The Commemorative Medals for Army Marches are two distinct medals awarded for participating in the two marches organised yearly by the Belgian Army. They are not decorations, but they may be worn by members of the Belgian Armed Forces on their uniform during the year following the participation if they request it. For members of the Belgian Army, participating in the marches counts as operational training.

Marche Européenne du Souvenir et de l'Amitié (MESA)
The European March of Remembrance and Friendship is a four-day international march originally organised in 1967 by the 3rd Battalion of the Ardennes Chasseur Regiment in remembrance of the operations performed by the unit at the beginning of World War II in the Ardennes region. The march is now organised on a yearly basis and also focusses on honouring the towns in the region regularly changing its course to do so. The march is divided into four legs of thirty-two kilometers each in the Ardennes region of Belgium as well as the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg.

The circular silver medal bears on its obverse the relief left profile of a wild boar's head surrounded by a 3mm wide ring along the entire medal's circumference and bearing the relief inscription "3 CHASSEURS ARDENNAIS" in the upper half and "125 km" at the bottom.  The reverse bears the relief inscription on four lines "MARCHE" "DU SOUVENIR" "ET DE L'AMITIE" "ARLON-VIELSALM". The medal hangs from a ribbon secured by a hook through a suspension loop at its top.  The medal is secured to clothing with a safety pin backed metal clasp displaying in relief the year of the event, or in the case of older medals, the inscription M.S.A. or M.S.E.A.. The ribbon is dark green with the national colours of Belgium in three narrow 1mm edge stripes and two narrow 1mm wide red stripes centered 1 cm apart on the green field.

Vierdaagse van de IJzer

The Four Days of the Yser is a four-day international march organised since 1967 by the Order of the Horse Fishermen of Oostduinkerke, in order to honour the tradition of shrimping on horseback on the one hand and to emphasize the scenic attractions of the Westhoek, the western part of the Belgian coast. Since 1972 it is organised by the Belgian Armed Forces to strengthen the bond between the Belgian Armed Forces and society, to commemorate the casualties of both World Wars, particularly those who fell on the battlefields of the Westhoek during the First World War, and to introduce the hikers to the historical and touristic values of the Westhoek. The march was initially four times thirty-two kilometers long, but now currently has 8,16,24 and 32 km routes including detours for disabled access and pushchairs.
https://4daagse.be/index.php/nl/huidige-editie/aandenkens

The medal is round or triangular, made in silver or bronze, and showing the imprint of a World War I Belgian soldier, but the shape of the medal can change every five years. The ribbon is dark blue with a large vertical scarlet stripe. Small metal bars are added to the ribbon when the bearer has completed the march more than one time.

See also
 List of Orders, Decorations and Medals of the Kingdom of Belgium

External links
 Marche Européenne du Souvenir et de l'Amitié
 Vierdaagse van de IJzer

Military awards and decorations of Belgium
Awards established in 1967

Commemorative Medals for Army Marches


第三党()是一个政治术语,在现今的美国指除共和党、民主党两大政党外的其它所有政党。这些政党也参加各种公职选举,但在美国现行的两党制体制下,胜选几率极其微小。目前,美国主要的第三党有自由意志党、美国绿党和宪法党。但是「第三黨」在其他類似選制的國家,勝選相對容易。

现在的第三黨列表

 自由意志党
 美國綠黨
 非洲人民社会党
 全非人民革命党

 美国自由党
 美国劳工党
 美国团结党
 黑人骑士解放党

 美國共產黨
 宪法党
 美国民主社会主义者
 自由道路社会主义组织
 自由社会党
 人道党
 独立美国党
 公正党
 现在合法大麻党
 美国大麻党
 现代辉格党
 国家社会主义运动
 新非洲黑豹党
 新黑豹党
 美国海盗党
 进步劳工党
 禁酒党
 美国改革党
 革命黑豹党
 美国革命共产党
 争取社会主义和解放党
 美国社会党
 社会主义行动
 社会主义替代
 社会主义平等党
 社会主义工人党
 美国团结党 (2004年)
 工作家庭党
 工人世界党
 美国世界社会党
 前進党(美國)(2021年-)

参見
美国选举人团
無黨籍
政党
比例代表制
第三勢力
选举权

参考文献

延伸閱讀

調查
 Epstein, David A. (2012). Left, Right, Out: The History of Third Parties in America. Arts and Letters Imperium Publications.
 Gillespie, J. David. Challengers to Duopoly: Why Third Parties Matter in American Two-Party Politics (University of South Carolina Press, 2012)
 Green, Donald J. Third-Party Matters: Politics, Presidents, and Third Parties in American History (Praeger, 2010)
 Herrnson, Paul S. and John C. Green, eds. Multiparty Politics in America (Rowman & Littlefield, 1997)
 Hesseltine, William B. Third-Party Movements in the United States (1962), Brief survey
 Hicks, John D. "The Third Party Tradition in American Politics." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 20 (1933): 3–28. in JSTOR
 Kruschke, Earl R. Encyclopedia of Third Parties in the United States (ABC-CLIO, 1991)
 Ness, Immanuel and James Ciment, eds. Encyclopedia of Third Parties in America (4 vol. 2006)
 Richardson, Darcy G. Others: Third Party Politics from the Nation's Founding to the Rise and Fall of the Greenback-Labor Party. Vol. 1. iUniverse, 2004.
 Rosenstone, Steven J., Roy L. Behr, and Edward H. Lazarus. Third Parties in America: Citizen Response to Major Party Failure (2nd ed. Princeton University Press, 1996)
 Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, Jr. ed. History of U.S. Political Parties (1973) multivolume compilation includes essays by experts on the more important third parties, plus some primary sources
  Sifry, Micah L. Spoiling for a Fight: Third Party Politics in America (Routledge, 2002)

學術研究
 Abramson Paul R., John H. Aldrich, Phil Paolino, and David W. Rohde. "Third-Party and Independent Candidates in American Politics: Wallace, Anderson, and Perot." Political Science Quarterly 110 (1995): 349–67
 Argersinger, Peter H. The Limits of Agrarian Radicalism: Western Populism and American Politics (University Press of Kansas, 1995)
 Berg, John C. "Beyond a Third Party: The Other Minor Parties in the 1996 Elections," in The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties ed by Daniel M. Shea and John C. Green (3rd ed. Rowman & Littlefield, 1998), pp. 212–28
 Berg, John C. "Spoiler or Builder? The Effect of Ralph Nader's 2000 Campaign on the U.S. Greens." in The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties, (4th ed. 2003) edited by John C. Green and Rick Farmer, pp. 323–36.
 Brooks, Corey M. Liberty Power: Antislavery Third Parties and the Transformation of American Politics (University of Chicago Press, 2016). 302 pp.
 Burden, Barry C. "Ralph Nader's Campaign Strategy in the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election." American Politics Research 33 (2005): 672–99.
 Carlin, Diana B., and Mitchell S. McKinney, eds. The 1992 Presidential Debates in Focus (1994), includes Ross Parot
 Chace, James. 1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft and Debs – The Election that Changed the Country (2009)
 Darsey, James. "The Legend of Eugene Debs: Prophetic Ethos as Radical Argument." Quarterly Journal of Speech 74 (1988): 434–52.
 Gould, Lewis L. Four Hats in the Ring: The 1912 Election and the Birth of Modern American Politics (2008)
 Hazlett, Joseph. The Libertarian Party and Other Minor Political Parties in the United States (McFarland & Company, 1992)
 Hogan, J. Michael. "Wallace and the Wallacites: A Reexamination." Southern Speech Communication Journal 50 (1984): 24–48. On George Wallace in 1968
 Jelen, Ted G. ed.  Ross for Boss: The Perot Phenomenon and Beyond (State University of New York Press, 2001)
 Koch, Jeffrey. "The Perot Candidacy and Attitudes Toward Government and Politics." Political Research Quarterly 51 (1998): 141–53.
 Koch, Jeffrey. "Political Cynicism and Third Party Support in American Presidential Elections," American Politics Research 31 (2003): 48–65.
 Lee, Michael J. "The Populist Chameleon: The People's Party, Huey Long, George Wallace, and the Populist Argumentative Frame." Quarterly Journal of Speech (2006): 355–78.
 Mowry, George E. Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement (1946), on 1912
 Rapoport, Ronald B., and Walter J. Stone. Three's a Crowd: The Dynamic of Third Parties, Ross Perot, and Republican Resurgence (University of Michigan Press, 2005)
 Richardson, Darcy G. Others: Third Parties During the Populist Period (2007) 506 pp
 Richardson, Darcy G.  A Toast to Glory: The Prohibition Party Flirts With Greatness  59 pp
 Rohler, Lloyd. "Conservative Appeals to the People: George Wallace's Populist Rhetoric." Southern Communication Journal 64 (1999): 316–22.
 Rohler, Lloyd. George Wallace: Conservative Populist (Praeger, 2004)
 Rosenfeld, Lawrence W. "George Wallace Plays Rosemary's Baby." Quarterly Journal of Speech 55 (1969): 36–44.
 Ross, Jack. The Socialist Party of America: A Complete History (2015) 824 pp
 Shepard, Ryan Michael. "Deeds done in different words: a genre-based approach to third party presidential campaign discourse." (PhD Dissertation, University of Kansas 2011) online

