Carlos Rico Walker (March 22, 1976 – September 21, 2016), better known as Shawty Lo, was an American rapper from Atlanta, Georgia.

He initially came to prominence as a founding member of the Southern hip hop group D4L, and in 2000 founded D4L Records. The group reached national status in 2006 when their single "Laffy Taffy" topped the Billboard Hot 100 and went on to be certified platinum twice by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

In 2007, Walker began pursuing a solo career with his debut single "Dey Know", which was included on his solo debut album Units in the City, released in February 2008.

On September 21, 2016, Walker died in a car crash. His second studio album, R.I.C.O., was released posthumously in March 2017.

Music career

2000–06: Career beginnings with D4L

In 2003, Shawty Lo formed the Southern hip hop group D4L, with fellow Atlanta-based rappers Fabo, Mook-B and Stoney. Shawty Lo subsequently launched his indie record label D4L Records. Shawty Lo self-funded the group in its early days. He explained that the group's name stands for "Down for Life". The group signed to the indie label Dee Money Entertainment, which released the group's debut in conjunction with Asylum Records.

D4L's debut album, titled Down for Life, was executive produced by Shawty Lo and eventually certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The album had spawned the hit singles "Betcha Can't Do It Like Me" and "Laffy Taffy". The latter of which attributed much to the group's success, as it broke records as the most downloaded song in the history of music according to the 2007 Guinness Book of the World Records. It was also a multi-platinum ring tone and scored a ASCAP award.

The group debuted with "Betcha Can't Do It Like Me", which Billboard claimed to have popularized snap music. In January 2006, D4L's single "Laffy Taffy", reached the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart. As was another Atlanta-based hip hop group Dem Franchize Boyz, D4L was part of the snap music trend in 2006, which continued when Mississippi-based rapper Soulja Boy Tell 'Em, came out with the number one hit single "Crank That (Soulja Boy)", in 2007.

2007–08: Solo career and debut album

On December 4, 2007, Shawty Lo released "Dey Know", his solo commercial debut single. The single charted in the Top 40 of the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. On February 26, 2008, his solo debut studio album Units in the City, was released. The album features guest appearances from Shawty Lo's D4L cohorts, as well as Gucci Mane, among others. Units in the City peaked at number 14 on the US Billboard 200 chart and at number two on the Top Rap Albums chart, selling over 160,000 copies to date. The album spawned two other singles, "Dunn Dunn" and the remix to "Foolish". Shawty Lo also released a music video for the album cut, "Got Em 4 da LO". The songs "Dey Know" and "Foolish", were both officially remixed, featuring new verses from several high-profile artists. These include Ludacris, Young Jeezy, Plies, Lil' Wayne, DJ Khaled, Birdman, Rick Ross and Jim Jones. The "Foolish" music video also included cameo appearances from Pitbull, Jadakiss and Ace Hood.

2008–2016: Mixtape circuit
In late 2008 Shawty Lo started working on a new album entitled Carlos; artists that were to be featured on the album included Rick Ross, T-Pain, Lil' Kim, Bun B, Nate Butler, Lyfe Jennings, Mýa, T.I., Lil Wayne, and Gucci Mane. On December 8, 2008 Shawty Lo released a song from the album entitled "Supplier"; it featured vocals from Trey Songz and Lil Wayne.

On March 9, 2009, Shawty Lo released a song titled "Roll the Dice"; the song is known for marking the end of the feud between him and fellow Atlanta-based rapper T.I. On March 23, 2009, Shawty Lo announced that he had changed his second album's title from Carlos to I Am Carlos and its release date would be June 3, 2009. On April 27, 2010 Shawty Lo would release a new single, titled "Atlanta, GA", which featured vocals from Gucci Mane, Ludacris and The-Dream.

On June 10, 2011, during an interview, it was confirmed by both Shawty Lo and AllHipHop that he had signed a new label deal with G-Unit Records, after it was reported they were in talks. Shawty Lo said, "My new situation with G-Unit was just solidified and I got off the phone with 50 yesterday, I just signed a really large deal, as well as, It's like a new beginning and all I needed was someone behind me. 50 Cent is a marketing genius and I got my new thing D4L and G-Unit and we going to be working the south and the rest of the world if need be." It was later clarified by Shawty Lo that he had not signed as an artist but instead he had signed his label D4L Records to G-Unit South a subsidiary record label of G-Unit Records. On July 27, 2011, Shawty Lo would announce that he had changed his second album's title from I Am Carlos to Still Got Units.

On June 10, 2014, it was announced that Shawty Lo was working and prepping the release of his new mixtape entitled King of Bankhead, which was released on February 3, 2015.

D4L Records

D4L Records, is an Atlanta, Georgia-based record label founded in 2003, by Carlos "Shawty Lo" Walker. On June 22, 2011 it was announced that Shawty Lo had signed the label to a distribution deal with 50 Cent's subsidiary label G-Unit South, for a worth of over $10 million. On January 15, 2015, during an interview, Shawty Lo would announce that he had signed the label to a new label deal with Grown Money Entertainment.

Controversies

Feud with T.I.
In 2008, Shawty Lo was involved in a highly publicized feud with another Atlanta rapper, T.I. The feud was characterized by Shawty Lo's track "Dunn Dunn", and T.I.'s reply "What Up, What's Haapnin". The song "Dunn Dunn" appears to question T.I.'s roots in Bankhead, Atlanta. The music video for "What Up, What's Haapnin" was shot in Bowen Homes, Shawty Lo's neighborhood. In an interview, T.I. insisted that his song "No Matter What" was only partially aimed at Shawty Lo. The feud reached its climax at the November 2008 Dirty Awards, where the entourages of both artists clashed during the ceremony, forcing it to be shut down. Two incidents forced police to use pepper-spray and evacuate the audience. The feud was publicly ended on March 7, 2009, when Shawty Lo and T.I. appeared on-stage together at Club Crucial in Bankhead, for T.I.'s farewell concert. After this performance, T.I. gave an interview to MTV, in which he stated that the feud with Shawty Lo was exaggerated by the media, and was not a 'beef'. Shawty Lo also made a song titled "Roll the Dice", which samples Coldplay's popular 2008 single "Viva la Vida". "Roll the Dice" marked the end of the feud between Shawty Lo and T.I.

All My Babies' Mamas

His TV series, All My Babies' Mamas was set to air later in 2013 on the Oxygen channel. On January 15, 2013, Oxygen Media cancelled the show, stating in a press release that "as part of our development process, we have reviewed casting and decided not to move forward with the special." However, on February 26, 2013, Shawty Lo announced that there were other television networks that were interested in the reality show.

Personal life
By the age of 17, Walker had fathered his first child. On June 16, 2011, Walker announced that he had diabetes. Walker had a total of 11 children: nine daughters and two sons from 10 women.

Death and funeral
On September 21, 2016, Walker was killed in a single-vehicle accident in Fulton County, Georgia. The crash happened around 2:20 a.m. when Walker's Audi A7 went over a guardrail, hit two trees, and caught on fire; he was ejected from the vehicle and pronounced dead at the scene. Two female passengers in the vehicle experienced non-life-threatening injuries.

Shawty Lo's funeral was held on October 1, 2016 at Jackson Memorial Baptist Church in Atlanta.  Following the service, the funeral procession proceeded to The Blue Flame Lounge, one of the rapper's favorite strip clubs, where a large group of patrons and mourners honored his casket with a moment of silence "filled with just the glow of the candles, and the lights from the strip club".  Shawty Lo was buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Gardens in College Park, Georgia.  Artists who paid tribute to Shawty Lo after his death include Gucci Mane, Lil Marlo, Beyoncé, Leslie Pace Vince Staples, Future, Kendrick Lamar, Lil' Kim, 50 Cent, T.I., Dej Loaf, Joe Budden, DJ Drama, DJ Khaled, Jon Connor, Young Thug, Soulja Boy, Mack Maine, Tony Yayo, Young Scooter, Rick Ross, Raekwon, Kid Ink, CeeLo Green, Pastor Troy, ILoveMakonnen, Mistah F.A.B., Lil Durk, Latto, Jermaine Dupri and Girl Talk.

Discography

 Units in the City (2008)
 Rico (2017)

Awards and nominations
BET Hip Hop Awards
2008, Rookie of the Year [Won]
2008, Track of the Year, "Dey Know" [Won]
Ozone Awards
2008, Best Rap Album, Units in the City [Nominated]
2008, Breakthrough Artist [Won]
2008, Club Banger of the Year, "Dey Know" [Nominated]
2008, Best Mixtape/Street Album, "I'm Da Man 2" with DJ Scream [Nominated]

References

External links

1976 births
2016 deaths
21st-century American businesspeople
21st-century American rappers
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
American businesspeople convicted of crimes
American drug traffickers
American music industry executives
American people convicted of assault
American people convicted of drug offenses
Businesspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
G-Unit Records artists
Prisoners and detainees of Georgia (U.S. state)
Rappers from Atlanta
Road incident deaths in Georgia (U.S. state)
Southern hip hop musicians
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century African-American musicians
20th-century African-American businesspeople

Shawty Lo


The Black Hills is an isolated mountain range rising from the Great Plains of North America in western South Dakota and extending into Wyoming, United States. Black Elk Peak, which rises to , is the range's highest summit. The Black Hills encompass the Black Hills National Forest. The name of the hills in Lakota is . The Black Hills are considered a holy site. The hills are so called because of their dark appearance from a distance, as they are covered in evergreen trees.

