In mathematics, a covering group of a topological group H is a covering space G of H such that G is a topological group and the covering map  is a continuous group homomorphism. The map p is called the covering homomorphism. A frequently occurring case is a double covering group, a topological double cover in which H has index 2 in G; examples include the spin groups, pin groups, and metaplectic groups.

Roughly explained, saying that for example the metaplectic group Mp2n is a double cover of the symplectic group Sp2n means that there are always two elements in the metaplectic group representing one element in the symplectic group.

Properties
Let G be a covering group of H. The kernel K of the covering homomorphism is just the fiber over the identity in H and is a discrete normal subgroup of G. The kernel K is closed in G if and only if G is Hausdorff (and if and only if H is Hausdorff). Going in the other direction, if G is any topological group and K is a discrete normal subgroup of G then the quotient map p : G → G/K is a covering homomorphism.

If G is connected then K, being a discrete normal subgroup, necessarily lies in the center of G and is therefore abelian. In this case, the center of H = G/K is given by

As with all covering spaces, the fundamental group of G injects into the fundamental group of H. Since the fundamental group of a topological group is always abelian, every covering group is a normal covering space. In particular, if G is path-connected then the quotient group  is isomorphic to K. The group K acts simply transitively on the fibers (which are just left cosets) by right multiplication. The group G is then a principal K-bundle over H.

If G is a covering group of H then the groups G and H are locally isomorphic. Moreover, given any two connected locally isomorphic groups H1 and H2, there exists a topological group G with discrete normal subgroups K1 and K2 such that H1 is isomorphic to G/K1 and H2 is isomorphic to G/K2.

Group structure on a covering space
Let H be a topological group and let G be a covering space of H. If G and H are both path-connected and locally path-connected, then for any choice of element e* in the fiber over e ∈ H, there exists a unique topological group structure on G, with e* as the identity, for which the covering map p : G → H is a homomorphism.

The construction is as follows. Let a and b be elements of G and let f and g be paths in G starting at e* and terminating at a and b respectively. Define a path h : I → H by h(t) = p(f(t))p(g(t)). By the path-lifting property of covering spaces there is a unique lift of h to G with initial point e*. The product ab is defined as the endpoint of this path. By construction we have p(ab) = p(a)p(b). One must show that this definition is independent of the choice of paths f and g, and also that the group operations are continuous.

Alternatively, the group law on G can be constructed by lifting the group law H × H → H to G, using the lifting property of the covering map G × G → H × H.

The non-connected case is interesting and is studied in the papers by Taylor and by Brown-Mucuk cited below. Essentially there is an obstruction to the existence of a universal cover which is also a topological group such that the covering map is a morphism: this obstruction lies in the third cohomology group of the group of components of G with coefficients in the fundamental group of G at the identity.

Universal covering group
If H is a path-connected, locally path-connected, and semilocally simply connected group then it has a universal cover. By the previous construction the universal cover can be made into a topological group with the covering map a continuous homomorphism. This group is called the universal covering group of H. There is also a more direct construction which we give below.

Let PH be the path group of H. That is, PH is the space of paths in H based at the identity together with the compact-open topology. The product of paths is given by pointwise multiplication, i.e. (fg)(t) = f(t)g(t). This gives PH the structure of a topological group. There is a natural group homomorphism PH → H which sends each path to its endpoint. The universal cover of H is given as the quotient of PH by the normal subgroup of null-homotopic loops. The projection PH → H descends to the quotient giving the covering map. One can show that the universal cover is simply connected and the kernel is just the fundamental group of H. That is, we have a short exact sequence

where  is the universal cover of H. Concretely, the universal covering group of H is the space of homotopy classes of paths in H with pointwise multiplication of paths. The covering map sends each path class to its endpoint.

Lattice of covering groups
As the above suggest, if a group has a universal covering group (if it is path-connected, locally path-connected, and semilocally simply connected), with discrete center, then the set of all topological groups that are covered by the universal covering group form a lattice, corresponding to the lattice of subgroups of the center of the universal covering group: inclusion of subgroups corresponds to covering of quotient groups. The maximal element is the universal covering group  while the minimal element is the universal covering group mod its center, .

This corresponds algebraically to the universal perfect central extension (called "covering group", by analogy) as the maximal element, and a group mod its center as minimal element.

This is particularly important for Lie groups, as these groups are all the (connected) realizations of a particular Lie algebra. For many Lie groups the center is the group of scalar matrices, and thus the group mod its center is the projectivization of the Lie group. These covers are important in studying projective representations of Lie groups, and spin representations lead to the discovery of spin groups: a projective representation of a Lie group need not come from a linear representation of the group, but does come from a linear representation of some covering group, in particular the universal covering group. The finite analog led to the covering group or Schur cover, as discussed above.

A key example arises from SL2(R), which has center {±1} and fundamental group Z.  It is a double cover of the centerless projective special linear group PSL2(R), which is obtained by taking the quotient by the center.  By Iwasawa decomposition, both groups are circle bundles over the complex upper half-plane, and their universal cover  is a real line bundle over the half-plane that forms one of Thurston's eight geometries.  Since the half-plane is contractible, all bundle structures are trivial.  The preimage of SL2(Z) in the universal cover is isomorphic to the braid group on three strands.

Lie groups

The above definitions and constructions all apply to the special case of Lie groups. In particular, every covering of a manifold is a manifold, and the covering homomorphism becomes a smooth map. Likewise, given any discrete normal subgroup of a Lie group the quotient group is a Lie group and the quotient map is a covering homomorphism.

Two Lie groups are locally isomorphic if and only if their Lie algebras are isomorphic. This implies that a homomorphism φ  : G → H of Lie groups is a covering homomorphism if and only if the induced map on Lie algebras

is an isomorphism.

Since for every Lie algebra  there is a unique simply connected Lie group G with Lie algebra , from this follows that the universal covering group of a connected Lie group H is the (unique) simply connected Lie group G having the same Lie algebra as H.

Examples
 The universal covering group of the circle group T is the additive group of real numbers R with the covering homomorphism given by the exponential function exp: R → T. The kernel of the exponential map is isomorphic to Z.
 For any integer n we have a covering group of the circle by itself T → T which sends z to zn. The kernel of this homomorphism is the cyclic group consisting of the nth roots of unity.
 The rotation group SO(3) has as a universal cover the group SU(2) which is isomorphic to the group of versors in the quaternions. This is a double cover since the kernel has order 2. (cf the tangloids.)
 The unitary group U(n) is covered by the compact group T × SU(n) with the covering homomorphism given by p(z, A) = zA. The universal cover is  R × SU(n).
 The special orthogonal group SO(n) has a double cover called the spin group Spin(n). For n ≥ 3, the spin group is the universal cover of SO(n).
 For n ≥ 2, the universal cover of the special linear group SL(n, R) is not a matrix group (i.e. it has no faithful finite-dimensional representations).

References

Topological groups
Lie groups

Covering group


Donald Henry "Pee Wee" Gaskins Jr. (March 13, 1933 – September 6, 1991) was an American serial killer.  He was executed by electrocution by South Carolina in 1991.

Gaskins was born in South Carolina, the last in a string of illegitimate children.  Due to his smallness, he was nicknamed "Pee Wee".  His youth was characterized by considerable neglect; for instance, when he was one year old, he drank a bottle of kerosene.  He grew to 5 foot 2 inch and 130 pounds.

Gaskins' serial crime began before the concept was even realized, as a juvenile, which included along with a group of other youths: robberies, assaults and a gang rape.  In prison, he was regularly raped.  He escaped from prison in 1955 by sitting in the back of a garbage truck and fled to Florida; he was re-arrested, remanded and paroled in August 1961.

During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Gaskins murdered several teenaged girls and young women.  He was later found guilty of eight counts of murder and sentenced to death by South Carolina.  While on death row, Gaskins murdered a fellow death row inmate, earning him the title "Meanest Man in America".  Gaskins was put to death in the electric chair by South Carolina on September 6, 1991.

Related pages
Albert Fish
Harvey Glatman

1933 births
1991 deaths
Executed American serial killers
People executed by electric chair
People from South Carolina
American cannibals
American robbers
American rapists
American people convicted of attempted murder

Pee Wee Gaskins


The PWS-26 was a Polish advanced training aircraft, used from 1937 to 1939 by the Polish Air Force, constructed in the PWS (Podlaska Wytwórnia Samolotów - Podlasie Aircraft Factory). It was the second most numerous Polish pre-war aircraft, after the RWD-8.

Design and development
The aircraft was a final development of a series: PWS-12, PWS-14 and PWS-16, designed in response to a Polish Air Force requirement for an advanced trainer. The chief designer was Augustyn Zdaniewski. The PWS-26 was a direct development of the PWS-16bis, sharing the same silhouette, being a more militarized variant - with strengthened construction, which allowed dive-bomber training. Contrary to its predecessors, the PWS-26 could be armed with a forward-shooting machine gun and practice bombs. It also had other improvements and was capable of aerobatics. A visual difference from the PWS-16bis were the canvas-covered struts of the landing gear.

The prototype was flown in 1935. After trials, its production started in 1936. By the outbreak of World War II in 1939, 310 had been built.

The PWS-26 was used in Polish military aviation from early 1937, becoming a standard type of advanced trainer for fighter pilots. It replaced most of the older PWS-14s, PWS-16s, PWS-18s (a licence-built Avro Tutor) and Bartel BM-5d's. They carried numbers starting with "81-". The PWS-26 was regarded as a successful aircraft, with good flight characteristics. During its Polish service, there were 10 fatal crashes, which was not a high number.

Operational history

After the German invasion of Poland, some PWS-26s were used in liaison flights, three aircraft in each, assigned to Armies (basic equipment of liaison flights was the RWD-8). They were also used in improvised liaison units. At least 45 were used in combat units during the campaign in total. The PWS-26 was mostly used as a replacement aircraft.

