The (Princely) County of Tyrol was an estate of the Holy Roman Empire established about 1140. After 1253, it was ruled by the House of Gorizia and from 1363 by the House of Habsburg. In 1804, the County of Tyrol, unified with the secularised prince-bishoprics of Trent and Brixen, became a crown land of the Austrian Empire. From 1867, it was a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria-Hungary.

Today the territory of the historic crown land is divided between the Italian autonomous region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and the Austrian state of Tyrol. The two parts are today associated again in the Tyrol–South Tyrol–Trentino Euroregion.

History

Establishment

At least since King Otto I of Germany had conquered the former Lombard kingdom of Italy in 961 and had himself crowned Holy Roman emperor in Rome, the principal passes of the Eastern Alps had become an important transit area. The German monarchs regularly traveled across Brenner or Reschen Pass on their Italian expeditions aiming at papal coronation or the consolidation of Imperial rule.

In 1004 King Henry II of Germany separated the estates of Trent from the North Italian March of Verona and vested the bishops of Trent with comital rights. In 1027 Henry's Salian successor, Emperor Conrad II, granted the Trent bishops further estates around Bozen and in the Vinschgau region; at the same time, he vested the bishop of Brixen with the suzerainty in the Etschtal and Inntal, part of the German stem duchy of Bavaria under the rule of Conrad's son Henry III. Especially the Brixen bishops remained loyal supporters of the Salian rulers in the Investiture Controversy and in 1091 also received the Puster Valley from the hands of Emperor Henry IV.

Documented from about 1140 onwards, the comital dynasty residing in Tyrol Castle near Meran held the office of  Vogts (bailiffs) in the Trent diocese. They extended their territory over much of the region and came to surpass the power of the bishops, who were nominally their feudal lords. After the deposition of the Welf Duke Henry X of Bavaria in 1138, the counts of Tyrol strengthened their independence. When Henry the Lion was again enfeoffed with the Bavarian duchy by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa at the 1154 Imperial Diet in Goslar, his possessions no longer comprised the Tyrolean lands. The counts maintained that independence under the rising Bavarian Wittelsbach dynasty. In 1210, Count Albert IV of Tyrol also took over the Vogt office in the Bishopric of Brixen, prevailing against the rivalling counts of Andechs.

Gorizia-Tyrol
In 1253 Count Meinhard of Gorizia (Görz) inherited the Tyrolean lands by his marriage to Adelheid, daughter of the last Count Albert IV of Tyrol. When their sons divided their estate in 1271, the elder Meinhard II took Tyrol, for which he was recognized as an immediate lordship. He supported the German king Rudolph of Habsburg against his rival King Ottokar II of Bohemia. In reward, he received the Duchy of Carinthia with the Carniolan march in 1286.

In 1307 Meinhard's son Henry was elected King of Bohemia, After his death, he had one surviving daughter, Margaret Maultasch, who could gain the rule only over Tyrol. In 1342 she married Louis V of Wittelsbach, then Margrave of Brandenburg. The red eagle in Tyrol's coat of arms may derive from the Brandenburg eagle at the time when she and her husband ruled Tyrol and Brandenburg in personal union, though the Tyrolean eagle had already appeared in the 13th century.

Louis V died in 1361, followed by Margaret's son Meinhard III two years later. Lacking any descendants to succeed her, she bequeathed the county to Rudolph IV of Habsburg, Duke of Austria in 1363. He was recognized by the House of Wittelsbach in 1369.  From that time onward, Tyrol was ruled by various lines of the Austrian Habsburg dynasty, who held the title of Count.

Austria

After the Habsburg hereditary lands had been divided by the 1379 Treaty of Neuberg, Tyrol was ruled by the descendants of Duke Leopold III of Austria.  After a second division within the Leopoldinian line in 1406, Duke Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets ruled them.  In 1420 he made Innsbruck the Tyrolean residence.  In 1490 his son and heir Sigismund renounced Tyrol and Further Austria in favour of his cousin German king Maximilian I of Habsburg.  By then Maximilian I had re-united all Habsburg lands under his rule.  In 1500 he also acquired the remaining Gorizia (Görz) territories around Lienz and the Puster Valley.

When Emperor Ferdinand I of Habsburg died in 1564, he bequeathed the rule over Tyrol and Further Austria to his second son Archduke Ferdinand II.  Both territories thereafter fell to the younger sons of the Habsburg Emperors: Archduke Matthias in 1608 and Maximilian III in 1612.  After the death of Archduke Sigismund Francis in 1665, all Habsburg lands were again under the united rule of the Emperor Leopold I.

From the time of Maria Theresa of Austria (1740−1780) onward, Tyrol was governed by the central government of the Habsburg monarchy at Vienna in all matters of major importance. In 1803 the lands of the Bishoprics of Trent and Brixen were secularised and incorporated into the county.

Napoleonic Wars

Following defeat by Napoleon in 1805, Austria was forced to cede Tyrol, which was split between the Kingdom of Bavaria and the Kingdom of Italy in the Peace of Pressburg. Tyrol as a part of Bavaria became a member of the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806. The Tyroleans rose up against the Bavarian authority and succeeded three times in defeating Bavarian and French troops trying to retake the country.

Austria lost the war of the Fifth Coalition against France, and got harsh terms in the Treaty of Schönbrunn in 1809.  Glorified as Tyrol's national hero, Andreas Hofer, the leader of the uprising, was executed in 1810 in Mantua. His forces had lost a fourth and final battle against the French and Bavarian forces. Tyrol remained under Bavaria and the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy for another four years.

In 1814, by decisions of the Congress of Vienna, Tyrol was reunified and returned to Austria.  It was integrated into the Austrian Empire. From 1867 onwards, it was a Kronland (Crown Land) of Cisleithania.

End of the County

After World War I, the victors settled border changes.  The Treaty of Saint-Germain of 1919 ruled according to the 1915 London Pact, that the southern part of the Austrian crown land of Tyrol had to be ceded to the Kingdom of Italy, including the territory of the former Trent bishopric, roughly corresponding to the modern-day Trentino, as well as the south of the medieval Tyrol county, the present-day province of South Tyrol. Italy thus took control of the strategically important Alpine water divide at the Brenner Pass and over the south of Tyrol proper with its large German-speaking majority. Since 1949 both parts form the autonomous Italian Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region. The northern part of Tyrol retained by the First Austrian Republic today forms the Austrian State of Tyrol with its East Tyrol exclave.

In 1945 following World War II, Austrian attempts and South Tyrolean petitions to reunite South Tyrol with Austria were not successful. Italy kept control. From 1972 onwards, the Italian Republic has granted further autonomy to the Trentino - Alto Adige/Südtirol province.

Counts of Tyrol
 Albert I –1078
 Albert II 1055–1101
 Albert III 1101–1165
 Berthold I 1165–1180
 Berthold II 1180–1181
 Henry I 1180–1202
 Albert IV 1202–1253, son
Male line extinct.

House of Meinhardin

County bequeathed to Albert's son-in-law:
 Meinhard I 1253–1258, also Count of Gorizia since 1231
 Meinhard II 1258–1295, also Count of Gorizia until 1271, Duke of Carinthia and Margrave of Carniola from 1286, jointly with:
 Albert V 1258–1271, brother, also Count of Gorizia until 1304
 Albert VI, son, until 1292
 Henry II 1295–1335, son of Meinhard II, also Duke of Carinthia, King of Bohemia 1306 and 1307–1310, jointly with his brothers
 Louis, until 1305
 Otto, until 1310
Male line extinct, Countess Margaret, daughter of Henry II, married to:
 John Henry of Luxembourg 1335–1341;
divorced, secondly to:
 Louis of Wittelsbach 1341–1361, also Margrave of Brandenburg 1323–1351, Duke of Bavaria from 1347, succeeded by
 Meinhard III 1361–1363, son.
Line extinct.

House of Habsburg
County bequeathed to
 Rudolph IV of Habsburg 1363–1365, also Duke of Austria, Styria and Carinthia since 1358, Duke of Carniola from 1364
 Leopold I 1365–1386, brother, also Duke of Austria until 1379, Duke of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola (Inner Austria according to the 1379 Treaty of Neuberg), jointly with his brother
 Albert IV until 1379, sole Duke of Austria from 1379
 William 1386–1406, son of Leopold I, also ruler of Inner Austria, jointly with his brother
 Leopold II 1396–1406, regent of Tyrol and Further Austria (until 1402), regent of Austria from 1406
 Frederick of the Empty Pockets 1406–1439, brother, also regent of Further Austria since 1402
 Sigismund 1439–1490, son, also ruler of Further Austria, deposed
Line extinct, Habsburg lands re-unified under
 Maximilian I 1490–1519, King of Germany (King of the Romans) since 1486, Archduke of Austria from 1493, Holy Roman Emperor ("Emperor-elect") from 1508.
[...]

Habsburg regents of Tyrol and Further Austria:
 Ferdinand II 1564–1595, second son of Emperor Ferdinand I
 Maximilian III 1612–1618, son
 Leopold V 1619–1632, younger brother of Emperor Ferdinand II
 Ferdinand Charles 1632–1662, son, with his mother
 Claudia de' Medici 1632–1646, as regent
 Sigismund Francis 1663–1665, brother
Line extinct, Habsburg lands re-unified under
 Leopold I 1665–1705, Holy Roman Emperor since 1658.
[...]

See also
 Tyrol
 Tyrol (State)
 South Tyrol
 Trentino
 History of Tyrol
 Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino

References

External links

County of Tyrol
Historical regions in Austria
Subdivisions of Austria-Hungary
Subdivisions of the Habsburg monarchy
County of Tyrol
County of Tyrol
States and territories disestablished in 1919
States and territories established in 1140
1140s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1140 establishments in Europe
1919 disestablishments in Europe
Counties of the Holy Roman Empire
Lands of the Empire of Austria (1867–1918)
Former monarchies of Europe

County of Tyrol


Alfred James Swift  (25 June 1931 – 13 April 2009) was a South African Olympic athlete and cyclist.

Swift was born in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa on 25 June 1931. He was awarded provincial colours for Natal (Kwazulu Natal) and then later for Transvaal (Gauteng). He was awarded his springbok colours in 1952 and competed at two Olympic games, 1952 in Helsinki and 1956 in Melbourne. He also captained the South African Team to the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome.

He won a silver (4,000m Team Pursuit Men 1952) and bronze medal (1,000m Time Trial Men 1956) at the games. He went to two British Empire & Commonwealth Games, 1954 in Vancouver, Canada, and 1958 in Cardiff, Wales. He won gold (Time Trial) at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games. He was one of only three athletes (of all types) to win South Africa's highest honour, the Shield of Jove.

