Lucille Teasdale-Corti  (January 30, 1929 – August 1, 1996) was a Canadian physician and pediatric surgeon, who worked in Uganda from 1961 until her death in 1996. Despite considerable hardship, including civil war and the AIDS epidemic, she cofounded with her husband a university hospital in the north of Uganda.

Biography

Born in Montreal, Quebec, on 30 January 1929, Lucille Teasdale was the fourth of seven children. Her father was a generous butcher in Montreal's working-class, East End.

In 1941, she entered the Catholic high school belonging to one of the first congregations of nuns established in Canada and dedicated to education. Upon hearing testimony from some nuns who had worked as missionaries in China, she decided, at 12 years of age, to become a doctor "in the Indies."

She won a scholarship to enter the University of Montreal's Faculty of Medicine in 1950. In her class of 110 students only ten women were enrolled. Eight of these female students continued their studies past the first year. She graduated cum laude in 1955 and carried out her internship in Montreal's Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, a pediatric and obstetric university health centre affiliated with the University of Montreal.

During this internship she met Italian doctor, Piero Corti, who carried out two residencies (1955/56 and 1957/58) at Sainte Justine Hospital during his postgraduate training in Pediatrics at Pavia University (Italy). He already had postgraduate specializations in Radiology (1953) and Neuropsychiatry (1956), both at University of Milano (Italy). Both doctors shared the desire to work where the need was greatest but, as Corti stated, "she was always much too busy for anything else but work."

After her internship Lucille Teasdale enrolled in Postgraduate School for Pediatric Surgery in 1958. She carried out her first two years at Hopital Maisonneuve and Hopital Hotel-Dieu, both in Montreal. Wanting an opportunity to complete her final period of residency abroad, she applied to several hospitals in the United States but was turned down. Some explicitly said it was because she was a woman, according to her biographer, Michel Arseneault.

In 1960 Lucille Teasdale traveled to France to carry out her final internship year at the Hôpital de la Conception in Marseille.

Uganda

While working in Marseilles, Lucille Teasdale sent a postcard to Piero Corti, inviting him to visit. After visiting several hopeful sites in Africa and India, Piero Corti had chosen to work from a small 30-bed mission hospital near Gulu (Northern Uganda). He was preparing the first air cargo of equipment to be airlifted by the Italian Air Force, which was then involved in the UN Mission to the Congo, and Piero invited Lucille to go with him "just for a couple of months" to start the surgical activity. He could only afford to pay for her travel and her cigarettes. Lucille accepted and travelled to Uganda on the same Italian Air Force plane.

Upon arrival in Uganda in 1961, Lucille was required to obtain a license to practice as a doctor but learned she would first have to complete two months of internship. She was referred to one of the surgeons of the capital's Mulago University Hospital, who interviewed her and authorized her to go straight to Lacor. The surgeon was Dr Denis Parsons Burkitt, who first described and studied the distribution and etiology of pediatric cancer that bears his name: Burkitt's Lymphoma.

St. Mary's Hospital Lacor or simply Lacor Hospital (the regional name "Lacor" was later added to distinguish the hospital from many other institutions with the name "St. Mary's") is a non-profit hospital founded by the Catholic Comboni Missionaries in 1959. It lies some 5  km west of Gulu, the main town in Northern Uganda, on the road that turns north towards the Sudanese border 100  km away. It is the region of the Acholi (Acoli) people, a Luo (Lwo) Nilotic ethnic group. When Lucille joined Lacor, the hospital had a 40-bed maternity ward and an outpatient department, while other departments, including the operating room, were under construction. Piero had decided to settle there because the Italian bishop of the Diocese who owned the hospital had agreed to allow him to manage and develop the hospital with relative independence. Piero would never ask the Diocese for money but would raise any necessary funds himself.

Lucille's first operation was carried out on an examination bed. Thereafter she spent mornings carrying out ward rounds followed by adult outpatients and afternoons in the theatre. After extending her stay because of Piero's need to return to Italy due to his father's health, Lucille went back to France. She returned to Uganda in December 1961 after accepting Piero's marriage proposal. They married in the hospital's chapel on 5 December 1961.

Piero and Lucille's early dream guided them throughout their lives and remains the hospital's guiding principle: "to offer the best possible care to the greatest number of people at the lowest possible cost" and "to train those who would replace them."

On 9 October 1962, Uganda achieved independence and on 17 November 1962, Lucille gave birth to her only child, daughter Dominique, whom locals named Atim ("born far from home" in Acholi). From this time Lucille would be known locally as "min Atim," mother of Atim. At the time, the hospital was staffed by Italian Comboni nuns who had obtained degrees in nursing and midwifery in the UK (as required by the British Protectorate in Uganda) and locals trained "on the job."

For more than 20 years, Piero and Lucille were responsible for the initial 3 months training of newly graduated Italian doctors deciding to carry out two years' civil service instead of the compulsory one-year military service. They were sent through Italian government aid projects to work in seven mission and two government hospitals in northern Uganda, including St. Mary's. The mission hospitals depended almost exclusively on these doctors.

Despite Milton Obote assuming the Ugandan presidency and changing the constitution to vest considerable power in his own hands in 1967/68, the country enjoyed relative peace until the chief of armed forces Idi Amin Dada took power with an armed coup in 1971. In 1972, Amin expelled 60,000 Asians whose ancestors had settled in Uganda during colonial times, and handed their businesses and properties to his supporters. As a result of neglect and mismanagement, the country's economy and infrastructure collapsed. Piero and Lucille had to decide whether to leave, as most expatriates did, or to find a way of keeping the hospital running. They decided to remain and, with Piero's family in Italy, organized the support group that began sending several containers a year with everything from drugs to equipment to used clothes.

However, they also made the difficult decision to send their daughter away for security reasons and for studies as the school system was also collapsing. Dominique had lived within the hospital compound since birth and had been taken by Lucille to the wards and operating room when her Ugandan nurse was absent. She had gone to the local primary school. Now Dominique would only return to Lacor for her holidays. She was sent to one of her aunts in Italy and then to a boarding school in Kenya, from where she could travel back to Uganda three times a year for her holidays. Lucille, whose only condition upon marrying Piero had been that their family would never be separated, stated that sending her daughter away was the biggest sacrifice she ever made.

The first serious period of insecurity the hospital suffered was during the Uganda-Tanzania War, leading to Idi Amin's overthrow in 1979. The hospital was repeatedly ransacked by the remnants of Idi Amin's disbanded army fleeing from the advancing Tanzanian troops. During those months the hospital was cut off from the rest of the world, which was unaware of conditions inside. Lucille found herself undertaking an unprecedented number of operations as a result of the war and the ensuing vendettas among tribes. While Lucille was operating on a wounded soldier, Piero suffered a punctured eardrum because of a blow to the ear and was narrowly missed by machine gun fire during one confrontation with marauders. When the Tanzanian army arrived at the hospital, a commander stated that Lacor was the first hospital they had found open and functioning since they entered the country more than four months before and 600 km to the south.

1980 – After several interim and two increasingly turbulent and brief provisional governments, Milton Obote returned to power as president of Uganda. Civil war broke out, and in the four-year military effort to destroy its challengers, Obote's second government was responsible for a greater death toll than the estimated 300,000 deaths during the seven years of Idi Amin's rule. It is estimated that over 500,000 Ugandans died and vast areas of land were devastated during Obote's presidency.

1982 – Victims of a mysterious "slim" disease (soon to be known as HIV/AIDS) began to appear at Lacor Hospital. Lucille started experiencing the first symptoms of what would later be recognized as opportunistic diseases linked to AIDS. Lucille would test HIV-positive in 1985, when the first tests became available in Italy. Piero and Lucille date the infection back to 1979, when Lucille started carrying out much surgery on war casualties, when she often cut herself with sharp fragments from shattered bones.

1983 – The Uganda Ministry of Health recognized Lacor as an internship training centre for newly graduated doctors from the Government Medical Faculty of Makerere (later also of Mbarara, founded in 1989, and of Gulu, founded in 2003). These doctors could now carry out their compulsory one-year internship at Lacor Hospital and then remain to work in Lacor or in other Catholic non-profit hospitals. The Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs offered significant support to Lacor through specialists to train the interns, as well as facilities and equipment. By the end of the 1980s the Italian Government was among the major contributors to International Foreign Aid by European governments and Uganda represented one of its major recipients, especially through health programs both to government and non-government institutions.

Lucille was on the frontline of training these young doctors. The very first group of interns included Dr. Matthew Luwkiya (who would soon become the hospital's deputy superintendent and who would die a hero's death by sacrificing his life, together with twelve other staff members during the 2000 Ebola outbreak), Dr. Isaac Ezati (who would take over as surgeon at Lacor before moving to Mulago National Referral Hospital and then to the Ministry of Health; he remains on Lacor's Board of Governors). Among the next groups of medical interns were Dr. Opira Cyprian in 1985 (now Lacor Hospital's Executive Director), Dr. Odong Emintone in 1989 (now medical director), and Dr. Ogwang Martin (now Institutional Director).

In 1986, after the second ousting of Milton Obote, a weak coalition governed until the end of the year, when Yoweri Museveni's NRA rebellion took power. The ousted army was mostly from the North, where the dissent led to the formation of rebel groups. In 1987 Alice Lakwena, a young Acholi spirit-medium, formed the Holy Spirit Movement (HSM) into which most rebel movements in the north merged. After a series of spectacular victories against what was perceived as the occupying army, she led her forces towards Kampala, garnering much support from other ethnic groups that also had grievances with the Museveni government. Lakwena's forces were defeated.

From 1986 the hospital was repeatedly looted by rebels at night, sometimes several times a week. The rebels held the staff and patients at gunpoint looking for money and drugs. Piero and Lucille were also held at gunpoint several times within their home, the residence within the compound closest to the hospital gate. When they couldn't find what they wanted, they kidnapped the nurses to force the hospital to pay a ransom. Most of the staff lived within the hospital compound with their families for security, and went to work at night in civilian clothing to avoid being recognised and kidnapped in case of a rebel raid. This heroic dedication and resilience by the staff went on for years.

In 1989 The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) emerged as a new faction in Northern Uganda's insurgency. In that year, the rebels entered the hospital one night looking for "Dr. Corti and Min Atim," Piero and Lucille, who had just left on holiday. Dr. Matthew, who had moved to the Corti's house to stop a possible rebel incursion before it reached the other doctors' residences, offered himself as the person in charge of the hospital, and was taken away with other staff. Piero and Lucille returned immediately and decided to close down the hospital. However, the local elders reacted to this news, stating that the hospital was the only thing left to them: they would not accept its closure and would try to convince the rebels not to enter again. The hospital would not experience a rebel incursion during the following fifteen years of escalating LRA civil conflict, which would often surround the hospital. The hospital built a wall around the hospital to protect those within from flying bullets.

