Bucknell University is a private liberal arts college in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1846 as the University at Lewisburg, it now consists of the College of Arts and Sciences, Freeman College of Management and the College of Engineering. It offers 65 majors and 70 minors in the sciences and humanities. Located just south of Lewisburg, the  campus rises above the West Branch of the Susquehanna River.

Approximately 3,700 undergraduate students and 50 graduate students attend the university. The school is a member of the Patriot League in NCAA Division I athletics and its mascot is the Bucknell Bison.

History

Founding and early years
Founded in 1846 as the University at Lewisburg, Bucknell traces its origin to a group of Baptists from White Deer Valley Baptist Church who deemed it "desirable that a Literary Institution should be established in Central Pennsylvania, embracing a High School for male pupils, another for females, a College and also a Theological Institution."

The group's efforts for the institution began to crystallize in 1845, when Stephen William Taylor, a professor at Madison University (now Colgate University) in Hamilton, New York, was asked to prepare a charter and act as general agent for the development of the university. The charter for the University at Lewisburg, granted by the Pennsylvania General Assembly and approved by the governor on February 5, 1846, carried one stipulation–that $100,000 ($ today) be raised before the new institution would be granted full corporate status. More than 4,000 subscribers ultimately contributed, including a small boy who gave 12 cents ($ today).

In 1846, the "school preparatory to the University" opened in the basement of the First Baptist Church in Lewisburg. Known originally as the Lewisburg High School, it became in 1848 the Academic and Primary Department of the University at Lewisburg.

In 1850, the department moved into the first building completed on campus, now called Taylor Hall. Built for $8,000 ($ today), the building housed both women's and men's studies until the opening of the Female Institute in 1852. While studying together, women were required to face east while men faced west.

The school's first commencement was held on August 20, 1851, for a graduation class of seven men. Among the board members attending was James Buchanan, who would become the 15th President of the United States. Stephen Taylor officiated as his last act before assuming office as president of Madison University. One day earlier, the trustees had elected Howard Malcom as the first president of the university, a post he held for six years.

Female Institute

Although the Female Institute began instruction in 1852, it wasn't until 1883 that college courses were opened to women. Bucknell, though, was committed to equal educational opportunities for women. This commitment was reflected in the words of David Jayne Hill of the Class of 1874, and president of the college from 1879 to 1888: "We need in Pennsylvania, in the geographical centre of the state, a University, not in the German but in the American sense, where every branch of non-professional knowledge can be pursued, regardless of distinction of sex. I have no well-matured plan to announce as to the sexes; but the Principal of the Female Seminary proposes to inaugurate a course for females equal to that pursued at Vassar; the two sexes having equal advantages, though not reciting together." Within five years of opening, enrollment had grown so sharply that the college built a new hall–Larison Hall–to accommodate the Female Institute. Women could venture into town only in the company of a female teacher who had a minimum of six years' experience.

Benefactor William Bucknell
In 1881, facing dire financial circumstances, the college turned to William Bucknell, a charter member of the board of trustees, for help. His donation of $50,000 ($ today) saved the college from ruin. In 1886, in recognition of Bucknell's support of the college, the trustees voted unanimously to change the name of the University at Lewisburg to Bucknell University. Bucknell Hall, the first of several buildings given to the institution by Bucknell, was initially a chapel and for more than a half century the site of student theatrical and musical performances. Today, it houses the Stadler Center for Poetry.

Continued expansion

The 40 years from 1890 until 1930 saw a steady increase in the number of faculty members and students. When the Depression brought a drop in enrollment in 1933, several members of the faculty were "loaned" to found a new institution: Bucknell Junior College in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. Today, that institution is a four-year university, Wilkes University, independent of Bucknell since 1947. The depression era also saw the commissioning by President Homer Rainey (1931–35) of architect Jens Larson to design Bucknell's master plan. Subsequent expansion of the university still largely adheres to this plan.

The post-War period saw a dramatic increase in higher education enrollment across the United States, thanks first to the G.I. Bill and then to the baby boom. Like other institutions, Bucknell's campus grew to accommodate a growing student body, and the college broke ground on many of the academic buildings that comprise upper campus. Chief among these is the Ellen Clarke Bertrand Library, commissioned in 1946 under Bucknell President and former Governor of Maine Horace Hildreth and opened in 1951. Other major additions from the building spree of the 1950s and 60s include the Olin Science Building and Coleman, Marts and Swartz Halls.

Building for the future
A growing reputation and changing expectations for undergraduate education in the United States called for improved facilities. The 1970s brought construction of the Elaine Langone Center, the Gerhard Fieldhouse and the Computer Center. In the 1980s, the capacity of Bertrand Library was doubled, facilities for engineering were substantially renovated, and the Weis Center for the Performing Arts was inaugurated.

Heading into the 21st century, new facilities for the sciences included the renovation of the Olin Science Building, the construction of the Rooke Chemistry Building in 1990 and a new Biology Building in 1991. The Weis Music Building was inaugurated in 2000, the O'Leary Building for Psychology and Geology opened in the fall of 2002, the new Kenneth Langone Recreational Athletic Center opened in 2003 and the Breakiron Engineering Building in 2004.

Academic West opened in fall 2013. It added  of academic space and houses mostly social science departments: economics, geography, international relations,  political science, sociology/anthropology, Critical Black Studies, Latin American Studies and Environmental Studies and Sciences. The South Campus Apartment Buildings and MacDonnell Commons were opened in 2015, providing upperclassmen with apartment-style housing that offers a more independent residential experience. In 2018, Hildreth-Mirza Hall became the home to Bucknell's Center for the Humanities, Bucknell University Press and the Griot Institute for the Study of Black Lives and Culture. Academic East was inaugurated in 2019 to house the Department of Education and programs in the College of Engineering. A new building housing the Freeman College of Management and the Department of Art and Art History opened in 2021, after being delayed from the original date of 2020 due to the global Covid-19 pandemic.

Campus

Grounds

Bucknell's  campus comprises more than 100 buildings located over a gentle rise adjacent to the West Branch Susquehanna River. The campus is divided into Lower Campus and Upper Campus by Miller Run and the Grove, a stand of oak trees that ascends the slope. Lower campus consists primarily of student housing and the institution's sports facilities. Upper campus consists primarily of academic buildings. It offers views northwest across the Buffalo Valley toward Nittany Mountain and southeast across the Susquehanna River toward Montour Ridge. Bucknell's campus forms a cohesive architectural ensemble due to the sustained use of brick and the recurrent themes of Georgian style. The institution's first building, Taylor Hall, was constructed in 1848. Its newest building, Holmes Hall, was inaugurated in 2021.

Non-academic facilities

Rooke Chapel is the non-denominational setting for campus worship, weddings and celebrations. The chapel was a gift of Robert L. Rooke (class of 1913), a member of the board of trustees. The chapel is named in memory of Mr. Rooke's parents and was inaugurated on October 25, 1953. The main portion of the chapel includes the narthex, sanctuary, chancel area, organ chamber, choir rooms and balconies that surround the sanctuary on three sides. The sanctuary can seat 850. Attached to the chapel is a one-story wing housing the Office of Religious Life, the Chaplain's office and a meditation space.

Christy Mathewson–Memorial Stadium is a 13,100-seat multi-purpose stadium built in 1924 and renovated in 1989 when it was also renamed in honor of Christy Mathewson (class of 1902), a New York Giants pitcher who was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1932. It is home to the Bucknell University Bison football team and the Lewisburg High School Green Dragons football team.

The Kenneth Langone Athletics and Recreation Center was completed in 2003. It houses a fitness center, Olympic-size swimming pool and other athletic facilities. The 4,000-seat Sojka Pavilion, named for former college president Gary Allan Sojka, is home to the men's and women's basketball teams.

The Bucknell Farm was established in 2018, building on the success of the Lewisburg Community garden, a partnership between the university and the Borough of Lewisburg. The 5-acre organic farm overlooking Montour Ridge offers learning and service opportunities for students and provides fresh, local produce for the university's dining system. Along with a 1.76-megawatt solar array installed in 2022, the farm represents part of Bucknell's commitment to achieving carbon neutrality by 2030 and long-term environmental sustainability.

Academics

Bucknell has a total enrollment of around 3,700 undergraduate and 30 graduate students. With around 400 faculty, the faculty to student ratio is 9:1 with the average class size of approximately 20 students. Bucknell has traditionally had strong engineering programs. With the addition for the Freeman College of Management in 2015, Bucknell offers a distinctive balance of foundational liberal arts study and pre-professional training, a balance reflected in the 25% of students who choose to double major. In 2021, the largest majors according to the categories supplied by the National Center for Education Statistics were: Accounting and Finance (79 graduates), Political Science and Government (76 graduates), Economics (67 graduates), Psychology (66 graduates), Biology/Biological Sciences (60 graduates). In addition to coursework, many students take advantage of undergraduate research opportunities available across the three colleges. For the years between 2015 and 2021, 18% of students reported pursuing post-graduate study within 9 months of graduating.

College of Arts and Sciences

The College of Arts and Sciences anchors Bucknell University in the liberal arts tradition. Its three divisions—arts and humanities, social sciences and natural sciences and mathematics—host 275 faculty members in 34 departments and 66% percent of all students enrolled in 50 majors.   The College Core Curriculum ensures that students receive a broad based, liberal education. The college emphasizes intellectual community in diversity, transformative education for the common good, mentorship that encourages students to lead examined lives and leading-edge research and scholarship.

College of Engineering

Among American colleges that do not offer a PhD in engineering, Bucknell was ranked 7th, according to the 2024 edition of the U.S. News & World Report college ranking. The same report ranked Computer Engineering 5th, Civil Engineering 3rd, Electrical Engineering 4th and Mechanical Engineering 3rd. Engineering facilities are concentrated in three buildings: The Charles A. Dana Engineering Building, the adjoining Breakiron Engineering Building and Academic East (shared with the Education Department).

Freeman College of Management
Students can choose from five tracks leading to the BSBA degree: managing for sustainability, markets innovation and design, global management, accounting & financial management or analytics and operations management. A five-year, dual degree in Engineering and Management is available for engineers with management career goals. In 2022, after four years as an independent college, The Freeman College of Management was ranked 17th among undergraduate business schools.

