Adam Reynolds (born 10 July 1990), is an Australian professional rugby league footballer who captains and plays as a  for the Brisbane Broncos  in the National Rugby League (NRL).

Reynolds played at representative level for the NRL All Stars, City New South Wales, Prime Minister's XIII, World All Stars and New South Wales in the 2016 State of Origin series. Reynolds previously played for and captained the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL and was the halfback for South Sydney's 2014 NRL Grand Final winning team.

Background
Reynolds was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, and attended Matraville Sports High School. Andrew Johns, Matthew Johns and Darren Lockyer were his favourite players when he was a kid and Nathan Merritt is his favourite South Sydney player of all time. He then added when asked "who is the most inspirational player or person on your career and how have they positively affected your football?", he responded "My brother – he's always on my back telling me to do extras and pushing me to be the best I can be". In 2007, Reynolds was part of the team from Matraville Sports High School that won the NRL Schoolboy Cup 32–10 against Patrician Brothers' College Blacktown. Reynolds received the Peter Sterling Medal as the "most outstanding player in the competition" that year.

Playing career

Early years
Reynolds played his junior rugby league for St Peters JRLFC, Alexandria Rovers, La Perouse Panthers and Kensington United in the South Sydney Juniors competition. He played for the New South Wales under-17s team in 2007. Reynolds graduated to the Rabbitohs' Under-20s team in 2009 and in the 2010 Toyota Cup season he was one of the leading lights in the South Sydney side that went to the Grand Final. Reynolds played 46 games, scored 21 tries and kicked 159 goals for 402 points in his U20s career.

In the 2011 pre-season he suffered a season-ending Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury to his left knee.

2012
After the highly publicised departure of Chris Sandow, Reynolds joined the South Sydney NRL squad in 2012.

In Round 1 of the 2012 NRL season, Reynolds made his NRL debut for the South Sydney Rabbitohs against the Sydney Roosters at halfback, kicking 4 goals in the Rabbitohs 24–20 last minute loss at ANZ Stadium. In Round 11, against the St George Illawarra Dragons, Reynolds scored his first NRL career try and also kicked a field goal to win the match for South Sydney 19–18 in golden-point extra time at WIN Stadium. On 16 August 2012, Reynolds re-signed with South Sydney on a three-year contract to the end of the 2015 season.

At the end of season 2012 Dally M Awards he was named the NRL's rookie of the year. Reynolds also finished the season as the NRL's highest goal scorer with 97. Reynolds was crowned the John Sattler Rookie of the Year and Members Choice Player of the Year at the South Sydney Red and Green Ball in 2012, amongst other awards. Reynolds played in all of South Sydney's 27 matches, scored 3 tries, kicked over 97 goals and kicked 2 field goals in an impressive debut year in the National Rugby League in the 2012 season.

2013
On 13 February 2013, Reynolds was chosen to play for the NRL All Stars team at halfback, kicking a goal in the 32–6 loss to the Indigenous All Stars at Suncorp Stadium.

On 21 April 2013, Reynolds debuted for NSW City Origin, scoring a try and kicking 2 goals from 2 attempts in the 18–12 loss against NSW Country Origin in Coffs Harbour.

Reynolds' 2013 NRL season was also another success both in goal kicking and overall playing as halfback. With the likes of team-mates John Sutton, Issac Luke, Greg Inglis and Nathan Merritt he was able to guide the Souths to a second place ladder finish at the end of the regular season. Their finals campaign started off well with South Sydney beating the Melbourne Storm 20–10 in the first week, but eventually being defeated in the preliminary finals 30–20 by Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles, making it the second year in a row for them to bow out one game before the Grand Final. Reynolds played in all the Rabbitohs 26 matches, scoring 4 tries, kicking 100 goals and kicking 2 field goals in the 2013 season.

2014
On 4 May 2014, Reynolds was selected to play for NSW City in the City vs Country Origin match, Reynolds played at halfback and kicked 3 goals in the 26-all draw in Dubbo, New South Wales. On 5 October 2014, in South Sydney's 2014 NRL Grand Final against the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, Reynolds played at halfback, scored a try and kicked 5 from 7 goals in Souths 30–6 victory. Reynolds finished off his solid year with South Sydney in the 2014 NRL season with him playing 26 matches, scoring 7 tries, kicking 95 goals and kicking 3 field goals.

2015
On 27 January 2015, Reynolds extended his contract on a two-year deal, estimated $500,000 per season. On 23 January 2015, Reynolds was named in the South Sydney Rabbitohs tournament-winning 2015 NRL Auckland Nines squad. Reynolds was named the Player of the Tournament. In Round 5, against the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, Reynolds suffered a knee injury that could have seen him sidelined for up to 6–8 weeks after Bulldogs  and captain James Graham ran into him to charge down a field goal attempt in the dying minutes. The Rabbitohs were awarded a penalty and team-mate Bryson Goodwin kicked the penalty goal to win the match for the Rabbitohs 18–17 at ANZ Stadium.

Reynolds returned early, in Round 9 against the St. George Illawarra Dragons, and helped South Sydney to a 16–10 win at ANZ Stadium, snapping his team's three match losing streak, However he suffered a thumb injury that could have see him out for up to 8 weeks. Reynolds again made an early comeback from injury in Round 14 against the Wests Tigers in South Sydney's 34–6 loss at ANZ Stadium.

Reynolds finished the 2015 NRL season as South Sydney's highest point scorer with him scoring a try, kicking 53 goals and kicking a field goal in 18 matches. On 26 September 2015, Reynolds played for the Prime Minister's XIII against Papua New Guinea at halfback and kicked 2 goals in the 40–12 win at Port Moresby. On 11 December 2015, Reynolds and Souths officials dismissed rumours that he wanted a release from the club to join the Gold Coast Titans with departed 2014 premiership winning team-mate Chris McQueen.

2016
On 13 January 2016, Reynolds was named in the emerging New South Wales Blues squad. On 2 February 2016, Reynolds was selected to replace Trent Hodkinson for the World All Stars in the 2016 All Stars match. In the match on 13 February 2016, Reynolds kicked 2 goals with the World All Stars defeating the Indigenous All Stars 12–8 at Suncorp Stadium. Reynolds made his State of Origin debut for New South Wales in Game I of the 2016 series.

Reynolds played in the second game of the 2016 State of Origin series as Queensland defeated New South Wales 26–16 at Suncorp Stadium.  Reynolds was ruled out of the final game in the series due to injury and was replaced by Matt Moylan.  At club level, Reynolds made 16 appearances for Souths in the 2016 NRL season as they missed out on the finals for the first time since 2012.

2017
Despite Souths missing the finals for a second straight season, Reynolds had a relatively good year and made 21 appearances for the club.  Reynolds missed out on origin selection for New South Wales being beaten to the number 7 jersey by Mitchell Pearce.  One of the highlights in the season for Reynolds was his goal kicking.  Reynolds finished the season with a goal kicking percentage of 88.16%.

2018
In 2018, Reynolds was part of the South Sydney side which finished third on the table at the end of the regular season.  In week two of the finals, Reynolds kicked 3 field goals including one in the final minute of the match as Souths defeated St George 13–12.  It was the first time a player had kicked 3 field goals in a match since Jason Taylor in the 1997 season.  In the preliminary final against the Sydney Roosters, Reynolds kicked two penalty goals but Souths finished short of a grand final appearance losing 12–4.

2019
Reynolds began the 2019 NRL season in good form as Souths began the year winning 10 of their first 11 games.  Reynolds form meant that he was in contention for selection in the New South Wales origin team.  In round 11 against Wests Tigers, Reynolds scored a try and kicked 3 goals but was taken from the field with what was suspected to be severe leg injury.  Reynolds was later cleared of any damage but was overlooked for origin selection with NSW coach Brad Fittler opting to pick Nathan Cleary at halfback.

In round 17 against Manly-Warringah, Reynolds kicked a field goal in the dying minutes as South Sydney won 21–20 at ANZ Stadium breaking a four-game losing streak.

South Sydney would finished the 2019 regular season in third spot on the table and qualified for the finals.  Reynolds played in all three of South Sydney's finals matches as the club reached the preliminary final for a second straight year but were defeated by Canberra 16–10 at Canberra Stadium.

2020
On 25 February, Reynolds was announced as the new captain of South Sydney.  Reynolds spoke to the media saying "I grew up across the road from Redfern Oval in apartments on Elizabeth Street and always wanted to play for Souths, so to have the chance to captain the team is amazing".

In round 14, Reynolds scored a try, kicked five goals and a last-gasp field goal as South Sydney defeated North Queensland 31–30 at the Queensland Country Bank Stadium.

In round 15, Reynolds kicked nine goals from nine attempts as South Sydney defeated Manly-Warringah 56–16 at ANZ Stadium.

In round 20, he kicked ten goals in South Sydney's 60–8 victory over bitter rivals the Sydney Roosters at ANZ Stadium.

Reynolds played 23 games throughout the year as the club reached their third preliminary final in a row but fell once again of a grand final appearance losing to Penrith 20–16.  He also finished as the competition's top point scorer with 221 points

2021
In round 4 of the 2021 NRL season, he scored a try and kicked seven goals in South Sydney's 38–0 victory over Canterbury-Bankstown.

In round 5 against Brisbane, he kicked the first two point field goal since 1970.  The scoring option was reintroduced by the NRL at the start of the season, with shots taken from behind the 40 metre line awarded the 2 points, similar to the three point line in the NBA.
In round 8 against Canberra, he kicked seven goals from seven attempts as South Sydney won the match 34–20.

On 2 May, it was revealed that Reynolds suffered a thumb injury in the victory over Canberra and was ruled out for a match. The following week, without Reynolds and a host of other starters, South Sydney went down 50–0 to the Melbourne Storm.

On May 12, after weeks of speculation about his future, it was announced that Reynolds had turned his back on a one-year Souths contract extension to sign a three-year deal with Brisbane starting in 2022, for reportedly $200,000 less than he would've earned if he had signed with Cronulla-Sutherland.

In round 16, Reynolds broke Eric Simms record at South Sydney for most goals kicked in the club's 38–22 victory over Wests Tigers.

In round 20, Reynolds scored a try, provided two try assists and kicked seven goals as South Sydney defeated St. George Illawarra 50–14.

The following week, Reynolds became South Sydney's all-time record points scorer overtaking Eric Simms as Souths defeated Parramatta 40-12.

