Bejsebakke or Sorthøj is a locality in Ansgar Parish, Fleskum Herred, Aalborg Municipality, Denmark where traces of prehistoric settlements from both the Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age were found. The area have been archaeologically  excavated two times. In 1958 an excavation was conducted by the National Museum of Denmark and in the years 1999 and 2000 by the Aalborg Historical Museum. This excavation was found among other traces more than 350 pit houses and 40-50 large houses from the Iron Age. The area is also rich in relics of the Stone Age flint mines.

Prehistoric sites in Denmark

Bejsebakke


Nicholas van Hoorn (c. 1635 in Vlissingen – buried 24 June 1683, in Isla Mujeres) was a merchant sailor, privateer and pirate. He was born in the Netherlands and died near Veracruz after being wounded on the Isla de Sacrificios. Nikolaas or Klaas was engaged in the Dutch merchant service from about 1655 until 1659, and then bought a vessel with his savings. With a band of reckless men whom he had enlisted, he became a terror to the commerce of the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire. Later he had several ships in his employment and obtained such notoriety that some governments were willing to employ him against their enemies.

As a privateer

In 1666 a French minister sent Van Hoorn a commission, empowering him to pursue and capture Spanish vessels.  As he was uniformly successful, he amassed enormous sums. After the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, it was expected that he would cease ravaging the American coast - but the French government, while openly disowning their champion, secretly connived at his misdeeds.  He made the mistake of pillaging a French ship, but after an unsuccessful attempt to take him was made in 1663, he no longer attacked the French flag.

Learning that several Spanish galleons were waiting in the harbour of Puerto Rico for a convoy, he entered the harbour and offered his services to the governor.  He put forward his recent quarrel with the French, and declared that his only chance of safety was in the protection of Charles II of Spain. The governor allowed the galleons to leave port under the protection of Van Hoorn, but, as soon as they were outside the Antilles, they were attacked by the flotilla of the buccaneer, who gained over 2,000,000 livres by the adventure.

As a pirate

At end of 1682, the Saint Nicholas, commanded by Nicolas Van Hoorn, arrived in the Caribbean Sea. This vessel, armed (in part) by the commander of Dover Castle, had left England the previous year, intending to trade with the Spaniards in Cadiz then in America. Nicolas Porcio, who was one of the holders of Asiento de Negros - a royal licence granting monopoly over the draft of the slaves for the Spanish colonies - had apparently promised to obtain for Van Hoorn the permission to sell him Africans in Spanish America. Said promise could not be fulfilled and Van Hoorn sought alternate employ.

Van Hoorn was then transformed into a true pirate. He plundered the coast of Western Africa expecting to be supplied with slaves, as the depositions of four of his men reveal. These depositions, taken in front of Reginald Wilson, the naval officer of Port Royal, were transmitted by the governor of Jamaica, Sir Thomas Lynch, to the secretary of the committee for the Trade and the Plantations, William Blathwayt, with his letter of 4 March 1683.

Indeed, before the arrival of Van Hoorn in America, the English colonial authorities had been informed of his piracies in Africa, and - more seriously - the fact that the Saint Nicholas had openly broken with its British ship-owners to act on Van Hoorn's own account. Thus, cruising against the forbans of the Antilles on order of the Governor Lynch, Jamaican captain George Johnson fell on Van Hoorn, in December 1682, but could not demand any account nor explanation. The president of the Royal Audience of Santo Domingo indeed prohibited Johnson from any contact with Van Hoorn. The reason was simple: the president retained the Saint Nicholas, for a flight made from Cadiz by his captain, for whom what remained in African slaves was confiscated. All this made Van Hoorn determined to gain the French part of the Hispaniola Island, to take a commission from its governor Pouançey and to assemble the famous forwarding of Vera Cruz.

Van Hoorn was engaged with Laurens de Graaf and Michel de Grammont in the capture of Veracruz in 1683. After the sacking of Veracruz, the two retreated to Isla de Sacrificios with prisoners where they planned to wait for ransom payments. Impatient that payments did not arrive immediately, Van Hoorn ordered the execution of a dozen prisoners and had their heads sent to Veracruz as a warning. De Graaf was furious; the two argued and then fought a duel. Van Hoorn received a minor wound and was returned to his ship in shackles. The wound soon turned gangrenous and Van Hoorn died shortly thereafter.

Notes

References
P.R.O. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series: America and West Indies, 1681-1685: no. 1163.

External links
 Depositions of Events
 Nicolaas van Hoorn at Zuidhoek's Zeerovers (Dutch)

1630s births
1683 deaths
17th-century Dutch people
17th-century French military personnel
17th-century pirates
Pirates from the Dutch Republic
Dutch privateers
People from Vlissingen
Duellists
Deaths from gangrene
17th-century Dutch criminals

Nicholas van Hoorn


Mite Kremnitz (4 January 1852, Greifswald – 18 July 1916 in Berlin), born Marie von Bardeleben (pen names George Allan, Ditto and Idem), was a German writer.

Biography
Kremnitz was the daughter of the famous surgeon Heinrich Adolf von Bardeleben. She grew in Greifswald, London and, starting with 1868, in Berlin. Later she married the doctor Wilhelm Kremnitz and moved with him to Bucharest in 1875. The couple had 2 children.

In Romania, Marie became good friends with the Queen Elisabeth, who wrote poems, novels and short stories under the nom de plume Carmen Sylva, and in 1881 she was appointed her maid of honor. They published several novels and a drama in collaboration, Marie signing with the pseudonym Ditto and Idem. Starting with 1890 she changed it to Mite Kremnitz.

After her husband's death in 1897, Kremnitz returned to Berlin. She died on 18 July 1916, aged 64.

Works
 Rumänische Dichtungen ("Romanian Poems"), 1881
 Fluch der Liebe ("The Curse of Love"), short stories, 1881
 Neue rumänische Skizzen ("New Romanian Sketches"), 1881
 Rumänische Märchen ("Romanian Fairy-Tales"), 1882
 Aus der rumänischen Gesellschaft ("From The Romanian Society"), two novels, 1882
 Ein Fürstenkind ("A Princely Child"), a novel, 1883
 Rumäniens Anteil am Kriege 1877-78 ("Romania's Participation in The War of 1877-78"), 1887
 as Ditto and Idem: Anna Boleyn, historic drama, 1886 (together with Carmen Sylva)
 as Ditto and Idem: Astra, an epistolary novel, 1886 (together with Carmen Sylva)
 as Ditto and Idem: Feldpost ("The Postal Service"), an epistolary novel, 1886 (together with Carmen Sylva)
 as Ditto and Idem: Rache und andere Novellen ("The Revenge and Other Short Stories"), 1888 (together with Carmen Sylva)
 as Ditto and Idem: In der Irre ("Astray"), short stories, 1887 (together with Carmen Sylva)
 Ausgewanderte ("Emigrated"), a novel, 1890
 Elina. Zwischen Kirche und Pastorat ("Elina. Between the Church and the Pastorate"), two short stories, 1894
 Sein Brief ("His Letter"), short stories, 1896
 Herr Baby. Eine Kindergeschichte ("Mr. Baby. A Child Story"), 1901
 Mann und Weib ("Man and Woman"), short stories, 1902
 Am Hofe der Ragusa ("At the Ragusa Court"), a novel, 1902
 Fatum ("Fate"), stories, 1903
 König Karol von Rumänien. Ein Lebensbild ("King Carol of Romania. A Biography"), 1903
 Carmen Sylva, a biography, 1903
 Maria, Fürstin Mutter zu Wied, Prinzessin zu Nassau. Lebensbild ("Maria, Princess-Mother of Wied, Princess of Nassau. A Biography"), 1904
 Mutterrecht ("Matriarchy"), short stories, 1906
 Eine Hilflose ("A Helpless Woman"), a novel, 1906
 Was die Welt schuldig nennt ("What The World Calls Guilty"), 1907
 Der rote Streif. Eine Liebesgeschichte ("The Red Stripe. A Love Story"), 1908
 Ist das - das Leben? ("Is This The Life?"), Roman, 1909
 Die Getäuschten ("The Deceived"), Roman, 1909
 Laut Testament ("According To The Will"), Roman, 1911
 Das Geheimnis der Weiche ("The Secret of The Gate"), stories, 1913

References

External links

Romanian writers
19th-century German writers
19th-century Romanian writers
19th-century German women writers
19th-century Romanian women writers
20th-century German writers
20th-century Romanian writers
20th-century German women writers
20th-century Romanian women writers
Romanian people of German descent
People from Greifswald
1852 births
1916 deaths

Mite Kremnitz


Lepista personata (also recognised as Lepista saeva, Clitocybe saeva and Tricholoma personatum, and commonly known as the field blewit and blue-leg) is a species of edible fungus commonly found growing in grassy areas across Europe and is morphologically related to the wood blewit (Lepista nuda).

Taxonomy
This species was originally proclaimed by Elias Fries in 1818, as Agaricus personatus. Cooke proposed in 1871 another name still in use today — Lepista personata. Other names were to follow, namely Lepista saeva by P.D. Orton in 1960 and Clitocybe saeva by H.E. Bigelow & A.H. Smith in 1969, the latter placing the fungus in the larger genus Clitocybe. In Latin, the specific epithet sævus is an adjective meaning either fierce, outrageous, angry or strong. Likewise, personatus is a participle meaning disguised, pretended or false.

Description
The fruiting body of the mushroom resembles an agaric. The cap is at first hemispherical or convex, becoming almost flat with maturity, up to 16 cm in diameter. The cap cuticle is colored cream to light brown with a smooth texture to the touch, and is often seen glistening when fresh. Along the periphery, the cap ends in a thick incurved margin which may unfold as the mushroom expands. The white to pallid flesh is thick, firm and delicate upon slicing. The underside of the cap bears crowded pinkish, cream to light brown gills, which are free or emarginate in relation to the stem. The stem itself is cylindrical with a bulbous, or sometimes tapering base, and does not bear a ring. The stem is covered by a striking lavender or lilac-coloured fibrous skin which fades in older individuals, and has a thick, firm flesh concolorous with that of the cap. It is up to 6–7 cm tall and 2.5–3 cm in diameter.

Under a light microscope, the spores are seen hyaline to pink, ellipsoid in shape, and with fine warts. The spore dimensions are 6-8 by 4-5 µm. L. personata produces a pale pink spore print.

Distribution and habitat
Lepista personata is found fruiting in open grasslands, parks, pastures, forest clearings, and in the vicinity of forest edges, unlike Lepista nuda which is commonly found in woodland. Lepista personata fruits gregariously, forming distinctive fairy rings. Its fruiting season extends from summer to the beginning of winter, and is widespread in Europe. In the UK, the season extends from September through to December. It has also been allegedly reported from California in North America.