Native Americans have a long history in the Black Hills and consider it a sacred site. After conquering the Cheyenne in 1776, the Lakota took the territory of the Black Hills, which became central to their culture. In 1868, the U.S. government signed the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, establishing the Great Sioux Reservation west of the Missouri River, and exempting the Black Hills from all white settlement forever. However, when settlers discovered gold there in 1874, as a result of George Armstrong Custer's Black Hills Expedition, miners swept into the area in a gold rush. The US government took the Black Hills and forcibly relocated the Lakota, following the Great Sioux War of 1876, to five smaller reservations in western South Dakota, selling off  of their former land. Unlike most of South Dakota, the Black Hills were settled by European Americans primarily from population centers to the west and south of the region, as miners flocked there from earlier gold boom locations in Colorado and Montana.

As the economy of the Black Hills has shifted away from natural resources (mining and timber) since the late 20th century, the hospitality and tourism industries have grown to take its place. Locals tend to divide the Black Hills into two areas: "The Southern Hills" and "The Northern Hills." The Southern Hills is home to Mount Rushmore, Wind Cave National Park, Jewel Cave National Monument, Black Elk Peak (the highest point in the United States east of the Rockies, Custer State Park (the largest state park in South Dakota), the Crazy Horse Memorial, and The Mammoth Site in Hot Springs, the world's largest mammoth research facility.

Attractions in the Northern Hills include Spearfish Canyon, historic Deadwood, and the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally, held each August. The first Rally was held on August 14, 1938, and the 75th Rally in 2015 saw more than one million bikers visit the Black Hills. Devils Tower National Monument, located in the Wyoming Black Hills, is an important nearby attraction and was the United States' first national monument.

History
Although the written history of the region begins with the Sioux domination of the land over the native Arikara tribes, researchers have carbon-dating and stratigraphic records to analyze the early history of the area. Scientists have been able to utilize carbon-dating to evaluate the age of tools found in the area, which indicate a human presence that dates as far back as 11,500 BC with the Clovis culture. Stratigraphic records indicate environmental changes in the land, such as flood and drought patterns. For example, large-scale flooding of the Black Hill basins occurs at a probability rate of 0.01, making such floods occur once in every 100 years. However, during The Medieval Climate Anomaly, or the Medieval Warm Period, flooding increased in the basins. A stratigraphic record of the area shows that during these 400 years, thirteen 100-year floods occurred in four of the region's basins, while the same four basins from the previous 800 years only experienced nine floods.

Early-Modern human activity
The Arikara arrived by AD 1500, followed by the Cheyenne, Crow, Kiowa and Arapaho. The Lakota (also known as Sioux) arrived from Minnesota in the 18th century and drove out the other tribes, who moved west. They claimed the land, which they called  (Black Mountains). The mountains commonly became known as the Black Hills.

François and Louis de La Vérendrye probably traveled near the Black Hills in 1743. Fur trappers and traders had some dealings with the Native Americans.

European Americans increasingly encroached on Lakota territory. In order to secure safe passage of settlers on the Oregon Trail, and to end intertribal warfare, the United States government proposed the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, which established the Great Sioux Reservation west of the Missouri River and acknowledged indigenous control of the Black Hills. The treaty protected the Black Hills "forever" from European-American settlement. Both the Sioux and Cheyenne also claimed rights to the land, saying that their cultures considered it the axis mundi, or sacred center of the world.

Although rumors of gold in the Black Hills had circulated for decades (see Thoen Stone and Pierre-Jean De Smet), confirmation of the deposits came first in 1874, when Brevet Major General George Armstrong Custer of the 7th US Cavalry led an expedition there and discovered gold in French Creek. An official announcement of gold was made by the newspaper reporters accompanying the expedition. The following year, the Newton-Jenney Party conducted the first detailed survey of the Black Hills. The surveyor for the party, Dr. Valentine McGillycuddy, became the first European American to ascend to the top of Black Elk Peak. This highest point in the Black Hills is  above sea level.

During the 1875–1878 gold rush thousands of miners went to the Black Hills; in 1880, the area was the most densely populated part of the Dakota Territory. Three large towns developed in the Northern Hills: Deadwood, Central City, and Lead. Around these clustered groups of smaller gold camps, towns, and villages. Hill City and Custer City sprang up in the Southern Hills. Railroads were quickly constructed to the previously remote area. From 1880 onwards the gold mines yielded about $4,000,000 annually, and the silver mines about $3,000,000 annually.

American conquest of the Black Hills

The conflict over control of the region sparked the Black Hills War (1876), also known as the Great Sioux War, the last major Indian War on the Great Plains. Following the defeat of the Lakota and their Cheyenne and Arapaho allies in 1876, the United States took control of the Black Hills. Despite their forced relocations, the Lakota never accepted the validity of the US appropriation. They have continued to try to reclaim the property, and filed a suit against the federal government.

20th-century land claims

On July 23, 1980, in United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the Black Hills were illegally taken by the federal government and ordered remuneration of the initial offering price plus interest, nearly $106 million. The Lakota refused the settlement, as they wanted the Black Hills returned to them. The money remains in an interest-bearing account, which, as of 2015, amounts to over $1.2 billion, but the Lakota still refuse to take the money. They believe that accepting the settlement would allow the US government to justify taking ownership of the Black Hills.

In 2012, United Nations Special Rapporteur James Anaya conducted a 12-day tour of Native Americans' land to determine how the U.S. is carrying out the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, endorsed in 2010 by the Obama administration. Anaya met with tribes in seven states on reservations and in urban areas as well as with members of the Obama administration and the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs. In an appeal issued August 21, 2012, Anaya brought a sale of over 1,900 acres of land in Black Hills by the Reynolds family to the attention of the U.S. government and asked that it disclose measures taken by federal or state governments to address Sioux concerns over the sale of the land within Reynolds Prairie. These acres consist of five land tracts, including the sacred Pe' Sla site for Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota peoples; natives to the Black Hills fundraised to buy the land during the Reynolds' sale.

On January 15, 2013, the U.S. responded, telling Anaya that it "understands several tribes purchased the Pe' Sla sacred site around November 30, 2012" meaning the Pe' Sla is officially Sioux land. After 2,022 acres of Pe' Sla (Reynolds Prairie) were granted Federal Indian trust status by the Bureau of Indian Affairs in March 2016, the Shakopee Mdewakanton tribe released a statement acknowledging the 2012 land purchase of 1,940 acres of Pe' Sla and also stated that this purchase was the result of a joint effort by the Rosebud, Shakopee Mdewakanton, Crow Creek, and Standing Rock Sioux Tribes. In March 2017, Pennington County agreed to abandon its claim to the Pe' Sla area and recognize its Federal Indian trust status. In 2016, the Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribe of Oklahoma, the Northern Cheyenne Tribe of Montana and the Rosebud Sioux Tribe of South Dakota bought land near the sacred Bear Butte site for $1.1 million. In 2018, the Northern Cheyenne Tribe of Montana and the Arapahoe Tribe of Oklahoma teamed together to purchase land near Bear Butte for $2.3 million.

Geology

The geology of the Black Hills is complex. A Tertiary mountain-building episode is responsible for the uplift and current topography of the Black Hills region. This uplift was marked by volcanic activity in the northern Black Hills. The southern Black Hills are characterized by Precambrian granite, pegmatite, and metamorphic rocks that comprise the core of the entire Black Hills uplift. This core is rimmed by Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks. The stratigraphy of the Black Hills is laid out like a target, as it is an oval dome, with rings of different rock types dipping away from the center.

Precambrian

The 'bull's eye' of this target is called the granite core. The granite of the Black Hills was emplaced by magma generated during the Trans-Hudson orogeny and contains abundant pegmatite. The core of the Black Hills has been dated to 1.8 billion years. Other localized deposits have been dated to around 2.2 to 2.8 billion years. One of these is located in the northern hills. It is called French Creek Granite although it has been metamorphosed into gneiss. The other is called the Bear Mountain complex, and it is located in the west-central part of the hills.

"Making a concentric ring around the core is the metamorphic zone. The rocks in this ring are all very old, as much as 2 billion years and older. This zone is very complex, filled with many diverse rock types. The rocks were originally sedimentary until there was a collision between the North American continent and a terrane. This collision, called the Trans-Hudson Orogeny, caused the original rocks to fold and twist into a vast mountain range. Over millions of years, these tilted rocks, which in many areas are tilted to 90 degrees or more, eroded. Today we see the evidence of this erosion in the Black Hills, where the metamorphic rocks end in an angular unconformity below the younger sedimentary layers.

Paleozoic
The final layers of the Black Hills consist of sedimentary rocks. The oldest lie on top of the metamorphic layers at a much shallower angle. This rock called the Deadwood Formation is mostly sandstone and was the source of gold found in the Deadwood area. Above the Deadwood Formation lies the Englewood Formation and Pahasapa limestone, which is the source of the more than 200 caves found in the Black Hills, including Jewel Cave and Wind Cave. The Minnelusa Formation is next and is composed of highly variable sandstones and limestones followed by the Opeche shale and the Minnekahta limestone.

Mesozoic
The next rock layer, the Spearfish Formation, forms a valley around the hills called the Red Valley and is often referred to as the Race Track. It is mostly red shale with beds of gypsum, and circles much of the Black Hills. These shale and gypsum beds, as well as the nearby limestone beds of the Minnekahta, are used in the manufacture of cement at a cement plant in Rapid City. Next is the shale and sandstone Sundance Formation, which is topped by the Morrison Formation and the Unkpapa sandstone.

The outermost feature of the dome stands out as a hogback ridge. The ridge is made out of the Lakota Formation and the Fallriver sandstone, which are collectively called the Inyan Kara Group. Above this, the layers of rocks are less distinct and are all mainly grey shale with three exceptions: the Newcastle sandstone; the Greenhorn limestone, which contains many shark teeth fossils; and the Niobrara Formation, which is composed mainly of chalk. These outer ridges are called cuestas.

