The warforged are one of the playable fictional races of creatures in the Eberron campaign setting of the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game.

Publication history
The warforged first appeared in third edition for the Eberron setting as a player character race in the Eberron Campaign Setting (2004), which also introduced the warforged titan. The warforged appeared again as a player character race in Monster Manual III (2004), which introduced the warforged charger and the warforged scout. The warforged appeared once more as a player character race for the Eberron setting in Races of Eberron (2005). The psiforged appeared in Magic of Eberron (2005). The warforged scorpion and the quorcraft wargorged template appeared in Secrets of Xen'drik (2006). The warforged raptor appeared in Forge of War (2007).

Description
The warforged are a race of living, sentient constructs, superficially similar to golems. Warforged are composed of a blend of materials: predominantly stone, wood, and some type of metal. In Eberron, they were created by House Cannith in magical 'creation forges' to fight in the Last War, based on technology recovered from Xen'drik. When the Last War ended, they were given their freedom at the Treaty of Thronehold.

While they have no sex, warforged may adopt a gender role as part of their individual personality, particularly among recently-constructed models who have spent more of their life mingling with other races. They do not age as the other races do, and with the first true warforged being created only 33 years ago it is not yet known what effects time will have on them; it is stipulated that, like all living creatures, their bodies must experience degradation over time. Like other races, warforged may take levels in any character class, but their starting age is uniquely lower for "complex" classes than for "simple" ones, as warforged with such skillsets were only developed recently.

Racial qualities and adjustments of the warforged were published in the Eberron Campaign Setting and later reprinted in Monster Manual III. Warforged are produced with their own armor and have various immunities, including to poison and disease. Healing spells have reduced effect on warforged, but a series of repair spells work fully on them. Besides the roughly human-sized and -shaped standard model, other published forms of warforged include:

 merchurion (MM5) - massive, extremely powerful constructs of living quicksilver; in Eberron they are an ancient variety of warforged, though their origins in other settings vary.
 quorcraft warforged (SoX) - various ancient models of warforged which are mindless but slightly stronger and sturdier than their modern counterparts.
 warforged charger (MM3) – warforged that are larger than standard designed for brute strength, but have little intelligence.
 warforged raptor (FoW) – warforged resembling giant birds or insects, designed for aerial bombardment; similar in construction to warforged titans.
 warforged scout (MM3) – smaller versions of the standard warforged model, similar in size to halflings.
 warforged scorpion (SoX) - warforged resembling giant scorpions created by the drow of Xen'drik since ancient times; similar in construction to warforged titans.
 warforged titan (ECS) – massive constructs created in the early years of Cannith's warforged program; while they have limited problem-solving abilities which set them apart from mindless golems, they are not truly alive like later models.

Besides these base models, individual warforged may have unique features - these include upgrading their standard armor plating to mithral or adamantine, building cognizance crystals (capacitors for psionic power) directly into their bodies, or adding extra attack forms such as spikes or fangs.

Warforged are also capable of modifying their bodies to some extent after construction, represented by prestige classes such as the warforged juggernaut (an aloof warrior who becomes more like a golem), the reforged (a socialite who becomes more like a living creature) and the landforged walker (a druid who coaxes the growth of their wooden components).

History of the warforged

Warforged in Xen'drik
The origins of the warforged on Eberron are not clear. According to a "docent" (ancient and sentient memory-containing magic item) found in Secrets of Xen'drik, the very first warforged were created as "host bodies" for a group of Quori (which were very different from Quori of 998 YK). The giants of Xen'drik created their own versions for their wars against the Quori, because the warforged are immune to many Quori tactics. However, according to Tales of the Last War, the giants invented the warforged, after which the Quori stole the secrets of their creation from the dreams of giants and created their own.

Either way, the secrets of warforged creation seem to have originated on the continent of Xen'drik. The ability of ancient Xen'drik docents to meld with modern-day warforged supports this theory. The existence of Xulo, a huge and powerful warforged found in Xen'drik, also supports this theory.

Warforged in Khorvaire
Prior to the Last War, the last king of Galifar commissioned the Dragonmarked House Cannith to construct human-sized "mechanical soldiers" similar in appearance to modern warforged. While these soldiers would prove largely ineffective due to their lack of intelligence and high cost, House Cannith continued researching the concept hoping for a more viable product.

Near the halfway point of the Last War, Merrix d'Cannith was commissioned to build a great army of golems to serve as untiring warriors. Not satisfied with the lifeless, unintelligent hulks his forges produced, nor with the prohibitively expensive process of creating golems one-by-one, Merrix began experimenting with magic to instill some spark of life in them that would enable them, like living things, to direct their own actions and to be grown by a self-sustaining process. In 965 YK, after many unsuccessful attempts, Merrix's son Aarren d'Cannith finally invented the process used in modern creation forges.

The warforged that Aarren's creation forges created were fully sentient, with the ability to have emotions, relationships, even to experience death; each new generation increased in sophistication and intelligence, ranging from the barely-sentient titans to the youngest versions of warforged who were fully capable of achieving advanced education and ability in magic. However, Aarren and Merrix had a disagreement over their use. Aarren felt that House Cannith had created life, and refused to see his creations used as tools. Merrix ignored him, and Aarren, feeling powerless, left. Powerful divination magics used to this day have only been able to confirm that he is still alive, not where he is.

In 994 YK (four years before the present day), an unexplained disaster destroyed the entire nation of Cyre, leaving behind the nightmarish mist-shrouded realm of the Mournland. Among the many impacts of this event (including the declaration of a global ceasefire), this resulted in House Cannith losing contact with multiple creation forges and their organisation's at-the-time main headquarters.

In 996 YK, the Last War was officially brought to a close by the Treaty of Thronehold, which included two important rulings regarding the warforged:

  All warforged were declared 'people', and not possessions.
  The House Cannith creation forges were to be shut down, never to produce any more of the living constructs.

Despite the rulings, many warforged are still regarded as outsiders, and many are still employed as indentured servants.

There are also rumours that Merrix d'Cannith, (the grandson of the original Merrix) still produces illegal warforged in a lost creation forge. Even more disturbing are the rumors that the Lord of Blades, a rogue warforged, has stumbled onto an undestroyed creation forge in the Mournland and has begun creating an army.

Recently a new group of warforged calling themselves the "Psiforged" have begun appearing across Eberron. Able to use very powerful psionic abilities, their origins are as much as mystery as their motives. Some are said to originate from Mournland, while others appear from deep beneath the depth of Sharn. House Cannith denies any connection to the new design and has stated that they never pursued a psionically enhanced warforged model.

Religion and spirituality
Though warforged have free will, whether they have a soul is not known with certainty; they can be resurrected by spells designed to restore human souls to life, but, unlike humans, never remember anything of the afterlife realm of Dolurrh after such an event. Likewise, warforged are incapable of becoming undead.

While some warforged follow existing religions, this and other differences between themselves and the flesh races have lead them to rapidly develop a number of unique faiths and philosophies.