Centers and Institutes
The Bucknell Humanities Center opened in 2017 with the inauguration of Hildreth-Mirza Hall. The center is committed to the promoting and deepening Bucknell's tradition of humanistic inquiry through grants for student research, faculty-student collaboration and teaching; faculty and student fellowships; the coordination and conviviality among humanities faculty and students through the Humanities Council and Humanities Student Council; and space to gather, reflect, study, and research including offices for student thesis writers, a digital humanities lab and a faculty-donated library. It also coordinates robust programming ranging from faculty colloquia and guest speakers to the student-organized Humanities Week and annual themed programming on a variety of topics: "Surrealism" (2018–19), "Antifascism" (2019–20), "Floods" (2020–21), "Non/Humanity" (2021–22) and "Pandemics" (2022–23).

The Geisinger-Bucknell Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute (ADMI) was formed in April, 2013 as a partnership between Bucknell and the Geisinger Health System, headquartered in nearby Danville. This facility combines clinical treatment and interdisciplinary research on neurodevelopmental disorders.

Other centers and institutes include: the Bucknell Institute for Lifelong Learning, the Bucknell Institute for Public Policy, the Center for Social Science Research, the Center for the Study of Race Ethnicity and Gender, the China Institute, the Griot Institute for the Study of Black Lives and Cultures, the Stadler Center for Poetry and Literary Arts and the Weis Center for the Performing Arts.

Study Abroad
Fifty percent of Bucknell students study abroad. The institution sponsors semester-long programs in Accra, Athens, Tours, London and Granada, as well as short-term programs in Barbados, Denmark, Nicaragua, South Africa and other sites around the world. In addition, students have the opportunity to engage in direct exchanges with universities in Hong Kong, Accra and Nottingham as well as hundreds of approved exchanges facilitated by third parties.

Rankings

In the 2024 edition of U.S. News & World Report, Bucknell tied for 30th in the "National Liberal Arts Colleges" category.  The 2022 edition of the Times Higher Education U.S. College Rankings placed Bucknell 81st among U.S. universities. The 2022 edition of Forbes rated Bucknell 89th in its list of "America's Top Colleges". In 2023, Washington Monthly, which ranks colleges and universities based on perceived contribution to the public good as measured by social mobility, research, and promoting public service, ranked Bucknell 59th among liberal arts colleges. In 2022, Payscale "College Salary Report" ranked Bucknell 28th among all colleges and universities and 12th among liberal arts colleges for salary potential. Bucknell is considered one of the "Hidden Ivies," an institution reputed to provide an education comparable to that of Ivy League institutions.

Admissions
U.S. News & World Report classifies Bucknell's selectivity as "more selective." For the Class of 2026 (enrolled Fall 2022), Bucknell received 11,708 applications and accepted 3,812 (32.6%), with 1,047 enrolling (27.5% yield rate).  The middle 50% range of SAT scores for the enrolled freshmen was 650–730 for reading and writing, and 660–770 for math, while the ACT middle 50% composite range was 29–33. Beginning in 2022, Bucknell like most of its peer institutions is now test optional, meaning applicants can choose whether or not to submit SAT and ACT scores when applying. The average high school grade point average (GPA) for enrolled freshmen the class of 2026 was 3.75.

Athletics

Bucknell is a member of the Patriot League for Division I sports, (Division I FCS in football). Bucknell's traditional opponents include Lafayette College, Holy Cross, Lehigh University, Colgate University and American University.

The Bucknell football team won the first Orange Bowl 26–0, over the Miami Hurricanes on January 1, 1935. Bucknell won the first Division II NCAA swimming and diving championships in 1964. It is also the alma mater of baseball pitcher Christy Mathewson, who requested burial in a cemetery adjoining Bucknell's campus.

In 2005, the men's basketball team went to the NCAA men's basketball tournament and became the first Patriot League team to win an NCAA tournament game, upsetting Kansas (64–63). The victory followed a year that included wins over #7 Pittsburgh and Saint Joseph's. They lost to Wisconsin in the following round but received the honor of "Best Upset" at the 2005 ESPY Awards. The following year, the Bison defeated Arkansas in the first round.

Traditions and symbols
On April 17, 1849, the trustees approved the current Bucknell seal. The seal shows the sun, an open book and waves. The sun symbolizes the light of knowledge while the book represents education surmounting the storms and "waves" of life. Bucknell's colors are orange and blue, being approved by a committee of students in 1887. The bison is the current mascot of Bucknell University. In 1923, Dr. William Bartol suggested the animal due to Bucknell's location in the Buffalo Valley. The school cheer is "'ray Bucknell!"

Student life

Bucknell has over 150 student organizations, a historical downtown cinema (The Campus Theatre), an arts studio and makerspace (7th Street Studio) and a calendar full of visiting speakers, art exhibits, performances, recitals, and year-end celebrations such as the "Chrysalis" ball and dinners sponsored by international student organizations.

Bucknell's student newspaper, The Bucknellian, is printed weekly. Its radio station is WVBU-FM. Spratt House is the home of the institution's Army Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) program.

Bucknell offers opportunities to engage in religious life on campus through Catholic Campus Ministry, Rooke Chapel Congregation, Muslim Students' Association and Hillel.

Bucknell has an active Greek life. Students "rush" in the first semester of their sophomore year and approximately 50% of eligible students join the school's seven fraternities and nine sororities. Active fraternities are: Chi Phi, Kappa Alpha Psi, Lambda Chi Alpha, Phi Gamma Delta, Sigma Alpha Epsilon, Sigma Chi and Sigma Phi Epsilon. Active sororities are: Alpha Chi Omega, Alpha Delta Pi, Alpha Xi Delta, Chi Omega, Delta Gamma, Delta Sigma Theta, Kappa Alpha Theta, Kappa Kappa Gamma and Mu Sigma Upsilon.

Alumni

Alumni of Bucknell University include: Burma's first physician Shaw Loo (1863); National Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher Christy Mathewson (1902); Pro Football Hall of Fame Fullback/Linebacker Clarke Hinkle (1932); actor Ralph Waite (1952); novelist Philip Roth (1954); billionaire businessman, investor and philanthropist Ken Langone (1957); actor Edward Herrmann (1965); literary theorist and translator Peggy Kamuf (1969); CBS media executive Leslie Moonves (1971); New York Times best-selling author and pastor of Redeemer Presbyterian in New York City Tim Keller (1972); 2016 Pulitzer Prize winner for poetry, Peter Balakian (1973); longtime New Jersey congressman Rob Andrews (1979); CEO of Lord & Taylor and The Children's Place Jane T. Elfers (1983); entrepreneur and founder of Kiva microlending Jessica Jackley (2000); basketball player Mike Muscala (2013).

References

Further reading
Theiss, Lewis Edwin, Centennial history of Bucknell University: 1846–1946, Grit Publishing Co. Press (1946)
The rise of Bucknell University Oliphant, James Orin, The Rise of Bucknell University] Appleton-Century-Crofts (1965)
Krist, Robert, Bucknell University, Harmony House (1990),

External links

Pictorial history (to 1985)
Bucknell Athletics website

Educational institutions established in 1846
Eastern Pennsylvania Rugby Union
Universities and colleges in Union County, Pennsylvania
Patriot League
1846 establishments in Pennsylvania
Liberal arts colleges in Pennsylvania
Private universities and colleges in Pennsylvania

Bucknell University


Russell Griffith Winnie (August 17, 1906 – March 30, 1956) was an American sports commentator. A pioneer in his field, he was the first broadcaster for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL), announcing their games for WTMJ from 1929 to 1946. He also announced games for the Wisconsin Badgers football and basketball teams, as well as for the minor league Milwaukee Brewers baseball team.

Early life
Winnie was born on August 17, 1906, in Racine, Wisconsin. He was the son of Professor Alonza Winnie, a superintendent at the Wisconsin School for the Deaf. At the age of seven, his family moved to Milwaukee. He attended Riverside High School and graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, being president of the university's dramatic group. Winnie initially had no interest in sports broadcasting or radio.

After graduating from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, Winnie sold real estate for a year before the market began to decline in 1928. His broadcasting career occurred by accident. He attempted to get a job in the advertising department of the Milwaukee Journal but was declined. "But on his way downstairs in an elevator he heard music coming from WTMJ studios, then located in the Journal Building," sportswriter Ray McBride said. "He applied for a job, received an audition and was hired."

Broadcasting career
Winnie initially only handled routine announcing jobs before receiving an opportunity to announce games for the minor league Milwaukee Brewers baseball team in the summer of 1929. In the fall, Wadham's Oil and Grease Company, who helped broadcast WTMJ, wanted to sponsor sports, and Winnie was named their official announcer. He did play-by-play commentary for the Wisconsin Badgers football team across their 1929 season and also announced games for their basketball team.

In November 1929, Winnie served as the announcer for the first commercially broadcast game of the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). Rather than report from the stadium's press box, he was in a studio at another location, and announced based on telegrams he received from Milwaukee Journal reporter Pat Gannon, who was at the game. The Packers won the game, 20–6, and went on to win their first league championship that season.

Winnie went on to serve as the Packers' play-by-play radio announcer for 18 years, retiring after the 1946 season. He was their announcer as they won their first six championships in franchise history, all under head coach Curly Lambeau. During his tenure with the team, Winnie became highly popular among fans, being known for his "dramatic style and extensive vocabulary." Green Bay Packers historian Cliff Christl said of him: "One of pro football's pioneer announcers, Winnie was the voice of the Packers when their games were first broadcast on radio and helped build the team's vast statewide fan base. Thanks to his untamed exuberance and dramatic flair, Winnie turned many of his listeners into fiercely loyal, lifelong Packers fans. Although this was before anyone could watch the games on television, Winnie's captivating play-by-plays painted images almost vivid enough to seem real."

Winnie had such popularity with fans that he would often receive extended ovations when introduced at events, similar to what would happen when Packers players were introduced. In a 1934 poll held by a Milwaukee newspaper, Winnie was voted the "most popular sports announcer." At a banquet following the Packers' 1936 championship, he re-enacted one of his touchdown calls, and a Green Bay Press-Gazette reporter noted afterwards that "the crowd rocked with pleasure." While announcing was usually a one-man task in his era, he was assisted by his wife Evelyn in the broadcast booth for the last 14 years of his career, even though women were not allowed in the press box at the time.

