Birinus († 650), also St. Birinus was a missionary to Wessex and the first Bishop of Dorchester. His feast day is celebrated on December 3rd.

Career

Birinus may have been a Lombard by birth. He was sent by Pope Honorius I to help convert pagans in Anglo-Saxon England. The pope first sent him to Genoa. There
Archbishop Asterius of Milan consecrated Birinus as a bishop. Birinus arrived in southern Britain . He had planned to go to the midlands of England to preach there. But when he found the Gewisse in Wessex were completely pagan, he decided to stay with them. He began to convert the Gewisse (West Saxons) to Christianity. In 635 King Cynegils of Wessex was baptized by Birinus and King Oswald of Northumbria agreed to be his Godfather. This may have been a condition of the marriage between Oswald and Cynegils's daughter, Cyneburh. He gave Bishop Birinus the city of Dorchester and several churches so he could convert the pagans in Wessex.
In  Birinus founded a church at Winchester which later became Winchester Cathedral. Birinus died in 650. He was buried at Dorchester.

Relics of St. Birinus

After 660 there were no more West Saxon Bishops at Dorchester. Along with part of Berkshire it was taken over by Mercia. The new see for Wessex was now at Winchester. Some time around 690–700 Bishop Hedda of Winchester had the relics (bones) of St. Birinus moved from Dorchester to Winchester. Up to this time Bishop Birinus had been considered a minor saint. In 1223 monks of Dorchester abbey located the tomb of a former Bishop. The body was dressed in the garments and tunic of a bishop so they believed it was St. Birinus. At the time of the discovery miracles were claimed. One claim was that a dumb child could suddenly speak English and French. The monks sent their findings to Rome. The pope wrote to Stephen Langton, the Archbishop of Canterbury asking him to manage the translation. But a problem caused the ceremony to be delayed. Archbishop Langton discovered the body had already been moved to Winchester . Both Dorchester and Winchester claimed to have the relics of Bishop Birinus. For that reason two feast days were observed for him, December 3rd and 4th. The Catholic Church recognizes December 3rd. A shrine was created for him in the 14th century. It was later destroyed, but it has been rebuilt since.

Notes

References

year of birth unknown
650s deaths
Bishops
Christian missionaries
People from Dorset

Birinus


Baldassare Cittadella (born in 1603 in Lucca, Italy, dead December 3, 1651 at sea outside Goa, India) was a Catholic China missionary belonging to the Society of Jesus.

In 1635 he came to Macau, where he was principal for the seminar and especially got the responsibility for newly baptised Chinese. He died during a journey back to Rome.

17th-century Italian Jesuits
Roman Catholic missionaries in China
1603 births
1651 deaths

Baldassare Cittadella


The Gladiator Nightstick Collection is a vinyl-only greatest hits collection from the Athens-based group of Montreal. It was released exclusively on Devil in the Woods records in 2004, and included the never-before-released track "Ah, My Kitten," later released as "Keep Sending Me Black Fireworks" on the Sunlandic Twins bonus EP. Brackets denote album upon which song made original appearance.

Track listing
Side A
"Spike the Senses" (Satanic Panic in the Attic)
"On the Drive Home" (The Bird Who Continues to Eat the Rabbit's Flower)
"My Favorite Boxer" (The Gay Parade)
"Let's Do Everything For the First Time Forever" (Coquelicot Asleep in the Poppies: A Variety of Whimsical Verse)
"Pancakes For One" (Aldhils Arboretum)
"Lysergic Bliss" (Satanic Panic in the Attic)

Side B
"Happy Yellow Bumblebee" (The Bedside Drama: A Petite Tragedy)
"Sleeping in the Beetle Bug" (Cherry Peel)
"Old Familiar Way" (The Gay Parade)
"Was Your Face a Head in the Pillowcase?" (Horse & Elephant Eatery (No Elephants Allowed): The Singles and Songles Album)
"Rose Robert" (Coquelicot Asleep in the Poppies: A Variety of Whimsical Verse)
"The Problem With April" (Horse & Elephant Eatery (No Elephants Allowed): The Singles and Songles Album)
"Ah, My Kitten"

References

External links

Of Montreal albums
2004 compilation albums

The Gladiator Nightstick Collection


Delta (uppercase/lowercase Δ δ), is a letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "d" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 4. Letters that came from it include the Roman D and Cyrillic Д.

In mathematics, the upper-case letter Δ can be used as symbol to represent "change" in a variable (e.g., ). It can also be used to represent discriminant—a key algebraic expression used to determine the number of roots a polynomial has. The lower-case letter , on the other hand, is often used to denote small quantities in proofs involving limit, a key concept on calculus is based on.

In molecular chemistry, the lower case Greek letter δ is used to represent a partial charge. This is always less than the unit charge associated with an ion, but has no real fixed value.

A river delta is so named because its shape approximates the upper-case letter delta.

Related pages
Greek alphabet

 Epsilon

References

Delta


Use-centered design is a design philosophy in which the focus is on the goals and tasks associated with skill performance in specific work or problem domains, in contrast to a user-centered design approach, where the focus is on the needs, wants, and limitations of the end user of the designed artifact.

Bennett and Flach (2011) have drawn a contrast between dyadic and triadic approaches to the semiotics of display design. The classical 'user-centered' approach is based on a dyadic semiotic model where the focus is on the human-interface dyad. This approach frames 'meaning' as a process of interpreting the symbolic representation. That is, meaning is constructed from internal information processes. From this dyadic perspective, the design goal is to build interfaces that  'match' the users internal model (i.e., match user expectations).

In contrast, the 'use-centered' approach is based on a triadic semiotic model that includes the work domain (or ecology) as a third component of the semiotic system. In the triadic system, the work domain provides a ground for meaning outside of the human information processing system. In this, triadic semiotic system, the focus is on the match between the constraints in the work domain and the mental representations. From this 'use-centered' approach the goal is to design displays that 'shape' the internal mental representations so that they reflect validated models of the work domain. In other words, the goal is to shape user expectations to conform with the validated 'deep structure' of the work domain. In doing this, work analysis (e.g., Vicente 1999) and multi-level means ends representations of work domain constraints (i.e., Rasmussen's Abstraction Hierarchy) are the typical methods used to specify the 'deep structure' of a work domain.  By building configural display representations that conform to this deep structure -- it is possible to facilitate skilled interactions between the human and the work domain.

Thus, an emphasis on 'use' rather than 'user' suggests a more problem-centered focus for interface design. Note that it remains important to respect the real limitations of human information processing systems through the use of graphical displays that support efficient chunking of information. However, the main point is that the organization MUST be consistent with the demands of the work or problem domain, if the interactions that result are expected to be skillful. In the end, the representations must be 'grounded' in the use-domain!

Charles Sanders Peirce is the inspiration for the triadic model of semiotics.  Peirce was interested in the fixation of belief relative to pragmatic demands of everyday experiences. Peirce also introduced the construct of 'abduction' as an alternative to classical logic (deduction and induction). The 'use-centered' approach assumes abduction as the appropriate model for problem solving. Thus, use-centered design focuses on supporting the closed-loop dynamic of learning from experience.  That is, by acting on hypotheses and simultaneously testing those hypotheses in terms of the practical consequences of the actions that they guide.  The convergence, stability, and robustness of abduction processes depend critically on the information coupling between perception and action. When the coupling is rich an abduction system will typically converge on 'beliefs' that lead to pragmatically successful (i.e., satisfying) interactions (i.e., skilled interactions). This is the ultimate goal of use-centered design - to support skilled interactions between a person and a work domain.

The term use-centered design was first coined by Flach and Dominguez.

References

Usability
Ergonomics

Use-centered design


The Lancashire Telegraph, formerly the Lancashire Evening Telegraph, is a local tabloid newspaper distributed in East Lancashire, England. It is edited by Karl Holbrook. There are around twenty towns in the area, including Blackburn, Burnley, Accrington, Darwen, Nelson, Clitheroe, Colne, and Rawtenstall.

The editor is Karl Holbrook, who is also the group editor of Newsquest's newspaper brands across Lancashire and Greater Manchester, including The Bolton News, Bury Times, The Oldham Times and Salford City News. The newspapers are owned by Newsquest, a division of Gannett, a firm based in the United States.

History
The newspaper was founded by Thomas Purvis Ritzema, a young newspaper manager, who purchased two shops at 19 and 21 Railway Road, Blackburn, for the launch of his venture. The first copy appeared on the streets on 26 October 1886, and sold for a ha'penny. It was known then as the Northern Daily Telegraph, and it was the first evening newspaper to be published in East Lancashire.

In 1894, the head office was moved to the corner site of Railway Road and High Street. From 7 September 1939, soon after the start of World War II, advertisements gave way to news on the front page. On 10 December 1956, it changed its title to the Northern Evening Telegraph and on 2 September 1963, the name changed again to Lancashire Evening Telegraph.

The newspaper used full colour for the first time, on 11 November 1963, with spot colour introduced on 25 January 1965, and colour in classified advertising following on 19 March 1965. In 1982, it moved to the south side of High Street, which marked the introduction of new computerised technology.

The new offices were built on part of the Dutton's brewery site; the old offices were demolished, and after the remainder of the brewery closed in the mid 1980s, the supermarket (Morrisons) was built on the site. In 1995, the Lancashire Evening Telegraph became the first regional newspaper in Britain to put daily, updated news on the internet.

In February 2006, in order to cut costs, the company announced it was to close its district offices in the Lancashire towns of Burnley, Accrington and Darwen. On 17 July 2006, the newspaper changed its name to the: Lancashire Telegraph, as it switched to overnight printing, in order to distribute copies in the morning. It was North West: Newspaper of the Year in the How Do! Awards, 2011.

In March 2017, the newspaper moved to Church Street, and the offices on High Street were converted into apartments.

References

Blackburn with Darwen
Mass media in Burnley
Mass media in the Borough of Pendle
Newspapers published in Lancashire
Newspapers published by Newsquest
Newspapers established in 1886

Lancashire Telegraph


Count Adolf VI of Berg (born before 1176 – died 7 August 1218 at Damiette during the Hungarian crusade against Egypt) ruled the County of Berg from 1197 until 1218.

Life
He was the son of Engelbert I of Berg and Margaret of Geldern, and the oldest brother of Engelbert II of Berg (1185–1225), also known as Engelbert of Cologne or Saint Engelbert. Adolf married Berta von Sayn (died 1244), a daughter of Henry II von Sayn and Agnes zu Saffenberg. They had one daughter:

Irmgard of Berg, heiress of Berg (died 1248–9). She married Henry IV, Duke of Limburg.

In 1212 Adolf took part to the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars. And in 1215 he took over the Kaiserpfalz Kaiserswerth.

