Frederick John Robinson, 1st Earl of Ripon,  (1 November 1782 – 28 January 1859), styled The Honourable F. J. Robinson until 1827 and known between 1827 and 1833 as The Viscount Goderich (pronounced  ), the name by which he is best known to history, was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1827 to 1828.

A member of the rural landowning aristocracy, Robinson entered politics through family connections. In the House of Commons, he rose through junior ministerial ranks, achieving cabinet office in 1818 as President of the Board of Trade. In 1823, he was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, a post he held for four years. In 1827, he was raised to the peerage, and in the House of Lords was Leader of the House and Secretary of State for War and the Colonies.

In 1827, Prime Minister George Canning died after only 119 days in office, and Goderich succeeded him. However, he was unable to hold together Canning's fragile coalition of moderate Tories and Whigs, and he himself resigned after only 144 days. Canning and Goderich were the two shortest-ruling Prime Ministers in British history, until Liz Truss in 2022.

After leaving the premiership Goderich served in the cabinets of two of his successors, the Earl Grey and Sir Robert Peel.

Early years: 1782–1804
Robinson was born at Newby Hall, Yorkshire, the second son of Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham, by his wife Lady Mary Yorke, a daughter of Philip Yorke, 2nd Earl of Hardwicke. He was educated at a preparatory school at Sunbury-on-Thames, then attended Harrow School from 1796 to 1799, followed by St John's College, Cambridge, from 1799 to 1802. William Pitt the Younger was Member of Parliament for Cambridge University, to which, as The Times said, "accordingly most of the budding Tory statesmen of the day resorted". Robinson was an accomplished classicist, winning Sir William Browne's Medal for the best Latin ode in 1801. After graduating in 1802 he was admitted to Lincoln's Inn. He remained a member there until 1809, but did not pursue a legal career and was not called to the bar.

Against the background of the Napoleonic Wars Robinson did part-time military service at home as captain (1803), ultimately major (1814–1817) in the Northern Regiment of West Riding Yeomanry.

Early political career: 1804–1807

Member of Parliament, 1804–1812
Robinson entered politics through a family connection. His mother's cousin, the third Earl of Hardwicke, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, appointed him as his private secretary in 1804. Two years later Hardwicke secured for him the parliamentary seat of Carlow, a pocket borough near Dublin. In 1807 Robinson gave up the seat and was elected as MP for Ripon, close to his family home in Yorkshire.

First political appointments: 1807–1812
In his first years in Parliament Robinson declined offers of junior ministerial posts, out of deference to his patron Hardwicke, who was an opponent of the Prime Minister, the Duke of Portland. However, the Foreign Secretary, George Canning, chose him as the secretary of Lord Pembroke's mission to Vienna, aimed at securing a new treaty of alliance between Britain and Austria. The mission was unsuccessful, but Robinson's reputation was not damaged, and, as his biographer E Royston Pike puts it, "as a good Tory [he was] given several small appointments in successive ministries." His political thinking was greatly influenced by Canning, but he became the protégé of Canning's rival Lord Castlereagh, who appointed him his under-secretary at the War Office in May 1809. When Castlereagh resigned from the government in October, unwilling to serve under the new Prime Minister, Spencer Perceval, Robinson resigned with him. In June 1810 he accepted office as a member of the Admiralty board. At the time of Perceval's assassination early in 1812, he was absent from parliament ostensibly on militia duties in Yorkshire.

He was made a Privy Counsellor in August 1812,

Marriage
In 1814 Robinson married Lady Sarah Albinia Louisa Hobart (1793–1867), daughter of the 4th Earl of Buckinghamshire, and first cousin to Castlereagh's wife. There were three children of the marriage, only one of whom survived to adulthood:
 Hobart Frederick Robinson (September 1816)
 Eleanor Henrietta Robinson (31 October 1826)
 George Frederick Samuel Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon (24 October 1827 – 9 July 1909)

Senior Minister: 1812–1822
Robinson served under Lord Liverpool as Vice-President of the Board of Trade between 1812 and 1818, and as joint-Paymaster of the Forces between 1813 and 1817, from which position he sponsored the Corn Laws of 1815. Robinson's Corn Importation Bill, successfully presented to Parliament in February 1815, was a protectionist measure, imposing minimum prices for imported wheat and other grains. The historian Gregor Dallas writes:

The Corn Laws made the price of wheat artificially high, to the benefit of the landed classes and the detriment of the working classes. While the Bill was going through Parliament Robinson's London house in Old Burlington Street was frequently attacked by angry citizens; in one such attack the railings outside the house were ripped out, the front door smashed open, paintings ripped, and furniture thrown out of the window. In another attack two people were shot, one of them fatally. Describing the incident to the House of Commons Robinson was moved to tears, showing, as the biographer P. J. Jupp put it, "a propensity under stress which was to earn him the first of several nicknames, in this case the Blubberer".

In 1818 Robinson entered the cabinet as President of the Board of Trade and Treasurer of the Navy, under the premiership of Lord Liverpool. In 1823 he succeeded Nicholas Vansittart as Chancellor of the Exchequer. The historian Richard Helmstadter writes:

Chancellor of the Exchequer: 1822–1827
Robinson served as Chancellor for four years, and was regarded as a success in the post. The public finances were in good order, with a revenue surplus for the first three years of his chancellorship. He cut taxes and made grants to house the Royal Library in the British Museum and to buy the Angerstein Collection for the National Gallery. Jupp writes, "These achievements, together with his support for Catholic relief and the abolition of slavery, led to his being regarded as one of the most liberal members of the government and to two more nicknames – 'Prosperity Robinson' and 'Goody'." Robinson's last year at the Treasury was overshadowed by a run on the banks, caused by the collapse of the City of London bankers Pole Thornton and Co. Robinson was not blamed for the collapse, but his measures to mitigate the crisis were widely seen as half-hearted.

Under strain from the financial crisis, Robinson asked Liverpool for a change of post. In January 1827 he was given a peerage as Viscount Goderich, but Liverpool had no time to reshuffle his cabinet, being taken ill in February 1827 and resigning the premiership. He was succeeded by Canning, whose appointment caused a major realignment in the political factions of the day. The Tories split into four groups, distinguished by their view of Catholic Emancipation. Canning and his followers were liberal on the matter; Robinson belonged to a moderate group that was willing to support Canning; the faction led by the Duke of Wellington and Robert Peel opposed emancipation; and an ultra-Tory group resisted any kind of liberalising measure.

To the anger of the King, George IV, who regarded it as a betrayal, Wellington and Peel refused to serve under Canning. With half the Tories ranged against him, Canning was obliged to seek support from the Whigs. Goderich, appointed by Canning as Leader of the House of Lords as well as Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, found the upper house no less stressful than the Commons. He was the target for the anger of the anti-Canning Tories in the Lords, suffering many personal verbal assaults; when he attempted to get a new Corn Law enacted it was defeated by an alliance of peers led by Wellington.

Prime Minister: 1827–1828

Appointment
Canning's health had been declining since the beginning of 1827, and on 8 August he died. A prominent Whig commented, "God has declared against us. He is manifestly for the tories, and I fear the king also, which is much worse." The King, however, though he had long inclined to favour Tories over Whigs, was still angry at the refusal of Wellington and Peel to serve in Canning's cabinet. A widespread expectation (possibly shared by Wellington himself) that the King would send for Wellington was confounded. On the day of Canning's death Goderich and the Home Secretary, William Sturges Bourne, were summoned to Windsor Castle, where the King announced his intention of appointing Goderich to the premiership.

Government crisis
Goderich immediately encountered difficulty in balancing the conflicting demands of the King and the Whigs about the composition of his cabinet. George considered that the three ministerial posts held by Whigs were quite enough; the Whigs pressed hard for the inclusion of a fourth, Lord Holland, as Foreign Secretary. Goderich satisfied nobody with his inability to resolve matters. A leading Whig, George Tierney, spoke of his party's dissatisfaction with Goderich: "[T]hey think Goderich has behaved so ill in this affair that they can have no confidence in him. They believe so much in the integrity of his character that they do not suspect him of any duplicity in what has passed, but his conduct has been marked by such deplorable weakness as shows how unfit he is for the situation he occupies."

