Don Mueang International Airport (, , , or colloquially as , )  is one of two international airports serving the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, the other one being Suvarnabhumi Airport (BKK). Before Suvarnabhumi opened in 2006, Don Mueang was previously known as Bangkok International Airport (, ).

The airport is considered to be one of the world's oldest international airports and Asia's oldest operating airport. It was officially opened as a Royal Thai Air Force base on 27 March 1914, although it had been in use earlier. Commercial flights began in 1924, making it one of the world's oldest commercial airports. The airport consists of Terminal 1 for international flights and Terminal 2 for domestic flights which are connected by a unique glass exterior elevated walkway. The airport also featured an exterior walkway connected to the Amari hotel. The first commercial flight was an arrival by KLM Royal Dutch Airlines.

In September 2006, Don Mueang Airport was closed and replaced by the newly opened Suvarnabhumi Airport, before reopening on 24 March 2007 after renovations. Since the opening of the new airport, it has become a regional commuter flight hub and the de facto low-cost airline hub. In 2015, it became the world's largest low cost carrier airport.

Don Mueang previously carried the IATA code BKK, which was subsequently reassigned to Suvarnabhumi, and was an important hub of Asia and the hub of Thai Airways International prior to its closure. At its peak, it served most air traffic for the entire country, with 80 airlines operating 160,000 flights and handling over 38 million passengers and 700,000 tons of cargo in 2004. It was then the 14th busiest airport in the world and 2nd in Asia by passenger volume. Currently, Don Mueang is the main operating base for Nok Air, Thai AirAsia and Thai Lion Air.

History
"Don Mueang" airfield was the second established in Thailand, after Sa Pathum airfield, which is now Sa Pathum horse racing course, known as the Royal Bangkok Sports Club. The first flights to Don Mueang were made on 8 March 1914 and involved the transfer of aircraft of the Royal Thai Air Force.  Three years earlier, Thailand had sent three army officers to France to train as pilots. On completion of their training in 1911, the pilots were authorized to purchase eight aircraft, four Breguets and four Nieuports, which formed the basis of the Royal Thai Air Force. Sa Pathum airfield was established in February 1911 with an arrival by Orville Wright, seven years after the invention of the first airplane by the Wright brothers on 17 December 1903.

In 1933, the airfield was the scene of heavy fighting between royalists and government forces during the Boworadet Rebellion. The airfield was used by the occupying Japanese during World War II, and was bombed and strafed by Allied aircraft on several occasions.

After the war had finished in September 1945, the airfield was occupied by the RAF during the brief British occupation of Thailand until March 1946 when 211 Squadron, which moved there in October 1945, was disbanded.

During the Vietnam War, Don Mueang was a major command and logistics hub of the United States Air Force.

In May 2005, Thai Airways International introduced nonstop service between Bangkok and New York City using Airbus A340-500s.

Closure
The night of 27–28 September 2006 was the official end of operations at Don Mueang airport. The last commercial flights were:
 International departure: Although scheduled for Kuwait Airways KU414 to Kuwait at 02:50, Qantas flight QF302 to Sydney, originally scheduled for 18:00, was delayed for more than nine hours before finally taking off at 03:12, about ten minutes after the Kuwait flight. Qantas claimed that QF302 was an extra flight.
 International arrival: Kuwait Airways from Jakarta at 01:30
 Domestic departure: Thai Airways TG124 to Chiang Mai at 22:15 (coincidentally, when Thai moved domestic operations back to Don Mueang again on 28 March 2009, their last departure was also a 22:15 flight to Chiang Mai)
 Domestic arrival: TG216 from Phuket at 23:00

Before the opening of Suvarnabhumi, the airport used the IATA airport code BKK and the name was spelled "Don Muang". After Suvarnabhumi opened for commercial flights, the spelling was changed and as "Don Mueang" it now uses the airport code DMK, though it still retains the ICAO airport code VTBD. The traditional spelling is still used by many airlines and by most Thais.

Reopening
Commercial carriers deserted Don Mueang at the opening of Suvarnabhumi Airport. But the higher operating costs of the new airport and safety concerns over cracked runways at the new airport caused many to seek a return to Don Mueang. Low-cost airlines led demands for a reopening of the airport. Airports of Thailand released a report at the end of 2006 which furthered this effort. The report proposed reopening DMK as a way to avoid or delay second-stage expansion which had been planned for Suvarnabhumi.

On 30 January 2007, the Ministry of Transport recommended temporarily reopening Don Mueang while touch up work proceeded on some taxiways at Suvarnabhumi. The recommendation was subject to approval by the Thai cabinet. On 25 March 2007, the airport officially reopened for some domestic flights.

Because of the 2011 Thailand floods that affected Bangkok and other parts of Thailand, the airport was closed as flood waters flowed onto the runways and affected the lighting. Don Mueang reopened on 6 March 2012.

On 16 March 2012, the Government of Thailand under Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra ordered all low-cost, chartered, and non-connecting flights to relocate to Don Mueang.  This ended the single-airport policy. Airports of Thailand was ordered to encourage low-cost carriers to shift to Don Mueang to help ease congestion at Suvarnabhumi Airport. Suvarnabhumi Airport was designed to handle 45 million passengers per year, but it processed 48 million in 2011 and the number was expected to reach 53 million in 2012. Some ten airlines may relocate to Don Mueang. Budget airline Nok Air is already serving flights from and to Don Mueang. Nok Air handles about four million passengers per year. Orient Thai Airlines and Thai AirAsia have also started operations at Don Mueang. Thai AirAsia carried 7.2 million passengers in 2011. The number is projected to grow to eight million in 2012.

Expansion
Currently, Terminal 1 is capable of handling 18.5 million passengers annually. On 7 September 2013, Airports of Thailand announced its three billion baht renovation to reopen Terminal 2 as early as May 2014. Terminal 1's passengers in 2013 will likely reach 16 million against its capacity of 18.5 million. Completion of Terminal 2 in December 2015 increases Don Mueang's passenger capacity to 30 million a year.

The third phase of Don Mueang's 36.8 billion baht expansion is scheduled to start in the second half of 2023 and will be completed in 2029. It aims to increase the airport's passenger capacity to 40 million per year.

Terminals
Don Mueang International Airport has three terminals. Terminal 1 is used for international flights and Terminal 2 for domestic flights. The opening of Terminal 2 has raised the airport's capacity to 30 million passengers per year.

Terminal 3, the old domestic terminal, has been abandoned since 2011. The new Terminal 3 will have a capacity of 10 million passengers yearly and is scheduled to be completed by 2029. The 36.8 billion baht project will raising overall airport capacity from 30 to 40 million annually.

Airlines and destinations

Statistics
In 2019, the airport reached its full capacity of 52 flights per hour, or about 700–800 flights per day. By the end of 2019, it is expected to top its maximum passenger handling capacity of 40 million. Airport manager AoT forecasts 41 million passengers in 2020 and 45 million by 2023. The airport was designed to serve a maximum of 30 million passengers annually. Building additional runways is not possible. AoT is encouraging airlines to use wide-body aircraft at Don Mueang to increase passenger loads from 100–200 passengers to about 300 per aircraft.

Passenger figures

Total passenger traffic through Don Mueang jumped 40.7 percent to 30.3 million in 2015, with international numbers rising 53.1 percent to 9.17 million and domestic passengers increasing 35.9 percent to 21.1 million. Aircraft movements rose by 29.8 percent to 224,074, including 158,804 domestic (up 26.2 percent) and 65,270 international (up 39.3 percent).

Busiest domestic routes 2019

Busiest international routes

Other facilities
 The following companies had head offices on the airport property, before ceasing operations: Siam Air and R Airlines
 Don Mueang International Airport is a joint-use facility, shared with the Royal Thai Air Force's (RTAF) Don Muang Royal Thai Air Force Base, and is the home of the RTAF 1st Air Division, which consists primarily of non-combat aircraft.
 A RTAF golf course is located between the two runways. The course has no separation from the runway, and golfers are held back by a red light whenever planes land.

