The architecture of Singapore shows influences and styles from different places and periods. Singapore architecture may be divided into two periods: the more traditional pre-World War II colonial period, and the modern post-war and post-colonial period.

Pre-colonial architecture

Malay houses built in the 'kampong' style were common before the British came..

Colonial period

After the British established a settlement near the mouth of the Singapore River in 1819, building construction in Singapore changed. The new settlement was small but very urban. Merchants built warehouses right next to each other along Boat Quay. Risk of fire became a problem because the buildings were so close together and had many valuable goods inside. Builders switched to brick masonry with clay tiled roofs, to reduce the fire hazard. Bricks and tiles were made at kilns on the island, and the mortar and plaster was made by grinding up corals from sea around Singapore.

Shophouse
 Shophouses are common style of building in Southeast Asia. They are usually two or three storeys high. Each shophouse is usually very narrow and part of a long row of terraced buildings. But, shophouses may be very deep front to back. The first floor is usually for business and the upper floors are for living.

The front of the building usually has a covered area called the "five foot ways".  An 1822 law in Singapore said that all houses made of brick or tiles should be similar in the front.  They should have an open arcade making an open passage on each side of the street. This style of building shophouses soon spread to other states in British Malaya. More rules said that the verandah ways should be .at least seven feet from the edge of the road and the walkway must be at least five feet wide.

Black and White bungalow
A bungalow is usually a small one or one-and-half storey home with deep verandahs. In Singapore, Many Europeans lived in bungalows from the 19th century until World War II. They are called Black and Whites for their white paint and dark wood.

These homes were similar to the UK's Arts and Crafts and Art Deco movements. They were built large enough to give rich families homes with light, air, and space. Black-and-Whites were built by wealthy families, successful businesses, the Public Works Department, and the British Armed Forces. Many are still homes today, but some have become shops, restaurants, or bars.

Art Deco

Singapore has many Art Deco buildings from the 1920s and 1930s. The style was especially popular in commercial architecture, like factories and offices. Sometimes the style was only on the surface. Often, Art Deco style ornaments were added to typical shophouses or bungalows. The Art Deco period was important as a style, but also for bringing modern construction technologies like reinforced concrete to Singapore.

Modern architecture
Singaporean architecture moved to a modern direction after the war. The need to save money meant less spending on ornaments or features that only looked good. Simple forms and surfaces became more common. Modern architecture was also better for building many public buildings with the same or similar designs such as schools, clinics, factories, and especially public housing.

Public housing

Public housing started in Singapore in the 1930s. The Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) carried out a building programme because there was not enough housing in the city. The SIT mainly built housing for middle and lower-middle class Asians at first. The Tiong Bahru estate is a typical example. It is a group of four-storey Art Deco style apartment blocks, shops, and markets outside the city center. After the war, the style changed from Art Deco to a simple, modern style.

1970s to present

Modern architecture was most important during the 1970s and 1980s. Brutalist architecture was common. Some older commercial buildings, such as the OCBC Centre by I. M. Pei, and many government office buildings are examples of this style.

Related pages
 Shophouse
 Black and white bungalow
 National Monuments of Singapore
 Public housing in Singapore

Further reading
 Powell, Robert (2004) Singapore Architecture: A short history Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd, Hong Kong

References

Other websites

Buildings and structures in Singapore
Architecture

Architecture of Singapore


The Cavaliers–Warriors rivalry is a National Basketball Association (NBA) rivalry between the Cleveland Cavaliers and the Golden State Warriors. The rivalry became prominent in the 2010s, with both teams appearing in four consecutive NBA Finals appearances from 2015 to 2018.

History

Early history
The Warriors dominated the early series, going 37–22 () from 1970 to 1991. The Cavaliers would win 10 straight games from 1992 to 1996 to reduce Golden State's lead to 37–32 (). The two teams played each other close during LeBron James' first stint with the Cavaliers in the 2000s.

The 2006–07 season was a memorable season for both teams, as the Warriors qualified for the 8th seed and became the first 8-seeded team to eliminate a 1-seed in a best-of-7 series, as they did in the 2007 first round against the Dallas Mavericks. On the other hand, the Cavaliers reached their first NBA Finals, where they were swept by the San Antonio Spurs.

From 2010 to 2014, James left the Cavaliers to play for the Miami Heat to team up with Dwyane Wade and Chris Bosh going to the Finals each year winning championships in 2012 and 2013 while the Warriors were a lottery team.

The Warriors led the head-to-head series 53–50 () through the end of the 2013–14 season.

James returned to the Cavaliers during the 2014 off-season. The Cavaliers then acquired All-Star power forward Kevin Love for Andrew Wiggins and other assets. The Cavaliers quickly became the favorite to win the East, as they already had an All-Star point guard in Kyrie Irving and other rising stars such as Tristan Thompson.

In the Western Conference, the Warriors were a team led by their backcourt of the "Splash Brothers", Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson, and a developed fast-paced, up-tempo offense, consisting mainly of three point shooting.

2014–15 season: Warriors win first NBA title in 40 years

With LeBron James returning to the Cavaliers as a free agent in 2014, the team was favored to make it to the NBA Finals. The team started off the season poorly, with Love struggling in his new role and SG Dion Waiters unable to handle being relegated to a secondary role. The Cavaliers started off the season with a dismal record of 19–20. James missed two weeks in January with a back injury. Later that month, the Cavaliers traded away Waiters to the Oklahoma City Thunder in a three-team deal with the New York Knicks. They acquired three-point specialist J. R. Smith and defensive asset Iman Shumpert. The team also acquired center and rim protector Timofey Mozgov in a separate trade. These players were critical for the team's return to the top of the Eastern Conference.

The Warriors started off the season 21–2, with a 16-game winning streak, which made them the early title favorites. Stephen Curry immediately became a Most Valuable Player candidate. Curry was improving off of last year's All-Star season. Klay Thompson became one of the best shooting guards, three-point shooters, and two-way players in the league. Draymond Green averaged  about 12 points, 8 rebounds, and 4 assists per game. Rookie head coach Steve Kerr was a candidate for Coach of the Year.

The two teams split their head-to-head meetings that season, each winning on its home court.

Irving, James, Curry, and Thompson were all named to their respective NBA All-Star teams, with Curry finishing first in the All-Star voting (1,513,324), and LeBron James finishing in second (1,470,483). Curry won the NBA MVP Award, averaging 23.8 points, 7.7 assists, and 2.0 steals per game, and shot 44.3% from three-point territory. James was third in MVP voting. He averaged 25.3 PPG, 6.0 RPG, and 7.4 APG. They were featured on the All-NBA First Team. Irving and Thompson made the All-NBA team as well. The Cavaliers finished the season with a record of 53–29, and the Warriors finished the season with a record of 67–15.

The Warriors and the Cavaliers only lost five games combined in the first three rounds of the playoffs. For the first time in NBA Finals history, both teams were coached by rookie head coaches with Steve Kerr and David Blatt. The Cavaliers faced injury trouble, losing Love in Game 4 of the first round against the Boston Celtics to a separated shoulder. Irving left Game 1 of the Finals in overtime after fracturing his left kneecap. The Warriors won Game 1 in a 108–100 overtime thriller. Game 2 also went into overtime, the all-around efforts of LeBron James and Matthew Dellavedova's surprisingly stellar defense on Steph Curry took the game 95–93. James had carried the limping Cavaliers to a Game 3 win and a 2–1 lead over the Warriors. The Warriors would win the next three games to take home the 2015 NBA Championship. Andre Iguodala would win the NBA Finals MVP, although James averaged 35.8 PPG, 13.3 RPG, and 8.8 APG in a losing effort. However, he shot less than 40% from the field for the entire series.

2015–16 season: Warriors' 73-win season, Cleveland's first title ends drought

The Warriors opened the 2015–16 season going 24–0, the most wins without a loss to start a season in NBA history and the second-longest winning streak in NBA history (33, by the 1971-72 Los Angeles Lakers). By the All-Star break, the Warriors' record was a stellar 48–4, including a pair of regular season victories against Cleveland. This was the best record at an all-star break in league history. Curry, Thompson, and Draymond Green earned all-star selections. Golden State went on to break the 1995–96 Chicago Bulls' 72–10 season record by winning 73 games. Stephen Curry became the first unanimous MVP in the history of the NBA that year.

Despite their regular season dominance, the Warriors struggled in the Western Conference playoffs. After defeating the Houston Rockets and Portland Trail Blazers each in five games without Curry for several games due to injuries, the Warriors were pushed to seven games by the Oklahoma City Thunder in the Western Conference Finals. The Thunder jumped to a 3–1 lead, but the Warriors were able to battle their way back and win the series.

The Cavaliers faced some challenges in the 2015–16 campaign. Irving was recovering from a knee injury sustained in Game 1 of the previous season's Finals and would miss most of the first half of the season. Despite some hardship, Cleveland performed well throughout the first half of the season. Halfway through the campaign, with a record of 30–11, head coach David Blatt was replaced by Tyronn Lue. The team finished the regular season with the best record in the Eastern Conference, sweeping the Detroit Pistons and Atlanta Hawks, and defeated the Toronto Raptors in 6 games to advance to the Finals against the defending champion Warriors.

The 2016 NBA Finals saw the Cavaliers and Warriors meet for the second straight season. The Warriors won Games 1 and 2 in Oakland quite convincingly before the series moved to Cleveland. While Cleveland won Game 3 at home in convincing fashion, the Warriors took Game 4 to set up a potential series-clincher at home. During the game, Draymond Green committed a flagrant foul on LeBron James. After reviewing the incident post-game, the league determined that the altercation warranted a flagrant 1 foul, which put Green over the NBA's flagrant foul limit and meant that he would be suspended for Game 5.

Kyrie Irving and LeBron James both scored 41 points in Game 5 to stay alive on the road, becoming the first pair of teammates to score at least 40 points in a Finals game. Back in Cleveland, LeBron James continued his explosive scoring, tallying another 41-point game in a Game 6 rout of the Warriors that saw a dominating 31–9 opening sequence and a late-game ejection of Stephen Curry. James became the first player since Shaquille O'Neal to score over 40 points in back-to-back NBA Finals games.

