Arthur James Marshall Smith  (November 8, 1902 – November 21, 1980) was a Canadian poet and anthologist. He "was a prominent member of a group of Montreal poets" – the Montreal Group, which included Leon Edel, Leo Kennedy, A. M. Klein, and F. R. Scott — "who distinguished themselves by their modernism in a culture still rigidly rooted in Victorianism."

Life and Writing

Smith was born in Montreal, but lived in England from 1918 to 1920, where he "studied for the Cambridge Local Examinations, 'and failed everything except English and history' (he later wrote)." In England he became aware of contemporary poetry: "he frequented Harold Monroe's bookshop, then the citadel of Georgian poetry, and read much in the recent war poets and the Imagists."

Montreal Group

Returning to Montreal, Smith entered McGill University in 1921. While an undergraduate there in 1924 he wrote for and co-edited the McGill Daily Literary Supplement; in 1925, as a graduate student, he and F. R. Scott founded the McGill Fortnightly Review, which billed itself as "an independent journal of literature, the arts, and student affairs edited and published by a group of undergraduates at McGill University." The Review was "the first journal to publish modernist poetry and critical opinion in Canada."

"The McGill Fortnightly drew to it other young writers – among them A. M. Klein, Leo Kennedy, and Leon Edel – on whom, as well as on Scott, Smith had an enduring influence."

"While still at McGill," Scott later noted, "Smith had poems accepted by the Dial, then in the last days of its glory as an expounder of new aesthetic values, and which only a few years previously had printed Eliot's Waste Land. Such an honour was a stimulus to our whole group."

Smith received his doctorate from the University of Edinburgh in 1931.

New Provinces

In various editorial roles, Smith significantly contributed to promoting the poetry of others. With Scott and Kennedy he co-edited the "milestone selection of modernist verse," New Provinces, which was published in 1936 (although Smith's Preface was "rejected by the publisher as being too impatient with traditional Canadian poetry. The 'Rejected Preface' was resurrected in 1964, and was made an important feature of the new edition of New Provinces published in 1976.")

Critical success

In 1936 Smith became a professor at Michigan State College (now Michigan State University) and taught there until his retirement in 1972. "He became a naturalized American, but spent all his summers in his country place near Magog, Quebec." He became well known as both a scholar and an author of poetry, with many of his best known works focusing on Canadian themes (for example his 1929 poem "The Lonely Land," which was inspired by a 1926 Group of Seven exhibition).

As early as 1939, Smith applied for a Guggenheim Fellowship to support the preparation of an anthology of Canadian poetry. In 1943 his first anthology was published: The Book of Canadian Poetry, in which he argued that there was a distinctive Canadian voice. The book was praised by literary critic Northrop Frye, who called its publication "an important event in Canadian literature. For instead of confining his reading to previous compilations, as most anthologists do, he has made a first-hand study of the whole English field with unflagging industry and unfaltering taste." The Encyclopædia Britannica says that The Book of Canadian Poetry, and Smith's later anthologies, "contributed greatly to the modernization of literary standards in Canada.

Recognition

Smith won the 1943 Governor General's Award for English-language poetry or drama for his own first collection of poetry, News of the Phoenix and Other Poems.

In 1966 the Royal Society of Canada awarded him its Lorne Pierce Medal.

On Smith's retirement in 1972, Michigan State University established the A.J.M. Smith Award, given annually to a noteworthy volume by a Canadian poet.

Smith's poem "The Lonely Land" was set to music by Violet Archer in 1978.

Publications

Poetry
 News of the Phoenix and Other Poems. Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1943. New York: Coward-McCann, 1943.
 A Sort of Ecstasy. Michigan State College Press, 1954. Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1954.
 Collected Poems. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1962 .
 Poems New and Collected. Toronto: Oxford U P, 1967.
 The Classic Shade: Selected Poems. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1978.
Complete Poems of A.J.M. Smith. Brian Trehearne ed. London, ON: Canadian Poetry P, 2006.

Non-Fiction
 "Our Poets." A Sketch of Poetry in the Nineteenth Century. Toronto, 1942.
 The Poetic Process. East Lansing, MI: College of Arts and Sciences, Michigan State University, 1964.
Essays for College Writing. New York: St. Martin's P, 1965.
Towards a View of Canadian Letters. Vancouver: U of British Columbia P, 1973.
 On Poetry and Poets. Selected Essays of A.J.M. Smith. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1977.
 Selected Writings. Hamilton: Dundurn (Voyageur classics), 2006.

Edited
 New Provinces: Poems of Several Authors (with F.R. Scott and Leo Kennedy), Macmillan of Canada, 1936. Reprinted 1976, University of Toronto Press.
 The Book of Canadian PoetryToronto: W.J. Gage & Co., 1943. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1943.
 Seven Centuries of Verse, English and American. New York:  Charles Scribner's Sons, 1947. Reprinted 1957, 1967.
 The Worldly Muse: An Anthology of Serious Light Verse. New York: Abelard Press, 1951.
 The Blasted Pine: An Anthology of Satire, Invective, and Disrespectful Verse (with F. R. Scott). Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1957.
 Masks of Poetry: Canadian Critics on Canadian Verse. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1962.
 Early Beginnings to Confederation. Toronto: W.J. Gage, 1965.
 The Book of Canadian Prose. Toronto: W.J. Gage, 1965.
 100 Poems. New York: Scribner, 1965. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries, 1970.
 Modern Canadian Verse in English and French. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1967.
 The Colonial Century: English-Canadian Writing Before Confederation. Toronto: Gage, 1973.
 The Canadian Century: English-Canadian Writing Since Confederation. Toronto: Gage, 1973.

Discography
 Six Montreal Poets. New York: Folkways Records, 1957. Includes A.J.M. Smith, Leonard Cohen, Irving Layton, F.R. Scott, Louis Dudek, and A.M. Klein. (cassett, 60 mins).

References

External links

 Five poems by A.J.M. Smith - The Lonely Land, Like an Old Proud King in a Parable, Swift Current, News of the Phoenix, The Wisdom of Old Jelly Roll
 Canadian Poetry: Studies/Documents/Reviews, Vol 11 (Fall/Winter 1982). (In memoriam Arthur James Marshall Smith (1902–1980)).

1902 births
1980 deaths
20th-century Canadian poets
Canadian male poets
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Canadian literary critics
Canadian modernist poets
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Governor General's Award-winning poets
McGill University alumni
Michigan State University faculty
Writers from Montreal
20th-century Canadian male writers
Canadian male non-fiction writers

A. J. M. Smith


Gonzo, also known as The Great Gonzo, is a Muppet character from the sketch comedy television series The Muppet Show, known for his eccentric passion for stunt performance. Aside from his trademark enthusiasm for performance art, another defining trait of Gonzo is the ambiguity of his species, which has become a running gag in the franchise. He has been considered to be of various origins, including a Frackle, in his debut appearance in The Great Santa Claus Switch; extraterrestrial in Muppets from Space; or avian creature.

Developed and performed by Dave Goelz, Gonzo made his first appearance in the 1970 special The Great Santa Claus Switch, as the "Cigar Box Frackle". Originally introduced as a minor figure in The Muppet Show, he soon evolved into one of the franchise's primary characters. Gonzo has appeared in every Muppet film, including The Muppet Christmas Carol, where he portrayed author Charles Dickens and developed a double act with Rizzo the Rat.

History
The prototype of Gonzo appeared in The Great Santa Claus Switch, "as a generic gruff baddie". Jim Henson selected this Frackle as the basis for Gonzo, and gave the character to puppeteer Dave Goelz. Gonzo was created as a character with low self-esteem, as written by Jerry Juhl, with Goelz acknowledging he put himself into that interpretation. Later, with Henson's approval, they reworked the eyes to allow the character to convey more excitement, and a "zany, bombastic appreciation for life".

Gonzo has several memorable performances such as his 1979 song from The Muppet Movie, "I'm Going to Go Back There Someday". He became known for his stunts as acts within The Muppet Show and beyond, with the famous quote "I shall now eat a rubber tire to the music of The Flight of the Bumblebee...music, maestro!"

In 1992, he played the part of Charles Dickens in The Muppet Christmas Carol, as director Brian Henson said Gonzo was the most improbable Muppet to do so. Here, he developed a double act with Rizzo the Rat, narrating and breaking the fourth wall, with Rizzo challenging Gonzo's claims to be Dickens. The Gonzo and Rizzo partnership was continued in Muppet Treasure Island (1996) and Muppets from Space (1999). Along with Kermit and Rizzo, Gonzo gave an audio commentary for the Muppets from Space DVD.

In The Muppets, it was revealed that he had become a powerful plumbing magnate since the Muppets split up. In the 2015 television series The Muppets, Gonzo is a major character and the head writer of Miss Piggy's late night talk show, Up Late with Miss Piggy.

Character
Gonzo is not a puppet version of a human or a recognizable animal. He has an awkward, non animal-like appearance, which includes purple-blue fur, purple feathers on his head, bug-eyes, and a long, hooked nose, referred to as a "beak". In The Muppet Show and The Muppet Movie, he performed as a performance artist, stunt double and daredevil under the name "The Great Gonzo" (or "Gonzo the Great").

Gonzo is good friends with all of the Muppets, but performed a double act with Rizzo the Rat since The Muppet Christmas Carol. Gonzo has a long-standing romantic relationship with Camilla the Chicken, whom he first courted in a 1979 episode of The Muppet Show guest starring Leslie Uggams, and directed Camilla and the other chickens in 2008 YouTube videos.

Species
A running gag related to Gonzo is that it is not clear what species he is supposed to be. Gonzo's self-identity is a "whatever". In The Muppet Movie, Kermit, while conversing with his inner self, says "And a thing, whatever Gonzo is. He's a little like a turkey", to which his inner self replies "but not much". In the film The Great Muppet Caper, he is shipped to England in a crate labeled "Whatever" (while Kermit the Frog and Fozzie Bear are respectively labeled "Frog" and "Bear"). Not long afterward, the three land in a pond in front of Robert Morley who ponders if it's raining cats and dogs; Kermit and Fozzie respectively reply, "Actually, we're bears and frogs." "And Gonzos." In A Muppet Family Christmas, when Gonzo states to the Christmas Turkey that Camilla is his girlfriend, the Christmas Turkey says "You're not even a bird!" In the Muppet Treasure Island CD-ROM Game, Gonzo and Rizzo the Rat land in a bucket of molasses, following the dialogue of a carriage driver saying "It's raining rats and... whatevers". In The Muppets' Wizard of Oz, Gonzo played a Tin Man-ish character primarily known as the "Tin Thing". In Jim Henson's Muppet Babies, Gonzo (voice of Russi Taylor) is simply referred to, most often by Baby Piggy, as a "weirdo" or "blue weirdo".