Lucille Teasdale was diagnosed with AIDS in 1985, when the first tests became available in Italy. Before the results were available, she was referred to Prof Anthony Pinching in London, who was among the first to study the disease in the UK. He told her that her previous opportunistic diseases were indicative of her condition. He also told her that morale was important and she could continue her clinical work. Regarding surgery, which worried Lucille, she was told that there was not much alternative for patient survival in a context where she was still the only experienced surgeon available.
Despite her failing health she continued to work, especially in Lacor's adult outpatient and AIDS/TB department, gradually relinquishing operations to the Ugandan doctors she had trained. She suffered from a series of complications, from the ever-present oral candidiasis that made eating difficult, to severe conditions like Addison's Disease and Pneumocystis Carinii pleumonia, which caused Piero to rush her to London then to Milano to overcome the crises. A few months before her death, with her weight down to 40 kg, she was still carrying out 4 to 6 hours of outpatient clinics a day. She was sometimes too weak to get up in the morning so Piero or others placed an IV line to rehydrate her. As soon as she felt better, she removed the needle herself and went to work.
In a last attempt to improve a worsening condition, Piero rushed Lucille to Italy. She died in their home in Besana in Brianza on 1 August 1996.
In her career at Lacor Hospital she performed more than 13,000 operations. The hospital's 1996 Annual Report registered 446 beds, 13,437 admitted and 116,953 outpatients treated at the main Hospital, while the two functioning Peripheral Health Centres (a third was closed due to insecurity) registered 48 beds, 399 admitted and 11.549 outpatients. Other activities include 1,114 deliveries, 1,278 major surgeries and 33,613 doses of vaccine administered despite the conflict.
Lucille Teasdale's body was returned to Uganda at a time when the insurgency surrounding the hospital was at one of its worst points. The military had airlifted her and Piero with a helicopter when they had left Lacor because the roads were too dangerous. Thousands of "night commuters," mostly children and women, sought shelter within the hospital each night from the rebels who raided the villages at night to loot, kill and abduct children between ages 6 and 14. The funeral service for Lucille was held in the nearby Cathedral and was attended by hundreds. Some staff even travelled up to 40 km on foot from the health centres, despite the risk of ambushes and landmines on the roads. The military even positioned an armed tank outside the cathedral for the mourners' protection. She was interred in one of the hospital's courtyards.

Bibliography
Biographies of Lucille Teasdale:

Arseneault, Michel (2011). Un rêve pour la vie, Lucille Teasdale et Piero Corti. Montreal: Libre Expression. .

Books on Lucille Teasdale, Piero Corti, and Lacor Hospital:
2009 To Make a Dream Come True: Letters from Lacor Hospital, 1961 – 2003. Corponove (Italian version: Dal Sogno alla Realtà: Lettere dal Lacor Hospital, 1961–2003)
2014 I Bambini Della Notte by Mariapia Bonanate & Francesco Bevilacqua. Saggiatore. (English translation: Children of the Night, search for editor underway).

Fiction inspired by the story:
Dr Lucille. Motion International. (English and French versions)

Videos:
Before I Go—Documentary on Lucille Teasdale by Michel Arseneault (also in French: Avant de vous faire mes adieux)

Honours, tributes and recognition
 1972 Lucille Teasdale and Piero Corti are awarded Missione del Medico – Angelo De Gasperis by Carlo Erba in Milano.
 1982 Lucille Teasdale and Piero Corti are awarded the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (Officer) by decree of the President of the Republic.
 1983 Lucille Teasdale and Piero Corti are awarded a Premio della Bontà Notte di Natale Angelo Motta by Fondazione Pro Juventute Don Gnocchi in Milano.
 1984 Lucille Teasdale and Piero Corti are awarded the Ambrogino d'Oro by the Municipality of Milan.
 1986 Lucille Teasdale is awarded the Paul Harris Fellow Recognition by Rotary Club International Italy
 1986, Lucille Teasdale and Piero Corti are awarded the World Health Organization's Sasakawa Health Prize, "Given to one or more persons, institutions or non-governmental organizations having accomplished outstanding innovative work in health development, in order to encourage the further development of such work."
 1987 Lucille Teasdale is awarded the Frederick Newton Gisborn Starr Award by the Canadian Medical Association
 1990 Lucille Teasdale is awarded the International Medical Women Association Award Italy
 1991 Lucille Teasdale is awarded the Order of Canada
 1993 Lucille Teasdale and Piero Corti are awarded the Cuore Amico Prize Italy
 1995 Lucille Teasdale is named Honorary Consultant for the Ministry of Health of Uganda by The Uganda Ministry of Health and the Makerere University Senate.
 1995 Lucille Teasdale is awarded the National Order of Quebec (Grand Officier)
 1995 Lucille Teasdale is awarded the Prix d'Excellence pour la Cause Africaine by CICA New York
 1995 Lucille Teasdale is awarded the Velan Award by Rotary Club Montreal
 1995 Lucille Teasdale and Piero Corti are awarded the Premio Professionalità by Rotary Club Milano
 1995 Lucille Teasdale is awarded a Honorary Fellowship by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada.
 1995 Lacor Hospital is awarded the Premio Antonio Feltrinelli for accomplishing an endeavour of exceptional Moral and Humanitarian Merit Awarded by Accademia dei Lincei Rome
 1996 Lucille Teasdale is awarded a Doctorate Honoris Causa by the University of Montreal
 1996 in memoriam Lucille Teasdale is awarded the Premio Speciale Cuore D'Oro by the Premio della Bontà Motta, Notte di Natale Milan
 1997 in memoriam Lucille Teasdale is awarded the Premio Moscati Caserta Italy
 2004 in memoriam Lucille Teasdale and Piero Corti are awarded the gold medal, Order of Civil Merit by decree of the President of the Italian Republic.
 1999 Parc Lucille-Teasdale in Montreal is named in her honour. ( 45°17′45″N 73°21′21″W45.2959°N 73.3559°W)
 2000 Canada Post issues a 46 cent stamp in Lucille Teasdale's honour.[30]
 2001 Lucille Teasdale is inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame.[17][31]
 2001 Lucille-Teasdale Secondary School in Blainville, Quebec is built and named in her honour. ( 45°43′15″N 73°53′49″W45.72085°N 73.897018°W)
 2013 Lucille-Teasdale International School in Brossard, Quebec is renamed in her honour. ( 45°26′55″N 73°28′39″W45.448563°N 73.477444°W)
 CSSS (Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux – Health and Social Service Center) is named in her honour in Montreal[32] ( 45°34′09″N 73°34′37″W45.569159°N 73.577042°W) as well as a road, Boulevard Lucille Teasdale. ( 45°43′32″N 73°30′40″W45.725485°N 73.511245°W)

References

External links
 Teasdale at The Canadian Encyclopedia

 Teasdale-Corti Foundation
 in French/English:
 in Italian/English:

1929 births
1996 deaths
20th-century Canadian physicians
20th-century Canadian women
20th-century surgeons
20th-century women physicians
Canadian humanitarians
Canadian women physicians
Grand Officers of the National Order of Quebec
Members of the Order of Canada
Physicians from Montreal
Healthcare in Uganda
HIV/AIDS in Uganda
Naturalised citizens of Italy
AIDS-related deaths in Italy
Université de Montréal alumni
Canadian pediatric surgeons
Women surgeons
Infectious disease deaths in Lombardy
Sasakawa Health Prize laureates
Recipients of the Ambrogino d'oro

Lucille Teasdale-Corti


A calculation is a deliberate mathematical process that transforms one or more inputs into one or more outputs or results. The term is used in a variety of senses, from the very definite arithmetical calculation of using an algorithm, to the vague heuristics of calculating a strategy in a competition, or calculating the chance of a successful relationship between two people.

For example, multiplying 7 by 6 is a simple algorithmic calculation. Extracting the square root or the cube root of a number using mathematical models is a more complex algorithmic calculation.

Statistical estimations of the likely election results from opinion polls also involve algorithmic calculations, but produces ranges of possibilities rather than exact answers.

To calculate means to determine mathematically in the case of a number or amount, or in the case of an abstract problem to deduce the answer using logic, reason or common sense. The English word derives from the Latin , which originally meant a pebble (from Latin ), for instance the small stones used as a counters on an abacus (, ). The abacus was an instrument used by Greeks and Romans for arithmetic calculations, preceding the slide-rule and the electronic calculator, and consisted of perforated pebbles sliding on iron bars.

Calculation is a prerequisite for computation.

See also

 Calculus (disambiguation) — list of general methods of calculation by application area
 Complexity class — theoretical notion to categorize calculability
 Cost accounting — business application of calculation
 List of algorithms — fully formalized, computer-executable methods of calculation
 Mental calculation — performing arithmetics using one's brain only

References

External links

 "The Lifting of the Veil in the Operations of Calculation" is a manuscript, from the 18th-century, in Arabic, by Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi, about calculation processes

Elementary arithmetic
Information

Calculation


Epiphanius Scholasticus was a sixth-century translator of Greek works into Latin.

Little is known of his life, aside from his works.  It seems he bore the name Scholasticus "not so much because of any devotion to literature or theology, but in the sense that that word frequently had in the Middle Ages, meaning a chaplain, amanuensis, or general assistant of any dignitary of the church."

Under the direction of Cassiodorus, in about 510, he compiled the Historiae Ecclesiasticae Tripartitae Epitome, or the Historia Tripartita ("Tripartite History"), a standard manual of church history through the Middle Ages. Epiphanius undertook the translations into Latin of the Greek church histories of Socrates Scholasticus, Sozomen and Theodoret, written in the previous century.

Epiphanius also translated the commentaries of Didymus on the Proverbs of Solomon and on the seven general epistles, as well as the commentaries of Epiphanius of Salamis upon Canticles.  His Codex Encyclicus, compiled at the urging of Cassiodorus, collects and translates letters addressed by different synods to the Emperor Leo I in defence of the decrees of the Council of Chalcedon against the Monophysite Timotheus Aelurus. The list was drawn up in 458 by the order of Leo I, although Epiphanius made several additions to it.

References

External links
 Henry Wace, editor, A Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature, Epiphanius Scholasticus
Catholic Encyclopedia article on Epiphanius Scholasticus

5th-century births
6th-century deaths
6th-century Christians
6th-century Christian theologians
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Greek–Latin translators

Epiphanius Scholasticus


The Nebraska Cornhuskers (often abbreviated to Huskers) are the intercollegiate athletic teams that represent the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. The university is a member of the Big Ten Conference and competes in NCAA Division I, fielding twenty-two varsity teams (nine men's, thirteen women's) in fifteen sports. Nineteen of these teams participate in the Big Ten, while rifle is a member of the single-sport Patriot Rifle Conference and beach volleyball and bowling compete as independents. The Cornhuskers have two official mascots, Herbie Husker and Lil' Red.