With the series shifting back to Oracle Arena for the championship decider, the Warriors and the Cavaliers were neck-and-neck for most of Game 7. Late in the 4th quarter, with the score tied 89–89, LeBron James made a memorable chase-down block on Andre Iguodala to save a go-ahead basket. Soon after, Kyrie Irving hit a 3-pointer over Stephen Curry to give Cleveland the lead, and they held on to win the game 93–89. This was Cleveland's first franchise title and made them first team in NBA Finals history to come back from a 3–1 deficit. LeBron James became only the third player in NBA history to have a triple double in a Finals Game 7 and was unanimously voted Finals MVP after leading in all five categories of points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocks.

2016–2018: Arrival of Kevin Durant, Warriors win back-to-back titles

On July 4, 2016, Oklahoma City Thunder star Kevin Durant signed with the Warriors in free agency. He averaged 25.1 PPG, 8.3 RPG, 4.8 APG, 1.1 SPG, and 1.6 BPG. After finishing 67–15, the first team in NBA history to win at least 67 games in three straight seasons, the Warriors went 12–0 in the Western Conference playoffs. They became the third team in league history to sweep all three rounds after the Los Angeles Lakers (1988–89 and 2000–01), doing it against the Portland Trail Blazers, Utah Jazz, and San Antonio Spurs, and the first to do so going 12–0 (the previous teams went 11–0 when the first round was best-of-five).

In the Eastern Conference, the Cavaliers willfully made it to the Finals, going 12–1, cruising past the Indiana Pacers and Toronto Raptors in convincing series sweeps. In the Conference Finals, the Cavaliers defeated the Boston Celtics in five games. James was considered to be playing his best basketball of his career, entering the Finals averaging 32.5 PPG, 8.0 RPG, 7.0 APG, 2.2 SPG, and 1.4 BPG. He shot 57% from the field and 42% from three. James averaged a triple double in the Finals. Kevin Love also played his best basketball as a Cavalier, averaging 17.2 PPG 10.4 RPG, 1.9 APG, shooting 46% from the field, and 44% from behind the arc. Kyrie Irving set a career playoff-high 42 points during Game 4 of the Eastern Conference Finals against Boston. The Warriors and Cavaliers had a combined 24–1 record entering the Finals, the fewest combined losses entering the Finals ever.

The series faced high anticipation as the Warriors, now dubbed as a "super-team", looked for revenge on their East coast foe from the previous year's loss. The Warriors easily took Games 1 and 2 at home, defeating the Cavaliers 113–91, and 132–113. Game 3 looked to be in the Cavs' favor, until an 11–0 run by the Warriors in the closing minutes emerged, capped off by a dagger three from Kevin Durant to seal a 118–113 comeback victory. Down 3–0, James and Irving led the Cavaliers over the Warriors to a 137–116 win, including a record-breaking 49 points in the first quarter, a Finals-high 86 points in the first half, and a record 24 3–pointers (which broke the record of 18 set by the Warriors in Game 2). Durant and the Warriors looked to finish the series back home in Game 5. Despite early domination from James and Cleveland in Game 5, the Warriors surged ahead in the second half, fending off several late-game Cavaliers rallies, and won the title with a 129–120 victory. It was the team's second title in three years, and Durant's first championship and Finals MVP. The Warriors also broke a new playoff record with 16 wins out of 17 games played, with their only loss in Game 4 of the NBA Finals. Both the Warriors and the Cavaliers entered the Finals with a combined record of 24–1, with the Cavaliers losing only Game 3 of the Eastern Conference Finals.

In 2017–18, Golden State won the two regular-season meetings against the Cavaliers, but struggled down the stretch with multiple All-Star injuries. However, fueled by the return of Stephen Curry during the playoffs, the Warriors dominated the first and second rounds of the playoffs against the San Antonio Spurs and New Orleans Pelicans each in five games and advanced to their fourth consecutive Finals by overcoming a 3–2 deficit against the Houston Rockets. Cleveland also struggled during the second half of the season after overhauling their roster at the trade deadline with new, younger players. However, they still managed to beat the Indiana Pacers in seven games, sweep the Raptors, then overcome their own 3–2 deficit against the Boston Celtics to advance to the Finals. It was the first time that the same two teams in any of North America's four major professional sports leagues have met for a championship round four consecutive times.

Game 1 was close with several lead changes. James would score 51 points. However, the game went to overtime, in part due to a controversial reversed charging foul call against Durant, a missed go-ahead free throw by George Hill with 4.7 seconds left, and JR Smith subsequently rebounding and dribbling out the clock, mistakenly believing his team to be ahead. The Warriors would dominate overtime, winning the game 124–114. Several minor scuffles ensued in the closing seconds of overtime, culminating in Tristan Thompson getting ejected and later fined for shoving a basketball into the face of Draymond Green. After the game, LeBron James reportedly suffered a self-inflicted bone contusion onto his right hand after punching a whiteboard in the locker room. He played through the injury for the rest of the series, and it was not disclosed until after Game 4.

Game 2 was a more one-sided affair, with the Warriors winning 122–103. Curry would break his own NBA Finals record with nine 3-pointers in a Finals game.

Game 3 was also close, as the teams exchanged leads several times. Curry struggled from the field, shooting only 3–16 (1–10 on 3's), while James set a record with his 10th Finals triple-double. However, Durant would lead the Warriors to a 110–102 victory, scoring a playoff career-high 43 points, along with another clutch three.

Game 4 was a blowout victory for the Warriors, 108–85, led by Curry's 37 points (including seven 3-pointers) and Durant's first career playoff triple-double. Golden State thus completed the sweep, earning their second consecutive championship, third in four seasons, and sixth, overall.

Recent years
Following LeBron James' departure in 2018, the Cavaliers entered a rebuild centered around their 2018 first round draft pick Collin Sexton, and later their 2019 first round draft pick Darius Garland, while retaining Tristan Thompson and Kevin Love to serve as veteran leaders. The Cavaliers struggled in their next two seasons, finishing 19–63 in 2018–19 and 19–46 in the 2019–20 season prior to its suspension due to the COVID-19 pandemic.  The Cavaliers were not among the 22 teams invited to complete the season. The team fired Lue six games into the 2018–19 season. They hired former University of Michigan head coach John Beilein before the 2019–20 season, though he resigned midway through that season.  Assistant coach J.B. Bickerstaff was named interim head coach and eventually full-time head coach for the 2020–21 season. The Cavaliers nearly returned to the playoffs in the 2021–22 season, but lost to the Atlanta Hawks in the NBA play-in tournament for the 8th seed.

The Warriors returned to their fifth straight Finals in 2019, aiming for a three-peat, but lost to the Toronto Raptors, . Kevin Durant and Andre Iguodala left the Warriors for the Brooklyn Nets and Memphis Grizzlies, respectively, in the 2019 offseason (though Iguodala would eventually become a member of the Miami Heat). These losses, combined with injuries to Klay Thompson and Stephen Curry, led the Warriors to finish an NBA-worst 15–50 in the shortened 2019–20 season and not be invited to finish the season.

The Warriors returned to the Finals in 2022. Iguodala returned to Golden State after two years with the Miami Heat. Curry and Thompson returned after missing much of the prior two seasons due to injuries. The Warriors defeated the Boston Celtics (in a rematch of the 1964 Finals) in six games to win their fourth title in eight years and seventh overall.

The teams have played nine games since James' departure, with the Warriors holding a perfect 9–0 record.

Both teams qualified for the 2023 NBA playoffs, marking the first time since 2018 that both teams clinched playoff spots. That postseason, the Warriors eliminated the Sacramento Kings and would advance to the second round while the Cavaliers were eliminated by the New York Knicks. The Warriors would again face James, now in the Lakers, who ended their title defense in six games.

See also
 List of National Basketball Association rivalries
 Death Lineup
 Celtics–Lakers rivalry – the most popular rivalry in NBA history, with both teams having played each other in the NBA Finals twelve times in five different decades

References

Cleveland Cavaliers
Golden State Warriors
National Basketball Association rivalries

Cavaliers–Warriors rivalry


Tigri  is a village situated in the Deoband Mandal  of Saharanpur District in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The village is  from its Mandal headquarters at Deoband.

Villages nearby include Fulasi (1.5 km), Gopali (2.0 km), Rajupur (2.1 km), Fulas Akbarpur (2.2 km), Dudhali (2.3 km), Thitki (2.9 km), and Zahirpur (3.3 km).

References

Villages in Saharanpur district

Tighri


Elizabeth George (born 1944) is an American author and Christian speaker based in Seattle, Washington. She has authored over 80 books and gift books aimed mainly towards adult women and also young adults, teens, tweens, and children. She also co-authored 4 marriage books and 3 children's books with Jim George, her author husband.

Early life
George was born in Granite, Oklahoma 11 November 1944 to Richard Henry White and Ruth Harrison White. She graduated from College High School in Bartlesville, Oklahoma in 1962. She earned a Bachelor of Science in Education from The University of Oklahoma in 1966. Her first year out of college, George was a junior high and high school English and business teacher. She was also a Logos Bible Institute instructor and a Bible study lecturer and curriculum development team member at Grace Community Church in Sun Valley, California.

Writing
George began writing in the early 1990s. She authored her first book, Loving God with All Your Mind in 1994. Her 1997 release, A Woman After God's Own Heart, gave her exposure and credibility, which propelled her writing career and bestseller status. George has authored over 80 books since the mid-90s. To date, she has sold over 9 million books worldwide, translated into 19 languages.

Reception
George was the recipient of the Harvest House Gold Award in 2002 and the Harvest House Platinum Award in 2004. In 2008, A Woman After God's Own Heart spent 13 months on the CBA Top 50 Bestseller list, Christian Retailing Top 100 Bestsellers list, and the Wesley Owen Croydon Top 10 Bestsellers list. Following God with All Your Heart was ranked #47 on the ECPA Top 50 for one month in 2008. Breaking The Worry Habit…Forever! was ranked #33 on the ECPA Top 50 list for two months in 2009. A Girl After God's Own Heart launched at #1 in 2010 on the Evangelical Christian Publishers Association Top 50 Bestsellers list for 21 months and remained on bestseller lists for the following 36 months. It was also on the ECPA Young Adult Top 20 in 2010 and peaked at #1. A Girl's Guide to Making Really Good Choices was ranked third on the CBA Young Adult best sellers list in April 2013.

Personal life
George married Jim George on 1 June 1965 in Bartlesville, Oklahoma. The couple met while attending The University of Oklahoma. George graduated from The University of Oklahoma in 1966. Today the Georges live in Seattle, Washington and spend time writing in Hawaii. They have two grown daughters and eight grandchildren. George and her husband have co-authored four marriage books and three children's books.

