The Poppy Peak Historic District is a neighborhood and historic district located in the southwest corner of Pasadena, California. The neighborhood is located on the side of Poppy Peak, a  mountain of the San Rafael Hills. Developer William Carr platted the neighborhood in 1924. The homes in the district were designed by a number of significant Modern Movement architects. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.

Description
The Poppy Peak District is located in the southwestern corner of Pasadena and borders the Los Angeles neighborhoods of Eagle Rock and Highland Park. The district is roughly enclosed by La Loma Road to the north, Avenue 64 to the east, Poppy Peak Drive to the south, and the Pasadena city limits to the west.

The four main streets through the district are Poppy Peak Drive, Kaweah Drive, Pleasant Way, and Cresthaven Drive. The district is accessed via Poppy Peak Drive, which intersects La Loma Road at the foot of the mountain and connects the other three streets. The streets are steep, narrow, and winding; as a result, the neighborhood has no sidewalks and few front lawns.

The district includes 45 residential properties. 30 of these are Modernist homes which are considered contributing to the district's historical significance, while the remainder are either newer buildings, empty lots, or representative of other styles.

History
Poppy Peak was named by early settlers for the California poppies which grew on the mountainside. The Tongva people lived on and near the mountain prior to late 18th century Spanish colonization in the region. After the Mexican Rancho La Cañada displaced the tribe, no residential development took place on the mountain until the 20th century.

In 1924, developer William Carr purchased the mountain and platted it into residential lots; Carr himself built a house at 1516 Poppy Peak Drive. The first Modernist homes in the district were built in the 1930s; the majority were built in the 1940s and 1950s, while the latest contributing house was constructed in 1968. As of 2008, only two homes have been added to the district since the 1960s.

Architecture
The thirty Modern Movement houses in the district were designed by a variety of prominent architects. Richard Neutra designed the house at 1540 Poppy Peak Drive, a post and beam house which features a characteristic "spider leg" beam extending past its south side. Two 1930s designs by Harwell Hamilton Harris are located at 1642 Pleasant Way and 1444 Poppy Peak Drive; the latter house was moved to the district in 1951 by architect Leland Evison. Several architects associated with the University of Southern California School of Architecture designed houses in the district, including James Pulliam, the three partners of Buff, Straub and Hensman, Lyman Ennis, Kenneth Nishimoto, and the aforementioned Leland Evison.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Pasadena, California

References

Neighborhoods in Pasadena, California
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Houses in Los Angeles County, California
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in California
National Register of Historic Places in Pasadena, California
San Rafael Hills
Protected areas established in 2009
2009 establishments in California
Modernist architecture in California

Poppy Peak Historic District


The Green Promise is a 1948 American drama film directed by William D. Russell.  The film was co-produced by Houston oilman Glenn McCarthy and leading man Robert Paige to display the concept and meaning of the 4-H Club and highlight farming issues such as soil erosion, government programs, and individual enterprise. The title refers to a scene where the local preacher gives a sermon on a story from the Book of Exodus of God's "green promise" to lead Moses into a land of milk and honey. The preacher reminds his congregation that the fulfillment of the promise requires faith, difficult journeys and open-mindedness.

, the film was released into the public domain.

Plot
It tells  the story of a farmer, Matthews, his son and three daughters. Leaving behind a failing farm, the family travel to pastures new. Help is proffered by agricultural county agent, David Barkley, who is immediately attracted to Matthews's eldest daughter, Deborah. Needing Deborah to run his house, and fearing David may take her away, Matthews refuses David's advice and help. He is pig-headed and sleeps through the pastor's sermon on education, understanding and tolerance. It is Susan's (Matthews's youngest daughter) yearning ambition to raise lambs. Though only ten years old, she joins the 4-H club, secures a loan from the bank and buys two lambs. She cares for them like she is a mother. Barkley strongly advises Matthews against chopping down the forest atop a hill on his land. Matthews goes ahead and sells the land to a logging company. The forest gone, a great storm comes and washes the mud down the incline towards the homestead. Fearful for her beloved lambs, Susan braves the dangerous conditions to rescue the lambs. David returns and rescues both Susan and the lambs. Deborah is atop the hill trying to move rocks in order to build a dam to save their home from the torrent of water. David arrives and pulls her back just as the land falls away. Realizing how close to harm his daughters have come because of his ignorance and selfishness, Matthews apologizes to his family and welcomes David into their home. The community of 4-H members arrive to help them clean up the land following the storm damage.

Cast
 Marguerite Chapman as Deborah Matthews
 Walter Brennan as Mr. Matthews
 Robert Paige as David Barkley
 Natalie Wood as Susan Anastasia Matthews
 Ted Donaldson as Phineas Matthews
 Connie Marshall as Abigail Matthews
 Robert Ellis as Peter "Buzz" Wexford
 Jeanne LaDuke as Jessie Wexford
 Irving Bacon as Julius Larkins
 Milburn Stone as Rev. Jim Benton
 Geraldine Wall as Mrs. Wexford

Production
During the storm scene shot at Goldwyn Studios, Natalie Wood was supposed to run across a bridge, which would collapse into the torrent of water beneath, after she reached the opposite side. However, the stunt went wrong and the bridge collapsed while Wood was still on it. She fell into the water, banging her left wrist as she fell. Though she managed to pull herself back up, the young actress was shaken and her wrist was broken. The bone was not set correctly and healed so that it protruded from the wrist. She would thereafter disguise the protruding bone with a bracelet.

A nationwide contest for a 4-H Club girl to have a small part in the picture was won by Jeanne LaDuke who shared a tutor with Natalie Wood.

References

External links

1949 films
1948 drama films
1948 films
American black-and-white films
American drama films
Films directed by William D. Russell
RKO Pictures films
1949 drama films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

The Green Promise


David Tobias "Theodore" Bamberg (aka Fu Manchu) (19 February 190419 August 1974) was an itinerant magician who traveled with his full evening magic show from the early to mid part of the 20th century. In Bamberg's autobiography, Robert Parrish wrote in the introduction that no other great illusionist could match Bamberg's skill. The Fu Manchu show was known for its comedy, drama, and color.

Bamberg was the sixth and final member of the Bamberg Magical Dynasty, a Dutch family of conjurers whose magical lineage was passed from each of the first-born sons.

Early life
Bamberg was born in Derby, the eldest son of Tobias Bamberg, who performed as "Okito", and his wife Lillian Poole, daughter of Charles William Poole, one of the brothers who ran the famous Poole's Myriorama traveling Diaroma show in England. His father was from the Bamberg Magical Dynasty, a Dutch Jewish family of magicians. During Okito's European tour, Poole became pregnant. She continued to assist him, hiding her pregnancy through her Chinese robe. While in Russia, Poole feared that she would give birth there. They cancelled their contracts in Russia and returned to England. On 19 February 1904, Poole gave birth to their first son. He was named David, and would have one brother and one sister.

Bamberg stayed with his grandfather for a year, but was reunited with his father when he fulfilled the postponed contracts in Russia. It was in Russia that Bamberg first appeared on the stage, at the age of four, as a little Chinese boy being produced from a cloth. It was on their way to Norway that Julius and Agnes Zancig met Bamberg. Agnes predicted accurately that he would follow in her footsteps, although no one else believed it at the time.

After his European contract was through, Bamberg's father was approached by American vaudeville agent Martin Beck. He signed a six-month contract to play the Orpheum Circuit in the United States. He brought Lily and David to America to fulfill the dates. With the money he made in Europe and America, he decided to quit show business and settle in New York. He opened up a magic shop on the corner of Broadway and 28th Street called Bamberg Magic and Novelty Company with Joe Klein. Here he created exclusive magic tricks for magicians such as Harry Kellar, Frederick Eugene Powell, Bernard M.L. Ernst, Samuel Leo Horowitz, and many other leading magicians residing in the United States.

Career
Bamberg performed his first trick in public when he was five years old at the Society of American Magicians meeting. It was a card trick in which he asked club president Harry Houdini to assist him. Bamberg later said that, "I venture to say that very few magicians ever had such a famous assistant." Bamberg said that he never went through the fireman/cowboy/aviator phase that most children his age went through. He constructed a toy theatre and envisioned being the world's greatest magician doing his big illusion show.

Business was bad and ready to close. Kellar convinced Bamberg's father to build illusions for the Thurston show, and Bamberg was to travel with the famous illusionist Howard Thurston and his show. In one point in the show, Thurston asked for the assistance of a boy and a girl. This was Bamberg's cue to jump up on stage. Here Thurston performed David Devant's trick, "Eggs From A Hat".

Howard taught young Bamberg his first card sleight. It was during this tour that Thurston presented Bamberg as his future successor. Thurston promised this to many magicians including Harry August Jansen aka "Dante". Bamberg had no doubt that one day he would be an illusionist with his own show. Through his father's connections, he met Houdini, Kellar, Horace Goldin, and the other leading magicians of the turn of the 20th century. In 1911, Bamberg's sister Dorothy was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan and she was known as the Grand Rapid Baby.  Thurston was her godfather. The Bamberg family left the Thurston shortly after that and settled in Brooklyn, New York. It was there that Bamberg would sneak into his father's magic den by sliding under a bookcase. While there he learned from the books and magic tricks in what he called, "this magical paradise".