There was further discontent in the coalition cabinet at Goderich's vacillation over the appointment of a Chancellor of the Exchequer, once again caught between the demands of the King and those of his Whig allies. Within a month, William Huskisson, a Tory colleague, was writing of Goderich: "The king has taken the exact measure of him, and openly says he must do all the duties of a premier himself, because Goderich has no nerves! I am using nearly his own words; and he has been acting, and still talks of acting up to this declaration." George's contempt for his Prime Minister was confirmed in his description of Goderich as "a damned, snivelling, blubbering blockhead."

In addition to the conflicting pressures from the King and the Whigs, Goderich had to cope with the mental problems from which his wife was suffering. In December Huskisson wrote:

Resignation
Wellington was by now distancing himself from the Extreme-Tory wing of his party, and by January 1828 the King had concluded that the coalition could not continue and that a Tory ministry under Wellington would be preferable. Goderich had already written a letter of resignation to the King, but had not yet sent it, when he was summoned to Windsor. He described the disintegrating state of his administration; the King asked him to send for the Lord Chancellor, who was in turn bidden to summon Wellington to receive the King's commission to form a government. According to one account, Goderich was in tears during his interview with the King, who passed him a handkerchief, but within days Goderich was rejoicing in his release from office: "quite another man [who] sleeps at nights now, and laughs and talks as usual." His premiership had lasted 144 days, which remains one of the shortest in British history, twenty-five days longer than that of his immediate predecessor, Canning.

Goderich is 'the man with the hat' in the painting "The Staircase of the London Residence of the Painter" by the Dutch painter Pieter Christoffel Wonder. In 2014 a Dutch art student did research on the painting and discovered that it depicts the resignation of Prime Minister Frederick John Robinson in January 1828.

Later years: 1828–1859

Later cabinet posts, 1830–1846

In 1830 Goderich moved over to the Whigs and joined Lord Grey's cabinet, as Colonial Secretary. Both on moral and on economic grounds he was strongly opposed to slavery throughout his career, and he worked hard in the 1830s for the emancipation of slaves throughout the British Empire. His work was continued by his successor as Colonial Secretary, Lord Stanley, whose abolitionist legislation Goderich piloted through the House of Lords.

In 1833 Goderich was created Earl of Ripon. He had not sought the advancement in the peerage, but wished to accept the King's offer of the Garter, for which, at that time, a viscountcy was considered an insufficient rank. He left the Colonial Office in the same year, and did not wish to hold any further office, but Grey insisted on his taking the senior non-departmental post of Lord Privy Seal. However, the next year Goderich and Stanley broke with the Whigs over what they saw as a threat to the established status of the Church of Ireland.

From 1841 to 1843 Ripon served in Peel's second administration as President of the Board of Trade, with the young W. E. Gladstone as his deputy. His final ministerial post was President of the Board of Control from 1843 to 1846. During his career, as Helmstadter observes, he had been, in succession, "a Pittite, a Tory, a Canningite, a Whig, a Stanleyite, a Conservative, and a Peelite. Between 1818 and 1846 he was a member of every government except Wellington's and Melbourne's."

Apart from his political career Goderich served as president of the Royal Geographical Society from 1830 to 1833, and of the Royal Society of Literature from 1834 to 1845. He died in January 1859, aged 76. He outlived five of his successors in the prime ministry.

Death

Ripon died at Putney Heath, London, in January 1859, aged 76. He was succeeded by his only son, George who became a noted Liberal statesman and cabinet minister and was created Marquess of Ripon. The son was unique in being conceived at No. 11 Downing Street, while Robinson was Chancellor of the Exchequer, and being born at No. 10, when his father, now Goderich, was Prime Minister.

Goderich's government, September 1827 – January 1828

 Lord Goderich – First Lord of the Treasury and Leader of the House of Lords
 Lord Lyndhurst – Lord Chancellor
 The Duke of Portland – Lord President of the Council
 The Earl of Carlisle – Lord Privy Seal
 The Marquess of Lansdowne – Secretary of State for the Home Department
 The Earl of Dudley – Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
 William Huskisson – Secretary of State for War and the Colonies and Leader of the House of Commons
 J. C. Herries – Chancellor of the Exchequer
 The Marquess of Anglesey – Master-General of the Ordnance
 Charles Grant – President of the Board of Trade and Treasurer of the Navy
 Charles Williams-Wynn – President of the Board of Control
 William Sturges Bourne – First Commissioner of Woods and Forests
 Lord Bexley – Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
 Viscount Palmerston – Secretary at War

Notes and references
Notes

References

Sources

External links

 More about Frederick Robinson, Viscount Goderich on the 10 Downing Street website.

 Paper by M. Oderwald: "The stairecase of the Londen residence of the painter".

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Felix Petyrek (14 May 1892 in Brno  1 December 1951 in Vienna) was an Austrian composer. He wrote stage works, songs, piano music (including duos and duets) in a Romantic style.

Petyrek was a pupil of Franz Schreker and Guido Adler in Vienna. During World War 1. for health reasons Petyrek was not moved to the front, but had to care at St. Andrä camp of prisoners of war. There he collected songs of the prisoners coming from many nations. Together with Bernhard Paumgartner, he worked at the center of music history at the Imperial War Ministry. From 1919 Petyrek taught at the Mozarteum. After Petyrek had lived for health reasons three years in Abbazia, he went in 1926 to the Athens Conservatoire, where he led the master class for piano and also worked as a lecturer of musicology.  At the same time he gave lectures and published in professional journals, much of them in Greek. Later he taught at the music conservatories in Stuttgart and Leipzig.

Petyrek was a member of the November Group.

References

1892 births
1951 deaths
20th-century classical composers
20th-century Austrian people
Austrian classical composers
Academic staff of the State University of Music and Performing Arts Stuttgart
Austrian male classical composers
20th-century male musicians
Musicians from Brno

Felix Petyrek


Lieutenant-General Owen Wynne (1665–1737) was an Irish general and commander in the British Army, and a member of the Parliament of Ireland.

He was the third son of Owen Wynne, who settled in Ireland about the year 1688, having previously lived in Wales. In 1688 he was serving in the army of James II, but being a Protestant, he transferred his allegiance to the Prince of Orange on the breaking out of the Glorious Revolution. He was with Major-General Kirke's force sent from England to the relief of Londonderry, and he also took some part in the defence of Enniskillen, and served through the War in Ireland.

Owen Wynne was appointed a major in his brother James Wynne's Dragoons on 1 November 1694, and served with his Regiment through the Flanders campaign of 1694 to 1697, being promoted lieutenant-colonel in July 1695, taking the place of Charles Ross, promoted colonel of the regiment on the death of James Wynne. He served under John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough and was promoted colonel in 1703, and in 1705 he raised and commanded a regiment of foot. The year 1706 saw him a brigadier-general, and in 1709 he was promoted to major-general.

In 1715 Major-General Wynne raised and commanded the regiment later known as the 9th Lancers. From the head of Owen Wynne's Dragoons, he was transferred to the colonelcy of the 5th Horse, later the 4th Dragoon Guards. Promotion to lieutenant-general followed in 1726, and in 1728 Owen Wynne was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Irish Army. In August 1732 he was transferred from the 5th Horse to the colonelcy of his old regiment, the Royal Irish Dragoons, which appointment he retained until his death in 1737.

Owen Wynne represented Ballyshannon in Parliament from 1715 to 1727, and from 1727 to 1737 was member for County Sligo. He was also a Privy Councillor, and in 1736 was Governor of Londonderry. It is stated that he several times refused a peerage.

References
, pp. iv-v.

