Coast of Skeletons is a 1965 adventure film, directed by Robert Lynn and starring Richard Todd and Dale Robertson. It is a sequel to the 1963 film Death Drums Along the River, and just as that film, it uses the characters from Edgar Wallace's 1911 novel Sanders of the River and Zoltán Korda's 1935 film based on the novel, but placed in a totally different story. Coast of Skeletons was released in Germany as Sanders und das Schiff des Todes/ Sanders and the Ship of Death.

Plot
Following independence, the unnamed British colony where Commissioner Harry Sanders has been working for many years sacks its British police force. So Sanders returns to London, where he soon finds work for an insurance company, which wants him to oversee a project to dredge for diamonds in the shallow waters off South West Africa.

Sanders soon finds himself drawn into a web of insurance fraud, a secret hunt for World War II gold bullion, and a rivalrous love triangle between a flamboyant American diamond prospector, a former German U-boat commander in the employ of the American, and the German's very young wife.

Main cast
 Richard Todd as Commissioner Harry Sanders
 Dale Robertson as A.J. Magnus
 Heinz Drache as Janny von Koltze
 Marianne Koch as Helga
 Elga Andersen as Elisabeth von Koltze
 Derek Nimmo as Tom Hamilton
 Gabriel Bayman as Charlie Singer
 George Leech as Carlo Seton
 Gordon Mulholland as Mr. Spyker
 Josh du Toit as Hajo Petersen
 Dietmar Schönherr as Piet van Houten

External links
 Coast of Skeletons at the British Film Institute

1965 films
British adventure films
British sequel films
Films based on British novels
Films based on works by Edgar Wallace
Films directed by Robert Lynn
Films set in Africa
Films set in London
Films shot in Namibia
Films shot in South Africa
German sequel films
Seafaring films
South African adventure films
Films about treasure hunting
West German films
English-language German films
English-language South African films
South African sequel films
1960s English-language films
1960s British films

Coast of Skeletons


Fort Jefferson is a former U.S. military coastal fortress in the Dry Tortugas National Park of Florida. It is the largest brick masonry structure in the Americas, covering   and made with over 16 million bricks. Among United States forts, only Fort Monroe in Virginia and Fort Adams in Rhode Island are larger. The fort is located on Garden Key in the lower Florida Keys within the Dry Tortugas,  west of the island of Key West. The Dry Tortugas are part of Monroe County in Florida.

History

Construction

In late December 1824 and early January 1825, about five years after Florida joined the United States, U.S. Navy Commodore David Porter inspected the Dry Tortugas islands. He was on the lookout for a site to build a naval station that would help suppress piracy in the Caribbean. Unimpressed with what he saw, he notified the Secretary of the Navy that the Dry Tortugas were unfit for any kind of naval establishment. He reported that they consisted of small sand islands a little above the surface of the ocean, had no fresh water, scarcely enough land to place a fortification, and in any case were probably not solid enough to bear one.

While Commodore Porter thought the Dry Tortugas were unfit for a naval station, others in the U.S. government thought the islands were a good location for a lighthouse to guide ships around the area's reefs and small islands. A small island called Bush Key, later called Garden Key, was selected as the site for the lighthouse, which became known as Garden Key Light. Construction began in 1825 and was completed in 1826. The  lighthouse was constructed of brick with a whitewashed exterior. A small white cottage for the lighthouse keeper was constructed beside the lighthouse.

In 1829, under recommendations from Commodore John Rodgers, the survey ship Florida stopped at the Dry Tortugas to evaluate the anchorage. Contrary to Commodore Porter's experience, Josiah Tattnall III was delighted with what he found. The Dry Tortugas, he reported, consisted of 11 small keys and surrounding reefs and banks, over which the sea broke. There was an outer and an inner harbor. The former afforded a safe anchorage during all seasons and was large enough to let a large number of ships ride at anchor. Of more importance, the inner harbor combined a sufficient depth of water for ships-of-the-line, with a narrow entrance of not more than . Tattnall noted that if a hostile power should occupy the Dry Tortugas, United States shipping in the Gulf would be in deadly peril, and nothing but absolute naval superiority could prevail. However, if occupied and fortified by the U.S., the Dry Tortugas would constitute the advance post for a defense of the Gulf Coast. Robert E. Lee, then a Captain in the U.S. army, shared this opinion and in February 1845 penned a letter to Thomas Blake (Commissioner of the General Land Office) recommending the reservation of the Dry Tortugas for military use. Capt. John G. Barnard then made a detailed reconnaissance in November 1844 and on 17 September 1845, the Dry Tortugas became a national military reservation.

Construction of Fort Jefferson (named after the third U.S. President, Thomas Jefferson) began on Garden Key in December 1846, under the supervision of 2nd Lt. Horatio Wright, after plans drawn up by Lt. Montgomery C. Meigs were approved in November. Meigs' plans were based on a design by Joseph Totten. Chief of Engineers Totten eventually visited the fort in 1855, accompanying Louis Agassiz.

The new fort was built so that the existing Garden Key lighthouse and the lighthouse keeper's cottage were contained within the walls of the fort. The lighthouse continued to serve a vital function in guiding ships through the waters of the Dry Tortugas Islands until the current metal light tower was installed atop an adjacent wall of the fort in 1876. The original brick lighthouse tower was taken down in 1877.

Design

The design called for a two-tiered casemates in a six-sided outline, with two curtain walls measuring , and the other four measuring . Corner bastions, which are large projections designed to allow defensive fire along the faces of the walls they joined, contained gunrooms, gunpowder magazines and a granite spiral staircase. Each tier of casemates contained 150 guns, and another 150 were placed on top of the fort itself. The heavy guns were mounted inside the walls in a string of open casemates, or gunrooms, facing outward toward the sea through large openings called embrasures. The  parade ground contained additional powder magazines, headquarters, a hospital, officer quarters and three large barracks.

The Army employed civilian carpenters, masons, general laborers, and Key West slaves to help construct the fort. By August 1855, 233 white contract laborers were employed, though the slaves "... were the backbone of the labor gang ...," according to Albert Manucy. Bricks were provided by the Pensacola firm of Raiford and Abercrombie. In 1859, the scientist Joseph Bassett Holder assumed responsibility as the fort's physician.

In order to support such a large population in an area lacking fresh water, an innovative system of cisterns was built into the walls of the fort. Sand-filled columns were placed at regular intervals in the inner walls, spanning their height from the roof to the foundation. The columns were intended to filter rainwater from the rooftop for long-term storage in a series of underground chambers. However, the rainwater dissolved salts in the sand, or the cisterns had not been made tight, making the water unfit for drinking, but usable for washing and cooking. Only the rainwater runoff stored under the parade ground was fresh for drinking. Two steam condensers distilled  of sea water per day during the Civil War. The fort enjoyed "... much better water than we have had heretofore," which was stored in the parade ground cisterns.

Civil War
At the onset of the Civil War, 62 men of the Second U.S. Artillery Regiment, under the command of Major Lewis Golding Arnold, were moved to the fort, preventing it from falling into the hands of rebel forces. Capt. Meigs took over as the Superintending Engineer in 1860, and worked feverishly to improve the security and defenses so that the fort's heavy guns were first fired on 26 January 1861. The fort had a population of 168 persons at the time, including women and children.

Two companies, 160 soldiers, of the 6th New York Zouaves arrived on 4 July 1861, under the command of Col. Bill Wilson. The 7th New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry arrived in March 1862, under the command of Col. Haldimand S. Putnam, to relieve the Zouaves. The 90th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, under the command of Lt. Col. Louis W. Tinelli relieved the New Hampshire soldiers in June 1862. They were relieved by the 47th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment in December 1862. They were relieved in March 1864 by the 110th New York Volunteer Infantry.

In September 1861, the first prisoner soldiers appeared, those sentenced by courts-martial to confinement and hard labor for acts such as mutinous conduct. President Lincoln then substituted imprisonment on the Dry Tortugas, in lieu of execution, for those found guilty of desertion. By June 1863, only 22 black workers remained following the Emancipation Proclamation. By November 1863, the number of military convicts reached 214, meeting the demands for unskilled labor, and the ratio of soldier to prisoners was about four to one. In June 1864, the ratio was almost equal, with 653 soldiers and 753 convicts. In November 1864, only 583 soldiers guarded 882 prisoners and eight were able to escape.

Post-Civil War

On 24 July 1865 four special civilian prisoners arrived. These were Samuel Mudd, Edman Spangler, Samuel Arnold and Michael O'Laughlen, who had been convicted of conspiracy in the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. Mudd attempted to stowaway on a steam transport, when the 82nd U.S. Colored Troops relieved the 161st New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment on 25 September 1865. This led to his detention in the fort's "dungeon," over which were the words "Whoso entereth here leaveth all hope behind" (from Canto III of Dante's Inferno). Another state prisoner, Col. George St. Leger Grenfell arrived on 8 October 1865.

In November 1865, the 5th U.S. Artillery arrived and in December 1865, there were a total of 470 soldiers and 273 prisoners. By February 1866, the prisoners were reduced to 207, and to 193 by May. Construction came to a near halt that summer and only 56 prisoners remained in January 1867. The 3rd U.S. Artillery replaced the 5th in 1869.

Mudd helped provide medical care during a yellow fever epidemic at the fort in 1867. The epidemic killed many prisoners, including O'Laughlen, and Joseph Sim Smith, the 5th Artillery's surgeon. A monument to Smith and his son is still present on the parade grounds. Mudd, Arnold and Spangler were pardoned by President Andrew Johnson and released.

The seawall was finally completed in 1872 and six  Rodman guns were in place on barbette (third) tier. The total number of large-caliber guns was 243. The guns were never fired.

Frequent hurricanes and yellow fever epidemics convinced the War Department to remove the garrison, leaving a small caretaker force for the armaments and ammunition in 1874. In 1889, the Army turned the fort over to the Marine Hospital Service to be operated as a quarantine station. The U.S. Navy used the Key as a coaling station.

Neglected, stripped by vandals, swept by repeated tropical storms that crushed brick and concrete and bent girders, Fort Jefferson deteriorated rapidly. It remained unoccupied until the Spanish–American War broke out in 1898. The American fleet was stationed there. One of the ships to load coal there was the USS Maine before her fateful trip to Havana.

In 1902, the property was transferred to the Navy Department, and coal rigs and water distilling plants were built. When these were destroyed by hurricanes in 1906, the fort was again abandoned. Two years later the entire group of islands was set aside as a federal bird reservation. Until 1934 Garden Key and the crumbling ruins were merely a rendezvous for fishermen and tourists.