He gave back to his sport by serving and being president of South African Cycling Federation and was one of the creators of the Rapport Tour (South Africa's Tour de France). Swift died on 13 April 2009 in Johannesburg, South Africa.

References

1931 births
2009 deaths
Sportspeople from Durban
Olympic medalists in cycling
Olympic silver medalists for South Africa
South African male cyclists
Cyclists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Olympic cyclists for South Africa
Cyclists at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Cyclists at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for South Africa
Olympic bronze medalists for South Africa
Commonwealth Games medallists in cycling
Medallists at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games

Alfred Swift


Mocha is a city in Yemen. As of 2021, about 10,000 people lived there. It is also known as  Al-Makha. From the 15th to the 18th century, it was the main city, where coffee was traded. Mocha was also the main port city for Yemen's capital, Sana'a. In recent times, the ports of Aden and Al Hudaydah have become more important.

Cities in Yemen

Mocha, Yemen


Aquilegia grahamii is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family known by the common name Graham's columbine. It is endemic to Utah in the United States, where it is known only from Uintah County. It occurs in three canyons along the Uinta Mountains. There are an estimated 5,000 to 10,000 individuals.

Description
Aquilegia grahamii is a perennial herb growing 25 to 60 cm tall. Leaves are biternate (= with 3 groups of 3 leaflets), up to 24 long, glandular and sticky. Flowers number 6 or more, nodding (= hanging downward), yellow in the center with red to purple spurs. Blooming occurs in June and July.

Ecology
Aquilegia grahamii occurs next to cliffs of sandstone. It is associated with Calamagrostis scopulorum.

References

External links

grahamii
Flora of Utah
Uintah County, Utah
Plants described in 1993

Aquilegia grahamii


La Valera was a Spanish dancer of the early twentieth century.

Background
When she toured with her "Spanish Dance" her publicity claimed she was a famous Spanish dancer and singer who at the age of 15 was the premier danseuse at the Teatro Real in Madrid. More credible accounts indicate she was born Hazel Wolf to a traveling salesman and his wife and claimed Portland as her home town.  Accounts of her divorce give her married name as Mrs. Hazel Gertrude Phipps, daughter of Mrs. Marie Dowd. Phipps married her when she was a student at St. Margaret's, San Mateo. She reportedly "returned" to Spain as a teenager.

Exotic Dancer
She relocated to San Francisco and by 1909 had signed to tour on the Orpheum Circuit, Inc. In a Los Angeles engagement La Valera presented a Kirmess dance during a production of Cupid At Home, at the Orpheum Theater.

Often she imitated Rita Sacchetto, a German-born Spanish dancer. Some of the dances she performed were originated by Carmencita. Others were taken from peasant dances. As Rita, La Valera performed a toreador dance, draped in a large black cape. She depicted the fear of the bullfight and the danger faced by the torero precisely. Her attire was black and gold like the jewelry of Toledo, Spain. She designed all of her own costumes.

She performed at the American Music Hall in New York City in May 1910. In 1914 she appeared at the Colonial Theater owned by Benjamin Franklin Keith. In this New York show she was paired with Melvin Stokes in A Dash of Spanish. Will Rogers, the Oklahoma cowboy, was also on the bill.

In June 1915 La Valera joined the Mission Play performers who gave presentations at the Pasadena Playhouse. In September of the same year she introduced a new dance called the El Pandoro at San Gabriel, California. She learned it from La Belle Ortega, a legendary Spanish dancer who was retired.

Marriage

La Valera's husband, Horton Forrest Phipps, became a taxi driver shortly before she began her vaudeville touring. He was soon arrested on a charge of grand larceny, but was acquitted. La Valera divorced him afterwards.
Phipps' checkered career was further tarnished by his employment as a runner by a firm of police court attorneys. Through his employment he violated a San Francisco statute which read, "every person who acts as a runner or capper for attorneys in or about police courts is a vagrant and is punishable by a fine of $500 and imprisonment not to exceed six months."

In 1919 she married Col. Hugh Cochran. "La Valera" retired around this time. Being married to an Army Colonel, they lived in many places:  The Philippines, Hawaii, New York, Virginia, Texas and eventually California.

They had four children:  Hazel, Nancy, Hugh and Donald. Hugh was killed in WWII and Nancy died in 2019. Hazel (age 100) and Donald (age 93) are still alive today.

The Cochran's settled in Palo Alto, California and later in nearby Atherton, CA.

Colonel Hugh Cochran died in  and Mrs. Hazel Cochran died in 1973. They had 13 grandchildren.

References

Sources
 "The Drama-Players, Playhouses, Theatrical Chit-Chat", (May 30, 1909), Los Angeles Times, Page III1.
 "Personifies Spanish dance mood", (June 7, 1915), Los Angeles Times, Page III4.
 "Mission Play", (September 7, 1915), Los Angeles Times, Page II6.
"Spanish Dancing", (May 1, 1910), New York Times, Page XX3.
"Week's Bills At The Theatres", (May 24, 1910), New York Times, Page 9.
"For Vaudeville's Patrons", (January 11, 1914), New York Times, Page X6.
"The Knave", (December 6, 1914), Oakland Tribune, Page 25.
"Is It Press Agent Work", (November 11, 1911), Oakland Tribune, Page 9.
"Mrs. Phipps (La Valera) Plans Suit for Divorce", (January 19, 1912), Oakland Tribune, Page 13.

Spanish female dancers
Vaudeville performers
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing

La Valera


Epistaxis is when blood comes out of the nose. It is more commonly known as a nosebleed. Even though nosebleeds can seem scary, they are usually not serious or life threatening. Most nosebleeds happen in the front of the nose, and these are called anterior nosebleeds. Sometimes, people get nosebleeds in the back of their noses, called posterior nosebleeds. These are more serious, and somebody who has one may have to go to the hospital.

Nosebleeds are more frequent during the winter months. During this time, more upper respiratory infections occur and changes in temperature and humidity are larger.

What causes them

Most nosebleeds are caused by one of the following:
 Blunt trauma (usually a punch to the nose)
 Nose-picking
They can also be caused by a reaction to something in the environment.

Dealing with a nosebleed
Many people tilt their heads back during a nosebleed, but this is actually not safe because it can make blood go down their throats and make them choke or get sick. Instead, the best way to deal with a nosebleed is to tilt one's head forward and pinch the bottom of their nose between one's nostrils with a wet piece of tissue paper.

References

Health problems
Nose

Epistaxis


Le Petit Prince a Dit is 1992 French-Swiss drama film written and directed by Christine Pascal. The film follows an estranged Swiss couple who re-evaluate their relationship with the discovery of their daughter's terminal illness. It premiered on 3 September 1992 at the Montreal World Film Festival.

Plot
A young girl, Violette goes to live with her grandmother after her parents, Adam and Mélanie separate. Thus she rarely gets an opportunity to see her busy parents. Her mother is concerned at her daughter's clumsiness and convinces her estranged husband to take her to see a doctor. The medical examination reveals that Violette has a brain tumour and is likely to die within a few months. Adam decides to take Violette on a road trip to Italy where her mother is rehearsing for a play.  Violette disapproves of  her father's new girlfriend and longs to see her parents reunited. Upon the realisation that Violette only has days left to live, Adam and Mélanie attempt to make their daughter's wish a reality.

Cast
Richard Berry as Adam Leibovich
Anémone as Melanie
Marie Kleiber as Violette Leibovich
Lucie Phan as Lucie
Mista Préchac as Minerve
Claude Muret as Jean-Pierre
Jean Cuenoud as Otto
John Gutwirth as Victor

Awards and nominations
César Award for Best Film - nomination
César Award for Best Director -  Christine Pascal (nomination)
César Award for Best Actor - Richard Berry (nomination)
César Award for Best Actress - Anémone (nomination)

Montreal World Film Festival
Best Actor - Richard Berry (won)
Best Screenplay - Christine Pascal and Robert Boner (won)
Louis Delluc Prize - Christine Pascal (won)

References

External links

1992 films
French drama films
1990s French-language films
Swiss drama films
Films set in Switzerland
Louis Delluc Prize winners
Films scored by Bruno Coulais
French-language Swiss films
1990s French films

Le Petit Prince a dit


The Battle of Merdjayoun took place during the Syria-Lebanon Campaign of World War II from 19–24 June 1941 between Vichy French and predominantly Australian Allied forces in and near the Lebanese town of Marjayoun.

Initial fighting
Australian forces advancing from the British Mandate of Palestine entered Marjayoun on 11 June 1941 against badly equipped defenders, after which the majority of the Australian 25th Brigade was diverted north to attack Jezzine, leaving a small force based around the 2/33rd Battalion to hold Merdjayoun. Following a strong Vichy French counterattack, this garrison was forced to withdraw south on 15 June. In the ensuing battle, Allied troops successfully defended the pass leading back to Palestine, and recaptured the town early on 24 June. The 7th Australian Division—commanded by Major-General Arthur "Tubby" Allen—was reinforced by units from the 6th Australian Division.

On 20 June, the French Information Office (Office Francais d'Information, OFI) of the Vichy French government announced: "Yesterday the British attempted unsuccessfully to attack Damascus and Merjayoun, Lebanon. Indian and British troops advanced in the area south and southeast of Damascus, but we succeeded in repulsing them in counterattacks by our armoured units and took 400 prisoners. Yesterday afternoon our troops warded off an enemy attack in the mountainous zone of southern Lebanon. We took 80 prisoners in this operation. Along the coast, the British fleet continued to bombard our positions."

The 2/3rd Battalion of the 6th Division was part of the column sent to relieve elements of the 5th Indian Infantry Brigade Group which had been cut off and surrounded in Mezze, a western neighborhood of Damascus, after the Battle of Damascus. They gallantly stormed the high ground near Mezze but in spite of their efforts the column were only able to fight their way into Mezze a few hours after the Allied defenders, out of ammunition and without food for the previous 50 hours, had been overrun.

The 2/5th Australian Field Regiment was also part of the relief column. Lieutenant Arthur Roden (later Sir Roden) Cutler repeatedly engaged enemy tanks, enemy infantry, enemy anti-tank, and enemy machine posts with his 25-pounder field gun, his Boys anti-tank rifle, his Bren gun, or his .303 rifle. He later lost his leg during the Battle of Damour, but was awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions at both Merdjayoun and Damour. Cutler is the only Australian artilleryman to ever been awarded the VC.