Syko the Psychic
In public school Bamberg was known as "the white-haired boy" because of his travels around the world. In the summer of 1917, at the age of 13, Bamberg became one of The Zancigs. He joined Julius Zancig, the world-famous telepathist and worked in partnership with him after Zancig's wife, Agnes, died. Zancig and his wife had been the most famous stage mentalists of their age. Bamberg, as "Syko the Psychic", learned their famous code and played the part of the blindfolded medium divining articles from the audience, solving mathematical problems, and ending with an impressive book test. He completed his education in America and went to England to further his studies, although this did not pan out, and he instead concentrated on becoming a professional magician. He attended performances at the Maskelyne family magic theatre at St. Georges Hall and watched all of the magicians who played there at the time.

Return to America
In 1921, Bamberg returned to the United States and appeared in various magical acts. He worked as an assistant to a Professor Seward who was a board walk astrologer in Atlantic City. When the Sawing a Woman in Half illusion craze hit, he found a broken down P. T. Selbit. David Bamberg traveled with one of Selbit's Divided Woman company in vaudeville. He worked as an extra in Hollywood.

He met Hilda Seagle who joined him in a mindreading via Zancig; the couple married on 2 November 1923. After working in night clubs during the Prohibition era, Bamberg went abroad again to pursue success. He presented his original comedy Shadowgraphy act in Vienna, then toured Europe. Bamberg also worked with his father, where he learned the "Chinese" act from the bottom up.

South America

Bamberg wanted to tour with his own show, but his father tried to dissuade him from doing so, suggesting he continue with his shadow act and not invite the stress of the big show. With his new wife Hilda, Bamberg had to find a steady job. He was working as Syko again doing sleight of hand and the shadow act in Bulgaria. It was through Ottokar Fischer in Vienna that Bamberg met the Great Raymond. He was asked to be his assistant for his tour through South America, and to bring a mechanic. The Wierner Magic club suggested a German by the name of Edmund Spreer. So the three of them, Spreer, Bamberg and his wife, left for Bahia, Brazil. When the Great Raymond left South America, Bamberg stayed. He tried to work with his shadow act, but to no avail. Then he heard that Harlan Tarbell was offering a course in magic. As Bamberg was unable to afford anything like that, he was sent the lessons free. With those lessons, he built up a successful act and found work in around that area.

Fu Manchu
With the advent of talking pictures, variety suffered. For Bamberg it was a choice between doing a big show or nothing. In 1928, he was in Argentina trying to fill dates when Dante brought his show to Buenos Aires. For 120 performances, Dante filled the Casino theatre, which impressed a film-distributorship executive named Walter Gaulke. He saw how much money a big illusion could bring in. By chance he saw David Bamberg hanging around the theatre and asked him if he could do such a show as Dante. Bamberg agreed and drew up the plans.

With Gaulke's backing, Bamberg toured the world as "Fu Manchu". His show was a success from the start. Eventually his productions became the most extravagant and superb show in the world. He was able to use the Fu Manchu name in places like South and Central America, the West Indies, Spanish Morocco, Portugal, and Spain. But, in March 1937 when he came back to the United States, he had to change his name to avoid a lawsuit. He was billed as "Fu Chan" when he played the Cervantes theatre in New York to a successful run.

Movie career
While performing in one of his own productions in Mexico, Bamberg was asked to star in three films. When the studio could not come up with scripts that satisfied him, he wrote them himself, and would eventually write and star in three more movies.

Planning on retiring, he was eventually urged to go back to the stage and created a new show called Crazimagicana. It premiered in February 1947 at the Teatro Nacional in Buenos Aires. The performance was a quick moving show using blackouts skits that were similar to vaudeville comedians Olsen and Johnson's Broadway revue, Hellzapoppin'. Bored with doing the same show every night, Bamberg eventually wrote a musical comedy called The Devil's Daughter. He wove into the script most of his illusions from past shows and reworked them into the plot. He reworked this play, tweaking it here and there, always having trouble with the second act. Then it finally dawned on him how to fix the problem, and he started the second act with a few new illusions instead of story and he felt it carried the plot story perfectly.

Last years
David Bamberg made and lost many fortunes, always living for the moment and never able to save his money wisely. He did regain much of it by keeping his show running until on 19 March 1966 in Buenos Aires, aged 61, he gave his last full evening show. He retired and opened a magic shop there. In March 1972, Bamberg was admitted to the hospital for ten days and had to be put on oxygen; he reportedly stopped smoking. In a magic magazine, The New Tops, Argentine magic dealer Vernet wrote that Bamberg's typical day was to walk "at the intersection of Riobamba and Bartolome Mitre streets. There he sat facing north in a position from which he could see his shop and read an English newspaper or magazine while sipping his coffee and milk. Once inside Fu Manchu's Magic Center, he sat alone at a green-clothed table, leaning on his elbows waiting for someone to come in."

On 19 August 1974, David Bamberg died, aged 70. According to tradition among magical organizations, members of the Argentine Society of Magicians broke a wand at a memorial services for the last of the Bamberg dynasty. He had one son, Robert, who did not become a professional magician.

Legacy
On 28 February 1965, Bamberg finished his first draft of his autobiography and sent it to many magician friends. Eventually the manuscript was divided into two books, Oriental Magic of the Bambergs by Robert Albo, Erick Lewis, and David Bamberg; and Illusion Show by David Bamberg.

A young boy in Cuba named Cesareo Pelaez saw shows by Fu Manchu and later, when he came to the United States, formed a magic production in the Bamberg tradition. On 20 February 1977, in Beverly, Massachusetts, Pelaez aka "Marco" presented Le Grand David and his own Spectacular Magic Company for weekend performances. "Marco", along with Seth the Sensational and David Bull as Le Grand David, presented a spectacular revue in the style of the Fu Manchu show. The vaudeville-inspired stage show continues to this day, after 35 years, honoring the tradition once carried by Bamberg.

After retiring and settling down in his shop in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Bamberg spent much of his time teaching and coaching magicians of the next generation. One of the magicians he taught was an adolescent Marcelo Contento. Contento learned shadowgraphy from Bamberg, and was the only person to fully do so. He went on to tour worldwide with his own shadow act which he developed from what he learned from Bamberg. However, the talent ended there, as Contento was diagnosed with a form of brain cancer and died before his son grew old enough to learn it from him.

Selected filmography
 The Museum of Crime (1945)

References

External links

1904 births
1974 deaths
English magicians
English people of Dutch descent
People from Buenos Aires
People from Derby

David Bamberg


4 Digital Group was a media consortium in the United Kingdom. In July 2007, the group won the licence to operate the second national DAB radio multiplex. The consortium, led by Channel 4 Radio, was a combination of existing commercial radio operators and brands new to radio. The group aimed to boost the up-take of digital radio in the United Kingdom in a similar manner to the growth of digital television since the introduction of Freeview. Their strategy for this was the introduction of ten new national stations, including speech and music services, and advertising for the format.

Demise
In October 2008 Channel Four Television Corporation announced that it was abandoning its plans for digital radio stations. Subsequently, the licence was returned to Ofcom.   Therefore, all details below refer to purely what was planned, and was taken from promotional material of the time.  None of it actually occurred.

Planned stations
The planned stations were:

 E4 Radio was to be a contemporary music and entertainment service targeted at 15- to 29-year-olds and delivered in the style of the E4 television channel. The proposed content was popular music, entertainment and comedy.  The channel would experiment with new talent, ideas and music.

 Channel 4 Radio was to be a proposed speech station, including debate, opinion, comedy and drama programming, with a considerable news and current affairs output. The target audience would be 30- to 54-year-olds.

 Pure4 was a proposed contemporary music station, which would feature speech content about their artists and bands.  Programming would also include arts, film, books and exhibitions.

 Talk Radio was to be a speech station proposed by UTV which would mix news and features with talkback programming.  Content would be set by the day's news.

 The plan for Bauer Radio's proposed station, Closer, was for a music station targeting women aged 30+ with a broad range of contemporary and classic popular hits and topical chat on issues such as health, diet, wellbeing, fashion and relationships, using a mix of both celebrity and listener real-life experiences.

 Sky News Radio was a proposed 24-hour news station.  The proposal was a joint venture between Sky, which runs a television news channel, and Chrysalis Radio, which owned LBC 97.3 FM and LBC News 1152 AM in London. However LBC's new owners Global Radio pulled out of the deal.

 Based on the London station, Sunrise Radio UK was a proposed station feating Asian culture, primarily music, including Bollywood, Bhangra and Asian folk music. Speech content would focus on news and features tailored to the two million British people with Asian backgrounds.

 Operated by CanWest MediaWorks, Original was a proposed contemporary and classic popular music station. The station hoped to employ well-known presenters and produce specialist evening music shows.

 Radio Disney aimed to be the first national UK radio station broadcasting children's programmes full-time. Aimed at 8 to 12-year-olds, the core of the service would be a variety of suitable and popular music.

Other services
As well as innovative new radio stations, 4 Digital Group planned to introduce a national Podcast Service, providing an opportunity for niche services catering for a diversity of passions, interests and communities to reach audiences throughout the UK.