During World War I, the lighthouse was decommissioned, but a wireless station and naval seaplane facility was operational.

Park designation
On January 4, 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, designated the area as Fort Jefferson National Monument. Between 1935 and 1938 the Works Progress Administration performed structural renovation and historic preservation work on site. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 10, 1970. On October 26, 1992, the Dry Tortugas, including Fort Jefferson, was established as a National Park.

Accessibility
Fort Jefferson can be reached by a daily ferry from Key West, as well as by chartered seaplane and private boat. As a national park, primitive camping is permitted on the beach. Visitors by ferry typically spend four hours on the island, which is enough time for a guided tour of the fort, lunch on the boat and a swim (snorkel equipment provided) on the reef. The fort also features a museum and bookstore.

See also
 Dry Tortugas Ferry to Fort Jefferson
 Dry Tortugas Light
 Jack Tier

References

Further reading

External links

 Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) documentation:

Former populated places in Monroe County, Florida
Ghost towns in Florida
National Register of Historic Places in Monroe County, Florida
Government buildings completed in 1847
Infrastructure completed in 1847
Dry Tortugas National Park
Historic American Buildings Survey in Florida
Sea forts
Populated coastal places in Florida on the Atlantic Ocean
Jefferson
Jefferson
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida
1847 establishments in Florida
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
National Register of Historic Places in national parks

Fort Jefferson (Florida)


The Battle of Singapore was a battle of World War II from 8 to 15 February, 1942. The British army of 85,000 men was led by Lieutenant General Arthur Percival, while the Japanese regiment of 36,000 men was headed by Lieutenant General Tomoyuki Yamashita. Japan captured the British naval base in Singapore, built as a protectionary agent for dominions in the Pacific. Japan defeated the inadequate forces at Singapore, allowing the Imperial Japanese forces to move further south in its war against the Allied powers. The defeat of the "Singapore Strategy" meant that thousands of British and Australian POW's were taken.

At the beginning of December 1941, on the same day that Japan was attacking Pearl Harbour half a world away, the Japanese simultaneously bombed the Royal Air Force bases to the north of Singapore on the Malay coast, thereby eliminating the Air Force's ability to either retaliate or protect the occupying troops on the ground. Their tactics were shrewd and incredibly well thought out. Before a Japanese soldier set foot on Singaporean soil, Britain's naval and aerial capabilities had both been destroyed.

The worst defeat in the history of British arms, the Battle of Singapore and the preceding Malayan Campaign saw Percival's command suffer around 7,500 killed, 10,000 wounded, and 120,000 captured. Japanese losses in the fighting for Singapore numbered around 1,713 killed and 2,772 wounded. While some of the British and Australian prisoners were kept at Singapore, thousands more were shipped to Southeast Asia for use as forced labor on projects such as the Siam–Burma (Death) Railway and Sandakan airfield in North Borneo.

Many of the Indian troops were recruited into the pro-Japanese Indian National Army for use in the Burma Campaign. Singapore would remain under Japanese occupation for the remainder of the war. During this period, the Japanese massacred elements of the city's Chinese population as well as others who opposed their rule.

References

Singapore
20th century in Singapore
1942

Battle of Singapore


Theodore Robert "Ted" Gleim (born July 31, 1933) is a farmer, businessman and former political figure in Saskatchewan, Canada. He represented Shaunavon from 1986 to 1991 in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a Progressive Conservative.

He was born in Chaplin, Saskatchewan, the son of George Gleim. Gleim served as mayor of Eastend. He was defeated by Glen McPherson when he ran for reelection to the Saskatchewan assembly in 1991.

References

1933 births
Living people
Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan MLAs
Mayors of places in Saskatchewan

Theodore Gleim


International Sabancı Theater Festival or International Adana Theater Festival, more precisely State Theater-Sabancı International Adana Theater Festival, () is a theatre festival held every year in Adana since 1999. It is a joint organization of Turkish State Theatres, the Ministry of Tourism and Culture and the Sabancı Foundation. Many national and international theater groups perform their plays during the festival.

Featuring as an annual international festival lasting a month, the festival entertains almost 20,000 devotees of drama, who are eager to see the plays performed during the festival.

The festival plays were only staged in Adana until 2005 and since then some of the plays are also staged at Sabancı University's Performing Arts Center in Istanbul. The "Sakıp Sabancı Lifetime Achievement Award" is presented on the opening day of the festival since 2005 to honor and recognize the role of the masters, who had profound contributions to the evolution of the drama as an art.

Festival in 2011
The 13th edition of the festival kicked off on March 27, the World Theatre Day, with an astounding opening show staged by Italian ensemble Studio Festi on the Seyhan River and the Taşköprü (literally 'Stone Bridge'). "Water Symphony" show was welcomed by thousands of people with great enthusiasm.

The opening ceremony of the festival was held at the Adana HiltonSA hotel with the attendance of many distinguished guests. Chairman of the Sabancı Foundation Board of Trustees, Güler Sabancı, noted in her speech that as people of Anatolia, a cradle of several cultures, they bore significant responsibility for the dissemination of culture and arts around Turkey. Sabancı underscored the Foundation's efforts to increase the number of art viewers in Turkey and to ensure future generations to embrace the cultural legacy. She also remarked that the Foundation was content to contribute to the promotion of the cultural wealth of Anatolia to the rest of the world. Asserting that the Festival integrates more with the city of Adana each year, Sabancı added, "Today our city Adana is taking firm steps to transform to an international center for arts and culture. We feel proud to open a window to the world through the bountiful land of Adana thanks to the State Theater-Sabancı International Adana Theater Festival."

General Manager of State Theaters, Lemi Bilgin, who took the floor at the ceremony said, "We feel proud to organize the 13th Adana Theater Festival this year, an event that elevates human values by way of arts. The Festival, which commenced on March 27, the World Theatre Day, represents the first loop of the State Theater festival chain. We are very happy to present the ensembles from various countries who exhibit the most exquisite examples of their cultures here. As life flows at dizzying speed, such festivals add meaning to our lives. We want to take this opportunity to thank art lovers of Adana for cherishing and embracing arts." Minister of Culture and Tourism, Ertuğrul Günay, expressed the success of international festivals organized in various provinces of Turkey. "I would like to thank Sabancı Family and Sabancı Foundation for their ongoing support for State Theaters-Sabancı International Adana Theater Festival, and to everyone else, who have enabled the staging of various local and foreign works of theater to meet the audiences."

"Sakıp Sabancı Lifetime Achievement Award" is awarded to Gülriz Sururi in 2011. Among works performed during the festival are Chinghiz Aitmatov's unforgettable My Poplar in a Red Scarf by the Gabit Musirepov Kazakhstan State Theater Child and Youth; Electra by the National Theatre Radu Stanca Sibiu from Romania; Enigma Variations by the Vakhtangov Theater from Russia; The Crime of Cura Tato by the Plankton Theater Collective from Chile, Anna Karenina by the Anzelika Cholina Dance Theater from Lithuania and Malaya by the Close Act Theater from the Netherlands. Other performances at the festival include The Diary of a Mad Man, Karbala and Eleven Snapshots from Nazim Hikmet's Human Landscapes from My Country by the Ankara State Theatre; Bury the Dead by the Istanbul State Theatre; House of Leyla by Theatre Kare; Flame Days by Istanbul Public Theater; Woman and Officer by Beşiktaş Culture Center; Uncle Vanya by Theatre Studio; Dress Rehearsal for a Suicide by the Istanbul Municipal Theater and Azizlikler (Where are we going?) by Dostlar Theatre.

461 artists from 17 ensembles (10 local and 7 foreign) performed outdoor shows as well as street shows during the opening and closing of the festival, whereas the remainder of the plays took stage at Sabancı Cultural Center again this year.

Festival in 2010
The 12th Theater Festival began on March 27, again on the World Theatre Day, with a spectacular show by the Italian Studio Festi ensemble. Studio Festi is known across the world with their fascinating visual performances and dramatic creations orchestrated in city centers, natural surroundings and historical sites, and their show for the Festival opening viewed by thousands of people with great interest.
The one-hour "Concert for Elements" performed on the Seyhan River featured Studio Festi dancers defying gravity atop huge planets and model ships rising to the sky. Dancing with fire, water sphere choreographies and the fireworks show were among other captivating spectacles performed by the group. The festival reaches more than 20 thousand spectators every year, and features 21 performances by 12 foreign and 6 Turkish ensembles this year. In addition, 5 ensembles performed their plays at the Sabanci University Performing Arts Center, bringing the festival spirit to Istanbul.

General Manager of State Theaters Lemi Bilgin said, "We are proud to have the 12th Theater Festival in Adana. Starting on the World Theatre Day, this festival is first in a series of festivals by the State Theaters.  We are as excited as we had been a decade ago. We are delighted to be depicting the sacred face of drama. We are happy to blend peoples and traditions of various countries.  Finally, we are blissful that art is making its mark on the fertile lands of Adana.  We would like to thank the people of Adana for supporting drama and their festival."  Chairman of the Sabancı Foundation Board of Trustees Güler Sabancı noted their pleasure in helping thousands of people enjoy drama through the festival, which she said was supported by the foundation to help spread the outreach of social, cultural and artistic events in Turkey and uphold traditional values. Sabancı added that the festival breathed new life into the artistic and cultural facet of Adana, and said, "I am proud that what began as a local event is now an international festival. This is an important step in making Adana a center for culture and the arts," and continued, "Taşköprü is a part of the festival again. The festival is now a part of the way the people of Adana live." Minister of Culture and Tourism Erturul Günay expressed his pride in the success of international festivals held in various cities of Turkey. The master of ceremonies for the night was actor Ali Düşenkalkar, and the "World Theatre Day Declaration" was read by Derya Keyf. In 2010, Sakıp Sabancı Lifelong Achievement Award was given to Müşfik Kenter. Speaking at the ceremony, Müşfik Kenter said, "I am honored and proud. Speaking onstage is something; speaking at this ceremony is something altogether different."

The festival concluded with carnival in the streets: The French Transe-Express Theater, performing for the first time in Turkey, began its street spectacle "Freedom of Violins" at the Atatürk Park, and ended at the railway station, offering an unforgettable experience to spectators. The rhythmic cortege accompanied by vocalists melted into the crowd, playing electronic music like a medieval techno parade. Suspended by an outsized pendulum, two acrobats alternately beat the hide of a vast drum, while violinists suspended 100 feet in the air caused suspense to linger in the air.

