The University of Toronto Campus Safety Special Constable Service (formerly the University of Toronto Campus Community Police Service; generally referred to as the University of Toronto Campus Safety Service or simply Campus Safety) is a special constabulary that provides police services to the three campuses of the University of Toronto. The Service was formed in 1904, and, as of 2022, serves roughly 97 000 students and 25 000 faculty and staff.

Because of the University of Toronto's de-centralized tri-campus structure, the Service is organized into three functionally separate groups (St. George, University of Toronto Scarborough, and University of Toronto Mississauga), which — despite sharing a common brand identity and some policies — are operated, managed, and trained separately.

History
The campus police force at the University of Toronto was organized in 1904, when the first police constable was hired to handle disciplinary matters on the St. George campus. The special constables were appointed and overseen by the province until 1995, when this responsibility was downloaded to the Toronto and Peel Region police services boards.

A second campus police service was organized in 1963 with the foundation of the university's satellite Scarborough campus, followed closely by a third when the University organized Erindale College in Mississauga in 1966. The Erindale College Police Force was rebranded in 1998, when the College was rebranded as University of Toronto Mississauga.

In 2003, after a rash of assaults against special constables, the St. George campus police group requested permission from the Toronto Police Services Board to carry batons. The authority to carry batons was later granted to all three campus police forces.

In 2004, the provincial government compelled police services boards, including the Toronto and Peel boards, to require that campus police forces change their names from "University Police" to "Campus Community Police" or a non-police title. Subsequently, all three campuses adopted "Campus Community Police" brands.

In 2019, the Comprehensive Police Services Act came into force, prohibiting special constabularies from referring to themselves as "police" organizations without express permission of the Ministry of the Solicitor General. Accordingly, in 2021, all three campuses dropped the "Campus Community Police" brand, and instead adopted a "Campus Safety" brand. The new "Campus Safety" title was accompanied by updates to the uniforms and vehicle markings, which were rolled out across all three campuses. Previously, the three campus special constabularies had each used slightly different vehicle liveries.

In 2023, all three campuses introduced the position of Community Crisis Response Coordinator. The Coordinator is responsible for responding alongside special constables to mental health crisis calls, following up with students after these calls, and conducting training for frontline staff.

Controversies
In 2019, a student seeking mental health support at a University-run clinic was detained under the Mental Health Act and handcuffed by Mississauga campus special constables. The Mental Health Act requires that police officers and special constables detain and transport someone to the hospital if they have specific plans to harm themselves, but, in the 2019 incident, the student was willing to voluntarily attend the hospital. The University launched a review of the role of Campus Safety and the University's policies governing Mental Health Act detentions in the wake of the incident.

Organization

The Service is divided into three operational groups, each serving one U of T campus. Although the three groups share common uniforms, some common policies, and a similar structure, each group is operated separately of the other groups, with an independent chain-of-command on each campus. At the University's central St. George Campus, the Service is a division of the Facilities and Services department; and at the smaller Scarborough and Mississauga campuses, under the direct supervision of the Chief Administrative Officer.

Supplementing special constables on every campus are licensed security guards, who are referred to as building patrollers. These patrollers do not have any peace officer authority, and are variously responsible for interior patrols of campus buildings; escorting students after dark as requested; checking for dangerous conditions like burnt out lights; and, at the satellite campuses, checking IDs to ensure that those on the campus are part of the university community. On the St. George campus, the majority  of building patrol positions are contracted out to Executek International.

Authority
Special constable appointments are issued for each campus independently: a Scarborough campus special constable, for example, is appointed and categorized separately from a St. George campus special constable, even though both constables are appointed by the same police services board.

Special constables have full peace officer authority on property owned or used by their respective campus, and have police authority away from these properties if the offence they are investigating occurred on or in relation to U of T property, or if they are transporting an offender within the City of Toronto (in the case of St. George and Scarborough special constables) or the Regional Municipality of Peel (in the case of Mississauga special constables). In addition to enforcing the university's Student Code of Conduct and some municipal by-laws, special constables have authority to enforce the Criminal Code, the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, the Trespass to Property Act, the Liquor Licence Act, and section 17 of the Mental Health Act.

Rank structure
At every campus, building patrollers work parallel to special constables. At the St. George campus, building patrollers answer to the Community Liaison and Support Team; at the Scarborough campus, to a staff sergeant; and at the Mississauga campus, they are integrated with special constables and answer directly to corporals.

St. George campus
 Director
 Assistant Director
 Staff Sergeant
 Corporal
 Special Constable

Scarborough campus
 Senior Director
 Assistant Director
 Staff Sergeant
 Corporal
 Special Constable

Mississauga campus
 Director
 Manager
 Corporal
 Special Constable

Community Liaison and Support Team
At the St. George campus, investigations, evidence management, crime prevention programs, and the planning of special events and VIP visits is the responsibility of the Community Liaison and Support Team. The Team liaises with local police and other law enforcement partners to complete investigations, and is led by an assistant director. Members of the team are also trained to process crime scenes and collect evidence to forward to the Toronto Police Service.

Training
To be hired as a special constable, applicants are required to have a post-secondary degree. A 5-week orientation course is then provided to special constables, followed by a 12-month probationary period.

Special constables at each campus are trained separately. Because of certain minimum standards laid out by the province and the Toronto and Peel Region Police Services Boards, much of this training overlaps: every special constable, for example, attends an annual use-of-force refresher course, although the provider of these courses vary campus-to-campus. Other courses include training on peer support, de-escalation, micro-aggressions and racial profiling, and autism recognition.

Equipment

Weapons
All special constables are equipped with expandable batons, but not OC spray, tasers, or firearms.

Uniforms
Special constables wear one of two uniforms depending on the season: a winter uniform consisting of a navy blue dress shirt and navy cargo pants; or a summer uniform consisting of a hi-visibility lime-and-black polo shirt and black cargo pants. Special constables are also equipped with soft body armour.

Building patrollers wear beige dress shirts and black cargo pants, or, during the summer, grey-and-black polo shirts and black cargo pants.

Vehicles
Special constables patrol in a mix of marked Ford Police Interceptor Utilities, unmarked minivans and crossovers, and bicycles. At the St. George Campus, special constables also have at their disposal a marked Toyota Highlander Hybrid.

References

External links

 St. George Campus Safety website
 Scarborough Campus Safety website
 Mississauga Campus Safety website

Law enforcement agencies of Ontario
University of Toronto
Campus security services in Canada

University of Toronto Campus Safety


Carlos Enrique Nolasco (born December 13, 1982) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Florida/Miami Marlins,  Los Angeles Dodgers, Minnesota Twins, and Los Angeles Angels. He is of Mexican descent.

Early life
Born in Corona, California to Mexican parents, Nolasco attended Rialto High School in Rialto, California. He graduated in 2001 and was drafted out of high school in the fourth round of the 2001 Major League Baseball draft by the Chicago Cubs.

Professional career

Chicago Cubs
Nolasco began his professional career in the Rookie-level Arizona League with the Arizona League Cubs. In five games with the team, including four starts, he recorded a 1–0 win–loss record with an earned-run average (ERA) of 1.50. He spent the 2002 season with the Boise Hawks of the Class A-Short Season Northwest League, earning a record of 7–2 with an ERA of 2.48 in 15 starts. The next season, Nolasco was assigned to the Daytona Cubs of the Class A-Advanced Florida State League, where he went 11–5 with a 2.96 ERA in 26 starts.

Nolasco started the 2004 season in the Double-A (AA) Southern League with the West Tenn Diamond Jaxx. A month into the season, on May 16, he was called up to the Triple-A Iowa Cubs of the Pacific Coast League. He made nine starts for Iowa, accumulating a record of 2–3 with an ERA of 9.30 before being sent back down to AA on June 28. Nolasco spent the rest of the season there; he finished the season with a record of 6-4 and an ERA of 3.70 in 19 starts throughout both stints with the Diamond Jaxx during the 2004 season. Nolasco then spent the entire 2005 season in AA as he achieved an impressive 14–3 record with an ERA of 2.89 in 27 starts. Nolasco received the Southern League's Most Outstanding Pitcher Award for the 2005 season.

Florida/Miami Marlins

The Florida Marlins acquired Nolasco, Sergio Mitre, and Renyel Pinto from the Cubs for Juan Pierre on December 7, 2005. He made the opening day roster in 2006 and made his debut with 3 scoreless innings of relief on April 5 against the Houston Astros. He struck out Jason Lane for his first Major League strikeout. He recorded his first win with 2 innings of relief against the Cubs on April 26. He made his first start on May 22, also against the Cubs, and allowed 1 run in 7 innings to get the win.

Nolasco missed most of the 2007 season with an injury and then started the 2008 season as a middle reliever, but quickly found his way to the top of the rotation as Florida's top starting pitcher. On August 19, 2008, he pitched a two-hitter against the San Francisco Giants. With one out in the 9th inning, he gave up a double; the only other hit given up by him was a ball deflected off the glove of first baseman Mike Jacobs.  Nolasco also had a two-run double in the game. Nolasco won 15 games in 2008, putting him in the top 5 in wins in the National League.

Nolasco was named the 2009 Opening Day starter, throwing in six innings and win against the Washington Nationals. On September 30, 2009, Nolasco struck out 16 batters, breaking A. J. Burnett's record for 14 strikeouts in a single game for the Florida Marlins.

In December 2010, Nolasco agreed to a contract extension with the Marlins to remain with the team through 2013.

On August 23, 2011, Nolasco became the Marlins franchise leader in strikeouts, overtaking Dontrelle Willis. A year later on May 22, 2012 he won his 69th game, overtaking Willis' club record of 68 wins with the Marlins. He finished the season with a 4.48 ERA in 191 innings pitched, with 47 walks, 125 strikeouts, a 1.37 WHIP, and a 12–13 record.

Los Angeles Dodgers

On July 6, 2013, he was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers for Josh Wall and minor-league pitchers Steve Ames and Ángel Sánchez. He made 15 starts for the Dodgers and was 8–3 with a 3.52 ERA. Nolasco is the only Marlins pitcher to have both over 1,000 innings pitched and 1,000 strikeouts.

Minnesota Twins
On November 27, 2013, Nolasco agreed to terms with the Minnesota Twins on a four-year, $49 million contract. In his first season as a Twin, Nolasco posted a disappointing 5.38 ERA in 27 starts. Nolasco's 2015 season was cut short due to injury, recording a 6.75 ERA in 8 starts while also appearing in one game out of the bullpen. For the 2016 season, Nolasco competed for a rotation spot with Tyler Duffey. Duffey ended up being sent down to AAA before the season began, anointing Nolasco the fifth starter. He continued his regression from his previous two seasons, registering an ERA of 5.13 in 21 starts for the Twins. Nolasco ended his two and half seasons with the Twins with a 15–22 record.