Adolf left on 1218 with the Fifth Crusade to Egypt and died on 7 August 1218 of a plague as commander of the Lower-Rhenish and Frisian troops in Damiette, in the delta of the Nile.

His brother, the Archbishop Engelbert II of Berg followed him as ruler of Berg, which later went to the husband of Adolf's daughter, Irmgard of Berg.

External links
genealogie-mittelalter.de

Nota
Adolf VI, Count of Berg is named Adolf III, Count of Berg in the Netherlands and in Germany

Literature
Alberic of Troisfontaines (MGH, Scriptores XXIII). - Annales Rodenses (MGH, Scriptores, XVI). - Annalista Saxo (MGH, Scriptores VI). – Gesta Trevirorum (MGH, Scriptores VIII). – MGH, Diplomata. – REK I-II. – Rheinisches UB. – Hömberg, "Geschichte". – Jackman, "Counts of Cologne". – Jackman, Criticism. – Klebel, E. "Niederösterreich und der Stammbaum der Grafen von Görz und Schwarzburg". Unsere Heimat. Monatsblatt des Vereins für Landeskunde von Niederösterreich 23 (1952) 111–23. – Kluger, "Propter claritatem generis". – Kraus, Entstehung. – Lück, D. "Der Avelgau, die erste fassbare Gebietseinteilung an der unteren Sieg". In: Heimatbuch der Stadt Siegburg I. Ed. H. J. Roggendorf. Siegburg, 1964. pp. 223–85. – Lück, D. "In pago Tuizichgowe – Anmerkungen zum Deutzgau". Rechtsrheinisches Köln 3 (1977) 1–9. – Milz, "Vögte". – Schmale, "Anfänge". – Tyroller, "Genealogie". – Wunder, G. "Die Nichten des Erzbischofs Friedrich von Köln". AHVN 164 (1962) 192–6. – Wunder, G. "Die Verwandtschaft des Erzbischofs Friedrich I. von Köln. Ein Beitrag zur abendländischen Verflechtung des Hochadels im Mittelalter". AHVN 166 (1964) 25–54.

12th-century births
1218 deaths
Counts of Berg
House of Berg
People of the Albigensian Crusade
Christians of the Fifth Crusade
Military personnel killed in action

Adolf VI, Count of Berg


Friedrich Wilhelm Karl, Ritter von Hegel (7 June 1813 – 5 December 1901) was a German historian and son of the philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. During his lifetime he was a well-known and well-reputed historian who received many awards and honours. He was one of the major urban historians during the second half of the 19th century.

Life and work
Karl Hegel was born in Nuremberg. He was the son of the philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, who died in 1831, when Karl Hegel was 18 years old. Hegel's own career suffered from the fame of his father. His mother, Marie Helena Susanna von Tucher (1791–1855) came from a long-established Nuremberg family of nobility. Hegel lived his first three years in Nuremberg. The family relocated to Heidelberg in 1816, where his father became Professor of Philosophy. In 1818, they relocated again, this time to Berlin. Karl Hegel studied in Berlin and in Heidelberg. One of his academic teachers was Leopold von Ranke. In 1837, he earned a PhD in Berlin (his Doctor's thesis was about Alexander the Great). From 1838 to 1839, he went to Italy and did many historical researches. Back in Berlin, he worked for a brief time as a high school teacher. From 1841 to 1856, he was Professor for History and Politics at the University of Rostock. In 1847, he published two volumes of the History of Urban Constitution of Italy since the Time of the Roman Empire until the End of the 12th Century. From then on he was a well-known historian of the 19th century. The universities of Leipzig, Kiel, Munich, Greifswald and Erlangen offered him a professorship. In 1850, he was as elected representative of the Erfurt Parliament. During the same year, he married his cousin Susanna Tucher. In 1856, the University of Erlangen appointed him to the newly created teaching professorship of history. During 1870, he was vice-rector at FAU.

From 1862 to 1899, 27 volumes of the edition "Die Chroniken der deutschen Städte" were published by Karl Hegel for the Historical Commission of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Munich. Hegel edited six chronicles volumes (Nuremberg, Strasbourg and Mainz) in many parts on his own. With Hegel as a department manager, the edition of the chronicles was one of the most successful projects of the Munich Historical Commission at the Royal Academy, which was still young during Hegel's lifetime. Designated historians, specialists in German studies and jurists such as Karl Lamprecht, Georg von Below, Matthias Lexer or Ferdinand Frensdorff were his employees.

During the 1870s, he participated in the controversy about the authenticity of the Florentine chronicle of Dino Compagni. Paul Scheffer-Boichorst was his antagonist. Hegel argued for the authenticity of this chronicle, and was right.

Hegel published until he was very old. In 1891, he published Cities and Guilds of the Germanic peoples in the Middle Ages. This representation was a standard work with good international reviews and reputation (for example: Friedrich Keutgen: Städte und Gilden der Germanischen Völker im Mittelalter. In: The English Historical Review 8 (1893), pp. 120-127.). In 1898, his last monograph was published, The Origin of the German town life. Hegel received numerous awards for his research.

In 1875, he became a member of the Central Directorate of Monumenta Germaniae Historica. He was also a member of the Academies in Munich, Göttingen, Berlin and Vienna. The University of Halle-Wittenberg gave him an honorary doctorate. In 1872, he received the Order of Merit of St. Michael and in 1876, the Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art. In 1889, he received the Knight's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Bavarian Crown. In 1891, he was inducted into the Matricula of the Kingdom of Bavaria, and in 1893 he was appointed Royal Privy Council. As early as 1884, the "Conversations-Lexicon" described him as a "well-known professor of history"

In 1900, he published his memoirs. He died on 5 December 1901, in Erlangen. In 1901, the dean of the philosophic faculty of the university of Erlangen Richard Fester honored him in his funeral eulogy about Karl Hegel as "Städtehegel". His scientific estate is located largely in the Manuscript Department of the University Library of Erlangen-Nuremberg. Karl Hegel remained known less well than his father. His scientific work can be described by the formula "fame without posthumous fame".

On the 100th anniversary of his death, the Erlangen Chair of Modern History hosted together with the Erlangen University Library the exhibition  Karl Hegel - historian in the 19th century  from 20 November to 16 December 2001. Karl Hegel Memorial Lectures have taken place since 2007. Thus, the current department keeps the founder of the Historical Institute of the Friedrich-Alexander University in memory. The Department of History at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg is researching Karl Hegel's life in several studies Helmut Neuhaus. In 2012, Marion Kreis published her book on Karl Hegel's historiographical significance and ends with this "meritorious study" this desideratum

Selected writings
A list of publications can be found in Marion Kreis,  Karl Hegel. Historical Scientific Importance and history of science location.  Göttingen 2012, p 354–359.

 Geschichte der Städteverfassung von Italien seit der Zeit der römischen Herrschaft bis zum Ausgang des zwölften Jahrhunderts (Leipzig 1847, Neudruck 1964, 2 Bände)
 Verfassungsgeschichte von Cöln im Mittelalter (Leipzig 1877) und von Mainz (1882).
 Geschichte der mecklenburgischen Landstände bis zum Jahr 1555 (Rostock 1856)
 Die Ordnungen der Gerechtigkeit in der florentinischen Republik (Erlangen 1867)
 Die Chronik des Dino Compagni. Versuch einer Rettung (Leipzig 1875) und
 Über den historischen Werth der älteren Dante-Commentare mit e. Anh. zur Dino-Frage (Leipzig 1878).
 , 2 Bände
 v.1: England, Denmark, Sweden, Norway
 v.2: France, Netherlands, Germany
 Die Entstehung des Deutschen Städtewesens (Leipzig 1898)
 Karl Hegels Gedenkbuch. Lebenschronik eines Gelehrten des 19. Jahrhunders, hg. von Helmut Neuhaus, Böhlau Verlag, (Köln u.a. 2013),

Editions
 Helmut Neuhaus: Die Brautbriefe Karl Hegels an Susanna Maria von Tucher. Aus der Verlobungszeit des Rostocker Geschichtsprofessors und der Nürnberger Patriziertochter 1849/50 (= Archiv für Kulturgeschichte. Beihefte. Heft 87). Böhlau, Köln u. a. 2018, ISBN 978-3-412-51128-9.
 Helmut Neuhaus: Die Brautbriefe Susanna Maria von Tuchers an Karl Hegel. Aus der Familiengeschichte der Nürnberger Patrizierfamilie Tucher von Simmelsdorf 1849/50 (= Archiv für Kulturgeschichte. Beihefte. Heft 97). Böhlau Verlag,  Wien/Köln 2022, ISBN 978-3-412-52481-4.

References

Further reading
 Niklot Klüßendorf: Art. "Hegel" In: Biographisches Lexikon für Mecklenburg, hrsg. von Sabine Pettke (= Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Mecklenburg. Reihe A), Bd. 2, Rostock 1999, , S. 120–126.
 Helmut Neuhaus (Hrsg.): Karl Hegel - Historiker im 19. Jahrhundert. Unter Mitarbeit von Katja Dotzler, Christoph Hübner, Thomas Joswiak, Marion Kreis, Bruno Kuntke, Jörg Sandreuther und Christian Schöffel (= Erlanger Studien zur Geschichte. Band 7). Palm und Enke, Erlangen u.a. 2001, .
 Helmut Neuhaus: Im Schatten des Vaters. Der Historiker Karl Hegel (1813–1901) und die Geschichtswissenschaft im 19. Jahrhundert. In: Historische Zeitschrift, Bd. 286 (2008), S. 63–89.
 Helmut Neuhaus: Karl Hegel und Erlangen. Neuhaus, Helmut. In: Jahrbuch für fränkische Landesforschung Bd. 62 (2002) S. 259–278.
 Helmut Neuhaus: Karl Hegel (1813–1901) – Ein (fast) vergessener Historiker des 19. Jahrhunderts. In: Armin Kohnle und Frank Engehausen: Zwischen Wissenschaft und Politik. Studien zur deutschen Universitätsgeschichte. Festschrift für Eike Wolgast zum 65. Geburtstag. Steiner, Stuttgart 2001, , S. 309–328.
 Helmut Neuhaus: Das "Gedenkbuch" Karl Hegels., in: Erlanger Editionen. Grundlagenforschung durch Quelleneditionen: Berichte und Studien, hg. von dems. (= Erlanger Studien zur Geschichte. Band 8). Palm und Enke, Erlangen u. a. 2009, ISBN 978-3-7896-0686-1, S. 427–440.
 Helmut Neuhaus: Im Schatten des Vaters. Der Historiker Karl Hegel (1813–1901) und die Geschichtswissenschaft im 19. Jahrhundert. In: Historische Zeitschrift, Bd. 286 (2008), S. 63–89.
 Helmut Neuhaus: Karl Hegel in Mecklenburg von 1841 bis 1856. In: Mecklenburgische Jahrbücher, 135. Jahrgang (2020), S. 221–246.
 Marion Kreis: Karl Hegel. Geschichtswissenschaftliche Bedeutung und wissenschaftsgeschichtlicher Standort (= Schriftenreihe der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Bd. 84). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen u.a. 2012, . (E-Book)
 Marion Kreis: Karl Hegels editorische Praxis im Spiegel seiner Korrespondenz seit den 1850er Jahren, in: Berg, M./Neuhaus, H. (Hrsg.), Briefkultur(en) in der deutschen Geschichtswissenschaft zwischen dem 19. und 21. Jahrhundert. Geschichtswissenschaftliche Bedeutung und wissenschaftsgeschichtlicher Standort (= Schriftenreihe der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Bd. 106). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2021, ISBN 978-3-525-37095-7, S. 335–349.

