Shazam! Fury of the Gods is a 2023 American superhero movie based on DC Comics. It is a sequel to Shazam! (2019) and the fourteenth movie in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU). It is directed by David F. Sandberg.

It stars Zachary Levi, Asher Angel, Jack Dylan Grazer, Djimon Hounsou, Rachel Zegler, Helen Mirren, and Lucy Liu.

Shazam! Fury of the Gods released in the United States on March 17, 2023.

Plot
Two years after Thaddeus Sivana's defeat, Hespera and Kalypso, two of the daughters of the Titan Atlas, break into the Acropolis Museum in Athens, Greece to steal the Wizard's broken staff. The duo then take it to the imprisoned Wizard, forcing him to repair the staff and activate its powers.

In Philadelphia, Billy Batson and his "Shazamily" of foster siblings save people on the collapsing Benjamin Franklin Bridge, but are called out for its destruction. The group is drifting apart at home due to their growing up and having personal interests. Billy is worried about being kicked out of the Vasquez family after he turns 18 and ages out of the foster system. In a dream, as Shazam, Billy is warned by the Wizard about Hespera and Kalypso — he and the Shazamily research the Daughters.

Freddy Freeman, still bullied at school, falls for a new girl named Anne, to whom he shows off his superhero self. Unfortunately, Hespera and Kalypso arrive with the staff and steal Freddy's powers. Anne is revealed to be their youngest sister, Anthea. Billy and the other Shazamily try to save Freddy, but the daughters kidnap him and place a dome around the city, trapping everyone inside. Freddy is imprisoned along with the Wizard in the Gods' Realm. Hespera and Kalypso reveal they want revenge because the Wizard killed their father.

Meanwhile, the Shazamily enter the Rock of Eternity, where they encounter a sentient pen named "Steve," which they use to draft a letter to Hespera as a negotiation for Freddy's release. Billy meets Hespera, and, while the meeting is initially cordial, she and Kalypso soon fight the Shazamily. Pedro loses his powers during the fight, while Hespera is captured and returned to the Rock. Hespera easily breaks out and steals the Golden Apple, the seed of the Tree of Life. Meanwhile, Freddy and the Wizard try to escape the Gods' Realm with Anthea's help, just as Hespera returns with the apple. However, the Daughters argue as Hespera and Anthea want to use the Apple to revive their realm, while Kalypso wishes to plant it on Earth to conquer it. Freddy steals the apple but is found out, though Billy and the Shazamily show up, and Freddy reacquires his powers.

Billy and the Shazamily emerge with the Wizard in the Vasquez home, where they reveal their secret identities to their foster parents. Kalypso appears with a dragon named Ladon to acquire the Apple. All but Billy lose their powers in the skirmish while Kalypso retrieves the Apple. She intends to plant the Tree on Earth, rather than in the Gods' Realm, planning to terraform the Earth. Kalypso mortally wounds Hespera and depowers Anthea when they object. She later plants the tree at Citizens Bank Park, which spawns monsters that attack the city. Billy, in despair, asks the Wizard to revoke his powers, though the Wizard assures him he is a true hero.

Heeding the Wizard's words, Billy turns into Shazam and flies off to stop Kalypso, while the Shazamily enlist the help of unicorns to fend off the monsters in the city. Meanwhile, Shazam persuades a dying Hespera to help him stop Kalypso. Realizing the dome reacts violently to his lightning, Billy lures Kalypso to the Park while Hespera shrinks the dome to contain them. Billy fights Kalypso and Ladon before killing them both by overloading the staff with electricity, destroying the tree and Kalypso's army with them, at the cost of his own life.

Anthea brings Billy's grieving family to her kingdom for his funeral as they mourn for him. However, the demigoddess Wonder Woman suddenly appears and repairs the staff, imbuing it with her power before using it to revive the Gods' Realm and resurrect Billy, who happily reunites with his family. Billy then uses the staff to restore all of his siblings' powers. The Shazamily fixes their home while Anthea and the Wizard take up residence on Earth.

In a mid-credits scene, Emilia Harcourt and John Economos attempt to recruit Billy on behalf of Amanda Waller to join the Justice Society. In a post-credits scene, an incarcerated Sivana encounters Mister Mind once again and is frustrated that Mister Mind hasn't begun to enacting their plan yet.\

Cast
 Zachary Levi and Asher Angel as Billy Batson / Shazam:
The champion of an ancient wizard, who possesses "the wisdom of Solomon, the strength of Hercules, the stamina of Atlas, the power of Zeus, the courage of Achilles, and the speed of Mercury"

 Jack Dylan Grazer and Adam Brody as Frederick "Freddy" Freeman:
Billy's physically disabled foster brother, who is a fan of superheroes. Grazer portrays Freddy's regular form, while Brody portrays his adult superhero form.

 Rachel Zegler as Anthea / Anne: The youngest daughter of Atlas.

Grace Caroline Currey as Mary Bromfield:
Billy's mature and academically-driven older foster sister. Currey also portrays Mary's adult superhero form, replacing Michelle Borth from the first film.

 Ross Butler and Ian Chen as Eugene Choi:
Billy's younger foster brother who is an obsessive gamer. Butler portrays Eugene's adult superhero form, while Chen portrays his regular form.[

 D. J. Cotrona and Jovan Armand as Pedro Peña:
Billy's older foster brother, who is openly gay, shy, and sensitive. Cotrona portrays Pedro's adult superhero form, while Armand portrays his regular form.

 Meagan Good and Faithe Herman as Darla Dudley:
Billy's good-natured younger foster sister. Good portrays Darla's adult superhero form, while Herman portrays her regular form.

 Lucy Liu as Kalypso: The middle daughter of Atlas.

 Djimon Hounsou as Shazam: The last surviving member of the Council of Wizards, who bestowed his powers on Billy Batson, after designating the boy as his champion.

 Helen Mirren as Hespera: The oldest daughter of Atlas.

Billy's foster family also includes Marta Milans and Cooper Andrews as Rosa and Victor Vásquez, the foster parents of Billy and his siblings. Reprising their DCEU roles in the film while uncredited, Gal Gadot appears as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman, alongside Jennifer Holland as Emilia Harcourt and Steve Agee as John Economos in the mid-credits scene, and Mark Strong as Dr. Thaddeus Sivana and director David F. Sandberg as the voice of Mister Mind in the post-credits scene. Sandberg also cameos as a civilian who is attacked by one of Kalypso's monsters. Rizwan Manji, who portrayed Jamil in the DCEU television series , appears as an unnamed docent. P. J. Byrne briefly appears as Dr. Dario Bava, a pediatrician whom Billy confused as a therapist, while Diedrich Bader briefly appears as Mr. Geckle, a school teacher. Sandberg's wife Lotta Losten, who previously portrayed Dr. Lynn Crosby in the first film, cameos as a nurse who is saved by Shazam. Michael Gray, who portrayed Billy Batson in the 1970s television series, makes a brief cameo as a man on the street. Natalia Safran, wife of producer Peter Safran, cameos as a driver with kittens. CNN news anchor Wolf Blitzer makes a cameo appearance as himself.

References

Other websites

2023 movies
2020s movies
American superhero movies
DC Extended Universe movies

Shazam! Fury of the Gods


Numbers is the ninth studio album, and the first concept album by singer/songwriter Cat Stevens released in November 1975.

History of the album
The album Numbers, subtitled "A Pythagorean Theory Tale," was based on a fictional planet in a far-off galaxy named Polygor. The album included a booklet with excerpts from a planned book of the same name written by Chris Bryant and Allan Scott. The booklet features pen-and-ink illustrations drawn by Stevens.

The concept of the album is a fantastic spiritual musical which is set on the planet Polygor. In the story there is a castle with a number machine. This machine exists to fulfill the sole purpose of the planet – to disperse numbers to the rest of the universe: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 (but notably not 0). The nine inhabitants of Polygor, the Polygons, are Monad, Dupey, Trezlar, Cubis, Qizlo, Hexidor, Septo, Octav, and Novim. As the first lines of the book say, they "followed a life of routine that had existed for as long as any could remember. ... It was, therefore, all the more shocking when on an ordinary day things first started to go wrong."  The change takes the form of Jzero, who comes from nowhere as a slave and eventually confuses everybody with his simple truth.

Release
Upon its initial release in late 1975 both fans and critics were confused by the concept and the lack of the sort of "catchy" music that they had been used to from Stevens, and although the album eventually achieved gold status, it sold far less than his previous four albums and was considered a critical failure. At one point A&M Records (his American record label) contemplated terminating his contract, but he still had two albums left to make for them. Stevens continued to be bitter about the process of fame and the pressures to make money for his label, and distanced himself from participating in promotion for the album.

Confronted with an ultimatum from the label along the lines of "make a pop record or else," he set out to make one of the more expensive records of his career, 1977's Izitso, which yielded several hits. The success of Izitso showed the label that he was still hit-worthy, but Stevens was now in process of embracing the faith of Islam, and after supplying the album Back to Earth, he opted out of the music business altogether, changed his name to Yusuf Islam, and devoted himself to the Islamic faith, education, and humanitarian work. But he would officially return to pop music with the release of An Other Cup in 2006.

In 1994, Numbers was released as a limited edition along with the albums Izitso and Back to Earth in a box set called Three from the Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab label. This box is no longer available and is thus highly prized among collectors.

Track listing
All the tracks were written by Cat Stevens.  The original LP broke with tradition and called the second side "Side 0", a reference to Jzero.

Side 1
"Whistlestar" – 3:46
"Novim's Nightmare" – 3:50
"Majik of Majiks" – 4:30
"Drywood" – 4:53

Side 0 (2)
"Banapple Gas" – 3:07
"Land o' Freelove & Goodbye" – 2:50
"Jzero" – 3:44
"Home" – 4:09
"Monad's Anthem" – 2:43

Personnel
Cat Stevens – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, twelve string guitar, piano, Fender Rhodes electric piano, ARP 2600, ARP 2500, vocals
Jean Roussel – piano, Yamaha organ, Wurlitzer electric piano, synthesizer, harpsichord, Hammond organ, string synthesizer, vocals, vibraphone
Alun Davies – acoustic guitar, 12-string acoustic guitar, vocals
Gerry Conway – drums, vocals
Bruce Lynch – bass, double bass

Additional personnel
Simon Nicol – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, 12-string electric guitar
 – congas, wind chimes, ganza, triangle, waterphone
Gordie Fleming – accordion
David Sanborn – alto saxophone
Magic Children of Ottawa – vocals
Barbara Massey – vocals
Carl Hall – vocals
Tasha Thomas – vocals
Art Garfunkel – vocals
Lewis Furey – vocals
Melba Joyce – vocals
Carmen Twillie – vocals
Brenda Russell – vocals
Vennette Gloud – vocals
Suzanne Lynch – vocals
Anna Peacock – vocals
Vincent Beck – vocals

Certifications and sales

References

1975 albums
Cat Stevens albums
A&M Records albums
Island Records albums
Albums recorded at Le Studio

Numbers (Cat Stevens album)


Proculus (fl. 1st century CE) was an ancient Roman jurist who founded a distinctive tradition of the interpretation of Roman law. His followers were known as the "Proculiani", or Proculeans, after him.