The festival hosted eleven foreign groups from nine countries in addition to three state theater ensembles, three private theaters and one municipal theater, who performed 21 plays in total. Foreign participants of the festival were; Théatre de la Huchette and Trans-Express Street Theater from France, Theater Freiburg from Germany, Markus Zohner Theater from Switzerland, Pappa Tarahumara Theater from Japan, La Luna and Unforgettable Women Theaters from Cuba; Tuva State Music and Drama Theater from Tuva, Nicosia Municipal Theater from Northern Cyprus; Tatiana Garrido Flamenco Ensemble from Spain and Studio Festi from Italy. Domestic performers were the Kenter Theater, Dostlar Theater, AYSA Production Theater, Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Theater, Ankara State Theater, Istanbul State Theater and Konya State Theater.

Stage plays were performed at the Sabancı Cultural Center, while outdoor performances appealed to a greater number of viewers: In addition to the opening performance of the Italian Studio Festi ensemble on the Taşköprü, the Spanish flamenco group performed their "Fuego y Arena" show at the Merkez Park, and the closing performance by the French ensemble Transe Express was staged at the Atatürk Park and the railway station. Taşköprü hosted other events during the festival. In addition, two foreign and three domestic ensembles staged their plays at the Sabanci University Performing Arts Center in Istanbul, drawing audiences from Istanbul into the festival spirit.

Festival in 2009
11th Sabancı Theater Festival was held on March 27 to April 30, 2009. The Opening Ceremony of the festival was held on the first day, which corresponded to the World Theatre Day. World-famous Spanish group "Comediants" performed their play Dimonis, which included fire dances, dragons and fireworks, and turned the opening into an extraordinarily fascinating show. The theme of the event was "Moving the Theater Festival to the streets".

The opening ceremony of the festival was held in Hilton Hotel with the attendance of Güler Sabancı, Sabancı Foundation President of the Board of Trustees, Dilek Sabancı, Sabancı Foundation Member of the Board of Trustees, Lemi Bilgin, Director of the State Theaters and İlhan Atış
 Governor of Adana Province. In her opening speech, Güler Sabancı said: "Since the beginning of the festival, each year we are trying to improve it. This is what late Sakıp Sabancı would have wanted from us. We achieved this success with the support of Ertuğrul Günay, Minister of Tourism and Culture. Last year, the tickets were sold out in an hour. We will always get better with the support of Adana residents." Referring to the theme of the festival this year which is "Moving the Theater Festival to the streets" Güler Sabancı said: "With the improvements this year, I am proud to announce that the festival has come to a new level."

Throughout the festival of 2009, an audience of twenty thousand people watched 17 theater groups performing 19 plays. In addition, six groups performed their plays at Sabancı University Performing Arts Center in Istanbul.

The festival ended on April 30 with a street show called "Bivouac" performed by a French band called "Generik Vapeur". The closing show started when members of Generik Vapeur started to suspend themselves from ropes down high up in the second story of the railway station in Adana. Having painted their faces, arms and legs blue, the performers then started to march onwards to Atatürk Street in accompaniment of barrels carried or rolled by them and under fireworks. Many citizens marched along with the band during the performance, applauding them. The band members then arrived at Atatürk Park. The performance finished when the band members overturned some stacked barrels.

Sakıp Sabancı Lifetime Achievement Award
In 2009, Genco Erkal received "Sakip Sabanci Lifetime Achievement Award" during the opening ceremony. Erkal, who received his award from Güler Sabancı, said during his speech that he has made it a habit to come to Adana at least once every year throughout his 50-year career to present one of his productions. He said: "I have always admired the maturity, perceptiveness and the high quality of theatergoers in Adana." Recalling his company's performance at the opening of the inaugural festival ten years ago, Erkal said: "We opened the first festival with Nazım Hikmet's My People. The late Sakıp Sabancı, after watching the play from the front row, congratulated me with a hug in his unique enthusiasm. I am proud to be receiving this valuable award that was named after him, honoring the 50 years I have left behind."

References

Theatre festivals in Turkey
Festivals in Adana
Festivals established in 1999
1999 establishments in Turkey
Sabancı family
Ministry of Culture and Tourism (Turkey)
Spring (season) events in Turkey

International Sabancı Theater Festival


Epworth Heights is a private summer community located on the Lake Michigan shore north of Ludington, Michigan, in the United States. Founded in 1894 by a group of Methodists as the Epworth League Training Assembly, it continues to operate as a domestic nonprofit corporation under Michigan's Summer Resort and Assembly Associations Act 39 of 1889. It is formally known as The Epworth Assembly, Inc.

Founding

The summer resort known as Epworth Heights (now Epworth Assembly) was founded in 1894 as The Epworth League Training Assembly. Epworth began as a Methodist training camp on the shores of Lake Michigan. The mission statement drawn up read as follow: "Established 1894 for the purchase and improvement of grounds to be occupied for summer homes, for camp meetings, for meetings of assemblies or associations and societies organized for intellectual or scientific culture and for the promotion of the cause of religion and morality."

An agreement between The Citizen's Development Company of Ludington, The Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad, and The Epworth Training Assembly, was signed on May 6 of that year. By mid-July, a mere ten weeks later, the Hotel, Auditorium and classrooms that had been hastily built were ready for the first session, July 18 to August 5. Families camped in tents on the sandy beaches and enjoyed the programming as well as the lakeside vistas.

Early years

It was decided that leasing plots of land to allow for the building of cottages would be a good way to raise money and assure a future for the venture. For five dollars a year, a member of the assembly could purchase the right to build a cottage on his leasehold. Several cottages were built in 1895; by 1909, there were close to 100. These were not year-round cottages, but simple wooden structures built along walks that lined the Lake Michigan shore.

Later years

The Chautauqua programs began in 1896 and continued until 1924, but were replaced with other speakers of a spiritual or cultural nature. Over the years, the number of cottages has grown to over two hundred, each named by the family holding the lease. Cottages are also available for rent, but there are many requirements for renting including three letters of reference from lease-holders.

References

External links
 Epworth Heights
 Epworth Assembly

Buildings and structures in Mason County, Michigan
1894 establishments in Michigan

Epworth Heights


The Clown is a 1931 short animated film by Universal Pictures and one of many in the Oswald the Lucky Rabbit series.

Plot
Oswald, as the title implies, is a circus clown who performs acts in the big top along with his partner the live female stuffed doll, aka Kitty. After doing some acts involving horses, Kitty is being asked by the ringmaster to sign some kind of contract. Oswald is suspicious of the ringmaster's plans, and tries to intervene, only to be whipped away by the ringmaster.

While Oswald is performing his next act involving a dog and an elephant, the ringmaster tries again to get Kitty to sign. They are, however, interrupted once more by Oswald who finishes on time.

Next, it is time for Oswald and the ringmaster to make their appearance. Oswald enters a cannon, and the latter becomes the one to fire it. Kitty senses the ringmaster is up to something, and therefore rushes to the scene. When Oswald is fired from the cannon, Kitty grabs onto his legs. As they are sent airborne, they spin around, causing them to return like a boomerang and knock down the ringmaster. Oswald immediately performs again in the limelight, this time involving an invisible car created by pantomime.

Kitty returns to perform. Here, she suspends on the end of a rope which is pulled upward. The scheming ringmaster cuts the rope a little where it would break momentarily. Oswald is aware of this as the rabbit reenters the cannon. When Kitty plunges, Oswald launches out and catches her mid-air. The ringmaster tries to create more trouble for them by releasing a vicious gorilla, but instead of chasing the two performers, the gorilla pursues the ringmaster out of the big top.

References

External links

 The Clown at the Big Cartoon Database

1931 films
1931 animated films
1930s American animated films
1930s animated short films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Walter Lantz
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit cartoons
Universal Pictures animated short films
Walter Lantz Productions shorts
Comedy films about clowns
Animated films about animals
Films about bears

The Clown (1931 film)


The black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes), is a type of weasel. It is also called the American polecat or prairie dog hunter. It is native to central North America. It is an endangered species.

Description
The black-footed ferret has a long, slender body with black lines on the feet, ears, parts of the face and its tail. The neck is long and the legs short. The toes have sharp claws. The top and bottom of the feet are covered with hair, even to the soles. The fur on its feet hides the claws.

Males are 500–533 millimetres (19.7–21.0 in) long. Females are usually 10% smaller than males. It weighs 650–1,400 grams (1.43–3.09 lb).

Distribution and Habitat
Before, the black-footed ferret's range was from southern Alberta and southern Saskatchewan south to Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. In 2007, the only known wild black-footed ferret population was found in the western Bighorn Basin near Meeteetse, Wyoming. Since 1990, black-footed ferrets have been reintroduced into the following places: Shirley Basin, Wyoming; UL Bend National Wildlife Refuge and Fort Belknap Indian Reservation, Montana; Conata Basin/Badlands, Buffalo Gap National Grassland, and the Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation in South Dakota; Aubrey Valley, Arizona; Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge and Wolf Creek in Colorado; Coyote Basin,  and Grasslands National Park, Canada.

Before, the black-footed ferret lived in lots of habitats prairies with short grass, prairies with different types of grasses, desert grassland, shrub steppe, sagebrush steppe, mountain grassland, and semi-arid grassland. Black-footed ferrets use the burrows of prairie dog to raise their young ones, stay away from predators, and to keep themselves warm.

References

Mustelids
Mammals of North America

Black-footed ferret


Buckley's Serenaders was a family troupe of English-born American blackface minstrels, established under that name in 1853 by James Buckley.   They became one of the two most popular companies in the U.S. from the mid-1850s to the 1860s, the other being the Christy and Wood Minstrels.

Career
James Buckley was born in Manchester, England, in 1803, and emigrated with his family to the U.S. in the 1830s.  By 1843, he organized a troupe of minstrels, the Congo Melodists, in Boston, Massachusetts.  They performed in New Orleans, and in 1845 in New York City, when they were known as the New Orleans Serenaders.   From 1846 to 1848, James Buckley and his three sons, Bishop, Swayne, and Fred, toured in England.  Though they were an influential troupe in the United States, their absence allowed Edwin Christy's troupe to gain popularity and influence the development of the minstrel genre.

James Buckley - who was known as "Master Ole Bull" - and his sons returned to the U.S. at the end of 1848.  They appeared regularly in New York and Boston, and in 1852 became the first recognized company to play in California.   By the 1853–4 season, the Buckleys began to burlesque popular operas and boasted of their ability to reproduce such works. Some of these were Cinderella, La Sonnambula, and Don(e) Juan; or, A Ghost on a High horse (Don Giovanni). Another popular act involved Bishop Buckley's trained horse, Mazeppa.