Los Angeles Angels
On August 1, 2016, the Twins traded Nolasco with Alex Meyer plus cash in exchange for Angels pitchers Hector Santiago and Alan Busenitz. He had the lowest zone percentage of all major league pitchers, with only 39.1% of his pitches being in the strike zone.

For the 2017 season, Nolasco was chosen to be the Angels' Opening Day starting pitcher. Nolasco's 2017 season was his worst season of his career, finishing with a record of 6-15 with a 4.92 ERA in 33 starts.

Kansas City Royals
Nolasco signed a minor-league contract with the Kansas City Royals on March 7, 2018. He was released on March 24.

Arizona Diamondbacks
On February 8, 2019, Nolasco signed a minor-league contract with the Arizona Diamondbacks that included an invitation to spring training. He elected free agency on November 7, 2019.

Pitching style
Nolasco throws five pitches: a four-seam fastball, a sinker, a split-finger fastball, a slider, and a knuckle curve .

Personal life
Nolasco goes by the first name "Ricky" because his father named his son after his favorite Dodger, Rick Monday. Nolasco's older brother, Dave, attended Riverside Community College and was selected by the Milwaukee Brewers in the 23rd round of the 2001 MLB draft.

See also

 List of Miami Marlins team records

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Florida Marlins players
Miami Marlins players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Minnesota Twins players
Los Angeles Angels players
Boise Hawks players
Daytona Cubs players
Iowa Cubs players
West Tennessee Diamond Jaxx players
Jupiter Hammerheads players
Gulf Coast Marlins players
Albuquerque Isotopes players
Carolina Mudcats players
New Orleans Zephyrs players
Peoria Saguaros players
Cedar Rapids Kernels players
American baseball players of Mexican descent
Major League Baseball pitchers
Sportspeople from Corona, California
Baseball players from Riverside County, California
Arizona League Cubs players
Sportspeople from Rialto, California
Baseball players from San Bernardino County, California

Ricky Nolasco


A nasal consonant is a type of consonant produced with a lowered velum in the mouth, allowing air to come out through the nose, while the air is not allowed to pass through the mouth because something (like the tongue or the lips) is stopping it. Examples of nasal consonants in English are  and , in words such as nose and mouth.

Definition
Nearly all nasal consonants are nasal stops (or nasal continuants), where air comes out through the nose but not through the mouth, as it is blocked by the lips or tongue.

Most nasals are voiced, and, in fact, the nasal sounds  and  are among the most common sounds used in languages of the world. Voiceless nasals are used in a few languages, such as Burmese and Welsh.

In terms of acoustics, nasal stops are sonorants, meaning that they do not significantly stop the flow of air (as it can  come out the nose). However, nasals are also stops in their articulation because the flow of air through the mouth is blocked completely. So nasal consonants sound both like sonorants and like obstruents.

Acoustically, nasal stops have bands of energy at around 200 and 2,000 Hz.

Examples of languages containing nasal consonants:

The voiced retroflex nasal is [ɳ] is a common sound in Indic languages.

The voiced palatal nasal [ɲ] is a common sound in European languages, such as: Spanish ñ; or French and Italian gn; or Catalan, Hungarian and Luganda ny; or Czech and Slovak ň; or Polish ń; or Occitan and Portuguese nh; or Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin nj.

English, German and Cantonese have ,   and . Tamil has its own different letters for the sounds , , , ,  and  (ம,ந,ன,ண,ஞ,ங).

Catalan, Occitan, Spanish, and Italian have , ,  as phonemes, and  and  as allophones. (In several American dialects of Spanish, there is no palatal nasal but only a palatalized nasal, , as in English canyon. In Brazilian Portuguese nh is frequently pronounced as a nasalized [ j ], that is, as a nasal glide. This vowel also exists in Guaraní.)

The term 'nasal stop' will often be abbreviated to just "nasal". However, there are also nasal fricatives, nasal flaps, nasal glides, and nasal vowels, as in French, Portuguese, Catalan (dialectal feature), Yoruba, Gbe, Polish, and Ljubljana Slovene. In the IPA, nasal vowels are indicated by placing a tilde (~) over the vowel. : French sang .

A few languages use voiceless nasal consonants. Some of these are Icelandic, Burmese, Jalapa Mazatec, Kildin Sami, Welsh, and Central Alaskan Yup'ik.

References

 Ferguson (1963) 'Assumptions about nasals', in Greenberg (ed.) Universals of Language, pp 50–60.
 Saout, J. le (1973) 'Languages sans consonnes nasales', Annales de l Université d'Abidjan, H, 6, 1, 179–205.
 Williamson, Kay (1989) 'Niger–Congo overview', in Bendor-Samuel & Hartell (eds.) The Niger–Congo Languages, 3–45.

Consonants

Nasal consonant


Arad A. McCutchan (July 4, 1912 – June 16, 1993) was a collegiate basketball coach. The Evansville, Indiana, native coached his hometown University of Evansville from 1946 to 1977, guiding the Purple Aces to a 514–314 record.

McCutchan spent seven years coaching Benjamin Bosse High School (1936–1943) before serving in the United States Navy during World War II. In 1946 he took over the head coaching position at University of Evansville. In the following years he guided them to five NCAA College Division Basketball Championships (1959, 1960, 1964, 1965, 1971) as well as three undefeated seasons in their conference (1964, 1965, 1971). McCutchan was named NCAA College Division Coach of the Year two times (1964, 1965). He was an assistant coach to Gene Bartow for the US national team in the 1974 FIBA World Championship, where he won the bronze medal. On April 27, 1981, he was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.  He was inducted in the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame in 1973. After retiring from coaching he and his wife Virginia moved to Santa Claus, Indiana.

His first name, Arad, was inherited from a grandfather who was named from the Bible.  He often said the name was Hebrew for "wild ass."

References

External links

1912 births
1993 deaths
American men's basketball coaches
Basketball coaches from Indiana
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Evansville Purple Aces men's basketball coaches
High school basketball coaches in Indiana
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
People from Santa Claus, Indiana
Sportspeople from Evansville, Indiana

Arad McCutchan


Peter George "Pete" Bakovic (born January 31, 1965 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left wing who played briefly in the National Hockey League in the late 1980s for the Vancouver Canucks.

Bakovic played his junior hockey for the Windsor Spitfires of the Ontario Hockey League but was never drafted. After a strong final year of junior, he was signed as a free agent by the Calgary Flames in 1985. A tough player who fought often, Bakovic spent three seasons playing minor pro in the Flames' system without seeing an NHL game. In two years with the Moncton Golden Flames of the AHL, he lead the team in penalty minutes both years, but also posted good offensive totals, notching 54 and 51 points. In his only year with the Salt Lake Golden Eagles, Bakovic posted 43 points in 39 games along with 221 PIM.

Late in the 1987–88 season, he was dealt to the Vancouver Canucks. Vancouver immediately promoted him to their NHL team, and he played 10 games for the Canucks, recording 2 goals and 48 PIM. However, injuries struck the next year and he found himself back in the IHL with the Milwaukee Admirals. Bakovic would play three more seasons in Milwaukee without seeing another NHL game before retiring in 1991.

Following his retirement, Bakovic stayed in Milwaukee and remained with the Admirals organization as an assistant coach until 1998. He continues to live in Milwaukee and coaches high school hockey.

References

1965 births
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Moncton Golden Flames players
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Vancouver Canucks players
American Hockey League players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Ontario Hockey League players

Peter Bakovic


Anthony Grey (1645 – 19 August 1702) was Earl of Kent from 1651 to his death.

He was the only son of Henry Grey, 10th Earl of Kent, and his second wife Amabel Benn daughter of Anthony Benn, Recorder of London. His sister Elizabeth Grey married Banastre Maynard, 3rd Baron Maynard. They were parents of Henry Maynard, 4th Baron Maynard, Grey Maynard, 5th Baron Maynard, and Charles Maynard, 1st Viscount Maynard.

Anthony married Mary Lucas, Baroness Lucas of Crudwell, only surviving child of John Lucas, 1st Baron Lucas of Shenfield, and Anne Nevill. Anne was a daughter of Sir Christopher Nevill and Mary Darcy. Christopher was a son of Edward Nevill, 8th Baron Bergavenny, and Rachel Lennard.

They had two children:

Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Kent (1671–1740)
Amabel Grey.

See also
Wrest Park

Sources
The Complete Peerage

External links
A Grey family pedigree

1645 births
1702 deaths
Earls of Kent (1465 creation)
Anthony

Anthony Grey, 11th Earl of Kent


Brooks Mountain is the highest peak in the York Mountains range on the Seward Peninsula in the U.S. state of Alaska. It is located in the central part of the Teller Quadrangle, about  east of Cape Prince of Wales. It has an elevation of . It has tin ore deposits, and high-grade uranium has also been found in the form of zeunerite.

Geography
Brooks Mountain is an extension of the York Mountain Range and is its highest peak. The York Mountains range forms the watershed divide between north flowing rivers which flow into the Arctic Ocean and the streams that flow into the Bering Sea on the south. The principal rivers rising from the Brooks Mountain are the Mint River, York Creek which joins the Pinauk River, Anderson Creek tributary of the Don River and the Crystal River which is a tributary of the Lost River.

The mountain is located about  north of the mouth of Lost River and is approachable by a road starting from the beach. An alternate route is from Port Clarence along a road that follows the Don River course. There is a small airstrip near the mountain above the Crystal Creek, and also two more airstrips near the mouth of the Lost River.

Geology
Geology of the mountain has been studied since 1902. The mountain formation has been reported to be an igneous sedimentary rock formation with granite (in a limited area of ), felsic and mafic dykes. Granites in the southwest face of the mountain contain Zeunerite, a form of uranium. Its age is conjectured to be Mesozoic with intrusions of black slate formations which are in turn dated to the formations of the Cambrian and Pre-Cambrian age. The limestone formations of the Fort Clarence Limestone series are dated to a different set of formations of the Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian age.

Geological mapping of the mountain also indicates that exposed bed rock formations are of highly altered limestones rocks and black slates, similar to the formation noted of slates near York Mountains. These are sedimentary formations which are interspersed with many dykes of granite and rhyolite, generally oriented in an east and west strike. Tourmaline and garnet are also recorded. Tin Creek and Cassiterite Creek, about  south of Brooks Mountain, have tin ore deposits in tourmaline and garnet rocks.

