Eudoxia Streshneva (; 1608 – 18 August 1645) was the Tsaritsa of Russia as the second spouse of Tsar Michael of Russia.

Life

Eudoxia Streshneva was a daughter of the noble Lukyan Stepanovich Streshnev (d. 1630) from Meshchovsk and Anna Konstantinovna Volkonskaya. Her mother died shortly after birth, and her father left home to serve in the military. She was thus regarded almost an orphan and was raised by a rich relative who belonged to the circle of the tsar's court in Moscow.

Marriage

Eudoxia Streshneva was among those daughters of the nobility summoned to appear in the bride-show at court, when the tsar was to select his new tsaritsa, after his first spouse had died. Tsar Michael did not like any of those selected for him to choose from, but was pressed by his parents to make a choice. He eventually chose Eudoxia because of her beauty, polite behavior and mild disposition.

The parents of the tsar were reportedly displeased with his choice. His mother, Xenia Shestova, claimed that Streshneva was not of an important enough family, and that he risked angering all the most high ranked noble families by choosing a bride from a family of a lower rank than them.

However, the tsar refused to change his mind. He did not only refer to his feelings, but also to his Christian duty to help a girl who would otherwise be forced to leave court and anger her family. She was described as a modest and virtuous girl, dominated by her proud relatives, who sometimes brought her to tears but still did not complain. Reportedly, the tsar was moved by her situation and felt sorry for her.

The wedding was conducted on 5 February 1626. As was the custom, Eudoxia was given the title of Tsaritsa prior to the wedding, but only three days before the wedding, which was a much shorter time period than usual. Her parents-in-law both participated in the ceremony. They wished to change her name to Anastasia from the tsaritsa of tsar Ivan, but she successfully refused.  After the wedding, she was given several lands, and a substantial fortune of her own.

Tsaritsa
As tsaritsa, Eudoxia Streshneva lived secluded from contact with men, as was expected from a Russian noblewoman at the time, but despite this, she was also expected to participate in public religious and charitable duties and manage the imperial household.

Tsaritsa Eudoxia was known to have been in a difficult situation in the imperial court because of her mother-in-law, Xenia Shestova, who dominated her and the life of the imperial court. She and her mother-in-law shared the same confessor and diak. Xenia Shestova accompanied her daughter-in-law during all her official visits to monasteries and churches, and managed her public life as a tsaritsa. She also chose tutors for her grandchildren, dominating her relationship to them. Eudoxia never managed to achieve any influence over tsar Mikhail, either during or after the death of her mother-in-law.

Reportedly, Eudoxia was under great pressure to produce a son and heir to the throne, a task which gave her great anxiety until the birth of Tsarevich Aleksei in 1629. After the birth of her last child in 1639, tsar Michael reportedly no longer wished to share her bed. She is noted to have given donations to churches and convents in order to be given another child, but without success.

In 1642, Eudoxia financed the rebuilding of the Saint George Monastery in Meshchovsk. She also benefited the Ivanovsky Convent, where she made several visits and often prayed to Saint Martha during her pregnancies. She founded several charitable institutions, and made public donations to charitable and religious subjects.

Death
Eudoxia Streshneva died shortly after her spouse. She was buried in the Ascension Convent.

Issue
Yevdokiya and Mikhail had ten children:

References

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1608 births
1645 deaths
17th-century Russian women
17th-century Russian people
House of Romanov
Tsarinas of Russia
Mothers of monarchs

Eudoxia Streshneva


The Crimean Tatar cuisine is primarily the cuisine of the Crimean Tatars, who live on the Crimean Peninsula. The traditional cuisine of the Crimean Tatars has similarities with that of Greeks, Italians, Balkan peoples, Nogais, North Caucasians, and Volga Tatars, although some national dishes and dietary habits vary between different Crimean Tatar regional subgroups; for example, fish and produce are more popular among Yaliboylu and Tat dishes while meat and dairy is more prevalent in Steppe Tatar cuisine. Many Uzbek dishes were incorporated into Crimean Tatar national cuisine during exile in Central Asia since 1944, and these dishes have become prevalent in Crimea since the return. Uzbek samsa, laghman, and  (pilaf) are sold in most Tatar roadside cafes in Crimea as national dishes. In turn, some Crimean Tatar dishes, including Chiburekki, have been adopted by peoples outside Crimea, such as in Turkey and the North Caucasus.

Traditional dishes
  (or ) is a fried turnover with a filling of ground or minced meat and onions. Made with one round piece of dough folded over the filling in a half-moon shape. A national dish of Crimean Tatars, it is also popular in Crimean Tatar diasporas in Turkey, Romania, Russia, and Uzbekistan.
 , a traditional Crimean meat pie dish
 , a  that is grilled, not fried.
 , a traditional pie with a rice-and-chicken filling baked between two layers of dough. Served as a main course,  can be made with alternative fillings, such as rice and meat, meat with potatoes and onions, or even potatoes and cheese.
 , small dumplings with a meat filling cooked in a broth and served as a main dish or in a soup ().
  (or ), a wedding pie with layers of meat, rice, chopped eggs, raisins, and  (dry white cheese).
 , a meat soup with large pieces of beef and mutton, onion, carrots, and other vegetables.
 , a soup made from green peas or beans, a vegetarian dish.
 , a traditional dessert.
 Dolma, bell pepper with meat
 Sarma, meat wrapped in grape leaves
 Beshbarmaq, a dish which is especially popular among a steppe sub-ethnic group
 Ayran, a national drink
 Pite, a traditional bread
 Tatar (qashiq) ash

See also
Tatar cuisine
Russian cuisine
Ukrainian cuisine

References

Bibliography
 Crimean diet a century ago, including recipes of traditional Crimean Tatar dishes. Retrieved on 16 May 2009
 G. R. Mack and A. Surina, Food culture in Russia and Central Asia, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, , . Retrieved on 16 May 2009
 S. Johnstone and G. Bloom, Ukraine, Lonely Planet, 2008, p. 197, , . Retrieved on 16 May 2009
 A gallery of Crimean Tatar food, International Committee for Crimea, Washington, DC. Retrieved on 16 May 2009

Crimean Tatar culture
Ukrainian cuisine
Russian cuisine

Crimean Tatar cuisine


The Legend of the Book and the Sword is a Hong Kong television series adapted from Louis Cha's novel The Book and the Sword. It was first broadcast on TVB in Hong Kong in 1976.

Cast
 Note: Some of the characters' names are in Cantonese romanisation.