Bibliography

See also
 Biblical patriarchy

References

External links
Elizabeth George's Homepage
Harvest House's Homepage

1944 births
Living people
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American women writers
20th-century evangelicals
21st-century American businesspeople
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American women writers
21st-century evangelicals
American evangelicals
American self-help writers
American women non-fiction writers
Christian novelists
Pentecostal writers
University of Oklahoma alumni
Writers from Oklahoma

Elizabeth George (author)


Sentencing disparity is defined as "a form of unequal treatment in criminal punishment that is often of unexplained cause and is at least incongruous, unfair and disadvantaging in consequence".
In the United States men are most adversely affected by sentencing disparity being twice as likely to be sentenced to jail after conviction than women and receiving on average 63% longer jail sentences.

Terminology
Colloquially, situations wherein some criminals receive lighter criminal sentences or are held to a lesser standard of personal accountability is referred to as a slap on the wrist. The verbified form of such unequal treatment may be termed wrist slap, and alternative forms such as wristslap and wrist-slap. As an adjective, such a justice system may be described as being two-tiered or hybrid, both usually with negative connotations. Lawyers who uphold such unfair principles within the legal system are sometimes designated with pejorative terms such as double standardist.

Instances wherein women or cases have been perceived as upholding a gender disparity in sentencing have at times been labelled with derogatory terms such as pussy pass.

Overview
There is a distinct difference between differences that arise due to legitimate use of discretion in the application of the law and those differences that arise due to discrimination or other, unexplained, causes unrelated to the issues found in the specific criminal case. There is evidence that some U.S. federal judges give much longer prison sentences for similar offenses than other judges do.

This is a major problem because two judges could be faced with a similar case and one could order a very harsh sentence while another would give a much lesser sentence. A 2006 study by Crow and Bales gives evidence of sentencing disparity. The Florida Department of Corrections gave statistics of those prisoners who received probation or community control in the period 1990–1999. Prisoners were categorized as Blacks and Hispanics or Whites/Non-Hispanics. The study found that the Blacks and Hispanics received more intense and harsher penalties than the White/Non-Hispanic group.

Evidence

United States
A 2001 University of Georgia study found substantial disparity in the criminal sentencing that men and women received "after controlling for extensive criminological, demographic, and socioeconomic variables".  The study found that in US federal courts, "blacks and males are... less likely to get no prison term when that option is available; less likely to receive downward departures [from the guidelines]; and more likely to receive upward adjustments and, conditioned on having a downward departure, receive smaller reductions than whites and females".

In 2005 Max Schanzenbach found that "increasing the proportion of female judges in a district decreases the sex disparity" in sentencing which he interprets as "evidence of a paternalistic bias among male judges that favors female offenders".

In 2006 Ann Martin Stacey and Cassia Spohn found that women receive more lenient sentences than men after controlling for presumptive sentence, family responsibilities, offender characteristics, and other legally relevant variables, based on examination of three US district courts.

In 2012 Sonja B. Starr from University of Michigan Law School found that, controlling for the crime, "men receive 63% longer sentences on average than women do," and "[w]omen are…twice as likely to avoid incarceration if convicted", also based on data from US federal court cases.

United Kingdom
A paper examining gender sentencing disparities in a large samples of assault, burglary and drugs offences found that male offenders are subjected to significantly harsher sentences, even when controlling for mitigating factors and case characteristics. Men were 2.84 times more likely than women to receive custodial sentence for the offence of assault, 1.89 more likely for the offence of burglary, and 2.72 more likely for offence related to drugs. For offences of assault, the gender factor was stronger than any other 'harm and culpability' factor with the exception of the 'with intent to commit serious harm' factor.

France
A 2020 study shows that women receive 33% (15 days) shorter prison
sentences than men, even when controlling for all observable characteristics – including a very precise description of the crime. When pairs of mixed-gender offender are convicted together the gender gap is even higher - men receive 38.7 additional prison days and 10.7 fewer suspended prison days.

From a procedural point of view, when controlling for the type of crime, men are on average judged after shorter investigations, and are more likely to be sentenced after an accelerated procedure. When taken to court, men are 20% less likely to be discharged (6% vs. 4%). In 2017, 19.9% of convicted men were sentenced to prison, compared to 8.5% of convicted women.

Female judges have less bias that male judges. With decreasing number of female judges in the court the gender gaps in prison and probation sentences widens - prison and probation sentences are lighter for women, while suspended prison sentences are longer. The gender of the prosecutor seem to play no role.

Racism and sexism
Some prison reform and prison abolition supporters have argued that race and gender are both valid reasons for disparity in sentencing. In 2016, Mirko Bagaric argued that African-Americans and Indigenous Australians should receive a sentencing discount in all but the most serious of crimes, in part to offset unacknowledged biases to the opposite effect, while women should "be treated more leniently when they commit the same crime as a man" - in this case, he did not make any exception for serious offending. In the United Kingdom, Jean Corston's 2007 report planned as a "review of women with particular vulnerabilities in the criminal justice system" is described as making the case "that prisons should be scrapped for all but a tiny number of women", which Corston justified on the basis "equality does not mean treating everyone the same". She proposed "Custodial sentences for women must be reserved for serious and violent offenders who pose a threat to the public" and that overt separate sentencing for men and women could be considered after then-pending equality legislation. Some feminists argue that giving women lighter sentences is infantilizing, based on stereotyping, and incompatible with gender equality.

See also

 Focal concerns theory
 Men's rights
 Misandry
 Sentencing

References

External links

 Crow, M.S., Bales, W. (2006). Sentencing guidelines and focal concerns: The effect of sentencing policy as a practical constraining on sentencing decisions. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 30(2)
 Rhodes, W.M., et al. (2016). Federal sentencing disparity: 2005-2012. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
 Kathryn Hopkins, Noah Uhrig, and Matt Colahan (2016) Associations between being male or female and being sentenced to prison in England and Wales in 2015. Ministry of Justice Analytical Services, UK

Misandry
Racism
Disparity
Sexism

Sentencing disparity


A police auction is an auction of goods which have been confiscated by the police and cannot or may not be returned to their original owners. They may also contain surplus and retired police equipment, such as used police cars.

Police auctions may be found in most countries but differ in their format. In nations such as the United States, they are held by local police departments, and proceeds go to that vendor. In other countries, such as the United Kingdom, they are open to the public.

United Kingdom
The Proceeds of Crime Act now allows for a court to confiscate any goods that a person can not legally account for. There are many thousands of such court orders issued each year, and items that can not be returned to their legal owner are auctioned off at local auction houses all over the UK.

The term 'Police Auction' has come to represent this category of auction sale although it is not technically correct. The police only sell lost and found items directly at auction. The correct term is Proceeds of Crime auctions as featured in the BBC documentary series Ill Gotten Gains. Proceeds of Crime auctions are an established route used by regional police forces across the country to dispose of proceeds of crime, lost and found, seized, and unclaimed stolen and confiscated property.

Items available at police auctions

 Cars and commercial vehicles
 Boats and yachts
 Building equipment
 Bicycles
 Household goods
 Jewellery and watches
 PlayStation consoles
 Business equipment
 Plant and machinery
 Proceeds of crime
 Plasma TVs and IPads

Police auctions are handled differently depending on the various police forces. Some authorities commission auctions through various contracted auctioneers. Others hold online auctions through various websites.

Lots at police auctions range from brand new or graded from A down in used condition, or goods may be slightly marked. All items listed in any police auction are available for viewing and inspection prior to the sale. Faulty or damaged goods should be clearly marked, and faults are outlined by the auctioneer during the auction.

U.S.
Police auctions in the U.S. are often held onsite by the local police force, and are hosted by a professional auctioneer. A wide variety of merchandise is available.

About 300 Treasury auctions are held every year by the US Treasury Department. These are conducted throughout the U.S. and Puerto Rico, offering property forfeited as a result of violations of federal law or nonpayment of Internal Revenue Service taxes.

New Zealand
Police auctions  of unclaimed and lost property are held publicly across the country. Auctions will be organised locally were the item was located or surrendered. Police auctions are generally advertised in local papers or bidders can call the local police station to find out when one will take place.

References

Law enforcement agency powers
Governmental auctions

Police auction


The word "Tribe" is taken from the Latin word "Tribus" which means "one third". The word originally referred to one of the three territorial groups which united to make Rome. A tribe is a group of people who live and work together in a shared geographical area. A tribe has a common culture, dialect and religion. They also have a strong sense of unity. The tribe is usually headed by a chief.  A tribal society is a group of tribes organized around kinships. Tribes represent a part in social evolution between bands and nations.

A tribe can be a collection of families or of families and individual people living together. A tribe usually divides up the jobs that need to be done among themselves. Most tribes have special customs or traditions.

Humans lived in tribes before they started living in cities and nations. Collectively, the Khoikhoi and San are called the Khoisan and often called the world's first or oldest people, according to the biggest and most detailed analysis of African DNA. A report from NPR details how more than 22,000 years ago, the Nama were the largest group of humans on earth and a tribe of hunter-gatherers.

Present Day there are still tribal groups all over the world , however their numbers are getting smaller and smaller. Many live as hunter-gatherers , though there are tribes that practice Agriculture. Some tribes such as the Bedouin and Tuareg people of Arab practice Nomadism.

Related pages
Anthropology
Indigenous people
Tribes of Arabia
Tribes of Israel

Relationships
Social groups

Tribe


Timergara is a city in Lower Dir District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It is the headquarters of Lower Dir District in Pakistan. Timergara City is located on the east bank of the Panjkora River. The people of Timergara are mainly Pashtun. The people generally wear typical pashtoon dress. Timergara connects Bajawar, Upper Dir and Chitral to the rest of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa.

Lower Dir District

Timergara


The Stephen Collins Foster Memorial is a performing arts center and museum which houses the Stephen Foster Archives at the University of Pittsburgh in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. It is dedicated to the life and works of American songwriter Stephen Foster.

It is a contributing property to the Schenley Farms National Historic District, is designated as a Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation Historical Landmark, and is a landmark whose significance is designated by a Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission Historical Marker. It is located along Forbes Avenue in the Oakland neighborhood on the campus of the University of Pittsburgh, often referred to as Pitt.

