Eagan ( ) is a city in Dakota County, Minnesota. It is south of Saint Paul and lies on the south bank of the Minnesota River, upstream from the confluence with the Mississippi River. Eagan and the other nearby suburbs form the southern section of the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area. Eagan's population was 68,855 at the 2020 census. The city was home to the headquarters of Northwest Airlines (now Delta Air Lines).

History
Eagan was named for Patrick Eagan, who was the first chairman of the town board of supervisors. He farmed a  parcel of land near the present-day town hall. Eagan (born 1811) and his wife Margaret Twohy (born 1816) emigrated from Tipperary, Ireland to Troy, New York, where they married in 1843. They arrived in Mendota circa 1853–54, before settling in the Eagan area.

Eagan was settled as an Irish farming community and "Onion Capital of the United States". Its largest growth took place after Highway 77 was relocated and expanded and a six-lane bridge (with three northbound and three southbound lanes) was constructed over the Minnesota River in 1980 and the final Interstate 35E freeway section southbound from Minnesota State Highway 110 in Mendota Heights to the area where it joins 35W in Burnsville was completed in the mid-1980s. Eagan's northern border is mostly along Interstate 494. Its southern border is about a mile south of Cliff Road. Its eastern border runs mostly along Minnesota State Highway 3. The western border runs mostly along the Minnesota River's south bank.

The city was visited by the "20th hijacker" of the September 11 attacks, Zacarias Moussaoui, before the attacks. Moussaoui attempted to complete flight training school, but was ultimately refused service by a local resident.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which  is land and  is water.

Interstate Highway 35E, Interstate Highway 494, Minnesota Highways 13, 55, 77, and 149 are six of Eagan's main routes.

The Eagan Core Greenway is an ongoing project to preserve Eagan's environmentally sensitive green space, with particular emphasis on Patrick Eagan Park and the two-mile (3 km) greenway connecting the park with Lebanon Hills Regional Park.

Demographics

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 64,206 people, 25,249 households, and 16,884 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 26,414 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 81.5% White, 5.6% African American, 0.3% Native American, 7.9% Asian, 1.7% from other races, and 3.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.5% of the population.

There were 25,249 households, of which 35.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.3% were married couples living together, 9.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 33.1% were non-families. Of all households 25.9% were made up of individuals, and 5.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.10.

The median age in the city was 36.8 years. Of residents 25.5% were under the age of 18; 8.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.1% were from 25 to 44; 30.9% were from 45 to 64; and 7.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.1% male and 50.9% female.

Economy

Eagan is home to legal publisher West, part of Thomson Reuters (7,350 employees), Blue Cross Blue Shield of Minnesota (3,900 employees), Scantron, and Coca-Cola's Midwest bottling facility (900 employees). The sparsely populated northern portions of the city, being convenient to freeways and MSP Airport, are also home to a number of warehouses and distribution centers, including Minnesota's largest UPS hub (1,400 employees).

Regional Elite Airline Services, Universal Cooperatives and Buffets, Inc. are also headquartered in Eagan.

Northwest Airlines had its headquarters in Eagan. After Northwest merged with Delta, the Northwest headquarters was disestablished. Todd Klingel, president of the Minneapolis Regional Chamber of Commerce, said that losing Northwest, a Fortune 500 company, would be "certainly a blow." He added, "But it's been expected for so long. Let's get on with it. The key is what can we do to minimize the loss to Minnesota." Mesaba Airlines employed around 1,830 people when it closed in 2011.

The Minnesota Vikings relocated their headquarters from Eden Prairie to Eagan, at the site of the former Northwest Airlines headquarters. The complex can be seen from Interstate 494. and is also home to the Twin Cities Orthopedics Performance Center, which serves as the Minnesota Vikings Training Facility. The facility is 277,000 square feet and includes an outdoor field that seats 6,500 fans. Fans can tour the facility or watch the daily activities on one of the six live action cameras around the stadium.

Top employers
According to Eagan's 2021 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, its top employers were:

Government and politics

Eagan's municipal government is a Type B Statutory City, which provides for a council size of five members, one of whom is the mayor. Eagan's mayor since 2007 has been Mike Maguire.

The other councilmembers are:
 Paul Bakken (fifth non-consecutive term, 1997 and since 2007, seat up again in 2026)
 Gary Hansen (fourth term, since 2009 special election, seat up again in 2026)
 Cyndee Fields (fifth term, since 2001, seat up again in 2024)
 Mike Supina (first term, since 2021, seat up again in 2024)

In general, city government is nonpartisan. Candidates need not be (and usually are not) selected or endorsed by political parties, and no such endorsement appears on the ballot by state law. All five council seats including the mayor are elected at-large in a general election every four years. Terms are staggered with two council members elected one election cycle and the other two and the mayor two years later. The non-mayoral seats are elected in pairs, giving voters the chance to vote for up to two candidates. If necessary, races are narrowed down during a primary election.

As a part of Dakota County, Eagan's northern and western precincts join with regions northward to form the Third District on the County Commission. It has been represented by Laurie Halverson since 2021. The southern and eastern portions of the city are joined by regions south and east to form the Fourth District of the County Commission, which has been represented by William Droste since 2023. County commissioners serve four-year terms.

Eagan is in Minnesota's 2nd congressional district, represented by Angie Craig since 2019.

Since redistricting last took place, in 2022, Eagan straddles two Minnesota State Senate districts. Seventeen of Eagan's 18 precincts are joined with three precincts in neighboring Burnsville, four precincts in Mendota Heights, and the Village of Mendota to form Senate District 52, represented by Senator Jim Carlson (DFL). Eagan's southeasternmost precinct is part of Senate District 56, represented by Senator Erin Maye Quade (DFL).

In the Minnesota House of Representatives, each senate district is divided into an "A" and a "B" side. The western half of District 52 makes up House District 52A, represented by Liz Reyer (DFL). The eastern half of District 52 makes up House District 52B, represented by Ruth Richardson (DFL). John Huot (DFL) represents precinct 18 as part of House District 56B.

Eagan is home to Minnesota's 39th governor, Tim Pawlenty, who previously represented Eagan in the Minnesota House and on the city council. Former mayor Patricia Anderson served as the 17th state auditor from 2003 to 2007.

Recently two city questions have gone to the ballot for city residents to vote on. In 2008, the citizens voted 53% to 47% to allow private development of a defunct golf course instead of having the City purchase the land for public development or open space. In 2004 and in 2007, voters were presented with plans drafted by an established Charter Commission calling for the city to scrap its current governing structure as a statutory city and adopt a new home-rule city charter. The measure failed 80% to 20% in 2004 and 91% to 9% in 2007. The Charter Commission was dissolved on June 18, 2008.

Eagan lies in Minnesota's First Judicial District.

Education

Colleges and universities
 Rasmussen College

Primary and secondary schools

Public schools
Eagan is served by three school districts: Independent School District 191, Independent School District 196, and Independent School District 197. Some students choose to attend public schools in other school districts, as permitted under Minnesota's open enrollment statute.

High schools
 Eagan High School (196)

Middle schools
 Blackhawk Middle School (196)
 Dakota Hills Middle School (196)

Elementary schools
 Deerwood Elementary School (196)
 Glacier Hills Elementary School (196)
 Northview Elementary School (196)
 Oak Ridge Elementary School (196)
 Pilot Knob Elementary School (197)
 Pinewood Community School (196)
 Rahn Elementary School (191)
 Red Pine Elementary School (196)
 Sioux Trail Elementary School (191)
 Woodland Elementary School (196)

Private schools
 Faithful Shepherd Catholic School
 Trinity Lone Oak Lutheran School
 Trinity at River Ridge

Public libraries

The Dakota County Library operates the Wescott Library in Eagan. The library houses the headquarters of Dakota County Library.

Sports
The Minnesota Vikings built the Twin Cities Orthopedics Performance Center, a training facility for year-round use that opened in 2018. It features a stadium and six practice fields. The Vikings have announced a partnership with the Minnesota State High School League to host competitions at the venue.

The USL W League's Minnesota Aurora FC began play in 2022, with its home matches at Eagan's TCO Stadium.

Notable people
 Patricia Anderson, 17th Minnesota State Auditor and former mayor of Eagan
 Tim Commers, Minnesota state legislator and realtor
 Angie Craig, US representative for Minnesota's 2nd congressional district
 Natalie Darwitz, three time Olympic hockey player
 Nicholas David, American Soul singer and 3rd place finalist on NBC's The Voice
 Caroline Innerbichler, stage actress
 Laura Osnes, singer and actress
 Mary Anderson Pawlenty, First Lady of Minnesota and Judge of the District Court of Minnesota
 Tim Pawlenty, 39th Governor of Minnesota
 Lori Swanson, former Attorney General of Minnesota
 Mike Schneider, professional poker player
 Doug Wardlow, Minnesota state legislator
 Tim Vakoc, former associate pastor of St. John Neumann Catholic Church and first U.S. military chaplain to die from wounds received in the Iraq War
 Zach Zenner, NFL running back for the Detroit Lions

References

External links

 City of Eagan – Official site

Cities in Dakota County, Minnesota
Cities in Minnesota

Eagan, Minnesota


Greeklish, a portmanteau of the words Greek and English, also known as Grenglish, Latinoellinika/Λατινοελληνικά or ASCII Greek, is the Greek language written using the Latin script. Unlike standardized systems of Romanization of Greek, as used internationally for purposes such as rendering Greek proper names or place names, or for bibliographic purposes, the term Greeklish mainly refers to informal, ad-hoc practices of writing Greek text in environments where the use of the Greek alphabet is technically impossible or cumbersome, especially in electronic media. Greeklish was commonly used on the Internet when Greek people communicate by forum, e-mail, IRC, instant messaging and occasionally on SMS, mainly because older operating systems did not support non-Latin writing systems, or in a unicode form like UTF-8. Nowadays most Greek language content appears in the Greek alphabet.

Sometimes, the term Greeklish is also used informally for a non-standard language variety used by bilingual speakers of English and Greek, i.e. Greek with heavy macaronic or code-switching admixture of English words, or vice versa.

History
Some older traditions of using the Latin alphabet for Greek existed in earlier centuries. The term frankolevantinika properly refers to the use of the Latin script to write Greek in the cultural ambit of Catholicism. ("Frankos" is an older Greek term for Roman Catholic.) This usage was routine in the Venetian-ruled Greece and in Venetian Crete in the early modern era. Indeed, the autograph manuscripts of several Greek literary works of the Renaissance are in Latin script (e.g. the comedy Fortounatos by Markos Antonios Foskolos, 1655). This convention was also known as frankochiotika/φραγκοχιώτικα, "Frankish/Catholic Chiot", alluding to the significant presence of Catholic missionaries based on the island of Chios.

