Leyland & Chorley Seasiders is a supporters group that follows English Football League team Blackpool Football Club. Membership is open to any fan of the club who lives in Leyland, Chorley, Bamber Bridge and other surrounding areas.

The group organises regular travel to Blackpool home and away games. It also organises a Leyland & Chorley Seasiders Player of the Year Award, voted for by group members from the Blackpool FC squad, and presented at Blackpool FC's Annual Seasonal Awards Evening held at the club's stadium, Bloomfield Road. The winner of the 2006–07 season award was Andy Morrell.

See also
 Yorkshire Seasiders

References

Blackpool F.C.
English football supporters' associations

Leyland & Chorley Seasiders


Dizkuh () or Shahdiz () was a fortress near Isfahan, Iran, notably held by the Nizari Ismailis. It was captured and destroyed in Seljuk sultan Muhammad Tapar's anti-Nizari campaign. Its conspicuous, picturesque ruins lie about 8km south of Isfahan on a subpeak of Mount Soffeh.

History

Dizkuh was a fortress in central Persia, located in the strategic route leading to Isfahan, capital of the Seljuq Empire.

The historian Ibn al-Athir attributes the construction of the fortress (which he called the "Fortress (qal'a) of Isfahan") to the Seljuq sultan Malikshah, but it is more likely that it dates back earlier, even as early as the pre-Islamic Sasanian period, and the Seljuq sultan simply rebuilt the castle which was near his capital. Since then, the name Shahdiz became more common.

The castle gained its fame due to the activities of the Nizari Ismailis. The Ismailis were active in the Isfahan region in the 11th century, and the chief da'i of Persia and Iraq Abd al-Malik ibn Attash had established his headquarters at Isfahan. After Hassan-i Sabbah's capture of the Alamut Castle, Abd al-Malik ibn Attash's son, Ahmad ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Attash was encouraged to seize the castle. He posed as a schoolmaster and gradually converted the garrison force of the fortress, most of whom were of Daylami origin with Shiite tendencies. By 1100, he had seized the fortress and began its re-fortification similar to the other Ismaili castles of Persia. Ahmad began to collect taxes from nearby districts. He had reportedly converted 30,000 people in Isfahan. Shahdiz was strategically important as it guarded the main route to Isfahan, the Seljuq capital city. Its capture had been a major strategic success for the Nizaris.

Siege of Shahdiz

In 1107, soon after gaining power, Seljuq sultan Muhammad I Tapar, son of Malikshah, began a campaign against the Nizari Ismailis, focusing on Shahdiz, besieging the fortress with a large force. In an attempt to lift the siege, Ahmad tried to involve the Ismaili sympathizers in the Seljuq camp and the Sunni religious scholars (ulama) of Isfahan in a long religious debate, trying to convince them that the Ismailis are true Muslims, too, differing only in the matter of imamate; therefore, sultan's campaign is religiously illegitimate. The debate finally ended after a year and the siege continued. In another negotiation initiated by the Seljuq sultan, the Nizaris bargained for another fortress, but this negotiation was unsuccessful and ended with a fida'i attacking and wounding a particularly anti-Nizari commander (amir) of the Seljuq sultan. Later, an agreement was reached: part of the garrison to be given a safe passage to other Ismaili castles in Arrajan and Quhistan, and the remainder, around eighty men in all, who held only a wing of the fortress, was to surrender and then go to Alamut after receiving the news of the arrival of their fellow Ismailis. This news was received, but Ahmad refused to leave the fortress, apparently deciding to fight to the end. The Seljuqs attacked the fortress, and Ahmad and his small group of fighters defended themselves gallantly from tower to tower. Most of the Ismaili fighters were killed, while a few managed to escape. Ahmad was captured, while his wife committed suicide. Ahmad and his son were executed and their heads were sent to the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mustazhir in Baghdad. The castle was demolished by the Seljuq sultan, who feared its recapture by the Ismailis. Apparently, the Khanlanjan fortress, a nearby Ismaili stronghold, was also destroyed during this campaign. The Nizari Ismailis therefore lost their influence in the Isfahan region.

See also
List of Ismaili castles

References

Castles of the Nizari Ismaili state
Castles in Iran
Seljuk castles
Buildings and structures in Isfahan Province
12th-century fortifications
Tourist attractions in Isfahan Province
Buildings and structures demolished in the 12th century
Sieges involving the medieval Islamic world
Nizari Ismaili–Seljuk conflicts
Battles involving the Seljuk Empire
National works of Iran
Last stands

Shahdiz


Quercus suber, commonly called the cork oak,  is a medium-sized, evergreen oak tree in the section Quercus sect. Cerris. It is the primary source of cork for wine bottle stoppers and other uses, such as cork flooring and as the cores of cricket balls.  It is native to southwest Europe and northwest Africa. In the Mediterranean basin the tree is an ancient species with fossil remnants dating back to the Tertiary period.

It endures drought and makes little demand on the soil quality and is regarded as a defence against desertification. Cork oak woodlands are home to a multitude of animal and plant species. Since cork is increasingly being displaced by other materials as a bottle cap, these forests are at risk as part of the cultural landscape and as a result animal species such as the Iberian lynx and imperial eagles are threatened with extinction.

Description

General appearance and bark

The cork oak grows as an evergreen tree, reaching an average height of  or in rare cases up to 25 m and a trunk diameter (DBH) of . It forms a dense and asymmetrical crown that starts at a height of  and spreads widely in free-standing trees. The crown can be divided into several separate, rounded partial crowns.

The young twigs are densely hairy light gray or whitish. Older branches are strong and knotty. Older trees only form short shoots between  in length.

The thick, longitudinally cracked cork layers of the gray-brown trunk bark are characteristic of the cork oak. The cambium of the smooth bark of young trees forms a cork layer very early on, which can be  thick. The light and spongy cork fabric shows vertical cracks and is white on the outside and red to red-brown on the inside. After the cork has been harvested, the trunk appears reddish brown, but later it is significantly darker. The wood is ring-pored, has a brown heartwood and a light reddish sapwood. The cork oak develops a taproot that reaches a depth of  and from which several meters long, horizontally running side roots extend. The trees can live over 400 years, and harvested specimens can be 150 to 200 years old.

Leaves

The leathery leaves are alternate and are  long and  wide. The shape varies between round, oval and lanceolate-oval. The leaf blade has five to seven sharp teeth on both edges and a pointed vegetation cone (apex). The midrib stands out clearly on the underside of the leaf, the first-order lateral nerves usually lead to the teeth of the leaf margin. The upper side of the leaf is light green, the underside of the leaf whitish and densely hairy. There is no hair on young trees. The leaf stalks are  long and are also hairy. At the base of the petiole are two narrow, lanceolate,  long and bright red stipules that fall off in the first year. The new leaves appear in April and May, when older leaves are also shed. They usually stay on the tree for two to three years, less often only one year, the latter especially in severe environmental conditions and on the northern border of the distribution area. Extremely cold winters can also lead to complete defoliation.

Inflorescence and flower
The cork oak is single sexed (monoecious), with both female and male flowers on one specimen. The female flowers form upright inflorescences in the leaf axils of young branches. These are formed from a hairy axis  long with two to five separate flowers. The female flowers contain a small, hairy, four- to six-lobed flower envelope and three to four styles. The male catkins also arise on the leaf axils of young branches. They are bright red at the beginning and stand upright, older catkins are yellow and pendulous,  long and have a whitish hairy axis. The single flowers are sessile and have a densely hairy flower cover that is colored red when opened. The four to six stamens are whitish with yellow, egg-shaped anthers. They are longer than the bracts.

Infructescence, fruit and seed
The fruit clusters are  long and carry two to eight acorns. About half of the fruits are enclosed in the fruit cup (cupule); the fruit cups are  in diameter. The upper scales of the cupula are gray and hairy, in the subspecies Quercus suber occidentalis the scales are close together or are fused. The size of the acorns varies between lengths of  and diameters of . The fruit casing (pericarp) is bare, smooth and shiny brownish red. The hilum (the starting point of the seed) is convex and has a diameter of .

Taxonomy
Quercus suber is a species of the section Cerris to which, for example, the following species also belong:
Valonia oak (Quercus macrolepis)
Turkey oak (Quercus cerris)
Quercus × crenata
Macedonian oak (Quercus trojana)

Characteristic for the section are the hairless pericarp and the usually two-year ripening time of the fruits. The cork oak is an exception because the fruits can ripen in both the first and the second year.

In the species Quercus suber two subspecies are distinguished:

Quercus suber subsp. suber: Nominal taxon
Quercus suber subsp. occidentalis(Gay) Bonnier & Layens: It differs from the nominate form in the shape of the cupula scales, the longer development time of the fruits and the semi-evergreen foliage. The distribution area of the subspecies is the Portuguese Atlantic coast.

Together with the Turkey oak (Quercus cerris) and the holm oak (Quercus ilex), the cork oak forms hybrid bastards.

