Return to Never Land (also known as Peter Pan in: Return to Never Land and later retitled Peter Pan II: Return to Never Land on current home video release) is a 2002 animated adventure fantasy film produced by Disney MovieToons and Walt Disney Television Animation. A sequel to Walt Disney Feature Animation's 1953 film Peter Pan (in turn based on J. M. Barrie's 1904 stage play Peter Pan; or, the Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up), the film follows Wendy's daughter who refuses to believe in her mother's story during the Blitz in London, only to be mistakenly brought to Neverland by the pirates. In order for her to get home, she meets Peter Pan, Tinker Bell and the Lost Boys who encourage her to fly and make her believe. The film stars the voices of Harriet Owen, Blayne Weaver, Corey Burton, Jeff Bennett, Kath Soucie, Spencer Breslin, and Bradley Pierce.

The film was released on February 15, 2002, by Walt Disney Pictures, and grossed $115 million against $20 million.

Plot
Many years after the events of the first film, a grown Wendy Darling, who maintains her belief and knowledge of Peter Pan,  is married to a soldier named Edward, and has two children, Jane and Danny. With World War II raging, Edward leaves his family to fight, leaving Wendy to take care of the children. Jane becomes a very serious girl and, unlike her younger brother, refuses to believe in stories about Peter Pan and Neverland.

One evening, Wendy tells Jane and Danny that all the children in London will soon be evacuated to the countryside for their safety due to Nazi Germany's bombing of the city by the Luftwaffe. Jane refuses to go and has an argument with her mother and brother. Later that evening, Peter's arch-nemesis, Captain Hook, and his pirate crew arrive on his pixie-dust enchanted ship and kidnaps Jane, mistaking her for Wendy, and takes her to Neverland, where they plan to feed Jane to an octopus to lure Peter into a trap. However, Peter rescues Jane, and Hook escapes from the disgruntled octopus, returning to the ship. After Peter learns that Jane is Wendy's daughter, he takes her to his hideout to be the mother of the Lost Boys as Wendy once was, but Jane refuses. The following day, the boys fail to teach Jane about flying. Annoyed by their unruly behavior, Jane loses her temper and declares that she does not believe in fairies. Her disbelief causes Tinker Bell to lose her strength and the fairy's light begins to fade.

Hook, overhearing Jane's longing to return home, plans to use this to his advantage. That evening, Hook promises to bring Jane home if she can find the treasure that Peter and the Lost Boys stole, giving her a whistle to signal him when she finds it. Jane asks Peter and the boys to play a game of "treasure hunt", and they teach Jane how to act like a Lost Boy, hoping to get her to believe in fairies and save Tinker Bell's life. Jane finds the treasure and changes her mind, discarding the whistle. The boys make her a "Lost Girl", before Tootles finds and blows the whistle, inadvertently alerting the pirates, who capture the boys and expose Jane as their accomplice. Jane tries to convince Peter that it was a misunderstanding, but he berates her for her deception and reveals that her disbelief in fairies is causing Tinker Bell's light to fade.

Horrified by her mistake, Jane runs back to the hideout to find Tinker Bell's lifeless body. Jane is devastated, believing her to be dead, but her newfound belief in fairies revives her. They head to the ship and see Hook forcing Peter to walk the plank. With Tinker Bell's help, Jane learns to fly. As Peter uses the anchor to sink the ship, the pirates, riding on a rowboat, are pursued by the octopus. After saying goodbye to the boys, Peter escorts Jane back home, where she reconciles with Wendy and Danny. Peter and Tinker Bell meet with Wendy again, then fly back to Neverland as Edward returns home and reunites with his family.

Voice cast
 Harriet Owen as Jane Darling, Wendy and Edward's daughter, and Danny's older sister who refuses to believe in stories, but changes her mind with Peter's help. Lianne Hughes served as the supervising animator for Jane Darling.
 Owen also voices young Wendy Darling.
 Blayne Weaver as Peter Pan, the leader of the Lost Boys, Jane's new friend, and Wendy's former playmate who protects Neverland and its inhabitants. Pieter Lommerse and Andrew Collins served as the supervising animators for Peter Pan.
 Corey Burton as Captain Hook, a pirate captain and Peter Pan's arch-nemesis. Bob Baxter served as the supervising animator for Captain Hook.
 Jeff Bennett as Mr. Smee, Captain Hook's clumsy and innocent first mate and right-hand man.
 Kath Soucie as Wendy Darling, Jane and Danny's mother, Michael and John's older sister, Edward's wife, and Peter's former playmate. Ryan O'Loughlin served as the supervising animator for Wendy Darling. Kathryn Beaumont, who voiced Wendy in the original, recorded dialogue for the sequel, but Soucie replaced her as Beaumont's voice had aged.
 Andrew McDonough as Daniel Darling, nicknamed Danny, Wendy and Edward's son and Jane's younger brother who believes in his mother's stories of Peter Pan.
 Roger Rees as Edward Darling, a surviving soldier, Wendy's husband, and Jane and Danny's father. Rees would later serve as co-playwright for another Peter Pan project, the stage adaptation of Peter and the Starcatcher.
 The Lost Boys, Peter's best friends:
 Spencer Breslin as Cubby, a lost boy in a bear costume.
 Bradley Pierce as Nibs, a lost boy in a rabbit costume.
 Quinn Beswick as Slightly, a lost boy in a fox costume.
 Aaron Spann as Twins, the lost boys in raccoon costumes.
 Tootles, a mute lost boy in a skunk costume.
 Frank Welker as The Octopus, who seeks to consume Captain Hook, similar to the Crocodile.

Production
Disney MovieToons/Disney Video Premiere developed the project and then assigned the work for Peter and Jane to Disney Animation Canada. The film was a Peter Pan sequel originally designed as its first theatrical release. In fall 1999, the Canadian unit stopped work on what was then a video release. With Canada's closure, the work on Peter and Jane was instead moved to the Walt Disney Animation Australia and Walt Disney Animation Japan units. Cornerstone Animation was then contracted to do animation direction. The film moved back to a Disney MovieToons theatrical release. Due to the controversy of the first film, the Native-Americans are completely absent in the sequel, but it does show their teepees and totem poles in one sequence. Also following these changes, the mermaids are given brassieres since their appearances in its predecessor were considered sexualized.

Soundtrack

Several original songs were written for the film: "I'll Try" (written and performed by Jonatha Brooke, which is put into three different versions. A short version heard at the beginning of the film, a reprise; heard towards the film's climax, and a full version; which is used in the end credits), "Here We Go Another Plan" (written by Randy Rogel and performed by Jeff Bennett), and "So to Be One of Us"/"Now that You're One of Us" (written by They Might Be Giants).

The song "Second Star to the Right" from the original film is covered by Jonatha Brooke. The soundtrack also includes a cover of "Do You Believe in Magic?" by BBMak, which is also heard in the end credits.

The end title version of "I'll Try" was produced by Stewart Levine.

The score for the film was composed by Joel McNeely.

Track listing

Reception

Box office
The film opened at the third position at the box office behind Crossroads and John Q with $11.9 million. Return to Never Land grossed $48.4 million domestically and $66.7 million overseas, for a worldwide gross of $115.1 million, against a production budget of $20 million. It was before DVD sales, which had been the initially planned market for the film.

Critical response
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 45% based on 97 reviews, and an average rating of 5.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "With its forgettable songs and lackluster story, this new Pan will surely entertain kids, but will feel more like a retread to adults." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 49 out of 100, based on 26 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.

Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four and praised the vocal performances of Burton and Weaver, especially Burton's, though he expressed surprise for not having the two actors sing any of the movie's songs. Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian published a negative review by calling the film a "completely uninspired cartoon sequel", dismissing it as a very dull retread of the original film.

Accolades
Breslin was nominated for a 2003 Young Artist Award as Best Performance in a Voice-Over Role at the 24th Young Artist Awards.

Home media
Return to Never Land was released on VHS and DVD on August 20, 2002, and it took in only lukewarm sales. In November 2007, the film was released in a "Pixie-Powered Edition" and was also released in a Peter Pan trilogy, along with the Peter Pan Platinum Edition and Tinker Bell in December 2008.

The film was released on Blu-ray in August 2013, after the first Blu-ray release of Peter Pan. It was reprinted on Blu-ray in June 2018 as a Disney Movie Club Exclusive.

References

External links

Peter Pan (franchise)
Peter Pan films
2002 direct-to-video films
American direct-to-video films
2002 animated films
2000s fantasy adventure films
2000s American animated films
2000s English-language films
American children's animated adventure films
American children's animated fantasy films
American fantasy adventure films
American sequel films
Animated adventure films
Animated films based on children's books
Battle of Britain films
DisneyToon Studios animated films
Films about fairies and sprites
Films scored by Joel McNeely
American films based on plays
Films directed by Donovan Cook
Films set in 1940
Films about families
Animated films set in London
Walt Disney Pictures films
2000s children's fantasy films
Disney Television Animation films
2000s children's animated films
2002 directorial debut films
Animated films set in the 1940s
Animated films based on plays
Animated World War II films

Return to Never Land


No Pain Labor & Delivery – Global Health Initiative (NPLD-GHI; 无痛分娩中国行) is a non-for-profit organization. Founded in 2006, the program focuses on correcting the unnecessarily high caesarean delivery rate and the poor utilization of neuraxial labor analgesia in China.