Downloadable radio podcasts could include:

 Gaydar (gay and lesbian community)
 Club Asia (Asian dance music)
 NME (new music)
 IMG (sport)
 Penguin (audio books)
 The Financial Times (business)
 The Prince's Trust (youth new music and issues)
 Media Trust (social action)
 Colourful (multi-cultural speech)

Transmission
4 Digital Group planned to build and operate a transmission network capable of reaching nearly 88% of the adult population on the move (outdoor), nearly 80.5% in home (robust indoor), and 45% using handheld receivers. There would be coverage of 94% of the motorway network in England, Scotland and Wales.

Marketing
4 Digital Group planned to commit £4.5 million to general marketing of digital radio in the first three years of the licence period, together with more than £25 million to support the launch of the individual new radio stations.

Group companies

The group companies were:

Initial shareholders

Channel 4 Radio (55%)
 Bauer Radio (10%)
 UTV Radio (GB) Limited (10%)
 BSkyB (10%)
Carphone Warehouse Group plc (10%)
 UBC Media Group plc (5%)

Station providers
 Channel 4 Radio
 BSkyB
 Bauer Radio
 UTV Radio
 CanWest MediaWorks
 The Walt Disney Company
 Sunrise Radio

Podcast providers
 Club Asia
 Colourful
 The Financial Times
 Gaydar
 NME
 Penguin
 Media Trust
 The Princes Trust
 IMG

Strategic partners
 BBC
 Universal Music Group
 The Cloud
 iriver
 ITIS Holdings
 BT Movio

See also
 Channel 4
 Digital radio in the United Kingdom

References

Channel 4 Radio
Defunct mass media companies of the United Kingdom
Mass media companies based in London
Mass media companies established in 2007
Mass media companies disestablished in 2008
British companies established in 2007
British companies disestablished in 2007

4 Digital Group


Amy Sherman-Palladino (born January 17, 1966) is an American television writer, director, and producer. She is the creator of the comedy-drama series Gilmore Girls (2000-2007), Bunheads (2012-2013), and The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel (2017-2023).

Sherman-Palladino has received six Primetime Emmy Awards for her work, including Outstanding Comedy Series, Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series, Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series, and Outstanding Music Supervision, all for The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel. She made history when she became the first woman to win in the comedy writing and directing categories at the Primetime Emmy Awards. In 2019, she received the Norman Lear Achievement Award in Television from the Producers Guild of America.

Sherman-Palladino is the founder of Dorothy Parker Drank Here Productions. She is known for her trademark rapid-fire dialogue, which is often full of pop culture references, and as well for her preferred master shot filming style.

Early life
Amy V. Sherman was born in Los Angeles, California. Her parents are comedian Don Sherman, who died in May 2012 (the first episode of Bunheads was dedicated to him), and dancer Maybin Hewes. Sherman was her father's stage name. Her father, from the Bronx, was Jewish, and her mother was a Southern Baptist from Gulfport, Mississippi. She has stated that she was raised "as Jewish. Sort of."

She was trained in classical ballet since she was four and took other forms of dance in her teens. Originally a trainee dancer, Sherman-Palladino had received a callback to the musical Cats, while also having a possible writing position on the staff of Roseanne in rotation. When she and writing partner Jennifer Heath were asked to join the staff of Roseanne, she left behind her dancing career — much to her mother's chagrin – and began writing for television.

Career
Sherman-Palladino became a staff writer on Roseanne during the show's third season in 1990. Among the storylines and episodes she wrote was an Emmy-nominated episode about birth control.

She left the show after season six, in 1994, and worked on several other projects, including the failed 1996 sitcom Love and Marriage, the 1997 sitcom Over the Top, and writing several scripts of the NBC sitcom Veronica's Closet.

Gilmore Girls
Sherman-Palladino is best known as the creator and executive producer of Gilmore Girls (2000–07), a television comedy drama series that aired initially on The WB network and concluded on its successor network, The CW. A four-episode revival aired on Netflix in 2016. In selling the show, Sherman-Palladino says that during her pitch meeting for landing a script order, Gilmore Girls was presented as a last-ditch effort thought up on the spot due to a lacking response from the network executives towards her other ideas. She presented this last hope as a "show about a mother and daughter, but they're more like best friends" and the executives were all sold immediately. During a trip to Connecticut, she and husband Daniel Palladino were inspired to center the show there, allowing a rich setting for a small-town community and the divide from the WASPy social setting of Hartford, Connecticut.

In producing the show, Sherman-Palladino and her husband wore many hats as the creative forces of the show, writing a large number of the episodes and also acting as directors, producers and show runners for six years of its seven-year run.

End of working relationship with Gilmore Girls
On April 20, 2006, it was announced that Sherman-Palladino and her husband Daniel could not come to an agreement with The CW to continue their contracts. As a result, the Palladinos' involvement with Gilmore Girls came to an end. The official statement was as follows: "Despite our best efforts to return and ensure the future of Gilmore Girls for years to come, we were unable to reach an agreement with the studio and are therefore leaving when our contracts expire at the end of this season. Our heartfelt thanks go out to our amazing cast, hard-working crew and loyal fans." Writer and producer David S. Rosenthal replaced them.

The couple did an interview with TV Guide writer Michael Ausiello, where they went further into their reasons for leaving the show.

In a 2012 interview with Vulture, in which Sherman-Palladino was asked to reflect on the issue, she responded It was a botched negotiation. It really was about the fact that I was working too much. I was going to be the crazy person who was locked in my house and never came out. I heard a lot of 'Amy doesn't need a writing staff because she and [her husband] Dan Palladino write everything!' I thought, That's a great mentality on your part, but if you want to keep the show going for two more years, let me hire more writers. By the way, all this shit we asked for? They had to do anyway when we left. They hired this big writing staff and a producer-director onstage. That's what bugged me the most. They wound up having to do what we asked for anyway, and I wasn't there.

The Return of Jezebel James
On August 1, 2006, The Hollywood Reporter announced that the Fox Network had ordered a pilot of a new comedy project from Sherman-Palladino. The untitled comedy, which received a pilot commitment from the network, was about two sisters who come together after years apart, when one of the sisters agrees to carry the other's baby. Sherman-Palladino wrote, executive produced and directed the pilot.

In December 2006, at the Hollywood Radio & Television Society's Hitmakers luncheon, Palladino revealed the name of her new sitcom: The Return of Jezebel James. The series debuted on March 14, 2008, on Fox starring Parker Posey. The show was subsequently cancelled on March 24, 2008, after only three episodes were aired.

Bunheads
ABC Family picked up Sherman-Palladino's pilot, Bunheads, to series. It premiered on June 11, 2012. The series stars Sutton Foster as a Las Vegas showgirl who, after impulsively getting married, moves to the sleepy coastal town 'Paradise' and winds up working at her new mother-in-law's dance studio: The Paradise Dance Academy. Kelly Bishop, who portrayed Emily Gilmore in Gilmore Girls, plays the recurring role of Fanny Flowers, her mother-in-law. On July 22, 2013, five months after the end of Season 1, it was announced that Bunheads would not be renewed for a second season.

Gilmore Girls revival
In October 2015, it was reported on TVLine that Netflix struck a deal with Warner Bros. to revive the series in a limited run, consisting of four 90-minute episodes. Sherman-Palladino was in charge of the new episodes, titled Gilmore Girls: A Year in the Life. The four episodes are named after the seasons, and all four became available on November 25, 2016.

The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel
In June 2016, Amazon ordered an hour-long pilot from Sherman-Palladino entitled The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel, about a 1950s housewife who decides to become one of the first female stand-up comics. On August 5, 2016, it was reported that Rachel Brosnahan had been cast in the lead role as Miriam "Midge" Maisel. Tony Shalhoub and Marin Hinkle were later cast as the parents of Brosnahan's character, Abe and Rose Weissman, with Michael Zegen joining as her husband, Joel Maisel. On March 2, 2017, Entertainment Weekly reported that Alex Borstein would be playing Susie Myerson. The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel was made available to watch on Amazon on March 17, 2017, as a part of Amazon Studios' spring pilot season, with viewers having the option to vote for it to be ordered to series. On April 10, 2017, it was announced that The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel had received an "unprecedented" 2-season order from Amazon. The series was critically acclaimed; it won a Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy at the 75th Golden Globe Awards, and a Peabody Award in "Entertainment" at the 77th Annual Peabody Awards. Sherman-Palladino won Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series, Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series and Outstanding Comedy Series at the 70th Primetime Emmy Awards for The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel. The success led an overall deal at Amazon Studios.

Personal life
Sherman-Palladino is married to Daniel Palladino, who has served as co-executive producer, writer, and director on all of her shows.

