Mabel Vernon (September 19, 1883 – September 2, 1975) was an American suffragist, pacifist, and a national leader in the United States suffrage movement. She was a Quaker and a member of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Vernon was inspired by the methods used by the Women's Social and Political Union in Britain. Vernon was one of the principal members of the Congressional Union for Women Suffrage (CUWS) alongside Olympia Brown, Inez Milholland, Crystal Eastman, Lucy Burns, and Alice Paul, and helped to organize the Silent Sentinels protests that involved daily picketing of Woodrow Wilson's White House.

Early life and education
Mabel Vernon was born on September 19, 1883, in Wilmington, Delaware, to George Washington Vernon (1820-1901) an editor and publisher of the Wilmington Daily Republican, and Mary Vernon, née Hooton (1843-1933). She graduated from Wilmington Friends School in 1901. She went on to attend Swarthmore College where she was a year ahead of Alice Paul. Vernon graduated from Swarthmore in 1906. She then became a teacher at Radnor High School in Wayne, Pennsylvania, where she taught Latin and German.

Organizing for women's suffrage
Vernon attended the 1912 convention of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, where she was an usher. She was the first paid organizer that Alice Paul recruited. Vernon joined Lucy Burns and Paul as part of NAWSA's Congressional Committee to organize the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 that was to occur the following March where it would coincide with the inauguration of Woodrow Wilson. During the Summer of 1913, Vernon and Edith Marsden campaigned for suffrage in Rhode Island, New Jersey, and Long Island.

In 1914, Vernon organized for the Congressional Union, travelling through the Southwestern United States and making her way north through California before arriving in Nevada. An accomplished fundraiser, she assisted Anne Martin in Nevada, who was working for NAWSA on a referendum campaign. After Martin got into a debate with Senator Key Pittman, Anna Howard Shaw wrote her an angry letter accusing her of being duped by Vernon and the CU. Late in 1915, Vernon organized greeting parades ahead of Sara Bard Field, who was driving a petition with 500,000 signatures across the United States to be presented to President Woodrow Wilson in Washington, D.C.

At a June 1916 convention in Chicago, women from states that had granted them the right to vote gathered to form the National Woman's Party. The Democratic Party had adopted a suffrage plank that advocated state's rights to choose suffrage, but continued to block national suffrage. Frustrated with the situation, Vernon interrupted President Woodrow Wilson during a speech he was giving at the dedication of the Labor Temple in Washington on July 4, querying, "Mr. President, if you sincerely desire to forward the interests of all the people, why do you oppose the national enfranchisement of women?" Wilson dismissed the question and when Vernon repeated the question again later, police ordered her to leave the meeting.

Vernon was a key organizer of the campaign of the Silent Sentinels that began on January 10, 1917. She was responsible for ensuring that there were enough volunteers each day to picket the White House. Vernon and Paul organized themed days for the picket where all of the volunteers were from certain states or from certain professions. Their strategy ensured consistent press coverage and the eighteen-month campaign saw thousands of women participate and culminated in the arrests of many picketers and the "Night of Terror".

At a convention in March 1917, it was decided to merge the Congressional Union and the National Woman's Party. Following the vote, Vernon was selected to be Secretary of the NWP. After President Wilson announced the American entry into World War I, a committee was able to secure an audience with Wilson on the issue of suffrage. Doris Stevens, in her memoir Jailed for Freedom, wrote that the President was moved when Mabel Vernon said "If the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own government is so sacred a cause to foreign people as to constitute the reason for our entering the international war in its defense, will you not, Mr. President, give immediate aid to the measure before Congress demanding self-government for the women of this country?"

Vernon was among the first six women who were arrested while picketing the White House, under charges of "obstructing the traffic." They were tried and found guilty on June 26, 1917, and each was ordered to pay a  fine or spend three days in jail. All of the women insisted they were innocent and refused to pay the fine. Following the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, during the 1920s, Vernon supported women candidates for Congress and lobbied on behalf of the Equal Rights Amendment.

Vernon went to Columbia University where she earned a master's degree in political science in 1924.

Later life

In 1930, Vernon turned her attention from the women's movement to focus on international relations and peace. She was a proponent of Latin American rights and disarmament. Vernon joined the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom in 1930. She was director of the Peoples Mandate Committee for Inter-American Peace and Cooperation in the 1940s. She was a member of the Inter-American delegation to the foundation of the United Nations.

Beginning in 1951, Vernon lived with her companion Consuelo Reyes-Calderón in Washington, D.C. Reyes-Calderon contributed to Speaker for Suffrage and Petitioner for Peace, a memoir by Vernon. Other contributors were Hazel Hunkins-Hallinan, Fern S. Ingersoll, and Rebecca Hourwich Reyher.

Vernon died on September 2, 1975.

In the 2004 film Iron Jawed Angels she was portrayed by Brooke Smith. However, the film does not depict her being arrested and imprisoned: instead, she is shown managing the NWP during Alice Paul's incarceration, including working with lawyers on appeals for the suffragettes.

See also
List of suffragists and suffragettes
List of women's rights activists
Timeline of women's suffrage
Women's suffrage organizations

Notes

References

External links

1883 births
1975 deaths
American feminists
American Quakers
American suffragists
American women's rights activists
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Activists from Wilmington, Delaware
Swarthmore College alumni
American anti-war activists
National Woman's Party activists
20th-century American educators
Quaker feminists
20th-century American women
Women's International League for Peace and Freedom people
Suffragists from Delaware

Mabel Vernon


was a Japanese economist.

Beginning in the 1950s, Inada wrote a number of important papers on welfare economics, economic growth and international trade. His contributions include an early extension of Kenneth Arrow's impossibility theorem on the existence of a social welfare function (1955). Inada's extension of the Stolper–Samuelson theorem to the many-good, many-factor case is also considered as a classic piece in trade theory (1971).

Inada has taught at universities including Osaka University and Tokyo Metropolitan University, served as a member of the honorary board of editors for the Japanese Economic Review since its first publishing in 1995, as well as being elected president of the Japanese Economic Association in 1980.

He is known for the Inada conditions on a production function that can guarantee the stability of an economic growth path in a neoclassical growth model.

Selected journal articles

1925 births
2002 deaths
People from Gunma Prefecture
Japanese economists
University of Tokyo alumni
Academic staff of Tokyo Metropolitan University
Academic staff of Osaka University
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Recipients of the Medal with Purple Ribbon
Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 2nd class
Presidents of the Japanese Economic Association

Ken-Ichi Inada


Peter Lowe or Low ( – 1610) was a surgeon and founder of the institution now known as the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow.

Biography
Lowe was born in Scotland around 1550 and left in 1565 to study medicine on the Continent. He completed his studies in Paris and by 1589 he was chirurgian (surgeon) major to the Spanish Regiment in the service of Philip II of Spain at the siege of Paris. In the early 1590s he travelled in England with Alexander Dickson, the secretary to the Earl of Errol, who, like his master, was a Catholic. While there he surveyed several harbours, sending details back to James VI in Scotland. On his return to France he was appointed chirurgian ordinary to Henry IV of France.

On his return to Scotland, he settled in Glasgow around 1598. He found that the practice of medicine in the west of the country was in the hands of "cosoners, quack-salvers, charlitans, witches, charmers, and divers other sorts of abusers." He petitioned the King, then James VI, and was granted a Charter which enabled the foundation of a medical incorporation for physicians and surgeons. The college later expanded to include dentists, making it the only institution in the British Isles to admit all three professions.

Lowe was dispatched by James VI in 1601 to accompany the Earl of Lennox on a mission to King Henry's court in Paris. In Glasgow he married as his second wife, Helen Wemyss, the daughter of the first Protestant minister of the Cathedral.

He died in 1610 and is buried in the grounds of Glasgow Cathedral against the southern boundary wall, where his grave is marked by a large monument.

A large 19th-century bronze memorial to his memory also exists on the inner north wall within Glasgow Cathedral.

Family

He married Helen Weems, daughter of Rev David Weems of the High Kirk of Glasgow. They had a son, John Lowe.

Writings
 Spanish Sickness (1596)
 A Discourse on the Whole Art of Chirurgerie ["Surgery"] (1597)

Artistic Recognition

A contemporary portrait of Lowe is held at the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons in Glasgow.

References

1610 deaths
16th-century Scottish medical doctors
Scottish surgeons
Year of birth uncertain
Burials at Glasgow Cathedral

Peter Lowe (surgeon)


Maconellicoccus hirsutus, (also known as the pink, grape or hibiscus mealybug)  is a pest of many plants, trees, and shrubs. It infests hibiscus, citrus, coffee, sugar cane, annonas, plums, guava, mango (although, mango mealybug is more problematic), okra, sorrel, teak, mora, pigeon pea, peanut, grapevine, maize, asparagus, chrysanthemum, beans, cotton, soybean, cocoa, and many other plants. The pest forms colonies on the host plant, and if left undisturbed, the colonies will grow into large masses of white waxy coverings on branches, fruiting structures, leaves, and even whole plants, including large trees.

Lifecycle
Both female and male adult hibiscus mealybugs are about one-eighth inch (3 mm) long. Female bodies are pink in color with a white waxy covering. They are wingless and appear as ovoid shapes covered by a mass of white mealy wax. Males have a pair of wings and two long waxy tails and are capable of flight.

The mature female lays eggs in an egg sack of white wax, usually in clusters on the twigs, branches, and bark of the host plant, and also on the plant's leaves and terminal ends. Eggs are initially orange in color but turn pink on maturity. Egg development takes between 3 and 9 days. Eggs are minute, varying from 0.3 to 0.4 mm in length and number as many as 654 eggs per sack. In its egg stage, the hibiscus mealybug disperses most easily by wind. The wax, which sticks to each egg, also facilitates passive transport by animals or man. Reproduction may occur by means of parthenogenesis in the absence of the male.

Newly hatched nymphs are called crawlers and are very mobile. They may disperse over the host, especially toward tender growing parts, or be carried away by wind, man, or animals. The nymphal stages appear much like the female in form, but the female nymphs have three instars, while male nymphs have four instars. The last instar of the male is an inactive stage with wing buds within a cocoon of mealy wax. The nymphal stages may last for as long as 30 days. The hibiscus mealybug can complete its entire life cycle in 23 to 30 days. Under optimum laboratory conditions, there can be as many as 15 generations a year.