 Adam Cheng as Chan Ka-lok / Kin-lung Emperor
 Liza Wang as Fok-ching-tung
 Candice Yu as Heung-heung
 Louise Lee as Lok Bing
 Paul Chu as Man Tai-loi
 Ha Yu as Yu Yu-tung
 Kwan Hoi-san as Luk Fei-ching
 Shih Kien as Cheung Chiu-chung
 Deborah Lee as Yuk-yu-yee
 Gigi Wong as Lee Yun-chi
 Ko Miu-see as Chow Yee
 Lawrence Ng as Tsui Tin-wang
 Cheung Wood-yau as Yu Man-ting
 Wong Sun as Chiu Bun-san
 Kwan Chung as Wai Chun-wah
 Kong Ngai as Muk Cheuk-lun
 Lo Kwok-wai as Lee Ho-sau
 Lo Hoi-pang as Cheung Chun
 Ng Man-tat as Cheung Sei-kan
 Wong Yuen-sun as Shek Seung-ying
 Tam Chuen-hing as Yeung Sing-hip
 Lau Kwok-shing as Ha Hap-toi
 Kam Lui as Fong Yau-tak
 Yuen Siu-tien as Chan Cheng-tak

List of featured songs
 Note: The song titles are in Cantonese romanisation.

 Syu Kim Yan Sau Luk (書劍恩仇錄; The Book and the Sword) performed by Adam Cheng / Roman Tam (as versionized.)
 Si Nim (思念; Missing You) performed by Adam Cheng and Liza Wang
 Si Si Mei Mun Chuk (事事未滿足; Never Satisfied) performed by Susanna Kwan
 On La Ngo Chu (安拉我主; Allah, My Lord) performed by Liza Wang
 Kam Sau Kin Kwan (錦繡乾坤; Beautiful Universe) performed by Adam Cheng
 Yan Sang Yau Ho Kau (人生有何求; What Do You Ask For in Life) performed by Liza Wang
 To Heung Wan (悼香魂; Mourning Heung-heung) performed by various cast members
 Yau Ji Han (游子恨; Prodigal's Lament) performed by Adam Cheng
 Syun Long (選郎; Choosing a Groom) performed by Liza Wang
 Seung Sung (相送; Seeing Each Other Off) performed by Adam Cheng and Liza Wang
 Luk Sui Ching Bo (綠水青波; Azure Waters, Blue Waves) performed by Liza Wang
 Leung Siu Fa Yuet Ching (良宵花月情; Pleasant Feelings in the Night) performed by Susanna Kwan

External links

1970s Hong Kong television series
1976 Hong Kong television series debuts
1976 Hong Kong television series endings
TVB dramas
Hong Kong wuxia television series
Television series set in the Qing dynasty
Works based on The Book and the Sword
Television shows about rebels
Cantonese-language television shows
Television shows based on works by Jin Yong
Qianlong Emperor

The Legend of the Book and the Sword (1976 TV series)


Windows 10 Mobile is a discontinued version of the Windows Phone operating system. Unlike the regular Windows 10, Windows 10 Mobile was meant to run on phones and tablet computers with screen sizes of 8 inches or smaller. These mobile devices used the ARM or IA-32 processor architectures.

Microsoft ceased providing security updates on January 14, 2020, the same day as for Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2.

History
Windows 10 Mobile worked closely together with Windows 10 for computers. Content would be synchronized across devices, apps made for Windows 10 on PCs, Android, and iOS could be remade to work on Windows 10 Mobile, and most high-end phones allowed the user to plug in their device to a computer monitor and use a "computer-like" interface with a mouse and keyboard.

Many phones that ran on Windows Phone 8.1 were able to get a free upgrade to Windows 10 Mobile. It was up to manufacturers and carriers to issue the update. Certain features were not available on low-end or midrange devices.

Windows 10 Mobile came out on March 17, 2016. It was released shortly after Windows 10 for computers, which came out on July 29, 2015. In October 2017, Microsoft stopped active development of Windows 10 Mobile, except for security updates, because few people were using it.  Microsoft ceased providing security updates on January 14, 2020, the same day as for Windows 7.

References

Microsoft operating systems

Windows 10 Mobile


The Leipzig–Probstzella railway is a line in the German states of Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. It runs from Leipzig through the valley of the White Elster via Zeitz, Gera, Triptis, the Orlasenke lowland and Saalfeld to Probstzella. Since it runs parallel with the Saal Railway but is higher, it is also called the Obere Bahn ("upper railway").

Route

The line begins in Leipzig Leutzsch and runs south from the city. The line then runs through the flat Leipzig Bay along the Elster through the former central German lignite mining area. This section of the line was once used to transport lignite to nearby power plants, but this traffic has declined considerably.

The line reaches Zeitz at the southern edge of the lowlands, where it connects with other lines, although some of the network has been closed since 1990. The hills on either side of the White Elster south of Zeitz are steeper. Near Ahlendorf (the administrative centre of Heideland-Elstertal), the line crosses the border between Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. The line now runs on a long curve through the communities of Crossen an der Elster and the brewery town of Bad Köstritz to Gera, where it meets several other lines. Until 1998, the Crossen–Porstendorf line ran from Crossen an der Elster station via Eisenberg and Bürgel to Porstendorf (north of Jena).

The line runs to the south from Gera Hauptbahnhof. Once out of the city it runs along the banks of the White Elster before running along the valley of the Weida. To the west of the town of Weida the line crosses a crest on the approach to Triptis at an altitude of about 375 metres above sea level. The line now runs through the Orlasenke lowland and continues on a straight path to the south-west through the town of Neustadt an der Orla, continuing to Oppurg, where until 1944 the Orla Railway branched off towards Pößneck unterer (lower) station and Orlamünde. It then runs through Pößneck ober (upper) station to Saalfeld, where it connects with the Saal Railway, which links Berlin and Munich.

History
The second quarter of the line was opened in 1859. At that time, a line was built from Weißenfels (connecting there with the Thuringian Railway opened in 1846) via Zeitz to Gera. It was the first line to Gera, which was capital of the Principality of Reuss Younger Line and had about 14,000 inhabitants at that time.

The northern section of the line between Zeitz and Leipzig traffic was opened in 1873. Until the completion of the connecting curve between the Thuringian railway and the Saal Railway at Großheringen in 1900, it was the most important link between Prussia and Bavaria, except for the Saxon-Bavarian Railway. Although the curve at Großheringen meant that the Saal Railway was 25 km shorter, the north–south connection (Nord-Süd-Verbindung) through Gera continued to be used as a long-distance line from Leipzig in the north to Nuremberg in the south.

