In the European Union education is at the responsibility of its Member States and their Ministries of education that they have; in such, the European Union institutions play only a supporting and overseeing role. According to Art. 165 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, the Community
The EU also funds educational, vocational and citizenship-building programmes which encourage EU citizens to take advantage of opportunities which the EU offers its citizens to live, study and work in other countries. The best known of these is the Erasmus programme, under which more than 3,000,000 students have taken part in inter-university exchange and mobility over the last 20 years.
Since 2000, conscious of the importance of Education and Training for their economic and social objectives, EU Member States have begun working together to achieve specific goals in the field of Education. By sharing examples of good policy practice, by taking part in Peer Learning activities, by setting benchmarks and by tracking progress against key indicators, the 27 Member States aim to respond coherently to common challenges, whilst retaining their individual sovereignty in the field of Education policy. This strategy is referred to as the Education and Training 2020 programme (ET2020), which is an update of the Education and Training 2010 programme.
The European Union is also a partner in various inter-governmental projects, including the Bologna Process whose purpose is to create a European higher education area by harmonising academic degree structures and standards as well as academic quality assurance standards throughout EU Member States and in other European countries.

Building a Europe of knowledge
The European Union adopted its first education programme (the COMETT programme, designed to stimulate contacts and exchanges between universities and industry) in July 1987. This programme was rapidly followed by the ERASMUS programme, which promoted inter-university contacts and cooperation, as well as substantial student mobility (as, in 1989, did the "Youth for Europe" programme, the EU's first youth exchange support scheme). These programmes were adopted by the EU countries but with considerable support from the European Parliament which made budgets available even before the legal instruments had been adopted.

The European Union has two different types of instrument to increase the quality and openness of the education and training systems of the EU's Member States: a set of policy instruments through which EU countries are encouraged to develop their own education systems and to learn from each other's successes; and a substantial programme to support exchanges, networks and mutual learning between schools, universities or training centres as well as between the political authorities responsible for these areas in the different Member States.

Education and training policy
The European Union's interest in Education policy (as opposed to Education programmes) developed after the Lisbon summit in March 2000, at which the EU's Heads of State and Government asked the Education Ministers of the EU to reflect on the "concrete objectives" of education systems with a view to improving them. The European Commission and the European Union's Member States worked together on a report for the Spring 2001 European Council, and in 2002 the Spring Summit approved their joint work programme showing how they proposed to take the report's recommendations forward. Since then they have published a series of "Joint Reports" every other year.

The Commission seeks to encourage Member States to improve the quality of their education and training systems in two main ways: through a process of setting targets and publishing the position of Member States in achieving them and by stimulating debate on subjects of common interest. This is done using the process known as the Open Method of Coordination.

Target setting
As regards target setting, the Member States agreed in the Council on 5 May 2003 on five benchmarks on : early school leavers; number of graduates and decrease of gender imbalance in maths, science and technology; upper secondary education completion; low achievers in reading literacy; lifelong learning.

Under the current policy framework in Education and Policy (ET2020), the seven benchmarks require that by 2020:

1 – Early School Leavers : less than 10% of school pupils should leave school before the end of compulsory schooling

2 – Tertiary education attainment : at least 40% of the population aged 30–34 years should have completed tertiary education

3 – Early childhood education and care : 95% of children aged 4 to the age when primary education starts should participate in early education

4 – Low achievement in Reading, Maths and Science : no more than 15% of 15-year-olds should be low-achievers in reading, maths and science as measured at level 2 in the OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment

5 – Employment rate of recent graduates : 82% of the population aged 20–34, who are no longer in education or training and have successfully completed upper secondary or tertiary education, should be employed

6 – Adult participation in life-long learning : participation of the 25-64 age group in lifelong learning (i.e. formal or non-formal continuing education or training including in-company skills development) should be not less than 15% per annum

7 – Mobility between countries : at least 20% of higher education graduates and 6% of 18- to 34-year-olds with an initial vocational qualification should have spent some time studying or training abroad

Since 2012, progress against benchmarks and core indicators is yearly assessed in the Education and Training Monitor, published every autumn by the Directorate-General for Education and Culture in replacement of the Progress Report. The benchmark on Early school leavers and the benchmark on Tertiary education attainment are also Europe 2020 targets.

Policy discussions
In addition to the measurement of progress, the commission also publishes policy papers designed to encourage the EU's Member States to look more closely at particular areas of their education and training policy. The commission has published such papers over many years, but until the Lisbon Summit in March 2000, few were widely followed. Since then, however, Member States have become more open to mutual exchange and learning, and a number of Commission papers have had significant impact. A recent example (late 2006) may be found in the Communication on "Efficiency and equity in European education and training systems". This paper was generally welcomed by Member States but it drew criticism from some (in particular Germany and Austria) who felt that it commented negatively on their education and training systems.

Networking
Finally, the commission has supported a variety of networking systems between Ministers (and Ministries) in the EU's Member States, in addition to the thrice yearly meetings of the "Education Council" within the EU's own institutional system. These range from biennial meetings of Ministers responsible for Vocational Education and Training (the "Copenhagen Process"), through regular meetings of Director Generals for Higher Education or for Vocational Education and Training to more specialised networks or "clusters" within the "Education and Training 2010 programme" in areas such as key competences, foreign language learning or the recognition of informal and non-formal qualifications.

Education and training programmes

Inside the EU

The first European Union exchange programmes were the COMETT Programme for Industry-University links and exchanges, launched in 1987 (and discontinued in 1995); the Erasmus university exchange programme was launched in the same year. Similar programmes have been running ever since, and as from 2007 all the education and training programmes were brought together in one single programme; the Lifelong Learning Programme 2007-2013. The Lifelong Learning programme comprises separate sub-programmes for schools; universities and higher education; vocational education and training; adult education; teaching about the EU in universities; and a 'horizontal' programme for policy development.

The schools exchange programme, named after the 15th century Czech teacher, scientist and educator John Amos Comenius, has helped over 2.5 million school students take part in joint projects across boundaries. The Erasmus programme (named after Desiderius Erasmus, the 16th century Dutch humanist and theologian), has been the icon of university exchange programmes since its launch in 1987. Some two million students have so far spent a fully accredited period of between 3 months and an academic year in another EU university under the programme, which has become a symbol of Europe in universities. The vocational education and training programme is named after the renaissance inventor and all-rounder Leonardo da Vinci. It currently helps around 75,000 young people each year to do an apprenticeship or internship in another EU country. The adult education programme, named after Pastor N. F. S. Grundtvig, the 19th century Danish theologian, poet, philosopher and thinker, helps those involved in adult education to have access to similar international experience. The sub-programme which supports teaching about Europe in higher education is named after the French politician and architect of European Unity, Jean Monnet.

The programme entered into force on 1 January 2007, and will continue until projects launched in its final year 2013 are closed – probably in 2016.

Outside the EU
The first EU programme to promote educational exchange and cooperation between educational institutions inside the EU and those outside it was the TEMPUS programme, adopted on 7 May 1990 by the Council as part of the assistance provided by the European Community of the day to the countries breaking free of Soviet rule.

The idea behind TEMPUS was that individual universities in the European Community could contribute to the process of rebuilding free and effective university systems in partner countries; and that a bottom-up process through partnerships with individual universities in these countries would provide a counterweight to the influence of the much less trusted Ministries, few of which had by then undergone serious change since Soviet domination. The programme was an immediate success; and by 1993 the number of participating countries had grown from five at the start to eleven. The programme was subsequently enlarged to include the Newly Independent States of the former Soviet Union; again to include the countries of the Western Balkans; and finally to cover the Mediterranean countries.

The TEMPUS programme currently supports projects run by consortia of universities in the EU and in partner countries which aim to update curricula and teaching methods; to improve academic management (e.g., strategic development plans, systems of quality assessment and assurance); and to promote the higher education priorities of its partner countries. It also provides Individual Mobility Grants to enable individuals to travel to or from Europe in connection with these themes. The TEMPUS programme is still running, but will be renewed and revised as from 2007.

TEMPUS was followed by a series of smaller programmes built more round the mobility of academics towards the EU. These included the ALFA/ALBAN programmes with Latin American universities; the Asia-Link programme; and others, sometimes time-limited.  A number of these appear to have been set up as a means of development assistance rather than with the development of universities as such, an impression strengthened by the fact that they were managed by the European Commission's development assistance service EuropeAid rather than (like TEMPUS or Erasmus Mundus programme) by its Education and Culture department.

Finally, in 2003 the European Union launched the Erasmus Mundus programme, a project to ensure the place of European Universities as centres of excellence across the world; to attract the best students from around the world to Europe; and to enable partnerships between European universities and those in other countries. The programme had strong support both from the Council of Ministers and from the European Parliament. The first phase of Erasmus Mundus will finish in 2008. The commission has announced its intention to propose a further period. Europe Study Centre (ESC) has lately come up as a reputed and dependable company in Indian providing end to end services in the European overseas education field helping Indian students to avail the Erasmus Mundus benefits.

See also

Directorate-General for Education and Culture
Bologna process
Education and Training 2010
Lisbon Strategy
European credit transfer system
European Day of Languages
European Studies
European School
European higher education area
The Eurydice Network
Global Education Network Europe
Lifelong Learning Programme 2007-2013
 The Comenius programme – relating to primary and secondary education.
 The Erasmus programme – relating to higher education.
 The Leonardo da Vinci programme – relating to vocational education and training.
 The Grundtvig programme – relating to adult education.
 Ploteus
 The TEMPUS programme
 Cultural policies of the European Union
 European Cross Media Academy
 Delors Report
 Franco-German University

References

Further reading

External links
European Schoolnet- network of 28 Ministries of Education in Europe
 The Official European Higher Education Area website 2010-2020
Eurydice- information on the European school system
eTwinning- partnerships for schools in Europe
EU education News and Policy EurActiv.com
eLearning Europa – EU eLearning news

European Union youth policy
Language policy of the European Union

Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union


Grasslands National Park () is a national park in Canada. It is near the village of Val Marie, Saskatchewan. It is the second national park of Canada that was created in Saskatchewan. The park is next to the border between Canada and the United States. It is next to the state of Montana. More than 18 000 people visit the park every year.

The park was created in 1981. Before this, the only national park in Saskatchewan was Prince Albert National Park. The park has some of Canada's last prairie grasslands that humans have not affected. The park's climate also lets some rare and endangered plants and animals live there. Grasslands National Park also have Canada's last black-tailed prairie dog groups. The park is also a dark-sky preserve. Grasslands National Park is the darkest dark-sky preserve in Canada. It is also one of the darkest in the world.

Grasslands National Park also has a lot of fossils. It has many fossils that can't be found in other parts of Canada. Some of the fossils come from the Miocene Era.

