Dirk Heyne (born 10 October 1957 in Magdeburg, then East Germany) is a former German football goalkeeper turned manager.

Career
Heyne began his footballing career at 1. FC Magdeburg's youth teams in 1967. In 1977, he had his debut in the DDR-Oberliga team and went on to tend goal in 323 Oberliga matches for 1. FC Magdeburg. His international career lasted for more than 11 years but only in the 1989/90 season Heyne was East Germany's first choice goalkeeper. In 1991, after German reunification and Magdeburg's relegation to the tier III NOFV-Oberliga Mitte, Heyne moved to Borussia Mönchengladbach, playing in 24 Bundesliga matches until 1994, when he retired from playing.
Until 2001 he stayed at Mönchengladbach, holding several positions including the post of goalkeeper coach. In 2001, he returned to 1. FC Magdeburg, coaching the U19 youth team. In 2003, he took over managing the senior team in the tier IV NOFV-Oberliga Süd, leading them to a league title in 2006 and thus winning promotion to the Regionalliga Nord. After a successful first year in the new league, when the team finished third, missing out on promotion to 2. Bundesliga by a mere point, crisis followed. With the team lagging six points behind a non-relegation spot in the 2007–08 season, Dirk Heyne was sacked by the club.
On 4 July 2008, FC Sachsen Leipzig announced they had signed Dirk Heyne as manager for their Regionalliga Nord campaign.

Aside from his manager career, Heyne owns a goalkeeping academy near Magdeburg.

Matches

1. FC Magdeburg
 323 DDR-Oberliga matches
 51 FDGB Cup matches
 34 UEFA Europa League and UEFA Cup Winners' Cup matches

Borussia Mönchengladbach
 24 Bundesliga matches

East Germany
 9 caps

Honors

Player
1. FC Magdeburg
 FDGB-Pokal: 1977–78, 1978–79, 1982–83
 DDR-Oberliga: 1977–78 runner-up, 1980–81 third place, 1989–90 third place

Borussia Mönchengladbach
 DFB-Pokal: 1991–92 runner-up

Manager
1. FC Magdeburg
 NOFV-Oberliga Süd: 2005–06, promotion to Regionalliga Nord
 Saxony-Anhalt Cup: 2005–06

References

External links

 Heyne's goalkeeping academy

1957 births
Living people
German men's footballers
East German men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Footballers from Magdeburg
1. FC Magdeburg players
Bundesliga players
East Germany men's international footballers
1. FC Magdeburg managers
FC Sachsen Leipzig managers
DDR-Oberliga players
German football managers

Dirk Heyne


Marvel's Spider-Man is a 2018 action-adventure game developed by Insomniac Games and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment. Based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man, it tells an original narrative that is inspired by the long-running comic book mythology, while also drawing from various adaptations in other media. In the main story, the super-human crime lord Mister Negative orchestrates a plot to seize control of New York City's criminal underworld. When Mister Negative threatens to release a deadly virus, Spider-Man must confront him and protect the city while dealing with the personal problems of his civilian persona, Peter Parker.

Gameplay is presented from the third-person perspective with a primary focus on Spider-Man's traversal and combat abilities. Spider-Man can freely move around New York City, interacting with characters, undertaking missions, and unlocking new gadgets and suits by progressing through the main story or completing tasks. Outside the story, the player is able to complete side missions to unlock additional content and collectible items. Combat focuses on chaining attacks together and using the environment and webs to incapacitate numerous foes while avoiding damage.

Development of Marvel's Spider-Man, the first licensed game by Insomniac in its then-22-year history, began in 2014 and took approximately four years. Insomniac was given the choice of using any character from Marvel's catalog to work on; Spider-Man was chosen both for his appeal to the employees and the similarities in traversal gameplay to their previous game Sunset Overdrive (2014). The game design took inspiration from the history of Spider-Man across all media but Marvel Comics and Insomniac wanted to tell an original story that was not linked to an existing property, creating a unique universe (known as Earth-1048) that has since appeared in novels, merchandise, and comics.

Marvel's Spider-Man was released for the PlayStation 4 on September 7, 2018, being praised for its narrative, characterization, combat, and web-swinging traversal mechanics. It received a number of accolades including being named as one of the best superhero games ever made. It became one of the fastest-selling games of the year and the best-selling PlayStation 4 game of all time. The game's success launched a new franchise for Insomniac and Sony which has since been accompanied by other games and tie-ins in other media. The game was followed by an expansion, The City That Never Sleeps, in late 2018. In November 2020, a remastered version of Marvel's Spider-Man was released for the PlayStation 5 alongside Marvel's Spider-Man: Miles Morales, a spin-off and continuation focused on Spider-Man's protégé Miles Morales. A sequel, Marvel's Spider-Man 2, was released in October 2023 for the PlayStation 5.

Gameplay

Marvel's Spider-Man is an open-world action-adventure game set in the borough of Manhattan in a fictionalized version of modern-day New York City. It is presented from a third-person perspective showing the playable character and allowing the camera to be rotated freely around them. The primary playable character is the superhero Spider-Man, who can navigate the world by jumping, using his web shooters to fire webs that allow him to swing between buildings, running along walls and automatically vaulting over obstacles. The player can precisely aim webs to pull himself towards specific points. Physical objects are required to attach webs to for swinging, and momentum and speed of the swing can be controlled by releasing the web at specific points to gain height or move more quickly. The game features an optional fast travel system that uses the New York City Subway system.

Combat is enacted using three buttons; one for dodging, one for physical strikes, and one for web-based attacks. Webbing can be used to incapacitate enemies and stick them to nearby objects, immediately removing them from battle. Enemies who are knocked from great heights are automatically stuck to a nearby surface in a web-cocoon, preventing death. Spider-Man can also use the environment to fight, jumping off walls and throwing objects like manhole covers, grenades and webbing-restrained enemies.

Successful and consecutive attacks build "Focus", which can be partially used to heal Spider-Man, while full Focus allows special finishing attacks to take down an enemy instantly. Spider-Man possesses "spider-sense", which is shown as a white icon around the character's head, indicating an incoming attack that can be dodged. A precise dodge performed just before the attack hits allows Spider-Man to retaliate with webbing against the enemy. Some enemies must be overcome using different approaches. Melee-weapon-wielding enemies must be knocked into the air and shielded enemies must be attacked from behind. Enemies armed with whips will drag Spider-Man out of the air and require a counterattack to fight effectively. Other types of enemy include heavily armored agents who can take more damage, brutes, and jetpack-wearing enemies who remain airborne.

Spider-Man has access to a variety of gadgets that can be deployed in combat; these include electric webbing, concussive blasts, and impact webbing that launches enemies backwards and can stick them to a nearby surface. Gadgets are unlocked by progressing through the game and can be accessed from a radial menu. Spider-Man has several unlockable suits that are based on existing versions of the character in media; there are also original suits created for the game. Many of these offer special abilities that can aid in combat, such as increasing Focus gain, reducing gravity, enhancing stealth, making the player invulnerable, and unleashing an electromagnetic pulse to disable enemy weapons. Once unlocked, suits and powers can be freely combined. Stealth combat involves Spider-Man moving around raised locations using gadgets or webbing to neutralize isolated enemies. Leveling up allows the player to unlock skills from three different specialties, focusing on ground combat, aerial combat, and traversal.

Suits, suit mods, gadgets, and their associated upgrades are purchased with resources called Tokens, which are awarded for completion of specific tasks. Each unlockable item requires different quantities of each Token type: Challenge Tokens for completing Taskmaster's time-and-skill based combat, stealth, and traversal missions; Backpack Tokens for locating Spider-Man's old backpacks containing mementos from his past; Research Tokens for completing research station missions, science minigames, and the collection of pigeons; Crime Tokens for stopping ambient crimes; Base Tokens for clearing out enemy bases; and Landmark Tokens for taking pictures of specific locations around the city. There are also minigames that are rewarded with experience points and research tokens including Circuit Puzzles that require the arrangement of an electric grid and Pattern Puzzles that require the recreation of a specific pattern using composite parts. Radio towers in different areas can be unscrambled, highlighting collectable objects, missions, and active crimes.

Some sections of the game are played as Spider-Man's alter-ego Peter Parker, his friend Mary Jane Watson, and ally Miles Morales. Peter's sections often involve puzzle-solving, while Mary Jane's and Miles' segments focus on the use of stealth to avoid enemies. The game originally featured three difficulty levels; Friendly (easy), Amazing (normal), and Spectacular (hard). A post-release update added a fourth "Ultimate" difficulty that increases enemy damage and health while decreasing Spider-Man's, and a "New Game Plus" option that allows the player to start a new game using all of the suits, powers, gadgets, and suit mods unlocked in a previous playthrough. The game includes accessibility options, enabling players to skip the puzzle minigames, enable larger subtitles, automatically complete quick time events, and replace button tapping with holding. A photo mode allows the player to take pictures of Spider-Man using a variety of image filters, frames, and stickers for customization. The camera can be used to take selfies and can be freely moved around Spider-Man to capture him in action.

Synopsis

Characters and setting

Marvel's Spider-Man features a large ensemble cast of characters drawn from the history of Spider-Man comics. Peter Parker (voiced by Yuri Lowenthal) is a 23-year-old research assistant, who gains superhuman abilities after being bitten by a genetically modified spider. Assuming a secret identity as the superhero Spider-Man, Peter uses these abilities to protect the residents of New York City. Eight years into his superhero career, Peter has become an experienced crime fighter but struggles to balance his superhero and personal lives. Peter is assisted by Daily Bugle reporter Mary Jane Watson (Laura Bailey), his ex-girlfriend, and NYPD captain Yuri Watanabe (Tara Platt). In his civilian life, Peter is supported by his Aunt May (Nancy Linari) who volunteers at the F.E.A.S.T. homeless shelter run by philanthropist Martin Li (Stephen Oyoung). Peter is employed by his friend and mentor, the respected scientist Dr. Otto Octavius (William Salyers).

Spider-Man's adventure brings him into contact with other characters, including Miles Morales (Nadji Jeter) and his parents, NYPD officer Jefferson Davis (Russell Richardson) and Rio Morales (Jacqueline Pinol), Oscorp CEO and New York mayor Norman Osborn (Mark Rolston), and Silver Sablinova (Nichole Elise), leader of the private military company Sable International. Spider-Man's mission brings him into conflict with several supervillains, beginning with his longtime foe and Kingpin of crime in New York Wilson Fisk (Travis Willingham), and a supernaturally powered gang called the Inner Demons who begin dividing the city for Mister Negative, who can corrupt people through his touch. Spider-Man must also confront Electro (Josh Keaton), Rhino (Fred Tatasciore), Scorpion (Jason Spisak), Vulture (Dwight Schultz), Shocker (Dave B. Mitchell), Taskmaster (Brian Bloom), Screwball (Stephanie Lemelin), and Tombstone (Corey Jones).

