Colonel Les Claypool's Fearless Flying Frog Brigade (also known as The Les Claypool Frog Brigade) is a musical project with rotating personnel, led by American singer/bassist Les Claypool. The Frog Brigade was formed during a hiatus from Claypool's main group Primus.

The original band was formed in summer 2000 and consisted of Claypool, Todd Huth (guitars, vocals), Jay Lane (drums), Jeff Chimenti (keyboards), Skerik (saxophone), and Eenor Wildeboar (guitars, cümbüş). Les Claypool has described their sound as, "It's kind of a King Crimson meets Pink Floyd meets Frank Zappa type thing."

The band released two live recordings in 2001, Live Frogs Set 1 and Live Frogs Set 2. Set 1 is a mix of covers and originals, including "Thela Hun Ginjeet" (King Crimson) and "Shine On You Crazy Diamond" (Pink Floyd). Set 2 is a live cover of the entire Pink Floyd album, Animals.  A studio album, entitled Purple Onion, was also released in 2002.

All three albums were released on Les Claypool's Prawn Song Records.

History
Claypool formed the band to play the Mountain Aire Festival, a jam band festival that takes place in Northern California on Memorial Day weekends each year.  Its initial lineup featured MIRV's Marc Haggard on guitar, Skerik on saxophone, and both Jack Irons (ex-Pearl Jam and Red Hot Chili Peppers) and Primus' Tim Alexander on drums.  Les had planned on naming the band Les Claypool's Thunder Brigade, but was told by Mountain Aire organizers that the name might sound too heavy for the jamband crowd.

In August 2000, Claypool created a new line-up of the Frog Brigade and took it on a tour that fall.  The band consisted of Jay Lane on drums and Todd Huth on guitar, who had worked with Claypool in Sausage (which in itself was a re-formation of the first line up of Primus),  guitarist Eenor, who got a place in the band by winning a mail-order competition, Jeff Chimenti, the keyboardist from Ratdog (Jay Lane also has worked with Ratdog), and Skerik continuing on saxophone.  This version of the band played a show consisting of two sets – the first filled with covers and songs from Claypool's previous bands, and a second set where the band would play all of the Pink Floyd album, Animals.

Reviews noted that although Claypool was turning towards jam band, the cover selections were adventurous and the cross over brought together a unique combination of fans. At the shows it was noted "a peculiar convergence of poncho punks, old Deadheads, extravagant funk fans and year-round Halloween revelers supplied one of the least likely rock audiences in recent memory" including both deadhead 'noodle dancers' and a mosh pit.

After this tour, the Brigade released two live recordings, both taken from the Autumn 2000 concerts by the band in San Francisco.  Live Frogs, Vol. 1 contained material from the first, free-form set, and Live Frogs, Vol. 2 was a recording of the band performing Animals.

The Brigade headlined the first SnoCore Icicle Ball in early 2001. The following summer, the band was composed of Claypool, Skerik, Eenor and a new drummer, Paul Svena. Les began writing new material and they began playing single-set live shows.  In 2002, Mike Dillon was added as a percussionist and the Frog Brigade recorded their only studio album to date, Purple Onion.

In 2003, Eenor left the band and guitarist Bryan Kehoe joined.  Throughout their touring schedule the band has changed drummers multiple times. Drummer Paulo Baldi also entered the rotation in 2003. Baldi, formerly of the Bay Area trio Deadweight, who have disbanded, is a natural fit along the lines of Tim Alexander and Jay Lane.

In 2002 Claypool formed a new band, Colonel Claypool's Bucket of Bernie Brains, with guitarist Buckethead, keyboardist Bernie Worrell, and former Primus drummer Bryan Mantia (aka Brain).  This band had much the same genesis as the Frog Brigade; Formed to play at the Bonnaroo Festival of that year, it has since gone on the road, and recordings have become subsequent live albums.

As of August 2011, the Frog Brigade has not recorded any new material since Purple Onion, and the band has not gone on a major tour since Summer 2003, but has occasionally re-formed to play other one-off shows and music festivals.  Claypool toured 2006 and 2007 with Paulo Baldi, Gabby La La, Mike Dillon and Skerik as Les Claypool's Fancy Band.

In 2023, Claypool reformed the band for a tour entitled "Summer of Green," featuring an almost entirely new line up of Sean Lennon on guitar, Harry Waters on keyboards, Paulo Baldi on drums, and Mike Dillon on percussion. Skerik was the only original member aside from Claypool set to rejoin the reformed group, but was forced to bow out of the tour due to a mysterious shoulder/neck injury.

Members
 Les Claypool - bass, vocals
 Sean Lennon - guitars
 Harry Waters - keyboards
 Paulo Baldi - drums
 Mike Dillon - percussion
 Skerik - saxophone

Former members
 Todd Huth - guitars, vocals
 Bryan Kehoe - guitars
 Marc Haggard - guitars
 Jay Lane - drums
 Jack Irons - drums
 Paul Svena - drums
 Tim Alexander - drums
 Jeff Chimenti - keyboards
 Eenor Wildeboar - guitars, cümbüş

Discography
2001: Live Frogs Set 1
2001: Live Frogs Set 2
2002: Purple Onion

References

Jam bands
Les Claypool
2000 establishments in California
Musical groups established in 2000
Musical groups disestablished in 2004


Marysvale is a town in Piute County, Utah, United States. The population was 408 at the 2010 census. Marysvale is a trail head for the Paiute ATV Trail.

History
A post office called Marysvale has been in operation since 1872. The town's name probably commemorates the Virgin Mary.

In the late 1860s, silver ore was discovered in the Volcanic Series of Bullion Canyon and Mount Belknap, west of Marysvale in the Tushar Mountains.  In 1889, gold was discovered.  Then in 1949, uranium was discovered, prompting the United States Atomic Energy Commission to establish an ore purchasing station and field office in Marysvale.  The uranium occurs as veins within quartz monzonite, granite and rhyolite, usually in the form of pitchblende, but also as umohoite, which was first identified at Marysvale.  The pitchblende has been age dated to the Late Miocene.  Total uranium production from the Marysvale area amounted to about 275,000 tons of 0.2 per cent U2O8.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 15.1 square miles (39.1 km2), of which 15.1 square miles (39.1 km2) is land and 0.07% is water.

Climate
The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "BSk" (cold semi-arid climate).

Demographics

At the 2000 census, there were 381 people, 149 households, and 113 families in the town. The population density was 25.2 people per square mile (9.7/km2). There were 222 housing units at an average density of 14.7 per square mile (5.7/km2).  The racial makeup of the town was 98.43% White, 0.79% from other races, and 0.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.10%.

Of the 149 households, 27.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.8% were married couples living together, 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.5% were non-families. Of the 149 households, 8 are unmarried partner households: 2 heterosexual, 2 same-sex male, and 4 same-sex female. 21.5% of households were one person and 9.4% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 2.96.

The age distribution was 24.7% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 20.2% from 25 to 44, 31.2% from 45 to 64, and 17.3% 65 or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.3 males.

The median household income was $31,875 and the median family income  was $35,417. Males had a median income of $33,125 versus $21,667 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,715. About 9.1% of families and 11.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.8% of those under age 18 and 2.9% of those age 65 or over.

Notable person
Actress Marie Windsor was born in Marysvale in 1919.

See also

 List of cities and towns in Utah

References

External links

 UTV Jamboree, Marysvale, Utah
 Piute County

Towns in Piute County, Utah
Towns in Utah
Populated places established in 1863
1863 establishments in Utah Territory

Marysvale, Utah


Antyfaszystowska Organizacja Bojowa (Polish for Anti-Fascist Military Organisation), AOB, was an underground organization formed in 1942 in the Ghetto in Białystok by former officers of the Polish Land Forces. It took part in the Białystok Ghetto uprising.

Its tasks included organisation of escape routes for the people incarcerated in the Ghetto as well as gathering arms and equipment for the future fight against the Germans. Since February 1943 it carried over many attacks on German authorities and armed forces operating in the Ghetto. On August 15, 1943, the AOB members started an ill-fated struggle against the liquidation of the Ghetto, which is known as the Białystok Ghetto Uprising.

See also
 Antifascist Front of Slavs in Hungary

Anti-fascist organisations in Poland
Jewish resistance during the Holocaust
Jewish Polish history
Military units and formations of Poland in World War II
The Holocaust in Poland

Anti-Fascist Military Organisation


John Morgan Walden (February 11, 1831 – January 21, 1914) was an American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church.  He also gained notability as a newspaper editor and journalist, as a State Superintendent of Education in Kansas, as an officer in the Union Army, and as an Official in his Christian denomination.

Birth and family
John Morgan Walden was born in Lebanon, Ohio, the son of Jesse and Matilda (née Morgan) Walden.  The family moved to Hamilton County, Ohio in 1832.  John was of Virginian ancestry, his great-grandfather Walden having moved from Culpeper County, Virginia to Kentucky in 1770, and his grandfather Benjamin to Ohio in 1802.  After the death of his mother in 1833. John went to live with relatives near Cincinnati.

John married Martha Young of Cheviot, Ohio July 3, 1859.  They had five children.

Education and early life
Walden attended a local school in Cincinnati until 1844, when he went to work.  Becoming a wandering laborer, he found employment as a carpenter.  He became interested in the writings of Thomas Paine, whereby Walden became a skeptic.  He read Sir Walter Scott and Oliver Goldsmith.  His own early romantic stories were published under the pen name "Ned Law" in the Hamilton, Ohio Telegraph from 1849 until 1853.

After attending Farmers' College in College Hill, Ohio in 1849, Walden taught school for a year in Miami County, Ohio.  It was there that he was converted by a Methodist Circuit Rider.  Returning to Farmers' College, Walden graduated in 1852.  He then continued to teach there for two years.

Journalism career and Kansas
In 1854 John went to Fairfield, Illinois, where he published the Independent Press.  In his editorials he opposed the liquor traffic and so-called "squatter sovereignty."  Illinoisans starved him out by refusing to support his paper, and in 1855 he returned to Ohio, where he became a reporter with the Cincinnati Commercial.

John became deeply interested in the Kansas troubles while reporting from the Democratic National Convention of 1856.  Indeed, he went to Kansas, where he established the Quindaro Chindowan, a Free-Soil paper in the Free State port-of-entry town of Quindaro.  He was a delegate to five Free-State conventions, including the Leavenworth Constitutional Convention of 1858.  That same year he campaigned over half the Territory, opposing the Lecompton Constitution.

John Morgan Walden served in the Kansas Territorial Legislature in 1857.  He also was the State Superintendent of Education for a time.