History
Before the 1950s, the First Nations people of Canada lived in the park. They hunted animals in the park.

Many people wanted to protect the grasslands in the area. They also wanted to protect the plants and animals that lived in the area. In the 1950s and 1960s, many people wanted a large area of grasslands protected. A study in 1965 showed that this area of Saskatchewan would be the best place to start a park. Both the governments of Alberta and Saskatchewan created a group to listen to the public's opinion in 1975. The group said that the public wanted the park to be created.

In 1981, the governments of Saskatchewan and Canada signed an agreement. This would make sure that a park would be created. After the agreement was signed, Parks Canada bought two ranches. These ranches were near the Frenchman River and were . In 1988, many organisations came together to add to the 1981 agreement. This would make it so that Grasslands National Park would be created. The plan for the park would be that it would be around . Parks Canada continued to buy more land for the park from ranchers.

The park officially became a national park on 19 February 2001. This was because of the Canada National Parks Act. In 2006, some of the plains bison that lived in Elk Island National Park in Alberta were moved to Grasslands National Park. This was important because many of the bison in Canada were killed in the 1800s. It was the first time that plains bison were on the shortgrass prairies of Canada since the 1890s. 71 bison were first moved to the park. Nine years later, in 2015, there were 310 bison. There are now plains bison at other national parks in Canada.

The park became a dark-sky preserve in 2009. This was during the International Year of Astronomy. The park was chosen by the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. It became Saskatchewan's second dark-sky preserve. In 2009, Parks Canada also added black-footed ferrets back to the park. They added 34 ferrets. People thought that the black-footed ferret was extinct. This is because the last time they were seen was in 1937 in Saskatchewan. Scientists from the United States began working on bringing them back to the wild. When Parks Canada added black-footed ferrets back to Grasslands National Park, there were already ferrets that were being added to places in the United States and Mexico. The scientists were working to bring back the black-footed ferret for many years. The people working at Parks Canada were working on bringing them back for many years.

Geography
The park is divided into two parts. The west park of the park (called the West Block) is in Division No. 4, Saskatchewan. The West Block has the Frenchman River valley. They also have a herd of 300 plains bison and many prairie dog colonies. The Frenchman Valley Campground lets visitors use camping sites and teepees. Backcountry camping is also allowed in the West Block. The east part of the park (called the East Block) is in Division No. 3, Saskatchewan. Visitors to the East Block can see views of the badlands and see the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary in the rock.

References

Other websites

1981 establishments in Canada
Saskatchewan
National parks in Canada
Dark-sky preserves

Grasslands National Park


Vlasis Gavriilidis or Vlassis Gavrielides (; 1848–1920) was a prominent Greek journalist who in 1883 founded the progressive newspaper Akropolis in Athens. He played a significant role in the politics of the day, often supporting the demoticist movement in the Greek language question; at one stage, "It was said that a critical article by Gavriilidis could topple a Greek government."

Gavriilidis and Akropolis also played a large part in the events leading up to the Gospel Riots of 1901.  The newspaper had published a translation of the Gospel of St Matthew into modern spoken Greek (by now very different from the ancient koine Greek of the original gospel, still used liturgically by the Greek Orthodox Church).  This provoked a hostile reaction in some political and cultural quarters, which gradually became more violent until "Black Thursday", when eight demonstrators were killed.

Biography

Education
Born in 1848 in Selimpaşa on the Thracian shore of the Sea of Marmara, Gavriilidis was educated at the elite Great School of the Nation in Constantinople, later going on to study literature, philosophy and political science in Leipzig, sponsored by the wealthy diplomat and philanthropist Simon Sinas.

Early years in Constantinople
Returning to Constantinople, he began writing articles with a political theme, and founded the short-lived journal Concord (Ομόνοια), which soon merged with Neologos () in 1867.  Later he started another paper, Reform (Μεταρρύθμισις), which because of its political content began to attract the attention of the Turkish police.  Eventually he had to move to Athens to avoid arrest.

Athens and Rabagas (1878–89)
In Athens, Gavriilidis began by doing editorial work for The Daily Debater.  Soon, however, he joined Kleanthis Triantafyllos (who had also had to leave Constantinople for political reasons) in founding the radical demoticist journal Rabagas (Ραμπαγάς); the first issue appeared in August 1878 and it ran until May 1889.

Rabagas mixed literature, politics and satire.  Its leading contributors included many of the New Athenian School, the 'Generation of 1880': Ioannis Polemis, , ; Georgios Drossinis, who published his first verses there under the pen-name "Αράχνη" (Spider) before bringing out Spider Webs in 1880; and Kostis Palamas, who became a close personal friend of Gavriilidis (close enough for Gavriilidis to be best man at Palamas' 1887 wedding to Maria Valvis).

But Rabagas was not afraid of controversy.  One issue was suspended because of public scandal over its publication of instalments from Zola's Nana (1879–80, translated by ).  Its political ideas too were, as  Triantafyllos later said, "so bold ... that [it] served as an entry ticket to the country's prisons".

Rabagas lasted until 1889, by which time Gavriilidis was mainly occupied with Akropolis.   Triantafyllos was forced to close it after the May issue " ... because of Gavriilidis's withdrawal, lack of financial support by friends, and a prison sentence."  A few days later, on 25 May 1889, Triantafyllos took his own life.

Don't Get Lost (1880–83)

In 1880 Gavriilidis (though still involved with Rabagas) began a project of his own, the magazine Don't Get Lost (Μη χάνεσαι).  This covered the same ground as Rabagas, with a mixture of political satire and literature from the New Athenians; it published the first poems of the young .  The name Don't Get Lost (or Don't Lose Your Way) came from a catchphrase used by the prominent contemporary politician Alexandros Koumoundouros

Akropolis (1883–1921)

In 1883 Gavriilidis closed Don't Get Lost and effectively re-founded it as Akropolis, a daily broadsheet newspaper, which played a prominent role in Athenian  journalism for the next four decades.

"Gavriilidis was in his element and for 40 years poured out, in his laconic manner, articles on finance, feminism, farming, art, language, business, society, women's clothes, mixed education, the army, and politics. ... Gavriilidis's ideology was uncompromisingly pro-progress. He supported a new classless, demotic Greece. It was said that a critical article by Gavriilidis could topple a Greek government."

At times of political turmoil Akropolis could also be a lone voice of moderation. After the disastrous Greco-Turkish War (1897), "politicians and army leaders alike were attacked by a most vociferous press which, possibly with the exception of Gavrilidis' Akropolis, paid scant regard to its responsibility as the Fourth Estate."

In 1890 Gavriilidis became the first to produce a Greek newspaper using a rotary printing press.

Notes

References

1848 births
1920 deaths
People from Silivri
Greek journalists
Greek newspaper editors
Greek newspaper publishers (people)

Vlasis Gavriilidis


Bertold of Landsberg (before 1464 – 4 May 1502 at the castle in Rotenburg an der Wümme) was bishop of Verden.  He was also Bishop of Hildesheim as Berthold II.

Life

Ascent to bishop of Verden
Berthold descended from the Lower Saxon Landsberg family (not to be confused with the Westphalian family of the same name).  His father was Ulrich of Landsberg.  He studied Law and obtained his JD degree.  He became a canon in Verden and became a dean in 1464.  From 1468, he administered the bishopric on behalf of Bishop John III of Asel, who suffered from ill health.  In 1470, the cathedral chapter urged John III to abdicate and elected Berthold as his successor.  His election was confirmed by Pope Paul II.

Bishop of Hildesheim
In 1472, Berthold and the city of Hildesheim support the candidacy of his cousin Henning of Hus as the next bishop of Hildesheim, against several other candidates.  A feud ensued.  Henning was unable to prevail against the provost and the local nobility.  After another was with Brunswick and Hesse, he withdrew his candidacy in favour if Berthold.  Berthold's appointment was confirmed by the pope and the pope also gave Berthold permission to continue to administer Verden.

Great feud
He tried to the financial problems of his bishopric with new taxes.  In 1484, this led to a serious conflict with the city of Hildesheim, known as the "Great Feud".  The citizens of Hildesheim even went so far as to take some of their bishop's vassals prisoner.  Berthold countered with ecclesiastical punishments, such as anathema and interdict.  Nevertheless, the city prevailed.  As a result, the citizens began to strengthen the city's fortifications.  Berthold ordered the city to revert the city wall to their previous size, but the city refused.  War broke out again, with both sides plundering and looting the enemy's territory.  In 1486, their differences were settled and a peace treaty was agreed.  Nevertheless, tensions remained.

Foreign and domestic policies
Berthold concluded a treaty of alliance for a twenty-year period with Duke William I of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, who had been his predecessor's greatest enemy.  However, it soon became clear that William would not support him in his conflicts with the local nobility.

Several North German cities concluded an alliance against their princes; Hildesheim was among them.  In 1483, the cities of Brunswick and Hildesheim defeated Duke Henry VII of Brunswick-Lüneburg at Bleckenstedt in 1483.

In 1488, Berthold travelled to Rome to object to an unjustified papal ban against the bishoprics of Verden and Hildesheim. He never managed to get the local nobility under control.  In 1500, a nobleman from the Schwichelt family convinced the pope to pronounce a ban against the church in Hildesheim again.  In 1493, he concluded an alliance for a twenty-year period with archbishop Henry II of Bremen. However, Henry's successor John III cancelled this alliance.

Promoting religion and culture
Because of the unsettled conditions in Hildesheim, Berthold resided mostly in the castle of Rotenburg an der Wümme in the Bishopric of Verden.  He supported church activities.  He patronized the cult of the Eucharist and the worship of Saint Anne and the patron saint of the diocese.  During his reign, the monasteries of Isenhagen, Ringelheim and Grauhof were reformed.  The construction of the nave of Verden Cathedral began during his reign.

Berthold died on 4 May 1502 and was buried in Verden Cathedral.  A cast bronze grave stone has been preserved to this day.

References

 Friedrich W. Ebeling: Die deutschen Bischöfe bis zum Ende des sechzehnten Jahrhunderts, vol.1, Leipzig, 1858, p 2527 ff

15th-century German Roman Catholic bishops
Prince-Bishops of Hildesheim
Roman Catholic Prince-Bishops of Verden
Year of birth unknown
15th-century births
1502 deaths
Lower Saxon nobility

Berthold II of Landsberg


Jörg Koopmann (born 10 March 1968 in Munich, Germany) is a German photographer.

Biography
Koopmann studied photography at the State Academy of Photographic Design in Munich and graduated in 1993. He wrote his diploma thesis about "photojournalism" at professor Dieter Hinrichs. Afterwards he was working as photographer of the municipal gallery at the Lenbachhaus in Munich from 1994 until 1996. Since 1997 he is working 	predominantly free-lanced, first and foremost in the branches of photojournalism and portrait photography.

