Dreambuilders aka DreamBuilders: The Movie or Mina and the Dreambuilders in United States on DVD releases, is an 2020 Danish English-language comedy-fantasy adventure animated film directed by Kim Hagen Jensen. released in Denmark by February 6, 2020. and United Kingdom released in July 17, 2020. then direct-to video released in North America from June 5, 2021 by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment.

Plot
A young girl named Minna lives with her father John in the country, while her mother Karen went out to pursue her dream as a singer. One day, her life changes when her dad remarries his new wife named Helene, with her daughter Jenny, whom Minna argues and fights with. While she's dreaming one night, she finds a hole in the sky, which leads her into a world where blue creatures control her dreams. Minna investigates this world, where she realizes the blue creatures are called Dreambuilders, who are responsible for creating dreams. There, she meets Gaff, and while hiding from the grouchy Inspector, she is accidently transported to her father's dream, where she changes his dream by switching a can of anchovies for cake.

Realizing that John now loves anchovies the next morning, Minna realizes that she can alter people's dreams. Soon, Jenny is then bothered by her pet hamster, Viggo, and immediately wants to take it to an animal shelter. To stop this, Minna goes into the dream world, and with the help of Gaff, is able to alter Jenny's dream by making her dance with a giant-sized Viggo. As she's returning to her original stage, Minna realizes that if a dreamer is out of their stage for too long, they fade away. Upon waking up, Jenny is now liking the pet, but things soon go awry when Minna finds out her stepsister was mocking her on Instagram due to the sweater she was wearing. So that evening, Jenny's dream is now changed when the owner of a clothing store makes her to try Minna's sweater. She is then nearly caught by the Inspector, but is saved my Milo, a former Dreambuilder who destroyed a set by altering the script, thus making him a janitor.

Returning to the real world, Jenny panics upon waring Minna's sweater and in a fit of anxiety, decides to move back to the city. While packing, Jenny discovers Minna's diary with her plans to fix her, and is upset that her stepsister is now tampering with her dreams. She then goes to Helene and decides that she's changed her mind. A jealous Minna is upset that John loves her sister then her, and so she lashes out her family in a fit of rage, In the dream world, Minna constructs a nightmare for Jenny by exploiting her fear of spiders, even a giant-sized one. But then, the stage collapses, and not only Gaff is made a janitor by the Inspector, Jenny falls into the Dream Trash and in the real world, falls into a coma. Realizing her mistakes, Minna then tells John that she can fix her mistakes.

She then falls asleep, and in her dream, she then finds Karen who forces her to stay in bed. However, Minna is soon clear to find out that Karen is actually an actor (she can also tell because Karen hates board games). She then goes to the Dream Trash where she finds Jenny. After the tower leading then out gets destroyed, the 2 try to find their way out. Suddenly, the spider from the nightmare comes alive and beings chasing them. They soon hide in an old dream set, realizing that it's one of Jenny's former dreams, where Minna learns that Helene's husband left her and her stepsister, blaming them for the move. The 2 then reconcile and find an old dream controller, and with the levitating objects, use them for a ladder to get to the stage. They are almost caught by the spider, but with the help of Gaff and the Inspector, Minna manages to shut it off. Suddenly, Jenny begins to fade away due to being out of her stage for too long, but the friends manage for her to get back and wake up on time. In the real world, Minna is delighted for Jenny to be alive, and the 2 then spend time with their parents as a family.

In the dream world, Gaff, now a Dreambuilder (along with Milo), begins constructing a new dream with the Inspector.

Cast
 Robin Dempsey/Danielle Panabaker (US) as Mina
 Emmy Jenkins/Laura Bailey as Jenny
 Luke Griffin/Josh Keaton as John
 Jeff Bennett as Gaff
 Grey Delisle-Griffin as Helene
 S. Scott Bullock as Inspector
 Melissa Rauch as Karen/Cloth Seller
 Jason Spisak as Milo
 Sam Riegel as Jenny's dad
in American version additional voices: Fred Tatasciore, Lara Jill Miller, Jeff Fischer, Anna Akana, Susanne Blakeslee, Jennifer Hale, Kari Wahlgren, Rob Paulsen.

References

2020 comedy movies
2020 science fiction movies
2020 adventure movies
2020 computer-animated movies
Warner Bros. movies
American comedy movies
American science fiction movies
American adventure movies
Danish comedy movies
Danish adventure movies

Dreambuilders


Sun tanning or basking, sometimes also known as sunbathing or sun bathing, is a thermoregulatory or comfort behaviour used by animals, especially birds, reptiles, and insects, to help raise their body temperature, reduce the energy needed for temperature maintenance or to provide comfort. They may also have additional functions of ridding animals of ectoparasites, bacteria, or excess moisture.

Sun tanning


The West Virginia Symphony Orchestra is a professional  orchestra that performs primarily at the Clay Center in Charleston, West Virginia. The orchestra performs over 50 concerts annually around the state of West Virginia, and has a nationally award-winning education program.  The orchestra has played with such soloists as Itzhak Perlman, Isaac Stern, Yo-Yo Ma, Emanuel Ax, Marilyn Horne, and Kathleen Battle.  In addition to regular season concerts, The Orchestra offers several programs such as the Symphony Chorus and Young People's Concerts. West Virginia Symphony Orchestra is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.

History

Early history

An earlier symphony orchestra, organized by music educator W. S. Mason and others, served Charleston as early as the 1920s and perhaps before.

Under the direction of William R. Wiant, the Charleston Civic Orchestra gathered 55 musicians for their first rehearsal on September 19, 1939. The first concert was performed at the Charleston Municipal Auditorium on November 14, 1939. The orchestra was officially incorporated on May 29, 1940, and an Executive Board and Women's Committee were formed to support its efforts.

When conductor William R. Wiant left Charleston for military service in the fall of 1942, Antonio Modarelli, conductor of the Wheeling Symphony Orchestra, was called upon to become the new conductor. Prior to coming to Wheeling in 1937, Modarelli had led the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra for seven years. Modarelli retained this dual conductorship for five years before moving to Charleston on a full-time basis.

Then, in 1943, the orchestra's name was changed to Charleston Symphony Orchestra. To attract musicians during the war years the orchestra entered into an innovative alliance with the local chemical industry, which agreed to recruit and hire chemical engineers and chemists who were also symphonic musicians. This successful partnership garnered national attention.

The orchestra's first manager, Helen Thompson, a second violinist in the orchestra, was active in the founding of the American Symphony Orchestra League, the professional service organization for orchestras in the United States. Thompson, became its first full-time executive secretary in 1950, and maintained the league's office in Charleston for 12 years.

Composer George Crumb's parents, George(clarinet) and Vivian(cello), were members of the Charleston Symphony Orchestra.  Crumb's composition "Poem" was performed by the CSO in 1947. Crumb was 18 years old.  "Gethsemane" was performed in 1952.

1950s and 1960s

Following Modarelli's death, Geoffrey Hobday led the orchestra from 1954 to 1963. His conductorship was marked by an award from the Alice M. Ditson Fund of Columbia University that funded a guest appearance by composer Stanley Wolfe conducting his Third Symphony. Donald Voorhees, conductor of television's Bell Telephone Hour, also appeared as guest conductor. Hobday was succeeded by Charles Gabor, whose tenure lasted only one season (1964–65), but his Young People's Concerts would become a long-lasting tradition.

In 1965, Charles Gabor was replaced by Charles Schiff. Under Schiff, the orchestra became more cosmopolitan in scope, booking nationally recognized guest artists on a regular basis and presenting more challenging orchestral works than in the past. An expansion of the children's concerts eventually led to the first set of quadruple Young People's Concerts being performed in 1968, a tradition first introduced by Charles Gabor, which continues to this day.

1970s and 1980s

Charles Schiff left in 1977, and Ron Dishinger was hired. Dishinger continued the development of the orchestra's education program through an expanded Student Enrichment Program in the elementary schools. Dishinger served as conductor until 1979.

Sidney Rothstein became Music Director in 1980 and began a period of artistic growth that continued throughout the 1980s. In his first season, Rothstein greatly expanded the orchestra's schedule and performed the first Super Pops concert at the Charleston Civic Center. The following season he formed the orchestra's first resident string quartet and presented the first "Symphony Sunday," an outdoor festival marking the end of the season.

With the appointment of Thomas Conlin as Artistic Director & Conductor in 1984, a new era began for the Charleston Symphony Orchestra. The season expanded in size to 8, then 9, then eventually to 12 concerts including pops. Touring and run-out concerts around the state were also greatly increased, and a second home in Parkersburg was established, through a new organization, the West Virginia Symphony Orchestra – Parkersburg.

In recognition of its new status as a true regional organization, in 1988, the name of the orchestra was changed to the West Virginia Symphony Orchestra.

1990s and 2000s

The newly named West Virginia Symphony Orchestra celebrated its 50th Anniversary during the 1989–1990 season. The highlight of the year-long observances was a five-concert tour culminating in a performance at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C., on October 29, 1989. Included in the program was a new piano concerto by composer Tomas Svoboda commissioned by the orchestra in celebration of the occasion.

In December 1999, Thomas Conlin announced his intention to step down from the WVSO podium in 2001, concluding an extraordinary 17-year tenure. After an extensive search process that attracted almost 200 applications from around the world, the WVSO named Grant Cooper, a New Zealand native, as Artistic Director & Conductor of the WVSO in March 2001. Upon the selection of Cooper, Thomas Conlin accepted the title of Conductor Laureate, in recognition of his extensive accomplishments with the WVSO. In September 2015, Grant Cooper announced that he will step down as Artistic Director & Conductor at the end of the 2016-17 season. Lawrence Loh was chosen from six finalists to become the new conductor beginning in the 2016–17 season.

On July 12, 2003, the Clay Center for the arts and sciences of West Virginia opened, where the West Virginia Symphony Orchestra would establish its new home. Since 2003, the orchestra has performed its primary concerts in the Clay Center's Maier Foundation Performance Hall, an 1,883-seat theater with exceptional acoustics and sight lines.

Artistic directors and composers
• Maurice Cohn (since 2023)
Lawrence Loh (2017–2022)
Grant Cooper (2001–2017)
Thomas Conlin (1984–2001)
Sidney Rothstein (1980–1984)
Ron Dishinger (1977–1979)
Charles Schiff (1965–1977)
Charles Gabor (1964–1965)
Geoffrey Hobday (1954–1964)
Antonio Modarelli (1942–1954)
William R. Wiant (1939–1942)

References

External links

American orchestras
Performing arts in West Virginia
Wikipedia requested audio of orchestras
Musical groups established in 1939
Musical groups from West Virginia
Non-profit organizations based in West Virginia
1939 establishments in West Virginia

West Virginia Symphony Orchestra


The Republic XF-12 Rainbow was an American four-engine, all-metal prototype reconnaissance aircraft designed by the Republic Aviation Company in the late 1940s. Like most large aircraft of the era, it used radial engines, specifically the Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major. The XF-12 was referred to as "flying on all fours" meaning: four engines,  cruise,  range, at . The aircraft was designed to maximize aerodynamic efficiency. Although innovative, the jet engine and the end of World War 2 made it obsolete, and it did not enter production. A proposed airliner variant, the RC-2, was deemed uneconomical and cancelled before being built.