Edibility

Field blewits are generally regarded as edible, but they are known to cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. This is particularly likely if the mushroom is consumed raw, though allergic reactions are known even from cooked blewits.

Field blewits should therefore be cooked before eating, as the consumption of raw specimens could lead to indigestion. Blewits can be eaten as a cream sauce or sautéed in butter; they can also be cooked like tripe or as an omelette filling.

Field blewits are often infested with fly larvae and don't store very well; they should therefore be used soon after picking. They are also very porous, so they are best picked on a dry day.

References

External links

 "Mushroom-Collecting.com - The Blewit"
 All that Rain Promises and More - Blewit

Edible fungi
personata
Tricholomataceae
Fungi of Europe
Fungi found in fairy rings
Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries

Lepista personata


HE0450-2958 is an unusual quasar. It has been called the "naked quasar" and the "quasar without a home" because it appears to lack a host galaxy. It is estimated to lie approximately one billion parsecs away.

History

A team of researchers led by Pierre Magain of the University of Liège, Belgium announced their findings in the September 14, 2005 issue of the journal Nature. The quasar lies close in the sky to a disturbed, starburst galaxy (see figure, upper left). However, no galaxy was seen around the quasar itself (figure, middle), leading the authors to speculate
One might suggest that the host galaxy has disappeared from our view as a result of the collision [which formed the disturbed galaxy], but it is hard to imagine how the complete disruption of a galaxy could happen.
In order for the quasar's host galaxy to have escaped detection, Magain et al. estimated that it would need to be approximately five magnitudes (100 times) dimmer than expected for such a quasar, or to have a radius of 300 light-years or less (typical quasars are embedded in galaxies 5000 to 50,000 light-years across).

Shortly after Magain et al.'s paper was published, three theoretical papers appeared, all in the week of November 6, 2005, which claimed to explain the peculiar properties of this object. Two of the papers—from groups in Cambridge, Massachusetts and Cambridge, England—suggested that the quasar was a supermassive black hole that had been ejected from the center of the nearby, disturbed galaxy, either by gravitational radiation recoil or by an interaction involving three black holes. The ejection velocity would have to be approximately 1000 km/s in order to place the quasar so far from its original host galaxy.

The third paper, from a team led by David Merritt, critically examined the ejection hypothesis and concluded that it could not be correct. The two main arguments were: (1) The quasar spectrum reveals it to be a narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy. NLS1's are believed to have abnormally small black holes; since black hole size is strongly correlated with galaxy size, the host galaxy of the quasar should also be abnormally small, explaining why it had not been detected by Magain et al. (2) The quasar spectrum also reveals the presence of a classic, narrow emission line region (NLR). The gas producing the narrow lines lies roughly a thousand light-years from the black hole, and such gas could not remain bound to the black hole following a kick large enough to remove it from its host galaxy.  These authors concluded that the "naked" quasar was in fact a perfectly normal, narrow-line Seyfert galaxy that happened to lie close on the sky to a disturbed galaxy.

A number of scientific studies since 2005 have supported this conclusion. (1) Kim et al. (2006)  made a more careful attempt to find the quasar's host galaxy. They concluded that it was impossible to rule out the presence of a galaxy given the confusing light from the quasar. (2) Zhou et al. (2007)  observed the X-ray emission from the quasar and used it to estimate the mass of the black hole.  They confirmed a small mass for the black hole, implying an even fainter host galaxy than predicted by Merritt et al. (3) Feain et al. (2007)  detected radio emission from the quasar, which they interpreted as indicating ongoing star formation, which "contradicts any suggestion that this is a 'naked' quasar'".

The current scientific consensus is that HE0450-2958 probably does have a host galaxy but that it is difficult to see behind the bright quasar light.

Recently, the consensus has been questioned after a European Southern Observatory study.

A study in 2010 discovered a "blob" of emission near the quasar. This blob is thought to be the disturbed and compact host galaxy for the quasar.

See also
 Dark galaxy

References

External links
 Black Hole in Search of a Home (ESO)

 Image HE0450-2958
  Black Hole Caught Zapping Galaxy into Existence?

Quasars
Supermassive black holes
Caelum
75249
Dark galaxies
20050914

HE0450-2958


Heroic virtue is the translation of a phrase coined by Augustine of Hippo to describe the virtue of early Christian martyrs. The phrase is used by the Roman Catholic Church.

The Greek pagan term hero described a person with possibly superhuman abilities and great goodness. "[I]t connotes a degree of bravery, fame, and distinction which places a man high above his fellows". The term was later applied to other highly virtuous people who do extraordinary good works.

In Catholicism
Heroic virtue of a person is one of the requirements for his or her beatification. The view of the Catholic Church is explained in an article by J. Wilhelm in the 1910 Catholic Encyclopedia: Wilhelm explains that heroic virtue, as a concept within Christian ethics, is characterized by the embodiment of the cardinal and theological virtues. These virtues encompass faith, hope, and charity, with Divine charity being paramount.

Faith, fundamental to the Christian ethos, bridges the connection to the divine. It initiates a supernatural life and is revealed through actions. Good works, including adhering to Divine commands, prayer, Church devotion, the fear of God, the abhorrence of sin, penance for sins committed, and patience in adversity, illustrate faith's vitality. Such actions become heroic when sustained unwaveringly over time or in arduous conditions.

Hope, a firm trust in God's benevolence in providing eternal life, attains heroism through unswerving confidence in divine assistance amid life's challenges. Sacrificing worldly gains for heavenly fulfillment underscores the heroic aspect of hope.

Charity, an affectionate love for God, culminates in unity and participation in God's life (beatific vision). This love extends to neighbors, recognizing God's image in them. Serving others becomes akin to serving God. Christ's injunction to love God and neighbor underscores this virtue's significance.

Prudence, the ability to discern proper desires and actions, reaches heroism through divine guidance. Justice, granting each their due, is exemplified by acts like self-sacrifice and obedience. Fortitude, overcoming obstacles in fulfilling duty, achieves heroic heights when surmounting seemingly insurmountable challenges. Temperance, restraint against wrongful passions, encompasses such facets as propriety, modesty, abstinence, chastity, and sobriety.

Notably, every virtuous act reflects elements of all virtues, unified by divine inspiration.

In summary, heroic virtue is marked by the cardinal and theological virtues, encompassing faith's foundational role, hope's resilient trust, and divine charity's boundless love. Prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance further contribute to the virtuous life. Virtuous acts, inspired by the divine, exhibit unity in their diverse expressions.

References

External links
Catholic Encyclopedia "Heroic Virtue"

Beatifications
Virtue

Heroic virtue


Theodore Childress "Chill" Wills (July 18, 1902 – December 15, 1978) was an American actor and a singer in the Avalon Boys quartet.

Early life
Wills was born in Seagoville, Texas, on July 18, 1902.

Career
Wills was a performer from early childhood, forming and leading the Avalon Boys singing group in the 1930s. After appearing in a few Westerns, he disbanded the group in 1938, and struck out on a solo acting career.

One of his more memorable roles was that of the distinctive voice of Francis the Talking Mule in a series of popular films. Wills' deep, rough voice, with its Western twang, was matched to the personality of the cynical, sardonic mule. As was customary at the time, Wills was given no billing for his vocal work, though he was featured prominently on-screen as blustery General Ben Kaye in the fourth entry, Francis Joins the WACS. He provided the deep voice for Stan Laurel's performance of "The Trail of the Lonesome Pine" in Way Out West (1937), in which the Avalon Boys Quartet appeared.

During the 1940s, Wills was a contract player for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Although he appeared in many Westerns, Wills was cast in a number of serious film roles, including as "the City of Chicago" as personified by a phantom police sergeant in the film noir City That Never Sleeps (1953), and that of Uncle Bawley in Giant (1956), which also features Rock Hudson, Elizabeth Taylor, and James Dean. Wills was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Davy Crockett's companion Beekeeper in the film The Alamo (1960). However, his aggressive campaign for the award was considered tasteless by many, including the film's star/director/producer John Wayne, who publicly apologized for Wills. His publicity agent, Wojciechowicz "Bow Wow" Wojtkiewicz (former husband of gossip columnist Sheilah Graham), accepted blame for the ill-advised effort, claiming that Wills knew nothing about it. The Oscar was won by Peter Ustinov for his role as Lentulus Batiatus in Spartacus.

Wills was a poker player and a close friend of Benny Binion, the founder of the World Series of Poker and former owner of Binion's Horseshoe Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada. Wills participated in the first World Series, held in 1970, and is seated in the center of the famous picture with a number of legendary players.

In 1959, he starred as Bije Wilcox in "The Bije Wilcox Story" on Wagon Train.

In Rory Calhoun's Western series The Texan, Wills appeared in the lead role in the 1960 episode titled "The Eyes of Captain Wylie".

Wills starred in the short-run series Frontier Circus, which aired for only one season (1961–62) on CBS. In 1966, he was cast in the role of a shady Texas rancher, Jim Ed Love, in the short-lived comedy/Western series The Rounders (reprising his role in the 1965 film The Rounders, starring Henry Fonda), with co-stars Ron Hayes, Patrick Wayne, and Walker Edmiston.
In 1962 he guest-starred on Gunsmoke, as a deranged mountain man, and old friend of Matt Dillon, preying on homesteaders. His murderous rampage results in his violent  death.

In 19631964, Wills joined William Lundigan, Walter Brennan, and Efrem Zimbalist Jr. in making appearances on behalf of U.S. Senator Barry Goldwater, the Republican nominee in the campaign against U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson. Later, in 1968, Wills refused to support Richard Nixon for the presidency and served as master of ceremonies for George C. Wallace, former governor of Alabama, for the California campaign stops in Wallace's presidential campaign. Wills was among the few Hollywood celebrities to endorse Wallace's bid against Nixon and Hubert H. Humphrey; another was Walter Brennan.

Also in 1968, he starred in the Gunsmoke episode "A Noose for Dobie Price", where he played Elihu Gorman, a former outlaw who joins forces with Marshal Matt Dillon, played by James Arness, to track down a member of his former gang who has escaped jail. In 1971, he appeared as Pat Reedy on The Men from Shiloh (rebranded name of the TV Western The Virginian) in the episode titled "The Angus Killer".

His last role was in 1978, as a janitor in Stubby Pringle's Christmas.

Death
On December 15, 1978, Wills died of cancer in Encino, California, aged 76. He was cremated and interred at Grand View Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.