External links

 Karl von writings of Karl Hegel in the OPAC Regesta Imperii
 entry in the Catalogus Professorum Rostochiensium

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
Members of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences
Members of the Austrian Academy of Sciences
German medievalists
1813 births
1901 deaths
19th-century German writers
19th-century German male writers
Urban historians
Writers from Nuremberg

Karl von Hegel


A short backfire antenna (or short back-fire, SBA, SBF or SBFA) is a type of a directional antenna, characterized by high gain, relatively small size, and narrow band.
It has a shape of a disc with a straight edge, with a vertical pillar with a dipole acting as the driven element in roughly the middle and a conductive disc at the top acting as a sub-reflector. The bottom disc has the diameter of two wavelengths, and its collar (edge) is quarter the wavelength tall. The center pillar consists of two coaxial tubes (their diameter has to be carefully chosen to give the desired impedance), with a quarter-wavelength slot cut into the outer tube

This structure behaves like a resonant cavity, resulting in a substantial gain in small space.

Short backfire antennas are used in some satellites, and in high-frequency (short-wavelength) communication equipment (often for communication with satellites) on ships and other applications where rugged construction is an advantage. They are also used for wireless LANs. The SBF antenna was invented by Dr. Hermann W. Ehrenspeck of Air Force Cambridge Research Labs based at Hanscom Air Force Base in Bedford, MA and was used for among other purposes, to provide Tactical Satellite Communications for U.S. Army ground forces due to the SBF's portability and gain.

The bandwidth of the antenna can be increased by using a conical main reflector instead of a flat one.

Archery target antenna is an evolution of the short-backfire antenna. The name is derived from its appearance. Its base diameter is 5 wavelengths (5 λ), the rim height is 0.7 λ, the diameter of the small center reflector is 0.7 λ, its height above the base is 0.7 λ as well, the height of the dipole above the base is 0.35 λ, there is one more reflector - an annular reflector - at the same height as the center reflector, with inner diameter 2.2 λ and outer diameter 3.7 λ.

Short backfire antennas are able to achieve high aperture efficiencies, at right cavity size even beyond 100%.

See also
 FRARS: 2.4 GHz short backfire antenna

References

Radio frequency antenna types
Antennas (radio)

Short backfire antenna


Vennard College was a non-denominational Christian college located in University Park, Iowa, located just outside of Oskaloosa, Iowa. It was announced on Nov. 12, 2008 that the college would close at the end of the 2008 fall semester due to a decline in enrollment and financial difficulty.  The college held its final commencement on Nov. 22, 2008 and it is now closed.

History
In 1910, Dr. Iva Durham Vennard founded Chicago Evangelistic Institute (CEI) in Chicago, Illinois, for the purpose of providing "effective training for Christian service." Her stated goals were to send Spirit-filled people into the ministry and to promote Scriptural Holiness.

In 1951, the school moved to University Park, Iowa, where it was renamed Vennard College in 1959. The move to the beautiful, rural setting brought Vennard into a familial relationship with the graduates of the three other Christian colleges which formerly occupied the campus: Central Holiness University, John Fletcher College, and Kletzing College.

Dr. Vennard's presidency was followed by the leadership of Dr. Harry E. Jessop. Presidents of Vennard College have included Dr. H. M. Couchenour, Dr. J. Sutherland Logan, Dr. Merne A. Harris, Dr. Warthen T. Israel, Dr. Burnis Bushong (interim president) and Dr. Blake J. Neff.

In 1996, Vennard College was newly incorporated to continue the tradition of Christian higher education on this historic campus with Dr. W. Edward Rickman as president. In 2002, Dr. Bruce E. Moyer picked up the reins of leadership; but the College was unable to remain open.

Scandal erupted in 2007 with reports that the college knowingly housed a convicted sex offender on campus, less than 1000 feet from a day care center.

Vennard College announced on November 12, 2008 that it would close at the end of the 2008 fall semester, according to the Des Moines Register. The academic records have been transferred to the University of Iowa, and the transcripts can be obtained from the Registrar's Office of the University of Iowa.

Vennard College archives have been transferred to MidAmerican Nazarene University in Olathe, KS.

Athletics
Vennard's mascot was the Cougar and the official school colors were purple and white.

Vennard College offered intercollegiate sports in men and women's basketball, women's volleyball and men's soccer. Vennard College was a member of NCCAA Division II and the Midwest Christian College Conference. All teams were eligible for conference and post season tournaments. Individual players were eligible for All Conference, All Region and All American Teams.

Recreation
Vennard College boasted many opportunities to participate in a variety of intramural sports that included dodge ball and indoor soccer.  The campus was home to a miniature golf course that was open to the public.
The miniature golf course is still in operation and open to the public.

Notable alumni

 Harold Sherk (1903-1974), Christian pacifist

References

Further reading
 Harris, Merne A.  The Torch Goeth Onward Still--  University Park, Iowa: Vennard College Alumni Association, 2000.

External links
 Vennard College Alumni Association

Defunct private universities and colleges in Iowa
2008 disestablishments in Iowa
Educational institutions disestablished in 2008

Vennard College


Dr. W. Lawrence S. Prabhakar, M.A (Madras Christian College), Ph.D. (University of Madras) is an associate professor of Strategic Studies and International Relations in the department of Political Science at Madras Christian College, India and Adjunct Research Fellow, S.Rajaratnam School of International Studies (Formerly Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.

Dr. Prabhakar specializes in academic and policy research on the following areas: Nuclear Missile issues in Southern Asia; on Maritime Security issues in the Indian Ocean and the Asia-Pacific Region and on research in India-United States Strategic Relations; Grand Strategy of India and Grand Strategy of China. His primary interest on Nuclear weapons have featured in his projects with Henry Stimson Center, Washington DC USA; Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington DC USA and with the Institut de Relations Internationales et Stratégiques, Paris, France.

Dr. Prabhakar is a visiting professor at the Department of Geopolitics, Manipal University, Manipal and Member of the Constituting Committee and Board of Research and Studies of the department Manipal University, Manipal, India. He is Media Commentator on Asia-Pacific Strategic Issues, BBC World Service, London, UK and has been consulted on several projects by the Net Assessment Directorate, Chiefs of Staff Committee Ministry of Defence, Govt. of India with principal authorship in the following projects:

- The Role of the Dragon: Strategic Role and Posture of China in the India-Pakistan Conflict Spectrum" in the Simulation-cum-Scenario Development Exercise: India-Pakistan Conflict Spectrum Under the Nuclear Backdrop at the Army War College, Mhow Feb 2003;

- Extra-regional Naval Presence and Posture: Implications for the Indian Navy in the Project Regional Maritime Balance in Indian Ocean 2020;

- Escalation Dynamics Based on Nuclear Doctrines and Force Postures in Southern Asia (March 2004).

His earlier research fellowships have been at the Center for Political Studies, Institute of Social Research, University of Michigan Ann Arbor Visiting Fellow, The Henry Stimson Center, Washington DC USA, where he worked on "The Draft Indian Nuclear Doctrine: Perspectives of Regional & Global Nuclear Powers" May–August 2001 ;In this stint he also worked on "Indian Security Perspectives of the PLA Navy in South Asia" for the Center for Naval Analysis, Alexandria Virginia USA.. He had been on fellowships to the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington DC and the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, Honolulu, Hawaii.

He is a Founding Member and Founding Member-Secretary, Centre for Security Analysis, Chennai, an Independent Non-profit, Nonpartisan, policy research think tank based in Chennai, India.

Books
Maritime Security in the Indian Ocean Region: Critical Issues of Debate

Edited Volumes
The Maritime Balance of Power in the Asia-Pacific: Maritime Doctrines and Nuclear Weapons At Sea

References

External links
Biography at Madras Christian College
Biography at Center for Security Analysis website

People from Kanyakumari district
Scientists from Tamil Nadu
Indian political scientists
1950 births
Living people
Indian political writers
Madras Christian College alumni
University of Madras alumni
Manipal Academy of Higher Education alumni
University of Michigan fellows

W. Lawrence S. Prabhakar


Augustus Taylor Rowe (August 2, 1920 – July 20, 2013) was a Canadian physician and politician. He served as a member of the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly for Carbonear from 1971 to 1975. He also spent three years as the province's Health Minister within the cabinet of the former Premier Frank Moores from January 1972 to 1975.

Rowe was born on August 2, 1920, in Heart's Content, Dominion of Newfoundland (the present-day province of Newfoundland and Labrador). He enlisted in the Royal Newfoundland Regiment during World War II. He completed medical school at St Mary's Hospital Medical School (which was part of the University of London at the time) in London following the war. He returned to Newfoundland and settled in Carbonear in 1954, where he began his medical career as a general practitioner.

In 1957, Dr. Rowe founded Carbonear's first hospital, Carbonear Community Hospital. He led the efforts to raise approximately $37,000 Canadian dollars to establish the new hospital, which provided regional patients which a local medical center. Previously, patients needing hospital treatment had to travel to St. John's or Old Perlican. Rowe served as the director of Carbonear Community Hospital from its opening in 1957 until October 1971, when he resigned upon his election to the House of Assembly.

Rowe was elected to the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly as a MLA from Carbonear in October 1971 as a member of the Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador. Rowe was re-elected to the House of Assembly in 1972. Rowe was appointed as provincial Health Minister within the cabinet of Premier Frank Moores from January 1972 to 1975.

He retired from politics in 1975 to pursue family medicine. He later joined the faculty of Memorial University of Newfoundland and became the university's chairman of Family Medicine from 1978 to 1985. A university honor, the Gus Rowe Teaching Award, which is bestowed by the Faculty of Medicine was named for Rowe.

He retired from the University in 1985 and moved to Toronto with his wife, Beatrice. He died in Toronto on July 20, 2013, at the age of 92. He was survived by wife of 68 years, Beatrice "Bea" (née Adams) Rowe; two children, David and Jane, and two grandchildren.

