Charles Pocklington Chenevix Trench (29 June 1914 – 26 November 2003) was a British Indian army officer, popular historian and writer.

Life
He was born in Simla, India as the only son of Sir Richard Chenevix Trench, a member of the Indian Political Service.
Sir Richard was grandson of Richard Chenevix Trench (1807–1886), Archbishop of Dublin. Charles was a cousin of Anthony Chenevix-Trench, later headmaster of Eton College.
After studying at Winchester College and Magdalen College, Oxford, Charles received a regular Indian Army commission in 1934, joined  Hodson's Horse in 1936 and became a fluent Pashto speaker. During the final weeks of 1st Army's advance into Tunisia in 1943 he was attached to the 12th Lancers.

In 1944, whilst attending a course at Benevento, he went to visit another Hodson's Horse officer who was a staff officer in 8th Indian Division. His friend put him on attachment to a Pathan company in the 1st Battalion of the 12th Frontier Force Regiment. He won the Military Cross for his conduct leading the company in a night attack on the final ridge held by the Germans on the outskirts of Assisi during the push against the Gothic Line in northern Italy. He then returned to Hodson's Horse until 1946 before spending the last eighteen months of British rule in India in the Indian Political Service. 1946 also saw his marriage to Jane Gretton, daughter of an Irish Catholic – this marriage produced two daughters and a son (the son predeceased him) and ended in divorce. He had two more daughters with his second wife Mary Kirkbride, who survived him

Next he became district commissioner of the Northern Frontier District of Kenya and then in Nanyuki. He learned Swahili and Somali and was seconded to Nairobi to help cope with the Mau Mau Emergency. Kenya gained independence in 1963 and he took up teaching at Millfield in Somerset, remaining there until 1969, when he retired to Nenagh in County Tipperary to focus on writing. As well as his books, he wrote as a book reviewer for the Irish Times and the Irish Independent after being recruited by Bruce Arnold. He produced a monthly article for Blackwood's Magazine, using the pseudonym "The Looker On". He is buried in the churchyard at Borrisnafarney.

Works
My Mother Told Me, 1958, on the travels of his maternal grandmother
Portrait of a Patriot, 1962, a biography of John Wilkes
The Poacher and the Squire, 1964, a history of poaching and game preservation in England
The Royal Malady, 1964, a study of George III's first bout of madness in 1788–89
The Desert's Dusty Face, 1964, describing his career in Kenya
The Western Rising, 1969, an account of the Monmouth Rebellion
The Fly-Fisher and His Rod, 1969
The Shooter and His Gun, 1969
A History of Horsemanship, 1970
George II, 1973, a biography of George II
A History of Angling, 1974
Charley Gordon: an eminent Victorian reassessed, 1978, a biography of General Gordon
The Road to Khartoum: A Life of General Charles Gordon, 1979, another biography of Gordon
A History of Marksmanship, 1980
The Great Dan, 1984, a biography of the Irish nationalist leader Daniel O'Connell
The Frontier Scouts, 1985
The Viceroy's Agent, 1987, on Louis Mountbatten's time as Viceroy of India
The Indian Army and the King's Enemies, 1900–1947, 1988
Grace's Card – Irish Catholic Landlords 1690–1800, 1997

He was a contributor to The Treasury of Horses (1972).

References

1914 births
2003 deaths
Charles
Recipients of the Military Cross
British Indian Army officers
English biographers
20th-century British writers
20th-century British historians
People educated at Winchester College
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
1950s in Kenya
1960s in Kenya
British people of the Mau Mau Uprising
Colonial governors and administrators of Kenya
British people in colonial India
20th-century English educators
English military historians
English medical historians
Historians of India
Male biographers
George III of the United Kingdom
Monmouth Rebellion
Indian Political Service officers

Charles Chenevix Trench


Dorrance Earnest Funk (born February 3, 1941), known professionally as Dory Funk Jr., is an American retired professional wrestler and wrestling trainer. The son of Dory Funk (Dorrance Wilhelm Funk) and brother of Terry Funk, he was the promoter of the Amarillo, Texas-based Western States Sports promotion.

Funk held the NWA World Heavyweight Championship once. He is the second-longest reigning NWA World Heavyweight Champion of all time after Lou Thesz. He held the WWC Universal Heavyweight Championship once and the CWA World Heavyweight Championship once. He is a 2009 WWE Hall of Fame inductee.

Funk works for All Japan Pro Wrestling as the Pacific Wrestling Federation (PWF) chairman and runs the Funking Conservatory, a professional wrestling school. Overall in major professional wrestling promotions, he is a one-time world champion as he held the NWA World's Heavyweight Championship, which was widely recognized as the only true World Heavyweight Championship until the 1980s.

Professional wrestling career

Training

With a background in amateur wrestling and football, Funk's career in professional wrestling began in 1963 just after a college football career with West Texas State University (now West Texas A&M University), culminating in a 15 to 14 victory over Ohio University in the Sun Bowl in El Paso, Texas. Funk's first match was a victory over Don Fargo in Amarillo, Texas. West Texas State University All American Jerry Logan was in Funk's corner and Fargo's brother, Jim, was in his corner. Funk was supported by the whole West Texas State University football team and the Tascosa High School amateur wrestling team. He was doing his student teaching as coach of the Tascosa High wrestling team under coach James Kyle.

National Wrestling Alliance (1963–1987)

Funk started in his father's Amarillo, Texas-based Western States Sports promotion and fought Harley Race, Iron Mike DiBiase and Wild Bull Curry. He demonstrated a rugged hard-hitting style that gained attention. He would eventually move on to Florida, Missouri and Japan where his skills improved as he used uppercut forearm smashes, a variety of suplexes and leglocks. Funk won the NWA World Heavyweight Championship from Gene Kiniski on February 11, 1969  in Tampa, Florida with a spinning toe hold and remained NWA World Champion for the next four and a half years, which is the second-longest uninterrupted reign of any NWA World Champion (Lou Thesz held the NWA world title from November 27, 1949, to March 15, 1956).

Dory and Terry are the only brothers in history to each hold the title. Funk finally lost the NWA World Championship on May 24, 1973, after a hurried recovery from a pickup truck accident on his father's Flying Mare Ranch in West Texas. Dory was forced into the ring in Kansas City, losing the belt to Harley Race. He performed regularly throughout the NWA, particularly in the Mid-Atlantic and Ontario as a heel, Georgia, Florida and Central States regions, through the 1970s and early 1980s. In Toronto he fought Ric Flair for the NWA championship on October 17, 1982. Flair retained the title. In 1987 he feuded with Mike Rotunda in Florida. Rotunda defeated Funk for the vacant Florida Heavyweight title on June 7. Later on a lot of the matches ended in draws.

All Japan Pro Wrestling (1973–1987)
In 1973, Funk made his debut for All Japan Pro Wrestling which had just started the year before. Eventually he became a veteran of the company. He feuded with Giant Baba, The Destroyer, Jumbo Tsuruta, Abdullah The Butcher, The Sheik, Genichiro Tenryu, and Harley Race. Terry Funk and he worked frequently as a tag team in a series of matches against Abdullah the Butcher and The Sheik; and Giant Baba and Jumbo Tsuruta. Funk won many World's Strongest Tag Determination League awards with both Terry and Baba. Together Terry and he won the World's Strongest Tag Determination League tournaments in 1977, 1979, and 1982.

On December 11, 1980, the Funks won Match of the Year Award from Tokyo Sports in their match against Giant Baba and Jumbo Tsuruta. His biggest achievement in All Japan was winning the NWA International Heavyweight Championship three times. He won a tournament for the vacant heavyweight title defeating Terry on April 30, 1981. He dropped the title to Butch Reed that June. Later he defeated Reed in August. On October 9 he dropped the title to Bruiser Brody in Tokyo. He regained the title form Brody on November 1. Eventually he lost the title to Brody on April 21, 1982, in Osaka. Later in his tenure he feuded with Brody, Stan Hansen and Tiger Jeet Singh. The Funks feuded with Riki Choshu and Yoshiaki Yatsu; and the Youngbloods.

World Wrestling Federation (1986)

In 1986, Dory (renamed "Hoss") made his WWF debut in a team alongside his brother Terry. The brothers performed at WrestleMania 2 defeating the Junkyard Dog and Tito Santana. Terry left the WWF shortly after WrestleMania, but Dory remained, mostly tagging with storyline brother Jimmy Jack Funk, who in truth had no relation to the Funk family. They were managed by Jimmy Hart. He would feud with Junkyard Dog. They feuded with The British Bulldogs. Funk wrestled his last WWF match to Pedro Morales at the Sam Muchunik Memorial Tournament on August 29.

World Wrestling Council and various promotions (1987–1989)
On September 20, 1987, he and Terry teamed up and lost to The Road Warriors by disqualification at World Wrestling Council 14th Anversario in Bayamón, Puerto Rico. On February 27, 1988, Funk participated in World Wrestling Council's La Copa Gillette tournament beating Bruiser Brody in the first round but later that day he lost to Carlos Colon in the quarter-finals. On April 11, 1988, he lost to Jerry Lawler by count out at Continental Wrestling Association in Memphis, Tennessee. He reunited with Terry at World Wrestling Alliance defeating Doug Somers and Gary Young on February 2, 1989, in Kansas City, Kansas.

Return to All Japan Pro Wrestling (1990–1996)
In October 1990 both Terry and Dory returned to All Japan. They wrestled in tag team matches until Terry left the promotion in April 1991 and went back to North America. Dory found a new partner, Al Perez and they won World's Strongest Tag Determination League Teamwork Award later that year. They lost to Andre the Giant and Giant Baba on November 30, 1991, in Obihiro. At the end of the year Perez left Japan and returned to the United States. In 1992 he once again teamed up with Baba. Later on he teamed with numerous partners. From 1990 to 1996 he feuded with Abdullah the Butcher and Giant Kimala. He left Japan at the end of 1996.

Extreme Championship Wrestling (1994, 1997)
In 1994 Funk made his debut for Extreme Championship Wrestling. He reunited with Terry for the first time in three years. Terry was a main star for the company. They feuded with The Public Enemy during Dory's stay in ECW. On June 26 they teamed up with Tommy Dreamer to defeat Hack Meyers and Public Enemy on ECW Hardcore TV. They lost to Public Enemy at ECW Heat Wave 1994 in a No Rope Barbed Wire match. Dory returned to ECW on September 27, 1997, losing to ECW Champion Shane Douglas.

