Aaron Director (; September 21, 1901 – September 11, 2004) was a Russian-born American economist and academic who played a central role in the development of law and economics and the Chicago school of economics. Director was a professor at the University of Chicago Law School, and together with his brother-in-law, Nobel laureate Milton Friedman, Director influenced some of the next generation of jurists, including Robert Bork, Richard Posner, Antonin Scalia and Chief Justice William Rehnquist.

Early life and education
Director was born to a Jewish family in Staryi Chortoryisk, Volhynian Governorate, Russian Empire (now in Ukraine) on September 21, 1901. In 1913, the 12-year-old Director and his family immigrated to the United States and settled in Portland, Oregon. In Portland, Director attended Lincoln High School where he edited the yearbook. Director had a difficult childhood in Portland, then a center of KKK and anti-communist hysteria in the wake of World War I.  He encountered anti-Semitic slurs and was excluded from social circles.

Director then attended Yale University, where his friend, artist Mark Rothko also attended. He graduated in 1924 with a Bachelor of Arts after three years of study. While at Yale, Director was influenced by Thorstein Veblen and H.L. Mencken, both elitist academics who believed the public lacked the intelligence to make democracy successful, and he eventually came to hold these views as well. He and Rothko anonymously published a satirical newspaper called the Saturday Evening Pest in which he wrote "the definition of the United States shall eternally be H. L. Mencken surrounded by 112,000,000 morons" and called for an "aristocracy of the mentally alert and curious". In 1926, he returned to Portland where he was hired to run and teach at the Portland Labor College. As a radical, his invitations to Communists and Wobblies created friction with the AFL craft unions which sponsored the College.  In working with these radical groups, Director developed his sense that individuals, especially elites were better equipped to affect social change than government.  The fall of 1927 he entered Graduate School at the University of Chicago with a fellow-ship, where he combined his radicalism to a lifelong libertarian/classical liberal ideology. His sister, the economist Rose Director Friedman, married Milton Friedman in 1938. During World War II, he held positions in the War Department and the Department of Commerce.

Academic career
Nobel laureate Austrian economist and political theorist Friedrich Hayek, who was then a professor of economics at LSE, was close to Director. They met in England and Director convinced the University of Chicago Press to publish Hayek's Road to Serfdom in the United States as part of the so-called Free Market Study which they and economist Henry Simons led. Hayek actively promoted Director in helping to fund and establish the Law and Society program in the Law School.  Hayek convinced Missouri businessman Harold Luhnow, head of the Volker Fund, a foundation in Kansas City, to provide the funding.  Luhnow also funded Director's University of Chicago salary for five years, a rare occurrence for the university.

At the University of Chicago, Director completed his transition to conservative corporatist.  The Free Market Study had at first centered on Simons's traditional conservative antimonopoly politics, but his death in 1946 opened the door for a more radical conservatism.  In 1950, Director still held some of Simons's economic philosophy, and as a result, Lunhow threatened to remove him from the Free Market Study.  During this period of the 1940s and 1950s, Director broke away from traditional conservative politics, instead combining it with the social skepticism he had learned from Veblen and Mencken and the elitism he developed in Portland.

Director's appointment to the faculty of the University of Chicago Law School in 1946 began a half-century of intellectual productivity, although his reluctance about publishing left few writings behind.  Director taught antitrust courses at the law school with Edward Levi, who was later Dean of Chicago's Law School, President of the University of Chicago, and U.S. Attorney General in the Ford administration.

In 1953, Director became the head of a new study called the Antitrust Project which aimed to restructure American antitrust law.  The project coincided with the period in which Director broke from traditional conservative ideas and fused them with the elitism of Veblen and Mencken. He argued that private monopolies only emerged as a result of government action, without which, they would cease to be a problem.  This shift helped turn the focus of the Chicago school of economics towards rebuilding corporate power.

Director used a two-part strategy to help build up the Chicago school.  First, he recruited scholars as well as funding for their research.  Second, he had them use Mencken's framework of mocking targets as ignorant and elitist.  Two of the first converts to Director's neoliberal school were Friedman and George Stigler, scholars from the older, classically liberal Chicago conservative tradition.  Friedman and Stigler were still anti-monopolist, but over the course of the 1950s, Director convinced them that monopolies would cease to be a problem under the neoliberal framework.  From then on, Director served as the "ideological enforcer" of the new Chicago school with Friedman crafting the rhetoric and Stigler driving the economic vision.  Through Director's Chicago school framework, scholars like Friedman and Stigler made their first advances into public-policy advocacy

Director's greatest contribution to the Chicago school lay in his ability to recruit and convert scholars to the school's neoliberal doctrine.  Some of his students compared taking his antitrust or economics courses to a religious conversion with Nobel laureate Ronald Coase joking that "I regarded my role as that of Saint Paul to Aaron Director's Christ. He got the doctrine going, and what I had to do was bring it to the gentiles."  Rather than penning the great works of the Chicago school himself, he was, according to former University of Chicago Law School dean Paul Baird "a teacher of teachers."

Director founded the Journal of Law & Economics in 1958, which he co-edited with Coase, that helped to unite the fields of law and economics with far-reaching influence. In 1962, he helped to found the Committee on a Free Society. Behind the law and economics movement lay the narrative of scientific consensus. The Chicago school was not the first group to show interest in empirical economics but they used the language of science as a strong rhetorical tool. Director viewed human nature deterministically so he argued that the law could be replaced by the scientific principles of economics through efficiency measurements.

The work of Director and his students fundamentally altered public discourse around issues of economics.  In 1954, President Dwight D. Eisenhower said of those who opposed the reforms of the New Deal "their number is negligible and they are stupid" The reason he gave was: "Should any political party attempt to abolish social security, unemployment insurance, and eliminate labor laws and farm programs, you would not hear of that party again in our political history." By 1964, Director students including Robert Bork were working on Barry Goldwater's presidential campaign.  At that time, the Chicago school was not yet the dominant force in political discourse, but in ten years, it had gone from being "negligible" to being a significant opposition to the majority. In 1973, Bork was appointed as Solicitor General of the United States by President Richard Nixon. Meanwhile, the Supreme Court had begun striking down antitrust legal precedents.  In just two decades, Director and his students had brought the Chicago school from obscurity to a major intellectual force in American politics.

After retiring from the University of Chicago Law School in 1965, Director relocated to California and took a position at Stanford University's Hoover Institution. He died September 11, 2004, at his home in Los Altos Hills, California, ten days shy of his 103rd birthday.

See also
 Director's law

References

External links
 Aaron Director Papers at the University of Chicago Library

1901 births
2004 deaths
American centenarians
Men centenarians
Aaron Director
Educators from Portland, Oregon
Lincoln High School (Portland, Oregon) alumni
Ukrainian Jews
Jewish American social scientists
Yale University alumni
University of Chicago Law School faculty
Economists from Oregon
20th-century American economists
Law and economics scholars
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
Chicago School economists

Aaron Director


The Seneca (/ˈsɛnɪkə/) (Seneca: Onödowá'ga:, "Great Hill People") are Iroquois Native Americans. They lived around Lake Ontario. They are part of the Northeastern Woodlands culture. They speak the Seneca language. This language is part of the Iroquoian language family. The Seneca were one of the Six Nations or Iroquois League. They are the most westerly nation of the Iroquois. They were next to the Cayuga. They were also the largest nation of the Iroquois. The US government recognizes three tribes today. They are the Seneca Nation of Indians (New York), the Tonawanda Seneca Nation (New York) and the Seneca-Cayuga Nation (Oklahoma). About 10,000 Seneca natives live in the United States and 1,000 in Canada.

History

Early History and Culture
The Seneca were originally from New York State. They joined the Iroquois Confederacy in the 12th century.  The Seneca had the largest population of the Iroquois nations.

Seneca lived in longhouses in permanent villages. The largest village was Ganondagan with 150 longhouses. There were threats of war from neighboring Natives. These Natives included the Huron (Wyandot) the Susquehannock (Conestoga) and the Lenape people (Delaware, Minnisink and Esopus). The Seneca were strong warriors and captured other towns. Their territory was in Eastern New York. It was between Seneca Lake and Genesee River. It was also in New York from Niagara Country to the Allegheny river. Seneca was divided into a western and eastern branch.

Seneca did hunting and gathering. They also farmed the Three Sisters (corn, beans, and squash). Women grew these plants and collected plants, roots, berries, nuts, and fruit. The Seneca society was matrilineal. This meant inheritance and family were through the mother's side. However, women were not much in politics and diplomacy. Seneca men developed towns. Men also went hunting in the fall and fishing in the spring.

Expansion and Power
Seneca joined the Fur trade. In the 17th century, the Iroquois confederacy conquered neighboring territories. The Iroquois replace people who died from disease with captives. The Iroquois defeated the Huron (Wyandot). The Senecas also defeated the Neutral confederacy in 1650 in the west. They defeated the Andaste (Susquehannock) in the south. The Seneca had strong diplomacy in the region. The Seneca led a powerful confederacy with the Cayuga, Onondagas, Oneidas, Mohawks and later the Tuscaroras. The Seneca were the "Keepers of the West Door" or "Door-Keepers". The Seneca sent eight sachems to the Great Council of the Iroquois.

European Contact
Seneca had different interactions with Europeans. The French Marquis de Denonville led an attack against the Seneca people in 1687. He destroyed many towns, including Ganondagan. The Iroquois were allies with the British in the Covenant Chain. The Seneca eventually were allies with the Dutch and the British during the Seven Year's War. There was much conflict between Seneca and American colonists. Seneca did not support the Treaty of Fort Stanwix. They did not like that Americans were moving West into their land. Many colonists also had negative views about the Iroquois. The British tried to get the Iroquois on their side.

American Revolution

The Seneca eventually supported the British during the American Revolution. Some Iroquois wanted to support Americans and others not. This conflict led to the division of the Iroquois Confederacy. Seneca fought with British in the Cherry Valley massacre and the Battle of Minisink. The Seneca and Iroquois had victories against the colonists from 1777 to 1778. In response, General John Sullivan (general) led a planned attack against the Iroquois. Sullivan and his troops destroyed villages and weakened the Iroquois. The Iroquois Confederacy fell apart.

After the American Revolution
After the American Revolution, Seneca lost much land. They gave up lands in the Treaty of Canandaigua (1794) and Treaty of Big Tree (1797). In the Treaty of Buffalo Creek (1838), the Seneca had to move to Missouri. Many Seneca people moved to Canada after the war. The Seneca Nation of Indians in New York formed a modern republican government in 1848.

Many Senecas lost land so the Kinzau Dam could be built in the 1960s.

