The politics of the Netherlands is that of an indirect democracy. It has a constitution and a monarchy that operates within the constitution. The democratic structure is determined by a parliament (the legislative branch) and a government (the executive branch). The government depends on the confidence of the parliament, but the two branches aren't strictly separated (the parliamentary system).

The parliament is called the States General (Dutch: Staten-Generaal) and consists of two chambers: a lower house, the so-called Second Chamber (Dutch: Tweede Kamer), comparable with the House of Representatives in other countries, and a upper house, the so-called First Chamber (Dutch: Eerste Kamer), comparable with the Senate in other countries, and often called likewise.

At a lower level, there are provinces, municipalities and water boards.

On a higher level, the Netherlands makes part of the Benelux, Council of Europe, European Union, NATO and the United Nations.

The Netherlands is officially called the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is composed of four countries: the Netherlands itself (the European part) and three island countries in the Caribbean: Aruba, Curaçao and Saint Martin. Three other islands in the Caribbean that belong to the Netherlands have a status of special municipalities of the Netherlands, the so-called Caribbean Netherlands.

Government
Current government is the Fourth Rutte cabinet, a coalition of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD, a conservative liberal party), Democrats 66 (D66, a social liberal party), the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA, a Christian democratic party), and the ChristianUnion (CU, an orthodox Christian democratic party).

The Fourth Rutte Cabinet was established on January 10, 2022. Prime Minister has been VVD politician Mark Rutte since 2010.

Political parties
The following 18 political parties are in parliament:

 50+ - 50PLUS (Dutch: 50PLUS), a party focused on the interests of elder people.
 BIJ1 - BIJ1 (Dutch: BIJ1), a party focused on combatting racism and gender discrimination.
 BBB - FarmerCitizenMovement (Dutch: BoerBurgerBeweging), a party focused on the interests of the rural environment.
 CDA - Christian Democratic Appeal (Dutch: Christen-Democratisch Appèl), a Christian democratic party. Previous Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende is a CDA member.
 CU - ChristianUnion (Dutch: ChristenUnie), an orthodox Christian democratic party.
 D66 - Democrats 66 (Dutch: Democraten 66), a social liberal party, founded in 1966.
 DENK - DENK (Dutch: DENK), a party aiming at non-western citizens.
 FVD - Forum for Democracy (Dutch: Forum voor Democratie), a party critical about the current political situation.
 GL - GreenLeft (Dutch: GroenLinks), a leftist party that pays special attention to the environment.
 JA21 - JA21 (Dutch: JA21), a conservative liberal and nationalist party.
 OPNL - Independent Politics the Netherlands (Dutch: Onafhankelijke Politiek Nederland), till 2022 Independent Senate Group (Dutch: Onafhankelijke Senaatsfractie, shortened OSF), a collection of local parties, for example the Frisian National Party (FNP)
 PvdA - Labour Party (Dutch: Partij van de Arbeid), a social democratic party.
 PvdD - Party for the Animals (Dutch: Partij voor de Dieren), a party for animal rights and against global warming.
 PVV - Party for Freedom (Dutch: Partij voor de Vrijheid), a populist party, established by Geert Wilders.
 SGP - Reformed Political Party (Dutch: Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij), a conservative Calvinist party.
 SP - Socialist Party (Dutch: Socialistische Partij), a socialist party.
 Volt - Volt Netherlands (Dutch: Volt Nederland), a pan-European party.
 VVD - People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (Dutch: Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie), a conservative liberal party. Current Prime Minister Mark Rutte is a VVD member.

No more in parliament:
 AOV - General Senior Alliance (Dutch: Algemeen Ouderen Verbond), a former party focused on the interests of elder people.
 BP - Farmers' Party (Dutch: Boerenpartij), a former party focused on the interests of farmers.
 CD - Centre Democrats (Dutch: Centrum Democraten), a former anti-immigration party.
 DS'70 - Democratic Socialists 1970 (Dutch: Democratisch-Socialisten 1970), a former moderate social democratic party, a split from the PvdA.
 LN - Livable Netherlands (Dutch: Leefbaar Nederland), a former populist party.
 LPF - Pim Fortuyn List (Dutch: Lijst Pim Fortuyn), a former populist party established by the in 2002 murdered politician Pim Fortuyn.

Political leaders
Political leaders since June 2023, sorted by the number of seats in the House of Representatives.

Parties represented only in the Senate.

Related pages
 List of Dutch cabinets
 House of Representatives (Netherlands)
 Senate (Netherlands)

References
 www.parlement.com

Politics of the Netherlands


The libertine novel was an 18th-century literary genre of which the roots lay in the European but mainly French libertine tradition. The genre effectively ended with the French Revolution. Themes of libertine novels were anti-clericalism, anti-establishment and eroticism.

Authors include
Cyrano de Bergerac (L'Autre monde ou les états et empires de la Lune, 1657),
Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon (Les Égarements du cœur et de l'esprit, 1736; Le Sopha, conte moral, 1742),
Denis Diderot (Les bijoux indiscrets, 1748),
Marquis de Sade (L'Histoire de Juliette, 1797–1801),
Choderlos de Laclos (Les Liaisons dangereuses, 1782).

Other famous titles are Histoire de Dom Bougre, Portier des Chartreux (1741) and Thérèse Philosophe (1748).

Precursors to the libertine writers were Théophile de Viau (1590-1626) and Charles de Saint-Evremond (1610-1703), who were inspired by Epicurus and the publication of Petronius, and John Wilmot (Sodom, or the Quintessence of Debauchery, 1684).
.

Robert Darnton is a cultural historian who has covered this genre extensively.

English translations
In alphabetical order by author's last name:

Further reading
In alphabetical order by last name:

References

Literary genres
French literature

Libertine novel


Bacteria (singular: bacterium) are very small organisms. They are prokaryotic microorganisms. Bacterial cells do not have a nucleus, and most have no organelles with membranes around them. Most have a cell wall. They do have DNA, and their biochemistry is basically the same as other living things. They are amongst the simplest and the oldest organisms.

Almost all bacteria are so tiny they can only be seen through a microscope. Bacteria are made up of one cell, so they are a kind of unicellular organism. They were one of the earliest forms of life, and are simple single-celled organisms. They include extremophiles, which live in extreme habitats.

There are probably more individual bacteria than any other sort of organism on the planet, except viruses. Most bacteria live in the ground or in water, but many live inside or on the skin of other organisms, including humans. There are about as many bacterial cells as human cells in each of our bodies. Some bacteria cause diseases, but others help us in everyday activities like digesting food (gut flora). Some we use in factories to make cheese and yogurt.

The founder of bacteriology was a German biologist called Ferdinand Cohn (18281898). He published the first biological classification of bacteria, based on their appearance.

Reproduction and gene transfer
A bacterium reproduces (creates more bacteria) by dividing in half and creating two "daughter" cells. Each daughter is identical in shape to the parent.

Bacteria do not have sexes, but they do transmit DNA by several kinds of horizontal gene transfer. This is how they share resistance to antibiotics from one strain to another. The complete DNA sequence is known for many bacterial strains. Each bacterium has only one chromosome.

Shape
Bacteria vary widely in size and shape, but in general they are at least ten times larger than viruses. A typical bacterium is about 1 µm (one micrometer) in diameter, so a thousand bacteria lined up would be one millimeter long. There are about five nonillion (5×1030) bacteria on Earth.

Bacteria are identified and grouped by their shapes. Bacilli are rod-shaped, cocci are ball-shaped, spirilla are spiral-shaped, and vibrio are shaped like a comma or a boomerang.

Pathogens
Pathogenic bacteria, the harmful kind, enter the human body from the air, water or food. Once inside, these bacteria attach themselves to or invade specific cells in our respiratory system, digestive tract or in any open wound. There they begin to reproduce and spread while using your body's food and nutrients to give them energy to help them reproduce.

Extremophiles
Some bacteria are extremophiles. Some microbes thrive inside rocks up to 580 meters below the sea floor under 2.6 kilometers of ocean off the Pacific Northwest of the United States. According to one of the researchers, "You can find microbes everywhere — they're extremely adaptable to conditions, and survive wherever they are."

Viruses
Viruses were the first and are the most serious enemies of bacteria. Everywhere bacteria are, they get attacked by viruses. The viruses which attack bacteria are called bacteriophages.

Something is now known about how bacteria protect themselves against viruses. Some bacteria and most archaea have CRISPR–Cas systems as an adaptive defence against viruses. These keep sections of viral DNA. These are used to target and destroy later infections by the virus. The process is similar to RNA interference.

History of their classification
All modern ideas start with the sequence analysis of DNA and RNA. In 1987, Carl Woese, the forerunner of the molecular phylogeny revolution, divided bacteria into 11 divisions based on 16S ribosomal RNA (SSU) sequences:

 Proteobacteria: Purple bacteria and their relatives
Alpha subdivision: purple non-sulfur bacteria, rhizobacteria, Agrobacterium, Bartonella, Rickettsiae, Nitrobacter)
Beta subdivision: (Rhodocyclus, (some) Thiobacillus, Alcaligenes, Spirillum, Nitrosovibrio
Gamma subdivision: enterics, fluorescent pseudomonads, purple sulfur bacteria, Legionella, (some) Beggiatoa
Delta subdivision: Sulfur and sulfate reducers (Desulfovibrio), Myxobacteria, Bdellovibrio
Gram-positive Eubacteria
High-G+C species - Actinobacteria (Actinomyces, Streptomyces, Arthrobacter, Micrococcus, Bifidobacterium)
Low-G+C species - Firmicutes (Clostridium, Peptococcus, Bacillus, Mycoplasma)
Photosynthetic species (Heliobacterium)
Species with gram-negative walls (Megasphaera, Sporomusa)
Cyanobacteria and chloroplasts (Aphanocapsa, Oscillatoria, Nostoc, Synechococcus, Gleoebacter, Prochloron)
 Spirochaetes and relatives
Spirochetes (Spirochaeta, Treponema, Borrelia)
Leptospiras (Leptospira, Leptonema)
 Green sulfur bacteria (Chlorobium, Chloroherpeton)
 Bacteroides, Flavobacteria and relatives
Bacteroides (Bacteroides, Fusobacterium)
Flavobacterium group (Flavobacterium, Cytophaga, Saprospira, Flexibacter)
Planctomyces and relatives
Planctomyces group (Planctomyces, Pasteuria)
Thermophiles (Isocystis pallida)
 Chlamydiae (Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia trachomatis)
 Radioresistant micrococci and relatives
Deinococcus group (Deinococcus radiodurans)
Thermophiles (Thermus aquaticus)
Green non-sulfur bacteria and relatives
Chloroflexus group (Chloroflexus, Herpetosiphon)
Thermomicrobium group (Thermomicrobium roseum)
 Thermotogae

Related pages

 Antibiotics
 Enterococcus
 Mycoplasma
 Microorganism
 Archaea
 Virus

References

Prokaryotes
Horizontal gene transfer

Bacteria


Clubul Sportiv Corvinul 1921 Hunedoara, commonly known as Corvinul Hunedoara or simply as Corvinul, is a Romanian football club based in the city of Hunedoara, Hunedoara County, that competes in the Liga II.