References

External links
Memorial University: Biographical Sketch:  Honourable Dr. Augustus T. Rowe

1920 births
2013 deaths
Alumni of the University of London
Canadian general practitioners
Canadian Army personnel of World War II
Academic staff of the Memorial University of Newfoundland
Newfoundland military personnel of World War II
Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador MHAs
People from Carbonear
Royal Newfoundland Regiment soldiers

Augustus Rowe


The Lucayan people ( ) were the original residents of The Bahamas before the European conquest of the Americas. They were a branch of the Taínos who inhabited most of the Caribbean islands at the time. The Lucayans were the first indigenous Americans encountered by Christopher Columbus. Shortly after contact, the Spanish kidnapped and enslaved Lucayans, with the displacement culminating in the complete eradication of the Lucayan people from the Bahamas by 1520.

The name "Lucayan" is an Anglicization of the Spanish Lucayos, itself a hispanicization derived from the Taíno Lukku-Cairi, which the people used for themselves, meaning "people of the islands". The Taíno word for "island", cairi, became cayo in Spanish and "cay"  in English [spelled "key" in American English].

Some crania and artifacts of "Ciboney type" were reportedly found on Andros Island, but if some Ciboney did reach the Bahamas ahead of the Lucayans, they left no known evidence of occupation. Some possible Ciboney archaeological sites have been found elsewhere in the Bahamas, but the only one subjected to radiocarbon dating dated to the mid- to late-12th century, contemporaneous with Lucayan presence on the islands.

Christopher Columbus's diario contains the only contemporaneous observations of the Lucayans. Other information about the customs of the Lucayans has come from archaeological investigations and comparison with what is known of Taíno culture in Cuba and Hispaniola. The Lucayans were distinguished from the Taínos of Cuba and Hispaniola in the size of their houses, the organization and location of their villages, the resources they used, and the materials used in their pottery.

Origin and settlement

Sometime between 500 and 800 CE, Taínos began crossing in dugout canoes from Hispaniola and/or Cuba to the Bahamas. Hypothesized routes for the earliest migrations have been from Hispaniola to the Caicos Islands, from Hispaniola or eastern Cuba to Great Inagua Island, and from central Cuba to Long Island in the central Bahamas. The settlement sites in the Caicos Islands differ from those found elsewhere in the Bahamas, resembling sites in Hispaniola associated with the Classic Taíno settlements that arose after 1200.

William Keegan argues that the sites on Caicos therefore represent a colonization after 1200 by Taínos from Hispaniola seeking salt from the natural salt pans on the island. Great Inagua is closer to both Hispaniola, at , and Cuba, at , than any other island in the Bahamas, and sites on Great Inagua contain large quantities of sand-tempered pottery imported from Cuba and/or Hispaniola, while sites on other islands in the Bahamas contain more shell-tempered pottery ("Palmetto Ware"), which developed in the Bahamas.

While trade in dugout canoes between Cuba and Long Island was reported by Columbus, this involved a voyage of at least  over open water, although much of that was on the very shallow waters of the Great Bahama Bank. The Taínos probably did not settle in central Cuba until after 1000, and there is no particular evidence that this was the route of the initial settlement of the Bahamas.

From an initial settlement of Great Inagua Island, the Lucayans expanded throughout the Bahamas Islands in some 800 years (c. 700 – c. 1500), growing to a population of about 40,000. Population density at the time of first European contact was highest in the south central area of the Bahamas, declining towards the north, reflecting the progressively shorter time of occupation of the northern islands. Known Lucayan settlement sites are confined to the nineteen largest islands in the archipelago, or to smaller cays located less than one kilometre from those islands.

Keegan posits a north-ward migration route from Great Inagua Island to Acklins and Crooked Islands, then on to Long Island. From Long Island expansion would have gone east to Rum Cay and San Salvador Island, north to Cat Island and west to Great and Little Exuma Islands. From Cat Island the expansion proceeded to Eleuthera, from which New Providence and Andros to the west and Great and Little Abaco Islands and Grand Bahama to the north were reached. Lucayan village sites are also known on Mayaguana, east of Acklins Island, and Samana Cay, north of Acklins.

There are village sites on East, Middle and North Caicos and on Providenciales, in the Caicos Islands, at least some of which Keegan attributes to a later settlement wave from Hispaniola. Population density in the southernmost Bahamas remained lower, probably due to the drier climate there, less than  of rain a year on Great Inagua Island and the Turks and Caicos Islands and only slightly higher on Acklins and Crooked Islands and Mayaguana.

Based on Lucayan names for the islands, Granberry and Vescelius argue for two origins of settlement; one from Hispaniola to the Turks and Caicos Islands through Mayaguana and Acklins and Crooked Islands to Long Island and the Great and Little Exuma Islands, and another from Cuba through Great Inagua Island, Little Inagua Island and Ragged Island to Long Island and the Exumas. Granberry and Vescelius also state that around 1200 the Turks and Caicos Islands were resettled from Hispaniola and were thereafter part of the Classical Taíno culture and language area, and no longer Lucayan.

History

Connections
The Lucayans were part of a larger Taíno community in the Greater Antilles. The Lucayans, along with the Taínos in Jamaica, most of Cuba and parts of western Hispaniola have been classified as part of a Sub-Taíno, Western Taíno or Ciboney Taíno cultural and language group. Keegan describes any distinctions between Lucayans and Classical Taínos of Hispaniola and eastern Cuba as largely arbitrary. The Lucayans lived in smaller political units, simple chiefdoms, compared to the more elaborate political structures in Hispaniola, and their language and culture showed differences, but they remained Taínos, although a "hinterland" of the wider Taíno world. The Lucayans were connected to a Caribbean-wide trade network. Columbus observed trade carried between Long Island and Cuba by dugout canoe. A piece of jadeite found on San Salvador Island appears to have originated in Guatemala, based on a trace element analysis.

Appearance
Columbus thought the Lucayans resembled the Guanche of the Canary Islands, in part because they were intermediate in skin color between Europeans and Africans. He described the Lucayans as handsome, graceful, well-proportioned, gentle, generous and peaceful, and customarily going almost completely naked. Peter Martyr d'Anghiera said that the Lucayan women were so beautiful that men from "other countries" moved to the islands to be near them. Women past puberty wore a small skirt of cotton, and the men might wear a loincloth made of plaited leaves or cotton.

Some people wore head bands, waist bands, feathers, bones and ear and nose jewelry on occasion. They were often tattooed and usually applied paint to their bodies and/or faces. They also practiced head flattening. Their hair was black and straight, and they kept it cut short except for a few hairs in back which were never cut. Columbus reported seeing scars on the bodies of some of the men, which were explained to him as resulting from attempts by people from other islands to capture them.

1492 Lucayan–Spanish encounter
In 1492 Christopher Columbus sailed from Spain with three ships, seeking a direct route to Asia. On October 12, 1492 Columbus reached an island in the Bahamas, an event long regarded as the 'discovery' of America. This first island to be visited by Columbus was called Guanahani by the Lucayans, and San Salvador by the Spanish. The identity of the first American landfall by Columbus remains contested, but many authors accept Samuel E. Morison's identification of what was later called Watling (or Watling's) Island as Columbus' San Salvador. The former Watling Island was officially renamed San Salvador in 1925. Luis Marden's identification of Samaná Key as Guanahani is the strongest contender with the former Watling Island theory. Columbus visited several other islands in the Bahamas hunting for gold before sailing on to Cuba.

Columbus spent a few days visiting other islands in the vicinity: Santa María de la Concepción, Fernandina, and Saomete. Lucayans on San Salvador had told Columbus that he could find a "king" who had a lot of gold at the village of Samaot, also spelled Samoet, Saomete or Saometo. Taíno chiefs and villages often shared a name. Keegan suggests that the confusion of spellings was due to grammatically differing forms of the name for the chief and for the village or island, or was simply due to Columbus's difficulty with the Lucayan language.

Columbus spent three days sailing back and forth along the shore of an island seeking Samaot. At one point he sought to reach Samaot by sailing eastward, but the water was too shallow, and he felt that sailing around the island was "a very long way". Keegan interprets this description to fit the Acklins/Crooked Islands group, with a ship in the west side being able to see the western shore of Acklins Island across the very shallow waters of the Bight of Acklins, where there was a village that stretched about  along the shore.

Amerigo Vespucci spent almost four months in the Bahamas in 1499 to 1500. His log of that time is vague, perhaps because he was trespassing on Columbus's discoveries, which at the time remained under Columbus. There may have been other unrecorded Spanish landfalls in the Bahamas, shipwrecks and slaving expeditions. Maps published between 1500 and 1508 appear to show details of the Bahamas, Cuba and the North American mainland that were not officially reported until later. European artifacts of the period have been found on San Salvador, the Caicos Islands, Long Island, Little Exuma, Acklins Island, Conception Island and Samaná Cay. Such finds, however, do not prove that Spaniards visited those islands, as trade among Lucayans could have distributed the artifacts.

Slavery and genocide
Columbus kidnapped several Lucayans on San Salvador and Santa María de la Concepción. Two fled, but Columbus took some Lucayans back to Spain at the end of his first voyage. Vespucci took 232 Lucayans to Spain as slaves in 1500. Spanish exploitation of the labor of the natives of Hispaniola rapidly reduced that population, leading the Governor of Hispaniola to complain to the Spanish crown. After Columbus's death, Ferdinand II of Aragon ordered in 1509 that Indians be imported from nearby islands to make up the population losses in Hispaniola, and the Spanish began capturing Lucayans in the Bahamas for use as laborers in Hispaniola.

At first the Lucayans sold for no more than four gold pesos in Hispaniola, but when it was realized that the Lucayans were practiced at diving for conches, the price rose to 100 to 150 gold pesos and the Lucayans were sent to the Isle of Cubagua as pearl divers. Within two years the southern Bahamas were largely depopulated. The Spanish may have carried away as many as 40,000 Lucayans by 1513.

Carl O. Sauer described Ponce de León's 1513 expedition in which he encountered Florida as simply "an extension of slave hunting beyond the empty islands." When the Spanish decided to traffic the remaining Lucayans to Hispaniola in 1520, they could find only eleven in all of the Bahamas. Thereafter the Bahamas remained uninhabited for 130 years.

Society

Genetics
In 2018, researchers successfully extracted DNA from a tooth found in a burial context in Preacher's Cave on Eleuthera Island. The tooth was directly dated to around 776–992 AD. Genetic analysis revealed that the tooth belonged to a woman. When compared against contemporary populations, the ancient individual shows closest genetic affinity to Arawakan speakers from the Amazon and Orinoco Basins, with closest affinity to the Palikur. The individual was assigned to mtDNA Haplogroup B2.