Orthographic and phonetic Greeklish
Greeklish may be orthographic or phonetic. In orthographic use, the intent is to reproduce Greek orthography closely: there is a one-to-one mapping between Greek and Latin letters, and digraphs are avoided, with occasional use of punctuation or numerals resembling Greek letters rather than Latin digraphs. While letters are in the first instance chosen for phonetic similarity, visual equivalence, and corresponding keyboard keys, are used when phonetically similar letters are exhausted. Thus, psi (ψ) may be written as ps, 4 or y; xi (ξ) as  ks, x or 3; and theta (θ) as  th or 8.

In phonetic use, there is no concern to reproduce Greek orthography, and the Greeklish is a phonetic transcription (usually with English phonetic norms, sometimes with other languages' like German) of Greek words — although often there is a mixture of the two. In particular, iotacism is preserved: the various letters and digraphs now pronounced as /i/ are transcribed as i, and not differentiated as they are in an orthographic scheme (e.g. h, i, u, ei, oi for η ι υ ει οι). In a phonetic scheme, xi is usually x or ks or 3; ks or 3 is used if x has been chosen, following orthographic norms, for chi (χ). Psi and theta will usually be the digraphs ps and th. 3 is often used to represent xi (ξ) because of the similar shape of the number 3 to the original letter albeit mirrored.

An example of orthographic Greeklish could be the word "plateia", which in Greek means "square" and using the Greek alphabet is spelled "πλατεία". The word "plateia" derives from the exact replacement of each Greek letter with its Latin respective: π=p, λ=l, α=a, τ=t, ε=e, ι=i, α=a.

An example of phonetic Greeklish could be the same word, "square", written like this: "platia". The reason the same word is, in this occasion, written without the letter "e", is the fact that, phonetically, the word "square" in Greek sounds exactly like this: "platia" (since -"εί"- is now pronounced /i/, as an instance of iotacism), but not for the phonology and the historical or learned pronunciation of the Ancient Greek language (where it was "plateia").

The most extreme case of orthographic Greeklish, which achieves the greater optical resemblance to the Greek prototypes, is perhaps the so-called "byzantine" or "arabesque" or "calligraphic/artistic" Greeklish introduced in the Hellas mailing list by the mathematician George Baloglou. Main characteristics of Baloglou's "byzantine" is the distinction of σ and ς (σ=c ς=s), the distinction of lower and upper letters, such as π=n, Π=TT or 5, θ=8, Θ=0 or Q, ψ=y, Ψ=4, and the unusual, but with great resemblance with the Greek prototype, transliterations σ=c, π=n ρ=p Ρ=P.

Since there were many relevant differences both in the written and in the spoken language -such as in the grammar, orthography and phonology of Greek- at the time of the Ancient Greek, the Koine, Jewish Koine, Medieval and Modern, thus the same word across the history may change outstandingly  and therefore have multiple choices of "rendering" (transliteration or transcription) depending on the time on which the referring text was written or translated.

Books written in Greeklish
Giannis Androutsopoulos (see references) talks about Exegesis, a book in Greeklish that was published by Oxy Publications in 2000. The Greeklish transliteration was based on the Greek translation of the original book written by Astro Teller. A novel about artificial intelligence, it describes a computer program that has acquired a "mind" of its own. The original book was written entirely in the form of e-mail messages, something that prompted Androutsopoulos and his collaborators to publish a version of it in Greeklish.

Computer usage
In the past there was a variety of mutually incompatible systems for displaying non-ASCII characters (IBM 437, ELOT 928, ISO 8859-7 plus a few company-specific encodings) and no standard method for typing them on a computer keyboard. This situation was resolved with the introduction of Unicode. Before the introduction of Unicode-compatible software (web servers and clients) many Greek personal or informal web sites were written in Greeklish. This is no longer the case and most (if not all) of the sites with Greek content are written in native Greek.

Almost all electronic mail messaging was also using Greeklish, and only recently, with the introduction of full Unicode compatibility in modern e-mail client software and gradual replacement of older programs, that usage of Greek characters became widespread.

Some Internet Service Providers in Greece use both Greek and Greeklish in their emails. For example, the corporate announcements sent to users via email are usually written in English, Greek, and Greeklish. This is done to ensure that the recipient can understand an important service message even if the settings of their computer for non-ASCII characters don't match those of the sender.

Commercial use

Use in advertisements
As of 2008, business advertisements using Greeklish have appeared in Athens Metro and other areas. Companies that have used Greeklish in some of their advertisements include Pizza Hut, Forthnet and Vodafone.

Use in business communication
Use of Greeklish for business purposes or business communication is considered as a lack of business ability or respect.

Current trends
Around 2004, after most computer software became compatible with Unicode UTF-8 or UTF-16 systems, use of Greeklish was strongly discouraged in many Greek online Web discussion boards (forums) where Greeklish was in use before. Administrators threatened to ban users who continued to use Greeklish, thus making the use of Greek mandatory; but using Greeklish failed to become a serious reason to get banned. Examples include the Translatum Greek Translation Forum, the Athens Wireless Metropolitan Network Forum, the Venus Project Forum, the adslgr.com Forum, the e-steki.gr forum, the Greek Technological Forum, and the Greek student forum. The reason for this is the fact that text written in Greeklish is considerably less aesthetically pleasing, and also much harder to read, compared to text written in the Greek alphabet. A non-Greek speaker/reader can guess this by this example: "δις ιζ χαρντ του ριντ" would be the way to write "this is hard to read" in English but utilizing the Greek alphabet.

A counterargument used by forum users is that a fair number of users live abroad and access the Internet from computers they don't own (university, internet cafes, etc.). There, they are not able to install additional keyboard layouts so they don't have the ability to type in Greek, therefore Greeklish is the only option available to them.

On Greek IRC channels and IM applications, most of the time only Greeklish is used because it is simpler to type and typing errors are more easily excused. However, Greeklish has been criticised because the user's text bypasses spellcheck, resulting in lowering their ability to write native Greek correctly.

On the Facebook social networking web site there are various groups against the use of "Greeklish".

Wide use for Greeklish in long texts as of 2010, is unusual.

Another current trend in Greeklish is the introduction of Leet phrasing and vocabulary. Many Leet words or slang have been internalized within the Greek spoken language through Greek gamers online in games such as World of Warcraft.

Examples:

Examples

"Καλημέρα, πώς είστε;"
Greeklish 1: kalimera, pos iste? (phonetic)
Greeklish 2: kalhmera, pws eiste; (reconciling with spelling rules)
Baloglou's "byzantine" variant: kalhmepa, nws eicte;
Typing as if the keyboard layout were set to Greek, when it is actually set to US English: Kalhm;era, p;vw e;isteq
Omitting some vowels, as a form of abbreviation: Klmr ps iste?

Greeklish-to-Greek conversion
Since the appearance of Greeklish there have been numerous attempts to develop applications for automatic conversion from Greeklish to Greek. Most of them can cope with only some of Greeklish transliteration patterns and can be found and downloaded from the Internet. The first complete system for automatic transcription of Greeklish into Greek, obtaining correct spelling is All Greek to Me!, developed and provided by the Institute for Language and Speech Processing.

The first open online application for the transcription of Greeklish to Greek, was developed by Artificial Intelligence Group at University of Patras, named deGREEKLISH.

An open source Greeklish converter, written in the C# programming language, is available as a stand alone program.

References

External links
 Giannis Androutsopoulos (Γιάννης Ανδρουτσόπουλος), a linguist at King's College London, conducted extensive research on the history and sociolinguistics of Greeklish in 1998-2001; his publications, as well as publications in the media about the phenomenon, are available on a dedicated site.

Romanization of Greek
Hellenic scripts
Internet slang
ASCII
Transliteration
Macaronic forms of English
Internet in Greece

Greeklish


3000 BC सिन्धु घाटी की सभ्यता में दाशमिक तौल के बाटों का उपयोग होता था।

 270 BC - Ctesibius builds a popular water clock, called a clepsydra

 46 BC - Julius Caesar and Sosigenes develop a solar calendar with leap years

 1000s - Sets of hourglasses were maintained by ship's pages to mark the progress of a ship during its voyage

 1000s - Large town clocks were used in Europe to display local time, maintained by hand

 1335 - First known mechanical clock, in Milan

 1502 - Peter Henlein builds the first pocketwatch

 1582 - Pope Gregory XIII, Aloysius Lilius, and Christopher Clavius introduce a Gregorian calendar with an improved leap year system

 1655 - Cassini builds the heliometer of San Petronio in Bologna, to standardise Solar noon.

 1656 - Christian Huygens builds the first accurate pendulum clock

 1676 - Motion works and minute hand introduced by Daniel Quare

 1680 - Second hand introduced

 1737 - John Harrison presents the first stable marine chronometer, thereby allowing for precise longitude determination while at sea

 1850 - Aaron Lufkin Dennison starts in Roxbury, Mass.U.S.A. the Waltham Watch Company and develops the American System of Watch Manufacturing.

 1884 - International Meridian Conference adopts Greenwich Mean Time for consistency with Nevil Maskelyne's 18th century observations for the Method of Lunar Distances

 1893 - Introduction by Webb C. Ball of the General Railroad Timepiece Standards in North America: Railroad chronometers

 1928 - Joseph Horton and Warren Morrison build the first quartz crystal oscillator clock

 1946 - Felix Bloch and Edward Purcell develop nuclear magnetic resonance

 1949 - Harold Lyons develops an atomic clock based on the quantum mechanical vibrations of the ammonia molecule

 1982 - The Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry FH is founded by the merger of two previous organisations

 1983 - Radio-controlled clocks become common place in Europe

 1994 - Radio-controlled clocks become common place in USA

इन्हें भी देखें
 हिन्दू काल गणना
 होरा
 घड़ी

बाहरी कड़ियाँ
 Hindu Kaala Vyavahara (Metrics of Time) : Superfine divisions of time by Hindus
 Time measurement in Hinduism

प्रौद्योगिकी का इतिहास

समय मापन प्रौद्योगिकी की समयरेखा


Siegfried I the Elder () (died 15 March 990), Count of Walbeck and Möckerngau, son of Lothar II the Old, Count of Walbeck, and Mathilde von Arneburg.

