Antanas Strazdas (9 March 1760 in Margėnai, Rokiškis district – 23 April 1833 in Kamajai; signed in Polish as Antoni Drozdowski, often called Strazdelis by the locals) was a Lithuanian priest and poet. Because of his humble origins and lifestyle, he became somewhat of a folklore hero.

Born to a poor serf family, he attended many schools established by monasteries, including ones in Polatsk and Daugavpils. In 1789 he finally graduated from Varniai theological seminary. Due to his restless nature, he traveled from one parish to another, often living on his own as a farmer. In 1820 he settled more permanently in Kamajai, where he bought land and kept up a farm, only sometimes performing his duties as a priest. In 1828 he was accused of improper behavior for a priest and confined in the Pažaislis Monastery. Next year he left the monastery and returned to Kamajai, where he died just four years later.

During his lifetime only two thin poetry books were published. One of them, Secular and Holy Songs (Lithuanian: Giesmės svietiškos ir šventos) published in 1814, contains nine secular verses and two hymns written in the Lithuanian language. The second, Ode to Riga, was published in the Polish language in 1824. The third collection of Lithuanian poems was destroyed by the censors. As many as 50 songs are attributed to Strazdas and passed by word of mouth to this day. However, the authorship is hard to establish because of lack of written proof and because of the tendency of Strazdas' songs to become part of folklore.

His best known work, the hymn Pulkim ant kelių (Let us Fall on Our Knees) is still sung to this day in churches. His most famous poems include Strazdas (The Thrush), where the poet, personified by the bird, sings about peasant's joys and worries; Aušra (The Dawn) tells about the joy a dawn brings and that breaks a lot of rules on rhythm and rhyme; Barnis (The Quarrel) is the only poem about Strazdas himself.

Strazdas avoided the nobles and remained closely connected to the ordinary people. Strazdas borrowed melody, tone, and style from the folk songs, writing his poetry for the common peasants. His songs are simple and the content is usually dealing with a peasant's life and labor. His works were also affected by Polish poems, especially the sentimental poetry. However, his Ode to Riga, written for the anniversary of founding of Riga, proved that he was able to handle more complicated and sophisticated poetic forms.

References

External links

  Full text of "Giesmės svietiškos ir šventos"

1760 births
1833 deaths
18th-century Lithuanian poets
19th-century Lithuanian poets
18th-century Lithuanian Roman Catholic priests
19th-century Lithuanian Roman Catholic priests
Lithuanian Catholic poets
People from Panevėžys County

Antanas Strazdas


Senterej (Amharic: ሰንጠረዥ sänṭäräž), also known as Ethiopian chess, is a regional chess variant, the form of chess traditionally played in Ethiopia and Eritrea. It was the last popular survival of shatranj. According to Richard Pankhurst, the game became extinct sometime after the Italian invasion of Ethiopia in the 1930s. A distinctive feature of Senterej is the opening phase – players make as many moves as they like without regard for how many moves the opponent has made; this continues until the first capture is made. Memorization of opening lines is therefore not a feature of the game.

Rules

Pieces
Broadly, the pieces move the same way as in shatranj; however, there are regional variations.

 Each king (negus) stands just to the right of the centerline from its player's point of view. It moves one step in any direction as a chess king.
 At the left of the king stands the ferz, moving one square diagonally. (One source says it moves one step in any direction, but may only capture diagonally. There may have been regional variations.)
 On the flanks of the king and ferz stands a piece called the fil or alfil (saba). It leaps diagonally to the second square distant.
 Beside the fils stand the horses (feresenya), moving as chess knights.
 In the corners stand the rooks (der), moving as chess rooks.
 The second  is filled with pawns (medeq), which move one step forward and capture one square diagonally forward. There is no first move double-step option, and therefore no en passant. A pawn reaching the farthest rank is promoted to ferz (one source says, to the rank of any piece already lost).

The possible movements of the main senterej pieces, excluding that of the king and pawn, may complementary to one another, occupying, without any omission or redundancy, all available squares with regards to a central position inside a 5×5 grid, as shown in the figure to the right.

Gameplay
In Senterej both sides start playing at the same time without waiting for turns. The phase before first capture is called the "mobilization" or "marshalling" phase, or werera. Both players may move their pieces as many times as they like without concern for the number of moves the opponent makes. During this phase the players watch each other's moves, and retract their own and substitute others as they think best. They only start to take turns after the first capture.

The object of the game is to checkmate the opponent. A king denuded of all pieces (excluding pawns) cannot be mated; the game is drawn. A king with only a single piece supporting him (again excluding pawns) can only be mated before that piece has moved seven times, or else the game is drawn.

Game flow
 Start game
 Werera (mobilization or marshalling) phase: both players move piece(s) together at every step, until there is any piece captured
 First piece captured, werera ends
 Players move pieces by turns, until either:
 One side win the game, in case of the opponent's king is being checkmated under the opponent has any pieces of ferz/alfil(s)/horse(s)/rook(s) still alive
 Game drawn, in case of the opponent remains king and pawns only (or fits other house rules)
 End game

Customs
Traditionally, the board is not checkered, merely marked into squares; it is usually a red cloth, marked by strips of black or blue. The play is much more sociable than is usual in Western chess, with all the bystanders (even, formerly, slaves) calling out their notions of useful plays and moving the pieces about to demonstrate. The customs surrounding checkmate are numerous. Dealing the fatal blow with a rook or knight is considered inartistic. Delivering the fatal stroke with a ferz or fil is more respectable; with a combination of pawns, even more praiseworthy.

References

External links
 Senterej, the Ethiopian Chess
 Senterej – Ethiopian chess with a flying start by Dr. René Gralla
 A Note on Ethiopian Chess by Dr. Richard Pankhurst
 Kaiserin setzte ein Korps matt (Neues Deutschland)
 Ethiopian Chess a simple program by Ed Friedlander (Java)

Games related to chaturanga
Chess in Ethiopia
Ethiopian culture
Chess in Eritrea
Eritrean culture

Senterej


Lost in Time is a computer adventure game developed and published by Coktel Vision in 1993. It was promoted as being "The first Interactive Adventure Film using Full Motion Video Technology" and contained four graphical elements: full motion video, hand painted and digitized backgrounds and 3D decor.

Plot
In 1992, a woman exploring a shipwreck has mysteriously been transported back in time to 1840 when the ship was still intact, she has no choice but to explore. Her sleuthing leads to revelations about her past.

Release
The original release in Europe was divided into two parts – that is, two sets of 3.5" Floppy disks sold separately. A CD-ROM version, Lost in Time: Parts 1 & 2, was released at the same time as the floppy version and contained enough storage space for both parts as well as additional and longer video sequences with a higher frame rate and digitized speech. In North America, the game was released on floppy disk and CD-ROM sets as well, but the floppy disk set was not split into separate parts and was released in a single, complete package.

Reception

In April 1994 Computer Gaming World said of Lost in Time on CD that "though game play is interesting and movement through the 3D world is fluid", the video and music was not as good as in Inca. The magazine concluded that despite some "obtuse" puzzles,
"there's still enough going on to entice those gamers who missed catching reruns of Time Tunnel".

References

External links

1993 video games
Adventure games
Coktel Vision games
DOS games
DOS-only games
First-person adventure games
Full motion video based games
Point-and-click adventure games
ScummVM-supported games
Sierra Entertainment games
Video games about time travel
Video games developed in France
Video games featuring female protagonists

Lost in Time (video game)


The Book of Rites, also called the Liji, is a group of writings that explain the customs, rules, and ceremonies of the Zhou dynasty during the Warring States and early Han periods. The Book of Rites, the Rites of Zhou, and the Ettiquette and Ceremonial are called the "Three Li," and together make up the ritual section of the Five Classics. These are important texts in Confucianism, which is a way of thinking that values ethics and education. Some people believe that the Book of Rites was originally called the Classic of Rites or Lijing, but its name was changed later by Dai Sheng.

References

Confucianism

Book of Rites


In thermodynamics, the reduced properties of a fluid are a set of state variables scaled by the fluid's state properties at its critical point.  These dimensionless thermodynamic coordinates, taken together with a substance's compressibility factor, provide the basis for the simplest form of the theorem of corresponding states.

Reduced properties are also used to define the Peng–Robinson equation of state, a model designed to provide reasonable accuracy near the critical point. They are also used to critical exponents, which describe the behaviour of physical quantities near continuous phase transitions.

Reduced pressure
The reduced pressure is defined as its actual pressure  divided by its critical pressure :

Reduced temperature
The reduced temperature of a fluid is its actual temperature, divided by its critical temperature:

where the actual temperature and critical temperature are expressed in absolute temperature scales (either Kelvin or Rankine).   Both the reduced temperature and the reduced pressure are often used in thermodynamical formulas like the Peng–Robinson equation of state.

Reduced specific volume
The reduced specific volume (or "pseudo-reduced specific volume") of a fluid is computed from the ideal gas law at the substance's critical pressure and temperature:

This property is useful when the specific volume and either temperature or pressure are known, in which case the missing third property can be computed directly.

See also
Departure function

References

Thermodynamic properties

Reduced properties


A Moment in the Reeds is a 2017 Finnish romantic drama film written and directed by Mikko Mäkelä in his feature directorial debut. It stars Janne Puustinen and Boodi Kabbani. The film had its world premiere at the 2017 BFI London Film Festival as part of the Love strand. Unusually for a Finnish film, most of the dialogue is in English as it is the only language shared by the two leading characters.

Plot
Leevi returns to Finland from his university studies in Paris to spend the summer helping his father Jouko renovate the family lakehouse for sale. Leevi is estranged from his conservative father, his only living relative, and hopes to avoid mandatory military service by obtaining French citizenship. Tareq, an architect by profession who has come to Finland from war-torn Syria seeking asylum, has been hired to help with the work.

When Leevi's father returns to town on business, the two young men, speaking English, their only common language, establish a connection. They spend a few days discovering one another during an idyllic Finnish midsummer.