Winnie often said that his favorite game to call was the Packers' 17–14 comeback win over the Chicago Bears in 1935. He retired from announcing in December 1946, after having been the voice of the Packers for 18 seasons, the announcer for the Wisconsin Badgers football and basketball teams for 16 years and the Milwaukee Brewers for six years. He had also run a daily-except-Sunday sports talk show named "Sports Flash" for 18 years. He totaled between 7,000 and 8,000 sports broadcasts in his career.

At Winnie's retirement, Packers president W. Webber Kelly said "I would like to testify to the great value your broadcasts of the Packer games were in stimulating interest and building up attendance during those early trying days. Your contribution to our success in your personal interest and encouragement of the individual players must never be forgotten." Additionally, sportswriter Ray McBride wrote that "When it is considered that commercial broadcasting is only 26 years old, Winnie's 18-year career is phenomenal. No announcer in radio history has rolled up a record of sports broadcasting to match Winnie's. Some of them, like Ted Husing, have been in the game longer, but even Husing calls Winnie, 'The man who has broadcast more sports events than any other man in America.'" After retiring from announcing, Winnie worked in an administrative role at WTMJ until his death. He became manager for the radio station in 1946 and was also the assistant manager for the television station starting in 1953.

Personal life and death
Winnie had two children with his wife Evelyn. He died while on vacation in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, on March 30, 1956, at the age of 49. He had dealt with heart problems prior to his death. 70 years after his retirement from broadcasting, Winnie was posthumously inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame in 2016.

References

1906 births
1956 deaths
American sports announcers
Green Bay Packers announcers
Wisconsin Badgers football announcers
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame

Russ Winnie


Hazara (Hindko: هزاره, Urdu: ) is a region in northern Pakistan, falling administratively within Hazara Division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. It is dominated mainly by the Hindko-speaking Hindkowan people, who are the native ethnic group of the region and often called the "Hazarewal".

Etymology
The origin of the name Hazara has been identified with Abisāra, the country of Abisares, the monarch of the region at the time of Alexander's invasion. The British archaeologist Aurel Stein regards it as derived from the Sanskrit name Urasā, or 'Urasha'. However, the region only came to be known as Hazara after Timur held control of it in 1399, and assigned it to his local chieftains, namely the Hazara-i-Karlugh.

History

Ancient period
Alexander the Great, after conquering parts of northern Punjab, established his rule over a large part of Hazara. The region of Amb and its surrounding areas have been associated with Embolina mentioned by Arrian and Ptolemy's Geography near Aornos, the town chosen to serve as Alexander's base of supplies. According to Arrian, the ruler of the region in Alexander's time was called Arsakes.

With the rise of Chandragupta Maurya, the region came under the complete control of the Mauryan Empire. Ashoka governed this area as a prince, imperial throne  272 BCE. he made it one of the major seats of his government. The Mansehra Rock Edicts, inscribed on three large boulders near Mansehra record fourteen of Ashoka's edicts, presenting aspects of the emperor's dharma or righteous law. These represent some of the earliest evidence of deciphered writing in the subcontinent, dating to middle of the third century BCE, and are written from right to left in the Kharosthi script.

The region was briefly and nominally controlled by many rulers foreign rulers, including the Indo-Parthians, Indo-Scythians, and Kushans, who promoted Buddhism throughout Central and South Asia. The region reached its height under the Buddhist ruler Kanishka the Great. During the Kushan period, Buddhist art and architecture flourished in the area.

Medieval period
When the Chinese pilgrim Hiun-Tsang visited the area in the 7th century, it was under the control of Durlabhavardhana, the ruler of the Karkota dynasty. He mentioned the region as Wu-la-shi.

The Turk and Hindu Shahi dynasties ruled Hazara one after another. Mahmud of Ghazni defeated the Hindu Shahi ruler Jayapala during his first campaign. However, there is no significant historical evidence attesting the Ghaznavid rule in Hazara. After the fall of the Hindu Shahi dynasty in the 11th century, the rulers of Kashmir took control of the area, the most notable being under the leadership of Kalasa (1063 to 1089) until the area fell to the Ghurids.

In 1399, the Turco-Mongol warrior Timur, on his return to Kabul, stationed his Karluk Turkic soldiers in Hazara to protect the important route between Kabul and Kashmir.

In Mughal era, the region was part of the Pakhli Sarkar (district), which formed a part of the larger Subah of Kashmir, which in turn was part of the Subah Kabul before 1586.

At the beginning of the 18th century, Turkic rule came to an end due to the increased aggression of the Swatis. The most crucial attack was that of the Swatis in 1703, in collusion with Syed Jalal Baba, the son in law of the last ruler of Pakhli, Sultan Mehmud Khurd. Thus, Swatis ousted the Turks and captured this area during the last part of the 16th and beginning of the 17th century.

Modern period

The area became under the Durrani Empire from the mid-18th to the early 19th centuries. The Durranis considered it wise to rule the region through the local tribal chiefs. The Amb area was ruled by Suba Khan Tanoli during the reign of the Durrani Empire. He was appointed as nazim (area administrator or Governor) by Taimur Shah Durrani in 1775 or 1776. Suba Khan Tanoli died in 1783.

Hazara came under Sikh rule in 1820 when the region was conquered by the Sikh Empire led by the Sikh general Hari Singh Nalwa. The city of Haripur was founded by him in 1822 and became the headquarters of Hazara until 1853. He was also appointed by Ranjit Singh as the second Nazim of Hazara after the first Nazim Amar Singh Majithia was killed by the local populace at Samundar Katha in Abbottabad.

After the First Anglo-Sikh War, under the terms of the Treaty of Lahore, the area was governed by Major James Abbott. Abbott managed to secure and pacify the area within a year. During the Second Sikh War Abbott and his men were cut off by the Sikh army from supplies and reinforcements from the rest of the British Army, but were able to maintain their position.

By 1849, the British had gained control of all of Hazara. However, the local tribes were occasionally rebellious, including the Swatis and the Tor Ghar tribes. The British sent many expeditions against these tribes to crush several uprisings between 1852 and the 1920s, including the Hazara Expedition of 1888.<ref></ref</ref>

From the early 1930s onwards, the people of Hazara gradually became active in the freedom movement for an independent Pakistan under the active leadership of renowned All India Muslim League leaders such as Abdul Majid Khan Tarin and Jalal Baba. Sometime before the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the Nawab of Amb Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli also developed good relations with Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Liaqat Ali Khan as a politic move.
During British rule, the region of Hazara along with the districts of Peshawar, Kohat, Bannu and Dera Ismail Khan, had formed part of Punjab province, until the western parts of the province were separated to form the new North-West Frontier Province in 1901. The areas around Abbottabad and Mansehra became the Hazara District of Peshawar Division, whilst areas to the north of this became the Hazara Tribal Agency. Sandwiched between Hazara Tribal Agency and Hazara District were the small princely states of Amb and Phulra. This system of administration continued until 1950, when these two small states were incorporated into the Hazara district.

From 1955 to 1970, NWFP province became part of West Pakistan under the One Unit policy, with the Hazara district forming part of the Peshawar Division of West Pakistan.

Geography and climate

Hazara is bounded by the Islamabad Capital Territory and the province of Punjab to the south, Azad Kashmir to the east, Gilgit-Baltistan to the north, whilst to the west lies the rest of the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The river Indus runs through the division in a north–south line, forming much of the western border of the division. The total area of Hazara is 18,013 km2.

Because it lies immediately south of the main Himalayan range, and is exposed to moist winds from the Arabian Sea, Hazara is the wettest part of Pakistan. At Abbottabad, annual rainfall averages around  but has been as high as , whilst in parts of Mansehra District such as Balakot the mean annual rainfall is as high as . Due to its location on the boundary between the monsoonal summer rainfall regime of East Asia and the winter-dominant Mediterranean climate of West Asia, Hazara has an unusual bimodal rainfall regime, with one peak in February or March associated with frontal southwest cloud bands and another monsoonal peak in July and August. The driest months are October to December, though in the wettest parts even these months average around .

Due to the high altitude, temperatures in Hazara are cooler than on the plains, though Abbottabad at  still has maxima around 32 °C (90 °F) with high humidity in June and July. Further up, temperatures are cooler, often cooler than the Northern Areas valleys due to the cloudiness. In winter, temperatures are cold, with minima in January around 0 °C (32 °F) and much lower in the high mountains.

Hazara accounts for a high level of Pakistan's tourism industry. Along the Karakoram Highway are major destinations for tourists including the famous Kaghan Valley, Lulusar Lake, Balakot, Naran, Shogran, Ayubia and Babusar Top. The region is famous for its scenic beauty and landscapes, resulting in its popularity as a summertime resort amongst locals and tourists.

National parks
There are about 29 National Parks in Pakistan and 3 in Hazara.

Education
Some districts of Hazara have received high scores in education in Alif Ailaan's 2017 rankings: Haripur District was ranked first in Pakistan, while Abbottabad and Mansehra were in the top three for the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Movement for Hazara Province

The movement for a separate Hazara province began in 1957, when regional lawyers Mufti Idrees and Abdul Khaliq first raised the question of a separate province, Kohistan. In 1987, Hazara Qaumi Mahaz (HQM) was founded by Muhammad Asif Malik advocate , a prominent advocate who campaigned for the creation of a separate province.

The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan was passed on the 8th of April 2010, which among other changes, renamed the North-West Frontier Province to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The name change of the province was met with strong opposition from the people of Hazara and protests erupted in the region with wheel and shutter jam strikes. Abbottabad became the nerve center of the movement. On the 10th of April, the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Police fired at unarmed protesters, leaving 7 dead and dozens injured. Allegedly, the firing was ordered by the coalition government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, led by the Awami National Party. This is one of the earliest incidents of police brutality in Pakistan in recent years, occurring before the Model Town Lahore incident, whose FIR has not been registered still today.