Rule
He succeeded his father as Count of Walbeck upon his death. Siegfried is first mentioned as an ally of Odo I, Margrave of the Saxon Ostmark, in his conflict with Mieszko I, Duke of Poland.  In particular, Siegfried fought in the Battle of Cedynia (Zehden), as reported in the Chronicon of Siegfried's son Thietmar of Merseburg.  Both Siegfried and Odo escaped the ensuing slaughter. As an interesting sidebar, Mieszko married Oda of Haldensleben, daughter of Dietrich, Margrave of the Nordmark, who was the predecessor of Siegfried's brother Lothar I as margrave. In 979, he and his brothers were appointed regents of the County of Möckerngau by Emperor Otto II.  Siegfried consolidated his position as sole count in 983.  Later that year, he fought with the Saxon army against the Great Slav Rising revolt against the empire.

Death
He supported the Empress Theophanu in her war against Boleslaus II in 990, and while moving against the rebellious Lutici, he fell from his horse and died on 15 March 990.

Marriage and children
Siegfried married Kunigunde von Stade, daughter of Henry I the Bald, Count of Stade. Siegfried and Kunigunde had five sons:
 Henry, Count of Walbeck (killed in battle, 1004)
 Friedrick, Count of Walbeck
 Thietmar of Merseburg, Bishop of Merseburg
 Siegfried of Walbeck, Bishop of Münster, 1022–1032
 Bruno of Walbeck, Bishop of Verden, 1034–1049.

Upon his death, Siegfried was succeeded as Count of Walbeck by his son Henry.

References

Sources
Warner, David A., Ottonian Germany: The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2001
Grosse, Walther, Die Grafen von Walbeck. In: Harz-Zeitschrift, 1952

Counts in Germany
10th-century births
990 deaths
Year of birth unknown

Siegfried I the Elder, Count of Walbeck


Contentment is a state of being where one is satisfied with their current situation, and the state of affairs in one's life as they presently are. If one is content, they are pleased with their situation and how the elements in one's life are situated. Contrary to popular belief, it is possible to be content with one's life regardless of the circumstance, regardless of whether things are going as one expected or not.

General

Many religions have some form of eternal bliss or heaven as their goal, often contrasted with everlasting torment or dissatisfaction. The source of all dissatisfaction appears to stem from the ability to compare experiences and then infer that one's state is not ideal.

In the Bible, there is an account that man's fall from his paradisal state was caused by man eating the forbidden fruit from the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil. Man's eyes were opened to know the distinction between good and evil (Genesis 3). In other words, when man becomes intellectually developed to distinguish between good and evil, he realizes there is a gap between what he considers good or ideal and what he is experiencing. The perception of this disparity is what creates psychological and physiological tension.

In the Tao Te Ching, this development of man from his primal state of consciousness called Tao is similarly expounded in this manner: "When the Tao is lost, there is goodness. When goodness is lost, there is morality ...".  Morality is the intellectual discernment between good and evil. There is a belief that one can achieve contentment by living "in the moment," which represents a way to stop the judgmental process of discriminating between good and bad. However, attempting to live in the moment is difficult because a person's attention is not only distracted by sensory stimuli but also psychological processes that conspire to make them think subconsciously or consciously. This thinking process is involved with memories; hence, the attempt to stay in the present is a ponderous one given that there is a subconscious struggle to break away from memories, especially unhappy ones. For this reason, specializations in this pursuit to live in the moment are found in various religious and mystical schools, manifested in forms of meditation and prayer. Various studies have shown prayer to promote well-being in religious people.

Practicing contentment as an attitude is another way for a person to obtain it in their lives. Practicing gratitude is another way to understand what contentment as an attitude is about. Seen in this light, contentment is not an achievement but an attitude that one can adopt at any time.

The American philosopher Robert Bruce Raup wrote a book Complacency: The Foundation of Human Behavior (1925) in which he claimed that the human need for complacency (i.e. inner tranquility) was the hidden spring of human behavior. Raup made this the basis of his pedagogical theory, which he later used in his criticisms of the American education system of the 1930s. In the context of present-day society, the multidimensional leisure culture evinces the desire of man to return to his core state of contentment by letting go of his hectic outer activities.

Contentment and positive psychology

In many ways, contentment can be closely associated with the concept of happiness and satisfaction. In positive psychology, social scientists study what might contribute to living a good life, or what would lead to people having increased positive mood and overall satisfaction with their life.

Happiness, in positive psychology, is defined in a twofold manner, which in totality is referred to as subjective well-being. How much positive emotion (positive affect) as opposed to negative emotion (negative affect) a person has, and how one views one's life overall (global satisfaction) are the questions asked in positive psychology to determine happiness. Contentment is closely related to a person's level of satisfaction with his or her life (global satisfaction).

In the 2014 book Lucky Go Happy : Make Happiness Happen!, Paul van der Merwe uses a chart to illustrate how being content for long periods of time, can yield more happiness than being ecstatic during a short period.

Positive psychology finds it very important to study what contributes to people being happy and to people flourishing, and finds it just as important to focus on the constructive ways in which people function and adapt, as opposed to the general field of psychology which focuses more on what goes wrong or is pathological with human beings.

The role of positive psychology can have a great impact on the many aspects of one's life. Human beings have a great ability to adapt, we can adapt to both the good and the bad that may happen in life. Usually in life, circumstances do not hold a long lasting effect on one's mood.

Variables that contribute to happiness in research

Satisficer vs. maximizer
These are two concepts that define the ways in which people make choices. A satisficer is a person who will make a decision once their criteria are met, and a maximizer, on the other hand, will not make a decision until every possible option is explored.

Genes
There is evidence suggesting that there is a relationship between contentment and genes. In a study done by Weiss et al. (2008) they found that genetics can be a factor in a person's overall well-being. More specifically, genes seem to be within the layer of factors that contribute to well-being and happiness. The study suggested that genes have a positive relationship between personality traits and happiness traits, similar to the relationship of comorbidity in psychopathy.

In a more recent study by Matsunaga et al. (2018), certain gene receptors have been found to play a role in the perception of one's happiness as they directly impact emotional processing and other physiological processes such as appetite regulation, evaluation of self and others, and memory.

Personality
Through factor analysis, personality can be narrowed down according to the five factor model, which holds that there are five aspects of heritable personality traits: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Research has shown that personality is 50% heritable, but not always. One's level or perception of happiness, or one's subjective well-being, has shown to be related to personality traits. There are two aspects of personality which are related to happiness. There is a strong relationship between extraversion and happiness, in that the more extraverted a person is (or behaves) the more happy he/she will likely be.  The other aspect of personality which has a strong relationship to happiness is the genetic predisposition to neuroticism. The more neurotic (emotionally unstable) a person is, the more likely he/she is to be unhappy.

In a study concerning the development of the positive emotion assessment, also known as PEACE, on contentment it was found that higher levels of contentment were correlated with low levels of need for materialism and greed.

Goal pursuits
Reaching goals that are important to oneself and that are in alignment with one's personality can contribute to feelings of confidence and mastery. It is important to establish goals that are neither too easy or too hard, but that are optimally challenging. It is also important to note that investing energy in avoiding goals will contribute to diminishing happiness as well as deter one from reaching one's goals, which can be quite intuitive to understand.

Money
Many people strongly associate money with happiness, and they believe that being rich will contribute greatly to making them happier, and the American society reflects this growing materialism. Although wealth is associated with some positive outcomes, i.e. lighter prison sentences for the same crime, better health, and lower infant mortality, and can act as a buffer in certain instances, as mentioned previously, the overall relationship between money and happiness is marginal.

However, beyond a low threshold where the basic needs are met, money has a very small impact on happiness.  There is also the concept of the diminishing marginal utility of income (DMUI), which is that money has no effect on happiness once a certain income level has been reached, and which represents wealth and happiness as having a curvilinear relationship.

Indeed, when one has met his basic needs and have more to spare, it is time to spend or give some to experience happiness.  This is because happiness is really a state of in-and-out flow of one's energy. Using or giving money is an expression of out-flowing of one's life-state. Attempt to just hoard more and more in the belief that it brings more happiness can lead to the opposite result if only because the means – that is the pursuit of money for happiness – has unwittingly become the ends.

Leisure (also Leisure satisfaction)
The concept of work-life balance is now well-accepted. The 'life' aspect of this 'work-life' concept includes activities devoted to one's personal life which sometimes calls for the kind of commitment and effort no less than that demanded from one's work-life.

In some societies, this 'life' aspect might include looking after the elderly and infirm, sending children to and from schools, preparing the meals, cleaning the house and doing the laundry. They are as much work as the work life, and in the midst of all these, the need for leisure activities is simply an alien concept.

Leisure as a culture is not a universal societal value although the younger generation in developed or near-developed societies seems more inclined toward it.  Overseas trips, lounging in a cafe with friends, attending concerts, relaxing in a spa, karaoke-ing and similar activities after office hours are now prevalent among that generation.  In fact, over the last 15 years, the market has seen a tremendous surge in demand for such leisure services.  In his book "In the Era of Human Capital", Richard Crawford charted the exponential growth of the Business & Leisure sector in the post-industrial society.
This trend might look like an offshoot of a more affluent society; however, the need for leisure is intrinsic in humans and only through the demands of modern economic life – run as it were by the clock, timetables, deadlines and schedules – did this need fade into the background.

Humans' need for leisure is intrinsic because that is the state they were born with, or rather, that is the state of life in the natural world.  Leisure implies that one is not pressured by others or oneself to deliver a certain result but that life is lived to enjoy the simple pleasures of exploring the world that one is born into.

This happy state of life is that generally experienced by the pre-school child and is gradually lost when duties and responsibilities of school life and subsequently the adult work-life enter into the picture.

Not all societies have embraced the leisure culture whether through certain public policies like having a universal welfare system, and psychological and financial preparedness on the part of individuals for retirement wherein leisure is the salient feature.  This even applies to developed nations.  For example, the US has a "retirement crisis" in which a large percentage of Americans do not have sufficient savings for retirement.

Economic productivity being often if not always equated with work, the culture of leisure is seldom recognized as a major contributor to a growing business sector.   For this reason, many societies do not have in place an infrastructure that strongly supports the leisure culture – such as represented by a universal social welfare system, a wealth of products, services and amenities for retirees.  Such societies even if they were to become more affluent may continue to find happiness elusive even for retirees.

