The San Francisco Public Library is the public library system of the city and county of San Francisco. The Main Library is located at Civic Center, at 100 Larkin Street. The library system has won several awards, such as Library Journal's Library of the Year award in 2018. The library is well-funded due to the city's dedicated Library Preservation Fund that was established by a 1994 ballot measure. The Preservation Fund was renewed twice, by ballot measures in 2007 and 2022.

History
In August 1877 a residents' meeting was called by state senator George H. Rogers and Andrew Smith Hallidie who advocated the creation of a free public library for San Francisco. A board of trustees for the Library was created in 1878 through the Free Library Act, signed by Governor of California William Irwin on March 18, which also created a property tax to fund the Library project. The San Francisco Public Library (then known as the San Francisco Free Library) opened on June 7, 1879, at Pacific Hall on Bush Street at Kearny Street and hired Albert Hart as the first librarian. In 1888 the Library moved to the Larkin Street wing of City Hall at Civic Center. The first three branches opened from 1888 to 1889, in the Mission, in North Beach, and in Potrero Hill. In 1889 the Library became a Federal depository by nomination of Senator George Hearst.

In 1905, architect Daniel Burnham presented his plans for a new Civic Center for San Francisco, including a new library building. These plans were put on hold after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, which destroyed about 140,000 volumes, nearly 80% of its holdings. The library moved to temporary quarters while a new building was designed and built. In 1917, the new main library building, designed by George W. Kelham, opened in the Civic Center. Ten major murals by California Tonalist Gottardo Piazzoni were installed in 1931–1932; four more were completed in 1945, but left uninstalled until the 1970s.

New Main Library
In 1986, a task force was set up to complete the design of the Civic Center, including the use of Marshall Square, next to the main library at the time, for a new main library. The building was completed in 1995 and opened a year later on April 18, 1996. The old main library, which was damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, was rebuilt as the new Asian Art Museum. The Piazzoni murals moved to the de Young Museum in 1999.

History from 1990s to present
In 2018 Library Journal awarded it the Library of the Year award.

In March 2019, the San Francisco Public Library Commission voted to remove standing library fines and completely wipe out future fines because the fines serve as an impediment to access for community patrons who would otherwise use and visit one of San Francisco's twenty-seven public libraries. The vote needed to be approved by a Board of Supervisors and the mayor of San Francisco, Mayor London Breed was supportive of this action. It was approved and September 15, 2019, was the first day all fines were cleared.

Under the "Browse and Bounce" program, the public library began reopening its doors to visitors on May 3, 2021, for the first time since its shutdown in March 2020 due to the stay-at-home order issued during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. The first floor of the Main Branch was the first to open with adjusted guidelines, such as an hour time limit and plexiglass between computers.

Branch libraries
In addition to the Main Library, the San Francisco Public Library has 27 branch libraries.

 Anza
 Bayview
 Bernal Heights
 Chinatown
 Eureka Valley
 Excelsior
 Glen Park
 Golden Gate Valley
 Ingleside

 Marina
 Merced
 Mission
 Mission Bay
 Noe Valley
 North Beach
 Ocean View
 Ortega
 Park

 Parkside
 Portola
 Potrero
 Presidio
 Richmond
 Sunset
 Visitacion Valley
 West Portal
 Western Addition

Anza

In 1930, San Francisco voters approved a charter amendment to increase taxes to fund the construction of the Anza Branch Library. Using the site of the old Lafayette School, architect John W. Reid, Jr. designed and landscaped the new branch building. The new branch was dedicated on April 10, 1932, with 11,823 new books on the shelves. Total cost for the building and its furnishings was $57,117.29. Anza Branch Library was the 17th branch established in the San Francisco Public Library system. The branch closed temporarily for renovation in May 2009. The Anza Branch reopened on Saturday June 18, 2011.

Bayview

The new Bayview Library opened February 23, 2013. The original Bayview/Anna E. Waden Branch Library was opened as a storefront facility in 1927. It was the 13th branch in the San Francisco Public Library system, replacing a "library station" that had been established in 1921. In 1969, a red brick building was built on the corner of the 3rd Street and Revere Avenue in the Bayview/Hunters Point district with a bequest from Anna E. Waden, a clerical employee of the City of San Francisco. Miss Waden's gift of $185,700 paid for the development of this cooperative community project. The building was completed in February 1969, and the formal dedication took place on July 12, 1969. The architect was John S. Bolles & Associates and the contractor was Nibbi Brothers. The façade included a sculpture by Jacques Overhoff.

In 2014, the library was renamed in honor of Linda Brooks Burton who served as the branch's manager for over 20 years and a champion for the community even after being promoted to district manager. During the library's remodel in 2012, she fought for the opportunity of constructing the site be given to a locally led crew/company from the Bayview Community. Upon her passing, the community came together and campaigned for the name change. Many patrons who had  essentially grown up in the library spoke at the many community meetings, fighting for the change and attributed their continued education or love of reading and learning to the involvement, presence, care and compassion of Mrs. Burton and felt the honor befitting.

Bernal Heights

The Bernal Heights Renovation was completed on January 30, 2010. A "library deposit station" was established in 1920 at 303 Cortland Avenue. As the neighborhood and library grew, it was moved, in 1936, to 324 Cortland. When that proved inadequate the neighbors lobbied for a new building. The one floor branch library at 500 Cortland, was the 21st in the system and built on the site of the original Bernal School at a cost of $94,600. It was designed by Frederick H. Meyer, one of the most prolific and versatile architects in San Francisco at the turn of the 20th century, funded by the Work Projects Administration and dedicated on October 21, 1940.

Chinatown

Chinatown Branch Library, built in 1921 by architect G. Albert Lansburgh is a Carnegie library originally named the North Beach Branch. It is the third branch in the system. Located in Chinatown on Powell Street between Washington and Jackson, the name was changed in 1958 to more accurately reflect the community served. In 1972, the Chinese language, and the Chinese American Interest collections were started in response to the needs and interests of the Chinatown community. In 1991, public and private funds were obtained for a major renovation and expansion of the Chinatown Branch Library. The branch was seismically retrofitted and expanded to twice its original size with a community meeting room and story-room available to use for programs and special events. The Grand Reopening of the Chinatown Branch Library was held on June 15, 1996.

Eureka Valley/Harvey Milk Memorial

The Eureka Valley Renovation was completed on October 24, 2009. The first branch building was the second branch in the system and opened on January 2, 1902. It was named the McCreery Branch in honor of Andrew McCreery who donated the land and paid for construction. It was damaged in the Daly City earthquake of 1957 and demolished. The site was used to construct a new building designed by Appleton and Wolford at a cost of $192,335 and opened on December 20, 1961. It was named the Eureka Valley Branch. In 1981 the Library Commission officially changed the name of the branch to Eureka Valley/Harvey Milk Memorial Branch Library to honor Harvey Milk, the first openly gay man to be elected to public office in California. Harvey Milk served as a member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors until he was assassinated along with Mayor George Moscone on November 27, 1978. In 2006 the City honored José Sarria, the first openly gay man to run for Supervisor (in 1961) by renaming the section of 16th Street adjacent to the branch as José Sarria Court. José Sarria is best known for founding the Imperial Court System, one of the cornerstones of the GLBT community.

Excelsior

The Excelsior Branch Library was the 10th branch established in the San Francisco Public Library system. Initially a "library station", the first branch library was installed in rental quarters at 7 Bauer Street. In 1925 the branch was located on Ocean Avenue and later at 4465 Mission Street. The current building at 4400 Mission Street was opened to the public October 1, 1967. The branch was designed by architects Appleton and Wolfard and built for $248,000. The Excelsior Branch was the first to be renovated under the Branch Library Improvement Program and reopened on July 8, 2005.

Glen Park

Glen Park Branch Library first opened in January 1927, at 700 Bosworth Street. The branch was located at that site for almost 38 years, until the building that housed it was demolished during construction of Interstate 280. Glen Park Branch was then housed in several different locations over the course of 42 years until a multiuse building was constructed in the neighborhood at 2825 Diamond Street. Part of the new building was designated just for the library. The branch opened on October 13, 2007, and became the sixth branch to be renovated through the Branch Library Improvement Program.

Golden Gate Valley

In June 1917, to serve residents of the growing Golden Gate Valley, Cow Hollow, and Marina neighborhoods, construction of the Golden Gate Valley Branch Library was begun at a site on the southwest corner of Green and Octavia Streets that had been purchased by the city for $7,500. The resulting brick and terra cotta Beaux-Arts structure was designed in the shape of a basilica by local architect Ernest Coxhead. Though Carnegie grant funds paid for the building, City funds were used for the furnishings. The total cost of the building and furnishings came to $43,000, and on May 5, 1918, the branch was opened to the public. Golden Gate Valley Branch was the ninth branch established in the San Francisco Public Library system.

Ingleside

The new Ingleside Branch opened on September 12, 2009.
Ingleside Branch, the 11th in the system, opened in 1925. The neighborhood was served by "library station" at several locations, including 422 Holloway Avenue, 1612 Ocean Avenue and 387 Ashton Avenue. On May 30, 2001, the library moved to a leased facility—the former Bank of America building, at 1649 Ocean (at Faxon). The eagerly anticipated new branch building at 1298 Ocean Avenue (at Plymouth) opened in 2009.

Richmond

The Richmond Renovation was completed on May 16, 2009. Richmond/Senator Milton Marks Branch was the fourth branch established within the San Francisco Public Library system. The first location of the branch, in 1892, was at 809 Point Lobos Avenue (now Geary Boulevard) and Parker Avenue. In 1914 a new Richmond Branch opened at the current location, the first library building in San Francisco constructed with Andrew Carnegie grant funds. In December 2000, the San Francisco Landmarks Board nominated Richmond Branch Library for designation as a city landmark. Funded by both a City bond measure and $6 million in Proposition 14 State bond funds, a newly renovated, seismically safe, accessible and technologically updated building opened in 2009.

Services
The San Francisco Public Library offers a "homeless and poverty outreach library team" with the help of the Department of Public Health that helps find housing and other services for homeless patrons who set up camp among the stacks. In 2009, in the San Francisco Public Library's Main Library, Leah Esguerra became the first library-based social worker.

