The American Museum of Asmat Art is a gallery exhibiting the art and culture of the Asmat people of southwestern Papua, Indonesia, housed at the University of St. Thomas in St. Paul, Minnesota. Featuring more than 2,200 objects, it is one of the largest of its kind in the United States. Asmat art is widely collected in major Western museums despite the difficulty in visiting the remote region to collect work; the "exceptionally expressive" art "caused a sensation in art-collecting circles" which led to large-scale collecting expeditions in the post-WWII era, according to art scholar and ethnology Dirk A.M. Smidt. The gallery includes a permanent display of Asmat works such as ancestor poles (bis) and canoes, and a rotating exhibition highlighting aspects of Asmat art and culture. Much of the collection is accessible through the museum's online database.

The museum was founded by Bishop Alphonse Sowada, a Minnesota native who worked with the Asmat people in Agats, Indonesia, for decades starting in 1958. Sowada, who had earned a master's degree in cultural anthropology from Catholic University of America, wrote books on Asmat art and culture and collected hundreds of artifacts, which later formed the core of the museum's collection. Sowada was also instrumental in founding the Asmat Museum of Culture and Progress in Agats in 1973, described by the artist Tobias Schneebaum as "a museum designed for the local people, not the nonexistent tourist," as well as an annual woodcarving competition and auction to recognize outstanding carvers in Agats, held in October since 1981.

After Sowada's retirement and return to the United States, he housed the collection in Hastings, Nebraska, and Shoreview, Minnesota, before donating it to St. Thomas in 2007. The current museum was opened in 2012.

Further reading

References

External links
 American Museum of Asmat Art

Art museums and galleries in Minnesota
Ethnic museums in Minnesota
Museums in Saint Paul, Minnesota
University museums in Minnesota
Art museums established in 2012
2012 establishments in Minnesota
Asian-American culture in Minneapolis–Saint Paul
Pacific Islands American
West Papuan diaspora
Indonesian American

American Museum of Asmat Art


Charles Tulasne (5 September 1816 – 28 August 1884) was a French physician, mycologist and illustrator born in Langeais in the département of Indre-et-Loire.

He received his medical doctorate in 1840 and practiced medicine in Paris until 1854. Afterwards he worked with his older brother Louis René Tulasne (1815–1885) in the field of mycology. He died in Hyères, département of Var.

In addition to assisting his brother with the classification and study of fungi, Charles Tulasne collaborated with Louis on numerous scientific publications. He is known for his excellent illustrations, particularly in the three-volume Selecta Fungorum Carpologia. Regarding the artistic quality of his work, Charles Tulasne is sometimes referred to as "The Audubon of Fungi".

In 1872, Joseph Schröter circumscribed a genus of effused (patch-forming) fungi in the Tulasnellaceae family, Tulasnella was named in Tulasne's honour.

References
 Article on the Tulasne Brothers

19th-century French botanists
1816 births
1884 deaths
French mycologists
People from Indre-et-Loire
Botanical illustrators
19th-century French painters

Charles Tulasne


Jane the Virgin is an American romantic dramedy and satirical telenovela developed by Jennie Snyder Urman. The series premiered on October 13, 2014 on The CW. It is a loose adaptation of the Venezuelan telenovela Juana la Virgen created by Perla Farías. The series stars Gina Rodriguez as Jane Villanueva, a devout 23-year-old Latina virgin, who becomes pregnant after an accidental artificial insemination by her gynecologist. The program parodies commonly used tropes and devices in Latin telenovelas.

At the 72nd Golden Globe Awards, Jane the Virgin was nominated for the award for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy, received the Peabody Award, and Gina Rodriguez won the award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy. It was also selected as one of the top 10 Television Programs of 2014 by the American Film Institute.

Beginning with the fourth episode of season three, the series's on-screen title card was modified, with "The Virgin" crossed out in favor of a substitution corresponding to each episode. This mirrored the storyline, in which Jane is no longer a virgin.

On April 2, 2018, The CW renewed the series for a fifth and final season, which premiered on March 27, 2019.

References

American telenovelas
2014 American television series debuts

Jane the Virgin


AT-076 is a so-called opioid "pan" antagonist and is the first reasonably balanced antagonist known of all four opioid receptor types. It acts as a silent antagonist of all four of the opioid receptors, behaving as a competitive antagonist of the μ-opioid receptor (Ki = 1.67 nM) and δ-opioid receptor (Ki = 19.6 nM) and as a noncompetitive antagonist of the κ-opioid receptor (Ki = 1.14 nM) and nociceptin receptor (Ki = 1.75 nM). AT-076 was derived from the selective κ-opioid receptor antagonist JDTic via removal of the 3,4-dimethyl group of the trans-(3R,4R)-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine antagonist scaffold which increased affinity for the nociceptin receptor by 10-fold and for the μ- and δ-opioid receptors by 3-6-fold.

See also
 AT-121
 Cebranopadol
 Buprenorphine
 BU09059

References

4-Phenylpiperidines
Carboxamides
Delta-opioid receptor antagonists
Kappa-opioid receptor antagonists
Mu-opioid receptor antagonists
Nociceptin receptor antagonists
Phenols
Synthetic opioids
Tetrahydroisoquinolines

AT-076


Far from Men () is a 2014 French drama film directed by David Oelhoffen. Set in French Colonial Algeria, the narrative follows Daru, a reclusive, pacifist, Algerian-born French teacher of Spanish descent (Viggo Mortensen) who is also a war veteran, tasked with delivering Mohammad, a docile Algerian murder suspect (Reda Kateb), into the hands of French authorities as the Algerian War of Independence ignites.

Mortensen said that, as he was making the film, he thought about "European versus native populations in America, but also about Gaza" and "the artificial country called Iraq that was created by Europeans and is now falling apart. The film is based on "The Guest", a short story by Albert Camus from his Exile and the Kingdom collection.

Far from Men was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 71st Venice International Film Festival. It was screened in the Special Presentations section of the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival.

Plot

The events of the movie take place in French Colonial Algeria, on the eve of its war for independence in 1954. Daru, a French school-teacher goes about his day teaching geography to the Algerian children from nearby villages, playing with them, and giving grain to their families. One of Daru's acquaintances show up to his isolated schoolhouse to warn him about rising tensions between the Algerian resistance and the French regime.

The following morning, Balducci, a French gendarme and friend to Daru, brings an Arab prisoner (who we find out is called Mohamed later on) to Daru's schoolhouse. Balducci informs Daru that he must take this prisoner to the nearby town, Tinguit, and hand him over to the police department over there. He claims that he is unable to due to there being a lack of forces to prevent a potential uprising in the town of El Ameur. Daru is displeased with the orders being given to him and outright refuses to comply. Despite Mohamed having killed his cousin over the theft of grain, Daru insists that it is out of the question for him to take the man to the authorities as they will most probably sentence him to death without much deliberation. Balducci, frustrated, tells Daru that French authorities already have an eye on him due to his friendliness with the locals. He then starts his trip back to El Ameur, leaving the prisoner and his fate in the hands of Daru.

After sharing a meal together, Daru sets up a bed for Mohamed, ensuring he is treated like a regular guest. At night, Mohamed falls sick prompting Daru to tend to him. This helps ease the tension and grow trust between the two men. The next morning, Daru is suddenly faced by a group of men in horses demanding he hand over their cousin. The situation quickly escalates and Daru is forced to use a firearm to fend them off. After shooting one of their horses, the men disperse and flee whilst promising revenge. After the situation cools down, Daru heatedly confronts Mohamed, blaming him for the events that had just taken place. Mohamed in turn asks Daru to take him to the authorities in Tinguit, to which Daru responds to by telling him to go by himself. Mohamed reluctantly goes through with this, only to be met by Daru quickly having a change of heart and agreeing to take the trip with him.

Daru proceeds to pack essentials for the trek but just as they are about to leave, they are met with a group of Frenchmen searching for a man guilty of slaughtering their cattle. When they see Mohamed, they ask Daru if he was the man in question. Daru explains his situation, but the men insist that they can take care of his prisoner and call it a day. After Daru's refusal to leave it to them, one of the Frenchmen gets agitated and threatens Daru with his gun. Daru quickly turns the situation around and holds the man at gunpoint. He expresses his empathy towards him having lost his cattle and then asks them all to leave.

Finally, after all this trouble, Daru and Mohamed finally embark on their trip to Tinguit. Unfortunately, not much time passes until they spot Mohamed's cousins in the distance searching for them. To avoid any further conflict, they deviate and follow a perilous path through the mountains. Shortly after, they accidentally confront a lone armed man riding a horse. The man is shown to be hesitant to pull the trigger as both parties try to de-escalate the situation. Nevertheless, the man fires the first shot and misses to which Daru is forced to retaliate with a shot to the chest. Daru quickly scrambles to try and resuscitate him but to no avail. Angered and frustrated, Daru calls Mohamed a coward with no honor. Mohamed ignores this and begins to recite prayers in front of the man's body and then buries him with sand. The situation cools down and both men continue their hike through the desert.