Founded in 1921 as Fero Sport Hunedoara, the club bore various names over time, but stuck with Corvinul, inspired by the Corvin Castle and the local history of the Corvins. Under this name, the team achieved its best performances during the 1980s, when it was a constant appearance in the top flight. Between 1979 and 1982, Corvinul was coached by Mircea Lucescu, which would go on to become one of the most successful Romanian managers.

Following the fall of communism, Corvinul relegated to the Divizia B in 1992 and never promoted back. The club faced financial and identity issues in the 20th century, but in 2021 its brand was recovered by the Municipality of Hunedoara.

History

The Pride of the Iron Workers (1921–1953)

Football has been practiced in Hunedoara, in an unorganized way, since the early 1900s, being brought by young locals which were studying in the big cities of the country or abroad, as happened with most of the football beginnings in Transylvania.

The year 1921 will be the first one in which a Football Championship was organized between the borders of the Kingdom of Romania, a championship which was running as a tournament with regional leagues and a national final stage. In the same year, in Hunedoara, on the initiative of several sports enthusiasts, led by Ludovic Rimbaș was established the first organized football team, Fero Sport Hunedoara. The new football club operated under the patronage of the local Iron Plant. Iosif Onciu (then director of the Iron Plant) was elected president, and Ludovic Rimbaș held both the position of secretary of the club and the manager of the team. The company's headquarters were in the former premises of the "Red Union" in Severin Street.

Hunedoara's first organized football team aroused great enthusiasm among the locals, but especially among the employees of the Iron Plant, who agreed to each contribute 1% of their salary to support the new football team. At the same time, the footballers were regularly awarded by the management of the Plant and had priority in employment. Thus, from the very beginning, the football team had a close connection with the local Iron Plant, which later became a Steel Plant.

From 1924, the team changed its name to U.F.H (Uzinele de Fier Hunedoara) and in 1936, to Iancu Corvin Hunedoara. During the World War II the situation was very difficult, the team played on various makeshift grounds, more or less arranged. The club's financial situation was particularly difficult, but the club survived. In 1943, the team's name returned to U.F.H. (Uzinele de Fier Hunedoara). With the reorganization of Romania under the communist regime, the team took over the new name of the old Iron Plant, I.S.S. Hunedoara (Întreprinderile Siderurgice de Stat Hunedoara). In the same year, the football team played in the third tier (Divzia C) under the name I.M.S. Hunedoara (Întreprinderea Muncitorească Siderurgică Hunedoara) and a year later, the club's management was taken over by the union within the steel unit, the name changed again and became Metalul Hunedoara.

In 1953, Metalul was promoted to the top-flight (Divizia A) for the first time, a moment that remained in history as the first time when a football club based in the "Steel City" crossed the threshold of the first tier. In that season, Hunedoara finished on the first place in the 2nd Series, 4 points away from the runners-up, another team financially supported by the Steel Industry of Romania, Metalul Câmpia Turzii.

A Period of Struggles (1954–1975)
Metalul fought proudly in its first top-flight season (1954), but finally relegated after it was ranked 11th of 14, first team placed under the relegation line. The 1950s continued with five consecutive appearances in the Second Division: (1955 – 6th, 1956 – 2nd, 1957–58 – 2nd, 1958–59 – 4th and 1959–60 – 1st). In 1956 Metalul Hunedoara was renamed as Energia Hunedoara, but in 1958 the named was changed again, this time in Corvinul Hunedoara. The football club based in Hunedoara frequently changed its name between 1921 and 1958 in order to create a personalized identity, something more special, that will remain in people's minds and be directly associated with Hunedoara. Even if the name Corvinul did not catch on immediately, the later performances and its uniqueness in the Romanian football landscape stuck it to the football club based in Hunedoara.

Corvinul promoted to Divizia A in the summer of 1960, and it seemed that a new era was starting "under the blast furnaces", but again, the team relegated after only one season in the top-flight after it was ranked the last, out of 14 teams. The situation began to become dramatic after another year, when Corvinul made one of its worst seasons and was ranked the last in the Divizia B, relegating down to the third tier, for the first time in the last decade. After the relegation, the local authorities decided to change again the name, because Corvinul was an unlucky choice and renamed the club as Siderurgistul Hunedoara, again financially supported by the Iron Plant. Iron Plant of Hunedoara was not as big as Galați steel works, so automatically had less financial strength. As a result, Siderurgistul (again Metalul Hunedoara since 1964) played for no less than five consecutive seasons in the Divizia C. Finally, "the Steelworkers" promoted back in 1967, when they were ranked 1st, four points in front of another "factory team", Tractorul Brașov.

From the middle 1960s to the middle 1970s, Metalul Hunedoara, then renamed again as Corvinul Hunedoara (in 1970) settled as an important Divizia B side, ranking between 4th and 13th place, but never with really important chances of promotion.

Golden Age of Corvinul (1975–1990)

At the end of the 1975–76, Corvinul promoted back to Divizia A, after 15 years of absence and struggles. It was the very beginning of Hunedoara ascension in the Romanian football. In the first half of the season, the team was managed by Ladislau Vlad and Constantin Toma, then in the second half by Ilie Savu, Victor Cojocaru and Remus Vlad. The squad was composed of the following players: Gheorghe Bologan, Romulus Cocu and Emeric Moritz – Ioan Stan, Nicolae Jurcă, Remus Vlad, Vasile Ghiță, Dorin Nicșa, Ioan Petcu, Alexe Lazăr, Marian Deacu, Octavian Cojocaru, Virgil Stoica, Ilie Ologu, Clemen Șureghin, Eremia Șumulanschi, Ioan Bucur, Ioan Năstase, Petre Șchiopu, Gheorghe Albu, Vasile Dina, Gheorghe Georgescu, Florea Văetuș and Dan Pintilie.

In 1975 the football section was separated from the Corvinul Sports Club and the team was renamed as FC Corvinul. It was the third football club in Romania that adopted the "FC" abbreviation in its name, after FC Argeș Pitești and FC Bihor Oradea. During the 1970s, Hunedoara's people passion for football grew up at the same time with the city's development. The Steel Plant was a force in the national industry. Starting with the spring of 1976, young footballers of the club such as Dorin Nicșa, Ioan Petcu, Florea Văetuș, Gheorghe Albu or Mihai Viespe begin to be summoned to the national groups of juniors and youth. A natural fact, especially since, at the end of the 1976–77 season, Corvinul Reserves Squad was ranked on an honorable 3rd place in the championship.

In the same year 1976, Gelu Simoc (one of the 28 founding members of FC Corvinul Hunedoara, at that time head of the Personal Service within the Hunedoara Steel Plant) managed to convince Radu Nunweiller (a star of the Romanian football at that moment) to come to Hunedoara, thinking that, if, for years in a row, the Romania national football team was built, practically around him, the same could have happened in Hunedoara. However, the experience of the Dinamo player would have been extremely useful for the team in its third appearance in the First Division. A year later, also at the end of his career, Mircea Lucescu was also persuaded to come to Hunedoara. The director of the Steel Plant at the time, Sabin Faur, led the final negotiations. However, the main merit for Lucescu's arrival in Hunedoara had the same man, Gelu Simoc. After a 14th place (1976–77) and an 8th place (1977–78), Corvinul relegated back to the second tier, at the end of the 1978–79 season. After the match in which "the Steelworkers" lost any chance of remaining in the top-flight, Mircea Lucescu had one of the most pleasant "shocks" of his life when he was taken out from the stadium on arms and led in cheers and encouragement to his home by the fans, like a hero, although the team had just relegated.

That moment remained in Hunedoara's history as the moment when a memorable team was born. Even if Corvinul relegated, the club's youth teams performed at a high level, then Mircea Lucescu assumed the role of manager and convinced Florea Dumitrache, another legend of the Romania national football team of the 1970s, to sign with Corvinul. In the following years, the "square" formed of Radu Nunweiller – Florea Dumitrache – Remus Vlad – Mircea Lucescu served as a support for the extraordinary rise of young footballers, among them: Michael Klein, Romulus Gabor, Ioan Andone, Mircea Rednic and others. Corvinul promoted back to Divizia A after only one season in the second league, winning its series. At the end of the 1980–81 season, Corvinul was ranked 6th, then in the following season "the Ravens" achieved their best performance, a 3rd place. During that season, the team based in Hunedoara was also the leader of the league for a period and in the first squad 9 players were born in Hunedoara County. The squad was managed by Mircea Lucescu (player and manager) and was formed by following players: Niculai Alexa, Marian Ioniță – Ioan Andone, Mircea Rednic, Ioan Bogdan, Dumitru Gălan, Florin Dubinciuc, Michael Klein, Constantin Dumitriu, Victor Oncu, Dorin Nicșa, Dorin Mateuț, Ioan Petcu, Romulus Gabor, Florea Văetuș, Florea Dumitrache and Mircea Lucescu.

As a result of this performance, FC Corvinul qualified for the 1982–83 UEFA Cup season. "The White and Blues" beat Austrian side Grazer AK (3–1 on aggregate) in the First Round, but in the second round lost to Yugoslavian side FK Sarajevo (4–8 on aggregate). During the 1980s, Corvinul became a force in the Romanian football, a name to be feared, but also to be highly respected. "Hunedorenii" were well known as a very good and offensive team on their home ground, where over this decade obtain some shocking results, among them: 9–0 vs. Rapid București, 8–0 vs. Politehnica Iași or 3–1 vs. Steaua București, this last one was obtained weeks before Steaua achieved its best performance, winning the 1986 European Cup Final, against FC Barcelona. During "Jackie" Ionescu tenure as manager of the team (1984–1986), was born a phrase that stuck with Corvinul over time, "norma hunedoareană" (Hunedoara's standard), phrase that appear from Corvinul's offensive style of football, "the Ravens" scoring in general at least three goals on their home ground. As good as it was on its home ground, Corvinul was in generally a mediocre team on away ground, when also registered its biggest defeat, 0–11 vs. Steaua București, in 1988.

