Michael Stephan Lattke (born 12 May 1942, died 19 February 2023, Brisbane, Queensland [Australia] was a scholar of the New Testament and early Christianity.

Lattke was born in Stettin, Germany (now Szczecin in Poland). He was brought up in Solingen and, after attending the Volksschule Wittkuller Straße and Humboldt-Gymnasium before completing his Abitur at Gymnasium Schwertstraße, studied at Bonn, Tübingen, Münster, Augsburg and München. In spite of his Roman Catholic background, at Tübingen he also studied Protestant theology, especially under the leading Protestant New Testament scholar Ernst Käsemann. He received the Dipl.-Theol. from Tübingen in 1968, the Dr. theol. from Freiburg in 1974, and the Dr. theol. habil. from Augsburg in 1979.

In 1981 Lattke settled in Brisbane, Australia and began teaching at The University of Queensland, where he also received a D.Litt. in 1992. In 1994 he became professor of New Testament and Early Christianity Studies, and in 1997 he became a senior research fellow of the Australian Research Council. Since October 2007, he has been emeritus professor at The University of Queensland.

Lattke has published widely on the New Testament, early Christianity, early Judaism, early Christian hymns, and Gnosticism, and he has established himself as the world's foremost authority on the pseudepigraphical Odes of Solomon. In his comprehensive study of the Odes of Solomon, he has argued that the Odes were written originally in Greek. His commentary on the Odes has been translated into English by Marianne Ehrhardt for the Hermeneia series (published 2009 by Fortress Press). He also wrote a commentary on the Apology of Aristides for the series "Kommentar zu frühchristlichen Apologeten" (published by Herder Verlag).

In 2001 the Australian Government awarded Lattke a Centenary Medal for his contribution to the field of early Christian studies. In 2007 he was presented with the Festschrift, I Sowed Fruits into Hearts (Odes Sol. 17:13): Festschrift for Professor Michael Lattke, edited by Pauline Allen, Majella Franzmann and Rick Strelan (Strathfield: St Pauls, 2007).

Lattke is a member of the Studiorum Novi Testamenti Societas (SNTS), a life member of the Society for the Study of Early Christianity (SSEC), and an Honorary Fellow in the Centre for Early Christian Studies at the Australian Catholic University (ACU). The University of Queensland has offered the Michael Lattke Studies in Religion Scholarship since 2020.

Bibliography
A comprehensive bibliography of Lattke's work is compiled in the Festschrift: I Sowed Fruits into Hearts (Odes Sol. 17:13): Festschrift for Professor Michael Lattke, ed. Pauline Allen, Majella Franzmann and Rick Strelan (2007).
Einheit im Wort: Die spezifische Bedeutung von ἀγάπη, ἀγαπᾶν und φιλεῖν im Johannesevangelium (München: Kösel-Verlag, 1975), originally presented as the author's Dr. theol. thesis, Freiburg im Breisgau (1974).
Die Oden Salomos in ihrer Bedeutung für Neues Testament und Gnosis, 4 vols. in 5 (1979–98).
Register zu Rudolf Bultmanns Glauben und Verstehen, Band I-IV (1984).
Hymnus: Materialien zu einer Geschichte der antiken Hymnologie (1991).
Collected Studies in Early Judaism, the New Testament and the Odes of Solomon (1974-1991), (1992) University of Queensland D.Litt. thesis.
Oden Salomos (1995).
Herbert Leroy, Jesus: Überlieferung und Deutung, 3rd edition (1999), edited with an introduction and bibliography by Anne Dawson and Michael Lattke.
Oden Salomos: Text, Übersetzung, Kommentar, 3 vols. (1999-2005).
"Die Oden Salomos: Einleitungsfragen und Forschungsgeschichte", Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft 98 (2007) 277-307.
"War der Apologet Aristides ein Mann von Bildung?", in Frühchristentum und Kultur, ed. Ferdinand R. Prostmeier (2007) 35-74.
"Druckfehler, Ergänzungen und Verbesserungen im Kommentar zu den Oden Salomos".
"Greek Words in the Syriac Text of the Apology of Aristides", in Malphono w-Rabo d-Malphone: Studies in Honor of Sebastian P. Brock, ed. George A. Kiraz (2008) 383-403.
Odes of Solomon: A Commentary, Translated by Marianne Ehrhardt, Edited by Harold W. Attridge (Hermeneia; Minneapolis: Fortress, 2009).
"Spuren des Römerbriefs in den Oden Salomos", in The Letter to the Romans, ed. Udo Schnelle (2009) 543-562.
"Der Tod Jesu Christi in der Apologie des Aristides. Eine Fallstudie mit forschungsgeschichtlicher Einleitung und Bibliographie", Early Christianity 1 (2010) 575-601.
Die Oden Salomos: Griechisch-koptisch-syrisch mit deutscher Übersetzung (Darmstadt: WBG, 2011).
""Taufe" und "untertauchen" in Aphrahats ܬܚܘܝܬܐ (taḥwyāṯā)", in Ablution, Initiation, and Baptism: Late Antiquity, Early Judaism, and Early Christianity = Waschungen, Initiation und Taufe: Spätantike, Frühes Judentum und Frühes Christentum, ed. David Hellholm, Tor Vegge, Øyvind Norderval, Christer Hellholm (BZNW 176/I–III; Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, 2011) 1115–38.
"Eine bemerkenswerte syrische Lesart in Mk 14,25", Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft 104 (2013) 146.
Paul Anton de Lagarde und das Judentum (E-Book; St Lucia: The University of Queensland, 2014), 152 pp.
"Einsetzung und Vollzug der christlichen Paschafeier bei Aphrahat", in The Eucharist – Its Origins and Contexts: Sacred Meal, Communal Meal, Table Fellowship in Late Antiquity, Early Judaism, and Early Christianity, ed. David Hellholm and Dieter Sänger (WUNT 376/I–III; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2017) 1091–1119.
Aristides ›Apologie‹ übersetzt und erklärt (Kommentar zu frühchristlichen Apologeten, Band 2; Freiburg, Basel, Wien: Herder, 2018).

References

External links
 Academia page with publications in pdf

1942 births
Living people
20th-century German Catholic theologians
21st-century German Catholic theologians
Australian historians of religion
Australian biblical scholars
Roman Catholic biblical scholars
New Testament scholars
Australian Christian theologians
University of Tübingen alumni
University of Freiburg alumni
University of Augsburg alumni
German emigrants to Australia
German biblical scholars
Academic staff of the University of Queensland
Writers from Szczecin
German male non-fiction writers

Michael Lattke


Charles H. "Chuck" Smith is an African-American businessman who is the retired President and CEO of the Fortune 500 company, AT&T West.  Smith has a lifelong interest in the Boy Scouts of America (BSA).

His childhood interest in radio led to a career in telecommunications.  Smith graduated from California State University, Los Angeles in 1967. He was hired by Pacific Telephone, which became AT&T West. Smith was named one of the 50 Most Important African Americans in Technology by US Black Engineer and Information Technology magazine in 2003.

Smith is committed to mentoring young African-Americans. As a youth, he had dyslexia and was very shy.  He found a support system in Scouting. Smith became an Eagle Scout in 1959, and was a 2005 recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award.  He gives speeches that are well-received about the positive impact Scouting had on him as a youth. He is also a member of BSA's National Executive Board and the board of BSA's Mount Diablo Silverado Council. He supports efforts to increase minority involvement in Scouting. In 2010 he was honored with the Silver Buffalo Award by the Boy Scouts of America, its highest award for adults.

Member of Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity, Upsilon chapter at California State University, Los Angeles in spring of 1963.

References

1940s births
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
California State University, Los Angeles alumni
American chief executives of Fortune 500 companies
People with dyslexia

Chuck Smith (businessman)


Maker ("Ultimate" Reed Richards and previously Mister Fantastic) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is the Ultimate Marvel's version of Mister Fantastic, initially presented as a heroic, morally altruistic and scientifically driven superhero and a younger, modernized alternate version of Reed Richards, who later turns into the villainous Maker, after enduring a series of tragedies and immense mental trauma; he eventually becomes part of the regular Marvel Universe, serving as an enemy and evil foil to his parallel universe counterpart, the New Avengers, and Eddie Brock/Venom, serving as an example of what his Earth-616 counterpart could have been had he used his powers and intellect for evil and malice. However, during both the 2019 to 2020-21 Absolute Carnage and King in Black storylines, the Maker revealed he'd been correlating with the Council of Reeds (a group of other alternate counterparts of Mister Fantastic) and had utilized the many Symbiote Codexes he'd extracted from the various heroes and villains who'd been previous hosts as a means to repeat his long-standing, but now altruistic goal: restoring his native dimension, the Ultimate Universe, which he sets out to enact in the 2023 miniseries Ultimate Invasion.

Publication history
Ultimate Reed Richards bears a resemblance to his Earth-616 counterpart; however, he differs in many aspects: the origin of his powers is different and he is much younger. The character was created by Brian Michael Bendis, Mark Millar and Adam Kubert, and debuted in early 2004 in Ultimate Fantastic Four.

In 2011, the character started calling himself Maker and became a nemesis to the Ultimates. After the "Secret Wars" storyline destroyed the Ultimate Universe (Earth-1610) and restored the Multiverse, the Maker moved to the post-Secret Wars Marvel Universe in 2015.

