C.C.C.C. ( Cosmic Coincidence Control Center) is a Japanese noise band.

The core line up consisted of former actress Mayuko Hino and Hiroshi Hasegawa. Hino would occasionally, during live shows, reprise this element of her past into her performances by engaging in such acts as onstage striptease. Another notorious feature of their live shows was the plastic bags of urine that were thrown into the audience. Other members were occasionally and variably brought in for work on single albums, but had no permanent membership in the band.

Aesthetically, the band - and Mayuko Hino in particular - advocated a very emotive and cathartic approach to noise music as opposed to the conceptual and intellectual approaches advocated by many European noise musicians, most notably within the "power electronics" subgenre. Mayuko Hino believes that an emotional, rather than an intellectual, approach to noise not only creates more interesting sounds, but reveals much about the personality of the noisemaker.

Sonically, C.C.C.C.'s early releases were much quieter and less distorted than most other Japanoise releases of that time due to the live, analogue nature of the recordings. Later releases, such as "Rocket Shrine" and "Love and Noise", however, took the psychedelic ambiance and oddball sounds of early C.C.C.C., but amplified the volume and distortion levels to easily be as loud and harsh as other Japanese noise bands, if not more so. The band's later releases rank among the more sonically diverse of noise music albums, exploring an incredible variety of sonic dissonances, while still maintaining a consistently ear-splitting loudness.

By the end of 90s, the band had stopped performing and recording. Hiroshi Hasegawa has moved on, by all appearances, to doing experimental ambiance, this time as part of Astro.  In 1995, Mayuko Hino released an album called Chaos of the Night, which also starred Monte Cazazza of "Industrial Records" fame. In 1998,  they performed at Queen Elizabeth Hall on 2nd of July during John Peel Meltdown.

Discography
 Reflexive Universe (1991) (Cassette)
 Phantasmagoria (1992) (Cassette, S/Sided)
 Cosmic Coincidence Control Center (1992) (CD)
 Amplified Crystal (1993) (12", Ltd, Cle)
 Amplified Crystal II (1993) (Cassette)
 Loud Sounds Dopa / Live In U.S.A. (1993) (CD)
 Community Center Cyber Crash / Live In Pittsburgh (1994) (LP)
 Gnosis (1994) (Cassette)
 Test Tube Fantasy (1994) (7", Ltd, Cle)
 Live At AS 220 (1995) (7", Ltd, Blu)
 Recorded Live At Broken Life Festival, Taipei, Taiwan September 9th 1995 (1995) (CDr, Ltd)
 Flash (1996) (CD)
 Love & Noise (1996) (CD)
 The Beauty of Pollution (with Nocturnal Emissions) (1996) (CD)
 Rocket Shrine (1997) (CD)
 Untitled (1997) (CD)
 Polygon Islands 1 & 2 (1998) (7", Ltd, Gre)
 Chaos is the Cosmos (2007)
 Early Works 4CD Box (2007)
 Black Light / Black Heat (2009)
 Live At Velvet Sun (2010) (Cassette, S/Sided)
 Old Street In Taiwan - Aktion 950907 (with Con-Dom and Schimpfluch-Gruppe) (Tochnit Aleph) (CDr)
 C.C.C.C. / Junk Sick (2011)
 Tokyo Alive 1995 (with Merzbow) (2015)

Video Releases
 Deep Electronics Live (1991) (VHS)
 Live at Club Lower Links (1992) (VHS, NTSC)
 Loud Sounds Dopa (1993) (VHS)
 Tokyo Alive 1995 (2015) (VCD, NTSC) with Merzbow; directed by Jadis Mercado

External links

Japanoise.net's entry on C.C.C.C. (in Japanese)
C.C.C.C.'s page on Cold Spring Records

Japanese musical groups
Noise musical groups

C.C.C.C. (band)


Sirrako Ioanninon is a mountainous Greek village. It is in the district of Ioannina in the north-east of Greece. Sirrako is built at an altitude of 1,150 metres up the Lakmos mountain which makes it one of the highest Greek villages. It is a traditional village with old stone houses whose main characteristic is that they have slate roofs.
The Greek famous poet Kostas Krystallis came from Sirraco.

Villages in Greece

Sirrako Ioanninon


Reuben J. Ursella (January 11, 1890 – February 1980) was a professional football player-coach who played during the early years of the National Football League (NFL). During his NFL career Rube played for the Minneapolis Marines, Akron Indians, Hammond Pros, Minneapolis Red Jackets and the Rock Island Independents. In January 1926, he also played exhibition games with Jim Thorpe and his independent team, the Tampa Cardinals. Ursella played college football for the University of Minnesota.

Biography
Rube began his professional football career in 1907 with the Minneapolis Marines. Rube Ursella was the true superstar of the team and had a long and successful pro football career with the Marines. He was both an offensive and defensive standout, as well as a skilled kicker and punter. Pro football shut down completely in 1918, due to the 1918 flu pandemic. In 1919 Walter Flanigan, the manager of the Rock Island Independents, was able to lure Ursella away from the Marines. With Rube came several other players as well as their offense which became known as "the Minnesota Shift". The team lost only one game that season, to the Hammond Pros. In 1921 Rube returned to the Marines, however the team was unable to play up to its previous level. He returned for two more seasons with the Independents in 1924 and 1925.

In January 1926, Rube joined the Tampa Cardinals a team put together by Jim Thorpe for the purpose of playing exhibition games in Florida. The team lost a New Year's Day game to Red Grange and the Chicago Bears and afterward played a series of games against the Millville Big Blue, playing under the banner of the Haven-Villa of Winter Haven.

During the 1926 season, Rube played for the Akron Indians and Hammond Pros before retiring at the end of the season. He returned in 1929 to play for the Minneapolis Red Jackets before retiring, for good, after that season.

References

 Rock Island Independents
 Millville Football & Athletic Club

1890 births
1980 deaths
Akron Indians coaches
Akron Indians players
Hammond Pros players
Minneapolis Marines coaches
Minneapolis Marines players
Minneapolis Red Jackets players
Rock Island Independents coaches
Rock Island Independents players
Sports coaches from Minneapolis
Players of American football from Minneapolis

Rube Ursella


Red Hots are a type of hard candy. It has a hard red outer shell and a slightly chewier inside. They are called Red Hots because of their spicy cinnamon taste. After the spicy flavor, the candy produces a sweet flavor.

Red Hots come in a red box with flames on it, saying "Red Hots".

Candy

Red Hots


Bruno Ganz (; 22 March 1941 – 16 February 2019) was a Swiss actor whose career in German stage, television and film productions spanned nearly 60 years. He was known for his collaborations with the directors Werner Herzog, Éric Rohmer, Francis Ford Coppola, and Wim Wenders, earning widespread recognition with his roles as Jonathan Zimmerman in The American Friend (1977), Jonathan Harker in Nosferatu the Vampyre (1979) and Damiel the Angel in Wings of Desire (1987).

Ganz received renewed international acclaim for his portrayal of Adolf Hitler in the Oscar-nominated film Downfall (2004). He also had roles in several English-language films, including The Boys from Brazil (1978), Strapless (1989), The Last Days of Chez Nous (1992), Luther (2003), The Manchurian Candidate (2004), The Reader (2008), Unknown (2011), The Counselor (2013) and Remember (2015). On stage, Ganz portrayed Dr. Heinrich Faust in Peter Stein's staging of Faust, Part One and Faust, Part Two in 2000.

