Judith Lorber (born November 28, 1931) is professor emerita of sociology and women's studies at The CUNY Graduate Center and Brooklyn College of the City University of New York. She is a foundational theorist of social construction of gender difference and has played a vital role in the formation and transformation of gender studies. She has more recently called for a de-gendering of the social world.

Lorber was actively involved in Sociologists for Women in Society from the early 1970s. She developed and taught some of the first courses in the sociology of gender, women's studies, and feminist theory at Brooklyn College and the graduate school, where she was the first coordinator of the women's studies certificate program in 1988–1991. She was chair of the ASA sex and gender section in 1992–93 and was awarded the Jessie Bernard Award in 1996 "in recognition of scholarly work that has enlarged the horizons of sociology to encompass fully the role of women in society."

Biography
Judith Lorber was born in Brooklyn New York, where she attended public elementary and high school. She graduated from Queens College, City University of New York in 1952, and received an M.A. and Ph.D. from New York University in 1971. She started developing and teaching courses in women's studies in 1972, and taught at Fordham University in the Bronx and at Brooklyn College and the CUNY Graduate Center until she retired from teaching in 1995. She lives in New York/NY. She is the sister of artist Stephen Lorber (born 1943).

Work

Gender, mental health and illness
The main perspective of Lorber's work has been social construction—the idea that in social interaction, people produce their identities and statuses, and at the same time, reproduce the structure and constraints of their social world. This perspective analyzes illnesses as social states in which norms and expectations for behavior will emerge from the interaction of patients and health-care workers with each other and with family members, friends, and co-workers. Lorber's next research project (with Roberta Satow) was interviewing psychiatric residents, social workers, and indigenous paraprofessionals in a ghetto community mental health center on issues of cultural congruity with patients and the stratification of prestige and work assignments.

Judith Lorber's last work on gender and health care, Gender and the Social Construction of Illness, was published in 1997 as part of the Gender Lens series. A second edition, which she co-authored with Lisa Jean Moore, was published by Rowman and Littlefield in 2002. The book shows that because gender is embedded in the economy, the family, politics, and the medical and legal systems, it is a major factor in the behavior of patients and health care professionals. She also co-authored Gendered Bodies: Feminist Perspectives with Lisa Jean Moore. The first edition was published by Roxbury in 2007, and the second edition by Oxford University Press in 2011. The overall perspective is that of the transformation of the body through gendered social practices.

Women physicians
Her work on women physicians, which culminated in Women Physicians: Careers, Status, and Power, published in 1984, as well as a series of papers published from 1981 to 1987, was a logical combination of her feminism and medical sociology. In it, she showed how the difficulties women physicians encountered in their career advancement when compared to a matched sample of men physicians were the result of the processes of sponsorship and patronage in the informal organization of the medical profession. She thus expanded the analysis of the informal structure of the medical profession, which had been applied only to men physicians, to women, who were, at that point, entering medical school in large numbers.

One of the physicians that Lorber met in the course of her work on women physicians, Florence Haseltine, set her on the road to her next research project—on patient's experiences with one of the new procreative technologies – in vitro fertilization (IVF), doctor-assisted conception. The research she conducted with Lakshmi Bandlamudi and Dorothy Greenfeld found that couples shaped their experiences through their behavior with clinic staff and other caretakers and with each other, creating meaning and some sense of control for themselves. Judith Lorber applied a feminist analysis to the growing use of IVF in male infertility, where the woman is fertile but the man isn't. This situation sets the stage for marital bargaining, in which the woman seemingly is in a strong position, but which turns out to the man's advantage because of his dominance in the gender politics of the family. The feminist, ethical, and medical implications of this research were explored in papers published in the late 1980s.

Feminist politics
Lorber's feminism (and love of science fiction thinking) appeared in print as early as 1975 in "Beyond Equality of the Sexes: The Question of the Children," followed by "Dismantling Noah's Ark" in 1986. In 1987, she became the Founding Editor of Gender & Society, the official publication of  Sociologists for Women in Society(SWS). As a hands-on editor, Judith Lorber shaped the papers, the linguistic style, and the emerging themes. The journal was (and still is) extremely successful and is the main source of SWS's current finances. She and Susan Farrell edited the first Gender & Society reader, The Social Construction of Gender, published in 1991.

By 1990, Lorber made a significant contribution to gender studies by writing her own book that has since then become a bible and mandatory reading in women's studies classes. Paradoxes of Gender, published by Yale in 1994, contends that sex, sexuality, and gender are all socially constructed but that gender is the overarching category—a major social status that organizes almost all areas of social life. Therefore, bodies and sexuality are gendered—biology, physiology, and sexuality do not add up to gender, which is a social institution that establishes patterns of expectations for individuals, orders the social processes of everyday life, is built into the major social organizations of society, and is also an entity in and of itself. Lorber's theoretical approach to gender is masterful and unusual by  mainstream empirical social science standards. Paradoxes has been translated into Italian and German and has influenced a generation of graduate students in the United States and other countries. The first chapter, "Night to His Day: The Social Construction of Gender," has been widely anthologized, as has a paper based on the second chapter, "Believing is Seeing: Biology as Ideology." The book has impacted not only sociology, but also the fields  of  anthropology,  history,  social  psychology, sociolinguistics,  men's  studies,  culture  studies, and even law.

Gender Inequalities: Feminist Theories and Politics was first published in 1998 by Roxbury and is now in its fifth edition, published by Oxford University Press in 2012. It sums up the last 35 years of feminist thought. Revisioning Gender, which she co-edited with Beth Hess and Myra Marx Ferree, was published by Sage in 1999. It is a collection of original essays in different areas of social research that have been changed by the use of gender as a conceptual framework. She co-edited the Handbook of Gender and Women's Studies, published by Sage UK in 2006 with Mary Evans and Kathy Davis.

"Toward a World Beyond Gender"
Lorber's current work is to go "beyond." In "Beyond the Binaries: Depolarizing the Categories of Sex, Sexuality, and Gender," published in Sociological Inquiry in 1996, she argued that sociological data would be more accurate if it used more than the two polarized categories of sex, sexuality, and gender. In "Crossing Borders and Erasing Boundaries: Paradoxes of Identity Politics," published in Sociological Focus in 1999, she pulled apart racial and transgender categories. In fact, Judith Lorber has gone so far as to argue that we should imagine a social world that is not organized by gender. She explored this idea in "Using Gender to Undo Gender: A Feminist Degendering Movement, " published in Feminist Theory in 2000. Breaking the Bowls: Degendering and Social Change puts together all the "beyond" ideas and asks us to imagine a world without gender. It was published in 2005 by W.W. Norton.

At the 2012 American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, held in Denver, the theme was "utopias." Judith Lorber gave an invited presentation at the opening plenary: "Gender Equality: Utopian and Realistic." She also presented an invited paper, "Toward a World Beyond Gender: A Utopian Vision," with Barbara J. Risman and Jessica Holden Sherwood. Recently, she has written and given presentations about the heroine of the popular Stieg Larsson trilogy – "The Gender Ambiguity of Lisbeth Salander: Third-wave Feminist Hero?"

"Believing Is Seeing: Biology as Ideology"
Judith Lorber is published in Chapter 3 of "The Gendered Society Reader," an anthology edited by Michael S. Kimmel; Amy Aronson; and Amy Kaler, with a text titled "Believing Is Seeing: Biology as Ideology."

In the text, Lorber discusses the social constructs built into our society differentiating the genders. Lorber argues that "bodies differ in many ways physiologically; but they are completely transformed by social practices to fit into the salient categories of a society, the most pervasive of which are 'female' and 'male and 'women' and 'men'". Moreover, Lorber points out that though the physiological differences of the sexes are there, each individual body does not always fit into its own category and "neither sex nor gender are pure categories". Lorber exemplifies this by separating the genders and discussing differences within the separate 'female' and 'male' categories; she argues some women do not have ovaries and uteri, menopause differentiates menstruating women for those who do not, some men lactate, and some men cannot produce sperm. As she discusses the blurred lines surrounding individual bodies within their gender categories, she continues to exemplify the pre-determined social classifications surrounding gender in our society by using competitive sports.

In Lorber's section of this Chapter 3 headed 'What Sports Illustrate,' she argues that the pre-determined societal beliefs surrounding gender have turned competitive sports into a way for men to legitimize aggression and create their masculine identity. Conversely, Lorber believes that the female sex in competitive sports is made a mockery of and continually takes a "secondary status" to competitive male sports. Lorber uses the example of basketball to confirm her belief. She correlates the female secondary status to assumptions surrounding women's physiology. As well Lorber believes this assumption of physiology influences rules in women's sports, rules in sporting competitions, and how women are treated in sporting competitions.

However, Lorber connects these social barriers that continually separate the sexes in sports, with the economical barriers oppressing the female sex. She compares competitive sports to big businesses and therefore argues that they are no longer just a social construct but an economic, political, and ideological issue developed by those who define and profit from competitive sports.

Lorber continues to describe social boundaries set up by gender using technology; she brings up two examples—computers and cars. When computers first came into use, office jobs involving them were given to women, as it appeared to be a clerical duty. It was not until computers were revealed to be complex and intellectually demanding that they became the domain of men. "By the 1960s programing was split into more and less skilled specialties, and the entry of women into the computer field in the 1970s and 1980s was confined to the lower paid specialties…employers invoked women and men's purportedly natural capabilities for the jobs for which they were hired". This means women will do the more menial tasks, where men will shape the industry and control it. Lorber also describes how this has influenced young people; for example we see far more young men and boys playing computer games and getting involved in computer clubs. In this way we are furthering women's supposed natural disadvantage with computers by allowing boys to get more education and comfort with computers than girls.

This pattern of male control over technology continues when it comes to cars. Lorber references the fact that in couples a man will almost always be the more frequent driver, regardless of aptitude. This may seem like an inconsequential example, but Lorber asks us to consider in different contexts what a vehicle can mean. She describes the importance of the mobility, literally and figuratively, given to women by driving. Feminists used driving "to campaign for women's suffrage in parts of the United States not served by public transportation and they effectively used motorcades and speaking from cars as campaign tactics". Lorber also describes the sense of liberation felt by many women when they first experienced driving, while participating in First World War efforts. This gendering of who a driver can be does limit women's options in the world more than we consider when we simply see the male in a couple taking the wheel.

