1203 to provide hospitality to pilgrims
 St Edmund's Chapel - a wayside chapel on Priory Road, serving a cemetery set up by the Priory

References

Bibliography
 - has old engravings of the priory

Further reading
  Includes photograph of the interior of the chapel (former guesten house).
  This is an introduction to the library catalogue of the Benedictine priory of St Martin at Dover, compiled by the precentor, John Whytefield, in 1389.

External links

Website of Dover Museum
Picture of Priory Building

Monasteries in Kent
Augustinian monasteries in England
Benedictine monasteries in England
Monasteries dissolved under the English Reformation
History of Dover, Kent
Buildings and structures in Dover, Kent
1130 establishments in England
1538 disestablishments in England
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
Former Royal Peculiars

Dover Priory


School Girl (also known as The Schoolgirl) is a 1971 pornographic film directed by Paul David Gerber (also known as David Reberg), and was mentioned in the "Guilty Pleasures" section of Time magazine's list of "All-Time 100 best films". The film stars Debra Allen and George S. MacDonald of Behind the Green Door.

Premise

A college coed researches a sex subculture by answering ads in the college's underground newspaper.

Cast
 Debra Allen
 Susan Davis
 Sunny Waters
 Eric Humphrey
 George S. McDonald (as George Allen)

Recognition
Critic Richard Corliss wrote in 1978 that "All critics should have a sex movie among their guilty pleasures", and expanded that his favorite was School Girl because it was "one of the few porn comedies to poke holes in the inanities of the genre without letting the air escape from the spectator's libido". The film was later listed among Corliss's "Guilty Pleasures" as a postscript to Time Magazine's list of "All-Time 100 best films." In his essay, Corliss described the film as a "mini-masterpiece", offering that the film was "a funny, telling comment on how directors bring an audience's gamiest desires to life, and on how power helps define any human relationship." Corliss later wrote that the film was the "friendliest, most naturalistic porno I know" and that it was "a lovely, and hot, demonstration of the thesis that sex is power".

Controversy
The film was the subject of litigation, being declared obscene and its distribution in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 371 and 1462 (1976). Originally found so in 1973 by a federal grand jury in Memphis, Tennessee, the finding was appealed in 1978 and confirmed in 1979.

References

External links

1971 films
1970s pornographic films
1970s English-language films

School Girl (film)


The 1984 Barneveld tornado occurred in Barneveld, Wisconsin on June 8, 1984.

Tornadoes began braking out on the afternoon of June 7 across North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Kansas, and Missouri. Three people were killed in Missouri by a tornado and one person was killed in Iowa just after 9:00 p.m. CDT. The severe weather then shifted into Wisconsin where a tornado watch went out at 11:00 p.m. CDT, but most of Barneveld had gone to bed that night.

A supercell thunderstorm which produced a tornado in Iowa at 9:00 p.m. CT entered Wisconsin from the Iowa/Illinois border at midnight. At 12:30 a.m., the first tornado touched down in Lafayette County. At 12:41 a.m., the tornado drove through Barneveld. A sharp bolt of lightning as well as a loud clap of thunder cut the power to the city, awakening residents. Other tornadoes broke out before dissipating after 3:00 a.m. CDT.

The tornado was rated an F5 and killed 9 people and injured 200 others as well as $25 million in damage. It was the last F5 tornado to occur at night until the Birmingham, Alabama tornado in April 1998.

Tornadoes in the United States
1980s in weather

1984 Barneveld tornado


John Read Giordano (born December 31, 1937) is an American orchestra conductor, professor of music, composer, and former concert saxophonist.  He is Associate Professor of Music at Texas Christian University.  He is Music Director Emeritus of the Fort Worth Symphony Orchestra where he served as Music Director and Conductor for 27 years, Founder of the Fort Worth Chamber Orchestra, Jury Chairman of the Van Cliburn International Piano Competition since 1973, Music Director Emeritus of the Youth Orchestra of Greater Fort Worth, Founder and Director of the Colorado College Summer Music Festival and Conservatory, Director of Chamber Music for the Bowdoin Summer Music Festival, International Guest Conductor, published composer and arranger with an extensive award-winning discography.

Education
Giordano holds the following diplomas:

 1960 — Texas Christian University, Bachelor of Music Education (composition)
 Texas Christian University, Master of Music
 Conservatoire Royal de Musique, Brussels, Diploma Superieure (Fulbright Scholar)
 University of North Texas, Doctor of Musical Arts

Giordano also studied at the University of California and the Eastman School of Music.  While studying at the Brussels Conservatory, he studied saxophone with Francois Daneels, who was recognized as one of Europe's leading saxophone virtuosos.

Published work & academic appointments
 Fantasy, for Alto Saxophone and Piano, Southern Music Co., San Antonio (c1969)
 March 1966 — While a grad student at the University of North Texas College of Music, Giordano was appointed Assistant Conductor of the Fort Worth Youth Symphony when it was formed.
 April 13, 1966 — Giordano premiered a composition for saxophone wind ensemble, performed by the Dallas Symphony.  He composed the work through his involvement with the Composer-Performer Workshop at the University of North Texas.  Another one of his compositions, built a 12-tone theme, was simply read by the orchestra during rehearsal.
 July 11, 1966 — The University of North Texas regents approved the appointment of Giordano to teach in the College of Music as Artist in Residence.  Giordano served at the University of North Texas until 1973, when, a year earlier, he was appointed conductor of the Fort Worth Symphony.

Saxophonist
Giordano is known well as a symphony conductor.  But he also had a distinguished career as a saxophonist.  Early in his career, one of his notable performances was in London with the BBC Symphony Chamber Orchestra performing Jacques Ibert's Concertino da Camera under the direction of Francis Chagrin on May 12, 1971.  In December 1971, Giordano toured France and Belgium, performing concert saxophone on Flemish and French radio and television and in the cities of Tubize, Dinant, Brussels, Enghien, Antwerp, Paris, Givet, and Marcinelle.

Family
John Giordano is married to Mary Alice Giordano (nee Dammann).  They have three children:

 Jacqueline Anne Giordano (married Stephen B Lasko, 1992, Fort Worth)
 Ellen Elaine Giordano (married Stewart G Austin, Jr. 1994, Fort Worth)
 John Bishop Giordano (married Veronica F Barron, 1995, Fort Worth)

External links
 Biography, Corpus Christi Symphony Orchestra

References

American male conductors (music)
1937 births
Classical saxophonists
American classical saxophonists
American male saxophonists
Texas classical music
Texas Christian University alumni
University of North Texas College of Music alumni
University of North Texas College of Music faculty
Living people
21st-century American saxophonists
21st-century American conductors (music)
21st-century American male musicians

John Giordano (conductor)


Helmut Kolle (24 February 1899 – 17 November 1931) was a German painter who found major success in France in the 1920s, fusing the German modernist style with that of French painting.

Kolle was born in Berlin-Charlottenburg, the second son of the noted bacteriologist Wilhelm Kolle (1868–1935) and Helene Alwine Brigl. His father initially worked at Robert Koch's Berlin institute (the Robert Koch Institute) and then relocated to Bern in Switzerland with his family in 1906. There Kolle also received some instruction in painting and drawing.

In 1917, the family moved to Frankfurt where Wilhelm Kolle became director of the Royal Institute for Experimental Therapy (now the Paul Ehrlich Institute). In 1918 Helmut Kolle met his business partner, lover, and mentor Wilhelm Uhde, an art collector, and moved with him to Weimar. After early experiences as a fledgling writer, Kolle shifted his focus more and more to painting, getting instruction from Erna Pinner in 1918/19, made possible by Uhde's connections in the art world.

In 1923, Uhde hosted the first show of Kolle's paintings at his art gallery in Berlin. In 1924, Kolle and Uhde moved to Paris, where Kolle was heavily influenced by the works of Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. A very successful exhibition followed in 1925, which even had a poem by Jean Cocteau about one of the paintings in the catalog. At a 1926 exhibition, almost all paintings shown were also sold, and around this time Helmut Kolle began signing his paintings as "Kolle" instead of using his earlier pseudonym "Helmut vom Hügel" (which is a complex pun based on the fact that the Latin word colle, which sounds like Kolle, is the ablative of collis, "hill", and can mean "from the hill" when combined with an appropriate preposition—which then translates back to German as vom Hügel). In 1926, Uhde moved to Chantilly, where he was later joined by Kolle in 1928 when the latter's health deteriorated.

Kolle had been suffering from endocarditis since 1922. In the summer of 1931, his health problems got worse and he died in November that year. He was interred at the Cimetière du Bois de Bourillon in Chantilly.

Kolle's works, insofar as they depict people, tend to feature either males, often in various states of undress or slightly suggestive poses, either (in his earlier works) very feminine-looking boys or (later in his career) decidedly muscular men, the shift probably influenced by the ideals of masculinity as found in novels by Henry de Montherlant. Despite these fairly obvious homoerotic sentiments in his paintings, Kolle was notoriously guarded about his homosexuality and his relationship with Uhde, much different to the openness of other homosexual artists in France or Germany at the time, e.g. Klaus Mann.