Today
Most members of the Seneca live in New York. There are about 8,000 members of the Seneca Nation of Indians . They live on six reservations. They include Allegany, the Cattaraugus near Gowanda, New York; the Buffalo Creek Territory, the Niagara Falls Territory in Niagara Falls, New York, and the Oil Springs Reservation. Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians has about 1,200 citizens. They live  Tonawanda Reservation near Akron, New York. The Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma live near Miami, Oklahoma.

The Seneca have diverse businesses. These include retail sales, arts and crafts, smokeshops, sports clothing, gasoline and cigarette sales and casinos.

Notable Seneca
 Red Jacket
 Cornplanter
 Handsome Lake
 Little Beard
 John Big Tree
 Ely Parker
 Arthur C. Parker
 Jesse Cornplanter
 Paula Underwood

Related pages
 Iroquois
 New York (state)
 Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands

References

Native Americans

Seneca people


My Apocalypse (originally titled Quality Time) is a 2008 independent  film starring Corin Nemec, Bruce Weitz, Nancy Allen, John de Lancie, Gail Strickland, Meredith Salenger, and Jesse Harper.

Directed and produced by Chris LaMont, the screenplay was written by LaMont, Craig Belanger, and Jay Holben.

Although My Apocalypse  was filmed in 1997, it was not released until 2008, due to the funding that LaMont had available to him as an independent filmmaker.  With the extensive amount of CGI and digital FX required to make the film meet his specific vision, the digital film revolution gained steam and he was able to complete the film with special visual FX Director Rene de la Fuente. Its world premiere was a screening at the Boston Underground Film Festival 2008. It has since gone on to play the Sydney Underground Film Festival, River's Edge Film Festival, New Jersey Film Festival, Arizona International Film Festival, and the Strasbourg (France) International Film Festival.

As of February 2013, the film is available to be viewed via live stream to Netflix members.

Synopsis
My Apocalypse is the surrealistic story of Stewart Savage (played by Nemec), who is actually the notorious serial killer known as the North City Stalker. Stewart still lives with his parents, Jack (played by Weitz) and Linda (played by Allen), in an overcrowded future world where the polar ice caps have melted and the military controls all aspects of everyday life. The Savages only have their apartment for half a day. At 6 pm, they must turn it over to Nathan Eastman (played by de Lancie), his wife Victoria (played by Strickland), and their son Victor (played by Harper).

Stewart, however, sees everything as idyllic and in bright colors; his family is wholesome and happy and his girlfriend adores him. In reality, he is very much insane; he hates his meaningless job, strangles his girlfriends, and prefers the psychotic solace of the world inside his head.

He has just murdered his latest girlfriend, Susan Stone (played by Salenger). Completely unaware of the difference between fantasy and the state of things as they actually exist, he is convinced that his fiancée is still alive and brings her home to meet his parents at his father's birthday party.

Aware of their son's activities, the helpless Savages are full of good cheer and play along with his sick delusions at the party, while actually frightened and angry. While acting as though it is mainly embarrassing, Stewart's annoyed parents attempt to bag the fresh victim before the Eastmans arrive.

Though his parents have become complacent with his psychosis, the people who share the apartment are less sympathetic. Stewart becomes more unhinged when they show up. Descending further into madness, he pulls a gun and starts waving it around as he holds his family and the Eastmans hostage.

More horrific than being held at gunpoint by a serial killer are the truths that surface when they are forced to speak candidly to one another.

Main cast
Corin Nemec as Stewart Savage
Bruce Weitz as Jack Savage
Nancy Allen as Linda Savage
John de Lancie as Nathan Eastman
Gail Strickland as Victoria Eastman
Meredith Salenger as Susan Stone
Jesse Harper as Victor Eastman

External links

Boston Underground Film Festival 2008 Presents Quality Time
Arizona International Film Festival – Quality Time
Sydney Underground Film Festival – Quality Time
Quality Time Trailer

References

2008 films
American independent films
American serial killer films
American films based on plays
Films about dysfunctional families
Films set in the future
American dystopian films
Overpopulation fiction
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

My Apocalypse (film)


Edward J. Moskala (November 6, 1921 – April 9, 1945) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions during the Battle of Okinawa in World War II.

Moskala joined the Army from his birth city of Chicago, Illinois, and by April 9, 1945, was serving as a private first class in Company C, 383rd Infantry Regiment, 96th Infantry Division. On that day, at Kakazu Ridge on Okinawa Island, he destroyed two enemy machine gun positions before voluntarily staying behind to cover his unit's withdrawal. He later helped rescue wounded men who had been left behind and was killed while aiding another wounded comrade. He was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor ten months later, on February 26, 1946.

Moskala, aged 23 at his death, was buried in Rock Island National Cemetery, Rock Island, Illinois.

Medal of Honor citation
Private First Class Moskala's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
He was the leading element when grenade explosions and concentrated machinegun and mortar fire halted the unit's attack on Kakazu Ridge, Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands. With utter disregard for his personal safety, he charged 40 yards through withering, grazing fire and wiped out 2 machinegun nests with well-aimed grenades and deadly accurate fire from his automatic rifle. When strong counterattacks and fierce enemy resistance from other positions forced his company to withdraw, he voluntarily remained behind with 8 others to cover the maneuver. Fighting from a critically dangerous position for 3 hours, he killed more than 25 Japanese before following his surviving companions through screening smoke down the face of the ridge to a gorge where it was discovered that one of the group had been left behind, wounded. Unhesitatingly, Pvt. Moskala climbed the bullet-swept slope to assist in the rescue, and, returning to lower ground, volunteered to protect other wounded while the bulk of the troops quickly took up more favorable positions. He had saved another casualty and killed 4 enemy infiltrators when he was struck and mortally wounded himself while aiding still another disabled soldier. With gallant initiative, unfaltering courage, and heroic determination to destroy the enemy, Pvt. Moskala gave his life in his complete devotion to his company's mission and his comrades' well-being. His intrepid conduct provided a lasting inspiration for those with whom he served.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients

References

1921 births
1945 deaths
United States Army personnel killed in World War II
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Military personnel from Chicago
United States Army soldiers
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
American people of Polish descent

Edward J. Moskala


Las Pilas (or El Hoyo) is a complex volcano located in the western part of Nicaragua. Part of a 30-km-long volcanic massif, Las Pilas has a series of well-preserved flank vents surrounding a central cone. Las Pilas last erupted in the 1950s and before that possibly in the 16th century.

An aerial image of the volcano appeared in the August 1944 issue of National Geographic Magazine (p. 180). On the slope near the peak, a curious circular 100-m diameter sinkhole visible in the 1944 photo is still present in 2020.

See also
 List of volcanoes in Nicaragua

References

Mountains of Nicaragua
Volcanoes of Nicaragua
Active volcanoes
León Department

Las Pilas


Kłodawa  is a town in central Poland with 6,699 inhabitants (2014). It is situated in the Greater Poland Voivodeship (since 1999), having previously been in Konin Voivodeship (1975–1998).

Kłodawa lies on the Rgilewka (a tributary of the Warta River). The town contains the Kłodawa Salt Mine, the largest operating salt mine in Poland, extracting halite and salts of potassium and magnesium.

Kłodawa was settled in the 11th century by craftsmen building the Church of St. Giles. It gained municipal rights in 1430. Much of the town was destroyed in the wars of the 17th century and World War II. It was once home to a vibrant Jewish community wiped out during the German occupation. On the outskirts there is a cemetery from the ancient Lusatian culture.

History

Four-thousand-year-old traces of settlements in the area of Kłodawa can be found in the nearby village of Słupeczka. Remains of the Lusatian culture, about 2500 years old, can be found in Old Kłodawa.

In the 11th century Polish monarch Władysław I Herman erected a church at the site. The settlement's name comes from the Old Polish word kłoda. It gained municipal rights on August 9, 1430 by the decree of King Władysław II Jagiełło. It was a royal city of Poland, administratively located in the Łęczyca Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Polish Crown. In 1455 King Casimir IV Jagiellon exempted the town from customs duties, contributing to its growth. It was the second largest city of the Łęczyca Voivodeship at the time, just behind Łęczyca. The town was badly damaged in the 1650s by the invading Swedes during "The Deluge". Many of the inhabitants were slaughtered. Despite outside assistance, reconstruction took a very long time. In the 18th century, General Ernest Chryzostom Dorpowski funded a Baroque monastery with the Church of the Assumption of Mary, which remains the greatest historic landmark of the town.

Kłodawa was annexed by Prussia after the Second Partition of Poland in 1793. In 1794, it was briefly liberated by Polish insurgents. From 1806 until 1815, the town was part of the Duchy of Warsaw, and Congress Poland in the Russian Partition of Poland afterwards. During the January Uprising, on July 12, 1863, the Battle of Kłodawa took place, in which 600 Polish insurgents clashed with 1,200 Russian soldiers. In 1867, Kłodawa lost its municipal charter, as part of Russian repressions after the unsuccessful January Uprising. During World War I, the town was occupied by Germany from 1914 to 1918. After a skirmish between the occupying Germans and local Poles, the town was liberated in November 1918 and restored to reborn Poland, within which in 1925 it regained its town charter.

Following the German invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939, the SS-Totenkopf-Standarte Brandenburg entered the town to commit various crimes against the population. Already in late September 1939, the Germans murdered Polish hostages from Kłodawa in the nearby Rzuchów forest, and one of the pre-war mayors, Władysław Zalewski, was murdered in November 1939 in Środa Wielkopolska. During the occupation by Nazi Germany, the town was renamed Tonningen (1940–1945). Already in 1940, the Polish underground resistance movement was formed in the town, and also secret Polish schooling was organized. In 1941, more than 1,500 Kłodawan Jews were killed by the Nazi Germans in the Chełmno extermination camp. In 1943, the Germans arrested some of the local Polish resistance members, who were then either sentenced to death or prison. The Kłodawa parish priest, Father Teofil Choynowski, was killed in the Dachau concentration camp in 1943. Kłodawa was eventually liberated on January 19, 1945 by the Red Army, and restored to Poland.

Sport
The local football club is . It competes in the lower leagues.