Cenozoic

The preceding layers were deposited horizontally. All of them can be seen in core samples and well logs from the flattest parts of the Great Plains. It took a period of uplift to bring them to their present topographical levels in the Black Hills. This uplift called the Laramide orogeny, began around the beginning of the Cenozoic and left a line of igneous rocks through the northern hills superimposed on the rocks already discussed. This line extends from Bear Butte in the east to Devils Tower in the west. Evidence of Cenozoic volcanic eruptions, if this happened, has long since been eroded.

The Black Hills also has a 'skirt' of gravel covering them in areas, which are called pediments. Formed as the waterways cut down into the uplifting hills, they represent the former locations of today's rivers. These beds are generally around 10,000 years old or younger, judging by the artifacts and fossils found. A few places, mainly in the high elevations, are older, as old as 20 million years, according to camel and rodent fossils found. Some gravels have been found but for the most part, these older beds have been eroded.

Biosystems

As with the geology, the biology of the Black Hills is complex.  Most of the Hills are a fire-climax ponderosa pine forest, with Black Hills spruce (Picea glauca var. densata) occurring in cool moist valleys of the Northern Hills. Oddly, this endemic variety of spruce does not occur in the moist Bear Lodge Mountains, which make up most of the Wyoming portion of the Black Hills. Large open parks (mountain meadows) with lush grassland rather than forest are scattered through the Hills (especially the western portion), and the southern edge of the Hills, due to the rainshadow of the higher elevations, are covered by a dry pine savannah, with stands of mountain mahogany and Rocky Mountain juniper.

Wildlife is both diverse and plentiful.  Black Hills creeks are known for their trout, while the forests and grasslands offer good habitat for American bison, white-tailed and mule deer, pronghorn, bighorn sheep, mountain lions, and a variety of smaller animals, like prairie dogs, American martens, American red squirrels, Northern flying squirrels, yellow-bellied marmots, and fox squirrels. Biologically, the Black Hills is a meeting and mixing place, with species common to regions to the east, west, north, and south. The Hills do, however, support some endemic taxa, the most famous of which is probably white-winged junco (Junco hyemalis aikeni). Some other endemics are Cooper's Rocky Mountain snail, Black Hills subspecies of  red-bellied snake, and a Black Hills subspecies of southern red-backed vole. Some birds that are only in the Black Hills and not the rest of South Dakota are pinyon jay, Canada jay, three-toed woodpecker, black-backed woodpecker, American dipper, ruffed grouse, and others.

Regions of the Black Hills

The northern Black Hills approximate Lawrence and Meade Counties and are roughly equivalent to the Northern Hills District of the Black Hills National Forest. The central Black Hills (the Mystic District of the Black Hills National Forest) are located in Pennington County west of Rapid City. The southern Black Hills are in Custer and Fall River Counties and are administered in the national forest's Hell Canyon District. Finally, Wyoming's Black Hills follow the Bearlodge District, approximately Weston and Crook Counties.

Geologically separate from the Black Hills are the Elk Mountains, a small range forming the southwest portion of the region.

Tourism and economy

The region is home to Mount Rushmore National Memorial, Wind Cave National Park, Jewel Cave National Monument, Black Elk Peak, Custer State Park (the largest state park in South Dakota, and one of the largest in the US), Bear Butte State Park, Devils Tower National Monument, and the Crazy Horse Memorial. The Black Hills also hosts the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally each August. The rally was started in 1940 and the 65th Rally in 2005 saw more than 550,000 bikers visit the Black Hills. It is a key part of the regional economy.

The George S. Mickelson Trail is a recently opened multi-use path through the Black Hills that follows the abandoned track of the historic railroad route from Edgemont to Deadwood. The train used to be the only way to bring supplies to the miners in the Hills. The trail is about  in length, and can be used by hikers, cross-country skiers, and cyclists. The cost is $4 per day or $15 annually.

Today, the major city in the Black Hills is Rapid City, with an incorporated population of almost 70,000 and a metropolitan population of 125,000. It serves a market area covering much of five states: North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming, and Montana. In addition to tourism and mining (including coal, specialty minerals, and the now declining gold mining), the Black Hills economy includes ranching (sheep and cattle, primarily, with bison and ratites becoming more common), timber (lumber), Ellsworth Air Force Base, and some manufacturing, including Black Hills gold jewelry, cement, electronics, cabinetry, guns and ammunition.

In many ways, the Black Hills functions as a very spread-out urban area with a population (not counting tourists) of 250,000. Other important Black Hills cities and towns include:
Belle Fourche, a ranching town
Custer, a mining and tourism town and headquarters for Black Hills National Forest
Deadwood, a historic and well-preserved gambling mecca
Hill City, a timber and tourism town in the center of the Hills, where the Black Hills Central Railroad operates historic steam trains over the former CB&Q line to Keystone
Hot Springs, an old resort town in the southern Hills
Keystone, a tourism town just outside Mount Rushmore
Lead, home of the now-closed Homestake Mine (gold) and the Sanford Underground Research Facility
Newcastle, center of the Black Hills petroleum production and refining
Spearfish, home of Black Hills State University
Sturgis, originally a military town (Fort Meade, now a VA center, is located just to the east).  Now famous for one of the largest motorcycle rallies in the world.

See also
 Cypress Hills (Canada), a similar landform
 The Black Hills of Dakota (song)

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

Black Hills National Forest
Black Hills artcle on the Sacred Lands Film Project website

Mount Rushmore
Physiographic sections
Mountain ranges of South Dakota
Mountain ranges of Wyoming
Regions of South Dakota
Regions of Wyoming
Great Plains
Tertiary volcanism
Sacred mountains
Religious places of the indigenous peoples of North America
Lakota mythology
Economy of South Dakota
Great Sioux War of 1876
Landforms of Lawrence County, South Dakota
Landforms of Meade County, South Dakota
Landforms of Pennington County, South Dakota
Landforms of Custer County, South Dakota
Landforms of Weston County, Wyoming
Landforms of Crook County, Wyoming

Black Hills


The 1935 college football season was the last one before the Associated Press (AP) writers' poll was used in selecting the national champion. There were seven contemporary math system selectors that year who are informally recognized by the NCAA as "nationwide in scope". The Dickinson System, run by University of Illinois Professor Frank Dickinson, selected Southern Methodist University (SMU) as best in the nation. The Houlgate System, created by Carroll Everard "Deke" Houlgate Sr., also selected SMU. The contemporary Boand, Litkenhous and Poling math rating systems all selected Minnesota as the No. 1 team in the nation. The Dunkel System selected Princeton as its top team. The Williamson System, by Paul O. Williamson of New Orleans, ranked Texas Christian University first.

The 1935 season also marked the first time the Heisman Trophy was awarded. It was won by Jay Berwanger of Chicago.  Quarterback Ray Zeh of Case Western Reserve led the nation in scoring.

Conference and program changes

September
September 21  SMU opened with a 39–0 win over North Texas and TCU opened its season with a 41–0 win over visiting Howard Payne College.

September 28
SMU beat Austin College 60–0 and TCU beat North Texas 28–11.  Stanford beat San Jose State 35–0 and UCLA beat Utah State 39–0.,
Fordham University, whose 1936 team would include the legendary Seven Blocks of Granite was a favorite New York City college football teams, after New York University and Columbia University.  The Rams played all of their games at home at the Polo Grounds, which also hosted the NFL's New york Giants.  In a game against visiting Franklin & Marshall, the Rams were losing until they scored two touchdowns in the fourth quarter for a 14–7 win.  California played a doubleheader, beating UC-Davis 47–0 and Whittier 6–0.
Notre Dame defeated visiting Kansas, 28–7.  Pittsburgh had an unexpectedly difficult time in a 14–0 win over visiting Waynesburg College.

October

October 5
Minnesota beat visiting North Dakota State 26–6
Stanford won at the U. of San Francisco 10–0 and California beat St. Mary's 10–0.  In Portland, UCLA beat Oregon State 20–7.
Ohio State beat Kentucky 19–6
Princeton edged Penn 7–6, Fordham beat Boston College 19–0,  Notre Dame won at Carnegie Tech, 14–3 and Pittsburgh won at Washington & Jefferson 35–0.  TCU won at Arkansas 13–7 and SMU beat visiting Tulsa 14–0.

October 12
Minnesota won at Nebraska 12–7 and Ohio State defeated visiting Drake 85–7.  In Portland, California beat Oregon, 6–0.
TCU won at Tulsa, 13–0.  In St. Louis, SMU beat Washington University 35–6.
Notre Dame won at Wisconsin, 27–0  Pittsburgh beat West Virginia, 24–6.  Fordham lost to Purdue, 20–0
Princeton defeated Williams College, 14–7.

October 19
UCLA won at Stanford, 7–6.
Notre Dame (3–0) and Pittsburgh, both 3–0–0, met at South Bend, with the Fighting Irish handing Pitt its first loss, 9–6.
Minnesota beat visiting Tulane 20–0
Ohio State beat Northwestern 28–7.
SMU and Rice, both 4–0–0, met in Dallas, with SMU winning, 10–0.
TCU beat visiting Texas A&M 19–14 to stay unbeaten.  California beat Santa Clara 6–0.  Princeton beat Rutgers, 29–6.
Fordham beat Vanderbilt, 13–7

October 26
TCU won at Centenary, 27–7.
Stanford won at Washington 6–0, California beat visiting USC, 21–7, and UCLA beat Oregon, 33–6.
Minnesota beat Northwestern at home 21–13 and Ohio State won at Indiana 28–6
Fordham defeated Lebanon Valley College 15–0.  Pittsburgh beat Penn State 9–0.  Princeton won at Cornell 54–0.  At Baltimore, Notre Dame beat Navy 14–0.  In a game at Wichita Falls, Texas, SMU beat Hardin–Simmons 18–6.