In 1853, they leased a New York City theatre at 539 Broadway, a hall they called Buckley's Opera House, the Ethiopian Opera House, and the American Opera House. The troupe roster stayed relatively consistent until 1855, with only non-members of the Buckley family coming or going.  In 1856, they moved to 585 Broadway. By 1857, they were spending as much as six months there between tours. They also gave regular Sunday-evening concerts in whiteface at this location.   However, like other minstrel companies, the Buckleys toured extensively. Upon their return to New York after a late 1857 tour, they published this advertisement:
Although we look ragged and black are our faces.
As free and as fair as the best we are found;
And our hearts are as white as those in fine places,
Although we're poor niggers dat travel around.

They toured England again in 1860.  Charles Dickens wrote of the Buckleys during an 1861 trip to the United States:Wilkie and I . . . went to the Buckley's last night. They do the most preposterous things, in the way of Violin Solos, Deeply Sentimental Songs, and Lucrezia Borgia music, sung by a majestic female in black velvet and jewels with a blackened face! All that part of it, is intolerably bad. But the real Nigger things are very good; and there is one man—the tambourine—who attempts to do things with chairs, in remembrance of an acrobat he has seen, which is the most genuinely ludicrous thing of its kind, I ever beheld. Nor have I ever seen so good a presentation as his, of the real Negro.

The Buckleys closed the Opera House when the Concert Saloon Bill of 1862 forbade the combination of stage entertainment, female waitresses and sale of alcohol in New York theaters and saloons.  After the death of his son Fred in 1864, James Buckley retired in 1866, and his son Bishop, a tenor singer and performer on the "Chinese fiddle", died the following year.  George Swayne Buckley, described as the most versatile of the family as a singer and multi-instrumentalist, kept the company going until about 1876.  He was noted for performing on a wide range of different instruments, sometimes playing several at the same time.

Family members
 James Buckley (1803, Manchester, England – April 27, 1882, Quincy, Massachusetts, U.S.)
His sons:
 R. Bishop Buckley (1826, England – June 6, 1867, Quincy, Massachusetts, U.S.)
 George Swayne Buckley (August 1829, Bolton, Lancashire, England – June 25, 1879, Quincy, Massachusetts, U.S.)
 Frederick Buckley (October 12, 1833, Bolton, Lancashire, England – September 12, 1864, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.)

References

Sources
 Dickens, Charles. (1997). The Letters of Charles Dickens. New York: Oxford University Press.
 Henderson, Mary C. (2004). The City and the Theatre. New York: Back Stage Books.
 Brodsky Lawrence, Vera (1995). Strong on Music: The New York Music Scene in the Days of George Templeton Strong. Volume II: Reverberations, 1850-1856. The University of Chigcago Press.
 Brodsky Lawrence, Vera (1999). Strong on Music: The New York Music Scene in the Days of George Templeton Strong. Volume III: Repercussions, 1857-1862. The  University of Chicago Press.
 Mahar, William J. (1999). Behind the Burnt Cork Mask: Early Blackface Minstrelsy and Antebellum American Popular Culture. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. .
 Tompkins, Eugene (1908). The History of the Boston Theatre, 1854-1901. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Blackface minstrel troupes
American comedy troupes

Buckley's Serenaders


Ephemerelloidea is a superfamily of mayflies in the suborder Pannota. It is a basal group of mayflies with a worldwide distribution. Members of this super-family can be distinguished from those of Caenoidea by the fact that the gills of the nymphs are not filamentous.

The following families are recognised:

Ephemerellidae
Leptohyphidae
Tricorythidae

References

Mayflies
Insect superfamilies

Ephemerelloidea


Europe Racing (the PlayStation version is known as Europe Racer) is a Racing game, developed by Davilex and published by Koch Media, which was released in Europe in 2001. In the game someone has chosen you to race in the 'Europe Racer', the 'Most Challenging Motor Vehicle competition known to man', and it's then up to you to take part in the races in 15 tracks throughout Europe.

Gameplay
The game takes you across about ten different countries including Stockholm, Paris and Athens. Such landmarks include Red Square and the Eiffel tower. Teams from Europe, Russia, Japan and the USA compete in this illegal street race, always trying to hide from the police.

Description
Manufacturer's description:

Spectacular racing through Europe's major cities!

The worlds top racers are revving their engines, tuning their vehicles and getting ready to burn some rubber. The most prestigious illegal European road race organisation is hosting a cannonball run through the major cities of Europe. Various different racing clubs from Europe, Russia, Japan and the United States will take part.

These nations will all be competing to win this major event and to lay claim to the racing title of Europe. This will be the ultimate heart stopping, action packed race and you have been invited to compete. To represent your country and to bring that title home. All you have to do is finish first..and avoid the police who will be hot on your tail all the way..

Features:

 Third or first person perspectives.
 3D graphics
 Cartoon graphics
 Racing theme.

PlayStation games
2001 video games
Racing video games

Europe Racing


Alexander Brooks Montgomery (December 11, 1837 – December 27, 1910) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky.

Born near Tip Top, Kentucky, Montgomery attended the common and private schools. He was graduated from Georgetown (Kentucky) College in 1859 and from the Louisville Law School in 1861. He engaged in agricultural pursuits in Hardin County, Kentucky from 1861 to 1870. He was admitted to the bar and commenced the practice of law in Elizabethtown, Kentucky, in 1870. He was county judge of Hardin County from 1870 to 1874. He served as member of the Kentucky Senate from 1877 to 1881.

Montgomery was elected as a Democrat to the Fiftieth and to the three succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1887 – March 3, 1895). He served as chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of War (Fifty-second and Fifty-third Congresses). He was an unsuccessful candidate for re-election to the Fifty-fourth Congress. He served as member of the Dawes Indian Commission, appointed under an act of Congress to negotiate with the Five Civilized Tribes from 1895 to 1898. He resumed the practice of law at Elizabethtown, Kentucky, where he died December 27, 1910. He was interred in City Cemetery.

References

1837 births
1910 deaths
Democratic Party Kentucky state senators
Kentucky state court judges
Kentucky lawyers
People from Hardin County, Kentucky
Georgetown College (Kentucky) alumni
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Kentucky
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American judges
19th-century American lawyers

Alexander B. Montgomery


Lawrence A. "Pat" Hyland (August 26, 1897 – November 24, 1989) was an American electrical engineer.  He is one of three individuals, with whom are credited in major contributions to the invention of radar, but is probably best known as the man who transformed Hughes Aircraft from Howard Hughes' aviation "hobby shop" into one of the world's leading technology companies.

Hyland was born in Nova Scotia, Canada, but his family moved to the U.S. in 1899, where he was raised in Massachusetts.  He served in the U.S. Army during World War I, and then in the U.S. Navy until 1926. Hyland then joined the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory as a radio engineer.  While at NRL he first demonstrated the reflection of radio waves from aircraft, and also made other contributions to the development of doppler radar.

In 1932 Hyland founded the Radio Research Company, which would later be merged into the Bendix Corporation; he eventually became Vice President for Research and Engineering at Bendix.

In 1954 Hyland was hired as vice president and general manager of Hughes Aircraft; he would ultimately become company President and CEO after Howard Hughes' death in 1976. Under Hyland's guidance, Hughes Aircraft continued to diversify and become immensely profitable. Among other accomplishments, the company developed numerous radar systems, electro-optical systems, the first working laser, aircraft computer systems, missile systems, spacecraft, and many other advanced technologies. Hyland retired from active service in 1980, but he retained close contact with the company until his death.

During his lifetime Hyland frequently advised the U.S. government on science and technology.  At various times he served as a senior consultant to the President's Science Advisory Committee, the Atomic Energy Commission, and the Central Intelligence Agency; and he was a member of the Defense Industry Advisory Council.

Some of Hyland's honors and awards include:
 1950 – Navy Distinguished Public Services Award for pioneering contributions to radar
 1954 – Honorary Doctorate of Engineering, Lawrence Institute of Technology
 1955 – Named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 1957 – IEEE Pioneer Award for Aeronautical and Navigation Electronics
 1967 – Collier Trophy for the Surveyor 1 Moon landing
 1967 – Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Association Gold Medal for Meritorious Service
 1974 – IEEE Founders Medal for leadership and management in the field of electronics

Hyland's autobiography, Call Me Pat: The Autobiography of the Man Howard Hughes Chose to Lead Hughes Aircraft, was published posthumously in 1994.

Further reading
 David Leighton, The History of the Hughes Missile Plant in Tucson, 1947-1960, Private Publication, 2015

External links
 Hyland biography on the Engineering and Technology History Wiki

1897 births
1989 deaths
American electrical engineers
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Collier Trophy recipients
Radar pioneers
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American inventors
Bendix Corporation people
Canadian emigrants to the United States

Lawrence A. Hyland


Brackett Field  is a public airport a mile (2 km) southwest of La Verne, in Los Angeles County, California, United States. It was named after astronomer Frank Parkhurst Brackett (1865–1951).

History

Brackett Field, named after Frank Parkhurst Brackett, one of the original professors at Pomona College who started working at the college in the late 1800s, has a long history. In 1911 Calbraith Perry, "C.P.," Rogers landed his Wright Flyer Biplane nicknamed the "Vin Fiz," after the carbonated soda produced by the sponsor of the first flight across the United States, near what are now two parallel runways. Brackett Field originally consisted of a dirt strip cut out of a field in the late '30s. The original runway was 2,600 feet of dirt and there was a school for student pilots from Pomona College. Later, the Civil Air Patrol, then a paramilitary branch of the U.S. Air Force, used Brackett Field for operations during World War II. In 1957 the county took over the airport and has owned it since that time.

Brackett, about an hour east of the studios in Hollywood, California, has been used for location filming of scenes for a number of TV series and movies. These include Wings of Fire, Airport 1975',' Spencer's Pilots (CBS, 1974–1975), and The Tim Conway Show''.

The field was the starting point of the Powder Puff Derby in 1947.

Brackett originally had one runway (26 / 8), which was paved and had paved taxiways on each side. The control tower was built in the late 1960s.

In the 1980s increased traffic (due to the loss of other general aviation airports in the area to urban encroachment) led to the northern taxiway being replaced by a second runway (26R / 8L), which forced the control tower to move a few feet north.