Several hours of walking later, a heavy rain settles and the duo rush back to an abandoned village they had passed by earlier to take shelter and stay warm. Once rested and refuged from mother nature, Mohamed explains to Daru why and how he got himself into this mess. He had killed his cousin for stealing grain since this grain was essential to keeping his parents and siblings fed. Had he let it happen, his family would have starved to death. Furthermore, his family was not able to pay the "blood-money" to appease their cousins, forcing Mohamed to flee and turn himself in to French authorities. If he were to die at the hands of the French, then his cousins would have nobody to take out their revenge on and neither would Mohamed's siblings seek retribution over their cousins. This was the only solution to Mohamed.

After having spent the night at the abandoned village, the pair are once again met with a group of armed men riding horses. This time, they were part of the Algerian rebellion and were currently on their way to their base camp. They quickly confiscate any arms that Daru and Mohamed were holding and decide to take them as temporary hostages. While held captive at the rebel base camp, Daru takes note of a man who he recognized to have been an old friend from his days in the infantry. After a light-hearted reunion, Slimane, Daru's friend, unties both of the hostages' hands. This cheerful moment is unfortunately short-lived as the rebels receive word that French troops are approaching. Consequently, everybody in the camp packs up and start heading towards a nearby cave in order to hide.

In the cave, Slimane explains to Daru how he must decide whether he was with or against the rebellion. Daru, who had no intention to take part in any war, was caught aback by this as he had lived all of his life in Algeria and had no qualms with either side. Slimane nevertheless leaves the decision up to Daru. After this tense exchange, Daru and Mohamed recount their experiences with women before going to sleep. Daru explains to Mohamed how he got married in the city of Algiers but unfortunately lost his wife. On the other hand, Mohamed never had the chance to get married and had never been with a woman.

The following morning, the rebels are ambushed by French soldiers just as they leave the cave. The situation intensifies so much that the rebels are forced to flee from a back entrance to the cave. While escaping, most rebels are killed with only a few managing to escape, including Slimane. Daru confronts the French troops and explains that Mohamed and him are mere hostages and are not involved in the uprising. The French lieutenant verifies over radio that Daru was a major in the army with a prisoner assigned to him and promptly releases them. Finally left to their own, Daru and Mohamed continue their walk through the Algerian desert.

Before reaching Tinguit, Daru decides to take Mohamed to the town of Berzina where he was born. There, Daru reveals to Mohamed that his parents were actually from Spain and he had in fact no French blood in him. Because of this, Daru had always felt like an outsider in Algeria. He then takes Mohamed to a bar in order to hire an escort for him. The bar owner, who knew Daru when he was young, also hired him an escort. After this stop, the duo continue their trek.

Once Tinguit is finally in view, Daru offers Mohamed two choices. The first was to continue forward to Tinguit and hand himself over to the authorities as he had planned. The second was to follow a secondary path that would lead him to a community of nomads willing to take him in. Mohamed deliberates over this for a long time but ultimately chooses the path towards the nomads. After saying their goodbyes, Daru returns to his schoolhouse where he would teach his final lesson to his students before permanently leaving.

Cast
 Viggo Mortensen as Daru
 Reda Kateb as Mohamed
 Djemel Barek as Slimane
 Vincent Martin as Balducci
 Nicolas Giraud as Lieutenant Le Tallec
 Jean-Jerome Esposito as Francis
 Hatim Sadiki as Abdelkader
 Yann Goven as Rene
 Antoine Régent as Claude

Adaptation from "The Guest"
In order to adapt "The Guest", a short story of 8 pages, into a feature-length film, Oelhoffen took numerous liberties in regards to how the plot, characters, and themes are presented.

Firstly, the original takes place solely in the isolated schoolhouse whereas Far From Men takes Daru and Mohamed around several places in the surrounding desert. Furthermore, new characters, such as Slimane, Rene, and Lieutenant Le Tallec, are introduced holding minor roles in the overarching story. In turn, they present the plot with twists such as Daru and Mohamed being held hostage by the Algerian rebels and consequently French troops. Despite all the additions the film presented, both media nevertheless conclude the story with similar endings. The only key difference present in the film would be Mohamed's choice to seek out freedom instead of turning himself in to authorities in Tinguit.

A second major aspect that was altered in the movie would be the characterization of Daru and Mohamed. In the short story, Daru does not choose the prisoner's fate but instead leaves it up to him. This reflects both his innate rejection of the man along with his indecision in picking a side in the ongoing French-Algerian conflict. In contrast, the film shows Daru actively harboring empathy and care for Mohamed whilst being unable to choose a side in the war. Furthermore, Daru even relates to Mohamed in being shunned by the French as he is of Spanish descent, a detail that was not present in the short story. This all paints Daru as a morally correct protagonist with little to no flaws as opposed to Camus' depiction of an indecisive man, caught between his racial prejudice and his principles. To add on to all this, Mohamed's character is vastly different in the film. Originally, the short story depicts Mohamed to be a complacent individual who has no say in deciding his fate as it is Daru who makes all his decisions and orders him around. Camus does not even name him and only refers to him as "the Arab". This is further amplified by his decision to give himself in to the French at the end of the story. On the other hand, Oelhoffen's Mohamed starts out similar to Camus' "Arab" but over time develops self-determination and a sense of honor and pride. Examples of this would be his verbal retaliation directed at Daru after he called him a coward and also his plan of getting caught in order to spare his family trouble. His self-determination is even made explicit when it is shown that he discovered his own worth after choosing to follow the path leading to the Nomads, and in turn freedom.

Thirdly, another variation between the short story and its adaptation would be how the theme of existentialism was portrayed. In "The Guest", Camus portrays Daru's decision (or lack of one) at the end of the story to be a meaningless one since regardless of what he chooses to do, it can be inferred that he will meet the same fate - death. If he turns in the prisoner, he would be killed by the man's family (which is how the story ends) and if he were to release him, he would in turn be prosecuted by the French authorities. While this is an unfortunate conclusion, it is equally realistic, bearing plentiful philosophical significance. Oelhoffen, in turn, decides to challenge this grim end by showing that both Daru and Mohamed can in fact find a happiness despite all their struggles. Consequently, this dis-intensifies the discussion on existentialism and causes it to resemble Western-style movies through the clichés it employs.

Critical reception
The movie was well received by the critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 79% of 24 critics gave the film a positive review, for an average rating of 6.8/10. Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, calculated a "generally favorable" average score of 74, based on 13 reviews.

According to Manohla Dargis of The New York Times, "Camus sets the movie's initial course, but Mr. Oelhoffen resolutely steers it home with political context, historical hindsight, an unambiguous moral imperative and a pair of well-matched performances."

Accolades

References

External links

2014 films
2014 drama films
2010s French-language films
2010s Spanish-language films
Algerian War films
French drama films
2010s Arabic-language films
Films based on short fiction
Films based on works by Albert Camus
Films produced by Marc du Pontavice
Films scored by Nick Cave
Films scored by Warren Ellis (musician)
Films set in 1954
Films set in Algeria
2014 multilingual films
French multilingual films
Spanish-language French films
2010s French films
Films directed by David Oelhoffen
Films with screenplays by David Oelhoffen

Far from Men


Ivor Charlie Salter (22 August 1925 – 21 June 1991) was an English actor who appeared in character roles in numerous United Kingdom television productions and films from the early 1950s until the 1980s often appearing as a police constable.

His television appearances included; Doctor Who (The Space Museum, The Myth Makers and Black Orchid), The Saint, The Avengers, The Double Deckers (as the policeman), Danger Man Ghost Squad, Nearest and Dearest (as Snatcher Snelling), and On the Buses. Between 1978 and 1980 he appeared in the Midlands soap Crossroads as Bible Quoting Reg Cotterill. He played the character of Gobber Newhouse in three episodes of the BBC TV series All Creatures Great and Small.

Films included Be My Guest and House of Whipcord.

Filmography

References

External links

1925 births
1991 deaths
English male stage actors
English male film actors
English male television actors
People from Taunton
20th-century English male actors

Ivor Salter


Campaign is a global business magazine covering advertising, media, marketing and commercial creativity. Headquartered in the UK, it also has editions in the US, Asia-Pacific, India, the Middle East and Turkey.

Campaign is published by Haymarket Media Group, which owns more than 70 brands worldwide, including Autocar, What Car? and PRWeek.

Overview
Campaign publishes a monthly print magazine in the UK as well as daily news and analysis on its websites: campaignlive.co.uk, campaignlive.com, campaignasia.com, campaignindia.in, campaignme.com, and campaigntr.com.

Each spring Campaign releases its School Reports, an assessment of how the biggest advertising agencies performed over the past year. In December, as part of its Annual issue, it names the top agencies, advertising and media networks, advertisers, campaigns, media, and production companies of the year. Campaign also publishes the A-List, a directory of leading executives from the advertising and media industries, at the end of each year.

History
The magazine was originally published by the British Printing Corporation and titled World's Press News, and, in the late 1960s, was struggling to find a market, but Michael Heseltine then acquired it for Haymarket and hired Maurice Saatchi to rebrand and relaunch the magazine, with design by Roland Schenk, upon which it proved an immediate success  and became known as "the Bible of British adland". Its first issue under Haymarket appeared on 12 September 1968.