Also in 1997 he founded with Marek Vogel the photography forum "glossy" in Munich, that he is still running together with Martin Fengel.

Works
The main focus of his works is on photojournalism and travel photography. In addition to a lot of fine art photographs and works for print media, Koopmann got popular by his works in magazines like
the ZEIT-Magazine of Die Zeit, the SZ-Magazine of the Süddeutsche Zeitung, the Swiss Tages-Anzeiger, Wallpaper+Line (London), Spex and others.

Furthermore, he took part at many national and international exhibitions. He does not describe his works but lets them sink in. In this regard he does not make any differences between own or remittance works.

Awards
In 1999 he took part at the "Körber photography award" contest and in the same year he was nominated for the
photography award of the city of Munich, the capital of the Free State of Bavaria, but he just got it in 2001.

External links
 website of Jörg Koopmann

Photographers from Munich
1968 births
Living people

Jörg Koopmann


Bernard Morris Bass (June 11, 1925 – October 11, 2007) was an American scholar in the fields of leadership studies and organizational behavior. He was distinguished professor emeritus in the School of Management at Binghamton University, where he was also the founding director of the Center for Leadership Studies. He was a founding editor-in-chief of Leadership Quarterly. He was also a fellow of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology and the Academy of Management. He is well known for his research on transformational leadership, which was inspired by the work of James MacGregor Burns. His Bass Handbook of Leadership has been described as "the authoritative resource book in leadership". When he retired from Binghamton University, he was the most cited leadership scholar in the world. His awards included the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology's Distinguished Scientific Contributions Award (1994), the Society of Psychologists in Management's Distinguished Practice in Psychology award (1997), the Academy of Management's Eminent Leadership Scholar Award (2006), and the Lifetime Achievement Award from the International Leadership Association's Leadership Legacy Program (2008). In 2018, the Center for Leadership Studies that Bass helped to establish in 1987 was renamed in honor of him and his wife, Ruth.

References

External links

1925 births
2007 deaths
American social psychologists
Organizational psychologists
Leadership scholars
Ohio State University alumni
Binghamton University faculty
Academic journal editors
Scientists from the Bronx

Bernard Bass


Space Mowgli, also known as The Kid (), is a 1971 science fiction novel by Russian writers Boris and Arkady Strugatsky, set in the Noon Universe.

Plot summary

The novel describes the "Ark Project" of 2160 and the first (and last) contact with Ark Megaforms. The story is told by Stanislav Popov, a technician of the ER-2 team, one of the twelve ecologist teams that were working on Ark to prepare the planet for the arrival of the colonists from Pant. The ER-2 consists of Popov, Gennady Komov, Maya Glumova and Yakov Vanderhuze.

The story begins as the members of ER-2 go on a routine exploration mission while Popov is left behind to oversee the construction of a permanent base for the arriving colonists. Suddenly, the construction robots get out of control and leave the construction site. It takes a few hours for Popov to locate the robots, fix them and set them back to work.

After that, Popov hears a human baby crying. Popov tries to locate the source of the sound but the crying stops as suddenly as it started. Since infants are not allowed to leave Earth, Popov assumes he had an auditory hallucination. Popov carries on his work with the robots. Now, he hears a female voice pleading for help from somebody named Shura. Popov cannot locate the source of the voice either.

Meanwhile, the ER-2 exploration party discovers the wreckage of an Earth spaceship and the remains of its two pilots. They log a report describing their discovery with the
orbital base. The following night, the ER-2 members start to exhibit the symptoms of psychosis. Popov is the most heavily affected. However, he does not tell the others about his condition: if he is found to be unfit for duty he might be recalled to Earth.

As the team has breakfast the following morning, a figure of a 13-year-old human boy appears on the base. Popov ignores it assuming that it is another one of his hallucinations. However, the other people see the boy too. They try to follow him but the boy quickly leaves the premises and the explorers lose his track. The team sends a report back to the orbital base. They receive a reply from Leonid Gorbovsky. The mission of ER-2 is changed to establish contact with a possible alien race.

Another message arrives that identifies the spaceship that ER-2 discovered as Pilgrim and the two pilots as Alexander (Russian short for this name is Shura) Semyonov and his wife Maria-Luisa Semyonova. They had their newborn child Piere Semyonov on board. The spaceship disappeared in 2147.  This leads ER-2 members to assume that the boy they saw in the morning is Piere Semyonov.

The leader of the team - Komov leaves the ship to scout the surroundings of the base. However, Piere Semyonov soon comes to the base himself. Apparently, he tries to communicate with the humans, they do not understand him and he leaves again. The behavior of the Kid (the official nickname given to Piere, hence the Russian title of the novel) is rather strange. This leads the humans to assume that he was raised by the local alien race.

Giant, segmented, insect-like, antennae rise over a distant mountain range. There is no direct connection between the antennae and the aliens, but the newly discovered race is named Ark Megaforms. The demonstration of the antennae appears to be an act of intimidation. It soon becomes apparent that Ark Megaforms want the humans to leave the planet as soon as possible. The Megaforms use the Kid as their negotiator with the humans. The Kid visits the base of ER-2 several times. He allows the humans to study him and question him about his foster parents in exchange for the promise to leave. The communication does not proceed smoothly as the Kid exhibits the mixture of human and alien psychological traits. His very way of thought seems inconceivable to humans. Though he can speak, most of the questions he is either unable or unwilling to answer. Moreover, there is a conflict of interest as the humans want to find out about Ark Megaforms as much as possible while the Kid just wants them to leave.

Frustrated with the lack of progress the humans give the Kid a portable video transmitter. They do not tell the Kid its function and hope that he will take it with him and the scientists will be able to track his movements outside the base. Over the transmitter the humans see as the Kid walks to the wreckage of the Pilgrim, levitates to a distant canyon and proceeds into the planet's interior. At this moment one of the humans - Maya Glumova turns on an emergency flashlight that is built into the transmitter. The transmission immediately stops. It is disputed if Maya did it on purpose. However, Komov takes the responsibility for the failure of the mission on himself.

Gorbovsky contacts Komov and tells him that most likely humans will not be able to establish a contact with Ark Megaforms because they are a closed civilization that avoids contacts with others. Gorbovsky informs Komov that an ancient satellite was discovered orbiting Ark. The satellite was built by the Wanderers and was programmed to destroy any approaching spaceship. Apparently, this satellite shot down the Pilgrim 13 years ago. Humans conclude that the Wanderers wanted to prevent anyone from contacting Ark Megaforms.

In the epilogue of the novel, Popov talks to the Kid over the video transmitter and reflects on the decisions made by the humans. The humans decided to evacuate Ark and the only remaining contact is through the Kid. Komov, some of his teammates and Piere's grandfather are allowed to talk to him. However, they should carefully avoid any themes related to Ark Megaforms. In the novel there is no mention whether the Ark Project was ever concluded.

Publication history
The Brothers Strugatsky conceived the idea for the novel in 1970. The working book title was "Operation MOWGLI", however was eventually published under the title Kid. Boris Strugatsky admitted that the brothers did not like the title, which  was only chosen as the official name because the publisher wanted it. The novel was written in 1970 and is one of a series of books set in the Noon Universe. The novel was published the year after in the journal Aurora.

The English translation was included in a single volume entitled Escape Attempt with the other Noon universe stories Escape Attempt and The Kid from Hell.

In the process of creating a 12 Volume collection of the works of the Brothers Strugatsky (Publisher Stalker, in the year 2000) Boris Strugatsky gave legal permission for the dates to be changed in the novel. As such, the dates 20th, 231st, 233rd and 234th years became 34th, 144th, 147th, 148th years.

Movie adaptations
	A partial adaptation in the third episode of the show This Fantastical World (1980).
	Kid, television movie, theatrical adaptation in the Central Children's Theatre (1987).
	Unplanned Meetings, Česká televize film (1995).

English releases
 Strugatsky, Arkady and Boris. Escape Attempt (Best of Soviet Science Fiction) translated by Roger DeGaris. New York: Macmillan Pub Co, May 14, 1982, 321 pp. . LCCN: 82000029.

References

External links

1971 novels
1971 in the Soviet Union
1971 science fiction novels
Soviet science fiction novels
Noon Universe novels
Novels by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky
Fictional feral children
Russian novels adapted into television shows
Russian novels adapted into films

Space Mowgli


The Chadic languages are a branch of languages from the Afroasiatic language family. They are spoken in West Africa, mainly in the countries Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Central African Republic and Cameroon. There are around 150 Chadic languages still spoken. The most widely spoken Chadic language is Hausa.

Tonal languages

Chadic languages


The term qualification may mean:
Professional certification (also called simply qualification)
A certificate of having passed a course such as a GCSE.
Product certification (also called product qualification)
A process of deciding the running order in many racing events, and other sport.
Qualification problem of non-monotonic logic.

Qualification


Mirfield () is a town and civil parish in Kirklees, West Yorkshire, England. Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, it is on the A644 road between Brighouse and Dewsbury. At the 2011 census it had a population of 19,563. Mirfield forms part of the Heavy Woollen District.

Governance
From 1894 to 1974, Mirfield was an urban district in the West Riding of Yorkshire until it was merged into the Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees. In 1988 a parish council was formed, one of five in Kirklees, the others being:- Denby Dale, Meltham, Kirkburton and Holme Valley. As a parish council an additional tax precept to the Kirklees Metropolitan Borough Council tax is levied on the town's residents. It is made up of 16 councillors who serve for a fixed four-year term, and represent wards within the parish. The members elect a town mayor, who serves for a fixed one-year term.

Local elections
In addition to the town council Mirfield is represented by three councillors on Kirklees Metropolitan Council, and the local Mirfield Area Committee.

In May 2005, Mirfield became the first Fairtrade Town in Kirklees and only the fourth in West Yorkshire.

Culture
The Mirfield Show is an annual agricultural event held on the third Sunday in August at Mirfield showground. It is organised and run by the Mirfield Agricultural Society (MAS) as a non-profit making event for the families of Mirfield and district.

Local residents introduced the Mirfield Food & Craft Fayre in April 2012, scheduled to be run the last Saturday of each month and "help raise the profile of Mirfield, be a benefit to local traders, businesses, organisations and charities, and add more destination events to the Yorkshire calendar".

Education

There are two secondary schools in Mirfield: Mirfield Free Grammar and Sixth Form and Castle Hall Academy.

Primary schools include Battyeford CE Primary School, Crossley Fields, Old Bank, Hopton Primary School and Crowlees Junior and Infant School, all of which were assessed by Ofsted as 'Grade 1 – Outstanding' in the March 2007 inspection.

The College of the Resurrection in Mirfield is a Church of England theological college, associated with the Community of the Resurrection religious community. There Rowan Williams, later Archbishop of Canterbury, lectured from 1975 for two years and Archbishop Trevor Huddleston spent his last days.