Reynolds played a total of 25 games for South Sydney in the 2021 NRL season.  He captained Souths in their 14-12 2021 NRL Grand Final loss against Penrith.  With only five minutes remaining, Reynolds had a conversion attempt from the sideline which would have levelled the scores at 14-14. Reynolds narrowly missed the conversion with the ball going to the right of the posts.  Reynolds then attempted a two-point field goal with one minute remaining but the ball fell short of the crossbar and Penrith held on to claim their third premiership.

2022
On 31 January, Reynolds was announced as the captain of his new team the Brisbane Broncos, becoming the 12th full-time Broncos men's captain of all time.
In Round 2 of the 2022 NRL season, Reynolds made his club debut for Brisbane in a 16-10 victory over Canterbury at Stadium Australia.
In Round 9 of the 2022 NRL season, Reynolds played against his former club for the first time and led Brisbane to a 32-12 victory over South Sydney at Stadium Australia.  Reynolds scored a try and kicked six goals during the match.
Reynolds played a total of 20 games for Brisbane throughout the year as the club finished 9th on the table. Reynolds finished as Brisbane's top point scorer for the season with 146 points.

2023
In round 1 of the 2023 NRL season, Reynolds kicked a field goal for Brisbane which proved to be the difference as they pulled off a massive upset defeating back to back premiers Penrith at Penrith Stadium 13-12.
In round 11, Reynolds was medicabbed off the field in the opening 20 minutes of Brisbane's match against Melbourne after he hit his head on the ground which knocked him unconscious.
In round 24, Reynolds became the second player in Australian rugby league history to kick 1000 goals during Brisbane's 54-10 victory over Parramatta at The Gabba.
Reynolds played a total of 23 matches for Brisbane in the 2023 NRL season. Reynolds played in Brisbane's 26-24 loss against Penrith in the 2023 NRL Grand Final where he made a couple of key errors during the game including kicking the ball out on the full from a dropout on two occasions.

Statistics

Club

References

Notes

External links

 Brisbane Broncos profile
Rabbitohs profile
NRL profile

1990 births
Living people
Australian rugby league players
New South Wales City Origin rugby league team players
New South Wales Rugby League State of Origin players
NRL All Stars players
People educated at Matraville Sports High School
Prime Minister's XIII players
Rugby league halfbacks
Rugby league players from Sydney
South Sydney Rabbitohs captains
South Sydney Rabbitohs players
Brisbane Broncos players
Sportsmen from New South Wales

Adam Reynolds


Nathan Catt (born 6 January 1988) is a retired English rugby union player who played at Prop for Bath Rugby in the Aviva Premiership.

Catt played for England in the 2007 IRB U19 World Championships. In the 2008 U20 Six Nations, Catt started every game, as the England under-20 team won the grand slam. Catt was subsequently a member of the England Under 20 team that reached the final of the 2008 IRB Junior World Championship.

Catt made his England Saxons debut against Portugal in January, 2009.

Catt made his Bath debut in an EDF Energy Cup match against Leicester Tigers. He made his League debut against Worcester Warriors.

Catt was called up to the senior England squad by Eddie Jones in January 2017.

He announced his retirement in 2020 due to long-term injury.

References

External links
Bath profile
The Ten Best England Rugby Prospects
Five England stars of the future

1988 births
Living people
English rugby union players
Bath Rugby players
Rugby union props
People educated at Bath College
Rugby union players from Bristol

Nathan Catt


The Bell Memorial (also known as the Bell Monument or Telephone Monument) is a memorial designed by Walter Seymour Allward to commemorate the invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell at the Bell Homestead National Historic Site, in Brantford, Ontario, Canada.

In 1906, the citizens of the Brantford and Brant County areas formed the Bell Telephone Memorial Association, which commissioned the memorial. By 1908, the association's designs committee asked sculptors on two continents to submit proposals for the memorial. The submission by Canadian sculptor Walter Seymour Allward of Toronto won the competition. The memorial was originally scheduled for completion by 1912 but Allward, aided by his studio assistant Emanuel Hahn did not finish it until five years later. The Governor General of Canada, Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire, unveiled the memorial on 24 October 1917.

Allward designed the monument to symbolize the telephone's ability to overcome great distances. A series of steps lead to the main section where the floating allegorical figure of Inspiration appears over a reclining male figure representing Man, transmitting sound through space, discovering his power to transmit sound through space, and also pointing to three floating figures, the messengers of Knowledge, Joy, and Sorrow positioned at the other end of the tableau. Additionally, there are two female figures mounted on granite pedestals representing Humanity positioned to the left and right of the memorial, one sending and the other receiving a message.

The Bell Memorial has been described as the finest example of Allward's early work. The memorial itself has been used as a central fixture for many civic events and remains an important part of Brantford's history. It was provided a heritage designation under the Ontario Heritage Act in 2005 and listed on the Canadian Register of Historic Places in 2009.

History

Alexander Graham Bell conceived the technical aspects of the telephone and invented it in July 1874, while residing with his parents at their farm, Melville House, now a National Historic Site of Canada. One of the first successful voice transmissions of any notable distance was made on 4 August 1876, between the telegraph office in Brantford, Ontario and Bell's father's homestead over makeshift wires. He later refined the telephone's design at Brantford after producing his first working prototype in Boston. Canada's first telephone factory, created by James Cowherd, was located in Brantford, and operated from about 1879 to 1881 leading to the informal designation as The Telephone City.

Memorial association established

Discussion of a monument to commemorate both Bell and his invention was first raised in Brantford in 1904 although the Bell Telephone Memorial Association was not formally established until 1906. After gaining Bell's approval, the association and its proposed memorial were publicly endorsed on 9 March 1906 at a banquet in Brantford Kirby House (later to become the Hotel Kirby), which Bell attended as a guest of honour. That same year the association was formally organized and incorporated by an Act of the Legislature of Ontario with the stated aim of commemorating the invention of the telephone in Brantford and to name Bell as its inventor. What was highly unusual in this instance was the building of an important monument to a living person, an event usually conducted only for imperial leaders. The duality of the monument with its dedication to both the inventor and to his invention, with its emphasis on the latter, likely persuaded Alexander Graham Bell, normally modest, to accept the invitation to its public unveiling.

The association was organized with the support of George, Prince of Wales (later King George V), Viceroy of India and former Governor-General of Canada Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto, and the latter's successor Governor-General Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey, plus an approximate dozen other prominent leaders in Canada and the United States, who endorsed the project with their backing. Donald Howard, 3rd Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal became its first honorary president and upon his death, he was succeeded by the Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, a former Governor-General of Canada. William Foster Cockshutt, the local federal Member of Parliament who had originally proposed the memorial in 1904, became the association's president, and was assisted by another MP, Lloyd Harris, who served as vice-president. The design selection committee was led by Byron Edmund Walker, a prominent Canadian banker, philanthropist and patron of the arts.

The Association's public appeal quickly raised  within its first months, rising to $44,000 by September 1909, eventually collecting over $65,000  through donations from various citizens worldwide. An additional federal contribution of $10,000 was supported in Canada's parliament by Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier. In a city with a population of only 30,000, the fundraising needed for the monument was a major accomplishment.

Selection committee choice

Invitations were sent out to 22 sculptors in Europe, the United States and Canada in 1908, inviting them to submit models for the proposed monument. By May 1909 either nine or ten models had been submitted. A designs committee was appointed by the association and selected the three best designs they favored from the models submitted. The committee asked a trio of outside judges, Sir Byron Edmund Walker of the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce in Toronto, New York State Senator George Allen Davis of Buffalo and Sir George Christie Gibbons of London, Ontario to make a final decision, all of whom were considered patrons of the arts. After consideration a unanimous choice was made to award the commission to Walter Seymour Allward.  The millionaire banker and philanthropist Sir Byron Walker was likely persuasive in swaying the unanimous decision to the sculptor. Walker had earlier contacted a prominent Brantford banker, praising Allward's previous works, and advised him that "because of the national character of the work I am particularly interested in the best possible outcome artistically".

Lengthy delays and completion

The commission award for the memorial had been made in 1908 and a contract to Allward authorized in 1909, based on an initial cost estimate of $25,000 with the provision that the work would be completed by 1912. Also in 1909 the association purchased Alexander Melville Bell's former homestead and farm, Melville House, and transferred its ownership to the City of Brantford for conversion into a museum.

Allward was assisted by his studio assistant, Emanuel Otto Hahn, another highly notable sculptor who worked on the monument with him until 1912 when Hahn left for the Ontario College of Art. The project proceeded slowly in part due to Allward's concurrent work on several other commissions at the same time, including the South African War Memorial, a major monument erected in Toronto. In April 1915 Allward reported to the committee that the two heroic figures to be mounted on pedestals had been successfully cast and that foundation work for the site had been tendered. But in regards to the central bronze casting, which was to become the largest ever created in North America up to that point, he could not estimate when it would be complete, writing in a letter "I am giving all my time to it; I cannot do more. It is an important panel and cannot be too well done". For various reasons the memorial was not completed until 1917, with World War I, material shortages, an embargo on exports of French moulding sand and transportation limitations creating lengthy delays.

Unveiling of the Memorial

The Brantford monument was finally unveiled in a driving rain on 24 October 1917 by then Governor General of Canada Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire before an audience in the thousands. The Governor General of Canada arrived in the city by train, along with the Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario Sir John Hendrie, the Hon. Senator Robertson of the Privy Council, the Hon. W.D. McPherson of the Ontario Government and other notables. They were greeted by a children's chorus, honour guards, the band of the 125th (Brantford) Battalion and the chimes of Grace Anglican Church located only a few dozen metres from the memorial. Also in attendance in full war regalia was Chief A.R. Hill of the Six Nations Tribes of the Grand River, where Bell, not long after his arrival in Canada, had been made an honorary tribal chief.

As a public holiday had been declared for the unveiling, the city's normal activities were shut down for the entire day. After the Governor-General completed his address at the monument and unveiled its shrouds, he withdrew to the city's Old Opera House due to the driving rain, along with large numbers of the crowd. The ceremonies were continued indoors in the city's opera theatre, with Bell addressing the audience again twice more at both the opera house and during a formal reception meal held at the Kerby House. Others spoke with Bell, including his former associate from the Aerial Experiment Association, J.A.D. McCurdy, Gilbert Grosvenour, president of the National Geographic Society, and other dignitaries.

Alexander Graham Bell (in both of his addresses that day) reminded the attendees that "Brantford is right in claiming the invention of the telephone here... [which was] conceived in Brantford in 1874 and born in Boston in 1875", and later addressing the Duke, said "...on behalf of the Association ...in presenting to His Excellency [with] a silver telephone... I hope that in using it he will remember that the telephone originated in Brantford and that the first transmission to a distance was made between Brantford and Paris." In appreciation to the people of Brantford, Bell's wife, Mabel Hubbard Bell, made a contribution of $500 to the city's support fund for its soldiers then fighting in Europe.