The scientific name Quercus suber is derived from the Latin word quercus, which the Romans used to describe the pedunculate oak (Quercus robur). The specific epithet suber means in Latin cork oak and also cork.

Distribution and habitat

The cork oak occupies the area around the western Mediterranean basin. In Portugal, natural and cultivated stands cover an area of 750,000 hectares. There are natural populations of the nominate form at altitudes between  above sea level, the subspecies occidentalis is found along the Atlantic coast. In Spain the occurrences remain mostly below , but rarely reach heights of . In Spain, cork oaks are common in the southern half of the country, as well as in the western and northeastern areas, but rare in central Spain. In Italy one finds natural occurrences along the Tyrrhenian Sea and in eastern Apulia on the Adriatic Sea. Also on the Adriatic is the cork oak on the Dalmatian coast. It is one of the most common forest trees in Sardinia. Natural and man-made occurrences exist in Africa on the Mediterranean coast of Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco and at altitudes up to , on the High Atlas up to . In its native range, cork oak forests cover approximately . Outside of its natural range, the cork oak is cultivated in the Crimea, the Caucasus, India and the Southwestern United States. The subspecies Quercus suber occidentalis also thrives in mild areas of England.

The species needs very little light and cannot survive in dense populations. It loves warmth, grows at annual mean temperatures of  and can withstand maximum temperatures of up to . In the area of distribution, the temperature rarely falls below freezing point, but temperatures down to  without damage and down to  without major damage can be tolerated. The cork oak is not hardy in Central Europe. It endures drought and survives dry periods in summer by reducing its metabolism. An annual rainfall of  is considered optimal, in cooler locations  can be sufficient with enough humidity. Cork oaks have low soil demands and also grow in poor, dry or rocky locations. They rarely thrive on calcareous soils, but they are often found on crystalline slates, on gneiss, granite and sands. The acidity of the soil should be between pH 4.5 and 7.

The cork oak is considered a pyrophyte because it recovers quickly after forest fires as it is protected by the cork.

Ecology

The cork oak forest is one of the major plant communities of the Mediterranean woodlands and forests ecoregion. In natural populations, the cork oak grows together with the holm oaks (Quercus ilex, Quercus rotundifolia), the Portuguese oak (Quercus faginea), the Pyrenean oak (Quercus pyrenaica), Mirbeck's oak (Quercus canariensis), the maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), the stone pine (Pinus pinea), the strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo) and the olive tree (Olea europaea), in cooler locations also with the sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa). In addition to these tree species, the shrub-forming species include the Kermes oak (Quercus coccifera), the Lusitanian oak (Quercus lusitanica) the holly buckthorn (Rhamnus alaternus), species of the genus Phillyrea, the myrtle (Myrtus communis), the green heather (Erica scoparia), the common smilax (Smilax aspera) and the Montpellier cistus (Cistus monspeliensis) are often found together with the cork oak.

As a pyrophyte, this tree has a thick, insulating bark that makes it well adapted to forest fires. After a fire, many tree species regenerate from seeds (as, for example, the maritime pine) or re-sprout from the base of the tree (as, for example, the holm oak). The bark of the cork oak allows it to survive fires and then simply regrow branches to fill out the canopy. The quick regeneration of this oak makes it successful in the fire-adapted ecosystems of the Mediterranean biome.

Symbiosis

The cork oak enters into a mycorrhizal symbiosis with several types of fungus. The fine root system of the oak is in close contact with the mycelium of the fungus. The oak receives water and nutrient salts from the fungus in exchange for products of photosynthesis. Such a symbiosis exists among others with the following species:

Caesar's mushroom (Amanita caesarea)
Death cap (Amanita phalloides)
Panther cap (Amanita pantherina)
Gilbert's limbed lepidella (Amanita gilbertii)
Cep (Boletus edulis)
Russula rubra

Diseases and predators

Cork oak is relatively resistant to pathogens, but some diseases occur in the species. Leaf spot can be caused by the fungus Apiognomonia errabunda. Other fungi can cause leaf scorching, powdery mildew, rust, and cankers.

The most virulent cork oak pathogen may be Diplodia corticola, a sac fungus which causes sap-bleeding sunken canker wounds in the wood, withering of the leaves, and lesions on the acorns. The fungus Biscogniauxia mediterranea is becoming more common in cork oak forests. Its fruiting bodies appear as charcoal-black cankers. Both of these fungi are transmitted by the oak pinhole borer (Platypus cylindrus), a species of weevil.

The common water mould Phytophthora cinnamomi grows in the roots of the tree and has been known to devastate cork oak woodlands.

Several species of butterflies damage the cork oak, the most important being the spongy moth (Lymantria dispar). The species lays its eggs in the bark of the branches and trunks, and the caterpillars that hatch in spring are distributed in the crown and eat them bare. The bacterial species Bacillus thuringiensis is used as a biological plant protection agent against the spongy moth. Another pest is the green oak tortrix (Tortrix viridana), whose caterpillars eat flowers and young leaves and roll them up with thread to form typical coils. The lackey moth (Malacosoma neustria) also causes damage to the leaves, sticking its eggs to the bark of thin twigs in multiple rows, and also the brown-tail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea), whose caterpillars skeletonize the leaves and further damage the tree after overwintering in spring. A special cork pest is the jewel beetle Coraebus undatus, which lays its eggs in the cork tissue. Another harmful species of beetle is the great capricorn beetle (Cerambyx cerdo), whose larvae eat long corridors in the oak wood.

Unfavorable climatic conditions and fungal attack are made responsible for the weakening of trees and for crown damage. Such fungal parasites of weakness are Botryosphaeria stevensii, Biscogniauxia mediterranea, Endothiella gyrosa and representatives of the mold genus Fusarium. Drought and parasite infestation are also considered to be the cause of the weakness syndrome in parts of Spain and Portugal.

Uses

The cork oak is grown for the production of cork in several Mediterranean countries. The centers of cork production are in southern Portugal (accounting for 50% of the total production) and southern Spain, where low trees with large crowns and strong branches are grown in large areas, which provide the highest yield of cork. These mostly extensively managed habitats are called montados in Portugal and dehesas in Spain. They are considered to be extremely valuable from the point of view of biodiversity and cultural heritage.

The cork consists of dead, air-filled, thin-walled cells and contains cellulose and suberin. Cork is heat and sound insulating, the suberine gives it water-repellent properties. The cork layer is replicated by the cork-producing phellogen and can therefore be harvested repeatedly without damaging the tree too much. The first harvest usually takes place after about 25 years with a trunk diameter (DBH) of , though new techniques (such as better irrigation systems) could shorten it to only 8 to 10 years. The first cork layer is called "male cork" or "virgin cork", is still not very elastic and cracked and is only used for insulating mats. The second harvested cork (known as secundeira), has a more regular structure and is softer, but is still only used for insulation and in decorative objects. Only the following cork harvests deliver a higher quality cork, the "female cork", which can be used commercially in full. The best quality cork is obtained from the third and fourth harvest. Cork harvesting takes place every nine to twelve years when a layer thickness of  is reached. Under favorable (warm) conditions, the harvest can take place every eight years, in North Africa every seven years. A cork oak can be harvested five to seventeen times in total. In order to minimize the damage to the trunk surface, harvesting can be carried out every three years, whereby only a third of the usable surface is removed. An important maintenance measure is pruning, which begins around the age of ten at a height of about . Some sources say an oak can provide around  of cork over its lifespan, and one hectare around  per year while others suggest a single tree can produce on average  of cork per harvest, a comparatively higher value, as cork oaks can live more than 200 years in good conditions.

The cork is mainly used for the production of stoppers and corks, as well as for heat and sound insulation, cork
paper, badminton shuttlecocks, cricket balls, handles of fishing rods and hand tools, special devices for the space industry and for other technical applications (including composite materials, shoe soles, floor coverings). Bottle cork production accounts for around 70% of the added value in cork cultivation. Since natural corks are increasingly being replaced by plastic or sheet metal closures, there could be a significant decline in the cork oak population in southwestern Europe, which endangers the biodiversity in these areas.

The bark, which contains around twelve percent extractable tannin, is also used. In addition, the acorns are used as feed in extensive pig fattening (acorn fattening). One tree can provide  of acorns per year.

Cork oaks cannot legally be cut down in Portugal, except for forest management felling of old, unproductive trees, and, even in those cases, farmers need special permission from the Ministry of Agriculture.

Cork harvesting is done entirely without machinery, being dependent solely on human labour. Usually five people are required to harvest the tree's bark, using a small axe. The process mandates specialized training due to the skill required to harvest bark without inflicting too much damage to the tree.

The European cork industry produces 300,000 tonnes of cork a year, with a value of €1.5 billion and employing 30,000 people. Wine corks represent 15% of cork usage by weight but 66% of revenues.

Cork oaks are sometimes planted as individual trees, providing a minor income to their owners. The tree is also sometimes cultivated for ornament. Hybrids with Turkey oak (Quercus cerris) are not uncommon, both where their ranges overlap in the wild in southwest Europe and in cultivation; the hybrid Quercus × hispanica is known as Lucombe oak, for William Lucombe, who first identified it.