1665 births
1737 deaths
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Owen Wynne (British Army officer)


The Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (AGR) is a type of nuclear reactor used in the United Kingdom. These are the second generation of British gas-cooled reactors. They use graphite as the neutron moderator and carbon dioxide as the coolant. They have been the backbone of the UK's nuclear generation fleet since the 1980s.

Nuclear energy

Advanced gas-cooled reactor


The Succession to the Crown Act 1603 (1 Jas. 1. c. 1), full title A most joyful and just recognition of the immediate, lawful and undoubted Succession, Descent and Right of the Crown, was an Act of Parliament of the Parliament of England enacted during the reign of James I. The Act recited the loyalty of Parliament to James, and stated that the English crown, on the death of Elizabeth I, had come to him "by inherent birthright and lawful and undoubted succession". It acknowledged him as the legitimate king "of England, Scotland, France and Ireland". The Act was repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1948, having become obsolete in the intervening three centuries.

See also
 Succession to the British throne

References
Select statutes and other constitutional documents illustrative of the reigns of Elizabeth and James I, ed. by G. W. Prothero. Oxford University Press, 1913. Fourth edition.
Chronological table of the statutes; HMSO, London. 1993.
Text of the 1603 Act

1603 in English law
1603 in England
Acts of the Parliament of England
Succession to the British crown

Succession to the Crown Act 1603


Colleen Moore (born Kathleen Morrison; August 19, 1899 – January 25, 1988) was an American film actress who began her career during the silent film era. Moore became one of the most fashionable (and highly-paid) stars of the era and helped popularize the bobbed haircut.

Although Moore was a huge star in her day, approximately half of her films are now considered lost, including her first talking picture from 1929. What was perhaps her most celebrated film, Flaming Youth (1923), is now mostly lost as well, with only one reel surviving.

Moore took a hiatus from acting between 1929 and 1933, just as sound was being added to motion pictures. After she returned, her four sound pictures released in 1933 and 1934 were not financial successes. She then retired permanently from screen acting.

After her film career, Moore maintained her wealth through astute investments, becoming a partner of Merrill Lynch. She later wrote a "how-to" book about investing in the stock market.

Moore also nurtured a passion for dollhouses throughout her life and helped design and curate The Colleen Moore Dollhouse, which has been a featured exhibit at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago since the early 1950s. The dollhouse, measuring , was estimated in 1985 to be worth $7 million, and it is seen by 1.5 million people annually.

Early life
Moore was born Kathleen Morrison on August 19, 1899, (according to the bulk of the official records; the date which she insisted was correct in her autobiography, Silent Star, was 1902) in Port Huron, Michigan, Moore was the eldest child of Charles R. and Agnes Kelly Morrison. The family remained in Port Huron during the early years of Moore's life, at first living with her grandmother Mary Kelly (often spelled Kelley) and then with at least one of Moore's aunts.

By 1905, the family moved to Hillsdale, Michigan, where they remained for over two years. They relocated to Atlanta, Georgia, by 1908. They are listed at three different addresses during their stay in Atlanta (From the Atlanta-Fulton Public Library city directories): 301 Capitol Avenue − 1908; 41 Linden Avenue – 1909; 240 N. Jackson Street – 1910. They then lived briefly — probably for less than a year — in Warren, Pennsylvania, and by 1911, they had settled in Tampa, Florida.

At the age of 15 she took her first step into Hollywood. Her uncle arranged a screen test with director D. W. Griffith. She wanted to be a second Lillian Gish but instead, she found herself playing heroines in Westerns with stars such as Tom Mix.

Two of Moore's great passions were dolls and movies; each would play a great role in her later life. She and her brother began their own stock company, reputedly performing on a stage created from a piano packing crate. Her aunts, who doted on her, indulged her other great passion and often bought her miniature furniture on their many trips, with which she furnished the first of a succession of dollhouses. Moore's family summered in Chicago, where she enjoyed baseball and the company of her Aunt Lib (Elizabeth, who changed her name to "Liberty", Lib for short) and Lib's husband Walter Howey. Howey was the managing editor of the Chicago Examiner and an important newspaper editor in the publishing empire of William Randolph Hearst, and was the inspiration for Walter Burns, the fictional Chicago newspaper editor in the play and the film The Front Page.

Career

Early years
Essanay Studios was within walking distance of the Northwestern L, which ran right past the Howey residence. (They occupied at least two residences between 1910 and 1916: 4161 Sheridan and 4942 Sheridan.) In interviews later in her silent film career, Moore claimed she had appeared in the background of several Essanay films, usually as a face in a crowd. One story has it that she got into the Essanay studios and waited in line to be an extra with Helen Ferguson: in an interview with Kevin Brownlow many years later, Ferguson told a story that substantially confirmed many details of the claim, though it is not certain whether she was referring to Moore's stints as a background extra (if she really was one) or to her film test there prior to her departure for Hollywood in November 1917. Film producer D. W. Griffith was in debt to Howey, who had helped him to get both The Birth of a Nation and Intolerance through the Chicago censorship board.

The contract to Griffith's Triangle-Fine Arts was conditional on passing a film test to ensure that her heterochromia (she had one brown eye, one blue eye) would not be a distraction in close-up shots. Her eyes passed the test, so she left for Hollywood with her grandmother and her mother as chaperones. Moore made her first credited film appearance in 1917 in The Bad Boy for Triangle Fine Arts, and for the next few years appeared in small, supporting roles gradually attracting the attention of the public.

The Bad Boy was released on February 18, and featured Robert Harron, Richard Cummings, Josephine Crowell, and Mildred Harris (who would later become Charles Chaplin's first wife). Two months later, it was followed by An Old-Fashioned Young Man, again with Robert Harron. Moore's third film was Hands Up! filmed in part in the vicinity of the Seven Oaks (a popular location for productions that required dramatic vistas). This was her first true western. The film's scenario was written by Wilfred Lucas from a story by Al Jennings, the famous outlaw who had been freed from jail by presidential pardon by Theodore Roosevelt in 1907. Monte Blue was in the cast and noticed Moore could not mount her horse, though horseback riding was required for the part (during casting for the part she neglected to mention she did not know how to ride). Blue gave her a quick lesson essentially consisting of how to mount the horse and how to hold on.

On May 3, 1917, the Chicago Daily Tribune said: "Colleen Moore contributes some remarkable bits of acting. She is very sweet as she goes trustingly to her bandit hero, and, O, so pitiful, when finally realizing the character of the man, she goes into a hysteria of terror, and, shrieking 'Daddy, Daddy, Daddy!' beats futilely on a bolted door, a panic-stricken little human animal, who had not known before that there was aught but kindness in the world." About the time her first six-month contract was extended an additional six months, she requested and received five weeks' release to do a film for Universal's Bluebird division, released under the name The Savage. This was her fourth film, and she was only needed for two weeks. Upon her return to the Fine Arts lot, she spent several weeks trying to get her pay for the three weeks she had been available for work for Triangle (finally receiving it in December of that year).

Soon after, the Triangle Company went bust, and while her contract was honored, she found herself scrambling to find her next job. With a reel of her performance in Hands Up! under her arm, Colin Campbell arranged for her to get a contract with Selig Polyscope. She was very likely at work on A Hoosier Romance before The Savage was released in November. After A Hoosier Romance, she went to work on Little Orphant Annie. Both films were based upon poems by James Whitcomb Riley, and both proved to be very popular. It was her first real taste of popularity.

Little Orphant Annie was released in December. The Chicago Daily Tribune wrote of Moore, "She was a lovely and unspoiled child the last time I saw her. Let's hope commendation hasn't turned her head." Despite her good notices, her luck took a turn for the worse when Selig Polyscope went bust. Once again Moore found herself unemployed, but she had begun to make a name for herself by 1919. She had a series of films lined up. She went to Flagstaff, Arizona, for location work on The Wilderness Trail, another western, this time with Tom Mix. Her mother went along as a chaperone. Moore wrote that while she had a crush on Mix, he only had eyes for her mother. The Wilderness Trail was a Fox Film Corporation production, and while it had started production earlier, it would not be released until after The Busher, which was released on May 18. The Busher was an H. Ince Productions-Famous Players–Lasky production; it was a baseball film whose hero was played by John Gilbert. The Wilderness Trail followed on July 6, another Fox film. The Man in the Moonlight, a Universal Film Manufacturing Company film, was released a few weeks later on July 28. The Egg Crate Wallop was a Famous Players–Lasky production released by Paramount Pictures on September 28.