Partial filmography

 It's a Gift (1934) as Campfire Singer (uncredited)
 Bar 20 Rides Again (1935) as Background Singer / Henchman
 Anything Goes (1936) as Member of The Avalon Boys (uncredited)
 Call of the Prairie (1936) as singing cowhand
 Hideaway Girl (1936) as Lead Singer of Avalon Boys
 Way Out West (1937) as Lead Singer of the Avalon Boys / Stan's Bass Singing (uncredited)
 Nobody's Baby (1937) as Amateur Hour Lead Quartet Singer
 Block-Heads (1938) as Midget in Elevator (voice, uncredited)
 Lawless Valley (1938) as Deputy Speedy McGow
 Arizona Legion (1939) as Whopper Hatch
 Trouble in Sundown (1939) as Whopper
 Sorority House (1939) as Mr. Johnson
 Racketeers of the Range (1939) as Whopper Hatch
 Timber Stampede (1939) as Whopper Hatch
 The Day the Bookies Wept (1939) as Man on Bus (uncredited)
 Allegheny Uprising (1939) as John M'Cammon
 Boom Town (1940) as Deputy Harmony Jones
 Wyoming (1940) as Lafe (uncredited)
 The Westerner (1940) as Southeast
 Sky Murder (1940) as Sheriff Beckwith
 Tugboat Annie Sails Again (1940) as Shiftless
 Western Union (1941) as Homer Kettle
 The Bad Man (1941) as 'Red' Giddings
 Billy the Kid (1941) as Tom Patterson
 Belle Starr (1941) as Blue Duck
 Honky Tonk (1941) as The Sniper
 The Bugle Sounds (1942) as Sgt. Larry Dillon
 Tarzan's New York Adventure (1942) as Manchester Montford
 Her Cardboard Lover (1942) as Judge
 The Omaha Trail (1942) as Henry Hawkins
 Apache Trail (1942) as 'Pike' Skelton
 Stand by for Action (1942) as Chief Boatswain's Mate Jenks
 A Stranger in Town (1943) as Charles Craig
 Best Foot Forward (1943) as Chester Short
 See Here, Private Hargrove (1944) as First Sgt. Cramp
 Rationing (1944) as Bus Driver (scenes deleted)
 Barbary Coast Gent (1944) as Sheriff Hightower
 Meet Me in St. Louis (1944) as Mr. Neely
 I'll Be Seeing You (1944) as Swanson
 Sunday Dinner for a Soldier (1944) as Mr. York
 What Next, Corporal Hargrove? (1945) as Sgt. Cramp
 Leave Her to Heaven (1945) as Leick Thome
 The Harvey Girls (1946) as H.H. Hartsey
 Gallant Bess (1946) as Chief Petty Officer
 The Yearling (1946) as Buck Forrester
 High Barbaree (1947) as Lars (uncredited)
 Heartaches (1947) as 'Breezie' Mann
 The Sainted Sisters (1948) as Will Twitchell
 Northwest Stampede (1948) as Mileaway
 The Saxon Charm (1948) as Captain Chatham
 That Wonderful Urge (1948) as Homer Beggs - Justice of the Peace - Monroe Township
 Family Honeymoon (1948) as Fred
 Loaded Pistols (1948) as Sheriff Cramer
 Tulsa (1949) as Pinky Jimpson (Narrator)
 Red Canyon (1949) as Brackton
 Francis (1950) as Francis the Talking Mule (voice, uncredited)
 The Sundowners (1950) as Sam Beers
 Rock Island Trail (1950) as Hogger McCoy
 Stella (1950) as Chief Clark (uncredited)
 High Lonesome (1950) as Boatwhistle, Ranch Cook
 Rio Grande (1950) as Dr. Wilkins (regimental surgeon)
 Oh! Susanna (1951) as Sergeant Barhydt
 Francis Goes to the Races (1951) as Francis the Talking Mule (voice, uncredited)
 Cattle Drive (1951) as Dallas
 The Sea Hornet (1951) as Swede
 Bronco Buster (1952) as Dan Bream
 Francis Goes to West Point (1952) as Francis the Talking Mule (voice, uncredited)
 Ride the Man Down (1952) as Ike Adams
 Small Town Girl (1953) as 'Happy', Jailer (uncredited)
 Francis Covers the Big Town (1953) as Francis the Talking Mule (voice, uncredited)
 City That Never Sleeps (1953) as Sgt. Joe, the 'Voice of Chicago'
 The Man from the Alamo (1953) as John Gage
 Tumbleweed (1953) as Sheriff Murchoree
 Francis Joins the WACS (1954) as Gen. Benjamin Kaye / Francis the Talking Mule (voice)
 Ricochet Romance (1954) as Tom Williams
 Hell's Outpost (1954) as Kevin Russel
 Timberjack (1955) as Steve Riika
 Kentucky Rifle (1955) as Tobias Taylor
 Francis in the Navy (1955) as Francis the Talking Mule (voice, uncredited)
 Santiago (1956) as Captain 'Sidewheel' Jones
 Giant (1956) as Uncle Bawley
 Gun for a Coward (1957) as Loving
 Gun Glory (1957) as Preacher
 From Hell to Texas (1958) as Amos Bradley
 Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1958) (Season 4 Episode 2: "Don't Interrupt") as Mr. Kilmer
 The Sad Horse (1959) as Capt Connors
 The Alamo (1960) as Beekeeper
 Where the Boys Are (1960) as Police Captain
 Gold of the Seven Saints (1961) as Doc Wilson Gates
 The Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come (1961) as Major Buford
 The Deadly Companions (1961) as Turk, "a half-crazed card shark"
 Gunsmoke (1962) as Abe Blocker
 Young Guns of Texas (1962) as Preacher Sam Shelby
 McLintock! (1963) as Drago
 The Wheeler Dealers (1963) as Jay Ray Spinelby
 The Cardinal (1963) as Monsignor Whittle
 The Rounders (1965) as Jim Ed Love
 Fireball 500 (1966) as Big Jaw Harris
 Big Daddy (1969)
 The Over-the-Hill Gang (1969) as George Asque, retired Texas Ranger
 The Liberation of L.B. Jones (1970) as Mr. Ike
 The Over-the-Hill Gang Rides Again (1970) as George Asque
 Night Gallery (1970) as Heppelwhite (segment "The Little Black Bag")
 The Steagle (1971) as Tall-Guy McCoy
 Guns of a Stranger (1973) as Tom Duncan
 Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid (1973) as Lemuel
 Mr. Billion (1977) as Col. Clayton T. Winkle
 Poco... Little Dog Lost (1977) as Big Burt

References

External links

1902 births
1978 deaths
People from Dallas County, Texas
Male actors from Texas
American poker players
Deaths from cancer in California
American male film actors
Male actors from Greater Los Angeles
Texas Republicans
20th-century American male actors
Burials at Grand View Memorial Park Cemetery
Male Western (genre) film actors
New Right (United States)

Chill Wills


Education in Antigua and Barbuda is compulsory and free for children between the ages of 5 and 16 years.  The system is modeled on the British educational system. The current Minister of Education, Sport & Creative Industries is Daryll Sylvester Matthew.

The adult literacy rate in Antigua and Barbuda is approximately 99%.

Primary and secondary education

Antigua and Barbuda has several primary and secondary schools, both government and private. In the 2013-2014 school year, 10,059 students were enrolled in a primary school, and 7,797 students were enrolled in secondary school.

The school year for primary and secondary schools begins in September and ends in June of the following year. In order to ensure that all costs related to schooling are covered by the government, there is an education levy on all basic wages in Antigua and Barbuda, with the funds used toward such costs as supplies, transportation, and school infrastructure maintenance.

Higher education

In 1972, the technical and teacher's training colleges merged and formed the Antigua State College. Additional training options outside of university are offered at the Antigua and Barbuda Institute of Information Technology (ABIIT) and the Antigua and Barbuda Hospitality Training Institute (ABHTI).

In 2019, the University of the West Indies opened its fifth campus overall (and fourth physical campus) in Five Islands. The country was previously served solely by the University of the West Indies Open Campus. The government of Antigua and Barbuda contributes financially to the UWI.

The island of Antigua currently has three foreign-owned for-profit offshore medical schools: the University of Health Sciences Antigua (UHSA), founded in 1982; the American University of Antigua (AUA), founded in 2004; and the Metropolitan University College of Medicine (MUCM), founded in 2018. The island's medical schools cater mostly to foreign students but contribute to the local economy and health care.

Those interested in higher education also enroll at schools in the United States, Europe and Canada.

Governance

Minister with responsibility for education
The Education Act of 2008 outlines the general goals and objectives that the Minister will set up and pursue. These include creating an excellent, diverse, and comprehensive educational system that is marked by excellence; promoting education for Antiguan and Barbudan citizens by establishing educational institutions to support the community's intellectual, physical, social, and cultural development; formulating an educational policy intended to carry out the Act's objectives; effectively implementing the Government's educational policy; and creating an integrated educational system that is structured in accordance with the Act. The Minister is in charge of overseeing the entire administration of the Education Act, and in the exercise of the authority granted to them, they may take any action that is practical or required to fulfill his duties. The Minister will also be in charge of creating an education system that, to the greatest extent possible, will guarantee that students' interests, aptitudes, and intellectual and vocational abilities are given adequate expression and opportunities for growth; establishing public schools and deciding where they should be located; creating, subject to the Act, provisions for student admission and transfer in public schools and assisted private schools; and creating, maintaining, or helping to establish and maintain educational institutions or other facilities for tertiary, adult, and continuing education as well as special education as the Minister deems necessary. The minister may make provisions for the professional training of teachers for the entire educational system and establish standards that apply to the recruitment of teachers, their training, professional development, and conditions of service; designate the grades or classes and special programs to be offered in public schools and assisted private schools; prescribe forms and notices as necessary for the administration of the Act; require attendance of persons of compulsory school age at schools established and conducted under the Act; form committees or other groups to periodically provide advice on problems pertaining to education; establish lists of textbooks and policies for all public schools and assisted private schools to guarantee adherence to national education standards; however, in the case of assisted private schools, the school's founding denomination will choose the textbooks for religious education; ascertain the extent of support provided to private schools and establish regulations about said support; create or dismantle public schools, including technical education institutions, and, if required, start or stop instruction there; establish curriculum for public schools and supported private schools in compliance with this Act; take care of any other issues or take other action that may occasionally be necessary to fulfill the Minister's obligations for training and education.