Leisure is intrinsically sought after as a way to release the tensions of work-life. It is often used to indulge in activities meant to reduce stress, such as surfing the Internet, watching movies or playing games. Leisure also allows people – without the need of any modern gadgets – to re-connect with family and friends and experience the happiness arising from interactions such as chatting over a drink or meal.

Health
Historically, major Eastern mystical teachings on human development, like those from India and China, do not make a separation between the spiritual and physical. Happiness or contentment was never viewed as an isolated state from physical health.  Physical health-enhancing practices such as Hatha yoga and qigong – and their respective herbalism known as Ayurveda and TCM (traditional Chinese medicine) – were consonant with and fully integrated into those mystical teachings in the implicit belief that the attainment of the ideal state of consciousness requires a healthy body as a launchpad or basis even.

Personal development and health in these systems are understood more as a holistic development of the various aspects of the multidimensional human being.

The concept of body and mind interplay (including relationship factor) now known as psychosomatic medicine has always been present in these "mystical teachings", particularly in TCM.  An unhappy, angry patient may be told by a TCM physician that there is a lot of trapped heat in their internal organs and then treated accordingly with herbs or acupuncture. At times, if the TCM physician is a qigong practitioner, they may even recommend some qigong exercises for the patient to practise.

However given that adepts in such complex holistic analysis and treatment are hard to come by, Eastern health maintenance practices may not necessarily be always adequate, reliable or even safe.  Mainstream Western medicine and a good personal knowledge into the common health issues and how to treat them safely at home should also be included in the total package to ensure good health so that the human body can be fit vehicle for optimal and positive performance – the foundation of happiness.

Outer success and material possession are secondary when health is compromised. One cannot be happy or contented when the body is broken, although there are rare, exceptional individuals who are able to rise above their physical predicament.  However, for the vast majority having a good knowledge and an effective protocol for personal health is critical to happiness not just to oneself but also to one's family and friends.

Laughter
Laughter is synonymous with happiness.  A proposal is made here that when a line of thought (e.g. joke) or sensation (e.g. tickling) is not expected by one's psychological or physiological order respectively, it triggers a certain chaos and temporary breakdown of that order.  The innate Contentment intrinsic to the person then breaks through this temporal breach to express itself in happy laughter.

Laughter has been used as a health therapy for many years such as in some hospitals through the showing of TV comedies for patients.  Laughter clubs have also been formed in India and some Asian countries to promote laughter as a form of health-enhancement through regular meet-ups. Recent findings show that there is truth in the popular saying, "Laughter is the best medicine,".

Universal social welfare
Contentment has also been studied as a cultural or political phenomenon.  The Nordic nations, which have repeatedly appeared near the top in Happiness Index surveys like World Happiness Report – and most likely correlated economic performance as well – contend that higher rates of happiness are rooted in their welfare system, the "Nordic model", which not only fulfills the healthcare, social and other essential needs of their people but also is proposed to provide a high sense of security.

Other research indicates a substantial portion of Scandinavians exaggerate their sense of happiness or contentment when asked informally or in surveys, due to social prohibitions against expressing negativity or unhappiness.
The region's rates of alcohol abuse, among the highest in Europe, have also been cited as an indication that the positive social effects attributed to the Nordic model are exaggerated.

Judaism
Some of the earliest references to the state of contentment are found in the reference to the midah (personal attribute) of Samayach B'Chelko (in Hebrew שמח בחלקו). The expression comes from the word samayach (root Sin-Mem-Chet in Hebrew - ש.מ.ח) meaning "happiness, joy or contentment", and chelko (root Chet-Lamed-Kuf in Hebrew - ח.ל.ק) meaning "portion, lot, or piece", and combined mean contentment with one's lot in life. The attribute is referred to in the Mishnahic source which says, "Ben Zoma said: Who is rich? Those who are happy with their portion."

The origins of contentment in Jewish culture reflect an even older thinking reflected in the Book of Proverbs which says: "A joyful heart makes a cheerful face; A sad heart makes a despondent mood. All the days of a poor person are wretched, but contentment is a feast without end."

The issue of contentment remained in Jewish thinking during the Middle Ages as evident for example in the writings of Solomon Ibn Gabirol, an eleventh-century Spanish poet-philosopher who taught:

Who seeks more than he needs, hinders himself from enjoying what he has. Seek what you need and give up what you need not. For in giving up what you don't need, you'll learn what you really do need.

Christianity
During his ministry, Christ himself gives an inventory of these "satisfactions", called beatitudes: "Blessed are the poor in spirit, for the Kingdom of Heaven is theirs", "Blessed are the hungry and thirsty for righteousness, for they will be satisfied "," happy the pure in heart, for they will see God ". Many other people in the Bible also spoke about contentment:

Jesus Christ defended love as the fundamental element for achieving harmony on all levels, including the level of individual happiness. True gratitude comes from accepting Christ and believing that in Him you will have everything you need.

Be content (Luke 10:7). The 70 disciples were told not to seek better accommodations; they were to stay in the home that first received them.

The vision of Christianity considers that in life it is essential to be happy and satisfied.

Islam

In Islam, true contentment is achieved through establishing a relationship with Allah, always keeping Him in mind.  The Quran states:

This verse reveals that the more the people gain the trivial goods of this life, the greater becomes the hunger and the consequent burning of their hearts. Moreover, there is no end for worldly desires and greed. But as for those who seek God, the more they turn to Him, the greater is their peace of mind.  This means that a search for the divine or a supreme Deity is inherent within human nature and the innermost yearning of a human being.  The real and ultimate goal of a person's life.

In a well known Hadith (saying of the prophet Muhammad) the prophet said:

Eastern religions
In Yoga (Yoga Sutras of Patanjali), movement or positions, breathing practices, and concentration, as well as the yamas and niyamas, can contribute to a physical state of contentment (santosha).

Buddhism
Contentment which known as santutthi in Pāli is the freedom from anxiety, wanting, or craving. It is an important virtue that was mentioned in many important Buddhist scriptures like Metta Sutta, Mangala Sutta etc. In the verse 204 of Dhammapada, contentment is mentioned as the greatest wealth. In the "Discourse on the Traditions of the Noble Ones" from Anguttara Nikāya, Lord Buddha mentioned that the Noble Ones are contented with old robes, old almsfood and old lodging.
"Having cast away all deeds,
Who could obstruct him?
Like an ornament of finest gold,
Who is fit to find fault with him?"

Sikhism
Contentment (or Sabar or Santokh) is an important aspect in Sikh life and is known as attainment of First Treasure. Sikhism categorizes Contentment into two forms: Contentment (Santokh) and True Contentment (Satt Santokh/Sabar). Contentment can be broken, turning souls greedy for the temporal world, but True Contentment is never broken and such a soul is eligible for the Supreme State. The soul having contentment is called Saabari or Santokhi.

See also

Footnotes

See also
 5 Ways To Feel Content With Your Life Right Now
 Borowitz, Eugene B. & Weinman Schwartz, Frances, The Jewish Moral Virtues, Jewish Publication Society, 1999
 Meir Leibush (Malbim), Rabbi, translated by Charles Wengrov and Avivah Gottlieb Zornberg, Malbim on Mishley: The Book of Proverbs in Hebrew & English, Feldheim, 2001
 Fohrman, David & Kasnett, Nesanel, Rabbis, editors, Babylonian Talmud Volume 3, Shabbat 32a, Volume I, ArtScroll / Mesorah, 1999

Positive mental attitude
 Happiness
Emotions
Virtue

Contentment


TDS Telecom  is an American telecommunications company with headquarters in Madison, Wisconsin. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Telephone and Data Systems Inc, and is the seventh-largest local exchange carrier in the U.S. TDS Telecom offers telephone, broadband Internet and television services to customers in thirty states and more than 900 rural and suburban communities, though it also serves some urban metropolitan communities. It also sells businesses communications services including VoIP (managed IP hosted) phone service, dedicated broadband Internet and hosted-managed services. With headquarters in Madison, TDS Telecom operates  TDS Broadband LLC, and BendBroadband, and TDS Metrocom, LLC. Combined, the company employs nearly 3,300 people.  In 2019, TDS Telecom and parent company TDS Inc. celebrated 50 years in business.

TDS Telecom is a participant in the FCC's Connect America Fund, also known as A-CAM. With this funding TDS is on a ten-year push to bring high speed internet to the furthest reaches of its rural serving areas. Depending on location, the vast majority of TDS customers in eligible rural areas are expected to receive broadband speeds of 25Mbit/s download and 3 Mbit/s upload (25/3). The remaining customers are expected to receive broadband speeds at 10/1 and 4/1Mbit/s. In less rural areas, TDS provides much higher broadband speeds, from 100 Mbps to 8 Gbps.

More recently, TDS has been launching new fiber to the home services across Wisconsin and Idaho. New markets in Wisconsin include: Deforest, Windsor, McFarland, Monona Grove, Cottage Grove, Oregon and Merrimac communities, all within Dane County Wisconsin. In Idaho the communities of Coeur d'Alene, Rathdrum, Hayden, Post Falls, all within Kootenai County. These services are offered by TDS through CLEC TDS Metrocom, LLC which is operated by TDS Telecom. Fiber to the home markets are 1 Gigabit speed markets with multiple speed offerings available to customers.