In 2013, Campaign underwent a redesign, dropping its A3 newspaper-size format. In the same year it also launched its first paid-for app, which readers receive as part of their subscription, on the Apple Newsstand service.

In May 2016, Haymarket Business Media consolidated their marketing communications publishing portfolio under the Campaign brand, leading to the closure of Marketing Magazine, Brand Republic, and Media Week. Media Week was previously publishing physical magazines when it was first launched 1985 and turned into an online-only publication in 2009 during a restructuring by Haymarket. The May 2016 consolidation also saw the launch of another Haymarket specialist job board, Campaign Jobs.

Campaign awards
The Campaign Big Awards recognize the best agencies, campaigns and creative work of the year.
The Campaign Media Awards celebrate creativity in the media business, with categories for both media agencies and media owners.

References

External links

Business magazines published in the United Kingdom
Weekly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines published in London
Magazines about advertising
Magazines established in 1968
Professional and trade magazines

Campaign (magazine)


Nick Shaw is an independent film maker and background artist.

He is known for his direction, writing and Film editing of the independent, fair trade film, Bananas Unpeeled, highlighting the plight of plantation workers in Central America and the Caribbean, with an introduction by political activist and comedian, Mark Thomas.

In 1988, he was commissioned by the Arts Council of England to produce a feature documentary on the singer-songwriter, Ted Hawkins. Although the documentary was never released, some of the footage appears in the 1996 film Ted Hawkins: Amazing Grace.

Recently he has worked on Dean Spanley, Princess Ka'iulani, Malice in Wonderland, and Series III of Kingdom. In 2010 he worked on Hugo for Martin Scorsese. Filming in 3D at Shepperton Studios took over six months to complete, and will be released in December 2011. Also in 2010 he appears in the Ealing Film Studios comedy Burke and Hare, as a barman for director John Landis.

He has worked for various NGO's. Both with Greenpeace during the farm trial evaluations of genetically modified crops, and with Christian Aid, gathering testimonial evidence to complaints from the local diocese in Central America.

Earlier in his life, he was a freelance stills photographer, commissioned on board various Soviet cruise ships, including  and . He later worked in New York City as a freelance stills photographer.

External links

British documentary filmmakers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Nick Shaw


Flying: The Early Years 1970–1973 is a compilation album by the British rock band UFO.

The compilation is the digitally remastered edition of 3 albums compiled to a double disc set. These recording encompass the complete Decca/Nova years from 1972–73 and the albums UFO 1, UFO 2 (a.k.a. Flying) and UFO Live. In addition to all of these tracks is the non-LP single, "Galactic Love" and its b-side, "Loving Cup", edited from the UFO Live album.

Track listing
Disc 1
"Unidentified Flying Object"
"Boogie for George"
"C'Mon Everybody"
"Shake It All About"
"Timothy"
"Treacle People"
"Evil"
"Loving Cup" (BBC Session)
"Follow You Home" (BBC Session)
"Come Away (Melinda)" (BBC Session)
"Prince Kajuku"
"Coming of Prince Kajuku"
"Star Storm"

Disc 2
"Silver Bird"
"Flying"
"C'Mon Everybody" (live)
"Who Do You Love?" (live) (Ellas McDaniel)
"Prince Kajuku/Coming of Prince Kajuku" (live)
"Boogie for George" (live)
"Follow You Home" (live)
"Galactic Love" (single)
"Loving Cup" (B-Side)

2004 compilation albums
UFO (band) compilation albums
Castle Communications compilation albums

Flying: The Early Years 1970–1973


Mauritiella is a dioecious genus of flowering plant in the palm family found in South America where it is commonly called buriti.  It is named after the similar and closely related genus Mauritia.

Four species are recognized:
 Mauritiella aculeata (Kunth) Burret - Venezuela, southeastern Colombia, northwestern Brazil
 Mauritiella armata (Mart.) Burret - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname
 Mauritiella macroclada (Burret) Burret - western Ecuador, western Colombia
 Mauritiella pumila (Wallace) Burret - southwestern Venezuela, southeastern Colombia

Description
From 7.5 to 18 m tall, the trunks are clustering and armed with small spines, usually with stilt roots at the base.  A. aculeata tends to be smaller, with trunk diameters around 10 cm,  M. armata and M. macroclada trunks reach 25 – 30 cm; all three retain persistent leaf bases towards the top of the stem.  Each 1 m leaf of a mature tree is palmate with a brief costa, borne on a long petiole, and divided into numerous, deep segments; leaves of juvenile trees are flattened and much less divided.  Bright to deep green, the foliage has silvery, glaucous undersides.

The inflorescence is usually solitary, interfoliar, with male and female units represented in separate plants.  The round fruit is usually one-seeded and covered in red to brown scales with a thick, fleshy mesocarp.  The seed is spherical or oblong, basally attached, with an elongated apical knob.

Distribution and habitat
Mauritiella palms are found throughout South America's northern half on mountains, alongside rivers and watercourses, in rain forest and in cleared or open savanna.  M. aculeata grows on the banks of the Orinoco and its tributaries in Venezuela, Colombia, and Brazil, M. macroclada inhabits the western slopes of the Andes in Colombia and Ecuador to an elevation of 900 m, with M. armata (locally known as aguajillo) being the most widespread, found throughout Amazonia and adjacent uplands, alongside streams and rivers.  Usually found at low elevations, M. armata also thrives in mountainous Guyana to elevations of 1400 m.  In habitat, the leaves are used in roof construction and the fruit is eaten.

References

External links
 Mauritiella on NPGS/GRIN
 Fairchild Guide to Palms
 GBIF portal
 Image at DOL.org

Calamoideae
Arecaceae genera
Dioecious plants
Trees of South America
Taxa named by Max Burret

Mauritiella


Alfred John Hiltebeitel (April 10, 1942 - March 12, 2023) was Columbian Professor of Religion, History, and Human Sciences at George Washington University in Washington, D.C., US. His academic specialism was in ancient Sanskrit epics such as the Mahabharata and Ramayana, together with Indian religious tradition and folklore.

Background
Hiltebeitel was awarded a B.A. degree from Haverford College, where he majored in religion and minored in English (1959-1963). He attended the University of Chicago Divinity School, where he obtained an M.A. (1966) and a Ph.D. (1973) in the history of religions. His doctoral thesis is entitled Gods, Heroes, and Krsna: A Study of the Mahabharata in relation to Indian and Indo-European Symbolisms.

Hiltebeitel was an editorial assistant for Seabury Press in New York City during 1963–1964, and between 1967-1968 he held a similar post with the History of Religions Journal. He was appointed an assistant professor in religion at George Washington University (GWU) in 1968, and was promoted to associate professor there in 1974. His appointment as professor in religion at GWU came in 1981. In the years following he delivered invitational lectures at universities such as The Sorbonne and the University of Wisconsin, as well as working on academic programs in south India.

He was editor-in-chief of Hinduism for Oxford Bibliographies Online from 2009, and editor-in-chief of the India's Sanskrit Epics: Text and Tradition series for Motilal Banarsidass publishers, .

Among his many awards were a Guggenheim Fellowship and a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship.

Publications
Hiltebeitel has written several books, and acted as editor and translator for several others, as well as contributing numerous papers to academic journals.

In addition, he was director of Lady of Gingee: South Indian Draupadi Festivals (1988), a two-part video that was filmed in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu in 1986. Initially released as two 55-minute episodes with support from several academic institutions, the video has also been released in a shortened form comprising two 34-minute parts.

Author
The Ritual of Battle: Krishna in the Mahabharata, Cornell University Press (1976). (Reprinted Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990; Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1991).
The Cult of Draupadi: Mythologies: From Gingee to Kuruksetra, University of Chicago Press (1988). (Reprinted Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1992).
The Cult of Draupadi: On Hindu Ritual and the Goddess, University of Chicago Press (1991).
Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics: Draupadi among Rajputs, Muslims, and Dalits, University of Chicago Press (1999). (Reprinted Delhi: Oxford, 2001).
Rethinking the Mahabharata: A Reader's Guide to the Education of the Dharma King, University of Chicago Press (2001).
Dharma ( Dimensions of Asian Spirituality, 3), University of Hawaii Press (2010)
Dharma: Its Early History in Law, Religion, and Narrative, Oxford University Press (2011).
Reading the Fifth Veda: Studies on the Mahabharata; Essays by Alf Hiltebeitel, volume 1, ed. by Vishwa Adluri and Joydeep Bagchee, E. J. Brill (2011).
When the Goddess Was a Woman: Mahabharata Ethnographies; Essays by Alf Hiltebeitel, volume 2, ed. by Vishwa Adluri and Joydeep Bagchee. E. J. Brill (2011).
Nonviolence in the Mahabharata: Sivan's Summa on Rishidharma and the Gleaners of Kurukshetra, Routledge (2016)
Freud's Mahabharata, Oxford University Press (2018)
Freud's India: Sigmund Freud and India's First Psychoanalyst Girindrasekhar Bose, Oxford University Press (2018)
World of Wonders: The Work of Abdhutarasa in the Mahabharata and the Harivamsa, Oxford University Press (2021)

Editor
Criminal Gods and Demon Devotees: Essays on the Guardians of Popular Hinduism, State University of New York Press (1989).
Hair: Its Meaning and Power in Asian Cultures, co-edited with Barbara D. Miller, State University of New York Press (1998).
Is the Goddess a Feminist? The Politics of South Asian Goddesses, co.-edited with Kathleen M. Erndl, New York University Press and Sheffield (2000).