Cast
 Janne Puustinen as Leevi
 Boodi Kabbani as Tareq
 Mika Melender as Jouko
 Virpi Rautsiala  as Pirjo

Production
Mikko Mäkelä, a Finn from Lappeenranta, South Karelia, who has lived in England for ten years wrote the screenplay and directed the film. He explained the absence of a feature-length Finnish film addressing gay relationships saying "Non-commercial documentaries are alive and well in Finland, but full-length fiction cinema is always made with the returns in mind. Production companies don't take risks in countries this small."  As a result, most of the film's budget came from private financing with a very small portion coming from crowd funding Indiegogo.
Filming took place in August 2016.

On his decision to choose gay actors for the lead roles, director Mäkelä wrote: "Casting gay actors for gay roles was the only option that made sense for me"."

The film had its world premiere in the Love strand of the BFI London Film Festival on 6 October 2017. It has since gone on to screen at festivals around the world including Goteborg International Film Festival, Seattle International Film Festival and Frameline in San Francisco.

Reception
A reviewer in Film Inquiry called A Moment in the Reeds "the biggest surprise of the London Film Festival". He noted the plot's superficial resemblance to that of God's Own Country, which was in production at the same time, but found the Finnish film "far more subtle" and, like its British counterpart, "one of the most moving gay romance stories of recent years". In Sweden's MovieZine, Alexander Dunerfors said the filmmakers turned their low budget to advantage by using just a few actors in an isolated setting and noted that "Most of the dialogue has been improvised by the actors themselves, giving a strong authentic touch–even in broken English." A German reviewer called it "a film pearl that shines with truthfulness and authenticity". He described the principal characters' relationship to Finland, one alienated and the other finding refuge: "Homeland is a strange world for both of them."

Variety magazine's Dennis Harvey wrote favourably of the film. "There's an admirable quiet intensity to A Moment in the Reeds, a first feature by London-based Mikko Mäkelä set in his native Finland. Superficially similar to God's Own Country,  this bittersweet tale of attraction between a prodigal son and a refugee worker is both a more straightforward romance for much of its runtime and a sadder one in the end."

References

External links

 List of festival screenings

2017 films
LGBT-related romantic drama films
Finnish romantic drama films
Gay-related films
2017 LGBT-related films
Films about refugees
Refugees in Finland
Syrian refugees
2010s English-language films
English-language Finnish films
2010s Finnish-language films
2017 multilingual films
Finnish multilingual films
Finnish LGBT-related films
Indiegogo-funded films

A Moment in the Reeds


WHAM (1180 kHz) is a commercial clear channel AM radio station in Rochester, New York, United States. It is owned by iHeartMedia and airs a news/talk radio format. The studios and offices are at Five Star Bank Plaza in downtown Rochester.

Its 50,000-watt non-directional transmitter, located in Chili, New York, operates the maximum power for commercial AM stations in the United States and Canada. During the day, it provides at least secondary coverage to all of Western New York, including Buffalo. It can also be heard in much of Southern Ontario, including Toronto, Peterborough, and Kingston. At night, WHAM can be received across much of the Eastern United States and Eastern Canada with a good radio. It is the Emergency Alert System's primary entry point station for Western New York.

Programming
WHAM carries two local news blocks on weekdays: The WHAM Morning News and The WHAM 5 O'Clock Hour News. Local talk shows are Bob Lonsberry and Talking Back with Shannon Joy. The rest of the schedule is nationally syndicated talk shows, mostly from co-owned Premiere Networks: The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show, Sean Hannity and Coast to Coast AM with George Noory. In addition, WHAM carries Mark Levin from Westwood One and Joe Pags, who is based at co-owned WOAI in San Antonio.

Weekend programming includes shows on money, health, home repair, cars, technology and law. Weekend hosts include Bill Cunningham, computer expert Leo Laporte "The Tech Guy", and some brokered programming.

History

University of Rochester
The station first signed on the air on July 11, 1922. While not the first station to be licensed to the Rochester market (that distinction belongs to the defunct WHQ), it is the oldest surviving station in the area.

The selection of the "WHAM" call letters came from a suggestion from industrialist George Eastman, the founder of the Eastman Kodak Company, based in Rochester. He helped the University of Rochester launch the station and thought the "WHAM" name would prove to be a clever marketing tool. Jim Barney helped the university get the station on the air.

Stromberg-Carlson
In 1927, WHAM was acquired by Stromberg-Carlson, a maker of radio and telecommunications equipment then based in Rochester. The company expanded the station's operations and boosted its signal to 5,000 watts shortly after the acquisition.

It was relocated from 1080 to 1150 kHz in the overall national reorganization of the AM radio band by the Federal Radio Commission in 1928. In 1933, WHAM was allowed to increase power to 25,000 watts. A ceremony marking the event included a three-hour broadcast from the Eastman Theatre with "a galaxy of stars" participating. It later got a boost to its current 50,000 watt level.

In the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA), the AM band was shuffled in March 1941. WHAM changed frequency once more to its current 1180 kHz.

Rochester Radio City
In February 1948, WHAM and its FM sister station, WHFM (now WBZA), moved into a new facility, Rochester Radio City. The building included 24 offices and six studios, the largest of which could accommodate 400 people in the audience.

WHAM has ties to two of the city's television stations. It put the city's first station on the air, WHAM-TV, in 1949. That station is now WROC-TV, the area's CBS affiliate. In 2005, the area's ABC affiliate, WOKR, changed its call sign to WHAM-TV. Clear Channel Communications (now known as iHeartMedia), already the owner of WHAM radio, owned WOKR/WHAM-TV from 2002 until the sale of its entire television group to Newport Television (controlled by Providence Equity Partners) in 2007; the two stations still have a news partnership.

Controversy
WHAM radio host Bob Lonsberry has often been the source of controversy, due to his on-air remarks. He was fired from his show in 2003, but was later brought back due to boycotts by aggrieved fans.

News articles were circulated about him comparing a derogatory racial reference to the term "Boomers" - a colloquial reference for people born during the Baby Boom.

Lonsberry also hosts a show later in the day on co-owned WSYR (570 AM and 106.9 FM) in Syracuse.

References

External links
WHAM 1180 home page

FCC History Cards for WHAM

HAM
Radio stations established in 1922
IHeartMedia radio stations
News and talk radio stations in the United States
1922 establishments in New York (state)
Clear-channel radio stations

WHAM (AM)


Kenneth "Ken" Walter (born August 15, 1972) is a former American football punter of the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Carolina Panthers from 1997–2000, the New England Patriots from 2001–2003 and 2006 and the Seattle Seahawks in 2004. He played collegiately for Kent State University.

On the Patriots, Walter served as the holder for placekicker Adam Vinatieri.  He successfully held for both of Vinatieri's Super Bowl winning kicks in Super Bowl XXXVI and Super Bowl XXXVIII. He also held for Vinatieri's famous kicks in the Tuck Rule Game against the Oakland Raiders.

At the end of the 2003 season, Walter wasn't re-signed by the Patriots. Walter struggled at the tail end of that season, was cut for a week as he lost his job to Brooks Barnard, then re-signed for the Patriots' final surge to their Super Bowl XXXVIII championship.

Walter's career appeared over, but he was signed by Seattle in November 2004 and punted in six regular season games and one playoff contest. Yet no team called in 2005 and Walter, who underwent surgery on his left shoulder in October, filed his retirement papers with the league.

As Walter rehabilitated his shoulder injury, he was motivated by his physical therapist to make a comeback. He told the Boston Globe that he had been striking the ball as well as he ever has, and both the Texans and Jaguars had him in for tryouts.

Walter was re-signed by the Patriots on November 22, 2006, after Josh Miller was placed on injured reserve. However, Walter himself suffered a season-ending injury December 17 against the Houston Texans, and was placed on injured reserve two days later.

External links
NFL.com player page

1972 births
Living people
American football punters
Kent State Golden Flashes football players
Carolina Panthers players
Seattle Seahawks players
New England Patriots players
Players of American football from Cleveland

Ken Walter


Benjamin Harris (fl. 1673–1716) was an English publisher, a figure of the Popish Plot in England who then moved to New England as an early journalist.  He published the New England Primer, the first textbook in British America, and edited the first multi-page newspaper there, Publick Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestick, from 25 September 1690.

Life

His career in London, as a publisher of Whig books, pamphlets, and a newspaper is known from 1673. Many of his publications were anti-Catholic. He published the pamphlet Appeal from the Country to the City in 1679 by Charles Blount, opposing the succession of James, Duke of York, and was consequently convicted of sedition and ordered to pay a fine he could not afford. Released from prison, Harris resumed his anti-Catholic campaigning. From 1679 to 1681, Harris published a paper that displayed an early use of local news, Domestic Intelligence: Or News both from City and Country.

He moved to Boston in 1686 to start the London Coffee House, which provided both men and women (unusually at the time) access to foreign newspapers and books. After publishing The New-England Primer (c.1690) and Tulley's Almanach, he set out to publish a newspaper (Mindich). Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick had three pages of text, with the fourth page left blank for others to write in pieces of news to hand around. It focused on local news, and included gossip; one item concerned King William's War and atrocities attributed to Native American forces allied to the British, current in September 1690. Without a license, it was closed down after a single issue, Harris was jailed, and the next newspaper did not appear until 1704 when John Campbell's Boston News-Letter was the first American newspaper to last beyond the first issue.

From 1690 to 1695, Harris continued to run his coffeehouse and publish books. He joined another partner, John Allen in partnership. In 1692, he received the official assignment to print The Acts and Laws of Massachusetts in 1692 (Mindich). Harris was also active in community service, supporting homeless shelters and orphanages.

He returned to London in 1695. He started a series of short-lived newspapers before publishing the London Post from 1699 to 1706. He sold his paper, books, and almanacs from his printing shop and store. The location and date of Harris's death are unknown. He was married with two sons.