Notable residents
 Paweł Włodkowic of Brudzeń (c. 1370–1435)—medieval scholar and diplomat. Parish priest of the Church of St. Giles in Kłodawa, Retired here in 1424.
 Michał Rawita-Witanowski (1858–1943)—pharmacist, historian and ethnographer. Owned a pharmacy in Kłodawa. Wrote about the history of the region in several publications.
 Aaron Kosminski (1865–1919)—Jack the Ripper suspect
 Andrzej Ruciński (born 1958)—member of Sejm

Distance and driving time to regional cities
 Koło—20 km (10 mi)—about 20 minutes
 Konin—50 km (30 mi)—about 45 minutes
 Włocławek—50 km (30 mi)—about 45 minutes
 Łódź—65 km (40 mi)— about 1 hours
 Toruń—110 km (70 mi)—about 1.5 hours
 Bydgoszcz—150 km (95 mi)—about 2 hours
 Poznań—150 km (95 mi)—about 2 hours
 Warsaw—150 km (95 mi)—about 2 hours

References

External links
 Official website
 Jewish Community of Klodawa memorial website

Cities and towns in Greater Poland Voivodeship
Koło County
Kalisz Governorate
Poznań Voivodeship (1921–1939)
Holocaust locations in Poland

Kłodawa


The Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage (French: centre régional arabe pour le patrimoine mondial ; Arabic: المركز الإقليمي العربي للتراث العالمي) is a Category 2 Centre under the auspices of UNESCO. founded as an autonomous and independent Bahraini public institution in 2010.

The ARC-WH purpose is to reinforce the implementation of the World Heritage Convention in the Arab States region, by enhancing the knowledge of it, promoting the Operational Guidelines and the cooperating among the States Parties of the Arab States region.

ARC-WH is meant to respond to the provisions of the Global Strategy for a Representative, Balanced and Credible World Heritage List is also intended to assist the implementation of the Global Training Strategy for World Cultural and Natural Heritage (Helsinki, 2001).

ARC-WH has 19 member States: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen.

The main objective of ARC-WH is to assist States Parties in the implementation of the World Heritage Convention in the Arab States region along three main major axes : information, assistance, logistical & financial.

History

The Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage was established by the Royal Decree issued on 16 December 2010, following the General Conference of UNESCO at its 35th session in 2009. The two legislative chambers ratified the agreement between UNESCO and the Government of Bahrain. The agreement following the decision of the General Conference (35th session)
was signed in February 2010 by the Director-General of UNESCO, Irina Bokova and the Culture Minister of Bahrain Sh. Mai Bint Mohammed Al Khalifa.

As of 23 December 2011, all formalities related to the Agreement were completed upon the receipt of the letter of enforcement by UNESCO. Following the entry into force of the Agreement, the first meeting of the Governing Board was held on 28 April 2012 for the approval of the internal regulations, recruit the founding team of the Centre and approve the first year work plan.

Activities

ARC-WH will organize its activities along three main axes:

1. The provision of information relating to the World Heritage Convention and its application, including development and management of an Arabic language website, the translation and publication of relevant documents, and promotion of the establishment of new conservation programmes at universities, in all the Arab region States.

2. The provision of assistance to States Parties in the region to improve their ability to implement the WH Convention (including understanding of WH policy, concepts, rules of procedure, preparation of tentative lists, preparation of nominations, monitoring of state of conservation, education programmes etc.) by facilitating organization of appropriate WH
training at ARC-WH's premises or anywhere else in the region, and responding to State Party requests for assistance.

3. The provision of logistical and financial support for regional activities in support of the WH Convention including hosting of meetings, conferences, training workshops or exhibitions in the region; the identification of appropriate facilities and services (lecture rooms, equipment, competent translators, etc.) for planned meetings for the WH Centre and other international institutions in the region, and the raising of funds to support World Heritage activities in the region.

Related International Agencies
ARC-WH will meet its objectives in close coordination with existing international, regional and national agencies, initiatives
and programmes concerned with World Heritage in the Arab States region including but not limited to:

• international organizations such as ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property, and in particular, its ATHAR programme to "protect and promote the rich cultural heritage in the Arab region"; IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature); ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites)

• regional organizations such as ALECSO (The Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization), Tunisia; ROPME (Regional Organisation for the Protection of the Marine Environment – Kuwait; UNEP, and PERSGA (Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden-Jeddah);

• national conservation agencies (the various Departments and Directorates of Antiquities in the region), and national conservation organisations such as CULTNAT (Centre for Documentation of Cultural and Natural Heritage), Egypt, affiliated with Bibliotheca Alexandrina and supported by the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology of Egypt), and CERKAS (Centre de Restauration et de Rehabilitation de zones atlasiques et sub-atlasiques), Morocco.

References

External links
  Official ARC-WH website

UNESCO
2010 establishments in Bahrain
Organizations established in 2010
Conservation and restoration organizations
Heritage organizations
International cultural organizations
International educational organizations
International scientific organizations
Cultural organisations based in Bahrain

Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage


Blondie is a term sometimes used to refer to a person with blond hair.

Blondie or Blondi may also refer to:

People
 Blondie (nickname), a list of people
 Debbie Harry, the lead singer of the band Blondie who is sometimes erroneously referred to by that name

Arts and entertainment
 Blondie (band), an American rock band formed in 1974
 Blondie (album), 1976 debut album from Blondie
 Blondi (EP), a 2005 EP by German musician Wumpscut
 Blondie (comic strip), a long-running newspaper comic strip named after its blond-haired main character, launched in 1930
 Blondie (1938 film), the first in a series of movies based on the comic strip
 Blondie (film series) (1938–1950), a comedy series based on the comic strip
 Blondie (radio series) (1939–1950), a radio comedy series based on the comic strip
 Blondie (1957 TV series), the NBC TV series based on the comic strip
 Blondie (1968 TV series), the updated, short-lived, CBS TV series based on the comic strip
 Blondie (1975 film), a French film
 Blondie (2012 film), a Swedish film
 Blondie, the title character of the film Blondie Johnson (1933), played by Joan Blondell
 Blondie, the nickname of the Man with No Name, Clint Eastwood's nameless character in The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966)

Other uses
 Blondie (confection), a brownie made without chocolate
 Blondi, Adolf Hitler's German Shepherd dog
 Blondie, the reserve boat of the Cambridge University Women's Boat Club (founded 1940)

See also
 Theraphosa blondi (Goliath birdeater), a species of tarantula in the family Theraphosidae
 Blondy (disambiguation)

Blondie


Bric-à-brac () or bric-a-brac (from French), first used in the Victorian era, around 1840, refers to lesser objets d'art forming collections of curios. The French phrase dates from the 16th century meaning "at random, any old way".

Shops selling such items, often referred to as knick knacks today, were often referred to as purveyors of fancy goods, which might also include novelty items and other giftware. The curios in these shops or in home collections might have included items such as elaborately decorated teacups and small vases, compositions of feathers or wax flowers under glass domes, decorated eggshells, porcelain figurines, painted miniatures or photographs in stand-up frames.

In middle-class homes, bric-à-brac was used as ornament on mantelpieces, tables, and shelves, or was displayed in curio cabinets; sometimes these cabinets have glass doors to display the items within while protecting them from dust.

Today, "bric-à-brac" refers to a selection of items of modest value, often sold in street markets and charity shops.

In Yiddish, such items are known as tchotchkes.

Edith Wharton and Ogden Codman Jr., in The Decoration of Houses (1897), distinguished three gradations of quality in such "household ornaments": bric-à-brac, bibelots (trinkets) and objets d'art.

See also
 Antique shop
 Discount store
 Novelty item
 Staffordshire dog figurine
 Variety store

References

Collecting
Reuse
Memorabilia

Bric-à-brac


William Pikes (c. 1520-14 July 1558) (also William Pickesse, Wyl Pyckes) was an English tanner in Ipswich, Suffolk who was arrested in Islington during the Marian persecutions as a member of a group studying the Bible in English. He was burnt at the stake in Brentford and is commemorated as one of the Ipswich Martyrs.

William Pyckes
He was a tanner, and lived in the parish of St Margaret's Ipswich, which occupies the area directly to the north of the town centre, outside the medieval earth rampart. The church of St Margaret's stands adjacent to Christchurch Mansion and Park, which was built during Wyl Pyckes' lifetime. The Mansion stood on the site of the former Holy Trinity Priory, one of the two houses of Augustinian canons in the town, which was dissolved and became the property of Sir Thomas Pope (friend of Thomas More, Wolsey's successor as Chancellor), before being demolished to make way for the new brick mansion built by Edmund Withypoll.

The christenings and deaths of the children of Wyl Pyckes are recorded in the register of St Margaret's Church, between 1541 and 1558. He may therefore have been born around 1520. He was a believer in the reformed faith, and was of a hospitable disposition, generous toward the poor, and often opened his doors to give comfort to those who were hunted for their beliefs. He had absented himself from public worship for three years, following the accession of Queen Mary, since the Roman Mass was contrary to his conscience. His name appears in a list of dissenting persons of St Margaret's, drawn up on 18 May 1556, entitled A complaint against such as favoured the Gospell in Ipswich, exhibited to Queene Marie's Counsaile. Pyckes was a diligent student of the Bible, and possessed a copy of the Matthew Bible, containing the translations of Tyndale and Coverdale, which, although bearing King Henry VIII's royal licence, had since been suppressed and became a forbidden book.

A presentiment of death
Shortly after Midsummer 1556, Wyl Pyckes was sitting in his garden, facing south, with the Bible open upon his knee. "Suddenly fell down upon his book, between eleven and twelve o'clock of the day, four drops of fresh blood, and he knew not from whence it came. Then he, seeing the same, was sore astonished, and could by no means learn from whence it should fall; and wiping out one of the drops with his finger, he called his wife and said, 'In the virtue of God, wife, what meaneth this? Will the Lord have four sacrifices? I see well enough the Lord will have blood. His will be done, and give me grace to abide the trial! Wife, let us pray, for I fear the day draweth nigh.'"

The meeting at Islington
A few days after this, he went up to London to take part in a meeting with some forty men and women who met together for prayer and Bible study. This took place in a back close, 'in the field by the town of Islington', the chosen place being a walled garden so that they would not be discovered but a man looked over the wall and eventually greeted them, saying that 'they looked like men that meant no hurt.' One of their company then asked his permission for them to stay there, thinking perhaps he was the owner, and he repeated the same words and went away. They resumed their readings, and suddenly the Constable of Islington appeared among them, with six or seven other men, armed, and demanded that their books should be handed over.

Arrest, imprisonment and inquisition
Various people, including the women present, escaped either from the close, or from the company as they were led away to the brew-house nearby but the men were divided into groups and taken away among the soldiers. Twenty-seven were taken before Sir Roger Cholmley, and their names were demanded. Twenty-two willingly gave their names, and were immediately taken to the Newgate. They went with their captors meekly, though it would not have been difficult to escape if they had wished. At first they were offered the opportunity to be released from the Newgate if they would hear a Mass. Those who remained obstinate were then presented an inquisition of fourteen articles, by Edmund Bonner, to which they were required to make satisfactory answers or be condemned.