Early nicknames for the university's athletic teams included the Antelopes (later adopted by the University of Nebraska at Kearney), the Old Gold Knights, the Bugeaters, and the Mankilling Mastodons. Cornhuskers first appeared in a school newspaper headline ("We Have Met The Cornhuskers And They Are Ours"), after a 20–18 victory over Iowa in 1893; in this instance, the term referred to Iowa. It was first applied to Nebraska in 1899 by Nebraska State Journal writer Cy Sherman, who would later help originate the AP Poll. The nickname was officially adopted by the school the following year and by the state of Nebraska itself in 1945, when it became known as "The Cornhusker State."

Nebraska was a founding member of the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association in 1907 (later known as the Big Six, Big Seven, and Big Eight Conference) and competed in it for the next eighty-nine years, with a brief hiatus during World War I. In 1996, NU and the seven other members of the Big Eight merged with four Texas schools from the Southwest Conference to form the Big 12 Conference. Nebraska joined the Big Ten in 2011.

Nebraska's athletic programs have won twenty-nine national championships: eight in men's gymnastics and bowling, five in football and volleyball, and three in women's track and field.

Varsity sports

Baseball

Nebraska's baseball team was founded in 1889, making it the oldest athletic program at the school. It was disjointed in its first decades, frequently disbanding for years at a time. The hiring of Tony Sharpe in 1947 brought stability to the program, but success was limited. Sharpe and his successor John Sanders combined to lead NU for fifty-one seasons, making just three NCAA tournament appearances between them. Nebraska hired Dave Van Horn in 1998 and he quickly turned the Huskers into a national power, making the program's first two College World Series appearances in 2001 and 2002. Mike Anderson took over for Van Horn and in 2005 led NU to its most successful season ever, including another College World Series trip. Anderson could not sustain this, however; since his departure in 2011 Nebraska has experienced modest success under head coaches Darin Erstad and Will Bolt.

In 2002, the Huskers moved from the aging Buck Beltzer Stadium to Hawks Field at Haymarket Park, considered among the best collegiate baseball facilities in the country at the time. Nebraska has ranked in the top thirty nationally in average attendance each year since moving to Hawks Field.

Conference championships (8): 1929, 1948, 1950, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2017, 2021
Conference tournament championships (4): 1999–2001, 2005
NCAA Division I tournament (19) appearances: 1948, 1950, 1979, 1980, 1985, 1999–2003, 2005–08, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2021
College World Series appearances (3): 2001, 2002, 2005

Basketball
Men

Nebraska's men's basketball program has accomplished little of note since the establishment of the NCAA tournament in 1939. Nebraska has not won a regular-season conference championship since sharing the Big Seven title in 1950 and has not won an outright title since 1916. Nebraska's lengthiest period of success came in the first years of the sport's existence; the retroactive Premo-Porretta Power Poll ranked the Cornhuskers in the top ten three times between 1897 and 1903.

Nebraska did not make an NCAA tournament appearance until 1986, forty-six years after its establishment, and is the only power-conference program without a tournament victory. Much of the team's modest recent success came under Danny Nee, who coached the Huskers from 1987 to 2000. Nee is the team's all-time winningest head coach and led Nebraska to five of its seven NCAA tournament appearances, the 1996 NIT championship, and the 1994 Big Eight tournament championship (NU's only conference championship of any kind since 1950). Nebraska has made just two NCAA tournament appearances since the departure of Nee in 2000. The program has been led by former Chicago Bulls and Iowa State head coach Fred Hoiberg since 2019.

Conference championships (6): 1912–14, 1916, 1949, 1950
Conference tournament championships (1): 1994
NCAA Division I tournament appearances (7): 1986, 1991–94, 1998, 2014
NIT appearances (19): 1967, 1978, 1980, 1983–85, 1987, 1989, 1995–97, 1999, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2018, 2019
NIT championships (1): 1996

Women

Nebraska's women's basketball program began as a club sport in 1970 and became a varsity sport five years later. George Nicodemus led the Huskers to a 22–9 record and the second round of the AIAW Tournament in its first varsity season. Nicodemus left the program in 1977 and the school cycled through several head coaches before hiring Angela Beck in 1986. Beck led the Huskers to the Big Eight championship and the school's first NCAA tournament appearance in 1988. She left the program in 1997 and was replaced by Paul Sanderford, who took Nebraska to the tournament in each of his first three seasons. When Sanderford resigned in 2002 due to health issues, the school hired Creighton head coach Connie Yori.

Under Yori's guidance, Nebraska became a fixture in the national top 25 and NCAA tournament. In 2009–10 the Cornhuskers went 32-2, earned a number-one seed in the NCAA tournament, and reached the Sweet Sixteen for the first time in school history. Yori resigned in 2016 following an athletic department investigation into reports that she mistreated her players and assistant coaches. Former Huskers point guard Amy Williams was named Yori's replacement.

Conference championships (2): 1988, 2010
Conference tournament championships (1): 2014
AIAW (3) / NCAA Division I (15) tournament appearances: 1979–81, 1988, 1993, 1996, 1998–2000, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012–15, 2018, 2022
WNIT appearances (8): 1976, 1992, 2004–06, 2009, 2016, 2023

Bowling

Bowling has been an official varsity sport at Nebraska since 1996. Bill Straub, who led the bowling club program to national championships in 1991 and 1995, was hired to lead the varsity program and won three more WIBC titles. The inaugural NCAA Bowling Championship was held in 2003 and Nebraska won the first two national titles. Nebraska has won four more titles since, and has never been ranked outside the top ten since national collegiate rankings debuted in 1990. In 2019, Straub retired and longtime assistant Paul Klempa was named head coach.

Bowling competes as an independent, making it one of only three programs at Nebraska not affiliated with the Big Ten.

Nebraska's men's bowling club team won the American Bowling Congress intercollegiate championships in 1990 and 1996.

WIBC (13) / NCAA (19) tournament appearances: 1991–2019, 2021–23
WIBC (5) / NCAA (6) championships: 1991, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2009, 2013, 2015, 2021

Cross country
Nebraska's men's cross country team was established in 1938, winning its only conference championship just two years later. The women's program was established in 1975 to help satisfy Title IX requirements. Matt Wackerly has coached both teams since 2021, when he succeeded longtime coach David Harris.

Men
Conference championships (1): 1940
NCAA Division I Championship appearances (9): 1969, 1986–89, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2001
Women
Conference championships (5): 1985, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1993
NCAA Division I Championship appearances (14): 1984, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991–94, 1996–99, 2003, 2008

Football

Nebraska's football team competes as part of the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision in the Big Ten's West Division. Nebraska plays its home games at Memorial Stadium, where it has sold out every game since 1962. The team has been coached by Matt Rhule since 2023.

Nebraska is among the most storied programs in college football history. NU claims forty-six conference championships and five national championships (1970, 1971, 1994, 1995, and 1997), and has won nine other national championships the school does not claim. NU's 1971 and 1995 title-winning teams are considered to be among the best in college football history. Heisman Trophy winners Johnny Rodgers, Mike Rozier, and Eric Crouch join twenty-two other Cornhuskers in the College Football Hall of Fame.

The program's first extended period of success came just after the turn of the century. Between 1900 and 1916, Nebraska had five undefeated seasons and completed a stretch of thirty-four consecutive games without a loss, still a program record. Despite a span of twenty-one conference championships in thirty-three seasons, the Cornhuskers didn't experience major national success until Bob Devaney was hired in 1962. In eleven seasons as head coach, Devaney won two national championships, eight conference titles, and coached twenty-two All-Americans, but perhaps his most lasting achievement was the hiring of Tom Osborne as offensive coordinator in 1969. Osborne was named Devaney's successor in 1973, and over the next twenty-five years established himself as one of the best coaches in college football history with his trademark I-form offense and revolutionary strength, conditioning, and nutrition programs. Following Osborne's retirement in 1997, Nebraska cycled through five head coaches before hiring Matt Rhule in 2022.

Conference championships (46): 1894, 1895, 1897, 1907, 1910–17, 1921–23, 1928, 1929, 1931–33, 1935–37, 1940, 1963–66, 1969–72, 1975, 1978, 1981–84, 1988, 1991–95, 1997, 1999
Division championships (10): 1996, 1997, 1999–2001, 2006, 2008–10, 2012
National championships (claimed in bold) (14): 1915, 1921, 1970, 1971, 1980–84, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1999

Golf
Men

Nebraska's golf program began in 1935, led by College Football Hall of Fame coach Dana X. Bible. The team's greatest successes came under longtime head coach Larry Romjue, who took NU to all four of its NCAA Championship appearances. The program has been coached by Judd Cornell since 2022.

Conference championships (2): 1936, 1937
NCAA Division I Championship appearances (4): 1973, 1978, 1998, 1999

Women

NU established a women's golf program in 1975, initially under the leadership of men's coach Larry Romjue. In 1979, Nebraska hired its first coach exclusively to coach women's golf. The Cornhuskers have made the NCAA Championship three times. The program has been coached by Jeanne Sutherland since 2022.

Conference championships (2): 1976, 1983
NCAA Division I Championship appearances (3): 2000, 2003, 2006

Gymnastics
Men

Nebraska's men's gymnastics program is one of the most successful in the nation, with eight team national championships and forty-one NCAA event titles. Ten Huskers have represented the United States in the Olympics. Nebraska is one of only five Big Ten schools to sanction a men's gymnastics program.

Individual all-around national championships (9): Jim Hartung (1980, 1981), Wes Suter (1985), Tom Schlesinger (1987), Kevin Davis (1988), Patrick Kirksey (1989), Dennis Harrison (1994), Richard Grace (1995), Jason Hardabura (1999)

Conference championships (15): 1964, 1976, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1988–90, 1992–94, 1997, 1999
NCAA Championship appearances (29): 1975, 1976, 1979–99, 2017–19, 2021–23
NCAA championships (8): 1979–83, 1988, 1990, 1994

Women

Nebraska's women's gymnastics program was established in 1975. The school's first team, led by head coach Karen Balke, was made up entirely of freshmen and sophomores. Judy Schalk replaced Balke after two seasons and led the Huskers to five conference titles and a national tournament bid. Rick Walton replaced Schalk and gave the school its first NCAA event title when Michele Bryant won the vault in 1990. He captured four straight Big Eight championships, each resulting in an NCAA Tournament appearance. Dan Kendig was named head coach in 1993 and was named Big Eight Coach of the Year after leading NU to the conference title. In 1997, Nebraska upset No. 1 Utah to reach the Super Six Finals for the first time in school history. Kendig won his sixth consecutive conference championship in 1999 and was named national coach of the year. Kendig's teams won four individual event titles; Heather Brink won the all-around and vault in 2000 and Richelle Simpson won the all-around and floor exercise in 2003. Brink was named Kendig's replacement in 2019 when he resigned in the midst of an NCAA investigation.

