Jane Wyse Power (; ; 1 May 1858 – 5 January 1941) was an Irish activist, feminist, politician and businesswoman. She was a founder member of Sinn Féin and also of Inghinidhe na hÉireann. She rose in the ranks to become one of the most important women of the revolution.  As President of Cumann na mBan, she left the radicalised party and formed a new organisation called Cumann na Saoirse, holding several senior posts in the Dáil during the Free State.

Early life

Born Jane O'Toole in Baltinglass, County Wicklow in 1858, the daughter of Edward O'Toole and Mary Norton. When she was only two years old her father sold the business and moved to Dublin. Her family were strongly Nationalist and provided refuge for several Fenians. Before she was twenty she and her four siblings lost both their parents to illness. In 1881 she became involved in politics for the first time by joining the Ladies' Land League that year. She was an intimate of Anna Parnell and an admirer of Anna's brother, Nationalist Member of Parliament and Leader of the Home Rule Party, Charles Stewart Parnell.

During her time in the Ladies' Land League she met her husband, John Wyse Power, the then editor of the Leinster Leader newspaper and a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood. He was also one of the founder members of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA). They married on 5 July 1883 and lived in Naas, County Kildare.

The family moved to Dublin in 1885 after John secured a position with the national Freeman's Journal. They had four children together. Catherine (born 1885), who died in infancy; Maura, called "Máire" (born 1887); Anne, called "Nancy" (born 1889); and Charles (born 1892) - their youngest, was born five months after the death of Parnell and was christened Charles Stewart Wyse Power in his memory. In that same year she published Words of the Dead Chief, with an introduction from Anna Parnell, containing a selection of extracts from Parnell's speeches. The Wyse Powers appear as the Wyse Nolans in Ulysses by James Joyce.

After Parnell's fall from grace and death, she and her husband were disillusioned and stayed out of politics for some time. She remained an active member of the Dublin Women's Suffrage Association, however, although was never very prominent in the organisation. In 1899 the family moved to the city centre and she set up in business at 21 Henry Street calling her shop the Irish Farm Produce Company where she sold eggs, butter, cream, honey, confectionery and all-Irish produce. The business included a restaurant with tea and luncheon rooms.

In 1900, she was elected as one of the four vice-presidents of Inghinidhe na hÉireann. In 1903 she was elected as a Poor Law guardian for North Dublin, and served until 1911, when she lost her seat. She had vocally criticised public housing and public health conditions throughout her tenure as a Poor Law guardian. Her restaurant proved attractive to many nationalists of her generation in the Gaelic League and founders of Sinn Féin.  At the inaugural meeting of Sinn Féin she was included as a resident member of the executive. Arthur Griffith called the women a "passive resistance, boycotting and non-violent agitation". But Sinn Féin would prove an exception to that rule.

In 1908 she expanded her business by acquiring new premises at 21 Lower Camden Street, again emphasising the sale of solely Irish produce. By 1912, Wyse Power was a Vice-President of Sinn Féin: on 5 April 1914 at Wynne's Hotel, Dublin she became a founder member of Cumann na mBan and was an active member of the Central Branch. On 31 October 1914, she was elected the first President of Cumann na mBan.

Irish revolutionary period
The signing of the Proclamation of the Irish Republic took place in Wyse Power's house in Henry Street. During the Easter Rising the house was destroyed by fire. The records of the Ladies' Land League which had been in her custody for 30 years were destroyed in the blaze. After the Rising she and her daughter, Nancy, helped re-organise Cumann na mBan and distribute funds to families suffering hardships due to the Rising. These funds had been sent by Clan na Gael in the United States. At this time she was succeeded as President of Cumann na mBan by her close friend, Countess Markievicz, then in prison.

Wyse Power joined the Irish Women's Franchise League at this time. In the period after the Rising, Sinn Féin's military wing expanded rapidly to 600 branches of Volunteers around the country recruiting women as well as men; Wyse Power was one of the executive sent to actively prepare female recruits. She helped organise the nationwide anti-conscription protest Lá na mBan on 9 June 1918, which resulted in an influx of members to Cumann na mBan.

Wyse Power did not stand for election at the 1918 general election, but she and other Cumann na mBan members successfully campaigned for Markievicz, the Sinn Féin candidate in Dublin St. Patrick's.

In 1919, she was appointed Treasurer of the Sinn Féin Executive, when she recorded in Leabhar na mBan, their aims to include 'all shades of nationalist thought'. At the 1920 Dublin Corporation election, she was elected for the Inns Quay – Rotunda District as one of five women members onto Dublin City Council, although she had some difficulty taking her seat when the clerk at first refused to let her sign her name in Irish.

Throughout much of the latter half of 1919 a room in her restaurant in Henry Street, Dublin served as the Headquarters of the Irish Volunteers. In 1991, the 1916–21 Club marked the home and business premises of Wyse Power at 21 Henry Street with a plaque. Upon Cosgrave's arrest in June 1920, she was one of a new Dáil Commission appointed to overcome financial difficulties in Local Government.

She was chosen by Collins for use in his extensive spy networks throughout Ireland and abroad. By the end of 1921 Power was convinced that supporting the treaty would mean the need to leave Cumann to form a separate organisation, saying, "It is to be regretted that this splendid force of women should have been the first body to repudiate the National Parliament, and thus initiate a policy, which has had such disastrous results. The decision had the further effect of limiting Cumann na nBan to purely military work."

Wyse Power had supported Parnell's efforts to achieve Home Rule and supported the 1912 Home Rule Bill. As such it was natural that she would support the Anglo-Irish Treaty, although she was one of the few advanced Nationalist women to do so. However, she retained friendships on the Anti-Treaty side. Along with other Pro-Treaty women she helped set up Cumann na Saoirse – The League for Freedom – to replace Cumann na mBan in March 1922.

Seanad Éireann
She was appointed to the Irish Free State Seanad Éireann as a Cumann na nGaedheal member in December 1922 by the President of the Executive Council, W. T. Cosgrave. She was one of four women elected or appointed to the first Seanad in 1922. The other women were Alice Stopford Green, Ellen Cuffe, Countess of Desart, and Eileen Costello.

During the Irish Civil War, the property of Free State Senators was often attacked by anti-Treaty irregulars. On 10 December 1922, her premises in Camden Street was bombed with considerable damage done. She complained in December 1922, that Mary MacSwiney and others were particularly "very free in their criticisms" – which stunned Power and many others in the rank and file, most of whom were pro-treaty.

In 1922, only Wyse Power and Colonel Maurice George Moore opposed the appointment of Lord Glenavy as Cathaoirleach, as Lord Glenavy was a Unionist. Wyse Power served on the Cumann na nGaedheal Ard Chomhairle but her time in the Seanad saw her become increasingly disillusioned with Government policy particularly over the debacle of the Boundary Commission. The last meeting of Cumann na nGaedheal she attended was on 1 December 1925 and thereafter she sat as an Independent Senator.

With the entry of Fianna Fáil into both the Dáil and Seanad she found herself more regularly voting with that party in divisions along with Colonel Moore and Senator James Charles Dowdall. In 1934, her close friend, Seán T. O'Kelly, had her daughter, Nancy, transferred from the Department of Industry and Commerce to the Department of Local Government to act as his Private Secretary. O'Kelly was probably the one who persuaded Wyse Power to join Fianna Fáil that year and stand for the party in the 1934 Seanad Election where she was re-elected for nine years and would serve until the Seanad was abolished in 1936. She opposed those Conditions of Employment Bill which she felt discriminated against women.

Death
On 5 January 1941, aged 82, she died at her home in Dublin, and was interred in Glasnevin Cemetery with her husband and daughter, Máire (who predeceased her). Her funeral was attended by many from both sides of the Dáil and the former revolutionary movement.

Writings
Words of the dead chief: Extracts from speeches of Charles Stewart Parnell. Compiled by Jennie Wyse Power (1892).

References

Sources

 McCarthy, Cal, Cumann na mBan and the Irish Revolution (Dublin 2007).
 McCoole, Sinead, No Ordinary Women: Irish Female Activists in the Revolutionary Years 1900–1923 (Dublin 2003).
 Matthews, Ann, Renegades: Irish Republican Women 1900–1922 (Cork 2010).

 Townshend, Charles, Easter 1916:  text (London 2006).
 Townshend, Charles, The Republic: The Fight For Irish Independence (London 2014).

Citations

External links
Article on Jennie Wyse Power, Journal of the West Wicklow Historical Society (online)

1858 births
1941 deaths
Independent members of Seanad Éireann
Fianna Fáil senators
Members of the 1922 Seanad
Members of the 1925 Seanad
Members of the 1928 Seanad
Members of the 1931 Seanad
Members of the 1934 Seanad
20th-century women members of Seanad Éireann
Politicians from County Wicklow
Politicians from Dublin (city)
People of the Irish Civil War (Pro-Treaty side)
People of the Easter Rising
Women in war in Ireland
Cumann na mBan members
Irish suffragists
Businesspeople from Dublin (city)
People from Baltinglass

Jennie Wyse Power


Carlo Curci (Trentola-Ducenta, August 30, 1846 - Trani,  after 1916) was an Italian painter, mainly of seascapes. He also was active in painting portraits in a Renaissance style.

Biography
Curci exhibited at the Promotrice Salvator Rosa in Naples between 1873 and 1876. In 1873 he exhibited his Effects of the Fog on the Sarno, Un ricordo di Trani, and Sorgere di luna; in 1874 La calma, Il Cervaro and In the Valley of Bovino; in 1875 and 1876 he exhibited Effects of Snow and Studio dal vero (Molfetta). In 1877, at the National Exposition of Naples, he exhibited Vandals over the Apennines and at the 1881 Venetian exhibition, he displayed Marina calma. In 1883, he sent four works to the Roman Exposition, two of which, In Apulia and October, were exhibited again at Turin the following year.
He also painted Quiet Sea and Fog on the Adriatic.

In 1891, Curci moved to Trani. In 1892, at the Italo-American Columbian Exposition of Genoa, he exhibited two seascapes and one landscape. At the Turin Columbian Exposition of Modern Art in 1893, he exhibited Alba, Interno, Sole, and Study. He continued to exhibit at Trani and completed decorations with landscapes (1894 and 1905) to the walls of the Palazzo Discanno (1894).

References

1846 births
19th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
20th-century Italian painters
Painters from Naples
Italian landscape painters
Italian genre painters
Year of death missing
19th-century Italian male artists
20th-century Italian male artists

Carlo Curci


Saffron Walden is a market town in the Uttlesford district of Essex, England,  north of Bishop's Stortford,  south of Cambridge and  north of London. It retains a rural appearance and some buildings of the medieval period. The population was 15,504 at the 2011 census.

History
Archaeological evidence suggests continuous settlement on or near the site of Saffron Walden from at least the Neolithic period. It is believed that a small Romano-British settlement and fort – possibly in the area round Abbey Lane – existed as an outpost of the much larger settlement of Cestreforda to the north.