Follow-up
On 29 June, the Vichy French government announced in a communique: "The British Fleet has bombed our coastal positions in the Middle East. We have evacuated several of our bases in the mountains of southern Lebanon under cover of artillery fire which inflicted heavy losses on our assailants. Our aerial forces, supported by naval aircraft, repeatedly intervened in the ground fighting, especially around Palmyra (Syria). A British colonel and 40 men were captured."

On 30 June, the Headquarters of Lieutenant-General Henry Maitland Wilson (Allied commander in Lebanon and Syria) announced: "The Allied offensive against Homs (Syria) is making substantial progress. An Australian squadron flying American-model aircraft, shot down a formation of six Vichy French Glenn Martin bombers in aerial combat. The Australians came back without losses to themselves."

Notes and references
Notes

References

Further reading

Conflicts in 1941
1941 in France
Military battles of Vichy France
Syria–Lebanon campaign
Battles of World War II involving Australia
Merdjayoun
June 1941 events

Battle of Merdjayoun


David Earle Johnson (April 10, 1938 - December 22, 1998) was a percussionist, composer and music producer. The son of Earle H. Johnson and Lottie Ruth Troutman Johnson of Florence, SC.

He appeared on Billy Cobham's Total Eclipse and Voyage to Uranus (1974) by ; Jan Hammer's The First Seven Days (1975); Lenny White's Big City and Miroslav Vitouš' Majesty Music (1977); Jaroslav Jakubovič's Checkin' In, Mark Moogy Klingman's Moogy II, the Players Association's Born to Dance, and Josh White Jr.'s self-titled album (1978).

Johnson's solo debut came in 1978 with Time Is Free, recorded for Vanguard Records. His relationship with that label proved short-lived, however, and he began recording albums for other labels in subsequent years before his recording career slowed following his 1983 album, The Midweek Blues.

Jan Hammer produced and performed on most of these releases along with John Abercrombie, Jeremy Steig, Col. Bruce Hampton, Allen Sloan, Dan Wall, Billy McPherson (under the pseudonym Ben 'Pops' Thornton), and Gary Campbell.

Johnson was against the use of sampling, as Hammer used samples of his rare Nigerian Log Drums on the Miami Vice soundtrack without his permission. This resulted in a lawsuit, which Johnson ultimately lost.

He was married to French artist Evelyne Morisot, with whom he had four children. He died from cancer in 1998.

Discography

As leader
 1978 Time Is Free
 1979 Skin Deep Yeah!
 1980 Hip Address
 1981 Route Two
 1983 Midweek Blues
 1986 The Feeling's Mutual
 1993 White Latening

As sideman
 Bob Belden Ensemble Straight to My Heart: The Music of Sting (1989)
 Blast Blast (1980)
 Billy Cobham Total Eclipse (1974)
 Billy Cobham Rudiments: The Billy Cobham... (2001)
 Jan Hammer Early Years (1974),
 Jan Hammer First Seven Days (1975)
 Jan Hammer Group Oh Yeah? (1976)
 Col. Bruce Hampton & The Late Bronze Age Outside Looking Out (1980)
 Jaroslav Jakubovic Checkin' In (1978)
 Elvin Jones - The Main Force (Vanguard, 1976)
 Klemperer/Reiner Gerald McBoing Boing & Others (1990)
 Mark Moogy Klingman Moogy II (1978)
 Taj Mahal Like Never Before (1991)
 Oregon Friends (1977)
 Oregon Essential (1987)
 Oregon Vanguard Sessions: Best of the... (2000)
 The Players Association Born to Dance (1978)
 Players Association Players Association/Turn the Music (1998)
 Sea Level Best of Sea Level (1977)
 Sea Level Long Walk on a Short Pier (1979)
 Clive Stevens Voyage to Uranus (1974)
 Swamp Dogg Swamp Dogg (Rat On) (1971)
 Swamp Dogg Cuffed, Collared and Tagged (1972)
 Swamp Dogg Have You Heard This Story? (1974)
 George Tandy Urban Jazz (1992)
 Nestor Torres Morning Ride (1989)
 Miroslav Vitous Majesty Music (1977)
 Josh White, Jr. Josh White Jr. (1978)
 Lenny White Big City (1977)
 John Williams Empire Strikes Back (1980)
 Betty Wright Passion & Compassion (1990)
 Various Artists Cool Fever (1997)
 Various Artists Vanguard Collector's Edition (1997)

References

External links

American jazz percussionists
1998 deaths
1938 births

David Earle Johnson


The South Central Falls Historic District is a historic district in Central Falls, Rhode Island.  It is a predominantly residential area, densely populated, which was developed most heavily in the late 19th century.  It is bounded roughly by Broad Street to the east, the Pawtucket city line to the south, Dexter Street to the west, and Rand Street and Jenks Park to the north.  It has 377 contributing buildings, most of which were built before 1920.  The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.

Although the district is predominantly residential, it has a modest number of non-residential civic, religious, and industrial buildings.  The only industrial facility is the Hemphill Mill on Dexter Street, a four-story brick structure built in 1909.  There are three church buildings, two of which still see ecclesiastical use: St. George's Episcopal is a stone church built in 1922, and there is a wood-frame Queen Anne-style church building at 161-165 Cross Street which was built in 1893 and has served several Protestant congregations.  Two school buildings survive: the Central Street School, an Italianate wood-frame structure built in 1881 which is separately listed on the National Register, and the present Central Falls City Hall, an imposing brick building built as a high school in 1889 with Queen Anne styling when the area was still part of Lincoln.  The Adams Library building is a Classical Revival structure built in 1910.

The housing in the district consists mainly of vernacular wood-frame structures with one to three units.  Architectural embellishments are typically modest, following the style of the time, resulting in a significant number of modest worker cottages with some Italianate styling, which predominated during the early period of the area's development.  Large single-family houses are comparatively rare in the district; the most notable one is the Samuel B. Conant House, a Colonial Revival house built in 1895 for a Pawtucket printshop owner.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Providence County, Rhode Island

References

Historic districts in Providence County, Rhode Island
Central Falls, Rhode Island
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Providence County, Rhode Island

South Central Falls Historic District


Jeanne Sobelson Manford (December 4, 1920 – January 8, 2013) was an American schoolteacher and activist. She co-founded the support group organization, PFLAG, for which she was awarded the 2012 Presidential Citizens Medal.

Family
Born Jean Sobelson in Flushing, Queens in 1920, the third of five daughters of Sadie, a housewife, and Charles Sobelson, a salesman, she studied for a short time in Alabama before stopping her studies to return home after her father's death. She married Jules Manford, had three children (Charles, Morty and Suzanne) and returned to college in her 30s, earning her bachelor's degree from Queens College and joining the faculty of PS 32 in Queens in 1964.  She lived in New York until 1996 when she moved to Minnesota to care for her great-grandchild while her granddaughter attended medical school.  She then went on to live with her daughter in California.

Founding of PFLAG

In April 1972, Manford and her husband Jules were at home in Flushing, Queens, when they learned from a hospital's telephone call that her son Morty, a gay activist, had been beaten while distributing flyers inside the fiftieth annual Inner Circle dinner, a political gathering in New York City.  Reports stated that Morty was "kicked and stomped" while being led away by police. In response, she wrote a letter of protest to the New York Post that identified herself as the mother of a gay protester and complained of police inaction. She gave interviews to radio and television shows in several cities in the weeks that followed, always accompanied by her husband or son.

On June 25, she participated with her son in the New York Pride March, carrying a hand-lettered sign that read "Parents of Gays Unite in Support for Our Children". At the time, homosexuality was still considered a mental illness and sodomy a crime, and California Senator Mark Leno has subsequently reflected that "[f]or her to step into the street to declare support for her mentally ill, outlaw son - that was no small act ... But it was what a mother's love does."  Manford recalled in a 1996 interview the cheers she received in the parade, and that the "young people were hugging me, kissing me, screaming, asking if I would talk to their parents ... [as] few of them were out to their parents for fear of rejection."  Prompted by this enthusiastic reception, Manford and her husband developed an idea for an organization of the parents of gays and lesbians that could be, she later said, "a bridge between the gay community and the heterosexual community". They were soon holding meetings for such parents, with her husband participating as well. She called him "a very articulate person ... a much better speaker than I. He was right along with me on everything." The first meeting of the group—then called Parents of Gays—was attended by about 20 people, and was held at the Metropolitan-Duane Methodist Church, now the Church of the Village.

Morty's attacker went on to testify for gay rights on behalf of teamsters' union president Barry Feinstein more than a decade later, and formed a cordial relationship with Morty, regularly joining him for coffee and pastry.

Later life

In June 1991, Manford was grand marshal of New York City's Gay Pride March. In 1993, she was the grand marshal of the first pride parade in Queens and organized a local chapter of PFLAG in Astoria. After teaching at Flushing's PS 32 for 26 years, Manford retired in 1990 at 70 years of age. Her son Morty, who became an assistant New York State attorney general, died of AIDS at age 41 in 1992, while her son Charles had died in 1966 and her husband Jules had died in 1982. She relocated to Rochester, Minnesota, in 1996 to be near her family. In October 2009, U.S. President Barack Obama recounted Manford's founding of PFLAG in a televised speech before the annual Human Rights Campaign dinner.

Jeanne Manford died at home in Daly City, California on January 8, 2013, aged 92. A collection of Manford's papers is archived at the New York Public Library. James Martin, Catholic Jesuit priest and editor of America, paid tribute to her: "No matter what you think about the hot-button issue of same-sex marriage, no matter what religion you are, no matter what political party you favor, I hope that you say a prayer for Mrs. Manford. For she loved prophetically."

Honors and legacy
In June 1991, Manford was grand marshal of New York City's Gay Pride March.

In 1993, she was the grand marshal of the first pride parade in Queens, New York.

In February 2013, it was announced that President Barack Obama was to honor Manford posthumously with the 2012 Presidential Citizens Medal, the second highest civilian award given by the United States, for her work in co-founding PFLAG and ongoing years of LGBT advocacy. She was one of 18 Americans selected to receive the award from more than 6000 nominations. It recognizes "exemplary deeds of service for their country and their fellow citizens," from more than 6000 nominations. On February 15, 2013, Manford's daughter, Suzanne Manford Swan, accepted the award on her behalf at a White House ceremony at which Obama said: "These folks participate, they get involved, they have a point of view. They don't just wait for somebody else to do something, they go out there and do it, and they join and they become part of groups and they mobilize and they organize." The President described the founding of PFLAG and continued: "This was back in 1972. There was a lot of hate, a lot of vitriol toward gays and lesbians and anyone who supported them. But instead, she wrote to the local newspaper and took to the streets with a simple message: No matter who her son was — no matter who he loved — she loved him, and wouldn't put up with this kind of nonsense." He said "that simple act" provided the impetus for a national organization "that has given so much support to parents and families and friends, and helped to change this country".