Fictional character biography
Born in the suburbs of New York City, Reed Richards was a brilliant, intellectually-gifted and knowledgeable, but socially-withdrawn, shy and reserved, scientific child genius, who possessed a high IQ level of 267 and held a deep-rooted love and passion for science, being well-versed in various fields of scientific topics, such as astrophysics, chemistry, biology, quantum mathematics, mechanical and electrical engineering, advanced chemistry and robotics and was the brightest student in school. However, due to his bookish and introverted personality, he was regularly picked on and tormented by bullies, while also receiving similar treatment from his father, who despised his son for his non-masculine and studious nature. However, as a result of demonstrating a teleporter at a school science fair, Reed was later recruited for a government think-tank sponsoring intellectually-gifted youngsters and child polymaths, similar to Reed. He conducts his research, along with several other students, at a facility located in the Baxter Building in Manhattan, where he meets Johnny Storm and Sue Storm, with whom Reed becomes smitten and romantically involved. During the final experimentation phase of his research, Reed was visited by Ben Grimm, his best and only friend since childhood, who protected him from bullies during his years in school. At the age of 21, Reed, along with other scientists, attempted to teleport organic material through an alternate plane of existence called the N-Zone, with Sue assisting him and Johnny and Ben observing the demonstration. The experiment goes awry, resulting in the four being engulfed in a parallel dimension termed as the "N-Zone" and grants the four with super-powers, with Reed being able to stretch his body parts to incredible lengths and is endowed with enhanced durability. They have a series of adventures and encounters with a number of super-human and extraterrestrial threats, during the four's attempts to solve the mystery behind the source of their new-found powers and turn Reed and Ben back to normal. The four are later exposed to the media and public, who name the group as: "The Fantastic Four", with Reed undertaking the alias of "Mr. Fantastic" and embarking on numerous adventures and conflicts against inter-dimensional adversaries and super-human enemies. Throughout the series, Ultimate Reed Richards' personality remains largely similar to his Earth-616 counterpart, being a well-meaning, altruistic and unassuming, but socially-awkward, quirky, eccentric and over-analytical polymath in his early-20s, who balances his love and passion for science with his blossoming relationship with Sue, while also serving as the brains and leader of the Fantastic Four, devising the team's equipment and strategy against adversaries, while being notably younger and snarkier than his mainstream counterpart.

After the Ultimatum miniseries resulted in the death of many heroes, Reed attempts to propose to Sue during Franklin Storm's funeral but she breaks up with him and the Fantastic Four is disbanded. Reed is later seen working with aliens to pillage the artifacts stored at Project Pegasus. It becomes clear that Reed's worldview has changed to a more sinister outlook, as a result of the mental and emotional trauma endured from the Ultimatum coupled with Sue's rejection and breakup. In Ultimate Enemy, he is shown to be living with his parents again before an explosion seemingly kills them. In Ultimate Mystery, Reed is revealed to have orchestrated his family's murders and faked his own death, before allying himself with the attacking aliens. Ultimate Doomsday sees Reed confronted by his former teammates, as well as Spider-Man, Mahr Vehl, and the Ultimates. As the story unfolds, it becomes clear to his former friends that Reed is a threat to the world. Part of his motivation to become a villain is that he no longer likes his home dimension and wishes he could find another world to improve.

In Ultimate Fallout, Reed is revealed to have survived his defeat and is shown trapped in the Negative Zone. He soon escapes and returns to his world, where he vows to win back his friends by saving the planet. In Ultimate Comics: The Ultimates, Reed is revealed to be the Maker, creator of The City and leader of the Children of Tomorrow, a race of genetically engineered superhumans. He has come back to fight against the Ultimates after spending 1,000 years in the distant future - having been unable to age due to his powers - and the top of his head has been 'stretched' in order to increase his intelligence. It is not until Reed reveals his face to Thor that the Ultimates learn his true identity. Invisible Woman traps the Maker into a small psychic bubble, but he survives. Later, the Maker assembles part of the Infinity Gauntlet with help from Kang and her Dark Ultimates.

When the primary Galactus arrives in the Ultimate Universe due to a temporal distortion, the Ultimates are forced to approach Reed for help after Mysterio (who was trapped in the Ultimate universe) identifies Galactus and reveals having been defeated by Earth-616's Reed Richards in the past. Accompanied by the new Spider-Man, Reed travels to Earth-616 to access his counterpart's files. Before he departs, he and Miles are confronted by Valeria, leaving Reed shaken as he witnesses the family he and Sue could have had. Based on his counterpart's files on Galactus, Reed defeats him by sending him to the Negative Zone, where he can starve to death due to the Negative Zone consisting entirely of anti-matter and thus providing nothing for Galactus to consume.

Secret Wars
Nick Fury secretly recruits Reed to help draft counter-measures to doomsday scenarios, where he eventually starts having to fight Incursions. While working on stopping another, he finds the Cabal escaping from another destroyed Earth. Following the final incursion, Reed and the Cabal escape the destruction of Earth-1610 in a "life-raft" created for that purpose. Learning that they are on a new world ruled by God Emperor Doom using the power of the Beyonders and Molecule Man, Reed works with his Earth-616 counterpart to devise a means of defeating Doom. However, they are divided due to their morals, as Ultimate Reed wishes to kill their enemy while 616-Reed is more concerned with ensuring that the world can survive without him. After they find Molecule Man, the Maker attempts to eliminate 616-Reed by devolving his counterpart into a monkey. However, Molecule Man intervenes, returning Reed to normal while turning the Maker into pepperoni pizzas.

New Avengers
Despite this, the Maker survives and emerged in the new Prime Earth, where he forms the science-based terrorist organization W.H.I.S.P.E.R. to continue experimenting for his own gain. His first experiment focuses on harnessing the souls of the dead to try and capture the souls of previous universes. Maker also assembles a new incarnation of the Revengers, with plans to have them face the New Avengers. They consist of Asti the All-Seeing, Paibok, Vermin, White Tiger, and alternate versions of Angar the Screamer and Skar.

During the "Civil War II" storyline, the New Revengers gain City's O.M.N.I.T.R.O.C.U.S form as its latest member. As A.I.M. is facing off against S.H.I.E.L.D., Maker takes advantage of this by sending his New Revengers to attack them. While O.M.N.I.T.R.O.C.U.S. keeps Sunspot trapped in his office while having his own defense system attack him, Angela del Toro fights her aunt Ava Ayala while the other Revengers members attack the rest of the New Avengers and the staff of Avengers Base Two. Donning a variation of the Rescue armor, Toni Ho manages to slay the alternate Skar. Also, Mockingbird managed to get free from O.M.N.I.T.R.O.C.U.S.' clutches with the help of Warlock while Ava frees Angela from the combined influences of the Tiger God and the Hand. The remaining members of the New Revengers face off against the New Avengers and A.I.M. While the remaining members of the New Revengers are defeated, Maker escapes. Sunspot later confronts Maker aboard fake Air Force One and defeats him. Sunspot then delivers Maker to the government, which imprisons him in a special cell.

Working with Project Oversight
Maker later appears as a member of Project Oversight. He was seen interrogating Eddie Brock about the incident revolving around the Grendel symbiote and Knull while stating that he is not the Mister Fantastic that Brock knows. In addition, he talked about how the Venom symbiote has lost its personality, saying it is just a guard dog now, that it can't give Brock powers anymore. When Brock asks Maker if he would be able to restore it, Maker states that the only way to do that is to connect it to the symbiote hive mind and the last person to do that was the late Flash Thompson. Maker was unable to get the answer from Brock about what happened to the same of the Grendel symbiote. He even reveals the symbiote bio-mass that was extracted by Flash's corpse as he plans to exhume and vivisect it. This causes the Venom symbiote to retaliate and trap Maker in a morgue locker. After getting out, he reaches a room to delete the footage of him being attacked by the Venom symbiote while also viewing the events of "Spider-Geddon" and "Infinity Countdown."

Maker later shows up at the hospital when Brock was by the bedside of Dylan Brock. Maker probed the living darkness cocooning Brock's body until the Venom symbiote's tendril constricts him. Eddie tells Maker that he has to go after Dylan after it was discovered that Dylan is his son, but Maker states that Dylan will be fine. Maker shows his concern that Eddie will not survive long being forcefully separated from the Venom symbiote. After turning up the volume the symbiote is successfully removed from Eddie, however incapacitating both Maker and Eddie.

Eventually, Maker bonds with the Venom Symbiote from Earth-1610, but is attacked by a symbiote named Virus and thrown into the Ultimate Universe, where Maker is happy to see his Earth's New York in ruins.

After Eddie Brock becomes the new King in Black following Knull's defeat, Venom tells the Avengers that Maker is still around and may be plotting an invasion on the main Marvel Universe.

Powers and abilities
Ultimate Reed Richards's power of elasticity has been increased in comparison to his counterpart's. He can stretch his eyes, specifically the lens, so that he does not need his glasses or any other visual augmentation, but can only sustain this for short periods. It's revealed that his abilities allow him to stretch his brain in order to accommodate and solve almost any problem, thus making him effectively a human computer, so Reed is a genius with an IQ of at least 267 at age 16. The Ultimate Reed cannot stretch indefinitely: catching the falling Carol Danvers after she is dropped by the Silver Surfer, he admits that it hurt him to stretch that far.

The Ultimate Reed experiences an increase in his intellect from the accident that empowered him, making his "mind as flexible as his body". He has shown a reduced need for sleep due to the hyper-efficient workings of his brain. Ultimate Reed's body has been radically transformed, his only internal organ being a "bacterial stack" that generates energy to fuel his body. This obviates the need to explain, for example, how his circulatory system can pump his blood when his body is stretched the length of a football field; he simply has none. Lacking a digestive system, he has no need to eat or drink. Similarly, because he has no lungs, Ultimate Reed does not need to breathe in any conventional human sense and can survive in environments lacking oxygen; during his time in the N-Zone, where the atmosphere is essentially acid and contains anti-matter, he is able to survive.

Ultimate Reed is extremely durable, surviving a nova flame attack from the Human Torch, ionic attacks from the Thing and having his brain blown up by Susan Storm's force fields. The Maker can split himself into multiple sentient beings that can operate separately from one another.

Following the Secret War, the Maker was split into an infinite number of beings by the Molecule Man, who placed one version of the Maker in each of the newly formed universes being created by his Earth-616 counterpart and Franklin Richards. Each of these versions shares the same consciousness, allowing them to operate independently. This also enables him to teleport by switching between different versions of himself from different universes, and to transport weapons from other universes, which makes it difficult to disarm him. Brashear fields can be used to block his access to other dimensions.

Other versions
During the "Eternity War" arc, an alternate version of the Maker (sharing the same consciousness as the one imprisoned by the New Avengers) arrives on Counter-Earth to collaborate with High Evolutionary to "evolve the entire multiverse". The Maker uses the High Evolutionary's machinery to destroy the Superflow that keeps the different universes separate, merging them into one reality to help Eternity fight the First Firmament. He also uses the machine to revive the Earth-1610 Ultimates (Captain America, Iron Man, Giant-Man, Wasp, and Hulk) in case anyone tries to reverse his universal fusion. When Earth-616's version of Ultimates arrive on Counter-Earth to confront Maker (who has made it easier for the First Firmament to "digest" Eternity), Maker doesn't believe them and orders the Earth-1610 Ultimates to attack. As both versions of Ultimates conclude that there is no reason to fight each other, Maker kills Ultimate Captain America for disobeying his orders. After having been frozen by Spectrum and shattered by the High Evolutionary, both Ultimates help Eternity to defeat the First Firmament. Afterwards, the Earth-1610 Ultimates pursue the Makers across the universe.