After the Norman invasion of 1066, a stone church was built. Walden Castle, dating from about 1140, may have been built on pre-existing fortifications. A priory, Walden Abbey, was founded under the patronage of Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex about 1136, on the site of what is now Audley End House. The abbey was separated from Walden by Holywell Field. After the dissolution of the monasteries, Sir Thomas Audley converted its cloisters into a dwelling. Later this became the site of Audley End House.

The market was moved from nearby Newport to Walden during de Mandeville's tenure, increasing the town's influence. This Tuesday market was held from 1295. The town's first charter was granted in about 1300, to what was known then as Chepyng (i. e. Market) Walden. The town at that time was largely confined to the castle's outer bailey, but in the 13th century the Battle or Repel Ditches were built or extended to enclose a larger area to the south. The focus of the town moved southwards to Market Square.

The main trading item in medieval times was wool. A guildhall was built by the wool-staplers in the market place, but demolished in 1847 to make way for the Corn Exchange.

Saffron
In the 16th and 17th centuries the saffron crocus (Crocus sativus) was widely grown, thanks to the town's favourable soil and climate. The stigmas of the flower were used in medicines, as a condiment, in perfume, as an expensive yellow dye, and as an aphrodisiac. The industry gave Walden its present name. In the records of the Court of Common Pleas, the town was called Magna Walden in Hilary Term 1484, and Chipping Walden in the 15th and early 16th centuries, but by the 1540s it had become Saffron Walden.

Puritans and Quakers
The town and surrounding area, like much of East Anglia, was strongly Puritan during the 17th century. The population was influenced by the missionary John Eliot. By 1640, Samuel Bass's family and a number of others had departed for the Massachusetts Bay Colony as part of the Great Migration.

Saffron Walden was at the centre of the Eastern Association during the English Civil War. While the town was the headquarters of the New Model Army, Lieutenant-General of Horse, Oliver Cromwell paid a 19-day visit in May 1647, taking part in debates to seek a settlement between Parliament and the army. He is thought to have stayed at the Sun Inn.

By the end of the 18th century saffron was no longer in demand and the industry was replaced by malt and barley. More than 40 maltings stood in the town by the end of the century. The trade was less lucrative than saffron, but the town continued to grow through the 19th century, and had a cattle market, corn exchange and other civic buildings. During this time Quakers became economically active in the area. The influential Gibsons – one of the founding families of Barclays Bank – aided the construction of several public buildings that remain today, such as the Saffron Walden Museum and the Saffron Walden Town Hall.

In the 1900s the Saffron Walden branch railway line from Audley End station, on the mainline from London to Cambridge, was extended to Bartlow. The branch succumbed to the Beeching cuts in the 1960s.

Heavy industry arrived after the Second World War. Acrows Ltd, makers of falsework, built premises to the east of the town and became a significant employer and economic influence in the area. For a short time there was a dedicated railway station for the works known as Acrow Halt.

Coat of arms and maces

Saffron Walden's unofficial coat of arms showed the saffron crocus within the walls of the castle in the form of an heraldic pun – as in, "Saffron walled-in". In 1961, a formal coat of arms was granted by the College of Arms and this was adapted in 1974 into its current form.

The town has three ceremonial maces. The large mace was given to Saffron Walden by James II in 1685 and provides an early recording of the unofficial coat of arms. Made of silver gilt, it is approximately  long. Two smaller silver maces were bought by the corporation in 1549 to commemorate the granting of a new town charter by Edward VI. This purchase is recorded in the town's Guild of Holy Trinity accounts and reads, "For 2 new maces, weying 18 ownces one quarter and half at 8s. the ownce 7l.7s".

Sites and buildings of interest

The 12th-century Walden Castle, built or expanded by Geoffrey de Mandeville, the first Earl of Essex, is in ruins. After the medieval period, the castle fell into disuse and much of the flint was taken and used in the construction of local houses and the wall surrounding the Audley End estate. All that remains is the ruined basement.

Near the castle is a turf maze, a series of circular excavations cut into the turf of the common. It is the largest example of this style of maze in England, the main part being about  in diameter. The earliest record of it dates from 1699, although its origin may be earlier. It has been extensively restored several times, most recently in 1979.

The oldest inhabited building in the town is believed to be the former maltings at 1 Myddleton Place. The 15th-century building with a courtyard garden was used by the Youth Hostel Association from 1947 to 2010. It is now used for functions. Pevsner described it as: "without doubt, the best medieval house of Saffron Walden". Other notable early buildings are in Bridge Street, Castle Street and the side streets off the High Street. The High Street contains some late-Georgian and Victorian buildings.

Bridge End Gardens, seven interlinked gardens – including a maze, rose garden and walled garden – were originally laid out by the Gibson family in about 1840. They have been restored with help from the Heritage Lottery Fund and volunteers.

St Mary the Virgin, Saffron Walden (Church of England) is the largest parish church in Essex. The church dates mainly from the end of the 15th century, when an old smaller church was extensively rebuilt by the master mason John Wastell, who was building King's College Chapel in the nearby city of Cambridge. In 1769 it was damaged by lightning and the repairs, carried out in the 1790s, removed many medieval features. The spire was added in 1832 to replace an older lantern tower. The church is  long and the spire,  high, is the tallest in Essex.

The town's Catholic church, Our Lady of Compassion, is on Castle Street. Created in 1906 from a 16th-century barn, it was restored in 2004–5.

With a long history of non-conformism, Saffron Walden has:
 a Baptist church on the High Street,
 a Quaker Friends Meeting House on the High Street,
 a United Reformed Church on Abbey Lane,
 a Methodist church on Castle Street now occupied as the Community Church by the independent former Gold Street Chapel which was located in Gold Street.

Governance
Saffron Walden falls in to three local government administrative areas, including Uttlesford District Council and Essex County Council.

The town itself is administered by Saffron Walden Town Council which has 18 members. The majority party is Residents for Uttlesford ('R4U'), who are a local political party formed by residents. As of 2023 the mayor is Heather Asker of Residents for Uttlesford.

The town is divided into four parish wards: Audley, named after Audley End House - representing the western area of Saffron Walden including Audley End; Castle - taking its name from Saffron Walden Castle; Shire (formerly Plantation) - representing the southern area of the town; and Little Walden - representing the small village of the same name and a large rural area to the north of the town.

Nationally, the town is part of the much larger Saffron Walden Parliamentary constituency. The MP is Conservative, Kemi Badenoch who is Secretary of State for International Trade.

Notable former MPs include:

Alan Haselhurst from a by-election in 1977 until his retirement at the 2017 general election. Baron Haselhurst was Chairman of Ways and Means and Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons from 1997 to 2010.
Rab Butler from 1929 to 1965, former Deputy Prime Minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer, who became Lord Butler of Saffron Walden and is buried at the parish church.

It has been considered a safe seat for the Conservative Party since 1922.

Demography
According to the Office for National Statistics, at the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001, Saffron Walden had a population of 14,313. The 2001 population density was , with a 100 to 94.5 female-to-male ratio. Of those over 16 years old, 45.0 per cent were married, 27.4 per cent were single (never married), and 8.2 per cent divorced. The parish's 6,013 households included 38.5 per cent married couples living together, 31.5 per cent one-person households, 8.4 per cent co-habiting couples, and 7.9 per cent single parents with children. Of those aged 16–74, 22.3 per cent had no academic qualifications, close to the average for Uttlesford (22.0 per cent) and below that for the whole of England (28.9 per cent).

In the 2001 UK census, 73.0 per cent of Saffron Walden residents declared themselves Christian, 0.6 per cent Muslim, 0.4 per cent Buddhist, 0.2 per cent Jewish, and 0.1 per cent Hindu. The census recorded 17.6 per cent as having no religion, 0.4 per cent with an alternative religion, and 7.8 per cent not stating their religion.

Education

Saffron Walden County High School is a large co-educational academy with over 2000 pupils. Located to the west of the town centre, it was rated outstanding in its most recent Ofsted report in 2012.

The school replaced Saffron Walden Grammar School, which was established in 1521 by the town's Holy Trinity Guild and Dame Joan Bradbury, a local benefactor. Dame Bradbury also founded Dame Bradbury's School on Ashdon Road. There has been a school on this site since 1317 but it was in 1521 that Dame Bradbury made this school available for local people. For the first four years Dame Bradbury paid the salary of the schoolmaster herself, until the school was endowed in 1535.

Friends' School, renamed Walden School, was a co-educational Quaker independent school with roots dating back to 1702. Its final building, in Mount Pleasant Road, opened in 1879. On 11 May 2017 it was announced that Walden School would close at the end of the 2016–17 school year. Its final day was 7 July 2017.

Saffron Walden College, a teachers' training college for women, closed in 1977.

Transport

Railway
The nearest station to Saffron Walden is , which is located  outside the town in the village of Wendens Ambo; regular bus services link it to the town centre.

The station is sited on the West Anglia Main Line between  and . Greater Anglia operates an off-peak service of two trains an hour in each direction, with additional services during peak times; the journey time to London is approximately 55 minutes and approximately 20 minutes to Cambridge. All southbound trains also stop at , where there is a London Underground Victoria line station and onward rail connections to Stratford station in east London.

An hourly CrossCountry service between  and , via  and , also stops at Audley End.

Saffron Walden railway station served the town between 1865 and 1964.

Buses
Regular bus services connect the town with Cambridge, Bishop's Stortford, Haverhill and Stansted Airport. Operators include Stephensons of Essex and Stagecoach East.

Roads
Saffron Walden is accessed from junction 8 of the M11 when travelling northboundfrom London (a distance of about ) and from junction 10 when travelling south from Cambridge ().

During the coronavirus pandemic, Essex Highways narrowed some roads in the town centre to make social distancing easier for pedestrians and they reduced some speed limits to  as part of their Safer, Greener, Healthier scheme.

Air
Stansted Airport is located  from the town, while Luton Airport is  away.

Audley End Airfield, a private grass runway, is located about  outside of the town.

Culture

Audley End House, once one of the largest mansions in England, is now in the care of English Heritage and is open to the public. During the summer months, picnic concerts and a last night in the style of the BBC Proms have been held in the grounds. Audley End Miniature Railway – originally built by Lord Braybrooke – is a  gauge railway ride through woodland adjoining Audley End House. The track is  long and opened in 1964.

Saffron Walden Museum, which was established in 1835 by Saffron Walden Natural History Society, is close to the town's castle. The museum had many benefactors from local families, including the Gibsons, Frys and Tukes. The first professional curator, Guy Nathan Mayard, was appointed in 1889 and his son, also Guy Maynard, succeeded him as curator before moving on to Ipswich Museum. It is still owned by the founding society – now Saffron Walden Museum Society – and is managed by Uttlesford District Council. The museum contains the stuffed remains of a lion named Wallace (1812 – 1838), said to have inspired Marriott Edgar's comic poem "The Lion and Albert".

The Fry Art Gallery exhibits the work of artists who had an association with Saffron Walden and north west Essex, focusing on Great Bardfield Artists. The collection includes extensive artworks and supporting material by Edward Bawden, who lived in the town during the 1970s and 1980s, and Eric Ravilious.