Accidents and incidents
 On 25 December 1976 – EgyptAir Flight 864, a Boeing 707-300 bound for Bangkok from Cairo, crashed into an industrial area near the airport during a landing attempt. All 53 aboard were killed.
 On 27 April 1980 – Thai Airways Flight 231, a BAe 748 which was en route from Khon Kaen to Bangkok, lost altitude during a thunderstorm and crashed about 13 km from Bangkok International Airport. All four crew members and 40 of the 49 passengers were killed.
 On 1 April 1981 – Indonesian Special Forces (Kopassus) raided hijacked Garuda Indonesia Flight 206 which was en route from Palembang to Polonia Airport (hijacked in Indonesian airspace). All 48 passengers safe, seven fatalities (one commando, one co-pilot, five terrorists). Imran bin Muhammad Zein, hijacker leader, captured.
 On 9 September 1988 – Vietnam Airlines Flight 831 crashed while on approach to Don Mueang International Airport. 76 of the 90 passengers and crew on board were killed.
 On 26 May 1991 – Lauda Air Flight 004, a Boeing 767-300ER (registered OE-LAV, named Mozart) which was headed to Vienna, suffered an in-flight deployment of the thrust reverser on the No. 1 engine after taking off from Don Mueang. There were no survivors from the 213 passengers and 10 crew.
 On 21 January 1992 – Douglas VC-47D L2-41/15/210 of the Royal Thai Air Force was damaged beyond repair in a landing accident.
 On 23 September 1999 – Qantas Flight 1, in what was then the most serious incident in the airline's famously safe jet aircraft history, a Boeing 747-400 overshot the runway causing significant damage but no casualties.
 On 3 March 2001 – Thai Airways International Flight 114, a Boeing 737-400 (registered HS-TDC, named Narathiwat), bound for Chiang Mai from Bangkok, was destroyed by an explosion and fire that occurred about 35 minutes before Thaksin Shinawatra, later to become Prime Minister of Thailand, and about 150 other passengers were to board. Five members of the cabin crew were aboard, and one was killed. Witnesses said they heard an explosion before flames erupted aboard the aircraft. Subsequently, NTSB investigators reported that the central fuel tank had exploded followed by the right tank 18 minutes later. The cause for the explosion was unclear, though some speculate it was an assassination attempt based on chemicals found during the subsequent investigation.

Ground transportation

Transfer to/from Suvarnabhumi Airport
Don Mueang International Airport is approximately 1–1.5 hours from Suvarnabhumi Airport by rail or bus. There are also direct buses between the airports operated by Airport Shuttle Bus.

Road
The airport has two main access routes. Among these the most convenient route is via the Don Mueang Tollway. Another main airport entrance is Vibhavadi Rangsit Road.

Four bus routes service the airport, route A1 runs between the airport and Bangkok Bus Terminal (Chatuchak), route A2 runs between the airport and Victory Monument, route A3 runs between the airport and Lumphini Park, and route A4 runs between the airport and Sanam Luang.

Rail
Don Mueang International Airport is served by the SRT Dark Red Line and the State Railway of Thailand intercity services at Don Mueang railway station that connects to central Bangkok at Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal.

AOT plans to build a three-kilometre monorail to link the airport with the BTS Green Line. Approval of the three billion baht project is expected by the end of 2020.

References

External links

 Don Mueang International Airport Official site
 News video of the last two flights from Don Mueang, as telecast on MCOT

Buildings and structures in Bangkok
Airports in Thailand
Transport in Bangkok
Airports established in 1914
Tourism in Bangkok
1910s establishments in Siam
Don Mueang district

Don Mueang International Airport


The Guano Era refers to a period of stability and prosperity in Peru during the mid-19th century. It was sustained on the substantial revenues generated by the export of guano and the strong leadership of president Ramón Castilla. The starting date for the guano era is commonly considered to be 1845, the year in which Castilla started his first administration. It ended shortly after the war between Spain and Peru in 1866.

Invasion of Bolivia
Agustín Gamarra, named president by Congress, was anxious to once again attempt to unite Peru with Bolivia, however this time under Peruvian governorship rather than by confederation. He invaded Bolivia in 1841 with the Battle of Ingavi commencing a war between the two countries. In the process he died during the Battle of Ingavi. At his death, a state of discord ran through Peru, with various military caudillos claiming themselves president.

Time of peace and prosperity
20 April 1845, Ramon Castilla assumed the presidency. His government represented one of the greatest events in the republican history of the nation, for the reason that Peru entered a stage of internal and external peace, progress, power, and international prestige. From 1845 to 1862, Castilla exercised influence over the daily life of his citizens. His first government ended on 20 April 1851 allowing the general Jose Rufino Echenique assume power. Echenique, a prestigious military officer, had been one of the top advisors of Castilla's government. Using his extensive military influence, Echenique continued on the progress of Castilla's government to further advance the social and economic aspirations of Peru. Echenique's government, although emphasizing a policy of progress, was made up of mainly political conservatives, and suffered much opposition from liberals who eventually rebelled against his government. Ramon Castilla eventually became involved in the rebellion, soon becoming its leader. In the battle of La Palma, in the outskirts of Lima, Echenqiue was defeated and Ramon Castilla assumed the presidency for a second time. The reinstating of Castilla as president brought institutional stability; management of the national economy by establishing fixed budgets; economic prestige abroad by the repayment of foreign debt; internal security; international position on the continent; intellectual and material progress; as well as the initiation of the development of the Amazonia.

Economy

The economic aspect of the era was expressed by the management of state finances through the implementation of budgets. During this time the economy was experiencing a boom due to guano being sold to European markets. This allowed the government to repay its external debt, earning it international economic prestige. Before Castilla, state expenses were calculated in a disorderly fashion: Castilla implemented the budget system as well as organized the sale of guano by the system of appropriations. Using the guano money, he was able to settle international debt with various nations which had existed since the time of independence.

Communications to the interior began to improve with the construction of new highways and the implementation of railroads. The first railroad that was constructed was during Castilla's first term between Lima and Callao. During Echenique's government, the Tacna-Arica railroad was constructed and in Castilla's second term, the Lima-Chorrillos railroad was implemented.

Social and demographic issues

Two important provisions were made during the liberal revolution against the government of General Echenique, with the aim of making all Peruvians equal before the law. One of these such provisions was the abolition of the tribute which the indigenous population was forced to pay only for the reason of their ethnicity. Another, was the abolition of the slavery of the small population of blacks in Peru. To compensate for the lack of workers on the haciendas of the coast, the government of Castilla in 1849 authorized the import of Chinese people to devote to agricultural work. It thus opened the door to Chinese immigration that more diversified the races of the nation. During this time, European immigration was also encouraged, and thousands of Europeans sailed from Europe to the ports of Trujillo, Huacho, Callao, Ilo, and Arica. Most of them settled along the coast or slightly inland. Not many settled into the interior. An exception to this would be a German population which arrived at the port of Huacho and traveled inland to colonize the Pozuzo and Oxapampa regions.

Education
Castilla in his first government was concerned about bettering the education of the nation. He created the First Regulation of Public Education. During his second government, he created a second regulation defining the levels of primary, middle, and superior education.

Judicial
The task of replacing Spanish legislation laws for another, appropriate to modern republican times, had been almost forgotten. The country was governed by laws which were established by the King of Spain as they were old laws, functioning since before independence. Castilla took the first step in reforming the judicial system. Partly finished, the first of these laws, named the "Civil Codes" were put into place in 1852 and lasted until 1936. During this time period, they were accompanied by the "Prosecution Codes" and the "Commerce Codes".

Foreign relations

At this time, Peru was viewed from the exterior as a non-aggressive country. Its international policy was based on the ideas of continentalism and solidarity between countries of the Western Hemisphere. With this objective, in 1848 the First American Congress met in Lima with the goal of to ensure the bases of future peace and security for the nations of South America. During the government of Echenique, Peru began to fix its international borders with neighboring countries. The first treaty convienied in this time period was that with Brazil, signed in 1851, establishing borders between the two nations.

National defense
Ramon Castilla clearly realized the deficiencies of the Armed Forces and sought to fix them. Because Peru was geographically situated in the central part of western South America, with an immense coast (at that time extending from Machala to the Loa River) and with borders with four nations (currently with five), there was a necessity for self-defense.

Castilla sought to expand and well-equip the Peruvian Navy. His naval policy was that if Chile constructed one ship, he should construct two, and he went on to turn the Peruvian Navy into the most powerful of South America. He acquired the frigates "Mercedes", "Guisse", "Gamarra", "Amazonas", and "Apurimac" as well as the Schooners "Tumbes" and "Loa". He also built the naval ports of Paita and Bellavista. Hew also acquired the first steam-powered warship of any South American country and named it the "Rimac". To better educate the officers of these new ships, he sent them to study with the various navies of European nations. For the defense of the Amazonia, Castilla began to develop an Amazonian fleet with the purchase of the ships "Morona", "Pastaza", "Napo", and "Putumayo", which were based in the port of Iquitos.

Also during this time was the invasion of Ecuador which caused the Ecuadorian-Peruvian War of 1858–1860 in which Peru emerged victorious.