In Muppets from Space, Gonzo has a starring role. In the film, he shown to be an alien, and his alien family tracks him down with the intention of welcoming him back into his long-lost community; before their departure, they ask him to return to space with them. Gonzo says goodbye to the Muppets, but soon realizes that he would be abandoning the friends who have been like his family all along, prompting him to decline the aliens' offer.

Gender
In a 1984 Muppets comic strip, Gonzo is seen passing by the gendered bathroom options of "Women" and "Men", and instead walking through a door labeled "Whatever", which some people have interpreted to mean that Gonzo is non-binary.

On a 2021 episode of Muppet Babies parodying Cinderella, Gonzo puts on the glass slipper and transforms into "Gonzorella". Gonzo later admits to his fellow Muppets that "the princess who came to your ball tonight... was me." When Miss Piggy asks why Gonzo did not tell them, Gonzo replies, "Because you all expected me to look a certain way. I don't want you to be upset with me... but I don't want to do things just because that's the way they've been done, either. I wanna be me." When asked about the episode producer Tom Warburton said that early on the plan was to make Gonzo appear in a skirt as if it were no big deal, because "Gonzo is always 200 percent Gonzo 347 percent of the time", but the writing team decided to take it further with the Cinderella arc. Warburton remarked that "It was just SO wonderfully Gonzo. We hope he inspires kids watching to be 347% of themselves in their own way, too."

Filmography

 The Muppet Show (1976–1981) (TV)
 The Muppet Movie (1979)
 The Great Muppet Caper (1981)
 The Muppets Take Manhattan (1984)
 Muppet Babies (1984–1991) (TV)
 The Muppet Christmas Carol (1992) as Charles Dickens
 Muppet Treasure Island (1996)
 Muppets Tonight (1996–2000) (TV)
 Muppets from Space (1999)
 It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie (2002) (TV)
 The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005) (TV) as Himself and the Tin Thing
 A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa (2008) (TV)
 Studio DC: Almost Live (2008) (TV)
 The Muppets (2011)
 Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular (2013) (TV)
 Muppets Most Wanted (2014)
 The Muppets (2015–2016) (TV)
 Muppet Babies (2018–2022) (TV)
 Muppets Now (2020) (Disney+)
 Muppets Haunted Mansion (2021) (Disney+)

Cultural impact

Though primarily performed by Dave Goelz, he has also been voiced in animated form by Hal Rayle in Little Muppet Monsters. Brett O'Quinn performed Gonzo in Muppets Ahoy!, a 2006 Disney Cruise Line show. An infant-aged version of Gonzo appeared as a regular character in the animated spin-off television series Muppet Babies, voiced by Russi Taylor, alongside Kermit, Miss Piggy, and other central Muppet Show figures. Baby Gonzo is one of the cartoon characters featured in Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue. Baby Gonzo later returned in the 2018 Muppet Babies series, voiced by Benjamin Diskin.

Gonzo was featured on the #28 Havoline Ford of Ricky Rudd in the 2002 Tropicana 400 in an advertising campaign in which Gonzo and his fellow Muppets were featured on a select few NASCAR Nextel Cup Series race cars. Gonzo also appeared alongside Gonzo's fellow Muppets on the Halloween 2011 episode of WWE Raw.

Gonzo was announced as the Grand marshal for the Auto Club 400 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series race at Auto Club Speedway in Fontana, Ca. to give the famous command of "Drivers, Start your engines". Gonzo fulfilled his duty on March 23, 2014.

Gonzo is also the namesake to the CT-142 Bombardier Dash 8 used by the Canadian Armed Forces for Air Combat Systems Officer training due to the blue paint job and elongated nose housing a specialized radar. A similar flying example is the Gulfstream IV light jetliner bearing US registration N49RF, flown for severe weather research by the US Federal National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and is also named for Gonzo as portside nose art.

Gonzo Station was a U.S. Navy acronym for "Gulf of Oman Naval Zone of Operations" or "Gulf of Oman Northern Zone."  It was used to designate an area of carrier-based naval operations by the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps in the Indian Ocean during the 1979-1981 Iranian Hostage Crisis and the "Tanker War" between the United States and the Islamic Republic of Iran.  Some U.S. military patches for personnel serving in the area depicted Gonzo the Muppet.

Reception
Reviewing Muppets from Space in 1999, Roger Ebert found the most humorous part to be Gonzo being denied entry in Noah's Ark for not having a second member of his species, and expressed sympathy for his loneliness as an extraterrestrial, stranded since the Roswell UFO incident, adding "Poor guy (or whatever he is)". In 2012, The Guardians Lizzy Dening, reviewing the Muppet films, identified Gonzo as a favorite. That year, The Daily Beast wrote about appreciation for the Muppets in the LGBT community, calling Gonzo "the queerest Muppet of all".

In 2015, Today.com, in reviewing the Humpty Dance YouTube video, referred to Gonzo himself as a "classic Muppet". That year, The Huffington Post identified Gonzo as a popular Muppet, saying to his fans, "People just don't GET you" adding "And nothing would ever be the same without you."

References

Bibliography

External links
  at Disney.com

Television characters introduced in 1970
Fictional characters who break the fourth wall
Fictional extraterrestrial characters
Fictional plumbers
Fictional stunt performers
Fictional writers
The Muppets characters
Male characters in television

de:Die Muppet Show#Gonzo

Gonzo (Muppet)


Carl Louis Nippert (October 11, 1852 – September 5, 1904) was a German-American engineer and politician, who served as the 26th lieutenant governor of Ohio in 1902.

Nippert was born in Frankfurt to American parents, Louis and Meta Nippert. His father was from Cincinnati, Ohio, and was sent to Frankfurt to run a Methodist Episcopal Church seminary. The father returned to Walnut Hills, Cincinnati in the 1870s.

Nippert studied engineering at the  universities of Karlsruhe, Germany, and Zürich, Switzerland. After finishing his studies in 1874, he started working as an engineer in Frankfurt, Germany. In 1876 he migrated to the United States to work on the construction of the world fair in Philadelphia.

Nippert worked as a school teacher (1877–1889) and principal (after 1891) in Cincinnati. During this time he advocated the German language. He graduated from Cincinnati Law School, In 1891 he became a lawyer. Eight years later he became a member of the Ohio State Senate for the Republican party.

In 1901, Nippert was elected lieutenant governor of Ohio. He began his term January 1902. A vacancy opened for the Hamilton County Probate Judge, and Governor Nash appointed Nippert to the seat on May 1, 1902. He was elected to a three-year term on the court in 1903.

In the United States, Nippert was a member of several German associations. Nippert was a Freemason and member of the B.P.O.E.

Nippert married Elsie Hitscherich of Karlsruhe, and later married Katie Brill of Cincinnati on July 25, 1889. They had one daughter, who died in childhood. Nippert died of heart disease in 1904.

Nippert Stadium at the University of Cincinnati is named for his nephew, James Gamble Nippert.

References

 H. Dvorak, Biographisches Lexikon der Deutschen Burschenschaft, Bd. 1, Teil 4, Heidelberg: 2000.

1852 births
1904 deaths
Lieutenant Governors of Ohio
Ohio state court judges
University of Cincinnati College of Law alumni
Emigrants from the German Empire to the United States
Ohio lawyers
Republican Party Ohio state senators
Politicians from Cincinnati
University of Zurich alumni
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology alumni
Burials at Spring Grove Cemetery
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American judges

Carl L. Nippert


The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later ( ) is a novel by Alexandre Dumas. It is the third and last of The d'Artagnan Romances, following The Three Musketeers and Twenty Years After. It appeared first in serial form between 1847 and 1850.

In the English translations, the 268 chapters of this large volume are usually subdivided into three, but sometimes four or even six individual books. In three-volume English editions the volumes are entitled The Vicomte de Bragelonne, Louise de la Vallière, and The Man in the Iron Mask.  Each volume is roughly the length of the original The Three Musketeers (1844).

In four-volume editions volume names remain except that Louise de la Vallière and The Man in the Iron Mask move from second and third volumes to third and fourth, with Ten Years Later becoming the second volume.

Set in the 1660s and concerned with the early reign of Louis XIV, the novel has been called an "origins" story of the King, "a tale about the education of a young man who went on to rule for over 70 years and become one of France's most beloved monarchs." Naturally, in a novel about Dumas' musketeers, the characters play an important role in Louis' education.

Plot
The novel's length finds it frequently broken into smaller parts.  The narrative is set between 1660 and 1667 against the background of the transformation of Louis XIV from child monarch to Sun King.

Part One: The Vicomte of Bragelonne (Chapters 1–93)

After 35 years of loyal service, d'Artagnan resigns as lieutenant of the Musketeers as he perceives the young king Louis XIV as weak-willed.  He resolves to aid the exiled Charles II to retake the throne of England, unaware that Athos is attempting the same.  With their assistance Charles II is restored to the throne and d'Artagnan is rewarded richly.

In France, Cardinal Mazarin has died, leaving Louis to assume power with Jean-Baptiste Colbert as his finance minister.  Colbert has an intense hatred for his superior the king's Superintendent of Finances, Nicolas Fouquet, and tries to bring about his fall.  He brings to the king's attention that Fouquet is fortifying his fief of Belle Île secretly.  Louis persuades d'Artagnan to re-enter his service, and tasks him to investigate Belle Île, promising him a substantial salary and promotion to Captain of the King's Musketeers on his return.  Louis, finally growing into a decisive ruler, also accepts an offer relayed by Athos from Charles II to marry Louis' brother Philippe I, Duke of Orléans to Charles' sister Henrietta Anne Stuart.

D'Artagnan confirms that Belle Île is being fortified and the architect ostensibly in charge is Porthos, though the drawings show the handwriting of Aramis, who is now the bishop of Vannes.  Aramis, suspicious of d'Artagnan, sends Porthos back to Paris to warn Fouquet, whilst tricking d'Artagnan into searching for Porthos around Vannes.  Porthos warns Fouquet in the nick of time, and he cedes Belle Île to the king, humiliating Colbert.  On returning from the mission, d'Artagnan is made Captain of the King's Musketeers anyway.

Meanwhile, Princess Henrietta arrives in France escorted by the second Duke of Buckingham, to be met by an embassy consisting of Raoul de Bragelonne, the illegitimate son of Athos; his close friend Armand de Gramont, Comte de Guiche; and the Comte de Wardes, son of the previous Comte de Wardes from The Three Musketeers. The erratic Buckingham is madly in love with the princess and can scarcely conceal it, while Guiche soon finds himself equally smitten.  Philippe, though little attracted to women, becomes horribly jealous of Buckingham and has him exiled after the wedding.

