Helen Willa Samuels (born 1943) is an American archivist and scholar in archival studies. She is best known for her essay "Who Controls the Past", which introduced the concept of archival documentation strategy, and her book Varsity Letters: Documenting Modern Colleges and Universities.

Biography
Helen Samuels was born in Queens, New York City, in 1943. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Queens College in 1964 and a Masters in Library Science from Simmons College in 1965. She began her career in libraries in 1967 as the Music Specialist at the Massachusetts Public Library in Brookline, and worked as the Music Librarian at the Hilles Library at Radcliffe College until 1972.

In 1972 she was hired by the University of Cincinnati to run their fledgling archival program, a repository participating of the Ohio Historical Society's regional network. There she collaborated with faculty in the history department in order to create the university's first institutional archive, eventually holding the position as Head of Special Collections. In 1977, she became the first Institute Archivist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she built a collection of institutional records to document the history of the university. Based on her experience in this position and funded by an Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Grant, she wrote Varsity Letters: Documenting Modern Colleges and Universities, which was published in 1992, and which received the Society of American Archivists' Waldo Gifford Leland Award.

Her final professional position was at MIT in the role of Special Assistant to the Associate Provost. In that capacity she worked in research and writing for numerous campus policy and information issues. She also worked as an educator, consulted to other institutional repositories, and served in several professional organizations before her retirement in 2006.

According to Jelain Chubb and Ben Primer, during her career Samuels established herself as a respected voice in archival theory, particularly for the development of appraisal in an academic setting and her work processing science-related collections. She emphasized a "documentation strategy" for appraisal and intake of collections that consists of researching and documenting society and its institutions in an active, systematic, and comprehensive way.

Major contributions

Documentation strategy
Samuels introduced the idea of documentation strategy in her American Archivist article "Who Controls the Past". While repositories had been implementing collection policies for some time, the idea of a documentation strategy was a new intellectual framework to guide archival practice. Samuels defined documentation strategy as "a plan formulated to assure the documentation of an ongoing issue, activity, or geographic area (e.g., the operation of the government of the state of New York, labor unions in the United States, the impact of technology on the environment)". Whereas collections policies governed the appraisal choices within an individual institutional archive, a documentation strategy would be based on subject, governing that process across several different repositories. Samuels noted the importance of collaboration between complementary institutions, as only a small fraction of archival records can be preserved by each archive.

Institutional functional analysis
Samuels' book Varsity Letters: Documenting Modern Colleges and Universities serves as the introduction to her theory of institutional functional analysis. This theory re-examined the popular archival method of processing a collection based on an institution's administrative structure and instead posited that institutional archivists should process records based on their function. She argued that functions are often spread across departments in universities and other institutions, and so archival records must be processed according to their use. She offered seven institutional functions: confer credentials, convey knowledge, foster socialization, conduct research, sustain the institution, provide public service, and promote culture. Although Samuels wrote this text specifically for colleges and universities, the archival practice of institutional functional analysis has been applied in many other institutional settings.

Selected publications
Processing Manual for the Institute Archives and Special Collections, MIT Libraries (Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1981)
"An Analysis of Processing Procedures: The Adaptable Approach." (with Karen T. Lynch), American Archivist 45 / Spring 1982
"Who Controls the Past" American Archivist Volume 49, Number 2 / Spring 1986
"The Roots of 128: A Hypothetical Documentation Strategy" (with Philip N. Alexander), American Archivist 50 / Fall 1987
"The Archivist's First Responsibility: A Research Agenda to Improve the Identification and Retention of Records of Enduring Value" (with Richard J. Cox), American Archivist 51 / Winter/Spring 1988).
North American Archival Identity," Second European Conference on Archival Proceedings, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1989 (Paris: International Conference on the Archives, 1989)
Varsity Letters: Documenting Modern Colleges and Universities. Chicago, Ill.: Society of American Archivists ; Metuchen, N.J. : Scarecrow Press, 1992
Improving Our Disposition: Documentation Strategies, Archivaria 33 (Winter 1991–92): 125-40
Controlling the past: documenting society and institutions: essays in honor of Helen Willa Samuels Chicago: Society of American Archivists, 2011

References

See also
List of archivists
Archival Appraisal

1943 births
American archivists
Simmons University alumni
Living people
Queens College, City University of New York alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
Fellows of the Society of American Archivists
Female archivists
Music librarians

Helen Willa Samuels


Christine A. Dailey (born September 7, 1959) is an American women's basketball coach, who has been the associate head coach for the Connecticut Huskies women's basketball team since 1988. Dailey was inducted into the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame in 2018.

Early life and education
Raised in New Brunswick, New Jersey, Dailey played prep basketball at St. Peter the Apostle High School.

Dailey graduated from Douglass College of Rutgers University in 1982. She played basketball for Rutgers from 1978-1982 and was a captain in her final two seasons. She graduated with a Bachelor of Science in health and physical education.

Coaching career

Connecticut (asst.)
Dailey was hired as an assistant for UConn in 1985 and was promoted to associate head coach in 1988. She has helped lead UConn to eleven national titles, 25 conference regular season titles, and 24 conference tournament championships. In 2018, Dailey and Mickie DeMoss were inducted into the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame as the only assistant coaches to be inducted.

Acting head coach
On occasion, the head coach of the team is unable to be present for a game, and head coaching duties are taken on by the most senior assistant. In the case of UConn that is Dailey, who was initially assistant coach, but then became associate head coach. Although the NCAA rules credit the game result (win or loss) to the head coach of record not to the acting head coach, both the media and fans tend to keep track of the results when an assistant steps in for the head coach.

Geno Auriemma became a head coach in 1985 and made it until 1989 before missing a game.  In the 1988–89 season, UConn played a preseason scrimmage against Division III Eastern Connecticut State.  While the game was not intended to be part of the regular season schedule, there were some questions about whether it qualified as a preseason game or as a regular-season game. If it qualified as a regular-season game, it would mean that UConn was guilty of scheduling more regular-season games than permitted. If they played all those games, they would not be eligible for the Big East tournament.  UConn found out about the issue while the season was in progress. Syracuse was gracious enough to cancel the regular-season game against UConn. Even though that solved the problem and permitted UConn to participate in the Big East tournament, UConn administrators decided to impose a suspension for Auriemma. He would not be permitted to coach the final regular-season game against St. John's or any games in the Big East tournament.

Dailey stepped in as head coach in the regular-season finale against St. John's on 25 February 1989 and the team helped her earn her first "win", 73–58.

Dailey was still acting head coach as they played their first game in the Big East tournament against Georgetown.  When Dailey took the court as acting head coach, UConn's historical record in the Big East tournament was 1–6, with the lone victory being a 52–51 win over Boston College in 1984, before Auriemma was coach. Auriemma's record as a Big East tournament coach was 0-3.

The first game was against Georgetown, and UConn prevailed 85 – 73, resulting in the first Big East tournament win since Auriemma became head coach. The next day, they played Boston College and won easily 65 – 45. This brought them to their first-ever conference final game. With Dailey at the helm they beat Providence 84 – 65, giving UConn the first-ever Big East tournament champion title, and Dailey an unofficial 4-0 career record as acting head coach.

It would be eight more years before Auriemma would miss another game. In 1997, Auriemma's father died, the Friday before the Big East tournament. Dailey again stepped in to take over the head coaching duties. UConn easily won the first game against Villanova 63-45. In the semifinal game, UConn faced Miami, who were leading 16–15 seven minutes into the game, but UConn responded with a 17–2 run to take control of the game. The Huskies ended up winning 98–71. The championship game was against Notre Dame. It was a three-point game halfway through the first half, but UConn ran off 11 consecutive points and Notre Dame never seriously threatened the remainder the game. The final, in favor of UConn, was 86–77. Dailey now had an unofficial 7-0 career record as acting head coach.

Auriemma then went 22 seasons without missing a game. In 2019, Auriemma was ill and decided not to make the road trip to Tulsa and Wichita State. Dailey again stepped in as acting head coach. On 24 February 2019 UConn defeated Tulsa 68–49. Although Tulsa had a 14–9 lead early in the game, UConn took the lead late in the first quarter and the margin was in double digits for all the second half.

Two days later, UConn played Wichita State and Napheesa Collier scored 32 points to help UConn to an 84–47 win to keep Dailey's consecutive win streak alive, now at 9-0.

In December 2019, Auriemma missed a game due to scheduled surgery. Dailey took over at the Basketball Hall of Fame Showcase in the Mohegan Sun Arena against Oklahoma. Olivia Nelson-Ododa had 27 points, 15 rebounds and seven blocks to help ensure that Dailey remained undefeated when taking over for Auriemma. The final score was 97–53.

The following season the world was dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic, and Auriemma tested positive just before the beginning of the NCAA tournament. It was a first-round game. UConn typically has not had difficulty with first-round opponents, and this was no different. With Dailey coaching the team, UConn beat High Point 102–59. The second-round game was against Syracuse with Dailey still taking over the head coaching duties. Syracuse was within two points early in the second quarter, but UConn opened a 16-point lead by halftime and ended up winning 83–47. Dailey's unofficial record extended to 12–0.

UConn faced Creighton on 2 February 2022. UConn was ranked 10th in the country and Creighton was unranked, so on paper, it did not seem like this should be a tough test. However, Creighton scored the first six points of the game and pulled out to a 12-point lead 18-6 late in the first quarter. This was the toughest challenge to date for Dailey's streak. UConn responded but was still down at halftime. The Huskies outscored the Blue Jays 19–8 in the third quarter and then cruised to a 76–56 win. There were closer final scores, but this probably qualified as the first game where the outcome seemed in doubt.

Auriemma also missed the Basketball Hall of Fame Showcase game during the 2022–23 season. The game against Florida State was almost the opposite of the game against Creighton. UConn was up by 15 at the end of the first quarter and stretched the lead to 23, seemingly on the way to an easy win, but Florida State did not cooperate and cut into the lead, getting the margin down to four, before UConn finished up with an eight-point win 85–77, bringing Dailey's unofficial record to 14–0.

On doctor's orders, Auriemma missed the UConn game against Seton Hall on 21 December 2022. Dailey took over the head coaching duties and presided over again whose outcome was never in doubt. Seton Hall never led, and UConn won the game 98–73, extending Dailey's record to 15–0.

In January 2023, the team traveled to Indianapolis for games against Butler and Xavier. Auriemma traveled with the team and attended the morning shootaround, but was not feeling well and decided to sit out the evening game so Daley took over again as head coach. UConn scored the first eight points, leading Butler to call a timeout. After Butler scored, UConn also went on a 10 – 0 run. Edwards was dominant for the Huskies outscoring the Bulldogs herself in the opening quarter. Butler did better in the second quarter hitting multiple threes and cutting the lead to five points before UConn closed the half leading by 14. UConn was dominant in the third period, and coasted to the 33-point victory, 80–47. Dailey went to 16–0 as acting head coach.