See also
 List of early American publishers and printers

Sources

 Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomas Gale. 2006.
 "Harris, Benjamin", Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 27 Nov. 2006
 Mindich, David T.Z. "Harris, Benjamin", American National Biography Online, Feb. 2000
 Mark Knights, 'Harris, Benjamin (c.1647–1720)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008

Notes

External links
 Mark Knights, 'Harris, Benjamin (c.1647–1720)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 4 June 2007

American male journalists
17th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
18th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
People from colonial Boston
17th-century journalists
18th-century American journalists

Benjamin Harris (publisher)


Conothamnus aureus is a member of the family Myrtaceae and is endemic to Western Australia. It is a spindly, straggly shrub with rigid, blunt leaves and spherical heads of golden yellow flowers resembling those of wattles.

Description
Conothamnus aureus is a spindly, straggly shrub with many branchlets, which grows to  high and  wide. The leaves are lance-shaped to egg-shaped, about  long,  wide and hairy with a single vein. The flowers are golden yellow and arranged on the ends of branchlets in spherical heads about  in diameter. Its flowers differ from those in the other two species of Conothamnus in that its flowers lack petals. Flowering occurs between August and November.

Taxonomy and naming
This species was first formally described in 1852 by Nikolai Turczaninow who gave it the name Trichobasis aurea and published the description in Bulletin de la Classe Physico-Mathématique de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg. In 1923, Karel Domin changed the name to Conothamnus aureus. The specific epithet (aureus) is a Latin word meaning "golden".

Distribution and habitat
Conothamnus aureus is found on sand plains, flats and sand dunes in an area along the south coast from the Stirling Range east to Israelite Bay, extending from the Great Southern and into the south western Goldfields-Esperance regions of Western Australia where it grows in sandy or loamy soils.

References

aureus
Plants described in 1923
Taxa named by Nikolai Turczaninow
Rosids of Western Australia

Conothamnus aureus


Vitus Jonassen Bering (1681 - 1741), also called Ivan Ivanovich Bering (Russian name) was a Danish seafarer and explorer. He went into the service of the Russian navy in 1704. He was commissioned a second lieutenant. During the Great Northern War he distinguished himself and was promoted to the rank of commander.

First Kamchatka expedition
In 1639 a group of Russian promyshlenniki (hunter-traders) sailed from Russia into the Pacific ocean, They were the first Europeans to sailed between Asia and North America. Peter the great, Czar of Russia, wanted to send an expedition to confirm the information. In 1724 he sent the first Kamchatka expedition (1725-30) led by Bering. One of their tasks was to see if Siberia was connected to North America. They sailed first to the Kamchatka Peninsula where a ship was built for the exploration. In 1728 Bering sailed north far enough to discover that Siberia and North America (Alaska) were not connected.

Second Kamchatka expedition
The Second Kamchatka Expedition (1733-43) was a very large scientific expedition. It was also led by Bering. The scientific expedition sent out smaller explorations to chart the coasts of Siberia, the Pacific, and several research expeditions. Ships were sent to Japan and America to promote Russian interests. Bering reached Alaska in 1741. On the return journey they had to stop at Bering Island. While there nearly half the crew, including Bering, died. In 1991, Danish archaeologists found his grave.

References

1681 births
1741 deaths
Danish people
Explorers

Vitus Bering


Joseph Baltzell Showalter (February 11, 1851 – December 3, 1932) was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.

Personal
Joseph B. Showalter was born near Smithfield, Pennsylvania.  He attended Georges Creek Academy at Smithfield, and taught school in West Virginia, Indiana, and Illinois from 1867 to 1873.  He moved to Chicora, Pennsylvania, in 1873 and engaged in the production of petroleum and natural gas.  He studied medicine at Long Island College Hospital in Brooklyn, New York, in 1883, and graduated in 1884 from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Baltimore, Maryland (which later merged into the University of Maryland School of Medicine which is a component of the University of Maryland, Baltimore.

He died in 1932 in Washington, D.C., and was interred in the North Cemetery in Butler, Pennsylvania.

Career

Medicine
Showalter practiced medicine in Chicora from 1884 to 1890, when he again engaged in the production of petroleum and natural gas.

Politics
Showalter was elected as member of the Pennsylvania State House of Representatives in 1887 and 1888.  He served in the Pennsylvania State Senate from 1889 to 1892.

He was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fifth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of James J. Davidson.  He was reelected to the Fifty-sixth and Fifty-seventh Congresses.  He was not a candidate for reelection in 1902.

Later career
He resumed his former business pursuits and resided in Butler, Pennsylvania.  He later moved to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and then to Washington, D.C.  He was engaged in the development of land in southern Florida.

External links

The Political Graveyard

1851 births
1932 deaths
SUNY Downstate Medical Center alumni
University of Maryland, Baltimore alumni
Republican Party Pennsylvania state senators
Republican Party members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
Burials in Pennsylvania

Joseph Baltzell Showalter


The Lho La() is a col on the border between Nepal and Tibet north of the Western Cwm, near Mount Everest. It is at the lowest point of the West Ridge of the mountain at a height of . It is not exactly a Pass, but a part of Mt. Everest Range

History and name

Historically, the col was used as a pass over the lowest point of Everest's West Ridge for traders between Nepal and Tibet on the route between Namche Bazaar and Tingri at a time when Everest's glaciers were much higher than at present and traversing the col involved less steep climbing. However, as the glaciers declined the favoured trade route became the Nangpa La, to the west.

Following the 1952 Swiss Mount Everest expedition it was suggested that "Lho La" (South Pass) was an unsatisfactory name because it lies to the west of Everest and it would better be renamed "Khumbu La" because it led up from the Khumbu Glacier. This would allow the South Col to be called "Lho La" as it is the col south of Everest and between it and Lhotse. Unfortunately the Nangpa La had been called the Khumbu La in the past and was still sometimes being called by that name. British sentiment was against the proposed name changes and the new names never stuck.

Approach from Tibet

The first western explorers to discover the col were George Mallory and Guy Bullock on the 1921 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition although it was only Bullock who actually reached it. They were exploring the West Rongbuk Glacier in Tibet hoping it might give access to a route for reaching the summit of Everest. They named it "Lho La", meaning "South Pass" simply because it was to the south of where they were. This rather self-centred decision was to give difficulties later, as mentioned above. Lho La gave access to Everest's West Ridge and to its Western Cwm but they thought neither of these gave feasible ways of ascent.

Lho La was also investigated by Bill Tilman and Edmund Wigram on the 1935 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition but, like the 1921 explorers, they also preferred the North Col route for a summit attempt.

Approach from Nepal

By 1951 China's occupation of Tibet and the opening of Nepal to foreigners meant that Everest was only accessible from the south. A Dane, Klavs Becker-Larsen travelled to Khumbu with the intention of entering Tibet secretly and attempting the North Col route. His attempts to cross the frontier by climbing the Lho La were unsuccessful and he had to retreat.

A British reconnaissance in 1951 assessed the route through the Khumbu Icefall to the Western Cwm, hence by-passing Lho La, and in subsequent years this was the line that was followed, so leading to the South Col and the Southeast Ridge. The successful ascent of Everest in 1963 by Americans Tom Hornbein and Willi Unsoeld via the West Ridge and the Hornbein Couloir was achieved by climbing from the Western Cwm to the West Shoulder, well east of the Lho La.

After unsuccessful attempts in 1974 and 1978, the first time Everest was climbed via the Lho La was in 1979 when a Yugoslavian team ascended the West Ridge from there (without diverting onto the Hornbein Couloir). Led by Tone Skarja, a team of 40 put fixed ropes up from  on the Khumbu Glacier and used a hand winch for 200 metres to lift 6 tons of equipment. They assessed the climbing grade as between II and III, and on the upper  as between IV and V, claiming this to be the highest grade V climb in the world. In 1989 five out of six climbers in a Polish team, attempting a descent that involved climbing Khumbutse from the West Rongbuk Glacier via Lho La, were swept to their deaths on the Lho La itself as they climbed above the col, with one survivor Andrzej Marciniak.

References

Citations

Sources

External links

 – video showing the change in height of the West Rongbuk Glacier, in the area of Lho La, between the years 1921 and 2008.

Mount Everest
Mountain passes of the Himalayas
Mountain passes of Nepal
Mountain passes of Tibet
Mountain passes of China

Lho La


In English speaking countries, a kiosk is a small booth offering goods and services. For example, it might sell packaged food, drinks, cigarettes and newspapers. They can still be seen on some train stations.

In Paris the old kiosks which sold newspapers, cigarettes and tickets are being replaced. The replacements are said to be more functional but less charming.

In oriental countries like Persia or Turkey, a kiosk is larger and grander than in other countries. It is a self-standing building.

References

Shops

Kiosk


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 Investigation Discovery

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Investigation Discovery** (often abbreviated as **ID**) is a popular American television channel dedicated to true crime and investigative programming. Launched on January 27, 2008, ID has become a prominent destination for viewers interested in real-life mysteries, crime stories, and forensic investigations.

 History

 Early Years (2008-2010)

Investigation Discovery was introduced to television audiences by the Discovery, Inc. network, building on the success of its sister channels such as Discovery Channel, TLC, and Animal Planet. During its initial years, the channel featured a mix of true crime documentaries, dramatic reenactments, and investigative series.

 Expansion and Programming (2010-Present)

In the years that followed, Investigation Discovery expanded its programming lineup to include a wide range of shows, each offering a unique perspective on criminal cases, mysteries, and investigations. Notable series on ID include "Forensic Files," "Disappeared," "Homicide Hunter," and "Snapped."

Investigation Discovery is known for its commitment to factual storytelling and often collaborates with law enforcement agencies, detectives, and experts to provide viewers with in-depth insights into complex cases. The channel has gained a dedicated fan base and high ratings for its compelling content.

 Programming

Investigation Discovery's programming covers a variety of true crime subgenres, including:

- **Missing Persons Cases:** Series like "Disappeared" focus on the stories of individuals who mysteriously vanish, leaving behind unanswered questions.