Uranium
Radiometric survey and mineralogical studies have been carried out since 1950, which has assessed that the mountain formation contains high-grade uranium. Detailed investigations were also carried out during July–August 1951. Uranium was found mainly in the form of zeunerite at three locations though other rock types showed a certain degree of radioactivity.

References

Landforms of Nome Census Area, Alaska
Mountains of Alaska
Mountains of Unorganized Borough, Alaska
Landforms of the Seward Peninsula

Brooks Mountain


The aim of a number of separate policies conducted by various governments of France during the French Revolution ranged from the appropriation by the government of the great landed estates and the large amounts of money held by the Catholic Church to the termination of Christian religious practice and of the religion itself. There has been much scholarly debate over whether the movement was popularly motivated or motivated by a small group of revolutionary radicals. These policies, which ended with the Concordat of 1801, formed the basis of the later and less radical laïcité policies.

The French Revolution initially began with attacks on Church corruption and the wealth of the higher clergy, an action with which even many Christians could identify, since the Gallican Church held a dominant role in pre-revolutionary France. During a two-year period known as the Reign of Terror, the episodes of anti-clericalism became some the most violent of any in modern European history. The new revolutionary authorities suppressed the Church, abolished the Catholic monarchy, nationalized Church property, exiled 30,000 priests, and killed hundreds more.  In October 1793, the Christian calendar was replaced with one reckoned from the date of the Revolution, and Festivals of Liberty, Reason, and the Supreme Being were scheduled.  New forms of moral religion emerged, including the deistic Cult of the Supreme Being and the atheistic Cult of Reason, with the revolutionary government briefly mandating observance of the former in April 1794.

Religion and the Catholic Church under the monarchy

Before 1789
In 18th-century France, the vast majority of the population adhered to the Catholic Church as Catholicism had been since the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 the only religion officially allowed in the kingdom. Nonetheless, minorities of French Protestants (mostly Huguenots & German Lutherans in Alsace) and Jews still lived in France at the beginning of the Revolution. The Edict of Versailles, commonly known as the Edict of Tolerance, had been signed by Louis XVI on 7 November 1787 did not give non-Catholics in France the right to openly practice their religions but only the rights to legal and civil status, which included the right to contract marriages without having to convert to the Catholic faith. At the same time, libertine thinkers popularized atheism and anti-clericalism.

The Ancien Régime institutionalised the authority of the clergy in its status as the First Estate of the realm. As the largest landowner in the country, the Catholic Church controlled properties which provided massive revenues from its tenants; the Church also had an enormous income from the collection of tithes. Since the Church kept the registry of births, deaths, and marriages and was the only institution that provided hospitals and education in some parts of the country, it influenced all citizens.

Between 1789 and 1792

A milestone event of the Revolution was the abolition of the privileges of the First and Second Estate on the night of 4 August 1789. In particular, it abolished the tithes gathered by the Catholic clergy.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789 proclaimed freedom of religion across France in these terms:

On 10 October 1789, the National Constituent Assembly seized the properties and land held by the Catholic Church and decided to sell them to fund the assignat Revolutionary currency.

On 12 July 1790, the assembly passed the Civil Constitution of the Clergy that subordinated the Catholic Church in France to the French government. It was never accepted by the Pope and other high-ranking clergy in Rome.

Fall of the monarchy in 1792

New policies of the revolutionary authorities
The programme of dechristianization waged against Catholicism, and eventually against all forms of Christianity, included:

 destruction of statues, plates and other iconography from places of worship
 destruction of crosses, bells and other external signs of worship
 the institution of revolutionary and civic cults, including the Cult of Reason and subsequently the Cult of the Supreme Being (spring 1794)
 the enactment of a law on 21 October 1793 making all nonjuring priests and all persons who harbored them liable to death on sight

An especially notable event that took place in the course of France's dechristianization was the Festival of Reason, which was held in Notre Dame Cathedral on 10 November 1793.

The dechristianization campaign can be seen as the logical extension of the materialist philosophies of some leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire, while for others with more prosaic concerns it provided an opportunity to unleash resentments against the Catholic Church (in the spirit of conventional anti-clericalism) and its clergy.

The Revolution and the Church

In August 1789, the State cancelled the taxing power of the Church. The issue of Church property became central to the policies of the new revolutionary government. Declaring that all Church property in France belonged to the nation, confiscations were ordered and Church properties were sold at public auction. In July 1790, the National Constituent Assembly published the Civil Constitution of the Clergy that stripped clerics of their special rights—the clergy were to be made employees of the state, elected by their parish or bishopric, and the number of bishoprics was to be reduced—and required all priests and bishops to swear an oath of fidelity to the new order or face dismissal, deportation or death.

French priests had to receive Papal approval to sign such an oath, and Pius VI spent almost eight months deliberating on the issue. On 13 April 1791, the Pope denounced the Constitution, resulting in a split in the French Catholic Church. Over fifty percent became abjuring priests ("jurors"), also known as "constitutional clergy", and nonjuring priests as "refractory clergy".

In September 1792, the Legislative Assembly legalized divorce, contrary to Catholic doctrine. At the same time, the State took control of the birth, death, and marriage registers away from the Church. An ever-increasing view that the Church was a counter-revolutionary force exacerbated the social and economic grievances and violence erupted in towns and cities across France.

In Paris, over a forty-eight-hour period beginning on 2 September 1792, as the Legislative Assembly (successor to the National Constituent Assembly) dissolved into chaos, three Church bishops and more than two hundred priests were massacred by angry mobs; this constituted part of what would become known as the September Massacres. Priests were among those drowned in mass executions (noyades) for treason under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Carrier; priests and nuns were among the mass executions at Lyons, for separatism, on the orders of Joseph Fouché and Collot d'Herbois. Hundreds more priests were imprisoned and made to suffer in abominable conditions in the port of Rochefort.

Anti-Church laws were passed by the Legislative Assembly and its successor, the National Convention, as well as by département councils throughout the country. Many of the acts of dechristianization in 1793 were motivated by the seizure of Church gold and silver to finance the war effort.  In November 1793, the département council of Indre-et-Loire abolished the word dimanche (). The Gregorian calendar, an instrument decreed by  Pope Gregory XIII in 1582, was replaced by the French Republican Calendar which abolished the sabbath, saints' days and any references to the Church. The seven-day week became ten days instead. It soon became clear, however, that nine consecutive days of work were too much, and that international relations could not be carried out without reverting to the Gregorian system, which was still in use everywhere outside of France. Consequently, the Gregorian Calendar was reimplemented in 1795.

Anti-clerical parades were held, and the Archbishop of Paris, Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel, was forced to resign his duties and made to replace his mitre with the red "Cap of Liberty". Street and place names with any sort of religious connotation were changed, such as the town of St. Tropez, which became Héraclée. Religious holidays were banned and replaced with holidays to celebrate the harvest and other non-religious symbols. Many churches were converted into "temples of reason", in which Deistic services were held. Local people often resisted this dechristianisation and forced members of the clergy who had resigned to conduct Mass again. Maximilien Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety denounced the dechristianizers as foreign enemies of the Revolution, and established their own new religion. This Cult of the Supreme Being, without the alleged "superstitions" of Catholicism, supplanted both Catholicism and the rival Cult of Reason.  Both new religions were short-lived. Just six weeks before his arrest, on 8 June 1794, the still-powerful Robespierre personally led a vast procession through Paris to the Tuileries garden in a ceremony to inaugurate the new faith. His execution occurred shortly afterward, on 28 July 1794.

By early 1795 a return to some form of religion-based faith was beginning to take shape and a law passed on 21 February 1795 legalized public worship, albeit with strict limitations. The ringing of church bells, religious processions and displays of the Christian cross were still forbidden.

As late as 1799, priests were still being imprisoned or deported to penal colonies. Persecution only worsened after the French army led by General Louis Alexandre Berthier captured Rome in early 1798, declared a new Roman Republic, and also imprisoned Pope Pius VI, who would die in captivity in Valence, France in August 1799. However, after Napoleon seized control of the government in late 1799, France entered into year-long negotiations with new Pope Pius VII, resulting in the Concordat of 1801. This formally ended the dechristianization period and established the rules for a relationship between the Catholic Church and the French State.

Victims of the Reign of Terror totaled somewhere between 20,000 and 40,000. According to one estimate, among those condemned by the revolutionary tribunals about 8 percent were aristocrats, 6 percent clergy, 14 percent middle class, and 70 percent were workers or peasants accused of hoarding, evading the draft, desertion, rebellion, and other purported crimes. Of these social groupings, the clergy of the Catholic Church suffered proportionately the greatest loss.

Anti-Church laws were passed by the Legislative Assembly and its successor, the National Convention, as well as by département councils throughout the country. The Concordat of 1801 endured for more than a century until it was abrogated by the government of the Third Republic, which established a policy of laïcité on 11 December 1905.

Toll on the Church
Under threat of death, imprisonment, military conscription, and loss of income, about twenty thousand constitutional priests were forced to abdicate and hand over their letters of ordination, and six thousand to nine thousand of them agreed or were coerced to marry. Many abandoned their pastoral duties altogether. Nonetheless, some of those who had abdicated continued covertly to minister to the people.

By the end of the decade, approximately thirty thousand priests had been forced to leave France, and several hundred who did not leave were executed. Most French parishes were left without the services of a priest and deprived of the sacraments. Any non-juring priest faced the guillotine or deportation to French Guiana.  By Easter 1794, few of France's forty thousand churches remained open; many had been closed, sold, destroyed, or converted to other uses.

Victims of revolutionary violence, whether religious or not, were popularly treated as Christian martyrs, and the places where they were killed became pilgrimage destinations.  Catechising in the home, folk religion, syncretic and heterodox practices all became more common. The long-term effects on religious practice in France were significant. Many who were dissuaded from their traditional religious practices never resumed them.

Gallery

See also
 Persecution of Christians
 Christianity in France
 People engaged in the campaign: Jacques Hébert, Pierre Gaspard Chaumette, Joseph Fouché

Notes and references

Further reading

In English
 Aston, Nigel. Religion and Revolution in France, 1780-1804 (Catholic University of America Press, 2000), pp 259–76
 Byrnes, Joseph F. Priests of the French Revolution: Saints and Renegades in a New Political Era (2014)

 Furet, François and Mona Ozouf, eds. A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution (1989), pp 21–32
 Gliozzo, Charles A. "The Philosophes and Religion: Intellectual Origins of the Dechristianization Movement in the French Revolution". Church History (1971) 40#3

 Kley, Dale K. Van.  The Religious Origins of the French Revolution: From Calvin to the Civil Constitution, 1560-1791 (1996)
 Lewis, Gwynne. Life in Revolutionary France. London : New York : Batsford; Putnam, 1972.
 McManners, John.  The French Revolution and the Church (Greenwood Press, 1969) .