On April 26, 2014, 171st Street between 33rd and 35th Avenues in the Flushing neighborhood of Queens, New York was named "Jeanne, Jules, Morty Manford PFLAG Way".

On May 20, 2017, the US Post Office-Jackson Heights Station was dedicated to Jeanne and Jules Manford.

In June 2019, Manford was one of the inaugural fifty American "pioneers, trailblazers, and heroes" inducted on the National LGBTQ Wall of Honor within the Stonewall National Monument (SNM) in New York City's Stonewall Inn. The SNM is the first U.S. national monument dedicated to LGBTQ rights and history, and the wall's unveiling was timed to take place during the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall riots.

Season 1, episode 6 of the podcast Making Gay History is about Manford and her son Morty, and season 3, episode 11 of that podcast is solely about Morty. She has spoken concerning her son and the foundation of PFLAG on the podcast All Gay Long.

References

1920 births
2013 deaths
Schoolteachers from New York (state)
American women educators
American LGBT rights activists
Queens College, City University of New York alumni
People from Flushing, Queens
Presidential Citizens Medal recipients
Articles containing video clips
Educators from New York City
21st-century American women

Jeanne Manford


Francis David Langhorne Astor, CH (5 March 1912 – 7 December 2001) was an English newspaper publisher, editor of The Observer at the height of its circulation and influence, and member of the Astor family, "the landlords of New York".

Early life

David Astor was born in London, England, the third child of American-born English parents, Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor (1879–1952), and Nancy Witcher Langhorne (1879–1964). The product of an immensely wealthy business dynasty, and raised in the grandeur of a great country estate where the political and intellectual elite gathered, he nevertheless showed compassion for the poor and those who were victims of destructive socioeconomic policies.

An extremely shy man, David Astor was greatly influenced by his father, but as a young man he rebelled against his strong-willed mother. After an education at West Downs School in Winchester, Hampshire, followed by Eton College in Berkshire, he attended Balliol College, Oxford, where he suffered a nervous breakdown and left in 1933 without graduating. He was psycho-analysed by Anna Freud, and during World War II, he served with distinction as a Royal Marines officer and was wounded in France. While at Balliol in 1931, he met a young anti-fascist German, named Adam von Trott zu Solz, who was to become the most influential figure in his life. Von Trott's involvement in the 1944 plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler led to his execution.

Career
In 1936, Astor joined the Yorkshire Post newspaper, where he worked for a year before joining his father's newspaper, The Observer, which he would edit for 27 years. With his father's advancing age, and high inheritance taxes in England, in 1945 David Astor and his brother transferred ownership of the paper to a board of trustees. The trust contained restrictions so that the paper could not be subject to a hostile takeover but also stipulated that its profits go towards improving the newspaper, promoting high journalistic standards, and required a portion of the profits to be donated to charitable causes.

In 1945, Astor purchased the Manor House at Sutton Courtenay, Oxfordshire, living there and restoring The Abbey in the village, which he bought in 1958 and was across the road from the Manor House. He leased The Abbey to the Ockenden Venture, which used it as a home for refugee children.

Observer editor
Astor became the editor of The Observer in 1948 and by the mid-1950s, he had made The Observer a successful and influential paper that published points of view from the right and left. Astor's policies were passionate about the plight of black Africans and the violation of human rights. He wrote against the death penalty and opposed all censorship. But, he took a more conservative view on the economic problems caused by high taxes and believed British trades unions had become too powerful and were hindering economic progress. He warned of the dangers of big government and of big business, influenced by his friend and employee of The Observer, George Orwell.

Astor broadly supported the Cold War containment policies of Atlantic alliance and consequently had difficulties with The Observer's foreign editor, the German emigre Sebastian Haffner. Haffner was unwilling to dismiss the March 1952 Stalin Note with its offer of Soviet withdrawal in return for German neutrality. In 1954 he accepted a financially generous offer to transfer to Berlin as The Observer's German correspondent but again broke with Astor in 1961 when The Observer refused to call for a more forceful allied response to the building of the Berlin Wall.

With Haffner, in the late 1940s Astor was one of the so-called Shanghai Club (named after a restaurant in Soho) of liberal/left-leaning and emigre journalists that included Orwell, Isaac Deutscher (who as a roving European correspondent also wrote for the Observer), E. H. Carr, Barbara Ward, and Jon Kimche.

In 1956, David Astor and his newspaper came under fire when it accused Prime Minister Anthony Eden of lying to the people about important matters in Suez Crisis. Although he ultimately was shown to have been right, the situation harmed the paper's image and its circulation and advertising revenue began to decline. Astor's causes included playing a main role in establishing Amnesty International in 1961 after his paper published "The Forgotten Prisoners" by Peter Benenson. He also voiced strong opposition to the apartheid policy of the white South African government and supported the African National Congress (ANC). Nelson Mandela would refer to Astor as one of the best and most loyal of friends who had supported the ANC when other newspapers ignored them.

Despite his great wealth, David Astor lived modestly, putting his money to good use through a network of benefactions and charities. Although he proved a brilliant editor, he lacked the drive for profits like other newcomers to the business who took advantage to increase rapidly both their advertising and circulation at the expense of The Observer. When The Daily Telegraph launched a Sunday edition in 1961 it changed what had been a staid industry and the ensuing battles for advertising changed the character of how and what newspapers were all about. The aggressive marketing by The Sunday Times under Canadian newspaper tycoon Roy Thomson hurt circulation while the paper's unions were making repeated demands that drove costs to a point where the operation became an unsustainable business.

In April 1962, Astor gave a speech about the roots of political extremism, which led to the formation of the Columbus Centre, led by Professor Norman Cohn, and which became a research centre at the University of Sussex.

Later life
In 1975, Astor resigned as editor of The Observer but continued as a trustee. In 1977 the paper was sold by his family to Robert O. Anderson, the American owner of the Atlantic Richfield Oil Company. In his retirement Astor continued to support a number of charities and to finance pressure groups for causes that he strongly believed in. He was appointed as a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in the 1994 New Year Honours "for public and charitable services". In 1995 David Astor was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Letters from Plymouth University.

Campaign for Myra Hindley
During the 1980s and 1990s, he campaigned alongside Lord Longford to try and gain parole for the Moors Murderer Myra Hindley, claiming that she was a reformed character and no threat to society, and had therefore qualified for parole from the life sentence imposed on her in 1966 for her role with Ian Brady in the murder of three children. He continued his campaign even after Hindley admitted taking part in two more murders in 1986. In September 1990, he even claimed that her continued imprisonment was comparable to that of Nelson Mandela, who had just been released from prison in South Africa after serving 27 years of a life sentence for his part in the battle against the oppression of black people under that country's apartheid regime. Astor had also been a supporter of the campaign for Mandela's release from prison. Along with Longford, he claimed that she was being kept in prison to serve the interests of successive Home Secretaries and their governments (who had the power to decide on minimum terms for life sentence prisoners from 1983 until 2002); these politicians gradually increased Hindley's original minimum of 25 to 30 years and from 1990 to a whole life tariff. The campaign to win parole for Myra Hindley was unsuccessful, with her appeal against the whole life tariff being rejected three times by the High Court, and she remained in prison until her death in November 2002, almost a year after Astor's own death. Longford had died earlier in 2001.

Astor had been a supporter of Mandela and an opponent of South Africa's apartheid regime since shortly after Mandela was jailed in 1964. He continued to support the campaign for Mandela's release until he was finally set free from prison in February 1990 and continued to oppose the apartheid regime until it was finally completely abolished four years later, just before Mandela became the president of South Africa.

Astor was one of the founders of the Koestler Trust in the 1960s and continued to support the scheme until his death. The Koestler Trust was set up as a charity to promote creative arts in prisons; Astor was the Trust's chair for a period.

Personal life
In 1945, he married for the first time to Melanie Hauser, with whom he had one child:
 Frances Christine Langhorne Astor (b. 1947)

After his divorce from Melanie in 1951, he married Bridget Aphra Wreford (1928-2019) in 1952. David and Bridget had five children:
 Alice Margaret Frances Astor (b. 1953)
 Richard David Langhorne Astor (b. 1955)
 Lucy Aphra Nancy Astor (b. 1958)
 Nancy Bridget Elizabeth Astor (b. 1960)
 Thomas Robert Langhorne Astor (b. 1962)

David Astor died in December 2001 at the age of 89, and is buried in All Saints' parish churchyard, Sutton Courtenay, Oxfordshire, in a grave with a simple headstone bearing only his name and years of birth and death. In an adjacent grave is his friend Eric Arthur Blair, better known by his pen name George Orwell. Astor bought both burial plots when he learned that Orwell had asked to be buried in an English country churchyard.

Bibliography
 David Astor and The Observer by Richard Cockett. Has endpapers that are facsimiles of The Observer newspaper, with other black-and-white photographic plates of personnel linked to newspaper. 294 pages with an index. London: Andre Deutsch (1990).
 David Astor by Jeremy Lewis (Jonathan Cape, 2016). Reviewed The Economist 27 February 2016, p. 74.

References

External links

1912 births
2001 deaths
David
British Army personnel of World War II
British newspaper editors
English people of Irish descent
English people of Scottish descent
Livingston family
Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour
British newspaper publishers (people)
People educated at Eton College
People educated at West Downs School
People from Sutton Courtenay
Younger sons of viscounts
The Observer people
20th-century British businesspeople

David Astor


Empathy is a word that means that someone is able to share or understand the emotions and feelings of another person. Someone may need to have a certain amount of empathy before they are able to feel compassion. The word was coined in 1909 by the English psychologist Edward.B. Titchener.