Some cork is also produced in eastern Asia from the related Chinese cork oak (Quercus variabilis).

Culture

The cork oak is featured in the city arms of several cities in Portugal, such as the city of Reguengos de Monsaraz, which shows a freshly harvested cork tree.

In 2007, a 2 euro commemorative coin with the motif of a cork oak was issued in Portugal in memory of the Portuguese Presidency of the European Union.

Notable trees
In the Portuguese town of Águas de Moura lies the Sobreiro Monumental (Monumental Cork Oak), also known as 'The Whistler Tree', a tree 236 years old (planted in 1783/1784), over  tall and with a trunk that requires at least three people to embrace it. It has been considered a National Monument since 1988, and Guinness World Records lists it as the largest cork tree in the world.

References

Further reading
 Aronson J., Pereira J. S., Pausas J. G. (eds.). (2009). Cork Oak Woodlands on the Edge: Conservation, Adaptive Management, and Restoration. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 315 pp.

External links

 Quercus suber. Plants of the World Online. Kew Science.
 Cork Oak. World Wildlife Foundation Priority Species.
 Cork Industry Federation. 2014.
 PlanetCork.org. Educating primary school children in sustainable development. Cork Industry Federation. 2009.
 Cork Oak (Quercus suber). European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN).

suber
Flora of North Africa
Trees of Morocco
Trees of Europe
Flora of Portugal
Trees of Mediterranean climate
Garden plants of Europe
Drought-tolerant trees
Ornamental trees
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Flora of the Mediterranean Basin

Quercus suber


Llano High School is a public high school located in Llano, Texas (USA) and classified as a 3A school by the UIL.  It is part of the Llano Independent School District located in central Llano County.  In 2013, the school was rated "Met Standard" by the Texas Education Agency.

Athletics
The Llano Yellow Jackets compete in the following sports

Cross Country, Volleyball, Football, Basketball, Powerlifting, Golf, Tennis, Track, Softball & Baseball

State Titles
Girls Basketball
2002(3A)
Girls Cross Country
2000(3A)

Band
The Llano Yellow Jacket Band has won 38 consecutive first division marching awards, going back to 1979. It has also made a handful of state marching contest appearances, the most recent being in 2004 when the band made the state finals. The Yellow Jacket Band placed in the top five in the state in 1983, 1985 and 1987.

UIL Academic State Meet Titles
Journalism
2007(3A)

References

External links
Llano ISD

Education in Llano County, Texas
Public high schools in Texas

Llano High School


The Allalinhorn () is a mountain in the Pennine Alps in Switzerland. It lies between Zermatt and Saas-Fee in the canton of Valais, and is part of the Mischabel range, which culminates at the Dom (4,545 m).

It was first climbed by London barrister Edward Levi Ames, a member of the Imseng family and Franz-Josef Andenmatten on 28 August 1856.

The building of the Metro Alpin funicular to the Mittelallalin (3456 m) just below the north-east face has turned the mountain into one of the easiest and popular 4000-metre peaks of the Alps, when climbed by the standard route (WNW Ridge, difficulty Grade F).   On the normal route, climbers can ride up to the Mittelallalin; from there, there are only about 500 vertical metres to tackle. However, even the 'easiest' route still has objective dangers from crevasses and should not be attempted by inexperienced mountaineers without a mountain guide or adequate crevasse rescue training.

See also

List of 4000 metre peaks of the Alps

References

External links
The Allalinhorn on SummitPost
The Allalinhorn on Mount Wiki

Alpine four-thousanders
Mountains of the Alps
Mountains of Valais
Pennine Alps
Mountains of Switzerland
Four-thousanders of Switzerland

Allalinhorn


The Strouse, Adler Company Corset Factory is a historic factory complex at 78-84 Olive Street in New Haven, Connecticut.  Developed between 1876 and 1923, it was the largest and oldest of the city's several corset manufacturers, and remained in continuous operation for that purpose until 1998.  The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.  It has since been converted into residential use.

Description and history
The former Strouse, Adler factory is located east of downtown New Haven, at the corner of Olive and Court Streets in the city's industrial Wooster Square district.  The factory consists of a large number of interconnected brick buildings, ranging in height from one to four stories.  The oldest buildings in the complex have Italianate styling typical of mill construction of the 1860s and 1870s, while expansions in the early 20th century exhibit more neo-Classical styling.  The overal form is one of a rectangle with several outward projections at the corners, and a central courtyard that has partial infill construction.

The business that became Strouse, Adler was founded in 1861 as J.H. Smith and Company, and was the nation's first manufacturer of corsets.  The business was purchased the following year by Isaac Strouse, who took on Max Adler, a local dry goods retailer, as a partner.  The company adopted the name Strouse, Adler in 1899 and was incorporated in 1927.  The company experienced rapid growth in its early years, moving several times before moving into the older portions of this complex in 1876.  It had previously been occupied by the Winchester Shirt Company.  The company was in the vanguard of the rise in the popularity of corsets, as well as the rise of New Haven as nation's largest producer of the garment by the 1890s.  The company remained financially successful through most of the 20th century, despite a decline in popularity of corsets, by introducing lighter-weight fabrics and materials, and manufacturing other types of foundation garments.  It was acquired in 1998 by Sara Lee, and this plant was shuttered.

See also
Baystate Corset Block, NRHP-listed in Springfield, Massachusetts
Kraus Corset Factory, NRHP-listed in Derby, Connecticut
Worcester Corset Company Factory, NRHP-listed in Worcester, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in New Haven, Connecticut

References

Gallery

External links

Strouse-Adler Building web site

Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
Italianate architecture in Connecticut
Industrial buildings completed in 1876
Buildings and structures in New Haven, Connecticut
Corsetry
Textile mills in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in New Haven, Connecticut
1876 establishments in Connecticut

Strouse, Adler Company Corset Factory


Meg Saligman is an internationally recognized American artist. She is best known for large scale murals and has painted more than fifty murals internationally, including several of the largest murals in the United States. The artist is known for mixing classical and contemporary aspects of painting, and for her community centered process. Saligman's seminal murals were painted in the late 1990s-early 2000s are credited as exceptionally influential to the contemporary mural movement. Her work resides as permanent public art all over the world, but is also part of private collections including the Johnson and Johnson works on paper collection and the Rutgers University Museum of Fine Arts print collection.

Early life and education
Saligman grew up in the small town of Olean, New York. In high school she helped to paint one of the murals in Olean. Saligman's first independent mural was painted on the front of a sweater factory that no longer exists. It was owned by a man that is now her husband. She attended Washington University where she earned a degree in painting.

Art
Saligman is known for mixing classical and contemporary painting techniques with an emphasis on figurative compositions with abstract accents. Her practice is focused on community, collaboration, and site specificity. Saligman's process often relates to themes of social practice in contemporary art, with the idea that exchange is essential between the viewer or participant, the artist, and the artwork.

Notable works
Saligman's public art can be divided into three distinct, but related, bodies of work: large-scale exterior murals, hybrid interior/exterior projects, and installations.

Murals

 We Will Not Be Satisfied Until (2015)
 Water Tower, Water Tale (2013)
 Hues of the Heart (2012)
 Magic Hour (2012)
 The Evolving Faces of Nursing (2010)
 Fertile Ground (2009)
 Passing Through (2004)
 Theater of Life (2002)
 Once in a Millennium Moon (2000)
 Common Threads (1998)

Saligman's best known mural is Common Threads located in Philadelphia. It is painted on the west wall of the old Thaddeus Stevens School of Observation at the corner of Broad and Spring Garden streets. The mural uses portraiture of local high school students alongside antique dolls owned by Saligman's grandmother to commentate on shared humanity.

Other murals include Philadelphia Muses on 13th and Locust streets, a multimedia Theatre of Life on Broad and Lombard streets, Passing Through over the Schuylkill Expressway, and the paint and LED light installation at Broad and Vine streets, Evolving Face of Nursing. Saligman's work can be viewed nationally in Shreveport, Louisiana, with Once in a Millennium Moon, and in Omaha, Nebraska, with Fertile Ground. Saligman's latest work, The MLK Mural: We Will Not be Satisfied Until  on MLK Boulevard in Chattanooga, TN. The mural is the largest mural in the Southeastern United States as well as one of the five largest murals in the United States.

Architecturally integrated works
 Woven Sanctuary (2015)
 Water, Earth, Fire (2014)
 Safety Net (2012)
 The Mustard Tree (2011)

Saligman has a long standing collaboration with the non-profit Project HOME, creating and integrating art within new subsidized housing units. This body of work explores the meaning of home with new residents who have experienced homelessness in Philadelphia. Saligman's use of stained glass, fountain features, and light installation is noted for elevating the perception of subsidized housing.

Installations
 Our Common Ground - Vote for the Good Life (2016)
 Knotted Grotto (2015)

The public installation Knotted Grotto was a commission for Pope Francis' visit to Philadelphia and the World Meeting of Families in 2015  Located at the Cathedral Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul, this artwork directly included over 150,000 public participants in its creation.

