Hank Locklin (born Lawrence Hankins Locklin; February 15, 1918 – March 8, 2009) was an American country music singer-songwriter. He had 70 chart singles, including two number one hits on Billboards country chart. His biggest hits included "Send Me the Pillow You Dream On" and his signature "Please Help Me, I'm Falling". The latter also went to number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 pop music chart. Billboards 100th anniversary issue listed it as the second most successful country single of the rock and roll era. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA.

Locklin was born and raised in Florida. He developed a fondness for country music following an accident in his childhood. He learned to play the guitar during his recovery and began performing locally as well. In his early adulthood, he formed his own band called the Rocky Mountain Playboys, which played gigs and performed on local radio. Locklin was heard singing during one of these gigs, which led to his first recording contract in 1949. He had his first major hit on the Billboard country chart the same year. His 1953 single "Let Me Be the One" was his first to top the country chart.

In 1955, Locklin signed with RCA Victor Records and under the production of Chet Atkins, he had his biggest success as a country artist. He had a string of major hits during the late 1950s and early 1960s. He also joined the cast of the Grand Ole Opry and remained a member for nearly 50 years. He became a major concert attraction internationally as well, touring overseas in Europe beginning in the 1960s and 70s. Locklin also recorded a handful of concept albums during this period, which made him among the genre's first artists to release albums centered around a theme. He later recorded for other labels, including MGM, Plantation and Coldwater. Despite his country success, Locklin never lived in Nashville, choosing to stay in Florida. Locklin died in 2009 at the age of 91.

Early life
Locklin was born and raised in McLellan, Florida. He was the youngest of four children born to a musically inclined family. Although he had a fondness for music in his early years, he became more interested following an accident. At age 9, he was hit by a school bus. "It almost mashed me flatter than a fritter," he recalled. He learned to play the guitar during his recovery and continued pursuing music through his teenage years. He also won several talent contests and performing at a radio station in Pensacola, Florida. To pursue his music full-time, Locklin dropped out of high school. However, working as a musician amounted to a small income. In one instance, he recalled being paid $2 for working a gig at a Florida roadhouse. To make ends meet, he worked odd jobs, including working on a farm and a shipyard.

During the early 1940s, Locklin was dismissed from participating in World War II due to the bus accident in his childhood (which still affected his leg). Instead, he continued performing. Locklin performed in nearby states, including regular gigs with bands in Mobile, Alabama. He also began composing his own material, largely influenced by the music of Ernest Tubb. He then joined the band of country musician Jimmy Swan and made regular concert appearances. Locklin formed his own backing band in 1947 named the Rocky Mountain Playboys. The group performed regularly on radio stations. Their sponsor was businessman Elmer Laird, who intended to form a record label to get Locklin's music recorded. However, he was killed in a stabbing incident shortly after his proposal. Instead, Locklin's association with producer Pappy Daily helped him sign with Four Star Records.

Career

1949–1954: Early success
Locklin secured a contract with Four Star Records through his association with Pappy Daily. Daily brought him to the attention of Bill McCall of Four Star where he signed his first recording contract in 1949. Also in 1949, Locklin joined the cast of the Louisiana Hayride in Shreveport, Louisiana. He had his first major hit in 1949 with a self-penned single titled "The Same Sweet Girl". The song reached the top 10 of the Billboard country singles chart, peaking at number eight. Despite having a hit, Locklin did not see many royalties from its success. Because his recording contract allowed for McCall to gain all of the publishing rights, McCall also made all the money from its success. "I never made no money with him. My understanding was that he liked to go to Vegas. I guess Bill was just a guy who liked to take everything," Locklin recalled in 2001.

Locklin's follow-up singles did not become hits, which caused further financial difficulties. He even recorded the original version of his future hit "Send Me the Pillow You Dream On". Although it was not a hit, Locklin did recall the song getting a warm reception after he performed it live on a radio show. By this time, McCall had arranged for Locklin's material to be leased to Decca Records, which was headed by Owen Bradley. With this partnership, he had his second major hit in 1953 titled "Let Me Be the One". The single became his first to reach the number one position on the Billboard country chart. "Let Me Be the One" spent a total of three weeks at the country chart summit. His follow-up Four Star releases were unsuccessful. Furthermore, Locklin still was receiving little royalties from his success with the label. In order for McCall to not claim them as his own, he started composing songs under his wife's name. Cuts such as "These Ruins Belong to You" were written under the pen name Willa. After an argument with McCall, he left Four Star Records.

1955–1974: Move to RCA Records and biggest success
In 1955, Locklin switched to the larger RCA Records. Collaborating with producer Chet Atkins, Locklin developed a simpler musical style. His recordings often included heavy acoustic guitar and piano production. These styles were individualized by that of The Nashville A-Team, a group of studio musicians that included Floyd Cramer and several others. In 1956, he had his first hit with RCA titled "Why Baby Why". The single reached the top 10 of the Billboard Country & Western Records Most Played By Folk Disk Jockeys chart, becoming his first major hit in three years. It was followed in 1957 by "Geisha Girl". The song reached number five on the Billboard country chart, and was his first to reach the pop chart, climbing to number 66. The hit was included on his debut studio album Foreign Love. Marketed toward overseas servicemen, the record was one of several concept albums released by Locklin during his career. In 1958, Locklin had major hits with "It's a Little More Like Heaven" and a remake of "Send Me the Pillow You Dream On".

Locklin's singles over the next two years were unsuccessful. In 1960, he was brought to the attention of a song composed by Hal Blair and Don Robertson. Both writers had the idea of writing a "cheating song" that centered around a man's conscience. Blair brought in elements from his own marital troubles to write the song. Their finished product was the tune "Please Help Me, I'm Falling". The song was first offered to Jim Reeves, who turned it down. Locklin believed it to be a hit and decided to cut it in the studio. Released as a single in 1960, "Please Help Me, I'm Falling" reached number one on the Billboard country songs chart in May. It spent a total of 14 weeks at the top of country charts. It also became Locklin's biggest hit on the Billboard pop chart, reaching the number eight position in August 1960. In the United Kingdom, the song reached the top 10 of the national charts as well. "Please Help Me, I'm Falling" became the biggest hit of Locklin's career and his biggest-selling single. The song's success led to an invitation to join the Grand Ole Opry, which he accepted in 1960. He remained with the program for 49 years.

Locklin did not reach the top of the country charts again, but he continued having commercial success with RCA Victor. In 1961, he had three top 20 hits with "One Step Ahead of My Past", "From Here to There to You" and "You're the Reason". In November 1961, the single "Happy Birthday to Me" (written by Bill Anderson) reached number seven on the Billboard country songs chart. It was followed by "Happy Journey", which went to number 10 on the country singles list in February 1962. An album of the same name followed in 1962, and it included the top 20 single "We're Gonna Go Fishin'". The song also became a major hit in the United Kingdom. His 1964 song "Followed Closely by My Teardrops" was his only major hit for several years.

Locklin expanded his recording of concept albums during the 1960s. This began with a tribute effort to Roy Acuff titled A Tribute to Roy Acuff: The King of Country Music. It featured a collection of Acuff's best-known songs, including "Wabash Cannonball" and "Once More". The album was reviewed positively by Billboard in 1962. Writers noted their appreciation for the fact that Locklin chose to sing Acuff's songs in his own style rather than emulate him. In later years, Allmusic rated the album three out of five stars. With an expanding fan base in Ireland, Locklin recorded 1963's Irish Songs, Country Style. The following year, he recorded a studio album of Hank Williams' songs. Allmusic's Greg Adams  rated it 2.5 out of 5 stars, calling Locklin "a good yodeler [who] seems to struggle a little." Meanwhile, 1965's My Kind of Country Music fared better with critics. Reviewer Thom Owens gave the release 4.5 stars and praised his "gift for tear-jerking ballads and pure traditional country." Locklin's 1966 studio release The Girls Get Prettier was his first to chart the Billboard Top Country Albums list, reaching number 26.

In 1968, Locklin returned with his first top 10 hit in several years titled "The Country Hall of Fame". Its corresponding studio effort of the same name was also successful, reaching number 20 on the country albums chart. Allmusic gave it a warm response in its review, calling it "one of his best albums of the late '60s." Following its release, Locklin saw declining radio success on the American country charts. He had his last top 40 single on the Billboard country songs survey was 1969's "Where the Blue of the Night Meets the Gold of the Day". At the start of the early 1970s, he spent time touring and performing in Europe, where he became popular. He was among country music's early artists to perform at military bases and clubs in Europe. He also toured with producer Chet Atkins in Japan during the early 1970s. Locklin remained with RCA Victor until 1974. Among the highlights in his remaining RCA years was a collaborative record with Danny Davis and the Nashville Brass in 1970. It featured re-recordings of some his bigger hits. His final album for the label was 1972's The Mayor of McLellan, Florida.