Landmarks

The 13th century St Mary's Church was rebuilt in 1826 but proved too small for the growing population and was regarded as too minor for the growing district. A new church, designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott, was built a few yards to the northwest, on the site of Castle Hall, a mansion then home to the families of Mirfields (sometimes spelled Mirfin), Hetons and Beaumonts. At Scott's suggestion, the tower of the earlier church, which retains some medieval work, was retained.

St. Mary's Church was also the boyhood church of Sir Patrick Stewart, of Star Trek fame.

Navigation
During the 18th century, a canal was constructed through the town linking the River Calder with other rivers in the area. The canal is part of the Calder and Hebble Navigation. Its construction resulted in many industries in Mirfield, such as the textiles and boat yards. The canal is still in use for recreational users with duck-feeding being especially popular.

Mirfield is the base of the Safe Anchor Trust, a charity founded in 1995 to provide canal boat trips for vulnerable and special needs people. In 2012, Princess Anne commissioned a new boat for the Trust.

The Brontës
Roe Head school, Mirfield, was a boarding school on the road from Leeds to Huddersfield where Charlotte Brontë went as a pupil on 17 January 1831, afterwards followed by her sisters Emily and Anne.  Charlotte was happy there and later returned to teach.

In April 1839 Anne returned to the town as governess to four children of the Ingham family of Blake Hall. Her unhappy experiences there were used in her first novel Agnes Grey.

Notable people
Lee Blakeley, theatre director
Alun Cochrane, comedian
Andi Durrant, radio presenter and music producer
Debbie Lindley, TV weather presenter
Richard Reed, co-founder of Innocent Drinks
Brian Robinson, cyclist, the first Briton to win a stage of the Tour de France
Mary Snell-Hornby, translation scholar
Sir Patrick Stewart, actor
Hilda Annetta Walker, artist
David Whyte, poet, philosopher

Economy
There are many national businesses based in Mirfield including John Cotton Group Ltd,  Furniture And Choice and We Buy Any Stairlift.

The town has a variety of local independent shops as well as national chains such as Lidl, Tesco and Co-op Food.

Sport

Mirfield is represented in Rugby League by Mirfield ARLFC, who play home matches at Frank Middleton Park and compete in the Pennine League Premier Division.

The town also has three teams in the Huddersfield Cricket League. Mirfield Cricket Club and Moorlands Cricket Club both based at the Memorial Park off Huddersfield Road. Mirfield Parish Cavaliers based on Wellhouse Lane, Northorpe.

The Mirfield Petanque Club who currently play in the West Yorkshire Petanque League and are also based at the Memorial Park.

Location

Twin town
 Kramolna, Czech Republic

Arms

See also
Listed buildings in Mirfield
Mirfield Reporter

References

External links

 Mirfield Town Council homepage
 Mirfield in Pictures
 Mirfield to Low Moor railway line
 Kirklees Council Website, Mirfield Information page

Towns in West Yorkshire
Heavy Woollen District
Geography of Kirklees
Civil parishes in West Yorkshire

Mirfield


Friedrich August Gotttreu Tholuck (30 March 1799 – 10 June 1877), known as August Tholuck, was a German Protestant theologian, pastor, and historian, and church leader.

Biography
Tholuck was born at Breslau, and educated at the gymnasium and university there.  He distinguished himself by his ability to learn languages. A love of Oriental languages and literature led him to exchange the University of Breslau for that of Berlin, in order to study to greater advantage, and there he was received into the house of the Orientalist Heinrich Friedrich von Diez (1750–1817).  He was introduced to pietistic circles in Berlin, and came under the influence of Baron Hans Ernst von Kottwitz, who became his "spiritual father," and of the historian Neander. Before deciding on the career of theological professor, he had in view that of a missionary in the East. Meanwhile, he was feeling the influence to a certain degree of the romantic school, and of Schleiermacher and G. W. F. Hegel too, though he never sounded the depths of their systems.

At length, in his twenty-first year, he finally decided to adopt the academical calling. In 1821 he was Privatdozent and in 1823 became professor extraordinarius of theology in Berlin, though he was at the same time active in the work of home and foreign missions. He lectured on the Old and New Testaments, theology, apologetics and the history of the church in the 18th century. In 1821 appeared his first work, Sufismus, sive theosophia Persarum pantheistica; following the same line of study he published Blütensammlung aus der morgenlandischen Mystik (1825) and Speculative Trinitätslehre des späteren Orients (1826). His well-known essay on the nature and moral influence of heathenism (1822) was published by Neander, with high commendation, in his Denkwürdigkeiten; and his Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans (1824) secured him a foremost place amongst the most suggestive, if not the most accurate, Biblical interpreters of that time.

Another work, soon translated into all the principal European languages, Die wahre Weihe des Zweiflers (1823), the outcome of his own religious history, obtained for him the permanent position of the modern Pietistic apologist of Evangelical Christianity. In 1825, with the aid of the Prussian government, he visited the libraries of England and the Netherlands, and on his return was appointed (in 1826) professor ordinarius of theology at the University of Halle, the centre of German rationalism, where he afterwards became preacher and member of the supreme consistorial council of the Evangelical State Church in Prussia. Here he made it his aim to combine in a higher unity the learning and to some extent the rationalism of Johann Salomo Semler with the devout and active pietism of A H Francke; and, in spite of the opposition of the theological faculty of the university, he succeeded in changing the character of its theology.

This he achieved partly by his lectures, but above all by his personal influence on the students, and, after 1833, by his preaching. His theological position was orthodox, but laid more stress upon Christian experience than upon rigid dogmatic belief. On the two great questions of miracles and inspiration he made great concessions to modern criticism and philosophy. His lifelong battle was on behalf of personal religious experience, in opposition to the externality of rationalism, orthodoxy or sacramentarianism. Karl Schwarz happily remarks that, as the English apologists of the 18th century were themselves infected with the poison of the deists whom they endeavoured to refute, so Tholuck absorbed some of the heresies of the rationalists whom he tried to overthrow. He was also one of the prominent members of the Evangelical Alliance, and few men were more widely known or more beloved throughout the Protestant churches of Europe and America than him. He died at Halle. As a preacher, Tholuck ranked among the foremost of his time. As a teacher, he showed remarkable sympathy and won great success. As a thinker he can hardly be said to have been endowed with great creative power.

After his commentaries (on Romans, the Gospel of John, the Sermon on the Mount and the Epistle to the Hebrews) and several volumes of sermons, his best-known books are Stunden christlicher Andacht (1839; 8th ed., 1870), intended to take the place of J H D Zschokke's standard rationalistic work with the same title, and his reply to David Strauss's Life of Jesus (Glaubwürdigkeit der evangelischen Geschichte, 1837).

He published at various times valuable contributions towards a history of rationalism--Vorgeschichte des Rationalismus (1853–1862), Geschichte des Rationalismus (1865), and a number of essays connected with the history of theology and especially of apologetics. His views on inspiration were indicated in his work Die Propheten und ihre Weissagungen (1860), in his essay on the "Alte Inspirationslehre," in Deutsche Zeitschrift für christliche Wissenschaft (1850), and in his Gespräche über die vornehmsten Glaubensfragen der Zeit (1846; 2nd ed., 1867).

He also contributed many articles to Herzog's Realencyklopädie, and for several years edited a journal (1830–1849), Literarischer Anzeiger.

In 1864, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.

Tholuck had an international influence. Philip Schaff says, "Next to Neander, no German divine of the present century is more extensively known in the Protestant churches of ... America than Dr. Frederick Augustus Tholuck."  In the nineteenth century, many of his books were translated into English. His popular works, such as his sermons, were also translated. American scholars were especially interested in his biblical commentaries. Several Americans, like Charles Hodge and Edward Robinson, studied with Tholuck in Halle.

References

 This work in turn cites:
Leopold Witte, Das Leben d. Friedrich August Gotttreu Tholuck's (2 vols, 1884–1886).
Martin Kähler, August Tholuck... ein Lebensabriss (1877).
Martin Kähler, "Tholuck" in Herzog's Realenzyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche.
Carl Siegfried, "Zur Erinnerung an Tholuck" in Protestantische Kirchzeitung, 1885, No. 45, and 1886, No. 47.
Karl Schwarz, Zur Geschichte der neuesten Theologie (4th ed., 1869).
F. W. F. Nippold, Handbuch der neuesten Kirchengeschichte
Philip Schaff, Germany; its Universities, Theology and Religion (1857)

Geck, Albrecht, "Friendship in Faith. E.B. Pusey (1800–1882) und F.A.G. Tholuck (1799–1877) im Kampf gegen Rationalismus und Pantheismus - Schlaglichter auf eine englisch-deutsche Korrespondenz," in: Pietismus und Neuzeit 27 (2001), 91-117.
Geck, Albrecht, "Pusey, Tholuck and the Oxford Movement," in: Stewart J. Brown/Peter B. Nockles (ed.), The Oxford Movement. Europe and the Wider World 1830-1930, Cambridge (Cambridge University Press) 2012, 168–184.
Geck, Albrecht (ed.), "Authorität und Glaube. Edward Bouverie Pusey und Friedrich August Gottreu Tholuck im Briefwechsel (1825–1865)." Teil 1-3: in: Zeitschrift für Neuere Theologiegeschichte 10 (2003), 253–317; 12 (2005), 89-155; 13 (2006), 41-124.

External links

Tholuck, Friedrich August Gottreu (New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge)

1799 births
1877 deaths
Clergy from Wrocław
People from the Province of Silesia
19th-century German Protestant theologians
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
Academic staff of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg
19th-century German male writers
German male non-fiction writers

August Tholuck


Donald Andrew Novello (born January 1, 1943) is an American actor, comedian, writer, singer, film director and producer. He appeared on NBC's Saturday Night Live as the character Father Guido Sarducci from 1978 to 1980, and 1985 to 1986. He appeared as Sarducci in television shows Married... with Children, Blossom, It's Garry Shandling's Show, Unhappily Ever After, Square Pegs, and The Colbert Report, and in the 1980 film Gilda Live. He is the voice of Vincenzo "Vinny" Santorini in the franchise of Atlantis: The Lost Empire.

Early life
Novello was born in Ashtabula, Ohio, the son of Eleanor Eileen Novello (née Finnerty), a nurse, and Augustine Joseph Novello, a physician. He is of Italian and Irish descent.

The family moved to Lorain, Ohio, when Don was a child. In 1961, he graduated from Lorain High School. He subsequently enrolled into the University of Dayton and graduated from it in 1964. In 1965, he graduated with a Bachelor of Foreign Trade degree from the American Graduate School of International Management (renamed the Thunderbird School of Global Management of Arizona State University).