Individual all-around national championships (2): Heather Brink (2000), Richelle Simpson (2003)

Conference championships (2): 2014, 2017
Conference tournament championships (23): 1978–80, 1982, 1983, 1987–90, 1994–99, 2001–03, 2005, 2007, 2011–13
NCAA Championship appearances (28) 1982, 1983, 1987–90, 1995–97, 1999–2007, 2010–12, 2014–19, 2023

Rifle

Rifle became an official sport at the university in 1998. The team practices and hosts meets at the ten-point indoor firing range in NU's Military and Naval Sciences Building (ROTC). The team has been coached by Mindy Miles since 2021.

Although rifle is classified as a coeducational sport by the NCAA, Nebraska fields an all-female team. The program competed as an independent for six years before joining the Great America Rifle Conference in 2004. NU left the GARC for the Patriot Rifle Conference in 2021, making it one of only three programs at Nebraska not affiliated with the Big Ten.

Conference championships (1): 2006
Conference tournament championships (2): 2005, 2006
NCAA Championship appearances (17): 2000, 2001, 2004–08, 2010, 2013–18, 2020, 2021, 2023

Soccer

In 1995, Nebraska became the first Big Eight school to sponsor a varsity women's soccer program. John Walker was hired lead the new program and took his team to the NCAA Championship in his third year, the first of eight consecutive tournament appearances. However, since this streak ended in 2005 the Cornhuskers have reached the tournament just twice. The team has reached the round of 16 eight times and the national quarterfinals twice. Walker has earned NSCAA National Coach of the Year, NSCAA Central Region Coach of the Year and Big 12 Conference Coach of the Year during his tenure in Lincoln.

Conference championships (4): 1996, 1999, 2000, 2013
Conference tournament championships (7): 1996, 1998–2000, 2002, 2013
NCAA Division I Championship appearances (12): 1996–2005, 2013, 2016

Softball

Nebraska's softball program started in 1970, before it was an official NCAA sport. Since the NCAA sanctioned softball in 1983, the Cornhuskers have made eight appearances in the Women's College World Series, held annually in Oklahoma City, and won the tenth-most games of any program. The program's greatest successes came under head coach Wayne Daigle shortly after the tournament's creation, culminating in a national runner-up finish in 1985 (though it was quickly vacated by the NCAA Committee on Infractions). Rhonda Revelle became the program's head coach in 1992, and has since won more games than any coach in Nebraska athletics history. Revelle has won seven conference titles and was inducted into the National Fastpitch Coaches Association Hall of Fame in 2010.

Conference championships (10): 1982, 1984–88, 1998, 2001, 2004, 2014
Conference tournament championships (9): 1982, 1984–88, 1998, 2000, 2004
NCAA Division I tournament appearances (27): 1982, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1995–2007, 2009–11, 2013–16, 2022, 2023
Women's College World Series appearances (8): 1982, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1998, 2002, 2013

Tennis
Men

Nebraska's men's tennis team was established in 1928 and has made the NCAA Championship twice, most recently in 2011. Five Cornhuskers have won conference championships, and seventeen have been named all-conference selections. In 1989, Steven Jung was the NCAA Singles runner-up and was named NU's first All-American. Jung is the only men's tennis player in the Nebraska Athletic Hall of Fame.

NU made its only two NCAA appearances under Kerry McDermott, who led the program for thirty-seven years. Following the 2018 Big Ten tournament, Nebraska announced McDermott would not return and hired Sean Maymi as his replacement.

NCAA Division I Championship appearances (2): 2010, 2011

Women

NU's women's tennis program was established in 1976 and has made the NCAA Championship six times since 2000, most recently in 2013. Fourteen Cornhuskers have won conference championships, and twenty have been named all-conference selections. The team was coached by Scott Jacobson from 1992 until his retirement in 2022.

Conference championships (4): 1977, 1978, 2013, 2020
NCAA Division I Championship appearances (6): 2005, 2006, 2010–13

Track and field
Men

Nebraska's men's track and field team started in 1922 under coach Henry Schulte, who led the Huskers to nine conference titles before his retirement. His assistant, College Football Hall of Famer Ed Weir, replaced Schulte. Shortly after Weir retired to work as an athletic administrator in 1955, Frank Sevigne was hired to lead the program. Under Sevigne, the Huskers won eleven individual national championships, with forty-two All-American selections and 103 individual conference champions in combined indoor and outdoor events. Gary Pepin coached both the men's and women's teams from Sevigne's retirement in 1983 until his own retirement in 2022.

Indoor conference championships (38): 1930–33, 1936–38, 1940–42, 1949, 1951, 1963, 1972, 1973, 1978, 1985, 1987–89, 1992, 1994–98, 2000–05, 2007, 2015, 2016, 2019

Outdoor conference championships (29): 1921–24, 1926, 1929, 1932, 1933, 1936, 1937, 1939–42, 1950, 1966, 1987, 1989, 1990, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2016

Women

Nebraska's women's track and field program was created during the 1975–76 academic year and began competition in 1976. The team's first head coach was Roger Capan, but he left after only one season and was replaced by Carol Frost, whose son Scott would later quarterback the Cornhuskers to a national championship in 1997. Frost left Nebraska after the 1980 season, and Gary Pepin took over the program. Two years later Pepin assumed control of the men's program as well, a dual role he held until his retirement in 2022.

Indoor conference championships (24): 1980–97, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2011, 2012
Indoor AIAW (1) / NCAA Division I (2) championships: 1982–84

Outdoor conference championships (18): 1980–95, 2000, 2005

Volleyball

Nebraska's volleyball program is among the best in the history of the sport. The Cornhuskers have won five national championships (1995, 2000, 2006, 2015, 2017) and reached the national semifinals on ten other occasions. NU has won more games than any other program, and ranks second in national semifinal appearances, tournament wins, and tournament winning percentage. Nebraska has made the NCAA tournament for thirty-nine consecutive seasons and has never been ranked outside of the national top 20. The Cornhuskers have featured more AVCA All-Americans than any other program, including four National Player of the Year award winners.

Nebraska volleyball is one of the most popular spectator attractions in the state. In 2008, AVCA executive director Kathy DeBoer described Nebraska as "the epicenter of volleyball fandom." The Cornhuskers have led the country in attendance every year since moving to the Bob Devaney Sports Center in 2013 and have sold out over 300 consecutive home matches, an NCAA record for any women's sport. Before moving to the larger Devaney Center, Nebraska played at the historic NU Coliseum; the Cornhuskers had fifteen undefeated seasons and a record of 454–30 at the Coliseum, including a then-NCAA-record ninety consecutive home victories from 2005 to 2009.

The Cornhuskers have played in several of the highest-attended games in NCAA history, including the 2021 national championship game, when a record 18,755 fans watched Wisconsin defeat Nebraska in five sets at Nationwide Arena in Columbus, Ohio. NU played Omaha on August 30, 2023 at Memorial Stadium. 92,003 people showed up for the event, breaking the record for the largest attendance at a women's sporting event in history; by the end of April, 82,900 tickets were already sold.

Conference championships (34): 1976–92, 1994–96, 1998–2002, 2004–08, 2010, 2011, 2016, 2017
Conference tournament championships (Big Eight only) (18): 1976–86, 1988–91, 1993–95
AIAW (6) / NCAA Division I (41) tournament appearances: 1975–80, 1982–2022
NCAA Division I national semifinals (16): 1986, 1989, 1990, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2015–18, 2021
NCAA Division I championships (5): 1995, 2000, 2006, 2015, 2017

Beach volleyball

Nebraska added beach volleyball as the school's twenty-second intercollegiate varsity sport in 2013. In 2016, the NCAA began sponsoring a beach volleyball tournament (previously the sport was run by the AVCA), but Nebraska did not attempt to qualify. Nebraska runs one of the only beach volleyball programs in the Midwest and plays the bulk of its season during a spring break trip to California or Hawaii. NU's beach roster is made up entirely of players from its indoor program, and head coach John Cook has said the school views beach volleyball primarily as a training and recruiting tool for its indoor team. Beach volleyball competes as an independent, making it one of only three programs at Nebraska not affiliated with the Big Ten.

On March 8, 2017, Nebraska hosted Missouri Baptist at the Hawks Championship Center. The match was closed to the public due to space limitations, but was noteworthy as the first collegiate beach volleyball match to take place in the state of Nebraska. The Cornhuskers swept the Spartans 5–0.

In 2007, Jordan Larson and Sarah Pavan defeated student-athletes from seven other schools to win the Collegiate Beach Volleyball Championship, an invitational tournament featuring two players per school.

Wrestling

Nebraska's wrestling program started in 1910 under the guidance of head coach R.G. Clapp. Despite modest success in the program's early years, NU has been a mainstay in the national top ten since Tim Neumann was hired in 1985. Mark Manning has led the Huskers since 2000 and twice won conference coach of the year. Former Nebraska standouts include 2000 Olympic gold medalist and 2004 bronze medalist Rulon Gardner, and two-time NCAA champion and 2012 Olympic gold medalist Jordan Burroughs.

Individual

National championships (11): Mike Nissen (1963 – 123 lbs), Jim Scherr (1984 – 177 lbs), Bill Scherr (1984 – 190 lbs), Jason Kelber (1991 – 126 lbs), Tony Purler (1993 – 126 lbs), Tolly Thompson (1995 – HWT), Brad Vering (2000 – 197 lbs), Jason Powell (2004 – 125 lbs), Paul Donahoe (2007 – 125 lbs), Jordan Burroughs (2009 – 157 lbs; 2011 – 165 lbs)

Team

Conference championships (7): 1911, 1915, 1924, 1949, 1993, 1995, 2009
NCAA Division I Championship appearances (56): 1928, 1942, 1946, 1949, 1954, 1958, 1959, 1961–63, 1973, 1975, 1978, 1980–2019, 2021–23

Club sports

The University of Nebraska–Lincoln sponsors club programs in badminton, baseball, women's basketball, bowling, broomball, climbing, cricket, curling, cycling, dodgeball, golf, women's hockey, judo, women's lacrosse, pickleball, rifle, rowing, men's rugby, running, sailing, shotgun, women's soccer, fast-pitch softball, swimming, table tennis, taekwondo, tennis, men's ultimate Frisbee, men's volleyball, women's volleyball, and water ski.

Athletic directors

In its earliest days, the Nebraska Department of Athletics had no central figure serving as the head of the department, and the history of how this position developed is unclear. Early on, the head of the athletics department often had only a partial or part-time role and held other titles and responsibilities. The first six heads of the Athletics Department held the title "Athletics Manager," first held by Raymond G. Clapp, NU's basketball coach and a professor of physical education. The first individual to hold the title "athletic director" was E. J. Stewart, who served from 1916 to 1919, while also coaching men's basketball and football during parts of his tenure. However, he is not considered Nebraska's first athletic director because it was not considered a full-time administrative position by the Board of Regents; this designation belong to Fred Luehring, who held the position from 1920 to 1922.

