John Edwin Mroz (May 1, 1948 – August 15, 2014) was the founder, president, and CEO of the EastWest Institute, best known for his diplomatic efforts in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Career

Mroz was born on May 1, 1948, in Lowell, Massachusetts. He grew up in nearby Westfield, Massachusetts, where his father was a dentist.
He completed his BA at the University of Notre Dame, followed by an MA at Northeastern University, and an MALD at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. He was married to Karen Linehan Mroz (1972-2014).

In 1980 Mroz and Ira D. Wallach set out to address areas of political dispute across the Iron Curtain by forming the Institute for East West Security Studies (later renamed the EastWest Institute), an international not-for-profit, non-partisan "think and do" tank focusing on international conflict resolution through a variety of means, including track 2 diplomacy and track 1.5 diplomacy (conducted with the direct involvement of official actors), hosting international conferences, and authoring publications on international security issues.

In 1980 he published Beyond Security: Private Perceptions Among Arabs and Israelis, which  examined the persistence of the Israeli-Palestinian dispute.

In 1981 the State Department under the Reagan Administration took the diplomatic initiative and established a secret contact with the PLO through Mroz, which was aborted after the start of the 1982 Lebanon War. The substance of the talks between Mroz and Yasser Arafat was PLO recognition of Israel in return for U.S. recognition of the PLO.

After the fall of the Berlin Wall and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the institute changed its name to the EastWest Institute, and widened its focus, consulting with European governments on the reunification of Germany and other post-Communist challenges.

Mroz served as an advisor to more than 20 governments including the United States, Germany, Turkey, Ukraine, Poland and the Russian Federation, as well as the G-8, the European Commission, the African Union, NATO, and the Council of Europe.  He received numerous international awards including the  Das Verdienstkreuz 1. Klasse (Officer's Cross), Germany's highest award to a non-citizen in recognition of the role he and his institute played in facilitating German reunification.

Mroz was an active member of the Council on Foreign Relations and appeared frequently on BBC, CNN, ABC and other news programs around the world.  He spoke regularly before business and professional groups including Institutional Investor, Fortune Global Forum, the Young Presidents' Organization, WPO, CEO, the Russell 20-20, the International Chamber of Commerce World Congress, the Eurasian Media Forum, Davos, and the World Future Society

Mroz died on August 15, 2014, in Manhattan, New York, from complications of a blood cancer and macrophage activation syndrome (MAS).

Publications

He wrote regularly in the international press on global change and international security affairs. Mroz contributed to Foreign Affairs, as well as to journals and books on leadership and management including chapters in the Peter Drucker Foundation's Organization of the Future   (Jossey-Bass, 1997) and  Leaders of the Future  (Jossey-Bass, 2006).  His work as a global change agent has been described in numerous volumes including Leaders Who Make a Difference (Jossey-Bass, 1999).

Mroz was also the author of a landmark book on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Beyond Security: Private Perceptions Among Arabs and Israelis.

References

1948 births
2014 deaths
American chief executives
The Fletcher School at Tufts University alumni
Foreign policy writers
Northeastern University alumni
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
University of Notre Dame alumni

John Edwin Mroz


Annie Arniel (May 1873 – February 9, 1924) was a suffragist and women's rights advocate. Born in Harrington, Delaware, United States, as Anna L. Melvin, she married George Arniel of Canada and was widowed in 1910. Annie played a key role in helping to win the women's vote in the United States.

Activism
Arniel was a factory worker, living in downtown Wilmington, Delaware, when she was recruited by Mabel Vernon and Alice Paul for membership in the National Woman's Party (NWP). As a member of the Silent Sentinels she was among the first six suffragists arrested and jailed on June 27, 1917, at the White House. She served eight jail terms for suffrage protesting: three days in June 1917; 60 days in the Occoquan prison in Virginia, from August to September 1917, for picketing; 15 days for a meeting in Lafayette Square; and five sentences of five days each in January and February 1919 for the NWP's watchfire demonstrations.

After participating in a demonstration at the United States Capitol in October 1919, Arniel was "so brutally treated by the police that she was rendered unconscious and her back was injured. She was taken to a hospital, and the police gave out that she was "roughed up a bit" when her banner was seized. At the hospital police told attendants that she had been injured in a street car accident."

Death
According to Arniel's Delaware Death Record, she died on February 9, 1924, at the age of 55. The cause of death was "asphyxiated by illuminating gas; suicide intent."

See also
List of suffragists and suffragettes
Timeline of women's suffrage

References

Doris Stevens, Jailed for Freedom New York: Boni and Liveright, 1920

1873 births
1924 deaths
People from Harrington, Delaware
American political activists
Canadian suffragists
People from Frontenac County
National Woman's Party activists
American political women
1924 suicides
Suffragists from Delaware

Annie Arniel


The mere-exposure effect is a psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop liking or disliking for things merely because they are familiar with them. In social psychology, this effect is sometimes called the familiarity principle. The effect has been demonstrated with many kinds of things, including words, Chinese characters, paintings, pictures of faces, geometric figures, and sounds. In studies of interpersonal attraction, the more often people see a person, the more pleasing and likeable they find that person.

Research
Gustav Fechner conducted the earliest known research on the effect in 1876. Edward B. Titchener also documented the effect and described the "glow of warmth" felt in the presence of something familiar; however, his hypothesis was thrown out when results showed that the enhancement of preferences for objects did not depend on the individual's subjective impressions of how familiar the objects were. The rejection of Titchener's hypothesis spurred further research and the development of current theory.

The scholar best known for developing the mere-exposure effect is Robert Zajonc. Before conducting his research, he observed that exposure to a novel stimulus initially elicits a fear/avoidance response in all organisms. Each subsequent exposure to the novel stimulus causes less fear and more interest in the observing organism. After repeated exposure, the observing organism will begin to react fondly to the once novel stimulus. This observation led to the research and development of the mere-exposure effect.

Zajonc (1960s–1990s)
In the 1960s, a series of Robert Zajonc's laboratory experiments demonstrated that simply exposing participants to a familiar stimulus led them to rate it more positively than other, similar stimuli that had not been presented before. At first, Zajonc looked at language and the frequency of words used. He found that overall positive words were used more than their negative counterparts. Later, he showed similar results for liking, pleasantness, and forced-choice measures from a variety of stimuli, such as polygons, drawings, photographs of expressions, nonsense words, and idiographs.

In 1980, Zajonc proposed the affective primacy hypothesis: that affective reactions (such as liking) can be "elicited with minimal stimulus input." Through mere-exposure experiments, Zajonc sought to provide evidence for the affective-primacy hypothesis, namely that affective judgments are made without prior cognitive processes. He tested this hypothesis by presenting repeated stimuli to participants at suboptimal thresholds such that they did not show conscious awareness or recognition of the repeated stimuli (when asked whether they had seen the image, responses were at chance level), but continued to show affective bias toward the repeatedly exposed stimuli. Zajonc compared results from primes exposed longer, which allowed for conscious awareness, to stimuli shown so briefly that participants did not show conscious awareness. He found that the primes shown more briefly and not recognized prompted faster responses for liking than primes shown at conscious levels.

One experiment to test the mere-exposure effect used fertile chicken eggs. Tones of two different frequencies were played to different groups of chicks while they were still unhatched. Once hatched, each tone was played to both groups of chicks. Each set of chicks consistently chose the tone prenatally played to it.

Another experiment exposed two groups of people to Chinese characters for short times. Participants were then told that these symbols represented adjectives and were asked to rate whether the symbols held positive or negative connotations. The symbols the participants had previously seen were consistently rated more positively than those they had not. In a similar experiment, people were not asked to rate the connotations of the symbols, but to describe their mood after the experiment. Members of the group with repeated exposure to certain characters reported being in better moods than those without.

In yet another variation, participants were shown an image on a tachistoscope for a very brief duration that could not be perceived consciously. This subliminal exposure produced the same effect, though it is important to note that subliminal effects are unlikely to occur without controlled laboratory conditions.

According to Zajonc, the mere-exposure effect is capable of taking place without conscious cognition, and "preferences need no inferences". This claim has spurred much research in the relationship between cognition and affect. Zajonc explains that if preferences (or attitudes) were based merely on information units with affect attached to them, then persuasion would be fairly simple. He argues that this is not the case: such simple persuasion tactics have failed miserably. Zajonc states that affective responses to stimuli happen much more quickly than cognitive responses, and that these responses are often made with much more confidence. He states that thought (cognition) and feeling (affect) are distinct, and that cognition is not free from affect, nor is affect free of cognition: that "the form of experience that we came to call feeling accompanies all cognitions, that it arises early in the process of registration and retrieval, albeit weakly and vaguely, and that it derives from a parallel, separate, and partly independent system in the organism."

According to Zajonc, there is no empirical proof that cognition precedes any form of decision-making. While this is a common assumption, Zajonc argues it is more likely that decisions are made with little to no cognition. He equates deciding upon something with liking it, meaning that we cognize reasons to rationalize a decision more often than deciding upon it. In other words, we make judgments first, and then seek to justify them by rationalization.

Goetzinger (1968)
Charles Goetzinger conducted an experiment using the mere-exposure effect on his class at Oregon State University. Goetzinger had a student come to class in a large black bag with only his feet visible. The black bag sat on a table in the back of the classroom. Goetzinger's experiment was to observe if the students would treat the black bag in accordance to Zajonc's mere-exposure effect. His hypothesis was confirmed. The students in the class first treated the black bag with hostility, which over time turned into curiosity, and eventually friendship. This experiment confirms Zajonc's mere-exposure effect, by simply presenting the black bag over and over again to the students their attitudes were changed, or as Zajonc states "mere repeated exposure of the individual to a stimulus is a sufficient condition for the enhancement of his attitude toward it."

Bornstein (1989)
A meta-analysis of 208 experiments found that the mere-exposure effect is robust and reliable, with an effect size of r=0.26. This analysis found that the effect is strongest when unfamiliar stimuli are presented briefly. Mere exposure typically reaches its maximum effect within 10–20 presentations, and some studies even show that liking may decline after a longer series of exposures. For example, people generally like a song more after they have heard it a few times, but many repetitions can reduce this preference. A delay between exposure and the measurement of liking actually tends to increase the strength of the effect. The effect is weaker on children, and for drawings and paintings as compared to other types of stimuli. One social psychology experiment showed that exposure to people we initially dislike makes us dislike them even more.