Career
In the late 1960s, Novello worked as an advertising copywriter for Leo Burnett in Chicago.

Novello created the Father Guido Sarducci character in 1973 after finding a monsignor's outfit for $7.50 at a St. Vincent de Paul thrift shop. Adding sunglasses, a broom mustache, cigarette and a thick Italian accent, Sarducci became popular in a San Francisco nightclub. Sarducci appeared on San Francisco Channel 20's Chicken Little Comedy Show, and comic David Steinberg was watching. Steinberg hired Novello as a writer for a TV show that never aired, but he also introduced Novello to Tommy and Dick Smothers, and they hired Novello, too. Novello performed on The Smothers Brothers Show in 1975, appearing as Sarducci. He also was with Pat Paulsen during Paulsen's "Presidential Campaign Tour" in the mid-70s as his "Campaign Manager."

In the 1970s, Novello started to write letters to famous people under the pen name of Lazlo Toth (after Laszlo Toth, a deranged man who vandalized Michelangelo's Pietà in Rome). The letters, written to suggest a serious but misinformed and obtuse correspondent, were designed to tweak the noses of politicians and corporations. Many of them received serious responses; Novello sometimes continued the charade correspondence at length, with humorous results. The letters and responses were published in the books The Lazlo Letters, Citizen Lazlo!, and From Bush to Bush: The Lazlo Toth Letters.

The Lazlo Letters, Novello's first book of stilted letters to celebrities, caught the attention of Lorne Michaels, producer of Saturday Night Live. Novello was hired as a writer for the show's third season in 1977–1978 where he remained through the fifth season, and returned as a writer in the eleventh season. He also appeared numerous times on the show in the Father Guido Sarducci character.

In 1980, under the name of Father Guido Sarducci, he sang lead vocals on the Warner Bros. Records release "I Won't Be Twisting This Christmas"/"Parco MacArthur" (WBS49627). Novello co-wrote the first tune with M. Davich, and the second tune is an Italian language cover of "MacArthur Park", the Jimmy Webb song, in an arrangement similar to that recorded by Richard Harris.

Novello made newspapers around the world when he visited the Vatican in 1981 wearing the Father Guido Sarducci costume and, while taking photographs for a magazine article in an area where photography was prohibited, was arrested by the Swiss Guards along with his photographer (Paul Solomon), and eventually charged with "impersonating a priest". The charges were later dropped, and Solomon managed to protect the film from confiscation.

In his stage show in Las Vegas and Reno with the Smothers Brothers, Sarducci rolled a wheelchair with a dummy in the robes of a cardinal. In the act, Sarducci explained he was the assistant of 108-year-old "Cardinal Dario Fungi."

For a brief period in 1982, Novello was a producer on SCTV, a Toronto-based comedy show starring Martin Short, Joe Flaherty, John Candy, Eugene Levy, Dave Thomas, Rick Moranis, Andrea Martin and Catherine O'Hara. He was installed by NBC as one of a series of producers for the show's fourth season, and produced a total of nine episodes.

In 1983, Novello had a cameo as Father Sarducci in the video for Rodney Dangerfield's comedy rap song "Rappin' Rodney" which was heavily played on MTV.

In 1984 Novello wrote The Blade, a high school yearbook parody in which the students are represented by sheep. Novello co-wrote the unfilmed script for Noble Rot with John Belushi. He also narrated Faerie Tale Theatre's third-season episode Pinocchio with Paul Reubens as the titular puppet. Also in 1984, Novello appeared in the music video for the Jefferson Starship song "No Way Out".

In 1989, Novello co-starred in the anthology film New York Stories in the Francis Ford Coppola-directed segment, Life Without Zoe. In his 2 1/2 star review of the movie, Roger Ebert cited Novello for giving "the most engaging performance in the movie."

In 1990, Novello portrayed "Dominic Abbandando" in the film The Godfather Part III. Abbandando appears with speaking lines in the first scene as public relations and media coordinator for Don Michael Corleone. Most notable is when he slaps down a news reporter with the challenge: "You think you know better than the Pope?" Novello appears in many other scenes as well, shadowing George Hamilton, and in the climactic scene on the steps of the Palermo opera house, Teatro Massimo.

In 2001, he lent his voice to the character Vincenzo "Vinny" Santorini in the Disney animated film Atlantis: The Lost Empire, and subsequently in the direct-to-video sequel Atlantis: Milo's Return. In 2003, he filed papers to enter the 2003 California recall election, but failed to collect enough valid signatures to qualify for the ballot.

In 2005, after the death of Pope John Paul II, Novello, as Father Guido Sarducci, reprised his former SNL role as "Special Vatican Reporter" for Air America Radio host (and fellow Saturday Night Live alumnus) Al Franken. He continued this role until the election of Pope Benedict XVI. In 2006, he portrayed the role of Galileo on the podcast "The Radio Adventures of Dr. Floyd".

He portrayed Pope Pius XII in the 2009 short film All in the Bunker.

On June 23, 2010, he appeared on The Colbert Report as Father Guido Sarducci.

On October 30, 2010, he gave the benediction at the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear hosted by Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert.

American recording artist Guthrie Thomas credited Don Novello as "the best performer in the room" when Novello appeared as Father Guido Sarducci on one of Thomas' albums in a recording studio full of famous performers.

Personal life
Novello resides in San Anselmo, California. He has one brother, Joseph "Joe" Novello, and one sister, Eileen.  His former sister-in-law Antonia Novello M.D. served as Surgeon General of the United States from 1990 to 1993.  His niece is film producer Holly Wiersma (Wonderland, Billionaire Boys Club).

Selected acting credits
Saturday Night Live (1978–1980, 1985–1986) (TV) – Father Guido Sarducci
Gilda Live (1980) – Father Guido Sarducci
Square Pegs (1982) (TV) – Father Guido Sarducci
Mr. Mike's Mondo Video (1979) – Men in Film Room (voice, uncredited)
Become an Artist (1982) – Father Guido Sarducci
Head Office (1985) – Sal
Father Guido Sarducci Goes to College (1985) – Father Guido Sarducci
It's Garry Shandling's Show (1986) (TV) – Father Guido Sarducci
Tucker: The Man and His Dream (1988) – Stan
New York Stories (1989) – Hector (segment "Life without Zoe")
The Spirit of '76 (1990) – Translator
The Godfather Part III (1990) – Dominic Abbandando
PBS Great Performances La Pastorela: The Shepherd's Tale (1991) – Father Guido Sarducci
Teenage Bonnie and Klepto Clyde (1993) – Sanchez
Blossom (1993) – Father Guido Sarducci
One Night Stand (1995) – Warren Miller
Casper (1995) – Father Guido Sarducci
Married... with Children (1995) (TV) – Father Guido Sarducci
Jack (1996) – Bartender
Touch (1997) – Father Navaroli
Just the Ticket (1999) – Tony
The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (2000) – Fruit vendor twins
Just One Night (2000) – Italian drifter
Nothing Sacred (2000) – Caterer
Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001) – Vincenzo 'Vinny' Santorini (voice)
Atlantis: Milo's Return (2003) – Vincenzo 'Vinny' Santorini (voice)
Rent Control (2005 film) (2005) – Rico Factory Girl (2006) – Mort SilversThe Colbert Report (2010) (TV) – Father Guido SarducciTwixt (2011) – MelvinPalo Alto (2013) – Mr. Wilson

Writing creditsThe Smothers Brothers Show (1975) (TV)Van Dyke and Company (1976) (TV)Saturday Night Live (1978–1986) (TV)Things We Did Last Summer (1978) (TV)Gilda Live (with Gilda Radner, Anne Beatts, Lorne Michaels, Michael O'Donoghue, Rosie Shuster, Marilyn Suzanne Miller, Paul Shaffer and Alan Zweibel) (1980)SCTV (1982) (TV)Noble Rot (with John Belushi) (1982) (unproduced)A Man Called Sporacaione (1982) (unproduced)Blondes vs. Brunettes (with Lisa Medway) (1984)  (TV)Father Guido Sarducci Goes To College (1985) (VHS)Our Planet Tonight (1987) (TV)

BibliographyThe Lazlo Letters (1977) The Blade: Shellville High School Yearbook (1984)Citizen Lazlo!: The Lazlo Letters Vol. 2 (1992) From Bush to Bush: The Lazlo Toth Letters (2003)

AlbumsFather Guido Sarducci Live at St. Douglas Convent (1980)Breakfast in Heaven (1986) as Father Guido SarducciEverybody's Free to Wear Camouflage (2000) (CD Single) written by; Cat McLean, Don Novello and Narada Michael Walden, which was a top 20 hit in the UK. Performed as Father Guido SarducciOne Hundred Bulbs on the Christmas Tree Party (2006) as Father Guido Sarducci

Appeared on the compilations Holidays in Dementia (1995) and A Classic Rock Christmas (2002).
He made guest appearances on the Handsome Boy Modeling School albums So... How's Your Girl? (1999) and White People'' (2004).

References

External links

1943 births
American male comedians
American male film actors
American male television actors
American television writers
American male television writers
American people of Irish descent
American writers of Italian descent
Living people
People from Ashtabula, Ohio
People from San Anselmo, California
Thunderbird School of Global Management alumni
American sketch comedians
Comedians from California
Comedians from Ohio
Screenwriters from California
Screenwriters from Ohio
Screenwriters from Arizona

Don Novello


Egil Kapstad (6 August 1940 – 13 July 2017) was a Norwegian jazz pianist, composer and arranger. He wrote the music for more than 50 theatre productions, and composed for film and television drama. Kapstad composed classical works for orchestra, choir, string quartet, and smaller ensembles, and was a chief executive of the association Ny Musikk. He worked as a host in television for NRK. Egil Kapstad's Trio worked as a small orchestra in the Norwegian Melodi Grand Prix of 1965.

Career
Kapstad was born in Oslo, Norway. He taught jazz history and improvisation at the Musikkonservatoriet i Kristiansand and performed as a pianist on more than 60 albums. Kapstad worked with jazz musician such as Karin Krog, Chet Baker, Red Mitchell, Bjørn Johansen, Bjarne Nerem, Jon Larsen and Magni Wentzel, being also known for his longstanding collaboration with poet Jan Erik Vold.

Kapstad received many awards and honors. He received Norsk jazzforbund's Buddyprisen in 1977, NOPA's award for the work of the year, (Epilog) in 1984, Gammleng-prisen in the class jazz in 1985 and was awarded Spellemannprisen in the class jazz twice, for the record Cherokee at the 1989 award of Spellemannprisen and Remembrance with the Egil Kapstad Trio at the 1994 award of Spellemannprisen.

Kapstad became a government scholar in 2003. He died in Kristiansand during July 2017.

