William Smyth (1765 in Liverpool – 24 June 1849 in Norwich) was an English poet and historian, who became Regius Professor at Cambridge in 1807.

Life
The son of merchant-banker Thomas Smyth, he was born in Liverpool.  After attending a day school in the town, he went to Eton College, where he remained three years.  On leaving Eton he read with a tutor at Bury, Lancashire, and in January 1783 he entered Peterhouse, Cambridge., graduating eighth wrangler in 1787.  In the same year, he was elected to the fellowship vacated by John Wilson.  He proceeded to the M.A. in 1790, and returned to Liverpool, but in 1793, after the declaration of war with France, his father's bank failed, and it became necessary for him to earn his living.

Through Edward Morris, a college friend, Smyth was chosen in 1793 by Richard Brinsley Sheridan as tutor to his elder son Thomas. He lived with his pupil at Wanstead, at Bognor, and at Cambridge, and saw much of Sheridan himself;  but the relationship was troublesome both personally and financially. When Smyth accompanied his pupil to Cambridge in 1803, he received bills on the Drury Lane Theatre for his expenses.  In 1806 Thomas went into the army, and Smyth became tutor of Peterhouse.

In 1807, on the recommendation of his political friends, Smyth was appointed Regius Professor of Modern History, a post he kept until his death. In 1825 he inherited property, and, in accordance with the college statutes then in force, his fellowship was declared vacant. He continued, however, to occupy his rooms in college, until in 1847 he retired to Norwich, where he died, unmarried, on 24 June 1849. He was buried in Norwich Cathedral, where there is a stained-glass window to his memory over his grave.

Legacy
The two stained Munich windows in Peterhouse Chapel, representing the Nativity and the Ascension, were subscribed for as a memorial to him. There is a portrait of him in the hall of Peterhouse, given by his brother, the Rev. Thomas Smyth (1778–1854), fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, from 1800 to 1813, and vicar of St. Austell. This portrait is lithographed in the fifth edition of his English Lyrics, edited by his brother in 1850. The posthumous bust in the Fitzwilliam Museum, by E. H. Baily, is copied from the picture.

Works
 A List of Books Recommended (1817; 2nd ed. 1828)
 Memoir of Sheridan (1840) (privately printed).
 Lectures on Modern History (2 vols.) (1840-181); dedicated to Henry Petty, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne; revised by Adam Sedgwick. vol. 1 vol. 2
 Lectures on the French Revolution (3 vols.) (1840-1841) vol. 1 Breaks new ground.  Both sets of lectures were reissued with author's corrections in Bohn's Standard Library (1855).

Smyth wrote much verse, and his English Lyrics, published in 1797, which were praised by the Edinburgh Review, ran through five editions.  Thomas Moore's opinion of them was less favorable: he accused Smyth of appropriating his metres and parodying his songs.  Smyth contributed some of the words to Clarke Whitfield's Twelve Vocal Songs, and wrote the ode for the installation of Prince William Frederick as chancellor of the university.

Smyth devoted his last years to a work on the Evidences of Christianity.'

Smyth is "the Professor" in Reminiscences of Thought and Feeling by Mary Ann Kelty.

References

Notes

Attribution

Further reading
Hedva Ben-Israel, William Smyth, Historian of the French Revolution, Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 21, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1960), pp. 571–585. Published by: University of Pennsylvania Press. Article Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2708105.

1765 births
1849 deaths
19th-century English historians
Fellows of Peterhouse, Cambridge
People educated at Eton College
Academics from Liverpool
Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge
English male poets
English male non-fiction writers
Regius Professors of History (Cambridge)

William Smyth (historian)


A battery charger, recharger, or simply charger, is a device that stores energy in a battery by running an electric current through it. The charging protocol (how much voltage or current for how long, and what to do when charging is complete) depends on the size and type of the battery being charged. Some battery types have high tolerance for overcharging (i.e., continued charging after the battery has been fully charged) and can be recharged by connection to a constant voltage source or a constant current source, depending on battery type. Simple chargers of this type must be manually disconnected at the end of the charge cycle. Other battery types use a timer to cut off when charging should be complete. Other battery types cannot withstand over-charging, becoming damaged (reduced capacity, reduced lifetime), over heating or even exploding. The charger may have temperature or voltage sensing circuits and a microprocessor controller to safely adjust the charging current and voltage, determine the state of charge, and cut off at the end of charge. Chargers may elevate the output voltage proportionally with current to compensate for impedance in the wires.

A trickle charger provides a relatively small amount of current, only enough to counteract self-discharge of a battery that is idle for a long time. Some battery types cannot tolerate trickle charging;  attempts to do so may result in damage.  Lithium-ion batteries cannot handle  indefinite trickle charging. Slow battery chargers may take several hours to complete a charge. High-rate chargers may restore most capacity much faster, but high rate chargers can be more than some battery types can tolerate. Such batteries require active monitoring of the battery to protect it from overcharging. Electric vehicles ideally need high-rate chargers. For public access, installation of such chargers and the distribution support for them is an issue in the proposed adoption of electric cars.

C-rate
Charge and discharge rates are often given as C or C-rate, which is a measure of the rate at which a battery is charged or discharged relative to its capacity. The C-rate is defined as the charge or discharge current divided by the battery's capacity to store an electrical charge. While rarely stated explicitly, the unit of the C-rate is h−1, equivalent to stating the battery's capacity to store an electrical charge in unit hour times current in the same unit as the charge or discharge current. The C-rate is never negative, so whether it describes a charging or discharging process depends on the context.

For example, for a battery with a capacity of 500 mAh, a discharge rate of 5000 mA (i.e., 5 A) corresponds to a C-rate of 10C, meaning that such a current can discharge 10 such batteries in one hour. Likewise, for the same battery a charge current of 250 mA corresponds to a C-rate of C/2, meaning that this current will increase the state of charge of this battery by 50% in one hour.

All charging and discharging of batteries generates internal heat, and the amount of heat generated is roughly proportional to the current involved (a battery's current state of charge, condition / history, etc. are also factors).  As some batteries reach their full charge, cooling may also be observed. Battery cells which have been built to allow higher C-rates than usual must make provision for increased heating. But high C-ratings are attractive to end users because such batteries can be charged more quickly, and produce higher current output in use.  High C-rates typically require the charger to carefully monitor battery parameters such as terminal voltage and temperature to prevent overcharging and so damage to the cells. Such high charging rates are possible only with some battery types. Others will be damaged or possibly overheat or catch fire. Some batteries may even explode.  For example, an automobile SLI (starting, lighting, ignition) lead-acid battery carries several risks of explosion. A newer type of charger is known as a solid state charger. This overcomes the limitations of limitations of liquid batteries.

Type

Simple charger

A simple charger works by supplying a constant DC or pulsed DC power source to a battery being charged. A simple charger typically does not alter its output based on charging time or the charge on the battery. This simplicity means that a simple charger is inexpensive, but there are tradeoffs. Typically, a carefully designed simple charger takes longer to charge a battery because it is set to use a lower (i.e., safer) charging rate. Even so, many batteries left on a simple charger for too long will be weakened or destroyed due to over-charging. These chargers also vary in that they can supply either a constant voltage or a constant current, to the battery.

Simple AC-powered battery chargers usually have much higher ripple current and ripple voltage than other kinds of battery chargers because they are inexpensively designed and built.  Generally, when the ripple current is within a battery's manufacturer recommended level, the ripple voltage will also be well within the recommended level.  The maximum ripple current for a typical 12V 100Ah VRLA battery is 5 amps. As long as the ripple current is not excessive (more than 3 to 4 times the battery manufacturer recommended level), the expected life of a ripple-charged VRLA battery will be within 3% of the life of a constant DC-charged battery.

Fast charger

Fast chargers make use of control circuitry to rapidly charge the batteries without damaging any of the cells in the battery. The control circuitry can be built into the battery (generally for each cell) or in the external charging unit, or split between both. Most such chargers have a cooling fan to help keep the temperature of the cells at safe levels. Most fast chargers are also capable of acting as standard overnight chargers if used with standard NiMH cells that do not have the special control circuitry.

Three stage charger

To accelerate the charging time and provide continuous charging, an intelligent charger attempts to detect the state of charge and condition of the battery and applies a 3-stage charging scheme. The following description assumes a sealed lead acid traction battery at 25°C. The first stage is referred to as "bulk absorption";  the charging current will be held high and constant and is limited by the capacity of the charger. When the voltage on the battery reaches its outgassing voltage (2.22 volts per cell) the charger switches to the second stage and the voltage is held constant (2.40 volts per cell). The delivered current will decline at the maintained voltage, and when the current reaches less than 0.005C the charger enters its third stage and the charger output will be held constant at 2.25 volts per cell. In the third stage, the charging current is very small 0.005C and at this voltage the battery can be maintained at full charge and compensate for self-discharge.

Induction-powered charger

Inductive battery chargers use electromagnetic induction to charge batteries. A charging station sends electromagnetic energy through inductive coupling to an electrical device, which stores the energy in the batteries. This is achieved without the need for metal contacts between the charger and the battery. Inductive battery chargers are commonly used in electric toothbrushes and other devices used in bathrooms. Because there are no open electrical contacts, there is no risk of electrocution. Nowadays it is being used to charge wireless phones.

Smart charger

A smart charger can respond to the condition of a battery and modify its charging parameters accordingly, whereas "dumb" chargers apply a steady voltage, possibly through a fixed resistance. It should not be confused with a smart battery that contains a computer chip and communicates digitally with a smart charger about battery condition.  A smart battery requires a smart charger. Some smart chargers can also charge "dumb" batteries, which lack any internal electronics.

The output current of a smart charger depends upon the battery's state. An intelligent charger may monitor the battery's voltage, temperature or charge time to determine the optimum charge current or terminate charging. For Ni-Cd and NiMH batteries, the voltage of the battery increases slowly during the charging process, until the battery is fully charged. After that, the voltage decreases, which indicates to an intelligent charger that the battery is fully charged. Such chargers are often labeled as a ΔV, "delta-V", or sometimes "delta peak" charger, indicating that they monitor voltage change. This can cause even an intelligent charger not to sense that the batteries are already fully charged, and continue charging, the result of which may be overcharging. Many intelligent chargers employ a variety  of cut-off systems to prevent overcharging. A typical smart charger fast-charges a battery up to about 85% of its maximum capacity in less than an hour, then switches to trickle charging, which takes several hours to top off the battery to its full capacity.