History
The nongovernmental No Pain Labor & Delivery - Global Health Initiative (NPLD-GHI), established and designed to educate Chinese women and their health care providers about the safe and effective use of labor analgesia, was developed at the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in 2006. After its first trip in 2008, >500 volunteers participated in NPLD-GHI from the United States, Belgium, Canada, Germany, Israel, and China by 2016. These individuals include physician anesthesiologists, obstetricians (including maternal-fetal medicine specialists), neonatologists, midwives, labor and delivery nurses, senior anesthesiology residents/fellows, interpreters, and other volunteers. More than 200 lectures have been given as part of NPLD-GHI's educational program. Participants of NPLD-GHI co-hosted weekend conferences have increased from <100 in 2008 to just under 3000 in 2016 (6 conference sites). In recent years, NPLD-GHI members have participated in up to 15 obstetric and obstetric anesthesia conferences annually. Approximately 300 attendees participate each month in each Modern L&D Virtual Lecture Hall. The 55 participating hospitals cover care for a parturient population of approximately 500,000 annually. The Obstetric Anesthesia Infrastructure Development (OAID) project was initiated at 31 hospitals in 25 cities from 2008 to 2016. The annual number of hospital sites visited increased from 1 in 2008 to 6 in 2016. Since 2014, 6 additional hospitals each year have participated in the Obstetric Anesthesia Support (OAS) project to meet the local increased demands. Furthermore, its Private Hospital (PH) Project has been initiated since Sept. 2015.

Background
Neuraxial labor analgesia is commonly available in high-income countries. These techniques have been shown to be safe and effective for alleviating labor pain. Neuraxial analgesia is associated with improved maternal and neonatal outcomes and has been recommended by American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA)  and The Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) as a proactive approach for high-risk parturient safety during labor., In contrast, a 2007 study reported that neuraxial labor analgesia was used by <1% of parturients in China.

Initiation
NPLD-GHI was established and designed to educate Chinese women and their health care providers about the safe and effective use of labor analgesia, was developed at the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. Launched in 2008, NPLD-GHI's goals were to improve maternal and neonatal clinical outcomes by increasing the rate of labor epidural analgesia by 10% and to promote sustained change in obstetric anesthesia care, with measurable improvements in outcome.

Project Structure

The first 3 are basic obstetric projects: the Obstetric Anesthesia Infrastructure Development (OAID) Project, the Obstetric Anesthesia Support (OAS) Project, and the Private Hospital (PH) Project. The fourth is the Advanced Obstetric Anesthesia 1 + 2 + 3 Project (AOA123), designed not only to advance engaged hospitals from providing a safe and effective neuraxial labor analgesia services to reaching a full range of state-of-the-art obstetric and anesthetic services, but also to have self sustainable improvements.

Basic Obstetric Anesthesia projects
The Obstetric Anesthesia Infrastructure Development (OAID) Project was launched in 2008 at the Women's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine. It has since been implemented at 24 additional hospitals. The OAID project involves a week-long, hands-on session offered by an interdisciplinary team from the United States, Canada, and Europe. The program is offered at 1 to 6 sites per year, depending on the number of volunteers and available resources. OAID is offered only to sites that meet specific screening requirements

NPLD-GHI OAID Site Screening Assessment:
 Adequate anesthesia manpower for 24/7 obstetric anesthesia coverage.
 Multidisciplinary incentives for labor analgesia.
 Financial and administrative support from hospital administration.

After the assessment, a team of 11 - 12 volunteers including obstetric anesthesiology attending physicians, anesthesiology residents, obstetricians, labor and delivery nurses, neonatologist or neonatal intensive care nurse, and interpreters travel to one of the screened hospitals. The team leader is typically a Chinese-born obstetric anesthesiologist practicing in the United States. The team leader is thus fluent in both Mandarin and English and familiar with Western standards of obstetric care. A typical week schedule consists daily themes: 1. Orientation day, 2. Mother safety day, 3. Baby safety day, 4. No pain day, 5. Patient satisfaction day, 6. Crash day, 7. Conference day.

The Obstetric Anesthesia Support (OAS) Project was established in 2014 as an alternative to OAID for hospitals that only partially met the screening metrics for OAID. Typically, this is intended for hospitals that lacked the necessary administration support. Rather than a 1-week visit by a NPLD-GHI team, the labor ward professionals from these hospitals are invited to OAID sites during the NPLD-GHI training week to observe educational activities. The goal of OAS is to maximize the NPLD-GHI's impact in hospitals with limited resources, especially personnel, and for the visiting Chinese professionals to take the knowledge acquired during the NPLD-GHI training sessions back to their own hospitals and implement it locally.

In order to meet the demands from Chinese private hospitals due to recently China's healthcare system reform, NPLD-GHI has started its Private Hospital (PH) Project, another alternative to OAID for mainly private hospitals since Sept. 2015.  A total of 12 hospitals have participated in the PH project by Oct. 2016.

References

Organizations established in 2006
Obstetrics and gynaecology organizations
Anesthesiology organizations


The Dwight Perkins House is a historic house located at 2319 Lincoln Street in Evanston, Illinois. The house was built in 1904 for architect Dwight H. Perkins and children's author and illustrator Lucy Fitch Perkins. Perkins designed his house in a style heavily influenced by the Prairie School and the Arts and Crafts Movement. The house was built from wood and stucco, materials characteristic of both styles which let the house blend into the surrounding nature. Its exterior decorative features include bracketed eaves, casement windows, trellises, and a half-timbered gable. Landscape architect Jens Jensen, a friend of the Perkinses, designed the house's surroundings, which include a reflecting pool. The inside of the house incorporates horizontal bands of windows which let in sunlight, unpainted wood features, and an open floor plan.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 29, 1985.

References

Prairie School architecture in Illinois
Houses completed in 1904
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Cook County, Illinois
Buildings and structures in Evanston, Illinois
Houses in Cook County, Illinois

Dwight Perkins House


Lossless data compression is a form of data compression, where no information is lost. This means that when the compressed data is uncompressed, it will be the same as the original data. Lossless data compression usually uses redundancy.

Many softwares uses this kind of compression. For example, it's used in the ZIP file format and the gzip tool. It is also part of some other techniques that remove information to make file sizes smaller.
In the case of lossy compression, some information is lost, and the reconstructed data will mot be the same as the original.

Data compression

Lossless data compression


The Phelps and Gorham Purchase was the sale, in 1788, of a portion of a large tract of land in western New York State owned by the Seneca nation of the Iroquois Confederacy to a syndicate of land developers led by Oliver Phelps and Nathaniel Gorham. The larger tract of land is generally known as the "Genesee tract" and roughly encompasses all that portion of New York State west of Seneca Lake, consisting of about .

According to the Treaty of Hartford (1786), it was agreed that the Genesee tract was owned by the Senecas, was a part of and under the jurisdiction of New York State, and that Massachusetts had the preemptive right to purchase the land from the Senecas. In other words, the Senecas could sell the land only to the owner of those preemptive rights, and that those rights were presently owned by Massachusetts. In 1787, Phelps and Gorham purchased these preemptive rights from Massachusetts for about $1,000,000 (£300,000), to be paid in three annual installments. (Some sources refer to this purchase of preemptive rights as the "Phelps and Gorham purchase".) On July 8, 1788 at the First Treaty of Buffalo Creek, Phelps and Gorham petitioned the Senecas to sell them the entire parcel, but the Senecas agreed to sell only the easternmost third of the tract, for $5000 and a perpetual annuity of $500 per year. This portion consisted of about  east of the Genesee River plus the  by  Mill Yard Tract along the river's northwestern bank.

Within a year, monetary values rose and, in combination with poor sales, the syndicate was unable to make the second of three payments for the land west of the Genesee River, forcing them to default on exercising the remainder of the purchase agreement. They were also forced to sell at a discount much of the land they had already bought title to but had not yet re-sold; it was purchased by Robert Morris of Philadelphia, financier, U.S. Founding Father, and Senator.

Origins and background

 Much of the land south of the St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario, and west of the Hudson River, had been historically occupied by the Iroquoian-speaking Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy well before any encounter with Europeans. Archaeological evidence suggests that Iroquoian peoples lived in the Finger Lakes region from at least 1000 CE; the nations known to the colonists are believed to have coalesced after that time, and formed their confederacy for internal peace among them. The Mohawk were the easternmost Iroquois tribe, occupying much of the Mohawk Valley west of Albany. The Onondaga and Oneida tribes lived near the eastern edge of this region of land purchases, closer to their namesake lakes, Lake Oneida and Onondaga Lake. (Onondaga territory had extended up to Lake Ontario). The Cayuga and Seneca nations lived to the west in the Finger Lakes region, with the Seneca the westernmost tribe.

Major Iroquois towns in the Finger Lakes region included the Seneca town of Gen-nis-he-yo (present-day Geneseo), Kanadaseaga (Seneca Castle, near present-day Geneva), Goiogouen (Cayuga Castle, east of Cayuga Lake), Chonodote (Cayuga town, present-day Aurora), and Catherine's Town (near present-day Watkins Glen).

The Iroquois nations had earlier formed a decentralized political and diplomatic Iroquois Confederacy. Allied as one of the most powerful Indian confederacies during colonial times, the Iroquois prevented most European colonization west of the middle of the Mohawk Valley and in the Finger Lakes region for nearly two centuries after first contact.

During colonial times, some smaller tribes moved into the Finger Lakes region, seeking the protection of the Iroquois. In about 1720, the Tuscarora tribe arrived, having migrated from the Carolinas after defeat by European colonists and Indian allies. They were also Iroquoian-speaking and were accepted as "cousins", forming the Sixth Nation of the Confederacy.