Part Two: Louise de la Vallière (Chapters 94–180)

This part mostly concerns romantic events at the court of Louis XIV. Raoul de Bragelonne finds his childhood sweetheart, Louise de La Vallière, is maid of honour to the Princess. Fearing a tarnishing of Louise's reputation by affairs at court, Raoul seeks to marry her.  His father, Athos, the Comte de la Fère, disapproves, but eventually, out of love for his son, reluctantly agrees.  The king, however, refuses to sanction the marriage because Louise is of inferior social status, and so marriage is delayed.

Meanwhile, the struggle for power begins between Fouquet and Colbert.  Louis attempts to impoverish Fouquet by asking for money to pay for a grand fête at Fontainebleau.  Meanwhile, Aramis meets the governor of the Bastille M. de Baisemeaux, and learns of a secret prisoner who bears a striking resemblance to Louis XIV.  Aramis uses this secret to persuade the dying general of the Jesuits to name him his successor.

After Buckingham leaves France, the Comte de Guiche grows besotted with Henrietta, as soon does Louis XIV.  To avoid her new husband being jealous Henrietta suggests that the king choose a young lady at court to act as a smokescreen for their flirtation. They select Louise de la Vallière for this part, but during the fête, the king overhears Louise confess her attraction for him to friends, and promptly forgets his affection for Henrietta.  That same night Henrietta hears de Guiche confess his love for her to Raoul.  The two pursue their own love affair.  Aware of Louise's attachment, the king sends Raoul to England indefinitely as a diplomatic envoy.

Rumours of the king's love affair cause friction with de Wardes, who has inherited from his father a hatred of d'Artagnan and all those associated with him.  De Guiche is forced to fight a duel with him and is defeated and seriously wounded.  The incident is the last straw for Madame Henrietta who resolves to dismiss Louise from her service as Maid of Honour.  The king dissuades Henrietta, but she prevents the king from seeing Louise.  The king circumvents Henrietta, and so she contacts her brother King Charles II, imploring him to eject Raoul from England.  On his return to France, Henrietta informs him of Louise's affair with Louis, breaking his heart.

Athos finds out everything and spits his contempt at Louis XIV.  The young King orders Athos's imprisonment, but D'Artagnan convinces him to release him.

Part Three: The Man in the Iron Mask (Chapters 181–269)

Aramis has found out from his former mistress the Duchesse de Chevreuse that the lookalike of Louis XIV imprisoned in the Bastille is his twin brother, Philippe, who had been concealed and imprisoned from birth by his father, Louis XIII, and his mother, Anne of Austria, "for the good of France".

Aramis plots to replace Louis with Philippe as a puppet ruler for himself and his patron Fouquet, and even intends to become in turn the next Pope.

Through an elaborate subterfuge mounted by Aramis, Philippe replaces a prisoner due for release from the Bastille and escapes to Vaux.  Meanwhile, Fouquet is throwing a lavish party for Louis at Vaux.  Colbert poisons the king further against Fouquet.

While the king is still visiting Fouquet at Vaux, Aramis initiates the second half of his plan and abducts Louis, imprisoning him in the Bastille in Philippe's place. He then substitutes Philippe for the King.  Porthos is an uncomprehending accomplice in all this, believing that he is removing an impostor instead of the real king.

Aramis conspiratorially informs Fouquet of his acts, but Fouquet wants no part in such treachery and rushes to the Bastille, rescues Louis, and brings him back to Vaux to confront Philippe.  Realising that his plot has unravelled, Aramis flees for Belle Île to escape the king's impending wrath, taking Porthos with him. Louis regains the throne with d'Artagnan's help, ending Philippe's brief reign.  Louis imprisons Philippe once more, ordering that "he will cover his face with an iron visor" which he "cannot raise without peril of his life."

Athos and Raoul meet Aramis and Porthos who relate their predicament before receiving horses to aid their journey to Belle Île.  They next meet the Duke de Beaufort, on his way to Algiers for an expedition against the Barbary corsairs.  Raoul, devastated by the king's love affair with Louise, volunteers to join the Duke in his expedition.  Soon Raoul is off to war in North Africa, and Athos is retired.

Despite Fouquet's refusal to go along with Aramis's plot, Louis orders d'Artagnan to arrest him, which he manages following an epic chase. Louis then orders d'Artagnan to arrest Porthos and Aramis.  D'Artagnan feigns compliance whilst secretly giving his friends time to escape.  However, Colbert discerns d'Artagnan's sympathies and undermines him.  D'Artagnan resigns on learning that prisoners are to be executed immediately once arrested.

Attempting an escape from Belle Île, Porthos is killed, while Aramis escapes to sea, remorseful for the first time in his life. Meanwhile, Athos returns to his estates and lapses into decline.  On hearing that Raoul has died in action at Gigelli, Athos succumbs to grief and dies. Meanwhile, the detained d'Artagnan is freed by King Louis and reinstated.  He learns of Porthos' death and Aramis' escape.

Thanks to the secret power of the Jesuits, which he now commands, Aramis reaches Spain and becomes Duc d'Almeda, Spain's ambassador to France. Louise de la Vallière is eventually supplanted in the king's affections by her erstwhile friend Madame de Montespan. Louis grows in power and stature, and embarks on a military campaign against the Dutch Republic, with d'Artagnan commanding the offensive. D'Artagnan is mortally wounded in battle during a siege moments after reading he is to be made Marshal of France. His final words are: "Athos, Porthos, au revoir! Aramis, adieu forever!"

First English translation

The Vicomte of Bragelonne (1850) - Published by George Routledge (1893)
Ten Years Later (1845) - Published by George Routledge (1893)
Louise de la Vallière (1849) - Published by George Routledge (1893)
The Man in the Iron Mask (1847) - Published by George Routledge (1893)

New English translation by Lawrence Ellsworth
The book is being translated by Lawrence Ellsworth (Lawrence Schick) into modern English for the first time in over a century. The first two volumes were published in book format and the rest of the book is being serially published online on Substack every week. The book is divided into 5 volumes.
Between Two Kings (July 2021) - 50 chapters
Court of Daggers (serialised online from 19 April to 05 November 2022) - 44 chapters (book form: January 2023)
Devil's Dance (serialised online from 12 November 2022 to 2023 - in progress) - 54 chapters (book form: TBA)
The Shadow of the Bastille (2024) - 57 chapters
The Man in the Iron Mask (2025) - 64 chapters

Analysis
French academic Jean-Yves Tadié has argued that the beginning of King Louis XIV's personal rule is the novel's real subject.

Reception
In his essay "On a Romance of Dumas's", author and critic Robert Louis Stevenson wrote that "it is in the character of D'Artagnan, that we must look for the spirit of morality, which is one of the main joys of its perusal, and sets it high above more popular rivals."

However, Arthur F. Davidson argues in Alexandre Dumas: His Life and Works that The Vicomte is truly the story of Porthos, whose character was informed by Dumas' own experiences and his father's: "The modern reader may draw back aghast at the six volumes of Le Vicomte de Bragelonne, but he will have missed the best part of the Musketeer cycle should he fail to read those pages which describe the end of Porthos."

Adaptations
The third section of the novel, The Man in the Iron Mask, has been adapted many times in film, television and other media; see .

The three-part fantasy novel The Viscount of Adrilankha (2002–2004) by Steven Brust is loosely based on The Vicomte de Bragelonne.

Notes

External links

 d'Artagnan Romances (in English translation) at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

1847 French novels
Novels by Alexandre Dumas
The Three Musketeers
Man in the Iron Mask
Works about Louis XIV
Fictional viscounts and viscountesses
Novels set in the 1660s
Novels set in the 1670s
French historical novels
Cultural depictions of Molière
Cultural depictions of Jean-Baptiste Colbert
French novels adapted into films
Novels adapted into comics
Novels set in Early Modern France
Novels set in prison
Novels first published in serial form
Sequel novels
Cultural depictions of Charles II of England


Agrafena Matveyevna Kryukova (, , 1855, Chavanga, Kolsky Uyezd, Arkhangelsk Governorate, currently Murmansk Oblast, Russia — April 27, 1921, Verkhnyaya Zolotitsa, Arkhangelsky Uyezd, currently Primorsky District, Arkhangelsk Governorate, Russia) was a Russian folklore performer and a storyteller. She was the mother of Marfa Kryukova.

Agrafena Kryukova was born as Agrafena Kozhina in Chavanga, a Pomor village on the Tersky Coast, in the south of the Kola Peninsula. She learned bylinas from her mother and her uncle, and subsequently from her father-in-law, but she remained illiterate. Agrafena Kryukova was married to a fisherman at the age of 18 and moved to the village of Nizhnyaya Zolotitsa, on the other side of the White Sea, currently in Arkhangelsk Oblast.

In 1899, at the peak of interest in Russia to the Northern folklore, Alexey Markov, then a student, visited Verkhnyaya Zolotitsa and recorded a number of bylinas from Agrafena and Marfa Kryukova, which he subsequently published. Markov visited the place once more in 1901. In total, Markov recorded from Agrafena Kryukova 64 bylinas and historic songs.

Agrafena Kryukova died in 1921 in poverty, without achieving prominence. Only later efforts, mostly by Anna Astakhova in 1930s, and the interest to the poetry performed by her daughter Marfa Kryukova, restored her name as one of the most prominent Russian folklore performers.