Later years (1993–2020)
He made an appearance for World Championship Wrestling at the Slamboree 1993: A Legends Reunion Pay-Per-View, wrestling Nick Bockwinkel to a time limit draw in 15 minutes. Funk had Gene Kiniski in his corner and Bockwinkel had Verne Gagne in his corner. He teamed up with Dick Murdoch defeating The Heavenly Bodies at tribute show to Dory called Funk Free For All in Amarillo, Texas October 28, 1993. The Funks wrestled Bruce Hart and Brian Pillman at the Stu Hart 50th Anniversary Show on December 15, 1995, in Calgary, Canada. He made a return appearance with the WWF as a participant in the 1996 Royal Rumble being eliminated by Savio Vega. On June 6, 1997, he made another appearance in WCW at Ilio DiPaolo Memorial Show teaming with Greg Valentine as they lost to Tony Parsi and Gino Brito by disqualification in Buffalo, New York. On September 11, 1997, Dory took part in Terry Funk Presents Wrestle Fest: 50 Years of Funk event. Terry was planning to retire from wrestling for the first time. That night, Dory defeated Rob Van Dam. He won the NWA Florida Heavyweight Championship for the fourth time since 1981 defeating Steve Keirn on November 7, 1997. Then he would hold the title until August 15, 2000, when the title was vacated. In 2001 he wrestled for New Japan Pro-Wrestling teaming with Terry. He feuded with Tatsumi Fujinami and Bob Backlund. Funk and student, Adam Windsor wrestled in a dark match for NWA Total Non-stop Action defeating Homicide and Kory Chavis on November 27, 2002. On January 25, 2005, he teamed with Terry at WrestleReunion where they lost to NWA World Tag Team champions America's Most Wanted.

Funk returned to Puerto Rico for WWC Friday Madness where he defeated Carlos Colon on May 20, 2005. At WrestleReunion 2 Dory, Terry and Mick Foley lost to The Midnight Express in a six-man tag team match on August 27, 2005. On March 5, 2006, he teamed with Mike Graham to defeat David Flair and Tully Blanchard at World Wrestling Legends. On the February 16, 2009 episode of Raw, it was announced that Dory along with his brother Terry would be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2009 by Dusty Rhodes. On the April 1, 2010 edition of TNA Today, Funk appeared on the show to have an interview with Jeremy Borash. Since 2002 Dory been wrestling for his own promotion Funking Conservatory known as "BangTV!" in Ocala, Florida. On September 3, 2006, he lost to Samoa Joe in a Lumberjack match. From 2015 to 2018 Funk has wrestled for Tokyo Gurentai. His last match was against another student of his Osamu Nishimura which ended in a  10-minute draw on November 28, 2018. With the finals seconds left in the match, Funk pinned Nishimura which ended at the count of 2 when the bell rang as time was up. Funk wrestled multiple times during 2019 on the independent circuit.

On Leap year 2020 Funk teamed with The Steiner Brothers (Rick and Scott) to defeat the team of Blain Rage, Jake Logan, and Shane Chung at Funking Conservatory in Ocala, Florida.

Second return to All Japan (2008)
On March 1, 2008, Funk and Osamu Nishimura defeated Genichiro Tenryu and Masanobu Fuchi in Funk's retirement match via spinning toe hold.

Third return to All Japan (2013–2017)
On October 27, 2013, Funk returned to All Japan Pro Wrestling, teaming with Terry in a tag team match, where they wrestled Masanobu Fuchi and Osamu Nishimura to a twenty-minute time limit draw. Funk was then announced as the new Pacific Wrestling Federation (PWF) chairman. Funk returned to All Japan on July 27, 2014, teaming with Osamu Nishimura and Yutaka Yoshie in a six-man tag team match, where they defeated Masanobu Fuchi, Takao Omori and Último Dragón, with Funk submitting Fuchi for the win. On May 30, 2015, he teamed with old student Genichiro Tenryu and Nosawa Rongai for Tenryu Project to beat Kohei Suwama, Hikaru Sato and Atsushi Aoki. Funk's next match with All Japan took place on May 31, 2015, when he and Nishimura wrestled Fuchi and Yoshiaki Fujiwara to a twenty-minute time limit draw. He returned to All Japan the next month to team with Fuchi and Ultimo Dragon to beat his student Nishimura, Masao Inoue and Soma Takao. His last match for All Japan was on November 28, 2017, teaming with Nishimura, The Great Kabuki and his student Dalton Drellich as they defeated Fuchi, Great Kojika, Atsushi Maruyama and Daisuke Sekimoto in Yokohama.

Retirement (2017–present)

On December 31, 2017, Funk announced his retirement from wrestling.

Funking Conservatory (1991–present)
Funk is currently the coach of the Funking Conservatory Professional Wrestling School in Ocala, Florida and teaches the Dory Funk Method of Professional Wrestling. It had a branch affiliated with the World Wrestling Federation called the "Funkin' Dojo. Dory's students included Jeff Hardy, Matt Hardy, Christian Cage, Lita, Kurt Angle, Mansoor, Mickie James, Edge, Ted DiBiase, and Test. His wife Marti runs BANG TV in which Dory's matches are featured.

Personal life
Dory married his first wife, Jimmie, on June 8, 1960. Together, they have three children: Dory III, Adam Dirk, and Penny. They also have five grandchildren. They later separated and were officially divorced on July 6, 1983. Dory III went into medicine and now practices out of Colorado. Dory IV is now training to be a wrestler under Dory Jr. In 1980, Dory met his second and current wife, Marti; the couple married in 1989. They have two children.

Championships and accomplishments

 All Japan Pro Wrestling
NWA International Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
World's Strongest Tag Determination League (1977, 1979, 1982) – with Terry Funk
NWA International Heavyweight Championship Tournament (1981)
World's Strongest Tag Determination League Technical Award (1977) – with Terry Funk
World's Strongest Tag Determination League Teamplay Award (1980) – with Terry Funk
World's Strongest Tag Determination League Distinguished Service Medal Award (1984) – with Terry Funk
World's Strongest Tag Determination League Skill Award (1985) – with Giant Baba
World's Strongest Tag Determination League Technique Award (1986) – with Terry Funk
World's Strongest Tag Determination League Technique Award (1987) – with Terry Funk
World's Strongest Tag Determination League Excellent Team Award (1990) – with Terry Funk
World's Strongest Tag Determination League Teamwork Award (1991) – with Al Perez
 Cauliflower Alley Club
Lou Thesz Award (2019)
Other honoree (1998)
 Championship Wrestling from Florida
NWA Florida Heavyweight Championship (4 times)
NWA Florida Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Terry Funk
NWA Florida Television Championship (2 times)
NWA International Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA North American Tag Team Championship (Florida version) (2 times) – with Terry Funk (1) and David Von Erich (1)
 Continental Wrestling Association
CWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
Class of 2011
 Georgia Championship Wrestling
NWA Georgia Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Terry Funk
NWA Georgia Tag Team Championship Tournament (1978) – with Terry Funk
 International Championship Wrestling
ICW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 International Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
Class of 2022
 Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling
NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 National Wrestling Alliance
NWA Hall of Fame (Class of 2006)
NWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 NWA Hollywood Wrestling
NWA Americas Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA International Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Terry Funk
NWA World Tag Team Championship (Los Angeles Version) (1 time) – with Terry Funk
 New England Wrestling Alliance
NEWA North American Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI Match of the Year (1973) vs. Harley Race on May 24
PWI Match of the Year (1974) vs. Jack Brisco on January 27
Stanley Weston Award (2014)
PWI ranked him #147 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1994
PWI ranked him #149 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003
PWI ranked him #9 of the top 100 tag teams of the "PWI Years" with Terry Funk in 2003
 Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
Class of 2005
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Stanley Weston Achievement Award
 Southwest Championship Wrestling
SCW Southwest Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
SCW World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Terry Funk
 St. Louis Wrestling Hall of Fame
Class of 2008
 St. Louis Wrestling Club
NWA Missouri Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 Stampede Wrestling
NWA International Tag Team Championship (Calgary version) (1 time) – with Larry Lane
Stampede Wrestling Hall of Fame (Class of 1995)
 Tokyo Sports
Match of the Year Award (1980) with Terry Funk vs. Giant Baba and Jumbo Tsuruta on December 11
 Western States Sports
NWA Brass Knuckles Championship (Amarillo version) (2 times)
NWA International Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Terry Funk
NWA North American Heavyweight Championship (Amarillo version) (1 time)
NWA Western States Tag Team Championship (6 times) – with Ricky Romero (2), The Super Destroyer (2), Ray Candy (1),  and Larry Lane (1)
NWA World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Terry Funk
NWA World Tag Team Championship (Amarillo version) (3 times) – with Terry Funk
 World Wrestling Council
WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
WWC Universal Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
WWC World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Terry Funk
 World Wrestling Entertainment
WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2009)
 Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)
 Other titles
New York Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

References

External links

 The Funks at WWE.com

1941 births
American male professional wrestlers
Expatriate professional wrestlers in Japan
ICW/IWCCW Heavyweight Champions
Living people
NWA World Heavyweight Champions
Professional wrestlers from Florida
Professional wrestlers from Indiana
Professional wrestlers from Texas
Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
Professional wrestling promoters
Professional wrestling trainers
Sportspeople from Amarillo, Texas
Sportspeople from Hammond, Indiana
Sportspeople from Ocala, Florida
Stampede Wrestling alumni
Western States Sports
West Texas A&M Buffaloes football players
WWE Hall of Fame inductees
20th-century professional wrestlers
21st-century professional wrestlers
WWC Universal Heavyweight Champions
WWC Puerto Rico Champions
NWA Florida Heavyweight Champions
NWA Florida Tag Team Champions
NWA Florida Television Champions
NWA North American Tag Team Champions (Florida version)
Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Champions
NWA Americas Heavyweight Champions
NWA International Heavyweight Champions
NWA International Tag Team Champions
NWA Georgia Tag Team Champions
NWA World Tag Team Champions (Texas version)

Dory Funk Jr.


Palmer Crawford "Pal" Rakes (born in Tampa, Florida) is an American country music singer. He recorded for Warner Bros. Records between 1977 and 1979, and for Atlantic Records between 1988 and 1989. During his tenure on Warner, he charted in the Top 40 of Hot Country Songs with "That's When the Lyin' Stops (And the Lovin' Starts)" and "Till I Can't Take It Anymore". Rakes also released one album for Atlantic, Midnight Rain. One of Rakes's songs appeared on Neal McCoy's debut album At This Moment.

Discography

Albums

Singles

References

American country singer-songwriters
Atlantic Records artists
Living people
Musicians from Tampa, Florida
Warner Records artists
Singer-songwriters from Florida
Country musicians from Florida
Year of birth missing (living people)

Pal Rakes


Acicular, in mineralogy, refers to a crystal habit composed of slender, needle-like crystals. Crystals with this habit tend to be fragile. Complete, undamaged acicular specimens are uncommon.

The term "acicular" derives from the Late Latin "acicula" meaning "little needle". Strictly speaking, the word refers to a growth habit that is slender and tapering to a point.  Prismatic crystals are not acicular; however, colloquial usage has altered the commonly understood meaning of the word. When writing for mineralogical publications, authors should restrict their usage of "acicular" to crystals with the tapering growth habit.

To add to the confusion, some minerals are described with various morphological terms.  For example, natrolite is often described as slender prismatic and millerite is often described as filiform or capillary.

Examples
Minerals with an acicular habit include mesolite, natrolite, malachite, gypsum, rutile, brochantite and bultfonteinite. Crystals of dimethyltryptamine have an acicular habit, but this substance is not regarded as a mineral by the International Mineralogical Association.  An acicular phase of steel is bainite.