Ordained ministry
John returned again to Ohio, where on September 8, 1858, he was admitted on trial to the Cincinnati Annual Conference of the M.E. Church.  His first two years of ministry were spent on various circuits.  In 1860 he was admitted to the Conference in full connection and sent to the York Street Church in Cincinnati.

While he was there the American Civil War began.  Rev. Walden became very active in the war effort, raising two regiments to defend the city against threatening attacks.  He joined the Union Army, where he achieved the rank of lieutenant colonel.

Rev. Walden served with the Ladies' Home Mission in Cincinnati (1862–64).  In the post-war years, he helped many African Americans through his work as corresponding secretary of the Western Freedman's Aid Commission and also with the Methodist Freedman's Aid Society.

In 1867 Walden was appointed Presiding Elder of the East Cincinnati District.  In 1868 he was elected Publishing Agent of the Western Methodist Book Concern, also in Cincinnati.  His penchant for statistics and organization, his business ability, and his sympathetic cooperation with the preachers made the Concern a financial success under his stewardship.

Episcopal ministry
John Morgan Walden was elected a Bishop by the 1884 General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church.  During his service he presided at some time or other over every Conference in the U.S.A.  He also inspected missions in Mexico, South America, Europe, China and Japan.  He did much to shape the missionary policy of his Church.

Walden was a delegate to the Ecumenical Conferences in London in 1881, in Washington in 1891 and in Toronto in 1911.  With respect to church organization, he insisted on strict adherence to the written law of the church.  Otherwise, he was more liberal in his views.

Legacy and honors
In recognition of his work for African Americans, in 1900 Central Tennessee College in Nashville was renamed in his honor as Walden University (Tennessee).

Death and burial
Walden died on January 21, 1914, at Daytona Beach, Florida, and is buried in Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati, Ohio.  He was survived by his wife and three of their five children.

See also

List of bishops of the United Methodist Church

Notes

References
Methodism:  Ohio Area (1812–1962), edited by John M. Versteeg, Litt.D., D.D. (Ohio Area Sesquicentennial Committee, 1962).

External links

Guide to the John Morgan Walden Papers 1820-1914 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center

1831 births
1914 deaths
Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church
Union Army officers
United States Army officers
People from Lebanon, Ohio
American Methodist bishops
American publishers (people)
Burials at Spring Grove Cemetery

John Morgan Walden


Adolf II of Waldeck (c. 1250 – 13 December 1302) was count of Waldeck from 1270 to 1276 and prince-bishop of Liège from 1301 to 1302.

Life
Adolf was a son of Count Henry III and of Mechthild of Cuyk-Arnsberg. In 1270 he succeeded his grandfather Adolf I of Waldeck as Count of Waldeck.  He arranged a treaty with his brothers Otto and Gottfried, which stipulated that one brother would marry Sophia of Hesse (a daughter of Landgrave Henry I of Hesse), and that the other brother would follow suit and also marry.  The brother to marry Sophia eventually turned out to be Otto. In 1276 Adolf fell from Otto's favour and became a priest, at first a canon () of Liège Cathedral, and later a provost () in the cathedrals of Trier and Utrecht.  His other brother Gottfried also entered the church, becoming a canon in Cologne and Liège Cathedrals, treasurer () in Münster Cathedral and in 1304 bishop of Minden.  On the death of William II, Adolf was initially his intended successor as bishop of Utrecht but, under pressure from count John II of Holland, Adolf found his claims overridden in favour of appointing John's brother Guy of Avesnes.  Through Pope Boniface VIII he was granted the bishopric of Liège instead, but he died shortly afterwards.

1250 births
1302 deaths
Place of birth unknown
Place of death unknown
14th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the Holy Roman Empire
Prince-Bishops of Liège
House of Waldeck
Counts of Waldeck

Adolf II of Waldeck


Ferrovie dello Stato (FS; Italian State Railways) Class 736 (Italian: Gruppo 736) was a class of 2-8-0 steam locomotives ex-United States Army Transportation Corps (USATC) 2-8-0 steam locomotives of the S160 Class.  There were 243 locomotives in this class, numbered 736.001-243.  They were taken to Italy by invading US forces.

In 1959, twenty-five locomotives of this class Nos 736.011/23/40/55/73/90/101/2/126/7/131/5/51/8/60/4/6/78/88/90/9/203/7/9/17 were sold to the Hellenic State Railways (Greek Railways, SEK), to add to their Class Θγ.

References

736
USATC S160 Class
2-8-0 locomotives
ALCO locomotives
Baldwin locomotives
Lima locomotives
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Italy
1′D h2 locomotives

FS Class 736


James Adams Cunningham (November 27, 1830 – July 17, 1892) was a volunteer officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War.

Serving as a company commander in the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Infantry (which later became the 32nd Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry) on garrison duty at Fort Warren in Boston, Cunningham was transferred with his unit to the battle front in the spring of 1862. He fought in numerous battles with the Army of the Potomac, eventually taking command of the 32nd Massachusetts in 1864. In the closing days of the war, Cunningham distinguished himself during the Appomattox Campaign, earning the award of the honorary grade of brevet brigadier general. During the Battle of Appomattox Court House, Cunningham received the flag of surrender sent by General Robert E. Lee.

After the war, Cunningham served with the Massachusetts General Court and as Adjutant General of Massachusetts.

Early life
Born in Boston in 1830, James Cunningham moved to Gloucester, Massachusetts as a young man and took up a career as a stagecoach driver.  He married Ann Eliza Lane of New Jersey and had two children before the Civil War.

Civil War service

Company command
A few months after the start of the Civil War, Cunningham assisted with the recruitment of a company of volunteer infantry in Gloucester. The company was formed in November 1861 under the command of Captain James P. Draper and became Company D of the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Infantry. Cunningham was second in command of the company, receiving the commission of 1st lieutenant on December 2, 1861.  The company was made up almost entirely of Gloucester fishermen and, early in its service, had a reputation for unruliness.

The battalion was stationed during the winter of 1861–1862 at Fort Warren, the largest fortification in Boston harbor. There, the unit trained in infantry and artillery drill and also guarded the approximately 1,000 Confederate prisoners held at the fort.  On March 6, 1862, Cunningham was promoted captain and placed in command of Company F of the battalion.  In May 1862, the battalion was transferred to the battle front in northern Virginia. That summer, four more companies were added to the battalion, amounting to ten companies as required for a full regiment. The unit was designated, on September 3, 1862, the 32nd Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. The regiment became part of the V Corps in the Army of the Potomac.

Over the course of 1862, Cunningham commanded Company F in combat during the battles of Second Bull Run, Antietam and Fredericksburg. In 1863, he participated in the battles of Chancellorsville, Gettysburg and Mine Run. In 1864, still in command of a company in the 32nd Massachusetts, Cunningham saw action in the Overland Campaign, a series of battles aimed at grinding down the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and taking the Confederate capital of Richmond. The Overland Campaign ended in a stalemate and resulted in the long Siege of Petersburg.

Regimental command
Because several of the senior officers of the 32nd Massachusetts were killed or wounded in the course of the Overland Campaign and the Siege of Petersburg, Cunningham was promoted to lieutenant colonel in the summer of 1864 and took command of the regiment at the end of September. He would command the regiment for the remainder of its service.

In late March 1865, the Confederate army abandoned its siege lines at Petersburg and retreated towards western Virginia, bringing about the Appomattox Campaign and, ultimately, the end of the war. It was during this campaign, on April 2, 1865, that Cunningham distinguished himself in the wake of the Battle of Five Forks.  The battle, having taken place on April 1, 1865, forced the Confederates to begin their retreat from Petersburg and Richmond. That night, Cunningham was placed in command of a brigade of skirmishers and ordered to lead the pursuit of the retreating Confederate army. Deploying his brigade under the eye of Major General Philip Sheridan, Cunningham pushed his men rapidly westward, covering many miles of ground and overtaking hundreds of Confederates in the course of their retreat as well as significant amounts of Confederate supplies. On January 18, 1867, President Andrew Johnson nominated Cunningham for the award of the honorary grade of brevet brigadier general, United States Volunteers, to rank from April 1, 1865, for distinguished services during the campaign against Richmond, and for especial gallantry at the battle of Five Forks, Virginia, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the award on February 21, 1867.

Over the next week, the Union cavalry and V Corps (including Cunningham's 32nd Massachusetts) pursued the Confederates, forcing their surrender at the Battle of Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. Near the close of the battle, Cunningham spotted through his field glasses a white flag of truce. Riding forward, Cunningham ascertained that the flag was born by a Confederate staff officer who wished to communicate a message to Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant that Confederate General Robert E. Lee wished to discuss terms of surrender.

After the close of the war, Cunningham was mustered out of service with the rest of the 32nd Massachusetts on June 29, 1865.

Post-war life
Immediately after the war, Brevet Brig. Gen. Cunningham dabbled in politics, serving briefly as a representative to the Massachusetts General Court in 1865. At the close of 1866, he accepted an appointment as Adjutant General of Massachusetts, becoming the commanding general of the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia. He succeeded the wartime adjutant general, William Schouler and served in that capacity until 1879.

In 1882, Cunningham became the superintendent of the Massachusetts Soldier's Home in Chelsea, a position he occupied for ten years until his death in Chelsea on July 17, 1892. He was buried in Oak Grove Cemetery, Gloucester, Massachusetts.

See also

List of Massachusetts generals in the American Civil War
Massachusetts in the American Civil War

Notes

References

 Hunt, Roger D. and Brown, Jack R. Brevet Brigadier Generals in Blue. Gaithersburg, MD: Olde Soldier Books, Inc., 1990. .

External links

Union Army generals
People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War
Adjutants General of Massachusetts
1830 births
1892 deaths

James A. Cunningham


An emergency telephone number is a telephone number that can be used to quickly contact emergency services for assistance. Emergency services usually include police, medical, or firefighting public services. Many countries' public telephone networks have a single emergency telephone number, sometimes known as the universal emergency telephone number or the emergency services number. Most emergency service numbers are 3 digits long so that they can be dialed quickly and remembered easily. Some countries have a different emergency number for each of the different emergency services and are different only by the last digit.

Variations
In Europe, the telephone number for emergency services is 1-1-2. In North America, the number for emergency services is 9-1-1. It can be dialed from any phone connected to a network, as a cellular service plan isn't required or charged for emergency calls. Some countries, such as Israel, maintains separate but consecutive numbers for police, fire, and medical services. When the number is dialed on the phone keypad, the call is routed to the nearest emergency telephone operating center. This center is oftentimes found within the same city or town that the call is made from. This provides a strong connection and allows emergency services to get to the location better. In some areas, calls are able to be traced on a map with GPS from cell towers. This can be helpful if a person calls but is unable to speak or if the telephone connection line disconnected before the call was ended intentionally.