The most prominent figure in warforged spirituality is a near-messianic figure called the Lord of Blades, who took advantage of the Day of Mourning to establish an independent warforged outpost within the Mournland. Operating from a philosophy that the existence of organic life will always pose a threat that his people will be returned to servitude, he wages a guerrilla war with the eventual goal the elimination of human dominance in Khorvaire; his agents thus serve as reliable antagonists for many Eberron campaigns. One of the biggest mysteries in the setting is the nature of the Lord of Blades' identity and to what extent he actually exists or has been mythologized.

Another figure of veneration to the warforged is Bulwark, the liberator of their people. Once a favored servant of King Boranel of Breland, Bulwark is widely held as the driving force behind the inclusion of warforged personhood in the Treaty of Thronehold. Bulwark disappeared into the east after achieving his freedom; some warforged believe that he will return to unite their race, others have set out on their own journeys to find him, and a small group even claim that he and the Lord of Blades are the same person.

The Godforged are groups of wandering monks who believe that the souls of modern warforged are fragments of a being called "The Becoming God", and seek to construct a giant warforged body for it to inhabit. Many Godforged believe that the Lord of Blades has some special connection to the Becoming God, but should not be directly worshipped. The Godforged have also attracted a small number of non-warforged cultists, who follow the religion's philosophy of "making the body into a shrine" by replacing parts of their flesh with golem or warforged components.

Creative origins
The warforged are very similar, in appearance, concept and history, to the War Golems of the comic Battle Chasers. The War Golems were also built to fight in a war and were also social outcasts after the conflict. Similarly, warforged bear many coincidental nuances in common with Nimblewrights, first mentioned in the Monster Manual II (MM2). Nimblewrights however, seem to not only possess self-awareness but also a larger majority of their initial construct designs, including many of immunities.

Warforged in Fourth Edition
As of the release of the 4th Edition Dungeons and Dragons Monster Manual in June 2008, Warforged became an official part of the core Points of Light Campaign Setting, and by extension an encouraged part of all campaign settings (such as Greyhawk, the previous core campaign setting, and The Forgotten Realms).

Reception
Mark Silcox and Jonathan Cox highlighted the roleplaying potential of warforged player characters in the book Dungeons and Dragons and Philosophy: Raiding the Temple of Wisdom. They wrote, "this new playable race turns many of the accepted tropes of traditional high fantasy storytelling on their heads, and presents the player with several possibilities for investigating interesting philosophical experiments. [...] Now these large bipedal meta-humans made of metal, leather, and fibrous joints have their own thoughts and (somewhat naive) emotions, but have no defined purpose within a world without an obvious war to fight".

Geek & Sundry wrote "Winner of Wizards of the Coast's Fantasy Setting Search contest in 2002, Eberron marries magic with steampunk's technology, offering a world of elemental-powered airships, industrial nobility, and arcane tinkerers. [...] I dig the playable Warforged race, which puts you in the mind of a soldier drone seeking purpose (although their explicit maleness serves a pedantic point). If you want to sling spells in a tailored coat, check out Eberron".

References

Further reading
Polojac, John. "Arcane Upgrade: warforged Magic Items." Dragon #341 (Paizo, 2006).
Sehestedt, Mark, ed. Tales of the Last War. Renton, Washington: Wizards of the Coast, 2006.

Wizards of the Coast – Dragonshards: The warforged, Part One
 Wizards of the Coast – Dragonshards: The warforged, Part Two
 Jhonen Olain's Eberron Journal – The World of Eberron: warforged

Dungeons & Dragons monsters
Eberron
Fictional artificial intelligences

Warforged


San Lorenzo, also known as the Royal Church of Saint Lawrence (), is a Baroque-style church in Turin,  adjacent to the Royal Palace of Turin. The present church was designed and built by Guarino Guarini during 1668–1687.

History
Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, was one of the leaders of the Habsburg armies of his cousin Philip II of Spain; they decisively defeated the French armies in the Battle of Saint-Quentin in Northern France on 10 August 1557, the Feast of St. Lawrence (San Lorenzo), which  affected the outcome of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis; in which, the Savoy, including Turin, was returned to the rule of the duke. That the Battle occurred on the Saint's feast instigated Phillip's denomination and design of the palace of El Escorial. Emmanuel Philibert, on his return to Turin in 1562, renovated the old ducal chapel of Santa Maria ad Presepae, which is still present near the entrance, and erected this church dedicated to St. Lawrence. Construction of the contemporary church began in 1634.

The architect Guarino Guarini was a great innovator in Baroque principles first developed by the great Roman Baroque architect Francesco Borromini, in particular the play with optical effects and organic "deconstruction" of the classical orders and principles of column and entablature. However, in San Lorenzo Guarini took these further. The ground plan is a kind of square which becomes an octagon at the level of the entablatures above the columns only to change again to become a Greek cross at the level of the pendentives of the vaults. Again, the base of the dome is circular in plan yet the lantern above it octagonal. The dome itself is supported by eight ribs forming a lattice similar to those found in mosques and Romanesque churches in Spain. To this superposition of - by the standards of convention - contradictory central plans is added an elliptical choir. The high altar, separated from the nave by a convex and concave archway receives natural light from a hidden dome, devices drawn from the other key Roman Baroque architect Gian Lorenzo Bernini.

The dome

Eight intersecting arches support the dome forming an eight-pointed star that resembles characteristics of mosques, with smaller windows adorning the areas between the arches. On the top, the lantern is surrounded by an octagonal shape.

The combination of these geometrical features and the reflection of light creates shapes that resemble faces, with the bottom window as the mouth, the smaller opening above comprising the nose, and the two upper windows as the eyes. Due to the position and shape of the eyes and mouth, these features have been called the "face of the devil" ("faccia del diavolo").

See also
 History of early modern period domes

Notes

External links
 photos of San Lorenzo

Lawrence, Church of St.
Baroque architecture in Turin
17th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
Guarino Guarini buildings

San Lorenzo, Turin


Llanyblodwel and Pant was a ward in the county of Shropshire.

Abolition
With the re-organisation of local government in Shropshire in 2009 (i.e. the abolition of the borough of Oswestry and the creation of a unitary Shropshire Council) the ward was abolished and now forms part of a wider Llanymynech electoral division.

Geography
The ward covered the villages of Pant, Llynclys, Porth-y-waen and Llanyblodwel, as well as half of Nantmawr and the English half of Llanymynech, and contained the two parishes of Llanyblodwel and Llanymynech and Pant. Despite being in England, almost without exception the villages and other settlements are named in Welsh, a vestige of the area's history as part of neighbouring Wales.

The terrain varies from flat farming land at an elevation of roughly  to the east of Llanymynech in the south, to rugged hills in the west reaching an elevation of roughly  to the north of Bryn.