Dialogue and style
Dialogue in Sherman-Palladino's work involves heavy use of pop culture references, delivered in a fast repartee, screwball-comedy style. Palladino is also very particular with her selection and use of music in her work. In an interview with OutSmart magazine, she explained how lazy and instructional its use is on most television shows:I think music on television is just uniformly dreadful. It is mundane, it says nothing. They use it to say, "Here's a funny moment!" ... you know? It's not an extension of the drama, it's distraction. It's like, "I'll distract you, so you won't know how shitty the show is...like a laugh track. That, to me, is what music on television is. They score everything from beginning to end so that after a while the music is just like white noise. It's not giving it its due, its place. Everything has its place. Shows would go by, and we wouldn't put a lot of music in because to me the music was an extension of the drama, so if you just throw it in under everything, it's like throwing a washing-machine sound effect in there, it's not the point of it. It's like having two characters have a long, not very interesting discussion for no other reason except to fill up screen time.

Influences
She has cited comedians Erma Bombeck, Woody Allen, Mel Brooks, Joan Rivers, Elaine May, and Norman Lear as influences. She has also cited Barbara Streisand, Stephen Sondheim, Tony Kushner, Carole King, and Bob Fosse as pop culture inspirations. She has also stated her love of classic musicals such as Easter Parade (1948), Singin' in the Rain (1952), and The Band Wagon (1953).

Bibliography
 Gilmore Girls: The Other Side Of Summer by Amy Sherman-Palladino and Helen Pai (2002, )

Television credits

References

External links

 NPR Interview

1966 births
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
American female dancers
American television directors
American women television directors
American women television producers
American women television writers
Dancers from California
Jewish American writers
Living people
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Showrunners
Screenwriters from California
Television producers from California
Writers from Los Angeles
Writers Guild of America Award winners

Amy Sherman-Palladino


Tappen Park is a small park and square in the Stapleton neighborhood on the East Shore of Staten Island, New York City. It is bounded by Bay Street on the east, Water Street on the north, and Canal Street on the south and west.  It is named for First World War veteran James Tappen.  The land that the park is sited on was first purchased by the government in 1867, and it was acquired by the City of New York in 1898.

In 2008, the east end of the park facing Bay Street underwent improvements to add a small fountain amidst a round court, as well as new pathways. The renovated park is now reopened.

It was listed as part of the Edgewater Village Hall and Tappen Park on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

References

External links

Parks in Staten Island

Tappen Park


Caligae (Latin; singular ) are heavy-soled hobnailed military sandal-boots that were worn as standard issue by  Roman legionary foot-soldiers and auxiliaries, including cavalry.

History
  Caligae (singular ) are heavy-duty, thick-soled openwork boots, with hobnailed soles. They were worn by the lower ranks of Roman cavalrymen and foot-soldiers, and possibly by some centurions. A durable association of caligae with the common soldiery is evident in the latter's description as caligati ("booted ones").

In the early 1st century AD, the soldiery affectionately nicknamed the two- or three-year-old Gaius "Caligula" ("little boot"), because he wore a diminutive soldier's outfit, complete with small caligae.

Occasionally, hobnailed caligae must have proved inconvenient, especially on hard surfaces; Josephus describes the killing of a caliga-shod Roman centurion who had slipped on the Temple of Jerusalem's marble floor during an attack. Nevertheless, the design of the caliga allowed for its adjustment, which would have helped reduce chafing; it probably made an "ideal marching boot", and "the thunderous sound of an attack by a hobnailed army (caligati) must have been terrifying." Indeed, the Tannaim (Jewish sages or Chazal) of Roman Judea limited their community's use of caligae in response to an instance when many Jews in hiding had misinterpreted their sound as that of approaching Romans and were killed in the resultant stampede (see Babylonian Talmud, Shabbat 60a).

Caligae would have been cooler on the march than enclosed boots. In warm, Mediterranean climates, this may have been an advantage. In northern Britain's cold, wet climate, additional woven socks or raw wool wadding in winter may have helped insulate the feet, but caligae seemed to have been abandoned there by the end of the 2nd century AD, in favour of civilian-style "closed boots" (carbatinae). By the late 4th century, this seems to have applied throughout the Empire. The emperor Diocletian's Edict on Maximum Prices (301) includes set prices for footwear described as caligae, but with no hobnails, made for civilian men, women and children.

Design and manufacture
The caliga's midsole and the openwork upper were cut from a single piece of high quality cow or ox-hide. An outsole was fastened to the mid-sole, using clinching hobnails, usually of iron but occasionally bronze. The turned-back clinching nail ends were covered by an insole. Like all Roman footwear, the caliga was flat-soled. It was laced up the center of the foot and onto the top of the ankle. The Spanish scholar Isidore of Seville believed that the name "caliga" derived from the Latin callus ("hard leather"), or else from the fact that the boot was laced or tied on (ligere). Strapwork styles varied from maker to maker and region to region. The placement of hobnails is less variable; they were positioned to give optimal grip and foot-support, much like a modern sports shoe. At least one provincial manufacturer of army caligae has been identified by name.

See also
Calceus
Soccus
Roman roads
Ho Chi Minh sandals

References

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20150623220048/http://www.legiotricesima.org/campusMartis/MakingCaligae/MakingAuthenticCaligae.html
 http://s2.hubimg.com/u/345765_f520.jpg

Ancient Roman legionary equipment
Ancient Roman military clothing
Sandals
Historical footwear
Military boots
Shoes

Caligae


The chief governance officer (CGO) is normally a senior vice executive reporting to the CEO; however, in the not-for-profit sector, when an organization uses policy governance, the chair of the board often takes on the role of CGO, who is tasked with directing the people, business processes and systems needed to enable good governance from inside the corporation in support of the board of directors. In some geographies the role is assumed by the chief counsel, in others by a corporate or company secretary.

The role is likely to grow in prominence as corporate governance requirements - in voluntary codes or law - grow and mature. The heads of several governance-related functions may report to the CGO, including community relations / public affairs, corporate strategy, business continuity management, business performance management, compliance management / internal controls, corporate communication, corporate philanthropy, enterprise risk management, ethics management, internal audit, investor relations, legal services, stakeholder management and sustainability management. Also, the appointment of a CGO with clout is both a signal to the market that the company takes corporate governance seriously and a way to increase the market value of a firm if, as research by McKinsey shows, investors will pay a premium for the stock of well-governed companies.

As corporations add the necessary functions, several issues arise. First is the risk that the functions overlap, evolve into silos, create misunderstanding internally and externally and act at cross purposes. Second is the opportunity for enhanced impact through synergy between these functions. Risk managers, compliance officers and business performance managers often need to manage change in order to achieve their objectives. Without a sponsor at top management level their efforts may fail when the magnitude of resistance to change overwhelms their limited powers of influence. Third, the serial introduction of new processes may simply require more attention, time and enthusiasm than line managers can realistically offer. A single phased plan for enabling good governance could mitigate the risks and preempt any wasteful expenditure. Last, the complexity of the interactions between the different functions compounded by the infancy of the new disciplines may require continuous conceptual interpretation for top management and the board.

Companies that have appointed CGOs include Allianz, Kodak, Krispy Kreme, Prudential, Telkom, and Vodacom.

References

Corporate governance

Chief governance officer


John S. Middleton is an American businessperson and philanthropist. He is the managing partner and principal owner of the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball. He purchased a minority stake in 1994 and increased his ownership to 48 percent by 2014. He became the Phillies' control person in 2016.

Early life, education and family
The Middleton family descends from John Middleton, who, in 1857, founded John Middleton Co., a Philadelphia retail tobacco shop that evolved into a manufacturer and marketer of pipe tobacco and cigars.

Middleton graduated from the Haverford School in 1973. He was a wrestler at Amherst College from where he graduated magna cum laude in 1977 with his bachelor's degree in economics. He then attended Harvard Business School, graduating in 1979 with his Master of Business Administration.

Middleton is married to Leigh Middleton, and they have two children, Frances "Francie" Fields, and film and television producer John Powers Middleton.

Career
Middleton began working at his family's cigar business at age 16. After graduating from Harvard Business School, he returned home to work at John Middleton Inc. where his father put him on the company's board. Under Middleton, the company bought four tobacco brands from R.J. Reynolds in 1987, transforming the company into a major corporate interest in the pipe tobacco industry, and facilitating the subsequent growth of its packaged-cigar business.

In 2003, Middleton bought all shares in the family company from his mother and sisters, for about $200 million. In 2007, Middleton sold John Middleton Co. to Altria, the parent of Phillip Morris USA, for $2.9 billion. In 2015, litigation by his sister, Anna Nupson, supported by their sister, Lucia Hughes, disputing declared company assets of 2003, ensued. Through a mediator, the case was settled for $22 million in February 2018. Subsequently, Nupson filed a malpractice lawsuit, on July 15, 2020, with the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, alleging ethical misconduct by Schnader Harrison Segal & Lewis and attorney Bruce A. Rosenfield, who had represented her in the suit against her brother.

Middleton is the president of Bradford Holdings, the parent company whose subsidiaries have included John Middleton Inc., Double Play Inc. (the corporate entity that holds his stake in the Phillies) and McIntosh Inns.

Philadelphia Phillies
Middleton bought a 15 percent stake in the Phillies for $18 million in 1994. He has been elected chairman of its partners' Advisory Board annually since 1998.

When Phillies' chairman David Montgomery took a medical leave of absence in 2014, Middleton assumed a more active role, overseeing on-field and business performance, and increased his shareholding to 48 percent. In 2015, Middleton became the public face of the Phillies' ownership group. Middleton committed that the Phillies would have a greater focus on analytics, which influenced the hiring of Andy MacPhail as president, and Matt Klentak as general manager.