Saffron Hall, which is attached to Saffron Walden County High School, opened in 2013. The 730-seater venue came about as a result of a £10 million donation by an anonymous music loving donor. In 2014, former head of music at the Barbican Centre Angela Dixon became its director.

Saffron Walden Market is a thriving market, with numerous local sellers trading goods, is held every Tuesday and Saturday (and Thursdays in the run up to Christmas); it is attended by local residents like Jamie Oliver.

Sport and leisure
The Anglo American playing fields, located close to Bridge End Gardens on Catons Lane, are home to the town's cricket club and were donated to Saffron Walden by the US forces after the war. Prior to that, Saffron Walden Cricket Club played on the town's common, with a history of cricket matches recorded back to 1757. A monument at the site commemorates the American airmen and people of Saffron Walden who died in the Second World War.

 Saffron Walden has a non-league football club, Saffron Walden Town F.C., which also plays at Catons Lane.
 There is also a rugby club playing in the London Leagues Saffron Walden rfc and
 A long-distance running and triathlon team.

Lord Butler Leisure Centre is located on Peaslands Road and includes a pool, gym and sports injury clinic.

The Tour de France passed through Saffron Walden in 2014.

Saffron Walden has a well-established hockey club, with its main pitch and clubhouse in Newport and a second pitch at Saffron Walden County High School. The club has eight men's teams, seven women's teams and a large junior section. The women play in Division 2 and the men play in Prem B.

The town's skate park is an American-built facility. It opened in 2007.

Music
Saffron Walden is the name of a tune often associated with the hymn "Just as I Am". It was written by Arthur Henry Brown (1830–1926) from Essex. He wrote many hymn tunes, which he often named after his favourite places.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC East and ITV Anglia. Television signals are received from the Sandy Heath TV transmitter.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Cambridgeshire, Heart East, Greatest Hits Radio East, Star Radio and Radio Forest which broadcast to patients at the Saffron Walden Community Hospital
in the town.

The Saffron Walden Reporter and Walden Local are the town's local newspapers.

Notable residents

In alphabetical order:
Edward Bawden (1903–1989), artist, was resident from 1970 at 2 Park Lane Studio.
Stig Blomqvist (born 1946) and his son Tom Blomqvist (born 1993), racing drivers, live in the town.
Elizabeth Butchill (c. 1758–1780), hanged for infanticide, was a native of the town.
Rab Butler (1902–1982), cabinet minister, was MP for Saffron Walden in 1929–65, before being created Baron Butler of Saffron Walden.
Jack Cardiff (1914–2009), Oscar-winning cinematographer, lived at 7a High Street.
Thomas Cornell (c. 1595–1655), was a Quaker who emigrated to British North America and founded the Cornell family there.
Charles Dunstone (born 1964), co-founder and chairman of Carphone Warehouse and chairman of TalkTalk Group, was born in the town.
James Gapes (1822–1899), born in the town, became mayor of Christchurch, New Zealand.
George Stacey Gibson (1813–1893), botanist, banker and philanthropist, lived at Hill House, High Street.
Gabriel Harvey (c. 1552/3–1631), scholar and writer, lived at 13–17 Gold Street.
Imogen Heap (born 1977), singer and songwriter, was a boarder at the Friends' School.
Jeff Hordley (born 1970), actor, played Cain Dingle in Emmerdale.
Gordon Jacob (1895–1984), composer, was resident in 1959–1984 at 1 Audley Road and president of Saffron Walden and District Music Club.
Ian Lavender (born 1946), actor, best known as Pike in Dad's Army, lived in the town until 2001.
Stephen McGann (born 1963), actor, resided in the town. However now lives in Cambridge.
Jojo Moyes (born 1969), romantic fiction author, lives nearby in Great Sampford.
Clare Mulley (born 1969), biographer, lives in the town.
Sarah Ockwell-Smith (born 1976), child-care author, lives in the town.
Cliff Parisi (born 1960), former EastEnders actor, lives in the town.
Tom Robinson (born 1950), singer-songwriter, attended the Friends' School in 1961–67.
Sir Thomas Smith (1513–1577), scholar and diplomat, was born in the town.
Stan Stammers (born 1961), songwriter and musician, formerly of UK Subs, grew up in the town.
William Strachey (1572–1621), historian, was born in the town.
Heidi Thomas (born 1962), TV and film screenwriter, lived in the town. Currently lives in Cambridge.
Stuart Wardley (born 1975), professional footballer, played for and managed Saffron Walden Town, and remains active in the local community.
Raymond Williams (1921–1988), cultural critic, divided his time between Saffron Walden and Wales in later life.
Henry Winstanley (1644–1703), creator of the first Eddystone Lighthouse, was born in nearby Littlebury and lived at 5 Museum Street.
Diana Wynne Jones (1934–2011), author, attended the Friends School from 1946 to 1952.
Joseph Warren Zambra (1822-1897), pioneering photographer, optician and scientific instrument maker. Co-founder of Negretti and Zambra.

Twin towns
Saffron Walden is twinned with:
 Bad Wildungen in Germany

See also
 The Hundred Parishes
 Have with You to Saffron-Walden

References

Further reading
Greenway, Diana, and Leslie Watkiss, tr. and eds. 1999. The Book of the Foundation of Walden Monastery (Oxford)

External links

Saffron Walden Town Council

Uttlesford
Market towns in Essex
Towns in Essex
English Civil War
Hymn tunes

Saffron Walden


Matthew Thomas Cain (born October 1, 1984) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played his entire Major League Baseball (MLB) career for the San Francisco Giants from 2005 to 2017. A two-time World Series champion and a three-time All-Star, he is widely regarded as a central figure of the Giants' success in the 2010s for his pitching and leadership.

The Giants drafted Cain out of high school in 2002, and he made his MLB debut at age 20 in , becoming the youngest player in the National League (NL) that year. In 2009, Cain was named to his first career All-Star Game and won the Willie Mac Award. During the 2010 MLB postseason, he did not allow an earned run in any of the three playoff games he pitched in as the Giants won their first World Series since 1954. In 2012, Cain signed a contract extension that, at the time, gave him the most lucrative contract ever received by a right-handed pitcher in major league history. Cain threw the 22nd perfect game in big league history on June 13, 2012. He had a 16–5 record during the 2012 regular season, finishing sixth in NL Cy Young Award voting. During the Giants' playoff run that led to their victory in the 2012 World Series, the team won every series-clinching playoff game that Cain started. Cain ended his pitching career in 2017.

Early life
Cain was born to Tom and Dolores Cain in Dothan, Alabama. He lived in Vincent, Alabama, for a year when his mother taught at a school nearby. Cain also spent part of his childhood in Germantown, Tennessee, where he attended Houston High School. He took lessons on how to pitch from Mauro Gozzo, who lived near the Cains in Tennessee. As a senior at Houston High School, Cain struck out 83 batters in 62 innings pitched while recording a 1.03 earned run average (ERA). Cain signed a letter of intent to play college baseball for the Memphis Tigers.

Professional career

Draft and minor leagues
Cain was selected by the San Francisco Giants in the first round (25th overall) in the 2002 Major League Baseball (MLB) Draft. He began his professional career in 2002 with the rookie Arizona League Giants. In eight games (seven starts), he had an 0–1 record, a 3.72 ERA, 20 strikeouts, and 11 walks in  innings pitched. He spent 2003 with the Hagerstown Suns of the Single-A South Atlantic League. In 14 starts for the Suns, he had a 4–4 record, a 2.55 ERA, 90 strikeouts, and 24 walks in 74 innings pitched.

Prior to 2004, Cain was ranked the number two prospect in the Giants' organization (behind Merkin Valdez) by Baseball America. Cain spent 2004 with two teams. He began the season with the San Jose Giants of the Single-A advanced California League. In 13 starts, he had a 7–1 record, a 1.86 ERA, 89 strikeouts, and 17 walks in  innings pitched. In June, he was promoted to the Norwich Navigators of the Double-A Eastern League. In 15 starts, he had a 6–4 record, a 3.35 ERA, 72 strikeouts, and 40 walks in 86 innings pitched. Cain led Giants' minor league prospects in wins, strikeouts, and ERA; he was named the Giants' Organizational Player of the Year.

Baseball America ranked Cain as the 13th-best prospect in baseball in 2005, as well as the Giants' top prospect. Cain attended spring training in 2005, but he began the season with the Fresno Grizzlies of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League (PCL). In 26 starts, Cain had a 10–5 record and  innings pitched. He finished fifth (tied with R. A. Dickey and Adam Wainwright) in the PCL in wins and fourth with a 4.39 ERA (behind Kevin Jarvis's 3.38, Chris Oxspring's 4.03, and Édgar González's 4.37). He led the league with 176 strikeouts.

San Francisco Giants (2005–2017)

2005

Cain was called up to the Giants on August 26, 2005, to join their rotation. He made his major league debut on August 29, at the age of 20 against the Colorado Rockies; he gave up only three hits and two runs in five innings but still ended up losing the game. He earned his first major league win on September 4 allowing one run in seven innings against the Arizona Diamondbacks. He notched his first complete game, a two-hitter, against the Chicago Cubs on September 9. Cain finished his first season with seven starts over  innings in which he posted a 2–1 record, 30 strikeouts, a 2.33 ERA, a 0.928 walks plus hits per inning pitched (WHIP), and a minuscule .151 opponent batting average.

When he was called up, Cain was the second youngest player in the major leagues (Félix Hernández of the Seattle Mariners was the youngest).

2006
Cain's 2005 performance was impressive enough that manager Felipe Alou named him to the team's 2006 starting rotation before spring training began. Cain began the season as the team's fourth starter. Entering the season, he was again ranked as the Giants' top prospect by Baseball America, which also named him the 10th-best prospect in baseball.

In 2006, Cain struggled with consistency, but showed signs of dominance in several starts, flirting with a no-hitter on more than one occasion. On April 24, Cain did not allow a base runner until the sixth inning in a win over the New York Mets. On May 21, Cain pitched his first complete game shutout, a one-hitter against the Oakland Athletics. On June 19, Cain pitched  innings of no-hit ball against the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim before finally surrendering a single to Chone Figgins.

Late in the season, Cain increased his chances for Rookie of the Year consideration with a run of remarkable pitching. From August 17 to September 14 Cain recorded a 5–0 record with an ERA of 0.21.  During this streak, he allowed just one earned run in 42 innings—and did not allow an earned run in  innings. He led all National League (NL) rookie pitchers with 13 wins, 179 strikeouts, and  innings pitched in 2006. His 2006 record was 13–12, with a 4.15 ERA. Cain finished in a fifth-place tie with Andre Ethier in the NL Rookie of the Year voting.

2007
Cain began 2007 as the Giants' number two starter. In April, he had a 1.54 ERA with 12 hits in 35 innings pitched. On April 22, he pitched a complete game allowing one run (in the ninth) and three hits in a 2–1 victory over Arizona. It was the third complete game of his young career. Cain's record through August 3 was 3–12.  He had limited opponents to a batting average of .238 against him during that stretch. The Giants scored two or fewer runs in 20 of Cain's first 30 starts. Additionally, the bullpen blew four leads behind him.