Development
The original proposal from the United States Army Air Corps Air Technical Service Command in late 1943 was for a  reconnaissance aircraft with a range of  and a ceiling of . Its primary objective was high-speed overflights of the Japanese homeland and key enemy installations. During World War II, due to the range requirements of operating in the Pacific, existing fighters and bombers were being used but were poorly suited. The need existed for dedicated photo-reconnaissance aircraft with speed, range, and altitude capabilities beyond what was available.

In August 1943, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's son, Colonel Elliot Roosevelt, commander of a Lockheed F-5 (a modified P-38 Lightning) "recon" unit, recommended the acquisition of a dedicated high-performance photo reconnaissance aircraft to provide pre- and post-strike target analysis intelligence as well as photo interpretation to better allow commanders to make decisions for bombing raids. Republic Aviation submitted the XF-12 and it was competing against the Hughes XF-11. Both were powered by the new P&W R-4360. The XF-12's first flight was made on 4 February 1946 and during flight testing, it reached an altitude of  at , and demonstrated a range of , exceeding design criteria. The XF-12 could photograph in both daylight and night and under conditions of reduced visibility at high altitudes over long ranges and with great speed. This "flying photo lab" was capable of mapping broad stretches of the globe.

Only two prototypes were built each of the XF-11 and the XF-12 were ordered into service by the U.S. Army Air Forces, as the requirement evaporated after World War II ended, while the cheaper off-the-shelf Boeing B-29 Superfortress and Boeing B-50 Superfortress could temporarily fill the role until the jet-powered Boeing RB-47 Stratojet entered service. The XF-12 was the fastest aircraft of its day to use four reciprocating engines, and the only one to exceed  in level flight

Design

Minimizing drag was a primary consideration throughout the design of the XF-12. Many features came from Republic's experience with fighter aircraft. Unusually, no compromises to the aerodynamics were made in the shape of its fuselage. Aviation Week was quoted as saying "the sharp nose and cylindrical cigar shape of the XF-12 fulfills a designer's dream of a no compromise design with aerodynamic considerations."

For its reconnaissance role, the XF-12 had three photographic compartments aft of the wing. One vertical, one split vertical, and one trimetrogon each using a  Fairchild K-17 camera. For night reconnaissance, the XF-12 had a belly hold which accommodated 18 high-intensity photo-flash bombs to be ejected over the target. All bays were equipped with electrically operated, inward retracting doors designed for minimum drag and camera lenses were electrically heated to prevent frost build-up. The XF-12 also carried complete darkroom facilities to permit developing and printing the film while still airborne augmented by adjustable storage racks to handle any size of film container and additional photo equipment. This allowed immediate access to the intelligence after landing without the usual processing delay.

Its wing had a straight taper with a high aspect ratio for maximum efficiency and squared tips. The engines used a sliding cowl to facilitate engine cooling instead of cowling flaps, which caused too much drag. There was also a two-stage impeller fan directly behind the propeller hub. These refinements allowed the engines to be tightly cowled for aerodynamic efficiency, while still keeping the engines adequately cooled. When the sliding cowl ring was closed during flight, the cooling air was ducted through the nacelle to the rear exhaust orifice increasing thrust, rather than adding drag as is usually the case.

Air for engine intakes, oil coolers and intercoolers was drawn through the leading edge of each wing between the inboard and outboard engines. This reduced drag compared to using individual intakes for each component. In addition, because the air was taken from a high-pressure area at the front of the wing, this provided a ram air boost for increased power at high speeds, and more effective cooling of the oil and intercoolers. The intakes made up 25% of the total wingspan and were extensively wind tunnel tested. After being used, the air was ducted toward the rear of the nacelle, to provide thrust. The entire engine nacelle was nearly as long as a Republic P-47 Thunderbolt. Research showed that a force roughly equivalent to  was generated by each engine exhaust during high speed cruise while at altitude. Each engine featured twin General Electric turbochargers at the rear of the nacelle and for brief bursts of additional power, water-methanol injection.

The XF-12 was originally intended to use contra-rotating propellers similar to those used on the XF-11, However, due to delivery delays and reliability issues, they were never installed. They would have been twinned three-bladed propellers (rotating in opposite directions). As it was, the aircraft used standard four-bladed Curtiss Electric propellers.

The only visible external difference between the first and second prototypes was the addition of cooling gills on the upper engine cowlings. The second prototype was fitted with the full reconnaissance equipment suite.

Operational history
The first prototype was damaged on 10 July 1947 while undergoing maximum landing weight tests when the right main gear was severed at the engine nacelle. After bouncing hard and staggering back into the air the test pilot climbed to a safe altitude where excess fuel was burnt off, to lighten the aircraft and reduce the risk of fire. The pilot landed on the left main gear and the nose wheel and despite losing as much speed as possible before the other wing dropped, the aircraft suffered significant damage. The wing spar was cracked, and engines and props needed to be replaced but it was repaired by Republic, and returned to service. When the U.S. Army Air Forces became the U.S. Air Force the XF-12 was later re-designated XR-12.

Operation Birds Eye was conceived to demonstrate the XF-12's capabilities. On 1 September 1948, the second prototype departed the U.S. Air Force Flight Test Center at Muroc, California, and climbed west to its  cruising altitude over the Pacific before heading east. It then photographed its entire flight path across the United States on 390 individual  photos each covering , which were jointed to form a continuous  print.

They landed at Mitchel Field on Long Island, New York after six hours and 55 minutes at an average speed of . A photo was taken approximately every 66 seconds. The flight was featured in the 29 November 1948 issue of Life magazine and the filmstrip exhibited at the 1948 U.S. Air Force Association Convention in New York. The XF-12 program had already been canceled when this flight was made.

On 7 November 1948, the second prototype crashed while returning to Eglin Air Force Base from a photographic suitability test flight after the number 2 (port inner) engine exploded, causing violent buffeting. Five of the seven crew escaped safely while two crew members were killed.
The first prototype continued flight testing after being returned to service in 1948 but with no orders forthcoming and with the second prototype lost, flight testing was wound down and the remaining prototype was retired in June 1952, having flown just 117 hours from 1949 to 1952. It was later expended as a target at the Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland.

RC-2
Republic proposed an airliner version, the RC-2, which would be lengthened to  with a fuselage plug ahead of the wing, and the Plexiglas nose replaced with a conventional nose. Pratt & Whitney R-4360-59s with only one General Electric turbosupercharger each would replace the R-4360-31s, providing more power at lower altitudes, and fuel capacity would be increased. The airliner would carry a crew of seven, and the lavishly appointed cabin for 46 passengers would feature pressurization to sea level with air conditioning, an electric galley providing hot meals, and an inflight lounge. The RC-2 would cruise above bad weather at  at .

American Airlines and Pan Am made tentative orders, but without military F-12 orders to subsidize development and tooling costs, the RC-2's purchase price was higher than they would accept. The RC-2 also would have had higher operating costs per passenger than more capacious airliners with similar fuel consumption such as the Lockheed Constellation and the Douglas DC-6, and the end of the war created a glut of surplus military transports such as the Douglas C-54 Skymaster which could be readily converted into airliners for a fraction of the cost of new aircraft. The RC-2 program was cancelled before any were built.

Specifications (XF-12)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

F-012
Republic F-12
Four-engined tractor aircraft
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1946
Four-engined piston aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft

Republic XF-12 Rainbow


The Jewish Museum Berlin (Jüdisches Museum Berlin) is a museum that shows the history of Jews in Germany from the Middle Ages to the present day. It is the largest Jewish museum in Europe, with two buildings and about 3,500 square meters (38,000 square feet) of space. It has a library and archives and holds lectures, concerts, and conferences. The W. Michael Blumenthal Academy of the Jewish Museum is connected to the museum. The museum is one of the most visited museums in Germany, with 2,000 visitors each day and 700,000 annually.

History
The first Jewish Museum in Berlin opened on January 24, 1933. This was six days before the Nazis took power. The building was on the Orienburger Straße next to New Synagogue. The museum was new because it showed modern Jewish art. The museum wanted to show that Jewish history was alive and part of German culture. The Nazis shut down the museum on Kristallnacht in November of 1938.

A "Society for a Jewish Museum" was formed in 1976. A couple of years later, the Berlin museum added a Jewish Department. In 1988, the city had a competition for the building design of the museum. Daniel Libeskind won for his zigzag design structure. The building was completed in 1999, and the museum opened in September 2001. Michael Blumenthal was the first director of the museum until 2014.

Design

Buildings
The museum has two main buildings. One is the Kollegienhaus and is in baraque style. The other is a modern building by Libeskind. The modern building contains a unique zig-zag shape and is a form of deconstructivism. The architect wanted the building to address the Holocaust in Berlin's Jewish history.

Libeskind structure
There is much symbolism in the Libeskind structure. Empty voids fill the building. They represent "That which can never be exhibited when it comes to Jewish Berlin history: Humanity reduced to ashes." Three Axes in the structure have particular significance. Each represents paths of Jewish life in Germany: continuity, emigration and the Holocaust. The second axis of the museum connects with the Garden of Exile. The third axis connects with the Holocaust Tower.

Exhibitions

Permanent exhibitions
The new permanent exhibition has five parts. It is called "Jewish Life in Germany: Past and Present". Each part is about a different period in Jewish history in Germany. The sections are Jewish life in Ashkenaz, the emancipation of the Jews, Englightenment, Natinalsocialism, and the present. The largest sections are for the time of National Socialism and after 1945. There are several rooms just for Judaism as a religion and religious art and music. There is further a tour with narration about culture and religion.

Two Millennia of German Jewish History
The past exhibition from 2001 to 2017 was "Two Millennia of German Jewish History". It showed history from the view of Jews as a minority. The exhibition included figures like Glikl bas Judah Leib and Moses Mendelssohn. The museum has had several special exhibitions. The most recent ones have been: Welcome to Jerusalem (2017-2019); Cherchez la femme (2017); Golem (2016-2017); Snip it! Stances on Ritual Circumcision (2014-2015); A Time for Everything. Rituals Against Forgetting (2013-2014).

Installations

Shalekhet – Fallen leaves
The museum has an installation called Shalekhet – Fallen leaves. It is a collection of 10,000 faces of metal plates in the Memory Void. Visitors are encouraged to walk on the metal and hear the sounds it makes. Menashe Kadishman dedicated his work to victims of the Holocaust, violence, and war.

The Gallery of the Mission
"The Gallery of the Mission" is another installation in the museum. It contains black mirrored glass cases which depict destroyed objects of Jewish culture. They are Encyclopaedia Judaica, Jewish hospital in Frankfurt, and the "Großer Kopf" sculpture by Otto Freundlich.