The full name of Proculus is unknown. He apparently wrote at least eight books of legal epistles. Passages from his writings are repeatedly cited in legal digests, where his opinion is given in matters of dispute. Proculus appears to have developed the interpretations of the earlier jurist Marcus Antistius Labeo, on whose work he is said to have written a commentary.

Though Proculus did not always agree with Labeo, the two were usually paired in contrast with an alternative tradition identified with Ateius Capito and Masurius Sabinus, who founded the rival Sabinian school of interpretation, which was typically more conservative and rigid. The most famous topic of disagreement concerned the ownership of materials used to make something. Sabinus held that if an artist created a valuable painting or sculpture on wood of little value owned by another person, the original owner of the wood retained ownership, while Proculus argued that the form is more important than the material substance and therefore the artist owned it as he had made something new. This debate was later commented on by David Hume and Adam Smith.

Proculus appears to have lived during the late Julio-Claudian period, and is said to have practiced law under Nero. He may be identical to the Licinius Proculus, who was Praetorian Prefect in the reign of Otho.

References

Ancient Roman jurists
1st-century Romans
1st-century writers in Latin
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown

Proculus (jurist)


James Ralph Bloomer (September 17, 1880November 12, 1963) was an American football player and real estate broker.  He played college football at Yale University.  He was a consensus All-American in 1900 while playing at the tackle position for the Yale Bulldogs football team in 1900, 1903, and 1904.

Bloomer was born in 1880 in Cincinnati, Ohio.  He attended St. Paul's School in New Hampshire before enrolling at Yale University.  He played at the left tackle position for Yale's undefeated 1900 football team.  He was a consensus All-American in both 1900 and 1903.  Bloomer left Yale in 1901 due to academic difficulties.  A press report in February 1901 noted: "The famous young athlete has had trouble with the faculty ever since he began work here, not through inability to do his work, but through too much attention to athletics."  He returned to Yale, graduated in 1905, and served as a football coach at the school from 1906 to 1911.

Bloomer worked in the stock brokerage business beginning in 1905.  He formed the New Mexican Era Mines Company  and was also the vice president of the San Juan Mines Company.  He was also active in the real estate business, serving as the treasurer of the Howard Cole & Co., buying and selling land in Florida, Louisiana, and the West Coast.  He later specialized in the sale and rental of mansions located on Long Island's North Shore, an area known as "the Gold Coast."

During World War I, Bloomer served in the United States Army Signal Corps and was assigned to the aviation section.

Bloomer died in November 1963 at his home in Garden City, New York.

Notes

1880 births
1963 deaths
19th-century players of American football
All-American college football players
American football tackles
Players of American football from Cincinnati
Yale Bulldogs football players

James Bloomer


The Suburban Satanists is a comic strip that appears in Herman Hedning, a comic published eight times a year in Sweden and Norway. The strip began in 1997 in the comic Geek before restarting in 1999 in its current home. It is created, written and drawn by British cartoonist Lew Stringer. The Suburban Satanists are the DeVille family (the name is a spoof of the Devil), led by the father Stan DeVille, his wife Mavis, and including their grown up children Derek and Sharon. This mini-cult is rounded off with the inclusion of Sharon's son Damien (product of a tryst between Sharon and Satan) and the house lodger Benny.

The local Vicar (as yet unnamed) is a regular supporting character, as is Satan himself, who is often depicted as a pompous and flawed buffoon.

The strip doesn't promote Satanism, but rather sets it up for satire, along with Christianity (so as not to favour either side). A typical strip might begin with a dramatic ritual, summoning forth Satan, only for him to be asked to change a light bulb or lend the family a cup of sugar. In another story Mavis is made Queen of Hell while Satan takes a Mediterranean holiday, but when he returns he finds she's converted his domain into a Nail Bar. The humour is light-hearted and mostly inoffensive, although slight criticism has actually been received by both Christians and Satanists.

1997 comics debuts
Swedish comic strips
British comic strips
Satanism in popular culture
Fiction about the Devil

Suburban Satanists


Plantation Key is an island in Monroe County, Florida, United States. It is located in the upper Florida Keys on U.S. 1 (or the Overseas Highway), between Key Largo and Windley Key.

All of the key is within the Village of Islamorada as of November 4, 1997, when it was incorporated.

Geography
Plantation Key is located at . It is separated from Key Largo by Tavernier Creek (Mile Marker 91.0) at its Northeast end, and from Windley Key by Snake Creek (Mile Marker 85.5) at its Southwest end.

History

Plantation Key was inhabited by Native Americans at least 1,000 years before European contact with the Americas. A large mound was formerly located towards the northeastern end of the key. Artifacts removed from the mound were dated to A.D. 500 to 700. The mound was leveled in 1958 to allow development of a real estate subdivision.

Immigrants from the Bahamas began settling on Plantation Key in the middle of the 19th century. Two families were recorded on the key in the 1870 census. Several more families had moved to the key by 1880. the settlers raised coconuts and pineapples. The pineapples were shipped by schooner to northern U. S. ports such as Baltimore and New York City.

The completion of the Overseas Railroad, which ran the length of Plantation Key, destroyed the agricultural economy of the island. The Florida East Coast Railway began shipping pineapples from Cuba at such low prices that the growers in the Keys could not compete. Prohibition brought new industry to Plantation Key, however, as the close proximity of the Florida Keys to the Bahamas made the keys, including Plantation Key, convenient landing places for bootleggers.

Before the Flagler railway crews filled Little Snake Creek, which crossed at a point around today's Treasure Harbor, the southwest end of Plantation Key was a separate island known as Snake Creek Key.  Plantation Key is the site of a number of prehistoric Indian sites and mounds, most of which have been destroyed by development.  An early settlement on the oceanside was known as Pearl City for a large conch pearl found by John Lowe.

Schools
It is within the Monroe County School District.

Plantation Key Elementary/Middle School (serving the Islamorada area) and Coral Shores High School (serving the upper Florida Keys from Islamorada to Key Largo) are located on Plantation Key.

See also
Plantation Key Colony

References

External links

Islands of the Florida Keys
Islands of Monroe County, Florida
Islands of Florida

Plantation Key


Jonas Clarke (December 25, 1730 – November 15, 1805), sometimes written Jonas Clark, was an American clergyman and political leader who had a role in the American Revolution and in shaping the 1780 Massachusetts and the United States Constitutions.

Clarke graduated from Harvard College in 1752 and became the third pastor of the Church of Christ in Lexington, Massachusetts on May 19, 1755. He married Lucy Bowes Clarke. His wife's cousin was John Hancock, and Hancock was a guest in his home at the time of the Battles of Lexington and Concord in 1775.

Clarke is buried in the Old Burying Ground in Lexington, Massachusetts. His home, now known as the Hancock-Clarke house, still stands, and the Jonas Clarke Middle School in Lexington is named after him.

References

External links

 Lexington Historical Society, owner of the Hancock-Clarke House

1730 births
1805 deaths
Harvard College alumni
Clergy in the American Revolution

Jonas Clarke


Myles Patrick (born November 19, 1954 in Macon, Georgia) is an American former professional basketball player.

A 6'8" forward from Auburn University, Patrick played one season (1980–81) in the NBA for the Los Angeles Lakers. He averaged 1.7 points per game. He has recently worked as a midnight basketball coordinator in his hometown of Macon.

Basketball career
As a four-year letterman at Auburn University, Patrick wound up his collegiate career ranked sixth in Auburn's all-time rebounding standings and 14th in the scoring list. Patrick averaged 8.3 points and 6.5 rebounds in 105 total games for Auburn. Aside from seeing action with the Los Angeles Lakers in 1980-81, he performed with the Montana Sky in the defunct Western Basketball Association and the Maine Lumberjacks in the Continental Basketball Association. Patrick averaged 15 points and six rebounds for the Lakers' entry in the Southern California Summer Pro League in 1980 before suffering a fractured jaw.

Notes

1954 births
Living people
American men's basketball players
Auburn Tigers men's basketball players
Basketball players from Macon, Georgia
Los Angeles Lakers players
Maine Lumberjacks players
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
Small forwards
Undrafted National Basketball Association players
American expatriate basketball people in the Philippines
Philippine Basketball Association imports
Great Taste Coffee Makers players

Myles Patrick


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English/en


Andrew Cherry (11 January 1762 – 12 February 1812) was an Irish dramatist, songwriter, actor and theatre manager.

Life
He was born in Limerick on 11 January 1762.
His father, John Cherry, a printer and bookseller in Limerick, is said to hare intended him for the church. At eleven years of age, however, Cherry left the Limerick from school and entered the employment of James Potts, a printer and bookseller in Dublin.

From an early period, he displayed a taste for the stage, and at the age of fourteen he played as an amateur, in a room at the Black-a-Moor's Head, Towers Street, Dublin, Lucia in Addison's Cato. Three years later be first appeared at Naas, county Kildare, as a member of a strolling company under the management of a Mr. Martin, playing Feignwell in A Bold Stroke for s Wife. As a strolling player in Ireland, he purchased, at the cost of constant exposure and imminent risk of starvation, a fair knowledge of his art. According to the accounts of his career published during his lifetime, he was on one occasion three days without food. Yielding to discouragement he returned to his former occupation and remained in Dublin for three years. After one or two attempts to resume his profession of an actor he joined the company of Richard William Knipe, a well-known and popular manager, whose daughter, after the death of her father, he married in Belfast. Cherry then joined the 'principal provincial company of Ireland' under the management of Atkins, and played with an increasing reputation in the north of Ireland a round of leading characters. Mr. Ryder having in 1787 been engaged for Covent Garden, Mr. Cherry was called up to supply his place at the Theatre Royal, Smock Alley, Dublin. As Ryder's first appearance took place on 25 October 1766, this data is seen to be not wholly trustworthy.

For five or six years Cherry, familiarly known as 'Little Cherry,' enjoyed a high reputation in Dublin. His first part in the Smock Alley Theatre was Darby in the Poor Soldier of O'Keefe. Early in the season of 1791–2, he appeared with his wife in Hull as a member of the company of Tate Wilkinson, playing comic characters previously assigned to Fawcett, who had just quit the York circuit for Covent Garden. He first appeared as a member of Wilkinson's troupe at Wakefield as Vapid in the Dramatist, and Lamrillo in Jephson's Two Strings to your Bow. In the spring of 1794, Cherry, irritated that Fawcett, then on a starring tour, resumed his old parts, threw up his engagement with Tale Wilkinson and returned to Dublin, where he continued for two seasons, after which, with his wife, he engaged with Ward and Banks at the Theatre Royal, Manchester. Thence, to replace Blisset, he proceeded to Bath, in which city he made his first appearance on 6 October 1798.