In 1988 the flame began to go out, even though the reputed manager and teacher Constantin "Titi" Ardeleanu tried a refreshment of the squad. Ardeleanu's words from that time, remained deeply inscribed in the history wall of the club: "Corvinul is an important name in the Romanian football. Its contribution to the latest great international successes is undeniable! Present in many national teams, the footballers of Hunedoara gave the exact measure of their value, and Corvinul is one of the first teams in the country!" Between 1982 and 1990, the team based in Hunedoara obtained the following rankings: 1982–83 – 6th, 1983–84 – 12th, 1984–85 – 8th, 1985–86 – 5th, 1986–87 – 9th, 1987–88 – 7th, 1988–89 – 15th and 1989–90 – 8th.

The Fall of a Legendary Club  (1990–2004)

The 1990s represent the fall of communism in Romania and the start of a new beginning for the country, but for the iron and mining industries, two of the engines of the 1970s and 1980s economy was the beginning of the end. Hunedoara County was one of the most affected regions due to its economy, which was based exactly on this two sectors of activity. The downfall of the economy affected directly the two most important clubs of the county Corvinul and Jiul Petroșani. If Jiul continued to struggle between the top two leagues for the next approximately  15 years, Corvinul played in the top-flight for only two more seasons: 1990–91 and 1991–92, but with result below expectations, ranking 14th and 18th, this latest result meant automatically the relegation to Divizia B, for the first time in the latest 12 years.

Back in the second division, "the Ravens" accused the shock of relegation and obtained two weak rankings, in the middle and second half of the table, then the 1994–95 season it seemed to be their chance to save and relaunch the club. "The White and Blues" finished the championship as runners-up in their series and qualified for the promotion play-off, where they lost 0–1 against Sportul Studențesc București. In the same period, the productive Youth Center of Corvinul gave to the Romanian football a new important name, Bogdan Lobonț, who will be sold to Rapid București, two years later. Back in the second division, Corvinul results were modest and the financial support of the Iron Plant less and less consistent, thus between 1996 and 1999, the team settled in the middle of the table, between 7th and 10th place.

Apart from its financial and sportive situation, Youth Center of Corvinul continue to "produce" important players, among them Bogdan Andone, Decebal Gheară or Bogdan Apostu, thus, with a new generation and some financial support from the Municipality of Hunedoara, Corvinul fight for a new promotion, but end the 1999–2000 season only on the 3rd place, behind Gaz Metan Mediaș and ARO Câmpulung. This was the last season in which the team based in Hunedoara fought for promotion to the top-flight. Next season, "the Ravens" relegated to Divizia C, for the first time in the last 34 years, but promoted back after one season. For the next four seasons, Corvinul played in the second division, but at its best was ranked 7th, finally in the autumn of 2004 the club was excluded from all competitions by the Romanian Football Federation because of the debts accumulated over the years.

Successors and processes (2005–2021)

Between 2004 and 2016 the club had no senior squads registered to play in any Romanian Football Federation competition, and was kept alive only by one youth squad that played in the County Championship. In 2016, Hunedoara Court decided that FC Corvinul will be dissolved for a debt of approx. 160,500$, even though the club has managed to postpone this sentence since 2008, in the light of a lawsuit won against Rapid București regarding Bogdan Lobonț transfer to Ajax. Corvinul should have collected the amount of 900,000$, but Rapid also entered in bankruptcy, so Hunedoara Court considered that Corvinul has no way to collect the money and must enter in liquidation.

In 2005, the last president of FC Corvinul, Mircea Alic, registered Corvinul's brand and subsequently sold it to Octavian Marian, a businessman from Bucharest, for approx. 45,000€. In the same year, Municipality of Hunedoara founded SC Corvinul 2005 Hunedoara, the club bought its place in the second division from CS Deva, but it had a short life, the financial problems appeared again and in 2008, the new club was also dissolved. In the summer of 2009 a new successor club was founded, FC Hunedoara, a club which played many consecutive seasons in the Liga III and for four years in a row missed promotion to Liga II by a slight margin. In the summer of 2016, this entity was excluded as well from Liga III due to financial problems. Relegated in the County League, FC Hunedoara was re-organized as CS Hunedoara and promoted back.

Between 2005 and 2021, no one of the successor clubs could use FC Corvinul brand, despite the fact that the original club was a dormant one, until 2016 when Hunedoara Court decided that FC Corvinul must enter in liquidation, officially. The main issue was that Mircea Alic registered the brand, then sold it to Octavian Marian, who had no interest in handing it over to the Municipality of Hunedoara. Corvinul 2005, FC Hunedoara and CS Hunedoara were the successor of FC Corvinul, from a sportive point of view. These entities used the white and blue colors, Michael Klein Stadium as a home ground and were also supported by Corvinul's fans and ultras groups.

Corvinul is back (2021–present)
In the summer of 2021, on the occasion of Corvinul's Centenary, the original brand, "FC Corvinul 1921" was bought for 47,000€ from Octavian Marian. For the brand acquisition, legendary names of the club were involved, among them Ioan Andone, Mircea Lucescu, Bogdan Apostu or Mircea Rednic, also with the support of Municipality of Hunedoara. Corvinul's Ultras groups collected more than 12,000€ and also contributed as volunteers in the campaign for Corvinul's brand acquisition. Now, it is expected that in the summer of 2022, CS Hunedoara will be merged with FC Corvinul, in order to bring back to life the old club, but also to give legal continuity for the last 17 years of struggles. CS Hunedoara already uses Corvinul logo on his shirts and marketing campaigns, as well as the official website.

In the summer of 2022, CS Hunedoara was officially renamed as CS Corvinul 1921 Hunedoara (due to merge between CS Hunedoara and Corvinul Hunedoara brand). As a result, CS Hunedoara became the official successor of FC Corvinul.

Grounds

In its first years of existence, Fero Sport Hunedoara played its home matches on the Poarta Zgurii Stadium, a ground with a capacity of only 400–500 people, two locker rooms, a warehouse and a few small annexes. Enough for a town that, at the time, had only about 4,000 inhabitants. During the World War II, the stadium was occupied by the Soviet Army, thus the football team moved its home matches on Hășdat Stadium, considered for many organizational reasons to be inappropriate. The locker rooms were in some annexes near the Corvin Castle, and the footballers were transported to the Hășdat Stadium by carts or trucks.

During the 1950s, the Iron Plant was already transformed into a real Steel Plant and a new city was "raising" in the eastern zone of the old town. The new city needed a new sports base, a stage built mainly for the football team, the old stadium, known during this period as Metalul Stadium or Energia Stadium was considered obsolete.

On 2 May 1960, Corvinul Sports Complex was opened with a football match between Corvinul and CFR Arad, won by the hosts with 1–0. The new stadium had a capacity of 16,000 people. In the mid-1990s, the stadium was renamed as Michael Klein Stadium, in the honour of Michael Klein, former footballer of "the Ravens" and Romanian internation, who died tragically at only 33 years-old, during a training of his team from that moment, Bayer Uerdingen. In 2006 the stadium was renovated and 3,000 seats were mounted.

Honours

Liga I:
Best finish: 3rd 1981–82
Liga II:
Winners (4): 1953, 1959–60, 1975–76, 1979–80
Runners-up (3): 1956, 1957–58, 1994–95
Liga III:
Winners (4): 1966–67, 2001–02, 2021–22, 2022–23
Runners-up (3): 1965–66, 2011–12, 2012–13
Liga IV – Hunedoara County
Winners (2): 2009–10, 2017–18

FC Corvinul Hunedoara in Europe

Overall Record

Matches

Players

First team squad

Out on loan

Club Officials

Board of directors

Current technical staff

Chronology of names

League history

Notable former players
The footballers enlisted below have had international cap(s) for their respective countries at junior and/or senior level and/or more than 100 caps for Corvinul Hunedoara.

  Ioan Andone
  Ioan Bogdan
  Alexandru Crețu
  Florea Dumitrache
  Constantin Dumitriu
  Romulus Gabor
  Decebal Gheară
  Ovidiu Hanganu
  Michael Klein
  Bogdan Lobonț
  Mircea Lucescu
  Ioan Mărginean
  Dorin Mateuț
  Radu Nunweiller
  Marius Păcurar
  Ioan Petcu
  Mircea Rednic
  Florea Văetuș
  Remus Vlad

Notable managers

  Mircea Lucescu
  Ion Nunweiller
  Dumitru Pătrașcu
  Mircea Pătrașcu
  Ioan Petcu
  Florea Văetuș
  Ladislau Vlad

References

External links

Football clubs in Hunedoara County
Association football clubs established in 1921
Liga I clubs
Liga II clubs
Liga III clubs
Liga IV clubs
1921 establishments in Romania

CS Corvinul Hunedoara


Fatal insomnia is an extremely rare neurodegenerative  prion disease that results in trouble sleeping as its hallmark symptom. The majority of cases are familial (fatal familial insomnia [FFI]), stemming from a mutation in the PRNP gene, with the remainder of cases occurring  sporadically (sporadic fatal insomnia [sFI]). The problems with sleeping typically start out gradually and worsen over time. Eventually, the patient will succumb to total insomnia (agrypnia excitata), most often leading to other symptoms such as speech problems, coordination problems, and dementia. It results in death within a few months to a few years and has no known cure.

Signs and symptoms
The disease has four stages:

 Characterized by worsening insomnia, resulting in panic attacks, paranoia, and phobias. This stage lasts for about four months.
 Hallucinations and panic attacks become noticeable, continuing for about five months.
 Complete inability to sleep is followed by rapid loss of weight. This lasts for about three months.
 Dementia, during which the person becomes unresponsive or mute over the course of six months, is the final stage of the disease, after which death follows.
Clinically, FFI manifests with a disordered sleep-wake cycle, dysautonomia, motor disturbances, and neuropsychiatric disorders.

Other symptoms include profuse sweating, miosis (pinpoint pupils), sudden entrance into menopause or  impotence, neck stiffness, and elevation of blood pressure and heart rate. The sporadic form of the disease often presents with double vision. Constipation is common as well. As the disease progresses, the person becomes stuck in a state of pre-sleep limbo, or hypnagogia, which is the state just before sleep in healthy individuals. During these stages, people commonly and repeatedly move their limbs as if dreaming.

The age of onset is variable, ranging from 13 to 60 years, with an average of 50. The disease can be detected prior to onset by genetic testing. Death usually occurs between 6–36 months from onset. The presentation of the disease varies considerably from person to person, even among people within the same family; in the sporadic form, for example, sleep problems are not commonly reported and early symptoms are ataxia, cognitive impairment, and double vision.

