The Friends Relief Service (FRS) was a voluntary humanitarian relief organisation formally established by a committee of Britain Yearly Meeting in November 1940.  Largely staffed by pacifists and conscientious objectors, its aim was to provide humanitarian relief and social welfare to civilians affected by World War II. Key areas of operation included British cities affected by The Blitz, and refugee camps throughout north-west Europe, the Balkans and the Middle-East. One of its teams was also amongst the first humanitarian groups to reach Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. The organisation had three changes of name: Friends War Victims Relief Committee (November 1940 - February 1942); Friends War Relief Service (February 1942 - September 1943) and the Friends Relief Service (September 1943 - May 1948). The FRS was closed down on May 29, 1948.

Origins and establishment
When the Blitz began on 7 September 1940 there was no official Quaker body capable of acting in response, nor any Quaker organisation through which British Friends could make any relief contributions. Two groups of concerned Friends from the Friends' Ambulance Unit (FAU) and the Bedford Institute Association, who were already in East London, began to offer aid in the bomb shelters and to assist in organising evacuations. The work was hampered, however, by a lack of formal arrangements to mobilise available resources. Representatives of the FAU, the Bedford Institute Association and other action groups met and made a request for the establishment of an official committee to take responsibility for the spontaneous Quaker relief action that they had started.

After consideration, the Britain Yearly Meeting executive committee, Meeting for Sufferings, decided to establish an official Friends War Victims Relief Committee on the 1st of November 1940. It was the fifth committee of its kind established by Quakers, there had been previous civilian relief committees established in the Franco-Prussian War, the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) the First Balkan War and World War I. They had their headquarters in an office at Friends House, Euston Road and appointed Roger Wilson as secretary.

Organisation

The first Friends War Victims Relief Committee meeting was held on 7 November 1940 at Friends House and was composed of 40 older Friends most of whom had experience of relief work that had been gained abroad in the past. This committee met monthly and had ultimate formal responsibility for the service, reporting to Meeting for Sufferings.

In January 1941 an executive committee was created, charged with responsibility for carrying out the decisions of principle that the main committee had made. It consisted of 13 members who met weekly, 10 of whom were actively involved in the service and three Quakers who were not. Additionally at this time officers were appointed to look after publicity and finance. From May 1941 substantial service departments were created to administer particular aspects of the work, including transport, works and equipment, hostels and a quartermaster's department, some of which were joint organisations with the FAU. In February 1942 the committee and the civilian relief section of the FAU were united as the Friends War Relief Service.

In September 1942 the first Representative Conference was held. This consisted of representatives from every level of the FRS. All members of the services were encouraged to bring forward their concerns through their representatives; no subject was barred. This became a regular six-monthly meeting to work out the constitutional procedure of the organisation and to consider the direction of FRS work.

Planning for the end of the war and the role of the service in its aftermath began at as early as February 1941. In the autumn of 1942, the British government's Board of Trade Relief Division summoned all voluntary societies that they thought might be interested in European post-war relief to a meeting. This resulted in the establishment of the Council of British Societies for Relief Abroad (COBSRA) in January 1943. The joint war organisation of the Red Cross and the Order of St John acted as the formal channel between members of COBSRA and the military.

Following all of these discussions, the Friends War Relief Service was redesigned, becoming the Friends Relief Service. The general administration continued as before, but the service was shaped into three sections:

 General Section - for all the work being done in Britain
 Refugee Section - incorporating the work of the Friends Committee for Refugees and Aliens
 Overseas Section - to handle all the short-term work abroad and then hand over to the Friends Service Council as emergency relief ended.

To pull the work of these sections together, a weekly "Ways and Means Committee" was formed, composed partly of members of the service and partly of outside Friends.

Ethical Concerns
The call for civilian relief operations in Europe came before the work of the military forces was over. This posed several difficulties for FRS. As an official Quaker organisation, as a matter of conscience, they would not allow themselves to be involved in military operations. They also refused to wear a military uniform. Britain Yearly Meeting confirmed that they would not send members of FRS to any field of operations wearing khaki. Uniform had not been worn by FRS members working in the UK, members were identified by wearing the Quaker red and black, eight pointed Quaker Star.

The British Army had been issued a non-fraternization order, they were not permitted to have anything but formal relationships with Germans. This order was also applied to British relief workers in Germany. Quakers were well aware of the crimes of the Nazi regime, as the Friends Committee for Refugees and Aliens had been helping people to leave Germany and Austria since 1933, but they, and other members of the FRS, believed that to "draw distinctions on the basis of nationality" was wrong, and that they should be free to treat others as individuals and to use their own judgement.

Compromises were made, FRS agreed to wear battle-dress style uniforms in grey, and it was agreed that they had the right to withdraw on the grounds of conscience and to deal with Germans as they saw fit. Although solved quickly, these ethical issues did cause minor delays in teams going into the field.

Membership
There were about 550 men and women in full-time service in FRS, dispersed over 50 working locations. Meeting for Sufferings asked that the proportion of Quakers to non-Quakers in the service be maintained at about 40%, in order to preserve the Quaker ethos in the work, and in the end about half of the total number of workers were Quakers. Other workers were pacifists or those who felt happier using their skills in a Quaker environment than in a more formal organisation. Most were of military conscription age, with a few older pacifists who came out of retirement to help.

FRS workers underwent a rigorous selection process, only 10% of those who applied were accepted. Those working abroad were required to have the right language skills.

Training
Quaker relief training was a spiritual and social experience, designed to train relief workers to live adaptably in unforeseen circumstances. A sense of confidence in human relationships was given supreme importance. Workers were also trained in how to deal with uncomfortable living conditions, conditioned by physical exercise, given technical instruction on relief problems such as hygiene and feeding organisation, given language instruction where necessary, and taught courses on political, social and cultural conditions in Europe. Additional specialist training included refugee administration at Bloomsbury House, driving and midwifery.

The first relief workers were trained at 'Spiceland', a training centre consisting of the Spiceland Quaker meeting house and Blackborough House in Cullompton, Devon. Training was also carried out at Selly Oak, Birmingham. New premises for training were found in 1943 at 'Mount Waltham' in Finchley, North London, and towards the end of the war training was also carried out in Swiss Cottage and Kensington.

Work in the United Kingdom
Roger Wilson described the work of the Friends Relief Service in Britain as "rendering personal service on a human level to those whose physical resources were fairly, or even quite, adequate but who for a variety of reasons were incapable of using them" From 1940 to 1944 the FRS developed into a fairly large relief organisation in Britain, with 200 workers in the field and a transport system capable of linking together more than 50 centres throughout the country.

Air Raid Shelters
Teams supplied first aid and canteen help to air raid shelters in London, Birmingham, Liverpool, Coventry, Bristol, Southampton, Glasgow, Plymouth and Hull.

Evacuation
Quakers noticed that older people had been left out of official evacuation planning. The official system had then offered bombed-out older people accommodation in old workhouses, insensitive to the emotional horror this would have for the working classes. FRS teams firstly evacuated older people to Quaker meeting houses and halls in the country, and then set up evacuation hostels which, at their peak in 1942, cared for 450 elderly evacuees. The lessons that FRS members learnt through this work was collected in a report for the Nuffield Trust, providing useful evidence for future work into the needs of older people

The evacuation work went on to include children, mothers with babies and disabled people. Between 1940 and 1946 FRS operated 80 different hostels. FRS members also worked to ease tensions between groups of evacuees and the residents of the areas they were moved to. Much of this work was supported by local Quaker meetings.

Welfare Work
When heavy bombing ceased, in May 1941, the FRS began to focus on social work with British civilians impacted by the war. In collaboration with other Christian groups, they ran clubs for young people in the cities they had supported during the bombing, whose homes and environments had been destroyed and who might have one or both parents absent or engaged in war work. Members of the FRS were also placed in Citizens' Advice Bureaux around the country, and they operated a mobile Citizen's Advice Bureau.

In Liverpool they set up a Friends Service Centre, where locals could come for support and to use workshops to repair their furniture. The responsibility for this centre was handed to the Quaker meeting in Liverpool in 1945, and it remained open until 1949.

In Birmingham the FRS formed a committee with the local Adult School Union to create the Burlington Hall Neighbourhood Centre, which provided social clubs and classes for all ages. This became independent in 1945, and was open until 1970, when it was subject to a compulsory purchase order by the Corporation of Birmingham

Works and Equipment
The works and equipment section operated stores of clothing, food and furniture around England, taking in donations from the American Friends Service Committee and the International Commission for Refugees as well as businesses and private individuals. These supplies were sorted, repaired if necessary, and re-distributed. They were initially required for evacuation and refugee hostels in the UK, including those operated by other organisations, but from 1944 they were used to supply overseas work.

Work in France
Prior to 1939, the British Friends Service Council had been working alongside the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) to provide relief to Spanish Civil War refugees on the southern French border. This work had been continued by the Americans, and then handed over to local people, who formed an organisation known as Secours Quaker. In 1944, the FRS decided that rather than begin their own operation in France they would instead offer workers and supplies to support the work of Secours Quaker. This enabled them to be the first British relief organisation to be granted visas to enter France and aided them in their relations with Allied forces, as well as allowing French control of the work going on in their own country. FRS officially withdrew from France in June 1946, although British and American Quakers continued to work with Secours Quaker, sponsored by FRS, until the end of 1948.

Transport

The ability to supply materials where they were needed was the first priority. FRS purchased 6 3-tonne trucks, which were based in Caen and Le Havre and driven by FRS members. They transported building supplies from areas where there had been no destruction to the towns and villages of Normandy that had been devastated by fighting. They also delivered medical supplies, farming implements and food.

Food & Clothing
There was little availability of clothing or material in post-War France. The Allied invasion had taken place in the summer months, so those who lived in battleground areas had been wearing their summer clothes as they escaped and had lost their winter clothing along with their homes. Each Secours Quaker delegation ran a "vestiaire", supplying emergency clothing. The FRS encouraged British people to make "pochettes" - a small coloured tin containing cotton, darning wool, buttons, needles and pins - as a gift to those in Europe who were unable to get those items, and thousands were distributed.

The need for food was particularly dire in the south of France. All southern Secours Quaker delegations ran food distribution schemes targeting children, older people, refugees and TB sufferers. In June 1945, workers in Marseille reported that 2000 children and young people were receiving food in 8 centres, this had risen to 3000 in 1946. They were receiving a hot milk-chocolate drink with cheese, jam or chocolate and vitamin supplements. Workers went into schools, universities, prisons and factories to supply food where it was most needed.

