Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt (April 9, 1894 – October 13, 1979) was a distinguished U.S. Army officer and commander of U.S. forces in both World War I and II, and the fifth child of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. In both conflicts he was wounded. He earned the Silver Star with three oak leaf clusters, Purple Heart with oak leaf cluster, and the French Croix de Guerre.  After World War II, he became a successful businessman and the founder of a New York City bond brokerage house, as well as a spokesman for conservative political causes.

Early life

As a child, Archie was very quiet but very mischievous – especially when he was with his brother Quentin; growing up, Archie and Quentin were very close. They rarely left each other's side and had very few fights. But as for the other siblings, Archie was not close to either Kermit or Ethel, because they would gang up on him. Ted would help beat up Kermit for him and would also tell their mother, Edith, about Ethel, who would often get in trouble. Alice was ten years older than Archie, and he barely remembered her being around, since she would often go places with other family members and friends. Archie was an avid reader and very good at putting puzzles together quickly. His father remarked to him, "Archie, my smart boy, never give up your smartness; that goes for you and your brother Quentin."

Archie first attended the Force School and Sidwell Friends School.
After being expelled from Groton, Archie continued his education at the Evans School for Boys, and graduated from Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts, in 1913. He went on to Harvard University, where he graduated in 1917.

Family

Archie was born in Washington, D.C., the fourth child of President Theodore "T. R." Roosevelt Jr. and Edith Kermit Carow. He had three brothers, Ted (Theodore III), Kermit, and Quentin, a sister Ethel, and a half-sister Alice. Archie was named for his maternal great-great-great-grandfather Archibald Bulloch, a patriot of the American Revolution.

His first cousin was Eleanor Roosevelt and his fifth cousin, once removed was Franklin D. Roosevelt. He was uncle to Kermit Roosevelt Jr., Joseph Willard Roosevelt, Dirck Roosevelt, Belle Wyatt "Clochette" Roosevelt, Grace Green Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt III, Cornelius V.S. Roosevelt, and Quentin Roosevelt II.  His sister-in-law was Belle Wyatt Willard Roosevelt, and his grandniece was Susan Roosevelt Weld, the former wife of Massachusetts Governor William F. Weld.

Military career

World War I and years later

Archie volunteered for the United States Army during 1917, shipped over to France, and was wounded while serving with the U.S. 1st Infantry Division. His wounds were so severe he was discharged from the Army with full disability. He had ended the war as an Army captain. For his valor, Archie received two Silver Star Citations (later converted to the Silver Star medal when it was established in 1932) and the French government's Croix de Guerre.

After the death of his father in 1919, he sent a telegram informing all his siblings that "the old lion is dead".

After the end of the war, he worked for a time as an executive with the Sinclair Consolidated Oil Company, as vice president of the Union Petroleum Company, the export auxiliary subsidiary of Sinclair Consolidated. At the same time his eldest brother Ted was Assistant Secretary of the Navy. In 1922, Albert B. Fall, U.S. Secretary of the Interior, leased, without competitive bidding, the Teapot Dome Field to Harry F. Sinclair of Sinclair Oil, and the field at Elk Hills, California, to Edward L. Doheny of Pan American Petroleum & Transport Company, both fields part of the Navy's petroleum reserves. The connection between the Roosevelt brothers could not be ignored. After Sinclair sailed for Europe to avoid testifying, G. D. Wahlberg, Sinclair's private secretary, advised Archibald Roosevelt to resign to save his reputation. Eventually, after resigning from Sinclair, Roosevelt gave key testimony to the Senate Committee on Public Lands probing the Teapot Dome scandal, in which Roosevelt was not implicated, but where Sinclair and Doheny both gave "personal loans" to Secretary Fall. Following this, Roosevelt took a job working for a cousin in the family investment firm, Roosevelt & Son.

In the summer of 1932, Archie, former President Calvin Coolidge, former Solicitor General William Marshall Bullitt, Admiral Richard E. Byrd, and General James Harbord, among others, formed a conservative pressure group known as the National Economy League, which called for balancing the federal budget by cutting appropriations for veterans in half.

World War II: The Battle for Roosevelt Ridge in New Guinea

 Following the Attack on Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt petitioned President Franklin D. Roosevelt to put his battlefield-honed leadership skills to worthwhile use supporting the war effort. The president approved his request and he rejoined the Army with a commission as a Major. Roosevelt was given command in early 1943 of the US Army's 3rd Battalion, 162nd Infantry Regiment also called the 162 Regimental Combat Team, (RCT), 41st Infantry Division in New Guinea commanding this unit until early 1944.  Working with the Australian 3rd Division, Roosevelt and his battalion landed in New Guinea's Nassau Bay, on July 8, 1943.

Overcoming significant command ambiguities between American and Australian forces because of overlapping spheres of operation, Roosevelt played an important role in the Salamaua campaign. His service was recognized when one of the hotly contested ridge-lines northwest of the island's Tambu Bay was named in his honor. This piece of key terrain during the campaign was originally referred to as "Roosevelt's Ridge" to mark the ridge nearest his battalion to higher HQ. Later, it was referred to as "Roosevelt Ridge" as it was depicted in the official American and Australian campaign histories as well as the US Army Air Force World War II Chronology. See left map.

On August 12, 1943, Roosevelt was wounded by an enemy grenade, which shattered the same knee that had been injured in World War I, and for which he had been earlier medically retired, earning him the distinction of being the only American to ever be classified as 100% disabled twice for the same wound incurred in two different wars. At the time of his injury, command of his battalion passed to his executive officer, Major Taylor. Archie returned to his unit in early 1944. For these actions in the Pacific Theater of Operations, Roosevelt was awarded his second and third oak leaf clusters to the Silver Star in lieu of additional awards.

Military awards
 Silver Star with three oak leaf clusters
 Bronze Star Medal
 Purple Heart with oak leaf cluster
 World War I Victory Medal
 Army of Occupation of Germany Medal
 American Defense Service Medal
 American Campaign Medal
 Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal
 World War Two Victory Medal
 Army of Occupation Medal
 French Croix de Guerre 1914–1918

Later career

Entrepreneurship in the Investment Sector
Following the end of the war, Archie Roosevelt formed the investment firm of Roosevelt and Cross, a brokerage house specializing in municipal bonds. It is still a going concern with offices in New York City, Providence, Buffalo and Hartford.

Activism and controversies
During the early 1950s, Archie became affiliated with a variety of right-wing organizations and causes. He joined the John Birch Society and was the founder of the Veritas Foundation, which was dedicated to rooting out presumed socialist influences at Harvard and other major colleges and universities. Writing in the book America's Political Dynasties (Doubleday, 1966), Stephen Hess commented: "Archie Roosevelt has, in recent years, added the family's name to many ultra-rightist causes. As a trustee of the Veritas Foundation he was a leader among those seeking to root out subversion at Harvard. He also sent a letter to every U.S. Senator, stating 'modern technical civilization does not seem to be as well-handled by the black man as by the white man in the United States.' Present civil rights difficulties he blamed on 'socialist plotters.'" Roosevelt also compiled 1968's incendiary Theodore Roosevelt On Race, Riots, Reds, Crime. He was also the chief sponsor behind "The Alliance," a short-lived organization of the 1950s.

In 1953 he joined the Empire State Society of the Sons of the American Revolution of which both his father and elder brother had been members.

In 1954, when the Theodore Roosevelt Association made a decision to award the Theodore Roosevelt Medal for Distinguished Public Service to black diplomat Ralph Bunche, Archie loudly protested the award. He even went so far as to write and publish a 44-page pamphlet that attempted to prove Bunche had been working as an agent of the "International Communist Conspiracy" for more than two decades.

The Alliance, Inc.
Archie additionally served as president for an organization named The Alliance, Inc., where Zygmund Dobbs was Research Director. The Alliance published books by Dobbs such as Red Intrigue and Race Turmoil (New York: The Alliance, Inc., 1958), for which Archie wrote forewords. In the foreword to The Great Deceit: Social Pseudo-Sciences, Archie wrote: "Socialists have infiltrated our schools, our law courts, our government, our MEDIA OF COMMUNICATIONS.... the Socialist movement is made up of a relatively small number of people who have developed the TECHNIQUE OF INFLUENCING large masses of people to a VERY HIGH DEGREE."  Johnson's book, Color, Communism, and Common Sense, was quoted by G. Edward Griffin in his 1969 motion picture lecture More Deadly than War ... the Communist Revolution in America.   In 1958, as president of The Alliance, Inc., Roosevelt wrote the preface for Manning Johnson's semi-memoir, semi-polemical tract Color, Communism, and Common Sense.