According to a report by Jan Falkowski, on September 3, 1939, while flying a PWS-26, he made a chasing Bf 109 crash near Lublin, by performing low-level manoeuvres, but there was no confirmation from the Germans. A single PWS-26 and two RWD-8s of the Independent Operational Group Polesie, were the last Polish aircraft in the sky during the campaign. They were grounded by General Franciszek Kleeberg on October 2, 1939. Some Czech pilots flew these aircraft during the campaign on the Polish side.
Account of Jan Falkowski of the above kill.
"I was only 200 feet from the ground when I tried a trick. I put my plane into a dive, all the time watching one of the Germans who was trying to get on my tail. I did little twists and turns, not allowing the enemy to get me squarely in his sights. All the time we were getting closer and closer to the ground.
I brought him to about 50 feet off the ground and in the last second, dived again, then immediately pulled into a left turn. I missed the ground by a scat 10 feet, I figured. The German wasn't so lucky." (account of Jan Falkowski causing the Bf 109 to crash, taken from his auto biography "With The Wind In My Face"). According however to Marius Emmerling, this victory can not be attributed to particular German losses.

Some PWS-26s were shot down by the Germans, at least one was shot down by the Soviets on September 19. A large number of PWS-26s were destroyed on the ground by the Germans or burned by the withdrawing Poles. At least two were evacuated to Romania and 20 or so Latvia. This latter group were captured by the Germans - in 1941. After repairing, 50 or so were sold to Romania, and in 1943 Romanian Air Force had 56 of them. In 1944 some of them, fitted with bomblets, were used for night attacks. Some were used in civilian aviation, and were used in Romania until the 1950s. Two were tested in Germany. A dozen or so were captured by the Soviets in Poland and also used by them for testing.

Operators

Bulgarian Air Force

Luftwaffe operated unknown number of captured aircraft

Polish Air Force

Royal Romanian Air Force

Soviet Air Force captured and used unknown number of aircraft in September 1939 and seized more in 1940 after invasion on Baltic States.

Surviving aircraft
Only one PWS-26 (Nr. 81-123) has survived. Captured by the Germans in September 1939, it was part of the German aviation museum, displayed with the Luftwaffe markings VG+AS. The aircraft was found in Poland after the war and used until 1953 by civilian operators with the markings SP-AJB. It is currently preserved in the Polish Aviation Museum in Kraków.

Specifications(PWS-26)

See also

References

Notes

Andrzej Glass: "Polskie konstrukcje lotnicze 1893-1939" (Polish aviation construction 1893-1939), WKiŁ, Warsaw 1977 (Polish language, no ISBN)

1930s Polish military trainer aircraft
PWS aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1935

PWS-26


Exultant is a science fiction novel by British author Stephen Baxter. It is part two of the Destiny's Children series. The book was published by Victor Gollancz Ltd in September 2004.

Overview
Much of the book is written as large sections of prose explaining theoretical exotic-matter physics. Baxter also sketches the evolution of the Xeelee and an imaginary history of the universe in which life is ubiquitous even under the most extreme conditions.

Plot summary
Exultant is set in Baxter's "Xeelee Sequence" twenty thousand years into the Third Expansion of Mankind, "a titanic project undertaken by a mankind united by the Doctrines forged by Hama Druz after mankind's near extinction." The human-supremacist Interim Coalition of Governance has conquered almost the whole Milky Way — all but the alien Xeelee concentrated at the galactic core around a supermassive black hole called Chandra. The mysterious Xeelee are far more advanced but less numerous than the humans, and the war has been at a stalemate for three millennia even though the entire Coalition has been directed toward the war effort and ten billion humans die at the front every year. In a war fought with faster-than-light technology (equivalent to time travel), each side has foreknowledge of the other's actions and can develop counter-measures to plans before they are made.

Pirius is a fighter pilot stationed at the front. When a battle turns to disaster for the Coalition forces, he disobeys suicide orders to stand and fight, choosing instead to risk survival. In a desperate gamble to outrun a pursuing Xeelee, Pirius captures a Xeelee fighter for the first time in history. Returning to base via FTL travel, he arrives two years previous to the battle, when his younger self is still a cadet. Rather than being lauded as a hero, both instances of Pirius are court-martialed for disobeying orders.

Commissary Nilis of the Office of Technological Archival and Control, part of the Commission for Historical Truth, defends both the older Pirius (whom he calls "Pirius Blue") and the younger one ("Pirius Red") but loses the trial. Pirius Blue is sent to a penal unit at the front as a foot soldier, and Pirius Red is remanded to the custody of Commissary Nilis, who has plans for the fruits of Pirius Blue's battlefield victory. Using the Xeelee fighter and the innovative tactics that saved Pirius Blue, he starts to plan an unheard of assault on the Xeelee's primary stronghold at Chandra itself.

While Nilis and his new team struggle to confront ossified government and military institutions, they try to understand and to develop new and sometimes alien technologies: FTL computers, a gravastar shield to protect them from FTL foreknowledge, and a black hole gun, capable of disrupting a supermassive black hole's event horizon. Meanwhile, in the course of his new duties to Commissary Nilis, Pirius Red is practically taken on a tour of the Solar System and some of the Coalition's most scandalous secrets, rife with references to events from previous books in the Xeelee sequence.

As Nilis's project nears completion, it transpires that the Chandra black hole is home to not only the Xeelee, but a host of other organisms, many of which are based on exotic physics and non-baryonic matter. Regardless, the assault on the black hole continues despite protestations from Nilis. After a brutal fight to reach the surface of the black hole, the team commence their assault, causing the Xeelee to abandon it (and the rest of the Milky Way galaxy) to prevent humanity from harming the black hole's inhabitants.

After the assault, the protagonists realise that the Coalition is unlikely to remain intact, now that the war with the Xeelee is no longer present to hold it together. Luru Parz, one of the team, realises that the Xeelee will eventually return, and returns to Earth to ready its defences for when the return happens.

External links

2004 British novels
Novels by Stephen Baxter
Fictional military organizations
Xeelee Sequence
2004 science fiction novels
British science fiction novels
Victor Gollancz Ltd books
Novels about totalitarianism
Dystopian fiction

Exultant (novel)


Ferenc Marič ( Prekmurje dialect: Ferenc Marič) (June 11, 1791 – after 1844) was a Hungarian teacher and poet.

He was born in Istvánfalva (Apátistvánfalva). His father György Marits was the first teacher and cantor in the village. György was born in Gerecsavecz (Gerečavci, between Sveti Jurij and Večeslavci). Ferenc's mother Anna Trájber was of German descent from Ritkarócz (Ritkaháza, Kétvölgy).

Ferenc followed in his father's footsteps and became a teacher. He began his career in 1809 as an assistant teacher in Felsőszölnök, under schoolmaster Mihály Bertalanits (who was born in the same village as Marič's father). He found the Ruzsics Hymnal, a Slovene hymnal edited by a teacher named Ruzsics (first name unknown) around 1789. Both Bertalanits and Marič copied the hymnal and distributed it among the population of their villages: Marič in Istvánfalva and Bertalanits in Pečarovci. It is possible that they also rewrote parts of the book or added to it.

Marič married Terézia Ficzkó in Felsőszölnök. Later they moved to Istvánfalva, where he took over a teaching job that belonged to his father, who had died five years earlier. He taught here until 1842, when he retired. He moved to the village of Čepinci, which belonged to the parish of Felsőszölnök. He was last mentioned in 1844, when his daughter Anna died; the date of his death is unknown.

See also
 List of Slovene writers and poets in Hungary

References
 Vis. Can. Istvánfalva, 1829, June 25
 Francek Mukič & Marija Kozar: Slovensko Porabje, Mohorjeva družba Celje, 1982.
 Vilko Novak: Martjanska pesmarica, Založba ZRC. 1997.

Slovenian writers and poets in Hungary
Slovenian educators
Slovenian poets
Slovenian male poets
1791 births
19th-century deaths
19th-century poets

Ferenc Marics


Augustin Roux (; 26 January 1726 – 28 June 1776) was a French doctor, encyclopedist  and man of letters during the Age of Enlightenment.

Roux was born in Bordeaux, where he studied medicine.  He received his doctorate in 1750 and then came to Paris where, on the recommendation of Montesquieu, he was able to obtain the financial support that his family had refused him as punishment for not pursuing an ecclesiastical career.

After learning English, Roux translated several English books into French, taught a course of medicine and worked as doctor at the Faculty of Medicine in Paris. He succeeded Vandermonde as editor of the Journal of Medicine in 1762.

His extensive knowledge of chemistry resulted in his appointment as professor of science at the Faculty in 1771.

Roux regularly attended the salon of Baron d'Holbach. He died on September 1, 1776 in Paris.

Notes

References
 Pierre Larousse, Grand Dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle, vol. 13, Paris, Administration du grand Dictionnaire universel, p. 1477.

1726 births
1776 deaths
Physicians from Bordeaux
18th-century French physicians
Contributors to the Encyclopédie (1751–1772)
French translators
English–French translators
18th-century French translators

Augustin Roux


Barberton chicken, also known as Serbian fried chicken, is a style of fried chicken native to the city of Barberton in Summit County, Ohio. It is a distinctive Serbian-American style served in several mainly Serbian-owned restaurants in Barberton and nearby Norton and increasingly in other surrounding communities. The style of chicken has given the town national recognition, with some proclaiming Barberton to be the "Chicken Capital of the World" or the "Fried Chicken Capital of America."

History
Barberton chicken began with Milchael and Smilka Topalsky, Serbian immigrants who arrived to America at the turn of the 20th century. Like many during the Great Depression, they became burdened with debt and were forced to sell their family farm. They opened a restaurant called Belgrade Gardens in 1933 in which they sold a distinctive style of fried chicken, along with a vinegar-based cole slaw, a rice and tomato sauce side dish seasoned with hot peppers (usually referred to as "hot sauce" or "hot rice", which can also be eaten as a dipping sauce or a side dish), and freshly cut french fries. Barberton lore holds that these were exact replicas of what the Topalskys had known back in Serbia as , , , and .

Soon other restaurants emerged which copied the distinctive style. Helen DeVore, who had worked for Belgrade Gardens, opened up Hopocan Gardens in 1946. White House Chicken Dinners was founded in 1950 by the Pavkov family, who owned the restaurant until the late 1980s when they sold it to the DeVore family. The Serbian-American Milich family opened Milich's Village Inn, in 1955. The Milich family announced in July 2014 that they would close down their restaurant on December 31. A month later, the location reopened under new ownership as Village Inn Chicken, still serving the signature fried poultry.

Today, the four chicken houses serve over seven and a half tons of chicken per week. The chicken has become so popular that it is often shipped around the United States, usually to transplanted Ohioans. White House Chicken has recently expanded into several locations in northeastern Ohio, dropping the traditional sit-down style in favor of a fast food model in the new locations.