Customs
Lucayan society was based on descent through the mother's line, which was typical of Taíno culture as a whole. The Spanish reported that a woman resided with her husband's family, but Keegan argues that this was not patrilocal residence in the strict sense, but rather residence in the husband's uncle's household (avunculocal residence).

Houses
Lucayans, like other Taínos, lived in multi-household houses. Descriptions of Lucayan houses by the Spanish match those of houses used by Taínos in Hispaniola and Cuba: shaped like a round tent, tall, made of poles and thatch, with an opening at the top to let smoke out. Columbus described the houses of the Lucayans as clean and well-swept. The houses were furnished with cotton nets (some kind of hammocks) for beds and furnishings, and were used mainly for sleeping. Each house sheltered an extended family.

There are no surviving reports of the size of Lucayan houses, but estimates of about 20 people per house in Taíno communities in pre-contact Cuba are cited by Keegan as a reasonable estimate for Lucayan houses. While not mentioned for Lucayan houses, the houses in Cuba were described as having two doors. Classic Taíno villages in Hispaniola and eastern Cuba typically had houses arranged around a central plaza, and often located along rivers with access to good agricultural land. Lucayan villages were linear, along the coast, often on the leeward side of an island, but also found on the windward side wherever tidal creeks provided some protected shoreline.

Pre-European contact diet
The Lucayans grew root crops and hunted, fished and gathered wild foods. At least half of the diet came from plant foods.

The staple crop of the Lucayans was manioc (cassava), followed by sweet potato. Sweet manioc was eaten like sweet potato, by peeling and boiling. Bitter manioc, which has a dangerous amount of hydrogen cyanide, was prepared by peeling, grinding, and mashing. The mash was then filtered through a basket tube to remove the hydrogen cyanide as a poisonous juice. The filtered mash was dried and sieved for flour, which was used to make pancake-like bread cooked on a flat clay griddle. The poisonous hydrogen cyanide juice was boiled, which released the poison, and the liquid base mixed with chili peppers, vegetables, meat, and fish to make a slow-boiling stew that prevented the spoiling of its ingredients.

The Spanish also reported that the Lucayans grew sweet potatoes, cocoyams, arrowroot, leren, yampee, peanuts, beans and cucurbits. The Lucayans probably took most, if not all, of their crops with them to the Bahamas. The Lucayans may have grown papayas, pineapples, guava, mammee apple, guinep and tamarind fruit.

There were few land animals available in the Bahamas for hunting: hutias (Taíno utia), rock iguanas, small lizards, land crabs and birds. While Taínos kept dogs and Muscovy ducks, only dogs were reported by early observers, or found at Lucayan sites. Less than 12% of the meat eaten by Lucayans came from land animals, of which three-quarters came from iguanas and land crabs.

More than 80 percent of the meat in the Lucayan diet came from marine fishes, almost all of which grazed on seagrass and/or coral. Sea turtles and marine mammals (West Indian monk seal and porpoise) provided a very small portion of the meat in the Lucayan diet. The balance of dietary meat came from marine mollusks. The main meats were fishes and mollusks from the grass flat and patch reef habitats that are found between the beach and the barrier reef, and include parrotfish, grouper, snapper, bonefish, queen conch, urchins, nerites, chitons, and clams.

Maize was a recent introduction to the Greater Antilles when the Spanish arrived, and was only a minor component of the Taíno and, presumably, Lucayan diets.

Fiber and other plant products
The Lucayans grew cotton (Gossypium barbadense) and tobacco, and used other plants such as agave, furcraea and hibiscus for fiber in fishing nets. One of Columbus's sailors received  of cotton in trade from a single Lucayan on Guanahani. Although Columbus did not see tobacco in use by the Lucayans, he did note that they traded a type of leaf that they regarded as valuable. Bixa was used to produce a reddish body paint and jagua (Genipa or Mamoncillo) for black body paint.

Conch tools
Conch shells (pronounced as "konk", known as cobo in Taino) were a hard material in plentiful supply on the islands. They included several species of conch, including the queen conch and the Atlantic Triton. Lucayans used them to make tools such as canoe gouges, hoes, hammers, picks, net mesh gauges, and fishhooks. They were also made into beads shaped like disks, carved into amulets, and used as inlay for sculptures.

Trumpet-like instruments that were played by blowing were also made of conch. A specific term, guamo, existed for trumpets made from the largest snail available, the Atlantic Triton. These were used, similarly to church bells, to call people into action as well as for religious rites.

Other technology

The Lucayans carved canoes, spears, bowls and ceremonial stools from wood. Stone chopping, cutting and scraping tools were imported from Cuba or Haiti. Most pottery was of the type called "Palmetto Ware", including "Abaco Redware" and "Crooked Island Ware". This was produced in the islands using local red clay soils tempered with burnt conch shells.  Palmetto Ware pottery was usually undecorated. There are no known differences that can be used to date or sequence Palmetto Ware pottery. Some (usually less than one percent of collected shards in most of the Bahamas, about ten percent in the Caicos Islands) sand-tempered pottery was imported from Cuba and/or Haiti. The Lucayans made fish hooks from bone or shell and harpoon points from bone. The Lucayans probably did not use bows and arrows. The first mention by the Spanish of encountering Indians using bows and arrows was at Samaná Bay in northeastern Hispaniola.

One of the few artifacts of Lucayan life that has been found in a variety of areas in the Bahama archipelago is the duho.  are carved seats found in the houses of Taíno caciques or chiefs throughout the Caribbean region. Duhos "figured prominently in the maintenance of Taíno political and ideological systems . . . [and were] . . . literally seats of power, prestige, and ritual."  made of wood and stone have both been found, though those made of wood tend not to last as well as the stone chairs and are, therefore, much rarer. There are intact wooden  in the collections of the Musée de l'Homme in Paris and British Museum in London (the latter found on the island of Eleuthera).

Religion

The Taino pantheon of cemís, also known as zemís, play an active role in the lives of humans, and distinguish between the cultural, pleasing human theme and the anti-cultural, nonhuman, foul theme. The term refers to both the spirits and the objects that represent spirits.

They include fruitfulness spirits Yocahu, the male giver of manioc, and Attabeira, the mother goddess. Attending to them were the twin spirits Maquetaurie Guayaba, the lord of the dead, and Guabancex, the mistress of the hurricane. The twin spirits were also attended to by sets of twins.

During arieto ceremonies, food was offered to the zemi, and shamans (behique) would give a piece of cassava bread to participants, which were kept preserved until the following year.

See also
 List of Taínos
 Lucayan Archipelago

Notes

References

Ethnic groups in the Bahamas
Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean
Taíno people
Extinct ethnic groups
Extinct Native American peoples

Lucayan people


Marguerite Henry ( Breithaupt; April 13, 1902 – November 26, 1997) was an American writer of children's books, writing fifty-nine books based on true stories of horses and other animals. She won the Newbery Medal for King of the Wind, a 1948 book about horses, and she was a runner-up for two others. One of the latter, Misty of Chincoteague (1947), was the basis for several related titles and the 1961 movie Misty.

Biography

Born to Louis and Anna Breithaupt, the youngest of five children, Henry was a native of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Henry was stricken with rheumatic fever at the age of six, which kept her bedridden until the age of twelve. She was unable to attend school with other children due to her weak condition and the fear of spreading the illness to other people. While confined indoors, she discovered the joy of reading. Henry's love of animals started during her childhood. Soon afterwards, she also discovered a love for writing when her parents presented her with a writing desk for Christmas. Henry later said, "At last I had a world of my very own – a writing world, and soon it would be populated by all the creatures of my imagination."

Henry sold her first story at the age of 11. The Delineator (a popular women's magazine) had solicited articles about the four seasons from children, and she was paid $12 (now about $250) for "Hide-and-Seek in Autumn Leaves". She often wrote about animals, such as dogs, cats, birds, foxes, and mules, but chiefly her stories focused on horses.

She studied at Milwaukee State Teachers College.
After graduation she traveled to Wisconsin's North Woods with her family and met a traveling salesman from Sheboygan, Sidney Crocker Henry. On May 5, 1923, Marguerite married Sidney Henry in Milwaukee. The couple moved to the north side of Chicago where Marguerite launched her writing career by writing for magazines. During their 64 years of marriage they did not have any children, but instead had numerous pets that served as the inspiration for some of Marguerite's stories. They lived in Wayne, Illinois.

In 1945, Henry began a 20-year collaboration with artist Wesley Dennis. "I had just finished writing Justin Morgan Had a Horse," she recalled, "and wanted the best horse artist in the world to illustrate it. So I went to the library, studied the horse books, and immediately fell in love with the work of Will James and Wesley Dennis. When I found out that Will James was dead, I sent my manuscript to Wesley Dennis." Henry and Dennis eventually collaborated on nearly 20 books.

Misty of Chincoteague was published in 1947 and was an instant success. In 1961, it was adapted for film, as were Justin Morgan had a Horse (1972) and Brighty of the Grand Canyon (1967). San Domingo, the Medicine Hat Stallion was adapted for television as Peter Lundy and the Medicine Hat Stallion in 1977.

Henry's last book was Brown Sunshine of Sawdust Valley, a 93-page novel published in September 1996, when she was 94 years old. Kirkus Reviews called it "Vintage Henry ...a lighthearted version of the old girl-meets-horse story; only this time, the horse is a mule."

She died on November 26, 1997, at home in Rancho Santa Fe, California, after multiple strokes.

Legacy

Misty features the annual Pony Penning of feral horses from Assateague Island, a two-day round-up, swim, and auction that Henry had been "sent to look at" by her hopeful editor, Mary Alice Jones. She created several Misty-related titles including two more children's novels illustrated by Dennis, Sea Star, Orphan of Chincoteague (1949) and Stormy, Misty's Foal (1963). The beneficiaries of "Marguerite Henry's Legacy", as a Washington Post editorial termed local tourism, were the Assateague nature preserve and Chincoteague town. Within her lifetime Pony Penning itself drew about 25,000 visitors and their number was 40 to 50,000 according to a local estimate ten years later. In 2023 the Museum of Chincoteague raised donations to purchase the Beebe Ranch—the location where Misty was born in 1946.

Awards

Henry won the annual Newbery Medal from the American Library Association in 1949, recognizing King of the Wind: the story of the Godolphin Arabian as the year's "most distinguished contribution to American literature for children". She had been a runner-up for Justin Morgan Had a Horse in 1946 and Misty of Chincoteague in 1948. Brighty of the Grand Canyon was given the William Allen White Children's Book Award in 1956. In 1960, Black Gold won the Sequoyah Book Award. Gaudenzia: Pride of the Palio was awarded the Clara Ingram Judson Award for children's literature in 1961. Misty of Chincoteague was named to the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award list in 1961.  Mustang, Wild Spirit of the West received the 1967 Western Heritage Award for Outstanding Juvenile Book and the 1970 Sequoyah Book Award.