Subsidiaries
Subsidiaries include:

Butler Telephone Co., Butler, Alabama
Oakman Telephone Co., Oakman, Alabama
Peoples Telephone Co., Centre, Alabama
Cleveland County Tel. Co., Rison, Arkansas
Decatur Telephone Co., Decatur, Arkansas
Arizona Telephone Co., Quartzsite, Arizona
Southwestern Telephone Co., Quartzsite, Arizona
Happy Valley Telephone Co., Olinda, California
Hornitos Telephone Co., Olinda, California
Winterhaven Telephone Co., Winterhaven, California
Delta County Tele-Comm, Paonia, Colorado
Strasburg Telephone Co., Strasburg, Colorado
Quincy Telephone Co.,  Quincy, Florida (also serves Attapulgus, Georgia)
Blue Ridge Telephone Co., Blue Ridge, Georgia
Camden Telephone & Telegraph Co., St. Mary's, Georgia
Nelson-Ball Ground Telephone Co., Nelson, Georgia
Potlatch Telephone Co., Potlatch, Idaho
Camden Telephone Co., Camden, Indiana
Comm. Corp. of Indiana, Whitestown, Indiana
Comm. Corp. of Southern Indiana, Poseyville, Indiana
Home Company of Pittsboro, Pittsboro, Indiana
Home Telephone Co., Waldron, Indiana
Merchants & Farmers Telephone Co., Hillsboro, Indiana
S & W Telephone Co., Sandborn, Indiana
Tipton Telephone, Tipton, Indiana
Tri-County Telephone Co., New Richmond, Indiana
West Point Telephone Co.,  West Point, Indiana
Leslie County Telephone Co., Hyden, Kentucky
Lewisport Telephone Co., Lewisport, Kentucky
Salem Telephone Co., Salem, Kentucky
Cobbosseecontee Tel. Co., North Anson, Maine
Hampden Telephone Co., Hampden, Maine
Hartland & St. Albans Tel. Co., Hartland, Maine
Somerset Telephone Co., North Anson, Maine
The Island Telephone Co., Warren, Maine
Warren Telephone Co., Warren, Maine
West Penobscot Tel. & Tele. Co., Corinna, Maine
Chatham Telephone Co., Chatham, Michigan
Communication Corporation of Michigan, Augusta, Michigan
Island Telephone Co., Sanford, Michigan
Shiawassee Telephone Co., Perry, Michigan
Wolverine Telephone Co., Millington, Michigan
Arvig Telephone Co., Pequot Lakes, Minnesota
Bridge Water Telephone Co., Monticello, Minnesota
Mid-State Telephone Co., New London, Minnesota
Winsted Telephone Company, Winsted, Minnesota
Calhoun City Telephone Co., Calhoun, Mississippi
Myrtle Telephone Co. Myrtle, Mississippi
Southeast Miss. Tel. Co., Leakesville, Mississippi
Contoocook Valley Tel. Co., Contoocook, New Hampshire
Hollis Telephone Co., Hollis, New Hampshire
Kearsarge Telephone Co., Kearsarge, New Hampshire
Merrimack County Telephone, Contoocook, New Hampshire
Union Telephone Co., Farmington, New Hampshire
Wilton Telephone Company, Wilton, New Hampshire
Deposit Telephone Co., Deposit, New York
Edwards Telephone Co., Edwards, New York
Oriskany Falls Telephone Corporation, Vernon, New York
Port Byron Telephone Co., Port Byron, New York
Township Telephone Co., Chaumont, New York
Vernon Telephone Co., Vernon, New York
Arcadia Telephone Co.,  Arcadia, Ohio
Continental Telephone Co., Continental, Ohio
Little Miami Communications Corporation, Fayetteville, Ohio
Oakwood Telephone Company, Oakwood, Ohio
The Vanlue Telephone Company, Vanlue, Ohio
Mid-America Telephone Co., Stonewall, Oklahoma
Wyandotte Telephone Co., Wyandotte, Oklahoma
BendBroadBand Company,  Bend, Oregon
Mahanoy & Mahantango Tel. Co., Herndon, Pennsylvania
Sugar Valley Telephone Co., Loganton, Pennsylvania
McClellanville Telephone Co., McClellanville, South Carolina
Norway Telephone Company, North, South Carolina
St. Stephen Telephone Co., St. Stephen, South Carolina
Williston Telephone Co.,  Williston, South Carolina
Concord Telephone Exchange, Farragut, Tennessee
Humphreys County Tel., New Johnsonville, Tennessee
Tellico Telephone Co., Tellico Plains, Tennessee
Tennessee Telephone Co., Parsons, Tennessee
Amelia Telephone Corp., Amelia, Virginia
New Castle Telephone Co., New Castle, Virginia
Virginia Telephone Co., Hot Springs, Virginia
Ludlow Telephone Company, Ludlow, Vermont
Northfield Telephone Co., Northfield, Vermont
Perkinsville Telephone Co., Perkinsville, Vermont
Asotin Telephone Co., Asotin, Washington (also serves Oregon)
Lewis River Telephone Co., La Center, Washington
McDaniel Telephone Company, Salkum, Washington
Badger Telecom, Neillsville, Wisconsin
Black Earth Telephone Co., Black Earth, Wisconsin
Bonduel Telephone Co., Bonduel, Wisconsin
Burlington, Brighton, & Wheatland Telephone Company, New Munster, Wisconsin
Central State Telephone Co., Vesper, Wisconsin
Dickeyville Telephone, Dickeyville, Wisconsin
EastCoast Telecom, Valders, Wisconsin
The Farmers Telephone Co., Lancaster, Wisconsin
Grantland Telecom, Fennimore, Wisconsin
Mid-Plains Telephone, Middleton, Wisconsin
Merrimac Communications - Merrimac, Wisconsin
Midway Telephone Co., Medford, Wisconsin
Mosinee Telephone Co., Mosinee, Wisconsin
Mt. Vernon Telephone Co., Verona, Wisconsin
Riverside Telecom, Reeseville, Wisconsin
Scandinavia Telephone Co., Iola, Wisconsin
Southeast Telephone Co., Waterford, Wisconsin
State Long Distance Telcom, Elkhorn, Wisconsin
UTELCO, Monroe, Wisconsin
Waunakee Telephone Co., Waunakee, Wisconsin
Stockbridge & Sherwood Telephone Company, Sherwood, Wisconsin
Tenney Telephone Co., Alma, Wisconsin

See also
List of United States telephone companies

References

External links

Telecommunications companies of the United States
Internet service providers of the United States
Companies based in Madison, Wisconsin
Telecommunications companies established in 1969
1969 establishments in Wisconsin

TDS Telecom


Merienda is a light meal in southern Europe, particularly Spain (merenda in Galician, berenar in Catalan), Portugal (lanche or merenda) and Italy (merenda), as well as Hispanic America, the Philippines (meryenda/merienda), North Africa (Morocco), and Brazil (lanche or merenda). Usually taken in the afternoon or for brunch, it fills in the meal gap between the noontime meal and the evening meal, being the equivalent of afternoon tea in the English-speaking world; or between breakfast and lunch.  It is a simple meal that often consists of a piece of fruit, bread, biscuits, yogurt, and other snacks in combination with fruit juice, milk, hot chocolate, coffee, spirits, or other beverages.

It is typical for Argentines, Paraguayans, and Uruguayans to have merienda around 17:00 hours, between the midday meal and supper. It generally consists of an infusion (tea, mate, coffee, mate cocido, etc.) and a baked snack (scones, bread, toasts, cake, facturas, etc.), usually accompanied with dulce de leche, honey, butter or jam.

In the Philippines, merienda (Filipino: meryenda) is a generic term encompassing two light meals: the first is a morning snack that may correspond to either brunch, elevenses, or second breakfast; the second one is the equivalent of afternoon tea. Merienda taken in the early evening around sunset just before or in place of dinner is meanwhile distinctly referred to as merienda cena. Generally speaking, merienda refers to any kind of dish or snack in a portion smaller than the traditional "full meal" consisting of rice and a complementary viand (unless the merienda is taken as brunch or merienda cena), coupled with either a cool or hot drink (usually coffee). Common fare may be sweet or savoury, ranging from breads and pastries (notably pandesal), desserts and sweets, street food, to noodle dishes.

In coastal parts of Croatia, Slovenia, and on the Greek island of Corfu, it is referred to marenda, a meal eaten between breakfast and lunch.  Usually it is a light snack, like sandwiches or toast, eaten during a work break.

Goûter
In France, the merienda is called goûter or quatre-heures; the latter name refers to its timing at around four in the afternoon. The modern goûter is lighter than a full meal, and is more often consumed by children than by adults. It was a full cold meal until the 18th century, before which the goûter was taken at around 17:00 hours, but began to decline in popularity thereafter, since the evening meal was consumed at about 18:00 hours.

See also
 Pan dulce
Snack
 Fika (Sweden)

References

Argentine cuisine
Brazilian cuisine
Latin American cuisine
Filipino cuisine
Moroccan cuisine
French cuisine
Spanish cuisine
Portuguese cuisine
Andorran cuisine
Italian cuisine
Greek cuisine
Croatian cuisine
Serbian cuisine
Slovenian cuisine
Polish cuisine
Meals

Merienda


Rosso Barletta is a red Italian wine produced in the Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) region of Barletta, located in the province of Barletta-Andria-Trani of north-central Apulia. The DOC is permitted to produce red wine only, made primarily from Uva di Troia, and is one of the few wine regions in Italy where Malbec is grown and permitted in a DOC wine. The DOC covers over 60 hectares (150 acres) that are planted to Uva di Troia, Montepulciano, Sangiovese, and Malbec. Rosso Barletta is noted in history for being the spark for a jousting skirmish, now known as the Challenge of Barletta, involving thirteen local Italian knights against thirteen French knights, following an evening of drinking too much Barletta wine.  According to the Italian Trade Commission, when the wine region was officially recognised it retained the name Rosso Barletta in commemoration of the historic connection between the region's wine and the event.

The Challenge of Barletta

The prelude to the Challenge of Barletta occurred when the French knight Charles de Touques, Monsigneur de La Motte was having dinner at an inn in Barletta. He was served the red wine from the area, and according to reports by Prospero Colonna, grand captain of the army stationed at Barletta, La Motte overindulged in the wine and became uncivil, insulting nearby Italian knights. To defend their honour, the Italians challenged the Frenchmen to a joust, to be held on 13 February 1503. The French knights were defeated by the Italians and the French then left the area.

Production zone
The production zone for the Rosso Barletta DOC includes  around the coastal city of Barletta, north of Bari and Trani.

DOC requirements
The Rosso Barletta DOC is permitted only for the production of red wines. The wine is predominantly a blend, but it can be a varietal that is composed 100% of Uva di Troia. At the very least Uva di Troia must be responsible for at least 70% of the blend with Montepulciano, Sangiovese, and Malbec comprising the remainder of the blend. While the Rosso Barletta DOC is unique in allowing Malbec in its wine, the grape is limited to accounting for no more than 10% of the wine. All grapes destined for Rosso Barletta must be harvested with a yield no greater than 15 tonnes per hectare. The finished red wine is required to have a minimum alcohol level of 12%.

Invecchiato

The Rosso Barletta DOC includes a special labelling (similar to Reserva) for aged wines that is called Invecchiato. Unlike Reserva or Superiore, the Invecchiato designation doesn't carry with it any requirement for increased alcohol levels (though the wines do tend to be higher than the usual 12%). Instead the designation is concerned solely with ageing. Wines produced under this designation must be aged for a minimum of two years, with at least one of those years being in oak barrels or some other wooden storage vessel.