Motion-powered charger

Several companies have begun making devices that charge batteries using energy from human motion, such as walking. An example, made by Tremont Electric, consists of a magnet held between two springs that can charge a battery as the device is moved up and down. Such products have not yet achieved significant commercial success.

A pedal-powered charger for mobile phones fitted into desks has been created for installation in public spaces, such as airports, railway stations and universities. They have been installed in a number of countries on several continents.

Pulse charger

Some chargers use pulse technology, in which a series of electrical pulses is fed to the battery. The DC pulses have a strictly controlled rise time, pulse width, pulse repetition rate (frequency) and amplitude. This technology works with any size and type of battery, including automotive and valve-regulated ones. With pulse charging, high instantaneous voltages are applied without overheating the battery. In a lead–acid battery, this breaks down lead-sulfate crystals, thus greatly extending the battery service life.

Several kinds of pulse chargers are patented, while others are open source hardware. Some chargers use pulses to check the current battery state when the charger is first connected, then use constant current charging during fast charge, then use pulse mode to trickle charge it. Some chargers use "negative pulse charging", also called "reflex charging" or "burp charging". These chargers use both positive and brief negative current pulses.  There is no significant evidence that negative pulse charging is more effective than ordinary pulse charging.

Solar charger

Solar chargers convert light energy into low voltage DC current. They are generally portable, but can also be fixed mounted.  Fixed mount solar chargers are also known as solar panels. These are often connected to the electrical grid via control and interface circuits, whereas portable solar chargers are used off-grid (i.e. cars, boats, or RVs).

Although portable solar chargers obtain energy only from the sun, they can charge in low light like at sunset.  Portable solar chargers are often used for trickle charging, though some can completely recharge batteries.

Timer-based charger

The output of a timer charger is terminated after a predetermined time interval. Timer chargers were the most common type for high-capacity Ni-Cd cells in the late 1990s to charge low-capacity consumer Ni-Cd cells. Often a timer charger and set of batteries could be bought as a bundle and the charger time is set for those batteries specifically. If batteries of lower capacity are charged, then they would be overcharged, and if batteries of higher capacity were timer-charged, they would not reach full capacity. Timer based chargers also had the drawback that charging batteries that were not fully discharged would result in over-charging.

Trickle charger

A trickle charger is typically low-current (usually between 5–1,500 mA). They are generally used to charge small capacity batteries (2–30 Ah). They are also used to maintain larger capacity batteries (> 30 Ah) in cars and boats. In larger applications, the current of the battery charger is only sufficient to provide trickle current.  Depending on the technology of the trickle charger, it can be left connected to the battery indefinitely.  Some battery types are not suitable for trickle charging. For instance, most Li-ion batteries cannot be safely trickle charged and can cause a fire or explosion.

Universal battery charger–analyzer
The most sophisticated chargers are used in critical applications (e.g. military or aviation batteries).  These heavy-duty automatic "intelligent charging" systems can be programmed with complex charging cycles specified by the battery manufacturer.  The best are universal (i.e. can charge all battery types), and include automatic capacity testing and analyzing functions.

USB-based charger

Since the Universal Serial Bus specification provides  five-volt power, it is possible to use a USB cable to connect a device to a power supply. Products based on this approach include chargers for cellular phones, portable digital audio players, and tablet computers. They may be fully compliant USB peripheral devices or uncontrolled, simple chargers.
Another type of USB charger called "USB (rechargeable) battery" is fitted into the case of standard batteries (1.5 V AA, C, D, and 9 V block) together with a Li-ion rechargeable battery, voltage converter, and USB connector.

Power bank

A power or battery bank is a portable device that stores energy in its built-in battery. Power banks are made in various sizes and typically based on lithium ion batteries. A power bank contains battery cells and a voltage converter circuitry. The internal DC-DC converter manages battery charging and converts the battery stack's voltage to the desired output voltage. The advertised capacity on the product in many instances is based on the capacity of the internal cells, however the theoretical mAh available to output depends on the output voltage. The conversion circuit has some energy losses, so the actual output is less than theoretical. The theoretical mAh of a 3.7v battery power bank with 5v output is 74% of the battery mAh rating. The RavPower RP-PB41 with advertised capacity of 26,800mAh that was evaluated in the journal has a theoretical capacity is 19,832mAh, although the delivered capacity was 15,682mAh, 78% of theoretical value. Authors attributed the difference to internal resistance in battery and converter losses. The circuit board can contain additional features such as over discharge protection, automatic shut off and charge level indication LEDs. Power banks may be able to detect a connection and power on automatically. If the current load is under a model-specific threshold for a specific duration, a power bank may power down automatically.

Some power banks are able to deliver power wirelessly, some are equipped with an LED flashlight for casual near-distance illumination when necessary, and some have a pass-through charging feature which allows providing power through their USB ports while being charged themselves simultaneously. Some larger power banks have DC connectors (or barrel connectors) for higher power demands such as laptop computers.

Air travel restrictions
Per Federal Aviation Administration regulations, power banks are not allowed in checked in luggage. Power banks up to 100Wh are allowed as carry on and those 101Wh to 160Wh are allowed with airline approval.

Battery cases
Battery cases are small power banks attached to the rear side of a mobile phone like a case. Power may be delivered through the USB charging ports, or wirelessly. Battery cases also exist in the form of a camera grip accessory, as was for the Nokia Lumia 1020. For mobile phones with removable rear cover, extended batteries exist. These are larger internal batteries attached with a dedicated, more spacious rear cover replacing the default one. A disadvantage is incompatibility with other phone cases while attached.

Rental/exchange
In some parts of the world, there are kiosk based power bank rental or subscription services. Customers pay for the use of power bank for a specified period of time and return the depleted power bank to the kiosk. In one case with a brand called FuelRod, it was sold at an elevated price at various amusement parks with the understanding that they get a perk of free exchange at participating locations. FuelRod moved to discontinue the free exchange in 2019 and resulted in a class-action lawsuit reaching a settlement that early adopters would be grandfathered to free exchange privileges.

DC-DC charger

Used to charge one battery with another battery of the same voltage.

Solar charger

Applications
Since a battery charger is intended to be connected to a battery, it may not have voltage regulation or filtering of the DC voltage output;  it is cheaper to make them that way. Battery chargers equipped with both voltage regulation and filtering are sometimes termed battery eliminators.

Battery charger for vehicles
There are two main types of chargers used for vehicles:
 To recharge a fuel vehicle's starter battery, where a modular charger is used; typically an 3-stage charger.
 To recharge an electric vehicle (EV) battery pack; see Charging station.

Chargers for car batteries come in varying ratings. Chargers that are rated up to two amperes may be used to maintain charge on parked vehicle batteries or for small batteries on garden tractors or similar equipment. A motorist may keep a charger rated a few amperes to ten or fifteen amperes for maintenance of automobile batteries or to recharge a vehicle battery that has accidentally discharged. Service stations and commercial garages will have a large charger to fully charge a battery in an hour or two; often these chargers can briefly source the hundreds of amperes required to crank an internal combustion engine starter.

Electric vehicle batteries
Electric vehicle battery chargers (ECS) come in a variety of brands and characteristics. These chargers vary from 1 kW to 7.5 kW maximum charge rate. Some use algorithm charge curves, others use constant voltage, constant current. Some are programmable by the end user through a CAN port, some have dials for maximum voltage and amperage, some are preset to specified battery pack voltage, amp-hour and chemistry. Prices range from $400 to $4,500. A 10 amp-hour battery could take 15 hours to reach a fully charged state from a fully discharged condition with a 1 amp charger as it would require roughly 1.5 times the battery's capacity. Public EV charging stations provide 6 kW (host power of 208 to 240 VAC off a 40 amp circuit). 6 kW will recharge an EV roughly six times faster than 1 kW overnight charging. Rapid charging results in even faster recharge times and is limited only by available AC power, battery type, and the type of charging system.

Onboard EV chargers (change AC power to DC power to recharge the EV's pack) can be:
 Isolated: they make no physical connection between the A/C electrical mains and the batteries being charged. These typically employ some form of inductive connection between the grid and a charging vehicle. Some isolated chargers may be used in parallel. This allows for an increased charge current and reduced charging times. The battery has a maximum current rating that cannot be exceeded
 Non-isolated: the battery charger has a direct electrical connection to the A/C outlet's wiring. Non-isolated chargers cannot be used in parallel.

Power-factor correction (PFC) chargers can more closely approach the maximum current the plug can deliver, shortening charging time.

Charge stations

Project Better Place was deploying a network of charging stations and subsidizing vehicle battery costs through leases and credits until filing for bankruptcy in May 2013.

Induction-powered charging
Researchers at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) have developed an electric transport system, called Online Electric Vehicle (OLEV), where the vehicles get their power needs from cables underneath the surface of the road via inductive charging, a power source is placed underneath the road surface and power is wirelessly picked up on the vehicle itself.

Mobile phone charger

Most mobile phone chargers are not really chargers, only power adapters that provide a power source for the charging circuitry which is almost always contained within the mobile phone.  Older ones are notoriously diverse, having a wide variety of DC connector-styles and voltages, most of which are not compatible with other manufacturers' phones or even different models of phones from a single manufacturer. Some higher-end models feature multiple ports are equipped with a display which indicates output current. Some support communication protocols for charging parameters such as Qualcomm Quick Charge or MediaTek Pump Express. Chargers for 12V automobile auxiliary power outlets may support input voltages of up to 24 or 32V DC to ensure compatibility, and are sometimes  equipped with a display to monitor current or the voltage of the vehicle's electrical system.

China, the European Union, and other countries are making a national standard on mobile phone chargers using the USB standard. In June 2009, 10 of the world's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed a Memorandum of Understanding to develop specifications for and support a microUSB-equipped common external power supply (EPS) for all data-enabled mobile phones sold in the EU. On October 22, 2009, the International Telecommunication Union announced that microUSB would be the standard for a universal charger for mobile handsets.