Personal life
Archie married Grace Lockwood, daughter of Thomas Lockwood and Emmeline Stackpole, at the Emmanuel Church in Boston, Massachusetts, on April 14, 1917. The couple spent most of their married life in a pre-Revolutionary house on Turkey Lane in Cold Spring Harbor, New York, not far from Oyster Bay, where they had four children:
 Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt Jr. (1918–1990), who married Katharine W. Tweed, daughter of Harrison Tweed, and later Selwa "Lucky" Showker Roosevelt (b. 1929)
 Theodora Roosevelt (1919–2008), who became a dancer and novelist under the name Theodora Keogh
 Nancy Dabney Roosevelt (1923–2010)
 Edith Kermit Roosevelt (1927–2003), a Barnard College graduate, married 1948–1952 to Alexander Gregory Barmine; parents of Margot Roosevelt

In 1971, Archie's wife, Grace Lockwood Roosevelt, died in an automobile crash near her home on Turkey Lane in Cold Spring Harbor, with her husband at the wheel.

On October 13, 1979, Roosevelt died of a stroke at the Stuart Convalescent Home in Stuart, Florida. He was 85 years old, the last child of Theodore and Edith to die (although his half-sister Alice would outlive him by four months). He is buried with his wife at Youngs Memorial Cemetery, Oyster Bay. His tombstone reads: "The old fighting man home from the wars."

Descendants
Roosevelt's grandson is Tweed Roosevelt (b. 1942), who is the chairman of Roosevelt China Investments, and is the President of the Board of Trustees of the Theodore Roosevelt Association.

Publications
 Roosevelt, Theodore. Theodore Roosevelt on Race, Riots, Reds, Crime. Compiled by Archibald B. Roosevelt. West Sayville, New York: Probe Publishers, 1968.
 Zygmund, Dobbs. Red Intrigue and Race Turmoil. Foreword by Archibald B. Roosevelt. New York: The Alliance, Inc., 1954.
Zygmund, Dobbs. The Great Deceit: Social Pseudo-Sciences. Foreword by Archibald B. Roosevelt. Sayville, NY: Veritas Publishing, 1964.

See also

References

External links

 Quentin and his brother Archie and their father Theodore Roosevelt on film during World War I
 Theodore Roosevelt Association for short biographies on Archie and his family as well as other siblings
 Roosevelt & Cross
 U.S. Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific – Operation Cartwheel, The Reduction of Rabaul, New Guinea, US Army War College

1894 births
1979 deaths
Military personnel from Washington, D.C.
American people of Dutch descent
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army personnel of World War II
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
American people of Scottish descent
Bulloch family
Children of presidents of the United States
Children of vice presidents of the United States
Harvard University alumni
Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt
Schuyler family
United States Army colonels
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
John Birch Society members
American conspiracy theorists
Sidwell Friends School alumni
Old Right (United States)
Ritchie Boys
Children of Theodore Roosevelt

Archibald Roosevelt


Jeff Stilson (born c. 1959) is an American stand-up comedian, writer and TV producer.

Stilson was born in Spokane, WA. He began his stand up career in Seattle, WA in the mid 1980s. As a stand up he has appeared on Late Night with David Letterman, The Tonight Show, Comedy Central, The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson, and was a regular guest on The Panel in Australia. He has also won two Emmy awards and received 14 nominations as a comedy writer and producer. Stilson was one of five comedians to appear on the 14th Annual Young Comedians Special for HBO in 1991.  He worked as a writer for The Late Show with David Letterman, and as a producer and writer for The Chris Rock Show, Da Ali G Show, Last Comic Standing and The Daily Show, and many others.

Stilson is friends with Chris Rock and worked with him to make the documentary Good Hair, receiving a nomination for the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Documentary Screenplay.

References

External links

1950s births
Living people
American stand-up comedians
Primetime Emmy Award winners

Jeff Stilson


The Francis G. Newlands Home is a historic house at 7 Elm Court in Reno, Nevada, United States.  Built in 1890, it is the former mansion of United States Senator Francis G. Newlands (1846-1917), a driving force in passage of the 1902 Newlands Reclamation Act.  It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1963 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.  The house is privately owned and is not open to the public.

Description
The Francis G. Newlands Home is located in a residential area on the south side of the Truckee River southwest of downtown Reno, at the end of Elm Court, a short spur off the western end of Court Street.  This area was a particularly fashionable residential area in the late 19th century.  The house stands on about  overlooking the river to the north.  It is a two-story wood-frame structure, roughly rectangular in footprint, with a gable roof and the then-fashionable Shingle Style exterior.  Queen Anne characteristics of the house include a variety of protrusions, projections and gables.  A front wing and an arbor were added sometime before 1908.

The house was the first mansion built on a bluff overlooking the Truckee River in Reno, which became known as Newlands Heights. Diverse architectural styles are represented in the area, as exemplified also by the colonial revival Hawkins House next door, another mansion listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Francis G. Newlands had this house built in 1890, not long after he moved to Reno from San Francisco, California.  He was then managing the complex affairs of his first wife's family; she was the daughter of William Sharon, who had made his fortune in the Comstock Lode silver business. He began service in the United States House of Representatives in 1893 before winning election to the Senate in 1902.  He was instrumental in advancing the Reclamation Act, which put the federal government in the business of providing irrigation infrastructure in place to facilitate agricultural development of the rural west.  Later in his career he also played in important role in securing legislation that reorganized the way railroads were managed.

After Newlands' death, the house was purchased by divorce lawyer George Thatcher in 1920. His client Barbara Hutton, heiress of the F.W. Woolworth Company, stayed in the house in 1935, as did other Thatcher clients from time to time.

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Nevada
National Register of Historic Places listings in Washoe County, Nevada

References

Houses in Reno, Nevada
Houses completed in 1890
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Nevada
National Register of Historic Places in Reno, Nevada
Queen Anne architecture in Nevada
Shingle Style houses
Shingle Style architecture in Nevada
Victorian architecture in Nevada
National Historic Landmarks in Nevada

Francis G. Newlands Home


Tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 12-member 13, also known as TNFSF12-TNFSF13, is a human gene.

This gene belongs to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF). It encodes a hybrid protein composed of the cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains of the family member 12 fused to the C-terminal domain of the family member 13. The hybrid protein is membrane anchored and presents the receptor-binding domain of the family member 13 at the cell surface. It stimulates cycling in T-lymphoma and B-lymphoma cell lines. The mRNA transcript is expressed and translated in primary T cells and monocytes.

References

Further reading

TNFSF12-TNFSF13


Sir Peter William Youens, CMG, OBE (19 April 1916 – 6 May 2000) was a British diplomat who played an important role in the transition of Nyasaland to independence as Malawi in 1964. He was Deputy Chief Secretary of Nyasaland from 1953 to 1963, and secretary to the Prime Minister and the Cabinet of Malawi from 1963 to 1966, where he enjoyed the confidence of the prime minister Hastings Banda (who became President of Malawi in 1966). After leaving Malawi he was prominent as a director of Lonrho.

Early life and career

Youens' father was a clergyman in Brodsworth and his elder brother John was eventually to become Chaplain General to the Forces. Youens was educated at King Edward VII School in Sheffield—where he played cricket for the First XI in 1935 and was Second Prefect—and at Wadham College, Oxford.

He joined the British Colonial Administrative Service in 1938. After service in the Navy he became assistant district commissioner and then district commissioner in Sierra Leone, before moving to Nyasaland as assistant secretary in 1951.

Youens was appointed OBE in 1960, CMG in 1962, and was knighted in 1965.

Nyasaland and Malawi

Youens was deputy chief secretary in the British colonial administration of Nyasaland from 1953 to 1963. Dr Hastings Banda returned to Nyasaland in 1958 to lead the Nyasaland African Congress and Youens undertook the role of chief negotiator between Banda and Sir Glyn Jones, the Governor of Nyasaland. The discussions centred on internal self-government, secession from the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, and eventual independence in 1964.

When Banda became Prime Minister in 1963, he asked for Youens as his private secretary. Youens remained in this post until 1966, when Banda declared Malawi a republic with himself as president.

Lonrho

In the 1960s Tiny Rowland, the managing director of Lonrho, was establishing links with African leaders in connection with Lonrho's assets, which included sugar plantations and railway interests in Malawi.

Youens became one of Rowland's friends and after retiring from Malawi in 1966, became an executive director of Lonrho. He left Lonrho in 1969 to join John Tyzack & Partners, but returned to the Lonrho board in 1980 where he remained until 1994, after control of Lonrho had passed from Rowland to the German businessman Dieter Bock.