At the November 2016 MLB owners' meeting, Middleton was elected the Phillies' control person by the thirty clubs, making him the primary person accountable to the commissioner's office for the Phillies' operations and compliance with MLB rules.

Philanthropy
Middleton and his wife, Leigh, share philanthropic involvement in several organizations, including the Philadelphia Museum of Art, Penn Medicine, the Bryn Mawr Presbyterian Church, the Academy of Natural Sciences, and Project HOME.

In 2012, the Middletons announced a gift of more than $16.2 million to the Philadelphia School District, Philadelphia Youth Network, Philadelphia Academies and Drexel University for career and technical education.

In 2013, the Middletons pledged $30 million to Project HOME in an effort to end chronic homelessness by doubling the number of its apartments for homeless people, opening a new medical center and leveraging additional public and private funds.

The Middletons received the 2013 Philadelphia Award, in 2014, for their philanthropic works in the Philadelphia area, directed towards education, homelessness, and workforce development projects.

Middleton serves as a member of the board of trustees of Amherst College, which awarded him its Medal for Eminent Service in 2004, in recognition of his dedication to the college.

References

American billionaires
American sports businesspeople
Major League Baseball owners
Philadelphia Phillies executives
Philadelphia Phillies owners
Living people
Amherst College alumni
Harvard Business School alumni
People from Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania
Haverford School alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)

John S. Middleton


The General Electric J79 is an axial-flow turbojet engine built for use in a variety of fighter and bomber aircraft and a supersonic cruise missile. The J79 was produced by General Electric Aircraft Engines in the United States, and under license by several other companies worldwide. Among its major uses was the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter, Convair B-58 Hustler, McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II, North American A-5 Vigilante and IAI Kfir.

A commercial version, designated the CJ805, powered the Convair 880, while an aft-turbofan derivative, the CJ805-23, powered the Convair 990 airliners and a single Sud Aviation Caravelle intended to demonstrate to the U.S. market the benefits of a bypass engine over the existing Rolls-Royce Avon turbojet.

In 1959 the gas generator of the J79 was developed as a stationary 10MW-class () free-turbine turboshaft engine for naval power, power generation, and industrial use, called the LM1500. Its first application was in the research hydrofoil .

Development

Evolution of the variable stator compressor

By the late 1940s, jet engine design had progressed to the point where further progress was limited by the performance of its compressor, in particular the pressure ratio of the compressor had to be increased to reduce the engine fuel consumption. However, the useful operating range of the compressor was limited at that time and centered around its design condition which is at a high compressor speed for take-off or cruise. If designed for high efficiency at high speeds it was very inefficient and prone to  stall at low speeds.

In 1944 the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics had tested a theory for "Extending the useful operating range of axial-flow compressors by use of adjustable stator blades" by running an eight-stage axial compressor with pressure ratio 3.42:1 and adjustable blade angles. Considerable improvement in efficiencies were obtained at compressor speeds appreciably below the design speed.

Departures of velocity from the design condition are most noticeable in the first stages at low rpm and become more so as the design pressure ratio is increased leading to blade stall and compressor surging as happened with the Rolls-Royce Avon compressor, with design pressure ratio of 6.3:1 in 1949. In 1947 Geoff Wilde, a Rolls-Royce compressor designer, had applied for a patent "Axial flow compressor regulation" "to provide a compressor with a wide speed-range of operation". An experimental 12-stage compressor was built with the inlet guide vanes and first four rows of stator blades adjustable to lower the air incidence angles while running at low speed. It was very effective in overcoming the stall and surge. However, a simpler mechanical-design solution (variable inlet guide vanes and bleed) had already been shown to work with the required design pressure ratio so variable stators were not used in a Rolls-Royce engine until the 1980s (IAE V2500).

By 1950 General Electric was focussing on supersonic engines with variable stators as a result of design studies which compared them with dual-rotor types. Based on their past experience at that time, and estimation of the development effort required to prove new technologies, variable stators promised the best way of designing the compressor for the high required pressure ratio of 12:1. This pressure ratio was needed to achieve the supersonic performance, subsonic cruise performance and low weight necessary for future supersonic aircraft.

In 1951, a General Electric team led by Gerhard Neumann, at that time in charge of engine development testing, was given funding to build a test compressor with variable stators. In addition, the Aircraft Gas Turbine Division lead, C.W. 'Jim' LaPierre, formed two teams to do design studies for an engine that could run for extended periods at Mach 2.0 while still giving good fuel economy while cruising at Mach 0.9. Neumann led a team using a variable stator configuration, while Chapman Walker led a parallel effort using two-spools. After a years study the engine with variable stators was chosen as it was lighter, simpler and had a smaller diameter. A demonstrator engine with variable stators, the GOL-1590, predecessor to the J79 was built. At the same time a new engine, the X-24A, was designed for a supersonic aircraft and selected by the Air Force. Development of the new engine was supported by running the GOL-1590 demonstrator engine.

General

GE won the Air Force contract for a new engine with approximately 14,000 pounds thrust, with afterburning, to power a new supersonic bomber, which became the Convair B-58 Hustler. The two other engines offered by GE, an advanced version of the existing J73 and a much larger design, known as the J77, were both cancelled. The first prototype of the production version, XJ-79, ran on 8 June 1954.

The first flight of the engine was on 20 May 1955 with the engine installed in a General Electric J47-powered North American B-45C Tornado (serial 48-009). In flight the J79 was lowered from the bomb bay into the airstream for testing. The first flight after the 50-hour qualification test, required for a new engine that is the sole source of thrust for a flying testbed, was on 8 December 1955, powering the second pre-production Douglas F4D Skyray, with the J79 in place of its original Westinghouse J40 engine as part of the General Electric development and qualification program. The YF-104 was the next airplane to fly with the J79 followed by a re-engined Grumman F11F Tiger in a Navy-sponsored program to gain experience with the engine before the first flight of the F4H (F-4).

The J79 was used on the F-104 Starfighter, B-58 Hustler, F-4 Phantom II, A-5 Vigilante, IAI Kfir aircraft and the SSM-N-9 Regulus II supersonic cruise missile. It was produced for more than 30 years. Over 17,000 J79s were built in the US, and under license in Belgium, Canada, Germany, Israel, Italy, and Japan. A downgraded version of the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon with a J79 was proposed as a low-cost fighter for export, and though a prototype aircraft was flown, it found no customers.

The J79 was replaced by the late 1960s in new fighter designs by afterburning turbofans such as the Pratt & Whitney TF30 used in the F-111 and F-14, and newer generation turbofans with the Pratt & Whitney F100 used in the F-15 Eagle which give better cruise fuel efficiency by-passing air around the core of the engine.

For their part in designing the J79, Gerhard Neumann and Neil Burgess of General Electric Aircraft Engines were jointly awarded the Collier Trophy in 1958, also sharing the honor with Clarence Johnson (Lockheed F-104) and the US Air Force (Flight Records).

Design

The compressor blades and vanes are made of 403 stainless steel, except for the -3B and -7A variants, which have A286 vanes at stages 7 through 17. The compressor rotor is made of Lapelloy, B5F5 and titanium.
The J79 makes a particular howling sound at certain throttle settings. This strange feature led to the NASA operated F-104B Starfighter, N819NA, being named Howling Howland. Early engines also produced noticeable quantities of smoke, especially at mid-throttle/cruise settings, a disadvantage in combat aircraft making them vulnerable to visual detection. Later models were redesigned to be "smokeless".

The turboshaft counterpart to the J79 is the General Electric LM1500, used for land and marine applications. Many J79 derived engines have found uses as gas turbine power generators in remote locations, in applications such as powering pipelines.

The J79 has two commercial derivatives: CJ805-3 (a non-afterburning engine, fitted with thrust reverser and sound suppressor), and the CJ805-23 (with a free-wheeling aft fan and thrust reverser)  fitted to the Convair CV-880 and the Convair CV-990 respectively.

J79 engines may be started using compressed air directly on the engine turbine blades or by using a turbine starter attached to the accessory gearbox. The gas used in this starter is either compressed air or from a solid propellant cartridge.