References

External links

 Official website of the San Francisco Public Library
 125th Anniversary Timeline History of the library
 Friends of the San Francisco Public Library - advocacy group
  direct URL (Microsoft Word)

San Francisco
Federal depository libraries
History of San Francisco
 01

San Francisco Public Library


The Palomar Ballroom, built in 1925, was a famous ballroom in Los Angeles, California, in the United States. It was destroyed by a fire on October 2, 1939.

Originally named the El Patio Ballroom and located on the east side of Vermont Avenue between 2nd and 3rd Street, it boasted being "the largest and most famous dance hall on the West Coast."

The building featured a large mezzanine, a balcony, and a seventy-five hundred square foot patio. The dance floor could accommodate four thousand couples. Admission was 40 cents for gentlemen and 25 cents for ladies. Opening night was attended by 20,000 people, including many of Hollywood's silent screen stars. Klieg lights illuminated minaret structures on the roof.

The dance hall was renamed Rainbow Gardens by real estate developer Raymond Lewis, who purchased the property, added an indoor miniature golf course and changed the name to the Palomar Ballroom. It soon became a prime venue for the well-known bands that were rapidly gaining popularity. On August 21, 1935, Benny Goodman began his first Palomar engagement that marked the start of the swing era.

The ballroom hosted popular bands including those led by Tommy Dorsey, Glenn Miller, Artie Shaw, Glen Gray, Jimmy Dorsey, and Kay Kyser, among others. Nightly radio broadcasts on local station KFLJ attracted large crowds to the "Dining, Dancing and Entertainment Center of the West." An aircheck from a Charlie Barnet broadcast is included in the LP "Radio Rhythm" (IAJRC 14). The famed structure was the backdrop for several major Hollywood films that included The Big Broadcast of 1937, made during Benny Goodman's return engagement, and Dancing Coed, which starred Lana Turner and Artie Shaw's band.

By 1939, the Palomar had been remodeled. A modern cooling system was installed, cocktail lounges and soda fountains were added and the dance floor was enlarged. The exotic Moorish decor was not changed. An advertisement announcing the gala reopening predicted "A premier audience of more than 20,000 persons – the expected attendance to be on hand for the gayest of all openings!"

Admission charges were 75 cents for gentlemen and 40 cents for ladies. On Sunday nights, a special dinner-dance ticket cost $1.25. It included a reserved table in the posh palm-lined Palomar Terrace for the entire evening, a seven-course dinner, a floor show and dancing until 2:00 AM. Valet parking was fifteen cents extra.

The management of the Palomar followed a strict color policy, as well.

The Palomar burned to the ground on October 2, 1939.  The response of LAFD was delayed by an address error.  The Charlie Barnet Orchestra lost most of its equipment in the fire.  Their tune All Burned Up was a gallows humor reference to the event.

References

Ballrooms in the United States
Music venues in Los Angeles
Demolished buildings and structures in Los Angeles
Individual rooms
Event venues established in 1925
1925 establishments in California
1939 disestablishments in California
Buildings and structures demolished in 1939

Palomar Ballroom


Christel House Venezuela is a school located in Caracas, Venezuela. It was opened in 2001 as an addition to the Christel House International family. Christel House Venezuela joins four other schools around the world that educate youth living in poverty.

Christel House Venezuela serves 600 children approx (294 current students and 289 Alumni). 94% of the Alumni are enrolled at the university or technical institutes, or are involved in work- study programs at the same time. The school teaches levels from 7th to 11th grade (High School). The school has 62 staff members and offers 239 program days annually.

Schools in Venezuela
Schools in Caracas
Educational institutions established in 2001
2001 establishments in Venezuela

Christel House Venezuela


Henry II the Pious (; 1196 – 9 April 1241) was Duke of Silesia and High Duke of Poland as well as Duke of South-Greater Poland from 1238 until his death. Between 1238 and 1239 he also served as regent of Sandomierz and Opole–Racibórz. He was the son of Henry the Bearded and a member of the Silesian Piast dynasty. In October 2015, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Legnica opened up his cause for beatification, obtaining him the title of Servant of God.

Early life
Henry the Pious was the second son of High Duke Henry the Bearded of Poland and Hedwig of Andechs. His elder brother, Bolesław, died in 1206. In 1213, his younger brother Konrad the Curly died during a hunt, leaving the young Henry as the sole heir of Lower Silesia. Around 1218 his father arranged his marriage to Anne, daughter of King Ottokar I of Bohemia. This union with the royal Přemyslid dynasty allowed Henry the Pious to participate actively in international politics.

Henry the Bearded quickly designated his sole surviving son as his sole heir, and from 1222, the young prince countersigned documents with his father. By 1224, he had his own seal and notary. In 1227, during a meeting of Piast dukes in Gąsawa, Henry the Bearded and High Duke Leszek I the White were ambushed. Leszek was killed and Henry was seriously wounded. Henry the Pious acted as interim duke. In 1229, Henry the Bearded was captured by Duke Konrad I of Masovia, and again young Henry the Pious acted as interim duke. During 1229–30, he led a military expedition to recover and secure the possession of Lubusz Land, and in 1233–34 he actively supported his father's affairs in Prussia and Greater Poland. In 1234, Henry the Bearded named his son co-ruler. Later, Henry the Bearded took the duchies of Kraków and Silesia, and Henry the Pious was given the duchies of Silesia and Greater Poland. When Henry the Bearded died on 19 March 1238, Henry the Pious became duke of Silesia, Kraków and Greater Poland.

Sole reign
Henry the Pious inherited Lower Silesia from his father. Southern Greater Poland and Kraków were ruled by the Piast princes, although the late duke of Greater Poland and Kraków, Władysław III, had left all his lands to Henry the Bearded. The will was ignored by Duke Konrad of Masovia and Władysław's III nephew Władysław Odonic.

Henry II could retain his authority as a regent over the Upper Silesian Duchy of Opole-Racibórz and the Duchy of Sandomierz during the minority of their rulers Mieszko II the Fat and Bolesław V the Chaste. Nevertheless, in 1239, Henry was compelled to resign the regency, although he remained on good terms with the Dukes of Opole and Sandomierz, and managed to retain Greater Polish Kalisz and Wieluń.

The situation in the northwest was more complicated: Margrave Otto III of Brandenburg took the important Greater Polish fortress at Santok and besieged Lubusz. Henry II also inherited the disputes with Konrad of Masovia, Władysław Odonic, and with the Church, led by Pełka, Archbishop of Gniezno. The situation changed unexpectedly after the death of Władysław Odonic on 5 June 1239, who left two minor sons, Przemysł I and Bolesław the Pious. Henry II took the majority of Odonic's possessions (including Gniezno), leaving Nakło nad Notecią and Ujście to Odonic's sons.

Henry then abandoned the traditional alliance of his family with the Imperial House of Hohenstaufen and supported Pope Gregory IX, immediately resolving his dispute with the Church. He then put an end to his conflicts with Konrad of Masovia by arranging the marriages of two of his daughters to two of Konrad's sons: Gertrude to Bolesław, and Constance, to Casimir I of Kuyavia. In 1239, Henry II reclaimed the Santok fortress from Margrave Otto III after Henry's victory in the Battle of Lubusz.

Mongol invasion

In the East, a new dangerous opponent appeared: the Mongols, under the leadership of Batu Khan, who, after the invasion of Rus' chose the Kingdom of Hungary as his next target. Batu Khan realized that he had to take control of Poland before he could take Hungary. In January 1241, Batu sent reconnaissance troops to Lublin and Zawichost. The invasion was launched a month later, by an army of 10,000 men under the leadership of Orda. In Lesser Poland the Mongols met weaker resistance, defeating and killing almost all the Kraków and Sandomierz nobility in the Battle of Tursko (13 February), and the Battles of Tarczek and Chmielnik (18 March), including the voivode of Kraków, Włodzimierz and the castellan Klement of Brzeźnica. All of Lesser Poland, including Kraków and Sandomierz, fell into the hands of the Mongols.

Henry did not wait for the promised aid from Western rulers and began to concentrate the surviving troops of Lesser Poland and his own Silesian and Greater Poland forces in Legnica. Europe's rulers were more focused on the struggle between the Holy Roman Empire and Papacy, and they ignored Henry's requests for help. The only foreign troops who joined him were those of King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia and the combined forces of some Knights Templar. Some sources report that European forces halted their troops near Legnica, probably fearing that the Christian Army would become an easy prey to the Mongols. The battle of Legnica took place on 9 April 1241. Henry was defeated and killed in action.

The defeat was widely blamed on the European monarchs, especially Emperor Frederick II and King Béla IV of Hungary, who had refused to help, and the unexpected retreat from the battle by Henry's Upper Silesian cousin Mieszko II the Fat, through a trick of the Mongols. There are two descriptions of Henry's death, one submitted by Jan Długosz (today considered dubious), and the second by C. de Brigia in his Historii Tartatorum (based on reports of direct witnesses, now considered more reliable). However, the Mongols did not intend to occupy the country, and shortly afterward they went through Moravia to Hungary, wanting to connect with the main army of Batu Khan. Henry's naked and decapitated body could only be identified by his wife, because of his polydactyly. He had six toes on his left foot, which was confirmed when his tomb was opened in 1832. Henry was buried in the crypt of the Franciscan Church of Sts. Vincent and Jacob in Wrocław (Breslau).

Despite ruling for only three years, Henry remained in the memories of Silesia, Greater Poland and Kraków as the perfect Christian knight, lord and martyr, whose brilliant career was abruptly ended by his early death. Upon his death, the line of the Silesian Piasts fragmented into numerous dukes of Silesia, who (except for Henry's grandson Henry IV Probus) were no longer able to prevail as Polish high dukes and subsequently came under the influence of the neighbouring Kingdom of Bohemia.

In 1944, Henry the Pious' body went missing after being taken from its tomb by German scientists for laboratory tests; they had hoped to prove that the prince was Aryan.