外部連結
The Importance of Ballot Access, essay by Richard Winger
Ballot Access News – Ballot Access news on all parties
Free and Equal  – Election Reform to end partisan duopoly
Independent Political Report  – Frequently updated source for third party news

+
美国政治术语

第三党 (美国)


Luigi Mancinelli (; 5 February 1848 – 2 February 1921) was an Italian conductor, cellist  and composer. His early career was in Italy, where he established a reputation in Perugia and then Bologna. After  1886 he worked mostly in other countries, as principal conductor at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in London and at the "Old Metropolitan" Opera House in New York, and in other appointments in Madrid, Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires.

Mancinelli was highly regarded not only in the Italian repertory, in which he first came to prominence, but also in German and French opera. Despite his high reputation as a conductor, his compositions met with limited success, and none of them entered the regular repertoire.

Life and career

Early years
Mancinelli was born in Orvieto in central Italy. He studied organ and cello with his elder brother, Marino (who later became a well-known conductor in Italian opera houses) and then played as a cellist in the Orvieto cappella and the orchestra of the Teatro della Pergola in Florence. In Florence he studied  composition with Teodulo Mabellini. In 1874 he moved to the Teatro Morlacchi in Perugia, as principal cellist and assistant maestro concertatore. He made his conducting debut there in Aida when the regular conductor was unable to appear, owing to temporary inebriety. The impresario Vincenzo Jacovacci was present, and engaged Mancinelli for the Teatro Apollo, Rome, where he conducted until 1881. He quickly built a reputation; in 1877 Boito called him the ideal interpreter of Mefistofele, and he was regarded by Giovannina Lucca, the holder of the Italian rights to Wagner operas, as Angelo Mariani's successor as Italy's leading Wagner conductor. Wagner himself rated Mancinelli highly.

International career

In July 1878 Mancinelli conducted in Paris for the first time. In Italy he worked principally in Bologna, conducting opera at the Teatro Comunale, serving as maestro di cappella at the basilica of San Petronio and teaching at the Liceo Musicale, where his students included Giacomo Orefice. Throughout his career Mancinelli composed in addition to conducting.  His first opera, Isora di Provenza (1884) was successful in Bologna but failed in Naples two years later. After that, Mancinelli's career was chiefly out of Italy. In June 1886 he conducted a concert in London, consisting of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony and a selection of his own compositions. Having resigned his posts in Bologna, he accepted an invitation from the impresario Augustus Harris to join Alberto Randegger as conductor of a season in June and July 1887 at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane with a starry international cast and a wide repertoire of Italian, French, Austrian and German operas.

Harris took over the management of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in 1888, and appointed Mancinelli its chief conductor, a post he held until 1905. He rapidly improved musical standards. Within weeks of his appointment, a French critic commented, "Under M. Mancinelli's baton, his orchestra has achieved the homogeneity that it lacked at first; now it is worthy of Covent Garden". When Harris and Mancinelli took over, the house was officially known as "The Royal Italian Opera House", and operas of any nationality were sung in Italian – Die Zauberflöte being given as Il flauto magico etc. Gradually the policy was changed so that generally operas were sung in the language in which they were originally written. By the 1890s Mancinelli was conducting performances of Faust and Roméo et Juliette in French and Lohengrin in German, although Die Meistersinger continued to be given in Italian translation until 1899, by which time Mancinelli had largely ceded the German repertoire to guest conductors from Germany, in this case Karl Muck. Among the British premieres conducted by Mancinelli was Verdi's final opera, Falstaff, in May 1894. The production featured alterations that Verdi had made to the score since the world premiere in Milan a year earlier, but some of Mancinelli's tempi raised critical eyebrows.

Mancinelli was chief conductor at the Madrid opera, 1887–1893, and at the Metropolitan Opera House (the "Old Met"), New York, 1893–1903. At the latter he conducted mostly Italian or French operas, including some relative rarities such as Semiramide, Orfeo ed Euridice, Lucia di Lammermoor and L'Africaine. In the German repertoire, he conducted Lohengrin, Die Meistersinger and Tannhäuser (all given in Italian, as was the Met's practice at the time). As at Covent Garden, Mancinelli introduced Falstaff, but with a starrier cast than in London, including Victor Maurel in the title role and Emma Eames and Zélie de Lussan as Alice and Nannetta Ford. He conducted the first Met performance of what became the familiar double-bill of Cavalleria rusticana and Pagliacci, although on that occasion the latter was given first. Other operas that received their Met premieres under Mancinelli include The Magic Flute, Don Giovanni and La bohème.

Mancinelli conducted opera in Italy until 1911 and during seasons at the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos, Lisbon, from 1901 to 1919–20. In 1905 he was at the Rio de Janeiro opera and in May 1908 he conducted Aida, inaugurating the new Teatro Colón, Buenos Aires, returning there in 1909, 1910 and 1913.

Personal life
In 1881, Mancinelli married Luisa Cora, in Turin.

He died in Rome on 2 February 1921, aged 72.

Works

Although Mancinelli was regarded by contemporaries as a conductor who also composed, he took his compositions with great seriousness, and was disappointed that they made little impact on the public. His "tragica lirica" Ero e Leandro, premiered at the Norwich Festival in 1896, was later given in Madrid, London, New York, and several Italian cities, but did not sustain a place in the repertory. Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians comments that Mancinelli's lack of success as a composer:

Operas

 Isora di Provenza (3 acts, A. Zanardini; Bologna, 1884)
 Ero e Leandro (3 acts, Arrigo Boito; Norwich Festival, 1896)
 Paolo e Francesca (1 act, Arturo Colautti; Bologna, 1907)
 Sogno di una notte d'estate (3 acts, Fausto Salvatori; 1919)

Other stage works
 Messalina (Prelude and intermezzo for the drama by Pietro Cossa, 1876)
 Cleopatra (Symphonic intermezzi for the drama by Pietro Cossa, 1877)
 Tizianello (Five pieces for the comedy by E. Lombroso, 1880)
 Isaia (Cantata, words by , 1887)

Film scores
 Frate Sole (Scored for chorus and orchestra from the tale by , Tespi-films, Rome; 1918)
 Giuliano l'Apostata (Scored for chorus and orchestra from the tale by Ugo Falena, Bernini-films, Rome; 1920)

Notes, references and sources

Notes

References

Sources

External links

1848 births
People from Orvieto
1921 deaths
Academic staff of the Conservatorio Giovanni Battista Martini
Italian classical composers
Italian male classical composers
Italian conductors (music)
Italian male conductors (music)
Italian cellists
Italian opera composers
Male opera composers
19th-century Italian musicians
19th-century Italian male musicians

Luigi Mancinelli


James Nagra Momori was a Ghanaian politician and member of the first parliament of the second republic of Ghana representing Wa East constituency in the Upper Region of Ghana under the membership of the Progess Party (PP).