Several other characters—including Peter and Mary Jane's childhood friend Harry Osborn (Scott Porter), who is supposed to be vacationing in Europe, and anti-Spider-Man podcast host J. Jonah Jameson (Darin De Paul)—have voice roles in the main game. Spider-Man co-creator Stan Lee appears in a cameo role as a short-order cook. The game's downloadable content features appearances by master-thief Black Cat (Erica Lindbeck), Maggia mobster Hammerhead (Keith Silverstein), and Felicia's father Walter Hardy (Daniel Riordan).

Marvel's Spider-Man depicts fictional locations and entities from the Marvel Comics universe, including Avengers Tower, the Wakandan Embassy, the Symkarian Embassy, the Sanctum Sanctorum, the law offices of Nelson and Murdock, Alias Investigations, Rand Enterprises, the superhero cleanup company Damage Control, the Roxxon Energy Corporation, and Empire State University. It also features real-world locations including the Empire State Building, One World Trade Center, Madison Square Garden, and the Chrysler Building.

Plot
Following the capture of Wilson Fisk by Spider-Man, a masked gang known as the Inner Demons begins seizing Fisk's illicit assets. Mary Jane and Spider-Man learn that the Demons are seeking something called Devil's Breath. With the aid of Officer Jefferson Davis, Spider-Man thwarts a Demon attack. Davis is lauded for his heroism at a re-election event for Mayor Norman Osborn. The Demons attack the event, killing Davis and many other attendees. Peter witnesses Martin Li transforming into their leader, Mister Negative, but is knocked unconscious before he can intervene. Following the attack, Osborn hires Silver Sablinova and Sable International to supplant the police. Peter befriends Davis' son, Miles Morales, and persuades him to volunteer at F.E.A.S.T.

Peter and Otto Octavius continue their research into advanced prosthetic limbs, but Osborn withdraws their funding in an attempt to force Octavius to work for his mega-corporation Oscorp. While searching for Li, Spider-Man discovers that Devil's Breath is a lethal, virulent bioweapon inadvertently created by Oscorp while developing a cure for genetic diseases. Li locates and steals the only sample of Devil's Breath and threatens to release it unless Osborn surrenders to him. Mary Jane and Spider-Man foil Li, who is subsequently incarcerated at a nearby maximum-security prison called the Raft, while the Devil's Breath is secured.

Meanwhile, Octavius obsesses over creating enhanced limbs that exceed the human body's limitations, creating four mechanical tentacles operated from his back and mentally controlled via a neural interface. He reveals to Peter that he is suffering from a neuromuscular disease that will inevitably immobilize him and that enhanced limbs will allow him to continue his work when his body fails. Peter warns Octavius that the interface could impact his mind and personality. Octavius continues its use in secret, overcome with anger at Osborn. While investigating a breakout at the Raft, Spider-Man learns that some of his greatest enemies—Li, Electro, Vulture, Rhino, and Scorpion—have escaped. They subdue Spider-Man and present him to Octavius, now "Doctor Octopus", who warns the beaten Spider-Man not to interfere before retaking the Devil's Breath and releasing it in Times Square, causing a mass outbreak that infects numerous people, including Aunt May. New York descends into chaos while Octavius' team attacks the city. Osborn declares martial law and blames Spider-Man for the incident, branding him a fugitive.

Spider-Man gradually takes back the city, defeating Electro, Vulture, Rhino, and Scorpion. Mary Jane infiltrates Osborn's penthouse and learns that Oscorp developed Devil's Breath to cure Osborn's terminally ill son Harry. As a child, Li was a test subject for the cure, gaining his abilities in an explosion of energy that also killed his parents and caused his hatred for Osborn. She also learns that an antidote for Devil's Breath exists and that Li has stolen it. Spider-Man tracks down and defeats Li, but Octavius arrives, brutalizes Spider-Man, and escapes with the antidote and Osborn. While Spider-Man recovers, Miles is bitten by an Oscorp genetically modified spider that Mary Jane unknowingly carried from Osborn's penthouse.

Wounded, Peter builds himself an armored suit and confronts Octavius atop Oscorp Tower, rescuing Osborn. Octavius reveals that he knows Peter's secret identity and a battle ensues. Spider-Man retrieves the antidote and defeats Octavius, leaving him to be arrested. Peter is forced to choose between using the limited cure to save May from her imminent death or synthesizing a vaccine for the infected masses; he decides to save everyone. Before she dies, May reveals that she knows he is Spider-Man and is proud of him.

Three months later, New York has returned to normal, and Peter and Mary Jane rekindle their relationship. Miles reveals to Peter that he has gained spider-like powers, prompting Peter to reveal his own. Having resigned as mayor in disgrace, Osborn enters a secret laboratory where Harry is kept in stasis with a black, web-like substance. As Osborn places his hand on the tank, the substance reacts and copies him.

Development

Marvel's Spider-Man came about after Sony Interactive Entertainment's Vice President of Product Development Connie Booth visited Insomniac Games to speak with CEO Ted Price. Insomniac had recently released its Xbox One-exclusive game Sunset Overdrive; without a formal agreement in place, discussions about the potential new project were held off the record. Booth mooted the idea of Insomniac working on a game based on a Marvel Comics property. Price recalled having a "fairly neutral" response, as Insomniac had only developed original properties, but his developers were enthusiastic about the project.

The project marked a change in Marvel's video games strategy; Jay Ong, Senior Vice President of Marvel Games, said Marvel had previously released software based on or tied to the release of films based on their properties, but this meant game developers did not have time to create impressive products. Publisher Activision had been responsible for Spider-Man games since 2000; Ong said this would no longer be the case and future Spider-Man games were in the hands of Sony and Insomniac. Marvel did not want the game to be based on an existing film or comic book story, and allowed Insomniac to choose a character with which to tell an original story; the team chose Spider-Man, saying they related to the dynamic between the heroic Spider-Man and his everyman alter-ego Peter Parker.

Creative director Bryan Intihar said: "I feel like he's the most relatable of the heroes. As much as I love Tony Stark, it's harder to identify with a billionaire. As much as I love Thor, it's hard to identify with a god. Peter makes mistakes, he has ups and downs in his career, his relationships, his family. I think we can all relate to that". Price also commented that Spider-Man "is so human, and he's so relatable. He's also the most popular Marvel character in the world, I think". Price also considered the technical benefits; Sunset Overdrive has a dynamic traversal system that could be built upon for Spider-Man. Marvel's Spider-Man became the first licensed property developed by Insomniac in its 22-year existence.

While initially excited, team members found the project daunting because of Spider-Man's popularity and the wealth of existing stories and versions of the character. Art director Jacinda Chew saw opportunity in the character's extensive history, and consulted online references and Marvel staff with extensive knowledge of the character.

Marvel's Spider-Man uses Insomniac's proprietary engine that was previously used in Sunset Overdrive and modified to support 4K resolutions and HDR for their 2016 game Ratchet & Clank. The game was announced in June 2016 at Sony's Electronic Entertainment Expo press conference. After approximately four years in development, Marvel's Spider-Man was finalized in July 2018, when it was released to manufacturing. Insomniac has refused to confirm a sequel to Marvel's Spider-Man but Intihar said the developers wanted the audience debating what they might do. He said they wanted to keep players engaged, starting with the Marvel's Spider-Man: The City That Never Sleeps downloadable content (DLC), whose story continues after the conclusion of the main game.

Writing and characters
Intihar worked with a team of writers, under lead writer Jon Paquette to create an original version of Spider-Man that remained true to the original. Alongside Paquette, the story was written by Ben Arfman and Kelsey Beachum. Christos Gage co-wrote the script and Dan Slott provided additional story contributions. Insomniac researched iterations of the character to understand the elements that make a compelling Spider-Man story, after which Paquette wanted to avoid drawing too much influence from any single version. The team learned that whenever Spider-Man wins, Peter Parker loses, and vice versa. Intihar said that from conception, the game was designed to be as much Peter's story as Spider-Man's. The team avoided retelling Spider-Man's origin story, reasoning that it was common knowledge.

Yuri Lowenthal provides the voice of Spider-Man / Peter Parker. Working with voice director Kris Zimmerman, Lowenthal tried to differentiate his voices for Peter—where he is gentler—and as Spider-Man, where he is more confident, but thought the voices should not be completely different and spent a large amount of time practicing his performances to achieve a balance. Paquette persuaded the studio to cast him in the role because he trusted Lowenthal's acting ability and would not have brought him up otherwise. Multiple versions of the same conversation were recorded for Spider-Man's open-world dialogue for his at-rest state and that of exertion; for instance in combat or web-swinging. The recordings can switch mid-conversation if Spider-Man switches from resting to being in combat. Lowenthal worked with two stunt coordinators during the game's development.

Peter's relationship with Otto Octavius came from a desire to give him a job that embraced his intelligence. The writers considered ways to make that job interesting; they thought of having him work for Otto and be partly responsible for creating one of his greatest nemeses. Paquette emphasized the pair's relationship, aiming to make Otto a tragic figure, optimist, and mentor to Peter instead of the more traditional megalomaniac. Paquette said that he wanted to detail their friendship to give Otto's transformation into Doctor Octopus more meaning. Chew researched Otto's historical comic-book depiction and design, noting his bowl cut hairstyle and green glasses, but chose to modernize his appearance to make him balding and nerdy. Intihar described Otto and Peter as parallels of each other in many ways, particularly their intelligence and compassion.

When depicting Peter's relationship with Mary Jane Watson, the writers wanted to demonstrate that she has her own skills that allow her to be a hero in her own right, requiring Peter to learn not to be overprotective of her and to rely on other people. Arfaman said Mary Jane was his favorite character to write for; her new job as a reporter allowed her more agency and to be an active partner to Spider-Man. Miles Morales was added as a younger character with whom younger audiences could identify when it was decided to use an older Peter Parker. The death of Aunt May at the end of the game was considered vital to Peter's growth and a challenge because May has a large role in historical Spider-Man stories; Paquette said the moment had to be earned. Marvel initially vetoed her death but its opinion changed as the development of the game progressed.