Marriage and children
Between 1214 and 1218, Henry married Anna (ca. 1201 –  23 June 1265), daughter of King Ottokar I of Bohemia. They had:
 Gertrude (1218/20 – 23/30 April 1244/47), married in 1232 to Bolesław I of Masovia.
 Constance (1221/27 – 1253/3 May 1257), married in 1239 to Casimir I of Kuyavia.
 Bolesław II the Bald (1220/25 – 26/31 December 1278).
 Mieszko (1223/27 – 1241/1242).
 Henry III the White (1222/30 – 3 December 1266).
 Elizabeth (1224/1232 – 16 January 1265), married in 1244 to Przemysł I of Greater Poland.
 Konrad (1228/31 – 6 August 1273/1274).
 Władysław (1237 – 27 April 1270, buried Salzburg Cathedral), Chancellor of Bohemia (1256), Bishop of Passau (1265) and Archbishop of Salzburg (1265–70).
 Agnes (123/1236 – 14 May after 1277), Abbess of St. Clara in Trebnitz.
 Hedwig (1238/41 – 3 April 1318), Abbess of St. Clara in Wrocław.

See also
 History of Poland (966–1385)
 Piast dynasty
 Dukes of Silesia
 History of Silesia

References

Sources

|-
| width="30%" align="center" rowspan="3"| Preceded byHenry I the Bearded
| width="40%" align="center" | High Duke of Poland1238–1241
| width="30%" align="center" rowspan="3" | Succeeded byBolesław II the Bald
|-
| width="40%" align="center" | Duke of Wrocław1238–1241
|-
| width="40%" align="center" | Duke of Greater Poland(Only in the Southwest) 1238–1241

1196 births
1241 deaths
13th-century Polish monarchs
People with polydactyly
Polish Roman Catholics
Polish Servants of God
Medieval nobility of the Holy Roman Empire
13th-century Polish people
Piast dynasty
Dukes of Greater Poland
Dukes of Wrocław
Polish military personnel killed in action
Christians of the Prussian Crusade
People of Byzantine descent
Monarchs killed in action

Henry II the Pious


Freemans Waterhole is a small town west of Lake Macquarie in New South Wales, Australia, located along State Route 82 between Cooranbong and Mulbring. It is part of the West Ward of the City of Lake Macquarie local government area. The suburb is mostly bushland; however, it contains several farms and two petrol stations.

References

External links
 History of Freemans Waterhole (Lake Macquarie City Library)

Suburbs of Lake Macquarie

Freemans Waterhole, New South Wales


Connie Haines (born Yvonne Marie Antoinette JaMais; January 20, 1921 – September 22, 2008) was an American singer and actress. Her 200 recordings were frequently up-tempo big band songs with the Harry James and Tommy Dorsey orchestras, and Frank Sinatra.

Early years
Born in Savannah, Georgia, Haines was of French-Irish descent. Her mother Mildred JaMais (February 15, 1899 – January 7, 2010) died about sixteen months after her daughter, shortly before her 111th birthday.

She began performing at age 4 as a singer in Pick Malone's Saucy Baby Show in Savannah, and by age 9 had a regular radio show performing as "Baby Yvonne Marie, the Little Princess of the Air". Her professional debut in New York came at the Roxy Theatre when she was 14.

Career
After a number of regional successes and winning the Major Bowes contest, she was hired by Harry James, who asked her to change her name. In 1981, she recalled: "He said you don't look like Yvonne Marie Antonette Jasme. And there would be no room on the marquee for me. You look like a Connie to me." She became the lead singer on The Abbott and Costello Show from 1942 to 1946. She later joined Tommy Dorsey, and Haines credited Dorsey with developing her style further. Haines performed in a number of films, including Duchess of Idaho.

In the early 1950s, Haines had a program, Connie Haines Entertains, on the short-lived Progressive Broadcasting System.

She later did a television show with Frankie Laine. On February 7, 1960, she became hostess of Faith of Our Children. Beginning June 18, 1961, Haines had her own TV program, the Connie Haines Show, which also featured Ziggie Elman, Frankie Carle and the Steiner Brothers.

Haines gave "command performances before three presidents of the United States: Dwight Eisenhower, John Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson."

"The Four Girls"
In the early 1950s, Haines joined with Jane Russell, Beryl Davis and Della Russell to do an impromptu performance at a charity night for Hollywood Episcopal Church. Their version of the spiritual Do Lord not only entertained the audience but also attracted the attention of people in the recording industry. With a recording contract in hand, the group (with Rhonda Fleming having replaced Della Russell) recorded several gospel songs, donating all of their royalties to the churches to which each belonged. The group also appeared on The Colgate Comedy Hour and the Arthur Murray program on television.

Motown Records
As part of Motown Records diverse signing of new and established artists, in 1965 Haines was one of the first white singers to record for Motown recording 14 songs written by Smokey Robinson, including her 1965 release "What's Easy For Two Is Hard For One" previously recorded by Mary Wells. In 1965 she recorded the first version of "For Once in My Life", which was later a hit for Stevie Wonder, but her version was not released until 2015.

Personal life
She was married and divorced twice. Her first marriage, on September 7, 1951, was to World War II flying ace Robert DeHaven, a Hughes Aircraft executive and test pilot, (January 13, 1922 – July 10, 2008) in 1951. That marriage produced a son and a daughter. Haines and DeHaven were divorced February 19, 1962. Her subsequent marriage to popular bandleader Del Courtney (September 24, 1910 – February 11, 2006) lasted from 1966 to 1972.

In the late 1950s, Haines struggled with physical problems that left her paralyzed for more than a year. She was pregnant with her second child and performing at the Biltmore Bowl in Los Angeles when she began to have trouble walking. She had to cancel the show and enter a hospital. A newspaper article said: "X-rays showed that her hip bones had separated and one was dangling, twisting the spinal cord. A hormone imbalance aggravated her condition and she was ordered to bed." Even after her son was born, she was paralyzed for 13 additional months.

In 2002, Haines was in an automobile accident that broke two vertebrae in her neck.

Later years

In 1969, Haines became hostess of the Prize Movie weekday broadcast on Channel 7 in San Francisco.

After studying two years at Unity Village, Missouri, Haines was ordained a minister in the Unity Church in August 1975. She first ministered with a church in Sacramento, California, and later worked with Christ Church Unity in El Cajon, California.

In 1980, she performed on "G.I. Jive," a television musical special billed as a nostalgic tribute to World War II entertainers.  It was produced by PBS for its fundraising drive and shown on PBS stations across the country.  It was repeated throughout the 1980s.

In 1981, Haines described herself as "an ambassadoress for Home Savings and Loan," adding that the firm provided concerts to raise funds for charities.

Death
Haines died of myasthenia gravis on September 22, 2008, at age 87. She was survived by her son, daughter, sister and 109-year-old mother, Mildred JaMais.

Selected discography
"It's All Over Now" / "If I Had You" (1946 Mercury 3034)
"They're Mine, They're Mine, They're Mine" / "But What Are These?" (1947 Signature 15167)
"You Made Me Love You" / "Will You Still Be Mine?" (1947 Signature 15168)
"Today's Hits" (1956 RCA Camden EP CAE-334)
"On the Corner" / "Ol' Man Mose" (1960 Dot 16055)
"What's Easy for Two Is Hard for One" (Motown 1963)
"Midnight Johnny" (Motown 1965)
"Connie Haines Sings" (1981)
"Tribute to Helen Morgan" (1997)
"Singin' and Swingin'" (2001)
"Nightingale from Savannah" (2008)
"The Magic of Believing" (2008; with Jane Russell and Beryl Davis)
"Heart and Soul of Connie" (2009)
"Kiss the Boys Goodbye" (2009)

Filmography
A Wave, a WAC and a Marine (1944) .... Singer (Freddie Rich Orchestra)
Twilight on the Prairie (1944) .... Ginger
Moon Over Las Vegas (1944) .... herself
Duchess of Idaho (1950) .... Peggy Elliot
Birth of a Band (1954) .... herself

References

External links
Connie Haines Interviews NAMM Oral History Library (1985,1994)
 Connie Haines recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.

1921 births
2008 deaths
American jazz singers
Motown artists
Deaths from myasthenia gravis
Musicians from Savannah, Georgia
20th-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
American film actresses

Connie Haines


Joseph Powell Williams (18 November 1840 – 7 February 1904) was an English Liberal and Liberal Unionist politician who was active in local government in Birmingham and sat in the House of Commons from 1885 to 1904. He was a close political associate of Joseph Chamberlain.

Origins and working life
Powell Williams was born in Worcester, the son of another Joseph Powell Williams. He attended Hazlewood School, Birmingham, which was founded by his father's cousin Thomas Wright Hill. On leaving school he worked for Graham & James, solicitors of Ludgate Hill, Birmingham. Business with this firm led him to travel to the United States where he was to represent this and other Birmingham interests.  He considered staying, but the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861 led him to return to Britain. He was also a partner in the firm of Hill, Evans & Co, vinegar manufacturers, which (along with Lea & Perrins and Royal Worcester) was one of the industrial mainstays of the city of Worcester. Joseph's father had been one of the founders of the company (originally called Hill, Evans & Williams): it made not only vinegar, but what were then termed "British wines".

On his return from the United States he accepted an appointment to the Post Office which, under the guidance of Rowland Hill (Joseph's second cousin), was undergoing a substantial revolution in the way it worked.  While in the Post Office he had a share in setting up the Post Office Savings Bank. He also worked in the postal district to which Anthony Trollope was surveyor and struck up a friendship with Trollope - it is said that he read many of the proofs of the author's novels.

Political career
Powell Williams' religious background was in dissent: the Williams family had played an active role in the Swan Hill Congregational Chapel in Shrewsbury. They had also had long associations with the craft based industries of the West Midlands conurbation where master often worked on the shop floor alongside their workers. Joseph's interests soon turned to joining the ranks of "Radical" Liberal politicians who sought to reshape the late nineteenth century political map of Britain.

On the death of his father in 1873 he returned from London to Birmingham.  He had long associated himself with the Liberal Party in Birmingham and in 1877 he was elected as Councillor of St. Thomas's Ward. He joined Birmingham Council during the Mayoralty of Joseph Chamberlain and he was to shape his political career within the group that surrounded Chamberlain.  During this time he was Honorary Secretary to the Birmingham Liberal Association and, later, and Chairman of the Finance Committee of the Birmingham City Council.