Memorial

At the time of its unveiling, the memorial was one of the most impressive monuments of the day in Canada, designed to depict the vast distances on the Earth being "annihilated" by the telephone. The allegorical style of the monument's figures depicts several aspects of the telephone in its worldwide use. Its most striking feature is its broad, main bronze cast panel, approximately seven and a half metres wide and two and a half metres high, which portray "....the elusive dream of the inventor's youth—Inspiration whispering to Man, his power to transmit sound through space. Three ephemeral ghostly figures, two of which are cast in mid-relief and one in high (alto-rilievo) relief, depict Knowledge, Joy and Sorrow, transmitted to man by the telephone. Two heroic figures flanking the broad flight of steps leading up to the monument symbolize humanity sending and receiving a message."

The Memorial is located within the Bell Memorial Gardens of Bell Memorial Park at 41 West Street in the City of Brantford. The monument itself is located on a gore of land forming a near-triangularly shaped public park. The triangular plot of land in front of the monument was transformed into a park, with its embankments being sodded. The panel in front of the gore which contains the monument is a smaller gore which has been artistically laid out as a park, the entire area being named as the Bell Memorial Gardens.

The model of Man, transmitting sound through space

The model for 'Man, discovering his power to transmit sound through space''' was Cyril William George Kinsella, a wounded war veteran and a former resident of Brantford.  Kinsella served as Allward's nude model representing Man after being severely injured in the European conflict. Born in the UK he had become one of approximately 100,000 disadvantaged British children and orphans, a "Home Child",  sent to Canada and other Commonwealth countries to find better lives in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. After arriving in Ontario in 1908 he resided in a series of Fegan Homes (named after James William Condell Fegan of Britain), including one in Toronto where he likely later met Allward. Kinsella eventually settled in Brantford County to perform farmwork. Underaged, but a healthy  in height in 1914, he enlisted in Brantford's 125th Battalion for service overseas where he fought in Belgium and France with the Canadian Expeditionary Force during World War I.

Kinsella was wounded and shell-shocked at the Second Battle of Ypres in Belgium and, after being invalided and discharged back to Canada in 1916, met Allward in Toronto while convalescing and then worked as his model, saying later "The posing was exacting and took about two months." Kinsella subsequently became bored with civilian life and reenlisted with the Canadian Army, returning to Europe. He was serving with the 1st Canadian Division, Fourth Battalion near the northern French village of St. Marie Chappell at the time of the memorial's unveiling in Brantford. He later returned to Canada at the end of the war, but did not view himself on the memorial until 27 years later, in May 1946.

 Other monument features

At the memorial's crest is a series of steps leading to the main portion of the monument, a wide mass of white Stanstead granite, faced by the largest single bronze casting created up to that time, which taxed the capacity of its foundry. The sculptor sought to bring out, as the dominant note, the discovery by man of his power to transmit sound through space. Above the reclining figure of man is Inspiration, urging him on to greater endeavors, while, at the other end of the panel are the messengers of Knowledge, Joy and Sorrow, communicating to man by telephone. On both sides of the main portion of the monument are two "heroic" female figures representing humanity in bronze on granite mounts, one depicted in the act of sending, the other of receiving a message over the telephone. The two female figures were positioned some distance apart in order to denote the telephone's power to traverse great distances. Uniting the entire work together is the line of the earth's curvature on the bronze casting, depicting the extent of the telephone's worldwide use. Allward's original proposed design for the monument also included the flags of the greatest nations of the world, a modern element that was likely omitted as it would detract from the monument's neoclassical design.

The rear side of the monument contains a small stone foundation with bullfrog gargoyles; while cut in the stone, on pilasters, are representations of the British Crown and the Maple Leaf. On the rear, also, was placed a bronze plaque giving the names of the patrons and the executive committee of the Association. In the present day the plaque is now found on the side of the rightmost granite mount for one of the heroic figures. The foundation, steps, pedestals and walls are composed of durable Stanstead granite. On the main portion, to the right and left, two circular panels are inscribed: "Hoc Opus Machinae Patri Dedicatum Est" (this monument has been dedicated to the author of the invention) and "Mundus Telephonici Usu Recreatus Est." (the world has been recreated using the telephone).Reville, F. Douglas. History of the County of Brant Vol. 1: Illustrated With Fifty Half-Tones Taken From Miniatures And Photographs, Brantford, ON: Brant Historical Society, Hurley Printing, 1920.  Retrieved from Brantford.Library.on.ca 4 May 2012, PDF pp. 187–197, or document pp. 308–322. (PDF) Beneath the central bronze casting is a large carved inscription: "To commemorate the invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in Brantford 1874." Upon its public unveiling the Bell Memorial created a stir of controversy with its abstract allegorical interpretations. Upon first viewing the bronze tableau, one observer in the crowds remarked on the two main figures on its left side, Man the Inventor and Inspiration.  "It looks to me..." he spoke to his friend, "...like an angel trying to pull along a pig-headed Englishman."  The monument also launched its designer-sculptor to fame. It was designed and crafted under Walter Seymour Allward (1875–1955), likely Canada's best monumental sculptor of the era. Besides the Bell Memorial he created numerous other important monumental works, his greatest being the Canadian National Vimy Memorial in Pas-de-Calais, France, commemorating Canada's sacrifices and human losses in the First World War, a project he worked on 16 years until its completion in 1936. The Bell Memorial is located within the Bell Memorial Gardens, a small park in downtown Brantford, in an area originally slated to be the city's new municipal centre, but which was subsequently built further away. Other names considered for the park but which were not accepted included Bell Circle, Graham Bell Park and Prince George Park.

 Reception

Allward's memorial has been described as "a tour de force".  One resident described the imagery of the oversized figures on its bronze panel, saying that it  "...depicts a mythical passing of the spark of communication from the hands of the gods to the hands of humans". The memorial has served as an important gathering point, landmark and commemoration site for Brantford, used to rally people for fund-raising events, marches and civic events. At the Armistice of World War I, it became a spontaneous gathering point for celebration. It was also used to help raise funds for Brantford's First World War Cenotaph, another of Walter Allward's works.

The memorial received historical designation for its cultural heritage value, by the City of Brantford on 31 October 2005, under the Ontario Heritage Act. It was also designated and listed on the Canadian Register of Historic Places on 12 January 2009. In 2010 both Parks Canada and the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada celebrated Allward's work by affixing a plaque to the monument honouring the sculptor himself.  It noted Allward's designation as a person of national historic significance due to his "...original sense of spatial composition, his mastery of the classical form and his brilliant craftsmanship."

 See also

 Alexander Graham Bell honors and tributes
 Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site, Baddeck, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia
 Spirit of Communication, statue and symbol of AT&T
 Thomas Cowherd, who helped establish Canada's first telephone factory

Notes

References

Bibliography
 Allward, W.S. Sketch-Model No.8: Description to Accompany Sketch Model of Proposed Bell Telephone Memorial  (Allward's description of his model), undated. Retrieved from brantford.ca 14 April 2012. (MS Word document)
 Ball, Vincent. The Industrialist, The Architect And The Home Boy, Brantford, ON: Brantford Expositor, 27 December 2009. Retrieved from BrantfordExpositor.ca 23 April 2012.
.
 Field, F.A. "The First Telephone Factory", Blue Bell (magazine), The Bell Telephone Company of Canada, January 1931. Retrieved 22 April 2012.

 Reville, F. Douglas. History of the County of Brant: Illustrated With Fifty Half-Tones Taken From Miniatures And Photographs, Brantford, ON: Brant Historical Society, Hurley Printing, 1920.  Retrieved from Brantford.Library.on.ca 4 May 2012

 Marquis, T.G. Brantford, The Telephone City, The Greater Brantford Expositor, pp. 13–14, 20, 1909.

 National Gallery of Canada. Walter S. Allward Collection: Finding Aid , National Gallery of Canada website.
 Osborne, Harold S. (1943) Biographical Memoir of Alexander Graham Bell , National Academy of Sciences: Biographical Memoirs, Vol. XXIII, 1847–1922. Presented to the Academy at its 1943 annual meeting.
 Raymond, E.T. Brantford, The Telephone City, Brantford War Memorial Association.

 Further reading

 Brantford Expositor. Brantford: The Telephone City, Brantford Expositor, October 1908, pp. 13–14, 20. A special edition of the Brantford Expositor recounts the history of Brantford, including the city's connection to Alexander Graham Bell.
 Deland, Fred (1918). "The Bell Telephone Memorial",  Volta Review'' (journal), Vol. 20, pp. 231–236.
 Dunington-Grubb Landscape Architects, H.B. & L.A. (Toronto).  View of proposed civic centre and Bell Telephone Memorial Park, in the report: "City of Brantford, Ontario: preliminary report to the Parks Commission on future development and improvement, for the City of Brantford, December 1914, pp. 2, 26–28.
 Friel, Chris. Bell Memorial Notes Mayor Chris Friel's thoughts on the significance of the Bell Memorial on Rogers Cable, Nov. 6, 2001, using background notes provided by Stephen Robinson. (MS Word document)

External links

 Canadian Register of Historic Places: Bell Monument
 Brantford historic sites and monuments (archived)
 The Unveiling of the Bell Memorial  (Brantford Public Library digital archives)
  AT&T Archives at TechChannel.ATT.com, silent film footage of Alexander Graham Bell, 1917–1922, including Bell at the Memorial's unveiling (video)

History of the telephone
Monuments and memorials in Ontario
Alexander Graham Bell
Buildings and structures in Brantford
Buildings and structures completed in 1917
History of immigration to Canada
Historical markers
Designated heritage properties in Ontario
Tourist attractions in the County of Brant
Sculptures by Walter Seymour Allward
Neoclassical architecture in Canada

Bell Memorial


Joshua Jortner (Hebrew: יהושע יורטנר) (March 14, 1933) is an Israeli physical chemist. He is a professor emeritus at the School of Chemistry, The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University in Tel Aviv, Israel.

Birth and education
Jortner was born on March 14, 1933, in Tarnów, Poland, to a Jewish family. He migrated with his parents to Palestine under the British Mandate during the Second World War in 1940. He received his Ph.D. from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1960.