Tenets
The basic tenets of Barberton chicken are simple, yet strictly adhered to by the competing restaurants. They are as follows:
 "True" Barberton chicken is fresh, never frozen.
 Neither the chicken nor the breading is seasoned with anything, except a little salt.
 The birds are fried in lard.
 The cut of the bird is different from usual. Birds are cut into many pieces, including breasts, thighs, legs, wings, drummettes, and backs. This is probably rooted in the Great Depression, when creating the most pieces per chicken without yielding any waste was necessary. The backs actually yield little meat, and are sometimes marketed as "chicken ribs" for their passing resemblance to beef or pork ribs.

See also

 Karadjordje's schnitzel
 Fried chicken

References

Further reading

European American culture in Ohio
Serbian-American culture
Serbian-American history
Serbian diaspora
American chicken dishes
Summit County, Ohio
Deep fried foods
Fried chicken
Cuisine of Ohio

Barberton chicken


Lawrence Sail (born 29 October 1942) is a contemporary British poet and writer.

Biography
Sail was born in London and brought up in Exeter. He studied French and German at Oxford University and subsequently taught for some years in Kenya, before returning to the UK, where he taught at Blundell's School and, later, Exeter School (where the modern languages department was headed by Harry Guest, another published poet). He is now a freelance writer.

Sail has published nine poetry collections, the most recent being Eye-Baby (2006); The World Returning (2002), Building into Air (1995), and Out of Land: New and Selected Poems (1992), and has edited a number of anthologies, including The New Exeter Book of Riddles (1999) with Kevin Crossley-Holland, and First and Always: Poems for Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital (1988). He also edited South-West Review from 1980 to 1985.

Sail works in schools and colleges, and has also written a radio play, as well as short features for radio. He has presented the BBC Radio 3 programme 'Poetry Now' and 'Time for Verse' on BBC Radio 4.

He was chairman of the Arvon Foundation from 1990 to 1994, has directed the Cheltenham Literature Festival, was the UK jury member for the European Literature Prize (1994–96), has been a judge for the Whitbread Prize and is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.

Bibliography
Opposite Views   Dent, 1974
The Drowned River   Mandeville Press, 1978
The Kingdom of Atlas   Secker & Warburg, 1980
South-West Review: A Celebration   (editor)   South West Arts, 1985
Devotions   Secker & Warburg, 1987
Aquamarine  The Gruffyground Press, 1988
First and Always: Poems for Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital   (compiler and editor)   Faber and Faber, 1988
Water (Poem Poster)   (wood-engraving by Hellmuth Weissenborn)   Friends of Cheltenham Literature Festival, 1989
Air (Poem Poster)   (wood-engraving by John O'Connor)   Friends of Cheltenham Literature Festival, 1990
Fire (Poem Poster)   (wood-engraving by Gwenda Morgan)   Friends of Cheltenham Literature Festival, 1991
Earth (Poem Poster)   (wood-engraving by Miriam MacGregor)   Friends of Cheltenham Literature Festival, 1992
Out of Land: New and Selected Poems Bloodaxe Books, 1992
Building into Air Bloodaxe Books, 1995
The New Exeter Book of Riddles   (edited with Kevin Crossley-Holland; illustrated by Simon Drew)   Enitharmon, 1999
The World Returning Bloodaxe Books, 2002
Cross-currents   (essays)   Enitharmon, 2005
Light Unlocked: Christmas Card Poems   (edited with Kevin Crossley-Holland; illustrated by John Lawrence)   Enitharmon, 2005
Eye-Baby Bloodaxe Books, 2006
Waking Dreams: New & Selected Poems Bloodaxe Books, 2010

Prizes and awards
1992   Hawthornden Fellowship
1993   Arts Council Writers' Award
2004   Cholmondeley Award

References

Extracted from The Open Library
Lawrence Sail at Contemporary Writers

1942 births
Writers from Exeter
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Living people
English male poets

Lawrence Sail


In physics, Hamiltonian lattice gauge theory is a calculational approach to gauge theory and a special case of lattice gauge theory in which the space is discretized but time is not. The Hamiltonian is then re-expressed as a function of degrees of freedom defined on a d-dimensional lattice.

Following Wilson, the spatial components of the vector potential are replaced with Wilson lines over the edges, but the time component is associated with the vertices. However, the temporal gauge is often employed, setting the electric potential to zero. The eigenvalues of the Wilson line operators U(e) (where e is the (oriented) edge in question) take on values on the Lie group G. It is assumed that G is compact, otherwise we run into many problems. The conjugate operator to U(e) is the electric field E(e) whose eigenvalues take on values in the Lie algebra . The Hamiltonian receives contributions coming from the plaquettes (the magnetic contribution) and contributions coming from the edges (the electric contribution).

Hamiltonian lattice gauge theory is exactly dual to a theory of spin networks. This involves using the Peter–Weyl theorem. In the spin network basis, the spin network states are eigenstates of the operator .

References

Lattice field theory

Hamiltonian lattice gauge theory


Charles "Teenie" Harris (July 2, 1908–June 12, 1998) was an American photographer. The main things that he took pictures of were people in the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US.

Biography
Harris was born in 1908 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. His father and mother had a hotel in the part of the city called the Hill District. Early in the 1930s, he bought his first camera. After that he opened a photography studio. He took pictures for the magazine Flash! From the 1936 to 1975 Harris took photos of those living in the black neighborhoods of the city. Another publication called the Pittsburgh Courier published his photographs. People called him "One Shot" because he did not make people sit for a long time when he took their photos. He took more than 80,000 pictures in his life.

He wasn't like other well-know photographers. Other photographers either took portraits or photographs of other places. Harris was unusual because taking photographs was part of his regular job in one city. His photos were not often seen in other places until after his death in 1998.

He took photos of famous people that visited Pittsburgh like:  Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Billy Eckstine, Lena Horne, Sarah Vaughan, Sam Cooke, Cab Calloway, Ray Charles, Charlie Parker, Muhammad Ali, Joe Louis, Eleanor Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, and Dizzy Gillespie.

Harris also photographed famous Negro League baseball players of the Homestead Grays and Pittsburgh Crawfords. Harris himself played baseball for the Crawfords when they were known as the Crawford Colored Giants.

He let another businessman, Dennis Morgan sell his photographs in 1986. Harris filed a lawsuit in 1998 for unpaid royalties and the return of his collection. He won the case after he died. The Carnegie Museum of Art purchased the collection from the Harris estate in 2001.

Since 2003, the museum has scanned and cataloged nearly 60,000 images. Many of these are available online. Many people help to identify the people in his photographs.

Harris is buried in Pittsburgh's Homewood Cemetery.

References

Other websites
 "One Shot: the Life and Work of Teenie Harris"
 Teenie Harris Archive at the Carnegie Museum of Art
 of mid-century America: How the other half lived Apr 30th 2012 The Economist

1908 births
1998 deaths
American photographers

Charles Harris (photographer)


Jacques Joseph Tissot (; 15 October 1836 – 8 August 1902), better known as James Tissot (), was a French painter, illustrator, and caricaturist. He was born to a drapery merchant and a milliner and decided to pursue a career in art at a young age, coming to incorporate elements of realism, early Impressionism, and academic art into his work. He is best known for a variety of genre paintings of contemporary European high society produced during the peak of his career, which focused on the people and women's fashion of the Belle Époque and Victorian England, but he would also explore many medieval, biblical, and Japoniste subjects throughout his life. His career included work as a caricaturist for Vanity Fair under the pseudonym of Coïdé.

Tissot served in the Franco-Prussian War on the side of France and later the Paris Commune before moving to London in 1871, where he would find further success as an artist as well as meet Irishwoman Kathleen Newton, who came to live with him as a close companion and muse until her death in 1882. Tissot maintained close relations with the Impressionist movement for much of his life, including James Abbott Whistler and friend and mentee Edgar Degas. He was awarded the French Legion of Honor in 1894.

Early life
Jacques Tissot was born in the city of Nantes in France and spent his early childhood there. His father, Marcel Théodore Tissot, was a successful drapery merchant. His mother, Marie Durand, assisted her husband in the family business and designed hats. A devout Catholic, Tissot's mother instilled pious devotion in the future artist from a very young age. Tissot's youth spent in Nantes likely contributed to his frequent depiction of shipping vessels and boats in his later works. The involvement of his parents in the fashion industry is believed to have been an influence on his painting style, as he depicted women's clothing in fine detail. By the time Tissot was 17, he knew he wanted to pursue painting as a career. His father opposed this, preferring his son to follow a business profession, but the young Tissot gained his mother's support for his chosen vocation. Around this time, he began using the given name of James as an Anglicisation, becoming commonly known as James Tissot by 1854; he may have adopted it because of his increasing interest in everything English.

Artistic debut

In 1856 or 1857, Tissot travelled to Paris to pursue an education in art. While staying with a friend of his mother, painter Jules-Élie Delaunay, Tissot enrolled at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts to study in the studios of Hippolyte Flandrin and Louis Lamothe; Both were successful Lyonnaise painters who moved to Paris to study under Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. Around this time, Tissot also made the acquaintance of the American James McNeill Whistler, and French painters Edgar Degas (who had also been a student of Lamothe and a friend of Delaunay), and Édouard Manet.

In 1859, Tissot exhibited in the Paris Salon for the first time. He showed five paintings of scenes from the Middle Ages, many depicting scenes from Goethe's Faust. These works show the influence in his work of the Belgian painter Henri Leys, whom Tissot had met in Antwerp earlier that same year. Other influences include the works of the German painters Peter von Cornelius and Moritz Retzsch. After Tissot had first exhibited at the Salon and before he had been awarded a medal, the French government paid 5,000 francs for his depiction of The Meeting of Faust and Marguerite in 1860. The painting went on to be exhibited at the Salon the following year, together with a portrait and several other paintings.

Émile Péreire supplied Tissot's painting Walk in the Snow for the 1862 international exhibition in London; the next year three paintings by Tissot were displayed at the gallery of art dealer Ernest Gambart in London.

Mature life and career

Sometime after 1862, Tissot began to shift focus from his early medievalist styles to instead match English tastes for narrative paintings of Victorian life and society. He quickly gained success among British audiences and was lauded for his photorealistic, narrative style of art that combined meticulous training with an impressionistic use of color and value. Tissot came to maintain a wide social sphere in light of his success and lifestyle, including Oscar Wilde, James Abbott Whistler, and Edgar Degas. Degas shared many of his cultural interests as Tissot's mentee, notably producing a portrait of Tissot in which he is sitting below a Japanese screen hanging on the wall.