November
November 2  Notre Dame (5–0–0) and Ohio State (4–0–0) met at Columbus before a crowd of 80,000.  Grantland Rice described what happened: "Completely outplayed in the first two quarters, trailing 13 to 0 as the final quarter started with every killing break against it-- breaks that would crack the heart of an iron ox-- this Notre Dame team came surging back in the final quarter...".  Notre Dame scored early in the fourth, but the extra point attempt bounced off the crossbar, and it was 13–6.  After an interception, the Irish drove to within six inches of the goal line when Milner fumbled the ball away.  With 90 seconds left, Andy Pilney passed to Mike Layden for a touchdown, but the extra point failed and the Irish trailed 13–12.  Andy Pilney forced a Buckeye fumble at midfield, giving the Irish the ball at the 49 yard line, and on the next play, Pilney, taking back over as quarterback, scrambled to the 19 yard line, but was injured.  With only one play left in the game, reserve quarterback Bill Shakespeare passed to Wayne Milner for the 18–13 win.

At Los Angeles, California (6–0–0) faced UCLA (4–0–0) and won 14–2.
TCU visited  Baylor (6–0–0).  TCU shut the Bears out 28–0.
SMU beat visiting Texas 20–0.  Minnesota beat Purdue 29–7.
Stanford beat Santa Clara in another close game, 9–6.  Fordham and Pittsburgh played to a 0–0 tie.  Princeton defeated Navy 26–0.

November 9  Unbeaten Notre Dame hosted the Northwestern Wildcats, who had a losing record (2–3–0).  With William Shakespeare at left halfback for the Irish, and Henry Wardsworth Longfellow playing right end for the Wildcats, the game looked like no more than a meeting of literary namesakes.  Shakespeare's running game was shut down, while Longfellow caught one touchdown pass, and then recovered a fumble in the fourth quarter to set up a second touchdown for a major upset, as Northwestern won 14–7   Minnesota won at Iowa 13–6.  In Los Angeles, SMU handed UCLA (4–1–0) its second straight loss, 21–0.  Stanford won at USC, 3–0.  California beat Washington 14–0.

Fordham tied St. Mary's College 7–7, Princeton beat Harvard 35–0 and Pittsburgh beat visiting Army 29–6.  Ohio State won at Chicago, 20–13.  In a Friday game at New Orleans, TCU beat Loyola College 14–0.

November 16

TCU won at Texas 28–0 and SMU won at Arkansas 17–6.
Fordham beat Muhlenberg College 45–0 at the Polo Grounds, while Notre Dame and Army played to a 6–6 tie at Yankee Stadium.
Pittsburgh beat Nebraska 6–0 and Princeton beat Lehigh 27–0.
Stanford defeated Montana 32–0  California beat Pacific 39–0
Ohio State beat Illinois 38–0 and Minnesota won at Michigan 40–0
In a Friday game, UCLA beat visiting Hawaii 19–6.

November 23

California (9–0) and Stanford (6–1–0) met at Palo Alto, as Stanford handed the Golden Bears their first loss, 13–0.  On the strength of the win, Stanford got the bid to the Rose Bowl.  In a matchup of two great Ivy teams, Princeton (7–0–0) hosted Dartmouth (8–0–0), with Princeton winning 26–6.
SMU defeated visiting Baylor 10–0 and TCU beat visiting Rice, 27–6, as both teams raised their records to 10–0–0.

UCLA beat Loyola Marymount 14–6
Notre Dame closed its season with a 20–13 win over USC.
Minnesota beat visiting Wisconsin, 33–7 to close its season at 8–0–0.

For the first time, Ohio State closed with its regular season with Michigan, a tradition that continued with only one interruption, in 1942.  OSU won at Ann Arbor, 38–0.

On Thanksgiving Day, November 28 a crowd of 78,000 turned out at Yankee Stadium to watch Fordham (5–1–2) face New York University (7–1–0).  Fordham shut out NYU 21–0, but not before a fight broke out with the spectators crowding the field,  Pittsburgh (6–1–0) and Carnegie Tech (2–5–0) played to a 0–0 tie.

November 30

The most eagerly watched game of the season matched two unbeaten (10–0–0) teams, with Texas Christian (10–0–0) hosting Southern Methodist.  SMU won 20–14 and was invited to the Rose Bowl, while TCU went to the Sugar Bowl.

Princeton closed its season with a 38–7 win at Yale, to finish 9–0–0.

December
December 7 UCLA beat Idaho 13–6.  TCU won at Santa Clara, 10–6.

December 14 In San Francisco, UCLA closed its season with a 13–7 win over St. Mary's, while in Los Angeles, Pittsburgh beat USC 12–7.

Conference standings
For this article, major conferences defined as those including multiple state flagship public universities.

Major conference standings

Independents

Minor conferences

Minor conference standings

Rankings

A poll of 142 newspaper writers, taken at year's end—by United Press International (known as United Press Associations at the time)—concluded that Minnesota was the best in the nation. Alan J. Gould, creator of the AP writer's poll that would begin in the following year, named Minnesota, Princeton, and SMU co-champions.

Years later, other selectors recognized as "major" by the NCAA, the Billingsley Report, the Helms Athletic Foundation title, and National Championship Foundation, retroactively selected Minnesota as national champion. Modern selectors, the Sagarin Ratings and Berryman Quality Point Rating System (Berryman QPRS), retroactively deemed SMU as national champion.

Bowl games

Rankings from the Dickinson System

The Rose Bowl matched unbeaten Southwest Conference champion SMU (12–0) against Pacific Coast Conference co-champion Stanford (7–1) before a crowd of 86,000.  Stanford has lost the two previous Rose Bowls, falling to Columbia in the 1934 Rose Bowl and 1934 Alabama Crimson Tide football team the 1935 game.  Determined not three-peat, the Stanford scored an early touchdown and held off the Mustangs to win 7–0.

In New Orleans, the second annual Sugar Bowl pitted TCU (11–1) against Southeastern Conference champion LSU (9–1) before a crowd of 38,000.  TCU's Sammy Baugh was forced out of the end zone on a pass attempt, and the safety gave LSU a 2–0 lead.  Two minutes later, Baugh drove the Frogs to the 17-yard line, setting up Taldon Malton's field goal.  The final score was TCU 3, LSU 2

In Miami, the second annual Orange Bowl matched Ole Miss (9–2) against unheralded Catholic University (8–1).  A crowd of 10,000 watched Catholic take an early lead and pull off a 20–19 upset.  The Sun Bowl matched two colleges for the first time, as New Mexico A&M and Hardin–Simmons battled to a 14–14 tie.

Awards and honors

All-Americans

Statistical leaders
 Points scored: Ray Zeh, Case Western Reserve, 112

Heisman Trophy

1935 was the first year that the Heisman Trophy was ever awarded, although it was named differently in the first year. In 1935, it was presented by the Downtown Athletic Club (DAC) in Manhattan, New York, a privately owned recreation facility near the site of the former World Trade Center. It was first known simply as the "DAC Trophy" for this inaugural year. The first winner, Jay Berwanger of the University of Chicago, was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles but declined to sign for them. He never played professional football for any team. In 1936, John Heisman died and the trophy was renamed in his honor. Larry Kelley, the second winner of the award was the first man to win it officially named as the "Heisman Trophy."

Voting

See also
 1935 College Football All-America Team

References

1935 college football season


Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception is a Ukrainian Catholic cathedral located in the Poplar neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.  It is the seat for the Archeparchy of Philadelphia.

History
Ruthenians, who are Catholics belonging to and following the prayer life of the Byzantine Church and were known as such in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, started immigrating in sizable numbers to the United States in the late 1870s.  A Ruthenian priest immigrated in 1884 and blessed their first church building in Shenandoah, Pennsylvania.  The earliest immigrants to Philadelphia settled in Northern Liberties between Sixth and Seventh Streets, south of Girard Avenue.  They founded Immaculate Conception parish in 1886.

In 1964, as plans were being made to replace the 1907 cathedral, several members of the congregation wanted the new church to be built in the suburbs where they lived.  Archbishop Ambrose Senyshyn chose to build on the property where the old church stood hoping that the East Poplar Redevelopment Area would rejuvenate the neighborhood.  The cornerstone was laid on October 16, 1966 and it contains a stone from St. Peter's tomb that Pope Paul VI gave to Archbishop Senyshyn.  Pope John Paul II visited the cathedral on October 4, 1979.

Architecture
The cathedral was designed by Julian K. Jastremsky in the Byzantine Revival style and loosely inspired by the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul.  The cathedral's central dome is covered with 1/4 inch square ( 1.6129 cm2 ) Venetian glass tiles made of 22 karat gold fused in the glass.  The dome's interior features a mosaic of the Pantocrator.   At the base of the dome there are 32 windows.  They depict the coat of arms of the regions of Ukraine, the popes, the bishops and the religious orders that contributed to the growth of the Ukrainian Catholic church in the United States.

The mosaic on the sanctuary wall features the Theotokos. Below the Mother of God is a mosaic of the Last Supper.  To the right of that mosaic is one depicting the Emmaus from the Gospel of Luke, to the left is a mosaic of the Visitation of the Holy Trinity from the Book of Genesis. The stained glass windows in the sanctuary portray 12 six-winged angels as described in the Book of Isaiah.

The Iconostas was designed by Chrystyna Dochwat. In the middle are the Royal Doors on which there is a depiction of the Annunciation and icons of the Four Evangelists.  To the right of the Royal Doors features the icons of Christ the Teacher, St. Stephen the First-Martyr (on the deacon door), and St. John the Baptist.  To the left of the Royal Doors portrays icons depicting the Mother of God with the infant Jesus, St. Michael the Archangel (on the deacon door) and St. Nicholas the Wonderworker.  Above the Royal Doors is the icon of the Last Supper.  At the top of the Iconostas is a depiction of the crucifixion and an icon of Christ the King.