The section from Gera to Eichicht (now part of Kaulsdorf) was opened on 20 December 1871. It was of great importance for the nearby towns. It allowed the textile industry in the Orlasenke, especially in Pößneck, to grow rapidly before the First World War. Pößneck thus became a centre of the Thuringian textile industry along with Apolda and Greiz. Also of importance to this section was the former Maxhütte steel and rolling mill in Unterwellenborn as well as the steel works, now known as the Thuringian Steelworks (Stahlwerk Thüringen). The line built in 1871 ran through the following states (starting in Gera): Reuss Younger Line, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Prussia, Saxe-Meiningen, Prussia, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Sachsen-Meiningen. A temporary terminus was built in Eichicht as the route for the continuation of the line and connection to Bavaria was still unclear.

Before the Second World War the entire line was double track. In 1946 the second track was dismantled as reparations to the Soviet Union. The line at Knautnaundorf was realigned for the establishment of an open cut lignite mine under the East German regime.

The section from Saalfeld and Probstzella was electrified by 1939. Seven years later, all components of the electrification along with the second track were removed for reparations to the Soviet Union. Because of the division of Germany the line had little importance for the next four decades.

Double track has been restored on the sections between Leipzig Hauptbahnhof and Zeitz, between Gera Hauptbahnhof and Gera Süd and between Unterwellenborn and Probstzella. Electrification has been restored on the section between Saalfeld and Probstzella.

Operations until 2012
Regional-Express (RE) 12 services and Regionalbahn (RB) 51 services run between Leipzig and Gera. The RB and RE services both run every two hours, alternating with each other to create an hourly service. In addition, on Saturdays (during the summer timetable), a pair of RE trains run from Leipzig via Gera and Saalfeld to Blankenstein (Schiefergebirgs-Express) and to Katzhütte (Schwarzatal Express).

The Gera-Saalfeld section was served by RE 4 services between Gera and Saalfeld every two hours. In addition, RB services alternate with the RE services every two hours between the two cities. These are mostly operated by class 612 and class 642 diesel multiple units. Until 2012 all services had been operated by DB Regio.

Current operations
Since 2012, passenger services on the Leipzig–Zeitz–Gera–Saalfeld section are operated by Erfurter Bahn.

Since 15 December 2013 S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland trains use this line between Leipzig-Leutzsch and Leipzig-Plagwitz.

References

External links
 Data and photographs of the line

Leipzig-Gera-Saalfeld
Leipzig-Gera-Saalfeld
Leipzig-Gera-Saalfeld
Railway Leipzig-Probstzella
Buildings and structures in Gera
Railway lines opened in 1859
1859 establishments in Germany
Buildings and structures in Saalfeld-Rudolstadt

Leipzig–Probstzella railway


Autumn Exhibition of Leningrad artists of 1962 () opened in State Russian Museum become one of the largest Art Exhibition of 1962 in the USSR.

History and Organization

For the organization and preparation of Exhibition was formed specially Exhibition Committee which consisted of 25 the most authoritative art-experts. Exhibition Catalog was published. In total, the Exhibition displayed almost 600 works of art of painters, sculptors, graphics, artists of theater and cinema, masters of arts and crafts. At whole Exhibition attended over 350 artists of the Leningrad.

Contributing Artists

In the largest Department of Painting were exhibited art works of 177 authors. There were Piotr Alberti, Evgenia Antipova, Taisia Afonina, Sergei Babkov, Irina Baldina, Nikolai Baskakov, Vsevolod Bazhenov, Yuri Belov, Dmitry Belyaev, Olga Bogaevskaya, Nikolai Galakhov, Ivan Godlevsky, Vladimir Gorb, Abram Grushko, Alexei Eremin, Mikhail Kaneev, Maria Kleschar-Samokhvalova, Maya Kopitseva, Boris Korneev, Alexander Koroviakov, Victor Korovin, Elena Kostenko, Gevork Kotiantz, Mikhail Kozell, Engels Kozlov, Marina Kozlovskaya, Yaroslav Krestovsky, Valeria Larina, Boris Lavrenko, Ivan Lavsky, Anatoli Levitin, Oleg Lomakin, Gavriil Malish, Boris Maluev, Evsey Moiseenko, Nikolai Mukho, Piotr Nazarov, Vera Nazina, Mikhail Natarevich, Yaroslav Nikolaev, Dmitry Oboznenko, Lev Orekhov, Lia Ostrova, Vladimir Ovchinnikov, Sergei Osipov, Genrikh Pavlovsky, Varlen Pen, Nikolai Pozdneev, Stepan Privedentsev, Semion Rotnitsky, Galina Rumiantseva, Ivan Savenko, Gleb Savinov, Alexander Semionov, Arseny Semionov, Nadezhda Shteinmiller, Elena Skuin, Kim Slavin, Alexander Sokolov, Alexander Stolbov, Alexander Tatarenko, Victor Teterin, Nikolai Timkov, Mikhail Trufanov, Yuri Tulin, Boris Ugarov, Ivan Varichev, Anatoli Vasiliev, Valery Vatenin, Rostislav Vovkushevsky, Vecheslav Zagonek, Elena Zhukova, and others most prominent painters of the Leningrad School.

In the Department of Sculptures were exhibited art works of 41 sculptors. Department of graphics presented a creation of 86 artists.

Contributed Artworks

For the Exhibition were selected art works created in 1961-1962, also some earlier works. All they were exhibited in the first time. Some of them were subsequently found in the collections of Soviet Art museums, as well as domestic and foreign galleries and collectors.

Portrait was presented of "Portrait of playwriter Alexander Volodin" by Nikolay Akimov, "Astronaut Gherman Titov" by Mikhail Anikushin, "Nurse", "Uzbek woman", "Uzbek Girl" by Irina Baldina, "Portrait of Mikhedko" by Yuri Belov, "Fisherman" by Dmitry Belyaev, "Portrait of son" by Olga Bogaevskaya, "Natasha" by Maria Kleschar-Samokhvalova, "Selfportrait" by Boris Korneev, "Grandmother and grandson" by Elena Kostenko, "Komi Girl" by Engels Kozlov, "Female Portrait (Rosa. Portrait of wife)" by Yaroslav Krestovsky, "Portrait of son", "Portrait of girl" by Valeria Larina, "Portrait of locksmith Znema", "Engineer Natasha Mayboroda", "Portrait of welder Victor Lysitsyn", "Portrait of linguist Gofman", "Plasterer Taisia Tupikova" by Anatoli Levitin, "Man's portrait", "Portrait of girl" by Oleg Lomakin, "Portrait of organist Isaya Braudo" by Lia Ostrova, "Portrait of artist Alexander Pushnin" by Varlen Pen, "Ostap grandfather" by Stepan Privedentsev, "Portrait of Mikhail Birev, notable artist from Kholuy" by Semion Rotnitsky, "Vladimir Mayakovsky" by Konstantin Simun, "Selfportrait" by Alexander Tatarenko, "A Portrait" by Mikhail Trufanov, "Selfportrait" by Valery Vatenin, and others.