Early in the story, May advises Peter that he is only human; Paquette said the message she gives is to not take on too much himself and learn to rely on other people. By the game's third act, Peter learns to rely on Mary Jane and Miles, though by this point it is too late to save everyone and Peter is given an "impossible choice". Paquette described this as the heroic sacrifice that reveals something deep about the character and what he really cares about. May's death was described as an echo of Peter's Uncle Ben's, who dies because Peter makes a selfish decision; May dies because he makes a completely selfless one. As a result, Peter will feel mixed guilt. A bittersweet but happier scene between Peter and Mary Jane was inserted to end the game on a more positive note. His ally police chief captain Yuri Watanabe was written as a kindred spirit who shares with Spider-Man a sense of responsibility to protect the city and its inhabitants regardless of the personal cost.

Paquette described Mister Negative as the hero of his own story; his origin is designed to give purpose to both Norman Osborn—who is doing bad things with the goal of saving his son—and Otto. Mister Negative's alter ego Martin Li was given connections to both Aunt May and Peter to add more stress to Peter's life. Many of J. Jonah Jameson's podcast rants were written by Gage, who said he related to being a grouchy, middle-aged man. Gage considered that despite repeatedly blaming Spider-Man for events, the podcasts give the player insight to city residents' thoughts about Spider-Man and current affairs. Silver Sable was added because Gage felt that a force to increase the stakes as events in the city turn dire was needed. The in-game social media posts were written by members of Insomniac staff and Sony's QA department.

Design
To present the vast New York City game area, the map was divided into 800 square sections, each representing approximately . As the playable character moves through it, out-of-view tiles are unloaded from memory and are replaced with tiles in view. Chief architect and core director Mike Fitzgerald said that when moving at Spider-Man's top speed, a new tile is loaded every second. For swinging, the team wanted to create a fun experience without making the physics too realistic. They combined camera movements, character animations, and field of view to make movement feel more heroic. To swing on webs, each web strand must be able to connect to a physical object. All architecture in the game world contains numerous anchor points; the ideal point is selected to maintain current momentum and direction. Each character has a high-quality model for closeups, cutscenes, and scripted sequences, possessing approximately 60,000 vertices. The game's final boss is rendered with a million polygons, the most Insomniac had used to render a character at that time.

Insomniac wanted to modernize Spider-Man's costume while paying homage to the original design by Steve Ditko. The new design features a large, white spider symbol that stretches across the torso, gauntlet-like gloves, and a sneaker-style design based on athletic-wear rather than knee-high boots. Chew said the design goal was to create clothing a "23-year-old, would-be superhero" would wear in 2018 New York City. White was added to the traditional, red-and-blue color scheme. Chew compared the outfit to compression wear and said each color represents a different material; blue is the most flexible and is where Spider-Man requires the most flexibility, such as his limbs. The red material is flexible but is thicker for protection from minor scuffs and scrapes, and the white, which is similar to carbon fiber and offers the most protection, is positioned on the chest, hands and feet. Each costume features custom web-shooters unique to the suit for which they were designed. Unlike previous incarnations as a model or nightclub owner, this version of Mary Jane is an aspiring reporter who wears a smart, sensible, and stylish outfit to reflect her modeling history. Chew said they aimed to use many body types for female characters. Mister Negative was initially designed as a young rebel wearing a leather jacket and sunglasses; the progression of the story influenced the character and the decision was made to better reflect his true nature, giving him a black-and-white suit showing his human and transformed negative-photo-effect persona.

The game's third act following the Raft escape was originally much bigger and included separate battles with the Vulture and Electro. Intihar said the game in this form was not working and they had to cut things, which they found difficult because it deviated from their intended vision. An unknown person had the idea of merging the Vulture and Electro fights, assembling a short demo to show it working as an aerial battle, which is how it appears in the finished game.

Music
The game's music was composed by John Paesano. He worked on the project for over two years, beginning during the writing phase. The aim of the score was to make it its own character and to create a cinematic ambiance rather than being simply present in the background. The main theme took approximately two months to finish; this was then split off for other segments of the score for other characters. While Paesano was influenced by Spider-Man music from other media, he focused on the slightly older age of the game's Spider-Man, adding more gravitas to the score. He scored it more from the perspective of Peter Parker than Spider-Man to emphasize the character's humanity over his role as a superhero. Paesano aimed to keep the score simple and recognizable; he retained the same Spider-Man/Peter Parker theme throughout but modified it by using different instruments and arrangements. He wanted to avoid problems he perceived in films belonging to the Marvel Cinematic Universe, in which the many different character scores could get lost in each other. The central theme is even interwoven with villain scores—a technique Paesano compared to composer John Williams' work on Star Wars—to remind the audience that everything is part of Peter's story.

Marketing
The game has been referenced or promoted in various other media. "Be Greater", a 90-second advertisement highlighting Spider-Man's battle against foes including Rhino and Scorpion was run during the 2018 NFL Kickoff Game, which had approximately 19.5 million viewers. PlayStation marketing head Eric Lempel said it was among the most expensive advertisements the company had ever run. In addition, videos showing features of the game narrated by characters including J. Jonah Jameson were released and artist Alex Ross was engaged to paint a custom cover for an issue of Game Informer. In New York City, a subway train was fully converted with Spider-Man marketing materials, including a full advertisement across the exterior, Spider-Man chairs and posters, and advertisements for the Daily Bugle. Shortly before the game's release, some fans were critical of marketing images of an early and later build of the game, both of which showed the same scene but the latter showed a smaller puddle of water than the former. Insomniac community director James Stevenson personally replied, confirming that there was no visual downgrade. Insomniac later parodied the criticism by offering cartoon puddle stickers for use in the game's photo mode. Shortly after release, Jacinda Chew offered to remove an in-game marriage proposal requested by a fan after it was revealed the relationship had since ended. The fan chose to retain the message, saying "I just want to see someone get married, through that thing".

Tie-in media and merchandise
Titan Books published two tie-in books for the game. The first, Marvel's Spider-Man: Hostile Takeover, was released on August 21, 2018. Hostile Takeover, which was written by David Liss, is about Spider-Man's conflict with the Kingpin as he attempts to blackmail Mayor Osborn into making him the city financier and the end of Peter and Mary Jane's relationship due to Peter's overprotectiveness. The book introduces the game's version of Echo, a deaf, female martial artist who joins forces with Spider-Man, and Blood Spider, a villain given superhuman abilities by Oscorp, and employed by Kingpin. The second book, Marvel's Spider-Man: The Art of the Game, is written by Paul Davies and contains the game's concept art, blueprints, and designs.

The game's version of Spider-Man appears in the 2018 comic book story Spider-Geddon written by Gage, a sequel to 2014's Spider-Verse that brings together Spider-people from different Marvel realities. Spider-Geddon issue #0, released on September 26, 2018, follows the Superior Spider-Man (an alternate universe version of Otto Octavius in Peter Parker's body), as he travels to the game's Earth (designated Earth-1048) to recruit the game's Spider-Man. The story of Spider-Geddon takes place after the events of the game, and also introduces the Earth-1048 version of Tarantula. Insomniac artists provided variant comic-book covers for the series. A six-issue comic miniseries book titled Marvel's Spider-Man: City at War was released beginning in March 2019. It follows the events of the game and introduces some new events. The series is published by Marvel, written by Dennis Hopeless, and includes art by Michelle Bandini and variant covers by Clayton Crain, David Nakayama, Gerardo Sandoval and Adi Granov. A second miniseries, Marvel's Spider-Man: Velocity, was released in August 2019. Also written by Hopeless, with art by Emilio Laiso, the miniseries takes place after the events of the game, detailing Spider-Man's encounter with the supervillain Swarm, and Mary Jane's work with reporter Ben Urich. A third miniseries, Marvel's Spider-Man: The Black Cat Strikes, was released in January 2020. Written by Hopeless with art by Luca Maresca, the miniseries adapts the events of the downloadable content The City That Never Sleeps while elaborating upon Spider-Man and Black Cat's relationship.

In 2019, Diamond Select Toys and Sideshow Collectibles released, respectively, a 10-inch statue of Spider-Man and a 1/6 scale statue based on the in-game Spider-Punk costume, including a guitar and spider-drone. Various Funko Pop! Vinyl figures have been released, based on different characters and designs from the game. The advanced suit created for the game appears in the 2018 film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse among the suits collected by the Peter Parker of Miles Morales' universe. The game's incarnation of Spider-Man (credited as "Insomniac Spider-Man") later makes a cameo appearance in the aforementioned film's 2023 sequel Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse as a member of Miguel O'Hara's Spider Society, with Yuri Lowenthal briefly reprising his role.

Downloadable content

A story-based three-episode downloadable content (DLC) pack collectively known as The City That Never Sleeps was developed for Marvel's Spider-Man. Each episode includes new story missions, challenges (hosted by Screwball), enemies, and trophies. The first episode, "The Heist", was released on October 23, 2018; set several months after the end of the main game, the story follows the return of Spider-Man's ex-girlfriend Black Cat to New York for a heist, which draws him into a conflict with the Maggia crime families. "The Heist" DLC expansion includes three unlockable costumes; Spider-UK, Scarlet Spider II, and the Resilient Suit—an original design by artist Gabriele Dell'Otto. Episode 2, "Turf Wars", was released on November 20. The story follows Spider-Man's and his ally Yuri Watanabe's efforts to stop Hammerhead taking over the Maggia crime families and seizing control of crime in New York. "Turf Wars" includes three new costumes; Mangaverse Spider-Man, the Iron Spider, and the .

The final episode, "Silver Lining", was released on December 21. Its plot features Silver Sable's return to New York City to reclaim her technology that has been stolen by the Maggia. She teams up with Spider-Man to confront Hammerhead, who has used her technology to make himself virtually indestructible. "Silver Lining" adds three new costumes; Into the Spider-Verse (based on the depiction of the alternate Peter B. Parker in the concurrently released film), Cyborg Spider-Man (based on the design from Spider-Man #21) and the Spider-Man armor created by Aaron Aikman—an alternative version of Spider-Man featured in the crossover story "Edge of Spider-Verse". The Spider-Man costume used in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy was released separately in December the same year, dubbed in-game as the "Webbed Suit". Two more costumes were released in January 2019; one is based on his Future Foundation costume and the other, titled "Bombastic Bag-Man Suit", is based on issue #258 of The Amazing Spider-Man (1984), in which Spider-Man is forced to wear a Fantastic Four costume and a brown paper bag to conceal his identity. A further two suits were released in July the same year, based on Spider-Man: Far From Home: the Upgraded and Stealth suits.