In 1885 Powell Williams entered Parliament for Birmingham South as a Liberal. He joined a group of mainly Birmingham based MPs, led by Joseph Chamberlain.  This group disagreed with William Ewart Gladstone on a number of issues, their central platform being opposition to Gladstone's Irish policies. To this end they created the Liberal Unionists in 1886 which were to split from the Liberal Party and side with the Conservatives. Powell Williams went on to serve in the Unionist administration of Lord Salisbury as Financial Secretary to the War Office from 1895 to 1901, and on leaving that post was sworn into the Privy Council in November 1901.

He is said to have played a key role in Chamberlain's success in Birmingham, and one source states that he and Jesse Collings acted as Chamberlain's "political bodyguards".  He is stated to have acted as a "ghost" for Chamberlain's proposals on the Irish question and his article on the "Radical Programme". He was liked for his humour on the floor of the Commons, and reported by The Times to be "greatly esteemed by lobby journalists and officials", but he was probably more at home in the committee room and the back lobbies.  His time as Financial Secretary to the War Office was not always a success and the Daily Chronicle stated that he was a "square peg in a round hole", his office full of "blunders and bulls", but "good humoured about them".  Despite his early uneasiness about the alliance between the Liberal Unionists and the Conservatives, the Birmingham Post said that "He kept the Liberal Unionist seats going and the alliance with the Conservatives alive."

Later life and death
In his later life, alongside his political career in Birmingham and Westminster, Powell Williams held a number of positions including the chairmanship of the Midland Railway Carriage and Wagon Company.

In February 1904 he suffered a stroke in the lobby of the House of Commons from which he later died, aged 63. He was buried in Key Hill Cemetery, Hockley, Birmingham.

Personal life
In 1870 Powell Williams married Anne Elizabeth Bindley. They had two sons, Francis, who became an Electrical Engineer and was Secretary to the Institute of Engineers (India) from 1921 to 1931, and Rowland, who became a barrister and played first-class cricket; and two daughters, Mary Dorothy and Winifred Ethel.

References

Egbastonia, A Monthly Local Magazine, Nov 1891, details his earlier life more fully

External links

1840 births
1904 deaths
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Liberal Unionist Party MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1900–1906
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Burials at Key Hill Cemetery

Joseph Powell Williams


Matthew Clackson (born April 26, 1985) is a Canadian-born American former professional ice hockey right winger who played six seasons in the American Hockey League (AHL) for five different teams. His father, Kim Clackson, played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Pittsburgh Penguins and Quebec Nordiques.

Playing career
Clackson attended Peters Township High School in McMurray, Pennsylvania, and played for the school's varsity ice hockey team, winning two Pennsylvania State AA Ice Hockey Championships. He was a teammate of NHLer Christian Hanson at Peters Township. After high school, he played two seasons of Junior A with the Chicago Steel of the United States Hockey League (USHL) and was selected 215th overall in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft by the Philadelphia Flyers.

Following his draft, he spent three seasons with Western Michigan University of the NCAA circuit. After his junior season, he decided to forgo his senior year by signing with the Flyers on March 19, 2008. That same day, he was assigned to the Philadelphia Phantoms of the American Hockey League (AHL); he played two games with the AHL team to close out the 2008–09 season. Clackson then played three full seasons with the Philadelphia/Adirondack Phantoms, re-signing with the Flyers following the 2009–10 season.

On June 7, 2011, Clackson was packaged into a trade that sent him, a 2012 third round draft pick and future considerations, to the Phoenix Coyotes, in exchange for goaltender Ilya Bryzgalov. Failing to come to terms with the Coyotes on a new contract, he became an unrestricted free agent on July 1. Several months later, he was invited to the Vancouver Canucks on a tryout basis during the team's training camp.

On July 14, 2012, Clackson signed a one-year deal with the Washington Capitals. He will earn $525,000 at the NHL level and $75,000 at the AHL level.

On April 2, 2013, he was traded from Washington to the Phoenix Coyotes in return of Joel Rechlicz.

NHL video explanation
During the 2011-12 pre-season, Clackson was illegally hit from behind by Calgary Flames forward Pierre-Luc Letourneau-Leblond. In handing down a five-game suspension against Letourneau-Leblond, Brendan Shanahan, the new head of NHL discipline, posted on the NHL website video of the hit on Clackson to illustrate his ruling - the first of what would become Shanahan's trademark video explanations.

Career statistics

References

External links

1985 births
Adirondack Phantoms players
American men's ice hockey left wingers
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Chicago Wolves players
Hershey Bears players
Living people
Philadelphia Flyers draft picks
Philadelphia Phantoms players
Portland Pirates players
Sportspeople from Washington County, Pennsylvania
Ice hockey people from Saskatoon
Western Michigan Broncos men's ice hockey players

Matt Clackson


Luotian County () is a county that is located in the northeast of Hubei province, China and it is under the administration of Huanggang City. The county is on the south side of the Dabie Mountains with the highest peak, Tiantangzhai (), situated in the northeastern part of the county. Luotian county covers an area of  and had a population of about 600,000 in 2016. The Dabie Mountains attract thousands of tourists from all over the province every year and the most popular tourist sites include Tiantangzhai National Forest Park, Bodaofeng National Forest Park, and Sanlifan Hot Spring.

Geography

Luotian is located in the northeast of Hubei Province and it is separated from Anhui Province by the Dabie mountains in the north. Most of its area is mountainous and 70% of the land is covered by forests. Five rivers originate from the Dabie mountains and flow to the southwest. They converge into the Ba River and then into the Yangtze River.

Luotian County has a subtropical monsoon climate with wet winters and rainy summers. The average annual temperature is about 16.4 °C and the average annual rainfall of the county is 1330 mm. Luotian is rich in water resources with several reservoirs such as: Tiantang reservoir in the north and Bailian reservoir in the south of the county.

The neighboring counties are: Yingshan County to the east, Xishui County to the south, Tuanfeng County to the west and Ma Cheng to the northwest. Huangzhou district (city seat of Huanggang) is  to the southwest and the provincial capital, Wuhan is about  to the west.

Administrative divisions
Luotian County administers:

Climate

History
In the year of 523, (Southern and Northern dynasties of China), Luotian County was first founded in the Liang dynasty.

In 621, (Tang dynasty) the county was incorporated into Lan Xi County.

In 1093, (Song dynasty) Luotian County was refounded and belonged to Qichun prefecture.

During the Yuan dynasty, the county was occupied by Mongolia and revoked. Later it was re-established in 1275.

During the Ming dynasty, the jurisdiction of the county was changed from Qichun to Huangzhou prefecture.

During the Qing dynasty, the county is under the administration of Huangzhou prefecture.

During the Republic of China, Luotian is under the administration of Eastern Hubei prefecture.

In March 1949, the county was liberated and since then under the administration of Huanggang prefecture.

In 1995, the Huanggang prefecture was changed into prefecture-level city.

Economy

The main industry of Luotian County is agriculture and it is well known for its production of chestnut and persimmon. According to a national report on chestnut plantation, Luotian produced 65,000 tonnes of chestnuts in the year of 2013 and it was considered as the biggest producer of chestnuts in China. The annual production of chestnut in Luotian is worth about 500 million RMB.

Other industries of Luotian include pharmaceuticals, food processing, electrical machinery, auto parts manufacturing, production of fertilizers and tourism. It is necessary to indicate that tourist industry in Luotian has been developing very fast in recent years and the most popular tourist sites include: Tiantangzhai National Forest Park, Bodaofeng National Forest Park, Sanlifan Hot Spring and Jinshi River Rafting, etc.

The mount of Tiantangzhai (1729m) is located in the town of Jiuzihe and it is one of the highest peaks in the Dabie Mountains. People enjoy a very broad and beautiful view from the top of the mountain. The temperature in Tiantangzhai during summer stays around 25 degree Celsius and that is 10 degree lower than in Huanggang or Wuhan. The forest and the comfortable weather in Tiantangzhai attracts thousands of tourists from all over the province every year. Visitors have a wide range of things to do in Tiantangzhai, for example: climbing, hiking, camping, fishing and boating in the Tiantang Lake, exploring the remote villages in the mountains, etc.

In addition to Tiantangzhai, the hot spring in the town of Sanlifan has become a major attraction. Sanlifan has produced geothermal energy and mineral water of high quality for more than 150 years and the temperature of the hot spring may reach 90 degree Celsius. The spring of Sanlifan contains a variety of trace elements beneficial to the human body, such as zinc, strontium, metasilicic acid and so on.

Transportation
Although in a mountainous area, transportation of Luotian is good, with numerous roads and highways.
China National Highway 318
The Wuhan-Yingshan highway links Luotian to Wuhan, the provincial capital in about 2 hours and Wuhan airport is 110 kilometers to the west.
Huangzhou port on the Yangtze river is about  away to the southwest.
For the north–south transportation, Macheng-Wuxue highway.

Notable inhabitants
Xu Shouhui () (1320–1360) who was a rebel leader in the late Yuan dynasty (1279–1368) who proclaimed himself emperor.
Wan Mizhai (1499–1582), was a famous doctor in the Ming dynasty.
Yu Sansheng (1802–1866), one of the founders of the Peking opera.

References

 Luotian website (Chinese)
 news.cnhubei.com
 mafengwo.cn
 club.autohome.com.cn

External links

Huanggang
Counties of Hubei

Luotian County


St Andrew's Church is a redundant Anglican church in the village of Sapiston, Suffolk, England.  It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building, and is under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust.  It stands at the end of a track to the south of the village, adjacent to Grange Farm and near to a ford crossing the Black Bourne stream.  The church served what became a deserted medieval village

History

The oldest part of the church is the Norman south doorway which dates from the 12th century.  The remainder of the nave, the chancel and the tower date from the 14th century.  The church underwent a restoration in 1847.  The parish of Sapiston was combined with that of Honington in 1972.  Two years later St Andrew's was declared redundant and was vested in the Redundant Churches Fund (the forerunner of the Churches Conservation Trust).