Effects and distribution

As it feeds, the hibiscus mealybug injects into the plant a toxic saliva that results in malformed leaf and shoot growth, stunting, and occasional death. Leaves show a characteristic curling, similar to damage caused by viruses. Heavily infested plants have shortened internodes leading to resetting or a "bunchy top" appearance. A heavy, black, sooty mold may develop on an infested plant's leaves and stems as a result of the mealybug's heavy honey-dew secretions. When fruits are infested, they can be entirely covered with the white waxy coating of the mealybug. Infestation can lead to fruit drop, or fruit may remain on the host in a dried and shriveled condition. If flower blossoms are attacked, the fruit sets poorly. In plants such as peanuts, potatoes, and some grasses, the pest has been reported to attack the root systems.

This pest occurs in most tropical areas of the world, including Asia, the Middle East, Africa, Australia, and Oceania. The hibiscus mealybug arrived in Egypt from India in 1912 and in Hawaii in 1984. Finally, it appeared in Grenada, Trinidad, and St. Kitts in the 1990s. It is a very serious pest in the Caribbean where it attacks many hosts of economic importance and disrupts Caribbean agricultural trade and commerce. Wingless crawlers, nymphs, and females have been known to travel short distances over the ground to get to other host plants in adjoining fields. Agricultural commerce is also responsible for the pest's spread.
The species had spread to California, Mexico, Central America and to Florida in 2002. The adult female mealybug produces a blend of two compounds that function as a female sex pheromone, highly attractive to males. The pheromone can be used to trap males or to indicate the presence of a population of pink hibiscus mealybugs in the field.

References

 APHIS. 1996. The Hibiscus or Pink Mealybug

External links
 pink hibiscus mealybug on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
 Species Profile- Pink Hibiscus Mealybug (Maconellicoccus hirsutus), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for Pink Hibiscus Mealybug.

Hemiptera of Australia
Pseudococcidae
Grape pest insects
Insects described in 1908

Maconellicoccus hirsutus


Wingate Hayes (1823–1877) was Speaker of the Rhode Island House of Representatives and U.S. District Attorney for the district of Rhode Island during the American Civil War.

In 1823 Wingate Hayes was born in Farmington, New Hampshire to John and Sarah Hayes. Hayes graduated from Brown University in 1844 and then studied in the office of Richard Ward Greene in Rhode Island. He was admitted to the bar in 1847. Hayes served on the Providence City Council and in the Rhode Island House of Representatives, where he was elected Speaker, serving from 1859 to 1860. Hayes also served as assistant adjutant general and division inspector, with rank of colonel. President Abraham Lincoln appointed Hayes to be the U.S. District Attorney for Rhode Island serving from 1861 to 1871.  President Andrew Johnson tried unsuccessfully to replace Hayes, and Hayes eventually resigned to private practice. He mentored and later partnered with future Rhode Island Supreme Court Chief Justice Charles Matteson. Hayes was also involved in various railroads and other enterprises. He died in 1877.

References and external links
Abraham Payne Reminiscences of the Rhode Island Bar (Tibbitts & Preston: Providence, 1885), 227-232 (accessed on Google Book Search)
Rhode Island Speakers of the House of Representatives

People from Farmington, New Hampshire
Providence City Council members
Members of the Rhode Island House of Representatives
Speakers of the Rhode Island House of Representatives
Brown University alumni
Businesspeople from Rhode Island
United States Attorneys for the District of Rhode Island
1823 births
1877 deaths
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American businesspeople

Wingate Hayes


The Assistance of Counsel Clause is a part of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution.  It says: "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right...to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense."  This means that anyone being accused of a crime has the right to have a lawyer help defend them.  ("Counsel" is a legal word for "lawyer.")

Meaning

Since the Constitution was written, many questions have come up about what exactly the Assistance of Counsel Clause means.  The Supreme Court of the United States has made many decisions to answer these questions.  The Court has decided that Americans have five different rights under the Assistance of Counsel Clause:
 The right to a lawyer who does not have any conflicts of interest
 The right to choose what lawyer they want
 The right to have a free lawyer assigned to them if they cannot pay for a lawyer
 The right to a lawyer who is good enough at their job to be effective
 The right to defend themselves, and act as their own lawyer

When the right to counsel starts
The Supreme Court case Brewer v. Williams, , answered the question of when a person's right to a lawyer begins.  In this decision, the Court said a person has the right to have a lawyer's help "at or after":
 They are charged with a crime
 They have a court hearing
 They are indicted or arraigned (formally charged with a crime)

After any of these things happen, a person has the right to a lawyer whenever they are interrogated.

In the case Escobedo v. Illinois, , the Court also decided that suspects have the right to a lawyer when they are being interrogated by the police, even if they have not been charged with a crime yet.

People who go in front of grand juries do not have the right to have a lawyer with them.  This is because the Supreme Court does not think of grand juries as "criminal prosecutions."  (A grand jury cannot find someone guilty of a crime or punish anyone; they can only decide that a person should be charged with a crime.)

Conflict-free counsel
Every defendant has the right to a lawyer without a conflict of interest.  Here is an example of a conflict of interest: a lawyer is defending two different people.  A client named Smith wants to blame his crime on another client named Jones.  A lawyer is supposed to do what is best for their clients.  Here, the lawyer cannot do that for both clients.  If the lawyer blames Smith's crime on Jones in court, he is hurting Jones.  If he does not blame the crime on Jones, he is refusing to defend Smith the way Smith wants.  This is not fair to either client.  Also, the lawyer cannot do the best possible job for both clients at the same time.

To make sure they get a fair trial, every defendant has the right to a lawyer without a conflict of interest.  It does not matter whether the defendant is paying the lawyer, or the lawyer was assigned for free.  If a lawyer has a conflict of interest, and it hurts their defense of their client, an appeals court will automatically cancel the defendant's conviction.

Right to counsel of choice
Defendants being charged with a crime have the right to be represented by the lawyer they want.  However:
 That lawyer must be licensed to practice law in the jurisdiction where the defendant is being tried
 The lawyer must be willing to be the defendant's lawyer (either for free or for pay)
 The lawyer cannot have a conflict of interest

If a court violates a defendant's right to counsel of their choice, and the defendant appeals, the appeals court will automatically cancel the defendant's conviction.

Appointment of counsel

Defendants have the right to have a lawyer assigned (appointed) to them for free, if:
 They are being charged with a capital crime
 They are too poor to pay for a lawyer, and they are being charged with:
 A felony
 Any other crime that they could be sent to prison for

Ineffective assistance of counsel

The Supreme Court has ruled that Americans have the right to an effective lawyer.  For example, if a defendant is charged with a crime, a court cannot appoint just any lawyer.  The defendant must be given a lawyer who can try a criminal case, and can defend their client effectively.

The Supreme Court explained what "ineffective assistance of counsel" means in a case called Strickland v. Washington (1984).  In this case, a defendant was convicted.  He appealed, saying that his lawyer did not do a good enough job defending him.  The Court ruled that he could only have a new trial if he proved:
 His lawyer did not do an adequate job of defending him; and
 If the lawyer did a better job, the defendant may not have been convicted.

If a defendant can prove these things to an appeals court, they have proved that their lawyer was ineffective (not effective).  This means they have proved their Sixth Amendment rights were violated.  They will then get a new trial with a different lawyer.

Self-representation
In most cases, a defendant being charged with a crime has the right to defend himself.  This is called pro se representation.  It means the defendant has given up their right to have a lawyer.  The defendant has decided to act as their own lawyer.

However, a court can rule that the defendant will not be able to give himself a good enough defense.  If that happens, the court can rule that the defendant has to have a lawyer.

Americans do not have the right to defend themselves in appeals courts.  In these courts, a defendant must have a lawyer.

Related pages
 Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution
 Escobedo v. Illinois (created the right to a lawyer during interrogation)
 Gideon v. Wainwright (created the right to a free lawyer for poor defendants)
 Ineffective assistance of counsel

References

United States Constitution

Assistance of Counsel Clause


Richard Attipoé (20 April 1957 – 3 June 2007) was a Togolese politician. He served in the government of Togo as Minister of Youth and Sports from September 2006 to June 2007 and was a member of the ruling Rally of the Togolese People (RPT).

Attipoé was a campaign director for RPT candidate Faure Gnassingbé in the presidential election held on 24 April 2005. When he went to vote on election day, he was beaten up, along with two bodyguards; he said that supporters of the opposition were responsible for this assault.

Attipoé, a member of the RPT's Central Committee, was appointed as Minister of Youth and Sports in the government named on 20 September 2006. He died in a Paramount Airlines helicopter crash on 3 June 2007 at the Lungi International Airport near Freetown, Sierra Leone along with 21 other people. Attipoé was part of a Togolese delegation attending an African Nations Cup football qualifying match played in Freetown between Sierra Leone and Togo; after the match, they were flown to the airport, where the helicopter caught on fire and crashed as it attempted to land. Attipoé was buried in Lomé on 23 June.

References

1957 births
2007 deaths
Victims of helicopter accidents or incidents
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Sierra Leone
Rally of the Togolese People politicians
Government ministers of Togo
21st-century Togolese people

Richard Attipoé


A cornerback is a position on defense in American football. Corners can rush the passer, intercept balls, tackle, and deflect passes. Their main job is to stop the opponent's receivers from making a catch.  Cornerbacks usually line up on the edges, or sides, of the defensive line opposite their opponent's receivers.   In zone defense, corners are assigned to a specific area of the field, in which they cannot let anyone make a catch. In man defense, corners cover one player and try to stop them from catching a ball.

American football positions

Cornerback


Forte was a French 42-gun frigate, lead ship of her class.

Career

French service
Launched on 26 September 1794 and commissioned two months later under Commander Beaulieu-Leloup, Forte was part of a large frigate squadron under contre-amiral Sercey, also comprising , , Vertu, ,  and . The division sailed to Ile de France to raid commerce in the Indian Ocean.

On 15 May 1796 Forte, Vertu, Seine, and Régénérée were cruising between St Helena and the Cape of Good Hope hoping to capture British East Indiamen when they encountered the British whaler  on her way to Walvis Bay. The French took off her crew, except for two seamen and a boy, and put Fortes fourth officer and 13-man prize crew aboard Lord Hawkesbury with orders to sail to Île de France. On her way there one of the British seamen, who was at the helm, succeeded in running her aground on the east coast of Africa a little north of the Cape, wrecking her. There were no casualties, but the prize crew became British prisoners.

Forte took part in the action of 8 September 1796, where the frigates drove off two British 74-guns.

In 1797, Forte and Prudente were sent to Batavia to ferry troops. Command of Forte was given to Captain Ravenel. Against the wishes of Sercey, General Malartic restored Beaulieu to command.

While operating in the Bay of Bengal in early 1799, Forte captured a number of vessels. These were (with their master's name in parentheses): Recovery (M'Kinley),  (Johnson). Yarmouth (Beck), Endeavour (Eastwick), Earl Mornington (Cook), and  (Moore). Forte also captured two unnamed vessels. She made a cartel of one of her captures and sent her into Madras.