In other media
 The Ultimate costume is the default skin for Mister Fantastic in the video games Marvel: Ultimate Alliance and Marvel: Future Fight. The Ultimate costume also appears in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2 and Rise of the Silver Surfer.

References

External links
 Reed Richards (Earth-1610) at Marvel Wiki
 Maker at Comic Vine
 Maker at Comic Book DB

Comics characters introduced in 2004
Marvel Comics supervillains
Fictional child prodigies
Fictional characters who can stretch themselves
Fictional characters who committed familicide
Fictional characters from New York City
Fictional terrorists
Fantastic Four
Marvel Comics male supervillains
Marvel Comics scientists
Ultimate Marvel characters

Maker (Reed Richards)


A carpet is a rectangular piece of woven textile.

Generally, carpets are used to make spaces more beautiful and to make walking on the floor quieter. Carpets are warmer and softer than hard floors such as hardwood, tile, or concrete. Carpets may be many different sizes. Rugs and carpets originated in Central Asia, but the idea of machine manufacture was invented in Europe. The oldest known carpet was found in the year of 1947 at excavations in Siberia. So there are two different kinds of things: one is hand-made by traditional methods, and the other woven by machine. This accounts for the very great difference in style and price between traditional rugs and modern wall-to-wall carpeting.

The name "carpet" comes from Old Italian carpita, "carpire" means to pluck. The term "carpet" is used mostly to describe textiles placed on the floor most of the times stretched from wall to wall.

Rugs are smaller in size, often placed over a carpet, and often decorated. In Islam, rugs are used as prayer mats, for people to kneel on when they pray.

It is common, especially in the Middle East, for rugs and carpets to be used as wall decoration, and they are designed with decoration in mind. Mass-manufactured carpets in western countries are utilitarian: for hard use on the floor, and usually self-coloured (that is one color over the whole carpet). Traditional rugs from the Middle East are hand-made and may be very expensive by the time they reach shops in the western world.

In some countries carpets are designed in a way to tell stories. They can tell history of family or something important that happened.

References

Cloth

Carpet


Robert Jackson "RJ" King III is an American male model. He has appeared on the cover of Vogue Italia twice.

Early life
He was born in Columbia, Missouri on April 1, 1992. His sisters Meghan King Edmonds, Julie King, and Caitlin King are also in the entertainment or sports industries.

Career
He is represented by IMG Models. King was discovered at a mall in St. Louis.

King has modeled for Tommy Hilfiger, Michael Kors, Dolce & Gabbana, Uniqlo, Max Mara, Samsung, Armani Exchange, Prada (as an exclusive), Hermès, John Varvatos, Yves Saint Laurent, Louis Vuitton, Moncler, Salvatore Ferragamo, J. Crew, Carven, and Banana Republic, Rag & Bone, Brooks Brothers, and DSquared2 among others. His first job was for i-D magazine. He has also appeared in W and GQ Germany.

References

1992 births
Living people
People from Columbia, Missouri
People from St. Louis
Gay models
American LGBT models
American male models
Male models from Missouri

RJ King


The Tennessee Democratic Party is the Tennessee affiliate of the Democratic Party.

Leadership

Chairperson
The party´s chairperson is Mary Mancini.

History (1810s - Civil War)
Andrew Jackson founded the Democratic Party in the 1820s. Jackson himself hailed from Tennessee, and thus Tennessee may be said to have been the founding region of the Democratic Party. In 1828, Jackson was elected president, becoming both the first Democrat and the first Tennessean to do so. He won over 95 percent of the vote in Tennessee. In 1844, Tennessee Democrat James K Polk, a Jackson protege, was elected president. By the late 1850s, Tennessee, a slave-state, was dominated by Democrats. In 1856, in fact, the antislavery Republican party was not even on the ballot in Tennessee.

Civil War and Andrew Johnson

Secession and restoration
Tennessee seceded from the Union along with 10 other southern states, in 1861. It was one of the last states to do so. It was quickly recaptured by the Union.

Gov. Andrew Johnson
Cong. Andrew Johnson, D-TN, was named governor of Tennessee by President Lincoln. In 1864, Lincoln chose Johnson (a Tennessean) as his running mate for President. Following Lincoln´s reelection, Johnson was sworn in as vice-president. After Lincoln´s assassination in 1865, Johnson became the 17th US president. Johnson was very unpopular, however. In 1868 he became the first US President to be impeached, and his removal from office failed by just one vote.

Post-Civil War
Following the Civil War, the thousands of slaves in Tennessee were liberated, and due to the 15th Amendment given the right to vote. However, around that same period, the Klu Klux Klan was founded in Tennessee. It, along with other such groups, suppressed many African-Americans from voting. Although Democrats initially controlled Tennessean politics, their grasp was not as strong as it was throughout the rest of the south, and by the 20th century, Tennessee was more of a swing state.

Dwindling numbers and more recent elections
Democrats have lost the majority the once had in Tennessee.

2000 and 2016 presidential elections in Tennessee

2000
In 2000, the Democrats nominated for president, Al Gore. If elected Gore would have been the fourth Tennessean Democrat to be president. But Gore lost the Electoral College very narrowly. He would have won it had he won his home state of Tennessee: Tennessee supported the Republican candidate, George W Bush. The election was a surefire sign Tennessee was growing more and more conservative.

2016
In 2016 Tennessee again showed how conservative it had grown when it voted for Republican Donald Trump by 26 percent.

In Congress

Tennessee Legislature

Tennessee House
Democrats hold just 28 of the 99 seats in the Tennessee House. Their leader is Karen Camper.

Tennessee Senate
Democrats control just seven of the 33 seats in the Tennessee Senate. One of these seven members, and the leader of Democrats, is Jeff Yarbro.

US Congress

US House
Tennessee has nine seats in the United States House of Representatives. Of these, just two are held by Democrats. These Democrats are: Steve Cohen, and Jim Cooper.

Historically
Democrats last held a majority of the Tennessee seats in the US House in 2009. In 2010 Republicans won a majority, and have kept it to date.

US Senate
Neither of the two US Senate seats from Tennessee is held by Democrats.

Other websites
http://www.tndp.org

Political parties in the United States
Organizations based in Tennessee

Tennessee Democratic Party


Richard Mohr (June 13, 1919 in Springfield, Ohio – November 23, 2002 in West Milford, New Jersey) was one of RCA Victor's most prominent producers of classical and operatic music recordings from 1943 through 1977. His producing credits included  recording the casts of the world premieres of Samuel Barber's Vanessa and Gian Carlo Menotti's Amahl and the Night Visitors, as well as the first LP recordings of Ernani, Luisa Miller and Lucrezia Borgia and three versions each of Rigoletto, Aida, La Traviata and Il Trovatore.

His orchestral repertory began with the last of the live, historical performances of Arturo Toscanini and the NBC Symphony Orchestra and continued over the years with such conductors as Leopold Stokowski, Pierre Monteux, Charles Munch, Fritz Reiner, Arthur Fiedler, Erich Leinsdorf, Tullio Serafin, Jean Morel, Zubin Mehta, James Levine, Georg Solti, Fausto Cleva and Nello Santi, conducting some of the world's most prestigious orchestras, such as The Chicago Symphony Orchestra, The Boston Symphony Orchestra, The Philadelphia Orchestra, The London Philharmonic Orchestra, the New Philharmonia Orchestra, and the London Symphony Orchestra.

The recorded legacy he left behind contains more than 80 complete opera recordings, including the landmark, La Bohème with Victoria de los Angeles and Jussi Bjoerling, conducted by Thomas Beecham. Other operas featured many of the glorious voices of the era including  Leontyne Price, Montserrat Caballé, Martina Arroyo, Fiorenza Cossotto, Ruggero Raimondi, Leonard Warren, Risë Stevens,  Licia Albanese, Robert Merrill, Roberta Peters, Zinka Milanov, Jan Peerce, Richard Tucker, Renata Scotto, Renata Tebaldi, Anna Moffo,  Plácido Domingo, Sherrill Milnes, Carlo Bergonzi, Alfredo Kraus, Giorgio Tozzi, Gabriel Bacquier, Nicolai Gedda, Giuseppe di Stefano, Cesare Valletti, Judith Blegen and Mirella Freni.

Martin Bernheimer, former music critic of  the Los Angeles Times said of him that  "He had a great eye and ear for talent and for putting important people together for projects that had lasting value to the music lover. He was an enabler with great imagination and great taste. My impression was he got (the artists) to behave like pussy-cats."
His body of work earned him five Grammy Awards for Best Opera Recording of the year and at least twenty-five  Grammy nominations. He is also widely known for his appearances on the Met Opera Quiz broadcasts as a panelist and later as producer of the Metropolitan Opera radio broadcast intermission features.

References

External links
Biography and detailed account

1919 births
2002 deaths
Grammy Award winners
People from Springfield, Ohio
People from West Milford, New Jersey
Record producers from Ohio

Richard Mohr


Andrew Jackson Bates (June 23, 1839 – February 13, 1915) was a New England industrialist and founder of the Bates Shoe Company (which is now part of Wolverine World Wide). He was credited with pioneering the wholesale footwear business.

Biography
Andrew Jackson Bates was born in Webster, Massachusetts, on June 23, 1839. He was a descendant of Clement Bates, an early settler of Hingham, Massachusetts, who arrived from Lydd, England in 1635. In 1773 Jacob Bates great grandson of Clement Bates came to Webster when it was still part of Dudley, Massachusetts. Andrew J. Bates was the great grandson of Jacob, grandson of Captain Alanson Bates (1772 – 1842), and the son of Nelson Bates (1801 – 1889). He grew up on the family homestead which had at the time seen five generations of the Bates family. Although his father was regarded as an excellent farmer, a prominent figure in 19th century Webster and a selectman during the year 1839, he was not very active in civic affairs. One explanation being that he had always preferred private to public life, honest industry to idleness or speculation. Webster economic growth was kindled by the establishment of Samuel Slater's cotton mill at the head of the Lake Chaubunagungamaug "Historical Collections, Vol.1" by Holmes Ammidown states that in 1812 "...men of prominence in the vicinity...were Elijah Pratt, Asa and Samuel Robinson, John and Alanson Bates, and several by the name of Kingsbury, all being men of considerable character and standing, maintaining good moral, social and religious society."