After Kolle's death, major exhibitions of his works took place in Hamburg (1952 and 2011), Chemnitz (2010), and Munich (1994), in addition to numerous exhibitions in smaller European galleries. In England, Lucy Wertheim was the most important exponent of Kolle's œuvre, exhibiting Kolle's paintings in her London gallery in 1930, 1931, 1934, 1935, and 1938.

Gallery

References

Page numbers refer to:Mössinger, I., Bauer-Friedrich, T., and Müller, K. [ed.]: Helmut Kolle – Ein Deutscher in Paris (exhibition catalog), 2010, 297 pp.

External links

 Gallery with more of his works at Zeno.org  — Those scans look very desaturated compared to the real paintings, however.

1899 births
1931 deaths
Painters from Berlin
Modern painters
20th-century German painters
20th-century German male artists
German male painters
German gay artists
German LGBT painters
German expatriates in France
Gay painters
Deaths from endocarditis
20th-century German LGBT people

Helmut Kolle


Robert Maclay Widney (December 23, 1838 – November 14, 1929) was an American lawyer, judge, and one of the founders of the University of Southern California (USC).

History
He was born in Piqua, Ohio. He was the older brother of Joseph Widney, second president of USC; and the nephew of Robert Samuel Maclay, a pioneer missionary to China; and Charles Maclay, later a state senator for California.

Widney left Ohio in September 1855 and spent two years hunting and trapping on the Great Plains and in the Rocky Mountains.

Los Angeles
Widney arrived in California in September 1857. He studied at the University of the Pacific (then located in Santa Clara) from 1858 to 1862. He was admitted to the bar in 1865, and moved to Los Angeles in 1867. In 1871, he was named a judge of the Court of California for Los Angeles and San Bernardino Counties. He was a founder of the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce (established in 1873). He was a member of the 19th century 'Lincoln' Republican Party.

In 1874 Widney began the first successful public rail transit company in Los Angeles, building a  horse drawn trolly line between Los Angeles Plaza and 6th Street at Pearl Street (present day Figueroa Street in Downtown Los Angeles).

University of Southern California
Los Angeles was still a growing frontier town in the early 1870s, when a group of public-spirited citizens led by Judge Robert Maclay Widney first saw the need and imagined establishing a university in the city. It took nearly a decade for this vision to become a reality, but in 1879 Widney formed a board of trustees and on July 29, 1879, secured a donation of 308 lots of undeveloped land in South Los Angeles from three prominent members of the community — Ozro W. Childs, a Protestant Los Angeles horticulturist and merchant; former California governor John G. Downey, an Irish-Catholic pharmacist and businessman; and Isaias W. Hellman, a German-Jewish Los Angeles philanthropist and banker/founder of Farmers and Merchants Bank of Los Angeles. The gift provided land for a campus as well as a source of endowment, the seeds of financial support for the nascent institution.

On August 29, 2014, a statue of Judge Robert Maclay Widney was unveiled by USC President C. L. Max Nikias before USC Trustees, senior leadership, and members of the USC community, including descendants of the founder. The bronze monument, sculpted by Christopher Slatoff, stands on campus at the entrance of the Widney Alumni House.

Death
Robert M. Widney died on November 14, 1929 in Los Angeles. He was interred at Angelus-Rosedale Cemetery in Central Los Angeles.

References

External links
L.A. Public Library biography file for Robert M.Widney (PDF–1.4MB)
 West Adams Historical Society: Biographical sketch of Robert M. Widney

California state court judges
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Lawyers from Los Angeles
1838 births
1929 deaths
American railway entrepreneurs
American railroad pioneers
University of Southern California people
Burials at Angelus-Rosedale Cemetery
California Republicans
Farmers and Merchants Bank of Los Angeles people
McGeorge School of Law alumni
People from Piqua, Ohio
19th century in Los Angeles
Maclay family
University and college founders

Robert M. Widney


Travel Channel International (stylized as Trvl Channel in Asia and Australia since 2021) is a commercial television channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery and broadcasting travel-themed programmes in the EMEA regions and Asia Pacific, spanning 21 on-air languages.

The channel was formally operated by Travel Channel International Limited (TCI) and, despite the name, it had no relation with the American television channel of the same name. TCI was acquired by Scripps Networks Interactive, owners of the American channel, in May 2012. In March 2018, Discovery, Inc. acquired Scripps Networks Interactive. Beginning in October 2018, the International service has again diverged from the American network in its programming as the latter network was relaunched as a destination for paranormal and supernatural programming.

History
Travel Channel was launched by Landmark Communications in Europe in February 1994. In the UK it was seen as a cable-exclusive channel due to it not being carried on the Astra satellite. In 2004, it was sold to the station's chief executive Richard Wolfe and placed under the wings of Travel Channel International Limited (TCI).

A second, sister channel, Travel Channel 2, launched on Sky Digital in the UK and Ireland on 11 February 2008, but closed on 2 March 2009 when the EPG slot was sold to TCM UK. Travel Channel International began to offer their high definition channel, Travel Channel HD, throughout Europe on 15 November 2010 and consequently Asia.

TCI was acquired by Scripps Networks Interactive in May 2012. On 25 March 2013, Travel Channel received refreshed branding, with an overhaul of its scheduling and programming.

On 2 April 2013, the channel was launched on Freesat, a free-to-air satellite television platform in the United Kingdom.

On 31 October 2015, Travel Channel was replaced by Discovery Turbo in New Zealand.

In March 2018, Discovery, Inc. acquired Scripps Networks Interactive.

On 16 January 2019, Travel Channel was removed from Freesat and Freeview in favour of sister channel DMAX in the United Kingdom.

Travel Channel closed in the Netherlands and Flanders on 31 January 2019. Content from former Scripps television channels this channel (Travel Channel), Fine Living and Food Network has been integrated into the programming of Discovery, TLC and Investigation Discovery in the Benelux.

Travel Channel was removed from the Sky EPG on 30 June 2020. It continued to be available on Virgin Media and the Astra 28.2e satellite in the UK and Ireland until 27 August 2020. The channel is still available on some IPTV providers in Ireland and The UK.

On 1 September 2021, Travel Channel in Asia Pacific markets has received a newly refreshed logo stylized as Trvl Channel.
On 9 Of March 2022 Travel Channel has ceased broadcasting on Russia with Eurosport, TLC (during a HGTV block), DTX, Discovery Science, Investigation Discovery, Discovery Channel, Animal Planet, Cartoon Network and Boomerang.

Logos

Channels
Travel Channel (EMEA, SD/HD simulcast)
Travel Channel (Poland, SD/HD simulcast)
Travel Channel (Asia, SD/HD simulcast)
Travel Channel (India, SD/HD simulcast)
Travel Channel (Australia, HD)

Programming
Travel Channel's lineup consists of programming involving travel, such as guides to holiday planning, and traditional documentary programming about destinations, cuisine, culture, nature and shopping, along with other types of travel such as backpacking, culinary tourism, ecotourism and luxury tourism.

References

External links

Warner Bros. Discovery networks
Defunct television channels in the Netherlands
Defunct television channels in Belgium
Television channels in the United Kingdom
Television channels in North Macedonia
Television channels and stations established in 1994
Travel television
Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA

Travel Channel International


Wyoming is a frame historic house located in Clinton in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. It consists of three separate and distinct sections: the main block built in the third quarter of the 18th century, a ca. 1800 kitchen, and a connecting two-bay section of c. 1850. The house is a well-preserved example of Maryland's gambrel-roofed colonial architecture, and is more specifically noteworthy as an excellent example of southern Maryland tidewater architecture. With the exception of Mt. Pleasant, the house may have the oldest boxwood in the county planted on its grounds.

Wyoming is also significant historically as the ancestral home of the Marburys, a family which produced many of Maryland's political, professional, and judicial leaders through the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. The house has been continuously owned by members of the family from its construction c. 1750 until 1973.  A small Marbury family cemetery  is located south of the main house in a grove of trees. This includes a large obelisk dedicated to Catharine Taylor Marbury, the wife of Fendall Marbury, who died in 1866. Wyoming is also notable for its great planting of boxwood, forming a walkway leading to the front of the house.

Wyoming was part of an original land grant known as Appledore, patented by Robert Middleton in 1688. Appledore is seen as #9 on the map of Tracts of the Lower Piscataway Hundred before April 23, 1696. The name "Wyoming", according to the Marbury family history, was chosen by a daughter of the family (Cora Marbury) after a favorite poem, "Gertrude of Wyoming", written by Thomas Campbell in 1809. The poem deals with a famous Indian massacre in the Wyoming Valley of Pennsylvania, and was a favorite of Cora's.