Definitions
Empathy is an ability with many different definitions. They cover a wide spectrum, ranging from caring for other people and having a desire to help them, to experiencing emotions that match another person's emotions, to knowing what the other person is thinking or feeling, to blurring the line between self and other. Below are definitions of empathy:

 Daniel Batson: "A motivation oriented towards the other".
 D.M. Berger: "The capacity to know emotionally what another is experiencing from within the frame of reference of that other person, the capacity to sample the feelings of another or to put one's self in another's shoes".
 Jean Decety: "A sense of similarity in feelings experienced by the self and the other, without confusion between the two individuals".
 Frans de Waal: "The capacity to (a) be affected by and share the emotional state of another, (b) assess the reasons for the other's state, and (c) identify with the other, adopting his or her perspective. This definition extends beyond what exists in many animals, but the term "empathy" … applies even if only criterion (a) is met".
 Nancy Eisenberg: "An affective response that stems from the apprehension or comprehension of another's emotional state or condition, and that is similar to what the other person is feeling or would be expected to feel".
 Alvin Goldman: "The ability to put oneself into the mental shoes of another person to understand her emotions and feelings".
 Heinz Kohut: "Empathy is the capacity to think and feel oneself into the inner life of another person".
 Harry Prosen: "an emotional understanding which allows one as a therapist to resonate with one's patients in depth emotionally so that it influences the therapeutic approach and alliance with the patient".
Carl Rogers: To perceive the internal frame of reference of another with accuracy and with the emotional components and meanings which pertain thereto as if one were the person, but without ever losing the "as if" condition. Thus, it means to sense the hurt or the pleasure of another as he senses it and to perceive the causes thereof as he perceives them, but without ever losing the recognition that it is as if I were hurt or pleased and so forth.
Marshall Rosenberg: "Empathic connection is an understanding of the heart in which we see the beauty in the other person, the divine energy in the other person, the life that's alive in them".
Roy Schafer: "Empathy involves the inner experience of sharing in and comprehending the momentary psychological state of another person".
Wynn Schwartz: "We recognize others as empathic when we feel that they have accurately acted on or somehow acknowledged in stated or unstated fashion our values or motivations, our knowledge, and our skills or competence, but especially as they appear to recognize the significance of our actions in a manner that we can tolerate their being recognized".
Edith Stein: "Empathy is the experience of foreign consciousness in general".
Simon Baron-Cohen 200): "Empathy is about spontaneously and naturally tuning into the other person's thoughts and feelings, whatever these might be [...]There are two major elements to empathy. The first is the cognitive component: Understanding the others feelings and the ability to take their perspective [...] the second element of empathy is the affective component. This is an observer's appropriate emotional response to another person's emotional state".
Khen Lampert (2005): "[Empathy] is what happens to us when we leave our own bodies...and find ourselves either momentarily or for a longer period of time in the mind of the other. We observe reality through her eyes, feel her emotions, share in her pain".

Lack of empathy
Empathy is found in many, perhaps all, mammals, and may be essential part of our specie. It does help the group as well as the individual. Lack of empathy is found in various types of mental disorders, such as psychopathy, antisocial personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder and sadistic personality disorder.

References

Other websites
 Empathy Definitions by Edwin Rutsch from the  Center for Building a Culture of Empathy.
 Mirrored emotion by Jean Decety from the University of Chicago.
 Empathy and the brain by Gwen Dewar published in Parenting Science.
 Empathic listening skills How to listen so others will feel heard, or listening first aid (University of California).
 Study: People literally feel pain of others - mirror-touch synesthesia Live Science, 17 June 2007.

Emotions
Psychology
Life skills

Empathy


BBC Food is a division of the BBC which controls a recipe website part of BBC Online, an online streaming channel, and a former international commercial television channel focusing on food.

Website

BBC Food is the public service website which publishes recipes from BBC programmes.

The BBC Food website has been running since 2000 and is part of BBC Learning. Most of the site's recipes are featured on television programmes, but the site also commissions original recipes to accompany public service campaigns to teach and encourage the public to cook.

BBC Food publishes recipes that will be of use to the broadest possible audience, and refrains from publishing recipes that clearly require restaurant kitchen equipment or the skills of a professional chef.

BBC Food is not related to the monthly magazine and media brand BBC Good Food, which was acquired by Immediate Media Company in 2018.

Television channel

BBC Food was also the name of the BBC's international commercial television channel focusing solely on food until it was replaced in the television markets in which it was broadcast by BBC Lifestyle. The channel was owned and operated by BBC Worldwide, the BBC's commercial arm.

The channel launched in June 2002 and was available in Southern Africa and parts of Scandinavia. While much of the programming was from the BBC, having been shown on other outlets elsewhere, other content from other providers was included in the scheduling.

Well known chefs who have appeared on the channel with their respective programmes have included:

 Antonio Carluccio
 Sophie Grigson
 Ainsley Harriott
 Ken Hom
 Madhur Jaffrey
 Nigella Lawson
 James Martin
 Jamie Oliver
 Gary Rhodes
 Delia Smith
 Rick Stein
 Antony Worrall Thompson

A similar service operated within the United Kingdom and Ireland called Good Food, owned by Discovery, Inc. It closed on 12 September 2019 after merging its programming with Food Network.

The BBC Food channel was phased out in Africa in September 2008, and in Scandinavia in December 2008. The channel was replaced by the new BBC Lifestyle.

A free streaming service under the name BBC Food was launched in the United States via Pluto TV in 2021.

See also
 BBC Good Food

References

BBC
BBC New Media
Food and drink television

BBC Food


Jerry John Rawlings (22 June 194712 November 2020) was a Ghanaian military officer, aviator and politician who led the country for a brief period in 1979, and then from 1981 to 2001. He led a military junta until 1992, and then served two terms as the democratically elected president of Ghana.

Rawlings came to power in Ghana as a flight lieutenant of the Ghana Air Force following a coup d'état in 1979. Prior to that, he led an unsuccessful coup attempt against the ruling military government on 15 May 1979, just five weeks before scheduled democratic elections were due to take place. After handing power over to a civilian government, he took back control of the country on 31 December 1981 as the chairman of the Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC).

In 1992, Rawlings resigned from the military, founded the National Democratic Congress (NDC), and became the first president of the Fourth Republic. He was re-elected in 1996 for four more years. After two terms in office, the limit according to the Ghanaian Constitution, Rawlings endorsed his vice-president John Atta Mills as a presidential candidate in 2000. Rawlings served as the African Union envoy to Somalia. He died in 2020 at age 73 and was accorded a state funeral.

Background
Rawlings was born as Jerry Rawlings John on 22 June 1947 in Accra, Ghana, to Victoria Agbotui, an Anlo Ewe from Dzelukope, Keta, and James Ramsey John, a British chemist from Castle Douglas in Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland. Rawlings attended Achimota School and a military academy at Teshie. Rawlings was married to Nana Konadu Agyeman, whom he met while at Achimota College. They had three daughters: Zanetor Rawlings, Yaa Asantewaa Rawlings, Amina Rawlings; and one son, Kimathi Rawlings. Junior Agogo was the nephew of Rawlings.

Education and military career
Rawlings finished his secondary education at Achimota College in 1967. He joined the Ghana Air Force shortly afterwards; on his application, the military switched his surname John and his middle name Rawlings. In March 1968, he was posted to Takoradi, in Ghana's Western Region, to continue his studies. He graduated in January 1969, and was commissioned as a pilot officer, winning the coveted "Speed Bird Trophy" as the best cadet in flying the Su-7 ground attack supersonic jet aircraft as he was skilled in aerobatics. He earned the rank of flight lieutenant in April 1978. During his service with the Ghana Air Force, Rawlings perceived a deterioration in discipline and morale due to corruption in the Supreme Military Council (SMC). As promotion brought him into contact with the privileged classes and their social values, his view of the injustices in society hardened. He was thus regarded with some unease by the SMC. After the 1979 coup, he involved himself with the student community of the University of Ghana, where he developed a more leftist ideology through reading and discussion of social and political ideas.

1979 coup and purges

Rawlings grew discontented with Ignatius Kutu Acheampong's government, which had come to power through a coup in January 1972. Acheampong was accused not only of corruption, but also of maintaining Ghana's dependency on pre-colonial powers, in a situation which led to economic decline and impoverishment.

Rawlings was part of the Free Africa Movement, an underground movement of military officers who wanted to unify Africa through a series of coups. On 15 May 1979, five weeks prior to civilian elections, Rawlings and six other soldiers staged a coup against the government of General Fred Akuffo, but failed and were arrested by the military. Rawlings was publicly sentenced to death in a General Court Martial and imprisoned, although his statements on the social injustices that motivated his actions won him civilian sympathy. While awaiting execution, Rawlings was sprung from custody on 4 June 1979 by a group of soldiers. Claiming that the government was corrupt beyond redemption and that new leadership was required for Ghana's development, he led the group in a coup to oust the Akuffo Government and Supreme Military Council. Shortly afterwards, Rawlings established and became the Chairman of a 15-member Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), primarily composed of junior officers. He and the AFRC ruled for 112 days and arranged the execution by firing squad of eight military officers, including Generals Kotei, Joy Amedume, Roger Felli, and Utuka, as well as the three former Ghanaian heads of state; Acheampong, Akuffo, and Akwasi Afrifa.

These executions were dramatic events in the history of Ghana, which had previously suffered few instances of political violence. Rawlings later implemented a much wider "house-cleaning exercise" involving the killings and abduction of over 300 Ghanaians. Elections were held on time shortly after the coup. On 24 September 1979, power was peacefully handed over by Rawlings to President Hilla Limann, whose People's National Party (PNP) had the support of Nkrumah's followers. Two years later, on 31 December 1981 Rawlings ousted President Hilla Limann in a coup d'état, claiming that civilian rule was weak and the country's economy was deteriorating. The killings of the Supreme Court justices (Cecilia Koranteng-Addow, Frederick Sarkodie, and Kwadjo Agyei Agyepong), military officers Major Sam Acquah and Major Dasana Nantogmah also occurred during the second military rule of Rawlings. However, unlike the 1979 executions, these persons were abducted and killed in secret and it is unclear who was behind their murders, though Joachim Amartey Kwei and four others were convicted of murdering the Justices and Acquah, and were executed in 1982.

1981 coup and reforms
Believing the Limann regime to be unable to resolve Ghana's neocolonial economic dependency, Rawlings led a second coup against Limann and indicted the entire political class on 31 December 1981. In place of Limann's People's National Party, Rawlings established the Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC) military junta as the official government.

Rawlings hosted state visits from "revolutionaries" from other countries, including Dési Bouterse (Suriname), Daniel Ortega (Nicaragua), and Sam Nujoma (Namibia).  More famously, Rawlings reversed Limann's boycott of Gaddafi's Libya, allowing the Black Stars to compete in the 1982 African Cup of Nations.  The team won the AFCON trophy for the fourth time, their last win as of 2022.