Early life
Ganz was born on 22 March 1941 in Zürich to a Swiss-German factory worker father and a northern Italian mother. He had decided to pursue an acting career by the time he entered university. He was equally drawn to stage and screen but initially enjoyed greater success on the stage.

Career

Stage career
Ganz made his theatrical debut in 1961 and devoted himself mainly to the stage for almost the next two decades. In 1970, he helped found the Berliner Schaubühne ensemble and two years later performed in the Salzburg Festival premiere of Thomas Bernhard's Der Ignorant und der Wahnsinnige, under the direction of .

The German magazine Theater heute solidified Ganz's reputation as a stage actor by pronouncing him Schauspieler des Jahres (Actor of the Year) in 1973. One of Ganz's most physically demanding stage portrayals was the title character in Peter Stein's 2000 production of Goethe's Faust (Parts I and II); he suffered injuries during rehearsals which delayed his starting in the role. He also served as a speaker in classical music works, including a 1993 recording of Luigi Nono's Il canto sospeso with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra.

Film career
In 1960 Ganz landed his first film role, in Der Herr mit der schwarzen Melone (The Man in the Black Derby). Despite the support of lead actor Gustav Knuth, Ganz's cinematic debut was not particularly successful and it was only many years later that his career in film got off the ground.

Ganz made his film breakthrough in a major part in the 1976 film , launching a widely recognized film career in Europe and the United States. He worked with several directors of the New German Cinema like Werner Herzog and Wim Wenders, and also with international directors like Éric Rohmer and Francis Ford Coppola, among others. In 1977, he co-starred with Dennis Hopper in Wenders' American Friend, an adaptation of Patricia Highsmith's novel Ripley's Game, playing a terminally ill father who gets hired as a professional killer. In 1979, he starred opposite Klaus Kinski in Herzog's Nosferatu: Phantom der Nacht (Nosferatu: Phantom of the Night). Ganz played a professor opposite Sir Laurence Olivier in the thriller The Boys from Brazil (1978), about Nazi fugitives.

In 1987 Ganz first played the role of the angel Damiel in Wim Wenders's Wings of Desire. He reprised the role in Faraway, So Close! in 1993. Ganz appeared in The Reader as a Holocaust survivor and as police officer Horst Herold in The Baader Meinhof Complex, which were both nominated for the 81st Academy Awards (Best Picture and Best Foreign Language Film respectively). In 2003, he portrayed Johann von Staupitz in Luther. In 2011, he appeared as a former Stasi operator opposite Liam Neeson in Unknown. Among Ganz's later roles were the grandfather in the literary adaptation Heidi (2015), a pseudo-scientific healer in Sally Potter's The Party (2017) and ancient Roman poet Virgil in Lars von Trier's The House that Jack Built (2018).

Ganz portrayed Adolf Hitler in Der Untergang (Downfall) (2004) after four months of researching the role. His performance was widely acclaimed by critics; The Guardian critic Rob Mackie described Ganz as "the most convincing screen Hitler yet: an old, bent, sick dictator with the shaking hands of someone with Parkinson's, alternating between rage and despair in his last days in the bunker". His performance has inspired many parodies on YouTube, using video and audio from the film with humorous subtitles.

Personal life and death
Ganz was married to Sabine from 1965 until his death, although they were separated for a long time; their son, Daniel, was born in 1972.

In February 2018, doctors in Salzburg found that Ganz was suffering from intestinal cancer, and he immediately began chemotherapy.

Ganz died on 16 February 2019 at his home in the village of Au, in Wädenswil, Switzerland, at the age of 77, a month shy of his 78th birthday. He was attended by his partner, the theatrical photographer Ruth Walz, and his son Daniel.

From 1996 until his death in 2019, Ganz held the Republic of Austria's Iffland-Ring, which passes from actor to actor—each bequeathing the ring to the next holder, judging that actor to be the "most significant and most worthy actor of the German-speaking theatre". Ganz was also honored with the Order of Merit of Germany and was made a knight of the French Légion d'honneur.

Awards and honors

1973: "Actor of the Year" in German magazine Theater heute

1991: Hans-Reinhart-Ring, given by the Swiss Society for Theatre Culture
1996: Iffland-Ring
1998: Officier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (France)

2000: Swiss Film Prize

2000: David di Donatello Award for Bread and Tulips

2004: European Film Award

2005: Austrian Decoration for Science and Art

2006: Officer's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

2010: Star on the  in Berlin

2011: Pardo alla Carriera at Locarno International Film Festival
2012: Asteroid 199900 Brunoganz, discovered by Silvano Casulli in 2007, was named in his honor

2014: Lifetime Achievement Award, Goldene Kamera
2015: Special Golden Camera 300 for lifetime achievement, Manaki Brothers Film Festival

Filmography
Ganz appeared in the following films:

The Man in the Black Derby (1960), as Bellboy
 (1961)
Es Dach überem Chopf (1962), as Fred Weber
The Smooth Career (1967), as Barnhard Kral
Eine große Familie (1970, TV Movie), as Heinz Hallasch
 (Sommergäste, 1976), as Jakov Shalimov
Lumière (1976), as Heinrich Grün
The Marquise of O... (1976), as Der Graf
 (The Wild Duck, 1976), as Gregers
The American Friend (Der Amerikanische Freund, 1977), as Jonathan Zimmermann
Die linkshändige Frau (The Left-Handed Woman, 1978), as Bruno
The Boys from Brazil (1978), as Professor Bruckner
Schwarz und weiß wie Tage und Nächte (1978, TV Movie), as Thomas Rosemund
Messer im Kopf (Knife in the Head, 1978), as Dr. Berthold Hoffmann
Nosferatu: Phantom der Nacht (Nosferatu the Vampyre, 1979), as Jonathan Harker
Retour à la bien-aimée (Return to the Beloved, 1979), as Dr. Stephan Kern
Oggetti smarriti (Lost and Found / Lost Objects / An Italian Woman, 1980), as Werner
5% de risque (1980), as David
Polenta (1980), as Jules, the Narrator
Der Erfinder (The Inventor, 1980), as Jakob Nüssli
La provinciale (1980), as Remy
Etwas wird sichtbar (1981)
La Dame aux camélias (The Lady of the Camellias, 1981), as Count Perregaux
Ręce do góry (Hands Up!, 1981)
Die Fälschung (Circle of Deceit, 1981), as Georg Laschen
Logik des Gefühls (The Logic of Emotion, 1982)
Krieg und Frieden (War and Peace, 1982)
Dans la ville blanche (In the White City, 1983), as Paul
 (System ohne Schatten, 1983), as Faber
Killer aus Florida (Killer from Florida, 1983, Short)
De ijssalon (Private Resistance, 1985), as Gustav
El río de oro (1986), as Peter
Der Pendler (1986)
Väter und Söhne – Eine deutsche Tragödie (1986, TV Mini-Series), as Heinrich Beck
Der Himmel über Berlin (Wings of Desire, 1987), as Damiel
Un amore di donna (1988), as Franco Bassani
Von Zeit zu Zeit (1989), as Jumbo
Bankomatt (1989), as Bruno
Strapless (1989), as Raymond Forbes
The Legendary Life of Ernest Hemingway (1989), as Ezra Pound
Tassilo (1991, TV Series), as Tassilo
Erfolg (Success, 1991), as Jacques Tüverlin
Children of Nature (1991), as Engill
La Domenica specialmente (Especially on Sunday, 1991), as Vittorio (segment "La domenica specialmente")
Prague (1992), as Josef
 (Night on Fire, 1992), as Peter Keller
L'Absence (The Absence, 1992), as Player
The Last Days of Chez Nous (1992), as J.P.
In weiter Ferne, so nah! (Faraway, So Close!, 1993), as Damiel
Heller Tag (1994), as Georg
Diario senza date (1995)
Tödliches Schweigen (Deadly Silence, 1996, TV Movie), as Hans Plache
Saint-Ex (1997), as Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
 (Daybreak, 1998, TV Movie), as Fehleisen
Mia aioniotita kai mia mera (Eternity and a Day, 1998), as Alexandros
You Can't Go Home Again (1999), as Narrator (voice)
WerAngstWolf (2000)
Pane e Tulipani (Bread and Tulips, 2000), as Fernando Girasole
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Faust (2001, TV Movie), as Faust
La forza del passato (The Power of the Past, 2002), as Bogliasco
 (Epstein's Night, 2002), as Adam Rose
Behind Me (2002), as Himself
Luther (2003), as Johann von Staupitz
The Manchurian Candidate (2004), as Delp
Der Untergang (Downfall, 2004), as Adolf Hitler
Have No Fear: The Life of Pope John Paul II (2005, TV Movie), as Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski
Vitus (2006), as Grandfather
Baruto no Gakuen (バルトの楽園; Ode an die Freude, 2006), as Kurt Heinrich
Youth Without Youth (2007), as Prof. Roman Stanciulescu
Stairway to Nowhere (2008), as Brot Darsteller
Der Baader Meinhof Komplex (The Baader Meinhof Complex, 2008), as Horst Herold
Η Σκόνη του Χρόνου (The Dust of Time, 2008), as Jacob
The Reader (2008), as Professor Rohl
Giulias Verschwinden (2009), as John
 (2010), as Kater
Taxiphone: El Mektoub (2010)
 (Colors in the Dark, 2010), as Fred
Das Ende ist mein Anfang (The End Is My Beginning, 2010), as Tiziano Terzani
Unknown (2011), as Ernst Jürgen
Sport de filles (2011), as Franz Mann
Night Train to Lisbon (2013), as Older Jorge O'Kelly
Age of Uprising: The Legend of Michael Kohlhaas (2013), as The Governor
The Counselor (2013), as the Diamond Dealer
In Order of Disappearance (2014), as Papa
Amnesia (2015), as Bruno, Jo's grandfather
Remember (2015), as Rudy Kurlander #1
Heidi (2015), as Alpöhi, Heidi's grandfather
Un Juif pour l'exemple (2016), as Arthur Bloch
The Party (2017), as Gottfried
In Times of Fading Light (2017), as Wilhelm Powileit
Fortuna (2018), as Brother Jean
The House That Jack Built (2018), as Verge
 (2018), as Sigmund Freud
The Witness (2018), as Nikola Radin
A Hidden Life (2019), as Judge Lueben
Winter Journey (2019), as Gunther Goldschmidt (final film role)

Notes

References

External links

theartsdesk Q&A: Bruno Ganz on Playing Hitler (5 December 2010)

1941 births
2019 deaths
20th-century Swiss male actors
21st-century Swiss male actors
Adolf Hitler
Burials in Switzerland
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
David di Donatello winners
Deaths from cancer in Switzerland
Deaths from colorectal cancer
European Film Awards winners (people)
German Film Award winners
Iffland-Ring
Male actors from Zürich
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
Swiss male film actors
Swiss male stage actors
Swiss male television actors
Swiss people of Italian descent
Zurich University of the Arts alumni
Ciak d'oro winners

Bruno Ganz


Big City Greens is a American animated series created by The Houghton Brothers for Disney Channel. It is produced by Disney Television Animation.

Characters
Cricket Green (voiced by Chris Houghton) is a cheerful 10 year old country boy who is always barefooted.
Tilly Green (voiced by Marieve Herington) is Cricket's cheerful, level-headed and kooky older sister.
Bill Green (voiced by Bob Joles) is Cricket and Tilly's father and Alice's son.
Gramma Alice Green (voiced by Artemis Pebdani) is Cricket and Tilly's grandmother and Bill's mother.
Nancy Green (voiced by Wendi McLendon-Covey) is Cricket and Tilly's mother and Bill's ex-wife.
Remy Remington (voiced by Zeno Robinson) is Cricket's best friend.
Gloria Sato (voiced by Anna Akana) is a Japanese-American woman who works at Big Coffee and dreams of living in Paris.
Andromeda (voiced by Nicole Byer) is Tilly's best friend.
Benny (voiced by Luke Lowe) is one of Cricket and Tilly's friends.
Weezie Eastman (voiced by Lamar Woods) is one of Cricket and Tilly's friends.
Kiki Kitashima (voiced by Monica Ray from Season 1 to Season 3 and Stephanie Sheh from Season 3 onwards) is Cricket and Tilly's high-spirited Japanese-American friend who is a pink-skinned human (later a pixie with glittery wings) who loves to play video games.
Gabriella Espinosa (voiced by Jenna Ortega) is Cricket's girlfriend.
Pua (voiced by Élan Luz Rivera) is Tilly's old frenemy from the country.

American animated television series

Big City Greens


The Jacksonville Equestrian Center is an equestrian facility at the Cecil Commerce Center in Jacksonville, Florida.  It consists of an indoor multi-purpose arena, officially named Championship Arena (capacity at 4,000), two outdoor competition arenas, two outdoor warm-up arenas, a turf arena, 426 permanent stalls, and 70 Full Service RV spaces. The facility has a grand opening in March, 2004; it is home to several horse-related events. In 2007 it was projected to be the home of the Jacksonville Pelicans of the National Indoor Football League.

The center is part of the Cecil Recreation Complex, the most comprehensive recreational facility on Jacksonville's Westside. The $25 million project was part of the 2000 Better Jacksonville Plan. The City of Jacksonville, Parks and Recreation department manages the facilities. They have hosted a diverse group of events which range from dressage to Rodeo; the Royal Lipizzan Stallions to the 4-H annual horse show. Non-equestrian events have included Monster truck shows, Demolition derby, music concerts and band camp.

References

External links
Official site

Equestrian venues in the United States
Sports venues in Jacksonville, Florida
Tourist attractions in Jacksonville, Florida
Show jumping venues in the United States
Westside, Jacksonville
2004 establishments in Florida
Sports venues completed in 2004

Jacksonville Equestrian Center


Anthony 'Tony' Campbell (born 13 August 1967) is a former professional Australian rules footballer and businessman.

AFL career
Campbell was recruited to the Melbourne Football Club from Camberwell Grammar School.  Early in his career, the solidly built player was tried on the full-forward line wearing the number 40 and later 4 guernseys for Melbourne.  Despite kicking some long goals, his questionable accuracy led to him being used instead at fullback where he settled in his career, becoming an uncompromising long and direct kicking defender.

During a time of little success he requested a pre-draft trade at the end of 1991 that would find him at Footscray.

Campbell became a cult hero for many Bulldogs fans, known for wearing a long sleeved jumper and gloves.  He created some controversy when he created a business selling sporting gloves and tried to promote them as a fashion in the AFL.