Lorber finalizes her arguments discussing the paradoxes of human nature. She confirms, "gendered people do not emerge from physiology or hormones, but from the exigencies of the social order". Lorber points out that the diversity of humans could be categorized, regrouped and broken up into different ways of comparison than the traditional sex differentiation that disregards the real issues of who is truly like whom. She argues that the problem of basing knowledge on presumptions of gender differences reaffirms the categorization of the 'male' versus 'female'. When relying on the conventional categorization of gender, one is able to find what they are looking for. Lorber states, "we see what we believe, whether it is that 'female' and 'males' are essentially different or that 'women' and 'men' are essentially the same.

Selected honors and awards
Judith Lorber received the American Sociological Association's Jessie Bernard Career Award in 1996 for "scholarly work that has enlarged the horizons of sociology to encompass fully the role of women in society." She was president of the Eastern Sociological Society in 2001–2002, Chair of the Sex and Gender Section of the American Sociological Association in 1993, and president of Sociologists for Women in Society in 1981–82.

She has held several international visiting professorships. In 1992–1993, she had a Fulbright Award for lecturing at Bar Ilan University and for research in Israel. She was guest professor at Åbo Akademi, Turku, Finland, in 1996. In 1997, she held the Marie Jahoda International Visiting Professorship of Feminist Studies at Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany. In the last few years, she has been a visiting professor at the University of Dortmund, Germany, the Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany and served as a Fulbright Senior Specialist at Bar Ilan University.

Lorber was invited and has given conference presentations in almost every state in the US, and she has had two Eastern Sociological Society Lectureships (Maurice Falk in 1978 and 1981 and Robin Williams in 1996–1997) and the Sociologists for Women in Society Feminist Lectureship in 1992. She was invited to present her work at international sociology and women's studies conferences in China, Africa, South Korea, Australia, Canada, Israel, Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Germany, and Switzerland.

Books
Lorber has published a number of books including:
Gendered Bodies: Feminist Perspectives, 2nd ed. (with Lisa Jean Moore). New York: Oxford, 2011.
Gender Inequality: Feminist Theories and Politics, 5th Ed. New York: Oxford, 2012.
Breaking the Bowls: Degendering and Feminist Change. New York: W.W. Norton, 2005.
Gender and the Social Construction of Illness, 2nd ed. (with Lisa Jean Moore). Walnut Creek, California: Altamira Press, 2002.
Paradoxes of Gender. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1994.
Gender-Paradoxien. (Trans. Hella Beister). Leverkusen, Germany: Leske & Budrich, 1999.
L'Invenzione dei Sessi. (Trans. Vittorio Lingiardi). Milan: Il Saggiatore, 1995.
Women Physicians: Careers, Status, and Power.  New York and London: Tavistock,1984.

Her co-edited works include:
Handbook of Gender Studies and Women Studies (co-editor with Mary Evans and Kathy Davis). London: Sage, 2006.
Revisioning Gender (co-editor with Myra Marx Ferree and Beth B. Hess). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage, 1999.
The Social Construction of Gender (co-editor with Susan A. Farrell). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage, 1991.

References

External links
Sociologists for Women in Society

1931 births
Living people
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American women writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American feminist writers
American sociologists
American women sociologists
American women academics
Critical theorists
CUNY Graduate Center faculty
Feminist theorists
New York University alumni
Academics from Brooklyn
Postmodern feminists
Poststructuralists
Queens College, City University of New York alumni
Women's studies academics
Social constructionism
American women non-fiction writers
Brooklyn College faculty
Medical sociologists

Judith Lorber


The 10th Mountain Division is a unit of the United States Army, now serving under the XVIII Airborne Corps. It has fought in many battles and actions, including the Battle of Mogadishu and many of the actions fought by its corps. The unit's specialty involves moving across mountainous terrain and fighting effectively in harsh conditions. Like the rest of the corps, it is an elite unit that can be transported (albeit in an unlikely case) through airborne means. It is now based at Fort Drum, New York.

More recently, the 10th Mountain has been conducting operations in Iraq.

References

United States Army

10th Mountain Division


La cárcel de Cananea (Spanish: "Cananea jail") is a corrido (Mexican ballad) written in 1917 commemorating the Cananea Strike that took place in the Mexican mining town of Cananea, Sonora, in  June 1906.  It has been produced in numerous versions, including one by Linda Ronstadt on her album Canciones de mi padre, released in 1987.

English translation
I am going to recount to you all what happened to me, (2x)
They've taken me prisoner for being an oft-played fighting cock. (2x)

I went to Agua Prieta to see who would recognize me, (2x)
And at eleven o'clock that night, the police apprehended me. (2x)

The officers* grabbed me in the gringo style, (2x)
Like a wanted fugitive, all of them with pistols in their hands. (2x)

The jail of Cananea is situated up on a mesa, (2x)
Where I was "processed" because of my careless blunder. (2x)

A farewell I do not give because I do not carry it here. (2x)
I leave it to the Holy Child and the Lord of Mapimí. (2x)

(*) In different versions of the song, the word "officers" is "gendarmes" or "sheriffes".
In the previous verse, the word "police" is always "policía".

External links
A short audio clip provided by the Smithsonian Institution can be heard here.
A longer audio clip of the same track can be heard here

References

Mexican songs
Spanish-language songs
1917 songs
Songwriter unknown

La cárcel de Cananea


Charles Bucke (16 April 1781 – 31 July 1846) was an English writer who, despite being poor most of his life, still managed to produce roughly eleven different works, each varying in number of volumes and topics.

Life

Little is recorded concerning the life of Mr. Bucke, but he is remembered for his eloquence with nature writing and a dispute with the actor Edmund Kean. He worked for over thirty years on his publications, often recalling them repeatedly to re-edit them. This caused some of the same works to be published under different titles, most notably his two-volume series "The Philosophy of Nature, or the Influence of Scenery on the Heart and Mind", which he later expanded to four volumes under the title "On the Beauties, Harmonies, and Sublimities of Nature".

Disputes with contemporaries
In the midst of writing, Mr. Bucke also clashed on occasion with fellow writers, and, in one instance, an actor, Edmund Kean. In the dispute with Kean, Mr. Bucke relates that in 1817 he submitted his play "The Italians, or; The Fatal Accusation" to the Committee of Management at Drury Lane where it was accepted and put on the bill for future performance. Upon the death of Princess Charlotte of Wales the theatre closed for three weeks out of respect and Bucke conceded his priority in favour of a play that was thought to better appeal to the feelings of the general public regarding the princess's death.

After various delays and assurances that the play was well-liked and would be performed, Kean made an offhand comment suggesting that one of the female supporting actors had a superior role than his and that his part should be rewritten to be more centre-stage, much to the surprise of Bucke. After speaking with the theatre management, the issue was pushed aside in favour of focusing on the current production of a play by Jane Porter, who Kean had a personal dislike for, that was to be shown in February 1819.  The play was performed and, according to Bucke who was at opening night (and also according to popular media at the time), it was almost as if the entire production staff and actors were against the play's performance.

Despite a concerted effort by some of the actors, Porter's play was a devastating failure and was not repeated.  Upon witnessing this spectacle and bearing in mind the strange reaction he'd received previously from Kean, he went back stage to the management and requested his play to be pulled. After being called back by the theatre's committee and the insistence of the theatre's benefactors that 'The Italians' still be performed, Mr. Bucke then later had it republished with a preface concerning the incident, including excerpts from correspondences between himself, the theatre, and Mr. Kean which was later challenged in two books, The Assailant Assailed and A Defense of Edmund Kean, Esq. The ending result was loss of face on both sides and the play being performed anyway on 3 April 1819 to disastrous results due to the sensationalism surrounding Kean's contempt for the play as well as his behaviour towards the production of Jane Porter's piece beforehand.

Death

Charles Bucke died on 31 July 1846 at the age of 65, presumedly of natural causes, leaving behind a widow, two sons (the eldest recorded as being 'imbecile from birth') and two daughters

Bibliography
The philosophy of nature: or the influence of scenery on the mind and heart 2 vols, 1813; later 4 vols (under the title 'On the Beauties, Harmonies, and Sublimities of Nature', 1821)
Amusements in retirement; or the influence of science, literature, and the liberal arts 1816
The fall of the leaf, and other poems 1819
The Italians, or; The Fatal Accusation 1819
A classical grammar of the English language; with a short history of its origin and formation 1829
Julio Romano, or the force of the passions: an epic drama in six books 1830
On the life, writings, and genius of Akenside; with some account of his friends 1832
The book of human character 2 vols, 1837
A letter intended (one day) as a supplement to Lockhart's Life of Sir Walter Scott 1838
The life of John, Duke of Marlborough 1839
Ruins of Ancient Cities: with general and particular accounts of their rise, fall, and present condition 2 vols, 1840

References

External links

1781 births
1846 deaths
People from Worlington, Suffolk
English nature writers
English dramatists and playwrights
18th-century English people
19th-century English people
English male dramatists and playwrights
English male poets
English male non-fiction writers

Charles Bucke


Facundus of Hermiana was a 6th-century Christian author, and bishop of Hermiana in North Africa.

About his career little is known. His place in history is due entirely to the opposition which he offered to the condemnation (by the edict of Justinian in 543 or 544) of the "Three Chapters". At the instance of Theodore Ascidas, and with the ostensible purpose of reuniting to the Church the Acephali, a sect of Monophysites, Justinian was induced to censure the "Three Chapters". By this act certain writings of the fifth-century Theodore of Mopsuestia, Theodoret of Cyrus, and Ibas of Edessa were condemned.

Facundus was in Constantinople when this censure was pronounced, and shortly after its publication he and several other western bishops refused to subscribe to the decree, alleging that it was an attack on the Council of Chalcedon, which had accepted at least the letter of Ibas to the Persian Maris. This document was especially aimed at the decree of the emperor. Facundus also drew up a memorial in protest, but was prevented from presenting it by the arrival of Pope Vigilius. The conduct of the pontiff and his acquiescence in the condemnation of the "Three Chapters" spurred Facundus to complete this work, which he entitled Pro Defensione Trium Capitulorum.