Technological Implications
The ability to contact emergency services has changed in recent years as technology has advanced. Some mobile devices like the Apple iPhone and Apple Watch and mobile applications such as Noonlight offer capabilities to contact emergency services without having to call or speak to an emergency phone operator. These features are still being tested and developed by using a smart phone's ability to maintain a very accurate GPS location.

References

Telephone numbers

Emergency telephone number


In mobile telecommunications technology, the concept of mobile signature roaming means an access point (AP) should be able to get a mobile signature from any end-user, even if the AP and the end-user have not contracted a commercial relationship with the same MSSP. Otherwise, an AP would have to build commercial terms with as many MSSPs as possible, and this might be a cost burden.

This means that a mobile signature transaction issued by an application provider should be able to reach the appropriate MSSP, and this should be transparent for the AP.

Mobile signature roaming itself requires commercial agreements between the entities that facilitate it. In this respect, we assume that various entities (including MSSPs) will join in order to define common commercial terms and rules corresponding to a mobile signature roaming Service. This is the concept of a mobile signature roaming service.

Entities involved
Acquiring Entity (AE): an entity performing this role is one of the entry points of the mesh, and handles commercial agreements with APs. The entry point in the mesh may be for instance a MSSP, or an aggregator of Application Providers in the context of a particular communities of interests (e.g. payment associations, banks, MNOs etc.). That's the reason why we define this more abstract role. An Acquiring Entity implements the Web Service Interface specified in TS 102 204 [8];
Home MSSP (HMSSP): this is the MSSP that is able to deal with the current end-user and the current transaction;
Routing Entity (RE): any entity that facilitates the communication between the AE and the home MSSP;
Attribute Provider: this role is described by Liberty Alliance [3]. One or several mesh members may undertake this role and store relevant attributes in order to facilitate the discovery of the Home MSSP by other Mesh members;
Identity Issuer: an entity that is able to make a link between a Mobile Signature and an end user's identity. Within a PKI system, this is typically the certificate authority (CA) and/or a registration authority (RA);
Verifying Entity (VE): an entity that can verify a Mobile Signature. A MSSP may be a Verifying Entity as well;
Acquiring MSSP (AMSSP): this is a MSSP acting as an entry point in the Mesh. We can imagine that a commercial model for a mobile Signature Roaming Service is a Mesh of MSSPs which are fully or partially connected between each others.

First mobile signature roaming transactions
 13 April 2005 "Finnet and TeliaSonera Finland Performed Successful MSS Roaming"
 7 February 2007 "World's first international Mobile Signature Roaming - with ETSI-MSS by Valimo (Finland) and BBS (Norway)"

References

Identity management
Mobile telecommunications standards

Mobile signature roaming


Chaowa Pawa (, ) is a 2009 Bengali romance thriller drama film directed by Swapan Saha. The film is starring Prosenjit, Rachna Banerjee, Swarna Kamal Dutta, Santana Bose, Bodhisattwa Majumdar, Abhishek Chatterjee, Ramen Roy Chowdhury, Locket Chatterjee. This film is similar to Yaarana and Dostanas male-bonding theme and the Rani-Preity-Salman-starrer Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega, where one of the girls wakes up from a coma to find how things have changed, and the super-hit film Dhadkan.

Plot
Debdutta and Arun are inseparable childhood peers who maintain an excellent bonhomie as adults. While Arun becomes a cop, Deb joins a refrigerator company as a senior executive. Meanwhile, Deb falls in love with Kabita. While Deb and Kabita plan to marry, Kabita recommends her closest friend's name (Kajol) as a partner for Arun. Debdutta goes to Arun and lays out the plan and the duo hope to marry together, in the same day. But things go awry when Arun hurts himself while defusing a car bomb. He burns so badly that doctors abandon all hope. Succumbing to injuries, a dying Arun requests Deb to bring Kajol for a final instance. Deb goes to fetch Kajol, but her uncle Binod bashes up Deb because he has diverse plans of marrying Kajol to a Dubaian tycoon. Deb gets back to the hospital unscathed, shivering in despair. Meanwhile, Kabita arrives at the venue. Deb requests and prays Kabita to act as Kajol only for a solitary instance, as the last wish of a dying man (Arun had never seen Kajol). But after experiencing Kabita as Kajol, Arun miraculously returns to life from the jaws of death. Kabita gets tragically stamped as Kajol and Deb sacrifices his love for the sake of his peer. Deb searches out Kajol, but she gets stabbed to death by Binod. Abandoning all hope Deb advises Kabita to marry Arun and remain Kajol for her forthcoming life. A dumbstruck Kabita prepares to sacrifice everything. But on the day of marriage Arun reveals that he knows every move of the sacrificing couple and ultimately the estranged and tested lovers re-unite.

Cast
 Prosenjit
 Rachna Banerjee
 Swarna Kamal Dutta
 Santana Bose
 Bodhisattwa Majumdar
 Abhishek Chatterjee
 YourPritam
 Ramen Roy Chowdhury
 Locket Chatterjee

Music
 "Bondhu Aaj Theke" - Zubeen Garg & Abhijeet
 "Aaj Mon Chai Sey Chawate"
 "Tumi Aachho Moner Ghare"
 "Shudhu Cheye Dekhona" (Duet)
 "Shudhu Cheye Dekhona" (Female)
 "Shudhu Cheye Dekhona" (Male)

References

External links

 www.telegraphindia.com

2009 films
Bengali-language Indian films
2000s Bengali-language films

Chaowa Pawa (2009 film)


The Testament of Dr. Mabuse () is a 1962 German film directed by Werner Klingler. It was the fourth part of the Dr. Mabuse series from the 1960s and was a  remake of the 1933 Fritz Lang film The Testament of Dr. Mabuse.

Cast
Cast adapted from Filmportal.de:

Production
In 1962, producer Artur Brauner set-up a new mini-studio of CCC Film called CCC Filmkunst (). This production was set to make three films a year on lower budgets with more freedom to develop a film, which included The Testament of Dr. Mabuse. The Testament of Dr. Mabuse was shot on location in Berlin and at the Spandau Studios between May 16 and May 23, 1962.

Release
The Testament of Dr. Mabuse was distributed theatrically in West Germany by Constantin Film on September 2, 1962. The film was released in 1965 in the United States and was the last of the Dr. Mabuse films to be released theatrically there.

Reception
From contemporary reviews, an anonymous reviewer in the Monthly Film Bulletin reviewed an 88 minute English-dubbed version of the film. The reviewer declared the film "another black mark on the West Germany industry" and "one of the worst of the recent batch of Dr. Mabuse fabrications". He also wrote that despite borrowing elements from Fritz Lang's original film, "lacks even a glimpse of Lang's dramatic flair [...] Things are made worse by an extremely tatty production—somewhat reminiscent of British films of the '30s" and poor quality dubbing.

References

Sources

External links

1960s German-language films
Dr. Mabuse films
West German films
Films directed by Werner Klingler
Remakes of German films
German sequel films
Police detective films
Films shot in Berlin
Films shot at Spandau Studios
Constantin Film films
German black-and-white films
1960s German films

The Testament of Dr. Mabuse (1962 film)


Pierre Moussa (born 24 July 1941) is a Congolese politician who has been President of the Commission of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa since 2012. He served in the government of Congo-Brazzaville as Minister of Planning from 1979 to 1991; later, he was Minister of Spatial Planning from 1997 to 2002, Minister of Planning from 2002 to 2009, and Minister of State for the Economy and Planning from 2009 to 2012.

Political career
Moussa was born in Owando, located in northern Congo-Brazzaville. He was appointed as Secretary-General of Planning in 1978. Under President Denis Sassou Nguesso, Moussa was promoted to the government as Minister of Planning in 1979, and in the same year he joined the Central Committee of the Congolese Labour Party (PCT). On the PCT Central Committee, he was designated as Secretary for Planning and the Economy in 1984, and on 21 August 1987 his ministerial portfolio was modified when he was appointed as Minister of Planning and Finance. Considered "the regime's economist", Moussa joined the PCT Political Bureau in 1989 and was assigned responsibility for planning and the economy; he was also promoted to the rank of Minister of State for Planning and the Economy in the government named on 13 August 1989. He remained Minister of State for Planning and the Economy until 1991.

After Sassou Nguesso returned to power in the June–October 1997 civil war, he appointed Moussa to the government as Minister of Spatial Planning and Regional Development on 2 November 1997. In the May–June 2002 parliamentary election, he was elected to the National Assembly as the PCT candidate in the first constituency of Owando; he won the seat in the first round with 54.53% of the vote. Following the election, his portfolio was modified and he was named Minister of Planning, Spatial Planning, and Economic Integration on 18 August 2002. He was later promoted to the rank of Minister of State for Planning, Spatial Planning, Economic Integration, and NEPAD on 7 January 2005.

In the June–August 2007 parliamentary election, Moussa was again elected to the National Assembly as the PCT candidate in Owando's first constituency; he won the seat in the first round with 99.94% of the vote. Following the election, he was retained as Minister of State for Planning and Spatial Planning in the government named on 30 December 2007. After Sassou Nguesso won another term in the July 2009 presidential election, he re-organized the government, designating four ministers as coordinators of broad areas of government policy on 15 September 2009; Moussa, as one of the four, was assigned to coordinate economic matters in the government, and he was on the same occasion appointed as Minister of State for the Economy, Planning, Spatial Planning, and Integration.

At the PCT's Sixth Extraordinary Congress, held in July 2011, Moussa was elected to the PCT's 51-member Political Bureau. A year later, Moussa was designated as President of the Commission of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC), with a five-year term, at the 11th Summit of CEMAC Heads of State, held in July 2012 at Brazzaville. He was sworn in as President of the CEMAC Commission on 28 August 2012. At a meeting of CEMAC leaders in February 2017, it was decided that Moussa would be replaced by Daniel Ona Ondo of Gabon.

References

Members of the National Assembly (Republic of the Congo)
Government ministers of the Republic of the Congo
Congolese Party of Labour politicians
Living people
1941 births
People from Cuvette Department
20th-century Republic of the Congo politicians
21st-century Republic of the Congo politicians

Pierre Moussa


Tashkömür (, an aa written Tash-Kumyr) is ane o the five lairgest touns o the Jalal-Abad Province in soothren Kyrgyzstan.  It is locatit alang the Wast bank o the Naryn River, opposite the main Osh - Bishkek road.  Locatit at the edge o the Tien Shan Muntains, whan heidin sooth frae Bishkek, Tashkömür is the gateway tae the Fergana valley.