1975–2007: Later years
Following his departure from RCA Victor Records, Locklin recorded for various other labels, beginning with MGM Records. In 1975, his self-titled studio album was released on the label and included a collection of 10 tracks. The record was produced by fellow country artist Mel Tillis. Three singles were spawned from the album, but failed to become commercially successful. He then moved to Plantation Records in 1977 where he recorded the studio record There Never Was a Time. It was produced by Shelby Singleton and featured 10 tracks of original material. Four singles were spawned from the album, which were unsuccessful. He also turned his attention to other opportunities during this period. In the 1970s, Locklin hosted a handful of television programs in Dallas, Texas and Houston, Texas. He also continued performing overseas, particularly in Ireland. He also remained an active performer on the Grand Ole Opry. During this period, he was made the honorary mayor in his hometown of McLellan, Florida. The honor was given to him after he was nicknamed the "Mayor of McLellan" by radio and television host Ralph Emery.

Locklin's career began slowing after the 1970s. In the early 2000s, his son (Hank Adam Locklin) encouraged his father to return to the recording studio. In 2001, Locklin's first album in decades was released, titled Generations in Song. The project was produced by his son and featured session instrumentation from some of the original Nashville A-Team. It also featured collaborations with Vince Gill, Dolly Parton and others. The album received positive reviews from writers and critics following its release. Bruce Eder of Allmusic gave it four stars and praised Locklin's voice: "His voice sounds at least three decades fresher than it has a right to, and the harmonizing and the playing are first-rate, along with the arrangements, which makes this more than an exercise in nostalgia." No Depression also gave the album a warm response, calling its production to have "clean arrangements" that allow his "clear voice to shine through." Ken Burke of Country Standard Time also gave the album a positive review. "The Florida-born tenor can boast not only that he clawed his way out of dire poverty, but built a musical legacy that he can share with his family," Burke wrote.

In 2006, Locklin released his final album titled By the Grace of God: The Gospel Album. The album was a collection of gospel songs that featured collaborations with The Oak Ridge Boys and The Jordanaires. The record was issued on Yell Records. It was reviewed favorably by Larry Stephens of Country Standard Time, who praised Locklin's youthful voice and songwriting effort. Also in 2006, Locklin appeared on Country Pop Legends in which he performed "Send Me the Pillow That You Dream On", and "Please Help Me I'm Falling". In his final years of performing, Locklin continued appearing at the Grand Ole Opry. In September 2007, he made his last appearance at the venue.

Personal life and death
Locklin was married twice. His first marriage to Willa Jean Murphy began in 1938, but ended in divorce. In 1970, he married Anita Crooks of Brewton, Alabama. He had two sons and four daughters, 12 grandchildren, and eight great-grandchildren. Among his children is his son Hank Adam Locklin, a producer and musician. Locklin's son helped manage his career and produce some of his later records. In the 1960s, Locklin built a ranch house called The Singing L, located in McClellan.

He moved to Brewton, where he remained throughout his later years, and died there at home in the early morning on March 8, 2009. He is buried in the United Methodist Church Mount Carmel Cemetery, located in Jay, Florida. Following his death, longtime friend Sandy Wyatt stated "Not only was (Hank) a great artist, he was the nicest man you'd ever meet."

Musical styles
Locklin's musical style stems from country music's honky-tonk and Nashville Sound sub-genres. In his early years, Locklin was primarily a honky-tonk singer that also incorporated elements of Texas shuffles. His early records on the Four Star label embodied this particular style. His early songs also took influence from other artists, including Hank Williams. In reviewing Locklin's 1997 compilation, Bruce Eder wrote that songs such as "Born to Ramble" drew a strong influence from Williams. Locklin also emulated the musical styles of Ernest Tubb (among the artists responsible for the formation of country's honky-tonk style).

Locklin's sound and style became individualized once he signed with RCA Records in 1955. His producer Chet Atkins helped create his image by incorporating a softer Nashville Sound instrumentation. Writer Greg Adams described Locklin's RCA years as having "sweet vocal choruses" backed by horn and string sections. In a 2001 interview, Locklin recounted how Chet Atkins created musical arrangements by using the guitar he kept in his office: "Then, all of a sudden he'd pick it up and hit a chord or two on something or other that floated through his head. He was so good, and he really helped me a lot with RCA."

Legacy
Locklin is considered by many writers to be one of country music's "great tenors." Critics have noted that his distinctive high-pitch singing made him standout from other performers of the era. In a review of the compilation RCA Country Legends, Stephen Thomas Erlewine highlighted this characteristic: "Locklin held firm to his country ideals, and whittled down to the essentials as they are here, they offer proof of why country connoisseurs consider him among the best pure singers in the genre." Locklin also helped define the Nashville Sound sub-genre of country music. This particular style brought a cosmopolitan feel and a smooth quality to country music. "I've been blessed to have hit songs that are timeless," Locklin commented in 2001.

Locklin's legacy can be linked with his 49-year membership to the Grand Ole Opry. He was known for his "folksy" style of humor and often joked with his Opry audience by saying "We'll treat you so many ways you're bound to like one of 'em." In 2007 he was inducted to the Florida Artists Hall of Fame. In November 2020, PBS aired a documentary on Locklin's career and legacy titled Hank Locklin: Country Music's Timeless Tenor. Fellow country artists spoke of his influence on their careers, including Dolly Parton and Dwight Yoakam.

Discography

Studio albums
1958: Foreign Love
1960: Please Help Me, I'm Falling
1962: Happy Journey
1962: A Tribute to Roy Acuff: The King of Country Music
1962: Hank Locklin
1963: This Song Is Just for You
1963: The Ways of Life
1964: Irish Songs, Country Style
1964: Hank Locklin Sings Hank Williams
1965: Hank Locklin Sings Eddy Arnold
1965: My Kind of Country Music
1965: Once Over Lightly
1966: The Girls Get Prettier
1966: The Gloryland Way
1967: Send Me the Pillow You Dream On and Other Great Country Hits
1967: Nashville Women
1968: Country Hall of Fame
1968: My Love Song for You
1968: Softly
1969: Lookin' Back
1970: Hank Locklin & Danny Davis & the Nashville Brass
1970: Bless Her Heart...I Love Her
1972: The Mayor of McLellan, Florida
1975: Hank Locklin
1977: There Never Was a Time
1978: Country Hall of Fame
1979: All Kinds of Everything
2001: Generations in Song
2006: By the Grace of God: The Gospel Album

Awards and nominations

!
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1960
| Grand Ole Opry
| Inducted as a member
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| Grammy Awards
| Best Country & Western Record for "Please Help Me, I'm Falling"
|
|
|-
| 1964
| Best Country & Western Vocal Performance – Male for Hank Locklin Sings Hank Williams
|
|
|-
|}

References

External links
Official website
Hank Locklin profile at RCA Studio B

1918 births
2009 deaths
20th-century American singer-songwriters
20th-century American male singers
American gospel singers
American male composers
American country singer-songwriters
American male singer-songwriters
Apex Records artists
Country musicians from Florida
Four Star Records artists
Grand Ole Opry members
Mayors of places in Florida
MGM Records artists
Musicians from Florida
People from Santa Rosa County, Florida
RCA Victor artists
Singer-songwriters from Florida

Hank Locklin


Channel 5 is a British free-to-air public broadcast television channel launched in 1997. It is the fifth national terrestrial channel in the United Kingdom and is owned by Channel Five Broadcasting Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of American media conglomerate Paramount Global, which is grouped under the  Paramount Networks UK & Australia division.

During ownership by the RTL Group, it was branded as Five between 16 September 2002 and 13 February 2011. Richard Desmond purchased the channel from RTL on 23 July 2010, announcing plans to invest more money in programming and return to the name Channel 5 with immediate effect, and it was relaunched on 14 February 2011. On 1 May 2014, the channel was acquired by Viacom (now Paramount Global) for £450 million (US$759 million).

Channel 5 is a general entertainment channel that shows both internally commissioned programmes such as Our Yorkshire Farm, The Gadget Show, The Hotel Inspector, and Can't Pay? We'll Take It Away!  and foreign programmes. The channel has been very successful with imports from the United States in particular, including the CSI franchise, the NCIS franchise, the first three series in the Law & Order franchise, Power Rangers, The Mentalist, Body of Proof, Once Upon a Time, Dallas, Under the Dome, and sitcom Friends (also on Comedy Central UK).

History

Pre-launch
Wolff Olins and Saatchi & Saatchi were the main companies behind the pre-launch advertising campaign: "Give Me 5". The channel would be both modern and mainstream. A logo (a numeric "5" within a circle) and visual motif (a "candy stripe" bar of colours, reminiscent of TV test cards) were used, and an attempt was made to establish a collection of Channel 5 faces; through the spring of 1997, billboards of Jack Docherty were displayed, along with other unknown characters.

A series of pre-launch screens were displayed on the frequencies Channel 5 would begin broadcasting on in the months before launch as well, including a trailer for the channel and information screens. After re-tuning, around 65% of the population's televisions could view the channel on launch night.

Launch and RTL Ownership
The channel's launch on 30 March 1997, Easter Sunday, at  featured the Spice Girls singing a re-written version of Manfred Mann's hit "5-4-3-2-1" as "1-2-3-4-5". Presenters Tim Vine and Julia Bradbury introduced the nation to the UK's fifth terrestrial channel with half an hour of previews.