The main structure houses the two theaters that serve as performance spaces for the university's Department of Theatre Arts: the 478-seat Charity Randall Theatre and 151-seat Henry Heymann Theatre. The left wing of the building houses the Stephen Foster Memorial Museum and the Center for American Music which contains the University of Pittsburgh's Stephen Foster Collection and archive that includes manuscripts, copies of over 200 of his musical compositions, examples of recordings, songsters, broadside, programs, books, various memorabilia, and several musical instruments, including one of Foster's pianos. The memorial is also home to the university's Ethelbert Nevin Collection and the Society for American Music.

Building

The Stephen Foster Memorial, dedicated in 1937, is a steel-framed structure faced with the same Indiana Limestone used for the university's Cathedral of Learning. It is one of two buildings, the other being Heinz Memorial Chapel, designed by its architect, Charles Klauder, to accompany his centerpiece Cathedral of Learning on the gothic revival portion of the university's campus. The W.F. Trimble & Son's Company was contracted to help erect the building on March 2, 1935. It was constructed using  of Indiana limestone, 400 tons (360,000 kg) of steel, and  of concrete. In 2003, a $3.2 million renovation of the Stephen Foster Memorial, focusing on its theater facilities, was completed by Colker and Tom Wiley of Pittsburgh's WTW Architects.

The stone courtyard that is adjacent to the rear of the memorial, and sits between it and the south entrance to the Cathedral of Learning, is dedicated to memorial benefactor Josiah Kirby Lilly and is named in his honor. On the grounds of the memorial, near the Foster Shrine pavilion, sits a sundial on a stone base, currently missing its gnomon, that was dedicated May 1914 to the Pittsburgh Blues of the War of 1812 by the Dolly Madison Chapter, U.S. Daughters of 1812. The sun dial was rededicated there on May 9, 1941.

The memorial building houses two theaters and, connected via a hallway, a memorial shrine dedicated to displaying items from the university's Foster Hall Collection. The Stephen Foster Memorial serves as the home for the Society for American Music and the University of Pittsburgh's Center for American's Music which encompasses a research library, archive and museum dedicated to expanding and documenting knowledge of American music and its role in American life.

Fred Kelly Lobby
The Fred Kelly Lobby, which serves as the lobby/foyer of the Charity Randall Theatre, is entered through the memorial's main Forbes Avenue-facing double red doors and contains two rectangular chandeliers by master metalworker Samuel Yellin of Philadelphia. The lobby also contains Charles Connick stained glass windows depicting Shakespeare (misspelled "Shakespere") and Beethoven that are dedicated to memorial benefactor Josiah Kirby Lilly. The 2003 renovation of the memorial added new pieces of furniture to the lobby/foyer which including an octagonal upholstered banquette, a ticket and concession stand, as well as a new wrought iron ring wheel chandelier. These three additions were designed by Pittsburgh architect Michael Chirigos whose work was inspired by the memorial's Gothic arches. The banquette's seats enclose arched cabinets showcasing playbills for future productions along with college and career memorabilia associated with Gene Kelly's youngest brother, Fred. Both Kellys were Pitt graduates, and it was Fred who taught Gene and many others to dance. The display's cost was underwritten by Fred Kelly's family as an honor to his achievements as an influential choreographer who later became a pioneering television producer and director. The lobby also commemorates outstanding Pitt Theater alumni who are recipients of Department of Theatre Art's annual Fred Kelly Award.

Charity Randall Theatre
The main 478-seat traditional proscenium theater, formerly known as the Foster Memorial Theatre, was renamed as the Charity Randall Theatre following a $2 million renovation in 2003. The theater was reconditioned to bring it up to code, update its equipment, and replicate the original conditions of the auditorium's features. These renovations were undertaken with donations from the Charity Randall Foundation which was established in 1977 to remember the sister of Pitt graduate and businessman Robert Randall and to support her interest in the arts after her death in a car accident. The plush, deep red seats, identical to those first installed New York's Radio City Music Hall, were reupholstered and their wrought iron frames and oak arms refinished to their original 1930s condition. The number of seats were reduced from 572 to 478, including the addition of 24 new freestanding balcony seats. Other auditorium improvements include new carpeting and new lighting that highlights the vaulted stone ceiling, as well as a restoration of the original Samuel Yellin designed chandelier. In addition, state-of-the-art sound, lighting, and production equipment was added, as well as a new rigging system, actors' restroom, and various stage improvements.

Henry Heymann Theatre
The downstairs of the memorial houses the 153-seat Henry Heymann Theatre, featuring a thrust stage with seating on three sides. The theater honors the university's longtime scenic designer, and theater donor, Henry Heymann, who taught scenic design from 1968 until he retired in 1993. The Heymann Theatre was created in 2000 in a space that formerly served as the memorial's social room, which hosted USO dances during World War II. A little-known tunnel also extends from the Heymann Theatre to under the loading dock level of the Cathedral of Learning, connecting the two buildings. During the 2003 renovations to the memorial, the downstairs dressing room area was reconfigured to accommodate three "star" dressing rooms and men's and women's showers. Another basement room serves as headquarters for the still-active Tuesday Musical Club, which initiated the original idea and drive for the construction of the Stephen Foster Memorial.

Foster Shrine
The left wing, composed of the pavilion of the Foster Shrine, is entered from the left of the building's foyer, which serves as the lobby of the Charity Randall Theatre, and through an entrance corridor that features Foster artifacts, a Foster bust, and five small casement windows featuring Connick stained glass windows devoted to symbols of Stephen Foster and his songs. Moving along the corridor to the shrine, on the right is the entrance to the Foster Reading Room and library, which is home to much of the Foster collection, including its more fragile contents, that can be examined by appointment. Continuing on, the corridor opens into a 12-sided gothic chamber with lancet windows containing Connick stained glass medallions which illustrate various Foster songs. On display in the Shrine in and around Gothic-arched alcoves are Foster's piano, sheet music, broadsides, recordings, and other personal items and memorabilia. The 2003 renovation left the memorial shrine untouched, except for the addition of an unobtrusive fire suppression systems.

History

The memorial itself was conceived in 1927 when the Tuesday Musical Club, founded in 1889 by affluent female musicians, and University of Pittsburgh Chancellor John Bowman agreed to collaborate on a performance hall dedicated to Stephen Foster that would house the club's recitals. Bowman donated land adjacent to where the foundation for the Cathedral of Learning was being laid for the memorial. However, little progress on the memorial was made until 1932 when Bowman learned of Josiah Kirby Lilly's Foster Hall Collection. After Lilly pledged more than 10,000 Foster items, fund-raising began in earnest, with almost half the $550,000 cost coming from Lilly and his son, Eli. Construction began January 13, 1935, the 71st anniversary of Foster's death. A dedication ceremony took place on June 2, 1937, Pitt's 150th anniversary.

The Foster Hall Collection itself was established in 1930 by Josiah Kirby Lilly, noted for being the president of the prominent Indianapolis pharmaceutical manufacturer Eli Lilly and Company. The collection originally began as a retirement hobby based upon his lifelong love of Stephen Foster' s music, but it eventually grew into one of the major collections of American music and history. Lilly and his staff, with the help of some of Foster's relatives, as well as through contributions prompted by the publication of the Foster Hall Bulletin, accumulated over 10,000 Foster items. This initial collection was housed in Indianapolis in a small limestone building he called "Foster Hall." Before his effort began, there had been no exact knowledge concerning the total number of Foster's works, nor any accurate literature published about the composer. Foster Hall's staff identified 201 original works, and Foster Hall became a resource center for John Tasker Howard's biography Stephen Foster: America's Troubadour (1934). Concerned about the future of his collection, Lilly donated the Foster Hall's holdings to the University of Pittsburgh's new Stephen Foster Memorial and the collection was moved to its new home in 1937. Since then, some additional 20,000 items reflecting Foster, composers influenced by him, and music in American life have been added.

The university's Center for American Music also houses the Ethelbert Nevin Collection, which was previously housed in the Theodore M. Finney Music Library until 1999. The Nevin Collection was acquired by the University of Pittsburgh between 1933 and 1956. The materials in the collection were either purchased or donated by Mrs. Ethelbert Nevin, other family members, and friends. The collection consists of original manuscripts, letters, mementos, furnishings, printed matter, and special gifts.

Aside from maintaining the collections and museum, The Center for American Music's projects include Voices Across Time, a curriculum support package that allows teachers to integrate historic American Music into their classrooms. The center also has undertaken Resources of American History II that will provide global online access to music scores, papers, sound recordings, and other American music-related materials in its archives.

See also

Theatre in Pittsburgh
 List of music museums

References

Bibliography

External links
Center For American Music homepage
 Panoramic tour of the Stephen Foster Museum Main Room
 Panoramic tour of the Foster Hall Reading Room

University of Pittsburgh buildings
Theatres in Pittsburgh
Museums in Pittsburgh
Music museums in Pennsylvania
Gothic Revival architecture in Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh History & Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmarks
University museums in Pennsylvania
Monuments and memorials in Pittsburgh
Foster, Stephen
University and college arts centers in the United States
Historic district contributing properties in Pennsylvania
Theatres completed in 1937
Museums established in 1937
1937 establishments in Pennsylvania
Stephen Foster
National Register of Historic Places in Pittsburgh
University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania

Stephen Foster Memorial


Erie Armory is a historic National Guard armory located at Erie, Erie County, Pennsylvania.  The original section was built in 1920, and the size doubled with an expansion in 1929.  The rectangular building consists of an administration building with attached drill hall in the Colonial Revival style. The building is constructed of brick and features a crenelated parapet.  The administration building has a flat roof and drill hall a gable roof. It was designed by noted armory architect Joseph F. Kuntz.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

References

Armories on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Colonial Revival architecture in Pennsylvania
Government buildings completed in 1929
Buildings and structures in Erie County, Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Erie County, Pennsylvania

Erie Armory


The blue chub (Gila coerulea) is a cyprinid fish found in the Klamath River and Lost River drainages of far northern California and southern Oregon.

Relatively slender among chubs, it has larger eyes than most and a terminal mouth that extends back nearly as far as the forward edge of the eye. Color is  a nondescript dusky shade on the back and silvery on the sides; the name comes from the males at breeding time, whose snout becomes noticeably blue, along with orange tinges on the sides and the fins. There are 9 rays in the dorsal fin, 8-9 in the anal fin, and 14-17 in each pectoral. Length ranges up to 41 cm.

