Daniel John-Jules (born 16 September 1960) is a British actor, singer and dancer. He is best known for playing Cat in the sci-fi comedy series Red Dwarf, Barrington in the comic children's series Maid Marian and Her Merry Men, and policeman Dwayne Myers in the crime drama Death in Paradise. He was also a protagonist in the hit CBBC children's spy drama M.I. High, in which he portrayed Lenny Bicknall, the caretaker.

Early life
John-Jules was born in St Mary's Hospital, Paddington, London, brought up in Notting Hill and attended Rutherford School, Paddington, from 1972 to 1977. There he learnt gymnastics.

Both his parents are from Dominica, and arrived in the UK aboard the HMT Empire Windrush. His mother worked in the courts; he has a brother who is a barrister.

Career
John-Jules has played the role of Cat in the science fiction comedy series Red Dwarf since its inception in 1988. He also starred in the children's spy series M.I. High and played Barrington in the children's series Maid Marian and Her Merry Men. In addition to his acting career, he has made various appearances both as a dancer and a singer.

Before his television and film work, he was a dancer in a group called 'second generation' and in many productions in West End theatres. He was a member of the original cast of Starlight Express, playing a boxcar called Rocky I. In 1993, he released a song from Red Dwarf, "Tongue Tied", as a single, which entered the top 20, eventually reaching a high of 17. John-Jules featured his Red Dwarf co-stars and backing singers in the video. For this release, he was billed as simply "The Cat"; a CD-EP release was also issued featuring this song along with a version of the Red Dwarf theme song.

Among other productions, John-Jules was the dancer from the crowd in the Wham! video for "The Edge of Heaven". He gets up partway through the instrumental section and dances alongside George Michael. John-Jules also danced on the Lena Zavaroni TV Series in 1981, and has made a tribute to her on her website.

On television, John-Jules is best known for his portrayal of Cat and Cat's geeky alter ego Dwayne Dibbley in the British comedy series Red Dwarf. He obtained the part of Cat by turning up half an hour late for his audition, dressed in his father's old zoot suit. He was unaware that he was late and hence did not appear at all concerned about it. The producers immediately decided he was cool enough to be "the Cat". Craig Charles said at a Red Dwarf convention that John-Jules was a lot like the Cat in that he had a lot of clothes. He said, "Danny John-Jules could change his clothes every four seconds for a year and he still wouldn't run out of clothes." Along with Charles, John-Jules is the only other cast member to appear in every episode of Red Dwarf to date.

His first acknowledged television and film roles were in Roy Minton's critically acclaimed Scum, where he played one of the inmates. The TV version, which was part of the Play for Today strand, was banned prior to broadcast.

He has also played the parts of Barrington in Maid Marian and Her Merry Men, Byron Lucifer in The Tomorrow People and Milton Wordsworth, the original presenter of The Story Makers on CBeebies.

Since 1999, he has had several guest appearances as himself in shows such as Comedy Connections, RI:SE and Night Fever.

Between 2002 and 2004 he played Milton Wordsworth in the CBeebies series The Story Makers, an educational children's television programme that was broadcast for four series. He appears in every series except series 2.

He has also appeared in at least one episode of CBBC's sitcom Kerching!, playing Michael's father, Trevor and appeared as Lenny Bicknall in series 1 and 2 of M.I.High, also on CBBC. He has also appeared in The Crouches.

On 8 November 2009, he made a brief appearance during BBC Two's coverage of the 2009 Valencian Moto Grand Prix.

In 2014, he played Nigel Rogers in The Life of Rock with Brian Pern. In May 2015, it was announced that he would, again, be returning to Red Dwarf for the eleventh and twelfth series.

In 2004, Jules played a character on the SF comedy Starhyke, but the series remained in post-production for five years, being shown only privately in 2009, the rights finally being bought by Amazon.com in 2015 and released in 2016.

He appeared in the BBC One series Death in Paradise as policeman Dwayne Myers from its start until 2018. He returned as a guest star for the Christmas Special in 2021.

It was announced that John-Jules plays the lead as Sir Leigh Teabing in the stage version of hit novel The Da Vinci Code's 2022 UK tour.

Film
John-Jules' film career began in 1975 playing Frog in the short film Seven Green Bottles, which was produced in conjunction with the Metropolitan Police and warned of the dangers and consequences of juvenile crime. He supplied the voice for two characters in Labyrinth (1986), then appeared in the 1986 version of Little Shop of Horrors, Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels (1998), and Blade II (2002). He has also appeared, uncredited, in the 1979 British film Scum, playing a look-out during a fight scene.

He has appeared in the 2008 British films The Grind and Sucker Punch. He has a small role as Rachel Weisz' manager in the Lincoln, Nebraska police force in the 2010 film The Whistleblower.

John-Jules also played one of the dancers in the 1981 movie The Great Muppet Caper, which, like Little Shop Of Horrors, was directed by Frank Oz. He is among the dancers in the restaurant where Kermit and Miss Piggy are dancing.

Other work
John-Jules provided his voice for the character of Gex in the UK and European release of Gex 3: Deep Cover Gecko. For several years in the late 1990s he appeared in the annual Christmas pantomime at Aldershot's Princes Hall theatre, playing his Cat character. John-Jules has also provided voices for the British Canadian animated series Chop Socky Chooks for Cartoon Network, Teletoon and Aardman Animations and the 2015 remake of the British children's animated series Bob the Builder.

John-Jules participated in the 16th series of Strictly Come Dancing, partnered with professional dancer Amy Dowden. In week 5 he topped the leaderboard with a total of 37 points for his jive. The couple were awarded the first 10 score of the series when Darcey Bussell marked their Jive to "Flip, Flop and Fly" in week 5. The couple were eliminated in Week 8 after losing a dance off to Graeme Swann and Oti Mabuse, their elimination came days after controversial bullying allegations, with tabloids reporting that John-Jules had reduced Dowden to tears.

Personal life
John-Jules is married to Petula Langlais; the couple have two children, both of whom have had minor acting roles alongside their father. He is also an avid motorcyclist and regularly participates in charity rides.

His nephew is Arsenal footballer Tyreece John-Jules.

In 2008, John-Jules was convicted of assaulting two bin men. He was ordered to perform 120 hours of community service as a punishment and to pay £350 costs and £75 compensation to each man. John-Jules did not accept the common assault convictions and said afterwards he had a "clear conscience".

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

References

External links

 Danny John-Jules at the British Film Institute

 Danny John-Jules Interview at www.sci-fi-online.com

1960 births
Living people
English male film actors
English male television actors
English male voice actors
Black British male actors
Black British male comedians
Male actors from London
Musicians from London
English baritones
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
English people of Dominica descent
British male comedy actors
Actors from Paddington
English people convicted of assault
Comedians from London

Danny John-Jules


iTunes Ping, or simply Ping, was a software-based, music-oriented social networking and recommender system developed and operated by Apple Inc. It was announced and launched on September 1, 2010, as part of the tenth major release of iTunes. The service launched with 1 million members in 23 countries.

The service allowed users to follow artists and see short, timely postings by both friends and artists. Ping was also accessible via iTunes for the iPhone and iPod Touch.

Apple officially closed the service on September 30, 2012, and replaced it with Facebook and Twitter integration in iTunes.

iPod
After Ping's official announcement on September 1, 2010, Karsten Manufacturing, the parent company of PING, a golfing equipment manufacturer, released a statement regarding the name of Apple's social network, stating that Karsten Manufacturing had entered into an agreement with Apple under which Apple will use the "Ping" trademark in connection with its iTunes application.
The name has also caused minor confusion as the term "to ping", which was being used by users of Ping, is already a commonly used but unrelated computer term used in conjunction with Ping networking utility.

Announcement
Ping was announced by Apple CEO Steve Jobs as being "sort of like Facebook and Twitter meet iTunes," but stating that "Ping is not Facebook" and "it is not Twitter," instead describing it as "something else ... all about music." Many have speculated that Ping was meant to compete directly with the declining MySpace, which is still holding on to its existence through music.

Endorsement
The announcement was endorsed by both Chris Martin, lead singer of Coldplay, who closed the event by performing "Viva La Vida" and "Yellow", as well as an unreleased song titled "Wedding Bells", and Lady Gaga who introduced the social network in a recorded video message that was played as part of the practical demo of the service.

Issues

Facebook
During Apple's announcement of Ping, chief executive Steve Jobs gave a demo of the service in which he demonstrated the basic functionality of the service, including Facebook integration. However, shortly after Ping was released to the public, users began to report that Facebook's social integration had been removed.

Kara Swisher, technology columnist for the Wall Street Journal, reported that after speaking to Steve Jobs regarding the matter, he had revealed that Facebook and Apple had failed to reach an agreement. Jobs further reported that Facebook wanted "onerous terms that [Apple] could not agree to." However, Apple launched Ping with Facebook integration without authorization, and that subsequently, Facebook implemented a block, denying Ping access to the application programming interface (API), necessary in "linking" Facebook with Ping. The result was the inability to search for an iTunes user's friends on Facebook who were also connected to Ping.

To provide Facebook integration in Ping, Apple had to retrieve users' information using Facebook's API instead. Facebook provides its APIs for third parties to use for free, but "high-volume" services such as Ping that are expected to make more than 100 million information requests per 24-hour period, are required to negotiate terms of use with Facebook, in accordance to Facebook's Developer Principles and Policies.

Spam
Twenty-four hours after Ping was launched to the public, reports of the service being flooded with spam were published. The fraudsters would create an iTunes profile and post links to a number of online scams, including ones that promised "free iPhones" or "free iPads" in exchange for filling out online surveys. For the most part, these suspicious links were being posted in the comments sections of popular artists on Ping, such as Britney Spears, Lady Gaga, Katy Perry and U2, all of whom were among the recommended accounts listed on the Ping homepage.

Security vendor Sophos expressed bemusement that Apple had allegedly set up no spam or URL filtering in Ping, leaving the service open to spam commenting. MacRumors reported that the "first 'free iPhone' spam wave remained active for up to four hours before being disabled." PC World noted that if Sophos' claims are correct it would be very "surprising ... considering that Apple appears to be filtering profile photos."

Fake accounts
On September 2, 2010, singer-songwriter Ben Folds reported via Twitter that an account had been created in his name, continuing to mention that he is unaware as to who had created it. Graham Cluley, senior technology consultant at Sophos, said it is "used to ... scams like this being spread far and wide via sites like Facebook, but clearly the lack of filtering on Ping is making it a brand new playground for [scammers] to operate in."

Limited availability
The service was initially available in 23 countries where users have full access to the iTunes Store. Therefore, users in countries with limited or no access to the iTunes Store, such as Chile, the Czech Republic, Croatia and India, were unable to access Ping.

Closure
Apple closed the service on September 30, 2012, and replaced it in iTunes with Facebook and Twitter integration. Ping failed to gain much traction with users. The social network remained operational until iTunes 10.6.3.