From Bath, he made his way to Drury Lane, at which house he appeared for the first time on 25 September 1802 as Sir Benjamin Dove in the Brothers of Cumberland, and Lazarillo in Two Strings to your Bow. At this house, at which one or two of his pieces were produced, he stayed until 1807, after which his name disappeared from the bills. A few years subsequently he was managing a theatrical company in Wales.

By his wife, Cherry had a large family. He died at Monmouth in February 1812.

Assessment
Genest was unfavourably impressed with Cherry as an actor.
On the other hand, Tate Wilkinson says that in certain characters "he possesses great merit," and adds that he
Among some manuscript notes to the 'Account of the English Stage' by Genest believed to be by the late George Daniel, appear the following observations a propos to one of Genest's sneers (vii. 565):

Works
Cherry is said to have written:
 Harlequin on the Stocks, pantomime, 1793, produced at the Hull Theatre for his benefit. 1793.
 The Outcasts, opera, 1796 (not printed).
 The Soldier's Daughter, comedy, 8vo, 1804, acted at Drury Lane on 7 Feb. 1804.
 All for Fame, comic sketch, not printed, recited at Drury Lane on 15 May 1805 for the benefit of Mrs. Mountain.
 The Village, or the World's Epitome, comedy, never printed, acted at the Haymarket on 18 July 1805, and withdrawn after the second representation.
 The Travellers, operatic drama, music by Corri, 8vo, 1806, performed with success at Drury Lane on 22 Jan. 1806.
 Thalia's Tears, a sketch to the memory of King, Drury Lane, 7 Feb. 1806, not printed.
 Spanish Dollars, a 'musical trifle,' Covent Garden, 9 April 1805, music by Dav.
 Peter the Great, or the Wooden Walls, 8vo, 1807. acted at Covent Garden on 8 May 1807, music by Jouve.
 A Day in London, comedy, acted at Drury Lane on 9 April 1807 and not printed.

Some of these plays are included in the known collections of Uxberry, Cumberland, and Duncombe, or in the 'London Stage.'

References

Attribution

Sources

Much of the material in this article previously appeared as 'Andrew Cherry, Actor and Dramatist' in The Era, 1 January 1881, p. 15, following the death of Miss Harriet Talbot Cherry, aged 83, Andrew Cherry's daughter.

1762 births
1812 deaths
Irish male dramatists and playwrights
Male actors from Limerick (city)
18th-century Irish male actors
19th-century Irish male actors
18th-century Irish dramatists and playwrights
19th-century Irish dramatists and playwrights
18th-century Irish songwriters
19th-century Irish songwriters
18th-century Irish male writers
19th-century Irish male writers

Andrew Cherry


The Kingdom of Lindsey was in approximately what is now Lincolnshire. At the time of the Roman conquest of Britain, it was a part of the territory of the Corieltauvi tribe. Lindsey appears in the 7th century list called the Tribal Hidage, where it is shown to be the same size as Essex and Sussex, all of which were set at 7,000 hides. It was a lesser Anglo-Saxon kingdom which was disputed over by Northumbria and Mercia. It ceased to exist as an independent kingdom during the reign of Offa of Mercia.

Geography

Lindsey was between the River Humber on the north and the Witham on the south. To the east lay the North Sea and the west border was the River Trent. The Roman canal called Foss Dyke connected the Witham with the Trent on the southwestern border. Also to the west was Hatfield Chase, a low lying area of marshes. This meant Lindsey was completely surrounded by water. This led to the popular belief that Lindsey was an Island.

History

The name Lindsey comes from the word Lindissi (also spelled Lindesse and Lindesig). Lindsey is a British name and not an Old English (or the Anglo-Saxon language) name. Lindsey was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom but it had a strong Celtic population. Lindsey seems to have been an independent kingdom with its own Celtic rulers for a time. It came under the control of Northumbria from –658. Then it was subject to Mercia from –. It returned to Northumbrian control again from –679. In 679 it was taken over by Mercia. Its kings were reduced in rank to Ealdormen.

The conversion to Christianity in Lindsey began  by Paulinus. Bishop Wilfrid was appointed the bishop of Northumbria, which included Lindsey, in 665. After a delay, he was installed as bishop in 669. When he was expelled from Northumbria in 678, his diocese was divided up. Archbishop Theodore formed Lindsey into a separate diocese with its own bishop. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, in the year 678 Eadhed was the first bishop of Lindsey. In the 9th century, the Danes (Vikings) colonized Lindsey. This marked the end of the diocese of Lindsey.

Hatfield

Haethfieldlande or Hatfield was another minor Anglo-Saxon kingdom listed in the Tribal Hidage. Very little is known about Hatfield and nothing of its kings. Unlike other petty kingdoms in this area of Britain, the name here is of Anglo-Saxon origin and not British. According to the Tribal Hidage, 'Hatfield-land' was merged with Lindsey into a single kingdom. Afterwards it became known simply as Hatfield Chase, an area on the west part of Lindsey, later part of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. Hatfield was the site of a synod held by Theodore, the Archbishop of Canterbury . It was a royal residence of several kings of Northumbria. Edwin of Northumbria was killed here at the Battle of Hatfield Chase on 12 October 633. Later, Hatfield became a part of the East Riding of Yorkshire.

Anglian kings of Lindsey

The Anglian collection is a collection of royal genealogies and regnal lists. It was put together during the reign of Alhred of Northumbria (765-774). It records the kings of Deira and Bernicia (which became Northumberland), Mercia, Lindsey, Kent, East Anglia and Wessex. These genealogies all trace back to Woden. The most trustworthy name in the Lindsey genealogy is Caedbaed, according to most modern historians. The family of Aldfrið is also considered fairly certain. The other names are simply from the list with little or no additional information. The list of kings of Lindsey begins with:

 Critta (Crida) - Ruled in the 580s
 Cueldgils
 Caedbaed - Ruled . His name appears in Aldfrith's genealogy.
 Bubba
 Beda
 Biscop
 Eanfruth
 Eatta
 Aldfrith - Ruled . Was the last king of Lindsey on record.

None of dates are certain. With regard to Aldfrith, the witness list for an Anglo-Saxon charter includes an "Ealfrid rex". This dates to some time between 787 and 796.

Notes

References

Anglo-Saxons
Lincolnshire
Former monarchies of Europe
8th-century disestablishments
Petty kingdoms of England

Kingdom of Lindsey


Apsaravis is a Mesozoic bird genus from the Late Cretaceous. The single known species, Apsaravis ukhaana, lived about 78 million years ago, in the Campanian age of the Cretaceous period.  Its fossilized remains were found in the Camel's  Humps sublocality of the Djadokhta Formation,  at Ukhaa Tolgod in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. They were collected in the 1998 field season by the Mongolian Academy of Sciences/American Museum of Natural History Paleontological Expeditions. It was described by Norell and Clarke (2001).

Its habitat was presumably very arid open landscape much like it is today, perhaps hotter still and with more (but nonetheless intermittent) rain. Permanent freshwater would have been scarce.

Implications
Apsaravis is important in avian paleontology. It has provided evidence that is directly relevant to at least four issues:

Sauriurae

The Sauriurae are a putative clade of  primitive birds that includes  Archaeopteryx,  Confuciusornis, and Enantiornithes. It is thought  by Feduccia and Martin to be phylogenetically separate from the Ornithurae and, thus, from modern birds. Apsaravis has  features of both Sauriurae and Ornithurae. Apsaravis has several characters that place it near Aves (sensu Gauthier), including the presence of at least ten sacral vertebrae, a pubis and ischium that are closely appressed, distal pubes that do not touch, an 'obturator flange' on the ischium, loss of the cuppedicus muscle fossa on the ilium, a patellar groove on the distal femur, an anterior sternal keel, completely heterocoelus vertebrae, curved scapular shaft, and several features of the forelimb, ankle, and foot. Apsaravis also retains primitive characters shared with Enantiornithes and more basal theropods, including a narrow intercondylar groove and barrel-shaped condyles of the tibiotarsus, a dorsal fossa of the coracoid, into which the supracoracoideus nerve foramen opens, and several features of the humerus. This intermediate anatomy is evidence against the validity of the clade "Sauriurae".

Enantiornithine monophyly
In their cladistic analyses, Clarke and Norell (2002) found that Apsaravis had a mixture of primitive and advanced characters (described above in "Sauriurae") that removed most of the supporting characters for the clade Enantiornithes. Twenty-seven characters have been used to support enantiornithine monophyly, but Apsaravis brings the number down to only four. The discovery of further basal ornithurine fossils like Apsaravis could render the Enantiornithes paraphyletic. This would mean that, rather than a radiation of primitive birds separate from the radiation that led to modern birds, "enantiornithines" would actually be steps along the way to becoming modern birds.

Ecological bottle neck
Prior to the discovery of Apsaravis,  most ornithurine birds had been found in marine, lacustrine, or littoral sediments. This led Feduccia (1996) and Martin (1983) to deduce that the ancestors of modern birds were restricted to aquatic environments, and that they were all basal members of the Charadriiformes. Because they believed that all such birds had a "shorebird ecology", they described this limited habitat as an "ecological bottleneck", with all other ecological niches being dominated by enantiornithine birds instead. Apsaravis, however, was found in a sand dune environment, and it has no obviously aquatic anatomical adaptations, giving clear evidence that not all early members of Ornithurae were shorebirds.

Automatic extension of the manus

Apsaravis is the most basal bird that possesses an extensor process. This is a bony projection on metacarpal I that develops at the insertion of the m.extensor metacarpi radialis muscle and the propatagial ligaments. This anatomy functions to "automate" extension of the manus during extension of the forelimb in Aves. This is a key function for the flight stroke of modern birds.

Phylogenetic position
Clarke and Norell (2002) found that Apsaravis is the most basal ornithurine bird,  but more advanced than  Enantiornithes and  Patagopteryx.

Subsequent cladistic analysis indicates that it and the more advanced Palintropus – long believed to be a modern bird –, and perhaps Ambiortus with which the preceding two had occasionally been allied, form a distinct lineage. This has been named "Palintropiformes", but Apsaraviformes was proposed earlier for the Apsaravis lineage and is thus the senior synonym. And if this group is held to include Apatornis too, it would receive the name Ambiortiformes, which was proposed even earlier.

Footnotes

References

  (2004): The Theropod Database: Phylogeny of taxa. Retrieved 2013-MAR-02.

Bird genera
Fossil taxa described in 2001
Late Cretaceous birds of Asia
Prehistoric euornitheans

Apsaravis


Ihor Mykhailovych Tolstykh () is a Ukrainian journalist and TV manager. From March 2013 to March 2014  he was the Chief Executive Officer of Rada TV, the television channel of the Ukrainian parliament Verkhovna Rada.