Genre painting was presented of "Girlfriends", "Veranda" by Piotr Alberti, "Summer" by Nikolai Baskakov, "Construction in Siberia" by Nikolai Galakhov, "Our tents" by Alexei Eremin, "Golden wedding", "School", "A Love", "A Lullaby" by Anatoli Kaplan, "The Muddy Morning" by Boris Korneev, "On vocation" by Gevork Kotiantz, "Northern village" by Engels Kozlov, "Foundation pit in the night" by Anatoli Levitin, "Big Oil", "Astrakhan" by Boris Maluev, "For what?", "Freedom", "Song", "Appell", "Gott mit uns", "He won", "Do not forget" by Evsey Moiseenko, "The Three Ages", "In the sanatorium for children", "At the wattle fence", "Meet the goats", "For grass" by Mikhail Natarevich, "A Sleep" by Vera Nazina, "At the Peter and Paul Fortress" by Lev Orekhov, "Seaport in Tuapse" by Stepan Privedentsev, "Stadium of the factory "Krasnaya Zarya", "Studio of artist Igor Veselkin" by Gleb Savinov, "Ferry in Staraya Ladoga", "Main street in Novaya Ladoga", "Novaya Ladoga in Holiday", "Novaya Ladoga. Pier in fishermen village" by Arseny Semionov, "Leningrad motive" by Kim Slavin, "Staraya Ladoga. Midday on the farm", "Novaya Ladoga. At the buoy keeper" by Alexander Sokolov, "Miners", "On a beach", "In Studio", "Wild beach", "To Moscow" by Mikhail Trufanov, "Turkmen carpet weavers" by Yuri Tulin, "Pskov", "At the seaside" by Boris Ugarov, "On the Komsomol construction" by Anatoli Vasiliev, and others.

Landscape and Cityscape were presented of "Apple-tree" by Evgenia Antipova, "On the Zhdanovka River" by Taisia Afonina, "Spring day" by Sergei Babkov, "Olkhon Island" by Dmitry Belyaev, "Gavan district in winter" by Nikolai Galakhov, "Bakhchysarai", "In the town of Pechory" by Ivan Godlevsky, "Little yard" by Vladimir Gavrilov, "Boats", "Pier", "Factory backwater" by Vladimir Gorb, "Winter etude" by Abram Grushko, "On Onega Lake", "Birches", "In the foothills of the Tian Shan" by Alexei Eremin, "Street in Znojmo town", "Spit of Vasilievsky Island" by Mikhail Kaneev, "Chersonesus" by Maria Kleschar-Samokhvalova, "A Spring", "A Winter" by Vladimir Konashevich, "Cloudy day", "Oats", "Highway", "Veranda", "Fields" by Boris Korneev, "The Leningrad", "After Snowfall" by Alexander Koroviakov, "The Muddy Day", "Open yard" by Victor Korovin, "Early March" by Mikhail Kozell, "Oredezh River", "Wyra village" by Marina Kozlovskaya, "The Leningrad. Before sunrise" by Yaroslav Krestovsky, "Vyborg. Fortress", "Borisoglebsk", "Nikitski Monastery in Pereslavl-Zalessky", "Borisoglebsk in winter" by Valeria Larina, "Black River" by Boris Lavrenko, "Windy day" by Ivan Lavsky, "Ice drift on the Yenisei not yet started" by Anatoli Levitin, "Spring", "Valentinovka village" by Oleg Lomakin, "A Morning", "A Road to Mikhaylovskoye village" by Gavriil Malish, "In the sea" by Nikolai Mukho, "A Winter" by Mikhail Natarevich, "Winter evening", "Spring flood" by Piotr Nazarov, "Rainy day", "Moyka River in the night" by Yaroslav Nikolaev, "Kizhi Pogost" by Dmitry Oboznenko, "Spring greens" by Lev Orekhov, "Pskov land", "Pskov street", "Towards evening", "On the Griboyedov Canal in Leningrad", "Winter road" by Sergei Osipov, "Sergei Yesenin's birth house" by Vladimir Ovchinnikov, "Spring etude" by Nikolai Pozdneev, "Ancient Kholuy" by Semion Rotnitsky, "Overcast day" by Galina Rumiantseva, "Spring in Sablino", "February day" by Ivan Savenko, "Staraya Ladoga", "Spring wind", "Outskirts" by Gleb Savinov, "Park in winter" by Alexander Semionov, "Leningrad. Factory motive" by Arseny Semionov, "Rostov the Great", "Old Tower", "Okhta district. View of the factory", "Volodarsky Bridge" by Nadezhda Shteinmiller, "Wet stacks" by Kim Slavin, "February", "Twilight in Staraya Ladoga" by Alexander Sokolov, "Gray day", "A village on the Msta River" by Alexander Stolbov, "Street in Kholuy", "A Porch. The Autumn", "Evening sun", "Landscape" by Nikolai Timkov, "Gurzuf" by Mikhail Trufanov, "Spring in Turkmenistan" by Mikhail Trufanov, "Evening", "A Winter", "Venice" by Boris Ugarov, "Autumn", "Street in Staraya Ladoga", "Last snow", "Staraya Ladoga" by Ivan Varichev, "Spring on the Angara River" by Anatoli Vasiliev, "Volkhov River", "Flowering Bird Cherry", "Winter window", "Twilight" by Vecheslav Zagonek, "October in Crimea", "Lake Ritsa", "Early spring" by Elena Zhukova, and others.

Still life paintings were presented of "Wildflowers" by Evgenia Antipova, "Roses", "Still life with oranges", "Still life" by Olga Bogaevskaya, "Roses in Crystal vase", "Bird Cherry tree branches" by Vladimir Konashevich, "Apples and Pears", "Snowdrop flowers", "Yellow flowers" by Maya Kopitseva, "Still life" by Yaroslav Krestovsky, "Jasmine. Still life", "Sunflowers" by Lia Ostrova, "Still Life with Peaches", "Still life with Melon", "Still life wuth Bananas" by Genrikh Pavlovsky, "Baskets" by Nikolai Pozdneev, "Still life with fish", "Still life with quince" by Elena Skuin, "Larch branches" by Kim Slavin, "Still life" by Victor Teterin, "Still life with radish", "Flowers in white vase", "Still life with Bananas", "Still life with tomatoes", "Still life on the green table-cloth" by Alexander Vedernikov, "Still life" by Rostislav Vovkushevsky, and others.