Works

 Auno and Tauno: a Story of Finland, illus. Gladys Rourke Blackwood (1940)
 Dilly Dally Sally, illus. Gladys Rourke Blackwood (1940)
 Birds at Home, illus. Jacob Bates Abbott (1942)
 Geraldine Belinda, illus. Gladys Rourke Blackwood (1942)
 Their First Igloo On Baffin Island, illus. Gladys Rourke Blackwood (1943)
 A Boy and a Dog, illus. Diana Thorne and Ottilie Foy (1944)
 Justin Morgan Had a Horse, illus. Wesley Dennis (1945)
 The Little Fellow, illus. Diana Thorne (1945)
 Robert Fulton, Boy Craftsman, illus. Lawrence Dresser (1945)
 Always Reddy, illus. Wesley Dennis (1947); also published as Shamrock Queen
 Benjamin West and His Cat Grimalkin, by Henry and Wesley Dennis (1947) – about the artist Benjamin West,
 Misty of Chincoteague, illus. Wesley Dennis (1947)
 King of the Wind: the Story of the Godolphin Arabian, illus. Wesley Dennis (1948)
 Little-or-Nothing from Nottingham, illus. Wesley Dennis (1949)
 Sea Star, Orphan of Chincoteague, illus. Wesley Dennis (1949)
 Born To Trot, illus. Wesley Dennis (1950) – about the Standardbred line and specifically the mare Rosalind
 Album of Horses, illus. Wesley Dennis (1951)
 Brighty of the Grand Canyon, illus. Wesley Dennis (1953)
 Justin Morgan Had a Horse (revised), illus. Wesley Dennis (1954)
 Wagging Tails: Album of Dogs, illus. Wesley Dennis (1955)
 Cinnabar, the One O'Clock Fox, illus. Wesley Dennis (1956)
 Misty, the Wonder Pony, by Misty, Herself, illus. Clare McKinley (1956) – picture book
 Black Gold, illus. Wesley Dennis (1957) – about the horse Black Gold
 Muley-Ears, Nobody's Dog, illus. Wesley Dennis (1959)
 Gaudenzia, Pride of the Palio, illus. Lynd Ward (1960); also published as The Wildest Horse Race in the World – featuring the Palio di Siena horserace
 All About Horses, illus. drawings by Wesley Dennis and photos (1962)
 Five O'Clock Charlie, illus. Wesley Dennis (1962)
 Stormy, Misty's Foal, illus. Wesley Dennis (1963)
 Portfolio of Horse Paintings, illus. Wesley Dennis, "with commentary by Marguerite Henry" (1964),
 White Stallion of Lipizza, illus. Wesley Dennis (1964) – about the Vienna Spanish Riding School
 Mustang, Wild Spirit of the West, illus. Robert Lougheed (1966) – about Wild Horse Annie and American mustang conservation
 Dear Readers and Riders (1969); also published as Dear Marguerite Henry
 San Domingo, the Medicine Hat Stallion, illus. Robert Lougheed (1972); also published as Peter Lundy and the Medicine Hat Stallion (1977) and adapted for television under that title by Ed Friendly (1978) – set in Pony Express-era Wyoming,
 Stories from Around the World, edited and with an introduction by Marguerite Henry (1974)
 The Little Fellow (revised), illus. Rich Rudish (1975)
 A Pictorial Life Story of Misty, drawings by Wesley Dennis (1976)
 One Man's Horse, illus. Wesley Dennis, "with famous paintings and prints by selected artists" (1977) – selections from Born to Trot (1950),
 The Illustrated Marguerite Henry, illus. Wesley Dennis, Robert Lougheed, Lynd Ward, Rich Rudish (1980) – biographical material about these four of her illustrators, with selections from their work,
 Our First Pony, illus. Rich Rudish (1984)
 Misty's Twilight, illus. Karen Haus Grandpre (1992)
 Album of Horses: a pop-up book, illus. Ezra N. Tucker (1993)
 Brown Sunshine of Sawdust Valley, illus. Bonnie Shields (1996)
 My Misty Diary, illus. Bill Farnsworth (1997)

Pictured Geography
Albert Whitman and Company of Chicago published the Pictured Geography series in the 1940s. Four sets of eight 28-page children's picture books about world nations and other territories were illustrated by Kurt Wiese. Henry wrote the texts for the first and fourth sets. At least one library catalog record indicates a "preschool" audience. Kirkus Reviews observed in a brief contemporary positive review of the fourth series, "Third and fourth graders will find this a pleasant way to expand the confines of school geographies."

First Series, 1941
 Alaska in Story and Pictures
 Argentina in Story and Pictures
 Brazil in Story and Pictures
 Canada in Story and Pictures
 Chile in Story and Pictures
 Mexico in Story and Pictures
 Panama in Story and Pictures
 West Indies in Story and Pictures

Fourth Series, 1946
 Australia in Story and Pictures
 Bahamas in Story and Pictures
 Bermuda in Story and Pictures
 British Honduras in Story and Pictures
 Dominican Republic in Story and Pictures
 Hawaii in Story and Pictures
 New Zealand in Story and Pictures
 Virgin Islands in Story and Pictures

Bernadine Bailey wrote the second, 1942 series; Lois Donaldson the third, 1944 series.

The Virgin Islands volume was reviewed briefly in the "New Biological Books" section of The Quarterly Review of Biology: "A brief account of the historical, economic, and geographical features of the Virgin Islands. The illustrations are not particularly attractive to the reviewer, but the text should serve to introduce children to this little-known possession of the United States."

See also

Assateague Island
Chincoteague Pony

Notes

References

Citations
 Collins, David R. (1999). Write a Book For Me: The story of Marguerite Henry, Greensboro, NC: Morgan Reynolds, Inc. 112 pp.,
 "Marguerite Henry 1902–1997". Publishers Weekly. December 15, 1997. p. 27. Archives available to subscribers.
 "Marguerite Henry Books: Once More Out of the Gate". Sally Lodge. Publishers Weekly. May 13, 2014.
 "Marguerite Henry's Legacy" (editorial). The Washington Post. December 1, 1997. Page A24. Lead sentences at HighBeam Research (highbeam.com); full text available by subscription.
 Chincoteague Island first official tourist page

External links

 Search results: 'Marguerite Henry' (page 1) at Kirkus Reviews
Misty of Chincoteague Foundation — Misty, Chincoteague, Assateague, Marguerite Henry, and Wesley Dennis

Film adaptations

1902 births
1997 deaths

American children's writers
American women novelists
Newbery Medal winners
Newbery Honor winners
Writers from Milwaukee
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee alumni
Novelists from Illinois
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
American women children's writers
Novelists from Wisconsin

Marguerite Henry


Larry Beck (May 20, 1938 – March 27, 1994), full name Lawrence James Beck, was an American sculptor born in Seattle, Washington. Beck was one quarter Native Alaskan, a cause of both conflict and inspiration during his career. His work ranged from industrial assemblages and happenings in the 60's to large, abstract public commissions in the 70's to Yup'ik masks inspired by traditional Yup'ik pieces, but rendered with modern industrial and manufactured materials which he began in the 80's and was working on up until his death.

Life
Beck's father was American, his mother was Norwegian/Yup'ik from Alaska. He was raised in Seattle and attended the University of Washington, earning a B.A. in painting (with a minor in art history and ceramics) in 1964 and an M.F.A. in sculpture in 1965. Among Beck's teachers at UW were George Tsutakawa and Everett Du Pen and visiting New York artist Gabriel Kohn. Beck also worked as an assistant to Mark di Suvero on a large sculpture installation for Virginia and Bagley Wright. He taught at the University of Oregon, Eugene was a Visiting Instructor of Sculpture for the 1966-67 academic year. The years 1967-68 were spent as a visiting Fine Arts Fellow at the University of Southampton, England. Returning to the Northwest, Beck moved to the Skagit Valley. The Northwest scene in the sixties included then art critic (now novelist) Tom Robbins.

Work
From the time he graduated with his M.F.A., Beck made formalist, abstract, large scale sculpture in the manner of his abstract-expressionist training and began to establish his reputation as a sculptor. His earliest pieces were largely made of found metals and objects assembled in a lyrical, yet humorous manner. He was also (with Tom Robbins and others) part of the Shazam Society which produced performance and "happenings". He accumulated many awards and honors and his first Art in Public Places commission (1971), which would have placed a fountain in Pioneer Square at Occidental Park. That piece was never realized, but between 1975 and 1980 he won three other major commissions for work to be installed at Golden Gardens Park, Highline Community College (Poktalaruk 'huk shuk, 1978), and the King County International Airport.

Though raised in Seattle, away from his mother's tribal heritage, in the mid-70's, Beck visited the Alaskan coast and for the first time began to understand the spirit-filled Yup'ik culture. In 1973, Beck developed a new series of minimalist pieces that he entitled "Inukshuk" which is Inuit for sculptural presence (such as, a stone landmark). This term was also used for the three major commissions that followed. The introduction of Inuit terminology was the first sign that Beck was consciously bringing his multi-cultural heritage into his work. He experimented with casting several small masks, based on traditional Inuit forms, in aluminum and bronze, but he was still uncomfortable with the fact that the masks represented a complete contradiction to his western art training. This and peer group pressure kept him doing abstract work.

After the 1980 installation of his major commission at the King County Airport, Beck experienced what he would call his sculpture career crisis. He became disenchanted with public art. Many artists of the times were losing interest in non-objective forms—Beck was not alone in seeking subjects that spoke specifically to his existential needs. The years of research into his family history and a desire to integrate his Alaskan awareness into his art finally led to his commitment to making masks – modern interpretations of traditional Inuit spirit forms – leaving the world of large, abstract public art commissions behind.

As native Alaskan artists had gleaned inspiration and materials from the shores of Norton Sound, Beck scoured his urban environment – junkyards, hardware stores, the local five and dime – for the raw materials for his masks.

Old rearview mirrors, baby moon hubcaps, discarded whitewall tires, surplus airplane rivets, kitchen implements, even kids' toys became part of the masks that eventually brought him international acclaim. Beck used the word "Inua" in titling his masks. This is the native term for "spirit" and it was his hope that each mask was imbued with enough Inua to satisfy the spirit debt he felt was owed to his Inuit heritage. One of his masks, Punk Bear Spirit from 1984, can be seen in Washington's State Art Collection.

Papers and photos from Beck's estate are in the Archives of the National Museum of the American Indian of the Smithsonian Institution.