References

External links

1855 births
1921 deaths
People from Murmansk Oblast
Storytellers from the Russian Empire
Women storytellers

Agrafena Kryukova


John Lee may refer to:

Academia
 John Lee (astronomer) (1783–1866), president of the Royal Astronomical Society
 John Lee (university principal) (1779–1859), University of Edinburgh principal
 John Lee (pathologist) (born 1961), English
 John Lee (political scientist) (born 1973), Australian
 John Alan Lee (1933–2013), Canadian sociologist and LGBT activist
 John M. Lee (born 1950), American mathematician
 John Ning-Yuean Lee (born 1945), Taiwanese biologist
 J. R. E. Lee (John Robert Edward Lee Sr., 1864–1944), president of Florida A&M University

Arts and entertainment
 John Lee (British actor) (1725–1781), British actor
 John Lee (Australian actor) (1928–2000), Australian television actor
 John Lee (artist) (), British Pre-Raphaelite artist
 John Lee (author) (born 1931), American thriller writer
 John Lee (bassist) (born 1952), American bassist, producer, recording engineer
 John Lee (blues musician) (1915–1977), American country blues guitarist, pianist, singer and songwriter
 John Lee (producer) (born 1972), co-creator of MTV2 comedy show Wonder Showzen
 John B. Lee (born 1951), Canadian poet
 John H. Lee (director) (born 1971), South Korean director
 John H. Lee (musician) (1847–1890), American banjoist, composer and author
 John Rafter Lee, British actor, voice actor, and audio book narrator
 John Lee (born 1973), also known as John Threat, alias Corrupt, American computer hacker and filmmaker
 John Robert Lee (poet) (born 1948), Saint Lucian Christian poet, writer, journalist and librarian

Politics

U.S.
 John Lee (California politician) (born 1970), Los Angeles City Council member for district 12
 John Lee (Maryland politician) (1788–1871), Maryland representative in the 18th United States Congress
 John C. Lee (1828–1891), Ohio lieutenant governor, 1868–1872
 John Constable Lee, American planters and Virginia politician
 John Edwin Lee, member of the Mississippi House of Representatives
 John Jay Lee (born 1955), mayor of North Las Vegas
 John L. G. Lee (1869–1952), member and speaker of the Maryland House of Delegates
 John Z. Lee (born 1968), United States federal judge

U.K.
 John Lee (1695–1761), British Member of Parliament for Newport and Malmesbury
 John Lee (Attorney-General) (1733–1793), Attorney-General for England and Wales, 1783, British MP for Higham Ferrers and Clitheroe
 John Lee Lee (1802–1874), British Member of Parliament for Wells
 John Lee (Labour politician) (1927–2020), Labour Party Member of Parliament for Reading
 John Lee, Baron Lee of Trafford (born 1942), former Minister and Conservative Member of Parliament for Pendle
 John Joseph Lee (born 1942), Irish historian, former senator and professor
 John Lee (by 1491-1542 or later), MP for Cumberland in 1529
 John Lee (by 1526-60 or later), MP for Cumberland in 1554
 John Lee (died 1558), MP for Sandwich
 John Lee (MP for New Woodstock) (c. 1535-c. 1603), MP for New Woodstock

Elsewhere
 John Lee (Australian politician) (1885–1957), New South Wales state politician
 John Lee (Canadian politician) (1845–1915), politician in Ontario, Canada
 John A. Lee (1891–1982), New Zealand politician
 John Lee Ka-chiu (born 1957), Chief Executive of Hong Kong and former police officer
 John Lee (bureaucrat) (born 1964), Australian bureaucrat

Sports

American football
 John Lee (defensive lineman) (born 1953), American football player
 John Lee (placekicker) (born 1964), Korean player of American football
 John P. Lee, American college football coach from 1891 to 1893

Other sports
 John Lee (cricketer) (1825–1903), English clergyman and cricketer
 John Lee (footballer, born 1869) (1869–?), English footballer
 John Lee (footballer, born 1889) (1889–?), English footballer
 John Lee (rower) (born 1948), Australian Olympic rower
 John Lee (hurler) (born 1986), plays for the Galway senior hurling team
 John W. Lee, British middle-distance runner
 John Lee, racing driver in 1991 British Formula Three season and 1992 British Formula Three season
 John Lee (ice dancer), partner of Naomi Lang at the 1995 U.S. Figure Skating Championships

Other
 John Lee (inventor), 19th century Scottish-Canadian inventor and arms designer
 John Lee (trade unionist) (died 1963), British trade union leader
 John Lee (priest), English Anglican priest
 John Babbacombe Lee (1864–1945), English convicted murderer noted for surviving three attempts to hang him
 John Black Lee (1924–2016), American architect
 John C. H. Lee (1887–1958), US Army lieutenant general
 John D. Lee (1812–1877), Mormon leader executed for his part in the Mountain Meadows Massacre
 John F. Lee (1813–1884), US Army Judge Advocate General 1849-1862 and cousin of Robert E. Lee

See also
 Jon Lee (disambiguation)
 Jonathan Lee (disambiguation)
 Johnny Lee (disambiguation)
 Jack Lee (disambiguation)
 John Lea (disambiguation)
 John Leigh (disambiguation)

John Lee


was a career officer in the Imperial Japanese Navy in the Russo-Japanese War and in World War I. He was killed in the  disaster of 1917.

Biography
Eto was born in Gonohe, Aomori on April 7, 1881, as the first son of a local sake brewer. He was expected to succeed to the family business in the natural course of events under the primogeniture system. However, when he was a junior high school student, he told his father that he wanted to change to a high school in Tokyo to serve in the Imperial Japanese Navy in the future. He is said to have fasted for three days and succeeded in persuading his stubbornly-objecting father.

After graduating from the 28th class of Imperial Japanese Naval Academy in 1900, the major achievement in his seventeen-year career came when he was only 24 years old, in the Battle of Tsushima against Russia in 1905. Eto was the commander of the aft gun turret of the cruiser , and was decorated with the Order of the Golden Kite, 3rd Class for bravery in combat. After the war, he graduated from the 8th class of the Naval Staff College.

During the early years of World War I, he served as an officer on the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff, and was in charge of the naval heavy artillery in the Battle of Tsingtao against Germany. In May 1916, he was assigned as a military attaché to the United Kingdom, traveling to Europe via Siberia. After his arrival, as per the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, he was assigned a position as a military observer aboard the battleship  from 15 August 1916. The battleship was part of the British Home Fleet during Eto's assignment and remained in British waters.

Just before midnight on Monday 9 July 1917, HMS Vanguard suffered an explosion while stationed in Scapa Flow, Scotland. This was probably caused by an unnoticed stokehold fire heating cordite stored against an adjacent bulkhead in one of the two magazines which served the amidships turrets P and Q. She sank almost instantly, killing an estimated 843 men, including Eto; there were only two survivors. The site is now designated as a controlled site under the Protection of Military Remains Act. His family visited Orkney in 1984 and were taken to the site of Vanguard's wreck.

Eto was posthumously promoted to the rank of captain and awarded the Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd Class by the Japanese government, and made a Companion of the Order of the Bath by the British government.

There is a small display about Commander Eto in Gonohe Town Library.

References
 Siegfried Breyer (1973). Battleships and Battle Cruisers, 1905-1970. London: Macdonald & Jane's

External links
World War I Document archive
The Orcadian newspaper dated July 11, 2002
Gonohe Town Library

1881 births
1917 deaths
People of Meiji-period Japan
Japanese military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War
Japanese military personnel of World War I
Japanese military personnel killed in World War I
Military personnel from Aomori Prefecture
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd class
Recipients of the Order of the Golden Kite
Imperial Japanese Navy officers

Eto Kyōsuke


Selma Calmes (1940, née Harrison) is an anesthesiologist and co-founder of the Anesthesia History Association.

Early life
Calmes was born in Corregidor, an island in Manila Bay that is legally part of Cavite City, in 1940; however, her family returned to the United States the same year she was born. Her father, a graduate of West Point military academy, was killed in 1944 while fighting in World War II, leaving her mother to raise three children. Calmes and her two brothers all contracted polio at a young age, which served as her inspiration for going into a medical career.

She attended Pomona College in Claremont, California, where she was encouraged to further her education instead of settling down and starting a family. She applied to Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas and was one of three women accepted to a class of 84 students.

Adult life and career
Previously Selma Harrison, she married one of her classmates the summer after her freshman year at Baylor College of Medicine and became Selma Harrison Calmes in 1958.

She graduated from Baylor in 1965 and initially began an internship in pediatrics, which was the most common specialty for female physicians at the time. However, she read an essay by Dr. Virginia Apgar that promoted anesthesiology as a specialty for women physicians with children and began a residency in anesthesiology in 1966 at the University of Pennsylvania. She was the only female resident in the program, which was leading in anesthesiology training during this time. The same year she gave birth to her first child and during the second year of her residency she became pregnant again.

After completing her residency in 1969, Calmes became a staff anesthesiologist and instructor in Pennsylvania until 1970, when she moved to California, which remains her current place of residence. There, she took a position as staff anesthesiologist at Valley Children's Hospital in Fresno.

Calmes was greatly inspired by her peers, other women physicians, and wrote various articles on Dr. Virginia Apgar, who had originally inspired her to pursue anesthesiology, as well as articles about women's history in anesthesiology. In 1982 she co-founded the Anesthesia History Association.

Calmes was named as chair of the department of anesthesiology at the Kern Medical Center in Bakersfield, California in 1986 and held the same title at Olive View-UCLA Medical Center in Sylmar, California in 1988. In 1994 she was named as vice-chair of the department of anesthesiology at UCLA School of Medicine in Los Angeles, California.

References

External links

American anesthesiologists
21st-century American women physicians
Physicians from California
1940 births
Living people
Pomona College alumni
American expatriates in the Philippines
Baylor College of Medicine alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Women anesthesiologists
20th-century American women physicians
20th-century American physicians
21st-century American physicians
Physicians with disabilities

Selma Calmes


Felicity Riddy (born 7 June 1940) is an academic, author and specialist in late-medieval English and Scottish literature.

Educated at Auckland University College/the University of Auckland (BA/MA, 1961/1962), New Zealand and the University of Oxford (BPhil, 1965), Riddy taught at Ahmadu Bello University (Nigeria) and the University of Stirling (Scotland).

She then joined the Department of English and Related Literature at the University of York in 1988, becoming a Professor in 1991. She was Director of the university's interdisciplinary Centre for Medieval Studies in the mid-1990s, became a Pro-Vice-Chancellor in 2000 and then Deputy Vice-Chancellor from 2002 until her retirement in 2007.

She has published widely on medieval women's writing, Arthurian romance, devotional literature and Older Scots poetry. Her interests in urban culture (stimulated by York's Centre for Medieval Studies inter-disciplinary urban Household Research Group) have produced articles on urban courtesy texts, romances, devotional reading and domestic authority.