Food and clothes were also supplied to camps holding Axis prisoners of war, collaborators and displaced people in transit. Conditions in these camps were often poor, and Secours Quaker was particularly asked to supplement the rations of food available for children.

Housing

Homelessness was a big problem in Caen and Le Havre, particularly amongst those who had returned home from being imprisoned or deported by the Nazis. The Secours Quaker delegations in these areas worked with other organisations to support their work and created their own temporary shelter by repairing a damaged house.

Work in Germany
The most extensive operations of FRS overseas took place in Germany. There were an estimated 60 million people in Europe that had been displaced by fighting, governmental policies on ethnicity and forced labour migration. In 1945 large proportion of these people were in living in Germany and needed a lot of support in repatriation or resettlement. There were also many German civilians in need of relief.

Work with Displaced People
The FRS teams cleaned and repaired buildings, doing their best to source the necessary materials, which were scarce. They attempted to keep camps for displaced people clean and hygienic, and to fairly distribute food. They recruited displaced people living in the camps to take on these organisational roles, encouraging autonomy, and supported efforts to create workshops and other employment.

Many displaced people from Poland and Ukraine were unwilling to return home, as they feared the Soviet and Tito regimes. Several emigration schemes were introduced by other countries, and FRS team members began to support those applying with their arrangements, including providing information on their destination and language instruction.

There remained a group of displaced people, mainly older people and mothers with small children, who were not eligible for any of the emigration schemes, and who would be remaining in Germany. FRS workers looked for opportunities to integrate them into German life, running international clubs where the children and young people could get to know each other.

Work of individual FRS teams

FRS 100
Led by Lilian Impey, this team left England in February 1945 and had spent two months working in Belgium when it was asked to go to Belsen concentration camp. They entered the camp on the 21st of April, 6 days after it had been liberated by British soldiers. Several members of the team stated that the conditions they found there challenged their belief in pacifism.

The men of the team worked on first aid, transport, water purification and drain repair whilst the women took charge of improvised hospital blocks. Many of those who had been imprisoned in the camp had typhus, while all were starving but struggled to eat normal food after not eating for so long. A total of 13,000 liberated prisoners died in the weeks following the relief team's arrival. As more doctors and nurses arrived, the FRS workers moved to organising clothing distribution, and helping internees, particularly unaccompanied children, to plan for the future.

After five weeks, FRS 100 was moved to Sulingen, and from there to the Braunschweig area, where they remained for three years, assisting with the care of around 17,500 displaced people. A subsection of the team took over work in Goslar when FRS 124 were moved in 1947.

FRS 124

Led by Yvonne Marrack, this team was initially posted to a rest centre for displaced people in Holland. In July 1945, it was sent to Goslar and began work in 13 camps for displaced people. In the summer of 1947, they moved to the Schleswig area, where they ran a domestic science school for girls.

FRS 125
Led by Michael Lee, this team was stationed first in Langendreer, then at Wattenscheid, primarily working with foreign workers. It was then moved to Cologne at the end of 1945 to work with German civilians.

FRS 151
This team was sent to Oldenburg to work with refugees.

Work in Greece
The work in Greece was of a somewhat scattered nature, falling into three main sections.

Sydney and Joice NanKivell Loch, based in Thessaloniki, ran multiple schemes with the aim of raising the standard of living in local villages, which had been heavily impacted by the Axis occupation and the beginnings of the Greek Civil War. This included running a farm school, distributing livestock, running summer camps, establishing a girl's school and founding a maternity hospital that offered training in midwifery.

An FRS team led by John Saunders worked on refugee transport and resettlement in the Aegean Islands. Many villages in the area had taken significant damage in the fighting, and those returning required help in finding accommodation and ways to support themselves.

A second FRS team, led by Norman Gilbertson, travelled to Thessaloniki in January 1946 and was attached to the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration unit there. They distributed supplies to the villages and supported the care of children, particularly orphans.

Work in Poland and with Polish refugees
Poland was the site of significant Quaker relief work following the First World War. After the German invasion in 1939, the Friends Service Council sent a joint delegation with the Polish Relief Fund to help Polish refugees in Hungary and Romania. The Quaker workers concentrated on finding educational and work opportunities for the refugees.

As the war progressed a number of these refugees moved first to Cyprus, and then to Palestine, accompanied by Joice and Sydney Loch, a couple who had been aid-workers for Quaker relief organisations since the First World War. Other Polish refugees travelled to Eastern Africa. This work came under the umbrella of the FRS in 1943. The Lochs and other workers continued to support education and work opportunities, encouraging the refugees to take on leadership roles and to start schools and clubs. They also liased with local officials and supported future planning. This work was largely wound down in 1946, with many of the workers involved going next to Poland.

Poland's agriculture and medical facilities had been devastated by the war. It was decided that the FRS and the American Friends Service Council (AFSC) would form an Anglo American Quaker relief mission based in Warsaw. They distributed supplementary rations to children under the age of 7, who were not supported by school-based schemes. At its peak this feeding programme was distributing food to 11,000 children from 31 centres. The mission also distributed clothing, transported building materials for rebuilding efforts and set up a clinic.

An important part of the work was promoting reconciliation amongst the different ethnic and religious groups in Poland, most particularly between those of German heritage and those of Slavic heritage. It wasn't possible to do this directly, but it was ensured that all organisational committees had representatives from each relevant group, encouraging dialogue and cooperation. The teams also put on multi-lingual nativity plays, ensuring children from all groups had parts, and set up sewing groups, which provided employment as well as opportunities for dialogue.

The mission withdrew in May 1949.

Work in Austria
The situation in post-war Austria was complicated, with a multitude of different jurisdictions and authorities. It was decided that FRS workers would be sent to work under the British Red Cross. Food was a dire problem, with the average rations being around 1000 calories per day in 1945/46. FRS began with a feeding scheme for older people working at Vienna University and for infant children. They also distributed clothing and ran a hostel for students.

Richard Rowntree, a former FAU member who transferred to FRS, ran the Distressed Persons Scheme. Austrians who had near relatives in Britain were entitled to get visas to join them. Rowntree helped all those accessing this scheme to arrange travel and transit visas, and co-ordinated with the FCRA in London who would meet them on arrival.

People associated with the Friends Relief Service

 Charlotte Adeney (illustrator)
 Horace Gundry Alexander
 Mosa Anderson
 Bertha Bracey
 Aubrey Brocklehurst (horologist)
 Wilfred Brown (tenor)
 Charles Frederick Carter
 Nancy Catford (sculptor)
 Corder Catchpool
 Kanty Cooper (sculptor)
 Gerontissa Gavrielia
 Alastair Heron
 Lettice Jowitt
 Margaret McNeil
 Richard Stanley Peters
 Edith Pye
 Tessa Rowntree
 Cedric Smith (statistician)
 Hannah Stanton
 Roger Harold Metford Warner
 Peter Willmott (sociologist)
 Francesca Wilson

Archives and Records
The archives of the Friends Relief Service are held at the Library of the Society of Friends, Friends House, London.

References

Quaker organisations based in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1940

Friends Relief Service


Wayne Carson (born Wayne Carson Head; May 31, 1943 – July 20, 2015), sometimes credited as Wayne Carson Thompson, was an American country musician, songwriter, and record producer.  He played percussion, piano, guitar, and bass.  His most famous songs as a writer include "The Letter", "Neon Rainbow", "Soul Deep", and "Always on My Mind" (written with Mark James and Johnny Christopher).

Biography
Carson was born in Denver, Colorado, to Odie and Olivia Head, who played music professionally under the pseudonym Thompson.  They met in Nebraska while working for radio station KMMJ, moved to Colorado and eventually to Springfield, Missouri, to join the KWTO music staff.  By then, they were better known by their stage names, "Shorty and Sue". Shorty Thompson was perhaps best known around the Ozarks as a member of radio and television mainstay the Tall Timber Boys.

Wayne Carson wanted to pick up a guitar when he was about 14 after hearing a recording by Merle Travis.  Even so, he was quickly taken by the newer sound of rock 'n' roll. He lived in several cities, including Denver, as a young man leading bands and moved to Nashville, Tennessee, in 1962.  He initially used his parents' stage name, becoming known and credited as Wayne Carson Thompson before dropping the last name and adopting the name Wayne Carson.

In the mid-1960s he returned to Springfield, where he began working with music publisher and promoter Si Siman. Together they pitched songs for years, without success until Siman's friend and producer Chet Atkins took a liking to a tune called "Somebody Like Me" and wanted to have Eddy Arnold record it. Carson was taken aback when he got a call from Arnold, one of the most successful country acts of all time. "Eddie said, 'Wayne, I love the song, but it needs another verse'," Carson recalled. "So I said, 'Well, the third verse goes like this' and I just wrote it right there over the phone."  The song became his first number one hit in late 1966 and spent four weeks on top of the country charts.

In 1967, he wrote another major hit, "The Letter", inspired by several pages of lyrics sent by his father. The song was an international hit for The Box Tops and later for Joe Cocker and Leon Russell and was nominated for two Grammys.  Carson also wrote "Neon Rainbow" and "Soul Deep" for the Box Tops.

Carson's song "Always on My Mind" won Grammy awards in 1983 for Song of the Year and Best Country Song; in 1982 it reached No. 1 on the Billboard Country charts. The Country Music Association named it the Song of the Year in 1982 and 1983. Also in 1982, The Nashville Songwriters Association International named it Song of the Year and the Academy of Country Music named it Single of the Year.

In 1997 Carson was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame.

Carson died on July 20, 2015, aged 72, after suffering from various ailments.