Differences from other habits
Some minerals like creedite form prismatic crystals that appear to be acicular, but are instead prismatic in a bladelike form; these can be told apart by the fact that all prismatic crystals are less sharp, sometimes are tipped with a pyramidal shape, and keep a standard cross-section shape with straight edges. Acicular crystals differ from fibrous crystals in their thickness; crystals with a fibrous habit are much thinner, sometimes to the point of being flexible like hair, while acicular crystals are thicker and rigid.

See also
Abnormal grain growth
Zeolite

References

 galleries.com - WHAT ARE DESCRIPTIVE CRYSTAL HABITS? - Aciclar

 mindat.org - Definition of acicular

External links

"Skeletal microstructure of Galaxea fascicularis exsert septa: a high-resolution SEM study", Biological Bulletin

Mineral habits

Acicular (crystal habit)


Bear Creek Cañon Park is a high-country park located in Colorado Springs, Colorado with steep trails for hiking, mountain biking and horseback riding.

A trail in the western edge of the Bear Creek Regional Park connects to the high-country Bear Creek Cañon Park.

History
General William Jackson Palmer donated land to establish the park, along with other Colorado Springs parks, such as Monument Valley Park, North Cheyenne Cañon Park, Palmer Park, Pioneer Square (South) Park, and Prospect Lake. He donated a total of 1,270 acres of land.

In 1873, and for many years, the only trail up to the Pikes Peak Signal Station started in Manitou Springs and went through Bear Creek Cañon. The 17 mile trail also passed through Seven Lakes, Jones Park and the past Lake House at Lake Morraine areas.

Park
The park, located at 501 Bear Creek Road, has trails for hiking and mountain biking. There is a picnic area with picnic tables.

Gallery

References

External links

 Bear Creek Cañon Park map

Parks in Colorado Springs, Colorado

Bear Creek Cañon Park


Süchteln is a borough (Stadtbezirk) of Viersen, a town which is the centre of the Kreis of Viersen in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Süchteln was formerly an independent town; the Catholic parish church of St Clement is at its centre. The church was built in 1481 and has a well preserved tower 73 metres tall.

History

The first mention of the settlement of Süchteln was in 1116, in the books of the Abbey of St. Pantaleon in Cologne. It was granted the right to hold a market in 1423, when it belonged to the Duchy of Jülich. It has been chartered as a town since 1405. There was a celebration of "600 Years of Town Privileges in Süchteln" (600 Jahre Stadtrechte Süchteln) in 2005. The original document with the official seal of Süchteln is in the National Archives of France in Paris.

From the end of the 19th century until the end of the 1950s, Süchteln was a flourishing centre of the textile industry.

In 1970, the city of Süchteln combined with Viersen, Dülken and Boisheim to form the modern city of Viersen.

Local culture

Irmgard of Süchteln is the patron saint of Süchteln; the annual Irmgardisoktav (Irmgard Week) is held in her honour on the Heiligenberg, part of the Süchtelner Höhen (Süchteln Heights), which are the highest part of Viersen and where there is a chapel dedicated to her.

Among other things, Süchteln is known for the LVR-Klinik Viersen, which is located there. This is a clinic operated by the Landschaftsverband Rheinland which includes the nationally known Rheinische Klinik für Orthopädie (Rhenish Orthopaedic Clinic) and also several psychiatric clinics (including paediatric and adolescent psychiatry), a forensic clinic, a clinic for the treatment of addiction, a gerontological institution, ergonomic and occupational therapy and an institute for clinical training.

Noteworthy residents

Born in Süchteln
 Matthias Nethenus (1618–1686), theologian
 Karl Matthias Schiffer (1867–1930), union official and Reichstag member (Centre Party)
 Karl Müller (1884–1964), politician
 Wilhelm van Kempen (1894–1981), art historian
 Albert Vigoleis Thelen (1903–1989), author and translator
 Hermann Schmitz (1904–1931), artist
 Hellmut Trienekens (born 1938), waste disposal entrepreneur
 Thomas Druyen (born 1957), sociologist
 Frank Rehfeld (born 1962), author
 Roland Kothes (born 1967), radio astronomer

Associated with Süchteln
 Irmgard of Süchteln (circa 1013 - circa 1085), saint who is said to have settled in Süchteln
 Heinrich von Rosenthal (1808–1865), mayor of Süchteln until 1843, then mayor of Kettwig and of Mettmann
 Peter Norrenberg (1847–1894), pastor, historian, and social reformer

Sources
 Joseph Deilmann. Geschichte der Stadt Süchteln. Süchteln: Thelen, 1924. OCLC 72110195
 Walther Föhl. Süchteln, 1558-1958: Eine Festschrift der Stadt. Schriftenreihe des Landkreises Kempen-Krefeld 5. 1958. OCLC 164116215
 Paul Schotes. Viersen-Süchteln. Rheinische Kunststätten 100. Revised ed. Köln Neusser Druckerei und Verlag, 1991.
 Arbeitsgruppe für Orts- und Heimatgeschichte im Stadtarchiv Viersen. 600 Jahre Stadt Süchteln: Streiflichter. Eigenverlag der Stadt Viersen, 2005. OCLC 70334565

References

External links
 Uwe Micha, Süchteln history site
 Aerial views of Süchteln
 Süchtelner Höhen on Panoramio
 Süchteln Brennt annual rock festival

Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia

Süchteln


Temperate coniferous forest is a terrestrial biome defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature. Temperate coniferous forests are found predominantly in areas with warm summers and cool winters, and vary in their kinds of plant life. In some, needleleaf trees dominate, while others are home primarily to broadleaf evergreen trees or a mix of both tree types.  A separate habitat type, the tropical coniferous forests, occurs in more tropical climates.

Temperate coniferous forests are common in the coastal areas of regions that have mild winters and heavy rainfall, or inland in drier climates or montane areas. Many species of trees inhabit these forests including pine, cedar, fir, and redwood. The understory also contains a wide variety of herbaceous and shrub species. Temperate coniferous forests sustain the highest levels of biomass in any terrestrial ecosystem and are notable for trees of massive proportions in temperate rainforest regions.

Structurally, these forests are rather simple, consisting of 2 layers generally: an overstory and understory. However, some forests may support a layer of shrubs. Pine forests support an herbaceous ground layer that may be dominated by grasses and forbs that lend themselves to ecologically important wildfires. In contrast, the moist conditions found in temperate rain forests favor the dominance by ferns and some forbs.

Forest communities dominated by huge trees (e.g., giant sequoia, Sequoiadendron gigantea; redwood, Sequoia sempervirens), unusual ecological phenomena, occur in western North America, southwestern South America, as well as in the Australasian region in such areas as southeastern Australia and northern New Zealand.

The Klamath-Siskiyou ecoregion of western North America harbors diverse and unusual assemblages and displays notable endemism for a number of plant and animal taxa.

Ecoregions

Eurasia

North America

See also

 Cedar hemlock douglas-fir forest
 Temperate deciduous forest

References

External links

Temperate forest

 Terrestrial biomes
Conifers
Forests
Biomes
Montane forests

Temperate coniferous forest


Mauá () is a municipality in the state of São Paulo, in Brazil. Is part of the metropolitan region of São Paulo. The population as of 2020 is 477,552 inhabitants (11th largest city in population number of the state), the density is  and the area is . The density is in fact bigger, since one third of the city is occupied by industries and 10% is countryside or forest. Its name comes from the Tupi language and means the one that is high. As it's a municipality, it can also be translated as high city. However, back when the city was a small village, its name was Pilar, then the name was changed in 1934 into Mauá as a homage to Visconde de Mauá, entrepreneur which built the Santos–Jundiaí railway that passes through the city.

Mauá has the 23rd largest GDP of São Paulo state.

Is the birthplace of Brazilian tableware industry.

Economy

Although there are various types of economic activity in the city (logistics, metallurgy, chemical and electrical materials, and petrochemical), Mauá is still known as the "capital of china and pottery", because this activity was very important for the development of the municipality. There are two industrial centers (Capuava and Sertãozinho) and a large petrochemical complex plant where the refinery of Petrobras is located, the RECAP. These poles transformed Mauá into one of the largest industrial parks in the country. Major road interventions are being implemented (the Mário Covas Beltway and the prolongation of the Avenue Jacu-Pêssego/Nova Trabalhadores), which, due to the improved access to the city should influence the growth of industrial activity, who nowadays suffers with the bottleneck of the road network and its chronic lack of maintenance.

Some companies with headquarters or branches in the municipality of Mauá: ALCAN (Aluminum), CGE (metallurgical), Petrobras (petroleum refining, cooking gas and nitrogen), LED, Liquigas (cooking gas), Chevron-Oronite (petroleum products), Oxiteno-Ultrapar (gas oil products, except CNG), Firestone (tires), Saint-Gobain (automotive glass), Magneti Marelli-Cofap (metallurgy and automotive parts).

Transport

The city is served by CPTM Line 10, passing through the Capuava, Mauá and Guapituba stations. It's also served by the METRA bus rapid transit system, having one stop and a trolleybus line which goes to the Sônia Maria terminal.

Currently, the city bus system is operated by the company Suzantur.

Geography

Climate

The city is located  above sea level, at the boundary between the Serra do Mar and the plateau. As a result, the city's climate is considered subtropical, with average temperature during the year at around , rarely exceeding  in summer. In winter the average is .

Topography

The landscape of Mauá is dominated by the formation of steep hills and peaks, as it is the usual Serra do Mar landscape, and by deep valleys and wetlands, today mostly grounded and occupied in a disordered way, which explains the high incidence of flooding there. Only the valley of Tamanduateí River on Capuava district is typically flat. Historical account describe the place as where the first bandeirantes, coming from São Vicente, saw the Planalto Paulista (São Paulo plateau) region and gave the name of Borda do Campo (that means Boundary of the Countryside) to the region, for making the transition between the Serra do Mar and the Planalto Paulista. The highest point in town is the Morro Pelado (Naked Hill), with 867 meters (the third highest of the Greater São Paulo), but the city is, on average, the highest of metropolitan region, due to the lack of flat areas.

Hydrography

The city has a special characteristic hydrographic: not be crossed by any water course from another city, since, due to the high altitude, all streams that cross the territory of Mauá has their sources inside the city limits.

In the city is located the source of Tamanduateí River, the third largest affluent of the Tietê River in Greater São Paulo, the Oratório river and the Pinheirinho and Guaió rivers. The most important waterways in the urban area are the Taboão Stream, the Corumbé Stream and the Capitão João Stream (which flows under the XXII de Novembro square, in the downtown). Due to the disordered occupation of the floodplains, many places that before acted as absorbers of excessive rain water were grounded and the city has several points at high risk of flooding. The situation was eased with the construction of four reservoirs between the years 1998 and 2002. However, due to lack of maintenance, excessive garbage and siltation, the reservoirs can not effectively avoid the flooding risk.
Besides the disordered occupation, lack of sewerage and waste treatment makes the urban waterways completely polluted.