Blue chubs have a varied diet, including both aquatic and terrestrial insects, crustaceans, and filamentous algae. They occur in a variety of habitats in their range; abundant in lakes, they are also found in streams and rivers. In Upper Klamath Lake, they generally prefer rocky margins and open water to marshy shores, while along Boles Creek, they are most abundant in shallow weedy reservoirs.

Spawning extends from May through August, typically over shallow gravelled areas, of depths of 0.5 meters or less. Each female is attended by two or more males, who agitate the water and thrust against her while she lays eggs in masses that adhere to shoreline rocks. (C. R. Hazel observed some males pushing females entirely out of the water in their excitement.)

Although not officially listed as a threatened species, and common within their range, Moyle says that there is cause for concern; the range is geographically limited, and the population dropped in the 1980s and 1990s, due to a combination of drought, pollution (agricultural runoff), and pressure from introduced fathead minnows.

References

 Peter B. Moyle, Inland Fishes of California (University of California Press, 2002), pp. 128–130

Chubs (fish)
Gila (fish)
Chub, Blue
Taxa named by Charles Frédéric Girard
Fish described in 1856

Blue chub


Joseph Wayne Kraemer (born September 10, 1964) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played professionally from 1985 to 1994 and in Major League Baseball (MLB) in 1989 and 1990.

Early life
He attended both Portland State University and Lower Columbia College.

Professional career
Kraemer was drafted three times. First, by the New York Mets in the second round of the 1983 Major League Baseball Draft. He did not sign. He was then drafted by the Seattle Mariners in the sixth round of the 1984 Major League Baseball Draft. Again, he did not sign. The third and final time he was drafted was in 1985 Major League Baseball draft, by the Chicago Cubs in the 16th round of the amateur entry draft.

Chicago Cubs
He began his professional career in 1985 with the Wytheville Cubs. In 22 games, he went 4–2 with a 3.35 ERA and 52 strikeouts in 45 innings of work. His control was suspect, as he walked 36 batters, or about seven per nine innings.

In 1986 with the Peoria Chiefs, he was perhaps the team's best relief pitcher. He made 45 relief appearances, posting a 6–3 record with a 1.09 ERA, 14 saves and 78 strikeouts in 66 innings of work. He also showed improved control, as he walked only 19 batters, or about three per nine innings. His 1.09 ERA and 14 saves led the team.

1987 wasn't nearly as good a season for Kraemer. He appeared in 41 games for the Winston-Salem Spirits, going 3–2 with a 2.73 ERA, 13 saves and 43 strikeouts in 52 innings of work. He also appeared in five games with the Iowa Cubs, posting a 1–0 record with two strikeouts and a 27.00 ERA in 2 innings of work. Overall that season, he went 4–2 with a 3.90 ERA and 45 strikeouts in 55 innings of work. His walk total again increased to a total of 46 overall.

In 1988, Kraemer started more than a few games in a season for the first time in his career. Pitching for the Pittsfield Cubs, Kraemer made 15 starts, going 5–5 with a 2.75 ERA and 47 strikeouts in 95 innings of work. He then pitched for the Iowa Cubs again, being used almost entirely as a reliever (he made only one start). In 20 games with them, he went 3–3 with a 4.50 ERA and 26 strikeouts in 26 innings of work. In total, Kraemer went 8–8 with a 3.12 ERA in 1988. He made 35 appearances, 16 of which were starts. In 121 innings, he struck out 73 batters and walked 60.

Save for one game with the big league club in 1989, Kraemer's entire season was spent with the Iowa Cubs. He started 27 games, going 8–10 with a 3.47 ERA in 181 innings with them. He walked 50 batters and struck out 113. He completed seven games as well.

Kraemer made his big league debut on August 22, 1989 at the age of 24 versus the Cincinnati Reds. The first batter he faced was Dave Collins, who lined out. The rest of the game didn't go so smoothly for him - in fact, he gave up six runs in just 3 innings of work. Because of shaky defense behind him however, only two of those runs were earned. Nevertheless, he got the loss and posted a 4.91 ERA in his rookie season.

The following year, Kraemer spent time in the majors and minors again. He started out with the big league club, but by June 26 he was in the minors again. While in the majors in 1990, Kraemer went 0–0 with a 7.20 ERA in 18 relief appearances. After being sent down to the Iowa Cubs, he was used entirely as a starter, making 20 appearances and going 7–6 with a 3.76 ERA. He played his final big league game on June 25, 1990.

He spent all of 1991 with the Iowa Cubs. He went 8–7 with a 4.60 ERA in 20 appearances, 19 of which were starts.

Overall, Kraemer went 0–1 with a 6.91 ERA in 28 big league innings. In 19 games, he walked 16 batters, struck out 21 and threw two wild pitches.

California Angels
After the 1991 season, he became a minor league free agent. He wound up in the California Angels organization for the 1992 season. He pitched for both the Midland Angels and Edmonton Trappers, going a combined 3–3 with a 4.61 ERA in 46 appearances, seven of which were starts. In 80 innings, he struck out 60 batters and walked 38.

As an affiliated minor leaguer, he went 48–41 with a 3.57 ERA. In 791 innings, he walked 337 batters and struck out 582.

Independent leagues
Following his career as an affiliated baseball player, he played with the Sioux City Explorers of the Northern League in 1993-94.

External links

1964 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Baseball players from Washington (state)
Chicago Cubs players
Diablos Rojos del México players
Edmonton Trappers players
Iowa Cubs players
Lower Columbia Red Devils baseball players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Mexican League baseball pitchers
Midland Angels players
Peoria Chiefs players
Portland State Vikings baseball players
Pittsfield Cubs players
Sioux City Explorers players
Sportspeople from Olympia, Washington
Wytheville Cubs players
Winston-Salem Spirits players

Joe Kraemer


Maurice El Mediouni, French El Médioni (, born on 18 October 1928 in Oran, Algeria) is an Algerian pianist, composer and interpreter of Andalusian, Raï, Sephardic and Arab music. He is one of the few living artists to have performed with artists such as Lili Labassi, Line Monty, Lili Boniche, Samy el Maghribi, and Reinette l'Oranaise. He is also a professional tailor and took up initially music as a hobby.

Born in the Jewish quarter of Oran, in a family of musicians. His uncle was the celebrated Messaoud El Mediouni, "Saoud l'Oranais" who died at the Sobibor concentration camp. He is sometimes regarded as the grandfather of Algerian pop music.

Following the Algerian war of independence he moved to Paris, France, where he worked as a tailor as well as occasionally backing Jewish singers, and in 1967 to Marseilles where he opened a clothing factory and took a break from his musical career, which he resumed in the 1980s. He is currently based in France and Israel, and can be caught live performing solo or with other Arab-French and Jewish-French artists, such as Mahmoud Fadl, the Klezmatics, as well as playing alongside musicians who had originally accompanied him nearly half a century earlier in Algeria and France.

His memoir, From Oran to Marseille, edited by Max Reinhardt (radio presenter) and translated by Jonathan Walton, was published by Repeater Books in 2017.

References

1928 births
French jazz pianists
French male pianists
Algerian pianists
French expatriates in Israel
Algerian emigrants to France
Algerian Jews
Living people
Musicians from Oran
21st-century pianists
21st-century French male musicians
French male jazz musicians

Maurice El Mediouni


WWE 2K series is a series of video games that are developed by Yuke's and Visual Concepts and are published by 2K Sports. The video games are based on the professional wrestling company WWE.

The series was first known as WWF/WWE SmackDown! from 2000 to 2004 and then was changed to WWE SmackDown vs. Raw in 2004. The title was changed to simply WWE in 2011 with the release of WWE '12. The WWE title  was used for WWE '12 and WWE '13 and was changed to WWE 2K when Take Two Interactive acquired the publishing rights for the series from THQ. In Japan, the series was known as Exciting Pro Wrestling until 2005. The series has gained positive reviews over the years and is one of the best-selling video game franchises.

The series was published by THQ from 2000 to 2013 before THQ filed for bankruptcy on December 19, 2012. THQ's assets were auctioned off and the WWE video game's publishing rights were acquired by Take Two Interactive (Parent company of 2K Games).

Games
 WWF SmackDown! (PS) (2000)

 WWF SmackDown! 2: Know Your Role (PS) (2000)
 WWF SmackDown! Just Bring It (PS2) (2001)
 WWE SmackDown! Shut Your Mouth (PS2) (2002)
 WWE SmackDown! Here Comes the Pain (PS2) (2003)
 WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw (PS2) (2004)
 WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw 2006 (PS2, PSP) (2005)
 WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2007 (PS2, PSP, Xbox 360) (2006)
 WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008 (PS2, PS3, Wii, Xbox 360, Mobile, NDS) (2007)
 WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 (PS2, PS3, PSP, Wii, Xbox 360, Mobile, NDS) (2008)
 WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2010 (PS2, PS3, PSP, Wii, Xbox 360, Mobile, NDS) (2009)
 WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2011 (PlayStation 2, PS3, PSP, Wii, Xbox 360) (2010)
 WWE '12 (PS3, Wii, Xbox 360) (2011)
 WWE '13 (PS3, Wii, Xbox 360) (2012)
 WWE 2K14 (PS3, Xbox 360) (2013)
 WWE 2K15 (PS3, PS4, Xbox 360, Xbox One) (2014)
 WWE 2K16 (PS4, PS3, Xbox 360, Xbox One, Microsoft Windows) (2015)
 WWE X Street Fight (2016)
 WWE 2K17 (PS4, PS3, Xbox 360, Xbox One, Microsoft Windows) (2016)
 WWE X Grand Theft Auto (2016)

 WWE 2K18 (PS4, Xbox One, Microsoft Windows) (2017)
 WWE 2K19
 WWE 2K20 (PS4, Xbox One, Microsoft Windows) (2019)
 WWE 2K21 (PS4, Xbox One, Stadia, Nintendo Switch) (2020)
 WWE 2K22 (PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X/S, Windows, Nintendo Switch)  (2021)
 2K Wrestling Collection (2026)
 WWE Battleground (2027)

References

Video game series

WWE 2K


Andrea Mantovani (born 22 June 1984) is an Italian footballer who plays in the defender position.

Club career

Torino
Mantovani started his career at Torino Calcio. He was the member of Allievi Nazionali Under-17 team in 2000–01 season. In 2002–03 season, he occasionally received first team call-up, and made his debut on 19 January 2003 against Como, which he replaced Gianluca Comotto at half-time. The match ended in 0–0 draw.