Wine styles
According to wine expert Tom Stevenson, Rosso Barletta is a medium bodied, fruity wine with a ruby colour. It is usually consumed very young.

See also
List of Italian DOC wines

References

Wine regions of Italy
Italian DOC
Barletta

Rosso Barletta DOC


Risaralda () is a department of Colombia. It is located in the western central of the country, in the Andean region, It is part of the Coffee axis with Caldas and Quindío. Its capital is Pereira. Risaralda is very well known for the high quality of its coffee, and a booming industry: automotive, clothes, food, trading of goods and services.

It was divided from the department of Caldas in 1966. The territory is very mountainous and has many kinds of climates in a very small area. Its proximity to harbours such as Buenaventura on the Pacific Region and to the biggest cities in Colombia – Bogota, Cali, Medellin – makes it a fast-growing economic centre.

Geography

Risaralda department with an area of , is located in the central sector of the central Andean region west of the country between two major poles of economic development (department of Antioquia in northern and southern Cauca Valley, extending between the central and western Cordillera), which slopes down toward the Río Cauca, also borders the departments of Caldas in the north-east, east Tolima, Quindio Chocó south and west.

The department's drainage system consists of two major basins, the Cauca River and the San Juan River. Physiographical formations are covered by the volcanic massifs of the central and western mountain ranges, flat and narrow valleys formed by the natural river basins of the Otún River, the Cauca River, Risaralda River, and La Vieja River.

Its main stages are: Nevado de Santa Isabel (Pereira), Cerro de Tatamá (Sanctuary), Cerro de Caramanta (Mistrató), Alto de las Palomas (Pueblo Rico), Alto de Pelahuevos (APIA), Blade la Serna (Mistrató), San Juan Blade (APIA), Blade of the Content (APIA), Blade Tribune (Pereira), Alto del Nudo and Morro Azul (Pereira), Alto de la Campana (APIA) and the Crystalline High (Belen de Umbria.)

The soils of the department have their origin in igneous rocks and volcanic ash derived from sedimentary rocks and alluvial and colluvial materials. According to these materials, located in the county soil units: manila, Parnaz or 200, unit 10 or Chinchiná and Malabar, being the most extensive in the coffee or Chinchiná unit 10.

As for the classification agrological (crops) 6.4% of the departmental area (except the municipalities of Pueblo Rico, Belén de Umbria Mistrató and have not agrological study) corresponds to classes II, III, and IV, 77.2% to class V, VI, VII, and 16.4% to class VIII and in appearance agrological mainly found Mj units and Fn., which occupy 58.6% of the total area considered suitable for a variety of crops and forests.

In the department there are a variety of life zones, which are distributed as follows: BMH-PM (40.3%), BMH-MB (28.7%), BP-pm (9.4%) and the rest (21.5%) are bs -T-T bh, bh-T, bh-PM, bp-MB, BH-F, bp-M, among others.

History

Before the European conquest the territory was inhabited by the Quimbaya and Caramanta people. The first conquistadores arrived in the 1537 expedition headed by Sebastián de Belalcázar.

Some Spanish towns were founded, but the decline of the indigenous population and low immigration of Europeans led to Risaralda sitting largely abandoned until the mid-nineteenth century, when coffee cultivation arrived.

During the colonial and early years of the Republic, the region was subject to Popayán Province. In 1821 it became part of the Cauca Department. In 1857 it became part of the Federal State of Cauca. In 1905, Risaralda was attached to the Caldas Department. In 1966 it was created as a separate department with its capital in Pereira.

Municipalities

 Apía
 Balboa
 Belén de Umbría
 Dosquebradas
 Guática
 La Celia
 La Virginia
 Marsella
 Mistrató
 Pereira
 Pueblo Rico
 Quinchía
 Santa Rosa de Cabal
 Santuario

References

External links

http://www.risaralda.gov.co

Departments of Colombia
States and territories established in 1966

Risaralda Department


Hindi, historically known as Hindui (हिंदुई), is an Indo-Aryan language. It is the main language in India. About 800 million people speak Hindi in India. The Devanāgarī script is used to write Hindi. Previously Hindi was known as Hindui. It is also the official national language of India.

Hindi is widely written, spoken and understood in North India and some other places in India. In 1997, a survey found that 45% of Indians can speak Hindi. It has taken words from the Dravidian languages of South India, as well as the Arabic, Persian, Chagatai, English and Portuguese languages.

Hindi and Urdu were considered the same language but have evolved into separate dialects. However, to this day, both languages are mutually intelligible, meaning their speakers can understand each other without knowing the other language. Urdu, however, is written in the completely different Arabic alphabet.

Hindi developed from Sanskrit, the ancient Indo-Aryan language of India. Hindi started to develop in the 7th century as "Apabhramsha" and became stable by the 10th century. Some famous Hindi poets are Tulsidas and Kabir.

Dialects of Hindi include: Avadhi, Braj, Bhojpuri, Bundeli, Bagheli, Chhattisgarhi, Dogri and Marwari.

Hindi is also spoken with regional accents like Haryanvi and Rajasthani.  Bombay Hindi is spreading because Bollywood films use it.

Hindi Diwas is an annual celebration on 14th September. It commemorates the law of 1949 that made Hindi the legal language of the Republic.

Gallery

References

7th-century establishments in Asia

Hindi


In statistics and econometrics, cross-sectional data is a type of data collected by observing many subjects (such as individuals, firms, countries, or regions) at a single point or period of time. Analysis of cross-sectional data usually consists of comparing the differences among selected subjects, typically with no regard to differences in time.

For example,  if we want to measure current obesity levels in a population, we could draw a sample of 1,000 people randomly from that population (also known as a cross section of that population), measure their weight and height, and calculate what percentage of that sample is categorized as obese. This cross-sectional sample provides us with a snapshot of that population, at that one point in time. Note that we do not know based on one cross-sectional sample if obesity is increasing or decreasing; we can only describe the current proportion.

Cross-sectional data differs from time series data, in which the same small-scale or aggregate entity is observed at various points in time. Another type of data, panel data (or longitudinal data), combines both cross-sectional and time series data aspects and looks at how the subjects (firms, individuals, etc.) change over a time series. Panel data deals with the observations on the same subjects in different times.
Panel analysis uses panel data to examine changes in variables over time and its differences in variables between selected subjects.

Variants include pooled cross-sectional data, which deals with the observations on the same subjects in different times.
In a rolling cross-section, both the presence of an individual in the sample and the time at which the individual is included in the sample are determined randomly.  For example, a political poll may decide to interview 1000 individuals.  It first selects these individuals randomly from the entire population.  It then assigns a random date to each individual.  This is the random date that the individual will be interviewed, and thus included in the survey.

Cross-sectional data can be used in cross-sectional regression, which is regression analysis of cross-sectional data. For example, the consumption expenditures of various individuals in a fixed month could be regressed on their incomes, accumulated wealth levels, and their various demographic features to find out how differences in those features lead to differences in consumers' behavior.

References

Further reading

Cross-sectional analysis
Statistical data types

Cross-sectional data


NGC 1549 is an elliptical galaxy located in the constellation Dorado. It is located at a distance of about 50 million light years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 1549 is about 75,000 light years across. NGC 1549 was discovered by John Herschel on 6 December 1835 and may have been observed by James Dunlop in 1826. It is a member of the Dorado Group.

In the centre of NGC 1549 is expected to lie a supermassive black hole, whose mass is estimated to be between 390 and 810 million (10)  based on the Sérsic index of the galaxy. No polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emission, an indicator for the presence of interstellar dust, was detected by the Infrared Spectrograph onboard Spitzer Space Telescope. NGC 1549 has been found to emit X-rays, with its total flux exceeding  ergs s–1 for the 0.3–5 keV band. A total number of 150 globular clusters are estimated to exist in NGC 1549, a number low compared to similar size galaxies. The outer isophotes of the galaxy appear twisted and feature faint shells.

NGC 1549 forms an interacting pair with the lenticular galaxy NGC 1553, which lies 12 arcminutes to the south. It is the largest elliptical galaxy in a moderate size galaxy group known as the Dorado Group.

References

External links

NGC 1549 on SIMBAD

Elliptical galaxies
Dorado
Dorado Group
1549
14757
Astronomical objects discovered in 1826
Discoveries by James Dunlop
Discoveries by John Herschel

NGC 1549


The Burton at Bideford is an art gallery and museum on Kingsley Road in Victoria Park, in Bideford, Devon, England. It houses collections on various topics connected with Bideford's history and cultural heritage. The art gallery displays work by local, national and international artists.

History

The Burton first opened in 1951 to a design by architect Frank Whiting when Hubert Coop RBA (1872–1953) and Alderman Thomas Burton (1875–1959), a former Mayor of Bideford and a local businessman, gifted The Burton to the town to provide "a gallery for the enjoyment, education and good of all, old and young, inhabitants and visitors, everyone and as far as one can tell, of lasting credit to the living and those to come." This was done by the two in memory of Burton's daughter Mary (1904–1949), a talented artist who died of cancer.

Collections

Since 1951 additions to the collections have included the works of such local artists as Bertram Prance (1889-1958), Judith Ackland (1898–1971) and Mary Stella Edwards (1893–1984), and the 535 piece ceramics collection put together by the artist R.J. Lloyd. Various of these were purchased with the assistance of the Art Fund.

There are also collections from the former Bideford Museum representing the history of Bideford; these permanent displays include the Bideford Witches, Sir Richard Grenville; Edward Capern the postman poet; and Raleigh, the first Native American to set foot in England. Artefacts include a large scale model made by Frank Whiting in 1945 of Bideford's ancient Long Bridge in all its stages from 1280 to 1925.

The Burton also houses Coop's collection of watercolours, oil paintings and Napoleonic ship models.

The Burton at Bideford presents its own local collection as well as important national and international works which ordinarily would not be accessible to the public in the South West. In 2017 a major exhibition featured Quentin Blake's original designs and illustrations for The BFG, while in Autumn 2018 the centre held an exhibition of the works of Beatrix Potter which included original illustrations, letters, games and artifacts, etc. Also included were Eleanor Taylor's illustrations to The Further Tale of Peter Rabbit by Emma Thompson.