Dailey filled in for Auriemma once more in the game against Xavier, when the head coach was unavailable due to illness. Only eight players dressed for the game, and when Edwards crashed into chairs on the sidelines tracking down an errant ball, the team held a route for the rest of the game, leaving them with only seven players for the rest of the game. "We had enough people to finish the game, so that's a good sign," said Dailey, "We've tried holy water. We've tried sage burning. None of them seem to work. It's just something we have to deal with. Whoever we have, we feel like we have enough." UConn started off the game slowly hitting only one of the first nine shots but then started scoring opening up a 31-point lead by halftime. Griffin had 17 points in the first half, while Juhász went eight for 12 in the game, scoring 18 points. Dailey is now 17–0 when filling in for Auriemma.

References

External links
 Connecticut Profile

1959 births
Living people
American women's basketball coaches
American women's basketball players
Basketball players from New Jersey
Douglass College alumni
UConn Huskies women's basketball coaches
Rutgers Scarlet Knights women's basketball coaches
Rutgers Scarlet Knights women's basketball players
Sportspeople from New Brunswick, New Jersey
St. Peter the Apostle High School alumni

Chris Dailey


The Chapel of San Bartolomé () is a funerary chapel in the historic centre of Córdoba, Spain. It is dated between 1390 and 1410. Richly decorated, it is one of the city's finest examples of Mudéjar art.

History
Located on the Calle Averroes in today's Faculty of Arts building, the relatively unknown chapel is one of the city's most notable monuments. With the development of the Alcázar Viejo district in 1391 and the later expulsion of the Jews from La Judería, the parish of San Bartolomé was established while a church of the same name was constructed between 1399 and 1410. The little building continued to operate as a parish church until the 17th century, possibly awaiting completion of a larger church. Restored in 1953 and 2006, the chapel is a fine example of ancient Mudéjar art.

Architecture
Rectangular in shape, the area is divided into two sections, one for the chapel itself, the other for a courtyard. Built of rusticated sandstone, the chapel has a rectangular floor measuring  by . The chancel is slightly higher than the remainder of the building. There are two doors, one through a porch opening into a courtyard on Calle Averroes, the second, strangely locked from the outside, providing access into a side chapel which may have been connected to a sacristy in another building.

The entrance from the courtyard has a pointed arch with a few simple decorations while the other entrance, also pointed, has zigzag or sawtooth decorations. Two small columns bearing Islamic decorations with scrolls and leaves support the elegantly rib-vaulted ceiling. The interior walls are richly decorated with yeseria plasterwork and tiling while the floor is also decorated with alternating tiles. The wall decorations combine depictions of plants, geometric patterns and heraldry. The coats of arms belong to the Knights of the Band, an order created by King Alfonso XI. Inscriptions are in both Kufic and Naskh scripts.

Listing
The chapel has been listed as a historic monument since 1931.

References

External links

Roman Catholic churches in Córdoba, Spain
Roman Catholic chapels in Spain
Historic centre of Córdoba, Spain
Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in the Province of Córdoba (Spain)
Azulejos in buildings in Andalusia
Buildings and structures completed in 1410
Funerary art
Mudéjar architecture in Andalusia

San Bartolomé, Córdoba


Eugene Davenport (June 20, 1856 – March 31, 1941) was an American academic and agriculturist from Michigan. Davenport studied at the undergraduate and graduate level at Michigan State Agricultural College. He taught at the school for two years, then briefly led an agricultural college in Brazil. When he returned to the U.S. he accepted he position as dean of the University of Illinois College of Agriculture. He is credited with greatly growing the institution in his 27 years and was named vice president of the university from 1920 to 1922. He retired and wrote a memoir on his farm until his death.

Biography
Eugene Davenport was born on June 20, 1856, on a farm in Barry County, Michigan near Woodland. He was the only child of George Martin and Esther (Sutton) Davenport. He attended both public and private schools. Davenport began teaching when he reached the age of eighteen. He attended the Michigan State Agricultural  College, graduating in 1878. Davenport then returned to the family farm and taught at a nearby private school. He returned to college to obtain a Master of Science degree, graduating in 1884.

Davenport again returned to the college in 1888 study under William James Beal. He was named a professor of agriculture and superintendent of the college farm in 1889. He only held the position for two years before leaving to preside over an agricultural school in Piracicaba, Brazil. However, Davenport left in April 1892 to study at the Rothamsted Experimental Station in Harpenden, England. At some point he returned to the family farm near Woodland.

In the fall of 1894, Davenport agreed to become dean of the College of Agriculture at the University of Illinois. Arriving January 1, 1895, Davenport found that there were only nine students and that the school offered only a short course in the winter. Furthermore, the new president of the university, Andrew S. Draper, disliked the agricultural studies. Davenport was made professor of animal husbandry that March, Draper initially refused to allow Davenport to hire any fellow instructors. Davenport secured funds from outside sources to provide for faculty, and Draper finally relented to allow hiring in the summer of 1896 with Perry Greeley Holden and Wilber J. Fraser.

Davenport was appointed director of the Agricultural Experiment Station in 1896. He co-founded the Illinois Farmers' Institute, which he used to lobby the Illinois General Assembly for funds for the school. In 1899, the assembly approved a motion to appropriate money for the construction of an agricultural building. He published his first textbook, Principles of Breeding, in 1907. This was followed by Education for Efficiency in 1909, where he argued for teaching home economics and agriculture in public school. During World War I he was part of a committee advising the government on food policy.

The connections that Davenport made during the war helped to provide more funds and influence for the college. In 1920, Davenport was named vice president of the university, a position he held until his retirement two years later. He then returned to the family farm near Woodland. He wrote a memoir, Timberland Times, which was published posthumously in 1950. He was also working on an autobiography, but was unable to finish it.

Davenport married Emma Jane Coats on November 2, 1881. They had two daughters: Dorothy (died an infant) and Margaret. His surviving daughter died in 1930 and his wife followed in 1935. Politically, Davenport was a Republican and he staunchly supported prohibition of alcohol and tobacco. Davenport was the only member of the Michigan Convention to Ratify the 21st Amendment (repealing prohibition) to vote against it. He was raised in the Universalist church but later became a Congregationalist. Davenport died on his farm on March 31, 1941 following kidney disease. He was buried at Woodland Memorial Park. The College of Agriculture at the University of Illinois was renamed Davenport Hall in his honor.

References

1856 births
1941 deaths
People from Barry County, Michigan
Michigan State University alumni
Michigan State University faculty
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty

Eugene Davenport


Ptolemy V Epiphanes Eucharistos (, Ptolemaĩos Epiphanḗs Eucharistos "Ptolemy the Manifest, the Beneficent"; 9 October 210–September 180 BC) was the King of Ptolemaic Egypt from July or August 204 BC until his death in 180 BC.

Ptolemy V, the son of Ptolemy IV and Arsinoe III, inherited the throne at the age of five when his parents died in suspicious circumstances. The new regent, Agathocles, was widely reviled and was toppled by a revolution in 202 BC, but the series of regents who followed proved incompetent and the kingdom was paralysed. The Seleucid king Antiochus III and the Antigonid king Philip V took advantage of the kingdom's weakness to begin the Fifth Syrian War (202–196 BC), in which the Ptolemies lost all their territories in Asia Minor and the Levant, as well as most of their influence in the Aegean Sea. Simultaneously, Ptolemy V faced a widespread Egyptian revolt (206–185 BC) led by the self-proclaimed pharaohs Horwennefer and Ankhwennefer, which resulted in the loss of most of Upper Egypt and parts of Lower Egypt as well.

Ptolemy V came of age in 196 BC and was crowned as pharaoh in Memphis, an occasion commemorated by the creation of the Rosetta Stone. After this, he made peace with Antiochus III and married the daughter of Antiochus III Cleopatra I in 194/3 BC. This outraged the Romans, who had entered into hostilities with Antiochus III partially on Ptolemy V's behalf, and after their victory they distributed the old Ptolemaic territories in Asia Minor to Pergamum and Rhodes rather than returning them to Egypt. However, Ptolemaic forces steadily reconquered the south of the country, bringing all of Upper Egypt back under Ptolemaic control in 186 BC. In his last years, Ptolemy V began manoeuvering for renewed warfare with the Seleucid empire, but these plans were cut short by his sudden death in 180 BC, allegedly poisoned by courtiers worried about the cost of the war.

Ptolemy V's reign saw greatly increased prominence of courtiers and the Egyptian priestly elite in Ptolemaic political life, a pattern that would continue for most of the rest of the kingdom's existence. It also marked the collapse of Ptolemaic power in the wider Mediterranean region. Arthur Eckstein has argued that this collapse sparked the "power transition crisis" that led to the Roman conquest of the eastern Mediterranean.

Background and early life
Ptolemy V was the only child of Ptolemy IV and his sister-wife Arsinoe III. The couple had come to power relatively young and ancient historiography remembered Ptolemy IV as being given over to luxury and ceremony, while leaving the government of Egypt largely to two courtiers, Sosibius and Agathocles (the latter being the brother of Ptolemy IV's concubine Agathoclea). In his early reign, Ptolemy IV successfully defeated the rival Seleucid empire in the Fourth Syrian War (219-217 BC), successfully preventing the Seleucid king Antiochus III from seizing Coele Syria for himself. His later reign, however, was troubled by native Egyptian revolts. Between 206 and 205 BC, Ptolemy IV lost control of Upper Egypt to the self-styled pharaoh Hugronaphor.

Ptolemy V was born in 210 BC, possibly on 9 October. He was made co-regent with his father shortly thereafter, probably on 30 November. In July or August of 204 BC, when Ptolemy V was five years old, his father and mother died in mysterious circumstances. It appears that there was a fire in the palace that killed Ptolemy IV, but it is unclear whether Arsinoe III also perished in this fire or was murdered afterwards to prevent her from becoming regent.

Regencies

Regency of Agathocles (204–203 BC)
An uncertain amount of time elapsed after the death of Ptolemy IV and Arsinoe III (perhaps a week) during which Sosibius and Agathocles kept their deaths secret. Some time before September 204 BC, the royal bodyguard and army officers were gathered at the royal palace and Sosibius announced the death of the ruling couple and presented the young Ptolemy V to be acclaimed as king, wrapping the diadem around his head. Sosibius read out Ptolemy IV's will, which made Sosibius and Agathocles regents and placed Ptolemy V in the personal care of his mistress Agathoclea and her mother Oenanthe. Polybius thought that this will was a forgery produced by Sosibius and Agathocles themselves and modern scholars tend to agree with him. Sosibius is not heard of again after this event and it is generally assumed that he died. Hölbl suggests that the loss of his acumen was fatal to the regency.