Many of Nebraska's athletic directors simultaneously coached one of the university's varsity programs. These included basketball, baseball, and swimming, but the majority of dual-role administrators were football coaches: Stewart, Fred Dawson, Dana X. Bible, Biff Jones, Glenn Presnell, Adolph J. Lewandowski, George Clark, and Bob Devaney. NU's longest-serving athletic director was Devaney, who led the department from 1967 to 1992. Trev Alberts was appointed Nebraska's fifteenth full-time athletic director on July 14, 2021.

Facilities

Nebraska Athletic Hall of Fame
The University of Nebraska Athletic Hall of Fame was established in 2015, located just northeast of Memorial Stadium. Twenty-two former student-athletes were honored in the inaugural class. At least one student-athlete from each of Nebraska's varsity sports has been inducted into the Hall of Fame. Football is the most-represented sport with thirteen student-athletes and coaches inducted.

Olympians

A total of 111 athletes from NU have combined to compete in 163 Olympic Games. Nebraska athletes have won fifty-four medals, including sixteen gold medals, while representing thirty countries. Merlene Ottey is Nebraska's most decorated Olympian, winning nine medals and competing in seven Olympic Games, a record for track and field competitors.

Mascots

Nebraska cycled through several official mascots before settling on the now-familiar Herbie Husker and Lil' Red. The first of these was Corncob Man, a man in green overalls with an ear of corn for a head. After just a few years, the university sought a more "representative" mascot and debuted Huskie the Husker, a farmer who stood ten feet tall and wore overalls with a straw hat on top of a fiberglass head. Huskie soon gave way to Mr. Big Red (more commonly known as Harry Husker); Harry was equally tall but dressed in a blazer and red wide-brim hat. Harry's head was so large it couldn't fit on the team's traveling bus and was so heavy the student wearing the costume had to be switched every forty-five minutes.

The physical demands of the Harry costume meant the university was soon looking for another mascot, and in 1974 NU acquired the rights to Herbie Husker, based on the design of Lubbock, Texas artist Dirk West. Nebraska hired Disney cartoonist Bob Johnson to refine West's design into a costume and Herbie made his first appearance at a Nebraska football game at the 1974 Cotton Bowl Classic, a 19–3 Cornhuskers victory over Texas. Mr. Big Red wasn't officially retired until 1988, but was infrequently seen while coexisting with Herbie.

Historically, Herbie had blond hair and dressed in denim overalls (with an ear of corn in the pocket), a white undershirt, and a red cowboy hat. Prior to the 2003 season, Herbie's appearance was altered to include a red workshirt, blue jeans, and workboots in an effort to update the overall appearance of the state's agricultural workers and general public; however, the new design was not well-received and many of the modifications were reverted in 2023.

Since 1994, Herbie has often been joined on the sideline by the inflatable Lil' Red. Initially, Lil' Red was created to appeal to younger fans and to primarily represent the school's volleyball team, which occasionally played at the same time as Nebraska's football team. Lil' Red was so popular that then-athletic director Bill Byrne considered discontinuing Herbie entirely, but later decided the mascots would coexist. The mascots are now frequently seen together across all sports.

Herbie was named the 2005 National Mascot of the year at halftime of the 2006 Capital One Bowl. Lil' Red won the NCA National Mascot Competition in 1999 and was inducted into the Mascot Hall of Fame in 2007.

Fan support

Decades of high attendance and well-traveling crowds across all sports have earned Nebraska fans a reputation for being fiercely loyal and dedicated. The school's athletic department proclaimed their fans "the greatest fans in college football" in an inscription above each of the twenty-four gates at Memorial Stadium. In 2001, President George W. Bush stated that he "can't go without saying how impressed I am by the Nebraska fan base. Whether it be for women's volleyball or football, there's nothing like the Big Red."

Memorial Stadium is sometimes referred to as The Sea of Red due to the home crowd's propensity to wear the color. Nebraska has sold out every home football game since November 3, 1962; at 389 it is the longest sellout streak in college athletics history. The streak, historically a source of pride for the school and its fans, has been scrutinized in the decades following Tom Osborne's retirement as NU's athletic department has occasionally been forced to sell a large number of tickets at a discounted rate to keep the streak alive. Cornhuskers fans are noted for often applauding the visiting team as they leave the field at the end of the game. Nebraska is considered to have one of the best-traveling fanbases in the country – the most famous example of this occurred in 2000, when an estimated 35,000 Nebraska fans watched No. 1 Nebraska defeat No. 25 Notre Dame at Notre Dame Stadium.

Nebraska's volleyball program has sold out 303 consecutive matches between the Nebraska Coliseum and Devaney Center, the longest streak of its kind in women's college sports. The Cornhuskers have led the country in attendance for nine straight seasons, and have played in nine of the ten highest-attended college volleyball matches ever played. Nebraska's five-set loss to Wisconsin in the 2021 national championship match broke college volleyball records for both attendance and viewership.

Academic success

Nebraska has produced 347 Academic All-Americans, more than any other Division I school and second only to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology among all universities. Nebraska's 108 Academic All-Americans in football is forty-one more than second-place Penn State; the school also leads all volleyball programs in Academic All-Americans with thirty-eight.

Notes

References

External links

Nebraska Cornhuskers


Count Eric Stanislaus (or Stanislaus Eric) Stenbock ( – ) was a Baltic Swedish poet and writer of macabre fantastic fiction.

Life
Stenbock was the count of Bogesund and the heir to an estate near Kolga in Estonia.  He was the son of Lucy Sophia Frerichs, the daughter and heiress of Johann Andreas Frerichs, a Manchester cotton tycoon, and Count Erich Stenbock, of a distinguished Swedish noble family of the Baltic German House of nobility in Reval. The family rose to prominence in the service of King Gustav Vasa: Catherine Stenbock was the third and last consort of Gustav Vasa and Queen consort of Sweden between 1552 and 1560. Stenbock's great-grandfather was Baron Friedrich von Stuart (1761–1842) from Courland. Immanuel Kant was a great-great-granduncle of Stenbock.

Stenbock's father died suddenly while he was one year old; his properties were held in trust for him by his grandfather Magnus. Eric's maternal grandfather died while Eric was quite young, also, in 1866, leaving him another trust fund.

Stenbock attended Balliol College in Oxford but never completed his studies.  While at Oxford, Eric was deeply influenced by the homosexual Pre-Raphaelite artist and illustrator Simeon Solomon. He is also said to have had a relationship with the composer and conductor Norman O'Neill and with other "young men".

In Oxford, Stenbock also converted to Roman Catholicism taking for himself the name Stanislaus. Some years later Eric also admitted to having tried a different religion every week in Oxford. At the end of his life, he seemed to have developed a syncretist religion containing elements of Catholicism, Buddhism and idolatry.

In 1885, Count Magnus died, upon which Stenbock, as the oldest living male relative, acceded to the status of Count and to the possession of the family's estates in Estonia.  Eric traveled to and lived in Kolga for a year and a half; he returned to England in the summer of 1887, during which time he sank deeper into alcoholism and drug addiction.

Stenbock behaved eccentrically.  He kept snakes, lizards, salamanders and toads in his room, and had a "zoo" in his garden containing a reindeer, a fox, and a bear. When he traveled, he invariably brought with him a dog, a monkey, and a life-sized doll.  This doll he referred to as "le Petit Comte" ("the little Count") and told everyone that it was his son; he insisted it be brought to him daily, and—when it was absent—he asked about its health. (Stenbock's family believed an unscrupulous Jesuit had been given large amounts of money by the Count for the "education" of this doll.)

Work
Stenbock lived in England most of his life, and wrote his works in the English language.  He published a number of books of verse during his lifetime, including Love, Sleep, and Dreams, 1881, and Rue, Myrtle, and Cypress (1883).  In 1894, Stenbock published The Shadow of Death, his last volume of verse, and Studies of Death, a collection of short stories.

Death
On 26 April 1895 Stenbock died from cirrhosis of the liver at his mother's home, Withdeane Hall, near Brighton; his death went unnoticed in the press, aside from a brief mention in The Times (30 April 1895). Stenbock had named More Adey as his literary executor. On 1 May the burial service was held in the Brighton Extra Mural Cemetery.

Legacy
The band Current 93 made an album of the same name of incidental music inspired by Stenbock's Faust story. Stenbock's legacy is supported by the invitation-only Stenbock Society, notable like Stenbock himself for its infrequent activity.

Marc Almond and Michael Cashmore released the two-track CD Gabriel & The Lunatic Lover in 2008 with two songs based on Stenbock's poems by the same name. This was followed in 2011 by the album Feasting with Panthers which included two more adaptations, "Sonnet XI" and "The Song of the Unwept Tear". All four poems were adapted and translated by Jeremy Reed.

Strange Attractor Press published a collection of Stenbock's short stories, poems, and essays, Of Kings and Things in 2019.

Works

Poetry
 Love, sleep & dreams : a volume of verse. - Oxford : A. Thomas Shrimpton & Son ; Simpkin Marshall & Co, 1881?
 Myrtle, rue and cypress : a book of poems, songs and sonnets. - London : [privately printed by] Hatchards, 1883
 The shadow of death : poems, songs, and sonnets. - London : The Leadenhall Press, 1893

Short story collections
 Studies of death : romantic tales (London : David Nutt, 1894)

Biographies and other
 Adlard, John. Stenbock, Yeats and the Nineties ; with an hitherto unpublished essay on Stenbock by Arthur Symons and a bibliography by Timothy d'Arch Smith. - London :  Cecil & Amelia Woolf, 1969
 Costelloe, Mary. Christmas with Count Stenbock / [edited by] John Adlard ; frontispiece by Max Beerbohm. -London : Enitharmon, 1980. - Contains letters by Mary Costelloe
 Reed, Jeremy. A hundred years of disappearance : Count Eric Stenbock. - [Great Britain? : J. Reed, 1995]

References

External links
A Secret Kept: A Brief Life of Count Stenbock
Gay and lesbian preservationists' concern for Count Stenbock's grave  in Brighton, England
Kolga; contains a picture of the Stenbock ancestral estate in Estonia
"The Other Side: A Breton Legend" (full text)

Eric Stenbock as a main character in the fiction at The Criterion, June 2017 (full text)

1860 births
1895 deaths
Deaths from cirrhosis
German gay writers
People from the Governorate of Estonia
19th-century Estonian poets
Estonian male poets
Baltic-German people
Estonian nobility
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Accidental deaths in England
German male poets
19th-century German poets
19th-century German male writers
Alcohol-related deaths in England
Weird fiction writers

Eric Stenbock


Ayod is a town in Jonglei, South Sudan, headquarters of Ayod County.
The Nuer people are the main inhabitants. Riek Machar, first vice-president of South Sudan, is the 26th son of the chief of both Ayod and Leer.