Executions
Of the twenty-two who had given their names, thirteen remained constant to their principles and held out against the demands. They were condemned to die, and were executed in two separate groups. The first group, of seven, consisted of Henry Pond (or Houde), Reinald Eastland (or Launder),  Robert Southain/Southam, Matthew Ricarby/Ricarbie, John Floyd/Flood,  John Holiday/Hollyday and Roger Holland, and were burnt at Smithfield on 27 June 1558. Roger Holland embraced the stake and the bundles of reeds for the fire, making the following prayer:
"Lord, I most humbly thank Thy Majesty that Thou hast called me from the state of death, unto the Light of Thy Heavenly Word, and now unto the fellowship of Thy saints that I may sing and say, 'Holy holy holy, Lord God of hosts!' And Lord, into Thy hands I commit my spirit. Lord bless these Thy people, and save them from idolatry." And so, praying and praising God with his eyes raised to heaven, he ended his life.

The second group, of six, consisted of Robert Mills, Stephen Cotton, Robert Dynes, Stephen Wight (or Wreight), John Slade and William Pikes (or Pikas/Peckes), and suffered in a similar way at Brentford on 14 July 1558. Pikes prayed for 'grace to abide the trial', and animated by his faith he approached the stake 'joyfully'.

Sources
John Foxe, Booke of Martyrs
N.F. Layard, Seventeen Suffolk Martyrs (Smiths, Ipswich 1903)

16th-century births
1558 deaths
People executed for heresy
Executed British people
People executed under Mary I of England
Executed English people
16th-century Protestant martyrs
16th-century English people
People from Brentford
People executed by the Kingdom of England by burning
Protestant martyrs of England

William Pikes


The Kriegerdenkmal ("warrior memorial") in the Hofgarten in Munich was built for commemorating those killed in action in World War I from Munich. It is located on the eastern end of the Hofgarten, in front of the Bayerische Staatskanzlei.

Construction

In the middle of a rectangular pit an open crypt is located, containing the statue of a fallen soldier.

The 2.25 meters deep pit measures 28×17 meters and is clad in Muschelkalk. Four cornered stairs lead down into it. On the north Muschelkalk wall of this outer room is a relief of marching soldiers and in contrast, the southern wall has a relief of a burial ground.
The crypt itself consists of 12 blocks of stone which carry a 2 meters thick and 250 tons heavy roof panel. The stones form a room of 7.30×3.50 meters.
12 stairs – 5 on each long side and 1 on each short side – each one with 7 steps, lead down to the larger-than-life size monument of the fallen soldier.

The memorial was designed by sculptor Karl Knappe and the architects Thomas Wechs and Eberhard Finsterwalder. Bernhard Bleeker created the monument of the fallen soldier and its base of red marble. The original marble statue was replaced by a bronze cast in 1972, made by Thomas Wimmer, and is now exhibited in the Bavarian Army museum in Ingolstadt.

Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, the son of the last Bavarian King, inaugurated the memorial site in 1924. However, it was only entirely finished in 1928. It is now a cultural heritage.

Inscriptions

 On the eastern side "Unseren Gefallenen" ("For our dead").
 The western side of the exterior displays the sentence "Sie werden auferstehen" ("They will rise").
 The interior features the inscription "Erbaut / vom Obmannsbezirk / München-Stadt / des Bayr. Kriegerbundes / den / 13.000 / gefallenen Heldensöhnen / der Stadt München / 1914-1918" ("Built / by the umpire district / Munich city / of the Bavarian Warrior League / for the / 13,000 / fallen heroic sons / of the city of Munich / 1914-1918").
 On the pedestal of the statue "Bayerns Heer / seinen Toten" ("For Bavaria's army / and its dead") can be read.

Originally, the names of the KIA from Munich were engraved into the walls. Due to the damage from World War II, the memorial was rebuilt without the names, as the old inscription was destroyed and the list of names that was originally used became lost. But instead the sentence "Zum Gedenken / an die 22.000 Gefallenen / 11.000 Vermissten / 6.600 Opfer des Luftkrieges / der Stadt München / 1939-1945" ("For the commemoration / of the 22,000 killed in action / 11,000 missing in action / 6,600 casualties of the aerial warfare / in the city of Munich / 1939-1945") was added on the inside.

References

External links
 Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege: Kriegerdenkmal, syn. Kriegergedächtnisstätte
 stadt-muenchen.net: Kriegerdenkmal im Hofgarten

1920s architecture
Buildings and structures in Munich
Monuments and memorials in Germany
World War I memorials in Germany

Kriegerdenkmal im Hofgarten (Munich)


Lego Jurassic World (also known as Lego Jurassic Park and stylized as LEGO Jurassic World) is a Lego theme based on the Jurassic World media franchise created by Michael Crichton and centered on a disastrous attempt to create a theme park of cloned dinosaurs. It is licensed from Universal Studios and Amblin Entertainment. The theme was introduced in June 2015, with the release of toy sets and the video game Lego Jurassic World, both to promote the film Jurassic World. Subsequent sets were released in 2018, alongside the next film, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. Various animated projects have also been made, including the 2018 television special Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit, and the 2019 miniseries Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar.

Overview
Lego Jurassic World is based on the Jurassic World media franchise. The first film, Jurassic World, focuses on a fully functioning dinosaur theme park. It was released in June 2015. As part of the marketing campaign, The Lego Group released toy sets based on the film. Each set featured different dinosaurs, such as Velociraptor, Tyrannosaurus rex, Dilophosaurus and the Indominus rex. Human figures were released as well, including one depicting Chris Pratt's character, Owen Grady. It was Pratt's third Lego minifigure, following toys based on The Lego Movie and Guardians of the Galaxy. A 90-second fan video was released shortly after the film, recreating it in Lego form. A separate three-minute fan video based on the first Jurassic Park film was also created by a father and his daughter in 2015.

The sequel film, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, was released in June 2018. Lego produced various toy sets based on the film ahead of its release. The largest set, with 1,019 Lego bricks, depicted the film's Indoraptor and Lockwood Estate. It also included two velociraptors and six minifigures. The Lego Group also released Duplo sets for younger children. In addition, The Lego Group built a life-sized model of Blue, a Velociraptor who appears in the Jurassic World films. The model included Blue standing on an overturned tour vehicle, representing a scene from Fallen Kingdom. The dinosaur and vehicle contained a total of 703,855 Lego bricks, and weighed 3,560 pounds. They were placed in front of Stage 18 at Universal Studios Hollywood. To commemorate the 25th anniversary of the first Jurassic Park film, Lego also introduced the Jurassic Park Velociraptor Chase set. It came with 360 Lego bricks, and included a Velociraptor and the computer control room seen in the film. It also included four minifigures of characters from the film.

Four toy sets, based on the Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar miniseries, were released in 2019. Lego also introduced the Jurassic Park: T. rex Rampage set, based on the original Jurassic Park film. The set came with 3,120 Lego bricks, and included a posable T. rex, six minifigures, and the Jurassic Park gate seen in the film. It was designed by Lego Senior Model Designer Mark Stafford. Four new sets were released in 2020.

In May 2022, Chris Pratt had unveiled a life-size replica of the T. rex head who appears in Jurassic World: Dominion film. The T. rex head contained 200,000 of Lego pieces and placed in front of the Rockefeller Center in New York.

Development
Lego Jurassic World was inspired by Jurassic World media franchise. The Lego construction toy range is based on the film series and developed in collaboration with Universal Brand Development. The construction sets were designed to recreate the story and characters of the film series in Lego form.

Before the launch of the Lego Jurassic World range, The Lego Dino Attack theme was released in 2005. This theme focused on radioactive dinosaurs that were created by mad scientists and featured dinosaurs and armoured all-terrain vehicles. Lego Dino Attack theme was known as Lego Dino 2010 in Europe. In 2012, Lego Dino Attack was replaced by Lego Dino. These themes eventually resulted in the introduction of the Lego Jurassic World theme, which included some of the original concepts of the Lego Dino Attack and Lego Dino themes, such as the dinosaurs, buildings and armoured all-terrain vehicles, but also introduced modern day elements.

During the development process, the Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom inspired theme involved a dedicated group of Lego designers collaborating with the artists behind the movie to bring Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom to life in Lego form. Model Designer Luis Castaneda explained, "They pitch us what they can without spoiling the movie, they give us the highlights of the movie and then we do our toy version, our interpretation of those scenes. For us it's all about making a fun toy. Jurassic World is pretty straightforward. We know there is going to be dinos, we know there is going to be cool vehicles, good heroes and some other humans that are probably not heroes. There's going to be something going on, the dinosaurs are going to escape from cages and what not, so there's going to be a lot of catching and chasing dynamics in the movie."

The range of Lego Jurassic World sets introduced new dinosaurs, eggs and baby dinosaurs. Luis Castaneda explained, "The reasons that the dinosaurs were chosen were for their 'iconicness', the ones that were clearly different, and a couple of novelties – dinos that we hadn't seen before. We really loved the fact there was a flying dino, there was a dino that is not a flesh eater but is quite dangerous because he butts with his head, and the Raptors. I mean the Raptors are almost like the main stars in the franchise and we know this one, Blue, from the previous movie. At the end of that movie she turns out to be some sort of a hero because she ends up saving everybody. We like Blue a lot. Then we have the Carnotaurus, which I don't think we've seen in the previous movies. So that's one of the novelties."

In 2019, Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar sets had revealed the new concepts and was in development. Lego Designer Manager Marcos Bessa explained, "For the LEGO® Jurassic World franchise in 2019 we have four novelty products coming out. These products are primarily based on new content we are doing with Universal. It expands the universe and takes place between the original trilogy and the first Jurassic World movie. The new park is already functioning, and Owen has just arrived at the park. We've seen in Jurassic World that he already has a history with Claire but what we are going to see in our TV series is how they actually build and develop that relationship."

Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar provided inspiration for this year's new sets, which the Lego design team collaborating with the minds behind the new series. Marcos Bessa explained, "This actually taps into a particular moment in the show, there's also a whole storyline about a treasure hunt across the island. Two of the sets tie into that storyline directly, whilst two tie into the theme park."