Crypt
Below the cathedral sanctuary is the crypt that contains the remains of Philadelphia's Ukrainian Catholic bishops:

Bishop Soter Ortynsky, OSBM
Archbishop Constantine Bohachevsky
Archbishop Ambrose Senyshyn, OSBM
Archbishop Stephen Sulyk

See also
List of Catholic cathedrals in the United States
List of cathedrals in the United States

References

External links
 Official Cathedral Site
 St. Mary's Ukrainian Cemetery / 438 Cedar Road, Fox Chase, Pennsylvania.

Byzantine Revival architecture in Pennsylvania
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1966
Roman Catholic churches in Philadelphia
Eastern Catholic churches in Pennsylvania
Northern Liberties, Philadelphia
Religious organizations established in 1886
Rusyn-American culture in Pennsylvania
Ukrainian-American culture in Pennsylvania
Ukrainian Catholic cathedrals in the United States
Church buildings with domes
Eastern Catholic cathedrals in Pennsylvania
Cathedrals in Philadelphia
Ukrainian-American culture in Philadelphia
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States

Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Philadelphia)


The Chicora incident was an incident in May 1870 between the American government and an expeditionary force consisting of British and Canadian militia under the command of Colonel Garnet Wolseley in Sault Sainte Marie. US authorities blocked passage of the Chicora for several weeks, delaying Wolseley's response to the Red River Rebellion. The incident ultimately led to the construction of the Sault Ste. Marie Canal on the Canadian side of the river, allowing unfettered access to the Lake Superior.

History
In May 1870, Colonel Wolseley and his British troops, being transported on the steamer Chicora, were heading west to supply munitions, soldiers, and supplies to Fort Garry in Manitoba to quell the Red River Rebellion occurring in that province.

The Sault Sainte Marie Canal, under the administration of the United States, refused to allow the Chicora to pass through. This was likely due to Wolseley's support for the South during the American Civil War and also the role of SS Chicora's role as a blockade runner during the Civil War. In response, the Chicora was forced to unload its passengers and supplies, with soldiers having to portage from Lake Huron to Lake Superior. However, the steamer was still unable to pass and forced to dock for two weeks before it was allowed to pass through the locks after intervention from the British ambassador (then British Minister to the United States Edward Thornton, 2nd Count of Cacilhas).

The incident raised questions regarding Canadian dependency on the American canal, and spurred the construction of the Sault Ste. Marie Canal on the Canadian side, which was finished in 1895.

Commemoration

Today, the Chicora incident is commemorated today through an Ontario Heritage Trust plaque.  The plaque and the incident are also interpreted through the Parks Canada staff at the Sault Ste. Marie Canal.

References

National Historic Sites in Ontario
Parks in Algoma District
May 1870 events
1870 in Canada

Chicora incident


Doxa (; from verb ) is a common belief or popular opinion. In classical rhetoric, doxa is contrasted with episteme ('knowledge').

Etymology
The term doxa is an ancient Greek noun () related to the verb dokein (), meaning 'to appear, to seem, to think, to accept'.

Between the 3rd and 1st centuries BC, the term picked up an additional meaning when the Septuagint used doxa to translate the Biblical Hebrew word for "glory" (). This Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures, as used by the early Church, led to frequent use of the term in the New Testament. The word is also used in the worship services of the Greek Orthodox Church, where the glorification of God in true worship is also seen as true belief. In that context, doxa reflects behavior or practice in worship, and the belief of the whole church rather than personal opinion. The unification of these multiple meanings of doxa emerges in the modern terms orthodoxy and heterodoxy. This semantic merging in the word doxa is also seen in the Russian word slava (слава), which means 'glory', but is used with the meaning of praise or worship in words like pravoslavie (православие), meaning "orthodoxy" (or, literally, "true belief", "true way of worship") related to the verb 'славить' - "to praise" but calqued from the Greek ὀρθοδοξία (orthodoxia).

In philosophy

Plato
In his dialogue Gorgias, Plato presents the sophists as wordsmiths who ensnared and used the malleable doxa of the multitude to their advantage without shame. In this and other writings, Plato relegated doxa as being a belief, unrelated to reason, that resided in the unreasoning, lower-parts of the soul.

This viewpoint extended into the concept of doxasta in Plato's theory of forms, which states that physical objects are manifestations of doxa and are thus not in their true form. Plato's framing of doxa as the opponent of knowledge led to the classical opposition of error to truth, which has since become a major concern in Western philosophy. (However, in the Theaetetus and in the Meno, Plato has Socrates suggest that knowledge is orthos doxa for which one can provide a logos, thus initiating the traditional definition of knowledge as "justified true belief.") Thus, error is considered in as pure negative, which can take various forms, among them the form of illusion.

While doxa is used as a tool for the formation of arguments, it is also formed by argument. The former can be understood as told by James A. Herrick in The History and Theory of Rhetoric: An Introduction:The Sophists in Gorgias hold that rhetoric creates truth that is useful for the moment out of doxa, or the opinions of the people, through the process of argument and counterargument. Socrates will have no part of this sort of 'truth' which, nevertheless, is essential to a democracy. Importantly noted, democracy, which by definition is the manifestation of public opinion, is dependent upon (and therefore also constrained by) the same limits imposed upon the individuals responsible for its establishment. Due to compromised opinions within a society, as well as opinions not counted for due to inaccessibility and apathy, doxa is not homogeneous, nor is it created agreeably. Rather, it is pliable and imperfect—the outcome of an ongoing power struggle between clashing "truths."

Aristotle
Aristotle, Plato's student, objected to Plato's theory of doxa. Aristotle perceived that doxa's value was in practicality and common usage, in contrast with Plato's philosophical purity relegating doxa to deception. Further, Aristotle held doxa as the first step in finding knowledge (episteme), as doxa had found applications in the physical world, whereby those who held it had a great number of tests done to prove it and thus reason to believe it. Aristotle clarifies this by categorizing the accepted truths of the physical world that are passed down from generation to generation as endoxa. Endoxa is a more stable belief than doxa, because it has been "tested" in argumentative struggles in the Polis by prior interlocutors. The term endoxa is used in Aristotle's Organon, Topics and Rhetoric.

Epicurus
The Principal Doctrines (Kyriai Doxai) are the main beliefs of the Epicurean school of Hellenistic philosophy, and constitute Epicurean orthodoxy. They are believed to be the authoritative conclusions arrived at by Epicurus, Metrodorus, and their close companions during the early years of the formation of the school, which were compiled into an epitome for the benefit of their disciples.

Contemporary interpretations

In sociology and anthropology (Bourdieu)
Pierre Bourdieu, in his Outline of a Theory of Practice (1972), used the term doxa to denote a society's taken-for-granted, unquestioned truths. In comparison, opinion is the sphere of that which may be openly contested and discussed. Bourdieu believes that doxa derives from socialization, as socialization also deals with beliefs that derive from society; as we grow up in the environment, we tend to believe what society tells us is correct. Adding on to his previous example, Bourdieu contends that it is a socially-accepted misconception that if you do not score as high as someone else, then you are obviously not as smart as they are. Scores do not prove that one is smarter, because there are many different factors that play into what you score on a test. People may excel within a certain topic and fail at another. However, even though it is a misconception, people tend to partake in common practices to make themselves feel better. In the case of common beliefs in school, the students who feel inferior due to popular belief that they are not as smart as the students who score higher than they, may experiment with drugs to ease the insecurities they face. Bourdieu believes that doxa is more than common belief: it also has the potential to give rise to common action. This calls to attention that the notion of social order as naturally occurring is misperceived, disregarding its creation by political argumentation. Doxa, then, can be understood as created by argument as well as used in the formation of argument, essential for the establishment of democratic policies.

See also
 Episteme
 Common sense
 Dogma
 Idola tribus
 Doxa of Parmenides
 Public opinion
 Vox populi
 Hoi polloi

References

19th century in philosophy
20th century in philosophy
Anthropology
Belief
Concepts in ancient Greek epistemology
Enlightenment philosophy
Medieval philosophy
Philosophy of science
Concepts in political philosophy
Scholasticism
Skepticism
Theories in ancient Greek philosophy

it:Doxa (filosofia)

Doxa


The Scottish Terrier (; also known as the Aberdeen Terrier), popularly called the Scottie, is a breed of dog. Initially one of the highland breeds of terrier that were grouped under the name of Skye Terrier, it is one of five breeds of terrier that originated in Scotland, the other four being the modern Skye, Cairn, Dandie Dinmont, and West Highland White terriers. They are an independent and rugged breed with a wiry outer coat and a soft dense undercoat. The first Earl of Dumbarton nicknamed the breed "the diehard". According to legend, the Earl of Dumbarton gave this nickname because of the Scottish Terriers' bravery, and Scotties were also the inspiration for the name of his regiment, The Royal Scots, Dumbarton's Diehard. Scottish Terriers were originally bred to hunt vermin on farms.

They are a small breed of terrier with a distinctive shape and have had many roles in popular culture. They have been owned by a variety of celebrities, including the 32nd president of the United States, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, whose Scottie Fala is included with FDR in a statue in Washington, D.C., as well as by the 43rd president, George W. Bush.  They are also well known for being a playing piece in the board game Monopoly. Described as territorial, feisty dogs, they can make a good watchdog and tend to be very loyal to their family. Healthwise, Scottish Terriers can be more prone to bleeding disorders, joint disorders, autoimmune diseases, allergies, and cancer than some other breeds of dog, and there is a condition named after the breed called Scotty cramp. They are also one of the more successful dog breeds at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show with a best in show in 2010.