Exhibitions
Beck's masks were shown around the U.S. and abroad in exhibitions such as "The Eloquent Object" (1987–89), a traveling show from the Philbrook Museum of Art, Tulsa, Oklahoma; the Heard Museum's 3rd Biennial (1987–88) in Phoenix, Arizona and "No Beads, No Trinkets" (1984) at the Palais des Nations, United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland, curated by Edgar Heap of Birds and in galleries in Reno, Nevada; Kansas City, Missouri; San Antonio, Texas and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His masks are also in collections at the Anchorage Museum at Rasmuson Center and the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of the American Indian. His early, abstract work was shown throughout the Northwest in various galleries and museums, including the Portland Art Museum; the Seattle Art Museum; "West Coast Now -- Current Art from the Western Seaboard" (1968), Seattle-Los Angeles; the Henry Gallery at the University of Washington, Seattle; and the Polly Friedlander Gallery, Seattle.

Education

1938 Born Seattle, Washington
1957-58, 1959-60 University of Washington, studies in engineering
1960-61 Burnley School of Professional Art
1961-62 University of Washington
1962 University of Arizona Summer School at Guadalajara, Mexico
1962-64 University of Washington (B.A. in Painting, minor in Art History and Ceramics, 1964)
1964-65 University of Washington (M.F.A. in Sculpture, 1965)
1994 Died Seattle, Washington

Sculptures in public collections and public spaces
King County International Airport, Seattle, WA, 1980
Highline Community College, Midway, WA, 1978: Poktalaruk 'huk shuk, 1978
Golden Gardens Park, Seattle, WA, 1977
U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
Bellevue Art Museum, Bellevue, WA
Calista Corporation, Anchorage, AK
Seattle City Light, Seattle, WA
University of Alaska Museum, Fairbanks, AK
Anchorage Museum of History and Art, Anchorage, AK
Smithsonian Institution National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C.

References
Smithsonian Institution, Archives of American Art: interview with Tom Robbins conducted by Martha Kingsbury in La Conner, Washington March 3, 1984
Patterson Sims, "Documents Northwest, Crossed Cultures", 1989

1938 births
Modern sculptors
University of Washington College of Arts and Sciences alumni
Academics of the University of Southampton
University of Oregon faculty
1994 deaths
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American male artists
American male sculptors

Lawrence James Beck


Kerry Jayne Elizabeth Katona (born 6 September 1980 in Warrington, Cheshire, England) is an English television presenter, magazine columnist, actress and former pop singer with girl group Atomic Kitten.

She was a contestant on the sixth series of ''Dancing on Ice in 2011. She finished in second place in the 2011 UK series of Celebrity Big Brother.

In 2006, Katona was diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

References

Other websites

1980 births
Living people
Actors from Cheshire
Big Brother contestants
Dancing on Ice participants
English movie actors
English pop singers
English television actors
Musicians from Cheshire
People from Warrington
People with bipolar disorder
Reality television participants
Television personalities from Cheshire

Kerry Katona


Charles Cleveland Nutting (May 25, 1858 – January 23, 1927 in Iowa City, Iowa) was an American zoologist, born in Jacksonville, Illinois.  He graduated from Blackburn University (1880) and received the M. A. degree from the same institution in 1882.  He conducted various zoological expeditions—in Central America for the Smithsonian Institution (1882–84), in Florida (1885), on the Saskatchewan River (1891)—and was naturalist of the Albatross Hawaiian expedition in 1902.  He was professor of zoology and curator of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Iowa from 1886 to 1890 and thereafter was head of his department.  Nutting's most important publications are systematic papers dealing with marine hydroids, which appeared in the reports of the United States Commission of Fisheries and elsewhere and were reprinted, especially American Hydroids (part i, 1900; part iii, 1915). In this work Nutting described 124 new species and beautifully illustrated his monograph on American hydroids.

He is commemorated in the names of a number of animals, including Nutting's flycatcher Myiarchus nuttingi and the Nicaraguan seed-finch Oryzoborus nuttingi.

As museum director, Nutting was successful in attracting support from donors, politicians, university students and the public. He organized and lead expeditions to exotic destinations, always bringing home specimens, photographs and stories to his supporters.

Publications
 1900-15. The American hydroids. Smithsonian Institution. United States National Museum. Special bulletin. 3 vols. Washington: Govt. Print. Off.

Notes

Sources
 University of Iowa Natural History Museum: Our first 100 years.

 This article incorporates text from the second edition of The New International Encyclopedia vol. 17 (1916): p. 316.

1858 births
1927 deaths
University of Iowa faculty
American curators
American zoologists
American naturalists
People from Jacksonville, Illinois

Charles Cleveland Nutting


The Parrett Navigation Company was formed to improve river navigation on the River Parrett, Ivelchester and Langport Navigation and linked waterways. Tolls were introduced to pay for the improvements. It was a trading Company owned by Vincent Stuckey and Walter Bagehot.

The company was formed by the Parrett Navigation Navigation Act 1836, prior to this maintenance of the banks had been the responsibility of the riparian owners (Frontagers) under the authority of the County Commissioners.  The Act authorised improvements to the River Parrett below Langport, the construction of a canal to Westport.

The Act gave the newly formed Parrett Navigation Company powers to raise £10,500 by the issuing of shares, and an additional £3,300 from a mortgage if required. The engineer for the whole scheme was William Gravatt, who had previously worked on the Bristol and Exeter Railway, and he was assisted locally by Charles Hodgkinson. The cost of the initial work on the River Parrett exceeded the budget, and a second Act of Parliament was obtained in 1839, to allow the Company to raise another £20,000 and to increase the tolls. Local merchants sought to oppose the increase by opposing the bill, but  Benjamin Lovibond, who was acting for them at the House of Commons, produced a petition, which was investigated by a Select Committee and found to be forged.

In 1839 they demolished the nine arch Great Bow Bridge and replaced it with the present bridge to allow larger boats to travel beyond Langport. Normal canal tolls were charged for use of the canal, and there was a toll for trade passing under the rebuilt bridge, but some of the shareholders felt that boat users on the River Ivel (also known as the River Yeo should also be charged, since the water levels on the river had improved since the construction of the Parrett Navigation works.

The Bristol and Exeter Railway opened in late 1853, and the effects on the navigation were immediate, with receipts dropping from £1,440 in 1853 to £673 by 1857. The Company paid its final dividend in 1872. In 1875, parts of Westmoor were flooded, as a result of the Company being unable to repair the culvert under the river at Huish Bridge, and Mr Thomas Mead opened the Langport lock gates to lower the upstream water levels. The Company had no option but to stop collecting tolls, and the gates were still open in 1877. On 1 July 1878 the Somersetshire Drainage Act was passed by Parliament, providing for the transfer of the navigation to the Drainage Commissioners at no cost, with options to abandon any or all of the navigation.

In the 1870s navigation works ceased, the company became insolvent, and the company's property was given to the Somersetshire Drainage Commissioners.

References

Companies based in Somerset
British companies established in 1836
Companies disestablished in the 1870s
Defunct companies of England
Waterways organisations in England

Parrett Navigation Company


Mudasiru Oyetunde Hussein  is a Nigerian politician who represented the Alliance for Democracy for two terms (1999–2007) in the House of Representatives.
He was elected Senator for Osun West in Osun State, Nigeria in the April 2011 national elections, running on the Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) platform.

Background

Hussein was born in Ejigbo in Osun state.

Political career
Hussein was elected as a representative for Oshodi-Isolo in Lagos State in 1999 as a member of the Alliance for Democracy party, and was reelected in 2003.

In February 2004, Mudasiru Hussein said that the House might invite President Olusegun Obasanjo to explain where he got N360million that was said to have been spent on demolishing all the toll gates in the country.
In November 2004, Hussein stated that the rising numbers of military politicians in the nation's polity would bring virile and stable democracy.
In June 2005, Mudasiru Hussein called for the discovery of those behind the murder of one of the major financiers of the Oranmiyan group, Alhaji Hassan Olajokun, as essential to ensure Nigeria's nascent democracy would survive.
The same month, Mudasiru Hussein said agitation for increase in resource control would be eliminated by the "Mineral Resources Commission Bill", which would allow regions to take care of their resources.
In January 2006, Mudashiru Hussein said the Nigerian constitution did not allow for a third term for President Olusegun Obasanjo.

Standing for the Action Congress in the 2007 senate elections for Osun West, he was defeated by Isiaka Adetunji Adeleke. Hussein appealed the election decision, presenting evidence that included video clips showing ballot boxes being taken away by thugs and voters being threatened with dangerous weapons, but the tribunal did not consider this sufficient to overturn the result.

In the April 2011 senate elections for Osun West Husain received 121,971 votes, with the incumbent Senator Adeleke of the PDP coming second with 77,090 votes.

Following the death of Senator Isiaka Adeleke, he contested in a bye election which took place in 2017 under the platform of the All Progressives Congress. He lost to the deceased younger brother Ademola Adeleke who is known as the "dancing senator".

References

Living people
Yoruba politicians
People from Osun State
Lagos State politicians
Alliance for Democracy (Nigeria) politicians
Action Congress of Nigeria politicians
Members of the House of Representatives (Nigeria)
Year of birth missing (living people)

Mudasiru Oyetunde Hussein


Jawa Motors is a  motorcycles company that produces mopeds. The company started in 1927 and owned by František Janeček. The name JAWA comes from the first two letters of words Janeček (factory owner) and Wanderer (factory name).

Jawa motorbikes
In 1932, František Janeček sold a new motorbike--the Jawa 175 Villiers. It was simple motorbike. It was popular because it was light weight. By 1935, 3000 of these motorbikes were produced.

In 1935 the same frame used engine JAWA 350 OHV. This motorbike was stronger and more luxury than previous type 175 Villiers. There was more chrome parts and a built-in speedometer. 4000 were produced.

The smallest Jawa motorbike before World War II was the Jawa 100 Robot. It was a small moped. About 12,000 were produced.

The start of World War II meant the end of motorbike production. Lots of motorbikes projects was created illegally, but only one realized, Jawa 350.

In 1952 was produced one of travelling motorbike Jawa 500 OHC, there was used four stroke engine. This motorbike is used by the police and the army.

To the 1960 JAWA cooperated with many countries, for example India, Turkey, Egypt. Firm IDEAL MOTORD in Majsur in India bought licences from Jawa mostly.

In 1970 Jawa produced  the "BIZON" series, and after that Jawa 634, which were modernized to model 640. Jawa 638-640 has engine 350ccm, it is robust and favourite motorbike in class motorbike.

JAWA produced a lot´s of models of mopeds, for example JAWA 50 types 20,21 named "pionýr" or "pařez" This motorbikes were mostly sell in SSSR.

Today Jawa is sold in many European countries. The newest models are JAWA 660, JAWA 125 and 50 Dandy, JAWA 250, 350 and. Basic of motorbikes is really the same like 70 years ago, but it is very modernized, mainly motors. Today stronger four-stroke motors are used, two-stroke motors are used to 350ccm.