The rest of the Channel 5 launch night schedule, along with the official viewing figures, was as follows:

Overall, an estimated 2,490,000 tuned in to see Britain's fifth free channel launch, a figure higher than that achieved by the launch of Channel 4, fourteen and a half years earlier.

The first advert shown on  was for Chanel No. 5 perfume.

Re-brand as Five (2002)
On 16 September 2002, Channel 5 re-branded to Five, in a multimillion-pound project directed by Trevor Beattie. The channel's director of marketing at the time, David Pullen, said:

Northern & Shell Ownership (2010)
Five was taken over by Richard Desmond's publishing group Northern & Shell on 23 July 2010 for £103.5 million. Desmond pledged to top up the broadcaster's total budget to about £1.5bn over the next five years, including new investment of £50m to £100m a year to boost programming and the equivalent of £20m promoting the channel and its shows in a marketing campaign in Northern & Shell publications.

Upon completing his takeover of Five on 23 July 2010, Richard Desmond remarked; "I prefer Channel 5 to Five, but... we haven't met with the team yet to discuss these sorts of details". The day after, Desmond's Daily Express newspaper noted that the channel's name was to change: "From today the rather vague 'Five' (Five what? Days of the week? Fingers?) reverts to the much more informative Channel 5". On 11 August 2010, Desmond confirmed the restoration of the original name used from 1997 to 2002. The restoration was revealed onscreen on 14 February 2011.

The relaunch also saw investment in a range of new programming with the debut of the (now-cancelled) nightly entertainment show OK! TV. Audience figures for the relaunch were boosted with increased viewing figures for the main 5 News bulletins and improved figures for OK! TV in the 6.30 p.m. slot over its predecessor Live from Studio Five. On 18 August 2011, Channel 5 relaunched Big Brother, starting with Celebrity Big Brother 8 and followed by Big Brother 12, having bought the rights to air the programme following its cancellation by Channel 4 in April 2011. The deal was worth a reported £200 million. The show helped the channel's viewing figures and audience share to rise slightly year-on-year, from 4.4% to 4.5%, in 2012. It was only achieved by Channel 5 and BBC One later in 2012; all other terrestrial broadcasters fell in comparison.

In 2013, Ben Frow, the channel's Director of Programming, revealed that the station would be moving away from broadcasting just American imports, by introducing shows from other countries such as Canada, Ireland and Australia to the schedules. The station has since begun screening the Australian prison drama Wentworth Prison and the Irish gangland series Love/Hate.

Viacom Ownership (2014)
In January 2014, it was reported that Richard Desmond was looking at selling Channel 5 for up to £700 million. On 1 May 2014, Desmond agreed to sell Channel 5 to Viacom for £450 million (US$759 million). The deal was approved on 10 September 2014 and at the same time, it was announced that it was to co-commission programmes with its pay channels such as Nickelodeon and MTV.

Under Viacom, the channel planned to increase its original programming output, increasing its budget by 10%. On 11 February 2016, Channel 5 also unveiled an overhauled brand, meant to reflect a new remit of "Spirited TV with an Emotional Heart".

In December 2019, Viacom re-merged with CBS Corporation, forming ViacomCBS and making Channel 5 a sister to CBS in the United States and Network 10 in Australia. Channel 5 received Channel of the Year honours from the Royal Television Society and Broadcast Awards in 2020, with judges for both recognising the network's expansion under ViacomCBS.

It was announced in December 2021 that Channel 5 had joined Digital UK (now Everyone TV), the organisation responsible for Freeview and Freesat, becoming the last of the UK's major Public Service Broadcasters to join the body.

Availability

Cable
 Virgin Media : Channel 105 (HD) and Channel 305 (+1)

IPTV
 Sky Glass : Channel 105

Online
 TVPlayer: Watch live
 Sky Go: Watch live
 Virgin TV Go: Watch live
 Pluto TV: Watch live

Satellite
 Freesat : Channel 105 (SD & HD) and Channel 128 (+1)
 Sky : Channel 105 (HD), Channel 205 (+1) and Channel 805 (SD)

Terrestrial
 Freeview : Channel 5 (SD), Channel 46 (+1) and Channel 105 (HD)

Broadcasting and reception
The British frequency plan had only allowed for four channels to be transmitted over the whole of the UK using analogue terrestrial transmitters, but the ITC identified that UHF channels 35 and 37 could provide coverage for around 70% of the UK population. These channels were used by many domestic video recorders for RF connection to television sets. Before the channel could launch, the broadcaster had to provide over-the-phone instructions or visit any home that complained, to either retune the video recorder or fit a filter to completely block the Channel 5 signal.

For many transmitters, channels 35 and 37 were 'out of the group', which meant that the roof-top receiving aerials were not designed to cover Channel 5's broadcast channels. Many people either could not receive the channel at all or required a new aerial. The broadcaster progressively added to the transmitters to improve the analogue terrestrial coverage since that time. From 23 April 1997, the channel was also provided on the analogue Astra satellite service, which enabled people outside the terrestrial reception areas to receive it via a dish.

Unlike the other four analogue British television channels, the channel could not be received via analogue terrestrial broadcasts in many areas, including some parts of the south coast of England where the signal would otherwise interfere with signals from television stations in France; many areas of North East England, especially around the major Tyne & Wear conurbation; many areas in Scotland; most of Wales, most of Northern Ireland and parts of Cumbria. The channel is available on all digital platforms (Freesat, Sky satellite, IPTV and Freeview digital terrestrial, and also most cable operators). On 5 November 2008, the channel launched on digital satellite service Freesat, on the Astra 28.2°E satellites.

It was the first analogue channel in the UK to use a permanent digital on-screen graphic, though this was removed in September 2002; however, the children's programming strands kept the DOG. In October 2007, the channel's logo returned to the screen.

Channel 5 is available in Switzerland on Swisscom TV and Cablecom.

On 30 September 2009, the channel temporarily ceased broadcasting on Freeview from around 9:30am until midday. This was due to changes to the Freeview platform, which necessitated moving Channel 5 from a commercial multiplex to a public service broadcasting multiplex. This was to increase the coverage of the channel from around 70% to 99% of the country by using relay transmitters: these only carried the three PSB multiplexes but did not carry the three commercial multiplexes.

On 20 September 2019, it was announced that Channel 5 had joined BritBox, a digital video subscription service created by the BBC and ITV.

Subsidiary channels

Channel 5 HD

Channel 5 HD is a high-definition simulcast of Channel 5. The channel launched on Sky Channel 171 and Virgin Media channel 150 on 13 July 2010. In the Summer of 2015, Channel 5 and Channel 5 HD switched places, with Channel 5 HD now being located in Channel 5's original space of Channel 105.

Upon the launch, only the Australian soaps Neighbours and Home and Away were shown in HD, with the letters HD placed in the top right-hand corner of the screen.

Channel 5 HD was due to launch on Freeview in 2010 but was unable to reach the 'key criteria' to keep its slot. In 2011 Channel 5 HD was the sole applicant for a fifth high-definition channel slot on Freeview, intending to launch in spring or early summer 2012. On 15 December 2011, Channel 5 dropped its bid to take the fifth slot after being unable to resolve "issues of commercial importance". Channel 5 said it "remains committed" to having an HD channel on Freeview in the future.

In October 2013, Channel 5 HD became a subscription channel on the Sky satellite platform. Previously, it was available as a free-to-view channel, but is now only available to Sky 'Family Bundle' customers or those with the HD pack.

On 27 April 2016, Channel 5 HD test transmissions started on Freeview Mux. BBCB (CH105).

On 4 May 2016, Channel 5 HD became free-to-air, coinciding with its launch on Freeview and Freesat.

Channel 5 +1

The time-shifted Channel 5 +1 was launched on Freesat, Freeview and Sky on 6 December 2011. The channel was also expected to be made available via Virgin Media during 2012, eventually launching on 25 October 2012. As with other similar '+1' services, Channel 5 +1 rebroadcasts Channel 5's entire programming output on a one-hour time delay, though the 'Supercasino' commercial gaming block is blacked out on the timeshift. The launch of Channel 5 +1 meant all three of the UK's commercial PSB services – ITV/STV/UTV, Channel 4 and Channel 5 – now have one-hour timeshifts.

Idents

1997–2002

The original Channel 5 logo was a numeric "5" within a circle, sometimes accompanied by "candy stripes" of five colours (an idea based on the colour bars used by vision engineers to monitor picture output). Between 30 March 1997 and 15 September 2002, Channel 5 was the only UK terrestrial channel to display a digital on-screen graphic (DOG) in the top left-hand corner. On some programmes in the channel's early years, commercial breaks were introduced by an "end of part one" sign emerging horizontally from the DOG; when the programme returned after the break, this would become a "part two" sign, which then disappears back into the DOG.