Vegetation

The city, due to great variation in altitude has a broad spectrum of natural landscapes, although much has been transformed by human occupation. The hillsides were originally occupied by a lush Atlantic Forest, though already mixed with species of Araucaria and Planalto Paulista typical of altitude climate. In the city, the Atlantic Forest areas most preserved are the wellsprings, the tank of Paulista, the Ecological Park Santa Luzia and the slopes of Guaraciaba. The wetlands were largely covered by reeds and cattails, plants typical of wetlands and marshlands. Currently, only the Taboão stream have the original vegetation in the urban environment, but will lose much of it due to rectification works to link up with the new Beltway. The valleys of the rivers Guaió and Pinheirinho and the region of Cappburgo are still with this vegetation, despite growing local slum. The peaks of the hills, especially the higher ones were covered by grasses and thin vegetation, currently the chief representative is the Morro Pelado, which takes its name from the very low vegetation cover..

References

External links

1954 establishments in Brazil
Populated places established in 1954

Mauá


Pleasure is an emotion. It is the opposite of pain. Humans and many other mammals feel pleasure. People feel pleasure when they do something that is fun or that feels good.

Pleasure in neuroscience
Pleasure is studied in neuroscience. Neuroscientists have mapped pleasure "hotspots" in the brain. Pleasure is important for a person's mental health and well-being. The loss of pleasure is common in people with mental illnesses like depression, schizophrenia, and addiction.

Pleasure in psychology
Pleasure is studied in positive psychology. How much pleasure someone feels changes from person to person. Pleasure depends how special something is. There is no rule that says what pleasure is for every person.

Sigmund Freud wrote about the "pleasure principle" in the 1920 essay Beyond the Pleasure Principle. According to Freud, the pleasure principle is what drives people to do things that give them a feeling of immediate gratification.

Pleasure in philosophy
The ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus said that people feel the most pleasure possible when they have no suffering.

Hedonism is another philosophy that is focused on pleasure. It says that pleasure is good. In Hedonism, people focus on pleasure and avoid pain.

Utilitarianism is a philosophy that focuses on pleasure. It says that morality requires that people do what has the most utility for the most people.

Related pages
Happiness

References

Emotions

Pleasure


The Garfield Thomas Water Tunnel is one of the U.S. Navy's principal experimental hydrodynamic research facilities and is operated by the Penn State Applied Research Laboratory. The facility was completed and entered operation in 1949. The facility is named after Lieutenant W. Garfield Thomas Jr., a Penn State journalism graduate who was killed in World War II. For a long time, the Garfield Thomas Water Tunnel was the largest circulating water tunnel in the world. It has been declared a historic mechanical engineering landmark by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Today, in addition to many of its Navy projects, the facility tunnel-based research has expanded into pumps for the Space Shuttle, advanced propulsors for ships, heating and cooling systems, artificial heart valves, vacuum cleaner fans, and other pump and propulsor related products.

History
After the end of WW II, the US military started investing heavily in higher education nationwide. At the same time, Harvard terminated its Underwater Sound Laboratory (USL) which invented the first acoustical homing torpedo (FIDO); consequently Penn State hired Eric Walker, USL's assistant director to head its electrical engineering department, and the Navy transferred USL's torpedo division to Penn State - where it became the Ordnance Research Laboratory (ORL). The ORL eventually became the Applied Research Laboratory.

The Garfield Thomas Water Tunnel was built at Penn State in cooperation with ORL by the ARL for further torpedo research. Construction completed on October 7, 1949, and began operating six months later. Since then, the facility has expanded into viscosity, sound, wave, and wind research.

In 1992, the facility underwent a complete overhaul.

Capabilities

The facility consists of a number of closed circuit, closed jet and open jet facilities.

Water Tunnels
The facility operates four water tunnels.

Garfield Thomas Water Tunnel
The Garfield Thomas Water Tunnel is the facility's largest water tunnel. The 100 feet long, 32 feet high, 100,000 gallons tunnel is a closed-circuit, closed-jet. The system is powered by 1,491 kW (2,000-hp) pump, with a 4-blade adjustable pitch impeller and can produce a maximum water velocity of 18.29 m/s (40.91 mph). The system is capable of producing pressures between 413.7 and 20.7 kPa.

The tunnel is equipped with an array of instruments including: Propeller dynamometers, Five-hole pressure probe, Pitot probes, lasers, pressure sensors, hydrophones, planar motion mechanism (PMM), force balances, accelerometers, and acoustics arrays.

Smaller Water Tunnels
The facility operates two additional smaller water tunnels with diameters of 12 inches and 6 inches. Both are closed-circuit, closed-jet. The 12-incher is a 150 horsepower (111.8 kW) system capable of producing maximum water velocity of 24.38 m/s (54.53 mph). The 6-incher is a 25 hp (18.64 kW) system that can deliver a max velocity of 21.34 m/s (47.74 mph).

Both tunnels are equipped with lasers, pressure sensors, pressure transducers, and hydrophones

Ultra-High Speed Cavitation Tunnel
The facility also has a 1.5 inch closed-circuit, closed-jet cavitation tunnel capable of producing a maximum velocity of 83.8 m/s (187 mph). The stainless steel, 75 hp (55.9 kW) tunnel supports pressures as high as 41.4 kPa and temperatures of 16 °C to 176 °C.

Other facilities

In addition to the water tunnels, the facility operates an array of wind tunnels, glycerin tunnels, and anechoic chamber for used in many physics problems. The Boundary Layer Research Facility (BLRF) operates a 12-inch turbulent pipe flow of glycerine. Additionally, the facility operates a 20 hp (14.91 kW), open-jet, 1,750 rpm Axial-Flow Fan with a 36.58 m/s (81.83 mph) maximum velocity used for basic engineering research in turbomachinery blading. Another 2.75 meter diameter, 100 hp (74.6 kW) closed-circuit used specifically for research in viscous sublayer and in modeling of turbulent flow of fluids next to a wall at large scale.

See also
 Pennsylvania State University Applied Research Laboratory
 Water tunnel (hydrodynamic)
 Ship model basin
 Pennsylvania State University
 List of historic mechanical engineering landmarks

References

External links

ARL Homepage

Ship design
Model boats
Pennsylvania State University campus
United States Navy installations
1949 establishments in Pennsylvania
Landmarks in Pennsylvania

Garfield Thomas Water Tunnel


The Capital City Classic is a men's college basketball series between the VCU Rams and the Richmond Spiders. Both schools are located within Virginia's state capital of Richmond—Virginia Commonwealth University has its non-medical campus in the Fan District at the western edge of downtown and its medical campus in the downtown neighborhood of Court End, while the University of Richmond is located  away in the West End on the border with Henrico County. It often has a public school (VCU) vs private school (Richmond) mentality.

From 1995 to 2001, it was a conference rivalry in the Colonial Athletic Association, before Richmond left for the Atlantic 10 Conference (A10). In 2012, it once again became a conference rivalry with VCU's arrival in the A10. The rivalry has been known under a number of different names over the years, including the Black & Blue Classic, before being renamed the Capital City Classic for the 2014–15 season.

All-time results

Richmond victories are shaded in ██ blue. VCU victories shaded in ██ gold.

Other sports

Women's basketball

Baseball

Men's soccer

Women's soccer

Women's lacrosse
-->

References

College basketball rivalries in the United States
Richmond Spiders men's basketball
VCU Rams men's basketball
Sports rivalries in Virginia

Capital City Classic


Fladså was a municipality (Danish, kommune) in Storstrøm County in south Denmark. The municipality covered an area of 133 km², and had a total population of 7,581 (2005).  Its last mayor was Hans R. Hansen, a member of the Venstre (Liberal Party) political party.

The seat of its municipal council was at .

Neighboring municipalities were Rønnede to the east, Holmegaard to the north, Næstved to the west, and Præstø and Vordingborg to the south.  Fakse Bay (Fakse Bugt) made up part of the municipality's eastern border, and Karrebæksminde Bay (Karrebæksminde Bugt made up part of the municipality's western border.

On 1 January 2007 Fladså municipality ceased to exist due to Kommunalreformen ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007).  It merged with Fuglebjerg, Holmegaard, Næstved, and Suså municipalities to form the new Næstved Municipality.  This will create a municipality with an area of 681 km² and a total population of 78,446 (2005).  The new municipality will belong to the new Region Sjælland ("Zealand Region").

References
 Municipal statistics: NetBorger Kommunefakta, delivered from KMD aka Kommunedata (Municipal Data)
 Municipal mergers and neighbors: Eniro new municipalities map

External links
 Municipality's official website
 The new Næstved municipality's official website (Danish only)

Former municipalities of Denmark

Fladså


Pyroceram is the original glass-ceramic material developed and trademarked by Corning Glass in the 1950s.
Pyroceram is an opaque, white, glass material, commonly used in kitchenware, glass stove tops, wood stove doors, etc.. It has high heat tolerance and low thermal expansion.

Development

Its development has been traced to Corning's work in developing photosensitive glass. Corning credits S. Donald Stookey with the discovery of Pyroceram. While conducting research in 1953 on a photosensitive lithium silicate glass called Fotoform containing a dispersion of silver nanoparticles, Stookey noted that an accidentally overheated fragment of the glass resisted breakage when dropped. This discovery evolved into Pyroceram, with β-spodumene as the crystalline phase, and was used in 1958 for the production of CorningWare cookware. Pyroceram's thermal stability also results in its being used for mirrors in astronomical telescopes.

A transparent version of Pyroceram, with β-quartz as the crystalline phase, was also described in 1950s patents. By 1963 this variant was also being seriously studied for use in making cookware. It would be extensively explored over the next two decades and result in the creation of Visions cookware, by Corning France, in the late 1970s.

The manufacture of the material involves controlled crystallization. NASA classifies it as a glass-ceramic product.

After about 30 years of informal use as a standard in high-heat (≥1000 °C) applications, Pyroceram 9606 was approved by NIST as a certified reference material for thermal conductivity measurements.

Trademark

Pyroceram was originally a proprietary brand name.  Corning registered Pyroceram as a trademark for glass-ceramic vessels and utensils in 1958, and in 1966 added polished glass-ceramic tabletops and countertops to the registered uses of the brand name. Both of those registrations have since ended.

In 1998, Corning registered Pyroceram as a trademark for clear glass-ceramic window glass for wood-burning stoves.  It was also studied as a material for rocket nose cones.

See also
National Institute of Standards and Technology.

References

External links
 The NPL Measurements Contribution to the Certification of Pyroceram 9606 as a Reference Material for Thermal Properties

Glass-ceramics
Corning Inc.

Pyroceram


The Erfurt massacre was a mass shooting that happened at the Gutenberg Gymnasium in Erfurt, Thuringia, Germany, on 26 April 2002.

A boy that had been expelled from the school 2 months earlier, 19-year-old Robert Steinhäuser, was the person who did all the shooting. In anger, he came into the gymnasium, and shot dead 12 teachers, a secretary, two students, and a police officer. After a teacher caught him and put him in an empty room, Steinhäuser shot himself dead. In total, 17 people were killed.

According to students, he ignored them and aimed only for the teachers and administrators, although two students were unintentionally killed by shots fired through a locked door.