Songs
 "Somebody Like Me" – Eddy Arnold
 "Always On My Mind" – Brenda Lee, Elvis Presley, Willie Nelson, Pet Shop Boys, Michael Buble, Juilo Iglesias, The Stylistics, West End Girls, Johnny Cash & Willie Nelson, John Wesley Ryles
 "The Letter" – The Box Tops, The Beach Boys, Dionne Warwick, Joe Cocker featuring Leon Russell, Al Green, Johnny Rivers, The Arbors, Bachman Turner Overdrive, Bobby Darin, Amii Stewart, and Don Williams.
 "Keep On" – Bruce Channel
 "Who's Julie" – Mel Tillis, Joe Simon
 "She's Actin' Single (I'm Drinkin' Doubles)" – Gary Stewart, Wade Hayes, Ronnie Dunn
 "Neon Rainbow" – The Box Tops, Petula Clark
 "Soul Deep" – The Box Tops, Clarence Carter, Gary U.S. Bonds, Tina Turner, Eddy Arnold, Gin Blossoms, Barbara Lynn
 "The Clown" – Conway Twitty
 "He's Got A Way With Women" - The Crickets
 "Slide Off Your Satin Sheets" – Johnny Paycheck
 "Whiskey Trip" – Gary Stewart
 "No Love At All" – Lynn Anderson, B.J. Thomas
 "Drinkin' Thing" – Gary Stewart, Wade Hayes
 "Barstool Mountain" – Moe Bandy, Wayne Carson,  Johnny Paycheck
 "Cussin' Cryin' and Carryin' On" –  Ike & Tina Turner
 "You Got What You Wanted" –  Ike & Tina Turner
"I'm Gonna Do All I Can (To Do Right By My Man)" – Ike & Tina Turner
 "That's The Only Way To Say Good Morning" – Ray Price
 "A Horse Called Music" – Willie Nelson, Randy Travis
 "Dog Day Afternoon" – Shelby Lynne
 "I See the Want To in Your Eyes" – Conway Twitty, Gary Stewart
 "(Don't Let The Sun Set On You In) Tulsa" – Waylon Jennings
 "Something's Wrong In California" – Waylon Jennings
 "I Want Some More" – Dan Auerbach, Jon & Robin and the In Crowd
 "I Couldn't Spell !!*@!" – Sam The Sham & the Pharaohs, Homer & Jethro
 "Hollywood" - Alabama
 "Instant Reaction" - Clarence Carter, Bruce Channel
 "Mr Busdriver" - Bruce Channel
 "Things Go Better With You" - The April Fools
 "You Won't Be There" - The April Fools
 "Do It Again a Little Bit Slower" - Jon & Robin and the In Crowd
 "Dr Jon (the Medicine Man)" - Jon & Robin and the In Crowd
 "Honey Bee" - Robin of Jon & Robin
 "The Grapes in Mary's Vineyard" - Claude King aka The Grapes in Martha's Vineyard
 "Sandman" - B. J. Thomas, The Box Tops
 "Nine Pound Steel" - Joe Simon
"The Letter", "Neon Rainbow", and "Soul Deep" were all Top 40 hits for the Box Tops; "The Letter" reached No.1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in September 1967.  "Do It Again A Little Bit Slower" was a top 20 pop hit in June 1967.

Notes

References
Brothers, Michael A. "Lyrics that endure" (March 16, 2006), Springfield News-Leader, p. 1C

External links
 Songs written by Wayne Carson Thompson, MusicVf.com

American country singer-songwriters
1943 births
2015 deaths
Monument Records artists
Singers from Denver
Singer-songwriters from Colorado

Wayne Carson


Tompa is a town in Bács-Kiskun county, Hungary.

The Tompa Block is composed of recomplete Miocene shale and has been an area of hydrocarbon exploration.
 a well drilled by Toreador has produced natural gas.  Design of a Hydraulic fracturing program to stimulate the well was finalized and operations to perform the treatment, were to start in May 2009.

Also, Cuadrilla Resources lists Tompa in their prospectus.
In Tompa 38,796 acres composed of recomplete Miocene were described to contain multi TCF Basin Centred TGS.

References

External links

  in Hungarian

Populated places in Bács-Kiskun County
Hungary–Serbia border crossings
Towns in Hungary

Tompa


The Assistant Secretary for Housing, who also carries the title Federal Housing Commissioner, is a position within the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. The Assistant Secretary is responsible for overseeing the $400 billion Federal Housing Administration insurance portfolio. He or she also oversees the Department of Housing and Urban Development's regulatory responsibilities in the areas of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, the housing mission of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and the manufactured housing industry.

The Federal Housing Commissioner is appointed by the President and confirmed by the United States Senate. The Assistant Secretary is third in the order of succession for the office of Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. The Assistant Secretary is paid at level IV of the Executive Schedule, meaning he or she receives a basic annual salary of $143,000. The incumbent Federal Housing Commissioner is Brian D. Montgomery, who was confirmed in February 2005. The previous Federal Housing Commissioner was John C. Weicher.

References

United States Assistant Secretaries of Housing and Urban Development

Assistant Secretary of Housing and Urban Development for Housing


George Murray Smith DL JP (4 February 1859 – 18 April 1919) was a chairman of the Midland Railway from 1911 until his death.

He was the son of George Murray Smith, the publisher.  He was educated at Harrow School; and Jesus College, Cambridge.  In 1885 he married Ellen Strutt, youngest daughter of Edward Strutt, 1st Baron Belper.  They had three sons, two of whom were killed during World War I, and a daughter. He was appointed as a deputy lieutenant of Leicestershire in April 1903.

References

 'SMITH, George Murray',   Who Was Who,  A & C Black,   1920–2008;     online edn,   Oxford University Press, Dec 2007       accessed 20 Jan 2012
 Anita McConnell, 'Smith,  George Murray  (1859–1919)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press,  2004 accessed                                                                         George Murray Smith (1859–1919):

Deputy Lieutenants of Leicestershire
1859 births
1919 deaths
People educated at Harrow School
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge

George Murray Smith the Younger


A box junction is a road traffic control measure designed to prevent congestion and gridlock at junctions. The surface of the junction is typically marked with a yellow criss-cross grid of diagonal painted lines (or only two lines crossing each other in the box), and vehicles may not enter the area so marked unless their exit from the junction is clear, or they are intending to turn and are prevented from doing so by oncoming traffic, or other vehicles on the box waiting to turn.

Box junctions were introduced in the UK during 1967, following a successful trial in London. In both Ireland and the United Kingdom (where cars drive on the left), drivers may enter the box and wait when they want to turn right and are stopped from doing so only by oncoming traffic or by other vehicles waiting to turn right.

Box junctions may be painted on other areas of roadway which must be kept free of queuing traffic, such as exits from emergency vehicle depots, level crossings and car parks.

Box junctions are most widely used in many European countries such as Cyprus, Finland, Ireland, Malta, Portugal, Serbia and the United Kingdom; in parts of the United States, such as New York and Colorado; and other countries, including Canada , Hong Kong, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, South Africa, Taiwan, India and Brazil

Unmarked equivalents

In Australia, New Zealand and the European Union (excluding Ireland), road rules state that every intersection is a box: that is, the driver may not enter any intersection unless there is clear space on the other side, whether it is marked or not. In the EU this also applies to junctions with a minor road within the waiting area of a traffic light on the major road. The same rule applies at every intersection in Russia.

Several U.S. states have enacted laws intending to decrease gridlock at intersections, railroad crossings, and marked crosswalks which prohibit motorists from entering any of the three until they are certain their vehicle can clear it, as recommended by Uniform Vehicle Code section 11–1112. Examples include California, Florida, and Ohio. No special road markings are used to indicate this rule, but some governments post warning signs to increase awareness of the law at problematic intersections.

References

External links

How To Use Box Junctions Video Tutorial
2pass.co.uk tutorial.  With narration.

Road junction types
Road surface markings

Box junction


Dogtown (originally named Woodville) is an unincorporated community in the rural West Marin region of coastal Marin County, California in the San Francisco Bay Area's North Bay. It lies at an elevation of 187 feet (57 m). With a population of 30, the town is located beside the Golden Gate National Recreation Area and Point Reyes National Seashore, in the Olema Valley west of the Bolinas Ridge mountain range.

History
The village, founded by miners and lumberjacks, is located within the original Rancho Punta de los Reyes Sobrante land grant. It was a stagecoach stop along the north–south route. The village includes the historic Nelson Hotel, which was connected by the old North Pacific Coast Railroad to the Bolinas Station, en route to Point Reyes. That railway ran between Mendocino County and a ferry service to San Francisco at Sausalito. The hotel, with nearby guest houses, was later used by the U.S. Army during both World Wars as barracks. There was also a K-8 school, with about 50 pupils. The schoolhouse was located south of the village towards Bolinas, the nearest town. An early 20th-century pastime was a trip and picnic to the Copper Mine Gulch, which runs through the town.

The town was originally known as Woodville due to its timber industry, although the sawmills closed by the 1870s. The name was changed to Dogtown, as that was a popular name among locals. Until the name change, the hamlet was simply nicknamed "The Dogtown" by Bolinas residents, because the town's residents kept a large number of hunting dogs. The location continues to be labeled "Woodville" on some maps.

The area's economy is agricultural and tourism-based.

Dogtown Pottery was a master potter's shop. His name was John Kostelic. He left to retire to Idaho in 1996. It was then purchased by a gentleman that opened an artist's retreat in the same area, and provided the use of the kiln and workshop.

Education
Dogtown is in the Bolinas-Stinson Union School District which provides K-8 education, and the Tamalpais Union High School District. Students attend Tamalpais High School in Mill Valley after 8th grade.

Transportation
The town is accessible by State Route 1, marked as "Shoreline Highway Road" locally, which runs through the community; north to Point Reyes Station and south to Stinson Beach.

There is limited Marin Transit West Marin Stagecoach (route 61e) bus service between Point Reyes Station, Dogtown, Bolinas, and Mill Valley (with some trips to Marin City). The service provides 4 daily round trips on Wednesdays and Fridays. Some students use it to get to Tamalpais High School on the days it operates; these students are some of the service's key users. There is also service on route 62 from Point Reyes Station to Stinson Beach, with one trip continuing as route 68 from Point Reyes Station to the county seat San Rafael through Lagintas-Forest Knolls, San Anselmo and other communities in the San Geronimo Valley.

Due to the town's geographic isolation, residents are, in most cases, taken to hospitals by helicopter instead of by ambulance in emergencies.

Notes

Unincorporated communities in California
Unincorporated communities in Marin County, California
West Marin

Dogtown, Marin County, California


In probability theory, an outcome is a possible result of an experiment or trial. Each possible outcome of a particular experiment is unique, and different outcomes are mutually exclusive (only one outcome will occur on each trial of the experiment). All of the possible outcomes of an experiment form the elements of a sample space.

For the experiment where we flip a coin twice, the four possible outcomes that make up our sample space are (H, T), (T, H), (T, T) and (H, H), where "H" represents a "heads", and "T" represents a "tails". Outcomes should not be confused with events, which are  (or informally, "groups") of outcomes. For comparison, we could define an event to occur when "at least one 'heads'" is flipped in the experiment - that is, when the outcome contains at least one 'heads'. This event would contain all outcomes in the sample space except the element (T, T).

Sets of outcomes: events

Since individual outcomes may be of little practical interest, or because there may be prohibitively (even infinitely) many of them, outcomes are grouped into sets of outcomes that satisfy some condition, which are called "events." The collection of all such events is a sigma-algebra.