Release

Marvel's Spider-Man was released worldwide on September 7, 2018, exclusively for PlayStation 4. Customers who pre-ordered the game were given instant access to some unlockable, in-game features, including alternative costumes (Spider-Punk, Iron Spider, and the Velocity Suit, the latter designed by comic book artist Adi Granov), skill points to unlock abilities, the spider-drone, a Spider-Man theme featuring artwork by Granov, and a user avatar for the PlayStation software. Special versions of the game were also made available; the "Digital Deluxe" version includes access to The City That Never Sleeps three story-based DLC chapters and a limited-edition Spider-Man pin for pre-orders of this version in the U.S. and Canada. The Collector's Edition includes The City That Never Sleeps DLC, a custom steelbook case for the game, an artbook containing concept and unreleased art, a white spider sticker, and a Spider-Man statue created by Gentle Giant. Sony also released a limited-edition red PlayStation 4 Pro bearing the Spider-Man emblem and including the standard version of the game. Marvel's Spider-Man: Game of the Year Edition was released on August 28, 2019, containing the game and The City That Never Sleeps DLC.

Marvel's Spider-Man Remastered
Marvel's Spider-Man Remastered, a remastered port of Spider-Man, includes the original game and its free downloadable content, The City That Never Sleeps, three additional suits, further trophies and new additions to the photo mode. These three additional suits include the suit worn in The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) film and two original suits designed by Insomniac, the Arachnid Rider suit, and the Armored Advanced suit. Players can also transfer their save files from the PlayStation 4 version, allowing them to carry over their progress to the remaster. It also features many of the updated textures, graphical and performance improvements from Marvel's Spider-Man: Miles Morales, support for the console's 3D audio capabilities, "near instant loading" and support for the DualSense controller's haptic feedback. The remaster also changes the facial model for Peter Parker from John Bubniak to Ben Jordan to better match Yuri Lowenthal's facial capture.

Marvel's Spider-Man Remastered was released for the PlayStation 5 in select territories on November 12, 2020, with a wider release on November 19. It was initially only available as part of the Ultimate Edition of Marvel's Spider-Man: Miles Morales, while a paid digital upgrade of the standard edition also being available. Two new suits for the version, both based on the suits worn in the film Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), were released in December 2021 via updates. A port of Remastered for Windows developed in collaboration with PlayStation sister studio Nixxes Software, was released as a standalone title for Steam and the Epic Games Store on August 12, 2022. Remastered became available as a standalone purchase, or as a paid upgrade for owners of the original game, on May 4, 2023.

Reception

Marvel's Spider-Man received  "generally favorable reviews" according to review aggregator Metacritic. The game received praise for its gameplay, graphics, narrative, and characterization, but was criticized for its familiar open-world tropes and lack of innovation. Critics called Marvel's Spider-Man one of the greatest superhero games ever made. VentureBeat called it "the best Spider-Man game ... and one of the best super hero games ever", while Game Informer wrote that "like Batman: Arkham Asylum before it, Spider-Man raises the bar for one of the world's most beloved heroes".

Reviewers praised the gameplay mechanics; the web-swinging traversal, in particular, received unanimous acclaim. EGMNOW said it was a more streamlined version of the physics-based system used in Spider-Man 2 (2004), while GameRevolution praised the way it conveyed speed and movement. Game Informer said web-swinging was so much fun that they never used the game's fast-travel system. PC Gamer found that the mouse and keyboard controls on Windows were comparable—and, in some cases, superior—to the PlayStation controller.

The combat was praised for its speed and fluidity while presenting a range of gadgetry and environmental options to execute attacks. Game Informer highlighted its efficient use of the environment, while Game Revolution applauded the combat as some of the best they had experienced in a game. IGN found that after gaining access to more abilities, combat allowed for an array of improvization. EGMNOW wrote that the combat offered many different options, but had little depth. They noted that their only gripe was that they felt using the in-game gadget-select menu disrupted the game's flow. EGMNOW and GameSpot compared the movement system with the Batman: Arkham series; the latter wrote that the inspired combat "suitably characterizes Spidey's acrobatic nature". USGamer, however, said the Arkham comparisons were unfair and that the extent and capabilities of the gadgets on offer made it unique from the Arkham series, as well as other Spider-Man games. They disliked only the auto-lock system for making it difficult in larger enemy groups to hit the intended target. IGN wrote that Spider-Mans stealth scenarios perfectly highlighted Spider-Man's talents—especially his love for designing gadgets—saying that there was a "methodical thrill" in stalking enemies. EGMNOW said that while the stealth options were "a bit shallow", they were "never unpleasant and rarely mandatory".

IGN praised the "gorgeous" skyscrapers and wrote that "swinging around at dusk as the calm oranges of the setting sun hit the reflective glass ... evoked some of the most calming, zen-like gameplay sessions I've experienced in a while". They found that while the faces of the main characters were well animated, those of minor characters were often unimpressive. GamesRadar+ called it a "lovely looking game" and said: "It's rare to see something this big and detailed consistently look so good, with the very final story moments, in particular, some of the most spectacular looking stuff I've seen in a while".

The story received positive reviews. USGamer said it was the best aspect of Spider-Man and generally praised the handling of the cast. GamesRadar+ described the characters as "being voiced and performed with a depth and charisma I wasn't expecting". Game Revolution noted it presents many familiar tropes, but featured enough new ideas to keep things interesting. IGN wrote that despite having a moderately slow start, the story "consistently delivers that sense of weight and impact". They praised the focus on Peter Parker and highlighted voice actor Yuri Lowenthal for having "an emotional honesty" in this version of Spider-Man that made it one of their favorite portrayals of the character. Similarly, EGMNOW praised the game's characterization and understanding of Peter, which they found was better than almost any comic adaptation, and commended the supporting cast for having "crystal-clear" motivations and acting "as a foil or mirror for [Peter's] altruistic approach to heroism". Some critics appreciated Insomniac's decision not to portray an origin story in the game. EGMNOW was disappointed that the side missions were not of the same quality as the main story quests; VideoGamer.com wrote that many of the side missions felt unnecessary in the overarching plot.

IGN wrote that the boss fights were "big and exciting ... full of tense action". They criticized a few, however, for feeling simplistic and said that because of their focus during the beginning and end of the story, there were large portions in the middle where boss fights were noticeably absent. GameSpot praised the ability to use different suit powers independently from their original outfits. Game Informer said the stealth sections that include the ability to play as Mary Jane Watson and Miles Morales "bring variety in fun ways, including solid stealth mechanics and clever puzzles". GameSpot said that while they felt the mechanics were not particularly demanding, they thought the segments featured "some memorably tense scenarios". In contrast, VideoGamer.com described them as "a bit hit-and-miss ... and a bit grating at times".

The game world received criticism that focused on Spider-Mans inability to innovate as an open-world game, instead relying on familiar and repetitive tropes found in other free-roaming titles. Game Revolution disliked the way many of the side activities became monotonous after a short time and criticized the lack of variety in the collectibles quests. EGMNOW wrote that they were more tolerant than most for collectibles and side-content but thought there was still too much of it in Marvel's Spider-Man. Reviewers were disappointed with the game's inclusion of towers that reveal portions of the map and identify waypoints, which had become standard features in a number of earlier open-world games.

Sales
Marvel's Spider-Man sold 3.3 million units (including those bundled with the PS4 console) in its first three days of release, making it the fastest-selling first-party video game release in Sony's history, narrowly beating God of Wars 3.1 million. USA Today estimated the game made at least  during this period, surpassing the  North American opening-weekend box office take of the 2017 film Spider-Man: Homecoming, though units sold with the console would likely inflate this figure. The game had sold over 9 million units by November 2018. It had sold 13.2 million units by August 2019. The Marvel's Spider-Man series had sold over 33 million units by May 2022.

In the United States, according to sales projections by The NPD Group, Marvel's Spider-Mans release-month sales were 37% higher than the combined release-month sales of all Spider-Man games released since the group began tracking figures in 1995. By November 2018, it became the fastest-selling superhero game in the U.S.; by July 2019, it had become the best-selling.

In the United Kingdom, Marvel's Spider-Man became the fastest-selling game of 2018 in terms of physical units, overtaking Far Cry 5—which was released on three other platforms and itself had sold double the number of units as God of War. It was also the fastest-selling Marvel-branded game, beating Lego Marvel Super Heroes (2013) by a wide margin, and the fastest-selling individual format game since 2017's Call of Duty: WWII. It sold less than the fastest-selling superhero game of this generation, Batman: Arkham Knight (2015), which was released on more platforms. Figures exclude digital sales in the UK. Marvel's Spider-Man remained the top-selling video game for three consecutive weeks until it was replaced by the multiplatform title FIFA 19. It was the second best-selling game of September, finishing behind FIFA 19—which had only been on sale for two days—and exceeded the first-month sales of PS4 exclusives Uncharted 4: A Thief's End (44% increase), Horizon Zero Dawn (94%), and God of War (138%). It remained in the top-ten-selling games until January 3, 2019, lasting 13 weeks.

In Japan, approximately 125,154 physical units were sold during its first week, becoming the top-selling game of any format, and by its third week it retained that position, selling a cumulative total of 244,051 units. The game also became one of the best-selling Western-developed PS4 titles there, being surpassed only by Call of Duty: Black Ops 4 and Minecraft, and the best-selling Western-developed, Sony-funded title since 1998's Crash Bandicoot: Warped for the PlayStation.

Accolades and recognition

Marvel's Spider-Man appeared on several lists of the top video games of 2018, including first place by Wired, second place by Time, third place by Push Square, fifth place by EGM, ninth place by Polygon, and tenth place by The Daily Telegraph.  Shacknews and The Verge named it "Game of the Year" and Eurogamer listed it as one of the top-30 games of the year. A poll of 128 Japanese game developers by Famitsu magazine named Spider-Man as their game of the year. In 2019, GamesRadar+ listed it as the seventy-fifth best game of the decade.

Legacy

Sequels

An additional game centered on Miles Morales, titled Marvel's Spider-Man: Miles Morales was released for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5 worldwide on November 12, 2020 and for Windows on November 18, 2022. The story takes place roughly a year after the first game's conclusion, with players controlling Miles, as New York City's only Spider-Man while Peter has travelled to Symkaria as a photographer to cover an ongoing civil war.