Campbell was one of the few players of his era (along with Alastair Lynch) who matched up well with Tony Lockett. Lockett would rarely beat Campbell in a man on man contest to the death. In 1994, with the intention of gaining membership in the Fremantle Dockers' squad for 1995, Campbell moved to play for Perth, but played only one match before an Achilles tendon injury required season-ending surgery.

American Football
Campbell surprised many when he quit Australian football to move to the United States and follow Darren Bennett in the pursuit of big money as an American football punter. However, after trialling for a season he was not offered a contract.

Return to the AFL
Having gone missing for two seasons he eventually returned to Australia and announced his intention to once again play Australian rules football.  The Bulldogs traded Luke Beveridge to get pick #54 in the 1995 AFL Draft which they used to re-draft Campbell. He played one final season in the league before retiring at the end of 1996.

References

External links

Melbourne Football Club players
Western Bulldogs players
Victorian State of Origin players
1967 births
Living people
People educated at Camberwell Grammar School
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)

Tony Campbell (footballer)


Ujayf ibn Anbasa () (died 838) was one of the senior-most military leaders of the Abbasid Caliphate under the caliphs al-Ma'mun and al-Mu'tasim.

Biography
Nothing is known of his family, but he was probably of native Khurasani or Transoxianan origin. He appears in the early 9th century as a follower of the rebel governor Rafi ibn al-Layth, but quickly abandoned him along with most of the people of Fergana and Tashkent when Caliph Harun al-Rashid himself campaigned to Khurasan in 808.'Ujayf probably belonged to the same social group as the other eastern Iranian generals who were later employed by al-Mu'tasim in his "Turkish" guard, and who were minor princes or drawn from the landed gentry ().

Under al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833), Ujayf became a distinguished general, campaigning in northern Persia and suppressing the Kharijite revolt of Bilal al-Dibabi in 829. Ujayf maintained his position under Mu'tasim, Ma'mun's half-brother and successor, campaigning against the Zutt in southern Iraq in 834, and leading a number of expeditions against the Byzantines in Asia Minor. Ujayf was one of the military leaders to receive cantonments for themselves and their troops at Mu'tasim's new capital at Samarra, and he was granted the revenue from the market of the town of Ishtikhan (near Samarkand) as a reward.

In 838, however, during Mu'tasim's great campaign against the Byzantine city of Amorium, Ujayf fell out with the caliph over the provisioning of the army; to this were added other perceived slights, and Ujayf and his followers began to conspire against the caliph. Ujayf was probably a leading member of a powerful group within the Abbasid military establishment that already back in 833 had opposed Mu'tasim's accession, and had favoured his nephew, Ma'mun's son al-Abbas. The agitation then had only subsided after Abbas himself swore allegiance to his uncle, but now a conspiracy was formed to kill Mu'tasim as well as his top Turkish commanders, al-Afshin and Ashinas. The plot was uncovered, however, and the ringleaders were arrested, with Ujayf being executed.

References

Sources

8th-century births
838 deaths
Generals of the Abbasid Caliphate
Abbasid people of the Arab–Byzantine wars
Executed military personnel
Khurasan under the Abbasid Caliphate
9th-century executions by the Abbasid Caliphate
9th-century Iranian people

Ujayf ibn Anbasa


Alfrederick Smith Hatch (July 24, 1829 – May 13, 1904) was an American investment banker who founded Fisk & Hatch along with Harvey Fisk. Hatch was the President of the New York Stock Exchange from 1883 to 1884.

Life
Hatch was born in Vermont to Horace Hatch (1788–1873) and Mary Yates Smith (1798–1859).

In March 1862, Hatch and Harvey Fisk began a finance and insurance company called, Fisk & Hatch. The company initially focused almost exclusively in government bonds. Both men were short on capital at the time and relied on $15,000 worth of loans from family and friends. Hatch and Fisk found success as sub-agents for Jay Cooke & Company, popularizing and selling millions of dollars in government war securities in New York and New England. The two quickly became the front rank of bond dealers.

In 1871, Hatch commissioned a portrait of his family at his house on Park Avenue and 37th Street. In 1872, he donated a building he owned on 316 Water Street to Jerry McAuley and his wife, Maria. McAuley used the building to established a rescue mission for homeless men called the "Helping Hand for Men". This establishment would later become the New York City Rescue Mission.

Hatch was the President of the New York Stock Exchange from 1883 to 1884.

Death
Hatch died on May 13, 1904, at the age of 74.

References

External links

1829 births
1904 deaths
Businesspeople from Vermont
Presidents of the New York Stock Exchange
American investment bankers

Alfrederick Smith Hatch


The Mercedes-Benz O371 was a coach built in Brazil by Mercedes-Benz from the 1980s to the late-1990s. It was the replacement for the Mercedes-Benz O303 chassis in South America and was widely used in South America. It was also used widely in other countries like Mexico, or Costa Rica. The O371, was an entirely Mercedes-Benz built product;  but also the chassis was sent to bodyworkers, like Marcopolo or Busscar.

Coach buses

O371R
The O371R was marketed between mid-1980 and early 1990s. It featured a Mercedes-Benz OM355/5A at 230HP. It has a spring suspension.

O371RS
The O371RS was marketed between the 1980s and early 1990s as O370RS. It featured a Mercedes-Benz OM355/6A turbocharger aspirated engine with output of 291 hp. The gearbox coupled to the engine was the ZF S6-90, and has pneumatic suspension. The O371RS chassis was used in the O371RS model production, by Mercedes-Benz do Brasil and others like Busscar or Nielson, Marcopolo S.A.

O371RSL
The O371RSL was marketed between 1992 and early 1994. It featured a Mercedes-Benz OM447LA Turbo-intercooler engine with output of 354cv and 360cv. This was an experimental engine and replaced the OM355 series, and was used in all the O371 models and in the next generation of buses Mercedes-Benz O400 until 2000, the year that the electronic engine OM457LA was introduced. The gearbox was the ZF S 6 - 1550. The O371RSL chassis was similar with the O371RS chassis but its length was 13.20 meters.

O371RSD

The O371RSD was marketed between mid-1980 and early 1990 as O370RSD. It featured a Mercedes-Benz OM355/6LA turbo intercooler engine with output of 326 hp. After 1994 was impulsed by an OM447LA of 354cv and 360cv. The gearbox was the same of the O371RS, also after 1994 it used the same gearbox that was used in O371RSL. The difference is the rear axis, because the axis that move the vehicle is behind the auxiliary axle, opposite to the European bus version.

Urban buses

O371U
The O371U was a small integral bus for urban use, having been produced from 1987 to 1994. In its last year of production it featured the front mask of the O400 family.

O371UL
The O371UL was an integral bus for urban use, having been produced from 1994 to 1996. It was the evolution of O371U, having gained a few inches in width and some horsepower. It also featured the front mask of the O400 family. Many units of this model could be found in use in the region of Belo Horizonte, Brazil between 1994 and 2006.

O371UP
The O371UP was an integral bus and platform for urban use, having been produced from 1987 to 1993. It was the most powerful integral bus of Mercedes-Benz ever produced, featuring a 187 hp OM355/5A 9.6l 5-cylinder engine, with its use being recommended to cities with integrated transport systems. By far, the Brazilian city that saw the most units of O371UP integral buses and platforms in operation was Curitiba.