An event containing exactly one outcome is called an elementary event. The event that contains all possible outcomes of an experiment is its sample space. A single outcome can be a part of many different events.

Typically, when the sample space is finite, any subset of the sample space is an event (that is, all elements of the power set of the sample space are defined as events). However, this approach does not work well in cases where the sample space is uncountably infinite (most notably when the outcome must be some real number). So, when defining a probability space it is possible, and often necessary, to exclude certain subsets of the sample space from being events.

Probability of an outcome
Outcomes may occur with probabilities that are between zero and one (inclusively). In a discrete probability distribution whose sample space is finite, each outcome is assigned a particular probability. In contrast, in a continuous distribution, individual outcomes all have zero probability, and non-zero probabilities can only be assigned to ranges of outcomes.

Some "mixed" distributions contain both stretches of continuous outcomes and some discrete outcomes; the discrete outcomes in such distributions can be called atoms and can have non-zero probabilities.

Under the measure-theoretic definition of a probability space, the probability of an outcome need not even be defined. In particular, the set of events on which probability is defined may be some σ-algebra on  and not necessarily the full power set.

Equally likely outcomes

In some sample spaces, it is reasonable to estimate or assume that all outcomes in the space are equally likely (that they occur with equal probability). For example, when tossing an ordinary coin, one typically assumes that the outcomes "head" and "tail" are equally likely to occur. An implicit assumption that all outcomes are equally likely underpins most randomization tools used in common games of chance (e.g. rolling dice, shuffling cards, spinning tops or wheels, drawing lots, etc.). Of course, players in such games can try to cheat by subtly introducing systematic deviations from equal likelihood (for example, with marked cards, loaded or shaved dice, and other methods).

Some treatments of probability assume that the various outcomes of an experiment are always defined so as to be equally likely. However, there are experiments that are not easily described by a set of equally likely outcomes— for example, if one were to toss a thumb tack many times and observe whether it landed with its point upward or downward, there is no symmetry to suggest that the two outcomes should be equally likely.

See also

References

External links

Experiment (probability theory)

Outcome (probability)


How I Live Now is a novel by Meg Rosoff, first published in 2004. It received generally positive reviews and won the British Guardian Children's Fiction Prize and the American Printz Award for young-adult literature.

Plot
Fifteen-year-old Elizabeth (who goes by the name of Daisy) is sent from the United States to stay with her aunt Penn and her children, Daisy's cousins, on a remote farm in the United Kingdom during the outbreak of a fictional third world war of the 21st century. Though she is happy about moving away from her stepmother who is pregnant, Daisy is homesick at first. First meeting her 14-year-old cousin Edmond at the airport, Daisy calls him "some kind of mutt"; however, her view of Edmond changes after settling in. Arriving at the farm she also meets Edmond's twin brother Isaac, 9-year-old Piper, and Osbert, who is the eldest brother. Daisy's homesickness only lasts for a short while before she and her extended family become close, and Daisy begins to embrace her new home. Daisy soon finds herself falling in love with Edmond and, after realising that the affection is mutual, begins a relationship with him.

Aunt Penn travels to Oslo, where she is stranded after war breaks out. An unknown enemy occupies the UK. The war becomes increasingly difficult for Daisy and her cousins as it increasingly affects their lives, eventually leading to food shortages and lack of other resources. One day, the farm is taken over by soldiers who separate the boys from the girls by sending them away to live at separate homes, and then separate farms. Daisy and Piper are forced to put survival as their top priority and cannot look for the male members of their family. Gradually finding their way back home, the two girls learn the harsh consequences of war and wait for their family in the barn house. After the war ends, Daisy must deal with putting the pieces of her life back together and overcoming the terrible experience of war as she reunites with the forever changed members of her family, including a physically and emotionally scarred Edmond.

Near the end of the book, Daisy (who had been pulled back to the United States by her father) goes back to the UK to see Edmond and the rest. Edmond, who thinks Daisy has broken their promise of always being together, refuses to see her at first. However, he eventually accepts her once again. Instead of going back to the United States, Daisy continues to live with Edmond and the rest of the family in the UK.

Characters
 Elizabeth (aka Daisy) is a 15-year-old from New York. She comes to Britain to live with Aunt Penn out of spite toward her father and her stepmother. She falls in love with Edmond and begins a relationship with him. Daisy is described as determined, steadfast, and selfish at times.
 Isaac is a 14-year-old boy who is Daisy's cousin, Edmond's brother & Piper's elder brother. In the beginning of the story, he doesn't really speak much, however, towards the end of the book he talks more. He likes to commune with animals.
 Piper is Aunt Penn's only daughter and Daisy's cousin. She is the youngest of the family and has an almost angelic essence to her. Daisy feels protective of her and acts as her mother when Aunt Penn is away. Words that would describe Piper would be energetic, sweet and innocent.
 Edmond is Isaac's brother and Piper's elder brother. He is in a relationship with Daisy though they are cousins. When Daisy first met him at the airport, she described him as "some kind of mutt, you know the ones you see at the dog shelter who are kind of hopeful and sweet and put their nose straight into your hand when they meet you with a certain kind of dignity and you know from that second that you're going to take him home?" Later in the story, he develops a very powerful relationship with Daisy. During the war, Edmond watches a massacre and is unable to talk and pull himself together because of the shock it gave him. Edmond is also very scarred by his war memories.
 Osbert is the eldest child, older brother to the twins, Edmond & Isaac, and Piper. He is 16 and a little self-important. He is "in charge" when Aunt Penn is away.
 Aunt Penn is the mother of Piper, Edmond, Isaac and Osbert. She is Daisy's deceased mother's sister. Daisy sees Aunt Penn as the caring and loving mother figure she never got to have. Aunt Penn was shot dead trying to re-enter the country two years after the war started, while trying to get back to her family, .
 Daisy's father is mostly too preoccupied with his second wife and his work to notice Daisy.
 Davina is Daisy's stepmother and Daisy's father's second wife. Daisy describes her as heartless and cruel, dubbing her "Davina the Diabolical". Daisy's stepmother is the reason why Daisy won't eat properly.
 Leah is Daisy's friend. During Daisy's stay at Aunt Penn's, Leah continually updates Daisy with recent news and events occurring at her school.
 Mrs McEvoy is the woman whom Daisy and Piper are sent to during the war. She is described as too nice and cheery, but Daisy overlooks this because "at least she was trying to be nice which even I had to admit, is something". Mrs McEvoy's husband (Major McEvoy) was shot dead by the occupying troops while trying to save Joe and this drives her mad.
 Joe is a boy whom Daisy works with while picking apples; he gets shot along with Major McEvoy.

Awards
 2004 Guardian Children's Fiction Prize
 2005 Michael L. Printz Award
 2005 Branford Boase Award

Runners up, etc.
 2004 Shortlisted for the Whitbread Children's Book of the Year
 2004 Shortlisted for the Orange Prize
 2005 Shortlisted for the Booktrust Teenage Prize.

Radio adaptation
In 2007 the novel was adapted for radio by Elizabeth Burke. It was directed by Kate McAll and the music was composed by John Hardy. There were five parts of fifteen minutes each, which aired daily from 12 to 15 November as the Woman's Hour Drama on BBC Radio 4.

Film adaptation

The novel was adapted into a film directed by Kevin Macdonald that was released in 2013 and starred Irish actress Saoirse Ronan playing the role of Daisy, with George MacKay as Edmond (now written as the oldest cousin), Tom Holland as Isaac (now the younger cousin) and Harley Bird as Piper.

See also

 World War III in popular culture
 Tomorrow series

References

External links
Reviews
How I Live Now Book Video

British young adult novels
Novels set during World War III
Guardian Children's Fiction Prize-winning works
Michael L. Printz Award-winning works
2004 British novels
British novels adapted into films
2004 children's books
Novels about eating disorders
British war drama films
British survival films
2004 debut novels
Children's books set in the United Kingdom
Children's books about war
Children's books set in the 21st century

How I Live Now


The Poihipi Power Station is a geothermal power station owned and operated by Contact Energy.  It is located on Poihipi Road near Taupō in New Zealand.

The plant produces around 350 GWh pa, utilising geothermal steam from the Wairakei field, and is operated as part of the Wairakei geothermal system.

Development
The station has had an extraordinarily contentious history. In the beginning, Alistair McLachlan and his wife Ava Marie ran a sheep farm for their Waituruturu trust, but also a greenhouse to grow roses and orchids in "artificial monsoon" conditions enabled by geothermal heat: approximately two square kilometres of their land overlay the Wairakei geothermal field. Their Waituruturu trust joined with Mercury Network (wholly owned subsidiary of Mercury Energy) to form a joint venture, Mercury Geotherm Limited, (33% owned by the McLauchlans, or 49% according to the N.Z. Herald, 11 January 2005) and Poihipi Land Limited, wholly owned by MGL. Some land was for the power station, the rest remained as farmland.

The original design involved two 23 MW refurbished Elliot turbine-generators but late in the design these were abandoned in favour of a newer Fuji Electric 55 MW system completed for the Geysers geothermal field in the US by the state of California, but never run. Despite the cost of conversion from the U.S.A standard of 60 cycles/sec. to the N.Z. standard of 50 cycles/sec. the resulting project was much cheaper than using new equipment. (Utilisation of Second-Hand Plant to Reduce Capital Investment and Project Lead Times, Minoru Frederiksens et al., 2000)

Steam supply constraints limited full power to about fourteen hours a day, with only about 3 MW at night. All other geothermal stations are typically run at constant full power. This unusual operating pattern attracted analysis, as in Optimised Numerical Modelling of Production from the Poihipi Dry Steam Zone: Wairakei Geothermal System by Sadiq J. Zarrouk et al., 2006.

Initial maximum power levels soon fell from ~43 MW to 30 MW due to a shortage of steam. In 2001 Contact applied for fresh consents (for Wairakei, and Poihipi which it had bought in 2000) which were granted in 2004 but appealed against by the Taupō Council (concerned over land subsidence) and others. In 2007, approval was gained, so with access to more steam (from the whole field, not just that under the McLachlan's land) generation attained 50 MW, full-time; the plot shows that such operation precedes 2007. Ignoring the single value of 56.56 MW (for 10:30pm 22/11/2003, likely a data error), maximum generation plateaued at just under 52 MW over 2012 - 2015, and has fallen since.