Cause

Fatal familial insomnia is a rare hereditary prion disease that is associated with the D178N-129M PRNP gene that is caused by a mutation. The gene PRNP that provides instructions for making the prion protein PrPC is located on the short (p) arm of chromosome 20 at position p13. Both people with FFI and those with familial Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (fCJD) carry a mutation at codon 178 of the prion protein gene. FFI is also invariably linked to the presence of the methionine codon at position 129 of the mutant allele, whereas fCJD is linked to the presence of the valine codon at that position. The disease occurs when there is a change of amino acid at position 178 when an asparagine (N) is found instead of the normal aspartic acid (D). This has to be accompanied with a methionine at position 129.

FFI is an autosomal dominant disease that harbors a missense GAC to AAC mutation at codon 178 of the PRNP prion protein gene located on chromosome 20, along with the presence of the methionine polymorphism at position 129 of the mutant allele. Pathologically, FFI is characterized by predominant thalamic degeneration especially in the medio-dorsal and anterio-ventral nuclei. Phenotypic variability is a perplexing feature of FFI.

Pathophysiology
Given its striking clinical and neuropathologic similarities with fatal familial insomnia (FFI), a genetic prion disease linked to a point mutation at codon 178 (D178N) in the PRNP coupled with methionine at codon 129, the MM2T subtype is also known as sporadic FI (sFI). Transmission studies using susceptible transgenic mice have consistently demonstrated that the same prion strain is associated with both sFI and FFI. In contrast to what has been the rule for the most common neurodegenerative disorders, sFI is rarer than its genetic counterpart. Whereas the recognized patients with FFI are numerous and belong to >50 families worldwide, only about 30 cases of CJD MM2T and a few cases with mixed MM2T and MM2C features (MM2T+C) have been recorded to date.

In itself, the presence of prions causes reduced glucose to use by the thalamus and a mild hypo-metabolism of the cingulate cortex. The extent of this symptom varies between two variations of the disease, these being those presenting methionine homozygotes at codon 129 and methionine/valine heterozygotes being the most severe in the latter one. Given the relationship between the involvement of the thalamus in regulating sleep and alertness, a causal relationship can be drawn, and is often mentioned as the cause.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis is suspected based on symptoms and can be supported by a sleep study, a PET scan, and genetic testing if the patient's family has a history of the disease. Similar to other prion diseases, the diagnosis can only be confirmed by a brain autopsy at post-mortem.

Differential diagnosis
Other diseases involving the mammalian prion protein are known. Some are transmissible (TSEs, including FFI) such as kuru, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, also known as "mad cow disease") in cattle, and chronic wasting disease in American deer and American elk in some areas of the United States and Canada, as well as Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD). Until recently, prion diseases were only thought to be transmissible by direct contact with infected tissue, such as from eating infected tissue, transfusion, or transplantation; research suggests that prions can be transmitted by aerosols, but that the general public is not at risk of airborne infection.

Treatments
Treatment involves palliative care. There is conflicting evidence over the use of sleeping pills, including barbiturates, as a treatment for the disease. Symptoms of fatal familial insomnia may be treated with medications. Clonazepam may be prescribed to treat muscle spasms, and eszopiclone or zolpidem may be prescribed to help treat insomnia. However, these drugs do not work in the long term.

Prognosis
Like all prion diseases, the disease is invariably fatal. Life expectancy ranges from seven months to six years, with an average of 18 months.

Epidemiology and history

Fatal insomnia was first described by Elio Lugaresi et al., in 1986.

In 1998, 40 families were known to carry the gene for FFI globally: eight German, five Italian, four American, two French, two Australian, two British, one Japanese, and one Austrian. In the Basque Country, Spain, 16 family cases of the 178N mutation were seen between 1993 and 2005 related to two families with a common ancestor in the 18th century. In 2011, another family was added to the list when researchers found the first man in the Netherlands with FFI. While he had lived in the Netherlands for 19 years, he was of Egyptian descent. Other prion diseases are similar to FFI, and could be related, but are missing the D178N gene mutation.

, 37 cases of sporadic fatal insomnia have been diagnosed. Unlike in FFI, those with sFI do not have the D178N mutation in the PRNP-prion gene; they all have a different mutation in the same gene causing methionine homozygosity at codon 129.
Nonetheless, the methionine presence in lieu of the valine (Val129) is what causes the sporadic form of disease. The targeting of this mutation has been suggested as a strategy for treatment, or possibly as a cure for the disease.

Silvano, 1983, Bologna, Italy
In late 1983, Italian neurologist/sleep expert Dr. Ignazio Roiter received a patient at the University of Bologna hospital's sleep institute. The man, known only as Silvano, decided in a rare moment of consciousness to be recorded for future studies and to donate his brain for research in hopes of finding a cure for future victims.

Unnamed American patient, 2001
In a 2006 published article, Schenkein and Montagna wrote of a 52-year-old American man who was able to exceed the average survival time by nearly one year with various strategies that included vitamin therapy and meditation, different stimulants and hypnotics, and even complete sensory deprivation in an attempt to induce sleep at night and increase alertness during the day. He managed to write a book and drive hundreds of miles in this time, but nonetheless, over the course of his trials, the man succumbed to the classic four-stage progression of the illness.

Egyptian man, 2011, Netherlands

In 2011, the first reported case in the Netherlands was of a 57-year-old man of Egyptian descent. The man came in with symptoms of double vision and progressive memory loss, and his family also noted he had recently become disoriented, paranoid, and confused. While he tended to fall asleep during random daily activities, he experienced vivid dreams and random muscular jerks during normal slow-wave sleep. After four months of these symptoms, he began to have convulsions in his hands, trunk, and lower limbs while awake. The person died at age 58, seven months after the onset of symptoms. An autopsy revealed mild atrophy of the frontal cortex and moderate atrophy of the thalamus. The latter is one of the most common signs of FFI.

Research
Still with unclear benefit in humans, a number of treatments have had tentative success in slowing disease progression in animal models, including pentosan polysulfate, mepacrine, and amphotericin B. , a study investigating doxycycline is being carried out.

In 2009, a mouse model was made for FFI. These mice expressed a humanized version of the PrP protein that also contains the D178N FFI mutation. These mice appear to have progressively fewer and shorter periods of uninterrupted sleep, damage in the thalamus, and early deaths, similar to humans with FFI.

The Prion Alliance was established by husband and wife duo Eric Minikel and Sonia Vallabh after Vallabh's mother was diagnosed with the fatal disease. They conduct research at the Broad Institute to develop therapeutics for human prion diseases. Other research interests involve identifying biomarkers to track the progression of prion disease in living people.

References

External links

Neurodegenerative disorders
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
Unsolved problems in neuroscience
Sleep disorders
Rare diseases
Sleeplessness and sleep deprivation

Fatal insomnia


Georges C. Mager (1885–1950) was a French musician, and principal trumpet with the Boston Symphony Orchestra from 1919 until his death in 1950. He was a renowned trumpeter in Paris before the First World War, playing at the Paris Opera, Concerts Lamoureux, and the Concerts of the Society of the Conservatory. He also had an alternate career as a singer in the duo with his wife Claire, a well-known soprano, and had hoped for an operatic career. After serving in the French army during the war he came to America as flugelhorn soloist with the Garde Republicaine Band and was engaged to play in the Boston Symphony, first as a violist, since there was no vacancy for trumpet, sharing a stand with Arthur Fiedler. He assumed the first trumpet position in 1920.  Trained in France, he was a student of J. Mellet (a student of Jean-Baptiste Arban) at the Paris Conservatory. He was an advocate of use of the C trumpet as an orchestral instrument and had great influence on its development and acceptance in America, working most notably with Vincent Bach. He also was the first trumpeter in America to play Bach's Brandenburg Concerto in the original high tessitura. Mager was on the faculty of the New England Conservatory, and was a teacher to some of the most influential trumpeters of the mid-twentieth century, including Adolph Herseth (who became principal trumpet of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra), Roger Voisin (who replaced Mager as principal trumpet of the Boston Symphony Orchestra in 1950, Bernard Adelstein (who became principal trumpet of the Cleveland Orchestra), Irving Sarin (who became principal trumpet of the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra and respected teacher in his own right), and Renold Schilke (who joined the trumpet section of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and later became an important trumpet maker). He was also teacher to jazz trumpeter Leon Merian.

Mager also made important contributions to the trumpet literature through several editions of French solo works, including Guillaume Balay's Petite Piece Concertante, Henri Dallier's Fete Joyeuse, and Georges Hue's Solo De Concert. These are found in "Nine Solos de Concert" published by Southern Music Co (formerly Andraud).

References

1885 births
1950 deaths
20th-century French musicians
French classical trumpeters
Male trumpeters
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
French music educators
20th-century trumpeters
20th-century French male musicians
20th-century classical musicians

Georges Mager


Castelveccana is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Varese in the Italian region Lombardy, located about  northwest of Milan and about  northwest of Varese.

Castelveccana borders the following municipalities: Brenta, Casalzuigno, Cittiglio, Ghiffa, Laveno-Mombello, Oggebbio, Porto Valtravaglia.

References

Cities and towns in Lombardy

Castelveccana


A colloquialism is a word that is not used in formal speech, writing or paralinguistics. Colloquialisms are also sometimes referred to collectively as "colloquial language".  Colloquialisms or colloquial language is considered to be characteristic of or only appropriate for casual, ordinary, familiar, or informal conversation rather than formal speech or writing. Dictionaries often mark colloquial words and phrases with the abbreviation colloq. as an identifier.

References

Vocabulary

Colloquialism


Alton is a deserted medieval village between Coalville and Ashby-de-la-Zouch, in North West Leicestershire, England.

The earliest documentation of the village is found in the Domesday Book where it appears as Heletone. The land was rented out to someone by Hugh de Grandmesnil, and had a total value of 60 shillings. There were 25 villagers, 1 being a man at arms and 4 smallholders. There were 8 ploughs, 1 mill, 4 acres of meadow, woodland 1 league long. The name is probably derived from ald, and the suffix tūn, meaning "old settlement".

It is one of only four villages in Leicestershire that seems to have been deserted as a result of grange formation, the others being Dishley, Ringlethorp and Weston. The most important possessor of granges in Leicestershire was the Cistercian Garendon Abbey whose economy was largely based on sheep farming.

Nothing remains of the village other than a few vague topographical features.

