Julius Dreschfeld FRCP (13 October 1845 – 13 June 1907) was a leading British physician and pathologist.

Life
Julius Dreschfeld was born as the youngest of ten siblings on 13 October 1845 at Niederwerrn, in the Schweinfurt district of Bavaria. His parents, Samuel and Giedel, were well-off, well-respected Orthodox Jewish people who derived their livelihood from merchanting.

Educated initially at nearby Bamberg, in 1861 Dreschfeld travelled to be with a brother, Leopold, in Manchester, England. He knew little of the English language but continued his studies at Owens College, Manchester and the Manchester Royal School of Medicine. He excelled in chemistry and mathematics, as well as in English, and was influenced by Henry Enfield Roscoe. Dreschfeld then pursued further medical studies at the University of Würzburg from 1864, from where he gained his MD degree in 1867. He served as an assistant surgeon in the Bavarian Army during the brief Austro-Prussian War of 1866.

Returning to Manchester in 1869, Dreschfeld passed his LRCP and began to practise in Broughton. His skills were soon acknowledged and in 1872 he was appointed as an honorary assistant physician at Hulme Dispensary. One year later, he was elected as an honorary assistant physician at Manchester Royal Infirmary, rising to the position of honorary physician upon the retirement of William Roberts in 1883. It was also in 1883 that he was elected FRCP, having been a member since 1875. In 1899, Dreschfeld became honorary senior physician and in 1905 he became the hospital's first honorary consulting physician. This last post enabled him to continue working and teaching at the hospital despite him having reached its official retirement age.

Dreschfeld's work as a teacher had been carried out side-by-side with his practising role. He had a particular interest in the pathology of diseases of the nervous system and had been appointed a lecturer in pathology at the Owens College, Manchester, in 1876 after spending some time overseeing a collection in its medical museum. His appointment as professor of general pathology, morbid anatomy and morbid histology in 1881 was the first of its type in England; he was also in the English vanguard with his approach to the subject, borrowing ideas widely from laboratories throughout Europe and travelling extensively to do so. The outcome was that he established pathology as a significant medical discipline in the country. as well as advancing specific techniques such as staining with eosin. He almost forestalled Louis Pasteur in his researches on hydrophobia during the 1882-1883 rabies epidemic in Manchester. Of the attempts at a rabies vaccine, which entailed injecting infected tissue into rabbits, his biographer, Peter Mohr, has said

The pathology professorship was forsaken for the post of professor of medicine at the university in 1891. He succeeded John Edward Morgan in this role and is unique in having held both chairs. He was also at various times president both of the pathological and medicine sections of the British Medical Association and involved in several other learned associations. These posts demonstrate the breadth of his knowledge as well as the respect in which he was held and, for example, Dreschfeld was also an expert neurologist. He published numerous scientific papers in English and German journals.

He delivered the Bradshaw Lecture to the Royal College of Physicians on Diabetic Coma in 1886. This is recognised as the first exposition of diabetic ketoacidosis.

Dreschfeld had been preparing to fulfil an invitation to give the annual Lumleian Lecture at the time of his death from heart failure on 13 June 1907 at his home in Withington. He had thought that he had been suffering from influenza. There were two sons and two daughters, including the artist Violet Dreschfeld, from his first marriage with Selina Gaspari; he had married Ethel Lilley in 1905, a year after Selina's death. He had converted from Judaism to Anglicanism and was buried at Holy Trinity, Southport.

References

Citations

Sources

External links

1845 births
1907 deaths
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians
Alumni of the Victoria University of Manchester
Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester
People from Schweinfurt (district)
University of Würzburg alumni
Converts to Anglicanism from Judaism
Physicians of the Manchester Royal Infirmary
British people of German-Jewish descent
British pathologists
German emigrants to the United Kingdom

Julius Dreschfeld


The Austin Whippet was a British single-seat light aircraft designed and built by the Austin Motor Company just after the First World War. It was a small single-seat biplane, intended to be an inexpensive aircraft for the amateur private pilot, and a small number were built before Austin abandoned aircraft production.

Development and design
In 1919, John Kenworthy, chief designer of the motor manufacturer Austin Motor Company, (who had built large numbers of aircraft under license during the First World War) designed a small single-seater light aircraft in order to cash in on an expected boom in private flying. The resulting aircraft, named the Austin Whippet, was a small single-seat biplane of mixed construction, with a fabric covered steel tube fuselage, and single-bay, folding wooden wings. The wings avoided the need for rigging wires by use of streamlined steel lift struts.

The first prototype, powered by a two-cylinder horizontally opposed engine, flew in 1919, receiving its Airworthiness Certificate in December that year. Production aircraft were powered by a six-cylinder Anzani air-cooled radial, and four more aircraft followed before Austin abandoned aircraft production in 1920, when it realised that the postwar depression was severely limiting aircraft sales.

Operational history
Of the five aircraft built, two were sold to New Zealand, while another was sent by its purchaser to Argentina. One of the New Zealand aircraft, serial AU.4/ZK-ACR, remained in existence at Kai Iwi in the 1940s.

An accurate replica of Whippet K-158 is currently on display at the Aeroventure South Yorkshire Aircraft Museum in Doncaster, UK.

A Replica K.158/BAPC.207 South Yorkshire Aircraft Museum at Doncaster.

Specifications

Notes

References

 "The Austin "Whippet"". Flight, 14 August 1919. Vol. XI, no. 33, pp. 1076–1078. Technical description with photographs and scale drawings.
 "The Olympia Aero Show 1920". Flight, 15 July 1920. pp. 749–780.
 Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aircraft Manufacturers, Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing, 2nd edition, 2005. .
Jackson, A.J. British Civil Aircraft since 1919: Volume I. London:Putnam, 1974. .

External links

Austin Memories: Aircraft Production

1910s British sport aircraft
Whippet
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1919

Austin Whippet


Wykeham Terrace is a row of 12 early 19th-century houses in central Brighton, part of the English city of Brighton and Hove.  The Tudor-Gothic building, attributed to prominent local architect Amon Henry Wilds, is built into the hillside below the churchyard of Brighton's ancient parish church.  Uses since its completion in 1830 have included a home for former prostitutes and a base for the Territorial Army, but the terrace is now exclusively residential again.  Its "charming" architecture is unusual in Brighton, whose 19th-century buildings are predominantly in the Regency style.  English Heritage has listed the terrace at Grade II for its architectural and historical importance.

History
St Nicholas' Church, Brighton's oldest Christian place of worship and its parish church until 1873, stands on a hill well behind the English Channel coast on which the old fishing village of Brighthelmston developed.  French raids during the 16th century damaged or destroyed much of the settlement, and only the church survived unscathed.  Decline set in until the mid-18th century, when the good climate, patronage by wealthy, fashionable visitors, better transport and the growth of the sea-bathing and "water cure" fad transformed Brighthelmston into the popular resort of Brighton.

Residential development proceeded rapidly around the core of the fishing village.  Amon Henry Wilds, his father Amon Wilds and another architect, Charles Busby, were the most important builders and designers in Brighton's early 19th-century growth period: they worked jointly or individually on dozens of residential, religious and secular buildings and developed Brighton's characteristic Regency style.  In 1827, Amon Henry Wilds is believed to have been commissioned to design Wykeham Terrace (although this attribution has not been established definitively).  The site, east of the road from central Brighton to Devil's Dyke on the South Downs, was dug into the hillside on which St Nicholas' churchyard stands.  The terrace was completed in 1830.

In the 1850s, 325 prostitutes (including 25 children) and 97 brothels were recorded in Brighton, and these were known to be underestimates.  In 1853, Rev. George Wagner of St Stephen's Church, a cousin of Rev. Arthur Wagner (curate and later vicar of St Paul's Church), established a house on the town's Lewes Road to which prostitutes could be sent by police and doctors to be helped and rehabilitated.  Only 12 women could be accommodated in this building, so in 1855 Wagner bought houses in Wykeham Terrace and the adjacent Queen Square and expanded the institution.  In 1857, after George Wagner died, Arthur Wagner himself took over responsibility for the home, by way of the Community of the Virgin Mary—a Brighton-based convent which he had founded.  They renamed the institution St Mary's Home for Female Penitents, and expanded it further to take in all of Wykeham Terrace apart from numbers 6, 7 and 12.  The west side of Queen Square, whose buildings backed on to the terrace, was also occupied.  Although conditions for the former prostitutes were strict, with regular surveillance, hard work and punishments for misbehaviour, the institution was able to offer about 40 women proper healthcare, education, training for domestic service, and charitable help of various kinds.  Constance Kent, convicted of an infamous child murder in 1865 in a case which revolved around priest–penitent privilege, worked at the Home during this time.  By the 1880s, the Home expanded further to take in disabled, elderly and destitute women from around Brighton, and orphans: nearly 300 people lived there.  The institution moved in part to Egremont Place in the Queen's Park area in 1866, and in its entirety to Rottingdean in 1912.  (The building provided for it there is now residential, but the community of nuns survives in Rottingdean, an outlying village which is now part of the city of Brighton and Hove.)

The terrace returned to residential use after that, but the Army owned some of the houses at one point in the 20th century and turned them into quarters for married soldiers.  The whole terrace was then bought by the Territorial Army, again to provide housing for their soldiers.  Squatters took over in the 1960s, and the Territorial Army sold the building to a developer for refurbishment and conversion back to private houses and flats.  This took place during 1970.

Notable residents have included actress Dame Flora Robson, who lived at number 7 in the last years of her life; art historian Sir Roy Strong; singer-songwriter David Courtney; and singer Adam Faith.  Courtney wrote many songs for Leo Sayer at his flat, and Faith managed the singer.

Wykeham Terrace was listed at Grade II by English Heritage on 4 July 1969.  This status is given to "nationally important buildings of special interest".  As of February 2001, it was one of 1,124 Grade II-listed buildings and structures, and 1,218 listed buildings of all grades, in the city of Brighton and Hove.

Architecture

As a non-ecclesiastical Gothic-style building, Wykeham Terrace is almost unique in Brighton: the remnants of Gothic House in Western Road (now part of a shop), built by Amon Henry Wilds, and the Percy and Wagner Almshouses on Lewes Road, are the only other examples.  It has been called a "charming Gothic confection", and is generally considered "attractive" and "pleasant".  The curious styling is described as Tudor-Gothic (with "Tudor" reflecting the brief 19th-century revival of the original Tudor form), but Nikolaus Pevsner and Ian Nairn considered it Gothic above all, and the description "Regency-Gothic" has also been used in view of some Regency-style elements.