Zola–Morgan (2001)
In support of Zajonc's claim that affect does not need cognition to occur, Zola–Morgan conducted experiments on monkeys with lesions to the amygdala (the brain structure that is responsive to affective stimuli). In his experiments, Zola–Morgan proved that lesions to the amygdala impair affective functioning, but not cognitive processes. However, lesions in the hippocampus (the brain structure responsible for memory) impair cognitive functions but leave emotional responses fully functional.

Montoya et al. (2017)
These authors reviewed evidence that with sufficient repetitions the ascending curve for liking turns down (in the form of an inverted-U). The evidence goes back at least thirty years.

Perceptual fluency
The mere-exposure effect posits that repeated exposure to a stimulus increases perceptual fluency, the ease with which a stimulus can be processed. Perceptual fluency, in turn, increases positive effect. Studies showed that repeated exposure increases perceptual fluency, confirming positive effect in autobiographical memory and perceptual learning, a finding supported in later studies.

Application

Advertising
The most obvious application of the mere-exposure effect is in advertising, but research on its effectiveness at enhancing consumer attitudes toward particular companies and products has been mixed. One study tested the mere-exposure effect with banner ads on a computer screen. College-age students were asked to read an article on the computer while banner ads flashed at the top of the screen. The results showed that the students exposed to the "test" banner rated the ad more favorably than other ads shown less frequently or not at all. This research supports the mere-exposure effect.

A different study showed that higher levels of media exposure are associated with lower reputations for companies, even when the exposure is mostly positive. A subsequent review of the research concluded that exposure leads to ambivalence because it brings about a large number of associations, which tend to be both favorable and unfavorable. Exposure is most likely to be helpful when a company or product is new and unfamiliar to consumers. An "optimal" level of exposure to an advertisement may not exist. In a third study, experimenters primed consumers with affective motives. One group of thirsty consumers was primed with a happy face before being offered a beverage, while a second group was primed with an unpleasant face. Those primed with the happy face bought more beverages, and were also willing to pay more for the beverage than their unhappy counterparts. This study bolsters Zajonc's claim that choices are not in need of cognition. Buyers often choose what they "like" instead of what they have substantially thought about.

In the advertising world, the mere-exposure effect suggests that consumers need not think about advertisements: simple repetition is enough to make a "memory trace" in the consumer's mind and unconsciously affect their consuming behavior. One scholar explained this relationship as follows: "The approach tendencies created by mere exposure may be preattitudinal in the sense that they do not require the type of deliberate processing that is required to form brand attitude."

Other areas
The mere-exposure effect exists in most areas of human decision-making. For example, many stock traders tend to invest in securities of domestic companies merely because they are more familiar with them, even though international markets offer similar or better alternatives. The mere-exposure effect also distorts the results of journal-ranking surveys; academics who previously published or completed reviews for a particular academic journal rate it dramatically higher than those who did not. There are mixed results on the question of whether mere exposure can promote good relations between different social groups. When groups already have negative attitudes to each other, further exposure can increase hostility. A statistical analysis of voting patterns found that candidates' exposure has a strong effect on the number of votes they receive, distinct from the popularity of their policies.

See also
 Illusory truth effect
 Interpersonal attraction
 Propinquity effect
 Subliminal advertising

References

External links
 Changing minds: Mere exposure theory

Cognitive biases
Memory biases

Mere-exposure effect


The small flying fox, island flying fox or variable flying fox (Pteropus hypomelanus) is a species of flying fox in the family Pteropodidae. It is found in Australia, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Maldives, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, the Solomon Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam.

Description
The small flying fox is quite variable in its colouring. The head is usually dark brown but can be yellowish-brown and is paler in the eastern part of the animal's range. The back is tawny-brown and the underparts some shade of buff. The ears are partially furred and the wing membranes are black. The fur is short on the back and medium-length on the underparts. This bat can be distinguished from the rather similar Ryukyu flying fox (Pteropus dasymallus) by the fact that its tibia are bare rather than covered with fur.

Distribution and habitat
The small flying fox is native to islands in the Indo-Pacific region. Its range includes the Maldives, the Andaman Islands, the Nicobar Islands, Melanesia, the Philippines, Tioman Island, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. It is found at altitudes of up to about . In many parts of its range it roosts in small outlying islands and flies to larger bodies of land to forage at night.

Biology
Small flying foxes feed mostly on the fruit of native and introduced trees but also consume flowers and nectar. The diet includes pawpaws, mangos, jambul, bananas, figs, flowers of the kapok tree (Ceiba pentandra) and the banyan, tree and flowers and fruits of cultivated crops. They consume about half their body weight each day.

These bats become sexually mature at about one year of age. The breeding season varies according to location and the gestation period is about 200 days. A single pup is born which is weaned at about six weeks but remains dependent on its mother for a further four months or so.
In two instances, twins have been documented—once in 2009 and once in 2017. Both sets of twins were born at Lubee Bat Conservancy in Gainesville, Florida.

The small flying fox is known to be preyed upon by the white-bellied sea eagle, which has been recorded hunting the bats by dropping them into the sea repeatedly.

Status
The small flying fox is rated as being near-threatened by the IUCN. It has a wide range and is generally abundant and faces no major threats as a whole. In some areas it is threatened by deforestation and tourism-related activities and in the Philippines and elsewhere it is hunted for food. It is also regarded as a pest by farmers whose crops are raided.

References

Pteropus
Bats of South Asia
Bats of Southeast Asia
Bats of Australia
Bats of Indonesia
Bats of Malaysia
Mammals of Papua New Guinea
Mammals of the Maldives
Mammals of the Philippines
Mammals of Vietnam
Mammals of Western New Guinea
Mammals described in 1853
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Bats of New Guinea

Small flying fox


The Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide (or Official Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide) is an annually published comic book price guide widely considered the primary authority on the subject of American comic book grading and pricing in the hobby/industry.
Numerous observers connect the expansion of the direct market distribution system and the proliferation of comic book specialty shops to the broader recognition and acceptance of Overstreet's annual guide. This guide is considered a standardized inventory and pricing system within the comic book industry.

Begun in 1970 by Robert M. Overstreet as a guide for fellow fans of Golden Age and Silver Age comics, the Overstreet guide has expanded to cover virtually the entire history of the American comics publication as far back as the Victorian Age and Platinum Age. The annual edition also covers promotional comics (giveaways and advertising) and "big little books", while continually updating new publications and market reports that cover the prior year of market activity.

Overstreet's annual guide to the comic book collecting hobby has itself become a collectible, and since the 1980s each edition of the Price Guide includes a page listing collector's values for older editions, with hardcover editions, in particular, selling for a premium. Currently, the Price Guide is published in four formats: hardcover, softcover, a larger, ring-bound edition and an electronic edition, often with multiple covers for each version.

History
Robert M. Overstreet grew up as a comic book, coin, and Indian arrowhead collector. In the 1960s, after abandoning a project to create an arrowhead price guide, Overstreet turned his attention to comics, which had no definitive guide.

Comic back-issue prices had stabilized by the end of the 1960s, and, Jerry Bails, who had recently published the Collector's Guide to the First Heroic Age, was considering creating a comic book price guide. He was contacted by Overstreet, who was doing the same thing. Bails' extensive notes, supplemented by Overstreet's study of dealer listings, "became a backbone to the Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide".

Under the auspices of Overstreet Publications, the first Comic Book Price Guide was published in November 1970. Priced at $5, saddle-stitched and published in a print run of 1000 (a second edition of 800 was released subsequently), the book included 218 pages of listings. Among other things, Overstreet's guide included inventory lists, and it instantly became an invaluable resource tool for comic book collectors and dealers. By 1976, the guide had achieved national distribution.

An early decision was made by author to exclude the niche of underground comix, an adult-oriented expression of the art form that Mr. Overstreet had no interest in documenting, for reasons he has never made public, despite the book being promoted by its publisher as "the most complete listing of comics from the 1500s to the present".

Overstreet periodicals
During the 1980s and 1990s, Overstreet Publications also created publications that provided updates on pricing for recently released comics as well as selected titles dating back to the Silver Age. These updates encompassed a guide to both current and valuable comics, along with featuring news related to comic books and collectors, as well as interviews. These publications also included editorial content contributed by publishers and bookstore owners who were polled for their insights. Various incarnations of the publication (which were published quarterly to bi-monthly, and eventually monthly) included Overstreet's Comic Book Price Update, Overstreet's Comics Price Bulletin, Overstreet Comic Book Monthly, and Overstreet's Fan, with this last incarnation showing a great deal of similarity to the successful comics news magazine Wizard: The Guide to Comics. Overstreet also published twenty-one issues of Comic Book Marketplace between Mar./Apr. 1993 and January 1995. Ultimately, most titles were canceled, including Overstreet's Fan which ceased publication in 1997.

Sale to Gemstone

In 1994, Overstreet sold his business to Gemstone Publishing. Despite this change in ownership, Overstreet continued to serve as the author of the annual guides and related publications. In July 2003, Gemstone Publishing made an attempt at a monthly publication called Overstreet's Comic Price Review, which only ran for nineteen issues.

Additionally, Gemstone Publishing released three volumes of the Overstreet Premium Ring Price Guide. These volumes provided values for thousands of collectible toy rings of various types. Among these, the most valuable is the Supermen of America ring, with a value of around $100,000 depending on its condition. Original artwork for volumes 2 and 3, created by artist A. Kaviraj, is on display at Austin's Ring Museum in Las Cruces, New Mexico.

The 52nd edition of the Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide (2022-2023) was scheduled for release on July 20, 2022.

Facsimile Edition
In commemoration of the publication's 50th anniversary, Gemstone Publishing issued Facsimile Edition reprints of both printings of the original edition from 1970. The Facsimile Edition of the first printing, featuring a white cover, was initially scheduled for release on April 8, 2020. However, due to the coronavirus pandemic, its release was postponed. Each of these editions came in four versions: a softcover edition with a retail price of $16.95, a hardcover edition priced at $25.00 (limited to 400 copies), a signed and numbered hardcover edition costing $50.00 (signed by Robert Overstreet and limited to 100 copies), and a deluxe signed and numbered hardcover edition priced at $75.00 (signed by Robert Overstreet and Steve Geppi, limited to 50 copies).