Death
Youens died on 6 May 2000 in his home of London, England, from complications of pneumonia.

References

Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford
People educated at King Edward VII School, Sheffield
1916 births
2000 deaths
Colonial Administrative Service officers
Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate people
Nyasaland people

Peter Youens


The Battle of Manimani was a failed American landing attempt west of Havana and was one of the final engagements of the Spanish–American War in Cuba.

Background
On July 23, 1898, Lieutenant John Heard anchored his force at the mouth of the Mani-Mani River and began unloading supplies intended for the Cuban insurgents operating in northwestern Cuba, unaware that the Spanish had discovered his presence and assembled a large force of cavalry in the environs.

Battle
Catching the Americans off guard, Spanish cavalry advanced out onto the beach and opened fire upon the landing parties. Heard ordered his men to take cover and return fire. Pounded by accurate American volleys, the Spanish withdrew back into the jungle.

Lieutenant Heard used the temporary respite to order an immediate retreat, evacuating his wounded into the USS Wanderer and preparing to lift anchor just as the Spaniards reappeared, unleashing a hail of fire at those on the deck.

Aftermath
For his remarkable calm and courage in the heat of battle at Manimani, John Heard was later awarded a Medal of Honor noting, "after two men had been shot down by Spaniards while transmitting orders to the engine-room on the Wanderer, the ship having become disabled, this officer took the position held by them and personally transmitted the orders, remaining at his post until the ship was out of danger."

References

Battles of the Spanish–American War
Battles involving Cuba
Battle of Rio Manimani
Conflicts in 1898
Battle of Rio Manimani
Battle of Rio Manimani

Battle of Manimani


Jamestown Settlement is a living history museum operated by the Commonwealth of Virginia, created in 1957 as Jamestown Festival Park for the 350th anniversary celebration. Today it includes a recreation of the original James Fort (c. 1607 to 1614), a Powhatan Native American town, indoor and outdoor displays, and replicas of the original settlers' ships: the Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery.

The museum complex is located adjacent to Historic Jamestowne, on Jamestown Island, which is run in partnership by the National Park Service and the Jamestown Rediscovery Foundation, a private nonprofit branch of Preservation Virginia dedicated to the archaeological mission. Historic Jamestowne is established in the original James Fort and Jamestown Colony, the first successful English settlement on the mainland of North America, founded on May 14, 1607. Colonial Williamsburg and The American Revolution Museum in Yorktown, additional living history sites, follow the next centennial of Virginian and American history up to the American Civil War. The Colonial Parkway connects all of these sites. The Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation is a Virginia state agency that administers the education aspects of the Jamestown Settlement as well as the Yorktown battlefield and the Revolution.

Background
Late in the 18th century, Jamestown became the focus of renewed historical interest and efforts at preservation. In 1893, a portion of the island was donated to Preservation Virginia for that purpose, including the ruined church tower. In the early 1900s, a seawall was constructed with the intention of preserving the site around the original "James Fort", even though the actual location of the original 1607 fort was thought to be underwater and lost to erosion. In 1907, the Jamestown Exposition was held to mark the 300th anniversary of the founding of Jamestown, but the celebration was held at Sewell's Point in Norfolk, Virginia on the harbor of Hampton Roads, due to transportation and other considerations. The area came back into national prominence with the creation of the Colonial National Historical Park in 1940 and the uncovering of the old fort in 1996 by archaeologists of the Jamestown Rediscovery project.

Jamestown Festival Park

A return to Jamestown itself was considered feasible by 1957, in time for the 350th anniversary of the founding of the London Company settlement at Jamestown. Attractions were developed by the National Park Service and the Commonwealth of Virginia which included the reconstructed Glasshouse, the Memorial Cross, and the visitors center. The National Park Service's Colonial Parkway was also completed in April 1957 linking the Historic Triangle of Jamestown, Williamsburg, and Yorktown, including the construction of a land bridge to Jamestown Island.

The 1956 celebrations continued from April 1 to November 30 with more than one million participants, including dignitaries and politicians such as the British Ambassador and U.S. Vice President Richard Nixon. Full-sized replicas were constructed of the three ships that brought the colonists: the Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery. They were built at a shipyard in Portsmouth, Virginia and relocated to nearby Glass House Point for the festival. There were nearly 25,000 visitors at the Festival Park on October 16, 1957, and the highlight for many was the visit and speech of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip. Queen Elizabeth lent a copy of Magna Carta for the exhibition. Other events in 1957 included army and navy reviews, air force flyovers, ship and aircraft christenings, and an outdoor drama at Cape Henry, the site of the first landing of the settlers in April 1607.

400th anniversary
Jamestown Settlement facilities and programs were greatly expanded early in the 21st century as part of the Jamestown 2007 quadricentennial celebration. A special exhibition named "The World of 1607" was created to showcase 17th century Virginia and featured rare artifacts that were on loan from international collections and major museums. Additionally, new permanent exhibits were added while existing materials were refreshed, and a new introductory film was added. Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh were invited and attended the Jamestown Settlement on May 14, 2005 as part of a two-day royal visit to Virginia. Their itinerary included visits to the state capital in Richmond, Virginia, Colonial Williamsburg, and Historic Jamestown. Approximately 1,200 invited guests, educational groups, and members of the community were in attendance. The celebration of Jamestown was held in Jamestown, Virginia.

Attractions

Galleries
The Jamestown Settlement galleries provide the setting for a varied collection of objects relating to the nation's beginnings in 17th-century Virginia. The Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation collection has been developed to support the museum's storyline and includes objects representative of the Powhatan Indian, European, and African cultures that converged in 1600s Virginia. More than 500 artifacts are exhibited at any one time in the galleries.

Living History
In Living History, visitors can "journey to the past" in re-creations of a Powhatan Indian town and the 1610-14 colonial fort.  The park also allows visitors to board replicas of the three ships that sailed from England to Virginia in 1607. In the outdoor areas, costumed historical interpreters describe and demonstrate daily life in early 17th-century Jamestown.

Events
Regular events are held to link with the colonial-related themes of the area - such as military re-enactments, historic trades fairs, lectures, or anniversaries. The next major event is the 410th Anniversary of the founding of the settlement, scheduled for mid-May 2017, entitled Jamestown Day. Similarly, Pocahontas Imagined will commemorate the 400th Anniversary of the death of Pocahontas in July 2017. Further, the American Indian Intertribal Powwow will be held there in October 2017.

Surrounds
On nearby Jamestown Island itself, the National Park Service and Preservation Virginia, operate Historic Jamestowne where a vast amount of artifacts have been recovered by the Jamestown Rediscovery project with ongoing archaeological work, including ongoing excavations, reconstructions, and renovations (e.g., Jamestown Church). It is also next to the Jamestown Glasshouse.

Gallery

See also
Jamestown, Virginia
Historic Jamestowne
History of the Jamestown Settlement (1607–1701)

Notes

External links

 Jamestown Settlement Official Webpage

Museums in James City County, Virginia
Open-air museums in Virginia
Living museums in Virginia
Jamestown, Virginia
Museums established in 1957
Institutions accredited by the American Alliance of Museums
1957 establishments in Virginia

Jamestown Settlement


Versus Arthritis is the UK's largest charity dedicated to supporting people with arthritis. It was launched in September 2018, following the legal merger of the two leading arthritis charities in the UK, Arthritis Research UK and Arthritis Care in November 2017.

According to research, 10 million people in the UK are affected by arthritis. It affects almost three in ten men and women over the age of 55. Versus Arthritis works to help them to remain active by funding research, campaigning and providing information for patients, the public and health professionals.

History

Arthritis Care

Arthur Mainwaring Bowen founded the British Rheumatic Association (BRA) on 1 February 1947 at the age of 25. By October, the association had 554 prospective members. Bowen's awareness of the needs of people with arthritis began when, at the age of 19, he was diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis. Meeting other young people with arthritis during long stays in hospital opened Bowen's eyes to the isolation they often felt. As well as his charity work, Bowen had a career as a qualified solicitor. He married Helen Patricia in 1953. Together, they had one son and one daughter. Bowen died in his home on 31 January 1980.

By this time, the charity had grown into a national organisation with a wide range of services for people with arthritis and was renamed Arthritis Care. In that year, Arthritis News was published for the first time. It ran to 12 pages and had an initial print-run of 35,000. Jane Asher became president of Arthritis Care in 2003.

At the time of the merger, Arthritis Care was the UK's largest arthritis charity and ran four national offices (in Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales and England) with activities coordinated by an office in London. The CEO was Judi Rhys.