History
Francis Marbury, prominent in early 18th century Maryland as a vestryman of St. John's, Broadcreek, the oldest parish in Prince George's County; a Tobacco Inspector for the Piscataway district; a Land Commissioner for Prince George's County; and Judge of Survey in Charles County, acquired the property in 1698, known as Appledore. Upon his death in 1734, his landholdings were divided between his sons, Eusebius, Leonard, Luke, and William.

Little is known about Luke Marbury (d. October, 1758) second son of Francis Marbury, other than that he held positions as an Inspector of Tobacco at Piscataway. a commissioner of the county, and Justice of the Peace. He left an only son, Luke Marbury (II), to whom his property was transferred. (Luke Marbury I is the presumed builder of Wyoming.)

Luke Marbury (II) attained real distinction during the Revolutionary War. As he came to be called, Colonel Luke Marbury served on various Committees of Observation and Correspondence. He was chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1775, and participated in framing Maryland's first constitution.  When war appeared imminent, he was commissioned a captain of the local militia company.  He fought in the Battle of Germantown, where he was captured and imprisoned.  Col. Marbury was exchanged in 1781,  and returned to Prince George's County where local tradition records that he was carried through the streets of Upper Marlboro on the shoulders of the crowd. He served as a member of the State Legislature until he died in 1809.

Of note, Dr. William Beanes, Colonel Luke Marbury's brother-in-law, was taken prisoner shortly after the successful British assault on Washington, D.C., in August 1814. Francis Scott Key, a friend of Beanes, went on board the British ship in the Chesapeake Bay where Beanes was being held in an effort to secure his release. It is from this vantage point that Key witnessed the bombardment of Fort McHenry on the night of September 13–14, 1814, that inspired him to write the "Star-Spangled Banner."

Col. Marbury's eldest son, who was known as Captain William Marbury because of his service in the War of 1812, served in a number of positions of Legislature from 1798 to 1800, and was elected several times as Clerk of the County Court. Shortly after his marriage to Susan Fendall, his health began to fail and he died of tuberculosis at the age of 34.

William Luke Marbury, eldest son of Capt. William Marbury, inherited Wyoming at his father's death.  He devoted himself to agriculture and care of the family's large landholdings.  It is his daughter, Cora who is credited with the creation of the name Wyoming for the family home. William Luke Marbury died about 1836, and his widow, Susan Fitzhugh Fendall Marbury, who died August 25, 1871, are both buried in the family graveyard on this property (graves unmarked according to current owners).

Susan Marbury transferred title of the Wyoming property to her son, Fendall on March 31, 1860.  Fendall Marbury studied law at St. John's College in Annapolis and practiced in Alexandria, Virginia. He married, Catherine Taylor Marshall great-niece of Chief Justice John Marshall, on October 6, 1857, and they moved to Wyoming and made it their home.  Fendall, like other Marburys, held many positions of responsibility, including member of the State Legislature, one of the State Presidential Electors, and a vestryman of St. Thomas parish. Until 1973 Wyoming was transferred from member to member of the Marbury family.

Wyoming was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

Wyoming Farm

Wyoming Farm is a young chestnut and pawpaw orchard that started in 2016 on the grounds at Wyoming. Within 10 years, the orchard will produce fruit and nuts and will serve the Clinton and Washington, DC community by using "Pick Your Own" methods. Tourism opportunities exist in historical tours, permaculture workshops, private events. Wyoming Farm Studio is a photography study which offers private guided photo workshops managed by Carriage House Studio and Gallery.

References

External links
, including photo in 1978, at Maryland Historical Trust website
 Wyoming, 330 Thrift Street (11530 Thrift Road), Clinton, Prince George's, MD: 4 drawings, 23 photos, 17 data pages, and 2 photo caption pages at Historic American Buildings Survey

Historic American Buildings Survey in Maryland
Houses in Prince George's County, Maryland
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
Federal architecture in Maryland
Houses completed in 1787
1787 establishments in Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Prince George's County, Maryland

Wyoming (Clinton, Maryland)


Mpumalanga () is a province of South Africa. The name means "East", or literally "The Place Where the Sun Rises" in the Nguni languages. Mpumalanga lies in eastern South Africa, bordering Eswatini and Mozambique.  It shares borders with the South African provinces of Limpopo to the north, Gauteng to the west, the Free State to the southwest, and KwaZulu-Natal to the south. The capital is Mbombela.

Mpumalanga was formed in 1994, when the area that was the Eastern Transvaal was merged with the former bantustans KaNgwane, KwaNdebele and parts of Lebowa and Gazankulu. Although the contemporary borders of the province were only formed at the end of apartheid, the region and its surroundings have a history that extends back thousands of years. Much of its history, and current significance is as a region of trade.

History

Precolonial Era

Archeological sites in the Mpumalanga region indicate settlement by humans and their ancestors dating back 1.7 million years. Rock paintings, engravings and other archeological evidence throughout the province indicate that Mpumalanga has a long history of human habitation by groups of hunter gathers. Excavations not far from the Mpumalanga border in the Origstad district, show evidence of Middle Stone Age habitation dating back to 40,000 years ago. The Lion Cavern, in Ngwenya on the Eswatini border, shows evidence of people mining iron ore in the Mpumalanga region and surrounding areas from at least 28 000 years ago.

Evidence from mine shafts and trade goods shows that there was notable industry in tin, copper, gold, iron, ochre, and bronze. The Lydenburg Heads, from around 500 CE, are Africa's oldest Iron Age artworks south of the equator and were found in Mpumalanga. Evidence from a site near Mbombela shows evidence of agricultural societies from between the 6th to 17th century.

Bokoni stone-walled sites on the Mpumalanga highveld are indicative of a large precolonial agropastoral society between ~1500 and 1820 CE. These societies became centers of trade, with increasingly large and centralised populations This pattern  increased as they connected to the Portuguese trading post in Maputo Bay.

In this era, groups that would become the Swazi, Pedi, Ndebele, Mapulana and others established themselves in the area that is now Mpumalanga.

Colonial era
In 1845, as part of the Great Trek, the first Dutch-speaking colonial settlers arrived in what they called the eastern Transvaal. The rest of the 19th century in the region was characterised by colonial encroachment and conflict over land and political control. In 1852, the Boers established the South African Republic. The well established Pedi, Swazi and Zulu kingdoms put up significant resistance against the settlers. The Pedi fought wars with the Boers in 1876 (see Sekhukhune Wars) and the Zulu fought with British settlers in 1879 (see Anglo-Zulu War). These interconnected conflicts played a role in shifting the balance of power in southern Africa to colonial control. After 1860, missionaries, especially German missionaries like Alexander Merensky set up mission stations in the region, spreading Christianity and European values.

Just as the region had been a center for trade in the precolonial era, in the colonial era, the Eastern Transvaal region became an important thoroughfare for trade between Johannesburg and Delagoa Bay (now Maputo). Gold mining around areas like Pilgrims Rest and Barberton and farming were the main forms of economic activity. On farms in the Transvaal, under a system known as Inboekstelsel, Boers carried out raids to capture children and forced them into indentured labour. During the South African War, the region was the site of notable battles.

Apartheid
When the National Party came to power in 1948, their policy of apartheid  intensified the segregation that had defined communities in the Transvaal. Under a policy of forced removals, Black South Africans were evicted from areas reserved for white people and moved into homelands, including KaNgwane, KwaNdebele, Lebowa and Gazankulu. As the apartheid regime implemented oppressive policies that defined almost every aspect of life, activists responded with resistance.

In 1959, the small town of Bethal on what is now the Mpumalanga highveld was the center of the anti-apartheid consumer potato boycott in response to the working conditions Black South African labourers faced on farms in the area. The region was influenced by dynamics in exile and elsewhere in the country, for instance Black Consciousness, the Sharpeville Massacre and the 1976 Soweto Uprisings. In the 1980s, under intense repression, youth and labour organizations moblized against the government and townships and Bantustans erupted in political unrest and violence.

In 1986, an avoidable disaster  killed 177 mine workers in Kinross Mine in the region's highveld. The response to the disaster by the National Union of Mineworkers was a key point in the South African labour struggle. By the late 1980s, the intensity of resistance across South Africa (including areas like Mpumalanga, which hadn't previously been seen as key areas of resistance) combined with economic factors and international pressure was strong enough to end apartheid. On 27 April 1994, when South Africa held its first democratic elections, Mpumalanga province was formed. It was originally called the "Eastern Transvaal" province, but the name was later changed to Mpumalanga on 24 August 1995.

Post-apartheid
The liberation movement turned leading party, the African National Congress (ANC) came into power in Mpumalanga after white minority rule ended. A program of land redistribution, aimed at granting land back to the black communities who were forcibly moved during apartheid, had redistributed tens of thousands of hectares to these communities and their descendants. However, the process has been marked by corruption, controversy and has been seen as inadequate to address the extent of apartheid spatial planning.

In 2001, 1,270 hectares of the Boomplaats farm near Mashishing was the first farm in South Africa to be expropriated.