On 14 April 1997, Teletext reported that 70% of viewers who took part in a poll were in favour of removing the DOG. Channel 5 refused to remove it, though they did state that since launch, the DOG had been toned down. Channel 5 explained their reasons for keeping the DOG on screen, in an interview on 30 March 1997, they explained that:

On 6 September 1999, Channel 5 launched its new 'celebrity' idents, making the candy stripe more frequently used in idents and graphics, most notably in a hole in the backdrop of the idents. The set of idents was refreshed on 11 September 2000, as well as new idents from 4 March 2002, featuring the logo on coloured backgrounds by going widescreen. These idents were used until a major rebrand on 16 September 2002.

2002–2008

In 2002, Channel 5 decided to drop the word 'Channel' from its name and refer to the channel as 'Five'. A new look was launched on 16 September 2002 featuring live-action footage with the new logo sliding in from the left of the screen. The new idents would sometimes be accompanied by pieces of chart music, such as Children by Robert Miles. The new look made frequent use of the Helvetica typeface. The informal name "Five" was used in early continuity announcements and idents containing a lowercase 'five' had been used on the channel from the launch.

The final set with this logo was launched on 23 May 2006, based on four-letter words such as Hope, Fast and Love. The idents at first did not feature the logo, but the idents were revised on 2 January 2007 to include the word Five again.

2008–2011

On 6 October 2008 at 9 pm, Five launched and aired a new look, replacing the lower-case "five" logo with an upper-case "FIVE" in a circle occasionally with pink, turquoise and purple light effects. The rebrand was conducted by DixonBaxi, and according to them, the new look was "more vocal, expressive and creative". The relaunch included a mix of live-action and CGI idents; some of these included supermarket trolleys, the Food Chain, Invisible Superheroes and Drawings.

The look was refreshed in July 2009, making the logo notably larger, and the circle becoming red. As part of the refresh, special idents were made for popular shows such as The Mentalist, Paul Merton in Europe, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, The Gadget Show and FlashForward with the 2008 set being withdrawn except for the 'news safe' CGI idents. In February 2010, an additional ident was introduced, featuring a CGI aurora forming the logo tilted on its side. This was used at closedown and, sometimes, before news bulletins.

2011–2016

After the takeover by Richard Desmond's Northern & Shell, major changes and considerable financial investment were promised by the new owners, alongside a return to the 'Channel 5' moniker.

In October 2010, Desmond revealed the station's new look and confirmed its official on-screen identity as "Channel 5" during a press launch. Desmond promoted these changes in his tabloid newspapers, the Daily Express and Daily Star. There is also cross-promotion between Northern & Shell's newspaper and magazine titles with their websites promoted on the Channel 5 website. In 2010, afternoon movies on Channel 5 were sponsored by the Daily Express.

As for the logo, the red circle was retained, however, the word "FIVE" was replaced with the numeral "5". The extended version of the logo has the word "CHANNEL" in upper case font to its left. The DOG revived the "5" motif, originally as a transparent '5' cutout in a bright grey circle. From 18 February 2011, the DOG was modified to a white semi-transparent '5' on a faint grey circle. The DOG was later returned to the transparent '5' cutout in a bright grey circle. On 5 March 2013, the DOG was moved into the 16:9 safe area, along with the rest of their channels.

A range of new idents for Channel 5 was launched in February 2011 incorporating the "5" motif featuring live-action and CGI elements. They echo the predominantly red colour scheme of the channel's new corporate image, each based in a spacious studio with a large screen as the backdrop for the action. "Drums" features a drummer against a backdrop of animated shapes with the "5" appearing on a screen behind. In "Equaliser", a "5" contained in a cube emerges from a graphic equaliser display. "Imagination" features a battle between a toy dinosaur and a robot figure with the "5" logo imposed in neon lights (outlined). "VIP" features a model walking on a red carpet formed from the big screen with the logo formed out of the camera flashes. "Car Chase" features a police car chasing another car which eventually crashes 'through' the big screen with the logo being on the side of the police car. A generic ident with the Channel 5 logo pulsating on the studio screen was introduced in April 2012. Several special idents have also been used for The Hotel Inspector, The Walking Dead, Impossible?, Big Brother, The Bachelor, Europa League, The Mentalist, Tamara Ecclestone: Billion $$ Girl, It's All About Amy, How to Take Stunning Pictures, and The Gadget Show: World Tour also based around the same theme of the studio and screen. Programme preview cards feature the font "Gotham" in upper case. Break bumpers featured the "5" logo in the left-hand corner of the screen with a pattern of circles radiating out from the logo in an alternating red and black colour scheme.

This logo was retired from use on 10 February 2016; a virtually identical logo would later be used by ABC affiliate WEWS-TV beginning in September of that year, albeit in a blue colour.

2016–2020
On 11 February 2016, Channel 5 launched a new logo across all of its properties—a segmented 5 which can be rendered with various designs and animations, alongside a new series of "cinematic" idents, and break bumpers with text messages on them. The new branding was meant to signify a more upmarket and "creative" positioning for the broadcaster; vice-president of marketing Jo Bacon explained that "Our core proposition is Spirited TV, with emotional heart, reflecting the diverse, lively, colourful and creative content that has been the driving force behind our new strategic approach." Critics noted similarities between 5's new logo and that of competitor Channel 4. However, Bacon contrasted Channel 4, explaining that "our content allows millions of normal people access to diverse entertainment with no fuss. We are a playful challenger brand and can appeal to all audiences. The rebrand is a big opportunity to redefine the DNA of the Channel 5 brand and how it is perceived." 5Star and 5USA also adopted the new logo, while the catch-up service Demand 5 was renamed My5.

2020-present

The idents were changed on 26 February 2020 with a new set focusing more on the logo on coloured backdrops pink, green, orange, blue, teal and black.

Audience share
Below are the official audience shares in per cent for Channel 5 since its launch in 1997. Data provided by BARB. The channel consistently is the fifth most watched channel in the country, usually being beaten by main rivals BBC One, BBC Two, ITV and Channel 4.

Audience share rose consistently for the first seven years of broadcast, reaching a peak of 6.6% in 2004. Two years later the audience share had dropped to under 5.0%. In 2012, the audience share rose to 4.5%, the first yearly rise for the channel in audience share since 2009. In July 2013, Channel 5 overtook Channel 4 when taking into account consolidated shares, for the first time. As of 2020 (the last full year published by BARB), the channel averages 4.1% of the total audience share.

Programming

Channel 5, like all public service broadcasters, broadcasts a wide variety of programmes. The channel mainly broadcasts documentaries and drama with a few entertainment programmes, reality television and quiz shows in the schedule. In the early days, the channel was known for a high number of imported American dramas, including the broadcast rights to NCIS and CSI spin-offs, NCIS: New Orleans and CSI: Cyber, all of which Channel 5 had acquired by October 2014. By 2021, the rights to these shows had either expired or these titles were moved over to Channel 5's sister channels as the channel decided to focus its drama budget on its 'Original Dramas'.

The channel broadcasts some sports events not covered by other broadcasters but is notable for having been for several years the only terrestrial channel to show cricket, in the shape of highlights of England's summer test matches and one-day games. It also broadcasts its news service, which is currently produced by ITN but was produced between 2005 and 2012 by Sky News.

The channel frequently sticks to a regular schedule during the day, which during the 2010s included a phone-in chat show at 9:15 am (currently Jeremy Vine, which replaced The Wright Stuff in 2018), TV movies in the afternoon, after the Australian soap, Home and Away. 5 News programmes go out between 5 pm and 6pm.

Flagship programmes for the channel include shows about farming, trains and royalty such as Our Yorkshire Farm, Springtime On The Farm and World's Most Scenic Railway Journeys. Saturday night royal documentaries have been a rating winner for Channel 5, with programmes about past members of the British Royal Family also getting good viewing figures, with a programme about King George V (whose reign was from 6 May 1910 until 20 January 1936) achieving a rating of 1.4 million viewers when it was first broadcast.

The channel has picked up some formats in the last 20 years that have been previously broadcast on other channels. These programmes have included titles such as Celebrity Big Brother (ex-Channel 4, becoming shared between Channel 5 and MTV), Blind Date (ex-ITV) and the nightly quiz show Eggheads (previously broadcast on BBC Two). In the early 2000s it was also the home of Fifth Gear, a continuation of the original incarnation of the BBC show Top Gear with ex-presenters Quentin Willson, Tiff Needell, and Vicki Butler-Henderson, presenting the consumer advice series on Channel 5, whilst the BBC version of Top Gear became more of an entertainment car show.

Children's programming begins at 6am every day with Milkshake! showing children's programmes include Thomas and Friends, PAW Patrol, Peppa Pig, Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom, Little Princess, Fifi and the Flowertots, Roary the Racing Car Fireman Sam  Joshua Jones and many more.

In 2021, Channel 5 scheduled many music documentaries and countdowns on Friday nights, with shows such as Greatest Hits of the 80s, The Story of Songs and Britain's Biggest 90s Hits made by Viacom International Studios UK, the British production arm of owner ViacomCBS.

