The ringed seal (Pusa hispida), also known as the jar seal and as netsik or nattiq by the Inuit, is an earless seal.  They live in the Arctic and sub-Arctic areas.  The ringed seal is a small seal.  They are rarely greater than 1.5 m in length.

They have a distinctive patterning of dark spots surrounded by light grey rings.  It is the most abundant and wide-ranging ice seal in the northern hemisphere.  The live throughout the Arctic Ocean, into the Bering Sea and Okhotsk Sea as far south as the northern coast of Japan in the Pacific, and throughout the North Atlantic coasts of Greenland and Scandinavia as far south as Newfoundland, and include two freshwater subspecies in northern Europe.  Ringed seals are one of the main prey of polar bears.  They have long been a part of the diet of indigenous people of the Arctic.

Description

The ringed seal is the smallest and most common seal in the Arctic.  They have a small head, short cat-like snout, and a plump body. Their coat is dark with silver rings on their back and sides with a silver belly. Depending on subspecies and condition, adult size can range from 100 to 175 cm (40-69 in) and weigh from 32 to 140 kg (70-308 lbs). The seal averages about 5 ft (1.5 m) long with a weight of about 50–70 kg (110-150 lbs).  Their small front flippers have claws more than 1 inch (2.5 cm) thick that are used to make breathing holes through 6.5 ft (2 m) thick ice.

Range and habitat

Ringed seals live throughout the Arctic Ocean. They can be found in the Baltic Sea, the Bering Sea and the Hudson Bay. They like to rest on ice floe and will move farther north for denser ice. One subspecies can be found in freshwater.

Life history

Females reach sexual maturity at 4 years. Males do not reach maturity until 7 years old. During the spring breeding season, females make lairs in the thick ice and give birth in these structures. Females give birth to a single pup in March or April after a 9 month gestation period. Pups are weaned after one month. They build up a thick layer of blubber.

Females usually begin mating in late April. Males will roam the ice for a mate. When found, the male and female may spend several days together before mating. Then the male looks for another mate.

Ringed seals live about 25 to 30 years. They are solitary animals. They separate themselves from each other by hundreds of yards.

Diet
Ringed seals eat a wide variety of small prey.  They eat 72 species of fish and invertebrates. Their prey of choice includes mysids, shrimp, arctic cod, and herring. While feeding, ringed seals dive to depths of 35 to 150 ft (10–45 m).  In the summer ringed seals feed along edge of the sea-ice for polar cod. In shallow water they feed on smaller cod. Ringed seals may also eat herring, smelt, whitefish, sculpin, perch, and crustaceans.

Predators
Ringed seal are an important food item in particular for polar bears.  During the pupping season, arctic fox and glaucous gulls take ringed seal pups born outside lairs. Killer whales, Greenland sharks and occasionally Atlantic walruses prey upon them in the water.

References
This article has public domain work of the United States Government from references.

Pinnipeds

Ringed seal


William Moses Roberts Jr. (August 16, 1936 – October 7, 2017) was an American songwriter and musician credited with composing the 1960s rock music standard "Hey Joe."

Biography
Roberts attended The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina but left school for the life of an itinerant musician. He learned to play the 12-string guitar and blues harmonica, on which he claimed to have been tutored by Sonny Terry. In the early 1960s he went to New York's Greenwich Village where he busked on the street and played in coffeehouses. It was there that he composed the song "Hey, Joe," which he copyrighted in 1962. Early the same year, after a brief and turbulent marriage, Roberts traveled to Reno, Nevada to obtain a divorce. After that, he went to San Francisco where he again played in coffeehouses. It would become his base of operations for the rest of his career.

In 1964-1965, Roberts was part of a San Francisco-based folk trio called The Driftwood Singers (with Steve Lalor and Lyn Shepard). Signed by David Allen, manager of the hungry i, the group did several month-long stints at the i, opening for the likes of Bill Cosby, Carmen McRae, Godfrey Cambridge, and Joan Rivers. The group also toured the West Coast, playing supper clubs and summer concert touring around Seattle and Vancouver, British Columbia. On New Years Day 1965, they participated in an entertainment event at San Quentin State Prison with Louis Armstrong, Sarah Vaughan, Johnny Cash, a Mariachi Band, and hula dancers. Dino Valenti was very likely in the audience, serving a term for a drug charge.

In 1965, Roberts was alerted by a friend to a recording of "Hey Joe" by the Southern California rock band, The Leaves. Roberts knew nothing of the recording and the friend (Hillel Resner, later his producer) offered to ask his father, an attorney in San Francisco, to look into the matter. The attorney discovered that folk singer Dino Valenti had claimed authorship of the song and signed a publishing contract with Third Story Music of Los Angeles. This led to negotiations that resulted in Roberts retrieving his author's rights, but it did not prevent numerous recordings being released that named several other songwriters, in addition to Valenti, as the author.

In 1967, David M. Overton left Detroit to attend Hastings College of Law in San Francisco, but in 1968, decided to be a drummer, performing with the Billy Roberts Blues Band.

In September 1968, Roberts played at the Sky River Rock Festival in Washington, and jammed with Big Mama Thornton, James Cotton, and members of the Grateful Dead. His friend Dino Valenti was also on the bill.

While residing in the Bay Area, Roberts performed in many of the local clubs and as the opening act for the Steve Miller Band at the Straight Theater in Haight-Ashbury in September 1967. He also opened for Santana at a Bill Graham Winterland concert in 1970.

In 1975, Roberts recorded the country rock album Thoughts of California with the band Grits, which he produced with Hillel Resner.

After a serious car accident in the early 1990s, Roberts was hospitalized for a time in Sonoma County, California. He later moved to Atlanta, Georgia to undergo rehabilitation. Roberts did not perform or record subsequently, but he held copyrights on nearly 100 songs. He died on October 7, 2017.

Guitarist Roy Buchanan recorded a version of "Hey Joe" (on the 1974 LP That's What I Am Here For); Buchanan also recorded Roberts' "Good God Have Mercy" on the 1976 LP A Street Called Straight.

Discography
 1975, Thoughts of California, studio album

References

External links

1936 births
2017 deaths
Songwriters from South Carolina
Musicians from Greenville, South Carolina

Billy Roberts


Villa Jovis ("Villa of Jupiter") is a Roman palace on Capri, southern Italy, built by emperor Tiberius and completed in 27 CE. Tiberius ruled mainly from there until his death in 37 CE.

Villa Jovis is the largest of the twelve Tiberian villas on Capri mentioned by Tacitus. The entire complex, spanning several terraces and a difference in elevation of about 40 m, covers some . While the remaining eight levels of walls and staircases only hint at the grandeur the building must have had in its time, recent reconstructions have shown the villa to be a remarkable testament to 1st-century Roman architecture.

Location and description of the palace

Villa Jovis is situated in the very northeast of the island atop Monte Tiberio; its 334 m elevation makes it the second-highest peak of Capri, after Monte Solaro (589 m elevation) in Anacapri.

The north wing of the building contained the living quarters, while the south wing saw administrative use. The east wing was meant for receptions, whereas the west wing featured an open-walled hall (ambulatio) which offered a scenic view towards Anacapri.

As water was difficult to come by where the villa was built, Roman engineers constructed an intricate system for the collection of rainwater from the roofs and a large cistern that supplied the palace with fresh water.

South of the main building there are remains of a watch tower (specula) for the quick telegraphic exchange of messages with the mainland, e.g. by fire or smoke.

Access to the complex is possible only on foot, and involves an uphill walk of about two kilometres from Capri town.

Tiberius and his life on Capri

Apparently, the main motivations for Tiberius's move from Rome to Capri were his wariness of the political manoeuvring in Rome and a lingering fear of assassination. The villa is situated at a very secluded spot on the island and  Tiberius's quarters in the north and east of the palatial villa were particularly difficult to reach and heavily guarded.

The Villa Jovis is also, at least according to Suetonius, the place where Tiberius engaged in wild debauchery. Modern historians regard these tales as sensationalized, but Suetonius' stories at least paint a picture of how Tiberius was perceived by the Roman people at the time.

Gallery

Footnotes

References and further reading
Clemens Krause, 2003. "Villa Jovis — Die Residenz des Tiberius auf Capri", Zaberns Bildbände zur Archäologie (Mainz am Rhein)
Clemens Krause, Villa Jovis. L'edificio residenziale, electa napoli 2006.

External links

Capri Online: Villa Jovis - Mount Tiberio
Photo Gallery from Capri Island

27
Houses completed in the 1st century
Jovis
Buildings and structures in Capri, Campania
Tourist attractions in Campania
Archaeological sites in Campania
National museums of Italy
Tiberius

Villa Jovis


St Mary Aldermary  (or St Mary Elder Mary), is an Anglican guild church located on Bow Lane at the junction with Watling St, in the City of London. Of medieval origin, rebuilding began under the Tudor Henry VIII in 1510 and was not finished until the reign of the Stuart monarch Charles I in 1632. Severely damaged just 33 years later during the Great Fire of London in 1666, it was rebuilt once more, this time by the office of Sir Christopher Wren. Unlike most of Wren's City churches, St Mary Aldermary was reconstructed in the Gothic style, an outstanding example of the first — 17th century — Gothic Revival. Nearly a millennium after its foundation SMA continues to offer a place for contemplation (as well as coffee and cake) with pre-work 8am gatherings three times a week (Mon: Silent meditation; Weds and Fri: Taize) and after work at 6pm on Wednesday (Weds 6pm: Still Point).

History
A church has occupied the site for more than 900 years. Its name is usually taken to mean that it is the oldest of the City churches dedicated to the Virgin Mary. It has also been suggested that, on Bow Lane, it is the older St Mary's with respect to nearby St Mary Le Bow. The patronage of the rectory of St Mary Aldermary belonged to the prior and chapter of Canterbury, but was transferred to the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1400.