Tissot led a tumultuous life outside of painting, fighting in the Franco-Prussian War as part of the improvised defence of Paris; First by joining two companies of the Garde Nationale and later as part of the Paris Commune, though he is believed to have only joined the latter to protect his own belongings rather than for shared ideology. Either because of the radical political associations of serving as a Communard or because of better opportunities, he left Paris for London in 1871. Seymour Haden helped him to learn etching techniques during this period.

Having already worked as a caricaturist for Thomas Gibson Bowles, the owner of the magazine Vanity Fair, as well as exhibited at the Royal Academy, Tissot arrived with established social and artistic connections in London. Tissot used the name Coïdé in the magazine from 1869 to 1873. Tissot's pre-war caricaturist work with Vanity Fair included contributions to Sovereigns, a series lampooning various heads of state such as Napoleon III of France, Alexander II of Russia, or Wilhelm I of Germany, depicting the latter two in particular as bloodthirsty conquerors.

Post-war career
Tissot would further explore political themes of turmoil in Europe during the onset and aftermath of the war: The 1870 painting La Partie Carrée evoked nostalgia for the period of the French Revolution while hinting at the hedonism of the contemporary French aristocracy in portraying a pair of young women picnicking with two men, one in revolutionary military garb, while the  work Still on Top depicted the ascension of the Austrian Habsburg and North German war flags over Europe - The title is thought to be an ironic jab at the British ensign barely visible at the top of the canvas. Tissot produced Ball on Shipboard in 1874 with a similar subject, depicting a diverse range of contemporary national flags sewn together in a large awning.

Once established in London, Tissot quickly developed his reputation as a painter of elegantly dressed women shown in scenes of fashionable life. By 1872 Tissot had bought a house in St John's Wood, an area of London very popular with artists at the time. Writer and critic Edmond de Goncourt sarcastically described "a studio with a waiting room where, at all times, there is iced champagne at the disposal of visitors" by 1874. Tissot gained membership of The Arts Club in 1873, and his paintings appealed greatly to wealthy British industrialists throughout the second half of the 19th century. During 1872 he earned 94,515 francs, an income normally only enjoyed by those in the echelons of the upper classes.

Tissot is considered a core figure of Japonisme alongside contemporaries such as Alfred Stevens and Claude Monet, a widespread artistic movement formed in response to the sudden influx of Japanese art, textiles, and curiosities into the European market as a result of the forced opening of trade relations with Japan in 1853 and subsequent Meiji Restoration in 1868. Printed Japanese art emphasized clarity, spaciousness, and boldness appealing to the Ukiyo urban culture and Tissot came to regularly include popular Japanese artifacts and costumes in his pictures after being introduced to the subject by Whistler, additionally expressing stylistic influences in his use of composition and perspective.

In 1874, Degas asked him to join them in the first exhibition organized by the artists who became known as the Impressionists, a then-nascent artistic movement that would inspire much of Tissot's own style. Tissot ultimately refused but would remain a close acquaintance of the group. Berthe Morisot visited him in London in 1874, and he travelled to Venice with Édouard Manet at about the same time. He regularly saw Whistler, who influenced Tissot's Thames river scenes.

A strong recurring theme throughout Tissot's middle career was the exploration of social and sexual tension between men and women in the context of strictly gender-segregated Victorian society. Many of his depictions of contemporary life include hints or narratives of desire, vulgarity, and the complexity of sexual relationships, while his idiosyncratic focus on women's fashion and society made an idealized female beauty a widespread commonality of his portraiture. Gallery of HMS 'Calcutta' (1876) was particularly noted for its use of body language and subtext in depicting a scandalous moment of flirtation between a married officer and a young woman, the perspective heavily accentuating the latter's figure and sexuality, and received criticism as "hard, vulgar, and banal" upon release. Some scholars have even suggested Tissot's selection of the Calcutta as the painting's setting to be a deliberate play on the phrase "" ("What an arse you have" in French). Portsmouth Dockyard, an 1877 variation on a painting titled On The Thames (How Happy I Could Be with Either?), received similar accusations of immorality for its ambiguous depiction of what its predecessor's alternative title reveals to be a military man openly deciding between two potential suitresses.

Family life and bereavement

In 1875 or 1876, Tissot met Kathleen Newton, an Irish divorcee who became the painter's companion and frequent sitter. She quickly began an intimate relationship with Tissot, moving in as a housemate in 1877. The couple's marital status was uncertain, as Tissot's Catholic faith did not recognize her divorce and meant they could not opt for annulment without delegitimizing her previous children, however they chose to live openly as husband and wife and their servants addressed Newton as "Madame Tissot". Newton is said to have called Tissot "Jimmie", whilst his pet names for her included "Kitty", "Petit Femme", and "Mavourneen" (an Irish term after "Kathleen Mavourneen", a popular love song from the time). Newton gave birth to a son named Cecil George Newton in 1876, who is believed to be Tissot's, and the couple would frequently entertain her previous children at Tissot's property even while they continued to live with her relatives. Later, Tissot often referred to these years with Newton as the happiest of his life, a time when he was able to live out his dream of being a family man.

Newton's work as a sitter for Tissot encompassed dozens of paintings and studies, most notably including a well-known 1876 etching entitled Portrait of Mrs N., more commonly titled , which was later the basis for the 1877 painting Mavourneen, also known as A Portrait or as Winter. Tissot's paintings and prints of 1877–1881 included images of travel along the Thames or south coast and to Paris, but many focused on Newton relaxing and reading in the garden, or surrounded by visiting children. Around 1880–1881 she contracted consumption and Tissot portrayed her sitting well-wrapped outdoors, as fresh air was thought to have a curing effect. Newton succumbed to her illness in Tissot's arms on 9 November 1882, "with the ardent faith of a neophyte and the silent resignation of a saint."

After Kathleen Newton's death, Tissot returned to Paris. The last major exhibition of this era in Tissot's life took place in 1885, with a 15-painting series titled  (Fifteen Paintings on the Woman of Paris), displayed at the Galerie Sedelmeyer. Unlike the genre scenes of fashionable women he painted in London, these paintings sought to represent different archetypes of women across many different classes and occupations, shown in professional and social scenes. The Shop Girl in particular seemed to return to Tissot's exploration of sexuality and gender, with one writer identifying depictions of desire and baseness in the composition, while the series's wider inclusion of working class women outside of the household as subjects could have been seen as morally dubious at the time. La Femme à Paris also solidified the influence of Japanese prints in Tissot's work, as he used unexpected angles and framing from that tradition to create a monumental context in the size of the canvases.

Late career

After completing the Woman of Paris in 1885 Tissot experienced a religious vision at the Church of St. Sulpice, leading him to revive his Catholic faith and spend the remainder of his life making paintings about biblical events. Moving away from the Impressionists' and Post-Impressionists' intent to create art that reflected a changing, modern world, Tissot returned to traditional, representational styles and narratives in his watercolors. As part of this artistic effort Tissot traveled to the Middle East in 1886, 1889, and 1896 to make studies of its landscapes and cultures, which would come to distinguish his series from contemporary Biblical art through its "considerable archaeological exactitude" in striving for accuracy rather than religious emotion. His series of 365 gouache illustrations showing the life of Christ were shown to critical acclaim and enthusiastic audiences in Paris (1894–1895), London (1896) and New York (1898–1899), before being bought by the Brooklyn Museum in 1900. They were published in a French edition in 1896–1897 and in an English one in 1897–1898, bringing Tissot vast wealth and fame. During July 1894, Tissot was awarded the Legion of Honour, France's most prestigious medal.

Tissot spent the last years of his life working on paintings of subjects from the Old Testament. Although he never completed the series, he exhibited 80 of these paintings in Paris in 1901 and engravings after them were published in 1904.

Death and legacy

Tissot died suddenly in Doubs, France, on 8 August 1902, while living in the Château de Buillon, a former abbey which he had inherited from his father in 1888. His grave is in the chapel sited within the grounds of the chateau.

Widespread use of his illustrations in literature and slides continued after his death with The Life of Christ and The Old Testament becoming the "definitive Bible images". In 1906, filmmaker Alice Guy-Blaché used the Tissot Bible as the basis for The Birth, the Life and the Death of Christ, her largest production at Gaumont to date featuring approximately three hundred extras over twenty-five total episodes. Though the financial success of his contemporary subjects originally did little to dissuade derision of his mundane, photorealistic style, with Oscar Wilde criticizing his "hard unscrupulousness in painting uninteresting objects in an uninteresting way," the first half of the 20th century saw a re-kindling of interest in his portraits of fashionable ladies and some fifty years later, these were achieving high prices. La Frileuse and his other etchings would also be brought back out of obscurity by reinvigorated critical interest from the 1920s onward. His images provided a foundation for contemporary films such as the twin-angel prop design for the Ark of the Covenant in Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) and lifestyle themes in The Age of Innocence (1993). In 2000 English Victorian art writer Christopher Wood described Tissot as "the greatest painter of social life in Victorian times".

See also
 List of Orientalist artists
 Orientalism

References

Citations

General sources

 Misfeldt, Willard E. "Tissot, James [Jacques-Joseph]" in Oxford Art Online.
 Biography of Tissot with recent information on Kathleen Newton at Paul Ripley's Victorian Art in Britain

 Wentworth, Michael. "James Tissot". Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984. Print
 Wood, Christopher. "Tissot: Life and Work of Jacques Joseph Tissot 1836–1902". London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1986. Print.

External links

 209 works by James Tissot at JamesTissot.org
 James Tissot: The Life of Christ: Exhibition at Brooklyn Museum 2009 ()
 Commentary on Tissot's etching of Kathleen Newton
 Commentary on a portrait of Mrs. Newton

 Biblical art by James Tissot
 Degas: The Artist's Mind, exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art fully available online as PDF, which contains material on James Tissot (see index)

1836 births
1902 deaths
19th-century French male artists
19th-century French painters
Artists from Nantes
French expatriates in the United Kingdom
French male painters
French military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War
Orientalist painters
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Vanity Fair (British magazine) artists

James Tissot


Area code 717 is an area code for Pennsylvania. It was one of the first area codes created in 1947. It initially covered the entire central portion of the state, but after it was split by 570 in 1998, it now covers the southern central portion of the state. It consists of towns including its capital city, Harrisburg, Lancaster, and York. It was overlaid by 223 in 2017.