Variants

XJ79-GE-1
Prototype. First ground static test run on 8 June 1954 produced  with afterburner.
YJ79-GE-1
Flight test engines were designated YJ79-GE-1.
J79-GE-2
Powered the McDonnell F4H-1 Phantom (F-4A),  of afterburner thrust.
J79-GE-2A
essentially similar to the -2
J79-GE-3
Used in the YF-104A, F-104A and the Grumman F11F-1F Super Tiger
J79-GE-3A
YF-104A, F-104A and F-104B.
J79-GE-3B
F-104A and F-104B.
J79-GE-5A
Convair B-58 Hustler  with afterburner.
J79-GE-5B
Convair B-58 Hustler  with afterburner.
J79-GE-5C

J79-GE-7
F-104C, F-104D and F-104F.
J79-GE-7A
F-104C, F-104D and F-104F.
J79-OEL-7
Licensed production GE-7 manufactured by Orenda Engines to power the Canadair CF-104.
J79-GE-8North American A-5 Vigilante and F4H-1 (F-4B) with 16,950 lbf (75.4 kN) of afterburner thrust
J79-GE-8A
Sub-variant of the -8
J79-GE-8B
Sub-variant of the -8
J79-GE-10
F-4J, 17,900 lbf (79.379 kN) of afterburner thrust.
J79-GE-11

J79-GE-11A
German F-104G and TF-104G. Pakistani Griffin F-104A and F-104B. 15,600 lbf (69 kN) with afterburner. Many -11 engines were licensed manufactured in Europe as part of the large F-104 consortium production programme, Alfa Romeo, Fiat and Fabrique Nationale being the main suppliers for the project.
J79-IHI-11A
Licensed production GE-11A, built in Japan by Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd to power their similarly licensed built F-104J and F-104DJ Starfighters.
J79-MTU-J1K
Licensed built and improved version of the GE-11A manufactured by MTU Aero Engines in Germany.
J79-GE-15
F-4C, RF-4C, F-4D; with 17,000 lbf (75.6kN) of afterburner thrust.
J79-GE-17
F-4E, RF-4E, F-4EJ, F-4F, F-4G; with  of afterburner thrust.
J79-GE-19
Aeritalia F-104S; also retrofitted to F-104A's of the 319th FIS.
J79-GE-J1E
License-built in Israel by Beit Shemesh Engines Ltd. (BSEL) with  afterburning thrust for the IAI Kfir.
J79-GE-119
F-16/79

Applications

Aircraft
 Convair B-58 Hustler
 General Dynamics F-16/79
 Grumman F11F-1F Super Tiger
 IAI Kfir
 Lockheed F-104 Starfighter
 McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II
 North American A-5 Vigilante
 Northrop X-21
 SSM-N-9/RGM-15 Regulus II

Land speed record cars
 Art Arfons' "Green Monster"
 Craig Breedlove's "Spirit of America - Sonic 1"
 North American Eagle Project

Specifications (J79-GE-17)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

  Pace, Steve. Lockheed F-104 Starfighter. Osceola, Wisconsin: Motorbooks International, 1992. .
 Bashow, David L. Starfighter: A Loving Retrospective of the CF-104 Era in Canadian Fighter Aviation, 1961–1986. Stoney Creek, Ontario: Fortress Publications Inc., 1990. .
 Gunston, Bill. Fighters of the Fifties. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1981. .
 Williams, Nick and Steve Ginter "Douglas F4D Skyray". Simi Valley, California: Ginter, 1986. .

External links

 General Electric Aviation, J79 page
 Animation of J79 turbojet (German language)

J79
1950s turbojet engines

General Electric J79


St. Kilian is an unincorporated community in Nobles County, Minnesota, United States.

Geography

St. Kilian is an unincorporated community in section 27 of Wilmont Township.  The village sits atop the Buffalo Ridge, the drainage divide between the Mississippi River and Missouri River systems.  By elevation, St. Kilian is the highest population center in Nobles County.  St. Kilian Catholic Church, the central feature of the village, is on the National Register of Historic Places.
(Added 1998 - Building - #97001425).

History
Wilmont Township was founded largely by German-Catholic  farmers.  In 1887, in an effort to serve the large number of Catholics in the vicinity, St. Kilian Catholic Church was built under the leadership of Father C. J. Knauf of Adrian.  Saint Kilian, the namesake of the church, was an Irish missionary who worked in Bavaria towards the end of the 7th century.

Within two years, John Mock and John Meyer each opened general stores near the church, and Andrew Pacholl opened a blacksmith shop.  Shortly thereafter, Hub Pass and Joseph Buddle both opened saloons.  The town was named St. Kilian, after the church, and for some time, the town was the largest population center in Wilmont Township.  The town was surveyed in October 1891, and the plat was filed on December 10, 1891.  The original church building burned in 1897, and as St. Killian appeared to have a bright future, a replacement church was built.  This building was completed in 1900 and still serves the Catholic community of the St. Killian vicinity.  It is currently on the National Register of Historic Places (Building #97001425)

In 1899, a railroad finally came to Wilmont Township.  But this railroad, the Burlington Northern, bypassed St. Kilian.  Railroad officials instead established the nearby town of Wilmont as a business hub, and the importance of St. Killian began to fade.  Indeed, a number of St. Kilian's buildings were picked up and moved cross-country to the new Wilmont townsite.  St. Killian's post office was closed in March 1907.  St. Killian Catholic Church remains open and active, but other businesses in the village long ago closed their doors.

Politics
St. Kilian is located in Minnesota's 1st congressional district, represented by Mankato educator Tim Walz, a Democrat. At the state level, St. Kilian is located in Senate District 22, represented by Republican Doug Magnus, and in House District 22A, represented by Republican Joe Schomacker.

References

External links
Rose's History of Nobles County
St. Kilian Church Homepage
GNIS Map of St. Kilian

Unincorporated communities in Nobles County, Minnesota
Unincorporated communities in Minnesota

St. Kilian, Minnesota


The McClellan Heights Historic District is a  historic district in Davenport, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, at which time it included 354 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area.

Description

McClellan Heights is the largest neighborhood in the east end of Davenport. It is located east of the Village of East Davenport. It runs from Jersey Ridge Road to the Bettendorf city limits, and from River Drive to Middle Road. Dating from 1894 to 1940, four hundred houses make up the McClellan Heights neighborhood. The neighborhood is made up of many hills and ravines. The streets follow the topography which requires many winding roads and odd-shaped lots. The southern portion of McClellan Heights is very wooded which adds to the attractiveness of the neighborhood. Developed from south to north, including four very large mansions built before World War I, the area became popular with upper-middle-class residents. The area was mostly settled by Dutch and New England immigrants. The park-like setting, and proximity to and view of the river, have kept this neighborhood fashionable even today. The houses remain in good to excellent condition. The few brick streets that run through the neighborhood also remain in excellent condition.

History

The area was known as Camp McClellan during the American Civil War, and gives the neighborhood its name. It was the largest of the five Union Army training camps in and around the city of Davenport. The land the camp was built on belonged to Thomas Russel Allen of St. Louis, Missouri and consisted of over . Part of Camp McClellan was set aside to become Camp Kearney where the federal government imprisoned 277 male members of the Sioux tribe, 16 women and two children and one member of the Ho-Chunk tribe. The men were involved in the Dakota War of 1862 in Minnesota and were held in the camp as prisoners because President Abraham Lincoln commuted their death sentences. After the war ended in 1865 the camp was decommissioned, and the buildings were torn down after the Native Americans left Camp Kearney in 1866.

The land was returned to Ann R. Allen, Thomas Allen's widow. In June 1900 the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) held an encampment on the site. A proposal was submitted to the Iowa Legislature to turn the former camp into a state park. It had the support of Iowa's Civil War veterans groups, the GAR, and local citizens, but nothing came of it. By the early 20th century the Allen family had relocated to Belgium. There had been several attempts to purchase the land and develop it, but they all failed. A promoter made a personal trip to Belgium to visit with the family and he was able to acquire the land on behalf of the Camp McClellan Improvement Company. William Richter was president of the company and Amos Cutter, who had developed what is now the Oak Lane Historic District, was placed in charge of developing McClellan Heights.

There were several restrictions imposed on those who built in the subdivision. One house could not obstruct the view of another, each house was to be double the cost of the lot it was built on, and commercial activity was not permitted. There was also an officer who was responsible for the beatification of the subdivision, making repairs, caring for the plant life and weeding, and snow and ice removal.

Architecture

Housing styles in McClellan Heights tend to follow a free-form eclecticism that was characteristic of the period rather than a desire to recreate classical architectural styles. Elements of past styles were utilized here, but they were employed in a less literal fashion by using a few details to suggest rather than recreate the earlier forms. The revival styles that were more commonly used in the neighborhood were Tudor Revival and Mediterranean Revival as well as the Colonial Revival forms from New England to Dutch Colonial and Georgian. The Prairie School style is somewhat ubiquitous throughout the neighborhood, but again, not in a literal sense. There are only a few textbook examples of the style in McClellan Heights. Instead, it found its expression in the use of broad roofs, horizontal window openings, and placing upper story windows just below the eaves. Its use was adapted by combining the Prairie School style with the revival styles as well as two other typically American styles that are found throughout the neighborhood, American Craftsman and American Foursquare.

Contributing properties
Diedrich Busch House
The Domersant's House at 31 Glenwood Ave
Lindsay Park

References

External links

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Davenport, Iowa
Historic districts in Davenport, Iowa
Houses in Davenport, Iowa
Residential buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa

McClellan Heights Historic District


Heath End is a hamlet in the parish of Great Missenden in Buckinghamshire, England. At the 2011 Census the population of the hamlet was included in the civil parish of Little Missenden.  During the 20th century, it became attached to Great Kingshill to the south west. The old centre of the hamlet is where Spurlands End Road meets Heath End Road. Although Heath End is now attached to Great Kingshill there are still road signs indicating to the hamlet.

The hamlet's name is derived from being historically located at the edge of a large area of heathland (now vanished) called Wycombe Heath or Holmer Heath which once covered several thousand acres to the south.