Prize for Understanding and Tolerance
The museum and Friends and Patrons of the Jewish Museum Berlin annually give out an award called Prize for Understanding and Tolerance. Past recipients include:

 2002 – Berthold Beitz, Heinrich von Pierer
 2003 – Otto Schily, Friede Springer
 2004 – Michael Otto, Johannes Rau
 2005 – Heinz Berggruen, Otto Graf Lambsdorff
 2006 – Daniel Barenboim, Helmut Panke
 2007 – Helmut Kohl, Fritz Stern
 2008 – Roland Berger, Imre Kertész
 2009 – Franz Fehrenbach and Christof Bosch (representing Bosch), Michael Verhoeven
 2010 – Jan Philipp Reemtsma, Hubertus Erlen
 2011 – Angela Merkel
 2012 – Klaus Mangold, Richard von Weizsäcker
 2013 – Berthold Leibinger, Iris Berben
 2014 – Wolfgang Schäuble, Hubert Burda
 2015 – W. Michael Blumenthal
 2016 – Anita Lasker-Wallfisch and Renate Lasker-Harpprecht, Hasso Plattner
 2017 – Joachim Gauck, Joe Kaeser
 2018 – David Grossman, Susanne Klatten
 2019 – Heiko Maas, Anselm Kiefer
 2020 – Madeleine Albright, Igor Levit

References

Museums in Berlin
2001 establishments in Europe

Jewish Museum Berlin


Colorado Community Church is a multicultural interdenominational church located in Aurora Colorado, United States.  Colorado Community Church has more than 2000 members and is pastored by Rev. Robert Gelinas.

History
Colorado Community Church was established in 1993 by Dr. Mark Brewer.  The church started under Brewer's conception of a new diverse place of worship in the Denver Metro area. Meetings were held in the fall of 1993 to gather interest in the new church, with the first Sunday services held in January 1994. As the church began to gain more worshipers, it moved from the Hyatt Regency Hotel, to Regis High School, to the Denver Tech Center, before the fall 1995 purchase of a Cherry Hills Village site in Englewood. By 1997, a growing congregation created enough demand for three Sunday services and the consensus to develop multiple campuses in the metro area contrasting the idea of other popular megachurches. Nearby suburb Aurora, is chosen as the location for a second campus with an initial goal of five campuses to open in the metro area within ten years.

In September 1999, services began at Rangeview High School in Aurora under the direction of Rev. Robert Gelinas. Like the initial campus, Aurora experiences phenomenal growth and moves to a newly renovated movie theater complex at Chambers Road and Iliff Avenue in February 2001. In the summer of 2001, CCC experiences the loss of Brewer who leaves to be senior pastor at Bel Air Presbyterian Church in Los Angeles. 2002 saw CCC welcoming Rev. Anthony Pranno as the new senior pastor of the Englewood campus, and Gelinas officially named Lead Senior Pastor of Colorado Community Church. The Aurora Campus' popularity saw the 2004 additions of two Saturday services to join the three Sunday morning worship times, as well as construction of a new worship space named The Upper Room. The Upper Room is located in an adjacent building, renovated to hold 250 people around tables in a different atmosphere than the traditional sanctuary setting. The Upper Room contains a coffee bar, a separate stage, and monitors and projection screens that simulcast the live service. The same year saw the creation of Project 127, a Christian-based adoption agency, which aims to place orphaned children of Colorado with families.

In 2006, Colorado Community Church officially announced Hugo Venegas would be lead pastor of a new campus located in the old Stapleton Airport area of Denver. Base Camp Stapleton opened in March 2007, and offers a bilingual service located at William Roberts Elementary School. Fall 2008 saw the closing of the Stapleton Campus, the bilingual service was moved to Saturday evenings in the Upper Room and has since been moved to Sunday morning at Englewood.  At the end of 2009, Robert Gelinas returned to Aurora as their full-time Sr. Pastor and continues to be the Lead Pastor for Colorado Community Church.  Hugo Venegas was announced as the Sr. Pastor for Englewood in November 2009.

References

External links
 Colorado Community Church Official Web Site

Evangelical megachurches in the United States
Megachurches in Colorado
Evangelical churches in Colorado
Culture of Aurora, Colorado
Englewood, Colorado
Churches in Denver
Christian organizations established in 1993
Buildings and structures in Arapahoe County, Colorado

Colorado Community Church


Giorgio Strehler (; ; 14 August 1921 – 25 December 1997) was an Italian stage director, theatre practitioner, actor and politician.

He was one of the most significant figures in Italian theatre during his lifetime, described by Mel Gussow as "the grand master of Italian theater" and "one of the world's boldest and most innovative directors." He co-founded Italy's first and most significant repertory company, the Piccolo Teatro of Milan, and the Union of the Theatres of Europe.

As a Socialist, Strehler served as Member of the European Parliament between 1984 and 1984, representing North-West Italy. He switched parties to the Independent Left, for which he was a Senator from 1987 for the 1992, representing Lombardy.

Biography
Strehler was born in Barcola, Trieste; His father, Bruno Strehler, was a native of Trieste with family roots in Vienna and died when Giorgio was only three. His maternal grandfather, Olimpio Lovrich, subsequently became his father figure.  Olimpio was one of the finest horn players of his day and the impresario of the Teatro Comunale Giuseppe Verdi, Trieste's Opera House.  When he was seven, his grandfather died and he moved to Milan with his mother and grandmother.

As a child, Giorgio was not impressed by theater.  He found it "false" and decided it did not have the power to stir one's emotions as film did.  His opinions changed one hot summer night while on his way to the cinema.  He noticed a sign advertising the air-conditioning posted by the Odeon Theater. He walked in for some relief from the weather to see a performance of Carlo Goldoni's Una delle ultime sere di Carnevale being given by a company from Venice. He went every evening for the next few days to see more plays by Goldoni.  Newly inspired by the theater, he applied and was accepted to the theater school Accademia dei Filodrammatici.

During the war he went into exile in Switzerland. With Geneva's Compagnie des Masques he directed the world premiere of Albert Camus's Caligula. After the war he became a theater critic for Milano Sera but he preferred making theater rather than writing about it. It was at this time that he started the Piccolo Teatro di Milano with Paolo Grassi. It opened on 17 May 1947 in the auditorium of the Broletto Cinema with Maxim Gorky's The Lower Depths.  A few days later they staged Carlo Goldoni's long forgotten Arlecchino: Servant of Two Masters commedia dell'arte, which would go on to become the longest running play in Italian theater. In that same year he also directed Giuseppe Verdi's La traviata at La Scala, the first of many opera productions he would direct.

Giorgio Strehler focused on theater that was culturally relevant. He did not want to "pay an abstract homage to culture" or "to offer a mere distraction... passive contemplation".  Instead both Giorgio and Paolo agreed that theater was "a place where people gather to hear statements that they can accept or reject".

Influences

In the 1950s he directed several plays by Bertolt Brecht with whom he would become close friends, sharing political beliefs. In 1956 Brecht attended a production of his The Threepenny Opera. Back in Berlin he wrote "... thank you for the excellent performance of my Threepenny Opera which you have realized with a great director. Fire and freshness, ease and precision distinguish this performance from many others I have seen... it would be a joy and an honor for me if your theater could perform... at the Berliner Ensemble's Theater... which witnessed the first performance of this work".

His love for William Shakespeare (Coriolanus, The Tempest, King Lear, Twelfth Night, Macbeth), Luigi Pirandello (Enrico IV), and Anton Chekhov (The Cherry Orchard, Platonov) was unmistakable; but he always returned to Goldoni repeating the same plays decades later.

He created the role of theater director (regista was actually coined in 1929) in Italy all by himself. Until he came plays were for the most part still put on by traveling companies that were a microcosm unto themselves. They directed themselves. They had never heard of a director. He also gave prominence to Italian authors, though few in number. Strehler used to say that "Italian theater has produced few important dramatic authors - Niccolò Machiavelli, Carlo Goldoni, Luigi Pirandello - but an enormous number of actors. Between 1500 and 1700, every self-respecting court in Europe had to have a company of Italian actors".

He originally had not intended to become an actor. He had enrolled in the law school at the University of Milan planning to become a criminal lawyer. He said "a profession as I imagined it was very close to the theater". But then war came and it changed everything.

He influenced three generations of actors and inspired many around the world. His influence in the English-speaking world is less felt since he spoke little English and did not direct many plays in this language. However he was given the Légion d'honneur by the French government and was named director of the "Union of the Theatres of Europe" in Paris in 1985, the first Pan-European theater project. He was President of the jury at the Cannes Film Festival in 1982. In 1990 he was the recipient of the Europe Theatre Prize.

The visual impact of his productions always concerned Strehler. The stage designers Luciano Damiani and later Ezio Frigerio closely collaborated with Strehler for many years, both for theatrical and operatic productions.

He died in Lugano, Switzerland. The funeral in Milan was attended with great participation of citizens and politicians, with Italian President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro eulogizing him as "a great artistic and humane personality who honored the country." His ashes were deposited in the cemetery of Trieste.

Opera productionsJeanne d'Arc au Bûcher  (Arthur Honegger) La Scala, Milan (1946)Lulu (Alban Berg) Venice (1949)La favola del figlio cambiato (Gian Francesco Malipiero), Venice (1952)The Fiery Angel (Sergei Prokofiev) Venice (1955)L'histoire du soldat (Igor Stravinsky) Piccola Scala, Milan (1957)Un cappello di paglia di Firenze (Nino Rota) Piccola Scala, Milan (1958)Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny (Kurt Weill) Piccola Scala, Milan (1964)Die Entführung aus dem Serail (Mozart) Salzburg Festival (1965)Cavalleria rusticana (Pietro Mascagni) La Scala, Milan (1966)Fidelio (Beethoven) Florence (1969)Simon Boccanegra (Verdi) La Scala, Milan (1971), Vienna State Opera (1984)Le nozze di Figaro  (Mozart) Paris (1973), Milan (1980)The Magic Flute (Mozart) Salzburg Festival (1974)Macbeth (Verdi) La Scala, Milan (1975)Falstaff (Verdi) La Scala, Milan (1980)Don Giovanni (Mozart) La Scala, Milan (1987)Così fan tutte (Mozart), Piccolo Teatro, Milan (1998) (note: Strehler died during the final rehearsals)

Theatre productions
 Richard II, Shakespeare (1948)
 Julius Caesar, Shakespeare (1953)
 Coriolanus, Shakespeare (1957)
 Power Games (an adaptation of Shakespeare's first Henriad) (1965)
 Re Lear, Shakespeare (1972)
 The Tempest (play) Shakespeare (1978)
 Harlequin in all its version, the oldest and most famous Italian show (beginning from 1947)
 The Trilogy of Holiday (1954)
 Servant of Two Masters by Goldoni (1964)
 Il campiello (1975) by Goldoni
 Platonov by Chekhov (1959)
 The Cherry Orchard by Chekhov (1955, 1974)
 The Mountain Giants (1947, Piccolo Teatro, Milan; 1966, Teatro Lirico/Piccolo Teatro, Milan; 1994 both in Milan and in Vienna at the Burgtheater), Pirandello
 As You Desire Me (1988 to present) by Pirandello
 El nost Milan (1955 and 1979) and Egoist by Bertolazzi (1960)
 The House of Bernarda Alba by García Lorca (1955)
 The Storm, Strindberg, Piccolo Teatro, (1980)
 The Visit of the Old Lady by Dürrenmatt (1960)
 The Great Magic by Eduardo De Filippo for drammaturgia contemporary (1985)
 Three Penny Opera by Bertold Brecht (1956)
 The Good Person of Setzuan by Bertolt Brecht (1958, 1981 and 1996)
 Saint Joan of the Stockyards by Bertold Brecht (1970)
 Galileo Galilei by Bertolt Brecht (1963)
 Das Spiel der Mächtigen, Salzburg Festival, 1974; Burgtheater, Vienna, 1975
 Trilogie der Sommerfrische'' (Trilogia della villeggiatura), Carlo Goldoni, Vienna, Burgtheater, 1974

On 10 October 2005 a stretch of road in front of the Politeama Rossetti in Trieste was dedicated to Giorgio Strehler.