Service
Users of Ping were able to view what music their friends are purchasing and reviewing. Users also received a personalized "charts" list that features what other people with a similar taste in music are listening to through iTunes. Additionally, users were informed about what concerts their friends were attending and were able to purchase tickets accordingly.

Reception
There are favorable reviews of Ping. Business Insider reported that it was "impressed" and "could see using [the service] regularly." Wired gave the service a favorable review, stating that "Ping has significant advantages against other music-oriented social networks." GigaOM wrote that it foresees Ping as being "the future of Social Commerce." ReadWriteWeb concluded that the service is "OK",  stating that it has "potential." MacTech listed several complaints voiced by early adopters (such as Ping's lack of podcast and iOS app integration), but ultimately concluded that the service could eventually become "a pretty useful social network for music junkies."

The Guardian criticised the lack of existing social network integration, and NowPublic continued to criticise the absence of major artists and users inability to perform "basic" social networking interactions, such as posting status updates.
CNN rated Ping as one of the ten biggest tech 'fails' of 2010.

Notes

 An "active member" is defined by Apple as a user who has registered a valid payment method with their Apple ID, i.e. a credit or debit card.

References

Apple Inc. software
ITunes
IOS software
IPod software
Online music database clients
Defunct social networking services

ITunes Ping


Green Panthers is a United States cannabis rights advocacy organization founded in Washington, D.C., in 1990 by Terry Mitchell and Loey Glover. Green Panthers headquarters moved in 1993 to Cincinnati, Ohio. The Green Panthers flag is a white field with a green cannabis leaf. The Green Panthers published a newspaper Revolutionary Times (originally Revolutionary Toker) in the 1990s.

Green Panthers organized Inhale to the Chief, a pro-marijuana rally for the inauguration of Bill Clinton, in front of the White House in Washington, D.C., in January 1993.

Green Panthers coordinated national publicity and public relations for the San Marcos Seven Hemp City demonstration in June and July, 1993.

References

External links
Official website

Cannabis law reform organizations based in the United States
1990 in cannabis
1990 in Ohio
Cannabis in Ohio

Green Panthers


Clan Dewar is a Lawland Scots clan that settled near Edinburgh. Legend haes it that thay wan thair lands efter killin a wouf whilk haed terrorised the aurie.

History
Dewars wis recordit as Septs o Clan Menzies an Clan MacNab.

Oreegins o the Clan

The Ragman Rolls include the record o the first kent fowk bi the name Dewar whaur Thomas an Piers de Deware baith haein swuir fealty tae King Edward I o Ingland.

The name is an anglicisation o "Deòrach" whilk oreeginally means "pilgrim". Thir days it is rendered "Mac an Deòir" in Scots Gaelic.

Clan Chief
The faither o the present chief o Clan Dewar, Lt Col. Kenneth Malcolm Joseph Dewar o that Ilk & Vogrie, wis recognised bi the Lord Lyon in 1990 allouin the Clan tae be recognised as an offeecial Scots clan wi chief raither than an Armigerous clan athoot a chief.  The present chief is Michael Kenneth O'Malley Dewar O That Ilk An Vogrie.

Dewar

Clan Dewar


Rocktram (also, Rockfram) is an unincorporated community in Napa County, California. It lies at an elevation of 13 feet (4 m). Rocktram is located on the Southern Pacific Railroad,  south of Napa, at the junction with the Napa Valley Railroad and the Basalt Rock Company rock tram. This area got its name from an overhead tramway between the Basalt Rock Company quarry and a plant located on the Napa River.  The tram crossed California State Route 221 near what is now Kaiser Road. Metal containers that hung from a steel cable transported rock from Basalt's quarry on the hills east of the highway to the plant on the river. The rocks were loaded on barges and floated to construction sites from Sacramento to San Francisco. Rocks from Basalt were used in the construction of Treasure Island and most of the Bay Area bridges.

References

Unincorporated communities in California
Unincorporated communities in Napa County, California

Rocktram, California


Redd is a Turkish rock band established in 1996 by tenor opera singer Doğan Duru and guitarist Berke Hatipoğlu under the name Ten. They used to play at bars until they set up their own studio in 2004. Their first album, titled "50/50", produced by Levent Büyük, was published a year later by Stardium Müzik, already under the name Redd. The first music video was shot for "Mutlu Olmak İçin" (To Be Happy). Their second studio album, "Kirli Suyunda Parıltılar" (Glitters on Dirty Water), came out in 2006 under the label Pasaj Müzik. Their song "Falan Filan" entered the MTV World Music Charts at the 10th position. In 2007 the band produced their third album, "Plastik Çiçekler ve Böcek" (Plastic Flowers and Beetle). Redd started the studio recordings of their fourth album in 2009, published by Sony Music. Their first original soundtrack album for director Çağan Irmak's feature film Prensesin Uykusu was released in 2010. Songs from this album managed to enter the European music charts. Their last album, "Mükemmel Boşluk" was published in 2016 under the Pasaj label.

Foundation
Redd started working as a band in September 1996. Doğan Duru and Güneş Duru decided to make some changes in their group Invictus Band. Doğan invited Berke Hatipoğlu to their group, and then İlke Hatipoğlu also joined. After playing as Invictus Band for more than a year, the group decided to carry on performing under the name of "Ten".

Ten changed itself to Redd a bit later, and the band started to perform rock music in English especially in Istanbul. They started to write some of their own songs while they were performing, and in 2003 they moved their recording activities to record studios.

The band decided to find their own studio because of the rental studios difficulties and wrote many songs in one year.

Social Works

Rock for Van

A major earthquake occurred in Van on 24 October 2011. To support the people who lost their homes, Güneş Duru called various artists on Twitter to organize a charity concert. More than 15,000 tickets were sold and a school was built with the money raised by the concert.

Memorial Concert for Hrant Dink

To remember Hrant Dink, who was the main editor of Agos Newspaper and had been brutally assassinated on 19 January 2007, Redd organized a special concert in Ghetto, exactly five years after his death. Gripin, Kardeş Türküler, Jehan Barbur, Moğollar, Mor ve Ötesi, Aylin Aslım, Şevval Sam and Rojin performed in this concert. The money from this concert was donated to Hrant Dink Foundation. Redd also wrote "Özgürlük Sırtından Vurulmuş" ( Freedom was backstabbed) in their album "21" for Hrant Dink.

Ahmet Şık and Nedim Şener

Bon Jovi came to Istanbul during their 2011 Europe tour and Redd performed as the opening group for them. In the concert, Redd sang "Masal" (fairytale) for Ahmet Şık and Nedim Şener, who were unjustly in prison for 127 days .

Discography
 2005: 50/50 (Stardium)
 2006: Kirli Suyunda Parıltılar  (Pasaj)
 2008: Gecenin Fişi Yok DVD (Pasaj)
 2008: Plastik Çiçekler ve Böcek (Pasaj)
 2009: 21  (Sony Music)
 2010: Prensesin Uykusu  (Most Production - İmaj)
 2012: Hayat Kaçık Bir Uykudur (Pasaj)
 2016: Mükemmel Boşluk (Pasaj)
 2019: Yersiz Göksüz Zamanlar (Pasaj)

Music videos

References

Sources
 Redd Biography

External links
 Official website

Turkish rock music groups
1996 establishments in Turkey
Musical groups established in 1996
Musical groups from Istanbul

Redd


Gordonia is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid from the Late Permian of Scotland. Fossils have been found from the Elgin sandstone of Cutties Hillock Sandstone in Elgin, Moray. These are among the many amniote fossils referred to as the Elgin Reptiles. Gordonia was named in 1893 with four species: G. traquairi, G. duffiana, G. huxleyana, and G. juddiana. Currently, the only recognized species is the type G. traquairi. All other species are considered synonyms of the type.

Description

Gordonia is known from several skulls and partial skeletons. It is small-bodied in comparison to other dicynodonts. It is distinguished by the rod-like shape of a ridge on its lower jaw called the lateral dentary shelf. Gordonia has a short snout with tusks that are angled slightly forward. The intertemporal region at the top of the skull is long and narrow and forms a raised sagittal crest. A long intertemporal region is usually associated with larger dicynodonts, making the skull proportions of Gordonia unusual.

History
Fossils of Gordonia were first found by Scottish naturalist Ramsay Heatley Traquair in 1885, who immediately identified them as belonging to a dicynodont. They included several partial skeletons and complete skulls. All of these remains were preserved as impressions in sandstone, and no fossilized bones were found. On the basis of these impressions, E. T. Newton named Gordonia in 1893. Gordonia was named alongside a similar dicynodont, Geikia, and the small parareptile Elginia. Newton named four species of Gordonia, including G. traquairi (named after Traquair), G. duffiana, G. huxleyana (named after Thomas Henry Huxley), and G. juddiana.

In 1922, Russian paleontologist Vladimir Prokhorovich Amalitskii named two more species of Gordonia, G. annae and G. rossica. In 1926, G. annae and G. rossica were distinguished from the other species of Gordonia and transferred to the genus Dicynodon. Both species are now considered synonyms of Vivaxosaurus trautscholdi.

In 1988, British paleontologist Gillian King synonymized all species of Gordonia with Dicynodon, creating the single species Dicynodon traquairi. This classification was widely accepted in the following years. In 2011, a phylogenetic analysis of Dicynodon species found D. traquairi to be only distantly related to other species. The name Gordonia was reinstated, although only one species, G. traquairi, was recognized.

Classification
Below is a cladogram showing the phylogenetic placement of Gordonia from Kammerer et al. (2011):

References

Fossils of Scotland
Dicynodonts
Lopingian synapsids of Europe
Fossil taxa described in 1893
Elgin, Moray
History of Moray
Anomodont genera

Gordonia (synapsid)


Leonard Andrew Grimes (November 9, 1815 – March 14, 1873) was an African-American abolitionist and pastor.  He served as a conductor of the Underground Railroad, including his efforts to free fugitive slave Anthony Burns captured in accordance with the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. After the Civil War began, Grimes petitioned for African-American enlistment. He then recruited soldiers for the 54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry.

Abolitionism
Born of free parents in Leesburg, Virginia on or about November 9, 1815, he was orphaned about age 10 and sent to live with a uncle; unhappy there, he left and eventually headed to Washington, D.C.

Grimes was fortunate to grow up a free man, but because he was of mixed race, he identified as African American; witnessing the horrors of slavery in the south, he devoted his life to assisting fugitive slaves and advocating for abolition.

After moving to Washington, D.C., Grimes began a career as a hackney driver, providing transportation for people in and around Washington, D.C.  Owning his own coach enabled him to serve as a conductor of the Underground Railroad for years without suspicion.  He transported fugitive slaves from Virginia to Washington, D.C., and then assisted in moving them North.  In 1839, Grimes was caught attempting to rescue a family of slaves from Virginia, and he was sentenced to two years in jail in Richmond. At this time his wife taught schools for black youths in Washington.