Acknowledgment

Autumn Exhibition of Leningrad artists of 1962 was widely covered in press and in literature on Soviet fine art.

See also

 Fine Art of Leningrad
 Leningrad School of Painting
 1962 in fine arts of the Soviet Union
 Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
 Socialist realism

References

Sources

 Осенняя выставка произведений ленинградских художников 1962 года. Каталог. Л., Художник РСФСР, 1962.
 Справочник членов Ленинградской организации Союза художников РСФСР. Л., Художник РСФСР, 1980.
 Художники народов СССР. Биобиблиографический словарь. Т.1-4. М., Искусство, 1970-1995.
 Справочник членов Союза художников СССР. Т.1-2. М., Советский художник, 1979.
 Хроника узловых событий художественной жизни России 1960-1980-х годов // Time for Change. The Art of 1960-1985 in the Soviet Union. Saint Petersburg, State Russian Museum, 2006.
 Sergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School. Saint Petersburg, NP-Print Edition, 2007. P.394, 417, 442. ,
 Юбилейный Справочник выпускников Санкт-Петербургского академического института живописи, скульптуры и архитектуры имени И. Е. Репина Российской Академии художеств. 1915—2005. Санкт Петербург, «Первоцвет», 2007.

External links

Art exhibitions in Russia
1962 works
1962 in the Soviet Union
Socialist realism

Autumn exhibition (Leningrad, 1962)


Dilleniaceae is a family of flowering plants with 11 genera and about 430 known species. Such a family has been universally recognized by taxonomists.  It is known to gardeners for the genus Hibbertia, which contains many commercially valuable garden species.

Description and distribution
The family is found in the tropics and subtropics plus all of Australia. Most of the members in it are woody plants - lianas or trees such as Dillenia - but herbaceous species such as Hibbertia are also present in Dilleniaceae. The leaves of the plants in the family are wide and well-developed, but in certain species of Hibbertia they are strongly modified. The flowers are mainly showy and colorful with visible reproductive components. Buzz pollination is common in the group. Fruits of some species, such as Dillenia indica (elephant apple), are edible.

Taxonomy and phylogeny

The position of the family in the phylogenetic tree and its classification among the other eudicots is uncertain. Some studies suggested that Dilleniaceae may be sister to Rhabdodendraceae a clade that was thought to be sister to all the rest Caryophyllales. The caryophyllid Rhabdodendron and the members in the family with the questionable placement in fact share some morphological characteristics, but it has been found that Rhabdodendraceae is actually sister only to the core members of its order.

Another possible situation places Dilleniaceae as an ancient group, sister to the superrosidae clade (the family shares some common morphology with Vitales) but this is not absolutely proven.

The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system of 1998), also recognizes this family, unplaced as to order, assigned to the clade core eudicots.

APG II debates either including it in order Caryophyllales or reinstating the order Dilleniales for just this one family, but decides to leave it unplaced.

Evolution
The family is remarkable because of its variability of morphological characteristics that now are much steadier in other Angiosperm groups. Thus, Dilleniaceae may be an ancient clade that expresses some phylogenetic relation between the higher Eudicots and the rather more primitive groups.
It is estimated that the clade diverged around 115 million years ago in the Mid Cretaceous, but the crown group was formed much later - only 52 million years before the present.

References

External links
 Dilleniaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval. Version: 3 May 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/.
  at the University of Hawaii
 links at CSDL

Dilleniales
Eudicot families

Dilleniaceae


Babatunde Adetomiwa Stafford "Tomiwa" Edun,  (born 1985) is a UK based Nigerian actor. He is best known for his roles as Sir Elyan in the television show Merlin, Marcus Young in Bates Motel and Alex Hunter in the football video games FIFA 17, FIFA 18 and FIFA 19.

Early life
Edun was born in Lagos, Nigeria, to Nigerian financier Olawale Edun and half-Ghanaian, half-English Amy Adwoa (née Appiah). His maternal uncle is the philosopher, cultural theorist and novelist Kwame Anthony Appiah. His maternal grandparents were Ghanaian lawyer, diplomat and politician Joseph Emmanuel Appiah- a Nana of the Ashanti people through whom Edun is a descendant of Ghanaian warrior emperor Osei Tutu- and art historian and author Peggy Cripps, daughter of Sir Stafford Cripps, Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1947 to 1950 and son of the first Lord Parmoor. Through his father, meanwhile, Edun claims direct descent from the colonial Egba official Adegboyega Edun.

Edun moved to the United Kingdom at the age of 11. He attended Eton College from the age of 13, before reading Classics at Christ's College, Cambridge (University of Cambridge). In his final year at Christ's College, he won the dissertation prize for his thesis on Homer's Odyssey. His father, a financier, encouraged Edun to enter banking as a career, and he interned with Citigroup. He considered studying for a Master of Philosophy degree, but decided to attend the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) instead.

Career
In 2000, Edun appeared at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival as the character Clifford in the show Kassandra by Ivo Stourton. Edun attended RADA, appearing in several productions and graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in Acting in 2008. Following his graduation from RADA, he played small parts in productions at the Almeida Theatre and the Liverpool Playhouse. He also played Macbeth in a production of the eponymous play by the National Theatre, earning praise for being "charismatic" and a "fine verse speaker". In 2009, Edun became only the second black actor to play Romeo at the Globe Theatre when he was cast in Dominic Dromgoole's production of Romeo and Juliet. He also appeared in Slaves, a play by Rex Obano.

Edun has also appeared in several television shows. In 2009, he appeared in an episode of The Fixer, before a role in Law & Order: UK as a soldier returning from the war in Afghanistan. During series three of Merlin, Edun appeared as Elyan in three episodes, and was upgraded to a recurring character in series four. Elyan was killed off during the fifth and final series of Merlin in 2012. In 2011, he appeared in two episodes of The Hour as the character Sey, and reprised the role for three episodes in 2012. In 2015, Edun had a recurring role on the third season of Bates Motel as Marcus Young, a candidate for sheriff of White Pine Bay, which he followed with roles in Lucifer, Legends, and Death in Paradise. He also appeared as Mr Brocks in the 2016 Doctor Who Christmas Special. The following year, Edun portrayed a war criminal in an episode of Elementary.