717
Pennsylvania

Area code 717


RAS guanyl releasing protein 4 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the RASGRP4 gene in chromosome 19.

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Ras guanyl nucleotide-releasing protein (RasGRP) family of Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors. It contains a Ras exchange motif, a diacylglycerol-binding domain, and two calcium-binding EF hands. This protein was shown to activate H-Ras in a cation-dependent manner in vitro. Expression of this protein in myeloid cell lines was found to be correlated with elevated level of activated RAS protein, and the RAS activation can be greatly enhanced by phorbol ester treatment, which suggested a role of this protein in diacylglycerol regulated cell signaling pathways. Studies of a mast cell leukemia cell line expressing substantial amounts of abnormal transcripts of this gene indicated that this gene may play an important role in the final stages of mast cell development. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2009].

References

Further reading

Genes on human chromosome 19

RASGRP4


Nightclub management software (NMS) or a nightclub management system is a compiled management information system produced solely for nightclubs and can also be modified for bars, festivals, pubs, and live events. These systems will commonly cover the needs of nightclubs in the form of CRM, bookings, ticketing, EPOS, and administration capabilities for running the venue. With the nightclub industry in contraction during the period of recession during 2007-2009 many nightclubs are sourcing new avenues for marketing reach expansion.

Summary

Nightclub management software solutions typically cover a broad spectrum of aspects in running a venue such as:
Tracking Bookings
Stock Management
Electronic point of sale terminals

The standard NMS forgoes the traditional software installation and instead relies on cloud computing storing all data on remote servers which allow for user access for an unlimited number of computers based anywhere within reach of an internet connection. Many NMS providers base the pricing structure from a software as a service/application service provider model.

Nightclubs use specific software to meet the complex requirements of their business. Typically small scale venues will manage their business with a generic accounting package and extend functionality with plugin's or other bolt-on software. The advantage for nightclubs running a specialized system are numerous, however the primary outcome is a more efficient venue. Nightclub Management software typically encompasses all the tools mentioned above however difficulty arises when nightclub staff are evaluating vendors and deciding what software to implement. Integration of these tools is key but venue principals and other key staff still need to pay attention to other factors such as cost.

References

External links

Business software
Management systems

Nightclub management software


Veronica Yip Yuk Hing (; born February 12, 1967) is a Hong Kong-born American actress and singer who is probably most well known for her roles in Category III films.

Career

Film
Veronica Yip was born in Portuguese Macau and started her career in participating in the 1985 Miss Asia Pageant and received the 2nd runner-up award. Her career breakthrough was when she starred in adult films which previously were considered taboo for mainstream actresses in the Hong Kong market. Yip has starred in a total of three of these Category III films: Take Me (1991), Pretty Woman (1992) and Hidden Desire (1992). All three films were regarded as commercial successes and paved the way for  mainstream actresses, such as Loletta Lee and Irene Wan to act in such films.

Aside from these films, Yip has also starred in many films critically acclaimed Chinese movies, including Jeffrey Lau's The Eagle Shooting Heroes and Stanley Kwan's Red Rose, White Rose (1994). Yip's ability to escape the soft porn market paving the way for actresses such as Shu Qi and Pauline Chan to do the same.

Music
Yip had a singing career when she joined Fitto Entertainment, owned by her brother Yip Chi-Ming, before the company was transitioned into Emperor Entertainment Group, releasing seven cantopop and mandopop albums between 1992 and 1995. Yip received three Best New Artist gold awards from 1992 Ultimate Song Chart Awards Presentation, 1992 RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards, and 1992 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation.

Family
In 1998, Yip invested a large sum in her brother's project of building a Disneyland in Hong Kong. However, the project was scrapped along with the budget causing a fallout between the two. Yip and her brother later reconciled.

Yip met her husband, Chinese-American businessman Jeffrey Wu (胡兆明) when Yip was hired by Premier Entertainment in New York to perform a concert at the Trump Marina in Atlantic City. After marrying Wu in 1996, Yip retired from entertainment and moved to the United States where Wu runs the Hong Kong Supermarket chain. The couple have a daughter and two sons and currently reside on Long Island. They also have substantial investments in United International Bank, a business jet trading company, and various business-use real estate projects.

Political stance
In November 2020, Yip mentioned that she was a Republican supporter and supported the second term of Donald Trump.

References

External links

 HK cinemagic entry
 LoveHKfilm entry

1967 births
Living people
American bankers
American businesspeople in retailing
American investors
American real estate businesspeople
Businesspeople from New York (state)
Hong Kong bankers
Hong Kong emigrants to the United States
20th-century Hong Kong women singers
Hong Kong film actresses
Hong Kong financial businesspeople
Hong Kong investors
Hong Kong real estate businesspeople
Hong Kong retail businesspeople
Hong Kong television actresses
Hong Kong women in business
People from Long Island
20th-century Hong Kong actresses
American women investors
21st-century American businesswomen
21st-century American businesspeople
Macau-born Hong Kong artists

Veronica Yip


Hermanus Johannes Joseph te Riele (born 5 January 1947) is a Dutch mathematician at CWI in Amsterdam with a specialization in computational number theory. He is known for proving the correctness of the Riemann hypothesis for the first 1.5 billion non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function with Jan van de Lune and Dik Winter, for disproving the Mertens conjecture with Andrew Odlyzko, and for factoring large numbers of world record size. In 1987, he found a new upper bound for π(x) − Li(x).

In 1970, Te Riele received an engineer's degree in mathematical engineering from Delft University of Technology and, in 1976, a PhD degree in mathematics and physics from University of Amsterdam (1976).

References

External links

20th-century Dutch mathematicians
21st-century Dutch mathematicians
1947 births
Delft University of Technology alumni
Living people
Number theorists
Scientists from The Hague

Herman te Riele


Proprietary firmware is any firmware that has had its use, private modification, copying, or republishing restricted by the producer. Proprietors may enforce restrictions by technical means, such as by restricting source code access, firmware replacement restrictions (by denying complete tooling that may be necessary in order to recompile and replace the firmware), or by legal means, such as through copyright and patents. Alternatives to proprietary firmware may be free (libre) or open-source.

Distribution

Proprietary firmware (and especially the microcode) is much more difficult to avoid than proprietary software or even proprietary device drivers, because the firmware is usually very specific to the manufacturer of each device (often being unique for each model), and the programming documentation and complete specifications that would be necessary to create a replacement are often withheld by the hardware manufacturer.

Many open-source operating systems reluctantly choose to include proprietary firmware files in their distributions simply to make their device drivers work, because manufacturers try to save money by removing flash memory or EEPROM from their devices, requiring the operating system to upload the firmware each time the device is used.  However, in order to do so, the operating system still has to have distribution rights for this proprietary microcode.

Security concerns

Proprietary firmware poses a significant security risk to the user because of the direct memory access (DMA) architecture of modern computers and the potential for DMA attacks. Theo de Raadt of OpenBSD suggests that wireless firmware are kept proprietary because of poor design quality and firmware defects. Mark Shuttleworth of Ubuntu suggests that "it's reasonable to assume that all firmware is a cesspool of insecurity courtesy of incompetence of the worst degree from manufacturers, and competence of the highest degree from a very wide range of such agencies".

The security and reliability risks posed by proprietary microcode may be lower than those posed by proprietary device drivers, because the microcode in this context isn't linked against the operating system, and doesn't run on the host's main processor.

Alternatives
Custom firmware may still be available for certain products, which is often free and open-source software, and is especially popular in certain segments of hardware like gaming consoles, wireless routers and Android phones, which are capable of running complete general-purpose operating systems like Linux, FreeBSD or NetBSD, which are often the systems used by the manufacturer in their original proprietary firmware.

Another potential solution is going with open-source hardware, which goes a step further by also providing schematics for replicating the hardware itself.

Examples

 Breathalysers
 Most BIOS found in IBM-compatible Personal Computers
 Most UEFI found in modern x86 Computers
 ARCS, used in computers from Silicon Graphics
 Run-Time Abstraction Services (RTAS), used in computers from IBM
 The iPod's control menus
 Cisco IOS
 Microcode in wireless network interface controllers, video cards, x86 processors, etc.

See also

ROM image
Open-source hardware
Coreboot
Open Firmware

References

Free software culture and documents
Proprietary software
Software distribution
Software licenses
Software by license

Proprietary firmware


The New Haven Clock Company Factory is a historic industrial complex at 133 Hamilton Street in New Haven, Connecticut.  Developed between 1866 and 1937, it consists of ten interconnected brick buildings that are the surviving elements of a major clock-making business that operated here until 1956.  The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017.

Description and history
The former New Haven Clock Company factory is located in New Haven's industrial Wooster Square area, east of downtown.  It is set on just under  of land bounded by Hamilton Street, St. John Street, and Wallace Street on the west, south, and east sides.  Its ten buildings are organized in a C shape, with the open side facing Wallace Street to the east.  The southern part of the C is a single large building, where final assembly of the company's clocks took place, while the other buildings housed other elements of the clock-making process.  Most of the buildings are three or four stories in height, with brick construction typical of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.  Common features include segmented-arch window openings and low-pitch gabled roofs.

The New Haven Clock Company had its origins in the clock manufactory of Chauncey Jerome, an important figure in the early 19th-century development of the clock industry in Connecticut.  Jerome's principal factory was in Bristol, and he opened a case manufacturing plant on this site in 1844.  His nephew, Hiram Camp, organized the New Haven Clock Company in 1853, to produce components for Jerome.  Jerome's business collapsed in 1856, and Camp purchased its assets with the help of other investors.  New Haven Clock was merged into the American Clock Company in 1859, but continued to operate under its own name.  The plant was devastated by a major fire in 1866, but quickly rebuilt; the oldest surviving elements of the complex date to this reconstruction.  In the early 20th-century, the company flourished under the management of Walter Camp, and was one of the largest clockmakers in the world, and occupied 28 buildings.  The company produced timing fuses and relays for mines during World War II, and resumed clock production after the war ended.  It suffered financial reverses, mainly due to increasing foreign competition, and closed in 1956.  Its major facility on the west side of Hamilton Street was demolished in the 1960s.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in New Haven, Connecticut

References

Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
Italianate architecture in Connecticut
Industrial buildings completed in 1876
Buildings and structures in New Haven, Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in New Haven, Connecticut
1876 establishments in Connecticut

New Haven Clock Company Factory


Mallotus japonicus (), also known as East Asian mallotus, the food wrapper plant or "Akamegashiwa" in Japanese, is a plant species in the genus Mallotus native to China. It is also found in Japan and Korea. This species was first described in 1865,  its name was verified by AAS Systematic Botanists on October 2, 2015.