Agathocles took a number of actions to solidify the new regime. Two months' pay were granted to the soldiers in Alexandria. Prominent aristocrats were dispatched overseas - to secure recognition of the succession from foreign powers and to prevent the aristocrats from challenging Agathocles for supremacy at home. Philammon, said to have carried out the murder of Arsinoe III, was sent to Cyrene as governor in order to assert Ptolemaic rule there. Pelops, governor of Cyprus, was sent to Antiochus III to ask him to continue to respect the peace treaty made with Ptolemy IV at the end of the Fourth Syrian War. Ptolemy, Sosibius' son, was sent to Philip V of Macedon to attempt to arrange an alliance against Antiochus III and a marriage between Ptolemy V and one of Philip V's daughters. Ptolemy of Megalopolis was sent to Rome, probably seeking support against Aniochus III. These missions were failures. Over the following year, Antiochus III seized Ptolemaic territory in Caria, including the city of Amyzon, and by late 203 BC he and Philip V had made a secret agreement to divide the Ptolemaic territories between themselves. War with Antiochus III was expected - Agathocles had also sent an embassy under Scopas the Aetolian to hire mercenaries in Greece in preparation for a conflict, although Polybius claims that his true purpose was to replace the Ptolemaic troops with mercenaries loyal to him.

Alexandrian revolution (203–202 BC)
Agathocles and Agathoclea had already been unpopular before Ptolemy IV's death. This unpopularity was exacerbated by the widespread belief that they had been responsible for the death of Arsinoe III and a string of extrajudicial murders of prominent courtiers. Opposition crystallised around the figure of Tlepolemus, the general in charge of Pelusium, whose mother-in-law had been arrested and publicly shamed by Agathocles. In October 203 BC, when Agathocles gathered the palace guard and army to hear a proclamation in advance of the royal coronation, the assembled troops began to insult him and he barely escaped alive. Shortly after this, Agathocles had Moeragenes, one of the royal bodyguards, arrested on suspicion of ties to Tlepolemus and had him stripped and tortured. He escaped and convinced the army to go into active revolt. After an altercation with Oenanthe (the mother of the regent and his sister) at the temple of Demeter, the Alexandrian women joined the revolt as well. Overnight, the populace besieged the palace calling for the king to be brought to them. The army entered at dawn and Agathocles offered to surrender. Ptolemy V, now about seven years old, was taken from Agathocles and presented to the people on horseback in the stadium. In response to the crowd's demands, Sosibius, son of Sosibius, persuaded Ptolemy V to agree to the execution of his mother's killers. Agathocles and his family were then dragged into the stadium and killed by the mob.

Tlepolemus arrived in Alexandria immediately after these events and was appointed regent. He and Sosibius, son of Sosibius were also made Ptolemy V's legal guardians. Popular opinion soon turned against Tlepolemus, who was considered to spend too much time sparring and drinking with the soldiers and to have given too much money to embassies from the cities of mainland Greece. Ptolemy, son of Sosibius attempted to set his brother Sosibius up in opposition to Tlepolemus, but the plan was discovered and Sosibius was dismissed as guardian.

Fifth Syrian War (202–196 BC)

Since his defeat by Ptolemy IV in the Fourth Syrian War in 217 BC, Antiochus III had been waiting for an opportunity to avenge himself. He had begun seizing Ptolemaic territory in western Asia Minor in 203 BC and made a pact with Philip V of Macedon to divide the Ptolemaic possessions between themselves late in that year. In 202 BC, Antiochus III invaded Coele-Syria and seized Damascus. Tlepolemus responded by sending an embassy to Rome begging for help. At some point over the winter, Tlepolemus was replaced as regent by Aristomenes, a member of the bodyguard who had been instrumental in the seizure of young Ptolemy V from Agathocles.

In 201 BC, Antiochus III invaded Palestine and eventually captured Gaza. The Ptolemaic governor of Coele-Syria, Ptolemy, defected to Antiochus III, bringing his territory with him and remaining its governor. Meanwhile, Philip V seized Samos and invaded Caria.  This led to conflict with Rhodes and the Attalids who also sent embassies to Rome. In summer 200 BC Philip V conquered the Ptolemaic possessions and independent cities in Thrace and the Hellespont and the Romans intervened, starting the Second Macedonian War (200-197 BC).

The Ptolemaic general Scopas led a successful reconquest of Palestine over the winter of 201/200, but Antiochus III invaded again in 200 BC and defeated him decisively at the Battle of Panium. A Roman embassy made an ineffectual attempt to broker a peace between Ptolemy V and Antiochus III, but largely abandoned the Egyptians to their fate. Scopas was besieged at Sidon over the winter, but had to surrender at the beginning of summer 199 BC. He was sent off to his homeland of Aetolia to recruit troops in case Antiochus III moved on to attack Egypt itself. Instead, Antiochus III spent 198 BC solidifying his conquest of Coele-Syria and Judea, which would never again return to Ptolemaic control. In 197 BC, Antiochus III turned on the Ptolemaic territories remaining in Asia Minor, conquering their cities in Cilicia, as well as several of their cities in Lycia and Ionia, notably Xanthos, Telmessus, and Ephesus.

The Egyptian Revolt (204–196 BC)

A revolt had broken out in Upper Egypt under the native pharaoh Hugronaphor (Horwennefer) in the last years of Ptolemy IV's reign and Thebes had been lost in November 205 BC. The conflict continued throughout the infighting of Ptolemy V's early reign and during the Fifth Syrian War. Hugronaphor was succeeded by or changed his name to Ankhmakis (Ankhwennefer) in late 199 BC.

Shortly after this, Ptolemy V launched a massive southern campaign, besieging Abydos in August 199 BC and regaining Thebes from late 199 BC until early 198 BC. The next year, however, a second group of rebels in the Nile Delta, who were linked to Ankhmakis in some way that is not entirely clear, captured the city of Lycopolis near Busiris and invested themselves there. After a siege, the Ptolemaic forces regained control of the city. The rebel leaders were taken to Memphis and publicly executed on 26 March 196 BC, during the feast celebrating Ptolemy V's coronation as pharaoh.

Personal reign

Coronation

By 197 BC the dismal Ptolemaic performance in the war against Antiochus III had completely eroded Aristomenes' authority as regent. Around October or November 197 BC, the Ptolemaic governor of Cyprus, Polycrates of Argos, came to Alexandria, and arranged for Ptolemy V to be declared an adult with a ceremony known as an anacleteria, even though he was only thirteen years old. Polybius writes that Ptolemy V's courtiers "thought that the kingdom would gain a certain degree of firmness and a fresh impulse towards prosperity, if it were known that the king had assumed the independent direction of the government." He was crowned in Memphis by the High Priest of Ptah on 26 March 196. Polycrates now became the chief minister in Alexandria and Aristomenes was forced to commit suicide in the following years.

The day after Ptolemy V's coronation, a synod of priests from all over Egypt who had gathered for the event passed the Memphis decree. The decree was inscribed on stelae, and two of these stelae survive: the Nubayrah Stele and the famous Rosetta Stone. This decree praises Ptolemy V's benefactions for the people of Egypt, recounts his victory over the rebels at Lycopolis, and remits a number of taxes on the temples of Egypt. The decree has been interpreted as a reward for the priests' support of Ptolemy V against the rebels. Günther Hölbl instead interprets the decree as a sign of the priests' increased power. In his view, the priests asserted their right to the remission of taxes, aware that Ptolemy V was relying more heavily on their support than his predecessors had, and he had no choice but to concede.

Peace with Antiochus III

After the Romans decisively defeated Philip V at the Battle of Cynoscephalae in 197 BC, they turned their attention to Antiochus III, whose troops had crossed the Hellespont and entered Thrace. In late 196 or early 195 BC Lucius Cornelius Lentulus met with the Syrian king and, among other things, demanded that Antiochus III return everything he had conquered from Ptolemy V. However, Antiochus announced that he had already begun peace negotiations with Egypt and the Romans departed without achieving anything. Antiochus then concluded peace with Ptolemy, engaging him to his own daughter Cleopatra I. In winter of 194/193 BC, the sixteen-year old Ptolemy V married Cleopatra I, who was somewhere between 14 and 23 years old. Symbolically, Antiochus held the wedding that sealed his conquest of Coele-Syria at Raphia, the site of his great defeat at the hands of Ptolemy IV.

End of the Egyptian Revolt (196–185 BC)
In the mid 190s BC, Ankhmakis made some sort of agreement with King Adikhalamani of Meroe. In return for the southern Egyptian city of Syene, Adikhalamani provided some sort of aid which enabled Ankhmakis to recapture Thebes by autumn 195 BC. Violent battles between the forces of Ptolemy V and Ankhmakis took place around Asyut. In late 191 or early 190 BC, papyrus records indicate that Thebes was once again under Ptolemy V's control. The Ptolemaic general Comanus led this reconquest. In 187 BC, Adikhalamani pulled out of Syene and abandoned his support for Ankhmakis. The priests who had supported Ankhmakis accompanied his troops back to Meroe. On 27 August 186 BC, Ankhmakis and his son led a last-ditch attack on Thebes, but were defeated by Comanus. This victory re-established Ptolemaic rule in Upper Egypt, as well as the Triakontaschoinos. In temples in the region, inscriptions with the names of the Meroitic kings who had ruled the region since 206 BC were scratched out.

Ankhmakis was taken to Alexandria and executed on 6 September 186 BC. Soon after, an official synod of priests gathered in the city and passed a decree, known today as the Philensis II decree, in which Ankhmakis was denounced for rebellion and various other crimes against humanity and the gods. A month later, on 9 October 186 BC, Ptolemy V issued the 'Amnesty Decree', which required all fugitives and refugees to return to their homes and pardoned them for any crimes committed before September 186 BC (except temple robbery). This was intended to restore land to cultivation that had been abandoned during the prolonged period of warfare. To prevent further revolts in the south, a new military governorship of Upper Egypt, the epistrategos, was created, with Comanus serving in the role from 187 BC. Greek soldiers were settled in villages and cities in the south, to act as a garrison force in the event of further unrest.

The rebels in Lower Egypt still continued to fight on. In 185 BC, the general Polycrates of Argos succeeded in suppressing the rebellion. He promised the leaders of the rebellion that they would be treated generously if they surrendered. Trusting this, they voluntarily went to Sais in October 185 BC, where they were stripped naked, forced to drag carts through the city, and then tortured to death. Whether Polycrates or Ptolemy V was responsible for this duplicitous cruelty is disputed.