- **Homicide Investigations:** "Homicide Hunter" features retired detective Joe Kenda recounting some of the most challenging murder cases he solved during his career.

- **Forensic Analysis:** "Forensic Files" delves into the science and technology behind solving crimes through forensic evidence.

- **Women Who Kill:** "Snapped" examines the stories of women who have committed murder, exploring the psychological factors behind their actions.

 Reception

Investigation Discovery has received acclaim for its riveting storytelling, attention to detail, and dedication to factual accuracy. It has garnered a dedicated following and has consistently ranked as one of the top cable networks in the United States for true crime content.

 Availability

Investigation Discovery is available to viewers in the United States and select international markets. It can be accessed through various cable and satellite providers, as well as streaming services.

 References

- [Official Investigation Discovery Website](https://www.investigationdiscovery.com/)

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American television channels
Discovery Channel

Investigation Discovery


KWRD-FM (100.7 MHz) is a commercial radio station licensed to Highland Village, Texas, and serving the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. It is owned by the Salem Media Group and broadcasts a Christian talk and teaching radio format.  The call sign represents the station's moniker, "The Word," as in The Word of God.  KWRD-FM is not co-owned with KWRD (AM) in Henderson, Texas.

KWRD-FM has an effective radiated power of 98,000 watts.  The transmitter is off Minnis Road in Collinsville, Texas.  The studios and offices are located in Irving.

Programming
KWRD-FM features both national and local religious leaders.  It is a brokered programming station, in which hosts pay for blocks of time on the station and may seek donations to their ministries during their shows.  Hosts include Jim Daly, Charles Stanley, John MacArthur and Alistair Begg.  Some conservative political shows are also heard, including Jay Sekulow and Eric Metaxas from the Salem Radio Network.  News comes from SRN, the Salem Radio News service.

History

KRJT-FM
The station first signed on the air on November 15, 1988 as KRJT-FM in Bowie, Texas.  It largely simulcasted its AM sister station, KRJT (1410 AM, now KNTX).  KRJT-FM's effective radiated power was 3,000 watts, a fraction of its current output.

Bowie is about 90 miles northwest of the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex.  The owners realized that if their FM station could move closer to Dallas, its value would greatly increase.  The Federal Communications Commission granted its request to become a "move in" station.  It changed its city of license to Highland Village, just north of both Dallas and Fort Worth, and the transmitter was relocated to Collinsville with a big increase in power, 98,000 watts.

KLTY and KWRD-FM
In 1997, Salem Communications bought KEWS.  That station had a long history of broadcasting Christian programming, once owned by evangelist Jimmy Swaggart.  Salem began running its own Christian talk and teaching format on the station as KWRD-FM, The Word 94.9.  In early 2000, Salem acquired an FM station on 100.7 in the Dallas suburbs, airing Christian Contemporary music as KLTY-FM.

On December 22, 2000, Salem swapped the two stations' frequencies to give KLTY the stronger signal.

On September 18, 2015, KWRD-FM began simulcasting on former Radio Disney affiliate KMKI (620 AM, now KTNO) for a week. The following week, KMKI switched formats to Business News/Talk with content formerly airing on KVCE (1160 AM).  On October 20, 2015, KWRD-FM's programming was again simulcast on KVCE.  That station is now KBDT, with new owners and a talk radio format.

KPXI
KPXI (100.7 MHz   currently KTYK )  had been originally licensed to Mount Pleasant and the ownership had tried to be the move in to DFW winner but the former KJRT eventually prevailed in the contest. Salem Media bought KPXI out of foreclosure and moved it to Overton  (near Tyler) to clear the frequency for the 100.7 in DFW.  KPXI simulcast KWRD-FM until early 2009. when the FCC approved the transfer of KPXI to Jerry T. Hanszen owner of KGAS and KMHT.  In 2018, KPXI was sold to Louisiana State University Shreveport and now operates as public radio station KTYK Overton, broadcasting the Red River Radio network.

Signal
Unlike most of the area's FM stations like sister KLTY, which transmit their signals from Cedar Hill, KWRD-FM transmits its signal from an area east of Collinsville. Therefore, KWRD-FM's signal is much stronger in the northern parts of the Dallas/Fort Worth metroplex including Dallas, Denton, and McKinney as well as the cities of Decatur, Gainesville, Sherman, and Bonham, to as far north as Ardmore and Durant, Oklahoma, but is considerably weaker in Fort Worth and areas south of Dallas.

References

External links
The Word 100.7 FM official website

 DFW Radio/TV History

WRD-FM
WRD-FM
Radio stations established in 1987
Salem Media Group properties

KWRD-FM


The Eastern Zhejiang or Zhedong Canal, also known as the HangzhouNingbo or Hangyong Canal, is a major canal connecting Hangzhou, Shaoxing, and Ningbo in northern Zhejiang, China. It runs , connecting the Qiantang, Cao'e, and Yong watersheds with Hangzhou's terminus for the Grand Canal and Ningbo's ports on the East China Sea. Since 2013, it has been officially considered the southernmost section of the Grand Canal itself.

The terrain of this area of Zhejiang slopes down from mountains to the south to the coastal plain along Hangzhou Bay to the north. The oldest section of the present waterway was the Shanyin Canal constructed in Shaoxing by the Yue official Fan Li in the 5th century BC during the late Spring and Autumn Period. Despite the need to create numerous locks and dams to allow boats to change levels at the various rivers crossed by the canal, the entire route was completed with the excavation of the Xixing Canal under the Jin official He Xun in the 3rd century AD.

The canal was an important artery of transport and supply during various periods of disunity in medieval China, notably under the Southern Song whose capital was at Lin'an within present-day Hangzhou. Despite its lesser importance under the Yuan, Ming, and Qing, the canal was kept navigable through the early modern period before being largely supplanted by railways and roads. Renovation of the canal began in 2002, providing navigability for modern barges except around Ningbo by 2009 and complete navigation of the entire canal by the end of 2013.

In November 2008, the Eastern Zhejiang Canal was added to the Grand Canal's nomination with the UNESCO World Heritage program as it served as an extension of the BeijingHangzhou Canal and provided an additional connection from the cities along the canal to Ningbo's ports and the Maritime Silk Road. In May 2013, the Eastern Zhejiang Canal was officially included as part of the Grand Canal within China and listed in the seventh group of Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level. In 2014, it was inducted as a World Heritage Site alongside the BeijingHangzhou Grand Canal and the Sui and Tang Grand Canal.

Layout
The west end of the Eastern Zhejiang Canal is Xixing in Hangzhou's Binjiang District. After passing Xixing, entering Xiaoshan District, following by Qianqing, Keqiao District, the canal crosses the old Qianqing River. The canal then goes southeast, entering Yuecheng District and lies across Cao'e River. The section ranging from Xixing to Cao'e is also known as the Shaoshao Canal. After passing the Cao'e River, the canal enters Shangyu District and diverges to two branches. From Shangyantou on the east side of Cao'e River to Caoshu Bridge in Yuyao. The northerly Yuyu Canal connects it to the Yao River. From Cao'e River to Tongming Dam, the southerly branch known as the Forty Mile River flows into the Yao River and runs parallel to the Houxin and Shibali Rivers. The main stem of the canal then enters the natural river. The tributary developed in Zhangting is named the Ci River, and the branch formed in Gaoqiao in Ningbo is called the Xitang River. After passing the Yao and Fenghua Rivers, the two tributaries meet at Sanjiangkou area in Ningbo and create the Yong River. The confluence flows into the East China Sea from the east side of Zhaobaoshan in Zhenhai District. From west to east, the Ci River divides at Shazigang, the south side of Cicheng, connecting with the Yao River at the Xiaoxi Dam. After passing Huazi Gate, the Ci River is called the Zhongda River and enters Zhenhai District from Jiangbei District, finally flowing into the Yong River. The Xitang river travels eastward to Wangjing Gate in Ningbo, meeting the moat and water system in its old town and links to Fenghua River. The design of the parallel inner and outer tributaries is meant to avoid the influence of tides from the outer tributary and causes the flow to cease meandering and to continue straight downstream.

History
Because of the abundant precipitation in Eastern Zhejiang Area, canal construction was relatively easy, though there are few records regarding the process of construction. The history of the Eastern Zhejiang Canal can be traced back to the Shanyin Canal during China's Spring and Autumn Period. According to the Yuejue, it was begun by Fan Li during his time supervising the reconstruction of Shanyin's Dongguo Gate. From Dongguo Gate to Liantang in Shangyu District, the Shanyin Canal is  in length.

During the reign of Emperor Hui of Jin dynasty (AD 290-301), due to the need for irrigation, the official He Xun supervised the construction of Xixing Canal, from Xixing, the east shore of Qiantang River to Kuaiji City. From then on, this canal section, along with the channels east to Shangyu District, the natural waterways of Yao River and Yong River, constituted the Eastern Zhejiang Canal. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, under governmental and private management, the operation of the Eastern Zhejiang Canal was shaped. In mid-Tang Dynasty, because of the busy traffic along Jiangnan Canal, local officials of eastern Zhejiang were appointed to dredge the canal, increase water locks and dams, dig new waterways and dredge Jian Lake. Jian Lake thus became one important source of water to the canal.

The capital of the Southern Song Dynasty was Linan. Because of the conflicts between Jurchen Jin and Chinese Song, the northern part of Beijing Hangzhou Grand Canal disconnected from Jiangnan, and Eastern Zhejiang Canal and Jiangnan Canal became vital to Southern Song people. Additionally, because the Southern Song people thought highly of overseas trading, and Qingyuan Prefecture (now Ningbo) was an important port for international trades, the government particularly paid attention to the maintenance of the canal. In the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, Emperor Gaozong (Zhao Gou) recruited laborers to reconstruct the Shaoxing and Yuyao sections. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the Eastern Zhejiang Canal was restored several times, and its navigability was improved. According to Jiatai Kuaiji records, at that time the two canal sections in Xiaoshan County and Shangyu County could carry 200 vessels; the two canal sections in Shanyin County and Yao River could carry 500 vessels. At that time, the Eastern Zhejiang Canal was at its acme in respect of navigability and prosperity.