Most of the development of the field prior to the 1980s was on the south side, where the Administration Building ("Ad Building") is located. These developments included a Cessna dealership, flying schools and other facilities such as the first metal hangars on the field.

A large, wooden hangar was built on the north side of the field, to house such operations as a Piper dealership and aircraft repair. The hangar burned down circa 1960, was rebuilt, then burned down again about 10 years later, was again rebuilt, then demolished a few years later to make way for more modern facilities.

Since the 1960s, Brackett has been the home base of Civil Air Patrol (Air Force Auxiliary) Squadron 64.

References

External links

 Whiteman Airport Association newsletter

Airports in Los Angeles County, California
La Verne, California

Brackett Field


Linda Lizeth Caicedo Alegría (born 25 February 2005) is a Colombian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Liga F club Real Madrid and the Colombia women's national team.

Caicedo has been playing at the senior club level since 2019, when she debuted for Colombian club América de Cali at the age of 14. After being instrumental in América winning their first league title, she moved to Deportivo Cali in early 2020. With Cali, Caicedo won an additional Colombian league title in 2021, which qualified Cali for the 2021 Copa Libertadores Femenina. Despite only making the quarterfinals, Caicedo finished the tournament as joint-top scorer and made the tournament's Best XI. In 2023, after years of speculation about her next club move, she signed for Real Madrid of Spain's Liga F. In her first season at the club, she helped Madrid reach their first major cup final at the 2022–23 Copa de la Reina.

In addition to her accomplishments at the club level, Caicedo has also found international success at both the youth and senior levels. In July 2022, Caicedo featured in her first Copa America Femenina tournament with Colombia's senior team, where she scored the game-winning goal against Argentina in the semi-finals to help qualify for the Copa America final. After finishing as runner-up with Colombia's senior team in the Copa America, Caicedo competed with Colombia's U-20s at the 2022 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup in August, where they reached the quarterfinals. In October of the same year, Caicedo helped Colombia's U-17 side to a second-place finish at the U-17 Women's World Cup. She scored 4 goals and was Colombia's top scorer as they finished as runners-up behind Spain. She later competed in the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup, and scored two goals in the group stage—one against South Korea, and the opener against Germany, a match that Colombia won to pull off one of the greatest upsets in Women's World Cup history.

Often regarded as one of the world's best young players, Caicedo has won multiple individual awards throughout her career, including the Golden Ball at the 2022 Copa America Femenina, and Bronze Boot and Silver Ball at the 2022 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup.

Early life
Caicedo was born in Candelaria, Valle del Cauca, Colombia to parents Herlinda Alegría and Mauricio Caicedo. At the age of five, she enrolled in Real Juanchito FC, a boys-only youth football academy. At an early age, she was singled out for her excellent dribbling and shooting abilities. Caicedo's mother Herlinda recounts when Caicedo was a young girl, where she would kick kitchen utensils and dolls around the house because she was only interested in playing football.

As she advanced to the higher levels of Real Juanchito, Caicedo met the man that would later become her mentor, club president Rafael Murillo. At the age of 10, Caicedo entered her first women's club, Generaciones Palmiranas. Here, she met Felipe Taborda, the coach of Colombia's senior women's team. A year later, Caicedo began playing for CD Atlas C.P., a team based in Cali and created by Colombian international Carolina Pineda that is known to foster the talents of young Colombian footballers. From 2017 to 2019, Caicedo won three Torneos Nacionales (national tournaments for regional youth clubs) at the U13 level with Atlas. These accomplishments with her youth teams started attracting the attention of Colombia's biggest women's clubs.

Club career

América de Cali (2019)
In 2019, Carolina Pineda convinced Marcela Gomez, the president of América de Cali's women's team, to sign Caicedo. On 15 July 2019, at the age of 14, she made her professional debut with América against Cortuluá. She scored her first goal for the club on her debut, which ended up being the match winner for the team. Caicedo finished the 2019 Colombian Women's Football League as the league's top scorer with 7 goals in 7 matches. On 30 September 2019, in the second leg of the 2019 league finals, Caicedo scored the tie-winning goal against Independiente Medellín to bring the final aggregate score to 3-2 and win América their first ever league title. América qualified for the 2019 Copa Libertadores Femenina by featuring in the league finals, but 14-year-old Caicedo was unable to participate, as the minimum age for participation is 16 years of age.

At the end of Caicedo's contract with América, they were unable to come to an agreement due to Caicedo's salary demands. The club confirmed her departure on 30 January 2020, making her a free agent.

Deportivo Cali (2020–2022)
On 4 February 2020, Caicedo's move to América's cross-city rivals Deportivo Cali was made official with a year-long contract. Due to complications of ovarian cancer, Caicedo was unable to play football for six months. She resumed training days after she finished her last round of chemotherapy treatment.

Caicedo made her debut with Cali on 20 October 2020, against Junior in their first match of the 2020 Colombian Women's Football League. Her first goal for her new club was also the only goal she scored in the group stages, in a 3–0 win against her former club, América. Deportivo Cali finished first in their group and advanced to the knockout round, where they faced Millonarios in the quarterfinals. She scored the game-winning goal of the first leg that finished 2-1 in Cali's favor, and then scored Cali's only goal in the second leg of the tie. However, Millonarios scored 3 goals in the second leg to defeat Cali with an aggregate score of 4–3, knocking them out of the tournament.

In the 2021 league tournament, Caicedo opened up her scoring with a brace against Atletico Bucamaranga in the group stage of the tournament. Cali finished atop their group once more, and advanced to the final against Santa Fe. Caicedo scored one goal against the team in the first leg of the final, and in the second leg scored two goals to help Cali win the tie with an aggregate score of 6–3. Deportivo Cali won the first league title of their history as Caicedo finished as the team's second-highest goalscorer of the tournament with 5 goals.

Cali reaching the final meant that they qualified for the 2021 Copa Libertadores Femenina, Caicedo's first opportunity to play in a major continental club competition. She scored three goals in Cali's group stage matches, including a brace in an 8-0 thrashing of Bolivian club Real Tomayapo and one goal in a 4–1 win against Universidad de Chile. Cali finished atop Group C and met Uruguayan club Nacional in the quarterfinals, but were defeated 1–2, with Caicedo scoring Cali's only goal. Despite being knocked out in the quarterfinals, Caicedo finished the tournament as the joint-top scorer alongside Esperanza Pizarro, Vic Albuquerque, Jhennifer, and Cali teammate Tatiana Ariza, and was also named to the tournament's Best XI.

The 2022 Colombian league updated to a round-robin tournament format, where Cali finished 3rd on the table and qualified for the knockout stage. In the first leg of the quarterfinals, Caicedo scored a goal against Millonarios that would later prove to be essential to Cali's 3-2 aggregate victory. In the semifinals they met 2021 league final rivals Santa Fe, and Caicedo scored against them once again in the first leg. The tie came to a draw in the second leg which forced the match to penalties, where Caicedo scored the tie-winning penalty to bring them to another Colombian league final. In the final, she once again faced her former club América. She scored one goal in the second leg of the tie, but Cali were defeated 4–3 on aggregate by their rivals.

The final against América would end up being her final match with Cali. Caicedo was unable to play domestically with Deportivo Cali, as the DIMAYOR had cancelled the second half (clausura) of the 2022 Colombian women's league due to a lack of participating teams. She was additionally unable to compete with Cali at the 2022 Copa Libertadores due to her participation at the 2022 U-17 Women's World Cup, with both tournaments taking place during the month of October.

2022 would be her final year with Deportivo Cali, and she became a free agent in December upon the expiration of her contract with the Colombian club. In early 2023, Caicedo confirmed that she had her sights set on playing abroad once she turned 18 in February. She was mainly rumored to join European and North American clubs, especially Chelsea, Manchester City, Real Madrid, and Barcelona, where the latter club's president Joan Laporta confirmed in 2022 that they had been scouting her for three years.

Real Madrid (2023–present)
On 21 February 2023, Spanish media confirmed rumors that Caicedo had joined Real Madrid ahead of Chelsea or rivals Barcelona. On 24 February 2023, after years of speculation around her next club, she officially signed for Real Madrid of Spain's Liga F with a three-year contract. Caicedo debuted for Madrid against Alhama CF on 4 March 2023. She scored her first goal for the club on 9 March 2023, scoring in extra time of the Copa de la Reina quarterfinals to help bring Madrid to their second ever semifinal in the tournament. She scored her first goal in the league in a 3–1 win against Levante Las Planas. Caicedo started the 2023 Copa de la Reina final against the club's rivals Atlético Madrid, but was subbed out in the 82nd minute. Atlético tied the match deep into stoppage time, and Madrid were defeated on penalties. In the league, she ended her season with two goals and four assists in 10 appearances.

International career

Youth national teams
In 2022, Caicedo played in the South American Under-17 Women's Championship, the Under-20 Women's World Cup in Costa Rica, and the Under-17 Women's World Cup in India.

Senior national team
Caicedo received her first national team call-up in November 2019.

In 2022, Caicedo was called up to play her first tournament with Colombia's senior national team, the 2022 Copa América Femenina. She scored her first goal of the tournament in the group stage against Ecuador, which ended up being the game-winning goal in a 2–1 win. Colombia advanced to the knockout rounds and eventually faced Argentina in the semifinal. She scored the only goal of the match and qualified Colombia for their third Copa America final. Despite losing 1-0 to Brazil in the final, Caicedo was named the tournament's best player and was one of three Colombian players included in the Best XI.

Caicedo was confirmed into Colombia's final squad for the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup on 4 July 2023, making her the first player in history to compete at three Women's World Cups (at the U-17, U-20, and senior levels) within a year. At the Women's World Cup, Caicedo scored a goal in Colombia's opening match against South Korea, which ended in a 2–0 victory. This made her the second youngest player, at 18 years and 153 days, to score in a World Cup, behind Brazilian legend Marta. She also became the first Colombian player to score in the U-17, U-20, and senior Women's World Cups.

On 28 July, she collapsed during a training session at the World Cup, but was later reported to be "back to normal". Two days later, on 30 July, she scored the first goal in the second Group H match against Germany, with Colombia eventually winning 2–1 in one of the biggest Women's World Cup upsets of all time. After scoring a goal in each of the two matches, her performances saw her voted as the Player of the Match in both games. Her first coach Diego Vasquez, told AFP that Caicedo is "one of these people who was touched by God, who was born for this."

In popular culture

Caicedo is an ambassador for Fundación Mi Sangre, a charity created by Colombian singer Juanes and civic leader Catalina Cock Duque to empower Colombian youth through leadership and entrepreneurial skills.