Compositions (selected)
Syner (1967), performed in the new version 1990
Epilog – Bill Evans in Memoriam (Vossajazz, 1983)
Døgn for kammerorkester
Theater music for Shakespeare's King Lear
Theater music for Ibsen's Kongsemnerne
Theater music for Helge Hagerup's Kuler i solnedgangen

Discography

As leader/co-leader

As sideman
By Myself (1964), with Karin Krog
Twostep og blå ballader (1974), with Lars Klevstrand
I fløyterens hjerte (1990), with Lars Klevstrand
I anstendighetens navn (1976), with Ole Paus
Everything Happens to Me (1977), with Bjarne Nerem
Til jorden (1978), with Rolf Jacobsen
Live fra ABC-teatret (1979), with Odd Børretzen & Alf Cranner
Live at Jazz Alive (1983), with Thorgeir Stubø
Sofies plass (1983), with Magni Wentzel
All or Nothing at All (1985), with Magni Wentzel
My Wonderful One (1987/88)
Dedications (1985), with Per Husby
I Hear a Rhapsody (1985), with Totti Bergh
Major Blues (1990), with Totti Bergh
Time for Love (1986), with Laila Dalseth
A Woman's Intuition (1995), with Laila Dalseth
Den dagen Lady døde (1986), with Jan Erik Vold
Blåmann! Blåmann! (1988), with Jan Erik Vold
Sannheten om trikken er at den brenner (1990), with Jan Erik Vold
Pytt pytt blues (1992), with Jan Erik Vold
Obstfelder Live på Rebekka West (1993), with Jan Erik Vold
Her er huset som Per bygde (1996), with Jan Erik Vold
Storytellers (1998), with Jan Erik Vold
Constellations (1990), with Bjørn Alterhaug
Three Shades of Blue (1995), with Staffan William-Olsson
Oslo Jazz Circle – Jubileumskonsert (1998), with various artists
Round Chet's Midnight (1999), with Hilde Hefte
Playsong (2001), with Hilde Hefte
First Song (2000), with Bodil Niska
Violin (2000), with Ola Kvernberg
Playsong - the music of Bill Evans (2001), with Hilde Hefte
Bjørn Johansen in Memoriam (2003)
The Next Step with Jon Larsen (2003)
Blue with Bodil Niska (2003)
Hildes BossaHefte with Hilde Hefte (2003)
Den dagen Lady døde with Jan Erik Vold (2003)
Core Business with Louis Stewart (2004)
Jargong Vålereng''' with Rolf Søder (2004)On The Corner with Hilde Hefte (2006)AN EVENING IN PRAGUE with Hilde Hefte & The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra (2007)Drømmemakeren sa with Jan Erik Vold (2008)Short Stories with Hilde Hefte (2013)Quiet Dreams'' with Hilde Hefte (2017)

References

External links

Norsk Jazzarkivs nettsider

1940 births
2017 deaths
20th-century Norwegian pianists
21st-century Norwegian pianists
Norwegian jazz pianists
Norwegian jazz composers
Male jazz composers
Gemini Records artists
Hot Club Records artists
Ponca Jazz Records artists
Spellemannprisen winners
Musicians from Oslo
Norwegian male pianists
20th-century Norwegian male musicians
21st-century Norwegian male musicians

Egil Kapstad


Lawrence Olawumi Ayo  was elected Senator for the Ondo North constituency of Ondo State, Nigeria at the start of the Nigerian Fourth Republic, running on the Alliance for Democracy (AD) platform. He took office on 29 May 1999.

Ayo was born in Owo, in Ondo State.
After taking his seat in the Senate, he was appointed to the Senate Committee on Ethics and Privileges.
He was appointed to an ad hoc Senate committee to investigate budgetary and constitutional breaches by President Olusegun Obasanjo, but in October 2002 was among committee members who refused to sign the final report since they had not been invited to participate in its preparation.

References

Members of the Senate (Nigeria)
Living people
People from Owo
Alliance for Democracy (Nigeria) politicians
20th-century Nigerian politicians
21st-century Nigerian politicians
Year of birth missing (living people)

Lawrence Ayo


Aigle Castle is a castle in the municipality of Aigle of the Canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is a Swiss heritage site of national significance.

History

The Barons of Aigle were first mentioned in 1179.  At that time they had a small fortification, that became the center of the modern castle, along the road over the Col du Pillon and Col des Mosses passes of the Rhone.  However, only traces of this first castle have been archaeologically discovered.

Some time before 1200, the Barons of Aigle ended up as vassals of the powerful Counts of Savoy.  In 1232, Count Thomas of Savoy granted Aigle as a fief to the brothers Jacob and Peter of Saillon in exchange for their ancestral castle in Valais.  The Saillon family seems to have been closely related with the barons of Aigle.

In the second half of the 13th century, Aigle expanded and received a city charter.  The castle was rebuilt, with a fortified donjon and a curtain wall.

In the 14th century,  the Lords of Compey inherited the rights of the Saillon family.  They were also vassals of the Counts of Savoy and made Aigle into their headquarters.  They added turrets and in 1450 built a massive tower in the south corner.  This tower was an example of late French Donjon architecture.

Starting in the mid-15th century, Bern tried to control the city, to gain control of the important mountain passes into the Rhone Valley.  Their first unsuccessful attempt was in 1464.  The Burgundian Wars (1474–1477), which brought the Swiss Confederation into conflict with Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy, brought another opportunity.  Because Savoy had joined the Burgundian side, Swiss forces attacked the Savoy town of Aigle and devastated the castle.  Jean de Compey had to flee and was killed soon afterward in Vevey.  His son died fighting for Charles the Bold.

After the war, the Compey family were unable to recover their title to the town or castle.  Bern had the castle rebuilt again in 1488 and made it the seat of a provincial governor.  Aigle became one of the first French speaking districts in Bern. The representatives of Bern resided here until the French invasion and creation of the Helvetic Republic in 1798.

In 1804, the castle was acquired by the community of Aigle and until 1976 it was used as a cantonal jail.  Since then, it has been a museum open to the public.

Castle site
Today the castle is home to Musée de la Vigne et du Vin (Vine and wine museum).  Next to the castle gates is the Maison de la Dîme, which houses the Musée de l'Étiquette (Wine-Labels Museum).

See also
 List of castles in Switzerland
 Château

References

External links

 Chateau homepage

Castles in Vaud
Cultural property of national significance in the canton of Vaud
Aigle
Tourist attractions in the canton of Vaud
Wine museums
Museums in the canton of Vaud

Aigle Castle


Henry Maria Krips, MBE (10 February 1912 – 25 January 1987) was an Austrian-Australian conductor and composer, best known for his 23-year record term (1949–72) as principal conductor of the South Australian Symphony Orchestra (it had been founded in 1936 as the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra and reverted to that name in 1975).  He is credited with introducing the works of Gustav Mahler to Australian audiences.

Life and career
Henry Krips was born in Vienna in 1912 as Heinrich Josef Krips; his brother was the conductor Josef Krips. His father was a Jewish-born convert to Catholicism, and his mother was from a Catholic family. He studied at the Vienna Conservatory, and made his début in 1932 at the Burgtheater there. After the 1938 Anschluss, as his brother Josef left Vienna for Belgrade, Heinrich Krips emigrated to Australia. He formed the Krips-de Vries Opera Company there, and also served as musical director for the Kirsova Ballet in Sydney in 1941. He was naturalised in 1944 and changed his first name to Henry.

From 1947 Krips worked for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.  He was the main conductor of the West Australian Symphony Orchestra (Perth) from 1948 to 1972, and the principal conductor of the then-named South Australian Symphony Orchestra (Adelaide) from 1949 to 1972.  For more than 20 years he played a leading part in Australian and New Zealand musical life. In 1955 Alfred Hill dedicated to Krips his Symphony No. 4.

Henry Krips was also active as a composer. He wrote the score for the 1949 film Sons of Matthew.  In 1951 there was a competition for a new national anthem to celebrate the golden jubilee of the Federation of Australia.  Krips's entry This Land of Mine won the competition, but was not taken up as the national anthem. His other compositions include opera, ballets, numerous songs and instrumental pieces, including music for the ABC animated cartoon, Waltzing Matilda.

In 1970 he was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE).

In 1972 he moved to London, where he had appeared as a guest conductor with the Sadler's Wells Opera from 1967, and conducted occasional concerts. His performances of Johann Strauss and Franz Lehár were particularly admired.

Henry Krips died in Adelaide in 1987.  His grandson, Henry Wagons, is an Australian singer/songwriter, musician, radio and TV personality and frontman of the popular outlaw country rock band Wagons.

Further reading
 Robyn Holmes: Through the opera glass. A chronological register of opera performed in South Australia 1836 to 1988. Friends of the State Opera of South Australia, Adelaide 1991.
 Alain Pâris: Dictionnaire des interprètes et de l'interprétation musicale au XX siecle. Éditions Robert Laffont, Paris 1989.
 Stefan Jaeger: Das Atlantisbuch der Dirigenten. Atlantis Musikbuch-Verlag, Zurich 1985

References

Male conductors (music)
Australian conductors (music)
Australian male composers
Australian film score composers
Male film score composers
Australian Members of the Order of the British Empire
1912 births
1987 deaths
Musicians from Vienna
Jewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss to Australia
20th-century Austrian conductors (music)
20th-century Austrian male musicians
20th-century composers
20th-century Australian male musicians
20th-century Australian musicians

Henry Krips (conductor)


Helmut Schön (15 September 1915 – 23 February 1996) was a German football player and manager. He is best remembered for his exceptional career as manager of the West Germany national team in four consecutive World Cup tournaments, including winning the title in 1974, losing in the final in 1966, and coming in third in 1970. In addition, his teams won the European Championship in 1972 and lost in the final in 1976.

Biography
Schön played as a striker for Dresdner SC, winning the German football championship in 1943 and 1944 as well as the cup in 1941 and 1942. He appeared 16 times for his country between 1937 and 1941, scoring 17 goals.
After World War II he began his career in football management in his native state of Saxony, then part of Soviet-occupied East Germany. He was in charge of coaching selections from Saxony and the Soviet occupation zone before political interference to the sport made him flee to Western Germany in 1950. Having played in Hamburg for FC St. Pauli even during his Friedrichstadt spell, he now was appointed player-coach with Hertha BSC Berlin where he had several former teammates in his squad but left before the end of the season. Schön became a licensed coach in Cologne before managing Wiesbaden. Between 1952 and 1956, he was in charge of the then-independent Saarland side, who met West Germany in qualification for the 1954 World Cup. When the Saarland was reunified with West Germany in 1956, Schön joined the West Germany national side as assistant to Sepp Herberger, whom he succeeded as manager in November 1964.