Director of Education
The general administration of the Act is handled by the Director of Education, in accordance with the Minister's directives. The Director of Education is responsible for overseeing the proper and efficient operation of schools and other educational institutions; creating administrative guidelines and protocols for enforcing general policies and managing the educational system; delegating authority to Ministry staff members for managing different facets of the educational system, such as private school registration and administration, after first consulting with the Permanent Secretary; developing and overseeing the training of all staff members; initiate curriculum innovation and reform and the establishment of suitable procedures for evaluating the curricula of schools and other educational institutions, subject to the provisions of the Act; advise the Minister on matters pertaining to education in the state; guarantee that school grounds, property, and supplies are safeguarded against inappropriate use; initiate, plan, and oversee induction and training programs for inexperienced teachers; make sure that the Act's provisions and any regulations made in response are followed with regard to the operation of schools and other educational institutions; and carry out any other Act-related duties that the Minister may from time to time designate to the Director of Education.

Any function, duty, or responsibility granted to the Minister by the Act or any regulations made under it may be assigned in writing by the Minister to the Director of Education; however, this does not prevent the Minister from carrying out any or all of the functions so assigned when the Minister deems it necessary. The Minister may, in an emergency, give general or special written directions to any public officer in the Ministry regarding the Minister's functions under this Act after consulting with the Permanent Secretary and the Director of Education. The public officer is then required to follow the Minister's instructions. If the Director of Education is mandated, authorized, or otherwise required to carry out any function by this Act or any enactment made under this Act, the Director of Education may, upon consultation with the Permanent Secretary, designate a public officer who will report to him or her to carry out the function.

See also
List of schools in Antigua and Barbuda
List of universities in Antigua and Barbuda
Youth in Antigua and Barbuda

References

General and cited references

External links
Antigua and Barbuda, Commonwealth of Learning Network Statistics

Education in Antigua and Barbuda


José Javier de Baquíjano y Carrillo de Córdoba, III Count of Vistaflorida (March 12, 1751, Lima, Peru—January 24, 1817, Seville, Spain) was a Spanish/Peruvian economist and jurist, writer and politician, and one of the first great intellectuals of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

He was the second son of Juan Bautista de Baquíjano y Urigoen, I Count of Vistaflorida, and María Ignacia Carrillo de Córdova y Garcés de Mansilla.

Baquíjano inherited the Vistaflorida title from his older brother in 1809, becoming 3rd Count of Vistaflorida.

Baquíjano earned a doctorate in law from the University of San Marcos in Lima. In 1773-76 he traveled to Spain, where he met Pablo de Olavide and Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos. Upon his return to Peru, he took on the task of protector of the Indigenous, and became a professor of law.

El elogio a Jáuregui
He was celebrated for his speech welcoming the new viceroy Agustín de Jáuregui to Lima in 1780. This was published in 1781 as El elogio a Jáuregui, and was mixed with strong criticism of the viceregal government. His veiled attack on the economic and Indigenous policy of Visitador (Royal Inspector) José Antonio de Áreche was unprecedented. He quoted Montesquieu, Raynal, Machiavelli y Las Casas in defense of his positions. Áreche called his doctrines "execrable". The Argentine Balthasar Maciel attempted a rebuttal of the speech.

Economic thought
Baquíjano was a mercantilist economic thinker, although he was also influenced by the English economist Josiah Child, a qualified exponent of free trade. Baquíjano believed that free trade and the separation of the Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata were the causes of the economic crisis in Peru at the end of the eighteenth century. He supported the position that the Peruvian economy depended on the export of precious metals.

Academic and literary work
He led a reformist group at the University, arguing for the replacement of Scholasticism with the thought of men such as Descartes, Newton and Juan Heinecio. This group also supported the Encyclopedists and freedom of the press. In 1783 Baquíjano lost an election for rector. Thus he was not able to put his reforms into effect in the University, but he did so in the Colegio de San Carlos. He became vice-rector of San Marcos in 1791.

From 1791 to 1795 he was editor of the Mercurio Peruano, which rejected the radicalism of the French Revolution. In the Mercurio, Baquíjano published histories of the Audiencia of Lima, of the University, and of the mines in Potosí, as well as a dissertation on the economy of Peru. In 1793 he became president of the Sociedad Académica de Amantes del País (Academic Society of Lovers of the Country).

Politics
He returned to Spain for some years around this time. In Cádiz he became friends with Bernardo O'Higgins. He was the mentor of a Criollo political movement seeking autonomy for the colony and equality between Criollos and Peninsulares.

Back in Lima, he became oidor (judge) of the Audiencia in 1807. Also that year he became third count of Vistaflorida. In 1814 he was in Madrid, and that year he became a magistrate of the Council of the Indies. Later he became an honorary council member.

He criticized the Spanish policy against the insurgents in Peru, calling it foolish and arguing for an end of hostilities. Yet he was a loyalist in his way, not a separatist. He argued for judicial, ecclesiastical and economic autonomy, but under the Crown of Spain. Still, his strong criticism of the viceregal system and his support of liberal principles lent support to the independence movement. For that reason, he is recognized as a precursor of Peruvian independence.

References
  Riva Agüero, J. de la, "José Baquíjano y Carrillo", in Historia del Perú, vol. II, 3rd ed., Lima, 1953.
  Maticorena Estrada, M., Nuevas noticias y documentos de D. José Baquíjano y Carrillo, Lima, 1960.
  Deustua, C., José Baquíjano, Lima, 1964.

External links
  Gran Enciclopedia Rialp
  Encarta (Archived 2009-10-31)

1751 births
1817 deaths
History of Peru
Peruvian people of Spanish descent
Spanish economists
Spanish male writers
Spanish politicians
Counts of Spain

José Baquíjano y Carrillo, Count of Vistaflorida


Correction tape is an alternative to correction fluid used to correct mistakes during typing, or, in some forms, handwriting. One side of the tape, which is placed against the area to cover, is coated in a white, opaque masking material. Pressure applied to the other side of the tape transfers this material to the paper. Unlike correction fluid, the covered area can be written on it immediately after applying. As it is solid, correction tape is not subject to misuse as an inhalant, unlike most correction fluids.

Types
Correction tape is sold in short spools for hand use, or as long rolls to be used in typewriters, which apply sudden pressure when a key is struck, and can therefore apply the masking material in exactly the same shape and position as the erroneous character. Some versions of correction tape are sold in separate dispensers that are used to roll the tape onto paper directly, sometimes known as a correction mouse.

The correction tapes can come in different variety of colours and designs in the current market. The materials of the tapes also varies, from having a paper-based tape that breaks easily to polyester film-based tapes that is more durable. The mechanism of the tapes differs too; the gear or the belt mechanism.

See also
Correction paper
Correction fluid
Liquid Paper

References

External links

Correction instruments
Typing
Typewriters

Correction tape


The masked fruiteater (Pipreola pulchra) is a species of bird in the family Cotingidae endemic to Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests on the eastern flanks of the Andes. Considering the bird's population size and its wide range, this species is classified by the IUCN as being of least concern.

Description
At , the masked fruiteater is a medium-sized fruiteater. Both the sexes are bright green above, with a yellowish iris, coral-coloured beak and grey legs. The male has a black face and upper throat, a bib-like orange lower throat, mottled green flanks and a yellowish belly. The female lacks the mask and bib, and its underparts are green streaked with yellow. This bird could be confused with the scarlet-breasted fruiteater (Pipreola frontalis), but that species has pale tips to the tertial wing feathers, the male has a scarlet throat but no collar, and the female has a yellow upper throat and unbarred breast.

The voice is a very high-pitched whistle "tseeeeeeeweee". The call note is a rising "tsweet".

Distribution and habitat
The masked fruiteater is endemic to Peru. It occurs on the eastern side of the Andes Mountains at altitudes of between  where its natural habitat is montane forests.

Status
Pipreola pulchra has a wide range and is common in most of its range. The population size has not been quantified, but it is thought that the total number of birds is decreasing. However this is at a slow rate, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of "least concern".

References

masked fruiteater
Birds of the Peruvian Andes
Endemic birds of Peru
masked fruiteater
masked fruiteater
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Masked fruiteater


Tania Zaetta (born 17 November 1970) is an Australian actress and television presenter.

Early life
Zaetta was born to an Italian father and an Australian mother, and is the granddaughter of amateur botanist James Howard Browne. She spent the earlier years of her life living in Merbein, Victoria. There, her family interests were in a local brick manufacturing business.

Tania is the cousin of Julia Zaetta, editor of Better Homes and Gardens.

Career
From 1992 through 1994, Zaetta co-starred alongside Ian Turpie in the Australian version of Supermarket Sweep.

From 1996 until 1998, Zaetta co-hosted the Seven Network adventure-show, Who Dares Wins, alongside Mike Whitney.

In 1999, Zaetta landed one of the six supporting roles opposite David Hasselhoff as Kendra the triathlete, in the short-lived Australian edition of Baywatch.

In the 2000s, she had a supporting role in the Australian television series Pizza.

Zaetta co-hosted Mission Implausible, Britain's Sky1 prime-time show, with Jason Plato, which found both hosts competing against each other in a series of challenges each week.

Zaetta also hosted a series of TV specials in New York on The Great Outdoor Games for American sports network ESPN, and in San Francisco to host TV specials for the 2000 Summer X Games.

On 1 August 2008, Zaetta was confirmed by the Geelong Advertiser to co-star in a planned feature film to be shot entirely in Geelong called The Ninja. The film was slated to start shooting in 2010, with a cast including Rob Baard, John Schneider, Roger Cross, John Wesley Shipp and Jeremy Kewley.

Zaetta was on The Blue Planet, Network Ten's lifestyle/travel show. She also competed in season three of the Australian installment of Dancing with the Stars.

In April 2010, Zaetta commenced filming on the Sunshine Coast for a movie called Just Like U. In May 2011, Sydney-based author, Amanda Cole, issued Who Needs Prince Charming?, a self-realisation book for women, which collated contributions from 35 Australian women including Zaetta, Bianca Dye, Camilla Franks, Kathryn Eisman, Molly Contogeorge and Cindy Pan.

In 2012, Tania Zaetta was one of 12 celebrities who participated in Season 2 of The Celebrity Apprentice Australia. She was the third celebrity of the series fired by Mr. Bouris.

Bollywood
Her first step into the Bollywood limelight was in Bunty Aur Babli in 2005, before winning a support role in Salaam Namaste which was shot in Melbourne, Australia later that same year.

Dil Apna Punjabi gave Zaetta the chance to work with Harbhajan Mann in 2006.

Zaetta's fourth film Mr. White Mr. Black was released worldwide in 2008. The character saw her as a Charlie's Angels-style action girl in pursuit of stolen diamonds while being chased by criminals. This required her to learn fight sequences and perform wire work to display flying somersaults and mid-air kickboxing manoeuvres.

Health & Fitness
Zaetta has released an online program aimed at building a better body through Pilates training.