Architecture

Exterior
The church is constructed in flint, with some ragstone.  The steeply pitched roofs are tiled.  Its plan consists of a nave with a south porch, a chancel and a west tower.  The tower is in three stages, separated by string courses, without buttresses.  It has an internal staircase and an embattled parapet.  In the top stage are two-light bell openings with Y-tracery.  The south porch dates from the 15th century, and has a plain doorway and two two-light windows in each side wall.  It is floored with medieval coffin lids.  The south doorway has two orders of columns, and three orders in the round-headed arch.  The inner order of the arch is plain, and the outer two orders are decorated with acanthus leaves, which is an unusual motif in Suffolk.  Above the arch is a weathered stone carved with the image of a face, probably human.  Along the south wall of the church are two two-light windows with Y-tracery, and another two-light window  with a Tudor arch.  In the south wall of the chancel is a single-light window, and a doorway with pointed arch.  The east window has three lights with reticulated tracery.

Interior
Inside the church, on the north wall of the nave, are the remains of an Easter Sepulchre, an arched recess. Above this are traces of a wall painting.  This depicts the martyrdom of Saint Edmund.  Around the walls are benches, two of which are smaller with low seats, which were probably intended for children.  The octagonal font dates form the 13th century; it is plain and has a damaged Jacobean cover.  In the chancel is a piscina with an ogee head, and a blocked south window.  The church contains a memorial to the local poet Robert Bloomfield, and the royal arms of George II.  The four bells have been dismounted; three of them are dated 1591, 1608 and 1730 respectively.

See also
List of churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust in the East of England

References

External links
Suffolk Churches, with photographs of the exterior, interior, and the graveyard

14th-century church buildings in England
Grade I listed churches in Suffolk
Church of England church buildings in Suffolk
English churches with Norman architecture
English Gothic architecture in Suffolk
Churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust

St Andrew's Church, Sapiston


Museum Enschedé is a defunct museum that was located in the center of Haarlem, Netherlands, on the Klokhuisplein 5, across from the St. Bavochurch.

History

In 1904 the museum was founded in a building that was part of the first printing complex in use by Joh. Enschedé, a historical site in Haarlem that was dug up in the 1990s and is today home to an underground parking garage. The building was previously a workshop for the Grafische Inrichting, or Typography. The Joh. Enschedé company was at one time the largest printer in the Netherlands which from 1737 to 1940 printed the Oprechte Haerlemsche Courant and from 1810 onwards became a mint that printed banknotes and later postage stamps. The museum used to have on display an overview of the art of printing in Haarlem and the Typeography of Enschedé in particular. The collection of newspapers has been put online via the Koninklijke Bibliotheek and the collection of atlases by Joan Blaeu has also been digitized. Work is being done to digitize other parts of the collection. There are artifacts regarding Costeriana (things that support the legend of Laurens Janszoon Coster) and the art of printing banknotes through the centuries in Haarlem.

The museum was closed in 1990 when the Joh. Enschedé offices moved to the Oudeweg. In 2015, most of the collections were moved to the Noord-Hollands Archief.

External links
Information about Museum Enschedé on the website of the Noord-Hollands Archief

Museums in Haarlem
Museums established in 1904
1904 establishments in the Netherlands
Defunct museums in the Netherlands
Printing press museums
20th-century architecture in the Netherlands

Museum Enschedé


Haryana Board of School Education (HBSE), established in 1969 is the authority which conducts the Public Examinations at Middle, Matric (Secondary or High School) and Senior Secondary School (Academic & Vocational) levels annually in the Indian state of Haryana through affiliated schools.

History

 In 1969, the Haryana Board of School Education was established at Chandigarh. The Board started working with a staff of 100 officials allocated from Punjab University, Chandigarh.
 In 1970, HBSE conducted its first examination of Matric-level.
 In 1976, started conducting Middle school leaving examination (8th class).
 In 1981, was shifted to Bhiwani. In year 1987, Board started conducting 10+2 examination and later in 1990 also started conducting vocational examination.
 In 1987, adopted 10+2 pattern of education and conducted XII class examination under the new scheme.
 In 1990, started conducting 10+2 Vocational Education examination.
 In 1994, established Haryana Open School to increase its reach.
 In 2006, adopted the semester system from session 2006–2007. It is the first Educational Board in India to do so and also the first Board to introduce relative grading, CCE (Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation) in all board classes i.e. Middle, Matric (Secondary or High School) and Senior Secondary School (Higher Secondary).

Affiliation
HBSE is ISO 9001: 2008 organisation owned by the Department of School Education, Haryana of Government of Haryana. All the government schools of Department of School Education, Haryana of Government of Haryana are affiliated with HBSE. HBSE also grants affiliation to all those private institutions who are permanently/temporary recognised by the Department of School Education, Haryana upon the payment of prescribed fees to the Board.

Examination
The Haryana Board conducts the annual examinations   for Class 8th, 10th and 12th in the month of March. The board earlier conducted exams twice in a year i.e. First Semester in September and Second Semester in March. The results are declared in  month of May. BSEH also conducts Diploma in Education (D.Ed.) 2 year course every year. Apart from these tests, HBSE also conducts the Haryana Teacher Eligibility Test (HTET) time to time for candidates to be eligible for teacher. The integral part of the HBSE, Haryana Open School (HOS) conducts on demand examination, annual and supplementary examinations at secondary and senior secondary levels. The main aim of HOS to provide education to all those who are beyond the reach of formal education due to any social, financial and other reasons.

See also

Department of School Education, Haryana
Department of Elementary Education, Haryana
Department of Higher Education, Haryana
Government of Haryana

References

External links

Education in Haryana
State secondary education boards of India
State agencies of Haryana
1969 establishments in Haryana
High school course levels
School accreditors
Educational institutions established in 1969
Government agencies established in 1969

Haryana Board of School Education


The Battle of Clontarf () took place on 23 April 1014 at Clontarf, near Dublin, on the east coast of Ireland. It pitted an army led by Brian Boru, High King of Ireland, against a Norse-Irish alliance comprising the forces of Sigtrygg Silkbeard, King of Dublin; Máel Mórda mac Murchada, King of Leinster; and a Viking army from abroad led by Sigurd of Orkney and Brodir of Mann. It lasted from sunrise to sunset, and ended in a rout of the Viking and Leinster armies.

It is estimated that between 7,000 and 10,000 men were killed in the battle, including most of the leaders. Although Brian's forces were victorious, Brian himself was killed, as were his son Murchad and his grandson Toirdelbach. Leinster king Máel Mórda and Viking leaders Sigurd and Brodir were also slain. After the battle, the power of the Vikings and the Kingdom of Dublin was largely broken.

The battle was an important event in Irish history and is recorded in both Irish and Norse chronicles. In Ireland, the battle came to be seen as an event that freed the Irish from foreign domination, and Brian was hailed as a national hero. This view was especially popular during English rule in Ireland. Although the battle has come to be viewed in a more critical light, it still has a hold on the popular imagination.

Background

The Vikings (or Norsemen) began carrying out raids on Gaelic Ireland in the late eighth century, and over the following few decades they founded a number of settlements along the coast. Vikings first established themselves in Dublin in 838 when they built a fortified area, or , there. During the tenth century, Viking Dublin developed into the Kingdom of Dublin—a thriving town and a large area of the surrounding countryside, whose rulers controlled extensive territories in the Irish Sea and, at one time, York. Over time, many Vikings were assimilated into Gaelic society and became the Norse-Gaels. Dublin was closely involved in the affairs of the Kingdom of the Isles, which included the Isle of Man and the Hebrides, and when the Dublin king Amlaíb Cuarán was defeated by Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill at the Battle of Tara in 980, he was supported by the men of the Isles. Amlaíb's son, Sigtrygg Silkbeard, who was King of Dublin from 990, allied himself with his uncle Máel Mórda mac Murchada, King of Leinster. They met Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill and Brian Boru at the Battle of Glenmama in 999, where they were defeated.

From the time of the seventh century and the reign of Domnall mac Áedo, the kingship of Tara was a title which was strongly associated with the high kingship of Ireland and was held by members of the Uí Néill dynasty, who controlled the northern half of Ireland. In the tenth century, the Dál gCais, until then a small kingdom in what is now County Clare, began to expand. By the time of his death in 951, Cennétig mac Lorcáin had become King of Thomond. His son, Mathgamain mac Cennétig, was King of Munster when he died in 976. Mathgamain's brother, Brian Boru, quickly asserted his claim to the kingship of Munster, then invaded Leinster and gained its submission. In 998 he attacked the Uí Néill stronghold of Meath. Máel Sechnaill responded by attacking Munster in 999, and over the following years the two kings struggled for supremacy in Ireland. In 997, Brian and Máel Sechnaill met in Clonfert and reached an agreement where they recognised each other's reign over their respective halves of the country—Máel Sechnaill in the north and Brian in the south. Brian received the hostages of Leinster and Dublin from Máel Seachnaill, and surrendered the hostages of Connacht to him. The peace was short-lived. After they had jointly defeated the Vikings at Glenmama, Brian resumed his attacks on Máel Seachnaill. He marched on Tara in 1000 with the combined armies of Munster, Osraige, Leinster, and Dublin, but after an advance party consisting of the latter two groups was destroyed by Máel Sechnaill, Brian Boru withdrew from the area without giving battle. In 1002 he marched with the same army to Athlone, and took the hostages of Connacht and Meath. He was now the undisputed High King of Ireland.

Revolt of Dublin and Leinster
Brian consolidated his hold on Ireland by eventually obtaining the submission of the northern territories of Cenél nEógain, Cenél Conaill, and Ulaid, following a series of circuits of the northern part of the island. He completed the task when, following "a great hosting...by land and sea" into the Uí Néill territory of Cenél Conaill in 1011, the King was brought south to Dál gCais territory to submit to Brian Boru in person at his royal site of Cenn Corad. It was not long, however, before fighting was renewed. Flaithbertach Ua Néill, King of the Cenél nEógain, resented the rise of Brian Boru. Had the old political order persisted, Flaithbertach would have been in line to succeed to the high-kingship. He attacked his Cenél Conaill neighbours in 1012 but, while doing so, Máel Seachnaill attacked the Cenél nEógain inauguration site of Tullahoge. Flaithbertach in turn raided Meath the following year and Máel Sechnaill was forced to back down. Sigtrygg and Máel Mórda took advantage, and themselves raided Meath. Máel Sechnaill sent his army to raid the hinterland north of Dublin as far as Howth but he was defeated. He lost two hundred men including his son Flann. Sigtrygg then sent a fleet along the coast to attack the Munster town of Cork, but that was defeated, and Sigtrygg's nephew was killed. A full-scale conflict was inevitable. Brian brought his army to Leinster in 1013, and camped outside Dublin from September until the end of the year.