Litigation
Litigation started in 1989 between the Electricity Corporation of New Zealand and Geotherm Energy Limited (owned by the Waituruturu Trust), challenging ECNZ's entitlement to draw geothermal fluid from the Wairakei field and in 1990 GEL applied to take 44,000 tonnes/day for their new power station, to be named Poihipi, but was granted only 10,000 tonnes/day. ECNZ objected because of their need for the Wairakei power station. A report describing this need was not made available to GEL, despite applications and in frustration, GEL applied to declare the ECNZ "anti-competitive" and using their dominant market position to deter advisors, service providers, customers, financiers and investors from dealing with GEL, as well as making baseless statutory applications to hinder GEL's planning applications, and that the ECNZ intended to prevent GEL from supplying power to Electrical Supply Authorities.

By 1996 the power station was built. MGL attempted to apply for additional consents allowing the discharge of contaminants to the air, but the Ngati Rauhoto hapu appealed due to inadequate consultation. An application to commence usage was rejected because it was MGL's error in deciding to complete the station before securing all necessary consents, but a priority hearing was allowed. Ngati Rauhoto sought to relitigate the power station consent, but were estopped as having already accepted the use of geothermal fluid. Costs of $700,000 were awarded against Ngati Rauhoto.

Immediately after consents were granted, it became clear that the deep liquid steam wells did not provide sufficient fluid. As well, changes to the electricity pricing scheme made it less profitable for Mercury Network to buy power from the station. MGL wrote the value of the plant down to $50,000,000 and could not cover the debenture of $80,000,000, thus the call for the appointing of receivers for MGL and PLL, but the McLauchlans obtained an interim injunction against this. Meanwhile, the Electricity Corporation had been dissolved and the Wairakei power plant was now owned by Contact Energy Limited, who had applied for consent to reinject used fluid as part of their new low-temperature plant to be added to the main Wairaki stations, thus reducing their dumping into the Waikato river. MGL objected because this reinjection of low-temperature fluid (much cooler than that already being re-injected) would be detrimental to their Poihipi plant. But in December 1998 Judge Whiting held that Contact's existing (inherited) consents allowed for reinjection at any temperature and consequently, receivers were appointed for MGL and PLL, who decided to sell the Poihipi power plant and the leased land to Contact.

The McLachlans responded with litigation on two fronts: suing Mercury Energy (by then split, into retail activity still called Mercury Energy but taken over by Mighty River Power, while the line network business became Vector) for faults that led to the failure of the joint venture (claiming $400,000,000), and, denying that the land had been properly sold to Contact as the McLaughlans (the pre-MGL owners) had arranged for the right of first refusal should that land be sold. Multiple entanglements, reaching to the Privy Council ensued.

In a deed of settlement in 2006, the McLauchlans abandoned damages proceedings and further arguments over the lease. This however triggered more reverberations in the workings (or not) of the lease but the High Court held that arguments based on an implied term, rectification, mistake, estoppel, and relief against forfeiture were rejected, and that the lease was void for having an uncertain term of application.

Thus, the "right of first refusal" did not in fact protect the McLauchlans, and, Contact retains a competitive advantage. Details in Climate Change Law, Simon Schofield, 2014.

The web page https://web.archive.org/web/20141225112813/http://www.contactenergy.co.nz/aboutus/shared/powerstations merely states "The Poihipi Road power station was commissioned in 1997 and was bought by Contact in 2000."

In 2004, the McLachlans secured resource consent for a second Poihipi power station just over a kilometre SSE and again encountered objection from Contact.

See also

 List of power stations in New Zealand
 Electricity sector in New Zealand

References

Geothermal power stations in New Zealand
Taupō
Buildings and structures in the Taupō District

Poihipi Power Station


Octopussy is a 1983 spy film and the thirteenth in the James Bond series produced by Eon Productions. It is the sixth to star Roger Moore as the MI6 agent James Bond. It was directed by John Glen and the screenplay was written by George MacDonald Fraser, Richard Maibaum and Michael G. Wilson.

The film's title is taken from a short story in Ian Fleming's 1966 short story collection Octopussy and The Living Daylights, although the film's plot is mostly original. It does, however, contain a scene adapted from the Fleming short story "The Property of a Lady" (included in 1967 and later editions of Octopussy and The Living Daylights). The events of the short story "Octopussy" form part of the title character's background and are recounted by her in the film.

In Octopussy, Bond is assigned the task of following a megalomaniacal Soviet general (Steven Berkoff) who is stealing jewellery and art objects from the Kremlin art repository. This leads Bond to a wealthy exiled Afghan prince, Kamal Khan (Louis Jourdan), and his associate, Octopussy (Maud Adams), and the discovery of a plot to force disarmament in Western Europe with the use of a nuclear weapon.

Octopussy was produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Michael G. Wilson; it was released four months before the non-Eon Bond film Never Say Never Again. The film earned $187.5 million against its $27.5 million budget and received mixed reviews. Praise was directed towards the action sequences and locations, with the plot and humour being targeted for criticism; Maud Adams's portrayal of the title character also drew polarised responses.

Plot
After fleeing knife-throwing twin assassins Mischka and Grishka in East Berlin, mortally wounded British agent 009, dressed as a circus clown and carrying a counterfeit Fabergé egg, stumbles into the British ambassador's residence and dies. MI6 immediately suspects Soviet involvement and, after the genuine Fabergé egg is to be auctioned in London, sends James Bond to identify the seller.

At the auction, Bond swaps the fake egg for the real one and subsequently engages in a bidding war with an exiled Afghan prince named Kamal Khan, forcing Khan to pay £500,000 for the counterfeit. Bond follows Khan to his palace in India. Bond defeats Khan in a game of backgammon using Khan's loaded dice. Then Bond and his MI6 contact, Vijay, escape Khan's bodyguard Gobinda in a taxi chase through a marketplace. Later, Khan's associate Magda seduces Bond. Bond allows Magda to steal the real Fabergé egg, which is fitted with Q's listening and tracking device. Gobinda knocks Bond unconscious and takes him to Khan's palace. After Bond escapes, he listens in on the bug and discovers that Khan works with Orlov, a Soviet general seeking to expand Soviet domination to Western Europe.

Bond infiltrates a floating palace in Udaipur and meets its owner, Octopussy, a wealthy businesswoman, smuggler and Khan's associate. She also leads the Octopus cult, of which Magda is a member. Octopussy has a personal connection with Bond: her father is the late Major Dexter-Smythe, whom Bond arrested for treason. Octopussy thanks Bond for allowing the Major to commit suicide rather than face trial, and invites Bond to be her guest.

Earlier in Khan's palace, Bond discovers that Orlov has been supplying Khan with priceless Soviet treasures, replacing them with replicas while Khan has been smuggling the genuine objects into the West via Octopussy's circus troupe. Orlov is planning to meet Khan at Karl-Marx-Stadt in East Germany, where the circus is scheduled to perform. Khan's assassins break into the palace to kill Bond, but Bond and Octopussy thwart them. Bond learns from Q that the assassins have killed Vijay.

Travelling to East Germany, Bond infiltrates the circus and discovers that Orlov has replaced the Soviet treasures with a nuclear warhead, primed to explode during the circus performance at a United States Air Force base in West Germany. The explosion would force Europe into seeking unilateral disarmament in the belief that the bomb belonged to the US and was detonated at the airbase accidentally, leaving the unprotected borders open to a Soviet invasion.

Bond takes Orlov's car, drives it along the railway tracks and boards the moving circus train. Orlov gives chase, but is killed by border guards after he tries to rush a checkpoint. Bond kills Mischka and Grischka to avenge the murder of 009, and after falling from the train, commandeers a car to get to the airbase. Bond penetrates the base and disguises himself as a clown to evade the West German police. He convinces Octopussy that Khan has betrayed her, and realizing that she has been tricked, she assists Bond in deactivating the warhead.

Some time later, with the plan foiled, Khan has returned to his palace and prepares to flee. Bond and Octopussy also return separately to India. Bond arrives at Khan's palace just as Octopussy and her troops launch an assault on the grounds.

Octopussy attempts to kill Khan, but is captured by Gobinda. While Octopussy's team, led by Magda, overpower Khan's guards, Khan and Gobinda abandon the palace, taking Octopussy as a hostage. As they attempt to escape in their airplane, Bond clings to the fuselage and disables an engine and the elevator panel. Struggling with Bond, Gobinda takes a deadly fall off the plane's roof, and Bond and Octopussy jump off the plane onto a nearby cliff only seconds before the plane crashes into a mountain, killing Khan instantly. While the Minister of Defence and General Gogol discuss the transport of the jewellery, Bond recuperates with Octopussy aboard her private galley in India.

Cast

Other actors in smaller roles include Andy Bradford as MI6 agent 009, Dermot Crowley as Lieutenant Kamp, Orlov's nuclear weapons expert; Peter Porteous as Lenkin, the Kremlin art expert; Eva Rueber-Staier as Rublevitch, Gogol's secretary; Jeremy Bulloch as Smithers, Q's assistant; and Richard LeParmentier as General Peterson's aide. Ingrid Pitt has an uncredited voice cameo as Octopussy's galley mistress.

Production

Writing
Despite financial problems at United Artists after the release of Michael Cimino's Heaven's Gate, the studio greenlit another James Bond film to be produced and released in 1983. In May 1981, one month after the announcement, UA was purchased and merged into Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Michael G. Wilson, Richard Maibaum, and George MacDonald Fraser were hired to write a film based on short stories from Ian Fleming's posthumous collection Octopussy and The Living Daylights. Little of the plot of the short story "Octopussy" is used, however, with its events simply related by Bond as the family backstory for one of the main characters. The scene at Sotheby's is, though, adapted from the short story "The Property of a Lady" (included in 1967 and later editions of the collection), while Kamal Khan's reaction following the backgammon game is taken from Fleming's novel Moonraker. After initially intending the film to be set in Japan, Fraser chose India as the setting because of his extensive research on the country for his novel Flashman.

Fraser was hired to work on an early draft of the script and he proposed that the story be set in India, as the series had not yet visited said country. The first draft was delivered shortly after the release of For Your Eyes Only, whose writers Michael G. Wilson and Richard Maibaum went on to rework the script. They discarded his idea for the opening sequence, featuring a motorbike chase set at the Isle of Man TT, but still retained moments that producer Albert R. Broccoli had first criticized, where Bond dressed as a gorilla and later, a clown. The film was rewritten to focus on jewellery smuggling after a scandal in the Soviet Union involving General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev's son Yuri Brezhnev manipulating the Moscow State Circus to smuggle jewellery.