During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the governmental repair works and preservation of the Eastern Zhejiang Canal were still ongoing, which retained its navigability, though it was not as prosperous as in the Southern Song Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, the natural environment in the Eastern Zhejiang changed. Qianqing River, previously an obstruction to the Eastern Zhejiang Canal, was blocked, and its north and south weirs were dismantled so there was no obstruction to the channel between Xiaoshan and Cao'e. With the construction of seawalls and the formation of tidal flats in Zhejiang, a water system with lakes densely covering the regions along the canal was developed. In the Qing Dynasty, the Eastern Zhejiang Canal gradually lessened in importance; many courier stations along the canal were removed or combined with other stations. According to the records of Huang Zongxi, there were only dozens of larger-scale vessels serving the Eastern Zhejiang Canal in Qing Dynasty, not comparable to the hundreds of vessels in the Southern Song Dynasty. Particularly in the late Qing Dynasty, with the emergence of steamships and the Xiaoshan-Ningbo Railway, the Eastern Zhejiang Canal was gradually replaced. After the Communist Party of China was founded, the Eastern Zhejiang Canal was renovated several times. The channels were dredged and new facilities were built to facilitate transportation and irrigation.

At the end of the 20th century, due to the development of Ningbo port, the transportation cost increased, prompting the reconstruction of the Eastern Zhejiang Canal to be included on the political agenda. In 2009, the reconstruction of the Eastern Zhejiang Canal finished.

Functions of the Canal
The Eastern Zhejiang Canal mainly functioned in four ways throughout its history: shipping, irrigation, the Caoyun system and water stations.

Shipping

Shipping has been an important function of the Eastern Zhejiang Canal. In ancient times, ships from Eastern Zhejiang always went to Hangzhou by way of the canal to avoid the fierce tide of Hangzhou Bay (杭州湾). During the Southern Song dynasty (1127-1279), the canal became a significant channel for foreign trade. Exported products like porcelain were transported to Ningbo first via the canal then would be shipped to foreign countries by the Silk Road. Meanwhile, products from Japan, Vietnam, Goryeo and other countries were also transported to the capital city Lin'an from the canal. Foreign envoys always landed in Ningbo, then travelled to Lin'an via the canal. In the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), Ningbo was the only port receiving Japanese tributary ships, the tribute then transported to the capital city by the canal. Besides official trades, shipping for civil use was also developed along the canal. At the end of the 1950s, short-distance shipping still thrived. The canal's shipping function was largely replaced by the 1980s with the improvement of road conditions.

Irrigation
Irrigating cultivated land on both sides of the canal was another crucial function of the Eastern Zhejiang Canal. The Xixing Canal, which was built by the Western Jin dynasty (265-316), was mainly used for irrigation. During the Southern dynasties (420-589), four yandai structures (a kind of earth dam used for raising upstream water level to benefit shipping or irrigation in ancient China) were constructed. In the tenth year of Yuanhe of the Tang dynasty (815), canals in Jiangnan () area were repaired. From this, the water storage and drainage functions of the Eastern Zhejiang Canal improved. From the Song dynasty (960–1279) to the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) and the Qing dynasty (1644-1912), the water storage and drainage facilities of the canal's river network went through repair each period. This largely completed the canal's gate dam control system.

Caoyun system
Eastern Zhejiang was important in collecting and transporting tribute grain, and the canal had a significant role in this process. In the Tang dynasty, canal facilities began to be controlled by officials; tribute grain was first shipped to Xixing via the canal, then sent by the Qiantang River to finally arrive in the capital city by way of the Beijing - Hangzhou Grand Canal. During the Southern Song dynasty (1127-1279), substantial goods and materials from the eastern Zhejiang area like salt and rice together with the tribute grain from Fujian Province (which arrived by sea transport) were shipped to Lin'an via the canal. Later, during the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), tribute grain started to be shipped in a co-operative sea-river joint transportation method. The institution which managed the sea transportation of tribute grain was established, and the tribute grain which was transported by the canal would be shipped by sea after it arrived at Ningbo (called Qingyuan at that time) Port. Until the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), the Caoyun system of the Eastern Zhejiang Canal was still comparatively developed. During the reign of Xianfeng emperor in the Qing dynasty, once again, it was decreed that tribute grain was to be transported by sea and the canal started to lose its function in the Caoyun system.

Postal service
The Eastern Zhejiang Canal served as an important postal route. At the base of the canal there was a station called the Xixing Post. Official documents were sent to Shaoxing, Ningbo and Taizhou by post via the canal. The postal system was also responsible for service via delivery stores. In the Song dynasty (960–1279), 12 post houses were put up along the canal; these were reduced in number later in the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). After the twentieth year of Qianlong of the Qing dynasty, the Xixing Post was kept while setting up posts in other counties. In the thirty-second year of the reign of the Guangxu emperor, modern Chinese post was established and delivery stores abolished. In the third year of his reign, emperor Xuantong abdicated causing all post houses to close while certain post functions of the canal remained till the popularization of railways and roads.

Scholars such as Chen Qiaoyi, a professor from Zhejiang University, think the Eastern Zhejiang Canal should be included as part of 'the Grand Canal of China'.

Important Remains
Along the Eastern Zhejiang Canal, you can find substantial cultural relics, including 3 national-level, nearly 20 provincial-level plus a number of city-level and county-level historical and cultural sites under protection. These are mainly water conservancy facilities, bridges and other utilities. Additionally, some ancient towns which are influenced by the canal also reside along both sides of the canal.

Water conservancy facilities

The Eastern Zhejiang Canal is made up of many natural rivers. To maintain the stable water levels and benefit agriculture along the banks, numerous water conservancy facilities were constructed along the canal. These are primarily composed of barrages, dams and gates. Among these, significant ones can be found on the central canal and tributaries of the canal such as the Yongxing Gate (located in Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province), the Cao'e Barrage, the Lianghu Barrage, the Tongming Barrage, the Qingshui Gate (all located in Shangyu District, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province), Doumen Gate, the Yunlou Xiaba Dam (both located in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province) and the Xidu Barrage (located in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province).
 The Yongxing Gate, which is also called the Longkou Gate, is located in Xixing. In the past, it was ten li (a Chinese unit of length, one li = 1/2 kilometre) away from Xiaoshan County and served as the western starting point of the canal. It used to be a barrage, which was then transformed into a gate in the fifteenth year during the reign of Wanli emperor to resist the tides from the Qiantang River (). You can still see its remains today.
 The Cao'e Barrage lies on the west bank of the Cao'e River. In ancient times, it was 90 li away from Shaoxing city and used to be a gate while it functions as a barrage nowadays. A ship lift now operates on the barrage.
 The Lianghu Barrage, which lies on the east bank of the Cao'e River, used to connect the Cao'e River and the Sishili River. It moved multiple times in history and the current location is in Wailianghu Village, Lianghu Town. Due to the reconstruction of the canal, this barrage is not in use any more.
 The Tongming Barrage is located in Fenghui Town, Shangyu District, Shaoxing. There are two barrages near it, named the North Barrage and the South Barrage respectively.
 The Qingshui Barrage is located in Haoba town, Shangyu District, Shaoxing. During the period of Jiatai in the Southern Song dynasty, the Qingshui Sluice Gate was built, with a sluice gate beneath. Since then, it was reconstructed during every dynasty.
 The Doumen Barrage is located in Yuyao. Its history can be seen in record from the Southern Song dynasty. Its old barrage still remains today but is of no use. In 1983, the ship lift was installed.  Its history is a reflection of the continual evolution of the canal's water conservancy facilities.
 The Xiaba Dam is located in Yuyao and is also named Dajiangkou Dam. It was 40 li away from Yuyao county in ancient times and was a necessary route to take from Ningbo to Shaoxing, connecting the Shibali River and the Yao River. Its remains still exist today and a ship lift was built later.
 The  also called the Daxi Dam, which is located in Haishu District, Ningbo. It was originally built in the Song dynasty while the current construction was built during the period of Zhengtong in the Ming dynasty. As a connection of the Yao River and the Xitang River, it served as an important path from Mingzhou to the capital in ancient times. It has been preserved well.
Currently, these constructions are included in the sixth batch of historical and cultural sites protected at the provincial level in Zhejiang Provence under the following projects – The Water Conservancy and Shipping Facilities of the Qiantang River and Canal Ports, The Water Conservancy, Shipping and Service Facilities of the Cao'e River's Ports, Relic Sites Group of the Tongming Barrage, The Water Conservancy and Shipping Facilities from Yiting to Wufu, The Qingshui Gate and Management Facilities, The Water Conservancy and Shipping Facilities of the Yao river and Relevant Heritage Groups etc.

Ancient towpaths

A towpath is the road that canal boat trackers walk along as they towed boats. There are many towpaths located in different reaches while mainly converge in Xiaoshan and Shaoxing. These ancient towpaths were originally built in the tenth year of Yuanhe in the Tang dynasty (815). They cover nearly one hundred li in total. Especially the towpath which connects the Qianqing Slab Bridge and the Shangxie Bridge, with a length of 7.5 kilometers, is well preserved. These towpaths are either against the canal bank on one side or surrounded by the canal on both sides. The latter form can be divided into entity towpath and stone pier towpath styles. You can always see bridges located after certain distances as they help ships pass through safely. These are well known as the White-Jade-liked Long Embankment.

Currently, the towpath, located in Shaoxing, connecting the slab bridge in Qingqian Town and the Shangxie Bridge in Keqiao, is recognized as a major historical and cultural site protected at the national level. Additionally, the Xiaoshan Towpath, the Yuhou Bridge Towpath (located in Shaoxing), the Gaobu Towpath (located in Shaoxing) and the towpath in Shangyu are protected as historical and cultural sites at the provincial level in Zhejiang Province.