Marvel's Spider-Man 2 was released on October 20, 2023 for PlayStation 5. Intihar and Smith return as creative director and game director, respectively. Lowenthal and Jeter reprise their roles as Peter Parker and Miles Morales, with Tony Todd voicing the character Venom. Kraven the Hunter is played by Jim Pirri.

Related Marvel games
Sony Interactive Entertainment published Marvel's Iron Man VR in July 2020, developed by Camouflaj for the PlayStation VR headset and based on the Marvel Comics character. Game director Ryan Payton suggested that while the intent was to tell a self-contained story, there were "opportunities to link the worlds" and he expressed hope that future Spider-Man games from Insomniac could connect the two titles.

Alongside Marvel's Spider-Man 2, Insomniac Games also announced a standalone game titled Marvel's Wolverine, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name which is also in development for PlayStation 5. It is intended to share continuity with the Spider-Man games, with the game being co-directed by Brian Horton and Cameron Christian, the creative director and game director of Marvel's Spider-Man: Miles Morales, respectively.

Notes

References

Citations

Works cited

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 </ref>

External links

 Sony Interactive Entertainment LLC page: MS-M, MS-MR
 Insomiac Games page: MS-M, MS-MR
 Nixxes Software BV page (MS-MR)

2018 video games
Action-adventure games
Articles containing video clips
Beat 'em ups
Bioterrorism in fiction
Insomniac Games games

Open-world video games
Organized crime video games
PlayStation 4 games
Superhero video games
PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games
PlayStation 5 games
Single-player video games
Sony Interactive Entertainment games
Video games based on Spider-Man
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in 2018
Video games set in New York City
Video games using Havok
Windows games
Nixxes Software games

Spider-Man (2018 video game)


Ernald Lane (born 3 March 1836) was an Anglican priest in the late 19th century and the early part of the 20th.

He was born the son of John Newton Lane of King's Bromley, Staffordshire and educated at Balliol College, Oxford. Through his father, he was a descendant of the Lane family of Bentley, West Midlands, one of whom was Jane Lane, Lady Fisher, a heroine of the English Civil War. A fine rower who represented Oxford in the 1858 Boat Race he was ordained in 1862 and was a curate at Baldersby, Rector of Leigh, Staffordshire and then a prebendary of Lichfield Cathedral until 1888 when he became Archdeacon of Stoke.

A noted scholar, he was the Dean of Rochester from 1904 until 1913, where there is a memorial to him.

He married in 1879 Evelyn, the daughter of J. W. Philips of Heybridge, Staffordshire.

References

1836 births
British male rowers
Oxford University Boat Club rowers
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
Archdeacons of Stoke
Deans of Rochester
1913 deaths
English male rowers

Ernald Lane


Christopher Cook (born 1962 in Louisville, Kentucky) is an American composer of contemporary classical music.

Cook received the Doctor of Music degree from Indiana University where he served as assistant director of the Center for Electronic and Computer Music.  He has received awards and honors from the Fromm Music Foundation at Harvard University, the National Endowment for the Arts, ASCAP, MTNA, and the National Assembly of Local Arts Agencies.  He has been composer-in residence for Amherst College, the University of Evansville, Monroe County Community Schools Corporation  (Indiana) and for the city of Somerset, Pennsylvania.  He is Director of Music Theory and Composition at Christopher Newport University in Newport News, Virginia.

His compositions are widely performed in university and festival settings, including June in Buffalo, Music of Our Time, the Indiana State University Contemporary Music Festival, The Society of Composers Inc., the Annual American Music Week (Sofia, Bulgaria), and the Utrecht Music Festival (The Netherlands).  His Electro-acoustic works have been presented at conferences and festivals including the International Computer Music Conference, Society for Electro-acoustic Music in the United States, Florida Electro-acoustic Music Festival, Electronic Music Midwest, and the InterMedia Manifold TechArt exhibit.

References

External links
Christopher Cook website

1962 births
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
Christopher Newport University
Jacobs School of Music alumni
Living people
21st-century American composers
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians

Christopher Cook (composer)


Sir Kenneth Darlingston Collins (born 12 August 1939) is a Scottish former politician who was Member of the European Parliament and Chairman of the Scottish Environment Protection Agency.

Life
Collins was born in Hamilton, Lanarkshire, Scotland and educated at the former Hamilton Academy. He later studied at the University of Glasgow and University of Strathclyde, attaining Bsc (Hons) and Msc.

Early career

On leaving university, Collins worked as a local authority planning officer and lectured at the Glasgow School of Art and Paisley College of Technology subsequently being elected a Member of East Kilbride Town and District Council (1973–79) and of Lanark County Council (1973–75). From 1976 to 1979, Collins was also a member of the East Kilbride Development Corporation and, from 1974 to 1976, Chairman of North East Glasgow Children's Panel.

Later career

In 1979, Ken Collins was elected an MEP, serving as Deputy Leader of the U.K.  Labour Group at the European Parliament from 1979 to 1984 and as Chairman of the European Parliament's Environment Committee, 1979–84; Vice-Chairman from 1984 to 1987; and again as Chairman from 1989 to 1999. Collins was also Socialist Spokesman on Environment, Public Health and Consumer Protection at the European Parliament from 1984 to 1989.

In 1999, Ken Collins was appointed Chairman of the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) and subsequently re-appointed in 2004, holding the post until December 2007.

Appointments, awards and honours

Ken Collins is a Fellow of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society and The Royal Geographical Society; an Hon. Fellow of the Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management and of the Chartered Institution of Wastes Management; and a Fellow of the Industry and Parliament Trust.

He is also a board member of the Institute for European Environmental Policy, London, and of Energy Action Scotland; a former member of the British Waterways Scotland Group; a Trustee of The Green Foundation; board member of the Central Scotland Forest Trust (2001–04, and Chairman 1998–2001); a former board member, Forward Scotland; a former Chairman (1999–2002) of Tak Tent Cancer Support; and Member of the Management Board, European Environment Agency.

An Ambassador for the National Asthma Campaign, Ken Collins has also served as Hon. Vice-President of the National Society for Clean Air; as Vice-President of the Royal Environmental Health Institute of Scotland and as Hon. President of the Scottish Association of Geography Teachers.

Collins was invested with knighthood in 2003 for services to environmental protection and awarded an Honorary Degree of Doctor from the University of Paisley in 2004.

References

1939 births
People educated at Hamilton Academy
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Alumni of the University of Strathclyde
Scottish Labour MEPs
Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
Knights Bachelor
Living people
MEPs for Scotland 1979–1984
MEPs for Scotland 1984–1989
MEPs for Scotland 1989–1994
MEPs for Scotland 1994–1999
Scottish knights

Ken Collins


Lynton is a small English town on the Exmoor coast in Devon. It stands on top of the cliffs above the picturesque harbour village of Lynmouth. They are connected by the Lynton and Lynmouth Cliff Railway.

Lynton was once the terminus for the narrow gauge Lynton and Barnstaple Railway, which served both towns.

Towns in Devon

Lynton


Mlle. Modiste is an operetta in two acts composed by Victor Herbert with a libretto by Henry Blossom. It concerns hat shop girl Fifi, who longs to be an opera singer, but who is such a good hat seller that her employer, Mme. Cecil, discourages her in her ambitions and exploits her commercial talents.  Also, Fifi loves Etienne de Bouvray, who returns her love, but his uncle, Count Henri, opposes their union.  The operetta features the song "Kiss Me Again".

After tryouts in Trenton, New Jersey and Washington, D.C., in October 1905, and a two-month tour, the operetta premiered on Broadway on December 25, 1905, at the Knickerbocker Theatre, where it ran for 202 performances and was revived the next season, followed by extensive touring when it was replaced at the theatre by Herbert's next piece, The Red Mill.  It was frequently revived early in the 20th century.

Background

Viennese soprano Fritzi Scheff had already built a following at the Metropolitan Opera when Victor Herbert engaged her to appear in his operettas for an astonishing $1,000 a week.  She starred in four of his operettas, beginning with Babette (1903).  Mlle. Modiste was the most successful of these.  During the curtain calls of Babette, she pulled Herbert on stage and planted a big, sexy kiss on his cheek.  "The Kiss" generated considerable comment, and when Herbert wrote Mlle. Modiste, two years later, he wrote one of his most famous melodies for her, "Kiss Me Again".  After Modiste closed, Scheff toured it for years.

Henry Blossom and Herbert collaborated on several more operettas, including The Red Mill (1906), The Princess Pat (1915), and Eileen (1917).  Modiste is typical of their proto-feminist plotlines involving an orphaned young woman, exploited by her employer, but whose feisty spirit leads her to success.

After the original production, the piece returned to Broadway at the Knickerbocker briefly in 1906, and, in between national tours, at both the original Academy of Music and the Knickerbocker in 1907, at the Globe Theatre in 1913 and at Jolson's 59th Street Theatre in 1929, among many other revivals and tours through the early 20th century.  Later revivals have included several revivals by the Light Opera of Manhattan in the late 1970s and early 1980s; and a production by Ohio Light Opera in 2009.  A  1926 silent film version starring Corinne Griffith was broadly adapted, but well received.  A "talking" film version called Kiss Me Again was made later in the late 1920s by First National.

Synopsis
 Act I
Fifi is a shop girl, selling hats in Mme. Cécile's shop in the Rue de la Paix in Paris.  She is the shop's best saleswoman, so Mme. Cécile plots to keep her there for free by marrying her off to her artist son, Gaston.  But Fifi dreams of a career on the stage.  In addition, Fifi and French army Captain Etienne de Bouvray, Viscount de St. Mar, are in love.  But his uncle, the old aristocratic Count de St. Mar, is scandalized that Etienne would marry a shop girl.  He threatens to cut off Etienne's allowance and to disinherit him.  Fifi hopes that a stage career would allow Etienne to marry her because no one need be ashamed of such an alliance.

One day, when she is alone in the shop, a rich and eccentric American theatre promoter, Hiram Bent, bumbles in.  Fifi tells him of her lifelong ambition, singing a wonderful number for him that serves as a kind of "audition" piece, because she shows him exactly how she would play three very different kinds of roles, if given the opportunity (the last of these is "Kiss Me Again").  He loans her $1000 to help her achieve this goal and win over her sweetheart's crotchety uncle, Count Henri.  She leaves for Vienna to develop her talent.