Stationary battery plants
Telecommunications, electric power, and computer uninterruptible power supply facilities may have very large standby battery banks (installed in battery rooms) to maintain critical loads for several hours during interruptions of primary grid power. Such chargers are permanently installed and equipped with temperature compensation, supervisory alarms for various system faults, and often redundant independent power supplies and redundant rectifier systems. Chargers for stationary battery plants may have adequate voltage regulation and filtration and sufficient current capacity to allow the battery to be disconnected for maintenance, while the charger supplies the direct current (DC) system load. The capacity of the charger is specified to maintain the system load and recharge a completely discharged battery within, say, 8 hours or other intervals.

Prolonging battery life
A properly designed charger can allow batteries to reach their full cycle life. Excess charging current, lengthy overcharging, or cell reversal in a multiple cell pack cause damage to cells and limit the life expectancy of a battery.

Most modern cell phones, laptop and tablet computers, and most electric vehicles use lithium-ion batteries.  These batteries last longest if the battery is frequently charged; fully discharging the cells will degrade their capacity relatively quickly, but most such batteries are used in equipment which can sense the approach of full discharge and discontinue equipment use. When stored after charging, lithium battery cells degrade more while fully charged than if they are only 40–50% charged. As with all battery types, degradation also occurs faster at higher temperatures. Degradation in lithium-ion batteries is caused by an increased internal battery resistance often due to the cell oxidation. This decreases the efficiency of the battery, resulting in less net current available to be drawn from the battery.  However, if Li-ION cells are discharged below a certain voltage a chemical reaction occurs that make them dangerous if recharged, which is why many such batteries in consumer goods now have an "electronic fuse" that permanently disables them if the voltage falls below a set level. The electronic fuse circuitry draws a small amount of current from the battery, which means that if a laptop battery is left for a long time without charging it, and with a very low initial state of charge, the battery may be permanently destroyed.

Motor vehicles, such as boats, RVs, ATVs, motorcycles, cars, trucks, etc. have used lead–acid batteries. These batteries employ a sulfuric acid electrolyte and can generally be charged and discharged without exhibiting memory effect, though sulfation (a chemical reaction in the battery which deposits a layer of sulfates on the lead) will occur over time. Typically sulfated batteries are simply replaced with new batteries, and the old ones recycled. Lead–acid batteries will experience substantially longer life when a maintenance charger is used to "float charge" the battery.  This prevents the battery from ever being below 100% charge, preventing sulfate from forming.  Proper temperature compensated float voltage should be used to achieve the best results.

See also

 Automotive alternator – battery charging device in car
 Electric bus#Charging
 Battery eliminator
 Battery management system
 Charge controller
 FuelRod – a kiosk-based charging service
 Rechargeable alkaline battery
 Solar energy
 Solar lamp
 State of charge (batteries)

References

Battery charging
Rechargeable batteries
Energy conversion

Battery charger


Greek (typographically stylized as GRΣΣK) is an American comedy-drama television series that aired on ABC Family from July 9, 2007, to March 7, 2011. The series follows students of the fictitious Cyprus-Rhodes University (CRU), located in Ohio, who participate in the school's Greek system.

Plot
The show's plots often take place within the confines of the fictional fraternities Kappa Tau Gamma (ΚΤΓ) and Omega Chi Delta (ΩΧΔ), or the fictional sorority Zeta Beta Zeta (ΖΒΖ). Throughout the course of the series, other non-Greek characters and situations are introduced, but they all tie into larger relationships with the Greeks. The series follows Rusty and Casey Cartwright as they endure the events surrounding the Greek system at Cyprus-Rhodes. There are six chapters, arranged into four seasons. The series stars Jacob Zachar and Spencer Grammer as the lead characters.

Cast and characters

Main cast

 Jacob Zachar as Rusty Cartwright, or "Spitter" – A quintessential nerd who comes to CRU to be in the Honors Engineering Program. In season one, he is a freshman who decides to go Greek like his older sister Casey, hoping that it will make him cooler and more confident. He eventually pledges Kappa Tau Gamma.
 Spencer Grammer as Casey Cartwright – Rusty's older sister and a dedicated Zeta Beta Zeta sorority girl. During her junior and senior years at CRU, she must navigate her way through sorority drama and a messy love triangle, all while trying to figure out her future plans.
 Scott Michael Foster as Cappie – The president of Kappa Tau Gamma and Casey's ex-boyfriend from freshman year. Cappie eventually becomes Rusty's "big brother" and introduces him to the rowdy Kappa Tau lifestyle. He loves college and Kappa Tau so much that he never wants to leave, and his immaturity continues to keep him and Casey apart.
 Jake McDorman as Evan Chambers – The Pledge Educator and eventual president of Omega Chi Delta and Casey's ex-boyfriend. Evan comes from a very wealthy family and is entitled to a large trust fund, but he has a troubled relationship with his overbearing parents. Although Evan and Cappie were formerly best friends, the two became bitter enemies after Evan started dating Casey.
 Paul James as Calvin Owens – One of Rusty's first friends in college. Although Calvin decides to pledge Omega Chi and becomes Evan's "little brother", he remains close with Rusty and the Kappa Taus. Calvin is secretly gay when he arrives at college, but he becomes open about his sexuality as he makes friends and bonds with his brothers.
 Amber Stevens as Ashleigh Howard – Casey's best friend since the two met in the laundry room during their freshman year. Ashleigh loves fashion and makeup and is Casey's roommate at the ZBZ house.
 Dilshad Vadsaria as Rebecca Logan – The daughter of a senator who pledges ZBZ during her freshman year. Although she becomes Casey's "little sister", Rebecca is a troublemaker who develops a rivalry with Casey after sleeping with Evan. Rebecca eventually mellows a bit, becoming close with Ashleigh and even mending her relationship with Casey.
 Clark Duke as Dale Kettlewell – Rusty's freshman year roommate. In addition to being a student in the Honors Engineering Program, Dale is a staunch Conservative Southern Baptist and Anti-Greek activist who is critical of Rusty's Greek involvement.

Production

Filmed primarily in Los Angeles, the show was also filmed on location at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) campus in the Westwood district of Los Angeles. Some scenes were shot at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in Pasadena, California and at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. The exterior and some interior shots were filmed in the historic West Adams, Los Angeles. The house used in the pilot to establish the ZBZ residence is the same house used in the reality series Beauty and the Geek.

The first season was halted in September 2007 due to the Writers Guild of America strike and returned March 24, 2008, to a triple digit increase in ratings over the pilot's premiere. On May 1, 2008, ABC Family renewed Greek for a second season, premiering August 26, 2008. The series was moved from the Tuesday lineup to Monday nights. Twelve more episodes were ordered for late spring 2009 and aired beginning March 30. On January 31, 2009, it was announced that Greek would return for a third season, premiering on August 31, 2009. The midseason premiere of Greek was Monday, January 25, 2010, at 10/9c.

On February 19, 2010, it was reported that the show had been renewed for a fourth, ten-episode season. Then, on March 13, 2010, creator Sean Smith announced his plans to end the series after the fourth season, saying, "We plan to end, that's the plan. We're all looking at this as an opportunity to come back, wrap up the show, and end strong. ABC Family could have ended it, but they gave us this opportunity and I don't want to squander it." On July 29, 2010, it was confirmed that the fourth and final season of Greek would air beginning in January 2011. The series finale aired on March 7, 2011.

Music
Albert Hammond Jr.'s "In Transit" played at the beginning of the Pilot episode
The Perishers' "Nothing Like You and I" played at the end of Season 1 Episode 15 "Freshman Daze"
The Plain White T's "Our Time Now" played during commercials advertising Greek during the show's first chapter promotional run. The band has appeared in numerous Greek episodes, making their debut in the season one episode, "The Rusty Nail". They appeared in subsequent episodes "Friday Night Frights", "A New Normal", and "See You Next Time Sisters". The show sometimes features members of the band as KT brothers, such as in the episode "The Great Cappie". The Chapter Two DVD features a video for the band's song, "Natural Disaster", which features Tiffany Dupont.
 The Dollyrots appeared in the season one episode, "Multiple Choice", playing "Because I'm Awesome".
 Marié Digby performs "Better Off Alone" in the penultimate season one episode, "Barely Legal".
American Bang performs two songs in the season one finale, "Spring Broke": "Wild and Young", and "Move to the Music".
 The War Tapes are the featured band during the season two finale, "At World's End", "Always Falling", and "Dreaming of You".
 Alpha Rev appeared in the season preview performing Phoenix Burn.
 Zach Selwyn wrote a rap song to promote the third season of "Greek" in 2009, and shot a music video with the cast of the show.
 The Temper Trap with the song "Sweet Disposition" on the last episode (22) of the second season.
 In chapter 3, "Crush Landing" a Bishop Allen song "Click Click Click Click"
 In one episode (season 3, episode 10 "Friend or Foe?"), before fire in Gamma Psi house, ZBZ singing song "Good Girls Go Bad" (originally performed by Cobra Starship).
 Episode 11 Season 3, when Grant and Calvin are dancing; the music played is "Stay for a while" by The Nikhil Korula Band
Episode 5 Season 4 when Cappie takes Casey back to ZBZ after the Everest party, the song "Ring of Fire" by Jack Savoretti is played.
Season 4 Episode 6, when Cappie welcomes Casey to CappieLand, the song "Under the Milky Way" by Sia is played.
 Youth Group with the song "Forever Young" on the finale of Greek (season 4, episode 10)..
 All Time Low's song "Six Feet Under The Stars" was featured in season 3 episode 2
 Spinning by Jack's Mannequin in the last episode of season 2 as well as the beginning of the series finale
 When KT had a booth in Season 4 Episode 2, The Last Summer by the Forward

Season Finale when they tore down the Kappa Tau House – "Afterall" by William Fitzsimmons

CRU Greeks
The following is a list of fraternities and sororities featured in more than one episode. (None of which are real fraternities or sororities, with the exception of Kappa Tau Gamma, a local sorority at The Catholic University of America.)

