The Battle of Brown's Mill was fought July 30, 1864, in Coweta County, Georgia, during the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War. Edward M. McCook's Union cavalry, on a daring raid to sever communications and supply lines in south-central Georgia, was defeated near Newnan, Georgia, by Confederate forces under Joseph Wheeler. The failure of McCook's column and a concurrent ill-fated raid by George Stoneman forced William T. Sherman to lay siege to the city of Atlanta.

Background
During the Atlanta Campaign, Gen. William T. Sherman, wanting to avoid the necessity of laying siege to the city, ordered two columns of Federal cavalry on a series of raids south of Atlanta in an attempt to cut off supply and communication lines. Maj. Gen. George Stoneman led the cavalry of the Army of the Ohio to the southeast, while Brig. Gen. Edward M. McCook's First Division of the cavalry of the Army of the Cumberland was to sever railroads southwest of the city. He was to link with Stoneman and then seize the Andersonville prison camp and free the 32,000 prisoners held there.

Crossing the Chattahoochee River on a pontoon bridge erected at Smith's Ferry, McCook's cavalrymen reached Palmetto, where they cut the Atlanta & West Point Railroad. They captured and burned over 1,000 Confederate supply wagons at Fayetteville on July 28. General McCook also gained a reputation for condoning and encouraging the destruction of civilian property. Early the next morning, his raiders reached Lovejoy's Station, twenty-three miles south of Atlanta, and began wrecking the Macon & Western Railroad. However, McCook called off the raid and turned back across the river when Stoneman failed to appear as planned.

The battle
Nevertheless, as they tried to return to the main army, McCook's division was attacked near Brown's Mill, three miles south of Newnan, by Confederate cavalry under Joseph Wheeler. McCook wanted to surrender, but instead, let his officers lead their battalions out separately. McCook, thoroughly defeated, lost 1,285 men, 1,200 horses, several ambulances, and two pieces of spiked artillery, as well as 100 killed and wounded. Wheeler also freed some 300 Confederate prisoners that McCook had previously captured. Wheeler's losses were 50 men.

Stoneman's forces also met with disaster. General Stoneman was captured, becoming the highest ranking Union officer to be a prisoner of war during the Civil War. Many of his and McCook's enlisted men ironically wound up in Andersonville, the target of their raid. Brown's Mill changed the course of the Atlanta Campaign, forcing Sherman to abandon his efforts to use cavalry to cut Atlanta's railroads and compelling him to begin a lengthy siege against his wishes.

McCook later took his remaining men northward into Tennessee when Sherman sent the Army of the Cumberland to chase John Bell Hood. McCook fought with distinction during the rest of the war, with his stunning defeat to a lesser force at Brown's Mill the major blemish on his service record.

References

 Mingus, Scott L., "The Battle of Brown's Mill," CHARGE! magazine, October 2006. Text used by permission of the Johnny Reb Gaming Society.
 Official Records

External links
 Battle of Brown's Mill historical marker

Coweta County, Georgia
Brown's Mill
Brown's Mill
Brown's Mill
Brown's Mill
July 1864 events
1864 in Georgia (U.S. state)
Brown's Mill

Battle of Brown's Mill


Jonathon Ross (born 3 November 1973) is a former Australian rules footballer in the Australian Football League. He played with the Adelaide Crows.

A well-built, strong key position player, Jonathon Ross had the potential to go far. However, his career was hampered by knee injuries and off-field drama and after playing 12 games in his debut season (1992) he managed just eight more games in the next four years. He was offered a chance at Collingwood but lost his place for disciplinary reasons.

Ross was sacked by the Magpies after being charged with unlawful assault, being drunk in a public place, four counts of assaulting police and resisting arrest shortly after arriving at the club.

He is the son of former St Kilda player Lester Ross.

References

1973 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
Adelaide Football Club players
Norwood Football Club players

Jonathon Ross (footballer)


Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is a process that occurs in water at temperatures and pressures above a mixture's thermodynamic critical point. Under these conditions water becomes a fluid with unique properties that can be used to advantage in the destruction of recalcitrant and hazardous wastes such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) or Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Supercritical water has a density between that of water vapor and liquid at standard conditions, and exhibits high gas-like diffusion rates along with high liquid-like collision rates. In addition, the behavior of water as a solvent is altered (in comparison to that of subcritical liquid water) - it behaves much less like a polar solvent. As a result, the solubility behavior is "reversed" so that oxygen, and organics such as chlorinated hydrocarbons become soluble in the water, allowing single-phase reaction of aqueous waste with a dissolved oxidizer. The reversed solubility also causes salts to precipitate out of solution, meaning they can be treated using conventional methods for solid-waste residuals. Efficient oxidation reactions occur at low temperature (400-650 °C) with reduced NOx production.

SCWO can be classified as green chemistry or as a clean technology. The elevated pressures and temperatures required for SCWO are routinely encountered in industrial applications such as petroleum refining and chemical synthesis.

A unique addition (mostly of academic interest) to the world of supercritical water (SCW) oxidation is generating high-pressure flames inside the SCW medium. The pioneer works on high-pressure supercritical water flames were carried out by professor EU Franck at the German University of Karlsruhe in the late 80s. The works were mainly aimed at anticipating conditions which would cause spontaneous generation of non-desirable flames in the flameless SCW oxidation process. These flames would cause instabilities to the system and its components. ETH Zurich pursued the investigation of hydrothermal flames in continuously operated reactors. The rising needs for waste treatment and destruction methods motivated a Japanese Group in the Ebara Corporation to explore SCW flames as an environmental tool. Research on hydrothermal flames has also begun at NASA Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio.

Basic research
Basic research on supercritical water oxidation was undertaken in the 1990s at Sandia National Laboratory's Combustion Research Facility (CRF), in Livermore, CA. Originally proposed as a hazardous waste destruction technology in response to the Kyoto protocol, multiple waste streams were studied by Steven F. Rice and Russ Hanush, and hydrothermal (supercritical water) flames were investigated by Richard R. Steeper and Jason D. Aiken. Among the waste streams studied were military dyes and pyrotechnics, methanol, and isopropyl alcohol. Hydrogen peroxide was used as an oxidizing agent, and Eric Croiset was tasked with detailed measurements of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide at supercritical water conditions.

In mid-1992, Thomas G. McGuinness, PE invented what is now known as the "transpiring-wall SCWO reactor" (TWR) while seconded to Los Alamos National Laboratory on behalf of Summit Research Corporation. McGuinness subsequently received the first US patent for a TWR in early 1995. The TWR  was designed to mitigate problems of salt/solids deposition, corrosion and thermal limitations occurring in other SCWO reactor designs (eg. tubular & vat-type reactors) at the time. The upper part of the vertical reactor incorporates a permeable liner through which a clean fluid permeates to help prevent salts and other solids from accumulating at the inner surface of the liner. The liner also insulates the outer pressure containment vessel from high temperatures within the reaction zone. The liner can be manufactured from a variety of materials resistant to corrosion and high reaction temperatures. The bottom end of the TWR incorporates a "quench cooler" for cooling the reaction byproducts while neutralizing any components that might form acids during transition to subcritical temperature. Proof-of-concept and performance advantages of the TWR for a variety of feedstocks was demonstrated by Eckhard Dinjus and Johannes Abeln at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (FZK), via direct comparison between a TWR and an adjacent tubular reactor.

Major engineering challenges were associated with the deposition of salts and chemical corrosion in these supercritical water reactors. Anthony Lajeunesse led the team investigating these issues. To address these issues Lajeunesse designed a transpiring wall reactor which introduced a pressure differential through the walls of an inner sleeve filled with pores to continuously rinse the inner walls of the reactor with fresh water. Russ Hanush was charged with the construction and operation of the supercritical fluids reactor (SFR) used for these studies. Among its design intricacies were the Inconel 625 alloy necessary for operation at such extreme temperatures and pressures, and the design of the high-pressure, high-temperature optical cells used for photometric access to the reacting flows which incorporated 24 carat gold pressure seals and sapphire windows.

Commercial applications

Several companies in the United States are now working to commercialize supercritical reactors to destroy hazardous wastes. Widespread commercial application of SCWO technology requires a reactor design capable of resisting fouling and corrosion under supercritical conditions.

In Japan a number of commercial SCWO applications exist, among them one unit for treatment of halogenated waste built by Organo. In Korea two commercial size units have been built by Hanwha.

In Europe, Chematur Engineering AB of Sweden commercialized the SCWO technology for treatment of spent chemical catalysts to recover the precious metal, the AquaCat process. The unit has been built for Johnson Matthey in the UK. It is the only commercial SCWO unit in Europe and with its capacity of 3000l/h it is the largest SCWO unit in the world. Chematur's Super Critical Fluids technology was acquired by SCFI Group (Cork, Ireland) who are actively commercializing the Aqua Critox SCWO process for treatment of sludge, e.g. de-inking sludge and sewage sludge. Many long duration trials on these applications have been made and thanks to the high destruction efficiency of 99.9%+ the solid residue after the SCWO process is well suited for recycling – in the case of de-inking sludge as paper filler and in the case of sewage sludge as phosphorus and coagulant. SCFI Group operate a 250l/h Aqua Critox demonstration plant in Cork, Ireland.

Turbosystems Engineering (California, USA) is actively commercializing their patented transpiring wall SCWO reactor ("TWR") with a focus on renewable energy applications.

374Water Inc. is a company offering commercial SCWO systems that convert organic wastes to clean water, energy and minerals. It is spun out after more than seven years of research and development funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to Prof. Deshusses laboratory based at Duke University. The founders of 374Water, Prof. Marc Deshusses and Kobe Nagar, possess the waste processing reactor patent relevant to SCWO. 374Water is actively commercializing its AirSCWO systems for the treatment of biosolids and wastewater sludges, organic chemical wastes, and PFAS wastes including unspent Aqueous Film Forming Foams (AFFFs), rinsates or spent resins and adsorption media. The first commercial sale was announced in February 2022.

Aquarden Technologies (Skaevinge, Denmark) provides modular SCWO plants for the destruction of hazardous pollutants such as PFAS, pesticides, and other problematic hydrocarbons in industrial wastestreams. Aquarden is also providing remediation of hazardous energetic wastes and chemical warfare agents with SCWO, where a full-scale SCWO system has been operating for some years in France for the Defense Industry.