Foreign policy after the Fifth Syrian War (194/3–180 BC)
After the end of the Fifth Syrian War, Ptolemy V made an effort to reassert Ptolemaic power on the world stage and to claw back some of the territories lost to the Seleucids, with very little success. When the Roman–Seleucid War broke out in 192 BC, Ptolemy V sent an embassy to Rome offering financial and military support, but the Senate refused it, apparently annoyed about the separate peace that Ptolemy V had made with Antiochus III in 194/3 BC. Another embassy to Rome in 191 BC, congratulating the Senate on the Roman victory at the Battle of Thermopylae, was entirely ignored. At the end of the war in 188 BC, when the Romans imposed the Treaty of Apamea on Antiochus III, which forced him to give up all his territory in Asia Minor, they did not return the former Ptolemaic holdings in the region to Ptolemy V, but awarded them to Pergamum and Rhodes instead.

When Antiochus III died in 187 BC and was succeeded by his son Seleucus IV, Ptolemy V began preparations for a renewed war to recapture Coele-Syria. Ptolemy V's childhood friend, the eunuch Aristonicus, was sent to Greece to recruit mercenaries in 185 BC. At the same time, the king revived the alliances that his grandfather Ptolemy III had maintained with the Achaean League, presenting the League with monetary gifts and promising them ships as well. To raise his profile in Greece, Ptolemy V also entered a chariot team in the Panathenaic Games of 182 BC. In the same year, Aristonicus led a naval raid on Syria, attacking the island of Aradus.

Ptolemy V died suddenly in September 180 BC, not yet thirty years old. The ancient historians allege that he was poisoned by his courtiers, who believed that he intended to seize their property in order to fund his new Syrian war.

Regime

Ptolemaic dynastic cult

Ptolemaic Egypt had a dynastic cult, which centred on the Ptolemaia festival and the annual priest of Alexander the Great, whose full title included the names of all the Ptolemaic monarchs and appeared in official documents as part of the date formula. Probably at the Ptolemaia festival in 199 BC, Ptolemy V was proclaimed to be the Theos Epiphanes Eucharistos (Manifest, Beneficent God) and his name was added to the title of the Priest of Alexander. When he married Cleopatra I in 194–3 BC, the royal couple were deified as the Theoi Epiphaneis (Manifest Gods) and the Priest of Alexander's full title was modified accordingly.

Since the death of Ptolemy V's predecessor Arsinoe II, deceased Ptolemaic queens had been honoured with a separate dynastic cult of their own, including a separate priestess who marched in religious processions in Alexandria behind the priest of Alexander the Great and whose names also appeared in dating formulae. That trend continued under Ptolemy V with the establishment of a cult for his mother in 199 BC. Unlike the canephore of Arsinoe II and the athlophore of Berenice II, Arsinoe III's priestess had no special title and served for life rather than a single year.

With the loss of most of the Ptolemaic possessions outside Egypt in the Fifth Syrian War, Cyprus assumed a much more important role within the Ptolemaic empire and this was asserted by the establishment of a centralised religious structure on the island. The governor (strategos) of Cyprus was henceforth also the island's high priest (archiereus), responsible for maintaining a version of the dynastic cult on the island.

Pharaonic ideology and Egyptian religion
Like his predecessors, Ptolemy V assumed the traditional Egyptian role of pharaoh and the concomitant support for the Egyptian priestly elite. As under the two previous rulers, the symbiotic relationship between the king and the priestly elite was affirmed and articulated by the decrees of priestly synods. Under Ptolemy V there were three of these, all of which were published on stelae in hieroglyphs, Demotic, and Greek were published throughout Egypt.

The first of these decrees was the Memphis decree, passed on 27 March 196 BC, the day after Ptolemy V's coronation, in which the king is presented as the 'image of Horus, son of Isis and Osiris'. The decree's description of Ptolemy V's victory over the Lycopolis rebels and of his coronation draws heavily on traditional imagery that presented the pharaoh as a new Horus, receiving the kingship from his dead father, whom he avenges by smiting the enemies of Egypt and restoring order. In honour of his benefactions, the priests awarded him religious honours modelled on those granted by the priestly synods to his father and grandfather: they agreed to erect a statue of Ptolemy V in the shrine of every temple in Egypt and to celebrate an annual festival on his birthday.

These honours were augmented in the Philensis II decree passed in September 186 BC on the suppression of Ankhmakis' revolt. The priests undertook to erect another statue of Ptolemy V in the guise of 'Lord of Victory' in the sanctuary of every temple in Egypt alongside a statue of the main deity of the temple, and to celebrate a festival in honour of Ptolemy V and Cleopatra I every year on the day of Ankhmakis' defeat. This decree was revised in the Philensis I decree, passed in autumn 185 BC on the enthronement of an Apis bull. This decree reinstated the honours for Arsinoe Philadelphus (Arsinoe II) and the Theoi Philopatores (Ptolemy IV and Arsinoe III) in the temples of Upper Egypt, which had been abolished during Ankhmakis' revolt. It also granted Cleopatra I all the various honours that had been granted to Ptolemy V in the earlier decrees.

Ptolemy V's predecessors, since the time of Alexander the Great, had pursued a wide-ranging policy of temple construction, designed to ensure the support of the priestly elite. Ptolemy V was not able to do this on the same scale as his predecessors. One reason for this was the more difficult financial circumstances of Egypt during his reign. Another was the loss of large sections of the country to the rebels - at the temple of Horus at Edfu, for example, it had been planned that a large set of doors would be installed in 206 BC, but the rebellion meant that this did not actually take place until the late 180s. What construction was carried out under Ptolemy V was focussed in the northern part of the country, particularly the sanctuary of the Apis Bull and the temple of Anubis at Memphis. Hölbl interprets this work as part of an effort to build up Memphis as the centre of Egyptian religious authority, at the expense of Thebes, which had been a stronghold of the Egyptian revolt.

Marriage and issue
Ptolemy V married Cleopatra I, daughter of the Seleucid king Antiochus III, in 194 BC and they had three children, who would rule Egypt in various combinations and with a great deal of conflict for most of the rest of the second century BC.

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links
 Ptolemy V Epiphanes entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
 Greek section of Rosetta Stone and Second Philae Decree in English translation

3rd-century BC Pharaohs
2nd-century BC Pharaohs
Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty
Ancient child monarchs
210 BC births
181 BC deaths

Ptolemy V Epiphanes


Yuji Yasuraoka (安良岡裕二 Yasuraoka Yuji) (born January 28, 1971) is a retired Japanese professional wrestler. He is best known for his work in Wrestle Association R, where he became a one-time International Junior Heavyweight Champion and a four-time International Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Champion.

Professional wrestling career

Super World of Sports (1992)
Yasuraoka was trained for a professional wrestling career by Genichiro Tenryu and made his professional wrestling debut for Tenryu's promotion Super World of Sports (SWS) on January 4, 1992, by competing against Toshiyuki Nakahara in a losing effort. Yasuraoka picked up his first win of his career against Tetsuya Yamanaka on June 18. Yasuraoka competed in several matches in SWS until the promotion closed down a few months later on June 19.

Wrestling and Romance / Wrestle Association R

Early years (1992–1995)
Yasuraoka was soon hired by Tenryu for his new promotion Wrestling and Romance (WAR), which was a successor to SWS. He competed in WAR's debut show on July 14, 1992, against Nobukazu Hirai in a losing effort. He wrestled Koji Inomata in several matches during the early days of WAR including a win against Inomata at a WAR/WWF interpromotional event on September 15. Yasuraoka mainly wrestled as a junior heavyweight and lost the majority of the early matches of his career. He also made a few appearances for New Japan Pro-Wrestling during this time as a partnership between NJPW and WAR. At the promotion's 1st Anniversary of Revolution, Yasuraoka teamed with Nobukazu Hirai in a loss to Black Cat and Osamu Nishimura.

At Revolution, Yasuraoka teamed with Nobukazu Hirai to defeat Tatsuhito Takaiwa and Yuji Nagata. At Live War Rise, Yasuraoka teamed with Último Dragón to defeat the team of Arashi and Yaiba. He lost a match to Masanobu Kurisu at 2nd Anniversary of Revolution. On August 28, 1994, Yasuraoka received his first title shot against Último Dragón for the UWA World Middleweight Championship, where he failed to capture the title. He then suffered a loss against Masanobu Kurisu at Mega Power. On March 26, 1995, Yasuraoka entered a tournament to crown the inaugural International Junior Heavyweight Champion, where he lost to Gedo in the quarter-final round. At Battle Angel, Yasuraoka teamed with Último Dragón to defeat Masao Orihara and Ultimate Dragon. At 3rd Anniversary Show, Yasuraoka teamed with Hiroshi Itakura and Osamu Tachihikari to defeat Fukumen Taro, Kamikaze and Masayoshi Motegi in a six-man tag team match.

International Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Champion (1996–1997)
On February 23, 1996, Yasuraoka teamed with Lance Storm to participate in a tournament for the new International Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship, defeating Gran Naniwa and Masaaki Mochizuki in the semi-final before losing to Gedo and Lion Do in the final. Yasuraoka and Storm defeated Gedo and Lion Do in a rematch on March 27 to win the International Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship, marking Yasuraoka's first championship win of his career. After making successful title defenses against Masaaki Mochizuki and Último Dragón on May 26 and El Samurai and Norio Honaga at New Japan Pro-Wrestling's Skydiving J, Storm and Yasuraoka dropped the titles to El Samurai and Jushin Thunder Liger at 4th Anniversary Show. The following night, at Super Summer Wars, Lance Storm, Rey Misterio, Jr., Último Dragón and Yuji Yasuraoka defeated Gedo, Jushin Thunder Liger, Juventud Guerrera and Lion Do.

At Osaka Crush Night, Yasuraoka teamed with Koki Kitahara against Arashi and Masaaki Mochizuki in a losing effort. On November 9, Storm and Yasuraoka regained the International Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship by defeating El Samurai and Jushin Thunder Liger. The following month, at Ryogoku Crush Night, Storm and Yasuraoka made their first title defense against Tiger Mask and Masaaki Mochizuki. The duo would lose the titles to Battle Ranger and Masaaki Mochizuki on February 12, 1997. The duo received a rematch against Ranger and Mochizuki for the titles at the following month's Battle Angel, in which they lost. Shortly after, Yasuraoka had a brief stint with World Championship Wrestling (WCW), where he debuted as a villain introduced by Sonny Onoo on the May 17 episode of Saturday Night, where he defeated enhancement talent Julio Sanchez. After the match, Yasuraoka continued to assault Sanchez until Rey Misterio, Jr. made the save, leading to a match between the two at Slamboree, which Misterio won. Yasuraoka then returned to WAR.