Notes

External links
Publisher's official site

Comic book collecting
Publications established in 1970

Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide


William Badders (September 15, 1901 – November 23, 1986) was a diver in the United States Navy and a recipient of the highest American military decoration, the Medal of Honor, as well as the Navy Cross.

Early life and career
William Badders was born in Harrisburg, Illinois, on September 15, 1901. He enrolled in the U.S. Naval Reserve in August 1918 and transferred to the regular Navy in December 1919. Later trained as a diver, Badders was awarded the Navy Cross for "extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty" during the salvage of  in 1926. He was designated a Master Diver in April 1931 and received commendations for his diving work in salvaging  in 1928 and the Japanese steamship Kaku Maru in 1932, and for clearing the propeller of  at sea in 1933.

Chief Machinist's Mate Badders was awarded the Medal of Honor for heroism during the rescue of survivors of  and subsequent salvage of that submarine in 1939. He was Senior Member of the rescue chamber crew and served as a diver during the salvage effort. He transferred to the Fleet Reserve in March 1940.

William Badders died on November 23, 1986, in Alameda County, California, and was buried in the San Francisco National Cemetery in San Francisco, California.

Awards

Medal of Honor citation
William Badders' official Navy Medal of Honor citation is as follows:

The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pleasure in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR to
WILLIAM BADDERS
NAVY
for service as set forth in the following:
CITATION:

For extraordinary heroism in the line of his profession as a Diver with the Submarine and Rescue Salvage Unit, U.S.S. Falcon, during the rescue and salvage operations following the sinking of the U.S.S. Squalus on 1939-05-13. During the rescue operations, Chief Machinist's Mate Badders, as senior member of the rescue chamber crew, made the last extremely hazardous trip of the rescue chamber to attempt to rescue any possible survivors in the flooded after portion of the Squalus. He was fully aware of the great danger involved in that if he and his assistant became incapacitated, there was no way in which either could be rescued. During the salvage operations, Chief Machinist's Mate Badders made important and difficult dives under the most hazardous conditions. His outstanding performance of duty contributed much to the success of the operations and characterizes conduct far above and beyond the ordinary call of duty.

Navy Cross Citation
The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Cross to Engineman First Class William Badders, United States Navy, for extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty as a Diver, on the occasion of the salvaging of the U.S.S. S-51, from 16 October 1925 to 8 July 1926. Engineman First Class Badders actions during this operation were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.

Navy and Marine Corps Medal Citation
The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy and Marine Corps Medal to Chief Machinist's Mate William Badders, United States Navy in lieu of previously awarded letters of commendation: (A) Commendation by Secretary of the Navy dated August 6, 1926 (B) Commendation by Secretary of the Navy dated May 12, 1928 (C) Commendation by Commander in Chief Army & Navy dated September 16, 1939 (D) Commendation by ChBuNav dated December 27, 1940.

Badders also received the Good Conduct Medal, World War I Victory Medal, Yangtze Service Medal and American Defense Service Medal.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of Medal of Honor recipients in non-combat incidents

References

1901 births
1986 deaths
United States Navy personnel of World War I
Machinists
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
People from Harrisburg, Illinois
United States Navy sailors
Non-combat recipients of the Medal of Honor
Burials at San Francisco National Cemetery

William Badders


A freshman, fresher, first year, or colloquially frosh, is a person in the first year at an educational institution, usually a secondary school or at the college and university level, but also in other forms of post-secondary educational institutions.

Arab world
In much of the Arab world, a first-year is called a "Ebtidae" (Pl. Mubtadeen), which is Arabic for "beginner".

Brazil
In Brazil, students that pass the vestibulares and begin studying in a college or university are called "calouros" or more informally "bixos" ("bixetes" for girls), an alternate spelling of "bicho", which means "animal" (although commonly used to refer to bugs). Calouros are often subject to hazing, which is known as "trote" (lit. "prank") there. The first known hazing episode in Brazil happened in 1831 at the Law School of Olinda and resulted in the death of a student. In 1999, a Chinese Brazilian calouro of the University of São Paulo Medicine School named Edison Tsung Chi Hsueh was found dead at the institution's swimming pool; this has since become one of the most well known episodes of violent hazing and has received extensive national media coverage since that year.

Canada
The term "first year" is used for a first-year student at university or college. The student orientation period at Canadian universities is often called "Frosh week."

East Asia
Some East Asian countries use the same names as used in the United States (freshman, sophomore, junior, senior), among them Malaysia.

Germany
In Germany, a first-semester student of a university program (Bachelor, Master, State exam etc) is called Erstsemester, or in short and more common, Ersti, with "erst" meaning first and the -i adding a benevolently diminutive tone. The plural is Erstis.

Unlike the word freshman, which stands for a student in their whole first year, the German word Ersti is exclusively used for students in their first semester. Students of higher semesters are accordingly called Zweitsemester, Drittsemester, Viertsemester etc. and sometimes, but rarely, also Zweitis, Drittis, Viertis, etc. for fun.

United Kingdom

England and Wales

Students at the beginning of their first year of university are often known in England and Wales as freshers; however, the term 'first years' is also used. The first week of term before lessons are widely known as freshers' week where there are usually no classes and students take part in induction events and fairs. As Freshers are newcomers to the institutions and often experience a period of adjustment as they navigate university life, there are numerous UK websites available that offer support and resources to help freshers with university preparations, such as providing guidance on accommodation, academic advice, social activities, and general tips for a successful start to their university journey.

Unlike in Scotland, this term is not used in reference to pre-university education, the equivalent terms being Year sevens for the first year of secondary school and first years, lower sixers and Year Twelves used at sixth forms.

Scotland
First year (also known as S1 in Scotland) is the first year of schooling in secondary schools in Scotland and is roughly equivalent to Year 8 (Second Form) in England and Wales and Year 9 (Second Form) in Northern Ireland. Most pupils are 12 or 13 years old at the end of S1.

The first year of primary education in Scotland is known as Primary 1 (P1).

At the four ancient Scottish universities the traditional names for the four years at university are Bejan ("Bejant" at the University of St Andrews) (1st), Semi (2nd), Tertian (3rd) and Magistrand (4th), though all Scottish universities will have a "freshers' week" (as with all British universities) and the term is as widely used with more traditional terms.

United States

Beginner

Freshman is commonly in use as a US English idiomatic term to describe a beginner or novice, someone who is naive, a first effort, instance, or a student in the first year of study (generally referring to high school or university study).

First Year Congressional representatives

New members of Congress in their first term are referred to as freshmen senators or freshmen congressmen or congresswomen, no matter how experienced they were in previous government positions.

First year high school students

High school first year students are almost exclusively referred to as freshmen, or in some cases by their grade year, 9th graders. Second year students are sophomores, or 10th graders, then juniors or 11th graders, and finally seniors or 12th graders.

First year university students

At college or university, freshman denotes students in their first year of study. The grade designations of high school are not used, but the terms sophomore, junior, and senior are kept at most schools. Some colleges, including historically women's colleges, do not use the term freshman but use first year, instead. Beyond the fourth year, students are simply classified as fifth year, sixth year, etc.  Some institutions use the term freshman for specific reporting purposes.

Israel
There are a few commonly used "titles" for high school students

Grade 10 - Shishist (taken from the word six)

Grade 11 - Shvi-ist (taken from the word seventh)

Grade 12 - Shminist (taken from the word eighth)

See also
 Freshman fifteen
 Sophomore
 Junior (education year)
 Senior (education)
 Hazing

References

External links

Educational stages
Educational years
Types of students
Beginners and newcomers

Freshman


Johanna Billing (born 1973) is a Swedish artist. Her work has been featured in major group exhibitions such as Dokumenta 12, Istanbul Biennial (2005) and the 50th Venice Biennale.

Life and work
Johanna Billing was born 1973 in Jönköping, Sweden. She lives and works in Stockholm, Sweden. Billing studied at Konstfack University of Arts, Crafts and Design in Stockholm, Sweden graduating in 1999.

Recent works include: In Purple (2019), Pulheim Jam Session (2015) and I'm Gonna Live Anyhow Until I die (2012). Other significant works include: I'm Lost Without Your Rhythm (2009), Another Album (2006), You Don't Love Me Yet (2003) and Magical World (2005). Many of the film's soundtracks exist as soundtrack records published by the german label Apparent Extent. Between 1998–2010 Billing ran the independent record label Make it Happen. The interest in music is also expressed through the long term and ongoing touring project You Don't Love Me Yet (2002-2021) in which over 300 artists and groups in different cities have interpreted the song with the same title, originally written by Roky Erickson 1984.

Exhibitions
Billing has exhibited internationally. Selected solo exhibitions include:
 2021: In Purple, Konsthall 16, Riksidrottsmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden
 2020: In Purple, Hollybush Gardens, London, United Kingdom
 2019: In Purple, Stadsbiblioteket, Jönköping, Sweden
 2017: Jam Session, with Betty Bailey, Et al., San Francisco, United States
 2017: About Art: I'm Lost Without Your Rhythm, Trondheim Kunstmuseum, Trondheim, Norway
 2016: Keeping Time, Villa Croce, Genova, Italy
 2015: Pulheim Jam Session, Hollybush Gardens, London, United Kingdom
 2014: I'm Gonna Live Anyhow Until I Die, Fieromilanocity, Milan, Italy
 2012: I'm Gonna Live Anyhow until I Die, The Mac, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
 2011: I'm Lost Without Your Rhythm, Crystal, Stockholm, Sweden
 2010: I'm Lost Without Your Rhythm, Modern Art Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
 2009: I'm Lost Without Your Rhythm, Camden Art Centre, London, United Kingdom
 2009: This Is How We Walk On the Moon, Mercer Union, Toronto, Canada
 2008: This Is How We Walk On the Moon, Malmö Konsthall, Malmö, Sweden
 2007: Forever Changes, Museum for Gegenwartskunst, Basel, Schweiz
 2007: Keep on Doing, DCA, Dundee Contemporary Art Center, Dundee, United Kingdom
 2007: Another Album and other films, Jönköpings Konstmuseum, Jönköpings, Sweden
 2007: Another Album, Hollybush Gardens, London, United Kingdom
 2006: Magical World, PS.1, New York, United States
 2005: Magical World, Hollybush Gardens, London, United Kingdom
 2001: Where She Is At, Moderna Museet Projekt, Stockholm, Sweden
 2001: Where She Is At, Oslo Kunsthall, Oslo, Norway

Notable works
 In Purple (2019)
 Pulheim Jam Session (2015)
 I'm Gonna Live Anyhow until I Die (2012)
 I'm Lost Without Your Rhythm  (2009)
 This Is How We Walk On the Moon (2007)
 Another Album (2006)
 Magic & Loss  (2005)
 Magical World  (2005)
 You Don't Love Me Yet  (2003)
 Where She Is At  (2001)
 Missing Out (2001)
 Project For a Revolution  (2000)
 Graduate Show  (1999)

Publications

Johanna Billing - Works [Paperback]
 Johanna Billing: Look Behind Us a Blue Sky [Hardback]

References

External links
Official website

1973 births
Living people
Swedish contemporary artists
Swedish video artists
21st-century Swedish women artists
21st-century Swedish artists

Johanna Billing


Sai Ying Pun Community Complex is located at 2 High Street, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong. It is a 9-storey building built on the site of the Old Mental Hospital, of which only the granite facade and arched verandah were preserved.