It is not known when the work was completed nor when it was presented to the emperor, so that nothing can be said of its immediate effect on the controversy. After its publication Facundus was compelled to fly from Constantinople and find safety in concealment. Because of the attitude of Vigilius in acceding to the emperor's insistence that he subscribe to the censure of the "Three Chapters", Facundus and many African bishops cut themselves off from communion with him.

This schism lasted for many years, and during that time Facundus wrote two other works at the request of his fellow-bishops, in response to reproaches of insubordination (Liber contra Mocianum Scholasticum and Epistola Fidei Catholicae in defensione trium capitulorum).

References
The works of Facundus are in Patrologia Latina, LXVII, 527–878; see Hefele, History of the Church Councils, tr., IV, 229–286.
 Facundus d'Hermiane, Defense des trois chapitres (A Justinien). Critical text by J.-M. Clement, OSB and R. Vander Plaetse. Introduction, translation, and notes by Anne Fraïsse-Bétoulières. Paris, Cerf, 2002,2003,2003,2004,2006.(Sources Chretiennes, 471,478,479,484,499).

External links
Catholic Encyclopedia article

6th-century Byzantine bishops
Church Fathers
African Christians
Byzantine North Africa
6th-century writers in Latin
6th-century Byzantine writers

Facundus of Hermiane


Enkenbach-Alsenborn is a municipality in the district of Kaiserslautern, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the northern edge of the Palatinate forest, approx. 10 km north-east of Kaiserslautern. Enkenbach-Alsenborn is also the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality"), also named Enkenbach-Alsenborn.

Geography
The municipality consists of the local villages of Enkenbach and Alsenborn.  Before officially combining on 7 June 1969, the two villages worked very closely throughout their history to include a common coat of arms  until 1795, a common mayor until 1825 and a common forest area until 1832.

Neighbouring municipalities are - in a clockwise direction - Neuhemsbach, Sippersfeld, Kerzenheim, Ramsen (Pfalz), Wattenheim, Fischbach (Kaiserslautern district), Kaiserslautern and Mehlingen.

History
Findings from the young stone age and mounds from the Iron Age indicate that the area was already populated in early-historical time.

Expansion
With favorable traffic levels and the connection to the railway in the year 1871 with the opening of Enkenbach station on the Alsenz Valley Railway, as well as the establishment of industry in the Kaiserslautern area, led to the total population of the municipality increasing despite strong emigration out of present-day Germany.  Due to this population increase, Enkenbach-Alsenborn evolved from a farming community to the municipality it is today.

Population
1800: 1,095
1900: 3,326
1975: 6,900
1996: 7,323

Sons and daughters of the community

 Wilhelm Mayerr (1874-1923), politician (CENTER, BVP)
 Wilhelm Müller (1890-1957), politician (KPD)

References

Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate
Palatinate Forest
Kaiserslautern (district)

Enkenbach-Alsenborn


Dmitriy Forshev (born 30 May 1976) is a Russian sprinter who specializes in the 400 metres.

Forshev won the silver medal in 4 x 400 metres relay at the 2004 World Indoor Championships, together with teammates Boris Gorban, Andrey Rudnitskiy and Aleksandr Usov. At the 2005 European Indoor Championships Forshev finished fourth in 400 m and third in 4x400 m relay. Later that year the relay team finished seventh at the 2005 World Championships with Forshev, Rudnitskiy, Oleg Mishukov and Yevgeniy Lebedev.

His personal best time is 45.62 seconds, achieved in June 2003 in Florence.

External links

1976 births
Living people
Russian male sprinters
World Athletics Championships athletes for Russia
World Athletics Indoor Championships medalists
Russian Athletics Championships winners

Dmitry Forshev


Joaquin Antoine Leroux, aka Watkins Leroux (1801–1861), was a celebrated 19th century mountain man and trail guide based in New Mexico. Leroux was a member of the convention that organized New Mexico Territory.

Biography
In 1846, Leroux served as the guide for the Mormon Battalion under Philip St. George Cooke along with Pauline Weaver and Jean Baptiste Charbonneau. Cooke was directed to take his religiously segregated troops to California to assist in the Mexican–American War.

In 1849, Leroux served under Lieutenant J.H. Whitesley in a punitive campaign against the Ute Indians. That same year he played an important role in the aftermath of the White Massacre. In 1851, Leroux guided the Lorenzo Sitgreaves expedition through Arizona, advising them to explore the Little Colorado River valley, where the party came across the Wupatki ruins built by prehistoric Indians.

By 1853, Leroux had become a wealthy sheep rancher and landowner, but was still open to trailblazing requests (albeit with personal valet). He would participate in two expeditions that year to help survey proposed routes for the proposed Transcontinental Railroad. In summer, he accompanied Amiel Weeks Whipple on an expedition at the 35th parallel. When returning from the Whipple expedition in 1854, Leroux recorded in his journal an archaeological site in the Verde Valley.

Later that same year, he was recruited at Taos by John W. Gunnison, surveying a central route (between the 38th and 39th parallels), after Gunnison's party became bogged down in the San Juan River valley. Gunnison, however, quarrelled constantly with Leroux's advice, often to the detriment of the party in terms of terrain or favorable campsites, and Leroux eventually quit the expedition. Two days later, most of the party, including Gunnison, was slaughtered when they unexpectedly came upon a group of Paiute Indians.

Legacy
Named for Leroux are:
 Antoine Leroux, New Mexico
 Leroux Springs in the San Francisco Peaks, for many years the primary water supply for Flagstaff, Arizona
 Leroux Wash, Arizona
Antoine Leroux Land Grant

References

Further reading
 The Blazed Trail of Antoine Leroux, Forbes Parkhill. Westernlore Press, Los Angeles, 1965.WorldCat

People from New Mexico
American explorers
Apache Wars
American frontier
1801 births
1861 deaths

Antoine Leroux


The Datsun Bluebird (910) is an automobile which was produced by Nissan from 1979 to 1984.

Nissan began realigning its export names with its home market names with the 910 series in November 1979. The 'B' tags were dropped in favour of 'Bluebird', though the models were marketed as 'Datsun Bluebird' initially. The Bluebird 910, which was the last rear-wheel drive Bluebird, featured simple clean-cut squared-off lines, unlike the "Coke Bottle" styling of its predecessor. It did however retain the same engine range, the same MacPherson strut suspension and the same wheelbase as the 810.

It went on sale in Europe over the summer of 1980, where its main competitors were traditional rear-wheel drive saloons including the Ford Taunus/Cortina and Opel Ascona/Vauxhall Cavalier. It also had a number of front-wheel drive rivals, including the Peugeot 305 and Renault 18. Nissan had enjoyed significant sales success in Britain since the early 1970s and the Bluebird sold reasonably well there, although it was not as popular as the smaller Cherry and Sunny.

For the export models, a 'Nissan' badge began appearing in 1981. However, in Australia, where 130,000 910s were built between 1981 and 1986, the name change from Datsun Bluebird to Nissan Bluebird did not occur until 1983.

After eight years the Bluebird returned to the Taiwanese market. Yulon had replaced the Bluebird with the Nissan Violet in 1971. The new model was considered to be in a new class and was now known as the Yue Loong Bluebird 911. Until then, Yue Loong had reserved the 900-series for the larger Laurels. After a facelift, the car became the 912.

Nissan New Zealand assembled several versions of the Bluebird 910. These were shipped in CKD from Japan, including a top ZX model that was the first, and only, car to be assembled in the country with electrically adjustable Japanese domestic style 'hockey stick' rear view mirrors on the front guards (which had to be sent out after kit unpacking for a local specialist to stamp the mounting holes). NZ cars initially had the two-tone brown interior; this was switched to grey at the mid-life facelift when the top model's power exterior mirrors were relocated to the door mounting now universal today. Japan itself eventually phased out the mandatory wing-mount mirrors that also distinguished thousands of used cars imported from Japan into NZ in the late 1980s and early 90s.

In Japan, the six-cylinder Bluebird of the 610 and 810 series was replaced by the Skyline based Nissan Leopard with the Bluebird returning to four-cylinder powered vehicles. The Leopard joined the Bluebird at Nissan Bluebird Store Japanese dealerships.

The Bluebird was also made in South Africa (Pretoria) 1978 to 1980 as well and was called the Datsun 1600J Deluxe, 1800j deluxe or 1800J SSS Sedan which had the twin carb set up and a five speed gearbox. A station wagon version with a 1600 cc engine was also made. The cars had the L16 or L18 engines. After a while the cars model name changed to the Datsun Stanza. The cars were all rear wheel drives with solid axle and coil springs. These cars were the last models to have the name Datsun as the later models all had the name Nissan due to the global name change. This car was very popular as it reminded people of the Datsun P510 models made in 1969 to 1973 in South Africa.

The Maxima name first appeared in this generation. In the United States, these models were sold as the 810 Deluxe or Maxima. The Maxima name was solely used from 1982. The 910 name was never used in Australia.

This is the generation that spawned the S130 Fairlady Z, and in turn, the Z31 and Z32 Fairlady Z's using updated versions of the platform of this generation.

A one-off convertible was built by Nissan for use as a bullpen car by the Yokohama BayStars (now the Yokohama DeNA BayStars). It was the first of such bullpen cars that Nissan would provide for their hometown team. They would go on to supply a Be-1, an S-Cargo, and most recently, a Leaf.

Australian production
Australia had the 910 from 1981 to 1984 with the L20B engine, and from 1985 to 1986 with the CA20S engine. In the United States, the 910 was offered as the Datsun 810/Maxima with either the 2.4-liter L24E inline-six or the 2.8-liter LD28 diesel inline-six. The Australian model was a downgraded, locally produced version of the Japanese model with no independent rear suspension, electronic fuel injection, or turbo versions.  However, the cars were offered in a sporty version, known as the TR-X. The main difference between these Bluebirds and the base models are a sporty trim, including an optional front air dam, centre mount aerial, 15-inch alloy wheels, a small rear spoiler, map lights, seats with better bolstering and so forth. Mechanically, the cars were not much different, the only main differences to be found are rear disc brakes which were shared with the LX and a 3.9:1 diff ratio compared to the standard 3.7:1. Australian production totalled 130,000 vehicles.