References

Wards of Shropshire

Llanyblodwel and Pant


The British Rail Class 802 is a type of high-speed bi-mode multiple-unit passenger train designed and produced by the Japanese manufacturer Hitachi Rail. It has been operated by Great Western Railway, TransPennine Express, and Hull Trains; each of these train operating companies has given its own units a unique brand: Great Western Railway's units are branded Intercity Express Trains (IETs), TransPennine Express units are branded Nova 1s and Hull Trains' units are branded Paragons.

The Class 802 is based on the design of the Hitachi A-train, being a member of the Hitachi AT300 product family. They are near-identical to the preceding Class 800, the primary difference between the two being the diesel engines originally set to a higher power output and enlarged fuel tanks for their intended use on lengthier unelectrified stretches of railway. The introduction of Class 802s by Great Western Railway facilitated the replacement of ageing Intercity 125 high-speed trains, and enabled a reduction of journey times.

Various enhancement and modification schemes have been both implemented and proposed. Both Great Western Railway and TransPennine Express have agreed to participate in trials of battery train technology that, dependent on results, may see fleetwide adoption. In the event of large-scale electrification being funded and implemented during the train's service life, it is practical for some of the engines to be removed from Class 802 sets if rendered surplus, which would reduce their overall weight by 15% and thus raise operational efficiency. Furthermore, while the Class 802s presently have an initial maximum speed of 125 mph, if infrastructure upgrades were to permit greater speeds at a future date, they have the capability of being modified for operating at 140 mph.

History

During mid-2015, the train operator Great Western Railway (GWR) announced that it had arranged to procure 173 new rail vehicles from Hitachi Rail, along with options for an additional 150. At the time, GWR was in the early stages of introducing a new fleet of intercity trains as part of the Department for Transport's Intercity Express Programme.

This project involved the procurement of both wholly electric units (Class 801), and "bi-mode" trains (Class 800), powered by electric traction motors capable of running from overhead electric wires or on-board diesel generators. These trains were intended to replace the existing High Speed Trains following the electrification of the Great Western Main Line. However, electrification will only go as far as Cardiff Central, while the route beyond Cardiff continued to require diesel traction (hence the need to procure trains capable of operating without overhead wires).

The purchase of 173 additional vehicles was with the intention that these new bi-mode trains, similar to the Class 800s, would be used on services into Devon and Cornwall. These trains would consist of 22 five-car and 7 nine-car units. The option for a further 150 vehicles would be formed into another 30 five-car units.

Initially, because Hitachi's Manufacturing Facility  at Newton Aycliffe in County Durham was at capacity, the intention was to build the trains at the Kasado factory in Kudamatsu in Japan. However, following Hitachi's purchase of the Italian train manufacturer AnsaldoBreda, construction was moved to Hitachi's newly-acquired Pistoia plant, from which the first unit was reportedly completed in February 2018.

The trains were scheduled to enter service with GWR from 2018. One of the stated aims of the procurement was the reduction of journey times, such as between London and Exeter by up to five minutes, London and Plymouth by up to six minutes, and London and Penzance by up to 14 minutes.

Operations
The Class 802s are broadly the same as the  bi-mode trains produced for the Intercity Express Programme, and have been operated in a similar manner; they are run as electric trains wherever possible, and are equipped with diesel generator units identical to those on the Class 800. However, they are furnished with engines that have a higher operating power –  per engine as opposed to GWR's 800s' original  (since increased), along with the addition of larger fuel tanks; these enable the Class 802s to better handle the steeper gradients and extended running in diesel mode that has been anticipated on the lengthy unelectrified stretches on which they are typically operated.

Great Western Railway

During 2017, GWR took delivery of 22 five-car and 14 nine-car sets. This was an increase from the 29 sets that had been initially ordered in 2015. In August 2017, main-line testing of the Class 802 commenced in Somerset. They were due to be introduced on 16 July 2018. On 17 August 2018, a demonstration run for invited guests from Penzance to Exeter St Davids was conducted.

During the following day, the first two units (802 006 and 802 007) entered traffic, conducting a Bristol Temple Meads to Swansea service. The same units were first used in passenger service in Cornwall on 20 August 2018, on a service from London Paddington to  and return. By May 2019, all 36 of the sets had entered service, which allowed them to finish replacing the remaining InterCity 125 sets, alongside the Class 800 units.

In December 2020, it was announced that Hitachi and the Eversholt Rail Group would replace one under-floor diesel engine on each of the 22 five-car 802/0 sets with a battery, converting the units to a tri-mode multiple unit. As a result, pollution and noise levels will be reduced and fuel savings of up to 20% are expected to be achieved. In April 2022, new sidings in Penzance to better facilitate the operation of GWR's nine-car Class 802 sets to Cornwall were announced.

In April 2023, it was announced that all 36 units would be maintained at the Laira Traction and Rolling Stock Maintenance Depot in Plymouth.

Hull Trains

During November 2016, the open-access operator Hull Trains announced the signing of a £60million deal to procure five five-car AT300 sets, which it would to replace its existing fleet of Alstom-built Class 180 diesel multiple units on its Hull to London service. The first Class 802 body shell was completed at the Kasado plant in August 2018. During August 2019, the company's drivers commenced training using trains already delivered to TransPennine Express. In the same month, Hull Trains announced that its new train would be known as the Paragon, named after .

On 7 November 2019, Hull Trains took delivery of its first Class 802 set (802301). This unit participated in the official launch of the Paragon fleet on 25 November, at which the full livery was unveiled at Hull station. On 5 December 2019, the first Class 802 officially entered service, working the 10:33 Hull to London King's Cross along with the 13:48 return.

Following the introduction of the Class 802 units, the surplus Class 180 units were transferred in stages to East Midlands Railway to replace EMR's three six-carriage HSTs inherited from Grand Central. Hull Trains have configured their Class 802s so that Coach A contains standard seating with wheelchair accommodation, Coach B and Coach C are both standard seating, Coach D is both standard- and first-class seating and Coach E is completely first-class seating with wheelchair accommodation. As a reported result of customer requests, the Class 802s do not have a cafe bar, unlike their Class 180 predecessors.

TransPennine Express

In March 2016, the train operator First TransPennine Express announced the awarding of a contract to Hitachi Rail Europe and leasing company Angel Trains for the supply of 19 five-car Class 802 sets, which would be primarily operated on the North Transpennine route between Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Newcastle and Edinburgh. It had been ordered as one part of ambitious plans to bolster route capacity by 80%. According to Robin Davis, TPE's Head of New Trains, a major rationale behind the Nova 1 fleet was its bi-mode capability, noting that electrification ambitions often had much uncertainty, while a bi-mode fleet eliminated the operational risk to such uncertainty.

While these trains were initially given the Class 803 designation, they were officially redesignated as 802/2s prior to the delivery of the first unit. During December 2017, it was announced that production of the first unit for the operator had begun. In July 2018, testing of the type commenced on the East Coast Main Line. TransPennine Express has branded its new overall fleet Nova, each of the new types being designated either '1', '2' or '3' - the Class 802s being called Nova 1.