History
The Old Mental Hospital was built in 1892. It was designed by Danby & Leigh (now Leigh & Orange). It was used as a quarters for the European nursing staff of the Civil Hospital (1846-1937) until the World War II. Originally, it contains only 10 bedrooms for the nurses, a matron's office, a chemical laboratory, 12 servants' quarters and other living, dining, kitchen, office and storage facilities.
In the 1940s, the east wing was extended and six more arches were added to the original north facade, containing 18 arches with a pediment marking the middle and turrets at the ends to form a classically proportioned structure, during an extension uphill. The building was used to accommodate staff in 1941.

Mental Hospital
It was turned into a mental hospital after the war. In 1947, this mental hospital was the only one of its type in the city when the population in Hong Kong was one and a half million.

The building was a female block of the mental hospital in the 1940s.

It continued to function as such until the Castle Peak Mental Hospital opened in 1961, and switched back as a day treatment centre for psychiatric out-patients until 1971.

High Street Ghost House
Tales of ghostly sightings were spread since it was abandoned in the 1970s. Therefore, it is popularly known as "High Street Ghost House" or Haunted House in High Street.
This building became the haunt of curious teenagers and drug addicts who used the methadone clinic nearby before the reconstruction, because the building remained unoccupied for 20 years from 1970s.

It fell into disrepair and was badly ruined by two fires, which were believed to be inadvertently started by trespassers.
The Hong Kong Government decided in 1990s to keep the façade and rebuild a community centre within. In 2001, work was finally completed.

Therefore, only the north façade of the historic building is restored and preserved during the construction of Sai Ying Pun Community Complex as the historic building is the only specimen of its kind in Hong Kong.

The remains of the historic building is a Grade I Historic Building. It is part of the Central and Western Heritage Trail.

Facilities
There is a community hall in the Sai Ying Pun Community Complex.
It now houses several charity organizations, which provide services to the local community.

Gallery

See also
 Facadism
 King George V Memorial Park, Hong Kong

References

External links

Sai Ying Pun Community Complex: Rehabilitation
Old Mental Hospital (Sai Ying Pun Community Complex Community Hall)

Grade I historic buildings in Hong Kong
Sai Ying Pun

Sai Ying Pun Community Complex


Subclass could mean:

 Subclass (biology), a taxonomic rank intermediate between class and superorder
 Subclass (computer science), a class that is derived from another class or classes
 Subclass (database theory), a class which inherits its data members and methods of their superclasses
 Subclass (set theory), a class contained in some other class in the same way that a subset is a set contained in some other set

et:Alamklass

Subclass


Hexadecimal floating point (now called HFP by IBM) is a format for encoding floating-point numbers first introduced on the IBM System/360 computers, and supported on subsequent machines based on that architecture, as well as machines which were intended to be application-compatible with System/360.

In comparison to IEEE 754 floating point, the HFP format has a longer significand, and a shorter exponent. All HFP formats have 7 bits of exponent with a bias of 64. The normalized range of representable numbers is from 16−65 to 1663 (approx. 5.39761 × 10−79 to 7.237005 × 1075).

The number is represented as the following formula: (−1)sign × 0.significand × 16exponent−64.

Single-precision 32-bit
A single-precision HFP number (called "short" by IBM) is stored in a 32-bit word:

{|
|- style="text-align:center"
|style="width:20px"|1
|style="width:20px"|
|style="width:50px"|7
|style="width:20px"|
|style="width:20px"|
|style="width:210px"|24
|style="width:20px"|
|style="text-align:left"|(width in bits)
|- style="text-align:center"
|colspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:#FC9"|S
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background-color:#99F"|Exp
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background-color:#9F9"|Fraction
|colspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:#FFF"|
|- style="text-align:center"
|31
|30
|...
|24
|23
|...
|0
|align="left"|(bit index)*
|-
|colspan="8"| * IBM documentation numbers the bits from left to right, so that the most significant bit is designated as bit number 0.
|}

In this format the initial bit is not suppressed, and the
radix (hexadecimal) point is set to the left of the significand (fraction in IBM documentation and the figures).

Since the base is 16, the exponent in this form is about twice as large as the equivalent in IEEE 754, in order to have similar exponent range in binary, 9 exponent bits would be required.

Example
Consider encoding the value −118.625 as an HFP single-precision floating-point value.

The value is negative, so the sign bit is 1.

The value 118.62510 in binary is 1110110.1012. This value is normalized by moving the radix point left four bits (one hexadecimal digit) at a time until the leftmost digit is zero, yielding 0.011101101012. The remaining rightmost digits are padded with zeros, yielding a 24-bit fraction of .0111 0110 1010 0000 0000 00002.

The normalized value moved the radix point two hexadecimal digits to the left, yielding a multiplier and exponent of 16+2. A bias of +64 is added to the exponent (+2), yielding +66, which is 100 00102.

Combining the sign, exponent plus bias, and normalized fraction produces this encoding:

{|
|- style="text-align:center"
|style="width:20px;text-align:center;background-color:#FC9"|S
|style="width:90px;text-align:center;background-color:#99F"|Exp
|style="width:250px;text-align:center;background-color:#9F9"|Fraction
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#FFF"|
|- style="text-align:center"
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#FEC"|
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#CCF"|
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#CFC"|
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#FFF"|
|}

In other words, the number represented is −0.76A00016 × 1666 − 64 = −0.4633789… × 16+2 = −118.625

Largest representable number
{|
|- style="text-align:center"
|style="width:20px;text-align:center;background-color:#FC9"|S
|style="width:90px;text-align:center;background-color:#99F"|Exp
|style="width:250px;text-align:center;background-color:#9F9"|Fraction
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#FFF"|
|- style="text-align:center"
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#FEC"|
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#CCF"|
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#CFC"|
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#FFF"|
|}

The number represented is +0.FFFFFF16 × 16127 − 64 = (1 − 16−6) × 1663 ≈ +7.2370051 × 1075

Smallest positive normalized number
{|
|- style="text-align:center"
|style="width:20px;text-align:center;background-color:#FC9"|S
|style="width:90px;text-align:center;background-color:#99F"|Exp
|style="width:250px;text-align:center;background-color:#9F9"|Fraction
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#FFF"|
|- style="text-align:center"
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#FEC"|
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#CCF"|
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#CFC"|
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#FFF"|
|}

The number represented is +0.116 × 160 − 64 = 16−1 × 16−64 ≈ +5.397605 × 10−79.

Zero
{|
|- style="text-align:center"
|style="width:20px;text-align:center;background-color:#FC9"|S
|style="width:90px;text-align:center;background-color:#99F"|Exp
|style="width:250px;text-align:center;background-color:#9F9"|Fraction
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#FFF"|
|- style="text-align:center"
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#FEC"|
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#CCF"|
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#CFC"|
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#FFF"|
|}

Zero (0.0) is represented in normalized form as all zero bits, which is arithmetically the value +0.016 × 160 − 64 = +0 × 16−64 ≈ +0.000000 × 10−79 = 0. Given a fraction of all-bits zero, any combination of positive or negative sign bit and a non-zero biased exponent will yield a value arithmetically equal to zero. However, the normalized form generated for zero by CPU hardware is all-bits zero. This is true for all three floating-point precision formats. Addition or subtraction with other exponent values can lose precision in the result.

Precision issues
Since the base is 16, there can be up to three leading zero bits in the binary significand. That means when the number is converted into binary, there can be as few as 21 bits of precision. Because of the "wobbling precision" effect, this can cause some calculations to be very inaccurate. This has caused considerable criticism.

A good example of the inaccuracy is representation of decimal value 0.1. It has no exact binary or hexadecimal representation. In hexadecimal format, it is represented as 0.19999999...16 or 0.0001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001...2, that is:

{|
|- style="text-align:center"
|style="width:20px;text-align:center;background-color:#FC9"|S
|style="width:90px;text-align:center;background-color:#99F"|Exp
|style="width:250px;text-align:center;background-color:#9F9"|Fraction
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#FFF"|
|- style="text-align:center"
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#FEC"|
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#CCF"|
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#CFC"|
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#FFF"|
|}

This has only 21 bits, whereas the binary version has 24 bits of precision.

Six hexadecimal digits of precision is roughly equivalent to six decimal digits (i.e. (6 − 1) log10(16) ≈ 6.02). A conversion of single precision hexadecimal float to decimal string would require at least 9 significant digits (i.e. 6 log10(16) + 1 ≈ 8.22) in order to convert back to the same hexadecimal float value.

Double-precision 64-bit
The double-precision HFP format (called "long" by IBM) is the same as the "short" format except that the fraction field is wider and the double-precision number is stored in a double word (8 bytes):

{|
|- style="text-align:center"
|style="width:20px"|1
|style="width:20px"|
|style="width:50px"|7
|style="width:20px"|
|style="width:20px"|
|style="width:320px"|56
|style="width:20px"|
|style="text-align:left"|(width in bits)
|- style="text-align:center"
|colspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:#FC9"|S
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background-color:#99F"|Exp
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background-color:#9F9"|Fraction
|colspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:#FFF"|
|- style="text-align:center"
|63
|62
|...
|56
|55
|...
|0
|align="left"|(bit index)*
|-
|colspan="8"| * IBM documentation numbers the bits from left to right, so that the most significant bit is designated as bit number 0.
|}

The exponent for this format covers only about a quarter of the range as the corresponding IEEE binary format.