War with Spain

In 1865, civil war broke out, waged by the forces headed by Colonel Mariano Ignacio Prado against the government of President Juan Antonio Pezet, due to the weakness that he was alleged to have shown in solving the crisis caused by the Spanish occupation of the Chincha Islands, most specifically due to the signing of the Vivanco–Pareja Treaty. As a result, Pezet was overthrown, and Prado declared an alliance against Spain, alongside Chile, Bolivia and Ecuador, also declaring war on Spain. On May 2, 1866, the Battle of Callao took place, and a peace treaty was signed in 1879. The expenses caused by the war severely affected the Peruvian economy, which began to decline.

End of the Guano Era

The 1870s was for Peru's economy "a decade of crisis and change". Nitrate extraction rose while guano extraction declined and sugar cane dethroned cotton as the main cash crop. Guano exports dropped from 575,000 tons in 1869 to less than 350,000 tons in 1873 and the Chincha Islands and other guano islands were depleted or close to be so. Deposits elsewhere were of poor quality.

When in 1873 Peru imposed an estanco, a sales monopoly of nitrate, most larger nitrate firms opposed it. As the economic situation deteriorated and Peru held large overseas debts, the estanco was later replaced by a full state monopoly on production and exports. To uphold the monopoly, Peru bought in 1876 the nitrate concessions Henry Meiggs had in Bolivia. Chile was not considered a serious competitor due to the high costs of its nitrate deposits, which were too far from ports. However, The Antofagasta Nitrate and Railway Company, controlled by Chilean Agustín Edwards and operating in Bolivia, was a serious competitor.

References

Further reading
Gootenberg, Paul. Between Silver and Guano: Commercial Policy and the State in Postindependence Peru. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1989.
Muzzo, Gustavo P. Historia del Perú. Lima: Editorial Universo S.A., 1961. 7–275

Commodity booms
19th century in Peru
Economic history of Peru
Military dictatorships

Guano Era


In Greek mythology, Pergamus (; Ancient Greek: Πέργαμος) was the son of the warrior Neoptolemus and Andromache.  Pergamus's parents both figure in the Trojan War, described in Homer's The Iliad: Neoptolemus was the son of Achilles and fought on the Greek side, while Andromache was the Trojan prince Hector's wife.  After the death of both Achilles and Hector, and the fall of Troy, Neoptolemus captured the newly widowed Andromache for his concubine and went to rule in Epirus.  After Neoptolemus's death, some sources say that Andromache returned to Asia Minor with her youngest son, Pergamus, although this is probably a later addition to the legend.

The Kingdom of Pergamon (or Pergamum), while it was independent, seems to have created new mythology about Pergamus.  According to them, upon traveling to Asia Minor with his mother, Pergamus killed the king of Teuthrania, renamed the capital after himself to Pergamum, and ruled as king.  Andromache's descendants would include the royal family of Epirus (and thus Olympias, the mother of Alexander the Great), and Pergamus's line would include Attalus, the forefather of the Attalid rulers (although not a king himself and considered of common stock).  This account is distrusted as transparently created to build a link between the Attalid dynasty, the rulers of Pergamon; and Alexander the Great, the great source of legitimacy that Hellenistic rulers sought to link to themselves.  It does not appear to have been a major part of Attalid propaganda (unlike their claimed link to the hero Telephus), but at least one small heroon (shrine) in Pergamon was dedicated to Pergamos Ktistes, probably built in the 3rd century BC.

Other uses
Pergamus (or Pergamos) is also the name of the citadel of Troy in Homer's Iliad.

The King James Version of the Bible uses the name "Pergamos" in  for the seat of one of the seven churches of Asia, a city that modern translations call Pergamum or Pergamon.

References

Characters in Greek mythology

Pergamus


The 24th Army () was a World War II field army of the German Army.

History
The army was formed in October 1944 and was tasked with the defence of southern Germany. The army was commanded by General der Infanterie Hans Schmidt. Formed on the basis of the staff of the V. Armeekorps, between February and April 1945, the army had no units assigned to it. Part of the Alpenfestung, its immediate task was to stop a possible Allied advance through neutral Switzerland. In April 1945, the 405th Division was transferred to it from the 19th Army to serve as the nucleus around which the 24th Army was to be built, but the army never had a paper strength of more than 9,000 men and capitulated to the American VI Corps commander Edward H. Brooks, along with the 19th Army, in May 1945 without having engaged in combat operations.

Commanders

Further reading
 MacDonald, Charles B. The Last Offensive: The United States Army in World War II: The European Theater of Operations, Dover Publications, 2007, .
 Tessin, Georg (1976).  "Verbände und Truppen der deutschen Wehrmacht und Waffen-SS im Zweiten Weltkrieg 1939-1945" (Volume IV), Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück.  .

24
Military units and formations established in 1944
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945

24th Army (Wehrmacht)


Sándor Páll (Serbian: Шандор Пал, Šandor Pal) (15 February 1954, Bačko Petrovo Selo – 7 July 2010, Novi Sad)  was an ethnic Hungarian politician in Serbia and leader of Democratic Fellowship of Vojvodina Hungarians.

Born in Bačko Petrovo Selo in Serbia to Hungarian father and Serbian mother, he graduated in 1977 as a teacher of Yugoslav literature at the University of Novi Sad and got his MB in 1988. Formerly a schoolteacher, he was afterwards a professor at the University of Novi Sad. He died in Novi Sad, Serbia on 7 July 2010 at the age of 56.

Along with András Ágoston, he was one of the leaders of the coalition "Hungarian Union" which contested the 2007 Serbian parliamentary election, but won no seats. He later became (and remained till his death) a member of the "Hungarian Coalition",  together with István Pásztor's Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians and Ágoston's Democratic Party of Vojvodina Hungarians, created for the purpose of the 2008 Serbian parliamentary election.

Notes

References

1954 births
2010 deaths
People from Bečej
Democratic Fellowship of Vojvodina Hungarians politicians
University of Novi Sad alumni
Hungarians in Vojvodina

Sándor Páll


Bandido is a 1956 American western film directed by Richard Fleischer and starring Robert Mitchum, Ursula Thiess, Gilbert Roland, and Zachary Scott. The film, set in the Mexican Revolution and filmed on location around Acapulco, was written by Earl Felton. Robert Mitchum also co-produced the film through his DRM Productions company.

Plot
In 1916 during the Mexican Revolution, American Wilson checks into a Mexican hotel in the midst of a pitched battle. Equipped with a suitcase full of Mk 2 grenades, he throws a few "samples" at the "Regulares" in the square, enabling revolutionary Col. Escobar to rout his enemies. Escobar's men praise Wilson, calling him "El Alacran" (the scorpion) for the sting of his grenades. Wilson offers to get Escobar's poorly equipped men weapons and ammunition, in exchange for half the loot, but Escobar decides to attack the next town without his help. When Escobar returns, defeated, Wilson explains that an American arms dealer named Kennedy is on his way to sell a large shipment of arms and ammunition to General Lorenzo. Wilson proposes capturing Kennedy and forcing him to turn over his wares to Escobar.

Before Kennedy is captured, he sends an aide to Lorenzo to set a trap. Kennedy says the arms are at his fishing lodge. Escobar decides to send him there with some of his men, but Wilson, who is attracted to Kennedy's discontented wife Lisa, convinces Escobar to send her instead, much to Kennedy's dismay. Escobar orders that she be shot if no arms are found, but Wilson helps her escape and encourages her to flee north to the U.S.

Angered by what he perceives as treachery, Escobar imprisons Wilson along with Kennedy, to await execution. Wilson somehow still has two hand grenades, which he uses to blow their way out. Escobar's men chase them and manage to shoot Kennedy. The rebels have to break off the search, however, when the Regulares advance on the town. Wilson takes Kennedy to a priest, who removes the bullet, and manages to get the actual location of the arms cache. When Lisa arrives with the Regulares, Kennedy becomes jealous and tries to shoot Wilson, only to be killed by Escobar, who had snuck back to ensure that his enemies do not get the weapons.

Wilson and Escobar race to the coast and find the two barges bringing in the deadly cargo. They use some of Kennedy's goods to hold off the Regulares. Then the Regulares spot Escobar's rebels approaching and set up an ambush. Wilson fires at the barge carrying dynamite. The explosion devastates the hiding soldiers. The survivors flee. Wilson refuses Escobar's offer to join the rebellion and rides away to hopefully reunite with Lisa.