Academic career
After completing his Ph.D., Jortner became a lecturer in the Department of Physical Chemistry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem from 1961 to 1963. From 1962 to 1964, he was a research associate at the University of Chicago. In 1964, he was appointed to a professorship in the Department of Chemistry at Tel Aviv University and was its first chairman. From 1966 to 1972, he was deputy rector, acting rector and vice president of Tel Aviv University. Since 1973, he has held the position of the Heinemann Professor of Chemistry at the School of Chemistry, the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences of Tel Aviv University. He also held a professorship at the University of Chicago from 1964 to 1971 as a part-time appointment. He was a visiting professor at the University of Copenhagen in 1974 and 1978 and at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1975.

He also held honorary fellowships, lectureships and chairs at the California Institute of Technology in 1997, St Catherine's College, Oxford, in 1995 and the École Normale Supérieure in Paris from 1998 to 2000. Since 1973, he has been a member of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities and was its president from 1986 to 1995. He is an Honorary Foreign Member of 13 Academies of Sciences in the United States, Europe (The Netherlands, 1998) and Asia.

Research
Jortner has undertaken research on a broad range of areas in both physical and theoretical chemistry, involving dynamical phenomena in chemical systems. His research focuses on the relations between structure, spectroscopy, dynamics and function in microscopic and macroscopic systems. He made some central contributions to the elucidation of the mechanisms of energy acquisition, storage and disposal in large molecules, clusters, condensed phase and biophysical systems, as explored from the microscopic point of view.

He is known for the recognition and elucidation of the intramolecular nature of radiationless dissipation of energy in molecules of large and medium size. Based on a simple theoretical model, in 1968 he proposed, in collaboration with Mordechai Bixon, the basic notions specifying the energy acquisition process, the interstate coupling modes, and the mechanisms of energy disposal were laid open. Subsequently, he developed the theory of molecular wavepacket dynamics and quantum beats.

His contributions became seminal to the study of laser chemistry, multiphoton processes in molecules, relaxation phenomena in condensed phases and the dynamics of biophysical systems, and had an indelible impact on the modern development of chemical physics and theoretical chemistry.

His research covers a vast range of fields, such as the theory of solvated electrons, properties of excited electronic states of molecules, coherent multiphoton processes, charge transfer in polar solvents and in biophysical systems and the dynamics of supercooled large molecules and of molecular clusters.

Awards
 In 1982, Jortner received the Israel Prize, in chemistry.
 In 1988, Jortner was awarded the Wolf Prize in Chemistry along with Raphael David Levine of Hebrew University of Jerusalem for "their incisive theoretical studies elucidating energy acquisition and disposal in molecular systems and mechanisms for dynamical selectivity and specificity".
 In 1990, Jortner was elected an International member of the American Philosophical Society.
 In 1991 Jortner was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
 In 1995 he became a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.
 In 1997, he was elected an International member of the United States National Academy of Sciences.
 In 2008, he received the "Emet" prize.

Personal life
He is married to Ruth T. Jortner, a cardiologist. His son Roni is a biologist and his daughter Iris is a cellist.

See also
 List of Israel Prize recipients

References

External links
 Curriculum vitae of Joshua Jortner
 Research of Joshua Jortner
 The Wolf Prize in Chemistry in 1988

1933 births
Living people
People from Tarnów
Israeli physical chemists
Theoretical chemists
University of Chicago faculty
Academic staff of Tel Aviv University
Israel Prize in chemistry recipients
Wolf Prize in Chemistry laureates
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Members of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
Israeli Jews
Polish emigrants to Israel
Israeli expatriates in the United States
Jewish chemists
Presidents of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Foreign Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Members of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Joshua Jortner


The Zero Theorem is a 2013 science fiction film directed by Terry Gilliam, starring Christoph Waltz, David Thewlis, Mélanie Thierry and Lucas Hedges. Written by Pat Rushin, the story is about Qohen Leth (Waltz), a reclusive computer genius tasked with solving a formula that will determine whether life holds meaning. The film began production in October 2012.

Gilliam has given conflicting statements about whether The Zero Theorem is meant as the third part of a satirical dystopian trilogy ("Orwellian triptych") that began with 1985's Brazil and continued with 1995's 12 Monkeys.

Plot
In the bizarre cyberpunk future of the mid-21st century, Qohen Leth, an eccentric and reclusive programmer who refers to himself in the plural, works crunching "entities" for the ontological research division of a large company called Mancom. He does not like having to leave the quiet, fire-damaged church in which he lives to travel the bright, crowded , and polluted streets and work in a noisy office and fears missing a mysterious phone call he has been expecting for years, so he requests disability leave or permission to work from home. Though he points to the fact that all of his hair has fallen out as evidence he is dying, three company doctors determine he is physically healthy but they do require he start sessions with Dr. Shrink-Rom, an AI therapist.

Qohen attends a party thrown by his supervisor, Joby, so he can talk to Management, their boss. He requests permission to work from home, saying he would be more productive and mentioning his call, which he says he hopes will provide his life with a purpose. Management at first calls Qohen "insane" but later says he has a special project for Qohen that he thinks might prove mutually beneficial.

The project is the "Zero Theorem", an extremely complex mathematical formula with a reputation for quickly exhausting or killing anyone who tries to solve it. Qohen spends months locked in his home working on it and becomes increasingly deranged, as the "entities refuse to remain crunched" and Mancom's demands for processed data are relentless. In frustration, he smashes his work station with a hammer, destroying it permanently.

Joby comes by to check on Qohen and says he knows someone he thinks can help. He sends over Bainsley, a young woman Qohen had met at Joby's party, who knocks on Qohen's door dressed in a sexy nurse outfit. She cleans up a bit and they talk, and Qohen confides that the call he is waiting for is a call-back from someone he once accidentally hung up on who he believes will tell him the meaning of life. Saying she will be right back, Bainsley leaves.

Bob, the teenage son of Management, visits Qohen to repair his computer. Qohen says he has decided to quit but Bob tells him Management is not done with him, so he cannot. Ambivalent toward his father, Bob reveals that Bainsley was paid to spend time with Qohen and then offers to get Qohen his call, if he agrees to continue to work on the Zero Theorem. When Bainsley returns, she gives Qohen an advanced VR suit, and they arrange to meet up through her website. Qohen clicks on a link and finds himself, with hair, on a virtual beach with Bainsley. He is concerned that it is not real but she assures him it is "better than real" and they end up kissing.

The next day, Bob visits Qohen again. He explains that proving the Zero Theorem will prove life is meaningless by affirming the Big Crunch theory, which Qohen does not want to believe. Unable to focus on work, he virtually meets with Bainsley again. He is troubled that the Sun never sets on her beach, so she invites him to imagine an environment for them to inhabit, and he ends up sending them to a vortex around a black hole that has been haunting his dreams. Back on the beach, Bainsley comforts Qohen and they embrace, but when he suggests they stay in the virtual world together and denounces Management, he is forcefully disconnected from the system and his VR suit is remotely destructed. When Qohen goes to Bainsley's website at an unplanned time, he discovers her performing as a webcam stripper and logs off abruptly. He later returns to the site and finds his access has been blocked, as his IP Address has been blacklisted, preventing him from accessing the site.

Weeks later, Bob returns with Qohen's VR suit, which he says he has turned into a "prototype soul-searching device". Bob gets Dr. Shrink-Rom to confirm that the phone call Qohen is waiting for is a delusion but says the upgraded suit has the ability to connect Qohen with his soul, assuming he has one. Bainsley arrives and says that, while she initially agreed to seduce Qohen because Joby said she could keep her VR suit if she did so, she developed real feelings for Qohen. She offers to run away with him but Qohen turns her down. He and Bob take a break from work and go to a park, where Qohen reveals he was once married.

Back at the church, Bob's health declines rapidly, and Qohen cares for him. Once Bob is asleep, Qohen finds and smashes the cameras Management hid throughout the building. Two of Management's employees break in and take Bob away and, later, Joby drops by to blame Qohen for getting him fired. Once alone, Qohen dons his upgraded VR suit and tries to connect to his computer but there is a problem and he is electrocuted.

Finding himself in front of the Neural Net Mancrive, a massive supercomputer that is the destination for all of the entities crunched by the employees of Mancom, Qohen is greeted by Management, who tells him Bob has been hospitalized due to a chronic illness. Qohen asks if Management is real or just in his mind and is told that it does not matter, as he is now part of the Neural Net. He asks what the point of his life is but Management says he does not know, as Mancom is still crunching the data but he believes the Universe came from and will return to chaos. Management states his goal was never to prove life has no meaning but to improve his models so he can make more money by bringing order to the natural disorder. The reason Qohen was chosen to work on the Zero Theorem is that he is a man of faith, which represents the antithesis of Management's project. Unfortunately, Management says, the faith that led Qohen to spend his life waiting for the phone call he believed would give his life meaning caused him to live a meaningless life.

After saying he no longer requires Qohen's services, Management disappears. Qohen destroys the Neural Net, which blows open, revealing the black hole vortex from his nightmare inside, though now there are countless pictures, including one of Bainsley, swirling toward the center. He begins to walk away, but turns back and smiling, jumps into the vortex. Alone on the virtual beach, a calm, naked (and still-bald) Qohen stands looking out to sea. He goes over to where he had a picnic with Bainsley and picks her bikini top up off the sand. A beach ball floats by, and he throws it up in the air a few times before he does the same thing with the Sun, which then sets. Mixed in with the music as the credits begin, Bainsley can be heard calling Qohen's name and laughing.

Cast

 Christoph Waltz as Qohen Leth:
 A loner computer programmer and mathematician searching for the meaning of life. The script just called for Qohen to be bald, but Gilliam insisted Waltz also shave his eyebrows, both to challenge his acting and to visually differentiate Qohen from Waltz's previous roles. Ewan McGregor and Billy Bob Thornton were attached to the part at different stages of pre-production.
 David Thewlis as Joby
 Mélanie Thierry as Bainsley:
 A femme fatale who enters Qohen's life. Gilliam resisted pressure to cast an established American actress, wanting someone whom few viewers had seen. He stated that "the difference is, in particular the American actresses, they all look similar, they're all the same shape, they're all trimmed down. I want somebody's who's real and beautiful at the same time. She had a kid a couple of years ago, so she has a real body as opposed to these manufactured bodies." Thierry had previously played "reserved, beautiful characters", but Gilliam instructed her to think of Bainsley as "Marilyn Monroe and Judy Holliday combined". Jessica Biel was originally attached to the role.
 Lucas Hedges as Bob
 Sanjeev Bhaskar as Doctor 1
 Peter Stormare as Doctor 2
 Ben Whishaw as Doctor 3
 Matt Damon as Management. Al Pacino was attached to the role at one point.
 Tilda Swinton as Dr. Shrink-Rom
 Emil Hostina as Slim Clone
 Pavlic Nemes as Chubs Clone
 Dana Rogoz as Pizza Girl

Gwendoline Christie, Rupert Friend, Ray Cooper, and Lily Cole appear in commercials Qohen passes on the street early in the film.