When he was eighteen he went to New York City to seek fame and fortune. After gaining experience in the footwear business, he established the A. J. Bates and Company in 1866 to merchandise shoes.  In 1886 the firm began the manufacture of shoes in Webster at what was to become one of the largest shoe factories in New England. He reportedly opened the plant in Webster to control the quality of shoes that were distributed through his New York office. A believer in good value, he insisted that his shoes must wear better than higher priced shoes because he did not sell to the "carriage trade".

He was a pioneer in the wholesale shoe business and was closely identified with its development. Today Bates is part of Wolverine and is one of the largest uniform footwear companies in the world.

Andrew J. Bates was married in 1862 to Harriet daughter of Asa and Matilda (Kingsbury) Bartlett of Webster, MA. Harriet died in 1887 and Andrew J. Bates married a second time in 1891 to Emma Van Nostrand of Brooklyn, New York. When he died February 15, 1915, he left his wife, a son Edgar A. Bates and three daughters.

See also
 Wolverine World Wide

References

External links
  Edgar Asa Bates, son of Andrew J. Bates, pictured in front of the original Bates family home in Webster
 Document describing the "Fox and Hounds"
  Photos of the building at 144 Duane Street, built in 1862 as the A.J. Bates department store
  Photo of the former A. J. Bates Home on Thompson Road
 NY Times article about Bates chauffeur
  Thomas Sully, Capture of Major André, 1812, oil on canvas, 22 3/8 x 30 1/8 in. ( 56.8 x 77.1 cm), Worcester Art Museum, Gift of Andrew J. Bates II, 1991

1839 births
1915 deaths
People from Webster, Massachusetts
American retail chief executives
19th-century American businesspeople

Andrew J. Bates


Geoffrey II, called Martel ("the Hammer"), was a French nobleman who was the Count of Anjou from 1040 to 1060. He was the last count who was a male line descendant of Ingelger. The countship passed through his sister Ermengarde-Blanche of Anjou to her son Geoffrey III.

Early career

Geoffrey was born 14 October 1006. He was the son of Fulk the Black and Hildegard of Lorraine. As the count of Vendome,  Geoffrey married Agnes of Burgundy. About 1038 Geoffrey was asked by Herbert Braco to help him against Gervais, the Bishop of Le Mans. During the short war between them Geoffrey broke his hip. This caused Geoffrey to have to transfer some of his vassals to Bishop Gervais.

Count of Anjou

At his father's death in 1040 Geoffrey Martel succeeded him. Along with king Henry I of France Geoffrey maintained a war against the count Theobald of Blois. As the power of Blois was reduced the power of Anjou increased. But Geoffrey became too powerful and by the late 1040s the king turned against him.

About 1047 Geoffrey began to look to the north for more land. Geoffrey attacked the castle of Château-du-Loir owned by Bishop Gervais. He did not capture the castle but burned some of it. Geoffrey did capture Bishop Gervais who he threw in prison. The Council of Reims in 1049 ordered Geoffrey to release his captive bishop or they would excommunicate him. Even when the pope did excommunicate Geoffrey the following year he would not release the Bishop.

Geoffrey next acquired the castles of Alençon and Domfront on the southern border of Normandy. From there he raided into Normandy. In 1051 Duke William moved against Domfront but was not able to defeat the fortress. William then set up a siege of the castle to force it to surrender. This caused Geoffrey to leave Maine and return to Anjou.

In early 1052 a political shift occurred. King Henry I reconciled with Geoffrey Martel and about the same time he turned against Duke William of Normandy.
In the same year, 1052, when the count of Maine, Hugh, died Geoffrey took over Maine without a fight. He ruled Maine until his death. Bishop Gervaise finally purchased his freedom from Geoffrey by giving him Château-du-Loir and promising not to return to Le Mans. Gervais went to the court of Duke William of Normandy. Another event in 1052 in Normandy would bring King Henry and Count Geoffrey together against William of Normandy. William of Arques, a vassal and relative of Duke William rebelled.  In 1053 the king, along with Geoffrey of Anjou entered Normandy to assist William of Arques against Duke William. The duke had laid siege to the castle of Arques. But the relief effort failed and King Henry and count Geoffrey were forced to leave Normandy. In 1054 the King, accompanied by Geoffrey Martel again raided into Normandy. The king's brother, Odo, led a second force which attacked Normandy from the west. Odo's forces were defeated causing the king and count Geoffrey to leave Normandy again.

In 1058 Geoffrey was visited by the king in Anjou. The two planned their next attacks on Normandy. In August of that year the two led a combined force into Normandy to pillage and burn what they could. At a crossing of the Dives River their force was caught by the rising tide. Geoffrey and the king were on the other side when the bulk of their army was attacked and defeated by Duke William. All Geoffrey and the king could do was leave Normandy as fast as they could. The king's death in the summer of 1060 and Geoffrey's death in November of that same year ended their wars.

Family

Geoffrey II's first wife was Agnes of Burgundy, the widow of William V of Aquitaine; she and Geoffrey married in 1032, but had divorced by 1050.

His second wife was named Grace.

His third wife was Adèle, the daughter of a "Count Odo" of Blois.

His last wife was Adelaide "La Teutonne".

Geoffrey died childless.

Notes

References

1006 births
1060 deaths
Counts of Anjou

Geoffrey II of Anjou


Gamification is making an activity that isn't a game (a playful or competitive activity) more like a game. The word comes from "game" and "-ification", a suffix meaning "The process of becoming". Gamification is about implementing game design elements and game rules in real life. The use of gamification solutions helps to increase the involvement of users or employees. The main benefits of gamification:
 increased commitment
 increased satisfaction
 the ability to monitor progress
 increase in productivity and satisfaction
 long-term loyalty of participants

References

Design
Entertainment
Human behavior
Marketing

Gamification


Grafton Way is a street in the London Borough of Camden that runs from Tottenham Court Road in the east to Fitzroy Street in the west. Whitfield Street and Grafton Mews adjoin Grafton Way.

The street was originally known as Grafton Street.

Venezuelan revolutionary Francisco de Miranda lived in Grafton Street from 1803 to 1810.

References

External links

Streets in the London Borough of Camden

Grafton Way


Riccardo Calimani (born 1946 in Venice, Italy) is a writer and historian, specialising in Italian and European Judaism and Jewish history.

A graduate of electronic engineering at the University of Padua and of Philosophy of science at the University of Venice, he worked many years a director of TV programmes at RAI for the Venetian Region.

Among his many works are Dialogo sull'ebraismo (Dialogue on Judaism) (1984), an updated edition of the book written by important Venetian Rabbi Simone Calimani (Simchah ben Abraham Calimani, an ancestor of his), who lived in the 18th century; The Ghetto of Venice (Costantino Pavan Prize), Ebrei e pregiudizio (Jews and Prejudice) (2000), Storia dell'ebreo errante (A History of the Wandering Jew) (2002), L'Inquisizione a Venezia (Inquisition in Venice) (2002), Non è facile essere ebreo (It's Not Easy To Be A Jew) (2004), Passione e tragedia (Passion and Tragedy) (2006), Ebrei eterni inquieti (Jews, Eternally Restless) (2007). In 1986 he received the Prize for Culture from the Italian Parliament and in 1997 the European Prize for Culture.

Currently, he is the vice president of the Jewish Community of Venice and Honorary Swiss Consul in Venice.

Bibliography
Ebrei eterni inquieti (Jews, Eternally Restless) (2007)
Non è facile essere ebreo (It's Not Easy To Be A Jew) (2004)
Passione e tragedia: La Storia Degli Ebrei Russi (Passion and Tragedy: The History of Russian Jews) (January 2006), 1st ed.
Le Radici del Futuro : 1985–2005, I Protagonisti del Veneto (with Vittorio Pierobon) January 2005, 1st ed.
Storia del ghetto di Venezia (1995)
The Venetian Ghetto (with Anna-Vera Sullam Calimani, Davide Calimani – January 2005)
Storia dell'Ebreo Errante : Dalla Distruzione del Tempio di Gerusalemme al Novecento (A History of the Wandering Jew) (January 2002) 1st ed.
L'inquisizione a Venezia : Eretici E Processi 1548–1674 (January 2002)
Venice : Guide to the Synagogues, Museum and Cemetery (with Cesare Vivante, Giovannina Sullam Reinisch) (January 2001) 1st ed.
Ebrei e Pregiudizio : Introduzione alla Dinamica dell'Odio (Jews And Prejudice: Introduction to Hate Dynamics) (January 2000) 1st ed.
Paolo: L'Ebreo che fondò il Cristianesimo (Paul: The Jew Who Founded Christianity) (January 1999) 1st ed.
Capitali Europee dell'Ebraismo tra Ottocento e Novecento (January 1998), 1st ed.
Le Vie Del Mondo : Berlino, Budapest, Praga, Vienna E Trieste Intellettuali Ebrei E Cultura Europea Dal 1880 Al 1930 (January 1998)
I destini e le avventure dell'intellettuale ebreo, 1650–1933 (Destinies and Adventures of the Intellectual Jew, 1650–1933) (January 1996) 1st ed.
Presenze Ebraico-Cristiane nelle Venezie (Jewish-Christian Presences in the Venezie) (with Giuseppe Dal Ferro – January 1993)
Storia dei marrani a Venezia (A History of Marranos in Venice) (January 1991) 1st ed.
Gesù ebreo (Jewish Jesus) (January 1990) 1st ed.
The Ghetto of Venice (with Katherine Silberblatt Wolfthal – October 1987)
Storia dell'Ebreo Errante (History of the Wandering Jew) (January 1987) 1st ed.
Energia, Più Dubbi, Meno Certezze : I Perché Di Un Problema (Energy: More Doubts, Less Certainties) (January 1981)
Una di maggio (One in May) (1975)

External links
Full bibliography on AllBookstores
Review of The Ghetto of Venice (on Foreign Affairs, 1988)
Author's Profile on BiblioMonde
"Per Riccardo Calimani il saggio di Ariel Toaff è ambiguo e avvilente" (article on Il Giorno d'Israele, February 2007)
Review of Calimani's book Paul (by G. Pagliarino, 2000)
Profile on FestivalLetteratura

Jewish writers
1946 births
Living people
Venetian Jews
20th-century Italian writers
20th-century Italian male writers
21st-century Italian writers
21st-century Italian male writers

Riccardo Calimani


Lalloo Alphonse (Malayalam: ലല്ലു അൽഫോൻസ്) is a Malayali singer and assistant professor in English literature. She is a popular Singer and band performer with live performances top listed in YouTube and other social Medias. Singing the Indian Semi-Classical Music Hindi film Song "Mere dholna Sun" from Film Bhool Bhulaiya at the wedding eve of her brother is her most recognized performance. She sang Malayalam songs at college functions.