Success
The next stage of her career was with the Christie Film Company, a move she made when she decided she needed comic training. While with Christie she made Her Bridal Nightmare, A Roman Scandal, and So Long Letty. At the same time as she was working on these films, she worked on The Devil's Claim with Sessue Hayakawa (in which she played a Persian woman), When Dawn Came, and His Nibs (1921) with Chic Sale. All the while, Marshall Neilan had been attempting to get Moore released from her contract so she could work for him. He was successful and made Dinty with Moore, releasing near the end of 1920, followed by When Dawn Came.

For all his efforts to win Moore away from Christie, it seems Neilan loaned Moore to other studios most of the time. He loaned her out to King Vidor for The Sky Pilot, released in May 1921, yet another Western. After working on The Sky Pilot on location in the snows of Truckee, she was off to Catalina Island for work on The Lotus Eater with John Barrymore. In October 1921, His Nibs was released, her only film to be released that year besides The Sky Pilot. In His Nibs, Moore actually appeared in a film within the film; the framing film was a comedy vehicle for Chic Sales. The film it framed was a spoof on films of the time. 1922 proved to be an eventful year for Moore; she was named a WAMPAS Baby Star during a "frolic" at the Ambassador Hotel which became an annual event, in recognition of her growing popularity. In early 1922, Come On Over was released, made from a Rupert Hughes story and directed by Alfred E. Green. Hughes directed Moore himself in The Wallflower, released that same year. In addition, Neilan introduced her to John McCormick, a publicist who had had his eye on Moore ever since he had first seen her photograph. He had prodded Marshall into an introduction. The two hit it off, and before long they were engaged. By the end of that year, three more of her films were released: Forsaking All Others, The Ninety and Nine, and Broken Chains.

Look Your Best and The Nth Commandment were released in early 1923, followed by two Cosmopolitan Productions, The Nth Commandment and Through the Dark. By this time, Moore had publicly confirmed her engagement to McCormick, a fact that she had been coy about to the press previously. Before mid-year, she had signed a contract with First National Pictures, and her first two films were slated to be The Huntress and Flaming Youth. Slippy McGee came out in June, followed by Broken Hearts of Broadway.

Moore and John McCormick married while Flaming Youth was still in production, and just before the release of The Savage. When it was finally released in 1923, Flaming Youth, in which she starred opposite actor Milton Sills, was a hit. The controversial story put Moore in focus as a flapper, but after Clara Bow took the stage in Black Oxen in December, she gradually lost her momentum. In spring 1924 she made a good but unsuccessful effort to top Bow in The Perfect Flapper, and soon after she dismissed the whole flapper vogue; "No more flappers...people are tired of soda-pop love affairs." Decades later Moore stated Bow was her "chief rival."

Through the Dark, originally shot under the name Daughter of Mother McGinn, was released during the height of the Flaming Youth furor in January 1924. Three weeks later, Painted People was released. After that, she was to star in Counterfeit. The film went through a number of title changes before being released as Flirting with Love in August. In October, First National purchased the rights to Sally for Moore's next film. It would be a challenge, as Sally was a musical comedy. In December, First National purchased the rights to Desert Flower and in so doing had mapped out Moore's schedule for 1925: Sally would be filmed first, followed by The Desert Flower.

By the late 1920s, she had accomplished dramatic roles in films such as So Big, where Moore aged through a stretch of decades, and was also well received in light comedies such as Irene. An overseas tour was planned to coincide with the release of So Big in Europe, and Moore saw the tour as her first real opportunity to spend time with her husband, John McCormick. Both she and John McCormick were dedicated to their careers, and their hectic schedules had kept them from spending any quality time together. Moore wanted a family; it was one of her goals.

Plans for the trip were put in jeopardy when she injured her neck during the filming of The Desert Flower. Her injury forced the production to shut down while Moore spent six weeks in a body cast in bed. Once out of the cast, she completed the film and left for Europe on a triumphal tour. When she returned, she negotiated a new contract with First National. Her films had been great hits, so her terms were very generous. Her first film upon her return to the States was We Moderns, set in England with location work done in London during the tour. It was a comedy, essentially a retelling of Flaming Youth from an English perspective. This was followed by Irene (another musical in the style of the very popular Sally) and Ella Cinders, a straight comedy that featured a cameo appearance by comedian Harry Langdon. It Must Be Love was a romantic comedy with dramatic undertones, and it was followed by Twinkletoes, a dramatic film that featured Moore as a young dancer in London's Limehouse district during the previous century. Orchids and Ermine was released in 1927, filmed in part in New York, a thinly veiled Cinderella story.

In 1927, Moore split from her studio after her husband suddenly quit. It is rumored that John McCormick was about to be fired for his drinking and that she left as a means of leveraging her husband back into a position at First National. It worked, and McCormick found himself as Moore's sole producer. Moore's popularity allowed her productions to become very large and lavish. Lilac Time was one of the bigger productions of the era, a World War I drama. A million dollar film, it made back every penny spent within months. Prior to its release, Warner Bros. had taken control of First National and were less than interested in maintaining the terms of her contract until the numbers started to roll in for Lilac Time. The film was such a hit that Moore managed to retain generous terms in her next contract and her husband as her producer.

Colleen Moore Fairy Castle (Dollhouse)
In 1928, inspired by her father and with help from her former set designer, a dollhouse was constructed by her father, which was 9 square feet with the tallest tower 12 feet high. The interior of The Colleen Moore Dollhouse, designed by Harold Grieve, features miniature bear skin rugs and detailed furniture and art. Moore's dollhouse has been a featured exhibit at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago since October 30, 1949, where, according to the museum, it is seen by 1.5 million people each year and would be worth $7 million. Moore continued working on it and contributing artifacts to it until her death.

This dollhouse was the eighth one Moore owned. The first dollhouse, she wrote in her autobiography Silent Star (1968), evolved from a cabinet that held her collection of miniature furniture. It was supposedly built from a cigar box. Kitty Lorgnette wrote in the edition of The Evening News (Tampa, Florida) for Saturday, August 13, 1938, that the first dollhouse was purchased by Oraleze O'Brien (Mrs. Frank J. Knight) in 1916 when Moore (then Kathleen) left Tampa. Oraleze was too big for dollhouses, however, and she sold it again after her cat had kittens in it, and from there she lost track of it. The third house was possibly given to the daughter of Moore's good friend, author Adela Rogers St. Johns. The fourth survives and remains on display in the living room of a relative.

Sound films
With the advent of talking pictures in 1929, Moore took a hiatus from acting. After divorcing McCormick in 1930, Moore married prominent New York-based stockbroker Albert Parker Scott in 1932. The couple lived at that time in a lavish home at 345 St. Pierre Road in Bel Air, where they hosted parties for and were supporters of the U.S. Olympic team, especially the yachting team, during the 1932 Summer Olympics held in Los Angeles.

In 1934, Moore, by then divorced from Albert Parker Scott, returned to work in Hollywood. She appeared in three films, none of which was successful, and Moore retired. Her last film was a version of The Scarlet Letter in 1934. She later married the widower Homer Hargrave and raised his children (she never had children of her own) from a previous marriage, with whom she maintained a lifelong close relationship. Throughout her life she also maintained close friendships with other colleagues from the silent film era, such as King Vidor and Mary Pickford.