In 1753 remnants of several Virginia Siouan tribes, collectively called the Tutelo-Saponi, moved to the town of Coreorgonel at the south end of Cayuga Lake (near present-day Ithaca). They lived there until 1779, when their village was destroyed during the Revolutionary War by allied rebel forces.

The French colonized northern areas, moving in along the St. Lawrence River from early trading posts among Algonquian-speaking tribes on the Atlantic Coast; they founded Quebec in 1608. When Samuel de Champlain explored the St. Lawrence River, he claimed the region French Canada as including Western New York. The French sent traders and missionaries there, but ceded any claim in 1759 during the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years' War, in which they were defeated by Great Britain.

During the American Revolutionary War, four of the six Iroquois nations allied with the British, hoping to push American colonists out of their territory. The Oneida and the Tuscarora became allies of the rebel Americans. Within each tribe, there were often members on either side of the war, as the tribes were highly decentralized. Led by Joseph Brant, a war leader of the Mohawk, numerous Iroquois warriors joined in British attacks against the rebels, particularly in the Mohawk and Schoharie valleys. They attacked and killed settlers, took some women and children as captives, drove off their livestock, and burned their houses and barns. The Iroquois resisted colonists encroaching into their territory, which roughly comprised the Allegheny, Genesee, Upper Susquehanna and Chemung River basins. The Iroquois nations also raided American settlements in Western New York and along the Susquehanna River.

The colonists were angry and hungry for retaliation. In response, on July 31, 1779, Gen. George Washington ordered Gen. James Clinton and Gen. John Sullivan to march from Pennsylvania, near present-day Wilkes-Barre, to the Finger Lakes area of New York. The campaign mobilized 6200 Colonial troops, about 25% of the entire rebel army. Their orders were to

destroy all Indian villages and crops belonging to the six nations, to engage the Indian and Tory marauders under Brandt and Butler whenever possible, and to drive them so far west that future raids would be impossible.

Sullivan led his army on an expedition with the goal of subduing the Iroquois in the region. Although they did not kill many Natives, his forces destroyed much of the Iroquois homelands, including 40 villages such as the major Cayuga villages of Cayuga Castle and Chonodote (Peachtown) and their surrounding fields. In the area from Albany to Niagara, they  emptied their winter stores, which included at least 160,000 bushels of stored corn along "with a vast quantity of vegetables of every kind". These actions denied both the Iroquois and the British the food needed to sustain their war effort. The formerly self-sufficient Iroquois fled as refugees, gathering at Fort Niagara to seek food from the British. Weakened by their ordeal and famine, thousands of Iroquois died of starvation and disease. Their warriors no longer were a major factor in the war. The Continental Army took heart from their punishment of the Iroquois on the frontier.

During their advance west, Sullivan's army took a route to New York through northeast Pennsylvania.  They had to cut a new road through lightly inhabited areas of the Pocono Mountains (this trail is known today as "Sullivan's Trail"). When the troops returned to Pennsylvania, they told very favorable stories of the region that impressed potential settlers.

Treaty of Hartford

Following the American Revolution, there were a confusing collection of contradictory royal charters from James I, Charles I, and Charles II, mixed with a succession of treaties with the Dutch and with the Indians, which made the legal situation for land sales intractable. Following the war, Great Britain ceded all its claims to the territory, including lands controlled by the Iroquois, who were not consulted.

To stimulate settlement, the  federal government planned to release much of these millions of acres of land for sale. Before that could happen, New York and Massachusetts had to settle their competing claims for a region west of New York. (Massachusetts' colonial claim had extended west without end.) The two states signed the Treaty of Hartford in December 1786. With the treaty, Massachusetts ceded its claim to the United States government, and sovereignty and jurisdiction of the region to New York State.

The treaty established Massachusett's pre-emptive rights  right to negotiate with the Iroquois nations for their  aboriginal title  to the land ahead of New York, and also gave the two states the exclusive rights ahead of individuals to buy the land. Anyone else who wanted to purchase title to or ownership of land from the Iroquois was required to first obtain Massachusetts' approval.

After the adoption of the United States Constitution in 1787, the federal government ratified the states' compact. In April 1788, Phelps and Gorham bought the preemptive rights from Massachusetts, but this did not get them the right to develop or re-sell the land. They only obtained exclusive right to negotiate with the Iroquois and obtain clear title to the land. For this preemptive right, they paid Massachusetts $1,000,000 (£300,000) (about $ million in )). This was to be paid in three annual installments.

By an act of the Massachusetts Legislature approved April 1, 1788, it was provided that "this Commonwealth doth hereby agree, to grant, sell & convey to Oliver Phelps and Nathaniel Gorham, for a purchase price of $1,000,000, payable in three equal annual installments all the Right, Title & Demand, which the said Commonwealth has in & to the said 'Western Territory' ceded to it by the Treaty of Hartford." But first Phelps and Gorham had to go up against competing companies and persuade the Iroquois to give up their title to the land.

Council at Buffalo Creek
The New York Genesee Land Company, led by John Livingston, was one of the competitors to acquire title to these lands. He gathered several of the chiefs together at Geneva. To circumvent New York state law that only permitted the state to buy land from the natives, he negotiated a lease for a term of 999 years for all the Iroquois lands of Western New York. This included a down payment of $20,000 and an annual payment of $200 to their heirs. But when New York state learned of his agreement, it advised all parties including the natives that the lease had no standing in either Massachusetts or New York.

Another competitor was the Niagara Genesee Land Company formed by  Colonel John Butler, Samuel Street, and other Tory friends of the Iroquois. They tried to persuade the Iroquois to grant them a lease. Some proposed that an independent state be created in western New York.

Phelps eliminated many of his competitors by persuading them to join his syndicate. Phelps and Gorham retained 82 shares for themselves, sold 15 shares to the Niagara Genesee Land Company, and divided another 23 shares among 21 persons.

On July 8, 1788, Phelps met with the original Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy, including the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca nations, at Buffalo Creek. His goal was to execute a deed or treaty and obtain title to a portion of their land. The Oneida were split by internal divisions over whether they should give up their title.

Missionary influence
Phelps was aided by Samuel Kirkland, a Presbyterian minister and missionary among the Oneida. Kirkland had been appointed by the state of Massachusetts to oversee the transaction. Kirkland had previously taken part in six prior illegal land treaties made by individual states with the Indians, in violation of federal authority over Indian affairs. Only the US government had the authority to make treaties with the Native American nations.

Kirkland encouraged the Oneida and other Iroquois to sell their land to the whites in part because he was convinced that they "would never become farmers unless forced to by the loss of land for hunting." Kirkland also benefitted from the land sales, receiving  around present day Utica from New York State and from the Oneida people. Kirkland was determined to build the Hamilton-Oneida Academy and needed financial support from the wealthy land speculators. In November 1790, some Iroquois, including Cornplanter, accused Phelps, Kirkland, and the Mohawk chief Joseph Brant of altering deeds in order to favor Phelps.

Land ownership
The Indians believed they were owners of the land, but Phelps persuaded the Chiefs that, since they had been allies to the defeated British during the Revolutionary War, and since the British had given up the lands in the 1783 peace treaty, the tribes could expect to retain only the lands granted by the United States. Phelps and Gorham wanted to buy , but the Iroquois refused to sell the rights to 185,000 acre (749 km2) west of the Genesee River.

Mill Yard Tract
Phelps suggested that the Iroquois could use a grist mill to grind their maize which would relieve the women of the grinding work. The Indians asked how much land was needed for a grist mill, and Phelps suggested a huge section of land west of the Genesee River, much larger than actually required, extending west from the river , running south from Lake Ontario approximately , and totaling about . The section stretches from near the present-day town of Avon north to the community of Charlotte at Lake Ontario and encompasses Rochester. The Iroquois agreed.

Within this area on the west bank, Phelps and Gorham gave  at the high falls of the Genesee River to Ebenezer "Indian" Allen, on the condition that he build the grist mill and sawmill. The grist mill was distant from potential customers—only about 25 families lived on the west bank at the time—and there were no roads going to it from the few nearby farms on the west bank of the river. It never prospered. Allen's tract became the nucleus of modern Rochester, New York. The section of land on the west bank of the Genesee River became known as the Mill Yard Tract.

Purchase agreement
Phelps and his company paid the Indians $5,000 cash and promised an annual annuity of $500 to their heirs forever. The agreement gave them title to , included approximately the eastern third of the territory ceded to Massachusetts by the Treaty of Hartford, from the Genesee River in the west to the Preemption Line in the east, which was the boundary that had been set between the lands awarded to Massachusetts and those awarded to New York State by the Treaty of Hartford.

Boundaries established by Phelps' agreement were reaffirmed between the United States and the Six Nations by Article 3 of the Treaty of Canandaigua in 1794. The scrip's low value substantially reduced Massachusetts' proceeds from the sale.

Area boundaries

After the Revolutionary War ended, the Iroquois chiefs had been assured by the US government in the 1784 Fort Stanwix treaty that their lands would remain theirs unless the Indians made new cessions—as a result of regular councils duly convened and conducted according to tribal custom. The eastern boundary was defined by a Preemption Line, which was anchored on the south at the 82nd milestone on the New York-Pennsylvania boundary line and on the north by Lake Ontario.  The treaties gave Massachusetts the right to buy from the Native Americans and resell all territory west of the Preemption Line, while New York State retained the right to govern that territory. New York State would add to its territory all land east of the Preemption Line.