On 24 February 1799, Forte encountered the East Indiaman . A sharp single-ship action developed, with Osterley losing four men killed and 13 wounded before she struck. Forte spent two days or so transferring some of Osterleys cargo before he let her and her crew proceed. Some accounts state that he released her as a cartel for an exchange of prisoners. Lloyd's List reported that the galley Surprize participated in the engagement but escaped.

Battle against HMS Sybille

On 1 March 1799, off Bengal, Forte chased and captured two merchantmen. Around 22:00, as Forte sailed to take possession of her prize, a sail was detected leeward, which Beaulieu-Leloup deemed to be another merchantman in spite of the suspicions of his officers. The crew of Forte went to their sleeping quarters, and it took some time to realise that the strange ship was closing in and to call the crew to Battle Stations. When readied, Forte turned about and recognized the ship to be the 38-gun HMS Sybille, under Captain Edward Cooke.

At 12:15, Forte opened fire with a few shots, which were left unanswered until she came down the side of Sybille, at which point the British frigate delivered a full broadside, turned about and raked Forte with a second broadside. In the confusion of the battle, the gun crews of Forte were not advised that Sybille had circled around to starboard, and they kept firing their port guns at a ship whose silouhette could be seen through the smoke, but which was actually one of the prizes. After some time, the mistake was realised and the starboard battery was manned; however, as part of the crew of Forte had been dispatched to man her prizes, Forte was too short-handed to man her forecastle guns.

At 1:40, a cannonball killed Captain Beaulieu-Leloup and command of Forte passed to Lieutenant Vigoureux. Around the same time, Captain Cooke was mortally wounded on Sybille and relinquished his own command. Vigoureux was killed at 2:00, and Lieutenant Luco took command. By that time, only four guns were still firing. Luco attempted to manoeuver, but the heavily damaged rigging collapsed at 2:25. Sybille inquired whether it was to be understood that Forte had struck her colours, and ceased fire when this was confirmed.

British service
Forte was taken into British service as HMS Forte. She was under the command of Captain Hardyman when she was wrecked on 29 January 1801 off Jeddah, in the Red Sea. She was entering the port with a pilot, William Briggs, when she struck a rock. Briggs knew of the rock, which was visible the whole time, but failed to issue any orders. Hardyman eventually ordered the helmsman to turn, but it was too late. Forte reached the shore and ran up the beach, where she capsized. The court martial board admonished Briggs to be more circumspect in the future and penalized him one year's seniority as a master.

Still, as her ship's company had served in the navy's Egyptian campaign (8 March to 8 September 1801), her officers and crew qualified for the clasp "Egypt" to the Naval General Service Medal, which the Admiralty authorised in 1850 for all surviving claimants.

Post-script
In 1811 French naval engineers examined  while she was visiting Cherbourg. The engineers compared the design of the American frigate to that of the lost Forte.

Notes

Citations

References

Fifth-rate frigates of the Royal Navy
Ships built in France
Age of Sail frigates of France
1794 ships
Forte-class frigates
Maritime incidents in 1801
Shipwrecks in the Red Sea

French frigate Forte (1794)


Leroy Warriner (March 1, 1919 – January 2, 2003) was an American racing driver from Indianapolis who attempted to qualify for the Indianapolis 500 every year from 1951 to 1958 without succeeding.  Warriner only managed to qualify for a single Championship Car race, the September 1953 race at the Indiana State Fairgrounds where he started and finished 18th.  He retired from racing in 1962 then owned the Indianapolis Speedrome with Gene Hartley until 1977. An accomplished midget car racer, he was inducted into the National Midget Auto Racing Hall of Fame.

References

External links

Leroy Warriner at ChampCarStats

1919 births
2003 deaths
Racing drivers from Indianapolis

Leroy Warriner


Casper ( 1997 – 14 January 2010) was a male domestic cat who attracted worldwide media attention in 2009 when it was reported that he was a regular bus commuter in Plymouth in Devon, England. He appeared on BBC News, was the subject of a newspaper editorial in The Guardian, and had a book written about him, Casper the Commuting Cat. Casper died on 14 January 2010 after being hit by a taxi.

Biography
Casper was adopted from an animal rescue centre in Weymouth, Dorset in 2002 by Susan Finden, a 48-year-old health care worker. He had been at the centre for about ten months and the owners called him Morse, after Inspector Morse, a TV program they had been watching when he arrived. But after a few days with him in her Weymouth house, Finden changed his name to Casper, after Casper the Friendly Ghost, because he kept disappearing. She soon realised that he was a very independent and determined cat, and he frequently wandered off. She also discovered that he was not afraid of people or traffic, and seemed to love being around large vehicles. It was not long before she started hearing reports that he was visiting nearby office blocks, doctor's consulting rooms and pharmacies. Fearing for his safety while crossing roads, Finden tried to keep Casper locked indoors, but he always found a way out.

In 2006, Finden moved to Plymouth, Devon, and when she went to work each day she had no idea what Casper did while she was away. It was not until early 2009 that she discovered that he was riding on buses. The drivers told her that he would politely queue along with other passengers at the bus stop opposite her house, and when a bus came that he liked, he would get on and jump on his favourite seat. Casper would remain on the bus for its  round-trip to the city centre and back to the bus stop opposite his house, where the drivers would let him exit, ensuring that he did not get off at any other stop. When Finden learned of Casper's bus excursions, she contacted the bus company, First Devon & Cornwall, who alerted their drivers to be on the lookout for him. She was touched by how the drivers and passengers went out of their way to accommodate Casper and his unusual behaviour, and wrote a letter to The Plymouth Herald thanking them for their kindness. Her letter led to The Herald publishing an article on Casper in April 2009. British news agencies picked up The Herald article, and Casper's story quickly spread nationally, and then internationally.

Casper became a celebrity and appeared in newspapers and on websites across the world. He featured on BBC News, who had filmed him boarding a bus. First Devon & Cornwall adorned the side of some of their buses with a huge picture of Casper, and said they had no intention of charging Casper a bus fare. Public-relations manager, Karen Baxter said: "In cat years he's an OAP so he'd get a free bus pass anyway".

Death
On 14 January 2010, Casper was hit by a taxi, whose driver did not stop to help him. He died of his injuries before Finden could get him to a vet. News of the accident spread quickly around the world, with some newspapers calling it a hit and run. Finden later contacted the taxi company, but could not press charges as British traffic regulations do not make it mandatory for drivers to stop after hitting a cat (although they must stop after hitting a dog). She had Casper cremated at a vet's crematorium, but she did not keep his ashes, as she had never kept the ashes of any of her other cats. Plymouth bus drivers and passengers who knew Casper paid tribute to him, and Finden posted a notice at his bus stop:

Finden also received condolences from all over the world, including Australia, Argentina, Indonesia and the United States. The Guardian wrote in an editorial entitled "In praise of... Casper the commuting cat": "Casper had a thing about HGVs, but otherwise little road sense. That could have been his undoing. But, all things considered, what a ride it was."

Legacy
After Casper's death in January 2010, Susan Finden wrote a book called Casper the Commuting Cat with the help of ghostwriter Linda Watson-Brown. It describes Casper's exploits, his rise to fame, and his untimely death. The book was first published in the United Kingdom by Simon & Schuster UK in August 2010, and was later translated into six other languages.

In October 2010 The Plymouth Herald reported that a full-length feature film on Casper's story is being considered, and that a British film director is said to be looking into the story. The Herald said that a production company is believed to be arranging funding, and that two "high-profile actresses" have been identified to play the role of Finden.

See also

 List of individual cats

Notes

References

External links
A BBC news clip of Casper catching a bus in 2009.

1997 animal births
2010 animal deaths
Individual cats in England
Missing or escaped animals

Casper (cat)


Multiday races are ultramarathon running events which are typically either segmented into daily events of a specified distance or time, or staged so that runners can run as far as they want, at their own discretion, over a set course or over a set number of days. Multiday races can range from continuous 48-hour track events to staged transcontinental treks.

Beyond the marathon
Very long endurance running events can be divided into three broad categories:  the traditional  marathon, the ultramarathon, defined as any event longer than the marathon, and true multiday events, which begin with the 24-hour event and can stretch out almost indefinitely, often ranging from six days to  or longer.

Multiday events are usually timed races such as 48-hour, 72-hour and 6 day races. Set distance races depend on the ability of the runner to complete and what may be a multiday for slower runners may be an ultra to faster athletes. For example the Badwater Ultramarathon, a  race, has a 48 hour time limit, but winners typically finish in under 24 hours.

Types of courses
Many multiday races are held on tracks or measured loops, which eases provision of aid station support for runners. Stage races are the alternative; these include point to point races such as the Trans-American races, which traverse the North American continent coast to coast, and the Gobi March, a seven-day journey across the Gobi desert, the Kalahari Augrabies Extreme Marathon, a 7-day, 250 km trail event in the Kalahari Desert, and the Yukon Arctic Ultra, a 430/300/100/26 mile challenge crossing Yukon in the dead of winter.

Longer multiday races include the Trans-Europe race, which ran from Lisbon to Moscow in 2003, a distance of about 5,100 kilometers. These events take the runner to a different level, where the race becomes a way of life and where nutrition, sleep, energy and psychological states have to be carefully managed. The Self-Transcendence 3100 Mile Race is the longest certified footrace in the world.

The past
The golden era of multiday races stretches back to the 1870s and 1880s, when they were held on indoor tracks and offered substantial prizes. Known as pedestrians, these athletes established records which in some cases have stood until recently. In summer 1809 in Newmarket, England, Robert Barclay Allardice, better known as Captain Barclay, ran/walked one mile (1.6 km) for each consecutive hour, each consecutive day, totalling .

The most common multiday race of the era was the six-day race, which ran from Monday to Saturday with Sunday being observed as a rest day. In 1878, Sir John Dugdale Astley was inspired to create a series of five international six-day races, in which competitors vied for the Astley Belt. Two early competitors were the American Edward Payson Weston, who covered  in 6 days. The Englishman Charles Rowell covered 241 km in the first day of a 6-day races in the 1880s.

By the early 1890s, public enthusiasm for such events had moved into bicycle racing, and the multiday running craze came to an end. Interest grew again in the late 1920s, with the advent of Trans-America races. These events were transcontinental stage races that inspired a new generation to challenge the huge distance.