Act II
A year later, Etienne is still pining for Fifi, who has not written him during that time, but who has, meanwhile, become a great success throughout Europe.  Etienne and his sister, Marie Louise, are hosting a charity ball at the Chateau de St. Mar.  Unknown to Etienne, Hiram Bent has arranged for Fifi to sing at the ball.  The Count, learning of this, is enraged and forbids Fifi to sing.  However, Hiram arranges for Etienne to "discover" Fifi's presence.  The two stage a "performance" for the Count in which Fifi defends the Count and Etienne calls him a "stupid old idiot".  The Count, impressed by Fifi's sincerity and her new position, as well as by Etienne's behavior, allows Fifi to sing, and ultimately to marry Etienne.

Roles and original cast

Mme. Cecile, owner of a Parisian hat shop (mezzo-soprano) – Josephine Bartlett
Fifi (Mlle. Modiste), clerk in the hat shop (soprano) – Fritzi Scheff
Count Henri de Bouvray (baritone) – William Pruette
Etienne de Bouvray, nephew of the Count (tenor) – Walter Percival
Hiram Bent, American entrepreneur (bass) – Claude Gillingwater
Fanchette and Nanette, Mme. Cecile's daughters – Edna Fassett and Blanche Morrison
Gaston, an artist, Mme. Cecile's son – Leo Mars
Marie Louise de Bouvray, Etienne's sister – Louise Le Baron
Lieut. Rene La Motte, engaged to Marie Louise – Howard Chambers
Mrs. Hiram Bent – Bertha Holly
General Le Marquis de Villefranche – George Schraeder
Francois, porter at Mme. Cecile's – R. W. Hunt
Bebe, dancer at Folies Bergere – La Mora
Fleurette – Ada Meade

Musical numbers

Act 1
 Furs and Feathers, Buckles and Bows – Fanchette, Nanette and Girls
 When the Cat's Away the Mice Will Play – Fanchette, Nanette and Mme. Cecile
 The Time, the Place and the Girl – Capt. Etienne de Bouvray and Chorus
 If I Were on the Stage (Kiss Me Again) – Fifi
 Love Me, Love My Dog – Gaston
 Hats Make the Woman – Fifi and Female Chorus
 Finale – Company

Act 2
 I Want What I Want When I Want It – Henri de Bouvray
 Ze English Language – Gaston
 The Mascot of the Troop (Mascot of the Moon) – Fifi and Male Ensemble
 The Dear Little Girl Who is Good – Lieut. Rene La Motte and Female Ensemble
 The Keokuk Culture Club – Mrs. Hiram Bent and Ensemble
 The Nightingale and the Star – Fifi
 Finale – Entire Company

Recordings
In the early years of the 20th century, the composer conducted an acoustic recording on wax cylinder of the ballet music from Mlle. Modiste; it was later reissued on LP. A recording of Mlle. Modiste (which contained Naughty Marietta on the other side of the record) starring Felix Knight and Doretta Morrow was released in 1953. An abridged recording of Mlle. Modiste was made by Reader's Digest as part of its 1960 album Treasury of Great Operettas, starring Anna Moffo and conducted by Lehman Engel. The first complete recording was issued on cassette in 1986 on the Demand Performance label; a transcription of a radio broadcast, it starred Gordon Macrae and Dorothy Kirsten. A complete set, recorded live with piano accompaniment, was made by the Comic Opera Guild of Ann Arbor, Michigan in 2004. In 2009, Albany Records released a two-CD set of the complete operetta, featuring Ohio Light Opera in live performance conducted by Michael Borowitz.

Notes

References
Engel, Lehman, The American Musical Theatre

External links

Information about Mlle. Modiste (Archive link as of September 28, 2007)
Mlle Modiste at the Guide to Musical Theatre
Mlle. Modiste at the Internet Broadway Database
Poster from the 1926 film

English-language operettas
1905 musicals
1905 operas
Broadway musicals
Musicals set in Paris
Operas
Operas by Victor Herbert
Operas by Henry Blossom

Mlle. Modiste


A sculpture trail - also known as "a culture walk" or "art trail" - is a walkway through open-air galleries of outdoor sculptures along a defined route with sequenced viewings encountered from planned preview and principal sight lines.

Settings
Often the distinct walkway is one choice among other less structured ways of exploring intimate sculpture gardens, larger sculpture parks and expansive environmental art sites. They are often disabled and wheelchair accessible routes offering viewing and experiencing the art for many.

Sculptural works of land art and larger site-specific outdoor installation art, especially in fragile natural habitats, use sculpture trails for low-impact accessibility. Some culture walks have sculptor-in-residence programs for creating new temporary or permanent works.

Sculpture trail settings can range from urban parks and private estates, through art museum gardens, to large regional open space and art park sites, with walkways giving access to the sculptures.

Examples

Sculpture by the Sea is a free annual  outdoor sculpture walk that goes from Bronte Beach to Bondi Beach via Tamarama Beach.

See also
Independent public art
Land art
Public art
Spirit of place
Cultural tourism

References

External links

International art_nut: Directory of Sculpture Parks
Sculpture trail in the Daintree, Australia

Educational trails
Trail
Footpaths
Garden features
Types of art museums and galleries

Sculpture trail


A Mail Order Hypnotist is a 1912 American silent film drama produced by Chauncey D. Herbert. The film stars Adrienne Kroell and Thmas Flynn.  The film was distributed by the General Film Company and released together with The Los Angeles Police Department or The LAPD. The film status is uncertain but a release flier survives which is now at the Margaret Herrick Library at the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences.  The split reel measured around 800 feet (225 m).

Plot
May Johnson is the center of attraction for Rubeville farmer's sons and is especially sought after by Jim Hudson and Lucius Milker.  Lucius has a bit the best of it in May's affections and Jim casts about for something to make his stock stronger.  He reads, in one of the weekly papers, the ad of a correspondence school which guarantees to teach the wonderful art of hypnotism in thirty lessons.  Jims pictures to himself the added advantage he would possess over his rival by the knowledge of this power, and starts of save up his money for the course.  Meanwhile, he is steadily losing ground with May while Lucius gains.

At last Jim has money enough to buy the course in hypnotism, and he does so.  He studies the lessons in his own room and his efforts to hypnotize himself are most amusing.

Finally, feeling that he has mastered the subject, he starts out to sway his new-found power over every one he comes in contact with.  Cows, horses and chickens are cautiously approached by Jim, and on all he attempts to practice his new art.  The barnyard inhabitants, however, prove poor subjects and his experiences in this direction afford many a laugh for the crowd that eagerly follows him.  When he finally meets and tries to hypnotize May, his rival, Lucius, thinks it time to interfere, and he does so in rather a rough way.  Jim gives up all hope of winning May and tossing his mail order course aside, he turns to his chores on the farm.

Cast
 Adrienne Kroell - May Johnson
 Thomas Flynn - Lucius Miller
 Edgar G. Wynn - Jim Hudson
 John Lancaster - Jim Hudson's father

Schoolboys, villagers and some others were included in the cast

References

External links

1912 films
1912 drama films
American silent short films
1912 short films
Silent American drama films
American black-and-white films
1910s American films
1910s English-language films
English-language drama films
American drama short films

A Mail Order Hypnotist


Brandon Michael Manumaleuna (; born January 4, 1980) is a former American football tight end. He played college football at Arizona and was drafted by the St. Louis Rams in the fourth round of the 2001 NFL Draft.

Manumaleuna has also been a member of the San Diego Chargers and Chicago Bears.

Early years
Manumaleuna is of Samoan and African-American descent. He attended Narbonne High School in Harbor City, California. While at Narbonne High he was selected Second-team All-State as a defensive lineman. He also lettered in basketball and track.

College career
Manumaleuna attended the University of Arizona from 1997 - 2000, where he was a Second-team All-Pac-10 as a junior. While at Arizona he majored in political science.

Manumaleuna began his play at Arizona as a defensive lineman and made the switch to tight end and H-back. He finished his collegiate career with 40 receptions for 544 yards and three touchdowns.

Professional career

Pre-draft

St. Louis Rams
Manumaleuna was selected in the fourth round (129th overall) of the 2001 NFL Draft by the St. Louis Rams. He signed with the team on June 21, 2001.  He agreed to a three-year $1.15 million contract including a $255,000 signing bonus. In 2001, Manumaleuna only had one reception on the season. He made his first career reception, a one-yard touchdown, against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. In 2002, Manumaleuna recorded eight receptions on the season for 106 yards and one touchdown. Manumaleuna recorded two receptions against the San Francisco 49ers, San Diego Chargers, and Kansas City Chiefs. He had a season-high 38 receiving yards against the Chargers. He recorded his lone touchdown reception in the season-finale against the 49ers.

In 2003, Manumaleuna had a career year, with highs in receptions (29) yards (238) and touchdowns (two). Manumaleuna recorded a season-long reception of 39 yards against the Atlanta Falcons. He finished that game with a career-high 56 yards receiving. Manumaleuna recorded a season-high four receptions against the Green Bay Packers. He scored his first touchdown of the season on a four-yard pass at the Chicago Bears. Manumaleuna recorded his second touchdown of the season on an eight-yard pass at the Detroit Lions.

On March 12, 2004, Manumaleuna signed a five-year, $8.3 million offer sheet with the Carolina Panthers which the Rams matched four days later. In 2004, Manumaleuna recorded 15 receptions for 174 yards and one touchdown. Manumaleuna recorded a season-high three receptions for 33 yards and an eight-yard touchdown catch at the Seattle Seahawks. He also recorded three receptions for a season high 53 yards against the New England Patriots. Manumaleuna recorded career long 48-yard reception against the Patriots as well.

In 2005, Manumaleuna recorded 13 receptions for 129 yards and one touchdown. Manumaleuna recorded a six-yard touchdown catch in the season opener at the San Francisco 49ers. He was inactive for weeks four and five because of a knee injury. Manumaleuna recorded season highs with three receptions for 51 yards in Seattle, which included a season-long, 33-yard reception. He recorded a 29-yard receptions in the season finale against the Dallas Cowboys.

San Diego Chargers
On April 30, 2006, Manumaleuna was traded by the St. Louis Rams to the San Diego Chargers  for a fourth-round pick. In 2006, Manumaleuna recorded 14 receptions for 91 yards and three touchdowns. Manumaleuna recorded a season high four receptions and his first touchdown reception of the season during week six at the Kansas City Chiefs at Arrowhead Stadium. He recorded a touchdown reception on a halfback option pass from LaDainian Tomlinson, in the season opening win at the Oakland Raiders. Manumaleuna had an extensive role in blocking for a 216-yard, three touchdown rushing day against the Rams. He had a hand in the Chargers' win over the Cincinnati Bengals with a career-high two touchdown receptions. The first of which was for nine yards and the second was on a third-and-five play late in the fourth quarter. Manumaleuna recorded two receptions against the Denver Broncos was a run after a reception in which he broke several tackles and lost his helmet en route to a 19-yard gain on third-and-seven in the late second quarter.