Publications

Felicity Riddy's books and articles include:

Sir Thomas Malory (1987)
An anthology of Longer Scottish Poems, 1375-1650 (1987) (with Priscilla Bawcutt)
Macmillan Literary Anthologies, I, Old and Middle English Literature (London, 1989 (with M. J. Alexander).
 Regionalism in Late Medieval Manuscripts and Texts (1991) (ed.)
John Hardyng in Search of the Grail, in Arturus Rex, ed. by W. Van Hoecke (Leuven, 1991), pp. 419–29.
Glastonbury, Joseph of Arimathea and the Grail in John Hardyng's Chronicle, in The Archaeology and History of Glastonbury Abbey, ed. by Lesley Abrams and James P. Carley (Woodbridge, 1991), pp. 317–31.
Selected Poems of Henryson and Dunbar (1992) (with Priscilla Bawcutt)
Co-editor of the annual Arthurian Literature (1993-8)(with James P. Carley)
John Hardyng's Chronicle and the Wars of the Roses, Arthurian Literature, 12 (1996), 91–108.
A feminist reading of Henryson's 'Testament of Cresseid (1997, repr. 1999).
Prestige, Authority and Power in Late Medieval Manuscripts and Texts (2000) (ed.)
Looking closely: authority and intimacy in the late-medieval urban home in Medieval Women and Power Revisited: Challenging the Master Narrative, edited by M. Kowaleski and M. Erler (2003)
Youth in the Middle Ages (2004) (co-edited with P.J.P. Goldberg)
Temporary Virginity and the Everyday Body: Le Bone Florence of Rome and Bourgeois Self-Making in Pulp Fictions, edited by N. McDonald (2004)
The moral household in The Medieval Household in Christian Europe c. 850-c. 1550, edited by C. Beattie, A. Maslovic and S. Rees Jones (2004)

References

 Brief Academic Staff Biographies, University of York

Academics of the University of York
British literary historians
Literary critics of English
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Living people
1940 births
University of Auckland alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
Academics of the University of Stirling
Corresponding Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America
New Zealand emigrants to the United Kingdom

Felicity Riddy


Youngstown is the largest city in and county seat of Mahoning County, Ohio, United States. At the 2020 census, it had a population of 60,068, making it the 11th-largest city in Ohio. It is a principal city of the Youngstown–Warren metropolitan area, which had a population of 430,591 in 2020, making it the seventh-largest metro area in Ohio and 125th-largest in the United States. Youngstown is situated on the Mahoning River in Northeast Ohio,  southeast of Cleveland and  northwest of Pittsburgh.

The city was named for John Young, an early settler from Whitestown, New York, who established the community's first sawmill and gristmill. Youngstown is a midwestern city falling within the Appalachian Ohio region among the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains. It was an early industrial city of the late 19th and early 20th centuries; with restructuring of heavy industry and movement of jobs offshore, it has been classified as part of the Rust Belt. Traditionally known as a center of steel production, Youngstown has been forced to adapt after the steel industry in the United States fell into decline in the 1970s. There has been a decline in population of more than 60% since 1959.

Downtown Youngstown has seen various revitalization efforts since 2000, including the Covelli Centre and Youngstown Foundation Amphitheatre. Other notable institutions in the city include the Butler Institute of American Art, Mill Creek Park, Stambaugh Auditorium, and Youngstown State University. Youngstown's first new downtown hotel since 1974—the DoubleTree by Hilton—opened in 2018 in the historic Stambaugh Building, adapted for this use.

History

Founding

Youngstown was named for New York native John Young, who surveyed the area in 1796 and settled there soon afterward. On February 9, 1797, Young purchased the township of  from the Western Reserve Land Company for $16,085. The 1797 establishment of Youngstown was officially recorded on August 19, 1802.

The area that includes present-day Youngstown was part of the Connecticut Western Reserve, a section of the Northwest Territory that Connecticut initially did not cede to the federal government. Upon cession, Connecticut retained the title to the land in the Western Reserve, which it sold to the Connecticut Land Company for $1,200,000. While many of the area's early settlers came from Connecticut, Youngstown attracted many Scots-Irish settlers from neighboring Pennsylvania. The first European Americans to settle permanently in the area were Pittsburgh native James Hillman and wife Catherine Dougherty. By 1798, Youngstown was the home of several families who were concentrated near where Mill Creek meets the Mahoning River. Boardman Township was founded in 1798 by Elijah Boardman, a member of the Connecticut Land Company. Also founded in 1798 was Austintown by John McCollum who was a settler from New Jersey.

As the Western Reserve's population grew, the need for administrative districts became apparent. In 1800, territorial governor Arthur St. Clair established Trumbull County (named in honor of Connecticut Governor Jonathan Trumbull), and designated the smaller settlement of Warren as its administrative center, or county seat. In 1813, Trumbull County was divided into townships, with Youngstown Township comprising much of what became Mahoning County. The village of Youngstown was incorporated in 1848, and in 1867 Youngstown was chartered as a city. It became the county seat in 1876, when the administrative center of Mahoning County was moved from neighboring Canfield. Youngstown has been Mahoning County's county seat to this day.

Growth and industrialization
The discovery of coal by the community in the early 19th century paved the way for the Youngstown area's inclusion on the network of the famed Erie Canal. The Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal Company was organized in 1835, and the canal was completed in 1840. Local industrialist David Tod, who became Ohio governor during the Civil War, persuaded Lake Erie steamboat owners that coal mined in the Mahoning Valley could fuel their vessels if canal transportation were available between Youngstown and Cleveland. The railroad's arrival in 1856 smoothed the path for further economic growth.

Youngstown's industrial development changed the face of the Mahoning Valley. The community's burgeoning coal industry drew hundreds of immigrants from Wales, Germany, and Ireland. With the establishment of steel mills in the late 19th century, Youngstown became a popular destination for immigrants from Eastern Europe, Italy, and Greece.

In the early 20th century, the community saw an influx of immigrants from non-European countries including what is modern day Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, and Syria. By the 1920s, this dramatic demographic shift produced a nativist backlash, and the Mahoning Valley became a center of Ku Klux Klan activity. The situation reached a climax in 1924, when street clashes between Klan members and Italian and Irish Americans in neighboring Niles led Ohio Governor A. Victor Donahey to declare martial law. By 1928 the Klan was in steep decline; and three years later, the organization sold its Canfield, Ohio, meeting area, Kountry Klub Field. Despite the prevalence of Irish Americans in Youngstown, their presence wasn't always evident. When radio personality Pete Gabriel (who was Greek), came to Youngstown, he found out at the time that there was no St Patrick's Day parade there, so he started one.

The growth of industry attracted people from within the United States and from Latin America. By the late 19th century, African Americans were well represented in Youngstown, and the first local congregation of the African Methodist Episcopal Church was established in 1871. In the 1880s, local attorney William R. Stewart was the second African American elected to the Ohio House of Representatives. A large influx of African Americans in the early 20th century owed much to developments in the industrial sector. During the national Steel Strike of 1919, local industrialists recruited thousands of workers from the Southern United States, many of whom were Black. This move inflamed racist sentiment among local Whites, and for decades, African-American steelworkers experienced discrimination in the workplace. Migration from the South rose dramatically in the 1940s, when the mechanization of southern agriculture brought an end to the sharecropping system, leading onetime farm laborers to seek industrial jobs.

Youngstown's local iron ore deposits were exhausted by the early 20th century. Since the city is landlocked (the Mahoning River is not navigable), ore from Michigan and Minnesota had to arrive by rail from Cleveland and other Great Lakes port cities where large bulk carriers were unloaded. This put Youngstown at a competitive disadvantage to the iron and steel producers in Cleveland, Buffalo, Chicago and Detroit—all on Great Lake shores. Compared to these four cities, Youngstown had a higher cost of transporting raw materials to the mills, according to a Harvard Business Review report published in January 1933. Higher transportation costs are one reason why Youngstown mills began their decline slightly earlier than manufacturing in other cities.

The city had a healthy position within the Midwest in terms of transportation connections. An airport built in 1930 hosted Capital and United Airlines flights through the region and to New York prior to the jet age of the latter 1950s. It was on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad mainline to Chicago with the Capital Limited. Likewise, Youngstown was on the Erie Railroad mainline, on its Chicago-Jersey City circuit, with trains such as the Atlantic Express/Pacific Express and the Lake Cities. The city was on the New York Central's Pittsburgh-Buffalo circuit and the Pennsylvania Railroad's Pittsburgh-Cleveland circuit.

Post-World War II decline
The city's population became more diverse after the end of World War II, when a seemingly robust steel industry attracted thousands of workers. In the 1950s, the Latino population grew significantly; and by the 1970s, St. Rose of Lima Roman Catholic Church and the First Spanish Baptist Church of Ohio were among the largest religious institutions for Spanish-speaking residents in the Youngstown metropolitan area. In 1951, city planners projected that Youngstown would grow to 200,000 to 250,000 in population due to continuously strong demand for domestic steel in western Europe, Japan, and South Korea, and so 12,000 acres on the city's East Side were annexed and extended utilities in expectation of future housing projects, in addition to aggressive re-zoning for expanded commercial spaces throughout the city.

At 11:30 on Wednesday, September 6, 1967, only 9 of the 50 scheduled patrolmen arrived for work at the Youngstown Police Department.  The others were not on strike.  That was prevented by Ohio state law.  The patrolmen, eventually numbering 300, along with another 300 city-employed firefighters, were instead attending "continuous professional meetings", and would be until their demand for an immediate across-the-board raise of $1200 was met.  By Saturday, the day they were ordered back to their jobs by a Common Pleas Court judge, citizens were reported as disturbed, rather than badly frightened, by the risks of police and fire services operating at about 30% normal headcounts.  A car fire was the worst single incident.  When ending the strike the judge also ordered the pay raise.  Apart from a fruitless six-day "sick call" of police in Detroit in June 1967, Youngstown's was the first major police strike since the Boston Police Strike in 1919.  As the editorial writers at The Sheboygan Press of Sheboygan, Wisconsin put it, "So we have seen the first successful strike by policemen and firemen. It is a precedent over which there should be little rejoicing."

The industrial economy that drew various groups to the area collapsed in the late 1970s, culminating with the September 19, 1977, closure of the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Campbell Works after financial downturn due to changes in the steel manufacturing process and international competition. In response to subsequent challenges, the city has taken well-publicized steps to diversify economically, while building on some traditional strengths.

Modern developments

Downtown Youngstown has seen modest levels of new construction. In the 2000s, additions included the Nathaniel R. Jones Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse in 2002 (which features an award-winning design by the architectural firm, Robert A. M. Stern Architects), the Mahoning County Children's Services center and George Voinovich Government Center in 2004, and both the Covelli Centre and Ohio Seventh District Court of Appeals in 2006.

In 2004, construction began on a 60-home upscale development called Arlington Heights, and a grant from the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development allowed for the demolition of Westlake Terrace, a sprawling and dilapidated public housing project. Today, the site features a blend of senior housing, rental townhouses and for-sale single-family homes. Low real-estate prices and the efforts of the Youngstown Central Area Improvement Corporation (CIC) have contributed to the purchase of several long-abandoned downtown buildings (many by out-of-town investors) and their restoration and conversion into specialty shops, restaurants, and eventually condominiums. In addition, a nonprofit organization called Wick Neighbors is planning a $250 million New Urbanist revitalization of Smoky Hollow, a former ethnic neighborhood that borders the downtown and university campus. The neighborhood will eventually comprise about 400 residential units, university student housing, retail space, and a central park. Construction for the project began in 2006.

In 2005, Federal Street, a major downtown thoroughfare that was closed off to create a pedestrian-oriented plaza, reopened to traffic. The downtown area has seen the razing of structurally unsound buildings and the expansion or restoration of others. New construction has dovetailed with efforts to cultivate business growth. One of the area's more successful business ventures in recent years has been the Youngstown Business Incubator. This nonprofit organization, based in a former downtown department store building, fosters the growth of fledgling technology-based companies. The incubator, which boasts more than a dozen business tenants, recently completed construction on the Taft Technology Center, where some of its largest tenants will locate their offices.