The plant is dioecious. The young shoots are red-coloured. The larvae of the moth Deoptilia heptadeta mine the leaves to feed.

Uses
The large leaves were used to wrap food. The young leaves, when boiled, are edible. The bark is used in the Japanese pharmacopoeia as a decoction against gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, gastric hyperacidity. In addition, the fruit has anthelmintic properties.

Ecology
Mallotus japonicus shows physical, chemical, and biotic resistance traits against herbivores. Trichomes, which are produced on leaf surfaces, serve as a physical resistance trait. Pellucid dots, which also are present on leaf surfaces, typically contain toxic metabolic substances or essential oils and function as a chemical resistance trait. Furthermore, the plant bears extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) on its leaf edges and food bodies (pearl bodies) on its leaf and stem surfaces as biotic resistance traits. EFNs contain primary sugars, and food bodies are known as lipid-rich particles. These biotic traits attract ants, which remove herbivores from the plant. The plant can change its combination of defence traits in response to leaf age and abiotic habitat conditions,.

Chemistry
Mallotus japonicus contains bergenin. The pericarp contains mallotophenone, mallotochromene mallophenone, mallotojaponin, isomallotochromene and mallotochroman. The bark contains 11-O-galloylbergenin, 4-O-galloylbergenin and 11-O-galloyldemethylbergenin. The bark also contains the hydrolyzable tannins 1,2-di-O-galloyl-3,6-(R)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-beta-D-glucose, 1-O-digalloyl-3,6-(R)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-beta-D-glucose, 1-O-galloyl-2,4-elaeocarpusinoyl-3,6-(R)-valoneayl-beta-D-glucose (mallojaponin) and 1-O-galloyl-2,4-elaeocarpusinoyl-beta-D-glucose (mallonin) and mallotusinin.

References

External links

japonicus
Plants described in 1865
Flora of Japan

Mallotus japonicus


Roger Charles Bell is a Canadian former secondary school teacher and convicted criminal from Prince Edward Island. Born in Murray River in 1944, Bell is a graduate of University of Western Ontario and taught high school chemistry at several schools in eastern Prince Edward Island.

Criminal conviction
Bell was arrested in 1997 and charged in connection with a series of pipe bomb explosions in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, and Halifax, Nova Scotia, dating from 1988 to 1996. During this time, a series of communications to media and law enforcement officials claimed that the bombings were undertaken by a group calling itself "Loki 7". Bell was convicted in 1997 by Chief Justice Armand DesRoches on charges of exploding four pipe bombs over a period of eight years and was given a nine-year sentence which he served at the Springhill Institution in Nova Scotia.

Bombings
A pipe bomb exploded outside the Sir Louis Henry Davies Law Courts in Charlottetown in October 1988. The bomb was obscured in a flower bed and exploded at 0600, causing no structural damage, although windows were broken and damage was sustained to the law library.

After a 6-year lull, a pipe bomb planted in a trash can in Halifax's Point Pleasant Park was discovered in 1994.  Law enforcement were alerted and the bomb was defused with no damage being reported.

On April 20, 1995, one day after the Oklahoma City bombing attack, a powerful pipe bomb that was planted under a wood-framed wheelchair ramp on the north side of Province House in Charlottetown exploded in the mid-morning hours. The explosion occurred several minutes after a class of school children had passed through the area. Over 20 windows were damaged on the building and shrapnel and debris was thrown around the area. One injury was reported by an individual sitting on a nearby park bench who received a broken ankle and severed blood vessels from the shrapnel and the shockwave.  After this explosion, police and media (ATV News) received the first communiqué from "Loki 7".

On June 25, 1996, the Prince Edward Island station of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) received a warning from "Loki 7" about a bomb located at a nearby propane terminal.  Law enforcement evacuated the surrounding area and discovered the device affixed to a large above-ground propane storage tank.  Several empty garbage trucks were placed around the tank to shield potential blast effects and police bomb squads removed the device using a water cannon. It exploded but did not cause any damage to the propane terminal or other equipment.

Investigation
Law enforcement had no leads following the 1988 and 1994 bombings, although the 1988 case had received much speculation from local residents who thought it might be linked to organized crime.  It was not until after the 1995 bombing at Province House that all three were linked together.

Communiqués
Communications from "Loki 7" were taken seriously, but with suspicion, since most of the information could have been gleaned from media reports. Police were also puzzled by how long it took the bomber or bombers to claim credit for each action.

The name Loki 7 was also a source of consternation. Police knew that Loki was the Norse god of mischief. As with previous correspondence from "Loki 7", the swastika-emblazoned missive ended with the declaration "Heil, Thor."

Given the odd nature of the letters it was considered by some investigators to be a prank, rather than actual contact from the bombers.  This changed after the 1996 bombing when a letter from "Loki 7" described precisely where to find a bomb that had been left at the propane terminal.

Each letter contained references to "venal injustice officials" and "crypto-Zionist producers" but revealed little about potential motives. Despite some of the neo-Nazi rhetoric, police were not led to believe that "Loki 7" represented a white supremacist group.

The Charlottetown Police Department, along with major crime investigators and criminal profilers with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), assembled a task force to solve the case.  Prior to the 1996 propane terminal bombing, Charlottetown Police had 3 investigators working on the file and this was increased to 6 personnel with an unconfirmed number from the RCMP.

Roger Bell had gained the interest of Charlottetown Police following the 1988 bombing, but he had been one of many at the time and given the 6-year lull (7 on Prince Edward Island) in activity, he received less interest over time.  Less than one month after the 1996 bombing, the joint task force had narrowed the field of suspects which again included Bell.  He was placed under 24-hour surveillance that August and arrested that fall.

Bell pleaded guilty and was convicted the following year and sentenced to nine years in a federal penitentiary.  He was released for parole in 2006.

Motive
When Bell was caught, he did not reveal his motives until a 2002 appearance before the National Parole Board, when Bell said, "I think my mission was simply revenge at society."

See also
 Unabomber

References

External links
 "Charlottetown Bombing", a Maclean's article from May 1, 1995, on The Canadian Encyclopedia.

Bombing
1997 in Canadian law
1990s crimes in Canada
Charlottetown
Halifax County, Nova Scotia

Loki 7 bombings


The term Mass is used for different concepts, in different fields of study:

Physics
Mass, a physical quantity describing the amount of matter in something (everything it is made of)
Thermal mass, a mass which absorbs heat

Religion
Mass (liturgy), the main worship service of many Christian churches
Mass (music), a piece of music for choir, which is sung during the religious service. The text of this is usually from a religious setting

Music and theatre
Mass (movie), a Tollywood movie starring Akkineni Nagarjuna
Mass (theatre), a 1971 musical play by Leonard Bernstein based on Roman Catholic liturgy
Mass (band), a post-punk band who recorded for the 4AD label
The Mass (band), an American jazzcore band

Placenames and geography
Mass., an abbreviation for the U.S. state of Massachusetts
Landmass (also land mass)

Medicine and health
Body mass index, a health indicator to do with to human body weight and height
Muscle mass, a bodybuilding term to do with the configuration of muscles in a person's body
MASS, the common acronym for sports nutrition company Muscle And Sports Science
Mass (medicine), a tumor

People
Isaac Mass, a Franklin County, Massachusetts politician
Mass, another name for electronic musician Peter Harris, more commonly known as Blu Peter

In the plural form, the masses, can mean:
 The working class or the people ("the masses"). See also multitudes. Masses are disorganized, as opposed to classes (see class consciousness).
Hoi polloi (or "the masses"), a term that usually refers to ordinary, simple people (not important people like rulers and aristocracy)
The Masses, a Socialist magazine

An adjective describing a large amount of something, as in:
mass production
mass transit
mass communication
mass education
mass marketing
mass media
mass murder
mass suicide
weapons of mass destruction
mass burial
mass hysteria
mass storage

Mass (disambiguation)


The Tekakwitha Conference is a Roman Catholic institution that supports Christian ministry among Native Americans, primarily through its annual meeting.

History
The Tekakwitha Conference began in 1939, when Bishop Aloisius Joseph Muench of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Fargo convened 27 missionaries and three Native American laymen to discuss their pastoral concerns about Northern Plains native communities, in what became an annual event.  In 1940, its participants named the meeting, the Tekakwitha Conference, in honor of Kateri Tekakwitha. At the annual meetings, priests, religious brothers and guest speakers involved in region discussed concerns ranging from reservation life and Catholic schools, in the 1940s and 1950s, to urban relocation, native customs in Catholic worship, native deacons, and native self-determination, in the 1960s and 1970s. Prior to 1977, it is believed that attendance at annual meetings remained less than 100 persons.

From 1977 to 1979, the Conference reorganized after becoming moribund and making failed attempts to update itself. With financial support and an invitation from the Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions it invited a substantial number of Native American Catholics and their supporters to attend, which included priests, deacons, religious sisters and laity. In 1978, attendance at the annual meeting exceeded 200 participants for the first time. The Conference welcomed them, it then established a board of directors and it incorporated in 1979.

Since then, attendance at meetings and membership has continued to grow. By the 1990s, membership included native people from throughout the United States and Canada with more than 100 native parishes establishing local chapters called Kateri circles. Through member involvement, the scope of meetings expanded to include Catholic mass with Native American rituals and symbols, such as smudging and songs and prayers in native languages, ongoing reports on the canonization cause of Kateri Tekakwitha and numerous workshops and discussion sessions on pastoral concerns.

In 1980, the Tekakwitha Conference established offices in Great Falls, Montana and initiated a newsletter, now titled Cross and Feathers. Sister Kateri Mitchell, a member of Mohawk Nation and the Sisters of St. Anne, has served as executive director since 1998. Bishop Donald E. Pellotte of Gallup served as its Episcopal moderator from 1981 to 2008 and Archbishop Charles J. Chaput of Philadelphia succeeded him in 2008. In 2013, the Tekakwitha Conference offices moved to Alexandria, Louisiana.