Later years

In the 1960s, Moore formed a television production company with King Vidor, with whom she had worked in the 1920s. She published two books in the late 1960s, How Women Can Make Money in the Stock Market (1969) and her autobiography, Silent Star: Colleen Moore Talks About Her Hollywood (1968). She also figures prominently alongside Vidor in Sidney D. Kirkpatrick's book, A Cast of Killers, which recounts Vidor's attempt to make a film of and solve the murder of William Desmond Taylor. In that book she is recalled as having been a successful real estate broker in Chicago and partner in the investment firm Merrill Lynch after her film career.

At the height of her fame, Moore was earning $12,500 per week. She was an astute investor, and through her investments, remained wealthy for the rest of her life. In her later years she would frequently attend film festivals, and was a popular interview subject always willing to discuss her Hollywood career. She was a participant in the documentary series Hollywood (1980), providing her recollections of Hollywood's silent film era.

Personal life
Moore was married four times. Her first marriage was to John McCormick of First National Studios. They married in 1923 and divorced in 1930. In 1932, Moore married stockbroker Albert P. Scott. The union ended in divorce in 1934. Moore's third marriage was to another stockboker, Homer Hargrave, whom she married in 1936. He provided funding for her dollhouse and she adopted his son, Homer Hargrave, Jr, and his daughter, Judy Hargrave. The couple remained married until Hargrave's death in 1964. In 1982, she married builder Paul Magenot, and they remained together until Moore's death in 1988.

Death and legacy
On January 25, 1988, Moore died at age 88 from cancer in Paso Robles, California. For her contributions to the motion picture industry, Colleen Moore has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1551 Vine Street.

F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote of her: "I was the spark that lit up Flaming Youth, Colleen Moore was the torch. What little things we are to have caused all that trouble."

Filmography

References

Bibliography
Jeanine Basinger, chapter on Moore in Silent Stars (: 1999)
Cedric Osmond Bermingham, Stars of the Screen, 1931: A Volume of Biographies of Contemporary Actors and Actresses Engaged in Photoplay Throughout the World (1931)
Jeff Codori, Colleen Moore; A Biography of the Silent Film Star, McFarland Publishing (print , ebook : 2012)
John Kobal, People Will Talk (1985)
Glenn Mitchell, A-Z of Silent Film Comedy, An Illustrated Companion (1998)
Colleen Moore, Silent Star: Colleen Moore Talks About Her Hollywood (1968)

External links

The Colleen Moore Project

1899 births
1988 deaths
20th-century American actresses
Actresses from Chicago
Actresses from Michigan
American autobiographers
American film actresses
American investors
American silent film actresses
Deaths from cancer in California
People from Paso Robles, California
People from Port Huron, Michigan
Women autobiographers
American women investors
Merrill (company) people
WAMPAS Baby Stars
20th-century American businesswomen
20th-century American businesspeople

Colleen Moore


"You and Your Friend" is the sixth track from the 1991 rock album On Every Street by the British rock band Dire Straits. The song was the fifth song to be released as a single, and the final single overall released by the band. The single was only released in France and Germany. A live rendition appeared towards the end of the On the Night album and DVD.

Mark Knopfler told in interview for "Musician": "I just liked the line. About the time we recorded the first record I had a song called "Me and My Friends." It was a Southern boogie thing about playing in the band. I never recorded it because it never really... "You and Your Friend" just has that thing. I like keeping it open for people to use in a way that they want. If you make it specific you spoil it. The song could be just a solitary cry for some kind of support — are you going to come around to my way of thinking? It could be sexual. One of the guys saw it as a complicated love triangle. It could be anything. But in fact that came from just the resonance of "You and Your Friend" instead of "Me and My Friends"."

References

1991 songs
Dire Straits songs
Songs written by Mark Knopfler
Song recordings produced by Mark Knopfler
Vertigo Records singles

You and Your Friend


Jean VII d'Harcourt (1369-18 December 1452, Châtellerault) was a French nobleman.  He was Count of Harcourt, Count of Aumale, Viscount of Châtellerault, and Seigneur of Mézières, of Elbeuf, of Lillebone, of La Saussaye etc.

He was the son of John VI of Harcourt, Count of Harcourt, and of Catherine de Bourbon, sister-in-law of King Charles V of France.  On 17 March 1390, he married Marie of Alençon (29 March 1373 – 1417), princess of the blood, daughter of Pierre II, Count of Alençon and of Marie Chamaillart d'Anthenaise, Viscountess of Beaumont, and they had three children:
 John VIII of Harcourt , Count of Aumale, lieutenant and captain general of Normandy, killed at the Battle of Verneuil.
 Marie of Harcourt (1398–1476), wife of Antoine of Lorraine, Count of Vaudémont, who is the origin of the Harcourt-Lorraine branch.
 Jeanne of Harcourt (1399–1456)

He participated in the siege of Taillebourg, where he was made a knight by his uncle Louis II, Duke of Bourbon, and at the siege of Tunis and Harfleur.  He distinguished himself at the Battle of Agincourt (1415), where he was taken prisoner.

In 1418, his castle at Harcourt was taken by the English.  His titles of Count of Aumale and Count of Harcourt were usurped and given to Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick and Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter.

His cousin, King Charles VI, therefore supported him and named him captain general of Normandy, and gave him a gift of 1000 books.  On his death in 1452, he was buried at the Franciscan convent at Châtellerault, which he had founded. With him, the oldest branch of Harcourt became extinct.

References

  Gilles-André de La Roque, Histoire généalogique de la maison de Harcourt, 1662
  Dom Lenoir, Preuves généalogiques et historiques de la Maison d'Harcourt, 1907
  Georges Martin, Histoire et Généalogie de la Maison d'Harcourt, 1994
  Dictionnaire de biographie française, 1989

Counts of Aumale
People of the Hundred Years' War
House of Harcourt
1369 births
1452 deaths

John VII, Count of Harcourt


Ingo Heidbrink (born 1968) is a German maritime historian who is Professor of History with a specialization on Maritime History at Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia.
He is specialized on Fisheries History, Traditional Watercraft and Museum Ships, Methodology of Maritime History and interdisciplinary research projects. Since Summer 2021 he is Chair of the Department of History at Old Dominion University.

Academic education and professional positions

Heidbrink studied Social and Economic History at the University of Hamburg (Germany), where he got his M.A. in 1994 and his Dr.phil. in 1999. His doctoral thesis on German inland-waterway tanker-shipping was supervised by Ulrich Troitzsch as well as his earlier MA-thesis on traditional watercraft. In 2004 he finished his habilitation (German professorial degree) at the University of Bremen (Germany) with a thesis on the history of German deep-sea fishing industry in the 20th century.
After positions at various maritime museums in Germany Heidbrink became the founding head of the department of fisheries history at the German Maritime Museum / Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum in Bremerhaven in 1996. From 2000 to 2002 he was a research fellow at the Hanse Institute for Advanced Study (HWK) in Delmenhorst. Hereafter he returned to the German Maritime Museum. Since 2000 he taught at the University of Bremen where he became Privatdozent in 2004 and one of the Principal Investigators of the Bremen International Graduate School for Marine Sciences – Global Change in the Marine Realm (GLOMAR). In 2003 and 2007 he was guest lecturer at the Ilisimatusarfik, the University of Greenland. In 2008 he was appointed Associate Professor for Maritime History at the History Department of Old Dominion University in Norfolk, VA, where he was Graduate Program Director of the history program from 2009 to 2013. In summer 2010 he was promoted to Professor of History. In addition to his position at Old Dominion University he is Honorary Research Fellow at the Maritime Historical Studies Centre (Blaydes Maritime Centre) at the University of Hull, UK.

Heidbrink has been selected as a research fellow at the Rachel Carson Center at the University of Munich, a newly established federal think tank for environmental history. Beside his academic career he holds a masters license for commercial watercraft on inland waterways and is an appointed surveyor for historical watercraft and museum ships in Germany.