History
Offeecially foondit on December 17, 1943, Tashkömür , meanin stane-coal, grew intae ane o the lairgest industrial centres o the Central Asian region o the Soviet Union.  It wis primarily a minin toun, but haed a cigarette factory an ither industries as well, which complementit the ootput o the coal mines.  A railwey wis constructit, an trains transportit the coal oot o Tashkömür tae aw corners o the Soviet Union.  At its peak, Tashkömür haed a population o aroond 35,000.

Economy
Dams constructit alang the Naryn river transformed wha uised tae be a stream intae a sizable river.  Residents will an aa attest tae a chynge in climate, which thay attribute tae the dams.  Furthermair, the Tashkömür dam an the Shamaldysay dam raised the watter level considerably, causin certain settlements tae be submerged bi the watter.  Despite the presence o the dams an hydroelectic plants, Tashkömür still daes no hae 100% reliable electricity.

The Land an The Fowk
Tashkömür is locatit in what coud be describit as a canyon, which the Naryn river runs throu.

Fossils o dinosaurs an dinosaur eggs hae been discovered in the aurie, an paleontologists hae speculatit that ance the aurie wis uised bi dinosaurs tae lay thair eggs.  The muntains surroondin the toun are rich in minerals, no anerlie in coal, which gae Tashkömür its fame.

The toun spans 5 kilometer (3.1 mile) north tae sooth, but is less nor a kilometer (0.6 mile) athort.  Thare is nae arable land in Tashkömür, awtho juist a few kilometers sooth the Fergana Valley begins, an the cotton plantations are ubiquitous, alangside the melons an ither crops.

Tashkömür is dividit intae five neighborhuids: Severniy (the North), Bayetova, the Center, Dostuk, an the Mikrorayon.  Each neighborhuid haes its awn schuil, except for the centre, whaur thare are 3 schuils.

The toun o Tashkömür an aa owersees fower veelages: Shamaldysay, Kyzyl-Alma, Bazyl-Ata, an Mailisay.  Shamaldysay, the lairgest o thir fower veelages, haes three schuils (#2, #8, an #10) while the ither three veelages hae anerlie ane schuil each (#11, #6, an #9 respectively).

At the time o its fundation, the population o Tashkömür wis maistly Roushie an ethnically non-Kyrgyz. Thare wis nae grazable land, sae the Kyrgyz haed niver settled thare. Efter coal wis discovered, Kyrgyz families began tae muive intae toun.  Up till Kyrgyzstan's unthirldom in 1991 the Kyrgyz wur no the owerwhelmin majority.  Housomeivver, efter the breakup o the Soviet Union, mony Roushies an residents o ither naitionalities began tae leave.  This wis pairticularly the case up till 1995, whan the biggest economic problems affectit the toun, which continue tae this day (2006). Nouw the Kyrgyz population maks up ower 90% o the population.
Awtho anerlie aboot 20 kilometers (12 mile) frae the Uzbek border, Tashkömür daes no hae a lairge Uzbek population (less nor 50 families).  The tot population o Tashkömür is estimatit tae be atween 20-25,000, houiver the continuous emigration o its residents maks it haurd tae ken exactly.

The Local Economy
Iver syne the mine wis shut doun an the factories closed, the toun haes been strugglin tae survive.  The answer, for mony, haes been tae emigrate tae Roushie, Kazakhstan, or simply tae the caipital, Bishkek.  Maist families claim at least ane member wirkin abroad tae mak ends meet.  The men uisually wirk construction jobs, while the weemen find jobs as salesweemen at the bazaars or stores. Thir migrant wirkers are uisually saisonal: thay leave in the early ware an return in the hairst, syne the cauld in the north maks for haurd wirkin conditions. The remittances hae alloued Tashkömür residents tae retain a decent staundart o livin.  In recent years, mony hae uised the money tae renovate thair hames, tae buy DVD players an satellite dishes, or tae open stores, an try tae stairt a business.

As Uzbekistan haes made it mair difficult an expensive for guids tae be exportit sooth intae, an throu Uzbekistan, Tashkömür's major openin tae the ootside warld haes been severed an in turn, its ability tae export ony guids it micht manufactur haes dropped.

While durin the Soviet era aw apairtment biggins haed gas an wirkin plumbin, this is nae langer the case.  Watter delivery, especially tae the homes on the edge o toun, is nae reliable.  Thare is no het watter. In 2006 cell phones finally reached Tashkömür, which haed been ane o the last towns in the kintra left wioot them.  Thare is still nae public internet access.

References

Populatit places in Jalal-Abad Province
Ceeties an touns biggit in the Soviet Union
Populatit places established in 1943

Tashkömür


Galactus, also known as Galan and The Devourer of Worlds, is fictional character, an anti-villain and one of the main antagonists of Marvel Comics, opposing the entire Marvel Universe, He is the archenemy of the Silver Surfer and a recurring foe for the Fantastic Four, Guardians of the Galaxy, Annihilators, X-Men, Thor and the Avengers.

Although he is not exactly malevolent, he is nevertheless a dangerous individual who requires nothing short of entire worlds to hold off his eternal hunger and is also linked in such a way to the Marvel universe, that if he dies, the entire Marvel universe will end. This makes Galactus somewhat unique in the fact he is both an immensely destructive force yet also necessary for the existence of the universe.

As of the Reckoning War, Galactus officially died and has since been resurrected in the body of the Destroyer as the Destruction.

The character has been featured in other Marvel media, such as arcade games, video games, animated television series, and the 2007 film Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer.
Marvel Comics characters

Galactus


The Phoenix Partnership (Leeds) Ltd (TPP) is a software company based in Horsforth, Leeds. It develops and supplies clinical software including SystmOne.

History
The partnership was formed in 1997 by Frank Hester, a computer programmer married to a GP, to create a patient-record storing system that would help GPs after witnessing his wife's "constant struggle with the lack of connectivity and integration between NHS services". The system that was created, SystmOne, was developed the following year as a clinical IT system that linked a GP practice and a diabetes service in Bradford, UK.

Growth
By 2012, TPP's SystmOne held enough patient records that it could be used as a research database. In partnership with the University of Leeds and the UK Government's Technology Strategy Board, in May TPP launched ResearchOne as a not-for-profit health and care research database.

The company significantly increased its market opportunities when the then prime minister, David Cameron, invited it on trading missions to both India and China in 2013. By January the following year, it signed its first memorandum of understanding with a Chinese province, the Zhejiang provincial centre for disease prevention and control. In 2016, the company signed its first contract in the Middle East when it agreed with Qatari Integrated Intelligence Services to deliver SystmOne to the private healthcare sector across Qatar, including approximately 300 primary care sites.

In 2015, TPP attracted the attention of the prime minister, David Cameron, who visited the in-progress building site of new TPP head office. Cameron gave a speech saying, "What [TPP] is doing here is incredible… Companies like TPP keep the UK at the forefront of innovation… TPP is an example of a great British business with immense potential." The significance of its  work was reiterated in the same year when its CEO, Frank Hester, received an OBE for his contribution to healthcare in the UK.

In September 2023 payments totalling £137m since April 2020 from The Department of Health and Social Care were found in payment data  which had not been published on the Government's official procurement website, "Contracts Finder".

Data breaches
In 2017, the SystmOne was found to have serious compliance concerns by the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO). This affected 2,700 GP practices in the UK and a new data-sharing feature in the software.

Between March 2015 and June 2018, another breach due to the SystmOne software occurred affecting the data of 150,000 patients. This shared the data of patients who had made a type 2 opt-out (which meant they did not allow their data to be used for anything other than their own clinical care). TPP offered an unreserved apology for the breach and is currently under investigation by the ICO. A statement to parliament regarding the breach was read out by the health minister and patients were informed by letter.

Awards
2022 - HIMSS "Best Hospital IT solution 2022" for SystmOne, Airmid and Brigid

References

External links

Electronic health record software companies
Private providers of NHS services
Companies based in Leeds

The Phoenix Partnership


Samuel Dashiell Hammett (May 27, 1894 – January 10, 1961) was an American author of crime fiction, a screenplay writer, and political activist. Some of the characters he created are Sam Spade (The Maltese Falcon), Nick and Nora Charles (The Thin Man), and the Continental Op (Red Harvest and The Dain Curse).

In addition to the large influence his novels and stories had on film, Hammett "is now widely regarded as one of the finest mystery writers of all time".  Time magazine included Hammett's 1929 novel Red Harvest on a list of the 100 best English-language novels published between 1923 and 2005.

Early life
Hammett was born on a farm in St. Mary's County, in Maryland. His parents were Richard Thomas Hammett and Anne Bond Dashiell. Hammett was baptized a Catholic. He grew up in Philadelphia and Baltimore. "Sam," as he was known before he began writing, left school when he was 13 years old.  He had several jobs before working for the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. He served as an operative for the Pinkertons from 1915 to February 1922.  He took time off to serve in World War I. He did not like the agency's role in union strike-breaking.

Hammett enlisted in the United States Army in 1918. He became ill with the Spanish flu and later got tuberculosis. He spent most of his time in the Army as a patient in Cushman Hospital, Tacoma, Washington. While there he met a nurse, Josephine Dolan, whom he later married.

Marriage and family
Hammett and Dolan were married, and they had two daughters, Mary Jane (born 15 October 1921) and Josephine (born in 1926). Because of Hammett's tuberculosis, Josephine and the children could not live with him full time. Josephine rented a home in San Francisco, where Hammett would visit on weekends. The marriage soon ended.  He continued to financially support his wife and daughters with the income he made from his writing.

Career
Hammett used his experiences as a Pinkerton operative.  Hammett said: "All my characters were based on people I've known personally, or known about."

Hammett wrote most of his detective fiction during the time he was living in San Francisco (the 1920s). Specific streets and locations in San Francisco are frequently mentioned in his stories.

Later years
From 1929 to 1930 Dashiell was romantically involved with Nell Martin, an author of short stories and several novels. He dedicated The Glass Key to her, and in turn, she dedicated her novel Lovers Should Marry to Hammett.

In 1931, Hammett started a 30-year affair with playwright Lillian Hellman. This relationship was shown in the film Julia. Hammett was played by Jason Robards and Hellman by Jane Fonda.

He wrote his final novel in 1934.  He spent the rest of his life to left-wing activism. He was a strong anti-fascist through the 1930s.  In 1937 he joined the American Communist Party.