Mural cloth technique
Saligman invented the "community paint day" in 2001 as a way to include thousands of community members in the making of Once in a Millennium Moon. The technique is now widespread across the mural industry. Participants paint a portion of a mural on non-woven cloth which is subsequently installed onto the mural wall using Novagel for permanent adherence.

Awards and honors
Saligman was named one of the most influential American muralists by Public Art Review and has been recognized by The New York Times, artnet, The Wall Street Journal, NPR, the National Endowment for the Arts, Art in America, the Smithsonian Institution, and numerous others. In 2006 Saligman Received Philadelphia's Visionary Artist Award from the City of Philadelphia Mural Arts Program. She also received the Visionary Woman Award by the Moore College of Art in 2016.

Personal life
Saligman resides in Philadelphia.

References

External links
Official website
Fertile Ground: Omaha Mural Project
Theater of Life - Philadelphia
Once in a Millennium Moon - Shreveport, Louisiana
"The Murals of Philadelphia", Time magazine
Meg Saligman's "Common Threads" - A Review, The Free Library
Philadelphia Muses, City of Philadelphia Mural Arts Program
Family Portrait, A Meg Saligman Project

American muralists
Living people
People from Olean, New York
Year of birth missing (living people)

Meg Saligman


Giorgi Kartvelishvili () (1827–1901) was a Georgian public figure, philanthropist, publisher and businessman.

Kartvelishvili owned a fishing and timber manufacturing enterprises in Georgia's Shida Kartli province and ran a sizable trading business. He built the railway from the Georgian village Ateni to the town of Gori to transport timber, part of which was used to supply the construction of the South Caucasus railway.

Being one of the most successful businessmen in Georgia at time, Kartvelishvili was best known for its philanthropic activities, mostly related to Georgian history and literature.  Kartvelishvili financed the publication of the second edition of the prominent epic poem The Knight in the Panther's Skin by Shota Rustaveli (published in 1888).  Earlier, in 1885, he published The History of Georgia written by Vakhushti Bagrationi.

During 1883–1885, Kartvelishvili was a publisher of an eminent Georgian newspaper Droeba.

1827 births
1901 deaths
Businesspeople from Georgia (country)

Giorgi Kartvelishvili


Barbecue is an important part of the heritage and history of the U.S. state of North Carolina.  It has resulted in a series of bills and laws that relate to the subject, and at times has been a politically charged subject.  In part, this is due to the existence of two distinct types of barbecue that have developed over the last few hundred years: Lexington style and Eastern style.  Both are pork-based barbecues but differ in the cuts of pork used and the sauces they are served with.  In addition to the two native varieties, other styles of barbecue can be found throughout the state.

History

North Carolina barbecue benefits from a wide variety of influences, from Native Americans, to European settlers, to African Americans, and to modern influences, such as newer equipment and methods to cook the meat.

Social events such as weddings, church events, or other celebrations are often conducted as a pig pickin', where the main course is a barbecued whole pig, spawning a whole subcategory of catering that specializes solely in this craft.

The politics of barbecue
There is a somewhat light-hearted feud that exists between the proponents of the two types of barbecue: Lexington style and Eastern style. Author Jerry Bledsoe, the self-professed "world's leading, foremost barbecue authority" claimed that Dennis Rogers (columnist for The Raleigh News & Observer and self-professed "oracle of the holy grub"), "has ruined any chances of this state being distinguished in its barbecue." While a degree of humor is involved, choice of barbecue type is a politically charged topic. In 2006, North Carolina House Bill 21 and North Carolina Senate Bill 47 were introduced (and ultimately defeated), sparking controversy over one of the two different styles being declared "official", as they would have made the Lexington Barbecue Festival the official barbecue festival of North Carolina.

In a political compromise in 2007, NC House Bill 433 passed, granting the Lexington Barbecue Festival the title of "Official Food Festival of the Piedmont Triad Region of the State of North Carolina". This effectively bypassed any controversy regarding Eastern barbecue and the region, and prevented any confusion with the title creating a singular, official barbecue for the entire state.

Types of barbecue
Just about any style of barbecue can be found in North Carolina, as the state has a diverse population.  There are a few styles, however, that are historically and culturally significant.  They are also the most commonly found in restaurants as well as private events.

Eastern style
Eastern-style barbecue is a whole-hog style of barbecue, often said to use "every part of the hog except the squeal". Eastern-style sauce is vinegar and pepper-based, with no tomato whatsoever. Eastern sauce is mostly used as a seasoning after the cook (although it can also be used as a mop sauce while the hog is cooking).

The coleslaw served with eastern-style uses mayonnaise (or whipped salad dressing) almost universally. Coleslaw is often placed on the bun if eaten sandwich-style. Eastern Style is often "chopped" after the meat has been  pulled from the bone to achieve finer texture while
improving its ability to absorb and hold the thin, vinegar sauce.

Lexington style
Lexington-style  barbecue (also called Piedmont- or Western-style) uses a red sauce, or "dip", made from vinegar, tomatoes, and usually red pepper flakes, along with other spices that vary from recipe to recipe.  It is most common in the Piedmont and western areas of the state. This style uses only the pork shoulder section of the pig. As with other styles of barbecue, the recipes vary widely, and can include many different ingredients, and range from slightly sweet to hot and spicy. The sauce also serves as the seasoning base for "red slaw" (also called "barbecue slaw"), which is coleslaw made by using Lexington-style barbecue sauce in place of mayonnaise. Hushpuppies are usually consumed with pork shoulder and slaw.  This style is typically served "pulled" or very lightly chopped which leaves larger strands of muscle fiber.

Pork ribs
Pork ribs are a common alternative to the two most common types of North Carolina barbecue and a variety of festivals and competitions are held annually. Baby back ribs, sometimes called top loin ribs, are short, succulent, well-marbled ribs cut from the center section of the loin. Spare ribs come from lower down the rib cage (from the sides and upper belly of the pig). They are not quite as tender as baby backs, but are thicker, longer, and more flavorful.

Cooking methods

Pit style

A pit barbecue is a method and constructed item for barbecue cooking meat and root vegetables buried below the surface of the earth. Indigenous peoples around the world used earth ovens for tens of thousands of years. In modern times the term and activity is often associated with the Eastern Seaboard, the "barbecue belt", colonial California in the United States and Mexico. The meats usually barbecued in a pit in these contexts are beef, pork, and goat, with pork being the predominant choice in North Carolina.

Pit barbecue can also refer to an enclosed, above-ground "pit" such as a horno or outdoor pizza oven. The method of cooking the meat is slow, using various hardwoods to flavor the meat. This breaks down the connective tissue in the meats, producing a tender product. The types of meat cooked in this fashion include both beef and pork.

Contrast to grilling
Oftentimes the two phrases "barbecuing" and "grilling" are mistakenly used as interchangeable words, although they imply completely different cooking methods.  Grilling is a cooking method that uses dry heat, supplied by burning wood, charcoal or gas flame, and the heat is applied to the surface of the food being cooked.  Typically food is cooked quickly using this method.  Barbecuing is a slower process that uses lower heat and often the food is cooked by the heat of the smoke itself, rather than directly by the heat of the burning wood.

Barbecue related festivals

Lexington Barbecue Festival

The Lexington Barbecue Festival is a one-day festival held each October and attracts 160,000 or more visitors to Lexington, North Carolina.  The festival is held each October in uptown Lexington, a city of approximately 20,000 residents.  Several city blocks of Main Street are closed to vehicle traffic for the event.  In addition to a barbecue competition there are carnival rides, a number of music and entertainment venues, and over 100 vendors from all over the region participating.  It is the Official Food Festival of the Piedmont Triad Region of the State of North Carolina.

In 2012, the U.S. News & World Report ranked Lexington as #4 on its list of the best US cities for barbecue.

The annual event is listed in the book 1000 Places to See in the USA & Canada Before-You-Die, a part of the series based on the best-selling 1,000 Places to See Before You Die.

Other festivals
Additionally, a great number of other events of different sizes are held all over the state each year, attracting millions of visitors and adding to local economies.

See also

Smoking (food)
Barbecue in South Carolina
North Carolina Barbecue Society
Red slaw
Culture of North Carolina
Roanoke-Chowan Pork-Fest

References

Barbecue
North Carolina culture
North Carolina cuisine
North Carolina outdoor recreation

Barbecue in North Carolina


Wiesław Stefan Kuc (born 2 September 1949 in Sokołów Podlaski) is a Polish politician and
Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for LU,
is the economist and agriculture expert of EP delegation of
Self-Defense
and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Budgets.

Initially, he was a non-attached like the other members of his party,
but on 1 December 2004, he joined

the Socialist Group together with Bogdan Golik.  He rejoined his Samoobrona colleagues in the Union for Europe of the Nations group in December 2006, leaving Golik alone with the Socialists.