In 2014, the resolution for the creation of the Hazara Province was adopted by the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly. The movement slowed down and shrunk to only observing the 12th of April martyrs anniversary, the death of the movement's pioneer, Baba Haider Zaman, in 2018.

In 2020, the movement started again when the government began work for the creation of the South Punjab province. Hazara's leaders sought to include the creation of the Hazara Province along with it. A bill for the creation of the Hazara province has also been tabled in the Parliament of Pakistan.

Notable people

Nawab Salahuddin Saeed Khan Tanoli – Last nawab of Amb State and elected five times MNA.
Khan Mohammad Abbas Khan He was a freedom fighter as well as an active member of PML
Ayub Khan – President of Pakistan
Jalal Baba – Federal Minister and Prominent leader of All India Muslim League
Sardar Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi – Founding member of the religious Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan party (JUP) and companion of Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Allama Syed Jawad Naqvi Islamic Revolutionary Scholar, religious leader and Quaran interpreter.
Muhammad Muneeb-ur-Rehman – Chairman of Ruet-e-hilal committee, Pakistan
Baba Haider Zaman – Leader of the movement for a separate Hazara province
Asghar Khan – Pakistani Air Force commander, Politician
Anwar Shamim – Chief of Air Staff, Pakistani Air Force
Bashir Jehangiri – Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
Qateel Shifai – Urdu poet
Afzal Khan – actor
Zahirul Islam Abbasi – military officer
Salahuddin Tirmizi- former Corps Commander
Iqbal Khan Jadoon – politician -Chief Minister NWFP
Amanullah Khan Jadoon – politician -Federal Minister
Gohar Ayub Khan – politician
Murtaza Javed Abbasi FMR Deputy Speaker National Assembly of Pakistan
Yasir Hameed – cricketer
Azam Khan Swati – businessman, politician
Sardar Raza Khan – Election Commissioner of Pakistan
Ali Khan Jadoon – politician

See also
 Hazara District
 List of Hazarewals
 State of Amb
 Hazara Province Movement
 Hazarewals
 Hazara cricket team

References

Regions of Pakistan
Geography of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Proposed provinces and territories of Pakistan

ur:ہزارہ ڈویژن

Hazara, Pakistan


is a Japanese businessman. He is best known as the former chairman of Sony Corporation, serving from April 2018 to June 2019, as well as president and CEO from April 2012 to April 2018. He also served as a board member of Sony Computer Entertainment and chairman and co-CEO of Sony Entertainment. He was noted by Entertainment Weekly as one of the most powerful executives in the entertainment industry. He led the Sony Computer Entertainment division between 2007 and 2012, and then became president and CEO of Sony in April 2012. Through his tenure as CEO, Sony experienced a resurgence during the 2010s. In 2018, Hirai stepped down as president and CEO, becoming chairman of Sony Corporation. He fully retired from Sony in June 2019, otherwise remaining as a senior adviser to the company.

Early life
Kazuo Hirai was born on December 22, 1960, in Tokyo, where he attended the American School in Japan. Between 1973 and 1976, Hirai attended Valley Park Middle School in Toronto, Canada. The son of a wealthy banker, Hirai often traveled with his father across the world to California, New York, Canada and around Japan—a trait which Hirai noted to be a major factor in his later multi-continental business success.

It was his interest in games that later brought him into the entertainment business. After graduating from the International Christian University in August 1984 with a Bachelor of Liberal Arts degree, Hirai was hired at CBS/Sony Inc. (now Sony Music Entertainment (Japan) Inc.), where he was involved in marketing international music within Japan. He eventually became head of Sony Computer Entertainment Japan's international business affairs office in New York.

Career

CBS/Sony Inc.
Kazuo Hirai began his career with Sony Music Entertainment Japan in 1984, starting out in CBS/Sony Inc.'s (now Sony Music Entertainment Japan) marketing department. Afterwards, he became the head of Sony's international business affairs department. He then moved to Sony Music Japan's New York office, leading the marketing of Sony Music Japan artists in the U.S.

Sony Computer Entertainment
In August 1995, Hirai joined Sony's computer and video game division, Sony Computer Entertainment America. He was promoted to executive vice president-chief operations officer in July 1996. One year later, in 1997, Hirai was credited on his first completed video game. With the release of the PlayStation 2 in 2000, Kazuo continued his success, utilizing second-party video game franchises such as Jak and Daxter, Ratchet & Clank, Sly Cooper and SOCOM series of games. Under his leadership, SCEA continually managed to retain high profits throughout the sixth-generation era.

On July 3, 2006, Sony Computer Entertainment announced that Hirai had been made a vice president of its corporate executive group. On November 30, 2006, just under two weeks after the launch of PlayStation 3, Hirai replaced Ken Kutaragi as president of Sony Computer Entertainment. While maintaining his positions at SCEA, Hirai also became chief operating officer of SCEI. Kutaragi himself was promoted to chairman of SCEI, and remained chief executive officer of the group. On April 26, 2007, it was announced that Hirai will be promoted to president and group CEO of SCEI, replacing Ken Kutaragi who would retire and instead take up the role of honorary chairman.

On April 1, 2009, Sony's electronics and game businesses were merged and reconfigured as two major groups: the Consumer Products & Devices Group (CPDG) and the Networked Products & Services Group (NPSG). Hirai was appointed as corporate executive officer and executive vice president of Sony Corporation, concurrently serving as president of the NPSG. He has overseen all development, production and marketing activities at the NPSG, comprising Sony's game (i.e. SCEI & Sony Online Entertainment), personal computer (VAIO), mobile devices (including Walkman and Xperia) and network service (Sony Entertainment Network, including online distributions of music, video, games, eBooks, etc.) businesses and new business incubation projects. Hirai became chairman of Sony Computer Entertainment on September 1, 2011, and was replaced by Andrew House as president and group CEO. He retired as chairman of SCEI on June 25, 2012, but remains on the board of directors.

Sony Corporation
On April 1, 2011, Hirai was promoted to representative corporate executive officer and executive deputy president of Sony Corporation. He oversaw the Consumer Products & Services Group. Hirai was speculated to become the successor to Howard Stringer, the current sitting president and CEO of Sony Corporation, who was then expected to step down in 2013.

On February 1, 2012, Sony announced that Hirai has been appointed as president and chief executive officer, effective April 1, 2012. He was appointed to the board at the annual shareholders meeting on June 27, 2012.

On February 2, 2018, Sony announced that Hirai will be stepping down as president and CEO, effective April 1, 2018, to be replaced by CFO Kenichiro Yoshida. Hirai remained as the company's chairman and served on the board of directors to help the company transition to leadership under Yoshida.

Hirai announced on March 28, 2019, that he would be retiring as chairman of Sony on June 18, 2019, though he will continue to act as a senior advisor at Sony's request. Hirai stated he was confident that Yoshida would be able to continue the leadership of Sony on his own. Following his retirement, Hirai remained as a senior advisor to the company.

References

External links

1960 births
American School in Japan alumni
Businesspeople from Tokyo
Japanese chairpersons of corporations
Japanese chief executives
Living people
Japanese video game businesspeople
Sony Interactive Entertainment people
Chief operating officers
20th-century Japanese businesspeople
21st-century Japanese businesspeople
International Christian University alumni
Sony people

Kaz Hirai


The Second World is one of the "Three Worlds" formed by the global political landscape of the Cold War, as it grouped together those countries that were aligned with the Eastern Bloc of the Soviet Union. This grouping was directly opposed to the First World, which similarly grouped together those countries that were aligned with the Western Bloc of the United States. It included communist states that were originally under the Soviet sphere of influence, though some eventually broke away from the Soviet ideology (e.g., Yugoslavia's split and China's split) to develop their own path as socialist states while retaining their communist governments. Most communist states remained under Soviet influence until the Revolutions of 1989. In 1991, upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union, only five communist states remained: China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam. Though the terms "First World" and "Third World" continue to see present-day relevance in colloquial speech, albeit with a repurposed definition, the term "Second World" is obsolete outside of a Cold War context.

Concept
The concept of "Second World" was a construct of the Cold War and the term is still largely used to describe former communist countries that are between poverty and prosperity, many of which are now capitalist states, such as Eastern Europe. Subsequently, the actual meaning of the terms "First World", "Second World," and "Third World" changed from being based on political ideology to an economic definition. The three-world theory has been criticized as crude and relatively outdated for its nominal ordering, and some sociologists have instead used the words "developed", "developing", and "underdeveloped" as replacement terms for global stratification (which have been criticized as displaying a colonialist mindset); nevertheless, the three-world theory is still popular in contemporary literature and media. This might also cause semantic variation of the term between describing a region's political entities and its people.

Human development
The Three Worlds Model was used to rank the development of countries and their economies during the Cold War. First World countries were capitalist and industrial; they shared similar political and economic institutions, and retained influence over parts of the former colonial world. Second World countries advocated socialism and shared certain characteristics such as centrally planned economic systems, single-party states, and mainly medium income levels. The First World and the Second World were competing for political and economic influence over developing nations known as the Third World.

The Human Development Index is an index used to rank countries and is quantified by looking at a country's human development such as life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators. The scale is 0-1 and they are put into one of four categories; 0-.55 is low, .55-.70 is medium, .70-.80 is high and very high tops out at .80-1.0.  The Second World countries from the Cold War era currently range from medium human development to very high human development in terms of HDI.

Examples and decline in usage of term
Some examples of Cold-War definition Second World countries were Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Mongolia, North Korea, Poland, Romania, the Soviet Union, and the German Democratic Republic.

The powerful economies of the West are still sometimes described as "First World", but the term "Second World" became largely obsolete following the collapse of the Soviet Union.

See also
 BRIC
 Eurasian Economic Union
 Socialist state
 Developing country
 Third world
 Fourth World

References

Economic country classifications
Politics by region
Imperialism studies
Cold War terminology

Second World


Anton Sergiyovych Korobov (; born 25 June 1985) is a Ukrainian chess player. He was awarded the title Grandmaster by FIDE in 2003. Korobov is a four-time Ukrainian champion. He was voted the best male chess player of Ukraine of 2012.

Chess career

Korobov won the Ukrainian Chess Championship in 2002, 2012, 2018, 2020 and finished second behind Andrei Volokitin in 2004.