Death
Hiltebeitel died on March 12, 2023, in Cali, Colombia, where he lived with his wife.

References

University of Chicago Divinity School alumni
University of Chicago Divinity School faculty
Haverford College alumni
American Indologists
George Washington University faculty
American Sanskrit scholars
Living people
1942 births

Alf Hiltebeitel


A bollock dagger or ballock knife is a type of dagger with a distinctively shaped hilt, with two oval swellings at the guard resembling male testes ("bollocks"). The guard is often in one piece with the wooden grip, and reinforced on top with a shaped metal washer. The dagger was popular in Scandinavia, Flanders, Wales, Scotland and England between the 13th and 18th centuries, in particular the Tudor period. Within Britain the bollock dagger was commonly carried, including by Border Reivers, as a backup for the lance and the sword. Many such weapons were found aboard the wreck of the Mary Rose. The bollock dagger is the predecessor to the Scottish dirk.

In the Victorian period, weapon historians introduced the term kidney dagger, due to the two lobes at the guard, which could also be seen as kidney-shaped, in order to avoid any sexual connotation.  The hilt was often constructed of box root (dudgeon) in the 16th and 17th centuries, and the dagger was sometimes called a dudgeon dagger or dudgeonhafted dagger in this period.
The Bollock dagger was often used during Shakespeare's time and was only permitted to be carried by men. This dagger was most commonly used as a backup weapon for a sword or spear.
The dagger first started appearing on continental effigies around 1300–1350, and has one of the longest usage periods of any of the five main types of medieval daggers.

References

External links
Spotlight: The Ballock Dagger (myArmoury.com article)
Mary Rose Trust

Daggers
Blade weapons
Early Modern European swords
European swords
European weapons
Medieval European swords
Renaissance-era swords

Bollock dagger


Rathcroghan () is a complex of archaeological sites near Tulsk in County Roscommon, Ireland. It is identified as the site of Cruachan, the traditional capital of the Connachta, the prehistoric and early historic rulers of the western territory. The Rathcroghan Complex (Crúachan Aí) is a unique archaeological landscape with many references found in early Irish medieval manuscripts.

Located on the plains of Connacht (Mag nAí/Machaire Connacht), Rathcroghan is one of the six Royal Sites of Ireland. This landscape which extends over , consists of over 240 archaeological sites, 60 of which are protected national monuments.

These monuments range from the Neolithic (4000–2500 BC), through the Bronze (2500–500 BC) and Iron Age (500 BC–400 AD), to the early medieval period and beyond. These monuments include burial mounds, ringforts and medieval field boundaries amongst others. The most fascinating of these are the multi period Rathcroghan Mound, the mysterious cave of Oweynagat, the Mucklaghs – a set of linear earthworks – as well as the Carns medieval complex.

There are many historic references to Rathcroghan (Ráth Crúachan) recorded in early medieval manuscripts, including the 12th-century Lebor na hUidre. Rathcroghan is recorded as the location of one of the great fairs of Ireland, as well as being one of the island's three great heathen cemeteries. It is also the location for the beginning and end of a national epic tale – an Táin Bó Cúailnge, and the royal seat of Medb (Maeve), Connacht's Warrior Queen.

Rathcroghan is said to provide entrance to the Otherworld, described in the medieval period as "Ireland's Gate to Hell" (not to be confused with St Patrick's Purgatory), via Oweynagat (the Cave of the Cats). The cave has associations with the pagan festival of Samhain, Halloween, as well as being described as the "fit abode" of Morrígan, a Celtic goddess of pre-Christian Ireland.

Mythology

Origin
According to a Dindshenchas poem, Cruachan was named after Crochen, the handmaid of Étaín, a sídhe maiden reborn as a mortal. When Étaín is brought back to the Otherworld by her original sídhe lover Midir, Crochen accompanies them and on their way to Midir's underground palace they spend some time in a mound known as Síd Sinche.

Crochen is so impressed by this síd (fairy mound) that she asks Midir if this is his palace. Because of her loyalty to Étaín and her respect to this dwelling, Midir gives it to her and names it in her honour before bringing Étaín to his palace at Bri Leith. At the end of the poem Crochen is mentioned as the mother of Medb.

The same poem mentions Cruachan as a royal cemetery: "Listen, ye warriors about Cruachu! With its barrow for every noble couple".

Ulster Cycle
Cruachan features heavily in the Ulster Cycle as it was the home of one of its chief characters Queen Medb. She had been given the kingdom of Connacht by her High-King father Eochaid Feidlech who had de-throned the previous king Tindi Mac Conra over an act of treachery. It is unclear if Tindi had actually ruled the province from Cruachan or if had been built  Medb.

Another story states that Cruachan had been ruled by the queen's sister, Clothru, before Medb herself had her killed. Vivid descriptions of the Western capital are given in Fled Bricrenn ("Bricriu's Feast"), and this one in Táin Bó Fraích:
"Of pine the house was made; it is a covering of shingle it had externally. There were sixteen windows in the house, and a frame of brass, to each of them; a tie of brass across the roof-light. Four beams of brass on the apartment of Ailill and Medb, adorned all with bronze, and it in the exact centre of the house. Two rails of silver around it under gilding. In the front a wand of silver that reached the middle rafters of the house. The house was encircled all round from the door to the other."

Cruachan features at the start and end of the Táin Bó Cúailgne with the pillow talk in the royal residence, and concluding with the fight of the bulls, supposed to have taken place at Rath na dTarbh, one of the largest ring-forts on the site. Aside from the Ulster tales there are not many mythical descriptions of Connacht's main fort with one of the best examples occurring in a Dindshenchas poem on Carn Fráich. This poem deals with two figures of this name, one being the Fráech of Medb's time and one who was a Connacht prince preceding Irelands division into Conn's and Eoghan's half, with this section of the poem describing Cruachan as a stone-built fortress.

Samhain

Cruachan seems to have heavy associations with the feast of Samhain, as it was during this time that the Irish believed that the prehistoric graves from before their time opened and their gods and spirits, who dwelt inside, walked the earth. The emerging of creatures from Oweynagat would be part of this belief. A legend based on this is "The Adventures of Nera", in which the warrior of the title is challenged to tie a twig around the ankle of a condemned man on Samhain night. After agreeing to get some water for the condemned man he discovers strange houses and when he finally gets him some water at the third house he returns him to captivity only to witness Rathcroghan's royal buildings being destroyed by the spirits. He follows the fairy host to the síd where he meets a woman who tells him that what he saw was a vision of what will happen a year from now unless his mortal comrades are warned. He leaves the síd and informs Ailill mac Máta of his vision who then has the Sidhe destroyed.

Oweynagat

It is unclear whether what is referred to as the síd is Oweynagat or the mound of Rathcroghan itself.

On the inner lintel is an ogham inscription. The full phrasing is unclear but the words "" and "" have been translated; it is unclear if this is the same Fraech associated with Queen Medb.

A tale from the 18th century tells of a woman who on trying to catch a run-away cow, follows it into the cave and emerges miles away in Keshcorran, County Sligo.

Various destructive creatures emerged from Oweynagat in traditional tales:
 The name Oweynagat may come from the magical wildcats featured in "Bricriu's Feast" that emerge from the cave to attack the three Ulster warriors before being tamed by Cúchulainn.
 The Ellen Trechen was a triple headed monster that went on a rampage across the country before being killed by Amergin, the father of Conall Cernach.
 Small red birds came from the cave withering every plant they breathed on, before being hunted by the Red Branch.
 Herds of pigs with similar decaying powers emerged from the cave with Ailill and Medb themselves desperately trying to hunt them down, but having to deal with the pigs' power of vanishing and ability to shed captured flesh.

The Morrígan

The Morrígan emerges from this cave in the Táin Bó Regamna on a chariot pulled by a one-legged chestnut horse. She brings a cow, guided by a giant with a forked staff, to breed with the Brown Bull. In another story the Morrígan takes the cows of a woman named Odras who follows her into the cave before falling under an enchanted sleep, upon awakening she sees the Morrígan who whispers a spell over her, turning Odras into a river.

History
Like the other royal sites there are not any great historical references or archaeological evidence to prove it was a royal residence or fortress as described in the myths, with some of the best examples of ring-forts in the area dating from Christian times. It was certainly an important cemetery with the amount of ring barrows backing up the scribes who mention it alongside Tailtiu and Tara as one of the three great burial sites also a gathering place or oenach. All assemblies and oenachs were part of religious and funerary traditions and just as an assembly was held at the cemetery of Tailtiu (even into the 19th century) there would surely have been one at Cruachan. It is believed by many that queen Medb was actually the local earth goddess, much like Medb Lethderg at Tara, and that becoming king meant marrying the earth, becoming one with Cruachan with the inauguration more than likely taking place on Rathcroghan mound itself. Cruachan's religious importance diminished after the arrival of Christianity, highlighted by the prologue in the Martyrology of Oengus that contrasts the end of Cruachan's power with the emergence of Clonmacnoise.