After Torino relegated in 2003, he was loaned to Serie B side Triestina. In 2004–05 season, Mantovani returned to Turin and played as one of the regular starter, he was awarded no.4 shirt. The team won promotion playoffs but then went bankrupt. FIGC allowed a new successor team admitted in 2005–06 Serie B but the players were also allowed to leave on free transfer.

Chievo
In August 2005, he was signed by Serie A side Chievo along with teammate Giovanni Marchese and on 30 August sold to Torino's rival Juventus in co-ownership for a nominal fees of €1,000. He was immediately loaned back to Chievo and played 4 league matches.

Partially due to 2006 Italian football scandal, Juventus terminated all ongoing co-ownership deal in June 2006, and Mantovani was sold back to Chievo for about €301,000. He played 3 out of 4 European matches of Chievo, which exited in both UEFA Champions League 3rd qualifying round, and UEFA Cup first round.

Mantovani played 15 league start in 2006–07 season. Chievo was slipped from 4th (post-trail) or 7th (pre-trail) in 2005–06 to 18th that season, and Mantovani followed the team relegated to Serie B. At Serie B, Mantovani became an absolute starter, started 36 out of 42 matches, missed round 16 and round 22 due to suspension, 1 match as substitute and rested on last round (round 42).

In June 2008, he signed a new 4-year contract with the club. After returning to Serie A, he continued to play as a regular and helped the team survive in the relegation battle. In the 2009–10 season, he played as left-back or one of the 3 central defenders in 352 formation and helped the team remain in Serie A. He either ahead Bojan Jokić as left back or partnered with Jokić on the left flank: Jokić as wingback and Mantovani as left central defender.

Palermo
On 6 July 2011, after weeks of speculation surrounding his future, Mantovani agreed a four-year deal with Palermo with €3.5 million transfer fee, thus re-joining his former Chievo head coach Stefano Pioli to Sicily. He debuted with the rosanero on 28 July against Thun in Europa League.

He spent the 2013–14 season on loan to Bologna. He was subsequently released on mutual consent on 11 September 2014.

Perugia
He was signed by Perugia in 2015.

Vicenza
On 27 July 2015 he was signed by Vicenza Calcio.

Novara
On 30 January 2016 Mantovani was signed by Novara, with Francesco Signori moved to opposite direction.

International career
He was a part of the Italy national under-19 team which won the 2003 European Under-19 Championship, and played 16 games for the Italy national under-19 team.

He also played at 2001 UEFA European Under-16 Football Championship, 2006 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship and 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship.

Honours

Club
Chievo
Serie B: 2007–08

Torino
Serie B Runner-up: 2004–05

International
Italy U-19
European Under-19 Championship: 2003

Italy U-20
Under-20 Four Nations Tournament: 2006

References

External links
 National team official statistics
 Profile at AIC.Football.it

1984 births
Living people
Italian men's footballers
Italy men's youth international footballers
Italy men's under-21 international footballers
Serie A players
Serie B players
Torino FC players
US Triestina Calcio 1918 players
AC ChievoVerona players
Palermo FC players
Bologna FC 1909 players
LR Vicenza players
Novara FC players
Men's association football defenders
Footballers from Turin

Andrea Mantovani


Mamadou Doumbia (born February 26, 1971, in Vitry-sur-Seine) is a French hip-hop artist and actor.

Biography
The young Doudou showed an early musical aptitude from the age of six, when he successfully joined France's national youth choir, which has long since been disbanded. Despite rumours that he may have been a modern-day castrato, he continued to climb the ladder to stardom well into his teens when his career took an unexpected turn.

At the age of 16, he saw his prized cocker spaniel, Monsieur Grenouille, gunned down in what was later discovered to be a turf war between local French gangs. This pivotal event caused the fragile young singer to turn to a brutal and violent life of crime.

He became heavily involved in the black market cocaine trade, and was soon doing jobs for mob bosses on the side. In 1992 he was arrested for drug possession with intent to deal, weapon concealment, obstruction of justice, and resisting arrest. He was later connected to dozens of crimes both foreign and domestic, but was acquitted on all charges, save for resisting arrest for which he received 2,000 hours of community service and a short jail sentence of two years pending probation.

In September 1994 he was released, and vowed to turn his life around.

Music career
He assembled a motley crew of childhood friends and embarked on a lifelong quest to break into the mainstream French hip-hop scene. With his breakout album, Trop Loin (1998), he quickly topped the French charts for the opening weekend, and did not relinquish this position for two weeks.

In 1998 he released his first album Trop Loin. An important member of the Double H Label, with Cut Killer he went on to produce possibly his best work to date in "Mastamorphoze" in 2003.

In 2003, he released Mastamorphose (featuring Cut Killer), and it is to date his best known work. Rife with the professional-level lyrical mastery that is his trademark, it is a well-known French hip-hop work and is often counted among the best works yet produced by the country.

Acting career
He acted in a lead role Bola in the 2009 French Zombie film La horde and had formerly cameos in Arthur and the Minimoys. He is the voice of Didier Belros in the 2018 animated series Max & Maestro.

Discography
 "Trop Loin" (1998)
 "Mastamorphoze" (2003)

Notes

External links

1971 births
Living people
People from Vitry-sur-Seine
French male film actors
French people of Malian descent
French rappers

Doudou Masta


Júlíus Kemp   (born 2 December 1967) is an Icelandic film director and producer.

Biography
Júlíus Kemp studied film making at the West Surrey College of Art & Design in the UK. The short film Happy Birthday (16mm/bw) was made in WSCAD/London in 1991. Julius left college to work as editor on _Children of Nature (1991)_ by 'Fridrik Thor Fridriksson', nominated for Oscar as best foreign film. He was a co-founder of the Icelandic Film Company in 1991 and co-wrote and directed his first feature film, Veggfóður erótísk ástarsaga (1992), a box office hit the same year, produced by Fridriksson and Kemp. He was director of The Reykjavík Intl. Short Film Festival from 1993 to 2000. Film critic from 1993-1994. A member of the selection committee for the Reykjavík Film Festival. Board member of Association of Icelandic Film Producers, SÍK, from 1993 to 2000. Kemp is a member of the European Film Academy since 2001. For the short film Bardinn, Kemp was awarded the second prize at The Nordic Short Film Festival in 1982 and first prize the same year at The Reykjavík Short Film Festival. For Ak-Rek-Ak he was awarded the second prize at Akureyri Short Film Festival in 1987.

He is an award-winning director of music videos. In November 1997 his film Blossi/810551 (1997) was selected as the Icelandic entry for the 1998 Academy Awards. In 1998 he made the short film The Happy End, which was selected in competition at Toronto Int. Short Film Festival. In 2000 he produced and shot the box office hit _Icelandic Dream, The (2000)_, nominated for 4 Edda Awards (Icelandic Oscars) including Best Picture, and selected in competition for Best Nordic Film at Gothenburg Film Festival 2001, and in official selection at: Edinburg 2001, Toronto 2001, Pusan 2001, etc. In 2002 Kemp released a new movie with Icelandic Dream director, Robert I. Douglas, _Man like me, A (2002)_, starring Icelandic comedian 'Jon Gnarr' and Hong Kong actress/pop singer Stephanie Che.

Selected filmography

Producer
 2022 - Abbababb! (producer)
 2021 - The Wait (co-producer)
 2021 - Hvunndagshetjur (producer)
 2019 - From Iceland to Eden (co-producer)
 2019 - Skandall (producer)
 2018 - Let Me Fall (producer)
 2017 - The Unknown Soldier (co-producer)
 2016 - Reykjavík (producer)
 2015 - Albatross
 2014 - The Grump (co-producer)
 2014 - Life in a Fishbowl (producer)
 2014 - Ó blessuð vertu sumarsól (producer)
 2013 - Rock Bottom (producer)
 2012 - Frost (producer)
 2012 - Mona (producer)
 2012 - Santa's Night Out (producer)
 2011 - Godur Stadur (producer)
 2010 - Hæ gosi (executive producer)
 2010 - Jitters (producer)
 2009 - How to Win a Lost Game (producer)
 2009 - Reykjavik Whale Watching Massacre (producer)
 2009 - Hotel Earth (producer)
 2008 - Dark Floors (co-producer)
 2007 - Astrópía (producer)
 2006 - Den brysomme mannen (co-producer)
 2006 - Huldufólk 102 (associate producer)
 2005 - Strákarnir okkar
 2002 - A Man Like Me
 2000 - Íslenski draumurinn
 1997 - Blossi/810551
 1992 - Veggfóður: Erótísk ástarsaga

Director
 2009 - Reykjavik Whale Watching Massacre
 1997 - Blossi/810551
 1992 - Veggfóður: Erótísk ástarsaga

Actor
 1992 - Veggfóður: Erótísk ástarsaga
 2002 - A Man Like Me

Writer
 1992 - Veggfóður: Erótísk ástarsaga

Cinematographer
 2000 - Íslenski draumurinn

Editor
 1997 - Blossi/810551

References

External links

Icelandic film directors
Icelandic film producers
1969 births
Living people

Júlíus Kemp


Gary Nelson (born June 5, 1953) is an auto racing manager, former crew chief and President of Coyote Cars. He was Bobby Allison's crew chief for his 1983 NASCAR Cup championship. He was inducted in the West Coast Stock Car Hall of Fame in 2006. He is the current team manager of Action Express Racing and winner of three straight IMSA SportsCar Prototype championships from 2014-2016, and a fourth in 2018.

NASCAR crew chief
Nelson was born in Elgin, Illinois on June 5, 1953, the sixth child and second son of Mildred Ollendorf and Arnold Nelson. Arnold moved his family to Redlands, California one year later to get out of the cold. Nelson left school after completing the 9th grade.

Nelson started in the racing business at 16 years old, cleaning up the shop for San Bernardino, California driver Ivan Baldwin. Nelson soon became Baldwin's number one asset as crew chief, engine builder and all around mechanic. Ivan Baldwin driving with Gary Nelson as crew chief became the top team for short track racing on the west coast. Baldwin and Nelson raced any time anywhere and seemed to win or crash on a regular basis from 1969 thru 1976. The pair raced NASCAR stock cars winning numerous track championships on the west coast. In 1976 Nelson took a floor sweeper job at DiGard Racing in the South East with young Darrell Waltrip, driving. The team won Waltrip's first big track race at Darlington in 1977. Nelson moved through the ranks to become DiGard's Chief Mechanic in 1978 as the team won at most NASCAR tracks from 1977 - 1979. Finishing 2nd to Richard Petty in the 1979 Winston Cup Championship. Nelson took a one-year break to help a friend start a new business, Ron Eaton, of Lakewood Washington.