The recent past
There was little reward for these races in the long run, and it was not until the 1980s that interest re-awoke in true multi-day races. In 1980, San Francisco postal delivery worker  organized the first modern era six-day race, on a track in Woodside, California.
In recent years, several multiday races have stood out, among them the Australian Westfield Sydney to Melbourne races, which were run from 1983–1991, and the Colac (1983–2005) race which is no longer being held. August 2012 will see possibly the final 64 stage Trans-Europe race organised by Ingo Schulze.
Sri Chinmoy Races hosts several multi-day events annually in the US: six- and ten-day races, a 3,100-mile (5,000 km) race, and several 24- and 48-hour events in Europe, Asia, Australia and New Zealand. Trans-Gaule, Trans-Germany - the Deutschlandlauf, Trans-Korea as well as occasional Trans-Am and Trans-Australia races plus several 6 day events in Europe and South Africa.

The present
In recent years, several multiday races have stood out, among them the Australian Westfield Sydney to Melbourne races, which were run from 1983–1991, and the Colac (1983–2005) race which is no longer being held. August 2012 will see possibly the final 64 stage Trans-Europe race organised by Ingo Schulze.
Sri Chinmoy Races hosts several multi-day events annually in the US: six- and ten-day races, a 3,100-mile (5,000 km) race, and several 24- and 48-hour events in Europe, Asia, Australia and New Zealand. Trans-Gaule, Trans-Germany - the Deutschlandlauf, Trans-Korea as well as occasional Trans-Am and Trans-Australia races plus several 6 day events in Europe and South Africa. The RacingThePlanet's 4 Deserts Race Series and the Marathon des Sables are among the most popular multiday races taking place today.

Notable pedestrians
 Edward Payson Weston
 Daniel O'Leary
 Foster Powell
 Charles Rowell
 Fred Hitchborn
 George Littlewood
 Robert Barclay Allardice

Notable multiday runners
 Ashprihanal Pekka Aalto
 Sandy Barwick
 Suprabha Beckjord
 Patrycja Bereznowska

 Dipali Cunningham
 Serge Girard, trans-USA (1997), trans-South America (2001), trans-Africa (2003/2004) and trans-Eurasia (2005/2006) record holder
 Camille Herron
 Al Howie
 Rimas Jakelaitis
 Yiannis Kouros
 Achim Heukemes, trans-Australia record holder
 Surasa Mairer
 Lorna Michael, first woman to complete trans-USA (1993)
 Stu Mittleman, US record holder for six-day race (578 miles)
 Stine Rex
 Wolfgang Schwerk
 William Sichel, World #1 for 6-day race in 2009,  World M55 record holder
 Samuel Thompson, Ran  in 50 consecutive marathon races (August 19, 2006)
 kobi oren

Well-known multiday races
4 Deserts Atacama Crossing, Gobi March, Sahara Race, The Last Desert
Australian 6 Day Race
Antibes 6 Day Race
Across The Years
Athens International Ultramarathon Festival (24/48/72h, 6 days, 1000k, 1000m)
Cliff Young Australian 6-day race
Marathon des Sables
Self-Transcendence 6- & 10-day Race
Self-Transcendence 3100 Mile Race
Surgères 48 Hour Race
Trans Europe Foot Race 2009
Vienna-Bratislava-Budapest Supermarathon
Kalahari Augrabies Extreme Marathon
UltraCentric
World Marathon Challenge
Yukon Arctic Ultra

See also
 International Association of Ultrarunners
 Ultramarathon
 Beach Walking

References

External links
 German Ultramarathon Association News results and statistics
 I Run Far Ultrarunning news
 Multidays.com - 'A resource for the multiday runner:  Multiday and Ultrarunning news.'
 Sri Chinmoy Races.org - 'The worldwide home of the Sri Chinmoy Marathon Team' (hosts of multiday races around the world)
 ULTRAmarathonRunning.com Global Ultramarathon Races & Events Calendar
 Yanoo.net - French ultrarunning news and home of the 'Transe Gaule' (trans-France event)

!
Running by type

Multiday race


Robert James Chapman (born 28 July 1972) is an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Nottinghamshire and Worcestershire between 1992 and 1998, and List A cricket for Lincolnshire in the early 21st century. He is the son of footballer Bob Chapman, who was often known as 'Sammy'.

Chapman first played for Nottinghamshire's Second XI as a teenager, but his first-class debut came in July 1992 in the County Championship match against Warwickshire. He took one wicket in each innings (both future international players: Roger Twose and Neil Smith), but Notts declared in both innings and he did not get a chance to bat. He did not play another first team game for nearly two years, when he played against Cambridge University in April 1994. He took two wickets, but again was not called upon to bat.

In 1995 Chapman played intermittently from mid-June onwards, but averaged over 70 with the ball for his 11 first-class wickets. The following year he was selected only twice, though he did take 4–109 against South Africa A, and he left the county before the 1996 season was out, moving to Worcestershire in August.

Chapman played only second-team cricket for Worcestershire at first, but accompanied his new county on tour to Zimbabwe in the winter and made his first-class debut for them against a Matabeleland Invitation XI at Bulawayo in late March. He took only two wickets in the match, although his part (7 not out from 25 balls) in a first-innings last-wicket partnership of 19 ultimately proved important as Worcestershire won the game by just 18 runs.

1998 was a better season for Chapman, and in the second half of the season he finally managed to make himself into a first-team regular. He took 33 first-class wickets at 28.57, and 15 List A wickets at under 20 apiece. At the start of August he achieved career bests in both forms of the game, first taking 5–30 against Yorkshire in the AXA League and then a matter of days later claiming 6–105 in the Championship against his old county of Nottinghamshire. Sadly for Chapman, both feats were in a losing cause, although the 43 not out he hit against Durham (his highest score in county cricket) was more productive: he put on a century stand with Richard Illingworth (84) for the ninth wicket, then followed that up by taking 3–26 to help his side to a 155-run win. Chapman was voted Uncapped Player of the Season

Despite his improved statistics in 1998, the following year  Chapman found himself confined to the second team all season having been plagued with a persistent elbow injury. In 2000, following the arrival of Glenn McGrath he left Worcestershire and moved counties again, this time to the minor county of Lincolnshire under the captaincy of another former Notts player, Mark Fell. Here he found rather more success, taking 4–18 against Berkshire in the first round of the 2002 C&G Trophy (actually played, due to the vagaries of the fixture list, in August 2001), and making his first ever List A half-century in the same competition in 2003 when he hit an unbeaten 53 in a defeat against Nottinghamshire.

References

External links

1972 births
Living people
English cricketers
Nottinghamshire cricketers
Worcestershire cricketers
Cricketers from Nottingham
Lincolnshire cricketers

Robert Chapman (cricketer)


Udhayanidhi Stalin (born 27 November 1977) is an Indian film producer, politician and former actor who prominently works in Tamil cinema. He was appointed as Minister for Youth Welfare and Sports Development, Special act implementation Department of Tamil Nadu in the ministry by his father the chief minister of Tamil Nadu, M. K. Stalin on December 2022. He is a member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, representing the Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni Assembly constituency.

He entered the film industry as a producer and distributor with his production studio Red Giant Movies, making films including Kuruvi (2008), Aadhavan (2009), Manmadan Ambu (2010) and 7aum Arivu (2011). He subsequently made his debut as an actor in the romantic comedy, Oru Kal Oru Kannadi (2012) and since then continued producing and starring in his own films. He ceased his acting career in 2023 to focus on politics.

Early life and family
Udhayanidhi Stalin is the son of M. K. Stalin, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, and the grandson of former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu M. Karunanidhi. He attended Don Bosco school and has a degree in Commerce from Loyola College in Chennai. Several of his relatives have been actively involved in politics, and Tamil cinema since the 1950s. His cousins Arulnithi and Dayanidhi Azhagiri are actor and producer, respectively.

Film career
Udhayanidhi's first film as a producer with Red Giant Movies was Kuruvi (2008), starring Vijay and Trisha. He also produced two films directed by K. S. Ravikumar, Aadhavan (2009) and Manmadan Ambu (2010). He produced AR Murugadoss's science fiction film 7aum Arivu (2011), while also working as a distributor, achieving success through his four 2010 releases: Gautham Vasudev Menon's Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa, A. L. Vijay's Madrasapattinam, M. Rajesh's Boss Engira Bhaskaran and Prabhu Solomon's Mynaa.

In 2012, he debuted as a lead actor in M. Rajesh's romantic comedy Oru Kal Oru Kannadi (2012), co-starring with Hansika Motwani and Santhanam. Stalin received positive reviews for his performance of an unemployed youth. Behindwoods noted: "Udhay's portrayal of Saravanan is neat and enjoyable. He scored well in his debut supported Santhanam well in the film", while Sify.com added: "Udhay's debut is promising and hats off to him to underplay his role". Stalin won the Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut for his performance. The success of Oru Kal Oru Kannadi prompted Stalin to continue acting and he appeared in Idhu Kathirvelan Kadhal (2014) and Nanbenda (2015), both films featuring him opposite Nayanthara. He worked on Gethu (2016), with Amy Jackson and then performed in the courtroom drama Manithan (2016), with Hansika Motwani, a remake of the Hindi film Jolly LLB.

In 2017, he has worked in the comedy entertainer Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen from director Ezhil, followed by Podhuvaga Emmanasu Thangam  and action thriller, Ippadai Vellum. Stalin has delivered a decent performance with his share of subtleness. The next project was the drama Nimir (2018), a remake of Malayalam film Maheshinte Prathikaaram directed by Priyadarshan then following the romantic drama, Kanne Kalaimaane.

In 2020, he appeared in Mysskin's Psycho which is a dive into the psyche of a serial killer. In 2022, he play as IPS officer in Nenjuku Needhi, remake of the Hindi film Article 15. Then, Udhayanidhi starred in Magizh Thirumeni's thriller Kalaga Thalaivan. Udhayanidhi made his final film appearance in Maamannan (2023).

Political career

2021 Tamil Nadu Assembly Elections
Udhayanidhi Stalin's fierce campaign across Tamil Nadu has helped the DMK party secure a major win in the assembly elections. His AIIMS Brick remark changed the course of the Tamil Nadu election campaign.

Udhayanidhi Stalin contested and won in the Chepauk – Thiruvallikeni Assembly Constituency in the 2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election.

Chepauk – Thiruvallikeni MLA
Udhayanidhi Stalin introduced a robotic sewer cleaner in his constituency of Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni for the first time in Tamil Nadu on 21 June 2021.

Udhayanidhi Stalin was nominated as a member of Anna University's Syndicate for a period of three years. The announcement was made by Speaker M. Appavu in the Assembly on 13 September 2021.

Minister
Udhayanidhi Stalin sworn in as minister in Youth Welfare and Sports Development, in his father's cabinet in Tamil Nadu on 14 December 2022.