During July 2019, TransPennine Express formally accepted the first of its Class 802 trainset. As per the original schedule, the fleet was due to enter service from summer 2019. On 28 September 2019, the first Nova 1 entered revenue-earning service; unit 802201 worked the 06:03 from Newcastle to Liverpool Lime Street as well as the return 09:25 service. Clearance for the service had only been received the evening beforehand. Regular scheduled working commenced shortly thereafter.

During October 2021, it was announced that TransPennine Express, Hitachi, and Angel Trains had agreed to convert one of the former's Nova 1 trainsets into a battery hybrid train on a trial basis with the aim of supporting the technology's further development. If successful, Hitachi and Angel Trains have proposed the retrofitting of the entire fleet. In January 2022, reports emerged that the Nova 1 fleet was operating under diesel power even when operating on entirely electrified sections of the East Coast Main Line on account of the insufficient power supplies present along the line; national railway infrastructure owner Network Rail is reportedly set to complete upgrades to the power supplies within two years.

The fleet is also set to benefit from the rollout of electrification under the Transpennine route upgrade scheme. The company's management has noted that, in the event of largescale electrification being funded and implemented, the Class 802s could have some of their engines removed to reduce roughly 15% of their weight and thus raise their efficiency. Furthermore, Leo Goodwin, TPE's managing director, has observed that while the Class 802s have an initial maximum speed of , they have the capability of being modified for operating at  if infrastructure upgrades were to permit such speeds at a future date.

Fleet details

Illustrations

Named units

Great Western Railway

Great Western Railway's Intercity Express Trains are being named after "inspirational people" who have influenced the regions that the company serves.

Hull Trains

TransPennine Express

Incidents
 During testing of a Class 802 on the evening of 16 October 2018 ahead of its handover to GWR, severe damage was caused to  of overhead power lines in the Hanwell area, outside London Paddington station. This damage led to service cancellations and delays that night and the following two days.

References

High-speed trains of the United Kingdom
Hitachi multiple units
Hybrid multiple units
Train-related introductions in 2018
25 kV AC multiple units

British Rail Class 802


Rita Yakovlevna Rait-Kovaleva, born Chernomordik (19 April 1898 – 29 December 1988) was a Soviet literary translator and writer, particularly known for her translations of J. D. Salinger and Kurt Vonnegut into Russian. Rait-Kovaleva's translation of The Catcher in the Rye (as Over the Abyss in Rye) achieved initial popularity amid novel's success among Soviet readers during Khrushchev Thaw.

Rait-Kovaleva received the Order of Friendship of Peoples and the Thornton Wilder Prize from the Columbia University's Translation Center.

Life
Born into a Jewish family in the village of Petrushevo, Kherson Oblast, then in Russian Empire, Rait-Kovaleva graduated from the medical faculty of the Moscow University in 1924. She initially worked in medical institutions, but at the same time began a literary activity in 1920 by translating Mayakovski's Mystery-Bouffe into English. Rait-Kovaleva then started to teach English in the Military and Technology Academy in Leningrad. In 1938, Rait-Kovaleva became a member of the Union of Writers of the USSR. In 1959, Rait-Kovaleva authored a book about Robert Burns. She also published memoirs about Anna Akhmatova, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Velimir Khlebnikov and Boris Pasternak.

Translations
Rait-Kovaleva wrote: "One can really comprehend the language of Faulkner's protagonists only if one knows the pretentious Southern speech of scions of 'noble' families and the inconsistent (both simplified and intricate) speech of 'poor whites' and Negro farmhands and sharecroppers in which – side by side with the biblical lexicon and in the rhythm of the spirituals – one hears underworld slang with Anglo-Saxon four-letter words".

Rait-Kovaleva's translation of The Catcher in the Rye (Russian: Над пропастью во ржи, Over the Abyss in Rye) was first published in the Soviet Union in the November 1960 issue of the literary magazine Inostrannaya Literatura. The translation had only superficial adaptations for Soviet readers, such as cutlets (kotlety) instead of hamburgers. According to Russian philosopher Boris Paramonov, Rait-Kovaleva captured the street slang of the novel's protagonist Holden Caulfield "without losing the sharpness and wit of the original version", although she had never been to the United States. It was also noted, however, that the translation smoothed Caulfield's rougher language and excised obscenities. Rait-Kovaleva also translated from French and German, including such authors as Franz Kafka and Heinrich Böll.

Selected works
 Man from the Musée de l'Homme. The Story of Boris Vildé (1982, «Человек из музея человека. Повесть о Борисе Вильде») Moscow; Sovetsky Pisatel P. 336

References

1898 births
1988 deaths
People from Yelisavetgradsky Uyezd
Ukrainian Jews
Soviet translators
Soviet women writers
Soviet writers
Russian women writers
20th-century women writers
English–Russian translators
20th-century Russian translators
Moscow State University alumni
Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples

Rita Rait-Kovaleva


The trolley problem is an imaginary problem that people can solve to explore how the human mind works.

Oxford University philosophy professor Philippa Foot in the 1960s wrote about the trolley problem and other problems in her 1967 essay "The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of the Double Effect."  Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor Judith Jarvis Thomson made the trolley problem famous.  Now many schools teach the trolley problem.  For a time, there was even a part of philosophy called trolleyology. Jarvis Thomson named the problem "the trolley problem."

The trolley problem does not have a right or wrong answer.  Instead, it is a way to make people think and talk about what makes actions good or bad and why.

How it works

The agent ("you") is on a trolley, a fast-moving cart that can only run on a track.  It is not an automobile that can be driven off the edge of a road.  It must stay on a track.  Ahead of the agent, five people are standing on the track, where the trolley will run over them and kill them.  The agent has no way to stop the trolley.  The only thing the agent can do is throw a switch to make the trolley change onto a different track.  On this second track, there is one person.  None of the six people have time to move out of the way.

In Jarvis Thomson's version, the person controlling the trolley switch is not on the trolley.  Instead, this agent is watching from the side.  This person can throw the switch but they can also choose to do nothing.

If the agent does nothing, the trolley will kill five people.  If the agent throws the switch, the trolley will kill one person.

Variations

There are different versions of the trolley problem.  What if the agent knows something about the individual people on the track?

Emergency room case

The agent is a doctor working in an emergency room.  A homeless person or traveler comes to the emergency room, but the doctor learns he is not sick at all.  Upstairs in the hospital, there are five sick people who need organ transplants.  The homeless person is a perfect match for all five.  Like in the trolley problem, the doctor can kill one person by taking action or allow five people to die by doing nothing. The emergency room case was also in Foot's 1967 essay.

Most people think the emergency room problem is different from the trolley problem, even though the numbers are the same. The trolley problem is something that could happen in real life but would be very rare.  Healthy people go to emergency rooms every day.

In the emergency room problem, many, many things can affect the agent's decision.  The students say things like, "The agent is a doctor, and doctors are taught not to hurt or kill people, so the agent will say no" instead of saying what they themselves would do.  Or they would say things like "If the doctors kill the homeless person, people will find out about it.  They will be worried that the doctors will kill them for their organs, so they will not go to the emergency room when they need to.  Then more than five people will die—sick people who did not go to the emergency room for help." These things are true, but they mean the emergency room case is very complicated for a thought experiment.