Cast

 Robert Mitchum as Wilson
 Ursula Thiess as Lisa Kennedy
 Gilbert Roland as Colonel Escobar
 Zachary Scott as Kennedy
 Rodolfo Acosta as Sebastian
 José Torvay as Gonzales
 Henry Brandon as Gunther
 Douglas Fowley as McGhee
 Victor Junco as General Lorenzo
 Alfonso Sánchez Tello	as General Brucero
 Arturo Manrique as Adolfo
 José Ángel Espinoza as Driver
 Margarito Luna as Santos
 Miguel Inclán as Priest
 José Muñoz as Man in Wagon
 Manuel Sánchez Navarro as Hotel Manager
 Antonio Sandoval as Indian Boy
 Alberto Pedret as Scout

Production
The film was based on an original screen story by Earl Felton called Horse Opera. It was about an American movie company in the early 1900s who is captured by Pancho Villa. The hero was a soldier of fortune, the right hand man to Pancho Villa, who falls for the movie company's leading lady, rescues her from Villa, takes her to Hollywood and becomes a movie star. A producer, Robert L Jacks liked it and set up the film at United Artists, with Robert Mitchum to star and Richard Fleischer to direct. Fleischer had worked with Felton several times but says the screenwriter wrote a script which diverted significantly from the original treatment, removing the movie company, the leading lady, Hollywood and Pancho Villa. Fleischer wanted to pull out of the project but United Artists were worried they would lose Mitchum and threatened to sue.

This film was shot on location in Mexico at Cuernavaca, Tepetlán, Palo Balero in Xochitepec, Yautepec de Zaragoza, Acapulco, Iguala and the Hotel Hacienda in Cocoyoc, Morelos.

Reception
Fleischer wrote that the film "turned out to be quite a good, commercially successful picture. It has, however, absolutely nothing to do with the picture I started out to make."

References

External links

1956 films
1956 Western (genre) films
American Western (genre) films
CinemaScope films
1950s English-language films
Films directed by Richard Fleischer
Films set in 1916
Films shot in Mexico
Mexican Revolution films
Films about arms trafficking
United Artists films
1950s American films
American historical films
1950s historical films

Bandido (1956 film)


The Grim Building is an office building and former medical clinic located in Kirksville, Missouri. Constructed in the Jacobethan Revival style in 1905, it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in June, 1979.

History
Brothers Ezra and Edward Grim, both physicians, had a desire to consolidate their medical practices under one roof. In 1904 they contracted with the St. Louis, Missouri architectural firm of Weber and Groves for a building large enough to house offices, examination rooms and operating suites.  Local contractor Albert L. Holmes was chosen for the construction, which was finished in October, 1905 for a final cost of $11,248. This was considered only slightly higher than a similar size building of more utilitarian design, surprising considering the ornate details often associated with a Jacobethan Revival building.

The exterior is of red brick with white accent stones and trim around the windows. Great detail was given to the main entrance, a hooded limestone basket-handle arch with considerable ornamentation. An adjacent carriage house still remains from the original construction, though it has been heavily renovated over the years to provide more office and retail space. The Grims spared little expense on the interior either, with plentiful high-quality oak woodwork throughout and Tennessee marble in the main first floor hallway. Several fireplaces in the building feature ornate metal screens and green glazed tile in the immediate floor area.

The Grim brothers used the eastern half of the first floor for outpatient surgery and treatment rooms until they established the Grim Brothers Hospital in 1910. A new hospital building was completed for them just south of the First District Normal School; however, Edward Grim continued to use the original building for his office until his death in 1936.

The brothers' partnership went on hiatus for a time beginning in 1917 when Ezra Grim joined the U.S. Army Medical Corps, serving in France during World War I. They would continue in partnership with the hospital until their retirement while also maintaining ownership of the original building, renting out office space to other businesses. The ownership of the building remained within the extended Grim family until 1970 when a grandnephew sold it to outside investors.

Plans were put forth in the 1980s to demolish the building and replace it with more parking for downtown businesses,  despite the buildings' very good condition. However, public outcry, and new ownership of the building, prevented the demolition from happening. Renovation and restoration returned the Grim Building to an appearance much like it did when first constructed, save for modern lighting, heating and cooling, and some carpeted areas of individual offices.

Although not a museum by intent, the interior decor of the building features many items and photos that chronicle the medical history of Kirksville, from osteopaths like Andrew Taylor Still to medical doctors such as the Grim brothers.

Gallery

References

Buildings and structures in Adair County, Missouri
Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
Jacobethan architecture
Commercial buildings completed in 1905
National Register of Historic Places in Adair County, Missouri
1905 establishments in Missouri

Grim Building


Fast Forward is a 1985 dance film directed by Sidney Poitier. In the film, a dance troupe from Ohio comes to New York to compete in a national talent competition.

Plot
"The Adventurous Eight," a group of singing and dancing teenagers from Sandusky, Ohio, crave stardom so badly that they spend their spare time rehearsing original songs and dance routines every day after school. The group has eight members: Matt, Michael, June, Debbie, Rita, Francine, Meryl and Valerie.

A tacit promise of an audition from Mr. Sabol, a well-known dance executive, leads them to New York city, which they are not able to reach before he dies. At his company headquarters, the group gets a meeting with the new CEO, Clem Friedkin. Friedkin tells them the show they arrived to perform in has been postponed for three weeks and he doubts they would make it past the first round. After being pressed by the group, Friedkin promises that if they are still in town when he returns in three and a half weeks, he will give them five minutes to audition.

The group agrees to do whatever it takes to stay in town. After three days of cleaning the filthy apartment they can afford, they want to eat more than fast food. Matt comes up with a plan to eat steak that night: dancing for tips in a fancy restaurant. The number goes off well, and they get to sit around and eat.

Over the next couple of weeks, the Adventurous Eight continue to raise money by passing out business cards while dancing in front of crowds in hopes of getting paying gigs. They land a gig at famous dance club The Zoo, where they run into a rival dance crew who is more street savvy and dances rings around them. Furious, Michael demands they learn more current dance moves, so they are never shown up again. They also need to do that to be ready for the contest.

Furthering their issues, the male tenants of the building keep harassing the female members of the group, and one of the girls breaks a car window fighting them off. Two of their parents are called to get them out of jail. After some pleading, they allow their daughters to stay until the contest is over. Matt finds himself tempted by Susan, a young woman who hires the group to dance for a party she is tasked with coordinating. After their performance at the party, she pulls Matt away from the rest of the group to pay him and the two start making out. He fails to wipe her lipstick off and, after a heated argument, his girlfriend June decides to leave the group and return to Sandusky. The rest of the girls convince her to stay during a late night out drinking.

Michael asks Matt if he thinks they are ready for the contest and they agree they are, but they have something to do first. They return to The Zoo and challenge the rival dance crew, this time coming out on top with their new dance moves. However when they return to see Friedkin, he refuses to give them the audition because Susan's mother made a call. They find Mrs. Sabol and convince her to assist them in getting into the contest (she calls Susan's mother for a reference and gives them a shot since they have never agreed on anything) after she sees them perform. Later, she goes to see Friedkin and discovers he has rigged the contest in favor of pre-selected entertainers who are guaranteed to make a lot of money for the company.

After returning to the apartment, she convinces the group to take a chance with her and allow her to be their manager. The night of the contest, she disguises herself to get in and brings the group. She then contacts her people to get them on stage. Matt tells June he's going to leave the group. She thinks he is lying and doing it for Susan, but Michael divulges that Susan married her boyfriend after using Matt to make him jealous. The group gets on stage and performs successfully. Meanwhile, Mrs. Sabol informs Friedkin that she is going to begin taking back control of her company.

Cast

Soundtrack
The soundtrack album was released on Qwest Records following the release of the film.  A music video for the modest hit "Do You Want it Right Now" by Siedah Garrett was produced.  The song reached #3 on the US Hot Dance Music/Club Play and #63 on the US R&B Charts.  Quincy Jones and Tom Bahler acted as executive producers of the album.

Track listing:
 "Breakin' Out" - Kip Lennon – 3:06  (M. Vieha/J. Ingram/O.E. Brown/B. Walsh).  Produced by Mark Vieha and Brock Walsh.
 "Do You Want it Right Now" - Siedah Garrett – 5:36  (C. Burton/N. Straker).  Produced by John "Jellybean" Benitez.
 "Long as We Believe" - Siedah Garrett and David Swanson – 4:06  (P. Glass/N.M. Walden/W. Afanasieff/T. Bahler/S. Garrett).  Produced by Narada Michael Walden.
 "Curves" - Siedah Garrett – 5:00  (P. Glass/N.M. Walden).  Produced by Narada Michael Walden.
 "Taste" - Siedah Garrett and David Swanson – 5:28  (D. Swanson/S. Garrett).  Produced by Narada Michael Walden.
 "Showdown" - Pulse featuring Adele Bertei – 5:43  (Jellybean/S. Bray/Toni C.).  Produced by John "Jellybean" Benitez.
 "Survive" - Kip Lennon – 3:40  (T. Bahler/B. Walsh).  Produced by Brock Walsh.
 "Fast Forward" - Kip Lennon – 4:01  (B. Walsh/T. Bahler/J. Van Tongeren/B. Hull).  Produced by Brock Walsh.