Biography

Early years. Education

Ihor Tolstykh was born on 19 October 1956 in Mariupol, then part of the Soviet Union. During his military service with the Soviet Border Troops he was stationed in Armenia. In 1982 he graduated in journalism from the Rostov State University in Rostov-on-Don.

Career
Since 1982 Tolstykh was a reporter of Mariupol city newspaper Pryazovia Worker. In September 1991 he became the deputy editor of the business newspaper Contact in the Eastern Ukrainian city of Donetsk. From 1995 to 1997 he was the dean of the faculty of journalism of the Donetsk Institute of Social Education. From 1997 to 1998 he led the press service of the Donetsk Oblast Administration under then governor Viktor Yanukovych. In July 1998 Tolstykh became the Chief Executive Officer of the Donetsk Oblast State TV and Radio Company.

In 2004 he became Vice President and Deputy CEO of the National Television Company of Ukraine. In March 2013 he became the CEO of the parliament financed TV channel Rada TV. In March 2014 he was replaced on this position by Vasyl Klymchuk.

Tolstykh is a member of the National Union of Journalists of Ukraine since 1990.

See also

 Rada TV
 National Television Company of Ukraine

References

External links
Biography on website of Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine
Channel "Rada" headed by former press secretary of Yanukovych

1956 births
Living people
Ukrainian television managers
Ukrainian television presenters
Ukrainian journalists

Ihor Tolstykh


The German Historical Museum (German: Deutsches Historisches Museum, DHM) is a German history museum in Berlin. The museum is in a building named Zeughaus (armory) on Unter den Lindern. It is one of the most visited museums in Berlin. The museum holds a collection of about 1 million objects.

Founding and History
The Federal Republic of Germany and the state of Berlin founded the museum in 1987. The date was also the 750th anniversary of the founding of Berlin. Key historians such as Hartmut Boockmann, Eberhard Jäckel, Hagen Schulze and Michael Stürmer were involved in the project. Chancellor Helmut Kohl supported the museum project. In a speech to the Bundestag in 1985, Kohl emphasized the importance of having the museum. Together, 16 historians, art historians, and museum directors worked on the commission. They wanted the museum to present German history internationally and globally.

The Berlin state and the federal government signed to create A Board of Trustees (Kuratorium) in July of 1987. Members of the board include representatives of the federal government, parliament (Bundestag), and German states.

After the reunification of German, the German government took over the of Museum for German History (Museum für Deutsche Geschichte), former East Germany. The government moved the contents of this former museum to the DHM in the Zeughaus.

Chancellor Angela Merkel started the permanent exhibition: German History in Images and Artefacts in 2006.

The museum has also become the Public Law Foundation of the Federal Government (Stiftung öffentlichen Rechts des Bundes) and the Foundation Flight, Expulsion, Reconciliation (Stiftung Flucht, Vertreibung, Versöhnung).

Facilities
The facilities include exhibition halls, a library, and a cinema. The exhibitions are closed until 2025 due to renovations. The museum is also virtual through a website called LeMO (Lebendiges virtuelles Museum Online, or Living virtual Museum Online)

Collections
Everyday Life Culture I: Technical and medical products and instruments, Household objects, product advertising: c. 70,000 objects

Everyday Life Culture II: Fashion, costumes, badges, religious articles: c. 45,000 objects

Everyday Life Culture III: Toys, postcards, political objects, special inventory: c. 40,000 objects

Old and valuable prints: Prints from 15th century – 20th century: c. 25,000 objects

Documents I: Deeds, broadsheets, flyer and map collections, autographs, Seals and albums up to 1914: c. 50,000 objects

Documents II: Photo albums, newspapers, flyers, propaganda materials, Maps and autographs since 1914: c. 120,000 objects

Picture archive: Estates of photographers and picture agencies, c. 500.000 photographic prints

Film collection: 850 films

Applied arts and sculptures up to 1900: Furniture, ceramics, glass and metal art, design: c. 6,000 objects

Print collection: on the history of events from the 16th to the 20th century, Portrait engraving collection from the 15th to the 20th century: c. 100,000 prints

Art I: Paintings up to 1900: 857 objects

Art II/Photo collection: Paintings and sculptures from the 20th and 21st centuries: c. 3,000 objects as well as 20,000 photographs

Militaria I: Old weapons and armour, military equipment: c. 20,000 objects

Militaria II: Uniforms, flags, medals and decorations, military prints: c. 30,000 objects

Numismatics: c. 80,000 objects, c. 15,000 securities

Posters: Artistic posters 1896–1938 from the Hans Sachs Collection, political posters 1920–1960 from the Wolf Collection, and GDR posters: c. 80,000 objects.

References

Museums in Berlin

Deutsches Historisches Museum


Ratu Epeli Nailatikau I (1842 - 1901) was a Fijian Paramount Chief, who was posthumously made the Vunivalu of Bau.  He was the eldest son of the first Tui Viti, Ratu Seru Epenisa Cakobau and his first wife, Adi Litia Samanunu, daughter of the Roko Tui Bau.

He acted as his father's right-hand man in the Bauan struggles for power, and was subsequently made a governor of many of the Fijian states, (including being made the Roko Tui Tailevu) and a minister in various early portfolios. He was also a signatory to the 1874 Deed of Cession to Great Britain (see Fiji's Cession to Great Britain).

Ratu Epeli's eldest son, Ratu Penaia Kadavulevu inherited the title of Vunivalu, while his second daughter, Adi Moce was the wife of Ratu Alifereti Finau and the grandmother of Fiji's Founding Father, Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara.

References

 S. Berwick, Who's Who in Fiji, Berwick Publishing House, 1990

Fijian chiefs
Vunivalu of Bau
1842 births
1901 deaths
Tui Kaba
People from Bau (island)
19th-century Oceanian people
20th-century Fijian people

Epeli Nailatikau I


Antal Bánhidi (23 December 1903 – 18 March 1994) was a Hungarian aviator.

Antal Bánhidi was born in Szatmárnémeti, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1920, he fled Romania by swimming across the Szamos river, and arrived in Hungary. He attended the Technical University of Budapest, where he assisted in establishing EMESE, the university's flight club. His piloting and engineering talent were recognized and Árpád Lampich taught him how to design airplanes.

In 1929, Bánhidi flew a Lampich L-2 Róma ultralight plane on a 5,000 kilometer journey to Sweden and back for the annual world meeting of university aviators. The flight included 150 km legs over sea, the plane's  3-cylinder radial engine lacking the usual redundant set of spark magnets.

In 1930, Antal Bánhidi designed the Bánhidi Gerle, a light, universal, two-seater biplane, which was powered by a  5-cylinder Genet-Major radial engine. The plane was suitable for flight schools, light aerobatics, air touring and sailplane towing. About 15 Gerle aircraft were built in Hungary before the outbreak of World War II.

In 1931, Bánhidi was hired as Chief Technical Advisor for the successful USA - Hungary transatlantic flight of György Endresz and Sándor Magyar. He chose and prepared a modern Lockheed Sirius 8A plane named "Justice for Hungary" for the voyage.

During February and March 1933, Bánhidi and floatplane pilot Tibor Bisits became the first aviators to complete a roundtrip along the Mediterranean Sea. Flying "Gerle No. 13", it took 100.5 hours of flight time to complete the 12,500 kilometer journey. Due to sour economic effects of the Great Depression, the expedition was only made possible by the offer of free fuel from Shell and the hospitality of Italians in North Africa. Bánhidi's Gerle was filmed by famous desert aviator László Almásy while circling the Great Pyramids without permission. On his return, Bánhidi wrote and published a book to document the journey.

In the autumn of 1933, Bánhidi made a one-man flight in "Gerle No. 13" from Debrecen to Finland, Sweden and London, aiming to set a touring record while taking advantage of an offer to have the plane's Genet-Major engine overhauled for free in Coventry. He was able to courier a state medal to Lord Rothermere, a sponsor of the 1931 ocean flight, and then flew to Debrecen non-stop. In 1937 Antal Bánhidi was invited for a two-month South American expedition, where he flew 15,000 kilometers over uncharted Amazonas territory, documented in another book.

On June 26, 1941, Antal Bánhidi, serving as a national guard reservist pilot at the time, became one of the few eyewitnesses to the mysterious bombing of Kassa. His Fiat CR-42 biplane fighter was too slow to intercept enemy medium bombers, and he was unable to conclusively identify the three attackers from the distance of one kilometer. Blame for the aerial bombing attack was laid on the Soviet Union, and the next day Hungary joined Nazi Germany.

After World War II, the USSR banned Hungary from building powered aircraft, thus the ageing Antal Bánhidi was put aside, working for decades as a blueprints' corrector for ground vehicle designs. After the fall of communism, he was recognized and honored for his achievements by the Hungarian government.

References

1903 births
1994 deaths
Hungarian aviators
Hungarian military aviators
People from Austria-Hungary
People from Satu Mare

Antal Bánhidi


Mercerisation is a textile finishing treatment for cellulose fabric and yarn. It is mainly used for cotton and flax. The process changes the properties of the materials: They can be colored more easily, they withstand tearing better, and the fabric will shrink less, when washed. Fabrics treated that way also have a luster which make them resemble silk in some ways.

Sometimes, cotton treated that way is called Fil d'écosse. Sometimes wool treated in the Mercosett process is also called mercerised.

The process of mercerisation is long, and realtively costly. For this reason, only higher quality textiles are treated that way.

Development
About 1844, John Mercer developed the process. He noticed that when he treated cotton with solutions of  sodium hydroxide, this changed the properties of the cotton: The fabric shrank,  and had a higher resistance to tearing. It was also easier to color the material using dyes.

In the original process of Mercer, no tension was applied. The product was termed fulled cotton, a nod to the process of fulling in woven wool fabric. For Mercer, making the material easier to color was the most important  technical aspect.

Mercer also tried with sulfuric acid and zinc chloride solutions and discovered the parchmentising effect of sulfuric acid.

The silk-like lustre now commonly associated with mercerising is produced by tension and was discovered by Horace Lowe in 1890.

Process
Treatment with sodium hydroxide destroys the spiral form of the cellulose with formation of alkali cellulose, which is changed to cellulose hydrate on washing out the alkali. Caustic soda concentrations of 20–26% are used. Effective mercerization requires the use of wetting agents.

The improved lustre of mercerised cotton is due to the production of nearly circular cotton fibres under tension. Another characteristic feature is the untwisting (deconvolution) of the cotton hair.

In dry mercerization, the process is carried out while drying the fabric on a stenter.

References

Other websites

 Online Encyclopedia - Mercerizing

Fibers
Synthetic materials

Mercerised cotton


Tamil onomatopoeia refers to the Tamil language words that phonetically imitates, resembles or suggests the source of the sound that it describes. The rules of Tamil onomatopoeia are laid down in the grammar book Tolkāppiyam from Sangam literature.