Sigtrygg went overseas in search of Viking support and enlisted the help of Sigurd Hlodvirsson, the Earl of Orkney and Brodir, a warrior of the Isle of Man. According to the Icelandic Njáls saga, Sigtrygg promised both men the kingship of Ireland if they defeated Brian. In early 1014, Sveinn Forkbeard, King of Denmark, had invaded and become the first Norse king of England.

The Viking fleets of Orkney and Mann sailed into Dublin in Holy Week 1014. Brian mustered the army of Munster, which was joined by Máel Sechnaill and two Connacht kings, Mael Ruanaidh Ua hEidhin, King of Uí Fiachrach Aidhne, and Tadhg Ua Cellaigh, King of Uí Maine, and they marched on Dublin.

Battle

No order of battle is given in the contemporary sources; the only leaders named are those who died in the battle. The nearest contemporary accounts are the Annals of Inisfallen and the Annals of Ulster. Among the fallen on Brian's side, they name the High King himself, his son Murchad, and his grandson Toirdelbach, as well as his nephew Conaing, Domnall mac Diarmata of Corcu Baiscind (County Clare), Mac Bethad mac Muiredaig of Ciarraige Luachra (County Kerry), Mael Ruanaidh Ua hEidhin of Uí Fiachrach Aidhne, and Tadhg Ua Cellaigh of Uí Maine (both in south Connacht). The Annals of the Four Masters note several other significant deaths, including Eocha, son of Dunadhach, Chief of Clann-Scannail; Tadhg Ua Ceallaigh, lord of Ui Maine; Maelruanaidh na Paidre Ua hEidhin, lord of Aidhne; Geibheannach, son of Dubhagan, lord of Feara-Maighe; Mac-Beatha, son of Muireadhach Claen, lord of Ciarraighe-Luachra; Scannail, son of Cathal, lord of Eóganacht Locha Léin; and Domhnall, son of Eimhin, son of Cainneach, great steward of Mair in Alba (modern Scotland).

On the opposing side are named Máel Morda, Dubgall mac Amlaíb (brother of Sigtrygg), Gilla Ciaráin mac Glún Iairn (probably a nephew of Sigtrygg), Sigurd Hlodvirsson of Orkney, and Brodir, commander of the Viking fleet. No notables from Meath are recorded among the slain; leading to the suggestion that, if present, Máel Sechnaill kept himself and his forces out of harm's way. But the Annals of Ulster say that Máel Sechnaill and Brian rode together to Dublin, and the Annals of the Four Masters go so far as to say that it was Máel Sechnaill who won the day, and completed the rout after the death of Brian. On the other hand, Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib ("The War of the Irish with the Foreigners"), says that the men of Meath came to the muster with Brian, but "were not faithful to him".

According to the Cogad, after his arrival at Dublin, Brian sent his forces north across the river to plunder the area known as Fine Gall, and they torched the country as far as Howth. Brian, now in his seventies, did not go with them but stayed behind to pray. The Dublin forces set out by land, and were joined at Clontarf at high tide by the Viking fleet that was in Dublin Bay.

The front line of the Dublin-Leinster forces were the foreign Vikings, led by Brodir, Sigurd, and a man called Plait, described as "the bravest knight of all the foreigners". Behind them were the men of Dublin, commanded by Dubgall mac Amlaíb and Gilla Ciaráin mac Glún Iairn. Behind them again came the Leinstermen, headed by Máel Mórda. Sigtrygg remained in Dublin with enough men to defend it should the battle go against them. He watched the battle from the walls with his wife Sláine, the daughter of Brian.

At the front of Brian's forces were the Dál gCais, led by Brian's son Murchad, Murchad's fifteen-year-old son Toirdelbach, Brian's brother Cudulligh, and Domnall mac Diarmata of Corcu Baiscind. Behind them were the other forces of Munster, commanded by Mothla mac Domnaill mic Fáeláin, King of the Déisi Muman, and Magnus mac Amchada, King of Uí Liatháin. Next came the Connachta, led by Mael Ruanaidh Ua hEidhin and Tadhg Ua Cellaigh. Also alongside was Ó Fearghail lords of Annaly. To one side of them were Brian's Viking allies; Fergal ua Ruairc, with the Uí Briúin and the Conmhaícne was placed on the left flank. After the Connachta came Máel Sechnaill and the men of Meath, but (the Cogad says) he had made an agreement with the men of Dublin that if he would not attack them, they would not attack him.

The battle opened with Plait taunting Domnall mac Eimín, a Scottish ally of Brian. The two men marched out into the middle of the field and fought, and both died, "with the sword of each through the heart of the other, and the hair of each in the clenched hand of the other."

Then the battle proper got under way. It is described in the Cogad as remarkably loud and bloody. The men of Connacht fought the men of Dublin, and the fighting was so fierce that only 100 Connachtmen and twenty Dublinmen survived. The last casualties occurred at "Dubgall's Bridge", which Seán Duffy suggests was a bridge over the River Tolka, on the road back to Dublin. Brian's son Murchad, at the head of the Dál gCais army, took on the foreign Vikings and, according to the Cogad, he himself killed 100 of the enemy—fifty with the sword in his right hand and fifty with the sword in his left. The Vikings wore mail; the Irish did not. Yet the Irish gained the advantage, partly through the use of small spears, which they hurled at the enemy, and partly through numerical superiority.

The battle, which had begun at first light, lasted all day. Eventually, the Dublin-Leinster forces broke, and some withdrew towards their ships, while others made for a nearby wood. However, the tide had come in again, cutting off the passage to the wood, but also carrying off the Viking ships. With no way out, they were killed in large numbers, many of them by drowning. Samuel Haughton, in 1860, calculated that the tide at Clontarf would have been high at 5:30 am and again at 5:55 pm, which is consistent with the account in the Cogad. It was at this point that Brian's grandson Toirdelbach was killed. He pursued the enemy into the sea, but was hit by a wave and thrown up against the weir, and drowned. Murchad killed Sigurd, the earl of Orkney, but shortly afterwards he himself was killed. Brian was in his tent praying when Brodir found him, and killed him. Brodir himself was then killed, possibly by Ulf the Quarrelsome.

Aftermath

Brian's body was brought to Swords, north of Dublin. There it was met by the coarb of Patrick, the traditional head of the church in Ireland, who brought the body back with him to Armagh, where it was interred after twelve days of mourning. Along with Brian were the body of Murchad and the heads of Conaing, Brian's nephew, and Mothla, King of the Déisi Muman. Máel Sechnaill was restored as High King of Ireland, and remained secure in his position until his death in 1022.

Though the Annals imply that life was not much changed after the death of Brian Boru, it created a succession crisis, as Brian's son and heir Murchad had died as well. Brian had two remaining sons who could challenge for the kingship: Donnchad mac Briain, his son with Gormflaith and Tadc mac Briain, his son with Echrad. According to the annals, Donnchad rallied the forces of the Dál gCais at Clontarf and led them home to Cenn Corad.

Within weeks the Dál gCais, under the new leadership of Donnchad, were battling their old masters in Munster, the Eóganacht Raithlind. Tadc initially joined his brother against the Eóganacht, but Donnchad ordered his killing in 1023.

Sigtrygg remained King of Dublin until 1036, and was apparently secure enough to go on pilgrimage to Rome in 1028. However, after Clontarf, Dublin had been reduced to a lesser power. In 1052, Diarmait mac Máel na mBó, King of Leinster, captured Dublin and Fine Gall, for the first time asserting Irish overlordship over the Norse of Ireland.

Historical debate

In modern times there has been a long-running debate among historians, which is now 250 years old, about Ireland's Viking age and the Battle of Clontarf. The standard view, and the "popular" view, is that the battle ended a war between the Irish and Vikings by which Brian Boru broke Viking power in Ireland. However revisionist historians see it as an Irish civil war in which Brian Boru's Munster and its allies defeated Leinster and Dublin, and that there were Vikings fighting on both sides. In January 2018, researchers from the Universities of Coventry, Oxford and Sheffield, led by Coventry University theoretical physicist Professor Ralph Kenna, published a paper in the journal Royal Society Open Science, that used network science to mathematically analyse a medieval text, Cogadh Gáedhel re Gallaibh (The War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill, meaning invasions of Ireland by the Danes and other Norsemen), that listed over 1000 relationships between about 300 characters, and concluded that the standard and popular view was broadly correct, but that the picture was nevertheless more complex than "a fully 'clear-cut' Irish versus Viking conflict". However one of the paper's co-authors, PhD student Joseph Yose, added that "Our statistical analysis ... cannot decisively resolve the debate".

See also
 Battle of Confey
 Battle of Tara
 Brjáns saga
 Njál's saga, which includes a section on the Battle of Clontarf.

References

Further reading

 Howard B. Clarke, Ruth Johnson, eds. The Vikings in Ireland and Beyond: Before and After the Battle of Clontarf. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2015.

External links
 Battle of Clontarf , Digital Humanities site, Trinity College, Dublin
 Battle of Clontarf Commemorative website

11th century in Ireland
Clontarf
Clontarf 1014
Clontarf 1014
Clontarf 1014
Clontarf, Dublin
O'Brien dynasty
Conflicts in 1014
Clontarf
History of County Dublin
Viking Age in Ireland
Battles involving the Conmaicne

Battle of Clontarf


Kirkus Reviews (or Kirkus Media) is an American book review magazine founded in 1933 by Virginia Kirkus (1893–1980). The magazine is headquartered in New York City. Kirkus Reviews confers the annual Kirkus Prize to authors of fiction, nonfiction, and young readers' literature.