Electoral performance

Controversies

Comments on Sushma Swaraj and Arun Jaitley
During an election rally at Dharapuram in 2021, Udhyanidhi alleged that both Sushma Swaraj and Arun Jaitley died due to stress from Prime Minister Narendra Modi, responding comments made by the Prime Minister at Dharapuram, where Modi had said that Udhyanidhi had reached the top post in the party, sidelining many leaders.

Both Bansuri Swaraj, the daughter of Sushma Swaraj, and Sonali Jaitley Bakshi, the daughter of Arun Jaitley, called the comments false.

Following this, the Election Commission of India (EC) issued a notice of elections violation to Udhayanidhi and asked him to respond.

Remarks on Sanatana Dharma

Speaking at a Sanatana dharma abolition conference, Udhayanidhi advocated for its "eradication" and said that it is against social justice and equality.

Following this, senior Supreme Court lawyer Vineet Jindal reported the remarks to the Delhi Police calling them "provocative, inciting and defamatory." Lawyer Sudhir Kumar Ojha also filed a complaint with the Muzaffarpur Magistrate Court.

A letter signed by 262 notable citizens and sent to Chief Justice DY Chandrachud pressed for the Supreme Court to take up the case on its own. The Supreme Court subsequently began an investigation into the remarks.

Personal life
Udhayanidhi is married to Kiruthiga Udhayanidhi in 2002 and the couple have a son and a daughter. Currently, Kiruthiga heads the lifestyle magazine Inbox 1305. She also directed the film Vanakkam Chennai (2013) for Red Giant Movies and Kaali (2018). His son Inban Udhayanidhi has signed for NEROCA FC football club which plays in the I-League. Udhayanidhi describes himself as an atheist.

Filmography

As actor

As producer

As distributor

References

External links

1977 births
21st-century Indian male actors
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians
Film producers from Chennai
Filmfare Awards South winners
Indian atheists
Indian male film actors
Karunanidhi family
Living people
Male actors from Chennai
Male actors in Tamil cinema
Tamil film producers
Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026

Udhayanidhi Stalin


Bootleg is a 2002 miniseries for children, commissioned by the BBC and based on a book of the same name by Alex Shearer. It was shown as a three-part series in the UK, with subsequent broadcasts in Australia and all over the world.

The novel has been adapted in Japan in the form of manga and 13 episode ONA series under the title .

Plot
The film is about a new political party called the "Good for You" (abbreviated as GFY) which comes into power and bans chocolate. Two kids named Smudger Moore and Huntley Hunter want to get their chocolate back. They begin by selling bootleg chocolate, and go on to join an underground resistance organization.

The film climaxes in a huge revolution where people take to the streets. They demand that chocolate be brought back, and that the government be overthrown.

It tells us about how they face ups and downs on their way.

Media

Book
Bootleg was first published as a book written by Alex Shearer and is published by Macmillan Children's Books on 4 July 2003.

TV series
The adaptation, commissioned by BBC was made into a three-part series and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom and later in Australia.

It has won a British Academy of Film and Television Arts Award for Best Children's Drama, with the screenplay written by Paul Smith.

The TV adaptation features British actors Martin Jarvis, Steven Geller and Gemma Jones.

Manga
The manga adaptation was done by Japanese manga artist, Aiji Yamakawa. It was serialized in Shueisha's shōjo monthly manga magazine, Bessatsu Margaret from its 2nd issue and ended on the 15th issue of the magazine in the year 2008.

It has only one volume and was released in October 2008.

Anime
The anime adaptation of the manga is written by Kiyoko Yoshimura and animated by Production I.G with original character designs provided by Aiji Yamakawa. voice actor Fumie Mizusawa and Toshiyuki Toyonaga voices the main characters, Smudger Moore and Huntley Hunter respectively and Japanese singer, Maaya Sakamoto voicing Carol Hunter.

The adaptation's theme song and insert song are sung by Kana Nishino. The theme song's title is Make Up and the insert song is titled as Kirari and is released under SME Records.

Cast
Smudger Moore – Fumie Mizusawa
Huntley Hunter – Toshiyuki Toyonaga
Louise Bubby – Mikako Takahashi
Director of Headquarters – Katsuyuki Konishi
Ron Moore – Keiji Fujiwara
Joe Crawley – Kenjirō Tsuda
Carol Hunter – Maaya Sakamoto
Kylie Moore – Rie Nakagawa
John Blades – Tatsuhisa Suzuki

Source:

References

Other references
 Shearer, Alex. Bootleg. Macmillan Children's Books, July 2003. ()

External links

 Burberry Productions'
 Chocolate Underground Official Site

2000s British children's television series
2002 British television series debuts
2002 British television series endings
2008 manga
BBC children's television shows
BBC television dramas
2000s British television miniseries
Production I.G
Shōjo manga
Films scored by David Hirschfelder
Chocolate in fiction

Bootleg (TV series)


The Singapore Progressive Party (abbreviation: PP), or simply the Progressive Party, was a political party that was formed on 25 August 1947. It won the 1948 Legislative Assembly general elections with half of the contested seats in the Legislative Assembly, 3 out of 6. At that time, the self-government power of the Legislative Assembly was still rather limited.

History
The party was founded by three lawyers, namely Tan Chye Cheng, John Laycock and Nazir Ahmad Mallal. All three were educated at the University of London and were three of the six first ever elected legislative councillors in Singapore. The party was Singapore's first political party.

Party ideology
The Progressive Party was heavily backed by and made up of English-speaking upper class professionals. Its campaign ideology was to advocate progressive and gradual reforms, rather than sudden, quick, radical ones, which fell in line with British policy at the time, to slowly let Singapore gain full self-government. This approach was criticised vehemently by David Saul Marshall, leader of the Labour Front who instead wanted rapid reform.

Legislative Council
In the Legislative Council, the SPP worked closely with the British Government. The SPP fought for equal treatment with both local and European civil servants, but this did not please the Chinese-educated locals, who were very unhappy with the SPP's Pro-British stance.

Central Provident Fund
In 1951, PP drafted a law for the setting up of a Central Provident Fund, and it was approved by the British government in 1954, this CPF scheme provides financial security for workers in their retirement or for workers who were unable to work, this scheme came into effect in 1955, when David Marshall took office, and even after so many years, the CPF scheme despite having a few revisions and changes, remains in Singapore.

Election Results

Legislative Council

 Legislative Council By-Elections

Legislative Assembly

Municipal Council(till 1951) / City Council(since 1951)

References

Background of Progressive Party

Conservative parties in Singapore
Defunct political parties in Singapore
Political parties established in 1947
Political parties disestablished in 1956
1947 establishments in Singapore
1956 disestablishments in Singapore

Progressive Party (Singapore)


Trygve Hegnar (born 6 October 1943) is a Norwegian businessman, investor and chief editor of the business magazines Kapital and Finansavisen, founded by Hegnar himself in 1971 and 1992 respectively. He is a billionaire in NOK (Norwegian krone).

Early life
Hegnar was born in Oslo. He became Norwegian champion in team handball with the club SK Arild in 1964, and played for the Norwegian national team at the 1964 World Men's Handball Championship. He studied in Germany, and graduated as an economist. He started his career as a researcher at the Institute of Transport Economics upon his return to Norway.

Career
He founded the business magazine Kapital in 1971, which became known for its revealing market news from anonymous writers (often student friends of Hegnar). Hegnar found a particular interest in, and wrote a biography of industrialist Vebjørn Tandberg, and later acquired Tandberg's villa which he turned into the headquarters of Kapital. According to Hegnar, he made his first million NOK in 1976, which he used on the short-lived failed tabloid paper Blikk in 1977.

In 1992 Hegnar used his 26 million NOK profits from selling his shares in Dagens Næringsliv to establish his own rival business newspaper Finansavisen. Hegnar's fortune was estimated by Kapital at 2 billion NOK in 2000, most of which dates from his ownership in the Norwegian Cruise Line (formerly Kloster Cruise with ownership in Vard) from the 1980s, which he sold to Star Cruises. According to himself he initially invested 5 million NOK in 1981, followed by some more, until he sold his shares for 672 million NOK in 1999; roughly a hundred-fold profit.

References

External links
 Hegnar Online, online news site

1943 births
Living people
Writers from Oslo
Norwegian businesspeople
Norwegian newspaper editors
Norwegian magazine editors
Norwegian male handball players
Norwegian biographers
Norwegian male writers
Male biographers

Trygve Hegnar


In terms of fiction, a quibble is a plot device, used to fulfill the exact verbal conditions of an agreement in order to avoid the intended meaning. Typically quibbles are used in legal bargains and, in fantasy, magically enforced ones (for example prophecies).

Examples

William Shakespeare used a quibble in The Merchant of Venice.  Portia saves Antonio in a court of law by pointing out that the agreement called for a pound of flesh, but no blood, and therefore Shylock can collect only if he sheds no blood, which is not physically possible. He also uses one in Macbeth where Macbeth is killed by Macduff, despite it being prophesied by the Three Witches that "none of woman born" shall vanquish him, as the latter character was born by Caesarean section. In a second prophecy, Macbeth is told that he has nothing to fear until Great Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane Hill. He feels safe since he knows that forests cannot move, but is overcome when the English army, shielded with boughs cut from Birnam Wood, advances on his stronghold at Dunsinane.

The old testament likewise contains examples of legalistic quibbles.  In Genesis 18, Abraham gets God to acknowledge that killing many righteous people alongside the sinners in Sodom would be wrong, and then works his way down to sparing the city for the sake of a single righteous one.

A pact with the Devil commonly contains clauses that allow the devil to quibble over what he grants, and equally commonly, the maker of the pact finds a quibble to escape the bargain.

In Norse mythology, Loki, having bet his head with Brokk and lost, forbids Brokk to take any part of his neck, saying he had not bet it; to avenge himself Brokk instead sews Loki's lips shut.

When the hero of the Child ballad The Lord of Lorn and the False Steward is forced to trade places with an impostor and swear never to reveal the truth to anyone, he tells his story to a horse while he knows that the heroine is eavesdropping. In the similar fairy tale The Goose Girl, the princess pours out her story to an iron stove, unaware that the king is listening.

When Croesus consulted the Pythia, he was told that going to war with Cyrus the Great would destroy a great empire. Croesus assumed that the seer meant that the Persian Empire would be destroyed and Croesus would triumph. He proceeded to attack the Persians, believing victory was assured. In the end, however, the Persians were victorious, and the empire destroyed was not Cyrus's but Croesus's.