Kuc is a substitute for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development and a member of the Delegation to the EU-Bulgaria Joint Parliamentary Committee.

Biography
 Master of Engineering specialising in agricultural consultancy from the Warsaw Agricultural University, Department of Agriculture
 1973: Started working at the Institute of Applied Mathematics and Statistics at the Warsaw Agricultural University
 Whilst working as a teacher, completed a year's educational training at Goshen College, Indiana, U.S.
 1978-1984: head specialist in the National Association of Agricultural Circles and Organisations
 Until 1986, he worked at the Bureau for Youth Affairs of the Cabinet Office
 Department director at the Patent Office, taking up a similar position at the Export Development Bank S.A in 1988.
 From 1991 to 1997, he worked in the Bank Handlowo-Kredytowy, Merkury Bank S.A., Prosper Bank, Bank Staropolski S.A and the KIB Bank in the Ukraine.
 Set up own business in 1997
 Chairman of the board of ESBEO Sp. z o.o and Wisla Consulting Sp. z o.o
 2003: President of the Bialski Furniture Company S.A
 Gained varied professional experience abroad in fields such as agriculture, banking, human resources management in: USA, the Netherlands, Turkey, Austria, Denmark, Hungary, Ukraine, Bulgaria, United Kingdom.

See also
 2004 European Parliament election in Poland

External links
 European Parliament biography

1949 births
Living people
Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland MEPs
MEPs for Poland 2004–2009

Wiesław Kuc


The Brandeis-Bardin Campus of American Jewish University is a Jewish retreat located since 1947 in the northeastern Simi Hills, in the city of Simi Valley, California.  Formerly known as the Brandeis-Bardin Institute, it is used for nondenominational summer programs for children, teens, and young adults.

History
The Brandeis-Bardin Institute was founded in 1941 by Shlomo Bardin (Bardinstein), inspired by the ideals of the early Zionist movement and the ideas and financial support of Justice Louis Brandeis.  In the 1950s, BBI was known as Brandeis Camp Institute (BCI), with Shlomo Bardin as the Director. The institute branched out into a program for college-aged Jews, now called Brandeis Collegiate Institute, and a summer and winter camp for young people named Alonim.

In 1968 actor James Arness (of Gunsmoke) donated his entire Simi Hills ranch to the adjacent Brandeis Bardin Institute, making it, at 2,200 acres, the largest parcel of land owned by a Jewish institution outside the State of Israel.

Founder Dr. Shlomo Bardin ran the Institute until 1976.  He is buried on the grounds of the Brandeis Bardin Institute. Dennis Prager ran it from 1976 to 1983. Joseph Wapner sat on the board.

In March 2007, officials from both the Brandeis-Bardin Institute and the University of Judaism, a non-denominational institution of higher education offering undergraduate and graduate degrees along with a rabbinical studies program located in Bel Air, announced they would merge into a new organization called American Jewish University.

In February 2022, American Jewish University planned to sell its 15600 Mulholland Drive, Bel Air location, keeping the 1101 Peppertree Lane, Simi Valley location.

Alumni
Notable people who got their start at the Brandeis-Bardin Institute include Rabbi Zalman Schachter-Shalomi, the founder of Renewal Judaism; and Rabbi Shlomo Carlebach

Rabbi Zvi Dershowitz directed the Brandeis-Bardin Institute in the early 1960s, before becoming director of Camp Ramah in California and rabbi at Sinai Temple.  In the 1970s Rabbis Abraham Joshua Heschel and Mordecai Kaplan frequented the institute.  Later Rabbi Joseph Telushkin would lead a weekly Torah discussion at the House of the Book on the campus, and Dennis Prager would be among the many leaders of the institute.

Journalist Daniel Pearl, who was beheaded by Al Qaeda in Pakistan in 2002 (and about whom the Angelina Jolie film A Mighty Heart was made), and his family were long-time supporters of (and campers at) Brandeis.

Filming locations
The futuristic architecture of the campus's House of the Book, which was designed by architect Sidney Eisenshtat, has appeared as a location in several film and television projects:
 The Autrey School and Weiss Jewish Community Center in S.W.A.T. S04 E08
 Camp Khitomer in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country
 Lore's Borg compound in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Descent"
 The Command Center, later known as the Power Chamber, for Mighty Morphin Power Rangers to Power Rangers Turbo.
 The Lawnmower Man
 Marilyn Manson's video for "The Dope Show"
 Chris Brown's video for "Wall to Wall"
 Kelly Price's video for "As We Lay"
 The Rock & Roll History Museum in Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny
 The rear of the building (and surrounding vegetation) was featured in a recent Lexus commercial.
 Exterior and outside (around the grounds) of the House of Book and the institute were used for Mystery Woman: Vision of a Murder.
 The prison Camp Holliday in the movie Wedlock with Rutger Hauer.
 In the mid-'80s revival of The Twilight Zone, the episode "Dead Run", a scene between the Administrator of Hell and a new truck driver takes place here.
 The Wrenwood Center in Todd Haynes' Safe (1995) uses the House of the Book's interior and the camp's buildings and wilderness.
 The Atmospheric Research Institute exteriors in The Storm (2009) mini-series.
 The museum in the 7th episode of the 3rd season of Chuck titled "Chuck Versus the Mask"
 The compound of the "Visualize" cult in the CBS show The Mentalist, a season 2 episode titled "Red All Over", season 3 episode 3 title "The Blood on His Hands", season 4 episode titled "His Thoughts Were Red Thoughts", a season 5 episode 13 title "The Red Barn."
 Earthonomy Headquarters in the Diagnosis: Murder episode "Dance of Danger"
 Several buildings, interior and exterior, of the cult on HBO's series "Big Love"
 In episode six of V.I.P., "Diamonds are a Val's Best Friend", in an exterior scene with Tasha, played by Molly Culver, taking photos. The name of the building was Protocon International.
 In Season 4 Episode 7 of Station 19 (Learning to fly) as the location of a cult.
 Reality
 In the film "Secret Agent Club" starring Hulk Hogan
 The building served as the inspiration for Outpost 3 in "American Horror Story: Apocalypse"
 The house of Jordan, played by Maria Bello, in the Netflix series Beef (2023).

See also

References

External links

American Jewish University
Education in Simi Valley, California
Simi Hills
Jewish summer camps in California
Universities and colleges in Ventura County, California
Jewish organizations established in 1941

1941 establishments in the United States
Educational institutions established in 1947
1947 establishments in California
Jews and Judaism in Los Angeles

Brandeis-Bardin Institute


An economy is an area of the production, distribution and trade, as well as consumption of goods and services. In general, it is defined as a social domain that emphasize the practices, discourses, and material expressions associated with the production, use, and management of scarce resources. A given economy is a set of processes that involves its culture, values, education, technological evolution, history, social organization, political structure, legal systems, and natural resources as main factors. These factors give context, content, and set the conditions and parameters in which an economy functions. In other words, the economic domain is a social domain of interrelated human practices and transactions that does not stand alone.

Economic agents can be individuals, businesses, organizations, or governments. Economic transactions occur when two groups or parties agree to the value or price of the transacted good or service, commonly expressed in a certain currency. However, monetary transactions only account for a small part of the economic domain.

Economic activity is spurred by production which uses natural resources, labor and capital. It has changed over time due to technology, innovation (new products, services, processes, expanding markets, diversification of markets, niche markets, increases revenue functions) and changes in industrial relations (most notably child labor being replaced in some parts of the world with universal access to education).

Etymology
The word economy in English is derived from the Middle French's , which itself derived from the Medieval Latin's . The Latin word has its origin at the Ancient Greek's  or . The word's first part  means "house", and the second part  means "to manage".

The most frequently used current sense, denoting "the economic system of a country or an area", seems not to have developed until the 1650s.

History

Earliest roots

As long as someone has been making, supplying and distributing goods or services, there has been some sort of economy; economies grew larger as societies grew and became more complex. Sumer developed a large-scale economy based on commodity money, while the Babylonians and their neighboring city states later developed the earliest system of economics as we think of, in terms of rules/laws on debt, legal contracts and law codes relating to business practices, and private property.

The Babylonians and their city state neighbors developed forms of economics comparable to currently used civil society (law) concepts. They developed the first known codified legal and administrative systems, complete with courts, jails, and government records.

The ancient economy was mainly based on subsistence farming. The Shekel are the first to refer to a unit of weight and currency, used by the Semitic peoples. The first usage of the term came from Mesopotamia circa 3000 BC. and referred to a specific mass of barley which related other values in a metric such as silver, bronze, copper, etc. A barley/shekel was originally both a unit of currency and a unit of weight, just as the British Pound was originally a unit denominating a one-pound mass of silver.

For most people, the exchange of goods occurred through social relationships. There were also traders who bartered in the marketplaces. In Ancient Greece, where the present English word 'economy' originated, many people were bond slaves of the freeholders. The economic discussion was driven by scarcity.

In Chinese economic law, the huge cycle of institutional innovation contains an idea. Serving a non-market economy promotes a firm's tenure that is legally guaranteed and protected from bureaucratic opportunities.