Types
There are two types of onomatopoeia described in Tamil namely, இரட்டைக் கிளவி ("irattai k-kilavi") and அடுக்குத் தொடர் ("atukku th-thodar").

Doublets ("irattai k-kilavi")
Irattai kilavi consists of two words paired with one another which does not give a stand alone meaning when separated (an example is 'துறுதுறு' in 'துறுதுறு என்ற விழிகள்'). In the second book of Tolkāppiyam, the first chapter of Kilāviyakkam describes:
இரட்டைக் கிளவி இரட்டின் பிரித்து இகைய
irattaik kilavi irattin piritu icaiya
doubled word from its doubling does not stand

There are three types of doublets described. In the first type, a single word with an adjectival quality is repeated while in the second type, the word may be nominal or verbal. The third type consists of two words with opposite meanings coupled with each other.

Stacks ("atukku th-thodar")
Atukku thodar consists of two words stacked after one another which give a different meaning when separated (an example is 'பிடி பிடி பிடி').

References

Tamil poetics

Tamil onomatopoeia


Seth Lochhead is a Canadian screenwriter. He is best known for writing the 2011 film Hanna with David Farr.

Career
Lochhead attended Vancouver Film School's Writing for Film & Television program, where he wrote his first screenplay, Hanna, while he was in his early 20s. He completed the script after leaving film school and in 2006 it was listed on the Hollywood Black List of the best unproduced scripts in Hollywood. Lochhead sold the screenplay to Focus Features in March 2007, although he received a much higher bid from another American production company. Hanna was directed by Joe Wright and released in 2011 after being in development for a total of six years. Lochhead shared the writing credit with David Farr, a British writer and theatre director, who wrote another draft of the film during its development but whom Lochhead does not personally know. He has been chosen to write for the upcoming Shadow of the Colossus movie.

Before Hanna had been produced, Lochhead was approached to pitch himself as a writer for Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows and a film adaptation of the Masters of the Universe series featuring He-Man. He has written several screenplays since Hanna, including Cadar, which was sold to Spitfire Pictures, and Governess, which was picked up by Warner Bros. with Michael Bay as a producer. He has considered becoming a film director in addition to screenwriting, as well as relocating to Los Angeles.

Personal life
Lochhead currently lives in Vancouver with his girlfriend.

His mother is a feminist and his father is a skilled fisherman and carpenter; Lochhead has said they both influenced his self-sufficiency.

References

External links

1981 births
Canadian male screenwriters
Living people
People from Nanaimo
Vancouver Film School alumni
Writers from Vancouver
21st-century Canadian male writers
21st-century Canadian screenwriters

Seth Lochhead


Adoniram Judson Clark commanded a New Jersey battery in the American Civil War.

Civil War
Clark enlisted in the 1st New Jersey Volunteer Infantry in April 1861, and became a sergeant in Company F. When the regiment's three-month enlistment ended, Clark was involved in raising Battery B, 1st New Jersey Light Artillery. It was mustered into service on September 3, 1861, at Camp Olden in Trenton, New Jersey. The battery was assigned to the First New Jersey Brigade under the command of Brigadier General Philip Kearny. Clark became first lieutenant under Capt John E. Beam.

The battery served in the Peninsula Campaign, assigned to III Corps. Beam was killed in the Battle of Malvern Hill on July 1, 1862. Upon the death of Beam, Clark was promoted to the rank of captain. He commanded the battery to the end of the war. The battery was not engaged again until the Battle of Fredericksburg, in which it was assigned to second division III Corps under Brigadier General Daniel Sickles. Clark commanded the artillery attached to first division III Corps at the Battle of Chancellorsville under Brigadier General David B. Birney.

In the artillery brigade of the III Corps, Clark and his battery served at the Battle of Gettysburg. His guns were deployed in an exposed position near the Peach Orchard on July 2, 1863, but then were moved to safer ground. The battery fired on the Confederate troops advancing from Warfield Ridge before being forced to withdraw. Clark reported that he pulled out when support disappeared on either flank. When Captain George E. Randolph, the brigade's commander, was wounded, Clark became acting commander. He retained brigade command in the Bristoe Campaign. Randolph returned in time for the Battle of Mine Run, and Clark resumed battery command.

When III Corps was abolished, Clark's battery was transferred to the Reserve Artillery in the brigade of Major John A. Tompkins. In that formation, Clark's battery served in the early battles of the Overland Campaign. By the time of the Battle of Cold Harbor, Clark's battery had been transferred to the artillery brigade of II Corps under Colonel John C. Tidball. In the Siege of Petersburg, Clark's battery remained in II Corp under Tidball and then under Colonel John G. Hazard. Clark was slightly wounded at the Second Battle of Ream's Station in 1864.  Later he escorted the troops in his battery whose enlistments had expired back to Trenton, New Jersey, before returning to the Petersburg front.  Back at Petersburg, Clark was in charge of the artillery on the front lines of II Corps in December 1864.

At the beginning of the Appomattox Campaign, Clark's battery provided support to II Corps troops engaged at the Battle of Sutherland's Station. Following the Confederate surrender, Clark and his command were mustered out on June 16, 1865.

Judson Clark was recommended for promotion more than once, but the most he received was a brevet rank of major, conferred on April 2, 1865, for his service at Petersburg.

Post war
After the war, Major Clark served as police chief in Newark. An active Republican, he next was secretary of the Board of Assessment and Revision of Taxes and Receiver of Taxes (ca. 1888). Capt Clark was named to the Board of Assessment and Taxes in 1900.  He also was an officer in the New Jersey National Guard.  A. Judson Clark died on July 24, 1913. He was buried in Evergreen Cemetery, Hillside, New Jersey.

References
 Hanifen, Michael, History of Battery B, First New Jersey Artillery, Ottawa, Ill., Republican-times, printers, 1905.
 Pfanz, Harry W., Gettysburg the Second Day, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1987.
 Toombs, Samuel, New Jersey Troops in the Gettysburg Campaign, from June 5 to July 31, 1863, Highstown, N.J.: Longstreet House, 1988.

External links

1838 births
People of New Jersey in the American Civil War
Union Army officers
1913 deaths
Burials at Evergreen Cemetery (Hillside, New Jersey)

A. Judson Clark


Stephen Roxby Dodds (29 January 1881 – 10 September 1943) was an English lawyer and Liberal politician.

Family and education
Dodds was born in Birkenhead in Cheshire the son of T L Dodds, a local Justice of the Peace and his wife Jane. He was educated at Rydal School in Colwyn Bay and at Trinity Hall, Cambridge where he gained MA and LL.B degrees. He married Edith May Bell from Heswall in Cheshire. They never had children. In religion he was a Methodist.

Career
Dodds went in for the law. He was articled as a clerk to a firm of Liverpool solicitors in 1903 and was admitted as a solicitor in 1906. In 1910, he was a founder of the firm of Dodds, Ashcroft & Cook with premises at 24 Fenwick Street, Liverpool. He was qualified as a solicitor, Commissioner for Oaths and Notary Public. He also served as a Justice of the Peace.

Politics
Dodds contested the Wirral Division of Cheshire as a Liberal at the 1922 general election coming second to the sitting Conservative MP, Gershom Stewart in a three-cornered contest. Dodds fought Wirral again at the 1923 general election when, in the absence of a Labour candidate, he won the seat from Stewart with a majority of 1,840 votes. Despite Labour's withdrawal, it was still expected that Stewart would hold the seat. The Conservatives had revived by the time of the 1924 general election when the new Tory candidate, John Grace, regained the Wirral from Dodds in a straight fight.

Dodds tried to win the Wirral constituency once more, at the 1929 general election but this time Labour were back in the field and he again came runner-up to Grace, a local barrister, with Labour candidate George Beardsworth, a trade union official in third place.

Other appointments
Dodds served as President of the Liverpool Law Society, 1939–40 and was a member of the Council of the Law Society (London). He was also President of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, 1925–26, and again in 1926–27 and President of the Birkenhead Literary and Scientific Society in 1914. He served as Chairman of the Board of Governors of his old school, Rydal School  and was also a Governor of Wirral Grammar School and Wirral County School for Girls.

Death
Dodds died suddenly at his home, Heath Moor, Heswall in Cheshire  on 10 September 1943 aged 62 years.

References

External links

1881 births
1943 deaths
People educated at Rydal Penrhos
Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
English solicitors
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1923–1924
Politics of the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral
People from Birkenhead
20th-century English lawyers

Stephen Roxby Dodds


Roxanne McKee (born 10 August 1980) is a British actress and model. She is best known for playing Louise Summers in the British soap opera Hollyoaks (2005–2008), Lou Foster in the British drama series Lip Service (2010), Doreah in the American fantasy drama series Game of Thrones (2011–2012) and Lady Claire Riesen in the American apocalyptic supernatural series Dominion (2014–2015). She has also starred in films including Wrong Turn 5: Bloodlines (2012), Vendetta (2013) and The Legend of Hercules (2014).

Early life and education
McKee was born in Canada to Irish parents and completed a BA degree in Social Policy & Political Studies at Royal Holloway, University of London in 2005.

Career

Hollyoaks
McKee auditioned for the role of Hollyoaks character Louise Summers in 2004 as part of Hollyoaks: On the Pull, a nationwide search to find a new actor. After being chosen from over 35,000 applicants, McKee began portraying Louise, who was introduced by series producer David Hanson in 2005.

In 2008, McKee hinted at a possible exit for her character, despite refusing claims that she wanted to leave. She told Look magazine: "I'm not going to be there forever. I don't mind the long hours but I'll have been doing that for four years in October when my contract ends." After her contract ended in October 2008, McKee decided to leave the show in order to focus on other projects, mainly theatre. Several months after her final on-screen appearance, tabloid newspapers began to speculate that McKee would reprise the role to coincide with the exit of Jamie Lomas's character, Warren. McKee had previously told Digital Spy: "Well, Louise might not be dead! That's the exciting twist in the future....On screen, you'll feel like she's dead but depending on me and whether I want to come back for an episode in March — I might be back. I filmed an extra scene showing that I'm still alive. There are flashbacks which show me being killed, but then there's a flashback which viewers won't see for a while, that will be used if I choose to come back for the episode. I kind of want to come back and finish off Louise's storyline, but at the moment, I might be doing something else. It would be really good, though — I'd be going back to kill a few people off."