In February 2023, Caicedo was appointed as an Ambassador of Resilient Youth by USAID, an award given to her by the United States government for "maximizing the potential of vulnerable youth in 30 municipalities in Colombia."

Personal life
At the beginning of 2020, just after her 15th birthday, Caicedo began feeling pain in her abdomen. She was misdiagnosed with gastritis, which she was treated for until her pain worsened and her stomach started to bulge. Caicedo was diagnosed with ovarian cancer in February 2020, and in March underwent surgery to remove the tumor. For the next six months, her cancer was treated with chemotherapy, which caused her to be bedridden for three months. In September 2020, she was declared cancer-free, and returned to the pitch just days after she finished her final round of chemotherapy.

Caicedo struggled mentally during her recovery, and said she sought help from Deportivo Cali's psychologists. She completed her final check-up in November 2021 after many months of challenging doctor's visits that were disrupted by the 2021 Colombian protests.

Caicedo is currently in a relationship with her partner Valentina. After scoring against Germany at the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup, she dedicated her goal to her by putting her hands in a heart shape.

Career statistics

Club

International

Colombia score listed first, score column indicates score after each Caicedo goal

Honours
América de Cali
Colombian Women's Football League: 2019

Deportivo Cali
Colombian Women's Football League: 2021

Colombia U17
FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup runner-up: 2022
South American U-17 Women's Championship runner-up: 2022

Colombia
Copa América Femenina runner-up: 2022
Women's Revelations Cup runner-up: 2023

Individual

 FIFA Women's World Cup Goal of the Tournament: 2023
Copa América Femenina Golden Ball: 2022
FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup Silver Ball: 2022
FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup Bronze Boot: 2022
Copa Libertadores Femenina Top scorer: 2021
Copa Libertadores Femenina Team of the Season: 2021
Colombian Women's Football League Top scorer: 2019
Copa América Femenina Best XI: 2022
Premios Fémina Fútbol Young Player of the Year: 2021
Premios Fémina Fútbol Team of the Year: 2021
IFFHS World's Best Youth (U20) Player: 2022
Women's Revelations Cup Best Player: 2023

References

Living people
2005 births
2022 Copa América Femenina
Colombian women's footballers
Colombia women's international footballers
Women's association football players not categorized by position
LGBT association football players
Colombian LGBT sportspeople
21st-century Colombian women
2023 FIFA Women's World Cup players

Linda Caicedo


The Lost Books of the Odyssey is a 2007 novel by Zachary Mason, republished in 2010. It is a reimagination of Homer's Odyssey.

Mason, who wrote the book while working full-time, won first prize and initial publication in a 2007 competition sponsored by Starcherone Books, an independent publisher in Buffalo, New York.  The Los Angeles Times reviewed the book, and it became a finalist in the New York Public Library's Young Lions Fiction competition in 2009. The book garnered additional positive reviews upon re-publication with Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.

Jonathan Galassi, president of Farrar, Straus and Giroux, noticed the book and worked with Mason to craft a second edition of the book, reducing its length and making other modifications to the content. The result was more widely reviewed to acclaim.

Plot
A series of short stories following the general theme of Odysseus, discussing fragments from the 'Iliad' and the 'Odyssey', changing narrator and subject on very regular occasion for a total of 44 fragments.

References

2007 American novels
Farrar, Straus and Giroux books
Self-published books
2007 debut novels
Novels based on the Odyssey

The Lost Books of the Odyssey


Strømsfoss is a village in Aremark municipality, Norway. Here, the Øymarksjøen-Rødenessjøen-Ara-Aspern-Femsjøen watershed meets the national road between Aremark and Rakkestad as well as the county road between Aremark and Ørje. Strømsfoss has a watermill museum, housed in an old mill built in 1897–98. It also has a power station from 1920.

References
Strømfoss

Villages in Østfold

Strømsfoss


The Defiance Moraine was deposited about 14,800 years ago during the late Wisconsin glaciation and spans the northern portion of the state of Ohio from Defiance, Ohio in the west to near Pymatuning Reservoir in the east.

Near Defiance, Ohio inundation by Lake Maumee significantly reduced the relief of the moraine.

The moraine is a noteworthy landform in several counties across the state in addition to Defiance County, including Putnam, Hancock, Seneca, Lorain, Medina, Cuyahoga, Geauga, Trumbull and Ashtabula.

The moraine passes just south of the village of Alvada, Ohio in Seneca, County. The crest of the moraine is 850 to 860 feet above sea level and varies from two to five miles in width with an asymmetrical form, rising abruptly from the till plain on the south and descending gradually to the north so the boundary is indistinct.

The Defiance Moraine is the source of the Black River between New London and Lodi.

The moraine nearly encircles Geauga County on the west, north, and east flanks in a belt that is 1 to 2 miles wide with 10 to 30 feet of relief.

References

Geological history of the Great Lakes
Landforms of Ohio

Defiance Moraine


The Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church (; EOC) is an Orthodox church in Estonia under the direct jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. Under Estonian law it is the legal successor to the pre–World War II Estonian Orthodox Church, which in 1940 had over 210,000 faithful, three bishops, 156 parishes, 131 priests, 19 deacons, two monasteries, and a theological seminary; the majority of the faithful were ethnic Estonians. Its official name is the Orthodox Church of Estonia.

The current primate of the church is Stephanos, Metropolitan of Tallinn and all Estonia, elected in 1999.

History

Little is known about the history of the church in the area until the 17th and 18th centuries, when many Old Believers fled there from Russia to avoid the liturgical reforms introduced by Patriarch Nikon of Moscow.In the 18th and 19th centuries, Estonia was a part of the Russian Empire. In the 1850s a rumour spread that the Orthodox Church promised to provide everybody who converted to Orthodoxy a piece of land of their own somewhere in Russia. Some 65,000 Estonian peasants were converted to the Orthodox faith in the hope of obtaining land, and numerous Orthodox churches were built. Later, when the rumour turned out to be a hoax, a great part of the new Orthodox peasants returned to the Lutheran Church.

In the late 19th century, a wave of Russification was introduced, supported by the Russian hierarchy but not by the local Estonian clergy. The Cathedral of St. Alexander Nevsky in Tallinn and the Pühtitsa (Pukhtitsa) convent in Kuremäe in East Estonia were also built around this time.

Autonomy under the Moscow Patriarchate
After the Republic of Estonia was proclaimed in 1918, the Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church, St. Tikhon, in 1920 recognised the Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church (EAOC) as being autonomous (Resolution No. 1780), postponing the discussion of its autocephaly. Archbishop Aleksander Paulus was elected and ordained , head of the EAOC.

Prior to this, Soviet Russia had adopted a Marxist–Leninist ideology which held as an ideological goal the elimination of religion and its replacement with state atheism. In response, Patriarch Tikhon had excommunicated the Soviet leadership in 1918, leading to a period of intense persecution of the Russian Orthodox Church. In April 1922, Tikhon was imprisoned, and the Estonian clergy lost contact with the Moscow Patriarchate.

Transfer to the Ecumenical Patriarchate
In September 1922 the Council of the Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church petitioned the Patriarch of Constantinople, Meletius IV, to (1) transfer control of the Estonian church from the Russian Orthodox Church to the Patriarchate of Constantinople, and (2) clarify the Estonian church's canonical status. In 1923 the Patriarchate of Constantinople issued a tomos (ecclesiastical edict) which brought the EAOC under Constantinople's jurisdiction and granted it autonomy, but not full autocephaly.

Before 1941, one-fifth of the total Estonian population (who had been mostly Lutheran since the Reformation in the early 16th century when the country was controlled by the Teutonic Order) were Orthodox Christians under the Patriarchate of Constantinople. There were 158 parishes in Estonia and 183 clerics in the Estonian church. There was also a Chair of Orthodoxy in the Faculty of Theology at the University of Tartu. There was a Pskovo-Pechorsky Monastery in Petseri, two convents in Narva and Kuremäe, a priory in Tallinn and a seminary in Petseri. The ancient monastery in Petseri was preserved from the mass church destructions that occurred in Soviet Russia.

World War II
In 1940, Estonia was occupied by the Soviet Union, whose government undertook a general programme of the dissolution of all ecclesiastical independence within its territory. From 1942 to 1944, however, autonomy under Constantinople was temporarily revived. In 1945, a representative of the Moscow Patriarchate dismissed the members of the OCE synod who had remained in Estonia and established a new organisation, the Diocesan Council. Orthodox believers in occupied Estonia were thus subordinated to being a diocese within the Russian Orthodox Church.

Just before the second Soviet occupation in 1944 and the dissolution of the Estonian synod, the primate of the church, Metropolitan Aleksander, went into exile along with 21 clergymen and about 8,000 Orthodox believers. The Orthodox Church of Estonia in Exile with its synod in Sweden continued its activity according to the canonical statutes, until the restoration of Estonian independence in 1991. Before he died in 1953, Metr. Aleksander established his community as an exarchate under Constantinople. Most of the other bishops and clergy who remained behind were deported to Siberia. In 1958, a new synod was established in exile, and the church was organized from Sweden.

Inactive
In 1978, at the urging of the Moscow Patriarchate, the Ecumenical Patriarch declared the charter (tomos) of the Church as granted in 1923, inoperative. The church ceased to exist until the breakup of the Soviet Union, when divisions within the Orthodox community in Estonia arose between those who claimed that the Moscow Patriarchate has no jurisdiction in Estonia and those who wished to return to the jurisdiction of Moscow. The dispute often took place along ethnic lines, as many Russians had immigrated to Estonia during the Soviet occupation. Lengthy negotiations between the two patriarchates failed to produce any agreement.

Reactivation

In 1993, the synod of the Orthodox Church of Estonia in Exile was re-registered as the legal successor of the autonomous Orthodox Church of Estonia, and on February 20, 1996, the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I formally reactivated the tomos granted to the OCE in 1923, restoring its canonical subordination to the Ecumenical Patriarchate. This action brought immediate protest from the Estonian-born Patriarch Alexei II of the Moscow Patriarchate, which regarded the Estonian church as being part of its territory. The Patriarch of Moscow temporarily removed the name of the Ecumenical Patriarch from the diptychs.

In this difficult situation, the Orthodox Church of Estonia received help and support from the Finnish Orthodox Church, especially from Archbishop Johannes (Rinne) of the Archdiocese of Karelia and All Finland and Auxiliary Bishop Ambrosius (Risto Jääskeläinen) of Joensuu. The Ecumenical Patriarchate decided that Archbishop Johannes, Bishop Ambrosius and pastor Heikki Huttunen from Espoo should be available to give help in the reconstruction of the newly restored church. Archbishop Johannes would temporarily act as a deputy metropolitan (1996–1999) of the Estonian Autonomous Church.