In early 1942, after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Hammett again enlisted in the United States Army. He was a disabled veteran of World War I, and a victim of tuberculosis, but he was allowed to join. He served in the Aleutian Islands.  He edited an Army newspaper. He also got emphysema. .

After the war, Hammett returned to political activism. He was elected President of the Civil Rights Congress (CRC) on June 5, 1946.

During the 1950s he was investigated by Congress.  This was part of Senator Joseph McCarthy's attempt to identify Communists. He refused to share information and was blacklisted.

Death
 A lifetime's heavy drinking of alcohol and cigarettes made Hammett's tuberculosis worse. As the years of the 1950s went on, Hammett became "a hermit". Hammett no longer could live alone, so the last four years of his life he spent with Hellman. On January 10, 1961, Hammett died in New York City's Lenox Hill Hospital, of lung cancer.  He had been diagnosed just two months before. As a veteran of two World Wars, he was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Works

Novels
All the novels except The Thin Man were originally in three, four, or five parts in various magazines.

 Red Harvest (published on February 1, 1929)
 The Dain Curse (July 19, 1929)
 The Maltese Falcon (February 14, 1930)
 The Glass Key (April 24, 1931)
 The Thin Man (January 8, 1934)

Short fiction
 "The Gatewood Caper", 1923
 "Nightmare Town", 1924
 "The Tenth Clew", 1924
 "The House in Turk Street", 1924
 "The Girl with the Silver Eyes", 1924
 "Dead Yellow Women," 1925
 "The Gutting of Couffignal", 1925
 "The Scorched Face", 1925
 "Corkscrew", 1925
 "The Whosis Kid", 1925
 "The Main Death," 1927
 "The Big Knockover", 1927
 "$106,000 Blood Money", 1927
 "This King Business", 1928
 "Fly Paper", 1929
 "The Farewell Murder", 1930
 "A Man Called Spade", 1932
 "Too Many Have Lived", 1932
 "They Can Only Hang You Once", 1932

Collected short fiction
 $106,000 Blood Money (Bestseller Mystery, 1943) A paperback digest that collects two connected Op stories, The Big Knockover and $106,000 Blood Money.
 Blood Money (Tower, 1943) The hardcover edition of the Bestseller Mystery title.
 The Adventures of Sam Spade (Bestseller Mystery, 1944).  Paperback digest that collects the three Spade stories and four others.  This and the following eight digest collections were compiled and edited by Fred Dannay (one-half of Ellery Queen) with Hammett's permission.  All of these were reprinted as dell map-back paperbacks.
 The Continental Op (Bestseller Mystery, 1945) Paperback digest that collects four Op stories.
 The Adventures of Sam Spade (Tower, 1945).  The hardcover edition of the digest of the same title—this was the last time the digests were reprinted in hardcover.
 The Return of the Continental Op  (The Jonathan Press, 1945;  Paperback digest that collects five further Op stories).
 Hammett Homicides (Bestseller Mysteries, 1946).  Paperback digest that collects six stories, including four that feature the Op.
 Dead Yellow Women (The Jonathan Press, 1947).  Paperback digest that collects six stories, including four that feature the Op.
 Nightmare Town (American Mercury, 1948).  Paperback digest that collects four stories, two of which feature the Op.
 The Creeping Siamese (American Mercury, 1950).  Paperback digest that collects six stories, three of which feature the Op.
 Woman in the Dark (The Jonathan Press, 1951).  Paperback digest that collects six stories, including three that feature the Op, and the three-part novelette Woman in the Dark.
 A Man Named Thin (Mercury Mystery, 1962). The last paperback digest, collects eight stories, including one Op story.
 The Big Knockover (Random House, 1966; an important collection, edited by Lillian Hellman, that helped revive Hammett's literary reputation; includes the unfinished novel Tulip).
 The Continental Op (Random House, 1974; edited by Steven Marcus).
 Woman in the Dark (Knopf, 1988; hardcover edition that collects the three parts of the title novelette; introduction by Robert B. Parker).
 Nightmare Town (Knopf, 1999; hardcover collection, contents different from the digest title of the same name).
 Lost Stories (Vince Emery Productions, 2005; collects 21 stories that have not been collected previously in hardcover or, in several cases, ever.  Emery provides several long commentaries on Hammett's career that provide context for the stories; introduction by Joe Gores).

Uncollected stories
 The Diamond Wager (Detective Fiction Weekly, October 19, 1929).
 On the Way (Harper's Bazaar, March 1932).

Other publications
 Creeps by Night; Chills and Thrills (John Day, 1931; Anthology edited by Hammett)
 Secret Agent X-9 Book 1 (David McKay, 1934; collection of the comic strip written by Hammett and illustrated by Alex Raymond)
 Secret Agent X-9 Book 2 (David McKay, 1934; a second collection of the comic strip).
 The Battle of the Aleutians  (Field Force Headquarters, Adak, Alaska, 1944; text written by Hammett, with illustrations by Robert Colodny).
 Watch on the Rhine (screenplay of Hellman's play, in Best Film Plays 1943-44, Crown, 1945; also includes the screenplay for Casablanca'').

References

1894 births
1961 deaths
American communists
American novelists
Deaths from lung cancer
Writers from Maryland
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery

Dashiell Hammett


Marble Hill Nuclear Power Station was an unfinished nuclear power plant in Saluda Township, Jefferson County, near Hanover, Indiana, USA. In 1984, the Public Service Company of Indiana announced it was abandoning the half-finished nuclear power plant, on which $2.5 billion had already been spent.

History
Construction at Marble Hill began in 1977 and ended in 1984, when the Public Service Company of Indiana (PSI), now Duke Energy, abandoned the half-finished nuclear power plant. With $2.5 billion spent and, as the most expensive nuclear construction project ever abandoned, Marble Hill was a devastating setback for the troubled nuclear power industry, which saw more than 100 plant cancellations following the Three Mile Island accident near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in March 1979. On March 18, 2005, demolition of the unfinished facility began.
Long before 1984, Marble Hill had been a controversial enterprise. During 1978 and 1979, regional Ohio Valley environmental advocacy group The Paddlewheel Alliance staged two non-violent "occupations" of the PSI property. As ongoing local support dwindled, Marble Hill's fate rested with Indiana's state government, and PSI sought state funding guarantees for Construction Work in Progress (CWIP).

Eventually, PSI announced it had to abandon Marble Hill because of an overwhelming increase in costs and a shortage of funds to finish construction. In October 1985, PSI staged an auction for roughly $8 million worth of already purchased reactor hardware.

Transmission lines
PSI planned to connect the nuclear plant to its network via a pair of 765 kV power lines and by looping in an existing, nearby 345 kV power line. The original plan included a 765 kV line to the existing Columbus substation, just south of Columbus, Indiana, and another 765 kV line to be built to a new substation near Rushville.  However, plans for the Marble-Hill-to-Rush 765 kV power line were replaced with plans for a 765 kV link to American Electric Power's Jefferson Station, near Madison (and Clifty Creek Power Plant). Presumably, they would benefit PSI since the AEP Jefferson-Dumont 765 kV power line included an intermediate PSI interconnection substation near Greentown, Indiana.

Transmission line construction began before the plant was completed, but was halted before wires could be strung. For many years, the guyed-V 765 towers stood without wires, until they were purchased by AEP to replace structures on the Jefferson-Dumont line that were destroyed by cascading line failure from an ice storm in the early 1990s.

Description
The two signature containment buildings which would have housed two 1130 MWe Westinghouse pressurized water reactors and the two cooling tower complexes were located just north of the containment buildings. (See photo.) The station was a near architectural one-for-one with Byron and Braidwood stations. The lower portion of the reactor vessel in Unit #1 was already installed at the time construction was halted. The turbine building behind the containment buildings has been demolished, although the multi-story concrete turbine foundations still stand, with what remains of the Unit #1 turbine still in place. During 1990, Power Equipment Supply Co. ("PESCO") was incorporated in Indiana and was established to sell equipment and parts from the Marble Hill Facility project.  PESCO also purchased equipment for resale, brokered equipment, and sold equipment on consignment for others. Public Service Indiana discontinued PESCO operations in early 1996.

Current status
Marble Hill is currently owned by an undisclosed Michigan-based company and under demolition with a contract from MCM Management Corp. Since 2008, the facility has been undergoing continued demolition, in which the Fuel Handling building (the smaller square building between the two containment buildings) is slowly being torn away and scrapped.  In August 2010, one of the containment buildings was completely demolished, and the other had its reactor core removed, and was under heavy demolition. By May 2011, most Marble Hill structures were either demolished, or under demolition. As of December 2011, both containment domes had been demolished, with approximately 2/3 of the cooling stacks standing. The control building was also under heavy demolition.

References

 Time Magazine: "Nuclear Fissures" Monday, Jan. 30, 1984.
 UPI, The New York Times Business page: "Plan Rejected For Marble Hill", June 19, 1984 10-K SEC Filing, filed by PSI ENERGY INC on 3/27/1997

Further reading
 Marble Hill Nuclear Power Plant at Abandoned
 Marble Hill Nuclear Power Plant at Abandoned Indiana
 Marble Hill Nuclear Power Plant demolition at Vanishing Point
 Marble Hill Nuclear Power Plant video at MadisonIndiana.us

Cancelled nuclear power stations in the United States
Nuclear power plants in Indiana
Former nuclear power stations in the United States
Buildings and structures in Jefferson County, Indiana
Unfinished nuclear reactors
Nuclear power stations using pressurized water reactors
Former power stations in Indiana

Marble Hill Nuclear Power Plant


The Stourbridge Railway was a small independent railway company in England which existed between 1860, and 1870 when it was taken over by the Great Western Railway (GWR). The company built a line from the Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway (OWWR) at  to Smethwick, where it joined the Stour Valley Line at Galton Junction.

History

Opening
The act incorporating the company was passed on 14 June 1860, allowing it to build a three and a half mile long line from Stourbridge Junction to , another act was passed the following year to allow it to reach the Stour Valley Line at Smethwick. The route was open in full by 1 April 1867.

GWR link to Handsworth
The OWWR had come under the control of the GWR by this time, and so in order to integrate the Stourbridge Railway with their system, the GWR constructed a link from the Stourbridge Railway at Smethwick to Handsworth Junction, which was opened at the same time, connecting it to the GWR's Birmingham Snow Hill to Wolverhampton Low Level Line, allowing trains to run into Snow Hill station. The running of the line was also taken over by the GWR.

Merger with the GWR
The Stourbridge Railway was formally merged with the GWR in 1870 after it emerged that the company's director W. T. Adcock had fraudulently issued stock.