The whole terrace is faced with grey-painted cement and stucco.  The mansard roof, with dormer windows, is laid with slate.  The long façade is symmetrical but uneven in height: the houses have either two or three storeys with a basement.  At the south and north ends, three-sided bays project forwards and are topped by pinnacles.  In the centre, forming part of numbers 7 and 8, a similar polygonal bay projects from the terrace to form its centrepiece.  Except on these bays, all windows are paired lancets with flat hood moulds, some of which retain their unusual diamond-pattern bars.  The central, five-sided bay is of three storeys, with a large pointed-arched lancet window at the top; a gable cuts into the decorative parapet above it, and buttresses on each side terminate in flat-topped projections.

Notes

Bibliography

Houses completed in 1830
Houses in Brighton and Hove
Grade II listed buildings in Brighton and Hove
1830 establishments in England

Wykeham Terrace, Brighton


Looter shooter (also called loot shooter) is a subgenre of shooter video games that features role-playing elements and procedurally generated weapons and equipment. A main goal of games in the genre is obtaining better items through grinding for random drops, typically with rarities ranging from common to legendary. While it saw its genesis in the 2007 Hellgate: London, it was not popularized until the release of Borderlands in 2009. The genre went on to encompass some of the most successful AAA games on the market. It is common for looter shooters to be games as a service, but this model emphasizes that players ignore other games, and can lead to player burnout.

History
Hellgate: London was the first to combine role-playing games with first-person shooters, also promoting itself with features equivalent to the current label of "games as a service", with developers continually providing new paid post-release content. However, the game suffered from lackluster gunplay and met with mixed reviews, not achieving significant popularity. This changed upon the release of Borderlands, which had more compelling gameplay due to Gearbox Software's experience making shooters. It created the mold of the genre despite not being its first entry. Borderlands 2 (2012), more best-selling and higher quality than the original, expanded the genre's reach further.

Warframe (2013) continued to retain popularity for numerous years, establishing the games as a service model for looter shooters, also introducing the idea of microtransactions to be able to purchase rare items with less grinding, which most subsequent such games would go on to adopt. This was followed by the release of Destiny in 2014, which also used microtransactions, and marked a shift in the genre by introducing elements of massively multiplayer online game (MMOs). Although the game called itself a "shared-world shooter" rather than an MMO, it featured raids, clans, equivalent to MMO guilds, and a central hub world. Destiny also introduced PvP modes in addition to the typical PvE experience.

The Division (2016), a large commercial success for Ubisoft, had an uncommon amount of realism for a looter shooter game, although it was decried as formulaic by critics. Alienation (2016) was unique due to its isometric viewpoint and twin-stick shooter gameplay. Destiny 2 (2017) expanded on the previous game's story mode, becoming a title widely considered better than the first. Remnant: From the Ashes (2019) was notable for its soulslike gameplay, though only experiencing an average reception from critics and fans. Anthem (2019), a BioWare-developed title set on an alien planet and featuring flight-capable powered armor, was hyped as a sea change in the genre, but became a critical and commercial failure, blamed on development issues such as multiple shifts in direction and forced usage of the Frostbite Engine. Electronic Arts ultimately opted to end further development and stop content updates after only two years, rather than proceed with a planned "Anthem 2.0" rework.

Outriders (2021) was notably not a live service title, releasing as a fully complete game. With average reviews from critics, it is unclear if the game was profitable.

References

Video game genres

Looter shooter


The 1916–17 season was Blackpool F.C.'s second season in special wartime football during World War I. They competed in two Football League competitions spread over the full season — the Lancashire Section, Northern Group Principal Competition, for thirty games, and then in the Lancashire Section, Group C, Subsidiary Competition, for a further six games. The club finished in last place, 16th, in the principal competition and 10th in the subsidiary competition. Williamson was the club's top scorer, with ten goals (six in the principal competition, three in the subsidiary and one in other games). Harry Hampton, who scored over 200 goals for Aston Villa between 1904 and 1920, briefly played for Blackpool this season, scoring eight goals in seven league games.

The FA Cup was suspended for the duration of the war.

Background
For Blackpool, the second wartime season was quite different from the first. With the war escalating, the club's own players were not able to play as much for Blackpool. In addition, Blackburn Rovers decided to play in the league which meant that their players, who had played for Blackpool the previous season, would no longer be available. Blackpool often had to rely on finding players at the last minute for matches; therefore, unlike the first season, Blackpool rarely put out the same side in consecutive matches. Staff and recovering patients from the King's Lancashire Medical Convalescent Hospital (KLMCH) and staff from the Royal Army Medical Corps Depot (RAMC), both based at Squires Gate, provided players throughout the season.

Football League Group A

Lancashire Section, Northern Group Principal Competition
The Principal competition for the 1916–17 season consisted of sixteen teams, two more than in the 1915–16 season with the addition of Blackburn Rovers and Port Vale:

Blackpool
Blackburn Rovers
Bolton Wanderers
Bury
Burnley
Everton
Liverpool
Manchester City
Manchester United
Oldham Athletic
Port Vale
Preston North End
Rochdale
Southport Central
Stockport County
Stoke City

Blackpool began the campaign on 2 September 1916, with a home match against Preston North End. The Seasiders team contained only six players who had played for the club in the previous season. The team included Jim Simmons, a Sheffield United player who was on honeymoon in Blackpool. Blackpool won the match 5–1 in front of a crowd of 3,000. By the third game, Blackpool had already used 17 different players, whereas they had used only 19 players throughout the whole of the 1915-16 season. The often-makeshift side suffered five consecutive defeats between 7 October and 4 November before a 1–1 draw at home to Bury on 11 November. However, a week later they lost 11–1 away to Port Vale. Although it is the club's heaviest defeat, it does not count in official records, being a wartime-season game.

The club continued to struggle to field a team, and against Stoke City on 25 November began the game with only nine players. Two soldiers were called in at the last minute to join the game, and the side then managed to get a 1–1 draw. Private Williamson, a soldier from Merseyside, made his debut against Oldham Athletic on 2 December, and he went on to become the club's top scorer this season.

The next win, only the second of the season following the opening day victory, came on 23 December with a 2–1 home victory over Blackburn Rovers, with Williamson scoring both goals. They won just four more games throughout the remainder of the principal-competition season, suffering further heavy defeats — 7–0 to Burnley on 30 December, when they had only nine players and had to borrow two players from their hosts, and 6–0 to Stockport County on 10 February 1917. However, they ended the season with a 9–0 win over Oldham Athletic on 17 March (including four goals from Hampton). They still finished bottom of the table with 19 points from thirty games. Liverpool were the Principal Competition champions.

Lancashire Section, Group C, Subsidiary Competition
For the Subsidiary Competition, the Lancashire League was divided into four groups, unlike the 1915-16 season when there were two groups with six teams each (Northern and Southern). The games played were again though amalgamated at the end of the season to give a composite table.

Blackpool were placed in Group C which contained four teams:
Blackburn Rovers
Blackpool
Burnley
Preston North End

Blackpool's first match in the subsidiary competition was on Christmas Day 1916, even though the Principal Competition was mid-season. They began with a  defeat at Burnley. The next match was not until 31 March 1917, away at Preston North End, and another defeat, this time 2–1. Blackpool won two of their six games, both against Blackburn Rovers, beating them 4–1 at Bloomfield Road on 7 April and 3–2 at Ewood Park in the last game of the season on 21 April. In the combined Subsidiary Competition table Blackpool finished 10th, with Rochdale emerging as champions.

Summary
In the Principal Competition, Blackpool used 54 different players, with a further eight players appearing in the Subsidiary Competition. Booth made the most appearances with 31 (28 in the Principal Competition and three in the Subsidiary Competition), missing just five league games all season. Connor was next with 30 league appearances (24 in the Principal Competition and six in the Subsidiary Competition), followed by Carlisle with 26 (25 in the Principal Competition and one in the Subsidiary Competition) and Bainbridge, with 24 (23 in the Principal Competition and one in the Subsidiary Competition).

Transfers

In

Out

Notes

References

Blackpool F.C.
Blackpool F.C. seasons

1916–17 Blackpool F.C. season


Thomas Jefferson "College Boy" Johnson (April 22, 1889 – September 22, 1926) was an American pitcher in Negro league baseball, playing most of his career in the Pre-Negro league years.

Johnson played for several teams, but he played most of his career for the Chicago American Giants.

Nicknamed "College Boy" or "School Boy" Johnson, Tom Johnson attended Morris Brown College in the Atlanta, Georgia area.

By 1917, he was married with children.

Johnson died in Chicago at the age of 37, and was buried in the Lincoln Cemetery at Blue Island, IL.

References

External links
 and Baseball-Reference Black Baseball stats and Seamheads

1889 births
1926 deaths
Chicago American Giants players
Schenectady Mohawk Giants players
Lincoln Giants players
Louisville White Sox (1914-1915) players
Indianapolis ABCs players
Detroit Stars players
Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Texas
Sportspeople from Bryan, Texas
20th-century African-American people

Tom Johnson (1910s pitcher)


The Morris Ital wis a medium-sized sedan caur biggit bi Breetish Leyland (BL) frae 1980 until 1984. It wis the last caur wi a Morris badge.

Design an launch
The Ital wis first launched on 1 Julie 1980. It teuk its name frae Giorgetto Giugiaro's ItalDesign studio, who haed been employed bi BL tae manage the re-engineering o Morris Marina, a caur which haed been produced bi the company syne 1971. Awtho the redesigned caur wis named Ital efter the design studio, it wis actually Harris Mann who wis responsible for the caur's new leuk. BL's advertising, houiver, emphasised the caur's connection wi the Italian stylin hoose Italdesign, who haed in fact merely productionised the design.

The Ital haed revised exterior styling, but retained the Marina's 1.3- an 1.7-litre petrol engines an rear wheel drive chassis.  The dashboard an interior o the Marina wur an aa carried ower largely unaltered. The Marina's coupé variant wis na produced in Ital form, but the fower-door saloon, five-door estate an pick-up an van versions wur carried ower frae the Marina range. Frae 1981, an automatic version o the Ital wis available wi the 2.0-litre O-Series pouer unit.

Portuguese assembly
Awtho maist Itals wur manufactured in the UK, thare wur an aa Portuguese-assembled Itals (badged as Marina 1.5 D) which wur aw equipped wi the auncient 1.5-litre B-Series diesel engine, producin 37 hp. The Breetish Leyland factory in Setúbal (IMA) then switched tae producin the Mini Moke.