Arthritis Research UK

Arthritis Research UK had been founded as the Empire Rheumatism Council in 1936, changed its name to Arthritis Research Campaign, before changing again to Arthritis Research UK in 2010 as part of a drive to raise the profile of arthritis research and the organisation itself. It also reduced the potential for confusion with a plethora of other charitable groups using the initials ARC.

Dr Stewart Adams, discoverer of Ibuprofen, opened the Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre in Nottingham, which aims to understand pain and to come up with more effective ways of dealing with it.

Similar organizations
 Arthritis Foundation - USA
 Arthritis Australia - Australia
 The Swedish Rheumatism Association - Sweden
 The Arthritis Society - Canada
 Arthritis Consumer Experts - Canada

External links
 Official website

References

Non-profit organisations based in the United Kingdom
Arthritis organizations
1936 establishments in the United Kingdom
Biomedical research foundations
Chesterfield, Derbyshire
Health charities in the United Kingdom
Organisations based in Derbyshire
Research in the United Kingdom
Science and technology in Derbyshire
Scientific organizations established in 1936

Versus Arthritis


James Libby Tryon (November 21, 1864 - December 21, 1958) was a peace advocate and the director of admissions at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was a member of the Massachusetts Peace Society that merged with other local chapters to become the American Peace Society in 1928.

Biography
James Libby Tryon was born on November 21, 1864, in Boston, Massachusetts to Joseph A. Tryon and Ellen Bigelow Cummings.  He attended Harvard University and graduated with degrees in law and divinity: A.B., Harvard, 1894; B.D., Episcopal Theological School, Massachusetts, 1897; L.L.B., Boston University, 1909, Ph.D., 1910.<ref>Who's who in New England, a Biographical Dictionary of Leading Living Men and Women, 1905 edition</ref> He was a reporter for the Portland Press, 1884; its city editor, 1885, city editor of the Bangor Commercial, 1886; night editor of the Portland Argus'', 1887-8. He was appointed deacon, 1896; priest, 1897, rector of All Saints' Church, Attleboro, Mass., 1897-1907; assistant secretary of the American Peace Society, 1907-11; secretary of the Massachusetts Peace Society, and was appointed director of the New England department of the American Peace Society, June, 1911. He served as a member of the International Peace Congress held in Munich in 1907, in London, 1908, in Geneva, 1912, in The Hague, 1913. He lectured on international arbitration at the Episcopal Theological School in Cambridge, Massachusetts from 1908 to 1911. He undertook a lecture tour of Canadian clubs, universities and churches to promote the peace centennial during the spring of 1911. He also served as a member of the Massachusetts Prison Association, the American Society of International Law, the American Society for the Judicial Settlement of International Disputes, the American Political Science Association and the American Academy of Political and Social Science.

He was the Director of Admissions at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1930 to 1936.

Tryon died on December 21, 1958 in Medford, Massachusetts at Lawrence Memorial Hospital of Medford.

Publications
 The Inter-parliamentary Union and its work (1911)
 A World Treaty of Arbitration (1911)
 A permanent court of international justice; a suggestion for the programme committee of the third Hague conference (1913)
 The century of the Anglo-American peace (1914)

References

External links
Sylvia Tryon's biography of Kate Allen Tryon and Dr. James Libby Tryon
James Libby Tryon at Google Books

1864 births
1958 deaths
American anti-war activists
Nonviolence advocates
Harvard University alumni
Boston University School of Law alumni

James Libby Tryon


Adam Zampa (born 31 March 1992) is an Australian international cricketer who represents Australian cricket team in limited-overs cricket.

Youth career
As a child, Zampa bowled medium pace, but Cricket Australia had placed restrictions on how many overs pace bowlers were allowed to bowl in under-14 matches, so he decided to change his bowling style to leg spin, inspired by Australian Test cricketer Shane Warne. Zampa made his way into Australia's under-19 team in 2009 and has earned a rookie contract with the Blues in 2010 after playing a role by representing Australia in their successful 2010 Under-19 Cricket World Cup campaign. Zampa played in two youth Test matches and eight youth ODIs, taking 11 wickets across the two formats.

Domestic career (2010–2016)

In New South Wales (2010–2013)
As a result of Zampa's youth career for Australia, he was given a rookie contract with New South Wales in 2010, but he didn't get any opportunities to prove himself at state-level because New South Wales also had a number of other successful spin bowlers, such as Nathan Hauritz, Steve O'Keefe and Steve Smith. He did get another opportunity to represent Australia before his first-class debut, playing in the 2011 Hong Kong Cricket Sixes.

Zampa made his first-class debut for New South Wales in the 2012–13 Sheffield Shield season against Queensland. He took five wickets in a three-wicket win. Despite not having a contract with a Big Bash League team until a week before BBL02 began, he played for the Sydney Thunder and was highly rated by Trevor Hohns. He finished the season having played three first-class matches, taking ten wickets at an average of 23 runs per wicket.

In South Australia (2013–2016)
After the season he accepted an offer to play for South Australia, in both first-class and one-day matches and for South Australia's Twenty20 team, the Adelaide Strikers. He was tempted by the guaranteed starts he would get in South Australia's team as they had just lost Test spinner Nathan Lyon to New South Wales. During the 2013 winter, he spent three months training at the Centre of Excellence before joining the South Australian squad for the 2013–14 season. The move to South Australia proved a useful one for progressing Zampa's career as he had the opportunity to work with experienced South African spinner Johan Botha, who was the captain of the South Australian side at the time of his move.

Zampa had an impressive performance in the 2014–15 Matador BBQs One-Day Cup, getting on a hat-trick and taking overall figures of 4/18 despite South Australia losing the match to Western Australia. In 2015, Zampa signed on for the Redbacks for two more seasons, but in order to get more experience, he changed Twenty20 sides to the Melbourne Stars, where he would have the opportunity to play alongside international stars Michael Clarke and Kevin Pietersen.

The 2015–16 summer was the most successful of Zampa's career to that point. He impressed in both List A cricket and Twenty20 cricket, and in 2016, was included in Australia's squad for both One Day Internationals and Twenty20 Internationals, but he struggled in first-class cricket. In the 2015–16 Matador BBQs One-Day Cup, he recorded figures of 4/48 against Cricket Australia XI to help take South Australia into the tournament's elimination final. In BBL05, he was part of an unusual dismissal, running out Peter Nevill with his nose.

Franchise cricket
In April 2022, he was bought by the Welsh Fire for the 2022 season of The Hundred.

International career (2016–present)
He made his ODI debut on 6 February 2016 in the second match of 2015–16 Chappell–Hadlee Trophy series. He made his Twenty20 International debut for Australia against South Africa on 4 March 2016. Zampa became a regular member of both the ODI and T20I squad for Australia. Zampa was named in Australia's squad for the 2016 World Twenty20 before he'd made his T20I debut for Australia in South Africa. Despite how recently he'd been added to the squad, he was Australia's leading wicket-taker with five wickets at an average of 13.80 and an economy rate of 6.27, including a breakout performance against Bangladesh with figures of 3/23.

With Zampa's rise to Australia's national team he also started to play in Twenty20 franchises as an overseas player. Playing for Rising Pune Supergiant in the Indian Premier League against the Sunrisers Hyderabad, he took 6 wickets for 19 runs and ranked as the third best performance as a bowler in the history of the IPL after 6/14 by Sohail Tanvir and 6/12 by Alzarri Joseph. Zampa bowled his first over for the match in the 8th over of Sunrisers Hyderabad's innings, but was taken out of the attack immediately without taking a wicket. He wasn't brought back on until the 16th over, in which he took one wicket. Captain MS Dhoni gave him an extended spell after his wicket, and he took two wickets in the 18th over and three more wickets in the 20th over, bringing his total to six. He was named man of the match for his performance, and this was also the record for the best bowling figures by a bowler in Twenty20 history in a losing cause. Zampa also played in the Caribbean Premier League for the Guyana Amazon Warriors, taking the most wickets out of all spin bowlers for the tournament with 15 wickets at an average of 18.46.

Zampa was surprisingly dropped from Australia's Twenty20 side for the second match of a three-match series against Sri Lanka in 2016–17 after bowling well in the series opener and taking two wickets. Zampa described being dropped as a "kick in the guts", saying his recent form indicated he was one of the best Twenty20 spin bowlers in the world. Without Zampa Australia lost both the match and the series. Zampa was brought back into the side for the final match of the series, and he was named the man of the match with 3/25 as Australia won the game.