Under Schön's leadership the West German teams were World Cup runners-up in 1966 (lost 4–2 to England in the final), third in the World Cup of 1970, European champions in 1972 (defeated the Soviet Union 3–0 in the final), World Cup winners in 1974 (defeated the Netherlands 2–1 in the final), and European Championship runners-up in 1976 (lost to Czechoslovakia in the final on penalty kicks, after extra-time). Among the moves Schön made that enabled West Germany's triumphs in 1972 and 1974 were: selecting Sepp Maier as his automatic first string goalkeeper, a decision that seems obvious in retrospect but was not a given at the time; easing many of the veterans of the 1970 team out of the subsequent squad; allowing Franz Beckenbauer to play his preferred role as a sweeper, and appointing him team captain; introducing young fullbacks Berti Vogts and Paul Breitner into the team; building the midfield around Günter Netzer and switching the team's formation to better accommodate his skills; then replacing Netzer with Wolfgang Overath in the 1974 team.

Schön holds World Cup records for both coaching the most matches (25) and the most wins (16), and was the first coach to win both a World Cup and a European Championship.  He shares with England's Walter Winterbottom the distinction of managing the same national team at four consecutive World Cup tournaments. Schön gave notice that he would retire after the 1978 World Cup, to be replaced by his assistant Jupp Derwall. He was unable to go out on a high note as his team was knocked out of the competition by Austria, who had already been eliminated. During his 14-year tenure as national coach, his record was 87 victories, 30 draws and 22 defeats in 139 matches. For his contributions to association football as a coach, Schön became one of the inaugural recipients of the FIFA Order of Merit in 1984.

Managerial honours
West Germany
 FIFA World Cup: 1974; runner-up: 1966; third-place: 1970
 UEFA European Championship: 1972; runner-up: 1976

Individual
World Soccer 22nd Greatest Manager of All Time: 2013

References

External links

1915 births
1996 deaths
German men's footballers
Dresdner SC players
Hertha BSC players
Germany men's international footballers
German football managers
West German football managers
1966 FIFA World Cup managers
1970 FIFA World Cup managers
1974 FIFA World Cup managers
1978 FIFA World Cup managers
FIFA World Cup-winning managers
Saarland national football team managers
Germany national football team managers
UEFA Euro 1972 managers
UEFA Euro 1976 managers
UEFA European Championship-winning managers
History of sport in East Germany
Footballers from Dresden
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Men's association football forwards
East German emigrants to West Germany
East German men's footballers

Helmut Schön


WormBook is an open access, comprehensive collection of original, peer-reviewed chapters covering topics related to the biology of the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). WormBook also includes WormMethods, an up-to-date collection of methods and protocols for C. elegans researchers.

WormBook is the online text companion to WormBase, the C. elegans model organism database. Capitalizing on the World Wide Web, WormBook links in-text references (e.g. genes, alleles, proteins, literature citations) with primary biological databases such as WormBase and PubMed.  C. elegans was the first multicellular organism to have its genome sequenced and is a model organism for studying developmental genetics and neurobiology.

Contents
The content of WormBook is categorized into the sections listed below, each filled with a variety of relevant chapters. These sections include:

Genetics and genomics
Molecular biology
Biochemistry
Cell Biology
Signal transduction
Developmental biology
Post-embryonic development
Sex-determination systems
The germ line
Neurobiology and behavior
Evolution and ecology
Disease models and drug discovery
WormMethods

References

Bioinformatics
Biology books
Cell biology
Caenorhabditis elegans
Proteins
Animal developmental biology

WormBook


Robert Henry Francis Valentine (born 15 June 1950) is an Australian politician. He was the Lord Mayor of the City of Hobart local government area, in the State of Tasmania, Australia, from 1999 to 2011. In 2012, he was elected to the Tasmanian Legislative Council for the division of Hobart.

Valentine is the great-grandson of Francis David Valentine, who was Mayor from 1925 to 1926.

Valentine is also the great-nephew of Edward Brooker (a previous premier of Tasmania) and is the longest continuously-serving Lord Mayor in the History of Hobart (since 1853).

References

1950 births
Living people
Members of the Tasmanian Legislative Council
Mayors and Lord Mayors of Hobart
Independent politicians in Australia
21st-century Australian politicians
Tasmanian local councillors

Rob Valentine


The 23rd Indian Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the Indian Army during World War II from 1941 to at least 1947. The brigade was formed in February 1941, at Loralai in India and in June 1941, assigned to the 14th Indian Infantry Division. In March 1942, the brigade was reassigned to the 23rd Indian Infantry Division, just before being renumbered 123rd Indian Infantry Brigade. As the 123rd the brigade served in the Burma Campaign with not only the 23rd but with the 14th again and the 5th Indian Infantry Division.

As 123rd Indian Brigade, the brigade served with the Punjab Boundary Force during the Partition of India in 1947.

Formation

23rd Indian Infantry Brigade
1st Battalion, 15th Punjab Regiment
8th Battalion, 10th Baluch Regiment
4th Battalion, 5th Mahratta Light Infantry

123rd Indian Infantry Brigade
1st Battalion, 15th Punjab Regiment to April 1943
8th Battalion, 10th Baluch Regiment to December 1942 and March to April 1943
4th Battalion, 5th Mahratta Light Infantry to June 1942
10th Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers July 1942 to April 1943
1st Battalion, 17th Dogra Regiment October 1942 to January 1943 and December 1943 to August 1945
8th Battalion, 6th Rajputana Rifles January to March 1943 and May to June 1943
2nd Battalion, 1st Punjab Regiment July 1943 to April 1944 and September 1944 to August 1945
2nd Battalion, Suffolk Regiment July  1943 to September 1944
1st Battalion, 18th Royal Garhwal Rifles February 1944
3rd Battalion, 2nd Punjab Regiment April 1944 to March 1945
7th Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment March to June 1945
3rd Battalion, 9th Jat Regiment April to May 1945
3rd Battalion, 9th Gurkha Rifles July to August 1945

See also

 List of Indian Army Brigades in World War II

References

British Indian Army brigades
Military units and formations in Burma in World War II

23rd Indian Infantry Brigade


"Wake Up Call" is the second single off the second studio album by Maroon 5 called It Won't Be Soon Before Long. The song is also the 4th track on the album. The music video deals with the band committing crimes and Levine acting as a murderer because of the murder of his girlfriends ex-boyfriend.

Mark Ronson remix
A remix version of the song was released in 2007 by Mark Ronson. The remix song was originally released on iTunes Store on November 13th, 2007. The song later appeared in the hit remix album by Maroon 5 called Call and Response: The Remix Album.

Maroon 5 songs
2007 songs
Mary J. Blige songs

Wake Up Call (Maroon 5 song)


Gaṅgeśa (, Gaṅgeśa Upādhyāya) (first half of the 14th century) was an Indian philosopher, logician and mathematician from the kingdom of Mithila. He established the Navya-Nyāya ("New Logic") school. His Tattvachintāmaṇi (The Jewel of Thought on the Nature of  Things), also known as Pramāṇacintāmaṇi (The Jewel of Thought on the Means of Valid Knowledge), is the basic text for all later developments. The logicians of this school were primarily interested in defining their terms and concepts related to non-binary logical categories.

Life
Gangesa was born at Karion village on the banks of the Kamala River, 19 km south-east of Darbhanga in a Brahmin family. According to tradition, he was illiterate in his early years but later he acquired the knowledge of logic as a boon from the goddess Kali.

The Tattvacintāmaṇi

The founding text of Navya-Nyaya - it is divided into four khaṇḍas (books): Pratyakṣakhaṇḍa (book on perception), Anumānakhaṇḍa (book on inference), Upamānakhaṇḍa (book on comparison) and Śabdakhaṇḍa (book on verbal testimony). The first book opens with a salutation to Shiva.

The Tattvacintāmaṇi (T.C.) is a systematic account of epistemology, logic, and the philosophy of grammar. Other subjects, such as the proofs of God, are treated incidentally.

Gangesa refers to his own teachings as the New Nyaya. This term New Nyaya is not to be understood as implying any great originality in theory on Gangesa's part, but rather originality in method. His work differs from the oldest Nyaya in that he accepts many tenets of the Vaisesika school, and in his arrangement of Nyaya teachings under four headings rather than under the 16 subjects (padartha) of the Old Nyaya.

The newness of Gangesa's method is newness of style and of organization. He is far more precise, more careful to define his terms, than were his predecessors; these virtues of his work are responsible for the fact that perhaps half of Navya-Nyaya literature is based either directly on the T.C. or on a commentary on the T.C.

See also
Ancient Mithila University
Indian philosophers
Indian mathematicians
Nyaya

Notes

External links

13th-century Indian mathematicians
13th-century Indian philosophers
Epistemologists
Indian logicians
Nyaya
Scientists from Bihar
Philosophers of Mithila
People from Darbhanga district
Scholars from Bihar
14th-century Indian mathematicians
Ancient Mithila University

Gaṅgeśa


Bondan Prakoso (born May 8, 1982) is an Indonesian singer-songwriter, bass guitarist, and record producer. He is known as the former bassist of rock band Funky Kopral (1999–2003) and the lead singer of the rap rock collaboration band, Bondan Prakoso & Fade 2 Black (2005–2013). He has won several awards from Indonesian Music Awards with both Funky Kopral and his collaboration band, Bondan Prakoso & Fade 2 Black.

Biography

Early life
Bondan Prakoso was born on May 8, 1984. He is the second child of three children. Since 8 years old, Bondan had already been exposed to the music industry as a child singer. He emerged as a famous young popstar in early 1990s. Bondan released 8 albums in 1988–1995.

Funky Kopral
In the late 1990s, Bondan and his friends, Anggara Mulia (Angga), Bobbi Wibowo (Robbi), Kristo Perwira, and Arlonsy Miraldi (Onci), formed a rock band called Funky Kopral. Together, they released three albums in 1999–2003 with Universal Music record label. In 2002, Iman Taufik Rachman (Iman) come and replaced Onci as the guitarist. Eventually, the band broke up in late 2003. Years later, Funky Kopral has reformed, but with only a few remained from the original formation. The others had formed or joined other bands, such as: Iman with J-Rocks, and Bondan with his collaboration, Bondan Prakoso & Fade 2 Black.

Bondan Prakoso & Fade 2 Black
This is music project collaboration between a musician named Bondan Prakoso and the rap hip hop group Fade2Black; the members are Tito a.k.a. Titz, Ari a.k.a. Santoz, and Eza a.k.a. Lezzano.

In early 2002, Bondan Prakoso who is also well known by public as a bass player, who was also a former bass player in a Funk Stream band called Funky Kopral, and Tito a.k.a. Titz who is known as a rapper and has group called Fade2Black, often shared their thoughts and ideas to each other about music. They came from different backgrounds of music, Bondan Prakoso plays more likely in funk and rock music and Titz in rap and hip hop. These two campus mates from Faculty of Culture and Humaniora, deepin' in Dutch literature, are college friends on University of Indonesia, Depok.