Scholarly work

Heidbrink's scholarly work is dedicated to several sub-topics of maritime history:

Since the mid-1990s he dealt intensively with the theoretical framework behind the restoration and operation of museum ships and traditional vessels. His most important contribution to this particular field of research was that he authored together with Arne Gotved and John Robinson the "Barcelona Charter – European Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of traditional ships in operation" which was adopted by the European association of owners of such vessels (European Maritime Heritage) in 2003 and is recognized as an international standard for such vessels by many European governments.

Towards the end of the 1990s Heidbrink's research was mainly dedicated to the history of European inland-waterway navigation and his book on inland-waterway tanker navigation became standard for this field of research.

Since 2000 his publications mainly focus on fisheries history and the Law of the Sea and especially his book on the fishing conflicts of the 20th century was discussed controversial, because he stated that the European distant-water fisheries of the late 19th and 20th century have been a kind of common economic colonialism in the North Atlantic area.

Beside this concrete research he dealt with the methodological improvement of maritime history and is part of a movement that wants to widen the scope of maritime history to a universal history of the interaction of humans and the oceans. As a part of this methodological work he was involved in the design of new scholarly educational schemes that combine marine sciences with the humanities and social sciences and were realized for example in the Bremen International Graduate School for Marine Sciences – Global Change in the Marine Realm (GLOMAR) or the Mitigation and Adaption Research Institute (MARI) at Old Dominion University.

International scholarly organizations

Heidbrink is involved in a variety of international organizations dedicated to research in Maritime History. In 2005 he was elected to Assistant Secretary General of the International Commission for Maritime History (ICMH). In September 2009 he took over as Acting Secretary General of the ICMH after the previous Secretary General stepped back from the office and was elected to Secretary General in August 2010. He is president of the North Atlantic Fisheries History Association (NAFHA) and an Expert Member of the International Polar Heritage Committee (IPHC), one of the 28 International Scientific Committees within ICOMOS.

Other

The maritime historian Ingo Heidbrink should not be mistaken for Ingo Heidbrink of Switzerland, who seems to be involved in the amusement industry.

Publications (selection)

Monographs
 Schrott oder Kulturgut. Zur Bewertung historischer Wasserfahrzeuge aus der Perspektive des Historikers. Bestandserfassung - Bewertung - quellengerechte Erhaltung. Lage / Lippe 1994.
 Deutsche Binnentankschiffahrt 1887-1994. Hamburg (Convent Vlg.) 2000.
 together with: Werner  Beckmann and Matthias Keller: ... und heute gibt es Fisch - 100 Jahre Fischindustrie und Fischgroßhandel in Schlaglichtern. Bremen (Hauschild Vlg) 2003.
 "Deutschlands einzige Kolonie ist das Meer" Die deutsche Hochseefischerei und die Fischereikonflikte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Hamburg (Convent Vlg) 2004.

Edited publications
 Konfliktfeld Küste – Ein Lebensraum wird erforscht. (= Hanse Studien Bd.3). Oldenburg (BIS) 2003.
 The "Barcelona Charter". European Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Traditional Ships in Operation. Bremen, Andijk (Hauschild Vlg.) 2003.
 together with David J. Starkey & Jon Th. Thor: A History of the North Atlantic Fisheries: Vol. 1, From Early Times to the mid-Nineteenth Century. Bremen (Hauschild Vlg. & Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum) 2009.

Articles
 Vocational training in the German Deep-Sea Fishing Industry. In: International Journal of Maritime History Vol. XI, 1999, No. 2. pp 143–153.
 Museumsschiffe Baujahr 1999. Anmerkungen zum Wiederaufbau historischer See- und Binnenschiffe. In: Deutsches Schiffahrtsarchiv 22, 1999, pp 43–58.
 Kaitai ka hozon ka. Doitsu ni okeru ogata konsen no hozon ninen to hekishi keiken to jitsurei. In: Miraini tsunagu jinnouino waza 2. Senpaku no hozon shutuku. Tokyo 2002. pp 58–70.
 Ibunka kann ni okeru kaiji isan no hozon ni tsuite. Nihon to EMH to no kagakutekikoryu. In: Miraini tsunagu jinnouino waza 2. Senpaku no hozon shutuku. Tokyo 2002. pp 143–145.
 Det tyske havgående fiskeri og Grønland: vejen til et gennembrud for det internationale fjernfiskeri. In: Ilisimatusarfik (Ed.): Grønlandsk kultur-og samfundsforskning 2003. Nuuk 2004. pp 57–69.
 Historic Ship Safety. In: Starkey, David J., Hahn-Pedersen, Morten (Eds.): Bridging Troubled Waters. Conflict and Co-operation in the North Sea Region since 1550. 7th North Sea History Conference, Dunkirk 2002. Esbjerg 2005. pp 221–225.
 The Oceans as the Common Property of Mankind from Early Modern Period to Today. In: History Compass Vol. 6 (2008). link
 Til Nordpolen! Om Den første tyske Polarekspedition 1868 – og om det stadig eksisterende ekspeditionsskip "Grönland". In: Ilisimatusarfik (Ed.): Grønlandsk kultur-og samfundsforskning 2008-09. Nuuk 2009. 191-203.
 Beyond the North Sea – The Emergence of Germany's Distant-Water Trawling Industry. In: Starkey, David J.,  Thorleifsen, Daniel,  Robinson, Robb (Eds.): Conflict, Overfishing and Spatial Expansion in the North Atlantic Fisheries, c. 1400-2000. (=Studia Atlantica 6). Hull 2010.
 A Second Industrial Revolution in the Distant Water Fisheries ? Factory-Freezer Trawlers in the 1950s and 1960s. In: International Journal of Maritime History, Vol. XXIII, 2011, No. 1, 179-192.

References

German maritime historians
American maritime historians
Living people
University of Hamburg alumni
University of Bremen
Old Dominion University faculty
1968 births
German male non-fiction writers

Ingo Heidbrink


Sir John Eliot Gardiner  (born 20 April 1943) is an English conductor, particularly known for his performances of the works of Johann Sebastian Bach, especially the Bach Cantata Pilgrimage of 2000, performing Bach's church cantatas in liturgical order in churches all over Europe, and New York City, with the Monteverdi Choir, and recording them at the locations.

Life and career
Born in Fontmell Magna, Dorset, son of Rolf Gardiner and Marabel Hodgkin, Gardiner's early musical experience came largely through singing with his family and in a local church choir. As a child he grew up with the celebrated Haussmann portrait of J. S. Bach, which had been lent to his parents for safe keeping during the Second World War. A self-taught musician who also played the violin, he began to study conducting at the age of 15. He was educated at Bryanston School, then studied history at King's College, Cambridge, where his tutor was the social anthropologist Edmund Leach.

While an undergraduate at Cambridge he launched his career as a conductor with a performance of Vespro della Beata Vergine by Monteverdi, in King's College Chapel on 5 March 1964. This either featured or led to the foundation of the Monteverdi Choir, with which he made his London conducting debut at the Wigmore Hall in 1966. Whilst at Cambridge, he conducted the Oxford and Cambridge Singers on a concert tour of the Middle East. After graduating in history, Gardiner continued his musical studies at King's College London under Thurston Dart and in Paris with Nadia Boulanger, whose music had been a very early influence.

Returning to England, Gardiner joined the BBC Northern Orchestra as an apprentice conductor. In 1968 he founded the Monteverdi Orchestra. Upon changing from modern instruments to period instruments in 1977, the orchestra changed its name to the English Baroque Soloists in 1978. In 1969 Gardiner made his opera debut with a performance of Mozart's The Magic Flute at the English National Opera. Four years later, in 1973, he made his first appearance at the Covent Garden conducting Gluck's Iphigénie en Tauride. The English Baroque Soloists made their opera debut with him in the 1977 Innsbruck Festival of Early Music, performing Handel's Acis and Galatea on period instruments. His American debut came in 1979 when he conducted the Dallas Symphony Orchestra. He then became the lead conductor of Canada's CBC Vancouver Orchestra from 1980 to 1983.