References

External links

Deserted medieval villages in Leicestershire

Alton, Leicestershire


Leslie P. Peirce is an American professor in history. Her research interests include early modern history of the Ottoman Empire, gender, law, and society. She received her B.A. in History from Harvard College, her M.A. in Middle Eastern Studies from Harvard University, and her Ph.D. (1988) in Near Eastern Studies from Princeton University. In 1988–1998 she was with the Cornell University. In 1998–2006 she was professor in the Departments of History and Near Eastern Studies the University of California, Berkeley. Since 2006 she is with Department of History and the Department of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies of the New York University, where she is the Silver Professor of History.

Bibliography
 2003: Morality Tales: Law and Gender in the Ottoman Court of Aintab. University of California Press  (book review)
Albert Hourani Book Award, 2004; Köprülü Prize of the Turkish Studies Association for best book, 2002–2003.
Turkish edition: Ahlâk Oyunları (Istanbul, 2005).
1993: The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire, Oxford University Press
Koprulu Prize of the Turkish Studies Association for best book, 1993–1994.
Turkish edition: Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Hukümranlık ve Kadınlar (Istanbul, 1996).
2017: Empress of the East: How a European Slave Girl Became Queen of the Ottoman Empire.  New York  Basic Books. .

References

Living people
Princeton University alumni
Harvard College alumni
New York University faculty
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Cornell University faculty
1943 births

Leslie P. Peirce


First Tee is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization with the stated goal of improving children's life and social skills through golf lessons. The organization claims to teach more than 3.6 million youth annually through programs delivered at chapter program locations, in schools and at youth centers across the country and international locations.

PGA Tour commissioner Jay Monahan serves as chairman of the board of governors, which is composed of business leaders. Former President George W. Bush serves as the honorary chair; he succeeded his father, former President George H. W. Bush, who served from 1997 to 2010.

History
First Tee was founded in 1997. Started by PGA Tour Commissioner Tim Finchem, the organization began as a partnership among the PGA Tour, PGA of America, LPGA, USGA and the Masters Tournament Foundation. Initially, First Tee was affiliated with the World Golf Foundation.

In 2019, First Tee made the transition to a new nonprofit entity, PGA Tour First Tee Foundation.

Demographics
The participants of First Tee are children aged 5–18, with participants progressing through the program over time. According to the organization's website, over 400 PGA and LPGA teaching professionals and 15,000 volunteers help the participants through First Tee.. Although the individual cost of participation is unclear, First Tee has stated that chapters may offer full scholarships or reduced fee programming for those with financial need.

Participation
First Tee has featured in The PURE Insurance Championship, which is a PGA Tour Champions event that is played annually in September at the Pebble Beach Golf Links and Poppy Hills Golf Club.

In addition, First Tee launched a college scholarship program in 2020 where scholars were advertised to receive professional development workshops and assistance with internships and full-time employment placement post-graduation.

First Tee School Program
Since 2004, First Tee claims to have trained educators at more than 10,000 elementary schools to teach their curriculum in physical education courses.

First Tee Community Program
The First Tee Community Program partners with youth centers such as the YMCA, as well as the Boys and Girls Club, to teach children how to play golf.

References

External links
 First Tee

Golf associations
Sports charities
Organizations established in 1997
Charities based in Florida
Youth organizations based in Florida

First Tee


Delhi has the second largest Muslim population (12.86%) within Delhi State. Muhammad Ghori invaded India in 1175 A.D. After the conquest of Multan and Punjab, he advanced towards Delhi. The Rajput chiefs of northern India headed by Prithvi Raj Chauhan defeated him in the First Battle of Terrain in 1191 A.D. After about a year, Muhammad Ghori came again to avenge his defeat. A furious battle was fought again in Terrain in 1192 A.D. in which the Rajputs were defeated and Prithvi Raj Chauhan was captured and put to death. The Second Battle of Terrain, however, proved to be a decisive battle that laid the foundations of Muslim rule in Northern India. Ghori built many mosques and libraries after laying Muslim rule in India. The period between 1206 A.D. and 1526 A.D. in India's history is known as the Delhi Sultanate period. During this period of over three hundred years, five dynasties ruled in Delhi. These were: the Slave dynasty (1206-90), Khilji dynasty (1290-1320), Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1413), Sayyid dynasty (1414-51), and Lodhi dynasty (1451-1526).The Delhi Sultanate was an Islamic empire based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for 320 years (1206–1526). Five dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate sequentially: the Mamluk/Slave dynasty (1206–1290), the Khalji dynasty (1290–1320), the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414), the Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451), and the Lodi dynasty (1451–1526). It covered large swathes of territory in modern-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh as well as some parts of southern Nepal.

As a successor to the Ghurid dynasty, the Delhi Sultanate was originally one among a number of principalities ruled by the Turkic slave-generals of Muhammad Ghori (who had conquered large parts of Northern India), including Yildiz, Aibek and Qubacha, that had inherited and divided the Ghurid territories amongst themselves. After a long period of infighting, the Mamluks were overthrown in the Khalji revolution which marked the transfer of power from the Turks to a heterogeneous Indo-Muslim nobility. Both of the resulting Khalji and Tughlaq dynasties respectively saw a new wave of rapid Muslim conquests deep into South India. The sultanate finally reached the peak of its geographical reach during the Tughlaq dynasty, occupying most of the Indian subcontinent. This was followed by decline due to Hindu reconquests, Hindu kingdoms such as the Vijayanagara Empire and Mewar asserting independence, and new Muslim sultanates such as the Bengal Sultanate breaking off. In 1526, the Sultanate was conquered and succeeded by the Mughal Empire.

The sultanate is noted for its integration of the Indian subcontinent into a global cosmopolitan culture (as seen concretely in the development of the Hindustani language and Indo-Islamic architecture), being one of the few powers to repel attacks by the Mongols (from the Chagatai Khanate) and for enthroning one of the few female rulers in Islamic history, Razia Sultana, who reigned from 1236 to 1240. Bakhtiyar Khalji's annexations were responsible for the large-scale desecration of Hindu and Buddhist temples (leading to the decline of Buddhism in East India and Bengal), and the destruction of universities and libraries. Mongolian raids on West and Central Asia set the scene for centuries of migration of fleeing soldiers, intelligentsia, mystics, traders, artists, and artisans from those regions into the subcontinent, thereby establishing Islamic culture in India and the rest of the region.

References

Delhi
Delhi

Islam in Delhi


{{Infobox film
| name           = An Extremely Goofy Movie
| image          = ExtremelyGoofyMovieDVD.jpg
| caption        = DVD cover
| director       = Douglas McCarthy
| producer       = Lynne Southerland
| screenplay     = Scott Gorden
| starring       =
| based_on       = {{Based on|Goof TroopCharacters Created|Robert Taylor and Michael Peraza Jr.}}
| music          = Steve Bartek
| studio         =
| distributor    = Walt Disney Home Video
| released       =
| runtime        = 79 minutes
| country        =
| language       = English
}}An Extremely Goofy Movie is a 2000 animated comedy film distributed by Walt Disney Home Video, produced by Walt Disney Television Animation, and directed by Douglas McCarthy. It is a standalone sequel to the 1995 film A Goofy Movie and the finale to the television series Goof Troop, in which Max Goof goes to college and believes he will not have to deal with his father, Goofy, until he loses his job and enrolls there to receive the degree he never received years ago in order to have another go. Meanwhile, Max and his friends compete in the College X Games, unaware of the reason why the school's top fraternity has a dynasty in the competition.

The film was released on Blu-ray as a Disney Movie Club exclusive alongside A Goofy Movie on April 23, 2019.

Plot
After Max Goof (who is now a high school graduate) goes to college with his friends P.J. and Bobby Zimuruski, his father, Goofy, begins to disastrously falter during his job at the local toy factory (because of his empty nest syndrome of missing Max), resulting in his dismissal following an accident he causes. At the unemployment office, Goofy is told that he needs a college degree to get another job since he did not finish college after his junior year in the 1970s. So Goofy goes back to college to finish his senior year of college to get another job.

Meanwhile, Max and his friends meet Bradley Uppercrust III, the conceited leader of the Gamma Mu Mu fraternity and a veteran skateboarder. Bradley is impressed by Max's own skateboarding talent and invites him to join the Gammas and take part in the college's X Games. Max declines the offer due to the condition that he cannot bring his friends along. Following a skirmish, the two parties place a bet in which the loser becomes the other group's towel boy. To Max's horror, Goofy begins attending the same college and interrupts the group's down-time with chores. Max decides to distract his father by introducing him to the college librarian, Sylvia Marpole, with whom he has much in common (especially regarding the 1970s decade); they subsequently confirm their relationship at a disco-themed dance. Goofy accidentally impresses Bradley with his clumsy attempt at skateboarding and is invited to join the Gammas, which he accepts upon Max's encouragement.

During the first qualifiers for the X Games, Bradley discreetly blinds Max with a pocket mirror during his performance and installs a rocket booster on Goofy's skateboard. Goofy beats Max and his team barely makes the semi-finals. Eventually, Max lashes out at Goofy, telling him to stay out of his life and storms off in anger. A depressed Goofy fails his first midterm exam and misses a date with Sylvia. Returning home, Goofy is inadvertently inspired by his neighbor, Pete to regain his focus. Goofy goes back to college and reconciles with Sylvia, who helps him ace the rest of his exams. As Goofy decides to quit the Gammas (not before they literally kick him out), he overhears the group plotting to cheat for the semi-finals. He tries warning Max, but still angry with his father over beating him in the qualifiers, he refuses to listen.

At the semi-finals, all teams but Max's and the Gammas' are eliminated. Just before the final triathlon, Bradley eliminates P.J. from the games, leaving Max's team short one player and risking their forfeiture. This spurs Max to recruit and apologize to Goofy for shunning him via the jumbotron; Goofy narrowly joins Max's team with seconds to spare before they could be eliminated. Throughout the race, Bradley and his team attempt to hinder Max's team, but fail. Although Goofy manages to temporarily knock out Bradley with a horseshoe in the final section of the race, his final trick results in his second-in-command, Tank, and Max getting trapped underneath the burning wreckage of a logo. As Bradley passes them by, Max and Goofy rescue Tank, who assists Max in winning the race. Afterwards, Bradley concedes his defeat as good sportsmanship and tells Max he will go through with their bet. However, Max calls off the bet, allowing a vengeful Tank to advance on Bradley for leaving him to die and fling him into the X Games blimp overhead. During graduation day, Max gives Goofy his grand prize trophy engraved with an affirmation of their bond to make amends for his outburst towards him as an apology gift. Now free of his empty nest syndrome, Goofy drives off with Sylvia, restoring their relationship.