See also
Supercritical fluid
Wet oxidation
Incineration

References

External links

There are some research groups working in this topic throughout the world:
 The Deshusses lab at Duke University has a Nix1 (1 ton/day) prototype in Durham, North Carolina
 SCFI have a working AquaCritox A10 plant in Cork (Ireland)
 UVa High Pressure Processes Group (Spain)
 Clean Technology Group (UK)
 FZK Karlsruhe (Germany)
 ETH Zurich, Transport Processes and Reactions Laboratory (Switzerland)
 UCL (London, UK) Clean Materials technology group working on Continuous Hydrothermal Flow Synthesis
 UBC (Vancouver, BC) Mechanical Engineering Research Activities, including projects on SCWO
 Turbosystems Engineering SCWO technology
 Universidad de Cádiz (UCA). Supercritical Fluids Group

Physical chemistry
Waste treatment technology

Supercritical water oxidation


Kelsae (, ) is a mercat toun in the Mairches area o Scotland, locatit whaur the rivers Tweed an Teviot hae their confluence. The toun haes a population o juist ower 6,000; it is regardit as ane o the maist charmin an quaint touns in the area wi its cobbled streets, elegant Georgian biggins an French style cobbled mercat square. Kelso's ither main tourist attractions are the ruined Kelso Abbey an Floors Castle, a William Adam designed hoose completit in 1726. The brig at Kelsae wis designed bi John Rennie wha later biggit London Bridge.

History
The toun o Kelso came intae being as a direct result o the creation o Kelso Abbey in 1128. The toun's name stems frae the fact that the earliest settlement stuid on a chalky ootcrop, an the toun wis kent as Calkou (or aiblins Calchfynydd) in those early days.

Staundin on the opposite bank o the river Tweed frae the nou-vanished ryal burgh o Roxburgh, Kelsae an its sister hamlet o Wester Kelsae wur linked tae the burgh bi a ferry at Wester Kelso. A smaw hamlet existit afore the completion o the Abbey in 1128 but the settlement stairtit tae flourish wi the arrival o the monks. Mony wur skilled craftsmen, an they helped the local population as the veelage expandit. The Abbey controlled muckle o life in Kelso-area burgh o barony, cried Holydean, till the Reformation in the 16t century. Efter that, the pouer an walth o the Abbey declined. The Kerr family o Cessford teuk ower the barony an mony o the Abbey's properties aroond the toun. Bi the 17t century, they virtually awned Kelsae.

In Roxburgh Street, ootside the Haldanes supermercat, is the ootline o a horseshae petrosomatoglyph whaur the horse o Charles Edward Stuart cast a shae as he wis ridin it through the toun on his way tae Carlisle in 1745. He is an aa said tae hae plantit a white rosebush in his host's gairden, descendants o whilk are still said tae flourish in the neeburheid.

Notable residents

Sir Walter Scott attendit Kelso Grammar School in 1783 an he said o the toun, "it is the most beautiful if not the most romantic village in Scotland". Anither attraction is the Cobby Riverside Walk that gangs frae the toun centre tae Floors Castle alang the banks o the Tweed passin the point whaur it is joined bi the River Teviot. Kelsae haes twa brigs that span the River Tweed, "Rennie's Bridge" wis completit in 1803 tae replace an earlier ane washed away in the floods o 1797, it wis built bi John Rennie o Haddington, who later went on tae build Waterloo Bridge in Lunnon, his brig in Kelso is a smawer an earlier version o Waterloo Bridge. The brig wis the cause o local riotin in 1854 when the Kelso population objectit tae payin tolls even when the cost o construction haed been covered, the Riot Act wis read, three years later tolls wur abolisht. Hunter's Bridge, a kilometre dounstream, is a modren construction built tae take muckle o the hivy traffic that haes damaged Rennie's brig bi divertin vehicles aroond the toun.

Famous fowk frae Kelsae hae includit ceevil ingineer Sir James Brunlees (1816–1892) who constructit mony railways in the Unitit Kinrick as well as designin the docks at Avonmouth an Whitehaven. Sir William Fairbairn (1789–1874) wis anither ingineer who built the first iron hulled steamship the Lord Dundas an constructit ower 1000 brigs uisin the tubular steel method that he pioneered. Thomas Pringle the writer, poet an abolitionist, wis born at nearbi Blakelaw, a 500-acre (2.0 km2) fermstead fower mile (6 km) tae the sooth o the toun whaur his faither wis the tenant.

Modren amenities an events
The toun haes muckle sport an recreation, the River Tweed at Kelso is renouned for its salmon fishin, there are twa aichteen hole gowf courses as well as a National Hunt (jumpin) horse racin track, Kelsae Racecoorse. the course is kent as "Breetain's Friendliest Racecourse", racin first teuk place in Kelso in 1822.

In 2005 the toun hostit the 'World Meeting of 2CV Friends' in the grunds o nearbi Floors Castle. Ower 7,000 fowk teuk ower the toun an are said tae hae brocht in mair nor £2 million pund tae the local economy.

Accordin tae a letter datit 17 October 17, 1788, 'The wirkmen nou employed in diggin the foondations o some releegious hooses that stuid upon St. James' Green, whaur the great annual fair o that name is nou held in the neeburheid o this toun, hae dug up twa sone [sic] coffins o whilk the bones wur entire, several pieces o pentit glass, a siller coin o Robert II, an ither antique relics'.

The toun's rugby union team (Kelso RFC) are heichlie respectit, an their annual rugby seivens tournament takes place in early August. Famous umwhile players include John Jeffrey, Roger Baird, Andrew Ker an Adam Roxburgh, aw o whom featured in 7's teams that dominatit the Borders circuit in the 1980s, includin several wins in the blue riband event at Melrose.Kelso RFC an aa hauld an annual rugby fixture, this fixture is the auldest unbreuken fixture atween a Scots an Welsh side, the oposition is famous for being the birthplace o the film actor Richard Burton an vocalist Ivor Emannuel is is sma veelage nesttled in the bonnie Sooth Wales Valleys cried Pontrhydyfen. The fixture wis foondit some 47 years ago bi Ian Henderson a local Kelso businessman an Tom Owen fixture secretary o Pontrhydyfen RFC. The twa teams currently play for the DT Owen Cup, the twa clubs alternate the fixture, ane year they play in Kelsae (the first fixture vennue) an the follaein year in Pontrhydyfen. This fixture haes nurtured generations o friendships an the 50t Anniversay o this fixture will be held in 2013, this is unique, some claim tae hae the langest fixture atween a Scots an Welsh side, housomeivver this is the langest unbreuken fixture an hopefully will remain so for years tae come.

Floors Castle

Floors castle is lairge statley hame juist ootside Kelso. It is a popular visitor attraction in the Mairches.  Adjacent tae the hoose there is a fabulous wawed garden wi a cafe, a sma gairden centre an the Star Plantation.

Twins
Kelso is twinned wi twa ceeties abroad:
 - Kelso, Washington, Unitit States
 - Orchies, Fraunce.

References

Freemit airtins

 Kelsae, Scotland ~ Toun Wabsteid
 Kelso Scots Borders
 Kelsae Sangs
 Photos o Kelsae
 Coin Hoard Airticle

Touns in the Mairches
Populatit places on the River Tweed
Places o Scotland

Kelsae


Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the Commonwealth of Virginia enjoy the same rights as non-LGBT persons. LGBT rights in the state are a recent occurrence with most improvements in LGBT rights occurring in the 2000s and 2010s. Same-sex marriage has been legal in Virginia since October 6, 2014, when the U.S. Supreme Court refused to consider an appeal in the case of Bostic v. Rainey. Effective July 1, 2020, there is a state-wide law protecting LGBT persons from discrimination in employment, housing, public accommodations, and credit. The state's hate crime laws also now explicitly include both sexual orientation and gender identity.

Prior to July 1, 2020, Virginia only afforded limited protections for LGBT persons (in state employment only), the state's hate crime laws did not include a provision for sexual orientation or gender identity, and the statute criminalizing sodomy between same-sex and opposite-sex couples, though declared unconstitutional nationally by the Supreme Court of the United States in 2003, was not repealed until 11 years later in 2014.

Law regarding same-sex sexual activity
Virginia's statutes criminalizing sodomy between same-sex and opposite-sex couples, "crimes against nature, morals and decency," were effectively invalidated by the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Lawrence v. Texas in 2003.

On March 4, 2020, Governor Ralph Northam signed into law formally repealing § 18.2-344, the ban on fornication between unmarried persons. This ban was previously invalidated in 2005 by the Supreme Court of Virginia in Martin v. Ziherl.

On January 31, 2013, the Senate of Virginia passed a bill repealing § 18.2-345, the lewd and lascivious cohabitation statute enacted in 1877, by a vote of 40 to 0. On February 20, 2013, the Virginia House of Delegates passed the bill by a vote of 62 to 25 votes. On March 20, 2013, Governor Bob McDonnell signed the repeal of the lewd and lascivious cohabitation statute from the Code of Virginia.

On March 12, 2013, a three-judge panel of the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit struck down § 18.2-361, the crimes against nature statute. On March 26, 2013, Attorney General of Virginia Ken Cuccinelli filed a petition to have the case reheard en banc, but the Court denied the request on April 10, 2013, with none of its 15 judges supporting the request. On June 25, Cuccinelli filed a petition for certiorari asking the U.S. Supreme Court to review the Court of Appeals decision, which was rejected on October 7. On February 7, 2014, the Virginia Senate voted 40–0 in favor of revising the crimes against nature statute to remove the criminalization of consensual same-sex sexual relations. On March 6, 2014, the Virginia House of Delegates voted 100–0 in favor of the bill. The bill (as amended by Governor McAuliffe's recommendations) was signed into law by Governor McAuliffe and went into effect immediately.

Recognition of same-sex relationships

Marriage

Virginia voters ratified a constitutional amendment defining marriage as the union of a man and a woman in November 2006. Prior to 2020 Virginia statute also contained language banning any recognition of same-sex marriage. The constitutional amendment also prohibited the Commonwealth of Virginia and its political subdivisions, such as counties and independent cities, from creating or recognize any legal status for relationships of unmarried individuals, such as domestic partnership benefits.

In mid-2013, two lawsuits were filed in federal court challenging the state's ban on same-sex marriage. In January 2014, newly elected Attorney General Mark Herring filed a brief stating the state's reversal in the lawsuit in Norfolk: "The Attorney General has concluded that Virginia's laws denying the right to marry to same-sex couples violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution." Governor Terry McAuliffe, also a recently elected Democrat, backed Herring's refusal to defend the ban.

A federal court decision in Bostic v. Rainey on February 13, 2014, found Virginia's ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional, but stayed enforcement of that decision pending appeal. On July 28, 2014, the Fourth Circuit ruled 2–1 in favor of upholding the lower court's decision to strike down Virginia's ban on same-sex marriage. Scheduled on August 21, 2014, gay marriage was to be legal in Virginia, but was later put on hold by the Supreme Court on August 20, 2014, to review the option. Same-sex marriage in the U.S. Commonwealth of Virginia has been legal since October 6, 2014, following a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States to refuse to hear an appeal of the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals in the case Bostic v. Schaefer. Marriages of same-sex couples subsequently began at 1pm October 6 after the Circuit Court issued its mandate; the first same-sex couple to marry in the Commonwealth was Lindsey Oliver and Nicole Pries in Richmond, Virginia. Since then Virginia has performed legal marriages of same-sex couples and recognized out-of-state marriages of same-sex couples.