In 1510, Sir Henry Keeble financed the building of a new church. The tower was still unfinished when he died in 1518.  In 1629, two legacies enabled it to be completed, and the work, begun 120 years before, was finished within three years. Keble was buried in a vault beneath the floor of the church, but his grave was not allowed to remain for long. Richard Newcourt recorded that Sir William Laxton, who died in 1556, and Sir Tho. Lodge, who died in 1583 (both which were Grocers and had been Mayors of this City), were buried in the Vault of this Sir Henry Keeble, his bones unkindly cast out, and his Monument pull'd down, in place whereof, Monuments were set up of the others.
John Stow mentions various dignitaries buried in the early church in his 1598 Survey of London. They include Richard Chaucer, vintner, said by Stow to be the father of the poet Geoffrey Chaucer. John Milton married his third wife, Elizabeth Minshull, in the church in 1663 (Curiously, he seems to have married his second at St Mary Aldermanbury). The parish registers date from 1558, and are now deposited in the Guildhall Library.

In 1599 a group of citizens from St. Antholin's founded a lectureship. They gave property in London to pay for a daily lecture in the pulpit at St. Antholin's and the church became famous as a lecture theatre. The Great Fire burned down the church but daily lectures carried on; it was rebuilt but was demolished in 1870 and the lecture was transferred to St. Mary Aldermary. The lectures are now organised by the Church Society.

Rebuilding after the Great Fire
St Mary Aldermary was badly damaged in the Great Fire of London of 1666, although parts of its walls and tower survived.  It was mostly rebuilt by the office of Sir Christopher Wren in a Gothic style. A legacy of £5,000 had been left by one Henry Rogers for the rebuilding of a church, and his widow agreed to use it to fund the reconstruction of St Mary's. According to some sources, she stipulated that the new church should be an exact imitation of the one largely destroyed.

The church, as rebuilt, has an aisled nave, six bays long, with a clerestory. It has a short chancel. The tower is attached to the south-west corner of the building, and is entered through a western lobby. The tower is divided into storeys by string courses; the corners lead up to octagonal turrets, terminating in what George Godwin called "carved finials of impure design". The church's nave and aisles are separated by arcades of clustered columns, supporting somewhat flattened Gothic arches. The ceilings are decorated with elaborate plaster fan vaulting.

According to Nikolaus Pevsner, St Mary Aldemary is "the chief surviving monument of the 17th-century Gothic revival in the City and – with Warwick – the most important late 17th-century Gothic church in England".

The parish of the church of St Thomas the Apostle, destroyed in the Great Fire and not rebuilt, was united with that of St Mary's.

In 1781 a new organ was installed, built by George England.

Wartime damage
St Mary Aldermary was damaged by German bombs in the London Blitz during the Second World War.

Restorations

The church has been repaired and restored many times. In 1876–7 major changes were made to the interior: an oak screen was inserted, dividing the lobby from the church; the pews and stalls were replaced, the organ was moved from the western gallery to the chancel; the floor was repaved, new stained glass put into the windows, and a new reredos installed.

The church was designated a Grade I listed building on 4 January 1950.

The latest interior restoration was finished in April 2005, with attention paid to the plaster ceilings and memorials on the north wall. A service was held, presided over by Richard Chartres, the Bishop of London, to celebrate completion, on 21 April 2005.

Burials
Charles Blount, 5th Baron Mountjoy

Recent activities
In January 2010, the Bishop and Archdeacon of London invited the Moot Community to make their home in St Mary Aldermary. Moot was a Church of England community set up in the spirit of the Fresh Expressions initiative of that decade. Members committed to living a "rhythm of life", encompassing spiritual practices such as prayer, meditation and presence, and values such as acceptance, balance, creativity and hospitality.

As of 2023, services in the same tradition are held at 8am on Monday (silent meditation), Wednesday (Taize) and Friday (Taize) mornings, and at 6pm (Still Point contemplation) on Wednesdays.

In 2012 Moot set up a café, Host, which continues to sell fair trade coffee and goods.

Since 2007, the church has been the Regimental Church of the Royal Tank Regiment.

The church also hosts the Moldovan Orthodox church in London, which designates the building by the name of St Nicholas.

Previously, SMA hosted the Malankara Orthodox Syrian congregation as their church of St Gregorios, which combined Keralan styles of south Indian worship with ancient Syriac in the tradition of St Thomas the Apostle, missionary to India.

See also

 List of churches and cathedrals of London
 List of Christopher Wren churches in London

Notes

Sources

  Each chapter paginated separately.

External links

 Official website
 Official website of Moot, a monastic community based at St Mary Aldermary
 Host Cafe
 Entry on the Anglican Diocese of London website
 Church Near You Website
 360° panorama inside St Mary Aldermary

Christopher Wren church buildings in London
Churches in the City of London
17th-century Church of England church buildings
Church of England church buildings in the City of London
Aldermary
Rebuilt churches in the United Kingdom
Diocese of London
Grade I listed churches in the City of London

St Mary Aldermary


Keith Marzullo is the inventor of Marzullo's algorithm, which is part of the basis of the Network Time Protocol and the Windows Time Service. On August 1, 2016 he became the Dean of the University of Maryland College of Information Studies after serving as the Director of the NITRD National Coordination Office. Prior to this he was a Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at University of California, San Diego. In 2011 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.

Research
RAMP (Reliable Adaptive Multipath Networks)
GriPhyN (Master-worker computation in a wide-area network)
MURI (Dependent failure models & Collaborative backup for withstanding network catastrophes)
Mobility (Fault-tolerance for mobile agents & personal computational grids)

Publications

1999

Walfredo Cirne and Keith Marzullo. The computational Co-op: Gathering clusters into a metacomputer. Proceedings 13th International Parallel Processing Symposium and 10th Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing (IPPS/SPDP 1999). IEEE Computer Society 1999, pp. 160–6. Los Alamitos, CA, USA.
Meng-Jang Lin and Keith Marzullo. Directional gossip: gossip in a wide area network. Dependable Computing - EDDC-3. Third European Dependable Computing Conference. Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol.1667). Springer-Verlag. 1999, pp. 364–79. Berlin, Germany.
Chanathip Namprempre, Jeremy Sussman, and Keith Marzullo. Implementing causal logging using OrbixWeb interception. Proceedings of the Fifth USENIX Conference on Object-Oriented Technologies and Systems (COOTS'99). USENIX Assoc. 1999, pp. 57–67. Berkeley, CA, USA.
Dag Johansen, Keith Marzullo, and Kåre Lauvset. An approach towards an agent computing environment. Proceedings. 19th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems. Workshops on Electronic Commerce and Web-based Applications. Middleware. IEEE Computer Society 1999,  pp. 78–83. Los Alamitos, CA, USA.
Dag Johansen, Keith Marzullo, Fred B. Schneider, Kjetil Jacobsen, and Dmitrii Zagorodnov. NAP: practical fault-tolerance for itinerant computations. Proceedings. 19th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (Cat. No.99CB37003). IEEE Computer Society 1999, pp. 180–9. Los Alamitos, CA, USA.

2000

Meng-Jang Lin, Keith Marzullo and Stefano Massini. Gossip versus deterministically constrained flooding on small networks. In 14th International Conference on Distributed Computing (DISC 2000), Toledo, Spain, 4-6 Oct. 2000),  pp. 253–267.
Jeremy Sussman, Keith Marzullo and Idit Keidar. Optimistic Virtual Synchrony. In Proceedings 19th IEEE Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS-2000), Nürnberg, Germany, 16-18 Oct. 2000, pp. 42–51.
Idit Keidar, Jeremy Sussman, Keith Marzullo and Danny Dolev. A client-server oriented algorithm for virtually synchronous group membership in WANs. In Proceedings 20th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, Taipei, Taiwan, 10–13 April 2000, pp. 356–365.

2001

Lorenzo Alvisi, Thomas Bressoud, Amr El-Khasab, Keith Marzullo, and Dmitrii Zagorodnov. Wrapping Server-Side to Mask Connection Failures. INFOCOMM 2001, Anchorage, Alaska, 22–26 April 2001, pp. 329–337 Vol.1.
Kåre J. Lauvset, Dag Johansen and Keith Marzullo, TOS: Kernel Support for Distributed Systems Management, Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC), Las Vegas, NV, March 2001.
Karan Bhatia, Keith Marzullo, and Lorenzo Alvisi, Scalable Causal Message Logging for Wide-Area Environments, European conference on Parallel Computing (Euro-Par), Manchester, UK, August 2001.

2002

Lorenzo Alvisi, Karan Bhatia, and Keith Marzullo, Causality tracking in causal message-logging protocols, Distributed Computing, 15(1):1-15, February 2002
Idit Keidar, Jeremy B. Sussman, Keith Marzullo, and Danny Dolev, Moshe: A group membership service for WANs, ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, 20(3): 191–238, February 2002.
Dag Johansen D, Kåre Lauvset, and Keith Marzullo. An extensible software architecture for mobile components. Proceedings Ninth Annual IEEE International Conference and Workshop on the Engineering of Computer-Based Systems. IEEE Computer Society. 2002, pp. 231–237. Los Alamitos, CA, USA.
Kåre Lauvset, Dag Johansen, and Keith Marzullo. Factoring mobile agents. Proceedings Ninth Annual IEEE International Conference and Workshop on the Engineering of Computer-Based Systems. IEEE Computer Society 2002, pp. 253–257. Los Alamitos, CA, USA.

2003

Flavio Junqueira, Ranjita Bhagwan, Keith Marzullo, Geoff Voelker and Stefan Savage, The Phoenix recovery system: Rebuilding from the ashes of an Internet catastrophe. Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems, May 18–21, 2003, Lihue, HI
Karan Bhatia, Keith Marzullo and Lorenzo Alvisi, Scalable causal message logging for wide-area environments. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, 2003
Kjetil Jacobsen, Xianan Zhang and Keith Marzullo. Group Membership and Wide-Area Master Worker Computations. ICDCS 2003
Flavio Junqueira and Keith Marzullo. Synchronous Consensus for Dependent Process Failures. ICDCS 2003
Dmitrii Zagorodnov, Keith Marzullo, Lorenzo Alvisi and Thomas Bressoud. Engineering fault-tolerant TCP/IP services using FT-TCP. IEEE Dependable Computing and Communications Symposium (DSN-2003)
Jeremy Sussman and Keith Marzullo. The Bancomat Problem: An Example of Resource Allocation in a Partitionable Asynchronous System. Journal of Theoretical Computer Science 291(1), January 2003.