Geography

The Drakensberg escarpment divides Mpumalanga into a westerly half consisting mainly of high-altitude grassland called the Highveld and an eastern half situated in low-altitude subtropical Lowveld/Bushveld, mostly savanna habitat. The southern half of the Kruger National Park is in the latter region. The Drakensberg exceeds heights of 2000 m in most places, with this central region of Mpumalanga being very mountainous. These regions have alpine grasslands and small pockets of Afromontane forest. The Lowveld is relatively flat with interspersed rocky outcrops. The Lebombo Mountains form a low range in the far east, on the border with Mozambique.

Some of the oldest rocks on earth have been found in the Barberton area; these ancient greenstones and metamorphosed granites form the Crocodile River Mountains in the southeast of the province. The Lowveld is underlaid by African Cratonic Basement rocks of ages in excess of 2 billion years. The Highveld is mostly Karoo Sequence sedimentary rock of a younger, Carboniferous to Permian age.

Mpumalanga is the only South African province to border two provinces of Mozambique (Gaza Province to the northeast and Maputo Province to the east), as well as all four regions of Eswatini (Lubombo, Hhohho, Manzini, and Shiselweni districts).

Climate
The Lowveld is subtropical, due to its latitude and proximity to the warm Indian Ocean. The Highveld is comparatively much cooler and drier, due to its elevation of 1700 m to 2300 m above sea level. The Drakensberg escarpment receives the most precipitation, with all other areas being moderately well-watered by mostly-summer thunderstorms. The Highveld often experiences considerable freezing, while the Lowveld is mostly frost-free. Winter rainfall is rare, except for some drizzle on the escarpment. The differences in climate are demonstrated by comparing the capital, Mbombela, which is in the Lowveld, with Belfast, which is an hour away on the Highveld:

 Mbombela averages: January maximum: 29 °C (min: 19 °C), July maximum: 23 °C (min: 6 °C), annual precipitation: 767 mm
 Belfast averages: January maximum: 23 °C (min: 12 °C), June maximum: 15 °C (min: 1 °C), annual precipitation: 878 mm
With climate change in the province, rainfall is becoming more variable, temperatures and evaporation rates are rising and extreme weather events are becoming more frequent. It is predicted that these changes will shift biomes so that most of the province will be savanna.

Ecology
Some of the earliest signs of life on Earth have been found in Mpumalanga. In the Makhonjwa mountain range's greenstone belt near Barberton, a fossil layer shows microbial activity that is 3.22 billion years old. This discovery indicates that life emerged on Earth 300 million years earlier than previously thought.

Mpumalanga has a high plant and animal diversity. Many species are endemic to the province.

Endemic species
A partial list of species that are endemic to Mpumalanga
 Roust Golden Mole (Amblysomus robustus), a mammal in the golden mole family.
 Treur River Barb (Enteromius treurensis), a river fish.
 Barberton sugarbush (Protea curvata), a protea plant threatened by mining activity.
 Sim's Spotted Aloe (Aloe simii) an aloe threatened by road construction.
 Komati Waterberry (Syzygium komatiense) a species of waterberry tree.
 Thorncroftia lotterii , a flowering plant.
 Acontias albigularis, a lizard species.
 Procrica mariepskopa, a moth species.
 Inkomati Mountain Catfish (Amphilius engelbrechti)
 Yellow Baberton Grass Aloe (Aloe craibii)
 Longtom oneye (Monopsis kowynensis)
 Graskop cliff aloe (Aloe nubigena)

Conservation areas
The diverse and special flora and fauna of the province enjoys protection in a range of nature reserves.
 Barberton Nature Reserve
 Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve
 Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park, previously known as Gaza-Kruger-Gonarezhou Transfrontier Park. This international game park brings together some of the best and most established wildlife areas in southern Africa. The park is managed as an integrated unit across an unprecedented three international boundaries which includes the Kruger National Park (South Africa), Limpopo National Park (Mozambique) and Gonarezhou National Park (Zimbabwe).
 Lowveld National Botanical Garden in Mbombela
 Sabi Sand Game Reserve, which is built up of numerous private reserves: Nottens Bush Camp, Idube Safari Lodge, Chitwa Chitwa Game Lodge, Djuma Game Reserve, Exeter Game Lodge, Inyati Private Game Reserve, Leopard Hills Private Game Reserve, Lion Sands Private Game Reserve, Londolozi Game Reserve, Mala Mala Game Reserve, Savanna Private Game Reserve and Ulusaba Game Lodge.
 Verloren Vallei near Dullstroom

Many species of plants are unique to the different geological formations within Mpumalanga. Some examples of these formations include serpentines of Barberton Mountains, norites of Sekhukhuneland, quartzites of Blyde River Canyon, and the dolomites in the northern plateaus.

Law and government

Mpumalanga is governed by the Mpumalanga Provincial Legislature, a unicameral system of 30 legislators democratically elected though a closed list system. Under the constitution of South Africa, the legislature is intended to create laws, promote public participation and provide oversight. From 1994 to the present, the African National Congress has been the leading party in the Mpumalanga legislature. As of the 2019 elections, the Economic Freedom Fighters, Democratic Alliance and Freedom Front Plus are in opposition in the legislature.  Elected every five years, the premier of Mpumalanga is the head of government in the province. Since 2018, Refilwe Mtsweni-Tsipane has held the office of premier.

Municipalities

Mpumalanga Province is divided into three district municipalities. The district municipalities are in turn divided into 18 local municipalities:

District municipalities

 Ehlanzeni District
 Bushbruckridge
 Mbombela
 Nkomazi
 Thaba Chweu
 Umjindi

 Gert Sibande District
 Albert Luthuli
 Dipaleseng
 Govan Mbeki
 Lekwa
 Mkhondo
 Msukaligwa
 Pixley ka Seme

 Nkangala District
 Delmas
 Dr JS Moroka
 Emalahleni
 Highlands
 Steve Tshwete
 Thembisile

Economy

Farming

68% of land area in the province is used by agriculture. The climatic contrasts between the drier Highveld region, with its cold winters, and the hot, humid Lowveld allow for a variety of agricultural activities. Mpumalanga has been an important supplier of fruit and vegetables for local and international markets for decades. A history of dispossession mean that farming land is largely white owned, although policies of land redistribution era aim to address this.

Crops include maize, wheat, sorghum, barley, sunflower seed, soybeans, macadamias, groundnuts, sugar cane, vegetables, coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco, citrus, subtropical and deciduous fruit. Natural grazing covers approximately 14% of Mpumalanga. The main products are beef, mutton, wool, poultry and dairy.

Farming in the province is driven by both a combination of seasonal, permanent and temporary labourers. Conditions on farms vary widely but seasonal and temporary workers, many of whom are migrant workers from nearby Mozambique, face intense insecurity.

Forestry is extensive around Sabie and Graskop. Located near the forests, Ngodwana is the site of one of South Africa's largest paper mills (Sappi).

Mining
Extensive mining is done and the minerals found include gold, platinum group metals, silica, chromite, vanadiferous magnetite, argentiferous zinc, antimony, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, tin, coal, andalusite, chrysotile asbestos, kieselguhr, limestone, magnesite, talc and shale.

Gold was first discovered in Mpumalanga province in 1883 by Auguste Roberts in the mountains surrounding what is now Barberton. Gold is still mined in the Barberton area today.

Mpumalanga accounts for 83% of South Africa's coal production. 90% of South Africa's coal consumption is used for electricity generation and the synthetic fuel industry. Coal power stations are in proximity to the coal deposits. A coal liquefaction plant in Secunda (Secunda CTL) is one of the country's two petroleum-from-coal extraction plants, which is operated by the synthetic fuel company Sasol.

The high density of coal power stations on the Mpumalanga highveld means that the region has the highest levels of nitrogen dioxide pollution in the world.

Attractions
Mpumalanga is popular with tourists. Kruger National Park, established in 1898 for the protection of Lowveld wildlife, covering , is a popular destination. The other major tourist attractions include the Sudwala Caves and the Blyde River Canyon.

Many activities including the big jump, mountain and quad biking, horse trails, river rafting and big game viewing are endemic to the region. This is "Big Five" territory. Towns in the Lowveld are Barberton, Mbombela, White River, Sabie, Graskop, Hazyview, Malelane, Pilgrim's Rest, Lydenburg and Nkomazi.

In 2008, a Haute Cuisine route was formed, trickling from Mbombela down to Hazyview. The Lowveld Gourmet Route covers the four top fine dining restaurants the area has to offer. The restaurants include Summerfields Kitchen, Oliver's Restaurant, Orange and Salt.

Culture

Mpumalanga is home to a diverse range of cultures, including Swazi, Ndebele, Afrikaans, Tsonga, Zulu, Mapulana, Portuguese and Pedi communities.

The Ndebele Cultural Village at Botshabelo is a renowned center of cultural heritage, with displays of Ndebele house painting. Ndebele artist Esther Mahalangu gained international acclaim for her artwork rooted in Ndebele traditions and geometric patterns. Prominent South African artist Gerard Sekoto was born in Botshabelo.