The new emerging writers didn't really record what actually happened at sites like this, developing stories which feature the síd of Cruachan being attacked by Ailill and Medb while referring to Owenagat as the hell's gate of Ireland. At the end of the first century, a number of raths were built on the site. Some of these later included souterrains with an entrance for one built over Oweynagat using standing Ogham stones from the site that were unique to Connacht, usually only appearing in the south-west of Ireland. The area is peppered with medieval field banks, the best examples being around Reilig na Ri, showing that Cruachan became key grazing land possibly attached initially to the early medieval fort built at neighbouring Tulsk, with another nearby feature – Carnfree mound – being used as the inauguration site of the O'Conor kings of Connacht. There is evidence of small house clusters or sean bhaile between the monuments that could have been lived in well past the Middle Ages; however, the next important development was surveying that began in the mid-eighteenth century, highlighted by Gabriel Beranger's colour drawing of Cruachan mound. This work was continued by the ordnance survey in the 1830s who, with local help, assigned the names to the monuments that are used to this day. Not much physical excavation has been done around Rathcroghan mound, but technologies such as radar and magnetic surveys have revealed features that show great similarities between Rathcroghan, Tara, and Emain Macha. In 1999 the Cruachan Ai visitor centre was completed in Tulsk, showcasing all the latest research updates done on Rathcroghan as well as Carnfree and Tulsk itself.

A historical reference to the cave is to be found in the Triads of Ireland, dating from the 14th to the 19th century, where ",  and " are listed under the heading, "the three darkest places in Ireland". The last, meaning the 'Cave of the Alders', is generally thought to be the present Dunmore Cave, while the first two translate as the caves of Knowth and the caves of Slaney. is not known which exact system of caves/passage tombs near the river Slaney is being referred to, with the most likely, those at Baltinglass. Other sources translate the listed locations as Rath Croghan, the cave or crypt of Slane and the "Cave of the Ferns".

Archaeology
The Rathcroghan complex has over 240 archaeological sites – 60 of which are classed as national monuments – scattered over approximately . They range in date from the Neolithic to the Medieval period and the monument categories include burial mounds, ringforts, linear earthworks and enclosures.

Main sites

Rathcroghan mound
The focal point of the complex, Rathcroghan mound is a broad, flat-topped circular mound with an average diameter of  at the base and a height of . Gently sloping ramps to the east and west give access to the summit on which there are traces of a small mound. Surveying has revealed that Rathcroghan mound was built on top of an existing monument that was made of two concentric stone built ring banks. A huge enclosure measuring  in diameter and  in depth was also discovered during surveying. This enclosure surrounds the great mound and various other monuments, facilitating comparisons with other royal sites in Ireland such as Tara, Emain Macha and Dún Ailinne, which have similar enclosures.

Rathmore
The name of this mound translates directly to "Big Fort". It is convex in shape with a diameter of  and surrounded by a  wide ditch. This grass-covered, steep-sided mound is suggested to date from the late phase in the Iron Age into the Early Medieval period. Although it is similar to a ringfort, the apex of the mound is considered too small. Potential post holes found at the top of the mound may suggest that this was the site of an Iron Age communal hall or similar circular structure. Geophysical surveys indicate evidence of hearths, pits and ovens on the interior which accords with the use of the mound for habitation.

Rath na dTarbh
The anglicised spelling is Rathnadarve and the name means 'Fort of the bulls' in English. West of Rathcroghan mound is a large circular ring fort with a considerable bank and external ditch. There are several breaks in the bank, one at the north east being a possible entrance. This is traditionally the site of the fight between the bulls Donn Cuailnge and Finnbennach at the end of the epic Táin Bó Cúailnge.

Reilig na Rí
The anglicised spelling is Relignaree and translated from Irish means 'burial place of the Kings'. This is a large circular enclosure with a diameter of  and a stone and earth bank of  high. In the interior of the enclosure there are traces of a smaller circular enclosure, with a diameter of . Ancient field boundary banks run across this site, seeming to divide it into four unequal segments, and the remains of five rectangular houses are visible in and around the site. In 1872 the remains of a souterrain in the south-west quadrant were excavated and animal bones were found.

Oweynagat
The Irish name for this site is Uaimh na gCat which translates as 'Cave of the Cats'. This is a natural narrow limestone cave with a man-made souterrain at the entrance. Originally the entrance to the souterrain was contained within an earthen mound, which was disturbed by the construction of a road in the 1930s. The souterrain is constructed of drystone walling, orthostats and lintels, and measures a total of approximately  from the entrance to the natural cave. The natural cave extends for a further . There is an ogham inscription on the overhead lintel just inside the entrance to the souterrain which reads 'VRAICCI...MAQI MEDVVI'. In translation this would read 'of Fraech, son of Medb', Fraech being associated with Cruachan and Medb in the Táin Bó Cúailnge. Fraech is also associated with the nearby monument of Carnfee (Carn Fraích). There is a second ogham inscription on another lintel inside the passageway, barely visible, which reads 'QR G SMU'. This inscription is too incomplete to enable a confident reading.

Dathí's Mound

This mound was supposed to be the burial place of Dathí, the last pagan High King of Ireland. It appears to be an embanked burial mound with an overall diameter of , with opposed entrances on the east and west. There is a pillar stone of red sandstone atop the mound, the stone standing  high. Macalister's investigations in 1913 revealed that the mound was carved out of a natural gravel ridge, and furthermore, limited excavation in 1981 confirmed this. No graves were found at this excavation, although charcoal samples retrieved suggest a building date of between 200 BC – 200 AD. This date conflicts with the legend of this being Dathí's final resting place, as he was supposed to have died around 429 AD, at least 200 years later than the creation of this site.

The Mucklaghs

Folklore tells us that these huge earthworks are the results of the rooting of a giant boar, with muic being the Irish word for pig. They are two linear earthworks which consist of double banks with three accompanying ditches which run north-east and south-west in a curving parallel course at a distance of  apart. The Northern Mucklagh is the shorter of the two, measuring , but is impressively massive in its construction. The Southern Mucklagh is significantly longer, measuring approximately . The function of these earthworks is unclear.

Rathbeg
Rathbeg, "Small Fort", has been categorised as a Ring Barrow with obvious concentric rings that encircle the barrow in a tiered effect. The mound is located  north west of Rathcroghan mound. It has a double ditch on three sides of the monument and an extra ditch on the western side. There is a small cairn at the summit surrounded by small banks and ditches, which creates the terracing. The mound is approximately  in diameter. Worked flint discovered on the mound dates from the Iron Age and possibly the Bronze Age, however the structure itself would be consistent with Neolithic monuments.

Cashelmanannan
The Irish spelling of the name is Caiseal Mhanannán, which means Manannan's Fort, referring to a deity from Irish mythology, Manannán mac Lir. These are the foundation remains of a trivallate oval stone fort, with three closely spaced concentric banks of earth and stone measuring an average of  in width each. The internal diameter measures  with the external measurements being  north/south and  east/west. Attached to the main enclosure on the north and east sides are two rectangular enclosures, each defined by a singular bank. The exact use of Cashelmanannan is unknown, as excavation has not taken place, but the fact that it is the only structure in the complex built of stone suggests a high-status building with good defensive features.

Other sites
 Misguan Medb – A fallen standing stone located near Rathcroghan Mound.
 Ancient Avenue – An avenue or trackway surrounded by two low banks. Part of it intersects with the outer circular bank and ditch of Rathscreig, a site with a small mound at the center. The avenue which is roughly  wide seems to end at Flanagan's Fort, another ringfort with a small mound at the center. Both these forts were built at a later date than the avenue.

Annalistic references
A part of information source for the Rathcroghan complex comes from annalistic references. These references can give an indication of events, and the earliest annalistic reference to Rathcroghan occurs in the Annals of the Four Masters and is described as being 1681 BC. Up until the 8th century AD we can suggest that these earlier references were proto-historical.

The promulgation of St. Patrick's law and St. Ciaran's law at Crúachan in 783 AD and 814 AD respectively shows the importance of this site well into the medieval period, and possibly is the earliest genuinely historical reference to Rathcroghan.

References

Sources

External links
 Rathcroghan on Wikimapia
 Official site of Rathcroghan Visitor Centre

Kings of Connacht
Prehistoric sites in Ireland
Ulster Cycle
Caves of the Republic of Ireland
Archaeological sites in County Roscommon
Locations in Táin Bó Cúailnge
National Monuments in County Roscommon
Royal sites of Ireland

Rathcroghan


Hilary Ashby Bush (June 21, 1905 – May 20, 1992) was a Democratic Party politician who was Jackson County, Missouri prosecutor in the 1940s and 1950s, and the 37th lieutenant governor from 1961 to 1965, serving under Governor John M. Dalton.  Bush played an influential role in the  merger of the University of Kansas City with the University of Missouri system to form the University of Missouri-Kansas City.