In line with these efforts to change the community's image, the city government, in partnership with Youngstown State University, has organized an ambitious urban renewal plan known as Youngstown 2010. The stated goals of Youngstown 2010 include the creation of a "cleaner, greener, and better planned and organized Youngstown". In January 2005, the organization unveiled a master plan prepared by Urban Strategies Inc. of Toronto, which had taken shape during an extensive process of public consultation and meetings that gathered input from citizens. The plan, which included platforms such as the acceptance of a reduced population and an improved image and quality of life, received national attention and is consistent with efforts in other metropolitan areas to address the phenomenon of urban depopulation. Youngstown 2010 received an award for public outreach from the American Planning Association in 2007.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of , of which  is land and  is water.

Youngstown is in the Mahoning Valley on the Glaciated Allegheny Plateau. At the end of the last ice age, the glaciers left behind a uniform plain, with valleys such as that caused by the Mahoning River traversing the plain. Lakes created by glaciers that dammed small streams were eventually drained, leaving behind fertile terrain.

Neighborhoods

Central
Central Youngstown consists of the original city layout designed by John Young, including Downtown Youngstown. Downtown Youngstown is the site of most of the city's government buildings and banks. A number of entertainment venues are also located in the downtown, including the Covelli Centre, Powers Auditorium, the DeYor Performing Arts Center, and Youngstown Foundation Amphitheatre. In addition, the downtown sits to the immediate south of notable cultural and educational resources, including Youngstown State University, the Butler Institute of American Art, and the McDonough Museum of Contemporary Art. The Arlington, Mahoning Commons, Riverbend, Smoky Hollow and University neighborhoods that surround downtown compromise what is considered Central Youngstown. The area is the smallest division of Youngstown, as well as its least populous, but also its least residential by zoning. It is surrounded by the I-680 and Madison Avenue Expressway highway system.

North Side

The North Side consists of the Brier Hill, Crandall Park, North Heights, and Wick Park neighborhoods and the northern section of the Riverbend Industrial Park. Brier Hill was considered one of the city's cultural hotbeds due to many Welsh, Irish, Italian, and African American migrants settling in it, but primarily was once viewed as the city's "Little Italy" as reflected by the Brier Hill-style pizza. Each year, at the end of August, the Brier Hill Fest attracts thousands of visitors from Northeast Ohio and Western Pennsylvania. The historic Crandall Park neighborhood was once home to the city's wealthiest families, and many of the mansions of industrial executives are still including in the Crandall Park-Fifth Avenue Historic District.

South Side
Youngstown's South Side is, and historically has been, the city's densest and most populous division, with numerous neighborhoods from each of the city's periods of expansion. The older neighborhoods in this district, Oak Hill, Erie, Warren, and Lower Gibson, were among the first founded on the South Side during the 19th century and were completely annexed by 1910 as Youngstown industrialized. Later neighborhoods, such as Fosterville, Newport, Lansingville, Buckeye Plat, and Cottage Grove came into being as industry and population expanded throughout the first half of the 20th century, being annexed in 1929 from the remainder of Youngstown Township. The Pleasant Grove and Brownlee Woods neighborhoods further south were also annexed in 1929 from Boardman Township. These neighborhoods were generally well connected to each together and were defined by economic class as they became increasingly suburban further from the downtown area. There are further sub-neighborhoods in the South Side as well, such as Indian Village, Handel's, Boulevard Park, Cochran Park, Powerstown, and Gibsonville that have distinct identities within their larger neighborhoods. The South Side shares Mill Creek Park with the West Side.

East Side
The East Side is the largest of the city's regions by area and consists of the East High, East Side, Hazelton, Landsdowne, Lincoln Knolls, Scienceville and Sharon Line/McGuffey Heights communities. The neighborhoods on the East Side closest to Downtown Youngstown were among the earliest developed in the city. However, much of the East Side is undeveloped fields and forests, as the land was annexed in the 1950s as part of a zoning effort for future development that never occurred.

West Side
Altogether the most recently developed side of Youngstown, the neighborhoods of Belle Vista, Cornersburg, Garden District, Kirkmere, Rocky Ridge, and Schenley were built from the 1930s until the 1950s progressing southward, apart from the early Steelton neighborhood and industrial Salt Springs neighborhood. It shares Mill Creek Park with the South Side and lies southwest of the Mahoning River.

Climate
Youngstown has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb/Dfa), typical of the Midwestern United States, with four distinct seasons and lies within USDA hardiness zone 6a. Winters are cold and dry but typically bring a mix of rain, sleet, and snow with occasional heavy snowfall and icing. January is the coldest month with an average mean temperature of , with temperatures on average dropping to or below  on 4.1 days and staying at or below freezing on 43 days per year. Snowfall averages  per season, somewhat less than the snowbelt areas closer to Lake Erie. The snowiest month on record was  in December 2010, while winter snowfall amounts have ranged from  in 2010–11 to  in 1948–49. Springs generally see a transition to fewer weather systems that produce heavier rainfall. Summers are typically very warm and humid with temperatures exceeding  on 7.7 days per year on average; the annual count has been as high as 40 days in 1943, while the most recent year to not reach that mark is 2014. July is the warmest month with an average mean temperature of .

The all-time record high temperature in Youngstown of  was established on July 10, 1936, which occurred during the Dust Bowl, and the all-time record low temperature of  was set on January 19, 1994. The first and last freezes of the season on average fall on October 14 and May 6, respectively, allowing a growing season of 160 days; however, freezing temperatures have been observed in every month except July. The normal annual mean temperature is . Normal yearly precipitation based on the 30-year average from 1991 to 2020 is , falling on an average of 168 days per year. Monthly precipitation has ranged from  in June 1986 to  in October 1924, while for annual precipitation the historical range is  in 2011 to  in 1963.

Demographics

Between 1960 and 2010, the city's population declined by over 60%. The Mahoning Valley metropolitan area had 541,243 residents as of the 2020 census.

2020 Census
According to the 2020 Census, Youngstown had 28,303 households. The population density was 1770.5/sq mi. The city's racial makeup was 47.8% White, 41.1% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, and 7.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.9% of the population. The median household income was $30,129.

2010 Census
According to the 2010 Census, Youngstown had 26,839 households and 15,150 families. The population density was 755.2/km2 (1958.5/sq mi). There were 33,123 housing units at an average density of . Youngstown's vacant-housing rate in 2010 was twenty times the national average. The city's racial makeup was 47.0% White, 45.2% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 3.3% of some other race, and 3.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.3% of the population. The European ancestry included had 10.8% Italian, 10.8% Irish, 10.0% German, and 4.2% English ancestries. Among the Hispanic population, 5.7% were Puerto Rican, 1.9% Mexican, 0.1% Cuban, and 0.7% some other Hispanic or Latino.

Records suggest 28.6% of the households had children under the age of 18. Of these, 25.6% were married couples living together, 24.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.6% were non-families. Meanwhile, 37.8% of all households comprised a single person, and 14.5% of households comprised a person over 65 years of age living alone. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 3.02.

22.8% of the city's population was under the age of 18, 10.8% was from age 18 to 24, 24.3% was from age 25 to 44, 26.2% was from age 45 to 64, and 15.8% was age 65 or older. The median age was 38 years old. For every 100 females, there were 96.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95 males.

Economy

Historical

Endowed with large deposits of coal and iron as well as "old growth" hardwood forests needed to produce charcoal, the Youngstown area developed a thriving steel industry, starting with the area's blast furnace in 1803 by James and Daniel Heaton. By the mid-19th century, Youngstown was the site of several iron industrial plants, and because of easy rail connections to adjacent states, the iron industry continued to expand in the 1890s despite the depletion of local natural resources. At the turn of the 20th century, local industrialists began to convert to steel manufacturing, amid a wave of industrial consolidations that placed much of the Mahoning Valley's industry in the hands of national corporations.

In the late 1930s, the community's steel sector again gained national attention when Youngstown became a site of the so-called "Little Steel Strike", an effort by the Steel Workers Organizing Committee, a precursor to United Steelworkers, to secure contract agreements with smaller steel companies. On June 21, 1937, strike-related violence in Youngstown resulted in two deaths and 42 injuries. Despite the violence, historian William Lawson observed that the strike transformed industrial unions from "basically local and ineffective organizations into all-encompassing, nationwide collective bargaining representatives of American workers".

Between the 1920s and 1960s, the city was known as an important industrial hub that featured the massive furnaces and foundries of such companies as Republic Steel and U.S. Steel. At the same time, Youngstown never became economically diversified, as did larger industrial cities such as Chicago, Pittsburgh, Akron, or Cleveland. Hence, when economic changes forced the closure of plants throughout the 1970s, the city was left with few substantial economic alternatives. The September 19, 1977, announcement of the closure of a large portion of Youngstown Sheet and Tube, an event still referred to as "Black Monday", is widely regarded as the death knell of the old area steel industry in Youngstown. In the wake of the steel plant shutdowns, the community lost an estimated 40,000 manufacturing jobs, 400 satellite businesses, $414 million in personal income, and from 33 to 75 percent of the school tax revenues. The Youngstown area has yet to fully recover from the loss of jobs in the steel sector.

The blow dealt to the community's industrial economy in the 1970s was slightly mitigated by the auto production plants in the metropolitan area. In the late 1980s, the Avanti, an automobile with a fiberglass body originally designed by Studebaker to compete with the Corvette, was manufactured in an industrial complex on Youngstown's Albert Street. This company moved away after just a few years. A mainstay of Youngstown's industrial economy had long been the General Motors Lordstown Assembly, which was the area's largest industrial employer in the decades following the decline of the steel industry. Once one of the nation's largest auto plants in terms of square feet, the Lordstown facility was home to production of the Chevrolet Impala, Vega, and Cavalier. The Lordstown Assembly was shuttered in March 2019 and is currently owned by Foxconn.

Current

The city's largest employer is Youngstown State University (YSU), an urban public campus that serves about 15,000 students, just north of downtown.

Youngstown is the site of several steel and metalworking operations, though not to the extent of the past. The largest industrial employers within the city limits are Vallourec Star Steel Company, in the Brier Hill district, and Trivium Packaging. Steelite, a British ceramics manufacturer, has its U.S. headquarters based in Youngstown.