Jawa Cars
In 1933 Jawa started to produce small cars. Ing. Janeček bought a licence from German Meisterklasse DKW. It was called JAWA 700. To 1934 was produced some one thousand cars of this type, because sale was full of small cars, so JAWA produced more motorbikes than cars, in season before war were motorbikes more favourite.

References

Motorcycles

Jawa Motors


Ceremonial Stone Landscapes is the term used by USET, United Southern and Eastern Tribes, Inc., a nonprofit, intertribal organization of American Indians, for certain stonework sites in eastern North America. Elements often found at these sites include dry stone walls, rock piles (sometimes referred to as cairns), stone chambers, unusually-shaped boulders, split boulders with stones inserted in the split, and boulders propped up off the ground with smaller rocks. While neither the age of these sites nor the idea of their creation by indigenous peoples has been accepted generally, interest in the sites is increasing. This interest is generated in part by USET's Resolution #2007:037, entitled Sacred Ceremonial Stone Landscapes Found in the Ancestral Territories of United Southern and Eastern Tribes, Inc. Member Tribes.

Sections of the USET resolution describing these sites read as follows:

"within the ancestral territories of the USET Tribes there exist sacred ceremonial stone landscapes and their stone structures which are of particular cultural value to certain member Tribes;"

"for thousands of years before the immigration of Europeans, the medicine people of the USET Tribal ancestors used these sacred landscapes to sustain the people's reliance on Mother Earth and the spirit energies of balance and harmony"

"whether these stone structures are massive or small structures, stacked, stone rows, or effigies, these prayers in stone are often mistaken by archaeologists and State Historic Preservation Officers (SHPOs) as the efforts of farmers clearing stones for agricultural or wall building purposes"

The resolution goes on to request that the federal government work to understand and preserve the stone landscapes.

Notes

Archaeology in the Americas
Pre-Columbian art
Rock art in North America
Pre-Columbian cultures

Ceremonial stone landscape


Falabella is a multinational chain of department stores owned by Chilean multinational company S.A.C.I. Falabella. It is the largest South American department store, and a member of the International Association of department stores (since 2006).

History
The company was founded by Salvatore Falabella, an Italian Chilean immigrant, in 1889. In its original form it was a Tailor's shop, but today has become the largest retailer in South America. The expansion of the company began in the 1960s, with the first store outside Santiago opened in Concepción. In 1980 Falabella created CMR, a credit card with 5.5 million customers.
In the 1990s it began a process of internationalization and expanded its operations to Argentina, Peru (where was named as Saga Falabella until 2018) and Colombia. Some of the celebrities who have appeared in its ads are Cecilia Bolocco, Valeria Mazza, Juanes, Kate Moss, Gisele Bündchen and Ricky Martin

On May 17, 2007, Falabella agreed to merge with D & S to form the largest retail company in Chile, but a ruling of the Court of Defense of Free Competition on January 31, 2008, rejected the operation. Giving as fundamental arguments that the merger would produce a huge change in the market structure, creating a company that would be the dominant player in integrated retail and all its segments and a substantial and lasting decrease in the conditions of competition of the market that would be detrimental of consumers. The same year, Falabella acquired 60% of the largest hardware store in Chile, Imperial.

In 2012, Subtel accepts the request made by Falabella to become a Mobile Virtual Operator inaugurating the service during the first quarter of 2012. In the second quarter of the same year, the chain opened another store in Bogotá, in the Titán Plaza Shopping Center.

In August 2018, it acquires 100% of the Linio Marketplace, in order to accelerate its omnichannel and electronic commerce strategy.

In January 2019, the closing of Linio Ecuador and Panama was announced with the aim of focusing efforts in countries where it has strategic capabilities to improve the value proposition of its market platform.

During 2020, due to the pandemic, Falabella has been constantly supporting the community. The program "Programa Haciendo Escuela", in which since 1969 has been contributing comprehensively to the students and families of the schools it sponsors. In April of that year was adapted and "Haciendo Escuela en tu casa" was born, available to all children in Chile with educational content from the Mineduc and also with didactic and recreative material.

In that same month, Falabella Retail, together with Linio and Sodimac, made their websites available to microentrepreneurs affected by the Covid - 19 crisis. The new sellers, were not charged sales commission for 3 months. In addition, they have received training to develop skills in the world of e-commerce.

Falabella Retail joined the "Fundación Artesanías de Chile" campaign "United by artisans". This meant that the foundation was added as a seller, making visible the textile work, wood carving, basketry, pottery and goldsmithing of 2,300 artisans who make up the foundation.

Another example was the launch of Arte Falabella, which aims to democratize art and bring it closer to everyone. In October 2020 Espacio Fotografía was launched, with more than 300 commercially unpublished works by 39 emerging and established artists from Chile. The project was developed together with the Antenna Foundation, the Latin American Art curator, Matías Allende, and the advice of Paz Errázuriz, renowned Chilean photographer and 2017 National Art Award.

Gallery

Notes

External links
Falabella

Companies based in Santiago
Department stores of Chile
Retail companies established in 1889
1889 establishments in Chile
Chilean brands

Falabella (retail store)


Rania Zeriri (born 6 January 1986 in Enschede, Netherlands) is a Dutch singer.

Personal life
Rania Zeriri grew up in the Netherlands as daughter of a Dutch mother and an Algerian father who left the family when she was still very young. After finishing school with a General Certificate of Secondary Education (Mittlere Reife) she moved at the age of 17 to Salamanca to study Spanish. Later she acquired a hotel animation diploma and then worked mainly on Ibiza and Fuerteventura where she also started to perform as singer in hotels. After she reached the Top 10 of the fifth season of the German television contest Deutschland sucht den Superstar (DSDS) she resigned from her job and moved to Gronau-Epe in Germany to live with her mother.

Zeriri was born with holes in her vocal cords. Her dark voice is the result of an operation which was necessary to close the inborn holes using laser treatment. This caused her difficulties to sing high notes and in the falsetto register.

In 2010 Zeriri started to study at the Enschede Conservatory a branch of ArtEZ. She also works as a reporter with the regional broadcaster TV Enschede FM.

Music career
Rania Zeriri gained national recognition as contestant and 'Top 5' finalist in the 2008 German "Idol" version Deutschland sucht den Superstar (DSDS) broadcast by RTL. She finished in fifth place.

After the DSDS show Zeriri performed throughout Germany and performed before the final of the European Football Championship at the fan area at the Brandenburg Gate, Berlin, in front of several hundred thousand visitors. Zeriris debut solo maxi single Crying Undercover was released on 14 November 2008 by the record label Kontor Records. The title song was written for the singer by Achim Jannsen, a writer who produced several cover-songs for Jan Wayne, together with the musician Claas P. Jambor, a member of the Zeichen der Zeit project. The CD contains also the song Cursed And Blessed written by Zeriri in 2006 and the video of the title song.

DSDS controversies
Although Rania Zeriri started the last phase of the competition as one of the favourites she received later controversial press coverage, especially from the German newspaper Bild. On 24 April 2008 Bild appeared with an article suggesting that contestants of the show might have used drugs in the dressing room area singling out Zeriri as potential culprit. However, the accusation was never proven and Zeriri made new headlines when she publicly voiced her opinion that a requested drug test should not only include the contestants but also the jury, openly stated her increasing discomfort in participating in the show and directly criticised the juror Dieter Bohlen.

Discography

Sampler
 2008 Fly Alone (joined release of all finale participants of Deutschland sucht den Superstar)

Maxi single
 2008 Crying Undercover

References

External links

 Biography at agency site

 Official fan site

1986 births
Living people
Dutch people of Algerian descent
Deutschland sucht den Superstar participants
Dutch pop singers
People from Enschede
21st-century Dutch women singers
21st-century Dutch singers

Rania Zeriri


Emily Henrietta Hickey (1845–1924) was an Irish author, narrative poet and translator.

Biography
She was born in Macmine Castle, near Enniscorthy in County Wexford, daughter of the Rev. J. S. Hickey, Protestant rector of Goresbridge and granddaughter of Rev. William Hickey ("Martin Doyle"), an agriculturist. She studied at Cambridge and then became lecturer in English language and literature at University College London. She sold her first poem, "Told in the Twilight" to the Cornhill Magazine in 1866 and afterwards contributed to Longman's Magazine, Good Words, The Athenaeum, the Irish Monthly and many others. Her first book of poems, A Sculptor, ensured her success as a poet. She followed this with Verse Tales, Lyrics, and Translations (1889),  Verse-Translations, and other poems (1891), Michael Villiers, Idealist, and other poems (1891), Ancilla Domini (1898) and Our Lady of May and other Poems (1902). She also wrote many short stories.

With Frederick James Furnivall she founded the Browning Society in 1881.

Hickey wrote about ten books dealing with religious matters after converting to Catholicism in 1901. One of her better-known poems is Beloved, It Is Morn. The poem has been set to music by composer Florence Aylward and recorded by tenors Charles Hackett and Harry Anthony.
She died on 9 September 1924 in Marylebone, London.

References

External links

 Recordings of 'Beloved, it is morn' at the Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project

Irish women poets
1845 births
1924 deaths
20th-century Irish poets
People from Enniscorthy
Irish Catholic poets
19th-century Irish people
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism
21st-century Irish poets
21st-century Irish women writers
20th-century Irish women writers
Writers from County Wexford

Emily Henrietta Hickey


Dent Island is a subantarctic  rock stack, lying 3 km west of Campbell Island and belonging to the Campbell Island group. Dent Island is located at .  It was named by the French 1874 Transit of Venus Expedition to Campbell Island because of its resemblance to a tooth (dent in French).

Birds
The island is part of the Campbell Island group Important Bird Area (IBA), identified as such by BirdLife International because of its significance as a breeding site for several species of seabirds as well as the endemic Campbell teal and Campbell snipe.

Campbell teal
The island is most famous for its Campbell teal, which was thought to have been extinct for more than 100 years until a small group was rediscovered there in 1975. Dent Island is free from predators, especially the rats whose introduction on Campbell Island led to the extinction of the teal there. However, the suitable habitat for the teal on Dent Island is much more limited than its  area would suggest, because a large area of the island is bare rock.

The Campbell teal conservation programme started in 1984 when four birds were transferred from Dent Island to the Pukaha / Mount Bruce National Wildlife Centre. In 1997, a census carried out on Dent Island showed that its Campbell teal population had declined to dangerous levels with only three birds being found.

However the conservation and breeding has been very successful, and in recent years many teals have been reintroduced onto Campbell Island itself, where there is now a population of over a hundred.  Rats were eventually eradicated from Campbell Island in 2001.

See also
 List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands
 New Zealand subantarctic islands
 Megaherb

References

External links
 Map of Campbell Island

Islands of the Campbell Islands
Stacks of New Zealand
Important Bird Areas of the Campbell Islands

Dent Island, New Zealand