Description

Appearance

The Scottish Terrier is a small, compact, short-legged, sturdily-built terrier of good bone and substance. They have a hard, wiry, weather-resistant coat and a thick-set, cobby body which is hung between short, heavy legs. These characteristics, joined with their very special keen, piercing, "varminty" expression, and their erect ears and tail are salient features of the breed. According to The Scottish Terrier Club of America's Breed Standard, the eyes should be small, bright and piercing, and almond-shaped not round. Their color can range from black, greyish-black, and even white. The ears should be small, prick, set well up on the skull and pointed, but never cut. They should be covered with short velvety hair.

According to the STCA Breed Standard, height at withers for both genders should be roughly , and the length of back from withers to tail is roughly . Generally a well-balanced Scottie dog should weigh from  and a female from . It is about  in height.

Coat

The Scottish Terrier typically has a hard, wiry outer coat with a soft, dense undercoat. According to the STCA Breed Standard, the coat should be trimmed and blended into the furnishings to give a distinct Scottish Terrier outline. The longer coat on the beard, legs and lower body may be slightly softer than the body coat but should not be or appear fluffy. This longer coat on the legs is often referred to as the skirt of the Scottie and should be brushed daily to avoid knotted or matted fur.

The coat colours range from dark gray to jet black and brindle, a mix of black and brown. Scotties with wheaten (straw to nearly white) coats sometimes occur, and are similar in appearance to the Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier or West Highland White Terrier.

Many black and brindle Scottish Terrier coats can contain specks of silver and white all throughout or in small patch-like areas of the dog's fur.

Temperament
Scotties are territorial, alert, quick moving and feisty, perhaps even more so than other terrier breeds. The breed is known to be independent and self-assured, playful, intelligent, and has been nicknamed the 'Diehard' because of its rugged nature and endless determination. The "Diehard" nickname was originally given to it in the 19th century by George, the fourth Earl of Dumbarton. The Earl had a famous pack of Scottish Terriers, so brave that they were named "Diehards". They were supposed to have inspired the name of his Regiment, The Royal Scots, "Dumbarton's Diehards".

Scotties, while being described as very loving, have also been described as stubborn. They are sometimes described as an aloof breed, although it has been noted that they tend to be very loyal to their family and are known to attach themselves to one or two people.

It has been suggested that the Scottish Terrier can make a good watchdog due to its tendency to bark only when necessary and because it is typically reserved with strangers, although this is not always the case. They have been described as a fearless breed that may be aggressive around other dogs unless introduced at an early age. Scottish Terriers were originally bred to hunt and fight Eurasian badgers. Therefore, the Scottie is prone to dig as well as chase small mammals, such as squirrels, rats, and mice. Keeping cats, rabbits, ferrets, and other small Domesticated animals in the home with a Scottish terrier is not advisable due to the fact that this dog breed was specifically bred to hunt small mammals, as mentioned above. Scottish Terriers are also not recommended to cohabitate with small children or children who are inexperienced with dogs.

Health

Two genetic health concerns seen in the breed are von Willebrand disease (vWD) and craniomandibular osteopathy (CMO); Scottie cramp, patellar luxation and cerebellar abiotrophy are also sometimes seen in this breed. Common eye conditions seen in a variety of breeds such as cataracts and glaucoma can appear in Scotties as they age. There are no specific conditions relating the skin that affect the breed, but they can be affected by common dog related conditions such as parasites and mange. Scotties typically live from 11 to 13 years.

Cancer in Scottish Terriers
Scottish Terriers have a greater chance of developing some cancers than other purebreds. According to research by the Veterinary Medical Data Program (1986), six cancers that Scotties appeared to be more at risk for (when compared to other breeds) are: (in descending order) bladder cancer and other transitional cell carcinomas of the lower urinary tract; malignant melanoma; gastric carcinoma; squamous cell carcinoma of the skin; lymphosarcoma and nasal carcinoma. Other cancers that are known to commonly affect Scotties include mast cell sarcoma and hemangiosarcoma.

Research has suggested that Scottish Terriers are 20 times more likely to get bladder cancer than other breeds and the most common kind of bladder cancer is transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (TCC). Dr. Deborah Knapp of Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine has commented "TCC usually occurs in older dogs (average age 11 years) and is more common in females (2:1 ratio of females to males)." Symptoms of TCC are blood in the urine, straining to urinate, and frequent urination—although owners noticing any of these symptoms should also be aware that the same symptoms may also be indicative of a urinary tract infection.

The most common and effective form of treatment for TCC is Piroxicam, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that "allows the cancer cells to kill themselves."

Scottie cramp
Scottie cramp is an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder which inhibits the dog's ability to walk. It is caused by a defect in the pathways in the brain that control muscle contraction due to a low level of serotonin in the body. Typically symptoms only show when the particular dog is under some degree of stress. The front legs are pushed out to the side, the back arches and the rear legs overflex, causing the dog to fall should it be moving at speed. The condition is not seizure related, and the dog remains conscious throughout the event, with symptoms abating once the cause of the stress has been removed. Currently, there is no known genetic testing available for Scottie cramp. A diagnosis will come from a veterinarian once diagnostic tests have been conducted. Diagnostic tests for Scottie cramp, include a physical, complete blood count, a biochemistry profile, and a urinalysis.  Although Scottie cramp is an inherited disease, it is a non-painful, non-life threatening, episodic disorder.  Affected dogs with Scotty cramp and their litter mates should not be bred, otherwise this disease can be passed to any future offspring they may have.

Vitamin E, Diazepam and Prozac have all been shown to be effective treatments should it be required. Scotty cramp is found in other breeds of terrier, including the Cesky Terrier. "Episodic Falling", a condition found in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels is considered to be similar to this disorder.

Craniomandibular osteopathy
Also known as "Lion Jaw", "Westie Jaw" or "Scottie Jaw", this condition of craniomandibular osteopathy is caused by excessive bone growth in the bottom jaw, usually occurring between four and seven months of age. Like Scottie Cramp, it is an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder, and can cause discomfort to the dog when it attempts to chew. The progression of the condition usually slows down between eleven and thirteen months of age, and is sometimes followed by a slow partial or complete regression. Craniomandibular osteopathy can affect dogs of the same litter and symptoms of this disease include, difficulty grasping and chewing food, drooling, and swelling of the face, more specifically, swelling around the jaw. Treatment for Craniomandibular osteopathy does not exist, but the use of Prednisone and cortisone can help to ease symptoms.

This condition has also been seen in other breeds of dog, such as the West Highland White Terrier, Cairn Terrier, Boston Terrier, as well as some larger breeds such as Bullmastiffs. Genetic testing for craniomandibular osteopathy is available at this time and will help to identify the craniomandibular osteopathy mutation.

von Willebrand's disease
Von Willebrand's disease is a hereditary bleeding disorder found in both dogs and humans. DNA testing used widespread by what are known as reputable breeders, has caused a huge decrease in affected dogs..Once the mutation is found in a dog, the dog should not be bred. This disease is caused by a lack of von Willebrand factor which plays a role in the clotting process of blood. This can cause abnormal platelet function and prolonged bleeding times. Affected dogs can be prone to nose bleeds, and increased bleeding following trauma or surgery. There are three types of this condition with Type I being the most common, while Type II and III being rarer, but more severe. Type I von Willebrand's disease is relatively common in the Scottish Terrier.

Type I is more widespread in Doberman Pinscher, but is as common in the Shetland Sheepdog as the Scottish Terrier. The condition appears in most breeds to some extent, but other breeds with an increased risk include the Golden Retriever, German Shepherd Dog, Basset Hound and Manchester Terrier.

History

Initial grouping of several of the highland terriers (including the Scottie) under the generic name Skye Terriers caused some confusion in the breed's lineage. There is disagreement over whether the Skye Terriers mentioned in
early 16th century records actually descended from forerunners of the Scottie or vice versa. It is certain, however, that Scotties and West Highland White Terriers are closely related—both their forefathers originated from the Blackmount region of Perthshire and the Moor of Rannoch. Scotties were originally bred to hunt and kill vermin on farms and to hunt badgers and foxes in the Highlands of Scotland.

The actual origin of a breed as old as the Scottish Terrier is obscure and undocumented. The first written records about a dog of similar description to the Scottish Terrier dates from 1436, when Don Leslie described them in his book The History of Scotland 1436–1561. Two hundred years later, Sir Joshua Reynolds painted a portrait of a young girl caressing a dog similar in appearance to the modern-day Scottie. King James VI of Scotland was an important historical figure featuring in the Scottish Terrier's history. In the 17th century, when King James VI became James I of England, he sent six terriers—thought to be forerunners of the Scottish terrier—to a French monarch as a gift. His love and adoration for the breed increased their popularity throughout the world.

Many dog writers after the early 19th century seem to agree that there were two varieties of terrier existing in Britain at the time—a rough-haired so-called Scotch Terrier and a smooth-haired English Terrier. Thomas Brown, in his Biological Sketches and Authentic Anecdotes of Dogs (1829), states that "the Scotch Terrier is certainly the purest in point of breed and the (smooth) English seems to have been produced by a cross from him".  Brown went on to describe the Scotch Terrier as "low in stature, with a strong muscular body, short stout legs, a head large in proportion to the body" and was "generally of a sandy colour or black" with a "long, matted and hard" coat.  Although the Scotch Terrier described here is more generic than specific to a breed, it asserts the existence of a small, hard, rough-coated terrier developed for hunting small game in the Scottish Highlands in the early 19th century; a description that shares characteristics with what was once known as the Aberdeen Terrier and is today known as the Scottish Terrier. In addition, the paintings of Sir Edwin Landseer and an 1835 lithograph entitled "Scottish Terriers at Work on a Cairn in the West Highlands" both depict Scottie type terriers very similar to those described in the first Scottish Terrier Standard.