Following McKee's decision to leave the show, she said: "I have enjoyed my time at Hollyoaks immensely and I'm going to really miss everyone at Lime Pictures. I have learned so much and will take away with me many happy memories — not just from everyone I have worked with but from Liverpool as a city too, which has become my second home. I know I will shed a few tears on the day I leave but I am so excited about what the future holds." Hollyoaks series producer Bryan Kirkwood commented on her departure, stating: "As well as being the nation's sexiest soap star for two years running, Roxanne has worked incredibly hard to prove herself as a talented actress. She has been at the centre of one of our biggest storylines for the past two years and her exit scenes will be a fitting climax. Roxanne is a real star in the making and I'm sure this won't be the last that we hear of her." McKee won the award 'Sexiest Female' at The British Soap Awards in 2007 and 2008, an award she had been nominated for in 2006 and 2009. McKee was also won 'Sexiest Female' at the Inside Soap Awards in 2007 and 2008. In 2008 she was also nominated for 'Best Actress'.

Virgin Media profiled some of Hollyoaks "hottest females" in their opinion, of Louise they stated: "It's no surprise that sultry Roxanne McKee was voted sexiest soap star for two years running at the British Soap Awards. She's so foxy that even on-screen fiancé Warren was sad he had to finish her off."

Subsequent roles
In 2008, McKee appeared in the Taio Cruz music video for "She's like a Star". The following year, McKee filmed parts in Johannes Roberts' hooligan horror film F and BBC Two's The Persuasionists.

In July 2009, McKee became the face of Clothes Show Live, stating: "I've always watched it on TV and wanted to go, so I'm very flattered to be part of such a huge event". In 2010, she was cast in a small role in on-line drama EastEnders: E20, playing bisexual character Pippa.

McKee acted in the modern lesbian drama Lip Service for BBC Three set in Glasgow, McKee would later play the part of a new character, Doreah in Game of Thrones, an HBO series based on the best-selling epic fantasy series of novels written by George RR Martin.

In May 2012, McKee was announced as being part of the horror sequel Wrong Turn 5: Bloodlines.

Personal life

As of 2017, McKee lives in Los Angeles.

Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations
2006
 No. 91 in the FHM 100 Sexiest Women in the World.

2007
 Won at British Soap Awards in category of Sexiest Female for her role in Hollyoaks.
 Won at Inside Soap Award in category of Sexiest Female for her role in Hollyoaks.
 No. 42 in the FHM 100 Sexiest Women in the World.

2008
 Won at Digital Spy Soap Awards in category of Sexiest Female for her role in Hollyoaks.
 No. 97 in the FHM 100 Sexiest Women in the World.
 Won at British Soap Awards in category of Sexiest Female for her role in Hollyoaks.

References

External links

 Profile, whatsontv.co.uk

Living people
Actors from Lewisham
Actresses from London
Alumni of Royal Holloway, University of London
British television actresses
British soap opera actresses
Canadian television actresses
People educated at Our Lady of Sion School
21st-century English actresses
English soap opera actresses
1980 births
Canadian people of Irish descent
British people of Irish descent

Roxanne McKee


See Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar (Buenos Aires) for the church in Buenos Aires

The Cathedral-Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar () is a Roman Catholic church in the city of Zaragoza, Aragon (Spain). The basilica's titular is the Blessed Virgin Mary under the title of Our Lady of the Pillar, praised as "Mother of the Hispanic Peoples" by Pope John Paul II. It is reputed to be the first church dedicated to Mary in history.

Local traditions take the history of this basilica to the spread of Christianity in Roman Spain attributing to an apparition to Saint James the Great, the apostle who is believed by tradition to have brought Christianity to the country. This is the only reported apparition of Mary to have occurred before her believed Assumption.

Many of the kings of Spain, many other foreign rulers and saints have paid their devotion before this statue of Mary. Saint John of the Cross, Saint Teresa of Ávila, Saint Ignatius of Loyola, and Blessed William Joseph Chaminade are among the foremost ones. The Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar is one of two minor basilicas in the city of Zaragoza, and is co-cathedral of the city alongside the nearby La Seo de Zaragoza. The architecture is of Baroque style, and the present building was predominantly built between 1681 and 1872.

History

Apparition of Pilar

According to ancient local tradition, soon after the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus, Saint James was preaching the Gospel in Spain, but was disheartened because of the failure of his mission. Tradition holds that on 2 January 40 AD, while he was deep in prayer by the banks of the Ebro, the Mother of God appeared to him and gave a column of jasper and instructed him to build a church in her honor: "This place is to be my house, and this image and column shall be the title and altar of the temple that you shall build."

First chapel
About a year after the apparition, James is believed to have had a small chapel built in Mary's honor, the first church ever dedicated to her. After James returned to Jerusalem, he was executed by Herod Agrippa in about 44 AD, the first apostle to be martyred for his faith. Several of his disciples took his body and returned it for final burial in Spain.
This first chapel was eventually destroyed with various other Christian shrines, but the statue and the pillar stayed intact under the protection of the people of Zaragoza.

Expansions

Romanesque church

Numerous churches have been built upon this site through the years. The tiny chapel built by Saint James later gave way to a basilica-like enclosure during Constantine I's time; subsequently being transformed into Romanesque, then Gothic then Mudéjar styles. The venerated shrines at Zaragoza date to the Christian Reconquest by King Alfonso I in 1118. A church in the Romanesque style was built under the pontificate of Pedro de Librana who is also credited with the oldest written testimonial to the Virgin at Zaragoza. A tympanum on the south wall of this Romanesque church still stands.

Gothic church

The Romanesque church was damaged by fire in 1434, and reconstruction began in the Mudéjar Gothic style. A Gothic-style church was built in the 15th century but only a few parts of it remain intact or were later restored, including the choir stand and the altarpiece in alabaster by Damián Forment.

Current church

The present spacious church in Baroque style was begun in 1681 by Charles II, King of Spain and completed in 1686. The early constructions were supervised by Felipe Sanchez and were later modified by Francisco Herrera the Younger under John of Austria the Younger. In 1725, the Cabildo of Zaragoza decided to change the aspect of the Holy Chapel and commissioned the architect Ventura Rodríguez, who transformed the building into its present dimensions of 130 meters long by 67 wide, with its eleven cupolas and four towers. The area most visited is the eastern part of the chapel, because this is where the Holy Chapel by Ventura Rodríguez (1754) is built, which houses the venerated image of the Virgin. Around the Holy Chapel are the vaults or domes painted with frescoes by Francisco Goya: The Queen of Martyrs and Adoration of the Name of God. The gilding and other ornamentation throughout the building were designed and overseen by Goya's father José. By 1718 the church had been vaulted over. However, it was not until 1872 that the final touches were put to these vaults, when the main dome and the final spire were finished.

During the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939 three bombs were dropped on the church but none of them exploded. Two of them are still on show in the basilica.

Notable choirmasters include the Baroque composer Joseph Ruiz Samaniego.

Pillar and the image

The statue is wooden and 39 cm tall and rests on a column of jasper.
The tradition of the shrine of El Pilar, as given by Our Lady in an apparition to Sister Mary Agreda and written about in Mystical City of God, is that Our Lady was carried on a cloud by the angels to Zaragoza during the night. While they were traveling, the angels built a pillar of marble, and a miniature image of Our Lady. Our Lady gave the message to St James and added that a church was to be built on the site where the apparition took place. The pillar and the image were to be part of the main altar. The image was crowned in 1905 with a crown designed by the Marquis of Griñi, and valued at 450,000 pesetas (£18,750, 1910).

Layout
The building, which can be seen from the nearby Ebro River, is a large rectangle with a nave and two aisles, with two other all-brick chapels, thus giving the whole a typically Aragonese touch. It is illuminated by large oculi, characteristic of the monuments of the region from the 17th century onwards. Twelve enormous pillars support the vaults of the nave and aisles; the whole is topped by domes, as are the chapels.

The chapels within the basilica include:
Chapel of the Rosary
Chapel of Joachim
Chapel of Saint Lawrence (Lorenzo)
Chapel of Saint Pedro de Arbués
Chapel of Saint Braulio
Chapel of Saint Anthony
Chapel of Saint Joseph
Chapel of Saint Anna
Chapel of Saint John

Organ and music
The first organ was built in 1463 by Enrique de Colonia. In 1537, Martín de Córdoba built another organ with the intent to compete with the one at the La Seo.

Guillermo de Lupe and his son Gaudioso restructured the larger organ between 1595 and 1602; he had done the same for an organ in the Cathedral of the Savior of Zaragoza in 1577.

In 1657, there were several organs in the church, of many sizes and offering many possibilities. As a result, the musical activity reached a peak in the Spanish Golden Age; however, it began to decline toward the end of the 19th century.

In the Middle Ages, a minstrel accompanied singers with a dulcian. Polyphony in the Cathedral-Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar was first documented in the mid-17th century, played by a "tenor" and a "contrabajón". In the late 1600s, an orchestra composed of minstrels agreed to work for the Church of Santa María la Mayor, the predecessor of the cathedral-basilica.

El Pilar and Spanish identity
The feast of Our Lady of the Pillar, celebrating the first apparition of Mary to Hispanic people, is on October 12. This coincides with the Día de la Hispanidad and the date of Columbus's discovery of the New World. Every nation of Hispanic colonial origin has donated national vestments for the fifteenth-century statue of the Virgin, which is housed in the chapel. Pope John Paul II praised El Pilar as "Mother of the Hispanic Peoples" during both his visits to the basilica.

It was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in 1904.

See also

Marian apparitions
Roman Catholic Marian churches
12 Treasures of Spain
 List of Bien de Interés Cultural in the Province of Zaragoza

References

 ANSÓN NAVARRO, Arturo y Belén Boloqui Larraya, «Zaragoza Barroca», en Guillermo Fatás Cabeza (coord.), Guía histórico-artística de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Institución «Fernando el Católico»; Ayto. de Zaragoza, 2008, 4.ª ed. revisada y ampliada, págs. 249–327. Cfr. especialmente la sección «Basílica de Nuestra Señora del Pilar», págs. 287–322.— .
 «El Pilar», Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa (en línea). [Consulta:22-7-2008]
 NOUGUÉS SECALL, Mariano, Historia crítica y apologética de la Virgen nuestra señora del Pilar de Zaragoza y de su templo y tabernáculo desde el siglo I hasta nuestros días, Madrid, Alejandro Gómez Fuentenebro, 1862.
 ORTIZ ALBERO, Miguel Ángel, Julián Pelegrín Campo y María Pilar Rivero Gracia, El Pilar desconocido, Zaragoza, Heraldo de Aragón, 2006, pág. 13.—D. L. Z-2597-06.
 RINCÓN GARCÍA, Wifredo, El Pilar de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Everest, 2000. .
 RISCO, Manuel, España Sagrada, t. XXX. Contiene el estado antiguo de la Santa Iglesia de Zaragoza [...] y una colección de las epístolas de San Braulio [...], Madrid, Antonio de Sancha, 1775.