Despite all of Zampa's successes in the shorter forms of cricket, he was still unable to break into Australia's Test side. He was unable to reach exceptional form in the Sheffield Shield, being a victim of South Australia's very strong pace attack, with Chadd Sayers and Kane Richardson taking all of the wickets themselves and not leaving opportunities for Zampa to stand out. Australia played a Test series in India in early 2017, and former New Zealand captain Stephen Fleming touted him as a possible addition to Australia's squad given his ability to bowl well on Indian pitches, but he was not included in the squad. Instead, Zampa continued playing in the Sheffield Shield and had his first five-wicket haul in a first-class innings when he took career-best figures of 6/62 in the first innings against Queensland before taking another four wickets in the second innings to accomplish his first ten-wicket haul in a first-class match.

Zampa was in Australia's squad for the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy, but he didn't get many opportunities to play when two of Australia's three group stage matches were washed out and Australia was unable to progress to the finals. In April 2019, he was named in Australia's squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup. In August 2021, Zampa was named in Australia's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. On 4 November 2021, in Australia's T20 World Cup match against Bangladesh, Zampa took his first five-wicket haul in T20I cricket.

In March 2022, during the opening match of the series against Pakistan, Zampa took his 100th wicket in ODI cricket.

In September 2022, he took his first ODI five-wicket haul, against New Zealand in Cairns.
In September 2023,he tied with fellow Australian Mick Lewis, the unwanted record of most runs conceded by a bowler in ODIs,going 0/113 versus South Africa. This record was broken on October 25 when Bas de Leede of the Netherlands conceded 115 against Australia in the ICC World Cup 2023, it must be noted he at least took 2 poles.  On 20 October 2023 Zampa took 4 wickets giving 53 runs with an economy of 5.30 and helped his team to win over Pakistan.

Personal life
Zampa is married to Harriet Palmer, the couple have a son. He is vegan and has appeared in advertisements for PETA.

References

External links

1992 births
Adelaide Strikers cricketers
Australia One Day International cricketers
Australia Twenty20 International cricketers
Australian cricketers
Australian people of Polish descent
Cricketers at the 2019 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers from New South Wales
Guyana Amazon Warriors cricketers
Living people
New South Wales cricketers
Rising Pune Supergiant cricketers
South Australia cricketers
Sydney Thunder cricketers
Essex cricketers
Melbourne Stars cricketers
Royal Challengers Bangalore cricketers
Welsh Fire cricketers
People from Shellharbour
Oval Invincibles cricketers

Adam Zampa


Ji-Feng Zhang (born 1963) was born in Shandong, China. He is currently the vice-chair of the technical board of the International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC), the vice-president of the Systems Engineering Society of China (SESC), the vice-president of the Chinese Association of Automation (CAA), the chair of the technical committee on Control Theory (CAA), and the editor-in-chief for both All About Systems and Control and the Journal of Systems Science and Mathematical Sciences.

Biography
Ji-Feng Zhang was born in September 1963, Shandong, China. He received the B.S. degree in mathematics, from Shandong University in 1985, and M.S. and Ph.D. in control theory and stochastic systems, from Institute of Systems Science (ISS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in 1988 and 1991, respectively. From November 1991 to December 1992, he was a postdoctoral fellow was with McGill University, Canada. From December 1996 to February 1998, he was with the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Since 1985 he has been with the ISS, CAS, where he is now a Guan Zhapzhi Chair Professor of the Academy of Mathematics and System Sciences (AMSS), and the director of the ISS.

Contributions to the field

Job history
Zhang has served as a vice-chair of the technical board of IFAC (2014–present), convener of Systems Science Discipline, Academic Degree Committee of the State Council, China (2009–present), vice-president of the Systems Engineering Society of China (2010–present), vice- president of the Chinese Association of Automation (CAA, 2014–present), chair of the Technical Committee on Control Theory (TCCT), CAA (2010–present), standing member of the Chinese Mathematical Society (2008–2015), vice-president of the Beijing Mathematical Society, China (2006–2013), member of the board of governors, IEEE Control Systems Society (2013), member of the steering committee, Asian Control Association, (2009–2014), vice-general secretary of CAA (2002–2008), vice-chair of TCCT, CAA (2002–2007), general secretary of TCCT, CAA (1993–2002), senior member of IEEE (1997–2013), member of the IFAC Technical Committee on Modeling, identification and Signal Processing (2009–present).

He also has been a general co-chair of the 32nd and 33rd Chinese Control Conference (2013, 2014), program chair/co-chair of the 17th IFAC Symposium on System Identification (2015), the 30th Chinese Control Conference (2011), the 9th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation, Beijing, China (2012), the IEEE International Conference on Control Applications, part of the IEEE Multi-Conference on Systems and Control (2012), vice-chair of the 20th IFAC World Congress (2017), and an organizing committee co-chair of the 21st-26th Chinese Control Conferences (2002–2007), the 1st-4th Chinese-Swedish Conference on Control (2003–2008), the 1st-8th Conference on Frontier Problems in Systems and Control (2000–2008), and a finance co-chair of the 48th Conference on Decision and Control (2009).

He is/was the founding editor-in-chief of All About Systems and Control (2014–present), editor-in-chief of the Journal of Systems Science and Mathematical Sciences (2014–present), managing editor of Journal of Systems Science and Complexity (2007–2014), deputy editor-in-chief of the following journals: Science China: Information Sciences (2014–present), Scientia Sinica: Informationis (2014–present), Journal of Systems Science and Mathematical Sciences (2004–2013), Acta Automatica Sinica (2005–2010), Control Theory and Applications (2008–2013), Systems Engineering: Theory and Practice (2011–present); and associate editor or an editorial board member of the following journals: IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control (2007–2009), SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization (2008–2013), Aerospace Control and Application (2008–present), Mathematics in Practice and Theory (2006–2013), Acta Automatica Sinica (1999–2010), Control Theory and Applications (2003–2008), Journal of Control Theory and Applications (2003–2008), and the Journal of Shandong University (Engineering Science) (2011–2015).

Research areas
Zhang's current research interests are system identification, adaptive control, stochastic systems, and multi-agent systems.

System identification
He made original contributions on system identification, including the estimation of the orders, time-delays and parameters of stochastic systems. He gave a criterion for time-delay estimate, with which one can get a strong consistent time-delay estimate. He with co-authors initiated the research on the parameter identification and adaptive control of the systems with quantized observations, and investigated the optimal adaptive control and identification errors, time complexity, optimal input design, and impact of disturbances and unmodeled dynamics on identification accuracy and complexity in both stochastic and deterministic frameworks. With a series of significant results, he has established a solid framework for the identification and adaptive control of uncertainty systems with quantized information. This is of great importance for many practical systems, especially, when digital communications are needed.

Adaptive control
He investigated the capability issues of robust and adaptive control in dealing with uncertainty, and revealed that to capture the intrinsic limitations of adaptive control, it is necessary to use sup-types of transient and persistent performance, rather than limsup-types which reflect only asymptotic behavior of a system. This indicates that intimate interaction and inherent conflict between identification and control result in a certain performance lower bound which does not approach the nominal performance even when the system varies very slowly. For nonlinear hybrid stochastic systems with unknown jump-Markov parameters, he with co-authors used the Wonham nonlinear filter to estimate the unknown parameters and presented an estimation error bound, which is a basic tool and plays an important role in performance analysis of adaptive control of nonlinear hybrid stochastic systems. He also attacked a series of hard problems related on global output-feedback control of nonlinear stochastic systems with inverse dynamics, including practical output-feedback risk-sensitive control, robust adaptive stabilization, small-gain theorem of general nonlinear stochastic systems. Different from the existing literature, the systems considered in his work are so complicated that renders any control design for them is much difficult. He developed a set of predominant methods and obtained many innovative results. The work represents an accomplishment for both the field of stochastic nonlinear stabilization and the backstepping method.

Stochastic multi-agent systems
In control of stochastic multi-agent systems, Zhang thoroughly studied the interaction of interest coupled decision-makers and the uncertainty of individual behavior, which is the prominent characteristic of multi-agent systems (MASs). He made a systematic study of the sample path behavior of the closed-loop system in relation to Nash Equilibria (NE) and a substantial contribution to the developing theory of Nash Certainty Equivalence (NCE) for large population stochastic dynamic games. He introduced the concepts of asymptotic Nash- equilibrium in probability and almost surely, and elucidated the relationship between these concepts, which provides necessary tools for analyzing the optimality of the decentralized control laws. With respect to the decentralized quadratic-type and tracking-type performance indices, by using Nash Certainty Equivalence he developed decentralized optimal controls, and proved the optimality of the closed-loop systems. He also initiated the study on consensusability and formability of MAS and obtained necessary and sufficient conditions which reflect the intrinsic relationships between the consensusability/formability and the agents' dynamics, admissible control sets and communication topologies. These works are of great significance, since they break through the framework of conventional control theory and extend the methodology and tools in the stochastic adaptive control theory to analyzing MAS.