Sales
The Ital sauld reasonably well in Breetain during the early 1980s, as it offered a competitive asking price an law runnin costs. The Ital's technology differed frae mony o its contemporaries, sic as the Opel Ascona/Vauxhall Cavalier, as well as the Peugeot 505 an Talbot Alpine, which wur different in that thay haed front wheel drive. Efter the introduction o the Opel Ascona C / Vauxhall Cavalier Mark II in August 1981, the Ital an Ford's Cortina (an later Sierra) wur the anerlie mass-volume caurs in the sector tae maintain rear-wheel drive.

The end o Morris
The Ital wis the last production caur tae wear the Morris badge (awtho thare wis a Morris-badged van version o the Metro which wis produced until 1984). Production o the Ital wis swapped frae Cowley tae Longbridge in September 1982 tae allou the Cowley plant tae be upgraded for production o the forthcoming Austin Montego an Austin Maestro. At this time, the Ital received an upgrade wi different front an rear suspension (parabolic rear springs an telescopic front dampers) an models wur redesignated SL an SLX. The saloon wis dropped frae the line in Februar 1984 wi the van an estate completing ootgoin contracts for anither sax month, until thay too wur axed. Frae this pynt, the Morris marque wis kept alive solely bi the Metro van, an bi the end o the decade the Morris marque haed been completely discontinued alang wi the Austin marque, as the Rover brand monopolised the range o hatchback an saloons.

The Ital's successor wis the Austin Montego, launched in Aprile 1984 as a fower-door saloon, wi a five-door estate arrivin in Januar 1985.

Later production in Cheenae
Efter UK production ceased, the Ital's production tooling wis sauld tae the Chengdu Auto Works, a company belonging tae the First Auto Works Group in Sichuan province, Cheenae. In 1998, the Ital estate (utilising a locally-made chassis) reappeared thare, unner the name Huandu CAC6430. Van an pick-up variants wur an aa produced. Chengdu Auto Works is thocht tae hae closed doun in Mey 1999.

Reputation
Already ootdated bi the time it wis launched, an continually saddled wi big quality problems, the Ital suin gained a very bad reputation. In Julie 2008, it ended up seicont in a poll o "the worst Breetish caur ever" conducted bi The Sun, endin narrowly ahind the Austin Allegro. The Ital wis said tae hae seemilar rust problems tae its predecessor, the Morris Marina, an acause o this surviving Itals ar rare the day, awtho the Morris Marina Owners Club an Morris Ital Register is makin sure the few remainin examples survive.

Ital

Morris Ital


The ROX Desktop is a graphical desktop environment for the X Window System. It is based on the ROX-Filer which is a  drag and drop spatial file manager. It is free software released under the GNU General Public License. The environment was inspired by the user interface of RISC OS (not to be confused with RISC/os). The name "ROX" comes from "RISC OS on X". Programs can be installed or removed easily using Zero Install.

The project was started by Thomas Leonard as a student at University of Southampton in 1999 and was still led by him in 2012.

Software components

The ROX Desktop is a desktop environment based on the ROX-Filer file manager. Files are loaded by applications by using drag and drop from the filer to the application, and saved by dragging back to the filer. Applications are executable directories, and are thus also installed (copied), uninstalled (deleted), and run through the filer interface. ROX has a strong link with Zero Install, a method of identifying and executing programs via a URL, to make software installation completely automatic.

The desktop uses the GTK toolkit, like the GNOME and Xfce desktops. The design focuses on small, simple programs using drag-and-drop to move data between them. For example, a user might load a compressed file into a spreadsheet from the web by dragging the data from the web browser to the archiver, and from there into the spreadsheet. A program would be installed in the same way, by dragging the archive from the web to the archiver, and from there to the applications directory in the filer.

Drag-and-drop saving allows the user to save the text file to any directory they please, or directly to another application, such as the archiver on the panel.

ROX Filer

ROX-Filer is a graphical spatial file manager for the X Window System. It can be used on its own as a file manager, or can be used as part of ROX Desktop. It is the file manager provided by default in certain Linux distributions such as Puppy Linux and Dyne:bolic, and was used in Xubuntu until Thunar became stable.

ROX-Filer is built using the GTK+ toolkit. Available under the terms of the GPL-2.0-or-later license, ROX-Filer is free software.

See also

 Comparison of X Window System desktop environments
 Package manager

References

Notes

 Bruce Byfield (7 February 2007) ROX Desktop provides light, quirky alternative to GNOME and KDE, Linux.com
  Jo Moskalewski (July 2002) ' RISC rocks. Jo´s alternativer Desktop: ROX LinuxUser

External links

Desktop environments based on GTK
Discontinued software
Free desktop environments
Free file managers
Free software programmed in C
Free software programmed in Python
Linux windowing system-related software
Science and technology in Hampshire
University of Southampton
RISC OS

ROX Desktop


In mathematics and logic, a higher-order logic (abbreviated HOL) is a form of predicate logic that is distinguished from first-order logic by additional quantifiers and, sometimes, stronger semantics. Higher-order logics with their standard semantics are more expressive, but their model-theoretic properties are less well-behaved than those of first-order logic.

The term "higher-order logic" is commonly used to mean higher-order simple predicate logic. Here "simple" indicates that the underlying type theory is the theory of simple types, also called the simple theory of types. Leon Chwistek and Frank P. Ramsey proposed this as a simplification of the complicated and clumsy ramified theory of types specified in the Principia Mathematica by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell. Simple types is sometimes also meant to exclude polymorphic and dependent types.

Quantification scope

First-order logic quantifies only variables that range over individuals; second-order logic, also quantifies over sets; third-order logic also quantifies over sets of sets, and so on.

Higher-order logic is the union of first-, second-, third-, ..., nth-order logic; i.e., higher-order logic admits quantification over sets that are nested arbitrarily deeply.

Semantics
There are two possible semantics for higher-order logic.

In the standard or full semantics, quantifiers over higher-type objects range over all possible objects of that type. For example, a quantifier over sets of individuals ranges over the entire powerset of the set of individuals. Thus, in standard semantics, once the set of individuals is specified, this is enough to specify all the quantifiers. HOL with standard semantics is more expressive than first-order logic. For example, HOL admits categorical axiomatizations of the natural numbers, and of the real numbers, which are impossible with first-order logic. However, by a result of Kurt Gödel, HOL with standard semantics does not admit an effective, sound, and complete proof calculus. The model-theoretic properties of HOL with standard semantics are also more complex than those of first-order logic. For example, the Löwenheim number of second-order logic is already larger than the first measurable cardinal, if such a cardinal exists. The Löwenheim number of first-order logic, in contrast, is ℵ0, the smallest infinite cardinal.

In Henkin semantics, a separate domain is included in each interpretation for each higher-order type. Thus, for example, quantifiers over sets of individuals may range over only a subset of the powerset of the set of individuals. HOL with these semantics is equivalent to many-sorted first-order logic, rather than being stronger than first-order logic. In particular, HOL with Henkin semantics has all the model-theoretic properties of first-order logic, and has a complete, sound, effective proof system inherited from first-order logic.

Properties
Higher-order logics include the offshoots of Church's simple theory of types and the various forms of intuitionistic type theory. Gérard Huet has shown that unifiability is undecidable in a type-theoretic flavor of third-order logic, that is, there can be no algorithm to decide whether an arbitrary equation between second-order (let alone arbitrary higher-order) terms has a solution.

Up to a certain notion of isomorphism, the powerset operation is definable in second-order logic. Using this observation, Jaakko Hintikka established in 1955 that second-order logic can simulate higher-order logics in the sense that for every formula of a higher-order logic, one can find an equisatisfiable formula for it in second-order logic.

The term "higher-order logic" is assumed in some context to refer to classical higher-order logic. However, modal higher-order logic has been studied as well. According to several logicians, Gödel's ontological proof is best studied (from a technical perspective) in such a context.

See also
 Zeroth-order logic (propositional logic)
 First-order logic
 Second-order logic
 Type theory
 Higher-order grammar
 Higher-order logic programming
 HOL (proof assistant)
 Many-sorted logic
 Typed lambda calculus
 Modal logic

Notes

References
 Andrews, Peter B. (2002). An Introduction to Mathematical Logic and Type Theory: To Truth Through Proof, 2nd ed, Kluwer Academic Publishers,
 Stewart Shapiro, 1991, "Foundations Without Foundationalism: A Case for Second-Order Logic". Oxford University Press.,
 Stewart Shapiro, 2001, "Classical Logic II: Higher Order Logic," in Lou Goble, ed., The Blackwell Guide to Philosophical Logic. Blackwell,
 Lambek, J. and Scott, P. J., 1986. Introduction to Higher Order Categorical Logic, Cambridge University Press,

External links
 Andrews, Peter B, Church's Type Theory in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
 Miller, Dale, 1991, "Logic: Higher-order," Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence, 2nd ed.
 Herbert B. Enderton, Second-order and Higher-order Logic in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, published Dec 20, 2007; substantive revision Mar 4, 2009.

Predicate logic
Systems of formal logic

Higher-order logic


The position of Minister of State for Communities and Local Government was a cabinet-level position in the United Kingdom Government. It was created by Tony Blair in 2005 following his victory in the general election of that year. The minister held many responsibilities which were formally held by the Deputy Prime Minister, to whom he reported.

David Miliband became the first holder of the post. His selection was not without controversy, as some speculated that Tony Blair had wanted to give David Blunkett the position as a Secretary of State, but this was opposed by Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott. On 5 May 2006, it was announced that the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister would be losing its responsibility for local government and housing, and Ruth Kelly would be appointed Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government.

Defunct ministerial offices in the United Kingdom
2005 establishments in the United Kingdom
2006 disestablishments in the United Kingdom


Aaron Bay-Schuck (born September 5, 1981) is an American music industry executive. The CEO and co-chairman of Warner Records (formerly Warner Bros. Records), he was previously the president of A&R at Interscope Geffen A&M and the senior vice president of A&R at Atlantic Records.

Early life and education
Bay-Schuck was born in Los Angeles to actors Susan Bay and John Schuck. His parents divorced when he was a child, and in 1989 his mother married actor Leonard Nimoy. His mother is a cousin of film director and producer Michael Bay.

Bay-Schuck attended Columbia University, where he majored in political science. He planned to attend law school and pursue a career in entertainment law. In his senior year, he met a video promotion executive from Capitol Records and had a conversation with her about how record companies operate. The next day he applied for an internship at Interscope Records. He was hired, and although he interned in the video promotion department, he became interested in A&R. He graduated from Columbia in 2003.