In September 2021, Ofcom approved the removal of Channel 5's 6.30 pm news slot for the channel to schedule Neighbours at 6 pm and Eggheads at 6.30 pm (with a new hour-long 5 News programme going out at 5 pm). These changes saw the early evening repeat of Home and Away moved to 5Star, with the Australian soap only broadcast on the main channel at lunchtime. The first-hour long-version of 5 News at 5 was broadcast by Channel 5 on 8 November 2021, with the programme still produced for the channel by ITN. 5 News at 5 is presented by Sian Williams and Claudia-Liza Vanderpuije, and has a live reporting team across the UK.

Also at the start of November 2021, P. D. James' adaptation of Dalgliesh debuted on the channel with four million viewers, while Our Yorkshire Farm achieved a rating of 3,260,437. On Saturday nights, the network's other new drama The Madame Blanc Mysteries was drawing in over two million viewers to the channel.

In February 2022, Channel 5 confirmed funding for Neighbours would be stopped with the production shutting down and the last episode aired 29 July 2022. As Paramount Global's 10 Peach scheduled the last episode for 7.30 pm on 28 July 2022 in Australia, Channel 5 brought back the broadcast of the final episode a few days to 29 July 2022, with The Finale becoming part of a Neighbours night alongside the Viacom UK programmes Neighbours Made Me a Star: From Ramsay St to Hollywood and Neighbours: All the Pop Hits & More, Especially For You. In addition, the 'Spirit of Queensland' episode of the channel's Bill Nighy narrated luxury train travel series was held back a week with the Al Andalus train journey from Seville taking its place on 22 July and the Brisbane to Cairns trip's title amended to Australia's Most Scenic Railway Journeys to fit in with the Neighbours theme night on 29 July 2022.

On 7 September 2022, a two-part day-by-day documentary with Xand van Tulleken and Raksha Dave called The Great Smog of 1952 started with the second episode scheduled for the following night. With the death of Queen Elizabeth II, the concluding part was dumped from the schedule after the channel went into a rolling royal documentary mode for the rest of the night. Their schedules for the following days were then amended to take out several thriller films, the over-night casino slots and documentaries which may have featured members of the Royal Family, like a forthcoming episode of The Cotswolds and Beyond with Pam Ayres, replacing these programmes with a range of their travel documentaries. The second part of The Great Smog of 1952 was rescheduled for 13 September 2022, with the documentary and a repeat of Paramount Pictures'  award-winning romantic drama film, An Officer and a Gentleman, replacing a double bill of murder investigations. Dogs Behaving (Very) Badly, The Yorkshire Vet and the last episode of The Pyrenees with Michael Portillo were kept in the schedule as previously listed, going out in hourly slots between 7 pm and 10 pm.

Even though the channel is known for its royal documentaries, on the day of the funeral of Queen Elizabeth II Channel 5 decided to go with a counter-alternative schedule to all the royal coverage due to being shown on the BBC, ITV and Sky, with their regular Home and Away episode and Jeremy Vine dropped to make way for family-friendly productions like The Emoji Movie, The Adventures of Paddington and Stuart Little.

In November 2022, Channel 5 confirmed that one of their recent hits, Our Yorkshire Farm, would not be returning to the channel in its original form, with a three-part spin-off programme called Beyond The Yorkshire Farm: Reuben & Clive due to be launched on the channel on 6 December 2022. This series will show the father and son farming duo launching a digging business venture which sees them in the Cumbrian village of Langwathby digging out a series of ponds.

Most watched programmes
The following is a list of the twelve most watched broadcasts on Channel 5 up to 5 March 2021, based on Live +28 data supplied by BARB.

5 Text
From 1997 to 2011 Channel 5 operated its analogue teletext service providing a basic range of programme listings, film summaries and programme previews of Channel 5 content. The service was provided by Sky Text until 2002 when Teletext Ltd. took over as the provider of Channel 5's Teletext service. The service was withdrawn due to the digital switchover and the shift to the Internet and social media.

Channel 5 on Pluto TV
As of December 2021, Channel 5 has several channels streaming 24 hours a day on Paramount Global's free TV app Pluto TV. The channels include:
 5 Building Britain (with titles including Michael Buerk's documentary Building Victorian Britain: The Great Stink and George Clarke's Build a New House in the Country)
 5 Cops (the UK version of Pluto's Spike TV's Cops 24/7 channel, featuring episodes from Police Interceptors)
 5 Destination Britain (programmes include Walking Britain's Lost Railways with Rob Bell and Britain By Bike With Larry & George Lamb)
 5 GPs (with back-to-back episodes of GPs: Behind Closed Doors)
 5 Cruising with Jane McDonald (Back-to-back episodes of the Jane McDonald travel show, broadcast on the channel between 2017 and 2021)

5 on The Farm
5 on The Farm is Channel 5's festival which first took place at Cannon Hall Farm in Cawthorne, South Yorkshire on August Bank Holiday Weekend in 2021. The three-day event was based around Channel 5's ...on the Farm series (featuring series regulars Rob and Dave Nicholson, chef Tim Bilton as well as presenters Adam Henson, Helen Skelton, Jules Hudson and JB Gill) with appearances from people featuring in a range of Channel 5 programmes associated with farming, food and animals. These people included Peter Wright and Julian Norton from The Yorkshire Vet, Reuben and Amanda Owen from Our Yorkshire Farm, Ben Fogle from New Lives in the Wild, Graeme Hall from Dogs Behaving (Very) Badly and Stefan Gates from Secrets of Your Supermarket Food. The festival also has an area for children branded as the Milkshake! Meadow which (in 2021) featured presenters Derek Moran, Jen Pringle and Kemi Majeks alongside characters from Milkshake! including Peppa Pig, and Milkshake! Monkey and Fireman Sam.

Criticism of the channel
In a Radio Times interview with Mark Lawson, Channel 5's director of programmes Ben Frow gave answers to some of the regular criticisms viewers had over the past few years about scheduling. Firstly, Channel 5 is known for giving programmes numerous programme titles, with the listing in the Radio Times not matching the EPG or the actual programme title. Secondly, a six-part series can be launched in a regular slot and then be dropped from the schedule after a few weeks (with the third series of Rob Bell's Building the Impossible dropped after one episode and replaced in its 9 pm slot by the repackaged The Dalgliesh Mysteries). Frow apologised to all the Radio Times readers who were annoyed by these regular occurrences but explained that when listings go to press he does not know what the competition from other channels might be and so may have to retitle a programme to make it stand out on the EPG or temporarily remove that show from the schedule until there is a better place for it. For example, the programme Billion Dollar Holiday City which turned up in the Channel 5 schedule on 17 July 2022 before new episodes of the holiday series Bargain-Loving Brits by the Sea and The Cruise was a revised and retitled version of late-night programme Secret World of Las Vegas: 24/7 which originally was broadcast by the channel in 2019, and put into production as Vegas 24:7 by Viacom Studios UK (now VIS UK).

On 22 June 2022, Paramount Plus launched in the UK, with Channel 5 showing the first episode of the streaming series Halo on that night as a 'taster'. However, the marketing around this episode made it look like it was a new free-to-air series that was going to continue on the channel and Paramount Plus every week, which resulted in the first of several Feedback letters to the Radio Times about the practice of 'taster TV'. This time the viewer complained that this was just a 'puff piece' to get people to subscribe to a paid service and thought the practice might be against the channel's PSB commitments, while in the magazine's 20–26 August 2022 issue, after one-off starter episodes of Halo, La Brea and The Box had been shown on the channel, a piece of viewer criticism headlined "Taster TV is no good to me" was highlighted as the magazine's Letter of the Week.

Queen Elizabeth II funeral controversy
On 19 September 2022, the funeral of Elizabeth II was occurring. BBC One, BBC Two, and ITV broadcast the funeral, while Channel 4 broadcast a documentary about Elizabeth. However, Channel 5 played the 2017 film The Emoji Movie instead of the funeral. The move had mixed reactions. Some mocked the channel and insulted it for disrespecting a former member of the Royal Family. Other people online praised the channel for airing child-friendly alternatives during a dark day in the nation. Other kid movies were aired on the channel, including the 1999 film Stuart Little. Channel 5 has yet to comment.

See also
 List of television stations in the United Kingdom
 Channel 5 Broadcasting Limited

Notes

References

External links

British subsidiaries of foreign companies
Television channels and stations established in 1997
Television channels in the United Kingdom
1997 establishments in the United Kingdom
Paramount International Networks
2014 mergers and acquisitions

Channel 5 (British TV channel)


The Mühlviertel () is an Austrian region belonging to the state of Upper Austria: it is one of four "quarters" of Upper Austria, the others being Hausruckviertel, Traunviertel, and Innviertel. It is named after the three rivers , , and .

Region
The Mühlviertel consists of the four Upper Austrian districts that lie north of the river Danube: Rohrbach, Urfahr-Umgebung, Freistadt and Perg. The parts of the state capital Linz that lie north of the Danube also belong to the Mühlviertel. Geologically it is a part of the Bohemian Massif. Major towns include Rohrbach, Bad Leonfelden, Freistadt and Perg.