Biography
Bush was born on June 21, 1905, in Excelsior Springs, Missouri. He graduated from William Jewell College in 1926, and from the University of Kansas City Law School in 1932.  He rose to lieutenant colonel in the Army during World War II and was Military Governor of Aomori Prefecture in  Japan in 1945.

In 1960, lieutenant governor incumbent Edward V. Long resigned after being appointed to the U.S. Senate left vacant by the death of Thomas C. Hennings, Jr.  Bush became the "establishment" candidate backed by remnants of the Thomas Pendergast political machine for lieutenant governor.  In 1964, he was the Democrat establishment candidate for governor but was defeated in the primary by 59,386 votes by Warren Hearnes who said in his campaign, "At one time all Missouri was controlled from Kansas City by a man named Pendergast.  This type of machine politics should never be allowed to rear its ugly head again in Missouri politics."

Hilary A. Bush died in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on May 20, 1992, while visiting family. He was cremated.

References

1905 births
People from Excelsior Springs, Missouri
Missouri Democrats
Lieutenant Governors of Missouri
William Jewell College alumni
University of Missouri–Kansas City alumni
20th-century American politicians
1992 deaths

Hilary A. Bush


John Grill AO (born 1945) was the founder and chief executive officer of Australian-based engineering company, Worley.

Biography
He graduated with Honours in Civil Engineering from the University of Sydney before joining Esso Australia in 1968. Grill then moved in 1971 to be Chief Executive of Wholohan Grill and Partners, a civil engineering firm. This specialised consulting practice acquired the business of Worley Engineering in 1987.

Worley Group Limited listed on the Australian Stock Exchange in November 2002 and Grill is the company's largest shareholder.

In 2004, Worley Group Limited acquired Parsons E&C Corporation, a US-based global project services company, and in time amalgamated with various other parties to form WorleyParsons.

An engineer by profession, the notoriously media shy Grill is nevertheless very well respected in engineering circles. He was named Engineers Australia Professional Engineer of the Year 2006.

Grill retired as WorleyParsons CEO in October 2012 and became its chairman in February 2013.

Upon his retirement as CEO, Grill donated $20 million to the University of Sydney to establish the John Grill Centre for Project Leadership.

In January 2014, Grill was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia for distinguished service to engineering and to business, to the minerals, energy and power supply industries and as a supporter of advanced education and training.

Fortune
Forbes 2006 listed John Grill as #1014 with a net worth of US$1.01 billion. This estimates him as the 19th richest man in Australia and New Zealand.

In a March 2008 ranking of Business Review Weeklys richest Australian executives and managers, John Grill was placed as #8 with a 2007 value of A$861.6 million and total remuneration of $2.59 million.

However, on 5 April 2008, it was reported that John Grill is among Australia's richest executives to be most affected by the global financial turmoil, suffering an estimated share value loss of $585 million.

References

1946 births
Australian chief executives
Living people
Australian billionaires
Businesspeople from Sydney
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering
University of Sydney alumni

John Grill


Suh Yun-bok (9 January 1923 – 27 June 2017) was a South Korean athlete. He was best known as the winner of the 1947 Boston Marathon. He won the race with a world best time of 2:25:39 under the coach Sohn Kee-chung, the Korean winner of the marathon at the 1936 Berlin Olympics. He was born in Seoul.

His participation in the Boston Marathon was financed by donations from servicemen in the United States Forces Korea. His win was the first time a world best for the men's marathon was set at the Boston Marathon. The previous world best was set by his coach Sohn in Tokyo, Japan in 1935.

At 166 cm tall (5'5") and weighing 56 kg (123 lbs), he was said to be the shortest winner ever of the Boston Marathon. In 1948, one year after the Boston victory, Suh raced the marathon in 1948 Summer Olympics held in London. He retired in 1949.

Suh died on 27 June 2017 in Seoul at the age of 94.

References

1923 births
2017 deaths
Long-distance runners
South Korean Olympians
Sportspeople from Seoul

Suh Yun-bok


Anhotep was Viceroy of Kush, Governor of the South Lands, Scribe of the Tables of the Two Lands during the reign of Ramesses II. His wife was named Hunuro. Anhotep's tomb is TT300 in Dra' Abu el-Naga.

A shabti inscribed for Anhotep, King's Son of Kush was found in Thebes. The shabti is made of blue faience and is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum. The name was either changed due to a mistake in the text, or it may have replaced another name.

References

Viceroys of Kush
Officials of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Ramesses II

Anhotep


Ghetto Millionaire is the debut album by American rapper Royal Flush, released on August 19, 1997, through TVT Records. The album featured various contributors, including prominent hip-hop producers Da Beatminerz, L.E.S., Buckwild and Hi-Tek.

The album reached No. 48 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and No. 30 on the Top Heatseekers chart in Billboard magazine. The album spawned two charting singles, "Worldwide" and "Iced Down Medallions", the latter of which became No. 41 and No. 18 hit on the Rap Singles chart. For "Iced Down Medallions" became top-100 hit on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.

Track listing

Charts

References

External links

1997 debut albums
TVT Records albums
Hip hop albums by American artists

Ghetto Millionaire


Tron: Deadly Discs is a video game for the Intellivision console published by Mattel in 1982. The initial game design was done by Don Daglow, with further design and programming by Steven Sents. It is the first of three Intellivision games based on the Disney motion picture Tron.
Mattel released an Atari 2600 version under its M Network label. It was also ported to the Mattel Aquarius.

In Tron: Deadly Discs, the player takes the role of Tron, fighting successive waves of enemy Disc-throwers and Recognizers in a never-ending quest to achieve the highest score.

Gameplay
As Tron, the player controls a red man with a yellow Disc. He is pitted in a square arena with black walls. Enemies will appear through doorways and throw their Discs at him. The player has to eliminate all the enemies with his own Disc, as well as surviving bonus rounds against the Recognizer.

The player can throw the Disc in eight directions. When thrown, the Disc first appears as a thin horizontal line and can only move in a straight line. While in this mode, Tron's Disc (and any other Disc thrown in the game) can inflict damage, and can also "lock" doors. When it reaches the wall (or when the player calls the Disc back by hitting any directional throw button), it automatically floats back to the player and appears as a square. It is harmless in this mode.

Unlike enemy Disc-throwers, Tron can block enemy Discs with his own. When an enemy Disc is blocked, it is destroyed and the enemy is temporarily disarmed until a replacement Disc floats in ten seconds later.

The doorways enemies appear in can be jammed so that they remain open between waves. Doorways appear blue when they first open, but will turn green if Tron either hits them with his Disc or runs into them. Blue doors close at the end of the current wave of enemies, but green ones remain open. If two doors directly across from each other are jammed open, Tron can run into one and immediately reappear at the other, allowing for easier dodging and Disc retrieval. Enemies cannot use the doors in this manner.

If Tron warps through a pair of doors, a Recognizer will appear on the field after the wave is over and begin closing all jammed doors. The player can score bonus points by hitting the Recognizer's eye in a vulnerable spot; doing so forces it off the field and leaves any jammed doors open.

The game ends if Tron touches a Recognizer, takes too many hits from enemy Discs without enough time to recover from them, or is hit by a paralyzing baton that enemies carry in advanced waves.

Enemies
The player should note that Tron, unlike many of the enemies in the game, can withstand multiple Disc-hits. As the game progresses, Tron's threshold of damage rises. The player can tell how many hits he can take by how fast he moves. The faster he is, the stronger he is. Also, Tron regains strength automatically. Tron can only be damaged by an enemy's weapon, so simply running into an enemy does nothing (unless they're a Guard).

All enemies (except the Recognizer and Guards) can carry dark blue Discs, which are the standard enemy Disc. Leaders may appear with brown Discs (which do twice as much damage) and white Discs (which home in on the player relentlessly). If an enemy's Disc is destroyed, the replacement is always a regular Disc:

Warriors: Regular Warriors appear as light-blue men. They appear in a variety of speeds and are killed in one hit.
Leaders: Slightly stronger versions of the regular Warriors, Leaders have a dark blue tint and can wield brown and white Discs. They tend to move fast and are killed in one hit.
Bulldogs: They are as their name suggests: tough but slow. Appearing as purple men, they require two hits to be killed, and can regain their strength if left alone for too long between hits. They can only carry regular Discs.
Guards: Arguably the most dangerous of all enemies, Guards appear as orange men. They do not carry Discs; instead, they carry Stun Poles. They can't throw their Stun Poles but instead will charge Tron. If they reach him, Tron will be stunned and the game is over, regardless of how much strength Tron has. They can withstand multiple hits and are very fast.
Recognizers: Their main job is to get rid of locked doors, which means that the Recognizer will not appear if no doors are locked. The precursor to its arrival is a loud rumbling noise, followed by it slowly drifting into the screen from any of the four walls. Its job is to close all locked doors, firing a black block at each door to do this. If the player touches the recognizer, he is instantly killed, and the recognizer is nearly invincible. It also launches a paralysis cage at Tron. If it hits him, he is paralyzed for the duration of the Recognizer's mission. Once the Recognizer has unlocked every door, it disappears through the bottom of the screen.