References

2002 in Europe
2000s in Germany
2000s murders in Europe
April 2002 events
Attacks on buildings and structures in Germany
Attacks on buildings and structures in the 2000s
Attacks on schools in Europe
Massacre

Mass murder in Germany
Mass murder in the 2000s
Mass shootings in Europe
Mass shootings in the 2000s
Massacres in Europe
Murder in 2002
Murder-suicides in Europe
Murders by firearm in Germany
High school shootings
Suicide in the 2000s
Suicides by firearm in Germany

Erfurt massacre


A recap sequence (or recap, often announced as "Previously on...") is a narrative device used by many television series to bring the viewer up to date with the current events of the stories' plot. It is usually a short (between 20 and 40 seconds) montage of important scenes cut directly from previous episodes, usually short bursts of dialogue, which serve to lay the background for the following episode.

These devices are predominantly seen on episodic series where every installment furthers the plot, but otherwise are used for plot arcs, that is, when an episode is going to pick up on a storyline initiated several episodes ago. A recap will almost always be present in an episode that picks up from a cliffhanger. Recap sequences are most prevalent in dramatic television series (though daytime serials are usually excluded) and reality programs, whereas situation comedies and other scripted genres typically use recap sequences only for two-part or in rare cases, multi-part episodes.

These montages are inserted as the first thing into an episode so that viewers who had not seen the previous episodes or who do not remember what happened can understand from where the current episode will begin, also so that the viewers may decide to catch up on missed episodes, usually buying the DVDs. They usually begin with a voiceover or subtitle proclaiming, "Last week on... [the show's name]", "Last night on... [the show's name]", "Previously on... [the show's name]" or "Last time on... [the show's name]". Many shows have begun to use a main character's voice for this voiceover rather than a neutral narrator (Chuck), and some series such as Boston Legal and Stargate Atlantis alternate which main character says "Previously on... [the show's name]". Some shows also have a full season recap sequence that usually begins with "This season on... [the show's name]".

On the Fox show 24, the main character, Jack Bauer's voiceover "Previously on 24..." is followed by scenes from prior episodes of the current season, not necessarily from the very last episode, that concern major plot points of the current episode. This was carried over into 24: The Game, where, once a player completes a mission, all cutscenes prior to that mission can be viewed in the manner of the TV show. The playable scenes are not shown, as the player is given the opportunity to replay them to get a higher score.

On the NBC show ER, main cast members rotate turns saying the phrase "Previously on ER..." which is then followed by scenes from previous episodes which are pertinent to the current episode.

In some cases, the scene leading up to the previous episode's ending is shown instead of a montage. This was common on British television shows from the 1950s to 1990s, although now most adopt a recap montage. An example of this is Doctor Who, which during its original run (1963–1989) used the final scene of the previous episode to begin the next, whereas from the series relaunch (2005–present) the recaps are made up of a collection of short clips.

Recaps are also used for several soap operas, most notably in Australia. The Australian prison soap opera Prisoner (commonly known as Prisoner: Cell Block H) used a recap sequence throughout its eight-season run. In the early years it only showed the final scene of the previous episode before the opening credits. However, in later years it began to show several select cuts from the previous episode during the recap sequence, often, a new scene would directly follow the recap before the opening credits. In the early years of Australian soaps Home and Away, Neighbours and Sons and Daughters a recap showed directly after the opening credits, which may have been confusing for viewers who would have started watching them, not realizing they were viewing a recap sequence and not a new opening scene. The layout was changed in later years as recaps for Home and Away and Neighbours started before the credits, but currently they again show after the credits in such a way not to confuse the viewer. British soap operas, apart from Hollyoaks, do not use a recap sequence, however, they may be relevant.

In the English dubs of various episodic anime series that were edited for time or censorship reasons, recaps are sometimes extended or introduced where they did not exist originally, to cover any shortfalls in running time. Some examples where this occurs are Robotech, the FUNimation English dub of Dragon Ball Z, and the 4Kids English-language version of One Piece. The original Japanese version of One Piece did not always have recaps, though many episodes did have recaps as the first scene following the opening credits.

There is some debate as to whether these recaps should be considered as part of the episode whole. Some home video and DVD releases of shows that use recaps include them, some do not, and some seem to randomly use or omit them for different episodes within the same collection. A few also place the segment as a full chapter that can easily be skipped if the viewer is viewing the series in a marathon form.

The format and treatment of recaps may also vary depending on the commissioning broadcaster. For example, while most HBO series have recaps before each episode when aired on linear television, the recaps are usually treated as distinct from the episode proper, airing prior to the content rating card and HBO "static angel" production logo. On streaming (i.e. HBO Max) and other releases like DVDs, these recaps are usually excluded from the episode video, but are sometimes provided as bonus content.

Recaps can also refer to entire episodes, where such explain a backstory or plot point the viewer has not seen up to that point. Such episodes usually happen after a plot twist, for the recap to explore what led up to that point that the viewer does not know.

Television series which use a recap sequence

Australia

United Kingdom

United States
{{columns-list|
 24
 Alias
 All American (up until Season 2 Episode 10)
 Andi Mack
 Avatar: The Last Airbender
 Awkward
 Battlestar Galactica
 Black Lightning
 Ben 10 (2005) (only during two-part episodes)
 Ben 10: Alien Force (only during two-part episodes)
 Ben 10: Ultimate Alien (only during two-part episodes)
 The Big Bang Theory
 Blindspot
 Bob Hearts Abishola
 The Boys (used since the second season)
 Breaking Bad
 Buffy the Vampire Slayer
 Doctor Who (only during multi-part episodes)
 Deception
 Desperate Housewives
 ER (these are preceded by a short stylized logo sequence and followed by the episode's title; however, on the DVD releases and occasionally in syndicated reruns, the recaps are edited out, leaving only the logo sequence and the title)
 The Falcon and the Winter Soldier
 The Flash (2014) (up until Season 6 Episode 11)
 Fringe Game of Thrones (these only appear on the HBO airings; in syndication and on DVDs, the recaps are excluded)
 Glee The Good Doctor Hawkeye iCarly (only on specials)
 Invincible - (used since the fourth episode)
 Jane the Virgin K.C. Undercover (only during multi-part episodes)
 Loki Lost Lucifer The Mandalorian Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (used since the tenth episode)
 Masters of Sex Mom Moon Knight Ms. Marvel Nip/Tuck Once Upon A Time The Originals Power Book II: Ghost Pretty Little Liars Prison Break Riverdale Sliders Soap Sons of Anarchy Star Trek: Discovery Switched at Birth Suits Supernatural Third Watch Turner & Hooch The Vampire Diaries Veronica Mars The Walking Dead WandaVision Weeds The West Wing X-Men Young Sheldon}}

Other countries
 The Amazing Race Big Brother The Heart Has Its Reasons Ninjago Squid Game Survivor Yu-Gi-Oh''

References

Television terminology

Recap sequence


Malusi Mpumlwana is a bishop of the Ethiopian Episcopal Church.  Along with Steve Biko, he and his wife Thoko Mpumlwana were activists in the anti-apartheid Black Consciousness Movement in South Africa.  He is currently the General Secretary of the South African Council of Churches (SACC), spearheading its work to lead common Christian action that works for moral witness in South Africa, addressing issues of social and economic justice, national reconciliation, the integrity of creation, eradication of poverty, and contributing towards the empowerment of those who are spiritually, socially and economically marginalized.

Malusi worked for the W.K. Kellogg Foundation which is headquartered in the city of Battle Creek, in the state of Michigan, in the USA.  His title with the W.K. Kellogg Foundation was listed as, "Regional Director of Africa Programs".

References

External links

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Black Consciousness Movement

Malusi Mpumlwana


Argos is a secreted protein that is an inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway in Drosophila melanogaster. Argos inhibits the EGFR pathway by sequestering the EGFR ligand Spitz. Argos binds the epidermal growth factor domain of Spitz, preventing interaction between Spitz and EGFR. Argos does not directly interact with EGFR. Argos represents the first example of ligand sequestration as a mechanism of inhibition in the ErbB (EGFR) family.

Function
Argos is secreted from cells in D. melanogaster. Outside the cell, it binds the EGFR-activator Spitz, preventing it from binding and activating EGFR. Drosophila with mutations that inactivate Argos have deformed eyes with extra photoreceptors and a small optic lobe due to disruption of EGFR's role in eye development. The name of the gene derives from the phenotype of mutant flies with eye defects and refers to Argus Panoptes.

Structure
Crystallographic studies have revealed that Argos does not contain an EGF domain as originally expected. Rather, Argos is composed of 3 separate domains that have homology to one another, termed the Argos domain. The Argos domain has features in common with the three finger toxin fold that is found in a number of proteins including TGF beta receptors and the urokinase (uPA) receptor.

See also
 EGFR inhibitor

References

Proteins
Drosophila melanogaster genes

Argos (EGFR Inhibitor)


Acizzia uncatoides is a species of psyllid native to Australia where it feeds primarily on Acacia (especially Acacia melanoxylon) and some Albizia species. It is present in many parts of the world where it infests these plant species, presumably introduced with the plants. It is not generally regarded as a pest species although it can proliferate to high numbers. Generalist psyllid predators also feed on this species.

References

Psyllidae
Hemiptera of Australia
Insects described in 1932

Acizzia uncatoides


Hovden is a fishing village in Bø Municipality in Nordland county, Norway.  The village is located at the northern tip of a peninsula on the island of Langøya, on the west side of the Malnesfjorden. The ocean lies to the north and west of the village. The road that goes to Hovden ends at the village. The habitation of Hovden, on the outermost point on a peninsula of the third-largest island in Norway (Langøya) is because of the closeness to the rich fishing banks off of the Vesterålen archipelago.  Fish processing and fishing are the main employment of dwellers in Hovden.

Archaeological findings show that Hovden have been populated at least since 400 to 800 CE.

The southern and western part of Hovden is referred to as "Malnes".  Malnes was the clerical center for the northern part of Bø until Malnes Church was moved from Malnes in 1829 to the village of Eidet. The name of the parish is still called Malnes.

History

Hovden is a part of a line of old fishing communities in Vesterålen. Between the northern port of Andenes and the southwestern village of Bø there are several communities along the coastline with the common denominator of the closeness to the fishing banks off the Vesterålen archipelago. Hovden is one of these, and have to its advantage good harboring conditions and "clean" seas outside. Most of the coastline has a lot of rocks and skerries, so a good harbor was of vital significance to these communities.

Given the long settlement history, to maintain a large population is not possible in Hovden. From the census in 1666, nine men were registered as head of families in Hovden. Including families the total number of people could not have exceeded 60.

Agriculture in Hovden has always been limited. The main agricultural activity has been sheep and goat farming. But then as a supplement to the main income source: fishing. Conditions for farming large cattle are poor as the soil does not produce enough grass for larger cattle. Before potatoes came to Northern Norway (before the early 19th century) grains were grown in Hovden, we do not know of the type, but oats and barley have been grown in northern Norway since before the year 1000.