On March 3, 2020, Governor Ralph Northam signed into law a bill formally repealing the defunct statutory ban on same-sex marriage and civil unions.

In February 2022, a Virginia House of Delegates subcommittee blocked a bill and resolution to remove the defunct gay marriage ban within the Virginia Constitution.

Domestic partnership
In December 2009, Governor Tim Kaine started a process designed to extend employee health benefits to the same-sex partners of the state's employees. After Bob McDonnell became governor in January 2010, he asked Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli for a legal opinion on such an extension of benefits, and Cuccinelli issued a legal opinion that the anticipated change to the Commonwealth's health plan required authorizing legislation. His ruling ended the administrative process Kaine had initiated.

Arlington County
Arlington County announced plans in May 1997 to modify its employee health plan so that same-sex partners could gain coverage, and on March 12, 1998, three local taxpayers asked the Arlington County Circuit Court to stop the county from doing so. The Circuit Court agreed and on appeal the Supreme Court of Virginia ruled in Arlington County v. White on April 21, 2000, that local governments are subject to state statutes and prohibited from expanding employee health insurance benefits beyond spouses or financial dependents.

City of Alexandria
An employee of the City of Alexandria can apply for Domestic Partnership benefits within the legal penumbra of the City of Alexandria provided the two parties have lived together for six (6) months or more and can prove cohabitation using shared bills, or a shared lease, among other forms of proof. It is implied that same-sex couples can apply for this benefit.

Hospital visitation
On February 5, 2007, the Virginia House of Delegates voted 97–0 in favor of a bill that would extend hospital visitation rights to same-sex couples through a designated visitor statute. On February 20, 2007, the Virginia State Senate voted 40–0 in favor of the bill. On March 26, 2007, Governor Tim Kaine signed the bill into law, which went into effect on July 1, 2007.

Adoption and parenting
Virginia allows single persons and opposite-sex married couples to adopt children. The state has no explicit prohibition on adoption by same-sex couples or second-parent adoptions.

On April 20, 2011, the State Board of Social Services voted 7–2 against rules that would have prohibited discrimination in adoptions "on the basis of gender, age, religion, political beliefs, sexual orientation, disability, family status, race, color or national origin." Members cited the advice of Virginia Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli that the rules under consideration violated state law.

On February 3, 2012, the Virginia House of Delegates voted 71–28 in favor of a bill, HB 189, that authorizes adoption agencies to refuse adoptions for religious reasons. On February 9, an identical bill, SB349, passed the Virginia State Senate on a 22–18 vote. On February 21, the Senate voted 22–18 in favor of HB 189. On February 22, the House of Delegates voted 71–28 in favor of SB 349. On April 9, Governor Bob McDonnell signed both bills into law, and they took effect on July 1, 2012.

In February 2019, the Virginia General Assembly (by House vote 63-36 and Senate vote 28–12) passed a bill to explicitly and legally include surrogacy contracts for same-sex couples. The bill was signed into law in March 2019 by the Governor of Virginia Ralph Northam. The law went into effect on July 1, 2019.

In February 2021, Virginia Lawmakers passed a bill to ban taxpayers dollars going directly to religious organizations - that discriminate against LGBT individuals within adoption placements.

Discrimination protections

Effective on July 1, 2020, Virginia law prohibits discrimination based on gender identity or sexual orientation in all areas, including employment. Arlington County and the independent city of Alexandria prohibit discrimination in employment for sexual orientation only.

On January 11, 2014, Governor Terry McAuliffe's first executive order prohibited employment discrimination in public sector employment. This restored the protections first provided in 2005 by Governor Mark Warner and continued under Governor Tim Kaine, which Governor Bob McDonnell had failed to include in his 2010 executive order protecting state workers from certain types of discrimination.

The Virginia Senate has passed legislation to prohibit the state government from discriminating against its employees based on sexual orientation in 2010, 2011, and 2013, but the Virginia House of Delegates did not vote on any of those measures.

On February 6, 2020, the Virginia General Assembly passed the "Virginia Values Act," which would provide nondiscrimination protections for LGBTQ people in employment, housing, credit, and public accommodations. The bill was signed into law by Governor Ralph Northam on April 11, 2020. The law took effect on July 1, 2020, the first of its kind in the Southern United States.

On March 4, 2020, Governor Ralph Northam signed into law a bill that would allow localities to enact their own non-discrimination protections against sexual orientation and gender identity.

Lawsuits filed
In September 2020, several lawsuits were filed within Virginia courts by religious groups and a wedding photographer - due to new anti-discrimination laws enacted and in effect since July 1, 2020 that allegedly "violates religious freedoms and expression of individuals". In March 2021, a federal judge dismissed immediately the legal challenge to Virginia's anti-discrimination laws.

In September 2021, the Virginia Supreme Court upheld a lower court ruling that reinstated a teacher who had been suspended for speaking out against transgender children and not using their pronouns, based on his Christian beliefs.

Gay bar ban

In 1934, the Board of the Virginia Alcoholic Beverage Control Authority (ABC) enacted regulations regarding the sale of alcoholic beverages in the state of Virginia. There were several regulations regarding homosexual patrons. Gay bars and bars employing and serving gays and lesbians were banned and subject to fines and or prosecution. In 1991, a federal judge declared the ABC's ban on gay bars unconstitutional in the case French Quarter Cafe v. Virginia Alcoholic Beverage Control Board.

Hate crime laws
Virginia's hate crime laws address violence based on race, religious conviction, color, national origin, disability, gender, sexual orientation and gender identity.

On March 4, 2020, Governor Ralph Northam signed into law a bill that would add sexual orientation and gender identity to the state's hate crime laws. This law took effect on July 1, 2020.

Gay or trans panic defense
The bill (HB 2132) to repeal the gay panic defense passed the Virginia General Assembly in March 2021. The bill (HB 2132) was signed into law by the Governor of Virginia Ralph Northam and went into effect on July 1.

Gender identity and expression
Individuals within Virginia since 1979 needed sexual reassignment surgery, to change sex on a birth certificate. However effective since September 1, 2020, individuals will just need "appropriate clinical treatment" to change sex on a birth certificate - under recently passed and signed laws by both the Virginia General Assembly and the Governor of Virginia cutting red tape.

Effective July 1, 2020, Virginia began offering an "X" gender marker on state driver's licenses.

In 2014, a transgender high school student in Gloucester County was not allowed to use the boys' bathroom, but a court ruled that the school board acted unlawfully in preventing him from using the bathroom, and the U.S. Supreme Court in 2021 let that lower court's ruling stand.

Department of Education
In July 2023, the Virginia Department of Education passed explicit policies - that includes banning bathroom access and pronoun usage for transgender individuals within all schools and classrooms.

Health

Department of Health
In early 2023, Glenn Youngkin's office removed two LGBTQ youth initiatives, Queer Kid Stuff and Q Chat Space, from a Department of Health webpage after the Daily Wire contacted the state regarding them.

Conversion therapy
Virginia prohibits health care providers from trying to change the sexual orientation and/or gender identity of minors.

HIV law reforms
In March 2021, the Virginia General Assembly passed a bill (SB1138) to decriminalize and modernise HIV laws. The bill (SB1138) was signed into law by the Governor of Virginia Ralph Northam on March 31, 2021. This would make Virginia the first southern US state to legally do this.

21-member LGBTIQ+ advisory panel
In March 2021, a bill was signed into law by the Virginia Governor Ralph Northam - that will establish a 21-member LGBTIQ+ advisory panel from July 1.

Don't say gay law discovered
In August 2022, it was recently discovered that Virginia "accidentally implemented" a don't say gay law (similar to Florida) - only because of an archaic legal explicit backdated reference, that defines sexual conduct as homosexuality (listed within the Code of Virginia). Schools are legally prohibited from accessing explicit sexual conduct materials within the classroom as a criminal offence since July 1, 2022 within Virginia, under a bill signed into law by the Governor of Virginia.

Major political party platforms

The Democratic Party of Virginia platform follows the platform of the Democratic National Committee.

The Virginia Republican Party follows the Virginia Republican Creed, which does not explicitly address LGBT rights. The creed simply states "That all individuals are entitled to equal rights, justice, and opportunities and should assume their responsibilities as citizens in a free society."

Summary table

See also
 Law of Virginia
 French Quarter Cafe v. Virginia Alcoholic Beverage Control Board

References

Rights
Virginia
Politics of Virginia
Virginia law

LGBT rights in Virginia


The Last Poets is the name for several groups of poets and musicians who came out of the late 1960s African-American civil rights movement's black nationalist movement. The name is taken from a poem by the South African revolutionary poet Keorapetse Kgositsile. The Original Last Poets were formed on May 19, 1968 at Marcus Garvey Park in East Harlem. Their first album The Last Poets was released in 1970.

1968 establishments in New York (state)
20th-century American musicians

The Last Poets


Conwy Castle () is a castle that was built in the Middle Ages. It is in Conwy, in the country of Wales. It was built by Edward I of England. He built it after he went to Wales and took over control of it, conquering it. He built it between the years of 1283 and 1289. It is part of the city walls. It cost £15,000 to build. The castle has survived wars like Madog ap Llywelyn. Richard II of England hid there in 1399. Owain Glyndŵr took it over in 1401, too.

After the English Civil War started in 1642, people who supported Charles I of England took over the castle. They stayed there until 1646, which was when the Roundheads took it from them. When that war ended, the government partially destroyed the castle, so no one would use it. By 1665 it was completely destroyed because people had taken all of the iron and lead from the castle and sold it. Artists started making paintings of the castle in the 18th and 19th centuries. People started visiting it on vacation and it is now ran by Cadw.

Conwy Castle was called one of the best Middle Ages military places in Europe by UNESCO. It is a World Heritage Site. The castle is rectangular. It is made from local stone and stone brought from other places. There are two parts of the castle: "Inner Ward" and "Outer Ward". It has eight towers and two barbicans. There is a gate which has a path that goes down to River Conwy. This path let the castle get supplies from boats and fishing. It has one of the oldest machicolation's in the country. It also has a bedroom which was used by kings and queens. The castle was based on the buildings made by James of Saint George.

History

1200s

Conwy was a Cistercian monastery before it was a town. It was often visited by the Welsh princes. It is also a place where a person can cross the River Conwy going from the ocean area to the inland. The area has been owned by kings who have been from England and Wales since 1070.

In 1282 Edward I of England attacked the castle. He had a big army. They came to the castle from the north. They came from Carmarthen. They also came from the West. The army came from Montgomery and Chester. The town of Aberconwy was captured by Edward in March 1283. He decided to use the castle as the center point for a county. There used to be an abbey where the castle was. Edward had the abbey relocated. He wanted to own the castle so that other people thought he was very powerful.