References

External links
University of Maryland Profile
University of California San Diego Profile
Google Scholar Profile
National Science Foundation Profile

American computer scientists
University of California, San Diego faculty
Living people
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Year of birth missing (living people)

Keith Marzullo


Marie François Maurice Emmanuel (2 May 1862 – 14 December 1938) was a French composer of classical music and musicologist born in Bar-sur-Aube, a small town in the Champagne-Ardenne region of northeastern France. It was there where he first heard his grandfather's printing press which according to his granddaughter, Anne Eichner-Emmanuel, first gave him the feeling of rhythm.

Brought up in Dijon, Maurice Emmanuel became a chorister at Beaune cathedral after his family moved to the city in 1869. According to his granddaughter, Anne Eichner-Emmanuel, he was influenced by the brass bands on the streets of Beaune and by the "songs of the grape pickers which imprinted melodies in his memory so different from all the classical music he was taught in the academy of music." Subsequently, he went to Paris, and in 1880 he entered the Paris Conservatoire, where his composition teacher was Léo Delibes. His other teachers included Théodore Dubois (harmony) and Louis-Albert Bourgault-Ducoudray (history). Emmanuel also studied classics, poetics, philology and art history at the Sorbonne and École du Louvre. Delibes' strong disapproval of his early modal compositions (Cello Sonata, Op. 2, Sonatinas No. 1, Op. 4 and No. 2, Op. 5) caused a rift between them and his expulsion from Delibes' class. Emmanuel subsequently went to study with Ernest Guiraud, also at the Conservatoire. At the Conservatoire he came to know Claude Debussy who was also a pupil there. In addition, he attended the Conservatoire classes of César Franck, about whom he wrote a short book in 1930 (César Franck: Etude Critique).

Emmanuel pursued a notable academic career. He wrote a treatise in 1895 on the music of Ancient Greece, for which he earned a doctorate in 1896. He taught art history at the Lycée Racine and Lycée Lamartine until 1904, when he became choirmaster at the church of Sainte-Clotilde, assisted by Émile Poillot, during the tenure of organist Charles Tournemire, serving until 1907. He was appointed professor of the history of music at the Conservatoire in 1909, and taught there until 1936. His students included Robert Casadesus, Yvonne Lefébure, Georges Migot, Jacques Chailley, Olivier Messiaen and Henri Dutilleux. Emmanuel destroyed all but 30 works composed up to 1938; he died in Paris that year.

Emmanuel's interests included folksong, Oriental music, and exotic modes — his use of these modes in various of his works had appalled Delibes, who had vetoed his entering for the Prix de Rome. The compositions of Emmanuel, seldom heard today even in France, include operas after Aeschylus (Prométhée enchaîné and Salamine) as well as symphonies and string quartets. Probably the creations of his most often performed now are his six sonatines for solo piano, which (like many of his other pieces) demonstrate his eclectic academic interests. The first of the sonatines draws on the music of Burgundy, while the second incorporates birdsong, the third uses a Burgundian folk tune in its finale, and the fourth is subtitled en divers modes hindous ("in various Hindu modes").

Recordings
Complete Songs - Odelettes anacréontiques op. 13; Musiques op. 17; Vocalise-étude op. 24; In memoriam op. 11. Florence Katz, Marie-Catherine Girod, Timpani (record label), 1995
Songs of Burgundy - orchestral songs. Florence Katz, Jean-Pierre Quénaudon, Laure Rivierre (piano), Choeur de Bourgogne, cond. Roger Toulet Marco Polo (record label), 1995
Chamber Music - Sonata for Cello and Piano, Op. 2; Trio for Flute, Clarinet and Piano, Op. 11; Suite on Greek Folk Songs, Op. 10; Sonata for bugle and piano, Op. 29; String Quartet, Op. 8. Various Artists Timpani (record label), 2010
Symphonies, Suite, Overture - Overture for a Gay Story, Op. 2; Symphony No. 1 in A, Op. 18; French Suite, Op. 26; Symphony No. 2 in A, Op. 25. Slovene Philharmonic Orchestra, cond. Emmanuel Villaume Timpani (record label), 2010

6 Sonatines (Op. 4, Op. 5, Op. 19, Op. 20, Op. 22, Op. 23) - Laurent Wagschal, piano Timpani (record label), 2010

References

 Malcolm MacDonald, notes for recording Continuum CCD 1048, Maurice Emmanuel Six Sonatines, Peter Jacobs (piano).
 Maurice Emmanuel, compositeur français, ed. Sylvie Douche. Praha: Bärenreiter, 2007 Paris: Université de Paris-Sorbonne, 2007.
 Christophe Corbier, Maurice Emmanuel, bleu nuit éditeur, Paris 2007.
 Anne Eichner-Emmanuel, Grand-daughter of Maurice Emmanuel'', Interview on accompanying DVD to the music CD on Timpani No. 1c1194

External links
Maurice Emmanuel at Musicologie.org

Maurice Emmanuel Biography by Naxos
Maurice Emmanuel Website for the Composer

1862 births
1938 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century French composers
19th-century French male musicians
19th-century French musicologists
20th-century classical composers
20th-century French composers
20th-century French male musicians
20th-century French musicologists
French Romantic composers
French male classical composers
French opera composers
Male opera composers
Academic staff of the Conservatoire de Paris
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
People from Beaune
Musicians from Dijon
Pupils of Léo Delibes

Maurice Emmanuel


"Gimpel the Fool" (1953) is a short story by Isaac Bashevis Singer, translated into English by Saul Bellow in 1953. It tells the story of Gimpel, a simple bread maker who is the butt of many of his town's jokes. It also gives its name to the collection first published in 1957. David Roskies has put forward the view that the story constitutes a modernist revision of a story by Nachman of Bratslav.

Collection
The 1957 collection under this title contains the following stories:
 Gimpel the Fool
 The Gentleman from Cracow
 The Wife Killer
 By the Light of Memorial Candles
 The Mirror
 The Little Shoemakers - Tells the tale of a long line of modest shoemakers in Frampol. Focusing on one age in the line, this story tells the tale of Abba's 7 sons leaving the homeland and emigrating to America in a dynamic time.
 Joy
 From the Diary of One Not Born
 The Old Man
 Fire
 The Unseen - About desires and how far a person is willing to go to get what they desire, even at the expense of others they care about.

Characters
Elka

Elka, who is known as the town prostitute, marries Gimpel when he agrees to get the town to take up a collection to raise a dowry for her. She is five months pregnant by another man when they are married, but she tells Gimpel the child is his and, when it arrives four months after their marriage, that it is simply premature. Throughout the story Elka commits numerous infidelities and eventually has six children, none of whom are Gimpel's. On her deathbed she admits her infidelities to her husband and asks him to forgive her.

The Spirit of Evil

The devil appears to Gimpel the baker and tells him to urinate in the bread intended for the village in order to get revenge for the many injustices the villagers have forced him to endure over the years. He does so, but is scolded by the spirit of his deceased wife. He destroys the tainted bread and becomes a homeless wanderer; at night he talks with the spirit of Elka.

References

1953 short stories
Short stories by Isaac Bashevis Singer
1957 short story collections
Jewish American short story collections
Works by Saul Bellow

Gimpel the Fool


Marstal () is a town in southern Denmark, located in Ærø Municipality on the island of Ærø. Marstal has a population of 2,119 (1 January 2023) and is the largest town on Ærø. It was the municipal seat of the now abolished Marstal Municipality.

Marstal has a long maritime history. For centuries Marstal vessels have sailed the seven seas, and even today the town is the home port for a considerable number of coasters. Shipping is still the nerve of the town with its dockyards, its shipping companies and its maritime school which for more than a century has trained navigators for the Danish merchant fleet.

Marstal is the economic center of Ærø and the main industries are tourism, small industry and service. The town has an international reputation for shipbuilding.

Marstal is home to one of Northern Europe's largest solar power complexes, using solar power to heat water for the local District heating.

Marstal Church

Built in 1738, - once in 1772 by adding an extension and later in 1920 with a tower to commemorate the reunification of southern Jutland with Denmark. Seven votive ships  indicate the growth of shipping in the town from the 18th to the 20th century. The font dates from the Middle Ages, and the blue color of the benches symbolizes the sea and eternity, whereas the red colors of the altar and pulpit evoke the blood shed by Christ. Red is also the color of love. Carl Rasmussen, a maritime artist who usually specialized in the motifs of Greenland, painted the 1881 altarpiece, depicting Christ stilling a storm. In the old churchyard are memorials and tombstones honoring the sailors of Marstal who died at sea during two world wars.

History
Marstal is a shipping town founded in the 16th century. During the 17th and 18th centuries its living depended predominantly on the building and sailing of wooden ships. In the harbour is a small island Frederiksøen, which today is called the Lime Kiln (Kalkovnen). The impressive fieldstone pier at the island was built in 1825 by local seamen on a voluntary basis. The island was in use as a repair yard for ships, until in 1863 it was rented out for lime burning.

The town did not grow around a square or a church, its houses were simply erected along the paths leading upwards from the jetties. As the town grew transverse ring-roads were added, and the narrowness of the settlement often meant that the houses were placed somewhat coincidentally.

The First World War put an end to optimism and changed the glorious maritime traditions of Marstal. 42 ships from Marstal were sunk at the loss of 53 seamen. The Second World War deprived the small naval community of 80 of its young boys and seamen.

Tourism

A traveler can arrive at Marstal via the ferry from Svendborg to Ærøskøbing and then driving from there. A ferry also exists from Fåborg to Søby on Northern Ærø.

The camping site, the youth hostel, and hotels provide accommodation for the many visitors.

Eriks Hale, a strip that jots into the sea south of the town, is home to a beach often used for swimming and bathing.