The Recognizer has only one weakness – its eye – which is located on top of its body. Its eye is protected by a green dome with two slits in the sides. If the player can avoid the paralysis probe, he can throw his disc at the eye. The eye cycles between purple (invincible) and white (vulnerable), turning white when the recognizer emits a black box to seal a door. If the player can throw his Disc at the eye and hit it while it is white, the Recognizer breaks and hobbles off the screen making a buzzing noise. Any locked doors that it did not close stay around, giving the player an extra incentive to hit it.

Legacy
A remake of the game called Tron Deadly Discs has been announced for release exclusively for the Intellivision Amico.

Reviews
Jeux & Stratégie #19

References

External links

 https://web.archive.org/web/20100523200310/http://www.vdsteenoven.com/aquarius/tron.html

1982 video games
Atari 2600 games
Intellivision games
Mattel video games
Deadly Discs
Video games developed in the United States

Tron: Deadly Discs


The E. F. Hodgson Company of Dover, Massachusetts, was one of a number of companies who used specialty mail-order catalogs, to advertise and sell sectional and ready-cut houses. From a small New England town, the Hodgson Company competed with economic giants such as Sears Roebuck and Montgomery Ward, to attract the attention of a growing America in the 1890s. Using the railroad to access its market, the specialty house mail-order catalog company competed all over the United States. There is still a good argument for the theory that the Hodgson Company was in the market before Sears, and equaled them in production. But even so, Hodgson became better known outside of the United States in such places as Belgium, Italy, France, Newfoundland, and Jerusalem.  From 1892 to 1944, the Hodgson Company was arguably the most important economic force of the simple agricultural community of Dover.

External links
http://hodgsonhouses.net/index.html
https://arthurdaleheritage.org/?s=Hodgson&Submit=Search
https://web.archive.org/web/20110705225528/http://design.walkerart.org/prefab/Main/PrefabTimeline

Mail-order retailers
Manufactured home manufacturers
Companies based in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
Companies based in Massachusetts
Defunct companies based in Massachusetts

E. F. Hodgson Company


Rosemary Hayes (born 10 December 1942) is a British author who has written around 50 books for children aimed at ages from seven years to teenagers. She has edited many more. She worked for Cambridge University Press and then set up her own publishing house, Anglia Young Books.

Early life and education
Hayes was born and brought up in rural Berkshire.  She read avidly as a child and was particularly influenced by the books of Elizabeth Goudge and the Chronicles of Narnia by C. S. Lewis.

Hayes attended Brightwalton Primary School from 1947-50 then St Gabriel's, Sandleford Priory in Newbury.  In 1970, she enrolled in a Creative Writing Course at Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.

Career
Hayes came to writing from a background in advertising, marketing and publishing. She worked intermittently for Cambridge University Press from 1986-2001 and one of her jobs was to run a national children's writing competition, The Cambridge Young Writers' Award, which attracted thousands of entries.  In  1989, she launched her own publishing company, Anglia Young Books, producing curriculum-related historical fiction for primary schools. She sold the company to Mill Publishing in 2000 but continued to commission books for the new owners for several years.
She has written more than 45 books for children and is working on more. Her first novel, 'Race Against Time' (set in Australia) was runner up for the Kathleen Fidler Award in 1988. Many of Hayes' other books have been shortlisted for awards. Details are on her author website. Hayes teaches Creative Writing at an adult learning centre in Letchworth and runs creative writing workshops in various schools in England.

Hayes is an active member of Walden Writers and within this she set up a critique group with other published authors including Penny Speller, Amy Corzine, Victor Watson author and Jane Wilson-Howarth. She is also a member of the Society of Authors  East Anglian Writers and The Scattered Authors' Society

She has lived and worked in France, USA and Australia and has traveled widely in Europe, the Middle and Far East. Her researches for Forgotten Footprints and The Blue-eyed Aborigine took her to the Netherlands and the Shipwreck Museum in Freemantle. Hayes has frequently been interviewed on local radio (BBC Radio Cambridgeshire, BBC Radio Essex, BBC Radio Suffolk) and in the press (Cambridge News and Eastern Daily Press).

Books

References

External links
 Rosemary Hayes author website

Living people
1942 births
British women writers
People from Newbury, Berkshire
People from Brightwalton
English children's writers

Rosemary Hayes


Alex Wood (born 1950, Dundee) is a former Labour leader of Edinburgh City Council in Scotland.

Biography
He was educated at Paisley Grammar School, the New University of Ulster, Moray House College of Education, the University of Edinburgh, the University of Stirling and the University of Strathclyde.

He was a member of the Labour Party from 1969 until 1987.  He was a member of the National Committee of the Labour Party Young Socialists from 1973 to 1975.  In the early 1970s Wood was a leading figure in the entryist Militant tendency in Scotland who left that party after it decided to support the creation of a devolved Scottish Assembly.  Subsequently, he became a trenchant critic of Militant.

He subsequently became a leading figure in the Labour Co-ordinating Committee in Scotland and wrote its pamphlet on Labour and Ireland. He was Labour Parliamentary candidate for Dumfries in 1979, and for West Edinburgh in 1983 (having been elected to Edinburgh District Council in 1980 and having become leader of the Edinburgh District Council Labour Group in 1982) and in May 1984 became leader of the first ever majority Labour administration in the city.

Members of the Labour group of councillors felt however that his politics were further left than theirs and in May 1986 voted they had no confidence in his leadership. He was replaced as council leader with Mark Lazarowicz.

Subsequently, Wood resigned his council seat, left Labour and joined the 1988 version of the Scottish Socialist Party.

Shortly after the demise of the SSP, Wood joined the Scottish National Party.

A teacher by profession, he retired as headteacher of Wester Hailes Education Centre in Edinburgh in August 2011. He had also been seconded (2008–09) as Headteacher to Tynecastle High School.  He writes on educational issues in The Herald, and writes regular columns on educational matters in SecEd, Holyrood Magazine, the Times Educational Supplement Scotland and contributes to the Scottish Review, Lothian Life and the Caledonian Mercury.

Notes

1950 births
Living people
Scottish Labour councillors
Militant tendency supporters
Alumni of Ulster University
People educated at Paisley Grammar School
Politicians from Dundee
Councillors in Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Stirling
Scottish National Party politicians
Scottish schoolteachers

Alex Wood (politician)


The Boyne Viaduct (), a 30-metre-high (98 ft) railway bridge, or viaduct, that crosses the River Boyne in Drogheda, carrying the main Dublin–Belfast railway line.

History
The viaduct was designed by the Irish civil engineer Sir John Benjamin Macneill using new mathematical stress analysis developed just a few years before by William Bindon Blood at Queen's College, Galway.  Construction began on the bridge in 1853 and was completed in 1855. It was the seventh bridge of its kind in the world when built, and considered one of the wonders of the age.

Before its construction, railway passengers had to make their way through the town of Drogheda from the stations on either side of the River Boyne until the construction of a temporary wooden bridge, which allowed trains to cross the river from May 1853 until the completion of the viaduct.

During World War II, the viaduct was identified by the British as being of great strategic importance as part of the British plans for a counter-attack following a German invasion of Ireland.

2005 marked the 150th anniversary of the viaduct, and Iarnród Éireann and the Railway Preservation Society of Ireland ran a special service operated by a steam locomotive between Drogheda railway station and Dundalk.

Description

The viaduct comprises twelve stone arches on the south side and a further three on the north. It is located near a tight curve, which necessitates the slowing of trains as they approach. The central Pratt truss bridge was originally made of three iron spans that originally carried two tracks.

When the bridge was refurbished in the 1930s, new steel girders replacing the ironworks were constructed inside the original bridge before the iron structure was removed. This allowed trains to continue running throughout the renewal process; however, the new bridge was no longer wide enough to carry two tracks. The northbound and southbound tracks were interlaced so that one rail lay between the tracks in the opposite direction, as points and a single track would have required a signal cabin on the north side of the viaduct.

In 1932, the three spans over the river were replaced with the current iron trusses. These were built by the "Motherwell Bridge Engineering Company" with G.B. Howden as the chief engineer.

When the tracks were relaid in the 1990s, singling was introduced, and the interlaced tracks were replaced with a single track over the viaduct and points at each side.

The structure has been listed by the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage as a heritage structure.

Refurbishment
Over €6.1m was awarded for the refurbishment of the Boyne Viaduct financed through the European Union's INTERREG IVA Programme. The project involved several essential refurbishment activities, including steel repairs and full repainting, renewal of work over the viaduct,  waterproofing of the deck, and installation of a new drainage system. The project was officially completed on 7 December 2015.

References

External links

Drogheda Boyne Viaduct Refurbishment Project

Drogheda
Bridges completed in 1855
Buildings and structures in Drogheda
Railway bridges in the Republic of Ireland
Transport in Drogheda
Viaducts

Boyne Viaduct


Bartholomew Sharp (c. 1650 – 29 October 1702) was an English buccaneer and privateer. His career of piracy lasted seven years (1675–1682). In the Caribbean he took several ships, and raided the Gulf of Honduras and Portobelo. He took command of an expedition into the Pacific and spent months raiding settlements on the Pacific Coast of South America including La Serena which he torched in 1680. His flagship, taken at Panama, was the Trinity.