Charity, Peace for the Children
Zaetta co-founded a charity, Peace for the Children, with Grant Hilton. The Office of Fair Trading launched an investigation in March 2011 after it was revealed 'Peace for the Children' was not a registered charity, and audit of the charity by 'IPS Audit' showed it had directed less than a quarter of its income towards charitable projects, with the majority of the donations being used to cover costs. On 7 June Tania was cleared of the allegations she collected donations through her unregistered charity, Peace for the Children.

Australian Defence Force tour controversy
Zaetta toured Australian Defence Force bases in Afghanistan and Iraq during early 2008 with a group of entertainers including 12 members of the Royal Australian Navy's band, Angry Anderson, The Wolverines, and others. After the tour, accusations arose in the media that Zaetta had engaged in sexual relations with one of the Australian Special Air Service Regiment (SASR). This was quickly denied by Zaetta and members of the touring group. The following day, an unreserved apology was given by the Department of Defence. In September 2009, the dispute was settled out of court with Zaetta for an undisclosed sum.

Celebrity Apprentice
In 2012, Zaetta appeared in Celebrity Apprentice alongside her former Baywatch star David Hasselhoff. She was the third person "fired" from the show, but was able to raise over $70,000 for charity before her departure.

Personal life
In September 2018, Zaetta and partner Chris Rogers had twin children following IVF. She was 48 years old at the time.

References

External links

1970 births
Living people
Actresses from Victoria (state)
Australian film actresses
Australian people of Italian descent
Australian game show hosts
Actresses in Hindi cinema
Australian expatriate actresses in India
The Apprentice Australia candidates
21st-century Australian actresses

Tania Zaetta


The Legal Framework Order, 1970 (LFO) was a presidential decree issued by then-President of Pakistan Gen. Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan that laid down the political principles and laws governing the 1970 general election, which was the first direct election in the history of Pakistan. The LFO also dissolved the "One Unit" of West Pakistan, re-establishing the four provinces of Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan and the North-West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). Pakistan would be a democratic country and the complete name of the country would be the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

Foundation and proposals
Gen. Yahya Khan had taken over from his predecessor President Ayub Khan with the purpose of restoring law and order in Pakistan that had deteriorated in the final days of Ayub's regime. Yahya promised to transition the country to democracy and promised to hold direct elections for that purpose. However, Gen. Yahya also had to decide on how the two wings of the country, East Pakistan and West Pakistan would be represented. Although geographically smaller and separated from West Pakistan by the whole width of India, East Pakistan (erstwhile East Bengal) consisted of more than half the national population and was predominantly inhabited by Bengali people. Allegations of ethnic discrimination and lack of representation had caused turmoil and conflict between the two wings of Pakistan. The Awami League, the largest political party in East Pakistan, espoused Bengali nationalism and sought greater autonomy for the province, which most West Pakistanis saw as secessionist.

Yahya Khan held talks with East Pakistan's Governor, Vice-Admiral Ahsan, and concluded that Sheikh Mujib would soften his demands after the election. Yahya instituted the Legal Framework Order (LFO) on March 30, 1970, with the aim to secure the future constitution.

Provisions
The LFO called for direct elections for a unicameral legislature, the National Assembly of Pakistan. The LFO decreed that the assembly would be composed of 313 seats. Departing from the precedent of the 1956 Constitution of Pakistan, which stipulated for parity between the two wings, the LFO called for proportional representation, giving the more populous East Pakistan 169 seats in turn for West Pakistan's 144. The LFO stipulated that the National Assembly would have to create a new constitution for the state of Pakistan within 120 days of being convened, but reserved the right of approving the Constitution to the President and left the rules of the process in the hands of the new assembly to come. New elections would be called if the Assembly failed to come to an agreement in 120 days - all formulations and agreements proposed by political parties would require "authentication" by the president. The LFO also dissolved the "One Unit scheme", which had combined the four provinces of the western wing to constitute the political unit of West Pakistan.

The LFO also stipulated that the future Constitution was to include five principles.

 The state's Islamic ideology and reserving the role of the Head of State for Muslims exclusively.
 Free and regular elections, both provincial and federal, based on provincial populations and universal suffrage.
 Judicial independence and human rights for the citizenry.
 Assurance of maximum autonomy for the provinces while protecting the country's territorial sovereignty and providing sufficient powers to the Federal Government for functioning both internally and externally.
 Providing national participation to all citizens with the removal of all regional and provincial disparities.

Outcome
The LFO met a long-standing demand of Bengalis by accepting proportional representation, to the chagrin of many West Pakistanis who resisted the notion of an East Pakistani-led government. Many East Pakistanis criticised the LFO's reservation for the President the power to authenticate the Constitution. Yahya Khan assured Bengalis that this was only a procedural formality and necessary for the democratisation of the country. Yahya Khan ignored reports from the intelligence agencies about the increase in Indian influence in East Pakistan and that Mujib intended to tear up the LFO after the elections.

Contrary to Yahya Khan's opinion that the Awami League would not win the elections in the East wing, the Awami League won all but two seats from East Pakistan, gaining a majority in the National Assembly and thus not needing the support of any West Pakistani political party. As the LFO had not laid down any rules for the process of writing a constitution, an Awami League-controlled government would oversee the passage of a new constitution with a simple majority. The Pakistan Peoples Party of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, which had emerged as the largest political party in West Pakistan, declared it would boycott the new legislature, which severely aggravated tensions. After the failure of talks, Gen. Yahya postponed the convening of the legislature, a decision that provoked outright rebellion in East Pakistan and consequently led to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.

References

Constitution of Pakistan
1970 in Pakistan
Elections in Pakistan
Federalism in Pakistan
1970 documents

Legal Framework Order, 1970


The Cocos plate is a geologically young oceanic tectonic plate. It is beneath the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of Central America. Cocos Island  rides on it.

The Cocos plate was created about 23 million years ago when a larger plate broke into two pieces. The other piece became the Nazca plate. The Cocos plate also broke into two pieces, creating the small Rivera plate.

The Cocos plate touches several different plates. To the northeast it touches the North American plate and the Caribbean plate. To the west it touches the Pacific plate and to the south the Nazca plate.

This complicated set of little plates is caused by what geologists call the Cocos-Nazca spreading system. The leading edge is subducting (going under existing plates). This causes the Central American Volcanic Arc.

The Cocos Plate is near the Galapagos hotspot, which caused the Galapagos Islands.

References

Tectonic plates
Central America

Cocos plate


Singapore is a 1947 American film noir crime romance film directed by John Brahm and starring Fred MacMurray, Ava Gardner and Roland Culver. The film was remade as Istanbul (1957) with the location moved to Turkey, and Errol Flynn and Cornell Borchers in the starring roles.

Plot
Pearl smuggler Matt Gordon (Fred MacMurray) finds romance with Linda Grahame (Ava Gardner) just before the start of World War II. He proposes to her, and she accepts. However, when the Japanese attack Singapore, the church where she is waiting to marry him is bombed; Gordon searches frantically in the wreckage, but cannot find her. He is forced to sail away on his schooner.

With the end of the war, Gordon returns after five years, and is met by Deputy Commissioner Hewitt (Richard Haydn), who is convinced he has returned for a hidden cache of pearls. So are Gordon's old criminal associates, Mr. Mauribus (Thomas Gomez) and his underling Sascha Barda (George Lloyd). Mauribus offers to buy the pearls, but Gordon denies he has any.

Then, to his shock, Gordon sees Linda, but she does not remember him or anything prior to waking up in a hospital during the war. After spending years together in a prison camp with plantation owner Michael Van Leyden (Roland Culver), and now known as Ann, she married him. Gordon tries to help her remember her past, but to no avail. She does, however, go to see Linda's pre-war servant, Ming Ling (Maylia). Ming Ling recognizes her, but Linda's memories are still blocked.

Giving up, Gordon retrieves the pearls from his old hotel room, and hides them in the luggage of the current occupants, American tourists Mr. and Mrs. Bellows (Porter Hall and Spring Byington). Hewitt questions and searches him after seeing him exit the room, but discovers nothing. However, he informs Gordon that Ann Van Leyden is missing.

Gordon goes to Mauribus. He deceives Mauribus and Sascha into believing that Linda double-crossed him and has the pearls. They take him, at gunpoint, to her. He pulls out a gun taped to his ankle, and dispatches the two crooks. In the excitement, Ann is knocked unconscious. Gordon takes her back to her husband.

The blow restores Ann's memories. She is willing to resume her life with Michael, but he confesses he knew all about her past. With her happiness in mind, he drives her to the airport. When they arrive, not only is Gordon's luggage thoroughly searched, but so are the bags of the Bellows. Giving up, he tells Hewitt where the pearls are. Hewitt lets him board the aircraft, which takes off just before Linda arrives. Spotting her, Hewitt has the aircraft return, and Ann runs out onto the tarmac to meet it.

Cast
 Fred MacMurray as Matt Gordon
 Ava Gardner as Linda
 Roland Culver as Michael Van Leyden
 Richard Haydn as Deputy Hewitt
 Spring Byington as Mrs. Bellows
 Thomas Gomez as Mr. Mauribus
 Porter Hall as Mr. Bellows
 George Lloyd as Sascha Barda
 Maylia as Ming Ling
 Holmes Herbert as Rev. Barnes
 Edith Evanson as Mrs. Barnes
 Frederick Worlock as Cadum
 Lal Chand Mehra as Mr. Hussein
 Curt Conway as Pepe (as Kurt Conway)

Production
Principal photography on Singapore took place from February 26 to late April 1947, primarily in and around Palmdale, California.

Reception

Critical response
The New York Times film critic Bosley Crowther was merciless in his review, "Ava Gardner is sultry and empty-headed as the script demands. Mr. MacMurray doesn't ever appear to have his heart in what he is doing, and Spring Byington and Porter Hall as the tourists from the Midwest conduct themselves in the time-honored fashion that is supposed to denote slightly-addled American transients. 'Singapore' is a pretty poor excuse for an entertainment, even as minor league jewel-smuggling fare."

Film historian Leonard Maltin, however, considered the film, "... (an) alluring drama of trader/pearl smuggler MacMurray returning to Singapore after a five-year absence, recalling his previous romantic relationship with Gardner. He thinks she was killed during a Japanese bombing attack, but she really was a victim of amnesia. The characters in this seem to be very loosely modeled after those in Casablanca".

Film critic Dennis Schwartz was also more positive in his later review.  He wrote, "John Brahm (The Lodger/Hangover Square/The Locket) directs with flair an exotic thriller inspired by Casablanca. It was remade in 1957 as Istanbul with Errol Flynn ... There's a Casablanca-like ending at the airport, with the chief inspector showing he has a heart and that true love between the adventurers can't be denied no matter what. The thriller had fine production values, terrific atmosphere, and Ava and MacMurray were in great form."