Production

Development
Pat Rushin, a professor of creative writing at the University of Central Florida, was inspired to write the film by vanitas of Ecclesiastes  (the Hebrew title of which is קֹהֶלֶת, or "Qoheleth", meaning "Gatherer", but traditionally translated as "Teacher" or "Preacher"), which he felt suggested such questions as "What is the value of life? What is the meaning of existence? What's the use?" He wrote the 145-page first draft of the script in ten days, with "no idea what [he] was doing". To learn how to write a screenplay, he checked out several screenwriting books and screenplays from the UCF library, that of Terry Gilliam's Brazil among them.

Producer Richard D. Zanuck originally signed Ewan McGregor to play Qohen Leth, but the actor dropped out. A later iteration of the project, which would have starred Billy Bob Thornton, Jessica Biel, and Al Pacino and been directed by Gilliam, was set to begin production in 2009, first in London, and then in Vancouver. Plans to film with this cast fell through when Gilliam pulled out to complete work on The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus, which was put behind schedule by the death of its star, Heath Ledger.

In 2012, the project was restarted. Christoph Waltz replaced Thornton in the lead role, and the late Zanuck's son Dean replaced him as producer.

Filming
Principal photography was scheduled to run from 22 October to 3 December 2012. It eventually required one more day, meaning the shoot actually lasted 37 days.

Because Gilliam had faced frustrations over the aspect ratio used for home video releases of his earlier film Tideland (2005), The Zero Theorem was shot in the Maxivision format with a 1.85:1 aspect ratio (with 16:9 matting and telecine in mind) so he could be certain every viewer in the world would see exactly what he intended them to see in a premeditated 16:9 framing, no matter what device was used. He also liked that this technique, referred to by him as "the first one-size-fits-all, full-frame, semi-vinyl motion picture", resulted in round edges on frame corners, which he found resembled a vintage 1920s movie-going experience when projectors were not yet fitted to hide the camera gate's round edges.

Of the production process, Gilliam stated: "It's been one year from start to finish. Most of my movies take three years but this was a fast shoot and it was good to be in Bucharest. I loved the crews and Romanians work very hard and they're very skilled. Because we had limited funds we were flying people in for the day and back out again. I was knackered by the end of it." He also commented on the difficulty of producing such a film in the current industry climate, saying: "This was a more modest budget than some of the big effects movies I've worked on but it's going to look so good on the screen. What's happened is the industry has become very much like society – there are the rich [films] and the cheap ones and the middle-budget films have been squeezed out of existence. You've got to get clever and take advantage of your friends who work for scale and work in great places with great crews where you get a bigger bang for your buck."

Production design
In an e-mail sent to production designer Dave Warren, Gilliam concisely stated the look he intended for the film: "Neo Rauch + Ukulele Ike = The Zero Theorem".

Music
The film's score was provided by British composer George Fenton. Gilliam described it as being "like a ghost, this other character we never see". A lounge music version of Radiohead's song "Creep" performed by Karen Souza is heard in the film when Qohen visits Bainsley's website and over the closing credits.

Release
The Zero Theorem premiered at the 70th Venice International Film Festival on 2 September 2013.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 48%, based on reviews from 131 critics, with a weighted average score of 5.60/10; the site's critical consensus states: "Fans of director Terry Gilliam's trademark visual aesthetic will find everything they've bargained for, but for the unconverted, The Zero Theorem may prove too muddled to enjoy." On review aggregator website Metacritic, it has a score of 50%, based on reviews from 28 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Harry Knowles, who saw an early screening of the film, gave it a very positive review, writing that it was "perfect" and Gilliam's best film since Brazil and that Waltz's performance was "amazing" and the actor deserved to win the Academy Award for Best Actor. He said he hoped the final version of the film would be the one he saw, stating: "There's not a frame needing to be lost".

Commenting on the film's misrepresentation by critics, Gilliam stated on his official Facebook page that one of the few critics to note that The Zero Theorem was not a comedy, but rather a tragedy, was Dave Lancaster of Cinemas Online.

References

External links

2013 films
2013 science fiction films
British science fiction films
Romanian science fiction films
2010s English-language films
English-language Romanian films
Films directed by Terry Gilliam
2010s dystopian films
Existentialist films
Films scored by George Fenton
Films about computing
Films about virtual reality
Films shot in Bucharest
Voltage Pictures films
Stage 6 Films films
Films about consciousness
2010s British films

The Zero Theorem


The escala nordestina () are a body of musical scales commonly used in the music of the Nordeste, the northeastern region of Brazil. The term can apply to several different scales, including the Mixolydian, the Lydian with a flattened seventh (see Acoustic scale), and the Dorian. These three modes have in common the rejection of the use of the major seventh as the leading-tone, generally preferring the more "acoustic and natural" minor seventh. The term northeastern scale is most commonly used to refer to the Mixolydian mode, which is extensively used in baião and frevo music. In Brazilian music, the Dorian mode is formed from the Mixolydian mode, by the lowering of the third, thus being a minor version of the former. The Brazilian Lydian, somewhat less common in practice, is a synthetic scale closely related to the harmonic series.

References

Musical scales
Brazilian music

Escala nordestina


Room 641A is a telecommunication interception facility operated by AT&T for the U.S. National Security Agency, as part of its warrantless surveillance program as authorized by the Patriot Act. The facility commenced operations in 2003 and its purpose was publicly revealed in 2006.

Description
Room 641A is located in the SBC Communications building at 611 Folsom Street, San Francisco, three floors of which were occupied by AT&T before SBC purchased AT&T. The room was referred to in internal AT&T documents as the SG3 [Study Group 3] Secure Room.

The room measures about  and contains several racks of equipment, including a Narus STA 6400, a device designed to intercept and analyze Internet communications at very high speeds. It is fed by fiber optic lines from beam splitters installed in fiber optic trunks carrying Internet backbone traffic. In the analysis of J. Scott Marcus, a former CTO for GTE and a former adviser to the Federal Communications Commission, it has access to all Internet traffic that passes through the building, and therefore "the capability to enable surveillance and analysis of internet content on a massive scale, including both overseas and purely domestic traffic."

The existence of the room was revealed by former AT&T technician Mark Klein and was the subject of a 2006 class action lawsuit by the Electronic Frontier Foundation against AT&T. Klein claims he was told that similar black rooms are operated at other facilities around the country.

Room 641A and the controversies surrounding it were subjects of an episode of Frontline, the current affairs documentary program on PBS. It was originally broadcast on May 15, 2007. It was also featured on PBS's NOW on March 14, 2008. The room was also covered in the PBS Nova episode "The Spy Factory".

Lawsuits

The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) filed a class-action lawsuit against AT&T on January 31, 2006, accusing the telecommunication company of violating the law and the privacy of its customers by collaborating with the National Security Agency (NSA) in a massive, illegal program to wiretap and data-mine Americans' communications. On July 20, 2006, a federal judge denied the government's and AT&T's motions to dismiss the case, chiefly on the ground of the state secrets privilege, allowing the lawsuit to go forward. On August 15, 2007, the case was heard by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals and was dismissed on December 29, 2011, based on a retroactive grant of immunity by Congress for telecommunications companies that cooperated with the government. The U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear the case.

A different case by the Electronic Frontier Foundation was filed on September 18, 2008, titled Jewel v. NSA. After many years of litigation, on April 25, 2019, ruling from the Northern District of California for Jewel v. NSA concluded that the evidence presented by the plaintiff's experts was insufficient; "the Court confirms its earlier finding that Klein cannot establish the content, function, or purpose of the secure room at the AT&T site based on his own independent knowledge." The ruling noted, "Klein can only speculate about what data were actually processed and by whom in the secure room and how and for what purpose, as he was never involved in its operation." The Court further went on to discredit other experts called upon, citing their heavy reliance on the Klein declaration.

In the Spring of 2006, over 50 other lawsuits were filed against various telecommunications companies, in response to the article.

There has been speculation that several rooms similar to this exist all over the United States.

Gallery

See also

 Cabinet noir
 ECHELON
 Fairview (surveillance program)
 Fiber tapping
 Hemisphere Project, mass surveillance program conducted by AT&T and paid for by the DEA
 Main Core
 NSA warrantless surveillance controversy
 President's Surveillance Program
 PRISM (surveillance program)
 Signals intelligence
 Upstream collection
 Utah Data Center
 33 Thomas Street

References

External links

AT&T buildings
George W. Bush administration controversies
History of cryptography
Locations in the history of espionage
National Security Agency facilities
Privacy of telecommunications
Signals intelligence
Privacy in the United States
Organizations based in San Francisco
Individual rooms

Room 641A


Masai Mara National Reserve  is a National Park in Kenya, East Africa. It was established in 1948 as a wildlife sanctuary, and has been made larger since then.

Masai Mara is a game reserve type of park, meant to protect the animals on the savannah of the Serengeti. It is named after the Maasi people, who are the traditional people of the area. Big as it is, the Masai Mara National Reserve is only a fraction of the Greater Mara Ecosystem.

The Mara is effectively the northern continuation of the Serengeti National Park game reserve in Tanzania.

The Great Migration
This natural event is famous for involving a great population of large mammals. Huge numbers of herbivores migrate each year, followed by the big cats. The zebra, Thomson's gazelle, wildebeest, African buffalo, giraffe, elephants and others arrive to eat fresh grass after the rain, and later move on. Lions, leopards, cheetahs follow, and also vultures and hyaenas. hippos and Nile crocodiles are in the rivers. It is called The Great Migration.

The Great Migration is one of the most impressive natural events worldwide. Taking part each year are some 1,300,000 wildebeest, 500,000 Thomson's gazelles, 97,000 Topi, 18,000 eland, and 200,000 zebra. These plant-eating migrants are followed along their annual, circular route by hungry predators, most notably lions and hyena.

More than 470 species of birds have been identified in the park, many of which are migrants. Almost 60 species are raptors (birds of prey). Birds that call this area home for at least part of the year include: vultures, marabou storks, secretary birds, hornbills, crowned cranes, ostriches, long-crested Eagles, African pygmy-falcons and the lilac-breasted roller, which is the national bird of Kenya

References

National parks in Africa
IUCN Category II
1948 establishments
20th-century establishments in Africa
Geography of Kenya

Masai Mara


A steak knife is a sharp table knife designed to efficiently and effectively cut steak. This type of knife comes in a variety of styles and sizes; however, the design often used in a steakhouse typically features a partially serrated blade and wood handle.