14 hexadecimal digits of precision is roughly equivalent to 17 decimal digits. A conversion of double precision hexadecimal float to decimal string would require at least 18 significant digits in order to convert back to the same hexadecimal float value.

Extended-precision 128-bit
Called extended-precision by IBM, a quadruple-precision HFP format was added to the System/370 series and was available on some S/360 models (S/360-85, -195, and others by special request or simulated by OS software). The extended-precision fraction field is wider, and the extended-precision number is stored as two double words (16 bytes):

{|
|-
|colspan="8" |High-order part
|- style="text-align:center"
|style="width:20px"|1
|style="width:20px"|
|style="width:50px"|7
|style="width:20px"|
|style="width:20px"|
|style="width:320px"|56
|style="width:20px"|
|style="text-align:left"|(width in bits)
|- style="text-align:center"
|colspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:#FC9"|S
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background-color:#99F"|Exp
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background-color:#9F9"|Fraction (high-order 14 digits)
|colspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:#FFF"|
|- style="text-align:center"
|127
|126
|...
|120
|119
|...
|64
|align="left"|(bit index)*
|-
|colspan="8" |Low-order part
|- style="text-align:center"
|colspan="4"|8
|
|56
|
|style="text-align:left"|(width in bits)
|- style="text-align:center"
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#CCC"|Unused
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background-color:#9F9"|Fraction (low-order 14 digits)
|colspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:#FFF"|
|- style="text-align:center"
|63
|colspan="2"|...
|56
|55
|...
|0
|align="left"|(bit index)*
|-
|colspan="8"| * IBM documentation numbers the bits from left to right, so that the most significant bit is designated as bit number 0.
|}

28 hexadecimal digits of precision is roughly equivalent to 32 decimal digits. A conversion of extended precision HFP to decimal string would require at least 35 significant digits in order to convert back to the same HFP value. The stored exponent in the low-order part is 14 less than the high-order part, unless this would be less than zero.

Arithmetic operations
Available arithmetic operations are add and subtract, both normalized and unnormalized, and compare. Prenormalization is done based on the exponent difference. Multiply and divide prenormalize unnormalized values, and truncate the result after one guard digit. There is a halve operation to simplify dividing by two. Starting in ESA/390, there is a square root operation. All operations have one hexadecimal guard digit to avoid precision loss. Most arithmetic operations truncate like simple pocket calculators. Therefore, 1 − 16−8 = 1. In this case, the result is rounded away from zero.

IEEE 754 on IBM mainframes
Starting with the S/390 G5 in 1998, IBM mainframes have also included IEEE binary floating-point units which conform to the IEEE 754 Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic. IEEE decimal floating-point was added to IBM System z9 GA2 in 2007 using millicode and in 2008 to the IBM System z10 in hardware.

Modern IBM mainframes support three floating-point radices with 3 hexadecimal (HFP) formats, 3 binary (BFP) formats, and 3 decimal (DFP) formats. There are two floating-point units per core; one supporting HFP and BFP, and one supporting DFP; there is one register file, FPRs, which holds all 3 formats.  Starting with the z13 in 2015, processors have added a vector facility that includes 32 vector registers, each 128 bits wide; a vector register can contain two 64-bit or four 32-bit floating-point numbers.  The traditional 16 floating-point registers are overlaid on the new vector registers so some data can be manipulated with traditional floating-point instructions or with the newer vector instructions.

Special uses
The IBM HFP format is used in:

 SAS 5 Transport files (.XPT) as required by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for New Drug Application (NDA) study submissions,
 GRIB (GRIdded Binary) data files to exchange the output of weather prediction models (IEEE single-precision floating-point format in current version),
 GDS II (Graphic Database System II) format files (OASIS is the replacement), and
 SEG Y (Society of Exploration Geophysicists Y) format files (IEEE single-precision floating-point was added to the format in 2002).

As IBM is the only remaining provider of hardware using the HFP format, and as the only IBM machines that support that format are their mainframes, few file formats require it.  One exception is the SAS 5 Transport file format, which the FDA requires; in that format, "All floating-point numbers in the file are stored using the IBM mainframe representation. [...] Most platforms use the IEEE representation for floating-point numbers. [...] To assist you in reading and/or writing transport files, we are providing routines to convert from IEEE representation (either big endian or little endian) to transport representation and back again." Code for IBM's format is also available under LGPLv2.1.

Systems that use the IBM floating-point format
 IBM System/360 and successors
 RCA Spectra 70
 English Electric System 4
 GEC 4000 series minicomputers
 Interdata 16-bit and 32-bit computers
 SDS Sigma series
 Data General minicomputers
 ICL 2900 Series computers
 Siemens 7.700 and 7.500 series mainframes and successors

The decision for hexadecimal floating-point

The article "Architecture of the IBM System/360" explains the choice as being because "the frequency of pre-shift, overflow, and precision-loss post-shift on floating-point addition are substantially reduced by this choice." This allowed higher performance for the large System/360 models, and reduced cost for the small ones. The authors were aware of the potential for precision loss, but assumed that this would not be significant for 64-bit floating-point variables. Unfortunately, the designers seem not to have been aware of Benford's Law which means that a large proportion of numbers will suffer reduced precision.

The book "Computer Architecture" by two of the System/360 architects quotes Sweeney's study of 1958-65 which showed that using a base greater than 2 greatly reduced the number of shifts required for alignment and normalisation, in particular the number of different shifts needed. They used a larger base to make the implementations run faster, and the choice of base 16 was natural given 8-bit bytes. The intention was that 32-bit floats would only be used for calculations that would not propagate rounding errors, and 64-bit double precision would be used for all scientific and engineering calculations. The initial implementation of double precision lacked a guard digit to allow proper rounding, but this was changed soon after the first customer deliveries.

See also
 IEEE 754 Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic
 Microsoft Binary Format

References

Further reading

 Harding, L. J. (1966), "Idiosyncrasies of System/360 Floating-Point", Proceedings of SHARE 27, August 8–12, 1966, Presented at SHARE XXVII, Toronto, Canada
 Harding, L. J. (1966), "Modifications of System/360 Floating Point", SHARE Secretary Distribution, pp. 11–27, SSD 157, C4470

Computer arithmetic
Floating Point Architecture
Floating point
Floating point types

IBM hexadecimal floating-point


Cavers Castle, also known as Cavers House, is a ruined tower house located at Cavers, Scottish Borders, Scotland. Cavers Castle was a much extended tower house of the Douglas family dating back to the 15th or 16th century, and built upon the site of an earlier stronghold of the Balliols. It was repeatedly attacked during the 16th century wars with England, and substantially remodelled in the 17th century to form a mansion house, itself extended and remodelled in baronial style by Peddie and McKay in the 1890s. It was eventually deroofed and partially demolished in the 1950s, and was sold most recently in 2019. There are developing plans to restore the building, which is a listed building.

History
The lay lands and barony of Cavers first appear in the hands of the Balliol family in 1268, when Alexander de Balliol of Cavers is first mentioned in documents. The church lands of Cavers, by comparison, were held by Jedburgh Abbey from early in the reign of King William the Lion.

During the Scottish Wars of Independence, Alexander Balliol of Cavers was captured – perhaps at Dunbar in 1296, and in return for his release fought for King Edward I of England from 1297, although the English kept his son in the Tower of London as insurance for his good behaviour. In 1311 the castle was occupied by an English garrison, but there are no mentions of it after the fall of Jedburgh Castle to the Scots in 1314. The English presentation of a priest to Cavers church in 1319 suggests the area remained subject to English authority. A safe conduct was issued at Cavers by James Douglas in 1321 to permit a group of English cavalry to enter Scotland, but the castle is not specifically mentioned. In 1358 Cavers was held by the Earl of Mar, the Balliols having been forfeited of their estates for their opposition to the regime of Robert the Bruce. In 1368 the Earl of Douglas, elsewhere at this date styled lord of the barony of Cavers was granted lands in the barony of Cavers in a document signed there, indicating that the buildings of a baronial centre of sorts had been erected there by this date. In 1397, Cavers was in the hands of Isabel, Countess of Mar, the niece of Earl Thomas, and in the early 15th century, she granted the lands and barony of Cavers to her nephew, Archibald Douglas, the younger of the two illegitimate sons of James, Earl of Douglas. This was disputed by King Robert III, who granted them to Sir David Fleming of Biggar, as well as by George Douglas, Earl of Angus, who had been granted the rights of Cavers held by Sir James Sandilands. Archibald had his grant confirmed by King James I in 1412, and became heritable Sheriff of Roxburgh/Teviotdale – these two titles were used interchangeably.

Given the general context of baronial castle building in Scotland and the Borders at this time, and the wealth and status of the Balliols, one might expect a ditched manorial centre, which may have been built, and defended, partially in timber. However, nothing remains today of the castle which can be conclusively identified as pre-dating the Douglas period of ownership. Although a mid-13th-century piscina has been built into the tower, it was set in place with cement, dating this event firmly to the late 19th or early 20th century.

Again, given the general context, it is likely that Archibald (last mentioned in 1455) was the builder of the tower house which formed the core of the castle up until its demolition in the 1950s. On the basis of general style, the tower is dated to the 15th or early 16th century, and the "castrum" of Cavers is first mentioned in a charter of 1511.

William Douglas of Cavers was "well-beloved" by James III, and he and his followers fought for James III at the battle of Sauchieburn on 11 June 1488, St Barnabas day. They were forgiven by his victorious son James IV.  A charter of 1509 mentions that William Douglas of Cavers had been killed resisting the English. James IV made the castle and lands of Cavers a free barony in August 1511 for Sir James Douglas (d. 1545). In 1523 Teviotdale was attacked by the English with its strongholds described as overthrown, and again in 1542.

Cavers was burnt in June 1542 by English raiders led by Jak of Musgay and Little John Heron, who burnt lands and stole goods on the Caill Water and in Teviotdale. In March 1543 Regent Arran forgave Walter Scott of Branxholme who had been accused in 1535 of burning Cavers and Denholm with the English border warden Lord Dacre and Christopher Dacre.