Cain went 4–1 over his next five starts. This stretch was bolstered in part by a power surge at the plate by Cain himself. He hit his first and second career home runs in these starts, off Tim Redding of the Washington Nationals and Cubs' ace Carlos Zambrano. In September, he had an 0–3 record.

Cain finished the season with the 10th-lowest ERA in the NL at 3.65. He had a 7–16 record; his 16 losses were second in the league (Kip Wells had 17). The Giants went 9–23 in his starts; the bullpen lost leads in five of his starts and the team scored 2 runs or fewer in 21 of his starts. He had 163 strikeouts and 79 walks in 200 innings pitched; he led the league with 12 wild pitches.

2008

On April 12, 2008, Cain took a no-hitter into the seventh inning against the St. Louis Cardinals before allowing a leadoff double to Albert Pujols; he allowed two runs in  innings and hit a home run against Todd Wellemeyer but received a no-decision as the Giants lost 8–7 in 10 innings. He allowed two runs in eight innings and hit a home run against Brandon Backe on May 13, earning the win as the Giants defeated the Houston Astros 4–2. He struck out a season-high 11 batters on June 15 while giving up three runs in seven innings, but he took the loss as the Athletics beat the Giants 4–0. He threw eight shutout innings on July 1, striking out 10 and earning the win in a 2–1 victory over the Cubs. On July 24, despite battling the flu, Cain threw a shutout, helping the Giants beat the Nationals 1–0. Cain went 8–14 with a 3.76 ERA. He had 186 strikeouts (tied with Ricky Nolasco for eighth in the league) and  innings (fifth in the league). His 14 losses were tied for fourth in the league with Johnny Cueto, Backe, Braden Looper, and Zach Duke (behind teammate Barry Zito's and Aaron Harang's 17 and John Lannan's 15); he was one of eight NL pitchers to make 34 starts. Cain's season record was deceiving, as he received the lowest run support in the NL.

2009
Cain was the Giants' number three starter in 2009. He threw six shutout innings and had an RBI single against Mike Pelfrey on May 17 in a 2–0 victory over the Mets. In his next start on May 23, he threw a complete game, allowing just one run as San Francisco defeated the Seattle Mariners 5–1. On June 4, in the second game of a doubleheader, he threw a five-inning complete game, allowing one run in a 4–1 victory over the Nationals. He allowed one run in a complete game against Oakland on June 14, striking out nine as the Giants won 7–1. From May 7 through June 14, Cain won seven straight decisions. On July 5, Cain was announced as an All-Star for the first time in his young career. On Cain's final start before the All-Star Game, he was hit by a line drive right below his elbow and was forced to miss pitching for the NL All-Star Team, although he did still attend and was announced as an All-Star. Duke replaced Cain on the NL All-Star team. Cain threw a complete game on August 3 against Houston; however, he suffered the loss for the first time in his career when throwing a complete game, allowing four runs in a 4–3 defeat. On September 25, Cain was awarded the Willie Mac Award.

Cain finished the 2009 season with a 14–8 record in 33 starts. He had a 2.89 ERA (seventh in the NL), 171 strikeouts, 73 walks, and  innings pitched (seventh). He was tied for first in complete games thrown (four) with teammate Tim Lincecum. He finished ninth in the league with a .636 winning percentage. He finished the season with a career-high in wins and winning percentage.

2010
In 2010, Cain was part of a rotation that included 2008 and 2009 NL Cy Young Award winner Lincecum, 2002 American League Cy Young Award winner Barry Zito, Jonathan Sánchez, and Todd Wellemeyer (who was replaced midseason by Madison Bumgarner). On May 22, Cain threw a complete game and allowed just one run but was charged with the loss as Oakland defeated the Giants 1–0. In his next start, on May 28, Cain shut out the Diamondbacks, allowing one hit (a double by Mark Reynolds) as the Giants won 5–0. In the month of May, Cain pitched into the sixth inning or later in all six of his starts while giving up nine earned runs on 23 hits with 35 strikeouts and 18 walks in  innings pitched with an overall record of 3–3 and a 1.81 earned run average. On August 1, for the first time in his career, Cain defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers by throwing  scoreless innings in a 2–0 victory. He took a no-hitter into the eighth inning on September 26 against Colorado before finally allowing a one-out single to Jay Payton; Cain wound up allowing two runs while throwing a complete game in a 4–2 victory over the Rockies.

For the season Cain was 13–11 with a 3.14 ERA, 177 strikeouts, and 61 walks. He finished sixth in the league with a 1.08 WHIP and  innings pitched. He tied for third with four complete games (tied with Ubaldo Jiménez and Johan Santana behind Roy Halladay's nine and Wainwright's five), including two shutouts (which made him one of seven players in the NL to throw two or more shutouts). He tied for 12th in NL Cy Young Award voting with Bronson Arroyo.

Cain reached the playoffs for the first time in his career as the Giants won the NL West to reach the playoffs for the first time since 2003. In Game 2 of the NL Division Series against the Atlanta Braves on October 8, Cain allowed one unearned run in  innings but received a no-decision as the Giants lost 5–4 in 11 innings. In Game 3 of the NL Championship Series against the Philadelphia Phillies on October 19, he threw seven shutout innings and earned the win in a 3–0 victory over the Phillies. The Giants defeated the Phillies in six games. On October 28, Cain capped an impressive post-season performance as he pitched  scoreless innings in Game 2 of the World Series against the Texas Rangers (a 9–0 Giants' victory) to become the fifth pitcher to pitch at least 20 innings in the postseason without allowing an earned run. His total post-season stats of a 2–0 record, with a 0.00 ERA through 21 innings pitched helped the Giants win their first championship in San Francisco.

2011
Cain threw a complete game against the Nationals on June 8, 2011, striking out 11, allowing one run, and hitting an RBI double against Yunesky Maya in a 3–1 Giants victory. On June 25, he threw seven shutout innings (retiring 14 hitters in a row at one point) and earned the win in a 1–0 victory over the Cleveland Indians. On June 30 at Wrigley Field, Cain struck out the Chicago Cubs' Koyie Hill for his one-thousandth career strikeout, becoming the fifth San Francisco Giants pitcher to reach the milestone. Also, he again threw seven shutout innings but received a no-decision this time in the Giants' 13-inning, 5–2 loss to the Cubs. He was an All-Star for the second time in his career in 2011; however, he did not appear in the All-Star Game because he started the final regular season game prior to the All-Star contest. He had a 2.64 ERA in 14 starts after the All-Star break but earned just four wins in that stretch. On July 27, Cain allowed an unearned run in seven innings, earning the win in a 2–1 victory over the Phillies. Cain had one strikeout and one walk in the game, ending his Giants' record (since 1900) of 39 consecutive starts with more strikeouts than walks. On September 18, Cain allowed five runs (three earned) in five innings and hit his fifth career home run against Esmil Rogers, earning the win as the Giants defeated Colorado 12–5. In 33 starts, Cain had a 12–11 record, 179 strikeouts, and 63 walks. His 2.88 ERA was eighth in the league, and his  innings pitched were seventh in the league. He finished eighth in Cy Young Award voting.

2012
On April 2, 2012, Cain agreed to a five-year contract extension worth a guaranteed $112.5 million through 2017 with an option for 2018. Coupled with $15 million he was already scheduled to be paid, the extension made his total contract worth $127.5 million; at the time, this was the largest contract ever received by a right-handed pitcher. Cain earned a $5 million signing bonus, and earned $20 million each season from 2013 to 2017. His $21 million option for 2018 would vest automatically if he was not on the disabled list to an elbow or shoulder injury in 2017 and if he reached 400 innings in 2016 and 2017 combined. If the option failed to vest, the Giants could either pick up the $21 million option or pay a $7.5 million buyout. Cain was scheduled to become a free agent after the 2012 season.

On April 13, pitching the Giants' home opener, Cain threw a complete game shut out, striking out 11. Facing 28 batters in 9 innings, one over the minimum, he allowed a single baserunner on a hit to James McDonald, the pitcher for the Pittsburgh Pirates. It was the third one-hitter of Cain's career. In his next start, on April 18, Cain threw another 9 shutout innings using only 91 pitches, dueling Cliff Lee of the Phillies who threw 102 pitches over 10 scoreless innings. The first 9 innings took only 1 hour and 49 minutes. The Giants went on to win in the 11th inning. Following a dominant first half, Cain was selected to the All-Star Game and was chosen by manager Tony La Russa to be the NL's starting pitcher. On July 10 at Kauffman Stadium, Cain allowed a leadoff single to Derek Jeter before retiring the six remaining hitters he faced; he was the winning pitcher in an 8–0 decision. On July 21, Cain hit his sixth career home run, off of Phillies' pitcher Cole Hamels in the third inning of a 10-inning, 6–5 Giants' victory. Later in that inning Hamels hit his first career home run off of Cain, making this the first time since 2002 when two pitchers have homered off of each other in the same game (Kevin Millwood and Denny Stark were the last to do it).

Cain had a 16–5 record in 2012. He tied with six other players for sixth in the NL in wins, finished fourth with a 2.79 ERA (behind Clayton Kershaw's 2.53, Dickey's 2.73, and Cueto's 2.78), and finished third with  innings pitched (behind Dickey's  and Kershaw's ). He finished eighth with 193 strikeouts, joining teammates Bumgarner and Lincecum among the top 10 in the NL in that category. He was one of seven NL players to throw two or more shutouts. Cain finished sixth in NL Cy Young Award voting.

Cain reached the playoffs for the second time in his career as the Giants won the NL West after missing the playoffs in 2011. In Game 1 of the NL Division Series against the Cincinnati Reds on October 6, he allowed three runs in five innings and took the loss as the Reds defeated the Giants 5–2. In Game 5 on October 11, he began the game with four scoreless innings; Cain would allow three runs over  innings as the Giants won 6–4 to advance to the next round of the playoffs. In Game 3 of the NLCS against the Cardinals on October 17, Cain allowed three runs in  innings and was charged with the loss as the Giants lost 3–1. On October 29, in Game 7, Cain threw  shutout innings and earned the win as the Giants won 9–0, marking the second time in the playoffs that Cain had won a series-clinching game. In Game 4 of the 2012 World Series against the Tigers on October 28, Cain allowed three runs in seven innings, earning a no-decision as the Giants won 4–3 in 10 innings to win the World Series for the second time in three years.