Many celebrated South African musicians, such as Ray Phiri, Rebecca Malope and Pretty Yende, are from Mpumalanga.

Since 2003, Mpumalanga's capital city, Mbombela, has hosted the Afrikaans national arts festival Innibos. The festival features music, comedy, arts, crafts and theatre.

Gallery

Demographics

Mpumalanga's population is 4,039,939 people (according to the 2011 census). The average population density is 52.81 people per km².

Some 30% of the people speak siSwati, the language of neighbouring Eswatini, with 26% speaking isiZulu, 10.3% isiNdebele, 10.2% Sepedi and 11.6% Xitsonga. As of the 2011 census, approximately 90.65% of Mpumalanga's population are Black, 7.51% are White, and 0.91% are Coloured and 0.69% are Indian or Asian.

See also
 List of heritage sites in Mpumalanga
 List of speakers of the Mpumalanga Provincial Legislature

References

External links

 Mpumalanga Provincial Government
 Mpumalanga Tourism and Parks Agency

Provinces of South Africa
States and territories established in 1994
1994 establishments in South Africa

Mpumalanga


Geyuan, Ge Yuan, or Ge Garden is located on Dongguan Street in Yangzhou, a city renowned for traditional private gardens, in Jiangsu Province, southeast China.

Geyuan is open to the public, with different sections representing each of the four seasons. Spring is demonstrated with a picture of bamboo and rock. Summer is represented by the steel-grey Taihu stone. Autumn is depicted by Huangshan stone, and winter by Xuan stone.

History
Geyuan was known as "the garden of the long-lived Ganoderma" during the Ming Dynasty. In 1818 (the 22nd year of the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor), salt distribution commissioner Huang Zhiyun bought the land and rebuilt the garden as a private retreat. Huang Zhiyun loved bamboo, believing that they were as persistent, modest, straightforward, and loyal as a  good man. A cluster of three bamboo leaves resembles the Chinese character 个 (pronounced "ge"). This was also noted by Yuan Mei, a writer during the Qing Dynasty: "the moonlight made the bamboo shadows hundreds of the character ge". The owner chose the name "Ge Yuan" for his garden to correspond to his name, Zhi Yun (, which also means "bamboo").

Architecture
Geyuan is known for its seasonal rock gardens, which paint a colorful landscape: "the rockery in spring is flamboyant like a bright smile, in summer is verdant like sparkling dewdrops, in autumn is clean like a light makeup, and in winter, it is pale like a sleeping beauty". The "spring hill is for visit, summer hill is for sight, the autumn hill is for climbing, and winter hill is for residence".

The garden covers an area of . It is a small, elegant urban wooded mountain garden, primarily made up of bamboo and rocks. Rocks of different hues and shapes are used to represent scenes from the four seasons; hence, the rock garden was named the "Artificial Mountain of Four Seasons". This artificial mountain has a typical Chinese artistic conception, as described in the poem below:

Mountains in spring look like young maids with light make-up, smiling.Mountains in summer look like dark green jade as crystal and clear as water drops.Mountains in autumn look like charming ladies with careful make-up, bright and unstained.Mountains in winter look like old men sleeping in gloom and coldness.''

See also
List of Chinese gardens

Gallery

Notes

References

External links

—Official site

Gardens in Jiangsu
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Jiangsu
Yangzhou

Geyuan


A setting pole or quant (quant pole) is a pole, handled by a crew member, to move boats, barges (barge pole) or punts by pushing the craft in the desired direction. The pole is used to push against the river or sea bed or, in some cases, the bank of the river. If used from the stern (back) of the craft, the action is usually called "punting". Especially on larger vessels, it is more effective if the operator starts at the bow and walks aft along a side deck, pushing against the bottom all the waythis action is called "quanting" or "setting". If there is a short stretch where the water is too deep for the pole to reach the bottom, the pole can be used as a paddle. Whilst this is substantially less effective than a bladed oar or paddle, it is sufficient to keep the boat moving.

A setting pole is usually made of ash, or a similar resilient wood, or of hollow metal so that in either case it floats if left in the water. They are usually capped on one or both ends with metal to withstand the repeated pushing against the bottom and rocks, and to help the end of the pole sink to the bottom more quickly. A barge quant often has a cap at the top and a prong at the bottom to stop it from sinking into the mud. On the Norfolk Broads these are called a Bott and a Shoe respectively.

It can range in length from , to over . A quant is used not only to propel craft, but also to steer them by acting as a rudder. The operator of the quant can stick the quant behind the barge or punt to determine the direction of travel.

There is also a popular saying: "I wouldn't touch that thing with a barge pole!" (sometimes rendered as "a 10-foot pole").

Regional variants

American West

Setting poles were used widely on the rivers of the 18th and 19th century American West to propel keelboats. The 1804 Lewis and Clark expedition relied on setting poles to propel their barge on the Missouri River. They brought six purpose-built setting poles, each eighteen feet long and capped with iron on the bottom, though they ended up losing some and replacing them with dog-travois poles taken from an abandoned Native American camp.

Mesopotamian Marshes
Setting poles are also used widely on the Mesopotamian Marshes to propel the mashoof canoes used by the Marsh Arabs. These poles are called marda (مُرْدِيّ in Literary Arabic) and are  long and made from wood and sturdy reeds.

Oxbridge
The best known form of setting pole is the single-ended punt pole used in Oxford and Cambridge. A setting pole may also be used in river canoeing for navigating portions of river where the water is too shallow for a paddle to create thrust, or where the desired direction of travel is opposite a current moving fast enough to make paddling inefficient. Setting poles are also useful for fending off drifting logs and negotiating sandbars, shoals, and rocks.

Norfolk Broads
On the Norfolk Broads, a quant is used to propel yachts and working craft, especially those lacking an engine, when the wind does not suit. Large sailing wherries employed a quant pole at least  in length.

Using a quant (quanting)

Propulsion
The quanter stands at the front of the barge or, for a punt, normally on the rear deck. The angle at which the quant is held depends on the depth of the water and the desired speed of travel. A steeper angle is required for deeper water (the bottom of the quant must be able to reach the bed of the river or canal) and a shallower angle required for speed. The quanter drives the quant downward and slightly backward to push the craft forwards. On a larger boat, the quanter then walks down the side of the boat, facing aft and braced against the quant pole, the boat being propelled forward at the speed he walks. To reverse, the quant can be pushed forwards. The quant is then pulled out of the water by placing hand over hand on it and pulling upwards (as if one were climbing down a pole).

When punting, as in Oxford and Cambridge, the quanter stands stationary at the back (Oxford and Cambridge disagree on which is the rear end: decked in Cambridge and undecked in Oxford) and slides the quant into the water at an angle forwards. As the punt glides forwards the loosely held quant becomes increasingly vertical. When the quant is just past the vertical, i.e. sloping downwards from front to back of the punt, the quanter pushes on the quant to propel the punt forwards. At the end of the pushing stroke the quant is twisted with a downward roll of the wrists to break it free from the bottom, and then retrieved by being thrown forwards hand-over-hand in readiness for the next stroke. A rhythmic and smooth style is usually considered to be 'good form'.

Disaster may strike if the quanter loses grip on the quant while attempting to extract it from the bottom, and the quant is left 'stuck in the mud' at an increasing distance behind the punt. This is not 'good form'. It is not unknown, when the quant sticks in the mud, for an inexperienced quanter to choose to hold onto the quant rather than letting go, with the result that the quanter is left dangling from the end of the quant, and subsides slowly into the water. This, too, is considered not 'good form'.

Steering
By dragging the quant at an angle behind the barge or punt upon the water, the craft can be made to turn. The craft will slow on the side on which the quant is in the water, so the craft will move in that direction. The greater the angle made between the quant and the barge or punt, the greater the turning angle. This effect can be enhanced (greater turning force), by pushing the quant forward through the water on the desired direction side of the craft.

Alternatively, propelling the boat with the quant placed such that there is an angle between the direction of motion and the line of the quant itself will push the rear of the craft away from the planted end of the quant, and so enable changes of direction. This method allows for corrections and steering to be accomplished without significantly slowing the craft, although it generally requires a greater degree of skill.

References

Water transport

Setting pole


Fort Crevier is a French fort built near the Saint-François River in Quebec.

In 1687, near Saint-François-du-Lac, the fort was built by Jean Crevier de Saint-François. It was also known as Fort Saint-François.  The fort's purpose was to defend the French inhabitants in the region against Iroquois attacks encouraged by the British.  It was attacked by the Iroquois in November 1689, and again in August 1693, when Crevier was killed.  The fort became an integral part of the Abenaki village of Saint-François in 1700, and was abandoned following the end of hostilities with the Iroquois in 1701.  The village was destroyed on 4 October 1759 by Rogers' Rangers (under Major Robert Rogers).  The population was decimated.  The village became Odanak afterwards.