In jail he found religion and after his release in 1840, Grimes was baptized in the Baptist faith and was licensed to preach by a panel chaired by the president of Columbian College, a Baptist institution in the District of Columbia (now the George Washington University). In 1846 he moved to Massachusetts and associated himself with the American Baptist Missionary convention in New Bedford, Massachusetts, and in Boston. In November 1848 he was ordained as pastor of the Twelfth Street Baptist church. He was pastor of the Twelfth Baptist Church for 27 years.  Grimes actively opposed the Fugitive Slave Act, and his church became known as "The Fugitives Church." He became an important figure in national church organizations and at the American Baptist Missionary Society Convention at Philadelphia in 1858 he, along with Theodore Doughty Miller, William Spellman, and Sampson White, pushed the organization to oppose slavery. They voted to have no fellowship with slave-holding ministries. He was president of the American Baptist Missionary convention and the Consolidated Baptist conventions for several years.

Case of Anthony Burns
Anthony Burns was an escaped slave from Virginia who came to Boston and became a member of Grimes's church in 1854.  When Burns's former slaveholder discovered where Burns was living, he ordered his arrest. Grimes led a fierce effort to free Burns from jail, but the trial commenced, and the judge, in accordance with the Fugitive Slave Act, ruled that Burns was still property of his slaveholder. Grimes was able to raise enough funds to purchase Burns's freedom, and Burns was freed from his life of servitude.  The Burns case was the last time that a fugitive slave was prosecuted under the Fugitive Slave Act in Massachusetts.

Colored Conventions
Grimes was a delegate to the Colored Conventions Movement, including the 1853 convention in Rochester, the Colored National Convention of 1855 in Philadelphia, and the 1859 convention in Boston.  Grimes also served as a member of the Massachusetts State Council, where he and other members advocated for opportunities for black Americans and for equal school rights.

Massachusetts 54th Regiment
The 54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry was one of the first African-American regiments to serve in the Civil War, forming in 1863. Many members of Grimes's church wanted to fight for the Union, and Grimes lobbied for the establishment of an African-American regiment.  When their efforts prevailed, Grimes recruited men to serve in the infantry.

Death
Grimes took ill just after a meeting of the Home Mission Society and died of apoplexy March 14, 1873, at his home in East Somerville, Massachusetts, near Boston.

Memorialization
On July 18, 2007, the George Washington University unveiled a plaque honoring Grimes on the site of his former home—the residence he owned from 1836 to 1846 at the corner of 22nd and H Streets NW, Washington, D.C., now in the center of GW's Foggy Bottom campus.

The National Park Service has designated the Loudoun County, Virginia, Courthouse as an Underground Railroad Network to Freedom site in part because of Grimes's trial and conviction there.

References

External links

1815 births
1873 deaths
People from Leesburg, Virginia
People from Washington, D.C.
People from Massachusetts
Underground Railroad people
Colored Conventions people
African-American abolitionists
Abolitionists from Boston

Leonard Grimes


The Ford EcoSport (pronounced ) is a subcompact crossover SUV (B-segment) manufactured by Ford between 2003 and 2023.

The first-generation model was developed and built in Brazil by Ford Brazil since 2003, at the Camaçari plant. The second-generation model was launched in 2012, which was assembled in factories in India, Thailand, Russia and Romania. The vehicle entered the North American market for the first time in 2018, until its discontinuation after the 2022 model year. Throughout its existence, the EcoSport shares its platform with the Fiesta.

First generation (BV226; 2003)

The first generation EcoSport was designed by Ford Brazil Development Center under the program code BV226, and the codename "Amazon Project". It is based on the European Fiesta and Fusion MPV, sharing the same Ford B3 platform.

The EcoSport became one of Ford's best-seller models in Brazil, consistently appearing on the twenty best selling vehicles. It was also popular in Argentina, Venezuela, and Mexico. Its main competitors were the Fiat Palio Adventure and Volkswagen CrossFox. In 2011, cumulative sales reached 700,000.

Versions and engines
The EcoSport was available with five inline-four engines:
 Zetec-Rocam 1.0 L gasoline 8v supercharged,  (discontinued in 2006)
 Zetec-Rocam 1.6 8v gasoline/ethanol,
 Duratec 2.0 L gasoline 16v
 Duratorq 1.4 L TDCi Diesel,  (export only)

All models have front-wheel drive with manual transmission as standard. The 2.0 L model can also receive a four speed automatic transmission (FWD only) or four-wheel drive (manual six speed only). In the latter case, an electronically controlled system automatically engages the rear axle when front wheel spin is detected, and also lets the driver manually engage the rear axle from the dashboard.

Restyling

At the end of 2007, a mid-cycle restyling was introduced, which renewed completely the front to bring it closer to then current Ford pickups, as well as the contemporary Brazilian restyling of the Ford Fiesta. Also updated were the rear lights, both bumpers, and the interior with a new dashboard using better quality materials.

Mexico
The Ford EcoSport arrived in the end of 2003 to Mexico as a model for 2004. The reception by the public was impressive and continued until 2006. For the model year of 2007, sales of the small SUV began slipping and it stopped being a hot seller. Compared to 15,000 units sold in 2004, only 10,000 units of the model year of 2007 were sold. This trend continued to worsen for the refreshed model year of 2008 due in part to a price increase.

Only 6,345 units of the model year 2008 were sold, and the model year 2009 sales through July 2009 were a mere 2,135 units. Due to decreasing sales, and heightened competition from the Ford Escape, Ford announced that a shortened 2010 model year would be the last sold in Mexico.

Second generation (B515; 2012)

The second-generation EcoSport was developed under Ford's global product development process in Ford Brazil Development Center. Designated under the project code B515 and the model code BK in Australia, it was based on the Fiesta B2E platform. The second-generation EcoSport was first showcased as a concept at the 2012 New Delhi Auto Expo, in India on 4 January 2012, and was launched in Brazil on 14 July 2012.

Ford showed the production variant of the Ford EcoSport in China, planning to begin sales in March 2013. In addition to China, the vehicle was also made at Ford India's Chennai plant, for domestic sale and export initially to the European, and by 2018, the North American, markets. Ford's Rayong plant in Thailand produced the EcoSport for Southeast Asian markets.

As of August 2015, Ford's Indian plant had already sold 200,000 EcoSports; 112,000 of which were sold in India while the rest were exported to South Africa, Taiwan, Japan, Australia, and Europe. In November 2016, Ford announced plans to supply the EcoSport from India to the United States.

In some countries, The EcoSport has a 1.0-litre three cylinder turbocharged EcoBoost petrol engine which has a power output of  and  of torque. The engine has Twin Independent Variable Camshaft Timing (Ti-VCT) which contributes to the turbocharged engine's peak torque starting at 1,300 rpm. The EcoSport can tow up to .

In 2018, Ford ended passenger cars production in Thailand, effectively ending EcoSport production. Ford continues to build pickup trucks and its SUV derivative in the country. In 2019, Ford Sollers closed their factory in Naberezhnye, Chelny (Russia) ending production of EcoSport in Russia. In 2020, the EcoSport was discontinued from Ford's Australia and New Zealand lineup, with the European-market Ford Puma serving as its replacement. In late 2021, Ford ended production of the EcoSport in India, and in Vietnam in early 2022.

On 11 January 2021, Ford announced to shutter three production plants in Brazil as part of cost-saving measures. As a result, production of the EcoSport in Brazil was ceased at immediate effect, with the car discontinued in Brazil, alongside the Ka (Figo) and Troller T4.

Powertrains
Engines available include the 1.0-litre EcoBoost developed at Ford's Dunton Technical Center in the UK. It is a turbocharged, cast aluminium block three cylinder made in a  and  version, with the latter delivering a peak torque of  from 1,300–4,500 rpm and  on overboost. The use of aluminium for the engine block instead of cast-iron improved engine warm-up time by 50 percent.

The three-cylinder engine design causes inherent vibrations, which are countered by a deliberately unbalanced flywheel, which has less friction than balance shafts.

The exhaust manifold is cast into the cylinder head, reducing engine warm up time. The engine block's height and width dimensions are comparable to an A4 size sheet of paper. This EcoSport version was available in China, Europe, India, the United States, but not Brazil. The Brazilian EcoSport has a 1.6 litre petrol engine, which produces  and  torque.

The Russian EcoSport comes with two different engines: a 1.6-litre, which produces 122 bhp (90 kW) and 148 Nm, and a 2.0-litre, which produces 140 bhp (90 kW) and 186 Nm. The 2.0-litre version of EcoSport comes as AWD with manual transmission, while the 1.6-litre is 2WD only but available with six speed manual or PowerShift automotive transmissions.

Along with the 1.0-litre EcoBoost engine, the Chinese and the Indian market also get a 1.5-litre Ti-VCT petrol engine, which produces  and 140 Nm (103 lb.ft). The EcoSport also has a 1.5-litre TDCi BS6 diesel engine that outputs  power at 3,750 rpm and  of torque at 1,750-2,500 rpm.

Marketing

India
The Indian market was among the first few to receive EcoSport. The car was manufactured at Ford India's Chennai plant, available in Six trims (Ambiente, Trend, Titanium, Titanium+, Sports & Thunder edition) with the choice of two engine options, 1.5-litre Ti-VCT Dragon series petrol engine and 1.5-litre TDCi diesel engine. The engines are available with five speed manual and only petrol engine available with 6-speed torque converter transmission. The 1.0-litre EcoBoost petrol engine has been dropped after the vehicle has been upgraded to meet the BS6 emission compliance norms.

In 2017, the facelifted EcoSport contains 80% Indian parts.

Japan
At its introduction internationally, it was also made available in Japan, as the smallest companion to the Ford Kuga and the Ford Explorer. All engines except the diesel are offered in Japan, with a five-speed manual or six-speed dual clutch transmission, and optional all-wheel drive. The 1.0 and 1.5-litre engines provide the opportunity for Japanese customers to save on the annual Japanese road tax obligation.

Europe
Ford launched the EcoSport in Europe during 2014, with a limited first batch of 500 units arriving in the first quarter of the year. The announcement was made in September 2013, at the IFA exhibition in Berlin, and the first limited edition versions could be ordered on a dedicated website. After disappointing sales figures in Europe in 2014, during which the EcoSport only sold 11,000 units against over 100,000 for each of its main competitors, the car was revised in 2015, to make it more suitable to European tastes. In March 2016, it was announced that the Ford EcoSport would be built in Romania, at Craiova plant starting from the autumn of 2017, moving production for the European market from the current plant in Chennai, India. This happened on the background of the growing market for the SUV segment in Europe, and would bring an investment of €200 million to the factory.

Safety
The Ford EcoSport has Ford SYNC driver connect system, a command system codeveloped with Microsoft. It also has airbags, anti-lock brakes (ABS), electronic stability program (ESP), electric power assisted steering (EPAS), and Hill Launch Assist, Traction control System (TCS) and rear parking sensors.