Early life and education
James was born in 1919. He attended Tamale Middle Boarding School where he obtained a General Certificate Education G.C.E. (External). He later worked as a farmer before going into Parliament.

Politics
He began his political career in 1969 when he became the parliamentary candidate to represent his constituency Wa East in the Upper Region of Ghana prior to the commencement of the 1969 Ghanaian parliamentary election.

He was sworn into the First Parliament of the Second Republic of Ghana on 1 October 1969, after being pronounced winner at the 1969 Ghanaian election held on 26 August 1969. His tenure of office ended on 13 January 1972.

Personal life
He was Muslim (Islam) in faith.

References

Ghanaian farmers
Ghanaian MPs 1969–1972
Progress Party (Ghana) politicians
Ghanaian Muslims
1919 births
Year of death missing

James Nagra Momori


Houston City Magazine was launched in 1977 as In Houston City News Monthly and was published for 10 years.  Founded by R. D. (Dave) Walker, publisher and editor, and aided by key team members Ali Khan, Curtis Lang, and Jan Vanschuyver Walker, the first issue of 116 pages was successfully launched with a 300,000 direct mail charter subscription offer that pulled a response rate of double the industry standard of 2%.  The original name was chosen because a d/b/a had already been formed under the name Houston City Magazine by David Crossley and Tom Curtis (although they had not actually published a magazine by this title). A 51% interest in the magazine was purchased by "Texas Parade" in 1978, and upon the hiring of Crossley and Curtis it was subsequently re-titled Houston City Magazine. The magazine was purchased by Francois de Menil in 1979. In 1982 it was purchased by Southwest Media Corporation of Texas, owned by Ray Lee Hunt of Dallas. Southwest Media also owned D Magazine of Dallas, Texas Homes and Sport Magazine. In 1987, during a major downturn in Houston's economy, the magazine was sold to Texas Monthly, who then killed one of their two major competitors (the other being "D Magazine" in Dallas). The prints and negatives associated with articles published in Houston City Magazine from 1978 to 1986 are now part of the Briscoe Center for American History at the University of Texas in Austin.

References

1977 establishments in Texas
1987 disestablishments in Texas
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Lifestyle magazines published in the United States
Local interest magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1977
Magazines disestablished in 1987
Magazines published in Texas
Mass media in Houston
Monthly magazines published in the United States

Houston City Magazine


Becky Lyne (July 4, 1982, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England) is a former international middle-distance runner from Great Britain, who won a bronze medal in the 800 metres at the 2006 European Athletics Championships.

Early life
Lyne was born on 4 July 1982 in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England.

She attended Nether Green Junior School where she found her love for running as part of the cross-country team. She was a pupil at Tapton School, which was also attended by the former Olympic middle-distance champion Sebastian Coe.

Following school, Lyne studied Sports Science at Loughborough University where she achieved First Class Honours. She completed a second degree in Spanish at Butler University in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States in 2003.

She joined the Hallamshire Harriers Athletics Club in 1994 and success at city and county level soon followed, which eventually led to her first international vest for England in 1997 over 1,500m at the Home Countries International.

Lyne enjoyed a successful junior athletics career under the tutelage of Gordon Surtees, which culminated in winning the 800 metres at the 2003 European Athletics U23 Championships in Bydgoszcz, Poland.

Professional career

Lyne made her first senior international appearance at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, where she was knocked out in the heats of the 800 metres.

She suffered a series of injuries over the following two seasons, but nevertheless managed to achieve the B-standard qualifying time for the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. However, she was not selected for the event due to the resurgence of Kelly Holmes, who subsequently coached Lyne during the 2008 season.

After moving to Stockport, England in 2005 and beginning to work under coach Dave Turnbull, Lyne had a breakthrough year in 2006. In June, she shot to prominence by finishing second in the 800 metres at the British Grand Prix (athletics) in Gateshead, with a time of 1:58.20 minutes to become the third fastest British female over the distance behind only Holmes and Kirsty Wade.

This was quickly followed up in July when she became British AAA Championships 800 metres champion in Manchester in a time of 2:00.31. Her career highlight was achieved the following month when she won a bronze medal in the 800 metres at the 2006 European Athletics Championships in Gothenburg, Sweden in a time of 1:58.45.

The successes of 2006 led her to be named as BAWA Athlete of the Year alongside friend Mo Farah.

The following season she was selected for the 2007 World Championships in Athletics in Osaka, Japan, but was forced to withdraw from the event due to a calf injury. Further injury curtailments left her short of fitness by the time of the trials for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China and as a result was unable to qualify.

She continued to pursue a comeback in subsequent years, spending winters training at altitude in Kenya with the group of friend and rival Janeth Jepkosgei, but was unable to find any consistency and chose to officially retire from the sport in 2012.

Life After Athletics

Lyne now resides in Baslow, Derbyshire, England and lists her main hobbies as dancing and gardening.

In 2014 she founded her own company, TrYumph in Life CIC, with the aim of helping to empower people to lead a healthy life. The company runs a variety of family sports and fitness classes for a range of ages and abilities, in addition to holiday camps for school children and corporate and school wellness programmes.

In 2020 she launched her second company Gracefull Running Ltd. Drawing on her experiences as a top level athlete and her sports science studies, she developed a model that encapsulates key biomechanical elements of how humans are designed to move within a 'GRACEfull' acronym. Working in conjunction with Sheffield Hallam University, these elements were written into joint detection software which the company now uses to perform online running technique analyses and physio screenings.

Working in conjunction with good friend and former rival Marilyn Okoro, she runs another arm of the business, known as GRACEfull Girls. Offering performance and well-being support to up-and-coming female athletes, they seek to nurture a healthy approach to sport for sustained success and happiness.

Charity Work

Thanks to her winters spent training there, Lyne maintains close links to Kenya through a number of school twinnings she established between British and Kenyan schools. As well as orchestrating fundraising activities, the relationships offer mutual benefits including cultural and knowledge exchange. She is an ambassador for Shoe4Africa, a charity that helps to save and empower vulnerable women and children and donates 10% of subscriptions for her running groups to the charity.

Personal Bests

Athletic Achievements
 1999 AAA U20 Junior 800m Champion
 2001 AAA U20 Junior 800m Champion
 2001 European Junior 800m 4th
 2002 BUCS, Bedford, 800m Champion
 2002 Commonwealth Games Heats 800m 5th
 2003 European under-23 800m Champion
 2003 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track Championships, California, 800m 3rd
 2004 BUCS, Gateshead, 1500m Champion
 2004 BUCS, Glasgow, 1500m Champion
 2005 World University Championships, Izmir 8th
 2006 European Championships, Gothenburg, 800m 3rd
 2006 Athletics World Cup, Athens, 800m 4th

References

External links
 TrYumph in Life CIC
 Facebook
 Running Technique Workshops

 Shoe4Africa

1982 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Sheffield
English female middle-distance runners
European Athletics Championships medalists
Alumni of Loughborough University
People educated at Tapton School
Butler University alumni
AAA Championships winners

Becky Lyne


Hugh Asher Stubbins Jr. (January 11, 1912 – July 5, 2006) was an architect who designed several high-profile buildings around the world.

Biography
Hugh Stubbins was born in Birmingham, Alabama, United States, and attended Georgia Institute of Technology before getting his master's degree from Harvard University's Graduate School of Design where he studied with Walter Gropius, a founder in Germany of the Bauhaus movement.  He was to remain on the faculty there until 1972.

He formed Hugh Stubbins and Associates.  Its successor company, The Stubbins Associates, merged with Philadelphia-based Kling in 2007 to form KlingStubbins. The New York Times called his 1977 Citicorp Center "by any standard... one of New York's significant buildings."