Edun performed motion capture and voiced the role of Alex Hunter in the video game by EA Sports, FIFA 17, and reprised his role in the sequels FIFA 18 and FIFA 19.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Theatre

See also
 Black British nobility, Edun's class in Britain

References

External links

1984 births
Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
Alumni of RADA
Living people
Nigerian male stage actors
People educated at Eton College
Male actors from Lagos
English people of Yoruba descent
English people of Ghanaian descent
Yoruba male actors
21st-century Nigerian male actors
British male Shakespearean actors
Nigerian people of Ghanaian descent
Nigerian people of English descent
Nigerian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Nigerian male television actors

Adetomiwa Edun


Isola del Garda, Isola di Garda, or Isola Borghese is the biggest island on Lake Garda. It is part of the comune of San Felice del Benaco, in the Province of Brescia, Lombardy, Italy. The island has a long and varied history, having been used as a Roman burial ground, pirate lair, a site for a Franciscan monastery, border fortification and as a residential villa. The island has been visited by numerous famous people over the centuries, reportedly including Francis of Assisi, Anthony of Padua and Dante Alighieri. Today, it is covered by a park and is dominated by the Venetian neo-Gothic Villa Borghese Cavazza. Although privately owned by the Cavazza family, Isola del Garda has been open to visitors since 2002.

Geography
Isola del Garda is located in the southwest of Lake Garda, just south of the Gulf of Salò, close to the town of San Felice del Benaco, in Brescia province. It is separated from Capo San Fermo by only about 220 meters of open water. It is by far the largest island on the lake. The island (or actually islands, since Isola del Garda includes some small outcroppings of rock and most of the park is divided from the house by a narrow channel) was initially just rocks jutting out from the lake. All the soil for the gardens was brought in over time by the inhabitants. The island is around  long, but only around  wide at the widest point. It is now mostly covered by a park and formal gardens with a large variety of plants.

History

The island has been known in turn as Insula Cranie ("Isle of Skulls"), Isola dei Frati ("Isle of Monks"), Isola Scotti, Isola Lechi, Isola de Ferrari and Isola Borghese. It has likely been inhabited since the Roman period. 130 Gallo-Roman tombstones found on the island indicate that it was at least used as a burial area at the time. Remains of votive temples have also been discovered. Reportedly, after having been abandoned during the period of decline of the Roman Empire, the island served for a long time as a hideout for pirates who preyed on the shipping on Lake Garda.

The island is first mentioned in written documents in a decree by Duke Carloman of Bavaria, dated 879, which granted the island to the monks of Zeno of Verona. Apparently, they did not hold on to the property because in 1180 it was mentioned again when Emperor Frederick I granted it as a fief to one Biemino of Manerba. Around 1220, Francis of Assisi travelled through northern Italy. Although it is not certain whether he actually visited the island, the Franciscans did establish a simple hermitage among the caves and rocks of the island at that time, after it was bestowed on them by Biemino. In 1224, the Bishop of Trent visited the hermitage and three years later so did reportedly Anthony of Padua in 1227. According to local legend, in 1304, Dante Alighieri came to the island and later referred to it in his Divine Comedy as:

Loco è nel mezzo là dove 'l trentino
pastore e quel di Brescia e 'l veronese
segnar poria, s'e' fesse quel cammino
(Inferno, Canto XX)

In 1422, Bernardino of Siena was on the island for the first of several visits and in that period a Franciscan convent was constructed. It was rebuilt and expanded in 1438, the added church was named Santa Maria dello Scoglio. In 1470, Father Francesco Licheto (1450–1520), a member of the noble Lechi family from Brescia, founded a school of theology and philosophy on the island. In 1517, a religious commentary he wrote was printed for him by Paganino Paganini on the island, and became the first printed book to be published in the whole region around Lake Garda. Giano Fregoso, Doge of Genua, and his son Alessandro used the island as a retreat. However, after Licheto's death the religious community there went into decline. From 1685 to 1697 it was a convent for novices.

In 1795, the government of the Republic of Venice decided to suppress the monastery. Its last head, Bonaventura di Casalloro, was forced to close the monastery and leave the island with the remaining monks. The property was then requisitioned by a decree of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1798, after the establishment of the Cisalpine Republic. Its government sold the island to private owners in 1800. After passing through several hands, it was bought in 1817 by Count Luigi Lechi from Brescia. He ordered major construction and renovation works and the monastery was turned into a villa. Lechi was also a poet and among his guests were composers Gioachino Rossini and Gaetano Donizetti, the writers Ippolito Pindemonte and  as well as painter Luigi Basiletti and architect Rodolfo Vantini. The latter designed the island's small port with its tower. Lechi's lover, the singer Adelaide Malanotte, was also a regular guest. In 1837, Luigi Lechi passed the property on to his brother Teodoro (1778–1866), a former general in the Napoleonic army, who – among other changes – added the terraces at the front of the villa.

In 1860, the island was expropriated by the newly unified Italian state and turned into a border fortification against the Austrians, who at the time still held the region of Venetia including the eastern shore of Lake Garda. Although some construction work was done, the idea to turn the island into a fortress was abandoned after the Austrians ceded most of their holdings in northern Italy to the Kingdom of Italy after the Third Italian War of Independence in 1866. After that, only the northern end of Lake Garda around Riva del Garda remained Austrian. In 1870, the island was sold at auction and purchased by Baron Scotti. He in turn sold it to Duke Gaetano de Ferrari (1818–1893) from Genoa. De Ferrari and his wife, the Russian aristocrat Maria Sergeyevna Annenkova (1837–1924), moved to the island.

Between 1880 and 1900 they had the park constructed, built containment walls to keep out the water and imported fertile earth and exotic plants. Whilst the park was designed from the beginning as an English landscape garden, the area in front of the house was laid out as a more formal Italian garden. In 1893, the Duke died, but the couple had previously decided to build a new villa on the site of the old Lechi villa. This Venetian neo-Gothic palace was constructed in 1890 to 1903, based on a design of architect .

After the Duchess died, her daughter Anna Maria (1874–1924), wife of Prince Scipione Borghese from Rome, inherited the island but she survived her mother by only a few months. In 1927, the prince died, leaving the island to his daughter, Princess Livia Borghese (1901–1969), who was married to Count Alessandro Cavazza from Bologna (1895–1969). Their youngest son, Count Camillo Cavazza dei Conti Cavazza married Lady Charlotte Sarah Alexandra Chetwynd-Talbot (born 1938), the eldest daughter of the Earl of Shrewsbury in 1965. They had seven children before Camillo Cavazza died in 1981.

Today

Today the island is owned by Lady Charlotte Cavazza. She lives on the island with her family (her seven children – four brothers and three sisters – and their families). The family also owns properties on the nearby peninsula where they run businesses that include boat rental, olive growing, a camping site, an agriturismo and a riding school.

Since 2002 the island has been open to visitors on guided tours. It can also be rented for special events.