Ancient bridges

Numerous ancient bridges stand across the Eastern Zhejiang Canal with various bridge forms, including semicircular arch, seven-polygonal arch, U-shaped arch, overpass and other forms. Many bridges are now protected as historical and cultural sites. Among these bridges, under the name of Ancient Bridge Groups of Shaoxing, some bridges of this city are protected as key historical and cultural sites at national level.
 The Bazi Bridge is located in Yuecheng District, Shaoxing. It was originally constructed in the Southern Song dynasty and the bridge was reinforced in 1982. It stands across three water courses with two slopes on both sides.
 The Taiping Bridge is located in Shaoxing. Its construction was first started in the forty – eighth year during the reign of the Wanli emperor and was reconstructed in the eighth year during the reign of the Xianfeng emperor. It is a combination of single-span bridge and eight-span stone beam bridge design. You can see gallery roads beneath the bridge. Its construction form is viewed as representative of early overpasses in ancient China.
 The Guangning Bridge is located in Shaoxing, which was originally constructed in the Northern Song dynasty and reconstructed during the reign of Wanli in the Ming dynasty. It is the longest single-span seven-polygonal arch in Shaoxing.
 The Jingkou Bridge is located in Keqiao District, Shaoxing. It is a combination of three-span U-shaped arch bridge and three-span stone beam bridge design. The current bridge was reconstructed during the reign of the Xuantong emperor in the Qing dynasty.
 The Rongguang Bridge is a single-arch stone bridge from the Chenghua period, located in Keqiao District, Shaoxing.
 The Tongji Bridge is located in Yuyao, the current bridge was reconstructed during the reign of the Yongzheng emperor in the Qing dynasty. It is a stone arch bridge which is made up of two piers and three spans and became famous because of its big central/main span. People used to call it the Most Prominent Bridge of Eastern Zhejiang.

Ancient towns

The Eastern Zhejiang Canal deeply influences many cities and towns on both its sides. Cities that it passed by included Xiaoshan, Shanyin, Kuaiji, Shangyu (refer to old maps), Yuyao, Cixi (refer to old maps) and Ningbo. Most of them used to install water gates to give convenience to the incoming and outgoing of ships. With the development of modern cities, most of these cities or towns have undergone drastic changes. However, some ancient towns still exist until day due to insufficient re-development.
 The Xixing Ancient Town is the western starting point of the canal and its appearance was mainly finalized in the Ming dynasty. Many people ran a special business called Guotangxing, it was a canal transportation business that only existed in Zhejiang Province.
 The Cicheng Ancient County used to be the county of Cixi, Ningbo. It was originally constructed in the twenty-sixth year of Kaiyuan in the Tang dynasty. It shows people the typical county construction style of the Jiangnan area (Jiangnan means area of the southern side of the Yangtze River while currently it refers to the area between the southern side of the Yangtze River and the northern side of the Qiantang River, namely an area covering Jiangsu Province, Shanghai, Zhejiang Province).

Other relics
 The Xixing Guotangxing is a kind of transit business of both people and goods in Xixing. It appeared during the reign of Wanli in the Ming dynasty and reached the most prosperous time from the end of the Qing dynasty to the beginning of the Republic of China (1912-1949). At its peak, the business had 72.5 stores, while it declined during the time of the Second Sino-Japanese War (July 7, 1937 – September 9, 1945). Currently, partial constructions used in this old type business are protected as historical and cultural sites at a provincial level in Zhejiang Province.
 The Jian Lake is located in Shaoxing, which was originally excavated in the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD) and undertook the important function of restoring water and controlling flood. After the Southern Song dynasty, due to cultivation, the size of the lake gradually shrank, its functions thus lost.
 The Shuize Stone Tablet of the Pingqiao River is located in Ningbo which was constructed in the Ming dynasty. The tablet used to be underwater with a Chinese character '平' (which means flat and peaceful in Chinese) carved in it and serve as an observation facility of water level.

Cultural influence
In the Chinese legend the Butterfly Lovers, the protagonist Liang Shanbo looked for Zhu Yingtai along the Eastern Zhejiang Canal. More than forty famous poets from the Tang dynasty had visited the west part of the canal, including Li Bai (701–762), Du Fu (Wade–Giles: Tu Fu; Chinese: 杜甫; 712 – 770), He Zhizhang (simplified Chinese: 贺知章; traditional Chinese: 賀知章; pinyin: Hè Zhīzhāng; Wade–Giles: He Chih-chang, ca. 659–744)), Wang Wei (Chinese: 王維; 699–759) etc. Thus, the canal constitutes A Road of Tang Poetry in the Eastern Zhejiang along with the Cao'e River (Chinese: 曹娥江; pinyin: Cáo'é Jiāng), the Shanxi Creek, Tianlao Mountain, Tiantai Mountain etc. After the Tang dynasty, many famous men of letters have since passed the canal, including Lu You (simplified Chinese: 陆游; traditional Chinese: 陸游/陸遊; 1125–1209), Fan Chengda (Chinese: 范成大; pinyin: Fàn Chéngdà; Wade–Giles: Fan Ch'engta, 1126–1193), Qin Guan (simplified Chinese: 秦观; traditional Chinese: 秦觀; 1049 – c. 1100), Zhu Yizun (Chinese: 朱彝尊; pinyin: Zhū Yízūn; Wade–Giles: Chu I-tsun; 1629–1709), Lu Xun (formerly also romanized Lu Hsün, was the pen name of Zhou Shuren, 25 September 1881 – 19 October 1936) etc., a number of great works were created and left till now. In the year of 1488, because of heavy storms, the Korean official Choe Bu (1454–1504) drifted to Taizhou, China. Later, he went to Hangzhou from Ningbo via the canal and came back to Korea from Beijing by way of the Beijing - Hangzhou Grand Canal. He wrote a book named the Geumnam pyohaerok (traditional Chinese: 錦南漂海錄; ; Korean: 금남표해록; literally: "A Record of Drifting Across the Southern Brocade Sea") to record his journey. This book provides an important account of the Ming dynasty for historians.

Contemporary development
In 2007, the Ministry of Transport (MOT) of the Government of the People's Republic of China enacted a document named The National Inland Waterway and Port Layout Plan. In this document, the canal composing of the Eastern Zhejiang Canal and the Beijing - Hangzhou Grand Canal was recognized as the most important waterway in the Yangtze River Delta. The proposal of reconstructing the Eastern Zhejiang Canal was raised in 1983. Back to then, after partial construction, the navigation capacity remained 40 tons. In 2002, to manage problems including too many barrages on the canal and the low navigation tonnage which would not satisfy the demand of modern logistics, the reconstruction project of the canal began. This project set grade four waterways (which can navigate 500-ton freighters) as the standard and took the Sanbo Navigation Lock which located on the west bank of the Qiantang River as its starting point. The canal would flow through the Qiantang River, the Puyang River, the Xixiao River, the Cao'e River, the Sishili River, the Yao River and the Yong River and would finally empty into the East China Sea in the mouth of the Yong River. More than 130 bridges and 8 navigation blocks were constructed in this project. Some reconstructions were also completed along the canal, including railways, roads, constructions which would be affected by this project and aids for navigation. By September 2009, this project was completed. It turned out to be the single inland waterway reconstruction project with the biggest investment scale in the history of mainland China. Before the completion, in December 2007, partial canal had been put into use, especially the part in Hangzhou and Shaoxing, which had already become the busiest waterway. However, in Ningbo, due to bridges across the Yao River not satisfying the demand of navigation, large investments needed to be put into reconstruction. The uncompleted canal of Ningbo used to attract attention from the media in Chinese mainland.

World Heritage
In 2006, the Beijing - Hangzhou Grand Canal started to apply to be classified as a World Heritage Site. At the very beginning, only the Canal of the Sui and Tang dynasties and the Canal of Ming and the Qing dynasties were included in the plan. With the appeal of relevant experts and media, in November 2008, the Eastern Zhejiang Canal was brought into this application. Shan Jixiang, the director of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage back then, used to comment on this alteration as, the join of the Eastern Zhejiang Canal made the Beijing - Hangzhou Grand Canal connect to the maritime silk road. The starting point of the Canal of the Sui and Tang dynasties – Luoyang, is also the starting point of the land silk road. All these would form 'a remarkable and inevitable integration which is made up of culture, commodity and information and a big circle'.

In 2004, in the 38th time of the World Heritage Committee conference, which was held in Doha, the Beijing – Hangzhou Grand Canal, which included the Eastern Zhejiang Canal was officially added into the Lists of World Heritage Sites. The world heritage sites which were listed include:
 The Xiaoshao Canal, including Waterways of the Xiaoshao Canal, the Xixing wharf and relics of Guotangxing, the Bazi Bridge The community of the Bazi Bridge, the ancient towpaths of Shaoxing.
 The Yuyu Canal
 The Ningbo part of the Eastern Zhejiang Canal
 The Mouth of the Three Rivers of Ningbo, including the East Zhejiang Maritime Affairs/Folk Custom Museum ()

References

Canals in China
Transport in Zhejiang

Eastern Zhejiang Canal


Pedro Fernández de Lugo (1475 Seville –1536 Santa Marta) was the second adelantado of the Canary Islands and governor of Tenerife and La Palma, a title confirmed again by Charles I of Spain, in Barcelona, on August 17, 1519. Pedro Fernández de Lugo was the son of Alonso Fernández de Lugo. Born in Seville, Pedro arrived at Gran Canaria as a young child and later accompanied his father to expeditions to Barbary. In 1509, his father gave him some of the rights and powers over the coast of Africa that he had acquired in 1499. Pedro commanded the tower of Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña and participated in expeditions against the Berbers alongside the Portuguese.