Index-coupled example
The multi-agent system Zhang mentioned could be used to describe an engineering or economic system. The uncertainty in his work is a kind of random noise appearing in the agent's dynamic model. Brownian agent swarm systems are such examples, where the acceleration of agent depends on not only its own state variables (e.g. position, velocity, and energy), control, Gaussian white noise, but also the  population position average. The dynamic equations are coupled together via the population position average.  Other interest or performance index-coupled examples can be found in wireless communication networks and stock markets. In a wireless communication network with users, the changing rate of the received power for user depends on, its neighbors' powers, control, random noise. Each user makes its own power control strategy to ensure the signal-to- interference-ratio to approach a desired level. This can be formulated by the following model (for simplicity, here we use a linear model with constant parameters) and a coupled-index group:  where is the neighbor of user, are system parameters, is the constant background noise intensity, and.  In a stock market with investigators, suppose that profits of each investigator is  influenced by his recent profits situation and the profits situation of his neighbors, and each investigator wants to get something around the average value. Then, the problem can be described by the following model (for simplicity, here we use a linear model with constant parameters) and a coupled-interest index group: When a=1 and b=0, the coupled-interest index becomes.

Publications and awards
Zhang was elected as a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and as a Fellow of the International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC). He was the second-place winner of the State Natural Science Award (China) in both 2010 and 2015. Zhang has also received the Distinguished Young Scholar Fund from National Natural Science Foundation of China in 1997; the First Prize of the Young Scientist Award of CAS in 1995; Excellent Chinese Doctoral Dissertation Supervisor in 2009; Excellent Graduate Student Supervisor of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in 2007, 2008 and 2009; the Best Paper award of the 7th Asian Control Conference in 2009; and the Guan Zhaozhi Best Paper award of the 23rd Chinese Control Conference in 2004.

Zhang's current research interests are system identification, adaptive control, stochastic systems, and multi-agent systems. He has published 2 books, over 110 journal papers and 70 conference papers, in journals such as IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Automatica, and SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization. He has 5 papers listed in "Highly Cited Papers" by the ISI Web of Knowledge, Essential Science Indicators from Aug 2007 to Aug 2015.

Recent publications

Books
 L.Y. Wang, G. Yin, J.F. Zhang and Y. L. Zhao, System Identification with Quantized Observations, Birkhauser, Boston, 2010.
 Qiang Zhang and Ji-Feng Zhang, Distributed Estimation and Control of Multi-Agent Systems, Science Press, Beijing, 2015. (In Chinese)

References

1963 births
Living people
Writers from Shandong
Engineers from Shandong
McGill University alumni

Ji-Feng Zhang


Espumoso is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It belongs to the mesoregion "Nordeste Rio Grandense" and the microregion of "Cruz Alta" along with other 13 municipalities (Alto Alegre, Boa Vista do Cadeado, Boa Vista do Incra, Campos Borges, Cruz Alta, Fortaleza dos Valos, Ibirubá, Jacuizinho, Joia, Quinze de Novembro, Saldanha Marinho, Salto do Jacuí and Santa Bárbara do Sul. The estimated population in 2020 was 15,591 inhabitants, and its total area corresponds to 783.065 km2.

In October 2016, Brazilian people voted in order to choose mayors and aldermen. In Espumoso, Douglas Fontana (PDT) was elected mayor with 42.28% of the valid votes. The municipal assembly members elected were: Joacir Carmo Sonda (PDT), Zé Carlos (PDT), Marcel Rotta Simon (PDT), Ana Mari Vogel (PP), Leo Gugel (PDT), Jadir José de Oliveira (PP),  João Valério Mocelin (PSDB), Juliano de Oliveira Fiuza (PMDB), and Roberto Iopp  (PT). The municipal political scene has been occupied by two political parties along the recent history, PP and PDT, even though there have been other minor political forces in the city.

See also
List of municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul

References

Municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul

Espumoso


Livorno is a port city on the Ligurian Sea on the western coast of Tuscany, Italy.

History
Today, Livorno is known for the fortified town walls and for the small streets. Many foreigners moved to Livorno such as Jews, Armenians, Greeks, Dutch, and English. Some Moriscos (Muslim Spaniards forced to turn Catholic), much later, also moved to Livorno (from Spain and during the 18th century).

Main monuments

Bridges, houses and streets, mostly from the neo-classical era are in the district of Livorno.

Examples
The "Monumento dei quattro mori" ("Monument of the Four Turks"), dedicated to Grand Duke Ferdinando I de' Medici of Tuscany, is one of the most important monuments of Livorno.

Another important monument is the old fortress which has 3 bastions called "Capitana", "Ampolletta" and "Canaviglia". It was made before the Renaissance.

Culture
Politically, Livorno is one of the most left-leaning cities of Italy. The Communist Party of Italy was founded in Livorno on 21 January 1921.

Economy
Tuaca liqueur is produced in Livorno. The city also has a petrochemical industry.

Sport
Livorno has a football team in Serie A, A.S. Livorno Calcio.

Languages
Livorno inhabitants speak a Tuscan dialect of Italian, called vernacolo.

Climate
Livorno has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Koeppen climate classification).

Sister cities
  Bat Yam (Israel)
  Guadalajara (Spain)
  Haiphong (Vietnam)
  Novorossiysk (Russia)
  Oakland (United States of America)

Important people from Livorno
 Mario Ancona (1860-1931), opera composer
 Leonetto Cappiello (1875-1942), painter
 Giorgio Caproni (1912-1990), poet
 Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (born 1920), former President of the Republic of Italy
 Piero Ciampi (1934-1980), musician
 Giovanni Fattori (1825-1908), painter
 Voltolino Fontani (1920-1976), painter
 Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi (1804-1873), writer and politician
 Cristiano Lucarelli (born 1975), football player
 Pietro Mascagni (1863-1945), opera composer
 Matteo Mazzantini (born 1976), rugby player
 Amedeo Modigliani (1884-1920), painter and sculptor
 Aldo Montano (born 1978), fencer, Olympic gold medalist
 Alfredo Muller (1869-1940), artist
 Armando Picchi (1935-1971), football player and manager
 Dario Resta (1884-1924), Racecar driver, Indy 500 winner
 Angiolo Tommasi (1858-1923), artist
 Alberto Fremura (born 1936), artist
 Francis Levett English merchant

Other websites

 Municipal website
 ItalianVisits.com
 Photographic map of Livorno

Capital cities in Italy

Livorno


A wide variety of mythical creatures are found in Burmese mythology. Many Burmese creatures are part human or creatures capable of assuming human form. Most mythical creatures are endowed with humanistic mentalities, ability to converse with humans and also supernatural powers.
During the 20th century, the role and diversity of Burmese mythical creatures were diversified by Shwe Thway comics which depicted the life of the Buddha, the Jataka tales and Burmese history.

The most common mythological being is the Belu, an ogre. The popularity of the Belu is due to the Yama Zatdaw, the Burmese version of the Ramayana, a very popular play in Myanmar, and also their roles in the Jatakas.

List of beings and creatures
The following is a list of beings and creatures in Burmese mythology:

Creatures mentioned in stories, plays and Burmese literature

Deities, demons and spirits

 Athurakal - the lowest form of deities which have pleasure half the day and suffer the other half. Sworn enemies of the Devas (gods). (Athurakal is an alternative synonym for Asura)

 Belu - usually man-eating demons capable of shapeshifting.
 Pan-kike Belu - (lit flower biters) Belu with straight fangs which eat humans. Generally malevolent.
 Panswé Belu - (lit flower danglers) Belu with curved or hooked fangs which eat flowers and fruits. Generally benevolent. An example would be Popa Medaw.
 Nat sein - ghods, spirits of deceased humans (especially those who died violent deaths). They grant supernatural powers to those devoted to them, but are imperceptible in the mortal world.
 Ottsa-saunk or Ottsar-saunk - beings cursed to roam the earth due to their strong attachment to objects or places.
 Thaik nan shin - is synonymous with Otta-saunk, glossed by Spiro as "quasi-nat," or "the spirits who, because of their greed for treasure when they were human, have been assigned to guard the treasures of the Buddha".
 Peik-ta - ghouls, beings punished with perpetual hunger or thirst. (derived from Sanskrit word Preta)

 Sone - hags or witches
 Thayé - ghosts
 Yama Yazar - A saint, often claimed as a death lord who rules Hell. (Derived from Yama-raj, Hindu god of death, hell and afterlife judgement)

 Yetkhat - benevolent guardians of buried treasures and those hidden in tree roots. (derived from Raksha, Hindu mythical demons)

 Zawgyi (alchemist) - a human alchemist with supernatural powers who is often seen with a stick and a red hat.