International Junior Heavyweight Champion (1997–1999)
On June 6, 1997, Yasuraoka defeated the J-Crown Champion Jushin Thunder Liger to win the International Junior Heavyweight Championship, his first and only singles championship. Due to Yasuraoka's win the International Junior Heavyweight Championship was removed from the J-Crown Championship. Yasuraoka made his first successful title defense against Masao Orihara at 5th Anniversary Show. He then successfully defended the title against the likes of Masaaki Mochizuki and Battle Ranger. On October 12, Yasuraoka became a double champion as he teamed with Tomohiro Ishii to defeat Masashi Aoyagi and Hirofumi Miura to win the International Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship, beginning Yasuraoka's third reign with the title. The duo vacated the title only six days later on October 18.

In May 1998, Yasuraoka entered New Japan Pro-Wrestling's 1998 Best of the Super Juniors tournament, where he won only one match in his block against the eventual winner Koji Kanemoto, while losing the rest of his matches in the tournament. In July, Yasuraoka teamed with Kendo Kashin to participate in a round robin tournament for the new IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship, which they failed to win as they won only one match in the tournament against eventual winners Shinjiro Otani and Tatsuhito Takaiwa. On September 27, Yasuraoka and Yasha Kurenai entered the Mixed Tag Team Tournament, which they won by defeating Masaaki Mochizuki and Harley Saito in the quarter-final, Nobukazu Hirai and Noriyo Tateno in the semi-final and Koki Kitahara and Eagle Sawai in the final.

On January 15, 1999, Yasuraoka lost the International Junior Heavyweight Championship to Masao Orihara, ending his reign at 588 days. On March 1, Yasuraoka and Tomohiro Ishii defeated Shinjiro Otani and Tatsuhito Takaiwa to win their second International Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship as a team, while marking Yasuraoka's fourth tag team championship reign. At 7th Anniversary Show, Yasuraoka teamed with Masaaki Mochizuki against Naohiro Hoshikawa and Super Delfin in a losing effort. Immediately after losing, Yasuraoka competed against Mochizuki in a match, which Yasuraoka lost. This would be Yasuraoka's last match as he announced his retirement from wrestling after the match, which led Yasuraoka and Ishii to vacate the International Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship.

Retirement
A motorcycle enthusiast before entering pro wrestling, Yasuraoka became a motorcycle mechanic after ending his wrestling career.

Championships and accomplishments
Wrestle And Romance / Wrestle Association R
WAR International Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
WAR International Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship (4 times) – with Lance Storm (2), Tomohiro Ishii (2)
Mixed Tag Team Tournament (1998) - with Yasha Kurenai

References

1971 births
Japanese male professional wrestlers
Living people
People from Yachiyo, Chiba
Sportspeople from Chiba Prefecture
20th-century professional wrestlers
21st-century professional wrestlers
International Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Champions
Tenryu Project International Junior Heavyweight Champions

Yuji Yasuraoka


The Cavendish memorial fountain  is a drinking fountain erected in 1886 at Bolton Abbey, North Yorkshire, England as a memorial to Lord Frederick Cavendish following his murder in Phoenix Park by the Irish National Invincibles in May 1882.  The fountain is a Grade II listed building.

Background

Following the murder of Lord Frederick there were a number of memorials proposed to him; the proposal for a pillar or obelisk at Bolton Abbey was first made in September 1882 by electors of the Northern West Riding of Yorkshire parliamentary constituency (for whom Cavendish had been an MP since 1865).  The proposal was led by William Foster, owner of the Black Dyke Mills, but he died before the proposal came to fruition.  A committee, chaired by Angus Holden was formed to take the idea forward and £2,000 () was raised in donations.

Bids for a memorial were sought and the chosen bid was one designed by Manchester architects Thomas Worthington and John Garrard Elgood.  The design was for a tall crenellated tower to be sited on South Nab, a promontory overlooking the River Wharfe (, ).  In 1884, the Duke of Devonshire (Lord Frederick's father) notified the committee that objections to the planned tower had been received and that it "would be detrimental to the landscape of the district and mar the beauty of the outline".  On the basis of this and also the Duke's own opinion about the unsuitability of the design and location, the committee resolved to find another solution.

Worthington and Elgood came up with a different design, this time for a fountain.  The revised design was accepted by the committee and it was resolved to erect the fountain just north of the priory at a location known as Hartington Seat.

Opening
Construction work on the fountain completed in 1886 and the formal dedication of the fountain was held on 11 June 1886. Over 500 guests attended the event and the dedication was made by the Marquess of Ripon and responded to by Lord Frederick's younger brother, Lord Edward Cavendish, on behalf of the Cavendish family.

Description
Worthington and Elgood's design for the fountain was constructed by Stephenson and Co of Manchester with the carving work conducted by Earp and Hobbs.
The fountain stands approximately  high and is constructed of local stone in the form of ashlar blocks.  Standing on a plinth the fountain is surrounded by six buttresses in a hexagonal plan.  A frieze connects the buttresses and is inscribed "This fountain was erected by electors of the West Riding as a tribute to his memory, Frederick Charles Cavendish Born November XXX. MDCCCXXXVI. Died May VI. MDCCCLXXXII".  Each buttress has a gargoyle at the level of the frieze and in the parapet above each section of the frieze there is a coat of arms.  Two of these are those of the Cavendish family and the other four are the arms of the Lyttleton, Boyle, Clifford and Howard families, all of whom are families in the Cavendish lineage.  Above the frieze the memorial is topped with an open lantern.  The Leeds Mercury described the architectural style as Gothic.

References

Fountains in the United Kingdom
Monuments and memorials in North Yorkshire
Cavendish family
Gothic Revival architecture in North Yorkshire
Buildings and structures completed in 1886
Grade II listed buildings in North Yorkshire

Cavendish memorial fountain


Tibor Szász (born 1948) is a Hungarian pianist and author of essays on musicological questions and performance practice related to Liszt, Mozart and Beethoven. Since 1993, Szász is Professor of Piano at the University of Music in Freiburg, Germany.

Education
Tibor Szász was born in 1948 of ethnic Hungarian parents in the city of Cluj, Romania, a Transylvanian university town also known as Kolozsvár (Hungarian) and Klausenburg (German). His piano studies began at the age of four. His official concerto debut came at age 16 with conductor Antonin Ciolan. In 1967, Szász was named Laureate of the George Enescu International Piano Competition held in Bucharest and this honor was followed by many performances with orchestras in Romania. His West German debut came in 1968.

After further studies in the United States with Leon Fleisher, Theodore Lettvin, Russell Sherman, Miklós Schwalb and Charles Fisher, Tibor Szász distinguished himself as first prize winner of three international piano competitions, including William Kapell International Piano Competition in 1974 (at the time, the competition bore the official name University of Maryland International Piano Competition).

Artistic career
Szász has now performed in over one thousand solo, concerto, and chamber music concerts in Romania, Germany, Canada, France, England, Spain, Hungary, Taiwan and the United States of America. Solo recitals in Carnegie Recital Hall and works for piano and orchestra in Boston Symphony Hall, and with the Sinfonia Orchestra of Chicago, led to acclaimed performances of the last three sonatas of Beethoven, first at the "La Gesse Foundation" in France, and then at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. He was featured in two festivals where he performed twenty major works by Beethoven, the last three piano sonatas, the complete violin and cello sonatas, and the first and last piano trio. His chamber music collaborations have included tours with the Takács String Quartet.

All his recordings have been issued in the United States and include works by Beethoven, Chopin, Liszt, Mendelssohn, Schubert and Bartók. Tibor Szász holds a Doctor of Musical Arts degree from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and was Professor of Piano at Bowling Green State University, the University of Dayton and Duke University. Since 1993 Szász has been Professor of Piano at the Hochschule für Musik Freiburg (University of Music Freiburg, Germany).

Musicology and essays on performance practice
Tibor Szász has written extensively about the music of Liszt, Mozart and Beethoven. His publications include the internationally acclaimed article Liszt's Symbols for the Divine and Diabolical: Their Revelation of a Program in the B minor Sonata (Journal of the American Liszt Society, June 1984). There are also two articles on Beethoven's piano concertos (the second included in the book Performing Beethoven published in Cambridge Studies in Performance Practice (No.4), by Cambridge University Press, 1994). His most recent contribution published by Early Keyboard Journal centered on a hitherto overlooked authentic source for the Mozart Piano Concerto in C major K. 246 now at the Bibliothèque Nationale de France.

References

External links
Homepage
Hochschule für Musik University of Music Freiburg website
Musicalta Retrieved from the website Musicalta on July 8, 2017

Hungarian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Romanian classical pianists
Romanian expatriates in the United States
Duke University faculty
University of Michigan faculty
People from Cluj County
1948 births
Date of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Academic staff of the Hochschule für Musik Freiburg
University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance alumni
21st-century classical pianists
21st-century Hungarian male musicians
Bowling Green State University faculty

Tibor Szász


Time travel is the idea of going back in time to the past or forward to the future.  We always travel forward, to the future.  Time travel to the past is not known to be possible, but it is much used in fiction.  The Time Machine (1895) by H. G. Wells was one of the first and most famous stories of time travel.  Much later, the American movie "Back to the Future" tells a fictional story about a professor who builds a machine that can take people into the future or back in the past.

The popular British TV program Doctor Who is about an alien who has adventures by time travelling in a space time machine grown and built on Gallifrey.  Another TV show about time travel is the series Charmed.  Instead of using machines and science, this one uses magic to go to other times and places, Quantum Leap is another show which features "leaping" a form of time travel that allows a person to "relive events of another in history" it is similar to "Assassin's Creed" but in Quantum leap you can actually change history not just merely relive and shape it.

Some series that are not mainly about time travel have episodes about it, for example Star Trek and Stargate and The Flash.

Related pages
 General relativity
 Special relativity

Fiction
Physics

Time travel


, released in the west as Stella Deus: The Gate of Eternity, is a tactical role-playing game co-developed by Atlus and Pinegrow for the PlayStation 2. It was published in Japan and North America by Atlus, and in Europe by 505 Games. The gameplay, which is similar to that of Hoshigami: Ruining Blue Earth, has the player controlling six characters through story-driven tactical missions, revolving around positioning, assigned equipment, and the special skills of individual characters. The story focuses on Spero, a young man who is caught in the middle of a growing conflict between various religious factions, which in turn are being spurred by the advance of the Miasma, a force that will destroy all life.