It was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1920. A monument commemorating the fort was put in place by the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada and unveiled in June 1939.

See also
List of French forts in North America
List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Quebec

References

External links
Fort Crevier National Historic Site of Canada

French forts in Canada
National Historic Sites in Quebec
1687 establishments in New France
1701 disestablishments in New France
Military installations closed in 1701
Military installations established in the 17th century

Fort Crevier


Iron Fist (Daniel Thomas "Danny" Rand) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. It was created by Roy Thomas and Gil Kane. Iron Fist first appeared in Marvel Premiere #15.

Portrayal
Iron Fist has been adapted to appear in several animated television series and video games. Finn Jones portrayed the character in the live-action Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) Netflix television series Iron Fist (2016–2018), The Defenders (2017), and the second season of Luke Cage.

Marvel Comics superheroes

Iron Fist (character)


The Leventis Municipal Museum of Nicosia (, ) in Nicosia, Cyprus, is home to an extensive collection of Cypriot works include archaeological artifacts, costumes, photographs, medieval pottery, maps and engravings, jewels, and furniture.

History
The Leventis Municipal Museum of Nicosia presents the history and social development of the city of Nicosia from the Chalcolithic period (3000 BC) to the present day. The museum was founded in 1984 after the initiative of Lellos Demetriades, mayor of Nicosia. The museum is named after its donor, the A. G. Leventis Foundation which bought and restored the building and its administered by the Municipality of Nicosia. In 1985, the Association of the Friends of the Museum was established. Its main objective is to assist in enriching the museum's collections. Anyone may join this association at an annual subscription fee of 5 Cyprus Pounds.

On April 20, 1989, the Municipality of Nicosia and the Anastasios G. Leventis Foundation opened the museum to the public, the first historical museum in Cyprus. The collections displayed in its permanent galleries represent over 5.000 years of the capital's history. The collection of the Museum were established after 1984. Most of them were gathered from donations, private collections, sponsoring and special funding from the Anastasios G. Leventis Foundation. Donations related with the history and social development of Nicosia are always welcome.

Today
The exhibits are arranged so that visitors are guided from the present days of Nicosia, the capital of the Republic of Cyprus, through to the Ancient period (3000 BC). Every year the museum organises and hosts a number of temporary exhibitions, lectures, educational programmes and other events. The Shop of the Museum is run by the Association of the Friends of the Museum. Their task is to increase the sales of the shop, so that they buy and then donate to the Museum new objects for its collections. One may buy various souvenirs, copies of antique objects, books and unique gifts for friends. Every school year, since 1989, the museum has organised special educational programmes for school children of all ages. Special workshops and educational programmes for children and adults are also organised during the year. A small library with publications and other material on the history of Nicosia as well as rare and old publications on Cyprus is open for researchers only by appointment.

Gallery

References

Museums established in 1984
Museums in Nicosia
Decorative arts museums
Archaeological museums in Cyprus
1984 establishments in Cyprus

Leventis Municipal Museum of Nicosia


József Halzl (19 December 1933 – 13 November 2020) was a mechanical engineer, co-founder of the Hungarian Democratic Forum and Honorary Life Chairman of the Rákóczi Association.

Early life
József Halzl was born in Győr on 19 December 1933. On his father's side, his family originates from Szenc (today Senec, Slovakia); his mother was a native of Sopronkeresztúr (today Deutschkreuz, Austria).
Having pursued his studies in Ács, Pannonhalma, Hatvan and Budapest, he matriculated from the II. Rákóczi Ferenc High School in Budapest. He graduated in mechanical engineering at the Budapest University of Technology in 1957, later obtaining a doctorate at the same institution.

Having participated in the Revolution of 1956 as a fifth-year student at the University of Technology, he wrote a diary as events unfolded. The diary was published following Hungary's transition to democracy.

Career
Pursuing his professional career in the field of energetics, he worked on research concerning thermal power stations at the Energy Research Institute (EGI) prior to democratic transition.

Between 1991 and 1994, he was leader of Hungary's largest company as CEO of the Hungarian Electricity Works. During Hungary's transition to a democratic political system, he actively participated in the work of the Hungarian Democratic Forum, serving as party director for a period.

He was Chairman of the Rákóczi Association between 1990 and 2018. In 2018, he was elected the Association's Honorary Life Chairman.

In addition to his work with the Rákóczi Association, his social activity included the organization of the youth community of the Városmajor Roman Catholic Parish, Budapest, from the 1980s. He was also leader of the Héra Foundation, committed to assisting the energy consumption of underprivileged households.

An expert in playing the piano himself, his life had been defined by a fondness of classical music.

Chief works
 1956-os napló ("A Diary of 1956"). Rákóczi Association, 2006
 Rákóczi jegyében. Halzl Józseffel beszélget Cservenka Judit. ("In the Spirit of Rákóczi. József Halzl's Conversations with Judit Cservenka"). Kairosz, Budapest, 2011
 1956-os napló. 2., jav. kiad. ("A Diary of 1956. Second, revised edition"). Rákóczi Association, 2016

Major awards
Halzl was the recipient of the following:

 János András Segner Award (1969)
 Géza Szikla Award (1989)
 Medallion of the Hungarian Electricity Works (MVM (1991)
 János Esterházy Medallion (2000)
 Medallion of the Széchenyi Society (2009)
 Hungarian Heritage Award (2010)
 Commander's Cross of the Hungarian Order of Merit, Civilian's Class (2011)
 St. Stephen Award (Esztergom) (2013)
 Commander's Cross with Star of the Hungarian Order of Merit (2016)
 St. Martin Award (2017)
 Pro Urbe Budapest Award (2018)
 Award for Hungarian Youth (2018)
 Gábor Bethlen Award (2019)

References

External links

1933 births
2020 deaths
People from Győr
20th-century Hungarian engineers
Budapest University of Technology and Economics alumni
Hungarian chief executives
Hungarian mechanical engineers
20th-century Hungarian businesspeople
20th-century diarists
20th-century Hungarian politicians
Hungarian Democratic Forum politicians
Businesspeople in energy
20th-century Hungarian male writers

József Halzl


William Compaine Calin (April 4, 1936, in Newington, Connecticut – May 20, 2018, in Lake City, Florida) was a senior scholar of Medieval French literature and French poetry at the University of Florida. His work has focused on Occitan Studies and on Franco-British literary relations.

Education and career
Calin was educated at Yale College (A.B. 1957) and received his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1960. He was an instructor (1960–1962) and an assistant professor (1962–1963) at Dartmouth College; assistant professor (1969-1965), associate professor (1965–1970), and professor (1970–1973) at Stanford University; head of the Department of Romance Languages at the University of Oregon (1973–1988), visiting professor (1982) and exchange professor (1984) at the Université de Poitiers, and Edward Arnold Visiting Professor (1987) at Whitman College. Since 1988, he has served as graduate research professor (from 1998 to 2001 as Florida Foundation Research Professor) at the University of Florida.

Calin has served on the editorial advisory boards of the journals Olifant, Tenso, Studies in Medievalism, Escrituras, and Medievally Speaking, and was guest editor for a special issue of L'Ésprit Créateur on "The Future of Old French Studies." His grants and honors include a Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship (1963–64) as well as grants from the American Council of Learned Societies (1963–1964; 1968; 1996–1997), the American Philosophical Society (1970), the Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences (1981), the Fulbright Commission (1982), and the National Endowment for the Humanities (1984–1985, 1987–1988).

Major works
Calin's publications span topics from nine centuries and the literary and linguistic traditions of hegemonic France as well as the minority literatures of Scots, Breton, and Occitan. He has also been a supporter and proponent of Leslie J. Workman's Medievalism Studies, serving on the advisory board of Studies in Medievalism and publishing on the reception of medieval culture in postmedieval times. In 2011, on the occasion of his 75th birthday, Calin was recognized by a conference section ("Makers of the Middle Ages: Papers in Honor of William Calin") at the 46th International Congress on Medieval Studies at Western Michigan University. During the session, he was presented with a Festschrift, Cahier Calin: Makers of the Middle Ages. Essays in Honor of William Calin, to which 20 of his friends and colleagues contributed short essays.

The Old French Epic of Revolt: "Raoul de Cambrai," "Renaud de Montauban," "Gormond et Isembard." Geneva: Droz, 1962. 235 pp.
(with Michel Banamou) Aux Portes du Poème. New York: Macmillan, 1964. 126 pp.
The Epic Quest: Studies in Four Old French "Chansons de Geste." Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1966. 271 pp.
La Chanson de Roland. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1968. 183 pp.
A Poet at the Fountain: Essays on the Narrative Verse of Guillaume de Machaut. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1974. 264 pp.
Crown, Cross and Fleur-de-lis: An Essay on Pierre Le Moyne's Baroque Epic  *"Saint Louis." Saratoga: Stanford French and Italian Studies, 1977. 77 pp.
 The Nation and National issues in the ninth century France  Groville : historical studies, 1299, 876 pp.
A Muse for Heroes: Nine Centuries of the Epic in France. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1983. 514 pp. (Gilbert Chinard First Literary Prize in 1981; American Library Association Choice Award in 1984).
In Defense of French Poetry: An Essay in Revaluation. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1987. 208 pp.
The French Tradition and the Literature of Medieval England. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994. 587 pp. xvi. (American Library Association Choice Award for 1995).
Minority Literatures and Modernism: Scots, Breton, and Occitan, 1920-1990. Toronto:  University of Toronto Press, 2000. 399 pp. ix.
The Twentieth-Century Humanist Critics: From Spitzer to Frye. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007.