Beasts

Birds
 Galone - Garuda the archbird, nemesis of the serpents Nāgas.
 Hintha - Hamsa the Brahmin bird, famed as the bird with most pleasant voice; symbol of the Mon people, Mon State and Bago Region.
 Karaweik - from the Pali "karavika", a bird with a melodious cry.

Reptiles
 Magan - Makara, a crocodile-like sea monster with prehensile snout.
 Nāga - dragon-like serpents with great powers, enemies of the Garudas, and who inhabit the sea. They are described as being able to swim through the earth as if it was water, and fly in the sky. According to the Bhuridatta Jataka the 6th of the 10 last lives of the Buddha, the Buddha was a Nāga prince.
 Ngamoeyeik - a super giant crocodile and character of Min Nandar and Shin Hmwe Loon, the Burmese equivalent of Romeo and Juliet.

Mammals
 Kyut - malevolent pangolin or armadillo like creatures which can assume human form and trick humans in the barren forests.
 Sarmaree - vain long-haired yak which values its hair.
 Chinthe - the lion, commonly depicted in architecture as a guardian, and associated with myths and legends.
 Thaman Kyah - the weretiger, somewhat equivalent to werewolf in European cultures.

Spiders
 Giant Spider of Pindaya - a giant spider which held 7 princesses captive in Pindaya region.

Hybrids
 Byala - Rakhine version of the Nawa Rupa. A creature with nine hybrid features.
 Kinnara, male and Kinnari, female - a hybrid of human and bird, often painted as humans with wings in clothing and headdresses; associated with the Shan and Kayah States.
 Manotethiha (Manussiha in Pali) - Sphinx-like Half-human, half-lion creatures. Their appearances are somewhat similar with sphinxes. What separates them from sphinxes is that they have two lion bodies connected to a single human head.
 Nawarupa - (lit nine features); a creature made from the amalgamation of parts of nine different animals.
 Nāya/ Toe-nāya/ Toe-nāga - quite similar to chimera; hybrids of seven animals including Nāga. No appearance of these creatures is found in mythology. They are artistic designs of a nāga developed by early Myanmar sculptor.
 Pyinsarupa - (lit five features); a creature made from the amalgamation of parts of five different animals, mascot of Myanmar Airways International.

See also
 Buddhist mythology
 Buddhist cosmology
 Buddhism in Myanmar
 Culture of Burma

References

 Htin Aung, Maung Folk Elements in Burmese Buddhism. London, New York: Oxford University Press, 1962.

External links
 Folk-Elements in Burmese Buddhism

Burmese folklore
Mythological hybrids
Sino-Tibetan mythology

Mythical creatures in Burmese folklore


Amasa Hewins (July 11, 1795 – August 18, 1855) was an American portrait, genre and landscape painter. He also exported fine paintings, antiques, and objet d'art from Italy to Boston during the 1850s, selling most of it through private dealers and at auctions in New York City and Boston.

Hewins was born in Sharon, Massachusetts, to Esther (Kollock) and Amasa Hewins. He married Elizabeth Newell Alden on August 22, 1820, and thereafter he lived in Dedham. In 1821, Hewins was listed in the Boston business directory as a merchant in West India goods on Brattle Street in Boston, trading in rum, sugar, molasses and cotton. A year later, Elizabeth gave birth to their first child, Charles, prompting Amasa to take his younger brother Royall into business as a partner; the couple eventually had nine children.

An advertisement for A. Hewins, portrait painter appeared in the New York newspaper "The National Advocate" on December 6, 1824. In 1825, Hewins relocated his family to Washington City, where he offered an academy for the instruction of young Ladies and gentlemen and also held a post as Professor of Drawing at Mr. and Mrs. Bonfils Young Ladies' Seminary, the school of his sister-in-law and her husband, until at least 1827. Returning to Boston around 1828, Hewins first exhibited at the Boston Athenaeum in 1830, and occasionally thereafter until 1846; he also exhibited at the National Academy of Design.  From August 1830 to June 1833, he travelled abroad in Italy, France and England, along with American artists Horatio and John Greenough, Samuel F.B. Morse, and Thomas Cole.

In 1839, Hewins traveled to Baltimore and then to New Haven, Connecticut, where he took up residence and advertised as a portrait-painter. It was here, during the height of the Amistad Affair, that the 135-foot-long, "The Magnificent Painting of the Massacre on Board the Schooner Amistad!!" was conceived of by Hewins. It toured New England in the spring of 1840. The following year Hewins set sail for his second trip to Florence via Gibraltar; he traveled from November 1841 to August 1842. In Florence, he met with friends Horatio Greenough and Hiram Powers and made sketches for his panorama painting: "The Largest Painting in the world… Hutching's Grand Classical Panorama of the Sea and Shores of the Mediterranean…Executed from drawings made by A. Hewins during his voyages in the Mediterranean, and his travels in Spain, France and Italy." From June 1848 to January 1849 the Hutching's Gallery in Boston displayed Hewins's moving panorama at the Masonic Temple-Tremont Street. It traveled over the next two years and was displayed, amongst other locations, in Ohio, Albany and New York City.

In March 1852, Hewins returned to Florence, Italy where he painted and worked. In 1854 Hewins was appointed Consular General of Tuscany at Livorno; this position aided him in the exportation of Italian paintings, antiques, and objet d'art to the United States. Dying from Cholera in August 1855, Hewins was buried in the Protestant Cemetery (often called the English Cemetery). His papers are collected in the Boston Athenaeum.

Notable paintings
 1826 Portrait of Paul Alden, Dedham Historical Society, Dedham, Massachusetts
 1826 Portrait of Rebecca Newell Alden, Dedham Historical Society, Dedham, Massachusetts
 1835 Unidentified Woman, Fruitlands Museum, Harvard, Massachusetts
 c. 1832 Italian Landscape, Fruitlands Museum, Harvard, Massachusetts
 1836 Lady Seated at a Work Table, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
 1836 Lady Playing the Piano, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
 1836 Lady Seated at a Table Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, Connecticut
 1836 Lady Playing the Piano, Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, Connecticut
 1837 Evening Song, Portland Museum of Art, Portland, Maine
 1837 The Letter, Portland Museum of Art, Portland, Maine
 1844 Portrait of Charles Ebenezer Richardson, Connecticut Historical Society, Hartford, Connecticut
 1844 Portrait of General Jebediah Herrick, Farnsworth Art Museum, Rockland, Maine
 c. 1853 Interior of the Tribuna, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

Writing
 Allen, Francis H. (ed.), Hewin's Journal. A Boston Portrait Painter Visits Italy. The Journal of Amasa Hewins, 1830-1833. Boston; The Boston Athenaeum: 1931.

References
 Groce & Wallace, The New York Historical Society's Dictionary of Artists in America
 Peter Falk, Who Was Who In American Art

1795 births
1855 deaths
People from Sharon, Massachusetts
19th-century American painters
American male painters
Painters from Massachusetts
Artists from Dedham, Massachusetts
19th-century American male artists

Amasa Hewins


Cold Mountain is a 2003 epic period war drama written and directed by Anthony Minghella. The film is based on the bestselling 1997 novel of the same name by Charles Frazier. It stars Jude Law, Nicole Kidman, and Renée Zellweger with Eileen Atkins, Brendan Gleeson, Kathy Baker, Philip Seymour Hoffman, Natalie Portman, Jack White, Giovanni Ribisi, Donald Sutherland, and Ray Winstone in supporting roles. The film tells the story of a wounded deserter from the Confederate army close to the end of the American Civil War, who journeys home to reunite with the woman he loves. The film was a co-production of companies in Italy, Romania, and the United States.

Cold Mountain was released theatrically on December 25, 2003 by Miramax Films. It emerged a critical and commercial success grossing over $173 million. It received seven nominations at the 76th Academy Awards, including Best Actor (Law), with Zellweger winning Best Supporting Actress.

Plot
When North Carolina secedes from the Union on May 20, 1861, the young men of Cold Mountain enlist in the Confederate States Army. Among them is W.P. Inman, a carpenter who has fallen in love with Ada Monroe, the preacher's daughter who came from Charleston, South Carolina to care for her father. Their courtship is interrupted by the war, but they share their first kiss the day Inman leaves for battle. Ada promises to wait for him.