Characters

Lego Jurassic World
 Owen Grady: A Navy veteran and ethologist, and former Velociraptor handler for Jurassic World.
 Claire Dearing: Jurassic World's former operations manager, now a dinosaur-rights activist, who has founded the Dinosaur Protection Group to save Isla Nublar's surviving dinosaurs. Aunt to Zach and Gray Mitchell.
 Vic Hoskins: The head of InGen's security operations, who wants to use the Velociraptors and the Indominus rex as military animals.
 Gray Mitchell: One of Claire's nephews and the younger brother of Zach.
 Zach Mitchell: One of Claire's nephews and the older brother of Gray.
 Eli Mills: Lockwood's ambitious assistant who recruits Owen and Claire to rescue the dinosaurs.
 Franklin Webb: A former IT technician for Jurassic World who is now the Dinosaur Protection Group's systems analyst and hacker.
 Dr. Zia Rodriguez: A former Marine who is now the Dinosaur Protection Group's paleoveterinarian.
 Gunnar Eversol: An auctioneer host at Lockwood Estate who sells the Isla Nublar dinosaurs for profit.
 Ken Wheatley: A seasoned mercenary who commands the rescue operation on Isla Nublar.
 Dr. Henry Wu: The former head geneticist of both Jurassic World and the original Jurassic Park.
 Simon Masrani: CEO of the Masrani Corporation and the owner of Jurassic World.
 Maisie Lockwood: Lockwood's young granddaughter and legal ward following her parents' deaths.
 Red the Dog: Owen Grady's dog, a character unique to the toy line who does not appear to exist in the films.
 Kayla Watts: A former Air Force pilot who aids Owen and Claire on their mission.
 Rainn Delacourt: A poacher who kidnaps Maisie and Beta for BioSyn.
 Soyona Santos: A dinosaur smuggler.

Lego Jurassic Park
 Dr. Alan Grant: A paleontologist.
 Ellie Sattler: A graduate student studying under Grant, and accompanies him on the tour of InGen's dinosaur preserve.
 Lex Murphy: Tim Murphy's sister and John Hammond's granddaughter.
 Tim Murphy: Lex Murphy's brother and John Hammond's grandson.
 Ian Malcolm: A mathematician who specializes in chaos theory.
 Dr. John Hammond: The wealthy owner of Jurassic Park and founder of InGen.
 Ray Arnold: Jurassic Park's chief engineer, running the main control center from the Visitor Center.
 Dennis Nedry: An obese and messy computer scientist.

Lego Jurassic World Camp Cretaceous
 Darius Bowman: A camper who is a dinosaur fanatic from Oakland and leader of the group.
 Yasmina "Yaz" Fadoula: The "most athletically assured" of the camp goers.
 Ben Pincus: A sensitive and shy camper who takes care of an Ankylosaurus he names Bumpy.
 Brooklynn: A famous travel vlogger and camper at Camp Cretaceous.
 Kenji Kon: A self-appointed VIP camper described as the "self-proclaimed alpha male of the group".
 Sammy Gutierrez: a camper filled with enthusiasm for the experience of being at Camp Cretaceous.

Toy line

Construction sets
According to Bricklink, The Lego Group released 78 playsets and promotional polybags as part of the Lego Jurassic World theme.

The Lego Jurassic World theme was launched at the New York Toy Fair in June 2015. As part of the marketing campaign, The Lego Group released six toy sets based on the first film. Each set featured different dinosaurs, pieces of the dinosaur theme park and vehicles. Minifigures were released as well, including Owen Grady, Claire Dearling, Dr. Wu, Simon Masrani and Vic Hoskins. The Lego sets released included Pteranodon Capture, Dilophosaurus Ambush, Raptor Rampage, T. rex Tracker, Indominus rex Breakout and Raptor Escape. In addition, a Gallimimus Trap polybag set was released as a promotion. The Lego Jurassic World video game was released on 12 June 2015 and included a Dr. Wu minifigure as a free gift.

In October 2017, The Lego Group confirmed that Lego Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom products would be launched in 2018. The seven toy sets based on the Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom film were launched in April 2018. The seven sets were Pteranodon Chase, Stygimoloch Breakout, Blue's Helicopter Pursuit, Carnotaurus Gyrosphere Escape, Indoraptor Rampage at Lockwood Estate, Dilophosaurus Outpost Attack and T. rex Transport. It's also introduced Jurassic Park Velociraptor Chase set based on the first Jurassic Park film. In addition, Baby Velociraptor Playpen polybag set was released as a promotion.

In October 2018, Universal announced that new Lego Jurassic World products would be released in 2019. The four toy sets based on the Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar miniseries were launched in June 2019. The four toy sets were Dilophosaurus on the Loose, Baryonyx Face-Off: The Treasure Hunt, Triceratops Rampage and T. rex vs Dino-Mech Battle. It also introduced the Jurassic Park: T. rex Rampage set based on the original Jurassic Park film. The Lego Group announced the Jurassic Park: T. rex Rampage set was retired on 31 December 2021. Another four toy sets also based on the Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar miniseries were released in 2020. The four toy sets were Dr. Wu's Lab: Baby Dinosaurs Breakout, Gallimimus and Pteranodon Breakout, Indominus rex vs. Ankylosaurus and Velociraptor: Biplane Rescue Mission. The Lego Group announced the four toy sets would be retired on 31 December 2021.

In 2021, four toy sets based on the Jurassic World Camp Cretaceous animated Netflix series would be released in September 2021. The four sets released included Stygimoloch Dinosaur Escape, T. rex Dinosaur Fossil Exhibition, Carnotaurus Dinosaur Chase and Baryonyx Dinosaur Boat Escape. Each of the sets included Lego minifigures of Kenji, Sammy, Ben, Brooklynn, Darius and Yaz. The Lego Group announced the four toy sets were be retired on 31 December 2022.

Three sets based on the Jurassic World Dominion film and one set based on the original Jurassic Park film were released in April 2022. The three sets released included Triceratops Pick-up Truck Ambush, Pyroraptor & Dilophosaurus Transport and T-rex Breakout. T-rex Breakout set consists of 1212 pieces with 4 minifigures. T-rex Breakout set included Lego minifigures of Alan Grant, Ian Malcolm, Tim Murphy and Lex Murphy. An addition, The Lego Group and Universal Brand Development had announced the six sets were released in April as well consisting of Pteranodon Chase, T. rex Dinosaur Breakout, Atrociraptor Dinosaur Bike Chase, Blue & Beta Velociraptor Capture, Quetzalcoatlus Plane Ambush and T. rex & Atrociraptor Dinosaur Breakout. Another largest set will be released as well named Giganotosaurus & Therizinosaurus Attack. Each of the sets included Lego minifigures of Rainn Delacourt, Kayla Watts and Soyona Santos. In addition, Dinosaur Market polybag set was released as a promotion.

In 2023, five sets based on the original Jurassic Park film for its 30th anniversary are to be released June 2023. The five sets are Velociraptor Escape, Dilophosaurus Ambush, Triceratops Research, Brachiosaurus Discovery and Visitor Center: T. rex & Raptor Attack. Each of the sets included Lego minifigures of Dr. Alan Grant, Dr. Ellie Sattler, Robert Muldoon, John Hammond, Dr. Ian Malcom, Dennis Nedry, Dr. Henry Wu, Ray Arnold, Tim Murphy and Lex Murphy.

Lego Juniors sets
Lego Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom themed sets have also been produced as part of the Lego Juniors theme and, more recently, as part of its successor product range 4+. These sets were specifically designed to be simpler to build with fewer pieces and slightly larger building elements. The Lego Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom sets are aimed at children aged four and above, such as Velociraptor: Biplane Rescue Mission set, which is part of the Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar sub-theme.

Duplo sets
Duplo Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom themed sets have also been produced as part of the Duplo theme and was released in April 2018. These sets are twice the length, height, and width of traditional Lego bricks, making them easier to handle and less likely to be swallowed by younger children. Despite their size, they are still compatible with traditional Lego bricks. The two sets were Gentle Giants Petting Zoo and T. rex Tower. In 2021, T. rex and Triceratops Dinosaur Breakout set was released in June 2021. The set consists of 36 pieces with 1 minifigure of Owen Grady. The T. rex and Triceratops Dinosaur Breakout sets will be retired on 31 December 2022.

In 2022, Dinosaur Nursery set was released on 17 April 2022 and based on Jurassic World Dominion film. The set consists of 27 pieces with 1 minifigure of Claire Dearing.

Lego BrickHeadz sets
Several Lego Jurassic World characters have also been released as part of the Lego BrickHeadz theme. A range of Lego Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom BrickHeadz was announced in April 2018, which included Owen and Blue as buildable characters. The set consists of 234 pieces and 2 baseplates.

Short films and television series
In 2015, four short videos for Lego Jurassic World were released on YouTube, including A Jarring Encounter, A Day in the Life, Jurassic Pals, and Little Arms...Big Feet.

 was released in October 2016, initially as a five-part series of online videos. It was released on DVD later that month as a 24-minute short film. It is a prequel to Jurassic World, and follows most of the film's characters as they try to capture a hot dog-loving Indominus rex. It is the first animated spin-off project in the Jurassic Park franchise. The home media release was accompanied by another short prequel, titled Lego Jurassic World: Employee Safety Video.

In promotion of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, Lego produced two short films titled Rescue Blue and Escape the Indoraptor, with a variant featured on YouTube where it was separated into four parts, and at the end of each part the audience was given the option to choose between two different outcomes.

Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit is a prequel to Jurassic World. It aired on NBC on November 29, 2018.

Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar is a 13-episode animated miniseries that premiered in 2019. The series is also a prequel to Jurassic World, chronicling the park operations. A two-part special for the series, titled Lego Jurassic World: Double Trouble, premiered in 2020.

Lego Jurassic World: Keep Your Dinosars Safe is a web short released on YouTube in 2020. It features Owen and Blue teaching about the symptoms of COVID-19 and how to stay safe.

In May 2023, seven short videos for Lego Jurassic World were released on YouTube, including A dinosaur in a supermarket, Dinosaurs are among us!, A baby Velociraptor on a rescue mission, A hunt for a Giganotosaurus, Dinosaurs at a construction site Dinosaurs in the streets and Velociraptor at a farm.

In June 2023, six short videos for Lego Jurassic Park 30th anniversary were released on YouTube that inspired by both Lego Jurassic Park 30th anniversary sets as well as Jurassic Park film.

Lego Jurassic Park: The Unofficial Retelling is a short film released on Peacock on October 2023. It features Dr. Ian Malcolm tells the story (in his point of view) of the time he, Alan Grant and Ellie Sattler were invited by John Hammond for a tour of Jurassic Park, however through the meddlings of Dennis Nedry, the power to the park is shutdown in which they all have to survive the escaped dinosaurs and get the power back online in order to call for help. The short plays exactly like the film except for some interpretations to make it suitable for children, that includes the deaths of the characters such as Robert Muldoon and Dennis Nedry (who are allegedly having tea with the dinosaurs and never seen again), especially the demise of Donald Gennaro and Ray Arnold (who had survived near the end of the film when the power came back and called the chopper). As the story ended, Dr. Malcolm wants to read his role in Isla Sorna, but his neighbor (who looks a lot like Steven Spielberg) snatched his book and ran away with Ian trying to get it back.