The EcoSport in its most basic Latin American configuration received 4 stars for adult occupants and 3 stars for toddlers from Latin NCAP in March 2013.

The updated EcoSport in its most basic Latin American configuration received 5 stars for adult occupants and 3 stars for toddlers from Latin NCAP in November 2013.

The EcoSport in its standard European configuration received 4 stars from Euro NCAP in 2013.

2017 facelift
The EcoSport's mid-cycle updates were announced at 2016 Los Angeles Auto Show for the 2018 model year, including a revised front end design, and a redesigned rear bumper. The dashboard has an optional 8-inch floating touchscreen infotainment system that supports both Apple CarPlay and Android Auto.

Sales of the EcoSport in the US market began in 2018. Early models include the 1.0 EcoBoost three-cylinder turbo gasoline engine for FWD models and the 2.0 four cylinder petrol naturally aspirated engine for 4WD models. Both engines have a six-speed automatic transmission. The Australian-, Canadian- and US-market EcoSports, made in India, have the rear mounted spare tire as optional on the base model.

2021 facelift
The EcoSport was due to receive a facelift for the Indian market, but was cancelled suddenly as the Sanand plant will be closing in the fourth quarter of 2021 along with the Chennai plant in the second half of 2022. As a result of that, a stop production of the EcoSport was issued through Ford of India. Additionally, all models that were due to be exported to Argentina, Mexico, Canada, and the US have all been cancelled as well, however, the EcoSport will still be sold in Europe and will be built at facility in Romania. Its Indian production restarted on 24 September 2021 for 2 years.

Discontinuation
The EcoSport was discontinued in the US and India in mid-2022, due to decreased sales and Ford ending manufacturing in India. In the US market, the new entry level model will be the Ford Maverick pickup truck. The EcoSport remained on sale in the Mexican market until 2022.

Ford discontinued production of the Ecosport at the Craiova factory in Romania at the end of 2022, but sales will continue from accumulated stock in Europe until the end of 2023.

Sales

References

External links

EcoSport
Subcompact crossover sport utility vehicles
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Ford B3 platform
Euro NCAP superminis
Latin NCAP superminis
2010s cars
2020s cars
Cars introduced in 2003

Ford EcoSport


USS Skirmish (AM-303)  was an  built for the United States Navy during World War II. She received four battle stars during World War II. She was decommissioned in December 1945 and placed in reserve. In February 1955, while still in reserve, her hull number was changed from AM-303 to MSF-303, but she was not reactivated. She was transferred to the Dominican Republic in January 1965 and renamed Separación (BM455). She was employed as a patrol vessel in Dominican Navy service and renamed Prestol Botello in 1976. Her pennant number was changed from BM454 to C454 during a 1995 refit. , Prestol Botello remained in active service for the Dominican Navy.

U.S. Navy service
Skirmish was laid down on 8 April 1943 by Associated Shipbuilders of Harbor Island, Seattle, Washington; launched on 16 August 1943; and commissioned on 30 June 1944. After completing fitting out and trials in the Seattle area and shakedown and anti-submarine warfare training out of San Pedro, California, and San Diego, California, respectively, Skirmish departed the west coast on 2 September 1944. The minesweeper escorted a convoy to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, arriving on 9 September.

After 20 days of minesweeping and antisubmarine drills in the Hawaiian Islands, Skirmish stood out of Pearl Harbor to escort USS Boreas (AF-8) to Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshall Islands. The two ships arrived on 12 October, and Skirmish departed the next day to return to Pearl Harbor. Upon her return, on 20 October, she resumed training exercise around Oahu until 3 November when she formed up with a San Francisco-bound convoy. She stayed in San Francisco for a week from 14 to 21 November, visited Los Angeles, California, from the 21st to the 23d, and returned to Pearl Harbor on 3 December. On 12 December, Comdr. L. F. Freeburghouse broke his pennant in Skirmish, and she became the flagship of the Commander, Mine Squadron 12.

Following a yard overhaul and more exercises Skirmish departed the Hawaiian Islands on 22 January 1945 in the screen of another Eniwetok-bound convoy, arriving on 4 February. This time she did not return to Pearl Harbor. Instead, she departed Eniwetok the next day in company with a large contingent of landing craft, escort ships, and minesweepers. Sailing by way of Saipan and Tinian in the Marianas, Skirmish arrived off Iwo Jima, in the Volcano Islands, on 16 February. For the next three days, she and the other minesweepers conducted sweeps. Then, after the assault on 19 February, she remained in the area on the "ping line" to give advance warning of air attack or submarines. On 8 March, she cleared Iwo Jima for Ulithi Atoll in the Carolines, arriving on 10 March and remaining until the 19th.

On 25 March, Skirmish arrived off Okinawa, the major island of the Ryukyus, and commenced sweeping the waters around the island. During the evening of the following day, an enemy "Betty" swooped in on her port side, firing as it closed. Up went the cry, "Action to port," as all guns blazed away at the intruder. As the twin-engine bomber passed over her bow, Skirmish's fusillade ripped into its engines, causing a storm of parts to rain down on her forecastle deck. The "Betty" continued across the bow and splashed to starboard. The minesweeper continued to patrol and sweep around Okinawa until 8 July, putting into port periodically at either Buckner Bay or Kerama Retto. From 26 March on, action was not so close as on that date, but Skirmish's crew continued to fight off air attacks and sweep mines. She suffered her only casualty of the war at Okinawa on 2 April, when a dud crashed into a 20 millimeter gun mount, demolishing it and killing one sailor.

On 8 July, Skirmish sailed from Okinawa for San Pedro Bay area of Leyte Gulf. She was still at Leyte on 10 August when the news of the Japanese surrender offer came. The whole bay exploded into one gigantic 4th-of-July celebration - searchlights blazing, sirens screaming and fireworks going off everywhere. By the 18th, everyone settled down with the realization that there was much to be done in spite of the cessation of hostilities.

Accordingly, Skirmish got underway with the other minesweepers on 18 August to return to Buckner Bay. She stayed at Okinawa for a week and a day, from 22 to 30 August, then departed to sweep the Yellow Sea in support of the Korea occupation forces. From 1 to 7 September, she swept in the area of the Korean coast then headed for Sasebo, Japan, where she swept the approaches to Sasebo and Nagasaki. During the ensuing three months she continued operations around Kyūshū, departing that area once to sweep a shallow field in the Tsushima Strait.

On 11 December, Skirmish hoisted her homeward bound pennant and led Mine Squadron 12 in review before Rear Admiral Struble, Commander, Minecraft Pacific Fleet. As they sailed out of Sasebo, the ships assembled in the harbor rendered honors, and the crews of two cruisers, USS Boston (CL-69) and USS Oklahoma City (CL-90) were paraded in dress blues.

Upon arrival in the United States later in December, Skirmish was placed out of commission, in reserve, and berthed at Orange, Texas. She remained there for the next 19 years. She was redesignated MSF-303 on 11 February 1955 and declared excess to the needs of the Navy in January 1965. Her name was struck from the Navy list on January 1965, and she was sold to the Dominican Republic on 14 January, under the terms of the Military Assistance Program.

Awards
Skirmish earned four battle stars for World War II service.

Dominican Navy service
The former Skirmish was acquired by the Dominican Republic on 14 January 1965 and renamed Separación (BM454). Employed as a patrol vessel in Dominican Navy service, she was renamed Prestol Botello in 1976. During a 1995 refit, her pennant number was changed to C454 in 1995. , Prestol Botello was in active service with the Dominican Navy.

Notes

References

Admirable-class minesweepers
Ships built in Seattle
1943 ships
World War II minesweepers of the United States
Admirable-class minesweepers of the Dominican Navy
Patrol vessels of the Dominican Republic

USS Skirmish (AM-303)


The BMT Jamaica Line, also known as the Broadway - Brooklyn Line is an elevated rapid transit line of the B Division of the New York City Subway, in Brooklyn and Queens, New York City, United States. It runs from the Williamsburg Bridge southeast over Broadway to East New York, Brooklyn, and then east over Fulton Street and Jamaica Avenue to Jamaica, Queens. In western Jamaica, the line goes into a tunnel, becoming the lower level of the Archer Avenue lines in central Jamaica. The  and  trains serve the entire length of the Jamaica Line, and the  serves the line west of Myrtle Avenue.

The longest elevated line in the system, the Jamaica Line includes the oldest existing elevated structure in the system – the original 1885 line of the Brooklyn Elevated Railroad, the former BMT Lexington Avenue Line between Gates Avenue and Van Siclen Avenue – as well as the newest elevated structure, the 1988 ramp into the Archer Avenue subway.

The Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT) originally operated the line with "westbound" trains heading toward Manhattan and "eastbound" trains heading toward Canarsie, Middle Village, or Jamaica, generally in agreement with compass direction. However, NYCT's railroad directions, which are north and south, replaced the BMT's west and east railroad directions, respectively. This reclassification resulted in services which ran through the BMT Nassau Street Line to Downtown Brooklyn having two south ends. To eliminate any confusion, the directions of train services in the eastern division were switched, with trains running towards Jamaica being considered Northbound. The  (later K) and current  services were an exception to this, with Jamaica, Broadway Junction, or Metropolitan Avenue remaining the south terminal, since they used the Chrystie Street Connection from the Jamaica Line to the IND Sixth Avenue Line.

Description

The Jamaica Line includes a variety of structures. The original BMT Jamaica Line started from Broadway Ferry, Brooklyn. The line was two tracks, and connected with Marcy Avenue, from the west. This section, which was called the "Broadway Spur", has a short, but easily seen remnant (about one-half of a block in length, no tracks, just maintenance buildings) west and south of where the line curves toward the Williamsburg Bridge.

From Marcy Avenue to a point just before Alabama Avenue the line operates on the structure of old elevated railways, but substantially rebuilt and upgraded to a three-track line around 1916 under the Dual Contracts of 1913. The section between Gates Avenue and Van Siclen Avenue was completed in 1885 as part of the BMT Lexington Avenue Line. From Alabama Avenue to just before the current Cypress Hills station, the Jamaica Line operates on the oldest elevated structure in New York City, a steel-reinforced cast iron line opened in 1893. East of Broadway Junction, a third middle trackway exists and elevates over the other two tracks, ending just west of the Alabama Avenue station. This track was intended to be an express track, but engineering studies completed after the work started indicated that the vibration of trains passing over the stations would be too severe and would literally shake the stations apart.

Between Crescent Street station and Cypress Hills, the line runs on an "S-curve", turning north from Fulton Street onto Crescent Street, then east onto Jamaica Avenue. The curves are at nearly 90-degree angles, forcing trains to drastically reduce speed to 15 miles per hour in order to traverse them. The line east of Cypress Hills is known as the Jamaica Avenue Line, the newest section of the line which was built under the Dual Contracts. This structure has provisions on its entire length for three tracks, but a center track was never built (see below), with the exception of a layup track at 111th Street and another between 160th Street and 168th Street on the now-demolished original end of the line.