For Australia, the 910 was replaced by the Nissan Pintara, a locally built vehicle based on the Skyline, but with a four-cylinder engine.

Motorsport
Nissan won the 1982 Australian Endurance Championship for Makes with two factory entered 910 series Bluebird Turbos.

On 29 September 1984 George Fury put his Nissan Bluebird Turbo (an imported version with a Nissan Z engine turbo motor and fabricated IRS) on pole position for the 1984 James Hardie 1000 touring car race with a time of 2:13.850. This remains the fastest time by a closed sedan on the old 6.172 km Mount Panorama Circuit before the introduction of the Caltex Chase in 1987 increased the lap distance to 6.213 km. It was the first time a turbocharged car had won the pole at the Bathurst 1000.

Fury had driven the Bluebird to second place in the 1983 Australian Touring Car Championship, and later that year became the first driver to put a turbocharged car on the front row at Bathurst when he qualified second for the 1983 James Hardie 1000. Earlier in 1983, Fury's Nissan Australia team mate Fred Gibson had driven the Bluebird to its first race victory anywhere in the world when he won two heats and Round 3 of the 1983 Better Brakes AMSCAR Series at Sydney's Amaroo Park circuit.

References

External links
 Autocade - Nissan Bluebird (910)

Bluebird 910
1980s cars
Cars introduced in 1979
Cars discontinued in 1983

Datsun Bluebird (910)


A double bond in chemistry is when two chemical elements are joined together in a chemical bond and share four bonding electrons instead of the usual two. The most common double bond is between two carbon atoms, and can be found in alkenes. There are many types of double bonds, such as in a carbonyl group with a carbon atom and an oxygen atom. Other common double bonds are found in azo compounds (N=N), imines (C=N) and sulfoxides (S=O). In skeletal formula the double bond is shown as two parallel lines (=) between the two joined atoms. When this formula is printed, the equals sign is used.

Double bonds are stronger than single bonds and double bonds are also shorter. The bond order is two. Double bonds are also electron-rich, which makes them more reactive.

The two pairs of electrons involved in the bond do not behave in exactly the same way. One pair of electrons forms a stronger sigma bond, noted by σ and drawn as a straight line between the nuclei of the bonding atoms. While the other pair form a pi bond, π, drawn as two cloud-like areas where the electrons exist, as orbitals.

References

Double bond


Jerry Lynn Tabb (born March 17, 1952) is an American former professional baseball first baseman. He played all or part of three seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1976 until 1978, for the Chicago Cubs and Oakland Athletics.

Amateur career
Tabb was a baseball standout at the University of Tulsa, where, as a freshman, he won the College World Series Most Outstanding Player award in the 1971 College World Series, where Tulsa was the next-to-last team eliminated. He was also the first baseman for Team USA at the 1971 Pan American Games.

Professional career
The Cubs made Tabb a first-round pick, selected 16th overall, in the 1973 Major League Baseball Draft. He debuted in the majors in September 1976, playing in 11 games for the Cubs and batting .292.

Tabb was purchased from the Cubs by the Athletics the following February, and in  Tabb got an extended chance in the major leagues. The A's were cleaning house, and Tabb was one of five players who received substantial playing time at first base for the team. Tabb batted .222 with 6 home runs and 19 RBI in 51 games. The next season, however, Oakland acquired Dave Revering from the Cincinnati Reds and installed him as their regular first baseman. Tabb managed just 9 at-bats in 1978, his last season in the majors.

Sources

1952 births
Living people
All-American college baseball players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baseball players at the 1971 Pan American Games
Baseball players from Oklahoma
Chicago Cubs players
College World Series Most Outstanding Player Award winners
Major League Baseball first basemen
Midland Cubs players
Oakland Athletics players
Pan American Games medalists in baseball
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
People from Altus, Oklahoma
San Jose Missions players
Tulsa Golden Hurricane baseball players
Vancouver Canadians players
Wichita Aeros players
Medalists at the 1971 Pan American Games

Jerry Tabb


High Gear is a 1933 American Pre-Code film directed by Leigh Jason. It stars James Murray and Joan Marsh. The film was known as The Big Thrill in the United Kingdom.

Plot
Mark "High Gear" Sherrod has been a race car driver for the past five years and is now at the height of his career. His co-driver Ed is the widowed father of Jimmy. Ed promised his wife before she died that he would send Jimmy off to a fine military school after winning the "big race". The day before the race finds Jimmy and Ed at home in their apartment, with Mr. and Mrs. Cohen visiting, and reporter Anne Merrit sneaking into Mark's hotel room for an exclusive interview. Mark agrees to give her the interview she needs over a dinner table. She break the date she already has for the night with her boss Larry Winston and goes out with Mark. Larry Winston walks into the same restaurant Mark and Anne are dining at, and sees them. Larry walks over to their table and has Anne introduce him to Mark. The two men become rivals.

On the day of the race, Mark gets behind when a tire goes flat. He enters the track again and starts to take the lead. While on the last lap, Mark loses control of his car and spins out just as he is about to pass the car in the lead. His car comes to a stop and before he can move out of the way, he is hit dead on by another car going full speed. Mark somehow comes out of this accident unscathed, but his partner Ed is killed. Jimmy, now an orphan, is staying with the Cohen's. Mark returns and the Cohen's decide to tell him they would like to adopt Jimmy. Before they are able to however, Mark asks Jimmy if he wants to come and live with him at his hotel. Jimmy accepts, Mark promises to send him to that military school, and Mrs. Cohen silently bursts into tears.

Mark sends Jimmy to the URBAN Military Academy and hits the track again with his new co-driver Howard. Unfortunately, Mark is plagued by crude flashbacks of Ed and the accident. He tells Howard he is through with racing and walks away. Strapped for cash, Mark leaves his fancy hotel, moves in with Mr. and Mrs. Cohen, and takes a job as a taxi driver to pay for Jimmy's school. While waiting for customers, Mark gets into a fight with another cabbie for being in the wrong space. Anne, who has been unable to find Mark since he moved, spots him in his taxi and finds his new residence through his license number. Anne promises to not mention Marks "fall from fame" and has dinner with him. While dropping Anne off at her office, Mark is spotted by Larry Winston. Larry asks Anne who her taxi driver was and when she does not tell him, he comes to the correct conclusion on his own. Larry promises to Anne that he will not say anything about Mark's new career, but later breaks his promise when he delivers his news report the next afternoon.

Mark hears this report on the radio and becomes infuriated. Jimmy also hears the report with his school mates and is laughed out of the room. Mark hurries to confront Anne and does not believe her when she says she didn't say anything. While there, he gets into another argument with two other cabbies. Jimmy comes to the conclusion that Mark cannot afford to keep him at URBAN, so he sneaks out of a window and returns to the Cohen's apartment for a "surprise visit". Mark is at first happy, but then becomes upset when Jimmy refuses to return school. Two rival cab drivers go to Mark's home and begin tearing up his cab. Mark goes out and gets into an all out brawl with them. Jimmy gets caught up in the middle and is hit in the head with a flying wrench, which "crushes" his skull. Anne tells Mark more or less to drive Jimmy to this hospital as quick as he can. Over time, Jimmy recovers and is later seen in the hospital talking to friends. Mark returns to racing and wins another big race, with Anne right by his side.

Cast
 James Murray as Mark 'High Gear' Sherrod
 Joan Marsh as Anne Merritt
 Jackie Searl as Jimmy Evans
 Eddie Lambert as Jake Cohen, Janitor
 Ann Brody as Mrs. Cohen
 Theodore von Eltz as Larry 'Keyhole' Winston
 Lee Moran as Howard, Mechanic
 Mike Donlin as Ed Evans
 Gordon De Main as Maj. Edwards - Military Academy Commandant
 Douglas Haig as Percy
 George O'Hanlon as Reporter

References

External links

1933 films
1933 romantic drama films
American auto racing films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Leigh Jason
American romantic drama films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films

High Gear (1933 film)


In mathematical study of the differential geometry of curves, the total curvature of an immersed plane curve is the integral of curvature along a curve taken with respect to arc length:

The total curvature of a closed curve is always an integer multiple of 2, where N is called the index of the curve or turning number – it is the winding number of the unit tangent vector about the origin, or equivalently the degree of the map to the unit circle assigning to each point of the curve, the unit velocity vector at that point.  This map is similar to the Gauss map for surfaces.

Comparison to surfaces

This relationship between a local geometric invariant, the curvature, and a global topological invariant, the index, is characteristic of results in higher-dimensional Riemannian geometry such as the Gauss–Bonnet theorem.

Invariance
According to the Whitney–Graustein theorem, the total curvature is invariant under a regular homotopy of a curve: it is the degree of the Gauss map. However, it is not invariant under homotopy: passing through a kink (cusp) changes the turning number by 1.

By contrast, winding number about a point is invariant under homotopies that do not pass through the point, and changes by 1 if one passes through the point.

Generalizations

A finite generalization is that the exterior angles of a triangle, or more generally any simple polygon, add up to 360° = 2 radians, corresponding to a turning number of 1. More generally, polygonal chains that do not go back on themselves (no 180° angles) have well-defined total curvature, interpreting the curvature as point masses at the angles.

The total absolute curvature of a curve is defined in almost the same way as the total curvature, but using the absolute value of the curvature instead of the signed curvature.
It is 2 for convex curves in the plane, and larger for non-convex curves. It can also be generalized to curves in higher dimensional spaces by flattening out the tangent developable to  into a plane, and computing the total curvature of the resulting curve.  That is, the total curvature of a curve in -dimensional space is

where  is last Frenet curvature (the torsion of the curve) and  is the signum function.

The minimum total absolute curvature of any three-dimensional curve representing a given knot is an invariant of the knot. This invariant has the value 2 for the unknot, but by the Fáry–Milnor theorem it is at least 4 for any other knot.

References

Further reading
 (translated by Bruce Hunt)

Curves
Curvature (mathematics)

Total curvature


The Tennessee Performing Arts Center (TPAC) is located in the James K. Polk Cultural Center at 505 Deaderick Street in downtown Nashville, Tennessee.  It occupies a city block between 5th and 6th Avenues North and Deaderick and Union Streets. The cultural center adjoins the 18-story James K. Polk State Office Building.