O371
Coaches (bus)
Vehicles introduced in 1980

Mercedes-Benz O371


Sega Power, initially known as S: The Sega Magazine, was a Future publication aimed at the Sega range of consoles, including the Master System, Mega Drive, Game Gear and later on the Mega-CD, 32X and Saturn. The magazine was later relaunched as Saturn Power when the other Sega consoles were discontinued.

S: The Sega Magazine

Edited by Steve Jarratt, Future plc's early Sega incarnation covered the Master System console and the page count was quite small compared to later issues of Sega Power.  Issue 10's cover heralded the arrival of the Mega Drive.

Issue 1 was sent out to owners who had registered their Sega Master Systems via warranty cards, with further early issues only being available via subscription and through select retailers. The launch issue was also obtainable for free with the purchase of a game from selected retailers.  After 6 issues the magazine went on general sale.

Sega Power

After 12 issues the magazine was re-launched with its new name in readiness for the forecast boom in video games consoles. The magazine covered consoles such as the Mega Drive, Master System, Game Gear, Mega-CD, Sega 32X and the Saturn.  In the spring of 1997, after 91 issues, the magazine was relaunched and renamed.

Saturn Power

With both the Mega Drive and Master System discontinued by 1997, the magazine was relaunched with its new name; Saturn Power.  Issue 1 was launched, cover dated June 1997 and came with a cover mounted demo disc.  However, the magazine only lasted 10 issues before being pulled; the last being February 1998.

Cover mounted books
As a variation on the free tips booklet often issued by computer games magazines, Sega Power released a string of novellas based on popular computer games. Titles in this range included: Golden Axe, Road Rash, Super Monaco GP and Desert Strike. These titles were written by members of the Sega Power team and combined a fictional narrative, hung loosely around the linear plot of the game, with cheats, codes and hints for gamers.

As a result of the popularity of these stories, rival title Sega Force followed suit and released a spin-off of Super Smash TV, which bore striking similarities to Stephen King's 'The Running Man'.

See also
Sega Saturn Magazine
Official Dreamcast Magazine (US)
Official Dreamcast Magazine (UK)

References

External links
Website of former staff memberStuart Campbell
Saturn Power magazines on the Internet Archive
Digitized Sega Power magazines on Retro CDN
Archived Sega Power magazines on the Internet Archive

Sega magazines
1989 establishments in the United Kingdom
1997 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Defunct computer magazines published in the United Kingdom
Home computer magazines
Magazines established in 1989
Magazines disestablished in 1997
Mass media in Bath, Somerset
Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Video game magazines published in the United Kingdom

Sega Power


Suspended animation in fiction refers to the temporary cessation of life processes experienced by fictional characters, followed by their subsequent revival. This process is commonly employed as a plot device in numerous science fiction narratives. It is frequently utilized to transport a character from the past to the future (a form of forward-only time travel) or to facilitate interstellar space travel, which necessitates extended journeys spanning months or years (refer to space travel in fiction. In addition to accomplishing the character's primary objective in the future, they often encounter the unfamiliarity of a new world, which may bear only faint resemblance to their previous surroundings. On occasion, a character is portrayed as possessing skills or abilities that have become lost to society during their period of suspension, enabling them to assume a heroic role in their new temporal setting.

Mechanisms
The methods employed for the suspension and subsequent revival of characters can vary greatly. In early stories, a general approach involves the use of magical enchantments that induce a prolonged slumber. In contrast, many modern narratives aim to present the concept as scientific suspended animation or cryonics, often simplifying and disregarding most of the intricacies involved. Within numerous science fiction settings, the challenges associated with contemporary cryonics are overcome prior to the development of faster-than-light travel, making it a viable means of interstellar transportation. In fictional renditions, the cells typically remain viable, and the revival process is depicted as straightforward or even spontaneous. Accidental freezing scenarios are prevalent in many stories, with technobabble utilized to rationalize how the characters managed to survive the process.

Terms
Various terms are employed to describe the state of suspended animation, including cryosleep, hypersleep, hibernation, and soma.

Corpsicle
The term "corpsicle" is utilized in science fiction to describe a deceased body that has been cryopreserved through cryonics. It is a combination of the words "corpse" and "popsicle." The earliest known printed usage of this term in its current form can be traced back to science fiction author Frederik Pohl's book The Age of the Pussyfoot in 1969, where a corpsicle is depicted as "a zombie frozen in Alaska." An earlier variation of the term, "corpse-sicle," also credited to Pohl, appeared in the essay "Immortality Through Freezing," published in the August 1966 issue of Worlds of Tomorrow. Author Larry Niven also employed the term in his 1971 short story "Rammer" and later expanded it into the novel A World Out of Time (1976). In Niven's work, the protagonist awakens in a society that denies any legal rights to corpsicles. Ben Bova also incorporates the term in his 2001 novel The Precipice, where numerous subjects have been cryonically preserved, but upon revival, they have lost all their memories.  In cinema, the term appears in Paul W. S. Anderson's film Event Horizon (1997), although it is used to refer to frozen remains with no possibility of revival.

Literature

Suspended animation often plays a role in stories about kings or heroes who are believed to be slumbering or kept alive until they are needed to confront great dangers. Examples include Holger Danske and King Arthur in mountain sleep tales.

In the fairy tale of Sleeping Beauty, an evil fairy places a curse on a princess, causing her to sleep for 100 years until she is awakened by a king's son. To ensure the princess does not wake up alone and frightened, the good fairy uses her wand to put everyone in the palace, including humans and animals, into a sleep state.

Shakespeare's works, such as Romeo and Juliet and Cymbeline, incorporate plot devices involving a drug that induces a state of suspended animation, resembling death.

In American fiction, one of the earliest stories involving suspended animation is "Rip Van Winkle," a short story written by American author Washington Irving in 1819. The tale revolves around a British individual in the American colonies who stumbles upon fairies in the Catskill Mountains and consumes their moonshine. As a result, he falls into a 20-year slumber and awakens to find his village and country dramatically transformed due to the passage of time. This story has since become a prototype for narratives exploring social displacement.

Science fiction literature mentions
In the 19th century, notable science fiction short stories featuring suspended animation, both deliberate and accidental, include Mary Shelley's "Rodger Dodsworth: The Reanimated Englishman" (written in 1826, published in 1863), Edgar Allan Poe's "Some Words with a Mummy" (1845), and Lydia Maria Child's "Hilda Silfverling, A Fantasy" (1845). Edward Bellamy's "Looking Backward" and Jack London's "A Thousand Deaths" (1899) also explore the theme.

Moving into the 20th century, science fiction stories featuring suspended animation include V. Mayakovsky's Klop (1928), H.P. Lovecraft's "Cool Air" (1928), and Edgar Rice Burroughs's "The Resurrection of Jimber-Jaw" (1937).

The character of Buck Rogers was introduced in the August 1928 issue of Amazing Stories. In the novella Armageddon 2419 A.D., Buck Rogers, a World War I veteran, becomes trapped in a mine and is preserved for 500 years by mine gases. This concept continued in the 1930s radio show Buck Rogers in the 25th Century  and subsequent film and television adaptations.

John W. Campbell Jr.'s 1938 novella Who Goes There? features a malevolent alien creature that crashed into Earth's polar regions and was frozen for millennia. The creature is inadvertently revived by human explorers in the 20th century, leading to a suspenseful story that inspired the 1951 film The Thing From Another World and its remakes.