Voice cast
 Jason Marsden as Max Goof. Now 19-years-old and college-bound, his attempts to distance himself from Goofy wind up making things worse for him. By finally accepting Goofy as a major part of his life, he was able to find the independence he long sought. Bob Baxter and Steven Trenbirth served as the supervising animators for Max.
 Bill Farmer as Goofy. Goofy inconveniences the lives of those around him by accident, but always has the best intentions at heart. He spends most of the movie coming to terms with not being needed as a guardian for Max anymore. Andrew Collins served as the supervising animator for Goofy.
 Jeff Bennett as Bradley Uppercrust III, the leader of the Gamma Mu Mu fraternity and the main antagonist of the film. He is extremely arrogant and proud of his position as head of the fraternity and will do everything he can to keep it that way. Kevin Peaty served as the supervising animator for Bradley.
 Bennett also voices the Unemployment Lady, Chuck the Sportscaster, Ken Clark (uncredited), a diminutive member of the Gammas (uncredited), and an X-Games referee (uncredited).
 Jim Cummings as Pete, P.J.'s father. Unlike Goofy, Pete is looking forward to rid himself of P.J. According to P.J., Pete intends to turn the latter's room into a bowling alley once he leaves for college.
 Cummings also voices Flea Beekins, Goofy's boss at his former job at the local toy factory (uncredited), a member of the Gammas who wears sunglasses (uncredited), and both a professor and a tour guide at the college (both uncredited).
 Vicki Lewis as the Beret Girl, a charismatic beatnik and suave stage performer in the college café called the "Bean Scene". She becomes P.J.'s love interest when the latter shows innate talent in poetry, and supports Max's group in general as they take on the Gammas. Kevin Peaty served as the supervising animator for the Beret Girl.
Bebe Neuwirth as Sylvia Marpole, the college librarian who immediately becomes Goofy's love interest when she is shown to share Goofy's love for American culture from the 1970s. Andrew Collins served as the supervising animator for Sylvia.
 Rob Paulsen as P.J., Max's best friend since childhood. Unlike Max, P.J. is somewhat woeful about how he never earned his dad's genuine respect but finds confidence after meeting with Beret Girl. Bob Baxter and Steven Trenbirth served as the supervising animators for P.J.
 Paulsen also voices a member of the Gammas with black hair and a big snout (uncredited), and an attendant at the X-Games semifinals (uncredited).
 Pauly Shore as Robert "Bobby" Zimuruski, Max's other best friend. Bobby became enamored with Beret Girl upon seeing her for the first time, but she turned him down for trying too hard to impress her. Bob Baxter and Steven Trenbirth served as the supervising animators for Bobby. Unlike the first film, Shore receives credit for his work.
 Brad Garrett as Tank, the second-in-command (later current leader) of the Gammas. Tank is big in stature, towering over the other characters, and serves as a typical muscle man for the Gammas.
Additional voices include Paddi Edwards as a receptionist (in her final film role) and Kath Soucie, Jenna von Oÿ (who voiced Stacey in the first film) and Cree Summer as college students.

Soundtrack
Unlike its predecessor, this film has no musical sequences where the characters sing on-screen. However, a number of songs are used in the soundtrack and have been included in the official album release which is titled Disney's An Extremely Goofy Movie Dance Party!, released in February 2000 alongside the film itself.
 "Future's So Bright I Gotta Wear Shades" – Pat Benatar and Neil Giraldo
 "Don't Give Up" – John Avila, Terrence A. Carson, Carmen Carter and Carl Graves
 "Nowhere to Run" – John Avila
 "Pressure Drop" – The Specials
 "Shake Your Groove Thing" – Peaches & Herb
 "You Make Me Feel Like Dancing" – Carmen Carter and Donnie McClurkin
 ESPN X Games Theme 1 and Theme 2
 "C'mon Get Happy!" – The Partridge Family
 "Knock on Wood" – Carmen Carter
 ESPN X Games Theme 3
 "Right Back Where We Started From" – Cleopatra

Reception
The film was released on February 29, 2000 to positive reviews from critics, who called it "likable," "fun," "funny," "ambitious and surprisingly good," and Goofy's character in the film "limber and funny as ever." Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 63% approval rating with an average rating of 5.4/10, based on eight reviews, making it one of the few Disney sequels to be rated higher than its predecessor. The Houston Chronicles Bruce Westbrook praised its "fluid" animation, "handsomely detailed" backgrounds, and the "charming" sequences with the Beret Girl. Randy Myers of the Contra Costa Times complimented its positive take on the father-and-son relationship trope as "refreshing" compared to other films painting it in a negative manner. Many touches were positively noted, such as the elements of 1970s' culture, the soundtrack (particularly its 1970s tracks and the newly-recorded covers), movie parodies (such as The Gooffather, The Goofinator and Pup Fiction Too), and a line making fun of characters "always wearing gloves" in the Disney universe. Subplots such the skateboard competition and the "sweet" relationship between Goofy and Sylvia were highlighted as well.An Extremely Goofy Movies less favorable reviews categorized the film as a weaker version of Rodney Dangerfield's Back to School. and the Los Angeles Times Susan King who wrote that despite "some funny lines and scenes," it had too little emotionally due to a lack of character development for Goofy. Michael Scheinfeld of Common Sense Media praised the film's morals of "the importance of education, of not cheating, and staying focused on one's goals," but disliked its attempts to be hip and the "less-than-exemplary character traits" that paint an inaccurate picture of college students. Barbara Bova of Naples Daily News also dismissed the film for the immature behavior of the college students as well as the dysfunctional relationship between Max and Goofy and a "depressing," humorless plot where "the adults are no smarter than the kids" and "Goofy is the essential innocent who is stupid with a capital S." Scheinfeld also called the animation "less sophisticated than Disney's theatrical films, but features some amusing and stylish touches, such as a psychedelic dream sequence in the style of Yellow Submarine, and a school dance that Goofy turns into a disco inferno."

Petrana Radulovic of Polygon, in 2019, ranked An Extremely Goofy Movie the sixth best Disney sequel, labeling it as "all delightfully bonkers" and claiming its best aspects to be the Beret Girl and Bobby's poke on Disney characters wearing gloves; she also, however, criticized some of its content as "stuck in a gnarly late-'90s vortex."An Extremely Goofy Movie'' won the award for "Best Animated Home Video Production" and Bill Farmer was nominated for "Best Voice Acting by a Male Performer" at the 28th Annie Awards in 2000.

Censorship
Following the September 11 attacks in 2001, the scene in which Goofy rescues Max and Tank from under the burning X Games logo structure was removed from television broadcasts of the film; the scene remains in all other versions of the movie, but the broadcast version skips this scene entirely to show them skating out of the wreckage.

References

External links

2000 animated films
2000 films
2000 direct-to-video films
2000s American animated films
2000s buddy comedy films
2000s children's animated films
2000 comedy films
2000s coming-of-age comedy films
2000 directorial debut films
2000s English-language films
American buddy comedy films
American children's animated comedy films
American coming-of-age comedy films
American sequel films
American television series finales
Animated buddy films
Animated coming-of-age films
Animated films based on animated series
Australian animated feature films
Australian comedy films
Direct-to-video comedy films
Direct-to-video sequel films
Disney direct-to-video animated films
DisneyToon Studios animated films
Disney Television Animation films
Films about dysfunctional families
Films about fraternities and sororities
Animated films about father–son relationships
Films about librarians
Films scored by Steve Bartek
Animated films set in the United States
Films set in universities and colleges
Goof Troop
Goofy (Disney) films
Midlife crisis films
Skateboarding films
Australian animated comedy films

An Extremely Goofy Movie


Brian Pederson (born May 6, 1981 in Sioux Falls, South Dakota) is an American soccer player who played for Rochester Thunder in the USL Premier Development League.

Career

College and Amateur
Pederson attended Roosevelt High School and played collegiate soccer at Salem International University in West Virginia where he was a three-year captain and was selected to the All-Conference and All-Region teams. He also spent the 2003 and 2004 seasons with the Sioux Falls Spitfire of the USL Premier Development League.

Professional
Pederson signed with the Minnesota Thunder of the USL First Division in 2007, and spent the next two seasons playing with the team, but only made one first team appearance, clocking just 18 minutes of field time.

In 2009 Pederson signed with Minnesota's development team, Rochester Thunder, in their inaugural campaign in the USL Premier Development League. Pederson scored the first goal in Rochester's franchise history on May 9, 2009, in a game against Des Moines Menace.

Personal
Pederson also was the assistant coach at Andover High School in Andover, Minnesota. He is also owner and operator of his own sports soccer company, A-game Soccer, LLC.

External links
 Minnesota Thunder Player Profile

References

1981 births
American men's soccer players
USL First Division players
USL League Two players
Living people
Minnesota Thunder players
Rochester Thunder players
Sioux Falls Spitfire players
Men's association football defenders

Brian Pederson


Lambda is the name of a series of Japanese carrier rockets. It consisted of the types Lambda 2, LS-A, LSC-3, Lambda 3, Lambda 4 and LS-C, developed jointly by Institute of Industrial Science of University of Tokyo, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of Tokyo University, and Prince Motor Company, which merged with Nissan in 1966.

On February 11, 1970, the first Japanese satellite Ohsumi was launched using a Lambda 4 rocket.

Lambda series rockets did not have guidance systems, as they had the potential to be converted for offensive military use, thus interpreted as a violation of Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution. However, future Japanese launch vehicles, such as the H-II, were allowed to have guidance systems.

The Lambda 4 was launched nine times, though five were failures. The first launch of the Lambda 4S rocket took place on September 26, 1966, from Kagoshima. A fourth-stage attitude control failed resulting in loss of the vehicle and payload.

Launches
Lambda rockets were launched by ISAS, from Kagoshima pad L:

References

Solid-fuel rockets
Space launch vehicles of Japan
Rocket families
Japanese inventions

Lambda (rocket family)


Francis Winter Boggs (March 1870 – October 27, 1911) was an American stage actor and pioneer silent film director. He was one of the first to direct a film in Hollywood.

Biography
He was born in Santa Rosa, California to George W. Boggs and Alabama McMeans.  While in his teens he began acting with the Alcazar stock company in San Francisco and toured the American southwest. In 1900, he moved to Los Angeles, but in 1902, he went to Chicago, where he continued to work in theatre. There, he met William Nicholas Selig and in 1907 became involved with the making of motion pictures at Selig's Polyscope studios in Chicago. With cameraman and jack of all trades Thomas Persons, Boggs made one of his earliest films, Monte Cristo. He completed the interior shots at the Chicago studio, but shot the scenes of Edmond Dantès emerging from the sea at the beach near Los Angeles.