Kirkus Reviews, published on the first and 15th of each month, previews books before their publication. Kirkus reviews over 10,000 titles per year.

History
Virginia Kirkus was hired by Harper & Brothers to establish a children's book department in 1926. In 1932 the department was eliminated as an economic measure, though within a year, Louise Raymond, the secretary Kirkus hired, had the department running again. Kirkus, however, had left and soon established her own book review service. Initially, she arranged to get galley proofs of "20 or so" books in advance of their publication; almost 80 years later, the service was receiving hundreds of books weekly and reviewing about 100.

Initially titled Bulletin by Kirkus' Bookshop Service from 1933 to 1954, the title was changed to Bulletin from Virginia Kirkus' Service from January 1, 1955, issue onwards, and successively shortened to Virginia Kirkus' Service with the December 15, 1964, issue, and Kirkus Service in 1967, before it attained its current title, Kirkus Reviews, with January 1, 1969, issue.

In 1985 Anne Larsen was brought on as fiction editor, soon to become editor, remaining the editorial head of Kirkus until 2006 and modifying the review format and style for improved readability, concision, accuracy, and impact.

Ownership
It was sold to The New York Review of Books in 1970 and subsequently sold by the Review to Barbara Bader and Josh Rubins, who served also as the publication's editors. In 1985, magazine consultant James B. Kobak acquired Kirkus Reviews. David LeBreton bought Kirkus from Kobak in 1993. BPI Communications, owned by Dutch publisher VNU, bought Kirkus from LeBreton in 1999. At the end of 2009, the company announced the end of operations for Kirkus.

The journal was purchased from VNU (by then renamed The Nielsen Company, or Nielson N.V.) on February 10, 2010, by businessman Herbert Simon. Terms were not disclosed. It was thereafter renamed Kirkus Media, and book industry veteran Marc Winkelman was made publisher.

Reviewing
Kirkus Reviews has a traditional program of reviewing that does not require payment for reviews. Kirkus Reviews also offers an Indie program that allows book authors to purchase, but not modify or influence, reviews that the book author can choose whether or not to publish on the Kirkus website, and if published may also be published in the magazine or email newsletter based on Kirkus editor discretion.

Kirkus Prize

In 2014, Kirkus Reviews started the Kirkus Prize, bestowing $50,000 prizes annually to authors of fiction, nonfiction, and young readers' literature.

References

Sources

External links

 Online archive at Issuu (February 1, 2011 – present)

Book review magazines
Magazines established in 1933
Semimonthly magazines
English-language magazines
Magazines published in New York City

Kirkus Reviews


Giuseppe Falsone (; born 28 August 1970 in Campobello di Licata), sometimes spelled as Falzone, is a member of the Sicilian Mafia. He was on the "Most wanted list" of the Italian ministry of the Interior since January 1999, until his arrest in France in June 2010. He is considered to be one of the bosses of Cosa Nostra in the province of Agrigento, jointly with Gerlandino Messina from Porto Empedocle.

Mafia heritage
Giuseppe Falsone was born in Campobello di Licata in the province of Agrigento, Sicily. He is the son of Vincenzo Falsone (born in 1930), the undisputed Mafia boss of the town for many years. Vincenzo Falsone was well connected to Mafia bosses such Giuseppe Settecasi, Carmelo Colletti and Giuseppe Di Caro who were capo provincia of Agrigento in the past.

On 24 June 1991 Giuseppe's father Vincenzo Falsone and his elder brother Angelo were killed by the Stidda during a vicious war with Cosa Nostra clans. Giuseppe took over the leadership of the Mafia family when he was not yet 21 years old. In retaliation, Falsone killed Salvatore Ingaglio, responsible for the killing of his father and elder brother. Falsone was a fugitive since January 1999. He was convicted for Mafia association in 2000 and murder in 2001.

Capo provincia
At a meeting of Mafia families from Agrigento on 14 July 2002, in Santa Margherita di Belice, Mafia bosses were supposed to nominate a new capo provincia after the arrest of Calogero Di Caro, the boss from Canicattì. Mafia boss of bosses Bernardo Provenzano sponsored Falsone, while his rival Maurizio Di Gati was sponsored by Antonino Giuffrè. The police interrupted the summit. Di Gati was able to escape before the raid but he stepped aside as provincial boss for Falsone after the arrest of Giuffrè and due to the opposition of Provenzano to his position. Cesare Lombardozzi, Mafia boss of Agrigento, allegedly smoothed the transition.

Arrest
Falsone's main criminal interests are in extortion and public work contracts. In July 2004 assets worth two million euro were seized by the police, including real estate, 100 hectares of farmland, a winery and transport companies. Falsone's mother, sister and brother were arrested as well. In the pizzini (small slips of paper used to communicate with other mafiosi to avoid phone conversations) with Bernardo Provenzano, Falsone was indicated as number 28.

In June 2008, Falsone just escaped his arrest. Police raided a house in Palazzo Adriano, in the province of Palermo, but he was gone already. In March 2010, police seized more assets from Falsone worth €30 million.

He was arrested on 25 June 2010 in Marseille (France). He had undergone plastic surgery and denied being Falsone showing a false French identity card, but his finger prints gave him away. At the time of his arrest he was considered to be the Mafia boss of the province of Agrigento by police investigators coordinated by Girolamo Di Fazio.

References

External links
 Most wanted list of the Italian ministry of the Interior Giuseppe Falsone
 Operazione Ghost 2, Teleacras Agrigento, June 22, 2006
 Latitanti eccellenti, Falsone e Messina, Teleacras Agrigento, January 29, 2008

1970 births
Living people
Gangsters from the Province of Agrigento
Sicilian mafiosi

Giuseppe Falsone


Marie-Louise Michelsohn (born October 8, 1941) is a professor of mathematics at State University of New York at Stony Brook.

Education

Michelsohn attended the Bronx High School of Science.  She attended the University of Chicago for her undergraduate and graduate studies, including her PhD.

She spent a year as a visiting professor at University of California at San Diego.  She spent a year l'Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques outside of Paris, France.  She then joined the faculty of State University of New York at Stony Brook.

Mathematical work
Michelsohn's PhD was in the field of topology. As of 2020, she has published twenty articles, on topics including complex geometry, spin manifolds and the Dirac operator, and the theory of algebraic cycles. Half of her work has been in collaboration with Blaine Lawson. With Lawson, she wrote a textbook on spin geometry which has become the standard reference for the field.

In her most widely-known work, published in 1982, Michelsohn introduced the notion of a balanced metric on a complex manifold. These are hermitian metrics for which the penultimate power of the associated Kähler form is closed, i.e.

in which  is the Kähler form and  is the complex dimension. It is trivial to see that every Kähler metric is a balanced metric. As for Kähler metrics, the above definition of a balanced metric automatically places cohomological restrictions on the underlying manifold; by Stokes' theorem, every codimension-one complex subvariety is homologically nontrivial. For instance, the Calabi-Eckmann complex manifolds do not support any balanced metrics. Michelsohn also recast the definition of a balanced metric in terms of the torsion tensor and in terms of the Dirac operator. In parallel to a work of Reese Harvey and Blaine Lawson's on Kähler metrics, Michelsohn obtained a full characterization, in terms of the cohomological theory of currents, of which complex manifolds admit balanced metrics.

Balanced metrics are, in part, of interest due to their role in the Strominger system arising from string theory.

Masters athletics

Michelsohn is also an accomplished middle and long-distance runner.  She holds five masters athletics world records including through three age divisions of the 2000 metres steeplechase which she has held since 2002.  In addition to the world records, she holds 6 more outdoor American records and 10 indoor American records, running the table of all official indoor distances 800 metres and above in both the W65 and W70 divisions.

Notable publications

Notes

References
Notable Women in Mathematics, a Biographical Dictionary, edited by Charlene Morrow and Teri Perl, Greenwood Press, 1998. p 142–147.

1941 births
American women mathematicians
Living people
21st-century American mathematicians
20th-century American mathematicians
20th-century women mathematicians
21st-century women mathematicians
20th-century American women
21st-century American women

Marie-Louise Michelsohn


Hatem Abdel Latif is an Egyptian politician who served as transport minister in the cabinet headed by Hisham Qandil from January to July 2013.

Education
Latif holds a PhD in transportation planning and traffic engineering, which he received in 1990.

Career
Latif worked as a road engineering professor at Ain Shams University. In 2011, he was named as the dean of the faculty of engineering at Ain Shams University. He is a member of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and its political wing, the Freedom and Justice Party (FJP). In July 2012, Latif was cited as one of the potential minister nominees for social affairs. However, he was not appointed minister to the first cabinet of Hisham Qandil.

Later on 5 January 2013, Latif was appointed transport minister to the Qandil cabinet in a reshuffle, replacing Mohammad Rashad in the post. Latif is one of the eight FJP members serving in the cabinet. He and other FJP members in the cabinet resigned from office on 4 July 2013 following the 2013 coup in Egypt. Latif's term officially ended on 16 July when the interim cabinet led by Hazem Al Beblawi was formed.

Controversy
On 14 January 2013, a train crash killed at least 19 people and wounded nearly 120 in Badrashin. After this event, Latif assumed political responsibility for the crash, but stated that he would not resign.

References

Academic staff of Ain Shams University
Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood members
Egyptian engineers
Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt) politicians
Transport ministers of Egypt
Living people
Qandil Cabinet
Transport ministers
Year of birth missing (living people)

Hatem Abdel Latif


David Wilkie Wynfield (1837 – 26 May 1887) was a British painter and photographer who gained recognition for his historical genre paintings and his pioneering use of shallow-focus portrait photography.

He was a founding member of the St John's Wood Clique, a group of artists known for their historical narratives. He often used Medieval or Renaissance Europe as settings for his romantic themes in his paintings.

Although primarily a painter, Wynfield excelled in the practice of photography, with a style that imitated the painterly effects of Old Master artists. His work heavily influenced Julia Margaret Cameron, to whom he passed on his technique of shallow-focus portrait photography.