Youngstown's downtown, which once underscored the community's economic difficulties, is a site of new business growth. The Youngstown Business Incubator (YBI), in the heart of downtown, houses several start-up technology companies that have received office space, furnishings, and access to utilities. Some Incubator-supported companies have earned recognition, and a few are starting to outgrow their current space. Inc. Magazine rated one such company–Turning Technologies–as the fastest-growing privately held software company in the United States and 18th fastest-growing privately held company overall. To keep such companies downtown, the YBI secured approval to demolish a row of nearby vacant buildings to clear space for expansion. In 2014, the YBI was ranked as the top university-associated business incubator in the world by the Swedish University Business Incubator Index. In 2015, the YBI was the top University Associated Incubator in North America, and came in second to the Guinness Enterprise Centre in Dublin.

A number of products and enterprises introduced in Youngstown became national household names. Among them is Youngstown-based Schwebel's Bakery, which was established in neighboring Campbell in the 20th century. The company now distributes bread products nationally. In the 1920s, Youngstown was the birthplace of the Good Humor brand of ice cream novelties, and the popular franchise of Handel's Homemade Ice Cream & Yogurt was established there in the 1940s. In the 1950s, Youngstown-born developer Edward J. DeBartolo Sr. established one of the country's first modern shopping plazas in the suburban Boardman. The fast-food chain, Arby's, opened the first of its restaurants in Boardman in 1964, and Arthur Treacher's Fish & Chips was headquartered in Youngstown in the late 1970s. More recently, the city's downtown hosted the corporate headquarters of the now-defunct pharmacy chain store Phar-Mor, which was established by Youngstown native Mickey Monus.

Culture

Entertainment

Despite the impact of regional economic decline, Youngstown offers an array of cultural and recreational resources. Youngstown's newest venue is the Youngstown Foundation Amphitheatre; an outdoor venue opened in 2019 upon former industrial grounds in Downtown that hosts various musicians.

One of the city's sports-related attractions is the Covelli Centre, which was funded primarily through a $26 million federal grant secured in 2000 by then-Congressman Jim Traficant. Located on the site of an abandoned steel mill, the large, high-tech facility opened in October 2005. It was formerly called the Chevrolet Center, and during planning it was known as the Youngstown Convocation Center. The centre's main tenants are the Youngstown Phantoms, who play in the United States Hockey League. Previously, it was home to the Youngstown Steelhounds hockey team, who played in the CHL. The venue also hosts "on ice" musical shows and concerts.

Historically, one of the area's most popular attractions was Idora Park in the Idora neighborhood of Youngstown's south side. An urban amusement park, it operated from 1899 until it was closed after a large fire destroyed many of its premier rides in 1984.

Theater
The community's culture center is Powers Auditorium, a former Warner Brothers movie palace that serves as the area's primary music hall and a home for the Youngstown Symphony Orchestra. This downtown landmark is one of five auditoriums within the city. Ford Recital Hall was built in 2006 as an addition to newly renovated Powers Auditorium. Imposing and neo-classical Stambaugh Auditorium, on the city's north side, has served for decades as a site of concerts and is often rented for private events. The facility also hosts the Stambaugh Youth Concert Band. Bruce Springsteen, who sang about the decline of Youngstown's steel industry and its adverse effects on local workers in his ballad "Youngstown", played at Stambaugh Auditorium on January 12, 1996, as part of his solo Ghost of Tom Joad Tour.

The Youngstown Playhouse, Mahoning County's primary community theater, has served the area for more than 80 years, despite intermittent financial problems. Believed by some observers to be the nation's oldest continuously operating community theater, the Youngstown Playhouse was the only community theater in Ohio to ever receive major institutional support from the Ohio Arts Council. The Oakland Center for the Arts, formerly in the downtown area, was a well-known venue for locally produced plays before it closed in 2015 due to poor management. In late 2016. the Oakland Center for the Arts was re-established with a new focus on youth and kids theatre.

Well known theatrical personalities from the Youngstown area include comedic actor Joe Flynn, screen actress Elizabeth Hartman, singer and Broadway performer Maureen McGovern, and television and screen actor Ed O'Neill.

Museums

The Butler Institute of American Art is on the northeastern edge of the Youngstown State University campus. Established by industrialist Joseph G. Butler Jr., in 1919, it was the first museum in the country dedicated to American art. Across the street from the Butler Institute stands the McDonough Museum of Art, YSU's University Art Museum and the Mahoning Valley's center for contemporary art. The McDonough, established in 1991, features changing exhibitions by regional, national and international artists and provides public access to the work of students, faculty and alumni from the Department of Art. The Clarence R. Smith Mineral Museum, also on the YSU campus, is operated by the university's geology department and housed in a campus building.

To the immediate north of YSU is the Arms Family Museum of Local History. The museum, housed in a 1905 Arts & Crafts style mansion on the main artery of Wick Avenue, is managed by the Mahoning Valley Historical Society. Once the estate of a local industrialist, it maintains period rooms that showcase the household's original contents, including furnishings, art objects, and personal artifacts. The museum mounts rotating exhibits on topics related to local history. Recently, the museum opened the "Anne Kilcawley Christman Hands-on History Room". The MVHS Archival Library operates in the estate's former carriage house, near the back of the site.

The Youngstown Historical Center of Industry and Labor sits south of the YSU campus on a grade overlooking the downtown area. This museum, owned and operated by the Ohio Historical Society, focuses on the Mahoning Valley's history of steel production. Other museums include the Children's Museum of the Valley, an interactive educational center in the downtown area, and the Davis Education and Recreation Center, a small museum that showcases the history of Youngstown's Mill Creek Park.

On the city's north side the Youngstown Steel Heritage Foundation is constructing the Tod Engine Heritage Park, featuring a collection of steel industry equipment and artifacts. The main exhibit is a 1914 William Tod Co. rolling mill steam engine that was built in Youngstown and used at the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Brier Hill Works. The Tod Engine is one of three remaining rolling mill engines in the United States and is a Mechanical and Materials Engineering Landmark.

Parks and nature

Youngstown's most popular resource is Mill Creek Park, a five-mile (8 km)-long stretch of landscaped woodland reminiscent of Rock Creek Park in Washington, D.C. Mill Creek Park is the oldest park district in Ohio, established as a township park in 1891. The park's highlights include the restored 19th century Lanterman's Mill, the rock formations of Bear's Den, scores of nature trails, the Fellows Riverside Gardens and Education Center, the "Cinderella" iron link bridge, and two 18 hole Donald Ross golf courses. Mill Creek Park encompasses approximately ,  of drives and  of foot trails. Its attractions include gardens, streams, lakes, woodlands, meadows, and wildlife.

Fellows Riverside Gardens' popular lookout point offers visitors contrasting views of the area. From the south side, the canopied woodlands overlooking Lake Glacier are visible; from the north side, visitors are presented with a view of downtown Youngstown. The park features two 18-hole golf courses. The North Course is on rolling terrain, while the South Course features narrow, tree-lined fairways. Other features include playgrounds, athletic fields, and picnic areas.

In 2005, Mill Creek Park was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. A plaque commemorating this event is near a memorial statue of Volney Rogers, the Youngstown attorney who set aside land for the creation of Mill Creek Park.

A smaller recreational area called Wick Park is on the historic North side. Wick Park's periphery is lined with early 20th-century mansions built by the city's industrialists, business leaders, and professionals during Youngstown's "boom" years. Stambaugh Auditorium, a popular venue for concerts and other public events, is near the park's southwestern edge. Another small recreational area called Crandall Park is also on the North side. Crandall Park offers well-maintained and landscaped homes, tree-lined streets, and walkable access to shopping and recreations. Several cemeteries (notably historic Oak Hill Cemetery) and small recreational spaces are scattered throughout the city. Some of those recreational spaces include Homestead Park, John White park, Lynn park, Borts Pool, and the Northside Pool.

Sports
Youngstown has enjoyed a long tradition of professional and semi-professional sports. In earlier decades, the city produced scores of minor league baseball teams, including the Youngstown Ohio Works, Youngstown Champs, Youngstown Indians, Youngstown Steelmen, Youngstown Browns, Youngstown Gremlins, and Youngstown Athletics. Local enthusiasm for baseball was such that the community hosted championship games of the National Amateur Baseball Federation throughout the 1930s and 1940s. The area's minor league baseball teams were supplemented by semi-professional football teams, including the Youngstown Patricians, who won the 1915 championship of the informal "Ohio League" (a direct predecessor to the National Football League), and the Youngstown Hardhats, who competed in the Middle Atlantic Football League in the 1970s and early 1980s. For three seasons, Youngstown was home to the Mahoning Valley Thunder of the now-defunct af2, the minor league for the Arena Football League until 2009 when the franchise ceased operations. Local minor league basketball teams included the Youngstown Pride of the WBA from 1987 to 1992, the Youngstown Hawks of the IBA in 1999, and the Mahoning Valley Wildcats of the IBL in 2005. The Youngstown SteelHounds hockey team played in the Central Hockey League from 2005 until May 2008. In 2005, the Ohio Red Bulls semi-pro football team of the United States Football Association won their first championship.

Youngstown has produced many prominent athletes with connections to the city, including former world boxing champions Greg Richardson, IBF lightweight champion Harry Arroyo, College Football Hall of Fame end Bob Dove, Hall of Fame umpire Billy Evans, major league pitcher Dave Dravecky, NFL quarterback Bernie Kosar, NFL Running back Lynn Bowden Jr., IBF cruiserweight champion Jeff Lampkin, WBA lightweight champion Ray "Boom Boom" Mancini, major league manager Jimmy McAleer, WBC and WBO middleweight champion Kelly Pavlik, legendary baseball trainer "Bonesetter" Reese, major league outfielder George Shuba, and Heisman Trophy recipient Frank Sinkwich.

Youngstown State Penguins
The community has a lengthy tradition of collegiate sports. The Youngstown State Penguins compete in the Missouri Valley Football Conference. The Penguins, noted participants in FCS (I-AA) football, play their games at Stambaugh Stadium and enjoy one of the more supportive fan bases. All other YSU athletic teams compete in the Horizon League, which does not sponsor football. The Youngstown State men and women's basketball teams hold their games at Youngstown State's Beeghly Center. The teams average about 2,500 fans per game, a number that rose with a new style of play under former head coach Jerry Slocum. In addition, the YSU baseball and softball teams have enjoyed local support and success. The baseball team reached the NCAA super-regionals in 2005, and the softball team did so in 2006.

Other Sports
There are many smaller and upcoming teams in the area. Football, Soccer, Baseball and Basketball are all played at the high school level. Club sports are growing with community leagues and area leagues such as Youngstown Area Youth Soccer League. Many of the amateur and youth organizations are based in surrounding communities and not in the city itself.

Amateur soccer club Mahoning Trumbull United SC represents the area for the Northern Ohio Soccer League going into 2023.