After Edward decided to build the castle people started building it quickly. Sir John Bonvillars was the foreman for the building of the castle. A mason named James of St. George also worked on the project. They started building it in 1283. From 1283 until 1284 they built the walls and towers. Next, they built the buildings inside the castle walls. They also built walls for a town nearby. That took place between 1284 and 1286. They finished building the castle in 1287. People came from all over England to help build the castle. People would meet in Chester and walk to Wales to work at the castle. In total the project cost £15,000. That was a lot of money back then.

The castle had a person who was both constable and the mayor of Conwy. That person also managed 30 soldiers. A carpenter, chaplain, blacksmith, engineer, and stonemason worked at the castle. In 1294 Madog ap Llywelyn started to fight against the people who ruled England. King Edward moved to Conwy to escape Madog ap Llywelyn. He lived at the castle from December 1294 until January 1295. He was only able to get supplies and food from the sea. Eventually, soldiers came and helped him in February. After that time, various people lived at the castle. This included Edward's son, who would become Edward II of England. He lived there in 1301.

1300s-1400s

The castle fell apart during the 14th century because people did not take care of it. By the year 1321 the roof was leaking and the wood was rotting. In 1343, Edward, the Black Prince took over the castle. He fixed it with the help of Sir John Weston. Weston worked for Edward. They added a lot of things, including arches to the great hall. When Edward died, the castle fell apart again.

Richard II of England started living in the castle towards the end of the century. He stayed there to escape Henry IV. When Richard got back from Ireland on August 12, 1399, and went to the castle, he met Henry Percy. Percy worked for Henry IV. The two talked to help stop the fighting. Percy promised to not hurt Richard. Richard surrendered on August 19 to Henry Percy at Flint Castle. He said he would stop being King if he was allowed to live, not die. Richard was taken to London. He died at Pontefract Castle.

A rebellion started in 1400, during the rule of Henry IV. It was started by Owain Glyndŵr. This was just after Richard was told he was no longer king. Two cousins of Owain Glyndŵr, Rhys ap Tudur and his brother Gwilym, attacked the castle as a surprise. They dressed up like carpenters and acted like they were going to fix the castle. The got inside, killed two watchmen, and took over the castle. Their troops took over the town. The brothers lived there for about 3 months. They gave up after Henry IV promised to forgive them and they would not go to trial.

The castle was almost used during the War of the Roses but by the time the war ended it did not see any activity. The castle went through repairs in the 1520s and 1530s by Henry VIII. The castle was used as a prison and sometimes people who visited Conwy stayed at the castle.

1600s to today

The castle had fallen apart again by the 1600s.  It was sold to Edward Conway by Charles I in 1627. Edward bought it for £100. Edward's son, also named Edward, took over the castle in 1631. It was a ruin. In 1642, the English Civil War started. John Williams, Archbishop of York, took charge of the castle for the king. He used his own money to fix the broken parts of the castle. In 1645, Sir John Owen became governor of the castle. The two men argued about this, since Williams was supposed to be running it, not Owen. Eventually Williams gave up and moved back to London. The castle was taken over by Thomas Mytton between a siege in August and November of 1646.

After the siege, Colonel John Carter became governor of the castle. He made more repairs to fix it. In 1655, the English Council of State was told, by the Parliament of England, to pull down the castle so people could not use it anymore. The Bakehouse Tower was partially torn apart during that time. The castle was given back to Edward Conway by Charles II as part of the Restoration. But, five years later Conway took all of the iron and lead that was on the castle and sell it to make money. A man named William Milward was in charge of taking the iron and lead off the castle. The people who lived in the town of Conwy protested the removal. Conway and Millward did not care and the castle became a complete ruin.

By the end of the 18th century the castle ruins were called "picturesque" and beautiful. People and artists would visit the castle from around the country. Artists would paint pictures of it, including the artists Thomas Girtin, Moses Griffith, Julius Caesar Ibbetson, Paul Sandby and J. M. W. Turner. Bridges were built over the River Conwy to the town from the Llandudno in the 1800s. The new bridges brought more tourists to the area. The two bridges included the Conwy Suspension Bridge, built in 1826, and the Conwy Railway Bridge, built in 1848. This allowed people with boats, cars, and riding in trains to visit the castle. The Holland family was running the castle, and in 1865 they gave it to the local government to run. The town helped to restore the ruins and they fixed the Bakehouse Tower. The castle was leased in 1953 to the Ministry of Works. They had Arnold Taylor start to fix the castle. He also researched the castle's history. A new road was built to the castle in 1958. It was going to be made into a monument by the country. In 1986 it was called a World Heritage Site.

Today it is ran by Cadw and tourists visit it. As of 2010, 186,897 people had visited the castle. They opened a new visitor center in 2012. The castle always has to be repaired. Between the years 2002 and 2003, it cost £30,000 to maintain and repair the castle.

Architecture

The castle is considered one of the best "examples of late 13th century and early 14th century military architecture in Europe," by UNESCO. It sits on the coast. The coast is made up of a lot of rocks, including grey sandstone and limestone. Most of the stone that the castle was built out of is from this stone. The sandstone used to make carvings was brought from the Creuddyn peninsula, Chester, and the Wirral. That sandstone had more colors than the grey sandstone that was local. It might have been chosen not only because it was easy to carve, but also because it was pretty.

The castle is rectangular. It has two different sections, the Inner Ward and the Outer Ward. It has four towers. They are  and there is one on each side of the castle. The castle would have been painted white with lime render during its early days. The towers have holes in them, called "putlog holes". These holes were used to help the builders build the towers, by putting wood timber pieces through the holes so they could climb up the towers. There are also square holes that are found in the castle walls. No one knows what they were used for. Maybe they were used to get rid of water when it rained, used for hoardings, or for displaying decorations.

The main entrance to the castle is through the western barbican. That barbican used to go over a drawbridge and a ramp from the town. Today, the path goes along the east side of the walls. The barbican has some of the oldest machicolation stones in Britain. In the early days, the gate to the castle was probably protected by a portcullis.

Through the gate is the Outer Ward. When it was first built, this is where administrative duties were. People were handling business and management of the castle. This is where the northwest tower is located. People could live inside of it, and also store things. There is also the southwest tower, which was used by the constable. There was also a bakery inside of it. On the southside of the Outer Ward, there is a great hall and a chapel. There are also cellars. There is an old great arch from the 1340s. A jail was in a tower behind the great hall. There was a dungeon inside of it. The north side of the Outer Ward has a kitchen, brewery, bakery, and inside the tower people could live and store things.

There used to be a wall that separated the Inner Ward from the Outer Ward. The wall, which was inside the castle, had a drawbridge and a gate. There was also a ditch which made it hard to cross if the gate was closed. In the 16th century, the ditch was filled up so people could walk over it and the drawbridge was removed. This is where the spring that the castle gets it water from is located. The well is  deep. The Inner Ward is where the royal guests and residents lived. It is also where their staff and servants lived. The royal bedrooms, also called "chambers", are considered the finest preserved in England and Wales. The Inner Ward was supposed to look like a very small version of a royal palace. The reason the wall, gate, and ditch were built was so that if there was an emergency or an attack, the Inner Ward could be sealed off from the Outer Ward, which would fight against invasions.

The rooms where the royals lived were on the first floor in a series of small buildings. There were four protective towers for the Inner Ward. One of the towers was a chapel where the royals would have religious services. All of the towers had turrets for security. They also each displayed the royal flag. It is believed that this part of Conwy Castle was designed similar to that at Corfe Castle. The king could have his own private time while having a lot of security to keep him and all inside safe. There used to be two apartments inside, but eventually they were made into one apartment with three rooms.

The east side of the Inner Ward has another barbican. This is where the castle garden is. The royal apartments could see the garden from their windows. There used to be grass there, and then vines, crab-apple trees, and flowers. There was a small gate that led to a small dock on the river. This allowed visitors to visit and leave the castle with very few people seeing them. It also allowed people to get supplies for the Inner Ward from boats.

The architecture is similar to that found in the kingdom of Savoy during the 13th century. This includes the way the windows were designed, the positioning of the "putlog" holes. Historians think that Conwy Castle was influenced by the work of architect Master James, from Savoy. The similarities to Savoy architecture might also be because many of the men who worked on building Conwy Castle were from Savoy.

Footnotes

References

Bibliography

Other websites

Cadw's official page on Conwy Castle

Castles in Wales
1289 establishments
13th-century buildings and structures
Grade I listed buildings in Wales

Conwy Castle


Rail is a British magazine on the subject of current rail transport in Great Britain. It is published every two weeks by Bauer Consumer Media and can be bought from the travel sections of UK newsstands. It is targeted primarily at the enthusiast market, but also covers issues relating to rail transport.

Rail is more than four decades old, and was called Rail Enthusiast from its launch in 1981 until 1988. It is one of only two railway magazines that increased its circulation. It has roughly the same cover design for several years, with a capitalised italic red RAIL along the top of the front cover.

Editorial policy

Rail is customarily critical of railway institutions, including the Rail Delivery Group, the Office of Rail and Road, as well as, since it assumed greater railway powers, the Department for Transport. Rail's continuing campaigns include one against advertising and media images showing celebrities and others walking between the rails (an unsafe practice), with another against weeds on railway lines.

The market for rail magazines has remained static but bounced back since then. To meet the change in the market, the magazine has repositioned itself from being purely enthusiast-based to being more business-oriented. This has met with some success.

Rail also organises conferences, including the annual National Rail Conference, the National Rail Awards and the Rail 100 Breakfast Club.

Regular features and contributors

Rail publishes a mix of news, analysis and features written by its own editorial staff and freelance contributors.

The magazine takes a broadly supportive stance on High Speed 2 and began running a regular column dedicated to it in 2013.

The magazine's Managing Editor is Nigel Harris. Other staff include Deputy Editor Stefanie Foster, News Editor Paul Stephen and Features Editor Tom Allett.

Other regular contributors include transport commentator Christian Wolmar, one of the most vociferous critics of the privatisation of railways in Britain; fares and ticketing expert Barry Doe (The Fare Dealer); an anonymous railway employee, the Industry Insider, as well as Steve Broadbent, Andy Coward and Chris Leigh.

Many of Rail's editorial staff frequently appear on television and radio when a rail expert is needed to comment on a story.

See also
 List of rail transport-related periodicals
 Modern Railways
 Railways Illustrated
 The Railway Magazine
 Today's Railways UK

References

External links

1981 establishments in England
Bauer Group (UK)
Biweekly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1981
Mass media in Peterborough
Rail transport magazines published in the United Kingdom

Rail (magazine)


, also known as "Cat Burglar" Nami, is a fictional character in the One Piece franchise created by Eiichiro Oda. She is based on Ann and Silk, two characters from Oda's previous manga Romance Dawn. She is introduced as a thief and pickpocket who possesses cartographical, meteorological, and navigational skills. At first, she is a subordinate of the fishman Arlong, but she is eventually freed of this service and permanently joins Monkey D. Luffy.