American style
Specialized steak knives emerged in the United States after World War II. Prior to World War I, all table knives were sharp, but required frequent upkeep—sharpening and polishing. With the decline in numbers of domestic workers, this upkeep became less feasible. Stainless steel became widespread following World War I. This did not require polishing, but did require sharpening due to manufacturing limits. After World War II, serrated stainless steel steak knives which required neither polishing nor frequent sharpening were commercially successful. In the 1950s heat treatment of stainless steel was introduced, allowing knives to remain sufficiently sharp without needing serrations, but by this point serrated steak knives had become well established and continued to be used.

German style
German style is the classic western steak knife with high-quality stainless steel, full tang blade and western style handles.

Japanese style
The Japanese style steak knife called a Kiritsuke is made with high-quality stainless steel, often damascus steel, a non-serrated straight edge blade, full-tang and a traditional pakka wood round or hexagonal handle.

Other countries
In Medieval Europe, a sharp knife and hands were the only eating utensils, and portable sharp knives continue to be used to this day in rural Europe, as in the Laguiole knife in France. By contrast, in most of Asia and Africa, knives have long been a utensil used only in the kitchen (meat either being cut into pieces or cooked so that it could be pulled apart with the hands); with only hands, spoons, or chopsticks used at the table.

See also
 Kitchen knife

External links
 When Did Steak Knives Become Such a Racket?

References

Steak
Table knives

ja:ナイフ#.E3.83.86.E3.83.BC.E3.83.96.E3.83.AB.E3.83.8A.E3.82.A4.E3.83.95

Steak knife


"Now thank we all our God" is a sacred choral composition by John Rutter, based on the hymn of the same name. Rutter scored the Festival hymn with introductory fanfare for four vocal parts (SATB), brass ensemble (four trumpets, two trombones or two horns, bass trombone and optional tuba), timpani, percussion and organ, adding other versions. The work was published by Oxford University Press in 1974, as No. 1 of Two Hymns of Praise. It takes about four minutes to perform.

References

Compositions by John Rutter
1974 compositions
Choral compositions

Now thank we all our God (Rutter)


The 2010 Canterbury earthquake was a powerful 7.1 magnitude earthquake, which struck the South Island of New Zealand at 4:35 am September 4, 2010 local time (16:35 3 September UTC).
It was centred 40 km west of Christchurch, near the town of Darfield, at a depth of 10 km. Strong aftershocks were reported, including ones of magnitude 5.3.
The main quake was felt widely across the South Island, and in the North Island as far north as New Plymouth.

It caused a lot of damage and cut off power and water supply, mainly in the city of Christchurch. Two people were seriously injured. The quake caused damage to historic buildings in Lyttelton, near Christchurch, including a church and parts of a hotel.  Businesses in the city centre were closed the day of the quake. The total cost of damages may be as high as NZ$2 billion.

A state of emergency was declared by Civil Defence for Christchurch and the Selwyn District.

Geological background
New Zealand sits on the boundary between the Australian and Pacific plates. In the South Island, these plates mainly slide past each other horizontally, producing earthquakes along fault lines such as the Alpine fault. The 2010 earthquake was centred about 80–90 km to the southeast of the plate boundary through the island, probably on one of a network of smaller faults linked to the main faults that mark the plate boundary itself.

References

2010s disasters in New Zealand
Earthquakes in New Zealand
2010 earthquakes
September 2010 events

2010 Canterbury earthquake


Atatürk Museum Mansion  () is a historic house museum in Ankara, Turkey. It was the residence of President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk between 1921 and 1932, during the early years of the Republic. The museum is situated on Çankaya St. within the Çankaya Campus. It is situated right beside the Çankaya Mansion.

Background
The mansion was built as a vineyard lodge in the 19th century. In 1921, it was acquired by two Ankara citizens named Bulgurluzade Mehmet and Rıfat Bey. The municipality of Ankara transformed the house into a presidential residence for the use of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938). On 30 May 1921, it was presented to Atatürk, who had to stay in the School of Agriculture and the master's house of Ankara Train Station following his arrival in Ankara on 27 December 1919 to start the Turkish War of Independence. The mansion became Atatürk's official residence witnessing important historical events during the Turkish War of Independence and the early years of the Republic. It was also the place where Atatürk's reforms were planned. In 1932, the mansion became disused when a new residence, the Çankaya Mansion, aka the Pink Mansion ("Pembe Köşk"), was built next to it to meet the need of expanding functions.

In 1950, the mansion was opened to the public as a museum. In order not to become dilapidated, and to protect the exhibition items from deterioration, major maintenance works were started in 2002 that lasted until 2007. During these efforts, it was concluded that the site should be used as a historic house rather than as a museum to reflect its natural picture of that era. The Atatürk Museum Mansion was then reopened to the public on 19 April 2009. It was Atatürk's longest-staying residence in his life. It was also called the Army Mansion () after he transferred the building to the Turkish Army.

Architecture
The vineyard lodge was a small building inside a wood landscape. The rectangular-plan house had a sizable terrace overlooking the city in the north. The main hall on the ground floor was flanked by two rooms and had an octagon-formed marble pool with fountain in the center of stony ground. The upper floor had the same plan, consisting of a main hall and two rooms.

After Atatürk's marriage to Latife Uşşaki (1898–1975) on 29 January 1923, the lodge became insufficient for family life. In 1923, architect Vedat Tek (1873–1942) was commissioned with an expansion project. The construction works completed in 1924. A two-story annex with a half-octagon formed tower was added. The ground floor of the annex was used as kitchen and dining room. The upper floor consisted of a bathroom, a bedroom and a study room for the First Lady. The former bedroom in the original building was converted into a library and a study room. A windbreak was built in front of the north entrance. The northeast room on the ground floor was enlarged with a half-octagon formed outbuilding to serve as ambassador reception room. The pool with fountain in the main hall was removed to make place for an entrance hall. A multi-story service building consisting of kitchen and laundry was constructed in the east. This building was connected to the residence with a service stairway.

To solve problems of construction statics arisen after the extension of the building, and to enhance the comfort conditions, maintenance works were carried out in 1926. The building was fitted up with central heating. For Atatürk's adoptive children, a story consisting of six rooms and a bathroom were added to the top of the service building. In 1930, the tower in the southwest was redesigned as a study room for Atatürk.

Museum
Windbreak and Entrance Hall (Rüzgarlık ve Giriş Holü)
The entrance hall is behind a windbreak. The entrance hall has three doors and a stairway leading to the upper floor. On the right side is the Green Room and on left side the Ambassador Reception Room. As furniture, there is a piano and a seating set for six persons. Two paintings and three photographs of Atatürk taken in different times hang on the walls. In front of the barred middle door, a billiard cabinet is placed. Nice rugs hang on this door as curtain.

Green Room  (Yeşil Salon)
It is situated on the right hand of the main entrance. Until 1924, it was used as the ambassador reception room and study room of Atatürk. After its renovation, it was yused as a reception room, and was called the "Green Room" due to its major color of green. This room is remembered in the memoirs of many authors with tea party invitations of the First Lady.

Dining Room  and  Radio-Smoking Room  (Yemek Salonu ve Radyo-Sigara Salonu)
This room  is on the ground floor of the annex building. Across the room door, there is a tiled, big fireplace flanked by two arched stained glass windows. The walls are covered by wainscot panelling in the lower parts with borders of molding made up from turquoise-colored tiles. The upper part of the walls are painted plain in maroon color. The ceiling is decorated with geometric ornaments. The room is furnished with a large dining table, cupboards and sideboards. In addition, there are a breakfast table for four people and a card playing table. Two phonographs, large Chinese vases and big silver brazier are also part of the room. Two oil paintings of Hüseyin Avni Lifij (1886–1927) hang above the two doors of the room. The splendid Dining Room was known as an important study place of Atatürk because it witnessed long-lasting dinners, at which the problems of the country were discussed and analyzed. The Radio-Smoking Room, accessed through a door from the Dining Room, is situated on the ground floor of the octagonal tower structure. It contains the oldest furniture of the residence, a "Chesterfield suit", a set of quilted leather couch and matching armchairs.

Ambassador Reception Room  (Elçi Kabul Salonu)
This room was gained by enlarging the small room of the vineyard lodge after removing the northern outer wall, and adding a space in the form of a half-octagon. It contains a mother-of-pearl inlaid writing table gifted by Abbas Hilmi Pasha (1874–1944), the last Khedive (Ottoman viceroy) of Egypt and Sudan, another writing table used earlier by Atatürk, a seating set and a large closet. Some photographs in framed in mother-of-pearl inlaid hang on the walls.

Upper Floor Hall (Üst Kat Hol)
The rooms on the upper level open up to the Upper Floor Hall. A spacing, which enabled a visual connection between the halls on the ground floor and the upper floor, was closed during the renovation of 1924. The balcony on the northern side of the hall offers an impressive view to the city of Ankara. The billiard table, which Atatürk played on almost every day for recreation, is exhibited here. Initially placed at the upper floor, the billiard table was later moved to the ground floor due statics problems in the flooring. The hall is furnished with an oval table in the middle, a seating set and the showcases, which contain medals of Atatürk, his certificate of mandate for the 1931 general election and the first postage stamps issued with his portrait. İn front of the balcony, a big brazier is placed.

Library (Kütüphane )
The library is the most splendid decorated place in the mansion. It is illuminated by numerous opal glass lamps with geometric and plant motifs. The oven niche in the western wall is covered with turquoise-colored tiles. All walls of the library are covered by wooden book shelves. The library contains a rich collection of books Atatürk had read and his hand-written notes. The armchair and the writing table he used when he inked the Nutuk, the famous speech he delivered in 1927, are part of the library room.

Study Room (Çalışma Odası)
Atatürk's study room is reached by a door in the southern wall of the library. It is designed in Art Deco style. The original ceiling, decorated in Ottoman art style, was painted over white. Metallic objects are in brass while all furniture are in black & white color. A bearskin, which was gifted by Muhtar Bey, the Ambassador of Turkey to Moscow, Soviet Unio, is laid on the floor.