He won the Masters tournament of the Abu Dhabi Chess Festival in 2010. In 2011, he came first in the Nakhchivan Open.  He competed in the Chess World Cup 2011, where was eliminated in the second round by Nikita Vitiugov. In February 2012, he tied for 1st–3rd with Mateusz Bartel and Pavel Eljanov in the 11th Aeroflot Open. Korobov took clear third place in the Ukrainian Championship of 2013, behind Yuriy Kryvoruchko and Ruslan Ponomariov respectively.

In the World Cup 2013 in Tromsø, Norway he eliminated Vasif Durarbayli, Baadur Jobava, Daniil Dubov and Hikaru Nakamura, but in the fifth round he was knocked out by former World Chess Champion Vladimir Kramnik, after losing the first game and drawing the second.

He served as Anna Ushenina's second during the Women's World Chess Championship 2012 and during her match with Hou Yifan in the Women's World Chess Championship 2013, alongside Alexander Khalifman.

Korobov won the individual gold medal for his performance on board 2 at the 2013 World Team Chess Championship, contributing to the team bronze. Also in 2013 he won the European Blitz Chess Championship.

In 2014 he competed in the 41st Chess Olympiad held in Tromsø, scoring 4½7 points. In September 2015 he took part in the Chess World Cup 2015, where he was eliminated in the second round by Dmitry Andreikin, after knocking out Dragan Šolak in round one. In the following month, Korobov won the 16th Karpov International Tournament, a round-robin tournament, in Poikovsky, Russia on tiebreak over Victor Bologan, after they both finished on 6/9 points. In August 2016, Korobov won the Karpov Tournament in Pokovsky one more time, scoring 6/9. The next month, he played on the silver medal-winning Ukrainian team at the 42nd Chess Olympiad in Baku. In 2018, he won an individual gold medal at the 43rd Chess Olympiad as the best player on the reserve board.

Personal life
Korobov graduated from the University of Kharkiv.

References

External links

 Anton Korobov's achievements at GrossClub.com

1985 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
Chess Olympiad competitors
Ukrainian chess players
People from Mezhdurechensk, Kemerovo Oblast
Sportspeople from Kemerovo Oblast
Russian emigrants to Ukraine
National University of Kharkiv alumni

Anton Korobov


Demons of the Deep is a single-player roleplaying gamebook written by Steve Jackson (the American game-designer, rather than the series co-creator), illustrated by Duncan Smith and originally published in 1986 by Puffin Books. It forms part of Steve Jackson and Ian Livingstone's Fighting Fantasy series. It is the 19th in the series in the original Puffin series (). There are currently no announced plans to republish the book as part of the modern Wizard series.

Demons of the Deep contains many successful endings, though some are 'more successful' than others.

Story
Demons of the Deep is the only gamebook of those that the American Steve Jackson wrote that follows a traditional linear design. In the gamebook, the reader takes on the role of the first mate of the merchant ship Sunfish.  Unfortunately, before the adventure even begins, the pirate ship Troll strikes.  The entire crew, save for the main character, are slain.  Although the protagonist is merely knocked unconscious, waking grants little respite, as a quick walk off the stern of the ship follows. The player sinks into the sea but, thanks to magic, does not drown, beginning an adventure in an ancient domain sunken beneath the waves. The player-character must collect black pearls and learn a spell to form skeletons from them, then use these to attack and defeat the pirate crew of the Troll.

The book takes place almost entirely underwater, in Atlantis, a sunken continent located west of Allansia.

References

1986 fiction books
Fighting Fantasy gamebooks
Books by Steve Jackson (American game designer)

pt:Demônios das Profundezas

Demons of the Deep


Jaya Prakash Narayana (born 14 January 1956), is an Indian liberal politician and activist. He is the founder and president of Lok Satta Party. He served as a Member of the Legislative Assembly from Kukatpally constituency of Andhra Pradesh in India. In May 2014, he contested from Malkajgiri as a Member of Parliament and lost.

A former Indian public administrator and physician by education, he is the founder and General Secretary of Foundation for Democratic Reforms(NGO), an independent public-policy think-tank and research-resource centre.

Narayana is also a political reformer and columnist. He is well known for his role in electoral reforms and the Right to Information (RTI) act. He has also written columns in Indian newspapers, such as Times of India, The Economic Times, Financial Express, The Hindu and Eenadu, and hosted television shows covering elections and politics such as "Pratidhwani", and also acts as a mentor to Vision India Foundation.

Early life

Jayaprakash Narayan was born on 14 January 1956, in Naghbir, Maharashtra into a Telugu speaking family, and was raised in Godavarru Village from the age of 3, near Vijayawada in Andhra Pradesh, and pursued his education in Telugu Medium. Then after the age of 7, he along with his parents moved to another village, Vemanda near Indupally, Krishna District. He joined Andhra Loyola College in 1969 for his intermediate education. He obtained his medical degree from Guntur Medical College.

Civil service
Narayana joined public administration after making it to I.A.S. in 1980 standing All India Rank 4. He worked on agriculture, irrigation, technology, and youth rehabilitation projects in various capacities and in various districts of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Some of his achievements during his 16-year-long career in government include:
 As Joint Collector, he created full and permanent employment for 8,000 youth from displaced families of the Visakhapatnam Steel Plant.
 As Collector of East Godavari District, he spearheaded the reconstruction of drainage and irrigation network in Krishna, Prakasam and Godavari deltas.
 As Collector of Prakasam district, he successfully mobilized farmers on a large scale to take up irrigation schemes to bring a record two lakh acres under irrigation.
 He strengthened the credit cooperatives by making them independent of government control.
 Served as a Secretary to both Governor Krishna Kant and the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh N.T. Rama Rao.

He also has several major policy initiatives to his credit.
 Empowerment of parents in schools.
 Speedy justice through rural courts.
 Economic reforms and restructuring of AP.
 Development of the Infocity HITEC City (Hyderabad Information Technology Engineering Consultancy City) in Hyderabad to facilitate the growth of the software industry.
 Empowerment of local governments and stakeholders.
 The much-acclaimed law for self-reliant cooperatives (1995).

Social reforms
Narayana's experience in the government convinced him that the faulty governance process is the biggest hurdle in India's path of progress and Indians achieving greater success. What India needs today is a fundamental change in the rules of the game and not a periodic change of players. In order to translate his vision into practical reality, he resigned from the I.A.S in 1996 so that he could work on the grassroots movement for good governance.
Narayan talked about the efficacy of reforms in the governance and Economy of Andhra Pradesh among several other issues on various platforms in educational and political institutes. He emphasizes that democracy is for the people, of the people and by the people.

Political and administrative reforms
Narayana has served on the following panels:
 the National Advisory Council (NAC) for the implementation of the National Common Minimum Programme (CMP), July 2004 through August 2006
 Vigilance Advisory Council, constituted by the Central Vigilance Commission, November 2004
 Second Administrative Reforms Commission constituted by the Government of India in September 2005
 National Rural Health Mission of India Task Force, 2005 to 2007.

Foundation For Democratic Reforms
Narayana is the founder member of Foundation for Democratic Reforms (FDR) and currently serves as its general secretary. FDR is one of India's leading think-tanks and research-resource centers for formulating and promoting fundamental reforms in political, electoral and governance spheres and in critical areas of state policy.

India's Future Foundation
Narayana is Adviser of India's Future Foundation, A free market educational foundation that promotes ideas those inspire by Swatantra party and its founders such as individual liberty, a market economy, limited government.

He has spoken at multiple events of Indias Future Foundation on economic development and wealth creation and good governance.

Youth Parliament Program
Narayana is Adviser of Youth Parliament Program (YPP), Youth Parliament is an ideal platform for socially conscious youth to express their Views, Ideas and to act as a change agent in National building process.

Lok Satta Movement

Narayana started the Lok Satta Movement in 1996 to educate the citizens of India about voting, rights and government. Lok Satta, a non-partisan movement for democratic reforms in India, worked on various activities like election reforms, police reforms, right to information act and voter registration procedures. The movement initially started in Andhra Pradesh and later spread across the country, including Mumbai and the Vote JUHU campaigns.

Lok Satta has emerged as India's leading civil society initiative for governance reforms and is at the forefront of key initiatives like disclosure of candidate wealth and criminal history details, political funding reform, decriminalization of politics, improvement of electoral registration, comprehensive judicial reforms including local courts and national judicial commission and citizen's charters.

Lok Satta movement has also been the driving force in achieving the following governance reforms in recent years, among others:
 Substantial reduction in short delivery of petroleum products in all retail outlets (1998 – 2003)
 Significant improvements in voter registration (1999 – till date).
 Disclosure of candidate details, and the disclosure law (2003).
 Political funding reform law of 2003 in the wake of Tehelka expose.
 Strengthening the anti-defection provisions (X Schedule changes, 2003).
 Limiting the size of Council of Ministers (91st Amendment, 2003).
 Right to Information Act, 2005.
 National Rural Health Mission (2005).
 Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2009.
 Support to Lokpal Act, 2011.
 Cancellation of 122 licences of 2-G spectrum by Supreme Court, and revision of policy to ensure allocation of all-natural resources through competitive bidding (2012).
 97th Amendment to the Constitution guaranteeing autonomy to cooperatives (2012).
 99th Amendment to the Constitution creating National Judicial Appointments Commission (2015).

Political career
Narayana started the Lok Satta party on 2 October 2006 with clean politics, good governance and improvement of India as the main goals. When he launched the party, he stated that this party aimed to enrich the political scenario in India with its true spirit. He felt that it could be considered as an alternative to any other political party, since it aimed to create a true and faithful political picture in India without involving illegitimate money, liquor, and caste in elections.

2008 By-elections
In 2008, the Lok Satta Party ran in the Assembly by-elections for the first time, and was able to secure second place in two of the four places (Khiratabad, Terlam) it contested seats.