Perfect game

On June 13, 2012, in a 10–0 victory, Cain threw the 22nd perfect game in MLB history, against the Houston Astros, striking-out a career-high 14 batters (tying Sandy Koufax for the most strikeouts in a perfect game). It was the first perfect game for the Giants franchise (first in San Francisco), the ninth in NL history, the fifth no-hitter thrown by MLB pitchers in 2012, and the second perfect game of the season after Chicago White Sox pitcher Philip Humber threw one on April 21. Cain threw 125 pitches, the most by a pitcher in a perfect game, and received the second-most run support ever for a pitcher throwing a perfect game. Cain also singled against Rhiner Cruz and scored in the fifth inning. San Francisco Mayor Ed Lee, in recognition of the perfect game, presented Cain with the key to the city and made a proclamation that June 13 every year will be known as "Matt Cain Day". In addition, Cain set a franchise record for a single-game score at 101 and is currently the first and only Giants pitcher to break the 100 barrier.

2013
Cain started on Opening Day for the Giants in 2013. He pitched six shutout innings before being removed due to a high pitch count; however, Kershaw threw a shutout, and the Dodgers beat the Giants 4–0. On April 7, Cain threw two no-hit innings before giving up nine runs in the third inning and getting removed from the game, becoming the first Giants to allow nine runs in an inning since Ernie Shore in 1912. The Cardinals beat the Giants 14–3. On August 23 against the Pirates, Cain was hit by Gaby Sánchez's line drive in the pitching arm, and was placed on the 15-day disabled list for the first time in his career. Cain would finish the season with a record of 8–10 in 30 starts. For the first time since 2006, Cain's ERA sat in the 4's, finishing with an exact 4.00 ERA.

2014
On July 4 at Petco Park, Cain struck out the San Diego Padres' Tommy Medica for his 1,500th career strikeout, becoming the eighth pitcher in franchise history and the fourth pitcher in the San Francisco Era after Juan Marichal, Gaylord Perry, and Tim Lincecum to reach the milestone.

Cain struggled for the remainder of the season before being sidelined due to elbow difficulties in July, pitching his last game of the season on July 9, 2014.  He ended the season with a 2–7 record and a 4.18 ERA.  Before undergoing surgery on his right elbow to remove bone chips on August 11, Cain revealed that he had pitched through bone chips for ten years, but that they had never been an issue until then. In late September, Cain underwent surgery on his right ankle to remove a bone spur. The Giants acquired Jake Peavy a few days before the trade deadline to fill in as a starting pitcher and went on to win the 2014 World Series.

2015
After recovering from elbow surgery, Cain gained more range of motion in his pitching arm, saying, "I feel like I'm 18 again."  Before he could make his first regular-season start, Cain was placed on the disabled list with a flexor tendon strain in his right forearm.

In only 13 appearances (11 starts) in 2015, Cain went 2–4 and posted a career-worst 5.79 ERA. He also posted his lowest K/9 of his career while allowing more hits than innings pitched.

2016
After starting the season 1–5, Cain was placed on the disabled list on May 28 with a hamstring injury. After missing almost two months due to a hamstring injury, the Giants activated Cain off the disabled list on July 20.

On July 31 at AT&T Park, in a 3–1 win over the Washington Nationals, Cain won his one-hundredth career game by tossing five no-hit innings on ninety-three pitches, making him the sixth pitcher in the San Francisco Era and the twenty-third pitcher in Giants franchise history to win at least one hundred games. Cain is the second Giant on the  season to earn his one-hundredth career victory after teammate Johnny Cueto won his on April 26. Since , Cain was one of three starting pitchers in the starting rotation, along with Tim Lincecum and Madison Bumgarner, to win over one hundred games and strikeout over 1,500 batters. In that span, the San Francisco Giants are the only Major League team to accomplish both feats, according to NBC Sports Bay Area. The Giants franchise are the only Major League team to have nine pitchers reach 1,500 strikeouts. For the second straight season, Cain's ERA hovered in the high 5 range, finishing with a 5.64 ERA while starting 17 games for the Giants. Cain was left off the Giants 2016 postseason roster.

2017
On May 15 at AT&T Park, in an 8–4 win over the Los Angeles Dodgers, Cain surpassed two thousand career innings pitched. Cain becomes the twelfth pitcher in franchise history and joins Hall of Famers Juan Marichal and Gaylord Perry as the only three pitchers in the San Francisco Era to reach the milestone.  On July 24 at AT&T Park against the Pittsburgh Pirates, Cain struck out his 1,678th career batter, surpassing Carl Hubbell for fifth place in franchise history.  He made several appearances in relief during the second half of the 2017 season and recorded his first career hold in August against the Milwaukee Brewers.

Cain faced elbow and hamstring troubles in the latter years of his career. On September 27, Cain announced that he would retire at the end of the season, making him just the fourth player in the San Francisco Era to spend his entire career with the Giants (minimum of 10 seasons), joining Jim Davenport (–), Scott Garrelts (–), and Robby Thompson (–).  On September 30, 2017, Cain pitched five shutout innings in his last career game. Cain finished his Giants career second all-time among Giants pitchers in the San Francisco era with 331 starts (behind Juan Marichal), third in innings pitched with 2,085 (behind Marichal and Gaylord Perry), and third in strikeouts with 1,694 (behind Marichal and Tim Lincecum).

Pitching style
Cain featured a mix of mostly four pitches: a four-seam fastball (90–93 mph), a slider (84–87), a curveball (76–79), and a changeup (83–86). Increasingly, he also threw a two-seam fastball at 89–91 mph. Cain led with his four-seamer, throwing it over half the time in his career. His changeup was his secondary pitch to left-handed hitters, while he threw cutters as a secondary pitch to right-handed hitters. Cain threw curveballs in roughly equal proportions to righties and lefties. Early in his career Cain was a power pitcher whose fastball ranged from 94 to 98 mph. Due to arm injuries and age he had to adapt his pitching style to be more of a control pitcher.

Personal life
Cain met his wife Chelsea Williams during spring training while she was a student at Arizona State University majoring in sociology. At the time, Chelsea was waitressing at a local steakhouse. The two married in fall 2009 and have two daughters. They have homes in Arizona, Tennessee, and Orinda, California. As a hobby, Cain enjoys hunting. In addition, he supports Project Open Hand, and has expressed his support for same-sex marriage by appearing in the "No H8" photo campaign opposing California's Proposition 8.

See also

 List of Major League Baseball no-hitters
 List of Major League Baseball perfect games
 List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise
 List of San Francisco Giants no-hitters
 List of San Francisco Giants team records
 List of World Series starting pitchers

References
Footnotes

Bibliography

External links

1984 births
Living people
Baseball players from Alabama
Sportspeople from Dothan, Alabama
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball pitchers who have pitched a perfect game
San Francisco Giants players
Arizona League Giants players
San Jose Giants players
Fresno Grizzlies players
Norwich Navigators players
Hagerstown Suns players
National League All-Stars
People from Germantown, Tennessee
Sportspeople from the Memphis metropolitan area
People from Orinda, California
Baseball players from Contra Costa County, California

Matt Cain


Robert William Lytle (November 12, 1954 – November 20, 2010) was an American football player.

Lytle played college football at the University of Michigan from 1973 to 1976. A running back, he broke Michigan's career record with 3,317 rushing yards and was selected as a consensus first-team All-American in 1976. He was posthumously inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2015.

Lytle played professionally for the Denver Broncos of National Football League (NFL) from 1977 to 1983. In seven seasons, Lytle compiled 1,451 rushing yards and 562 receiving yards.

Early years
Born and raised in Fremont, Ohio, where his family had operated a clothing store for several generations, Lytle graduated from its Ross High School in 1973.

University of Michigan
Lytle enrolled at the University of Michigan in 1973 and played college football as a tailback and fullback for Bo Schembechler's Michigan Wolverines football teams from 1973 to 1976.

As a sophomore in 1974, Lytle was the Wolverines' second leading rusher with 802 yards on 140 carries for an average of 5.7 yards per carry. In 1975, he started at fullback in all 12 games, and was the again the team's second leading rusher with 1,030 yards on 193 carries (average: 5.3 yards).

In his senior season in 1976, Lytle started nine games at fullback and three at tailback for the Big Ten championship team which finished the season at 10–2 and ranked third in the final AP Poll. He led the team with 1,469 rushing yards on 221 carries and 14 rushing touchdowns. A consensus first-team All-American, Lytle was third in the Heisman Trophy balloting, behind winner  and

During three years as a regular player at Michigan, Lytle set the school's career record with 3,307 rushing yards.  It was broken five years later by Butch Woolfolk, and he now ranks eighth in rushing yards.  Lytle was involved in two games in which Michigan had three rushers accumulate 100 yards, and he was posthumously inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2015.

Professional football
Lytle was selected by the Denver Broncos in the second round (45th overall pick) of the 1977 NFL Draft. At the end of his rookie season, he scored Denver's sole touchdown in Super Bowl XII. Lytle holds the distinction of being the first to score a touchdown in both a Rose Bowl and a Super Bowl.

He spent seven seasons in the NFL with the Broncos and rushed for 1,451 yards, caught 61 passes for 562 yards, returned six kickoffs for 99 yards, and scored 14 touchdowns (12 rushing and two receiving).

Writing as an adult, his son Kelly tells how Michigan Coach Schembechler called him the "toughest player" he had ever coached. And yet, in the pros "What fans never saw, though, was how Dad was an invalid during the week and transformed into a warrior on Sundays by fixing a cocktail of cortisone, painkillers, adrenaline, and his obsession to play football."

Later years
Lytle had a heart attack and died at Fremont Memorial Hospital in Fremont, Ohio on November 20, 2010.
An autopsy of his brain revealed "moderate to severe" symptoms of the neurodegenerative disease Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). He is one of at least 345 NFL players to be diagnosed after death with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), which is caused by repeated hits to the head.

Footage of Lytle with the Denver Broncos was used in the 1988 film Everybody's All-American.

References

External links

 Sports Reference - college football - Rob Lytle

 Legacy.com - obituary for Rob Lytle

1954 births
2010 deaths
All-American college football players
American football running backs
Players of American football with chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Denver Broncos players
Michigan Wolverines football players
People from Fremont, Ohio
Players of American football from Ohio
College Football Hall of Fame inductees

Rob Lytle


Pietro Ghislandi (born 19 April 1957 in Bergamo) is an Italian actor.

History
He was introduced to the public as a ventriloquist and was a finalist in the 1986/87 edition of the RaiUno program Fantastico 7 with his dummy Sergio. In 1985 he worked as a stand-in for Renato Pozzetto in the movie È arrivato mio fratello. Immediately after, he had a small part in Grandi magazzini and performed in many commercials. In 1987 in Soldati – 365 all'alba, he played a gay recruit. Thanks to his expressive skills and to his surreal acting, similar to the already mentioned Renato Pozzetto, Ghislandi has been often been asked to play roles as character actor, working both in the cinema and on television, without until recently getting lead roles. He boasts roles in important films like Il muro di gomma of Marco Risi, I mitici – Colpo gobbo a Milano of Carlo Vanzina, Vajont and Porzûs of Renzo Martinelli and, recently, was one of the actors chosen by Leonardo Pieraccioni in his successful movies (Il principe e il pirata, Il paradiso all'improvviso and Ti amo in tutte le lingue del mondo).
Pietro Ghislandi is known to the general public for being the one and only Italian ventriloquist. His comic quality is a bit fanciful and nonstandard for television cabaret comedy. Voice is an important element of his show entitled "The left ventriculus" that is on tour through Italy. His "vocal" experiences include the well-known cartoonist Bruno Bozzetto and the dubbing of the most famous characters of the Italian "Walt Disney". He is also known for his roles in two national commercials. (Acqua Uliveto with Alessandro Del Piero and Caffè Kimbo with Gigi Proietti).