Career

Atlantic Records, Interscope
Bay-Schuck returned to Los Angeles following his college graduation. Knowing that jobs at record companies had become scarce as the music industry constricted in the post-Napster era, he registered at an employment agency that placed temps at labels. He was assigned a short-term job at Interscope, and was quickly hired as a full-time assistant to Martin Kierszenbaum, then the head of international marketing for the label.  Determined to work in A&R, he left Interscope a year later to take a job as an A&R assistant at Atlantic.  In 2006, he was promoted to a staff A&R position.  His first hits in an A&R capacity were with the songs "Shawty" by Plies featuring T-Pain, and "Right Round" by Flo Rida featuring Kesha. Bay-Schuck co-wrote "Right Round," which went five times platinum in the US and sold more than 10 million copies worldwide.

Over the course of his ten years at Atlantic, Bay-Schuck worked with Cee Lo Green, B.o.B., T.I., Trey Songz, Travie McCoy, and Trick Daddy, among others. Most notably, he discovered, signed and developed Bruno Mars, who has since sold more than 170 million singles and 26 million albums worldwide. Following his success with Mars, Bay-Schuck, who had originally focused on rap and R&B, worked with artists of all genres. He was appointed senior vice president of A&R for Atlantic in 2012.

In 2014, Bay-Schuck was named president of A&R at Interscope Geffen A&M (IGA). At IGA he worked with artists including Gwen Stefani, Imagine Dragons, Lady Gaga, Skylar Grey, Maroon 5, OneRepublic, and Selena Gomez.

Warner Records

In October 2017, it was announced that Bay-Schuck had been appointed CEO and co-chairman of Warner Records. He assumed the position in October 2018. He said that increasing the focus on pop and hip hop artists were among his goals as Warner's CEO; since then, the label has had #1 hits with Saweetie featuring Doja Cat ("Best Friend"), Dua Lipa ("Levitating") and Bebe Rexha ("Meant to Be"); and signed artists including Remble, Bella Poarch, NLE Choppa, Benson Boone, Freddie Gibbs, and Omar Apollo.

Bay-Schuck was an executive producer of the 2021 documentary Tom Petty, Somewhere You Feel Free: The Making of Wildflowers. The film won a Producers Guild Award in 2022.   He was included in the Billboard Power 100  in 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023.

References

External links
 Warner Records

1981 births
Living people
20th-century American Jews
American music industry executives
Entertainers from Los Angeles
Columbia College (New York) alumni
21st-century American Jews

Aaron Bay-Schuck


Bryan McCabe (born June 8, 1975) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman. He played a career total of 1135 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the New York Islanders, Vancouver Canucks, Chicago Blackhawks, Toronto Maple Leafs, Florida Panthers, and the New York Rangers.

Playing career
Before playing in the NHL, McCabe played 2 seasons with the Medicine Hat Tigers, 3 seasons with the Spokane Chiefs and 1 season with the Brandon Wheat Kings of the Western Hockey League (WHL).

He was drafted with the 40th overall by the New York Islanders in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft. Halfway through his third season with the Islanders, McCabe was traded along with Todd Bertuzzi and a third round draft pick in 1998 (Jarkko Ruutu) to the Vancouver Canucks for Trevor Linden on February 6, 1998.

During his time with the Canucks, he played one and a half seasons with them before he was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks along with their first round draft pick in 2000 for the Blackhawks' first round draft pick in 1999.

On October 2, 2000, after he had 6-goal, 25-point season with the Blackhawks in the 1999–2000 season, McCabe was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs for Alexander Karpovtsev and a fourth round draft choice (Vladimir Gusev) in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft. McCabe had a good 2001–02 season with Toronto, having a 17-goal, 43-point breakout season, as well as, 53 points two seasons later, ending in a fourth-place finish in Norris Trophy voting Second Team All-Star honours.

During the 2004–05 NHL lockout, McCabe played in the Swedish Elitserien with HV71. He didn't have a good time with HV71, recording one goal, 30 penalty minutes and a -12 rating over ten games. He exercised an escape clause in his contract before he went to a game against Södertälje SK where he was supposed to be a healthy scratch for them.

When the lockout ended, he returned to the Maple Leafs. He recorded a career high 19 goals, 49 assists and 68 points in 73 games with the Maple Leafs. He finished the season third overall in points among defencemen, behind Nicklas Lidström and Sergei Zubov.

On June 28, 2006, he signed a 5-year deal with the Leafs worth $28.75 million with a no-movement clause. The next seasons, he recorded 57 points in 82 games the following season. On October 15, 2007, during the dying seconds of overtime against the Buffalo Sabres, McCabe scored in his own net. The goal was credited to Paul Gaustad.

On September 2, 2008, the Maple Leafs traded McCabe along with a fourth round draft pick in 2010 to the Florida Panthers for Mike Van Ryn. On September 23, 2009, he was named as the Panthers' captain.

On February 26, 2011, the Panthers traded him to the New York Rangers for Tim Kennedy and a 3rd round draft pick.

On February 15, 2012, McCabe announced that he was retiring from professional ice hockey.

References

Other websites

1975 births
Brandon Wheat Kings players
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Chicago Blackhawks players
Florida Panthers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
New York Islanders players
New York Rangers players
Medicine Hat Tigers players
Spokane Chiefs players
Swedish Hockey League players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Vancouver Canucks players

Bryan McCabe


MSN TV (formerly WebTV) was a web access product consisting of a thin client device that used a television for display (instead of using a computer monitor), and the online service that supported it.  The original WebTV device design and service were developed by WebTV Networks, Inc., a company started in 1995. The WebTV product was announced in July 1996 and later released on September 18, 1996. In April 1997, the company was purchased by Microsoft Corporation and in July 2001, was rebranded to MSN TV and absorbed into MSN.

While most thin clients developed in the mid-1990s were positioned as diskless workstations for corporate intranets, WebTV was positioned as a consumer product, primarily targeting those looking for a low-cost alternative to a computer for Internet access. The WebTV and MSN TV devices allowed a television set to be connected to the Internet, mainly for web browsing and e-mail. The WebTV/MSN TV service, however, also offered its own exclusive services such as a "walled garden" newsgroup service, news and weather reports, storage for user bookmarks (Favorites), IRC (and for a time, MSN Chat) chatrooms, a Page Builder service that let WebTV users create and host webpages that could later be shared to others via a link if desired, the ability to play background music from a predefined list of songs while surfing the web, dedicated sections for aggregated content covering various topics (entertainment, romance, stocks, etc.), and a few years after Microsoft bought out WebTV, integration with MSN Messenger and Hotmail. The setup included a thin client in the form of a set-top box, a remote, a network connection using dial-up, or with the introduction of Rogers Interactive TV and the MSN TV 2, the option to use broadband, and a wireless keyboard, which was sold optionally up until the 2000s.

The MSN TV service lasted for 18 years, shutting down on September 30, 2013, and allowing subscribers to migrate their data well before that date arrived.

The original WebTV network relied on a Solaris backend network and telephone lines to deliver service to customers via dial-up, with "frontend servers" that talk directly to boxes using a custom protocol, the WebTV Protocol (WTVP), to authenticate users and deliver content to boxes. For the MSN TV 2, however, a completely new service based on IIS servers and regular HTTP/HTTPS services was used.

History

Concept

Co-founder Steve Perlman is credited with the idea for the device. He first combined computer and television as a high-school student when he decided his home PC needed a graphics display. He went on to build software for companies such as Apple and Atari. While working at General Magic, the idea of bringing TVs and computers together resurfaced.

One night, Perlman was browsing the web and came across a Campbell's soup website with recipes. He thought that the people who might be interested in what the site had to offer were not using the web.  It occurred to him that if the television audience was enabled by a device to augment television viewing with receiving information or commercial offers through the television, then perhaps the web address could act as a signal and the television cable could be the conduit.

Early history
A Silicon Valley startup, WebTV Networks was founded in July 1995. Perlman brought along co-founders Bruce Leak and Phil Goldman shortly after conceiving the basic concept. The company operated out of half of a former BMW car dealership building on Alma Street in Palo Alto, California, which was being used for storage by the Museum of American Heritage. WebTV had been able to obtain the space for very low rent, but it was suboptimal for technology development.

Before incorporation, the company referred to itself as Artemis Research to disguise the nature of its business. The info page of its original website explained that it was studying "sleep deprivation, poor diet and no social life for extended periods on humans and dwarf rabbits". The dwarf rabbit reference was an inside joke among WebTV's engineers - Phil Goldman's pet house rabbit Bowser (inspiration for the General Magic logo) was often found roaming the WebTV building late into the night while the engineers were working—although WebTV actually received inquiries from real research groups conducting similar studies and seeking to exchange data.

The company hired many engineers and a few business development employees early on, having about 30 total employees by October 1995. Two early employees of Artemis were from Apple Inc: Andy Rubin, creator of the Android cell phone OS, and Joe Britt. Both men would later be two of the founders of Danger, Inc. (originally Danger Research).

WebTV Networks' business model was to license a reference design to consumer electronics companies for a WebTV Internet Terminal, a set-top box that attached to a telephone line and automatically connected to the Internet through a dial-up modem. The consumer electronics companies' income was derived from selling the WebTV set-top box. WebTV's income was derived from operating the WebTV Service, the Internet-based service to which the set-top boxes connected and for which it collected a fee from WebTV subscribers. The service provided features such as HTML-based email, and proxied websites, which were reformatted by the service before they were sent to set-top box, to make them display more efficiently on a television screen.

WebTV closed its first round of financing, US$1,500,000, from Marvin Davis in September 1995, which it used to develop its prototype set-top box, using proprietary hardware and firmware. The company also used the financing to develop the online service that the set-top boxes connected to. WebTV leveraged their limited startup funds by licensing a reference design for the appliance to Sony and Philips. Eventually other companies would also become licensees and WebTV would profit on the monthly service fees.

Announcement
By the spring of 1996 WebTV Networks employed approximately 70 people, many of them finishing their senior year at nearby Stanford University, or former employees of either Apple Computer or General Magic.  WebTV had started negotiating with Sony to manufacture and distribute the WebTV set-top box, but negotiations had taken much longer than WebTV had expected, and WebTV had used up its initial funding.  Steve Perlman liquidated his assets, ran up his credit cards and mortgaged his house to provide bridge financing while seeking additional venture capital. Because Sony had insisted upon exclusive distribution rights for the first year, WebTV had no other distribution partner in place, and just before WebTV was to close venture capital financing from Brentwood Associates, Sony sent WebTV a certified letter stating it had decided not to proceed with WebTV.  It was a critical juncture for WebTV, because the Brentwood financing had been predicated on the expectation of a future relationship with Sony, and if Brentwood had decided to not proceed with the financing after being told that Sony had backed out, WebTV would have gone bankrupt and Perlman would have lost everything. Brentwood decided to proceed with the financing despite losing Sony's involvement, and further financing from Paul Allen's Vulcan Ventures soon followed.