The following is a list of fraternities and sororities featured in at least one episode. (None of which are real fraternities or sororities with the exception of Alpha Delta Pi and Alpha Sigma Rho, national sororities.)

Synopsis

The pilot episode premiered on Monday, July 9, 2007, in the US on ABC Family. The series finale aired on Monday, March 7, 2011.

Season one

Chapter one
Rusty Cartwright (Jacob Zachar) is a freshman at Cyprus-Rhodes University and in an effort to shed his nerdy image, goes through Greek recruitment to join a fraternity. His older sister Casey (Spencer Grammer) is an active member of the Zeta Beta Zeta sorority (the top sorority on campus), and is dating Omega Chi Delta (the top fraternity on campus) active Evan Chambers (Jake McDorman), who is wealthy and popular because of his father's company, Chambers International. Evan is the Pledge Educator of Omega Chi and offers Rusty a bid during rush. But Rusty declines after he spots Evan cheating on Casey with the Senator's daughter (and Zeta Beta Zeta pledge), Rebecca Logan (Dilshad Vadsaria). Rusty later accepts a bid from Kappa Tau Gamma by the fun and laid-back Cappie (Scott Michael Foster), Casey's ex-boyfriend and Evan's enemy. Additionally, Rusty's religious Baptist roommate, Dale (Clark Duke), is concerned by Rusty's involvement with the Greeks, but later accepts Rusty's new lifestyle, even befriending Rusty's gay friend Calvin (Paul James), an Omega Chi legacy and pledge. After Casey finds out about Evan and Rebecca, Frannie (Tiffany Dupont), ZBZ president and Casey's "big sister", convinces Casey to stay with Evan. Casey sleeps with her ex, Cappie, to get revenge on Evan, but it was just a "one time thing". Rusty and Jen K. (Jessica Rose), a ZBZ pledge, begin dating after they help the Kappa Taus save Vesuvius. Despite all the cheating and tension, Evan lavalieres Casey (gives her his Greek letters). Ashleigh (Amber Stevens), Casey's best friend and fellow ZBZ member, ends her long-distance relationship with boyfriend, Travis, and she attempts to move on to Calvin, who she finds out is gay. He gets accidentally outed by Ashleigh to all of Omega Chi, but Evan encourages him to stay in the fraternity. During the season, Calvin and Heath, a Kappa Tau, have an on-and-off relationship. When Frannie finds out she won't be graduating, she runs for Omega Chi sweetheart again, against Casey. Meanwhile, Cappie and Rebecca begin a flirtatious relationship after doing a psychology experiment together. A large scandal for the Greeks erupts after Jen K. writes a newspaper article based on the scandals and controversies of the Greeks and gets them in trouble with Dean Bowman, forcing the university to lay down strict rules and monitoring on the Greeks. Since Jen K. was a ZBZ pledge, the article centers on the Zeta Beta Zeta sorority and ZBZ National Board interferes and forces Frannie to step down as president and has Casey take her place as interim president. In retaliation, Frannie then tells Evan that the only reason Casey decided to stay with him after he cheated was because of his reputation. As a result, Evan and Casey break up. Rusty and Jen K. also break up because Rusty can no longer trust her.

Chapter two
Cappie and Rebecca begin a secret romance while Casey and Rusty try to get over their respective exes. The university begins to impose severe restrictions on the Greek system in response to the newspaper article. A ZBZ alumna, Lizzie, comes to live with the sisters to ensure National's standards are enforced. The ZBZs pair up with the Kappa Taus to throw a Gatsby-themed Prohibition party. Rusty has some trouble accepting that he and Calvin are in rival fraternities, but they end up solving their differences in the season finale. Cappie and Rebecca go public about their relationship, which makes Casey uneasy. By accepting Frannie back into the sorority, Lizzie leaves Casey and the rest of the ZBZs. In light of the Greek Ball, there is a flashback to freshman year. Cappie and Evan used to be roommates and decided to rush together. Both were admitted to Kappa Tau, but Evan left after discovering he was only admitted because of Cappie. Cappie and Casey started dating, but Casey was stood up, waiting for Cappie to pick her up for the ball. Frannie confronted Cappie for standing up Casey. But Casey decided to go to the ball with Evan, and the two wound up together by the end of the night. Back in the present, Casey, Ashleigh and Frannie decide to go to the ball together, without dates, and Cappie goes with Rebecca. The season opens up with Greek Week, a competition among the sororities and fraternities. Rebecca decides to coach the Kappa Taus, who find her controlling and rude. Frannie coaches the Omega Chis and Casey coaches the Lambda Sigs. Casey tries to flirt with the Lambda Sig president, but Evan pays him to stay away from Casey. The Kappa Taus protest against the CRU board, with the help of Evan, and the Greeks retain their special treatment on campus. Rusty begins a "fun buddy" relationship with University Students Against Greeks ('USAG') member and Dale's friend, Tina, which ends because Rusty feels uncomfortable having casual sex. After breaking up with her via text message, Rusty learns she had crabs. Meanwhile, Casey attempts to move on from Evan multiple times, all of which were unsuccessful. However, Evan still isn't over Casey and enlists Calvin to prevent other suitors from talking to her. Calvin begins a relationship with Michael (Max Greenfield). Casey tries to become more serious about her future by seeking Evan for help with pre-law. Everyone goes to Myrtle Beach for spring break. There, Ashleigh encounters the "hotness monster" and becomes obsessed with finding him. Rebecca finds out her dad is involved with a prostitution ring and gets extremely drunk. She enters a wet T-shirt concert and ends up breaking up with Cappie since he is "beneath her". Cappie and Casey take a stroll down the beach and end up kissing. However, Cappie realizes what happened to Rebecca and decides to go back and comfort her. Evan and Frannie spark a relationship and Rusty and Calvin work out their differences.

Season two

Chapter three
A video of Rebecca's episode from Myrtle Beach goes viral and the ZBZs advise her to lay low. However, Rebecca begins to snap, and national ZBZ rep Tegan advises Casey to remove her. However, Casey and the other ZBZs stand by her side to support Rebecca through her troubling times. Meanwhile, Frannie tries to tell Casey about her and Evan, but Casey finds out after seeing them kissing during the Greek Week championship ceremony. Casey later begins crushing on Drew, who turns out to be Ashleigh's "Hot Ness Monster" from spring break. After fighting over him, neither of them end up with him since he seemed uninterested in Ashleigh and Casey is distracted by Frannie and Evan being together. After "processing" Frannie and Evan's relationship for a while, Casey ultimately decides that she and Frannie cannot be friends since she chose a boy over their friendship. When Rebecca realizes Cappie isn't serious enough to help her cope with her family issues and still isn't over Casey, the two decide to break up. Ashleigh suddenly realizes she has a spending problem and Rusty is in desperate need of a car. So, Casey and Ashleigh recruit Rusty's resident advisor, Max (Michael Rady) to help them count cards and win money at the Omega Chi's casino night. Casey becomes interested in Max, and the two begin dating shortly thereafter. Frannie, Ashleigh and Casey go to Florida for a ZBZ convention, and Frannie successfully overturns a rule concerning a removed officer being prohibited from ever seeking that office again (revealing her intentions to challenge Casey for president). Meanwhile, Calvin cheats on Michael with Heath, and the two break up since Calvin doesn't really know what he wants. Cappie and Rebecca briefly try to be friends with benefits, but she's not entirely over him and he's not entirely over Casey. Casey worries that her geeky boyfriend, Max may jeopardize her presidency campaign, but she later realizes that she cares more about Max than his reputation (unlike Evan). After some ugly politics between Frannie and Casey, Ashleigh unexpectedly wins the ZBZ presidency. Despite her election, Ashleigh has trouble performing her duties with Frannie and Casey both trying to influence her decisions. Meanwhile, Rusty runs into Jen K. and they try to rekindle their relationship, but he realizes he will never get over what she did to the Greeks. In the season finale, Rusty and Calvin both become actives in their respective fraternities, Kappa Tau and Omega Chi. Max gets accepted to Caltech and Casey gets an internship in Washington, D.C. The two seem to decide to split, seeing that a long-distance relationship would not work. And during ZBZ initiation, Frannie announces that she's starting her own sorority, with financial help from Evan, and Rebecca must make a choice between Frannie and the ZBZs.

Chapter four
Max decided to stay at CRU for grad school to be with Casey. Rebecca becomes a spy for the ZBZs by "joining" Frannie's sorority, the Iota Kappa Iotas, but she gets caught and returns to the ZBZs. Evan becomes president of the Omega Chis and tries to recruit Calvin's high school friend Andy (Jesse McCartney), an all-state football star. New ZBZ president Ashleigh assumes full responsibility by taking over from interim president Casey; however, Casey remains a prominent figure in the house by becoming Rush Chair and Pledge Educator. During rush, Rusty takes a liking to Andy and convinces him to join the Kappa Tau house over the Omega Chi house. Rusty, Dale and Calvin also take an art history elective, and Rusty falls (literally) for a student named Jordan (Johanna Braddy). Jordan attends a Kappa Tau party on invite from Rusty, during which she makes out with Andy and decides to pledge ZBZ. Rusty's situation worsens when Cappie makes Rusty Andy's big brother and Andy and Jordan start dating. Later, Jordan and Rusty kiss, which Rusty admits to Andy, who leaves Kappa Tau. Rusty's betrayal of his little brother infuriates Cappie, who likens the situation to when Evan stole Casey from him. But when Cappie and Evan start reminiscing in their new secret group, the Amphora Society, they decide to put the past behind them and become friends, Cappie ultimately forgives Rusty, who starts dating Jordan after she chooses him over Andy. Meanwhile, Rebecca briefly questions her sexuality after kissing another girl and seeks advice from Calvin. Calvin has trouble resisting his new gay roommate, Grant, and adopts Dale's purity ways to avoid conflict. Frannie keeps taking advantage of Evan's financial support and he starts cheating on her. The two eventually end their relationship, and Evan gives up his trust fund, since it is only causing him issues with others. However, Evan does agree to help Rebecca save her laptop from the impound lot, which leaves viewers questioning whether they'll have a potential future relationship. While everyone else is having relationship issues, Ashleigh begins secretly seeing the ZBZ hasher, Fisher, and the two eventually go public about their relationship. Meanwhile, Casey gets anxious by how fast her relationship with Max is progressing, after finding out he turned down Caltech for her. Max tries to lavaliere her, but the two agree to take it slow. He leaves for an internship in Oxford and they try to maintain a long-distance relationship. But, Casey struggles with her feelings for Cappie, forcing Casey and Cappie to end their friendship. In the season finale, The Iota Kappa Iota house is disbanded by Frannie after she finally graduates from CRU. Inspired by the Kappa Tau's "End of the World" party, Dale and Calvin ditch their purity pledges and pursue their respective lovers. Unable to bury her feelings for Cappie, Casey tries to reconnect with Cappie, only for him to reject her. So, Casey breaks up with Max, because she realizes she'll never feel the same with him as she does with Cappie.