The Fort Stanwix Treaty and earlier treaties established the approximate western boundary, but a survey was required to establish the exact line.  Phelps believed that the line ran through Seneca Lake and included the former Cayuga settlement of Kandesaga, present-day Geneva, New York. He planned to make Geneva the headquarters and location of the land sales office. He hired Col. Hugh Maxwell, a man of high reputation, to perform the survey. During his original survey for Phelps and Gorham, Maxwell was assisted by Augustus Porter and other surveyors.

Maxwell and his assistants started a preliminary survey on June 13, 1788, from the 82-mile stone on the Pennsylvania Line. The trial survey reached Seneca Lake. The actual survey was started on July 25, 1788, and when the surveyors reached the area of Kandesaga, the line was fixed west of Seneca Lake and Kandesaga, which survived as a key town in the region. Oliver Phelps was extremely upset when he learned that the survey did not include Seneca Lake or the Indian village. He wrote a letter to Col. William Walker, the local agent responsible for the survey, and requested that they survey be redone in that area. For unknown reasons, it was not completed.

On the west, the survey ran north from the Pennsylvania border to the confluence of Canaseraga Creek and the Genesee River. The survey line followed the river to a point  north of Canawagus Village, and then due west  distant from the westernmost bend, and then due north to the shore of Lake Ontario. Maxwell divided the land into ranges  wide from north to south.  Maxwell's work later became known as "The First Survey."

Settlers arrive
Phelps opened one of the first land sales offices in the U.S. in Suffield, Connecticut and another in Canandaigua. During the next two years, they sold  at a higher price to a number of buyers. People arrived from New England, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and from across the Atlantic, from England and Scotland. Settlers also included veterans who had fought under General Sullivan. There was considerable land hunger among people in New England, who had been crowded for some time.

Financial difficulties
Many purchasers were buying land for speculative purposes and quickly resold it. For example, Oliver Phelps sold township 3, range 2, to Prince Bryant of Pennsylvania on September 5, 1789. Prince Bryant sold the land a month later to Elijah Babcock, who in turn sold various parcels to Roger Clark, Samuel Tooker, David Holmes, and William Babcock. The syndicate was able to sell about half of its holdings.

Syndicate defaults

However, within the year, currency values rose in anticipation of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton's plan to nationalize the debts of the states forming the new nation. This raised the value of the consolidated securities Phelps and Gorham had used to buy the land, effectively quadrupling the syndicate's debt and substantially inflating the amount required to purchase title from the Iroquois for the remaining . The syndicate sold about 50 townships but the purchasers were mainly stockholders who had accepted land in exchange for interest on the loan principal. Fewer emigrants bought land than expected, reducing the income expected by the syndicate. Two of the three bonds financing the purchase were canceled, but even when the debt was reduced to $109,333 (£31,000) (about $ million in ), the syndicate was unable to make the next payment. In August 1790, the reverses forced Phelps to sell his Suffield home and his interest in the Hartford National Bank and Trust Co. of Connecticut

In early 1791, the syndicate was unable to make the second payment on the preemptive right to the lands west of the Genesee River, comprising some , and the land reverted to Massachusetts on March 10, 1791. On March 12, Massachusetts agreed to sell these rights to Robert Morris for $333,333.33 (about $ million in ). Morris was a signatory of the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution, and was the major financier of the American Revolution. At the time, he was the richest man in America. Morris paid about 11 or 12 cents an acre for the land, or about $9,878 (£24,695) (about $ thousand in ). The land was conveyed to Morris in five deeds on May 11, 1791. On August 10, 1790, the syndicate sold the remaining lands of the Genesee tract directly to Morris, with the exception of about 47,000 acres retained by Phelps and Gorham. The deed was conveyed on November 18, 1790, and specified that the tract should contain 1 million acres, and any amount over that would require further payment.

On September 21, 1791, Geneva was described as "a small, unhealthy village with about 15 houses, all of log construction except three. There are about 20 families."

Survey inaccuracies
When Morris bought the property, issues with the first survey were well known. The purchase deed stated, "A manifest error has been committed in the laying out and dividing the same, so that a new survey must be laid in order to correct the said error." Some accounts from early in the 20th century attribute errors discovered during the second survey to the primitive instruments used by the surveyors, but allegations of fraud were also made. A description of the survey in 1892 cast suspicion on an assistant surveyor named Jenkins, who was supposed to have altered the survey line to favor his employer, Peter Ryckman. He wanted to control the site of present-day Geneva. Ryckman had previously sought to buy the land directly from the Iroquois, but it was illegal under New York state law for him to buy land from the natives, and his contract was voided by the state. When a new survey was commissioned, Maxwell's survey became known as "The First Survey."

Adam Hoops was hired to lead a team of new surveyors, who discovered that Maxwell erred on both the eastern preemption line and the western boundary. Maxwell had located the westernmost boundary of the Millyard Tract in the belief that the Genesee River ran due north. Hoops' team found that Maxwell had made a serious error when he ignored the variance between magnetic north and true north. A survey team that Benjamin Ellicott headed found in November–December 1792 that the preemption line ran through Seneca Lake and north along a line to Lake Ontario near the center of Sodus Bay, about four miles west of the line surveyed by Maxwell.  The line now divides the city of Geneva and the Town of Waterloo in Border City. The old preemption line reached Lake Ontario, three miles west of Sodus Bay. The new line terminated near the center of the head of the bay. The new preemption line traveled in a northeasterly direction from the west end of the southern boundary.

In his new survey, Hoops established that the western boundary of the Mill Yard tract included a gore-shaped tract of land about  west of the Genesee River, that should have been retained by the Iroquois. To make it easier, Morris' syndicate returned an equivalent amount of land on the west, a  parcel known as the Triangle Tract, to the Iroquois. Morris then purchased the rights to the Triangle Tract from the Iroquois; this land became part of the Morris Reserve. The area of land purchased by Morris was fixed at .  Hoop's corrected survey became known as the "Second Survey" and was accepted by Simeon DeWitt, New York's surveyor-general, in a resolution passed by the state on March 24, 1795.

London investors purchase land
After buying the land from the state of Massachusetts in early 1790, Morris almost immediately resold  through his London agent William Temple Franklin to the Pulteney Associates, led by Sir William Pulteney. He sold at more than double the price he had paid. Sir William Pulteney bought 9/12ths interest, William Hornby 2/12ths, and Patrick Colquhoun 1/12th interest. At the time non-citizens could not legally hold title to land. The buyers sent Charles Williamson from Scotland, and he was naturalized on January 9, 1792, in order to permit him to hold the land in trust for the owners. He relocated to the United States in February 1792 and settled on the tract. Morris conveyed the deed to Williamson on April 11, 1792, and was paid $333,333 (£75,000). The U.S. Congress had passed The Coinage Act which established the U.S. Mint and the dollar as its official currency only a week before. Morris made a profit of over $160,000 on the transaction.

The Pulteney Purchase, or the Genesee Tract, as it was also known, comprised all of the present counties of Ontario, Steuben and Yates, as well as portions of Allegany, Livingston, Monroe, Schuyler and Wayne counties. After Sir William Pulteney's death in 1805, it was known as the Pulteney Estate.

Holland Land Purchase
Morris sold additional land in December 1792 and in February and July 1793 to the Holland Land Company, an unincorporated syndicate formed by Willem Willink and thirteen other Dutch bankers. The bankers hired American trustees in the United States to take title to the land, because New York state law made it illegal for them to own the property directly. Robert Morris prevailed upon the New York Legislature to repeal that ordinance, which it did shortly thereafter, as it was eager to have the lands developed into settlements.

The investors of the Holland Land Company could in a worst-case scenario resell their property, i.e. the right to purchase aboriginal land. The investors expected a significant profit if they could obtain clear title from the Iroquois and sell unencumbered parcels of land. They organized a council at Big Tree in the summer of 1797. The council was attended by the Iroquois sachems, Robert Morris, James Wadsworth (who represented the federal government), and Joseph Ellicott, who represented the Holland Land Company. The Europeans and Americans found Red Jacket, chief of the Seneca, very difficult to negotiate with. The Dutch gave presents to the influential women of the tribes, and offered generous payments to several other chiefs to influence their cooperation. They offered the Iroquois about 200,000 acres in return as reservations for the tribes. The result was the Treaty of Big Tree.

In 1802, the Holland Land Company opened its sales office in Batavia, managed by surveyor and agent Joseph Ellicott.<ref name=History>History of Batavia, New York  from Our County and Its People: A Descriptive and Biographical Record of Genesee County, New York (1899)</ref> The office remained open until 1846 when the company was finally dissolved. The Company granted some plots of land to persons with the condition that they establish improvements, such as inns and taverns, to encourage growth. The building that housed the Holland Land Office still exists; it is operated as a museum dedicated to the Holland Purchase and is designated a National Historic Landmark.

 Morris Reserve
Morris kept  in a  strip along the east side of the lands acquired from Massachusetts, from the Pennsylvania border to Lake Ontario. This later became known as the Morris Reserve. At the north end of the Morris Reserve, Morris sold a  triangular-shaped tract to Herman Leroy, William Bayard, and John McEvers. This was nicknamed the Triangle Tract. A  tract due west of the Triangle Tract was sold to the State of Connecticut.