References

External links

1985 films
1980s musical drama films
American dance films
American musical drama films
1980s English-language films
Films directed by Sidney Poitier
Films scored by Tom Scott
Columbia Pictures films
1985 drama films
1980s American films

Fast Forward (film)


A Patch of Blue is a 1965 American drama film directed by Guy Green about the friendship between an educated black man (played by Sidney Poitier) and an illiterate, blind, white 18-year-old girl (played by Elizabeth Hartman in her film debut), and the problems that plague their friendship in a racially divided America. Made in 1965 against the backdrop of the growing civil rights movement, the film explores racism while playing on the idea that "love is blind."

Shelley Winters won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, her second win for the award, following her victory in 1959 for The Diary of Anne Frank. It was the final screen appearance for veteran actor Wallace Ford.

Scenes of Poitier and Hartman kissing were cut from the film when it was shown in film theaters in the Southern United States. These scenes are intact in the DVD version. According to the DVD audio commentary, it was the decision of director Guy Green that A Patch of Blue be filmed in black and white although color was available.

The film was adapted by Guy Green from the 1961 book Be Ready with Bells and Drums by the Australian author Elizabeth Kata. The book later won a Writers Guild of America award. The book's plot has a slightly less optimistic ending than the film.

In addition to the Best Supporting Actress win for Winters, the film was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Actress in a Leading Role (Elizabeth Hartman), Best Art Direction-Set Decoration (Black-and-White) (George Davis, Urie McCleary, Henry Grace, Charles S. Thompson), Best Cinematography (Black-and-White) and Best Music (Original Music Score). Hartman, 22 at the time, was the youngest Best Actress nominee, a record she held for 10 years before 20-year-old Isabelle Adjani broke her record in 1975.

Plot
Selina D'Arcey is a blind white girl living in a city apartment with her crude and vulgar mother Rose-Ann, who works as a prostitute, and her grandfather Ole Pa. She strings beads to supplement her family's small income and spends most of her time doing chores. Her mother is abusive, and Ole Pa is an alcoholic. Selina has no friends, rarely leaves the apartment, and has never received an education.

Selina convinces her grandfather to take her to the park, where she happens to meet Gordon Ralfe, an educated and soft-spoken black man working night shifts in an office. The two quickly become friends, meeting at the park almost every day. Gordon learns that she was blinded at the age of five when Rose-Ann threw chemicals on her while attempting to hit her husband and that she was raped by one of Rose-Ann's "boyfriends."

Rose-Ann's friend Sadie is also a prostitute, and while lamenting the loss of her youth, she realizes that Selina can be useful in their business. Subsequently, Rose-Ann and Sadie decide to leave Ole Pa, move with Selina into a better apartment, and force her into prostitution.

In the meantime, Gordon has contacted a school for the blind, which is ready to take Selina. While Rose-Ann is out, Selina runs away to the park; and, with some difficulty, meets Gordon. She tells Gordon about Rose-Ann's plan, and he assures her that she will be leaving for school in a few days. Finding Selina missing from the apartment, Rose-Ann takes Ole Pa to the park and confronts Gordon. Despite Rose-Ann's resistance, Gordon manages to take Selina away when the crowd of white people looks at Rose-Ann's anger and hysterics towards Gordon with disdain and ignores her pleas to stop the Black man from walking away with her daughter. Ole Pa then stops Rose-Ann from chasing after them, telling her that Selina is not a child anymore.

At Gordon's house, Selina asks Gordon to marry her, to which Gordon replies that there are many types of love, and she later will realize that their relationship will not work. Selina tells him that she loves him, knows that he is Black, and his skin color doesn't matter to her. Gordon tells her she must meet more people and wait a year to find out whether their love is more than friendship. Then, a bus arrives to pick up Selina for her trip to the school; and both friends say goodbye. Gordon had given Selina a music box that belonged to his grandmother.  When she leaves it behind in the apartment, he runs after her to give it back, but just misses the bus and walks back upstairs to his apartment building.

Cast

Production
Guy Green bought the rights to himself. He made the film at MGM after another film he was going to make for that studio, The Forty Days of Musa Dagh, did not happen.

Reception

Critical reception
A Patch of Blue has a 89% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on nine reviews.

Box-office
The film proved to be the most successful in Poitier's career, which proved a lucrative development considering he agreed to a salary cut in exchange for 10% of the film's gross earnings. In addition, the film made Poitier a major national film star with excellent business in even southern cities like Houston, Atlanta and Charlotte.

Awards and nominations

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 2002: AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – Nominated
 2005: AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated

Soundtrack
The soundtrack to A Patch of Blue was composed and conducted by Jerry Goldsmith.  It gained Goldsmith his second Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score following his score to Freud in 1962. It was one of the 250 nominated scores for the American Film Institute's top 25 American film scores. The score has been released three times on CD; in 1991 through Mainstream Records (with the score to David and Lisa by Mark Lawrence), in 1992 through Tsunami Records (with his score to Patton), and an extended version in 1997 through Intrada Records.

A Cinderella Named Elizabeth
The film's creators also made a short film about Hartman's selection to play the starring role. The short, titled A Cinderella Named Elizabeth, focuses on her status as an unknown actress from Youngstown, Ohio, and includes segments from her screen test and associated "personality test", in which the actress is filmed while being herself and answering questions about everyday topics such as her taste in clothing. The short also shows her visiting the Braille Institute of America to watch blind people being trained to do handwork — similar to the beadwork her character does in the film — and to perform tasks of daily living and self-care, of the sort that Poitier's character teaches Selina to do.

See also
Civil rights movement in popular culture
List of American films of 1965

References

External links

1965 films
1965 drama films
American coming-of-age drama films
1960s coming-of-age drama films
American black-and-white films
1960s English-language films
Films scored by Jerry Goldsmith
Films about blind people
Films about dysfunctional families
Films about interracial romance
Films about prostitution in the United States
Films about race and ethnicity
Films based on Australian novels
Films directed by Guy Green
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award-winning performance
Films shot in Los Angeles
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
1960s American films
Films about disability

A Patch of Blue


Adam Small (21 December 1936 – 25 June 2016) was a South African writer who was involved in the Black Consciousness Movement and other activism. He was noted as a Coloured writer who wrote works in Afrikaans that dealt with racial discrimination and satirized the political situation. Some collections include English poems, and he translated the Afrikaans poet N P van Wyk Louw into English.

Life
Adam Small was born on 21 December 1936 in Wellington. He matriculated in 1953 at the St Columbas High School in Athlone on the Cape Flats. He then attended the University of Cape Town where he studied for a degree in Languages and Philosophy. In 1963 he completed an MA (cum laude) in the philosophy of Nicolai Hartmann and Friedrich Nietzsche. During the same time period he studied at the University of London and the University of Oxford.

Adam became a lecturer in philosophy at the University of Fort Hare in 1959, and in 1960 he was one of the academic founders of the University of the Western Cape (UWC) when he was appointed as the Head of the Philosophy Department. In the early 1970s he joined the Black Consciousness Movement.

In 1973 he was pressured to resign from the UWC. This prompted a move to Johannesburg, where he became the Head of Student Body Services at the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits). He returned to Cape Town in 1977, where he was Director of the Western Cape Foundation for Community Services until 1983. In 1984 he returned to the UWC as the Head of the Social Services Department, a position he held until his retirement in 1997.

Recognition
Small was awarded the Hertzog Prize in 2012 for his contribution to the drama genre. Although the award was well received for being long overdue, some controversy arose because the Academy, in making the award, broke one of their own rules stating that the prize can only be awarded to a writer who has published new and substantial work in a specific genre during the previous three years. Small's last play was published in 1983. One of his famous poems is called "Doemanie."

After decades spent out of the public eye, Small, on 14 September 2013, received a hero's welcome at the Breytenbach Centre in Wellington, where he was guest of honour at the centre's Poet Festival. He read a selection of poems from his latest anthology Klawerjas. In 2015 a new drama, Maria, Moeder van God, was broadcast on Radio Sonder Grense's yearly art festival programme.

Literary style
Small is known for his use of the Kaaps Afrikaans dialect, which is primarily associated with lower-class coloured speakers. This choice was attacked by many of his contemporary critics, due to a sense that he was allying himself with (white) Afrikaans interests and that he was allowing the community's specific language to be ridiculed. However, this choice makes him something of a literary pioneer in Afrikaans literary history.

Small was also a member of the Sestigers, an influential South African literary group that was working in the 1960s. This group attempted to revolutionise the dominant literature by questioning the political, racial and sexual problems with the nation.