In 2007, Manumaleuna recorded 10 receptions for 86 yards and one touchdown. Manumaleuna recorded one reception for four yards during the season opener against the Chicago Bears. During week six he recorded two receptions for 18 yards against the Oakland Raiders. In week eight against the Houston Texans, Manumaleuna recorded one reception for two yards. During week nine at the Minnesota Vikings, he recorded two receptions for 13 yards. In week 12, Manumaleuna recorded one reception for zero yards, against the Baltimore Ravens. The next week at the Kansas City Chiefs he recorded two catches for 48 yards. His 40-yard catch was his longest catch since 2004. During week 15 against the Detroit Lions, Manumaleuna recorded one reception for one yard and one touchdown on a pass from quarterback Philip Rivers. He recorded two receptions for 18 yards against the Tennessee Titans in the AFC Wild Card game. He then recorded one reception for three yards in the AFC Divisional Championship game.

In 2008, he played 16 games, starting 11, and caught 15 passes for 127 yards and two touchdowns. The following year, he played in 16 games with 5 starts and caught 5 passes for thirteen yards.

Chicago Bears
On March 5, 2010, Manumaleuna signed a five-year $15 million deal ($6.1 guaranteed) contract with the Chicago Bears on the first day of free agency. He was released on July 28, 2011, after one season in Chicago.

Personal
Manumaleuna means "bird-of-paradise". Manumaleuna's off-the-field interests include playing basketball and spending time with his family. He is a second-generation NFL player. His father, Frank Manumaleuga, played linebacker for the Kansas City Chiefs from 1979 - 1981. Frank played at UCLA in the early 1970s. Brandon showed early signs of following in his father's footsteps. At the age of 11, he won the NFL's Punt, Pass, and Kick Competition.

Manumaleuna is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

References

External links
 San Diego Chargers bio

1980 births
Living people
Latter Day Saints from California
American football tight ends
Arizona Wildcats football players
St. Louis Rams players
San Diego Chargers players
Chicago Bears players
American sportspeople of Samoan descent
African-American players of American football
People from Harbor City, Los Angeles
Players of American football from Los Angeles
Players of American football from Torrance, California
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople
Narbonne High School alumni

Brandon Manumaleuna


Simon Toulson-Clarke is the English lead singer and a founder member of the 1980s/1990s pop group Red Box. He was educated at Harrow School and in the late 1970s, he studied in London at the Polytechnic of Central London where he formed the band along with Julian Close, Paddy Talbot, Rob Legge and Martin Nickson.

He released an album in 1997 with Alastair Gavin and Phill Brown titled SPA, which was a tribute to American comic Bill Hicks. In 2010, a third Red Box album was released, titled Plenty. Toulson-Clarke and fellow band members Derek Adams, Paul Bond, Dave Jenkins, Sally Jo-Seery and Karin Tenggren are currently in the studio recording a new album.

References

External links

Living people
People educated at Harrow School
Musicians from London
English male singers
English new wave musicians
1961 births

Simon Toulson-Clarke


Lhanbryde (Gaelic: Lann Brìghde) is a village that lies  east of Elgin in Moray, Scotland. Previously bisected by the A96, it was bypassed in the early 1990s and now lies to the north of this busy trunk road. It had a population of 1,880 at the 2011 Census.

The origin of the name "Lhanbryde" is thought to be Pictish, meaning the "Church Place of St Bride". Why the name has emerged in modern times in its very Welsh form is unclear. The village name was recorded as Lamanbride in 1215; Lambride at the end of the 14th century; Lambry in 1600; and Longbride in 1750. One possibility might have been with the arrival of a post office in the village in 1839, a process that elsewhere fixed names in place — and sometimes changed them. Another might have been the arrival in 1858 of the railway from Elgin to Keith, on which Lhanbryde had a station.

Little remains of the church after which Lhanbryde is named. A churchyard stands above the north side of the main road in the centre of the village, but by 1796 the church that stood here — itself probably only the last in a series on the site — was in a state of ruin and was demolished.

Location

Lhanbryde lies some four miles east of Elgin. The town is quieter than it was before being bypassed by the main A96 in the early 1990s, its curving main street now passes between picturesque cottages and carries only a small fraction of the traffic that once cut the village in half.

Lhanbryde's proximity to Elgin and the good rail links led to the village's steady growth as a dormitory for Moray's main town. The station closed in the 1960s, though the main line continues to pass close to the village. But by then many commuters were no longer reliant on the train anyway.

Community
Pupils from the local Primary School, Lhanbryde Primary School, depending where they live either go to Milnes' High School or one of the two Elgin high schools, Elgin Academy or Elgin High School.

A member of the Knights Templar is buried in the Lhanbryde cemetery.

References

External links

Villages in Moray

Lhanbryde


Dana Park is a small  urban park in Albany, New York and includes a memorial to James Dana which doubles as Albany's last remaining horse trough. It is located in the Y-intersection caused by Delaware Avenue to the east and Lark Street to the west, with the third leg of the triangle formed by Dana Avenue. Madison Avenue forms a five-point intersection with Lark Street and Delaware Avenue at the eastern end of the park. The park is important to several different neighborhoods, Hudson-Park, Park South, and Lark Street.

History
In December, 1826 the Common Council of Albany decided that at the end of the lease of the current property holder of Delaware Square, the square would become a public square.  The park was dedicated on Arbor Day 1901 as Dana Park by Mayor Blessing,  in honor of James Dwight Dana, a renowned geologist from Utica. The Dana Natural History Society of Albany, a women only science organization begun in 1868, erected an ornate fountain at the eastern end of the park in 1903. The fountain was a trough to water horses and was used until the late 1940s, the horses pulling the bread wagons of the Freihofer's Baking Company were the last known to use it until the fountain was hooked back to the city water main in 1988 for use by the Albany Police Department's mounted patrol unit.

Dana Memorial
The Dana Memorial is a granite memorial to geologist James Dwight Dana which includes the last remaining horse trough in the city. The memorial is carved with features of trilobites, crinoids, and eurypterid. It was erected in 1903 by the Dana Natural History Society, which today is the oldest female naturalist association in the United States. The fountain is also used to collect water for watering a small garden in the middle of the park.

Activities
A farmer's market is held every Thursday during the summer.

A Little Free Library book box is located within Dana Park, providing the community with a free book-sharing program.

References

External links

Parks in Albany, New York
Urban public parks

Dana Park


Maddalena, Zero for Conduct (Italian: Maddalena... zero in condotta) is a 1940 Italian "white-telephones" comedy film directed by Vittorio De Sica. It is a remake of the Hungarian film Magda Expelled (1938).

Plot
A mysterious love letter arrives to Alfredo Hartman (Vittorio De Sica) in Vienna, and he goes to Rome to find who wrote it.

Cast
Vittorio De Sica as Alfredo Hartman
Vera Bergman as L'insegnante Elisa Malgari
Carla Del Poggio as Maddalena Lenci
Irasema Dilián as Eva Barta, la privatista (as Eva Dilian)
Amelia Chellini as La direttrice
Pina Renzi as La professoressa Varzi
Paola Veneroni as L'allieva Varghetti, la spiona
Dora Bini as L'allieva Caricati
Enza Delbi as Un'allieva
Roberto Villa as Stefano Armani
Armando Migliari as Malesci, il professore di chimica
Guglielmo Barnabò as Il signor Emilio Lenci
Giuseppe Varni as Amilcare Bondani, il bidello
Arturo Bragaglia as Sila, il professore di ginnastica

References

Bibliography
 Cardullo, Bert. Vittorio De Sica: Actor, Director, Auteur. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009.

External links

1940 films
1940s Italian-language films
Films directed by Vittorio De Sica
Italian black-and-white films
1940 comedy films
Italian remakes of foreign films
Remakes of Hungarian films
Italian comedy films
1940s Italian films

Maddalena, Zero for Conduct


A query language, also known as data query language or database query language (DQL), is a computer language used to make queries in databases and information systems. In database systems, query languages rely on strict theory to retrieve information. A well known example is the Structured Query Language (SQL).

Types
Broadly, query languages can be classified according to whether they are database query languages or information retrieval query languages. The difference is that a database query language attempts to give factual answers to factual questions, while an information retrieval query language attempts to find documents containing information that is relevant to an area of inquiry. Other types of query languages include:

 Full-text. The simplest query language is treating all terms as bag of words that are to be matched with the postings in the inverted index and where subsequently ranking models are applied to retrieve the most relevant documents. Only tokens are defined in the CFG. Web search engines often use this approach.
 Boolean. A query language that also supports the use of the Boolean operators AND, OR, NOT.
 Structured. A language that supports searching within (a combination of) fields when a document is structured and has been indexed using its document structure.
 Natural language. A query language that supports natural language by parsing the natural language query to a form that can be best used to retrieve relevant documents, for example with Question answering systems or conversational search.