An agreement was reached in which local congregations could choose which jurisdiction to follow. The Orthodox community in Estonia, which accounts for 16.15% of the total population, remains divided, with the majority of faithful (mostly ethnic Russians) remaining under Moscow. From a U.S. Department of State report released in November 2003, about 20,000 believers (mostly ethnic Estonians) in 60 parishes are part of the autonomous church, with 150,000 faithful in 31 parishes, along with the monastic community of Pühtitsa, paying allegiance to Moscow.

In 1999, the church received a resident hierarch, Metropolitan Stephanos (Charalambides) of Tallinn, formerly an auxiliary bishop under the Ecumenical Patriarchate's Metropolitan of France.

See also
Religion in Estonia
Catholic Church in Estonia
Eastern Orthodoxy in Estonia

References

Sources
Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity, pp. 183–4
The Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church by Ronald Roberson, a Roman Catholic priest and scholar.

External links

 Former official website of the Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church
 Current official website of the Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church
Estonian Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchate
 The History Files Churches of Estonia

Eastern Orthodoxy in Estonia
Christian organizations established in 1917
Eastern Orthodox organizations established in the 20th century
Eastern Orthodox Church bodies in Europe
Dioceses established in the 20th century
Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
1917 establishments in Estonia

Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church


Ernest Sidney "Ernie" Leacock (22 March 1906 – 17 April 1976) was a British-Canadian professional ice hockey defender who played in the Pacific Coast Hockey League and the North West Hockey League between 1927 and 1934 for the Victoria Cubs, Tacoma Tigers and Portland Buckaroos. He also played for the Richmond Hawks in the English National League. He was inducted to the British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame in 1987.

Leacock was born in Wood Green, London, and when he was 2, his family moved to Banff, Alberta. This meant he was eligible to play for the Great Britain national ice hockey team and he was selected to play for them in 1935. However, his inclusion in the team was disallowed due to him not having played three qualifying years as an amateur. This led to his retirement from playing and Leacock became a referee instead, a role he undertook in over 2,000 senior games.

Internationally, Leacock officiated at the 1950 and 1951 Ice Hockey World Championships in London and Paris respectively. He was also the first professional referee to officiate at the Winter Olympics when he refereed at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Norway.

References

External links
British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame entry

British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
English ice hockey players
English National League players
Canadian ice hockey officials
Ice hockey people from Alberta
Portland Buckaroos players
1906 births
1976 deaths

Ernie Leacock


Flunarizine, sold under the brand name Sibelium among others, is a drug classified as a calcium antagonist which is used for various indications. It is not available by prescription in the United States or Japan. The drug was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica (R14950) in 1968.

Medical uses
Flunarizine is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an add-on in the treatment of epilepsy where its effect is weak and not recommended. It has been shown to significantly reduce headache frequency and severity in both adults and children.

Contraindications
Flunarizine is contraindicated in patients with depression, in the acute phase of a stroke, and in patients with extrapyramidal symptoms or Parkinson's disease. It is also contraindicated in hypotension, heart failure and arrhythmia.

Side effects
Common side effects include drowsiness (20% of patients), weight gain (10%), as well as extrapyramidal effects and depression in elderly patients.

In a systematic review of the literature about cinnarizine- and flunarizine-associated movement disorders. The authors found one hundred seventeen reports containing 1920 individuals who developed an abnormal movement secondary to these drugs. The movement disorders encountered were parkinsonism, dyskinesias, akathisia, dystonia, myoclonus, extrapyramidal symptoms, tremors, bradykinesia, and myokymia.

Interactions

The effects of other sedating drugs and alcohol, as well as antihypertensives, can be increased. No relevant pharmacokinetic interactions have been described.

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action
Flunarizine is a selective calcium antagonist with moderate other actions including antihistamine, serotonin receptor blocking and dopamine D2 blocking activity. Compared to other calcium channel blockers such as dihydropyridine derivatives, verapamil and diltiazem, flunarizine has low affinity to voltage-dependent calcium channels. It has been theorised that it may act not by inhibiting calcium entry into cells, but rather by an intracellular mechanism such as antagonising calmodulin, a calcium binding protein.

Pharmacokinetics
Flunarizine is well absorbed (>80%) from the gut and reaches maximal blood plasma concentrations after two to four hours, with more than 99% of the substance bound to plasma proteins. It readily passes the blood–brain barrier. When given daily, a steady state is reached after five to eight weeks. Concentrations in the brain are about ten times higher than in the plasma.

It is metabolised in the liver, mainly by the enzyme CYP2D6. At least 15 different metabolites are described, including (in animals) N-desalkyl and hydroxy derivatives and glucuronides. Less than 1% is excreted in unchanged form, and the main excretion path is via bile and faeces. Elimination half life varies widely between individuals and is about 5 to 15 hours after a single dose, and 18 to 19 days on average when given daily.

Chemistry
Flunarizine is a diphenylmethylpiperazine derivative related to the antihistamines hydroxyzine and cinnarizine (an older molecule also discovered by Janssen).

Research
Flunarizine may help to reduce the severity and duration of attacks of paralysis associated with the more serious form of alternating hemiplegia, as well as being effective in rapid onset dystonia-parkinsonism (RDP). Both these conditions arise from specific mutations in the ATP1A3 gene.

Flunarizine extended motor neuron survival in spinal cord, protected skeletal muscles from cell death and atrophy and extended survival by 40% in an animal model of spinal muscular atrophy. Flunarizine has also shown promise as an anti-prion medication.

References

 Therapeutic Choices, sixth edition, Canadian Pharmacists Association, 2011.

Belgian inventions
Calcium channel blockers
D2 antagonists
Fluoroarenes
H1 receptor antagonists
Janssen Pharmaceutica
Piperazines
Serotonin receptor antagonists

Flunarizine


was a unanimous decision of the Supreme Court of Canada that standardized Canadian jurisprudence with respect to the economic tort of unlawful means.

Background
Lillian Schelew and her sons, Jeffrey, Michael, Bernard and Alan, owned a company named Joyce Avenue Apartments Ltd which was in possession of an apartment building in Moncton, New Brunswick. The four sons owned eighty percent of Joyce, equally divided via two corporate entities, the respondent Bram Enterprises Ltd. and Jamb Enterprises Ltd. The remaining twenty percent fell to the appellant, A.I. Enterprises Ltd., owned and directed by Alan Schelew. Joyce, Bram, Jamb and A.I. signed a syndication agreement whereby the majority of investors were granted the right of sale, subject to a right of first refusal by any minority investor to purchase the apartment at a professionally appraised price. The terms of the syndication agreement limited the irreversible offer of sale to a fifteen-day window.

In 2000, Bram and Jamb wished to sell the apartment, at that time valued at $2.2 million, but A.I. and Alan Schelew declined to purchase it. Bram and Jamb attempted to sell the property to multiple buyers but were unsuccessful. Two years later, A.I. purchased the apartment for $2.2 million.

Bram and Jamb then sued A.I. for causing loss by unlawful means. They alleged that, due to A.I. and Alan's conduct, the sale had been delayed and at a lesser price than they could have received from a third-party buyer. Bram and Jamb claimed that A.I. and Alan had broken the terms of the syndication agreement, that Alan had breached his fiduciary duty as a joint director of the respondent corporate entities, and that the A.I. and Alan had unlawfully interfered with their economic relations.

The courts below
At the Court of Queen's Bench of New Brunswick, the trial judge focused on four of the appellants' acts:

 they misused the arbitration provisions of the Syndication Agreement as a means of stalling the sale of the Joyce property;
 they advanced legally groundless defences for a "Notice of its first right of refusal" which they had filed against the Joyce property;
 they subsequently filed an equally baseless certificate of pending litigation against the property; and
 they denied entry to the Joyce property to prospective buyers.

In the trial judge's view, all of this conduct was unlawful because it lacked any legal basis or justification. He found that Schelew's conduct in obstructing the sale also breached his fiduciary obligations as director of Bram and Jamb and that A.I. had breached its obligations towards Bram and Jamb under the Syndication Agreement.

The trial judge's decision was affirmed on appeal. At trial, neither side had referred to the recent case of OBG Ltd v Allan that had been decided in the House of Lords. Its merits were argued at the Court of Appeal of New Brunswick, which opted to prefer the more narrow reasoning that was expressed by Lord Hoffmann in it for a narrow definition of "unlawful means" whereby only breaches of the civil law such as a tort or breach of contract would suffice. It did, however, allow for principled exceptions to mitigate the rigidity of the narrow rule and crafted an exception, which covered this case, in the following terms:

At the Supreme Court
The appeal was dismissed, Cromwell J., writing for a unanimous Court, noted that the Court had previously addressed the issue only once before, at that time favouring a narrow construction of the tort. In the present case, it concluded that:

Liability to the plaintiff is based on (or parasitic upon) the defendant's unlawful act against the third party. The two core components of the unlawful means tort are that the defendant must use unlawful means and that the defendant must intend to harm the plaintiff through the use of the unlawful means.
In order for conduct to constitute "unlawful means" for this tort, the conduct must give rise to a civil cause of action by the third party or would do so if the third party had suffered loss as a result of that conduct. The unlawful means tort should be kept within narrow bounds, and it is not subject to principled exceptions.
The defendant must have the intention to cause economic harm to the plaintiff as an end in itself or the intention to cause economic harm to the plaintiff because it is a necessary means of achieving an end that serves some ulterior motive.
The focus of this tort is unlawful conduct that intentionally harms the plaintiff's economic interests. There need be no contract or even other formal dealings between the plaintiff and the third party so long as the defendant's conduct is unlawful and it intentionally harms the plaintiff's economic interests.
The tort of unlawful means is available even if there is another cause of action available to the plaintiff against the defendant in relation to the alleged misconduct.

Therefore, the tort of unlawful means was found not to be made out in this case, but Schelew was nevertheless found liable because he had breached his fiduciary obligations as a director of the family companies.

Impact
The Court also noted that the Civil Code of Quebec goes farther than the common law's unlawful means tort, where liability may be imposed on the defendant for conduct which is otherwise lawful but which is done with the intent to injure the plaintiff or in a manner inconsistent with the social ends of that right. In such cases, the appellants' conduct may have been found to fall within the liability's scope in Quebec.