History
The region was the site of a notorious war crime at the end of World War II in which hundreds of starving Soviet POWs escaped from nearby Mauthausen concentration camp and were pursued and murdered around Mühlviertel. The SS referred to the event as the Mühlviertler Hasenjagd ("Mühlviertel rabbit hunt"). During the Allied occupation of Austria after World War II, the Mühlviertel belonged to the Soviet occupation zone, and the rest of Upper Austria belonged to the American occupation zone.

External links

Geography of Upper Austria

Mühlviertel


Five of Cups is a Minor Arcana tarot card.

Tarot cards are used throughout much of Europe to play Tarot card games.

In English-speaking countries, where the games are largely unknown, Tarot cards came to be utilized primarily for divinatory purposes.

Interpretation
This card can carry a meaning of dejection, disappointment and sorrow over past events. It can also represent a blindness to good in a given situation. Although the person pictured on the card has lost three cups, two still stand, and he or she fails to appreciate what is left. A river flows under a bridge leading to a safe destination, and yet they focus on their three lost cups.

References

Suit of Cups

Five of Cups


Locational astrology (sometimes referred to as astrocartography or astrogeography) is any of various types of astrology that factor in specific locations of the Earth.  The different types also carry a range of astrological techniques.

Astrogeography

The topic of astrological geography is the astrological study of the lands, the features, the inhabitants, and the phenomena of the Earth.
The origins of astrogeography may possibly go back to the roots of astrology in Mesopotamian Culture. Some relation between zodiac signs and cardinal points is highly probable to have been established for astrological weather forecasts and other purposes of prediction.
Nicholas Campion names Marcus Manilius (1st century) and Claudius Ptolemaeus (2nd century) to be the first authors to deliver a system of rulership of zodiac signs for regions. Others are Al-Biruni (11th century), William Lilly (17th century), Raphael (19th century), Green and Sepharial (20th century).

An important systematic approach to astrogeography was developed by various astrologers such as Sepharial (Walter Gorn Old) in England, and A.M. Grimm in Germany. Both these systems assume that the Greenwich Meridian in metropolitan London has a 0° Aries fixed local MC, leaving the various regions of the globe to correspond with the 12 signs of the zodiac. There are subtle differences between the system of Sepharial and Grimm which are not noticeable in many classical astrology methods, but may be noticeable in precision methods such as those of Uranian astrology or cosmobiology.

The Sepharial system was later popularized by Canadian astrologer Chris McRae, and American astrologer Joyce Wehrman.  The Canadian astrologer L. Edward Johndro also worked with this method at various points throughout the 1930s and later years, and vacillated between the starting reference point at Greenwich and one near the greater pyramids of Egypt; there is controversy over which system he actually decided upon in later years.

In the course of the development of computer technology which made it easier to calculate more elaborate astrogeographical maps the so-called Andersen system was published in 1974. It included 11 newly developed world maps valid for one planet each. A more complex astrogeographical world mapping system based on the holographic structural model and astrological field study through comparison of the features of the landscape developed in astrological geomancy was published by Georg Stockhorst in 2009 calculating 6 size levels of fields nested inside one another.

Astrological cartography
The topic of astrological cartography is the astrological study of the relationship of individuals such as subjects or objects to places on Earth by the projection of valid horoscopes onto the Earth's surface. For example, a simple approach applies the 360° and minutes of latitude and longitude (each) to the 12 zodiacs of the wheel chart. Maps produced using any of the following methods are used by 'astro-cartographers' to counsel their clients on relocation or travel.

One astrological cartography system is named "local space astrology", developed by German astrologer Friedrich Sieggrün and later popularized in the United States by Steve Cozzi and astrological software developer Michael Erlewine.

Another method in astrological cartography was based on findings by Don Neroman, Gustav Schwickert, Cyril Fagan, Roy Charles Firebrace and Donald A. Bradley and developed from about 1930 until the 1960s. In the 1970s and 1980s it was further developed and made popular by Jim Lewis under the trademark Astro*Carto*Graphy. This system focuses on elements of the natal chart, by identifying these factors on a world map. Lewis' maps show all locations on the earth where planets were "angular" (rising, setting, on the zenith or nadir) at the moment of an event like a person's birth. An "angular" planet is one that is conjunct one of these four angles (Ascendant, Descendant, MC or IC). These locations are displayed in the form of lines on the map.

Another example is the "Astrolocality Map" developed by Astro Computing Services of San Diego. In addition to the lines on Lewis' maps, it shows conjunctions to the angles, and includes planetary squares, trines, and other aspects.

Astrological geomancy
Astrological Geomancy is any approach to examine and understand the astrological qualities of places.
In astrological geomancy places are studied not through projections from maps like in astrogeography but through consideration of the microcosmic system of a place.

The surroundings, the use, animals and plants, features of buildings and architecture, events and all possible features of places can be evaluated in astrological geomancy but the most important element would be the landscape.
A highly elaborate system of astrological geomancy was developed and published by G. Stockhorst between 1995 and 2010.

In Chinese geomancy (feng shui) astrological signs, symbols and categories have been traditionally used.

See also
Astrology software

References

Further reading

Astrology by type

Locational astrology


GO Transit is a train and bus service for the province Ontario in Canada. It goes to areas and places like Waterloo, Toronto, Peel and Durham. The company that owns GO Transit is Metrolinx, and they merged in 2009.All the trains and buses stop running at a building in Toronto called Union Station.

Lines

Lakeshore East
Lakeshore East is the line that is right of the Union Station and it's opposite, Lakeshore West. Lakeshore East goes to the town Oshawa which is in Durham, and before the line is finished in Union, the station before is Danforth which is in the Toronto Region.

Lakeshore West
Lakeshore West is the line that is left of the Union Station and it's opposite, Lakeshore East. Lakeshore East goes to the town Aldershot which is in Burlington, which is a common express area where lots of other trains go to such as the train that goes across the entire country, VIA Rail. Via Rail goes to Union Station just like GO Trains except it goes to the different provinces and their cities. Before the line is finished in Union, the station before is called Exhibition which is in Toronto.

Niagara Falls Excursion
In the summer time and during good weather, GO expands the Lakeshore West line to the Niagara Falls city which is it's own region. It's called an excursion route and it starts in Union Station like all trains, except this train skips some stations because it is an express train. So it goes to the city of Port Credit which is in Peel and right after Port Credit is Oakville. It goes to Burlington which is in Burlington and St. Catharines which is in Niagara before stopping in Niagara Falls.

Milton
The Milton line is almost entirely owned by CN(stated below) and very few stations are belonging to GO Transit. Before it finishes in Union Station, the station Kipling connects with the Toronto subway station Kipling.

Kitchener
Kitchener serves the region of Waterloo and Peel; exiting Peel at Bramalea, and exiting Waterloo at St Mary's, where from there it stops service at London (see Windsor-London Excursion) in Middlesex County.

Windsor-London Excursion
In 2021, GO Transit expanded the Kitchener Line for a pilot project to London with small stops at Stratford and St Mary's.

Richmond Hill
Richmond Hill serves the city by itself and terminates at Bloomington GO. Previously it terminated at Gormley GO.

Barrie
Barrie serves the York Region and Simcoe County and terminates at Allandale Waterfront. Previously it terminated at Bradford.

Stouffville
Stouffville serves the York Region similar to it's neighbour Barrie and terminates at Old Elm(formerly Lincolnville.) The Stouffville line connects with the subway line and the Lakeshore East line at Scarborough and Danforth GO.

Regional Express Rail project

GO Transit is currently beginning a project called RER, or Regional Express Rail. They will make part of the railway electric and add 24/7 service to some lines. GO Transit will not electrify parts of rail that Metrolinx doesn't own due to CN not granting permission yet, but in the future there may be electric service to parts CN owns.

Canadian National freight connection

Canadian National is a freight rail company that operates on the same lines as GO Transit, VIA Rail, and it's competitor, CP Rail. Metrolinx only owns 80 percent of the rail it drives on and certain stations on the lines are used by CN.

Oakville Subdivision
The Oakville Subdivision exists on the Lakeshore West line from Oakville to West Harbour making stops in Aldershot, Burlington, Appleby, Bronte, and Oakville GO.

UP Express shuttle connection

UP Express is an express train company that operates on its separate GO Transit line and connects with GO Transit's Kitchener line. The UP Express goes toward the Pearson airport and makes stops at Weston and Bloor GO.

References

Bus transport in North America

GO Transit


Crab rangoon are deep-fried dumplings.  They are served in American Chinese restaurants.  They are stuffed with a combination of cream cheese, lightly flaked crab meat with scallions and/or garlic. These fillings are then wrapped in Chinese wonton wrappers. They are then deep fried in vegetable oil.

In the Pacific Northwest states of America crab rangoon are also known as crab puffs. National crab rangoon day is October 2nd.

Seafood dishes

Crab rangoon


Hideous is a berry- and citrus-flavored liqueur, produced by Hideous, L.C., a company based in the United States.