Works include
Poems (undated)
Die Eerste Steen (undated)
Verse van die Liefde (1957)
Kitaar My Kruis (1962)
Sê Sjibbolet (1963)
A Brown Afrikaner Speaks: A Coloured Poet and Philosopher Looks Ahead (1971)
Oos West Tuis Best: Distrik Ses (1973, with Chris Jansen)
Black Bronze Beautiful: Quatrains (1975)
Oh Wide and Sad Land - Afrikaans Poetry of N P van Wyk Louw translated by Adam Small (1975)
Kanna hy kô hystoe: 'n drama (1965)
Klawerjas (2013)
Maria, Moeder van God, a radiodrama (2015)

References

1936 births
Afrikaans-language poets
2016 deaths
People from Wellington, Western Cape
Sestigers
Cape Coloureds
Afrikaans–English translators
Afrikaans-language writers
South African poets
20th-century translators

Adam Small


The Green Corn Ceremony (Busk) is an annual ceremony practiced among various Native American peoples associated with the beginning of the yearly corn harvest. Busk is a term given to the ceremony by white traders, the word being a corruption of the Creek word puskita (pusketv) for "a fast". These ceremonies have been documented ethnographically throughout the North American Eastern Woodlands and Southeastern tribes. Historically, it involved a first fruits rite in which the community would sacrifice the first of the green corn to ensure the rest of the crop would be successful. These Green Corn festivals were practiced widely throughout southern North America by many tribes evidenced in the Mississippian people and throughout the Mississippian Ideological Interaction Sphere. Green Corn festivals are still held today by many different Southeastern Woodland tribes. The Green Corn Ceremony typically occurs in late July–August, determined locally by the ripening of the corn crops. The ceremony is marked with dancing, feasting, fasting  and religious observations.

Traditions
The Green Corn Ceremony is a celebration of many types, representing new beginnings. Also referred to as the Great Peace Ceremony, it is a celebration of thanksgiving to Hesaketvmese (The Breath Maker) for the first fruits of the harvest, and a New Year festival as well.

The Busk is the celebration of the New Year. In modern tribal towns and Stomp Dance societies only the ceremonial fire, the cook fires and certain other ceremonial objects will be replaced. Everyone usually begins gathering by the weekend prior to the ceremony, working, praying, dancing and fasting off and on until the big day.

The whole festival tends to last seven-eight days, including the historical preparation involved (without the preparation, it lasts about four days).

Day one
The first day of the ceremony, people set up their campsites on one of the square ceremonial grounds. Following this, there is a feast of the remains of last year's crop, after which all the men of the community begin fasting (historically, the women were limited in their participation of this part of the ceremony). That night there is a social stomp dance, unique to the Muscogee and Southeastern cultures.

Day two
Before dawn on the second day, four brush-covered arbors are set up on the edges of the ceremonial grounds, one in each of the sacred directions. For the first dance of the day, the women of the community participate in a Ribbon or Ladies Dance, which involves fastening rattles and shells to their legs perform a purifying dance with special ribbon-clad sticks to prepare the ceremonial ground for the renewal ceremony.  The ceremonial fire is set in the middle of four logs laid crosswise, so as to point to the four directions. The Mico "Mekko" (Chief of Ceremonial Grounds or Tribal Town ) takes out a little of each of the new crops (not just corn, but beans, squash, wild plants, and others) rubbed with bear oil, and it is offered together with some meat as "first-fruits" and an atonement for all sins. The fire (which has been re-lit and nurtured with a special medicine by the medicine man or  "Heleshayv" hilis-hi-ya ) will be kept alive until the following year's Green Corn Ceremony. In traditional times, the women would sweep out their cook-fires and the rest of their homes and collect the filth from this, as well as any old clothing and furniture to be burnt and replaced with new items for the new year. The women then bring the coals of the fire into their homes, to rekindle their home fires. They can then bake the new fruits of the year over this fire (also to be eaten with bear oil). Many Creeks also practice the sapi or ceremonial scratches, a type of bloodletting in the mid morning, and in many tribes the men and women might rub corn milk, ash, white clay, or analogous mixtures over themselves and bathe as a form of purification.

They also drink a medicine referred to as assi, also referred to as the "White Drink." (English traders referred to it as the "Black Drink" due to its dark liquid which froths white when shaken before drinking). This White Drink, known to strangers as Carolina Tea, is a caffeine-laden mixture of seven to fourteen different herbs, the main ingredient being assi-luputski, Creek for "small leaves" of Yaupon Holly. This medicine was intended to help receive purification, as it is a purgative when consumed in mass amounts. (Historically, only men drank enough of the liquid to throw up.)  The purgative was consumed to clean the dietary tract of last year's crop and to truly renew oneself for the new year.

Day three
While the second day tends to focus on the women's dance, the third is focused on the men's.

After the purification of the second day, men of the community perform the Feather Dance to heal the community.

The fasting usually ends by supper-time after the word is given by the women that the food is prepared, at which time the men march in single-file formation down to a body of water, typically a flowing creek or river for a ceremonial dip in the water and private men's meeting. They then return to the ceremonial square and perform a single Stomp Dance before retiring to their home camps for a feast. During this time, the participants in the medicine rites are not allowed to sleep, as part of their fast. At midnight a Stomp Dance ceremony is held, which includes feasting and continues on through the night.

Day four
The fourth day has friendship dances at dawn, games, and people later pack up and return home with their feelings of purification and forgiveness. Fasting from alcohol, sexual activity, and open water will continue for another four days.

Symbolism
Puskita, commonly referred to as the "Green Corn Ceremony" or "Busk," is the central and most festive holiday of the traditional Muscogee people. It represents not only the renewal of the annual cycle, but of the spirit and traditions of the Muscogee. This is representative of the return of summer, the ripening of the new corn, and the common Native American traditions of environmental and agricultural renewal.

Historically in the Seminole tribe, 12-year-old boys are declared men at the Green Corn Ceremony, and given new names by the chief as a mark of their maturity.

Tribal participation
Several tribes still participate in these ceremonies each year, but tribes who have historic tradition within the ceremony include the Yuchi, Iroquois, Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Natchez, Chickasaw, Shawnee, Miccosukee, Alabama, Hitchiti, Coushatta, Taskigi and Seminole tribes. Each of those tribes may have its own variations of celebration, dances and traditions but performs a new year's ceremony, involving fasting and several other comparisons each year.

See also
Rainmaking (ritual)

References

 Howard and Lena, Oklahoma Seminoles, Medicines, Magic and Religion, University of Oklahoma, Norman, 1984
 Hudson, Charles, The Southeastern Indians, University of Tennessee, 1976
 Lewis and Jordan, Creek Indian Medicine Ways. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 2002.
 Mahan, Joseph B. "The Green Corn Ceremony" unpublished manuscript at Columbus State University Archives.
 Martin and Mauldin, A Dictionary of Creek. Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 2000.
 Weisman, Brent Richards, Unconquered People: Florida's Seminole and Miccosukee Indians, University Press of Florida, 1999
 Wright, Jr., J. Leitch, Creeks and Seminoles. Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 1986.

External links
 "Green Corn Ceremony: Iti Fabvssa," Choctaw Nation's School of Choctaw Language
 Elementary school lesson about the Green Corn Ceremony
 Joseph Mahan Collection at Columbus State University Archives

Cherokee culture
Choctaw culture
Group dances
Harvest festivals
Indigenous culture of the Southeastern Woodlands
Indigenous culture of the Northeastern Woodlands
Maize
Mississippian culture
Muscogee culture
Native American dances
Native American festivals
Native American religion
Religion in Oklahoma
Ritual dances
Seminole culture
Summer festivals

Green Corn Ceremony


Suor Angelica (Sister Angelica) is an opera in one act by Giacomo Puccini to an original Italian libretto by Giovacchino Forzano. It is the second opera of the trio of operas known as Il trittico (The Triptych). It received its world premiere at the Metropolitan Opera on December 14, 1918.

Roles

Synopsis

Place: A convent in Italy
Time: The latter part of the 17th century

The opera opens with scenes showing typical aspects of life in the convent – all the sisters sing hymns, the Monitor scolds two lay-sisters, everyone gathers for recreation in the courtyard. The sisters rejoice because, as the mistress of novices explains, this is the first of three evenings that occur each year when the setting sun strikes the fountain so as to turn its water golden. This event causes the sisters to remember Bianca Rosa, a sister who has died. Sister Genevieve suggests they pour some of the "golden" water onto her tomb.

The nuns discuss their desires. While the Monitor believes that any desire at all is wrong, Sister Genevieve confesses that she wishes to see lambs again because she used to be a shepherdess when she was a girl, and Sister Dolcina wishes for something good to eat. Sister Angelica claims to have no desires, but as soon as she says so, the nuns begin gossiping – Sister Angelica has lied, because her true desire is to hear from her wealthy noble family, whom she has not heard from in seven years. Rumors are that she was sent to the convent as punishment.