The fisheries have been and still are the most important economic activity in Hovden. Several different fisheries are important, but the most significant are the winter-fisheries between Christmas and Easter.  These fisheries are also known under the name Lofotfisket. The Cod, gadus morhua migrate from the Barents Sea to spawn along the coast of Lofoten and have to pass Vesterålen on its way. Hovdens location is excellent given the short way to the areas where the fish are migrating south and northbound. For people living in Hovden, 80% of the total income was made during the first quarter of the year. The abundance of fish was far too much for consumption, and the fish was turned into dried fish and later salt fish, and then exported via Bergen to Europe.

The proximity to the fishing banks drew fishermen to Hovden. From the latter part of the 19th century, we know that in the winter months there could be up to 400 fishermen living on the small island across from the harbor (Holmen) and in the common landing place. They were living in cottages built for the purpose and under overturned boats.

During the latter part of the 19th century, Hovden came under ownership from what is called in Norwegian "væreier". Literally translated a "fishing community owner". These owners had total control of the economic activities in the community, and many had a monopoly on the buying and selling of the fish caught. This monopoly, and the fact that the investment in boats and nets became increasingly more expensive given the overall modernisation of the industry, made the fishermen dependent on the owner due to not being able to pay their debts with their income.

With the motorization of fishing vessels in the first two decades of the 20th century, the dependency on the "væreier" became even greater. With the motorization came a higher efficiency in catching fish, resulting in falling prices. Combined with the economic downturn in the 1930s, the profits from fishing dropped. Many of the owners went bankrupt and as a consequence the fishermen and their families had even less profit to live on. These events led to the formation of a fishermens union and in turn a state controlled buying monopoly who managed price formation. The reorganization of the fisheries made it more profitable for the fishermen.

Etymology
"Hovden" gets its name from a high and steep cliff, now partly demolished, in the northwestern part of the village. The word derives from the Old Norse language, and the stem of the word is the same as in modern Norwegian/Danish "hode", Swedish "huvud", and English "head". This cliff is at the former southern entrance to the harbor. Now closed by a breakwater. The islets on the northernmost point of Hovden was called Maarsholmen.

"Malnes" means a headland with a shore made of rounded stones. A "moll" in Norwegian.

Climate

Hovden's climate is a mild coastal climate. The winter is seldom cold. Average temperature in January is . The summer is seldom warm. Average temperature in August is . The precipitation is quite large with approximately  per year. The climate is perfect for drying fish since the temperature is seldom below  or above  in the most important months between January and May.

The immediate closeness of the ocean makes the climate mild. April to June have the least precipitation, while the wet months are the autumn months. The dominating winds are the southwest winds (mild and moist) and the northeast winds (cold and dry). The North Atlantic Drift (extension of the Gulf Stream) is the reason for the mild climate. The continental shelf rises close to shore outside Vesterålen and have an insignificant impact on the life in the sea.

Nature
The typical coastal landscape of Northern Norway is present in Hovden. The earth is barren, dominated by grass and heather. No wild woods are growing as a product of high exploitation by man, sheep and goats. The island of Frugga lies  north of Hovden. It is a nature reserve because of the large colony of puffin. To the south, the moraine of Raen stretches towards the village of Nykvåg. This moraine is the end moraine from a glacier ending in the sea here. This area is also a nature reserve.

Hovden is situated north of the Arctic Circle and has both the midnight sun and the winter darkness. The Midnight sun is present in Hovden between the end of May and the end of July. The polar night is between the end of November to mid-January.

Culture
Being a northern Norwegian community, the same cultural influences are present as in other northern Norwegian communities. The culture is influenced by the mobility of Norwegians from the south to the north in the latter part of the 19th century. It has also received influence from the Sami culture along with Russian, Finnish, and Swedish culture as the migration in the northern part of the Scandinavian peninsula have been modestly restricted by state agencies until the 20th century and after the Russian Revolution.

The geographical location and the fact that the road was not built to Hovden until the 1950s made the dwellers self-contained and many of the cultural institutions was built by voluntary communal work. The freshwater-supply, street lights, the local Malnes Church, and a community house were all erected this way. Hovden had several Christian groups. A sports association was active in the 1960s and 1970s.

Hovden's population is now aging, the average age amongst the inhabitants is past 60. The Hovden Grendelag, consisting of younger migrated people from Hovden, is now the main actor in the local cultural field.

References

External links
 Pictures and information on Hovden
 Vestrålen regional board on Vesterålen
 Home page to the firm operating in Hovden

Bø, Nordland
Villages in Nordland
Fishing communities

Hovden, Nordland


Essexite (), also called nepheline monzogabbro (), is a dark gray or black holocrystalline plutonic igneous rock. Its name is derived from the type locality in Essex County, Massachusetts, in the United States.

Modern petrology identifies rocks according to mineralogical criteria. Utilising the IUGS QAPF diagram of Streckeisen (1974) "essexite" is more formally known as nepheline monzodiorite or nepheline monzogabbro depending on the ratio of orthoclase to plagioclase and the abundance of nepheline.

Petrology
In order to produce a magma composition suitable for forming essexite the partial melting of the source rocks must be restricted, generally to less than 10% partial melting. This favors producing a melt rich in large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) such as K, Ba, Rb, Cs, Sr.

The source melts of essexites contain more aluminium and alkali ions than available silica tetrahedra, which is why essexites crystallise nepheline instead of plagioclase. Higher than normal potassium favors the production of orthoclase, which is usually absent from most mafic igneous rocks.

Mineralogy
Essexite can be considered as an alkali gabbro or monzodiorite primarily composed of nepheline, plagioclase, with lesser amounts of alkali feldspar, with mafic minerals composed of any of the following; titanium augite (pyroxene), hornblende and biotite.

Trace mineralogy may include magnetite, ilmenite and accessory olivine (<5%).

Essexite grades into a nepheline monzogabbro with a decrease in potassium feldspar and an increase in the feldspathoid minerals.

Geochemistry
Essexite is an alkaline igneous rock equivalent to an alkaline basalt. The presence of nepheline, a feldspathoid mineral, indicates that essexites are silica undersaturated. The presence of orthoclase indicates that it contains sufficient potassium to favor production of orthoclase over microcline or potassic oligoclase.

Essexites are generally rich in aluminium, alkalis (sodium and calcium), potassium (>3% K2O), LILE-enriched (strontium, caesium and barium), as compared to tholeiitic basalts and gabbros.

References

External links
 Russian alkaline igneous rock occurrences

Plutonic rocks
Igneous petrology

Essexite


Ľudovít Rajter (; 30 July 1906 in Bazin, Kingdom of Hungary – 6 July 2000 in Bratislava, Slovakia) was a Hungarian composer and conductor from Slovakia. The Rajter family immigrated to Hungary from South Germany, but were of Dutch origin.

Life
Rajter's evangelical family had German-Hungarian roots. His father worked as a teacher, cantor, and choral conductor in the service of the Evangelical Church A.B. Rajter's family came from southern Germany and came to Hungary in the time of Maria Theresa (c. 1740). In that time the family name was still "Raiter" or "Rayter". Rajter's family spoke three languages: Hungarian, German, and Slovak, and Rajter kept this habit to the end of his life.

Professional background
He received his first musical training from his father Lajos Rajter Sr (1880–1945), then (from 1920) in the music school in Bratislava (with Alexander Albrecht). After completion of this school and after graduation at the Protestant Lycée A.B. In 1924 he enrolled at the Academy of Music and Performing Arts in Vienna. He was taught by the composer Franz Schmidt and Joseph Marx (composition), Clemens Krauss (conductor) and Alexander Wunderer (orchestral conductor). At that time Rajter was also assistant to Clemens Krauss (until 1933).

Hungary
After the Viennese studies he changed to the Liszt Ferenc Zeneművészeti Főiskola in 1929, where he became a student of Ernst von Dohnányi. In 1935 he became the first conductor of the Hungarian Radio Orchestra in Budapest. He continued this activity until 1945. He also worked as a professor at the Academy of Music in Budapest. During this time, Rajter received numerous invitations from major foreign orchestras; Numerous works by Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály were premiered under his conductor's staff.

Post-war years

In 1946, Rajter returned to Czechoslovakia and worked until 1949 as chief of the Czechoslovak Radio Orchestra in Bratislava. In 1949, together with Václav Talich, he became the founder of the Slovak Philharmonic whose first conductor he later became. In the Stalinist period (beginning of the 1950s), Rajter did not appear to be sufficiently "politically reliable" to the Communist rulers of the time, so he was prohibited from conducting and was banned as an "archivist" in the Philharmonic Archives Which had been home to him since the founding of the orchestra in the Redsburg press in Prussia [4]. It was not until 1953 (after Stalin's death) that he was appointed the head of the Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra until 1961. But even later he never belonged to the "beneficiaries" of the then-popular Czechoslovakia. Ladislav Slovák, the Shostakovich admirer, was given the position of the chief dignitary at that time.

In 1966, Rajter conducted the Masterclass for Conductors at the Mozarteum in Salzburg during the Summer Academy.

In 1968 he returned to the radio orchestra of the Czechoslovak Radio, where he worked until his retirement in 1976 as chief conductor.

Rajter was a European, a body and soul, already at a time when this word was not yet modern. His overall appearance, his high slender figure were always impressive for the audience. He mastered and directed many works of the music world literature by heart. For example, all the symphonies of Ludwig van Beethoven, as well as a part of the works of Mozart and Joseph Haydn.

Since the founding of the Academy of Performing Arts in Bratislava in 1949, he also worked as a teacher at this institution until 1976. After his rehabilitation in 1991 he was awarded the title of professor of this institution.

Rajter, however, also led a lively musical life with numerous concert performances. In the 1980s he was considered the oldest active conductor in the world. Despite his high age, he also received numerous invitations from many important foreign orchestras during this time. The symphonic orchestra of Steinamanger appointed him in 1991 as the honorary member of the orchestra for lifetime.

Death
Rajter died on 6 July 2000 in Bratislava. His mortal remains were transferred to his native town of Pezinok, where he was buried.

The composer
As a composer, Rajter developed his own style. His work has its roots in the Viennese and Budapest composition school. (Franz Schmidt, Ernst von Dohnányi, Béla Bártók, Alexander Albrecht). Numerous online recordings of his own work, as well as works by other composers who have performed under his baton, are available on YouTube and are also available on Spotify.