Returning to DiGard late in 1981 Nelson became crew chief for DiGard's newest driver Bobby Allison. Allison had been driving for 21 years at the time and raced for 21 different owners with no championships. The combination of Nelson and Allison proved to be strong, winning their first race, the 1982 Daytona 500. Together they won 9 Winston Cup races in 1982 finishing second in points to Darrell Waltrip, who had moved to Junior Johnson's race team. Nelson and Allison came back in 1983 even stronger, winning 7 Winston Cup events and the 1983 Winston Cup Championship with Waltrip finishing 2nd. Things began to unravel between Allison and the team owners of DiGard in 1984 and 1985. Frustrated with the internal battle between Allison and DiGard Nelson built a R&D car and took it to Daytona in July 1985 to prove his ideas. Greg Sacks was offered a one race ride to drive the car. The team won what many call the biggest upset in NASCAR history by winning the 400 mile event. Instead of ending the Allison, DiGard dispute as Nelson had hoped, the Sacks victory caused even more internal conflict. When Rick Hendrick called asking Nelson to help start a second team for Hendrick Motorsports Nelson decided to take Rick up on his offer. Nelson was paired with Geoff Bodine and charged with building a complete Winston Cup race team in less than 4 months. The new team's first race together brought another win for Nelson, the 1986 Daytona 500. The team went on to win one more race in 1986 at Dover. Hendrick Motorsports began to struggle with many engine failures and crashes making 1987 a difficult year for all involved.

For 1988, Nelson, continued with a limited schedule at Hendrick Motorsports but never won again with Geoff Bodine. Having a few weekends off, Nelson worked part-time in 1988 for ESPN as a booth announcer alongside Bob Jenkins and Ned Jarrett.  Felix Sabates hired Nelson late in 1988 to build a new team called Sabco racing. Kyle Petty became Sabco's driver. The Nelson - Petty combination began building momentum with several wins from 1989 to 1991 but a 12-week recovery from a broken leg Kyle suffered during a crash at Talladega sent the team into a tailspin. Bill France Jr asked Nelson to become the Winston Cup Series director late in 1991. Nelson worked for NASCAR as its Winston Cup Director during its biggest growth period 1992 through 2001. NASCAR promoted Nelson to Vice President of R&D in 2001 giving him the task of building the NASCAR R&D Center in Concord, NC. The first task of the R&D Center, led by Nelson was to improve the safety of racing. NASCAR had lost 10 drivers in its top three National racing series between 1991 and 2001.

Of all Nelson's success in racing, Nelson is most proud of the safety improvements. Dale Earnhardt lost his life on February 18, 2001. Since that date to the time of this writing (July 2, 2019) there has not been another life-threatening accident in any of NASCAR's National racing series. Nelson left his position at NASCAR in 2007 to form his own company, Gary Nelson & Associates. NASCAR became the first client for Gary Nelson & Associates. A motorcycle race team (Pair of Nines) hired Gary Nelson & Associates to manage their racing team. The team won several events and the 2008 Moto ST championship. Also in 2008, a Grand American road race team, Brumos Porsche, hired Nelson as consultant. The team won the 2009 Rolex 24-hour endurance race in Daytona. In 2010 Gary Nelson & Associates was hired to form a new team called Action Express Racing for new car owner Bob Johnson. Nelson took the title of Team Manager, a position he holds today. Action Express Racing, managed by Gary Nelson won its first race, the 2010 Rolex 24 event in Daytona and has gone on to win several other events during 2011 - 2014 including the 2014 Rolex 24 in Daytona.

Nelson was inducted into the West Coast Stock Car Racing Hall of Fame and is credited with many innovations still in use today in racing. Roof flaps, power steering, generation 5 NASCAR chassis, cowl flaps, are a few.

Nelson feels the best compliment he can receive is to be called a "Racer"

NASCAR roles
He was hired as a broadcaster for ESPN during the 1988 season. He was hired by NASCAR and has held several roles in the organization. He was the NASCAR NEXTEL Cup series director, Vice President of Competition, and Vice President of Research and Development.

Nelson owns Provident Auto Supply, a North Carolina-based performance parts distributor. Provident is the only parts supplier for the NASCAR "specification" engine that is used in the Camping World Series division, which is also optional on tracks under two kilometers in length for the Camping World Truck Series.

References

NASCAR people
Living people
1953 births
NASCAR crew chiefs

Gary Nelson (auto racing)


Uncle Bun is a 1991 Indian Malayalam-language film written and directed by Bhadran, and starring Mohanlal in the title role, as an obese youngster. The film is a remake of the 1989 film Uncle Buck and also the official Malayalam debut of Tamil actress, Khushbu Sundar.

Special costumes were designed for Mohanlal, for his obese look by art director Sabu Cyril. The film included a lot of special effects sequences including a shot featuring a 360-degree head-turn. A. Vincent and Jayanan Vincent were hired for the special effects photography, as there were no computer-generated graphics during the time.

Plot
Jameskutty Chacko aka Kuttichan (Nedumudi Venu) is an ex-NRI settled in a hilly town along with his wife, Sarah and three children. One day, James and Sarah are forced to rush back to the US to look after his brother-in-law, who gets critically injured in an accident. Despite Sarah's protest, James resorts to entrusting his children's custody to his younger brother Charlie Chacko (Mohanlal). Charlie has a heart of gold, is very fond of pets, especially rabbits, and is good in music and dance. However, he is obese and asthmatic, while leading a solitary life spending his spare time smoking and drinking, as a result of a bitter past. Sarah considers Charlie responsible for the untimely demise of her younger sister Rosie (Charmila), who once used to be Charlie's love interest.

Charlie moves into the family home to take care of the children, Asha, Vinu and Mariah. Charlie wins over the younger children, even earning the nickname 'Uncle Bun'. However, the 16-year old Asha, who is a typical spoiled teenager, treats Charlie with contempt. While staying with the family, Charlie is often tormented by the memories of the past, when he was in love with Rosie. Asha clashes with Charlie when he sternly forbids her to meet her boyfriend Roy, who apparently had a shady character. At a local club, Charlie runs into Roy, who is revealed to be a serial womanizer. There, Charlie also meets Geetha (Khushbu), a dancer in the club who gets attracted to an affable Charlie.

Asha runs into trouble for cheating during a class examination, which triggers her expulsion from the school. However, Charlie, as her guardian in charge, manages to earn the respect of the matrons in charge of the school and give her another chance. On their way back, they run into Geetha, who follows Charlie all the way to his house and gets acquainted with the rest of the children as well, much to Asha's chagrin. Charlie manages to interrupt another of Asha's date with Roy. She reaches her home and vents her rage by physically abusing the elderly housekeeper Gloria, (Philomina) who leaves the house in tears, much to the shock of Charlie.

Upon Geetha's persistence, Charlie shares his sordid past with her, which further deepens the bond between the two. Charlie thwarts another date of Asha with Roy at a film theater, leaving her seething. When a child's play goes hilariously awry, Mariah is greeted by the young neighbor, who also liked Charlie. When Charlie goes there to fetch Mariah, Asha sees it as a golden opportunity to turn the tables against him. Asha asks Geetha to go and see things for herself. An otherwise harmless dancing spree frames Charlie in front of Geetha as a flirt. Devastated, Geetha splits up with Charlie.

Roy arranges a private meet up with Asha at an isolated house. Picking up a stray lead, Charlie reaches the place in time, beats up Roy and brings Asha back home. A violent Asha attacks Charlie and accuses Charlie of destroying Rosie's life. It is revealed that while dying in Charlie's arms, Rosie told him that her act to commit suicide was the result of her being cheated on by another man. Charlie silently took the blame all for himself, not wanting to tarnish her name. It is that chain of horrid events, which has made Charlie to save Asha at all costs, while under his watch.

In a fit of frenzy, Asha locks up Charlie while struggling with his asthma, cuts off the power supply, leaving her siblings scared in the dark. She runs away from her house and reaches Roy's. However, Roy and his friend try to rape Asha. Like another divine intervention, Charlie breaks in and saves Asha after a gruesome fight. Asha tries to commit suicide, just like her deceased aunt. However, Charlie stops her in the nick of time. On their way back home, Charlie tells Asha all about the past and why he took the blame for the past fourteen years.

The film comes to an end, where everyone, including Sarah, welcomes Charlie into their hearts. Asha makes up for her previous hostility towards Charlie, by approaching Geetha and paving the way for the couple to reunite and live happily ever after.

Cast
Mohanlal as Charlie Chacko/ Chacko, Charlie's deceased father (cameo)
Khushbu as Geetha Krishnan
Charmila as Rosie
Nedumudi Venu as Jameskutty Chacko a.k.a. Kuttichan
Sangeeta as Saramma James
Rani as Asha James
Monica as Maria James
Philomina as Gloria Therathi a.k.a. Ayamma
Santhakumari as Sister (cameo)
Sukumari as Head Mistress (cameo)
Mala Aravindan as Mathai, a marriage broker
Sankaradi as Ittiyachan (cameo)
Usha
T.S. Krishnan
Bahadoor as Ittiyachan's brother-in-law (cameo)

Music
The score was composed by Johnson while the songs were composed by Raveendran and lyrics were penned by Pazhavila Rameshan.

Awards

 Kerala Film Critics Award for Best Child Artist - Master Amith

References

External links

1990s Malayalam-language films
1991 films
1991 comedy films
Indian comedy films
Indian remakes of American films
Films directed by Bhadran
Films scored by Raveendran

Uncle Bun


Diana Joan "Ding" Dyason (1919–1989) was a highly respected Australian lecturer and historian of medicine with major teaching and life-long research interests in public health and germ theory. She is most notable in the significant impact she had in her scholarly discipline. As a woman who firstly worked in the traditional roles of research assistant and demonstrator in the non-traditional discipline of science, Dyason progressed to become a leader at a major Australian university, overcoming barriers of gender and culture at a national and international level, receiving awards and honors in the process. She broke through the gender-based 'glass ceiling' in the academic workplace to establish and develop the new interdisciplinary field of study of the History and Philosophy of Science that brings together The Two Cultures of the sciences and the humanities.