Footbridge case

Philosophers invented the footbridge problem as a better version of the emergency room problem.  Unlike in the emergency room problem, there are no societal systems that get in the way, for example the doctor's education or people deciding not to go to the emergency room.

In the footbridge problem, the agent is standing on a small bridge over a trolley track.  Again, there is a trolley with no brakes moving very fast to five people.  It will hit and kill the people if nothing stops it.  They cannot move out of the way.  There is also a second person on the footbridge.  If the agent pushes this one person off the footbridge, then their body will stop the trolley, saving the five other people.  But the one person whom the agent has pushed will die. In this problem, the person the agent would push is big and fat enough to stop the trolley, but the agent is not.

Others
Other variations on the trolley problem include when the agent knows some or all of the people on the tracks.  Another is when the big fat person on the footbridge put the five people on the track on purpose so they would be run over.  Another is when the one person whom the trolley can run over instead of the other five is a person taking a nap in a hammock instead of someone standing on a trolley track.

In the brain

A team of scientists led by Joshua Greene put people in an fMRI machine to watch what their brains did while they thought about the trolley problem and its other versions. When people thought about pulling the trolley switch to kill one person instead of five, the parts of the brain that do cool, rational thinking (the prefrontal cortex) lit up.  When people thought about pushing a fat man onto the track, the parts of their brain that do emotion  (the amygdala) lit up.  The people decided not to push the fat man onto the track.  Greene and the other scientists said they think human beings are more likely to make moral decisions using intuition when they are feeling emotions, for example the disgust they feel at the thought of killing an innocent fat man.  Green and the other scientists said they think human beings are more likely to make decisions using logic when their emotions are not involved.

In popular culture

The trolley problem was in the episode "The Trolley Problem" on the second season of the sitcom The Good Place.

References

Philosophical problems
Psychology

Trolley problem


Gustafva Björklund (1794–1862) was a Swedish cookery book-author and restaurant owner.

Biography
Björklund was originally from Finland, but moved to Sweden as a child, and worked as a domestic and waitress on several locations. In 1833, she was employed as a waitress at the Gentlemen's club Lilla Sällskapet in Stockholm, and when it was dissolved in 1840, she took it over and managed it herself until 1851, during which time it was one of the most popular restaurants for the capital's upper classes. After 1851, she managed more humble establishments, and supported herself by renting out rooms.

In 1847, she published her cookery book Kokbok, which became a success and was reprinted in several editions and was followed by additional works in cookery, such as the Kok-bok för tjenare och tarfliga hushåll (1851). She was referred to as an authority by others in the same field of knowledge in Sweden in the same century.

Björklund was described as a beauty. She never married, but had a son, Gustav Reinhold (1817–?) with her employer Otto Reinhold Hammerfeldt, as well as two daughters by unknown fathers: Lovisa Elisabeth (1824–?) and Henrietta Gustava (1825–1886), with the patronymic Karlsson (Issue of Charles). There are indications, such as funds given to her from the royal court, that her daughters' biological father was Charles XIV John of Sweden.

References

Bibliography
  Per Erik Wahlund: Demoiselle – Kokboksutgiverskan och restauratrisen Gustava Björklunds liv och verksamhet, Växjö (?), 1991.

1794 births
1862 deaths
19th-century Swedish women writers
Swedish chefs
Swedish food writers
19th-century Swedish writers
Women food writers
Women cookbook writers
19th-century Swedish businesspeople
Cookbook writers
19th-century Swedish businesswomen

Gustafva Björklund


Solidago guiradonis is an uncommon species of goldenrod known by the common name Guirado goldenrod. It is native to the Central California Coast Ranges of central California, in southern San Benito and western Fresno Counties.

The species is a strict serpentine endemic with a range that includes the New Idria Serpentine Mass and Laguna Mountain Serpentine Mass.  It is an obligate wetland species that occurs on the banks of perennial streams and rivers and also perennial seeps on the New Idria Serpentine Mass and Laguna Mountain Serpentine Mass.

Description
Solidago guiradonis is a perennial herb growing from a woody caudex, sometimes reaching heights well over one meter (40 inches). The leaves are up to 20 centimeters (8 inches) long near the base of the plant but shorter farther up. They are linear to lance-shaped and have winged petioles that expand to nearly sheath the stem at the bases. The herbage is mostly hairless.

The inflorescence is a cluster of sometimes as many as 190 small flower heads in a branching, elongated array. Each flower head contains 10-21 yellow disc florets surrounded by up to 8-10 narrow yellow ray florets each 1 or 2 millimeters long.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment: Solidago guiradonis
Solidago guiradonis — Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California

guiradonis
Endemic flora of California
Plants described in 1865
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Solidago guiradonis


The First Maroon War was a conflict between the Jamaican Maroons and the colonial British authorities that started around 1728 and continued until the peace treaties of 1739 and 1740. It was led by self-liberated Africans who set up communities in the mountains. The name "Maroon" was given to these Africans, and for many years they fought the British colonial Government of Jamaica for their freedom. The maroons were very skilled, particularly in guerrilla warfare. It was followed about half a century later by the Second Maroon War.

Background

In 1655, the English defeated the Spanish colonists and took control of most of the Colony of Jamaica. After the Spanish fled, Africans that had previously been enslaved joined the Amerindian population, and some others who had previously escaped slavery, in the centre of Jamaica to form the Windward Maroon communities. The area is known as the Blue Mountains. The white population on the island of Jamaica boomed between 1655 and 1661, swelling to roughly 12,000 white inhabitants. In 1662, however, only a little over 3,000 remained.

The white-to-enslaved population ratio shifted in the following decades, leaving a majority of enslaved people and very few white settlers. British forces were unable to establish control over the whole island, so a large portion remained in the hands of the Maroons, particularly in the rugged interior. For 76 years, there were periodic skirmishes between the British and the Maroons, alongside occasional slave revolts. In 1673, a revolt of 200 slaves in St. Ann Parish created a separate group, the Leeward Maroons. These Maroons united with a group of Malagasy people who had survived a shipwreck and formed their own maroon community in the parish of St. George in northeastern Jamaica. Several more rebellions strengthened the numbers of this Leeward group. Notably, in 1690 a revolt of 400 slaves at Sutton's plantation, in Clarendon Parish, Jamaica, considerably strengthened the Leeward Maroons.

The First Maroon War took place periodically between 1728 and 1740, and the Maroon leadership during this conflict featured Nanny of the Maroons, who was known for her expertise in guerrilla warfare, and Quao in the Windward Maroons, and Cudjoe and Accompong in the Leeward Maroons. A number of Maroon captains fought under their leadership, such as Welcome and Jeddo for Nanny Town.