The game began production in 2002. The game's story was supervised by fantasy writer Ryo Mizuno, and focused on themes of religious conflict. The character designs and art direction were handled by Shigenori Soejima, who came onto the game after previously doing supporting work on the Persona series. Many parts of the artistic design revolves around realistic depictions of the world's setting, clothing and weapons. The game's music was written by Hitoshi Sakimoto and Masaharu Iwata, and its theme songs and vocals were performed by Japanese singer Reiko Ariga.

Gameplay

Stella Deus is a story-driven tactical role-playing game in which the player controls a group of characters both picked up during the course of the story and in side events. The world is navigated using an overworld map using point-to-point navigation, with a date system showing the length of time it takes to get to a selected location. Alongside the story missions, Towns can be visited, in which characters can customize and create new weapons and armor, sell existing equipment in exchange for money, and shop for items such as healing potions. In camps set up on a journey, characters can swap out weapons and armor, equip items such as healing potions and beneficial charms for future battles. Special items used in character leveling can also be crafted by the player. Alongside story-based missions, there is a special dungeon called the Catacomb of Trials, where characters can battle and gain experience levels, raising their general statistics. The number of available levels in the Catacomb increases as players progress through the game. Each character has a specific character class, which they keep throughout the game and continue to level up as they gain experience points (XP). Higher amounts of XP are awarded for executing special abilities. Along with swordsmen and archers, there are alchemists (mages), priests (healers), and units who fight using most things from axes to fists.

Most battles are triggered based on story events, and are completed when the stated object has been accomplished by the player, be it defeating all enemies, defeating a boss, or performing a specific task. At the end of each battle, the players gain a summary of their performance and spoils gained. The game uses the turn-based Replaceable Action Position battle system, much of which was carried over from the battle system used in Hoshigami: Ruining Blue Earth. Players navigate the field across a grid-based map, which can include obstacles such as bodies of water and high structures. Character positioning within the environment can be used to their advantage, such as an archer gaining higher accuracy when at a high point in the level. Character actions are arranged in a set order, and each character's weapon dictates their attack range. Each time a character performs an action, they gain experience points and additional Skill Points (SP) that can be used to purchase supplies or raise individual character stats. Three types of Skills can be equipped for characters: Action Skills, a special attack that player execute for a certain number of Magic Points (MP); Support Skills, which grant passive abilities such as scaling higher obstacles; and Zone Skills, which grant passive abilities to both the equipped character and those in close proximity to them.

Alongside Action Skills, two or more characters in conjunction trigger unique special moves called Team Attacks. The amount of damage done depends on how many characters took part in the action. Team attacks also increase the rewards gained at the end of battles. Characters' actions are governed by their stored Action Points (AP): a character's turn begins when their AP meter is at 100. A character's actions can continue until the meter reaches 0, meaning that they can move and attack multiple times within their turn. The amount of AP used with each action depends on the weight of the armor the character is wearing.

Plot

Setting
Stella Deus takes place in a world called Solum, which is slowly being swallowed by "Miasma", a mist-like substance that destroys all life it touches. Against this creeping apocalypse, several groups have developed responses. The Aeque Church, led by High Priestess Lumena, believes that the Miasma is God's will, sent to bring the world to an end, not with a bang, but a whimper.  A warlord, Dignus, has taken to ravaging the countryside with his armies, imposing the law of the jungle: he who will not fight for his life does not to deserve to live.  And finally, an alchemist named Viser is using Dignus's patronage to hunt the world's Spirits (polygonal creatures whose nature is unknown), draining their life-force to fuel his alchemic inventions, which he is sure will save the world.  His friend and deputy, Spero, is the game's protagonist.  Spero must make his way through this muddy political situation and see if he can save Solum.

Characters
Stella Deus has a total of 21 recruitable characters.  Each has their own skill sets, armament and abilities, and can be sent through a "Rank Up" process to raise stats, change class (along a linear progression) and unlock new abilities.

 Spero: the main character; dual-wields katanas.  Though his world-view is not especially complex, it is he who leads the quest to open the Gate of Eternity, as each of the other characters in the party is loyal primarily to him, and is generally busy keeping everyone motivated and calming hostilities.
 Linea: the other main character; a shaman who fights with a bow and offensive magic. The game's epilogue reveals a budding romance between her and Spero.
 Avis: prince and heir-apparent to the kingdom of Fortuna. Dignus destroyed Fortuna, and Avis has sworn revenge.   Wields a longsword.
 Lumena: the High Priestess of the Aeque.  Though pacifistic and highly spiritual, she is an implacable foe when roused, and has an array of healing magics and a staff.
 Grey: Grey's passive abilities allow him to walk farther in one turn than most other characters, and his spear allows him to strike two enemies at the same time. Grey is flippant and prone to speaking before he thinks, often leading to bickering with Adara.
 Adara: an alchemist who lost an arm in an experiment by the wicked alchemist Malkar; her mechanical replacement from Viser, an "argyrion", doubles as her battle weapon. She is one of only two magic-users with an emphasis on attack spells.  Outside of battle, Adara is kind-hearted and upbeat, but ashamed of her prosthetic arm.
 Gallant: a taciturn man, Gallant is an axe-wielder.  He is later revealed to be, like Linea, a member of the Anima people, though he does not share her affinity with Spirits.
 Prier: an eleven-year-old girl and Lumena's most faithful attendant, she is sent along with the party early in the game; though she insists on Aeque doctrine at first, Spero eventually teaches her not to passively wait for a peaceful end.

Story
Spero's two best friends and companions in the hunt for Spirits are Adara, a woman who lost her arm and had it replaced by an alchemic limb, an "argyrion", and Grey, a free-wheeling jokester who rags on Adara constantly.  Early in the game, they meet Linea, a member of the nearly-extinct Anima culture, and a shaman: she can talk to Spirits.  She informs them that the constant death of Spirits is what is bringing on the Miasma, and that the only way to save Solum is to open the "Gate of Eternity", which will bring a fresh crop of Spirits in and push the Miasma back.  Spero agrees to help her with her quest, which involves securing the aid of four elemental Summon Spirits before opening the actual Gate.

Their primary resistance comes from Lord Dignus and his lieutenants (including Viser), but allies also arrive in the form of Avis, the last heir of a kingdom Dignus destroyed, and Lumena's lover; he leads the official resistance against Dignus, along with Linea's Anima clan, and eventually brings Lumena's Meridies faction into the fold.  However, the Nox faction of the Aeque becomes a major thorn in Spero's side, as its leader, Nebula, is dedicated to bringing about Solum's destruction by summoning God himself: Dies Irae, the God of Destruction.  Spero must stop Nebula and Dignus both to cement the victory begun with the opening of the Gate.

Development
Initial preparation for Stella Deuss development began in the second half of 2002, when the project was first proposed to the developer and publisher. After initial approval, a twelve-person team was set up to create a test version in November of that year. By December, the test build was completed and the team was given permission to begin full development. The initial proposal was then fleshed out into an entire game, including the scenario and gameplay basics. Once these had been finalized, production began in earnest. The game's Beta version was completed in early 2004. Between then and the game's release, the team worked hard to finish and debug the game. The development was handled by Atlus and external studio Pinegrow, which included staff from earlier Japanese tactical RPG Hoshigami. Some programming work was outsourced to company Designer 7. Among the staff were Atlus director Akiyasu Yamamoto, and scenario supervisor Ryo Mizuno, author of the Record of Lodoss War fantasy novel series. The story Yamamoto's earlier work as a debugger for Atlus proved useful during the final stages of development. The gameplay was described by Pinegrow staff as an improved version of the battle system used in Hoshigami. The game's story revolved around religions conflict, focusing on the Aeque faith, Dignus' attempts to undermine it, and the main cast's position between the two factions. While described as a spiritual successor to Hoshigami, Atlus said that it was not a sequel to it, instead being its own game.

The character designs were done by Shigenori Soejima, who had previously worked at Atlus with Kazuma Kaneko on Atlus' Persona series. While he had heard rumors about the project, his assignment to the project came out of the blue when the game's director asked him if there was an available illustrator for the game. Soejima managed to get the post, which was his first as a character designer as well as art director. One of his major problems was that he had yet to refine his own drawing style. Describing himself as initially "at a loss", much of his memory of the experience is dominated by finding his chosen style rather than specific character designs. To get the feel he needed, he used brushes as opposed to cel-shaded drawing he used in later projects. The characters' metallic clothing and contrasting colors of items was influenced by The Lord of the Rings, while some characters and the environmental textures were inspired by the films of Hayao Miyazaki. The cutscenes used cel-shaded animation, and were created by Japanese studio Kamikaze Douga. Character sprites and status images used high-resolution artwork. The game's setting was in a vast desert, so this needed to be taken into account with environment and character designs. Not only did the developers need to provide places of interest to players, but Soejima needed to create realistic clothes for characters. For instance, there was a lack of classic armor in the game as the hot desert climate would have made it impractical. There was also a concern over whether the swords in the world were made using casting or forging, which would affect their design and other aesthetic elements. While creating the atmosphere, the developers tried to stay away from standard fantasy tropes. The artwork for the game was produced by artist group Kusanagi, who had also worked on Xenogears and Final Fantasy IX.

For its release in North America, Atlus' USA branch took up localization and publishing duties. As part of its release, it was re-dubbed Stella Deus: The Gate of Eternity, and featured full English voice acting for its cast. The story's heavy religious themes raised concerns that it would be censored for the west, but Atlus stated that it would keep the game intact, as they "[sought] to give gamers the same experience that Japanese gamers would have". Its North American release was announced in December 2004. The English voice recording was done by Elastic Media Corporation. For its release in Europe, the game was published by 505 Games. After release, two mobile titles based on the game were published in Japan by Atlus and mobile company Bbmf in September 2006 and January 2007 respectively: Stella Deus: Raven Spirits, a mobile version of Stella Deus featuring a separate story, and Stella Deus: Time of Alchemy, a sequel to both Stella Deus and Raven Spirits.

Audio
The sound design was one of the areas where Yamamoto was initially unsatisfied, making multiple changes with his staff during the development run-up to the game's Beta version. The soundtrack was composed and arranged by Hitoshi Sakimoto and Masaharu Iwata. It was the first time the two had worked together since their work on Final Fantasy Tactics: Sakimoto tried his hand at more serious dramatic music, while Iwata used more symphonic material than in previous works. The game's vocals and its ending theme "Holy Spirit" were performed by Reiko Ariga, credited under her stage name "Arigarei". The lyrics were written by Yukiko Mitsui. "Holy Spirit" was the first in-game vocal theme Sakimoto has written.

Reception

Stella Deus: The Gate of Eternity received mostly positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, the game received an average score of 75, based on 31 reviews.