Although the PNDC claimed to be representative of the people, it lacked experience in the creation and implementation of clear economic policies.  Rawlings, like many of his predecessors, attributed current economic and social problems to the "trade malpractices and other anti-social activities" of a few businesspeople. In December 1982, the PNDC announced its four-year economic program of establishing a state monopoly on export-import trade with the goal of eliminating corruption surrounding import licences and shift trade away from dependency on Western markets. Unrealistic price controls were imposed on the market and enforced through coercive acts, especially against businesspeople. This resolve to employ state control over the economy is best demonstrated by the destruction of the Makola No.1 Market. The PNDC established Workers' Defence Committees (WDCs) and People's Defence Committees (PDCs) to mobilize the population to support radical changes to the economy. Price controls on the sale of food were beneficial to urban workers, but placed undue burden on 70% of the rural population whose income largely depended on the prices of agricultural products. Rawlings' economic policies led to an economic crisis in 1983, forcing him to undertake structural adjustment and submit himself to election to retain power. Elections were held in January 1992, leading Ghana back to multiparty democracy.

1992 elections

Rawlings established the National Commission on Democracy (NCD) shortly after the 1982 coup, and employed it to survey civilian opinion and make recommendations that would facilitate the process of democratic transition. In March 1991, the NCD released a report recommending the election of an executive president, the establishment of a national assembly, and the creation of the post of prime minister. The PNDC used NCD recommendations to establish a committee for the drafting of a new constitution based on past Ghanaian Constitutions, that lifted the ban on political parties in May 1992 after it was approved by referendum.

On 3 November 1992, election results compiled by the INEC from 200 constituencies showed that Rawlings' NDC had won 60% of the votes, and had obtained the majority needed to prevent a second round of voting. More specifically, the NDC won 62% in the Brong-Ahafo region, 93% in the Volta region, and majority votes in Upper West, Upper East, Western, Northern, Central, and Greater Accra regions. His opponents Professor Adu Boahen won 31% of the votes, former President Hilla Limann won 6.8%, Kwabena Darko won 2.9%, and Emmanuel Erskine won 1.7%.  Voter turnout was 50%.

The ability of opposition parties to compete was limited by the vast advantages Rawlings possessed. Rawlings' victory was aided by the various party structures that were integrated into society during his rule, called the "organs of the revolution". These structures included the Committees for the Defence of the Revolution (CDRs), Commando Units, 31 December Women's Organization, the 4 June movement, Peoples Militias, and Mobisquads, and operated on a system of popular control through intimidation. Rawlings held a monopoly over national media, and was able to censor print and electronic media through a PNDC newspaper licensing decree, PNDC Law 221. Moreover, Rawlings imposed a 20,000 cedis (about $400) cap on campaign contributions, which made national publicity of opposition parties virtually impossible. Rawlings himself began campaigning before the official unbanning of political parties and had access to state resources and was able to effectively meet all monetary demands required of a successful campaign. Rawlings travelled across the country, initiating public-works projects and giving public employees a 60% pay rise prior to election day.

Opposition parties objected to the election results, citing incidences of vote stuffing in regions where Rawlings was likely to lose and rural areas with scant populations, as well as a bloated voters' register and a partisan electoral commission. However, the Commonwealth Observer Group, led by Sir Ellis Clarke, approved of the election as "free and fair", as there were very few issues at polling stations and no major incidences of voter coercion.  In contrast, the International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) issued a report supporting claims that erroneous entries in voter registration could have affected election results.  The Carter Center did acknowledge minor electoral issues but did not see these problems as indicative of systematic electoral fraud.

Opposition parties boycotted subsequent Ghana parliamentary and presidential elections, and the unicameral National Assembly, of which NDC officials won 189 of 200 seats and essentially established a one-party parliament that lacked legitimacy and only had limited legislative powers.  After the disputed election, the PNDC was transformed into the National Democratic Congress (NDC).

Rawlings took office on 7 January 1993, the same day that the new constitution came into effect, and the government became known as the Fourth Republic of Ghana.

Policies and reforms
Rawlings established the Economic Recovery Program (ERP) suggested by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund in 1982 due to the poor state of the economy after 18 months of attempting to govern it through administrative controls and mass mobilization. The policies implemented caused a dramatic currency devaluation, the removal of price controls, and social-service subsidies which favored farmers over urban workers, and privatization of some state-owned enterprises, and restraints on government spending. Funding was provided by bilateral donors, reaching US$800 million in 1987 and 1988, and US$900 million in 1989.

Between 1992 and 1996, Rawlings eased control over the judiciary and civil society, allowing a more independent Supreme Court and the publication of independent newspapers. Opposition parties operated outside of parliament and held rallies and press conferences.

1996 elections
Given the various issues with the 1992 elections, the 1996 elections were a great improvement in terms of electoral oversight. Voter registration was re-compiled, with close to 9.2 million voters registering at nearly 19,000 polling stations, which the opposition had largely approved after party agents had reviewed the lists. The emphasis on transparency led Ghanaian non-governmental organizations to create the Network of Domestic Election Observers (NEDEO), which trained nearly 4,100 local poll watchers. This organization was popular across political parties and civic groups. On the day of the election, more than 60,000 candidate agents monitored close to all polling sites, and were responsible for directly reporting results to their respective party leaders. The parallel vote-tabulation system allowed polling sites to compare their results to the official ones released by the Electoral commission.  The Inter-Party Advisory Committee (IPAC) was established to discuss election preparations with all parties and the Electoral Commission, as well as establish procedures to investigate and resolve complaints. Presidential and parliamentary elections were held on the same day and see-through boxes were used in order to further ensure the legitimacy of the elections. Despite some fears of electoral violence, the election was peaceful and had a 78% turnout rate, and was successful with only minor problems such as an inadequate supply of ink and parliamentary ballots.

The two major contenders of the 1996 election were Rawlings' NDC, and John Kufuor's Great Alliance, an amalgamation of the New Patriotic Party (NPP) and the People's Convention Party (PCP).  The Great Alliance based their platform on ousting Rawlings, and attacked the incumbent government for its poor fiscal policies.  However, they were unable to articulate a clear positive message of their own, or plans to change the current economic policy.  As Ghana was heavily dependent on international aid, local leaders had minimal impact on the economy.  The Electoral Commission reported that Rawlings had won by 57%, with Kufuor obtaining 40% of the vote.  Results by district were similar to those in 1992, with the opposition winning the Ashanti Region and some constituencies in Eastern and Greater Accra, and Rawlings winning in his ethnic home, the Volta Region, and faring well in every other region.  The NDC took 134 seats in the Assembly compared to the opposition's 66, and the NPP took 60 seats in the parliament.

Post military
The 1992 constitution limits a president to two terms, even if they are nonconsecutive. Rawlings did not attempt to amend the document to allow him to run for a third term in 2000. He retired in 2001 and was succeeded by John Agyekum Kufuor, his main rival and opponent in 1996. It was the first time in Ghanaian history that a sitting government peacefully transferred power to an elected member of the opposition.

Kufuor won the presidency after defeating Rawlings' vice-president John Atta Mills in a runoff in 2000. In 2004, Mills conceded to Kufuor after another election between the two.

Post presidency
In November 2000, Rawlings was named the first International Year of Volunteers 2001 Eminent Person by UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, attending various events and conferences to promote volunteerism.

In October 2010, Rawlings was named as the African Union envoy to Somalia.  In November 2010, he attended the inauguration of Dési Bouterse as President of Suriname, and took a tour of the country.  He was especially interested in the Ghanaian origins of the Maroon people.

Rawlings delivered lectures at universities, including Oxford University in England. Rawlings continued his heavy support for NDC. In July 2019, he went on a three-day working trip to Burkina Faso in the capacity of Chairman of the Thomas Sankara Memorial Committee.

In September 2019, he paid a tribute on behalf of the president and people of Ghana, when he led a delegation to the funeral of Robert Mugabe, the late former president of Zimbabwe.

Death and state funeral
Rawlings died on 12 November 2020 at Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital in Accra, a week after having been admitted for a "short term illness" in Ghana. According to some reports, his death was caused by complications from COVID-19. His death came nearly two months after that of his mother, Victoria Agbotui, on 24 September 2020. President Nana Akufo-Addo declared a seven-day period of mourning in his honor and flags flown at half-mast. His family members appealed to the Government of Ghana to bury him in Keta in the Volta Region. A schedule for the signing of a book of condolence was opened in his memory. His funeral, originally planned for 23 December 2020, was postponed at the request of his family.

State burial
From 24 to 27 January 2021, funeral ceremonies were organised at Accra in Rawlings' memory. A requiem mass for Jerry Rawlings was held at the Holy Spirit Cathedral on 24 January 2021, followed by a vigil at the Air Force Officers' Mess in Accra later that evening. His body was laid in state in the foyer of the Accra International Conference Centre from 25 to 26 January 2021. There were also traditional rites performed by the Anlo Ewe people of his maternal ancestry. On 27 January 2021, a state funeral, attended by national and international political leaders, paramount chiefs, diplomats and other dignitaries, was held at the Black Star Square before his burial service at the Military Cemetery at Burma Camp, with full military honours, including a slow march by the funeral cortège, a flypast of a Ghana Air Force helicopter, the sounding of the Last Post by army buglers and a 21-gun salute.

Awards and honours
 July 1984: the Order of Jose Marti by the Cuban leader Fidel Castro.
October 2013: Honorary degree (Doctorate of Letters) from the University for Development Studies in northern Ghana.
This award recognised Rawlings's contribution to the establishment of the university. In 1993, he used his US$50,000 Hunger Project cash prize as seed money to sponsor the establishment of the state-owned university (founded in May 1992), the first of its kind in the three northern regions of Ghana.
 October 2013: the Global Champion for People's Freedom award bestowed the Mkiva Humanitarian Foundation.
August 2014: Doctor of Letters, Honoris Causa.
August 2018: Marcus Garvey Awards.
December 2018: Enstooled as the Togbuiga Nutifafa I of Anlo, a development chief in the Ghanaian chieftaincy system.

Legacy
President Nana Akufo-Addo proposed to the Governing Council of UDS to rename the institution after Jerry John Rawlings since Rawlings used his US$50,000 Hunger Project prize as seed money to establish the university. This suggestion was accepted by his family.

References

Further reading
The following are physical books relevant to Jerry Rawlings, which may not be available online, but are added in case of looking for more information.

Nugent, Paul (1996).  Big men, small boys and politics in Ghana.  London: Frances Pinter.

See also, Shipley, Jesse Weaver. "Alternative Histories of Global Sovereignty:  Ghana's Lost Revolution" Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. Vol. 42, No. 2, 2022, pp. 532–537. DOI 10.1215/1089201X09988009.