Europe Theatre Prize
In 1990 he was awarded the III Europe Theatre Prize, in Taormina, with the following motivation:The work of Giorgio Strehler, to whom the 1990 Europe Theatre Prize has been unanimously awarded by the Jury, is a cornerstone in the construction of post-war European Theatre. He has worked not only as a director, but also as manager, guiding light, actor, writer, translator, teacher, and advocate of an all-embracing "theatrical idea" rooted in the fabric of society and politics, which has had an impact throughout European theatrical culture. Various aspects of his personality converge in his constant and single-minded attempt to build the necessary structures for a European theatre intended as a common workshop of new ventures and experiences. Starting in the Piccolo Teatro di Milano, this determination eventually flowered into the foundation of the first really European theatrical organism, the Théâtre de l'Europe, which Strehler was called to direct. Today Strehler's activities have expanded to even greater dimensions in the context of the transformation which our continent has undergone, and which theatre has done so much to promote.

Honours
Honorary degree, University of Pavia, 1992.

Bibliography

References

External links

 Giorgio Strehler Memorial Site

1921 births
1997 deaths
Italian opera directors
Italian theatre directors
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin
Theatre people from Milan
People from Trieste
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
Italian exiles
Italian people of Austrian descent

Giorgio Strehler


Bavaria-Straubing denotes the widely scattered territorial inheritance in the Wittelsbach house of Bavaria that were governed by independent dukes of Bavaria-Straubing between 1353 and 1432; a map (illustration) of these marches and outliers of the Holy Roman Empire, vividly demonstrates the fractionalisation of lands where primogeniture did not obtain. In 1349, after Emperor Louis IV's death, his sons divided Bavaria once again: Lower Bavaria passed to Stephan II (died 1375), William (died 1389) and Albert (died 1404). In 1353, Lower Bavaria was further partitioned into Bavaria-Landshut and Bavaria-Straubing: William and Albert received a part of the Lower Bavarian inheritance, with a capital in Straubing and rights to Hainaut and Holland. Thus the dukes of Bavaria-Straubing were also counts of Hainaut, counts of Holland, and of Zeeland.

In 1425, with the death of Duke John III, the Straubing dukes became extinct in the male line. His possessions were partitioned between the Dukes of Bavaria-Munich, Bavaria-Landshut and Bavaria-Ingolstadt in 1429 under arbitration of the emperor. His niece Jacqueline became Countess of Hainaut in her own right.

Dukes of Bavaria-Straubing
 Jointly held by William I and Albert I 1347-1388
 Albert I "of Holland" 1388-1404
 Albert II 1389-1397 jointly held with Albert I
 William II 1404-1417
 John III 1418-1425 disputed with
 Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut 1417-1432

After the succession struggle between Jacqueline and her uncle John, Bavaria-Straubing was divided between Bavaria-Ingolstadt, Bavaria-Landshut, and Bavaria-Munich.

Footnotes

Former states and territories of Bavaria
County of Holland
Duchy of Bavaria

Bavaria-Straubing


The Lock is an oil painting by Jean-Honoré Fragonard. It was painted around 1776-79. The picture measures 71 × 92 cm (28 × 36.2 in). It hangs in the Louvre. Fragonard is (and was) famous for mildly erotic scenes. After his marriage in 1769, he painted family scenes.

1770s paintings
Paintings by Jean-Honoré Fragonard

The Lock


William Gustav of Anhalt-Dessau (20 June 1699 – 16 December 1737) was a German prince of the House of Ascania and heir to the principality of Anhalt-Dessau.

He was born in Dessau, the eldest son of Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, by his morganatic wife Anna Louise Föhse.

Life
In 1706, the eight-year-old William Gustav was appointed a captain and accompanied his father in his campaign against France in 1712. In 1713, he obtained the post of chief of the Prussian regiment of gene d'armes. In 1719, he participated in the Turk's War in Hungary. Between 1734 and 1735, he served under Prince Eugene of Savoy as a volunteer in the war against France.

Marriage and issue
William Gustav fell in love with Johanna Sophia Herre (surname Herr or Herrin according to some sources) (b. Dessau, 8 July 1706 - d. Dessau, 5 June 1795), a commoner. They married secretly in Dessau on the night of 14 March 1726, after which she lived in Kleckewitz. They had nine children:
William ["Count of Anhalt" from 19 September 1749] (b. Hornburg, 15 March 1727 - killed in action at Torgau, 3 November 1760), a Prussian lieutenant-colonel.
Leopold Louis ["Count of Anhalt" from 19 September 1749] (b. Kleckewitz, 28 February 1729 - d. Liegnitz, 28 April 1795), a Prussian general and bearer of the Order of the Black Eagle; married on 1 November 1763 to Karoline Elisabeth Antoinette von Printzen (b. Havelberg, 18 August 1734 - d. Liegnitz, 8 April 1799); they had one daughter:
Countess Wilhelmine Sophie Karoline of Anhalt (b. Halle, 15 January 1765 - d. Liegnitz, 9 March 1804), married on 6 June 1797 to Julius von Bonge (d. 1820).
Gustav ["Count of Anhalt" from 19 September 1749] (b. Kleckewitz, 26 May 1730 - killed in action at Breslau, 22 November 1757), a grenadier captain.
Johanna Sophie ["Countess of Anhalt" from 19 September 1749] (b. Kleckewitz, 9 July 1731 - d. Dessau, 15 July 1786), Abbess of Mosigkau.
Frederick ["Count of Anhalt" from 19 September 1749] (b. Kleckewitz, 21 May 1732 - d. St. Petersburg, 2 June 1794), General Adjutant of the Empress Catherine II the Great of Russia.
Wilhelmine ["Countess of Anhalt" from 19 September 1749] (b. Kleckewitz, 12 February 1734 - d. Bosfeld, 4 June 1781), married on 8 April 1772 to August Wolfrath von Campen, illegitimate son of Albert Wolfgang, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe.
Albert ["Count of Anhalt" from 19 September 1749] (b. Kleckewitz, 24 June 1735 - d. Dessau, 26 April 1802), a Prussian major-general; married on 24 June 1764 to Sophie Luise Henriette von Wedel (b. Eilenstedt, 27 March 1750 - d. Halberstadt, 2 July 1773). They had five children:
Countess Frederica Ferdinandine Wilhelmine of Anhalt (b. Halberstadt, 17 June 1765 - d. Halberstadt, 1 June 1767).
Count Frederick Henry Leopold Albert of Anhalt (b. Halberstadt, 6 August 1766 - d. Magdeburg, after 1810?).
Countess Louise Karoline Casimira Sophie of Anhalt (b. Halberstadt, 30 September 1767 - d. Potsdam, 4 April 1842), married in Dessau on 20 May 1787 to Count Franz John George of Waldersee, illegitimate son of Prince Leopold III of Anhalt-Dessau.
Count Frederick Henry William of Anhalt (b. Halberstadt, 31 July 1769 - d. Breslau, 25 February 1792).
Count Augustus Gustav of Anhalt (b. Halberstadt, 19 February 1772 - d. Elbing, 3 January 1823).
Henry ["Count of Anhalt" from 19 September 1749] (b. Kleckewitz, 4 September 1736 - d. Dresden, 14 September 1758), a Prussian captain.
Leopoldine Anna ["Countess of Anhalt" from 19 September 1749] (b. posthumously, Kleckewitz, 26 January 1738 - d. Berlin, 26 September 1808), married on 10 November 1773 to George Dietrich  von Pfuhl (1723–1782).

In 1737, during Johanna Sophia's ninth and last pregnancy, William Gustav came down with smallpox and, wanting to see her before his death, he had her and his eldest son brought to Dessau, revealed the secret marriage and children to his father, and entrusted their care to him. Prince Leopold raised the eldest son at his court and gave a secret pension to the widow and her other children in Kleckewitz. Leopold was succeeded by his younger son Leopold Maximiliam, who gave his brother's widow a house in Dessau and obtained for his children from the Emperor the title of "Counts of Anhalt" on 19 September 1749, without any rights of succession.

At the same time, King Frederick II of Prussia raised the two illegitimate sons whom William Gustav sired with one "Henriette Marianne Schardius" to the rank of nobility with the surname "of Anhalt":
Karl Philipp of Anhalt (b. 1732 - d. 9 May 1806), a Prussian major-general; he married Frederica Albertine von Wedel and had two sons, Frederick William Karl (d. young) and William Karl Frederick (killed in a duel), and a daughter, Auguste, .
Henry William of Anhalt (b. 4 November 1735 - d. 12 February 1801), a Prussian general; on 10 December 1768 he married Caroline Frederica von Wedel; they had a son, Frederick William (whose descendants became extinct in the male line in 1863), and a daughter, Christiane Frederica Wilhelmine, who after the divorce of her first husband in 1797 married for a second time to Jules Gabriel of Seigneux, later the possible father of the eldest illegitimate son of Princess Juliane of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (by marriage Grand Duchess Anna Feodorovna of Russia); this second marriage also ended in divorce in 1805.

References

1699 births
1737 deaths
People from Dessau-Roßlau
Princes of Anhalt-Dessau
Heirs apparent who never acceded
Sons of monarchs

William Gustav of Anhalt-Dessau


The Order of Liberty, or the Order of Freedom (), is a Portuguese honorific civil order that distinguishes relevant services to the cause of democracy and freedom, in the defense of the values of civilization and human dignity. The order was created in 1976, after the Carnation Revolution of 1974 in which the corporatist authoritarian Estado Novo regime of António de Oliveira Salazar and Marcello Caetano was deposed.  The Grand Collar can also be given by the President of Portugal to former Heads of State and others whose deeds are of an extraordinary nature and particular relevance to Portugal, making them worthy of such a distinction. This can include political acts, physical acts of defense for Portugal, or the good representation of Portugal in other countries.

Grades
The order includes six classes; in decreasing order of seniority, these are:
  Grand Collar (Grande-Colar – GColL)
  Grand Cross (Grã-Cruz – GCL)
  Grand Officer (Grande-Oficial – GOL)
  Commander (Comendador – ComL)
  Officer (Oficial – OL)
  Knight/Dame (Cavaleiro – CvL / Dama – DmL)

Like the other Portuguese orders, the title of Honorary Member (Membro Honorário – MHL) can be awarded to institutions and locals.