In May 1796, John Barker Church accepted a mortgage on another 100,000 acres of the Morris Reserve in present-day Allegany County and Genesee County, against a debt owed to him by Morris. After Morris failed to pay the mortgage, Church foreclosed, and Church's son Philip Schuyler Church acquired the land in May 1800. Philip began the settlement of Allegany and Genesee counties by founding the village of Angelica, New York.

As noted above, in September 1797 under the Treaty of Big Tree, negotiated and signed at Geneseo, New York, Morris gained the remaining title to all the lands west of the Genesee held by the Iroquois. Morris paid $100,000  (equivalent to about $ million in ) along with perpetual annuities, among other concessions. He created ten reservations for the Iroquois nations within the purchase; these totalled 200,000 acres (800 km2), in comparison to the millions of acres they had ceded. The remainder of the Morris Reserve was quickly subdivided and settled.

 Subdivision into counties of New York

In 1802, the entire Holland Purchase, as well as the 500,000 acre (2,000 km2) Morris Reserve immediately to the east, was split off from Ontario County and organized as Genesee County.

In the ensuing 40 years after Genesee County was formed, it was repeatedly split to form all or parts of the counties of Allegany (1806), Niagara (1808), Cattaraugus (1808), Chautauqua (1808), Erie (1821), Monroe (1821), Livingston (1821), Orleans (1824), and Wyoming (1841).

 Legacy
Many of the men who were active in these land sales were honored, either by their business associates or by settlers, in the place names of new villages. Many of the original villages have retained their identity as the central district of a larger town:

 Busti, a town in Chautauqua County, named for agent Paolo Busti
 Cazenovia, a town and its village in Madison County, named for agent Theophilus Cazenove
 Ellicott, a town in Chautauqua County, named for surveyor Joseph Ellicott
 Ellicottville, a town and its village in Cattaraugus County, also named for Joseph Ellicott
 Franklinville, a town and its village in Cattaraugus County, named for agent William Temple Franklin, a grandson of Benjamin Franklin
 Gorham, a town in Ontario County, named for Nathaniel Gorham
 Holland, a town in Erie County, named for the Holland Purchase or the Holland Land Company
 Leroy, New York, a town in Genesee County, named for Herman Le Roy, one of the purchasers of the Triangle Tract.
 Mount Morris, a town and its village in Livingston County, named for Robert Morris
 Phelps, a town and its village in Ontario County, named for Oliver Phelps
 Williamson, a town in Wayne County, named for Charles Williamson

In contrast, Angelica, a town and its village in Allegany County, were named by landowner Philip Church for his mother, Angelica Schuyler Church.

 See also
 Fellows v. Blacksmith, 60 U.S. 366 (1857)
 New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble, 62 U.S. 366 (1858)
 Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy'', 162 U.S. 283 (1896)

References

Further reading

  (PDF format)

External links
 Animations of Land Acquisitions (Map Scene 5) – video for Adobe Flash Player

Former regions and territories of the United States
History of New York (state)
Aboriginal title in New York
Iroquois

Phelps and Gorham Purchase


Varsity Blues is a 1999 American comedy and drama sports movie. It is about a small town high school football team and their coach.

Plot
Jonathan "Mox" Moxon is an intelligent and academically talented quarterback on the West Canaan High School football team. But although he is popular at school, has a smart girlfriend and has easy friendships with other players, he isn't satisfied with his life. He wants to attend Brown University in Rhode Island. He is constantly disagreeing with his football-obsessed father Sam.

The verbally abusive Bud Kilmer cares just for winning, and at all costs. Kilmer has won two state titles and 22 district championships. His philosophy, though, begins taking a toll on the team's all state starting quarterback, Lance Harbor. Harbor is Jules's brother.

Cast
 James Van Der Beek as Jonathon "Mox" Moxon, an academically successful, rebellious backup quarterback
 Jon Voight as Bud Kilmer, the Coyotes' 30-year head coach
 Paul Walker as Lance Harbor, the original captain and starting quarterback of the Coyotes, and Jules's older brother
 Amy Smart as Jules Harbor, Mox's girlfriend and Lance's younger sister
 Ron Lester as Billy Bob, an overweight, powerful offensive guard
 Scott Caan as Charlie Tweeder, a wild, hard partying wide receiver for the Coyotes
 Eliel Swinton as Wendell Brown, the running back and one of three African American players on the team
 Ali Larter as Darcy Sears, Lance's girlfriend and the head cheerleader
 Richard Lineback as Joe Harbor, Lance's and Jules's father
 Thomas F. Duffy as Sam Moxon, Mox's football-obsessed father
 Joe Pichler as Kyle Moxon, Mox's younger brother who is into religion rather than football

Reception
The movie opened at #1 at the United States' box office. It made $17.5 million in its opening week.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times said in his review: "Scenes work, but they don't pile up or build momentum."

Awards
 1999 Teen Choice Awards
 Choice Movie: Breakout Star — James Van Der Beek (won)
 Choice Movie: Drama (nominated)
 Choice Movie: Soundtrack

 1999 MTV Movie Awards
 Best Breakout Male Performance: James Van Der Beek (won)
 Best Movie Song: Nice Guys Finish Last by Green Day (nominated)

 2000 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards
 Best Male Newcomer: James Van Der Beek (nominated)

References

1999 comedy-drama movies
1990s sports movies
American comedy-drama movies
American sports movies

Varsity Blues


Mihály Iglói (September 5, 1908 – January 4, 1998) was a Hungarian distance running coach. Iglói coached runners such as Sándor Iharos, István Rózsavölgyi, László Tábori, Bob Schul and Jim Beatty. Counting both outdoors and indoors, and distances no longer officially recognized, Iglói's students achieved 49 world records.

Iglói's athletic career and rise to fame as a coach
Iglói was a notable runner in the 1930s. A multiple-time Hungarian champion, Iglói participated in the 1500 metres at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, but was eliminated in the heats. Iglói became the coach of Honvéd Budapest, then the Hungarian army club, in 1950, and the results of his pupils steadily improved.

The first world records for the Honvéd Budapest runners came as team efforts in the uncommon 4 × 1500 m relay in 1953 and 1954. Wholesale individual record breaking began on May 14, 1955, with Sándor Iharos beating Gaston Reiff's old 3000 metres record in Budapest with a time of 7:55.6. By the end of that year, Iharos held the world records over 1500 metres, 3000 metres, two miles and 5000 metres. István Rózsavölgyi had smashed the previous record over 2000 metres by almost five seconds with a time of 5:02.2; this was arguably the most impressive single mark by any of Iglói's Hungarian pupils, and lasted longer than any of Iharos' records. (It was eventually broken by Michel Jazy on June 14, 1962 with a time of 5:01.6.) László Tábori had tied Iharos' 1500m mark, and had become the third man in the world to run a four-minute mile.

1956 Melbourne Olympics
As the form of Iglói's students continued in the Olympic year 1956, with both Rózsavölgyi and Iharos running further world records, team Hungary seemed poised to take the lion's share of medals in the long track events. However, that was not to be. The team's mentality and spirit was badly shaken as the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was bloodily crushed by the Soviet military just weeks before the Melbourne Olympics. Iharos missed Melbourne entirely due to an ankle injury. Tábori and Rózsavölgyi underperformed and finished out of medals.

Career in the United States
Iglói (and Tábori) did not return to the communist Hungary after the Olympics. They moved to the United States and eventually migrated to the west coast, with Iglói becoming the coach of the Los Angeles Track Club and later the Santa Monica Track Club. Though Tábori stayed in good shape and continued to compete, his international career was effectively over, as he could no longer run for Hungary and was not yet a US citizen.

Iglói, however, now had access to a talented generation of American runners, several of whom would eventually make an international impact. On February 10, 1962, Jim Beatty became the first man to run a four-minute mile indoors. Beatty also set world records over two miles both outdoors and indoors and American records over many other distances. Bob Schul became a world-beater in 1964, running a new two mile world record (8:26.4) and winning the Olympic 5000 metres in Tokyo that year with an impressive last lap sprint. However, injuries forced both Schul and Beatty to retire prematurely.

Still continuing his coaching career, Iglói moved to Greece in 1970, but did not meet with similar success there. After the fall of communism in Hungary he moved back to his native country, and died in Budapest in 1998.

Training methods
The key to Iglói's methods was interval training. Arduous training sessions twice a day sought to develop both speed and stamina. A typical Iglói session involved tens of repetitions of sprints of up to 400 metres with only short jog recoveries, distance run in the longest and hardest sessions totaling up to as much as 35 kilometers. Compared to other similar interval training systems, Iglói's had an emphasis on repetitions of such short sprints as 100 or 200 metres. His method was also inspired by the 'style' running of the 1930s  in that he never used a stop watch but regarded his runners intensely and broke up the set of intervals when the described speed (e.g. 'good swing tempo') could no longer be run as relaxed as demanded

References

1908 births
1998 deaths
Hungarian male middle-distance runners
Hungarian sports coaches
Hungarian emigrants to the United States
Olympic athletes for Hungary
Hungarian athletics coaches
Athletes (track and field) at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Hungarian defectors
Defectors to the United States
20th-century Hungarian people

Mihály Iglói


A wale is one of the strakes of wooden planking that forms the outer skin of the hull of a ship, but substantially thicker than the other strakes. It provides extra stiffening and strength to the hull. It was a common feature of heavy wooden ship construction, particularly from the Middle Ages to the early years of the 19th century, being a major constructional component of ships like ,  and many earlier vessels.

A wale (or "waler") is a horizontal supporting member of a concrete forming system, vertically reinforced by a "strongback".

A wale is also a horizontal member of a geotechnical tieback wall, which transmits the force from the tieback to the beams.