Andhra Pradesh 13th Assembly
Narayana is one of the vocal leaders in assembly proceedings. Some of the major contributions to Andhra Pradesh 13th assembly are:
 proposed the Anti Corruption Bill to amend the State's Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, to curb corruption in the state by including elected members under civil servants.
 advanced all party resolution to elect deputy speaker from opposition;
 opposed amendment to Andhra Pradesh Societies Act claiming that it is against the right to form unions as per the Constitution;
 opposed populist schemes in 2009, 2010 and 2011 Andhra Pradesh Budgets.
 pressed the need for gas grid and industrial development;
 condemned the demolition of statues on Tankbund;
 demanded investigation into land and natural resource allocation scams and provided evidences. According to the sources, he later declared that they would come back with an updated Loksatta 2.0 version that would focus on restructuring and reinforcing federalism, establishing quality universal health care and education to all   and liability to taxpayers at local level.

Felicitations
Narayan has been felicitated with several laurels. These include:
 Honored with the "Rotary Manav Seva Award 2002" for his crusade against corruption.
 Awarded the "Yudhvir Memorial Award 2002" for his outstanding contribution to the cause of good governance.
 Awarded the "Dr. Rustam D.Ranji Rotary Award" by Rotary Club of India.
 Awarded the "D. Ch. Tirupathi Raju Memorial Award 2004"
 Honored with prestigious "Dr. Pinnamaneni Sita Devi Foundation Award".
 Honored with the "Bharat Asmita Jana Jagran Shreshta" - in the area of Public Awakening.
 Felicitated by the Hyderabad Software Exporters Association, Hyderabad in recognition for his contribution to the growth of IT industry.

Participation in national panels
Dr. Jayaprakash Narayan has served on several national panels. Notable among them are:
 National Advisory Council (NAC), 2004- 2006.
 Vigilance Advisory Council constituted by the Central Vigilance Commission, 2004 – 2008.
 Second Administrative Reforms Commission constituted by the Government of India from 2005 – 2007.

See also
 Lok Satta Party
 Lok Satta Movement

References

External links

 Lok Satta Party website
 Foundation for Democratic Reforms
 Youth Parliament Program

1956 births
Living people
Lok Satta Party
Lok Satta Party politicians
Activists from Andhra Pradesh
Indian columnists
Indian Administrative Service officers
Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014
People from Krishna district
Writers from Andhra Pradesh
Politicians from Hyderabad, India
Indian political party founders
Indian liberal politicians

Jaya Prakash Narayana


An attitudinal fix refers to solving a problem or resolving a conflict by bringing about an attitude change. Persuasion, mediation, diplomacy, and consciousness raising campaigns are ways of doing this. Only problems or conflicts which involve feelings, emotions, and associated value judgments—that is attitudes—are amenable to such fixes.  Thus engineering problems—ones set entirely in the physical environment and / or involving controlling nature—can not be solved by finding an attitudinal fix: their solution must involve a technological fix.  Many problems or conflicts involve both attitudes / values and engineering / technological aspects, and these quite different aspects can interact and be intertwined in complex ways.  Here problem solving / conflict resolution can be accomplished by seeking either attitudinal fixes, technological fixes, or a combination of  both.  Not surprisingly, some people prefer one type of solution over the other. Thus in seeking to end a war, some may prefer a negotiated settlement (an important part of which may rest on attitudinal fixes), whereas others may seek a military solution (built on technological fixes).

See also
 Attitude change
 Attitude (psychology)
 Conflict resolution
 Structural fix

References
 Hovland, C. I., Janis, I. L. and Kelley, H. H. (1953) Communications and persuasion: Psychological studies in opinion change, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press

External links
The Attitudinal Fix Mentality  from Project Worldview
Positive Attitudes Resources
Attitude change
Problem solving methods

Attitudinal fix


David Alan Brat (born July 27, 1964) is an American politician and academic. A member of the Republican Party, Brat served as the U.S. representative for Virginia's 7th congressional district from 2014 to 2019.

Brat came to national prominence when he defeated the U.S. House Majority Leader, Eric Cantor, in the 2014 Republican primary in Virginia's 7th congressional district. His primary victory, which he achieved with the support of the Tea Party movement, made Brat the first primary challenger to oust a sitting House Majority Leader since the position's creation in 1899. Brat went on to win the 2014 general election and was re-elected to Congress in 2016. During his congressional tenure, Brat was known as a conservative Republican and a member of the Freedom Caucus. He was defeated by Democrat Abigail Spanberger in the 2018 election.

In January 2019, Brat was named dean of the Liberty University School of Business.

Early life and education
David Alan Brat was born in Detroit, Michigan, on July 27, 1964. His father, Paul, was a doctor of internal medicine; his mother, Nancy, was employed as a social worker in Alma, Michigan, where he was raised. His family moved from Alma to Minnesota when David, the oldest of three boys, was in junior high. Brat graduated from Park Center Senior High School in Brooklyn Park, Minnesota.

Brat earned a B.A. in business administration from Hope College in 1986, a master's degree in divinity (M.Div.) from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1990 and a Ph.D. in economics from American University in 1995.

Academic career
After working for Arthur Andersen and as a consultant for the World Bank, Brat joined the faculty of Randolph–Macon College in 1996 as an economics professor. For six years, Brat chaired the College's department of ethics and business. At Randolph-Macon, Brat taught courses including "Britain in the International Economy", "International Economic Development", and "Business Ethics".

From 2010 to 2012, Brat headed Randolph-Macon's BB&T Moral Foundations of Capitalism program. Endowed by the BB&T Corporation, the program was one of 60 similar programs devoted to the study of capitalism and morality in philosophy and economics departments at U.S. universities.

In 2006, Brat was appointed by Virginia governor Tim Kaine to the Governor's Advisory Board of Economists. He has also served on the board of directors of the Richmond Metropolitan Authority, and on the advisory board of the Virginia Public Access Project.

In January 2019, following his defeat in the 2018 congressional election, Brat was named dean of the Liberty University School of Business. In May 2023, Brat became Vice Provost for Engagement and Public Relations at Liberty.

Scholarship and ideas
Brat has asserted that culture matters in economic markets. He believes that the culture that produced Adam Smith was a Protestant culture, and that the ethics of that culture are important in understanding market efficiency. Brat has advocated that Christians should forcefully support free-market capitalism and behave altruistically, in the manner of Jesus, so that "we would not need the government to backstop every action we take".

According to Kevin Roose in a New York Magazine article, Brat "sees free-market economics as being intricately linked to ethics and faith", and he makes the case that Adam Smith's "'invisible hand' theory should be properly seen in the context of Christian moral philosophy". Furthering the central theme of Max Weber's seminal book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Brat argues in his 2004 paper Economic Growth and Institutions: The Rise and Fall of the Protestant Ethic? that "institutions such as religion, democracy and government anti-diversion policies all significantly enhance a country's long-run economic performance", and concludes that "the religion variable may be the strongest ex ante, exogenous institutional variable in the literature".

In a paper entitled Is Growth Exogenous? Taking Bernanke Seriously, Brat criticized Federal Reserve chairman Ben Bernanke. Brat asserted that Bernanke's work on economic growth overlooks the role of religious institutions—especially Protestant religious institutions—in a country's economic growth. Brat added that while savings rates, population growth, and human capital accumulation help drive economic growth, the larger factor is "the Protestant religious establishment", which Bernanke ignores.

Brat has blamed the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany on the lack of "unified resistance", adding, "I have the sinking feeling that it could all happen again, quite easily". Brat believes that countries with Protestant histories have economic advantages over countries that do not have such histories, and that Protestantism "provides an efficient set of property rights and encourages a modern set of economic incentives" that often lead to "positive economic performance". He believes in Christ as a transformer of culture, and that world transformation can be achieved when capitalism and Christianity merge. Brat reasons that if people follow the Christian gospel and, as a consequence, behave morally, markets will improve.

Early political career
Beginning in 2015, Brat volunteered as a special legislative assistant to Virginia state senator Walter Stosch, working on education issues.

2011 Virginia House of Delegates campaign
In August 2011, Brat announced his candidacy for the Virginia House of Delegates seat for the 56th district. There was no primary, and six Republican leaders met and chose Peter Farrell as the Republican nominee for the November 2011 general election.

U.S. House of Representatives

Elections

2014

Republican primary

In 2014, Brat challenged House Majority Leader Eric Cantor in a Republican primary. Brat's campaign was notable for its lack of resources and traditional campaign tactics. Brat was outspent by Cantor 40 to 1; Cantor spent over $5 million, while Brat raised $200,000 and did not spend all of it. Brat's primary campaign was managed by 23-year-old Zachary Werrell. An analysis of campaign filings conducted by OpenSecrets concluded that Brat did not receive any donations from political action committees (PACs); the analysis noted that it was "almost impossible to profile Brat's typical donor, because he had so few". On June 10, 2014, Brat defeated Cantor, 55.5%-44.5%.

Brat's primary victory garnered national attention, as it was the first time a sitting House Majority Leader was defeated in his primary race since the position was created in 1899. The victory was regarded as a historic upset. Brat's victory was described in the press as exposing a "deep schism" in the Republican Party between its conservative base and its business wing, as well as a split between establishment Republicans and Tea Party insurgents.

Radio talk show host Laura Ingraham endorsed Brat's candidacy and hosted a rally with him in a Richmond suburb. Brat was also supported by radio talk show host Mark Levin and Ann Coulter. Brat received support from, and gave credit for his win to, local Tea Party groups in Virginia, but received no funding or endorsement from national Tea Party organizations. As of June 2014, however, Brat had not identified with the Tea Party movement. Ron Rapoport, a political scientist at the College of William & Mary, has said Brat may be correctly identified as a "tea partier" only if the term is used as a catchall for "anti-establishment activist", while John Judis has opined that Brat could more correctly be described as a "right-wing populist". Matea Gold in The Washington Post stated, "the fact that Brat took off without the help of those organizations [national tea party groups] now makes it harder for them to claim his victory as their own." Some libertarian groups, such as the Virginia Liberty Party, backed Brat.