Stubbins died July 5, 2006, of pneumonia, at Mount Auburn Hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Works
Among the buildings he designed:
1946 Stubbins family home, Lexington, Massachusetts
1957 Kongresshalle, Berlin, Germany
1952–1953 Lantern Hill Subdivision in East Lansing, Michigan
1959 Administrative buildings at Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts: Irving Presidential Enclave, Gryzmish Academic Center, and Bernstein-Marcus Administration Center
1960 Loeb Drama Center, Harvard University
1960 Norman and Marion Perry House, Campton, New Hampshire
1964 The New New Quad, later known as Butler College, Princeton University (demolished)
1964 Coles Tower at Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine
1965 Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
1966 Southwest Residential Area at University of Massachusetts Amherst
1968 The Hotchkiss School, Main Building
1968 Forsyth Wickes Addition, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
1968 Jadwin Physics Building, Princeton University
1968–1971 Johnson Library Center, Cole Science Center, Franklin Patterson Hall and Dormitories at Hampshire College
1970 Usdan Student Center, Brandeis University
1970 George Robert White Wing, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
1971 Veterans Stadium in Philadelphia (demolished 2004)
1972 Daniel Burke Library at Hamilton College, Clinton, New York
1973 Pusey Library, at 27 Harvard Yard, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
1976 Federal Reserve Bank of Boston
1976 Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library at Princeton University
1977 Citigroup Center in New York
1971 College Five, renamed Porter College, University of California Santa Cruz
1983 One Cleveland Center in Cleveland
1984 PacWest Center in Portland, Oregon
1986 Treasury Building, Singapore
1988 Fifth Avenue Place, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
1988 Nashville City Center, Nashville, Tennessee
1990 Salesforce Tower, Indianapolis, Indiana
1991 Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, California
1993 Yokohama Landmark Tower in Japan

References

External links
Official site 2007 archive
Hugh Stubbins and Associates Emporis archive
The Stubbins Associates, Inc. Emporis archive
Lansing City Pulse article on Lantern Hill subdivision

1912 births
2006 deaths
20th-century American architects
Artists from Birmingham, Alabama
Georgia Tech alumni
Harvard Graduate School of Design alumni
Harvard University faculty

Hugh Stubbins


The marginal revenue productivity theory of wages is a model of wage levels in which they set to match to the marginal revenue product of labor,  (the value of the marginal product of labor), which is the increment to revenues caused by the increment to output produced by the last laborer employed. In a model, this is justified by an assumption that the firm is profit-maximizing and thus would employ labor only up to the point that marginal labor costs equal the marginal revenue generated for the firm.  This is a model of the neoclassical economics type.

The marginal revenue product () of a worker is equal to the product of the marginal product of labour () (the increment to output from an increment to labor used) and the marginal revenue () (the increment to sales revenue from an increment to output): . The theory states that workers will be hired up to the point when the marginal revenue product is equal to the wage rate. If the marginal revenue brought by the worker is less than the wage rate, then employing that laborer would cause a decrease in profit.

The idea that payments to factors of production equal their marginal productivity had been laid out by John Bates Clark and Knut Wicksell in simpler models. Much of the MRP theory stems from Wicksell's model.

Mathematical relation

The marginal revenue product of labour  is the increase in revenue per unit increase in the variable input =

Here:
  is the Total Revenue (a money amount).
  is the marginal product (units created with the marginal labor time and effort).
  is the amount of goods (a measure of the quantity or volume sold).
  is marginal revenue (the money revenue received from the marginal product produced).
  is Labour (amount of labor time or effort).

[This page is incomplete. Please define each and every variable and include their dimension]

The change in output is not limited to that directly attributable to the additional worker. Assuming that the firm is operating with diminishing marginal returns then the addition of an extra worker reduces the average productivity of every other worker (and every other worker affects the marginal productivity of the additional worker).

The firm is modeled as choosing to add units of labor until the  equals the wage rate  — mathematically until

Marginal revenue product in a perfectly competitive market

Under perfect competition, marginal revenue product is equal to marginal physical product (extra unit of good produced as a result of a new employment) multiplied by price.

This is because the firm in perfect competition is a price taker. It does not have to lower the price in order to sell additional units of the good.

MRP in monopoly or imperfect competition

Firms operating as monopolies or in imperfect competition face downward-sloping demand curves. To sell extra units of output, they would have to lower their output's price. Under such market conditions, marginal revenue product will not equal . This is because the firm is not able to sell output at a fixed price per unit. Thus the  curve of a firm in monopoly or in imperfect competition will slope downwards, when plotted against labor usage, at a faster rate than in perfect specific competition.

References

Further reading

Microeconomic theories
Wages and salaries
Marginal concepts

Marginal revenue productivity theory of wages


Humane Research Australia (HRA), formerly Australian Association for Humane Research (AAHR), is an Australian-based nonprofit anti-vivisection organisation.

History
The organisation was founded in 1979 by Ms Elizabeth Ahlston.

It moved to Melbourne in early 2005 under the stewardship of newly appointed CEO Helen Marston.

Humane Research Australia works professionally and ethically to develop community-wide awareness of animal experimentation; pursues all reasonable channels to eliminate such experimentation and champions the benefits of realistic, scientifically effective alternatives to all forms of animal usage in research and teaching.

The Association holds and maintain the following as core principles:
 Extrapolation of research data obtained from animal experimentation to humans is ineffective, inconclusive and often unnecessarily dangerous to humans.
 There are more scientifically reliable and effective ways to conduct research other than with the use of animals.
 Animal-based research and teaching represents unnecessarily cruel and unethical treatments of other sentient beings with little or no redeeming value for human or other species' advancement.

See also
Animal liberation movement
National Health and Medical Research Council

External links

Anti-vivisection organizations
Organisations based in Melbourne
Organizations established in 1979

Humane Research Australia


Kalamb Beach is a long, isolated beach located in Nala Sopara, near Ahmedabad highway, Nala Sopara, near Nirmal, India.

Details
Kalamb beach is located at Nalasopara West near Nirmal Village in Palghar District, Far north suburb of Mumbai. Kalamb is the fourth beach connected in row after Arnala beach, Navapur beach and Rajodi beach. The beach is clean, not so crowded. This has semi black thick sand.

How to reach
 By train: Nalasopara on Western Railway Route, Far North of Mumbai Suburb in Palghar District. It is approximate 70 Kilometres to beach from Mumbai city which may take anywhere between two and three hours. Need to get down at Nalasopara West (See Railway Map or Station Names) for reference if new to Mumbai. Adjacent to railway station is bus depot and also private auto's available (No Metre System here, Only Fixed amount). From Railway station, beach is at 7 Kilometres and Nirmal Junction is at 6 Kilometres.
 By Road : On National Highway 8 (Mumbai Ahmedabad Highway) get inside Nalasopara towards station (Keep Note of Sign Boards on Highway as one can easily miss it in the way it has been kept). Cross over the East West Flyover and go straight in west. Once inside Nalasopara village, be on Wagholi Nirmal Road. Upon reaching Nirmal market naka go straight towards Kalamb beach.

See also
Juhu Beach

References

External links
'Kalamb Beach,Nallasopara

Beaches of Mumbai
Tourist attractions in Thane district

Kalamb Beach


Rainerius (c. 1115/1117 – 1160) is the patron saint of Pisa and patron saint of travellers. His feast day is June 17, his name may also be spelled Raynerius, Rainerius, Rainier, Raineri,  Rainieri, Ranieri, Raniero, or Regnier.

Life
Rainerius was the son of Gandulfo Scacceri, a prosperous merchant and shipowner of Pisa, and Mingarda Buzzaccherini. In his youth, he was a traveling musician. Later biographies stress his worldliness at this stage. He met, through his travels, a holy man, Alberto, a nobleman from Corsica "who wore a cloak of animal hair, like a goat", and had entered the monastery of Saint Vitus (San Vito) in Pisa and become renowned for his work for the poor. Rainerius was so impressed that he became a devout Christian.

In 1146, Rainerius set himself up as a merchant in order to pay for his fare to the Holy Land. The business took him to many ports, and he became wealthy through trade with the sailors. His travels took him to the Holy Land, where, it is said, he had a vision by which he understood that his wealth was hindering him from devoting himself to God. He resolved to give up his wealth and live in complete poverty. He remained in the Holy Land for seven years, living as a beggar and visited the holy shrines (the Holy Sepulchre, Mount Tabor, Hebron, Bethlehem). His austerity was so excessive, his later biographer noted, that God had to tell him to eat.