See also
Strake

References

External links

Shipbuilding

Wale (ship part)


The New Left: The Anti-Industrial Revolution is a 1971 collection of essays by the philosopher Ayn Rand, in which the author argues that religion, the New Left, and similar forces are irrational and harmful. Most of the essays originally appeared in The Objectivist. A revised edition appeared in 1975, and an expanded edition edited by Peter Schwartz was published in 1999 under the title Return of the Primitive: The Anti-Industrial Revolution.

Background
The inspiration for collecting these essays into a book came from a reader, who wrote Rand a letter complimenting several of the essays and suggesting she put them out as a book to counteract the influence of the New Left among college students.

Publication history
The first edition of the book was published by New American Library in 1971, as a paperback under its Signet imprint. A revised edition, adding the essay "The Age of Envy", appeared in 1975.

In 1999, Rand's estate authorized publication of an expanded edition titled Return of the Primitive: The Anti-Industrial Revolution. It was edited by Peter Schwartz and added a new introduction by Schwartz, as well as two essays by Rand ("Racism" was included in The Virtue of Selfishness, and "Global Balkanization" was in The Voice of Reason) and three by Schwartz ("Gender Tribalism", "The Philosophy of Privation", and "Multicultural Nihilism").

Reception
The book received little attention from reviewers when it was first released. In a survey of Rand's works, historian James T. Baker described the book's essays as "shrill proclamations" that are "more negative than positive, more destructive than constructive." Rand bibliographer Mimi Reisel Gladstein said the book's topics "seem dated", but "as Rand's predictions about the negative results of some of the practices she rails against come about, one begins to appreciate the perceptiveness of her logic."

References

Footnotes

Works cited

1971 non-fiction books
American essay collections
Books about the New Left
Books by Ayn Rand
Books in political philosophy
English-language books
Objectivist books
New American Library books


The Carlton County Courthouse in Carlton, Minnesota, United States, is the county seat of Carlton County, Minnesota.  The county seat was originally located in Cloquet, with a jail located at the town of Northern Pacific Junction.  In 1890, residents of Northern Pacific Junction raised funds to build a courthouse, which was a two-story brick building with a high-pitched gable roof.  The current building took about two years to build, being completed in 1924.  It is a three-story building with cream-colored brick and stone.

The Carlton County Vidette praised Clyde Kelly, the architect, with these words: "Unquestionably, the man who assumes the responsibility of being the architect for a building like this is entitled to great consideration.  To him is left the superintending of the placing of every stock and stone in the building ... to make the structure as perfect as possible."

References

Buildings and structures in Carlton County, Minnesota
County courthouses in Minnesota
Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Government buildings completed in 1922
Renaissance Revival architecture in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Carlton County, Minnesota
1922 establishments in Minnesota

Carlton County Courthouse


Arkanites is a goniatitid ammonite that lived during the Early Pennsylvanian that has been found in Arkansas and Oklahoma in the U.S.

Morphology
The shell of Arkanites is subglobose, rather evolute, with a moderately wide umbilicus and a broadly rounded venter (or rim).  Sculpture consists of well developed umbilical ribbing, sometimes with nodelike bases, and broad, deep, ventrolateral grooves.  The ventral lobe of the suture, which sits on the outer rim, is large, with a median saddle that exceeds half its overall height. The first lateral saddle is broadly rounded, the adventitious lobe is large and pointed.

Taxonomy
Arkanites is possibly derived from Retites and closely related to Quinnites, all which come from the Lower Pennsylvanian (Morrowan). Retites and Quinnites are found together in Arkansas; Arkanites separately in Arkansas and Oklahoma. Retites has also been reported from the southern Urals of Russia and from Inner Mongolia, China.

References

Arkanites in GONIAT Online 6/6/12
Arkanites Paleodb 6/6/12.
W. B. Saunders, D. M. Work, and S. V. Nikolaeva, 1999. Evolution of Complexity in Paleozoic Ammonoid Sutures, Supplementary Material.  Science Magazine

Pennsylvanian ammonites
Goniatitida genera
Reticuloceratidae
Carboniferous ammonites of North America

Arkanites


The Huronian glaciation (or Makganyene glaciation) was a period where several ice ages occurred during the deposition of the Huronian Supergroup, rather than a single continuous event as it is commonly misrepresented to be. The deposition of this group extended from 2.5 billion years ago (Gya) to 2.2 Gya, during the Siderian and Rhyacian periods of the Paleoproterozoic era. This led to the deposition of several diamictites. Most of the deposits of the Huronian are typical passive margin deposits in a marine setting. The diamictites within the Huronian are on par in thickness with Quaternary analogs.

Evidence comes from glacial deposits identified within the stratigraphic record of the Huronian Supergroup. Within it are three distinct formations of diamictite, from the oldest to youngest, the Ramsay, Bruce, and Gowganda Formations. Although there are other glacial deposits recognized throughout the world, the Huronian is restricted to the North American Midwest. Other similar deposits are known from South Africa.

The Huronian glaciation broadly coincides with the Great Oxygenation Event (GOE), a time when increased atmospheric oxygen decreased atmospheric methane. The oxygen reacted with the methane to form carbon dioxide and water, both much weaker greenhouse gases than methane, greatly reducing the efficacy of the greenhouse effect, especially as water vapor readily precipitated out of the air with dropping temperature. This caused an icehouse effect and, possibly compounded by the low solar irradiation at the time as well as reduced geothermal activities, the combination of increasing free oxygen (which causes oxidative damage to organic compounds)  and climatic stresses likely caused an extinction event, the first and longest lasting in the Earth's history, which wiped out most of the anaerobe-dominated microbial mats both on the Earth's surface and in shallow seas.

Discovery and name
In 1907, Arthur Philemon Coleman first inferred a "lower Huronian ice age" from analysis of a geological formation near Lake Huron in North America. This formation consists of two non-glacial sediment deposits found between three horizons of glacial deposits of the Huronian Supergroup, deposited between 2.5 and 2.2 Gya. Despite the name, the Huronian glaciation does not in fact represent a single glaciation.

The confusion of the terms glaciation and ice age has led to the more recent impression that the entire time period represents a single glacial event. The term Huronian is used to describe a lithostratigraphic supergroup and should not be used to describe glacial cycles, according to The North American Stratigraphic Code, which defines the proper naming of geologic physical and chrono units. Diachronic or geochronometric units should be used.

Geology and climate

The Gondwana Formation (2.3 Gya) contains "the most widespread and most convincing glaciogenic deposits of this era", according to Eyles and Young. Similar deposits are found in Michigan (2.23–2.15 Gya), the Black Hills (2.6–1.6 Gya), Chibougamau, Canadian Northern Territories (2.1 Gya) and Wyoming. Similar age deposits occur in the Griquatown Basin (2.3 Gya), India (1.8 Gya) and Australia (2.5—2.0 Gya).

The tectonic setting was one of a rifting continental margin. New continental crust would have resulted in chemical weathering. This weathering would pull CO2 out of the atmosphere, cooling the planet through the reduction in greenhouse effect.

Popular perception is that one or more of the glaciations may have been snowball earth events, when all or almost all of the earth was covered in ice, or even that the entire period of deposition was one snowall earth event. However the palaeomagnetic evidence that suggests ice sheets were present at low latitudes is contested, and the glacial sediments (diamictites) are discontinuous, alternating with carbonate rocks and other sediments indicating temperate climates, providing scant evidence for global glaciation.

Implications of the Huronian

Before the Huronian Ice Age, most organisms were anaerobic, relying on chemosynthesis and retinal-based anoxygenic photosynthesis for production of biological energy and biocompounds. But around this time, cyanobacteria evolved porphyrin-based oxygenic photosynthesis, which produced dioxygen as a waste product. At first, most of this oxygen was dissolved in the ocean, and afterwards absorbed through the reduction by surface ferrous compounds, atmospheric methane and hydrogen sulfide. However, as the cyanobacterial photosynthesis continued, the cumulative oxygen oversaturated the reductive reservoir of the Earth's surface and spilt out as free oxygen that "polluted" the atmosphere, leading to a permanent change to the atmospheric chemistry known as the Great Oxygenation Event. The once-reducing atmosphere, now an oxidizing one, was highly reactive and toxic to the then-anaerobic biosphere. Further more, atmospheric methane was depleted by oxygen and reduced to trace gas levels, and replaced by much less powerful greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor, the latter of which was also readily precipitated out of the air at low temperatures. Earth's surface temperature dropped significantly, partly because of the reduced greenhouse effect and partly because solar luminosity and/or geothermal activities were also lower at that time, leading to an icehouse Earth.

After the combined impact of oxidization and climate change devastated the anaerobic biosphere (then likely dominated by archaeal microbial mats), aerobic organisms capable of oxygen respiration were able to proliferate rapidly and exploit the ecological niches vacated by anaerobes in most environments. The surviving anaerobe colonies were forced to adapt a symbiotic living among aerobes, with the anaerobes contributing the organic materials that aerobes needed, and the aerobes consuming and "detoxing" the surrounding of oxygen molecules lethal to the anaerobes. This might have also caused some anaerobic archaea to begin invaginating their cell membranes into endomembranes in order to shield and protect the cytoplasmic nucleic acids, allowing endosymbiosis with aerobic eubacteria (which eventually became ATP-producing mitochondria), and this symbiogenesis contributed to the evolution of eukaryotic organisms during the Proterozoic.