References

External links

2004 video games
505 Games games
Atlus games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Network games
Tactical role-playing video games
Video games scored by Hitoshi Sakimoto
Video games scored by Masaharu Iwata
Video games developed in Japan
Single-player video games

Stella Deus: The Gate of Eternity


The dioxygenyl ion, , is a rarely-encountered oxycation in which both oxygen atoms have a formal oxidation state of .  It is formally derived from oxygen by the removal of an electron:

O2 →  + e−

The energy change for this process is called the ionization energy of the oxygen molecule.  Relative to most molecules, this ionization energy is very high at 1175 kJ/mol. As a result, the scope of the chemistry of  is quite limited, acting mainly as a 1-electron oxidiser.

Structure and molecular properties
 has a bond order of 2.5, and a bond length of 112.3 pm in solid O2[AsF6]. It is isoelectronic with nitric oxide and is paramagnetic. The bond energy is 625.1 kJ mol−1 and the stretching frequency is 1858 cm−1, both of which are high relative to most of the molecules.

Synthesis

Neil Bartlett demonstrated that dioxygenyl hexafluoroplatinate (O2PtF6), containing the dioxygenyl cation, can be prepared at room temperature by direct reaction of oxygen gas (O2) with platinum hexafluoride (PtF6):

O2 + PtF6 →

The compound can also be prepared from a mixture of fluorine and oxygen gases in the presence of a platinum sponge at 450 °C, and from oxygen difluoride () above 400 °C:

6  + 2 Pt → 2  +

At lower temperatures (around 350 °C), platinum tetrafluoride is produced instead of dioxygenyl hexafluoroplatinate.  Dioxygenyl hexafluoroplatinate played a pivotal role in the discovery of noble gas compounds.  The observation that PtF6 is a powerful enough oxidising agent to oxidise O2 (which has a first ionization potential of 12.2 eV) led Bartlett to reason that it should also be able to oxidise xenon (first ionization potential 12.13 eV). His subsequent investigation yielded the first compound of a noble gas, xenon hexafluoroplatinate.

 is also found in similar compounds of the form O2MF6, where M is arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), gold (Au), niobium (Nb), ruthenium (Ru), rhenium (Re), rhodium (Rh), vanadium (V), or phosphorus (P). Other forms are also attested, including O2GeF5 and (O2)2SnF6.

The tetrafluoroborate and hexafluorophosphate salts may be prepared by the reaction of dioxygen difluoride with boron trifluoride or phosphorus pentafluoride at −126 °C:

2 O2F2 + 2 BF3 → 2 O2BF4 + F2
2 O2F2 + 2 PF5 → 2 O2PF6 + F2

These compounds rapidly decompose at room temperature:
2 O2BF4 → 2 O2 + F2 + 2 BF3
2 O2PF6 → 2 O2 + F2 + 2 PF5

Some compounds including O2Sn2F9, O2Sn2F9·0.9HF, O2GeF5·HF, and O2[Hg(HF)]4(SbF6)9 can be made by ultraviolet irradiation of oxygen and fluorine dissolved in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride with a metal oxide.

All attempts to prepare  with chloro anions like  met with failure.

Reactions

The reaction of O2BF4 with xenon at  produces a white solid believed to be F–Xe–BF2, containing an unusual xenon-boron bond:

2 O2BF4 + 2 Xe → 2 O2 + F2 + 2 FXeBF2

The dioxygenyl salts O2BF4 and O2AsF6 react with carbon monoxide to give oxalyl fluoride, C2O2F2, in high yield.

References

External links

Oxycations
Oxygen

Dioxygenyl


The General Pershing Zephyr was the ninth of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad's Zephyr streamliners, and the last built as an integrated streamliner rather than a train hauled by an EMD E-unit diesel locomotive. It was constructed in 1939 with bodywork and passenger cars by Budd Company and diesel engine, electric transmission, power truck, and other locomotive equipment by General Motors Electro-Motive Corporation. Because its intended Kansas City to St Louis route passed near the birthplace and boyhood home of famous World War I General John J. Pershing, the train was named after him. The power car was named Silver Charger, after Pershing's horse Charger, while the passenger cars were named after United States Army badges of rank—Silver Leaf, Silver Eagle, and Silver Star.

The train replaced the Ozark State Zephyr, which had been inaugurated three years earlier. In September, 1938, a second set was added, the 9903, which had previously served as the Mark Twain Zephyr running between Burlington, Iowa and St Louis via Samuel Clemens' birthplace of Hannibal, Missouri.  The Ozark State service inaugurated operating out of Kansas City in the morning and St Louis in the afternoon, with the second trainset alternating. The new equipment took over the original schedule, while the alternate timing was renamed the Mark Twain Zephyr (despite not operating through Hannibal).

Unlike previous Zephyrs, the General Pershing Zephyr was completely non-articulated; each car was self-contained and joined to the next by couplers, rather than shared trucks. The inflexibility of the articulated layout had been recognised; it was hard to lengthen, shorten, or replace parts of the train. The route did not require a high-capacity train nor a powerful locomotive, so the General Pershing Zephyr returned to the pattern of the first Pioneer Zephyr, being a power/baggage car and three trailers. Budd also fitted disc brakes, the first such practical installation to railroad passenger cars.

The power car, 9908 Silver Charger, was unique. It utilised a single new EMC 567 V-12 engine developing 1,000 hp, rather than the pair used in the contemporary EMC E3. It had one Martin Blomberg-designed E-unit A1A passenger truck at the front, with powered outer axles and a center idler axle, and an unpowered trailing truck, giving it the unusual wheel arrangement of A1A-2. This made it mechanically half of an E3. The back half of the power car was a baggage area. This made it similar to special power-baggage units built by EMD for the Colorado Springs section of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad Rocky Mountain Rocket, though the latter had a carbody and E-3/E-6 styling by EMD. The "Silver Charger" was the last power unit built by Budd with the unique "Zephyr"/"Flying Yankee" shovelnose styling.
 It also carried sleeping cars. The train was number 32 when eastbound and number 33 when traveling west.

The train ran its assigned route until the United States entered World War II, during which time the trainset ran on many different routes. As 9908 Silver Charger could be detached from its trainset, it continued in service hauling other trains after the rest of the streamlined trainset was withdrawn. In this form it lasted in service until 1966, following which it was donated to the National Museum of Transportation in St Louis.

Traveling between Kansas City and St Louis required the General Pershing Zephyr to operate on tracks owned by the Alton Railroad, officially making them an operating partner. To symbolize this joint administration, the General Pershing Zephyr often sported an "Alton Burlington" nose herald instead of the standard "Burlington Route" seen on most Burlington locomotives.

The diner-lounge-observation car Silver Star was sold to Amax Iron Ore Corporation in 1974 for use on the Mount Newman railway in Western Australia and renamed Sundowner. It was used for many years as passenger accommodation on the fortnightly supply train to the mines. It was also used for VIP and inspection trains. Having last been used in 2003, it was sent to Perth for rebuilding as the nucleus of the Silver Star Cafe in Port Hedland.

References

Further reading

 Lotz, David. General Pershing Zephyr. Downloaded on December 24, 2004.

External links

A1A-2 locomotives
Budd multiple units
Diesel multiple units of the United States
North American streamliner trains
Passenger trains of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad
Passenger locomotives
Chicago, Burlington and Quincy locomotives

General Pershing Zephyr


Sidney Alton Ponson (; born November 2, 1976) is an Aruban former Major League Baseball pitcher. As a player, Ponson stood at  tall and weighed . He threw right-handed with a fastball that clocked out at 95 mph. When he made his major league debut for the Orioles in , he became the third player from Aruba to play in the major leagues. After the  season, he was decorated as a Knight in the Order of Orange-Nassau, along with fellow former Baltimore Orioles players Eugene Kingsale and Calvin Maduro.

Baltimore Orioles
Ponson played most of his career with the Baltimore Orioles. His best season came in  when he went 14–6 with a 3.77 ERA. Because Baltimore was not in contention for a playoff spot and Ponson was in the last year of his contract, the Orioles traded Ponson that season to the San Francisco Giants at the trading deadline for three players: Kurt Ainsworth, Damian Moss, and prospect Ryan Hannaman. That offseason, Ponson returned to the Orioles on a three-year, $22.5 million deal.

In , Ponson was the opening day starter for Baltimore. He allowed three runs on seven hits in 5.2 innings pitched while striking out three and walking three in the Orioles' 7–2 win over the Boston Red Sox. However, he started off disastrously; his record was 3–12 by the All-Star Break. He rebounded for a strong second half, going 8–3 to finish with an 11–15 record and a 5.30 ERA.

Brushes with the law
On December 25, 2004, Ponson was arrested in Aruba and charged with assaulting an Aruban judge following an incident about a complaint of Ponson's handling of his powerboat. He spent 11 days in jail, but the charges were dropped after he reached a settlement that included restitution, community service and contributions to local charities on the island.

Less than a month later, in January 2005, he was charged with driving under the influence in Broward County, Florida. Because of these activities, it was thought that he would not be able to enter Canada to pitch in a series against the Toronto Blue Jays in May . However, a visa was later granted, and he was able to make his scheduled start.

Early in the morning of August 25, 2005, Ponson was arrested again for driving under the influence and driving while impaired on southbound Interstate 95 near downtown Baltimore. He was stopped for following too closely and was subsequently arrested by Maryland Transportation Authority Police for the traffic violation and DWI; he was later released.

Released by the Orioles
Just prior to the second drunk driving incident, Baltimore attempted to trade Ponson to the San Diego Padres for first baseman Phil Nevin at the 2005 trade deadline, but the deal fell through when Nevin invoked his no-trade clause. Nevin eventually was traded to Texas. On September 1, 2005, the Orioles released Ponson and voided his contract, saying that his infractions with the law went against a morals clause in Major League Baseball contracts. A week later, on September 8, the Major League Baseball Players Association filed a grievance on Ponson's behalf. The Orioles settled the grievance in 2009, with the Orioles reportedly agreeing to pay the remaining $10.1 million.

St. Louis Cardinals
On December 21, 2005, Ponson signed a one-year contract with the St. Louis Cardinals calling for a $1 million salary with the ability to earn an additional $1.5 million in incentives. Although his season started promisingly, Ponson struggled with stamina and rarely went more than five innings in his starts. On July 7, , the Cardinals designated Ponson for assignment, ending his stint with the team.

New York Yankees
On July 14, 2006, Ponson signed with the New York Yankees. The Yankees won his first game, lost the second game, and he was subsequently sent to the bullpen when the Yankees acquired Cory Lidle from the Philadelphia Phillies. Reportedly, Brian Cashman asked Ponson if he would be amenable to being placed in the pen before going ahead with the trade (which also involved acquiring Bobby Abreu). If Ponson had refused, he would have been released and the trade that sent Shawn Chacón to the Pittsburgh Pirates in exchange for Craig Wilson would have fallen through. After a poor pitching performance on August 18, 2006, the Yankees released Ponson, making him a free agent.