Bedroom (Yatak Odası )
It is on the upper floor of the annex building just above the dining room. There is a tiled fireplace in the middle of the southern wall flanked by two big windows. A photograph of Atatürk's mother Zübeyde Hanım (1857–1923), taken in her youth, hangs above the fireplace. A door in the western wall leads to the study room. The big windows, pastel walls and modest decorated ceiling provide a bright and restful place. The room's furniture is utmost elite, however, plain and modest.

Bathroom (Banyo )
The bathroom is accessed through the bedroom. Its design is simple. The washbasin, toilet, bidet and bathtub are all in white as the white porcelain tiles covering the floor and the walls. A door next to the bathtub opens to the stairhead.

Guest Bedroom (Misafir Yatak Odası)
The room on the north side of the original vineyard lodge, which overlooks Ankara, was used as guest bedroom. It keeps its originality with many characteristics such as the cob plastered walls, layers of wall ornaments made in different times and unchanged window proportions.

Exhibition Hall (Sergi Salonu)
It is the former service building. It was converted into an exhibition hall by removing the former separation walls. In this hall, the architecture and the historical change of the building are documented. Personal belongings of Atatürk are on display here.

Access
Access to the Museum Mansion is through the Gate No. 5 of the Çankaya Mansion. It is open to the public between 13:00 and 17:00 local hours everyday but Mondays. At least ten days in advance, a written application is required to make an appointment for visits except weekends, on national holidays and November 10, Atatürk's death day.

See also
Atatürk Museums in Turkey

References

Buildings and structures completed in the 19th century
Buildings and structures completed in 1924
First Turkish National architecture
Presidential residences
Museums established in 1950
1950 establishments in Turkey
Museums in Ankara
Historic house museums in Turkey
National museums in Turkey
Atatürk museums
Çankaya District
Official residences in Turkey
19th-century architecture in Turkey

Atatürk Museum Mansion


Kaajal Oza Vaidya is an author, screenwriter, radio personality and journalist from Ahmedabad, India. She initially worked as a journalist and actress. She has written more than 56 books including novels, short stories and essays. She has written stories, dialogues and scripts of soap operas and films. She writes columns in several publications and hosts a radio show.

Life
Kaajal was born on 29 September 1966 in Mumbai, India. She graduated with a degree in English and Sanskrit from Gujarat University in 1986. She completed her post-graduate certificate in advertising management from Saint Xavier's College in Mumbai.

Career
She debuted in writing with a short story collection, Sambandh.. To Akash in 2005 was followed by a collection of poetry, Sheshyatra. Her popularity grew when her first novel Yog Viyog was serialized in Chitralekha weekly. She worked on plays during her earlier career. She teaches creative writing as a Visiting Faculty in the Master of Developmental Communication Department of Gujarat University.

She worked as a journalist with Sandesh, Gujarat Daily, Loksatta-Jansatta, The Indian Express, Abhiyan magazine and Samkalin, Sambhaav. She writes columns in Divya Bhaskar, Gujarat Mitra, Kutchmitra, Janmabhhomi Pravasi and Culcutta Halchal. She regularly gives speeches on different subjects across Gujarat and beyond. She hosts the radio show Kaajal@9 on 94.3 My FM Ahmedabad.

Works

Literary works
Kaajal has written more than 86 books.

She published several novels: Yog Viyog (Part 1 – 2 - 3, 2007), Krishnayan (2010), Sannata Nu Sarnamu (2011), Purna Apurna, Chahera PAchhalno Chahero (2013), Purvardh (2014), Symphony of Silence (2014), Rag Vairag (2018), Draupadi, Shukra – Mangal, Satya – Asatya, Dariyo Ek Taras No, Lilu Sagpan Lohi Nu, Pot Potani Pankhar (Part 1 & 2), Tara Vina na Shaher Ma, Ek Saanj Na Sarname, Parijat Nu Parodh, Chhal (Part 1 -2), Maun Raag, Madhyabindu. Sheshyatra is her poetry collection. Her short story collections are Heartbreak Pachhini Savar, Kaajal Oza Vaidya Ni Vartao, Sambandh.. To Aakash.

She published several collections of essays and articles: Mari Mummy Mara Pappa.., Sangath Ekbijano, Marji Ekbijani, Shradhdhha Ekbijani, Satya Ekbijanu, Sukh Ekbijanu, Samjan Ek Bijani, Saath Ek Bijano, Sneh Ek Bijano, Mausam Ek Bijani, I Love You, Ek Bijane Gamta Rahiye (2009), Get Well Soon, Man — Minus Thi Plus, Searchlight, Tujse Hoti Bhi To, Kya Hoti Shikayat Mujhko?. Her books published in letter format include Tane, Jindagi...; Vhali Astha (2008); Priya Naman.

Guru Brahma, Doctor, Tame Pan!, Chung Ching, Savka, Perfect Husband, Silver Jubilee and Vaat Ek Raat Ni are her plays. She edited coffee table books; Smit (Smile), Aansu (Tear), Prarthna (Prayer), Chumban (Kiss) and Prem (Love). Her audio books include Tran Pedhi Ni Kavita, Prempatro, Tara Chaherani Lagolag. She translated Gary Chapman's The Five Love Languages as Premni Panch Bhasha and Shobha De's Spouse as Jeevansathi in Gujarati.

Screen works
She wrote story, script and dialogues of several productions. She wrote some plays for Hum Production. She wrote story, screenplay and dialogues of three Gujarati telefilms; Antarna Ujas, Sukhno Arth, Hu Ja Bhagyavidhata.

She wrote story for several TV soap operas.  Her Ek Daalna Pankhi (2001) which was aired on DD Girnar, and completed 1600 episodes while Moti Ba aired on ETV Gujarati completed 500 episodes. Her other weekly soaps in Gujarati were Saat Taali, Ek Moti Eklavyanu. In Hindi, she wrote story of Apne Paraye aired on B4U and Mahasati Savitri aired on SAB TV. She wrote the screenplay of Gujarati films like Dikri To Parki Thapan Kehvay and Saptapadii (2013); and Hindi films like Ghat and Diwanagi.

Her novel Yog Viyog was being adapted as TV series Vasundhara starring Jaya Bachchan but production was delayed later.

Personal life
She lives in Ahmedabad. She is a daughter of Digant Oza and is married to photographer Sanjay Vaidya since 22 June 1993. They have a son, Tathaagat.

Recognition
She was recognized on International Women's Day in 2015.

See also
 List of Gujarati-language writers

References

External links

1966 births
Living people
20th-century Indian women writers
20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
Gujarat University alumni
Academic staff of Gujarat University
Gujarati-language writers
Indian radio presenters
Indian women journalists
Indian women novelists
Indian women screenwriters
Writers from Ahmedabad
Indian women columnists
Indian columnists
20th-century Indian journalists
Journalists from Gujarat
Women writers from Gujarat
Indian women radio presenters
20th-century Indian novelists
Indian newspaper journalists
21st-century Indian women writers
21st-century Indian novelists
Novelists from Gujarat
Screenwriters from Gujarat

Kaajal Oza Vaidya


Marco Pierre White (born 11 December 1961) is a British chef, restaurateur, and television personality.  In 1995, aged 33, White became the first British chef to be awarded three Michelin stars. He has trained notable chefs such as Mario Batali, Heston Blumenthal, Shannon Bennett, Gordon Ramsay and Curtis Stone. He has been dubbed "the first celebrity chef" and the enfant terrible of the UK restaurant scene.

Early life
Marco Pierre White was born in Leeds on 11 December 1961, the third of four sons born to Maria-Rosa Gallina, an Italian immigrant from Veneto, and Frank White, a chef. When Marco was six, his mother died from a cerebral haemorrhage caused by complications from the birth of Marco's younger brother. He left Allerton High School in Leeds without any qualifications and decided to train as a chef like his father.

Career
White first trained at Hotel St George in Harrogate and then at the Box Tree in Ilkley. In 1981, he went to London with "£7.36, a box of books, and a bag of clothes", and began his classical training as a commis with Albert and Michel Roux at Le Gavroche. He continued his training under Pierre Koffman at La Tante Claire, moving to work in the kitchen of Raymond Blanc at Le Manoir, and later with Nico Ladenis of Chez Nico at Ninety Park Lane. He then branched out on his own, working in the kitchen at the Six Bells public house in the Kings Road with assistant Mario Batali.

In 1987, White opened Harveys in Wandsworth Common, London, where he won his first Michelin star almost immediately, and his second a year later. He also won the Newcomer Award at the 1987 The Catey Awards, run by The Caterer magazine.

White's notable protégés who worked at Harveys include Gordon Ramsay, Phil Howard, Stephen Terry, and Éric Chavot.

He later became chef-patron of The Restaurant Marco Pierre White in the dining room at the former Hyde Park Hotel, where he won the third Michelin star, and then moved to the Oak Room at the Le Méridien Piccadilly Hotel.

In 1995, at the age of 33, White became the first British chef to be awarded three Michelin stars and the youngest chef to achieve three stars to that point. His record was superseded by Massimiliano Alajmo in 2002, who achieved three stars at the age of 28.

Although White worked for seventeen years to pursue his ambition, he ultimately found that, in spite of his accomplishments, recognition and fame, his career did not provide him with adequate returns in his personal life. So, in 1999, he retired and returned his Michelin stars.

Career change
White announced his retirement from the kitchen in 1999, and cooked his final meal for a paying customer on 23 December at the Oak Room. He also returned all his Michelin stars. After his retirement from cooking, he became a restaurateur. Together with Jimmy Lahoud, he set up White Star Line Ltd, which they operated together for several years before ending their partnership in 2007.

In 2008, White opened his first steakhouse, the  "MPW Steak & Alehouse" with James Robertson in the Square Mile in London. As co-owners, since 2010 they also operated the Kings Road Steakhouse & Grill in Chelsea. James Robertson had worked for White as a maître d'hôtel, between 1999 and 2003. In May 2016 the two restaurants became the London Steakhouse Co.

White had a stake in the Yew Tree Inn, a 17th-century dining pub near Highclere in Hampshire, although following an acrimonious falling out with his business partners the pub was sold. This was the setting for much of "Marco's Great British Feast", screened on ITV in the summer of 2008. In January 2009, it was reported that White was to charge £5 for a pint of real ale at the venue, making the Yew Tree "one of the most expensive places to drink British real ale in the country". White said: "Most pubs undercharge. You're not just paying for beer, you're paying for the place you drink it in and the people who serve it."

In 2010, White met businessman Nick Taplin, owner of a four-star hotel in North Somerset (UK) called Cadbury House and operator of other venues in the UK. Taplin was looking to improve the in-house restaurant offering across his hotel estate and in October 2010, following discussions with White, opened a Marco Pierre White Steakhouse Bar & Grill at Cadbury House as a franchisee. This was closely followed by restaurants at Hoole Hall in Chester and The Cube in Birmingham.