Twin towns
Marstal is twinned with:

Notable people

 Carl Rasmussen (1841–1893) a Danish painter, in 1880, he married, bought a home and establish a studio in Marstal on Ærø
 Sophus Black (1882 in Marstal – 1960) a Danish telegraph manager and art collector
 Hermann Møller Boye (1913 in Marstal – 1944) a member of the Danish resistance executed by the German occupying power
 Erik Kromann (born 1946 in Marstal) a Danish author, museums director, head of the Marstal Maritime Museum
 Carsten Jensen (born in 1952 in Marstal) author and political columnist, his 2006 epic novel We, the Drowned is set in Marstal.
 Jesper Lange (born 1986 in Marstal) a Danish football player, about 300 club caps, currently playing for Esbjerg fB

References

External links
  MARNAV
  Marstal Maritime Museum, source
 Marstal harbor, source
 Marstal weather, live

Municipal seats of the Region of Southern Denmark
Municipal seats of Denmark
Cities and towns in the Region of Southern Denmark
Ærø

os:Марсталь
it:Marstal
ru:Марсталь

Marstal


The Bone Wars was a period of fossil finding and discovery in the U.S.A during the late 19th century. Most of the action took place in Colorado, Nebraska, and Wyoming.

There was a heated rivalry between Edward Drinker Cope (of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia) and Othniel Charles Marsh (of the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale). They used bribery, theft, and destruction of bones. Each scientist attacked the other in scientific publications, seeking to ruin his credibility and have his funding cut off.

Their search for fossils led them west to rich "bone beds" in the western United States. From 1877 to 1892, both paleontologists used their wealth and influence. They paid for their own expeditions, and the services and dinosaur bones from fossil hunters. By the end of the Bone Wars, both men had exhausted their funds in this way.

Cope and Marsh were financially and socially ruined by their attempts to disgrace each other. Their contributions to   paleontology were massive and provided plenty of material for later work: both scientists left behind many unopened boxes of fossils after their deaths. 142 new species of dinosaurs were discovered and described by them, though today only 32 of their names are valid.

The products of the Bone Wars increased our knowledge of prehistoric life, and sparked the public's interest in dinosaurs. This led to more fossil excavation in North America in the decades that followed. Several historical books and fictional adaptations have been published about this period of intense fossil-hunting activity.

Between them, they discovered some of the most famous fossil sites in North America, such as the Morrison Formation at Como Bluff, Wyoming. The Morrison Formation extends into 13 states, and is still being searched wherever it outcrops onto the surface.

References

American paleontologists
Dinosaurs of North America

Bone Wars


A biographical film or biopic is a movie about a particular person or group of people, based on events that actually happened. They are like docudramas but concentrate persons rather than events. They may present events as they actually happened, or may stretch and adjust the truth for other purposes.

Biographical movies often single out the most important events of the lives involved to focus on. They may also cross over between genres, such as drama, comedy and action.

Biographical movie


The International AIDS Society (IAS) is the world's largest association of HIV/AIDS professionals, with 11,600 members from over 170 countries , including clinicians, people living with HIV, service providers, policy makers and others. It aims to reduce the global impact of AIDS through collective advocacy. Founded in 1988, IAS headquarters are located in Geneva, and its president since August 2022 is Sharon Lewin.

The IAS hosts the biennial International AIDS Conference, the IAS Conference on HIV Science, and the HIV Research for Prevention Conference.

History
The IAS is a non-profit organization founded in 1988, with a mandate to organize the International AIDS Conference. Initially, the IAS headquarters were in Stockholm, and Lars-Olof Kallings was the secretary general from 1988 until 2003.

In 2004, the IAS restructured its organization, expanded the number of professional staff and moved the headquarters to Geneva. The move was intended to strengthen organizational links with other health NGOs and (United Nations) multilateral agencies.

Mission and office-bearers

The IAS is an advocacy body, using its large membership base and scientific leadership to drive action. It is the world's largest association of HIV professionals, with 11,600 members from over 170 countries . Among its members are researchers, clinicians, people living with HIV, community advocates, policy makers and others.

Since August 2022, the president of IAS is Sharon Lewin, who is also the Director of the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, in Melbourne, Australia.  The previous IAS President was Adeeba Kamarulzaman (since July 2020) of Malaysia, who succeeds Anton Pozniak. Kevin Osborne is Executive Director. Past presidents have included Helene D. Gayle, Joep Lange, Peter Piot, Linda-Gail Bekker, Chris Beyrer and Françoise Barré-Sinoussi.

Conferences

International AIDS Conference
The International AIDS Conference (abbreviated AIDS 2012, AIDS 2014 and so on) is the world's most attended conference on HIV and AIDS, and the largest conference on any global health or development issue in the world. First convened during the peak of the AIDS epidemic in 1985, they were held annually until 1994 when they became biennial. Each conference continues to provide a unique forum for the intersection of science, advocacy and human rights, as well as to strengthen policies and programmes that ensure an evidence-based response to the epidemic.

The 2006 World Aids Conference was held in Toronto, Canada.

The 22nd International AIDS Conference (AIDS 2018) was held in Amsterdam on 21–27 July 2018. Primary topics of note included: Use of dolutegravir as an antiretroviral medication was reported to result in increased rates of birth defects where the brain and spinal cord have openings (neural tube defects). Particularly of note was that an HIV infected person on treatment with undetectable virus does not spread it to an uninfected partner.

The 23rd International AIDS Conference (AIDS 2020) was held virtually on 6–10 July 2020. The 24th International AIDS conference was held in Montreal and virtually on 29 July – 2 August 2022.

IAS Conference on HIV Science
The IAS also organizes the IAS Conference on HIV Science (abbreviated IAS 2013, IAS 2015 and so on) (formerly called the IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention). This conference, the largest open scientific conference on HIV- and AIDS-related issues, occurs biennially and focuses on the biomedical aspects of HIV. The conference brings together professionals from around the world to examine the latest scientific developments in HIV research, prevention and treatment with a focus on moving science into practice and policy. It was held in Buenos Aires in 2001, Paris in 2003, Rio de Janeiro in 2005, Sydney in 2007, Cape Town in 2009, Rome in 2011, Kuala Lumpur in 2013, Vancouver in 2015, Paris in 2017, and Mexico City in 2019. The event was held virtually in 2021.

The conference was called the IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention until a name change after 2015.

Publications and other resources
The society financially supports the publication of the Journal of the International AIDS Society (JIAS), an online, open-access, peer-reviewed medical journal covering all aspects of research on HIV and AIDS.

The IAS Online Resource Library is an online collection of abstracts and other resources from international conferences, as well as numerous other materials produced by the IAS launched in January 2010.

Other activities
The IAS works with other regional HIV/AIDS societies and networks to strengthen the capacity of HIV professionals to respond to the epidemic at the regional level. The society runs the Industry Liaison Forum, whose mission is to remove barriers to research investment by the pharmaceutical industry in resource-limited settings. The IAS also provides professional development and training opportunities for HIV professionals at both international and regional AIDS conferences through its education programme.

References

External links

 IAS 2019 in Mexico City, Mexico
 AIDS 2018 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands

HIV/AIDS organizations
Organizations established in 1988
Organisations based in Geneva
International professional associations
International organisations based in Switzerland

International AIDS Society


Paul Ludwig Simon, also known as Paul Louis Simon (January 12, 1771 – February 14, 1815), was a German architect and professor at the Building Academy (Bauakademie) in the faculty of architectural physics and a privy architectural counsellor at the Prussian Higher Council of Architecture (Preußische Oberbaudeputation) in Berlin. In the latter position Simon was the predecessor of Karl Friedrich Schinkel. Simon was serving as well as Senior Director of public works for the Marches of Pomerania and Prussia. Beside these fields of activity Simon did – at that time in Europe well known – research work in the field of Electrochemistry and Galvanism. He published different articles on these subjects in German scientific journals – as for example "Annals of Physics" (Annalen der Physik).

Life
Born in Berlin, Simon was a descendant of French Huguenots, who had taken refuge in Brandenburg-Prussia. After a two-year period of training at the Prussian Academy of Arts in October 1789 Simon was hired to serve as a "special director" at the Royal Building Administration (Königliches Oberhofbauamt). In 1791 he was leading the new construction of the Reeve Building (Stadtvogtei) in Berlin as the superior of Friedrich Gilly.

In November 1798 Simon was appointed professor at the Academy of Arts in Berlin and one year later – at the same time of the foundation of the new Building Academy in Berlin – professor in the faculty of architectural physics.

In 1804 Simon joined the Prussian Higher Council of Architecture as a privy architectural counsellor and became Senior Director of public works for the Marches of Pomerania and Prussia in 1809.

According to family lore Simon accompanied Prussian Queen Luise on her flight from Berlin to Tilsit in October 1806 during the French military occupation of Napoleon in Prussia, as his professional activities afforded him rights of travel that enabled the Prussian Queen an inconspicuous passage.

Among other buildings Simon reconstructed the Palais Wilhelmstraße 76 (since 1819 the Prussian Ministry of Foreign Affairs) for the Russian Diplomatic Representative Minister Alopeus in 1805 and the Palais Wilhelmstraße 65 (later the Prussian Ministry of Justice) for Prinz Ferdinand in 1809–1813.
During 1809–1811 the new Higher Civil Court (Oberlandesgericht) in Königsberg was built according to Simon's plans.

As a private architect Simon worked for Elisabeth von Humboldt – the mother of Wilhelm and Alexander von Humboldt – by constructing the Humboldt family crypt in Falkenberg.
Between 1804 and 1806 Simon constructed the estates and manor houses of Tempelberg and Gölsdorf for the Prussian Prime Minister Karl August von Hardenberg.

In January 1789 Simon married Marie Madelaine Royer, who was also a descendant of French Huguenots. They had four children. The eldest son Friedrich Louis Simon
also became Prussian architect.

Simon died at the age of 44 in Berlin.

References

Fritz Schlabbach: Paul Ludwig Simon. Karlsruhe-Berlin: Doering, 1939.
Reinhardt Strecke: Schinkels Kollegen. Die Oberbaudeputation und ihre Mitglieder, in: Der Bär von Berlin – Jahrbuch 2006 des Vereins für die Geschichte Berlins
Alberto A. Martínez: Replication of Coulomb's Torsion Balance Experiment, Archive for History of Exact Sciences, Springer Berlin / Heidelberg Vol. 60, Number 6 / November 2006
Peter Heering: Das Grundgesetz der Elektrostatik.: Experimentelle Replikation und wissenschaftshistorische Analyse. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitäts Verlag, 1998

1771 births
1815 deaths
18th-century German architects
Architects from Berlin
People from the Margraviate of Brandenburg
19th-century German architects

Paul Ludwig Simon


Frederick Dent Grant (May 30, 1850 – April 12, 1912) was a soldier and United States minister to Austria-Hungary. Grant was the first son of General and President of the United States Ulysses S. Grant and Julia Grant. He was named after his uncle, Frederick Dent.