In 1153 Rainerius returned to Pisa and entered the monastery of Saint Andrew (Sant'Andrea) and subsequently that of Saint Vitus. There he achieved fame and became a preacher, being treated like a saint even in his lifetime, reputedly expelling demons and performing miracles. His body was carried in a triumph through the city to its resting place in the Duomo of Pisa upon his death.

Veneration

His life was the subject of a cycle of frescos by Antonio Veneziano in the Campo Santo. According to later stories, he was canonised by Pope Alexander III. In 1161 or 1162 a Pisan canon named Benincasa wrote a long and invaluable vita of the saint. He says Rainerius resembled the son of God through his life of strict imitatio Christi (imitation of Christ). Benincasa also goes so far as to claim "a royal priesthood in Christ" of which Rainerius and all the baptised were a part.

With the growth of Pisan influence, Rainerius's cult spread throughout the Mediterranean. In 1632 the Archbishop of Pisa, the local clergy, and the Pisan magistrates elected Rainerius as the patron saint of the city and the diocese. In 1689 his body was translated to the altar of the Duomo. He is generally portrayed as a bearded hermit in a hairshirt holding a rosary; as a young pilgrim in a hairshirt carrying a banner with the Pisan cross; as being raised up by devils; or as dying in a hairshirt.

Notes

External links

Saints of June 17: Rainerius Scacceri of Pisa
San Ranieri di Pisa
San Ranieri Scacceri

Italian saints
Italian hermits
People from the Province of Pisa
12th-century Christian saints
Burials at Pisa Cathedral
1110s births
1160 deaths

Rainerius


Mariano Brull Caballero (February 24, 1891 – June 8, 1956) was a Cuban poet usually associated with the French Symbolist movement.  Two Symbolists who strongly influenced him were Stéphane Mallarmé and Paul Valéry.  Among Cuban poets of the first half of the 20th century he was the most outstanding of those who wrote poetry for poetry's sake, as opposed to poetry that addressed social issues or poetry that was inspired by the culture of Cubans of African descent.  Because of his interest in the sounds of words, he is known for a type of poetry called "jitanjáfora" in which the words are virtually meaningless, their sounds all-important.  A diplomat by profession, he lived many years in various countries of Europe and the Americas.

Biography
Brull was born in Camagüey, in eastern Cuba, where his father, Miguel Brull, a Spanish army officer, was stationed.  His mother, Celia Caballero, was descended from a family that had resided in Cuba for many generations.

Early life
As a child he lived in Ceuta  and Málaga in Spain.  It was during his teenage years, as a student in Camagüey, that he discovered his passion for poetry.  He and other students founded a short-lived magazine for which they wrote poems and essays.  Eagerly reading all the poetry he could, young Brull was especially struck by the work of the French Symbolist poets.

In 1908 he moved to Havana where he attended the university, graduating with a Doctor of Law degree at age 22.  He worked in a law office but also wrote poetry for the magazine El Fígaro.  During 1914 and 1915 he was a member of the small group that formed around the Dominican literary critic, Pedro Henríquez Ureña.  Henríquez, believing Brull had a future as a poet, became his mentor, introducing him to editors and suggesting he read poets whom Brull was not familiar with.

In 1916 Brull published his first book of poetry, La casa del silencio. Shortly afterwards he married Adela Baralt and, switching careers, entered the Cuban diplomatic service.  Brull was determined to leave Cuba where, exhausted by years fighting for independence and preoccupied by problems facing any new country, the arts were confused and anemic, uninterested in the great experiments (Cubism, futurism, etc.) taking place in Europe.

Diplomatic life
Though impatient to reach Europe, the first two countries he was sent to as a diplomat were the United States and Peru. In the mid 20s he was stationed in Madrid.  There he had the good fortune to participate in the reunions of the literary cafés frequented by many of the best poets Spain was to produce in the 20th century: Federico García Lorca, Rafael Alberti, Jorge Guillén, Vicente Aleixandre, and many others.  While in Madrid, some of Brull's early poetry was published in Paris in a French translation.

In 1923 Brull joined about 60 young professionals of Havana who decided to take a public stance against the reigning passivity and mediocrity in politics and culture.  Called El Grupo Minorista (the Minority Group), they demanded an end to years of cultural backwardness and an aggressive affirmation of the new artistic tendencies coming out of Europe.  In politics, they denounced dictatorships and called for the formation of a Cuban government more responsive to the people.

In 1928 he published his second book of poetry, Poemas en menguante.  Though also published in Paris, where he was now living, it was written in Spanish.  All of his books were small editions for friends and family, paid for out of his pocket.

The Brulls lived in Paris from 1927 to 1934 with only two interruptions: a year, each, in Berne and Havana.  The return of the Brulls to Havana coincided with numerous riots and demonstrations as students clashed with the police of the government of President Gerardo Machado, an increasingly ruthless dictator.

Brull spent the Great Depression back in Paris.  Two or three times a year found him traveling.  He frequently visited Havana, on business; southern Spain, the land of his childhood; and Mexico City where he called on his friends Gabriela Mistral, the Chilean poet, Alfonso Reyes, the Mexican man-of-letters, and others.

In 1934 his third book of poetry, Canto redondo, was brought out in Paris.  He was stationed in Rome between 1934 and 1937 where fascism was alive and thriving.

After moving to Brussels (for the second time) at the end of the 1930s, Brull was in charge of attending to the many German Jews who, seeking visas to emigrate, had lined up before the legations and embassies of numerous countries.  During these years he was Cuba's delegate to the XVII Reunion of the Assembly of the League of Nations and, also, Commissioner for the repatriation of Cubans fleeing the Spanish Civil War.  Brull had decided that an all-European war was imminent—though most of his colleagues and friends disagreed—and pressured the Ministry to be sent back to Havana.  He left in June, 1939.  The ship carrying all of the Brull's household effects to Cuba, a year later, was torpedoed by the Germans and sank.

In 1939, a bilingual (French-Spanish) book, Poëmes, came out in Paris, with a preface written by one of the greatest literary figures of France at the time, Paul Valéry.  Brull worked for many years on a translation into Spanish of Valéry's most famous, and difficult, poems: "Le Cimetiére Marin" (The Graveyard by the Sea) and "La Jeune Parque" (The Young Fate).

In Cuba, Brull was one of the principal organizers of a conference of the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation, held in 1941.  This organization was made up of major intellectuals who believed that the interchange of ideas would help lead to a solution to the tension of the 1930s and the violence of the Second World War.  Brull admired people who were capable of both action and thought.  He had no use for the static attitude of Rodin´s famous statue, "The Thinker".  Brull's hero was the Cuban journalist and poet, José Martí, who was responsible for organizing the Cuban resistance to Spain and died in a skirmish with Spanish soldiers during the War of Independence.

His fifth book of poetry, Solo de rosa, appeared.  His poems also were printed in the foremost literary publications: Social, Gaceta del Caribe, Espuela de Plata, Clavileño, Orígenes and El Fígaro.  He had long conversations with the exiled Spanish poet, Juan Ramón Jiménez, who wrote a similar type of poetry.

During the Second World War, Brull was stationed in Washington, D.C., and in 1945 was sent to Ottawa to establish the first Cuban diplomatic mission in Canada.

In Brussels, once more, in 1950, he published Temps en peine. Tiempo en pena, a bilingual edition.  Here, too, his wife died after many years of fighting cancer.

His last post was as Cuban ambassador to Uruguay.  However, he refused to comply with an order from the Cuban dictator, Fulgencio Batista, and he resigned abruptly, ending a career of 47 years in the Cuban diplomatic service.  That same year (1954) the final book of poems he would publish, Rien que... (Nada más que...), came out in Paris.

Final years
Back in Havana, he turned to modernizing the cattle ranch he had inherited from his mother.  But a growing brain tumor weakened him bit by bit and eventually left him in a coma.  He died at the age of 65 in 1956.

Literary characteristics

Beginnings

Brull's first book, La casa del silencio, is a good example of Hispanic modernismo, though it has its share of intimate, Symbolist influence and a touch of tropical romanticism.  Already one finds themes that would stay with him always: the ideal of beauty and the exploration of the interior world of one's heart as an escape from the ungrateful reality of the world, of time and of history.