In The Lord of the Rings, the Elf Glorfindel's prophecy states that "not by the hand of man will the Witch-king of Angmar fall." The Witch-king is slain by Éowyn, a woman, during the battle of the Pelennor Fields. She is aided by Merry, a male hobbit who distracted him by stabbing him with a Númenorean blade (created by a long-deceased man), as the Ringwraiths are harmed by such swords.

In Terry Pratchett's Moving Pictures, a book is said to inflict terrible fates on any man opening it, but causes only mild annoyance to the Librarian, who is in fact an orangutan.

References

Narrative techniques

Quibble (plot device)


Stefan Mozar is an electrical engineer who lives in  Australia. He was named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2015 for his development of safety solutions for electronic equipment. He studied engineering at the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia, and did his doctoral work at UNSW and Okayama University, Japan.
His work has resulted in patents, inventions, and publications. He has received many awards, including the IEEE Millennium Medal and the David Robinson Award from Engineers Australia.

References

20th-century births
Living people
Australian electrical engineers
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)

Stefan Mozar


Hersam Acorn Newspapers was a family-owned weekly newspaper company based in Ridgefield, Connecticut, United States. The company published 19 weeklies in Fairfield and New Haven counties, Connecticut, and Westchester County, New York, and several shopper publications in Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York and Vermont.

Hersam Acorn was founded in 1997 after the merger of the Hersam Publishing Company, founded in 1908, with Acorn Press, founded in 1937. In September 2007, the company made its largest acquisition to date, buying the former Hometown Publications and Trumbull Printing, founded in 1959, from Journal Communications, which had purchased them in 1979.

In October 2018, Hearst Communications announced that it had acquired the print and digital assets of seven weekly newspaper brands from Hersam Acorn in Fairfield County, Connecticut, including The Ridgefield Press, The Wilton Bulletin, New Canaan Advertiser, The Darien Times, The Shelton Herald, The Trumbull Times and The Milford Mirror. Those Hersam Acorn papers are now part of Hearst Connecticut Media Group.

Properties
The original eight Hersam Acorn newspapers are all broadsheets and publish on Thursday. Following the Hometown acquisition, Hersam Acorn redesigned its 11 newest papers and said it would give them a local focus. Hersam Acorn newspapers in late 2007 (with weekly circulation in parentheses) were:

 Amity Observer of Orange, Connecticut (8,582—from Hometown; also covers Bethany and Woodbridge)
 Bridgeport News of Bridgeport, Connecticut (9,874—from Hometown)
 The Darien Times of Darien, Connecticut (6,454)
 Easton Courier of Easton, Connecticut (1,601—from Hometown)
 Fairfield Today of Fairfield, Connecticut (6,362—from Hometown)
 Greenwich Post of Greenwich, Connecticut (14,901—acquired in 2003)
 New Canaan Advertiser of New Canaan, Connecticut (6,815—founded in 1908)
 Lewisboro Ledger of Lewisboro, New York (2,201)
 Shelton Herald of Shelton, Connecticut (5,666—from Hometown)
 Milford Mirror of Milford, Connecticut (14,542—from Hometown)
 Monroe Courier of Monroe, Connecticut (3,783)
 The Redding Pilot of Redding, Connecticut (2,566)
 The Ridgefield Press of Ridgefield, Connecticut (7,296—oldest paper in the chain, established in 1875)
 Stratford Star of Stratford, Connecticut (14,719—from Hometown)
 Trumbull Times of Trumbull, Connecticut (6,520—from Hometown)
 Valley/Oxford Gazette of Derby, Connecticut (17,626—from Hometown; also covers Ansonia, Oxford and Seymour)
 The Weston Forum of Weston, Connecticut (4,103)
 The Wilton Bulletin of Wilton, Connecticut (3,406)

References

External links

Mass media in Fairfield County, Connecticut
Newspapers published in Connecticut
Weekly newspaper companies of the United States
Publishing companies established in 1997
1997 establishments in Connecticut
Family-owned companies of the United States

Hersam Acorn Newspapers


Systematics and morphology
Metamicrocotyla is a genus which belongs to the family Microcotylidae and class Monogenea. It was created by  Yamaguti in 1953 to include Metamicrocotyla bora and Metamicrocotyla filiformis from the gills off the flathead grey mullet Mugil cephalus (Mugilidae).
As all Monogenea, species of Metamicrocotyla are ectoparasites that affect their host by attaching themselves as larvae on the gills of the fish and grow into adult stage. This larval stage is called oncomiracidium, and is characterized as free swimming and ciliated.
Members of Metamicrocotyla are characterized by a symmetrical haptor, a variable number of postovarian testes and with no cirrus nor vagina. their genital atrium is provided with paired groups of spines or hooks.

Species
According to the World Register of Marine Species, this genus includes 10 species:

References

Microcotylidae
Monogenea genera

Metamicrocotyla


Bowerman's Nose is a stack of weathered granite on Dartmoor, Devon, England. It is situated on the northern slopes of Hayne Down, about a mile from Hound Tor and close to the village of Manaton at . It is about  high and is the hard granite core of a former tor, standing above a 'clitter' of the blocks that have eroded and fallen from it.

Descriptions
The height of the stack was exaggerated by early writers, and it was also regularly described as an ancient object of veneration. For example, Richard Polwhele described it in around 1800 as fifty feet high, and in the 1820s Carrington wrote of it:

In his contemporary notes to Carrington's poem, W. Burt stated that the rocks rise to more than 30 feet, and he also mentioned that it was generally considered as a rock idol, dismissing those who doubted that druids were associated with the moor. Samuel Rowe in 1848 reckoned it was rather less than forty feet tall and likened it to the statues on Easter Island, saying that "it is easy to conceive that [it] might have been pointed out to an ignorant and deluded people as the object of worship". He also said that from the higher ground to the south, its appearance was of a "Hindoo idol, in a sitting posture".

By 1889, John Page wrote in his Exploration of Dartmoor that it was "nearly forty feet", but discounted the "rock idol" tradition. John Chudleigh wrote in 1892 that from Manaton it looked like a Turk with a fez cap and mantle wrapped closely around his body. By 1907 it was still being described in Ward Lock's Red Guide to Dartmoor as "forty or fifty feet" tall.

With a little imagination, it is possible to see the profile of a human face in the rocky outline, but as John Page said in 1889: "If his nose bore any resemblance to the topmost layer of the pile, it cannot have boasted much comeliness." Other writers have seen the topmost layer as a cap, for instance Ruth St. Leger-Gordon wrote in 1965: "With grey cap pushed well back from a face consisting mainly of the parrot-like feature which gives him his name...".

Toponymy
It used to be held that the name Bowerman was derived from the Celtic fawr maen, meaning "the great stone", but this theory was refuted by R. Hansford Worth who pointed out that the correct Celtic form would have been maen fawr, so it could not have mutated into Bowerman.

Another derivation, noted by Burt, was that Bowerman was a hunter (a "bow-man") who lived in the nearby village of Houndtor at the time of William the Conqueror. However, Eric Hemery noted that a John Bowerman was buried at North Bovey in 1663 and that the name also appears in a Dean Prior register of 1772, so it is possible that the name is of no great antiquity.

Legend
Not only is Bowerman's Nose a spectacular rock formation, which appears on many local postcards and calendars, but it is also the subject of Dartmoor folklore.

One version of the local legend relates that a huntsman called Bowerman lived on the moor about a thousand years ago. When chasing a hare he and his pack of dogs unwittingly ran into a coven of witches, overturned their cauldron and disrupted their ceremony. They decided to punish him, and the next time he was hunting, one of the witches turned herself into a hare, and led both Bowerman and his hounds into a mire. As a final punishment, she turned them to stone - the dogs can be seen as a jagged chain of rocks on top of Hound Tor, while the huntsman himself became the rock formation now known as Bowerman's Nose.

See also
List of geographical noses

References

Dartmoor
Rock formations of England
Geology of Devon
Devon folklore
Tors of Dartmoor

Bowerman's Nose


Irsu (, "he who made himself"; alternatively Su) is the name used in Papyrus Harris I to designate a Shasu who became overlord of a group of local rulers nominally under Egyptian control, at a time of unrest between the Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties. The reading of the name is contested and the man may instead have simply been called Su. The events in which Irsu (or Su) participated likely took place outside of the Nile Valley, in the Asiatic territories of Egypt's empire.

Debate on Irsu's activities

In Egypt
Irsu's rise to power is closely related to the situation in Egypt proper at the end of the Nineteenth Dynasty, which saw a civil war between Amenmesse and Seti II followed by economic decline. Modern understanding of the events occurring at the time is heavily dependent on the translation of Papyrus Harris I, a task which has proven difficult. In his 1906 translation of the document James Henry Breasted writes

Hear ye that I may inform you of my benefactions which I did while I was king of the people. The land of Egypt was overthrown from without, and every man was (thrown out) of his right; they had no chief mouth for many years formerly until other times. The land of Egypt was in the hands of chiefs and of rulers of towns; one slew his neighbor, great and small. Other times having come after it, with empty years, Yarsu, a certain Syrian was with them as chief.  He set the whole land tributary before him together; he united his companions and plundered their possessions.  They made the gods like men, and no offerings were presented in the temples.

This translation leaves open the possibility that Irsu acted in Egypt proper and consequently Chancellor Bay was considered a plausible candidate for this Irsu until 2000.  However, an IFAO Ostracon no. 1864 found at Deir el-Medina and dated Siptah's fifth regnal year records that "Pharaoh, life health prosperity, has killed the great enemy, Bay". Because chancellor Bay died years before Irsu, he is no longer considered a plausible candidate for this historical figure.

In Egyptian territories in Canaan
In 1979 the Egyptologist Hans Goedicke produced a second translation based on a detailed grammatical analysis of the document:
The land belonging to Egypt was abandoned abroad and every man in his loyalty, he did not have a chief-spokesman [i.e. a pharaoh] for many years first until the times of others when the land belonging to Egypt was among chiefs and city-rulers — one was killed [the pharaoh], his replacement was a dignitary of wretches [a second pharaoh]. Another of the family happened after him in the empty years [a third pharaoh], when Su, a Kharu with them, acted as chief and he made the entire land serviceable to him alone. He joined his dependant in seizing their property, when the gods were treated just like men, as one did not perform offerings inside the temples.

Goedicke suggests that Irsu rose to power in Egypt's territories abroad, in Canaan, following years of neglect on behalf of the last three pharaohs of the Nineteenth Dynasty, Seti II, Siptah and Twosret. According to this translation of the document, the earliest of these pharaohs, Seti II, is responsible for not asserting his power and control over the region; the second was held in low regard; while the last, Twosret, is said to have made an alliance with Irsu who had de facto authority over the territories.