Season three

Chapter five
The season begins shortly after homecoming of the academic year 2009–2010. Max leaves CRU after realizing that Casey was his main reason for staying. It is revealed that Cappie intended to get Casey back at the "End of the World Party", but Evan talked him out of it. Meanwhile, Casey discovers that Rebecca and Fisher made out at the party, which eventually leads to the end of Ashleigh and Fisher's relationship. Later in the season, the two get back together. Additionally, Dale loses his virginity to his landlady Sheila (Kristen O'Meara), causing him to doubt his religious faith. Casey takes an active role as the ZBZ rep for Panhellenic, where she is forced to interact with Evan and clashes with Katherine (Nora Kirkpatrick), the Panhellenic president. Rusty struggles academically, but he gets a professor to sponsor a special project. Calvin and his roommate/fellow Omega Chi brother Grant (Gregory Michael) quietly begin a relationship. Evan discovers their romance, but he helps them keep it a secret from the rest of the Omega Chis until Grant is ready to publicly come out as being gay. Rusty and Jordan become more serious; they finally have sex, and Rusty lavalieres her. However, they eventually break up when Jordan decides to leave CRU and move to New York City to pursue photography. Casey discovers Cappie and Evan's secret friendship when she intrudes upon a secret society meeting, and the three temporarily become friends again. Dale briefly gets back together with Sheila once they reunite at a Comic Con convention. Ashleigh and Evan, as Greek presidents, both have trouble controlling their houses. When Thanksgiving rolls around, Cappie confesses his feelings for Casey and the two finally get back together, which ruins the fragile friendship between Cappie, Casey, and Evan. Meanwhile, tension builds between Dale and Rusty when they compete for an academic grant, which Rusty ultimately wins. Rusty discovers that his nerdy classmate Dana (Martha MacIsaac) has a crush on him, but he blows his chance by acting too cocky and she refuses to go out with him. Later, she becomes his lab assistant. Cappie and Evan decide to bring their houses together for a major campus prank, but Evan betrays Cappie because he resents Cappie's relationship with Casey and hopes to regain control of his Omega Chi brothers. As a result of the prank, three Kappa Taus, including Wade (Derek Mio), are expelled. Evan seeks comfort from Rebecca after he and Cappie end their friendship, which sparks a relationship between them. After the drama with IKI, ZBZ is knocked down to being the fourth-best sorority, with Gamma Psi taking first. After the ZBZs suspiciously lose a Songfest competition, the ZBZ girls decide to investigate the Gamma Psi house for evidence of cheating. Rebecca accidentally leaves a candle burning, causing the Gamma Psi house to burn down. Although ZBZ tries to keep it a secret, Casey eventually breaks down and tells Katherine what happened, after finding out that Natalie, the Gamma Psi president, slept with one of the Songfest judges. The confession ends her new friendship with Katherine, but Casey gets a position on the Panhellenic Board as vice-president judicial ('VPJ'), inspiring Casey to seriously consider law school and a future in politics. Ashleigh discovers that Fisher cheated on her again, so they break up for good, and Dale is hired as the new ZBZ hasher. Rusty briefly dates Katherine, and she asks him to take her virginity, but Rusty turns her down and eventually breaks up with her in order to pursue a relationship with his lab assistant, Dana. Grant and Calvin also break up because Grant wants to experience what being single is like. Rebecca and Evan begin to get more serious, and he gives her an expensive necklace. When Calvin hints that Evan sees a future for them, Rebecca freaks out and sleeps with Beaver. During Mardi Gras, Evan sees Rebecca kiss another guy at a bar, and they break up. Rebecca introduces Casey to Joel (Samuel Page), who works in politics, and Casey begins to get some political experience and prepare for law school. After she takes the LSAT, Joel tries to kiss her, but she rebuffs him and says that she has a boyfriend. Casey begins to question her relationship with Cappie because he refuses to talk about the future and wants to stay at CRU forever, while Casey is starting to think seriously about the future. In the final episode of the season, Cappie breaks up with Casey for not having enough faith in their relationship.

Season four

Chapter six
Casey, Ashleigh, and Evan graduate, while Calvin and Rebecca adjust to their new duties as presidents. After some investigation, Casey discovers the real reasons behind not getting into CRU Law, and with a successful appeal stays at CRU as a law student and the ZBZ housemother. Ashleigh returns to the ZBZ house saying she was fired from her job in New York, only to have it revealed later that she was sent on a coffee run one day and left, and came back to CRU because she was lonely and disliked her job. Meanwhile, Cappie tries to get back with Casey, and after telling him that maybe they can go back the way they were, Cappie promises that he will change so that someday he is worthy of being her boyfriend. Calvin deals with the ramifications of lying to become president of Omega Chi, as well as his relationship with Heath. After an inspiring talk with Evan, Dale rushes Omega Chi. The Kappa Tau brothers lose all of their pledges except one: Peter Parkes, a KT legacy whose father is Lasker Parkes, creator of the 'Joshua Whopper' software (named in episode 2x04). Since declaring a major, philosophy, Cappie decides to graduate that semester to be with Casey. Ashleigh has a brief relationship with Casey and Evan's law professor, but broke it off because they had different expectations of each other. Ashleigh then takes a marketing job with her past professor and began a relationship with Rusty. Rebecca and Evan break up and end up as friends. After discovering that Omega Chi was trying to use him to get to Kappa Tau, Dale is kicked out of the fraternity. He is later reinstated after Calvin and the pledges stand up to the new president on Dale's behalf. Dale gets back together with Laura, and Katherine and Beaver start dating. After it is revealed that Lasker Parkes wants to destroy Kappa Tau's house to build a sports facility, a protest takes place to save the house. Casey, Evan, and Cappie all make amends and Cappie announced Rusty as the new Kappa Tau president. The Kappa Tau house is torn down, but Rusty pledges to find a new better house. Casey quits CRU Law to go to Washington with Cappie, who graduated. In the final scene the group says goodbye to Casey and Cappie before they leave for Washington.

Specials
In the United Kingdom, episodes were followed by special behind-the-scenes features entitled Greek Uncovered, which were available on BBC iPlayer and aired on BBC Three.

Release

Home media
In 2008, ABC/Disney released Season One on DVD in two volumes, titled Chapter One and Chapter Two. In 2009, Season Two was also released on DVD in two volumes, titled Chapter Three and Chapter Four.

In 2010, Shout! Factory secured the rights for the rest of the series and released Season Three on DVD as a complete set, titled Chapter Five: The Complete Third Season. On October 18, 2011, Shout! Factory released "Greek: Chapter Six – The Complete Fourth Season" as a Shout! Select title, available exclusively on their website.

Reception

Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has an approval rating of 50% based on 10 reviews, with an average rating of 5.70/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Greek's first season forges an uneven path, its attempts to accurately portray fun college shenanigans are marred by an overt cheesiness and predictability that makes it hard to pledge to an entire season." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 62 out of 100 based 8 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews."

Pittsburgh Post-Gazette asserted, "There are plenty of soapy twists to "Greek" with competing frat boys after Casey's affection, the outta-nowhere, down-low life of a freshman frat pledge and Rusty's attempts to protect Casey's honor, but writer/creator Patrick Sean Smith ("Everwood," "Wildfire") gives "Greek" a greater sense of light-hearted fun that seems more authentic to the real-world experience of college as the best years." Ginia Bellafante of The New York Times stated, "Gilmore Girls offered a more realistic depiction of college life (and "The Best Years" on N offers one that's more fun), but "Greek" captures the spirit of the hedge-fund age like nothing else." David Wiegand of SFGATE called the writing of the first episode "competent" and said the show has "some funny moments," stating, saying, "Thanks largely to the cast, viewers are likely to give "Greek" a chance for a while and, if the show is able to break free of its influences, perhaps even longer."

Kelly West of CinemaBlend called the show "worth watching," stating, "There are some laugh-out-loud moments and a fair amount of interesting character arcs that could play out well. I think this series is probably going to appeal more to teenagers but there's a humorous side to it that makes it enjoyable for grown-ups as well." Alison Herman of The Ringer described Greek as "TV's Gold Standard for the College Experience," asserting, "Greek cracked the college TV show in a way no series had before or has since, in part by focusing on an iconic, dramatically heightened subset of college life." Greek's has been noted for the inclusing of character Calvin, a gay fraternity brother, who struggles with the stereotyping and homophobia that coming out of the closet entails. Critics have praised the "three dimensionality" of the character.

Elizabeth Fox of The Philadelphia Inquirer found the show predictable and called it a "teenage soap opera" that lacks originality. Members of the real life Greek community have claimed that Greek's depiction of fraternity and sorority life is stereotypical. The University of Southern California banned the show from filming on their campus, in reaction to the promotional poster featuring the Greek logo over a red cup, since the cup is often used to symbolize alcoholic consumption during parties. However, upon viewing the pilot episode they held off on sending a letter to ABC Family, complaining about the depiction of the Greek System, when they realized there was more to the show than just parties. Others recognize it as a hyperbolic representation of "tamer, more modest" Greek life.

Ratings
The viewership for Greek's pilot episode was 1.1 million, and Chapter Two ended with 1.3 million viewers.