External links
 Flight Lieutenant Jeremiah John Rawlings at ghana-pedia.org

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1947 births
2020 deaths
Alumni of Achimota School
Chiefs of the Defence Staff (Ghana)
Ghana Air Force personnel
Ghanaian Roman Catholics
Ghanaian people of Scottish descent
Left-wing populists
Leaders who took power by coup
National Democratic Congress (Ghana) politicians
People from Accra
Presidents of Ghana
Ewe people
People from Volta Region
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana
Ghanaian aviators
21st-century Ghanaian politicians
20th-century Ghanaian politicians
20th-century presidents in Africa

Jerry Rawlings


Ravindran Kannan (; born 12 March 1953, Madras) is a Principal Researcher at Microsoft Research India, where he leads the algorithms research group. He is also the first adjunct faculty of Computer Science and Automation Department of Indian Institute of Science.

Before joining Microsoft, he was the William K. Lanman Jr. Professor of Computer Science and Professor of Applied Mathematics at Yale University.  He has also taught at MIT, CMU and IISc. The ACM Special Interest Group on Algorithms and Computation Theory (SIGACT) presented its 2011 Knuth Prize to Ravi Kannan for developing influential algorithmic techniques aimed at solving long-standing computational problems. He also served on the Mathematical Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize in 2012 and 2013.

Ravi Kannan did his B.Tech at IIT, Bombay. He received his PhD in 1980 at Cornell University under Leslie Earl Trotter, Jr. His research interests include Algorithms, Theoretical Computer Science and Discrete Mathematics as well as Optimization. His work has mainly focused on efficient algorithms for problems of a mathematical (often geometric) flavor that arise in Computer Science. He has worked on algorithms for integer programming and the geometry of numbers, random walks in n-space, randomized algorithms for linear algebra and learning algorithms for convex sets.

Key contributions
Among his many contributions, two are
 Polynomial-time algorithm for approximating the volume of convex bodies
 Algorithmic version for Szemerédi regularity partition

Selected works

Books
 2013. Foundations of Data Science. (with John Hopcroft).

Other representative publications
 "Clustering in large graphs and matrices," with P. Drineas, A. Frieze, S. Vempala and V. Vinay, Proceedings of the Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, 1999.
 "A Polynomial-Time Algorithm for learning noisy Linear Threshold functions," with A. Blum, A. Frieze and S. Vempala, Algorithmica 22:35–52, 1998.
 "Covering Minima and lattice point free convex bodies," with L. Lovász, Annals of Mathematics, 128:577–602, 1988.

Awards and honors
 Joint Winner of the 1991 Fulkerson Prize in Discrete Mathematics for his work on the volumes of convex bodies.
Knuth Prize 2011 for developing influential algorithmic techniques aimed at solving long-standing computational problems.
In 2017 he became a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.

See also
 Szemerédi regularity lemma
 Alan M. Frieze
 Avrim Blum
 László Lovász

References

External links
  Ravi Kannan's home page

 Distinguished Alumni Awardees 1999, IIT Bombay
 Fulkerson Prize Award

Indian computer scientists
20th-century Indian mathematicians
Yale University faculty
Tamil scientists
IIT Bombay alumni
Cornell University alumni
Living people
1953 births
Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science
21st-century Indian mathematicians
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Knuth Prize laureates
Theoretical computer scientists

Ravindran Kannan


Commander Archibald Bruce Campbell (21 January 1881 – 11 April 1966) was a British naval officer and radio broadcaster, born in Peckham, London.

Biography
During the First World War he served as paymaster-commander on , an armed merchant-cruiser in the South Atlantic.  He survived its sinking off the island of Islay in October 1918 after it collided with a troopship in fog with the loss of several hundred people.

He first began broadcasting for the BBC in 1935 with much success. He presented the BBC Television light entertainment programme Cabaret Cruise 193749. He was well known for appearing on the informational radio programme The Brains Trust from its inception in 1941.  He made over 200 appearances on the programme until 1946 when he was allegedly dropped for suggesting that scientists instead of animals should be used as test subjects for the Bikini Atoll atomic bomb tests. "Campbell was enormously popular with the public, which liked his direct and common-sense approach and regarded him as a personal friend". During the Second World War he also gave many talks to servicemen about the work of the merchant navy. On Thursday 12 Feb 1942 he was featured on the BBC Radio programme Desert Island Discs. After the war he became a schoolteacher and magazine publisher (A.B.Campbell & Co.) but continued to broadcast for the BBC and Independent Television.  He also wrote several books of biography, children's fiction and naval history, including When I Was in Patagonia (1953), and a play based on the Mary Celeste mystery.

Quotation
"It [i.e., The Brains Trust] owed its popularity to the dramatic contrast of the three principal performers.  Cyril Joad [ C.E.M. Joad ] (always known as Professor Joad though he never occupied a chair) was a quick-witted, bumptious disciple of Bertrand Russell, who treated The Brains Trust as a competitive sport and a chance for showing off.  Julian Huxley took the whole thing seriously, and was irritated to the point of peevishness by foolish answers, especially if they were propounded by the third member of the group, known as Commander Campbell. Julian could not see that some kind of Sancho Panza was a necessary contrast to himself and Joad. Campbell was a genial imposter, who had in fact been to sea and was said to have been a purser.  He had been co-opted at the last minute because the man the BBC had invited couldn't be found, and it was said that Campbell was a man who could talk about anything.  It turned out to be a stroke of genius. When we were asked to define the word 'allergy', he got in before Huxley and said "I suffer from an allergy.  If I eat marmalade my head steams." Huxley and Joad were furious, but next week Commander Campbell said "I've had 200 letters from people whose heads steam when they eat marmalade".  (Kenneth Clark, The Other Half: a self-portrait, London, 1977, pp. 47–48.)

References

 A full biographical sketch can be found in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (DNB), Volume 9, 2004, pages 738–9.

External links

1881 births
1966 deaths
Royal Navy officers
British radio personalities
Place of death missing
Royal Navy logistics officers
People educated at St Olave's Grammar School

A. B. Campbell


The Revelations were a British-based girl group formed in 2005.

The members are Annika Magnberg (born c. 1982), Sarah Vitorino (born c. 1985), and Louise Masters (born c. 1982). Magnberg came to the UK from Sweden. Their own record label, Crazy Dancer Records, is distributed by Poptones, the label run by Alan McGee, who has served as DJ for them, and has described them as "ABBA meets Phil Spector".

The band was conceived by Adam Howarth, formerly of the surf-rock group Captain Soul, who wanted to put together a contemporary version of The Ronettes. Vitorino and Masters answered an ad in NME, and then Magnberg was brought in from near Gothenburg.

Their first single, in 2005, was "You're the Loser", on the indie label Fierce Panda Records. Their self-titled debut album was released in 2007.

In 2008, they entered the Eurovision - Your Decision finals, hoping to represent the UK at the Eurovision Song Contest with the song "It's You". They reached the second stage where their song was voted on by the public, but failed to make the final sing-off. Earlier in the evening they had been criticised by the judging panel for a weak vocal performance, with particular criticism being levelled at Magnberg who judge Carrie Grant accused of being too weak vocally to lead the song. They represented the UK at the OGAE Second Chance Contest, which is a contest of rejected songs from the national finals organized by fans. Despite gaining four sets of maximum points, they ultimately finished in 16th place. "It's You" was released as a single on 10 November 2008

References

External links
 The Revelations on Myspace
 Eurovision Second Chance Competition

English girl groups
Musical groups established in 2005
Musical groups disestablished in 2008

The Revelations


Mehbooba is a 2018 Indian Telugu-language reincarnation romantic action drama film directed by Puri Jagannadh and starring his son, Akash Puri, and Neha Shetty.

Plot

This story starts with Roshan a self confident Hindu youth from Hyderabad who aims to join in Indian army. He has supporting friends and family to pursue his dream though his father does not support him to join army but after his wife insistence he accepts his aim. Afreen a shy Pakistani girl who belongs to Lahore came from a traditional muslim family got her Admission at JNTU Hyderabad,India in a student exchange program. Her father not accepts her to pursue her career but she gets his permission to get married of his choice. Then he arranges a match with Nadir a rich and arrogant man who disrespects women in the name of tradition and had lust on Afreen. Then she happily came to Hyderabad to pursue her engineering. Roshan and Afreen shares a common recurring dream that ends with being killed and connects emotionally with a song called "Lag ja gale" from Woh Kaun Thi film.

Then it is revealed that Afreen's first day of college Roshan completed his graduation. Later Afreen faces ragging from her college peers by forcing her to learn Telugu. After learning telugu they became close friends with her meanwhile roshan makes friendship with a Pakistani student called Shabbir in a chaos. Later after coming from a party a women trafficking gang tries to abduct her then Roshan comes to her rescue and successfully saves her from the gang in the fight they didn't see each other. She tries to find him out in various ways to thank him but to no avail.

Meanwhile Nadir harasses Afreen in calls then she tells her mother to not marry him. Later after knowing the issue Nadir and his family blames Afreen and raises a doubt having a boyfriend in India. To save her family prestige she calls Afreen to come back and lies that Afreen's father is unwell. However finally Afreen meets Roshan in the train which goes to Delhi for attending an interview for Army and for a trek in the Himalayas. In the first meeting they feel the strange connection between them after knowing that he is the one who saved her from the gang She thank him and catches the Samjhauta Express. At Lahore her father decided to get married forcefully and started the wedding preparations with Nadir.

Meanwhile after completion of successful Interview, in the trek Roshan accidentally finds out a dead body which looks like Afreen, carrying a dairy along with a photograph of Roshan which names him as Kabir. Then he reads the dairy written by the girl Madira. Then the story shifts to the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971 in the village of Kandiwara in Jammu and Kashmir. In the war Pakistan army occupied the Kandiwara and takes the civilians as hostages. In the army a rogue Havaldar tries to molest Madira a hindu villager then Kabir a Muslim Pakistani soldier stops him and bashes him to protect her. On the grounds of not following superiors orders he was sentenced to flogging. Then having concern for protecting her Madira had started a good relationship with Kabir and soon it turns into a passionate love. After observing their relationship the Havaldar having an insatiable lust on Madira warns her to kill Kabir soon by himself in the war. Later, the Indian Army recaptures its territories. Then in the war Havaldar tries to kill Kabir but in the face off Kabir managed to kill Havaldar then his colleagues support his action by covering up as a death casualty.