See also
 Timeline of glaciation

References

Paleoproterozoic geology
Precambrian geochronology
Glaciology
Ice ages
Extinction events
Proterozoic North America

Huronian glaciation


Mothetjoa Metsing (born 2 February 1967) is a former Deputy Prime Minister of Lesotho. He is a member and current leader of the Lesotho Congress for Democracy (LCD).  He served in the government of Prime Minister Tom Thabane between 2012 and 2015. In 2014, he was involved in controversy over an alleged coup attempt against the prime minister that was eventually resolved over calls for an early election.

Political career
Before the 2012 general election, the ruling Lesotho Congress for Democracy suffered a split because of Prime Minister Pakalitha Mosisili's refusal to cede power. Mosisili then founded a new party called the Democratic Congress. LCD Secretary-General Mothetjoa Metsing then moved to lead the LCD. Tom Thabane leads another faction that broke away in 2006, the All Basotho Convention. The LCD's Metsing said that he would not take part in a national unity government. In like measure the ABC ruled out working with the LCD. Yet after the election, the two parties, along with the Basotho National Party, were part of a coalition government.

Attempted coup d'état

Following political tensions and the suspension of parliament over the controversial change of the head of the army from Lieutenant General Kennedy Tlali Kamoli to Lieutenant General Maaparankoe Mahao, an alleged attempted coup d'état forced Thabane to flee the country. He then returned under cover of South African and Namibian police, who guarded him around-the-clock. Under the auspices of the SADC, mediation led by South African Deputy President Cyril Ramaphosa resulted in a call for an early election. Lesotho's King Letsie III set February 28, 2015, as the date for the election. Thabane was backed by the national police, while his deputy Metsing was backed by the army, which refused to recognise the change in army leadership.

On June 5, 2017, upon losing the latest round of National elections, Mr. Metsing made the following statement; "The LDF would need to be 'protected' from Prime Minister-elect Thomas Thabane who sealed an agreement yesterday with three other parties to form government.".
The former deputy premier said the army needed to be "protected" for their role in propping up the outgoing government. Mr Metsing has been accused of collaborating with the LDF in his political fights, although he and the military have vehemently denied the allegations. ABC leader and former premier Thomas Thabane accused Mr Metsing of helping to plan an LDF raid on three key Maseru police stations on the morning of 30 August 2014 which the former described as a coup attempt. The raid, which left one police officer dead, triggered a chain of unsavoury events that led to the collapse of the Dr Thabane-led coalition government and intervention by the international community in an effort to avert a complete breakdown of the rule of law in Lesotho.

National honours

Foreign honours

  Two Sicilian Royal Family: Knight Commander of the Royal Order of Francis I

References

Deputy Prime Ministers of Lesotho
Lesotho Congress for Democracy politicians
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Lesotho)
People from Leribe District
1967 births

Mothetjoa Metsing


A popular television program called Silicon Valley presents a humorous and informative picture of the quick-moving IT industry. The show has won fans all around the world with its smart writing, complete characters, and humorous viewpoint on the Silicon Valley lifestyle. This article will explore the popularity of "Silicon Valley," consider how the tech industry appears in it, look at its impact on pop culture, and talk about its legacy.

Introduction
A young software engineer named Richard Hendricks is followed on "Silicon Valley" as he develops a revolutionary compression technique. The action of show is set in the booming tech hub of Silicon Valley, where Richard and his friends face the challenging conditions of business ownership, investment money, and intense competition.

The Success of "Silicon Valley"
Both the tech sector and global viewers connected with the show. Its faithful representation of startup culture and skillful storytelling have won it multiple prizes and praise from experts. Through its smart humor and engaging story, "Silicon Valley" appeals to a wider audience in addition to those who are familiar with the computer industry.

Portrayal of the Tech Industry
With truth and humor, "Silicon Valley" captures Silicon Valley culture. It draws attention to the high-stakes, high environment of startups as well as the strange characters that live there. The show skillfully mimics the sometimes crazy characteristics of the technology sector, providing a playful but sharp criticism of its quirks.

Memorable Characters
The show's group cast and character development are among its strong points. Thomas Middleditch's Richard Hendricks goes through a transformation from a shy programmer to a bold leader. Other characters, such as T.J. Miller's Erlich Bachman and Zach Woods' Jared Dunn, offer humor and emotional depth. The cast's chemistry plays a part in the success and long impact of the show.

Humor and Writing
The show "Silicon Valley" has been praised for its fresh writing and witty humor. A wonderful viewing experience is provided by the show's skillful combination of humor, irony, and funny slapstick. Each episode is filled with funny situations and witty jokes that keep the audience interested and happy.

Cultural Impact
From just being entertaining, "Silicon Valley" has had a big influence on culture. By regularly starting discussions on creative thinking, entrepreneurship, and the social effects of technology, the series has helped to shape how the general public views the technology sector. It has grown into a key social reference point, reflecting and impacting discussions about Silicon Valley and its effects on society in the real world.

Reception and Fan Base
Fans of "Silicon Valley" are dedicated to the show. Fan theories, episode analyses, and heated discussions exist in online groups, discussion forums, and social media platforms. The show's smart story and lovable cast have generated a devoted fan base that has kept the series in the spotlight long after it ended.

Criticisms and Controversies
Like any successful program, "Silicon Valley" has been the target of controversies and criticisms. Some claim that the show lacks diversity in its character representations and promotes ideas about the computer industry. Others, however, claim the show's satire actively draws attention to these shortcomings and encourages discussions about them.

Legacy and End of the Series
"Silicon Valley" ended its run after six successful seasons, leaving a lasting impression. The show's impact on the television industry and its unique combination of humor and social commentary guarantee its place in the Hall of Fame of Great TV Shows. It will be regarded as a historic program that captured the spirit of the tech sector and pleased viewers all around the world.

Conclusion
"Silicon Valley" is proof of the power of smart storytelling, engaging characters, and current storytelling. It engaged viewers while educating them about the fascinating world of technology and kept them smiling with its sharp humor. "Silicon Valley" has cemented its position as one of the most recognizable and adored television programs of its time through its cultural effect and long legacy.

Silicon Valley (TV series)


Human foamy virus (HFV) is a retrovirus and specifically belongs to the genus Spumavirus.  The spumaviruses are complex and significantly different from the other six genera of retroviruses in several ways.  The foamy viruses derive their name from the characteristic 'foamy' appearance of the cytopathic effect (CPE) induced in the cells.
Foamy virus in humans occurs only as a result of zoonotic infection.

Discovery
The first description of foamy virus (FV) was in 1954.  It was found as a contaminant in primary monkey kidney cultures.  The first isolate of the "foamy viral agent" was in 1955.  Not too long after this, it was isolated from a wide variety of New and Old World monkeys, cats, and cows.  It was not until several years later that humans entered the scene.  In 1971, a viral agent with FV-like characteristics was isolated from lymphoblastoid cells released from a human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) from a Kenyan patient.  The agent was termed a human FV because of its origin, and named SFVcpz(hu) as the prototypic laboratory strain.  The SFV came from its similarity to simian foamy virus (SFV). Not long after this, a group of researchers concluded that it was a distinct type of FV and most closely related to SFV types 6 and 7, both of which were isolated from chimpanzees. In another report, however, a different group of researchers claimed that SFVcpz(hu) was not a distinct type of FV but rather a variant strain of chimpanzee FV.  The debate came to an end in 1994 when the virus was cloned and sequenced.  The sequencing showed that there are 86–95% identical amino acids between the SFV and the one isolated from the Kenyan patient.  In addition, phylogenetic analysis showed that the pol regions of the two genomes shared 89–92% of their nucleotides and 95–97% of the amino acids are identical between the human virus and various SFV strains.  These results indicated that SFVcpz(hu) is likely a variant of SFV and not a unique isolate. When looking at the origin of the human FV, sequence comparisons showed that from four different species of chimpanzees, SFVcpz(hu) was most closely related to the Eastern chimpanzee. This subspecies has a natural habitat in Kenya and thus was most likely the origin of this SFV variant, and the virus was probably acquired as a zoonotic infection.

Life cycle
Most of the differences between the spumaviruses and the other retroviruses come from the life cycle.  Some of the main differences are that FV buds from the endoplasmic reticulum instead of the plasma membrane; this difference gives FV a unique morphology.  FV is characterized by an immature looking core with an electron lucent center with glycoprotein spikes on the surface.  FV replication more closely resembles the Hepadnaviridae, which are another family of reverse transcriptase encoding viruses.  Reverse transcription of the genome occurs at a later step in the replication cycle, which results in the infectious particles having DNA rather than RNA, this also leads to less integration in the host genome.  The DNA found is linear and the length of the genome.  The genome encodes the usual retroviral genes pol, gag, and env as well as two additional genes tas or bel-1 and bet.  The role for bet is not quite clear, research has shown that it is dispensable for replication of the virus in tissue culture. Recently, a novel mechanism was reported where foamy virus accessory protein Bet (unlike HIV-1 Vif) impaired the cytoplasmic solubility of APOBEC3G. The tas gene, however, is required for replication.  It encodes a protein that functions in transactivating the long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter.  FV has a second promoter, the internal promoter (IP) which is located in the env gene.  The IP drives expression of the tas and bet genes.  The IP is also unique in that the virus has the capacity to transcribe mRNAs from it; usually the complex retroviruses exclusively express transcripts from the LTR.  The structural genes of FV are another one of its unique features.  The Gag protein is not efficiently cleaved into the mature virus which lends to the immature morphology.  The Pol precursor protein is only partially cleaved; the integrase domain is removed by viral protease.  As in other retroviruses, the Env protein is cleaved into surface and transmembrane domains but the FV Env protein also contains an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal which is part of why the virus buds from the endoplasmic reticulum.  Another area of difference between FV and other retroviruses is the possibility of recycling the core once the virus is in the cell.