WebTV then proceeded to close a non-exclusive WebTV set-top box distribution deal with Philips, which provided competitive pressure causing Sony to change its mind, to resume its relationship with WebTV and also to distribute WebTV.

The company Igor Software Laboratories, founded by Steve Hales and Jim Nitchals, licensed its SoundMusicSys engine to WebTV, allowing it to play music in formats such as MIDI. Igor contracted three additional musicians to create original music and sound effects for the device: Brian Salter, Michael Pukish and Peter Drescher. In addition to Igor, Thomas Dolby's audio technology company Beatnik (then known as Headspace) also composed music for the device. This led to Beatnik acquiring Igor and its SoundMusicSys engine, which later became the Beatnik Audio Engine. Dolby considered the usage of sequenced audio to be saving physical space within the devices, while satisfying the needs of television viewers wanting audio to accompany the internet.

WebTV was announced on July 10, 1996, generating a large wave of press attention as not only the first television-based use of the World Wide Web, but also as the first consumer-electronics device to access the World Wide Web without a personal computer. After the product's announcement, the company closed additional venture financing, including investments from Microsoft Corporation, Citicorp, Seagate Technology, Inc., Times Mirror Company, and other companies.

The launch

WebTV was launched on September 18, 1996, within one year after its first round of financing, with WebTV set-top boxes in stores from Sony and Philips, and WebTV's online service running from servers in its tiny office, still based in the former BMW dealership.

The initial price for the WebTV set-top box was US$349 for the Sony version and US$329 for the Philips version, with a wireless keyboard available for about an extra US$50. The monthly service fee initially was US$19.95 per month for unlimited Web surfing and e-mail.

There was little difference between the first Sony and the Philips WebTV set-top boxes, except for the housing and packaging. The WebTV set-top box had very limited processing and memory resources, housing a 112 MHz R4640 MIPS CPU, 2 megabytes of RAM, 2 megabytes of ROM, and 1 megabyte of Flash memory. The device relied upon a connection through a 33.6 kbit/s dialup modem to connect to the WebTV Service, where powerful servers provide back-end support to the WebTV set-top boxes to provide a full Web-browsing and email experience to the subscribers.

Initial sales were slow. By April 1997, WebTV had only 56,000 subscribers, but the pace of subscriber growth accelerated after that, achieving 150,000 subscribers by Autumn 1997, about 325,000 subscribers by April 1998 and about 800,000 subscribers by May 1999. WebTV achieved profitability by Spring 1998, and grossed over US$1.3 billion in revenue through its first 8 years of operation. In 2005 WebTV was still grossing US$150 million per year in revenue with 65% gross margin.

WebTV briefly classified as a weapon
Because WebTV utilized strong encryption, specifically the 128-bit encryption (not SSL) used to communicate with its proprietary service, upon launch in 1996, WebTV was classified as "munitions" (a military weapon) by the United States government and was therefore barred from export under United States security laws at the time. Because WebTV was widely distributed in consumer electronic stores under the Sony and Philips brands for only US$325, its munitions classification was used to argue that the US should no longer consider devices incorporating strong encryption to be munitions, and should permit their export. Two years later, in October 1998, WebTV obtained a special exemption permitting its export, despite the strong encryption, and shortly thereafter, laws concerning export of cryptography in the United States were changed to generally permit the export of strong encryption.

Microsoft takes notice
In February 1997, in an investor meeting with Microsoft, Steve Perlman was approached by Microsoft's Senior Vice President for Consumer Platforms Division, Craig Mundie. Despite the fact that the initial WebTV sales had been modest, Mundie expressed that Microsoft was impressed with WebTV and saw significant potential both in WebTV's product offering and in applying the technology to other Microsoft consumer and video product offerings. Microsoft offered to acquire WebTV, build a Microsoft campus in Silicon Valley around WebTV, and establish WebTV as a Microsoft division to develop television-based products and services, with Perlman as the division's president.

Discussions proceeded rapidly, involving Bill Gates, then CEO of Microsoft, personally. Gates called Perlman at his home on Easter Sunday in March 1997, and Perlman described to Gates WebTV's next generation products in development, which would be the first consumer devices to incorporate hard disks, including the WebTV Plus, and the WebTV Digital Video Recorders. Gates' interest was piqued, and negotiations between Microsoft and WebTV rapidly proceeded to closure, with both sides working around the clock to get the deal done. Negotiation time was so short that the hour lost due to the change to Daylight Saving Time the night before the planned announcement, which the parties had neglected to factor into their schedule, almost left them without enough time to finish the deal.

On April 6, 1997, 20 months after WebTV's founding, and only six weeks after negotiations with Microsoft began, during a scheduled speech at the National Association of Broadcasters conference in Las Vegas, Nevada, Craig Mundie announced that Microsoft had acquired WebTV. The acquisition price was US$503 million, but WebTV was so young a company that most of the employees' stock options had yet to be vested. As such, the vested shares at the time of the announcement amounted to US$425 million, and that was the acquisition price announced.  Each of the three founders received $64 million from the sale.

Subsequent to the acquisition, WebTV became a Silicon Valley-based division of Microsoft, with Steve Perlman as its president. The WebTV division began developing most of Microsoft's television-based products, including the first satellite Digital Video Recorders (the DishPlayer for EchoStar's Dish Network and UltimateTV for DirecTV), Microsoft's cable TV products, the Xbox 360 hardware, and Microsoft's Mediaroom IPTV platform.

In May 1999, America Online announced that it was going to compete directly with Microsoft in delivering Internet over television sets by introducing AOL TV.

In June 1999, Steve Perlman left Microsoft and started Rearden, a business incubator for new companies in media and entertainment technology.

MSN TV rebranding
In July 2001, six years after WebTV's founding, Microsoft rebranded WebTV as MSN TV. Contracts were terminated with all other licensed manufacturers of the WebTV hardware except RCA, leaving them as the sole manufacturer of further hardware. Promotion of the WebTV brand ended.

In later years, the number of consumers using dialup access had dropped and as the Classic and Plus clients were restricted to dialup access, their subscriber count began to drop. Because the WebTV client was subsidized hardware, the company had always required individual subscriptions for each box, but with the subsidies ended, MSN started offering free use of MSN TV boxes to their computer users who subscribed to MSN as an incentive not to depart for discount dialup ISPs.

Broadband MSN TV
In 2001, Rogers Cable partnered with Microsoft to introduce "Rogers Interactive TV" in Canada.  The service enabled Rogers' subscribers to access the Web via their TV sets, create their own websites, shop online, chat, and access e-mail. This initiative was the first broadband implementation of MSN TV.

In late 2004, Microsoft introduced MSN TV 2. Codenamed the "Deuce", it was capable of broadband access, and it introduced a revamped user interface and new capabilities. These include offline viewing of media (so long as a user had already logged in prior), audio and video streaming (broadband only), Adobe Reader, support for viewing Microsoft Office documents (namely Microsoft Word), Windows Media Player, the ability to access Windows computers on a home network to function as a media player, and even the ability the use of a mouse. MSN TV 2 also later introduced features originally seen in the first generation of MSN TV, such as its Beatnik MIDI engine and the ability to play background music while surfing the web. MSN TV 2 used a different online service from the original WebTV/MSN TV, but it offered many of the same services, such as chatrooms, instant messaging, weather, news, aggregated "info centers", and newsgroups, and like that service, still required a subscription to use. For those with broadband, the fee was US$99 yearly.

For inexpensive devices, the cost of licensing the operating system is substantial. For Microsoft, however, it would be actualizing a sunk cost, and when Microsoft released the MSN TV 2 model, they adopted standard PC architecture and used a customized version of Windows CE as the operating system. This allowed MSN TV 2 to more easily and inexpensively keep current.

Discontinuation
By late 2009, MSN TV hardware was no longer being sold by Microsoft, although service continued for existing users for the next four years. Attempting to go to the "Buy MSN TV" section on the MSN TV website at the time resulted in the following message being shown:

"Sorry, MSN TV hardware is no longer available for purchase from Microsoft. Microsoft continues to support the subscription service for existing WebTV and MSN TV customers."

On July 1, 2013, an email was sent out to subscribers stating that the MSN TV service would be shutting down on September 30, 2013. During that time, subscribers were advised to convert any accounts on the first-generation service to Microsoft accounts and to migrate any favorites and other data they had on their MSN TV accounts to SkyDrive. Once September 30, 2013 finally arrived, the WebTV/MSN TV service fully closed. Existing customers were offered MSN Dial-Up Internet Access accounts with a promotion. Customer service was available for non-technical and billing questions until January 15, 2014.

Technology

Set-top box
Since the WebTV set-top box was a dedicated web-browsing appliance that did not need to be based on a standard operating system, the cost of licensing one could be avoided. All WebTV and original MSN TV boxes featured a 32-bit MIPS RISC CPU, boot ROM, storage, RAM, and a smart card reader, which was not significantly utilized. The web browser that ran on the set-top boxes was developed in-house, but compatible with both Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer standards. The WebTV set-top boxes leveraged the service's server-side caching proxy which reformatted and compressed web pages before sending them to the box, a feature generally unavailable to dial-up ISP users at the time and as such, had to be developed by WebTV Networks. Given the fact that WebTV's thin client software was stored in non-volatile memory, upgrades could be downloaded from the WebTV service onto set-top boxes over a phone line, as well as over the air via satellite broadcast on satellite units. The set-top boxes were also designed so that at a specified time, it would check to see if there was any email waiting for the user. If there was, it would illuminate a red LED on the front of the box so the consumer would know it was worth connecting to read their email.

The first WebTV Classic set-top boxes from Sony and Philips in 1996 had a 33.6k modem, 2 MB of RAM, 2 MB of boot ROM, and 2 MB of flash ROM. They also contained an ASIC named FIDO, designed by WebTV Networks and manufactured by NEC, which handled graphics processing that was capable of video output to NTSC and, reportedly, PAL, as well as handling system logic for IR and controlling the LEDs on the front of the box. Future models would start using 56k modems and introduce increased RAM and storage capacity.