Evident is the influence of the Spaniard, Juan Ramón Jiménez, and the Mexican, Enrique González Martínez.  But these poems are the works of an apprentice.  Nine years pass between the publication of his first and second collections of poetry, years in which he matured, especially after he arrived in Europe.

In his second book, Poemas en menguante, Brull embraces Symbolism (pure poetry) though the poems show him still struggling to assimilate the new style completely.  He finds himself immersed in the heated discussion of the poets of his generation as to whether Symbolism, art as pure abstraction, meant the dehumanization of art.  Brull made clear that poetry was the purification of thought and form, but never abstraction.  Nevertheless, Symbolism and dehumanization were firmly linked in the minds of many.  Harsh criticism of Symbolism was heard frequently, including in Cuba.

Sound

A cornerstone of Brull's poetry is the word as sound material.  This interest in sound can be found in the efforts of Mallarmé and Valéry to achieve pure poetry but also in the neo-popular romances of the Spanish poetic tradition—a source that attracted other poets writing in Spanish, most famously García Lorca.  Similar experiments involving playing with the sounds of words were to be found in Italian, German and English literature of the 1920s and before.

Brull's creativity involving the use of sounds, through tongue-twisters and various phonetic experiments, could create a world of "magical enchantment."  These sounds and lexicological permutations combined, at times, to reach a level of senselessness which resulted in poetry that has come to be known as "jitanjáfora" after the use of this word in Brull's poem "Filiflama…", a poem entirely made up of invented words.

Filiflama alabe cundre
ala olalúnea alífera
alveola jitanjáfora
liris salumba salífera.

Olivia oleo olorife
alalai cánfora sandra
milingítara girófora
zumbra ulalindre calandra.

Yet such an extreme interest in sound was but one strand in Brull's poetry.  The "jitanjáfora" was "a verbal joke, created by Brull at the margin of the main body of his work, but as an extreme consequence of this work's development".

Childhood

Brull revealed an interest in childhood in a number of his poems through the subject matter or through the use of language and rhythms associated with children's verses or both.  The verses he learned in southern Spain, as a boy, had a lasting impact on him.  These verses were part of the traditional, popular poetry that was so appreciated by his generation of poets.

Typical features

Though he used alliteration and metaphors abundantly, there are features of his work that differentiate it from the work of others.  These include:

 rare word associations
 using a word twice in the same line but in totally different ways
 punning
 combining or coupling words that mean the opposite or clash in their meanings ("the melody of the perfume"), usually placed within dashes, and
illogical sound games and onomatopoeia where one sees the influence of futurism and Dadaism.

Brull favored free verse, followed by blank verse, though he occasionally turned to the sonnet and other poetic forms.  His poems are usually short, and the total number of poems he wrote was rather limited, both rare attributes in comparison with most Hispanic poets.

The rose

The rose is the principal motif in Brull's poetry, his preferred symbol for "a standard of perfection and permanence in a transitory world."

Mallarmé had defined a flower as the absence of the stem and leaves, his way of stating that the finality of art is the concentration on the essence.  No other Cuban poet went as far as Brull in immersing himself in this conception of poetry.  But his Latin American origin do not allow him to forget the stems and leaves altogether.  Brull's contribution to the poetry of Cuba is this counterpoint between the concrete and the ideal.

An equilibrium between the sensual and the abstract is most fully reached in Solo de rosas, a collection of poems in which the poet praises the rose in its pure essence, fragile and wondrous, and not corrupted by the passage of time.

Epitafio de la Rosa (Epitaph For a Rose)

Rompo una rosa y no te encuentro.
Al viento, así, columnas deshojadas,
palacio de la rosa en ruinas.
Ahora—rosa imposible—empiezas:
por agujas de aire entretejida
al mar de la delicia intacta,
donde todas las rosas
--antes que rosa—
belleza son sin cárcel de belleza.

 (I take apart a rose and I don't find you.
To the wind, thus, columns of floating petals,
the palace of the rose in ruins.
Now—impossible rose—you begin:
by needles of interwoven air
to the sea of the intact delight,
where all the roses of the world
--before they were a rose—
are beautiful without the prison of beauty.)

Nothingness

In his last works, Tiempo en pena and Nada más que…, Brull's poetry takes on a melancholy, somber and reflective tone, that of a journey toward the black hole of existentialism, possibly intensified by personal tragedy (the death of his wife) and the world around him seemingly falling apart (the Spanish Civil War followed by the Second World War).

Throughout the years one can find, beneath the formal and expressive clarity, Brull's increasing concern of what he saw as a world in permanent deterioration.  The roots of this desolation are evident in his first poems in which absence and silence—often depicted as quietness—are present yet any discomfort is dispelled by the vision of ideal beauty.  By the 1950s, absence is no longer a friendly notion as it veers into nothingness.  Brull is consumed by a tragic vision of life in which all things, including beauty, are conceived of as subject to destruction or, a word he often chose, ruin.  Once time has done its task, only nothingness remains.  "Never had Cuban poetry reached so far into desperation with such discreteness and solitude."

Quotes
"La prosa es escrita con el tesoro del conocimiento mientras que la poesía es escrita con el tesoro de la ignorancia."

"Prose is written with the treasure of knowledge whereas poetry is written with the treasure of ignorance."

References

Books of poetry
La casa del silencio (1916)
Poemas en menguante (1928)
Canto redondo (1934)
Poëmes (1939) (Bilingual anthology: Spanish-French)
 Solo de rosa (1941)
Temps en peine/Tiempo en pena (1950)
Rien que ... (Nada más que ...) (1954)

Further reading (sources not mentioned in references)
 Gastón Baquero. Mariano Brull. La casa del silencio (Antología de su obra:1916-1954) (1976).
 Diego García Elio. Una antología de poesía cubana (1984).
 Ricardo Larraga. Mariano Brull y la poesía pura en Cuba (1994).

External links
 Brull at CubaLiteraria.com

1891 births
1956 deaths
Cuban male poets
Cuban people of Catalan descent
Cuban diplomats
Ambassadors of Cuba to Uruguay
20th-century Cuban poets
University of Havana alumni
20th-century male writers
Cuban expatriates in Spain

Mariano Brull


The Tiszai Railway Station, operated by Hungarian State Railways, is the larger of two railway stations of the city of Miskolc, Hungary. Despite its name, the station is not close to the river Tisza; it was named after the company that built it.

History
Miskolc's need for connection with other cities by railway lines arose in the 1830s. Plans were made to expand the Szolnok–Debrecen railway line towards Nyíregyháza and Miskolc, but due to the political situations of the time – there was a revolution against Habsburg rule in 1848–49 – construction was delayed until 1857.

Disagreements between the railway constructing company and the local government of the city hindered work. The local government wanted the station to be built at the end of Széchenyi Street, the main street of Miskolc, approximately where the Szinvapark shopping mall stands today, and said the area that the constructing company appointed (and where the station was eventually built) was too far from the city – at that time it was indeed about 2,5 kilometres away and the cost of transporting goods from the city to the station was too high for local merchants. Because of the disagreement the local government didn't support the building of the railway lines, and on May 24, 1859, the newly built station was opened without any opening ceremony. The station was simply called "Miskolc Railway Station" then; it got its current name in 1959.

In 1860 Miskolc was connected by railway to Košice (then called Kassa, it was the other leading city of Northern Hungary and in many ways a rival of Miskolc), in 1870 the Miskolc-Pest line was ready, and in 1871 the Gömör line was built.

On June 2, 1944, the US Air Force bombed the station as a part of Operation Frantic Joe. Many bombs fell on the city centre instead, claiming 206 lives (420 were wounded).

The building

The station building that stands today was designed by Ferenc Pfaff and was built in 1901 in eclectic style. It is a listed historic building and was restored recently, in 1999. It was modernized in 2003.

During the construction of the building important archaeological findings were made, indicating a Celtic presence in the area.

Kandó Kálmán square
The square where the station stands is one of the most important traffic hubs of Miskolc. Both of the Miskolc tram lines and several bus lines (1, 1A, 101, 17, 21, 23, 31) of MVK ZRt. have their terminus here.  The square is named in honor of Kálmán Kandó (1869–1931), a Hungarian engineer who developed components for electric locomotives.