Early life
Lalloo was born on 18 June 1987 in Chemmalamattom, Kanjirapally, Kerala. She began her music training at a young age at home. Her father Alphonse James was a professional guitarist and her mother Valsa Alphonse is a singer, her younger brother Leo Alphonse is running an IT firm at Palai. She did her schooling at St Joseph's E.M.H.S.S Kunnumbhagam and A.M.H.S.S Kalaketty. After completing her graduation in English Literature from Alphonsa College, Pala, she did her post-graduation from Devamatha college, Kuravilangad. Also holds another post-graduation in Linguistics from Annamalai University. Her credentials include successful completion of the Cambridge CELTA Course from the British Council, which has equipped her with the necessary skills and knowledge to teach English to non-native speakers proficiently. Actively participating in various stage shows and church choirs along with education, she managed to succeed both in academics and Music Career. Formal training for Carnatic music was under the Music Teachers Teekoy Radhakrishnan sir and Ponkunnam Jose sir, now continuing advanced vocal training at Liquid School of Music, Kochi under the Famous Pianist and musician Robin Thomas. She started her teaching career as an Assistant professor of English Literature from 2011 at Alphonsa College, Pala. Later she worked at Mar Augusthinose college Ramapuram and St. Dominic's College, Kanjirappally.In 2015, she married Anup Thomas, who is an IT professional and singer.

Musical career
After the marriage the wedding reception song performed by her and her spouse become most variety song for Netizens, later with her husband, singing couple band was established and they are doing different stage shows in India and abroad.
She is Invited to sing on the Upcoming Movie by Malayalam Film Director Bhadran (director) with actor Mohanlal as lead Character. Wedding song made Lalloo Alphons's musical journey special, the duet sung by bride & bride groom become the hot news reports for channels and news papers. Interviews at Malayala Manorama and Reporter TV made Lalloo Alphonse the favorite singing teacher among television and internet audience. Deccan chronicle news paper dated (6 – March – 2017) published a special news article about Lalloo Alphonse Musical Talent and ambitions. Recently released her debut Hindi cover song for 'Bahon Mein Chale Aoo'  the popular Lata Mageshkar voice from Anamika Movie on YouTube channel.

Recognition

National media News18 and NDTV published the sensational news report about Kerala singer singing just like Shreya Ghoshal in a live performance. Now the video song crossed more than 2 Million Views on Internet. Many news platforms like Malayala Manorama, Mathrubhumi, Dailyhunt, Deccan Chronicle, mentioned Lalloo Alphonse Hindi song video as most viewed viral video. Her all songs got wide acceptance in other languages too, mainly in Telugu and Hindi. Telangana news channel Namasthe Telangana recently published her new video song in their portal. Another milestone in her musical career is to become the most popular singer in the worldwide online competition, V.J Traven Music Contest conducted by Malayalam Christian Network. She also associated with Grammy Award winner musician Manoj George for a devotional album, singing the Main song. Shishiram pozhiyum is her debut shortfilm song for the movie Nth Heaven. Lalloo Alphonse honoured by Ex-Chief minister of Kerala Shri. Oommen Chandy at the occasion of Deepika best Christian college award ceremony in backwater ripples. Onmanorama recently published an article about her 'Bahon Mein Chale Aao' cover song. Most latest story on the Kerala's first daily Newspaper Deepika about Singing teacher in its Column Sunday Deepika which grabs the attention of many offline, print media audience too.

Lalloo made her debut recording in Telugu for a devotional song 'Naa Yesu Nadha' in March 2020.

References

External links
Lalloo Alphonse on Facebook
Lalloo Alphonse on YouTube
Lalloo Alphonse on MVTV Online
Lalloo Alphonse on Veethi.com

Living people
1987 births
People from Pala, Kerala
Singers from Kerala
21st-century Indian singers
Malayali people

Lalloo Alphonse


Goretti Linda Nassanga is a Ugandan journalist, academic and academic administrator, who serves as professor and Dean, Faculty of Journalism and Communication at Makerere University.

Background and education
Nassanga was born in Mukono District, in the Buganda Region of Uganda circa 1957. She attended Naggalama Primary School, then Mount Saint Mary's College Namagunga, where she obtained her High School Diploma.

She was admitted to Makerere University, Uganda's oldest and largest public university, where she graduated with  Bachelor of Arts in Social Work and Social Administration in 1979. Later, in 1992 she was admitted to the University of Wales, graduating with a Master of Journalism degree in 1993. In 2003, she graduated from Makerere University with a Doctor of Philosophy in Journalism and Communication.

Career
Nassanga's first job out of university in 1979, was as an information officer at the then Uganda Ministry of Information. There, she wrote stories for the Uganda News Agency which would air on Radio Uganda and Uganda Television. Initially, she was posted at the general desk, where she covered a number of assignments. Later, she was deployed to Parliament as a reporter. In time, she rose to head the Parliament Desk. After that, she joined the Presidential Press Unit as a reporter, eventually becoming the head of the Presidential Press Unit.

In 1989 Nassanga retired from active journalism and took up a teaching position at the School of Journalism at the Institute of Public Administration (now Uganda Management Institute). In 1992, she left to pursue a Master of Journalism degree from the University of Wales, in Cardiff, United Kingdom.

When she returned to Uganda in 1993, she joined Makerere University as a lecturer in journalism. In 1998, she became the head of the newly created Department of Journalism at the university. In 2003, she graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy from Makerere, becoming the first PhD graduate from the department. On 29 July 2016, Nassanga became a professor, and as of September 2019, was the only professor at the department.

Other considerations
Professor Nassanga has published extensively in peer-reviewed journals and contributed chapters in various books. Her subject matter has included gender, media and development, development communication, environment communication, health communication, media ethics, regulation and communication policies, peace journalism, ICT and new media.

See also
 List of universities in Uganda
 Monica Chibita

References

External links
 Varsity Leaders Ask For Dialogue With Museveni As of 26 November 2018.

Living people
1957 births
Ugandan journalists
Makerere University alumni
Alumni of the University of Wales
Academic staff of Uganda Management Institute
Ganda people
Academic staff of Makerere University
People from Central Region, Uganda

Goretti Nassanga


Portugal Rei de Armas or Rei de Armas Portugal (Portuguese for "Portugal King of Arms") was the title of the main officer of arms of the Kingdom of Portugal. The office was established by King John I of Portugal, with its first holder being an Englishman named Harriet.

The office was restructured in the scope of the new law that reformed the Portuguese heraldry, decreed by King Manuel I in 1512. The office was abolished when the Portuguese Monarchy was replaced by the Republic in 1910.

Besides the principal Portugal Rei de Armas, there were two deputy kings of arms, the Rei de Armas Algarve (Algarve King of Arms) and the Rei de Armas Índia (India King of Arms). The titles of the kings of arms were taken from the three main parts of the dominions of the Crown of Portugal, that were then the Kingdom of Portugal, the Kingdom of Algarve and the Portuguese State of India. In 1807, the Rei de Armas Índia was retitled Rei de Armas América, África e Índia (America, Africa and India King of Arms), returning to the original title after the independence of Brazil, recognized by Portugal in 1825.

The kings of arms were assisted by three heralds (Arauto Lisboa, Arauto Silves and Arauto Goa) and by three pursuivants (Passavante Santarém, Passavante Lagos and Passavante Cochim). The titles of the heralds and pursuivants were taken from main cities and towns of Portugal (Lisbon and Santarém), the Algarve (Silves and Lagos) and the Portuguese India (Goa and Kochi). The Arauto Silves was later retitled Tavira.

See also
Portuguese heraldry

References

Offices of arms
Portuguese coats of arms
Coats of arms with buildings
Portuguese heraldry

Portugal Rei de Armas


In computer networking, STREAMS is the native framework in Unix System V for implementing character device drivers, network protocols, and inter-process communication. In this framework, a stream is a chain of coroutines that pass messages between a program and a device driver (or between a pair of programs). STREAMS originated in Version 8 Research Unix, as Streams (not capitalized).

STREAMS's design is a modular architecture for implementing full-duplex I/O between kernel and device drivers. Its most frequent uses have been in developing terminal I/O (line discipline) and networking subsystems. In System V Release 4, the entire terminal interface was reimplemented using STREAMS. An important concept in STREAMS is the ability to push drivers custom code modules which can modify the functionality of a network interface or other device together to form a stack. Several of these drivers can be chained together in order.

History
STREAMS was based on the Streams I/O subsystem introduced in the Eighth Edition Research Unix (V8) by Dennis Ritchie, where it was used for the terminal I/O subsystem and the Internet protocol suite. This version, not yet called STREAMS in capitals, fit the new functionality under the existing device I/O system calls (open, close, read, write, and ioctl), and its application was limited to terminal I/O and protocols providing pipe-like I/O semantics.

This I/O system was ported to System V Release 3 by Robert Israel, Gil McGrath, Dave Olander, Her-Daw Che, and Maury Bach as part of a wider framework intended to support a variety of transport protocols, including TCP, ISO Class 4 transport, SNA LU 6.2, and the AT&T NPACK protocol (used in RFS).  It was first released with the Network Support Utilities (NSU) package of UNIX System V Release 3.  This port added the putmsg, getmsg, and poll system calls, which are nearly equivalent in purpose to the send, recv, and select calls from Berkeley sockets.  The putmsg and getmsg system calls were originally called send and recv, but were renamed to avoid namespace conflict.  In System V Release 4, STREAMS was extended and used for the terminal I/O framework and pipes, providing useful new functionality like bidirectional pipes and file descriptor passing.  A port for UNICOS was also produced. Eric S. Raymond quotes Ritchie as saying about the complexity of System V STREAMS when compared to his V8 Streams that "Streams means something different when shouted".