Minnesota Twins
In January , Ponson signed a minor league contract with the Minnesota Twins. On March 31, 2007, his contract was purchased by the Twins and he was added to their 25-man roster as the fifth starter. He got off to a relatively slow start, having only a couple of quality starts while his ERA hovered around 7. On May 13, the Twins designated him for assignment, and he was later released.

Texas Rangers
On March 9, , Ponson signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the Texas Rangers. Ponson began the 2008 season with the Triple-A Oklahoma RedHawks. On April 26, the Rangers purchased his contract, and he became the team's third starter.

Ponson compiled a fairly solid 4–1 record and 3.88 ERA for the season, and was one of the few bright spots on a dreadful rotation. However, he ran into trouble off the field. He was seen late at night in the hotel bar in St. Petersburg, Florida while the Rangers were visiting Tampa Bay. The next day, the Rays lit him up for 12 hits in five innings. Rangers officials told Ponson that any further incident would result in him being dropped from the team.

He was pulled four innings into a June 4 game against Cleveland, and reacted angrily, especially since three errors led to four runs. The next day, he blew up at manager Ron Washington after being told he'd be pushed back from his next start to keep Kevin Millwood on his regular schedule.

On June 6, Texas abruptly designated Ponson for assignment for what general manager Jon Daniels called "disrespectful and adverse reactions to situations unbecoming of a teammate." Daniels added, "We don't feel Sidney deserves to be here or wants to be here. We're not going to get into details other than to say we're clearly trying to put together a team here, in a true sense of the word. Based on some recent comments and other such things, it was pretty clear that he did not want to be part of that, and it's something we're not going to tolerate."

Return to the Yankees
On June 9, 2008, Ponson signed a minor league deal returning to the Yankees for a second time. He made his first start on June 27, 2008 in a Subway Series against the Mets. Ponson pitched six shutout innings in his first start back with the Yankees, which they eventually won 9–0. His record with the Yankees in 2008 was 4–4 with a 5.85 ERA. For the season, he had the highest run support of all pitchers, with an average of 6.5 runs per game started.

World Baseball Classic
Ponson pitched for the Netherlands in the 2009 World Baseball Classic. Ponson would finish with an ERA of 4.00 in nine innings pitched over two appearances, earning the win for the Dutch in their shocking opening win over the heavily favored Dominican Republic. He was, however, the losing pitcher in the Dutch's second-round defeat to Venezuela. On June 26, 2009, it was announced that he violated the IBAF/World Anti-Doping Agency doping regulation during the 2009 World Baseball Classic by taking phentermine, and was banned from international baseball tournament for two years. He was allowed to play professionally in the US, however, since the American association does not validate the European laboratory results.

Kansas City Royals
On March 17, 2009, two days after Netherlands' elimination from the World Baseball Classic, Ponson signed a minor league deal to play for the Kansas City Royals and was invited to spring training. On April 1, 2009, it was announced that Ponson would start Kansas City's home opener on April 10,  against the New York Yankees. He pitched six innings, and gave up four earned runs for the loss. He made his second start for the Royals on April 15, in which he allowed only two runs in six innings. Ponson got a no decision in the 5–4 loss to the Cleveland Indians. After a record of 1–7 with an ERA of 7.36, he was designated for assignment by the Royals on August 2, and released August 12.

References

External links

 Ponson released
 Union grievance filed
 Sidney Ponson Uncut (Minnesota Public Radio)

1976 births
2009 World Baseball Classic players
Aruban expatriate baseball players in the United States
Baltimore Orioles players
Bluefield Orioles players
Bowie Baysox players
Frederick Keys players
Gulf Coast Orioles players
Kansas City Royals players
Knights of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Living people
Long Island Ducks players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from Aruba
Minnesota Twins players
New York Yankees players
Oklahoma RedHawks players
People from Noord
Rochester Red Wings players
San Francisco Giants players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees players
Texas Rangers players
Leones del Escogido players
Aruban expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic

Sidney Ponson


The Marmara Region  is a geographical region in northwestern Turkey. It is bordered by Greece and the Aegean Sea to the west, Bulgaria and the Black Sea to the north, the Black Sea Region to the east, and the Aegean Region to the south. At the center of the region is the Sea of Marmara. The largest city in the region is Istanbul. Other big cities are Bursa, İzmit, Balıkesir, Tekirdağ, Çanakkale and Edirne.

Among the seven geographical regions, the Marmara Region has the second-smallest area, but the most people. It is the most densely populated region in the country.

Marmara Region


Charles Ferdinand Ramuz (24 September 1878 – 23 May 1947) was a French-speaking Swiss writer.

Biography

He was born in Lausanne in the canton of Vaud and was educated at the University of Lausanne. He taught briefly in nearby Aubonne, and then in Weimar, Germany. In 1903, he left for Paris and remained there until World War I, with frequent trips home to Switzerland. As part of his studies in Paris he wrote a thesis on the poet Maurice de Guérin. In 1903, he published Le petit village, a collection of poems.

In 1914, he returned to Switzerland.

He wrote the libretto for Igor Stravinsky's Histoire du soldat.

He died in Pully, near Lausanne in 1947. His likeness and an artistic impression of his works appear on the 200 Swiss franc note (no longer in current use).

The Foundation C.F. Ramuz in Pully awards the Grand Prix C. F. Ramuz.

Works
Le petit village (1903)
Aline (1905)
Jean-Luc persécuté (1909)
Aimé Pache, peintre vaudois (1911)
Vie de Samuel Belet (1913)
Raison d'être (1914)
La Guerre dans le Haut Pays (1915)
Le règne de l'esprit malin (1917) / The Reign of the Evil One, translated by James Whitall (Onesuch Press, 2014)
La guérison des malades (1917)
Les signes parmi nous (1919)
Salutation paysanne (1919)
Terre du ciel (1921)
Présence de la mort (1922)
La séparation des races (1922)
Passage du poète (1923)
L'amour du monde (1925)
 Chant de notre Rhône.(1920) / Riversong of the Rhone, translated by Patti M. Marxsen (Onesuch Press, 2015)
La grande peur dans la montagne (1926) / Terror on the Mountain, translated by Milton Stansbury (Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967)
 La beauté sur la terre (1927) / Beauty on Earth, translated by Michelle Bailat-Jones (Onesuch Press, 2014)
Adam et Eve (1932)
Farinet, ou la fausse monnaie (1932)
Derborence (1934) / When the Mountain Fell, translated by Sarah Fisher Scott (Pantheon Books, 1947)
Questions (1935)
Le garçon savoyard (1936)
Taille de l'homme (1937)
Besoin de grandeur (1937)
 Si le soleil ne revenait pas... (1937) / As if the Sun were Never to Return, translated by Michelle Bailat-Jones (Onesuch Press, 2015)
Paris, notes d'un vaudois (1938)
Découverte du monde (1939)
La guerre aux papiers (1942)
René Auberjonois (1943)
Nouvelles (1944)

Film adaptations
Ramuz's 1922 novel La séparation des races was adapted into the 1933 film Rapt by director Dimitri Kirsanoff. The film, shot on location in Switzerland, starred Geymond Vital. The Swiss writer S. Corinna Bille was a script editor on the film, after which she moved to Paris with Vital and married him. The movie is best known for the musical score by Arthur Honegger.

In 1998, Swiss director Francis Reusser adapted Ramuz's 1915 novel  into a film titled War in the Highlands, starring French actress Marion Cotillard.

Awards
1927 Prix Gottfried Keller

See also

 Swiss literature

Notes and references

External links

 Charles Ferdinand Ramuz, in the Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.

Biography of C.F. Ramuz
French eds. of seven feature film adaptations of novels by Ramuz

1878 births
1947 deaths
Writers from Lausanne
Swiss writers
University of Lausanne alumni
Swiss male novelists
Swiss writers in French

Charles Ferdinand Ramuz


The Melon-headed Whale (Peponocephala electra) is a mammal of the oceanic dolphin family.

It is closely related to the Pygmy Killer Whale and the Pilot Whale. These dolphin species are known by the common name "Blackfish". The Melon-headed Whale is widespread throughout the world's tropical waters, although it is not often seen by humans because it prefers to live in deep water.

Oceanic dolphins
Mammals of Pakistan

Melon-headed whale


Simon Carrington (born 1942) is an English conductor, singer and double bass player. He was a founding member and member for 25 years of the Grammy Award-winning vocal ensemble the King's Singers; he subsequently worked for 15 years in the United States and now divides his time between London and southwest France. He speaks French and German and holds British and American citizenship. He is father of the British "music comedian" and cello player Rebecca Carrington.

Early life
Carrington was born in the county of Wiltshire. He was a chorister at Christ Church Cathedral School in Oxford, earned a music exhibition to the King's School, Canterbury, and then read English and music at King's College, Cambridge, as a choral scholar alongside most of the original King's Singers. He completed his master's degree in 1965 and then qualified as a teacher at New College, Oxford.

Career
From 1968 to 1993, Carrington was a member and co-director of the King's Singers. During this time he was also a freelance double bass player and was regularly invited as a guest performer, in particular with the BBC Philharmonic and the Monteverdi Orchestra.

He is also the (uncredited) singer in the end credits of the first series of the 1983 BBC sitcom The Black Adder.

Carrington moved to the United States in 1994 and accepted a position at the University of Kansas where he served as Director of Choral Activities, professor, and artist in residence. After Kansas, he became Director of Choral Activities at the New England Conservatory in Boston. He became professor of conducting at the Yale School of Music in 2003 and founded the Yale Schola Cantorum which he directed for six years. He was appointed a professor emeritus at Yale University in 2009 and now regularly conducts concerts, workshops and masterclasses around the world.

Personal life
He divides his time between southwest England and southwest France where he lives with Hilary, his wife, a professional pianist. Their daughter Rebecca, lives in Berlin, and their singer-songwriter son, James, lives in Los Angeles.

References

External links
 Official website
 Simon Carrington Chamber Singers website
 The King's Singers website
 Sarteano Chamber Choir Festival and Choral Workshop
 Norfolk Chamber Music Summer Festival of Yale University
 Princeton Festival Choral Workshop

Living people
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
People educated at Christ Church Cathedral School
English conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
English double-bassists
Male double-bassists
English expatriates in the United States
People educated at The King's School, Canterbury
Yale School of Music faculty
1942 births
Musicians from Kent
21st-century British conductors (music)
21st-century double-bassists
21st-century British male musicians
Naxos Records artists
Choral Scholars of the Choir of King's College, Cambridge

Simon Carrington