Our Lady of the Pillar
Our Lady of the Pillar, Zaragoza
Zaragoza, Our Lady of the Pillar
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1686
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1961
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Spain
Church buildings with domes
Shrines to the Virgin Mary
Tourist attractions in Zaragoza
Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in the Province of Zaragoza
Baroque architecture in Aragon
Cultural tourism in Spain
17th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Spain


Three Oaks Senior High School (often abbreviated as TOSH) is a Canadian secondary school located in Summerside, Prince Edward Island for students from the eastern part of Prince County, including the City of Summerside.

The school is administratively part of the Public Schools Branch. Its official colours are Green and Gold and the mascot is an Axeman. The sports teams from TOSH are called the Three Oaks Axemen.

History and characteristics
The school opened in 1976 to replace the Summerside High School on Central Street. This building eventually became Summerside Intermediate School.

School sports

Sports at Three Oaks Today
TOSH is home to many extracurricular sporting events that are offered throughout students' three years of high school. There is one Field Hockey field, one Softball field, and three Soccer/Rugby fields.

Sports at Three Oaks Senior High Include:

boys and girls Basketball
boys and girls Wrestling
boys and girls Rugby
boys and girls Cross Country
boys and girls Soccer
boys and girls Softball
boys and girls Track & Field
boys and girls golf
boys and girls Badminton
boys and girls Volleyball
boys and girls Powerlifting
boys Football
girls Field Hockey

Sports tournaments

The Christmas Classic
A Women's and men's basketball tournament hosted in early December by Three Oaks Senior High School which draws schools competing from across P.E.I., New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Six women's basketball teams and eight men's basketball teams from schools across the Maritimes take part in the annual basketball tournament.

The annual teams are the Three Oaks Axemen, the Charlottetown Rural Raiders, the Colonel Gray Colonels, the Bluefield Bobcats, the Lockview Dragons, the Millwood Knights, the Sussex Sonics, the Miramichi Golden Eagles, the Dalhousie Vultures and the Amherst Vikings.

The Winter Classic
A Men's basketball tournament hosted in early January by Three Oaks Senior High School which draws schools competing from across the three Prince Edward Island County which are: Kings County, Queens County, and Prince County. A total of six men's basketball teams from schools across the province take part in the annual basketball tournament.

The annual teams are the Three Oaks Axemen, the Charlottetown Rural Raiders, the Kensington Torchmen, the Westisle Wolverines the Montague Vikings and the Colonel Gray Colonels.

David Voye Memorial Rugby Tournament
A Women's and men's rugby tournament hosted in early May by Three Oaks Senior High School which draws schools competing from across P.E.I., New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.

The annual teams are the Three Oaks Axemen, the Charlottetown Rural Raiders, the Bluefield Bobcats, the Westisle Wolverines, the North Nova Gryphons, the Cobequid Cougar, the Montague Vikings, the Colonel Gray Colonels, the Avonview Avalanche, the Horton Griffin and the Northumberland Nighthawks.

Clubs at Three Oaks
TOSH is home to a variety of clubs, including:
Yearbook Committee
Grad Activity Committee
Prom Committee
Reach for the Top
Rotary Youth Parliament
SADD
We to Me
Student Council
Music Council Executive
R&B (Rhythm and Blues) Band
Eco-ethics
Envirothon
Minions
Leadership
Smash Club

Notable graduates
 Heather Moyse, 2 time Olympic gold medalist
 Walter Moyse, basketball player
 Adam Casey Curler
Anson Carmody Curler

See also
List of schools in Prince Edward Island
List of school districts in Prince Edward Island

References

High schools in Prince Edward Island
Buildings and structures in Summerside, Prince Edward Island
Educational institutions established in 1976
1976 establishments in Prince Edward Island
Schools in Prince County, Prince Edward Island

Three Oaks Senior High School


Tiffany Townsend (born 14 June 1989) is an American track and field sprinter who competes in the 100 and 200-meter dash. She has personal records of 11.13 and 22.26 seconds for the events, respectively.

She won medals for the United States in age category competitions, taking a relay gold at the 2008 World Junior Championships in Athletics, two gold medals at the 2010 NACAC Under-23 Championships in Athletics, and two silver medals at the 2011 Summer Universiade. She competed collegiately for Baylor University and was third in the 200 m at the 2011 NCAA Outdoor Championships. Her highest international ranking for the 200 m is third, achieved in the 2013 season.

Career

Early life and family
Born in Lake City, Florida to Tyrone Townsend and Vicki Seymour, she grew up in Killeen, Texas. She has two brothers and is the cousin of Olympic sprinter Dannette Young. Townsend began to establish herself as a sprinter at Killeen High School with Texas state records of 11.21 seconds for the 100 m and 22.84 seconds for the 200 m in 2007. At the USATF Junior Olympics she was runner-up in the 100 m and winner of the 200 m. She also performed well in her studies, qualifying for a scholarship from the Texas Scholar program.

College career
Following her graduation from high school she stayed in-state and enrolled at Baylor University to study exercise physiology. In her first indoor season for the Baylor Bears collegiate team she earned All-American honours for the tenth-place finish in the 200 m at the 2008 NCAA Women's Indoor Track and Field Championships. She was eighth in that event at the NCAA Women's Outdoor Track and Field Championships, and also won All-American honours for top four placings with both the 4×100-meter relay and the 4×400-meter relay teams. A win in the 200 m at the USATF Junior Outdoor Championships brought her selection for the 2008 World Junior Championships in Athletics, where she came fifth in the 200 m final and won a gold medal as part of a 4×100 m relay team led off by Jeneba Tarmoh. She ran a 200 m personal record of 22.75 seconds at the Big 12 Conference Outdoor Championships.

The following year she had top three places in both short sprints at the Big 12 Outdoor Championships and ran a school a personal record of 11.13 seconds for the 100 m at the Texas Relays. At the 2009 NCAA Outdoor meet she was fifth in the 200 m as well as a top-five placer in both the relays. Her 2010 season was highlighted by four podium finishes at the Big 12 Outdoor Championships in the individual sprints and relays, then a fourth-place finish at the NCAA Outdoor 200 m. At the 2010 NACAC Under-23 Championships in Athletics she took two gold medals, winning the 200 m and the 4×100 m relay (again running with Jeneba Tarmoh). In her final year at the university she reached the 200 m podium at the 2011 NCAA Outdoor Championships, running a personal record of 22.58 seconds to take third and end the competition with a career total of 17 All America honours. This time ranked her twelfth in the world that year for the discipline. After the end of the college season she represented the United States at the 2011 Universiade in Shenzhen and won two silver medals, one in the 200 m and one with the 4×100 m relay team.

Professional career
After graduating from Baylor University, she started sprinting professionally and gained a sponsorship deal with adidas. She made her debut on the 2012 IAAF Diamond League circuit at the Shanghai Golden Grand Prix, taking sixth in the 200 m. She has a season's best in the 100 m in April, running a time of 11.22 seconds. She entered the 2012 United States Olympic Trials, was eliminated in the 200 m semi-finals, her run of 22.96 seconds being her best effort that year.

Townsend again failed to gain selection for the senior championships in 2013, as at the 2013 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships she was a 100 m semi-finalist and came seventh in the 200 m. The following month, however, she propelled herself towards the top of the international rankings with a 200 m time of 22.26 seconds to narrowly finish behind Murielle Ahouré at the Herculis Diamond League meeting. By the end of the season this time had only been bettered by Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce and Ahouré – the top two finishers in the event at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics.

With no major events to aim for in 2014, she fell back down the rankings – her best of 22.72 seconds being enough for 27th in the world. Townsend ran the 200 meters in 23.16 to place 10th and did not make a final at the 2014 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships.

Townsend earned bronze in the 4x200 meters at 2017 IAAF World Relays. Townsend earned a lane in the 100 meters and 200 meters respectively ran 11.25 in 22nd place and 23.17 in 17th place at the 2017 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships.

Personal records
100-meter dash – 11.13 (2009)
200-meter dash – 22.26 (2013)
60-meter dash (indoor) – 7.23 (2011)
200-meter dash (indoor) – 22.90 (2011)
300-meter dash (indoor) – 36.74 (2015)

International competitions

References

External links

Living people
1989 births
American female sprinters
Sportspeople from Killeen, Texas
Sportspeople from Columbia County, Florida
Track and field athletes from Florida
Track and field athletes from Texas
African-American female track and field athletes
Baylor Bears women's track and field athletes
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade silver medalists for the United States
Medalists at the 2011 Summer Universiade
21st-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women

Tiffany Townsend


Tonto is a traditional Ugandan fermented beverage made from bananas. It is also referred to as mwenge bigere.

Tonto is made by ripening green bananas in a pit for several days. The juice is then extracted, filtered, and diluted before being mixed with ground and roasted sorghum. This mixture is fermented for two to four days.

Tonto has an alcohol content ranging from six to eleven percent by volume.

The production of tonto is a source of income for many families in the banana-growing regions of central and western Uganda.

References
Global Status Report on Alcohol 2004, World Health Organization, 2004.

Banana drinks
Fermented drinks

Tonto (beverage)


The Witching Hour is a 1934 American pre-Code drama film directed by Henry Hathaway and starring Sir Guy Standing, John Halliday, Judith Allen and Tom Brown.

Plot
While Jack Brookfield (John Halliday) runs a gambling gathering at nighttime in his Kentucky house, his daughter Nancy (Judith Allen) is frequently visited by and becomes engaged to young Northern architect Clay Thorne (Tom Brown). His mother (Olive Tell), an old friend of Brookfield's, arrives from Baltimore to save her son from the vice of gambling, but when Brookfield shows her her son and his daughter in the garden, she is delighted. Brookfield announces to the gentlemen that for that evening the gambling is over early, due to a feeling he has.

After everybody has left, Brookfield's old friend (and customer) Lew Ellinger (Richard Carle) proposes to play poker. But Brookfield answers he is not a gambler. Ellinger deals the cards anyway. To his astonishment, Brookfield tells him exactly what he has in his hands. When it is repeated a second time, Brookfield tells him that he cannot tell what cards he has if Ellinger doesn't look at them. When this second time he tells again the card Ellinger has, Ellinger asks Brookfield how he does it. Brookfield does not know how he does it, but he does not gamble because of this gift, which saddens Ellinger.

Meantime, the police chief (Frank Sheridan) gathers his men to raid Brookfield's house. When they arrive, however, they can find no trace of gambling activity.

After Nancy turns in for the night, Clay becomes terrified when he sees a cats-eye ring (collateral put up by Lew) on Brookfield's finger. This causes Brookfield to question Clay's manhood.

Afterward, Brookfield receives a visit from Frank Hardmuth (Ralf Harolde). Hardmuth has a grudge against him and is determined to show that he is the boss of the town. When Hardmuth states he is good enough for Nancy, Brookfield punches him and tells him that one day a man will come in his office and shoot him. Clay overhears him. Brookfield tells him, after Hardmuth leaves, that his fear is absurd. He hypnotizes the young man without realizing it.