Filmography
Sandwich, directed by Bruno Bozzetto (1984)
È arrivato mio fratello, directed by Castellano e Pipolo (1985)
Spider, directed by Bruno Bozzetto (1985)
Grandi magazzini, directed by Castellano e Pipolo (1986)
Soldati - 365 all'alba, directed by Marco Risi (1987)
Piccole stelle, directed by Nicola Di Francescantonio (1988)
Una fredda mattina di maggio, directed by Vittorio Sindoni (1990)
I segreti professionali del Dott.Apfeldluck, directed by Alessandro Capone (1990)
Il muro di gomma, directed by Marco Risi (1991)
Cattiva, directed by Carlo Lizzani (1991)
Mutande pazze, directed by Roberto D'Agostino (1992)
Anni 90, directed by Enrico Oldoini (1992)
The Heroes, directed by Carlo Vanzina (1994)
Belle al bar, directed by Alessandro Benvenuti (1994)
Palla di neve, directed by Maurizio Nichetti (1995)
Un paradiso di bugie, directed by Stefania Casini (1996)
Luna e l'altra, directed by Maurizio Nichetti (1996)
Porzûs, directed by Renzo Martinelli (1997)
Frigidaire - Il film, directed by Giorgio Fabris (1998)
Figli di Annibale, directed by Davide Ferrario (1998)
Boom, directed by Andrea Zaccariello (1999)
Screw Loose, directed by Ezio Greggio (1999)
Doctor Ghiss, directed by Bruno Bozzetto (1999)
Vajont - La diga del disonore, directed by Renzo Martinelli (2001)
Il principe e il pirata, directed by Leonardo Pieraccioni (2001)
Piazza delle cinque lune, directed by Renzo Martinelli (2003)
Il paradiso all'improvviso, directed by Leonardo Pieraccioni (2003)
In questo mondo di ladri, directed by Carlo Vanzina (2004)
Ti amo in tutte le lingue del mondo, directed by Leonardo Pieraccioni (2005)
I quattro aspiranti, directed by Daniele Lunghini (2005)
Quattro quattro due, il gioco più bello del mondo, directed by Roan Occam Anthony Johnson (2006)
Ombre, directed by Alberto Meroni (2008)
Un'estate ai Caraibi, directed by Carlo Vanzina (2009)
Comete com te, directed by Beppe Manzi (2010)
Leone nel basilico, regia di Leone Pompucci (2012)
La gente che sta bene, regia di Francesco Patierno (2013)

Television
Cartoni Magici, RaiUno, directed by Sergio Tau (1984)
Cartoni Magici, RaiUno, directed by Luigi Martelli (1985)
Fantastico 7, RaiUno, directed by Gino Landi (1986)
Chi tiriamo in ballo, RaiDue, directed by Roberto Poppi (1987)
La trappola, Canale5, directed by Carlo Lizzani (1988)
Colletti bianchi, Canale5, directed by Bruno Cortini (1988)
Conto su di te, RaiDue, directed by Carlo Nistri (1989)
Palmitalia 90, RTSI, directed by Mauro Regazzoni (1990)
La Palmita, RTSI, directed by Sandro Pedrazzetti (1991)
La Tombola, RTSI, directed by Mauro Regazzoni (1991)
Piacere Raiuno, ReteQuattro, directed by Mimma Nocelli (1991)
Quattro salti nel '92, ReteQuattro, directed by Egidio Romio (1992)
Cercando cercando, RaiDue, directed by Rosario Montesanti (1995)
Una volta al mese, Canale5, directed by Gino Landi (1997)
Amici miei, RTSI, directed by Maristella Polli (1998)
Io e la mamma, Canale5, directed by Fosco Gasperi (1998)
Maurizio Costanzo Show, Canale5, directed by Paolo Pietrangeli (1998)
Affare fatto, Canale5, directed by Luisa Alluigi (1998)
Casa Vianello, Canale5, directed by Fosco Gasperi (1998)
Scomparsi, Canale5, directed by Claudio Bonivento (1998)
Nebbia in val Padana, RaiUno, directed by Felice Farina (1999)
Casa Vianello, Canale5, directed by Fosco Gasperi (1999)
Striscia la notizia, Canale5, directed by Roberta Bellini (2000)
Estatissima sprint, Canale5, directed by Roberta Bellini (2000)
Casa Vianello, Canale5, directed by Fosco Gasperi (2001)
Speriamo che sia maschio, Canale5, directed by Giorgio Bardelli (2001)
Don Luca, Canale5, directed by Marco Maccaferri (2002)
Rocco, Canale5, directed by Nicolò Bongiorno (2003)
La stagione dei delitti, RaiDue, directed by Claudio Bonivento (2003)
La fuga degli innocenti, RaiUno, directed by Leone Pompucci (2004)
L'avvocato, RTSI, directed by Alessandro Maccagni (2004)
Il grande Torino, RaiUno, directed by Claudio Bonivento (2004)
Gino Bartali, l'uomo d'acciaio, RaiUno, directed by Alberto Negrin (2005)
Un ciclone in famiglia, Canale5, directed by Carlo Vanzina (2005)
Nati ieri, Canale5, directed by Carmine Elia (2006)
Spam, MTV, directed by Paolo Angelici (2007)
Stasera mi butto, RaiUno, directed by Roberto Cenci (2008)
Ris 5, Canale5, directed by Cristian De Mattheis (2009)
Piloti, RaiDue, directed by Celeste Audisio (2009)
Il sogno del maratoneta, RaiUno, directed by Leone Pompucci (2010)
Io e Margherita, TV Studio1, regia di Silvia Arzuffi (2011)
Il nostro amico Walter, RaiUno, regia di Enzo Monteleone (2011)
Anita, RaiUno, regia di Claudio Bonivento (2011)

Theater
Satie e il gruppo dei Sei, directed by Giacomo De Sanctis (1980)
I Litiganti of Racine, directed by Umberto Verdoni (1981)
Doctor Faust of Marlow, directed by Giancarlo Valenti (1982)
Student of Ryszard Cieslak, the actor of Grotowski (1984)Fantastico in tour, directed by Gino Landi (1987)Sconcerto, directed by Pietro Ghislandi and Roberto Frattini (1997)La voce interna, directed by Asta Gröting (1998)Prova d'orchestra with the great orchestra "Donizetti" and the pianist Lylian Zilberstein(2002)L'ultimo burattino directed by Rino Denti with the orchestra "Astori" (2003)Suonar Canzoni with Gianni Bergamelli and Gianluigi Trovesi (2005)Pierino e il lupo with the Orchestra Sinfonica di Lecco headed by Savino Acquaviva (2006)Tutti quanti voglion fare il jazz with the Latin Jazz Orchestra "Hermano Pedro" directed by Maurizio Carugno (2007)Masterclass con Gino Vannelli with the international singer Gino Vannelli (2007)John Coltrane, A Love Supreme with Gabriele Comeglio and Franco Ambrosetti (2009)Tre piccole suite a forma di Pierrot with Marco Remondini, Stefano Bertoli and Gianluigi Trovesi (2010)Pierino e il lupo with the Orchestra Sinfonica di Parma headed by Luciano Caggiati (2010)Un ventriloquo al circo Ospite del Circo Folloni nella tournée in Lombardia (2012)Scurricula Protagonista della conferenza-spettacolo per l'Università degli Studi di Bergamo nella rassegna "Orientamento, stage & placament" directed by Lorenzo Locatelli (2012)Il gatto con gli stivali Protagonista della favola musicale di Charles Perrault with the "Banda S. Cecilia" di Borno (BS) headed by Tomaso Fenaroli (2012)The jazz singer''  Protagonista del concerto-spettacolo con la Big Band "CDPM" di Bergamo directed by Sergio Orlandi (2013)

1957 births
Living people
Italian male actors
Actors from Bergamo
Ventriloquists

Pietro Ghislandi


Joseph Storer Clouston OBE (23 May 1870, Cumberland, England – 23 June 1944, Orkney, Scotland) was a Scottish author and historian.

Life and work
J. S. Clouston, the son of psychiatrist Sir Thomas Clouston, was from an "old Orkney family", according to his obituary in The Scotsman. The Cloustons descend from Havard Gunnason (fl. 1090), Chief Counsellor to Haakon, Earl of Orkney, and later became landed gentry taking their name from their estate, Clouston.

After being educated at Merchiston Castle School, Edinburgh, and Magdalen College, Oxford, he was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in London in 1895, but never practised as a lawyer.

Soon after embarking on a career as a writer, he published one of his most popular novels, The Lunatic at Large. He was also a historian, author of a great history of Orkney, a founder member and second president of the Orkney Antiquarian Society, and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. His The Spy in Black was made into a successful film in the late 1930s. His First Offence was also filmed in France as Drôle de drame (directed by Marcel Carné, 1937). His final novel was the 1941 thriller Beastmark the Spy.

He died at home at Smoogro House, Orphir, Orkney. After the death of his father's cousin (William Clouston, 23rd of Clouston), Clouston became head of the family. In 1903, he married his fourth cousin, Winifred, daughter of Charles Stewart Clouston, MD. They had two sons, Harald Thomas Stewart (who succeeded his father) and Erlend, and a daughter, Marjorie.

Asked how to say his name, he told The Literary Digest it was cloos'-ton, "with ou as in group." (Charles Earle Funk, What's the Name, Please?, Funk & Wagnalls, 1936.)

Works
His fiction and nonfiction works include:

Vandrad the Viking: or the Feud and the Spell (1898)
The Lunatic at Large (1899)
The Duke (1900)
The Adventures of M. D'Haricot (1902)
Our Lady's Inn (1903)
Garmiscath (1904)
Count Bunker (1906)
A Country Family (1908)
The Prodigal Father (1909)
Tales of King Fido (1909)
The Peer's Progress (1910)
 The Mystery of Number 47 (1912) (also known as His First Offence)
Records of the Earldom of Orkney 1299-1614 (1914)
Two's Two (1916)
The Spy in Black (1917)
The Man from the Clouds (1918)
Simon (1919)
Carrington's Cases (1920)
The Lunatic at Large Again (1922)
The Lunatic Still at Large (1923)
The Two Strange Men (1924)
Tales of King Fido (1924)
The Lunatic in Charge (1926)
Mr. Essington in Love (1927)
The Jade's Progress (1928)
After the Deed (1929)
Colonel Dam (1930)
A History of Orkney (1932)
The Virtuous Vamp (1932)
The Best Story Ever (1932)
Button Brains (1933)
The Chemical Baby (1934)
Real Champagne (1934)
Our Member Mr. Mittlebury (1935)
Scotland Expects (1936)
Scots Wha Ha'e (1936)
Not Since Genesis (1938)
The Man in Steel (1939)
Beastmark the Spy (1941)

References

The Scotsman: Scots Novelist – Death of Mr. J. Storer Clouston – Historian and Playwright (24 June 1944)
J. Storer Clouston

Further reading
Articles by J. Storer Clouston

External links

1870 births
1944 deaths
People from Cumberland
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
People educated at Merchiston Castle School
Scottish dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Scottish historians
Scottish non-fiction writers
Scottish novelists
People from Orkney
Officers of the Order of the British Empire

J. Storer Clouston


Kato polyclay is a brand of oven-hardening polymer clay. The concept of Kato Polyclay was created by the collaboration of Donna Kato, a polymer clay artist, and Van Aken International, a manufacturer of modeling compounds. The material is intended for decorative use such as jewelry, dolls, boxes or vases.