During the war known as the Rough Wooing the tower of Cavers or its farm was burnt by Lord Hertford in September 1545. In 1547, after the battle of battle of Pinkie, William Douglas of Cavers (the sixth laird) swore allegiance to King Edward VI along with the Kerr lairds of Ferniehirst and Cessford. The English journalist of the war, William Patten, wrote that the Laird of Cavers gave his oath of assurance to the Duke of Somerset on 23 September 1547 at Roxburgh Castle, with many other lairds of Teviotdale and the marches.

The lairds of Cavers are not prominent in records at this time, being overshadowed by the Kerr Wardens of the Middle March, whose authority was military and cross-border. The domestic authority of the sheriff was perhaps less important. The tower house remained a significant building, being depicted as a tall tower, barmkin wall and ancillary courtyard buildings on Pont's map of 1590 – 1600. From the disbanding of the guard on the border by King James VI in 1621, any remaining military function the castle may have had ceased, and from this date onwards it served primarily as the residence of the Douglas lairds.

In January 1570 Richard Norton and his son Francis, English exiles from Naworth after the Rising of the North found a refuge at Cavers. In the 1580s, Robert Douglas of Cavers was Gentleman of Horse to Archibald Douglas, 8th Earl of Angus. James VI and I made a return visit to Scotland in 1617. He rode from Dunglass Castle to Cavers on 14 May 1617. While the king was at Cavers, he knighted William Fenwick of Northumberland.

Sir William Douglas, ninth laird of Cavers, surrendered his hereditary office of Sheriff of Roxburghshire to the crown in 1626 for £20,000 Scots. He was a supporter of the National Covenant, and the Hawick Covenant, which he signed in 1638, was kept at Cavers. Development of the castle after 1603 is as yet unclear, but it is clear that the estate, like many others suffered financially during the latter 17th and first half of the 18th century. The family also failed to flourish, with the 12th, 14th, 15th, and 16th lairds all being succeeded by brothers, and the 17th laird by a cousin. The last of the direct male Douglas line died in 1878. The military map drawn up by General William Roy of c1750 shows that the house was the centre of a large estate, but was not surrounded by much in the way of formal gardens. The earliest photographs of Cavers House show that it had been much extended by the late 19th century, when the Palmer Douglas family had become lairds, and domesticized to have the appearance of a large house, the old tower being completely subsumed. At this time the house was often leased out to guests along with shooting rights, the family themselves preferring to reside at Midgard House from 1863. Amongst people known to have worked at the house during the 19th century was the botanist John Scott, who served his horticultural apprenticeship at Cavers.

In the 1890s, the house was remodelled in grand baronial style, which was undoubtedly a further burden to a struggling estate, but the impact of both World Wars was substantial, and according to family records Archibald Palmer Douglas returned to Cavers House from Midgard in the 1940s, which was provided with electricity in 1946 for the first time. He died the following year, and his son James factored the estate on behalf of his grandmother until 1949. Death duties resulted in the estate being broken up, and although James attempted to sell the house, he could not find a buyer, and after being deroofed, the house was used for explosives practice in 1954 before being sold off along with the rest of the broken-up estate. The old tower survives as a shell along with part of the attached mansion.

References

External links
Cavers Castle on The Castle Guy
Douglas of Cavers pennant, National Museums of Scotland

Castles in the Scottish Borders
Category B listed buildings in the Scottish Borders
Buildings and structures in the Scottish Borders
Demolished buildings and structures in Scotland
Former castles in Scotland
House of Balliol
House of Douglas and Angus

Cavers Castle


The Shadow Secretary of State for the Family was a short-lived position in the British Shadow Cabinet. It was created in 2004 by then Conservative Party leader, and Leader of the Opposition, Michael Howard. It was an unusual Shadow Cabinet role in that it did not shadow a specific department or Secretary of State, rather it shadowed various responsibilities of other departments such as the Department for Education and Skills.

The role was held by only one person, Theresa May, who for much of her tenure held it in conjunction with the job of Shadow Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport.

The position was abolished by David Cameron when he was elected Leader of the Conservative Party and Leader of the Opposition on 6 December 2005.

List of Shadow Secretaries of State for the Family

 Theresa May MP (15 June 2004 - 6 December 2005)

References

External links
 Theresa May at They Work For You
 Her Majesty's Official Opposition as at 21 May 2005

Official Opposition (United Kingdom)


Collinsia corymbosa is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family known by the common name round-headed Chinese houses. It is endemic to the coastline of California north of the San Francisco Bay Area, where it is uncommon and scattered. Its habitat is the sand dunes of the immediate coastline. This is an annual herb producing a scaly, hairy, red to reddish green stem which grows upright or decumbent to a maximum length of about 25 centimeters. The thick, sparsely hairy leaves are rippled and lobed along the edges, which may be somewhat turned under. The inflorescence is a dense whorl of several distinctive flowers. Each has a hairy calyx of lobed reddish sepals and a corolla up to about 2 centimeters long. The flower has two small upper lobes and three longer lower lobes which come together in a nearly tubular shape. It is generally white with a light purple tint. The smaller upper lobes curl back and dry to brown at their lips.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
USDA Plants Profile
Photo gallery

corymbosa
Endemic flora of California
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Plants described in 1868

Collinsia corymbosa


Roger S. Christiansen (born October 2, 1952) is an American television director.

Christiansen has worked as a director, associate director and technical coordinator for number of notable television series. His credits include Friends, Joey, Girlfriends, Hannah Montana, Drake & Josh, iCarly, Zoey 101, True Jackson, VP, The Haunted Hathaways, Suddenly Susan, Murphy Brown, Mad About You, The Drew Carey Show and For Your Love.

In addition, Christiansen has also taught film at University of Southern California School of Cinematic Arts, Columbia University Film Division, Tokyo University of Technology and The School of Film and Television in Cuba.

References

External links

1952 births
American television directors
Living people
People from New London, Connecticut
University of Southern California faculty
Columbia University faculty

Roger Christiansen


Natalya Yevgenyevna Sedykh (Russian: Ната́лья Евге́ньевна Седы́х) (born 10 July 1948) is a Russian retired figure skater, ballet dancer, and film actor.

Sedykh was born in Moscow. As a very young girl, she was enthralled by a television broadcast of figure skating. She began skating at the age of four, and became known as "the smallest skater in the Soviet Union". A 1962 televised version of The Dying Swan brought her to the attention of director Aleksander Rou, who cast her as the ingenuous heroine Nastyenka in his 1964 fairy tale film Jack Frost, and also in his 1968 film Fire, Water, and Brass Pipes.

In 1969, Sedykh graduated ballet school at the Bolshoi Theater and joined the theater's company, first as a member of the corps de ballet and later as a soloist. She toured internationally in The Sleeping Beauty, The Nutcracker, The Seagull, and Anna Karenina, in which she danced alongside Maya Plisetskaya and Māris Liepa.

She married the composer Victor Lebedev and moved to Leningrad. Her former boyfriend, a fellow artist from the Bolshoi, was so consumed by jealousy that he followed her to Leningrad and attempted to strangle her, then threatened her with a knife. She managed to escape without injury, but was severely shaken. Her assailant went abroad shortly afterwards. She remained married to Lebedev for ten years, and they had one son, Alexei.

In 1990, Sedykh joined the company of Mark Rozovsky's Nikitsky Gate Theater in Moscow, where she continues to perform.

References

External links

1948 births
Living people
Figure skaters from Moscow
Soviet ballerinas
Russian ballerinas
Soviet female single skaters
Russian female single skaters
Russian film actresses
Soviet actresses
20th-century Russian actresses

Natalya Sedykh


Cotchford Farm is a farmhouse building to the southwest of the village of Hartfield, East Sussex, in the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, in southern England.  The building stands on Cotchford Lane, a private lane off the B2026 between Hartfield and Duddleswell.  It is located close to the Ashdown Forest, and roughly equidistant from East Grinstead about  to the west on the A22, Royal Tunbridge Wells to the east on the A26, and Uckfield to the south. Its owners have included author A. A. Milne and musician Brian Jones, who drowned in the swimming pool at the house in July 1969. It is listed Grade II on the National Heritage List for England.

The building is a timber-framed farmhouse, with "L" plan, possibly dating to the 17th century or perhaps the mid-16th century. It was probably originally built with wattle and daub infilled walls and a thatched roof, but was later refaced with red brick on the ground floor, and the roof rehung with tiles.  The main block has three storeys oriented approximately north–south, with a two-storey wing to the south, and the kitchen in a single storey addition off the north end of the main block. Inside, the house has a split-level drawing room with inglenook fireplace, and views in four directions but mainly over the garden to the east and south, and also an oak-panelled dining room.  Upstairs are six bedrooms, four on the first floor and two on the second floor.

The building was bought as a country home by the author A. A. Milne in 1925. Milne wrote all of his Winnie-the-Pooh books at the house, often inspired by the local landscape, and died at Cotchford Farm in 1956.  There are statues of Milne's son, Christopher Robin, and his character Owl in the garden, and also a sundial with a gnomon in the shape of a quill and a base carved with images of Pooh characters, including Piglet, Tigger and Roo, the initials "AAM", the words "This warm and sunny spot belongs to Pooh, And here he wonders what it's time to do". A stream runs through trees along the southern boundary of the garden, with Poohsticks Bridge approximately  upstream to the west.

After being owned by an American couple, the Taylors, who installed an outdoor swimming pool, the house was bought by Rolling Stones band member Brian Jones. He drowned in the swimming pool in July 1969, aged 27. The house retains some of the fittings he installed, including coloured lighting and glazing. It was bought by Alistair Johns in 1970 and became a Grade II listed building in 1982.

The house was put on sale by Johns's wife, Harriet Johns, for £2m in April 2012, including its  plot with the heated outdoor swimming pool and fishpond. It failed to sell, and was put up for sale again in 2016, and was sold for £1.8m in June 2017.

References

 6 bedroom detached house for sale, Rightmove, 5 October 2012
 Cotchford Lane, Hartfield, East Sussex, TN7 4DN, Savills,
 No interest in Rolling Stones pool tragedy house, The Argus, 3 February 2013
 You can buy the house where Winnie the Pooh was born (if you've got a spare £1.9m), Metro, 14 March 2016

A. A. Milne
Farmhouses in England
Grade II listed buildings in East Sussex
Grade II listed houses
Hartfield
Ashdown Forest

Cotchford Farm


Pierre-Simon-Benjamin Duvivier (3 November 1730 – 10 July 1819) was a French engraver of coins and medals.