Facilities

The Burton at Bideford was reopened in May 1994 following a major programme of refurbishment which included the building of a large extension. Today the centre has three exhibition spaces which include a permanent gallery displaying North Devon Pottery which opened in 2010, a museum, craft gallery, shop, workshop and lecture area, tourist information desk and a French-style café, The Café du Parc.

References

External links

Bideford
Museums in Devon
History museums in Devon
Art museums and galleries in Devon
Local museums in Devon
Museums established in 1951
Buildings and structures in Bideford

Burton at Bideford


The Wonderfish (Thaumatichthys) is a genus of deep-sea anglerfish in the family Thaumatichthyidae, with three known species. Its scientific name means "wonder-fish" in Greek; oceanographer Anton Bruun described these fishes as "altogether one of the oddest creatures in the teeming variety of the fish world." In contrast to other anglerfishes, the bioluminescent lure (called the "esca") of Thaumatichthys is located inside its cavernous mouth. They are worldwide in distribution and are ambush predators living near the ocean floor.

Taxonomy
The first specimen of Thaumatichthys was collected by an American expedition in Indonesia in 1908 and given the species name pagidostomus ("trap-mouthed"). A subsequent specimen from the north Atlantic was placed by Regan and Trewavas (1932) into a new genus, Amacrodon, based on differences in dentition. Bruun assigned a specimen collected by the Galathea Expedition of 1950–52 to a third genus, Galatheathauma ("Galathea's wonder"), as it was much larger than the previous specimens. However, a later examination of the then-32 known specimens showed that these differences were attributable to age, and thus there was only one valid genus, Thaumatichthys, with three species.

The closest relative of Thaumatichthys is Lasiognathus, which also possesses enlarged, hinged premaxillaries, denticles on the esca, and a branched upper operculum. There are also significant differences between the two genera though, and Lasiognathus shares many more traits with the family Oneirodidae (in which it was formerly placed) than does Thaumatichthys.

Species
There are currently three recognized species in this genus:
 Thaumatichthys axeli Bruun, 1953
 Thaumatichthys binghami A. E. Parr, 1927
 Thaumatichthys pagidostomus H. M. Smith & Radcliffe, 1912

Distribution and habitat
Thaumatichthys is known from tropical oceanic waters worldwide. T. pagidostoma, the first species to be discovered, is only known from a single specimen caught at a depth of 1,440 m in the Gulf of Tomini off Sulawesi. T. axeli occurs in the eastern Pacific Ocean, while T. binghami is found in and around the Caribbean Sea. Larvae that could not be referred to species have also been found off the Gulf of Guinea in the southern Atlantic Ocean and in the southern Mozambique Channel in the eastern Indian Ocean.

Uniquely amongst deep-sea anglerfish, adult Thaumatichthys are benthic in nature; T. binghami and T. pagidostomus are found on the continental shelf between 1,000–2,000 m, while T. axeli is found in the abyssal zone at about 3,600 m.

Description

As with most other deep-sea anglerfishes, Thaumatichthys shows extreme sexual dimorphism with the females much larger and different in morphology from the males. Female Thaumatichthys are characterized by a long, broad, flattened head with enlarged premaxillaries on the upper jaw that overhang the relatively short lower jaw. The premaxillaries are hinged with the skull in such a way that they can be moved down to enclose the lower jaw in a manner similar that of a Venus flytrap. The outer margin of the premaxillaries bear six rows of long, conical, recurved teeth; the teeth in the lower jaw are much shorter. The number and length of the teeth increases as the fish grows.

The distinctive lure of Thaumatichthys is achieved by an "upside-down" orientation of the illicium (the "fishing rod"): its base is embedded in the skin fold connecting the anterior ends of the premaxillaries, and the short illicium projects down and back so that the esca at the tip hangs down from the roof of the mouth. The escal bulb terminates in a pair of forked tendrils and bears varying numbers of lateral lobes and a single curved denticle. The size of the transparent window in the bulb can be adjusted to change the amount of light emanating from the lure.

The eyes are tiny and placed close to the corners of the mouth. There are numerous black papillae with white tips, resembling those of the lateral line (and likely belonging to the same sensory system), inside the mouth. The body is fairly slender and depressed for a deep-sea anglerfish, with a relatively well developed dorsal fin. The fin rays number 4 in the anal fin, 7 in the caudal fin, 6–7 in the dorsal fin, and 14–16 in the pectoral fins. The upper part of the operculum is divided into 5–13 radiating branches. The skin is velvet black or dark brown, with numerous small spines on the lower part of the head and body. The one specimen of T. pagidostomus measured 6 cm long, the largest known specimen of T. binghami measured 29 cm long, and the largest specimen of T. axeli measured 36.5 cm long.

The males are small and slender, with greatly enlarged olfactory organs, long hooked denticles at the tips of the jaws, and no esca. The skin is a uniform dark brown with small spines throughout. As the male matures, the body and head become less deep and the jaws become more prolongated. The largest known male specimen measured 45 mm long.

Biology and ecology
The unusual jaw mechanism and esca of Thaumatichthys has been described as a "living mouse-trap with bait". The premaxillaries on either side of the upper jaw are able to rotate nearly 180° down to trap prey attracted by the luminescent lure; this closing action is effected by large, extremely well developed upper jaw muscles. Muscles in the illicium allow the esca to be swung forward and backward, so as to better entice prey inside the mouth. The upper jaw mechanism enables prey to be captured without the lower jaw, which can remain moving for the purposes of respiration. Despite this highly specialized predatory apparatus however, examination of stomach contents revealed sea cucumbers as well as plant matter, suggesting that these fishes are omnivores that will swallow anything edible.

It is unknown whether male Thaumatichthys are parasitic. The structure of the jaws in mature males suggests that feeding is impaired after metamorphosis. The larvae are epipelagic like those of other deep-sea anglerfishes, and are found at depths of no more than 100 m. As the larvae grow and approach metamorphosis, they descend deeper until they reach the bottom. The larvae can be identified by their divided operculum and a subdermal pigment layer that covers the entire head and body.

The species differ as follows:
Thaumatichthys axeli Both this species and T. binghami have relatively shorter premaxillaries, at 23.5–27% of standard length. The esca of this species has a single pair of lateral lobes that are enlarged into tapering filaments in the largest individuals, and the uppermost median appendage on its esca is wart-like and not tapering.
Thaumatichthys binghami This species is similar to T. axeli, except that its esca bears 2–3 pairs of lateral lobes that are elongated into tapering filaments in the largest individuals, and the uppermost medial appendage on the esca is finger-like and tapering.
Thaumatichthys pagidostomus This species has relatively longer premaxillaries than the other species (measuring 33% of standard length), and the anterior premaxillary teeth are long.

References

Thaumatichthyidae
Marine fish genera
Taxa named by Hugh McCormick Smith
Taxa named by Lewis Radcliffe

Thaumatichthys


阿爾法拉比哈薩克國立大學(,)、哈薩克國立大學、KazGU、KazNU是哈薩克阿拉木圖的大學。

 Kazakhstan. Named after the Eastern philosopher and scholar al-Farabi, it is one of the country's largest universities.

KazNU is the oldest classical university of the Republic established by a Decree of the Kazakh Regional Committee (KRC) office dated November 13, 1933. One year after Kazakhstan's 1990 declaration of independence, the name was changed to Al-Farabi Kazakh State University. According to the QS World University Rankings KazNU takes 207th place in the rating of the best universities of the world.

In 2001, the government classified it as a "national" university. More than 20,000 students, post-graduates and PhD students study at KazNU, and there are more than 2500 faculty members working at KazNU, including 400 doctors of science, professors and more than 800 candidates of science and associate professors. Like other universities founded under the Soviet system, it is highly centralized.

In 2021, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University was named as one of the Top 500 Universities in the World.

Campus
The university has its own campus, so-called "Kazgugrad", on land between Timiryazev Street, Al-Farabi Avenue, the "Yessentai" ("Vesnovka") river, and the Botanical Garden. The main building (GUK) is 15 stories tall and hosts the university administration as well as the History, Economics, Law, Philology and Journalism departments.

Al-Farabi Kazakh National University has the largest campus in Kazakhstan with an area of 100 hectares, in one of the most beautiful areas of Almaty. The education infrastructure of the campus consists of 13 education buildings with a total area of 165,000 m² and scientific laboratories with a total area of 18,940 m².

There are seventeen dormitories on campus and four more departments: Philosophy and Political Science, Oriental Studies, Preparatory and International Relations in the second, smaller campus located at the intersection of Karasay Batyr - Masanchi streets.

The departments of Physics, Mechanics-Mathematics, and Chemistry were formerly in the second campus; in 2011 they moved to newly constructed buildings on the first.

History
January 15, 1934, is the day of the official opening of Kazakh State University, which was established at the basis of the Pedagogical Institute by the decree of the Council of Peoples' Commissars of USSR and VKPb Kazakh regional committee. On December 2 of the same year KazSU was named after the famous Soviet party and state leader S.M. Kirov.

In January 1934, the first entrance exams at the faculties of Biology, Physics and Mathematics were held; in September they were held at the Faculty of Chemistry. In 1937, the first Faculty of Humanities – the Faculty of Foreign Languages was established; a year later, the Faculty of Philology. In May 1941, as a result of joining with the University of the Kazakh Communist Institute of Journalism, the Faculty of Journalism was established.

After the severe years of war, new faculties began to open. In August 1947, the Faculty of Geography was established and, in 1949, the faculties of Philosophy and Economics. As a result of the joining with the Alma-Ata Institute of Law in 1955, the Faculty of Law was established.

During the same period, a strong scientific educational and methodological base emerged at the university. By the mid-1980s there were 98 departments, 43 scientific research laboratories and 9 scientific research groups at KazSU. The faculty staff consisted of 1180 people; among the faculty staff there were 30 academicians and AS KazSSR correspondent members, more than 100 doctors, professors, more than 600 science candidates, lecturers. Human resources were trained on 21 specialties and 74 specializations.