Unlike other brands that are generally baked at 275°F (135°C), Kato polyclay can be cured up to 300°F (150°C) for 30 minutes per 1/4" (5 mm) of thickness. It is available in 18 colors including neon, metallics and translucent.

Most polymer clays require strict adherence to recommended times or else the colors may darken. Kato polyclay may be cured for extended times without color change. However, recommended Kato polyclay curing temperature is ranged from 275°F (135°C) to 325°F (165°C) for 10-30 minutes per 1/4" (5 mm) of thickness. This polymer clay is also known for its strength after curing.

Other products in this line include: Poly Paste, Repel Gel, Liquid Polyclay and COLOR Liquid Polyclay, Kato NuBlade+, and Kato Clay Roller.

Related materials
Other brands of polymer clay include Fimo, ProSculpt, Sculpey, Premo, Cernit, Friendly Clay, Formello and Modello.

External links
Kato Polyclay official site
Van Aken International official site

Sculpture materials
Handicrafts

Kato polyclay


Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum was an Emirati royal, politician and a founder of the United Arab Emirates. Al Maktoum was the first vice president and second prime minister of the United Arab Emirates, and was the ruler of Dubai. He ruled Dubai for 32 years from 1958 until his death in his office in 1990.

Emirati people
1990 deaths

Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum


A sabkha () is a coastal, supratidal mudflat or sandflat in which evaporite-saline minerals accumulate as the result of semiarid to arid climate. Sabkhas are gradational between land and intertidal zone within restricted coastal plains just above normal high-tide level. Within a sabkha, evaporite-saline minerals sediments typically accumulate below the surface of mudflats or sandflats. Evaporite-saline minerals, tidal-flood, and aeolian deposits characterize many sabkhas found along modern coastlines. The accepted type locality for a sabkha is at the southern coast of the Persian Gulf, in the United Arab Emirates. Evidence of clastic sabkhas are found in the geological record of many areas, including the UK and Ireland. Sabkha is a phonetic transliteration of the Arabic word used to describe any form of salt flat. A sabkha is also known as a sabkhah, sebkha, or coastal sabkha.

The term sabkha has also been used as a general term for any flat area, coastal or interior, where, as the result of evaporation, salt and other evaporite minerals precipitate near or at the surface. The term continental sabkha is used for such environments found within deserts. Because of the confusion created by using sabkha for salt flats and playas, it has been proposed that the usage of this term be abandoned for playas and other intracontinental basins and flats.

Origin and development

The Abu Dhabi Sabkha
The origin and progression of coastal sabkha development at the southern shore of the Persian Gulf was first discussed in detail in the seminal paper by Evans et al. 1969. The southern shoreline of the Persian Gulf is a shallow, low-angle carbonate ramp characterised by an evaporitic supratidal system passing offshore, via a broad carbonate–evaporite intertidal environment, into a carbonate-dominated subtidal system.
This is a low-energy setting with a small tidal  range (1–2 m) and low wave energy as a result of the limited fetch. High rates of evaporation result in salinities of 45–46 g l−1 along the open-marine coast of Abu Dhabi and up to 89 g l−1 in more-restricted lagoons. The coast of Abu Dhabi is locally protected from open-marine conditions by a number of peninsulas and offshore shoals and islands associated with the east–west trending Great Pearl Bank.

Groundwater plays a key role in the formation of sabkhas. The phenomenon of groundwater discharging to the surface doesn't always result in visible open water. Instead, the water evaporates upon reaching the surface, leading to the formation of salt deposits. The salt flats of Abu Dhabi are a typical example of this, with the evaporation of water occurring from the capillary fringe - a subsurface layer where groundwater seeps up from a water table - which intersects the surface. This activity has contributed to the creation of an expansive salt flat, covering approximately 36,000 square kilometers.

Much of the chemical content in these flats is attributed to groundwater that seeps to the surface. This seepage results in a concentration of these dissolved substances, which is estimated to be about ten times that found in seawater. The arid conditions of such regions are often characterized by sparse or even completely absent vegetation. This lack of plant cover allows aeolian processes to interact with the phreatic surface to form unique landforms, such as sabkhas.

Due to the minimal vegetation, aeolian activity has the capacity to cause deep erosion into the surface sediments. However, it's unable to displace material below the capillary zone due to the full saturation of this zone preventing its uplift by the wind. As a result, the Earth's surface in such regions tends to mimic the shape and slope of the underlying water table. The resultant surfaces evolve into vast, flat, discharge areas where the process of evaporation leads to the accumulation of salts. Over time, these accumulations form crusts of a salty nature, characterizing the unique landscape of these regions.

Khor lagoon
In the khor-lagoon-sabkha model, an initial rise in sea-level floods coastal areas and creates shallow water features. If the features silt up, or the land rises, or the sea level falls, then the trapped water evaporates, leaving a flat salt pan, or sabkha. If the coastal region has irregular topography, then the flooding creates large independent creeks, or khors. A khor is a shallow, subtidal flat or tidal inlet. The inlet may host grey mangroves, depending on whether less saline water is available from wadis or groundwater. As sediment begins to accumulate, the khors become more shallow and form a lagoon, or intertidal flat. The lagoons continue to fill until the lagoon floor is exposed at low tide, and the sabkha begins to form. A sabkha may be inundated during higher than normal spring tides, after rainstorms, or when driving winds push seawater onshore to a depth of a few centimeters. Mature sabkhas are only flooded after heavy rainstorms and may eventually coalesce to form a sabkha coastal plain. These coastal plains are very flat, with reliefs between 10–50 cm, and their seaward slope can be as little as 1:1,000.

These environments can be found laterally contemporaneous in parallel belts to the coast as well. Coral reefs, barrier islands, and oolite shoals form the barrier with the open shelf. These types of deposits are indicative of higher energy and protect the khor-lagoon environments, allowing for the growth of mangrove swamps and algal and cyano-bacterial mats that prefer the more closed, lower energy environment. Inland of this are the supratidal sabkhas. The sabkhas can be as wide as 15 km when seaward of dune fields supplying large amounts of sediment. Sabkhas seaward of low outcrops of Miocene carbonate-evaporites or alluvial fans off the Oman fold and thrust belt can be as narrow as several hundred meters.

Dune field
If the coast has dune fields, then flooding creates many smaller pools between the crests of the dunes. In some parts of the world, these lakes can also form in inland deserts, filled by rain or a rising water table from underground aquifers.

For example, large parts of the Empty Quarter in Saudi Arabia and the southern UAE consist of patterns of high drifting barchan dunes alternating with continental sabkha filled with salt flats. In some places, the continental sabkha connect to form long accessible corridors into the desert.

The third picture shows the area south of the crescent-shaped Liwa Oasis in the southern UAE. The picture is about 80km wide, with each continental sabkha about 2-3 km long and 1 km wide. You can see white deposits of salt covering the surface of the continental sabkha. The Moreeb Dune, rising 120 m above the continental sabkha, is located roughly in the middle of the picture. The border between Saudi Arabia and the UAE is shown in red.

The floor of a continental sabkha is usually a hard-packed combination of sand, mud and salt. It is easy to walk or drive 4x4 vehicles across the dry, continental sabkha. However, after rains and flash-floods, the continental sabkha fill with shallow layers of water, and cannot be crossed until they dry out to form a new crust. When the ground is partly dried, a salt crust forms over soft mud or hollow cavities, and a vehicle will become stuck after breaking through the crust.

Here are two current examples of dune fields being flooded. The first is not a desert, but a coastal dune field in the Amazon region, flooded by heavy rains. The second is a dry inland desert in the Gobi region, flooded by ground water from nearby mountains.

Climate effects
The climate is one of the main factors in sabkha development. Rainfall in this arid region usually occurs as thunderstorms and averages 4 cm/year. Temperatures can range in excess of 50 °C to as low as 0 °C. Humidity is linked to the wind direction, with humidity as low as 20% in the mornings from off the dry interior and building in the afternoon as a strong, onshore wind prevail. At night, relative humidity of 100% can lead to dense fogs.  Water temperatures vary by depth with shallow water as much as 10 °C warmer. These high temperatures drive high rates of evaporation in the Persian Gulf, as much as 124 cm/year leading salinity to increase in the shallow lagoons to as much as 70 ppt. The net rate of evaporation from the sabkha can be as much as an order of magnitude less and has averaged 6 cm for the last 4,000 to 5,000 years. The reasons for this are that the sabkha surface is not a free-water surface, the high humidity during the night, and vertical stratification of the air column. Despite the loss of water due to evaporation, the groundwater, never deeper than 1.5 m, flows seawards and is recharged by continental waters, rainstorms, and the northwest "shamal" gale-force winds that create waves of greater height than the intertidal height and drive water as much as 5 km inland over the sabkha to a depth of a few centimeters.

The climate variations lead to the very dynamic nature of a sabkha. Halite is deposited on the surface of the sabkha and gypsum and aragonite precipitate in the subsurface via capillary action from brines brought up from the water table. In drier parts of the sabkha the gypsum can be altered to anhydrite and the aragonite can be dolomitized diagenetically. Thermal contraction at night and expansion during the day leads to concave polygonal pans as the edges have been upturned, in part due to growth of evaporites wedging the crack apart. Below this is a gypsum mush where nodules of anhydrite and other sulfates may develop. These might also form a "chicken wire" crystalline structure. Below this are the intertidal deposits typified by laminated, organic-rich muds formed by the microbial mats that grade downward into more bioturbated muds. The subtidal facies show carbonate grainstones and lagoonal muds.

These facies sequences, except for the halite that is frequently re-dissolved when wetted, can easily be preserved. Factors enabling preservation include the progradation of the sabkha with sedimentation rates of 1 m/1000 years and the creation of Stokes surfaces. These surfaces are created by the deflation of the sabkha surface that is related to the level of the groundwater table acting as a local base level.

Hydrocarbon reservoirs
Sabkha deposits are believed to form some of the major subsurface hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Middle East (and elsewhere). The source of these hydrocarbons (both gas and oil) may be the microbial mats and mangrove paleosoils, found in the sabkha sequence, that have total organic carbon up to 8.2% and hydrogen indices typical of marine type II kerogens.