In the series, Nami is the Straw Hat Pirates' navigator, who dreams of drawing a map of the entire world. Despite her initial distrust of pirates, Nami eventually changes her mind after being around Luffy and the rest of the crew. Nami is depicted as an intelligent girl who is obsessed with obtaining money. She is able to use her three-sectioned staff and her climate skills to create powerful attacks; the most prominent of these staff weapons is the Klima-Tact, in which she manipulates the climate to create weather-based attacks.

Conception and creation

Nami was based on two of Eiichiro Oda's earlier characters named Silk and Ann, from his one-shot manga Romance Dawn. In these stories, Silk and Ann were parentless and had tragic pasts. Oda designed Nami as a human girl. At first, Oda wanted Nami to use a large axe, but he replaced it with a pole-based weapon. In an early concept of the Straw Hats, Nami was the only woman on the crew.

Nami is fashionable and her style changes throughout One Piece. She was first introduced wearing a white-and-blue striped shirt, an orange mini-skirt and orange boots. Throughout the series, Nami is commonly seen wearing a shirt or bikini top, a skirt and high-heeled sandals. Nami often wears blue tattoos throughout the course of the series; the first is a symbol of Arlong's crew which is later removed and replaced with a symbol of a tangerine and pinwheel on her left bicep. Eventually, Nami starts wearing earrings and has her hair, once just barely shoulder-length, grown down to the middle of her back, while usually wearing bikini tops with blue jeans. Concerning her ethnic appearance, Oda revealed that he imagines Nami to be of Swedish nationality, albeit in a real-world context.

Portrayals

In the Japanese version of the One Piece anime series, and related media, Nami has been voiced by Akemi Okamura. In 2001, Okamura temporarily left the series due to her pregnancy; Wakana Yamazaki acted as a substitute for episodes 70-78. In the OVA Defeat the Pirate Ganzack!, Nami was voiced by Megumi Toyoguchi. In 4Kids Entertainment's dub of the anime, Nami is voiced by Kerry Williams. In Funimation Entertainment's dub of the anime, Nami is voiced by Luci Christian.

Nami is portrayed by Emily Rudd in the live action adaptation of One Piece.

Characteristics
Nami possesses several abilities. She can tell climate changes and draw sea charts. She is also a pickpocket. During the early part of the series, Nami possesses a three-sectioned bo staff until Usopp creates a variation of her staff, known as the , which can control the weather at will. Later, Usopp upgrades her weapon to the , using Dials to increase her attacks.

Eventually, Nami adds the Sorcery Clima-Tact (Sorcery Climate Baton in the Viz manga and Funimation subs) with Weatheria's technology, which not only has improved abilities, but can also be used for other uses such as producing Milky Clouds for riding across. As with her original staff, these three weapons are also tri-sectional. Later, Usopp gives Nami an improved Sorcery Clima-Tact model she wanted him to make (which he had Franky help him a little bit). Using the knowledge he acquired over the time-skip with the plant-based Pop Greens, Usopp combined this with the Weatheria technology Nami provided him and designed the new Sorcery Clima-Tact to be smaller and more compact than the previous models. Instead, it uses the Pop Greens' growth abilities for the staff to extend and contract, through the use of squeezing or releasing the handle. This improvement also allows Nami to now be able to directly attack with her staff from a distance. Nami later teamed up with Big Mom's thundercloud-based accomplice Zeus, eventually forcing him to become her servant, and is currently part of her arsenal, now living inside her Clima-Tact. Though Zeus' body was later destroyed by his former master, his soul was able to survive and has now completely merged with the Clima-Tact, improving its capabilities and giving it shape-changing abilities, such as transforming it into a mace.

Appearances

In One Piece
Nami first appears in the manga chapter , first published in Japan's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine on September 22, 1997. She first appears as a thief who robs treasure from pirates, and partners with Luffy and Zoro after joining forces to obtain a map of the Grand Line from the clown-like pirate Buggy. As the crew defends the seafaring restaurant Baratie from Don Krieg's pirates, Nami learns of a bounty on the fish-man pirate Arlong and departs with the crew's ship and accumulated treasure, intending to buy back her home village Cocoyashi from Arlong's control.

The crew learns of Nami's past from her adoptive sister Nojiko: Nami and Nojiko were orphaned infants rescued from a war-torn kingdom and adopted by the Marine Bellemere, who raised them as her own. As a child, Nami developed a love for cartography and navigation, dreaming of creating a map of the entire world. One day, Arlong and his crew invaded Cocoyashi and demanded a monetary tribute from the villagers. Bellemere used her entire remaining fortune to spare Nami and Nojiko, and was killed by Arlong to set an example for the villagers. Arlong then kidnapped Nami upon discovering her talent for cartography and forced her to chart maps for him, while promising that the village would be freed for a price. Nami was driven for the following eight years to rob from pirates in order to buy back her village. When Nami's loot is confiscated by a corrupt Marine, she learns that Arlong has been bribing the Navy into ignoring his crimes, and she begs Luffy for help in her despair. Luffy and the others successfully defeat Arlong, freeing the village as a result. Nami rejoins the crew as they sail off to the Grand Line to pursue their dreams.

At Whiskey Peak, the crew is entrusted to escort the princess Nefertari Vivi to her kingdom Alabasta. While fending off pursuers of Vivi on Little Garden, Nami is bitten by a poisonous tick and falls ill. She is treated and cured on Drum Island, where the medic Tony Tony Chopper joins the crew. In an effort to better protect Vivi, Nami requests a weapon – the Clima-Tact – from the crew's sniper Usopp, which she uses (with some initial difficulty) to defeat Miss Doublefinger in Alabasta. When the crew rescues their archaeologist Nico Robin at Enies Lobby, Nami receives a bounty along with the rest of the crew. In Thriller Bark, Nami is kidnapped by the zombie Absalom, who tries to force her to marry him. The crew's cook Sanji tries to rescue her, but Absalom incapacitates him and attempts to complete the wedding. Nami is saved by the zombie Lola, who later gives Nami her mother's Vivre Card, a piece of paper representing the owner's soul. While attempting to reach Fish-Man Island, the crew meets the mermaid Camie and rescues her friend, who turns out to be Hatchan, a former member of Arlong's crew. While Nami does not yet completely forgive Hatchan for his previous association, she appreciates his takoyaki.

After being separated from the crew by Bartholomew Kuma, Nami ends up on the floating island Weatheria, where she masters the meteorological arts. Two years later, Nami reunites with Luffy and the others and they head to Fish-Man Island. Reuniting with Camie, the crew is invited to King Neptune's palace. There, they encounter a new crew of fish-man pirates led by Hody Jones, who has inherited Arlong's will. Nami and Camie escape to the Sea Forest, where they meet Jimbei, a fish-man pirate who formerly served as a World Government Warlord and released Arlong into the East Blue. Nami comforts Jimbei after he tells the history of discrimination rooted into Fish-Man Island and expresses his guilt over Arlong. At Jimbei's request, Nami steals a letter in Hody's possession, and engages with the New Fish-Man Pirates. When the crew travels to Punk Hazard, Nami, Sanji, Chopper, and the crew's shipwright Franky are abducted by Caesar Clown, and they decide to rescue the children being used in Caesar's experiments. Upon escaping the laboratory, they encounter the World Government Warlord Trafalgar Law, whose ability swaps Nami's mind into Franky's body. When Luffy and Law form an alliance, Law swaps Nami's mind into Sanji's body (as Nami's body is not present) when attempting to return the crew members to normal. While rescuing the children from Caesar, Nami regroups with the crew and is returned to her own body. She later prevents Caesar's escape with Usopp's help, and she entrusts the children with the Marine Tashigi.

In Dressrosa, Nami stays on the Thousand Sunny with Chopper and the crew's musician Brook to guard Caesar and the ship. They are attacked by Giolla of the Donquixote Pirates and turned into abstract art, but Brook defeats Giolla and returns them to normal. Due to the Big Mom Pirates also targeting Caesar, Nami and half of the crew are forced to head to Zou to avoid creating more problems for the Dressrosa mission. Following the Dressrosa incident, her bounty increases along with those of the rest of the crew. In Zou, the group rescues Tristan, a member of the Mink Tribe, from Sheepshead of the Beast Pirates. Upon discovering the Mink Tribe's devastation caused by Caesar's poison gas weapon, Nami's group decides to come to the Minks' aid and rescue them. The grateful Minks thank Nami as a benefactor, and she exchanges clothes with the tribeswoman Wanda as a customary token of friendship. Two days before Luffy and the rest of the crew arrive at Zou, Nami's group is detained by Capone Bege of the Big Mom Pirates, but Sanji's quick wit spares them as he is taken away. When Luffy arrives, Nami explains what had happened on Zou. Taking responsibility for Sanji's capture, she accompanies Luffy as the crew leaves for Whole Cake Island to rescue Sanji.

While trekking through Whole Cake Island's Seducing Woods, Nami's group is attacked by Big Mom's children Brulee and Cracker as well as the "homies", a race of animals, plants and objects granted sentience. Nami learns that Big Mom is Lola's mother, and that the homies will not attack as long as she carries Big Mom's Vivre Card. Nami uses this advantage to support Luffy, and she creates rainclouds that weaken Cracker's "Biscuit Soldiers". Following Cracker's defeat, Luffy and Nami reunite with Sanji and try to bring him back, but Sanji hides his situation and repels them. The pair are defeated by Cracker's avenging army, robbed of the Vivre Card (which Nami had split in two in advance), and imprisoned in Mont-d'Or's book. Before Nami can be tortured by Opera for Lola's whereabouts, she and Luffy are rescued by Jimbei. They then join up with Chopper and others to go into the Mirro-World and rescue Brook, who was captured by Big Mom. After receiving Luffy's decision to rescue Sanji's family, Nami joins forces with Capone Bege's operation to assassinate Big Mom. On the day of Sanji's arranged wedding, she infiltrates the venue as Luffy throws it into chaos and assists in rescuing the Vinsmoke family. When the assassination attempt fails, Nami is caught by Smoothie while attempting to retreat into Capone Bege's body, but is rescued by Sanji's sister Reiju. After escaping from Big Mom's collapsing castle, Nami wields the Vivre Card and pits the homies Kingbaum and Zeus against the pursuing Big Mom. She promises to meet Luffy — who has taken refuge in the Mirro-World — on Cacao Island at a later time. In the battle with Big Mom, who has boarded the Thousand Sunny, Nami works with Brook to capture Big Mom's homie Zeus and make him Nami's servant.