In the 19th century, the Highlands of Scotland, including the Isle of Skye, were abundant with terriers originally known by the generic term "short-haired terriers" or "little Skye Terriers." Towards the end of the 19th century, it was decided to separate these Scottish   terriers and develop pure bloodlines and specific breeds. Originally, the breeds were separated into two categories: Dandie Dinmont Terriers and Skye Terriers (not the Skye Terrier known today, but a generic name for a large group of terriers with differing traits all said to originate from the Isle of Skye). The Birmingham England dog show of 1860 was the first to offer classes for these groups of terriers. They continued to be exhibited in generic groups for several years and these groups included the ancestors of today's Scottish Terrier. Recorded history and the initial development of the breed started in the late 1870s with the development of dog shows. The exhibition and judging  of dogs required comparison to a breed standard and thus the appearance and temperament of the Scottie was written down for the first time. Eventually, the Skye Terriers were further divided into what are known today as the Scottish Terrier, Skye Terrier, West Highland White Terrier and Cairn Terrier.

While fanciers sought to identify and standardize the breed and its description through the late 19th century, the Scottish Terrier was known by many different names: the Highland, the Cairn, Diehard, and most often, the Aberdeen Terrier—named because of the abundant number of the dogs in the area and because a J. A. Adamson of Aberdeen successfully exhibited his dogs during the 1870s. Roger Rough, a dog owned by Adamson, Tartan, a dog owned by Mr Paynton Piggott, Bon Accord, owned by Messrs Ludlow and Bromfield, and Splinter II owned by Mr Ludlow, were early winners of dog exhibitions and are the four dogs from which all Scottish Terrier pedigrees ultimately began. It is often said that all present day Scotties stem from a single bitch, Splinter II, and two sires. In her book, The New Scottish Terrier, Cindy Cooke refers to Splinter II as the "foundation matron of the modern Scottish Terrier." Cooke goes on to say "For whatever reason, early breeders line bred on this bitch to the virtual exclusion of all others. Mated to Tartan, she produced Worry, the dam of four champions. Rambler, her son by Bonaccord, sired the two founding sires of the breed, Ch. Dundee (out of Worry) and Ch. Alistair (out of a Dundee daughter)"  Show champions on both sides of the Atlantic descend from  Splinter and her sires.

Captain Gordon Murray and S.E. Shirley were responsible for setting the type in 1879. Shortly afterwards, in 1879, Scotties were for the first time exhibited at Alexander Palace in England, while the following year they began to be classified in much the same way as is done today. The first written standard of the breed was drafted by J.B. Morrison and D.J. Thomson Gray and appeared in Vero Shaw's Illustrated Book of The Dog, published in 1880; it was extremely influential in setting both breed type and name. The standard described the breed's colouring as "Grey, Grizzle or Brindle", as the typically Black colouring of Scotties did not become fashionable or favoured until the 20th century.

In 1881 the "Scottish Terrier Club of England" was founded, being the first club dedicated to the breed. The club secretary, H.J. Ludlow, is responsible for greatly popularising the breed in the southern parts of Great Britain. The "Scottish Terrier Club of Scotland" was not founded until 1888, seven years after the English club. Following the formation of the English and Scottish clubs there followed several years of disagreement regarding the breed's official standard. The issue was finally settled by a revised standard in 1930, which was based on four prepotent dogs. The dogs were Robert and James Chapman's Heather Necessity, Albourne Barty, bred by AG Cowley, Albourne Annie Laurie, bred by Miss Wijk and Miss Wijk's Marksman of Docken (the litter brother of Annie Laurie). These four dogs and their offspring modified the look of the Scottie, particularly the length of the head, closeness to the ground and the squareness of body. Their subsequent success in the show ring led to them becoming highly sought after by the British public and breeders. As such, the modified standard completely revolutionized the breed. This new standard was subsequently recognised by the Kennel Club UK circa 1930.

Scotties were introduced to America in the early 1890s, but it was not until the years between World War I and World War II that the breed became popular. The Scottish Terrier Club of America (STCA) was formed in 1900 and a standard written in 1925.  The Scottish Terrier was recognized by the United Kennel Club in 1934. By 1936, Scotties were the third most popular breed in the United States. Although they did not permanently stay in fashion, they continue to enjoy a steady popularity with a large segment of the dog-owning public across the world.  The STCA founded its Health Trust Fund (HTF) in 1995 which supports research on health issues in the breed.

Scottish Terriers have won best in show at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show more than any other breed except for the Wire Fox Terrier, a total of nine times. These victories began in 1911 with a win by Ch. Tickle Em Jock and include recent victories such as in 1995 when Ch. Gaelforce Post Script (Peggy Sue) won, and in 2010 with a victory by Ch. Roundtown Mercedes Of Maryscot.

Famous Scotties and popular culture

The Scottie and the German Shepherd are the only breeds of dog that have lived in the White House more than three times. President Franklin D. Roosevelt was renowned for owning a Scottie named Fala, a gift from his distant cousin, Margaret Suckley. The President loved Fala so much that he rarely went anywhere without him. Roosevelt had several Scotties before Fala, including one named Duffy and another named Mr. Duffy. Eleanor Roosevelt had a Scottish Terrier named Meggie when the family entered the White House in 1933. More recently, President George W. Bush has owned two black Scottish Terriers, Barney and Miss Beazley. Barney starred in nine films produced by the White House.

Other famous people who are known to have owned Scotties include: Queen Victoria, Eva Braun, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Ed Whitfield, Rudyard Kipling, Gilbert Chesterton and President of Poland, Lech Kaczyński. Actress Tatum O'Neal owned a Scottish Terrier. She was said to be so saddened by her dog's death to cancer and old age that she relapsed into drugs.

The Scottie is also renowned for being featured in the popular board game, Monopoly, as a player token. When the game was first created in the 1930s, Scotties were one of the most popular pets in the United States, and it is also one of the most popular Monopoly game tokens, according to Matt Collins, vice president of marketing for Hasbro. Disney's 1955 film Lady and the Tramp, its sequel and its 2019 reboot features a Scottish terrier named Jock is a friend of Lady, the American Cocker Spaniel and Trusty, the bloodhound. A terrier similar to Jock is among the dogs passing the message of Pongo and Perdita Dalmatian's fifteen puppies throughout London on the 1961 Disney movie One Hundred and One Dalmatians. A Scottie named Buster is Fatty's pet in Enyd Blyton's Five Find-Outers and Dog mystery novel series (1943-61). A Scottish Terrier named Dulcinea is a scene-stealer in the 1998 Latin American novel Yo-Yo Boing! by Giannina Braschi. In P. G. Wodehouse's Jeeves and Wooster novels, Bertie Wooster's principal antagonist Aunt Agatha has an Aberdeen terrier called Mackintosh. Scottish Terriers are also prevalent in scenes of Coraline (film).

In May 2007, Carnegie Mellon University named the Scottish Terrier its official mascot. The Scottie had been a long-running unofficial mascot of the university, whose founder's Scottish heritage is also honored by the official athletic nickname of "Tartans". Agnes Scott College in Decatur, Georgia also uses the Scottie as their mascot. The amateur athletics organisation Jogscotland has an anthropomorphic Scottish Terrier as its mascot.

See also
 List of domesticated Scottish breeds
 Scotty dog sign (radiological term)

References

FCI breeds
Dog breeds originating in Scotland
Terriers

Scottish Terrier


Tiruvannamalai district is one of the 32 districts of Tamil Nadu, India. The town of Tiruvannamalai is the headquarters of the district. As of 2011, the district had a population of 2,464,875 with  994 females for every 1,000 males.

History
Tiruvannamalai district is one of the sacred area in Tamil Nadu. The name of the district comes from its headquarters. The word "annamalai" in Tiruvannamalai means "the inaccessible mountain" and "Tiru" is a respectful title given. The temple town of Tiruvannamalai is one of the most ancient heritage sites of India and is a centre of the Saiva religion. The Deepam festival celebrated here attracts devotees from far and wide throughout South India. After independence Tiruvannamalai was under North Arcot District. The civil district of North Arcot was divided into Vellore District and Tiruvannamalai District in October 1989.

References

Other websites
official website

Tiruvannamalai district

Tiruvannamalai district


Gregory Hugh Wannier (1911–1983) was a Swiss physicist. He developed a complete set of orthogonal functions known as the Wannier functions which became tools of the trade for solid-state theorists. He also had made contributions to ferromagnetic theory via the Ising model. The Kramers–Wannier duality yields the exact location of the critical point for the Ising model on the square lattice.

Biography
Wannier received his physics PhD under Ernst Stueckelberg at the University of Basel in 1935. He worked with Professor Eugene P. Wigner as a post-doc exchange student at Princeton in the academic year 1936/1937 and later taught at several American universities before a stint in industry from 1946 to 1960. After working at Socony-Vacuum Laboratories, he joined Bell Laboratories in 1949. There he was in the Physical Electronics Group with colleagues such as William B. Shockley, Conyers Herring, John Bardeen, Charles Kittel, and Philip W. Anderson.

He returned to academia in 1961 at the University of Oregon, where he retired as professor emeritus in 1977. He published a series of important papers on the properties of crystals, working with graduate students and visiting professors. Additionally, he published widely read textbooks on solid-state theory and statistical mechanics.

He was regarded by many in the department as its most eminent member until his death on October 21, 1983. He was a fellow of the American Physical Society.