 Tackett, Timothy. Religion, Revolution, and Regional Culture in Eighteenth-Century France: The Ecclesiastical Oath of 1791 (1986)

In French
 La Gorce, Pierre de,  Histoire Religieuse de la Révolution Française. 10. éd. Paris : Plon-Nourrit, 1912– 5 v.
 Langlois, Claude, Timothy Tackett, Michel Vovelle and S. Bonin. Atlas de la Révolution française. Religion, 1770-1820, tome 9 (1996)

External links
Chief clauses of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy

History of Catholicism in France
Anti-Catholicism in France
Anti-clericalism
Human rights abuses in France
Secularism in France
18th-century Christianity
Antitheism
Persecution of Catholics
Persecution of Christians
Christianization

Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution


Peter James Spielmann (born 1952) is a veteran reporter in the foreign service of The Associated Press, and is an editor and supervisor on AP's North America desk. He taught at Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism from 1989–93, and from 2001–07.

Spielmann is a member of the editorial board of the quarterly Journal of Human Rights He has been a public speaker on human rights and journalism issues at many venues, including the Nieman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard; New York University; Fordham University School of Law; Purchase College; and the Foreign Press Center in New York City.

In a June 29th, 1989, Spielmann reported the UN said global warming could wipe entire nations off the Earth due to rising ocean levels by the year 2000.

Career
He began his career in journalism working for alternative newsweeklies—the New Times in Tucson, Arizona, and The Bugle-American in Milwaukee, Wisconsin; he earned a B.A. at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. Spielmann then freelanced for magazines and newspapers and wrote the book The Life Insurance Conspiracy (1979). After earning an M.S. from Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism in 1984, Spielmann worked as an investigative editor for the CBS Evening News, and joined AP's International Desk the following year.

Spielmann was an AP correspondent at the United Nations for five years. He contributed chapters to the book A Global Agenda: Issues before the United Nations (1993). From 1993-1999, Spielmann was the AP news editor and correspondent for the South Pacific, based in Sydney, Australia, dispatched on other assignments including Seoul, South Korea, Brussels in 1999 to cover NATO at the end of the Kosovo crisis; and Antarctica. In addition, he periodically covers human rights stories and the international impasse over North Korea's nuclear weapons program.

Fellowships
Pew Gatekeeper Fellow for studies in South Africa, 2002
Dart Fellow in Journalism and Trauma, 2002.
Fulbright Senior Specialist in journalism at American University of Kuwait: "International Reporting: Special Topics.", 2008.
Pew Gatekeeper Fellow for a fact-finding trip to Peru, 2009.

References

External links
Spielmann at salon.com

Living people
American male journalists
Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism alumni
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee alumni
Columbia University faculty
1952 births

Peter James Spielmann


Central Park is an urban park in Manhattan, New York City. Central Park is the most visited urban park in the United States, with 40 million visitors in 2013, and one of the most filmed locations in the world. A landmark of New York City since 1857, it has been featured in numerous films, TV shows, songs, video games, books, photographs, and artwork.

Painting

 William Merritt Chase painted a portrait of Central Park in 1889.
 Pierre Alechinsky represented the Mall in Central Park in a 1965 acrylic painting.
 Maurice Prendergast represented Central Park in several paintings.

Photography
 Elliott Erwitt took photographs of dogs in Central Park in 1974.
Bruce Davidson's photobook Central Park (1995) was a four-year exploration of the park.
Tod Papageorge chronicled the park over several decades for his photobook Passing Through Eden (2007).

Literature
 In 1967, the Canadian poet Leonard Cohen sang in public in Central Park in the company of Judy Collins.
 The writer Evan H Rhodes published The Prince of Central Park, a 1975 novel that describes the life of an 11-year-old in the park.
 In the book The Catcher in the Rye, the main character, Holden Caulfield, often wonders what happens to the ducks and fish in Central Park when the ice begins to form in winter. He also spends time in the park in parts of the novel.

Films and TV
Central Park, as a universal symbol of the city, appeared and continues to appear in numerous film productions, as well as in numerous television series. Among its most famous appearances:
 The first film to feature Central Park was Romeo and Juliet, in 1908. Since then there have been at least 305 films which feature Central Park, making it the most filmed location for films. Many Academy Award winning films feature a scene in the park.
 In 1960, early in the Academy Award-winning film The Apartment, Bud is seen sleeping on the park benches after being denied access to the apartment.
 In 1970, the protagonists of the film The Out-of-Towners sleep in (and get mugged in) Central Park.
 In 1970, the climactic final scene of the romantic comedy The Owl and the Pussycat occurs in Central Park on Cedar Hill.
 In 1970, a character gets repeatedly mugged while running across Central Park at night in the comedy Where's Poppa?.
 In 1976, the John Schlesinger film Marathon Man shows the hero training in Central Park.
 In 1979, Central Park is the place where main characters of Hair meet for the first time.
 In 1980, in the Italian horror film Inferno one character gets killed at a pond in Central Park.
 In 1984, the film Ghostbusters has Rick Moranis in the part of Louis Tully running through Central Park, while being chased by a Terror Dog.
 In 1986, the film The Park Is Mine features Tommy Lee Jones, in the role of a Vietnam veteran, who takes the park hostage. The film is based on the novel Central Park by Stephen Peters.
 in 1991 the film The Fisher King has scenes of Central Park.
 In 1992, the film Home Alone 2: Lost in New York has some scenes in Central Park.
 In 1993, in the animated film We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story, the dinosaurs find themselves in Central Park.
 In 1994, the miniseries The Stand depicts the park as part of an abandoned city in the wake of a world-ending plague.
 In 1994, in the animated film A Troll in Central Park, the titular troll is banished to Central Park.
 In 1994, in the TV special "We Wish You a Turtle Christmas," the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles sing a number at Bethesda Terrace and Fountain.
 In 1995, Die Hard with a Vengeance  by John McTiernan had Bruce Willis driving a taxi through Central Park.
 In 1995, in the animated film Balto, there are live-action sequences at the beginning and end of an elderly woman and her granddaughter visiting the Balto sculpture in Central Park.
 In 1996, the film I'm Not Rappaport by Herb Gardner has most of the scenes in Central Park.
 In 1996, James and the Giant Peach by Henry Selick, James and his friends insects settle in the Giant Peach in Central Park.
 In 1998, Antz,The First film from Dreamworks Animation is revealed to take place in Central Park
 In 1999, Stuart Little, an American family comedy film directed by Rob Minkoff with Geena Davis and Hugh Laurie.
 In 2001, The Amazing Race 1 started its competition at Bethesda Fountain.
 In 2002, Maid in Manhattan by Wayne Wang with Jennifer Lopez and Ralph Fiennes.
 In 2002, Prince of Central Park was released.
 In 2002 in The Time Machine, the hero offers her engagement ring in Central Park.
 In 2003, in Elf has many scenes that take place in Central Park.
 In 2005, 2008, and 2012, in the animated film  Madagascar and its two sequels, the protagonists live in the Central Park Zoo.
 In 2005, the film Little Manhattan by Mark Levin has some scenes in Central Park.
 in 2007, in the film August Rush, Evan played by Freddie Highmore performs his last concert in Central Park
 In 2007, in the animated film  Bee Movie are scenes of Central Park.
 In 2007, in the film Enchanted, the musical number "That's How You Know" takes places in several parts of Central Park.
 In 2008, in the film Cloverfield, the last part of the film takes place in Central Park, where Rob and Beth take shelter under the Greyshot Arch, just before "Hammer Down Protocol" wipes down the island of Manhattan.
 In 2008, Central Park is ground zero for the epidemic in The Happening
In 2011, in the thriller film Limitless with Bradley Cooper, Robert De Niro and Abbie Cornish, multiple shots show Cornish's character running through Central Park.
 In 2011, in live-action/animated film The Smurfs some final conflict scenes between the Smurfs and Gargamel occur in Central Park.
 In 2011, in the last episode of Glee.
 In 2012,  The Avengers, one of the last scenes happens in Central Park.
 In 2012, the Doctor Who seventh series episode "The Angels Take Manhattan" features several scenes in Central Park.
 In 2015,  Love Live! The School Idol Movie features several locations within Central Park.
 In 2016,  Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, Newt Scamander and Jacob Kawolski track one of Newt's animals to the Central Park Zoo, and then chase it through Central Park, trying to recapture it.
 In 2017, John Wick: Chapter 2, in the last scene John Wick and his dog run through the park.
The TV series The Naked City, first season episode 8 'Belvedere Tower' screened 11/18/1958 filmed at Belvedere Castle in Central Park
 In the series Sex and the City, several scenes take place in Central Park.
 In the series Gossip Girl, which takes place in the Upper East Side, multiple scenes take place in Central Park.
 The TV series Central Park West was set on Central Park West and several scenes take place in Central Park.
 Various episodes of Law & Order, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and Law & Order: Criminal Intent feature scenes in the park.
The Disney series Jessie feature scenes in Central Park.
In one episode of Liv and Maddie, Liv is attending a Halloween event in Central Park (season 3).
 The animated Apple TV+ series Central Park mainly takes place in the park.

Music
 Numerous concerts have been hosted in the park, mentioned above.
 Central Park in the Dark, composed in 1906, is one of the most famous works of American composer Charles Ives.
 The first album by Nina Simone, Little Girl Blue, has a song titled Central Park Blues.
 A John Coltrane song is called "Central Park West".
Steve Hunter released a blues guitar instrumental titled "Sunset in Central Park" on his 2013 CD The Manhattan Blues Project

Videogames
 In the 1988 videogame Last Ninja 2, level 1 is in Central Park.
 In the 1998 videogame Parasite Eve, Central Park is one of the locations in Manhattan that the player must visit.
 In the 2001 videogame Spider-Man 2: The Sinister Six, Central Park is one of the levels.
 In the 2008 videogame Alone in the Dark, most of its action takes place in Central Park.
 In the 2008 videogame Grand Theft Auto IV and its 2009 sequel Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars, the park appears in Liberty City as Middle Park.
 In the 2009 Ghostbusters: The Video Game, the last level, which features the mausoleum of Ivo Shandor, takes place in Central Park.
 In the 2016 videogame Tom Clancy's The Division, Central Park is nearby the Dark Zone.
 In the 2018 videogame Marvel's Spider-Man, an in-game depiction appears in the same position as its real world counterpart.