Diseases
Persistence in the absence of disease, but in the presence of antibodies is a defining characteristic of FV infection.  HFV has been isolated from patients with various neoplastic and degenerative diseases such as myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, De Quervain's thyroiditis, and Graves' disease but the virus' etiological role is still unclear. Recent studies indicate that it is not pathogenic in humans and experimentally infected animals.

Implications
If, in fact, HFV is not pathogenic in humans and is a retrovirus, it is an ideal vector for gene therapy.  Another important feature of the virus is that the Gag, Pol, and Env proteins are synthesized independently; this is important because it means that each protein can be provided in trans on three different plasmids to create a stable packaging cell line. Having this would possibly reduce the need for a replication-competent helper virus.  Other advantages are human to human transmission has never been reported, it has a safer spectrum of insertional mutagenesis than other retroviruses, and since there are two promoters in the genome, it may be possible to make a vector that expresses the foreign genes under the control of both promoters.  A disadvantage of HFV as a gene therapy vector is that since it buds from an intracellular membrane (endoplasmic reticulum membrane); it results in low extracellular titers of the viral vector.

References

External links

Spumaviruses

Human foamy virus


John Alan Hopkins (16 December 1936 – 19 September 2018) was an English legal academic known for developing Downing College's reputation for law.  He was a Fellow of Downing College, Cambridge and an Honorary Fellow of Hughes Hall, Cambridge.

Early education and career

John Hopkins was born at Hemsworth (Yorkshire) and relocated to Pontypridd when he was 12. He attended Pontypridd Boys' Grammar School and then read law at Queens' College, Cambridge.  He was awarded his B.A. in 1960, and his LLB the following year, accompanied by the Whewell Scholarship in International Law. He was elected to a fellowship at Downing College in October 1961. He was called to the Bar by Gray's Inn in 1964. Thereafter, he held many positions in college, including Tutor, Senior Tutor and Director of Studies in Law, retiring in 2004. He became, in addition, a Visiting Professor at City University, London in 1980. In 1981, he was elected Honorary Bencher of Middle Temple, London. He was a governor of Harrow School, Sherborne School, Eastbourne College and Wellington College.

In his capacity as Director of Studies in Law at Downing for over 40 years, and also as a University Lecturer, John Hopkins taught Constitutional, Equity and International law. Following his time at Downing, he was appointed Director of Studies in Law at Hughes Hall, Cambridge.

He had a characteristic style of supervision, delivered with pipe in hand, smoking matches, as the pipe never seemed to light, and banging the pipe on the bottom of his shoe, which has had a widespread influence on generations of lawyers who read law at Cambridge. He taught John Cleese Equity law and suggested that Cleese developed his Ministry of Silly Walks gait in avoiding the puddles in Downing College's court.

The following describes his supervisions perfectly:
The memorable use of "the pipe". John talks. The pipe empty of tobacco, filled from the tin, the waving of the large box of matches, the extraction of the match, the shutting of the box, the box put aside, the pointing with the pipe, the taking up of the box, the striking of the match, the box put aside the lift of pipe and match to the face, the draw – and again and again without result, the extinction of the match with one flick of the wrist, the pipe unlit and so to the repeat – to box, to match, to pipe and on. and with each movement an emphasis, a comment, a question, a pause for reply and a demand for response. All kindly done with twinkle in the eye for such clever of dumb intellects as had presented themselves to his room to be taught. And taught to good effect.

Awards and honours
He was a Master Bencher of Middle Temple, and was a Honorary Bencher since 1982. In 2012, John Hopkins was conferred Honorary Fellowship of Hughes Hall, Cambridge after serving for 8 years as the College's Director of Studies in Law.

Personal life
John Hopkins was a keen member of the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) and a stalwart of The Athenaeum.

His marriage to Charity A. "Cherry" Busbridge took place in Abingdon, Oxfordshire in 1964, while she was still a post-graduate research student: it was followed by the births of their two children in 1971 and 1974. Cherry Hopkins is a life fellow and former Director of Studies in law at Girton College, Cambridge.

References

1936 births
2018 deaths
People from Hemsworth
British legal scholars
Fellows of Downing College, Cambridge
Fellows of Hughes Hall, Cambridge
Members of the Middle Temple
Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge
People educated at Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Wakefield
People educated at Pontypridd High School

John Hopkins (lawyer)


Pasophae, also spelt Pasiphaë, is a character in Greek mythology. She is the daughter of the sun god, Helios and the wife of King Minos. She was the mother of many of Minos' children. They included Ariadne and her brother Androgeos, who was killed by the Athenians. She also had an affair with a prized bull her husband had refused to sacrifice to Poseidon. The offspring of Pasophae and the bull was the Minotaur, which was eventually killed by Theseus.

People in Greek mythology

Pasophae


Georg Calixtus, Kallisøn/Kallisön, or Callisen (14 December 1586 – 19 March 1656) was a German Lutheran theologian who looked to reconcile all Christendom by removing all differences that he deemed "unimportant".

Biography
Calixtus was born in Medelby, Schleswig. After studying philology, philosophy and theology at Helmstedt, Jena, Giessen, Tübingen and Heidelberg, he travelled through Holland, France and England, where he became acquainted with the leading reformers.  On his return in 1614, he was appointed professor of theology at Helmstedt by the duke of Brunswick, who had admired the ability he displayed when a young man in a dispute with the Jesuit Augustine Turrianus.

Learning different Protestant and Roman Catholic teachings, he tried to create a "unifying theology". In 1613 he published a book, Disputationes de Praecipuis Religionis Christianae Capitibus, which provoked the hostile criticism of orthodox Lutheran scholars; in 1619 he published his Epitome theologiae, and some years later his Theologia Moralis (1634) and De Arte Nova Nihusii. Roman Catholics felt them to be aimed at their own system, but they gave so great offence to Lutherans as to induce Statius Buscher to charge the author with a secret leaning to Catholicism.

Scarcely had he refuted the accusation of Buscher, when, on account of his intimacy with the Reformed divines at the conference of Thorn (1645), and his desire to effect a reconciliation between them and the Lutherans, a new charge was leveled against him, principally by Abraham Calovius (1612-1686), of a secret attachment to Calvinism.

Thus the great aim of his life to reconcile Christendom by removing all unimportant differences, resulted in him being accused of syncretism for the ecumenical spirit in which he treated both Catholics and Calvinists, and for considering the Apostles' Creed a broad enough basis for Christian union and communion, which might embrace both. The disputes to which his attitude gave rise lasted during his whole lifetime.

His friends, however, stood by him, and he retained the position he held in the Lutheran Church, teaching theology at the University of Helmstedt until his death. For all of the legitimate controversy surrounding him, he continues to be recognized for his emphasis on the desire for  the unity of Christianity.

Calixtus died in Helmstedt.

The term Consensus Quinquesaecularis, initially a contemptuous reference to the high value which Calixtus placed on an alleged consensus of the Church Fathers of the first five centuries of Christendom, and certainly a key aspect of his "unifying theology", later became popular with various old High Church divines such as some Anglican Latitudinarians.

Works

Modern editions of selected works are available in Georg Calixt, Werke in Auswahl, 4 vols, ed. Inge Mager (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1970–82).

De praecipuis Christianae religionis capitibus hodie controversis disputationes XV Helmstedt, 1613
Epitome Theologiae Goslar, 1619
De vera christiana religione et ecclesia Helmstedt, 1633

See also
 John Musæus

References

Further reading

1586 births
1656 deaths
People from Schleswig-Flensburg
17th-century writers in Latin
German Lutheran theologians
People from the Duchy of Schleswig
Academic staff of the University of Helmstedt
17th-century German Protestant theologians
German male non-fiction writers
17th-century German writers
17th-century German male writers
16th-century Lutheran theologians
17th-century Lutheran theologians

Georg Calixtus


Macefen is a former civil parish in the unitary authority of Cheshire West and Chester and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. Its area is now part of the civil parishes of Tushingham-cum-Grindley, Macefen and Bradley and No Man's Heath and District. Macefen lies  east of the village of Malpas and  north west of Whitchurch, Salop. Part of the village of No Man's Heath was within the northern boundary of Macefen. Its name is thought to possibly be an anglicisation of an older Welsh placename Maes-y-ffin, "the open field (maes) at the boundary (ffin)".

Macefen was a slightly curious parish in that it scarcely appears in gazetteers. Under the manorial system Macefen was a manor of the Barony of Malpas, and was for many years part of the estates of the Grosvenor family. Later it was a township of the ancient parish of Malpas, and later still its boundaries became those of a civil parish. Kelly's Directory of Cheshire, 1914 lists Macefen under Tushingham cum Grindley thus: "Macefen (or Maesfen) is a small township in the Whitchurch union, 2 miles south from Malpas station. The Hon. Mrs. Algernon R. Parker, who has a residence here [at  on the north side of Bradley Lane], is lady of the manor and sole landowner." It never had its own church but was served by adjacent churches. The civil parish was abolished in 2015 to form Tushingham-cum-Grindley, Macefen and Bradley and No Man's Heath and District.

References

Former civil parishes in Cheshire
Cheshire West and Chester

Macefen