Early life
His father was in the United States Army when Frederick was born in St. Louis, Missouri. The family moved as the senior Grant was assigned to posts in Michigan and New York. Frederick spent his early childhood at his paternal grandparents' house while his father was stationed on the West Coast. After his father's resignation from the army, the family lived in St. Louis and in Galena, Illinois.

Grant attended public school in Galena until the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861. Grant's father organized a volunteer regiment and was made colonel. Frederick accompanied his father when the regiment was sent to northern Missouri, but he was sent home when it arrived. He then rejoined his father off and on during several campaigns during the war. Eager to be a part of the action, Frederick put himself in harm's way many times while with his father. This happened for the last time during the decisive battle that ended the Siege of Vicksburg. During the battle, Frederick rode off onto the field and was shot in the leg by a Confederate sniper. Normally his wound would have called for amputation; however, possibly due to his military aspirations or his father's rank, this did not occur. Despite a painful infection, doctors were able to save his leg. In his weakened state, Frederick fell victim to typhoid fever, which was common in Union camps during the war, but made a full recovery.

West Point controversy
Grant was appointed to West Point in 1866 and graduated in 1871.

On June 1, 1870, the first African American cadet, James Webster Smith, from South Carolina, was admitted into the United States Military Academy. Smith was sponsored by Senator Adelbert Ames of Mississippi and nominated by Representative Solomon L. Hoge of South Carolina. Smith was handpicked for his outstanding character and scholarly ability by David Clark, a northern philanthropist. While at West Point, Smith was forced to endure intense racism and violence, and was shunned by other West Point attendees. Frederick Dent Grant has been accused of having been one of Smith's harassers.

While Grant was named as one of the chief persecutors by William McFeely in his 1981 biography of Ulysses S. Grant, quoted as saying to his father, then President, that "no damned nigger will ever graduate from West Point," recent scholarship has raised questions about McFeely's sources. The evidence McFeely employs to assert Grant's racism comes from an entirely separate hazing incident in 1870 involving a number of white cadets that Smith was never involved with. In a January 1871 investigation of the hazing, Grant testified to the Committee on Military Affairs that he was aware of the prank, that he supported it, and that he did nothing to stop it. McFeely conflates Grant's testimony from this case with the separate court martial cases against Smith to make it look like he was aware of and supported Smith's harassment. In actuality, Grant never testified in Smith's cases, nor did he admit to playing any role in his harassment. In addition, the inflammatory racism cited by McFeely was described by a witness who was not present at the meeting.

Smith was later discharged after failing an unconventional private examination by Professor Peter Michie. While Grant denied being a leader of the cadets who hazed Smith for being an African American, there is evidence to suggest he actively participated. Smith died of tuberculosis in 1876 and was granted a posthumous commission in the United States Army in 1997.

Early military career
Upon graduating from West Point, Grant was assigned to the 4th U.S. Cavalry Regiment. He took a leave of absence to work with the Union Pacific Railroad as a civil engineer. Late in 1871, he was aide-de-camp to General William Tecumseh Sherman in Europe. He rejoined the 4th Cavalry in Texas in 1872.

In 1873, he was assigned to the staff of General Philip Sheridan and promoted to lieutenant colonel. He was on a Yellowstone Expedition and was with George Armstrong Custer during the Black Hills expedition.

His daughter Julia was born on June 6, 1876. Grant received leave to travel to Washington, D.C. for her birth.

In 1877, he took a leave of absence to accompany his father and mother on a trip around the world.

In 1878, Grant was in the Bannock War and was in the fight against Victorio in New Mexico.

Civilian career
Frederick Grant resigned from the U.S. Army in 1881, and assisted his father in preparing the latter's memoirs. During this time, he was in business in New York City.

In 1887, he ran on the Republican ticket for Secretary of State of New York, but was defeated by the Democratic incumbent Frederick Cook. In 1889, President Benjamin Harrison appointed him the U.S. Minister to Austria-Hungary. After Grover Cleveland became president in March 1893, Grant continued in his post until his successor presented his credentials on June 8, 1893.

Grant became a commissioner of police in New York City in 1894, an office he held until 1898. He served on the Police Commission along with future President Theodore Roosevelt.

Spanish–American War and later military career
When the Spanish–American War started in 1898, Grant was commissioned as colonel of the 14th New York Volunteers on May 2, 1898, and was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on the 27th of the same month. He arrived in Ponce, Puerto Rico on August 16 and participated in the occupation of Puerto Rico under General Nelson Miles.

In 1899, Grant was sent to the Philippines for service in the Philippine–American War. He arrived in Manila on June 19 and was given command of 2d Brigade, 1st Division, 8th Corps (southern line) on July 1. On February 18, 1901, he was commissioned a brigadier general in the Regular Army. He remained in the Philippines until October 1902.

When he returned to the United States, he held various commands and was promoted to major general in February 1906. In May 1906 he asked that YMCAs be established at every post under his command because the associations reduced "courts-martial and desertions,  and the enlisted men were more contented and happy. ... the service ... was invaluable to the army."

On July 25, 1910, he was made commander of the Department of the East. On July 11, 1911, he became commander for the Eastern Division which included the Department of the East and the Department of the Gulf.

Death
Frederick Dent Grant died of cancer, the same disease that had claimed his father, and diabetes in the Hotel Buckingham near Fort Jay on Governors Island in New York City on April 12, 1912. At the time of his death, Grant was the second most senior officer on active duty in the U.S. Army after Major General Leonard Wood. His funeral service was held in the chapel at Fort Jay and he was buried in the West Point Cemetery.

Memberships
Grant was a hereditary companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States by right of his father's service in the Civil War. He joined the Military Order of Foreign Wars as a Hereditary Companion in 1896 (of which he also became a Veteran Companion after the Spanish–American War in 1898). He was also a member of the Aztec Club of 1847, the Sons of the American Revolution, the Society of Colonial Wars, the Order of the Founders and Patriots of America and the Military Order of the Carabao.

Personal life

In 1874, Grant married Ida Marie Honoré (1854–1930), the daughter of Henry Hamilton Honoré, who made his fortune in Chicago real estate. Ida Marie's sister was Bertha Palmer, the wife of Chicago businessman Potter Palmer. They were married in Chicago and had two children:

 Julia Dent Grant (1876–1975), who married Prince Mikhail Cantacuzène, a Russian general and diplomat, in 1899.
 Ulysses S. Grant III (1881–1968), who married Edith Root (1878–1962), the daughter of Elihu Root, the U.S. Secretary of State, under President Theodore Roosevelt and U.S. Secretary of War under President William McKinley in 1907. He graduated from West Point in 1903 and served in both World Wars. He retired in 1946 as a major general.

Descendants
Through his daughter, Grant was the grandfather of Prince Michael Mikhailovich Cantacuzène, Princess Bertha Mikhailovna, and Princess Zenaida Mikhailovna, who married Sir John Coldbrook Hanbury-Williams, son of Major-General Sir John Hanbury-Williams.

Through his son Ulysses, Grant was the grandfather of three girls, Edith Clara Grant (1908–1995), who married David Wood Griffiths, Clara Frances Grant (1912–2005), who married Paul Ernest Ruestow, and Julia Grant, who married John S. Dietz.

Awards
 Indian Campaign Medal
 Spanish Campaign Medal
 Army of Puerto Rican Occupation Medal
 Philippine Campaign Medal

Dates of rank
Cadet, USMA – July 1, 1866
2nd Lieutenant, Regular Army – June 12, 1871
1st Lieutenant, Regular Army – June 28, 1876
Lieutenant Colonel, Aide de Camp – March 17, 1873
Resigned – October 1, 1881
Colonel, Volunteers – May 2, 1898
Brigadier General, Volunteers – May 27, 1898
Brigadier General, Regular Army – February 18, 1901
Major General, Regular Army – February 6, 1906

References

External links

1850 births
1912 deaths
Grant family
Ulysses S. Grant
Children of presidents of the United States
United States Military Academy alumni
Military personnel from St. Louis
American people of the Indian Wars
New York (state) Republicans
Ambassadors of the United States to Austria-Hungary
19th-century American diplomats
New York City Police Commissioners
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
American military personnel of the Philippine–American War
United States Army generals
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Deaths from diabetes
Burials at West Point Cemetery

Frederick Dent Grant


Thomas Berry, CP (November 9, 1914 – June 1, 2009) was a Catholic priest, cultural historian, and scholar of the world's religions, especially Asian traditions. Later, as he studied Earth history and evolution, he called himself a "geologian".

He rejected the label "theologian" or "ecotheologian" as too narrow and not descriptive of his cultural studies in history of religions. He was drawn early on to respond to the growing ecological and climate crisis and proposed the need for a "New Story" of evolution in 1978. In this essay he suggested that a deep understanding of the history and functioning of the evolving universe is a necessary inspiration and guide for our own effective functioning as individuals and as a species.

Berry believed that humanity, after generations spent in despoiling the planet, is poised to embrace a new role as a vital part of a larger, interdependent Earth community, consisting of a "communion of subjects not a collection of objects". He felt that we were at a critical turning point, moving out of the Cenozoic era and entering into a new evolutionary phase, which would either be an Ecozoic Era, characterized by mutually-enhancing human-Earth relations, or a Techozoic Era, where we dominate and exploit the planet via our technological mastery.

Berry said the transformation of humanity's priorities will not come easily. It requires what he called "the great work"—the title of one of his books—in four institutional realms: the political and legal order; the economic and industrial world; education; and religion.