While many early stories depict unwilling subjects in suspended animation, Neil R. Jones' 1931 short story "The Jameson Satellite" explores deliberate cryopreservation after death, laying the groundwork for the concept of cryonics. Arthur C. Clarke incorporates suspended animation in works such as Childhood's End (1953), The Songs of Distant Earth (1986), and the Space Odyssey series (1968–1997) to enable interstellar travel. In Clarke's 3001: The Final Odyssey, the character Frank Poole is cryopreserved in space and revived a thousand years later.

In 1964, Captain America, a comic book superhero popular in the 1940s, was reintroduced, explaining his absence by accidentally freezing in the Arctic ice pack.

Frederik Pohl's science fiction work The Age of the Pussyfoot (1966–1969) tells the story of a man revived from cryopreservation in the year 2527, having died in a fire 500 years earlier.

Although relatively few stories explore cryonics for medical time travel, Edgar Allan Poe's mentioned story (1845) includes a mummy, mentioning the use of mummification for time travel in Egyptian civilization.

James L. Halperin's national best-seller The First Immortal (1998) delves deeply into cryonics in a contemporary setting. Giles Milton's thriller The Perfect Corpse (2014) is set in a fictional cryonics laboratory and revolves around the resurrection of a perfectly frozen body found in the Greenland ice sheet.

Film

Movies featuring suspended animation include Late for Dinner (1991), Forever Young (1992), Demolition Man (1993), Idiocracy (2006), Realive (2016), Sexmission (1984), the Woody Allen comedy Sleeper (1973), and Open Your Eyes (Abre los Ojos) (1997), which was remade as Vanilla Sky (2001).

The 1939 movie serial Buck Rogers and its 1979 remake Buck Rogers in the 25th Century depict the title character entering suspended animation during the 20th century and awakening in a vastly different future. In the 1939 version, Buck Rogers and his sidekick Buddy Wade intentionally preserve themselves using experimental "Nirvano Gas" after their dirigible crashes over the North Pole. In the 1979 version, Buck Rogers, an astronaut, inadvertently enters suspended animation when his spacecraft encounters a space phenomenon, only to be discovered centuries later in the year 2491.

The 1984 film Iceman revolves around a prehistoric man who is revived after being frozen for 40,000 years, while the 1992 film Encino Man uses a comedic approach to the same concept. Both movies depict prehistoric individuals being naturally flash-frozen without any special preparation and thawing without lasting damage to their physical or mental abilities. In Iceman, scientists theorize that something in the caveman's diet acted as a natural antifreeze, preventing cell crystallization.

Suspended animation, referred to as "cryosleep," "hypersleep," or "hibernation," is used during space travel in films such as 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) and its sequel 2010: The Year We Make Contact (1984), Planet of the Apes (1968), Alien (1979) and its sequels and prequels, James Cameron's Avatar (2009), Pandorum (2009), Christopher Nolan's Interstellar (2014), and Morten Tyldum's Passengers (2016).

In The Empire Strikes Back (1980), Han Solo is temporarily frozen to demonstrate the concept of suspension, which serves as a means of restraining prisoners for travel.

The Austin Powers films (1997, 1999, 2002) use suspended animation to transport a 1960s spy character and arch villain to a future world, highlighting the contrast in their behavior and expectations.

In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, Steve Rogers and Bucky Barnes undergo suspended animation. Steve Rogers was frozen in the Arctic after World War II and the same happens with Bucky. Later, they wake up in the 21st century. Bucky is placed in suspended animation again in Wakanda following Captain America: Civil War (2016) until his recovery in Black Panther (2018).

In the 1943 movie serial Batman, the character Prince Daka uses suspended animation on a corpse to receive a message from Emperor Hirohito, featured in the chapter titled "The Living Corpse."

Television
On television, suspended animation has been featured in various shows since the 1960s. In the original Twilight Zone episode "The Rip Van Winkle Caper" (1961), a band of thieves utilizes suspended animation. The concept is prominently showcased in the opening episode of the 1965 space adventure series Lost in Space, where a family of space travelers undergoes suspended animation for a five and a half-year journey to the star Alpha Centauri. The original Star Trek series episode "Space Seed" (1967) involves the discovery of 72 humans adrift in space, preserved in a state of suspended animation, led by Khan Noonien Singh, portrayed by Ricardo Montalbán. Khan's character returns in the 1982 film Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, and a similar storyline is used in Star Trek Into Darkness (2013), with Benedict Cumberbatch as Khan. The 1970s television series Buck Rogers changed the origin story of its main character, depicting him as an astronaut frozen during a deep space mission for 500 years due to a life support system failure.

The 1973 TV movie Genesis II, created by Gene Roddenberry, shares a similar premise with Buck Rogers. It follows the story of NASA scientist Dylan Hunt, who volunteers for a suspended animation test but awakens in the year 2133 after an earthquake traps him underground. He emerges into a post-apocalyptic world.

In TV shows such as L.A. Law (1990), Picket Fences (1994), and Boston Legal (2005), producer David E. Kelley presents well-researched portrayals of cryonics. These shows depict dying individuals seeking the right to elective cryopreservation before death. Cryonics is also featured in an episode of Castle titled "Head Case," where the investigation is complicated by a cryonics company recovering the murder victim's body before the police can examine it.

In the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "The Neutral Zone" (1988), the protagonists criticize cryonics despite its success in their fictional world, considering it a primitive concept rooted in the fear of death. The comedy series Red Dwarf (1988) and Futurama (1999) use accidental long-term suspended animation as a plot device to transport contemporary characters into the distant future. The Australian series Silversun (2004) revolves around 550 people undergoing cryonic suspension for a 90-year journey to the planet Silversun. The Spanish soap opera Aurora (2010) centers around the theme of suspended animation, with the protagonist being frozen for 20 years before coming back to life and facing a changed world.

In Star Trek: Voyager, the crew encounters aliens who placed themselves in suspended animation to escape a solar flare in the episode "The Thaw" (1996). In the episode "One," the Voyager crew enters stasis pods to survive a radiation-filled nebula, while in "Dragon's Teeth" (1999), the crew revives a warlike alien race, the Vaadwaur, 900 years after their suspension.

The 1999 South Park episode "Prehistoric Ice Man" mocks the difficulties of adjusting to the future by depicting a man who was frozen for 32 months but struggles to adapt to the changes in fashion and music. Another South Park episode features Cartman freezing himself to wait for the release of the Nintendo Wii, only to end up far in the future.

In Doctor Who, Time Lords can voluntarily enter a suspended state, which allows brief survival without oxygen and may be mistaken for death. In the serial "Destiny of the Daleks," the Doctor's companion Romana enters suspended animation after being captured by the Daleks, enabling her to escape. The concept is central to the 1985 serial "Revelation of the Daleks," where suspended bodies are used to create a new race of Daleks.

The season finale for the first season of Clone High (2003), "Changes: You Got A Prom Wit Dat?", saw all the main characters cryogenically frozen in a freezer. The first episode of the series' second season/2023 revival saw most of the clones being thawed out with a hair dryer 20 years later, but they mistakenly believe that only a day has passed before being informed of the truth a few days later by their principal.

In the TV sitcom Mr. Meaty episode "Original Sin," the founder of the Mr. Meaty food chain cryogenically freezes himself in 1904 to continue his domination plan in the future. He is later thawed out by Josh and Parker, the show's protagonists.

In the TV series The 100, during season 5, a group of prisoners is awakened from cryopreservation after over 100 years. They had been in suspended animation while Earth was temporarily uninhabitable, serving their sentences aboard a ship mining asteroids.