The end of Irsu

What happened to Irsu is made clear on the papyrus, which tells of Setnakht's rise and the end of the rebellion:
But when the gods inclined themselves to peace, to set the land (in) its right according to its accustomed manner, they established their son, who came forth from their limbs, to be Ruler, L. P. H., of every land, upon their great throne, (even) Userkhare-Setepnere-Meriamon, L. P. H., Son of Re, Setnakht-Mererre-Meriamon, L. P. H.  He was Khepri-Set, when he is enraged; he set in order the entire land which had been rebellious; he slew the rebels who were in the land of Egypt; he cleansed the great throne of Egypt; he was Ruler, L. P. H., of the Two Lands, on the throne of Atum. He gave ready faces, which had been turned away. Every man knew his brother who had been walled in. He established the temples in possession of divine offerings, to offer.

Twosret's successor Setnakhte's Elephantine stele records how he expelled these Asiatic rebels who, on their flight from Egypt, abandoned much of the gold, silver and copper which they had stolen from Egypt, and with which they had intended to hire reinforcements among the Asiatics. His pacification of Egypt is also referred to in the Great Harris Papyrus.

Setnakht's Elephantine stele describes it further: His Majesty, life, prosperity, health, was like his father Seth who stretched out his arms in order to remove from Egypt those who led it astray, his strength surrounding (him) with protection."

Memory
Papyrus Harris I portrays his tenure in office as a time when Egypt was in chaos and temple offerings were denied to the gods. After the death of Twosret, Egypt seems to have fallen into anarchy, with many temples being looted by Asiatic followers of Irsu.

Twosret's successor Setnakhte's Elephantine stele records how he expelled these Asiatic rebels who, on their flight from Egypt, abandoned much of the gold, silver and copper which they had stolen from Egypt, and with which they had intended to hire reinforcements among the Asiatics.

It is possible that memories of these events were distortedly reported in the third century BCE by the Hellenistic Egyptian historian and priest Manetho, who claimed that a certain Egyptian priest from Heliopolis called Osarseph led leprous Asiatics out of Egypt, in an Exodus later reportedly that of Moses.

C. Hauret suggests that Irsu's career also has a resemblance to that of the Biblical Joseph. Thomas Römer writes that some think that "Osarseph is a polemical name for Akhenaton; others think of a combination of Joseph and Osiris."

References

People of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
People of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt
Year of birth unknown

Irsu


AnnaSophia Robb (born December 8, 1993) is an American actress and model. The films in which she starred include Because of Winn-Dixie (2005), Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005), Bridge to Terabithia (2007), Race to Witch Mountain (2009), Soul Surfer (2011), and The Way, Way Back (2013). She also played the lead role of Carrie Bradshaw on The CW's series The Carrie Diaries from 2013 to 2014.

Early life
Robb was born in Denver, Colorado, the daughter of Janet, an interior designer, and David Robb, an architect. She was named after her maternal great-grandmother, Anna Sophie, and her paternal grandmother, Anna Marie. Robb is of Danish, English, Irish, Scottish, and Swedish descent. She grew up in a Christian home and was home-schooled. She started taking an interest in acting and began by performing in front of 500 individuals on her church stage. She competed in dance and gymnastics for four and a half years, but quit in order to focus on acting. In 2009, the Arapahoe Herald reported that she was attending Arapahoe High School in Centennial, Colorado. She graduated in 2012.

Career
At age 9, she was scouted by an agent, and she and her mother drove down to Los Angeles. After several auditions, she was given the opportunity to appear in a commercial, advertising Bratz dolls that would be aired nationally. After appearing in a commercial for McDonald's, Robb had a small role in the episode, "Number One Fan" of the television series Drake & Josh. Her first major role was the title character in the television special, Samantha: An American Girl Holiday. She wore a long brown wig for the role.

Robb's two big-screen appearances in 2005 were both adaptations of popular children's books. She starred as Opal in Because of Winn-Dixie and as the competitive and rude Violet Beauregarde in Tim Burton's remake of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. The latter was a major box office success worldwide, and helped escalate Robb's popularity among pre-teen audiences.

In 2005, Robb was the face of Trad Clothing, helping to design and model a fashion line for girls. In 2006, she had a guest role on the cartoon show, Danny Phantom as the voice of Danielle "Dani" Fenton. Robb played Leslie Burke in Bridge to Terabithia with Josh Hutcherson, which opened in U.S. theaters on February 16, 2007. She recorded a song for the soundtrack titled, "Keep Your Mind Wide Open", and the accompanying video received rotation on the Disney Channel. The song peaked at No. 90 on the Billboard Hot 100 during the week of March 1, 2007, giving Robb her first charting single. Robb was a fan of the book before being cast in the role, saying that it "touched me in a way I hadn't been touched by a book before".

Robb went on to appear in The Reaping, Have Dreams, Will Travel, Jumper, and Spy School. Despite negative reviews of the film overall, Robb's performance in Sleepwalking garnered praise. Time film critic Richard Schickel said: "There is a wonderful range to Robb's work...this is extraordinarily mature acting from someone this young and she wins our sympathy without once begging for it." In 2008, she recorded the voice of Mary Magdalene in The Word of Promise: Next Generation – New Testament: Dramatized Audio Bible. She also starred in Race to Witch Mountain (2009). In 2010, she appeared in The Space Between. She then starred in Soul Surfer, playing Bethany Hamilton, who continued to surf after losing her arm in a shark attack.

In May 2011, Robb was announced to star as Wendy in a new and dark take on the classic story about Peter Pan, tentatively titled, Pan, but later dropped out of the project. It was reported on February 3, 2012, that Robb had landed a role in Life at These Speeds. Later that month, Robb was cast as Carrie Bradshaw in The CW's Sex and the City prequel, The Carrie Diaries, and appeared in the summer comedy, The Way, Way Back.

In October 2013, Robb started filming for Jekyll Island, starring alongside Frank Grillo, Ed Westwick, Dianna Agron, John Leguizamo, Minnie Driver, and Maggie Q. The film is directed by Aram Rappaport and produced by Hilary Shor, Atit Shah and Aaron Becker. Jekyll Island  is set to release in 2017.

Robb played the role of Alice Green in the PBS Civil War historical drama series Mercy Street from 2016 to 2017.

Personal life
In 2014, Robb was enrolled at New York University.

Robb was one of the demonstrators at the 2017 Women's March held on January 21, 2017 in Washington, D.C..

Filmography

Film

Television

Soundtrack appearance

Awards and nominations
On March 30, 2008, Robb won her first career award when she was named Leading Young Actress at the Young Artist Awards for her role in Bridge To Terabithia. The film itself won a Young Cast award. On April 24, 2009, she received the Horizon Award at the 14th Annual Palm Beach International Film Festival. She was awarded the Rising Star Award at the Denver Film Festival on November 12, 2009.

References

Other websites

1993 births
American child actors
American child singers
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Living people
New York University alumni

AnnaSophia Robb


Calvin Michael Mosley Jr. (born August 6, 1983) is a former American football defensive tackle.  He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the sixth round of the 2005 NFL Draft. He played college football at Missouri. He has also played for the Cleveland Browns, New York Jets, Jacksonville Jaguars, Detroit Lions and Miami Dolphins.

Early years
Mosley was born in Fort Knox, Kentucky, and earned All-State honors at Waynesville High School in Waynesville, Missouri, and was ranked among the top defensive tackle prospects by Rivals.com. He was a three-time All-District selection posted 21.0 sacks and 267 tackles during his career, and recorded 97 tackles and 10 sacks as a senior. He also finished 3rd in the shot put at the Missouri state track meet as a senior.

College career
After being redshirted at the University of Missouri in 2001, he earned Freshman All-America honorable mention honors from College Football News in 2002. He played in every game with 5 starts at nose guard and posted 39 tackles, 3 sacks, 8 tackles for loss, and a forced fumble. He began his collegiate career with 3 tackles, and 2 tackles for loss at Illinois and had 8 tackles and added a sack and 2 tackles for loss vs. Colorado. He also recorded a season-high 9 tackles and made a sack and 3 tackles for loss at Texas A&M.

In 2003, he earned 2nd-team All-Big 12 honors from the league's coaches and was named the team's Defensive Lineman of the Year. That season, he started 11 games at nose guard and ranked among the nation's leaders with 16 tackles for loss on the year. He also was 2nd on the team with 7 QB hurries and 6.0 sacks. He registered 7 tackles, 4 tackles for loss, and 2.0 sacks in season opener vs. Illinois, and had 3 tackles and a sack vs. Eastern Illinois. He came off the bench to record 8 tackles, a sack that knocked QB Bill Whittmore out of the game, and added 2 tackles for loss at Kansas. Against Texas A&M, he made 9 tackles and also had 2 sacks and 3 tackles for loss. In the Independence Bowl vs. Arkansas, he registered 4 tackles and a tackle for loss.

In 2004, Mosley earned Associated Press 1st-team All-Big 12 honors and was named the team's Defensive Lineman of the Year. That year, he started all 11 games at RDT, and led a defense that finished 2nd in the conference and 14th nationally in total yardage allowed. He made 61 tackles, 6.5 sacks, 14 tackles for loss, as well as recovering 2 fumbles, forced another, and blocked a kick. He opened the season with 8 tackles, 3 QB hurries, a sack, and 3 tackles for loss vs. Arkansas State. The following week at Troy, he posted 8 tackles, 2.0 sacks, and 3 tackles for loss. Versus Colorado, he recorded 5 tackles, a sack, and 3 tackles for loss. He registered 8 tackles and a fumble recovery at Texas, and had 5 tackles, a sack, and a forced fumble vs. Oklahoma State. He blocked a kick and added a fumble recovery and 4 tackles vs. Kansas State. C.J. finished his career with 4 tackles and a sack at Iowa State.

Mosley started 27 of 36 games he played in during his 3 years with the Tigers. He recorded 167 tackles with 15.5 sacks, 38 tackles for loss, and 22 QB hurries. He was part of a defense in 2004 that ranked 2nd in the Big 12 and 14th nationally in total yardage allowed and was twice named the team's Defensive Lineman of the Year.

Professional career

Minnesota Vikings
In his rookie year for Minnesota, Mosley accumulated 19 tackles, 3 sacks and 1 forced fumble while filling in for an injured Kevin Williams in the middle of the 2005 NFL season.

New York Jets
Mosley, along with an undisclosed draft pick, was traded to the Jets on August 31, 2006, for backup quarterback Brooks Bollinger.

Cleveland Browns
Mosley signed a two-year, $5 million with the Cleveland Browns on March 6, 2009. He became the first former Jets player in NFL history to later join the Browns in his career.

Mosley was placed on injured reserve on December 7, 2009, due to a broken right ankle.