History
In the early 1800s, the site was where the fourth mayor of Nashville, Joseph T. Elliston, lived with his wife Louisa and their son William R. Elliston until they moved to Burlington, their plantation in mid-town Nashville.

The idea for a large-scale performing arts facility developed in 1972 when Martha Rivers Ingram was appointed to the advisory board of the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C. She proposed a similar center for her home city of Nashville.  Ingram's proposal involved a public-private partnership that would operate within a state-owned facility. Her idea met with considerable resistance, but she persevered, for eight years and throughout the terms of three governors. The result is the Tennessee Performing Arts Center, a three-theater facility located beneath a state office building across the street from the Tennessee State Capitol. In 1980, TPAC opened as the state's premier theater venue.

Among its operations, TPAC presents a series of touring Broadway shows and special engagements, and administers a comprehensive education program.

Martha Rivers Ingram and her supporters also raised an endowment to defray operating losses and to fund a program that grooms future audiences for TPAC performances. The endowment goal was $3.5 million, and they surpassed it, raising $5 million. Today, the endowment has grown to $20 million. Each year, more than 100,000 students, from kindergarten through 12th grade, are brought to Nashville for performances by the Nashville Ballet, the Nashville Opera, and the Nashville Repertory Theatre, which are all resident performing arts groups of TPAC and provide year-round programming. Other companies also use TPAC's facilities for plays, dance performances, concerts and other cultural programs.

The Tennessee Performing Arts Center Management Corporation is governed by a 27-member Board of Directors. Directors serve for a term of three years.

Performance venues

The performance venues are named for the three Presidents of the United States who hailed from Tennessee:

Andrew Jackson Hall

Andrew Jackson Hall is the largest of TPAC's multi-purpose theaters with a seating capacity of 2,472 seats, including 47 pit seats. The stage is more than 130 feet wide by 53 feet deep. The stage has a proscenium opening of more than 57 feet by 36 feet. Up to 112 performers can be accommodated in 14 dressing rooms, including a star suite, two onstage quick change rooms, and high-capacity choral spaces. Expansive wings, fly space, rigging and catwalks provide for productions of every size.

James K. Polk Theater

James K. Polk Theater is amazingly intimate for its size, with a seating capacity of 1,075 seats, including 44 pit seats. The stage is more than 87 feet by 50 feet, with a proscenium opening of nearly 47 feet by 30 feet. The theater features spacious wings and expansive fly space. Up to 86 performers can be accommodated in 10 dressing rooms, including one quick change room and two high-capacity choral spaces.

Andrew Johnson Theater

Andrew Johnson Theater is TPAC's smallest theater, ideal for adventurous and experimental art and entertainment. The 59 feet by 54 feet center open floor performing space is surrounded by three sides with banks of theater seating. With seating up to 256 configurable seats, this theater can host a variety of seating arrangements. Wing and storage space adjoin the theater, which features a 22-foot catwalk. Two dressing rooms can accommodate up to 24 performers. Designed for live theater and intimate performances, Johnson Theater has hosted a variety of acoustic concerts, "in the round" performances, readings, lectures, and video shoots.

War Memorial Auditorium
TPAC also governs the War Memorial Auditorium (1,661 seats), a historic building that anchors the War Memorial Plaza, adjacent to Nashville's capitol building and across 6th Avenue from the Tennessee Performing Arts Center.

Resident companies
Nashville Ballet
Nashville Opera
Nashville Repertory Theatre

References

External links
 TPAC Website
 TPAC's War Memorial Auditorium

Buildings and structures in Nashville, Tennessee
Tourist attractions in Nashville, Tennessee
Performing arts centers in Tennessee
1980 establishments in Tennessee

Tennessee Performing Arts Center


Formula E, abbreviated to FE, is the highest class of auto racing for electric cars defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motorsport's world governing body. Each year, the FE World Championship season is held. It consists of a series of races, known as ePrix, held usually held on temporary street circuits within city centers. Drivers are awarded points based on their finishing position in each race, and the driver who accumulates the most points over each championship is crowned that year's Formula E World Drivers' Champion. As of the 2023 London ePrix, there have been 81 Formula E drivers from 21 different nationalities who have raced at least one of the 116 Formula E races since the first such event, the 2014 Beijing ePrix.

Two-time champion Jean-Éric Vergne hold the record for the most championships. Lucas di Grassi & Sebastien Buemi both hold the record for the most wins with 13, Buemi also holds the record for most pole positions with 16, di Grassi has the most points with 1,041, and the most podiums with 40, he has entered more ePrix than anyone else (116) and also holds the record for the most ePrix starts (115). The United Kingdom is the most represented country, having produced 15 drivers. Six countries have been represented by just one. South Africa became the latest country to be represented by a driver when Kelvin van der Linde made his Formula E debut at the 2023 Diriyah ePrix driving for the ABT CUPRA Formula E Team. The most recent drivers to make their debut are David Beckmann and Roberto Merhi at the 2023 Jakarta ePrix for Avalanche Andretti Formula E and Mahindra Racing.

Drivers

By nationality

References

Formula E drivers

List of Formula E drivers


Recombinant human parathyroid hormone, sold under the brand names Preotact and Natpara, is an artificially manufactured form of the parathyroid hormone used to treat hypoparathyroidism. Recombinant human parathyroid hormone is used in the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women at high risk of osteoporotic fractures. A significant reduction in the incidence of vertebral fractures has been demonstrated.

The most common side effects include sensations of tingling, tickling, pricking, or burning of the skin (paraesthesia); low blood calcium; headache; high blood calcium; and nausea.

Medical uses
Natpara is indicated as an adjunct to calcium and vitamin D to control hypocalcemia in people with hypoparathyroidism.

Preotact was approved by the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women at high risk of fractures, but the marketing authorisation has been withdrawn at the manufacturer's request.

Administration

The recommended dose is 100 micrograms of Preotact administered once-daily as a subcutaneous injection into the abdomen, during 18 months (data support treatment up to 24 months).  The injections are given using a specially designed injection device (Preotact(TM)Pen).  The PreotactPen is specifically designed to allow osteoporosis patients to administer the injections, despite challenges of vision impairment and limited strength of hands and digits tributable to high age.  Patients should receive supplemental calcium and vitamin D during treatment with parathyroid hormone.
Following treatment with Preotact, patients can be treated with a bisphosphonate to further increase bone mineral density

Contraindications for use

Parathyroid hormone treatment should not be initiated in patients:
 with hypersensitivity to PTH or excipients
 who have received radiation therapy to the skeleton
 with pre-existing hypercalcemia and other disturbances in the metabolism of phosphate or calcium
 with metabolic bone diseases other than primary osteoporosis (including hyperparathyroidism and Paget's disease
 with unexplained elevations of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase
 with severe chronic kidney disease
 with severe liver impairment

Interactions

Parathyroid hormone is a natural peptide that is not metabolised in the liver.  It is not protein bound and has a low volume of distribution, therefore no specific drug-drug interactions are suspected.  From the knowledge of the mechanism of action, combined use of Preotact and cardiac glycosides may predispose patients to digitalis toxicity if hypercalcemia develops.

Undesirable effects

Hypercalcemia and/or hypercalciuria reflect the known pharmacodynamic actions of parathyroid hormone in the gastrointestinal tract, the kidney and the skeleton, and is therefore an expected undesirable effect. Nausea is another commonly reported adverse reaction to the use of parathyroid hormone.

Pharmacodynamic properties

Mechanism of action

Preotact contains recombinant human parathyroid hormone which is identical to the full-length native 84-amino acid polypeptide.
Physiological actions of parathyroid hormone include stimulation of bone formation by direct effects on bone forming cells (osteoblasts) indirectly increasing the intestinal absorption of calcium and increasing the tubular reabsorption of calcium and excretion of phosphate by the kidney.

Pharmacodynamic effects

The skeletal effects of parathyroid hormone depend upon the pattern of systemic exposure. Transient elevations in parathyroid hormone levels after subcutaneous injection of Preotact stimulates new bone formation on trabecular and cortical bone surfaces by preferential stimulation of osteoblastic activity over osteoclastic activity.

Effects on serum calcium concentrations

Parathyroid hormone is the principal regulator of serum calcium hemostasis. In response to subcutaneous doses of Preotact (100 micrograms), serum total calcium levels increase gradually and reach peak concentration at approximately 6 to 8 hours after dosing. In general, serum calcium levels return to normal within 24 hours.

Clinical efficacy

In an 18-month double-blind, placebo controlled study, the effects of Preotact on the fracture incidence in 2532 women with postmenopausal osteoporosis was studied. Approximately 19% of patients had a prevalent vertebral fracture at baseline and the mean lumbar T-score of -3.0 in both active and placebo arm.
Compared to the placebo group, there was a 61% relative risk reduction of a new vertebral fracture at month 18 for the women in the Preotact group.
To prevent one or more new vertebral fractures, 48 women had to be treated for a median of 18 months for the total population. For patients who were already fractured, the number needed to treat was 21.

Effect on bone mineral density

In the same study mentioned above, Preotact increased bone mineral density in the lumbar spine after 18 months treatment by 6.5% compared with a reduction by 0.3% in the placebo group. The difference was statistically significant. The increase of bone mineral density in the hip was also statistically significant compared to placebo, but only around 1.0% at study endpoint. Continued treatment up to 24 months lead to a continued increase in bone mineral density.

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Subcutaneous administration of parathyroid hormone into the abdomen produces a rapid increase in plasma parathyroid hormone levels which reach peak at 1 to 2 hours after dosing. The mean half-life is approximately 1.5 hours. The absolute bioavailability of 100 micrograms of Preotact after subcutaneous administration in the abdomen is 55%.

Distribution

The volume of distribution at steady-state following intravenous administration is approximately 5.4 liters. Intersubject variability is about 40%.

Biotransformation

Parathyroid hormone is efficiently removed from the blood by a receptor-mediated process in the liver and is broken down into smaller peptide fragments. The fragments derived from the amino-terminus are further degraded within the cell while the fragments derived from the carboxy-terminus are released back into the blood and cleared by the kidney. These carboxy-terminal fragments are thought to play a role in the regulation of parathyroid hormone activity. Under normal physiological conditions full-length parathyroid hormone H constitutes only 5-30% of the circulating forms of the molecule, while 70-95% is present as carboxy-terminal fragments. Following administration of Preotact, carboxy-terminal fragments make up about 60-90% of the circulating forms of the molecule. Intersubject variability in systemic clearance is about 15%.