History of the First Maroon War
In September 1728, the British sent more troops to Jamaica, changing the balance of power with the Windward Maroons. That year, the British sent a new governor, Major-General Robert Hunter, to Jamaica, and under his rule the conflict with the Maroons escalated. One of the Maroon captains, a man called Jeddo, who according to Maroon historian Bev Carey is celebrated as a brave warrior by the Maroons of Moore Town, led an attack on the north east town of Port Antonio a year later, and when the British soldiers under Lieutenant Soaper tried to pursue them, the Maroons caught them off guard. Jeddo would have been a lieutenant of Nanny.

During the First Maroon War, the Maroons used guerrilla tactics to inflict greater losses on the colonial militias in terms of both manpower and expense. In 1730, Soaper led a large force against the Windward Maroons, but once again the Maroons, led by Nanny and Quao, defeated the militia. The next year, two additional regiments arrived in Jamaica to assist Hunter in fighting the Maroons.

In 1732, Hunter sent three parties against the Windward Maroons, and they occupied Nanny Town when the Maroons, led by Nanny, withdrew further into the Blue Mountains. The occupation of Nanny Town was expensive, and Hunter eventually recalled the militia, allowing the Maroons to re-take their town without a fight. The next year, Hunter sent a party of British seamen against the Windward Maroons, but the Maroons defeated them.

In 1734, the Windward Maroons fought the British in Portland Parish and St George. Enslaved Africans continued to free themselves and desert the Black Shot support forces in large numbers. Hunter died and was succeeded as governor by John Ayscough, but he also had limited success against the Maroons. That year, the militia recaptured Nanny Town.

In 1734, Nanny led the Maroons to victory against a party led by Captain Shettlewood. A group of the liberated Africans conquered an estate in St George, including a fort and the barracks there. The Windward Maroons removed westwards to the John Crow Mountains at a place called Cattawoods or Cattawood Springs, and continued their resistance to colonization. Colonial Jamaica was counting the cost of the continuing conflict. By the end of 1734, the island's white population had fallen to about 2,000. Sugar exports had fallen, and the island went through periods of martial law.

In 1735, over 100 Leeward Maroon warriors, led by Cudjoe, boldly conquered military barracks in western Jamaica. Ayscough died in office, and John Gregory became the new governor, and he immediately had to tackle the problem of Maroon attacks. In retaliation for the militia's occupation of Nanny Town, Windward Maroon warriors launched assaults on Titchfield Fort in Port Antonio.

In 1736, Maroons on both sides of the island launched a number of incursions into planter territory. In 1737, there were more Maroon attacks on estates in coastal areas. Gregory began to consider offering peace terms to the Maroons, because the British forces were unable to defeat them, while he authorised the construction of barracks at Manchioneal, Jamaica in Portland, Norman's Valley in Saint James Parish, Jamaica, and at Bagnell's Thicket. However, the building of barracks was expensive, and some planters refused to take part in funding it, claiming the Maroons never troubled them.

Eventually, the arrival of Edward Trelawny resulted in peace becoming a real possibility after a decade of fighting.

The Peace Treaties

In 1739–40, the British government in Jamaica recognized that it could not defeat the Maroons, so Trelawny offered them peace treaties instead.

In 1739, the colonial militia signed the first treaty with the Leeward Maroon leader, Cudjoe, who for years fought to maintain his people's independence. He felt that the only hope for the future was an honorable peace with the enemy. A year later, the Windward Maroons of Nanny Town, led by Queen Nanny and Quao, also agreed to sign a treaty under pressure from both white Jamaicans and the Leeward Maroons. The peace treaties forced the Maroons to support the institution of slavery.

Legacy

The success of the Maroons in fighting the British to a standstill was felt far and wide, and half a century later, the creator of independent Haiti, Toussaint L'Ouverture, remarked that, "in Jamaica there are in the mountains Blacks who have forced the English to make treaties with them. Well, I am black like them. I know how to make war."

At first, the treaties only recognised Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town) and Crawford's Town. But after the destruction of Crawford's Town in the 1750s, the Maroons were located in five main towns: Accompong, Trelawny Town, Moore Town (formerly known as New Nanny Town), Scott's Hall (Jamaica) and Charles Town, Jamaica, living under their own rulers and a British supervisor known as a superintendent.

In exchange, they were asked to agree not to harbour new runaway slaves, but rather to help catch them. This last clause in the treaty caused a split between the Maroons and the rest of the black population. Another provision of the agreement was that the Maroons would serve to protect the island from invaders.

Discontent with the treaty and land encroachment from planters later led to the Second Maroon War.

References

Bibliography

Among the early historians to mention the Jamaican Maroons and the First Maroon War were the following:

1720s conflicts
1730s conflicts
1740s conflicts
1720s in Jamaica
1730s in Jamaica
1740s in Jamaica
18th-century rebellions
History of the Colony of Jamaica
Jamaican Maroons
Slave rebellions in North America
Wars involving Jamaica
Resistance to the British Empire
1731 in the British Empire
Slavery in Jamaica

First Maroon War


Conrail Shared Assets Operations (CSAO) is the commonly used name for modern-day Conrail (reporting mark CRCX), an American railroad company. It operates three networks, the North Jersey, South Jersey/Philadelphia, and Detroit Shared Assets Areas, where it serves as a contract local carrier and switching company for its owners, CSX Transportation and the Norfolk Southern Railway. When most of the former Conrail's track was split between these two railroads, the three shared assets areas (a total of about 1,200 miles of track) were kept separate to avoid giving one railroad an advantage in those areas. The company operates using its own employees and infrastructure but owns no equipment outside MOW equipment.

North Jersey Shared Assets Area
The North Jersey Shared Assets Area stretches from the North Bergen Yard in North Bergen, New Jersey south into Jersey City and Newark, and beyond to Manville (Port Reading Junction) and Trenton, much of which is operated over Amtrak's Northeast Corridor and New Jersey Transit lines through trackage rights. Primary connections are to CSX's River Subdivision north to Albany, New York at North Bergen, NS's Southern Tier Line northwest to Buffalo, New York at Croxton Yard in Jersey City, NS's Lehigh Line west to Allentown, Pennsylvania and CSX's Trenton Subdivision southwest to Philadelphia at Manville, and the Conrail South Jersey/Philadelphia Shared Assets Area at Trenton. Oak Island Yard in Newark is the principal yard for the region with smaller ones at Bayonne, Greenville (Jersey City), Linden, Manville, Metuchen, Newark, Old Bridge, and Port Reading in Woodbridge.