Just before arriving in Wano, the Thousand Sunny is caught in a violent whirlpool, during which Nami is carried by Sanji to safety. They subsequently reunite with Luffy at the ruins of Oden Castle, where the samurai Kin'emon discusses a decisive battle against the Beast Pirates, led by Kaido. Nami is entrusted with her role in the operation as the kunoichi "Onami". Together with Shinobu, she travels to the Flower Capital and obtains information on the distribution of weapons. When Nico Robin is called to Orochi's castle, Nami infiltrates it as an escort and attacks Orochi, allowing her and Robin to escape. The next day, after hiding out in a cemetery, she is discovered in a bathhouse by the Beast Pirate Hawkins, but is rescued by Sanji and escapes to Ebisu Town. Following a ruckus in Rasetsu Town, Nami receives a final message by Yasuie from Bepo. She delivers it to Kin'emon, and goes to Amigasa Village to prepare for a raid on Onigashima. During the raid, Nami is spotted by the homie Prometheus, who contacts Big Mom. Nami loses control of Zeus, but is rescued by Franky and Brook. Within Kaido's stronghold, Nami and Usopp provoke and attract the attention of Beast Pirates Ulti and Page One, and are nearly killed. With Tama's intervention, they barely manage to escape, and use Tama's power to turn the Beast Pirates' elite soldiers into allies. While continuing to flee from Ulti and Page One, Nami and Usopp encounter Big Mom, who angrily joins Nami in attacking Ulti for harming Tama. Big Mom resumes her pursuit of Nami and Usopp when Ulti is momentarily knocked out. After Zeus is forsaken by Big Mom, he integrates with Nami's Clima-Tact, becoming Nami's partner. She and Usopp escape Big Mom after the pirate Eustass Kid ambushes her, and they finally defeat Ulti with the aid of Nami's newly-powered weapon.

In other media
Nami has made several appearances in other media, including, but not limited to, every One Piece licensed electronic video game to date, including Jump Super Stars and Jump Ultimate Stars. In 2006, she is featured in the Dragon Ball/One Piece/Naruto crossover game Battle Stadium D.O.N.. In addition to her in-game appearances, Nami has also been featured and mentioned in some songs. "Music" features Nami singing about herself listening to music while chasing her dreams. "Between the Wind" features Nami singing about weather and drawing sea charts.

Reception
Nami ranked in the Top 10 of all three Shōnen Jump character popularity polls. Her backstory has been found to be a "touching story" as it "unfolds with a lot of emotion" by Mania Entertainment writer, Jarred Pine. Pine also mentioned Nami was his favorite character from the series, and satisfied with how the manga showed her past. While reviewing the eighth DVD from Viz Media, Activeanime mentioned Nami is one of the best characters from the series as "She's got guts, smarts, and can heft a mean punch when needed". Like Pined, Activeanime liked Nami's background and added that his "itty bitty heart went out to her." Nami was ranked as #28 in a survey conducted by Newtype Japan for Favorite Anime Heroine in 2002. In the SPJA 2008, Nami was nominated in the category "Best Female Character."

References

External links

 Nami's bio at One Pieces official website

Adoptee characters in anime and manga
Comics characters introduced in 1997
Female characters in anime and manga
Vigilante characters in comics
Fictional sea pirates
Fictional female pirates
Fictional professional thieves
Fictional characters with electric or magnetic abilities
One Piece characters
Orphan characters in anime and manga
Teenage characters in anime and manga
Fictional characters with weather abilities
Fictional orphans
Fictional scientists in television
Fictional scientists in comics

Nami (One Piece)


Grancalcin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GCA gene.

This gene product, grancalcin, is a calcium-binding protein abundant in neutrophils and macrophages. It belongs to the penta-EF-hand subfamily of proteins which includes sorcin, calpain, and ALG-2. Grancalcin localization is dependent upon calcium and magnesium. In the absence of divalent cation, grancalcin localizes to the cytosolic fraction; with magnesium alone, it partitions with the granule fraction; and in the presence of magnesium and calcium, it associates with both the granule and membrane fractions, suggesting a role for grancalcin in granule-membrane fusion and degranulation.

Interactions
GCA (gene) has been shown to interact with SRI.

References

Further reading

Penta-EF-hand proteins

Grancalcin


Wallace F. Gabler III (born June 9, 1944) is a retired professional American football player.  He was the starting quarterback for the 1965 Michigan Wolverines football team and played seven seasons in the Canadian Football League (CFL) as the starting quarterback for the Toronto Argonauts (1966–1969), Winnipeg Blue Bombers (1969–1970), and Hamilton Tiger-Cats (1970–1972). In seven years in the CFL, Gabler passed for 13,080 yards and 61 touchdowns.

Early years
Gabler was born in Portsmouth, Ohio, and attended Kimball High School in Royal Oak, Michigan. He attended the New Mexico Military Institute (NMMI) after graduating from high school, with the hopes of qualifying for the United States Naval Academy the following year. At NMMI, Gabler broke Roger Staubach's school records for most passing touchdowns in a game and completion percentage and was selected as a junior college All-American.

University of Michigan
Gabler transferred to the University of Michigan in 1963 without a scholarship and played for the freshman football team.  As a junior, Gabler received a tuition-only scholarship, and appeared as a backup to Bob Timberlake on the 1964 Michigan team that won the Big Ten Conference championship.

As a senior in 1965, Gabler began the season as a backup to Dick Vidmer.  Gabler got his first start in the second game of the season against Cal.  Gabler started five games for the 1965 Wolverines and completed 58 of 126 passes for 825 yards, four touchdowns and two interceptions.  He also gained 149 rushing yards.

Following his senior year, Gabler played in the 1965 Blue–Gray Football Classic.

Gabler's younger brother, John H. Gabler, also played football at Michigan, as a halfback from 1966 to 1969.

Canadian Football League
Gabler played seven years in the Canadian Football League after graduating from Michigan in 1966.  He began his professional football career as the starting quarterback for the Toronto Argonauts.  As a rookie, he passed for 1,659 yards and rushed for another 373 yards.  In his history of the Argonauts, Craig Wallace wrote: "In 1966, the offence was based on Wally Gabler running around the backfield looking for open receivers -- and when he couldn't find one, running for his life."  Gabler remained with the Argonauts for three years.  He had his best year in 1968 when he completed 205 of 365 passes for 3,242 yards and 18 touchdowns.  He also rushed for 458 yards and four touchdowns for the 1968 Argonauts.

Interviewed in 1968, Gabler described his adjustment to the Canadian rules: "Of course, changing to three downs makes some difference.  You have to be accustomed to putting the ball in the air more in Canada but the rules compensate."

In August 1969, Gabler was traded to the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in exchange for Dave Raimey.  Gabler gained 2,288 passing yards for the Blue Bombers in 1969.

During the 1970 season, Gabler was traded to the Hamilton Tiger-Cats.  He passed for 1,908 yards for the Tiger-Cats in 1970.  He led the team to the Eastern regular season championship in 1970.  In November 1970, the Canadian Press published a feature story about Gabler's role in leading the Tiger-Cats.  The article described Gabler as "scholarly" and "soft-spoken" and noted:

Wally Gabler's shoulders will be carrying the lion's share of the load Sunday when he directs the Tiger-Cats in the first game of the Eastern Football Conference final against the Montreal Alouettes.  And it's ironic in view of the nomadic life the 26-year-old Royal Oak, Mich. native has experienced in his short career in the Canadian Football League. ... Arriving in late September to fill in at quarterback for injured Joe Zuger, Gabler quickly picked up the intricate Hamilton offence and was one of the instruments in the Tiger-Cats' first place finish.

During the off-seasons from 1967 to 1971, Gabler sold securities for Richardson Securities of Canada.

In August 1972, Gabler returned to the Toronto Argonauts, who lost their quarterback Joe Theismann in the season opener.  Gabler concluded his playing career in Toronto during the 1972 season, passing for 1,689 yards in 10 games.

In seven years in the CFL, Gabler completed 848 of 1,690 passes for 13,080 yards, 61 touchdowns and 118 interceptions.

Later years
Gabler was a colour commentator on CTV in 1974.

References

1943 births
Players of Canadian football from Michigan
Canadian football quarterbacks
Toronto Argonauts players
Winnipeg Blue Bombers players
Hamilton Tiger-Cats players
American football quarterbacks
Michigan Wolverines football players
Living people
People from Portsmouth, Ohio
Sportspeople from Royal Oak, Michigan
Players of American football from Michigan
Players of American football from Ohio
Canadian Football League announcers
Players of Canadian football from Ohio

Wally Gabler


John David Emrys Beynon (born 11 March 1939) is a British academic who served as the 17th Principal of King's College London.

Biography
He was educated at the University of Wales and at the University of Southampton. From 1964-67 he was a lecturer at the University of Southampton. He was Professor of Electronics at the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology from 1977–79, and then Head of the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering at the University of Surrey from 1979-83. He then became Principal of King's College London in 1990, serving until 1992, when he resigned after a breakdown of trust. He is a Fellow of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, the Royal Academy of Engineering, and of King's College London.

He is the secretary of the Bloomsbury Central Baptist Church in London, and after talking with protesters outside a Palestine Solidarity Campaign fund-raising Christmas event hosted by that church, he stated the PSC's presence there was "unreasonable"  for the church to have hosted the group owing to its associations with Hamas.

Notes

1939 births
Alumni of the University of Southampton
Academics of King's College London
Principals of King's College London
Fellows of King's College London
Academics of the University of Southampton
Academics of the University of Surrey
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Living people

John Beynon (academic)


William Hunter McKnight,  (July 12, 1940 – October 4, 2019) was a Canadian politician. He was in the Canadian House of Commons from 1979 to 1993, and also was the Treaty Commissioner for the Province of Saskatchewan from 2007 through 2012. McKnight was born in Elrose, Saskatchewan. He was a member of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada.

McKnight died in Saskatoon on October 4, 2019 at the age of 79.

References

1940 births
2019 deaths
Canadian businesspeople
Politicians from Saskatoon
Privy Councillors (Canada)

Bill McKnight


Hetta Inlet is a deep embayment in the southwestern coast of Prince of Wales Island in the U.S. state of Alaska.  It connects with the Pacific Ocean through Cordova Bay. The head of the inlet is separated by a  divide from the West Arm of Cholmondeley Sound. The shores are abrupt from the water's edge, and the channels and inlets are deep. The precipitation is probably a little greater than at Ketchikan, and the mean annual temperature is slightly higher. The white crystalline limestone of the Wales series, striking nearly north and south, is the predominant country rock of Hetta Inlet. In it are intruded many igneous rocks, some schistose, some massive. The white limestones are closely folded and have great variation in dip. The igneous rocks, so far as determined from the small collection made, include gabbros, diorites, amphibolites, diabases, and pyroxene-syenites. All these are comparatively massive. The greenstoneschists, which occupy considerable areas, are chloritic.