At the age of sixty, he organized an expedition to present-day Colombia in the New World.  Backed financially by Cristóbal Francesquini and Juan Alberto Gerardini, a Florentine residing in Tenerife from 1510, Pedro Fernández de Lugo departed in 1535 appointed as Governor of Santa Marta. Fernández de Lugo appointed Licentiate Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada as General Lieutenant of the expedition whose purpose was to find the source of the Magdalena River and a land path to Peru. The expedition ended up discovering and conquering the Muisca. Fernández de Lugo died in 1536, before receiving news of the newly discovered Muisca.

References

External links
 La expedición a Santa Marta de don Pedro Fernández de Lugo (1535)

Spanish explorers
16th century in Colombia
1475 births
1536 deaths
Politicians from the Canary Islands
16th-century Spanish people

Pedro Fernández de Lugo


Nathaniel Hackett (born December 19, 1979) is an American football coach who is the offensive coordinator for the New York Jets of the National Football League (NFL). A former long-time assistant to Doug Marrone, Hackett previously served as the offensive coordinator for the NFL's Green Bay Packers, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Buffalo Bills. He held several positions for the Syracuse Orange in college football from 2010 to 2012. He served as the head coach of the Denver Broncos in 2022, but was fired during the season after a 4–11 record.

Coaching career

Early career
After working as an assistant coach for UC Davis and Stanford, Hackett began his NFL career as a quality coach under Jon Gruden with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2006. He served there for two years before moving to the Buffalo Bills in that same role for the 2008 and 2009 seasons. He worked with quarterbacks such as Bruce Gradkowski, Chris Simms, Jeff Garcia, Ryan Fitzpatrick, and Brian Brohm during those years. In 2010, Hackett was hired by Syracuse as their quarterbacks and tight ends coach under Doug Marrone, who he would later follow to Buffalo and Jacksonville. Hackett was promoted to offensive coordinator the following year.

Buffalo Bills
In 2013, the Bills hired Marrone as their head coach, and Hackett was brought back to Buffalo as the offensive coordinator. With quarterbacks EJ Manuel, Thad Lewis, and Jeff Tuel, the Bills ranked 29th in passing offense that year, but had a prolific running game with halfbacks C. J. Spiller and Fred Jackson. When Kyle Orton took over for Manuel as the Bills' quarterback the following year, the team finished with a more respectable passing offense, but the run game suffered.

Jacksonville Jaguars
Marrone opted out of his contract with the Bills following the 2014 season, and was then hired by the Jacksonville Jaguars as an offensive line and assistant head coach, bringing Hackett with him once again. In 2016, after Marrone was promoted to interim head coach after the firing of Gus Bradley, Hackett was upgraded from quarterbacks coach to interim offensive coordinator after the Jaguars also fired their previous offensive coordinator, Greg Olson. He was confirmed on that position in January 2017.

Working with quarterback Blake Bortles and running back Leonard Fournette, Hackett coordinated the league's best rushing attack in 2017, leading to Jacksonville winning the AFC South and appearing in the AFC Championship game. However, after the Jaguars failed to repeat their success the following year and started 3–8, Hackett was fired by Marrone on November 26, 2018, after the Jaguars lost to the Buffalo Bills 24–21, a move that surprised him.

Green Bay Packers
On January 14, 2019, Hackett was hired by the Green Bay Packers as their offensive coordinator under head coach Matt LaFleur. Hackett, alongside star quarterback Aaron Rodgers, led the Packers to becoming the league's best scoring offense in the 2020 season. Rodgers won back-to-back MVP awards (2020, 2021) with Hackett.

Denver Broncos
On January 27, 2022, Hackett was hired to become the head coach of the Denver Broncos after the team had fired their former head coach Vic Fangio.

In his head-coaching debut against the Seattle Seahawks, Hackett came under scrutiny when the Broncos faced a 4th-and-5 at midfield with over a minute left to play in the fourth quarter. Despite having three timeouts, Hackett decided to let the clock run down to 20 seconds left for a chance at a game-winning 64-yard field goal. The kick by Brandon McManus was wide left as the Broncos lost, 17–16. The next day, Hackett expressed regret in his decision, stating, "Looking back at it, we definitely should have gone for it."

Hackett was again criticized for his clock management in the Broncos' week two matchup against the Houston Texans, a game that Denver would go on to win 16–9. The Broncos subsequently hired Jerry Rosburg to serve as an assistant to Hackett to help him with game and clock management, beginning with their week three matchup against the San Francisco 49ers. On November 20, Hackett ceded play–calling duties to quarterbacks coach Klint Kubiak.

On December 26, with the Broncos sitting at 4–11 following a 51–14 Christmas Day loss to the Los Angeles Rams, Hackett was fired and replaced by interim head coach Jerry Rosburg. He became the fifth head coach since the AFL–NFL merger in 1970 to not finish his first season after Lou Holtz in 1976, Pete McCulley in 1978, Bobby Petrino in 2007, and Urban Meyer in 2021. Hackett's tenure as the Broncos' head coach has since been regarded as among the worst head coaching tenures in team and league history, including by his successor Sean Payton, who would later apologize for his comments.

New York Jets
On January 28, 2023, the New York Jets announced they had hired Hackett as their new offensive coordinator, in the wake of Mike LaFleur's firing.

Head coaching record

Personal life
He is the son of former college football and NFL coach Paul Hackett.

References

External links
 Denver Broncos profile

1979 births
Living people
American football linebackers
American football long snappers
Buffalo Bills coaches
Denver Broncos head coaches
Green Bay Packers coaches
Jacksonville Jaguars coaches
National Football League offensive coordinators
New York Jets coaches
Stanford Cardinal football coaches
Syracuse Orange football coaches
Tampa Bay Buccaneers coaches
UC Davis Aggies football coaches
UC Davis Aggies football players

Nathaniel Hackett


Atlantic University (AU) is a private college in Guaynabo, Puerto Rico. It was founded in 1981 by Colonel Ramón M. Barquín. It is one of the only colleges or universities in the Caribbean specializing in digital arts education in all of its forms.

History

Atlantic University is a non-profit institution and is located in the heart of Guaynabo, facing the city's central plaza.

It is the first university founded in Guaynabo and is located in the city's historical district, which preserves the distinctive Spanish colonial-style architecture that characterized Puerto Rico's towns and cities in earlier times.

Atlantic University was founded in response to Guaynabo's need for a local institution of higher education, as well as the growing demand for digital arts expertise in the commercial sector.

AU's core programs were first offered in 1981, and now include a growing range of bachelor's and master's degree programs.

The institution officially changed its name to Atlantic University on August of 2023.

Administration

AU is a private institution of higher education operated by Atlantic University, Inc., a non-profit corporation established under the laws of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and registered with the U.S. State Department.

Accreditation and licensing
Atlantic University authorized by the Puerto Rico Education Council and accredited by the Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges to award bachelor's, and master's degrees. AUC is also approved for students with educational benefits in the different G.I. Bill programs.

Memberships

Atlantic University is a member of the following associations:

 Hispanic Association of Colleges and Universities (HACU)
 Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA)
 American Association of Hispanics in Higher Education (AAHHE)
 Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD)
 Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CT Program)
 International Game Developers Association (IGDA)
 Printing Industries of America (PIA)
 Asociación Puertorriqueña de Investigación Institucional
 Puerto Rico Chamber of Commerce
 Puerto Rico Manufacturers Association
 Asociación de Educación Privada

Departments

 General Education
 Business Administration
 Digital Cinematography Sciences
 Digital Graphic Design
 Digital Animation Sciences
 Video Game Art and Design Sciences
 Graduate Studies

References

External links
 Official website

1983 establishments in Puerto Rico
Universities and colleges established in 1983
Private universities and colleges in North America
Art schools in Puerto Rico
Buildings and structures in Guaynabo, Puerto Rico
Digital art

Atlantic University College


Alessandro Battilocchio (born 3 May 1977 in Rome) is an Italian politician.

Biography
Battilocchio graduated in law from the LUISS Guido Carli and then in political science from La Sapienza University in Rome.

He served as Councilor for culture and youth policies at Tolfa in 1997. In 2001, at the age of 24, Battilocchio was elected mayor of Tolfa and remained in office until 2011.

In the European Parliament election of 2004 he was elected with the United Socialists for Europe and joined the EP group of Non-Inscrits. He was member of the Committee on Development and of the Committee on Petitions. He was a substitute for the Committee on Transport and Tourism, and a member of the delegation to the EU-Romania Joint Parliamentary Committee.

In 2007 he participated in the Socialist constituent assembly along with De Michelis and Del Bue. In the European Parliament election of 2009 he was candidate with Left and Freedom, but he was not re-elected. Subsequently, he left the Socialist Party (PSI) and re-joined the New Italian Socialist Party (NPSI).

In the European Parliament election of 2014 he was a candidate among the ranks of Forza Italia, but even on this occasion he was not elected. In the 2018 Italian general election he was elected Deputy in the uninominal constituency of Civitavecchia.

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
New Italian Socialist Party MEPs
New Italian Socialist Party politicians
Italian Socialist Party (2007) politicians
Forza Italia (2013) politicians
MEPs for Italy 2004–2009
21st-century Italian politicians
Mayors of places in Lazio
Deputies of Legislature XVIII of Italy
Politicians from Rome

Alessandro Battilocchio


Wedge Antilles is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. He is a supporting character portrayed by Denis Lawson in the original Star Wars trilogy, and voiced by David Ankrum in Episode IV – A New Hope (1977) and Rogue One (2016). He is also featured in the Star Wars expanded universe, most notably as the lead character in most of the X-Wing novels. Antilles has also appeared in the sequel trilogy film The Rise of Skywalker (2019), with Lawson reprising his role; in the 2014 animated series Star Wars Rebels, voiced by Nathan Kress; and in the 2023 second volume of Star Wars: Visions, voiced again by Lawson.