A study of the village in December 1994 examined 759 people and found that 156, or 20.6%, had Guinea worm lesions.
Dracunculiasis, the parasitical infection by the Guinea worm, is caused by drinking contaminated water, and can be eliminated by providing a clean water supply.

References

Populated places in Jonglei State

Ayod


Lisbon Harbour Control Tower is a 38 metre tall control tower at the end of an artificial peninsula in Lisbon, Portugal. The building is of an ultramodern design where it tilts towards the opening to the harbour. The nine storey tower was designed by Gonçalo Sousa Byrne and is owned by the Governo da Republica Portuguesa.

The lower section of the tower is made of horizontally placed copper whilst the final three storeys are glass. This is done so that the building looks like an ultramodern lighthouse.

The control tower was inaugurated on July 16, 2001 and won the First Prize at the TECU Architecture Awards on May 9, 2003.

External links
Archidose: Lisbon Harbor Control Tower
Structurae: Lisbon Harbor Control Tower

Buildings and structures completed in 2001
Harbour Control Tower
Water transport in Portugal
Inclined towers

Lisbon Harbor Control Tower


Camp Hemshekh (; "continuation" Literally: Camp "Continuation") was a Jewish summer camp in the United States that was founded in 1959 by Holocaust survivors who were active in the Jewish Labour Bund, a Jewish, socialist workers' party in Eastern Europe. The camp was sponsored by the Bund as well. Camp Hemshekh had as its goal instilling in its campers the ideals of the Jewish socialist movement that flourished in interwar Poland: socialism, secular Yiddish culture, equality and justice, and the Bundist concept of doikayt, "hereness," that Jews should live, build their culture and struggle for their rights wherever they dwell, rather than seeking refuge in a Jewish homeland. A Hemshekh camper is called a Hemshekhist (the plural is Hemshekhistn).

Campsites
Camp Hemshekh was located at five campsites:

Ghetto Night
One of the more memorable events each summer was "Ghetto Night". Ghetto Night took place on the third Sunday of August. Ghetto Night was a solemn, all-day commemoration of the Jewish partisans and victims of the Nazis that culminated in a gripping English and Yiddish retelling of the Holocaust through poetry and song. At the end of the performance, as the piano softly played the haunting melody of Ani Ma'amin (reportedly sung by Jews during the Holocaust as they entered the gas chambers), the camp walked out single file, and followed a torch-lit path to the "Ghetto Denkmol".
One of the Ghetto Night programs, titled "Varshever Oyfshtand un Geto Akademie" ("Warsaw Uprising and Ghetto Program"), was as close the camp came to a religious service in the adamantly secular Camp Hemshekh. It began with a bellowed command: "Z'khor! Gedenk vos es hot geton mit dayn folk der daytshisher nazi amalek" — "Remember! Remember what the German Nazi Amalek did to your people." It closed with a pledge that they chanted in unison: "To remember and remember and remember for all time." This was followed by a call and response: "Let there be no forgetfulness! No forgetfulness! Let there be no dimming of memory! No dimming of memory! Let the memory be clear as glass, cold as ice and bright as a diamond."
This Ghetto Night Program included the heartrending, untitled poem that concluded: "The hands of the killers/Broke the locked hold/Of our mother's mad embrace/It was all in vain/The frantic cries/The murderer-hands clawed our flesh/Hurled us against the wall/To instant death." It included the gruesome, like Yuri Suhl's "The Permanent Delegate": "I am the spasm of a body convulsed in flames, the crumbling of a skeleton, the boiling of blood," and the macabre, such as Aaron Zeitlin's "Kinder fun Majdanek" ("Children of Majdanek"): "Kopele, where is your head? Where is the light of your eyes?"
At its heart, however, the program was a tribute to Jewish Resistance. Much of the text was taken from Never to Forget: the Battle of the Warsaw Ghetto, written by Howard Fast and William Gropper, published in 1946 by the Jewish People's Fraternal Order, International Workers Order There were also up-tempo, bold songs like Shmerke Kaczergin-ski's Yid Du Partizaner — "Fun di getos tfise vent/in di velder fraye/anshtot keytn oyf di hent/kh'alt a biks a naye!" ("From the ghetto's prison walls/into the free forests/Instead of chains on my hands/I carry a new rifle!")

Music
Singing was an integral part of the camp. At breakfast, in the dimly lit dining room, campers belted out popular Yiddish and English camp tunes to the accompaniment of an aging piano; during rest hour, selected campers would rehearse the Yiddish musical numbers for the "Visiting Day" plays, the midsummer Holocaust commemoration or some other cultural event; and a favorite pastime for campers and counselors alike was sitting with friends under the Milkh Boym (Milk Tree), strumming the guitar, and trying to remember all the lyrics to Bob Dylan and Phil Ochs hits.

"Ghetto Denkmol"
There were two version of the "Ghetto Denkmol". The first "Ghetto Denkmol" was a small, white wooden booth and had a mosaic of a Ghetto fighter built in 1962 by the now world-famous architect, Daniel Libeskind. The second version was a simple memorial that consisted of a replica of the barbed-wire, glass-encrusted ghetto wall, and six black signposts of  representing the 6 million Jews murdered, each one inscribed, in Yiddish, with the name of a death camp. In the center stood a striking mosaic of the same ghetto fighter built by Daniel Libeskind. His mosaic partisan was a young man dressed in military-style garb, triumphantly stepping out of flames, one arm thrusting a rifle, the other with fist clenched. The face was an oval devoid of features.

On "Ghetto Day", a boy and girl from the group of oldest campers stood vakh (Yiddish for watch or vigil) at the Denkmol throughout the day. Dressed in work-shirts and red bandanas, they were silent and solemn, changing shifts every hour so that the wall was never unguarded, and so all the oldest campers had the chance to perform this honor.

Memory as an element in the Camp
Memory was embedded everywhere, beginning with the camp's name: Hemshekh means "continuation" in Yiddish. A banner above the stage in the hall where we performed plays and had socials implored, "Lomir Trogn Dem Gayst Vos Men Hot Undz Fartroyt" — "Let us carry the spirit that has been entrusted to us." A small rock garden where we held campfires and meetings was named in honor of Froim Lozer, a Bundist who had fought for a small park to be built in the crowded, dirty industrial city of Łódź for workers to enjoy a bit of air after long hours in the textile factories. Even nature was pressed into the service of memory: Small wooden plaques nailed to trees bore the names Henryk Ehrlich and Viktor Alter, Bundist activists and resistance organizers murdered by Joseph Stalin's police, and Mordechai Anielewicz, the 23-year-old commander of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.Also, at the Hunter location, there were wooden plaques nailed to trees bearing the names of Szmuel Zygielbojm (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szmul_Zygielbojm) and Emanuel Ringelblum (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Ringelblum).  It was not lost on the campers that the "bojm" in Zygielbojm's name (also transliterated as boim or boym) means "tree" which is what his plaque was attached to.

 Daniel Libeskind
 Nina Libeskind (née Lewis)
 Binyumen Schaechter
 Zalmen Mlotek
 Gitl Schaechter-Viswanath
 Lazer Lederhendler
 Gloria Brame
 John Loike

Reunions

1987 reunion
On Sunday, November 15, 1987, a Camp Hemshekh reunion was held on the Windows on the World restaurant, at the World Trade Center. About 200 campers, from all over the world came.

1999 reunion
There was a reunion on October 10, 1999 which was held at the Terrace On The Park party venue located in Flushing Meadows Park.  Almost 400 former campers, counselors and others affiliated with the Camp were contacted/invited. (The existence of the "new" internet proved a great help in tracking people down.) Approximately 200 former "Hemshekhists" attended while an additional 40+ spouses and children joined in the festivities.

At the reunion all attendees receive a booklet that was a combination Songbook and Address List.  The songbook included 104 songs—three-quarters of which were in Yiddish (always provided in Yiddish orthography as well as in transliteration) -- which were well known throughout the 20-year existence of the Camp.

50th Anniversary (2009) reunion
On October 10 through October 12, 2009 (Columbus Day Weekend), Camp Hemshekh had its 50th Anniversary Reunion in New York City. The main event took place on Sunday, October 11, 2009, at the Workmen's Circle Building. It began at noon, and continued through the night.

Saturday's activities consisted of informal house pot-luck gatherings at the homes of Hemshekhistn from the different generations of camp, who live in or near New York City. No less than nine campers visited the old campsites at the Hunter and Mountaindale campsites. Photos of the remnants of the campsites were posted on the walls at the main event, along with photos of the camp, and campers from the different years. At least five hundred photos were taken during the various parts reunion. Extensive, yet rough video footage was taken at the main event. Using that footage, previous films and the many photographs of Camp Hemshekh, a basic film is planned to be created. The majority of uploaded photos and videos of this reunion, previous ones, and of Hemshekh in general, can be found on the Camp Hemshekh Facebook group, here, and here. This reunion was mainly organized by the Reunion Komitet (Reunion Committee), including George Rothe, Sabina Brukner, Michael "Toes" Rosenberg and Lisa Geduldig. About 200 campers came to the main event.

See also
 General Jewish Labour Bund
 S.K.I.F.
 Tsukunft
 The Workmen's Circle
 Jewish Left

References

External links
 The Camp Hemshekh 2009 Reunion website
 The Camp Hemshekh Facebook group
 The Camp Hemshekh 50th Anniversary Reunion Facebook event

 Teddy Crane's (Camp Hemshekh camper) Photo Archive
 Downloadable Various Camp Hemshekh Material by Sabina Brukner, Includes "1965 Olympics Fakeout" (PDF), "1975 Ghetto Night Script" (PDF), "1976 Ghetto Night Script" (PDF), 1975 "Counselor Play: Di Tsvey Kuni Leml" (mp3 26mb), "1999 Reunion Newsletter" (PDF), "1999 Reunion Songbook" (PDF), "1999 Reunion Songbook"-P.21 (PDF)
 An old Camp Hemshekh website (defunct) by David Reed

Bundism in North America
Jewish-American history
Jewish anti-Zionism in the United States
Jewish socialism
Hemshekh
Secular Jewish culture in the United States
Socialism in the United States
Jews and Judaism in Sullivan County, New York
Greene County, New York
Ulster County, New York
Yiddish culture in New York (state)
1959 establishments in New York (state)
1978 disestablishments in New York (state)
Socialism in New York (state)

Camp Hemshekh


Hiram Hutchinson (1808–1869) was an American industrialist of British origin. In 1853 he founded a rubber company in France that was the predecessor of Hutchinson SA, a multinational industrial conglomerate. The company was sold by his family in 1898, 29 years after Hutchinson's death.