References

Popular culture
New York City in popular culture

Central Park in popular culture


Glen Grunwald (born  June 13, 1958) is an attorney and basketball executive who serves as the executive advisor of Canada Basketball and as a senior advisor of the Memphis Grizzlies.

He previously served as president and CEO of Canada Basketball and as general manager of the Toronto Raptors and New York Knicks of the NBA.

Early life
Born in Chicago, Illinois, Grunwald was a high-school All-American basketball player from East Leyden High School in Franklin Park, Illinois. He is the only player selected All-Chicago area four times, and was player of the year in the state his senior year, 1976.  He was injured prior to his freshman year at Indiana University, and although he was a team captain in 1981 when Indiana won the national title, and was drafted by the Boston Celtics in the 5th round of the NBA draft, he never played professional basketball.

Grunwald returned to college, earning a J.D. at Northwestern University School of Law, and an MBA from Indiana University.

NBA

Denver Nuggets
Grunwald was a corporate attorney before returning to basketball as vice president and general counsel of the Denver Nuggets in 1990.

Toronto Raptors
From 1994 to 1997 Grunwald was vice president for legal affairs and assistant general manager of the expansion Toronto Raptors, working with college teammate and general manager Isiah Thomas.  He became general manager in 1997 after Thomas failed in his attempt to become majority owner and ended his connection to the team.  He oversaw some of the Raptors' greatest years of success, including orchestrating a trade for Vince Carter and team's first trip to the NBA conference semi-finals.  The Raptors managed three straight playoff berths from 2000–2002.

The injury-plagued Raptors missed the playoffs in the 2002–03 season, and Grunwald shook up the roster. During the 2003–04 season, despite inconsistency, they went 25–25 and were on track to return to the playoffs. Grunwald traded away starting center Antonio Davis in December, which led to tension with coach Kevin O'Neill, who publicly complained about the lack of a starting center and roster depth. On April 1, 2004, Grunwald was fired with two weeks left in the season, and replaced by Jack McCloskey as interim GM.  The Raptors missed the playoffs by three games. Rob Babcock was later appointed as the permanent replacement.

Toronto civic activism
Grunwald later became the president and CEO of the Toronto Board of Trade, the largest local business organization in Canada, and is heavily involved in both the business and social communities of Toronto.  In addition to his work at the Board of Trade, he sat on the board of governors at George Brown College, the board of directors at the Greater Toronto Marketing Alliance, and the board of the Toronto City Summit Alliance.  He was further involved with the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, as well as Canada Basketball.

New York Knicks
On September 28, 2006, Grunwald accepted a job as vice president for basketball operations for the New York Knicks, again working with Isiah Thomas.  Grunwald was named interim GM for Knicks on June 4, 2011, taking over from Donnie Walsh.

On April 24, 2012, the Knicks promoted Grunwald to (permanent) general manager and executive vice president of basketball operations.

In September, 2013 Grunwald was replaced as general manager by Steve Mills, and reassigned by the Knicks to serve as an advisor to Mills.

McMaster University
On August 7, 2014, he was named director of athletics at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario. He left the position in August 2018 to take a role with the Memphis Grizzlies.

Personal
Grunwald came to Toronto in 1994 and obtained his Canadian citizenship in 1999. He is married and has three children named Gabe, Emma and Willis.

References

External links

 Glen Grunwald's blog
 Knicks hire Glen Grunwald

1958 births
Living people
American emigrants to Canada
American expatriate basketball people in Canada
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Chicago
Boston Celtics draft picks
East Leyden High School alumni
Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball players
National Basketball Association general managers
New York Knicks executives
Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law alumni
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
Toronto Raptors executives

Glen Grunwald


Redwood Cottage is a Queen Anne-styled mansion built in 1885 as a summer cottage in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. Later it served as a sanitarium and later as a hotel. In 1984 the house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Charles Minton Baker was a pioneer of Walworth county who arrived in 1839 and served as district attorney and in other public roles including representative to the Territorial Council. In 1870 he built or bought the brick Italianate house at 335 Wrigley Drive, known as the Baker homestead.  Charles' son Robert Hall Baker was a part-owner of J.I. Case among other investments, served as mayor of Racine, and played a key role in bringing the railroad to Lake Geneva in 1871. Robert died wealthy in 1882, leaving his widow Emily and four children.

Widow Emily redecorated the old Baker homestead in 1884, both for her children and for others in the Baker family. Then in 1885 she had her own "summer cottage" built next door - the subject of this article. That July the Geneva Lake Herald wrote:

The 17,000+ square foot, 30 room, Queen Anne style mansion is a frame building, two stories tall plus attic. The roofline is complex, with gabled dormers, large corbelled chimneys, and a round corner tower with a witch's cap roof. Bay windows and an inset balcony add to the visual interest, and the upper surfaces are decorated with different patterns of wood shingles. A large veranda wraps around the first story.

Inside, doors and windows are trimmed in redwood - hence the original name "Redwood Cottage."  The floor plan is central corridor with rooms on both sides. On the first floor two parlors are on one side of the hall and three smaller rooms on the other side. A grand staircase connects the floors, lit by multicolored stained glass windows. The third floor was originally unfinished. The main rooms have fireplaces, twelve in all, some oak and some cherry, with mantles in a Victorian Renaissance style different from the Queen Anne around them.

Emily Baker summered at the cottage until she died in 1894. In 1897 Celinda Walkup bought the house for $15,000, and operated it as a sanitorium connected to the Lakeside Sanitarium next door in the former Lake Geneva Seminary. This sanitorium was one of many founded by Dr. Oscar A. King of Chicago, a pioneer neurologist. King's sanitariums primarily treated psychiatric problems, but could serve as general hospital facilities. This building, called "Lakeside Cottage," kept the feel of a private home, and offered recreational and social activities for the patients. It functioned as a sanitorium until 1925.

In 1926 Mr. Finsky bought the building and operated it as Lakeside Hotel until 1942. At that point Lloyd Barnard bought it and operated it as the St. Moritz Hotel, pitching a "Switzerland in America" idea with the Luzern Hotel next door. More recently, the mansion has been refashioned as a high-end B&B/restaurant.

References

Houses completed in 1885
Houses in Walworth County, Wisconsin
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
Queen Anne architecture in Wisconsin
National Register of Historic Places in Walworth County, Wisconsin
Lake Geneva, Wisconsin

Redwood Cottage


Gokprosh is a ridgeline of hills, part of the Coast Range of Baluchistan, Pakistan. The area is noted for being the site of engagements between the British and Baloch rebels in the 1898 Baloch uprising.

Physical description
Gokprosh consists of a single ridge at the eastern end which, however, gradually widens into the usual collection of parallel ridges as it approaches the western boundary of the country. Here the little valley of Kastag is to be found enclosed within it. Midway in its length, the Nihing and Kech rivers join at Kaur-e-awaran and, forming the Dasht river, break southward through a fine gorge known as Gatt.

The summit of the range varies considerably in its general character, the peaks being sometimes pointed and sometimes having flat tops, which broaden out occasionally into plateaux of considerable extent. The principal ones are at the eastern end and include Janzat (4,345), Mukh (3,984) and Khudaband (1,315). It is uninhabited except at Kastag, which was held by Sardar Mir Ahmad of Baho in 1903, and was peopled by Kosags and Lagors. The vegetation is similar to that of the main range. The rocks at the western end of the range are nummulitic, but their age is undecided. A little north of Kastag they consist of very fine grey shales and sandstones with vertical beds and a regular east and west strike.

A 1907 publication notes: There are few difficulties in travelling across the Gokprosh hills. Tal-e-sar is crossed by the track from Pasni to Panjgur via Pidark; and the bridle-path from Pasni to Turbat crosses the range to the south of Turbat; the main track from Gwadar to Turbat passes over the range between Kani and Gushtang, and that from Gwadar to Tump runs via Pittok, crossing the range to the north of Mach Chat. Several tracks also lead from Nigwar and Dasht to Mand, the principal one being that which goes over the Talidar-e-kandag to Mand, and is known as Sargwap-e-rah on account of its frequent zigzags.

References

This article incorporates content from the Baluchistan district gazetteer series (1907), a publication in the public domain.

1898 in India
Mountains of Balochistan (Pakistan)

Gokprosh


Itanos () is a municipal unit (demotike enoteta) of the municipality (demos} Siteia in the Lasithi regional unit, eastern Crete, Greece. A former municipality itself, it was included in Siteia as part of the 2011 local government reform. The municipal unit has an area of .

The population was 2,164 in 2011, the time of the reorganization. The seat of the municipality was in Palaikastro, but now all municipal units are administered from the municipal seat, Siteia. Until 2017 Itanos comprised four local communities (topika koinoteta): Palaikastro, Karydi, Zakros, and Mitato (Μητάτο). Subsequently by Presidential Decree No. 70/207, on recommendation of the Minister of the Interior, and approval by Sitia and Palaikastro, Mitato was abolished, due to its seriously declining population (being a few mountain communities) and its settlements were turned over to Palaikastro.

Etymological speculations
Unlike most Greek demes (municipalities) Itanos did not have a modern city or town to serve as a namesake to the deme. There was a promontory named Itanos, the base of Cape Sidero, and Itanos Beach on its east side. There had been in fact an ancient city named Itanos. A Doric Greek-speaking city, at least in the classical period, the time of its inscriptions, it was founded in the 7th or 8th century BC and lasted until its abandonment in the 7th or 8th century, well before modern times. At its height its territory was approximately equal to Itanos municipal unit. Whether the promontory was named after the city or the city after the promontory is not known for certain.

It is generally agreed, however, that Itanos is not a Greek word, whatever it should turn out to be; consequently it is more likely that the peninsula already had the name. Although no Minoan city has been found under Itanos, the entire area was discovered in the Itanos Archaeological Survey to have supported Minoan sites. The nearest large Minoan center was in Palaikastro, where a Minoan city has been discovered and excavated. There is no evidence of its name. (Palaikastro is a later name.) The major speculation is that it was named Itanos, and the Greeks who settled later adopted the pre-existing name of its territory.

The modern name of the Minoan city is Roussolakkos, "red pit," named after a preceding quarry of red clay, and the ancient Greek city Itanos is now Erimoupolis. The Minoan settlement may have been called Utana (cf. Linear B U-ta-ni-yo [KN E 749]), but there are no Linear B tablets from the area and there is no evidence that this Linear B name extended as far east as Lasithi. J. Bennet ruled out the possibility that any Linear B tablets found at Knossos referred directly to classical Itanos.