Four curves on the line, including the two on the Jamaica Avenue "S-curve", are among the 30 sharpest curves in the subway system. The curve west of Marcy Avenue has radii of  for Manhattan- and Queens-bound trains, respectively. The curve from Broadway Junction to Alabama Avenue has a radius of . The curve east of Crescent Street has radii of  and the curve west of Cypress Hills has radii of , both respectively for Manhattan- and Queens-bound trains. As with other BMT Eastern Division lines, the Jamaica Line can only accommodate trains with eight  or eight  cars. Due to the narrow turning radiuses of the lines,  cars (R44, R46, R68, R68A) could not be used on the Eastern Division.

History

The Union Elevated Railroad, leased to the Brooklyn Elevated Railroad, opened an elevated line above Broadway from Gates Avenue northwest to Driggs Avenue in Williamsburg on June 25, 1888. This was a branch of the existing Lexington Avenue Elevated, which then ended at Van Siclen Avenue; Broadway trains ran between Driggs and Van Siclen Avenues. A popular free transfer was available at Gates Avenue to Lexington Avenue trains towards Downtown Brooklyn. The Broadway Elevated was extended to Broadway Ferry on July 14, 1888.

An extension of the Broadway Elevated east to Cypress Hills, over Fulton Street and Crescent Street, opened on May 30, 1893, and the company extended both Lexington Avenue and Broadway trains to the new terminal. This extension incorporated portions of the recently demolished Park Avenue Elevated. On May 30, 1903, a connection between the Broadway Elevated and trolley tracks was completed south of the Cypress Hills terminal. Known as the Cypress Hills Incline, it allowed trains to run to 168th Street in Jamaica via Jamaica Avenue. This service was discontinued on December 30, 1903, due to traffic congestion in Jamaica.

A connection to the Williamsburg Bridge was established in 1908, rendering the two westernmost stations on the Broadway Ferry Branch obsolete. These two stations were closed on July 3, 1916. The eastern extension along Jamaica Avenue to 168th Street was opened on July 3, 1918.

Joint service with the Long Island Rail Road's Atlantic Branch existed between Norwood Avenue and Crescent Street stations with a connection built at Chestnut Street in Brooklyn. This allowed BRT trains to access the Rockaways and Manhattan Beach, while affording the LIRR a connection into Manhattan to the BRT terminal located at Park Row over the Brooklyn Bridge (this service predated the opening of the East River Tunnels to Penn Station). This service ended in 1917 when the United States Railroad Administration took over the LIRR, and classified different operating standards between rapid transit trains and regular heavy rail railroads such as the LIRR.

By the time the Independent Subway System extended the Queens Boulevard Line along Hillside Avenue in Jamaica in 1937, residents became dissatisfied with the Jamaica Elevated. Construction of the Archer Avenue subway lines began in 1973. However, the city was hit by a major financial crisis during the mid-1970s delaying the completion and opening of the new line. Regardless of these circumstances and despite opposition from some area residents, the three easternmost stations (Sutphin Boulevard, 160th Street, and 168th Street) were closed on September 10, 1977, with most of that segment of the line being demolished by 1979. The two other stations west of that point (Metropolitan Avenue and Queens Boulevard) were closed in 1985, with the line there being demolished in 1990. The Archer Avenue subway was opened in 1988. Two remnants of the former Jamaica El in Jamaica itself still exist today: the 144th Place power substation, which is now used for the Archer Avenue subway, and the station house and tower for 168th Street, which can be found on the southeast corner of Jamaica Avenue and 165th Street and is now used as a Boston Market restaurant.

In Fiscal Year 1930, the platforms at Kosciuszko Street were lengthened to accommodate an eight-car train of Standard subway cars.

Eastern Jamaica Line third track proposals
On July 7, 1934, the Transit Commission ordered that the BMT construct a transformer in Woodhaven at 77th Street, which would provide more power, and therefore it would allow the construction of a third track on the Jamaica El.

In 1958, the New York City Transit Authority first proposed the installation of a third track on the Jamaica El to provide peak-direction express service. The 1958 plan would have eliminated two tight right-angle curves of the Crescent Street "S-curve" between the Jamaica Avenue and Fulton Street portions of the route, by building a new elevated structure that would run diagonally from 80th Street to about Grant or Nichols Avenues, just east of Crescent Street. A 50- to 75-foot-wide right-of-way would have been needed, and since the line would have cut diagonally across several streets, 75 homes were slated to be torn down. Since the new elevated structure would take a more direct route, some local stations would be eliminated. The stops at Cypress Hills and Elderts Lane would have been eliminated, and a new stop replacing them would have been built around 75th Street and either Rockaway Boulevard or 91st Avenue. As part of the 1959 capital budget of the Transit Authority, $25.25 million was allocated for the construction of a third track on the Jamaica Elevated from 160th Street to Alabama Avenue. The stations from Alabama Avenue to and including Crescent Street are: Alabama Avenue, Van Siclen Avenue, Cleveland Street, Norwood Avenue and Crescent Street. All of these stations have center island platforms; to allow for the construction of a third track, the current platforms would have been demolished and replaced with side platforms. The Alabama Avenue and Van Siclen Avenue stops would be replaced by one stop in between the two stations to allow for better spacing, , between stations. The Cleveland Street station would have been replaced with a new station west of the existing station. The Norwood Avenue and Crescent Street stations would have been replaced by a single station between the two stations. One alternative that would not have required the demolition of homes would have entailed replacing the elevated structure between Eastern Parkway and Cypress Hills with a new structure above Jamaica Avenue, with new stops built.

On October 9, 1958, because of a lack of funds and because of community opposition, the City Planning Commission removed the project from the capital outlay budget. On July 14, 1959, the third-track project was put into the New York City Transit Authority's 1960 budget. On August 18, 1959, the New York City Transit Authority through an appeal made by the Authority's chairman, Patterson, tried to obtain approval from the City Planning Commission for a $27 million project to construct a third track on the BMT Jamaica Line. The installation of the third track would have attracted passengers from the overcrowded IND Queens Boulevard Line, as there would be significant time savings between 168th Street and Marcy Avenue. The Planning Commission killed the plan in the prior year, because of insufficient evidence that there was a need for such a project.

On June 18, 1959, skip-stop service was implemented on the Jamaica El, with trains stopping at alternate stations between 168th Street and Eastern Parkway with the hope of enticing riders from the IND Queens Boulevard Line to use the new skip-stop service. If skip-stop service was a success, the Transit Authority would have shelved the triple-tracking project.

The project, as it was planned in 1962, would have necessitated the condemnation of about 200 homes and would have cost $35 million. The only express stop between 168th Street and Eastern Parkway would have been Woodhaven Boulevard, which would have needed to be reconstructed to allow for express platforms to be built. The project had serious community opposition, with the district leader of the 13th Assembly District, Arthur A. Gray, saying that the project was "an unnecessary and unwarranted renovation of an antiquated elevated structure in which the transportation needs of our community are sacrificed for the convenience of the many Nassau residents who board the line at its Jamaica terminus." The project was thought as becoming worthless in a few years, as Jamaica was planned to become a big shopping center, and therefore, the el would have had to come down. Suggestions were made to raze the elevated in this section to allow for a shopping mall in Woodhaven. The City Planning Commission continued to oppose the project on the grounds of the "inadequacies of the project".

The NYCTA once again requested for funds for the third-tracking of the Jamaica Line for its 1965–1966 fiscal year. This time the projected cost would have been reduced to $16.45 million. In November 1967, William Ronan, chairman of the Metropolitan Commuter Transportation Authority, and later the chairman of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, suggested that money from a transportation bond issue could have paid for the installment of the third track on the line.

Service patterns
The following services use part or all of the BMT Jamaica Line:

The line has had two major service patterns: the 14 Broadway (Brooklyn) Line (earlier called the Canarsie Line, before that line was connected to the 14th Street Line) and the 15 Jamaica Line. Eventually, the 14 became the KK (which became the K in 1974) and the 15 the J; the K was eliminated in 1976. The Z was introduced in 1988 to provide skip-stop service with the J, using the same pattern that the 14/K and 15/J formerly used in multiple instances throughout their history.

Nomenclature
From its acquisition by the BRT to and beyond city ownership in 1940, the portion of the line from its western terminus to Cypress Hills was known as the Broadway El or the Broadway-Brooklyn Line, to distinguish from the underground Broadway-Manhattan Line. Beyond that point it was known as the Jamaica Avenue El or the Jamaica Line. Subsequent to city takeover, the dividing line between the Broadway and Jamaica Avenue Lines was often considered to be the more westerly station at Eastern Parkway, now known as Broadway Junction.

Since the discontinuance of separate Broadway-Brooklyn services, the entire line is now known as the Jamaica Line.

Station listing

References

External links

Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation
New York City Subway lines

BMT Jamaica Line


Laura Elise Schwendinger (born January 26, 1962) was the first composer to win the American Academy in Berlin's Berlin Prize.

Biography
Schwendinger was the first composer to win the American Academy in Berlin Prize, and her opera Artemisia, is the winner of the 2023, American Academy of Arts and Letters Charles Ives Opera Award, the largest such award for vocal music in the US. Additionally, she is a recipient of a 2009 Guggenheim Fellowship and fellowships from the Yaddo Colony, MacDowell, Bogliasco Foundation, Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Conference Center. She is a Professor of Composition at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where she is also the Artistic Director of the Contemporary Chamber Ensemble and Head of Composition. She received her Ph.D. from the University of California Berkeley, where she studied with Andrew Imbrie and Olly Wilson. Schwendinger has been invited to present her music to seminars at Harvard University, Northwestern University, the University of Chicago, Yale University, the Juilliard School, the University of California at Berkeley Davis, University of California Los Angeles, the San Francisco Conservatory of Music, and the Royal Irish Academy of Music in Dublin. She has also been on faculty at summer programs and festivals like the Bennington Conference, Talis Festival, New Music on the Point, St. Mary's Summer Composition Intensive and was a Master Artist at the Atlantic center for the Arts in 2018, as well as the Guest Director of the Irish Composition Summer School in 2016.

Schwendinger was born in Mexico City D.F. Mexico. Before her position in Madison, she was a professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago, and taught at the Music Department of the University of California, Santa Cruz, Smith College and the San Francisco Conservatory of Music's Preparatory Division, where she started a program for young composers in 1985.

Career

Recent performances of her music include a double violin concerto Nightingales, premiered by the Dubuque Symphony Orchestra and the UW Symphony Orchestra, and featuring violinists Eleanor Bartsch and Ariana Kim, Fluorescenza for Matt Haimovitz's Primavera project and recorded for Oxingale and Brushstrokes by Collage New Musicof Boston.

Other performances include a "Pocket Concerto" commission by Miller Theatre in New York, Chiaroscuro Azzurro, premiered by violinist Jennifer Koh and the International Contemporary Ensemble, and her cello concerto Esprimere, written for and premiered by Matt Haimovitz and the University of Wisconsin–Madison Symphony Orchestra.