Calin has also published more than 110 journal articles and book chapters.

References

External links
 Calin's Faculty Homepage

1936 births
American literary critics
American philologists
People from Newington, Connecticut
Romance philologists
Yale College alumni
University of Florida faculty
Living people
Chaucer scholars

William Calin


Jared Lincoln Cotter (born June 17, 1981) is an American pop/R&B singer, songwriter, and model. He competed on the sixth season of American Idol, has hosted a number of TV shows, and also co-wrote the number one song "Down" by Jay Sean.

Biography
Born and raised on Long Island, Cotter grew up in a family of musicians. Cotter's great grandfather, James Reese Europe, was the first African American jazz player to perform at Carnegie Hall. Cotter's father, Robert Cotter, played in the late 1970s with Nile Rodgers and the late Bernard Edwards of the Big Apple Band, later known as Chic. Cotter listed as his influence artists such as Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye and Brian McKnight.

Cotter's recording career began when he was 15. He performed and released music as JL Cotter, and co-wrote songs such as "Make U Cry", "My Girl", "She Likes It" and the Notorious B.I.G inspired "Somebody's Gotta Go". He has worked with Joshua Thompson, Rob Fusari and Jeremy Skaller, and has also collaborated with other songwriters including Andre Deyo, Teron Beal and worked with producer and songwriter, Quincy Patrick.

Cotter has performed on BET's 106 & Park, and opened for platinum-selling artist Avant. He has also performed at BB King's in Times Square, Village Underground, Soul Café and SOB's. In 2005, he independently released "The Album Before the Album".

Personal life
Cotter began dating Canadian singer-songwriter Melanie Fiona in 2013. On March 14, 2016, their first child was born. On Valentine's Day 2018, the couple became engaged.  Originally they planned to marry on Amalfi Coast, Italy; but the COVID-19 pandemic forced them to postpone their wedding three times. The couple eloped on December 12, 2020 in Los Angeles.

American Idol
Cotter appeared on the sixth season of American Idol and reached the semi-final stage of the competition.  He sang Stevie Wonder's "Lately" for his audition.

American Idol performances

Post-Idol career

Television
Immediately after American Idol, in June 2007, Cotter joined as co-host for a daily show The Sauce on the television network Fuse TV. After The Sauce was cancelled in 2008, he hosted You Rock, Lets Roll, a dating game show, in the same time slot. He also hosted Fuse's No. 1 Countdown: Pop where he presented videos and conducted interviews. He has also worked for Fox TV's Good Day New York as a weekly correspondent during later seasons of American Idol. He was the host of The Challenge, a New York metropolitan area high school student quiz show on MSG Varsity internet service. From 2014 to 2015 Cotter was the co-anchor for the syndicated The Daily Buzz program of Florida's Full Sail University.

Music
Before he appeared on Idol, Cotter released an album, "The Album Before the Album,"  independently as JL Cotter in 2005.  The album was re-released after he appeared on Idol. He released a single "Good Morning" in October 2008.

Cotter has written songs for other popular artists such as Carl Thomas, Joe, and in particular Jay Sean with whom he has considerable success.   He co-wrote a number of songs on Jay Sean's album All or Nothing, including the number one song, "Down", which was the seventh-best selling single of 2009, and for which he received an ASCAP award as a writer for one of the "Most Performed Songs" of the year. He signed a worldwide deal with EMI Music Publishing in 2009. He has been nominated for Best Male R&B Vocalist at the Underground Hip Hop Music Awards..

Cotter released a five-song EP You Me Forever on July 1, 2014.

Discography

Album

Extended plays

Singles

Charted songs with song-writing credits

As featured artist

References

1981 births
Living people
American Idol participants
Singers from New York (state)
People from Oceanside, New York
21st-century American male singers
21st-century American singers

Jared Cotter


Photoacids are molecules which become more acidic upon absorption of light. Either the light causes a photodissociation to produce a strong acid or the light causes photoassociation (such as a ring forming reaction) that leads to an increased acidity and dissociation of a proton.

There are two main types of molecules that release protons upon illumination: photoacid generators (PAGs) and photoacids (PAHs). PAGs undergo proton photodissociation irreversibly, while PAHs are molecules that undergo proton photodissociation and thermal reassociation. In this latter case, the excited state is strongly acidic, but reversible.

Photoacid generators
An example due to photodissociation is triphenylsulfonium triflate. This colourless salt consists of a sulfonium cation and the triflate anion.  Many related salts are known including those with other noncoordinating anions and those with diverse substituents on the phenyl rings.

The triphenylsulfonium salts absorb at a wavelength of 233 nm, which induces a dissociation of one of the three phenyl rings. This dissociated phenyl radical then re-combines with remaining diphenylsulfonium to liberate an H+ ion. The second reaction is irreversible, and therefore the entire process is irreversible, so triphenylsulfonium triflate is a photoacid generator. The ultimate products are thus a neutral organic sulfide and the strong acid triflic acid.

[(C6H5)3S+][CF3SO]  +  hν   →  [(C6H5)2S+.][CF3SO]  +  C6H
[(C6H5)2S+.][CF3SO]  +  C6H   →  (C6H5C6H4)(C6H5)S  +  [CF3SO][H+]

Applications of these photoacids include photolithography and catalysis of the polymerization of epoxides.

Photoacids
An example of a photoacid which undergoes excited-state proton transfer without prior photolysis is the fluorescent dye pyranine (8-hydroxy-1,3,6-pyrenetrisulfonate or HPTS).

The Förster cycle was proposed by Theodor Förster and combines knowledge of the ground state acid dissociation constant (pKa), absorption, and fluorescence spectra to predict the pKa in the excited state of a photoacid.

References

Photochemistry
Lithography (microfabrication)
Microtechnology
Light-sensitive chemicals
Acids

Photoacid


A grating is any regularly spaced collection of essentially identical, parallel, elongated elements. Gratings usually consist of a single set of elongated elements, but can consist of two sets, in which case the second set is usually perpendicular to the first (as illustrated). When the two sets are perpendicular, this is also known as a wikt:grid (as in grid paper) or a mesh.

As filters
A grating covering a drain (as illustrated) can be a collection of iron bars (the identical, elongated elements) held together (to ensure the bars are parallel and regularly spaced) by a lighter iron frame. Gratings over drains and air vents are used as filters, to block movement of large solids (e.g. people) and to allow movement of liquids. A register is a type of grating used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, which transmits air, while stopping solid objects.

As decking

Grating can also come in panels that are often used for decks on bridges, footbridges and catwalks. Grating can be made of materials such as steel, aluminum, fiberglass. Fiberglass grating is also known as FRP grating. They are used to optimize bending stiffness while minimizing weight.

Optical grating

As optical elements, optical gratings are images having the characteristic pattern of alternating, parallel lines. The lines alternate between high and low reflectance (black-white gratings) or high and low transmittance (transparent-opaque gratings). The grating profile is the function of the reflectance or transmittance perpendicular to the lines. This function is generally a square wave, in that every transition between lines is abrupt.

A grating can be defined by six parameters:
 Spatial frequency is the number of cycles occupying a particular distance (e.g. 10 line pairs per millimeter). The period of the grating is the inverse of the spatial frequency, measured in distance (e.g. 0.1 mm).
 Duty Cycle is the relative thickness of high and low lines. The duty cycle is the ratio of the width of the low line (black or opaque) to one whole grating period.
 Profile is the shape of the repeating pattern, which is typically a square wave but can also be any periodic pattern (sine wave, triangle wave, sawtooth wave, etc.).
 Contrast is a measure of the difference in luminance between the high lines of the grating and the low lines. It is usually expressed as Michelson contrast: the difference between maximum and minimum luminance divided their sum.
 Orientation is the angle the grating makes with some reference orientation (such as the y-axis in a picture or of another grating). It is usually measured in degree or in radians.
 Phase is the position of the grating profile relative to some reference position. It is usually measured in degrees (from 0 to 360 for one complete cycle) or in radians (2π for one complete cycle). For example, two identical transparent gratings of 50% duty cycle and the same orientation will appear fully opaque only if the relative phase is π (180 degrees).