A second model, the WebTV Plus, was introduced a year after the release of the original boxes. This model featured a TV tuner and composite inputs to allow watching television from the set-top box. The television feed could be viewed in full screen, in a PIP (Picture-In-Picture) window, or used to capture video stills as a JPEG that could then be uploaded to a WebTV/MSN TV discussion post, email, or a "scrapbook" on a user's account for later use. WebTV Plus also allowed one to schedule a VCR in a manner like TiVo allowed several years later. The Plus upgraded to a 167 MHz R4640 processor, included a 56k modem, support for ATVEF, a technology that allowed users to download special script-laden pages to interact with television shows, and in original models, had a Seagate 1.1 GB hard drive for storage in place of the flash memory chips used in the previous Classic models, mainly in order to accommodate large nightly downloads of television schedules. WebTV Plus also introduced a new ASIC into the hardware to allow the new TV-based features to be possible and enhance the set top box's graphical capabilities. Named "Solo", it was announced to have support for 3-D transformations, compositing, on-the-fly image decompression, anti-aliasing, and translucency. The enhanced graphics capabilities of the Solo also allowed WebTV Networks to experiment with the idea of making WebTV Plus a platform for video gaming alongside web browsing, which currently only has confirmation in the form of first hand accounts from people who worked for or collaborated with WebTV Networks to develop games for it, and a leak that occurred in August 1998 where the WebTV hacking scene discovered a games section on an internal WebTV server that offered options to download WebTV Plus ports of Doom and You Don't Know Jack. Two revisions of the Solo ASIC are known to have been used in the WebTV Plus throughout its lifespan: SOLO1 and SOLO3, the latter mainly being used in the New Plus revision of the model.

Around Fall 1998, plans for a "Derby" revision of the WebTV Plus were announced, which was rumored to have a faster CPU and more memory. Circa late 1998 or early 1999, only one Derby unit was produced by Sony as a silent revision of their INT-W200 Plus model, but no substantial changes were made to the hardware outside of the CPU being upgraded with no change in clock speed, and the modem being changed to a softmodem. As chip prices dropped, later versions of the Plus used an M-Systems DiskOnChip flash ROM instead, alongside increasing RAM capacity to 16 MB.

In Japan, WebTV had a small run starting around December 1997, with a couple "Classic" Japanese units being released at launch, which came with hard drives, the same amount of RAM as an Old Plus, and two times more boot ROM than American Classic and Old Plus units. In the Spring of 1999, Japanese WebTV subscribers also had the option of utilizing Sega's Dreamcast video game console, which came with a built-in modem, to access the WebTV service. This was possible as Sega and Microsoft collaborated to create a port of the WebTV technology on the Dreamcast, using the Windows CE abstraction layer supported on the console and what's believed to be a version of the Internet Explorer 2.0 browser engine. The Japanese service ended some time in March 2002.

As an ease-of-use design consideration, WebTV early on decided to reformat pages rather than have users doing sideways scrolling. As entry-level PCs evolved from VGA resolution of 640x480 to SVGA resolution of 800x600, and web site dimensions followed suit, reformatting the PC-sized web pages to fit the 560-pixel width of a United States NTSC television screen became less satisfactory. The WebTV browser also translated HTML frames as tables in order to avoid the need for a mouse. When the MSN TV 2 released, Microsoft had decided to forgo reformatting pages and added sideways scrolling as well as the ability to resize text on web pages with buttons on the MSN TV keyboard.

Satellite boxes

Starting in the late 90s, WebTV Networks produced reference designs of models incorporating a disk-based personal video recorder and a satellite tuner for EchoStar's Dish Network and for DirecTV. These would be named the DishPlayer and UltimateTV respectively.

DishPlayer launched in late 1999 and was touted as "the world's first interactive satellite TV receiver". The DishPlayer is the first satellite-based DVR from Dish Network, and used a hard disk to allow users to record shows for later viewing. It could simultaneously play back video while recording as well. DishPlayer users could also control playback of programs recorded onto the set top box. DishPlayer made use of software and hardware developed by WebTV Networks to provide the user interface and features. Because of this, it was also capable of connecting to the WebTV Plus service, allowing it to browse the internet, send e-mail, and access other WebTV services. DishPlayer was also the only WebTV-based box to officially have games released for it, which were downloaded and updated over satellite. Three games were offered on the DishPlayer: Doom, You Don't Know Jack (a port of the Netshow version), and Solitaire. Two models of the DishPlayer were released: the 7100 and 7200, which had 8.6 GB and 17.6 GB of hard disk space respectively. EchoStar stopped selling DishPlayer boxes in 2001, but the boxes still worked with Dish Network service well into the mid-2000s.

UltimateTV was a satellite-based DVR made for DirecTV that made use a dual satellite tuner to allow a user to watch or record two shows at once. It would take advantage of new hardware to achieve this, using an upgraded version of the Solo ASIC named SOLO2. This version of the ASIC has the ability to process several video streams at the same time and included a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) to allow digital content to be displayed on analog television sets. While the user interface and internet service for UltimateTV are similar to WebTV/MSN TV's, the UltimateTV software now uses Windows CE as its underlying OS as opposed to a custom one like the standard WebTV and MSN TV firmware used. This Windows CE-based OS would be used as the framework for the original Microsoft TV platform. In 2001, EchoStar sued Microsoft for failing to support the WebTV DishPlayer. EchoStar subsequently sought to acquire DirecTV and was the presumptive acquirer, but EchoStar was ultimately blocked by the Federal Communications Commission. While EchoStar's lawsuit against Microsoft was in process, DirecTV (presumptively acquired and controlled by EchoStar) dropped UltimateTV (thus ending Microsoft's satellite product initiatives) and picked TiVo's DirecTV product as its only Digital Video Recorder offering.

Security

Hackers eventually figured out ways to exploit the service's security with vulnerable URLs, resulting in access to internal sections of the production WebTV service such as "Tricks," which hosted several pages designed to troubleshoot the WebTV box and service; the ability to remotely change the settings of a subscriber's box; or even remotely performing actions on any account, including deleting them, which the service did not verify on whether the requests were coming from the account holder or not. Hackers also found a way to connect to internal WebTV services and discovered WebTV content that was previously unknown to the public, including a version of Doom for WebTV Plus units that could be downloaded from one of these services at one point.

WebTV/MSN TV was also victim to a virus written in July 2002 by 43 year old David Jeansonne, which changed the local dial-up access number on victims' boxes to 911. This number would be dialled the next time the WebTV/MSN TV box had to dial in. It was sent to 18 MSN TV users through an attachment in an email, and disguised itself by showing an interface for a "tool" that could change the colors and fonts of the MSN TV user interface. It was supposedly forwarded to 3 other users by some of the initial victims, making the total victim count 21. At least 10 of the victims reported having the police show up at their homes as a result of their boxes dialing 911. There are also claims of the virus having the ability to mass-mail itself, although this was not properly confirmed at the time the virus was prevalent. Jeansonne was eventually arrested in February 2004, and pled guilty on the charges of intentionally causing damage to computers and causing a threat to public safety. He was subsequently sentenced to serve six months in prison, followed by six months of home detention, as well as paying restitution to Microsoft.

Protocols
With the first generation of the WebTV/MSN TV service, the main protocol used for the majority of service communication was WTVP, or the WebTV Protocol. WTVP is a TCP-based protocol that is essentially a proprietary version of HTTP 1.0 with the ability to serve both standard web content and specialized service content to WebTV/MSN TV users. It also introduced its own protocol extensions, which include but aren't limited to 128-bit RC4-based message encryption, ticket-based authorization, proprietary challenge–response authentication to both verify clients logging in to the service and to supply them session keys used for message encryption, and persistent connections. This protocol was supported by all WebTV and original MSN TV clients and the Sega Dreamcast release of WebTV up until the September 2013 discontinuation of the entire service (March 2002 for those in Japan).

Another protocol used by the original service is dubbed "Mail Notify", a UDP-based protocol that would track online clients and send periodic datagrams directly to clients to notify them of new e-mail. Its existence has only been confirmed in a leaked Microsoft document. Mail Notify would directly connect to clients on UDP port 6666 to send notifications to them, and clients would respond by contacting a notification service over WTVP.

WebTV/MSN TV client hardware

Models

Confirmed

Not Confirmed

Hacking attempts
In February 2006, Chris Wade analyzed the proprietary BIOS of the MSN TV 2 set top box, and created a sophisticated memory patch which allowed it to be flashed and used to boot Linux on it. An open-source solution to enabling TV output on the MSN TV 2 and similar devices was made available in 2009. There were also recorded attempts to make use of unused IDE  pins on the MSN TV 2's motherboard and supply a hard drive, most likely to add extra storage beyond the 64 MB given by the default CompactFlash storage.

See also
 Microsoft Venus
 Set-top box
 SmartTV
 AOL TV
 Google TV (smart TV platform)
 Caldera DR-WebSpyder

References

External links
 .

 .

Interactive television
Streaming television
MSN
Set-top box
Thin clients
Products and services discontinued in 2013
Telecommunications-related introductions in 1996
Computer-related introductions in 1996

MSN TV


Plant lifecycle management (PLM) is the process of managing an industrial facility's data and information throughout its lifetime. Plant lifecycle management differs from product lifecycle management by its primary focus on the integration of logical, physical and technical plant data in a combined plant model.

A PLM model can be used through a plants whole lifecycle, covering:
Design,
Construction,
Erection,
Commissioning,
Handover,
Operation,
Maintenance/Refurbishment/Life Extension,
Decommissioning,
Land rehabilitation.

Parts of the model

Logical model
The logical plant model may cover:
Process & instrumentation diagrams (P&ID)
Pipe & instrumentation diagrams (P&ID)
P&I schematic
Process flow
Massflow diagram (similar to the process flow but used in the mineral industry)
Electrical key diagram
Cabling diagram
Electrical
Hydraulic
Pneumatic
Heating venting & air-conditioning (HVAC)
Water and wastewater

Physical model
Physical parts of a plant are usually represented by 3D CAD models.
The CAD system used would typically focus on top-down, routing, and DMU and would differ on many point from the systems used in the mechanical industry, or for Architectural engineering.
Sometimes the CAD system would be supplemented by software to generate 3D views or walk-through features.

Technical model
The technical data is typically managed by an ERP system or some other database. There could also be links to systems for handling unstructured data, like EDM systems.

Integration
Integration with Enterprise (EPCM, ePCM),
Integration with Enterprise (Owner/Operator),
Integration with Regulator.