Examples

 Attempto Controlled English is a query language that is also a controlled natural language.
 AQL is a query language for the ArangoDB native multi-model database system.
 .QL is a proprietary object-oriented query language for querying relational databases; successor of Datalog;
 CodeQL is the analysis engine used by developers to automate security checks, and by security researchers to perform variant analysis on GitHub.
 Contextual Query Language (CQL) a formal language for representing queries to information retrieval systems such as web indexes or bibliographic catalogues.
 Cypher is a query language for the Neo4j graph database;
 DMX is a query language for data mining models;
 Datalog is a query language for deductive databases;
 F-logic is a declarative object-oriented language for deductive databases and knowledge representation.
 FQL enables you to use a SQL-style interface to query the data exposed by the Graph API. It provides advanced features not available in the Graph API.
 Gellish English is a language that can be used for queries in Gellish English Databases, for dialogues (requests and responses) as well as for information modeling and knowledge modeling;
 Gremlin is an Apache Software Foundation graph traversal language for OLTP and OLAP graph systems.
 GraphQL is a data query language developed by Facebook as an alternate to REST and ad-hoc webservice architectures.
 HTSQL is a query language that translates HTTP queries to SQL;
 ISBL is a query language for PRTV, one of the earliest relational database management systems;
 Jaql is a functional data processing and query language most commonly used for JSON query processing;
 jq is a functional programming language often used for processing queries against one or more JSON documents, including very large ones;
 JSONiq is a declarative query language designed for collections of JSON documents;
 LDAP is an application protocol for querying and modifying directory services running over TCP/IP;
 LogiQL is a variant of Datalog and is the query language for the LogicBlox system.
 M Formula language, a mashup query language used in Microsoft's Power Query
 MQL is a cheminformatics query language for a substructure search allowing beside nominal properties also numerical properties;
 MDX is a query language for OLAP databases;
 N1QL is a Couchbase's query language finding data in Couchbase Servers;
 Object Query Language
 OCL (Object Constraint Language). Despite its name, OCL is also an object query language and an OMG standard;
 OPath, intended for use in querying WinFS Stores;
 Poliqarp Query Language is a special query language designed to analyze annotated text. Used in the Poliqarp search engine;
 PQL is a special-purpose programming language for managing process models based on information about scenarios that these models describe;
 PRQL PRQL (Pipelined Relational Query Language) is a modern language for transforming data. Consists of a curated set of orthogonal transformations, which are combined together to form a pipeline.
 PTQL based on relational queries over program traces, allowing programmers to write expressive, declarative queries about program behavior.
 QUEL is a relational database access language, similar in most ways to SQL;
 RDQL is a RDF query language;
 SMARTS is the cheminformatics standard for a substructure search;
 SPARQL is a query language for RDF graphs;
 SQL is a well known query language and data manipulation language for relational databases;
 XQuery is a query language for XML data sources;
 XPath is a declarative language for navigating XML documents;
 YQL is an SQL-like query language created by Yahoo!
 Search engine query languages, e.g., as used by Google or Bing

See also
 Data control language
 Data definition language
 Data manipulation language
 Path expression

References

Computer languages
Data management
Programming language classification

no:Database#Spørrespråk

Query language


Jonathan Greenleaf Eveleth (May 8, 1821 – December 10, 1861) founded the first oil company in America with George Bissell in 1854.  Partners in the Wall Street law firm of Eveleth & Bissell, the two formed the Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company with 5 other investors from New York, New Haven, and Titusville, Pennsylvania, to "raise, procure, manufacture, and sell Rock Oil."

Eveleth was born in New Gloucester, Maine, on May 8, 1821, to James and Hannah Austin Eveleth.  His father was a leather tanner and boot and shoe maker and a descendant of early colonial families of Massachusetts. He was a direct descendant of Joseph Eveleth, juror in the Salem Witch trial of John Proctor, and a second cousin of Theophilus Parsons, Chief Justice of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts. Eveleth married Mary Weeks of Bath, Maine, in 1852.

He graduated from Bowdoin College in 1847 and Harvard Law School in 1854.  He was Principal of the Liberal Institute (1848–1849) a college preparatory school in Norway, Maine, and then, following law school, joined Fessenden & Deblois, the Portland, Maine law firm of U.S. Representative Thomas Fessenden's family.  He later formed his own firm with Bissell in New York at 14 Wall Street. His New York practice was eventually closed in 1859 to allow the partners to fully pursue their oil business venture.

Bissell and Eveleth initially invested $5,000 to purchase and lease over  of what they believed were the principal oil fields in Titusville, PA.  The company collected oil in trenches and sold small quantities at high prices ($1.50 per gallon) primarily for medicinal purposes.

Believing in the mineral's greater economic potential and in order to gain the interest of additional investors, the two partners engaged at their own expense renowned Yale chemist, Benjamin Silliman, Jr., to investigate crude oil samples from the Pennsylvania site for its properties and commercial usefulness.  Silliman submitted in 1855 his historic report to "Messrs. Eveleth, Bissell, and Reed" concluding, "gentlemen ... there is much ground for encouragement in the belief that your Company have in their possession a raw material from which they may manufacture... very valuable products", thus marking a major scientific milestone for the university as well the birth of the American petroleum industry.  The company was then reorganized to include additional New Haven investors, and Silliman was appointed president, with Eveleth and Bissell maintaining controlling interest.

Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company later leased its property to Seneca Oil, which under the management of Edwin Drake, drilled the first oil well in the United States and became the first to strike oil in 1859.  Bissell continued to considerably expand his and the New York investors' land in the Titusville region, in Franklin and Petroleum Center, PA. However, Eveleth's life was cut short only 2 years later due to illness.   Bissell went on to become known as "the father of the American oil industry".

Eveleth was described as "sage, cautious, and tenacious" and the "principal promoter" of the company who made many of the major decisions. He died in New York City on December 10, 1861, after suffering from nephritis. His son and only child, Charles W. Eveleth, died in Germany while a student at Ober Gymnasium.

Notes

References
Henry, J. T. (1873). The Early and Later History of Petroleum with Authentic Facts with Regard to Its Development in Western Pennsylvania. Jas. B. Rogers Co., Philadelphia.
Cleaveland, Nehemiah (1882). History of Bowdoin College. James Ripley Osgood & Co., Boston.
Yale Engineering Through the Centuries Timeline
Butcher, Jonathan B. (1975). A History of the Eveleth Family.
McLaurin, John J. (1896) Sketches in Crude-Oil
Evans, Harold; with Buckland, Gail; Lefer, David. (2004). They Made America. Little, Brown, and Company.
The Encyclopedia Americana (1919).

External links
Oil History
Oil 150
Oil Heritage

1821 births
1861 deaths
Harvard Law School alumni
Bowdoin College alumni
Founders of the petroleum industry
19th-century American businesspeople
People from New Gloucester, Maine
Businesspeople from Maine

Jonathan Greenleaf Eveleth


Yelena Dmitrievna Polenova (Russian: Елена Дмитриевна Поленова; 15 November 1850, Saint Petersburg - 7 November 1898, Moscow) was a Russian Empire painter and graphic artist in the Art Nouveau style. She was one of the first illustrators of children's books in the Russian Empire. Her brother was the landscape painter Vasily Polenov.

Biography
Most of her family members were involved in artistic or scientific pursuits. Her father, Dmitriy Vasilevich Polenov, was a historian and diplomat who served as a Privy Councilor. She was raised on the family estates in Olonets Governorate and Tambov Governorate. Her mother, Maria, a writer of children's stories and an amateur artist, provided her first drawing lessons. Beginning in 1859, she and her siblings all received lessons from Pavel Chistyakov.

At that time, women were not admitted to the Imperial Academy of Arts so, at age fourteen, she enrolled at the drawing school operated by the Imperial Society for the Encouragement of the Arts, where she studied with Ivan Kramskoi. From 1869 to 1870, she visited France and took private lessons from Charles Joshua Chaplin.

From 1870 to 1877, she worked in Chistyakov's studios, then took classes in watercolors and ceramics at the Imperial Society, through 1880, with a break when she and her sister were volunteers in a hospital during the Russo-Turkish War. She fell in love with a doctor there, but her family was opposed to marriage. Although she conceded to their wishes, it left her deeply unhappy.

She did so well at ceramics that the Society gave her a stipend to study in Paris; something which few women artists received. There, she worked with Théodore Deck and Evdokim Egorov (1832-1891) and had her first exposure to Art Nouveau. Upon returning to Saint Petersburg, she taught porcelain painting and created pieces of Victorian majolica.

Abramtsevo Colony
After 1882, family circumstances required her to live in Moscow, where she worked as an art teacher and became a member of the "Abramtsevo Colony", a group of artists, musicians and theatrical people who gathered at an estate in Abramtsevo belonging to the Mamontov family. While there, she became interested in folklore and tried her hand at designing costumes. She and her friend Elizabeta  Mamontov also worked to create a folk museum, travelling as far as Yaroslavl to make sketches and collect folk tales, and taught classes in traditional crafts to the local peasant families. Together with Viktor Hartmann, Viktor Vasnetsov and others, she helped make Abramtsevo the center of the Arts and Crafts movement in Russia.

In 1886, she made her first illustrations for twenty folk tales collected by Alexander Afanasyev. Although "War of the Mushrooms" (1889) were the only ones published during her lifetime, her work influenced other illustrators such as Ivan Bilibin and Sergey Malyutin. Polenova exhibited her work at the Palace of Fine Arts at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois.

After 1893, she spent less time at Abramtsevo and concentrated on designing embroideries, wallpaper, ceramics and other craft pieces. Always a lover of music, she claimed to have "color hearing"; that listening to music made her see ornamental designs.

In April 1896, while riding in a cab on Tsvetnoy Boulevard, her carriage's wheels got caught in the tram rails and overturned. She was seriously injured when her head hit the pavement. Complications from this accident would result in her death over two years later.

In her memory, her brothers established an award of 300 Rubles, to be presented to promising young artists so they could study abroad. Among those who received the award were Konstantin Bogaevsky and Yeghishe Tadevosyan.

Further reading
 Natalia Murray (ed.), A Russian Fairy Tale: The Art and Craft of Elena Polenova, Watts Gallery, 2014
 A.I. Leonova (ed.), Василий Дмитриевич Поленов; Елена Дмитриевна Поленова: Хроника семьи художников: Письма, дневники, воспоминания (Chronicle of a Family of Artists: Letters, diaries, memoirs), Искусство, 1964.
 Vera Koshaleva, Елена Поленова, Masters of Painting series, Белый город, 2009

References

External links

 Articles from the Tretyakov Gallery magazine:
 "She Lived in a Magical World of Fairy tales" by Olga Atroshchenko
 "Yelena Polenova - The artist's work in the collection of the Polenov Museum Reserve" by Yelena Kashtanova
 "I feel you intimately and deeply... Excerpts from the correspondence of Maria Yakunchikova and Yelena Polenova" by Yelena Terkel

1850 births
1898 deaths
19th-century painters from the Russian Empire
19th-century women artists from the Russian Empire
Artists from Saint Petersburg
Women painters
Women illustrators
Art Nouveau painters
Illustrators from the Russian Empire
Arts and Crafts movement
Accidental deaths from falls
Embroidery designers

Yelena Polenova


Alan Marks (London, 1957) is an English artist and illustrator.

Marks studied at the Medway College of Art and design from 1976 to 1977, and at the Bath Academy of Art from 1977 to 1980. He briefly taught at the Bath Academy and at Southampton Art College. Since then, he has worked in magazines before turning to illustrating children's books. He is praised for his "warm, attractive pictures," and for his use of watercolor. He has illustrated books for many children's authors, including Kevin Crossley-Holland and Jane Goodall.

References

External links

British illustrators
British children's book illustrators
Artists from London
1957 births
Living people

Alan Marks