See also
 Rocca di Manerba del Garda

References

External links
Official website

Lake Garda
Lake islands of Italy
Private islands of Italy

Isola del Garda


RSM-45 R-31 (NATO designation - SS-N-17 Snipe) was a Soviet submarine-launched ballistic missile.

Development for the missile began in June 1971 at the Arsenal Design Bureau. It was fitted on only one Yankee II class submarine, originally for evaluation purposes. A first test flight took place from the Yankee II Class submarine K-140 (photo) in December 1976. The RS-16 was the first solid-fueled ICBM in the Soviet Union's strategic arsenal. It was a two-stage delivery device armed with a single 500 kt nuclear warhead. A particular practical benefit of the design was the quiet submerged launch system, which used the missile's own buoyancy to lift it to the surface.

The missile entered service in March 1980, but was never installed in any other submarine other than the K-140, and was out of service by 1991. Apparently this missile was also capable of performing the duties of SLCMs, as the targeting distance could be varied drastically.

It was the first Soviet ballistic missile using astro-inertial guidance.

Users

Soviet Navy

References

Sources
SS-N-17 at MissileThreat
MILNET: Strategic Missiles

R-031
Arsenal Design Bureau products
Arsenal Plant (Saint Petersburg) products
Military equipment introduced in the 1980s

R-31 (missile)


The Regional Museum of Anthropology and History of Chiapas (Museo Regional de Antropología e Historia de Chiapas) is the largest museum in Tuxtla Gutiérrez in Chiapas and one of the most important of its kind in Mexico. It primarily consists of two main halls with one dedicated to the state's Mesoamerican archeology and the other to the history of the state starting from the Spanish conquest. The archeological display focus on the native Zoque and Mayan cities, and the historical displays extend in time until the early 20th century. In addition to its permanent collection, it also has a temporary exhibit hall and auditorium to host events such as book signings, summer classes, conferences and more.

The institution

The Museo Regional de Antropología e Historia (Regional Museum of Anthropology and History) is the largest museum in Tuxtla Gutiérrez and one of the most important of its kind in Mexico. The director is Miguel Ángel Riva Palacio. The building was constructed in modern style between 1979 and 1982, and the museum inaugurated in 1984. It is located on the edge of Madero Park, with areas on the ground floor stark in appearance, like an airplane hangar. It was designed by architect Juan Miramontes Nájera. This design received first prize at the Third Biennial Architecture Contest in Sofia, Bulgaria in 1985. Among its decorative features is a mural called "The Magical World of the Mayas." It was originally painted in 1963 by Leonora Carrington for the Anthropology Museum in Mexico City but it was moved to Chiapas to its permanent home here.

Permanent collection

Its permanent collection covers the history of the state and is divided into two halls: one for archeology and the other for history starting from the Spanish conquest . The exhibits are labeled in Spanish although many also have English labels as well. The archeology hall is dedicated to the state's pre Hispanic history from the prehistoric to just before the arrival of the Spanish, focusing on the Zoque and Maya cultures native to the state.  The items on display are divided into three periods of time. The first is the Preclassic, which begins with the establishment of agricultural settlements from between 2000 and 1000 BCE to about 300 BCE. This era is dominated by the Olmec expansion as well as the height of native cities such as Izapa and Chiapa de Corzo. The Classic Period (300 BCE to 900 CE) is distinguished by the rise of the Maya civilization, with some notable Zoque settlements. The Post Classic is marked by the fall of the great Mayan cities around 900 CE and extends to the arrival of the Spanish. In this area of Mesoamerica, the native peoples dispersed into small isolated communities without regional cohesion. In the latter part of this period, the Aztecs from the Mexican Plateau began to make incursions here, conquering the Central Valley and Soconusco regions. The pieces on display are accompanied by diagrams, maps and reproductions of pre Hispanic murals to give context.

The second hall covered the Spanish conquest of the area to the beginning of the 20th century. This is divided into the conquest, the colonial area, Independence, the Reform War era, the Porfirio Díaz period and the Mexican Revolution. The collection includes arms, utensils, historical documents, paintings, and Catholic religious items, especially from Chiapa de Corzo, San Cristóbal de las Casas and the former monastery in Tecpatán .

Events and temporary exhibits
In addition to the two main exhibition halls, there is one other hall dedicated to temporary exhibits as well as an auditorium which seats 250 people. These are used for events related to the museum as well as outside cultural institutions. The museum offers summer courses, concerts, book signings, exhibitions, a traditional altar for Day of the Dead and more. Summer classes include workshops in archeology, ceramics, and various arts such as watercolor painting, mostly catering to children. Another way the museum reaches out to children is with a Sunday movie club. The annual altar has become an attraction not only for the local populace, but for tourists as well. It is created with the help of various artists and artisans from the state to reflect the traditions and culture of Chiapas. The museum celebrates the annual International Museum Day with the International Council of Museums  with music, guided tours, conferences and other activities. The museum has sponsored a Children's Culture Day since 2001, focusing on primary school age children from low income areas. The events involves the participation of various organization related to the environment, the Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, other museums and more, attracting about 200 children each year.

Temporary exhibits have been varied and have included archeological pieces as well as modern works. One temporary exhibit was called "Soul of Clay" with a collection of about 350 ceramic pieces fabricated over a period of more than 4,000 years. "Brujos y chamanes", (Male Witches and Shamans) was an exhibition of  thirty works by artists from Chiapas, which focused on the native magical traditions of the state and how they have influenced the culture. The museum presented a temporary exhibition called "The Pre Hispanic Jaguar, Footprints of the Divine" focusing on a number of archeological pieces. In many Mesoamerican cultures, the jaguar was a symbol of the supernatural and its image appears in pre Hispanic art since very early. Reverence to this animal remains to this day in many indigenous groups. The pieces on display included sculptures of man/jaguar figures, including two from Izapa called "The Dancing Jaguar" and "The Corn Protector." It also included a number of representations of the animal on pottery and other utensils from various parts of Chiapas.

References

Museums in Chiapas
Archaeological museums in Mexico
Tuxtla Gutiérrez


"Mi principio" (English: My Beginning) is the first single from the album Cosas Raras by Julieta Venegas. It also appears on the soundtrack of the movie "Quemar las Naves"

Song information
The soundtrack was on account of Julieta Venegas and the letter of Joselo as in the song of "Miel con veneno". Joselo in his own words said that the song is about a relationship in which one of them has to go to find their truth in a nutshell its inception. The song is also played by Eugenia Leon, in the film "Quemar las nubes," the actress Claudette Maillé is a singer, where the song is her biggest hit, Claudette never sings, but when you put the disk in fact the voice you hear is Eugenia Leon.