Some ancient analogs include immediate subsurface formations such as the Permian Khuff Formation, Jurassic Arab and Hith anhydrites, and Tertiary sedimentary rocks. Similar deposits are also found in the Ordovician Williston Basin, the Permian Basin in Texas, as well as the Jurassic Gulf of Mexico. Modern sabkhas are present in varying form along the coasts of North Africa,  Baja California, and at Shark Bay in Australia.

Geotechnical engineering
Execution of construction and civil engineering works in sabkhas must overcome a number of geotechnical engineering issues. Sabkha soils are often distinguished by their low strength, as the concentrated salt solutions found in sabkha brines can weaken the soil structure. In addition, the extreme climatic conditions under which sabkha deposits form - such as substantial temperature fluctuations and recurrent cycles of wetting and drying - can induce instability in these soils, and some minerals that act as binding agents, or 'cements', in these soils have a high solubility, which can potentially reduce the overall structural integrity.

Coastal sabkhas are composed predominantly of minerals such as calcite, dolomite, and gypsum. These are accompanied by smaller quantities of anhydrite, magnesite, halite, and carnalite, as well as various other sulfates and chlorides. The groundwater in these areas is characterized by its high salinity, with sodium chloride levels potentially reaching up to 23%. This saline water often resides close to the ground level. Notably, the sodium chloride concentration can be substantial enough to pose a risk of corrosion.

Conversely, the mineral composition within inland sabkhas tends to be more variable when compared to their coastal counterparts. The precipitated minerals within the soil of these inland sabkhas depend significantly on the specific composition of the local groundwater. Thus, the geological and chemical composition of these environments may differ widely based on regional groundwater characteristics.

Techniques used to improve sabkha soils for construction purposes include dynamic compaction.

See also

References

External links
Sebkhat El Melah, Tunisia, from NASA's Earth Observatory

Salt flats
Geological processes
Geography of the United Arab Emirates

Sabkha


A reed receiver or tuned reed receiver (US) was a form of multi-channel signal decoder used for early radio control systems. It uses a simple electromechanical device or  'resonant reed'  to demodulate the signal, in effect a receive-only modem. The encoding used is a simple form of frequency-shift keying.

These decoders appeared in the 1950s and were used into the early 1970s. Early transistor systems were in use in parallel to them, but they were finally displaced by the appearance of affordable digital proportional systems, based on early integrated circuits. These had the advantage of proportional control.

Operation
The decoder of the reed receiver is based on the 'resonant reed' unit. This comprises a number of vibrating metal reeds, each one having a tuned vibration frequency like a tuning fork. These reeds are manufactured from a single tapered sheet of iron or steel, giving a comb of reeds of varying length. This resembles the comb used to sound musical notes in a music box. Like a music box, the length of each reed affects its resonant frequency. The reeds are powered magnetically, by a single solenoid coil and an iron core wrapped between the ends of the reeds.

A reed's resonant frequency is a mid-range audible frequency of perhaps 300 Hz. The solenoid is driven by the output of the radio control receiver, which is an audio tone or tones. If the receiver output contains the appropriate tone for the resonant frequency of a reed, that reed would be made to vibrate. As the reed vibrates, it touches a contact screw above its free end. These contacts form the output of the decoder. Decoder outputs are generally fed to small relays. These allow a high current load to be controlled, such as the model's propulsion motor. Using a relay also adds a damping time constant to the output, so that the intermittent contact with the reed contact (which is vibrating at the transmitter audible tone frequency) becomes a continuous output signal.

Each reed forms an independent channel and they may be activated individually or in combination, depending on the signal from the transmitter.

Reed system channels are an on/off output, not a proportional (i.e. analogue) signal. These could be used to drive an escapement, or rapidly switching a channel on and off could be used as pulse-width modulation to provide a proportional signal to drive a servo.

Number of channels
To avoid potential problems with harmonic frequencies simultaneously activating multiple reeds, the reed frequencies were kept within an octave of each other. The number of distinct frequencies usable within this range depends on the selectivity or Q factor of each reed. Typical radio control reed units used six reeds, sometimes four or eight on simpler or more sophisticated systems.

The sensitivity of each reed is controlled by mechanically adjusting the contact screw above each reed. This adjustment is critical and temperamental, so a system where reed resonance is pronounced and separate from the other reeds is easiest to adjust. If adjacent reeds also vibrate (at a lesser amplitude) for the same tone, the contact adjustment must not be too sensitive, or else it could be false-triggered by an adjacent channel. This problem becomes worse, the more closely the channels are spaced.

Twelve reed systems were known, but were only required for large ship models, typically warships, with many channels for triggering "working features" such as turrets and cannon firing. In practice these were unreliable and so these models used a sequential drum sequencer instead. One channel, probably from a reed, would be used to step the sequencer through each step of a pre-planned demonstration sequence.

Hedy Lamarr
It is sometimes incorrectly claimed that the origin of the resonant reed decoder was in the wartime torpedo-control patent granted to the actress Hedy Lamarr. This patent did precede spread spectrum radio technology, but the frequency-hopping it describes is primarily applied to the radio carrier wave, not the signal coding. A minor aspect of the radio control system described does use a similar frequency-keying mechanism to select left and right rudder, also this is done by separate filters, presumably electronic rather than reed, of 50 & 100 Hz. As these two frequencies are exactly an octave apart, they could also suffer from the harmonic interference problem described above.

Transmitters
A suitable transmitter need only generate a number of audio tones. Most had a single oscillator, that generated different tones as control buttons were pressed one-by-one. As the control actuators on the model were usually escapements at this time, this limitation was relatively minor. To keep the channels fully independent and simultaneously triggerable, would have required a separate oscillator for each channel, not merely a single tunable oscillator. In the valve era before transistors, that would have been unusually expensive. Many period transmitters merely used a number of push-button switches on their case, although some combined these into joystick or wheel controls.

Similar devices

Aircraft navigation
Resonant reeds, used as mechanical filters in a radio tone decoder, appear in the early 1930s as part of radio navigation systems. Multiple courses were signalled by use of radio beam transmitters. Tones of 65 Hz, 86.7 Hz, and 108.3 Hz were modulated onto these beam transmissions, the position of the beam and its audio modulation being space modulated onto the ideal position of the course and the guard beam areas to either side of it. By visually monitoring the vibrating reeds, the pilot could determine their position within the radio beams, and thus over the ground.

Radio paging
Early radio paging systems such as the Bell Telephone BELLBOY system used a shared carrier frequency and audio tone coding to identify the correct recipient of a message. These selectors used a tuning fork resonator rather than a simple single reed. This gives a more selective mechanical filter, allowing more frequencies to be spaced closely together. Even more importantly, the false-triggering harmonic for a tuning fork is more than six times its natural frequency, rather than merely twice its frequency, as for a reed. This means that the useful frequency range is over two octaves, rather than less than one octave. Multiple reeds could also be used together, either to identify separate frequencies to give multiple indications, or logically ANDed together to require more subscriber selections with a 2-code identifier rather than a single code.

Frequency measurement

Vibrating reed indicators have been used for a low-cost display of frequency. This was typically used for a small generator set, where maintaining an output frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz was needed. A comb of reeds centered on this frequency would be mounted edge-on to the control panel and the vibrations of the reed with the greatest amplitude could be seen directly. The reeds used in such an indicator have their ends bent perpendicular to the rest of the reed to give a larger area to view, instead of the small cross-section of the thin metal they are made of.

See also
 Vibration galvanometer

Notes

References

Radio control
Radio control

Reed receiver


Emir  is a name derived from the Arabic title Emir or Amir. In Turkish Emir means command, order, prince, local king. Notable people with the name include:

Given name
 Emir (singer) (born 1980), Turkish pop singer
 Emir Bekrić, Serbian hurdler
 Emir Işılay, Turkish musician
 Emir Kusturica, Serbian filmmaker
 Emir Lokmić, male alpine skier from Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Emir Mkademi, Tunisian football (soccer) player
 Emir Mutapčić (born 1960), Bosnian basketball player and coach
 Emir Preldžič, Turkish basketball player of Bosnian origin
 Emir Spahić, Bosnian football (soccer) player

Honorific title
Arslan family (Lebanon)
Emir Shakib Arslan
Emir Majid Arslan
Emir Faysal Arslan, son of Emir Majid Arslan
Emir Talal Arslan, son of Emir Majid Arslan
Emir Fakhr-al-Din II
Shihab family (Lebanon)
Emir Bashir I
Emir Bashir Shihab II
Emir Bashir III

See also
Amir (name)
Amir (disambiguation)
Emir (disambiguation)
Emirate, a political territory that is ruled by a dynastic Muslim monarch styled emir. It also means principality.

References

Emir (name)


Joyce Taylor-Papadimitriou FMedSci (born 1932) is a British molecular biologist and geneticist. She is Senior Fellow and Visiting Professor at King's College London specialising in the area of cellular, genetic and proteomic studies on patient breast tumour samples, and works within the Breast Cancer Biology Group.  She was the first to identify that the action of interferon type 1 requires the synthesis of effector proteins.

Early life and education
Joyce Taylor-Papadimitriou was born in 1932 in Burnley, Lancashire. She read biochemistry at the University of Cambridge, graduating in 1954. Further study led to a PhD at the University of Toronto, supervised by Louis Siminovitch.

Career
As an early career researcher, Taylor-Papadimitriou worked at the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), London with Alick Isaacs. Here she found that the action of type 1 interferons requires effector protein synthesis. She worked in Greece for eight years following NIMR, returning to England after to set up her own lab at the Imperial Cancer Research Fund (ICRF).

Her work has included identifying and characterising the MUC1 membrane mucin, a breast and ovarian tumour associated antigen which is over expressed and aberrantly glycosylated in these tissues. Immunogens based on the MUC1 mucin are in various clinical trials.

Her most highly cited paper, Sandra J. GendlerS, Carole A. Lancaster, Joyce Taylor-Papadimitriou, Trevor Duhig, Nigel Peat, Joy Burchell, Lucy Pemherton, El-Nasir Lalani, and David Wilson " Molecular Cloning and Expression of Human Tumor-associated Polymorphic Epithelial Mucin*"   Journal of Biological Chemistry 265:15286-93 (1990) has been cited 1039 times. The most cited paper of which she is first author, Joyce Taylor-Papadimitriou1, J. A. Peterson2, J. Arklie1, Joy Burchell1, R. L. Ceriani2 and W. F. Bodmer1 "Monoclonal antibodies to epithelium‐specific components of the human milk fat globule membrane: Production and reaction with cells in culture" International Journal of Cancer Volume 28, Issue 1, pages 17–21, 15 July 1981 has been cited 698 times.

Honours and awards
Taylor-Papadimitriou was elected a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences in 2001.

References

1932 births
20th-century British biologists
20th-century British women scientists
Academics of King's College London
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
British women biologists
British geneticists
Cancer researchers
Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)
Living people
National Institute for Medical Research faculty
People from Burnley
University of Toronto alumni
British women geneticists

Joyce Taylor-Papadimitriou