Applicability
New Build
Return to Service (RTS)

See also
 Lifecycle management
 ISO 10303 - Industrial automation systems and integration—Product data  representation and exchange
 ISO 15926 - Process Plants including Oil and Gas facilities life-cycle data

Notes

Further reading
about Virtual Mill
about Augmented reality

Product lifecycle management
Computer-aided design
Management by type

Plant lifecycle management


Henry Mill (c. 1683–1771) was an English inventor who patented the first typewriter in  1714. He worked as a waterworks engineer for the New River Company, and submitted two patents during his lifetime. One was for a coach spring, while the other was for a "Machine for Transcribing Letters". The machine that he invented appears, from the patent, to have been similar to a typewriter, but nothing further is known. Other early developers of typewriting machines include Pellegrino Turri. Many of these early machines, including Turri's, were developed to enable the blind to write.

Life
The eldest son of Andrew and Dorothy Mill, was born in 1683 or 1684; according to his epitaph he was a relation of Sir Hugh Myddelton. He obtained an appointment about 1720 as engineer to the New River Company.

Mill's obituary notice in the Gentleman's Magazine states that he erected waterworks at Northampton. He was employed by Sir Robert Walpole to carry out the water supply for Houghton Hall.

Mill in later life employed Robert Mylne as assistant. He died unmarried at his house in Strand, London on 26 December 1771, and he was buried in Breamore Church, near Salisbury, with a long epitaph to his memory. The epitaph states that he was aged 87, but he is entered in the parish register as aged 88 years.

Inventions
In 1706 Mill obtained a patent (No. 376) for an improvement in carriage springs, and also in 1714 another patent (No. 395) for an apparatus "for impressing or transcribing of letters singly or progressively one after another, so neat and exact as not to be distinguished from print, very useful in settlements and public records". The patent contains no description of the apparatus, but it has been regarded as the first proposal for a typewriter.

Notes

Attribution

1683 births
1771 deaths
English inventors
Typewriters

Henry Mill


Quiet as a Nun is a thriller novel, written by Antonia Fraser. First published in 1977, it features Fraser's sleuthing heroine Jemima Shore as she revisits the convent school where she was educated following the mysterious death of one of the nuns. A six-part television dramatisation of the book (written by Julia Jones) was part of ITV's anthology series Armchair Thriller in 1978.

Plot summary
The novel begins with the death of a nun, Sister Miriam, who apparently starved herself to death in a ruined tower, known as the 'Tower of Ivory', which adjoins the grounds of the Convent of the Blessed Eleanor, a nunnery and a girls' school.

The tower has specific significance to the Order, as it was the original convent building. The tower and the ancient history of the Order are recorded in the Treasury of the Blessed Eleanor, a manuscript that is referenced throughout the story. Though it is never stated explicitly, Blessed Eleanor is presumed to be Eleanor of Aquitaine, who was once Queen of England.

Television reporter Jemima Shore is a former schoolfriend of Sister Miriam, who was also known as Rosabelle Powerstock and was heiress to "the Powers fortune", one of the largest fortunes in Britain. Jemima is invited back to the convent by Reverend Mother Ancilla, where she uncovers a number of mysteries, including the suggestion that Miriam, whose family owned the convent lands, may have written a second will bequeathing them away from the Order, and into the hands of another charity.

The tension builds when the girls at the convent school tell Jemima that the Black Nun, a malevolent faceless spectre reputed to appear whenever a death is about to take place within the grounds, was seen just prior to Sister Miriam's death, and has been sighted again.

Television adaptation
Quiet as a Nun was adapted for television by ITV in 1978, as part of the Armchair Thriller series. The adaptation starred Maria Aitken as Jemima Shore, along with Renée Asherson (Mother Ancilla), Brenda Bruce (Sister Elizabeth) and Sylvia Coleridge (Sister Boniface). Patsy Kensit, then a child, plays one of the convent schoolgirls, Tessa Justin, who has a significant role in the final two episodes.

In the final minutes of the third episode, aired on 18 April 1978, Jemima Shore goes alone into the Tower at night. As she climbs into the attic, she encounters the faceless Black Nun sitting in a rocking chair. Jemima screams as the Black Nun advances towards her, at which point the episode ends. The scene was ranked 63rd in Channel 4's Top 100 Scary Moments list.

Episodes and original airdates
Part One: "The Tower" – 11 April 1978
Part Two: "The Chapel" – 13 April 1978
Part Three: "The Black Nun" – 18 April 1978
Part Four: "Witness And Wills" – 20 April 1978
Part Five: "Powers Of Darkness" – 25 April 1978
Part Six: "Death And Decision" – 27 April 1978

Cast
Maria Aitken as Jemima Shore
Renée Asherson as Mother Ancilla
Brenda Bruce as Sister Elizabeth
David Burke as Tony Amyas, MP
James Laurenson as Alexander Skarbek
Doran Godwin as Sister Lucy
Margaret D'arcy as Sister Clare
Kate Binchy as Sister Edward
Linda Slater as Dodo
Sarah Webb as Margaret
Michelle Winstanley as Blanche
Patsy Kensit as Tessa Justin
Catrina Hylton as Mandy Justin
Mary Healey as Beatrice O'Dowd
James Appleby as Joe
Susan Engel as Sister Agnes
Sylvia Coleridge as Sister Boniface

Crew
 Julia Jones – writer, adaptation
 Moira Armstrong – director
 Jacqueline Davis – producer
 Bill Palmer – production designer
 Roger Webb – incidental music
 Robert Banks Stewart – script editor

DVD release
Network released Armchair Thriller on DVD in 2008, both in separate volumes for each story and as an 11-disc set featuring all of the episodes produced by Thames Television.

References

External links

 New York Times review of the ITV adaptation of Quiet as a Nun.
 Interview with Julia Jones, who wrote the ITV adaptation of Quiet as a Nun.

1977 British novels
1978 British television series debuts
1978 British television series endings
1970s British drama television series
British crime novels
ITV television dramas
Novels by Antonia Fraser
Television shows produced by Thames Television
Viking Press books
Weidenfeld & Nicolson books

Quiet as a Nun


A Dafli or Daf is a handheld bass producing device, which can be thought of similar to a drum or Tabla. There is not much learning involved unlike other musical instruments and one can soon learn to produce a musical pattern on it. They are often used in rural folk fares, religious festivals, or Bhajans. Some people earn their livelihood by playing such musical instruments.

Drums

Dafli


Eduard Gans (March 22, 1797 – May 5, 1839) was a German jurist.

Biography
Gans was born in Berlin to prosperous Jewish parents.  He studied law first at the Friedrich Wilhelm University, Berlin, then at Göttingen, and finally at Heidelberg, where he attended G. W. F. Hegel's lectures, and became thoroughly imbued with the principles of Hegel's philosophy. In 1820, after taking his doctor's degree, he returned to Berlin as a lecturer. In 1825 he converted to the Evangelical Church in Prussia, and the following year was appointed extraordinary, and in 1828 ordinary, professor in the Berlin University faculty of law. Before converting, he was a member of the Society for the Culture and Science of the Jews, alongside Joel Abraham List, Isaac Marcus Jost and Leopold Zunz.

At this period the historical school of jurisprudence was coming to the front, and Gans, his Hegelian tendencies predisposing him to treat law historically, applied the method to one special branch—the right of succession. His great work, Erbrecht in weltgeschichtlicher Entwicklung (1824, 1825, 1829 and 1835), is of enduring value, not only for its extensive survey of facts, but for the admirable manner in which the general theory of the slow evolution of legal principles is presented.

In 1830, and again in 1835, Gans visited Paris, and formed an intimate acquaintance with the leaders of literary culture and criticism there. The liberality of his views, especially on political matters, drew upon Gans the displeasure of the Prussian government, and his course of lectures on the history of the last fifty years (published as Vorlesungen über die Geschichte der letzten fünfzig Jahre, Leipzig, 1833–1834) was prohibited. He died in Berlin.

Other works are a treatise on the fundamental laws of property (Über die Grundlage des Besitzes, Berlin, 1829), a portion of a systematic work on the Roman civil law (System des römischen Zivilrechts, 1827), and a collection of his miscellaneous writings (Vermischte Schriften. 1832). Gans edited the Philosophie der Geschichte in Hegel's Werke, and contributed a preface. He also wrote Das Erbrecht in Weltgeschichtlicher Entwickelung (4 vols., 1834) which was translated into French.

References
 Eduard Gans on Encyclopædia Britannica
 Johann Braun: Judentum, Jurisprudenz und Philosophie. Bilder aus dem Leben des Juristen Eduard Gans (1797–1839). Nomos, Baden-Baden 1997,

Converts to Protestantism from Judaism
German Protestants
19th-century German Jews
Jurists from Berlin
1797 births
1839 deaths
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
Hegelian philosophers
19th-century German philosophers
19th-century German jurists

Eduard Gans


The Web 2.0 Summit (originally known as the Web 2.0 Conference) was an annual event, held in San Francisco, California from 2004 to 2011, that featured discussions about the World Wide Web. The event was started by Tim O'Reilly, who is also widely credited with popularizing the term "Web 2.0". It was organized by O'Reilly's company, O'Reilly Media, with O'Reilly and journalist/entrepreneur John Battelle serving as co-moderators. The Web 2.0 Summit was an invitation-only event and featured many of the most prominent entrepreneurs and thinkers of the web community.

Spin-off events included the Web 2.0 Expo, which lasted from 2007 to 2011, and the Gov 2.0 Summit, which occurred in 2009 and 2010.

2004
The first Web 2.0 conference was held October 5–7, 2004 at the Hotel Nikko in San Francisco. It is believed to be the point at which the term Web 2.0 came into popular usage. Darcy DiNucci had coined the term in 1999 and predicted the influence it would have on public relations.

Speakers at the conference included Jeff Bezos, Mark Cuban, John Doerr, Mary Meeker, Craig Newmark, Marc Andreessen, Cory Doctorow, Bill Gross, Lawrence Lessig, Halsey Minor, Louis Monier and Jerry Yang.

2005
The 2005 Web 2.0 Conference  was held October 5–7, 2005 at the Argent Hotel in San Francisco. Speakers included Stewart Butterfield, Mark Cuban, Bram Cohen, Mena Trott, Joe Kraus, Vinod Khosla, Barry Diller, Mary Meeker, Ray Ozzie, Terry Semel and Evan Williams.

2006
In 2006, the event was renamed "Web 2.0 Summit". The 2006 event's theme was "Disruption & Opportunity". It was held November 7–9, 2006 at the Palace Hotel in San Francisco. Speakers included Jeff Bezos, Barry Diller, Joi Ito, Roger McNamee, Ray Ozzie, Eric Schmidt, Arthur Sulzberger, Jr. and Ben Trott.