The liqueur is 70 proof (35% alcohol by volume), is magenta in color, and mildly sweet. The company promotes it to be consumed as a "shooter" (shot) as well as in mixed drinks, several recipes for which it has developed. It has been compared in flavor to the cocktail called a cosmopolitan.

The liqueur is made from potato and corn neutral spirit, with added natural flavors derived from berries grown in the state of Washington (including raspberries and other berries) and citrus fruits. The neutral spirit is produced at Distilled Resources Inc. in Rigby, Idaho, and Hideous is one of only four U.S. liqueur manufacturers to produce its own neutral spirit.

Hideous, L.C.'s owner and founder is Michael E. Klein, who is originally from New Orleans, Louisiana. He developed the brand while a student at the University of Texas at Austin.  The company is incorporated in New Orleans, where its headquarters is located, but most of the company's business is conducted from its Austin, Texas office. The liqueur is currently available in the U.S. states of Georgia, Tennessee, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Idaho, Montana, Washington, Wyoming, and Oregon.

References

External links
Hideous official site
Review  from Boise Weekly
Article about marketing of Hideous
Article about marketing of Hideous

Citrus liqueurs
Jefferson County, Idaho
Food and drink introduced in 2004
Berry liqueurs

Hideous (liqueur)


Israeli Sign Language, also known as Shassi or ISL, is the most commonly used sign language by the Deaf community of Israel. Some other sign languages are also used in Israel, among them Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language.

History

The history of ISL goes back to 1873 in Germany, where Marcus Reich, a German Jew, opened a special school for Jewish deaf children. At the time, it was considered one of the best of its kind, which made it popular with Jewish deaf children from all over the world as well as non-Jews. In 1932, several teachers from this school opened the first school for Jewish deaf children in Jerusalem. The sign language used in the Jerusalemite school was influenced by the German Sign Language (DGS), but other sign languages or signing systems brought by immigrants also contributed to the emerging language, which started out as a pidgin. A local creole gradually emerged, which became ISL.

Shassi still shares many features and vocabulary items with DGS, although it is too far apart today to be considered a dialect of the latter.

During the 1940s, Shassi became the language of a well-established community of Jewish deaf people in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv. Today ISL is the most used and taught sign language in Israel, and serves as the main mode of communication for most deaf people in Israel, including Jewish, Muslim and Christian Arabs, Druze, and Bedouins. Some Arab, Druze, and Bedouin towns and villages have sign languages of their own.

In addition to ISL, there is also signed Hebrew used as a tool to teaching deaf children the Hebrew language, and for communication between deaf and hearing people.

Deaf community

The beginnings of an established Deaf community in Israel started with the 1936 Tel Aviv Purim parade, when groups from Jerusalem, Tel Aviv and Haifa met for the first time. This led to the creation of the Association of the Deaf in Israel. The first official board was elected in 1944, with Moshe Bamberger as its first president. The association organized lectures, trips, and holiday celebrations. The community grew as refugees from World War Two fled to Israel, and the association helped new arrivals integrate into the Israeli community by helping them learn Israeli Sign Language and helping them find work. The association completed their Tel Aviv headquarters, Helen Keller House, in 1958.

Education

The first school for the deaf was established in 1932, a strict boarding school in Jerusalem that taught oralism. Two other oralist schools were established in Tel Aviv in 1941 and Haifa in 1949. The emphasis on oralism began to change in the 1970s, when Izchak Schlesinger began to research ISL, and with Israel hosting the Fourth International Conference on Deafness in 1973.

Manual alphabet

The manual alphabet is quite similar to that of American Sign Language. The correspondences are as follows:

א	 as ASL 'A', but with thumb extended
ב	b as ASL 'B'
ג	g as ASL 'G'
ד	d as ASL 'D', but with fingers 3, 4, 5 flat and tips touching tip of thumb
ה	h as ASL 'H'
ו	v as ASL '1'
ז	z as ASL 'Z'
ח	ch as ASL '8', but with only index and pinkie extended
ט	t as ASL 'F'
י	j as ASL 'I'
כ	k as ASL 'C'
ל	l as ASL 'L'
מ	m as ASL 'M'
נ	n as ASL 'N'
ס	s as ASL 'S'
ע	 as bent ASL 'V' (like 'X', but with two bent fingers)
פ	p as ASL 'P'
צ	ts as ASL '3'
ק	q as ASL 'K'
ר	r as ASL 'R'
ש	sh as ASL 'W'
ת	t as ASL 'T'

Unexpected correspondences are ASL 'F' for Hebrew ט tet (analogous to Greek theta becoming Cyrillic fita), '1' rather than 'U' or 'V' for ו vav, old-fashioned 'C' and 'K' rather than 'K' and 'Q' for כ kaf and ק qof (both are pronounced like an English 'k' or hard 'c'), '3' for צ tsade, and 'W' for ש shin (reflecting its shape).

If needed, one may indicate the final forms of letters, ך ם ן ף ץ, by moving the hand downward. To specify שׂ sin, the hand is turned to face the signer (showing the back of the hand).

See also
 Moshe Shem Tov
 The Institute for the Advancement of Deaf Persons in Israel

References

Further reading
 Meir, Irit & Sandler, Wendy.  (2007)  A Language in Space: The Story of Israel Sign Language. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

External links
 Israeli Sign Language Dictionary, Institute for the Advancement of Deaf Persons in Israel
 Israeli Sign Language, Sign Language Research Laboratory

Languages of Israel
German Sign Language family
Sign languages of Israel

Israeli Sign Language


Harbison State Forest is a State Forest in Richland County, South Carolina.  It is named for Samuel P. Harbison of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, who provided the majority of funds for the land purchase.

The forest is found in the Midlands region of central South Carolina and comprises  of woodland, meadowland, and bottomland located alongside the Broad River in Richland County, South Carolina.  Located approximately 8 miles from the downtown area Columbia, South Carolina, Harbison State Forest is one of the largest urban green spaces inside city limits in the eastern United States.

References

Protected areas of Richland County, South Carolina
South Carolina state forests
Nature centers in South Carolina

Harbison State Forest


Randi Rahm is an American fashion designer based in New York City and raised in Long Island. She is a classically trained concert pianist and musician. She is well known for her couture gowns, bridal wear and evening wear collections and her wide range of clientele, including celebrities and socialites.

Career

Rahm is a classically trained conductor and concert pianist with Degrees in Art, History and Music.

Rahm has made wedding gowns and has dressed celebrities ranging from artists such as Carrie Underwood, Beyoncé Knowles, Mariah Carey, Ashanti, Fergie, Starla Smith to actresses such as Catherine Zeta-Jones, Halle Berry, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Katherine Heigl, Hayden Panettiere, Eva Mendes, Eva Longoria, and Nikki Reed along with various other celebrities.

Rahm's designs were featured on the hit ABC reality show The Bachelorette. Ashley Herbert wore one of Rahm's designs in the live "Will you accept the rose?" episode.

References

Living people
American fashion designers
Artists from New York City
Year of birth missing (living people)

Randi Rahm


Docofossor is an extinct mammaliaform (a docodont) from the Jurassic period. Its remains have been recovered in China from 160 million years old rocks. It appears to have been the earliest-known subterranean mammaliaform, with adaptations remarkably similar to the modern Chrysochloridae, the golden moles.

Discovery
The fossil of Docofossor brachydactylus, holotype BMNH 131735, along with that of Agilodocodon scansorius, was originally found by farmers near Nanshimen in the province of Hebei in a layer of the Chinese Tiaojishan Formation (Oxfordian) and acquired by the Beijing Museum of Natural History. The holotype consists of a compressed skeleton with skull and lower jaws, preserved on a plate and counterplate, along with soft-tissue remnants. The shoulder girdle area and the tail have been damaged. The type species Docofossor brachydactylus was named and described by Zhe-Xi Luo, Meng Qingjin, Ji Qiang, Liu Di, Zhang Yuguang, and April I. Neander in the journal Science in 2015. The generic name refers to the membership of the Docodonta and a burrowing lifestyle, fossor meaning "digger" in Latin. The specific name is derived from Greek βραχύς, "short", and δάκτυλος, "finger", referring to the reduction of the finger phalanges.

Skeleton
Docofossor was at least nine centimetres long, exempting the tail, and weighed at least nine grams, perhaps sixteen. It had a skeletal structure and body proportions strikingly similar to the modern day African golden mole. It had shovel-like fingers for digging, short and wide upper molars typical of mammals that forage underground, and a sprawling posture indicative of subterranean movement. The sprawling is proven by a short hindlimb of just twenty-three millimetres, a massive olecranon as an adaptation for digging and a projecting parafibula forcing the knee joint into a bent position. Its snout point was blunt and slightly overhanging.

Characteristics
Docofossor shows two unique derived traits or autapomorphies. The upper molars have a grooved (prestylar) shelf at the front. The fourth molar has a single root.