The inlet is bordered on the west by lands of the Tongass National Forest, which are included in the  Hydaburg Roadless Area.

History
A trail across this divide was a link in the mail route to the mining settlements of Coppermount and Sulzer. Freight was delivered by small steamers from Ketchikan, and also by Puget Sound vessels, which occasionally called at the camps along the inlet.

References

Bibliography

Bays of Alaska
Bays of Prince of Wales–Hyder Census Area, Alaska

Hetta Inlet


Zbigniew Drzewiecki (; 8 April 189011 April 1971) was a Polish pianist who was for most of his life a teacher of pianists. He was especially associated with the interpretation of Frédéric Chopin's works. His pupils include several famous pianists of the 20th century, and his influence was therefore very pervasive.

Drzewiecki was born in Warsaw.  He commenced study under his father, and then, at Warsaw, under Oberfeldt and Pilecki. After he had matriculated he went (from 1909 to 1914) to Vienna, to the atelier of Theodor Leschetizky, where he studied with Marie Prentner, the master's assistant. He gave many recitals in Polish towns, and also in Vienna, Prague and Berlin.

In 1916 he became professor of advanced pianoforte classes at the  Warsaw Conservatory, and continued to teach there until his death in 1971. He assisted in establishing the International Chopin Piano Competition, and served upon their juries from the first occasion, 1927, until 1971. After the Second World War, and especially after the death of Józef Turczyński (1884–1953), he was considered the greatest Polish piano teacher.

Students

The following is an incomplete list of pianists who studied with Drzewiecki:

Ryszard Bakst
Enrique Bátiz Campbell
Felicja Blumental
Walter Buczynski
Paweł Chęciński
Halina Czerny-Stefańska
Jan Ekier
Róża Etkin-Moszkowska
Lidia Grychtołówna
Adam Harasiewicz
Władysław Kędra
Bolesław Kon
Li QiFang
Hiroko Nakamura
Edward Olearczyk
Eva Osińska
Regina Smendzianka
Marta Sosińska
John Tilbury
Fou Ts'ong
Roger Woodward
Eva Maria Zuk

Sources

A. Eaglefield-Hull, Dictionary of Modern Music and Musicians (Dent, London 1924).
J. Methuen-Campbell, Chopin Playing from the Composer to the Present Day (Gollancz, London 1981).

1890 births
1971 deaths
Polish classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Piano pedagogues
Musicians from Warsaw
People from Warsaw Governorate
Academic staff of the Chopin University of Music
Academic staff of the Academy of Music in Kraków
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century male musicians
Recipients of the State Award Badge (Poland)

Zbigniew Drzewiecki


Della Griffin (June 12, 1922 – August 9, 2022), also known as Della Simpson, was an American jazz vocalist and drummer. She was a member of two of the first all female R&B groups in the 1950s, The Enchanters and The Dell-Tones.

Biography

Early life and career
Griffin was born in Newberry, South Carolina, on June 12, 1922, to William and Mary Gilliam. The nineteenth out of twenty children, she later moved to New York City, where she grew up.

Griffin greatly admired and was influenced by Count Basie, Charlie Barnet, and most specifically Billie Holiday. She began singing when she was 12, and while singing remained her passion she was also proficient on the drums, alto saxophone, and piano. She graduated in 1943 from Jamaica High School in Queens, NY, and began singing professionally a few years after.

In 1950, Griffin and Frances Kelley decided to form a singing group. The two women knew each other from working together in a factory that manufactured shoulder pads. They then added to the group Pearl Brice, Della's childhood friend, and Rachel Gist, a Harlem club soloist. Their friend Chris Townes became their instructor, arranger, pianist, and songwriter. The group played in small clubs whenever they could for about a year. In 1951, Della invited Jerry Blaine, the owner of Jubilee Records, to hear the group perform. Blaine was so impressed by the group that he signed them the next day. The first songs they recorded include, "Today is Your Birthday," "How Could You Break My Heart," "I've Lost," "Housewife Blues," and "You Know I'm Not in Love With You." In January 1952 Jubilee released The Enchanters first record. The Enchanters began touring the country and received such a positive response that in 1952 Shaws Artist Corporation signed on to represent them. Also in 1952, Jubilee released the Enchanters second record. Not long after this Rachel Gist and Pearl Brice decided to leave the group.

Griffin and Frances Kelley were determined to continue their careers and replaced Rachel Gist and Pearl Brice with Gloria Alleyne and Sherry Gary from the group the Dorsey Sisters. With the new members the group took on a new name, the Dell-Tones, named after Della Griffin because she was the group's lead singer and drummer. Della Griffin was the first female drummer in a well-known group. Della's first of three husbands, Jimmy Simpson, managed the group and got them a recording deal with Coral's Brunswick subsidiary. There, in 1953, they recorded "Yours Alone" and "My Hearts on Fire". Without much of a response, the Dell-Tones decided to leave Brunswick and signed on with Eddie Heller's Rainbow records. There they recorded "I'm Not in Love With You" and "Little Short Daddy." The group then went on the "Night Train Tour" with Jimmy Forrest. Frances Kelley, Gloria Alleyne, and Sherry Gary all decided to leave the Dell-Tones and they were replaced by Algie Willie, Shirley Bunnie Foy and Renee Stewart. With the new members, the Dell-Tones signed with Sol Rabinowitz's Baton records and recorded "Don't Be Long," "Baby Say You Love Me," "My Special Love," and "Believe It." In 1955 Stan Pat, previous member Gloria Alleyne's new manager, signed the Dell-Tones. They then did a tour of Canada. Afterwards Gloria Bell and original member Chris Townes left the group. The Dell-Tones merged with Sonny Til and his group The Orioles and the new group contained Della Griffin, Sonny Til, Della's second husband Paul Griffin, Diz Russell, Jerry Holeman, Aaron "Tex" Cornelius, Billy Adams, Shirley "Bunnie" Foy, Renee Stewart, and Algie Willie. The new group performed in several New York City clubs and recorded, "Voices of Love" and "I'm so Lonely" in 1957. After this time, The Dell-Tones slowly began to drift apart and Della left to perform on her own.

Personal life
Griffin was married three times, first to the manager of The Enchanters, Jimmy Simpson, then to The Dell-Tones pianist Paul Griffin, and finally to saxophone player Gene Walker. Over the years she toured with and supported many artists including Jimmy Forrest, Sonny Stitt, Benny Green, Illinois Jacquet and her sister-in-law, Etta Jones. After leaving the Dell-Tones, Della's husband at the time, Paul Griffin, encouraged her to take some time off to focus on their family. After Della and Paul ended their marriage, Della began performing again in New York City clubs including The Blue Note and The Blue Book, where she stayed for years.

In 1984, Griffin had to take another break from her career after she suffered serious injuries from being hit by a car. After her recovery, she was able to return to her passion, performing, and was most often featured as a singer rather than a drummer which helped her gain more attention. At the age of 65, she made her first album with tenor saxophonist Houston Person. She performed overseas, including a performance at the Alandia Jazz Festival in Finland in 1998. Griffin never had children, but she was a foster parent to more than a dozen foster children. She became a close friend to Billie Holiday, whose husband would stop by every week after Billie's death to hear Griffin sing because her voice reminded him of Billie.

In 2005, Ronnie I of the UGHA (United Group Harmony Association) brought Griffin back to the stage once again. Della Griffin and The Enchanters performed as the headline act at one of the UGHA's monthly shows. Also appearing at that show were The Dubs and The GoldTones. Della seemed to be struggling through her performance, having a difficult time remembering the songs and the lyrics, and often appearing disoriented and confused. Nevertheless, she did make it through the show and received a strong response from the audience.

Griffin lived in New Rochelle, New York, where her foster children would visit her daily. She died in New York City on August 9, 2022, at the age of 100.

Discography
 Sings (Dobre, 1978)
 I'll Get By (Muse, 1990)
 Travelin' Light (Muse, 1992)
 The Very Thought of You (Savant, 1998)

With Etta Jones
 Sugar (Muse, 1989)

With Houston Person
 Christmas with Houston Person and Friends (Muse, 1994)

References

External links

1922 births
2022 deaths
21st-century African-American women
African-American centenarians
American centenarians
American jazz singers
American women jazz singers
HighNote Records artists
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
Muse Records artists
Musicians from New Rochelle, New York
People from Newberry, South Carolina
Singers from South Carolina
Women centenarians

Della Griffin


Travis Wade Kvapil ( ; born March 1, 1976) is an American professional stock car driver. He last competed part-time in the NASCAR Gander Outdoors Truck Series, driving the No. 1 Chevrolet Silverado for Beaver Motorsports.

He was the 2003 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series champion.

Early career
Kvapil grew up working on cars in his father's garage, and racing was a natural progression for the Wisconsin native. Kvapil began racing in 1992 at the age of 16 at Rockford Speedway, competing in the NASCAR Weekly Racing Series. He went on to win the American Short Tracker division track championship in 1994 at Rockford.  In 1995, he moved up to super late models at Madison International Speedway, "Wisconsin's Fastest Half-Mile", and was named the track Rookie of the Year. He also became the track's Late Model Champion a year later in 1996. This honor made Kvapil the youngest to ever capture the title at the track at the age of 20.

Kvapil moved to the ARTGO Series, a Midwest asphalt short-track motor-racing touring series. He finished in the top-10 in points from 1998–2000.

NASCAR career

2001–2004

In 2001, Kvapil made his debut in the Craftsman Truck Series driving for Addington Racing in the No. 60 CAT Rental Stores-sponsored Chevrolet. In his 21st start, Kvapil won his first Truck Series race in the Silverado 350 at Texas Motor Speedway. Kvapil's 18 Top 10's led him to finish fourth in the driver standings and win the Craftsman Truck Series Rookie of the Year. Kvapil also got to drive a race with powerhouse Richard Childress Racing at Kentucky in the Busch Series, but he ran poorly before flipping his car in a late crash.

In 2002, Kvapil managed to match his win total by winning the O'Reilly Auto Parts 200 at Memphis Motorsports Park. He finished the season with 14 Top 10's and finished ninth in the final driver points standings.

Funding issues at Addington caused Kvapil to switch to the No. 16 IWX MotorFreight-sponsored Chevrolet for Steve Coulter's Xpress Motorsports team in 2003. He won one race during the season at Bristol Motor Speedway in the O'Reilly 200 presented by Valvoline Maxlife. Kvapil finished the season with 22 Top 10's in 25 races (88 percent). Kvapil passed Brendan Gaughan and Ted Musgrave in points at the season finale at Homestead-Miami Speedway. Gaughan wrecked and Musgrave was black flagged during the race, giving the green flag to Kvapil as he was crowned the 2003 Craftsman Truck Series champion. He was recorded at 99.9 percent lap completion rate, only missing one lap throughout the 2003 season.