In Chicago in 1908, he made The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays, which had its writer, L. Frank Baum, present a slide show and films as a live travelogue presentation of his Oz story. In March 1909, he returned to the west coast, where he filmed In the Sultan's Power, one of the first motion pictures completely made in Los Angeles. He left Los Angeles in April to go on location in Yosemite and Oakland in California and the Hood River Valley in Oregon. In October, Boggs returned to Los Angeles and rented a small bungalow in the Edendale district as a permanent base from which he operated a west coast satellite studio for Selig. Other East Coast studios soon began filming on the west coast to take advantage of its moderate climate. Among people Boggs started in the film industry were actor-director Hobart Bosworth, actor-director Robert Z. Leonard, cowboy star Art Acord, and actresses Betty Harte, Bessie Eyton, and Bebe Daniels. (The Sergeant, a Western short in Yosemite produced and directed by Boggs and written and starring Bosworth, was released in September 1910.) He also gave Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle his first movie work, 1909's Ben's Kid, and made four short films with him.

Boggs was shot to death by Frank Minnimatsu on October 27, 1911, when Minnimatsu, a caretaker and janitor, who had been fired before the shooting for smoking cigarettes in the garage and while drunk firing shots into a gasoline tank in the garage, became violently deranged. Studio owner Selig tried to wrestle the gun away from the man and he too was shot, wounded in the arm. Ironically, that same day in 1911, David Horsley and Al Christie set up their Nestor Studios in Hollywood, sounding the death knell for Edendale as the film production center of Los Angeles. Within two years, more than a dozen film companies would follow Boggs' example and establish facilities in and around Los Angeles.

Boggs was buried at Graceland Cemetery in Chicago.

His film The Sergeant was part of a group of seventy-five early American films found in New Zealand in 2010; the film was preserved by the Academy Film Archive in 2012.

References

External links

1870 births
1911 deaths
American male screenwriters
19th-century American male actors
American male stage actors
20th-century American male actors
Burials at Graceland Cemetery (Chicago)
Deaths by firearm in California
Male actors from Santa Rosa, California
People murdered in California
Silent film directors
Film directors from California
Film producers from California
Screenwriters from California
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
19th-century American businesspeople

Francis Boggs


Liver cancer is malignant tumors on, or in, a liver. The most common form of liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma, which is more common in those with cirrhosis of the liver, which may be caused by alcohol abuse, Wilson's disease, or hepatitis. Hepatoblastoma occurs most often in children.

Cancer
Liver disease

Liver cancer


A parlay, accumulator (or acca), combo bet, or multi is a single bet that links together two or more individual wagers, usually seen in sports betting.  Winning the parlay is dependent on all of those wagers winning together.  If any of the bets in the parlay lose, the entire parlay loses. If any of the plays in the parlay ties, or "pushes", the parlay reverts to a lower number of wagers with the payout odds reducing accordingly.  Parlay bets are high-risk, high-reward; linking the possibilities drastically reduces the chance of the bet paying off overall.  The benefit of the parlay is that there are much higher pay-offs, although as usual, casinos and bookkeepers offering parlays often exploit the poor calculation of gamblers by not increasing the pay-out as much as the odds truly demand, with the effect of the house edge increasing in parlays.

Although a variety of bets can be used to build a parlay bet, correlated parlays are usually not allowed at betting sites. Correlated parlays are two or more bets from the same game that rely on a closely related outcome: for example, betting that a football (soccer) team might both score more than three goals in a match, and also win the match.  These are not independent events, as a team that scores more than three goals is also very likely to win the match.  A naive application of odds that treated these events as uncorrelated would not accurately reflect the probability of the linked bet.

Odds and payout
Parlay bets are paid out at odds higher than the typical single game bet, but still below the "true" odds. For instance, a common two-team NFL parlay based entirely on the spread generally has a payout of 2.64:1. In reality, however, if one assumes that each single game bet is 50/50, the true payout should instead be 3:1.

Examples

Typical payouts for up to 10 team parlay bet
The following is an example of a traditional Las Vegas Parlay Card, which shows the typical payouts for an up to 10 team parlay bet based on −110 prices (amount won is assuming $100 is bet):

Profitability of parlays in sports betting
Many gamblers have mixed feelings as to whether or not parlays are a wise play. The best way to analyze if they are profitable in the long term is by calculating the expected value. The formula for expected value is:  . Since the probability of all possible events will add up to 1 this can also be looked at as the weighted average of the event. The table below represents odds.

Column 1 = number of individual bets in the parlay

Column 2 = correct odds of winning with 50% chance of winning each individual bet

Column 3 = odds payout of parlay at the sportsbook

Column 4 = correct odds of winning parlay with 55% chance of winning each individual bet

The table illustrates that if a 55% chance of winning each individual bet were achievable, parlays would be profitable in the long term. Compare the expected value received on an individual bet at a typical price of −110 with a 55% chance of winning: ((100/110+1)*.55)−1 = .05 (exactly 5 cents won for every dollar bet on average), multiplied by 11 = .55, to the expected return on the 11 game parlay ((1234/717.8)−1) = .719 (72 cents won for every dollar bet on average).  In this case a parlay has a much higher expected value than individual bets with greatly increased variance in outcomes.

See also
Full cover bet
Trixie (bet)
Each-Way (bet)
Progressive parlay

References

Wagering
Sports betting

Parlay


Portland Riverwalk, located in the Ionia County, Michigan city of Portland, is a rail trail connected to a system of similar trails  in total length. Used for walking, bike riding, and various sports activities, it has served as one of the city's main focal features.

History
Portland rests on both the site of the big alls under the water. Looking Glass River and the Grand River; the city itself is known as the "City of Two Rivers".

Although the exact year of the trail's birth is not clearly defined, its lifespan continues to grow, as there have been more additions to its length in recent years. There have also been additions to the existing trail system to provide more comfort for passersby; this includes an observation deck and gazebo, and a long string of benches, each of them dedicated to an individual who has served the city of Portland.

During a walk, one could discover possibly one or two of the city's four historic metal truss bridges. All of them have been preserved, though only one bridge still stands in its original location and continues to serve vehicular traffic. The other three bridges have all been moved to different areas of the town and reserved for pedestrian use only.

Location
Some of the important locations are:
Trailhead on Gibbs Road
Bridge over the Grand River

Tourist Attraction Zone
The Riverwalk has one endpoint located at the Portland High School; from there, it heads east and begins to surround virtually all the city. It frequently runs parallel to either the Grand or the Looking Glass, and therefore highlights the area's natural beauty.

Even though the trail system is in a suburban location, the Riverwalk offers a variety of scenic sites that range from neighborhood sidewalks and city pavement to quiet wooded areas and fields.

Reviews
Due to its popularity with both residents and tourists, this rail trail continues to flourish and spread itself around the city and throughout.

References

External links
portland-michigan.org
portlandmichigan.com
portlandmichigan.us
portlandmainstreet.org
portlandriverfest.com

Protected areas of Ionia County, Michigan
Rail trails in Michigan

Portland Riverwalk


Southern Cross railway station is located on the Eastern Goldfields Railway in Western Australia. It serves the town of Southern Cross.

History
Southern Cross opened as the original terminus of Eastern Goldfields Railway on 1 July 1894. In 1896, the line was extended east to Coolgardie. It became a junction station when a line to Wyalkatchem opened.

When a new standard gauge Eastern Goldfields Railway was built, it bypassed the town. The old narrow gauge line closed in the mid 1970s and the old station was closed and demolished. A new station opened on the standard gauge line on 1 May 1967. To the west of the station lies a yard to serve a grain silo.

Services
The Prospector service, which runs each way between East Perth and Kalgoorlie once or twice each day, stops at Southern Cross.

The Indian Pacific also passes here, running once or twice a week (depending on the time of year) each way between East Perth and Sydney Central, but does not stop at the station.

References

Transwa railway stations
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1894
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1967

Southern Cross railway station, Western Australia


Sigmund Feyling (8 May 1895 – 1980) was a priest who served as a civil servant representing Nasjonal Samling during the Second World War.

He was born in Egersund. He finished his secondary education in 1916, took the cand.theol. degree in 1924, practical-theological seminary in 1926 and was ordained as a priest in the same year. He was appointed as a curate in his hometown in 1926, promoted to vicar in 1929 and dean in 1936.

During the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany he joined the Fascist party Nasjonal Samling. In February 1941 he was appointed as deputy under-secretary of state in the Ministry of Education and Church Affairs, and his tenure which lasted until 1945 was marked by an endeavor to nazificate the Church of Norway. He issued Liv og lære (1937, reissue 1941), Kirke og stat (1941) and Kirkelig hvitbok (1942).

After the war he worked part time for the Inner Mission in Oslo between 1955 and 1964. He resided in Oslo. He died in 1980.

References

1895 births
1980 deaths
People from Egersund
University of Oslo alumni
Norwegian priests
Norwegian civil servants
People convicted of treason for Nazi Germany against Norway
Members of Nasjonal Samling

Members of the clergy convicted of crimes

Sigmund Feyling


Nikolaus Nilles (21 June 1828–31 January 1907) was a Roman Catholic writer and teacher.

Life

He was born into a wealthy peasant family of Rippweiler, Luxembourg. After completing his gymnasium studies brilliantly, he went to Rome where from 1847 to 1854, as a student of the Collegium Germanicum, he laid the foundation of his ascetic life and, as a pupil of the Gregorian University, under the guidance of distinguished scholars (Antonio Ballerini, Johann Baptist Franzelin, Carlo Passaglia, Giovanni Perrone, Francis Xavier Patrizi, Clement Schrader and Camillo Tarquini), prepared the way for his subsequent scholarly career.

When he left Rome in 1854, he took with him, in addition to the double doctorate of theology and Canon law, two mementoes which lasted throughout his life: his grey hair and a disease of the heart, possibly the result of his experiences in Rome in the revolutionary year 1848-9. From 1853 to 1858 he labored in his own country as chaplain and parish priest, and during this time made his first literary attempts. In March, 1858, he entered the Austrian Province of the Society of Jesus and, in the autumn of 1859, was summoned by his superiors to Innsbruck to fill the chair of canon law in the theological faculty, which Emperor Francis Joseph I had shortly before entrusted to the Austrian Jesuits.

Nilles lectured throughout his life — after 1898 usually to the North American theologians, to whom he gave special instructions on canonical conditions in their country, for which task no one was better qualified than he. His Commentaria in Concilium Baltimorense tertium (1884–90) and his short essay, Tolerari potest, gained him a wide reputation. Martin Blum enumerates in his by no means complete bibliography fifty-seven works, of which the two principal are: De rationibus festorum sacratissimi Cordis Jesu et purissimi Cordis Mariae libri quatuor (2 vols., 5th ed., Innsbruck, 1885) and Kalendarium manuale utriusque Ecclesiae orientalis et occidentalis (2 vols., 2nd ed., Innsbruck, 1896). Through the latter work he became widely known in the world of scholars. In particular Protestants and Orthodox Russians expressed themselves in terms of the highest praise for the Kalendarium or Heortologion.