Biography
Born to William and Bess Berry in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1914, Berry was the third of 13 children. His father founded Berico Fuels in 1924. At age 11 he had an epiphany in a meadow, which became a primary reference point for the rest of his life.  He later elaborated this experience into a set of "Twelve Principles for Understanding the Universe", which became the basis for his contributions to Earth Jurisprudence.  These principles are based on this perspective: The universe, the solar system, and planet Earth in themselves and in their evolutionary emergence constitute for the human community the primary revelation of that ultimate mystery whence all things emerge into being. Berry entered a monastery of the Passionist order in 1933, where he adopted the name "Thomas", after Thomas Aquinas. He was ordained a priest in 1942. He began studying cultural history, especially the world's religions.

He received his doctorate in history from The Catholic University of America, with a thesis on Giambattista Vico's philosophy of history. He then studied Chinese language and Chinese culture in China (for a year) and in the US, and learned Sanskrit for the study of Hinduism. He published a book on Buddhism (1966) and one on the Religions of India (1971). He taught Asian religions at universities in New Jersey and New York (1956–1965). He then became the founder and director of the graduate program in the history of religions at Fordham University (1966–1979). There he directed over twenty doctoral dissertations. During this period he also founded and directed the Riverdale Center of Religious Research in Riverdale, New York (1970–1995).

In addition to Asian religions, he studied and taught classes on Native American cultures and shamanism. He assisted in an educational program for the T'boli tribal peoples of South Cotabato, on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines.

From his academic beginnings as a historian of world cultures and religions, Berry developed into a historian of the Earth and its evolutionary processes. He was influenced by the work of the Jesuit scientist Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, and he served as president of the American Teilhard Association (1975–1987). Berry took Teilhard's major ideas on evolution and expanded them into an epic story to which we belong. To that end, with the cosmologist Brian Swimme he wrote The Universe Story (1992). The multimedia project Journey of the Universe (2011) was also inspired by this perspective. This is a film (dedicated to Berry), a book, a series of conversations on DVDs and podcasts, and online courses from Yale/Coursera.

Berry's work inspired his younger brother Jim to establish the Center for Reflection on the Second Law, which held annual conferences near Chapel Hill, North Carolina, from 1984 until Jim's passing in 1997, and which featured Thomas as a frequent speaker.

In 1995, Berry returned to Greensboro, North Carolina. While nominally retired, he continued to write, lecture, and receive friends at his home. In a tribute to Berry, Mary Evelyn Tucker said that his books—The Dream of the Earth (1988 reprinted, 2006), The Universe Story (with Brian Swimme, 1992), and The Great Work: Our Way into the Future (1999)—are "major contributions to discussions on the environment". A collection of his essays, Evening Thoughts: Reflecting on Earth as Sacred Community (2006), was jointly published by Sierra Club Books and the University of California Press. He completed two final books of essays in 2009, The Sacred Universe and The Christian Future and the Fate of Earth.

Berry also contributed two introductory essays ("Economics: Its Effects on the Life Systems of the World" and "The Earth: A New Context for Religious Unity") to the volume Thomas Berry and the New Cosmology, in which Brian Swimme, Caroline Richards, Gregory Baum and others discuss the implications of Berry's thought for a range of disciplines and paradigms. Berry's "Twelve Principles for Understanding the Universe and the Role of the Human in the Universe Process" offer a postscript to this 1987 work.

He died in 2009 at the age of 94.

Legacy
Berry was featured in the 2007 documentary What a Way to Go: Life at the End of Empire.

His work is disseminated and discussed by the Thomas Berry Foundation, the American Teilhard Association, the Yale Forum on Religion and Ecology, and the Journey of the Universe project. In 2014, the Yale Forum on Religion and Ecology hosted a conference at Yale University titled "Living Cosmology: Christian Responses to Journey of the Universe" to honor Berry's 100th birthday. An online course "The Worldview of Thomas Berry: The Flourishing of the Earth Community" is available through Yale/Coursera and is hosted by Mary Evelyn Tucker and John Grim of Yale University. In 2018, The Leadership for the Ecozoic (L4E) project was initiated with the first cohort of fellows based at the University of Vermont and McGill University. In 2019, Thomas Berry: A Biography was published by Columbia University Press, written by Tucker, Grim, and Andrew Angyal. That same year, the "Thomas Berry and 'The Great Work Conference was held at Georgetown University.

Major Publications
Berry, Thomas. Thomas Berry: Selected Writings on the Earth Community. Selected with an Introduction by Mary Evelyn Tucker and John Grim. Modern Spiritual Masters Series. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2014.
Berry, Thomas. The Christian Future and the Fate of Earth. Edited by Mary Evelyn Tucker and John Grim. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2009.
Berry, Thomas. The Sacred Universe: Earth, Spirituality, and Religion in the Twenty-First Century. Edited by Mary Evelyn Tucker. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.
Berry, Thomas. Evening Thoughts: Reflecting on Earth as Sacred Community. Edited by Mary Evelyn Tucker. Berkeley: Counterpoint Press, 2015 (orig. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books & University of California Press, 2006).
Berry, Thomas. The Great Work: Our Way Into the Future. New York: Harmony/Bell Tower, 1999.
Berry, Thomas with Brian Swimme. The Universe Story: From the Primordial Flaring Forth to the Ecozoic Era – A Celebration of the Unfolding of the Cosmos. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 1992.
Berry, Thomas. The Dream of the Earth. Berkeley: Counterpoint Press, 2015 (orig. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1988).

Papers
Berry's papers are archived at the Environmental Science and Public Policy Archives in the Harvard Library.

Honorary degrees

 2008 Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters, Elon University, Elon, North Carolina, March 15, 2008
 2003 Honorary Doctorate of Theology, Catholic Theological Union, Chicago, Illinois
 1998 Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters, The College of Mt. St. Vincent, Riverdale, New York. October 19, 1998
 1997 Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters, St. Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
 1997 Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California
 1994 Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters, St. Thomas University of Miami, Florida
 1994 Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters, Loyola University of New Orleans, Louisiana
 1993 Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters, California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco, California

Other honors and awards

 2007 Earth is Community conference held in London, UK to honor Thomas Berry, organized by the Gaia Foundation and Greenspirit, September 15, 2007
 2005 Thomas Berry Student-Writing Award established by the Environmental Leadership Center, Warren Wilson College, Asheville, North Carolina, to foster dialogue and quality writing on environmental themes
 2003 Frederick II Peace Prize, Pax Romana Earth Charter Project, Castel del Monte, Adria, Italy, March 15, 2003
 2002 The Cosmological Imagination conference held in Berkeley, California, to honor Thomas Berry organized by the Philosophy, Cosmology and Consciousness Department of the California Institute of Integral Studies, November 2 to 4, 2002
 2002 Juliet Hollister Award, The Temple of Understanding, University Club, New York City, April 16, 2002
 2001 Francis of Assisi Award for contribution to Earth Day Forum on Nature and Culture, presented to Thomas Berry by DePaul University's Institute for Nature and Culture, Chicago, Illinois
 2000 Thomas Berry Professorship proposed for the Loyola Institute for Ministry of Loyola University, New Orleans
 2000 Named to the Council of Honored Elders of the group Earth Elders, Santa Rosa, CA
 1999 The Thomas Berry Hall at the Whidbey Institute of Chinook on Whidbey Island north of Seattle, dedication July 23, 1999
 1999 The Thomas Berry Lecture established by the Fine Arts Department of the University of British Columbia, 1999, endowed by Fine-Arts Professor Emeritus Herb Gilbert, choosing the title Ecozoic Art Prize based on the term originating with Thomas Berry
 1999 David C. Korten's book The Post-Corporate World: Life After Capitalism is dedicated to Thomas Berry
 1999 Inclusion in World Authors 1990–1995 of H.W. Wilson Co.
 1998 First Annual Jerry Mische Global Service Award of Global Education Associates, on their 25th Anniversary Celebration, April 30, 1998
 1998 The Thomas Berry Foundation established in Washington, DC
 1998 First Annual Thomas Berry Environmental Award and Lectureship sponsored by the Center for Reflection on the Second Law (CRSL) and the Humane Society of the United States, presented by Dr Mary Evelyn Tucker
 1997 The New York Open Center Award: "A Visionary Voice in the Merging of Ecology and Spirituality", October 30, 1997
 1997 College of Mount St. Vincent on the Hudson first annual Thomas Berry Environmental Award made to Robert F. Kennedy Jr. for Achievement in Restoring Ecological Health to the Hudson Valley Region of New York State
 1996 Inclusion in the New Catholic Encyclopedia XIX (Supplement 1989–1996)
 1995 The Lannan Foundation Literary Award for Non-Fiction for The Dream of the Earth, $50,000 prize
 1995 Made an honorary charter member of The Club of Budapest, June 1995
 1995 First Green Dove Award of Common Boundary, November 10, 1995
 1993 The Catholic University of America Alumni Award for Achievement in Research and Scholarship, October 23, 1993
 1993 The Bishop Carroll T. Dozier Medal for Peace and Justice, The Christian Brothers University of Memphis, Tennessee
 1992 Named Honorary Canon of the Episcopal Cathedral of St. John the Divine, New York
 1992 The James Herriott Award, The Humane Society of the United States
 1992 The Prescott College Environmental Award, Prescott, Arizona
 1992 Scholar-in-Residence for the Humane Society of the United States on a continuing appointment
 1989 The United States Catholic Mission Association Annual Award

See also
 The Great Story
 Alfred North Whitehead

References

External links

Thomas Berry and the Great Work – The Thomas Berry Foundation
Yale Forum on Religion and Ecology
Journey of the Universe
American Teilhard Association
Thomas Berry Archive at Harvard
It Takes a Universe: An Interview with Thomas Berry in The Appalachian Voice
Green Mountain Monastery and the Thomas Berry Sanctuary

Catholic University of America alumni
Ecotheology
People from Greensboro, North Carolina
2009 deaths
1914 births
Passionists
Christian ethicists
20th-century American Roman Catholic theologians
21st-century American Roman Catholic theologians
American non-fiction environmental writers
Cultural historians
21st-century American non-fiction writers
Catholics from North Carolina
Deep ecologists
20th-century American Roman Catholic priests
Rights of nature

Thomas Berry


Cross-selling is a sales technique involving the selling of an additional product or service to an existing customer. In practice, businesses define cross-selling in many different ways. Elements that might influence the definition might include the size of the business, the industry sector it operates within and the financial motivations of those required to define the term.