Middle Ages
In the Middle Ages, what is now known as an economy was not far from the subsistence level. Most exchange occurred within social groups. On top of this, the great conquerors raised what we now call venture capital (from ventura, ital.; risk) to finance their captures. The capital should be refunded by the goods they would bring up in the New World. The discoveries of Marco Polo (1254–1324), Christopher Columbus (1451–1506) and Vasco da Gama (1469–1524) led to a first global economy. The first enterprises were trading establishments. In 1513, the first stock exchange was founded in Antwerp. Economy at the time meant primarily trade.

The European captures became branches of the European states, the so-called colonies. The rising nation-states Spain, Portugal, France, Great Britain and the Netherlands tried to control the trade through custom duties and mercantilism (from mercator, lat.: merchant) was a first approach to intermediate between private wealth and public interest. The secularization in Europe allowed states to use the immense property of the church for the development of towns. The influence of the nobles decreased. The first Secretaries of State for economy started their work. Bankers like Amschel Mayer Rothschild (1773–1855) started to finance national projects such as wars and infrastructure. Economy from then on meant national economy as a topic for the economic activities of the citizens of a state.

Industrial Revolution
The first economist in the true modern meaning of the word was the Scotsman Adam Smith (1723–1790) who was inspired partly by the ideas of physiocracy, a reaction to mercantilism and also later Economics student, Adam Mari. He defined the elements of a national economy: products are offered at a natural price generated by the use of competition - supply and demand - and the division of labor. He maintained that the basic motive for free trade is human self-interest. The so-called self-interest hypothesis became the anthropological basis for economics. Thomas Malthus (1766–1834) transferred the idea of supply and demand to the problem of overpopulation.

The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and transport had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions starting in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spreading throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world. The onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human history; almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way.
In Europe wild capitalism started to replace the system of mercantilism (today: protectionism) and led to economic growth. The period today is called industrial revolution because the system of Production, production and division of labor enabled the mass production of goods.

20th century
The contemporary concept of "the economy" wasn't popularly known until the American Great Depression in the 1930s.

After the chaos of two World Wars and the devastating Great Depression, policymakers searched for new ways of controlling the course of the economy. This was explored and discussed by Friedrich August von Hayek (1899–1992) and Milton Friedman (1912–2006) who pleaded for a global free trade and are supposed to be the fathers of the so-called neoliberalism. However, the prevailing view was that held by John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946), who argued for a stronger control of the markets by the state. The theory that the state can alleviate economic problems and instigate economic growth through state manipulation of aggregate demand is called Keynesianism in his honor. In the late 1950s, the economic growth in America and Europe—often called  (German for economic miracle) —brought up a new form of economy: mass consumption economy. In 1958, John Kenneth Galbraith (1908–2006) was the first to speak of an affluent society in his book The Affluent Society. In most of the countries the economic system is called a social market economy.

21st century

With the fall of the Iron Curtain and the transition of the countries of the Eastern Bloc towards democratic government and market economies, the idea of the post-industrial society is brought into importance as its role is to mark together the significance that the service sector receives instead of industrialization. Some attribute the first use of this term to Daniel Bell's 1973 book, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society, while others attribute it to social philosopher Ivan Illich's book, Tools for Conviviality. The term is also applied in philosophy to designate the fading of postmodernism in the late 90s and especially in the beginning of the 21st century.

With the spread of Internet as a mass media and communication medium especially after 2000–2001, the idea for the Internet and information economy is given place because of the growing importance of e-commerce and electronic businesses, also the term for a global information society as understanding of a new type of "all-connected" society is created. In the late 2000s, the new type of economies and economic expansions of countries like China, Brazil, and India bring attention and interest to different from the usually dominating Western type economies and economic models.

Elements

Types
A market economy is one where goods and services are produced and exchanged according to demand and supply between participants (economic agents) by barter or a medium of exchange with a credit or debit value accepted within the network, such as a unit of currency. A planned economy is one where political agents directly control what is produced and how it is sold and distributed. A green economy is low-carbon and resource efficient. In a green economy, growth in income and employment is driven by public and private investments that reduce carbon emissions and pollution, enhance energy and resource efficiency, and prevent the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. A gig economy is one in which short-term jobs are assigned or chosen on-demand. The global economy refers to humanity's economic system or systems overall. An informal economy is neither taxed nor monitored by any form of government.

Sectors
The economy may be considered as having developed through the following phases or degrees of precedence:
 The ancient economy was mainly based on subsistence farming.
 The industrial revolution phase lessened the role of subsistence farming, converting it to more extensive and mono-cultural forms of agriculture in the last three centuries. The economic growth took place mostly in mining, construction and manufacturing industries. Commerce became more significant due to the need for improved exchange and distribution of produce throughout the community.
 In the economies of modern consumer societies phase there is a growing part played by services, finance, and technology—the knowledge economy.
In modern economies, these phase precedences are somewhat differently expressed by the three-sector model:
 Primary: Involves the extraction and production of raw materials, such as corn, coal, wood and iron.
 Secondary: Involves the transformation of raw or intermediate materials into goods e.g. manufacturing steel into cars, or textiles into clothing.
 Tertiary: Involves the provision of services to consumers and businesses, such as baby-sitting, cinema and banking.

Other sectors of the developed community include:
 the public sector or state sector (which usually includes: parliament, law-courts and government centers, various emergency services, public health, shelters for impoverished and threatened people, transport facilities, air/sea ports, post-natal care, hospitals, schools, libraries, museums, preserved historical buildings, parks/gardens, nature-reserves, some universities, national sports grounds/stadiums, national arts/concert-halls or theaters and centers for various religions).
 the private sector or privately run businesses.
 the voluntary sector or social sector.

Indicators

The gross domestic product (GDP) of a country is a measure of the size of its economy, or more specifically, monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced. The most conventional economic analysis of a country relies heavily on economic indicators like the GDP and GDP per capita. While often useful, GDP only includes economic activity for which money is exchanged.

Due to the growing importance of the financial sector in modern times, the term real economy is used by analysts as well as politicians to denote the part of the economy that is concerned with the actual production of goods and services, as ostensibly contrasted with the paper economy, or the financial side of the economy, which is concerned with buying and selling on the financial markets. Alternate and long-standing terminology distinguishes measures of an economy expressed in real values (adjusted for inflation), such as real GDP, or in nominal values (unadjusted for inflation).

Studies

The study of economics are roughly divided into macroeconomics and microeconomics. Today, the range of fields of study examining the economy revolves around the social science of economics, but may also include sociology, history, anthropology, and geography. Practical fields directly related to the human activities involving production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services as a whole are business, engineering, government, and health care. Macroeconomics is studied at the regional and national levels, and common analyses include income and production, money, prices, employment, international trade, and other issues.

See also
 Economic democracy
 Economic history
 Economic system
 Social economy
 Solidarity economy

Notes

References

Further reading
 Friedman, Milton, Capitalism and Freedom, 1962.
 Rothbard, Murray, Man, Economy, and State: A Treatise on Economic Principles, 1962.
 Galbraith, John Kenneth, The Affluent Society, 1958.
 Mises, Ludwig von, Human Action: A Treatise on Economics, 1949.
 Keynes, John Maynard, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, 1936.
 Marx, Karl, Das Kapital, 1867.
 Smith, Adam, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776.

Main topic articles

Economy


Ron Stallworth (born June 18, 1953) is an American retired police officer who infiltrated the ranks of the Ku Klux Klan in Colorado Springs, Colorado, in the late 1970s. He was the first African-American detective in the Colorado Springs Police Department.

In the 2018 film BlacKkKlansman, which is based on his experience infiltrating the Ku Klux Klan, Stallworth is portrayed by John David Washington.

Early life
Stallworth was born in Chicago, Illinois, on June 18, 1953. He grew up in El Paso, Texas, after his mother moved the family there. In his autobiography, he said of the move "My mother moving our family to El Paso was the best decision she ever made, as it was a far cry from the poverty, gangs, and conflict in [Chicago's] South Side, where I would have come of age if she had not left."

Stallworth graduated from Austin High School in 1971, where he was both a member of the student council, and of a district-wide advisory board; he was also voted "most popular".

Colorado Springs Police Department
In mid-1972, Stallworth's family moved to Colorado Springs, where he first took an interest in a career in law enforcement. He joined the department as a cadet in November of that year, becoming the first black cadet in the Colorado Springs Police Department.

According to Stallworth, he knew early on that he eventually wanted to work as an undercover police officer. His first undercover assignment came when Kwame Ture was invited to speak at a Colorado Springs nightclub with a black clientele. Stallworth was asked if he would go undercover to observe the speech. He eagerly accepted and was later assigned to the intelligence section of his department.