Her setting of in Just- spring was performed on tour by Dawn Upshaw and Gilbert Kalish from 1997 to 2013 at venues including Carnegie Hall, Wigmore Hall in London, the  Théâtre Châtelet  in Paris, Morgan Library, the National Arts Center in Canada and at the Tanglewood and Ojai Music Festivals. It is available on a Naxos TDK/DVD, Voices of Our Time, with Upshaw and Kalish and was recorded at The Theatre Chatalet.

A Harvard Musical Association Commission, her String Quartet #1, was premiered by the Arditti Quartet, a Koussevitzky Foundation commission. Celestial City, which featured the dynamic young recording artist Janine Jansen with Spectrum Concerts Berlin at the Berlin Philharmoniker Kammermusiksaal, Fable and more recently High Wire Act, performed by Collage New Music at Harvard University, and a Fromm Foundation Commission, Nonet for the Chicago Chamber Musicians, which was premiered on "Live from WFMT" radio in Chicago. The Theater Chamber Players commissioned two works by Schwendinger, Songs of Heaven and Earth, and Magic Carpet Music, which were both premiered at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington D.C.For her second Koussevitzky Foundation Commission, from the Foundation she wrote for the Chameleon Arts Ensemble in Boston, 2017.The review in the Boston Musical Intelligencer, May 21, 2017, Chameleon Paints With Music by Leon Golub read, "Schwendinger's delightful piece effectively transformed my own gaze on the Artist's Muse by introducing a competing muse of flesh and bone, hardship and failure, grievance and glory, behind the painter's still-life effigy."

In more recent years, her Creature Quartet was premiered by the JACK Quartet on the Union Concert series in Madison WI, her Arc of Fire, a Chamber Music America Commission, was performed on WFMT radio in Chicago and twice at Bryant Park in New York City as part if the Chamber Music America's Classical Commissioning Program. As part of Schwendinger's League of American Orchestras New Music Alive residency with the Richmond Symphony Orchestra in 2016, her Waking Dream was performed by Mary Boodell, the principal flute of the orchestra on their Altria Masterworks series.

Her work has also been performed at Alice Tully Hall at Lincoln-Center, Times Center, Symphony Space, BargeMusic, Corcoran Gallery of Art, Institute of Advanced Study at Princeton University, Corcoran Gallery, Poisson Rouge, and the Tanglewood, Bennington, Aspen, Ravinia, and Ojai Festivals, the KOFOMI Festival in Austria, and the Talis Festival in Switzerland. Schwendinger's UnSafe Commission Shadings, for the American Composers Orchestra, was premiered at Zankel Hall in 2012, and her Seven Choral Settings were performed there as well in 2013, by Trinity Wall Street Chorus and Matt Haimovitz, conducted by Julian Wachner. In 2012, she was commissioned to write a work for Sounding Beckett at the Classic Stage Company in New York City. Jenna Scherer wrote in her Time Out review of the work, "Laura Schwendinger's piece for Footfalls is particularly effective, featuring stretches in which the musicians play their instruments so lightly, it could just be the autumn wind blowing through their strings. Beckett's works demand postviewing brooding, and these haunting soundscapes offer an appropriately moody place to drift."

Among her many works, in 2017 Schwendinger was commissioned by the National Flute Association to compose a work for their Young Artist Competition, for their National Conference in Minnesota. Her opera Artemisia, written with librettist Ginger Strand, was work-shopped on January 7, 2017, as part of the Time's Arrow Festival of Music at Trinity Wall Street, and conducted by Julian Wachner and supported by a National Opera Center and Opera America Discovery Grant. The Center for Contemporary Opera produced a partial performance at Symphony Space in November 2019 with Sara Tarana Jobin, conductor. The opera was then fully produced in two different world premieres (an orchestral and chamber version) in 2019.

The world premiere of the orchestral version of Artemisia by Trinity NOVUS with Christopher Alden, director and Lidiya Yankovskaya, conductor, featuring Augusta Caso, Heather Buck and Richard Troxell. The chamber world premiere of a chamber version, performed by the Left Coast Chamber Ensemble with Matilda Hofman, conducting and supported by the National Endowment for the Arts, was at Z Space in San Francisco. Corinna da Fonesca da-Wollheim, in the New York Times, praised the opera's treatment of "big themes...idea and form, image and projection, sight and gaze..with music of quivering intensity". Rebecca Wishnia, in the San Francisco Classical Voice, described the opera as "sumptuous on every level," with a "striking" score","..a breathtaking piece of worry and longing...Most memorably, the music underscores Artemisia's deteriorating vision. Tender, high-pitched glimmers shift so as to be out of reach. The shadows are flat-sounding chords: impressionistic, but with a distinctly contemporary sensibility." In OperaWire "Schwendinger's score and Ginger Strand's story not only casts its spell but awakens us again to the continuing conflict of men, women and art that has pervaded western history...The music challenges. The texture is rich.. excellent transmitter of the story. Both reveal the complexity and do not hold back from riveting us to it."

Her second career Fromm Foundation commission for Musiqa in Houston, Cabaret of Shadows with librettist Ginger Strand, was produced in March 2022. Her work is published by Keiser Southern Music.

Other Reviews
Allan Kozinn of the New York Times wrote of her Chiaroscurro Azzurro as played by Jennifer Koh: Ms. Schwendinger's work also lives in (at least) two worlds. The violin writing, played with equal measures of energy and velvety richness by Jennifer Koh, is sometimes assertive and rhythmically sharp-edged, but those moments virtually always resolve into a sweetly singing line. The grittier orchestral writing offsets that sweetness without overwhelming it. This is a work that seems likely to blossom with repeated listening.

Colin Clarke wrote of her Creature Quartet on Albany Records CD QUARTETS, featuring the JACK Quartet, in the May/June 2018 issue of Fanfare Magazine

Gestural and yet powerfully organized, Schwendinger's voice is highly individual. The performance by the JACK Quartet is impeccable, and as a studio recording it is technically more secure than the live Vimeo video. The sheer intensity of both music and performance thereof is spellbinding, as if the passion of the composer for her subject shines through like a light.

Richard Buell of the Boston Globe wrote in his review of her chamber work Fable, This was shrewd composing, the genuine article. Onto the season's best list it goes" and of her String Quartet "an unmistakable lyric intensity...a fine piece...worthy of the Arditti's attention, and later of her Magic Carpet Music as played by Collage New Music: "Schwendinger's Magic Carpet Music like the composer's other music, rejoices in edge and has a force that has its way...Here is a composer with distinct voice." Mark Kanny of the Pittsburgh Tribune wrote, The absence of any visual entertainment for Schwendinger's Buenos Aires focused attention on the musical excellence of her hard-driving quartet for flute, bass clarinet, violin and cello. She creates fresh and compelling lines that are brought together to a powerful climax.In her New York Times Playlist review of Schwendinger's Centaur CD High Wire Acts, Corinna da Fonseca-Wollheim wrote "in the works grouped together on this captivating disc… she sketches musical short stories of somnambulant fragility and purpose."

Awards
Beyond those already mentioned, Schwendinger has received honors from the Guggenheim Foundation, the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, the American Academy of Arts and Letters, a Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship at Bellagio, Yaddo Corporation fellowships (9), MacDowell Colony fellowships (11), and the Bogliasco Liguria Conference Center, and artistic residencies at the Tyrone Guthrie Center, American Academy in Rome, as well as awards from the American League of Orchestras / New Music Alive, and awarded commissions from the Harvard Music Association, Fromm Foundation and an Opera America Discovery Grant; And was the first prize winner of the 1995 ALEA III International Composition Competition. She is one of a small number of composers to receive two Koussevitzky Foundation commissions.

Selected works
Artist's Muse (1998) for flute, clarinet, violin, cello, piano, and percussion.(24:00)A Koussevitzky Foundation Commission for the Chameleon Arts Ensemble of Boston and premiered May 20 and 21, First Church Boston.
Chiaroscuro Azzurro, a "Pocket concerto" commission from Miller Theater for violin and chamber orchestra (20 players). For Jennifer Koh, Premiere March 2008, Miller Theater, New York City.
High Wire Act (2005) for flute, strings and piano. Written for and commissioned by Christina Jennings and Bright Music. Premiere November 15, 2005.
Esprimere Concerto for cello and orchestra (2005) Written for Matt Haimovitz and the UW Symphony Orchestra. Premiere March 28, 2007.
Celestial City (2002) For Spectrum Concerts of Berlin. A Koussevitzky Foundation Commission. Premiere was 1/22/03: Berlin Philharmonic recital Hall. (18:01) for clarinet, violin, viola, cello and piano
String Quartet in three movements (2001) A Harvard Musical Association. Commission, The Arditti String Quartet, 1/24/03. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA. 17:36.
Magic Carpet Music (1999) for flute, clarinet (bass), violin and cello. 13:00. Written for The Theater Chamber Players. Premiere was on December 4, 1999, at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts.
Chansons Innocentes: Three song set includes In Just Spring-, Hist whist, little ghost things (2000) and Tumbling-hair for voice and piano. Hildegard Publishing, available from Theodore Presser.
from Chansons Innocente- In Just Spring- (1988) for soprano and piano. Taken on tour (1997–2002) by Dawn Upshaw and Gilbert Kalish, venues include Carnegie Hall, Wigmore Hall- London, Veteran's Wadsworth- Los Angeles, Theatre du Chatelet- Paris, Herbst Theater- San Francisco and The Tanglewod Music Festival. Also available on Voices of Our Time a recital video of Dawn Upshaw at The Theatre du Chatelet in Paris
Fable, (1994), for flute (alto, piccolo), clarinet (bass), violin, cello, piano and percussion (15:00).* Performances include Aspen Music Festival, San Francisco Conservatory of Music New Music Ensemble, June in Buffalo and Bowdoin Festival.
Van Gogh Nocturnes (2008) for piano solo (8:39)
Rapture (2003) for cello and piano. (8:30) Adapted for Jens Peter Maintz, principal cellist of the Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin. Premiere 5/24/03
Sonata for solo violin (1992) in three movements (13:00). Written for and premiered by Victor Schultz at the Ives Center for American Music.
Songs of Heaven and Earth (1998) for mezzo-soprano, flute (picc., alto), clarinet (bass), violin, cello, piano, percussion, and harp.(28:00) Written and premiered by The Theater Chamber Players, John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts.
Artemisia, an opera about Artemisia Gentilechi (2019) with librettist Ginger Strand. In two versions, one for chamber orchestra and six voices, and one for chamber ensemble of seven instruments and six voices.