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Gardner, Ava. Ava: My Story. New York: Bantam, 1990. .
 Maltin, Leonard. Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide 2009. New York: New American Library, 2009 (originally published as TV Movies, then Leonard Maltin's Movie & Video Guide), First edition 1969, published annually since 1988. .

External links

1947 films
1947 romantic drama films
American romantic drama films
American black-and-white films
Film noir
Films about amnesia
Films directed by John Brahm
Films scored by Daniele Amfitheatrof
Films set in Singapore
Universal Pictures films
American war drama films
1940s war drama films
American World War II films
Romantic crime films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

Singapore (1947 film)


Mound Key Archaeological State Park is a Florida State Park, located in Estero Bay, near the mouth of the Estero River. One hundred and thirteen of the island's one hundred and twenty-five acres are managed by the park system.  It is a complex of mounds and accumulated shell, fish bone, and pottery middens that rises more than 30 feet above the waters of the bay.

Mound Key was an important site of the Calusa tribe, and most experts believe it to be the site of their capital, Calos. The Mound Key Site on the island was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on August 12, 1970. The island is only accessible by boat from the Koreshan State Historic Site or Lovers Key State Park.

History
Mound Key was created over 2,000 years ago by the Calusa. The Calusa culture is carbon-dated back to 1150 B.C. at Mound Key. The site likely began as a low-lying oyster bar on Estero Bay. The site would have been rich in marine food resources, and very appealing to the Calusa, who were actually hunter-gatherers.  As the human population grew, food waste was heaped into the middens that form the island.  The Calusa formed an extensive structure of mounds, water courts and canals whose features still exist today. Mounds were constructed by the collection and organization of "midden" which is a collaboration of shells, fish and animal bone, and artifacts such as pottery. Islands that were created by the Calusa, such as Mound Key are sometimes called "trash-heaps" as their composition is made from waste products of their culture. They are not however, just "heaps of Calusa garbage" simply tossed aside, but intricate compositions of substrate that were used for a display of power, religious monuments, and as burial memorials. It served for many years as the ceremonial center for their kingdom, which extended over numerous shell midden islands they made up and down the southwest coast of Florida. It is also believed by most researchers to have been the site of Calos, the capital of their kingdom. Their kingdom spanned from Tampa Bay southward to the Ten Thousand Islands and eastward to Lake Okeechobee.

The arrival of the Spanish was the beginning of the end for the Calusa. In 1566, the appointment of Spain's first Governor of Florida happened on the island. This was closely followed by the establishment there of a fort and settlement, in an effort to colonize the area. A Jesuit mission was also founded there at the same time by Juan Rogel, a priest of that order. Called San Antón de Carlos, it was the first such mission in the Spanish New World. There was frequent conflict with the Calusa, though, and eventually the island was abandoned by the Spanish in 1569.

The Spanish brought with them diseases to which the Calusa had no immunity. These diseases and warfare with the Spanish eventually ended the Calusa civilization around 1750.

In subsequent years, the island was used and sometimes inhabited by pirates, fishermen (Cuban, Portuguese and Spanish), and American pioneers, among others.

Frank Johnson and his wife, Grandma Johnson, were given a homestead on Mound Key in 1891. This marked a period of European immigration to the former Calusa capital.

Grandma Johnson remained at Mound Key and allowed several families — Luettich, Hawkins, Hanson and Fernandez — to build homes on the island.

She taught them to fish, to farm, how to build houses that would stay cool in the summer and protect them against Florida's abusive sun and summer storms. By the turn of the 20th century, most all Mound Key settlers had moved up river to Estero, then a citrus and cow farming town. The Johnsons sold the island to the Koreshans, a utopian cult, in 1905.

In 1894, the followers of a scientific/religious belief system known as Koreshanity arrived in the area. They built a community based on their utopian ideas, growing over the next two decades. During this time, part of the property they acquired included most of the parcels on Mound Key.

After the death of their leader, Cyrus Teed, in 1908, their numbers declined. In 1961, the remaining Koreshans decided to give over ownership of the key, as well as other land in nearby Estero, to the state. It was used to form the park, which is administered by the Koreshan State Historic Site.  Approximately nine acres still remain privately owned by the McGee family. The McGee family agreed to sell their remaining parcel to Lee County in 2019.

In 2020, archeologists confirmed that Mound Key was the site of Fort San Antón de Carlos. Which was a Spanish fort as well as one of the first Jesuit sites in North America. The fort was abandoned in 1569, after the Spanish-Calusa alliance broke apart. The fort is also the oldest known North American example of Tabby concrete.

Recreational Activities
The park has such amenities as boating, fishing, wildlife viewing and interpretive exhibits. Nature trails and information kiosks are being developed but no restroom facilities are available at the park. The only access to the island is by boat; there are no facilities. Interpretive displays can be found along a trail that spans the width of the island. Located in Estero Bay, the park is a few miles by boat from both the Koreshan State Historic Site and Lovers Key / Carl E. Johnson State Park.

See also
 List of Jesuit sites

References

 Lee County listings at National Register of Historic Places
 Lee County listings at Florida's Office of Cultural and Historical Programs
 History of Mound Key Archeological State Park at Florida State Parks
 Estero Historical Society
 Prehistoric Times - Early Human Life in Coastal Southwest Florida
 The History of Ft. Myers Beach
 Calusa Indian Art
 Calusa Indian site pictures
 Mound Key State Archeological Site
 Mound Key Video Clips
 Archaeologists verify Florida's Mound Key as location of elusive Spanish fort

External links
 Mound Key Archaeological State Park at Florida State Parks
 Mound Key Archaeological State Park at Wildernet
 Shelling in Florida

Calusa
Mounds in Florida
Native American history of Florida
Archaeological sites in Florida
State parks of Florida
National Register of Historic Places in Lee County, Florida
Protected areas established in 1970
Parks in Lee County, Florida
Florida Native American Heritage Trail
Shell middens in Florida
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida
1970 establishments in Florida

Mound Key Archaeological State Park


Yucca moths are a family of  moths (Lepidopera). There are about 80 species, in two subfamilies. Many of them are specific to one or a few species of agave-like plants. The moths live inside the plants. They are an example of co-evolution: many moths evolved with the specific host plant. The host plants sometimes adapted that they need specific moths for pollination.

Moths

Yucca moth


This page is about the ancestor of the Valerii.  For the Latin personal name, see Volesus (praenomen).
Volesus or Volusus, sometimes called Volesus Valerius, was the eponymous ancestor of gens Valeria, one of the greatest patrician houses at Rome.  He is said to have come to Rome with Titus Tatius, king of the Sabine town of Cures, during the reign of Romulus, the founder and first king of Rome.

Biographical details
Little is known of Volesus, but it is generally assumed that he was himself a Sabine, and that he came from the town of Cures.  The few historical mentions of him imply that he was a powerful warrior, which would explain his presence in the retinue of Titus Tatius, although his character may also have been suggested by his name, which was believed to derive from the Latin verb, valere, to be strong, or its Oscan cognate.  He would probably have been born early in the 8th century BC.

Legacy
As related by the historian Titus Livius and others, much of the early Roman populace was of Sabine origin, and Volesus was claimed as ancestor by one of the oldest, largest, and noblest houses at Rome.  His descendants held every magistracy of the Roman Republic, included scholars, statesmen, and generals, and were in the forefront of public affairs throughout the whole of Roman history.

The praenomen Volesus was also used occasionally by the Valerii, who also used it as a cognomen, usually with the spelling Volusus.  The family also revived the praenomen from time to time, after it had fallen out of general use, as late as the 1st century AD.  The name was used by a few other gentes, including the gens Publilia, who used the form Volero, but the memory of Volesus, first of the Valerii, was the most enduring.

See also
Valerius
Praenomen

Notes

8th-century BC births
Valerii
Sabine people
8th-century BC Romans

ca:Volús

Volesus


Prestatyn Castle is a motte and bailey castle in Prestatyn, Wales, built in 1157 on land granted to the Norman lord Robert Banastre by King Henry II of England. It was built on level ground on the coastal plain and commanded an extensive view. Nowadays the mound and slight remnants of a causeway are all that is visible.

History
King Henry II of England granted Prestatyn to Robert Banastre (or Robert de Banastre) in 1165. The castle was destroyed by the Welsh led by Owain Gwynedd in 1167. It does not appear to have been rebuilt, and the Banastre family fled to Lancashire where Robert constructed a house on the site currently occupied by Bank Hall on land that was granted to him by Henry de Lacy. By 1279, this region was again under control of the English but historical records only refer to the manor house and not the fort.

The site
An earth mound, visible in fields to the south of the Prestatyn railway station, near Nant Hall, marks the site of an early wooden motte and bailey castle.  Prestatyn Castle occupies a low-lying position, but still commands a view across much of the flat coastal plain and guarded the coast road between Rhuddlan and Chester. The only remains of the castle are a raised mound about  in diameter surrounded by a ditch. The bailey enclosed the whole of the motte, an unusual arrangement. A slightly-raised causeway extends to the south but there is no sign of what entrance arrangements were present, nor of what structure originally topped the mound. Excavations that took place around 1913 revealed that the bailey was surrounded by a substantial stone wall about  thick.

References

Bibliography

External links
Bibliography of sources relating to Prestatyn Castle

Castle ruins in Wales
Castles in Denbighshire
Scheduled monuments in Denbighshire
Motte-and-bailey castles
Prestatyn

Prestatyn Castle


Hombre Tenías que Ser  (You Had To Be A Man) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Azteca in 2013. It is a remake of Colombian telenovela, Hombres. On September 23, 2013, Azteca started broadcasting Hombre Tenías que Ser weeknights at 9:30pm, replacing Vivir a destiempo. The last episode was broadcast on February 14, 2014, with Avenida Brasil replacing it the following week.

Episodes

References

Lists of Mexican television series episodes

List of Hombre tenías que ser episodes


Fielding in the sport of cricket is the action of fielders in collecting the ball after it is struck by the striking batter, to limit the number of runs that the striker scores and/or to get a batter out by either catching a hit ball before it bounces, or by running out either batter before they can complete their current run. There are a number of recognised fielding positions and they can be categorised into the offside and leg side of the field. Fielding also involves trying to prevent the ball from making a boundary where four "runs" are awarded for reaching the perimeter and six for crossing it without touching the grass.

A fielder may field the ball with any part of his/her body. However, if, while the ball is in play, he/she wilfully fields it otherwise (e.g. by using his/her hat) the ball becomes dead and five penalty runs are awarded to the batting side, unless the ball previously struck a batter not attempting to hit or avoid the ball. Most of the rules covering fielders are set out in Law 28 of the Laws of cricket. Fake fielding is the action caused by a fielder when he/she makes bodily movements to feign fielding to fool batters into making mistakes and is a punishable offence under the ICC rules.