Judge Martin Prentice (Guy Standing) is Brookfield's last visitor that night. Brookfield finds in him an understanding person concerning his gift. Prentice warns him to be more careful about hypnotizing people.

Clay goes to Hardmuth's office and shoots him dead, without knowing what he is doing. His loved ones search for a defense attorney, but nobody takes hypnotism seriously or believes it is grounds for a defense. Finally, they think of Judge Prentice, who is retired, but would certainly understand how to manage the case. Prentice does not want to take the case, but the ghost of Margaret Price (Gertrude Michael), Mrs. Thorne's mother and Prentice's love, persuades him to change his mind. The trial goes badly for the defense; even the testimony of Dr. von Strohn (Ferdinand Gottschalk), an eminent expert in hypnosis, cannot turn the tide. Finally, in desperation, Prentice has Brookfield hypnotize the openly skeptical jury foreman (William Frawley) into shooting the district attorney (the gun has blanks). The jury reaches the verdict "not guilty", and Clay is a free man.

Cast
Sir Guy Standing as [Judge] Martin Prentice
John Halliday as Jack Brookfield
Judith Allen as Nancy Brookfield
Tom Brown as Clay Thorne
Olive Tell	 as Mrs. [Helen] Thorne
Richard Carle as Lew Ellinger
Ralf Harolde as Frank Hardmuth
Purnell Pratt as District Attorney [Robinson]
Frank Sheridan as Police Chief
Gertrude Michael as Margaret Price
Ferdinand Gottschalk as Dr. von Strohn
William Frawley as Foreman of Jury

Reception

Author and film critic Leonard Maltin awarded the film two and a half out of four stars, calling it "[a] Minor but well-made chiller with eerie atmosphere."

References

External links

1934 films
1934 drama films
American black-and-white films
American drama films
1930s English-language films
American courtroom films
American films based on plays
Films directed by Henry Hathaway
Films about hypnosis
Films about gambling
Paramount Pictures films
1930s legal films
1930s American films

The Witching Hour (1934 film)


Charles Hooks (February 20, 1768 – October 18, 1843) was a United States Representative from North Carolina; born in Bertie County, North Carolina, February 20, 1768; when he was two years old his parents moved to Duplin County, North Carolina and settled on a plantation near Kenansville; became a planter; member of the State house of commons 1801–1805; served in the State senate in 1810 and 1811; elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Fourteenth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of William R. King and served from December 2, 1816 to March 4, 1817; elected to the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Congresses (March 4, 1819 – March 4, 1825); moved to Alabama in 1826, settled near Montgomery, and again engaged in planting; died near Montgomery, Ala., October 18, 1843; interment in the Molton family cemetery.  Hooks was the great-grandfather of William Julius Harris.

See also
 Fourteenth United States Congress
 Sixteenth United States Congress
 Seventeenth United States Congress
 Eighteenth United States Congress

External links
 U.S. Congress Biographical Directory entry

People from Bertie County, North Carolina
1768 births
1843 deaths
American planters
Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina
People from Kenansville, North Carolina
19th-century American politicians

Charles Hooks


Wire wrap is an electronic component assembly technique that was invented to wire telephone crossbar switches, and later adapted to construct electronic circuit boards. Electronic components mounted on an insulating board are interconnected by lengths of insulated wire run between their  terminals, with the connections made by wrapping several turns of uninsulated sections of the wire around a component lead or a socket pin.

Wires can be wrapped by hand or by machine, and can be hand-modified afterwards. It was popular for large-scale manufacturing in the 1960s and early 1970s, and continues today  to be used for short runs and prototypes. The method eliminates the design and fabrication of a printed circuit board. Wire wrapping is unusual among other prototyping technologies since it allows for complex assemblies to be produced by automated equipment, but then easily repaired or modified by hand.

Wire wrap construction can produce assemblies that are more reliable than printed circuits: connections are less prone to fail due to vibration or physical stresses on the base board, and the lack of solder eliminates soldering faults such as corrosion, cold joints and dry joints. The connections themselves are firmer and have lower electrical resistance due to cold welding of the wire to the terminal post at the corners.

Wire wrap was used for assembly of high frequency prototypes and small production runs, including gigahertz microwave circuits and supercomputers. It is unique among automated prototyping techniques in that wire lengths can be exactly controlled, and twisted pairs or magnetically shielded twisted quads can be routed together.

Wire wrap construction became popular around 1960 in circuit board manufacturing, and use has now sharply declined. Surface-mount technology has made the technique much less useful than in previous decades. Solder-less breadboards and the decreasing cost of professionally made PCBs have nearly eliminated this technology.

History

Manually wrapped wires were common in early 20th century point-to-point electronic construction methods in which a strong connection was needed to hold the components in place. Wires were wrapped by hand around binding posts or spade lugs and then soldered.

Modern wire wrapping technology was developed after WWII at Bell Laboratories as a means of making electrical connections in a new relay being designed for use in the Bell Telephone system. A design team headed by Arthur C. Keller developed the "Keller Wrap Gun", and the entire wrap system was passed over to Western Electric for industrial application. After a "make or buy" committee at Western Electric decided to have the hand tool manufactured by an outside vendor, Western Electric sent the tool contract out for bids. Keller Tool of Grand Haven, Michigan, a supplier of rotary hand tools to Western Electric, won the contract and made several design changes to make the tool easier to manufacture and to use. Keller began manufacturing the tools in 1953, and subsequently obtained a license from Western Electric allowing sale of the technology on the open market. The tool was marketed under its original name – since the name of the manufacturer was coincidentally the same as the name of the inventor.

IBM's first transistorized computers, introduced within the late 1950s, were built with the IBM Standard Modular System that used wire-wrapped backplanes.

Method

A correctly made wire-wrap connection for 30 or 28 AWG wire is seven turns (fewer for larger wire) of bare wire with half to one and a half turns of insulated wire at the bottom for strain relief.  The square hard-gold-plated post thus forms 28 redundant contacts.  The silver-plated wire coating cold-welds to the gold.  If corrosion occurs, it occurs on the outside of the wire, not on the gas-tight contact where oxygen cannot penetrate to form oxides.  A correctly designed wire-wrap tool applies up to twenty tons of force per square inch on each joint.

The electronic parts sometimes plug into sockets. The sockets are attached with cyanoacrylate (or silicone adhesive) to thin plates of glass-fiber-reinforced epoxy (fiberglass).

The sockets have square posts. The usual posts are  square,  high, and spaced at  intervals. Premium posts are hard-drawn beryllium copper alloy plated with a  of gold to prevent corrosion. Less-expensive posts are bronze with tin plating.

30 gauge (~0.0509mm2) silver-plated soft copper wire is insulated with a fluorocarbon that does not emit dangerous gases when heated. The most common insulation is "Kynar". The 30 AWG Kynar wire is cut into standard lengths, then one inch of insulation is removed on each end.

There are three ways of placing wires on a board. In professionally built wire-wrap boards, long wires are placed first so that shorter wires mechanically secure the long wires. Also, to make an assembly more repairable, wires are applied in layers. The ends of each wire are always at the same height on the post, so that at most three wires need to be replaced to replace a wire. Also, to make the layers easier to see, they are made with different colors of insulation. In space-rated or airworthy wire-wrap assemblies, the wires are boxed, and may be conformally coated with wax to reduce vibration.  Epoxy is never used for the coating because it makes an assembly unrepairable.

Tooling

A  "wire wrap tool" has two holes. The wire and  of insulated wire are placed in a hole near the edge of the tool. The hole in the center of the tool is placed over the post.

The tool is rapidly twisted. The result is that 1.5 to 2 turns of insulated wire are wrapped around the post, and above that, 7 to 9 turns of bare wire are wrapped around the post. The post has room for three such connections, although usually only one or two are needed. This facilitates manual wire-wrapping to be employed for modifications or repairs.

The turn and a half of insulated wire helps prevent wire fatigue where it meets the post.

Above the turn of insulated wire, the bare wire wraps around the post. The corners of the post bite in with pressures of tons per square inch. This forces all the gases out of the area between the wire's silver plate and the post's gold or tin corners. Further, with 28 such connections (seven turns on a four-cornered post), a very reliable connection exists between the wire and the post. Furthermore, the corners of the posts are quite "sharp": they have a quite-small radius of curvature.

Automation

Automated wire-wrap machines, as manufactured by the Gardner Denver Company in the 1960s and 1970s, were capable of automatically routing, cutting, stripping and wrapping wires onto an electronic "backplane" or "circuit board". The machines were driven by wiring instructions encoded onto punched cards, Mylar punched hole tape, and early micro computers.

The earliest machines (14FB and 14FG models, for example) were initially configured as "horizontal", which meant that the wire wrap board was placed upside down (pins up) onto a horizontal tooling plate, which was then rolled into the machine and locked onto a rotating (TRP table rotational position of four positions) and shifting (PLP = pallet longitudinal position of 11 positions) pallet assembly. These machines included very large hydraulic units for powering the servos that drove the ball screw mounted "A" and "B" drive carriages, a  tall electronics cabinet loaded with hundreds of IBM control relays, many dozens of solenoids for controlling the various pneumatic mechanical subsystems, and an IBM 029 card reader for positioning instructions. The automatic wire wrap machines themselves were quite large,  tall and  square. Servicing the machines was extremely complex, and often meant climbing inside them just to work on them. This could be quite dangerous if safety interlocks were not maintained properly.

Later, somewhat smaller machines were "vertical" (14FV) which meant the boards were placed onto a tooling plate with pins facing the machine operator. Gone were the hydraulic units, in favor of direct drive motors to rotate the ball screws, with rotary encoders to provide positioning feedback. This generally provided better visibility of the product for the operator, although maximum wrap area was significantly less than the horizontal machines. Top speeds on horizontal machines were generally around 500-600 wires per hour, while the vertical machines could reach rates as high as 1200 per hour, depending on board quality and wiring configurations.

Considerations

Wire-wrap works well with digital circuits with few discrete components, but is less convenient for analog systems with many discrete resistors, capacitors or other components (such elements can be soldered to a header and plugged into a wire wrap socket). The sockets are an additional cost compared to directly inserting integrated circuits into a printed circuit board, and add size and mass to a system. Multiple strands of wire may introduce cross-talk between circuits, of little consequence for digital circuits but a limitation for analog systems. The interconnected wires can radiate electromagnetic interference and have less predictable impedance than a printed circuit board. Wire-wrap construction cannot provide the ground planes and power distribution planes possible with multilayer printed circuit boards, increasing the possibility of noise.

See also

 Breadboard
 Stripboard
 Wire sculpture
 Wiring pencil

References

External links

  Punched card used to control an electropneumatic wire wrap machine.
  Burroughs Corporation promotional video showing a wire wrap machine at 09:50.
  Descriptive manual for the above machine, manufactured by Gardner Denver.

Electronics substrates
Electronics manufacturing
Wire

Wire wrap