Faculties
 Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics
 Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
 Faculty of Physics and Technologies
 Faculty of Informational Technology
 Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology
 Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences
 Faculty of History, Archeology and Ethnology
 Faculty of Philology and World Languages
 Faculty of Journalism
 Faculty of International Relations
 Oriental Studies Faculty
 Faculty of Philosophy and Political Science
 High School of Economics and Business
 Law Faculty
 Preparatory Faculty for Foreign Students
 Higher School of Medicine

Research Institutes
The university also has research institutes:
 Institute of State and Law
 Research Institute of Experimental and Theoretical Physics (RI of ETF)
 Research Institute of New Chemical Technologies and Materials (RI of NCTM)
 Center of Physical and Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis (CPCMA)
 Research Institute of Biology and Biotechnology (RI of BB)
 Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS)
 Confucius Institute
 Science and Technology Park (Technopark)
 National Open Nanotechnology Laboratory (NONL)

Rankings

In 2009, the Al-Farabi Kazakh National University was included in the list of the best higher institutions in the world according to the prestigious Times University ranking. It entered the list of 600 best universities out of a total of 16,000 participants. At the time of entering the rating, more than 20 thousand students from various countries of the near and far abroad studied at the university.

Al-Farabi Kazakh National University was ranked 18th among countries of the emerging Europe and central Asia region in QS EECA University Rankings of 2020 and 207th worldwide according to the QS World University Rankings in 2020.

Partner universities
  Dongguk University, Republic of Korea
  Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea
  Pusan University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea
  Soongsil University, Republic of Korea
  Catholic University of Daegu, Republic of Korea
  Ching Yun University, Taiwan
  Open International University for Complementary Medicines

Notable alumni
 Kairat Abdrakhmanov, Kazakhstan's Minister of Foreign Affairs
 Murat Aitkhozhin, President of Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences
 Yerik Asanbayev, former Vice-President of Kazakhstan
 Kanat Auyesbay, Kazakh newsreader
 Oralkhan Bokeev, Kazakh writer
 Gulzhana Karagusova, Kazakhstan's Minister of Social Justice
 Abish Kekilbayev, Chairman of the Republic of Kazakhstan Supreme Soviet, and Secretary of State of Kazakhstan
 Aigul Kemelbayeva, Kazakh writer
 German Kim, head of the Department of Korean Studies and one of the leading internationally recognised scholars of the Koryo-saram
 Michał Łabenda, Polish ambassador to Azerbaijan, Mongolia and Egypt
 Mukhtar Magauin, Kazakh writer and publicist
 Fuat Mansurov, Kazakh mathematician and conductor
 Gulzhan Moldazhanova, Kazakh businesswoman
 Maksut Narikbaev, Chairman of the Supreme Court of Kazakhstan
 Oleg Novachuk, Kazakh businessman, currently Chief Executive of Kazakhmys
 Abdizhamil Nurpeisov, Kazakh poet and writer
 Gulnara Sarsenova, Kazakh film producer
 Kanat Saudabayev, Kazakhstan's former Secretary of State and Minister of Foreign Affairs
 Olzhas Suleimenov, former Speaker of Kazakhstan's parliament and poet
 Yessengaly Raushanov, Kazakh writer and poet.
 Igor Rogov, head of the Constitutional Council
 Tauman Torekhanov, Kazakh journalist, editor and writer
 Zhanseit Tuimebayev, Kazakhstan's former Minister of Education and former ambassador to Russia
 Bakhytzhan Zhumagulov, Kazakhstan's Minister of Education

参见
 Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology

參考

外部鏈接
 官方主頁
 官方主頁
 官方主頁

哈薩克斯坦國立大學


Hitler's Madman is a 1943 World War II drama directed by Douglas Sirk. It is a fictionalized account of the 1942 assassination of Nazi official Reinhard Heydrich and the resulting Lidice massacre, which the Germans committed as revenge. The film stars Patricia Morison and Alan Curtis and features John Carradine as Reinhard Heydrich. Sirk intended the film to function more as a documentary, but after Louis B. Mayer acquired the film in February 1943, he required reshoots to increase the drama. According to TCM, "Added material included Heydrich's deathbed scene with "Himmler" and university scenes featuring M-G-M starlets, including Ava Gardner."

Hitler's Madman was Sirk's first American production after fleeing Nazi Germany and abandoning his German name of Detlef Sierck. The screenplay was written by Peretz Hirschbein, Melvin Levy, and Doris Malloy, from a story by Bart Lytton, with some uncredited contributions by Edgar G. Ulmer.

Plot
Lidice, Czechoslovakia, 1942 – The opening verses of Edna St. Vincent Millay's poem The Murder of Lidice are recited over images of the bucolic Czech village.

Villager Jan Hanka watches a British plane fly overhead, carrying Karel Vavra, a Czech paratrooper being dropped over his hometown to form resistance cells. Karel goes to the Hanka house, in search of daughter Jarmilla, his girlfriend since childhood. Mrs. Hanka asks Karel to take refuge in the forest. Jarmilla finds him there later. They profess their undying love and she sends him to a cave, where he discovers local vagabond, Nepomuk, who agrees to help.

Nepomuk gathers villagers at the cave. Karel asks them to sabotage the German war effort. Jan, the most respected villager, warns them it's too dangerous. They sheepishly depart.

In Prague, the fearsome SS Reichsprotektor Reinhard Heydrich decides to start executing intellectuals, who he believes organize the resistance. He interrupts a university class attended by villager Klara and arrests the teacher and students. The male students are sent as cannon fodder on the Russian Front. The women are inspected for use as sex slaves in brothels for German soldiers. Klara throws herself from a window to her death, to avoid this fate.

Having lost his daughter Klara, Villager Janek dynamites the coal mine, to deny its product to the Germans. Jan catches his daughter teaching children the Czech national anthem, even though teaching is forbidden by the Germans. Jan argues she needs to be more careful. She calls him a coward.

The next day, Heydrich happens to drive through Lidice during the annual harvest blessing parade. Angered to find the road blocked, he plows through the parade and shoots the town priest, Father Cemlanek, horrifying the townsfolk.

Lidice Mayor Bauer, a German Nazi true-believer, prepares with his wife for the arrival of their two sons, on leave from the Russian Front. Heydrich's adjutant tells Bauer the Reichsprotektor was displeased by the parade blocking his route and expects no impediments when he drives through the next morning. A telegram arrives, telling the Bauers their boys are both dead. Bauer accepts it as the price the Führer demands, but Mrs, Bauer is sickened and blames Hitler for their death. She goes to the church and sees Jan. Disgusted with the Nazis, Frau Bauer tells Jan what time Heydrich will drive through town tomorrow.

Jan, Karel, Jarmilla and Nepomuk ambush Heydrich's limousine the next morning, as it approaches the town. Jarmilla creates a distraction, as the men fire machine guns and throw a grenade. They leave thinking they killed him, but he is only gravely wounded. Jan sends Karel and Jarmilla off to hide in the forest, blessing their future marriage.

The Nazi authorities in Prague, desperate to find Heydrich's assailants, decide to take hostages among local villagers. Jan Hanka gets locked up in the town jail as a hostage. The SS arrests Mayor Bauer for failing to stop the ambush on Heydrich. Bauer protests as they drag him off that he's a loyal Nazi. Jarmilla and Karel are chased by Germans in the forest. Jarmilla gets shot and dies in Karel's arms.

In Prague, Heydrich lies near death. His superior, Heinrich Himmler, arrives from Berlin and watches Heydrich die, in agony, saying that the war is lost, and that he "should have killed them all." After he dies, Himmler tells Hitler and that Heydrich died declaring "Victory will be ours, Heil Hitler!"

Himmler orders the village of Lidice eradicated. "They won't say Himmler is too weak."

The troops herd the inhabitants into the square.  All men over 16 will be shot. All women will go  to concentration camps. All children will be placed in correctional institutions. As the Germans line machine guns in front of the men, one man starts singing the Czech national anthem. The others join in. The Germans shoot them all. Jan, forgotten in his jail cell, watches as the Germans set fire to the town., then fire artillery onto it, burying Jan within the rubble.

The ghostly men of Lidice file past the camera, reciting the final lines of Millay's poem, warning viewers to act. The sun illumines the halo of the statue of the sorrowful saint.

Cast
 Patricia Morison as Jarmilla Hanka
 John Carradine as Reinhard Heydrich
 Alan Curtis as Karel Vavra
 Howard Freeman as Heinrich Himmler
 Ralph Morgan as Jan Hanka
 Edgar Kennedy as Nepomuk
 Ludwig Stössel as Herman Bauer
 Al Shean as Father Cemlanek
 Elizabeth Russell as Maria Bartonek
 Jimmy Conlin as Dvorak
 Louis V. Arco (uncredited) as German Sergeant
 Richard Ryen (uncredited) as Gestapo
 Ava Gardner (uncredited) as Franciska Pritric
 Lester Dorr (uncredited) as Sergeant

Production

The film was produced independently by Seymour Nebenzal under the auspices of the Producers Releasing Corporation, a "Poverty Row" studio, and filmed in one week in November 1942, under the title of Hitler's Hangman. The title was changed to Hitler's Madman to avoid confusion with Fritz Lang's similarly themed Hangmen Also Die!.

Sirk hired German cinematographer Eugen Schüfftan to shoot the film, but because Schüfftan was not allowed to work in the United States at the time, the cinematography credit was given to Jack Greenhalgh and Schüfftan was credited as "Technical Director." The film opens and closes with Edna St. Vincent Millay's 1942 poem, "The Murder of Lidice".

Sirk directed reshoots at MGM's own studios in May 1943, consisting of the inspection of the female university students and Klara's resulting suicide (during which an uncredited Ava Gardner appears), Heydrich's death scenes, and the shooting of the male residents of Lidice.

Release
The film was originally set to be released through Republic Pictures. However, when it was completed, Nebenzal arranged a screening for MGM chief Louis B. Mayer, who bought it,  making it one of the few, and possibly the first, film to be distributed by MGM even though it was originally produced by another company.

See also
 Assassination of Reinhard Heydrich
 Operation Anthropoid
 Operation Anthropoid Memorial
 Dramatic portrayals of Reinhard Heydrich
 List of American films of 1943
Other films on the same subject:
Hangmen Also Die! (1943)
The Silent Village (1943)
Atentát (1964)
Operation Daybreak (1975)
Lidice (2011) (aka Fall of the Innocent in the UK; aka Butcher of Prague in US)Anthropoid (2016)The Man with the Iron Heart'' (2016)

Notes

External links

1943 films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Douglas Sirk
Producers Releasing Corporation films
Films about Operation Anthropoid
World War II films made in wartime
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films produced by Seymour Nebenzal
Films scored by Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco
Films scored by Nathaniel Shilkret
American war drama films
1940s war drama films
Films set in the Czech Republic
Cultural depictions of Heinrich Himmler
1943 drama films
Films scored by Karl Hajos
American World War II films
1940s English-language films

Hitler's Madman