Infiltration of the Klan
In 1978, Stallworth noticed a classified ad in the local paper seeking members to start a new chapter of the Ku Klux Klan in the city. He responded to the posting via mail to a P.O. box, and provided them an address and phone number. A Klan member phoned Stallworth, who then posed as a racist white man who "hated Blacks, Jews, Mexicans, Asians". During the conversation, he learned that the man founding the new chapter was a soldier at nearby Fort Carson. Stallworth arranged to meet the man at a local bar and sent a white undercover narcotics officer to stand in for him at the meeting, wired to record any conversations.

The subterfuge was a success, and Stallworth continued to pose as a Klan member for the next nine months, usually talking on the phone with other members and sending the white officer in his place when face-to-face meetings were necessary. Stallworth phoned David Duke, who was the Klan's Grand Wizard at the time, at his headquarters in New Orleans to ask about the status of his membership application. Duke apologized for the delay in getting the application processed and promised to see to it personally that Stallworth's application was processed and sent to him. Within a short time, Stallworth's Klan certificate of membership arrived in the mail with Duke's signature. He framed the certificate and hung it on his office wall, where it stayed for years.

Retirement, public appearances and pop culture
After the investigation into the Klan closed, Stallworth kept it a secret and told no one about his role in it. He transferred to the Utah Department of Public Safety, where he retired in 2005 after working as an investigator for nearly 20 years. After retirement he earned a bachelor's degree in criminal justice from Missouri's Columbia College's Salt Lake City Campus in 2007.

In January 2006, Stallworth gave an interview to Salt Lake City's Deseret News in which he described his infiltration and investigation of the Klan and later disclosed that the investigation revealed several members were on active duty with the U.S. Armed Forces, including two individuals posted at NORAD (the North American Aerospace Defense Command, which provides aerospace warning, air sovereignty, and protection for Northern America). The two members at NORAD were reassigned and Stallworth was told that they were given remote postings, "somewhere like the North Pole or Greenland".

In popular culture
In 2014, Stallworth published a book titled Black Klansman about his investigative experience. For his source material, he used a casebook he had assembled during the assignment and later kept for himself afterwards.

Producer Shaun Redick proposed making a film based on the book to QC Entertainment called BlacKkKlansman. Spike Lee signed on as director, co-producer, and co-screenwriter while Jordan Peele signed on as producer. Stallworth was represented by manager Andrew Frances of Adwater & Stir. The film was released nationwide on August 10, 2018, and in select theaters two weeks earlier, with John David Washington as Stallworth, Adam Driver as white undercover officer Flip Zimmerman, and Topher Grace as David Duke alongside Laura Harrier, Ryan Eggold, Corey Hawkins, Alec Baldwin, Jasper Pääkkönen and Harry Belafonte. BlacKkKlansman won the Grand Prize of the Jury at the Cannes Film Festival. It was also nominated for six Academy Awards and won Best Adapted Screenplay.

References

External links

1953 births
Living people
People from Chicago
People from El Paso, Texas
African-American police officers
American municipal police officers
Undercover police agents
African-American writers
African-American history of Colorado
Ku Klux Klan
Columbia College (Missouri) alumni
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American writers

Ron Stallworth


Punjab or Panjab may mean:

 Punjab region, an area of South Asia spanning from eastern Pakistan to north-western India
 Punjab (India), a state of India
 Punjab (Pakistan), a province of Pakistan

In former countries, states and provinces:
 Punjab (British India), a former province
 Punjab Hill States agency, an administrative unit of British India
 Patiala and East Punjab States Union, a former state of India
 West Punjab, the part of the Punjab which became part of Pakistan
 East Punjab, the part of the Punjab which became part of the Republic of India.
In other:
 Punjab lasso, a weapon made of cat gut used to strangle people, mentioned in Gaston Leroux's novel The Phantom of the Opera
 Punjab, a character in the musical Annie
 Punjab (XMPP), an XMPP/Jabber server component for stateless applications and more

See also:
 Punjab Assembly (disambiguation)

Punjab


Hindu terrorism, sometimes called Hindutva terror or, metonymically, saffron terror, refer to terrorist acts carried out on the basis of motivations in broad association with Hindu nationalism or Hindutva.

Such acts have principally been perpetrated by members, or alleged members, of Hindu nationalist organisations such as Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh or Abhinav Bharat.

The phenomenon became a topic of contentious political discourse in the aftermath of the 2007–2008 attacks which targeted Pakistanis and Muslims in India.

Terminology

"Hindu terrorism" and "Hindutva terrorism"
According to Nikita Saxena writing for The Caravan, the term "Hindu terrorism" gained traction in the wake of the 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings and 2008 Malegaon blasts. A prominent reference to "Hindu terrorism" was made by Indian National Congress (Congress) member Digvijaya Singh in a 2007 campaign.

While the perpetrators have consistently justified these acts by their Hindu faith, some writers prefer to use the term "Hindutva terrorism". Writer and activist Subhash Ghatade asserts that "most critics" have avoided describing the term as "Hindu terrorism" and instead talked about "Hindutva terrorism". Political scientist Jyotirmaya Sharma argues that "there is no Hindu terrorism" because the perpetrators do not represent the Hindu faith.

The position of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh is that Hindu terrorism does not exist, because "Terrorism and Hindus are an oxymoron and can never be related to each other". According to the journalist and BJP leader Balbir Punj, the term "Hindu terror" was invented and used by the Congress party in the aftermath of the 2007–2008 incidents in order to denounce the party's political opposition as terrorists. In the 2018 book Hindu Terror: Insider Account of Ministry of Home Affairs, Ramaswamy Venkata Subra Mani, a former officer in the Home Ministry, alleged that the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government had forced Home Ministry officials to manufacture a narrative about the presence of "Hindu terror".

However, in 2019, BJP's narrative has been put into question by the revelation that the Multi-Agency Centre had created a standing focus group with the narrowly limited mandate of looking into terror funding "for Islamist & Sikh Terrorism" only, despite the existence of multiple historical terrorism cases for which individuals linked to Hindu nationalist groups, such as Pragya Thakur and Aseemanand, have been arrested and tried.

"Saffron terror"
The term "saffron terror" was coined in 2002 by the Indian journalist Praveen Swami after the 2002 Gujarat riots, and gained popularity in the aftermath of the 2007–2008 attacks which targeted Pakistanis and Muslims and were reportedly instigated by people affiliated with Hindu nationalist organisations like Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Abhinav Bharat. The term comes from the symbolic use of the saffron colour by many Hindu nationalist organisations.

Several analysts and commentators have said that the term was being used as a smear tactic against the political opponents of Congress in the aftermath of the attacks. Kanchan Gupta and Swapan Dasgupta have said that investigators of the attacks were using the term "saffron terror" in their statements to the media to promote the agenda of the Congress.

Former Home Minister of India and Congress member P. Chidambaram urged Indians to beware of "saffron terror" during an August 2010 meeting of state police chiefs in New Delhi; his remark met with backlash from politicians and Hindu religious figures.

2007–2008 attacks

2007 Samjhauta Express bombings

Twin blasts shook two coaches of the Samjhauta Express around midnight on 18 February 2007. Sixty-eight people were killed in the ensuing fire and dozens were injured. It was linked to Abhinav Bharat, a Hindu fundamentalist group. In November 2008, it was reported that the Maharashtra Anti-Terrorism Squad suspected the attacks were linked to Prasad Shrikant Purohit, an Indian army officer and member of Abhinav Bharat. Purohit himself claimed that he had "infiltrated" the Abhinav Bharat. During an army's Court of Inquiry, 59 witnesses stated to the court, along with officers who testified that Purohit was tasked with gathering intelligence inputs by infiltrating extremist organisations. On 8 January 2011, Swami Aseemanand, a pracharak of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), confessed that he was involved in the bombing of Samjhauta Express, a statement he later claimed to have made under duress.

There have also been allegations that Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) was responsible for the bombings. The United States and subsequently the United Nations Security Council added Arif Qasmani, a Pakistani national and LeT financier, to their sanction lists, stating that he had facilitated the bombings.

2007 Ajmer Dargah attack

The Ajmer Dargah blast occurred on 11 October 2007, outside the Dargah (shrine) of Sufi saint Moinuddin Chishti in Ajmer, Rajasthan, allegedly by the Hindutva organisation Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and its groups. On 22 October 2010, five accused perpetrators, of which four said to belong to the RSS, were arrested in connection with the blast. Swami Aseemanand, in his confession, implicated the then General Secretary Mohan Bhagwat for ordering the terrorist strike. Bhavesh Patel, another accused in the bombings, has corroborated these statements but later claimed that the Home Minister Sushilkumar Shinde and some other Congress leaders forced him to implicate the RSS leaders.