Discography
Voices of Our Time, A recital of Dawn Upshaw recorded at The Théâtre du Châtelet, Paris. On Naxos/TDK DVD
Chamber Concerto for piano and chamber orchestra, On Grand Designs from Capstone records
3 Works for Solo Instruments and Orchestra, featuring Matt Haimovitz and Christina Jennings from Albany records.
Quartets, featuring the JACK Quartet, Jamie Van Eyck and Christopher Taylor in String Quartet #1, Creature Quartet, Sudden Light for voice, 2 violins and cello and Song for Andrew, a piano quartet, on Albany records.
Notable Women: Trios by Today's Female Composers, featuring the Lincoln Trio in works by Laura Schwendinger, Lera Auerbach, Stacy Garrop, and Augusta Read Thomas
Cow Music, Kofomi#13 - Stimmen.Atmen from Ein Klang records, Austria

Notes

External links

 Schwendinger's page at University of Wisconsin–Madison School of Music
 Schwendinger's listing at the Guggenheim Foundation
 Interview with George Steel on Classical Domain

1962 births
Living people
21st-century classical composers
20th-century classical composers
American women classical composers
American classical composers
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Musicians from Mexico City
Berlin Prize recipients
21st-century American composers
20th-century American women musicians
20th-century American composers
21st-century American women musicians
20th-century women composers
21st-century women composers
American women academics

Laura Schwendinger


Les Augrès Manor is a manor house on La Profonde Rue in the Vingtaine de Rozel in the parish of Trinity in Jersey. The present building mostly dates from the 19th century, although the site has medieval origins. It is a listed building.

The old manor is in the fief of Augrès, but stands on the fief of Diélament. The granite walls and arches date back to the 16th century, but the house was rebuilt in 1771.

The manor house is depicted on the 2010 issue Jersey 5 pound note.

Datestones in the manor
The manor contains numerous datestones, the oldest identifiable ones of which state
"EDM. FSDC 1682.", located above a fireplace, placed when a son Elie was born to the couple Elie Dumaresq and Francoise de Carteret  (married 1680) occupying the manor in 1682.
"EDM.EDC.1732." One of the two stones placed by the couple Elie Dumaresq fils Elie and Elizabeth de Carteret fille Jean, who married in 1703 or 1704.
"EDM. EDC.1741." The second of the two stones placed by the couple.

Previous occupants
Les Augrès Manor was the seat of the Seigneur of Augrès, which included notable people from the Dumaresq family. In 1649 during the interregnum, the recently proclaimed "King" Charles II visited Royalist, Elias Dumaresq at Augrès Manor with Philippe de Carteret and George de Carteret, giving him a new grant to the title. The manor was separated from the title following the death and bankruptcy of Elias Dumaresq, 5th Seigneur of Augres.

Durrell headquarters
The manor house has been used as the headquarters of the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust (formerly Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust) since 1963. It was also the personal residence of naturalist Gerald Durrell during this time until his death in 1995, and remains so for his widow Lee Durrell. It has been prominently featured in several of Gerald Durrell's works, including Menagerie Manor, which takes its title from the house. The manor house was bought outright by the Trust from its previous owner in 1971.

Since 1958, the grounds of the manor have been developed as a zoological park, originally named Jersey Zoo, and presently named Durrell Wildlife Park.

References

External links
A short history of Augrès Manor, Joan Stevens, published by Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust
A website on Jersey datestones

Tourist attractions in Jersey
Manor houses in Jersey
Buildings and structures in Trinity, Jersey

Les Augrès Manor


The Villejuif leaflet, also known as the Villejuif flyer and the Villejuif list, was a pamphlet which enjoyed wide distribution. The leaflet listed a number of safe food additives with their E numbers as alleged carcinogens. The leaflet caused mass panic in Europe in the late 1970s and 1980s. One of the entries on the list was citric acid (E330).

Its name derives from its false claim to have been produced at the hospital in Villejuif.

History
The earliest known sighting of the leaflet was in February 1976, in the form of a single typewritten page in France. Homemade copies were spread across Europe for a decade in the form of a leaflet or flyer pamphlet that was distributed between friends and apart from citric acid included 16 other chemicals in a list of substances that it called dangerous toxins and carcinogens.  The original author of the typewritten list was never found, and the leaflet affected about 7 million people in its uncontrollable propagation. In a survey of 150 housewives, 19% said they have stopped buying these brands, and 69% planned to do so.

List contents

Multiple versions of this leaflet circulated, the exact set of suspect and dangerous substances differing from version to version. The following substances have been included on at least one such leaflet:
Toxic: E102, E110, E120, E123, E124, E127, E211, E220 (Sulfur dioxide), E225, E230, E239, E250, E251, E252, E311, E312, E320, E321, E330 (Citric Acid, listed as "most dangerous"), E407, E450
Suspect: E125, E131, E141 (Chlorophyll derivatives), E142, E150, E153, E171 (Titanium White), E172 (Iron Oxide), E173 (Aluminium), E210, E212, E213, E214/E215, E216/E217, E221, E222, E223, E224, E226, E231, E232, E233, E240 (Formaldehyde), E338 (Phosphoric acid), E339, E340, E341, E460 (Cellulose), E461, E462, E463, E464, E465, E466

Research
This phenomenon became the subject of academic empirical research by J. N. Kapferer, president of the Foundation for the Study and Information on Rumors (an organisation in Paris, France) and professor of communication at L'Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales and l'Institut Supérieur des Affaires (a university in France) because of its persistence contrary to all official denials about the safety of citric acid and its wide distribution, as about half of all French housewives had been exposed to it.  The resulting scientific paper was published in 1989 in the 53rd volume of the Public Opinion Quarterly, a journal associated with the American Association for Public Opinion Research and published by the University of Chicago Press (now published by the Oxford University Press).

According to a 1990 book also written by Jean-Noël Kapferer, the leaflet drew the attention of experts, who immediately recognised its dubious nature.  The leaflet  wrongly listed E330, citric acid, as the most dangerous of all carcinogens.

Spread
The rumour, considered one of the most important experienced in the French society, spread via a translated leaflet in Great Britain, Germany, Italy, the Middle East, and Africa.

Journalists working for newspapers distributed the list of alleged carcinogens verbatim; even a 1984 book written by a medical doctor aiming at informing the general public about the dangers of cancer included the substances in the flyer in a list of carcinogens, without checking the flyer's accuracy.

False connection with the hospital of Villejuif
It was reproduced many times by many individuals as friends sought to inform other friends of the harmful chemicals in their food, and in the course of uncontrolled copying a version of the leaflet included the name of the Villejuif Hospital, making victims to the rumour believe that the list was authorised by it.  Even though the hospital (as Gustave-Roussy Institute) denied any association, it was unable to stop the further dissemination of the flyer, which went on from hand to hand until at least 1986 and was passed to elementary schools, organisations, and even various hospitals, while medical schools and pharmacy schools also fell victim to the list because of its (unauthorised and untrue) reference to the well-known hospital of Villejuif.

Possible explanations
Citric acid is important for a chemical process named Krebs cycle, but Krebs means cancer in German, and it has been suggested that this linguistic confusion may have been responsible for false claims that citric acid is carcinogenic.

See also

 Chemophobia

References

1976 in France
1976 documents
1976 hoaxes
February 1976 events in Europe
Urban legends
False documents
Hoaxes in France
Hoaxes in science
Villejuif
Pamphlets
Anonymous works

Villejuif leaflet


Babe: Pig in the City is a 1998 sequel to the 1995 movie Babe. It takes place in the fictional city of Metropolis. Because of the unexpected darker and more grown up subject matter (the movie includes a scene in which a dog almost drowns while hanging from a bridge), the movie was not received as well critically as the first Babe movie was, and reviews were generally mixed. However, it was also praised by some, and gained a cult following.

Cast
Voice Cast
 Elizabeth Daily as Babe
 Danny Mann as Ferdinand
 Glenne Headly as Zootie
 Steven Wright as Bob
 James Cosmo as Thelonius
 Stanley Ralph Ross as The Pitbull/The Doberman
 Russi Taylor as The Pink Poodle/Choir Cat
 Myles Jeffrey/Nathan Kress as Easy
 Adam Goldberg as Flealick
 Eddie Barth as Nigel/Alan
 Bill Capizzi as Snoop
 Miriam Margolyes as Fly
 Hugo Weaving as Rex
 Jim Cummings as Pelican
 Roscoe Lee Browne as The Narrator

Live-Action Cast
 Magda Szubanski as Esme Cordelia Hoggett
 Mary Stein as The Landlady
 James Cromwell as Arthur Hoggett
 Mickey Rooney as Fugly Floom
 Paul Livingston as The Hot Headed Chef
 Julie Godfrey as The Suspicious Neighbor

Soundtrack
The score is again by Nigel Westlake, it also includes sound clips taken from the movie. There is also a big band classic "Chattanooga Choo Choo" by Glenn Miller, and "That's Amore" by Dean Martin. More tracks including "That'll Do", the Academy Award-nominated theme song, and a song at the end sung by Babe's voice actress.

 That'll Do - performed by Peter Gabriel - 3:51
 Babe: A Pig in the City - 1:22
 The Returning Hero - 1:16
 Non, Je Ne Regrette Rien - performed by Edith Piaf - 2:19
 Chattanooga Choo Choo - performed by Glenn Miller, Tex Beneke, and the Modernaires - 3:14
 Scram, This Is Not a Farm - 2:27
 That's Amore - performed by Dean Martin - 3:07
 Three Blind Mice - 0:41
 A Pig Gets Wise - 1:17
 Are You Lonesome Tonight? - performed by the Mavericks - 2:59
 Protected by Angels - performed by the Chieftains and Black Dyke Mills Band - 3:39
 The Big City (Two Step Nadya)- performed by the Terem Quartet - 3:12
 Babe's Lament - 2:38
 A Heart That's True - performed by Elizabeth Daily and Pat Metheny - 3:58
 The End - 1:26
 That'll Do (Instrumental) - performed by the Black Dyke Mills Band - 3:57
 Everywhere - performed by Michelle Branch - 3:35

Home media
 May 4, 1999 (VHS and DVD (Note: This DVD was in both widescreen and pan and scan formats.)
 September 23, 2003 (DVD - 2-Pack with Babe)
 September 23, 2003 (DVD - The Complete Adventure Two-Movie Pig Pack, this DVD box-set was released in separate widescreen and pan and scan formats, due to the DVD re-release of the first film)
 February 1, 2005 (DVD - Family Double Feature, this contains Babe) (Note: This DVD shows pan and scan versions of both films and the widescreen version of this movie.)

Other websites

2001 movies
American family movies
American drama movies
English-language movies
Movies about pigs
Movies about animals
Sequel movies
Universal Pictures movies
Movies directed by George Miller
American children's comedy movies

Babe: Pig in the City


Warangal is a city in Telangana, India. It is the headquarters of Warangal district in Telengana. Warangal is the second largest city after Hyderabad by both area as well as population. 811,844 people live in Warangal.

Warangal is one of 12 heritage cities in the country chosen for Scheme HRIDAY – Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana by Government of India. It is also selected as a smart city in the "fast-track competition", so it may get additional investment to improve the urban infrastructure and industrial opportunities under Smart Cities Mission.