The route today
The line still functions today as part of the Birmingham to Worcester via Kidderminster Line.

References

 John Speller's Web Pages - Stourbridge Railway

Early British railway companies
Great Western Railway constituents
Railway companies established in 1860
Railway lines opened in 1867
Railway companies disestablished in 1870

Stourbridge Railway


In organic chemistry, organophosphates (also known as phosphate esters, or OPEs) are a class of organophosphorus compounds with the general structure , a central phosphate molecule with alkyl or aromatic substituents.  They can be considered as esters of phosphoric acid.

Like most functional groups, organophosphates occur in a diverse range of forms, with important examples including key biomolecules such as DNA, RNA and ATP, as well as many insecticides, herbicides, nerve agents and flame retardants. OPEs have been widely used in various products as flame retardants, plasticizers, and performance additives to engine oil. The popularity of OPEs as flame retardants came as a substitution for the highly regulated brominated flame retardants. The low cost of production and compatibility to diverse polymers made OPEs to be widely used in industry including textile, furniture, electronics as plasticizers and flame retardants. These compounds are added to the final product physically rather than by chemical bond. Due to this, OPEs leak into the environment more readily through volatilization, leaching, and abrasion. OPEs have been detected in diverse environmental compartments such as air, dust, water, sediment, soil and biota samples at higher frequency and concentration.

Synthesis
Alcoholysis of
Phosphorus oxychloride reacts readily with alcohols to give organophosphates. This is the dominant industrial route and is responsible for almost all organophosphate production.

Esterification of phosphoric acid
In stark contrast to carboxylic acids, phosphoric acid does not readily esterify with alcohols. The use of activating species such as trichloroacetonitrile or acetic anhydride permit mono-esters to be formed, but tri-substituted organophosphates cannot be made in this way.

Oxidation of phosphite esters
Organophosphites can be easily oxidised to give organophosphates. This might normally be considered a specialised method for academic labs, however large quantities of organophosphites are produced as antioxidant stabilisers for plastics, with their gradual oxidation forming organophosphates in the human environment.

Phosphorylation

The formation of organophosphates is an important part of biochemistry and living systems achieve this using a variety of enzymes. Phosphorylation is essential to the processes of both anaerobic and aerobic respiration, which involve the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the "high-energy" exchange medium in the cell.

Properties
The phosphate esters bearing OH groups are acidic and partially deprotonated in aqueous solution. For example, DNA and RNA are polymers of the type . Polyphosphates also form esters; an important example of an ester of a polyphosphate is ATP, which is the monoester of triphosphoric acid ().

OPEs contain a phosphate molecular group. In the case of organophosphate (OP) triesters, these are three ester bonds with alkyl or aromatic substituents. However, OP diesters are distinct from the triesters as one of the alkyl ester groups is replaced by a hydroxyl group, making OP diesters phosphoric acids. The wide variety of substitutes used in organophosphate esters results in great variations in physicochemical properties, varying from highly polar to very hydrolysis resistant characteristics. OPEs exhibit a wide range of octanol–water partition coefficients, where log Kow values range from −0.98 up to 10.6. The predominant OPEs used as flame retardants and plasticizers have a positive log Kow values, signifying hydrophobicity, with values ranging from 1.44 and 9.49. Because of this hydrophobicity, OPEs are presumably bioaccumulated and biomagnified in aquatic ecosystems. Laboratory experiments had shown that the non-halogenated OPEs are prone to photolysis, but the chlorinated OPEs such as TCEP and TCPP seemed to be resistant to degradation by sunlight.

In nature

The detection of OPEs in the air as far away as Antarctica at concentrations around 1 ng/m3 suggests their persistence in air, and their potential for long-range transport. OPEs were measured in high frequency in air and water and widely distributed in northern hemisphere. The chlorinated OPEs (TCEP, TCIPP, TDCIPP) in urban sampling sites and non-halogenated like TBOEP in rural areas respectively were frequently measured in the environment across multiple sites. In the Laurentian Great Lakes total OPEs concentrations were found to be 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than concentrations of brominated flame retardants measured in similar air. Waters from rivers in Germany, Austria, and Spain have been consistently recorded for TBOEP and TCIPP at highest concentrations. From these studies, it is clear that OPE concentrations in both air and water samples are often orders of magnitude higher than other flame retardants, and that concentrations are largely dependent on sampling location, with higher concentrations in more urban, polluted locations.

Pesticides
Today, organophosphates make up about 50% of the killing agents in chemical insecticides.

Organophosphate pesticides (OPPs), like some nerve agents, inhibit acetylcholinesterase (IRAC mode of action 1b), which is broadly essential for normal function in insects, but also in humans and many other animals. OPPs affect this enzyme in varied ways, a principal one being through irreversible covalent inhibition, and so create potentials for poisoning that vary in degree. The brain sends out neurotransmitters to the nerve endings in the body; organophosphates disrupt this process from occurring. This chemical, organophosphate works by disrupting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Acetylcholinesterase breaks down the acetylcholine neurotransmitter, which sends out signals to other nerve endings in the body.

For instance, parathion, one of the first OPPs commercialized, is many times more potent than malathion, an insecticide used in combating the Mediterranean fruit fly (Med-fly) and West Nile virus-transmitting mosquitoes. Human and animal exposure to them can be through ingestion of foods containing them, or via absorption through the skin or lungs.

The human and animal toxicity of OPPs make them a societal health and environmental concern; the EPA banned most residential uses of organophosphates in 2001, but their agricultural use, as pesticides on fruits and vegetables, is still permitted, as is their use in mosquito abatement in public spaces such as parks. For instance, the most commonly used OPP in the U.S., malathion, sees wide application in agriculture, residential landscaping, and pest control programs (including mosquito control in public recreation areas). As of 2010, forty such OPPs were registered for use in the U.S., with at least  used in one time period in agricultural and residential settings. Commonly used organophosphates have included:

 parathion
 malathion
 methyl parathion
 chlorpyrifos
 diazinon
 dichlorvos
 phosmet
 fenitrothion
 tetrachlorvinphos
 azamethiphos
 azinphos-methyl
 terbufos

Studies have shown that prolonged exposure to OPPs—e.g., in the case of farm workers—can lead to health problems, including increased risks for cardiovascular and respiratory disease, and cancer. In the case of pregnant women, exposure can result in premature births. In addition, permanent damage to the brain's chemical make-up, and changes in human behavior and emotion can occur to the fetus in pregnant women.

Organophosphate pesticides degrade rapidly by hydrolysis on exposure to sunlight, air, and soil, although small amounts can be detected in food and drinking water. Organophosphates contaminate drinking water by moving through the soil to the ground water. When the pesticide degrades, it is broken down into several chemicals. Organophosphates degrade faster than the organochlorides.  The greater acute toxicity of OPPs results in the elevated risk associated with this class of compounds (see the Toxicity section below).

Resistance
Arthropod mechanisms of resistance are well studied and well characterized. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays are available for molecular diagnosis of resistant genotypes, including that of Carvalho et al., 2013.

Nerve agents

History
Early pioneers in the field include Jean Louis Lassaigne (early 19th century) and Philippe de Clermont (1854). In 1932, German chemist Willy Lange and his graduate student, Gerde von Krueger, first described the cholinergic nervous system effects of organophosphates, noting a choking sensation and a dimming of vision after exposure on themselves, which they attributed to the esters themselves. This discovery later inspired German chemist Gerhard Schrader at company IG Farben in the 1930s to experiment with these compounds as insecticides. Their potential use as chemical warfare agents soon became apparent, and the Nazi government put Schrader in charge of developing organophosphate (in the broader sense of the word) nerve gases. Schrader's laboratory discovered the G series of weapons, which included Sarin, Tabun, and Soman. The Nazis produced large quantities of these compounds, though did not use them during World War II. British scientists experimented with a cholinergic organophosphate of their own, called diisopropylfluorophosphate, during the war. The British later produced VX nerve agent, which was many times more potent than the G series, in the early 1950s, almost 20 years after the Germans had discovered the G series.

After World War II, American companies gained access to some information from Schrader's laboratory, and began synthesizing organophosphate pesticides in large quantities. Parathion was among the first marketed, followed by malathion and azinphosmethyl. The popularity of these insecticides increased after many of the organochlorine insecticides, such as DDT, dieldrin, and heptachlor, were banned in the 1970s.

Structural features
Effective organophosphates have the following structural features:

 A terminal oxygen connected to phosphorus by a double bond, i.e. a phosphoryl group
 Two lipophilic groups bonded to the phosphorus
 A leaving group bonded to the phosphorus, often a halide

Fine tuning
Within these requirements, a large number of lipophilic and leaving groups have been used. The variation of these groups is one means of fine tuning the toxicity of the compound. A good example of this chemistry are the P-thiocyanate compounds which use an aryl (or alkyl) group and an alkylamino group as the lipophilic groups. The thiocyanate is the leaving group.

Flame retardants
Flame retardants (FRs) are chemicals that have been used on diverse consumer materials to prevent combustion and to delay the spread of fire after ignition. The increased demand to satisfy fire safety standards for flammability of plastic materials used in devices and appliances along with the strict regulation of brominated flame retardants has driven the high volume of production and consumption of OPEs. Most flame retardants used are halogenated OPEs, and the effectiveness of the flame retardant increases with the increased number of halogenated substituents.

OPEs are utilized as additive flame retardants which means the concentration of these flame retardants decreases with time as they readily leak into the environment. There are several mechanisms flame retardants use to prevent fire, however the most effective ones are the gas phase and the solid phase reactions. In the solid phase, halogenated flame retardants produce a char layer on burning materials suffocating the combustion, as well as in the gas phase they remove H+ and OH− radicals from the flammable gasses, by reaction with the Br and Cl atoms to further slow down the burning process. Non-halogenated OPEs are effective mainly in the solid phase of burning materials. Upon exposure to heat the phosphorus compounds react to form a polymeric form of phosphorous acid. The acid causes a char layer that covers the burning material, blocking it from contact with oxygen, which in turn slows down the combustion reaction.

Health effects

Poisoning

Many "organophosphates" are potent nerve agents, functioning by inhibiting the action of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in nerve cells. They are one of the most common causes of poisoning worldwide, and are frequently intentionally used in suicides in agricultural areas. Organophosphate pesticides can be absorbed by all routes, including inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption. Their inhibitory effects on the acetylcholinesterase enzyme lead to a pathological excess of acetylcholine in the body. Their toxicity is not limited to the acute phase, however, and chronic effects have long been noted. Neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine (which is affected by organophosphate pesticides) are profoundly important in the brain's development, and many organophosphates have neurotoxic effects on developing organisms, even from low levels of exposure. Other organophosphates are not toxic, yet their main metabolites, such as their oxons, are. Treatment includes both a pralidoxime binder and an anticholinergic such as atropine.