Concurrent with the System V Release 3 port, AT&T developed protocol-independent STREAMS message passing guidelines for the link, network, and transport layers of the OSI model (layers 2-4).  Due to the typically close implementation coupling of the network and transport protocols in a given protocol stack, and the typical practice of implementing layers 5-7 outside of the kernel, only the link and transport layer STREAMS service interfaces were later standardized by X/Open. In conjunction with the transport message passing model, the Transport Layer Interface (later adopted as the X/Open Transport Interface) was defined to provide a transport protocol-independent API for application development. Also, a library supporting the session, presentation and application layers was defined and later standardized by The Open Group.

STREAMS was required for conformance with the Single UNIX Specification versions 1 (UNIX 95) and 2 (UNIX 98), but as a result of the refusal of the BSD and Linux developers to provide STREAMS, was marked as optional for POSIX compliance by the Austin Group in version 3 (UNIX 03). POSIX.1-2008 with TC1 (IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 edition) has designated STREAMS as 'marked obsolescent' meaning that said functionality may be removed in a future version of the specification. However, the specific definition of 'obsolescent' used also says that strictly conforming POSIX applications 'shall not use obsolescent features'.

Technical overview

In Version 7 Unix, a command was connected to a terminal (keyboard and screen, or keyboard and printer) through a mechanism called the line discipline, which would buffer a single line of input, i.e., wait for the user to press the Return key before sending input to the program for processing; this allowed simple error correction. Streams replaced this with a set of processing modules organized in a linear chain that allowed bidirectional communication between neighboring modules. Programs could "push" a new module onto one end of the chain to change the behavior of a terminal or other character device. Ritchie gives the example chain of a terminal module chained with a Datakit network module to achieve remote login over a network. Aside from characters (bytes) going from program to device and vice versa, Streams could carry control messages such as "hangup" (drop connection) and ioctl messages.

Streams could also be used for inter-process communication, by connecting two processes to pseudoterminals. This functionality was implemented in the mpx window system for the Blit graphics terminal, which could display multiple terminal emulator windows. Each window was a process that communicated with the window system through a pseudoterminal that had the line discipline driver installed, sending typed characters to it and receiving text (and graphics) to display. Control signals designated the user's wish to switch between windows or close them.

The actual Streams modules live in kernel space on Unix, and are installed (pushed) and removed (popped) by the ioctl system call. For example, to install the aforementioned line discipline on a file descriptor fd referring to a terminal device, one would write (in C):

ioctl(fd, PUSH, TTYLD);

To perform input/output on a stream, one either uses the read and write system calls as with regular file descriptors, or a set of STREAMS-specific functions to send control messages.

Ritchie admitted to regretting having to implement Streams in the kernel, rather than as processes, but felt compelled to do so for reasons of efficiency. A later Plan 9 implementation did implement modules as user-level processes.

Implementations
STREAMS has mostly been used in the System V Unix world; however, other implementations exist:

 Plan 9 originally used a multi-processor variant of Research Unix's Streams.  During the transition to the third edition of Plan 9, Streams were further simplified to simple I/O queues.
 An implementation written at Mentat was used in Novell NetWare for its TCP/IP stack, and licensed by Apple for use in the classic Mac OS starting in version 7.5.2, as part of the Open Transport networking system. (In macOS, the Classic Environment used the STREAMS architecture, but the native networking architecture uses the Berkeley sockets API and is derived from the BSD networking code.)
 FreeBSD has basic support for STREAMS-related system calls, as required by SVR4 binary compatibility layer.
 The Windows NT kernel offered a full port of STREAMS as the streams.sys binary. NT DDK even had a chapter on STREAMS, going as late as NT4 though in NT4 DDK it was declared obsolete. The original TCP/IP stack for Windows NT 3.1 was implemented atop STREAMS by Spider Systems, and used the streams.sys binary. From NT 3.5 up, TCP/IP was remade completely, by adopting the one from Microsoft LAN Manager for OS/2 1.x.
 The AlphaTCP networking layer in AMOS, the operating system for Alpha Micro computers, was also based on SpiderStreams.

Linux does not include STREAMS functionality without third-party add-ons. Caldera had "pushed" for STREAMS to be included in Linux ca. 1998, to support its Netware for Linux, but it was rejected outright by the Linux kernel developers on technical grounds (mainly performance). The compatibility layers in Linux for other operating systems convert STREAMS operations into sockets as early as possible. The implementation used by Caldera was "LiS", by a company called GCOM; it later figured in the legal battles by Caldera's successor, the SCO Group, against Linux, with SCO claiming that Linux with STREAMS infringed what it believed to be its copyrights to System V.

Notes

References

External links
 The original stream(4) manual from Unix 8th Edition
 The STREAMS framework in Digital UNIX from the Digital UNIX Network Programmer's Guide
 Oracle (formerly, Sun) STREAMS Programming Guide

Computer networking
Inter-process communication
UNIX System V
Unix

STREAMS


William Hayes FRCPI FRS FRSE LLD (18 January 1913 – 7 January 1994) was an Irish geneticist.

Early life
He was born in Rathfarnham, Co Dublin, the only son of William Hayes, a successful Dublin pharmacist, and his second wife, Miriam, née Harris. Hayes was still a child when his father died, and he lived with his mother and grandmother and was educated at home by a governess, before going to a preparatory school in Dalkey and then in 1927 to St Columba's College at Rathfarnham, where his early interest in science began to develop as a hobby. He read medicine at Trinity College Dublin, graduated BA in Natural Science in 1936 and qualified in medicine the following year (MB, BCh).

Career
He completed internships at the Victoria Hospital, Blackpool and Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital, Dublin, before becoming an Assistant to his mentor, Professor J W Bigger, in the Department of Bacteriology at Trinity College. Here his work included routine diagnostic bacteriology and serology and studies of phase variation in Salmonella.

During WWII he was a Major in the Royal Army Medical Corps serving with the Indian Army Medical Corps. Here he began work on penicillin, wrote a book on penicillin therapy and published some of his work on Salmonella infection in the Army in India, which was the beginning of his active interest in bacterial genetics.

In 1947, Hayes returned to a Lectureship at Trinity College Dublin, where he continued his studies with Salmonella, developing his enthusiasm for bacterial genetics, and being awarded the DSc degree. In 1950 he then moved to a senior Lectureship in bacteriology at the University of London Postgraduate Medical School at Hammersmith and began work on bacterial mating. He developed the concept of a donor–recipient partnership with uni-directional transfer of genetic material. The importance of this discovery was quickly emphasised and widely recognised when he found that only a part of the genetic material was transferred from the donor strain (male) to the recipient. The announcement of these spectacular results at a meeting at Pallanza in 1952 firmly established Hayes internationally as a leader in his field.

In March 1964 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and in 1965 delivered their Leeuwenhoek Lecture. He delivered the Bateson Lecture, at the John Innes symposium in 1972 on "Molecular genetics in retrospect".

After a sabbatical year at the California Institute of Technology he became the Director in 1957 of a new Medical Research Council Microbial Genetics Unit in Hammersmith. In 1968 the team moved to the newly formed Department of Molecular Biology at Edinburgh University.

In 1973, with the new Department at Edinburgh firmly established, Hayes accepted the Chair of Genetics at the Australian National University, Canberra, and went back to experimental work on Escherichia coli.

Later life
He retired in 1978 and moved to Sydney, New South Wales, where he died in 1994. He had married Honora Lee in 1941; their son Michael is a medical professional.

He worked in an emeritus capacity in the Botany Department of the Australian National University for most of the 1980s, and was still living in Canberra in 1991.

Honours and awards
 Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland (1943)
 Fellow of the Royal Society of London (1964)
 Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1968)
 Australian Academy of Science (1976)
 Fellowship of the Royal Postgraduate Medical School, University of London (1985)
 Honorary Degrees from the University of Leicester - (Doctor of Science 1968), University of Dublin - (Doctor of Laws 1970), University of Kent - (Doctor of Science 1973) and the National University of Ireland - (Doctor of Science 1973).
 Lectures included the Royal Society Leeuwenhoek Lecture (1965), the Genetical Society Mendel Lecture (1965), the first Griffith Memorial Lecture (1965) and the Macfarlane Burnet Medal and Lecture of the Australian Academy of Science (1977).

Publications
  The Genetics of Bacteria and their Viruses, Blackwells, 1964.

References

External links
 Biography

1913 births
1994 deaths
People from Rathfarnham
Royal Army Medical Corps officers
Irish geneticists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
British Army personnel of World War II
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
20th-century Irish medical doctors
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland
Medical doctors from County Dublin
Scientists from County Dublin
People educated at St Columba's College, Dublin
20th-century Irish biologists
Military personnel from County Dublin
Academics of Trinity College Dublin
Academics of the University of London
Irish military doctors

William Hayes (geneticist)


Mark James Kearney (born 12 June 1962) is an English retired footballer who played in The Football League for Mansfield Town and Bury.

Kearney was born in Ormskirk, Lancashire, and began his career at Everton. However, he never played in a competitive fixture for Everton, and joined Mansfield on a free transfer in March 1983. He made his debut for the Stags on 19 March 1983 against Colchester United. He was a versatile player who could play on the left wing, as left-back or in midfield. He also became Mansfield's penalty-taker when John Dungworth left the club in 1984.

He was a member of the Mansfield side that got promoted from Division Four in 1986, and he was also a member of the side that won the Freight Rover Trophy at Wembley in 1987. As the club's regular penalty-taker, Kearney scored the first goal in the penalty shootout, and also scored the winning goal from the penalty spot when Mansfield won against Middlesbrough in the quarter-final of the same competition.

In total, Kearney played 303 first-team games and scored 37 goals for Mansfield before leaving the club to join Bury in January 1991. He spent three years at Gigg Lane, playing just over a hundred games for the club before being released on a free transfer at the end of the 1993-94 season. He then joined non-league Telford United, who were managed by his former Mansfield teammate George Foster, as player-coach, spending three seasons at Telford before retiring from football in 1997.

Since his retirement from football, Kearney has had coaching jobs at Mansfield, Shrewsbury Town, Northampton Town and Derby County.