Casting

Following For Your Eyes Only, Roger Moore had expressed a desire to retire from the role of James Bond. His original contract had been for three films (Live and Let Die in 1973, The Man with the Golden Gun in 1974 and The Spy Who Loved Me in 1977) which was fulfilled. Moore's following two films (Moonraker in 1979 and For Your Eyes Only in 1981) were negotiated on a film-by-film basis. Given his reluctance to return for Octopussy, the producers engaged in a semi-public quest for the next Bond, with Timothy Dalton and Lewis Collins being suggested as a replacement and screen tests carried out with Michael Billington, Oliver Tobias, and American actor James Brolin. However, when rival Bond production Never Say Never Again was announced, the producers persuaded Moore to continue in the role as it was thought the established actor would fare better against former Bond Sean Connery. It has been reported that Brolin had actually been hired and was on the point of moving to London to begin work on Octopussy,  while Broccoli refused to dispute Tobias's public statements that he was about to be cast as Bond.

Sybil Danning was announced in Prevue magazine in 1982 as being Octopussy, but was never actually cast, later explaining that Albert R. Broccoli felt "her personality was too strong". Faye Dunaway was deemed too expensive. Barbara Carrera said she turned down the role in order to appear as  Fatima Blush in the competing Bond film Never Say Never Again. Octopussy casting director Jane Jenkins revealed that the Bond producers told her that they wanted a South Asian actress to play Octopussy, so she considered the only two Indians in predominantly white Hollywood, Persis Khambatta and Susie Coelho. Afterward, she auditioned white actresses, like Barbara Parkins and Kathleen Turner, who she felt could pass for Indian. Finally, Broccoli announced to her that Octopussy would be portrayed by Swedish-born Maud Adams, who had been a Bond girl in The Man with the Golden Gun (1974), and had been recently used by Eon to screen test the potential Bonds. To acknowledge the nationality, Adams had her hair darkened, and a few lines were added about how she was raised by an Indian family. A different plotline, with Adams's British father exposed as a traitor, was used instead. The role of Magda went to another Swedish actress, Kristina Wayborn, who gained the attention of producers with her portrayal of  Greta Garbo in the TV miniseries The Silent Lovers. Pam Grier turned down an offer to play a Bond girl in the film.

Octopussy is also the first film to feature Robert Brown as M, following the death of Bernard Lee in 1981. Brown was recommended by Moore, who had known him since both worked in the series Ivanhoe. Brown had previously played Admiral Hargreaves in The Spy Who Loved Me, six years earlier.

The first actor to be cast in the film was Vijay Amritraj, a popular Indian professional tennis player whom Broccoli met while watching The Championships in Wimbledon. His character of Bond's ally in India was also named Vijay and used a tennis racket as a weapon. For the villains, Broccoli brought in his friend Louis Jourdan as Kamal Khan, while his daughter Barbara suggested Steven Berkoff for Orlov after having seen him perform his own play, Greek, in Los Angeles.

Filming

The filming of Octopussy began in West Berlin on 10 August 1982 with the scene in which Bond arrives at Checkpoint Charlie. Other locations from the city included Spandau Prison, the Brandenburg Gate, and Potsdamer Platz. Principal photography was done by Arthur Wooster and his second unit, who later filmed the knife-throwing scenes. Filming in India began on 12 September 1982 in Udaipur, Rajasthan. The Monsoon Palace served as the exterior of Kamal Khan's palace, while scenes set at Octopussy's palace were filmed at the Lake Palace and Jag Mandir, and Bond's hotel was the Shiv Niwas Palace. In England RAF Northolt, RAF Upper Heyford and RAF Oakley were the main locations. The Karl-Marx-Stadt railways scenes were shot at the Nene Valley Railway in Peterborough, while studio work was performed at Pinewood Studios and the 007 Stage. Parts of the film were also shot in Hurricane Mesa, Hurricane-LaVerkin Bridge, and New Harmony in Utah. Most of the crew as well as Roger Moore had diet problems while shooting in India.

The pre-title sequence has a scene where Bond flies a nimble homebuilt Bede BD-5J aircraft through an open hangar. Hollywood stunt pilot and aerial co-ordinator J. W. "Corkey" Fornof, who piloted the aircraft at more than , has said, "Today, few directors would consider such a stunt. They'd just whip it up in a computer lab." Having collapsible wings, the plane was shown hidden in a horse trailer; however, a dummy was used for this shot. Filming inside the hangar was achieved by attaching the aircraft to an old Jaguar car with a steel pole, driving with the roof removed. The second unit were able to add enough obstacles including people and objects inside the hangar to hide the car and the pole and make it look as though Moore was flying inside the base. For the explosion after the mini jet escapes, however, a miniature of the hangar was constructed and filmed up close. The exploding pieces of the hangar were in reality only  long.

Much later in the film, Bond steals Orlov's Mercedes-Benz at a depot defended by antagonist soldiers; as he tries to escape, he drives over barrier spikes shredding the tyres and then manoeuvres the car's bare wheels onto the rails to pursue Octopussy's circus train. During filming, the car had intact tyres in one scene so as to avoid any mishap.

Stunt coordinator Martin Grace suffered an injury while shooting the scene where Bond climbs down the train to catch Octopussy's attention. During the second day of filming, Grace – who was Roger Moore's stunt double for the scene – carried on doing the scene longer than he should have, due to a miscommunication with the second unit director, and the train entered a section of the track which the team had not properly surveyed. Shortly afterwards, a concrete pole fractured Grace's left leg. The cyclist seen passing in the middle of a sword fight during the baby taxi chase sequence was in fact a bystander who passed through the shot, oblivious to the filming; his intrusion was captured by two cameras and left in the final film. Cameraman Alan Hume's last scene was that of Octopussy's followers rowing. That day, little time was left and it was decided to film the sunset at the eleventh hour.

The Fabergé egg in the film is based on a real one, made in 1897 and which was called the Coronation Egg. The egg in the film is listed in the auction catalogue as being "The Property of a Lady", which is the name of one of Ian Fleming's short stories released in more recent editions of the collection Octopussy and The Living Daylights.

In a bit of diegesis that "breaks the fourth wall", Vijay signals his affiliation to MI6 by playing the "James Bond Theme" on a recorder while Bond is disembarking from a boat in the harbour near the City Palace. Like his fictional counterpart, the real Vijay had a distinct fear of snakes and found it difficult to hold the basket during filming.

Music

After being absent in For Your Eyes Only due to tax problems, John Barry returned to do his ninth Bond score. Barry made frequent references to the "James Bond Theme" to reinforce Octopussy as the official Bond film, given that the motif could not be featured in Never Say Never Again, and opted to include only subtle references to the music of India, avoiding instruments such as the sitar for feeling that authentic music "didn't work dramatically". He also wrote opening theme "All Time High" with lyricist Tim Rice. "All Time High", sung by Rita Coolidge, is one of seven musical themes in the James Bond series whose song titles do not refer to the film's title. "All Time High" spent four weeks at number one on the United States' Adult Contemporary singles chart and reached number 36 on the Billboard Hot 100.

The soundtrack album was released in 1985 by A&M Records; the compact disc version of this release was recalled due to a colour printing error which omitted the credits from the album cover, making it a rare collector's item. In 1997, the soundtrack was re-issued by Rykodisc, with the original soundtrack music and some film dialogue, on an Enhanced CD version. The 2003 release, by EMI, restored the original soundtrack music without dialogue.

Release and reception
Octopussy was the first Bond film released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, which had absorbed United Artists, the previous distributor of Eon Bond films. Octopussy premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square on 6 June 1983, with the Prince and Princess of Wales in attendance. The film earned slightly less than For Your Eyes Only, but still grossed $187.5 million, with $67.8 million in the United States and Canada. In the United Kingdom, the film grossed £8.3 million ($14.9 million). Other large international grosses include $15.7 million in Germany, $15.1 million in Japan and $9.1 million in France. The film also performed better than Never Say Never Again, the non-Eon Bond remake of Thunderball which was released a few months later and grossed $55 million in the United States and Canada. At the 11th Saturn Awards, Maud Adams was nominated for Best Supporting Actress. The film won the Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing. In Germany, it won the Golden Screen Award for selling over 3 million tickets.

Contemporary reviews
Gary Arnold of The Washington Post felt Octopussy was "one of the snazziest, wittiest productions" of the film series, in which he praised John Glen's direction, Louis Jourdan's performance, and the screenplay. Writing for The New York Times, Vincent Canby praised the film, but noted how "much of the story is incomprehensible". Gene Siskel, reviewing for The Chicago Tribune, awarded the film three stars out of four, stating it is "surprisingly entertaining—surprising because in his previous five Bond appearances Roger Moore has always come off as a smug stiff. In Octopussy Moore relaxes a bit and, just as important, his role is subordinated to the film's many and extremely exciting action scenes. Octopussy has the most sustained excitement in a Bond film since You Only Live Twice." However, he felt that the character Octopussy was detrimental to the film and the action "blunts a script that is weak on characterization and long on male chauvinism".

Variety felt the film's strong points were "the spectacular aerial stuntwork marking both the pre-credits teaser and extremely dangerous-looking climax. The rest of the action scenes are well-executed but suffer from a sense of deja vu, as in a speeding train that recalls Sean Connery's derring-do in The Great Train Robbery". Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times felt the film proved "to be business as usual, no better or worse than most of its predecessors. After all this time, it's amazing that the same old formula still plays: the gadgetry, gorgeous girls, travelogue locales and the shameless double-entendres—in this instance, octo-entendres." Richard Corliss of Time magazine negatively reviewed Moore's performance, writing he has "degenerated [Bond] into a male model, and something of a genial anachronism." Derek Malcolm of The Guardian wrote the film "doesn't treat itself seriously for a moment ...Bond has now become almost totally absurdist, a parody of a parody. The film effectively disarms criticism, except that one might wish for the public to flock to something other than the technically ambitious."

Retrospective reviews
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 42% based on 50 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads: "Despite a couple of electrifying action sequences, Octopussy is a formulaic, anachronistic Bond outing."

James Berardinelli said that the movie was long and confusing, and strongly criticised Steven Berkoff's performance, describing it as "offensively bad" and the worst performance of any Bond villain. A particular point of contention are comedic scenes where Bond is dressed in a clown costume, a gorilla outfit and doing a Tarzan yell during a jungle chase. As a result, it frequently ranks low in rankings of James Bond films, such as the ones by Entertainment Weekly, MSN, and IGN. C. J. Henderson reviewed Octopussy in The Space Gamer magazine, writing "there isn't a moment in the movie when we worry for the slightest instant that anything could happen to suave ol' James. Predictably, it doesn't. To kill Bond would be to lose the most bankable genre character ever brought to the movies."