Elimination

Parathyroid hormone is metabolised in the liver and to a lesser extent in the kidney. It is not excreted from the body in its intact form. Circulating carboxy-terminal fragments are filtered by the kidney, but are subsequently broken down into even smaller fragments during tubular reuptake. No studies have so far been performed in patients with severe hepatic impairment. The pharmacokinetics of parathyroid hormone in patients with severe chronic kidney disease (creatinine clearance of less than 30 ml/min) has not been investigated either.

Pharmaceutical particulars

Preotact is delivered in a two chamber, glass ampoule. One chamber contains the active substance in the form of a white powder (with excipients: mannitol, citric acid monohydrate, NaCl, NaOH, HCl). And the other contains the solvent; water for injection. The powder is mixed with the solvent when the ampoule is inserted into the injection device.

Storage and shelf-life

The mixed solution is stable for 28 days when stored between 2 and 8 °C. During this 28-day period the mixed solution may be stored for up to 7 days at room temperature, allowing the patient the freedom to travel. Unmixed ampoules have a shelf-life of 30 months. The products should not be frozen and should be protected from light.

See also
 Teriparatide, another parathyroid hormone

References

External links

Hormones of calcium metabolism
Parathyroid hormone receptor agonists
Takeda Pharmaceutical Company brands
Drugs acting on the musculoskeletal system
Receptor agonists
Withdrawn drugs
Orphan drugs

Recombinant human parathyroid hormone


Parkinsonia florida, the blue palo verde (syn. Cercidium floridum), is a species of palo verde native to the Sonoran Deserts in the  Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico. Its name means "green pole or stick" in Spanish, referring to the green trunk and branches, that perform photosynthesis.

Description
Parkinsonia florida grows to heights of . It is a rapidly growing large shrub or small tree, and rarely survives to 100 years. Compared to the closely related Parkinsonia microphylla (foothill paloverde), it appears more decumbent in overall form, is taller, and matures more quickly.

The plant's trunk, branches, and leaves are gray-green in color, hence the common name. The plant is drought-deciduous, shedding its foliage for most of the year, leafing out after rainfall. Photosynthesis is performed by the gray-green branches and twigs, regardless of absent leaves.

The flowers are bright yellow, and pea-like, which cover the tree in late spring. They attract pollinators such as bees, beetles, and flies. They are followed by seed pods which are slightly larger and flatter and have harder shells than the foothill paloverde. These are a food source for small rodents and birds.

Distribution
This plant is primarily found in the Sonoran Colorado Desert of southeastern California, and the Sonoran Deserts of southern Arizona and of northwestern Sonora state (Mexico). It is found predominantly in desert washes or bajadas, a result of its need for water, although occasionally it can be found in creosote desert scrub habitat, accessing seeps in desert hills up to . Also found in the far eastern Mojave Desert of California in the northern Lower Colorado River Valley, and occasionally in the Mojave's mountains.

Uses

Native American
The plant's beans were used as a food source, and wood for carving ladles, by the indigenous Quechan, Mojave, and Pima people. The Pima and Tohono O'odham both ate the beans when soft and immature and cooked whole; they also ground the ripe seeds into flour to eat as atole or gruel.
The flowers are sweet and edible either fresh or cooked.

Cultivation
Parkinsonia florida is cultivated as an ornamental plant and tree by specialty plant nurseries, for planting as a shrub or multi-trunked small tree in drought tolerant and wildlife gardens of suitable climates. It offers an unusual green-blue silhouette in gardens, and delicately patterned light shade over patios.

Taxonomy and symbols
The Irish botanist Thomas Coulter was the first to categorize Parkinsonia florida. He obtained specimens near Hermosillo, in Sonora, Mexico, in 1830.

The blue palo verde is the state tree of Arizona. In 1966, it was also named the "city tree" of South Miami, Florida.

References

External links

 USDA Plants Profile for Parkinsonia florida (blue paloverde)

 Jepson Manual Treatment; Parkinsonia florida
 Calflora Database: Parkinsonia florida (blue paloverde)
 Arizona State Tree: Blue paloverde; (pdf file)
 Parkinsonia florida; U.C. Photo gallery

florida
Trees of the Southwestern United States
Symbols of Arizona
Plants described in 1830
Edible legumes
Bird food plants
Plants used in Native American cuisine
Garden plants of North America
Drought-tolerant trees
Ornamental trees
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Parkinsonia florida


Little River Canyon National Preserve is a United States National Preserve located on top of Lookout Mountain near Fort Payne, Alabama, and DeSoto State Park. Created by an Act of Congress in 1992, the  preserve protects what is sometimes said to be the nation's longest mountaintop river, the Little River. The canyon was historically called "May's Gulf", "gulf" being a common term throughout the Cumberland Plateau for this sort of feature. Prior to being assigned to the National Park Service, the canyon area formed the southmost unit of Alabama's DeSoto State Park.

The river
The Little River flows for almost its entire length along the middle of Lookout Mountain in northeast Alabama. Over eons of geologic time, Little River has carved out one of the Southeast's deepest canyons as it winds its way from headwaters in Georgia before exiting the mountain and emptying into the Coosa River (Weiss Lake impoundment) near Leesburg, Alabama. Legend has it that a minor Civil War skirmish occurred on the rim.

The main stem of the river is formed by the confluence of the  East Fork and the  West Fork.  The Little River flows another  from the confluence of the forks, through the canyon, to its end at Weiss Lake.

The canyon

The river is said to be among the cleanest and wildest waterways in the South, undammed aside from a small and derelict hydroelectric project at DeSoto Falls on the West Fork near Mentone, Alabama. Sandstone cliffs tower up to  above the narrow canyon floor, frequently visible from the  scenic drive known as Little River Canyon Rim Parkway (AL 176, Dekalb C.R. 148, Cherokee C.R. 275) on the canyon's western rim. The northern half of this road was built under federal supervision in the New Deal era. The southern half was built by local authorities.

The river boasts three major waterfalls: DeSoto Falls, Little River Falls (at the beginning of the canyon), and the seasonal Grace's High Falls, which falls into the side canyon created by Bear Creek and is Alabama's highest waterfall at .

Eberhart Point, above the confluence of Bear Creek and the Little River, is the most convenient point for descents to the bottom of the canyon. Hikers may follow a rough eroded path. This is the remnant of a vehicle access-way which was constructed during the course of a ski-lift and amusement park project that the State of Alabama permitted a private consortium of Fort Payne businessmen to construct in the late 1960s. The project was abandoned after a couple of years, though visitors may still see associated debris in Pine Tree Hole, in the bottom of the canyon. An unmaintained but fairly well-defined trail proceeds approximately eight miles to the canyon mouth. Heading upstream is much more problematic and should only be undertaken by hikers accustomed to bushwhacking. The river is popular with practiced whitewater enthusiasts who are willing to carry their vessels down to Pine Tree Hole. Camping is not currently permitted in the canyon.

There are currently few visitor facilities operated by the National Park Service within the preserve. DeSoto State Park, operated by the Alabama State Park System, is located within the preserve boundaries and has a lodge, restaurant, several campgrounds, and other facilities. There is a day-use area at the mouth of the canyon where a campground was once operated. The area provides places for picnics and is a popular swimming location.

There has been little land acquisition since the New Deal era. The immediate area of the canyon is being encroached upon by real estate speculation, construction of vacation houses, and even subdivision development.

From the 1970s to the early 1980s, a mini-theme park (a commercial venture), called "Canyonland Park," operated in the park area. It included a zoo and a lift. Some of the lift pedestals are still in the park area.

Activities

Backcountry camping is no longer allowed in the Little River Canyon National Preserve. Hunting in the preserve requires a hunting license from Alabama or any other state. Riding ATVs is no longer permitted. Fishing requires an Alabama fishing license and net or seine fishing are not allowed.

The Jacksonville State University Little River Canyon Center is a 23,000 square-foot LEED-certified visitor center.

References

External links

 National Park Service: Little River Canyon National Preserve

Lookout Mountain
Protected areas of Cherokee County, Alabama
Protected areas of DeKalb County, Alabama
Landmarks in Alabama
National Preserves of the United States
Rivers of Alabama
Protected areas established in 1992
National Park Service areas in Alabama
Nature reserves in Alabama
Landforms of Cherokee County, Alabama
Landforms of DeKalb County, Alabama
Canyons and gorges of Alabama
1992 establishments in Alabama

Little River Canyon National Preserve


Barbara Meislin (known as the Purple Lady of Tiburon) is an American author, singer, philanthropist, and healer, known locally in the town of Tiburon, California, for a devotion to things colored purple.

Biography

Meislin was born to a single mother in Newark, New Jersey, in approximately 1936. She trained as a teacher at Hunter College, taught high school and adult education French and Spanish in Tiburon. After learning guitar as an adult she became an "accomplished" singer, taught the instrument at Dominican College, had a radio show on KQED playing French music, and played local restaurants, singing in French, Hebrew, and English. She recorded an album of music for healing. She divorced her husband, Jerry Meislin, on amicable terms in 1982.

In October 2009, the large purple house where she had lived for 43 years, a local landmark, burned down.

Career
She wrote and self-published a successful book, No One Can Ever Steal Your Rainbow, as well as a song by that name, on the occasion of the death of her daughter, Lori, from a rare childhood virus. The title was taken from a comment by her rabbi, who was consoling her after her purple mailbox was stolen (it was later returned). The book was later adapted as a ballet that premiered at the Marin Dance Theater.

Public works
Meislin is also known for her charitable work. She is an ardent supporter of TRUST-Emun - Womens Interfaith Network; variously founded, and donated the money to build, a hospice library, a "Purple Playground of Friendship" for both Jewish and Palestinian children in Neve Shalom / Wahat al-Salam near Latrun, Israel, a "Positively Purple for the Breast Cancer" fashion show and fundraiser, She also donated a gazebo for a local park and each year, since 2000 she has paid for hundreds of mentors and kids involved in Big Brothers Big Sisters of the North Bay to go ice skating at Snoopy's Home Ice Rink in Santa Rosa, California.