Jacksonville Jaguars
Mosley was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars on October 5, 2010. The Jaguars re-signed him on March 15, 2012.

He was released on April 1, 2013.

Detroit Lions
On April 3, 2013, Mosley signed with the Detroit Lions on a two-year contract.

The Lions sent Mosley home early before their game in London against the Atlanta Falcons after they discovered marijuana in his hotel room.

Miami Dolphins
On June 10, 2015, Mosley signed a one-year contract with the Miami Dolphins, reuniting him with former Detroit teammate, Ndamukong Suh. On December 1, 2015, he was waived/injured, but was placed on the team's injured reserve the following day after clearing waivers.

On December 18, 2015, Mosley was waived by the Miami Dolphins.

References

External links

Detroit Lions bio
Jacksonville Jaguars bio
Missouri Tigers bio

1983 births
Living people
Players of American football from Kentucky
People from Waynesville, Missouri
African-American players of American football
American football defensive tackles
American football defensive ends
Missouri Tigers football players
Minnesota Vikings players
New York Jets players
Cleveland Browns players
Jacksonville Jaguars players
Detroit Lions players
Miami Dolphins players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people

C. J. Mosley (defensive lineman)


Jean-Paul Mauric (, 17 June 1933, Hyères, Var – 5 January 1971, Marseille) was a French singer, best known for his participation in the 1961 Eurovision Song Contest.

Mauric studied at the Conservatoire de Toulon, and after touring around Provence as an orchestra singer, he obtained a record contract as a result of winning a talent contest at the Théâtre Marigny in Paris in 1957. From 1958, Mauric released a series of popular EPs, and in 1961 was chosen to represent France in the sixth Eurovision Song Contest, held on his home ground in Cannes on 18 March.  Mauric's uptempo song "Printemps, avril carillonne" ("Springtime, April calling") finished in a respectable fourth place of the 16 entries.  Its lyric of "Bing et bong et bing et bong..." is often cited as setting a precedent which would become very prolific in later Eurovisions.

Mauric's record releases tailed off as the 1960s progressed, but he remained a popular live performer. His career was cut short when he was taken ill in December 1970, and died on 5 January 1971 from complications of cardiomyopathic disease, aged 37.

References

External links
 Jean-Paul Mauric fansite
 Discography and cover art at encyclopédisque.fr

1933 births
1971 deaths
People from Hyères
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for France
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1961
20th-century French male singers

Jean-Paul Mauric


Sodium sulfide is a chemical compound with the formula Na2S, or more commonly its hydrate Na2S·9H2O. Both the anhydrous and the hydrated salts in pure crystalline form are colorless solids, although technical grades of sodium sulfide are generally yellow to brick red owing to the presence of polysulfides and commonly supplied as a crystalline mass, in flake form, or as a fused solid. They are water-soluble, giving strongly alkaline solutions.  When exposed to moist air, Na2S and its hydrates emit hydrogen sulfide, an extremely toxic, flammable and corrosive gas which smells like rotten eggs.

Some commercial samples are specified as Na2S·xH2O, where a weight percentage of Na2S is specified. Commonly available grades have around 60% Na2S by weight, which means that x is around 3. These grades of sodium sulfide are often marketed as 'sodium sulfide flakes'.

Structure
Na2S adopts the antifluorite structure, which means that the Na+ centers occupy sites of the fluoride in the CaF2 framework, and the larger S2− occupy the sites for Ca2+.

Production
Industrially Na2S is produced by carbothermic reduction of sodium sulfate often using coal:
Na2SO4  +  2 C  →  Na2S  +  2 CO2

In the laboratory, the salt can be prepared by reduction of sulfur with sodium in anhydrous ammonia, or by sodium in dry THF with a catalytic amount of naphthalene (forming sodium naphthalenide):
2 Na  +  S  →  Na2S

Reactions with inorganic reagents
The sulfide ion in sulfide salts such as sodium sulfide can incorporate a proton into the salt by protonation:
 +  →
Because of this capture of the proton (), sodium sulfide has basic character. Sodium sulfide is strongly basic, able to absorb two protons. Its conjugate acid is sodium hydrosulfide (). An aqueous solution contains a significant portion of sulfide ions that are singly protonated.
 +    +
 +    +
Sodium sulfide is unstable in the presence of water due to the gradual loss of hydrogen sulfide into the atmosphere.

When heated with oxygen and carbon dioxide, sodium sulfide can oxidize to sodium carbonate and sulfur dioxide:
2 Na2S  +  3 O2  +  2    →  2 Na2CO3  +  2 SO2
Oxidation with hydrogen peroxide gives sodium sulfate:
Na2S  +  4 H2O2   →   4   +  Na2SO4

Upon treatment with sulfur, polysulfides are formed:
2 Na2S  +  S8   →  2 Na2S5

Uses
Sodium sulfide is primarily used in the kraft process in the pulp and paper industry.

It is used in water treatment as an oxygen scavenger agent and also as a metals precipitant; in chemical photography for toning black and white photographs; in the textile industry as a bleaching agent, for desulfurising and as a dechlorinating agent; and in the leather trade for the sulfitisation of tanning extracts. It is used in chemical manufacturing as a sulfonation and sulfomethylation agent. It is used in the production of rubber chemicals, sulfur dyes and other chemical compounds. It is used in other applications including ore flotation, oil recovery, making dyes, and detergent. It is also used during leather processing, as an unhairing agent in the liming operation.

Reagent in organic chemistry
Alkylation of sodium sulfide give thioethers:
Na2S  +  2 RX   →   R2S  +  2 NaX
Even aryl halides participate in this reaction. By a broadly similar process sodium sulfide can react with alkenes in the thiol-ene reaction to give thioethers.
Sodium sulfide can be used as nucleophile in Sandmeyer type reactions. Sodium sulfide reduces1,3-dinitrobenzene derivatives to the 3-nitroanilines. Aqueous solution of sodium sulfide can be refluxed with nitro carrying azo dyes dissolved in dioxane and ethanol to selectively reduce the nitro groups to amine; while other reducible groups, e.g. azo group, remain intact. Sulfide has also been employed in photocatalytic applications.

Sodium sulfide is the active ingredient in Dr. Scholl's ingrown toenail pain treatment.

Safety
Like sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfide is strongly alkaline and can cause chemical burns. Acids react with it to rapidly produce hydrogen sulfide, which is highly toxic.

References

Sulfides
Sodium compounds
Photographic chemicals
Fluorite crystal structure

Sodium sulfide


The brown tree frog, whistling tree frog, Ewing's tree frog, or southern brown tree frog (Litoria ewingii) is a frog from Australia.  It lives in southeastern Australia and Tasmania, but it also lives in New Zealand.

The adult male frog is 22 to 40 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 32 to 46 mm.  It is light brown in colour with a lighter belly and some patterns.  Its feet are usually not webbed.  The ends of their toes have suckers for climbing.

This frog can live in marshes, grasslands or on mountains.  It lays eggs 500-600 at a time on underwater plants in ponds, streams, dams, and ditches.  It takes months for them to grow into frogs.  Unlike most frogs, the brown tree frog can lay eggs at any time during the year.

In New Zealand, brown frog tadpoles often given to schoolchildren so they can watch the tadpoles become frogs.  This frog is now an invasive specie in New Zealand because people set the young frogs free outside after the project is done. Once they are released, brown tree frogs can kill New Zealand frogs by eating all their food or by giving them diseases from other places.

References

Pelodryadidae

Brown tree frog


Fishpathogens.eu is a database created to store data on isolates of different fish pathogens and their sequences. The site was launched June 2009 with a database on Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus. In spring 2010 the database was extended with a section on Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus.

The goal of the database is to offer a platform for sharing of available information on isolates of fish pathogens and their sequences. We encourage laboratories from all around the world to submit data of fish pathogens isolated in their laboratory.

The database is funded through the FP6-2004-Food-3-A project EPIZONE and the European Commissions financial aid for running the European Community Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases.

References

External links

Fish diseases
Animal virology

Fishpathogens.eu


Gwendoline Kirby LVO (1911–2007) was a British nurse, and matron of Great Ormond Street Hospital.

She met Queen Elizabeth II when she made an official visit to the hospital in 1952, its centenary, formally greeted her on behalf of the hospital when she visited Princess Anne after the latter's 1958 tonsillectomy, and met her again at the hospital's 150th anniversary celebration, when the queen recognised her.

She appeared as a castaway on the BBC Radio programme Desert Island Discs on 24 December 1966. She died in 2007.

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
British nurses
Great Ormond Street Hospital
Nurses from London

Gwendoline Kirby


Robert "Rob" Lunn is a former defensive tackle from University of Connecticut.  He earned Academic All Big East accolades in 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008.  Winner of the coveted "Iron Husky" award in 2007 for "Unbreakable Work Ethic" Lunn was a fixture on UConn's talented defensive line. In 2007, Lunn was awarded the Defensive Player of the Game (Game Ball) for his 11 tackle and two sack performance at home against Rutgers.

A member of the 2004 Motor City Bowl, 2007 Meineke Car Care Bowl, and 2008 International Bowl Teams.

He graduated in 2008 and after a professional tryouts with Seattle and Arizona traveled overseas. He played two (2) seasons with the Arizona Cardinals.  He played professional football  with the Carinthian Black Lions in Portchach, Austria. leading them to their first playoff berth before concluding his on-field career.

He played his high school ball at Penfield High School, setting school records or sacks in a single game (5), season (17), and career (31).  He played in the 2004 New York v. New Jersey all-star game known as "The Governor's Cup", in which the top 50 seniors players from both states play against each other.

During his senior season at the University of Connecticut, he started his personal blog "Thoughts From A Fat White Guy."  He went on to become a sports blogger and on-air personality for New England Sports Network and ESPN Radio.  Also known for his appearances on Chris Cooley, GQ.com, ESPN.com, Maxim.com, Fatpickled.com and Deadspin.

Rob is also a Mansfield, Connecticut YouTube sensation. His famous video features him catching a beer can behind his back that was tossed from above.

References

American football defensive tackles
UConn Huskies football players
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Robert Lunn


Erigeron ochroleucus is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, called the buff fleabane or buff daisy. It is native to western Canada and the western United States from Alaska and Yukon southeast as far as Colorado and Nebraska.

Erigeron ochroleucus is a biennial or perennial herb up to 35 centimeters (14 inches) tall. The plant generally produces 1-8 flower heads per stem, each head with up to 70 white or pink ray florets surrounding numerous yellow disc florets. The species grows on open slopes and meadows in sagebrush scrub and conifer forests.

References

Flora of Northern America
ochroleucus
Plants described in 1840

Erigeron ochroleucus