By contrast, the elegance of the film locations in India, and the stunts on the aircraft and train were appreciated. GQ writer David Williams said Octopussy was "one of the best 'Bad Films' of the franchise", praising the entertaining characters but finding the silliness and Moore's advanced age problematic. Danny Peary wrote that Octopussy "has slow spots, little humour, and villains who aren't nearly of the calibre of Dr. No, Goldfinger, or Blofeld. Also, the filmmakers make the mistake of demeaning Bond by having him swing through the trees and emitting a Tarzan cry and having him hide in a gorilla suit and later disguise himself as a clown (who all the kids at the circus laugh at). It's as if they're trying to remind us that everything is tongue-in-cheek, but that makes little sense, for the film is much more serious than typical Bond outings – in fact, it recalls the tone of From Russia with Love."

Character reviews
In 2006, Fandango ranked the character Octopussy as one of the top-10 Bond girls, and described her as "a powerful, impressive woman". Entertainment Weekly, however, ranked her as the 10th-worst Bond girl in one list in 2006 but as the best "babe" of the Roger Moore James Bond films in another list in 2008. A poll by Bond fans in 2008 elected Octopussy as the tenth-worst Bond Girl. Yahoo! Movies included the character in a 2012 list of the best Bond girl names, commenting: "This Bond girl moniker was so good, they named the film after her!"

See also

 James Bond in film
 Outline of James Bond
 Whitewashing in film

References

External links

 MGM's official Octopussy website

1983 action thriller films
1980s spy films
1983 films
British sequel films
1980s English-language films
Circus films
Cold War spy films
Eon Productions films
Films about nuclear war and weapons
Films adapted into comics
Films based on multiple works of a series
Films based on short fiction
Films directed by John Glen
Films produced by Albert R. Broccoli
Films scored by John Barry (composer)
Films set in Berlin
Films set in India
Films set in London
Films set in East Germany
Films set in West Germany
Films set in the Soviet Union
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
Films shot in England
Films shot in Germany
Films shot in London
Films shot in New Hampshire
Films shot in Rajasthan
Films shot in Utah
Films with screenplays by George MacDonald Fraser
Films with screenplays by Michael G. Wilson
Films with screenplays by Richard Maibaum
James Bond films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Rail transport films
United Artists films
1980s British films

Octopussy


La Nucia (; ) is a municipality in the comarca of Marina Baixa, Alicante, Valencian Community, Spain. It borders the municipalities of Altea, Callosa d'En Sarrià, Benidorm, Polop and L'Alfàs del Pi.

La Nucia is located in a fruit valley between Benidorm and Callosa d'En Sarrià, 3 km from the coast of Altea. The urban center is on a promontory overlooking the Mediterranean Sea, 51 km north of Alicante and 8 km north of Benidorm.

The municipality includes the following housing estates: Barranco Hondo, Coloma, Bello Horizonte, Panorama, and El Tossal.

History

The name derives from the Arabic word Naziha ("delicious"). It was given by the king James I of Aragon to Beltran de Bellpuig. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, it formed part of the barony of Benidorm and belonged to Alfonso Fajardo, Baron of Polop, of the house of Fajardo de Mendoza.

La Nucia became an independent municipality in 1705, after splitting from the barony of Polop. The parish church, dedicated to La Immaculada Concepció (Immaculate Conception), was constructed in the 18th century.

Sport
CF La Nucía is based at Estadi Olímpic Camilo Cano in the municipality.

References

Municipalities in the Province of Alicante
Marina Baixa

La Nucia


is a Japanese animated short film written and directed by Hayao Miyazaki and released January 3, 2006. It was produced by Toshio Suzuki for Studio Ghibli for their exclusive use in the Saturn Theatre at the Ghibli Museum in Mitaka, Tokyo. The film is based on a story by Naohisa Inoue.

Plot
A boy named Nono, living on the countryside, is making a living by selling vegetables in the city nearby. One day two strangers approach him to offer him a gem which looks a flower seed for his produce. He accepts the trade and at home he plants the seed inside a small pot. Soon a tiny planet emerges, so he continues to tend after the planet and a few days later three moons are circling around the tiny planet. Once again Nono had to leave the countryside to sells his produce and again meets the two strangers who have a final request for him.

References

External links

 The Day I Bought a Star at Nausicaa.net

2006 anime films
2006 films
2000s animated short films
Anime short films
Drama anime and manga
Fantasy anime and manga
Films directed by Hayao Miyazaki
2000s Japanese-language films
Studio Ghibli animated films

Hoshi o Katta Hi


Marlyn Mason (born August 7, 1940) is an American actress, producer, and screenwriter.

Early years
Mason was born in San Fernando, California, and she was named after a friend of a friend of her mother. Mason moved to Hollywood after she finished high school.

Career
Mason played the role of Nikki Bell, a Braille teacher who became the title character's business partner, in the television series Longstreet (1971-1972), which starred James Franciscus.

Her other acting credits include roles in Hogan's Heroes, My Three Sons, Burke's Law, The New Phil Silvers Show, Kentucky Jones, Bonanza, The Big Valley, Ben Casey, Dr. Kildare (in a recurring role), Laredo, Occasional Wife, The Man from U.N.C.L.E., I Spy, Laredo, The F.B.I., Mission Impossible, The Fugitive, Mannix, Vega$,The Invaders, The Odd Couple, Love, American Style, Marcus Welby, M.D., Cannon, Barnaby Jones, Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C., Wonder Woman, Boone, The Bronx Zoo, Charles in Charge, Ironside, Jake and the Fatman, and in the episode "The Mask of Adonis" from the 1977 series Quinn Martin's Tales of the Unexpected (known in the United Kingdom as Twist in the Tale).

She guest-starred on the final Perry Mason episode, "The Case of the Final Fadeout," portraying Erna Landry, a 'nice-girl' actress of a television show. She played Sgt. Margo Demarest in Twelve O'Clock High Season 3, Episode 9 "The Fighter Pilot"

Mason played a principal role in the original 1967-68 Broadway production of How Now, Dow Jones.

Mason also appeared in the films Because They're Young (her film debut, in an uncredited role), The Trouble with Girls, Making It, and Christina. She appeared in the television movies Brigadoon, Carousel, A Storm in Summer, Escape, That Certain Summer, Outrage, Attack on Terror: The FBI vs. the Ku Klux Klan, Last of the Good Guys, The New Adventures of Heidi, and My Wicked, Wicked Ways: The Legend of Errol Flynn.

Her most recent appearances have been in the television film Fifteen and Pregnant, the 2008 film Model Rules, directed by Ray Nomoto Robison.

In the 2019, she starred in the feature film Senior Love Triangle as the character Jeanie.

Personal life
She was married to musician J. Raymond Henderson from 1960 to 1962. She married Lee Harman in 1972.

References

External links

1940 births
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American film actresses
Actresses from Los Angeles
Living people
People from San Fernando, California
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses

Marlyn Mason


The World Anti-Piracy Observatory (WAPO) is a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) program engineered to help combat copyright infringement, sometimes known as piracy. The program, approved in 2005 and initiated in January 2010, is the first web-based platform to gather and disseminate information about anti-infringement activities in the UNESCO Member States. A free, public service regularly updated by various partners, WAPO offers information in English, French and Spanish organized by country.

External links
World Anti-Piracy Observatory

UNESCO
Organizations established in 2010
Organizations established by the United Nations
Copyright law organizations

World Anti-Piracy Observatory


The Lavasoa dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus lavasoensis) is a small, nocturnal strepsirrhine primate and a species of lemur that is endemic to three small, isolated patches of forest on the southern slopes of the Lavasoa Mountains in southern Madagascar.  Fewer than 50 individuals are thought to exist.  Its habitat lies in a transitional zone between three ecoregions: dry spiny bush, humid littoral forest, and humid forest.  First collected in 2001 and thought to be a subpopulation of the furry-eared dwarf lemur (C. crossleyi), it was not formally described until 2013.  It is one of six species of dwarf lemur, though the research that identified it also suggested the existence of many more new species.

Taxonomic history
The Lavasoa dwarf lemur belongs to the genus Cheirogaleus (dwarf lemurs) within the family Cheirogaleidae.
Between October 2001 and December 2006, researchers collected ten mature adults (five male and five female) along with six immature individuals. The lemurs were released after they were measured and small tissue samples were taken from their ears.  The  holotype (AH-X-00-181) was an adult male, captured, recorded, and released at Petit Lavasoa on 10 October 2001.  The analysis was published in 2013 by Dana Thiele and Andreas Hapke of Johannes Gutenberg University and Emilienne Razafimahatratra of the University of Antananarivo.

In the two decades prior to 2013, only two dwarf lemur species were known, but in 2000 primatologist Colin Groves raised the number to seven based on morphological data acquired from museum samples.  However, in 2009 and 2011, two of these new species were rejected.  The Lavasoa dwarf lemur, named for the Lavasoa Mountains in southern Madagascar, became the sixth known species in 2013 when it was differentiated from the furry-eared dwarf lemur (C. crossleyi) through analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear material performed by a team of German and Malagasy researchers.  Furthermore, their research suggested the existence of three more new dwarf lemur species that they provisionally named Cheirogaleus sp. Ranomafana Andrambovato, Cheirogaleus sp. Bekaraoka Sambava, and Cheirogaleus sp. Ambanja, based on the regions the samples were collected. The Lavasoa dwarf lemur is most closely related to C. sp. Ranomafana/Andrambovato.  The authors speculated that even greater species diversity may be found among dwarf lemurs by future studies due to their large geographic range and the great genetic distance exhibited within the genus.

Description
The Lavasoa dwarf lemur is a small lemur, weighing  and measuring  in length.  Its eyes are surrounded by black fur that forms a  ring around the eyes.  The black fur runs from the eyes to the animal's pointed nose.  The rest of the fur on its head is reddish-brown, except for a thin strip between the eyes which is lighter in color.  The back of the Lavasoa dwarf lemur is reddish-brown at the neck which fades to gray-brown at the posterior end.  The underside of the lemur is a cream color.  Hands and feet are grey-brown in most individuals, but reddish-brown in a minority.  Throughout the animal exhibits dichromatic hairs with gray bases.