The objective of cross-selling can be either to increase the income derived from the client or to protect the relationship with the client or clients. The approach to the process of cross-selling can be varied to include two teams within the same organization or two organizations partnering to cross-sell or co-sell a client.

Unlike the acquiring of new business, cross-selling involves an element of risk that could disrupt the relationship of existing clients. For that reason, it is important to ensure that the additional product or service being sold to the client or clients enhances the value the client or clients get from the organization.

In practice, large businesses usually combine cross-selling and up-selling techniques to increase revenue.

Professional services
For the vendor, the benefits are substantial. The most obvious example is an increase in revenue. There are also efficiency benefits in servicing one account rather than several. Most importantly, vendors that sell more services to a client are less likely to be displaced by a competitor. The more a client buys from a vendor, the higher the switching cost.

Though there are some ethical issues with most cross-selling, in some cases they can be huge.  Arthur Andersen's dealings with Enron provide a highly visible example. It is commonly felt that the firm's objectivity, being an auditor, was compromised by selling internal audit services and massive amounts of consulting work to the account.

Though most companies want more cross-selling, there can be substantial barriers:

  A customer policy requiring the use of multiple vendors.
  Different purchasing points within an account, which reduce the ability to treat the customer like a single account.
  The fear of the incumbent business unit that its colleagues would botch their work at the client, resulting with the loss of the account for all units of the firm.

Broadly speaking, cross-selling takes three forms. First, while servicing an account, the product or service provider may hear of an additional need, unrelated to the first, that the client has and offer to meet it. Thus, for example, in conducting an audit, an accountant is likely to learn about a range of needs for tax services, for valuation services and others. To the degree that regulations allow, the accounts may be able to sell services that meet these needs. This kind of cross-selling helped major accounting firms to expand their businesses considerably. Because of the potential for abuse, this kind of selling by auditors has been greatly curtailed under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

Selling add-on services is another form of cross-selling. That happens when a supplier convinces a customer that it can enhance the value of its service by buying another from a different part of the supplier's company. When one buys an appliance, the salesperson will offer to sell insurance beyond the terms of the warranty. Though common, that kind of cross-selling can leave a customer feeling poorly used. The customer might ask the appliance salesperson why he needs insurance on a brand new refrigerator, "Is it really likely to break in just nine months?"

The third kind of cross-selling can be called selling a solution. In this case, the customer buying air conditioners is sold a package of both the air conditioners and installation services. The customer can be considered buying relief from the heat, unlike just air conditioners.

See also

 AIDA
 Bait and switch
 Choice architecture
 Contract of sale
 Customer value maximization
 List of marketing topics
 Marketing
 Permission marketing
 Predictive analytics
 Promotion
 Sales
 Selling technique
 Up-selling
 Value-added selling

References

Sources

Business models
Sales
Selling techniques
Personal selling

Cross-selling


Luca Vignali (born 11 January 1996) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for  club Como. A versatile midfielder, Vignali is capable of playing both centrally and in wide positions.

Early career
Vignali was born in the Liguria town of La Spezia, and began his career in the local Serie B side Spezia Calcio at the age of six. He progressed through the youth teams of the Aquilotti, eventually becoming a mainstay in the main Primavera side and going on to make over 50 appearances in a variety of midfield roles, scoring 10 goals. He was part of the side that managed to finished third in the 2014–15 Campionato Primavera, and reached the quarter-finals of the subsequent Fase Finale ('Final Eight' knockout tournament) before being eliminated by Roma.

First-team
Vignali was named on the Spezia first-team bench for the Coppa Italia game against Brescia on 8 August 2015. His first appearance for the first-team was as a last minute substitution in the 2–1 Coppa Italia loss to Alessandria. In Serie B, Vignali's first appearance came in a 3–1 win over Salernitana. He played 86 minutes, registering both his first professional goal and first professional assist, as the team recorded a 3–1 victory. He became increasingly involved as the 2015–16 season progressed, and was rewarded with his first professional contract in June 2016, lasting three years. He began the 2016–17 season playing fairly regularly under manager Domenico di Carlo.

On 19 August 2022, Vignali signed a three-year contract with Como.

References

External links

Living people
1996 births
Footballers from La Spezia
Men's association football midfielders
Italian men's footballers
Spezia Calcio players
AC Reggiana 1919 players
Como 1907 players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Serie C players

Luca Vignali


A nucleus in anatomy is a brain structure (plural = nuclei). It is a compact cluster of neurons. Each cluster is doing a job for the brain.

Nuclei are one of the two common forms of nerve cell organization. The other is the layered structures such as the cerebral cortex or the  cerebellar cortex. The same kind of cell cluster in the peripheral nervous system is called a ganglion. Some of the traditional names for brain nuclei also use that word.

In anatomical sections, a nucleus usually shows up as a region of grey matter, often bordered by white matter. The vertebrate brain contains hundreds of nuclei, which vary in shape and size. A nucleus may have a complex internal structure, with several types of neurons arranged in clumps (subnuclei) or layers.

We have the impression of our brain working as "one thing". Actually, that's a mirage. All the parts work together so that we don't notice the way it is done. We just see a "picture of the world", and we think almost without thinking.

Related pages
Ganglion
Basal ganglia
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Red nucleus
Caudate nucleus

Anatomy of the brain

Nucleus (brain)


West Suffield Mountain, est. , is a traprock mountain ridge located between the Berkshires and the Connecticut River Valley in north-central Connecticut.  It is part of the narrow, linear Metacomet Ridge that extends from Long Island Sound near New Haven, Connecticut, north through the Connecticut River Valley of Massachusetts to the Vermont border. West Suffield Mountain is known for its scenic ledges and woodlands, unique microclimate ecosystems, and rare plant communities. It is traversed by the  Metacomet Trail, and the  Metacomet-Monadnock Trail begins at the northern foot of West Suffield Mountain.

Geography
The West Suffield Mountain ridgeline rises steeply between  above the Connecticut River Valley to the east, with a high point of  above sea level. A prominent landscape feature, it is roughly 4 miles (6 km) long by 1 mile (1½ km) wide at its widest point, although the steepness of the terrain makes the actual square mileage much larger.

The West Suffield Mountain ridgeline extends south from the Connecticut border in the hamlet of Rising Corner to the pass between it and Peak Mountain on the Suffield/East Granby border. It lies entirely within the town of Suffield. The Metacomet Ridge, of which West Suffield Mountain is part, continues north as Provin Mountain and south as Peak Mountain. The northwest side of West Suffield Mountain drains into Congamond Lake, thence to the Westfield River, then to the Connecticut River and Long Island Sound; the south and west sides drain into Salmon Brook, then to the Farmington River, then to the Connecticut River. The east side drains into the Connecticut River.

Geology and ecology
West Suffield Mountain, like much of the Metacomet Ridge, is composed of basalt, also called traprock, a volcanic rock. The mountain formed near the end of the Triassic Period with the rifting apart of the North American continent from Africa and Eurasia. Lava welled up from the rift and solidified into sheets of strata hundreds of feet thick. Subsequent faulting and earthquake activity tilted the strata, creating the cliffs and ridgeline of West Suffield Mountain. Hot, dry upper slopes, cool, moist ravines, and mineral-rich ledges of basalt talus produce a combination of microclimate ecosystems on the mountain that support plant and animal species uncommon in greater Connecticut. West Suffield Mountain is also an important raptor migration path. (See Metacomet Ridge for more information on the geology and ecosystem of West Suffield Mountain).

Conservation and recreation

The  Metacomet Trail (maintained by the Connecticut Forest and Park Association), traverses West Suffield Mountain and is open to hiking, snowshoeing, picnicking, and other passive pursuits; high ledges and overlooks provide scenic views of the surrounding rural countryside.

Expanding suburban sprawl and ridgetop homebuilding present the greatest threats to the unique ecosystem and landscape of West Suffield Mountain. Although much of the mountain lies within private ownership, recent conservation efforts by the town of Suffield, the Suffield Land Conservancy, and other non-profit groups have managed to preserve several key parcels on the mountain. In 2000, West Suffield Mountain was included in a study by the National Park Service for the designation of a new National Scenic Trail now tentatively called the New England National Scenic Trail, which would include the Metacomet-Monadnock Trail in Massachusetts and the Mattabesett Trail and Metacomet Trail trails in Connecticut.

See also
 Metacomet Ridge
 Adjacent summits:

References
 Farnsworth, Elizabeth J. "Metacomet-Mattabesett Trail Natural Resource Assessment."  2004. PDF wefile cited November 1, 2007.
 Connecticut Walk Book: A Trail Guide to the Connecticut Outdoors. 17th Edition. The Connecticut Forest and Park Association. Rockfall, Connecticut. Undated.
 Raymo, Chet and Maureen E. Written in Stone: A Geologic History of the Northeastern United States. Globe Pequot, Chester, Connecticut, 1989.
 Suffield Land Conservancy Cited Dec. 3, 2007.

External links
 Connecticut Forest and Park Association
 Suffield Land Conservancy

Suffield, Connecticut
Metacomet Ridge, Connecticut
Mountains of Connecticut
Tourist attractions in Hartford County, Connecticut
Landforms of Hartford County, Connecticut

West Suffield Mountain


GI glasses are prescription glasses from the United Sates military. They are given to soldiers and sailors, especially during basic training (boot camp). GI glasses have been officially known as Regulation Prescription Glasses (RPG) or similar names. A nickname for GI glasses is Birth control glasses. Contact lenses are never permitted during basic training.

Similar glasses without any metal may be issued to inmates at state and federal prisons.

Military uniform
Eyeglasses

GI glasses


Normalcy bias, or normality bias, is a cognitive bias which leads people to disbelieve or minimize threat warnings. Consequently, individuals underestimate the likelihood of a disaster, when it might affect them, and its potential adverse effects. The normalcy bias causes many people to prepare inadequately for natural disasters, market crashes, and calamities caused by human error. About 80% of people reportedly display normalcy bias during a disaster.

The normalcy bias can manifest in response to warnings about disasters and actual catastrophes. Such events can range in scale from incidents such as traffic collisions to global catastrophic risk. The event may involve social constructionism phenomena such as loss of money in market crashes, or direct threats to continuity of life: as in natural disasters like a tsunami or violence in war.