Video games
A video game, Lego Jurassic World, was released in June 2015, coinciding with the film. It was the latest in a series of Lego-branded video games, and is based on the first four films in the Jurassic Park franchise. It is an action-adventure game, developed by Traveller's Tales and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. It was initially released across numerous game platforms, and was later released for Android and iOS in 2016. A Nintendo Switch version was released in 2019.

Two other games feature elements relating to Jurassic World. Lego Dimensions (2015) has a "team pack" that recreates the events of the film and adds Owen Grady, ACU Trooper and a Velociraptor as playable characters. Lego Brawls (2019) includes Tyrannosaurus rex, Indominus rex, Owen Grady and Claire Dearing as playable characters.

Books
Numerous books based on Lego Jurassic World have been written:
 LEGO Jurassic World : Prima Official Game Guide. Authored by Rick Barba. Published by Dorling Kindersley, 2015.
 LEGO Jurassic World: Owen's Guide to Survival. Authored by Meredith Rusu. Published by Scholastic Inc., 2018.
 Lego Jurassic World: Sticker Activity. Published by Centum Books, 2018.
 Dinosaur Disaster! (Lego Jurassic World: Reader with Stickers). Authored by Meredith Rusu. Published by Scholastic Inc., 2018.
 Owen to the Rescue (Lego Jurassic World: Reader with Stickers). Authored by Meredith Rusu. Published by Scholastic Inc., 2019.
 Lego Jurassic World : Activity Book with Minifigure. Authored by Ameet Studio. Published by Scholastic Inc., 2019.
 Owen's Jurassic Logbook (wth Owen minifigure and mini Blue Raptor). Published by Scholastic Inc., 2019.
 Dino Heroes (with bonus story Owen to the Rescue). Published by Scholastic Inc., 2020.
 Dinosaur Discovery. Authored by Ameet Studio. Published by Scholastic Inc., 2020.
 Lego Jurassic World: Dinosaurs on the Run!. Authored by Editors of Studio Fun International. Published by Sfi Readerlink Dist., 2020.
 Jurassic World Build Your Own Adventure. Authored by Julia March and Selina Wood. Published by Dorling Kindersley, 2020.
 LEGO Jurassic World: 1001 Stickers: Amazing Dinosaurs. Authored by AMEET. Published by Michael O'Mara Books Ltd., 2020.
 Lego Jurassic World the Dino Files : With Lego Jurassic World Claire Minifigure and Baby Raptor!. Authored by Catherine Saunders. Published by Dorling Kindersley, 2021.
 Lego Jurassic World Ultimate Sticker Collection. Authored by Julia March. Published by Dorling Kindersley, 2021.
 Lego Jurassic World: Let's Paint Dinosaurs. Authored by Ameet Studios. Published by Studio Fun International, 2021.
 LEGO (R) Jurassic World (TM): Alan Grant's Missions: Activity Book with Alan Grant minifigure. Authored by Buster Books. Published by Michael O'Mara Books Ltd., 2022.
 Untold Dinosaur Tales #1: Dangerous Eggs-pedition! (LEGO Jurassic World). Authored by Random House. Published by Random House USA Inc, 2022.
 Untold Dinosaur Tales #2: Camp Chaos! (LEGO Jurassic World). Authored by Random House. Published by Random House USA Inc., 2022.

Popular culture references
In the 2019 film The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part, were the main character Emmet teams up with Rex Dangervest who had six raptors named Cobra, Rocky, Quaid, Ripley, Connor, and The Other One, Emmet seems to love raptors since his voice actor Chris Pratt who played Owen in the Jurassic World films and made a possible reference to how Owen trains and kept velociraptors.

Reception
In May 2015, The Lego Group reported that the Lego Star Wars, Lego Jurassic World and Lego Technic themes had contributed to its first half results jump 18 per cent for 2015.

In September 2015, The Lego Group reported that the Lego Elves and Lego Jurassic World lines, "were received very positively by children all over the world", and that these themes had helped to push revenue up by 23 per cent.

In November 2015, the Toy Retailers Association listed the Raptor Rampage set on its official list of Dream Toys 2015.

In 2019, T-rex vs Dino-Mech Battle set was listed as one of the best toys for the 2019 Holiday season in Parents Magazine.

Awards and nominations
In 2015, Raptor Rampage was awarded "DreamToys" in the Build It And They Will Thrive category by the Toy Retailers Association.

In 2018, Blue's Helicopter Pursuit was awarded "DreamToys" in the It's Showtime category by the Toy Retailers Association.

In 2022, Blue & Beta Velociraptor Capture was awarded "DreamToys" in the Film & TV Favourites category by the Toy Retailers Association.

See also
Lego Studios
Lego Adventurers
Lego Dino
Lego Monster Fighters
Lego Trolls World Tour
Lego Minions: The Rise of Gru
Lego Vidiyo
Lego Gabby's Dollhouse

References

External links

Jurassic World
Products introduced in 2015
Works based on Jurassic Park

Lego Jurassic World (theme)


Semana santa (also known as Angel of Death) is a 2002 European mystery thriller film directed by Pepe Danquart. It is notable for its international cast.

Plot
During the Spanish Civil War the 14-year-old Doña Catalina (Yohana Cobo) is captured by war criminal Antonio Alvarez. She is forced to witness how her father is murdered with a traditional bullfighting weapon known as "rejón de muerte". Following that her father's murderer rapes her. After this traumatic experience she can get hold of a knife and attempts to take revenge. But she is grabbed by one of Alvarez' accomplices who also tries to abuse her. She stabs him and escapes. A friendly couple saves her. Doña Catalina recovers but turns out being pregnant. The birth is difficult and the couple tells Doña her boy had died. Later they disappear and take the allegedly dead boy with them.

The war criminal who raped her remains unpunished. More than that, after the war he gets more and more powerful as a local politician. He keeps on befathering teenage girls, always getting away by making presents and paying child support. Yet a Christian brotherhood expels him.

Forty years later, during the Semana Santa, again people get killed in the same manner Alvarez once murdered Doña's father. Police detective Quemada and his new colleague Maria Delgado try to find a trace. They interview the leader of a Christian brotherhood and later on an expert for bullfighting. Finally it is revealed that  the late Antonio Alvarez had advised his illegitimate sons to stick together and had hereby created a still existing network.

The sons believe they had to get back at their father's former enemies. Doña's lost son is on top of this conspiracy. As a high-ranked local policeman he is a superior of Quemada and Delgado. In order to oppress the truth he doesn't hesitate to kill his subordinates or even his half-brothers.

In the end Doña saves Maria Delgado's life by firing a gun at her lost son.

Cast
 Alida Valli as Doña Catalina
 Yohana Cobo as young Doña Catalina
 Mira Sorvino as Maria Delgado
 Olivier Martinez as Quemada
 Féodor Atkine as Torillo
 Peter Berling as Castaneda
Luis Tosar as Antonio

Reception
Critics occasionally found the film adaptation of David Hewson's novel Santa Semana not completely logical.

References

External links

  Review by Randy at dvdfuture.com

2002 films
2002 thriller films
Films about religion
Films based on British novels
Films based on mystery novels
Films set in Spain
Films shot in Spain
2000s English-language films

Semana santa


The Drachensee is a lake in Austria which is a few meters below of Coburger Hütte. It is at about 1910 meters (6 266 feet) attitude. If you climb up above Coburger Hütte at most of the high peeks it will be seen. It is very similiar to the Seebensee which is lower down the Drachensee and on the other side of Coburger Hütte.

Lakes of Austria
Tyrol (state)

Drachensee


Blow Job is a silent film directed by Andy Warhol. It depicts the face of an uncredited DeVeren Bookwalter as he apparently receives fellatio from an unseen partner. While shot at 24 frames per second, Warhol specified that it should be projected at 16 frames per second, slowing it down by a third.

Despite the salacious title, the film shows only the expression on the young man's face; the implied sexual act itself is not seen. Whether it is a male or a female performing the act is not stated, and the viewer must assume that fellatio is occurring.  The salaciousness has also been speculated to be entirely in the title with no fellatio actually being performed.

Making
The identity of the person performing the act is disputed. Warhol states in his book Popism: The Warhol Sixties (1980) that five different boys performed the fellatio. In this book, Warhol writes that he originally asked Charles Rydell, the boyfriend of filmmaker Jerome Hill, to star in the film, promising that there would be "five beautiful boys" to perform the act.

However, when Warhol set up the film shoot at The Factory on a Sunday, Rydell failed to show up. Warhol phoned Rydell at Hill's suite at the Algonquin Hotel and asked where Rydell was. Rydell replied that he thought Warhol was kidding, and had no intention of appearing in such a film. When he declined, Andy used "a good-looking kid that happened to be hanging around the Factory that day", who was later identified as Bookwalter. By that time, the five boys had departed, but Warhol's notoriously poor memory kept the five boys in place for the version given in the much later book POPism.

Commentary
According to Peter Gidal, the film distances the viewer from the experience it purportedly depicts, "Sometimes the young actor looks bored, sometimes as if he is thinking, sometimes as if he is aware of the camera, sometimes as if he is not." Douglas Crimp states that after a few minutes, "it becomes clear that we will see nothing more than the repetition, with slight variations, of what we've already seen". This frees the mind to look in a different way. Likewise, the sexual act has the effect of distracting the actor from the presence of the camera, creating a unique kind of unself-consciousness. The film becomes "a lesson in how to produce a really beautiful portrait without saying 'cheese'!"

Critic Roy Grundmann argues that "Blow Job's self-reflexive devices create a new kind of spectatorial address that dislodges audiences from their contemplative positions in a number of ways. Blow Job's reflexivity makes spectators intensely aware that seeing a film makes projecting onto and investing into an image a part of oneself which is also a socialized acculturated act". Grundmann further claims that "viewers oscillate between an awareness of their contingency on larger scheme and the promise of ocularcentric mastery of the image".

Sequel: Eating Too Fast

In 1966, Warhol filmed a sequel, Eating Too Fast (originally titled Blow Job #2) which runs 67 minutes with sound. It features art critic and writer Gregory Battcock as the recipient.

See also

 Andy Warhol filmography
 Beautiful Agony
 Blue Movie (1969) – Warhol film
 Eat (1964) – Warhol film
 Eating Too Fast (1966) – Warhol film
 Erotic art
 Erotic photography
 Golden Age of Porn (1969–1984)
 Kiss (1963) – Warhol film
 List of American films of 1964
 Sleep (1964) – Warhol film
 Unsimulated sex

References

External links

WarholStars.org website: Blow Job page

Further reading
Gidal, Peter. Andy Warhol's Blow Job. London: Afterall Books, 2008.