Fielding position names and locations

There are 11 players in a team: one is the bowler and another is the wicket-keeper, so only nine other fielding positions can be occupied at any time. Where fielders are positioned is a tactical decision made by the captain of the fielding team. The captain (usually in consultation with the bowler and sometimes other members of the team) may move players between fielding positions at any time except when a bowler is in the act of bowling to a batter, though there are exceptions for fielders moving in anticipation of the ball being hit to a particular area.

There are a number of named basic fielding positions, some of which are employed very commonly and others that are used less often. However, these positions are neither fixed nor precisely defined, and fielders can be placed in positions that differ from the basic positions. The nomenclature of the positions is somewhat esoteric, but roughly follows a system of polar coordinates – one word (leg, cover, mid-wicket) specifies the angle from the batter, and is sometimes preceded by an adjective describing the distance from the batter (silly, short, deep or long). Words such as "backward", "forward", or "square" can further indicate the angle.

The image shows the location of most of the named fielding positions based on a right-handed batter. The area to the left of a right-handed batter (from the batter's point of view – facing the bowler) is called the leg side or on side, while that to the right is the off side. If the batter is left-handed, the leg and off sides are reversed and the fielding positions are a mirror image of those shown.

Catching positions
Some fielding positions are used offensively. That is, players are put there with the main aim being to catch out the batter rather than to stop or slow down the scoring of runs. These positions include Slip (often there are multiple slips next to each other, designated First slip, Second slip, Third slip, etc., numbered outwards from the wicket-keeper – collectively known as the slip cordon) meant to catch balls that just edge off the bat; Gully; Fly slip; Leg slip; Leg gully; the short and silly positions. Short leg, also known as bat pad, is a position specifically intended to catch balls that unintentionally strike the bat and leg pad, and thus end up only a metre or two to the leg side.

Other positions

Wicket-keeper
Long stop, who stands behind the wicket-keeper towards the boundary (usually when a wicket-keeper is believed to be inept; the position is almost never seen in professional cricket). It was an important position in the early days of cricket, but with the development of wicket-keeping techniques from the 1880s, notably at first by the Australian wicket-keeper Jack Blackham, it became obsolete at the highest levels of the game. The position is sometimes euphemistically referred to as very fine leg.
Sweeper, an alternative name for deep cover, deep extra cover or deep midwicket (that is, near the boundary on the off side or the on side), usually defensive and intended to prevent a four being scored.
Cow corner, an informal jocular term for the position on the boundary between deep midwicket and long on.
On the 45. A position on the leg side 45° behind square, defending the single. An alternative description for backward short leg or short fine leg.
Also the bowler, after delivering the ball, must avoid running on the pitch so usually ends up fielding near silly mid on or silly mid off, but somewhat closer to the pitch.

Modifiers

 Saving one or On the single As close as the fielder needs to be to prevent the batters from running a quick single, normally about  from the wicket.
 Saving two As close as the fielder needs to be to prevent the batters from running two runs, normally about  from the wicket.
 Right on Literally, right on the boundary.
 Deep, long Farther away from the batter.
 Short Closer to the batter.
 Silly Very close to the batter, so-called because of the perceived danger of doing so.
 Square Somewhere along an imaginary extension of the popping crease.
 Fine Closer to an extension of an imaginary line along the middle of the pitch bisecting the stumps, when describing a fielder behind square.
 Straight Closer to an extension of an imaginary line along the middle of the pitch bisecting the stumps, when describing a fielder in front of square.
 Wide Further from an extension of an imaginary line along the middle of the pitch bisecting the stumps.
 Forward In front of square; further towards the end occupied by the bowler and further away from the end occupied by the batter on strike.
 Backward Behind square; further towards the end occupied by the batter on strike and further away from the end occupied by the bowler.

Additionally, commentators or spectators discussing the details of field placement will often use the terms for descriptive phrases such as "gully is a bit wider than normal" (meaning he/she is more to the side than normal) or "mid off is standing too deep, he/she should come in shorter" (meaning he/she is too far away and should be positioned closer to the batter).

Restrictions on field placement

Fielders may be placed anywhere on the field, subject to the following rules. At the time the ball is bowled:
No fielder may be standing on or with any part of his/her body over the pitch (the central strip of the playing area between the wickets). If his/her body casts a shadow over the pitch, the shadow must not move until after the batter has played (or had the opportunity to play) at the ball.
There may be no more than two fielders, other than the wicket-keeper, standing in the quadrant of the field behind square leg. See Bodyline for details on one reason this rule exists.
In some one-day matches:
During designated overs of an innings (see Powerplay), there may be no more than two fielders standing outside an oval line marked on the field, being semicircles centred on the middle stump of each wicket of radius , joined by straight lines parallel to the pitch. This is known as the fielding circle.
 For overs no. 11–40 (powerplay 2), no more than four fielders should be outside the 30-yard circle.
 For overs no. 41–50 (powerplay 3) maximum of five fielders are allowed to be outside the 30-yard circle.

The restriction for one-day cricket is designed to prevent the fielding team from setting extremely defensive fields and concentrating solely on preventing the batting team from scoring runs.

If any of these rules is violated, an umpire will call the delivery a no-ball. Additionally a player may not make any significant movement after the ball comes into play and before the ball reaches the striker. If this happens, an umpire will call and signal 'dead ball'. For close fielders, anything other than minor adjustments to stance or position in relation to the striker is significant. In the outfield, fielders may move in towards the striker or striker's wicket; indeed, they usually do. However, anything other than slight movement off line or away from the striker is to be considered significant.

Tactics of field placement

With only nine fielders (in addition to the bowler and wicket-keeper), there are not enough to cover every part of the field simultaneously. The captain of the fielding team must decide which fielding positions to use, and which to leave vacant. The placement of fielders is one of the major tactical considerations for the fielding captain.

Attacking and defending

An attacking field is one in which fielders are positioned in such a way that they are likely to take catches, and thus likely to get the batter out. Such a field generally involves having many fielders close to the batter. For a pace bowler, an attacking field will usually include multiple slips (termed a cordon) and a gully; these are common positions for catching mishit shots. For a spin bowler, attacking positions include one or two slips, short leg or silly point.

A defensive field is one in which most of the field is within easy reach of one or more fielders; the batter will therefore find it difficult to score runs. This generally involves having most fielders some distance from, and in front of, the batter, in positions where the ball is most likely to be hit. Defensive fields generally have multiple fielders stationed close to the boundary rope to prevent fours being scored, and others close to the fielding circle, where they can prevent singles.

Many elements govern the decisions on field placements, including: the tactical situation in the match; which bowler is bowling; how long the batter has been in; the wear on the ball; the state of the wicket; the light and weather conditions; or the time remaining until the next interval in play.

Off- and leg-side fields
Another consideration when setting a field is how many fielders to have on each side of the pitch. With nine fielders to place, the division must necessarily be unequal, but the degree of inequality varies.

When describing a field setting, the numbers of fielders on the off side and leg side are often abbreviated into a shortened form, with the off side number quoted first. For example, a 5–4 field means 5 fielders on the off side and 4 on the leg side.

Usually, most fielders are placed on the off side. This is because most bowlers tend to concentrate the line of their deliveries on or outside the off stump, so most shots are hit into the off side.

When attacking, there may be 3 or 4 slips and 1 or 2 gullies, potentially using up to six fielders in that region alone. This would typically be accompanied by a mid off, mid on, and fine leg, making it a 7–2 field. Although there are only two fielders on the leg side, they should get relatively little work as long as the bowlers maintain a line outside off stump. This type of field leaves large gaps in front of the wicket, and is used to entice the batters to attack there, with the hope that they make a misjudgment and edge the ball to the catchers waiting behind them.

As fields get progressively more defensive, fielders will move out of the slip and gully area to cover more of the field, leading to 6–3 and 5–4 fields.

If a bowler, usually a leg spin bowler, decides to attack the batter's legs in an attempt to force a stumping, bowl him behind his/her legs, or induce a catch on the leg side, the field may stack 4–5 towards the leg side. It is unusual to see more than five fielders on the leg side, because of the restriction that there must be no more than two fielders placed behind square leg.

Sometimes a spinner will bowl leg theory and have seven fielders on the leg side, and will bowl significantly wide of the leg stump to prevent scoring. Often the ball is so wide that the batter cannot hit the ball straight of mid-on while standing still, and cannot hit to the off side unless they try unorthodox and risky shots such as a reverse sweep or pull, or switch their handedness. The batter can back away to the leg side to hit through the off side, but can expose their stumps in doing so.

The reverse tactic can be used, by fast and slow bowlers alike, by placing seven or eight fielders on the off side and bowling far outside off stump. The batter can safely allow the ball to pass without fear of it hitting the stumps, but will not score. If they want to score they will have to try and risk an edge to a wide ball and hit through the packed off side, or try to drag the ball from far outside the stumps to the sparsely-populated leg side.

Another attacking placement on the leg side is the leg side trap, which involves placing fielders near the boundary at deep square and backward square leg and bowling bouncers to try to induce the batter to hook the ball into the air. For slower bowlers, the leg trap fieldsmen tend to be placed within 10–15 m from the bat behind square, to catch leg glances and sweeps.

Protective equipment

No member of the fielding side other than the wicket-keeper may wear gloves or external leg guards, though fielders (in particular players fielding near to the bat) may also wear shin protectors, groin protectors ('boxes') and chest protectors beneath their clothing. Apart from the wicket-keeper, protection for the hand or fingers may be worn only with the consent of the umpires.

Fielders are permitted to wear a helmet and face guard. This is usually employed in a position such as silly point or silly mid-wicket, where proximity to the batter gives little time to avoid a shot directly at their head. If the helmet is only being used for overs from one end, it will be placed behind the wicket-keeper when not in use. Some grounds have purpose-built temporary storage for the helmet, shin pads etc., in the form of a cavity beneath the field, accessed through a hatch about  across flush with the grass. 5 penalty runs are awarded to the batting side should the ball touch a fielder's headgear whilst it is not being worn, unless the ball previously struck a batter not attempting to hit or avoid the ball. This rule was introduced in the 19th century to prevent the unfair practice of a fielder using a hat (often a top hat) to take a catch.

As cricket balls are hard and can travel at high speeds off the bat, protective equipment is recommended to prevent injury. There have been a few recorded deaths in cricket, but they are extremely rare, and not always related to fielding.

Fielding skills
Fielding in cricket requires a range of skills.

Close catchers require the ability to be able to take quick reaction catches with a high degree of consistency. This can require considerable efforts of concentration as a catcher may only be required to take one catch in an entire game, but his/her success in taking that catch may have a considerable effect on the outcome of the match.