Early years

Pierre-Simon-Benjamin Duvivier was born in Paris on 3 November 1730.  He was son of the well-known medallist Jean Duvivier and of his wife, Louise Vignon.  His family originated from Liège.
His brother was Thomas-Germain-Joseph Duvivier, also a painter and engraver.
His sister Jeanne-Louise-Françoise married the engraver Jacques-Nicolas Tardieu and is on record as having made several engravings herself.

Benjamin Duvivier was placed in the Collège Mazarin to study humanities and philosophy, where he met and befriended Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron and Nicolas Louis de Lacaille, the future astronomer.
He planned to undertake a voyage of exploration with Anquetil-Duperron, but was forced to cancel it for reasons of health.
When his father violently objected to his decision to follow a career in art, he left home and moved in with his sister and brother-in-law, the Academician Tardieu.
His mother died in 1752.
On 25 September 1756 he won a medal from the Academy for a nature scene.

Career

Benjamin Duvivier's father died on 30 April 1761. Benjamin applied to the king to retain the position that his father had occupied in the Louvre Galleries, and on 7 June 1762 this was granted to him, and he thus assumed his father's job as medallist to the King.
Benjamin Duvivier probably had more talent than his father.
On 24 November 1764 he was accepted as a Member of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture.
On 13 February 1765 he obtained a brevet royal that authorized him to spend a year in Italy.
On 21 August 1774 he obtained the position of general engraver of coins, replacing Joseph-Charles Roëttiers.

Duvivier drew portraits of several members of the royal family during the reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI.
Duvivier exhibited at the Salons of 1769, 1773, 1775, 1777, 1779, 1781, 1783, 1785, 1793 and 1798.
At the Salon of 1773, visitors could compare Duvivier's medal in honor of Frederick III, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg with a portrait bust of the King by his friend Jean-Antoine Houdon.
In 1788 he was listed as a foreign associate of the Academy of Science and Arts that Alexandre-Marie Quesnay de Beaurepaire had founded in Richmond, Virginia.
He made medals of George Washington and, in 1791, of Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette.

Duvivier taught his brother-in-law Pierre-Joseph Tiolier (1763-1819), who was appointed General Engraver of the mint in 1803.
During the French Revolution, on 11 July 1791 Duvivier's title and position were abolished and he was replaced by his former assistant Augustin Dupré.
In 1806 Duvivier was appointed to the engraving section of the Beaux-Arts school at the Institut de France.
He died in Paris on 10 July 1819.
His son may have been the painter Français Duvivier, who opened an academy of drawing and painting in Philadelphia in 1796.

Gallery

References
Citations

Sources

External links

French medallists
Engravers from Paris
1730 births
1819 deaths
18th-century French engravers

Pierre-Simon-Benjamin Duvivier


California Kickers were a soccer club based in Hollywood, California. They joined the Western Soccer Alliance in 1986. They initially played as Hollywood Kickers before changing their name for the following season. In 1990 the team name was changed again, becoming the California Emperors when they joined the American Professional Soccer League. After the 1991 season, the team left the league to become an amateur club. In 1986 the first year the Kickers held open tryouts for the highest adult level players along with Collegiate players looking to play professional soccer, which was scarce once NASL folded their teams. On this first roster, there were standout local plays like: Martín Vásquez (Cal State LA and former indoor player for LA Lazers), Alberto Bru (Cal State LA player), Steve Singleman (Cal State LA), and Mike Page (Cal State LA), Mike Getchel (UCLA), Paul Krumpe (UCLA), Steve Ledezzma (Simi Valley High School), Rudy Ybarra (Former LA Aztecs and Santa Barbara), Armando Ceja (Cal State LA), Daniel Behrendt (UC Berkeley), Brian Myrdal (Mt. San Antonio) Getulio (Brazilian International player, São Paulo Brazil) Short season and no playoffs the Hollywood Kickers played consistently to win the first title of the Western Soccer Alliance expansion. Their home field was Birmingham High Stadium in Van Nuys California. Coached by Dieter Hochheimer from Germany.

Owners

Jaime Legaspi and Dean Foley ( 1990–2004 )

John Ajemian (1987-1989)

Head coach
 Dieter Hochheimer

Year-by-year

References

Soccer clubs in Los Angeles
Defunct soccer clubs in California
Western Soccer Alliance teams
Soccer clubs in California
Association football clubs established in 1986
1986 establishments in California

California Kickers


Matthew 12:43-45 is a passage comprising the 43rd to 45th verses in the twelfth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament.

Content
In the original Greek according to Westcott-Hort, these verses are:
43:Ὅταν δὲ τὸ ἀκάθαρτον πνεῦμα ἐξέλθῃ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, διέρχεται δι᾿ ἀνύδρων τόπων, ζητοῦν ἀνάπαυσιν, καὶ οὐχ εὑρίσκει.
44:Τότε λέγει, Ἐπιστρέψω εἰς τὸν οἶκόν μου ὅθεν ἐξῆλθον. Καὶ ἐλθὸν εὑρίσκει σχολάζοντα, σεσαρωμένον καὶ κεκοσμημένον.
45:Τότε πορεύεται καὶ παραλαμβάνει μεθ᾿ ἑαυτοῦ ἑπτὰ ἕτερα πνεύματα πονηρότερα ἑαυτοῦ, καὶ εἰσελθόντα κατοικεῖ ἐκεῖ· καὶ γίνεται τὰ ἔσχατα τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐκείνου χείρονα τῶν πρώτων. Οὕτως ἔσται καὶ τῇ γενεᾷ ταύτῃ τῇ πονηρᾷ.

In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads:
43:When the unclean spirit is gone out of a man, he walketh through dry places, seeking rest, and findeth none.
44:Then he saith, I will return into my house from whence I came out; and when he is come, he findeth it empty, swept, and garnished.
45:Then goeth he, and taketh with himself seven other spirits more wicked than himself, and they enter in and dwell there: and the last state of that man is worse than the first. Even so shall it be also unto this wicked generation.

The New International Version translates the passage as:
43:"When an evil spirit comes out of a man, it goes through arid places seeking rest and does not find it.
44:Then it says, 'I will return to the house I left.' When it arrives, it finds the house unoccupied, swept clean and put in order.
45:Then it goes and takes with it seven other spirits more wicked than itself, and they go in and live there. And the final condition of that man is worse than the first. That is how it will be with this wicked generation."

Analysis
Christ continues to expound on the subject of demoniacal possession, having just healed a possessed man. Lapide writes that the Scribes were spiritually possessed, and that their unclean spirit was driven out by the law of God, from the Jews, who were the people of God, among whom God dwelt, and manifested Himself by prophecies and miracles. This evil wandered through desert places, but when they reject God's grace which Christ offers that spirit returns to them and causes them to blaspheme Christ.

It is said that the house is the soul, which is empty, since it is lacking God, and devoid of His grace. It is swept clean of all virtue, piety and goodness.

Notably, in Tobit 8 there is an example of the devil Asmodeus being bound by Raphael and sent to a desert place, that he may not injure others.

Commentary from the Church Fathers
Chrysostom: "The Lord had said to the Jews, The men of Nineveh shall rise in the judgment with this generation, and shall condemn it; that they should not therefore be careless, He tells them that not only in the world to come but here also they should suffer grievous things; setting forth in a sort of riddle the punishment that should fall upon them; whence He says, When the unclean spirit has gone out of a man."

Jerome: "Some suppose that this place is spoken of heretics, because the unclean spirit who dwelt in them before when they were Gentiles, is cast out before the confession of the true faith; when after they went over to heresy, and garnished their house with feigned virtues, then it is that the Devil, having taken to him other seven evil spirits, returns and dwells in them; and their last state becomes worse than their first. And indeed heretics are in a much worse condition than the Gentiles; for in the heretics was a hope of faith, in the Gentiles a war of discord. Yet though this exposition has a plausibility and a show of learning, I am doubtful of its truth. For by the concluding words of this, whether it be parable or example, Titus shall it he to this evil generation, we are compelled to refer it, not to heretics, or to men in general, but to the Jewish people. So the context of the passage may not shift about loosely and vaguely, and be like unmeaning speeches, but may be consistent with itself from first to last. The unclean spirit then went out from the Jews when they received the Law; and being cast out of the Jews, he walked through the wilderness of the Gentiles; as it follows, He walketh through dry places seeking rest."

Saint Remigius: "He calls the hearts of the Gentiles, dry places, as lacking all the moisture of wholesome waters, that is of the holy Scriptures, and of spiritual gifts, and strangers to the pouring in of the Holy Spirit."

Rabanus Maurus: "Or, the dry places are the hearts of the faithful, which after they have been purged from the weakness of loose thoughts, the crafty lier-in-wait tries if by any means he may fix his footsteps there; but flying from the chaste spirit, the Devil finds no resting-place to his mind but in the heart of the wicked; as it follows, and findeth none."

Saint Remigius: "The Devil supposed he should have rest for ever among the Gentiles, but it is added, and findeth none, because when the Son of God appeared in the mystery of His incarnation, the Gentiles believed."

Jerome: "And when they believed on the Lord, the Devil, finding no place among the nations, said, I will return into my house whence I came out; I have the Jews from whom I formerly departed. And when he is come, he findeth it empty, swept, and garnished. For the temple of the Jews was empty, and had not Christ to dwell therein, He having said, Arise, let us go hence. (John 14:31) Seeing then they had not the protection of Angels, and were burdened with the useless observances of the Law, and the traditions of the Pharisees, the Devil returns to his former dwelling, and, taking to him seven other dæmons, inhabits it as before. And the last state of that nation is worse than the first, for they are now possessed by a larger number of dæmons in blaspheming Jesus Christ in their synagogues, than they were possessed with in Egypt before they had knowledge of the Law; for it is one thing to have no belief that He should come, another not to receive Him when He is come. A number seven-fold is joined with the Devil, either because of the sabbath, or from the number of the Holy Spirit; (Is. 11:2) that as in Isaiah upon the bud which comes from the root of Jesse, seven spirits of virtues are related to have descended; so on the other hand an equal number of vices should be poured forth upon the Devil. Beautifully then are seven spirits said to be taken to him, either because of the breaking of the sabbath, or because of the heinous sins which are contrary to the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit."