Compared with Cantor, who was described as aloof, Brat was characterized as knowing how to work a crowd. He ran an anti-establishment campaign criticizing Cantor's position on illegal immigration, government bailouts and budget deals while frequently invoking God and the United States Constitution in his speeches. During the campaign, Cantor criticized Brat as a "liberal professor" who had strong ties to Tim Kaine, Virginia's former Democratic governor and current junior Senator. Brat complained that Cantor had a "crony-capitalist mentality", putting the interests of the corporate sector ahead of small businesses. Chris Peace, a state legislator who collaborated with Brat on state budget issues at Randolph-Macon College, said that Brat was inspired to run for Congress because of "his passion for the structure of government and belief in free markets."

Although the national media were shocked at Brat's victory, Richmond-area media outlets had received signs well before the primary that Cantor was in trouble. The Richmond Times-Dispatch reported two weeks before the primary that a number of Cantor's constituents felt he took them for granted. The Times-Dispatch also revealed that Cantor's attempt to brand Brat as a liberal professor actually made more people turn out for Brat. The Chesterfield Observer, a local paper serving Chesterfield County—roughly half of which is in the 7th—reported that Tea Party-aligned candidates had won several victories there, and at least one Cantor loyalist believed Tea Party supporters smelled "blood in the water." One local reporter told David Carr of The New York Times that many constituents believed Cantor was arrogant and unapproachable. Due to massive cutbacks, the race was severely underpolled by local media. Few Capitol Hill reporters were willing to go to Cantor's district for fear that they would be out of Washington if a major story broke.

General election
Brat faced Democratic nominee Jack Trammell, another professor at Randolph-Macon, and James Carr, a Libertarian candidate, in the November general election. Brat was favored to prevail because of the district's significant Republican enrollment advantage (the district had a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+10, showing it to be the most Republican district in eastern Virginia).

Cantor announced plans to aid Brat by resigning from the United States Congress on August 18 so that a special election for the balance of Cantor's seventh term could be held on the same day as the general election for a full two-year term. Because of Cantor's move, the winner of the November election would take office with two months' more seniority than other first-term Republicans elected in the 2014 midterm elections. Furthermore, the winner would be able to participate in the 2014 lame-duck session of Congress.

Brat prevailed in the November 4 special election, winning 60.83% of the vote to Trammell's 36.95%.

2016

A court-ordered redistricting significantly changed the configuration of the 7th district. It lost its share of the city of Richmond to the neighboring 4th District; the 7th district and its predecessors had included all or part of Richmond for over a century (it had been numbered as the 3rd District before 1993). The district also lost Hanover County to the 1st District.

Brat defeated Democrat Eileen Bedell, 57.5%-42.2%, in the general election on November 8, 2016.

2018

Brat ran for a third term in 2018 against Henrico native and former CIA officer Abigail Spanberger. The race was rated "Safe Republican" by the nonpartisan Cook Political Report until October 13, 2017, when Cook updated the rating to "Likely Republican." On February 8, 2018, the rating was changed to "Leans Republican," and on July 7, 2018, the race was rated a "Toss-up."

During an October 2018 debate, Brat characterized Spanberger as a disciple of Nancy Pelosi. Brat referred to Pelosi 25 times, according to The Washington Post, drawing laughs from the audience and the widely reported rejoinder, "Abigail Spanberger is my name."

Brat ultimately lost to Spanberger, 48.4% to 50.3%, due in part to a large swing in the district's shares of Henrico and Chesterfield counties, traditional Republican strongholds. While Brat carried five of the district's seven counties, Spanberger defeated him in Henrico and Chesterfield by a combined 30,600 votes, five times the overall margin of 6,600 votes.

Tenure
Brat was sworn in on November 12, 2014, to finish Cantor's term. He was a member of the Freedom Caucus.

On January 6, 2015, Brat was one of 25 House Republicans to vote against John Boehner's reelection as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. Boehner, who needed at least 205 votes, was reelected with 216 votes. Though Brat supported Boehner earlier, he reversed his support after the House GOP leadership did not allow him to make an amendment to block a controversial executive order signed by President Barack Obama in a spending bill.

Brat faced heckling by 150 people at a "raucous" town hall meeting in the small town of Blackstone, Virginia, on February 21, 2017. Some questioned him on the border wall, health care, and President Trump's policies. Several of Brat's supporters left the meeting early. He was criticized for not meeting with his constituents because he claimed there were paid protesters among them. On January 28, at a meeting held at Hanover Tavern with "the GOP-friendly audience", he had lamented that, "[s]ince Obamacare and these issues have come up, the women are in my grill no matter where I go. They come up — 'When is your next town hall?' And believe me, it's not to give positive input." He also urged his fellow conservatives at the Tavern to write newspaper articles because "we're getting hammered." Brat considered running in Virginia's 2018 Senate election.

In November 2017, the Richmond Times-Dispatch reported that a campaign staffer was using her personal Facebook profile to debate people who commented negatively on his Facebook posts. The woman did not identify herself as a paid campaign staffer. When asked about this, Brat said, "Her job is to clarify issues and put out my policy positions from my vantage point. It's not to argue with people." Brat had another run-in with social media on March 1, 2018, when it was discovered that his campaign Twitter account had "liked" several controversial tweets, including one that questioned whether one of the survivors of the Parkland school shooting, David Hogg, was a "crisis actor". After an outcry from concerned constituents, Brat's office issued a statement that attributed the likes to a campaign staffer who believed they were logged into their personal account. He also said that safeguards were being put in place to ensure it did not happen again.

Committee assignments
Committee on the Budget
Committee on Education and the Workforce
Subcommittee on Early Childhood, Elementary and Secondary Education
Subcommittee on Workforce Protections
Committee on Small Business
Subcommittee on Agriculture, Energy and Trade
Subcommittee on Economic Growth, Tax and Capital Access (Chairman)

Political positions

Economy
Brat promised to vote against raising the debt ceiling for the first five years while he was in Congress, and attacked Cantor during the primary campaign for voting to end the federal government shutdown of 2013. Brat advocated an end to tax credits, deductions and loopholes, and called for a flatter and more efficient tax code. "I'm not against business. I'm against big business in bed with big government", he said.

Brat supported President Trump's trade policies, arguing that Americans benefited from re-negotiating NAFTA and that while tariffs on China would cause short-term harms, they would ultimately lead to "zero tariffs."

Education
According to the Washington Post, Brat opposed federally driven education policies such as the Common Core curriculum and No Child Left Behind. However, he expressed support for No Child Left Behind in his academic writings.

Ethics reform
Brat's decision to enter the 2014 Republican primary was driven largely by Cantor's role in weakening congressional ethics reform. "If you want to find out the smoking gun in this campaign, just go Google and type the STOCK Act and CNN and Eric Cantor", Brat said.

Healthcare
Brat opposed the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare). In March 2017, he said he opposed the initial version of the American Health Care Act, which was the GOP's replacement for Obamacare, and that he intended to vote against it in the House Budget Committee. On May 4, 2017, Brat voted to repeal Obamacare and pass the revised version of the American Health Care Act. He said the bill contained protections for preexisting conditions and would lead to lower prices; The Washington Post noted that the bill would have allowed insurers to charge higher premiums for individuals with preexisting conditions, and that an analysis by the Congressional Budget Office estimated that average health care premiums would increase as a result of the bill (more so for older Americans).

During his 2018 re-election campaign, Brat falsely claimed that The Washington Post fact-checker had given "four Pinocchios" to his opponent Abigail Spanberger for claims she made about Brat's position on health care.

Foreign policy and defense
Brat called for the National Security Agency to end bulk collection of phone records and stated his support for statutory protections for e-mail privacy. He argued that domestic intelligence activities have "spun out of control" and that "the NSA's indiscriminate collection of data on all Americans is a disturbing violation of our Fourth Amendment right to privacy."

In an April 21, 2015, interview with radio talk show host Rusty Humphries, Brat claimed that the terrorist group ISIS had set up a base in Texas. "In our country it looks like we have an ISIS center in Texas now...You can't make up what a terrible problem this is." After the Texas Department of Public Safety responded that there was no substantiation for the claim, Brat's office said that he had really meant Mexico, not Texas, citing the conservative group Judicial Watch, which declined to provide any substantiation for its report.

Immigration
Brat supported President Trump's 2017 executive order to temporarily curtail immigration from the Muslim-majority nations of Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen until better screening methods are devised. Brat said that "the temporary halt on migration from seven countries will last only a few months until we have solid vetting procedures in place" and that "these seven countries with a temporary travel ban have been identified by both the Obama administration and our intelligence agencies as being the greatest threat to our national security because they have a history of training, harboring, and exporting terrorism."

In September 2017, Brat said that Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), which provided temporary stay for unauthorized immigrants brought to the United as minors, allowed minors to "bring in their entire extended family once they reach a certain status" and could bring in up to four million additional immigrants. PolitiFact disputed Brat's figure.

Social issues
In 2011, Brat criticized the political right for simultaneously advancing the pursuit of individual liberty while pushing laws restricting abortion, gay rights and gambling, and the political left for simultaneously supporting progressive liberal individualism while coercing others to "fund every social program under the sun".

Brat is pro-life. He co-sponsored the Life at Conception Act and pledged to remove federal funding from Planned Parenthood.

Social Security and Medicare
Brat criticized both major parties' approach to Medicare and Social Security, stating, "neither side of the aisle will talk about the most important issues because that is going to involve pain." He advocated "market-based reforms" to these programs, arguing individuals ought not to receive more from programs than they have paid into them.

Electoral history

Publications
 God and Advanced Mammon – Can Theological Types Handle Usury and Capitalism? (2011)

 An Analysis of the Moral Foundations in Ayn Rand

  (2016)

Personal life
Brat moved to Virginia in 1996 with his wife, Laura. They have two children.

Brat was raised in a Presbyterian church and his wife is a Roman Catholic. Splitting their time between two churches, they are parishioners of St. Mary Catholic Church in Richmond. Brat also identifies as a Calvinist and lists affiliations with Christ Episcopal Church, Third Presbyterian, and Shady Grove Methodist.