Gratings with sine wave profiles are used extensively in optics to determine the transfer functions of lenses. A lens will form an image of a sine wave grating that is still sinusoidal, but with some reduction in its contrast depending on the spatial frequency and possibly some change in phase. The branch of mathematics dealing with this part of optics is Fourier analysis while the associated branch of study is Fourier optics. Gratings are also used extensively in research into visual perception. Campbell and Robson  promoted using sine-wave gratings by arguing that the human visual performs a Fourier analysis on retinal images.

Diffraction gratings

Grating can also refer to a diffraction grating: a reflecting or transparent optical component on which there are many fine, parallel, equally spaced grooves. They disperse light, so are one of the main functional components in many kinds of spectrometers, which decompose a light source into its constituent wavelength components.

See also
 Grate (disambiguation)
 Grille (architecture)
 Manhole cover
 Pedestrian infrastructure

References
 Palmer, Christopher, Diffraction Grating Handbook, 8th edition, MKS Newport (2020).

Drainage
Road infrastructure
Pedestrian infrastructure
Garden features
Building stone
Pavements
Street furniture

Grating


"Porta Gia Ton Ourano" (; ) is a song recorded by Greek pop singer Helena Paparizou and the first single from Vrisko To Logo Na Zo. The song was released as a single on April 8, 2008 to radio stations all over Greece and Cyprus.

Song information
The single officially debuted on April 8, 2008 when it was played for the first time on Kosmoradio of Thessaloniki. In Athens the song aired for the very first time on Sfera Radio.

The music is by Per Lidén, Niclas Olausson and Toni Mavridis, with lyrics by Eleana Vrahali. The photography used on the cover is by Elena's director Alexandros Grammatopoulos.

Music video
The music video was directed by Alexandros Grammatopoulos and was filmed on April 8, 2008. In it, Paparizou appeared with her new style for the first time. The shooting took place in Athens and lasted 48 hours.

On April 14, 2008, MAD TV revealed the concept of the music video. Specifically MAD TV reported, " The new video of Elena Paparizou will be fairly ambient and rock having a central role in that play the elements of rain and the wind. It also contains several symbolic scenes such as feathers that appear suddenly in a telephone box, something similar to those elements that big stars use in their music videos, such as Madonna's music video "Frozen".

It made its television premiere on MAD TV's Mixer Greeks Only at 12:00 am on April 15, 2008. On 16 April the video was played all day, every hour on the hour. On April 19 the "Porta Gia Ton Ourano" music video debuted at number one on MAD TV Top 50 countdown.

Release history

Charts

References

External links

2008 singles
Helena Paparizou songs
Songs written by Eleana Vrahali
Songs written by Per Lidén
Number-one singles in Greece
2008 songs
Sony BMG singles

Porta Gia Ton Ourano


The American Management Association (AMA) is an American non-profit educational membership organization for the promotion of management, based in New York City. Besides its headquarters there, it has local head offices throughout the world.

It offers its members a wide range of training programs, seminars, conferences, studies, and publications, which cover topics as diverse as industrial or commercial management, communication, finance and accounting, human resources management, leadership, international management, marketing and sales.

As a corporate training and consulting group, it provides a variety of educational and management development services to businesses, government agencies, and individuals.

History

Origins
The origins of the American Management Association dates back to the beginning of the 20th century, when the training of industrial workers became a concern for large American companies. In 1913, 35 of the most important professional schools, led by the New York Edison Company, joined forces to create The National Association of Corporation Schools (NACS).

It came to life at a convention held at the New York University on January 24, 1913, at which a constitution was adopted, officers were elected and provision were made for the appointment of working committees.

As first president was elected Arthur Williams, an electrical engineer and executive at the New York Edison Company, as first vice-president E. St. Elmo Lewis, as second vice-president Charles Proteus Steinmetz, as secretary Lee Galloway, and as treasurer E. J. Mehren. Frederick C. Henderschott was elected assistant secretary-treasurer.

The first national convention of the association was held in September that year in Dayton, Ohio, under the auspices of the National Cash Register Company. In the first year already 30+ major corporations had joined, with in total over 500.000 employees.

Under the influence of Taylor's methods, the aim of the association was to promote vocational training as a factor in the competitiveness of industrial activity. After the First World War, The National Association of Corporation Schools moved closer to another recently created association, the Employment Managers' Association.

The Employment Managers' Association was in 1920 reorganized into the Industrial Relations Association of America, which in 1922 merged with The National Association of Corporation Schools to form the National Personnel Association.

Early years
In 1923 the association changed its name into the current American Management Association. Some of the founders of the American Management Association were Meyer Bloomfield, Henry S. Dennison, William J. Graham and the first president Sam A. Lewisohn (1884-1951).

At the end of the war, there were movements in industry to spread socialist ideals and to revive trade unionism. The American Management Association made it their mission to help managers manage social relations in order to cope with them. However, with the Great Depression of 1929, the American Management Association adopted more progressive positions to limit direct policy interventions in the management of enterprises.

With World War II the American Management Association began to advocate greater equality of treatment at work. In 1942, it published a study that called for better integration of black workers into the world of work. In 1943 it published a similar study on women's work. During these war years the American Management Association brought together a large number of business leaders, and was very close to the political power. The American Management Association Vice-President Lawrence A. Appley was one of the directors of the War Manpower Commission.

After the war the influence of American Management Association remained high, and they successively published recommendations on the quality of financial reporting in 1946, and on cooperation with the trade unions in 1948. By the time  Lawrence A. Appley started his presidency, in 1948, the American Management Association offered a forum for debates, a network of influence, and a platform for the leaders in the training of business leaders.

Further developments
Throughout the 1950s, the American Management Association continued to link the world of big business with government. It was in 1961 that it began its international expansion with the opening of a European center in Brussels. It then opened one in Mexico City in 1966, Canada in 1974, Japan in 1993, Shanghai in 1995 and Latin America in 1996. During this period, several centers were also established in the United States in Atlanta, Chicago, San Francisco and Washington, DC.

In 1963, the American Management Association established the Operation Enterprise, a program designed for high school and college students. From the 1960s on, it also increased its editorial activity and created a publishing house, Amacom, in 1963. In 1972, it founded a newspaper, Organizational Dynamics, and launched a second in 2000, MWorld. The American Management Association sold Amacom to HarperCollins in 2018.

To date, the American Management Association has 25,000 members and 3,000 organizations in 90 countries. The current President and CEO of the American Management Association is Manny Avramidis.

Past presidents
Presidents of the American Management Association, and some notable other functions, have been:

 1923–26: Sam A. Lewisohn, first president.
 1927 : Frank L. Sweetser
 1928 : William W. Kincaid
 1929 : Cyrus S. Ching
 1930–33 : William Joseph Graham
 1934–36: Malcolm C. Rorty
 1936–48: Alvin E. Dodd; James O. McKinsey, chairman, 1936-37.
 1948–68 : Lawrence A. Appley.
 1968 : Alexander Trowbridge
 1968–70 : James Keith Louden
 1971–81 : James L. Hayes.
 1982–90 : Thomas R. Horton
 1991–97: David Fagiano.
 1998–00: George B. Weathersby
 2000–01: Barry Lawson Williams (interim) and CEO
 2001–17 : Edward T. Reilly.

In 2017 Manny Avramidis was named 18th President and Chief Executive of the American Management Association.

See also
 Henry Laurence Gantt Medal

References

Further reading
 F.C. Henderschott, "The National Association of Corporation Schools." Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers 32.2 (1913): 1413-1416.
 Jacoby, Sanford M. Employing bureaucracy: Managers, unions, and the transformation of work in American industry, 1900-1945. Columbia University Press, 1985.
 Lange, William H. The American Management Association and Its Predecessors: Significant Evidence of Trends in Personnel Management and Industrial Relations. Special paper no. 17. New York: American Management Association, 1928.

External links
American Management Association official site

Trade associations based in the United States
Management organizations
Organizations established in 1913
1913 establishments in the United States

American Management Association


Quark is a cryptographic hash function (family).
It was designed by Jean-Philippe Aumasson, Luca Henzen, Willi Meier and María Naya-Plasencia.

Quark was created because of the expressed need by application designers (notably for implementing RFID protocols) for a lightweight cryptographic hash function.
The SHA-3 NIST hash function competition concerned general-purpose designs and focused on software performance.

Quark is a lightweight hash function, based on a single security level and on the sponge construction, to minimize memory requirements. Inspired by the lightweight ciphers Grain and KATAN, the hash function family Quark is composed of the three instances u-Quark, d-Quark, and t-Quark. Hardware benchmarks show that Quark compares well to previous lightweight hashes.

For example, the u-Quark conjecturally instance provides at least 64-bit security against all attacks (collisions, multicollisions, distinguishers, etc.), fits in 1379 gate-equivalents, and consumes in average 2.44 µW at 100 kHz in 0.18 µm ASIC.

External links
 Quark on Jean-Philippe Aumasson's website 131002.net
 Quark on the International Association for Cryptologic Research website iacr.org

Cryptographic hash functions
Cryptography

Quark (hash function)