2008 western India bombings

On 29 September 2008, three bombs exploded in the States of Gujarat and Maharashtra killing 8 persons and injuring 80. During the investigation in Maharashtra, the Hindu extemist group Abhinav Bharat was found to be responsible for the blasts. Three of the arrested persons were identified as Sadhvi Pragya Singh Thakur, Shiv Narayan Gopal Singh Kalsanghra and Shyam Bhawarlal Sahu. All three were produced before the Chief Judicial Magistrate's court in Nashik, which remanded them to custody till 3 November. On 28 October, the Shiv Sena, came out in support of the accused saying that the arrests were merely political in nature. Lending credence to this, the party chief, Uddhav Thackeray, pointed out a potential conflict of interest in political rivalry as the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) controlled the relevant ministry. NIA, National Investigation Agency, has found no evidence against Sadhvi Pragya Singh Thakur and it has recommended the court to drop all charges against her. following which Bombay High Court granted bail to Pragya Thakur on 22 April 2017.

The Army officer Prasad Shrikant Purohit was also accused of being involved in the blast. His counsel alleged that he was being falsely framed for political reasons because he has intelligence data of a sensitive nature pertaining to the operations of Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI) and Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence, which could embarrass some quarters.

Reportedly, the terms "Hindu terror" and "saffron terror" were used to describe this event in mainstream Indian media. In an analysis of the security situation during this period, B. Raman referred to acts of alleged reprisal terrorism by Hindus, criticizing "politicisation and communalisation of the investigative process" as leading to a "paralysis of the investigation machinery."

In the aftermath of the attacks, Rajnath Singh, the then president of the Bharatiya Janata Party's (BJP), spoke of a "political conspiracy" aimed at the "vilification of Hindu saints and army officers in the name of Hindu terrorism".

Other incidents
Members of Abhinav Bharat have been alleged to have been involved in a plot to kill Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh President Mohan Bhagwat, Headlines Today released a recorded video tested by the Central Forensic Science Laboratory which indicated the uncovering of an alleged plot to assassinate the Vice President of India Hamid Ansari. Tehelka also released alleged audio tape transcripts of main conspirators of Abhinav Bharat, which indicated involvement of Military intelligence officers with the Abhinav Bharat group, in their January 2011 edition.

The Indian Home Secretary R. K. Singh said that at least 10 people having close links with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and its affiliated organisations were named accused in various acts of terror across India.

According to released documents by WikiLeaks, Congress(I) party's general secretary Rahul Gandhi remarked to US Ambassador Tim Roemer, at a luncheon hosted by Prime Minister of India at his residence in July 2009, that the RSS was a "bigger threat" to India than the Lashkar-e-Taiba. At The Annual Conference of Director Generals of Police held in New Delhi on 16 September 2011, a special director of the Intelligence Bureau (IB) reportedly informed the state police chiefs that Hindutva activists have either been suspected or are under investigation in 16 incidents of bomb blasts in the country.

See also
 Mecca Masjid blast
 Nationalist terrorism
 Saffronisation

Explanatory footnotes

References

Citations

Further reading

External links

Hindu terrorism

Hindu terrorism


The Atom Strikes is a document commissioned by the U.S. Army Signal Corps Pictorial Division shortly after the end of the Second World War. It documents the findings of a commission sent to Japan to assess the damage caused by the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Opening with the blast of the experimental bombing in Los Alamos, New Mexico in July 1945, the film turns to the Enola Gay and its mission over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The narrator informs the audience about the military significance of the city and that it had not experienced bombing as yet, but it had been warned. The results of the bombing are then explained, with footage and descriptions of how various buildings were affected by the blast at different distances from ground zero. Afterwards, an interview with Father John A. Siemes, a Jesuit priest who was living at the Novitiate of the Society of Jesus in Nagatsuka, is shown to give the audience a firsthand account of the bombing. Near the end of the interview, the priest is seen reading from a prepared statement.

Nagasaki is then mentioned, with the narrator pointing out how much armament and other military supplies were being produced there, as well as the fact that even civilian homes were used for war work. Nevertheless, the effect of the atomic blast on local schools and churches is also shown.

See also
List of Allied propaganda films of World War II

External links
The Atom Strikes! (1945)
Complete film at archive.org

1945 films
American aviation films
American black-and-white films
Documentary films about the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1945 documentary films
Japan in non-Japanese culture
1940s short documentary films
American short documentary films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

The Atom Strikes!


Sexual selection is a special kind of natural selection. It is a theory of Charles Darwin that certain traits can be explained by competition within a species.

Darwin defined sexual selection as the effects of the "struggle between the individuals of one sex, generally the males, for the possession of the other sex". It is usually males who fight each other. Traits selected by male combat are called secondary sexual characteristics. They include horns, antlers, which are sometimes referred to as 'weapons'.

Traits selected by mate choice are called 'ornaments'. Females often prefer to mate with males with external ornaments  exaggerated features of morphology. Genes that enable males to develop impressive ornaments or fighting ability may simply show off greater disease resistance or a more efficient metabolism. This idea is known as the 'good genes' hypothesis. Sexual selection is still being researched and discussed today.

One author says studies on sexual selection have something important to tell us, namely "how males and females came to be what they are".

Modern views
Ernst Mayr said:
"Since Darwin's days it has become clear that this kind of selection includes a far wider realm of phenomena... instead of sexual selection it is better referred to as selection for reproductive success... genuine selection, not elimination, is involved, unlike survival selection. Considering how many new kinds of selection for reproductive success are discovered year after year, I am beginning to wonder whether it is not even more important than survival selection, at least in certain higher organisms".

Competition between members of the same species
Today, biologists would say that certain evolutionary traits can be explained by competition between members of the same species. Competition can be before or after sexual intercourse.

Competition between males and females
Before copulation, intrasexual selection – usually between males – may take the form of male-to-male combat. Also, intersexual selection, or mate choice, occurs when females choose between male mates. Traits selected by male combat are called secondary sexual characteristics (including horns, antlers etc.), which Darwin described as "weapons", while traits selected by mate (usually female) choice are called "ornaments".

After copulation, male–male competition may take the form of sperm competition, the competition between the sperm of two different males to fertilize an ovum. in 1970. More recently, interest has arisen in cryptic female choice, where a female will get rid of a male's sperm without his knowledge. This occurs in a wide range of species.

Sexual conflict
Finally, sexual conflict is said to occur between breeding partners, sometimes leading to an evolutionary arms race between males and females. This is based on the simple fact that the interests of males and females in reproduction are fundamentally different.

Males: their interest is to mate with a large number of completely faithful females, thus spreading their genes widely in the population.

Females: Their interest is to mate with a large number of fit males, thus producing a large number of fit and varied offspring.92

Female mating preferences are widely recognized as being responsible for the rapid and divergent evolution of male secondary sexual traits.  Females of many animal species prefer to mate with males with external ornaments – exaggerated features such as elaborate sex organs. Alternatively, genes that enable males to develop impressive ornaments or fighting ability may simply show off greater disease resistance or a more efficient metabolism. These features would be likely to be inherited by offspring of both sexes.

Related pages
Courtship in animals

References

Evolutionary biology
Sexuality

sv:Naturligt urval#Sexuellt urval

Sexual selection


A flare star is a variable star that becomes very much brighter unpredictably for a few minutes at a time.

Flares happen on flare stars in a similar way to solar flares. They are magnetic disturbances in the atmosphere of stars. The brightness increases across the spectrum, from X rays to radio waves.

The first known flare stars were discovered in 1924, they were V1396 Cygni and AT Microscopii. Still the best-known flare star is UV Ceti, that star was discovered in 1948. Today similar flare stars are classified as UV Ceti type variable stars in variable star catalogs. Flares can happen once every few days or, as in the case of Barnard's Star, much less frequently. Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to the Solar System, is also a flare star.

Most flare stars are dim red dwarfs, although less massive (lighter) brown dwarfs might also be able to flare. The more massive (heavier) RS Canum Venaticorum variables (RS CVn) are also known to flare, but scientists understand that a companion star in a binary system causes these flares. This companion star disturbs the magnetic field.  Nine stars similar to the Sun have also been seen to flare. There is a suggestion that this happens for similar reasons to the flares of the RS CVn variables.  A companion causes the flares, this companion is a massive planet like the planet Jupiter that orbits the flaring star closely.

Nearby flare stars
Flare stars are give off relatively little light, but have been found as far away as 1,000 light years from Earth.

Proxima Centauri
Proxima Centauri is closer to the sun than any other star and is a flare star. Proxima Centauri increases its brightness randomly and magnetic force causes this. Convection creates a magnetic field throughout the matter in Proxima Centauri, and this leads to flaring with a total X-ray output similar to that of the Sun though the sun is much more massive (heavier) than Proxima Centauri.

Wolf 359
The flare star Wolf 359 is another star relatively near the Solar System in the constellation of Leo and has other names (designations) as well.  It is a red dwarf of spectral class M6.5 and emits X-rays. It is a UV Ceti flare star, and flares relatively often.

The mean (average) magnetic field varies significantly during periods of time as short as six hours. By comparison, the magnetic field of the Sun averages  (), although it can rise as high as  () in active sunspot regions.

Barnard's Star
Barnard's Star is the second nearest star system to our sun and scientists suspect it is a flare star.

TVLM513-46546
TVLM513-46546 is the name scientists give to a flare star with very low mass. This small star is only just heavy enough to count as a red dwarf.

References

Types of stars

Flare star