Professor Adolf von Harnack of Berlin wrote of it in the Theologische Literaturzeitung (XXI, 1896, 350-2): "I have . . . frequently made use of the work . . . and it has always proved a reliable guide. whose information was derived from original sources. There is scarcely another scholar as well versed as the author in the feasts of Catholicism. His knowledge is based not only on his own observations, but on books periodicals, papers, and calendars of the past and present. The Feasts of Catholicism! The title is self-explanatory; yet, though the basis of these ordinances is uniform, the details are of infinite variety, since the work treats not only of the Latin but also of the Eastern Rites. The latter, it is well known, are divided into Greek, Syriac, Coptic, Armenian ..."

Of the second volume Harnack wrote (ibid., XXXIII, 1898, 112 sq.): "Facts which elsewhere would have to be sought under difficulties are here marshaled in lucid order, and a very carefully arranged index facilitates inquiry. Apart from the principal aim of the work, it offers valuable information concerning recent Eastern Catholic ecclesiastical history, also authorities and literature useful to the historian of liturgy and creeds. ... His arduous and disinterested toil will be rewarded by the general gratitude, and his work will long prove useful not only to every theologian 'utriusque', but also 'cuiusque ecclesiae'".

The Romanian Academy in Bucharest awarded a prize to this work. Soon after the appearance of the second edition of the "Kalendarium", the Russian Holy Synod issued from the synodal printing office in Moscow a "Festbilderatlas" intended to a certain extent as the official Orthodox illustrations for the work. Nilles was not only a distinguished university professor, but also a director of ecclesiastical students. For fifteen years (1860–75) he presided over the theological seminary of Innsbruck, an international institution where young men from all parts of Europe and the United States were trained for the priesthood.

Notes

References

Luxembourgian educators
Luxembourgian non-fiction writers
1828 births
1907 deaths
Luxembourgian Jesuits
Alumni of the Athénée de Luxembourg
Roman Catholic writers
19th-century Jesuits

Nikolaus Nilles


The single subject amendment is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution that would impose the single-subject rule on federal legislation, limiting the content of bills introduced in Congress to a single subject.  The amendment would have the effect of limiting legislative tactics such as logrolling, earmarks, and pork barrel spending.  It would also discourage the use of very long omnibus spending bills which are difficult for legislators to read and analyze in the time frame needed for a vote, and to which unrelated riders are often added late in the legislative process.  As of 2016, 41 states have single-subject rules in their state constitutions, but the federal Congress has no such rule.  Many of these state and local provisions are over a century old, and litigation is often used to enforce the provisions.

The amendment is promoted by a 527 SuperPAC also called Single Subject Amendment, which is seeking passage of the amendment through either the Congressional route or through calling a convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution.  A federal amendment was proposed as early as 1999 in a law journal article by Brannon Denning and Brooks R. Smith. The Florida Legislature in 2014 passed a memorial applying to Congress to call a convention for this purpose.  A bill was introduced in the 113th Congress, and again in the 114th Congress, to propose the amendment by Congressman Tom Marino. This bill has also been introduced by Congressman Marino in the 115th Congress as H.J.Res. 25.  The rule has also been proposed as a law, the One Subject At a Time Act, by Representative Mia Love, which would allow courts to strike down legislation that did not fulfill the rule.

References

External links

Proposed amendments to the United States Constitution

Single subject amendment


Pharos University in Alexandria (PUA)  جامعة فاروس بالإسكندرية is a non-governmental and profit making university in Alexandria, Egypt.

It obtained the license from the Egyptian Supreme Council of Private Universities to begin operation in the 2006–2007 academic year. It includes eleven faculties: Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Dentistry, Engineering, Languages and Translation, Financial and Administrative Sciences, Legal Studies and International Relations, Tourism and Hotel Management, Allied Medical Sciences, Mass Communication, Physical Therapy, Arts and Design.

Faculty of Engineering
The faculty consists of the following departments:
Construction Engineering & Management Department.
Architectural Engineering Department.
Computer Engineering Department.
Electrical Engineering Department:
Electrical Power Engineering & Control Section.
Electronics & Communications Engineering Section.
Mechanical Engineering Department:
Mechanical Power Engineering Section.
Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Section.
Petrochemical Engineering Department.

External links
Pharos University in Alexandria (English language site)

Universities in Egypt
Educational institutions established in 2006
2006 establishments in Egypt

Pharos University in Alexandria


The Aegean cat () is a breed of cat. It first lived on the Cyclades islands on the Aegean Sea. This is how it got its name. Because it was an island cat, it likes to play in water and to catch fish.

The Aegean now lives all over Greece and is a common domestic cat that lives in homes. But there are also many that are feral in Greece. This means they are not tame and they run wild. They hang around fishing ports begging for food. This breed is probably the only cat that began in Greece.

Appearance

Aegean cat fur is medium long. It gives good protection during bad winter weather. They have two or three colors. One of the colors is always white, with no yellow tone. Other colors can be black, red, blue, and cream. The fur may or may not have tabby stripes. These cats are strong with muscles and are medium-sized. The paws are medium in size and have a round shape. The eyes are always green and they have an almond shape.

Aegeans as pets
The Aegean cat has been tame for hundreds of years and has been living where people are. So it is a friendly and intelligent pet that likes attention. The Aegean can not only live in an apartment, but is also a good rodent catcher outside.

References

Other websites
Short profile about the Aegean cat

Cat breeds
Natural cat breeds

Aegean cat


The Baku Stock Exchange (BSE) () is the main stock exchange in Azerbaijan. BSE is organized in the form of a closed joint stock company with 19 shareholders.

Activity
Baku Stock Exchange trades short-term treasury bonds, common stocks (primarily from former state-owned enterprises that have been privatized, including food and beverage, construction, and banking companies), and foreign currency futures.

BSE carries out trading corporate securities. Trading, on primary and secondary markets of government securities (T-bills of the Ministry of Finance of Azerbaijan and banknotes of the Central Bank of Azerbaijan) are carried out solely at BSE. The state regulatory authority for the stock exchange and the Azerbaijani securities market is the Financial Markets Supervisor Authority.

BSE's activity is regulated by the following legislative acts and documents:
 The Civil Code of Azerbaijan
 The normative-legal acts of the State Committee for Securities of Azerbaijan
 The internal rules of BSE

History
Initiative group for establishment of the Stock Exchange was organized on 25 December 1999. Baku Stock Exchange began its operations on February 15. The first trading operation at the stock exchange was carried out on September 1, 2000.

Corporate bonds started to be traded on BSE in January 2004. The first equity trade on Baku Stock Exchange was carried out in April 2004. Central Bank began to trade its Notes on Baku Stock Exchange on September 14, 2004. Azerbaijan Mortgage Fund started to trade its bonds on BSE in June 2009. Market maker institution of BSE was established in January 2013. Derivative financial instruments started to be traded on BSE in March 2014. Electronic trading system (BETP), which is the core for trading and post-trading processes. This system is characterized by a high degree of integration and was developed by Montran in 2023 as part of the "Capital Market Modernization of the Republic of Azerbaijan" program.
.

Management
The current head of the board of directors of BSE is Eldar Abdullayev. The supervisory board is headed by Yashar Mammadov.

Organizational structure

Bell events
Opening and closing bells on the BSE symbolize the beginning and end of each trading day of securities. As trading transactions are carried out electronically, bell-ringing ceremonies are only used to keep the tradition. These ceremonies are conducted to highlight important events regarding the stock market, as well as to bring attention to social affairs.

Another event was conducted on March 9, 2017 with the attendance of BSE in "Ring the Bell for Gender Equality" initiative to raise the awareness of gender equality organized by UN Women, IFC, Sustainable Stock Exchanges Initiative, Women in ETFs and World Federation of Exchanges.

Trading hours
The exchange's normal trading sessions are from 10:00 a.m. till 1:00 p.m. and from 2:00 p.m. till 4:30 p.m. (local time, UTC+4) from Monday till Friday. The exchange is closed for the following days: Saturday, Sunday and official non-working day declared by the Government for public holidays.

See also
 Financial Markets Supervisor Authority
 List of stock exchanges
 List of European stock exchanges

References

Stock exchanges in Europe
Stock exchanges in Asia
Capital markets of Azerbaijan
Financial regulatory authorities of Azerbaijan
Economy of Azerbaijan
Economy of Baku
Financial services companies established in 2000
2000 establishments in Azerbaijan

Baku Stock Exchange


Schiedea sarmentosa is a rare species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae known by the common name cliff schiedea. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known only from the island of Molokai. It is threatened by the degradation and destruction of its habitat. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.

This plant is a subshrub with many branches reaching 30 to 45 centimeters tall. It has very narrow, threadlike leaves up to 4.5 centimeters long oppositely arranged on the branches. The plant produces many inflorescences of flowers with green sepals and no petals. It grows in dry and moist forest habitat, sometimes on cliff faces. Other plants in the habitat include Schiedea lydgatei (Lydgate's schiedea), Styphelia tameiameiae (pukiawe), Chenopodium oahuensis ('aheahea), Alyxia oliviformis (maile), Dracaena sp. (hala pepe), and Chamaesyce sp. ('akoko).

There are two populations of this plant for a total of not more than 1000 individuals.

References

External links
USDA Plants Profile

sarmentosa
Endemic flora of Hawaii
Biota of Molokai
Plants described in 1946

Schiedea sarmentosa


Glendale Fashion Center was a regional shopping mall in Glendale, California anchored by department stores, which today is the site of a large power center by the same name.

The center opened in 1966 anchored by a J. W. Robinson's department store, as well as Joseph Magnin and Desmond's. Later, Joseph Magnin moved to the Glendale Galleria and a local retailer, Webb's, expanded the space from 30,000 to 67,500 square feet and moved into it on September 27, 1979.

After damage from the 1994 Northridge earthquake, the mall was demolished and the site was turned into an open-air power center, the 264,474-square-foot center with anchors including Strouds Linens, Michaels, Ross Dress for Less, Ralphs supermarket, Longs Drugs
(now CVS Pharmacy), Barnes and Noble, and Nordstrom Rack.

References

Buildings and structures in Glendale, California
 Shopping malls in the San Fernando Valley

Glendale Fashion Center