2007
The 2007 Web 2.0 Summit was held November 5–7, 2007 at the Palace Hotel in San Francisco. The theme was "Discovering the Web's Edge". Speakers included Steve Ballmer, Steve Case, John Doerr, Craig Venter and Mark Zuckerberg.

2008
The 2008 Web 2.0 Summit was held November 5–7, 2008 at the Palace Hotel in San Francisco. The theme was "Web Meets World". Speakers included Edgar Bronfman, Jr., Al Gore, Arianna Huffington, Vinod Khosla, Max Levchin, Gavin Newsom, Evan Williams, Jerry Yang and Mark Zuckerberg.

2009
The 2009 Web 2.0 Summit was held October 20–22, 2009 at the Westin Hotel in San Francisco. Speakers included Tim Armstrong, Carol Bartz, Tim Berners-Lee, Carly Fiorina, Peter Guber, Jeffrey Immelt, Sheryl Sandberg and Evan Williams.

2010
The 2010 Web 2.0 Summit was held November 15–17, 2010 at the Palace Hotel in San Francisco. The theme was "Points of Control". Speakers included Carol Bartz, Tony Hsieh, Marc Benioff, Eric Schmidt, Jeff Weiner, Evan Williams and Mark Zuckerberg.

2011
The 2011 Web 2.0 Summit was held October 17–19, 2011 at the Palace Hotel in San Francisco. The theme was "The Data Frame". Speakers included Steve Ballmer, Marc Benioff, Dennis Crowley, Michael Dell, Reid Hoffman, MC Hammer, Sean Parker and Christopher "moot" Poole.

After 2011
The Web 2.0 Summit conference was not held in 2012 because co-organizer John Battelle lacked the time to help organize it while working on the book he was writing. Battelle stated that the conference might continue in subsequent years.

There has not been a subsequent Web 2.0 Summit.

See also
 Web Summit

References

External links
 Web 2.0 Summit homepage

Web-related conferences
Web 2.0
O'Reilly Media
2004 establishments in California
2011 disestablishments in California
Recurring events established in 2004
Recurring events disestablished in 2011
Events in San Francisco

Web 2.0 Summit


Julian Dawes (born 1942) is an English composer.  He is a member of the British Academy of Composers and Songwriters.

He began his musical training in Birmingham, continuing at the Royal College of Music in London. He has worked extensively as an accompanist and teacher, holding posts at Drama Centre London, Birmingham University, the Arts Educational Schools in London, and The Oxford School of Drama.  He has directed the music for numerous theatre productions, and was for five years musical director of The Cherub Company London.

As a composer theatre credits include scores for productions for the Royal Court Theatre, Riverside Studios, Arts Theatre, The Lyric Theatre Hammersmith, Battersea Arts Centre, New End Theatre, Watermill Theatre in Newbury, Bristol Old Vic, The European Festival Antwerp, and the Edinburgh Festival.  His scores for Brecht's Caucasian Chalk Circle and Edward ll are both recognised scores for these plays held by the Brecht Estate in Berlin and have provided the music for many productions. His musical The Braddocks Time was a commission from the Everyman Theatre, Liverpool, where it was followed by a tour of the north of England.  The Sacrifice, a music drama based on a Japanese No play was initially premiered at the Royal Court Theatre, and in a revised version by The Acting Company at the New End Theatre.

In the concert hall he has written a Mandolin Concerto, a commission from the International Music Competition for professional Mandolin players in Schweinfurt, Germany.  He has written a large number of sonatas and suites for a variety of combinations of instruments, as well as thirteen song-cycles including 'Songs of Ashes', a setting of fifteen poems by the Polish poet, Jerzy Ficowski, about the Holocaust.  This work has been broadcast in Israel three times.  His output also includes a wide range of other vocal, choral and chamber music.  His cantata 'The Death of Moses' for Narrator, Chorus and Chamber Ensemble, and  his Oratorio 'Ruth', for Soloists Chorus and Chamber Ensemble were both first performed in London to high acclaim, as was also a recital featuring his chamber music at the Wigmore Hall.  In early 2012 a Sonata Album of his music was released on the Classics Omnibus Label and received critical acclaim.  He has recently completed a new commission from the Alyth Choral Society for a setting of Shirat Hayam (The Song Of The Sea), the biblical song sung by Moses and the Children of Israel as they fled from the Egyptians across the Red Sea (The sea of Reeds) which was premiered in December 2013.

''Amongst his 20th century English influences are the pastoralism and extended tonality of Herbert Howells, the richness of Walton, the elegant delicacy of Berkeley and the jazzy impetus of Rodney Bennett; wider European influences include the caustic irony of Shostakovich and Kurt Weil and the rhythmic impetus of Prokofiev and Stravinsky. Yet Dawes welds from his influences an individual voice that is distinctive and refreshing, displaying assured craftsmanship and characterful invention. (Malcolm Miller 2008)

External links
 juliandawes.com – official website

1942 births
English composers
Living people

Julian Dawes


The second USS Chenango (CVE-28) (originally designated as T3 Tanker oiler AO-31, after re-designation as an escort carrier, was first ACV-28) was launched on 1 April 1939 as Esso New Orleans by the Sun Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company, in Chester, Pennsylvania, sponsored by Mrs. Rathbone; acquired by the United States Navy on 31 May 1941; and commissioned on 20 June 1941 as AO-31.

Service as oiler
Assigned to the Naval Transportation Service, Chenango steamed in the Atlantic, the Caribbean, and the Pacific as far as Honolulu on tanker duty. Chenango was present at Aruba, N.W.I. on 16 February 1942 when a German submarine shelled one of the island's refineries. She was decommissioned at Brooklyn Navy Yard on 16 March for conversion to an escort carrier.

Conversion and combat service as escort carrier
Her conversion complete, she was recommissioned as ACV-28 on 19 September 1942. Carrying 77 P-40 Warhawks of the 33rd Fighter Group of the United States Army Air Forces, Chenango sailed on 23 October with the Torch assault force bound for North Africa, and on 10 November, flew off her aircraft to newly won Port Lyautey, French Morocco.  She put into Casablanca on 13 November to refuel 21 destroyers before returning to Norfolk, Virginia, on 30 November, battling through a hurricane en route which caused extensive damage.

Quickly repaired, Chenango was underway for the Pacific by mid-December, possibly alongside  as part of Task Force 13. Arriving at Nouméa on 18 January 1943, she joined the escort carrier group providing air cover for supply convoys supporting the invasion and occupation of the Solomon Islands. One of her air groups was sent to Henderson Field, Guadalcanal to give close support to U.S. Marine Corps forces ashore. One of Chenangos duties during this period was to stand sentry off the fiercely contested island. As part of her Solomons operations, Chenangos planes formed an air umbrella to escort to safety  and  after the cruisers were damaged in the Battle of Kolombangara on 13 July. Redesignated CVE-28 on 15 July, Chenango returned to Mare Island on 18 August for an overhaul, then acted as training carrier for new air groups until 19 October. She steamed from San Diego to join the Gilbert Islands invasion force at Espiritu Santo on 5 November. During the invasion of Tarawa from 20 November-8 December, her planes covered the advance of the attack force, bombed and strafed beaches ahead of the invading troops, and protected off-shore convoys. On 29 November 1943, at 21:57, her Avenger TBFs (Air Group 35) found and sank a Japanese submarine, probably I-21. She returned to San Diego for another period of training duty.

Steaming from San Diego on 13 January 1944, Chenango supported the invasion landings on Roi, Kwajalein, and Eniwetok in the Marshalls operation.  After protecting the service group refueling fleet units engaged in the Palau strikes, Chenango arrived at Espiritu Santo on 7 April. She sortied for the landings at Aitape and Hollandia (now Jayapura) (16 April–12 May), then joined Task Group 53.7 (TG 53.7) for the invasion of the Marianas. Her planes crippled airfield installations, sank enemy shipping, and hammered harbor facilities on Pagan Island, as well as conducting valuable photographic reconnaissance of Guam. From 8 July, she joined in daily poundings of Guam, preparing for the island's invasion. She returned to Manus on 13 August to replenish and conduct training.

From 10 to 29 September, Chenango joined in the neutralization of enemy airfields in the Halmaheras in support of the invasion of Morotai, stepping-stone to the Philippines.  After preparations at Manus, Chenango cleared on 12 October to conduct softening up strikes on Leyte in preparation for the invasion landings on 20 October. Chenango and her sister ship  were attacked by three Japanese planes on the afternoon of D-Day, and shot down all three, capturing one of the pilots. Sailing to Morotai to load new aircraft, Chenango was not in action waters during the Battle of Leyte Gulf, but returned on 28 October to provide replacement aircraft to her victorious sister escort carriers, who had held the Japanese fleet off from Leyte. The next day, she sailed for overhaul at Seattle, Washington until 9 February 1945.

After the overhaul period, she again sailed west, arriving at Tulagi in the Solomons on 4 March. Chenango conducted training, then sortied from Ulithi on 27 March for the invasion of Okinawa. She gave air cover in the feint landings on the southern tip of the island, then was assigned to neutralize the kamikaze bases in Sakashima Gunto. On 9 April, a crash-landing fighter started a raging fire among the strike-loaded aircraft on Chenangos deck.  Skillful work by her crew saved the ship from serious damage and she remained in action off Okinawa until 11 June. After escorting a tanker convoy to San Pedro Bay, Chenango sailed on 26 July to join the logistics force for the 3rd Fleet, then engaged in the final offensive against Japan.

Postwar service and scrapping
Following the cease-fire, Chenango supported the occupation forces and evacuated some 1,900 Allied prisoners of war and 1,500 civilians from slave labor camps. She cleared Tokyo Bay on 25 October, and after a brief overhaul at San Diego, returned to "Magic Carpet" duty, transporting veterans from Okinawa and Pearl Harbor to the West Coast. Chenango sailed from San Pedro, California on 5 February for Boston, and was placed out of commission in reserve there on 14 August 1946. She was reclassified CVHE-28 on 12 June 1955, struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 March 1959, sold and removed from naval custody on 12 February 1960.

Awards
Chenango was awarded the Navy Unit Commendation and received 11 battle stars for her World War II service.

Notes

References

External links
 Photo gallery at Navsource.org

Type T3-S2-A tankers
1939 ships
Merchant ships of the United States
Cimarron-class oilers (1939)
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
World War II tankers of the United States
Sangamon-class escort carriers
Ships built by the Sun Shipbuilding & Drydock Company
World War II escort aircraft carriers of the United States

USS Chenango (CVE-28)