Having acquired patent rights to the vulcanisation of rubber from Charles Goodyear in 1853, Hutchinson went to France to set up a mill in Châlette-sur-Loing, Loiret. He spent roughly a year in the region, enough time to initiate manufacturing and turning over management of the factory to his son, Alcander.

Later, Hutchinson returned to the United States, where he conducted research on other applications of rubber, which he (correctly) predicted would be useful for a variety of products, including tires, boots, and sealant, all of which are now manufactured by Hutchinson SA.

Despite undergoing corporate restructuring on more than one occasion, Hutchinson's company still operates the original plant at Châlette-sur-Loing.

References

American industrialists
1808 births
1869 deaths
19th-century American businesspeople

Hiram Hutchinson


Ivanhoe or Ivanhoe Station is a pastoral lease and cattle station located just north of Kununurra in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Founded in 1893 by the Durack brothers, station is presently owned by the Consolidated Pastoral Company.

Description
The station occupies an area of  and follows the bank of the Ord River as it flows from Lake Argyle to Cambridge Gulf over a distance of . The alluvial flats and black soil plains support rich stands of couch and buffel, which make good grazing feed.

The property lies on the land of the Gajirrawoong and Miriwung peoples, whose native title was recognised by the Federal Court of Australia in 2006.

Ivanhoe and its neighbour Carlton Hills are able to support 50,000 head of cattle including 18,000 Brahman breeders. The station is able to turn off 9,000 steers per annum for live export to Asia and the Middle East.

History
The station was initially established by Patrick Durack and his brother Michael, who founded the station in 1893.

Kimberley Durack first experimented with growing cash crops in the fertile soil of the floodplains, which later led to the establishment of the Ord River Scheme. An experimental farm was established on the Ord in 1941 and then closed in 1945 when joint Commonwealth-State Research Station was completed at Ivanhoe. The station experimented with crops such as rice, linseed and cane sugar for the next 12 years. Kununurra was built on land resumed from Ivanhoe Station during 1961, as the town for the Ord River Irrigation Area, which started as the Ord River Project or Ord Scheme, with survey work starting in 1959.

Ivanhoe Crossing, built in 1954 on a rocky outcrop to cross the Ord river, was featured in the film Australia when Lady Sarah Ashley is brought to Faraway Downs station. The crossing is close to where the Duracks constructed the Ivanhoe Station homestead and the unusual sandstone formation named "City of Ruins".

The local Aboriginal peoples, the Miriuwung and Gajirrawoong, are the traditional owners of the area. The labour force of the station was often provided by these peoples, who lived and worked on the property often under terrible conditions. Aboriginal workers were often not paid wages and only received rations for their labour until the Pastoral Award was introduced in 1968. At Ivanhoe in 1961, 90 Aboriginal people were living in three huts.

See also
List of ranches and stations

References

Homesteads in Western Australia
Stations in the Kimberley (Western Australia)
1893 establishments in Australia
Ord River
Kununurra, Western Australia

Ivanhoe Station


Little Spain was a Spanish American neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan during 20th century.

History

"Little Spain" was 14th Street, between Seventh and Eighth Avenues. A very different slice of Chelsea existed on a stretch of 14th Street often referred to by residents as "Calle Catorce," or "Little Spain". The Church of Our Lady of Guadelupe (No. 299) was founded in 1902, when Spaniards started to settle in the area. Although the Spanish business have given way to such nightclubs as Nell's and Oh Johnny on the block between Seventh and Eighth Avenues, the Spanish food and gift emporium known as Casa Moneo has been at 210 West 14th since 1929. In 2010 the documentary Little Spain, directed and written by Artur Balder, was filmed in New York City. The documentary pulled together for first time an archive that reveals the untold history of the Spanish-American presence in Manhattan. The archive contains more than 450 photographs and 150 documents that have never been publicly displayed. They present the history of the streets of Little Spain in New York City throughout the 20th Century. The archive contains more than 450 photographs and 150 documents that have never been publicly displayed. They present the history of the streets of Little Spain in New York City throughout the 20th Century.

Other important commerces and Spanish business of Little Spain were restaurants like La Bilbaína, Trocadero Valencia, Bar Coruña, Little Spain Bar, Café Madrid, Mesón Flamenco, or El Faro Restaurant, established 1927, and still today open at 823 Greenwich St. The Iberia was a famous Spanish dress shop.

The heart of the Spanish American community in that area were the two landmarks the Spanish Benevolent Society and the Roman Catholic Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe, founded at the turn of the 19th century, being the first parish in Manhattan with mass in Latin and Spanish.

Virginia Admiral and her son, Robert Mario De Niro Jr., moved to a top floor studio at the 219 West 14th Street, owned by the Galician entrepreneur José García. According with the investigations, Robert De Niro was living during the 50s at the heart of Little Spain after the divorce of his parents.

References

Other websites
 IMDb.
 The Herald Tribune.
 El País.
 LA VANGUARDIA.
 El Mundo.
 Antena 3 TV, Weekend News.
 Official Web Presence of the Spanish Benevolent Society.

Manhattan
Neighborhoods of New York City

Little Spain


Sparganothis diluticostana, the spring dead-leaf roller, is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in North America from Quebec to Florida, west to Texas and Nebraska and north to Minnesota and Ontario.

The wingspan is 12–14 mm. Adults are on wing from April to August.

The larvae feed on the leaves of Fraxinus species.

References

Moths described in 1879
Sparganothis

Sparganothis diluticostana


Tbilisi 175th Public School is a School in Tbilisi. Founded in 2005 as a result of the merger of 184th and 175th public schools. Includes buildings A and B. The school has its own student self-government. There are 1-6 graders in one building of the school, and 7-12 graders in the other.

Tinatin Alavidze is the current acting director of the school. The school has 132 teachers.

The school has a library and two gyms.

Student self-government at school is optional. Each year, class presidents are elected by the students through voting in the school. Class presidents are elected from the 7th grade.

Other websites
 About school

Schools
Tbilisi

Tbilisi 175th Public School


Monique Grotto Olsen (born September 2, 1990) is a Brazilian fashion model and MTV Brazil VJ.

Olsen's agencies include/have been Ford Brazil (Mother Agency); Mega Models - Miami; Women Management; Women Management - Milan; Traffic Models; Premier Model Management; Saturo Japan, INC; and Mega Models Brasil.

Career
Olsen has appeared in ad campaigns for D&G, Agilita, Huis Clos, Someday and Stussy.  Olsen has graced the pages of publications like Vogue, Elle, L'Officiel, Marie Claire, Glamour, and others.  Olsen has also walked the runways for Calvin Klein, Dolce & Gabbana, Marc Jacobs, Tommy Hilfiger, Nanette Lepore, Heatherette, Diane von Furstenberg, Vivienne Westwood, Vera Wang and others.

Olsen was runner-up in the "Riachuelo Mega Models 2003" contest; she was also one of the models chosen for Vogue Italia's "Models to Watch for in 2006".  She appeared on the cover of "D" issue #449 (2005).She has said that when she is done with modeling, she would like to become a fashion journalist.

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
People from Lages
Brazilian people of German descent
Brazilian female models

Monique Olsen


PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science is a digital data library and a data publisher for earth system science. Data can be georeferenced in time (date/time or geological age) and space (latitude, longitude, depth/height).

Scientific data are archived with related metainformation in a relational database (Sybase) through an editorial system. Data are in Open Access and are distributed through web services in standard formats on the Internet through various search engines and portals. Data set descriptions (metadata) are conform to the ISO 19115 standard and are served in various further formats (e.g. Directory Interchange Format, Dublin Core). They include a bibliographic citation and are persistently identified using Digital Object Identifiers (DOI). Identifier provision and long-term availability of data sets via library catalogs is ensured through a cooperation with the German National Library of Science and Technology (TIB). Retrieval of data sets is provided through a full text search engine (based on Apache Lucene / panFMP). For efficient data compilations a data warehouse is operated. Data descriptions are available through various protocols (OAI-PMH, Web Catalog Service).

PANGAEA is hosted by the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Bremerhaven and the MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, Bremen in Germany. The system is used by various international research projects from public funding as data repository and by the World Data Center for Marine Environmental Sciences (WDC-MARE) as long-term archive. The system was initially developed since 1987 and is operational on the Internet since 1995.

The MediaWiki software is used to operate a wiki as PANGAEA manual and reference.

PANGAEA is also listed in re3data.org.

References

 Diepenbroek, M., Grobe, H., Reinke, M., Schindler, U., Schlitzer, R., Sieger, R., Wefer, G. (2002) PANGAEA - an information system for environmental sciences, Computers & Geosciences, 28(10), 1201–1210, .
 König-Langlo, G., Gernandt, H.(2009) Compilation of ozonesonde profiles from the Antarctic station Georg-Forster from 1985 to 1992, Earth System Science Data, 1,1-5,  (Example of a data publication with PANGAEA, corresponding data set: ).

External links
 PANGAEA home page
 Manual PangaWiki
 Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI)
 MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences (MARUM)

German digital libraries
Bibliographic databases and indexes
Earth system sciences

PANGAEA (data library)


Chevron Science Center is a landmark academic building at 219 Parkman Avenue in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States on the campus of the University of Pittsburgh.   The 15-story facility, completed in 1974, was designed by Kuhn, Newcomer & Valentour and houses the university's chemistry department. A three-story addition above Ashe Auditorium was completed in 2011.

History

Between 1910 and 1971, the site of Chevron Science Center had been occupied by the former State Hall, the first building erected upon Pitt's move in the early 20th century to the Oakland campus and at various times home to the university's library, administration, and engineering department. Chevron Science Center's $14.7 million cost ($ million today) was partially offset by a $2 million grant ($ million today) from the National Science Foundation. Its completion brought together under one roof many chemistry facilities that were, at the time, scattered among eight different buildings on Pitt's campus. Upon its completion, it was the largest school building for chemistry instruction and research east of the Mississippi River.  The building also received a second place award in the "Lab of the Year" contest conducted by Industrial Research magazine. It contains a 500-seat auditorium dedicated to Lauren H. Ashe, a 1914 Pitt alumnus who was a pioneer in the pharmaceutical industry.

The building was named in recognition of Chevron Corporation's donation of its then recently acquired $100-million, 85-acre (340,000 m2), fully equipped Gulf Oil Applied Research Center to the university in 1985.

In 2008, a $5.5-million overhaul of the 14th floor was completed and included the creation of new organic chemistry research laboratories. The first floor of Chevron has received a new electronic reference library and a new café The Bunsen Brewer. A $32.4 million 31,331 square-foot laboratory addition to Chevron, designed by Wilson Architects and Renaissance 3 Architects and constructed above Ashe Auditorium, was completed in 2011.