She was a leader in the development of the new discipline of the History and Philosophy of Science in both Australia and internationally, and she overcame barriers as a woman in the non-traditional academic role of Head of Department and in the difficult cross-disciplinary task of bringing together the arts and sciences.

Early life
Dyason was born on 10 July 1919 in Sandringham, Melbourne to wealthy influential parents, the second child of Edward Clarence Evelyn Dyason and Anne Elizabeth, née McClure, whom she described as 'sophisticated, free-thinking and rather unusual people'.  Her father was a successful businessman, mining engineer and humanist with a strong belief in the power of reason, who enjoyed the company of academics, including his brother-in-law, Sir Ernest Scott, a professor of history at the University of Melbourne. She applied herself to her academic studies, especially science, as a boarder at Melbourne Church of England Girls' Grammar School from 1928 to 1937. From an early age she stood out as an independent thinker and was known for her lack of respect for authority. She recalled of her family life "that I wasn't to do something just because it 'wasn't the proper thing for a girl'. I was free to do anything my elder brother did, provided I'd reached the requisite size and muscle power". Another recollection was that she developed her life-long love of poetry while at school, especially during detention when she was required to memorize poetry as well as prose passages.

Professional life
At the University of Melbourne Dyason majored in physiology and bacteriology, gaining a B.Sc (Hons) in 1943 and M.Sc. in 1945 with first class honours and an exhibition. She was a resident of University Women's College from the beginning of her studies in 1938, and later became a committed member of the council (1945-1952) and eventually was appointed the governor (1961). She was first employed in 1943 as a demonstrator in the Physiology Department of the University of Melbourne while she carried out her M.Sc research. Her research on malaria led her to work with Professor (Sir) Douglas Wright, firstly as a research assistant and then in 1947 as a senior demonstrator in the Department of General Science. In 1949 she was employed as lecturer in the new Department of History and Methods of Science that was created under Wright's leadership. Dyason was assigned to teach first year medical students in a compulsory but non-examinable course, a difficult task that she nevertheless turned into a memorable experience for them.

Her enthusiasm for the new academic field of History and Philosophy of Science led her in 1952-1953 to travel overseas where she attended lectures and seminars in the United States and Britain, including some given by James Bryant Conant at Harvard University and Sir Karl Popper at University College and the LSE in London.  In 1957, when Dyason was now a senior lecturer, the department had another name change to History and Philosophy of Science. Dyason was put in charge in 1958 and was appointed Reader and Head of Department from 1965 to 1974. In 1961 she attended the famous Oxford presentation by T S Kuhn where he first presented his controversial ideas about historical changes in scientific theories and the importance of social factors. Her own research became increasingly interested in the social history of medicine, and in the 1970s she was a key figure in the introduction of courses in Science, Technology and Society at Melbourne University. Under her leadership the department grew and consolidated its position, and she continued to inspire with her wit and innovative, dedicated teaching An outstanding example was in the 1970s, when Dyason collaborated with the folk musician Danny Spooner to develop a highly popular course, titled "Glorious Smellbourne", on the topic of public health and the sewerage systems in Melbourne that included two volumes of resource materials she had compiled.

As the new academic field of History and Philosophy of Science began to establish itself, Dyason played a leadership role in Australia and, later, internationally. In 1967 she became the founding president of the Australasian Association of the History and Philosophy of Science (later to become known as the Australasian Association of the History and Philosophy of Science (AAHPSSS)). She was instrumental in making her new discipline more relevant professionally to scientists when she became a founding member of the National Committee for History and Philosophy of Science in the Australian Academy of Science. Internationally, she became active as a delegate to general assemblies of the International Union of the History and Philosophy of Science in Tokyo (1974) and Edinburgh (1977). According to her successor, Professor R. W. Home, she helped bridge the gap in knowledge of those who wrote about the history of science or medicine, whether scientists, without an understanding of historical methods, or historians, without an understanding of the science they were describing. The AAHPSSS has established the Dyason Lectures at each year's conference in honour of her memory.

Towards the end of her career she was still publishing in the area of history of medicine as well as reflecting on her professional life and was a member of the Council of the Royal Children's Hospital School (1983 to 1988). When she retired, The Second National Congress on Australian Medical History dedicated a whole day of presentations, as well as the published proceedings, to her.  At the Congress she was elected to a committee to establish what became a national medical history society (now the Australian and New Zealand Society of the History of Medicine) and later became its foundation Vice-President.

After retirement in 1985, she was appointed a research associate at the University of Melbourne, was awarded an honorary D.Litt. by Deakin University in 1985, and continued to enjoy her other interests in poetry, watercolour painting and bush-walking.

Death and legacy
Dyason died at Heidelberg on 30 September 1989 and was buried in Andersons Creek cemetery in Victoria. The Department of History and Philosophy of Science library at the University of Melbourne was named after her and contains a portrait of her by Wes Walters, a noted Victorian artist.

References

External links

1919 births
1989 deaths
Australian women historians
University of Melbourne alumni
Academic staff of the University of Melbourne
Academics from Melbourne
University of Melbourne women
People educated at Melbourne Girls Grammar
20th-century Australian women scientists
People from Sandringham, Victoria
Scientists from Melbourne
Burials in Victoria (state)

Ding Dyason


Spirit Rescue relates to the practice within Spiritualism of assisting spirit entities who are believed to have failed to make the transition into the afterlife. They are therefore considered by Spiritualists to remain within our physical dimension in a wandering or lost state. The usual causes of this are purported to be sudden or traumatic death, guilt, fear of punishment, restrictive religious beliefs and other emotional conditions that may limit a person's focus and prevent a successful transition.

Spirit Rescue is sometimes performed by a Spiritualist medium and sometimes by medical doctors as an effective form of psychotherapy in certain cases.  They have occasionally successfully communicated with discarnate spirits who have influenced the physical and/or emotional conditions under treatment. In those cases, after the spirit(s) have left the body of the patient, there is often a complete recovery of the patient. As to the spirits, after explaining their condition to them, exploring whatever it is that holds them within the earthly dimension of existence, they move on.

Many of these spirits are considered to display a reduced degree of awareness and consciousness compared to normal human consciousness, and it is a common belief among Spiritualists and some medical professionals that the spirit may not even realize they have died, especially as they may exist within a projected reality of their own making, a mental construct conforming to their expectations and emotions. This is allegedly much like a mental construct from which the therapist may attempt to move the spirit into a higher consciousness. The essence of rescue work appears to be reaching earthbound spirit and attempting to raise their conscious awareness to include other options of reality.

A common rescue method involves employing hypnotherapy whereby the patient is placed in a state akin to a trance. thereby allowing the therapist to speak directly with the spirit or spirits.

Dr. Alan Sanderson, M.D. records cases successfully treated by him in this manner in his monograph: The Case for Spirit Release (2003).

Skeptical views
The use of spirit rescue and spiritual release therapy remain controversial within the medical community. Considered by many to be a complementary or alternative practice. Practitioners sometimes use diagnoses which are not recognized within the mainline of psychiatric practice. Others maintain that frequently throughout our long history, science is slow to catch up to a novel perspective and the need for a changing paradigm.

References

Spiritualism

Spirit rescue


James Rooney (born 10 December 1945) is a former professional footballer who played as a left winger. Born in Scotland, he played for the Australia national team at international level and was member of the squad at the 1974 FIFA World Cup.

Biography
Rooney played first-team football with Lochee Harp, Peterborough United and Montrose F.C. in the United Kingdom, before emigrating to Melbourne, Australia in the late 1960s. He was an instant success there with Ukrainian Essendon Lions before transferring to Sydney to join the Prague club in 1970, and later playing at APIA Leichhardt, in the New South Wales First Division. In 1977, with APIA not joining the newly formed National Soccer League, Rooney joined Marconi Fairfield for two seasons, before moving back to Victoria where he played with Fitzroy Alexander and Croydon City Arrows.

He made his Australian debut against an England XI in 1971, going on play 57 times for his country (although he also accrued caps in "B" team fixtures, bringing the total to 102) in a career spanning a decade. He was Australia's first-choice midfielder in the 1974 FIFA World Cup campaign, earning himself many admirers for his hard tackling and ball distribution. The Jimmy Rooney Medal, awarded from 1992 onwards to the man of the match in the Victorian Premier League Grand Final, was named in his honour.

He has recently settled to a managerial role of the Victorian senior team, Eastern Lions, and also hosts a junior training program. He was also the head coach of the first eleven soccer team at St Kevin's College, Melbourne, Australia. In his second season in charge in 2009, he delivered the APS soccer premiership to the school, ending a nine-year drought.

In 2018, he was signed as Manager of the St. Kevin's Old Boys Soccer Club.

Rale Rasic gave his very first Australian cap versus the touring British club in 1971 and also he turned into a fixture at the national side contributing up to this World Cup in 1974, playing midfield alongside a second nuggety Scot,'' Jimmy Mackay. The set has been that the engine part of this Socceroos, mixing substantial work-rates with incisive distribution and also the skill to alter a match using an act of brilliance as it had been wanted.

Jimmy Rooney was a portion of this Socceroos team that qualified for its World Cup for the first time in 1974 and performed all three games from West Germany. He had been restricted to 102 instances by Australia (57 A internationals) and then captained both sides in a few situations. He also scored some memorable goals from the gold and green, for example, a contrary to Santos of both Brazil along with the powerful Pele. Jimmy Rooney Performed at the National Soccer League year for Marconi and then for Fitzroy United Alexander. He chose to play with club level and also place an advanced training academy in Springvale using Gus McLeod, mixing this with turning outside to Hamlyn Rangers who played in Geelong City.

Jimmy Rooney was deeply engaged with the match, training and instruction in Eastern Lions, the combined outdated Scotch-Waverley team at Victoria's State League Division 2, together with a longtime close friend, Jimmy Williams, accomplishing promotion in 2012.

References

External links

 Jimmy Rooney at Aussie Footballers

1945 births
1974 FIFA World Cup players
Australia men's international soccer players
Australian men's soccer players
Australian expatriate sportspeople in England
Living people
Lochee Harp F.C. players
Montrose F.C. players
Peterborough United F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
Footballers from Dundee
Scottish men's footballers
English Football League players
Scottish emigrants to Australia
Men's association football wingers
Sydney FC Prague players

Jimmy Rooney