Infielders field between 20 and 40 yards away from the batter. The ball will often be hit at them extremely hard, and they require excellent athleticism as well as courage in stopping it from passing them. Infield catches range from simple, slow moving chances known as "dollies" to hard hit balls that require a spectacular diving catch. Finally, infielders are the main source of run outs in a game of cricket, and their ability to get to the ball quickly, throw it straight and hard and make a direct hit on the stumps is an important skill.

Outfielders field furthest from the bat, typically right on the boundary edge. Their main role is to prevent the ball from going over the boundary and scoring four or six runs. They need good footspeed to be able to get around the field quickly, and a strong arm to be able to make the 50–80-yard throw. Outfielders also often have to catch high hit balls that go over the infield.

Fielding specialities

Many cricketers are particularly adept in one fielding position and will usually be found there:
 Slips and bat pad require fast reactions, an ability to anticipate the trajectory of the ball as soon as it takes the edge, and intense concentration. Most top slip fielders tend to be top-order batters, as these are both skills that require excellent hand–eye coordination. Wicket-keepers and bat-pad tend to be amongst the shortest players of the team.
 Pace bowlers will often be found fielding in the third man, fine leg and deep backward square positions during the overs between those they are bowling. These positions mean that they are at the correct end for their bowling over. They should see relatively little fielding action with plenty of time to react, allowing them to rest between overs. They also usually have an ability to throw the ball long distances accurately.
 Players noted for their agility, acceleration, ground diving and throwing accuracy will often field in the infield positions such as point, cover and mid-wicket.

However, players are rarely selected purely because of their fielding skills, and all players are expected to win their place in the team as either a specialist batter or bowler (or both). This even applies to wicket-keepers, who are generally expected to be competent middle-order batters (see Wicket-keeper-batter, where more than one wicket-keeper can be selected to play as an on-field substitution). Some wicket-keepers may also be called on to bowl, though this is extremely rare.

Throwing a cricket ball

There have been many competitions for throwing a cricket ball the furthest distance, particularly in the earlier years of the game. Wisden describes how the record was set around 1882, by one Robert Percival at Durham Sands Racecourse, at 140 yards and two feet (128.7 m). Former Essex all-rounder Ian Pont threw a ball 138 yards (126.19 m) in Cape Town in 1981. There are unconfirmed reports that Jānis Lūsis, the non-cricketer Soviet javelin thrower, who won the Olympic gold medal in 1968, once threw a ball 150 yards.

Specialist fielding coaches

The use of specialist fielding coaches has become more prevalent since the turn of the 21st century, following the trend of specialist batting and bowling coaches within professional cricket. According to cricket broadcaster Henry Blofeld, "Dressing rooms were once populated by the team and the twelfth man, one physiotherapist at most, perhaps a selector and the occasional visitor. That was all. Now, apart from the two main coaches, there are 'emergency fielders' galore; you can hardly see yourself for batting, bowling, fielding coaches, psychoanalysts and statistical wizards[,] and a whole army of physiotherapists". Baseball fielding coaches have been sought out for this purpose before.

See also
 Cricket terminology
 Laws of cricket
 Bowling
 Batting

Other sports

 Fielding (baseball)

References

External links
Fielding Tactics and Tips
A guide to fielding positions – BBC
Fielding Positions In Cricket

Cricket terminology
Cricket captaincy and tactics
Cricket
Cricket

Fielding (cricket)


Hellas Jet was a charter airline based in Athens, Greece, operating services to Greece from destinations in Europe. Its main base was Athens International Airport. Hellas Jet was a licensed scheduled and charter carrier, holding a JAA AOC and a Line Maintenance Certificate under JAA/EASA Part 145, both approved by the Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority. It ceased operations in 2010 due to economic difficulties. The repossession of two of their Airbus A320 aircraft, 87 and 88, was documented on Discovery channel TV programme Airplane Repo. The company slogan was More than a flight.

History
The airline was started in 2002 as a Cyprus Airways subsidiary and the first flight was on 24 June 2003 from Athens. At the end of the first year of operation, they had completed 3,855 flights and carried over 250,000 passengers. Due to heavy losses, Hellas Jet suspended all scheduled flights from 10 May 2005. In January 2006, the airline announced it would refocus on charter operations. In August 2006, Cyprus Airways sold its shares to Air Miles, the trading name of Trans World Aviation. The aim is to resume services later in 2007 using wet leased Airbus A320 aircraft. It was wholly owned by Air Miles and had 50 employees (at March 2009).

Hellas Jet was an IATA member.

Destinations

As a scheduled airline, Hellas Jet initially operated two daily flights from Athens to Paris and Brussels, and a daily flight to London/Heathrow and Zurich. Later the Zurich flights were suspended due to low passenger numbers and were replaced by daily flights to London/Gatwick, while there was a slight reduction in the Paris and Brussels frequencies to enable two weekly flights from Athens to Manchester to operate. The weekend flights to Gatwick were transferred to Heathrow in 2005, although the mid-week flights were later suspended for most of the year, except for the busy Christmas and New Year period.

As a charter airline, Hellas Jet operated charter flights to/from Heraklion and Rhodes, to St. Petersburg, Moscow, Amsterdam, Düsseldorf, Paris etc.

One aircraft also flew from Dublin to holiday destinations in Spain on behalf of Trans Aer. Its fleet was available for both scheduled charters as well as ad-hoc charter flights.

Fleet
Hellas Jet commenced operations with a fleet of three Airbus A320-232 aircraft, registered SX-BVA, SX-BVB and SX-BVC, leased from CIT Aerospace. BVA was built in 1992, the other two were brand new. They had been acquired on three-year leases. Their initial configuration was for 148 passengers (16 business class and 132 economy class), all with leather seats.

When the company ceased scheduled services, the aircraft were re-configured in Malta to have a single class layout with 174 moquette-trimmed seats.

SX-BVB was destroyed by fire in Brussels in May 2006. The other two planes were returned to the lessor in June 2006 and subsequently, BVA went to Thomas Cook Airlines Belgium and BVC to Air Astana of Kazakhstan.

Then Hellas-Jet leased two other used A320s, this time with CFM engines. One came from LatCharter and the other from USA3000, and they retained their colour schemes with Hellas Jet titles. A further A320 was acquired from LatCharter, registered SX-BVD, with LatCharter colours but with Hellas Jet titles and the HellasJet logo on the engines.

In its final years, the Hellas Jet fleet consisted of the following aircraft (at 29 September 2009):

2 × Airbus A320-212 reg. SX-BVK and SX-BVL, with CFM engines and full Hellas Jet livery. These aircraft were eventually repossessed and returned to the lessor in the United States after the airline defaulted on their payments.
4 × Fokker 50 for a subsidiary company named Hellas Aviation, acquired to operate domestic flights to the Greek Islands, but this company never actually commenced commercial operations and the Fokkers were sold.

Accidents and incidents
On 5 May 2006, a Hellas Jet Airbus A320 was destroyed in a fire in the Sabena Technics hangar at Brussels Airport in Belgium. The plane was one of the three Airbus A320s destroyed, one belonging to Armavia, one to Armenian International Airways, and one Lockheed C-130 owned by the Belgian Air Component.

References

External links

Defunct airlines of Greece
Airlines established in 2002
Airlines disestablished in 2010
Defunct charter airlines
2010 disestablishments in Greece
Greek companies established in 2002

Hellas Jet


Punam is a 2006 documentary film about nine-year-old girl Punam Tamang from Bhaktapur, Nepal. It was directed by Natasa Urban and Lucian Muntean (aka Lunam Docs), a Serbian independent documentary production duo specializing in telling the stories of working children.

Synopsis
The child's voice of nine–year–old Punam Tamang transports us to the city of Bhaktapur in Nepal . There we are presented with a stark description of the hard life of this young girl and the dismal social conditions in which she lives. Punam's mother died when she was only five. She was left with her father, her newborn sister Rabina and her two–year–old brother Krishna. The Tamang children see little of their father because he works from sunrise to sundown in a rice factory, in order to earn enough money for their school fees (US$1.50 per month/student), and so during the daytime Punam assumes the roles of head of the family, caregiver and homemaker.

The film also takes us into the world of Punam's friends whose families do not make enough money to afford the school fee. Instead of studying, these children have to work in a stone quarry or brick–making factory to help their families get by. The film captures the hard work the children are required to perform and also takes a peek into the poor five–grade school that represents Punam's symbol of hope. She believes that education ushers in progress and is the only opportunity for improving their situation – perhaps bringing about new job opportunities in better conditions. We look at the situation through the eyes of this young Asian girl, who dreams of becoming a teacher and helping other children in situations like hers.

Activism
The PUNAM FUND, a non-profit organisation, founded by Natasa Urban and Lucian Muntean, was established in September 2007 as a result of the enormous positive feedback regarding the documentary film Punam, which inspired people from all over the world to help the children presented in the film. The PUNAM FUND is dedicated to the elimination of and fight against child labour. For the time being, the activities of the PUNAM FUND are aimed at the children featured in the films Punam and Journey of a Red Fridge. Its main goal is to reduce the number of illiterate working children by providing scholarships for the children who work in stone quarries, brick kilns and carpet factories in the Bhaktapur region and for child porters working in Himalayan Mountains of Nepal.

Alternate Titles
Große Schwester Punam (Germany, Austria & Switzerland TV title; 3sat)
Dotknij życia - Punam (Poland TV title; TVP)
Punam - tyttö ilman lapsuutta (Finland TV title; YLE)
Punam fra Nepal (Denmark TV title; DR)

Exhibition & Awards

Punam premiered at the 2006 One World Film Festival, Prague, Czech Republic. Since then, Punam has been screened at more than 50 international festivals and received 8 awards, one of them the UNICEF Award for Children Rights.

In 2006, Punam was voted the most popular film among teachers in the Czech Republic. Punam was offered, for educational purposes, to more than 250 primary and secondary schools. About 10,000 children had the opportunity to view the documentary film Punam and debate on child labour issues. What is more, Human Rights Watch included it into its High School Program in the United States.

On 10 December 2006, on the occasion of the International Human Rights Day, Punam was screened at the UN Headquarters in New York City.

Punam was released on DVD in March 2009.

Sequel
In March 2009, Natasa Urban and Lucian Muntean (Lunam Docs) returned to Bhaktapur, Nepal for the shooting of Punam sequel. This documentary was produced in association with The Global Fund for Children.

References

External links

 Lunam Docs
Punam on 3sat
Alternative Film Guide Review by Rosemary Westwell

Serbian documentary films
2006 films
2000s Nepali-language films
Films shot in Kathmandu
Nepalese short documentary films
Films shot in Bhaktapur
Documentary films about Nepal
2006 short documentary films

Punam