Before defecting to the Rebel Alliance, Antilles was an Imperial cadet (callsign: TIE SS25) of the Skystrike Academy. Antilles founded Rogue Squadron with his friend Luke Skywalker. His superior piloting skills, in-depth knowledge of Imperial military doctrine, and tactical leadership quickly propelled him through the ranks to become Marshal of the Alliance Starfighter Corps. Antilles is notable for having participated in more starfighter battles ending with decisive victories than any other character: he led the allied assault during the Battle of Exegol; he piloted a snowspeeder in the defense of Echo Base on Hoth; and is the only Rebel starfighter pilot to have survived both attack runs on the Death Stars at the battles of Yavin and Endor.

Depiction
Wedge Antilles was first seen in the 1977 film A New Hope in the Rebels' Death Star attack briefing. In this scene he was portrayed by Colin Higgins and voiced by David Ankrum, who dubbed the character throughout the film. For the remaining scenes filmed in the X-wing cockpit, the character was played by Denis Lawson. Higgins was originally cast in the role of Antilles but reportedly had difficulty remembering his lines, and was consequently replaced by Lawson for subsequent scenes, but Higgins' scene remained in the final cut of the film. The discrepancy became a popular subject in Star Wars fandom, and Higgins acquired the nickname "Fake Wedge", a moniker that caused him some embarrassment.

Lawson reprised the role of Antilles in The Empire Strikes Back, Return of the Jedi and The Rise of Skywalker. Lawson used his own voice in these films, masking his natural Scottish accent with an imitation of an American accent. Ankrum was also the voice of Antilles in Rogue One. Coincidentally, Denis Lawson is the maternal uncle of Ewan McGregor, who made his first appearance in the role of Obi-Wan Kenobi in the Star Wars prequel trilogy.

Appearances

Films
Wedge Antilles appears towards the end of Star Wars as "Red Two", an X-wing pilot and a member of Red Squadron. His considerable dogfighting prowess is shown in the Battle of Yavin when he saves Luke Skywalker by shooting down a TIE fighter that Luke had been unable to shake off with a head-on, high deflection angle shot. Along with Luke and Biggs Darklighter, Antilles is one of only three X-wing pilots to survive until the final attack runs along the Death Star's trench. However, his X-wing is damaged, and he is forced to disengage before the Death Star is destroyed. He and Luke are the only two X-wing pilots to survive the battle, along with a Y-wing and the Millennium Falcon.

Antilles appears in The Empire Strikes Back as a member of the newly formed Rogue Squadron. He flies a snowspeeder under the callsign "Rogue Three" against the Empire's AT-AT ground assault with Wes Janson as his harpoon gunner. Their snowspeeder inflicts the first casualty against the AT-AT attack group by firing a harpoon trailing a tow cable into one of the walker's legs and circling the walker several times, causing it to trip and fall and allowing Rebel forces to destroy the walker. After the battle, Antilles is seen and heard wishing Luke a safe trip.

Antilles appears towards the end of Return of the Jedi as the leader of Red Squadron in the Battle of Endor. Along with Lando Calrissian, who pilots the Millennium Falcon with Nien Nunb, he leads the fighter attack on the second Death Star. His dogfighting prowess is shown again in this battle, as Antilles personally shoots down a number of Imperial TIE fighters, and appears to easily navigate the narrow and treacherous flight spaces inside the Death Star that lead to its core. When he and Calrissian reach the Death Star's core, Antilles destroys the power regulator on the core's north tower, while Calrissian destroys the core itself. He later appears at the victory celebration at the Ewok village on Endor.

Antilles appears, once again played by Denis Lawson, in the final installment of the Star Wars sequel trilogy, The Rise of Skywalker. He is seen manning a gun turret on the Millennium Falcon during the battle between the Resistance and the Sith Eternal, shortly after the death of his stepson Snap. Lawson had previously been asked to appear as Wedge Antilles in The Force Awakens, in the narrative role the character Poe Dameron was ultimately created for, but declined due to scheduling conflicts.

Antilles is not seen on screen in the spinoff film Rogue One, but his voice is briefly heard over the intercom in the Rebel base on Yavin 4. He was intentionally omitted from the film's climactic battle in order to avoid a continuity error with the first Star Wars film, which takes place immediately after Rogue One. In that film, he utters the phrase "Look at the size of that thing!" which would have made less sense if he had already seen the Death Star at Scarif.

Television
In the television series Star Wars Rebels, Wedge Antilles is voiced by Nathan Kress. He first appeared in the episode The Antilles Extraction, the fourth episode of the third season. The episode establishes Antilles's canon backstory as an Imperial TIE fighter pilot who with the help of Sabine Wren defected from the Empire, and joined the Rebel Alliance. Antilles later appeared in the episode "Double Agent Droid," the nineteenth episode of the third season, and again in both parts of the third-season finale Zero Hour, the twenty-first and twenty-second episodes, respectively. Antilles' last appearance in Rebels was in the first part of "In the Name of the Rebellion", the third episode of the fourth season.

Novels
Wedge Antilles is featured in the Star Wars: Aftermath trilogy by Chuck Wendig, consisting of the novels Aftermath (2015), Life Debt (2016), and Empire's End (2017). In this series, Antilles establishes a new unit called Phantom Squadron, which sees action on the planets Kashyyyk and Jakku. Following the Battle of Jakku, which ends the Galactic Civil War, Antilles relocates to Hosnian Prime, where he serves as a flight instructor.

Antilles makes a brief appearance in Claudia Gray's 2015 novel Star Wars: Lost Stars, in which he recruits Thane Kyrell, one of the novel's protagonists, into the Rebel Alliance.

Antilles later moves to the planet Akiva where he retires with Norra Wexley. The two appear in the 2019 novel Star Wars: Resistance Reborn where they join a Resistance mission to save some political prisoners on Corellia. He is the stepfather of Resistance fighter pilot Snap Wexley, played in the sequel trilogy by Greg Grunberg.

Legends
In April 2014, most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded by Lucasfilm as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise.

Wedge Antilles appears in the 1983 Marvel Star Wars comic "Hoth Stuff!", in which it is revealed that he went missing during the Battle of Hoth. Aboard his ship, Luke and Leia listen to his log tape recounting how he survived the Imperial invasion by hiding with Janson in the AT-AT Luke took down. They were prevented from contacting the Rebellion from orbiting TIE fighters and had to face wampas and other dangers. Janson was eventually killed by scavengers; Antilles then stole one of their ships to escape the planet and contact the Rebellion. He suddenly appears outside one of the windows, after working on the ship from space. Leia also states that he and Luke grew up together on Tatooine, which Antilles seems to confirm in his log by mentioning a girlfriend he had there.

Star Wars Legends literature explains that Antilles' parents were killed when their starship-refueling depot exploded. He piloted a freighter before joining the Rebel Alliance as a starfighter pilot.

Antilles is the lead character in most of the Star Wars: X-Wing novels by Michael A. Stackpole and Aaron Allston, set in the Star Wars expanded universe. Several Dark Horse Comics series focus on Antilles and Rogue Squadron, and the character also appears in other expanded universe works including The New Jedi Order and Legacy of the Force novels. Antilles is one of two main player characters in the Rogue Squadron video game series (Luke Skywalker is the other), and Antilles appears as a minor character in Star Wars Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy, helping the player during one mission. He is also a playable character in Lego Star Wars III: The Clone Wars.

In popular culture
 IGN named Antilles the 24th greatest Star Wars character of all time, claiming "Wedge Antilles may be the most important ancillary character in the Star Wars universe".
Antilles was portrayed by three voice actors in the Star Wars radio series from National Public Radio: Meshach Taylor in A New Hope, Don Scardino in The Empire Strikes Back, and Jon Matthews in Return of the Jedi.

References

External links

 Wedge Antilles on IMDb

Characters created by George Lucas
Fictional cadets
Film characters introduced in 1977
Fictional commanders
Fictional defectors
Fictional fighter pilots
Fictional generals
Orphan characters in film
Fictional military personnel in films
Fictional revolutionaries
Fictional smugglers
Fictional war veterans
Male characters in film
Star Wars Anthology characters
Star Wars comics characters
Star Wars literary characters
Star Wars Skywalker Saga characters
Star Wars Rebels characters
Star Wars: Visions characters
Fictional space pilots

Wedge Antilles


Abisara neophron, the tailed Judy, is a small but striking butterfly found in India that belongs to the Punches and Judies family (Riodinidae).

Description

Termen of hindwing has a long tail at apex of vein 4, the portion above it prominently emarginate. Upperside is brown varying in tint, but generally paler in the female than in the male. Forewing with a comparatively broad oblique white band from middle of costa to near apex of vein 1 above the tornal angle, narrowed posteriorly; beyond this an ill-defined narrow, somewhat more erect, pale dusky-white band from costa to dorsal margin, curving slightly round the tornal termination of the inner broader band; an inner and an outer slender abbreviated subterminal line extending in the female from vein 1 to vein 4, shorter in the male. Hindwing has a postdiscal sinuous, ill-defined, broad transverse band, paler than the ground colour, bordered on the inner and outer sides by very obscure lunular dull whitish lines, followed by two slender pure white subterminal broken lines that in interspaces 4 and 5 are bordered inwardly by large jet-black spots; these spots divided by a conspicuous Ferruginous line along vein 5; the cilia and apex of tail, and in some specimens the apex of wing and the costal margin, narrowly snow-white. Underside similar, with similar markings, but the ground colour much paler, especially on the basal halves of the wings, the markings more clearly defined and broader; on the hindwing the white lines bordering the post-discal broad band have a purplish tinge, and in interspace 1 there are two inner obscure subterminal triangular black spots. Antennae brown, ringed with white; head, thorax and abdomen pale brown; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen more or less whitish.

Subspecies
 A. n. neophron Assam, Himalayas (East from Nepal), Northeast India (hills) SoutheastTibet (Metok)
 A. n. neophronides Fruhstorfer, 1914    Sikkim, Nepal
 A. n. gratius  Fruhstorfer, 1912   Burma (Karens)

See also
Riodinidae
List of butterflies of India
List of butterflies of India (Riodinidae)

References

Abisara
Fauna of Pakistan

Abisara neophron