References

1962 births
Living people
English men's footballers
Everton F.C. players
Mansfield Town F.C. players
Bury F.C. players
Telford United F.C. players
People from Ormskirk
Men's association football wingers
Men's association football fullbacks
Footballers from Lancashire

Mark Kearney (footballer)


'Anaza or anaza (; sometimes also transliterated as 'anza or anza) refers to a short spear or staff that held ritual importance in the early period of Islam. The term gained significance after the Islamic prophet Muhammad planted his spear in the ground to indicate the direction of prayer (qibla). Over time, 'anaza evolved into an architectural term denoting an outdoor mihrab in mosques, particularly in the Maghreb region.

Origins
The 'anaza was the spear (also known as a ḥarba) of Muhammad and first appears as part of Muslim ritual in the year 624 CE (2 AH), when Muhammad celebrated the first Eid al-Fitr. When Muhammad and the other Muslims reached the musalla (outdoor prayer space), he planted the spear in the ground and used it to indicate the direction of prayers (the qibla), much like a mihrab would in later mosques. The spear was used in this way again on Eid al-Adha the same year. The early caliphs expanded on this practice, making it customary to carry a staff, sword, or bow on ceremonial occasions when ascending the pulpit (minbar), symbolizing authority. The image of the anaza planted in front of a mihrab arch also appears on some early Umayyad coinage.

Architectural feature
Possibly related to its symbolic use as an early qibla indicator, the term "anaza" later came to refer to an architectural feature found in many mosques in the western Maghreb and Morocco. This architectural element designated an "outdoor" or "summer" mihrab, often taking the form of an ornate wooden screen positioned at the boundary between the sahn (courtyard) and the interior prayer hall of a mosque. It was typically aligned with the central mihrab axis of the mosque. This anaza had the function of serving as a mihrab for prayers conducted in the courtyard. The wooden screen was frequently adorned with intricate carvings and paintings depicting a stylized mihrab motif and other inscriptions. Alternatively, the anaza could be a simple marking on the ground or floor of the courtyard just before the central entrance of the prayer hall, such as a semi-circular groove or recess in the middle of the step leading to the entrance.

Wooden anazas were constructed in mosques across Morocco and the Maghreb. In Morocco they became a standard feature of "grand mosques" or Friday mosques in particular. The oldest surviving example is the anaza of the al-Andalusiyyin Mosque in Fez, which dates from 1209 (from the Almohad period). Historical sources also mention an even older anaza, dating from 1129 (during the Almoravid period), at the Qarawiyyin Mosque in Fez, but it no longer exists today and has been replaced by the current Marinid-era anaza which was fabricated between 1288 and 1290. The anaza in the Grand Mosque of Fes el-Jdid, which likely dates from the mosque's construction in 1276, is very similar and might be the oldest Marinid anaza. A similar example is also found in the Grand Mosque of Meknes but was built much later in 1715 (during the reign of the Alaouite sultan Moulay Ismail). Some other post-Marinid examples also include the anaza of the 16th-century Mouassine Mosque in Marrakesh (from the Saadian period). The anaza of the near-contemporary Bab Doukkala Mosque in Marrakesh, on the other hand, is a modern replacement of the original one.

References

Architecture in Morocco
Islamic architectural elements
Islamic terminology
Mosque architecture

Anaza


The lieutenant governor of Florida is a constitutional statewide elected office in the executive branch of the state government of the U.S. state of Florida. It is the second highest-ranking official in the state government.

The lieutenant governor is elected on a ticket with the governor for a four-year term. Official duties of the lieutenant governor are under the current Florida Constitution are to serve as the acting governor in the absence of the governor from the state or to become the governor in the event of the governor's death, resignation or impeachment.

Jeanette Nuñez is the 20th and current lieutenant governor of Florida, in office since January 2019.

Eligibility & requirements
Section 5 of the state's constitution states for a person to serve as lieutenant governor must:

 be at least thirty years old.
 be a permanent resident in Florida for at least seven years.

Election process and terms
The lieutenant governor is elected by the people through the popular election to a four-year term, along with the gubernatorial candidate or the incumbent governor of Florida as their running mate. The gubernatorial candidate or incumbent governor must have the majority of the popular vote in order to win the election.

Under Section 5 of the state's constitution forbids anyone from being elected lieutenant governor more than twice.

Inauguration
The lieutenant governor-elect, or incumbent lieutenant governor immediately began their four-year team on inauguration day every four years in the month of January, along with the incumbent governor and governor-elect.

Gubernatorial line of succession
If the governor dies, reigns, or is impeached, the lieutenant governor ranks first in the succession will assume the gubernatorial office and duties.

List of lieutenant governors of Florida
William W. J. Kelly
William Henry Gleason
Edmund C. Weeks
Samuel T. Day
Marcellus Stearns
Noble A. Hull
Livingston W. Bethel
Milton H. Mabry
Ray C. Osborne
Tom Adams
Jim Williams
Wayne Mixson
Bobby Brantley
Buddy MacKay
Frank Brogan
Toni Jennings
Jeff Kottkamp
Jennifer Carroll
Carlos Lopez-Cantera
Jeanette Nuñez

List of living former lieutenant governors of Florida
Bobby Brantley
Buddy MacKay
Frank Brogan
Toni Jennings
Jeff Kottkamp
Jennifer Carroll
Carlos Lopez-Cantera

References

Lieutenant Governor of Florida


Polutele Kaho, as he was commony known before he received the noble title, was made into the Chief of police at the declaration of the British protectorate, in January 1905. Not really to the wish of king Siaosi Tupou II, as Polutele was one of his strongest critics. But the British did not leave him any choice.

However the Tonga maʻa Tonga Kautaha case brought the two closer together, such that in 1912 Kaho, by then just installed as the noble Tuʻivakanō, and as such from then commonly known as T.P. Tuʻivakanō, took over the prime minister office from the discredited Sione Tupou Mateialona. His younger brother, Sioape Alo Kaho became the minister of police in 1919 for the next 20 years.

He remained in office until 1923 when he retired, and he died little more than one month after.

I.C. Campbell; Island kingdom; Canterbury press, 2001

Tēvita Polutele Kaho/en


In business and engineering, product development or new product development (PD or NPD) covers the complete process of bringing a new product to market, renewing an existing product and introducing a product in a new market. A central aspect of NPD is product design, along with various business considerations. New product development is described broadly as the transformation of a market opportunity into a product available for sale. The products developed by an organisation provide the means for it to generate income. For many technology-intensive firms their approach is based on exploiting technological innovation in a rapidly changing market.

The product can be tangible (something physical which one can touch) or intangible (like a service or experience), though sometimes services and other processes are distinguished from "products."NPD requires an understanding of customer needs and wants, the competitive environment, and the nature of the market.
Cost, time, and quality are the main variables that drive customer needs. Aiming at these three variables, innovative companies develop continuous practices and strategies to better satisfy customer requirements and to increase their own market share by a regular development of new products. There are many uncertainties and challenges which companies must face throughout the process.

Product Development: Process Structure
The product development process typically consists of several activities that firms employ in the complex process of delivering new products to the market. A process management approach is used to provide a structure. Product development often overlaps much with the engineering design process, particularly if the new product being developed involves application of math and/or science. Every new product will pass through a series of stages/phases, including ideation among other aspects of design, as well as manufacturing and market introduction.  In highly complex engineered products (e.g. aircraft, automotive, machinery), the NPD process can be likewise complex regarding management of personnel, milestones, and deliverables.  Such projects typically use an integrated product team approach.  The process for managing large-scale complex engineering products is much slower (often 10-plus years) than that deployed for many types of consumer goods.

The development process is articulated and broken down in many different ways, many of which often include the following phases/stages:

PHASE 1. Fuzzy front-end (FFE) is the set of activities employed before the more formal and well defined requirements specification is completed. Requirements speak to what the product should do or have, at varying degrees of specificity, in order to meet the perceived market or business need

The fuzzy front end (FFE) is the messy "getting started" period of new product engineering development processes. It is also referred to as the "Front End of Innovation", or "Idea Management".

It is in the front end where the organization formulates a concept of the product to be developed and decides whether or not to invest resources in the further development of an idea. It is the phase between first consideration of an opportunity and when it is judged ready to enter the structured development process (Kim and Wilemon, 2007; Koen et al., 2001).
It includes all activities from the search for new opportunities through the formation of a germ of an idea to the development of a precise concept. The Fuzzy Front End phase ends when an organization approves and begins formal development of the concept.

Although the fuzzy front end may not be an expensive part of product development, it can consume 50% of development time (see Chapter 3 of the Smith and Reinertsen reference below), and it is where major commitments are typically made involving time, money, and the product's nature, thus setting the course for the entire project and final end product. Consequently, this phase should be considered as an essential part of development rather than something that happens "before development", and its cycle time should be included in the total development cycle time.

Koen et al. (2001) distinguish five different front-end elements (not necessarily in a particular order):
 Opportunity Identification
 Opportunity Analysis
 Idea Genesis
 Idea Selection
 Idea and Technology Development
The first element is the opportunity identification. In this element, large or incremental business and technological chances are identified in a more or less structured way. Using the guidelines established here, resources will eventually be allocated to new projects, which then leads to a structured NPPD (New Product & Process Development) strategy.

The second element is the opportunity analysis. It is done to translate the identified opportunities into implications for the business and technology specific context of the company. Here extensive efforts may be made to align ideas to target customer groups and do market studies and/or technical trials and research.

The third element is the idea genesis, which is described as evolutionary and iterative process progressing from birth to maturation of the opportunity into a tangible idea. The process of the idea genesis can be made internally or come from outside inputs, e.g. a supplier offering a new material/technology or from a customer with an unusual request.

The fourth element is the idea selection. Its purpose is to choose whether to pursue an idea by analyzing its potential business value.

The fifth element is the idea and technology development. During this part of the front-end, the business case is developed based on estimates of the total available market, customer needs, investment requirements, competition analysis and project uncertainty. Some organizations consider this to be the first stage of the NPPD process (i.e., Stage 0).

A universally acceptable definition for Fuzzy Front End or a dominant framework has not been developed so far.
In a glossary of PDMA, it is mentioned that the fuzzy front end generally consists of three tasks: strategic planning, idea generation, and pre-technical evaluation. These activities are often chaotic, unpredictable, and unstructured. In comparison, the subsequent new product development process is typically structured, predictable, and formal.
The term fuzzy front end was first popularized by Smith and Reinertsen (1991).
R.G. Cooper (1988)  it describes the early stages of NPPD as a four-step process in which ideas are generated (I), subjected to a preliminary technical and market assessment (II) and merged to coherent product concepts (III) which are finally judged for their fit with existing product strategies and portfolios (IV).