List of Grand Collars of the Order of Liberty

Portuguese recipients
9 March 1996: Mário Soares, former President of the Republic
9 March 2006: Jorge Sampaio, former President of the Republic
18 December 2015: António Ramalho Eanes, former President of the Republic
9 March 2016: Aníbal Cavaco Silva, former President of the Republic

Foreign recipients
28 October 1987: François Mitterrand, former President of France
13 October 1988: King Juan Carlos I of Spain
13 December 1990: Václav Havel, former President of the Czech Republic
11 November 1991: António Mascarenhas Monteiro, former President of Cape Verde
26 August 1992: Patricio Aylwin, former President of Chile
12 October 1992: Miguel Trovoada, former President of São Tomé and Príncipe
11 May 1993: Lech Wałęsa, former President of Poland
13 September 1994: Zhelyu Zhelev, former President of Bulgaria
4 October 1995: Fernando Henrique Cardoso, former President of Brazil
11 October 1995: Sam Nujoma, former President of Namibia
23 July 2003: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, former President of Brazil
11 October 2005: Kofi Annan, former Secretary-General of United Nations
30 June 2016: Joaquim Chissano, former President of Mozambique
19 July 2016: François Hollande, former President of France
30 March 2017: Michelle Bachelet, former President of Chile
10 April 2017: Jorge Carlos Fonseca, former President of Cape Verde
23 May 2017: Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg
13 November 2017: Juan Manuel Santos, former President of Colombia
6 December 2017: Sergio Mattarella, President of Italy
15 April 2018: King Felipe VI of Spain
10 December 2022: Amílcar Cabral (posthumously)

List of Grand Crosses of the Order of Liberty

Foreign recipients
16 July 1988: Maria Helena Vieira da Silva, abstract painter
30 June 1989: Andreas Papandreou, former Prime Minister of Greece
22 April 1991: Nelson Mandela, former President of South Africa
25 January 1993: Árpád Göncz, former President of Hungary
9 June 1993: Xanana Gusmão, former President of East Timor
28 December 1994: Álvaro Lins, former Ambassador of Brazil
24 April 1995: Miguel Ángel Martínez Martínez, former Parliamentary Assembly President, Council of Europe
29 May 1995: José Francisco Peña Gómez, former Mayor of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
17 June 1995: Mikhail Gorbachev, former President of Soviet Union
1 March 1996: Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, former Secretary-General of United Nations
22 February 1996: Adolfo Suárez, former Prime Minister of Spain
9 June 1998: José Ramos-Horta, President of East Timor
23 July 2003: Marisa Letícia Lula da Silva, former First Lady of Brazil
22 March 2005: Lionel Jospin, former Prime Minister of France
5 January 2006: Albie Sachs, former Judge of Constitutional Court, South Africa
13 May 2016: Ban Ki-moon, former Secretary-General of United Nations
16 January 2017: Martin Schulz, former President of the European Parliament
19 July 2017: Shah Karim Aga Khan IV
15 April 2018: Queen Letizia of Spain
5 July 2018: Sir Peter Cosgrove, former Governor-General of Australia
24 August 2023: Volodymyr Zelensky, President of Ukraine

See also
Honorific orders of Portugal

References

External links

 List of the Grand Collar of Freedom

1976 establishments in Portugal
Orders of chivalry of Portugal
Orders of chivalry awarded to heads of state, consorts and sovereign family members

Order of Liberty


Balfour Castle is a historic building on the southwest of Shapinsay, Orkney Islands.  Though built around an older structure that dates at least from the 18th century, the present castle was built in 1847, commissioned by Colonel David Balfour, and designed by Edinburgh architect David Bryce. It is a Category A listed building and the landscape and formal gardens are listed in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland.

As of 2021, the castle was operating as a hotel.

Prehistory
The small island of Shapinsay has been inhabited since prehistoric times, the most notable evidence being the extant Broch of Burroughston, located not far from Balfour Castle to the northeast; moreover, the Mor Stein standing stone dating to the Stone Age is found also to the east of Balfour Castle, evidencing even earlier presence of man in the vicinity.

See also
Balfour, Orkney
Mill Dam, Shapinsay
Vasa Loch

Line notes

References
 J. Gunn, Orkney, the Magnetic North, Thomas Nelson and Sons, Edinburgh (1932)

 C. Michael Hogan. , Burroughston Broch, The Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham, October 7, 2007

Castles in Orkney
Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes
Shapinsay
Country houses in Orkney
Category A listed buildings in Orkney
Castle, Orkney

Balfour Castle


Francisco Hernández de Toledo (c. 1515 – 28 January 1587) was a naturalist and court physician to Philip II of Spain. He was among the first wave of Spanish Renaissance physicians practicing according to the revived principles formulated by Hippocrates, Galen and Avicenna.

Francisco Hernández was born at La Puebla de Montalbán in the Province of Toledo, probably around 1515. Nothing is known of his parents or other family. His original surname was Fernando which he changed to Hernando in 1570 and then changed again to Hernández, the name he used until his death in 1587.

In 1530 he began to study medicine at the University of Alcalá and received a bachelor's degree in 1536. After graduation, Hernández served as physician to the Duke of Maqueda in Toledo and later practiced medicine in Seville where he married Juana Díaz with whom he had two children, Juan Hernández and María of Sotomayor.

From 1556 to 1560 Hernández served as a physician at the Hospital y Monasterio de Guadalupe in Extremadura, where he managed the botanical garden and took part in the anatomical dissections with Francisco Miró. In 1560 he moved to Toledo and for a short time practiced medicine at the Hospital de la Santa Cruz. While in Toledo, he travelled frequently to the royal court in Madrid where he became acquainted with the noted anatomist, Andreas Vesalius. During this time, Hernández also became a prolific writer, penning commentaries on Galen and Hippocrates, and undertaking an ambitious translation of Pliny's Natural History.

In 1567 Hernández became a personal physician to King Philip II.

Scientific expedition to the New World

In 1570, Hernández was ordered to embark on the first scientific mission in the New World, a study of the region's medicinal plants and animals. Accompanied by his son Juan, he traveled for 7 years collecting and classifying specimens. Hernández collected an estimated  3,000 species on this expedition. Along the way, he also interviewed the indigenous people through translators and conducted medical studies in Mexico. He was assisted with his illustrations by three indigenous painters - Baptized Antón, Baltazar Elías, and Pedro Vázquez. During the colonial-period population decline of the Aztecs in 1576, Hernández performed autopsies in the Hospital Real de San José de los Naturales in collaboration with surgeon Alonso López de Hinojosos and physician Juan de la Fuente. Hernández described the gruesome symptoms of the epidemic (referred to as cocoliztli, Nahuatl for "pest") with clinical accuracy.

Hernández's describes over 3,000 Mexican plants, a feat that was significant because classical texts did not amass so much plant biodiversity. His dedication to helping generate an early taxonomy for New World plants allowed for European use. Since the pre-existing botanical terminology was so limited, he used native names (mostly Nahuatl) when classifying the plants. He also used categories of native names, comparison to Old World plants, or a combination of those two instead of the traditional categories of trees, shrubs, and herbs.

Some specific plants of the New World he described include: vanilla, the first written account of it; corn (Zea mays L.), in long and detailed chapters; four varieties of cacao; tobacco; chilis; tomatoes, in four chapters; and cacti, in 14 chapters.

Publications
Hernández was a writer who had to cautiously orchestrate two different themes. He had to show respect toward medieval medicine's own mixture of mythical creatures, magical powers, and miraculous events, and mysterious sympathies while fulfilling his professional mission and recording his personal evaluation of native health practices.  In the Natural History of Pliny, Hernández points out his own dissections of human cadavers at Guadalupe and the dissection of a chameleon. Hernández also described plants and animals in detail and analyzed Nahua traditions and practices including their geography, climate, and anthropological considerations in his writings.

Hernández's work was published in 22 books in Latin, and  was in the process of being translated to Spanish and probably Nahuatl. To the king, Hernández had transmitted 16 volumes, bounded in blue leather embellished with gold and silver.

Near the end of the 16th century, various editions of Hernández's work were distributed due to the interests of scientists from several European countries. Fabio Colonna, a member of the Accademia de Lincei (Latin for "Academy of the Lynx-eyed"), was the first to publish the work of Hernández. Other notable Italian scientists who made translations of his work include: Peter Martyr, Fernández de Oviedo, Cieza de León, Francisco López de Gomara, Agustín de Zárate, and José Acosta. Ulisse Aldrovandi, a prominent Italian scientist, was interested in Hernández's work and played a pivotal role in developing European botanical studies.

The first text of Hernández's work, Index medicamentorum, was published in Mexico City. It is an index that lists Mexican plants according to therapeutic use and their traditional uses; the index was arranged according to body part, and it was ordered from head to toe. It appeared in Juan Barrios's Spanish translation as an appendix to his medical treaties in 1607.

In 1615, Nardo Antonio Recchi published the first edition of Francisco Hernández's extensive descriptions of his findings in a translated collection entitled Plantas y Animales de la Nueva Espana, y sus virtudes por Francisco Hernández, y de Latin en Romance por Fr. Francisco Ximenez also cited as Cuatro libros de la naturaleza y virtudes de las plantas y animales que están recibidos en uso de medicina en la Nueva España published by Francisco Jiménez. Eventually, the members of the Accademia de Lincei went to edit and familiarize this text.

A heavily redacted compendium in the original Latin was later published as Rerum medicarum Novae Hispaniae thesaurus (Rome, 1628) by collector, Federico Cesi.

Another impression was put out by Johannes Schreck and Fabio Colonna as Nova plantarum, animalium et mineralium mexicanorum historia a Francisco Hernández in indis primum compilata, de inde a Nardo Antonio Reccho in volumen digesta (Rome: Vital Mascardi, 1648).

Some of Hernández' original manuscripts are housed in the library of the Escorial, but many were lost in the fire of July 17, 1671. In the winter of 1565 through 1576, Hernández made a copy of his work, due to numerous commands by King Philip II. This would later be considered the second version of Natural History due to Hernández's meticulous revisions and edits per the king's request. This revised version of his manuscript contained 893 pages of text along with 2,071 pages of paintings of plants so as to relay the New World plants back to Europe. This was the version of text that was destroyed in the fire at the Escorial library. Later, several copies of the artwork were found after the fire from the Codex Pomar, which had titles in Nahuatl and various other American Indian languages. Some of the images that Hernández included were "tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum I.), the mamey or Hitian zaptote (Lucma domingenis Gaertner), the quauhchchioalli or breast tree (Rhus terebinthifolia Schlecht and Ham.), the tozcuitlapilxochitl or cana de cuentas (C. anna indica C.), the armadillo (Dasypus novemcuinctus), the coyote (Canis latrans), and the bird of paradise (Paradisa apoda)."

A new compilation by physician Casimiro Gómez Ortega, based on additional material found in the Colegio Imperial de los Jesuitas de Madrid was entitled Francisci Hernandi, medici atque historici Philippi II, hispan et indiar. Regis, et totius novi orbis archiatri. Opera, cum edita, tum medita, ad autobiographi fidem et jusu regio. (1790).