A beach north of Itanos Beach was named  Erimoupolis as though there had been a polis. The name, however, means "deserted city. Archaeological investigation discovered a rather large ancient city sprawling over the hills next to the beaches. Scientific studies showed that Itanos Beach was a sedimented harbor. There was no longer a question of the location of Itanos.

Geography

Notes

Citations

Reference bibliography

External links

Populated places in Lasithi
Sitia
Cretan city-states

Itanos


The Roman Forum is a monthly magazine sold in and around Rome, Italy with subscribers in countries around the world, including the US, Australia, New Zealand, the UK and the rest of Europe.

It is a full-colour news and general-interest magazine with information and views on cultural aspects and practical life in the city of Rome: art, leisure, travelling, shopping, events, with coverage from Rome and around Italy.

Content is divided into News, Italian Life, Leisure, Culture, Event Listings and Reference. Articles are written by both an in-house editorial team and external contributors.

The first issue of The Roman Forum came out in February 2006. The Roman Forum website was extensively upgraded in April 2009. There is also a forthcoming series of short guides published by the TRF publishing series.

The current editor is Anthony Smith, who has been with Walueurope since 2001, also responsible for the English version of the Tiscali Europe channel. He graduated in contemporary European studies from the University of North London in 1994 followed by post-graduate research on European energy markets at the London School of Economics.

The Roman Forum is owned by Walueurope, a multilingual agency specialised in the design, creation and distribution of information products and communication solutions, with a focus on European and Chinese issues.

It has an independent sister paper in Florence, The Florentine, which provides news and views about the Tuscan capital.

References

Notes
 The British Embassy's resources for British nationals living in Italy
 Fodors website
 The American Embassy's list of English-language publications in Rome

External links
 The Roman Forum website

2006 establishments in Italy
Monthly magazines published in Italy
News magazines published in Italy
Local interest magazines
Magazines established in 2006
Magazines published in Rome

The Roman Forum


Frederick Richards Leyland (30 September 1831 – 4 January 1892) was one of the largest British shipowners, running 25 steamships in the transatlantic trade. He was also a major art collector, who commissioned works from several of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood painters.

Career

Leyland served as an apprentice in the firm of John Bibby, Sons & Co, where he rose to become a partner. In 1867, he took on the tenancy of Speke Hall, Liverpool, and in 1869 bought a house in London at 49 Princes Gate. At the end of 1872, when the Bibby partnership dissolved, he bought out his employers and changed the company name to the Leyland Line in 1873. Under his direction the line expanded into transatlantic trade and by 1882 had 25 steamships. He retired from active business in 1888, leaving his son Frederick Dawson Leyland in charge.

Art patron
Leyland's first commissions were to Dante Gabriel Rossetti and James Abbott McNeill Whistler, dating from 1864 and 1867. Leyland collected Renaissance art, as well as that of the Pre-Raphaelites, Whistler and Albert Moore.

Leyland commissioned The Beguiling of Merlin, a painting by the Pre-Raphaelite painter Edward Burne-Jones, which was created between 1872 and 1877. The painting depicts a scene from Arthurian legend, the infatuation of Merlin with the Lady of the Lake, Nimue. Merlin is shown trapped, helpless in a hawthorn bush as Nimue reads from a book of spells.

In the 1870s, Leyland commissioned Whistler and Jeckyll to decorate his dining room. The resulting Peacock Room is considered one of Whistler's greatest works. After Leyland's death, his widow sold The Peacock Room to the American industrialist and art collector Charles Lang Freer who had it dismantled and shipped to the United States. It is now in the Smithsonian Museum's Freer Gallery of Art in Washington, DC.

Later life

Leyland died in 1892, one of the largest shipowners in Britain, and is buried in Brompton Cemetery, London. The grave is 10m west of the main path between the north entrance and colonnade but is highly recognisable due to its unique form and design.

Legacy
In 1892, John Ellerman made his first move into shipping by leading a consortium which purchased the Leyland Line of the late Frederick Richards Leyland. In 1901, Ellerman sold this business to J.P. Morgan for £1.2 million, which was immediately folded into the International Mercantile Marine Co.

Leyland's funerary monument is the only such work by Edward Burne-Jones – the finest Arts and Crafts funerary monument in the UK, and Grade II* listed.

Personal life

Leyland married Frances née Dawson (1834–1910) on 23 March 1855, but they separated in 1879, possibly because of his liaison with his married mistress Rosa Laura Caldecott, née Gately (d. 1890).

He and Frances had four children together: Frederick Dawson (b. 1856), Fanny (b. 1857), Florence (b. 1859, married Valentine Cameron Prinsep), and Elinor (1861–1952).

Rosa bore a son named Frederick Richards Leyland Caldecott in 1883. Leyland had two further sons with his mistress Annie Ellen Wooster, Frederick Richards (b.1884) and Francis George Leyland Wooster (b.1890).

References

External links
"Leyland, Frederick Richards (1831–1892)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
Biography at University of Glasgow
Leyland Line History and Ephemera GG Archives

1831 births
1892 deaths
English philanthropists
English art collectors
Burials at Brompton Cemetery
Businesspeople from Liverpool
English art patrons
19th-century English businesspeople

Frederick Richards Leyland


Zenzi Miriam Makeba (March 4, 1932 - November 9, 2008), nicknamed Mama Africa, was a South African singer, actress, and activist. She was against racial segregation which happened during the 20th century in South Africa.She shaped the new transition of black empowerment through her nationally and somehow globally acclaimed music.

Early life
Makeba was born in a town near Johannesburg, South Africa on March 4, 1932. Her town was segregated. Makeba started to sing in her school/church choir. She found comfort in singing and music.

Middle Life
Makeba started singing professionally in 1950. She first sang with her cousin's group. They were called the Cuban Brothers. She was also in two other groups called the Manhattan Brothers and the Skylarks. Makeba was in movies and musicals as well. She was in the musical King Kong in 1959, the movie Come Back, Africa, and she recorded music with Harry Belafonte.

Come Back, Africa criticized segregation in South Africa. The South African government banned her from South Africa. Harry Belafonte helped Makeba come to the United States of America. They became friends and made an album together. The album was called "An Evening with Belafonte/Makeba." They won a Grammy award in 1966 for that album.

Late Life
Makeba married a jazz trumpet player named Hugh Masekela in 1964. Makeba divorced him in 1966. She then married Stokely Carmichael in 1968. He was a Civil Rights leader. She divorced him in 1978. Makeba came back to South Africa in 1990. The government started removing laws that made South Africa segregated. Makeba then died on November 9th 2008.

References

1932 births
2008 deaths
South African activists
South African musicians

Miriam Makeba


Gleichenia rupestris is a small fern growing in eastern Australia. Referred to as one of the coral ferns. The specific epithet rupestris refers to it being seen growing near rocks.

A common plant, often seen growing under waterfalls, in swamps, under cliffs, on rocks and in tall open forest. It prefers high humidity and good levels of sunshine and moisture.

It sometimes seen growing next to Gleichenia dicarpa and Gleichenia microphylla, however those plants have a rough hairy stem, and the stem of Gleichenia  rupestris is smooth and glossy.

This plant first appeared in scientific literature in the Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae in the year 1810, authored by Robert Brown.

References

rupestris
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Victoria (state)
Plants described in 1810

Gleichenia rupestris


Supinfocom (école SUPérieure d'INFOrmatique de COMmunication, roughly University of Communication Science) is a computer graphics university with campuses in Valenciennes, Arles (France) and Pune (India).

History
Founded in 1988 in Valenciennes, the school offers a five-year course leading to a diploma of digital direction (certified Level I). A second campus in Arles opened in 2000, while a third one opened in 2008 in Pune, India.

In November 2007, the school was ranked #1 worldwide by the American magazine "3D World" with criteria such as the distribution of student films and prizes in festivals around the world.

Curriculum

The curriculum includes:
 Two years of preparatory courses (design and applied art, perspective, film analysis, video, color, 2D animation, art history, sculpture, communication, English);
 Three years of specialization in computer graphics (3D software, screenplay, storyboards, animation, compositing, 3D production, sound, editing).

The final year of study is devoted to the team-based production of a short film in CG.

Until the class of 2007 entered, there were only two years of specialization courses; there are now three.

See also
:Category:Supinfocom alumni

External links
 Official site of Supinfocom Valenciennes
 Official site of DSK Supinfocom Pune

Art schools in France
Engineering universities and colleges in France
Animation schools in France
Animation schools in India
Engineering colleges in Pune
Digital media education
3D computer graphics
Education in Valenciennes
Universities in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Buildings and structures in Arles
Universities in Hauts-de-France
Educational institutions established in 1988
1988 establishments in France
2008 establishments in Maharashtra

Supinfocom


Fergus of Buchan was the last native Gaelic Mormaer of Buchan, and only the third to be known by name as Mormaer.  Fergus appears to have had strong connections in Fife, and it is possible that his father (if he was his father) Colbán was a Fifer. A charter issued by Fergus appears to have survived. The charter is a feudal charter granting lands to a subordinate. The charter had a few witnesses with French names, presumably a phenomenon related to his Comyn connections. Fergus had no male heirs, and married his only daughter Marjory to William Comyn, bringing Gaelic control of the Mormaership to an end. On Fergus' death, Buchan became the first native mormaerdom to pass into the hands of a foreign family

He died sometime before 1214, possibly much earlier.

Bibliography
 Roberts, John L., Lost Kingdoms: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages, (Edinburgh, 1997), pp. 55–6
 Young, Alan, "Buchan in the 13th century" in Alexander Grant & Keith J. Stringer (eds.) Medieval Scotland: Crown, Lordship and Community Essays Presented to G.W.S Barrow, (Edinburgh, 1993)

See also
 Earl of Buchan

12th-century Scottish people
People from Aberdeenshire
13th-century mormaers
Mormaers of Buchan

Fergus, Earl of Buchan


The Eyes of Julia Deep is a 1918 American silent comedy-drama film starring Mary Miles Minter and directed by Lloyd Ingraham. The film is based on the short story by the same name, written by Kate L. McLaurin. It is one of the few films starring Minter which are known to have survived, and one of even fewer readily available for the general public to view.

Plot

In addition to being readily available to view, the film is described in various film magazine summaries and reviews.

Julia Deep (Minter) is a lonely girl who works at the returns desk of a department store and lives in the top room of a boarding house run by Mrs. Turner (Easthope). The best suite in the boarding house is taken by Terry Hartridge (Forrest), a young man who is wasting his inheritance in partying, encouraged by his girlfriend, the stock company actress Lottie Driscoll (Wilson).