The building serves as the primary facility for the University of Pittsburgh's Department of Chemistry including its primary lecture halls, teaching laboratories, and research facilities for organic, inorganic, biological, analytical and physical chemistry; nanotechnology; alternative and renewable energy; and drug and transplant therapies.

Mural

A 1973  Virgil Cantini porcelain enamel mural entitled "Science and Mankind" is displayed Inside Chevron Science Center near its main auditoriums.  Depicting a man and woman with exposed skeletal and muscular systems touching hands, signifying the beginning of life, colors used on the figures represent different human cells with squares and triangles around them symbolize the birth of the computer age.  Measuring 40 by 30 feet, it is said to be the work Cantiini was most proud of.

Department of Chemistry

The department of chemistry, founded in 1875, is among the nation's largest undergraduate chemistry departments. It also has awarded more than 1,000 doctorate degrees and counts among its alumni Nobel Prize-winner Paul Lauterbur, who helped develop magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Other alumni and researchers in the department have made important discoveries in fields like recombinant DNA technology, nanotechnology, and alternative fuels, and have pioneered innovative drug and transplant therapies.

References

External links
Chevron Science Center on Pitt's virtual Campus Tour
Chevron Annex on Pitt's virtual Campus Tour
Pitt Department of Chemistry

University of Pittsburgh academic buildings
University and college laboratories in the United States
Skyscrapers in Pittsburgh
Office buildings completed in 1974
Office buildings in Pittsburgh
1974 establishments in Pennsylvania

Chevron Science Center


The Battle of Berlin was the last major battle of Second World War in Europe.  The Battle took place in Berlin from 16 April to 3 May 1945. During the battle the Red Army, along with Polish forces, captured the city of Berlin, Germany. When they captured the Reichstag, Adolf Hitler committed suicide with his new wife by shooting himself in the head and her taking a cyanide pill.

Background
On 12 January 1945 the Soviet and Polish forces began attacking Berlin. In the end of that attack, their forces stood on the Oder River, 60 kilometres east of Berlin. In 1945 the Wehrmacht had few good fighters or good weapons compared to 1944.

Despite his advisors' opinion, Hitler decided to stay in the city. He heard about the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt on the radio and he hoped the city would be saved.

The Battle of Seelow Heights
The battle on the city began in the Seelow Heights. The Seelow Heights are 17 kilometers west of the Oder and 45 kilometres east of Berlin. They were well defended by the Wehrmacht.  On 16 April, the Red Army and Polish Army attacked Seelow Heights.  Almost 1,000,000 attackers with 20,000 artillery pieces were fighting against 100,000 Germans with 1,200 tanks.  Despite this, the German defenders managed to hold the heights for four days.

On 20 April, Hitler's birthday, the allies began to bombard the centre of the city with rockets and artillery.  They did not stop until the city surrendered.  On 22 April, Hitler, when he knew the Germans plans had failed, cried in anger.  He knew the war was as good as lost.  One of his generals, Alfred Jodl, thought it would be possible to form a linkup between the army in Berlin, and the 12th Army commanded by Walther Wenck that were fighting the U.S. Army.  Hitler agreed to this idea, but those troops could not get to the city.

Fall of Berlin

Hitler remained in his Führerbunker until his death.  He knew that escape was nearly impossible.  His soldiers knew that too, and wanted to get out.  Since there was no hope of winning, Hitler gave orders to his generals and allowed a breakout plan on April 28th.  However, this plan went badly.  Only a few of the expected number of soldiers managed to get through Soviet lines.  On April 29th Hitler authorized another try to  break out May 1st.

However, on April 30th the Red Army captured the Reichstag.  They were just 500 yards from the Führerbunker.  Hitler and several other leaders killed themselves.  On May 1st, Helmuth Weidling ordered a break out. One division, named the Nordland Division, escaped and were caught outside Berlin.

In the next few days, the various armies of Nazi Germany surrendered.

1945 in Germany
Berlin
Berlin
Berlin
Berlin
1940s in Berlin
April 1945 events
May 1945 events

Battle of Berlin


The V Building (formerly known as Arena Central Tower) was a proposed 51-storey residential skyscraper approved for construction on Broad Street on the Westside of the city centre of Birmingham, England. The tower was part of the larger Arena Central development scheme on the former ATV / Central Television Studios, closed in 1997. The entire development site covered an area of . On completion the development was set to include offices, shops, restaurants, cafes, leisure/entertainment, fitness centre and hotel. It was to have been built on the site of a multi-level underground car park next to Alpha Tower, one of the tallest buildings in Birmingham. The total cost of the entire scheme was expected to be £400 million and of the tower, £150 million.

The estimated completion date was initially set for 2009, but due to setbacks was extended to 2013. In 2009, the developers received a 5-year extension to planning permission; the council turned down a 10-year extension in the hope that work would begin before 2015.

The proposed scheme was cancelled during 2014 and alternative plans, which do not include a tall tower, were approved by Birmingham City Council.

Original proposal
The V Building was not part of the original plan for Arena Central which was submitted in 1998 by Miller Group. No buildings in the design were taller than 20 storeys. However, the design was soon changed and a tower was incorporated later in the year. The design, by HOK Architects, was for a 50-storey tower which had a total height of 245 metres to the top of the spire and a roof height of 187 metres. At the time, that would have made the tower the tallest building in England, and one of the tallest in Europe. The building plan was referred to Deputy Prime Minister, John Prescott, in 2000 who disapproved of the tower and forced it to be scaled down to 187 metres. The amendments to the design were made and the entire scheme later received outline planning consent.

The 9/11 attacks in 2001 resulted in a number of setbacks for the project and it was significantly delayed. The building was considered a potential terrorist target if constructed and, in consequence, the Hampton Trust pulled out of the project as part owners. No news about the development was released for two years.

In 2003, Andy Ruhan of Bridgewaters Capital was found as a partner and papers were signed in 2004. In December 2004, planning permission, which would have run out for the tower in February 2005, was extended to December 2010.

Redesign and a new proposal

Early history
Due to the problems the project encountered, a new masterplan was produced and Multiplex was awarded the contract for construction of the tower. The masterplan unveiled in 2006, however, did not specifically outline the details of individual buildings. A model of the tower was present, though the detail and the roof feature were not on the images released. The shape of the tower in the models confirmed that the design by HOK Architects was not to be used. It was described as going to appear as if it "is squeezed in the middle creating two bulges".

A news article in the Estate Gazette on 17 June 2006 stated that the height of the tower would be 175 metres and the Civil Aviation Authority agreed that it would not have any problems with the tower if it was 175 metres tall; however, they would have to comment on the planning application if any taller. Other news articles said the tower would be of 47 storeys though whether this is in reference to the old design or the new design is unclear.

In September 2006, it was revealed that construction would be delayed yet again. It was also revealed that the tower would be the first constructed part of the development due to the lack of demolition needed on the site.

On 12 February 2007, Arena Central Developments was granted a 250-year lease on the land by Birmingham City Council.

Team
Eric Kuhne of Eric R Kuhne & Associates and Civic Arts Architects was appointed by Dandara Ltd to design the form, the façades, the public realm, the lobbies and commercial tenancies of the tower. The apartments and the technical delivery have been designed by Scott Brownrigg Architects, with whom Eric Kuhne and Civic Arts Architects collaborated.

The design is revealed
The first indication of the design of the tower was revealed on the Pipers Models website. The website presented images of a model of the building that had been produced for the developers to be unveiled at the upcoming MIPIM show in Cannes, France. The design shown was different from what was quoted as having been "squeezed in the middle creating two bulges". Instead the design featured a tower of a 'V' shape rising from the base.

The tower was unveiled at the MIPIM show in Cannes in March 2007. Its name had been changed from Arena Central Tower/ Arena Square Tower to V Building highlighting the 'V' shape on the Suffolk Street Queensway elevation. It was initially quoted as having 50 storeys and being 150 metres tall.

The detailed planning application for the tower was submitted to the Birmingham City Council Planning Department on 13 June 2007 by agents Aims Ltd. The planning application for the tower also contained changes to the masterplan for the site. The proposal was described as:
Erection of new tower to include flats, restaurant & bar together with landscaping, car parking & means of access. Updated masterplan for the Arena Central site, bound by Broad Street, Suffolk Street Queensway, Holliday Street & Bridge Street, in accordance with condition 3 attached to application No. C/04238/97/OUT

The tower was approved by Birmingham City Council Planning Department on 4 October 2007. The Birmingham Post reported that it took two minutes for the councillors to make the decision. Construction of the tower was expected to begin in early 2008 for completion in 2013.

Design
The design of the tower had changed slightly from what was revealed at the MIPIM show in Cannes. The exterior of the building was a mixture of cladding with bars running across the windows. However, this was changed when the new renders for the tower were revealed after the submission of the planning application. The new renders showed the exterior to be brighter in colour.

The planning application explained that the reasoning behind the height decrease from 175 metres to 147 metres was due to the refusal from the adjacent hotel building, Crowne Plaza, to move out of its building and be given hotel space in the new tower, which would have increased the height to 175 metres. The owners of Crowne Plaza, Holiday Inn, had submitted a planning application before the application for V Building to refurbish the hotel.

At street level, near the entrance, there was to have been a plaza area which will consist of vertical concrete slabs with inscriptions written into them. The first two floors will be of double height, containing a restaurant and lounge for residents. The second floor will be cantilevered over the entrance. Beneath these would have been a two-storey underground car park. The footprint was decreased from that of the tower approved in the 2000 masterplan. This was to complement the residential use of the building, which had been proposed as mixed-use in the 2000 masterplan.

Whilst the roof height was planned to be 147 metres, the façade overrun increased the overall height to 152 metres. The roof line has a serrated edge. On the 50th floor there was to have been a sky bar with a public viewing platform, extended to three storeys, above which would have been a plant room. There was to be a total of 706 apartment units in the tower, 60 of which were to have been serviced suites. Facilities for the residents included a lounge on the ground floor and a library. Residents were to have had their own entrance to the building. This would provide access to the residents' reading room. A hotel-style lobby of  would have provided public access to the three restaurants and the top floor sky bar.

See also
Big City Plan
List of tallest buildings and structures in Birmingham

Notes

References

 Planning application number C/03635/07/RES (submitted 13 June 2007)
 Skyscrapernews.com's entry on the current tower
 Skyscrapernews.com's entry on the old tower
 "Birmingham finally set for new heights with The V Building" - Emporis.com (submitted 16 March 2007)
 "The V Building goes into planning" - Emporis.com (submitted 20 June 2007)

External links
 The V Building website
 Official website of Arena Central
 Dandara website
 Civicarts website
 Miller Group project page
 Birmingham.gov.uk
 Emporis.com - Building ID - 295037

Buildings and structures in Birmingham, West Midlands
Proposed skyscrapers in England
Residential skyscrapers in England
Skyscrapers in Birmingham, West Midlands

V Building