Nardo Antonio Recchi's edition
Nardo Antonio Recchi edited, reconstructed, and published the second edition of Hernández's work. Reecho had been appointed by King Philip II to teaching botany to physicians in 1580. King Philip II may have chosen to delegate the job to Recchi following Hernández's divergence from his original mission. Benito Montano had claimed, "Hernández had become too friendly with the heathen natives and neglected to instruct and convert them to European ways." However, the primary reason that Recchi was appointed was due to Hernández's rapidly deteriorating health. Recchi's work suffered heavy criticism on his edition, but most prominently for being accused of deforming Hernández's manuscript.

Reaction to Hernández's work
The Reception of American Drug in Europe, 1500-1650, by J. Worth Estes, included topics such as guaiacum, balsams, jalap, sassafras, tobacco, and cacao. Hernandez's scholars, José María López Piñero and his colleague José Pardo Tomás, gave an overview and assessed Hernández's contribution to all European botany and materia medica. Their attention was on vanilla, tomato, and corn. Another individual who gave a different illustration of the foods described by Hernandez was María José López Terrada. She traced issues, such as the religious symbolism associated with the passion flower or the established myths that surrounded the sunflower. Today, two postscripts, one by David Hayes-Bautista and the other by Simon Varey and Rafael Chabrán, record the continuation of "a popular tradition of Mexican medicine in Mexico and parts of the U.S. today".

Legacy
Francisco Hernández is commemorated in the scientific names of two species of lizards: Corytophanes hernandesii and Phrynosoma hernandesi.

Plumier (1703) dedicated him the plant genus Hernandia, which was later accepted by Linnaeus (1753), in the family Hernandiaceae.

References

Further reading
Alfredo de Micheli-Serra. Médicos y medicina en la Nueva España del Siglo XVI. Gaceta Médica de México. May/June 2001, vol.137, no.3 ISSN 0016-3813
 Fundació Catalunya-Amèrica Sant Jeroni de la Murtra revista RE (Edición castellano), "El preguntador" Volume 5. Number 45. pp. 57–60. July 1999.

Sandra I. Ramos Maldonado (2006). "Tradición pliniana en la Andalucía del siglo XVI: a propósito de la labor filológico del Doctor Francisco Hernández", en M. Rodríguez-Pantoja (ed.), Las raíces clásicas de Andalucía. Actas del IV congreso Andaluz de Estudios Clásicos (Córdoba, 2002), Córdoba: Obra social y Cultural Caja Sur, 2006, pp. 883–891. .

External links

 Works by Francisco Hernández in the Internet Archive.

Spanish naturalists
Spanish ornithologists
Spanish zoologists
Novohispanic Mesoamericanists
1514 births
1587 deaths
Explorers of Mexico
People from New Spain
People from Toledo, Spain
1570s in Mexico
16th-century writers in Latin
16th-century Spanish physicians
Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery
Court physicians

Francisco Hernández de Toledo


Francisco Serrano Domínguez Cuenca y Pérez de Vargas, 1st Duke of la Torre, Grandee of Spain, Count of San Antonio (17 December 1810 – 25 November 1885) was a Spanish marshal and statesman. He was Prime Minister of Spain in 1868–69 and regent in 1869–70.

Early life and education
Serrano was born on 17 December 1810 in the Isla de León (current day San Fernando), in the Bay of Cádiz. He was son of Francisco Serrano y Cuenca and Isabel Domínguez de Guevara Vasconcelos. His father, born in Lopera, parish of Purísima Concepción, was a general officer and a Liberal. His mother was born in Marbella circa 1780.

Serrano began his studies at Vergara in the Basque provinces.

Military career
Following his father into the military, he became a cadet in 1822 in the Sagunto regiment, cornet in 1833 in the lancers of Sagunto, and passed into the carabiniers in 1829. When the Carlist agitation began in 1833, he transferred into the cuirassiers. He formed part of the escort that accompanied Don Carlos, the first pretender and brother of Ferdinand VII, to the frontier of Portugal.

As aide-de-camp of Espoz y Mina, then under the orders of generals Córdova and Espartero, in the armies of Queen Isabella, Serrano took such an active part in the First Carlist War from 1834 to 1839, that he rose from the rank of captain to that of brigadier-general. He was awarded the Cross of San Fernando and many medals. He was also granted the 155th Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword.

In 1839, he was elected as a member of Cortes for the first time for Málaga. In 1840 he was promoted to the rank of general of division and commander of the district of Valencia, which he relinquished to take his seat in congress.

Political career

From that day Serrano became one of the chief military politicians of Spain. In 1841, he helped Espartero to overthrow the regency of Maria Christina of Bourbon-Sicily. In 1843, at Barcelona he made a pronunciamiento against Espartero. He was appointed as the minister of war in the cabinet of Joaquín María López y López, which convoked the Cortes that declared Queen Isabella of age at thirteen. He served in the same capacity in an Olozaga cabinet, sulked as long as the Moderates () were in office.

In 1845, he was appointed as a senator, and in 1848 as captain-general of Granada. From 1846 to 1853, he was away from politics, living on his Andalusian estates or traveling abroad.

On 29 September 1850 in Madrid, Serrano married his first cousin, Antonia Domínguez y Borrell, Guevara y Lemus, 2nd Countess of San Antonio, with whom he had five children.

Serrano assisted Marshal Leopoldo O'Donnell in the military movements of 1854 and 1856, and was his staunch follower for twelve years.

Captain-General of Cuba
O'Donnell appointed Serrano as marshal in 1856 and captain-general of Cuba from 1859 to 1862. Serrano governed that island with success, and helped carry out the war in Santo Domingo. He was the first viceroy to advocate political and financial reforms in the colony.

Return to the Peninsula
On his return to Peninsular Spain, O'Donnell made him Duke of la Torre (), Grandee of Spain of the first class, and the 139th Minister of Foreign Affairs, serving from 18 January to 2 March 1863.
Serrano risked his life in helping O'Donnell quell the insurrection of 22 June 1866 at Madrid. He was awarded with the Order of the Golden Fleece.

After the death of O'Donnell, Serrano became the leader of the Liberal Union Party. As president of the senate, he assisted Ríos Rosas to draw up a petition to Queen Isabella against her Moderate ministers, for which both were exiled.

The Glorious Revolution

Serrano began to conspire with Antoine, Duke of Montpensier, Prim and Sagasta. On 7 July 1868, González Bravo had Serrano and other generals arrested and taken to the Canary Islands. There Serrano remained until Admiral Topete sent a steamer to bring him to Cadiz on 18 September that same year.

On landing he signed the manifesto of the revolution with Prim, Topete, Sagasta, Martos and others, and accepted the command of the revolutionary army. He routed the troops of Queen Isabella under the orders of the Marquess of Novaliches at the bridge of Alcolea. The queen fled to France, and Serrano, having entered Madrid, formed a Provisional Government.

1868–1871 Provisional Government

In February 1869, he convoked the Cortes Constituyentes; he was appointed successively as president of the executive, Prime Minister of Spain, and Regent from 3 October 1868 to 18 June 1869. Serrano ruled impartially, respecting the independence of the Cortes and cabinets. He acceded to their selection of Amadeus I of Savoy as king, although he would have preferred Montpensier.

As soon as Amadeus reached Madrid, after the death of Prim, Serrano consented to form a coalition cabinet, which lasted only a few months. Serrano resigned and took the command of the Italian king's army against the Carlists in northern Spain.
He tried to form one more cabinet under King Amadeus as the 65th Prime Minister of Spain on 6 June 1872, but resigned on 12 June when that monarch declined to give his ministers dictatorial powers and sent for Ruiz Zorrilla. His mistakes led to Amadeus abdicating the throne on 11 February 1873.

Conspirations against the Republic
Serrano opposed the federal republic, and conspired with other generals and politicians to overthrow it on 23 April 1873. Having failed, he went into exile in France. On the eve of his coup d'état of 3 January 1874 that sought to thwart the Federal Republic, the leading instigator, the General Pavía, sent for Serrano to take the leadership.

Dictatorship of Serrano
Serrano again took the title of president of the executive; he tried to form a coalition cabinet, but Cristino Martos and Sagasta soon quarrelled. His next cabinet was presided over by Sagasta. The military and political unrest continued, and at the end of December 1874, the Bourbons were restored by another pronunciamiento.

During the eleven months he remained in office, Serrano devoted his attention chiefly to the reorganization of finance, the renewal of relations with American and European powers, and the suppression of revolt.

Later life
After Alfonso XII ascended the throne in 1875, Serrano spent some time in France. He returned to Madrid in 1876, attended palace receptions, took his seat as a marshal in the senate, and flirted politically with Sagasta and his party in 1881. He finally gave his support to the formation of a dynastic Left with a democratic program defended by his nephew, General López Domínguez.

He died in Madrid on 25 November/26 November 1885, twenty-four hours after Alfonso XII, son of Isabella II, and purportedly, her husband and cousin Francis, although Alfonso's true biological paternity is uncertain.

Notes

References

Attribution:

Bibliography

External links

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1810 births
1885 deaths
19th-century regents
People from San Fernando, Cádiz
Ambassadors of Spain to France
Governors of Cuba
Spanish captain generals
Cuban nobility
101
Grandees of Spain
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain
Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand
Leaders of political parties in Spain
Liberal Union (Spain) politicians
Prime Ministers of Spain
Regents of Spain
Defence ministers of Spain
Viceroys of New Granada
19th-century South American people
Military personnel of the First Carlist War
Grand Masters of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
Presidents of the Senate of Spain
Presidents of the Executive Power of the First Spanish Republic
Spanish military personnel of the Third Carlist War (Governmental faction)

Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre


Gulf Air, the national Carrier of the Kingdom of Bahrain and is a subsidiary of Gulf Air Group Holding company, under whose ownership Bahrain Airport Company and Gulf Aviation Academy.

Founded in 1950, Gulf Air is the proud national carrier of the Kingdom of Bahrain. As a pioneering airline in the Middle East region with more than 70 years of experience and expertise in flying people across continents, Gulf Air is today one of the most powerful brands and name to reckon with in the global aviation industry.

One of the prime objectives of Gulf Air is to connect Bahrain to the Middle East countries and the rest of the world. As such, the airline currently operates the largest network in the Middle East with non-stop flights while providing seamless onward connections to other international destinations. The airline's current announced network stretches from Europe to Asia, connecting 58, with a fleet of 34 aircrafts.

In tune with the Kingdom's economic blueprint, 'vision 2030', Gulf Air's strategy is to build an efficient commercially sustainable and dynamic airline that effectively serves the people and the economy of Bahrain and represents the Kingdom on the world stage. Reflecting the needs and aspirations of its customers, the strategy focuses on three core areas: a targeted, more focused international network, a superior, more consistent product, and a modern, more efficient fleet that will optimize value. However, Gulf Air's goal remains unchanged; its commitment to the latest aviation technology complemented by its hallmark Arabian hospitality for which the airline is well known.