Three years later, Inman fights in the Battle of the Crater and survives. He then comforts a dying acquaintance from Cold Mountain, while fellow soldier Stobrod Thewes plays a tune on his fiddle. Inman is later wounded in a skirmish, and as he lies in a hospital near death, a nurse reads him a letter from Ada, who pleads for Inman to come home to her. Inman recovers and deserts, embarking on a long trek back to Cold Mountain.

Inman encounters corrupt preacher Veasey, and stops him from drowning his pregnant enslaved lover. Exiled from his parish, Veasey joins Inman on his journey. They later meet a young man named Junior, and join him and his family for dinner. Junior betrays them to the Confederate Home Guard, who take Inman and Veasey away along with other deserters. Veasey and the group are killed in a skirmish with Union cavalry, while Inman is left for dead. An elderly hermit living in the woods finds Inman and nurses him back to health. He eventually meets a grieving young widow named Sara and her infant child Ethan, and stays the night at her cabin. The next morning, three Union soldiers arrive demanding food. They take Ethan hostage and try to rape Sara, forcing Inman and Sara to kill them.

Back in Cold Mountain, Ada's father has died, leaving her with no money and little means to run their farm in Black Cove. She survives on the kindness of her neighbors, particularly Esco and Sally Swanger, who eventually send for Ruby Thewes, an experienced farmer (and Stobrod's daughter), to help. Together they bring Black Cove to working order and become close friends. Ada continues to write letters to Inman, hoping they will reunite and renew their romance.

Ada has several tense encounters with Captain Teague, the leader of the local Home Guard who covets Ada and her property, and whose grandfather had once owned much of Cold Mountain. One day, Teague and his men kill Esco, and then torture Sally to coax her deserter sons out of hiding and kill them as well. Ada and Ruby rescue Sally, who is traumatized and rendered mute. The women celebrate Christmas with Stobrod, who has come to Cold Mountain with fellow deserters and musicians Pangle and Georgia.

While camping in the woods one night, Stobrod and Pangle are cornered by Teague and the Guard while Georgia secretly watches; Pangle inadvertently reveals they are deserters, and the Guard shoot Pangle and Stobrod. Georgia escapes and informs Ruby and Ada, who return to the scene to find Pangle dead and Stobrod badly wounded. The women and Stobrod take shelter in an abandoned Cherokee camp. Ada goes hunting for food and is reunited with Inman, who has finally returned to Cold Mountain. They return to the camp, and spend the night consummating their love.

As they head home, Ada and Ruby are surrounded by Teague and his men, having captured and tortured Georgia for their whereabouts. Inman arrives and kills Teague and most of his posse in a gunfight. He then chases Teague's lieutenant, Bosie, and they exchange fast draws. Bosie is killed but Inman is mortally wounded. Ada finds and comforts Inman, who dies in her arms.

Years later, it is revealed that Ada's night with Inman produced a daughter, Grace Inman, and that Ruby has married Georgia bearing two children. With Stobrod and Sally, the family celebrates Easter together at Black Cove.

Cast

Historical accuracy
Several scholars of historical studies reviewed the film for its representation of North Carolina during the Civil War, especially the state's mountainous western region. Their justification is the effect popular media have on national and worldwide perceptions of Appalachian people, particularly southern Appalachians in this case. The opinions vary, but the consensus among them is the historical context of the movie is close to the scholarship.

Scholars praised the film for its conformity to the historical scholarship in other subjects, with one saying "the final product should... provide so unflinching a portrayal of the bleak and unsettling realities of a far less familiar version of the Civil War, but one that would be all too recognizable to thousands of hardscrabble southern men and women who lived through it."

One scholar said "some of the best of the soundtrack was not composed for the movie but garnered from the body of time-tested and proven masterpieces of an earlier rural American culture." Such selections were not necessarily performed authentically in the film: the two Sacred Harp songs, although generally authentic to the period and region, contained vocal parts not yet written at that time.

The beginning Battle of the Crater is depicted as happening in broad daylight but it began at 4:44 am with the detonation of the mine.

Production
In 1997, United Artists bought the rights to Cold Mountain for Anthony Minghella to write and direct, with Sydney Pollack as producer. MGM/United Artists and Miramax Films then announced a deal to produce eight films together, sharing the profits.

As the script was developed, the scope of the film grew from a period love story with a budget of $40 million into an expensive epic. The budget grew to nearly $120 million, with Minghella having trouble finding American landscapes that could pass for 19th-century towns. Tom Cruise, at the time married to Nicole Kidman, wanted to play Inman, but the studio did not want to pay his $20 million demand. To get the budget down, production was moved to Romania, but three weeks before filming began in July 2002, MGM pulled out. Producer Harvey Weinstein was going to cancel the shoot, but with Minghella already in pre-production Weinstein agreed to fund the $80 million project after receiving a $10 million tax break.

Location
Cold Mountain, where the film is set, is a real mountain located within the Pisgah National Forest, Haywood County, North Carolina. It was filmed mostly in Romania, with numerous scenes filmed in Virginia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. The film was one of an increasing number of Hollywood productions made in eastern Europe as a result of lower costs in the region; and because, in this instance, Transylvania having fewer infrastructure like power cables and paved roads was less marked by modern life than the Appalachians.

Editing
The film marked a technological and industry turnaround in editing. Walter Murch edited Cold Mountain on Apple's sub-$1000 Final Cut Pro software using off-the-shelf G4s. This was a leap for such a big budgeted film, where expensive Avid systems are usually the standard editing system. His efforts on the film were documented in the 2005 book Behind the Seen: How Walter Murch Edited Cold Mountain Using Apple's Final Cut Pro and What This Means for Cinema.

Reception

Box office
Cold Mountain grossed $95.6 million in the United States and Canada and $77.4 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $173 million. Producer Harvey Weinstein said the film would break-even if it grossed $135 million.

The film made $14.5 million in its opening weekend, finishing third at the box office. It made $11.7 million in its second weekend and $7.9 million in its third, finishing fourth both times.

Critical response
Cold Mountain opened to positive reviews from critics, with Zellweger's performance receiving widespread critical acclaim. According to review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 70% of 231 critics gave the film a positive review, with an average rating of 6.70/10. The site's critics consensus states: "The well-crafted Cold Mountain has an epic sweep and captures the horror and brutal hardship of war." On Metacritic, the film was assigned a weighted average score of 73 out of 100 based on 41 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews." Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of B+ on scale of A+ to F.

Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four, noting that "It evokes a backwater of the Civil War with rare beauty, and lights up with an assortment of colorful supporting characters." Richard Corliss, film critic for Time, gave the film a positive review. He called it "A grand and poignant movie epic about what is lost in war and what's worth saving in life. It is also a rare blend of purity and maturity—the year's most rapturous love story." In his movie guide, Leonard Maltin gave the film 3 1/2 stars out of 4, writing "Minghella's adaptation of the Charles Frazier best-seller captures both the grimness of battle and the starkness of life on the home front in the South," and concluded the film was "meticulously crafted" with "first-rate performances all around."

Soundtrack

Cold Mountain: Music from the Motion Picture shares producer T Bone Burnett with the soundtrack for O Brother, Where Art Thou?, a largely old-time and folk album with limited radio play that still enjoyed commercial success, and garnered a Grammy. As a result, comparisons were drawn between the two albums. The soundtrack, however, also employs many folk and blues elements.

It features songs written by Jack White of The White Stripes (who also appeared in the film in the role of Georgia), Elvis Costello and Sting. Costello and Sting's contributions, "The Scarlet Tide" and "You Will Be My Ain True Love", were both nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song and featured vocals by bluegrass singer Alison Krauss. Gabriel Yared's Oscar-nominated score is represented by four tracks amounting to approximately fifteen minutes of music.

Awards

See also
 Captain Daniel Ellis

References

Further reading
 Tibbetts, John C., and James M. Welsh, eds. The Encyclopedia of Novels Into Film (2nd ed. 2005) pp 63–66.

External links

2000s American films
2000s English-language films
2000s romance films
2000s war films
2003 films
American Civil War films
BAFTA winners (films)
English-language Italian films
English-language Romanian films
Films about deserters
Films based on American novels
Films based on the Odyssey
Films directed by Anthony Minghella
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award-winning performance
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe-winning performance
Films produced by Sydney Pollack
Films scored by Gabriel Yared
Films set in 1864
Films set in North Carolina
Films shot in North Carolina
Films shot in Romania
Films shot in South Carolina
Films shot in Virginia
Miramax films
War films based on actual events
War romance films

Cold Mountain (film)