Prior to the start of the 2004 season, Kvapil began a partnership with Alexander Meshkin to drive the No. 24 Line-X Spray-on Bedliners / eBay Bang! Racing-sponsored Toyota. Kvapil came away with his first win of the season during the Line-X Spray-on Truck Bedliners 200 at Michigan International Speedway. The win gave Toyota their first win in the top-tiers of NASCAR. Two months later, Kvapil won at New Hampshire International Speedway. The same season, Kvapil won his first Bud Pole Award in the Craftsman Truck Series at the American Racing Wheels 200 at California Speedway. He finished eight in the final driver standings of the season.

2005–present

During the 2004 NASCAR seasons, Kvapil signed for a driver development program with Roger Penske, in hopes of moving up to the Cup Series. It was believed by many that Penske was planning to bring Kvapil to the Cup Series for 2005; Penske and Kvapil did not comment the truth or falseness of the rumors. However, at the end of the 2004 season, Kvapil made his first NEXTEL Cup Series start at Martinsville Speedway. Kvapil drove the No. 06 Mobil 1-sponsored Dodge, the fourth car on the track from Penske Racing. He made three additional starts in the No. 06 in preparation for driving Penske Racing's No. 77 in 2005. In 2005, Kvapil took over the Penske's No. 77 Kodak-sponsored Dodge full-time, replacing Brendan Gaughan.
Kvapil scored his first ever Nextel Cup Series Top 10 at Brisol Motor Speedway when he finished seventh in the Food City 500. He picked up another Top 10 at Phoenix International Raceway during the Checker Auto Parts 500. These two Top 10 finishes pushed Kvapil to finish 33rd in the point standings during his first season in the series. When the season ended, the Penske Racing No. 77 team temporarily disbanded when Kodak pulled out of the sponsorship deal.

After his departure from Penske, Kvapil signed with PPI Motorsports for the 2006 NASCAR Sprint Cup season. He drove the No. 32 Tide-sponsored Chevrolet for the 2006 season. He had his best finishes of the season at Kansas Speedway, Pocono Raceway, and Talladega Superspeedway, where he finished 19th in all three of those events. Kvapil finished the season 36th in points, and was forced to find a new ride for the next season as his PPI contract only lasted one year. PPI eventually shut down after the 2006 due to the inability to find a sponsor to replace Tide. The team also did not have a manufacturer commitment for the 2007 NASCAR Sprint Cup season.

In 2007, Jack Roush, owner of Roush Racing, offered Kvapil a seat in the No. 6 Ford F-150 in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series. Kvapil replaced Mark Martin in the truck, who moved to Ginn Racing, and David Ragan, who was promoted to replace Martin in the No. 6 Ford in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. Jack Roush, excited about signing with Kvapil, said, "We are pleased beyond measure that we were able to get a driver the caliber of Travis Kvapil. At only 30 years old with a Truck championship and two years of Sprint Cup experience under his belt, Travis brings great long and short term potential to and for Roush Racing." He finished the season with four wins, three poles, eight Top 5s and 12 Top 10s. He finished the season sixth in the driver point standings. He returned to Roush Fenway Racing as a part-time driver in 2008 when Joey Clanton was released from the No. 09 Ford.

Roush recognized Kvapil's talents, and helped return to Cup with Yates Racing in 2008. Kvapil drove the famous No. 28 Yates Ford Fusion. Prior to the start of the season, Kvapil and teammate David Gilliland did not have a full-time sponsorship on their Yates Racing Fords. While Gilliland's team found full-time sponsorship, Kvapil's team had to piece together sponsorship throughout the season. K&N Filters-sponsored Kvapil's team for the Daytona 500. Two weeks later, Kvapil scored an eighth-place finish at Las Vegas Motor Speedway during the UAW-Dodge 400.  The finish at LVMS, which was in an unsponsored car, gave Kvapil his third Top 10 of his career. After the race, it was announced that Zaxby's would serve as a sponsorship for the No. 28 team in the Kobalt Tools 500 at Atlanta Motor Speedway, a race in which he finished 29th. With a one-race sponsorship deal with Northern Tool and Equipment, Kvapil finished sixth in the Aaron's 499 at Talladega. This gave him his career-best finish in the Sprint Cup Series.  Kvapil picked up another Top 10 finish in the Dodge Challenger 500 at Darlington. Despite the lack of sponsorship for the year, Kvapil collected another four Top 10 finishes, finishing 23rd in the points standings. He also won the pole at the fall Talladega race, which turned out to be the last pole award for Yates Racing.

In 2009, Kvapil returned to the No. 28, but the team was forced to close after six races due to lack of funding. Yates Racing ended up shutting down after the season. Kvapil qualified for several drivers through the rest of the year, but did not have a full-time ride.

In 2010, Kvapil returned to a full-time ride in the Long John Silver's-sponsored Ford for Front Row Motorsports. This car changed numbers throughout the year, using either No. 34, No. 37, or No. 38, depending on each number's position in points (with the goal being to get all three cars in the Top 35 for 2011). In 2011, Kvapil returned to FRM full-time in the No. 38 car, but signed up to compete for the Camping World Truck Series championship with Randy Moss Motorsports in their No. 5 Toyota. After 10 races, however, Kvapil was released in favor of defending Truck champion Todd Bodine, whose Germain Racing team partnered with RMM to continue running that driver for 2011. Kvapil stuck with FRM in the Cup Series, driving their No. 38 for most races, except in several late-season races, J. J. Yeley swapped rides with Kvapil several times, with the latter driving FRM's start and park No. 55.

Leaving FRM after the end of the 2011 season, Kvapil was signed by BK Racing to compete in the Sprint Cup Series for 2012. He drove the No. 93 Toyota starting with the second race of the year at Phoenix with Todd Anderson serving as crew chief; At Darlington, where David Reutimann drove the No. 93, Kvapil drove the No. 73 for BK Racing, though he drove the No. 93 for the remainder of the season. He also drove for RAB Racing in the season-opening Camping World Truck Series event, replacing a suspended John Wes Townley. Kvapil ended the 2012 Cup season 27th in points, his second best finish in the points since his debut.

However, in 2013, both Kvapil and BK Racing struggled. Kvapil dropped to 31st in points, recording five Top 20 finishes but nine DNFs (including five blown engines). The team released Kvapil shortly before the start of the 2014 season.

During Speedweeks 2014, Kvapil announced that he had signed to drive in the Sprint Cup Series for Go FAS Racing on a limited basis, as well as for MAKE Motorsports in the Camping World Truck Series. On August 12, it was announced that Kvapil would replace Townley in the No. 05 Athenian Motorsports Toyota for the Truck race at Michigan. Kvapil also ran several late-season races for Circle Sport, tying his best career finish of sixth at Talladega. Also in the fall, he returned to BK Racing to run the No. 83 Toyota in several races after the team released rookie Ryan Truex. Kvapil was scheduled to make a qualifying attempt for the 2015 Cup season at Atlanta, driving the No. 44 Chevrolet for Team Xtreme, but was forced to withdraw when his car, hauler and truck were stolen from a hotel parking lot. For 2015, Kvapil mostly raced in the truck series driving the No. 1 Chevrolet for MAKE Motorsports. Later that season, Kvapil attempted some races for Curtis Key's team, but the team was struggling to qualify, and Kvapil DNQed in all of his attempts.

In 2016, Kvapil announced that he would run the full Camping World Truck Series season with MAKE Motorsports once again. In the season opener at Daytona, Kvapil scored a fifth-place finish. He also made his return to the Xfinity Series, driving the No. 15 Ford for B. J. McLeod Motorsports at Richmond and Talladega.

Kvapil continued to drive the No. 50 truck for MAKE, now known as Beaver Motorsports, in 2017. He also drove for MB Motorsports and Bolen Motorsports. Kvapil only attempted the first two races in 2018, making Daytona, where he finished last. He made just one start in 2019, which was at Martinsville. Kvapil has not raced in NASCAR since 2019.

Personal life

Kvapil is married to his wife Jennifer, and has three children: Kelsey, Carson and Caden. Carson drives for JR Motorsports in the CARS Late Model Stock Tour as of 2023. The Kvapils reside in Mooresville, North Carolina.

Kvapil competed against fellow Wisconsin native Matt Kenseth at Madison International Speedway. Kvapil, like Kenseth, is an avid Green Bay Packers fan. During the 2006 NASCAR Nextel Cup season, Kvapil and his No. 32 Tide from PPI Motorsports appeared on an episode of Guiding Light.

Legal issues
On October 8, 2013, Kvapil was arrested by the Mooresville police department following a domestic dispute. Kvapil was charged with assault on a female and false imprisonment, and was released on $1,000 bail. Kvapil was allowed to race in that weekend's Bank of America 500 at Charlotte Motor Speedway. On January 30, 2014, it was announced that Kvapil had accepted a plea deal in the case, pleading guilty in exchange for having the case dismissed following two years' probation, community service, and attending an anger management class.

Motorsports career results

NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)

Cup Series

Daytona 500

Xfinity Series

Craftsman Truck Series

ARCA Re/Max Series
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)

 Season still in progress
 Ineligible for series points

References

External links

Living people
1976 births
Sportspeople from Janesville, Wisconsin
Racing drivers from Wisconsin
NASCAR drivers
NASCAR Truck Series champions
ARCA Menards Series drivers
ARCA Midwest Tour drivers
International Race of Champions drivers
Richard Childress Racing drivers
Team Penske drivers
RFK Racing drivers
Robert Yates Racing drivers

Travis Kvapil


The Cordage Institute, founded in 1920, is an international trade association of fiber rope manufacturers, their suppliers, and affiliated end-user organizations.   The purpose of the group is to create technical standards related the safe use of rope and cordage.
It is a not-for-profit corporation that depends on manufacturers in the industry, as well as companies serving industry members, to support the association and actively participate through the payment of dues and the volunteering of time.

Structure and Membership
As of  January 2010, there are 80 members including rope manufacturers, synthetic fiber manufacturers, equipment suppliers and industry consultants, as well as groups representing military, academic and end-user organizations.  The Cordage Institute is led by a board of directors which is elected from and by the membership.  There are three official meetings per year, including two technical committee meetings and one annual conference with technical and business components.

Standards
The group creates standards through a technical committee with specialized sub-committees.  Standards are drafted within the sub-committees and accepted through a voluntary consensus process and board approval.  Typical standards include performance characteristics for rope products, usage guidelines and testing procedures.  These standards are available to the public for reference and may be used during specification, purchase, testing, or use of rope products.

Other publications
Ropecord News is a quarterly publication of the Cordage Institute.  It includes product, application and market information related to the rope industry.

See also
 Rope
 Synthetic fiber

References

External links
 Cordage Institute Website
 Ropewalk: A Cordage Engineer's Journey Through History

Manufacturing trade associations
Organizations established in 1920
Ropework
Trade associations based in the United States
Organizations based in Pennsylvania

Cordage Institute