Center Street Branch, Kearny Meadows, "P&HL", Centre Street Bridge (demolished)
Passaic and Harsimus Line "P&HL", formerly Northeast Corridor at Waverly Yard In Newark, New Jersey, now Oak Island Yard to Jersey City
Northern Running Track "NRTB", from 'CP Hack' and interchange with Passaic and Harsimus Line with connections to Marion Junction, New Jersey, Croxton Yard, interchange with New York Susquehanna & Western at 'CP West Croxton' and ending at 'CP-1' of CSX North Bergen Yard
National Docks Branch "NATB", Northern Running Track at Bergen Junction, New Jersey to Upper Bay Bridge to Oak Island Yard
Garden State Secondary formerly Chemical Coast Line "COAS", Oak Island Yard to North Jersey Coast Line at Perth Amboy
Lehigh Line "LEHL", National Docks Branch, Bayonne to CSX Trenton Subdivision and NS Lehigh Line at Manville
Perth Amboy Running Track, comes off Garden State Secondary to service industries in Perth Amboy, New Jersey.
Amboy Secondary "AMBS", from William to Midway Amtrak. Connects to NJ Transit North Jersey Coast Line via the Essay and Church Running Tracks in South Amboy, New Jersey.
Sayreville Running Track, Gillespie Running Track and Phoenix Branch
Southern Secondary "SOUS", trackage rights over NJ Transit's North Jersey Coast Line from South Amboy to Red Bank, New Jersey, to an interchange with the Delaware and Raritan River Railroad located in Red Bank.
Port Reading Secondary "MANS", a line that runs from Port Reading Junction and Yard to Bound Brook where it connects with the Lehigh Line - recently upgraded and may lose its 'secondary' status.
Staten Island Railroad "NOSL", from 'CP Ralph' in Elizabeth, NJ over the Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge to Arlington Yard in Staten Island, NY including the Travis Industrial Track, which runs from Arlington Yard to a New York Department of Sanitation Waste Transfer Facility at Fresh Kills.
Hightstown Industrial Track, an Industrial Track that runs from a junction with the Amboy Secondary in Jamesburg, NJ to Cranbury, NJ.
Bonhamtown Branch, runs from NEC south of Metuchen Station to Raritan Center, interchanges with Raritan Central Railway at Metuchen Yard.

South Jersey/Philadelphia Shared Assets Area
The New Jersey Department of Transportation anticipated in 2010 increased freight activity in South Jersey that has led to capital improvement and expansion projects for this designated area.

The South Jersey/Philadelphia Shared Assets Area is operated out of Pavonia Yard in Camden, New Jersey, with smaller yards in Marcus Hook, Paulsboro, Millville, Morrisville, Frankford Junction, Burlington, Port Richmond and South Philadelphia.

Atlantic City Line, trackage rights along New Jersey Transit from Bordentown Secondary at Delair, New Jersey to Winslow Junction, New Jersey
Bordentown Secondary, CP Hatch to Northeast Corridor at Millham in Trenton, New Jersey
Robbinsville Industrial Track, Bordentown Secondary at Bordentown, New Jersey to Yardville, New Jersey in Hamilton Township.
Northeast Corridor, trackage rights along Amtrak (Northeast Corridor) from Northern New Jersey operations border at Princeton Junction, New Jersey to Philadelphia.
Delair Branch, Pavonia Running tracks at CP Hatch Delair, New Jersey to CSX (Philadelphia Subdivision) at Park Junction in Philadelphia.
Pemberton Running Track, runs from NJT CP Jordan (Pennsauken) to Hainesport, NJ.
Beesley's Point Secondary, Vineland Secondary at CP Brown in Camden, New Jersey to Beesley's Point Industrial Track at Palermo, New Jersey. Primary trackage rights below Winslow, New Jersey to Palermo, New Jersey has been leased to the Cape May Seashore Lines as of 2022, but Conrail has retained secondary trackage rights depending on what happens with the shuttered B.L. England Generating Station site.
Beesley's Point Industrial Track, via Beesley's Point Secondary at Palermo to Beesley's Point, New Jersey
Vineland Secondary, Camden Running track at CP Mill at the south end of Pavonia Yard in Camden to Millville, New Jersey
Grenloch Industrial Track, Vineland Secondary in Gloucester City, New Jersey to the Interstate Business Park in Bellmawr, New Jersey.
Penns Grove Secondary, Salem Secondary and Vineland Secondary at Woodbury, New Jersey to Deepwater Point Running Track at Penns Grove, New Jersey
Deepwater Point Running Track, Penns Grove Secondary at Penns Grove, New Jersey to Deepwater, New Jersey
Salem Running Track, Penns Grove Secondary and Vineland Secondary at Woodbury, NJ to Swedesboro, NJ for a connection to the Southern Railroad of New Jersey's Salem Branch. Leased to SRNJ in 2018.
Chester Secondary, CSX RG yard at Eastwick to SEPTA's Airport Line, Lester, and ends at Eddystone.

Delair Bridge
The south track at the Delair Lift Bridge (part of the Delair Branch) is used by Conrail; the north track is used by New Jersey Transit's Atlantic City Line.

Detroit Shared Assets Area
The Detroit Shared Assets Area consists of:
 Detroit Line, from junction with Norfolk Southern Detroit Line in Gibraltar, Michigan at MP 20 to junction with Conrail North Yard Branch at CP-West Detroit.
 North Yard Branch, from junction with Conrail Detroit Line at CP-West Detroit to junction with Conrail Sterling Secondary at CP-North Yard.
 Sterling Secondary and Utica Industrial Track, from junction with the Conrail North Yard Branch at CP-North Yard to the end of the Utica Industrial Track at MP 27.
 Michigan Line (runs parallel to Michigan Avenue, US Hwy 12), CP-Townline in Dearborn (junction with Amtrak Michigan Line) to CP-Bay City Jct.
 Lincoln Secondary, from junction with CSXT Toledo Terminal Subdivision at Carleton to Ecorse Junction in Detroit. Trains can operate track authority EC-1 forms issued by the CSX RL Dispatcher located in Calumet City, Illinois.

CP-West Detroit, Delray, CP-YD, and River Rouge Yard lie close to each other on the Utica/MP 20 line, giving the whole a rough K-shape. Various spurs and industrial tracks branch off from this trackage.  Mileage in both directions is measured from the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel.

Locomotives
Conrail Shared Assets utilizes the following types of locomotives, all supplied by CSX and Norfolk Southern.
EMD GP38-2
EMD GP40-2
EMD SD40-2
EMD SD45-2
EMD SD40E3

References

Further reading

External links

The Conrail Historical Society

American companies established in 1999
Companies based in Philadelphia
Delaware railroads
Michigan railroads
New Jersey railroads
Pennsylvania railroads
Switching and terminal railroads
Non-operating common carrier freight railroads in the United States
CSX Transportation
Norfolk Southern Railway

Conrail Shared Assets Operations


Lucy Yeomans is creator and founder of DREST, previously editor-in-chief of fashion website Net-a-Porter and editor of the fashion magazine Harper's Bazaar in the UK.

Career
Yeomans graduated from the University of St Andrews in 1992 and began her writing career a year later in Paris, where she was arts editor and then editor of the English-language lifestyle monthly Boulevard.  While in Paris she freelanced for publications including The Daily Telegraph and The Sunday Times. On her return to the UK in 1996 she was appointed features editor of The European newspaper, reporting on news, culture and fashion from across Europe.

She moved to Tatler in 1997 as features editor, becoming senior features editor less than a year later and deputy editor just a few months after that. Yeomans was appointed deputy editor of Vogue in 2000 but was offered, and accepted, the position as editor-in-chief of Harpers & Queen at lunchtime on her first day. She took up the role in November 2000.