Chronic toxicity
Repeated or prolonged exposure to organophosphates may result in the same effects as acute exposure including the delayed symptoms. Other effects reported in workers repeatedly exposed include impaired memory and concentration, disorientation, severe depression, irritability, confusion, headache, speech difficulties, delayed reaction times, nightmares, sleepwalking, drowsiness, or insomnia. An influenza-like condition with headache, nausea, weakness, loss of appetite, and malaise has also been reported.

The physiological difference of OPEs in size and polarity greatly influences the physical and biochemical toxicity of the compound group.  The chemical structures of OP triesters used as flame retardants and plasticizers are essentially similar to those of OP insecticides that target the nervous system of insects. Multiple toxicological studies have shown that OPEs such as TBOEP, TCIPP, TDCIPP, triethyl phosphate (TEP), and tris(methylphenyl)phosphate (TMPP) elicit effects on embryonic development, mRNA expression, thyroid hormones, circulating bile acid concentrations, and the neurological system in fish, birds, rodents, and/or humans.

Low-level exposure
Even at relatively low levels, organophosphates may be hazardous to human health. These pesticides act on acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme found in the brain. Thus, fetuses and young children, whose brain development depends on a strict sequence of biological events, may be most at risk. They can be absorbed through the lungs or skin or by eating them on food. According to a 2008 report from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, ″detectable″  traces of organophosphate were found in a representative sample of produce tested by the agency, 28% of frozen blueberries, 20% of celery, 27% of green beans, 17% of peaches, 8% of broccoli, and 25% of strawberries.

Cancer

The United States Environmental Protection Agency lists parathion as a possible human carcinogen.  The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), found that some organophosphates may increase cancer risk. Tetrachlorvinphos and parathion were classified as "possibly carcinogenic", whereas malathion and diazinon were classified as probably carcinogenic to humans.

Health effects on children

A 2013 review of 27 studies on prenatal and early childhood exposures to organophosphate pesticides found all but one showed negative  neurodevelopmental outcomes. In the ten  studies that assessed prenatal exposure, "cognitive deficits (related to working memory) were found in children at age 7 years, behavioral deficits (related to attention) seen mainly in toddlers, and motor deficits (abnormal reflexes), seen mainly in neonates."

A  systematic review of neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal and postnatal organophosphate pesticide exposure was done in 2014.  The review found that "Most of the studies evaluating prenatal exposure observed a negative effect on mental development and an increase in attention problems in preschool and school children."

In the US the organophosphate phosmet was banned for use on household fruit trees, ornamentals, and domestic pets in 2001 as other pesticides became available for these uses. Many other uses of phosmet were still allowed, especially commercial ones.

Affected populations
According to the EPA, organophosphate use in 2004 accounts for 40% of all insecticide products used in the United States. Out of concerns for potential hazards of organophosphate exposure to child development, the EPA began phasing out forms of organophosphates used indoors in 2001. While it is used in forestry, urban, and public health spraying (mosquito abatement programs, etc.) as well, the general population has been observed to have low exposure. Thus, the primary affected population that faces exposure to organophosphates are farmworkers, especially those in countries that have fewer restrictions on its usage, such as in India.

Farmworkers in the United States
In the United States, migrant and seasonal farmworkers are the most susceptible to organophosphate exposure. Of the U.S. farmworker population, there are about 4.2 million seasonal or migrant men, women, and even children, 70% of whom are born in Mexico and an overwhelming 90% majority of these are Latino. This almost homogenous racial aspect of employment in farm work in the United States highly suggests social, economic, and political factors undercurrents that would explain their vulnerability. Half of the farmworker population in the United States do not have legal documentation and two thirds live in poverty, making it difficult to fully understand and document the characteristics of this population with relative certainty. Furthermore, the group faces linguistic barriers, with about 70% of the migrant seasonal farmworker population reporting that they cannot speak English well.

In the United States, poverty and lack of documentation status puts migrant farmworkers in housing situations that make them far more likely to contract infectious or parasitic diseases and to suffer from chemical related ailments than the general U.S. population. Field workers who are exposed to pesticides continue to further expose their families in their residences, especially through contaminated clothing in which the residue settles as house dust.  Increased rates of a full range of adverse birth outcomes result from high exposure to pesticides in a study of 500,000 births among farm workers in California's San Joaquin Valley.

Economic, social, racial, and political barriers make passing policy and creating protective measures less likely to occur; in the context of their jobs, migrant seasonal farm workers are structurally vulnerable to exploitation and working conditions that are Occupational Factors not up to health standards if they are unable to find the necessary physical and social resources to protect themselves.

The nature of their job may require constant exposure to toxins and pesticides and subjects them to increasingly extreme weather as climate change progresses. Thus, migrant farm work has been ranked conservatively as possibly the second most dangerous job in the country.

Regulatory efforts
Organophosphates (OPs) were among the most widely used insecticides until the 21st century. And until the mid 1990s, general pesticide regulation was dependent on the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) and the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) passed in 1938 and 1947, respectively.  In 1993, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was bound by a pledge made to Congress to significantly reduce the amount of pesticides used in the United States, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, along with the Food and Drug Administration, joined the EPA in this commitment. Then, in 1996, The Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) was signed into law to strengthen the regulation of pesticide in food and make regulation practices more consistent. One way that this strengthening was accomplished was through mandating aggregate and cumulative exposure risk assessments in derivative food tolerance levels. The EPA selected OPs as the first class of pesticides for assessing food tolerances because of their specific toxicity behavior as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.

Between 1996 and 1999, the use of OPs actually increased (despite the passing of the FQPA) from 75 million to 91 million pounds per year. However, this is mainly due to the cotton boll weevil eradication program through the U.S Department of Agriculture and the use of OPs eventually decreased to 46 million pounds per year by 2004. The residential use of OP pesticides may have declined more quickly, when compared to commercial use, largely due to the voluntary cancellation of chlorpyrifos and diazinon as approved pesticides for home use. The phaseout of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon for most residential uses was complete in 2005.

Parathion (Ethyl) use is banned or restricted in 23 countries and its import is illegal in a total of 50 countries. Its use was banned in the U.S. in 2000 and it has not been used since 2003.

In 2001, the EPA placed new restrictions on the use of the organophosphates phosmet and azinphos-methyl to increase protection of agricultural workers. The crop uses reported at that time as being phased out in four years included those for almonds, tart cherries, cotton, cranberries, peaches, pistachios, and walnuts. The crops with time-limited registration included apples/crab apples, blueberries, sweet cherries, pears, pine seed orchards, brussels sprouts, cane berries, and the use of azinphos-methyl by nurseries for quarantine requirements. The labeled uses of phosmet include alfalfa, orchard crops (e.g. almonds, walnuts, apples, cherries), blueberries, citrus, grapes, ornamental trees (not for use in residential, park, or recreational areas) and nonbearing fruit trees, Christmas trees and conifers (tree farms), potatoes, and peas. Azinphos-methyl has been banned in Europe since 2006.

In May 2006, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reviewed the use of dichlorvos and proposed its continued sale, despite concerns over its safety and considerable evidence suggesting it is carcinogenic and harmful to the brain and nervous system, especially in children. Environmentalists charge that the latest decision was the product of backroom deals with industry and political interference.

As of 2013, thirty-six types of organophosphates were registered for use in the United States. Organophosphates are currently used in a variety of environments (e.g. agriculture, gardens and veterinary practices), however, several notable OPs have been discontinued for use. This includes parathion, which is no longer registered for any use, and chlorpyrifos (as mentioned previously), which is no longer registered for home use. And again, other than for agricultural use, the OP diazinon has been banned in the U.S.

See also
 Activity-based protein profiling using organophosphate-containing activity-based probes
 Pesticide toxicity to bees
 Toxic oil syndrome
 Cholinesterase inhibitor

References

Further reading

 .
 ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Cholinesterase Inhibitors, Including Pesticides and Chemical Warfare Nerve Agents U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
 Organophosphates - an article by Frances M Dyro, MD
 NYTimes: E.P.A. Recommends Limits On Thousands of Pesticides
 EPA OP pesticide site
 Phase 1, 2, and 3 reports from "Epidemiological study of the relationships between exposure to organophosphate pesticides and indices of chronic peripheral neuropathy, and neuropsychological abnormalities in sheep farmers and dippers." Institute of Occupational Medicine.

Phosphorus(V) compounds
Anticholinesterases

Organophosphate


Christopher Camuto is an American nature writer, scholar and poet. He is the author of three books focused on the southern Appalachians--A Fly Fisherman's Blue Ridge (Henry Holt, 1990), Another Country: Journeying Toward the Cherokee Mountains (Henry Holt, 1997), Hunting from Home: A Year Afield in the Blue Ridge (W. W. Norton, 2003) and of Time and Tide in Acadia: Seasons on Mount Desert Island (W. W. Norton, 2009).  He worked under the editorship of William Strachan at Henry Holt and of Amy Cherry at Norton.

His second book, Another Country, is perhaps his most complex, interweaving historical accounts of the southern Appalachians, reflections on the Cherokee language and its relationship to the landscape, and an account of efforts to reintroduce the endangered red wolf into Great Smoky Mountains National Park.

Since 1995 Camuto has been the book review columnist for Gray's Sporting Journal, where he comments six times a year on sporting literature and art.  Since 1998 he had written the quarterly "Watersheds" column, which he created, for Trout Unlimited's Trout.  He was the book review columnist for Audubon from 1999 to 2002 and has written for a wide range of periodicals devoted to nature and the environment, including American Rivers, Audubon, The Boston Globe, Chesapeake Bay Journal, Field & Stream, Flyfishing, Fly Fisherman, Gray's Sporting Journal, Sewanee Review, Sierra, Sports Afield, Trout, Weber Studies in the Environment, and Wilderness.