Sources
 Fejezetek Miskolc történetéből. ed.: Bekes Dezső, Veres László. Miskolc, 1984.  pp. 93–94
 Dobrossy István: Miskolc írásban és képekben. vol. I. Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Megyei Levéltár, Miskolc, 2006.  pp. 79–81

External links
 Tiszai Railway Station on HelloMiskolc.hu
 A picture from 1918

Railway stations opened in 1901
Ferenc Pfaff railway stations
Tiszai railway station
Railway stations in Miskolc
Tiszai railway station
Railway stations in Hungary opened in the 19th century

Miskolc Tiszai railway station


Rodney Sturt Taylor (11 January 1930 – 7 January 2015) was an Australian actor. He appeared in more than 50 feature films, including Young Cassidy (1965), Nobody Runs Forever (1968), The Train Robbers (1973) and A Matter of Wife... and Death (1975).

Taylor was born in Lidcombe, a suburb of Sydney, to a father who was a steel construction contractor and commercial artist and a mother who was a children's author. He began taking art classes in high school, and continued in college. He decided to become an actor after seeing Laurence Olivier in an Old Vic touring production of Richard III.

His first film role was in a re-enactment of Charles Sturt's voyage down the Murrumbidgee and Murray Rivers, playing Sturt's offsider, George Macleay. At the time, he was also appearing in a number of theatre productions for Australia's Mercury Theatre. He made his feature film debut in the Australian Lee Robinson film King of the Coral Sea (1954). He soon started acting in television films, portraying several different characters in the 1950s anthology series Studio 57.

He started to gain popularity after starring in The Time Machine (1960), as H. George Wells. He later starred in the Disney film One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961), voicing Pongo. In one of his most famous roles, he played Mitch Brenner in The Birds (1963), directed by Alfred Hitchcock. By the late 1990s, Taylor had moved into semi-retirement. His final film role was in Quentin Tarantino's Inglourious Basterds (2009), portraying a fictionalized version of Winston Churchill in a cameo.

Early life
Taylor was born on 11 January 1930 in Lidcombe, a suburb of Sydney, the only child of William Sturt Taylor, a steel construction contractor and commercial artist, and Mona Taylor (née Thompson), a writer of more than a hundred short stories and children's books. His middle name comes from his great-great-granduncle, Captain Charles Sturt, a British explorer of the Australian outback in the 19th century.

Taylor attended Parramatta High School and later studied at the East Sydney Technical and Fine Arts College and took art classes. His mother wanted him to be an artist, and pressured him into taking the art classes. For a time he worked as a commercial artist, but he decided to become an actor after seeing Laurence Olivier in an Old Vic touring production of Richard III.

Career

Australia
Taylor acquired extensive radio and stage experience in Australia, where his radio work included a period on Blue Hills and a role as Tarzan. Earlier in his career he had to support himself by working at Sydney's Mark Foy's department store, designing and painting window and other displays during the day. In 1951, he took part in a re-enactment of Charles Sturt's voyage down the Murrumbidgee and Murray Rivers, playing Sturt's offsider, George Macleay. A short documentary, Inland with Sturt (1951), was based on it. Taylor also appeared in a number of theatre productions for Australia's Mercury Theatre.

Taylor made his feature film debut in the Australian Lee Robinson film King of the Coral Sea (1954), playing an American. He later played Israel Hands in a Hollywood-financed film shot in Sydney, Long John Silver (1954), an unofficial sequel to Treasure Island. Following these two films, Taylor was awarded the 1954 Rola Show Australian Radio Actor of the Year Award, which included a ticket to London via Los Angeles, but Taylor did not continue on to London.

Hollywood

Taylor soon landed roles in television shows such as Studio 57 and the films Hell on Frisco Bay (1955) and Giant (1956). In 1955, he guest-starred as Clancy in the third episode ("The Argonauts") of the first hour-long Western television series, Cheyenne, an ABC program starring Clint Walker.

Toward the end of 1955, Taylor unsuccessfully screen tested to play boxer Rocky Graziano in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's Somebody Up There Likes Me after James Dean's death, but his use of a Brooklyn accent and physical prowess in the test impressed the studio enough to give him a long-term contract. At MGM, he played a series of support roles in The Catered Affair (1956), Raintree County (1957), and Ask Any Girl (1959). He had a significant role in Separate Tables (1958), which won Oscars for two of its stars, David Niven and Wendy Hiller. He also made a strong impression guest-starring in an episode of The Twilight Zone titled "And When the Sky Was Opened" (1959).

Stardom
Taylor's first leading role in a feature film was in The Time Machine (1960), George Pal's adaptation of the science-fiction classic by H. G. Wells, with Taylor as the time traveller who, thousands of years in the future, falls for a woman played by Yvette Mimieux. Taylor played a character not unlike that of his Twilight Zone episode of a year earlier and the film World Without End in 1956.

In or around 1960, he was approached regarding the role of James Bond in the first feature-length Bond film. Taylor reportedly declined to become involved because he considered the character of Bond "beneath him". Taylor later commented: "Every time a new Bond picture became a smash hit ... I tore out my hair."

Taylor starred in Alfred Hitchcock's horror thriller The Birds (1963), along with Tippi Hedren, Suzanne Pleshette, Jessica Tandy and Veronica Cartwright, playing a man whose town and home come under attack by menacing birds. Taylor then starred with Jane Fonda in the romantic comedy Sunday in New York (also 1963).

During the mid-1960s, Taylor worked mostly for MGM. His credits including The V.I.P.s (1963), his first feature film role as an Australian, with Richard Burton, Elizabeth Taylor, and Maggie Smith; Fate Is the Hunter (for 20th Century Fox, 1964) with Glenn Ford and Suzanne Pleshette; 36 Hours (1964) with James Garner; Young Cassidy (1965) with Julie Christie and Maggie Smith; The Liquidator (1965) with Jill St. John; Do Not Disturb (1965); and The Glass Bottom Boat (1966), both co-starring Doris Day.

He began to change his image toward the end of the decade to more tough-guy roles, such as Chuka (1967), which he also produced, and he starred in Hotel (1967) with Catherine Spaak; Dark of the Sun (or The Mercenaries, 1968), again with Yvette Mimieux; Nobody Runs Forever (1968) where he played New South Wales Police Sergeant Scobie Malone, this being Taylor's first starring feature film role as an Australian; and Darker than Amber (1970) as Travis McGee.

He was also reportedly up for the role of martial artist Roper in the Bruce Lee vehicle Enter the Dragon (1973). The film was directed by Robert Clouse, who had also directed Taylor in the film Darker than Amber (1970). Taylor was supposedly deemed too tall for the part, and the role instead went to John Saxon.

Later career
In 1973, Taylor was cast in The Train Robbers alongside long time friend John Wayne and Ann-Margret. The film was a box office success. Taylor also had some television roles: he starred in Bearcats! (1971) on CBS and in The Oregon Trail (1976) on NBC. He had a regular role in the short-lived spy drama series Masquerade (1983) and played one of the leads in the equally short-lived series, Outlaws (1986). From 1988 to 1990, Taylor appeared in the CBS drama series Falcon Crest as Frank Agretti, playing opposite Jane Wyman. In the mid-1990s, he appeared in several episodes of Murder, She Wrote and Walker, Texas Ranger.

In 1993, he hosted the documentary Time Machine: The Journey Back. The special ended with a mini-sequel written by David Duncan, the screenwriter of the George Pal film. Taylor recreated his role as George, reuniting him with Filby (Alan Young).

Taylor returned to Australia several times over the years to make films, playing a 1920s traveling showman in The Picture Show Man (1977) and a paid killer in On the Run (1983). In the black comedy Welcome to Woop Woop (1997), he played the foul-mouthed redneck Daddy-O.

By the late 1990s, Taylor had moved into semi-retirement. In 2007, he appeared in the horror telemovie Kaw, which revisits the idea of marauding birds turning on their human tormentors. In this film, however, the cause of the disturbance was discovered by Taylor who plays the town doctor. He appeared in Quentin Tarantino's Inglourious Basterds in 2009, portraying Winston Churchill in a cameo. In 2017, a documentary on Taylor's life, "Pulling No Punches", was released and entered into the Beverly Hills Film Festival.