Albums
 Dvorak: Symphony No. 2 / Legends Op. 59, Nos. 6–10
 Down The River Hah & Dances From The Hron Region
 Symphonies nos. 1 & 2
 Zemlinsky: Symphony No. 1 / Das Gläserne Herz
 Copland: Appalachian Spring; Rodeo; Billy the Kid; Fanfare for the Common Man (Czecho-Slovak Radio Symphony Orchestra (Bratislava), conductor: Stephen Gunzenhauser
 The Fantastic Symphony (Episode from an Artist's Life), op. 14 / The Roman Carnival, op. 9
 Symphonies nos. 3 & 4 / Piano Concerto no. 1 / Alto Rhapsody

Awards
 1936: Dr.h.c. New York College of Music
 1994: Bártók-Pásztory Award (Bártók-Pásztory-Díj)
 1997: Honorary Cross for Science and Art of the Republic of Austria, 1st Class
 2000: honorary member of the Hungarian Academy of Arts
 2007: Pribina Cross of the first class / in memoriam (Pribinov kríž 1. triedy)
 2017: Ján Cikker Price in memoriam (cena Jána Cikkera)

External links
 Prof. Dr. h. c. Ľudovít Rajter (online, slowakisch)
 Biography, list of works, bibliography, etc
 Új szó, Bratislava vom 29. Juli 2006 (Ungarisch)
 Legendárny dirigent očami syna Adriana: Slávu sme neriešili – Aktuality.sk (Slowakisch), ["Ein legendärer Dirigent mit den Augen seines Sohnes Adrian gesehen"] Interview mit Sohn Adrian Rajter vom 1. August 2010 (www.aktuality.sk)
 Mesto Pezinok | Ľudovít Rajter (www.pezinok.sk) (Slowakisch)
 Ľudovít Rajter: Symphonische Werke (CD) – jpc (in https://www.jpc.de)/

1906 births
2000 deaths
People from Pezinok
Slovak composers
Male composers
Hungarian composers
Hungarian male composers
Slovak conductors (music)
Hungarian male conductors (music)
University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna alumni
20th-century composers
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century Hungarian male musicians
Slovak male musicians

Ľudovít Rajter


Thomas Nicholas Burke (8 September 1830 in Galway – 2 July 1883 in Tallaght, Ireland) was an Irish Dominican preacher. There is a statue of Thomas Burke by John Francis Kavanagh at Claddagh Quay in Galway.

Life
His parents, though in moderate circumstances, gave him a good education. He studied at first under the care of the Patrician Brothers, and was afterwards sent to a private school. An attack of typhoid fever when he was fourteen years old, and the famine year of 1847 had a sobering effect. Toward the end of that year he asked to be received into the Order of Preachers, and was sent to Perugia in Italy, to make his novitiate. On 29 December, he was clothed there in the habit of St. Dominic and received the name of Thomas.

Shortly afterward he was sent to Rome to begin his studies College of St. Thomas in Rome, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum.
Burke was a student of philosophy and theology at the College of St. Thomas in 1848. He passed thence to the Roman convent of Santa Sabina. His superiors sent him, while yet a student, as novice-master to Woodchester, the novitiate of the resuscitated English Province.
He was ordained priest 26 March 1853.
On 3 August 1854, defended publicly the theses in universâ theologiâ. Burke was made lector at the College of St. Thomas in 1854.

Early in the following year Father Burke was recalled to Ireland to found the novitiate of the Irish Province at Tallaght, near Dublin (St. Mary's Priory). In 1859 he preached his first notable sermon on "Church Music"; it immediately lifted him into fame.

Elected Prior of Tallaght in 1863, he went to Rome the following year as Rector of the Dominican Convent of San Clemente, and attracted great attention by his preaching. He returned to Ireland in 1867, and delivered his oration on Daniel O'Connell at Glasnevin before fifty thousand people. In Dublin he was assigned to St Saviour's Priory.

Bishop Leahy took him as his theologian to the First Vatican Council in 1870, and the following year he was sent as Visitor to the Dominican convents in America. He was besieged with invitations to preach and lecture. The seats were filled hours before he appeared, and his audiences overflowed the churches and halls in which he lectured. In New York, he delivered the discourses in refutation of the English historian James Froude.

In eighteen months he gave four hundred lectures, exclusive of sermons, the proceeds amounting to nearly $400,000. His mission was a triumph, but the triumph was dearly won, and when he arrived in Ireland on 7 March 1873, he was spent and broken.

During the next decade he preached in Ireland, England, and Scotland.
He began the erection of the church in Tallaght in 1883, and the following May preached a series of sermons in the new Dominican church, London.
In June he returned to Tallaght in a dying condition, and preached his last sermon in the Jesuit church, Dublin, in aid of the starving children of Donegal.
A few days afterwards he died.
He is buried in the church of Tallaght, now a memorial to him.

Works
Many of his lectures and sermons were collected and published in various editions in New York, as were also the four lectures in reply to Froude (1872) the latter with the title "The Case of Ireland Stated".
 The Sermons, Lectures, and Addresses (1872)
 English Misrule in Ireland (1873)
 Ireland's Case Stated: In Reply to Mr. Froude (1873)

See also
 Dominicans in Ireland

Notes

Attribution
; The entry cites:
FitzPatrick, Life of Fr. Tom Burke (London, 1885);
Inner Life of Fr. Burke, by a Friar Preacher, and Father Burke, in the Publications of the English and Irish Catholic Truth Societies.

References

External links

1830 births
1882 deaths
Irish Dominicans
19th-century Irish Roman Catholic priests

Thomas Nicholas Burke


Events from the year 1587 in art.

Events
 Statue of Trajan is replaced, by order of Pope Sixtus V, with the statue of Saint Peter on the Column of Trajan.

Paintings

Matteo Perez d'Aleccio - Saint Christopher (Church of San Miguel, Seville)
Francken – Jesus among the Doctors

Births
April 26 (baptized) - Abraham van der Haagen, Dutch painter (died 1639)
May - Esaias van de Velde, Dutch landscape painter (died 1630)
December 8 (bapt.) - Martin Ryckaert, Flemish landscape painter (died 1631)
date unknown
Francesco Allegrini da Gubbio, Italian painter of the Baroque period (died 1663)
Matteo Ingoli, Italian painter of the early-Baroque period (died 1631)
Claes Jansz. Visscher, Dutch genre painter (died 1652)
probable
George Jamesone, Scottish portrait painter (died 1644)
Filippo Napoletano, Italian artist of diverse paintings of exotic soldiers, skeletons of animals, or cityscapes (died 1629
Bartolomé Román, Spanish Baroque painter known for his series of archangels (died 1647)
Giovanni Battista Vanni, Italian painter and engraver (died 1660)

Deaths
May 3 - Lelio Orsi, Italian Renaissance painter of the Reggio Emilia school (born 1511)
September 25 - Giovanni Battista Fontana, Italian painter and engraver (born 1524)
date unknown
Giovanni Anastasi, Italian painter (born 1540)
Lazzaro Calvi, Italian painter who frequently collaborated with his brother (born 1512)
Antonio Campi, Italian painter (born 1522)
Annibale Fontana, Italian sculptor and medallist (born 1540)
Giovanni Battista della Marca, Italian painter (born 1532)
Plautilla Nelli, Italian painter (born 1523)
Juan Valverde de Amusco, Italian anatomist and engraver (born 1525)
probable - Caterina van Hemessen, Flemish Renaissance  painter (b. 1528)

References

Years of the 16th century in art

1587 in art


In philosophy and artificial intelligence (especially, knowledge based systems), the ramification problem is concerned with the indirect consequences of an action. It might also be posed as how to represent what happens implicitly due to an action or how to control the secondary and tertiary effects of an action. It is strongly connected to, and is opposite the qualification side of, the frame problem.

Limit theory helps in operational usage. For instance, in KBE derivation of a populated design (geometrical objects, etc., similar concerns apply in shape theory), equivalence assumptions allow convergence where potentially large, and perhaps even computationally indeterminate, solution sets are handled deftly. Yet, in a chain of computation, downstream events may very well find some types of results from earlier resolutions of ramification as problematic for their own algorithms.

See also
Non-monotonic logic
Ramification (mathematics)

External links
Nikos Papadakis "Actions with Duration and Constraints: the Ramification Problem in Temporal Databases" IEEE ICTAI'02
Deepak Kumar "Planning" Bryn Mawr College

Logic programming
Knowledge representation
Concepts in epistemology

Ramification problem


is a ceety locatit in wastren Shizuoka Prefectur, Japan.  On 1 Julie 2005, the ceety mergit wi 11 surroondin ceeties an touns. It became a ceety designatit bi govrenment ordinance on 1 Aprile 2007.

History
The aurie nou comprisin Hamamatsu haes been settled syne prehistoric times, wi numerous remains frae the Jomon period an Kofun period haein been discovered athin the present ceety leemits, includin the Akamonue Kofun in wha is nou present-day Hamakita-ku In the Nara period, it became the caipital o Tōtōmi Province. Durin the Sengoku period, Hamamatsu Castle wis the hame o futur Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu. Hamamatsu flourished durin the Edo period unner a succession o daimyo rulers as a castle toun, an as a post toun on the Tōkaidō. Efter the Meiji Restoration, Hamamatsu became a short-livit prefectur frae 1871–1876, efter which it wis unitit wi Shizuoka Prefecture. The Tōkaidō Main Line railwey opened Hamamatsu Station in 1889. The same year, in a cadastal reform o Japan, Hamamatsu became a toun.

 1 Julie 1911 - Hamamatsu is upgradit frae a toun tae a ceety.
 1918 - Rice Riots o 1918 affect Hamamatsu
 1921 - The veelage o Tenjinchō merges wi Hamamatsu
 1926 - Imperial Japanese Airmy Hamamatsu Air Base opens
 1933 - Imperial Japanese Airmy Flicht Schuil opens.
 1936 - The veelages o Hikuma an Fujizuka merge wi Hamamatsu
 7 December 1944 - Tonankai Yirdquauk causes hintle damage
 Juin 1945 - Hamamatsu lairgely destroyed bi US air raids
 1948 - Hamamatsu Incident, ethnic riotin Zainichi Korean residents.
 1951 - The veelages o Aratsu, Goto, Kawarin merge wi Hamamatsu
 1954 - Aicht veelages in Hamana Destrict merge wi Hamamatsu
 1955 - The veelage o Miyakoda merges wi Hamamatsu
 1957 - The veelage o Irino merges wi Hamamatsu
 1960 - The veelage o Seto merges wi Hamamatsu
 1961 - The veelage o Shinohara merges wi Hamamatsu
 1965 - The veelage o Shonai merges wi Hamamatsu
 Mey 1, 1990 - Hamamatsu Arena opened.
 1 Januar 1991- The veelage o Kami in Hamana Destrict merges wi Hamamatsu.
 1 Aprile 1991- The first Hamamatsu International Piano Competition wis held.
 1 Mey 1994 - Act Ceety Hamamatsu opened.
 1 October 1995 - Hamamatsu Museum o Muisical Instruments opened.
 1 Aprile 1996 - Hamamatsu is designatit a core ceety bi the central govrenment.
 1 Juin 1996 - Hamamatsu Ceety Fruit Pairk opened.
 1 Januar 1997 - Stairtit separatit collection o garbage in residential auries.
 1 Aprile 1997 - Hamamatsu is designatit as an Omnibus Toun.
 1 Aprile 1998 - Act Ceety Muisical Schuil opened.
 3 Aprile 2000 - Shizuoka University o Airt an Cultur opened.
 1 Julie 2001 - Commemoratit the ceety's 90t anniversary.
 1 August 2002 - Launched the conference on Pan-Hamanako Designated Ceety Simulation.
 1 Aprile 2003 - Shizuoka New Kawafuji Naitional High School Competition wis held.
 1 Juin 2003 - Launched Tenryūgawa-Hamanako Region Merger Conference.
 8 Aprile - 11 October 2004 - Pacific Flora 2004 (Shizuoka International Garden an Horticultur Exhibition) wis held at Hamanako Garden Pairk.
 1 Julie 2005 - Hamamatsu mergit wi Hamakita an Tenryū; Inasa, Hosoe, an Mikkabi in Inasa Destrict (resultin in the destrict's dissolution); Yūtō an Maisaka in Hamana Destrict; Sakuma, Misakubo, an Tatsuyama in Iwata Destrict (dissolvit as a result an aw); an Haruno in Shūchi Destrict.
 1 Aprile 2007 - Hamamatsu became a ceety designatit bi govrenment ordinance bi the central govrenment.