Manga and anime
In the anime series Cowboy Bebop, one of the main characters, Faye Valentine, appears to be a young woman in her early twenties. However, she is actually around 77 years old. After a space shuttle accident, Faye was put into a cryogenic freeze for 54 years, which halted her aging process. When she awakens from cryogenic suspension, she finds herself in a world she doesn't understand, surrounded by people who claim to help her but take advantage of her vulnerability. She suffers from total amnesia, and even her real name and past remain a mystery. Throughout the series, her true identity and past are gradually revealed. Faye carries a significant amount of debt and has experienced betrayal, which has hardened her personality. It is hinted that she came from Singapore and belonged to a wealthy family. Memories and a video tape from her childhood show her living in a large mansion, and it is implied that her accident and cryogenic suspension were related to an orbital gate.

In the manga/anime InuYasha and its sequel InuYasha: The Final Act, the character Inuyasha, a half-demon, was sealed on the Sacred Tree of Ages for fifty years. The sealing arrow was fired by his lover, Priestess Kikyo, causing him to enter a deep sleep and preventing him from aging.

In the spinoff series Yashahime: Princess Half-Demon, which follows the events of InuYasha: The Final Act, Rin, an older character, is in a state of suspended animation and perpetual slumber within the Sacred Tree of Ages. This was done at the request of her demon lover, Sesshomaru, and she has remained in this state for a decade.

Video games

Suspended animation is a recurring concept in various video games. For example, in the Halo series, it is used to prevent aging during long interstellar voyages.

In the Portal series, the protagonist named Chell wakes up from suspended animation.

Fallout 4 features the main protagonist, known as the Sole Survivor, who undergoes suspended animation through cryosleep as part of a Vault-Tec experiment in Vault 111.

In Mass Effect: Andromeda, the main protagonist, Pathfinder Ryder, along with other passengers on arks, are placed in cryosleep for a 600-year journey to colonize the Andromeda Galaxy.

The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild revolves around the main protagonist, Link, who awakens from a century-long stasis without memories. This occurs after sustaining fatal injuries during the Great Calamity and being brought to the Shrine of Resurrection for healing. Princess Zelda, in the form of a disembodied voice, guides Link on his quest to regain his memories and defeat Calamity Ganon.

In the upcoming seventh installment of the Dead or Alive game series, fighters from books are said to be in frozen sleep and suspended animation for many years until they are revived in the present day.

The Outer Worlds features a main protagonist who is a space colonist placed in suspended animation during transportation to the Halcyon Colony. Due to unforeseen circumstances, the journey takes 70 years instead of the intended 10 years. The colony's scientists are unable to unfreeze the colonists due to their extended time in suspended animation. Resuscitation efforts by a rogue scientist aim to disrupt the control of the Halcyon Holdings Company and save the other colonists trapped in suspended animation.

Kirby and the Forgotten Land features an alien life-form dubbed specimen ID-F86 held in suspended animation within the Eternal Capsule at Lab Discovera after it was captured by the research team and an accident occurred that resulted in the alien splitting in two. One half, Fecto Forgo, was the one kept within the capsule while the other, Elfilin, escaped.

Perfect Dark in its final mission, Battle Shrine, the protagonist, Joanna Dark, recognizes that the Skedar aliens are in a state of suspended animation, and must be killed as a part of an objective.

In the Sonic the Hedgehog series, Shadow the Hedgehog is placed into suspended animation after being deemed as a threat by a military organization named the Guardian Units of Nations (G.U.N.). Fifty years later, during the events of Sonic Adventure 2, he is liberated from his stasis capsule by Doctor Eggman.

Music
Suspended animation and cryonics can sometimes play into music, typically in heavy metal.
The US thrash metal band Slayer has a song titled "Crionics" from their Show No Mercy album.
The Austrian death metal band Pungent Stench has a song titled "Suspended Animation" from their For God Your Soul... For Me Your Flesh album.

See also
 Immortality in fiction#Cryonics
 Sleeper ship
 Stasis (fiction)

References

Further reading

Fantasy tropes

Suspended animation in fiction


Melitaea trivia, the lesser spotted fritillary, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae, part of the sub-family Nymphalinae.

Distribution
It is found in the southern part of the Palearctic realm. In Europe it is sometimes called the desert fritillary, but this name also refers to the North African relative M. deserticola.

It was first described in 1775 by entomologists Michael Denis and Ignaz Schiffermüller under the basionym Papilio trivia.

Description
The wingspan is 15–23 mm. At first sight it is somewhat similar to Melitaea didyma but the black lunules before the margin united and the disc traversed by a strongly flexuose macular band, the hindwing with abundant, connected, black markings on the disc. The female with the ground-colour centrally more or less pale, especially on the forewing.

Biology
The larvae feed on Verbascum species.

Sub-species
 Melitaea trivia catapelia Staudinger, 1886
 Melitaea trivia caucasi Verity, 1922
 Melitaea trivia chorosana Shchetkin, 1984
 Melitaea trivia fascelis (Esper, 1783) – in the south of Europe
 Melitaea trivia ignasiti Sagarra, 1926 – in the Iberian Peninsula. This taxon tends to be considered as the distinct species : Melitaea ignasiti.
 Melitaea trivia nana Staudinger, 1871
 Melitaea trivia nativa Tuzov, 2000
 Melitaea trivia petri Shchetkin, 1984
 Melitaea trivia singularia Korshunov, 1995
 Melitaea trivia uvarovi Gorbunov, 1995

Common names
In German: Braunlicher Scheckenfalter
In French: Mélitée du bouillon-blanc
In English: Lesser Spotted Fritillary or Desert Fritillary

References

External links
Butterflies of Europe
 AdaMerOs-Butterflies of Turkey

Melitaea
Butterflies of Europe
Butterflies described in 1775

Melitaea trivia


HMS Ivanhoe was an  built for the Royal Navy in the mid-1930s. During the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939, the ship enforced the arms blockade imposed by Britain and France on both sides as part of the Mediterranean Fleet. Before the start of World War II, the ship was modified so that she could be used to lay mines by removing some of her armament. Ivanhoe was transferred to Western Approaches Command shortly after the war began and helped to sink one German submarine in October 1939. She was converted to a minelayer while undergoing a refit in November–December and laid minefields in German coastal waters as well as anti-submarine minefields off the British coast until she was reconverted back to her destroyer configuration in February 1940. Ivanhoe reverted to her minelaying role during the Norwegian Campaign in April 1940 and then laid a number of minefields off the Dutch coast during the Battle of the Netherlands in May. The ship participated in the Dunkirk evacuation until she was badly damaged by German aircraft on 1 June. On her first minelaying mission after her repairs were completed, she struck a German mine and had to be scuttled on 1 September 1940 during the Texel Disaster.

Description
The I-class ships were improved versions of the preceding H-class. They displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. The ships had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . They were powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by three Admiralty three-drum boilers. The turbines developed a total of  and were intended to give a maximum speed of . Ivanhoe only reached a speed of  from  during her sea trials. The ships carried enough fuel oil to give them a range of  at . Their crew numbered 145 officers and ratings.