Purple
Meislin is known for her love for the color purple, and related shades of violet, lavender, amethyst, lilac, mauve, magenta, and indigo. Most of her possessions are a shade of purple, including among other things:
her make-up
her automobiles (license plates contain the word "Purple")
her cell phone
a garden with purple flowers
her art collection

References

External links

Supernatural healing
Living people
People from Tiburon, California
People from Newark, New Jersey
1930s births
American philanthropists
21st-century American Jews

Barbara Meislin


Champakulam is a village in Kerala, India. It is in Alappuzha district. Champakulam is part of Kuttanad, the rice bowl of Kerala, and is resplendent in green paddy fields, coconut groves and water fowl. Champakulam is an important tourist spot and is famous for the Moolam boat race. The river Pampa flows through the village, splitting it into two.  It is connected by road to Alappuzha, Changanassery and Edathua.

Champakulam Kalloorkadu St. Mary's Forane Church (Valia Palli)
Champakulam Kalloorkadu St. Mary's Forane Church (also called Champakulam Valia Palli) is one of the oldest Christian churches in India and the mother church of almost all Catholic Syrian churches in Alleppey District. Believed to be established in AD 427. Rebuilt many times and the many rock inscriptions found around the church tell about the history of the church. The open air rock cross at Champakulam church is one of the most ancient with clear documentation of its antiquity up to AD 1151.

There are many archaeological artifacts found around the church about its history. Champakulam church was once under Niranam Church. Champakulam Church had very friendly relations with the Jacobite Syrian group and had a pivotal role in many ecumenical efforts in the eighteenth century. Belongs to the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church of India.

The annual feast at this church is on the 3rd Sunday of October every year. The feast of St. Joseph is celebrated on March 19.

Champakulam Moolam boat race
The Champakulam Moolam boat race is the oldest and one of the most popular vallam kali (snake boat race) in Kerala state of south India. The race is held on river Pampa on the moolam day (according to the Malayalam Era M.E) of the Malayalam month Midhunam, the day of the installation of the deity at the Ambalappuzha Sree Krishna Temple.

Champakulam Chundan
Chundans (snake boats) are supposed to be Navy boats of Chempakasserry rulers. Now they are only using for the races.
Traditionally each boat belongs to a village, and the villagers worship that boat like a deity. Only men are allowed to touch the boat, and to show respect they should be barefooted. To make the boat slippery while in the water, it is oiled with a mixture of fish oil, coconut shell carbon and eggs. Repair work is done annually by the village carpenter.
Constructed according to specifications taken from the Sthapathya Veda, an ancient treatise for the building of wooden boats, Champakulam chundan has 130 ft length and breadth of 69 inches It has a depth of 22 inches with the rear portion towering to a height of about 11 ft, and a long tapering front portion, it resembles a snake with its hood raised.  Its hull is built of planks precisely 83 feet in length and six inches wide. It can accommodate 105 oarsmen. This chundan can cover a distance of 1.4 km in about 5 minutes.

In the centre of the chundan vallom, which was earlier the place of the canon, stand two people who beat the odithatta (fire platforms) with poles and sing the vanchippattu (songs of the boatmen) to maintain the rowing rhythm.  While the strongest oarsmen sit at the front to set the pace, the back is managed by six hefty amarackars (helmsmen) who stand and help steer the boat.  The person at the highest point of the boat is the chief oarsman. Champakulam Chundan is the winner of several boat races including hatric winner of the Nehru Trophy boat race during 1989, 1990, and 1991.

Later the boat was procured by UST Global, a California-based IT services company. It was handed over to UST Global by the owners Chambakulam Boat Club at a gala ceremony conducted at Alappuzha on 21 December 2013. The UST Global Trivandrum Campus will be the new home for Chambakulam Chundan.

New Champakulam chundan sculptured by Uma Maheswaran, in around 180 days with an approximate cost of 56 Lakhs. It can accommodate 104 oarsmen. It is the winner of 2014 Nehru Trophy Boat race.

Educational Institutions

St. Mary's Higher Secondary School

St. Thomas UP School
Bishop Kurialacherry Public School

Porukara Memorial School

Notable personalities from Champakulam
Shyama
Guru Gopinath
Bishop Kurialassery
Champakulam Pachupilla
Saji Thomas International Sportsman, Arjuna Awardee

Tourism

Champakulam is an important tourist spot. There are hundreds of houseboats moving along the Pampa River every day. Champakulam church (Valia Palli) and Champakulam snake boat (and some other snake boats too) are some of the tourist attractions. There are a number of resorts where people can stay and enjoy the beauty of nature. Champakulam angadi has some art-emporiums where tourists might find items of interest.

Art emporium

St. Thomas Art emporium has high quality statues - mostly on wood are produced here. A lot of these are exported to other countries too.

Places in and around Champakulam
Though Champakulam is a village itself, there are many other small places in and around Champakulam. Some of them are part of Champakulam.

Amichakari
Champakulam
Kandankary
Kondakkal
Manapra
Mankombu
Nedumudi
Padaharam
Pulincunnu
Pullangadi
Thekkekkara
Vaisyambhagom
Nadubhagam

Champakulam Bridge
The two banks (East and West) of Pampa River in Champakulam were only connected by ferries previously.  Construction of a new bridge is completed recently and it is open to public now. This bridge connects the east and west banks of Champakulam. This also connects the 2 bus stations on either side of the river.

References

External links

Villages in Alappuzha district

Champakulam


Acquapendente Cathedral (, Basilica Cattedrale di San Sepolcro) is a Roman Catholic cathedral, dedicated to the Holy Sepulchre, in the town of Acquapendente in Lazio, Italy. Formerly the episcopal seat of the Diocese of Acquapendente, it is now a co-cathedral in the Diocese of Viterbo.

History

The building was in origin the church of a former Benedictine monastery. During the Middle Ages the church was very popular as a destination for pilgrims and cripples seeking miraculous cures. It was made a cathedral in 1649 as the seat of the Bishop of Acquapendente, a diocese created in that year in succession to the suppressed Diocese of Castro del Lazio, from the former cathedral of which it received many treasures and furnishings, and the relics of Saint Bernard of Castro. The bishopric was united on 27 March 1986 with several others to form the Diocese of Viterbo, Acquapendente, Bagnoregio, Montefiascone, Tuscania e San Martino al Monte Cimino (renamed in 1991 the Diocese of Viterbo), in which Acquapendente Cathedral is a co-cathedral.

It has also traditionally enjoyed the status of a basilica minor.

Description
Originally the church of a former Benedictine monastery, the present building began as a Romanesque church of the 12th century. It has been the object of many attempts at beautification over the centuries, however, particularly since becoming a cathedral, and the original structure is overlaid by the many later works, largely of painted terracotta and stucco, such as the Neoclassical west front.

The crypt, which dates from the second half of the 10th century and is thus older than the main structure, is of especial interest, for its unusual arrangement of pillars, which divide the space into nine small aisles, and for the elaborately carved zoomorphic capitals of the pillars themselves. The crypt also contains a blood-stained stone said to come from the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, whence the dedication.

The cathedral also contains two bas-reliefs credited to Agostino di Duccio: Tobias and the Angel and the Victory of Saint Michael over the Dragon.

References

External links

 GCatholic.org: Diocese of Viterbo
 Catholic Hierarchy: Diocese of Acquapendente
 Official website of the comune: Romanesque crypt with nine aisles

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Italy
Churches in the province of Viterbo
Cathedrals in Lazio
Neoclassical architecture in Lazio
Acquapendente
Neoclassical church buildings in Italy

Acquapendente Cathedral


Paasselkä devils () are light phenomena sometimes appearing at Lake Paasselkä, Finland and swampy and forested areas nearby the lake.

Paasselkä is a lake formed in an impact crater. There is a magnetic anomaly in the centre of the lake.

The Paasselkä Devil is usually said to be a ball of light visible in the air above Paasselkä or areas nearby. It is said to move at varying speeds on some occasions and to remain stationary at others. Sometimes there are several balls. The "ball of fire" has been said by some locals to act as if it were conscious. It can follow fishermen's boats or escape the light of torch. Sometimes the light moves at incredible speeds.

The light has been visible for a long time; it is a part of local folklore and was given the name "devil". Locals in earlier times may have believed that the ball of light was actually an evil creature. In earlier times local people were used to seeing these lights and did not consider them to be something extraordinary. The lights are still observed occasionally, and have been caught on film and photographed. This light phenomenon became more widely known through a 2006 book by Sulo Strömberg containing stories about the phenomenon.

See also
Will-o'-the-wisps

References

Further reading
Sulo Strömberg: Kerimäen ja Savonrannan kyliä kiertämässä. Tarinoita Paasveen piruista ja pohuista [Around Kerimäki and Savonranna villages. Paasselkä stories about the devil and spirits.] 2006. .

Atmospheric ghost lights
Finnish legendary creatures
Finnish folklore
Magnetic anomalies

Paasselkä devils


Ptychochromis makira is a species of cichlid only known from the Antainambalana River in the northernmost part of the Toamasina Province in Madagascar. It is threatened by habitat loss and overfishing, and has suffered a severe decline in recent years. It reaches a length of  SL.

References

makira
Fish described in 2006

Ptychochromis makira


Ghassan Tueni (; 5 January 1926 – 8 June 2012) was a Lebanese journalist, politician and diplomat who headed An Nahar, one of the Arab world's leading newspapers. Some call him "The Dean of Lebanese Journalism".

Early life
Born in Beirut on 5 January 1926 to a Greek Orthodox Christian family, Ghassan Tueni was the son of Gebran Tueni, the founder and publisher of the daily newspaper An Nahar. His hometown was Beit Mary.

Ghassan Tueni joined the Syrian Social Nationalist Party founded by Antoun Saadeh in the early 1940s. According to Tueni, it was Yusuf al-Khal who recruited him to join the party. While at the American University of Beirut, Tueni was the general executive head of student affairs within the SSNP and later rose to the position of assistant cultural dean of the party. In 1947, he met Antoun Saadeh for the first time in Dhour El Choueir and was blown away by Saadeh's striking charisma. While studying for his master's degree in the United States, Antoun Saadeh was in forced exile ,and the two exchanged letters between 1946 and 1947. Later that year, he left the SSNP after it dismissed Yusuf al-Khal, Fayez Sayegh and others.