Normalcy bias has also been called analysis paralysis, the ostrich effect, and by first responders, the negative panic. The opposite of normalcy bias is overreaction, or worst-case scenario bias, in which small deviations from normality are dealt with as signals of an impending catastrophe.

Phases
Amanda Ripley, author of The Unthinkable: Who Survives When Disaster Strikes – and Why, identifies common response patterns of people in disasters and explains that there are three phases of response: "denial, deliberation, and the decisive moment". With regard to the first phase, described as "denial", Ripley found that people were likely to deny that a disaster was happening. It takes time for the brain to process information and recognize that a disaster is a threat. In the "deliberation" phase, people have to decide what to do. If a person does not have a plan in place, this causes a serious problem because the effects of life-threatening stress on the body (e.g. tunnel vision, audio exclusion, time dilations, out-of-body experiences, or reduced motor skills) limit an individual's ability to perceive information and make plans. Ripley asserts that in the third and final phase, described as the "decisive moment", a person must act quickly and decisively. Failure to do so can result in injury or death. She explains that the faster someone can get through the denial and deliberation phases, the quicker they will reach the decisive moment and begin to take action.

Examples

Journalist David McRaney wrote that "Normalcy bias flows into the brain no matter the scale of the problem. It will appear whether you have days and plenty of warning or are blindsided with only seconds between life and death." It can manifest itself in phenomena such as car crashes. Car crashes occur very frequently, but the average individual experiences them only rarely, if ever. It also manifests itself in connection with events in world history. According to a 2001 study by sociologist Thomas Drabek, when people are asked to leave in anticipation of a disaster, most check with four or more sources of information before deciding what to do. The process of checking in, known as milling, is common in disasters.

As for events in world history, the normalcy bias can explain why, when the volcano Vesuvius erupted in 79 CE, the residents of Pompeii watched for hours without evacuating. It can explain why thousands of people refused to leave New Orleans as Hurricane Katrina approached and why at least 70% of 9/11 survivors spoke with others before evacuating. Officials at the White Star Line made insufficient preparations to evacuate passengers on the Titanic and people refused evacuation orders, possibly because they underestimated the odds of a worst-case scenario and minimized its potential impact. Similarly, experts connected with the Fukushima nuclear power plant were strongly convinced that a multiple reactor meltdown could never occur.

A website for police officers has noted that members of that profession have "all seen videos of officers who were injured or killed while dealing with an ambiguous situation, like the old one of a father with his young daughter on a traffic stop". In the video referred to, "the officer misses multiple threat cues...because the assailant talks lovingly about his daughter and jokes about how packed his minivan is. The officer only seems to react to the positive interactions, while seeming to ignore the negative signals. It's almost as if the officer is thinking, 'Well I've never been brutally assaulted before so it certainly won't happen now.' No one is surprised at the end of the video when the officer is violently attacked, unable to put up an effective defense." This professional failure, notes the website, is a consequence of normalcy bias.

Normalcy bias, David McRaney has written, "is often factored into fatality predictions in everything from ship sinkings to stadium evacuations". Disaster movies, he adds, "get it all wrong. When you and others are warned of danger, you don't evacuate immediately while screaming and flailing your arms." McRaney notes that in the book Big Weather, tornado chaser Mark Svenvold discusses "how contagious normalcy bias can be. He recalled how people often tried to convince him to chill out while fleeing from impending doom. Even when tornado warnings were issued, people assumed it was someone else's problem. Stake-holding peers, he said, would try to shame him into denial so they could remain calm. They didn't want him deflating their attempts at feeling normal".

Hypothesized cause
The normalcy bias may be caused in part by the way the brain processes new data. Research suggests that even when the brain is calm, it takes 8–10 seconds to process new information. Stress slows the process, and when the brain cannot find an acceptable response to a situation, it fixates on a single and sometimes default solution that may or may not be correct. An evolutionary reason for this response could be that paralysis gives an animal a better chance of surviving an attack and predators are less likely to see prey that is not moving.

Effects

About 80% of people reportedly display normalcy bias in disasters. Normalcy bias has been described as "one of the most dangerous biases we have". The lack of preparation for disasters often leads to inadequate shelter, supplies, and evacuation plans. Even when all these things are in place, individuals with a normalcy bias often refuse to leave their homes.

Normalcy bias can cause people to drastically underestimate the effects of the disaster. Therefore, people think that they will be safe even though information from the radio, television, or neighbors gives them reasons to believe there is a risk. The normalcy bias causes a cognitive dissonance that people then must work to eliminate. Some manage to eliminate it by refusing to believe new warnings coming in and refusing to evacuate (maintaining the normalcy bias), while others eliminate the dissonance by escaping the danger. The possibility that some people may refuse to evacuate causes significant problems in disaster planning.

Prevention

The negative effects of normalcy bias can be combated through the four stages of disaster response:
 preparation, including publicly acknowledging the possibility of disaster and forming contingency plans.
 warning, including issuing clear, unambiguous, and frequent warnings and helping the public to understand and believe them.
 impact, the stage at which the contingency plans take effect and emergency services, rescue teams, and disaster relief teams work in tandem.
 aftermath, reestablishing equilibrium after the fact, by providing both supplies and aid to those in need.

See also
 Black swan theory
 Bystander effect
 Cassandra (metaphor)
 Disaster planning
 Disaster relief
 Normalization (sociology)
 Optimism bias
 Somebody else's problem
 Zebra, a medical slang term referring to a rare condition that may go undiagnosed or misdiagnosed due to medical staff identifying its symptoms as that of as a much more common (and often less severe) condition

References

Cognitive biases
Disaster preparedness
Emergency management

Normalcy bias


The 2015 WAC men's basketball tournament was a postseason men's basketball tournament for the Western Athletic Conference, held from March 12–14, 2015 at the Orleans Arena in Paradise, Nevada.

Format
Grand Canyon did not compete in the 2015 men's basketball tournament for the second time. As a D2 to D1 transitioning school, they are ineligible to compete in the NCAA tournament or the NIT (which is also operated by the NCAA) until the 2018 season, so they could not win the conference tournament as the winner received an automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. However Grand Canyon was eligible to win the regular season title and was eligible to compete in the CIT or the CBI. (The Antelopes did in fact receive a bid to, and participated in, the 2015 CIT.)

Seeds

Overall record at the end of regular season

Schedule

Bracket

See also
2014-15 NCAA Division I men's basketball season
WAC men's basketball tournament

References

Tournament
WAC men's basketball tournament
WAC men's basketball tournament
WAC men's basketball tournament
Basketball competitions in the Las Vegas Valley
College basketball tournaments in Nevada
Events in Paradise, Nevada

2015 WAC men's basketball tournament


Mark Thomas Wasinger (born August 4, 1961) is an American professional baseball scout and front-office official, and a former Major League player. A third baseman, second baseman and shortstop, he appeared in 50 MLB games between  and  for the San Diego Padres and San Francisco Giants.  He threw and batted right-handed, and was listed at  tall and .

Playing career

Amateur
Born in Monterey, California, Wasinger attended Old Dominion University. In 1981, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Cotuit Kettleers of the Cape Cod Baseball League. He was a third-round selection by the Padres in the 1982 Major League Baseball Draft.

Professional
Wasinger rose through the Padre system, batted above .300 four times in his first five pro seasons, and was named a 1985 All-Star in the Double-A Texas League.  But, following a three-game trial with San Diego in September 1986, he was traded to San Francisco in April 1987 and would spend the rest of his big-league tenure with the Giants. He split the  season between the Giants and Triple-A, and collected 22 hits in a reserve role for San Francisco.  On May 9, 1987, in his second game as a Giant, Wasinger collected four hits in five at bats, including a home run, and scored three runs, in a 9–4 defeat of the Pittsburgh Pirates at Candlestick Park. His 888-game minor-league playing career essentially ended after the 1993 season.

Coaching/front office career
Wasinger managed in independent league baseball, then became a scout for the Padres (1996–2002), where he scouted and signed Jake Peavy in 1999.  He joined the Boston Red Sox in 2003, working as an amateur scouting regional cross-checker, a professional scout and special assignment scout for general managers Theo Epstein and Ben Cherington. He was promoted to special assistant/player personnel in January 2015.

Notes

Sources

1961 births
Living people
All-American college baseball players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baseball players from Monterey County, California
Beaumont Golden Gators players
Boston Red Sox scouts
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Columbus Clippers players
Cotuit Kettleers players
Edmonton Trappers players
Idaho Falls Braves players
Las Vegas Stars (baseball) players
Major League Baseball third basemen
Midland Angels players
Old Dominion Monarchs baseball players
Phoenix Firebirds players
Reno Padres players
San Francisco Giants players
San Diego Padres players
San Diego Padres scouts
Sportspeople from Monterey, California

Mark Wasinger


The Theban Tomb TT111 is located in Sheikh Abd el-Qurna, part of the Theban Necropolis, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite to Luxor. The tomb belongs to a 19th Dynasty ancient Egyptian named Amenwahsu, who was a Scribe of divine writing of the estate of Amun during the reign of Ramesses II. Amenwahsu was a son of Simut, who was a head of outline draughtsmen, and the lady Wiay. Amenwhasu's wife was named Iuy. She was a songstress of Bubastis.

Tomb
The tomb has an inscribed hall and ceiling. Amenwahsu is mentioned several times in inscriptions on the ceiling. The scenes in the hall depict Amenwahsu and his family. On one side is a scene with Amenwhasu and his parents Simut and Wiay. Amenwahsu is accompanied by his wife and children. His wife Iuy is a Lady of the house and chantress of Bastet, Lady of Ankh Tawy. Their children include sons Ipu and Dedia, several daughters were depicted but only one name remains: that of the lady Merysekhmet. A grandson named Khaemopet also appears in the tomb.

Other titles of Amenwahsu which appear in the tomb are: leader in the House of Amun, wab-priest of Sekhmet, who purifies the offering table, Festival leader of all the gods in their annual feasts, guide of the (God's) Barque in safety with spells of glorification from his mouth.

See also
 List of Theban tombs

References

Buildings and structures completed in the 13th century BC
Theban tombs

TT111