The conversation is interrupted by the Infirmary Sister, who begs Sister Angelica to make a herbal remedy, her specialty, for a wasp sting. Two tourières arrive, bringing supplies to the convent, and news that a grand coach is waiting outside. Sister Angelica becomes nervous and upset, thinking rightly that someone in her family has come to visit her. The Abbess chastises Sister Angelica for her inappropriate excitement and announces the visitor, the Princess, Sister Angelica's aunt.

The Princess explains that Angelica's sister is to be married and that Angelica must sign a document renouncing her claim to her inheritance. Angelica replies that she has repented of her sin, but she cannot offer up everything in sacrifice to the Virgin – she cannot forget the memory of her illegitimate son, who was taken from her seven years ago. The Princess at first refuses to speak, but finally informs Sister Angelica that her son died of fever two years ago. Sister Angelica, devastated, signs the document and collapses in tears. The Princess leaves.

Sister Angelica is seized by a heavenly vision – she believes she hears her son calling for her to meet him in paradise. She makes a poison and drinks it, but realizes that in committing suicide, she has committed a mortal sin and has damned herself to eternal separation from her son. She begs the Virgin Mary for mercy and, as she dies, she sees a miracle: the Virgin Mary appears, along with Sister Angelica's son, who runs to embrace her.

Recordings

Noted arias
"Senza mamma" – Suor Angelica
"Nel silenzio" – The Princess

References

Further reading
Holden, Amanda (ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam, 2001.
Warrack, John and West, Ewan, The Oxford Dictionary of Opera New York: Oxford University Press: 1992

External links

 Libretto
 , Ermonela Jaho, Royal Opera House (2011)

Operas by Giacomo Puccini
One-act operas
Italian-language operas
Verismo operas
Opera world premieres at the Metropolitan Opera
1918 operas
Operas
Operas set in Italy

Suor Angelica


Paul N. Courant (born January 5, 1948) is an American economist who is an expert in public goods. His recent research focuses on the economics of universities, the economics of libraries and archives, and the impact of new information technologies on the scholarly publishing system.

Education

Courant received his BA in History from Swarthmore College in 1968; an MA in Economics from Princeton University in 1973; and a PhD in Economics from Princeton University in 1974.

Career

Before attending graduate school, Courant served as a research assistant at the Brookings Institution. After receiving his PhD, he joined the faculty at the University of Michigan, where he has remained. In 1979 and 1980 he was a Senior Staff Economist at the Council of Economic Advisers. From 2002-2005 he served as Provost and Executive Vice-President for Academic Affairs, the chief academic officer and the chief budget officer of the University. While Provost, he negotiated a contract with Google to allow them to digitize the entire contents of Michigan's library for their Google Books Library Project now known as Google Books. He has also served as the Associate Provost for Academic and Budgetary Affairs, Chair of the Department of Economics and Director of the Institute of Public Policy Studies (which is now the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy). He served as the University Librarian and Dean of Libraries from 2007 to 2013.

Courant is Arthur F. Thurnau Professor, Harold T. Shapiro Collegiate Professor of Public Policy, Professor of Economics, Professor of Information, and Faculty Associate in the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan.

Courant has authored half a dozen books and over seventy papers covering a broad range of topics in economics and public policy, including tax policy, local economic development, gender differences in pay, housing, radon and public health, relationships between economic growth and environmental policy, and university budgeting systems.

Boards

ARTstor Board of Trustees
Center for Research Libraries Board of Directors
Council on Library and Information Resources Board of Directors
Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) Board of Directors

Comments on the Google Library Project

In November 2007, Courant started a blog in which he defended the University of Michigan's participation in the Google Books Library Project. His remarks joined an ongoing debate about the project, specifically with regard to the role of libraries in large scale digitization efforts.

Selected bibliography

Book chapters

Journal articles

Notes and references

External links

 Paul Courant's blog, Au Courant
 Paul Courant's Curriculum Vitae

21st-century American economists
American librarians
Princeton University alumni
1948 births
Living people
Swarthmore College alumni
Academic librarians
University of Michigan faculty
Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy faculty

Paul Courant


Johnny Griffith (May 27, 1924 – April 28, 2003) was an American football player and coach. He served as the head coach at South Georgia College (1950–1954) and the University of Georgia (1961–1963).

Early life and playing career
Griffith was born in Crawfordville, Georgia, and played high school football at Boys High School in Atlanta. He lettered at the University of Georgia in 1946 and was on the Bulldogs' national championship team. He also played junior college football at South Georgia College. Griffith graduated from Georgia in 1950.

Coaching career
Griffith's coaching career began at the junior college level at South Georgia College in Douglas, Georgia. He was an assistant there in 1949 before becoming the head coach in 1950. In four years as the head football coach at South Georgia College, Griffith compiled a 32–6 record and took his team to four bowl appearances.

Griffith's coaching career with the Georgia Bulldogs began in 1956, when he became an assistant under head coach Wally Butts. He replaced Butts as head coach in 1961. Except for a Southeastern Conference championship in 1959, the Georgia Bulldogs struggled in the last few years under Butts. Things did not get any better under Griffith and he was only able to compile a 10–16–4 record during his three-year term as head coach. While there were few successes during this time as head coach, he did have two big victories, a 30–21 upset win over Auburn in 1962 and a 31–14 win over heavily favored Miami in 1963. Griffith was replaced after the 1963 season by Vince Dooley.

While coaching at Georgia, Griffith became embroiled in the controversy created when the Saturday Evening Post ran an article alleging that Wally Butts and Bear Bryant had conspired to fix games. The focus of the Post story was Georgia's 35–0 loss to Alabama and Griffith was quoted in the article as "bitterly" saying, "I never had a chance, did I" after the game. Butts sued the Post and Butts, Griffith and Bear Bryant all testified. Griffith denied that he made the statement attributed to him and otherwise called the facts of the Post story into question. Butts and Bryant also vehemently denied the truth of the story. Butts eventually won the case.

After Georgia, Griffith did some assistant coaching at Georgia Tech under Bobby Dodd, coaching quarterback Kim King, among others. He also became a key figure in the development of the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame and was inducted into the Hall in 1997 as a contributor Griffith died on April 28, 2003, in Duluth, Georgia.

Head coaching record

References

1924 births
2003 deaths
Georgia Bulldogs football coaches
Georgia Bulldogs football players
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football coaches
People from Crawfordville, Georgia
Players of American football from Atlanta
Coaches of American football from Georgia (U.S. state)
American people of Welsh descent

Johnny Griffith (coach)


Chester A. Mutryn (March 12, 1921 – March 24, 1995) was an American professional football halfback and return specialist who played in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) and the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Steagles in the 20th round of the 1943 NFL Draft.

Early life
He attended Xavier University after having exploits as quarterback for Cleveland Cathedral Latin High School (now known as Notre Dame-Cathedral Latin School). Mutryn excelled in football as well as basketball and baseball, lettering in all three sports. He played primarily as running back for Xavier while also serving as place kicker and defensive back. He led them in scoring each year while having All-Ohio honors. He was named to Xavier's Hall of Fame in 1981. He was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles, but he served in World War II for the United States Navy.

Pro football career
After going back to Xavier to graduate in 1946, he was acquired by the Buffalo Bisons of the newly formed All-America Football Conference. Mutryn would play with Buffalo for all four seasons. In 1946, he started in eight of 14 games and ran 57 times for 289 yards with one touchdown. He also served as an occasional receiver and returner, doing so with seven catches on 168 yards for three touchdowns. Mutryn returned nine total punt/kick returns for 136 yards.

Mutryn bloomed better in 1947. He played in each game of the season while running 140 times for 868 yards for nine touchdowns while catching 10 passes for 176 yards with two touchdowns. Mutryn returned 34 punts/kicks for 878 yards with one touchdown (his 691 kick return yards and touchdown led the league), doing so on an 87-yard return.