As Terry is rarely present, Julia has taken to sneaking into his rooms to read his extensive collection of books. One night Terry returns in a fit of depression, having broken up with Lottie and spent the last of his fortune. Julia hides, but when Terry takes out a gun and seems about to commit suicide, she jumps out to stop him. When Terry explains his troubles to her, she decides that she will take charge of his life and finances.

With Julia's encouragement, Terry soon finds work, first mending roads, and then at the department store, which is run by his father's old friend Timothy Black (Periolat). He neglects his work to flirt with Julia at the returns desk, but it is Julia that is fired for this, not Terry. Terry proposes marriage to her, but Julia turns him down, fearful that an unemployed former shop-girl will hold him back in life.

Meanwhile, Julia's regular customer Mrs. Lowe (Besserer), a wealthy widow who is fond of the girl, tries to persuade Black to rehire her without success. She offers Julia a job as her live-in secretary, which Julia initially turns down. However, after meeting Terry for lunch at the park, Julia is approached by a jealous Lottie, who manages to convince Julia that she is heartbroken over the loss of Terry, to the point of suicide. Taken in by Lottie's acting, Julia leaves Terry and the boarding house and takes up the position with Mrs. Lowe.

Terry follows Julia to Mrs. Lowe's house, and proves to her that Lottie was lying when he takes her to the theatre to witness Lottie running through the same performance on stage. Convinced of Terry's sincerity, the two elope with the intention of getting married. Mrs. Lowe and Mr. Black, however, mistrusting of Terry and Julia respectively, pursue them, and the four create such a disturbance that the sheriff of the little town is forced to arrest them all.

After a night locked up in the town jail, Terry and Julia escape through the window, but leave Mrs. Lowe and Mr. Black behind. The two resolve their differences, and it transpires that they were sweethearts in their youth. It is the older couple who are hastily married by Simon Plummet (Stockdale), and when Terry and Julia return, having lead the local law enforcement on a chase round the town, the newlyweds promise that they will give the two of them a proper marriage ceremony.

Cast

 Mary Miles Minter as Julia Deep
 Allan Forrest as Terry Hartridge
 Alice Wilson as Lottie Driscoll
 George Periolat as Timothy Black
 Ida Easthope as Mrs. Turner
 Eugenie Besserer as Mrs. Lowe
 Carl Stockdale as Simon Plummet

References

External links

1918 films
1918 comedy-drama films
1910s English-language films
American silent feature films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Lloyd Ingraham
American Film Company films
Pathé Exchange films
1910s American films
Silent American comedy-drama films

The Eyes of Julia Deep


West Ham United Women Football Club is an English women's football club affiliated with West Ham United. They were formed in 1991 and play home games at Dagenham & Redbridge's Chigwell Construction Stadium on Victoria Road.

History

Whilst the 1970s saw a short lived incarnation of West Ham United Ladies, it was early in 1991 when Roger Morgan, the Football in the Community officer at West Ham United, mooted the idea of forming the present ladies section of the club. Following a number of initial coaching sessions to bring in local players and the capture of John Greenacre, who had then recently relinquished his managerial posts at Romford Ladies, to help organise the club, the first friendly match was set for 29 March 1992 resulting in a defeat to Barnet Ladies. Undeterred, two teams were entered into the Greater London Regional Women's Football League for the following season; one in Division 3 and the other in Division 4 and the Hammers opened their first competitive season with a 5–1 victory against Hackney "B" on 27 September 1992 going on to finish the campaign in a respectable fourth place although the second team found life harder and were relegated to the 5th Division. A third-place finish the following season with was sufficient to earn promotion to Division Two and the next season there was a promotion into Division One following another third-place finish.

1995–96 saw a season of consolidation after the two consecutive promotions in two years with a mid table placing, but the season saw the club enter the FA Women's Cup for the first time, having been encouraged by a goalless draw with Arsenal Ladies the previous year in the London FA Women's Cup. The club also embarked on its first overseas tour taking in trips to Germany and Holland. International recognition was furthered as Claire Lacey, the Hammers goalkeeper, was awarded an England cap in an away fixture against Portugal to become the club's first international representative.

Two more season of consolidation as a mid table Division One side in the Greater London League followed as the club went through a difficult period off the pitch, with personnel changes in the backroom staff and ground problems seeing Brampton Manor School, Barking and Little Heath all used as home grounds.

The 1998–99 season saw the Hammers fortunes take an upturn reaching their first cup final in the Russell Cup and more importantly gaining the runners up spot in the league and with it promotion into the Greater London League Premier Division. The momentum continued as the Hammers immediately made an impact in the Premier Division coming second behind the semi professional set up at Fulham, before clinching the title the year after, coupled with a run to the 4th round of the FA Women's Cup.

2000–01 saw the introduction of the now highly successful junior section playing in the Essex County Girls League laying the foundations for another period of growth for the club as a second successful Greater London League Premier League campaign this time saw the Hammers winning the promotion play off and allowed the club to start the 2002–03 season in the South East Combination League, where a fourth-place finish showed the Hammers ability to hold their own at this level. The promise of being able to step up further emerged when the runners up spot was claimed the year after. Hopes were high the club could go one further for the 2004–05 campaign and in a nail-biting finish the Hammers emerged victorious from a winner takes all final league game with Northampton to win the title, only just missing out on the double following a league cup final defeat to the same opponents.

Just 13 seasons after starting out West Ham United Ladies had now reached the FA Women's Premier League and achieved a sixth-place finish in their opening season at this level despite a shaky start as they got accustomed to the higher standard. There were no such problems for the reserve team though, who were only just pipped to the runners up spot in the Premier League (Reserves) Division Two South. The following season was a disappointment as the team started to slide and the club ended up in a situation where they would be relegated if the teams below were to win their games in hand although by the end of the season results had gone in the Hammers favour. The Reserve team finished rock bottom in their division but amongst the junior sections the club continued to flourish and from the junior ranks both management staff and playing personnel were elevated to get the club back on track.

2007–08 saw Tony Marshall take over as first team manager helped by Alex Bonner as coach. The club switched to play home games at Harlow Town and with a massive rebuilding job to be done the Hammers turned to youth with a side featuring many previous junior players from the club, who were more than able to hold their own with a sixth-place finish.

The next season saw continued improvements: a new base at Thurrock, a highest-ever third-place finish in the league, and the first team lifting their first major trophy after winning the Essex FA County Cup. The success spanned across the whole club with the reserve team ending the season top of the Premier (Reserves) Division Two South and amongst the junior side's haul of silverware were the London FA Girls Youth Cup and the Southern Region Under 16 FA Tesco Cup.

The Hammers were again amongst the leading sides in the 2009–10 campaign although too many draws saw them slip to fifth position with the reserve team consolidating following their promotion. Again there was success for the junior sides with the Under 16 team winning the UK Home International Tesco Cup at the Reebok Stadium. 2010–11 saw the side lead the table for much of the winter but were pipped to the promotion spots in the run in eventually finishing in third place. However the Essex FA County Cup was regained and best ever runs in the FA Women's Cup and FA Women's Premier League Cup saw both quarter finals reached.

2011–12 followed a similar pattern with good cup runs taking the club to the Essex FA County Cup final and the FA Women's Premier League Cup quarter final. Again a third-place finish was achieved in the FA Women's Premier League Southern Division.

In Summer 2014, former professional footballer Julian Dicks took charge of the team. His first competitive game was against Spurs Ladies. He helped to improve the team from their 10th-place finish the season and then to a sixth-placed finish in the 2014–15 season, along with a London FA Capital Women's Cup Final date against Charlton Athletic Ladies.

In March 2015, John Hunt and his son Stephen Hunt were appointed Joint Chairman. On 5 June 2015, the club announced the creation of the West Ham Ladies Learning Academy. In July 2015, Marc Nurse became manager replacing ex-professional footballer Julian Dicks, who was promoted to work with the men's first team. Under Nurse, West Ham go on to finish 10th for the 2015–16 season. The season began in controversial circumstances when club captain Stacey Little led a small walkout of players and went to the press. Little had criticised the main club in the press the previous year over a lack of funding. The highlight of the season by far was the Ladies' first and last full league match at Upton Park in the club's last season there before moving to Stratford. The Ladies secured a record crowd of 1,741 as a penalty by captain Katie Bottom sealed a 1–0 win. The game became widely known for an off-the-ball incident when the video of a Spurs defender stamping on the head of West Ham striker Whitney Locke went viral.

During the summer of 2016, the team toured the Netherlands and played two top sides (MSV Duisburg and FC Twente) and were beaten in both matches. The Chairmen then took the decision to replace Nurse as manager and replace him with James Marrs who had recently led Brighton Ladies to promotion but was then sacked in controversial circumstances. Marrs appealed the circumstances of his sacking and in October 2016 an FA hearing held that the finding of the Sussex FA were such that "no reasonable body would have reached" and his record was cleared. The following day West Ham United nevertheless released Marrs as the Hunts were replaced as Chairmen and the Ladies absorbed into the main club. The events leading to the takeover of the Ladies were triggered by unfavourable press coverage of the main club's treatment of the Ladies team. For the rest of the 2016–17 season, the Ladies were managed by the West Ham Foundation coaches finishing 9th. The summer of 2017 saw West Ham Ladies undergo significant changes as the club looked to reach the top Women's Southern League within five years. Jack Sullivan, son of West Ham chairman David Sullivan was named the team's managing director, while Karen Ray took up the role of ladies' general manager. Greg de Carnys also moved over from the Academy to look after the ladies' first team and academy. In the first half of the season, the results were poor with 12 losses from 17 games, and on 9 December 2017, it was announced that de Carnys had parted company with the club and that Ray would take charge of the team on an interim basis. Following this, the results improved, with 11 wins and only 1 loss from the next 14 games, including victories in both the Isthmian League Women's Cup and FA WPL Plate.

2018–present: FA WSL

 On 28 May 2018, it was announced that West Ham Ladies had successfully gained entry into the WSL, the top league in England. West Ham Ladies changed their name to West Ham United women's team in July 2018. Former Women's Super League winner Matt Beard was appointed head coach of West Ham United women in June 2018. Beard secured the signings of experienced players including Gilly Flaherty, Claire Rafferty, Jane Ross and Tessel Middag in preparation for the club's first season in the WSL. The club reached the FA Women's Cup Final in May 2019, ultimately losing 3–0 to Manchester City.