References

Supreme Court of Canada cases
2014 in Canadian case law
Moncton
Canadian tort case law

AI Enterprises Ltd v Bram Enterprises Ltd


The Red Cloud Agency was an Indian agency for the Oglala Lakota as well as the Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho, from 1871 to 1878.  It was located at three different sites in Wyoming Territory and Nebraska before being moved to South Dakota.  It was then renamed the Pine Ridge Reservation.

Red Cloud Agency No. 1 (1871-1873)
As stipulated in the Fort Laramie Treaty (1868), the US government built Indian agencies for the various Lakota and other Plains tribes.  These were forerunners to the modern Indian reservations.

In 1871, the Red Cloud Agency was established on the North Platte River near Fort Laramie. Two year later it was moved to an eastern corner of Nebraska, then two years later to South Dakota.

Red Cloud Agency No. 2 (1873-1877)
In August 1873, the agency was moved to the northwestern corner of Nebraska, near the present town of Crawford. Constructed on a hill overlooking the White River, the agency buildings included a large warehouse, offices, home for the agent, blacksmith shop and stables for horses. A school house was later added. Two trading stores were also built adjacent to the agency.

On 8 February 1874, agency clerk Frank Appleton was killed by the Miniconjou 'Lone Horn of the North.' Fort Laramie General John E. Smith was called by Saville to deal with three hundred Sioux braves besieging the agency. Smith eventually established a small army post near the agency called Fort Robinson.

The Red Cloud Agency was the center of much activity during the Great Sioux War of 1876-77.  In May 1877, Crazy Horse and allied leaders came with their people to the Red Cloud Agency for surrender.  Following the killing of Crazy Horse, the agency was moved further west.

The site of Red Cloud Agency No. 2 is included in Fort Robinson and Red Cloud Agency, a United States National Historic Landmark.

Red Cloud Agency No. 3 (1877-1878)
The agency was moved to the White River in October 1877, in present day, South-Central South Dakota.

Pine Ridge Agency
In 1878, the Red Cloud Agency was relocated to southern South Dakota and renamed the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation.

Indian Agents
James Wham
Jared Daniels
Dr. John J. Saville - a physician from Sioux City Iowa, arrived as agent in the fall of 1873. During his administration, the army established a post nearby.  The first treaty negotiations for the Black Hills were held between the US government and the Lakota.  Accused of graft, Saville resigned as agent in late 1875, although a commission investigation had cleared him of wrongdoing.
Valentine McGillycuddy
James S. Hastings
Lieut. Charles A. Johnson
Dr. James Irwin

References

Further reading
 George E. Hyde, Red Cloud's Folk: A History of the Oglala Sioux Indians (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1937).
 James C. Olson, Red Cloud and the Sioux Problem, (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1965).
 Catherine Price, The Oglala People, 1841-1879: A Political History, (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1996).
 Roger T. Grange, Jr, Fort Robinson: Outpost on the Plains, Reprinted from Nebraska History, Volume 39, No.3, September 1958.
 Mari Sandoz, Crazy Horse: The Strange Man of the Oglalas, (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1961).

Arapaho
Cheyenne
Former American Indian reservations
Lakota
Native American history of Nebraska
Native American history of South Dakota
Plains tribes
Sioux Wars
Wyoming Territory

Red Cloud Agency


In computer networks, a proxy server is a server (computer) which clients (people or computers) use to access other computers. A proxy server that passes information to its clients without changing it is usually called a gateway or sometimes called tunneling proxy.

Proxy servers get their name because they act like a proxy (a stand-in) and act on behalf of a Client's computer.

A client that connects to the proxy server will ask for some service, such as a file, connection, web page, or other resource, that is available on a different server. The proxy server then goes to the other server and asks for what the client wants for them.

A proxy server can change the information that it gives to the client, and if the same information is accessed many times or by many different clients it can use what is called a cache to make things faster. A cache is the term for information that has been accessed and saved for future use; if a proxy server has what the client is accessing in its cache, it will make it faster because it does not need to go and access the other server to provide what the client wants.

A proxy server can be placed anywhere in the connection between the client and the server, which could include software on the client computer itself or on any computer between.

Some proxy servers use Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) to secure the connection between the client and the remote server. This security layer helps to make sure that no other computers can read or understand what the client is asking from the server.

Benefits of proxy servers
There are many benefits of using a proxy server. First, the client machine can exchange data with the remote server without making a direct connection. This way, the client's real internet address will not be known to the remote server. This is sometimes called anonymitizing because it makes the client anonymous.
A second advantage is that when the proxy server itself is able to serve the request made by the client, it will not contact the remote server any more. So the load on the remote server will be reduced by using a proxy server. This type of proxy servers are called caching servers.

Big organizations (or even countries) sometimes use proxy servers to control access to the Internet. A large bank may use a proxy server that only allows connections to other websites relevant to banking. The proxy server might however block access to Websites offering free email or serving pornographic material. It might also block access to file sharing applications. Limiting access to specific content on the internet is also called internet filtering.

Types and functions
A proxy server may have one or more of the functions described below:

Caching proxy server
A caching proxy server can service requests from clients, without contacting the remote server; instead, it sends the data which it has stored from a previous request. This is called caching.

Caching proxy servers reduce the work load of the remote server. However, they have their own problems, especially if they are not configured well. Some problems are described in RFC 3143.

Web proxy
A web proxy is a proxy server that focuses on the traffic over the World Wide Web. It may be used to block offensive web content, or to control access of clients to online content. They may be used by corporations or countries.

Web proxies can also be used to track how different individuals have used internet access.

Anonymizing proxy server
An anonymizing proxy server removes identifying information from the clients' requests, for the purpose of anonymity. They may also be used to break through filtered contents on the internet.

Open proxy
A proxy server is called an open proxy if everyone can connect to it and use it. Usually, open proxies are proxy servers which are badly configured. Open proxies may be abused easily; for example, a bad user may send a corrupting request to a remote server, but hide himself behind an open proxy, so the administrators of the remote server cannot stop him. Open proxies can also be used for spamming. For this reason, some websites do not allow connections to their web servers or to edit content on them through known open proxies, including on Wikipedia.

Forced proxy
A forced proxy server is a proxy server which handles all of the traffic from the client to the internet. The client will not know that the proxy exists, but all of the information passes through the proxy server. They are sometimes called "transparent" proxy servers, because the user does not know a proxy server is between the client and remote server.

SMTP Proxy
A Transparent SMTP Proxy is a SMTP proxy server that is inserted in between a sending mail server and a receiving mail server. The main purpose of the SMTP proxy is to filter outbound spam. The proxy masquerades itself in such a way that the client and server believe that they are talking to each other even though there is a proxy in between.

Software
There is a lot of software which can be used for running a proxy server. Some software can only work as a proxy server, while other software can also work as a firewall or caching server. Squid, Varnish and Microsoft Internet Security and Acceleration Server (ISA Server) are among the best known pieces of proxy server software. Some proxy software uses the SOCKS protocol. An example is the Java SOCKS Proxy Server.

References

Other websites

Internet
Computer networking

Proxy server


Vitka Kempner (; 14 March 1920, Kalisz – 14 February 2012) was a Polish Jewish partisan leader during World War II. She served in the United Partisan Organization (Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye) and, alongside Rozka Korczak and founder Abba Kovner, assumed a leadership role in its successor group, the Avengers (Nokmim).

Early career
Kempner was 19 when the Germans invaded Poland, and she fled to Vilnius, Lithuania. When Lithuania fell to the Germans eight months later, Kempner and tens of thousands of other Jews were forced into a ghetto, where she met Korczak and Kovner. During World War II, their United Partisan Organization, or the FPO, was one of the most famous and successful Jewish partisan groups during the war, responsible for acts of sabotage against the Nazis. Kempner played an integral leading role in the organization, and is famous for blowing up a Nazi train line with a homemade bomb. She and her compatriots smuggled weapons through the city's sewer system, Kempner eventually becoming one of Kovner's closest lieutenants.

The Avengers
After a failed ghetto revolt drove them out of Vilnius, the United Partisan Organization became the Avengers. This militia was based in Rudniki Forest, and from there, they continued to sabotage Nazi operations. They destroyed Vilnius's power and water systems, operating in secret and looting peasant homes to stay alive. They lived in the forest for nine months, until Vilnius was occupied by Soviet forces, aided by the partisans.

Post-war
After the war ended in 1945, Kempner and Kovner continued to fight against the Nazis. They helped evacuate hundreds of European Jews to British Palestine. Kovner also formed a new resistance group known as Nakam, or Revenge. Their goal was to take revenge on the Germans by poisoning the waterworks of important cities, but Kovner was arrested before they could put their plans to action. On April 13, 1946, Kempner and others infiltrated a bakery that supplied bread for Nazi POWs in Nuremberg. They coated 2,300 loaves of bread with arsenic before a guard was alerted and they were forced to flee. Many of the POWs fell ill, but none were reported dead.

Family life

Kempner and Kovner married in 1946. In the same year, they moved to British Palestine, where they had two children. Kovner became a poet, and Kempner a clinical psychologist. They had forty years together before Kovner died in 1987. Kempner died in her home in Israel on 14 February 2012.

Kempner is remembered in the song Shtil, di nakht iz oysgeshternt by Hirsh Glick, which celebrates her heroic attack on a German convoy in the Vilnius sector in 1942.

References

1920 births
2012 deaths
People from Kalisz
Polish emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Israeli people of Polish-Jewish descent
Jewish female partisans
Nakam
Vilna Ghetto inmates

Vitka Kempner


Arctic Alaska, or Far North Alaska is a region of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is the northern area between the Arctic Circle and the Arctic Ocean.

Some of the places in Arctic Alaska are the North Slope Borough, the Northwest Arctic Borough, and the Nome Census Area. Some towns there are Prudhoe Bay, Barrow, Kotzebue, and Nome.

Most of these places have no highways and can only be reached by aircraft or snowmobile, or by boat if they are on the coast or near a river when they are not frozen. Long ago there were only Inuits living here, who make up the majority of the population. They mostly ate salmon, which there are lots of there, and also whales and other marine mammals. More people came to Arctic Alaska when gold was discovered there. Still more people and industry came when petroleum was discovered in the area. Above the Arctic Circle, the sun rises in May and sets in August.

Arctic Alaska is mostly tundra covering mountain ranges and coastal plains. Some of the animals there are bears, wolves, sheep, reindeer, and lots of birds.

Other websites
Regions of Alaska, including description of Far North Alaska

Geography of Alaska
Arctic

Arctic Alaska