After completion of war Kabir reveals to Madira that it maybe a last meeting for them. Then Madira wishes to stay with him forever then Kabir reveals his feelings on her decided to return to the Pakistani borders. Later he decided to meet her and crossed the Indian border then started eloping to Pakistan border. Then Indian Army stops them and kills Kabir at the same time the land slides are broken down then Madira had died in the cave. After reading the diary Roshan realised that it was rebirth of them to regain their love.

The topic became a sensation in Indian media. Hidayatullah doesn't bothers this and completely restricts Afreen by taking her cell phone and house arrested her. Meanwhile Roshan recruited as a captain in Indian Army and getting support from his friends, family and entire India including Indian Army except his father who feared for his life. Then Afreen contacts Roshan through a telephone and reveals she was in Lahore. Then Roshan catches the Samjhauta Express. After knowing his arrival to Lahore Nadir and his men searches him in the train. When they are about to found him Shubbir comes to his rescue and saves him.

Later after severe search of Afreen Through one of the Afreen's friend he learned about Nadir and lodges a false complaint against him in the local police station. The police find him and bring him to PS. Then waiting for the right opportunity Roshan managed to escape from the PS and follows them to Hidayatulla's Home. Then there a new chaos ensues between Roshan and Hidayatulla. Then Nadir bashes Roshan and handed over to the police. Then Roshan reveals all the facts on Facebook live and escapes from the cops. Then he comes to Hidayatulla's home proposes to elope again. Then Afreen comes with him after a rough chase Shabbir has been killed by Nadir's goons however they managed to come till the border. Then Pakistan army also joins with Nadir then the Indian army also involves in the issue and warns them to not intervene in this matter are they face a severe consequence. After lot of chaos then the film ends with Roshan this time successfully crosses the border along with Afreen by Injuring Nadir severely with the support of Indian Army and ready for his training as Captain.

Cast

Akash Puri as Roshan/Kabir
Neha Shetty as Afreen/Madhira
Vishu Reddy as Nadir Khan Mohammed
Murali Sharma as Hidayatulla Khan, Afreen's father
Ashwini Kalsekar as Muntaz, Afreen's mother
Sayaji Shinde as Roshan's father
Pramodini as Roshan's mother
Sukhpal Singh as Nadir's father
Sunita Singh as Nadir's mother
Sreedhar Ar as a train passenger
Uday Kumar Bagavathula as the principal
Pramod Chowdary as Pakistan SI
Mohammed Shoaib Khan as an Indian army major
Divya Gowda as a lecturer
Master Yatish as young Roshan
Amishi Gusain as young Afreen
Amit Anand Raut as a disco jockey
Vangapandu Satya as a peon
Srikanth Iyyengar as a police officer
Kalyan Vasanth as a doctor
Gopinder Vatsayayen as Pakistan major

Soundtrack
The music is composed by Sandeep Chowta.

Reception
The Times of India gave the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "However, the film is worth a watch, if only for the honest attempt made". The Hindu wrote that "Puri Jagannadh needed more zip and emotion to make a viewer buy a reincarnation plot".

References

External links

 Indian romantic drama films
2018 films
Indian war drama films
Films directed by Puri Jagannadh
Films based on Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts
2018 romantic drama films
2018 war drama films
Military of Pakistan in films
Indian interfaith romance films

Mehbooba (2018 film)


BeiBen Truck (Baotou BeiBen Heavy-Duty Truck Co) is a heavy-truck manufacturer based in Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China.  BeiBen, (North Benz), is part of the North industries Group Corporation (NORINCO).  It was founded in 1988 when BeiBen signed an agreement with Daimler-Benz to manufacture Mercedes-Benz Trucks.  Mercedes was to deliver CKD kits for assembly by BeiBen, and within a few years, the trucks would contain 90% domestic parts.  By 2010, BeiBen was building 40,000 trucks a year.

BeiBen Axle factory produces Mercedes-Benz licensed axles for the heavy duty trucks. Axle models include the planetary hub-reduction axles HL-7/HD-7, and the steering axles VL-4. These axles are well reputed throughout China, Malaysia, Indonesia, South America, South Africa for its robustness and high loading capacity and durability. These axles are in turn used by other truck manufacturers in China as well.

In 2012, BeiBen set up production lines in South Africa and Ethiopia. In Pakistan, Heavy Industries Taxila have been producing the Prime Mover V3 in a joint venture.

In 2014, at the IAA Hannover, a BeiBen V3 prime-mover equipped with the ZF-Astronic gearbox was exhibited by ZF.

2014 also marks the year when BeiBen trucks are equipped with Euro-5 emission engines, delivered to Singapore and Hong Kong.

In April 2018, Beiben exhibited the first Euro-VI compliant trucks at the Beijing Autoshow Exhibition. Singapore became the 1st country to receive the new Euro-VI trucks.

Models
BeiBen V3
BeiBen NG80
 NG80B
BeiBen KK Mining Dump Truck
 Tiema

Specifications
Traditionally, Beiben trucks are equipped with Weichai engines and Fuller FAST transmissions in most markets. Certain models are also equipped with the ZF 16S151 transmission and Deutz air-cooled engines.

ZF and Beiben has a joint venture in Chongqing China, to manufacture ZF Beiben Drivetech transmissions.

The first Beiben Euro-5 truck is equipped with a Euro-5 Weichai WP12-430 engine, coupled with a ZF-Beiben 9T2280 transmission.

The first Automated Manual Transmission (AMT) BEIBEN trucks are equipped with the FAST 16JZSD200 transmission, Euro-5 Weichai engine, successfully delivered to Singapore.

The first Beiben Euro-VI compliant trucks are equipped with a Weichai WP13-500 engine, with a FAST 12JZSD240 AMT transmission, delivered to the local users in Singapore.

References

External links
BeiBen webpage
BeiBen English webpage
 Beiben Chilean Spanish webpage
BeiBen Singapore webpage
ERSB wedpage
Heavy Industries Taxila Prime Mover V3 webpage

Truck manufacturers of China
Mercedes-Benz
Companies based in Baotou
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1988
Chinese brands

BeiBen Truck


Masi Torello (Ferrarese: ) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Ferrara in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about  northeast of Bologna and about  east of Ferrara. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,355 and an area of .

The municipality of Masi Torello contains the frazione (subdivision) Masi San Giacomo.

Masi Torello borders the following municipalities: Ferrara, Ostellato, Portomaggiore, Voghiera.

Demographic evolution

References

External links
 www.comune.masitorello.fe.it/

Cities and towns in Emilia-Romagna

Masi Torello


Edward Walter Shaw (July 13, 1923 – November 9, 1995), better known as Ed Shaw, was an American socialist and lifelong member of the Socialist Workers Party.

History
Shaw was born in Zion, Illinois in July 1923 and grew up in a family of working farmers. In his youth, he rebelled against the fundamentalist religious assumptions that surrounded him in Zion. After high school, at the outbreak of World War II, he entered the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. Shaw moved to New York City in 1942. There, while still in his late teens, he entered the military-run Maritime Service training school at Sheepshead Bay, where he got his papers as a fireman/watertender in the merchant marine.

On his way to start a job on a boat on the Great Lakes in 1943, Shaw found himself helping a Black worker escape a racist lynch mob during a race riot in Detroit - an act that ended up marking the rest of his life. From that moment on, he identified with, and later became an active participant in, the struggle for Black rights.  During World War II, Shaw sailed mostly on what were called "liberty ships." While in Murmansk, in the Arctic region of the Soviet Union in 1943, on a ship carrying arms and supplies, Shaw got his interest piqued in socialism.

A few months later, on a ship in a Philadelphia harbor loading cargo for the USSR, Shaw met a seaman who had gotten to know a member of the Socialist Workers Party on another trip. This seaman told Shaw that 18 leaders of the SWP and the Minneapolis Teamsters had been imprisoned on charges of "conspiring to advocate the overthrow of the U.S. government," because of their opposition to World War II. Their convictions had been the first under the notorious Smith Act. As a result, Shaw joined the Socialist Workers Party in October 1944 and later served in the Army during the Korean War.

After the Cuban Revolution in 1959, Shaw travelled to Cuba to experience what was going on first hand. Upon Shaw's return, the SWP sponsored a nationwide speaking tour for him in late 1959 and 1960. In the early 1960s, he was a leader and Midwest director of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee.

In 1964, Shaw was nominated as the Socialist Workers candidate for U.S. vice-president and ran on the ticket with Clifton DeBerry. The SWP slate got on the ballot in 11 states. Shaw assumed additional leadership responsibilities over the next decade. He became SWP organization secretary in 1965, an assignment he held through 1968.

During much of the 1970s, Shaw shouldered numerous responsibilities as a leader of the world trotskyist movement. He traveled throughout Latin America, collaborating with cothinkers of the SWP and other revolutionaries. Shaw also represented the SWP leadership as a fraternal delegate in the United Secretariat of the Fourth International between 1972 and 1977 and spent considerable time in Spain.

In 1977 Shaw moved to Miami and became part of the SWP branch there. After retiring from day-to-day political activity in 1982, he continued to follow the party's press and its work nationally and internationally, and to carry out projects proposed by the party leadership.

Shaw worked as a machinist for 11 years at an aircraft engine shop, before retiring in 1992 at the age of 69. Shaw was hospitalized in October 1995 with complications from chronic emphysema and serious heart problems. He died four weeks later on November 9, at the age of 72.

References

1923 births
1995 deaths
1964 United States vice-presidential candidates
Activists for African-American civil rights
American activists
United States Army personnel of World War II
Illinois Institute of Technology alumni
People from Zion, Illinois
Socialist Workers Party (United States) politicians from New York (state)
Socialist Workers Party (United States) vice presidential nominees
United States Army soldiers

Ed Shaw (activist)


Ray Mauritsson (born October 28, 1962) is a Swedish business leader.

Mauritsson has a Master of Science degree in engineering physics from the University of Lund, and an Executive MBA degree from the Business School at the University of Lund. In 1995, he joined the IP video surveillance company Axis Communications, where he became CEO in 2003.

In 2009, Mauritsson received the prestigious Gold Shield Award which is awarded by the Global Security Industry Alliance's (GSIA) to security professionals who have made "outstanding contributions in the global security industry". Three years later he was appointed the CEO of the year in Sweden by the leadership site Motivation.se and the educational company executive Executive People. The motivation was that he "with pioneering products and new technologies within a decade successfully strengthened the company's position as market leader in its field with a growth rate of between 11 and 39 percent a year."

References

Swedish chief executives
1962 births
Living people
Lund University alumni

Ray Mauritsson