Government and politics

Youngstown is governed by a mayor who is elected every four years and limited to a maximum of two terms. Mayors are traditionally inaugurated on or around January 2. The city has tended to elect Democratic mayors since the late 1920s because of the local unions' support for Democratic candidates for office. Youngstown's mayor is Jamael Tito Brown. Jay Williams was the city's first African-American mayor and its first independent mayor since 1922. Williams belonged to the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition, a bi-partisan group with the stated goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets". He left his position in Youngstown to direct the Presidential Task Force on the Auto Industry under President Barack Obama.

Residents elect an eight-member city council composed of representatives of the city's seven wards and a council president. The council traditionally meets every first and third Wednesday of the month. Meanwhile, the board of control, chaired by the Mayor, oversees contracts for public projects within the municipal limits.

In the Ohio General Assembly, Youngstown is located in the 59th State Representative District, represented by Lauren McNally (D), and in the 33rd Senate District, represented by Michael Rulli (R). Federally, Youngstown is located in Ohio's 6th congressional district and has been represented by Bill Johnson (R) since 2023 after being redistricted. Its federal senators are Sherrod Brown (D) and J. D. Vance (R). Like many urban areas in the U.S., Youngstown is a Democratic stronghold, although the remainder of Mahoning County has been trending to the right in recent elections. Youngstown has supported Democratic politicians in statewide elections throughout its history, including Sherrod Brown, Ted Strickland, and Richard Cordray. Youngstown has become a political backdrop for both Democrats and Republicans who go to the area to campaign on economic development and jobs.

Crime
Crime has been a lingering problem in many of the Rust Belt's big and small urban communities, hampering economic recovery. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Youngstown was nationally identified with gangland slayings often committed with car bombs. The town gained the nicknames "Murdertown, USA" and "Bomb City, USA," while the phrase "Youngstown tune-up" became a nationally popular slang term for car-bomb assassination. The image of Youngstown's association with crime was reinforced by the construction of prisons inside the metropolitan area. As of 2012, three adult correctional facilities continue to operate within city limits: the Mahoning County Justice Center the Northeast Ohio Correctional Center, and the Ohio State Penitentiary.

For decades, Youngstown was a haven for organized crime, and related corruption was ingrained into the fabric of its society. A 2000 publication in The New Republic listed a "chief of police, the outgoing prosecutor, the sheriff, the county engineer, members of the local police force, a city law director, several defense attorneys, politicians, judges, and a former assistant U.S. attorney" as controlled by the Mob. The city accelerated measures to limit the influence of organized crime upon all sectors of municipal life.  In 2006 Youngstown was ranked by Morgan Quitno Press, a Kansas-based publishing and research company, as the 9th most dangerous city in the United States. After The Saturday Evening Post framed Youngstown as "Crimetown U.S.A.", there was an interest by many to create documentaries or podcasts to get in-depth information about the corruption unfolding in the city. Released in July 2022, Marc Smerling released a podcast titled "Crooked City" to share some of those stories.

Education
Youngstown is served by the Public Library of Youngstown and Mahoning County system, with libraries located in the Downtown (Main), Brownlee Woods, East High, Newport, and Schenley (Michael Kusalaba) neighborhoods.

Primary and secondary

The Youngstown City School District manages all public education within the city. Since 2015, the state government has overseen the district's operation due to district mismanagement. The district's high school graduation rate has improved since the takeover, from 65% in 2015 to 88% in 2020. YCSD currently operates six elementary schools, three middle schools, and three high schools, as well as one alternative school and one technical school. The district extensively built new schools throughout the late 2000s, and sold many of its older buildings to local private schools.

At one time, the city had eight dedicated public high schools (Chaney, East, North, Rayen, South, Woodrow Wilson, Youngstown Early College, and Choffin Career and Technical Center), but since the 1990s, neighborhood schools have been merged to result in just Chaney High School on the city's West Side and East High School on the East Side, with Youngstown Rayen Early College and Choffin Career and Technical Center as district alternatives. The Early College program, in cooperation with Youngstown State University, enables middle and high school students to attend classes both on campus and at YCSD schools and earn college credit.

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Youngstown once oversaw more than 20 schools within the city. As a result of dwindling enrollment, only four Catholic schools now operate within Youngstown proper. These include two primary schools – St. Christine's School and St. Joseph the Provider School – and two secondary schools, Cardinal Mooney High School on the South Side and Ursuline High School on the North Side. Several additional Catholic schools operate in the region which accept Youngstown students.

Youngstown hosts a small number of private schools. These include Valley Christian School, a nondenominational K-12 school; Akiva Academy, a progressive K–8 school in the Jewish Community Center; and the Montessori School of the Mahoning Valley, which offers alternative learning environments for students ranging from preschool to eighth grade. There are also various smaller, K-8 charter academies in the city, such as the Stambaugh Charter Academy and South Side Academy.

Higher education

Youngstown State University, the primary institution of higher learning in the Youngstown–Warren metropolitan area, traces its origins to a local YMCA program that began offering college-level courses in 1908. YSU joined the Ohio system of higher education in 1967. The university has an enrollment of about 12,000 undergraduate and graduate students within seven colleges; the Beeghly College of Liberal Arts, Social Science & Education; College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM); Willamson College of Business; Bitonte College of Health and Human Services; Cliffe College of Creative Arts; College of Graduate Studies; and the Sokolov Honors College. The campus is just north of the city's downtown and south of Youngstown's historic Fifth Avenue district, a neighborhood of Tudor-, Victorian-, and Spanish Colonial Revival-style homes.

YSU offers tuition rates that are lower than the average of other public universities in the University System of Ohio. The university's assets include the Dana School of Music, an All-Steinway school. The Dana School of Music is one of the six oldest continuously operating schools of music in the United States. The Williamson College of Business is accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB). YSU also offers doctoral degrees in educational leadership and physical therapy as well as a doctorate in mathematics in cooperation with Rhodes University, and is a sponsor of the Northeast Ohio Medical University BS-MD program with the University of Akron, Cleveland State University, and Kent State University. YSU engineering students may also pursue doctoral studies in cooperation with the University of Akron and Cleveland State University.

Eastern Gateway Community College operates one of its two campuses in Downtown Youngstown. It offers 60 majors in the areas of business technologies, information technologies, engineering technologies, health and public services. The degrees offered are Associate of Arts, Associate of Science, Associate of Applied Business, Associate of Applied Science, Associate of Technical Studies, and Associate of Individualized Studies.

Media

Print
The Vindicator is the sole daily newspaper in the city, currently published as a zoned edition of Warren's Tribune Chronicle in broadsheet. It formerly competed with the Warren-based paper, and the Lisbon-based Morning Journal, although they primarily covered their respective counties, with limited coverage of Mahoning County and Youngstown, until in June 2019 it was announced that The Vindicator would cease publication by mid-August of the same year. Although this newspaper carries the name of the old Vindicator, its scope is comparatively limited, with the majority of previous Vindicator journalists not being carried over to the new edition.

Other newspapers that print in Youngstown include bi-monthly The Business Journal, The Metro Monthly, and the bi-weekly The Jambar, published by the students of Youngstown State University on Tuesdays and Thursdays while classes are in session.

TV

With 273,480 television households, the Youngstown market is the nation's 106th largest, according to Nielsen Media Research.

The market is served is served by four full power television stations. including WFMJ-TV (channel 21, NBC, with The CW channel 21.2 under the WBCB call letters), WKBN-TV (channel 27, CBS), WYTV (channel 33, ABC, with MNTV on 33.2), and WNEO channel 45 (PBS).

Low power station WYFX-LD channel 62 serves as Youngstown's Fox affiliate, and is simulcast on WKBN 27.2.

Radio
Youngstown is the 119th largest radio market in the United States, and is served by over 30 radio stations.   iHeartMedia and Cumulus Media both have clusters in the market featuring at least a half dozen stations each.

Transportation
On June 23, 2016, Uber launched services in Youngstown, covering all of Mahoning County and most of Trumbull County.

Public transit
The Youngstown area is served by the Western Reserve Transit Authority (WRTA) bus system, which is supported through Mahoning County property and sales taxes. WRTA, whose main terminal is in the downtown area, provides service throughout the city and into surrounding Mahoning and Trumbull counties. The downtown terminal serves as the Youngstown area's Greyhound terminal.

Air
The Youngstown-Warren Regional Airport is the primary airport for the region. As of 2022, no commercial airlines serve the airport, with Allegiant Air ending service on January 4, 2018. The airport is home to the Youngstown Air Reserve Station and 910th Airlift Wing. Smaller general aviation airports in the city and vicinity  include Lansdowne Airport and Youngstown Elser Metro Airport.

Rail
In the vicinity of the WRTA terminal is a former Baltimore and Ohio Railroad station. The historic terminal building served B&O trains until 1971. Since converted into a banquet hall, it was a station along Amtrak's Three Rivers between Chicago and New York from 1995 to 2005. The nearest Amtrak service is the Capitol Limited at Alliance station 42 miles to the southwest. Freight rail lines owned by CSX Transportation, Norfolk Southern Railway, and the Youngstown and Southeastern Railroad still go through the area.

Sister cities
  Spišská Nová Ves, Slovakia, since 1991

See also
 List of people from Youngstown, Ohio
 "Youngstown" (Bruce Springsteen song)
 USS Youngstown

References

Bibliography

 Aley, Howard C. (1975). A Heritage to Share: The Bicentennial History of Youngstown and the Mahoning Valley. Youngstown, OH: The Bicentennial Commission of Youngstown and Mahoning County, Ohio.
 Blue, Frederick J.; Jenkins, William D.; Lawson, William H.; Reedy, Joan M. (1995). Mahoning Memories: A History of Youngstown and Mahoning County. Virginia Beach, VA: The Donning Company. .
 Brody, David (1960). Steelworkers in America. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
 Bruno, Robert (1999). Steelworker Alley: How Class Works in Youngstown. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. .
 Fuechtmann, Thomas G. (1989). Steeples and Stacks: Religion and Steel Crisis in Youngstown. New York: Cambridge University Press. .
 Jenkins, William D. (1990). Steel Valley Klan: The Ku Klux Klan in Ohio's Mahoning Valley. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. .
 Knepper, George W. (1989). Ohio and Its People. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. .
 Lemann, Nicholas (1991). The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America. New York: Vintage Books. .
 Linkon, Sherry Lee; Russo, John (2002). Steeltown U.S.A.: Work & Memory in Youngstown. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. .
 Warner, Jack L. (1964). My First Hundred Years in Hollywood. New York: Random House.

External links

Cities in Ohio
Cities in Mahoning County, Ohio
Cities in Trumbull County, Ohio
1796 establishments in the Northwest Territory
County seats in Ohio
Populated places established in 1796
Western Reserve, Ohio

Youngstown, Ohio