1964 short films
1964 films
American short documentary films
American LGBT-related short films
American silent short films
American black-and-white films
Fellatio
Films directed by Andy Warhol
One-shot films
American independent films
1964 LGBT-related films
1960s American films
American LGBT-related documentary films

Blow Job (1964 film)


A registrar is a senior administrative executive within an academic institution (consisting of a college, university, or secondary school) who oversees the management and leadership of the Registrar's Office.

General duties and function
Typically, a registrar processes registration requests, schedules classes and maintains class lists, enforces the rules for entering or leaving classes, and keeps a permanent record of grades and marks. In institutions with selective admission requirements, a student only begins to be in connection with the registrar's official actions after admission.
Various grades of professional academic-related staff perform senior administrative and managerial roles in such universities on behalf of the registrar or head of department and head subsections of the administration. Titles afforded to such staff include assistant registrar, senior assistant registrar and principal assistant registrar.

Registrars in the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the term registrar is usually used for the head of the university's administration. The role is usually combined with that of secretary of the university's governing bodies and in these cases, the full title will often be "registrar and secretary" (or "secretary and registrar") to reflect these dual roles. The University of Cambridge in England uses the archaic spelling of "Registrary" for this office.

Registrars in Canada
In Canada, the registrar is an administrative position, usually responsible for admissions, records and registration, academic scheduling, front line service and support, strategic enrollment data management and analysis, academic policy, and graduation (sometimes known as convocation).

Registrars in Ireland
In Ireland, the registrar is usually the chief academic officer, and the title is often combined with such titles as "deputy president" or "vice-president for academic affairs".

Registrar's office
A registrar's office is an essential unit within a college, university, or secondary school. The registrar's office provides a variety of services and supports for prospective students, current students, faculty, and staff related to:

 Marketing and recruitment
Admissions
 Registration
 Graduations

 Course Catalog Publishing
 Curriculum Management
 Class Scheduling
 Academic Records
 Examinations
 Data Analytics
 Student awards and financial aid
 Athletic Compliance
 Veterans' Educational Benefits
 Mass communications

Semi-Academic Service
Services provided by the supporting units of an educational institution or university.

See also
 Association of University Administrators

References

Academic administration
Education and training occupations

Registrar (education)


Charles Herman Helmsing (March 23, 1908 – December 20, 1993) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as bishop of the Diocese of Kansas City–St. Joseph in Missouri (1962–1977).

Biography

Early life
Helmsing was born on March 23, 1908, to George and Louisa Helmsing. He entered St. Louis Preparatory Seminary and then went on to Kenrick-Glennon Seminary before being ordained a priest for the Archdiocese of St. Louis on June 10, 1933. He became a papal chamberlain (monsignor) on February 15, 1946.

Auxiliary Bishop of Saint Louis
Pope Pius XII appointed Helmsing as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Saint Louis and titular bishop of Axomis on March 17, 1949.  On April 19, 1949, Helmsing was consecrated by Cardinal Joseph Ritter.

He took a marked interest in the propagation of the faith, the instruction of converts, the work of the Legion of Mary, as well as both foreign and home missions. He worked as secretary and master of ceremonies for Cardinal Ritter and took on a number of other positions, including director of the Diocesan Society for the Propagation of the Faith.

Bishop of Springfield-Cape Girardeau
On August 24,1956, when Pius XII divided Missouri into four dioceses, he appointed Helmsing as the first bishop of the Diocese of Springfield–Cape Girardeau. He was installed as bishop there on November 28, 1956.

Bishop of Kansas City-Saint Joseph
Pope John XXIII appointed Helmsing as bishop of the Diocese of Kansas City – St. Joseph on January 31, 1962. In his installation homily on April 3, 1962, Helmsing explained his motto:

"In the sacrifice of the Cross, Christ our Lord identified Himself with the Old Testament servant of Yahweh, the slave of Almighty God, foretold by the prophets. It was this realization that impelled me to take as the motto of my life and work as a Bishop, the inspired words of the 115th Psalm, Servus tuus, filius anciliae ("O Lord, I am Thy slave and the son of Thy handmaid").

It is in this spirit that I come to you with humble determination aided by our Lord's grace to imitate Him as the slave of the Lord Who became obedient unto death, even the death of the Cross; and also in imitation of His Mother, Mary, who when the greatest possible task was given to her of mothering the Son of God, referred to herself "Behold the slave-girl of the Lord".Helmsing attended the Second Vatican Council in Rome with future Cardinal) William Wakefield Baum as a peritus (expert). During the initial debate on the schema for liturgy (De Sacra Liturgia), a note is made of Helmsing's intervention on point no. 39 on the importance of the homily in the liturgy.  Mathijis Lamberigts notes that Helmsing argued that the homily ought to be systematic and theologically well founded.

Helmsing took part in all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council and was most influential in the composition of the Decree on Ecumenism (Unitatis Redintegratio). Helmsing returned to Kansas City, where he supported civil rights and brought home the documents of the Second Vatican Council and was responsible for implementing them in the diocese.

In November 1963, Helmsing was elected to the Vatican Secretariat for Christian Unity, which worked under Cardinal Bea to collect statements to the secretariat concerning the schema. The result was 1,063 pages published in six volumes. This helped to prepare revisions to the schema which were returned to council fathers.

In 1968 the National Catholic Reporter (NCR) was officially condemned by Helmsing for "their policy of crusading against the Church's teachings". When the paper was founded, Bishop provided diocesan office space and funds until the paper was able to move to the building where it continues to this day. In the late 1960s, Helmsing objected most specifically to the paper's strong stands on artificial birth control, priestly celibacy and criticism of the hierarchy, citing an imbalance in news coverage. Sixty-six Catholic journalists signed a petition supporting NCR.

Retirement and legacy
On June 27, 1977, Pope Paul VI accepted Helmsing's resignation as bishop. Charles Helmsing died in Kansas City, Missouri, on December 20, 1993, aged 85.

In the fall of 2006, Bishop Robert W. Finn  named a new adult faith formation initiative in the Diocese of Kansas City-Saint Joseph after Helmsing. The Bishop Helmsing Institute offers a three-year faith formation program for lay people and has four full-time instructors.

References

External links
Bishop Helmsing Institute
Decree on Ecumenism(Unitatis Redintegratio)

1908 births
1993 deaths
People from St. Louis County, Missouri
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States
Kenrick–Glennon Seminary alumni
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. Louis
Roman Catholic bishops of Springfield–Cape Girardeau
Roman Catholic bishops of Kansas City–Saint Joseph
Clergy from Kansas City, Missouri
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
Place of death missing

Charles Herman Helmsing


Igor Morozov (born 1948) is a Russian-Ukrainian opera singer (baritone) (in Russian: )

Igor Morozov was born in Dnipropetrovsk in Ukraine and started singing while still a child with professional orchestras. These concerts were broadcast by radio across the Soviet Union. At the age of 16, he left his hometown to study at the Tchaikovsky Conservatory in Moscow. There, his first teacher was the bass Mark Reizen, and his second the Georgian baritone and People's Artist of the Georgian SSR, David Gamrekeli. Immediately after having finished his studies, young Morozov received a contract as a leading baritone to the Kirov Opera (today's Mariinsky Theatre) and changed two years later to the leading opera house of the Soviet Union: the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow. Here he sang the great parts of Russian and Italian repertoire such as the title role in Eugene Onegin, Lionel in The Maid of Orleans (with Makvala Kasrashvili in the title role), Yeletzki in The Queen of Spades, Robert in Iolanta all by Tchaikovsky, Rimsky-Korsakov's Misghir in The Snow Maiden (also recorded as CD), Andrey Bolkonsky in Prokofiev's War and Peace, Conte di Luna in Il trovatore, Gérmont in La traviata, Rodrigo in Don Carlo all by Verdi, Sharpless in Puccini's Madama Butterfly and Silvio in Leoncavallos Pagliacci (on DVD with Galina Kalinina and Vladimir Atlantov). Morozov also sang many rare and new operas, e.g. the part of Chichikov in Rodion Shchedrin's 1976 opera Dead Souls. Morozov used to be a frequent partner in concerts of the soprano Elena Obraztsova on TV.

In 1991 Igor Morozov was awarded by Boris Yeltsin with the highest title for artists in Russia, the title "Narodni Artist Rossii" (People's Artist of the USSR).

Since his very successful debut as Onegin at the Wiener Staatsoper, Igor Morozov has also been singing in many famous opera houses and festivals in Western Europe and the United States: Teatro alla Scala in Milan, Deutsche Oper Berlin and Staatsoper Unter den Linden Berlin, Staatsoper Hamburg, Cologne, Bayerische Staatsoper Munich, Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Opernhaus Zürich, Teatro Massimo Palermo, Bregenzer Festspiele, Salzburger Festspiele, Boston Music Festival, Houston Grand Opera with conductors such as Lorin Maazel, Anton Guadagno, , Pinchas Steinberg and partners like Edita Gruberova, Vesselina Kasarova, Francisco Araiza, Giuseppe Giacomini, Nicolai Ghiaurov, Matti Salminen the leading roles in operas like Mazeppa (Tchaikovsky), Rigoletto, Nabucco, Simon Boccanegra all by Verdi, Kovaliov in Shostakovich's The Nose. He has become a well known singer for different works of Shostakovich (Thirteenth Symphony, Babi Yar, Michelangelo Suite, Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District).

In Germany, Austria and Switzerland his name is usually spelled "Igor Morosow".

Woody Allen chose his interpretation of "Iago's Dream" from Verdi's Otello for his 2005 film Match Point.

Morozov is also very busy singing works by composers from Russia and Ukraine that are little known outside their home country: Georgy Sviridov (among others: "My father is a farmer" recorded with the composer as pianist), Anton Rubinstein, Mykola Lysenko, Arthur Lourié, Semyon Gulak-Artemovsky.

References

External links
 Internationale Künstleragentur Berlin (Archive)
 Naxos

1948 births
Living people
Musicians from Dnipro
Russian male opera singers
Operatic baritones
People's Artists of Russia

Igor Morozov (baritone)


A line-out code is a coded piece of information, used to communicate intentions about a line-out within one team in a rugby union match without giving information away to the other team. A line-out is a manoeuvre used to restart play when the ball has left the pitch. The right to throw in the ball will be awarded to one team or the other but, in theory at least, the throw will be straight down the middle whichever team is making it. The advantage comes from knowing in advance how the throw will be made — whether short and fast to the front of the line or looping slowly to the back.

Encoded information

Receiver selection
The most important piece of information to be encoded is to where in the line the ball is to be thrown. This allows the receiving players to concentrate their effort in lifting the relevant catcher, whereas the opposition must attempt to cover the whole line.