Beard and the club agreed to part ways by mutual consent on 19 November 2020. The board named goalkeeping coach Billy Stewart and first-team coach Paul McHugh as interim head coaches while a search for a full-time manager was undertaken, and Olli Harder was appointed as the next manager on 23 December 2020. West Ham went on to finish 8th in the Women's Super League.

Harder left the role on 8 May 2022, after the final game of the season with West Ham having finished 6th, and was replaced by his assistant manager Paul Konchesky

The Hammers made a good start to the 2022-23 season, with five wins from the first 10 league games of the season seeing them comfortably in the top half of the table. However, after the Christmas break their league form would nose-dive and, despite earning a first ever league point and clean sheet against Arsenal in a home 0-0 draw, it wouldn't be until the penultimate game of the season that West Ham would celebrate another league win. A run to the semi-finals of the League Cup would end in a 7-0 defeat to Chelsea and, on 28 May 2023, West Ham announced Konchesky was leaving his job as manager after the team finished 8th in the WSL, but having only won one league game in 2023.

On 20 July 2023 Rehanne Skinner was appointed manager of the West Ham Women's first team, becoming their first female manager in the FA WSL era.

Players

Current squad

Out on loan

|-

Management

Executive

Technical

Managerial History
FA WSL era (includes league, FA Cup and League Cup results)

Honours
League
South East Combination League
Champions: 2004–05
Greater London Regional Premier League
Champions: 2000–01, 2001–02
Greater London Regional League
Play-off winners: 2001–02

Cup
Women's FA Cup
Runners-up: 2018–19
FA Women's Premier League Plate
Winners: 2017–18
Isthmian League Women's Cup
Winners: 2017–18
Essex FA County Cup
Winners: 2008–09, 2010–11

Seasons

Key

 P = Played
 W = Games won
 D = Games drawn
 L = Games lost
 F = Goals for
 A = Goals against
 Pts = Points
WSL = Women's Super League
PL Na = FA Women's Premier League National Division
PL S = FA Women's Premier League Southern Division
SE C = South East Combination Women's Football League

 DR = Determining Round
 GS = Group Stage
 R1 = Round 1
 R2 = Round 2
 R3 = Round 3
 R4 = Round 4
 R5 = Round 5
 R6 = Round 6
 QF = Quarter-finals
 SF = Semi-finals
 RU = Runner Up
 CH = Champions

References

External links

Women's football clubs in England
West Ham United F.C.
Association football clubs established in 1991
Women's football clubs in London
1991 establishments in England
FA Women's National League teams

West Ham United F.C. Women


The South Leinster Way is a long-distance trail in Ireland. It is  long and begins in Kildavin, County Carlow and runs through County Kilkenny before ending in Carrick-on-Suir, County Tipperary. It is typically completed in five days. It is designated as a National Waymarked Trail by the National Trails Office of the Irish Sports Council and is jointly managed by Carlow County Council, Kilkenny County Council, Tipperary County Council, Carlow Local Sports Partnership, Kilkenny Trails and Coillte. It was opened on 30 November 1985 by Donal Creed, Minister of State for Sport.

The initial stages run through the Blackstairs Mountains, crossing the flanks of Mount Leinster, the highest mountain in the range to reach the village of Borris. From Borris, the Way follows the towpath of the River Barrow to the town of Graiguenamanagh where it enters County Kilkenny. The route continues from Graiguenamanagh towards Inistioge via the northern slopes of Brandon Hill, the highest mountain in County Kilkenny. A series of tracks through forest from Inistioge leads to Mullinavat. The final stage follows the road from Mullinavat to Carrick-on-Suir.

The South Leinster Way forms part of European walking route E8 which runs from Dursey Island in County Cork to Istanbul in Turkey. The Irish section incorporates the Wicklow Way, the South Leinster Way, the East Munster Way, the Blackwater Way and parts of the Kerry Way and the Beara Way. An unmarked road walk connects the end of the Wicklow Way in Clonegal, County Carlow with the start of the South Leinster Way at Kildavin. The East Munster Way starts where the South Leinster Way ends in Carrick-on-Suir. The South Leinster Way also connects with the Barrow Way at Graiguenamanagh and the Nore Valley Way at Inistioge.

A review of the National Waymarked Trails in 2010 found usage by multiday walkers to be low and usage by day walkers to be medium to high on some sections. The review recommended that a Trail Management Committee be established, that short scenic looped walks be developed off the trail and that the proportion of road waling (currently 55%) be reduced.

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links
 South Leinster Way.com
 The South Leinster Way at IrishTrails.ie

Long-distance trails in the Republic of Ireland
Geography of County Carlow
Geography of County Kilkenny
Geography of County Tipperary
Tourist attractions in County Carlow
Tourist attractions in County Kilkenny
Tourist attractions in County Tipperary

South Leinster Way


Marcel de Sade (born 1934 in Aalborg, Denmark) is the assumed name of Jørgen Vase Larsen, a criminal who passed himself off as a marquis during the 1960s. He was sentenced to jail for embezzlement from the oil company he worked. After his jailtime he worked as a caretaker. He is a piano player and known for his use of extravagant clothing.

Gabriel Axel's role in the 1967 Danish/Swedish comedy film The Reluctant Sadist is loosely based on his life.

References

External links

1934 births
Living people

Marcel de Sade


The Barbegal aqueduct and mills was a Roman watermill complex located on the territory of the commune of Fontvieille, Bouches-du-Rhône, near the town of Arles, in southern France. The complex has been referred to as "the greatest known concentration of mechanical power in the ancient world" and the 16 overshot wheels are considered to be the largest ancient mill complex.

Another similar mill complex existed on the Janiculum in Rome, and there are suggestions that further such complexes existed at other major Roman sites, such as Amida (Mesopotamia).

Description
The Barbegal site is located 12 kilometres east northeast of Arles near Fontvieille, where the Arles aqueduct passed near a steep escarpment. The mills consisted of 16 water wheels in two parallel sets of eight descending a steep hillside. There are substantial masonry remains of the water channels and foundations of the individual mills, together with a staircase rising up the hill upon which the mills were built. The mills operated from the beginning of the 2nd century until about the end of the 3rd century. The capacity of the mills has been estimated at 4.5 tons of flour per day, enough to supply bread for as many as 10,000 or perhaps even 30–40,000 inhabitants of Arelate at that time. It is thought that the wheels were overshot water wheels with the outflows driving successive wheels to the base of the hill.

The Roman aqueducts that fed the mills were also built to supply water to the town of Arles (then called Arelate). The two aqueducts joined just north of the mill complex and a sluice controlled the water supply to the complex.

Other mills

Vertical water mills were well known to the Romans, being described by Vitruvius in his De architectura of 25 BC, and mentioned by Pliny the Elder in his Naturalis Historiæ of 77 AD. There are also later references to floating water mills from Byzantium and to sawmills on the river Moselle by the poet Ausonius. The use of multiple stacked sequences of reverse overshot water wheels was widespread in Roman mines, especially in Spain and Wales. It is possible that the mills at Barbegal may also have been used for sawing timber and stone when not grinding wheat. The Hierapolis sawmill from the 3rd century AD shows a crank-activated frame saw being used in this way, and another has been excavated at Ephesus.

Visiting the site
Visitors to Barbegal may park where a minor road (Route de L'Aqueduc) crosses the massive remains of the original aqueduct, and, with olive orchards on either side, walk south about 250 meters along the partially erect remains of the aqueduct and through the three meter deep rock-hewn cleft emerging at the top of the mill complex. Extensive farmland comes into view and spans 180° of the horizon to the south. The site is signposted as "Roman aqueduct" rather than as a mill. The Arles Museum of Antiquity has an informative reconstructed model of the mill. The site was slightly overgrown in spring 2022; care should be taken approaching and exploring the ruins.

Influence
The English science historian James Burke examines Roman watermill technology such as that of the Barbegal aqueduct and mill, concluding that it influenced the Cistercians and their waterpower, which in turn influenced the Industrial Revolution, in the fourth of his ten-part Connections, called "Faith in Numbers".

See also
 List of Roman watermills
 Roman technology
 Roman engineering

References

Further reading
 Amouretti, M.-C.: 'Barbegal: de l'histoire des fouilles a l'histoire des moulins', Provence Historique, 167–8 (1992), pp. 135–49
 Bellamy, R. B. & Hitchner, P.- S.: 'The villas of the Vallee des Baux and the Barbegal Mill: excavations at la Merindole villa and cemetery', Journal of Roman Archaeology 9 (1996), pp. 154–76
 Benoit, F.: 'L'usine de meunerie hydraulique de Barbegal (Arles)', Revue Archéologique, sixième série 15.1 (1940), pp. 19–80
 Bromwich, J, 'The Roman Remains of Southern France', Routledge, 1996, pp. 156–60
 Cleere, Henry, 'Southern France', "Oxford Archaeological Guides", 2001, pp 119–120
 Coulard, G, and Golvin, J-C, 'Voyage en Gaule Romaine, Actes Sud-France, 2002', pp 124–127
 Hodge, A.T.: 'A Roman factory', Scientific American (November 1990), pp. 58–64
 Leveau, P.: 'The Barbegal water-mill in its environment: archaeology and the economic and social history of antiquity', Journal of Roman Archaeology 9 (1996), pp. 137–53
 Lorenz, Wayne F., and Phillip J. Wolfram: The millstones of Barbegal (Possible usage of flour mill in Barbegal, France for testing designs of millstones). Civil Engineering, 77.6, June 2007, pp. 62–67
 Lorenz, and Wolfram: 'Arches have no rivals (Unique Roman bridges offer clues as to how it was done centuries ago)', Roads and Bridges, September 2007, pp 28–50
 Sagui, C.L.: 'La meunerie de Barbegal (France) et les roues hydrauliques chez les anciens et au moyen age', Isis, Vol. 38, No. 314. (Feb., 1948), pp. 225–231
 Sellin, R.H.J.: The large Roman water mill at Barbegal (France), History of Technology, 8, 1983, pp. 91–109

External links

 The Millstones of Barbegal, Civil Engineering, ASCE
 Valley Crossings and Flood Management for Ancient Roman Aqueduct Bridges, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage (ASCE)
 Barbegal Arches in 'Arches have no rivals'
 The Roman Flour Mill at Barbegal
 The Report of Field Investigations of the Barbegal Mill and Aqueduct System

 Description of Mill site and aqueducts
 Photographs of site

Roman aqueducts in France
Ancient Roman watermills
Roman sites in Provence
Buildings and structures in Bouches-du-Rhône
Tourist attractions in Bouches-du-Rhône
Ruins in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Watermills in France
Flour mills

Barbegal aqueduct and mills