Docofossor had a reduced number of phalanges in its fingers. The phalangeal formula was 2-2-2-2-2 instead of the ancestral 2-3-3-3-3. This led to shortened but wide digits. Furthermore, the claw-bearing sections were enlarged and the upper phalanges shortened. African golden moles possess almost exactly the same adaptation, which provides an evolutionary advantage for digging mammals. This characteristic is due to the fusion of the bone joints between the upper and middle phalanges during embryonic development – a process influenced by the genes BMP and GDF-5. Because of the many anatomical similarities, the researchers hypothesize that this genetic mechanism may have played a comparable role in early mammaliaform evolution, as in the case of Docofossor.

The spines and ribs of Docofossor also show evidence for the influence of genes seen in modern mammals, since they feature a gradual thoracic to lumbular vertebrae transition.  These shifting patterns of thoracic-lumbular transition have been seen in modern mammals and are known to be regulated by the genes Hox 9-10 and Myf 5-6. That these ancient mammaliaforms had similar developmental patterns is evidence that these gene networks could have functioned in a similar way long before true mammals evolved.

Phylogeny
Docofossor was placed in the Docodontidae together with Docodon and Haldanodon. Docodontidae are basal Mammaliaformes outside of the crown group Mammalia.

Paleobiology
Early mammaliaforms were once thought to have limited ecological opportunities to diversify during the dinosaur-dominated Mesozoic era. However, Docofossor and numerous other fossils – including Castorocauda, a (related) swimming, fish-eating mammaliaform – provide strong evidence that forms ancestral to the true mammals adapted to wide-ranging environments despite competition from dinosaurs.

References

Docodonts
Prehistoric cynodont genera
Middle Jurassic synapsids of Asia
Jurassic China
Fossils of China
Paleontology in Hebei
Fossil taxa described in 2015
Taxa named by Zhe-Xi Luo
Taxa named by Qing-Jin Meng
Taxa named by Qiang Ji (paleontologist)
Taxa named by Di Liu
Taxa named by Yu-Guang Zhang
Taxa named by April I. Neander

Docofossor


Chinese Turkestan, also spelled Chinese Turkistan, is a geographical term corresponding to the region of the Tarim Basin in southern Xinjiang (south of the Tian Shan mountain range) or Xinjiang as a whole which was under the rule of the Qing dynasty of China. It is considered a part of the Chinese Tartary that covered the Inner Asian regions ruled by the Qing dynasty. The Europeans commonly used this term especially during the period of the Qing dynasty to denote the division of Turkestan into territories controlled by the Chinese and the Russians, with the latter controlling Russian Turkestan in the west.

Etymology
Eastern Central Asia was historically referred to as the Western Regions under the control of the Han dynasty and Tang dynasty of China. Over the course of the history the Turkic people Uzbeks and Uyghurs conquered the Persian-speaking Tajiks and established several small principalities in Central Asia, giving their name Turkestan (or Turkistan). They then ruled over the region (later fell under the overlordship of the Mongols including the Chagatai Khanate and the Dzungar Khanate) until they were subjugated by the Chinese Qing dynasty during the final phase of the Dzungar–Qing Wars in the 1750s. Thence the European name of Chinese Turkestan (or Chinese Turkistan), similar to the name Russian Turkestan which was controlled by the Russian Empire and Afghan Turkestan in northern Afghanistan.

Usage
The term "Chinese Turkestan" or "Chinese Turkistan" was commonly used by Europeans during the period of the Qing dynasty to specifically refer to the region (as part of Chinese Tartary that was ruled by Qing China), while the Chinese often called this region Tian Shan Nan Lu (Chinese: 天山南路), meaning the area in Xinjiang south of the Tian Shan Mountains. The term "Chinese Turkestan" (or "Chinese Turkistan") can also refer to Xinjiang as a whole in some sources, and the term was also sometimes used by Qing officials in English-language writings. It gradually lost popularity in the 20th century worldwide after the fall of the Qing dynasty, although it was still being used in various publications during the eras when the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China ruled the region. During the 20th century, Uyghur separatists and their supporters used East Turkestan as an appellation for the whole of Xinjiang (the Tarim Basin and Dzungaria) or for a future independent state in present-day Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, whereas others typically use the name "Xinjiang" to refer to the autonomous region of China. As a result, the term "Chinese Turkestan" (or "Chinese Turkistan") has largely been replaced by other terms nowadays, although it retains a certain degree of relevance.

See also
 China proper
 Chinese Tartary
 Altishahr
 East Turkestan
 Western Regions
 Xinjiang under Qing rule
 Protectorate General to Pacify the West

References

Geography of Xinjiang
Historical regions of China
Chinese

Chinese Turkestan


Johann Chrysostomus Senn (1 April 1795, Pfunds – 30 September 1857, Innsbruck; pseudonym: Bombastus Bebederwa) was a political lyric poet of the Vormärz.

Life
Johann Senn was the son of the freedom fighter, Franz Michael Senn.

He lived in Vienna from 1807 and attended the Akademische Gymnasium. He was a pupil of the Wiener Stadtkonvikt along with Franz Schubert. He later studied philosophy, law und medicine, none of which he managed to complete. He became a teacher to Baron Anton von Doblhoff-Dier.

From 1815, his interest in politics grew ever more strident. Members of his circle included his old schoolmate, the composer Franz Schubert, the poet Johann Mayrhofer, the lawyer and later Redemptorist Franz von Bruchmann, the artist Leopold Kupelwieser and the doctor Ernst von Feuchtersleben.

In 1820, Senn was arrested because of rude behavior during a police visit and imprisoned for almost a year. He was then deported to Tyrol and never returned to Vienna.

He spent eight years there in military service, rising to the position of lieutenant. He was unable to enjoy a middle-class career and lived out the rest of his days in Innsbruck working either as a Tagschreiber or in the offices of regional administration.

Works
His friend Franz Schubert, set his poems Schwanengesang (Swan Song) and Selige Welt (Blessed World) to music. Senn, who had only one collection of poetry published in his lifetime, became popular in Tyrol through his poem Der rote Tiroler Adler (The Red Tyrolean Eagle). It was used as national propaganda and later set to music. A street in Innsbruck has been named after him. Part of his work was published at the behest of Adolf Pichler und Moriz Enzinger, but most remains unpublished and virtually unknown to this day.

 Johann Senn: Gedichte (poems), Innsbruck, 1838.
 Adolf Pichler (Ed.): Glossen zu Göthe's Faust. Aus einem Nachlasse von Johann Senn, Innsbruck, 1862.

References
 Moriz Enzinger: Franz v. Bruchmann der Freund J. Chr. Senns und des Grafen Aug. v. Platen. Eine Selbstbiographie aus dem Wiener Schubertkreise nebst Briefen. In: Veröffentlichungen des Museum Ferdinandeum 10, 1930, 117-379.
 Moriz Enzinger: Zur Biographie des Tiroler Dichters Joh. Chrys. Senn. In: Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen 156, 1930) 169-183.
 Ilija Dürhammer: Dioskuren im Schubert-Kreis. Senn, Bruchmann und [Schober]. Das philosophische Triumvirat. In: Schubert durch die Brille. Mitteilungen des Internationalen Franz Schubert Instituts 19, 1997, 65-80.

External links

1795 births
1857 deaths
People from Landeck District
Austrian male writers

Johann Senn


In economics, barriers to entry (also known as barrier to entry) refers to the things that makes it difficult for a firm or a person to enter a market. These are called obstacles and makes it harder for a firm or a person to enter a market. Examples of barriers to entry include government regulation for firms and the need for a certain level of education for a person.

Barriers to entry helps to protect existing firms in the market from new firms entering a market and thus reduces competition in the market, which causes prices to be higher than what is accepted by society. Monopolies and market power is thus formed due to the existence of barriers to entry.

Definition
While the general definition of barriers to entry refers to the obstacles that makes it difficult for a firm or a person to enter a market, there are certain differences in the definitions given by economists as given below.
 George Stigler defined barriers to entry as "A cost of producing which must be borne by a firm which seeks to enter an industry but is not borne by firms already in the industry."
 Franklin M. Fisher defined it as "anything that prevents entry when entry is socially beneficial."
 Joe S. Bain defined its as anything that allows incumbent firms to earn supernormal profits without threat of entry.

References

Economics

Barriers to entry


Georgetown University Press is a university press affiliated with Georgetown University that publishes about forty new books a year. The press's major subject areas include bioethics, international affairs, languages and linguistics, political science, public policy, and religion.

It was founded in 1964, and is a member of the Association of University Presses (AAUP) and a founding member of the Association of Jesuit University Presses (AJUP).

The press publishes the Al-Kitaab series, the most widely used set of Arabic language textbook series in the United States. It also publishes textbooks and digital materials for other languages including Spanish, Mandarin Chinese, Iraqi Arabic, Moroccan Arabic, Syrian Arabic, Portuguese, Tajik, and Uzbek.

See also

 List of English-language book publishing companies
 List of university presses

References

External links
Georgetown University Press (official website)

Georgetown University publications
Association of Jesuit University Presses
University presses of the United States
Book publishing companies of the United States
Publishing companies established in 1964

Georgetown University Press