Chrysostom: "Or, herein He may be showing forth their punishment. As when dæmoniacs have been loosed from their infirmity, if they after become remiss, they draw upon themselves more grievous illusions, so shall it be among you—before ye were possessed by a dæmons, when you worshipped idols, and slew your sons to dæmon yet I forsook you not, but cast out that dæmon by the Prophets, and afterwards came Myself seeking to purify you altogether. Since then ye would not hearken to me, but have fallen into more heinous crime, (as it is greater wickedness to slay Christ than to slay the Prophets,) therefore ye shall suffer more heavy calamities. For what befel them under Vespasian and Titus, were much more grievous than they had suffered in Egypt, in Babylon, and under Antiochus. And this indeed is not all He shows concerning them, but also that since they were destitute of every virtue, they were more fit for the habitation of dæmons than before. It is reasonable to suppose that these things were said not to them only, but also to us. If after being enlightened and delivered from our former evils, we are again possessed by the same wickedness, the punishment of these latter sins will be greater than of the first; as Christ spake to the paralytic, Behold, thou art made whole, sin not, lest a worse thing come upon thee. (John 5:14)"

Rabanus Maurus: "For when any one is converted to the faith, the Devil is cast out of him in Baptism, who driven thence wanders up and down through the dry places, that is, the hearts of the faithful."

Gregory the Great: " The dry places where no water is are the hearts of the righteous, which by the power of discipline are dried from all humours of carnal lust. The wet places are the minds of worldly men, which the humour of carnal lust fills, and makes watery; in such the Devil imprints his footsteps the more deeply, inasmuch as in his wanderings he comes down upon such hearts as upon low and marshy ground."

Rabanus Maurus: "And returning to his house whence he had gone out, he findeth it empty, of good works through slothfulness, swept, that is, of its old vices by Baptism, and garnished with feigned virtues through hypocrisy."

Augustine: " So that in these words the Lord signifies that some shall so believe, as not to have strength for the work of continence, and shall return to the world. He taketh unto him other seven, is to be understood that when any has fallen from righteousness, he shall also have hypocrisy. For the lust of the flesh being cast out of its wonted works by penitence, when it finds not any delights in which it may rest, returns the more greedily, and again takes possession of the soul, if carelessness has ensued, and there has not been introduced as the dweller in the cleansed abode the word of God in sound doctrine. And as he will not only have the seven vices which are the contraries of the spiritual virtues, but will hypocritically feign that he has the virtues, therefore his old lust, taking to itself seven other worse, that is, this seven-fold hypocrisy, returns to him so as to make the last state of that man worse than the former."

Gregory the Great: " For it often happens that the soul in the commencement of its progress is lifted up, and prides itself on its virtues, that it opens an entrance to the adversary who is raging against it, and who shows himself the more violent in breaking into it, by how much he was grieved at being cast out, though but for a short space."

References

External links
Other translations of Matthew 12:43 at BibleHub
Other translations of Matthew 12:44 at BibleHub
Other translations of Matthew 12:45 at BibleHub

12:45

Matthew 12:43–45


Léon Jongen (2 March 1884 – 18 November 1969) was a Belgian composer and organist.

Musical career
He was born in Liège, on March 2, 1884. His father Alphonse had an atelier there and worked as a woodcarver.  Jongen studied at the Royal Conservatory of Liège and was appointed as organist at the Saint-Jacques church of Liège after his graduation in 1898. He left his post at Saint-Jacques church in 1908 in order to tour Europe with a piano quartet. He eventually settled in Paris, becoming accompanist to the tenor Imbart de la Tour.  In 1913 he won the Prix de Rome with his cantata Les fiancés de Noël.

After the First World War, Jongen travelled the world: he visited Africa, India, China, Japan, and Hanoi. While in Hanoi he conducted the Tonkin Opera from 1927 to 1929. In 1934 he returned to Belgium to become a professor of fugue at the Royal Conservatory of Brussels. The Commission de surveillance gave his several directorial responsibilities in 1938 and officially appointed him as director on August 1, 1939. He succeeded his brother Joseph Jongen. His appointment as director lasted till  1949. Between 1960 and 1962 Léon Jongen was the chairman of the Queen Elisabeth Competition.

Jongen composed symphonic works and operas. Even though he was a great admirer of the French romantic school and even knew some influence by César Franck, his musical style evolved towards more modernistic traits.  He died in Brussels.

Selected works

 Étude Symphonique pour Servir de Prélude à l' Oedipe Roi 1908
 Roxelane 1920
 Suite Provençale 1926
 Suite Provençale No. 3 1926
 Campeador 1932
 In Memoriam Regis  1934
 Malaisie 1935
 Venezuela 1936
 Fanfare 1939
 Improvisation 1943
 Six Esquisses 1943
 Quatre Miniatures 1949
 Musique pour un Ballet 1954
 Divertissement en Forme de Variations sur un Thème de Haydn 1955
 Fanfare 1957

References

External links
 Biography and list of works at CeBeDeM

1884 births
1969 deaths
Flemish composers
Prix de Rome (Belgium) winners
Royal Conservatory of Liège alumni

Léon Jongen


Ozoir-la-Ferrière is a French railway station in Ozoir-la-Ferrière, in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region. It is served by RER E.

Location
The station is at kilometric point 34.207 of Paris-Est–Mulhouse-Ville railway. Its altitude is 111 m.

History
The Chemins de fer de l'Est company put into service Ozoir-la-Ferrière station on 9 February 1857, as the section from Nogent–Le Perreux to Nangis opened to commercial service. The section originally opened with a single track, until a second one was put into service on 23 April. The next section, from Nangis to Flamboin, opened on 25 April 1857.

The former Ozoir station was located halfway between Roissy-en-Brie and the current station, on Roissy commune. The new station was inaugurated on 30 September 1984.

In 2000, a contract between the state and the Île-de-France region organized the expansion of the RER E from Villiers-sur-Marne to Tournan. On 14 February 2002, the STIF board of directors approved the pilot program. On 14 December 2003, the line was cut from its historical network to Paris-Est, and linked with RER E leading to Haussmann–Saint Lazare underground station. The integration modified journeys and timetables, and improved services at the station.

Platforms were raised from 0.55 meters (1.80 ft) to 0.92 meters (3.02 ft), to facilitate access to the carriages. Facilities improved accessibility to people with limited mobility. Screens on the platforms show real time information.

According to SNCF figures, in 2014, 2,143,800 passengers entered Ozoir station.

Service

Facilities
The station has three exits and is accessible to disabled people. Facilities include an elevator, two automatic ticket dispensers and two help booths. It is equipped with the Infogare information display system.

Train service
Ozoir-la-Ferrière is served by RER E trains running on E4 branch, between Haussmann–Saint Lazare and Tournan. It is served by one train every 30 minutes in both directions (every 15 minutes during peak hours).

Connections
Car parks are set near the station. It is served by :
 Arlequin bus lines 5 and 14
 Stigo bus lines 11 and 201
 Pep's bus line 13
 Seine-et-Marne Express bus line 16
 Sit'bus line A
 OLFI communal electric shuttle
 Noctilien night bus line N142

See also
 List of stations of the Paris RER
 Paris-Est–Mulhouse-Ville railway
 RER E

References

External links

Réseau Express Régional stations
Railway stations in Seine-et-Marne
Railway stations in France opened in 1857

Ozoir-la-Ferrière station


Auckland County is one of the 141 cadastral divisions of New South Wales. It is at the extreme south-east of the state, with the Victorian border to the south, and the area to the north of the Brogo River the boundary to the north. It includes Bega, Eden and Merimbula.

The county was named after George Eden, who was the First Earl of Auckland between (1784-1849). In 1852, it had an area of  and was described as being mountainous with fertile plains.

Parishes within this county
A full list of parishes found within this county; their current LGA and mapping coordinates to the approximate centre of each location is as follows:

References

Counties of New South Wales

Auckland County


Superhero movies are movies about superheroes. Superhero movies are generally, only always, based on comic books. There were a lot of superhero movies made during World War II. Sometimes superhero movies aren't really about DC and Marvel superhero characters but are independently produced based on characters from other comic book companies.

This is a list of live-action films based on the characters from DC Comics (Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, etc.) and Marvel Comics (Spider-Man, Hulk, etc.).

History
Adventures of Captain Marvel was a 1941 black and white movie based on the superhero Captain Marvel from DC Comics.

In 1944, there was a serial called Captain America about a superhero called Captain America from Marvel Comics. Shorty after, there was the movie Batman based on the DC Comics character of Bruce Wayne.

In 1952, there was a movie based on the DC Comics character of Superman.

In 1957, there was a television series called The Adventures of Superman based on DC Comics.

In 1966, CBS aired its television series Batman with Adam West and Burt Ward as Batman and Robin.

Also in 1966, Warner Brothers made a movie based on the Batman series. In the 1970s and 1980s, a number of television studios filmed made for television movies about DC Comics and Marvel Comics superheroes including Wonder Woman, Thor and The Incredible Hulk.

The 1990s saw the introduction of superhero television shows based on DC Comics including The Flash television series.  The 1990s were also when they started to make movies about Blade, a superhero from Marvel Comics.

In 1978, Warner Brothers made the movie Superman and over the years filmed several sequels to it.

In 1989, they made the movie Batman starring Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne and Jack Nicholson as the Joker. Tim Burton and Joel Shulmacher filmed three sequels to it.

Also in 1989, they made the movie The Punisher based on the Marvel Comics antihero of same name starring Dolph Lundgren as Frank Castle/Punisher.

In 2000, 20th Century Fox filmed the movie X-Men, based on Marvel Comics, and made a series of it.

In 2002, Sony Pictures made the movie Spider-Man based on the character of Peter Parker and starring Tobey Maguire with Willem Dafoe as the Green Goblin.

Sony also filmed Spider-Man 2 in 2004 and Spider-Man 3 in 2007.

Pixar filmed the animated movie The Incredibles in 2004 as a parody of superhero movies.

In 2008, Heath Ledger earned the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor when he played the Joker in the movie The Dark Knight. He became the first actor ever to win an Oscar for a superhero movie. More recently, the movie Black Panther was nominated for an Oscar but did not win.

Also in 2008, Columbia Pictures made the movie Hancock starring Will Smith as the titular character, an alcoholic, reckless Los Angeles-based superhero.

In 2017, the stars of Gal Gadot, Warner Bros. filmed the movie Wonder Woman.

Superhero movie