History

1949 - 1973: Gulf Aviation as operating company

In the late 1940s, Freddie Bosworth, a British pilot and entrepreneur, began an air taxi service to Doha and Dhahran from Bahrain. Bosworth later expanded the service and, on 24 March 1950, registered Gulf Aviation Company Limited as a private shareholding company. This makes its current operating company, Gulf Air, one of the oldest carriers in the Middle East. The early fleet contained seven Avro Ansons and three de Havilland DH 86B four-engine biplanes.

In October 1951, British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) became a major shareholder in Gulf Aviation, holding a 22% stake through the BOAC subsidiary company BOAC Associated Companies.

1970s: Multinational Ownership

In 1973 the governments of the Emirate (now Kingdom) of Bahrain, the State of Qatar, the Emirate of Abu Dhabi and the Sultanate of Oman agreed to purchase the BOAC Associated Companies holding in Gulf Aviation. The Foundation Treaty was signed on 1 January 1974 and gave each government a 25% shareholding in Gulf Aviation, which became a holding company. The operating company now branded as Gulf Air and became the flag carrier for the four states.

With leased Lockheed L-1011 Tristar and Boeing 737 Aircraft joining the fleet, by 1976 Gulf Air had expanded its route network to include Amman, Amsterdam, Athens, Baghdad, Bombay, Bangkok, Beirut, Cairo, Colombo, Delhi, Dhaka, Hong Kong, Jeddah, Karachi, Khartoum, Larnaca, Manila, Paris, Ras Al-Khaimah and Sana'a. The fleet comprised four Vickers VC10, three BAC One-Elevens, two Lockheed L-1011 Tristar 200s, and five Boeing 737-200s. In 1978, the airline doubled the Tristar fleet to replace the VC10s. Meanwhile, the airline increased the Boeing 737 fleet to nine and phased out the One-Elevens.

1980s - 1992: Expansion

The 1980s saw an increase in air travel and growth for Gulf Air. in 1981, Gulf Air became an IATA member, and in the following year became the first international airline to land in Riyadh.

In 1985, Emirates, the startup national carrier of Dubai, began operating.

In 1988, Boeing 767s joined the fleet and the airline launched services to Frankfurt, Istanbul, Damascus, Dar Es Salam, Fujairah, and Nairobi, and resumed their services to Shiraz and Baghdad.

The original Gulf Air livery consisted of a white fuselage with three stripes: Maroon, brown, green and red with a golden falcon on the three-striped tail fin. This livery was used in the following Gulf Air airlines: Lockheed L1011-200 Tristar (1976), Boeing 737-200 (1977), Boeing 767-300ER (1988), Airbus A320-200 (1992), Airbus A340-300 (1994), and Airbus A330-200 (1999).

Gulf Air celebrated its 40th anniversary in 1990. The light-blue and peach Balenciaga-designed uniform was introduced. Services to Singapore, Sydney and Thiruvananthapuram were launched, Gulf Air thereby becoming the first Arab airline to fly to Australia. Gulf Air added services to Johannesburg and Melbourne in 1992, becoming the first Arab airline to fly to directly to these cities. in 1993, it opened a flight-simulator center in Qatar and introduced services to Casablanca, Entebbe, Jakarta, Kilimanjaro, Madras, Rome, Sana'a', Zanzibar and Zurich.

1993 - 2005: New livery and destinations

In May 1994, Gulf Air received its first Airbus A340-300. Two months later, the carrier began flights to New York City using an A340. It also served Houston from 1995 to 1996. The Gulf Air website opened in January 1997, and New York left the network the following month. a no-smoking policy was established in 1998 on flights to Singapore and Australian, which was later extended through its whole network. In 1999, Gulf Air launched three new routes in Northern Pakistan: Islamabad, Lahore and Peshawar. It also took delivery of two out of six Airbus A330-200 Aircraft and introduced a new Balmain Uniform.

In 2000, the airline celebrated its 50th anniversary. It took delivery of the remaining Airbus A330-200 Aircraft in June and launched services to Milan.

In May 2002, James Hogan became president and CEO of Gulf Air and instigated a restructuring and turnaround program in response to a drastic fall in profits and increasing debt.

By 1 August 2002, Qatar announced its intentions to withdraw from Gulf Air to focus on its own national airline Qatar Airways. The state remained a member state for a six-month period after announcing the intention to withdraw.

In 2003, Gulf Air introduced a new Landor Associates-designed gold and blue livery and, in June, established Gulf Traveler, a subsidiary, all-economy, full-service airline. It also announced a sponsorship deal for the Bahrain Grand Prix through 2010, creating the Gulf Air Bahrain Grand Prix, of which the first was staged in 2004. The airline also introduced daily flights to Athens and Sydney via Singapore on 23 November 2003.

In 2004, Gulf Air introduced direct flights between Dubai and London, Muscat and London, and a daily service between Abu Dhabi and Ras Al Khaimah. The airline carried a record of 7.5 million passengers during that year. Gulf Air's sponsorship of the Bahrain Formula 1 Grand Prix continued, with a record race crowd and a global TV audience.

Gulf Air was also placed on the IOSA (IATA's Operational Safety Audit) registry following its successful completion of the IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA).

2006-2009: Full ownership by Bahrain

The new summer schedule commencing 28 April 2006 saw the complete withdrawal from Abu Dhabi as a hub, following the decision on 13 September 2005 by the Emirate of Abu Dhabi to withdraw from Gulf Air and establish UAE flag carrier Etihad Airways.

Gulf Air changed its operations to a dual-hub basis between Bahrain and Muscat airports. The airline ran a series of advertisements in local newspapers, thanking Abu Dhabi for its contribution to Gulf Air. As the National Carrier for the United Arab Emirates for over 35 years, it has a large customer base located in Abu Dhabi. Gulf Air endeavored to show continuing support for flights to Abu Dhabi from Bahrain and Muscat, connecting to the rest of the Gulf Air network, via advertisements placed in local newspapers.

on 5 May 2007, the government of Bahrain claimed full ownership of the airline. whereas on the 6th of November 2008, Gulf Air started its third daily non-stop flight to London Heathrow Airport from Bahrain.

On 3 July 2008, Gulf Air was announced as the official sponsor of London Association Football Club, Queen Park Rangers. The same year, Gulf Air signed a lease agreement for five aircraft with international Lease Finance Corporation (ILFC) as part of its growth and expansion strategy.

 2010s: Restructuring

On 1 March 2010, Gulf Air launched its new 'Falcon Gold' cabin, a single premium cabin merging business and first class together, aimed at offering higher standards of comfort for the standard premium price. As of August 2011, the new Flat Beds were installed on all aircrafts except short-haul aircrafts.

In November 2012, Gulf Air phased out its last Airbus A340-300.

At the Bahrain International Air show in January 2016, Gulf Air ordered 17 A321neo and 12 A320neo aircraft for delivery from June 2018, in addition, the airline also announced a restructured order for 16 Boeing 787-9 aircraft. The new order of 16 Boeing 787-9 aircraft replaced an existing order for 16 of the smaller Boeing 787-8 aircraft.

In February 2018, Gulf Air revealed its new livery. It consisted of an all-white fuselage with a smaller golden falcon on the tail and with dark blue Gulf Air titles.

Awards & Accolades

June 2023:
- Gulf Air wins AFJ Global Award.

January 2022:
- Gulf Air has received the Coveted Skytrax Five Star COVID-19 Airline Safety Rating after an audit by Skytrax Research.

May 2022:
- Gulf Air was honored at Changi Airline Awards ceremony winning the "Connectivity Award".

September 2022
- Gulf Air was names the winner of the World's Most Improved Airline at the Skytrax World Airline Awards 2022.

May 2017:
- Gulf Air was honored for its support in developing signlent, the first instant messaging mobile application in the region exclusively designed to serve the hard of hearing, at an "Injaz Bahrain Ceremony".

November 2016:
- Gulf Air received the "Technology Innovation of the year" at the Aviation Business Awards.
- "Hospitality and Tourism Deployment of the year" at the seventh annual Compute News Middle East (CNME) ICT Achievement Award.
- "Best Airline in Technology-Middle East" at the Global Enterprise Connect (GEC) Awards.

 November 2011
- Gulf Air wins Best Airline Award for Corporate Social Responsibility.

Products

Frequent Flyers

Gulf Air Falcon Flyer' is the name of Gulf Air Loyalty program designed to award Gulf Air most valued customers with a variety of traveler benefits and with 'Miles' which can be exchanged in specified ways. 'Miles' are the currency of award accounting for flying Gulf Air on eligible fares.

FalconFlyer

Gulf Air, the first Middle East Airline to launch a fully-fledged passenger loyalty program in December 1994.

Gulf Air "FalconFlyer" is the name of the Gulf Air Loyalty program designed to award Gulf Air's most valued customers with a variety of traveler benefits and with 'Miles' which can be exchanged in specified ways. 'Miles' are the currency of award accounting for flying Gulf Air Mobile App, Sales offices, and Worldwide Contact Center.

 Falcon Gold Lounge

"Falcon Lounge" at the Bahrain International Airport is three times bigger than the facility in the older terminal and includes an outdoor terrace. There is room for 400 passengers at any time.

Gulf Air's Strategy

Gulf Air's strategy focuses on creating a luxury product that will provide travel opportunities targeting corporate and millennial travelers, as well as Gulf Air's own premium leisure passengers, to become the customer's airline of choice.

It will include the airline providing smaller and cozier cabins; offering luxury products and unique experience; high personalization; most convenient connections at Bahrain International Airport; and a five-star lounge in the new terminal at Bahrain.

The new concept is derived from the airlines business model to offer its boutique services to a more niche clientele whilst highlighting the key services the airline is renowned for.

 Our Vision

To be the regional airline of choice with a global footprint and best in class.

 Our Mission
- To connect the Kingdom of Bahrain to the world.
- To enhance the customer experience by providing safe, reliable, and seamless travel, combined with our culture and delivered with unique Arabian Hospitality.
- To be an employer of choice driving an innovative, commercially sustainable business that supports the economy of the Kingdom of Bahrain and is built on the highest level of integrity and corporate social responsibility.

 Our Values

Our values are rooted in Quality and Excellence, by nurturing Trust and Respect, with our people at the heart of the business.

Transport companies
Airlines of the Middle East
Bahrain

Gulf Air


Gary Burr (born 1952 in Meriden, Connecticut) is an American musician, songwriter, and record producer, primarily in the country music genre. Many of the songs he has written have become Top-10 hits, the first of which was "Love's Been A Little Bit Hard On Me" released by Juice Newton (#7 on Billboard's Hot 100) in 1982. He became a member of the group Pure Prairie League (1982 to 1985), taking over after Vince Gill departed the group. Burr later moved to Nashville to focus on his songwriting career, though he has continued performing and is currently a member of the Blue Sky Riders. He has written and co-written songs for many country artists (The Oak Ridge Boys, Reba McEntire, Patty Loveless, etc.), and a few songs for Pop and Rock artists (Juice Newton, Lynyrd Skynyrd, and Lisa Loeb).