Books
Elements of solid state theory, Cambridge University Press 1959. Elements of solid state chemistry (Wannier, Gregory H.)
Statistical Physics, Wiley 1966; reprint Dover 1987, 2010

See also
Hofstadter's butterfly

References

External links
 Wannier, Gregory H., The Cambridge Dictionary of American Biography, 1995

1911 births
1983 deaths
Scientists at Bell Labs
Swiss physicists
University of Basel alumni
University of Oregon faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society

Gregory Wannier


The Bang Khun Phrom Palace () is a former royal residence in Bangkok, Thailand. It served as the residence of Prince Paribatra Sukhumbandhu until his forced exile following the Siamese revolution of 1932.

The palace is located on the east bank of the Chao Phraya River, on Samsen Road, Phra Nakhon District. It consists of two main buildings, the road-facing Tamnak Yai (main residence) and the river-facing Tamnak Somdet (residence of Queen Sukhumala Marasri, who was mother of the Prince). The main residence, designed by Mario Tamagno in neo-Baroque/Rococo style, was built in 1901–1902, while the Queen's residence was built around 1913 to designs by Karl Döhring in the Jugendstil or German Art Nouveau style.

Following the revolution, the palace served as the site of several government offices until it became the headquarters of the Bank of Thailand in 1945. It now serves as a museum, and housed the Bank of Thailand Museum until 2017, when its main exhibition was moved to the Bank of Thailand Learning Center housed in the opposite former bank note printing press building. The palace building is a registered ancient monument, and received the ASA Architectural Conservation Award in 1993.

In the Siamese revolution of 1932, after Khana Ratsadon (people's party) can seize the Royal Plaza and cut off all telecommunications systems includes after announcing the first manifesto. Some of the forces have invaded here in order to control Prince  Paribatra Sukhumbandhu, who served as the regent.  At that time he and his wife, along with a number of royal pages were about to flee by boat at pier behind the palace.

References

Former royal residences in Bangkok
Registered ancient monuments in Bangkok
Phra Nakhon district
Art Nouveau architecture in Thailand
Baroque Revival architecture in Thailand
Buildings and structures on the Chao Phraya River

Bang Khun Phrom Palace


Shaktisinh Harishchandrasinhji Gohil (born 4 April 1960) is an Indian politician. He is a Member of Parliament and a member of the Indian National Congress. He was as appointed president of the Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee in June 2023, in run up to 2024 general election.

Shaktisinh served as Minister of Finance, Health, Education, Narmada in two consecutive state governments from 1991 to 1995. He also led the opposition parties in the Gujarat Legislative Assembly as the Leader of Opposition from 2007 to 2012.

Early life and education
Shaktisinh was born on 4 April 1960 at Limda in Bhavnagar district, then in Bombay State. He is the eldest son of royal family of the erstwhile princely state of Limda of Saurashtra region in Gujarat. His mother Rajkumari Rajendrakuwarba, is the eldest daughter of the last ruler of Gadhka. He is also related to the royal families of Dared, Lodhika and Rajpur.

His grandfather Darbar Saheb Shri Ranjitsinhji Bhavsinhji was last ruler of Limda and an independence activist who took active part in Arz-I-hukumat movement against Junagadh Nawab's decision to join Pakistan. Ranjitsinhji served as first Member of the Legislative Assembly (India) from Gadhada constituency after its creation in 1967.

Shaktisinh holds degree of Bachelor in science with specialization in chemistry from Bhavnagar University and Masters in law from Saurashtra University.

He also holds a diploma in journalism.

Political career
Shaktisinh Gohil was elected as the president of the Bhavnagar district Youth Congress Party in 1986 and General Secretary of Gujarat State Youth Congress in 1989. He was also elected as President of Land Development Bank in Umrala during the same time and served in that capacity from 1986 to 1993.

Gohil successfully contested Local bodies election from Umrala constituency and became vice president of Bhavnagar district Zilla panchayat.

Shaktisinh became member of AICC in 1990 and thus entered mainstream politics. He successfully contested Gujarat Legislative Assembly from Bhavnagar South Constituency in 1990. He was a Minister of State in two consecutive governments from 1991-March 1995 and held various portfolios like Finance, Education, Health, Environment, Narmada, General Administration Department, Technical Education and Education Policy becoming the youngest minister in Gujarat as he held the highest number of portfolios.

Shaktisinh resigned as the Minister of State for Health in 1994, demanding a medical college for Bhavnagar. His first loyalty was to his electorate he said, which deserved the medical college. His resignation galvanized the government to allocate a medical college to Bhavnagar. This, till date remains the only medical college in Bhavnagar, a district with a population of over 15 lakhs (1.5 million).

He was re-elected in 1995 and was able to secure the highest number of votes among Congress candidates in Saurashtra region in 1995 elections.
Shaktisinh was elected to 12th legislative assembly of Gujarat, defeating Jitu Vaghani of Bhartiya Janta Party by margin of over seven thousand votes. He is only person to be elected for 3 terms as a member of Gujarat Legislative Assembly From Bhavnagar South Constituency.

Gohil was Leader of Opposition in Gujarat Vidhansabha during 12th Gujarat Legislative Assembly from 2007 to 2012.

In 2012 he had to change his constituency as Bhavnagar south ceased to exist as a result of delimitation procedure carried out by Election Commission of India. He unsuccessfully contested from Bhavnagar Rural against Parshotam Solanki of Bharatiya Janata Party. He was re-elected to 13th Gujarat Legislative Assembly from Abdasa assembly constituency defeating sitting MLA Chhabilbhai Patel, who had defected to Bharatiya Janata Party, in a by-election on 16 May 2014. He served as chairperson of Public Accounts Committee of Gujarat Legislative Assembly from 2014 to 2017.

He was appointed National Spokesperson of AICC by Congress president in Jan. 2014.

Shaktisinh was appointed All India Congress Committee State Incharge for Bihar on 2 April 2018. He was made interim incharge for party affairs for Delhi on 12 February 2020 by Congress president Sonia Gandhi.

Gohil was elected to Upper house of Indian Parliament on 19 June 2020. He is member of parliamentary standing Committee on Information Technology and Public Accounts Committee.

Positions held
Source:

 Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha, since June 2020.
 AICC incharge for Delhi, since 2020
 AICC incharge for Bihar, 2018 - 2020.
 National Spokesperson – AICC, since 2014.
 Chairman of Public Accounts Committee, Gujarat Legislative Assembly, 2014 - 2017.
 MLA from Abdasa assembly constituency, 2014 – 2017.
 Leader of Opposition, Gujarat Legislative Assembly, 2007-12.
 Chief spokesperson, Gujarat state Congress Committee, 2002-2007.
 Minister of State for Finance, Education, Health, Environment, Narmada, General Administration Department, Technical Education and Education Policy, Gujarat, 1991 to 1995.
 Chief Whip of the Congress Legislative Party (CLP), 1995-98.
 MLA from Bhavnagar South assembly constituency, 1990 to 1995, 1995 to 1998 & 2007 to 2012.
 Vice President, Bhavnagar District Panchayat (1986-1990).
 President of Land Development Bank, Umrala (1986-1993).
 All India Congress Committee (AICC) member since 1990.
 General Secretary of Gujarat State Youth Congress (1989).
 President District Youth Congress (1986).

References

External links

Leaders of the Opposition in Gujarat
Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017
Indian National Congress politicians
People from Bhavnagar district
Living people
1960 births
Gohils
Gujarat MLAs 1990–1995
Gujarat MLAs 1995–1998
Gujarat MLAs 2007–2012
Gujarati people
Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat

Shaktisinh Gohil


Dance Moms was a reality television show in the United States. It was about the training and careers of children (aged 6 to 13) in the dance industry. They were taught by Abby Lee Miller, who was often very strict and would argue with the parents of the dancers.

The show ran from 2011 to 2019. It made several participants into celebrities including presenter Abby Lee Miller and participants Maddie Ziegler and JoJo Siwa.

American reality television series

Dance Moms


Rotgipfler is a grape variety used to make aromatic white wine. It is almost exclusively found in the Gumpoldskirchen district of the Thermenregion in Austria. It is often blended with Zierfandler (which is also known as Spätrot) to make Spätrot-Rotgipfler. It is also increasingly used for quality wines. Such Rotgipfler wines are powerful, high in alcohol and suitable for cellaring.

In 1999 there were  of Rotgipfler vineyards in Austria.

Rotgipfler has been named for the red tips of its vine leaves. The earliest known mention of Rotgipfler was in 1837 in Steiermark by Johann Burger. Rotgipfler has been identified as a cross between Traminer and Roter Veltliner.

See also
 Austrian wine

References

White wine grape varieties
Austrian wine

Rotgipfler


Daniel J. Halstead was the publisher of The Syracuse Daily Union (1860), The Syracuse Daily Courier and Union (1860–1869), The Syracuse Daily Courier (1869–1888)  and The Syracuse Courier (1888–1898) newspapers.

In 1860 H. S. McCullom's Syracuse Daily Courier newspaper was in support of John C. Breckinridge for the presidential campaign. In response friends of Frederick Douglass started The Syracuse Daily Union newspaper, with Daniel J. Halstead, as the proprietor. With the election of Abraham Lincoln the two papers were consolidated under the name The Syracuse Daily Courier and Union, with Halstead as publisher and sole proprietor. The "Union" part of the name was dropped in 1869 and the Syracuse Daily Courier was the name of the paper from that time until 1888 when the word "Daily" was also dropped from the title.

On 1 January 1876, Halstead took as partners Milton N. Northrup and S. Gurney Lapham, under the firm name of D. J. Halstead & Co., each of the partners owning one-third of the firm. In May, 1883, D. J. Halstead & Co. were succeeded by the Courier Printing Company, the majority of the shares in the company being held by Halstead and his partners.

References

Writers from Syracuse, New York
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Businesspeople from Syracuse, New York

Daniel J. Halstead