(With the canonization process of Kateri Tekakwitha having reached fruition after many decades, and indeed the several centuries since the Saint's death, both Sr. Kateri Mitchell and the subject of the key second first class miracle attributed to Tekawitha in the 2006 healing of Lummi tribal member, Jake Finkbonner, were participants in Rome on October 21, 2012 in the actual canonization ceremony, and since then the impact, scope, and cultural reach of the conference has begun to grow as might be expected through the recognition of the Roman Catholic Church's, and North America's, first Native American saint. (St. Juan Diego preceded her in 2002 as the first indigenous Roman Catholic Saint from the Americas, but it is also worth noting, historically, that his birth had predated hers by almost two centuries.)

Since these recent events, Saint Kateri Tekawitha now lends her name and venerable history to the Conference through her newly found stature as one and only among officially recognized and authenticated North American indigenous saints.

See also
Marquette University Special Collections and University Archives

References
Tekakwitha Conference Records at Marquette University.
Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions Digital Collection; ID number 10171 (participants of 1964 Tekakwitha Conference)

Tekakwitha Conference History

External links
Tekakwitha Conference Home Page

History of Catholicism in the United States
Christian organizations established in 1939
Catholic organizations established in the 20th century
1939 establishments in North Dakota
Native American organizations

Tekakwitha Conference


The Highwayman is a 2004 fantasy novel by American writer R. A. Salvatore, set in his world of Corona, shared with his Demon Wars Saga. The Highwayman tells the story of a young crippled boy named Bransen Garibond. The orphaned son of the Jhesta Tu mystic Sen Wi and the Abellican priest Brother Dynard, he eventually is able to move normally by learning to center his body to become the hero known as the Highwayman.

Plot
Pryd Holding, where much of the story is set, is troubled by the threat of powrie dwarves, domination by other kingdoms and religious conflicts between the brutal Samhaists, led by the cruel and evil Bernivvigar and the seemingly more benevolent brothers of Blessed Abelle, to which Brother Bran Dynard belongs. Also complicating matters is that Prince Prydae, the last of his line, suffers an injury in battle that leaves him impotent. Brother Dynard has recently returned from the south, where he was sent to enlighten the people, but instead became fascinated and enlightened by the people, and took a wife, the beautiful Jhesta Tu mystic Sen Wi. Sen Wi has come to Pryd holding with Dynard to help explain the ways of her people to the brothers of Blessed Abelle.

One night, a beautiful young woman, Callen Duwornay, is sentenced to death for adultery. Forced to endure sexual humiliation as part of her punishment, she is stripped completely naked in front of the community, is bitten by a poison snake and then left for dead, hung over the road that is being constructed to connect Pryd Holding with the other kingdoms as a warning to others. Sen Wi and Dynard find her hanging naked and rescue her from the dwarves that are beating her. Sen Wi uses her training to heal Callen and they take her to Dynard's friend, Garibond, to heal. After recovering, an apparently still naked Callen leaves Garibonds home and disappears. Some time later, after changing her name, Callen gives birth to a daughter, whom she names Cadayale.

Brother Dynard and Sen Wi go before the brothers of Abelle, but they are appalled to find that he was "enlightened" by the "beasts of Behr" rather than enlightening them as he was supposed to. Additionally, the brothers refuse to recognize Sen Wi as his wife, referring to her instead dismissively as his concubine. Sen Wi realizes that she is pregnant and that her baby is suffering within her due to her having taken the poison and pain from Callen into herself. Sen Wi later dies giving birth in Garibond's home, using the last of her strength to save her son, whom Garibond names Bransen, combining his parents name. Dynard himself is later killed by a dwarf on the highway when he is sent to see the higher order of Abelle.

Adopted by Garibond, Bransen is a constant source of ridicule, mockery and abuse in the town by local bullies due to his disfigurement, shown kindness only by Cadayale, daughter of Callen. With old age overtaking him and suffering a terrible injury to himself due to the cruel machinations of Bernivvigar, who wishes to sacrifice Bransen, Garibond makes a deal with the brothers of Abelle to take in Bransen should he die. Garibond himself is later burned to death for heresy and for harboring the Book of Jhest, written by Dynard. After this, Bransen is taken in by the monks, but most of them treat him cruelly as well.

Bransen utilizes both sides of his heritage in the novel to overcome his crippled state and become the Highwayman. With help from a soul stone, the hematite, combined with his knowledge of The Book of Jhest, Bransen overcomes his physically weak form by centering his chi, which greatly increases his mobility. With his newfound ability, he rescues Cadayale from the bullies who wished to rape and beat her for helping him, killing the lead bully, Tarkus Breen. After weeks of robbing from the tax collectors to give back to the poor, becoming a local Robin Hood, Bransen risks everything to rescue Cadayale and Callen from Bernivvigar and Prydae, who sought to rape Cadayale to beget an heir, leading to the deaths of both men. Afterward, Bransen, Cadayale and Callen are banished from Pryd Holding by Bannagran, Prydae's closest friend and temporary ruler. With hope in their hearts, the three depart for the south to seek a better life.

In 2007, Matthew Hansen of Marvel Comics/Dabel Brothers Productions adapted The Highwayman to a comic book.

References

External links
 The Highwayman: A Novel of Corona review on Publishers Weekly
 The Highwayman review on sff180.com
 The Highwayman review on SF Site

American fantasy novels
Novels by R. A. Salvatore
Novels about orphans
Novels about theft
2004 American novels

The Highwayman (novel)


Osana was a Northumbrian princess, whose local following as a saint developed informally after her death, though she was never officially canonised. Centuries after her death, she was described by the Norman-Welsh chronicler Giraldus Cambrensis (died 1223) as the sister of King Osred I of Northumbria, which would make her the daughter of King Aldfrith of Northumbria. Osana was depicted by Giraldus as inflicting a miraculous flagellation from her grave in Howden, Yorkshire, upon a concubine of the priest of the collegiate church there, a moral tale intended to inculcate clerical celibacy. Celibacy of the Anglo-Saxon clergy was not expected in Osana's time; when it began to be enforced from the top at even the higher levels, with Archbishop Anselm's council of London, 1102, it continued to be resisted in Britain, though it was a central objective of Gregorian reform.

Giraldus records
"In the north of England beyond the Humber, in the church of Hovedene,  the concubine of the rector incautiously sat down on the tomb of St. Osana, sister of king Osred, which projected like a wooden seat; on wishing to retire, she could not be removed, until the people came to her assistance; her clothes were rent, her body was laid bare, and severely afflicted with many strokes of discipline, even till the blood flowed; nor did she regain her liberty, until by many tears and sincere repentance she had showed evident signs of compunction."
There had been no previous record of Osana.
On the authority of Giraldus Cambrensis, the Bollandists named 18 June a feast for Osana.

Notes

References

8th-century Christian saints
698 births
750 deaths
Northumbrian saints
Yorkshire saints
People from Howden
Christian female saints of the Middle Ages

Osana


Kansas City jazz is a style of jazz that developed in Kansas City, Missouri during the 1920s and 1930s, which marked the transition from the structured big band style to the much more improvisational style of bebop. The hard-swinging, bluesy transition style is bracketed by Count Basie, who in 1929 signed with Bennie Moten's Kansas City Orchestra, and Kansas City native Charlie Parker, who ushered in the bebop style in America. It has been said that while New Orleans was the birthplace of jazz, "America's music" grew up in Kansas City.

Thus, Kansas City is known as one of the most popular "cradles of jazz". Other cities include New Orleans, Chicago, St. Louis, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, and New York City. Kansas City was known for the organized musicians of the Local 627 A.F.M., which controlled a number of venues in the city.

Background
The first band from Kansas City to acquire a national reputation was the Coon-Sanders Original Nighthawk Orchestra, a white group which broadcast nationally in the 1920s. However, the Kansas City jazz school is identified with the black bands of the 1920s and 1930s, including those led by Bennie Moten, Andy Kirk, Harlan Leonard, George E. Lee, Count Basie, and Jay McShann.

Kansas City in the 1930s was very much the crossroads of the United States resulting in a mix of cultures. Transcontinental trips at the time, whether by plane or train, often necessitated a stop in the city. The era marked the zenith of power of political boss Tom Pendergast. Kansas City was a wide open town with liquor laws and hours totally ignored and was called the new Storyville. Most of the jazz musicians associated with the style were born in other places but got caught up in the friendly musical competitions among performers that could keep a single song being performed in variations for an entire night. Often members of the big bands would perform at regular venues earlier in the evening and go to the jazz clubs later to jam for the rest of the night.

In the 1930s, a hybrid style between Kansas City jazz and big band was the most popular form of jazz music in the United States, often being played in popular venues and ballrooms.

Jay McShann told the Associated Press in 2003:
You'd hear some cat play, and somebody would say "This cat, he sounds like he is from Kansas City." It was Kansas City Style. They knew it on the East Coast. They knew it on the West Coast. They knew it up North and they knew it down South.

Claude "Fiddler" Williams described the scene:
Kansas City was different from all other places because we'd be jamming all night. And [if] you come up here ... playing the wrong thing, we'd straighten you out.

Clubs were scattered throughout city but the most fertile area was the inner city neighborhood of 18th Street and Vine.

Among the clubs were the Amos 'n' Andy, Boulevard Lounge, Cherry Blossom, Chesterfield Club, Chocolate Bar, Dante's Inferno, Elk's Rest, Hawaiian Gardens, Hell's Kitchen, the Hi Hat, the Hey Hay Club, Lone Star, Old Kentucky Bar-B-Que, Paseo Ballroom, Pla-Mor Ballroom, Reno Club, Spinning Wheel, Street's Blue Room, Subway, and Sunsetx.

Kansas City influence overtly transferred to the national scene in 1936 when record producer John Hammond discovered Count Basie on his car radio. Pendergast was convicted of income tax fraud in 1940 and the city cracked down on the clubs effectively ending the era.