By the late 2003, because of the needs and his desire in acknowledging music are getting more mature, deeper and freedom in creating this art, Bondan Prakoso had decided to go further as he decided to retire from their former band, Funky Kopral.

2004 was when Bondan came up with an idea to merge different kinds of music and combine them in a new package form of music, as in that mid year, he has asked Titz to join in a music project. Titz thought that it will be more strong with his group Fade2Black in joining in.

The situation is getting more varieties and more colorful as Bondan approved to involve this Hiphop group from Bogor, Fade2Black, in this project. Instead of only 1 rapper, this music project is combining 3 rappers, Tito a.k.a. Titz, Ari a.k.a. Santoz and Eza a.k.a. Lezano.

By the late 2004, they were starting to go further with this project and created various kinds of music with the touch of Rap, Rock, Funk as the elements. Bondan Prakoso is in-charge for the music instruments, looping, and arranging, while Fade2Black get more close to the lyrics.

The process took four months to complete and in August 2005, their first album with the title RESPECT released under the Sony BMG Music Indonesia. Since then, the album which contains many types of musics with rap as the basic vocal by TITZ, SANTOZ and LEZANO, while in other songs also joined BONDAN PRAKOSO on vocal in singing.

With this piece of arts, they received contribution and awards, such as:
 MTv Indonesia Exclusive artist in November, 2005
 MTv Advance Warning award in November, 2005
 Indonesian Music Award (AMI) 2006, as the best Rap album production.

In 2008, they were ready to break the Indonesian Music Industry with their more hard, impulsive, innovative forms of music. With their second album, named UNITY, and with their breakthrough single hit, "KERONCONG PROTOL".

With this new debut from their second album, they won the 2008 Indonesian Music Award (AMI) for the second time in a row for the Best Rap Album Production.

In 2010, they were back with their third album, FOR ALL. Hitting back the local music industry with the hit single "Ya Sudahlah".

Their album For All gave them more chances to reach more to the top of Indonesian music industry. Along with their hits single "Ya Sudahlah", Bondan Prakoso and Fade2Black succeed on gaining more eyes from the public over their existence by receiving 4× Platinum Award for RBT (Ring Back Tone) download and 5 times on the Twitter Trending Topics. With that also, they have won several local awards, such as:
 Most popular song 2011 on Anugerah Music TerDahsyat 2011 (local TV music program awards), "Ya Sudahlah".
 Most popular Artis/Grup R&B/Rap/Dance on Indosat Award 2011.
 Most popular R&B/Rap/Dance song on Indosat Awards 2011, "Kita Slamanya".

On their 3rd album, they launched 3 singles, "Ya Sudahlah", "Kita Slamanya" and their most latest single "Tetap Semangat".

In 2011, they were developing their skills and creativity on finishing their 4th album.

Discography

Studio albums
Funky Kopral
 1999: Funchopat
 2000: Funkadelic Rhythm and Distortion
 2003: Misteri Cinta

Bondan Prakoso & Fade 2 Black
 2005: Respect
 2007: Unity
 2010: For All
 2012: Respect & Unity For All
2014: Generasiku EP

References

External links
 Official website
 Bondan Prakoso & Fade 2 Black at SonyMusic.co.id
 Bondan Prakoso & Fade 2 Black at Billboard.com
 Bondan Prakoso & Fade 2 Black on Facebook
 Bondan Prakoso & Fade 2 Black on Twitter

Indonesian bass guitarists
Indonesian child singers
21st-century Indonesian male singers
Anugerah Musik Indonesia winners
Indonesian rock singers
Indonesian songwriters
Living people
1983 births
Male bass guitarists
21st-century bass guitarists

Bondan Prakoso


C. Peter Flynn (August 18, 1935 – October 27, 2011) was a Professor of Physics and of Materials Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Professor Flynn was on the faculty of the University of Illinois from 1960 until 2011 and served as the director of the Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory from 1978 until 1987.  He was a fellow of both the American Physical Society and the American Society for Metals, and was Chairman of the Department of Energy Council on Materials between 1985 and 2005.

He pioneered the technique of molecular beam epitaxy, a method of growing crystalline solids from layers of selected elements.  He also helped construct one of the first low energy electron microscopes in the United States.

Flynn was born in Stockton-on-Tees, a small market town in North Yorkshire, England on August 18, 1935. He was the son of Francis Johnson Flynn, a police constable in the village of Hovingham, and his wife, Edith Hannah, a local war-time nurse. Peter received a full scholarship to the University of Leeds where he received his bachelor's and Ph.D. in Physics in 1960.  He subsequently earned an M.A. (Hon.) in physics from the University of Cambridge.  In 1960, Peter moved to the United States to take a post-doctoral position with the Physics Department of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign where he worked until May 2011.

References

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
American physicists
Alumni of the University of Leeds
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
1935 births
2011 deaths

C. Peter Flynn


The French Resistance was a group of French resistance movements that fought against the Nazi German military occupation in France during World War II (1939–1945).  Resistance cells were small groups of armed men and women who killed German soldiers, published secret newspapers, collected information about the German army, and helped Allied soldiers and pilots who were trapped in France to get back to Great Britain. The men and women of the Resistance came from all levels of society and many different religions.

The Allied armies helped the French Resistance by giving them guns and explosives. It was very dangerous to be a member of the French Resistance. Members who were caught by the Germans were often tortured and killed. When the Resistance killed a German officer, sometimes the Nazi army would kill large numbers of innocent civilians as a punishment.

The French Resistance helped the Allied armies to advance through France in 1944. After the invasion of Normandy on 6 June 1944, and the invasion of Provence on 15 August, they gave the Allies information about the German defenses. The Resistance also sabotaged the electrical power grid, transportation methods, and telecommunications networks. During the Nazi occupation of France, the resistance was an inspiring example of patriotic behavior and bravery.

When the war was over, the Resistance executed about 9,000 French people who were working to help the Nazis. This included many members of the Milices, a fascist organization that helped Nazi Germany.

Resistance movements of World War II
Rebellions in Europe
20th-century rebellions
1930s in France
1940s in France

French Resistance


Helen Katherine Myers Sharsmith (August 26, 1905 – November 10, 1982) was an American biologist.

Biography
Helen Sharsmith was born 1905 in Oakland, California.  She received an AB and MA from University of California, Berkeley in 1927 and 1928, then worked as a high school and junior college teacher. She met her future husband, Carl Sharsmith, while taking a class in the Yosemite Outdoor Field School in Yosemite National Park.  She and her husband married and both earned doctorates from University of California, Berkeley, hers in 1940.

Sharsmith was a research assistance at University of California and a biology teacher while working on her degree. Later, she worked as a biology assistant at the Carnegie Institution of Washington and a senior botanist at Berkeley, where she retired in 1969.

Sharsmith's dissertation was later published as a book, Flora of the Mount Hamilton Range of California (1945). This was the result of extensive field research in the area.  She also wrote Spring Wildflowers of the San Francisco Bay Region (1965).

The Sharsmiths had two children, John, named after John Muir, and a daughter Linnea, named after Carl Linnaeus.  They were later divorced.

Sharsmith died 1982 in Alameda County, California.

Legacy
 Sharsmith's stickseed (Hackelia sharsmithii) — named for her husband by I.M. Johnston, but discovered by Sharsmith and her husband Carl Sharsmith at Mirror Lake after climbing Mount Whitney
 Sharsmith's Onion (Allium sharsmithiae) (Ownbey & Aase ex Traub) McNeal — Aliso or Allium fimbriatum S. Watson var. sharsmithiae Ownbey & Aase ex Traub.). Endemic to Mount Hamilton area of the Diablo Range in the southeastern San Francisco Bay Area.
 Sharsmith's harebell (Campanula sharsmithiae), or Mt. Hamilton Bellflower (N. Morin) — endemic to Mount Hamilton area of the Diablo Range in the southeastern San Francisco Bay Area.
 Sharsmith's draba (Draba sharsmithii), or Mount Whitney draba (Rollins and R.A. Price) — endemic to southern Sierra Crest in Mount Whitney area.

See also
 O'Neill, Elizabeth Stone, Mountain Sage: The Life of Carl Sharsmith Yosemite Ranger/Naturalist 2d ed. (1996) .

References

American biologists
Botanists active in California
1905 births
1982 deaths
American women botanists
American botanists
American women biologists
Botanists with author abbreviations
Biologists from California
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Scientists from Oakland, California
20th-century American botanists
20th-century American women scientists

Helen Sharsmith


Harry Schultz Vandiver (21 October 1882 – 9 January 1973) was an American mathematician, known for work in number theory.

He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to John Lyon and Ida Frances (Everett) Vandiver.  He did not complete a formal education, choosing instead to leave school at an early age to work for his father's firm, although he did attend some graduate classes at the University of Pennsylvania in 1904–5.

From 1917 to 1919 he was a member of the United States Naval Reserve, and in 1919 became an instructor of mathematics at Cornell University, where he taught for five years before becoming an associate professor of pure mathematics at the University of Texas in 1924. He was made a full professor the following year, and named distinguished professor of applied mathematics and astronomy in 1947. He remained at Texas until his retirement in 1966.

Vandiver won the Frank Nelson Cole Prize of the American Mathematical Society for his paper on Fermat's Last Theorem in 1931. In 1952 he used a computer to study it, proving the result for all primes less than 2000.

A question he frequently asked about the class group of cyclotomic fields, and now known as Vandiver's conjecture, was first posed in an 1849 letter from Ernst Kummer to Leopold Kronecker.

For the academic year 1927–1928 Vandiver received a Guggenheim Fellowship. In 1934 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. In 1945 the U. of Pennsylvania gave him an honorary doctoral degree.

References

External links

1882 births
1973 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
Number theorists
Cornell University faculty
University of Texas at Austin faculty
People from Philadelphia
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences

Harry Vandiver


Cadmium chloride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CdCl2. It has cadmium and chloride ions in it. The cadmium is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
Cadmium chloride is a colorless solid. It dissolves easily in water. It is toxic and carcinogenic (causes cancer). It is mostly ionic but a little covalent. It reacts with bases to make cadmium oxide.

Preparation
Cadmium chloride is made by reacting cadmium oxide, cadmium, or cadmium carbonate with hydrochloric acid. It can also be made by mixing cadmium and chlorine.

Uses
It is used to make yellow cadmium sulfide, which is used as a pigment. It is also used to make organocadmium compounds. It is also used for electroplating.

Related pages
Cadmium sulfate
Zinc chloride
Mercury chloride

Cadmium compounds
Chlorine compounds

Cadmium chloride