PHASE 2: Product design is the development of both the high-level and detailed-level design of the product:  which turns the what of the requirements into a specific how this particular product will meet those requirements. This typically has the most overlap with the engineering design process, but can also include industrial design and even purely aesthetic aspects of design. On the marketing and planning side, this phase ends at pre-commercialization analysis stage.

PHASE 3: Product implementation often refers to later stages of detailed engineering design (e.g. refining mechanical or electrical hardware, or software, or goods or other product forms), as well as test process that may be used to validate that the prototype actually meets all design specifications that were established.

PHASE 4: Fuzzy back-end or commercialization phase represent the action steps where the production and market launch occur.

The front-end marketing phases have been very well researched, with valuable models proposed. Peter Koen et al. provides a five-step front-end activity called front-end innovation: opportunity identification, opportunity analysis, idea genesis, idea selection, and idea and technology development. He also includes an engine in the middle of the five front-end stages and the possible outside barriers that can influence the process outcome. The engine represents the management driving the activities described. The front end of the innovation is the greatest area of weakness in the NPD process. This is mainly because the FFE is often chaotic, unpredictable and unstructured. Engineering design is the process whereby a technical solution is developed iteratively to solve a given problem.

The design stage is very important because at this stage most of the product life cycle costs are engaged. Previous research shows that 70–80% of the final product quality and 70% of the product entire life-cycle cost are determined in the product design phase, therefore the design-manufacturing interface represent the greatest opportunity for cost reduction.
Design projects last from a few weeks to three years with an average of one year. Design and Commercialization phases usually start a very early collaboration. When the concept design is finished it will be sent to manufacturing plant for prototyping, developing a Concurrent Engineering approach by implementing practices such as QFD, DFM/DFA and more.
The output of the design (engineering) is a set of product and process specifications – mostly in the form of drawings, and the output of manufacturing is the product ready for sale. Basically, the design team will develop drawings with technical specifications representing the future product, and will send it to the manufacturing plant to be executed. Solving product/process fit problems is of high priority in information communication design because 90% of the development effort must be scrapped if any changes are made after the release to manufacturing.

Product Development: Conceptual Models
Conceptual models have been designed in order to facilitate a smooth product development process.

Booz, Allen and Hamilton Model: One of the first developed models that companies still use in the NPD process is the Booz, Allen and Hamilton (BAH) Model, published in 1982. This is the best known model because it underlies the NPD systems that have been put forward later. This model represents the foundation of all the other models that have been developed afterwards. Significant work has been conducted in order to propose better models, but in fact these models can be easily linked to BAH model. The seven steps of the BAH model are: new product strategy, idea generation, screening and evaluation, business analysis, development, testing, and commercialization.

Exploratory product development model (ExPD). Exploratory product development, which often goes by the acronym ExPD, is an emerging approach to new product development. Consultants Mary Drotar and Kathy Morrissey first introduced ExPD at the 2015 Product Development and Management Association annual meeting and later outlined their approach in the Product Development and Management Association's magazine Visions.

In 2015, Drotar and Morrissey's firm Strategy2Market received the trademark on the term "Exploratory PD."  Rather than going through a set of discrete phases, like the phase-gate process, this exploratory product development process allows organizations to adapt to a landscape of shifting market circumstances and uncertainty by using a more flexible and adaptable product development process for both hardware and software.

Where the traditional phase-gate approach works best in a stable market environment, ExPD is more suitable for product development in markets that are unstable and less predictable. Unstable and unpredictable markets cause uncertainty and risk in product development. Many factors contribute to the outcome of a project, and ExPD works on the assumption that the ones that the product team doesn't know enough about or are unaware of are the factors that create uncertainty and risk.

The primary goal of ExPD is to reduce uncertainty and risk by reducing the unknown. When organizations adapt quickly to the changing environment (market, technology, regulations, globalization, etc.), they reduce uncertainty and risk, which leads to product success. ExPD is described as a two-pronged, integrated systems approach. Drotar and Morrissey state that product development is complex and needs to be managed as a system, integrating essential elements: strategy, portfolio management, organization/teams/culture, metrics, market/customer understanding, and process.

Drotar and Morrissey have published two books on ExPD. The first, Exploratory Product Development: Executive Version: Adaptable Product Development in a Changing World, was published as an e-book on December 3, 2018. On September 8, 2022, Drotar and Morrissey published their second book, "Learn & Adapt: ExPD An Adaptive Product Development Process for Rapid Innovation and Risk Reduction, which also highlights their process. The book has three sections: Overview of ExPD, How to Do It, and Adaptive Practices that Support ExPD. According to Kirkus, "the (approach the) authors advocate is outwardly focused and premised on being adaptable enough to develop new competencies and create new models as complex situations evolve." Kirkus summarizes the text as "complex and visually stimulating; a serious blueprint for serious strategists."

IDEO approach. The concept adopted by IDEO, a design and consulting firm, is one of the most researched processes in regard to new product development and is a five-step procedure. These steps are listed in chronological order:

 Understand and observe the market, the client, the technology, and the limitations of the problem;
 Synthesize the information collected at the first step;
 Visualise new customers using the product;
 Prototype, evaluate and improve the concept;
 Implementation of design changes, which are associated with more technologically advanced procedures and therefore will require more time.
Lean Start-up approach. Lean startup is a methodology for developing businesses and products that aims to shorten product development cycles and rapidly discover if a proposed business model is viable; this is achieved by adopting a combination of business-hypothesis-driven experimentation, iterative product releases, and validated learning. Lean startup emphasizes customer feedback over intuition and flexibility over planning. This methodology enables recovery from failures more often than traditional ways of product development.

Stage-gate model. A pioneer of NPD research in the consumers goods sector is Robert G. Cooper. Over the last two decades he conducted significant work in the area of NPD. The Stage-Gate model developed in the 1980s was proposed as a new tool for managing new products development processes.  This was mainly applied to the consumers goods industry. The 2010 APQC benchmarking study reveals that 88% of U.S. businesses employ a stage-gate system to manage new products, from idea to launch. In return, the companies that adopt this system are reported to receive benefits such as improved teamwork, improved success rates, earlier detection of failure, a better launch, and even shorter cycle times – reduced by about 30%. These findings highlight the importance of the stage-gate model in the area of new product development.

The Stage-Gate model of NPD predevelopment activities are summarised in Phase zero and one, in respect to earlier definition of predevelopment activities:

 Preliminary
 Technical assessment
 Source-of-supply assessment: suppliers and partners or alliances
 Market research: market size and segmentation analysis, VoC (voice of the customer) research
 Product idea testing
 Customer value assessment
 Product definition
 Business and financial analysis

These activities yield essential information to make a Go/No-Go to Development decision. These decisions represent the Gates in the Stage-Gate model.

Product Development: Management
The following are types of new product development management structures:

Customer-Centric Product Development
Customer-centric new product development focuses on finding new ways to solve customer problems and create more customer-satisfying experiences. Companies often rely on technology, but real success comes from understanding customer needs and values. The most successful companies are the ones that differentiated from others, solved major customer problems, offer a compelling customer value proposition, and engage customers directly, and systematically.

Systematic Product Development
Systematic new product development focuses on creating a process that allows for the collection, review, and evaluation of new product ideas.

Having a way in which employees, suppliers, distributors, and dealers become involved in finding and developing new products is important to a company's success. It is also important for companies to have a process in place for monitoring the competition and their products so that they can stay ahead of the curve.

Innovation Management
In order to successfully manage the new product development process, companies must have an innovation management system in place. This system helps to ensure that all aspects of new product development are taken into account and that the company is able to track and assess the progress of new products. The innovation management system should also help to foster a culture of innovation within the company, which can help to increase the chances of success for new products. Marketing writers Hyman and Wilkins argue that a company's rate of product innovation should fit between the extremes of being so rapid that "its core range decays" and so slow that its product range "become[s] obselete.

Innovation Manager
An innovation manager is a senior person appointed to be responsible for implementing and managing the innovation management system. They are also responsible for ensuring that all aspects of new product development are taken into account and that the company is able to track and assess the progress of new products.

Cross-functional Innovation Management Committee
A cross-functional innovation management committee is a team of individuals from different company departments, including marketing, engineering, design, manufacturing, and research and development, who are responsible for overseeing and managing the new product development process. This committee helps to ensure that all aspects of new product development are taken into account and that the company is able to track and assess the progress of new products. Companies may get a better overall picture of new product development by putting together a cross-functional team, which can help generate fresh ideas and give assistance in evaluating them.

Product development management: Use in Turbulent Times
In difficult economic times, it is even more important for companies to focus on innovation and new product development. Oftentimes, such situations result in a short-sighted focus on cost-cutting and a reduction in spending on new products. However, companies that are able to innovate and create new products will be better positioned for the future.

Although counter-intuitive, tough times may even call for a greater emphasis on new product development. This is because companies need to find ways to meet the changing needs and tastes of their customers. Innovation can help a company become more competitive and better positioned for the future. In difficult economic times, it is even more important for companies to focus on innovation and new product development.

In addition, companies can use virtual product development to help reduce costs. Virtual product development uses collaboration technology to remove the need for co-located teams, which can result in significant cost savings such as a reduction in G&A (general & administrative) overhead costs of consulting firms.

Another way to reduce the cost of new product development is through the use of 24-hour development cycles. This approach allows companies to develop products more quickly and at a lower cost. By using a 24-hour cycle, companies can shorten the time it takes to get a product to market, which can give them a competitive advantage and capability that can be extremely useful in cases where there is a sudden change in market conditions or customer needs.

In difficult economic times, it is even more important for companies to focus on innovation and new product development. By using a variety of methods, such as virtual product development and 24-hour development cycles, companies can reduce the cost of new product development and improve their chances of success.

Product Development: Roles
There are many different roles in a product development team, however below is a list of some of the more common ones:

Related fields
 Brand management
 Engineering
 Industrial design
 Marketing
 Product design
 Product management

See also
 Choice modelling
 Commercialization
 Conceptual economy
 End user
 Engineering information management
 Ideation (creative process)
 Industrial design
 Innovation
 Market penetration
 Open innovation
 Packaging
 Pro-innovation bias
 Product design
 Product lifecycle
 Requirements management
 Social design
 Soft launch

References

External links

Beginnings
Design

Industrial design
Systems engineering

New product development