After his period with the CBC Vancouver Orchestra, Gardiner went to France. From 1983 to 1988 he was Music Director of the Opéra National de Lyon. During his period with the Opéra he founded an entirely new orchestra. During his time with the Opéra National de Lyon Gardiner was also Artistic Director of the Göttingen Handel Festival (1981 until 1990). In 1989 the Monteverdi Choir had its 25th anniversary, touring the world giving performances of Handel's oratorio Israel in Egypt and Bach's Magnificat among other works. In 1990, Gardiner formed a new period-instrument orchestra, the Orchestre Révolutionnaire et Romantique, to perform music of the 19th century. From 1991 until 1995 he was principal conductor of the North German Radio Symphony Orchestra.

He founded the Monteverdi Choir (1964), the English Baroque Soloists (1978) and the Orchestre Révolutionnaire et Romantique (1989). From the 1990s onwards he undertook more world tours with his ensembles, including:
 A European tour in 1993 with the Orchestre Révolutionnaire et Romantique featured Berlioz's rediscovered Messe solennelle. Beginning in Bremen, Germany the tour ended with a recorded performance in Westminster Cathedral, London 1993.
 In 2000, Gardiner set out on his Bach Cantata Pilgrimage, performing, over a 52-week period, all of Bach's sacred cantatas in churches around Europe and the United States.
 In late 2004, Gardiner toured France and Spain with the Monteverdi Choir performing pieces from the Codex Calixtinus in cathedrals and churches along the Camino de Santiago.

Gardiner has recorded over 250 albums, most of which have been published by Deutsche Grammophon and Philips Classics, and by the Soli Deo Gloria label, which specialises in recordings by Gardiner and by his ensembles.

Gardiner is most famous for his interpretations of Baroque music on period instruments with the Monteverdi Choir and the English Baroque Soloists, but his repertoire and discography are not limited to early music. With the Orchestre Révolutionnaire et Romantique Gardiner has performed a wide range of Classical and Romantic music, including many works of Berlioz and all of Beethoven's symphonies. A recording of the third symphony of the latter was used in a dramatisation by the BBC of Beethoven's writing of that symphony. Gardiner has served as chief conductor of the North German Radio Symphony Orchestra and has appeared as guest conductor with such major orchestras as the Berlin Philharmonic, Boston Symphony Orchestra, Chicago Symphony Orchestra, Cleveland Orchestra, London Symphony Orchestra, Philharmonia, Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra and Vienna Philharmonic. Gardiner is also well known for his refusal to perform the music of Richard Wagner; in a 2008 interview for Gramophone Gardiner said, 'I really loathe Wagner – everything he stands for – and I don't even like his music very much.' Gardiner has been the subject of various allegations of rudeness and bullying of performers and colleagues.

In late 2012, citing health concerns, he cancelled his planned December 2013 tour of Australia with the Monteverdi Choir and the Australian Chamber Orchestra. In 2013, Gardiner published the book Bach: Music in the Castle of Heaven. In 2014 he started a five-year term as President of the Leipzig Bach Archive, being succeeded by Ton Koopman in that position in 2019. One of the realizations during Gardiner's presidency was the Archive's collaboration to the Bach 333 box set with the complete recordings of Johann Sebastian Bach's works, released in 2018.

On 24 August 2023 he withdrew from all engagements in 2023, including The Proms, amid accusations he slapped and punched in the face bass singer William Thomas as Thomas exited the podium on the wrong side after a concert in France.

Honours and awards
Gardiner has received a variety of honours and awards, including:
 Honorary doctorate from the University of Lyon, 1987
 Appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE), 1990 New Year Honours, for services to music
 Honorary Fellow of King's College, London and King's College, Cambridge
 Honorary Member of Royal Academy of Music, 1992
 Grammy, Best Choral Performance, 1994
 Appointed Knight Bachelor, 1998 Birthday Honours, for services to music
 Grammy, Best Opera Recording, 1999
 Bach Medal, 2005
 Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, 2005
 Doctorate Honoris Causa in Musicology at the University of Pavia in Cremona (birthplace of Claudio Monteverdi), 2006
 Bach Prize of the Royal Academy of Music-Kohn Foundation, 2008
Voted into the Gramophone Hall of Fame in 2012
 Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, 2011.
 Honorary Degree of Doctor of Music from the University of St Andrews, 2014
National Book Critics Circle Award (Biography) shortlist for Bach: Music in the Castle of Heaven, 2014
 Honorary Degree of Doctor of Music from the University of Cambridge, 2015
 Honorary Fellow of the British Academy, 2015
 Honorary doctorate from the Franz Liszt Academy of Music, 2023

Personal life
Gardiner is the son of the British rural revivalist Rolf Gardiner (1902–1971), and the grandson of the Egyptologist Alan Gardiner (1879–1963). His mother, Marabel Hodgkin, was a member of the Hodgkin family, a notable Quaker family; the artist Sir Howard Hodgkin (1932–2017) was Gardiner's first cousin.

Gardiner was married to violinist Elizabeth Wilcock from 1981 to 1997; they have three daughters. From 2001 to 2019 he was married to Isabella de Sabata, granddaughter of conductor Victor de Sabata.

In his spare time, Gardiner runs a farm at Springhead near Fontmell Magna in North Dorset, which was established by his great-uncle, composer Henry Balfour Gardiner. His continued involvement in this project has earned him the nickname 'Uphill Gardiner' as a consequence of his unorthodox farming methods.

In August 2014, Gardiner was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to September's referendum on that subject.

In August 2023, Gardiner was alleged to have slapped across the face and then punched the English bass singer, William Thomas, in front of cast members after Thomas exited the wrong side of the stage after a performance of Les Troyens at the Berlioz Festival in La Côte Saint André. This resulted in a public backlash against the conductor and him cancelling all 2023 commitments, including The Proms.

Selected publications

See also
 Soli Deo Gloria record label

References

External links

 Monteverdi Choir and Orchestras
 Database of Bach vocal works recorded by Gardiner
 musicOMH.com: Interview with John Eliot Gardiner
 Goldberg Magazine: Interview with John Eliot Gardiner
 Gramophone special edition for Gardiner's 70th Birthday
 Interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 16 June 2015 (video)

Bach conductors
British performers of early music
Founders of early music ensembles
English choral conductors
Music directors (opera)
Conductors (music) awarded knighthoods
20th-century British conductors (music)
21st-century British conductors (music)
Grammy Award winners
Winners of the Royal Academy of Music/ Kohn Foundation Bach Prize
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Bachelor
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Knights of the Legion of Honour
21st-century English farmers
Fellows of King's College London
Alumni of King's College London
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
People educated at Bryanston School
People from North Dorset District
1943 births
Deutsche Grammophon artists
Living people
Recipients of the Léonie Sonning Music Prize
Handel Prize winners
English conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
Honorary Fellows of the British Academy

John Eliot Gardiner


Rodef Shalom Congregation is a National Register of Historic Places landmark in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, designed by architect Henry Hornbostel.

Located on Fifth Avenue on the border of the Oakland and Shadyside neighborhoods, it houses Congregation Rodef Shalom, the oldest Jewish congregation in Western Pennsylvania and the largest Reform congregation in the area. Across the street from the temple is the headquarters of Pittsburgh's PBS station WQED.

On the grounds of the building is the Rodef Shalom Biblical Botanical Garden.

History
In 1847, a dozen Jewish Pittsburghers established a burial society they called Bes Almon (Mourners' House) and purchased land on Troy Hill, on the city's North Side, for use as a cemetery.

Early years
By 1848, the group had rented a room downtown, on Penn Avenue and Sixth Street, and formed a congregation called Shaare Shemayim (Gate of Heaven). They practiced Orthodox Judaism.

The congregation's charter, dated November 9, 1856, gives as its primary objectives "the furtherance of the cause of Religion" and "the establishment of a good school in which the young shall be instructed in the principles of the Hebrew Religion as well as general branches of knowledge."