Songs written/co-written by Gary Burr

 "Rainy Day Man" – Joey Molland
 "I Was Here" - Lady Antebellum
 "The Time Machine" – Collin Raye
 "Wrong Again" – Mindy McCready
 "Love's Been a Little Bit Hard on Me" – Juice Newton
 "Walkin' Into Trouble" – Juice Newton
 "Make My Life With You" – The Oak Ridge Boys
 "I Try to Think About Elvis" – Patty Loveless
 "A Thousand Times a Day" – Patty Loveless
 "Up and Flying" – Reba McEntire
 "I Wear Your Love"- Kathy Mattea
 "Bus Ride"- Suzy Bogguss
 "Can't Be Really Gone" – Tim McGraw
 "To Be Loved by You" – Wynonna
 "Cover to Cover" – Billy Ray Cyrus
 "More Love" – Doug Stone
 "Too Busy Being in Love" – Doug Stone
 "Small Steps" – Doug Stone
 "What's in It for Me" – John Berry
 "Man of My Word" – Collin Raye
 "Burned Like a Rocket" – Billy Joe Royal
 "That's My Job" – Conway Twitty
 "The Vows Go Unbroken (Always True to You)" – Kenny Rogers
 "Watch Me" – Lorrie Morgan
 "Sure Love" – Hal Ketchum
 "Salvation - John Berry
 "In a Week or Two" – Diamond Rio
 "One Night a Day" – Garth Brooks
 "We Don't Have to Do This" – Tanya Tucker
 "Where Was I" – Ricky Van Shelton
 "Till You Love Me" – Reba McEntire
 "One Last Good Hand"- Reba McEntire
 "What Mattered Most" – Ty Herndon
 "Heart Half Empty" – Ty Herndon & Stephanie Bentley
 "On the Side of Angels" – LeAnn Rimes
 "Nothin' 'Bout Love Makes Sense" – LeAnn Rimes
 "Bottle" – LeAnn Rimes
 "I Already Do" – Chely Wright
 "It Was" – Chely Wright
"Everything" – Chely Wright
 "A Man Ain't Made of Stone" – Randy Travis
 "Out of My Bones" – Randy Travis
 "You Made Me That Way" – Andy Griggs
 "This Is the Night" – Clay Aiken
 "Before Your Love" – Kelly Clarkson
 "Nobody Wants to Be Lonely" – Ricky Martin & Christina Aguilera
 "Tomorrow's Goodbye" – Lynyrd Skynyrd
 "Todo" – Alejandra Guzmán
 "Just Around the Eyes" – Faith Hill
 "I Would Be Stronger Than That" – Faith Hill
 "Outside My Window" – Sarah Buxton
 "In the Meantime" — Sarah Marince
 "Learning To Live With Me" – Gary Allan
 "Always Something To Believe In" – Malea McGuinness
 "Younger" – Joe Cocker
 "In Front Of The Alamo" – Hal Ketchum
 "Standing Still" – Ringo Starr
 "Love Is" – Ringo Starr
 "Loving You Forever" – Carole King
 "Wise Beyond Her Tears" – Kim Hill
 "Back In Your Kitchen" - Tommy Shaw
 "Shadows In The Moonlight" - Tommy Shaw
 "Cavalry" - Tommy Shaw
 Title song and 3 others on "How About Now" - Kenny Loggins

As producer
Burr has produced a number of songs and albums, including the Disney Records album The Best of Country Sing the Best of Disney, and Olivia Newton-John's Back with a Heart.

U.S. Senate Testimony
Burr gave Testimony to the U.S. Senate as a major American songwriter in November 2005 concerning audio/video piracy (specifically from China) on behalf of himself and the RIAA.

Blue Sky Riders
Burr is a member of Blue Sky Riders, a country music trio also featuring Kenny Loggins and Georgia Middleman (whom he married in 2012). They released their debut album, Finally Home'', on January 29, 2013.

References

External links
Official website
Short bio at East Central One
Bio at Disney Country record label
Gary Burr Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2019)

Record producers from Connecticut
Record producers from New York (state)
American country singer-songwriters
1952 births
Living people
People from Meriden, Connecticut
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
Country musicians from New York (state)
Blue Sky Riders members
American male singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Connecticut
Pure Prairie League members

Gary Burr


David Agnew (born 1957) is the current president of Seneca College of Applied Arts and Technology in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.  His career has spanned the fields of journalism, politics, public service, the cooperative sector, strategy consulting, international development and dispute resolution.

Early life

Agnew was born in Sherbrooke, Quebec, and was raised in Toronto.  At 15, he became a sports reporter for the Toronto Sun and after finishing high school went to St. John's, Newfoundland to join the newsroom of the Evening Telegram.  A year later he enrolled as a full-time student at Memorial University of Newfoundland, graduating in 1979 with a Bachelor of Arts degree and the gold medal in political science.

Public service

After a brief stint at the Toronto bureau of Canadian Press, in 1979 he was selected as a parliamentary intern at the House of Commons in Ottawa.  He worked for Members of Parliament Bob Rae, then the finance critic for the New Democratic Party, and Jim Peterson of the Liberal Party.  A year later, after he had rejoined Canadian Press to work at its Ottawa and Edmonton bureaux, Rae hired him as his executive assistant in Ottawa.  In 1982, Rae was elected as leader of the Ontario New Democratic Party and Agnew moved with him to Queen's Park in Toronto.  He served Rae as policy advisor, speechwriter, communications director and executive assistant before being named principal secretary to the Leader of the Official Opposition in 1990.

In June, 1990, Premier David Peterson called an early election three years into his term and Agnew was appointed campaign director for the NDP.  The campaign ended in an NDP majority government, the first time the NDP had become government in the province.  Rae appointed Agnew principal secretary to the Premier and as the main liaison with the public service.  In 1992, Rae appointed Agnew as secretary to the cabinet, a controversial move, to ensure the government's agenda was being implemented by the public service. In 1995, the Rae government was defeated by the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party led by Mike Harris.

Post-government careers

After a transition between the Rae and Harris governments that was directed by Agnew, he was seconded to the University of Toronto.  He joined Massey College as a senior resident and was named deputy minister of the Public-Private Partnerships Project advising the new premier.  In 1996 Agnew joined Credit Union Central of Ontario as executive vice-president and corporate secretary.  Three years later, he was recruited by Don Tapscott to Digital4Sight to head up a global research initiative, Governance in the Digital Economy, looking at the impact of technology on democracy and government. He later helped develop the firm's public sector consulting practice.

In 2002 Agnew was appointed as president and CEO of UNICEF Canada, the first head of the organization recruited from outside the development sector.  During his time at UNICEF he raised the organization's profile in the media and with donors by bringing home accounts of his extensive field visits to the world's troubled areas, including Darfur in Sudan, Eastern Congo, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Zimbabwe and Indonesia following the devastating tsunami in late 2004. UNICEF's revenues that year rose to $64.9 million from $28.3 million the year prior.

In 2005 he accepted an appointment as the Ombudsman for Banking Services and Investments, heading the national financial industry dispute resolution service for consumers and small businesses.  Over four years as ombudsman he expanded the reach of the service, including bringing in new rules governing how disputes are handled by member firms. In 2009 he became the fifth president of Seneca, one of Canada's largest colleges.

Community service

Agnew is chair of CADTH, the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technology in Health, and chair of Polytechnics Canada.  He serves on numerous other boards and committees including ventureLAB, the International Advisory Board of Sichuan University, China and the Canadian Ditchley Foundation Advisory Board.  He also participated in the Council on Foreign Relations Higher Education Working Group.  Agnew is the past chair of the board of directors of Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and past chair of Colleges Ontario, the provincial association of publicly assisted colleges. He served as a member of the Science, Technology and Innovation Council of Canada from 2010 to 2013 and was vice-chair of EQAO, the Education Quality and Accountability Office, from 2018 to 2020.  He is also a past member of the board of directors of Colleges and Institutes Canada, the Toronto Region Immigrant Employment Council (TRIEC), the Empire Club of Canada, the Canadian Centre for Financial Literacy and served as the chair of the jury for the 1996 Lionel Gelber Prize for the world's best non-fiction book in English on foreign affairs.

In 2012, he was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal for his public and community service and in 2018 received the Award of Distinction from the Public Affairs Association of Canada.

International students

Agnew has advocated for international student enrollment, noting Seneca Polytechnic's student head count is primarily international.  Despite the high tuition these students pay he has indicated it is up to government to fund their housing.

References

1957 births
Living people
Presidents of Seneca College
People from Toronto
People from Sherbrooke
Memorial University of Newfoundland alumni
Ontario civil servants

David Agnew (president)


Captain Sir Cecil George Graves  (4 March 1892 – 12 January 1957) was joint Director-General of the BBC with Robert Foot from 26 January 1942 to 6 September 1943.

Early life
The son of Charles L. Graves and Alice Grey, the eldest sister of Viscount Grey of Fallodon, Graves was educated at Gresham's School, Holt, (like his predecessor Reith) and then at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.

Career
Graves was a scout commissioned into the Royal Scots from Sandhurst in 1911. He served with the British Expeditionary Force in France, from August 1914, and was one of the first to be taken as a prisoner of war, on 26 August 1914, spending the rest of the Great War in a German prison camp. After the war, he served at the War Office in the Intelligence Branch of the Imperial General Staff from 1919 to 1925, when he left the British Army.

He joined the BBC as an administrator in 1926, was Assistant Director of Programmes from 1929 to 1932, then Empire Service Director, 1932–1935, Controller of Programmes, 1935–1938, Deputy Director-General, 1938–1942, and in 1942 succeeded Frederick Ogilvie (jointly with Robert Foot) as Director-General. Graves left the corporation in 1943 due to ill health, leaving Foot to be sole Director-General. Graves was also a member of the Arts Council of Great Britain and the Broadcasting Council of Scotland (now known as Audience Council Scotland).

Family
In 1921, Graves married Irene Helen Bagnell, a daughter of H. W. J. Bagnell, of the Indian Civil Service, and they had two sons. The eldest, Michael, was an RAF Spitfire Squadron leader who took part in the battle of Malta in which he was awarded a DFC. He fought in the D Day invasion and took part in the first ever flight of operational jets. After the war he was a jet pilot for Rolls-Royce and then Westland of Yeovil. In 1949 Michael was killed aged 28 while test flying a Wyvern.

Honours
Military Cross
Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George, 1939
Grand Officer of the Order of Orange Nassau, Netherlands

References

1892 births
1957 deaths
People educated at Gresham's School
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Royal Scots officers
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Grand Officers of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Recipients of the Military Cross
BBC executives
English cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Berkshire cricketers
British World War I prisoners of war
World War I prisoners of war held by Germany
20th-century British businesspeople
Graves family
Directors-General of the BBC

Cecil Graves


Search engine indexing is the collecting, parsing, and storing of data to facilitate fast and accurate information retrieval. Index design incorporates many concepts from linguistics, cognitive psychology, mathematics, informatics, and computer science. An alternate name for the process, in the context of search engines designed to find web pages on the Internet, is web indexing.

Index design factors
Major factors in designing a search engine's architecture include:

 Merge factors
 Storage techniques
 Index size
 Lookup speed
 Maintenance
 Fault tolerance

Internet

Search engine indexing