Early life
Bartholomew Sharp is believed to have been born in the parish of Stepney, London, England, around 1650. He served on a privateer vessel during the Third Anglo-Dutch War. He rose to command his own vessel in the West Indies and attacked Dutch ships in the Leeward Islands.

When the war ended and his commission expired, Bartholomew Sharp turned to piracy. The natural scientist and Buccaneer William Dampier suggested his first major raid was on the Central American town of Segovia. In 1679 a fleet of buccaneer vessels sailed for the Bay of Honduras, and on September 26 they took a Spanish merchantman. According to the governor of Jamaica, from the Calendar of State Papers:

"There has been lately taken from the Spaniards by Coxon, Bartholomew Sharpe, Bothing, and Hawkins with their crew, 500 chests of indigo, a great quantity of cacao, cochineal, tortoiseshell, money and plate. Much is brought into this country already, and the rest expected."

In December of that year the fleet reassembled at Port Morant, Jamaica. There Captains John Coxon, Robert Allison, Cornelius Essex, and Thomas Magott agreed to attack Portobelo on the Spanish Main and voted John Coxon their admiral. They were joined at sea by the French pirates Rose and Bournano. The fleet attacked Portobelo on January 17, 1680, and raided the city. Then the pirates moved to Bastimentos,  to the northeast, with their booty and prisoners, to distribute the booty. They then blockaded the port for two weeks, taking several unsuspecting merchant ships.

The Pacific Adventure

The fleet was joined by Captains Richard Sawkins, Edmund Cooke, and Peter Harris. Bournano and Rose chose to leave the voyage, and the remaining pirates voted to attack the city of Panama, once again under John Coxon. They sailed for Golden Island and left their ships in the hands of skeleton crews off the coast of Darién. Three hundred and fifty pirates went ashore to march across the Isthmus of Panama. They included William Dampier, Welsh surgeon and naturalist Lionel Wafer and ship's doctor Basil Ringrose. All three men would write accounts of their voyage to be published later in England. The pirates marched overland to meet with the 'Emperor of Darien' King Goldecap of the Kuna people. He agreed to send guides and warriors with the buccaneers, including his eldest son, if they agreed to rescue his daughter from the nearby Spanish garrison at Santa Maria. The pirates rowed downriver in canoes provided by the Kuna until they were outside the walls of Santa Maria. Fifty men charged the breastworks and breached the walls; after a mêlée within the fort, the Spanish surrendered. The pirates rescued the King's daughter, who was pregnant with her Spanish captor's child, and returned her to the King.

The Kuna guides led the pirates downriver to the Bay of San Miguel in the Gulf of Panama. They took two small barques and sailed for Panama. There they encountered three Spanish galleons on patrol supported by five large warships in the harbour at Perico. The pirates fought from canoes and took command of one of the barques commanded by Don Jacinto de Barahona. Another of the Spanish ships escaped while the third caught fire and her magazine exploded.

During the engagement the pirates reported losing only two men and another eleven injured. Captain Peter Harris was wounded in the fight and would die two days later. Captain Coxon took command of the captured vessel and the Spanish were taken prisoner. The five warships were empty, and the pirates soon commandeered three of those, sinking the other two. The largest of these, La Santísima Trinidad, was renamed The Trinity and given over to Captain Richard Sawkins. John Coxon was relieved of command for cowardice, and he left with 75 men to return to the Caribbean. The men voted Sawkins their new admiral. The pirates left Panama for a nearby fishing village to await a ransom for the captured soldiers and to try to capture Spanish ships unaware of their presence. They captured a galleon carrying 60,000 pieces of eight intended for the pay of Panama's soldiers. The governor of Panama refused their ransom and inquired after who gave the buccaneers a commission to attack Spanish cities in a time of peace. Admiral Sawkins replied:

"As yet all his company were not come together; but that when they were come up we would come and visit him at Panama, and bring our commissions on the muzzles of our guns, at which time he should read them as plain as the flame of gunpowder could make them."

Less than a week later Richard Sawkins would be killed in battle outside Puebla Nueva and 75 of his men would leave the expedition. Command fell to Bartholomew Sharp.

Under Admiral Sharp the fleet sailed south along the coast of South America. They failed to take many prizes, however. Word of their presence had spread, and Spanish settlements were all prepared for them. After weeks at sea the pirates finally captured a Spanish galleon out patrolling for the English. Sharp tortured their prisoners and killed a Spanish friar on deck in front of all the men. Many among the crew began to question his fitness for command. After a series of disappointments, the crews finally voted to remove Bartholomew Sharp from command in January 1681. They installed John Watling as captain. Watling led an attack on the rich city of Arica only to be repelled and killed. Reluctantly the men reinstated Bartholomew Sharp to command. Sharpe suspected former captain and fellow buccaneer Edmund Cooke of involvement in his ouster and had him imprisoned, ostensibly over charges of buggery.

Shortly thereafter fifty more men left the voyage, including William Dampier and Lionel Wafer.

The buccaneers continued around South America and up to the Caribbean, taking 25 Spanish ships and plundering numerous Spanish towns.  Captain Sharp is credited as being the first Englishman ever to travel eastwards around Cape Horn.  Sharp had planned to return to England via the Strait of Magellan, but a storm pushed the Trinity too far south, forcing him to navigate the Cape.

An eyewitness account of Sharp's adventures was published in The Dangerous Voyage And Bold Assaults of Captain Bartholomew Sharp and Others, by Basil Ringrose (London, 1684).

William Dampier gave a brief account of his time with Captain Sharp and the buccaneers in A New Voyage Round the World (1697).

Lionel Wafer also gives an account of his departure from the voyage in A New Voyage and Description of the Isthmus of America (1695).

John Cox (not to be confused with John Coxon) wrote an account of his time with the buccaneers, and Bartholomew Sharp wrote his own account, and a detailed atlas intended for the Admiralty.

Pardon
Because England and Spain were not at war, the Spanish demanded Sharp's prosecution for piracy. Sharp was arrested and brought before the High Court of Admiralty. However, he presented the authorities with a book of maps taken from the Spanish ship  ("Holy Rosary") in July 1681. Translated by Sharp's sailor Philip Dassigny, their value to English seafarers was such that Sharp received a full pardon from Charles II. They were later redrawn by William Hack for several private editions  known as South Sea Waggoners or Wagoner of the Great South Sea.

Prison and death
In 1696, Sharp established himself on the island of St. Thomas in the Danish West Indies. By 1700, due to his debt, he tried to flee the island and the Danish colonial authorities. The attempt failed, and Sharp was confined to prison, where he died on 29 October 1702.

See also
 William Dampier
 Lionel Wafer
 Chepo expedition

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

 .

Further reading
Pickering, David. "Pirates". CollinsGem. HarperCollins Publishers, New York, NY. pp-61. 2006.
Marley, David. "Pirates and Privateers of the Americas". ABC-CLIO, 2010.

External links
 Bonaventure.org.uk
 Piratesoul.com
 http://www.british-history.ac.uk/search/series/cal-state-papers--colonial--america-west-indies

1650s births
1702 deaths
English pirates
English privateers
Recipients of English royal pardons
People imprisoned for debt
English people imprisoned abroad
English people who died in prison custody
Prisoners who died in Danish detention
Pardoned pirates
17th-century pirates

Bartholomew Sharp


The Andrew's High (H.S.) School  was established in India in 1952 by a handful of educationists under the banner of "Andrew's Education Society".

History
Andrew's High (H.S.) School is a co-educational institute with English as the medium of instruction. It started as a primary school but, with demands gradually increasing, classes were shifted to 33 Gariahat Road(S), Kolkata. The school received its affiliation as a High School in 1957 and was upgraded as a Higher Secondary School in 1961 with all three streams i.e., Arts, Commerce and Science.

The school observed its golden jubilee celebration in 2002. February 2 is observed as the foundation day of the school. Andrew's High (H.S.) School is a co-educational institute with English as the medium of instruction and it follows the syllabus and curriculum of the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education and the West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education.

Academic
The school has primary, secondary and higher secondary branches.

Affiliations
The primary section of the School is run by a private body whereas the secondary and higher secondary sections are Government aided. The secondary branch of the school is affiliated to the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education, while the Higher Secondary Branch is affiliated to the West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education.

Location
The school is located at 33 Gariahat Road (S), Kolkata 700031.

Notable alumni
Alumni are named "Andrewzians".
 Sharad Kapoor - actor
 Sabyasachi Chakrabarty - actor
 Anindya Bose -  singer, composer, lyricist
 Pradeep Sarkar - Film Director (Parineeta) 1971 batch.
 Dipesh Chakrabarty - historian

Formation of Alumni Association
After a long and continuous efforts by some alumni the Official Alumni Association of the school known as Andrew's Alumni Association  was formed in the Year 2012.

References

External links

Government schools in India
Primary schools in West Bengal
High schools and secondary schools in Kolkata
Educational institutions established in 1952
1952 establishments in West Bengal

Andrew's High (H.S.) School