There is some evidence in the Cartulary of Missenden Abbey that the hamlet was once known as Birchmere.

References

Hamlets in Buckinghamshire

Heath End, Buckinghamshire


The Welsh Marches () is an imprecisely defined area along  the border between England and Wales in the United Kingdom.  The precise meaning of the term has varied at different periods.

The English term Welsh March (in Medieval Latin Marchia Walliae) was originally used in the Middle Ages to denote the marches between England and the Principality of Wales, in which Marcher lords had specific rights, exercised to some extent independently of the king of England.  In modern usage, "the Marches" is often used to describe those English counties which lie along the border with Wales, particularly Shropshire and Herefordshire, and sometimes adjoining areas of Wales.   However, at one time the Marches included all of the historic counties of Cheshire, Shropshire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Gloucestershire.

In this context the word march means a border region or frontier, and is cognate with the verb "to march," both ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *mereg-, "edge" or "boundary".

Origins: Mercia and the Welsh

After the decline and fall of the Roman Empire which occupied southern Britain until about AD 410, the area which is now Wales comprised a number of separate Romano-British kingdoms, including Powys in the east.  Over the next few centuries, the Angles, Saxons and others gradually conquered and settled in eastern and southern Britain.  The kingdom of Mercia, under Penda, became established around Lichfield, and initially established strong alliances with the Welsh kings.

However, his successors sought to expand Mercia further westwards into what is now Cheshire, Shropshire and Herefordshire. As the power of Mercia grew, a string of garrisoned market towns such as Shrewsbury and Hereford defined the borderlands as much as Offa's Dyke, a stronger and longer boundary earthwork erected by order of Offa of Mercia between AD 757 and 796.  The Dyke still exists, and can best be seen at Knighton, close to the modern border between England and Wales. Campaigns and raids from Powys led, possibly around about AD 820, to the building of Wat's Dyke, a boundary earthwork extending from the Severn valley near Oswestry to the Dee estuary.

In the centuries which followed, Offa's Dyke largely remained the frontier between the Welsh and English. Athelstan, often seen as the first king of a united England, summoned the British kings to a meeting at Hereford in AD 926, and according to William of Malmesbury laid down the boundary between Wales and England, particularly the disputed southern stretch where he specified that the River Wye should form the boundary.

By the mid-eleventh century, Wales was united under Gruffudd ap Llywelyn of Gwynedd, until his death in 1063.

The Marches in the Middle Ages
Immediately after the Norman Conquest, King William of England installed three of his most trusted confidants, Hugh d'Avranches, Roger de Montgomerie, and William FitzOsbern, as Earls of Chester, Shrewsbury and Hereford respectively, with responsibilities for containing and subduing the Welsh. The process took a century and was never permanently effective.

The term "March of Wales" was first used in the Domesday Book of 1086. Over the next four centuries, Norman lords established mostly small marcher lordships between the Dee and Severn, and further west.  Military adventurers went to Wales from Normandy and elsewhere and after raiding an area of Wales, then fortified it and granted land to some of their supporters.

One example was Bernard de Neufmarché, responsible for conquering and pacifying the Welsh kingdom of Brycheiniog. The precise dates and means of formation of the lordships varied, as did their size.

The March, or Marchia Wallie, was to a greater or lesser extent independent of both the English monarchy and the Principality of Wales or Pura Wallia, which remained based in Gwynedd in the north west of the country. By about AD 1100 the March covered the areas which would later become Monmouthshire and much of Flintshire, Montgomeryshire, Radnorshire, Brecknockshire, Glamorgan, Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire.  Ultimately, this amounted to about two-thirds of Wales.

During the period, the Marches were a frontier society in every sense, and a stamp was set on the region that lasted into the time of the Industrial Revolution.  Hundreds of small castles were built in the border area in the 12th and 13th centuries, predominantly by Norman lords as assertions of power as well as defences against Welsh raiders and rebels. The area still contains Britain's densest concentration of motte-and-bailey castles.  The Marcher lords encouraged immigration from all the Norman-Angevin realms, and encouraged trade from "fair haven" ports like Cardiff.  Peasants went to Wales in large numbers: Henry I encouraged Bretons, Flemings, Normans, and English settlers to move into the south of Wales. Many new towns were established, some such as Chepstow, Monmouth, Ludlow and Newtown becoming successful trading centres, and these tended also to be a focus of English settlement. At the same time, the Welsh continued to attack English soil and supported rebellions against the Normans.

The Norman lords each had similar rights to the Welsh princes.  Each owed personal allegiance, as subjects, to the English king whom they were bound to support in times of war, but their lands were exempt from royal taxation and they possessed rights which elsewhere were reserved to the crown, such as the rights to create forests, markets and boroughs.

The lordships were geographically compact and jurisdictionally separate one from another, and their privileges differentiated them from English lordships. Marcher lords ruled their lands by their own law—sicut regale ("like unto a king") as Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester stated — whereas in England fief-holders were directly accountable to the king. The crown's powers in the Marches were normally limited to those periods when the king held a lordship in its own hands, such as when it was forfeited for treason or on the death of the lord without a legitimate heir whereupon the title reverted to the Crown in escheat. At the top of a culturally diverse, intensely feudalised and local society, the Marcher barons combined the authority of feudal lord and vassal of the King among their Normans, and of supplanting the traditional tywysog among their conquered Welsh. However, Welsh law was sometimes used in the Marches in preference to English law, and there were disputes as to which code should be used to decide a particular case. From this developed the distinctive March law.

The Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 followed the conquest of the Principality by Edward I of England.  It assumed the lands held by the Princes of Gwynedd under the title "Prince of Wales" as legally part of the lands of the Crown, and established shire counties on the English model over those areas. The Marcher Lords were progressively tied to the English kings by the grants of lands and lordships in England, where control was stricter, and where many marcher lords spent most of their time, and through the English kings' dynastic alliances with the great magnates. The Council of Wales and the Marches, administered from Ludlow Castle, was initially established in 1472 by Edward IV of England to govern the lands held under the Principality of Wales which had become directly administered by the English crown following the Edwardian conquest of Wales in the 13th century.

The end of Marcher powers
By the 16th century, many marcher lordships had passed into the hands of the crown, as the result of the accessions of Henry IV, who was previously Duke of Lancaster, and Edward IV, the heir of the Earls of March; of the attainder of other lords during the Wars of the Roses; and of other events.  The crown was also directly responsible for the government of the Principality of Wales, which had its own institutions and was, like England, divided into counties. The jurisdiction of the remaining marcher lords was therefore seen as an anomaly, and their independence from the crown enabled criminals from England to evade justice by moving into the area and claiming "marcher liberties".

Under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 introduced under Henry VIII, the jurisdiction of the marcher lords was abolished in 1536. The Acts had the effect of annexing Wales with England and creating a single state and legal jurisdiction, commonly referred to as England and Wales. The powers of the marcher lordships were abolished, and their areas were organised into the new Welsh counties of Denbighshire, Montgomeryshire, Radnorshire, Brecknockshire, Monmouthshire, and Carmarthenshire. The counties of Pembrokeshire and Glamorgan were created by adding other districts to existing lordships. In place of assize courts of England, there were Courts of Great Sessions. These administered English law, in contrast with the marcher lordships, which had administered Welsh law for their Welsh subjects. Some lordships were added to adjoining English counties: Ludlow, Clun, Caus and part of Montgomery were incorporated into Shropshire; Wigmore, Huntington, Clifford and most of Ewyas were included in Herefordshire; and that part of Chepstow east of the River Wye was included in Gloucestershire.

The Council of Wales, based at Ludlow Castle, was reconstituted as the Council of Wales and the Marches, with statutory responsibilities for the whole of Wales together with, initially, Cheshire, Shropshire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Gloucestershire. The City of Bristol was exempted in 1562, and Cheshire in 1569.

The Council was eventually abolished in 1689, following the "Glorious Revolution" which overthrew James II (VII of Scotland) and established William III (William of Orange) as king.

List of Marcher lordships and successor shires

{{Image label small|scale=305|x=0.050|y=1.130|text=Map illustrating the traditional counties considered to form the "Welsh Marches"}}

List of Marcher lordships and successor shires:FlintshireFlint
Hawarden
Hopedale
Maelor Saesneg
MoldDenbighshireBromfield and Yale
Chirkland
Denbigh
Ruthin (Dyffryn Clwyd)MontgomeryshireCaus (part)
Cedewain
Ceri
Montgomery (part)
PowysRadnorshireCwmwd Deuddor
Elfael
Glasbury
Gwrtheyrnion
Maelienydd
RadnorBrecknockshireBlaenllyfni
Brecon
Builth
HayMonmouthshireAbergavenny
Caerleon
Chepstow (part)
Ewyas Lacy (part)
Gwynllwg (Wentloog)
Monmouth
UskGlamorganLordship of Glamorgan
Lordship of GowerCarmarthenshireCantref Bychan
Kidwelly
Emlyn
Llansteffan
Laugharne
St ClearsPembrokeshireCemais
Cilgerran
Haverford
Llawhaden
Narberth
Pebidiog
PembrokeTransferred to English shires'Bishop's Castle (Shropshire)Caus (part) (Shropshire)Chepstow (part) (Gloucestershire)Clifford (Herefordshire)Clun (Shropshire)Ewyas Lacy (part) (Herefordshire)Kington (Herefordshire)Huntington (Herefordshire)Montgomery (part) (Shropshire)Oswestry (Shropshire)Whittington (Shropshire)Wigmore (Herefordshire)The Marches today

There is no modern legal or official definition of the extent of the Welsh Marches. However, the term the Welsh Marches (or sometimes just the Marches) is commonly used to describe those English counties which lie along the border with Wales, particularly Shropshire and Herefordshire.
The term is also sometimes applied to parts of Powys, Monmouthshire and Wrexham.