Geography

Hamamatsu consists o a flat plain an the Mikatahara Plateau in the sooth, an a muntainous aurie in the north. It is roughly bordered bi Lake Hamana tae the wast, the Tenryū River tae the east, an the Paceefic Ocean tae the sooth. The climate in soothren Hamamatsu is mild wi little snaw faw in the winter; housomeivver, it is windy in winter acause o the dry monsoon cried Enshū no Karakaze, which is unique tae the region. The climate in northren Hamamatsu is hintle hairsker acause o foehn winds. In simmers, the heichest temperatur aften exceeds 35 degrees in the Tenryu-ku aurie, while it snaws in winter.

Wairds
Hamamatsu is admeenistratively dividit intae seiven wairds:

 Hamakita-ku (浜北区)
 Higashi-ku (東区)
 Kita-ku (北区)
 Minami-ku (南区)
 Naka-ku (中区) - admeenistrative center
 Nishi-ku (西区)
 Tenryū-ku (天竜区)

Tourism
 Act City Tower Observatory - Hamamatsu's anly skyscraper, situated next tae JR Hamamatsu Station, is a seembol o the city. It wis designed tae resemble a harmonica, a reminder that Hamamatsu is whiles kent as the "City of Music".  The building houses shopping an a fuid court, the Okura Hotel, an an observatory on the 45th floor overlooking aw o central Hamamatsu, even doun tae the saund dunes at the shore.
 Chopin Monument This is a 1:1-scale replica o the famous Art Nouveau bronze statue o Chopin bi the famed airtist Wacław Szymanowski. The oreeginal is in Hamamatsu's sister city, Warsaw.
 Hamamatsu Castle - Hamamatsu Castle Pairk stretches frae the modren city hall building tae the north. The castle is locatit on a hill in the southeast corner o the pairk, near city hall. It wis biggit bi Tokugawa Ieyasu. His rule marks the beginnin o the Edo Period. Tokugawa Ieyasu lived here frae 1571 tae 1588.  Thare is a smaw museum inside, which houses some airmour an ither relics o the period, as well as a miniature model o how the city might hae looked 400 years ago. North o the castle is a lairge pairk wi a Japanese garden, a koi pond, a ceremonial teahouse, an some commons auries.
 Nakatajima Sand Dunes - ane o the 3 lairgest saund dune auries in Japan
 Hamamatsu Flower Pairk
 Hamamatsu Fruit Pairk
 Hamamatsu Municipal Zoo

Industry

Hamamatsu haes been famous as an industrial ceety, especially for muisical instruments an motorcycles. It haes been kent for fabric industry an aw, but maist o those companies an factories went oot o business in the 1990s. O the 274,700 Japanese Brazilians wirkin in Japan, currently 19,000 wirk in Hamamatsu.

Companies headquartered in Hamamatsu
 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.
 Kawai Muisical Instruments Mfg.
 Roland Corporation
 Suzuki
 Tōkai Gakki (kent as Tokai Guitars Company Ltd. an aw)
 Yamaha Corporation

Companies foondit in Hamamatsu
 Honda

Transportation

Railways
Hamamatsu is a station on the Tōkaidō Shinkansen an Tōkaidō Main Line. This station is servit bi a sma selection o Hikari services an aw passin Kodama services. Hamamatsu is approximately haufwey alang the Tōkaidō line, as the journey time tae baith Tokyo an Shin-Osaka is approximately ane an hauf oors wi Hikari, an twa oors wi Kodama.

Tōkaidō Main Line stops at the follaein stations:
 Bentenjima Station
 Maisaka Station
 Takatsuka Station
 Hamamatsu Station
 Tenryūgawa Station

Iida Line stops at several stations in Sakuma aurie.

Enshu Railway Line, kent as Akaden (the reid train) an aw, is a local line runnin north frae Shin-Hamamatsu Station throu Nishikajima Station.

Tenryū Hamanako Line stops at several stations in Kita-ku, Hamakita-ku, an Tenryū-ku.

Roads
 Expressways
 Tōmei Expressway (Hamamatsu I.C., Hamamatsu Nishi I.C., an Mikkabi I.C.)
 Second Tomei Expressway (unner construction)
 Sanen Nanshin Highway (unner construction)
 Bypasses
 Hamamatsu Bypass
 Hamana Bypass
 Naitional Heich-gates
 Route 1
 Route 42
 Route 150
 Route 152
 Route 257
 Route 301
 Route 362

Airport
Thare are nae civilian airports in Hamamatsu. Shizuoka Airport() is the closest, locatit  frae Hamamatsu station atween Makinohara an Shimada

Chūbu Centrair International Airport in Aichi Prefectur, locatit aboot  wast o the ceety, is the seicont closest.

Festivals

Akiha Fire Festival
Ever syne lang ago, Moont Akiha wis believed tae hae supernatural powers tae prevent fires. Bow an arrow, swuird, an fire dances are performed at the Akiha Shrine. At the Akiha Temple, a firewalking ceremony is performed whaur baith believers an spectators celebrate the festival. (Haruno, Tenryu-ku — December)

Enshu Dainenbutsu
When a faimily commemorates the first Obon holidays efter the daith o a loved ane, thay mey request that a dainenbutsu (Buddhist chanting ritual) be performed ootside thair hoose. This is ane o the local performing airts o the region. The group always forms a procession in front o the hoose led bi a person carrying a lantern an marches tae the sound o flutes, Japanese drums an cymbals. (Saigagake Museum, Hamamatsu City — Julie 15)

Hamamatsu Festival
Hamamatsu Festival, held frae Mey 3 throu Mey 5 each year, is weel kent for Takoage Gassen, or the kite fecht, an luxuriously decorated palace-lik floats. The festival originated aboot 430 years ago, when the lord o Hamamatsu Castle celebrated the birth o his first son bi fleein kites. In the Meiji Era, the celebration o the birth o a first son bi fleein Hatsu Dako, or the first kite, became popular, an this tradeetion haes survived in the form o Hamamatsu Festival. It is extremely exciting tae see ower 160 lairge kites fleein in the sky tae the sound o trumpets. Those who veesit Hamamatsu at this time o the year can experience the city at its maist exciting time.

During the nights o Hamamatsu Festival, fowk parade downtown carrying ower 70 yatai, or palace-lake floats, that are beautifully decorated while playin Japanese traditional festival muisic. The festival reaches its peak when groups o fowk compete bi violently marching across toun. (Naka-ku, Minami-ku — Mey)

Hamakita Hiryu Festival
This festival is held in honour o Ryujin, the god o the Tenryu River, an features a wide variety o events sic as the Hamakita takoage (kite fleein) event an the Hiryu himatsuri (fleein draigon fire festival) which celebrates watter, sound, an flame. (Hamakita-ku — Juin)

Hamamatsu International Piano Competition
This festival celebrates Hamamatsu's history as a city o muisical instruments an muisic, an brings dozens o the best young pianists frae aw ower the warld. It haes been held triennially syne 1991 at the Act City Concert Hall an Main Hall. (November)

Hamakita Manyo Festival
This event takes place in Manyo-no-Mori Pairk tae commemorate the Manyo Period an introduce its cultur. As pairt o the festival, fowk reenact the auncient past bi wearing traditional claes frae the Heian period an presenting Japanese poetry readings.
(Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu — October)

Inasa Puppet Festival
Ane o the few puppet festivals held in Japan, featurin 60 performances o aboot 30 plays bi puppet masters frae aw ower the kintra. The shows provide a full day o enjoyment for baith childer an adults. (Inasa, Kita-ku — November)

Princess Road Festival
This reenactment o a procession made bi the princess in her palanquin alang wi her entourage o ower 100 fowk includin maids, samurai, an servants maks for a splendid scene beneath the cherry blossoms alang the Toda River. In the Edo period, princesses enjoyed travelin this road which came tae be kent as a hime kaidō (princess road).
(Hosoe, Kita-ku — Aprile)

Shoryu Weeping Ume Blossom Festival
In Ryusui Garden thare is a stream wi seiven sma waterfaws an aboot 80 weepin ume trees pruned tae gie the appearance o draigons ridin on clouds tae the heavens. Thare are 200 young trees planted alang the muntainside an aw. (Inasa, Kita-ku — late Februar tae late Mairch)

Notable fowk

Michio Suzuki (1887–1982)
Soichiro Honda
Torakusu Yamaha
Kenjiro Takayanagi
Koichi Kawai
Koji Suzuki
Hiromi Uehara
Yuri Chinen

Radio stations
 FM Haro! (JOZZ6AB FM, 76.1 MHz)
 K-MIX (JOKU FM, 78.4 MHz)
 NHK FM (JOPK FM, 82.1 MHz)
 Radio Phoenix (internet)

Colleges an universities
 Hamamatsu Gakuin University
 Hamamatsu University
 Hamamatsu University Schuil o Medicine
 Seirei Christopher University
 Shizuoka University (Faculty o Ingineerin an Faculty o Information)
 Shizuoka University o Airt an Cultur

Sports teams

Fitbaa
The closest thing tae a tap diveesion club Hamamatsu haes is Honda F.C., which play Japan Football League (third diveesion) gemmes at thair awn Miyakoda Soccer Stadium. Honda competit in the Japan Soccer League's First Diveesion frae 1981 tae 1991, but chose tae relegate itsel an no compete in the profeesional diveesions due tae parent company Honda's choice tae retain team awnership. Maist Hamamatsu fitbaa fans prefer tae follae Júbilo Iwata, athort the Tenryu River in Iwata. Júbilo maintains a club shop athin Hamamatsu.

Volare FC Hamamatsu, an autonomous club who competit in the Tokai Regional Football League Diveesion 2 in 2011, floutit plans tae aither owertake Honda FC or merge wi it, but it feenished last in the Tokai League an wis relegatit. Hamamatsu University keeps a team in the said diveesion an aw, but college teams canna be promotit tae the tap three tiers.

Internaitional relations
Hamamatsu haes ratifeed Muisic Cultur Exchange Treaty wi the follaein ceeties (housomeivver, o the follaein Rochester is the anerlie offeecial sister ceety):
  Rochester, New York, Unitit States (syne 1 October 1996)

Twin touns an sister ceeties
Hamamatsu is twinned wi:
  Warsaw, Poland (syne 1 Februar 1990)
  Rochester, New York, Unitit States (syne October, 2006)
  Camas, Washington, Unitit States (syne September, 1981)
  Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
  Chehalis, Washington, Unitit States (syne October, 1998)
  Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
  Porterville, Californie, Unitit States (syne October, 1981)

References

Freemit airtins

 Ceety's offeecial wabsteid

Ceeties in Shizuoka Prefectur
Populatit coastal places in Japan

Hamamatsu