Chapter Three saw a ratings spike, premiering to 1.6 million viewers, a 78% increase, doubling and tripling their ratings in all demographics, marked a network high for male viewers, and was the second most watched cable show with females age 12–34. Greek also appeared on the list of top ten downloads on iTunes. Chapter Four premiered much lower, with 0.99 million viewers, and ended with 0.745 million.

The third-season premiere (Chapter Five) had a total of 1.21 million viewers, down almost two million from its lead in, The Secret Life of the American Teenager. The second episode pulled in 1.31 million viewers. Chapter Five ended with 0.66 million viewers and Chapter Six premiered with 1.033 million.

Accolades

References

External links

2007 American television series debuts
2011 American television series endings
2000s American college television series
2010s American college television series
2000s American comedy-drama television series
2000s American LGBT-related drama television series
2000s American romantic comedy television series
2000s American teen drama television series
2010s American comedy-drama television series
2010s American LGBT-related drama television series
2010s American romantic comedy television series
2010s American teen drama television series
ABC Family original programming
English-language television shows
Television series about teenagers
Television shows filmed in North Carolina
Television shows set in Ohio
Television series by Disney–ABC Domestic Television

Greek (TV series)


The Eating Disorders Coalition (EDC) is a Washington, D.C. advocacy organization working to advance the federal recognition of eating disorders as a public health priority. The EDC was founded in 2000 and is incorporated in Massachusetts. The full legal name of the organization is the Eating Disorders Coalition for Research, Policy & Action.

The EDC works with the U.S. Congress, with the executive branch of government, with national nonprofit organizations, and with the media to focus attention on the need for better treatment, research, and prevention of anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), and eating disorders not otherwise specified (ED-NOS).

The United States spends relatively little money on eating disorder-specific programs and research. For example, in 2006 the U.S. spent $21 million on eating disorders research for a population of 5-10 million affected individuals. By comparison, in 2006 over $300 million was spent on schizophrenia, which impacts approximately the same number of people as eating disorders.

In 2008, the Eating Disorders Coalition provided extensive support for a national public awareness campaign organized by Congressman Patrick Kennedy of Rhode Island and Congressman Jim Ramstad of Minnesota. The campaign included town hall rallies across the country in which people with eating disorders or their surviving family members spoke about barriers to treatment and called for legislation to expand access to care. The EDC also identified speakers for a series of congressional hearings organized by Rep. Kennedy. Congress passed the Mental Health Parity Act later that year.

See also
Families Empowered and Supporting Treatment of Eating Disorders (F.E.A.S.T.)
National Eating Disorders Association

External links

Official Website
Eating Disorders Therapy
U.S. Senator Tom Harkin 2010 Press Release
American Psychological Association, Parity Summary

Organizations established in 2000
Mental health organizations in Washington, D.C.
Eating disorder organizations

Eating Disorders Coalition


The former Dispenser's House of Diamantina Hospital is now the heritage-listed Diamantina Health Care Museum at Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Thomas Pye of the Queensland Government Architect's Office and built in 1908 by W Chaplain. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 July 2007.

History
The former Dispenser's House was built in 1908 as part of the facilities of the Diamantina Hospital for Chronic Diseases and is now a health care museum.

The Diamantina Hospital was established in 1901 by adapting the facilities of the Diamantina Orphanage, named for the wife of the first Governor of Queensland, Lady Diamantina Bowen. This had been founded in 1864 under the committee of the Brisbane Hospital in two cottages, near the Victoria Barracks, that had been used as a fever hospital.

Within two years, the orphanage was caring for about 100 children and received a government subsidy. In 1882, a  block of land on Ipswich Road at Woolloongabba was purchased to allow the construction of a larger facility. In 1883 the Diamantina Orphanage opened at this new location and by 1886 was caring for more than 350 children. This number was reduced by boarding out some children and removing those with a parent able to make some contribution to their support.

In 1893, severe flooding damaged the Woogaroo Lunatic Asylum, so about 40 of the quieter patients from the asylum were moved to the orphanage, and the children were dispersed. From 1898 to 1900, the facility was used as a reformatory for boys.

At that time, Queensland had no hospital to treat chronically ill patients. Tuberculosis was a major cause of death into the 20th century and "consumptive" patients were also drawn to Queensland because of the belief that warm weather helped to cure the disease. Treatment for tuberculosis at that time consisted mainly of isolation, bed rest, good diet and exposure to fresh air and sunshine. Medical professionals lobbied for a facility to treat chronic cases. A sanatorium was opened in Dalby in 1900 and the Diamantina Orphanage, with its pleasant situation on a wooded slope, was adapted as a hospital. Its dormitories were enlarged as wards, and on 5 August 1901 it opened as the Diamantina Hospital for Chronic Diseases. It was a Public Charitable Institution under the Charitable Institution Act. and was under the care of the Department of Health. It accepted patients from the general hospital and from the Dunwich Benevolent Asylum, many of whom were suffering from tuberculosis. The Diamantina Hospital opened with 32 beds and a general staff of 19 administered by a Matron, Miss Florence Chatfield, a Superintendent, Dr Francis Washington Everad Hare, and a Head Wardsman and Dispenser, Mr Frederick Staubwasser.

By 1903 the hospital had 72 beds and two open-air wards. The superintendent resigned and Miss Chatfield added his duties to her own. In 1907 Mr Staubwasser, planning marriage, requested a raise in salary and a cottage within the hospital grounds. His request was strongly supported by Miss Chatfield, in a letter to the Home Secretary, stressing his value to the institution. The request was approved but the cottage was not built immediately.

Thomas Pye, Deputy Government Architect, prepared sketch plans for a dwelling of 700 square feet plus a large front verandah, to be constructed near the hospital Dispensary. Tenders were called on 9 July 1908 and that of W Chaplain for  was accepted. By the beginning of 1909 the house was occupied.

Mr Staubwasser served as Dispenser until 1912 when he became Assistant Superintendent. In that year another verandah was added to the cottage and a laundry in 1914. In 1923 the house was extended by adding another verandah to the south and a third bedroom to the front. The main entrance was then relocated to the northern verandah. In 1935 Mr Staubwasser was promoted to Superintendent but continued to occupy the house until his death in 1938. From then until the end of the Second World War, the house was occupied by a series of Medical Officers from the Brisbane General Hospital who were responsible for the Diamantina Hospital patients.

In 1943 the Diamantina Hospital became the South Brisbane Auxiliary Hospital and was under the control of the Brisbane General Hospital. Following World War II, an intensive programme was carried out by the Queensland government to eradicate tuberculosis by screening and treatment. This reduced the need for chronic care facilities.

In 1956 a new 800-bed acute hospital was built in the grounds of the South Brisbane Hospital. In 1960 it was renamed the Princess Alexandra Hospital (after Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy) and had its own hospital board. The cottage, after accommodating a series of staff members, was modified for use as a Home Haemodialysis Training Centre in 1974. In 1998 it was used by the History and Archives Committee and in 1999 by the Redevelopment Group.

In 2003 the former Dispenser's House was renovated and opened in 2004 as the Diamantina Health Care Museum.

A wall has been removed between bedrooms and an office created on the northern verandah by the construction of a partition. The building remains substantially intact and retains its domestic appearance.

Description

The former Dispenser's House is situated close to the Cornwall Street gate to the Princess Alexandra Hospital. It is a timber building with a hipped roof clad with corrugated iron sheeting and is set on new concrete stumps.

There is a gabled bay with four windows to the eastern elevation and verandahs to the north and south. The southern verandah is built in with timber-framed windows and the northern by glass louvres. The walls are timber-lined and there are timber floors and ceilings. The rooms opening onto the southern verandah and some of the internal rooms have French doors with transom lights above. Modern toilets have been added.

Heritage listing
The former Dispenser's House of the Diamantina Hospital was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 July 2007 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.

The former Dispenser's House is important for demonstrating the former use of the site as the Diamantina Hospital for Chronic Diseases, which opened in 1901 on the site of the current Princess Alexandra Hospital. This was the first such hospital in Queensland and was important in the development of health care in the State. The former residence, constructed in 1908, also demonstrates the common practice of the time of providing on site living quarters for key personnel.

The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.

The former Dispenser's House is now rare as the last remaining structure from the Diamantina Hospital for Chronic Diseases.

References

Attribution

External links

Queensland Heritage Register
Heritage of Brisbane
Woolloongabba
Museums in Brisbane
Houses in Brisbane
Hospitals in Brisbane
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register
Hospital museums
Medical museums in Australia
Heritage-listed hospital buildings in Australia

Diamantina Health Care Museum


Mission San Diego de Alcalá is a mission in San Diego. It is the first mission in California.

A mission is a religious community. Mission San Diego was made by the Spanish to teach the native people, the Kumeyaay, about the Catholic religion.

This mission includes a fountain, church, cemetery, priest quarters, a storage room and a workshop. This church is now a historical landmark and was restored in the 1940s. Near the fountain is now a parking lot. The original bell is outside the church, near the main entrance of the mission.

Churches in the United States

Mission San Diego de Alcala


Edith Baumann (1 August 1909 – 7 April 1973) was a German politician. She was a co-founder and official of the Free German Youth (Freie Deutsche Jugend / FDJ), the youth organisation that after 1946 became the youth wing of East Germany's ruling Socialist Unity Party (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands / SED). Between 1946 and her death she was a member of the country's powerful Party Central Committee.

Sources sometimes identify her as Edith Honecker-Baumann. Between the late 1940s and early or mid-1950s, sources differing on both the dates of marriage and divorce (see below), she was married to Erich Honecker, at that time the chairman of the Free German Youth organisation, and from 1971 until 1989, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany, East Germany's leader.

Life

Provenance and early years
Edith Baumann was born into a working-class family in Prenzlauer Berg, at that time a recently developed district on the southern edge of Berlin. Her father was a building worker. She attended school locally, training as a .

Between 1925 and 1929 she was employed as a typist by a pharmacist wholesale supplier:  a succession of typing jobs followed. She joined the Socialist Workers' Youth movement (Sozialistische Arbeiter-Jugend / SAJ) in 1925, remaining a member till 1931. Between 1925 and 1933 she was also a member of the Zentralverband der Angestellten (ZdA) trades union. She joined the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands / SAPD) in 1931, which was the year in which it broke away from the more moderate mainstream Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands / SPD). She was also a leading member of the Socialist Youth League of Germany (Sozialistischer Jugend-Verband Deutschlands / SJV / SJVD ), the youth wing of the SAPD.