As more hotel owners started making enquiries about a Marco Pierre White restaurant, in 2013, White developed a master franchise with Taplin, and together launched Black And White Hospitality. The business operates a franchise model allowing property owners or investors to open one of the eight Marco Pierre White branded restaurants within their property including Marco Pierre White Steakhouse Bar & Grill, Mr White's English Chophouse, Wheeler's of St James's Oyster Bar & Grill Room, Koffmann & Mr White's, Marco's New York Italian, Wheeler's Fish & Chips, Bardolino Pizzeria Bellini & Espresso Bar and Marconi Coffee & Juice Bar.

White has published several books, including an influential cookbook White Heat, an autobiography called White Slave (entitled The Devil in the Kitchen in North America and in the paperback version), and Wild Food from Land and Sea.

TV and film career

Hell's Kitchen
In September 2007, White was the Head Chef in ITV's Hell's Kitchen television series.

At one point during the series, controversy ensued when White said, "I don't think it was a pikey's picnic tonight." The remark prompted criticism from the Commission for Racial Equality. However, the show was defended by an ITV spokesman, who indicated that warnings about its content were given before transmission, and that White's comment had been challenged by one of the contestants, Lee Ryan. The book accompanying the show, Marco Pierre White in Hell's Kitchen, was published on 23 August 2007 by Ebury Press.

White returned to ITV's screens to present the 4th series of Hell's Kitchen in 2009.

White presented Hell's Kitchen Australia for the Seven Network which aired in 2017. White had previously been working with rival programme Masterchef, but quit in retaliation after Matt Preston, a judge on the Masterchef, alleged that White's son spent $500,000 of his father's money on drugs and prostitution.

Knorr
White is seen in UK adverts for Knorr stock cubes and stock pots, a Unilever brand. In answer to criticisms that he had "sold himself out as a chef" by acting as a brand ambassador for such products he said, "by working with companies like Knorr it allows me to stand onto a bigger stage and enrich people's lives... Michelin stars, they're my past."

In 2013, White apologised after being accused of cultural appropriation over an online video produced for Knorr in which he demonstrated how to cook rice and peas.

Other TV work
On 18 March 2008, it was announced that White would be the host of an American version of the Australian cooking competition series The Chopping Block. The series, produced by Granada America, the production company behind the American version of Hell's Kitchen, aired on NBC in March 2009 but was pulled after three episodes due to low ratings. After a three-month hiatus, Chopping Block returned to complete its season.

On 6 July 2011, White was a guest judge on Masterchef Australia mentoring the cooks in an elimination round. On 15 June 2014, White began a week-long appearance on Masterchef Australia presiding over a mystery box challenge, an invention test and a pressure test. On 17 May 2015, White began his second week-long appearance on Masterchef Australia, in Week 3 of Series 7. On 12 July 2015, he returned for a second week on Masterchef Australia Series 7, entitled "Marco Returns Week". On 8 May 2016, White began his third year running, and fourth week-long appearance on Masterchef Australia, this time Week 2 of Series 8.

On 27 August 2011, White was a houseguest on the UK version of Celebrity Big Brother to set a cooking task.

In 2012, White fronted a new show for Channel 5 called Marco Pierre White's Kitchen Wars. It saw the UK's best restaurant partnerships balance food with front of house service, fighting for a place in a specially designed studio restaurant, where the top couples are each given their own kitchen and set of diners to impress. It received positive reviews from critics in The Guardian and The Independent.

White was a principal judge in Masterchef Australia: The Professionals, which started on 20 January 2013. White co-hosted the show with regular Masterchef Australia host Matt Preston.

On 11 December 2014, White appeared on the South African version of Masterchef which aired on M-Net. He had a cook-along in the final challenge in the finals between Siphokazi and Roxi.
On 6 September 2015, White appeared on the New Zealand version of MasterChef which aired on TV3 (New Zealand). He was the Head Chef/Mentor of a team challenge consisting of the final 8.

Controversies

Treatment of customers and employees
During his early career working in the kitchen at Harveys, White regularly ejected patrons from the restaurant if he took offence at their comments. When a customer asked if he could have chips with his lunch, White hand-cut and personally cooked the chips, but charged the customer £25 for his time.

During his time at Harveys, White would regularly act unpredictably, from throwing cheese plates onto the wall to assaulting his head chef who had recently broken his leg. He later said that he "used to go fucking insane". A young chef at Harveys who once complained of heat in the kitchen had the back of his chef's jacket and trousers cut open by White with a sharp paring knife. White also once made a young Gordon Ramsay cry while Ramsay worked for him, and later said, "I don't recall what he'd done wrong but I yelled at him and he lost it. Gordon crouched down in the corner of the kitchen, buried his head in his hands and started sobbing."

Matt Preston
Following comments made by MasterChef Australia judge Matt Preston about White's son's spending $500,000 of his father's money on drugs and prostitution, White stopped making guest appearances on the show after the 8th season and joined the rival programme Hell's Kitchen Australia in retaliation. In 2016, whilst on The Kyle and Jackie O Show, Preston was asked about Marco Jr.'s time on Big Brother UK, which included his alleged on-air sex and the above admission of purchasing illicit drugs and sex work. Preston said: "I think it is that terrible thing when you have kids that go off the rails... the drugs might be a little bit of a worry". White later said of Preston that "I will never forgive that man [Preston]... with my hand on my mother's grave I will get that man." White eventually returned to the programme in season 14, after Preston had left the show.

English wine and West Country food
In September 2017, White opened a new restaurant in Plymouth. At the opening, he was critical of the quality of English wine, describing it as "nonsense" and caused controversy by saying, "London is the No 1 food destination, full stop. It has the talent and (the people who can pay) the prices ... How many three-Michelin-star restaurants does Cornwall have? None."

He went on, however, to praise the efforts of a rival hotel in the city, the Duke of Cornwall, describing it as "a lovely place". He also added that while he had not eaten food produced by Nathan Outlaw, a Cornish Michelin star chef, he had read his books and seen his recipes and believed "he cooks very well".

Personal life
White has been married three times. His first wife was Alex McArthur, whom he married at Chelsea Register Office on 8 June 1988. They had a daughter, Letitia, before divorcing in 1990.

White met 21-year-old model Lisa Butcher at a London nightclub, and they were engaged within three weeks. Engaged for two months, Butcher sold the coverage of the wedding in a £20,000 deal with Hello! magazine. The wedding took place at the Brompton Oratory on 15 August 1992.

In 1992, White began an affair with Matilde Conejero, the bar manager at The Canteen in Chelsea Harbour, and divorced Butcher for her. The couple had two sons and a daughter, and were married at the Belvedere restaurant in Holland Park on 7 April 2000. After White became friends with city financier Robin Saunders, Conejero suspected an affair between the two; they had a fight in January 2005, after which White spent 14 hours in the cells of Notting Hill police station. They separated some time later.

White has been a supporter of the Conservative Party and the football team Manchester City FC.

See also
 Paul Liebrandt

References

External links

H Talent Management Marco Pierre White Client Biography

1961 births
English people of Italian descent
Living people
British restaurateurs
English autobiographers
English chefs
English expatriates in Australia
English expatriates in New Zealand
English expatriates in South Africa
English expatriates in the United States
English restaurateurs
English food writers
People educated at Allerton High School
Head chefs of Michelin starred restaurants
Conservative Party (UK) people
Businesspeople from Leeds
British male chefs
People from Leeds

Marco Pierre White


Sítio do Picapau Amarelo, is a 1997 platform game developed by Tectoy for the Master System. It is based on the eponymous series broadcast in the 1970s, which in turn was based on the novel series by Monteiro Lobato. As Férias Frustradas do Pica-Pau it was released in Brazil only.

Gameplay
The player chooses whether to play Pete or Emilia in the game. Both should go the way jumping on platforms and defeating enemies throwing objects on them, Pete with a slingshot and Emilia only stones. Throughout the game they lose points lives they can restore freeing caged birds along the way. However it has a very heavy control that impedes the player to give high jumps.

Plot
When the cook Aunt Anastacia gets sick, Pete and Emilia receive a mission to find the 5 ingredients to be able to cure her, venturing through forests found with creatures of folklore.

External links

Sítio do Picapau Amarelo at the Sega Brazil wiki

Platformers
1997 video games
Brazil-exclusive video games
Master System games
Master System-only games
Video games developed in Brazil
Video games set in Brazil
Sítio do Picapau Amarelo

Sítio do Picapau Amarelo (video game)


Bossk was a male Trandoshan bounty hunter from Star Wars. He first appeared in Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back on Darth Vader's flagship with other bounty hunters. Vader tasked the bounty hunters with finding the Millennium Falcon which Boba Fett ended up finding. Bossk is also seen in the background in Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi. Like the rest of his species, Bossk has a hatred for Wookiees and a personal hatred for Chewbacca. Bossk also appears in Star Wars: The Clone Wars where he helps a young Boba Fett learn the ways of bounty hunting with other bounty hunters. Bossk has also appeared in many books and comics. In the novel, Ezra's Gamble Bossk and Ezra Bridger work together to expose a corrupt Imperial officer.

References

Star Wars characters

Bossk


The East Texas Arboretum and Botanical Society "ETABS" (over 100 acres) is an arboretum and collection of botanical gardens and historical buildings located at 1601 Patterson Road, Athens, Texas in the United States. It is open daily, an admission fee is charged.  ETABS is a not-for-profit recognized by the IRS as a 501 (c)(3).  Memberships are available and donations are welcome.

The arboretum was established in 1993 on the site of a former truck farm, with dry hills, hardwood forest, seasonal bogs, and permanent wetlands along Walnut Creek. Volunteer work is ongoing. At present the site features the arboretum and a variety of gardens, including butterfly, cottage, display, herb, kitchen, native plant, perennial, master gardeners' Dream Garden, and rose gardens. It also contains a collection of historical buildings, water garden, and two miles of hiking trails. Web site features history, maps, photos and brochures.

The office is located in the Women's building where many of the local garden clubs meet and socialize.

Events include fundraisers, gardening workshops, festivals and is available for private events such as weddings and family gatherings.

See also
 List of botanical gardens and arboretums in Texas

References

External links
 East Texas Arboretum and Botanical Society

Arboreta in Texas
Botanical gardens in Texas
Protected areas of Henderson County, Texas
Museums in Henderson County, Texas