Warangal was the capital of the Kakatiya dynasty from 1195 CE until that ruling family was defeated by the Delhi Sultanate in 1323. The city was then renamed as Sultanpur. After the Telangana movement, Telangana state was formed on 2 June 2014, Warangal became part of Telangana State. Bhadrakali Lake and Waddepally Lake are the two famous lakes are the major sources of drinking water.

References

Cities in India
Telangana

Warangal


Prižba is a small village on the island of Korčula in Croatia. Korcula is part of the Dalmatian coast and it belongs to the Dubrovnik-Neretva county. Prizba is part of the Municipality of Blato.

This village is located on the southern coast of Korčula, and its shape follows the coastline. Prižba is 10 km away from the town Blato, 16 km from Vela Luka, 4 km from Brna and 8 km from Smokvica. Prizba is made up of several smaller bays and two peninsulas, Ratak and Priscapac. Priscapac is also a small tourist resort with a small pebble beach.

Culture
In the center of Prižba there's a small Sisters of Mercy convent. In Prizba, the Blessed Mary of Jesus Crucified Petković wrote the Constitution of her Order in 1920.

Economy
The village's economy is based on tourism and associated activities, whereas originally it was almost exclusively fishing as this was a pure fishermen's village. At one end of Prizba is the tourist complex called Prišćapac, which has a sports-diving centre.

See also
 Croatia
 Blato

References

External links
  Blažena Marija Propetog Isusa Petković, marijapropetog.hr
 Prižba on maps.google.com

Korčula
Populated places in Dubrovnik-Neretva County

Prižba


This page is a list of the rulers of the Principality of Salerno.

When Prince Sicard of Benevento was assassinated by Radelchis in 839, the people of Salerno promptly proclaimed his brother, Siconulf, prince. War raged between Radelchis and Siconulf until Emperor Louis II came down and forced a peace in 851, confirming Siconulf as prince of Salerno. The chronology is very confusing from then on until the assassination of Adhemar, when a new dynasty took the throne.

Salerno was besieged by the Normans of Robert Guiscard and Prince Richard I of Capua until it fell on 13 December 1076. Prince Gisulf II surrendered the next year and the principality, the final Lombard state in Italy, fell. Salerno became the capital of Guiscard's duchy of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily.

"Prince of Salerno" was also a title created by Charles I of Naples (reigned 1266-1285) for his son, later Charles II of Naples. It was regularly used for the heirs of the Kings of Naples and later the Two Sicilies. In the fourteenth century, most of the province of Salerno became the territory of the Princes of Sanseverino.

List
 Siconulf (840–851)
 Sico (II) (851–853)
 Peter (853)
 Adhemar (853–861)
 Guaifer (861–880)
 Guaimar I (880–900)
 Guaimar II (900–946)
 Gisulf I (946–978)
 Landulf of Conza (973), usurper
 Pandulf I (978–981)
 Pandulf II (981)
 Manso (981–983) co-ruling with. . .
 John I (981–983)
 John II (983–994/9)
 Guaimar III [or IV] (994/9–1027)
 Guaimar IV [or V] (1027–1052)
 Pandulf (III) (1052), usurper
 Gisulf II (1052–1077)

Notes

References

Salerno Princes
Salerno

ca:Principat de Salern

List of princes of Salerno


Jon Borthwick Higgins (September 18, 1939 – December 7, 1984), also known in India as Higgins Bhagavatar, was an American musician, scholar, and teacher known principally for his rare skill as a non-Indian in the field of Carnatic music.

Early life and education

Born in Andover, Massachusetts, Higgins had his high school education at Phillips Academy, where his father taught English and his mother taught music for many years. He attended Wesleyan University and received all three of his degrees from there: A B.A. as a double major in music and history in 1962, an M.A. in musicology in 1964, and a Ph.D. in ethnomusicology in 1973.

Career
He founded the Indian music studies program at York University in Toronto with Trichy Sankaran in 1971, and returned to Wesleyan in 1978 as a professor of music and director of the Center for the Arts. He continually sought to strengthen the quality of Wesleyan's curriculum, and immersed himself in numerous cultural activities inside and beyond the university community.

Higgins was a singer of European and Western classical music. He is also recognized as the first non-Indian to perform South Indian classical Carnatic music at a high level of proficiency. He began his Indian music studies in Wesleyan courses taught by Robert E. Brown and T. Ranganathan, and was quickly captured by the subtle beauty of the art form. He decided to fully dedicate himself to learning the language of Carnatic music, and went to India on a Fulbright scholarship to learn from Ranganathan's brother, T. Viswanathan. Within a short period of time he performed to great acclaim at the Tyagaraja Aradhana, an important music festival in South India. He later continued his studies under their sister, renowned dancer T. Balasaraswati, and wrote his dissertation on the dance music of bharatanatyam. Higgins returned to India as a senior research fellow of the American Institute of Indian Studies.

He continued to perform Carnatic music, recorded several albums, and due to his widely recognized sensitivity was honored with the sobriquet "Bhagavatar" (scholarly musician). When he visited the Udupi Shri Krishna Temple, he was denied entry because of his white skin by those who managed the temple. He stood at the gate and sang in chaste Kannada the Vyasatirtha composition 'Krishna nee begane baro', an action which echoed Kanaka Dasa's protest in the 16th century. He was eventually permitted entry, possibly to avert an 'intervention from the deity', that Kanaka Dasa's legend spoke of.

Although he mostly won the acceptance of the general Indian public during katcheris (concerts), there were some critics of his times who pointed out minor errors in pronunciation.  This did not deter Higgins, who went on to deliver katcheri broadcasts on All India Radio.

Death
Higgins was killed after being struck by a hit-and-run driver near his home in Middletown, Connecticut. The Connecticut state police arrested Thomas Knight of Middlefield, Conn. and charged him with second-degree manslaughter with a motor vehicle while intoxicated. Higgins was planning to perform in South Africa in protest against its then racist apartheid regime.

He is survived by his wife, Rhea Kyvele Padis; two sons, Luke and Nicholas, an ethnomusicologist at Sarah Lawrence College, and a brother, Hayden, a jazz pianist known professionally as Eddie Higgins.

Legacy
Higgins was much appreciated by Carnatic music connoisseurs across the world. His rendition of "Endaro Mahanubhavulu, Andariki Vandanamulu", a famous kriti (composition) by Śri. Śri. Thyagaraja Swamý (an important composer of Carnatic music), was extraordinary considering the fact that it is a difficult kriti for even the people with knowledge of the Telugu language in which it is composed. Other of Higgins' celebrated renditions include "Siva Siva Anarada", "Krishna Nee Begane", and "Kaa Vaa Vaa", and "Amma Ravamma".

Composer Terry Riley has credited a South Indian singing demonstration by Jon Higgins as an influence on his piece A Rainbow in Curved Air from 1969.

Pioneering experimental composer Alvin Lucier wrote In memoriam Jon Higgins : for clarinet in A and slow sweep pure wave oscillator in 1984 as a tribute to Higgins.

References

Bibliography
Higgins, Jon B. (1964). "An Analysis of Some Principles of South Indian Drumming, Based on the Bharata śabda vādya pradāyini by K. Muniswami. M.A. thesis. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University.
Higgins, Jon B. (1968). "An American in Madras." Asian Music, v. 1, no. 1 (Winter 1968–69), pp. 4–11.
Higgins, Jon B. (1973). The Music of Bharata Nāṭyam. Ph.D. dissertation. 2 volumes. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University.

External links
Jon B. Higgins page from David Nelson site
John Higgins at MusicIndia Online

American music educators
1939 births
1984 deaths
Male Carnatic singers
Carnatic singers
Phillips Academy alumni
Wesleyan University alumni
Wesleyan University faculty
Academic staff of York University
American ethnomusicologists
20th-century American singers
20th-century American musicologists
20th-century American male singers
Fulbright alumni

Jon B. Higgins


Rowland George Allanson Allanson-Winn, 5t Baron Headley (Lunnon, Januar 19, 1855 – Juin 22, 1935, Lunnon), kent as Shaikh Rahmatullah al-Farooq an aw, wis an Erse peer an a prominent convert tae Islam, who wis forby ane o the leadin members o the Woking Muslim Mission alangside Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din. He presided ower the Breetish Muslim Society for some time an aw.

Biography
Lord Headley wis educated at Westminster School an Trinity College, Cambridge University. He then entered Middle Temple, 'boon commencin studies at King's College London. He subsequently became a civil ingineer bi profession, a builder o roads in Indie, an an authority on the pertection o intertidal zones.

He wis an enthusiastic practitioner o boxin as well as ither airts o self defence, an in 1890 co-authored, wi C. Phillips-Wolley, the classic Broad-sword an Singlestick. He wis solo author o Boxing (introduced bi the boxer Bat Mullins) which wis reprinted in 2006.

Lord Headley embraced Islam on 16 November 1913 an adoptit the Muslim name o Shaikh Rahmatullah al-Farooq. In 1914 he established the Breetish Muslim Society. He wis the author o several beuks on Islam, includin A Western Awakening to Islam (1914) an Three Great Prophets of the World. He wis a widely traveled man an twice made the Hajj.

He inherited his peerage frae his cousin in 1913. In 1921 he mairit the Australian author Barbara Baynton. He became bankrupt in 1922. He wis offered the throne o Albanie in 1925, alang wi $500,000 an $50,000 per year but refused it - at which pynt Lady Barbara Headley returned tae Melbourne, whaur she dee'd in 1929.  Frae 1929 Lord Headley awned an lived at Ashton Gifford House near the veelage o Codford in Wiltshire. His widow Lady Catherine Headley continued tae live at the property until 1940.

Freemit airtins
 Full details of the life, activities and writings of Lord Headley

See also
Sir Archibald Hamilton, 5t Baronet
Henry Stanley, 3rd Baron Stanley o Alderley
William Abdullah Quilliam
Marmaduke Pickthall
Faris Glubb
Ahmad Thomson
Timothy Winter

References

Allanson-Winn, 5th Baron Headley, Rowland
Allanson-Winn, 5th Baron Headley, Rowland
Allanson-Winn, 5th Baron Headley, Rowland
Allanson-Winn, 5th Baron Headley, Rowland
Allanson-Winn, 5th Baron Headley, Rowland
Headley, Rowland Allanson-Winn, 5th Baron
Allanson-Winn, 5th Baron Headley, Rowland
Allanson-Winn, 5th Baron Headley, Rowland
Allanson-Winn, 5th Baron Headley, Rowland

Rowland Allanson-Winn, 5t Baron Headley


Anna Marie Wooldridge (August 6, 1930 – August 14, 2010), known professionally as Abbey Lincoln, was an American jazz vocalist, songwriter, and actress. She was a civil rights activist beginning in the 1960s. Lincoln made a career out of delivering deeply felt presentations of standards as well as writing and singing her own material.

References

1930 births
2010 deaths

Abbey Lincoln