The Welsh Marches Line is a railway line from Newport in the south of Wales to Shrewsbury, via Abergavenny, Hereford, and Craven Arms.

The Marches Way is a long distance footpath which connects Chester in the north of England, via Whitchurch, Shrewsbury, Leominster and Abergavenny to the Welsh capital, Cardiff.

The Marches School is a secondary school in Oswestry, Shropshire. The school has several meeting rooms named in Welsh, and has students and staff from both sides of the border.

See also
Marches – for other examples, including Scottish Marches between England and Scotland.
Council of the Marches
Earl of March – some of the dynastic families controlling the Welsh Marches
Welsh Lost Lands
England–Wales border
A49 – main road that runs north-south through the Marches
Honour of Richmond
History of Gwynedd during the High Middle Ages
:Category:Towns of the Welsh Marches
:Category:Counties of the Welsh Marches

Notes

References

Attribution

Further reading
 Allott, Andrew. 2011, Marches. Collins New Naturalist Library. London.
 Davies, R. R., The Age of Conquest: Wales 1063–1415 (Oxford 1987, 2000 edition), pp. 271–88.
 Davies, R. R. Lordship and Society in the March of Wales, 1282–1400 (1978).
 Freeman, Edward Augustus Freeman, 1871. The History of the Norman Conquest of England: Its Causes and Its Results, (Clarendon Press, London)
 Froude, James Anthony, 1881. History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth (London, Published by C. Scribner's sons) pp. 380–384.

 Reeves, A. Compton (1983), The Marcher Lords''
 Skeel, C. A. J. "The Council in the Marches of Wales", Hugh Rees Ltd. London (1904)

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The Short Night was a film planned by British director Alfred Hitchcock.

The project was originally announced in the late 1960s at the time of Topaz and Hitchcock scouted locations in Finland.  A romantic suspense thriller with espionage elements, the script was based on both a same-titled novel by Ronald Kirkbride, and the non-fiction book documenting the case of real-life double agent George Blake titled  The Springing of George Blake by Sean Bourke, the motion picture rights to both of which Hitchcock acquired.

Plot
Gavin Brand, a double agent, has escaped from London's Wormwood Scrubs Prison. An American named Joe Bailey, brother to one of Brand's victims, is called on by the CIA to kill Brand through finding his family. The objective, as put by CIA chief Zelfand, is to "find the wife and kids, find the husband."  Bailey reluctantly accepts the assignment to kill Brand and finally tracks down Brand's family to a private island near Savonlinna in Finland, where they are watched over by Hilda and Olga, two Soviet minders. Bailey and Brand's wife, Carla, develop a romance as he waits patiently for Brand to show up. After they consummate their love, Brand arrives and attempts to kill both Bailey and Carla, leading to her becoming trapped in a gas-styled sauna. Bailey rescues Carla and, with the help of a Finnish police officer, they try to stop Brand making it to the Finnish-Soviet border on a train with his kidnapped children.

Production
Hitchcock commissioned screenplays by James Costigan and frequent collaborator Ernest Lehman, both of whom wrote several drafts. The script draft by David Freeman, reproduced in Freeman's book The Last Days of Alfred Hitchcock, takes place after the prison break out of Gavin Brand (the screenplay's version of Blake).

Hitchcock, comparing his intentions for the project to Notorious, considered Walter Matthau, a onetime guest star on Alfred Hitchcock Presents, for the role of Brand. He also reportedly offered the same role to Ed Lauter, who appeared in Family Plot, as well as Sean Connery, Clint Eastwood, and Steve McQueen. French international film star Catherine Deneuve and Norwegian star Liv Ullmann were considered for the leading female role. The movie was to be filmed on location in Finland. Because of the director's ill health, Universal Pictures cancelled the project in 1979, and the film never got beyond the early pre-production stage with such Hitchcock associates as Norman Lloyd, Henry Bumstead and Robert F. Boyle actively involved.

See also
List of unproduced Alfred Hitchcock projects

References

External links
Hitchcock's Unproduced Projects
Additional information on The Short Night

Cancelled films
Alfred Hitchcock

The Short Night


Saneeya Hussain (13 August 1954 – 20 April 2005) was a Pakistani journalist and environmentalist. She married a Brazilian man in 1998 and died in Brazil in 2005.

Biography
Saneeya began her career at MNJ Pakistan working for Javed Jabbar as a copywriter in 1978. In the mid-eighties, Saneeya edited The Star Weekend magazine. The paper was a platform for dissenting views. Banned columnists had to keep changing their names to continue writing, and the women's movement that was so alive in those days found plenty of space in the magazines pages. She was also a member of the Shirkat Gah Collective which catalyzed the Women's Action Forum, the lobby group that so fiercely resisted the Zia regime. When "the red scribbles from upstairs" got unbearable, in early 1988, she left.

Saneeya moved on to join the World Conservation Union (IUCN) – and was also one of the first Pakistanis to participate in people-to-people contact with Indian environmentalists. She also set up the pioneering Journalists Resource Centre that trained and encouraged journalists in environmental reporting.

Saneeyas involvement in the Pakistan's National Conservation Strategy (NCS) drafted at that time included the path-breaking NCS Bulletin (later The Way Ahead magazine), and its Urdu counterpart, Jareeda, edited by Obaidullah Baig.

See also
List of Pakistani journalists

References

1954 births
2005 deaths
Deaths from asthma
Pakistani environmentalists
Pakistani women environmentalists
Pakistani women journalists
Pakistani journalists
Pakistani geographers
Pakistani expatriates in Brazil
Pakistani expatriates in Nepal
Journalists from Karachi
20th-century geographers
20th-century journalists

Saneeya Hussain


Audrey Riley is an English cellist and string arranger, based in the UK.

Career
Riley trained at the Guildhall School of Music with Leonard Stehn. She was a cellist for Virginia Astley from 1983 to 1986 and a one-time auxiliary member of The Family Cat.

She has been a member of the post-minimalist band Icebreaker since 1989, and a frequent indie session artist.

During 2002/03, Riley embarked on her own project, entitled 'A Change of Light', a collaboration between musicians, composers and visual artist Philip Riley, with Andrew Zolinsky (piano), James Woodrow (guitar), Nick Allum (The Fatima Mansions, The Apartments, Cathal Coughlan) and Rob Allum (High Llamas, Turin Brakes) both on drums, to present music for cello in an expanded recital. New works have been written by composers Gavin Bryars, David Lang, Steve Hillier (Dubstar), Mark Brydon (Moloko), Emma Anderson (Lush), Cathal Coughlan, Piet Goddaer (Ozark Henry), David Gavurin, Harriet Wheeler (The Sundays) and Damian le Gassick. After many performances in art galleries and venues in the UK, the project was recorded in 2003/04 for a combined CD/DVD release, with a second series being subsequently developed.

She took part in the first performance of a new work "Views", music by Cage, performing with the experimental Japanese violinist Takahisa Kosugi and the composer Christian Wolff, which toured throughout Europe in 2005-6.

In 2014, Riley has joined London music college The Institute of Contemporary Music Performance, as the tutor for the arrangements classes.

Work
As an arranger and improvising session cellist she has recorded for two decades with numerous groups including The Style Council (A Stones Throw Away), The Smiths (Stop Me), Nick Cave (on Tender Prey), Dubstar, The Cure, The Go-Betweens, The Sundays, Lush, the Smashing Pumpkins (for whom she conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra strings) and Dave Matthews (for whom she conducted the Seattle Symphony Orchestra in eight of her arrangements for the album Some Devil), as well as live and television appearances with many others.  Most recently she has contributed her playing and arrangements to new albums by Foo Fighters (Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace), Coldplay (A Rush of Blood to the Head and X&Y), Feeder (Yesterday Went Too Soon, Comfort in Sound and Pushing the Senses), Muse (Absolution, Black Holes & Revelations, The Resistance and Drones), Moloko (Statues) and Fightstar (Be Human).

She has worked extensively with dance companies including Siobhan Davies, Royal Scottish Ballet and Random Dance. Since 2001 she has toured with the Merce Cunningham Dance Company performing Gavin Bryars 'Bi-ped' and the solo work for cello, 'One 8' by John Cage, in Paris, Mullhouse, Berlin, Dublin, Reykjavik, Bergen, Hong Kong, Brazil and at The Barbican, London.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
English session musicians
English cellists
Alumni of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama
Women cellists
Marc and the Mambas members

Audrey Riley