Style
Kansas City jazz is distinguished by the following musical elements:

 A preference for a 4 feel (walking) over the 2 beat feel found in other jazz styles of the time. This gave Kansas City jazz a more relaxed, fluid sound than previous jazz styles.
 Extended soloing. Fueled by the non-stop nightlife under political boss Tom Pendergast, Kansas City jam sessions continued until later than sunrise, fostering a highly competitive atmosphere and a unique jazz culture in which the goal was to "say something" with one's instrument, rather than simply show off one's technique. It was not uncommon for one "song" to be performed for several hours, with the best musicians often soloing for dozens of choruses at a time.
 So-called "head arrangements". The KC big bands often played by memory, composing and arranging the music collectively, rather than sight-reading as other big bands of the time did. This further contributed to the loose, spontaneous Kansas City sound.
 A heavy blues influence, with KC songs often based around a 12-bar blues structure, rather than the 32-bar AABA standard (although Moten Swing is in this AABA format).
 One of the most recognizable characteristics of Kansas City jazz is frequent, elaborate riffing by the different sections. Riffs were often created  - or even improvised - collectively, and took many forms: a) one section riffing alone, serving as the main focus of the music; b) one section riffing behind a soloist, adding excitement to the song; or c) two or more sections riffing in counterpoint, creating a rousing, complex sound. The Count Basie signature tunes "One O'Clock Jump" and "Jumpin' at the Woodside", for example, are mainly collections of riffs, memorized in a head arrangement, and punctuated with solos. Glenn Miller's famous swing anthem "In the Mood" closely follows this Kansas City pattern of riffing sections, perhaps exemplifying how, by the late 1930s, the style had gone on to influence the larger musical world.

Aftermath
Each year Kansas City celebrates "Jazzoo" - a charity fundraiser dedicated to Kansas City jazz and raising funds for the Kansas City Zoo. In 2011, Jazzoo was one of the Nation's largest charity fundraisers, raising over $800,000.

Musicians

Selected discography
Early jazz and swing era music:
Various artists, The Real Kansas City of the 20's, 30's & 40's, Columbia/Legacy (1996)
Various artists, Jazz - Kansas City Style, Topaz Jazz/Pearl (1996)
Various artists, The Cradle of Jazz, The International Music Co. (2000) 2CD
Various artists, Kansas City Jazz 1924-1942, Frémeaux & Associés [France] (2005) 2CD

Bibliography
 Frank Driggs and Chuck Haddix, Kansas City Jazz: From Ragtime to Bebop--A History New York: Oxford University Press, 2006,
 Haddix, Chuck. Rags to Be-bop: the Sounds of Kansas City Music, 1890-1945. [Text by] Chuck Haddix. Kansas City, Mo.: University of Missouri at Kansas City, University Libraries, Marr Sound Archives, 1991. Without ISBN
 Nathan W. Pearson, Jr., Goin' to Kansas City. Urbana, Il.: University of Illinois Press, 1988,
 Nathan W. Pearson, Jr., Political and Musical Forces That Influenced the Development of Kansas City Jazz. In: Black Music Research Journal Vol. 9 (2), (1989), pp. 181–192
 Ross Russell, Jazz Style in Kansas City and the Southwest, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1971,
 Gunther Schuller, The Swing Era: The Development of Jazz, 1930-1945 (The History of Jazz, Vol. 2), New York: Oxford University Press, 1991

References

Kansas City metropolitan area
Music of Kansas City, Missouri
Jazz genres
History of Kansas City
American jazz

Kansas City jazz


Robert Guéï (; 16 March 1941 – 19 September 2002) was an Ivorian politician who was the military ruler from 24 December 1999 to 26 October 2000. He succeeded President Henri Konan Bédié after the 1999 Ivorian coup d'état and lost to Laurent Gbagbo in the ensuing 2000 Ivorian presidential election. Guéï, his wife Rose Doudou Guéï, and his children were killed on 19 September 2002 on the first day of the First Ivorian Civil War.

Biography
Guéï was born in Kabakouma, a village in the western Man Department, and was a member of the Yacouba ethnic community. He was a career soldier: under the French administration, he was trained at the Ouagadougou military school and the St Cyr military school in France. He was an ardent supporter of longtime President Félix Houphouët-Boigny, who in 1990 appointed him chief of the army following a mutiny. After the death of Houphouët-Boigny in 1993, Guéï became distanced from the new leader Henri Konan Bédié. Guéï's refusal to mobilize his troops to resolve a political struggle between Bédié and the opposition leader Alassane Ouattara in October 1995 led to his dismissal. He was made a minister but sacked again in August 1996 and forced out of the army in January 1997.

Bédié was overthrown in a coup on Christmas Eve, 1999. Although Guéï had no role in the coup, the popular general was encouraged out of retirement to head the junta until the next elections. On 4 January 2000, he became President of the Republic.  Guéï stood in the October 2000 presidential election as an independent. He only allowed one opposition candidate, Laurent Gbagbo of the Ivorian Popular Front, to run against him. Guéï was soundly defeated by Gbagbo but refused to recognize the result. It took a spate of street protests to bring Gbagbo to power.  Guéï fled to Gouessesso, near the Liberian border, but remained a figure in the political scene. He was included in a reconciliation forum in 2001 and agreed to refrain from undemocratic methods.

Guéï withdrew from the forum agreement in September 2002, but was killed along with his wife, former First Lady Rose Doudou Guéï, and their children on 19 September 2002, in the Cocody district of Abidjan during the first hours of the civil war. The circumstances of his death remain mysterious, although generally attributed to forces loyal to Laurent Gbagbo. Several members of his family and the interior minister, Émile Boga Doudou, were also killed.

Following Guéï's death, his body stayed in a morgue until a funeral was held for him in Abidjan on 18 August 2006, nearly four years after his death.

Footnotes

See also
 First Ivorian Civil War

References

1941 births
2002 deaths
Presidents of Ivory Coast
Assassinated Ivorian politicians
People murdered in Ivory Coast
People from Montagnes District
Ivorian military personnel
Government ministers of Ivory Coast
Independent politicians in Ivory Coast
2000s murders in Ivory Coast
2002 crimes in Ivory Coast
2002 murders in Africa
2000s assassinated politicians in Africa
Assassinated presidents in Africa
20th-century Ivorian politicians
20th-century presidents in Africa

Robert Guéï


The Horseshoe Bay Wilderness is a  wilderness area in the U.S. state of Michigan. It borders Horseshoe Bay, a shallow bay that is part of the extreme northwest corner of Lake Huron adjacent to the Straits of Mackinac. The wilderness area is overseen by the United States Forest Service as part of the Hiawatha National Forest.

Description
When the water level of Lake Huron receded after the most recent ice age, many rolling areas of former lakeshore and lake bottomland became riparian wetlands along the lake's edge. The Horseshoe Bay Wilderness is one of these wetlands. It is forested, and characterized by trees that can tolerate humid and damp conditions, such as the paper birch and the Northern whitecedar. The shore of Horseshoe Bay, and the slow-moving tributaries that drain from the wetland into the bay, offer good ground for fish spawning, and the adjacent area of Lake Huron is rich in fish of all kinds. Fish-eating waterfowl, such as the great blue heron, are often seen here.

Native Americans used Horseshoe Bay wetlands to catch fish. They harvested local plant life, such as birch bark and cedar roots, to build the canoes that they used to catch the fish.

After the Horseshoe Bay wetland had been thoroughly logged by timber companies, the land reverted to the public sector. Congress designated a parcel of national forest land along Horseshoe Bay's shoreline as a wilderness area in 1987. The Forest Service has built a  trail from the Foley Creek parking lot/campground, adjacent to the wilderness, into the wilderness itself. The trail is often damp, and mosquitoes are common; it terminates at the Horseshoe Bay shoreline.

The Horseshoe Bay Wilderness is served by County Highway H-63 and is adjacent to exit 352 on Interstate 75. The nearest major municipality is St. Ignace, which is to the south.

References

IUCN Category Ib
Protected areas of Mackinac County, Michigan
Wilderness areas of Michigan
Hiawatha National Forest

Horseshoe Bay Wilderness


Tassilo – also spelled Thassilo – is a male name of West Germanic origin. It is the diminutive form of the name Tasso/Tazzo.
Tasso/Tazzo itself is the diminutive form of Taginbert, which is of West Germanic origin and means "glittering as the day". The components of Taginbert are the Old High German words tag (day) and beraht (glittering). The Proto-Germanic roots of the components are "dagaz" (day) and "berhtaz" (bright) and the name Taginbert corresponds to the common Frankish name Dagobert.

Tassilo may refer to:
 Tassilo I of Bavaria (died c. 610)
 Tassilo II of Bavaria (died c. 719)
 Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria (died c. 796)
 Tassilone (1709), an opera by Agostino Steffani (1653–1728)
 Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa (1818–1899), German chess-master
 Prince Tassilo Festetics von Tolna (1850–1933), Hungarian nobleman
 Tassilo Thierbach (born 1957), German figure-skater
 Prince Tassilo of Bulgaria (born 2002), son of Kyril, Prince of Preslav, grandson of former Tsar Simeon II of Bulgaria

Tassilo


I Love You was a romance comic  published by Charlton Comics from 1955–1980.

Notable creators who worked on the title included inker Vince Alascia, who contributed to nearly every issue during its 25-year run. Joe Sinnott drew many early covers; most were inked by Vince Colletta, who worked on the title during the period 1959–1968. Dick Giordano illustrated a number of covers during this period as well. Charles Nicholas was a frequent contributor from 1959–1976. Norman Nodel illustrated for the title from 1966 – c. 1972. Art Capello drew for the title throughout the 1970s, including many covers.

Publication history
As with many comic book titles published at the time, I Love You did not start with issue number one. Its first issue was #7, continuing the numbering of the Charlton romance title In Love, which published two issues in 1955. (Charlton had picked up In Love from the defunct Mainline Publications [operated by Jack Kirby and Joe Simon], which published the first four issues.) Early issues of I Love You sported the tagline "True Love Stories."

Charlton published 115 issues of I Love You from July 1955 – December 1976. After a nearly three-year hiatus, Charlton resumed the series with issue #122 in March 1979. I Love You ran for nine more issues – most of which were filled with reprints – finally ending for good with issue #130 in May 1980.

Recurring features
Starting in the mid-1960s, I Love You featured rotating advice columns by Jeannette Copeland and Harold Gluck. Copeland's column was known as "Just Jeannette," while Gluck's were alternately titled "Canteen Corner" and "Teen-Age Troubles." In the mid-1970s, Jennifer White's "Jennifer's Corner" took over as the advice column.

In 1972–1973, the comic started featuring cameos by pop singers and actors such as Bobby Sherman, Susan Dey, Shirley Jones, and David Cassidy.

The last few issues featured a letter column edited by Buck Mason called "Buck's Bag."

References

Notes

Sources consulted

External links
 I Love You cover gallery

Comics magazines published in the United States
Romance comics
1955 comics debuts
1980 comics endings
Defunct American comics
Magazines established in 1955
Magazines disestablished in 1980
Charlton Comics titles
1955 establishments in Connecticut

I Love You (comics)