References

External links

 Professor David Brat at Randolph-Macon College

1964 births
20th-century American economists
21st-century American economists
21st-century American politicians
American Calvinist and Reformed Christians
American officials of the United Nations
American University alumni
Christians from Michigan
Economists from Michigan
Economists from Minnesota
Economists from Virginia
Hope College alumni
Living people
People from Brooklyn Park, Minnesota
People from Henrico County, Virginia
Politicians from Detroit
Presbyterians from Virginia
Princeton Theological Seminary alumni
Randolph–Macon College faculty
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia
World Bank people

Dave Brat


The Runaround is a 1931 comedy-drama film that was photographed entirely in Technicolor. It was directed by William James Craft, from a screenplay by Alfred Jackson and Barney Sarecky, based on a story by Zandah Owen.  The film stars Mary Brian, Joseph Cawthorn, Marie Prevost, Johnny Hines, and Geoffrey Kerr.  Produced and directed by RKO Radio Pictures, it premiered in New York City on August 7, 1931, and was released national on August 22.  It was the first film to be shot in a new Technicolor process which removed grain, resulting in a much improved color. The film was released in Great Britain as Waiting for the Bride.

Plot
Millionaire playboy Fred White is attempting to make chorus girl Evelyn his latest conquest. Evelyn, on to Fred's scheming, has some scheming of her own, attempting to maneuver Fred into marriage. In a last ditch effort to get Evelyn into bed, Fred purchases a diamond bracelet, to which he has attached a key to the apartment he has leased as their potential love nest. When he shows the bracelet to his friend, Howard, the friend warns Fred that Evelyn is simply a gold-digger, only interested in getting him to marry her so that she can gain access to his money. The two make a bet.  If Fred wins by getting her to be his kept woman, Howard has to pay for the bracelet and the cost of the apartment, and if Howard wins, by rejecting Fred's non-marital advances, Fred will owe Howard the same amount of money.

When his plan to establish the love nest does not work out, Fred is dismayed, but Evelyn opens the door by inviting him to dinner the following night.  She uses the dinner as a pretense to set to entrap Fred into marriage.  Part of her plan involves her friend, Lou, to pose as her father.  Not understanding that he is being entrapped, Fred realizes that he is really in love with Evelyn, and actually makes a real proposal of marriage.  The night of his bachelor party, Howard is still distrustful of Evelyn's motives and gets Lou drunk, after which he reveals Evelyn's plot to entrap Fred.  Fred is devastated, and agrees to a plan to embarrass Evelyn at the altar on the day of their wedding.

Meanwhile, Evelyn realizes that she is no longer after Fred simply for his money, that she has actually fallen in love with him.  She cannot bring herself to confess her underhanded scheming to Fred, and simply does not show up on the day of their wedding. Fred rushes from the church to her house, where he finds a letter she had written to him in which she confesses everything.  He convinces her to come back to the church and go through with the wedding.  They return to the church, where everything is explained to the guests, and the two of them are married.

Cast
 Mary Brian as Evelyn
 Geoffrey Kerr as Fred White
 Marie Prevost as Margy
 Joseph Cawthorn as Lou
 Johnny Hines as Howard

Source:

Production
The musical sequences originally in the film were recycled from an aborted Technicolor revue, which was to have been titled Radio Revels of 1930.

As a result of the quality of the color work in this film, Radio Pictures decided to produce three more pictures in the new process. The first of these, Fanny Foley Herself (1931), was the only one to be completed and released in Technicolor. The titles of the two other features were Marcheta and Bird of Paradise. While Marcheta seems to have been abandoned, Bird of Paradise became a black-and-white production starring Dolores del Río and released in 1932.

Mary Brian was borrowed from Paramount Pictures, to whom she was under contract, to make this picture. Noel Francis and Jack Mulhall were originally cast to be in this film, but were replaced. Mary Astor was originally cast in the part of Mary Brian.

Preservation status
Only an incomplete black-and-white copy of the cut version seems to have survived. It was released intact in countries outside the United States (under the title "Waiting for the Bride"), where a backlash against musicals never occurred, but it is unknown whether a copy of this version still exists.

Reception
The film recorded a loss of $160,000.

See also
List of early color feature films

References

External links

1931 films
1930s musical comedy-drama films
1930s color films
Films directed by William James Craft
RKO Pictures films
American musical comedy-drama films
1931 comedy films
1931 drama films
Early color films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films

The Runaround (1931 film)


Lacy Park is a public park located in the city of San Marino, California. It is located in the San Rafael Hills, at 1485 Virginia Road. The park features lush vegetation, open grass space, a rose garden, walking loops, tennis courts, and many other amenities and areas. The main entrance is on Virginia Road, but access is available on St Albans Road ( weekdays only). Non-residents are required to pay a $5 fee on weekends.

The park is named after San Marino's mayor, Richard H. Lacy.

Description
Consisting of over thirty acres of open space in the center San Marino, Lacy Park was opened in 1925. It was formerly part of the 19th century Rancho Huerta de Cuati Mexican land grant. Originally Wilson Lake in 1875, the land was purchased by the city in 1925 and dedicated as a park.

The park is known for its extensive arboretum of trees, its immaculate rose garden, and its monument to General George Patton, who once resided in San Marino.

Leashed dogs are allowed in the park. In 2008, the San Marino City Council briefly considered building a dog park within Lacy Park to help fulfill a local resident's Eagle Scout project, but rejected the proposal due to vehement opposition from other residents.

Geologic features
In the center of the park is a depression that was once a sag pond which developed at a left stepover of the Raymond Fault.  The lake (known as Wilson Lake or Kewen Lake ) was drained in the mid-1920s.  Scarp of the fault can be seen in the north part of the park near Virginia Road.

Access
Admission to the park is free during the week, but non-residents of San Marino are charged $5 for admittance on Saturday and Sunday. Although the city claims this fee exists to cover park maintenance and upgrades, Los Angeles Times reporter Steve Lopez reported in 2007 that the city had received hundreds of thousands of dollars from the state and Federal block grants which most cities receive for those purposes. The Los Angeles Times article however states, that according to state law, these fees are legal as long as they are non unreasonable.

See also
El Molino Viejo
Huntington Library, Art Collections and Botanical Gardens

References

San-marino.ca.us/lacy

San Marino, California
Parks in Los Angeles County, California
Municipal parks in California

Lacy Park


Erndtebrück is a municipality in the Siegen-Wittgenstein district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Geography

Location
Erndtebrück situated on the river Eder in the Rothaargebirge, approx. 20 km northeast of Siegen.

Neighbouring communities
Erndtebrück borders on Netphen, the communities of Hilchenbach, Bad Berleburg, Bad Laasphe and Kirchhundem in the district of Olpe, and Schmallenberg in the Hochsauerlandkreis.

Constituent communities

Balde
Benfe
Birkefehl
Birkelbach
Röspe
Schameder
Womelsdorf
Zinse

History
Erndtebrück had its first documentary mention in 1256, celebrating 750 years of existence in 2006. The village was first known by the name Ermingardibruggern, and was the seat of a knightly family, and later a customs office with market rights.

Politics

Municipal council

The council's 22 seats are apportioned thus, in accordance with municipal elections held on 30 August 2009:
SPD 7 seats
CDU 7 seats
FDP 5 seats
UWG 3 seats
Note: UWG is a citizens' coalition.

Mayor
2004–2015: Karl-Ludwig Völkel (SPD)
2015–incumbent: Henning Gronau (SPD)

Coat of arms
Erndtebrück's civic coat of arms might heraldically be described thus: Party per fess, above in azure a bridge Or, below in argent two pallets sable.

The community was granted these arms in 1958. The bridge in the chief is a canting symbol, referring to Erndtebrück's last syllable (Brücke is "bridge" in German), but also to an actual bridge built over the river Eder at Erndtebrück in 1830. Below in the shield are the arms of the Counts of Wittgenstein.

Town partnerships
  Bergues, France, since 1973

Economy and infrastructure

Transport
The community is connected to its neighbours by Federal Highways (Bundesstraßen) 62 and 480. Furthermore, trains run on the Rothaar Railway to both Siegen and Bad Berleburg, and on the Upper Lahn Valley (Obere Lahntalbahn) to Marburg. Until 1944, there was also a rail connection to Altenhundem with the Erndtebrück-Altenhundem line, but this came to an end late in the Second World War as retreating German Army units blew its bridges up. Some of the tunnels along the line are still preserved.

Public institutions
Erndtebrück is home to the German Air Force's Reserve Range of Command 2 (Einsatzführungsbereich 2), formerly 5th Teaching Group of Technical School 1 (V. Lehrgruppe der Technischen Schule 1), the Air Force's programming centre for air defence and a health squad to take care of the airmen.

Personalities

Sons and daughters of the community
Wilhelm Busch (1861–1929), instrument builder and father of musicians and actors Fritz, Adolf, Willi, Hermann and Heinrich Busch.

References

External links

 Erndtebrück
 Photos of Erndtebrück's 750-year celebration (historical market, festive procession, closing fireworks)
 Schameder

Municipalities in North Rhine-Westphalia
Rothaar Mountains
Siegen-Wittgenstein
Installations of the German Air Force

Erndtebrück


Paul Guiraud (15 January 1850 – 25 February 1907) was a French historian born in Cenne-Monestiés, a commune located in the department of Aude. He was the brother of historian Jean Guiraud.

Paul Guiraud was a professor of Greek history to the faculties at Douai and Toulouse, and later a lecturer at the École Normale Supérieure. In 1906 he was elected a member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques.

Written works
Among his better written efforts were an 1896 biography of his former teacher, Fustel de Coulanges (1830–1889), and a work titled "Vie privée et la vie publique des Grecs" (Private and public life in ancient Greece). Other written works by Guiraud include:
 Le Différend entre César et le Sénat (59-49 av. J.-C.) (Differences between Caesar and the Senate (59-49 BC), (1878).
 Les Assemblées provinciales dans l'Empire romain (The provincial assemblies in the Roman Empire), (1887).
 La Propriété foncière en Grèce jusqu'à la conquête romaine (Greek regions prior to the Roman Conquest), (1893).
 La Main-d'œuvre industrielle dans l'ancienne Grèce (Industrial labor in Ancient Greece), (1900).
 Études économiques sur l'antiquité (Economic studies on antiquity), (1905).

References
 This article is based on a translation of an equivalent article at the French Wikipedia.

External links

19th-century French historians
20th-century French historians
1850 births
1907 deaths
People from Aude
Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques
French male non-fiction writers

Paul Guiraud