The Lavasoa dwarf lemur can be distinguished from the furry-eared dwarf lemur by its wider ears and smaller head.  It can be distinguished from its closest relative, Cheirogaleus sp. Ranomafana Andrambovato, by these two traits plus a shorter tail.  The coloration patterns are very similar between all three species.  This coloration pattern contrasts with Lavasoa dwarf lemur's closest geographic neighbors, the greater dwarf lemur (C. major) and the fat-tailed dwarf lemur (C. medius).

Behavior
Like other dwarf lemurs, the Lavasoa dwarf lemur is nocturnal and arboreal, living in the upper canopy of the forest.  During the dry winter, they hibernate for several months.  Little is known about their behavior because they are primarily active during the rainy season, at which time the forests become challenging for scientists to reach.

Distribution and habitat
The Lavasoa dwarf lemur is endemic to the southern slopes of the Lavasoa Mountains in the Anosy Region of Madagascar.  It is only found in three small fragmentary forests (Grand Lavasoa, Petit Lavasoa, and Ambatotsirongorongo), located within a transitional zone between dry spiny bush, humid littoral forest, and humid forest.  Despite containing some flora from the drier regions, its habitat general resembles humid forests.

Conservation status
The three forest fragments in which the Lavasoa dwarf lemur is found used to be a part of a larger forest that once covered the southern range of the Lavasoa Mountains, as illustrated by aerial photographs from 1957.  These remaining forest fragments are contained within a new protected area around Ambatotsirongorongo (Nouvelle Aire Protégée Ambatotsirongorongo), which is part of the national service of protected areas (Système des Aires Protégées de Madagascar, SAPM).  Thiele et al. estimated that 50, maybe fewer, Lavasoa dwarf lemurs live within this range.

References

Mammals described in 2013
Dwarf lemurs

Lavasoa dwarf lemur


Maximilian Christian Gustav Carl Braun (30 September 1850, in Myslowitz – 19 February 1930, in Königsberg, today's Kaliningrad, in East Prussia) was a German anatomist and zoologist, who specialized in the field of parasitology.

He studied medicine and natural sciences at the universities of Greifswald and Würzburg, receiving his medical doctorate in 1874 and his PhD in 1877. From 1880 he worked as a prosector at the institute of comparative anatomy in Dorpat, and in 1883 became an associate professor. Later on, he served as a full professor of zoology and comparative anatomy at the universities of Rostock (1886–91) and Königsberg (from 1891). At Königsberg, he was director of the zoological museum. In 1916/17 he served as president of the German Zoological Society.

Selected works
A few of his works on parasitology have been translated into English:
 The animal parasites of man; a handbook for students and medical men (1908).
 A handbook of practical parasitology (1910).
Other noted works by Braun include:
 Ueber die Histologischen Vorgänge bei der Häutung von Astacus fluviatilis, 1875 – On the histological processes during the mottling of Astacus fluviatilis.
 Das Urogenital-System der einheimischen Reptilien, 1877 – The urogenital system of native reptiles.
 Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des breiten Bandwurmes, 1883 – Developmental history of the broad tapeworm.
 Physikalische und biologische Untersuchungen im westlichen Theile des finnischen Meerbusens, 1884 – Physical and biological studies in the western part of the Gulf of Finland.
 Zoologie, vergleichende anatomie und die entsprechenden sammlungen bei den universitäten Bützow und Rostock seit 1775, 1891 – Zoology, comparative anatomy and the corresponding collections at the universities of Rostock and Bützow since 1775.
 Die Umformung der Gliedmaßen bei den höheren Thieren, 1896 – The reshaping of limbs in higher animals.
From 1905 he was editor of journal Zoologische annalen: Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Zoologie.

References

1850 births
1930 deaths
People from Mysłowice
University of Würzburg alumni
Scientists from the Kingdom of Prussia
Academic staff of the University of Königsberg
University of Greifswald alumni
Academic staff of the University of Rostock
German anatomists
19th-century German zoologists
German parasitologists
20th-century German zoologists

Maximilian Braun


Tia Ra'shone Brooks (August 2, 1990) is an American shot putter.  In 2011, she placed second in the shot put at both the NCAA Indoor and Outdoor Championships.  In 2012, she won both events before competing at the US Olympic Trials.  At the Trials, she placed third in the shot put and qualified to represent the United States at the 2012 Summer Olympics.  She placed 19th at the Olympics. Also in 2012, she was a Bowerman Award semifinalist.

She is the American collegiate record holder indoors with her personal record of .

Early life
Tia Ra'shone Brooks was born August 2, 1990, in Saginaw, Michigan, to parents Cyd D. Neal and David Brooks. At East Kentwood High School, she primarily ran sprint events before her coach, John Makinen convinced her that she was better suited for throwing events. Initially, she fought the change and threatened to quit track and field.  "I didn't really want to throw the shot put," she explained. "I didn't want to be the stereotypical thrower ... the big girl who didn't run and wasn't athletic."  After a heart-to-heart talk with her mother, Brooks relented. During high school, she was a four-time all-state honoree and a two-time regional champion. In her final year, she won the 2008 state title with a 14.65 m (48' "). She finished second in both the discus and shot put at the Midwest Meet of Champions.

Brooks attended University of Oklahoma. During her first year, she lost feeling in her legs while lifting weights and had to be carried out on a spine board. She was diagnosed with degenerative disc disorder, two bulging discs, and a narrowing of the spine. Her doctor advised her to give up the shot put, but Brooks pressed on. After a year of rehab and strength training, she returned to the sport in 2010. She graduated from Oklahoma in 2013.

University of Oklahoma
In 2010, Brooks finished fourth in the shot put at the US Championships with a new personal best distance of . In 2011, she was the runner-up in the shot put at both the NCAA Indoor and Outdoor Championships.  At the national championships, she finished fifth.  During the season, she upped her personal best to  (outdoor) and finished the year ranked fourth in the country.

In 2012, Brooks won the shot put at the NCAA Indoor Championship with a distance of .  She went on to win the Outdoor Championships as well, turning in a throw of .  She was named first team All-American in both the indoor and outdoor events and was a Bowerman Award semifinalist, an award given annually to the country's top track and field student-athlete.

At the 2012 US Olympic Trials, Brooks threw the shot put  on her second attempt. The distance held up and she won third place.  The throw qualified her to compete in the 2012 Summer Olympics.  Afterwards she said, "It's so surreal. When I found out I made it, I cried."

Brooks entered the Olympics seeded 16th.  In the qualification round of the shot put, she finished 11th in her group with a distance of .  Her throw placed her 19th overall and was well short of the  necessary to make the top eight and advance to the finals.  Brooks was joined at the Olympics by Oklahoma teammate and close friend Brittany Borman, who won the javelin at The Olympic Trials.

At the start of the 2013 season she defended her NCAA indoor title with a throw of , breaking Laura Gerraughty's American collegiate record.

Brooks was coached by former Olympian, Brian Blutreich.  Her college outdoor best, set during 2012, is  (outdoor).  She holds two school records in the shot put.

Professional
Tia competed in the 2013 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships where she earned silver medal in shot put with a throw of .
Tia competed in the 2013 World Championships in Athletics – Women's shot put where she placed 8th in the shot put final with a throw of .
Tia competed in the 2014 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships in Sacramento, California, where she earned bronze medal in shot put with a throw of 18.83 m 61' ".
Tia is represented by Nike and trains at the Olympic Training Center in San Diego, California under the tutelage of Art Venegas.
Tia won the silver medal in the shot put at 2015 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships in   which is the 7th best throw in the world in 2015 as of July 5.
Tia represented USA in 2015 World Championships in Athletics placing 13th in shot put in .
Tia competed in the 2016 United States Olympic Trials (track and field) where she placed 4th in the shot put final with a throw of .

Personal life
Brooks attended East Kentwood High School where she played varsity on their track team. Brooks currently lives in Kentwood, Michigan.  She has four siblings: Tor'i and DeMarcus Brooks, David Brooks Jr., and Teiah Faulk.

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
American female shot putters
Oklahoma Sooners women's track and field athletes
Olympic track and field athletes for the United States
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Saginaw, Michigan
World Athletics Championships athletes for the United States

Tia Brooks


The Central Theological College (Japanese: 聖公会神学院 Seikōkai Shingakuin) is the Anglican theological college of the Nippon Sei Ko Kai in Yōga, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan.

Founded in 1908 from the amalgamation of three older Japanese Anglican seminaries it has trained more than 600 lay and ordained graduates for work in the Anglican Church in Japan.

History
Prior to the formal opening of the college in 1912, graduate level study and clergy training in the Anglican Church in Japan was divided between three separate schools; the Trinity Divinity School in Tsukiji, Tokyo established by the Episcopal Church mission in 1877; the CMS sponsored Holy Trinity School in Osaka in established in 1884 and the SPG sponsored school at St. Andrew's Church, Shiba Koen, Tokyo established in 1886.

The idea of a central theological college in Tokyo to train all Japanese clergy was first mooted by Bishop William Awdry.  Initial funding for the college came from a grant approved at the Pan-Anglican Congress held in London in 1908. The first buildings of the college were located at Ikebukuro opposite the main campus of Rikkyo University. The intention being that students would spend three years in the college department of the university studying a broad liberal arts curriculum, and then three years focused on ministry training in the theological college. Initial staffing of the college was drawn from the ranks of the Episcopal, SPG and CMS missions each contributing one overseas missionary and one experienced Japanese clergy. The first college Principal was the Rev. John Toshimichi Imai.

Between 1913 and 1919 British theologian Fr. Herbert Kelly SSM served as Professor of Apologetics at the college.

The college buildings and library were destroyed by Allied incendiary bombing in the closing stages of the Second World War. The college relocated to its current suburban location at Yōga, Setagaya, in 1953.

Daily life
All resident students are expected to attend Matins and Evensong in the college chapel.  Sundays, students are expected to join local parish churches as part of their pastoral formation.

Both single and married full-time students are given the opportunity to live in accommodation on the college grounds. The college also provides on site housing for faculty.

Programmes
The college offers the following degree programmes:

 Bachelor of Divinity (B.D.)
Normally a three-year full-time residential program as a pathway to ordination in the Anglican Church in Japan.

 Master of Theology (M.Th)
On submission of a graduating thesis usually one year full-time or two years part-time.  Available for ordination candidates and external lay students.

The college also serves as a center for lay ministry training. All courses at the college are taught in Japanese. Through grants made available from overseas mission societies, English-language library resources are also available on site.

See also
Anglican Church in Japan

References

External links
 Central Theological College, Tokyo - College Website

Anglican seminaries and theological colleges
Anglican Church in Japan
Universities and colleges in Tokyo
Seminaries and theological colleges in Japan

Central Theological College, Tokyo