Post-catch action
As well as the length of the throw, some teams will attempt to specify what the catcher should do with the ball when he has it - whether to simply knock it back towards his own team, catch it and then pass it while still up in the air (supported by his team mates) or catch it and bring it down to form a maul. Such a call can only be advice to the catcher, since he may not get a clean catch and the choice of what to do.

Set pieces
Finally, the code may have a means of calling for a specific pre-planned move. This is usually just a particular word - the play won't be used often enough in a match for the opposition to work out what the word means. For example, the code-word "postman" might indicate that the ball is to be caught by the jumper (typically number four) and held briefly while a player from the back of the line-out runs along the line. As he passes the catcher the ball is passed down to him, he continues on to the front of the line, and slips through the gap between the front of the line and the edge of the pitch.

Encoding methods
There are a wealth of different codes in use to obfuscate the planned tactic. One scheme uses a set of three words which share no letters (e.g. "THAMES ROWING CLUB" or "THE BIG DON"). The first word will signify the front of the line, the second the middle, and the third the back of the line. The call will then incorporate a letter from one of the words, indicating where the throw will be made. There are also numerical codes, and more esoteric ones involving anything from the number of legs on animals to the personal characteristics of people known to the team.

These basic elements will be combined by the caller into a phrase intended to confuse the opposition while transferring the plan to his team. Most of this phrase will be "padding" intended to hide the true method - for example, "127 ZD Kangaroo" could be decoded simply as a throw to the front of the line.

Rugby union terminology
Encodings

Line-out code


An inning, or innings, is a fixed-length section of a game in several sports – most notably cricket and baseball when one team would try to score while the other team would try to stop the first from scoring. In baseball, a team's turn to score is called a "half-inning" instead. A team's scoring turn ends in these sports when the players on the scoring team have been "put out" (made to leave the field because of their mistakes during gameplay) a certain number of times.

Cricket
In cricket, a team's innings ends when they no longer have two players who are allowed to bat. This almost always happens when 10 of the 11 players on the team are out (batsmen who are put out are not allowed to bat again during the innings). A team's innings can also end when they have reached a time limit, or the ball has been legally thrown to their players to try to hit and score a certain number of times (as in T20 cricket, where each team is limited to 120 such throws), if the team had agreed to such limitations before the game. The term "innings" can also refer to a single batter's turn to bat, or the number of runs they score during their turn.

Super Over
A Super Over is a tiebreaker in which both teams get extra innings with a maximum of 6 legal deliveries. If the teams are still tied after the Super Over, more Super Overs are played until one of the teams scores more runs than its opponents.

One notable time a Super Over happened was during the 2019 Cricket World Cup Final.

References

Baseball rules
Cricket

Inning


A butcher knife or butcher's knife is a knife designed and used primarily for the butchering or dressing of animal carcasses.

Use

Today, the butcher knife is used throughout the world in the meat processing trade. The heftier blade works well for splitting, stripping and cutting meat. Other similar meat-cutting knives include the carving knife and the cleaver. The carving knife is usually designed for slicing thin cuts of meat and often has a blunt or rounded point, with a scalloped or Granton blade to improve separation of sliced cuts of meat. The cleaver is similar to the butcher's knife, but has a lighter and thinner blade for precision cutting.

History

From the late 18th century to the mid-1840s, the butcher knife was a key tool for mountain men. Simple, useful and cheap to produce, they were used for everything from skinning beaver, cutting food, self-defense, and scalping. During this time, John Wilson, of Sheffield, England, was a major exporter of this type of knife to the Americans. These knives can be identified by brand markings and the stamp I. Wilson. Heavy cleavers were traditionally hung up on a hook for ease of access.

References

Kitchen knives

Butcher knife


Solomon L. Nason (December 16, 1825 – April 1, 1899) was an American farmer and lumberman from Nasonville, Wisconsin who served one term as a Greenback Party member of the Wisconsin State Assembly, representing Clark, Lincoln, Taylor and Wood counties.

Background
Nason was born in Standish, Cumberland County, Maine on December 16, 1825, and received a common school education. He became a farmer and lumberman. Nason went to California in 1849, but returned to Maine in 1853, and in that same year moved to Wisconsin, settling in Wood County along with his brother William G. Nason in the spring of 1855. They settled in the area later known as "Nasonville" (at that time commencing about three or four miles southwest of what was to become Marshfield, and extending towards Maple Works and Neillsville in Clark County) since the Nason brothers had early settled at a site about eleven miles southwest of Marshfield. The Nasons settled permanently in what would later be termed Nasonville proper in September 1856, buying land in Section 5, Town 24 N, Range 2 E (Rock Township), and also buying several adjoining sections. Solomon later donated a portion of this land, on which the hamlet of Lindsey would be erected. Solomon Nason established and kept a store in Nasonville, and when a Nasonville post office was established was appointed postmaster in 1859, serving in that capacity until 1878.

Public service
At the time of his election to the Assembly, Solomon Nason had played a leading part in the organization of the Town of Lincoln and had been the chairman of the board of supervisors for eight years, and county commissioner of Wood County under the commissioner system (which was in force from January, 1862 to March, 1870) for two years.

Legislative service
Nason was nominated by the Greenbacks in 1877, and was elected to the Assembly without opposition, with 2,923 votes. (Republican incumbent Freeman Lindsay was not a candidate.) He was assigned to the standing committee on state lands. He was not a candidate for re-election, and the seat was taken by Republican Niram Withee.

References

1825 births
1899 deaths
Farmers from Wisconsin
American loggers
Businesspeople from Wisconsin
American businesspeople in timber
County supervisors in Wisconsin
Members of the Wisconsin State Assembly
People from Standish, Maine
People from Wood County, Wisconsin
Wisconsin postmasters
Wisconsin Greenbacks
19th-century American politicians

Solomon Nason


The National Watch and Clock Museum (NWCM), located in Columbia, Pennsylvania, is one of a very few museums in the United States dedicated solely to horology, which is the history, science and art of timekeeping and timekeepers.

Like its subsidiary institution, the NAWCC Library & Research Center, the National Watch and Clock Museum is operated by the National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors (NAWCC), a non-profit organization with about 10,000 members and an educational mission.

History

The National Watch and Clock Museum was founded in 1977 by the NAWCC and over time has put together a major collection of horological artifacts, mainly clocks and watches, but also related tools, machinery and ephemera, and has become an important institution in its field.

Most of the greatest and most important clocks and watches ever made have been preserved and exhibited — for decades if not centuries — as decorative art in such major museums around the world as the British Museum in London or the Metropolitan Museum in New York, or form a small department in the globally important museums of technology and science such as the Smithsonian Institution, the Musée des Arts et Métiers or the Deutsches Museum.  There are only few museums like NWCM, dedicated principally to the history of timekeeping, and the majority of them - located in former centers of horological production - have primarily a local or regional focus.

Since the former "Time Museum" in Rockford, Illinois closed in the 1990s, the NWCM is often described as the broadest specialist horology museum in the country.  (The only comparable museum in the United States is the American Clock & Watch Museum in Bristol, Conn., but that one is more focused on American-made timekeepers).

The museum, located near the Susquehanna River in Lancaster County's Pennsylvania Dutch Country tourist area, serves both a general public (including youth), as well as a specialized audience of horological aficionados (including NAWCC members), which appreciate its study collection and some of the more specialized temporary exhibits.

Exhibits

The museum attempts to show the complete history of timekeepers from the first non-mechanical devices (sundials, hourglasses, fireclocks) to the atomic clock and mass-produced wristwatches of the present. The museum's collections include over 12,000 clocks and watches, with about 3,000 on display.

There is a "Learning Center" introducing some of the basic technologies of the mechanical timekeeper, such as the pendulum, and a large and varied exhibit on many types of clock escapement.  There is an excellent sample of American-made tall case clocks (popularly known as "grandfather clocks"), a comprehensive exhibit on American watches, and a small but excellent area dedicated to automatic machinery used in watch manufacturing.

Other highlights include an exhibit of the pioneering automated machinery developed by the American Waltham Watch Company, allowing for the first time to mass-produce watches using interchangeable parts, a large selection of American pocket watches (including Railroad watches), and the "Engel Clock", a complicated "monument" clock built by Stephen Decatur Engel of Hazleton, Pennsylvania. This clock took Engel about 20 years to complete, and it was shown for many years all around the United States starting in about 1877.  The Engel clock disappeared in the early 1950s, and was found in a barn in New York State in 1983.  The Engel clock was purchased and fully restored by the NAWCC in 1989 and is on display at the museum.

The NWCM has an ongoing schedule of temporary exhibits — usually two of them at a time, one devoted to a general timekeeping-related theme of interest to the public, and the other a more specialized show appealing primarily to horological collectors.

References

External links

NWCM website
NWCM at Fondation Haute Horlogerie (Foundation High Horology)
Smithsonian.com

Museums in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Industry museums in Pennsylvania
Horological museums in the United States
Clock towers in Pennsylvania
Museums established in 1977
1977 establishments in Pennsylvania

National Watch and Clock Museum


Hyperpnea, or hyperpnoea (forced respiration), is increased volume of air taken during breathing. It can occur with or without an increase in respiration rate. It is characterized by deep breathing. It may be physiologic—as when required by oxygen to meet metabolic demand of body tissues (for example, during or after heavy exercise, or when the body lacks oxygen at high altitude or as a result of anemia, or any other condition requiring more respiration)—or it may be pathologic, as when sepsis is severe or during pulmonary edema. Hyperpnea is further characterized by the required use of muscle contraction during both inspiration and expiration. Thus, hyperpnea is intense active breathing as opposed to the passive process of normal expiration.

Hyperpnea is distinguished from tachypnea, which is a respiratory rate greater than normal, resulting in rapid and shallow breaths, but not necessarily increasing volume in breathing. Hyperpnea is also distinguished from hyperventilation, which is over-ventilation (an increase in minute ventilation), which involves an increase in volume and respiration rate, resulting in rapid and deep breaths.

The exact mechanisms behind exercise hyperpnea are not well understood, and some hypotheses are somewhat controversial. However, in addition to low oxygen, high carbon dioxide, and low pH levels, there appears to be a complex interplay of factors related to the nervous system and the respiratory centers of the brain that governs hyperpnea.

Etymology and pronunciation
The word hyperpnea uses combining forms of hyper- + -pnea, yielding "excessive breathing". See pronunciation information at dyspnea.

See also
 List of terms of lung size and activity
 Control of respiration
 Tachypnea
 Hyperventilation
 Dyspnea

References

External links

Breathing abnormalities

Hyperpnea