In 1948, Mutryn continued his run with further results. He ran for a career high 147 times for 823 yards with ten touchdowns. He also caught 39 passes for 794 yards and five touchdowns (with 20.4 yards per catch, a league high). He also returned a kick for a touchdown on ten returns for 171 yards, doing so on an 88-yard run; in total, he returned 29 kicks/punts for 671 yards. In total, his carries and receptions alongside his yards from scrimmage and total touchdowns all led the league. Mutryn led the AAFC in the touchdown category while being named First-team All-Pro. Buffalo had regressed to seven wins that year from eight, but it was good enough for a tie with the Baltimore Colts, necessitating a Playoff for the Eastern Division title (it would be the first of just three AAFC playoff games played that were not for the championship). Playing in Baltimore on December 12, he ran 11 times for 54 yards. A key play in the game came on something Mutryn did not end up doing. In the fourth quarter, trailing 17–14, Mutryn had apparently caught a pass from George Ratterman before fumbling the ball, which the Colts had recovered. However, it was ruled by the officials as an incomplete pass, and the Bills kept on with their drive. Later on, the Bills scored a touchdown and then added another one to prevail 28–17. In the AAFC Championship the following week, he made just eight carries for eight yards while catching two passes for five yards as the Cleveland Browns routed Buffalo 49–7.

In the last year of the AAFC, Mutryn played in eleven of the twelve games played (reduced from 14 due to the shrinking of the league to seven teams). He ran 131 times for 696 yards and five touchdowns while catching 29 passes for 333 yards to lead the league in total touches and scrimmage yards again. He also returned 17 total punt/kicks for 301 yards. His total yard count in rushes, receptions, and returns (1,330) led the league for the second time. Buffalo finished fourth in the seven-team AAFC, but it was good enough to qualify for the semifinal playoff against the top team in Cleveland. Mutryn caught two passes for touchdowns that kept Buffalo in check (they led as late as the third quarter 21–17). His eight carries for 24 yards went with six receptions for 81 yards, but Cleveland pulled away late to win 31–21.

Upon Buffalo being shut out of the league, Mutryn went to the Baltimore Colts upon their absorption into the NFL in 1950. In 12 games started, he ran 108 times for 355 yards for two touchdowns while catching 36 passes for 379 yards for two touchdowns. He returned 25 total punts/kicks for 453 yards. He was drafted by the Eagles in the first round of the 1951 NFL Draft after the Baltimore Colts folded, but he never played a game with them.

He was inducted into the Greater Cleveland Sports Hall of Fame in 1976.

Notes and references

1921 births
1995 deaths
Players of American football from Cleveland
American football halfbacks
American football return specialists
Xavier University alumni
Buffalo Bisons (AAFC) players
Buffalo Bills (AAFC) players
Baltimore Colts (1947–1950) players
United States Navy personnel of World War II

Chet Mutryn


The Haganah was a militia group that Vladimir Jabotinsky created to fight against Arab terrorists and protect the Jews in British Mandatory Palestine.  It also helped Jewish refugees get into Palestine from Europe.  Jabotinsky left after the Haganah started to support Labour Zionism.  The Haganah ended up being led by David Ben-Gurion.  Ben-Gurion and the Haganah still started to fight the British in 1939 when the British tried to stop Jewish immigration and tried to stop the creation of the state of Israel. But after Hitler attacked Poland, the Haganah stopped fighting against the British and started to fight for the British Empire against the Nazis.  In 1944, Ben-Gurion helped the British fight against Menachem Begin and the Irgun and he helped the British fight against Yitzhak Shamir and the Lechi.  After the war ended, Ben-Gurion and the Haganah fought against the British to get them to let the Jews have a country. After, Israel became a country, the Haganah, Irgun and Lechi became the Israeli army.

Haganah


Almond Edward Fisher (January 28, 1913 – January 7, 1982) was a United States Army officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II.

Biography
Fisher joined the Army in 1935 from Brooklyn, New York, and served five years as an enlisted man in Panama.  He deployed to Europe in June, 1943, and fought in Italy and Southern France before the action which won him the Army's highest award for heroism and also the Purple Heart.  On September 13, 1944, he was serving as a second lieutenant in Company E, 2nd Battalion, 157th Infantry Regiment, 45th Infantry Division. In the early morning hours of that day, near Grammont, France, he led a platoon in an attack on German positions. Throughout the advance, he repeatedly went forward alone and silenced German machine gun emplacements.  Just before daybreak, he ordered the platoon to dig in and hold their position. During the ensuing German counter-attack, he was wounded in both feet but refused medical aid and continued to crawl among his men, giving them encouragement and direction.  For these actions, he was awarded the Medal of Honor seven months later, on April 23, 1945.  General Joseph T. McNarney, Deputy Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean Theater and commanding general of U.S. Army Forces, Mediterranean Theater, presented now First Lieutenant Fisher his Medal of Honor at a public ceremony outside Rome, Italy, in May 1945.  In late July 1945, Fisher arrived at the Army's redistribution station in Asheville, North Carolina, to be processed for discharge from active duty.

Fisher served an additional 19 years in the New York Army National Guard and attained the rank of Lieutenant Colonel before retiring.  He died at age 68 and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington County, Virginia.

Medal of Honor Citation
Fisher's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty on the night of 12-September 13, 1944, near Grammont, France. In the darkness of early morning, 2d Lt. Fisher was leading a platoon of Company E, 157th Infantry, in single column to the attack of a strongly defended hill position. At 2:30 A.M., the forward elements were brought under enemy machinegun fire from a distance of not more than 20 yards. Working his way alone to within 20 feet of the gun emplacement, he opened fire with his carbine and killed the entire guncrew. A few minutes after the advance was resumed, heavy machinegun fire was encountered from the left flank. Again crawling forward alone under withering fire, he blasted the gun and crew from their positions with hand grenades. After a halt to replenish ammunition, the advance was again resumed and continued for 1 hour before being stopped by intense machinegun and rifle fire. Through the courageous and skillful leadership of 2d Lt. Fisher, the pocket of determined enemy resistance was rapidly obliterated. Spotting an emplaced machine pistol a short time later, with 1 of his men he moved forward and destroyed the position. As the advance continued the fire fight became more intense. When a bypassed German climbed from his foxhole and attempted to tear an M1 rifle from the hands of 1 of his men, 2d Lt. Fisher whirled and killed the enemy with a burst from his carbine. About 30 minutes later the platoon came under the heavy fire of machine-guns from across an open field. 2d Lt. Fisher, disregarding the terrific fire, moved across the field with no cover or concealment to within range, knocked the gun from the position and killed or wounded the crew. Still under heavy fire he returned to his platoon and continued the advance. Once again heavy fire was encountered from a machinegun directly in front. Calling for hand grenades, he found only 2 remaining in the entire platoon. Pulling the pins and carrying a grenade in each hand, he crawled toward the gun emplacement, moving across areas devoid of cover and under intense fire to within 15 yards when he threw the grenades, demolished the gun and killed the guncrew. With ammunition low and daybreak near, he ordered his men to dig in and hold the ground already won. Under constant fire from the front and from both flanks, he moved among them directing the preparations for the defense. Shortly after the ammunition supply was replenished, the Germans launched a last determined effort against the depleted group. Attacked by superior numbers from the front, right, and left flank, and even from the rear, the platoon, in bitter hand-to-hand engagements drove back the enemy at every point. Wounded in both feet by close-range machine pistol fire early in the battle, 2d Lt. Fisher refused medical attention. Unable to walk, he crawled from man to man encouraging them and checking each position. Only after the fighting had subsided did 2d Lt. Fisher crawl 300 yards to the aid station from which he was evacuated. His extraordinary heroism, magnificent valor, and aggressive determination in the face of pointblank enemy fire is an inspiration to his organization and reflects the finest traditions of the U.S. Armed Forces.

Military Awards
Fisher's military decorations and awards include:

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

References

External links

1913 births
1982 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
People from Allegany County, New York
United States Army colonels
Military personnel from New York (state)
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor

Almond E. Fisher


The American Woolen Company Townhouses are a collection of brick townhouses built c. 1907 by the American Woolen Company in Lawrence, Massachusetts.  They were part of a program of company-built housing between 1906 and 1910 that included the nearby American Woolen Mill Housing District.  The townhouses are located on a series of short streets off Market Street in South Lawrence.  A historic district comprising these six buildings was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.

The townhouses stand on a large parcel of land  deep, with  of frontage on Market Street.  The lot has been divided into three sections, each of which contains two townhouses facing each other across a central private road (Wood Way, Washington Way, and Prospect Way).  The short ends of the townhouses face Market Street.  When originally built the central areas provided foot access to the units, but they have been paved over and are now used for parking.

The six buildings are identical in all major details, and were designed by local architect James E. Allen.  Each one is a two-story brick  long and  deep, and houses seven living units.  Each unit presents  of frontage into the central area.  There are minor variations in the front facades of the units.  In some cases the entries of adjacent units are paired, and some entries or entry pairs are sheltered by a pilastered pediment.  The rear of all units was substantially identical: a recessed porch, set under a segmented arch, provided access to the unit's back door.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Lawrence, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Massachusetts

References

Historic districts in Essex County, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Lawrence, Massachusetts
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
American Woolen Company
Company housing

American Woolen Company Townhouses