With a lack of press coverage of his work in his life, Wynfield's legacy was marginalized as a dilettante. His work has gained renewed interest in recent years due to the efforts of his descendants and his connection with Julia Margaret Cameron.

Early life
David Wilkie Wynfield was born in India to a family of military background, with his father serving as an Indian Army officer. As a child, he returned to England.

Despite his initial intention to become a clergyman, Wynfield's interest in art flourished as a young man. In 1856, he enrolled in James Mathew Leigh's art school, marking the beginning of his formal education in the field.

Career
Wynfield exhibited his first painting at the Royal Academy in 1859 and joined the St. John's Wood Clique, a group of artists known for their historical narratives. Wynfield's paintings often focused on romantic themes and were set in Medieval or Renaissance Europe.

In the 1860s, Wynfield became interested in photography and developed a unique shallow-focus portrait photography technique. He passed this technique on to Julia Margaret Cameron, who credited him as her main influence.

Wynfield's photography often featured members of the St. John's Wood Clique and their friends in historical costumes. The images imitated the painterly effects of Old Master artists. In 1864, his photographs were published in a book called The Studio: A Collection of Photographic Portraits of Living Artists, Taken in the Style of Old Masters, by an Amateur. However, the publication of his photographs may have been unsuccessful as Wynfield withdrew them from circulation soon after.

He continued to display his paintings in London exhibitions, particularly at the Royal Academy, until 1887.

Promotion of contemporary art and artists
Wynfield supported contemporary art and artists in the late 19th century. He joined the committee of the Dudley Gallery in Piccadilly, London, in 1867 and encouraged marginalized artists to exhibit there. Wynfield made a series of photographs of contemporary artists in the 1860s and 1870s to publicise his contemporaries.

During this period, the St John's Wood Clique aimed for popular success, while figures such as Whistler  promoted the French notion that the artist should "épater le bourgeois." As a result, the paintings of the St John's Wood Clique were often seen as a contrast to more traditional types of artistic production.

However, this polarisation of artistic styles and schools did not  account for the fashionable notion of the time that all artists were brothers. Wynfield vigorously promoted this view and believed that all artists, regardless of style or school, deserved equal recognition and support.

Military service
Wynfield joined the 38th Middlesex regiment of the Artists' volunteer rifles, a volunteer corps formed in 1859–60 due to the perceived French invasion threat. Unlike his peers, he remained committed to the corps and eventually rose to the rank of captain of H company in 1880.

Wynfield's photographs, including two self-portraits, convey the idea that military and scholarly life can coexist, reflecting a humanist philosophy from the medieval period. Wynfield's interestin genealogy and heraldry influenced this philosophy.

Personal life
Wynfield resided with his mother, while his sister Anne and her husband moved to the same street in 1865. He remained unmarried throughout his life.

Wynfield passed away on 26 May 1887 due to tuberculosis and was interred at Highgate Cemetery.

Paintings
Wynfield specialized in a style of art commonly referred to as 'historical genre', characterized by depictions of historical, domestic, or romantic events from medieval and Renaissance periods.

One of Wynfield's most renowned works is The Death of Buckingham, which was displayed in 1871 at the Royal Academy.

In the late 1860s, the artist began producing works that alternated between serious and lighthearted themes, with tragedy frequently featuring in his paintings.

Photography style and technique
Wynfield was primarily a painter, but also excelled in photography. He rejected the conventions of mainstream Victorian photography and instead used painterly and experimental techniques, such as close-up views, soft focus, and strong contrasts of light and shade. His portraits combined "painterly sfumato with photographic immediacy" due to his use of a close-up format and narrow depth of field. Wynfield intentionally blurred the outline of his large-scale head studies by not focusing his camera exactly.

While some critics viewed the soft focus of his photographs as indicative of amateurism, others praised their painterly quality. His work heavily influenced Julia Margaret Cameron, whom he advised starting in 1864.

Wynfield's photographic studies implicitly identified contemporary artists who sat for him as equal to their distinguished forebears. In his portraits, he often used the sepia tonality of Van Dyck's engraved Iconographie, a series of graphic portraits of artists, patrons, soldiers, and statesmen. The costume and heightened chiaroscuro in his photographic studies further highlighted the similarities between his contemporary subjects and their illustrious predecessors.

Legacy
Wynfield's portraits are displayed in various museums, including the National Portrait Gallery in London and the Victoria and Albert Museum. Julia Margaret Cameron acknowledged him as the most significant influence on her work.

His activities as a photographer have gained slightly more attention in recent years, thanks to his connection with Julia Margaret Cameron and the efforts of his descendants to revive his reputation.

Gallery

References

19th-century British painters
British male painters
19th-century English photographers
Artists' Rifles officers
1837 births
1887 deaths
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
19th-century English male artists
Photographers from London
Tuberculosis deaths in the United Kingdom

David Wilkie Wynfield


Christopher, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Harburg, also known as Christoph or Christoffel (21 August 1570 in Harburg – 7 July 1606 in Harburg) was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Harburg.

Life
Christopher was a son of Duke Otto II of Brunswick-Harburg (1528-1603) from his second marriage with Hedwig (1535-1616), daughter of Count Enno II of East Frisia. His motto was Consilio et armis ("By counsel and weapons").

After his father's death, he took over the government of Harburg jointly with his brother William Augustus. In January 1604, the town of Harburg paid homage to the brothers.

On 28 October 1604 in Harburg, Christopher married Elisabeth (1567-1618), the daughter of Duke Julius of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and widow of Count Adolf XI of Schaumburg. The marriage remained childless.

Christopher died two years later, in 1606, after a fall in Harburg Castle. As the eldest brother, John Frederick (1557-1619) had waived his right to govern, the youngest brother Otto III, took Christopher's position as co-ruler.

Ancestors

References
 August B. Michaelis and Julius Wilhelm Hamberger: Einleitung zu einer volständigen Geschichte der Chur- und Fürstlichen Häuser in Teutschland, Meyer, 1759, vol. 1, p. 120 ff
 Vaterländisches Archiv für hannoverisch-braunschweigische Geschichte, Herold & Wahlstab, 1835, p. 400 ff, Online

Footnotes

Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg
1570 births
1606 deaths
Middle House of Lüneburg

Christopher, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg


Herbert C. Abramson (November 16, 1916 – November 9, 1999) was an American record executive, record producer, and co-founder of Atlantic Records.

Life and career
Abramson was born in 1916 to a Jewish family in Brooklyn. He studied to be a dentist but got a job working for Al Green at National Records producing: Clyde McPhatter, The Ravens, Billy Eckstine, and Big Joe Turner. He founded Jubilee Records in 1946 with Jerry Blaine, intending to record jazz, R&B, and gospel music. Blaine was having some success recording Jewish novelty songs, but this genre did not interest Abramson, so he sold his interest in Jubilee to Blaine. Abramson and his wife Miriam were close friends with  jazz fan Ahmet Ertegun, who recognized Abramson's talent. He approached Abramson with a label proposal, and they founded Atlantic Records in 1947, with Abramson president and Ertegun vice president. Both handled the creative end of the business, and Miriam handled the economics.

In 1953, Abramson was drafted. Jerry Wexler filled in and joined Atlantic as a partner, though Abramson retained the title of president. When Abramson returned from the Army in 1955, he found Atlantic a changed company. Ertegun's brother, Nesuhi, joined Atlantic in 1955 as a partner and was enjoying great success in selling jazz albums. Ertegun and Wexler were recording R&B hits which crossed over into pop. His failing marriage to Miriam would end in divorce. Abramson returned home from Germany with a pregnant girlfriend who became his second wife.

Ahmet Ertegun and Abramson formed Atco Records in 1955 as a division of Atlantic. Abramson ran the label on his own. He found success with The Coasters but was unable to get a hit with Bobby Darin. When he announced that he was dropping Darin from the label, Ertegun recorded three tracks with Darin and two of them turned into hits: "Queen of the Hop" and "Splish Splash". Abramson left Atlantic Records in December 1958, selling his stake in the company to ex-wife Miriam Bienstock, (who married music publisher Freddy Bienstock) and Nesuhi Ertegun. Ahmet Ertegun became president of the company. Abramson started new record labels including Triumph, Blaze, and Festival. His most successful post-Atlantic recording was producing "Hi-Heel Sneakers" by Tommy Tucker (released on Checker Records) still able to compete in the industry as an independent label.

Abramson developed a method of cutting concentric grooves for a record so a different recording could be heard depending on which groove the tonearm landed on. That process was used on a series of "Magic Records" that Abramson produced which were marketed for children. After leaving Atlantic, Abramson sold the patent to Mattel which used the process to develop the Chatty Cathy talking doll.

Abramson set up his own recording studio in the early 1960s, A-1 Sound Studios (Atlantic-1) at 234 West 56th Street in Manhattan. With engineer Jim Reeves he produced: Sidney Barnes, Don Covay, the Darling Sisters, John Davidson, Luther Dixon, J. J. Jackson, Linda and the Vistas, Mr. Wiggles, Johnny Nash, Pigmeat Markum, Ruby & the Romantics, Eddie Singleton, The Supremes, Titus Turner, and the Thymes. He moved A-1 Sound to 76th Street on the ground floor of a hotel off Broadway. Musicians who recorded demos in the studio include: Richie Cordell, Hank Crawford, Barry Manilow, Bette Midler, James Moody, Patti Smith, Les Fradkin and Muddy Waters.  The Godz recorded their first three albums at the West 56th Street studio in 1966, 1967 and 1968, and their fourth album at 76th Street in 1973. Jim McCarthy from The Godz also recorded his solo album (Alien) at the 76th Street studio in 1973. Jonathan Thayer, later of Vanguard Recording Studios, engineered for Abramson, as did Rob Fraboni and maintenance engineer Mike Edl, who replaced Carl Lindgren in April 1969. A-1 Sound was managed by his third wife, Barbara, who was with him to the end. He died in Henderson, Nevada, in 1999, a week before his 83rd birthday.

In 1998, he received the Pioneer Award from the Rhythm & Blues Foundation.

References

1916 births
1999 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American Jews
American music industry executives
Atlantic Records
Businesspeople from Brooklyn
Jewish American military personnel
Record producers from New York (state)

Herb Abramson