Music video
In the video can be seen playing Julieta Venegas song in a location that is part of the film with a background that resembles the sea and drawings of fish hanging at the ceiling while scenes from the film samples and was directed by his friend Francisco Franco, which directed the video for "Cómo sé" the second single from the album Aquí.

Awards
Ariel Award Mexico

Julieta Venegas songs
2008 songs
Spanish-language songs
Songs written by Julieta Venegas
2008 singles
Pop rock songs

Mi principio


Incandescence is the emission of electromagnetic radiation (including visible light) from a hot body as a result of its high temperature.  The term derives from the Latin verb incandescere, to glow white. A common use of incandescence is the incandescent light bulb, now being phased out.

Incandescence is due to thermal radiation. It usually refers specifically to visible light, while thermal radiation refers also to infrared or any other electromagnetic radiation.

Observation and use

In practice, virtually all solid or liquid substances start to glow around , with a mildly dull red color, whether or not a chemical reaction takes place that produces light as a result of an exothermic process. This limit is called the Draper point. The incandescence does not vanish below that temperature, but it is too weak in the visible spectrum to be perceptible.

At higher temperatures, the substance becomes brighter and its color changes from red towards white and finally blue.

Incandescence is exploited in incandescent light bulbs, in which a filament is heated to a temperature at which a fraction of the radiation falls in the visible spectrum. The majority of the radiation, however, is emitted in the infrared part of the spectrum, rendering incandescent lights relatively inefficient as a light source. If the filament could be made hotter, efficiency would increase; however, there are currently no materials able to withstand such temperatures which would be appropriate for use in lamps.

More efficient light sources, such as fluorescent lamps and LEDs, do not function by incandescence.

Sunlight is the incandescence of the "white hot" surface of the Sun.

See also

Black-body radiation
Red heat
List of light sources
luminescence (light emission by substances not resulting from heat)

References

External links

Electromagnetic radiation
Light sources
Luminescence

Incandescence


In telecommunications, packet switching is a method of grouping data that is transmitted over a digital network into packets.

Composed of a header and a payload:
A header is used by networking hardware to direct packets to its destination,
A payload is the thing extracted after it has reached its destination (thanks to the header)

The workstation creates a packet, and stamps it with the destination's IP Address and forwards it to a router, the router's job is to find out how to get the packet to the desired destination.
Breaking communication down into packets allows the same information to be shared amongst many users in a network.
A type of small network where packets (small units of data) are routed through a network based on the destination address contained in each packet.

"A data packet is a unit of data made into a single package that travels along a given network path. Data packets are used in Internet Protocol (IP) transmissions for data that navigates the Web, and in other kinds of networks."

Computer networking

Packet switching


Alan Christopher Smith  (born 25 October 1936), often known as A. C. Smith, is an English former Test cricketer, who appeared in six Tests matches for England. Primarily a wicket-keeper, Smith was also a capable right-handed middle-order batsman and right-arm seam bowler. Very unusually for a regular wicket-keeper, he was sometimes selected by Warwickshire as a frontline bowler.

He was in the last group of amateurs to play for England, before the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) abolished such a status.

Life and career
Educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham and Brasenose College, Oxford, Smith scored his maiden first-class century (106, opening the batting) for Oxford University against the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1958. He won blues 1957–1960, and captained Oxford University 1959–1960. Against Hampshire in 1959, Smith captained Oxford, kept wicket and scored centuries in both innings (145 and 124). Against the Free Foresters in 1960, Charles Fry's deputising as wicket-keeper allowed Smith to bowl himself; having never previously taken more than a single first-class wicket in an innings, he claimed figures of 5–32 and 4–45.

With Jim Parks, Jr. incumbent as England's wicket-keeper, Smith's international opportunities were limited to one tour of Australia and New Zealand under the captaincy of Ted Dexter in 1962–63. Smith failed with the bat in his four Tests against Australia; his score of 69 not out from number 10 in the Second Test against New Zealand, sharing a vital unbroken 163-run partnership with Colin Cowdrey to set up an innings victory, was his only batting contribution of note.

He succeeded M. J. K. Smith, to whom he was unrelated, as county captain of Warwickshire in 1965, retaining the post until his retirement at the end of the 1974 season. Against Essex in 1965 he achieved the very rare feat of taking a hat-trick as bowler in a first-class match in which he had been selected as a wicket-keeper. As the West Indian wicket-keeper Deryck Murray played for Warwickshire from 1972 onwards, Smith was seldom required to keep, and was hence able to bowl increasingly regularly towards the end of his career; in 1972 he took 5–47 against Glamorgan and 5–19 in a 40-over match against Northants. On one occasion, Smith was a member of a Warwickshire team which boasted three international wicket-keepers, none of whom were keeping wicket: Deryck Murray was injured, Rohan Kanhai had given up keeping, and Smith had been selected for his bowling, leaving occasional wicket-keeper John Jameson behind the stumps.

After retirement he became a leading figure in the game's organisation including spells as Secretary of Warwickshire County Cricket Club (1976–1986), as an England selector and Chief Executive of the Test and County Cricket Board (1986–1996).

References

1936 births
Living people
Cricketers from Birmingham, West Midlands
England Test cricketers
English cricketers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Secretaries of Warwickshire County Cricket Club
Warwickshire cricket captains
Warwickshire cricketers
Oxford University cricketers
English cricket administrators
Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford
People educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham
England cricket team selectors
Gentlemen cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Gentlemen of England cricketers
English cricketers of 1946 to 1968
English cricketers of 1969 to 2000
Marylebone Cricket Club Australian Touring Team cricketers
E. W. Swanton's XI cricketers

Alan Smith (cricketer)


The Council of the West was a short-lived administrative body established by Henry VIII of England for the government of the western counties of England (Cornwall, Devonshire, Dorset, and Somerset). It was analogous in form to the Council of the North; and also comparable to the Council of Wales and the Marches.

The Council was established in March 1539, with Lord Russell as its Lord President. Members included Thomas Derby, Sir Piers Edgcumbe, Sir Richard Pollard and John Rowe. However, the fall of Thomas Cromwell, the chief political supporter of government by Councils, and the tranquility of the western counties made it largely superfluous. It last sat in the summer of 1540, although it was never formally abolished. The influential role of Russell in the region, however, continued and he was instrumental in the putting down of the Prayer Book Rebellion in 1549. The historian Joyce Youings has argued that, if Cromwell had not fallen, the Council would have become part of a network of such bodies, and that his fall saved the region, and England, from his "passion for a salaried bureaucracy".

References

1539 establishments in England
1540 disestablishments in England
History of Cornwall
History of Devon
History of Dorset
History of Somerset
Tudor England
West Country
Government of England

Council of the West