Personal life
His first wife was model Peggy Williams (1951–1954). They divorced after allegations of domestic violence. Taylor later claimed that they divorced because they felt they were too young to have a healthy marriage. Taylor dated and was briefly engaged to Swedish actress Anita Ekberg in the early 1960s. He dated model Pat Sheehan in the late 1960s.

His second marriage was to model Mary Hilem and lasted from 1963 until they divorced in 1969. The couple had one daughter, former CNN financial reporter Felicia Taylor (1964-2023). Taylor bought a home in Palm Springs, California in 1967.

He married his third wife, Carol Kikumura, in 1980. They had originally dated in the early 1960s when she was an extra on his TV series Hong Kong. The couple got back together in 1971 and dated for an additional nine years before marrying.

Death
Taylor died of a heart attack at his home, surrounded by his family, on 7 January 2015, in Beverly Hills, California, four days before his 85th birthday. He was survived by his wife Carol and his daughter Felicia.

Filmography

Feature films

 King of the Coral Sea (1954) as Jack Janiero (film debut)
 Long John Silver (1954) as Israel Hands
 The Virgin Queen (1955) as Cpl. Gwilym (uncredited)
 Top Gun (1955) as Lem Sutter
 Hell on Frisco Bay (1956) as John Brodie Evans
 World Without End (1956) as Herbert Ellis
 The Catered Affair (1956) as Ralph Halloran
 Giant (1956) as Sir David Karfrey
 The Rack (1956) as Al (uncredited)
 Raintree County (1957) as Garwood B. Jones
 Step Down to Terror (1958) as Mike Randall
 Separate Tables (1958) as Charles
 Ask Any Girl (1959) as Ross Tayford
 The Time Machine (1960) as H. George Wells
 Colossus and the Amazon Queen (1960) as Pirro
 One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961) as Pongo (voice)
 Seven Seas to Calais (1962) as Sir Francis Drake
 The Birds (1963) as Mitch Brenner
 The V.I.P.s (1963) as Les Mangrum
 A Gathering of Eagles (1963) as Col. Hollis Farr
 Sunday in New York (1963) as Mike Mitchell
 Fate Is the Hunter (1964) as Capt. Jack Savage
 36 Hours (1965) as Maj. Walter Gerber
 Young Cassidy (1965) as John Cassidy
 The Liquidator (1965) as Boysie Oakes
 Do Not Disturb (1965) as Mike Harper
 The Glass Bottom Boat (1966) as Bruce Templeton
 Hotel (1967) as Peter McDermott
 Chuka (1967) as Chuka
 Dark of the Sun (1968) as Capt. Bruce Curry
 Nobody Runs Forever (1968) (a.k.a. The High Commissioner) as Scobie Malone
 The Hell with Heroes (1968) as Brynie MacKay
 Zabriskie Point (1970) as Lee Allen
 Darker than Amber (1970) as Travis McGee
 The Man Who Had Power Over Women (1970) as Peter Reaney
 Powderkeg (1971, TV movie/pilot for Bearcats!) as Hank Brackett
 Family Flight (1972, TV movie) as Jason Carlyle
 The Train Robbers  (1973) as Grady
 Gli eroi (1973) (a.k.a. The Heroes) as Lieutenant Bob Robson
 Trader Horn (1973) as Trader Horn
 The Deadly Trackers (1973) as Frank Brand
 Hell River (1974) (a.k.a. Partizani) as Marko
 A Matter of Wife... and Death (1975, TV movie) as Shamus McCoy
 Blondie (1976) as Christopher Tauling
 The Oregon Trail (1976, series) as Evan Thorpe
 Gulliver's Travels (1977) as Reldresal / King of Blefuscu (voice, uncredited)
 The Picture Show Man (1977) as Palmer
 The Treasure Seekers (1979) as Marian Casey
 Cry of the Innocent (1980, TV movie) as Steve Donegin
 Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy (1981, TV movie) as 'Black Jack' Bouvier
 Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story (1982, TV movie) as Edward Adeane
 A Time to Die (1982) as Jack Bailey
 On the Run (1983) as Mr. Payatta
 Terror in the Aisles (1984) as Himself (stock footage)
 Marbella, un golpe de cinco estrellas (1985) as Commander
 Half Nelson (1985, TV series)
 Mask of Murder (1985) as Supt. Bob McLaine
 Danielle Steel's 'Palomino' (1991, TV movie) as Bill King
 Grass Roots (1992, TV movie) as Gen. Willoughby
 Open Season (1995) – Billy Patrick
 Point of Betrayal (1995) as Ted Kitteridge
 Welcome to Woop Woop  (1998) as Daddy-O
 The Warlord: Battle for the Galaxy (1998, TV movie) as General Sorenson
 Kaw (2007, TV movie) as Doc
 Inglourious Basterds (2009) as Winston Churchill (final film role)

Documentaries
 Inland with Sturt (1951) as George Mcleady
 The Fantasy Film Worlds of George Pal (1985)
 Time Machine: The Journey Back (1993)
 All About the Birds (2000)
 Not Quite Hollywood (2008)
 Pulling No Punches (2016)

Television

As a regular
Taylor had several lead roles in television, from the early 1960s to the early first decade of the 21st century. Among his television shows as a regular are:
 Hong Kong with co-star Lloyd Bochner (1960, ABC)
 Bearcats! (1971, CBS)
 The Oregon Trail as Evan Thorpe, a widower taking his three children from their Illinois farm to the Pacific Northwest by way of the Oregon Trail (1977, NBC)
 Masquerade (1983)
 Outlaws (1986)

Guest appearances
 Studio 57 (1955) – "The Last Day on Earth", "The Black Sheep's Daughter"
 Lux Video Theatre (1955) – "Dark Tribute", "The Browning Version"
 Cheyenne (1955) – "The Argonauts"
 Suspicion (1957) – "The Story of Marjorie Reardon"
 Schlitz Playhouse of Stars (1958) – "A Thing to Fight For"
 Studio One (1958) – "Image of Fear"
 Lux Playhouse (1958) – "The Best House in the Valley"
 Playhouse 90 (1958–59) – "Verdict of Three", "The Long March", The Great Gatsby, "The Raider", "Misalliance"
 The Twilight Zone (1959) – "And When the Sky Was Opened"
 Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre (1960) – "Picture of Sal"
 Goodyear Theatre (1960) – "Capital Gains"
 General Electric Theater (1960) – "Early to Die", "The Young Years"
 Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse (1960) – "Thunder in the Night"
 Bus Stop (1961) – "Portrait of a Hero"
 The DuPont Show of the Week (1962) – "The Ordeal of Dr. Shannon"
 Tales of the Unexpected (TV series) (1980) – "The Hitch-Hiker"
 Falcon Crest (1988–1990) as Frank Agretti
 Murder, She Wrote (1995)
 Walker, Texas Ranger (1996-1997, 2000) – "Redemption", "Texas vs. Cahill", "Wedding Bells"

Theatre credits
 Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare (Independent, 1950)
 Home of the Brave by Arthur Laurents (Independent, 1950)
 Misalliance by George Bernard Shaw (John Alden Company, 1951)
 Twins by Plautus (Mercury, 1952)
 The Comedy of Errors by William Shakespeare (Mercury, 1952)
 The Witch by John Masefield (Mercury, 1952)
 They Knew What They Wanted by Sidney Howard (Mercury, 1952)
 The Happy Time by Samuel A. Taylor (Mercury, 1953)

References

External links
 Rod Taylor official site

 Rod Taylor Australian theatre credits at AusStage

 Rod Taylor at National Film and Sound Archive

1930 births
2015 deaths
20th-century Australian male actors
21st-century Australian male actors
Australian expatriate male actors in the United States
Australian male film actors
Australian people of English descent
Australian male radio actors
Australian male television actors
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Male actors from Sydney
Male actors from Palm Springs, California
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
People educated at Parramatta High School

Rod Taylor