Camuto's work has been anthologized in a number of books devoted to distinguished nature writing, including The Gift of Trout (Lyons and Burford, 1996), The Height of Our Mountains: Nature Writing from Virginia's Blue Ridge Mountains and Shenandoah Valley (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), In Praise of Wild Trout (The Lyons Press, 1998), The Woods Stretched for Miles: Contemporary Southern Nature Writing (The University of Georgia Press, 1999), Uncommon Wealth: Essays on Virginia's Wild Places (Falcon Press, 1999), The Greatest Fishing Stories Ever Told (The Lyons Press, 2000), Into the Backing (The Lyons Press, 2001), Elemental South: Earth, Air, Fire and Water (The University of Georgia Press, 2004), Bartram's Living Legacy (Mercer University Press, 2010), and Afield: American Writers on Bird Dogs (Skyhorse Press, 2010).  He wrote the introduction for the West Virginia University Press reprint, published in 2011, of Julia Davis' 1945 The Shenandoah, one of the titles in the celebrated Rivers of America series (1937-1974).

In the 1990s, Camuto was instrumental in publicizing the acidification of southern Appalachian headwater streams, most notably in an extended feature in the Winter 1991 Trout: "Dropping Acid in the Southern Appalachians: A Wild Trout Resource at Considerable Risk."  During the 1980s and 1990s, he worked, as a writer and activist, on the controversies surrounding management of public forest lands in the southeast, especially the protection, preservation and restoration of coldwater streams and the preservation of roadless areas on  national forest land.  He is associated with the Southern Nature Project (www.southernnature.org), has done work on behalf of American Rivers, the Izaak Walton League, The Nature Conservancy, the Sierra Club, the Southern Appalachian Forest Coalition, Trout Unlimited, The Wilderness Society, and other environmental organizations.  In the 1970s, he worked on behalf of migrant and seasonal farmworkers on the eastern shore of Virginia.

A native New Yorker and a long-time resident of Virginia (the Eastern Shore, Albemarle and Rockbridge counties), Camuto currently lives at Wolftree Farm in Union County, Pennsylvania, a hard-used but biologically diverse 78-acre woodland he acquired in 2005 and which has become an eco-restoration project in progress.  Located near the foot of Buffalo Mountain, between state-owned forest land and private farmland, the property is an instructive example of the condition of private woodlands in central Pennsylvania.  Despite its name, Wolftree Farm is for the most part re-grown woodland rather than tillable land, its succession toward mature woods having been defeated repeatedly by select (high-grade) logging in past decades.  Working on his own, Camuto is striving to mitigate the effects of this logging, inroads of invasive species, and ill-conceived white and red pine plantings from the 1960s.  He is trying to encourage a naturally diverse mix of native hardwoods—walnut, oak, hickory, black cherry—along with a healthy understory of native shrubs.  Despite its problems, the property is diverse in birdlife (over a hundred species) and wildlife (including black bear, wild turkey, ruffed grouse).  Camuto hopes to establish the property as a nature preserve.  He has established a modest homestead on land he cleared, including a cedar log house he partly built himself near the abandoned home site of one James Glover (1824-1898), grandson of John Glover, Sr., an eighteenth-century Irish immigrant to America and an early (1772) white settler in what became Hartley Township, Pennsylvania.  This homestead and woodland are now the center of Camuto's new work in nonfiction, fiction and poetry, including Works and Days: Notes on a Woodland Farm (nonfiction), A Hunter's Book of Hours (poetry), Sympathy for the Settler (poetry), Amygdala: Stories (fiction) and A Dream of Darwin (prose/poetry).

In recent years, Camuto has also been exploring his ancestral roots in Italy and the Mediterranean world.  He is at work on a book of essays about his grandparents' connections to the Italian landscape—in Sicily (Bronte), in Basilicata (Melfi, Potenza, San Costantino Albanese) and Como—and a volume of poetry, Learning to Travel, about travel related to Magna Graecia, pre-Socratic philosophy, and classical Western literature, all of which are strong influences on his life, writing and teaching.  He maintains close ties to the relations of his paternal grandmother, Delores Scutari, who live in Potenza, Senise and San Costantino Albanese, one of Basilicata's Arberesche mountain villages.  Through his maternal grandmother, Mary Bocchetta Zanini, he is related to Vittore Bocchetta—Italian sculptor, painter, scholar and anti-Fascist resistance fighter in World War II.

Bibliography
(2007). "Christopher Camuto." Bucknell.edu. Retrieved September 11.
(2003). "Getting in Touch With Woodland Heritage." The New York Times. September 12.
Washabaugh, William and Catherine Washabaugh (2000). Deep Trout: Angling in Popular Culture. New York: Berg.

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American nature writers
American male non-fiction writers

Christopher Camuto


George Stacey Kennedy-Skipton (31 August 1898 – 1982) was an Irish Hong Kong politician, senior civil servant and teacher. He was accused of collaborating with the Japanese during the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong. After the war, he ran for the Urban Council twice in 1952 and 1967 and was the secretary of the Labour Party of Hong Kong, a socialist self-government party.

Biography
Kennedy-Skipton was born on 31 August 1898 in Cheltenham, England, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. Aged 23 years, he traveled from Liverpool to Hong Kong on the blue funnel liner SS Pyrrhus on 31 December 1921 and joined the cadet service of the Hong Kong colonial government. He worked in various departments, including District Officer, Magistrate, Senior Assistant Treasurer, Food Controller from 1940 to 1941 and secretary of the Sanitary Board. He was also a senior officer in the Secretariat for Chinese Affairs, in charge of the District Watch, labour affairs and Mui Tsai suppression. He was promoted a class 1 officer in January 1940 and was chairman of the Urban Council in 1940.

He married Helen Tow, an American woman of Scandinavian descent who was born on 15 October 1892 to a Quaker family in Iowa. The couple had two daughters, Anne Laetitia Daphne (b. 1930) and Enid Conolly (b. 1933). He had also a Chinese mistress and a son named Kimmy S. Kennedy-Skipton (later known as Henry). Before the Battle of Hong Kong when Hong Kong fell into Japanese hands in December 1941, Helen appealed to the Evacuation Advisory Committee against the compulsory evacuation order, which caused a heated exchange between the attorney general, Sir Grenville Alabaster, the colonial secretary Franklin Gimson and Kennedy-Skipton at the Prince's Building.

After the British surrender, Kennedy-Skipton lived with his family at his residence at No. 565 The Peak at the far end of Middle Gap Road. He was not interned like the rest of the colonial administrators as he claimed Irish nationality and he had also agreed to help the Japanese with the administration of night-soil collection, storage and conversion for use as a fertilizer for farmers in the New Territories among other things. For that he was accused of collaborating with the Japanese including the British Army Aid Group which reported that he had "gone over to the Japanese". He was sacked by Gimson in the Executive Council on 11 February 1942 for disobeying orders to cease co-operating with the Japanese and refusing to report to the Stanley Camp for internment with other government officials. For the next ten years, Kennedy-Skipton tried to appeal against the decision, to clear his name and seek compensation for lost salary.

In January 1943, Kennedy-Skipton escaped to Free China leaving his wife and two children in occupied Hong Kong until they were repatriated to the United Kingdom following liberation on the SS Highland Monarch, arriving in Southampton on 9 November 1945, while George Stacey returned in Hong Kong in 1947. He defended himself in a private enquiry in 1948. A newspaper criticised the fact that the enquiry was held behind closed doors under the title of "The Strange Case of Mr. Kennedy-Skipton". He went on to the Court of Appeal which dismissed his case in 1951.

Kennedy-Skipton remained in Hong Kong and taught at Diocesan Boys School and later St Joan of Arc private school. He ran in the 1952 Urban Council election but failed to win a seat. He was a member of the executive committee of the Democratic Self-Government Party of Hong Kong, the first political party calling for self-government and Hong Kong independence. In 1964, he formed the Labour Party of Hong Kong with other Democratic Self-Government Party members such as Tang Hon-tsai and K. Hopkin-Jenkins, a socialist party which called for self-government and common ownership, and became the party secretary. He ran again in the 1967 Urban Council election for the Labour Party and was again not elected. He returned to the United Kingdom in the 1970s and died in Scotland in 1982 at the age of 84.

References

1898 births
1982 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Members of the Urban Council of Hong Kong
Hong Kong educators
Hong Kong civil servants
Labour Party of Hong Kong politicians
Democratic Self-Government Party of Hong Kong politicians
Hong Kong people of Irish descent
People from Cheltenham
Hong Kong collaborators with Imperial Japan
British emigrants to British Hong Kong

G. S. Kennedy-Skipton


Joshua Cardwell, JP (1910–1982) was a Unionist politician in Northern Ireland.

Early life and career
Born in Belfast and educated locally, Cardwell worked as the manager of a coal importing firm. In 1952 he was elected to Belfast Corporation for Victoria Ward and later became an Alderman. During the 1960s Cardwell chaired the committee which was responsible for children's homes in the city. In 1969 he was elected to the Parliament of Northern Ireland for Belfast Pottinger as an 'O'Neill Unionist' supporting the reform proposals of the then Prime Minister. He remained a member until the Parliament was prorogued in 1972. In 1973 he was elected to the Northern Ireland Assembly for Belfast East, as a Unionist pledged to support the former Prime Minister Brian Faulkner. When the Ulster Unionist Party split in 1974, Cardwell became a founder member of the Unionist Party of Northern Ireland and was returned for Belfast East in the 1975 Constitutional Convention election.

He remained a member of Belfast City Council until his death, representing 'Area B' equivalent to the current Victoria area.

He was unmarried.

Kincora Boys' Home abuse scandal
In March 1982, Cardwell was questioned by police in relation to his visits to Kincora Boys' Home, which had seen a child sex abuse scandal. The Hughes report into the scandal noted that Cardwell told the police of one conversation with the Belfast Town Clerk, who had mentioned an imprecise allegation of homosexual conduct (which at that time would have been illegal in Northern Ireland), but he said that no formal complaint had ever come his way. Shortly after the police interview Cardwell's body was found in a car in the garage of his home in Belfast, and he was found to have died of carbon monoxide poisoning; the coroner stated that the death was "inexplicable". Others regarded it as suicide.

The Hughes report concluded "There is no evidence that Councillor Cardwell took steps to prevent an investigation or suppress the matter." It mentioned that, as a member (and chairman) of the Welfare Committee, Cardwell had statutory visiting responsibilities in relation to homes.

The Josh Cardwell Centre, providing rehabilitation services in East Belfast, was named in his honour, but this closed in 2007. It was to burn down in a fire on May 9, 2017.

References

1910 births
1982 deaths
Ulster Unionist Party members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland
Unionist Party of Northern Ireland politicians
Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1969–1973
Members of the Northern Ireland Assembly 1973–1974
Members of the Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention
Independent politicians in Northern Ireland
Members of Belfast City Council
Suicides in Belfast
British politicians who committed suicide
Suicides by carbon monoxide poisoning
Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland for Belfast constituencies
Ulster Unionist Party councillors

Joshua Cardwell