Tueni made a swift comeback to the SSNP after its party leader was summoned and executed in a trial that took less than twenty four hours by the Lebanese authorities in 1949. Saadeh's execution was dubbed by many as the worst kangaroo court trial in Lebanese legal history.  The execution prompted Tueni to write a front-page column in the Nahar newspaper where he hailed Saadeh as a national hero forsaking his life for the national cause and condemning the execution. The article created a widespread political storm that caused much worry among the establishment ,and was soon sent to prison. In 1952, Tueni was appointed by the SSNP leadership to represent the party in the Popular Socialist Front led by Kamal Jumblatt which forced the resignation of Lebanese president Bechara El Khoury.

Education

Tueni studied at the International College (IC) and then, at the American University of Beirut under Charles Malik who was influential in the development of his thoughts. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy from the American University of Beirut in 1945. He then went to the United States to study at Harvard University where he received his master's degree in government. He had to abruptly interrupt his Ph.D. studies at Harvard and return to Lebanon to take over the reins of the journal when his father died.

Career
After the sudden death of his father Gebran Tueni, Ghassan, just 22 at the time, returned to Lebanon to continue publishing An Nahar. He became editor-in-chief and publisher of the paper from 1947 to 1999, and from 2003 until his death. He was imprisoned in the 1940s for his objections to censorship. Committed to his father's work, Ghassan developed a new team of journalists, modernising the editorial content and its production. An Nahar was at the time Lebanon's foremost daily and the Arab world's most credible and authoritative newspaper.

He became a member of parliament in 1951, at age 25. Until 1977, he served in different governmental positions, including house speaker, deputy prime minister and minister of the social affairs and labor, industry, information, energy and education. He also served as Lebanon's permanent representative to the United Nations (UN) from September 1977 to September 1982, at the peak of the civil war. During his tenure at the UN, he famously addressed the Security Council on 17 March 1978 with the emotional plea: "Let my people live!". Soon, the UNSC adopted Resolution 425, calling for Israel to immediately withdraw its forces from Lebanon. During the Lebanese Civil War, he was against Bachir Gemayel and confessed lobbying in Washington, D.C. against his presidential election. Ghassan Tueni described the 1989 Taif Agreement as the peace of the others.

After his son Gebran Tueni's assassination, Ghassan Tueni became the candidate for his son's seat in parliament and won the election. In June 2005, he published an article in An Nahar in which he praised Abdul Halim Khaddam's, former vice president of Syria, resignation from the Baath Party. In 2008, following clashes between pro- and anti-Syrian factions in Lebanon, he, along with other PMs, signed the Doha Agreement that ceased Lebanon's worst fighting since the civil war. Tueni's tenure at the parliament lasted until 2009 and his granddaughter Nayla Tueni won the same seat from Beirut.

Personal life
Tueni married Nadia Hamadeh in 1954 who died in 1983 after battling cancer for several years. He was predeceased by all three of his children. His son, the MP and journalist, Gebran Tueni was assassinated in 2005. At his son's funeral, he stood at the altar and pleaded, "Let us bury hatred and revenge along with Gebran". His only daughter, Nayla, died at age 7 from cancer. Makram, his youngest son, was killed in a car crash in Paris in 1987 at age 21. A granddaughter, Nayla, is a journalist and a member of the Lebanese Parliament, like her late father, late Gebran Tueni.

Work
Ghassan Tueni's writings are extensive. In 1985, his book Une Guerre Pour les Autres (A War of Others) was published. He published another book, Enterrer La Haine Et La Vengeance (Let us bury hate and revenge), in 2009, which he dedicated to his late son Gebran.

Awards
 Grand Officier, National Order of the Cedar from Lebanon in 1984.

In addition, Tueni was awarded an honorary degree from the American University of Beirut in June 2005. In December 2009, Tueni was given the Lebanese Order of Merit for his achievements in politics. In 2009, he was also the recipient of the Life Time Achievement Award of the Arab Thought Foundation.

Moreover, in 2011, Tueni was awarded an honorary degree from the American University of Science and Technology.

Death
Ghassan Tueni died on 8 June 2012 after a long illness at age 86; he spent the last month of his life at American University Hospital in Beirut. He was survived by his second wife, Shadia al Khazen and four granddaughters.

His funeral was held in Beirut on 9 June 2012. The Order of the Cedar was placed on his coffin. He was buried at Mar Mitr Cemetery.

On 9 June 2012, King Abdullah II sent a cable of condolences to the Tueni family as did King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa. The other statesmen sent their condolences included François Hollande, Laurent Fabius, and Shiekh Sabah al Ahmed al Sabah.

Notes
Eulogy for Ghassan Tueni

References

1926 births
2012 deaths
American University of Beirut alumni
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Lebanese journalists
Greek Orthodox Christians from Lebanon
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Lebanon
American University of Beirut trustees
Permanent Representatives of Lebanon to the United Nations
Writers from Beirut
Members of the Parliament of Lebanon
Lebanese newspaper publishers (people)
Recipients of the National Order of the Cedar
Deputy prime ministers of Lebanon
Education ministers of Lebanon
Government ministers of Lebanon
Ghassan
Politicians from Beirut
20th-century Lebanese politicians
People of the Lebanese Civil War

Ghassan Tueni


Andy Milner (born 10 February 1967), is an English retired footballer who played as a striker.

Career
Born in Kendal, Westmorland, Milner started his career with non-league Netherfield. He moved up the leagues by moving to Manchester City in January 1989, Milner was given experience of life at a leading Football League club but had not made any appearances when he was snapped up by Rochdale 12 months later for £20,000. He would soon appear in the fifth round of the FA Cup against Crystal Palace and netted a hat-trick on the final day of the season against Hereford United. Apart from some lengthy spells out on the sidelines through injury, Milner would be a regular until he was allowed to move on to Chester City (the club who he had scored his final Dale goal against in February 1994) in the summer of 1994 on a free transfer.

Milner was to chalk up an almost identical tally of league appearances and goals with Chester to his time at Rochdale, with his striking partners including former England forward Cyrille Regis and Chester's record league goalscorer, Stuart Rimmer. Ne netted on his debut against Bradford City and scored four times in a 6–0 thrashing of Doncaster Rovers in 1996–97. However, his most famous achievement at Chester was to score the dramatic late equaliser for the nine-men and relegation bound Blues when they came from behind to draw 2–2 at arch-rivals Wrexham on 14 February 1995, collecting the ball well out from goal and keeping running to fire home a sweet strike. From that day, Chester supporters always refer to 14 February as "St Milner's Day".

After losing his place in the side early in 1997–98, Milner dropped into the Football Conference with Hereford United on loan before joining Morecambe, followed by a brief spell with Northwich Victoria. Milner was forced to retire from professional football after suffering a torn ACL injury. He subsequently retrained as a driving instructor and then a counsellor; setting up his own business - South Cheshire Counselling Services.

References

1967 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Kendal
Footballers from Cumbria
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Kendal Town F.C. players
Manchester City F.C. players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Chester City F.C. players
Hereford United F.C. players
Morecambe F.C. players
Northwich Victoria F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players

Andy Milner


Raymond J. DeMallie (October 16, 1946 – April 25, 2021) was an American anthropologist whose work focuses on the cultural history of the peoples of the Northern Plains, particularly the Lakota.  His work is informed by interrelated archival, museum-based, and ethnographic research in a manner characteristic of the ethnohistorical method. In 1985 he founded and became the director of the American Indian Studies Research Institute at Indiana University Bloomington, alongside Douglas Parks, whom he worked collaboratively throughout majority of his career to preserve and translate various Indigenous languages, after having first met in 1980. Shortly after Parks started to work with DeMallie at Indiana University Bloomington.  They got married in 2016.

Early life and education
Raymond DeMallie was born in 1946 and raised in Rochester, New York. In 1964, in his last year of high school, he attended the Lewis Henry Morgan Lectures at the University of Rochester, given by Fred Eggan of the University of Chicago.

This inspired DeMallie's decision to attend the University of Chicago for undergraduate and graduate work; Eggan would eventually serve as the chair of his dissertation committee.  Other influential teachers at Chicago included Sol Tax (with whom he worked as a member of the staff of Current Anthropology), George Stocking, Ray Fogelson, and David Schneider.

DeMallie's dissertation fieldwork on the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation focused on kinship and social organization.  DeMallie drew from both cultural and linguistic data, and he received his PhD in 1971. (He earned his B.A. with honors in 1968 and his M.A. in 1970, with the Department of Anthropology throughout his education at Chicago.)

Career
DeMallie was a member of the University of Wyoming's Department of Anthropology from 1972-73.

In 1973 he joined Indiana University's Anthropology Department, which allowed him to work with the department's founder, Carl Voegelin. In 1985 DeMallie founded and became the director of the American Indian Studies Research Institute at Indiana University.  The Institute collaborates with tribes to document endangered native languages and develop materials to teach the languages, many of which are being revived in tribal schools and colleges.  On the Indiana faculty, Professor DeMallie was also the Class of 1967 Chancellor's Professor of Anthropology and American Studies.

During his career at Indiana, DeMallie trained a significant number of scholars who have taken up research and teaching posts in several fields concerned with Native North American studies. These include Brenda Farnell, Paula Wagoner, Mindy J. Morgan, Jason Baird Jackson, and Carolyn Anderson.

DeMallie was active in professional associations; in 1991-1992, he was elected as president of the American Society for Ethnohistory.

Legacy and honors
In 2002-2003, he was the French-American Foundation Chair in American Civilization at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales in Paris.

Representative works

Articles

Books

References

1946 births
2021 deaths
American anthropologists
Linguists of Siouan languages
Indiana University Bloomington faculty
People from Rochester, New York

Raymond J. DeMallie


Kleistos horos is a circle dance from Thessaly. The dance is performed in a circle with the men leading and the women following in the circle. It is usually exhibited to songs like "San allo de me marane!" The dance has two parts to it, slow and fast, with the handholds being different for each part. Steryios Vlahoyiannis from the Dora Stratou collection sings some great versions of the Kleistos dance.

Greek dances
Group dances

Kleistos