In 2006 Yeomans oversaw the successful transition of Harpers & Queen to Harper's Bazaar and in May 2007 Harper's Bazaar picked up the top award at the PPA Awards and was named, Consumer Magazine of the Year beating Vogue, Grazia, Heat, and other titles to take the main award. She was also named in December by The Independent as one of the Media 50: Newsmakers of 2007. The newspaper wrote that Lucy Yeomans is – "one of the most glamorous and best-connected women in magazine publishing, Yeomans has completed a long journey to reposition her title, Harper's Bazaar, taking it step by step from society handbook to a fashion bible for aspirational young women."

In 2012, after 12 years as the editor of Harper's Bazaar, Yeomans became the global content director of Net-a-Porter, launching firstly the company's weekly digital magazine The Edit in 2013, followed by the acclaimed global fashion bi-monthly print magazine Porter in the spring of 2014, of which she held the position editor-in-chief and oversaw the magazine's highly successful Incredible Women franchise.

In February 2019, Yeomans left Net-a-Porter to set up her own fashion and technology business.
In October 2019, she announced via the Business of Fashion the launch of her innovative fashion platform called DREST. The first-ever luxury styling game, an entertaining and shopping platform, and unique democratic space for creativity and inspiration, highlighting some of the top fashion brands, is available on The App Store and Google Play.

References

 "Media 50: Newsmakers of 2007". The Independent, 31 December 2007.

Living people
Alumni of the University of St Andrews
Year of birth missing (living people)
English magazine editors

Lucy Yeomans


Slide Rock State Park is an Arizona State Park located in Oak Creek Canyon  north of Sedona, Arizona, United States. It takes its name from a natural water slide formed by the slippery bed of Oak Creek. Slide Rock State Park is located on Coconino National Forest land and is co-managed by the Arizona State Parks agency and the United States Forest Service. Tall red rock formations that are typical of the region also surround the park, which contains a  working apple farm.

History
The land was first developed by Frank L. Pendley, who arrived in the canyon in 1907 and acquired title to the land under the Homestead Act in 1910.  Pendley developed an irrigation system (which is still in use today) and planted an apple orchard in 1912.  The state completed a road through the canyon in 1914, and Pendley built rustic tourist cabins in 1933 that in part survive today.  Several films were shot in the area: Angel and the Badman (1946), Broken Arrow (1950), Drum Beat (1954), and Gun Fury (1953).

The park was purchased by Arizona State Parks from the Arizona Parklands Foundation on July 10, 1985, and officially dedicated as Slide Rock State Park in October 1987. The Pendley Homestead Historic District was accepted onto the National Register of Historic Places on December 23, 1991. The apple farm is one of the few homesteads still preserved in Oak Creek Canyon.

There are three hiking trails in Slide Rock State Park: Pendley Homestead Trail (.25 mile), Slide Rock Route (.3 mile) and Clifftop Nature Trail (.25 mile). Slide Rock State Park attracted 254,584 visitors in 2005 and is one of the most visited tourist attractions in Arizona. In 2014, Slide Rock was named one of Fordor's Travel Top 10 state parks in the United States. Most recently, USA Today readers voted Slide Rock as the fifth best swimming hole in the country.

Gallery

See also

 Schnebly Hill Formation

External links
Slide Rock State Park official site

State parks of Arizona
Coconino National Forest
Parks in Coconino County, Arizona
National Register of Historic Places in Coconino County, Arizona
Protected areas established in 1985
1985 establishments in Arizona

Slide Rock State Park


The Tupungato River (in Spanish: Río Tupungato) is a river located  in the western zone of the Mendoza Province called Uco Valley (in Spanish: Valle de Uco), flows in Luján de Cuyo and Tupungato departments, to the west of Argentina. It arises on the Del Plomo and Del Juncal glaciers in the north of the Tupungato Mountain and ends at the Mendoza River.  Its drainage basin has an area of 1,858 km2 and  is located in . Its source elevation is of 4,251 AMSL.

The Tupungato is a dangerous river specially from November to March (around the summer), when the ice begins to melt and increases its force.

Tributaries:
Plomo River and Blanco River I.

External links
Basin of the Tupungato River by Luis Alberto Fornero (in Spanish)

T
Rivers of Argentina

Tupungato River


Brave is an action-adventure video game adaptation based on the 2012 film of the same name developed by Behaviour Interactive and published by Disney Interactive Studios. Actress Kelly Macdonald, who voiced Merida in the film, reprised her role for the video game.

Story
The storyline of the video game matches that of the film up until Elinor's transformation into a bear and subsequent escape from the castle, which is where the game begins.

Merida chases her mother through the forest until she reaches the Ring of Stones. Will-o'-the-wisps appear to guide her to the cottage of the witch from whom she originally received the spell. Confronting the witch, Merida demands her mother be changed back. The witch explains that the cursed bear Mor'du has been corrupting a series of waystones with his evil energy, leading to the appearance of hostile creatures. The corruption has grown to the point that it even affects the witch's magic, making its effects unpredictable, thus explaining Elinor's newly-ursine form. Due to her status as the best archer in the kingdom, the witch charges Merida with cleansing the waystones of Mor'du's corruption.

As Merida journeys through the land, she encounters her younger identical triplet brothers (Harris, Hubert, and Hamish), also transformed into bears, and her mother, gradually losing her humanity as the spell stays in effect. After cleansing the last waystone in Mor'du's lair, Merida and her mother come face-to-face with the beast himself, with the princess finally defeating him after a long and arduous battle.

With Mor'du's defeat, Elinor and the triplets are restored to their human forms. Merida states that the journey was good for her because it taught her that she must strike a balance between her desire for adventure and her responsibilities as a princess.

Gameplay
The gameplay consists of single player and local co-operative play. The first player controls Mérida while in co-op mode a second player can take control of a will-o'-the-wisp. Gameplay also features puzzles, which are to be solved with the help of the triplets, and Queen Elinor, who is playable in her bear form in arena fights. Different levels of the game can be accessed from the location called "Ring of Stones". Players can use different types of charms (fire, earth, air, and ice) to add elemental effects to her arrows and sword attacks when fighting enemies, some of which are vulnerable to a certain element.

The PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions of the game are compatible with the PlayStation Move and Kinect motion control peripherals, respectively. This feature comes in the form of an "archery range" mode.

Reception

The game received mixed reviews from critics who praised the gameplay and style but criticized the Kinect mode in the Xbox 360 version.

References

External links
Official site

2012 video games
Action-adventure games
Disney video games
Fantasy video games
Kinect games
MacOS games
Nintendo DS games
Video games based on animated films
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation Move-compatible games
Video games featuring female protagonists
Wii games
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games about bears
Video games about shapeshifting
Video games set in the Middle Ages
Video games set in Scotland
Behaviour Interactive games
Brave (2012 film)
Video games developed in Canada
3D platform games

Brave (video game)