Over the next eight years, some members twice split off into separate congregations, but then rejoined. Congregation Beth Israel (House of Israel) formed in 1852 but was back within a year. Another group separated in 1855, but rejoined in 1860, a year after Shaare Shemayim rented a hall on St. Clair Street in Allegheny City (now the North Side of the city of Pittsburgh). The re-merged congregations took the name Rodef Shalom at that time, with thirty-five member families, and fifty children enrolled in the school.

Outgrowing the rental, construction began on its own building in 1861. Designed by architect Charles Bartberger, the first temple was built on Hancock Street (now Eighth Street) in downtown Pittsburgh. The dedication ceremony, on March 20, 1862, featured Rev. William Armhold, Minister, addressing the congregation in German. Josiah Cohen, a teacher in the congregation's day school, delivered a speech in English. Pittsburgh's finest vocalist, Sigmund Apfelbaum performed.

Switch to Reform
The first Jewish confirmation in Pittsburgh was held in 1862 for six girls and one boy.

In 1863, Isaac M. Wise, a founder of Reform Judaism in America, came to Pittsburgh. He had a great impact, and shortly after his visit, the congregation voted to adopt some Reform practices, including the Reform prayer book.

The change didn't suit all Rodef Shalom congregants, with some resigning and forming the Orthodox Tree of Life Synagogue (later Conservative).

The transition to full Reform practices came ins stages. As the years passed, services were shortened, women and men sat together, and an organ was installed—music was vital to Rodef Shalom even then, as the choir, directed by Bertha (Mrs. Jacob) Benswanger, was reputed to be "one of the best in the country."

The transition to the English language took time. When Louis Naumburg became minister in 1865, he spoke in German. Lippman Mayer, who succeeded him in 1870, spoke English but was more comfortable in German. Mayer, a strong proponent of Reform, later founded the Jewish Chautauqua Society. The changes didn't stop with language: By 1874, it was no longer mandatory for men to wear a hat or yarmulke and the congregation had joined the Union of American Hebrew Congregations.

Major changes for Rodef Shalom occurred in 1885. The congregation hosted a national convention rabbis, organized by Reform leadership. The resulting "Pittsburgh Platform" declared that Judaism was a religion, not a nation, and that the Bible was an ethical guide, not the infallible word of God. It stated that American Jews do not have to keep kosher. This Pittsburgh Platform guided North American Reform Judaism until 1937, and caused a major split in American Jewry between liberal and traditional groups.

20th century
J. Leonard Levy, a dynamic leader with an internationalist outlook, became Rodef Shalom's Rabbi in 1901. He had served congregations in Bristol, England; Sacramento, California; and Philadelphia. Rabbi Levy was known for his work to strengthen interfaith communication in Pittsburgh and beyond. During his Pittsburgh tenure, he started an international peace organization and co-edited the weekly Jewish Criterion, in addition to preaching at both Sabbath and Sunday services at Rodef Shalom.

At Levy's invitation, President William Howard Taft visited Rodef Shalom on Saturday, May 29, 1909. This was the first recorded time that a sitting United States president spoke in a synagogue.

During Levy's rabbinate, Rodef Shalom nearly tripled, growing from 132 member families at his start to 363 by 1908. Pittsburgh was changing. New immigration patterns brought more Jews to the city and new demographic patterns saw many of these new arrivals and longer-standing congregants moving from Allegheny City and the Hill District to emerging eastern neighborhoods like Oakland, Shadyside, and East Liberty. Nevertheless, more than half of Rodef Shalom's members still lived near the Allegheny City Temple, so when a move was suggested due to crowded conditions, the congregation opted to expand where it stood. The original Temple building was torn down in 1900, replaced by a Charles Bickel-designed edifice. The new, larger structure was dedicated on September 6 and 7, 1901. Shortly thereafter, an annex was added for religious school classes. By 1904, however, the congregation had already outgrown the space.

Congregational leaders came to see Oakland, Shadyside, and Squirrel Hill as the new cultural and residential centers of Pittsburgh. Rodef Shalom sold its new-but-outdated home to the Second Presbyterian Church, their downtown neighbor, for $150,000 and began its move toward the east, buying a lot near the corner of Morewood and Fifth avenues for $60,000. (See Architecture.)

Samuel H. Goldenson came to Rodef Shalom in 1918, a year after Rabbi Levy's untimely death. He instituted further reform practices, persuading members to give up their privately owned pews in favor of a more democratic system of unassigned seats, a decision that attracted many more members.

Solomon B. Freehof replaced Goldenson when he left for New York's Congregation Emanu-El in 1934. He provided regular preaching, and also wrote extensively on Jewish law and ritual. Freehof chaired the group that updated the Union Prayer Book. He wrote book reviews for over 35 years, with a readership of more than 1,500 Christians and Jews. He was president of the Central Conference of American Rabbis and the World Union for Progressive Judaism. His wife Lillian wrote plays and novels and organized Braille services.

The Religious School added the Levy Hall auditorium (designed by Ingham & Boyd), and the Cohen Chapel, completed in 1938. A large social hall, named in honor of Dr. Freehof, was built in 1956, and an addition to the back of the building provided an entrance from the parking lot, funded by Allen H. and Selma W. Berkman. With more congregants than the Temple could serve, Rodef Shalom encouraged the creation of new Reform congregations, helping shepherd Temple Sinai in Squirrel Hill, Temple Emanuel in the South Hills, and Temple David in Monroeville into existence.

Freehod retired in 1966, and was succeeded by his assistant, Dr. Walter Jacob, originally hired in 1955.  Membership peaked at approximately 2,300 families in the early 1960s. Jacob founded the Freehof Institute of Progressive Halakhah and was president of the Central Conference of American Rabbis. He and his wife Irene established the Biblical Botanical Garden at Rodef Shalom in 1986. Now Rabbi Emeritus of Rodef Shalom, Dr. Jacob remains active in Pittsburgh and abroad. He was instrumental in the creation of Abraham Geiger College, the first rabbinic training college in Germany since the Holocaust.

Dr. Mark Staitman, associate rabbi since 1975, served as Rabbi of the Congregation from 1997–2003. Dr. Staitman is known for his involvement with Soviet Jewry and served as Chairman of the National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry.

In 1989-1990 a major capital campaign restored the sanctuary. In 2000–2003, other areas of the building were updated for contemporary usage and handicap accessibility and a new porte-cochere entrance from the parking lot was added.

Architecture

A design competition was held and Henry Hornbostel — the architect Andrew Carnegie selected to create Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University)—emerged the winner. Hornbostel's Beaux Arts styling merged the traditional with the modern. The double dome, 90 feet in diameter, was constructed without structural steel, instead using the Catalan vault, a Spanish vernacular style brought to the U.S. by Rafael Guastavino.

For the exterior, Hornbostel chose local yellow brick, augmented with colored terra cotta flourishes. The design incorporated four representational stained glass windows by William Willet, saved from the 1901 building, along with a large stained glass skylight in the dome and a lunette over the Fifth Avenue entrance. They installed a 1907 Kimball organ, the largest of its kind still in use. It seats more than 900 on the first floor and 300 in the gallery. The building was finished in time for High Holy Day services in 1907 at a cost of $250,000.

Notable events
On October 30, 2018 Rodef Shalom hosted the memorial services of Cecil and David Rosenthal one of the 11 victims of the Tree of Life Synagogue shooting that had occurred three days earlier among the attendees are members of the Pittsburgh Steelers as Cecil and David were the brothers of former community relations manager Michele Rosenthal.

References

Further reading

External links

 Rodef Shalom Congregation website
 WQED onQ: Rodef Shalom

Jews and Judaism in Pittsburgh
Religious buildings and structures in Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh History & Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmarks
Beaux-Arts synagogues
Beaux-Arts architecture in Pennsylvania
Henry Hornbostel buildings
Reform synagogues in Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Pittsburgh
Synagogues on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Synagogues completed in 1906
1856 establishments in Pennsylvania
Religious organizations established in 1856

Rodef Shalom Congregation