Nazi Germany
The Nazi take-over in January 1933 ushered in a rapid series of social and political changes, as the new government lost little time in creating a one-party dictatorship. Edith Baumann was a political activist in the "wrong" party. At the party conference in March 1933 she was voted on to the party executive of the SAPD, and continued to devote herself actively to what now counted as "illegal party work". During this time, between April and August 1933, she was supporting herself by working as a typist with the "National Agency for Milk Products, Oils and fats" ("Reichsstelle für Milcherzeugnisse, Öle u. Fett") based in Berlin. She was brutally beaten and arrested by the Gestapo in August 1933.

Baumann was detained and tortured whilst in investigatory custody for more than a year, first in prison at Berlin-Moabit and then at the women's prison along Barnimstraße. She faced trial in December 1934 and was sentenced by the special "people's court" to three years in prison for preparing to commit high treason ("Vorbereitung zum Hochverrat"). In the event she was released in October 1936. She remained in Berlin. Between 1936 and 1938 she was employed as a typist by a Berlin patent attorney. Between 1936 and 1945 she was employed as a book keeper at the company owned by the "Carbon By-products Association" ("Kohlenwertstoff-Verbände").

Soviet occupation zone
The Second World War ended in Europe in May 1945 with a large area surrounding Berlin administered as the Soviet occupation zone. In September 1945 Edith Baumann was recruited to work with Erich Honecker to establish the Free German Youth (Freie Deutsche Jugend / FDJ) organisation. Although the organisation had roots in the 1930s, this was in most respects a new beginning for an important social and political pillar of the new Germany that the zone's sponsors would create over the next few years. Baumann started out as the FDJ General Secretary and then became its deputy chairman, a position she retained until 1949. The FDJ chairman was Erich Honecker.

Within the Soviet occupation zone the contentious merger, in April 1946, of the Communist Party with the centre-left Social Democratic Party of Germany was intended to avoid the mistakes of 1932 when divisions between the two principal left wing parties were widely believed to have opened the way for the Nazi dictatorship, and both the ensuing war and Holocaust. In the event the new merged party, the Socialist Unity Party (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands / SED), would have emerged by 1949 as the ruling party in a new one-party dictatorship. Edith Baumann was a top level party functionary from the outset. In 1946 she became a member both of the SED Party Executive ("Parteivorstand") and of its Central Committee.

German Democratic Republic
In October 1949 the Soviet occupation zone was relaunched as the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), a separate German state with its political and social institutions consciously modelled on those developed in the Soviet Union during the previous three decades.  Between 1949 and 1953 Baumann belonged to the secretariat of the Central Committee, also serving, between 1953 and 1955, as party secretary of the regional party leadership team for Berlin itself. Between 1955 and 1961 she headed up working groups and the central committee Women's Section.  The zenith of her career was the period between 1958 and 1963 when she was listed as a candidate member of the Politburo, though she never made the final leap to full Politburo membership. From 1961 till 1963 she was simultaneously also Central Committee secretary with responsibilities over trade and supply, light goods and food products. After this, till 1973, the focus of her political career switched to Berlin where she served as a city councillor and secretary to the city executive group ("Magistrat von Berlin").

Under the Leninist constitutional arrangements in force, political power was concentrated on the party, and within the party on its Central Committee, rather than with ministers or with the national parliament. However, the stark simplicity of the party's supremacy was blurred to the extent that Central Committee members often combined their party roles with ministerial office and/or membership of the national legislature. From its inception in 1947 Edith Baumann herself sat as a member of the German People's Council ("Deutscher Volksrat") and of the East German National Parliament ("Volkskammer") which replaced it in 1949. She retained her parliamentary seat till her death in 1973. Parliamentary seats were allocated according to predetermined quotas by the ruling party not only to itself and the other political parties (which it controlled), but also to certain approved mass organisations. In the early years Baumann sat in the parliament as a member representing the Free German Youth (Freie Deutsche Jugend / FDJ). After 1949 she represented the SED itself in the Volkskammer, however.

In 1947 Edith Baumann was a co-founder of the Democratic Women's League ("Demokratischer Frauenbund Deutschlands" / DFD) which, like the FDJ, was one of the so-called mass organisations with the accompanying "National Front" political privileges such as direct representation in the national parliament "Volkskammer". She remained a member of the DFD national executive till 1964.

Personal

Marriage

Discussion of Erich Honecker's private life was a constant taboo. The private lives of public figures in East Germany habitually went unremarked.  Honecker's relationship with Edith Baumann, his second wife, nevertheless featured sufficiently in the consciousness of East Germany to reappear in the West German political media well before 1971, when Honecker emerged as the new East German leader. When he took over, his marriage to Baumann was already a subject of discussion in the West German press. Understandably, however, a lot of normally mainstream and uncontentious information on the Honecker-Baumann marriage emerged only after 1989, and even now sources differ over quite basic aspects of it.

According to various sources, Erich Honecker married Edith Baumann in 1947. That seems to have been the year in which, after only two years of marriage, his first wife, Charlotte Schanuel, fell ill and died. Other sources assert that the marriage took place at the end of 1949, after Edith discovered she was pregnant with their daughter, Erika.

Erich Honecker was three years younger than Edith Baumann.  He was still married to Charlotte in the summer of 1947 when he and Edith travelled together to Moscow. They were already close colleagues through their FDJ and party work, and on the Moscow trip the relationship between the comrades took a new direction. Intimacy ensued. Looking back in 1990 Erich Honecker was measured in his recollections of what happened and how:  "At that time I was badly in need of support.  We often sat together, also at her home in Mühlenbeck. And she was an ace with the type writer.". The later insights offered by Politburo comrade Gerhard Schürer (1921–2010), are also less than generous, though perhaps his directness is a little more striking to an English-language reader than to readers in other mainstream European languages:  "I was always a bit baffled ... politically they were of course very well attuned to one another, but in such human terms ... Honecker was a fine looking young man with a good figure, warm eyes and beautiful hair:  she came across as a much older, frumpy comrade.

Whatever view Erich Honecker took of matters at the time or subsequently, for Edith their marriage was based on love. However Klaus Herde, a close colleague of the young woman who later became Erich Honcker's third wife, has suggested that Honecker married Edith out of a sense not of love but of duty, when he realised she was pregnant.

Erich and Edith Honecker's marriage ended in 1953 or 1955:  again, sources differ. However, since reunification, more information has emerged on what happened.

Assuming that the marriage took place in December 1949, it was just a couple of weeks later that Erich Honecker led a delegation of the East German party to Moscow in order to attend celebrations of the seventieth birthday of the Soviet dictator, Joseph Stalin. The delegation also included Margot Feist, the 22-year-old leader of the Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation. Honecker was fascinated by Feist "both because she was a pretty young girl and because she was very active in the party". Intimacy ensued. It is reported that Honecker attempted to conceal their affair, but he failed because almost every night he went directly to Feist's apartment.  Edith did not acquiesce, however. For most purposes, by this time the most powerful German in East German politics was the General Secretary of the Party Central Committee, Walter Ulbricht. Ulbricht now received a letter from Baumann asking him to have a very firm word with his ambitious, philandering young comrade, her husband, saying "Erich never gets home before one in the morning, his head is starting to cave in and he fantasizes about the wildest stuff..."

Walter Ulbricht was appalled by Honecker's affair. Unaware at this stage that news of his affair with Feist had reached Ulbricht, Honecker was summoned to visit the General Secretary at his weekend retreat north of Berlin. Baumann had written persuasively that Ulbricht should cut off her husband's lover from her important youth work ("aus der Jugendarbeit ausscheiden") and send her away from Berlin. Feist's biographer, , believes that the extra-marital romance constituted a huge threat to the political careers of both lovers. But old President Pieck took a more pragmatic view. Despite his declining health and diminishing involvement in day-to-day affairs, Pieck never lost the full confidence of Joseph Stalin. In the judgement of Politburo member Gerhard Schürer it was largely down to Pieck that the ending of Erich and Edith Honecker's marriage ran its jagged course without erupting into scandal. Margot Feist held on to her job and remained in Berlin. Whenever Feist's name was mentioned in Pieck's presence, he developed a twinkle in his eye.

In the summer of 1952, the "unruly partnership" ("wilde Ehe") of comrades Honecker and Feist even came up in the Politburo. Under "Agenda Item 20" the two of them were authorized to take a holiday together in the Soviet Union, but the parties were also instructed to come up with a rapid clarification of their relationships. Honecker was at this point still sharing an apartment with his wife Edith and their daughter Erika, born in 1950. But now it was Margot who was visibly pregnant with Erich's daughter: Sonja would be born at the beginning of December 1952.

It was not until January 1955 that Edith Honecker-Baumann agreed to give her husband a divorce. Soon after this Honecker married Margot Feist. Three years later the new couple moved into the residential quarter of Berlin-Wandlitz, the residential suburb of choice for upwardly mobile politburo members. According to her biographer, Ed Stuhler, Margot Honecker officially was always deeply embarrassed over the duration of the couple's premarital cohabitation. She was not embarrassed however, over how she used her relationships to later reach the pinnacle of power in East Germany.

Death
Edith Baumann died in East Berlin on 7 April 1973. Erich Honecker led the mourning at her funeral. The urn containing her ashes was placed in the section of the Berlin Main Cemetery reserved for political leaders and others highly honoured by the East German political establishment.

Awards and honours

 1955 Clara Zetkin Medal
 1955 Patriotic Order of Merit in silver
 1959 Banner of Labor
 1960 Banner of Labor
 1965 Patriotic Order of Merit in gold
 1969 Patriotic Order of Merit gold clasp

In 1989 the East German postal service featured Edith Baumann on a postage stampStamps of Germany (DDR) 1989, MiNr 3222.jpg.

Notes

References

1909 births
1973 deaths
Politicians from Berlin
Socialist Workers' Party of Germany politicians
Candidate members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany
Members of the Provisional Volkskammer
Members of the 1st Volkskammer
Members of the 2nd Volkskammer
Members of the 3rd Volkskammer
Members of the 4th Volkskammer
Members of the 5th Volkskammer
Members of the 6th Volkskammer
Democratic Women's League of Germany members
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit (honor clasp)
Recipients of the Banner of Labor

Edith Baumann


A , also known as an anime musical, is a type of modern Japanese musical theatre production based exclusively on popular Japanese anime, manga, or video games. The term "2.5D musical" was coined to describe stories presented in a two-dimensional medium being brought to real life.

Approximately 70 2.5D musicals were produced in 2013 and attracted at least 1.6 million people, most of them young women in their teens and 20s. 2.5D musicals are often seen as the starting point of many young actors in Japan.

Definition

2.5D musicals are defined through make-up and costuming that accurately depicts the actor as the original character, along with exaggerated acting that mimics the expressions in the original work. It also include special effects and stunts that reenact the setting and tone of the original work. Directors of the musicals are usually the ones who write the lyrics to the songs. With the evolution of technology, some of the modern 2.5D musicals uses projection mapping, in which backgrounds and special effects are projected onto the stage and screens. According to the Japan 2.5-Dimensional Musical Association, the term not only applies to musicals, but also plays, comedies, and dramas.

History

The first successful manga-based musical production was The Rose of Versailles in 1974 by the Takarazuka Revue. At the time, these plays were simply known as "musicals" or "anime musicals." Around the 1990s, a number of musicals and small stage skits produced were based on anime and manga series aimed at elementary school girls, such as Sailor Moon, Akazukin Chacha, and Hime-chan's Ribbon, which performed moderately well, but were not popular and were known as . However, in 2000, Hunter x Hunter was considered revolutionary for the time because the voice cast for the original anime series had also played the characters onstage.

Japanese media-based musicals rose to popularity in 2003 with Musical: The Prince of Tennis through word-of-mouth and social media, which soon became a starting point for many up-and-coming actors. The shows attracted more than 2 million people during its run and was notable for using stage effects to simulate a tennis match, and it was popular enough to include its first overseas shows in South Korea and Taiwan in 2008. After its success, many productions based on anime, manga, and video games soon followed, some of the well-documented ones including Naruto, Yowamushi Pedal, Hyper Projection Engeki: Haikyu!! among others. Unlike productions featuring the Takarazuka Revue, which are supported by fans of the troupe, these musicals mainly draw anime and manga fans and other audiences that usually do not see plays on a regular basis.

The term "2.5D musical" was codified in 2014 when the initial director of Musical: The Prince of Tennis, Makoto Matsuda, first established the Japan 2.5-Dimensional Musical Association. At first, despite the success of Musical: The Prince of Tennis, he did not consider it a formal stage production on par with most modern theater performances imported from Western works such as Broadway productions. However, after a group of South Korean musical professionals had acknowledged Black Butler'''s production value and standards in performing arts, Matsuda decided to bring the genre worldwide. Plays certified by the Japan 2.5-Dimensional Musical Association offer theater glasses that contain subtitles in four other languages for people who do not speak Japanese. Since 2014, many 2.5D musicals have also been performed abroad in places like China, Taiwan, the United States, and parts of Europe. The magazine Bessatsu Spoon 2Di released a special issue on actors in 2.5D musicals on their 46th issue on February 18, 2015, which later spun-off into its own magazine series titled Spoon 2Di Actors released on August 3, 2015.

In 2018, "2.5D Musical Studies" was added as a program at the Tokyo School of Anime. In April 2018, actor Kenta Suga, who has starred as Gaara in Naruto and Hinata in Hyper Projection Engeki: Haikyu!!'', was appointed as overseas ambassador by the Japan 2.5-Dimensional Musical Association, succeeding Ryo Kato. By the end of 2018, the 2.5D musical market had increased by 44.9% over the previous year, grossing .

References

External links
 Japan 2.5-Dimensional Musical Association

Anime and manga terminology
Japanese musicals
2.5D musicals
Japan
Japanese culture
Musical theatre
Musicals based on anime and manga
Musicals based on video games
Otaku
Performing arts in Japan
Theatre in Japan
Theatre

2.5D musical


Haagse Bos (, literally Forest of The Hague) is a rectangular neighbourhood and forest in the Haagse Hout district of The Hague, Netherlands, reaching from the old city centre in the south-west to the border of Wassenaar in the north-east. It is also one of the oldest remaining forests of the country. During World War II, the park was used by the Germans for launching V-1 and V-2 rockets.

History

Originally, the Haagse Bos was a section of a bigger forest that stretched from 's-Gravenzande to Alkmaar. This was simply called Die Hout (The Woods). The title eventually gave way to the name Houtland  (which literally means "woods lands") and later became Holland. From this original forest only the Haagse Bos remains. During the reign of William II and Floris V, the forest was considerably reduced to make space and provide wood for the growing nearby fortress, the Binnenhof, and the surrounding village of The Hague. However, even in the Middle Ages there were strict rules in place to protect the Haagse Bos from becoming completely cut down, since the forest was a popular hunting area of the Dutch counts.

During the beginning of the Eighty Years' War, the Haagse Bos was once again quickly shrunk to make way for more residents of The Hague. In 1571, a sixth of the oak forests were cut to build defences against the Spanish army. The so-called "Act of Redemption", signed on 1576 by William the Silent declared that no further cutting or sale of the forest would be permitted. This law still stands today. During the French Occupation in the early 19th century, the forest was about to be cut down, but due to saboteurs and work delays the plan was never implemented. After the French occupation the ponds in the forest were made.

In the Second World War the forest was used by the German Army as a launching place for their V-1 and V-2 rockets. An attempt by the Allies to destroy this facility led to the accidental bombardment on the adjacent Bezuidenhout district. Since 1899 the National Forest Administration of the Netherlands (the Staatsbosbeheer) has owned and administered the park. Despite its protected status, two major motorways cut through the forest: the A12 and the Laan van Nieuw Oost Indië.

References

External links

Forests of the Netherlands
Neighbourhoods of The Hague
Parks in The Hague
Urban public parks

Haagse Bos


Drewton Tunnel is a disused railway tunnel on the now closed Hull to Barnsley railway line - , western portal and , eastern portal.  The tunnel is cut through chalk and the lining is a mix of bare chalk walls and brick.  The first rail traffic used the tunnel in 1885.  Drewton Tunnel is one of the longest disused tunnels in the United Kingdom at a length of , and lies to the east of the shorter Sugar Loaf Tunnel and Weedley Tunnel.

The western portal of Drewton Tunnel is almost entirely buried with landfill and is situated in a chalk quarry operated by Stoneledge.  This end of the tunnel has considerable deposits of mud on the former trackbed washed in by rainfall as a result of local quarrying operations.  The eastern portal remains open although is protected with a security fence.  The tunnel regularly experiences chalkfalls as the lining inside deteriorates in the damp conditions.

The tunnel has five airshafts, the middle airshaft situated adjacent to Riplingham crossroads being the deepest. The area around this airshaft was used a temporary camp for navvies building the tunnel.

Drewton Tunnel was closed to rail traffic in 1958.  Since closure landfill has threatened the eastern approaches to the tunnel.  The 83 foot deep Little Weighton Cutting has been completely filled in, as have other areas of open space around the eastern portal.  Despite its continual decay Drewton Tunnel is now home to a large number of bats.

References

Railway tunnels in England
Rail transport in the East Riding of Yorkshire
Tunnels completed in 1885
Tunnels in the East Riding of Yorkshire
1958 disestablishments in England

Drewton Tunnel


Félix Marie Charles Texier (22 August 1802, Versailles – 1 July 1871, Paris) was a French historian, architect and archaeologist. Texier published a number of significant works involving personal travels throughout Asia Minor and the Middle East. These books included descriptions and maps of ancient sites, reports of regional geography and geology, descriptions of art works and architecture, et al.

Trained as an architect at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, he was appointed inspector of public works in 1827. He conducted excavations of the port cities of Fréjus and Ostia. In 1833 he was sent on an exploratory mission to Asia Minor, where, in 1834, he discovered ruins of the ancient Hittite capital of Hattusa. As a result of the expedition, he published the three-volume Description de l'Asie Mineure faite par ordre du Gouvernement français. Later in the decade he participated in an expedition that took him to Armenia, Mesopotamia and Persia.

In 1840, he became deputy professor of archaeology at the Collège de France, and in 1845 relocated to Algeria as inspector general of public buildings. In 1855, he was elected to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.

Published works
 Asie mineure: description géographique, historique et archéologique des provinces et des villes de la Chersonnèse d'Asie, 1862 – Asia Minor, geographical, historical and archaeological descriptions of its provinces and cities.
 Description de l'Arménie et de la Perse, de la Mésopotamie, 1842–45 – Description of Armenia, Persia and Mesopotamia.
 Mémoires sur la Ville et le port de Fréjus, 1847 – Memoirs on the city and port of  Fréjus.
 Édesse et ses monuments, 1859 – Edessa and its monuments.
 , 1864 – Translated into English and published as Byzantine architecture : illustrated by examples of edifices erected in the East during the earliest ages of Christianity, London, (with Richard Popplewell Pullan), 1864.
 The principal ruins of Asia Minor, London, (with Richard Popplewell Pullan), 1865.

References
 The American cyclopaedia edited by George Ripley & Charles Anderson Dana
 Parts of this article are based on a translation of text from the French Wikipedia, sources listed as:
 Texte extrait de Atlas topographique des villes de Gaule - 2 - Fréjus (Revue archéologique de Narbonaise) par L. Rivet, D. Brentchaloff, S. Roucole, S. Saulnier. (p. 23).
 Nouveau Larousse illustré, Dictionnaire universel encyclopédique, published under the editorship of Claude Augé, Paris, Librairie Larousse, 1898 - 1907.

1802 births
1871 deaths
19th-century French historians
Historians of antiquity
19th-century French architects
French archaeologists
People from Versailles
Academic staff of the Collège de France
Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal
Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
French male non-fiction writers
19th-century French male writers
Travelers in Asia Minor

Charles Texier