The ships mounted four 4.7-inch (120 mm) Mark IX guns in single mounts, designated 'A', 'B', 'X' and 'Y' from bow to stern. For anti-aircraft (AA) defence, they had two quadruple mounts for the 0.5 inch Vickers Mark III machine gun. The I class was fitted with two above-water quintuple torpedo tube mounts for  torpedoes. One depth charge rack and two throwers were fitted; 16 depth charges were originally carried, but this increased to 35 shortly after the war began. Ivanhoe was one of the four I-class destroyers fitted with minelaying equipment in late 1938 – January 1939 at Malta. This consisted of mounts for rails on the deck on which to carry the mines and an electric winch to move the mines down the rails. A pair of sponsons were added to the stern to allow the mines to clear the propellers when dropped into the sea. 'A' and 'Y' guns and both sets of torpedo tubes were modified to allow them to be removed to compensate for the weight of the mines. The ships could carry a maximum of 72 mines. The I-class ships were fitted with the ASDIC sound detection system to locate submarines underwater.

Construction and career
The ship was ordered from Yarrow Shipbuilders at Scotstoun on 30 October 1935 under the 1935 Naval Programme. The ship was laid down on 12 February 1936 and launched on 11 February 1937 as the second Royal Navy warship to carry the name. Ivanhoe was completed on 24 August 1937 and cost £259,371 excluding items supplied by Admiralty such as guns and communications equipment. She was assigned to the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla of the Mediterranean Fleet upon commissioning and participated in training exercises with the French Navy in December through January 1938. The ship was forced to leave these exercises prematurely as she had problems with the tubes in her superheaters. These were replaced at Malta from 15 January–19 March. Afterwards, Ivanhoe was transferred to Gibraltar where she patrolled Spanish waters enforcing the policies of the Non-Intervention Committee until the end of the war. She was in Cartagena in February–March 1939 to protect British citizens and interests as foreigners, Republican troops and their supporters evacuated the city.

Ivanhoe was in transit between Alexandria and Malta when World War II began in September 1939, but she was in Plymouth on 14 September as the entire 3rd Destroyer Flotilla had been transferred to the Western Approaches Command for escort duties. Together with her sisters, , , and , the ship sank the  on 14 October. She was refitted at Sheerness Dockyard and converted to a minelayer from 14 November–13 December. Ivanhoe was transferred to the specialist minelaying 20th Destroyer Flotilla on 12 December and laid her first minefield, along with the other three ships of the flotilla, at the mouth of the Ems estuary on the night of 17/18 December. Another minefield was laid on the night of 2/3 January 1940 by Ivanhoe and Intrepid and they then laid a series of anti-submarine minefields later in the month. The ship replaced her guns and torpedo tubes at Portland from 27 January–3 February and resumed her former duties.

In early April, Ivanhoe and three other destroyer minelayers were escorted by the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla as they laid mines as part of Operation Wilfred, an operation to lay mines in the Vestfjord to prevent the shipment of Swedish iron ore from Narvik to Germany. The mines were laid on the early morning of 8 April, before the Germans began their invasion, and the destroyers joined the battlecruiser  and her escorts after they each successfully laid their 60 mines. The ship was present during, but played no significant part in, Renowns brief engagement off Lofoten with the German battleships  and  on 9 April. Later in the month, the ship carried troops of the 15th Infantry Brigade to Åndalsnes. Ivanhoe then loaded mines and laid a minefield in the approaches to Trondheim, together with Icarus and , on the night of 29/30 April.

After a boiler cleaning from 7–15 May, Ivanhoe, , and , laid 164 mines off the Hook of Holland on the night of 15/16 May. Three German minesweepers were later sunk by this minefield on 26 July. Three nights later, the same three ships, reinforced by Intrepid, Impulsive, and the auxiliary minelayer  laid a minefield off the Dutch coast. Princess Victoria struck a German mine on the voyage home and was sunk; the destroyers rescued the ship's survivors. They laid five more minefields off the Dutch coast before the end of the month. On 29 May, the ship was transferred to the Dunkirk evacuation effort and ferried 930 troops to Dover that day. She also took aboard the crew of the badly damaged destroyer  and then scuttled Grafton. She was withdrawn from the evacuation on 30 May as too valuable to risk, but this decision was reversed the following day and Ivanhoe evacuated 1,290 men to Dover. On the morning of 1 June, already having loaded troops, the ship was attacked off Dunkirk harbour by German aircraft. Two bombs missed to port and starboard, but the third detonated above the upper deck and flooded the two forward boiler rooms. The bomb killed 26, including five soldiers, and wounded many others. Most of the troops and wounded were taken off by the minesweeper  and the destroyer . No. 3 boiler room was still operable and the ship reached Dover under her own power.

Repairs at Sheerness lasted until 28 August and she was converted back into a minelayer at Immingham from 28–31 August as she was transferred back to the 20th Destroyer Flotilla. That night, she sailed with Intrepid, Icarus, Esk and Express to lay a minefield off the Dutch coast, north of Texel. Express hit a mine in a newly-laid German field that night and had her bow blown off. Ivanhoe closed to assist her and struck another mine shortly afterwards. The explosion knocked out her power for several hours, but the ship was able to raise steam by 01:45 on 1 September. She reached a speed of  while steaming backwards to lessen the stress on her damaged bow. However, about 04:00, either her propellers fell off or her propeller shafts fractured, and she lost all speed. Around 08:00, four motor torpedo boats arrived; three of these loaded all but 37 men of the ship's crew while the fourth stayed with the destroyer to recover the remaining crewmen. Ivanhoe continued to take on water and started to list. Early in the afternoon, she lost all power to her pumps and the captain ordered the ship abandoned after opening her valves to speed her sinking. Shortly afterwards, Ivanhoe was discovered and damaged by a German aircraft, but still did not sink. She had to be scuttled by a torpedo fired by the destroyer  later in the afternoon. The ship quickly sank afterwards at position .

Notes

References

I-class destroyers of the Royal Navy
Ships built on the River Clyde
1937 ships
World War II destroyers of the United Kingdom
World War II shipwrecks in the North Sea
Maritime incidents in September 1940
Ships sunk by mines

HMS Ivanhoe (D16)


The Potato riots in June–July 1917 was a popular uprising in the Dutch capital city Amsterdam that was caused by the food shortage in the Netherlands during World War I.

History

In the beginning of the 20th century, food was more within the reach of the workers. The First World War changed this. The Netherlands remained a neutral country, but experienced discomfort and hard circumstances. Imports and exports of goods stagnated. Bread and other food was rationed and soup kitchens sprang up. A bread ration was established in January 1917. On 28 June 1917, there was a shortage of potatoes. It became known in the neighborhoods of Amsterdam that there was a ship with potatoes in the Prinsengracht, but these were for the army. In order to feed their families, the working women of the Eastern Islands and the Czar Peter Neighborhood plundered the ship. According to the Councillor Josephus Jitta, there was no overall shortage of food as the workers had an extra supply of rice provided.

Rebellion

In the first week of July of that year, the unrest grew and the workers themselves also saw action. Warehouses and shops were looted. The police were powerless and the army acted. The revolt culminated in a battle on 5 July 1917, in which soldiers opened fire on a crowd that had gathered at the Haarlemmerplein. The revolt was beaten. There were nine dead and 114 people wounded.

Post 1917 food shortages

The food situation deteriorated further in 1918, the last year of the war. Many people lived on the brink of starvation and unemployment rose. The Spanish flu epidemic hit and killed thousands of people, weakened as they were by starvation. The armistice on 11 November 1918 came just in time for the Netherlands. For the workers another winter of hunger and cold was prevented, as well as an impending revolution.

References

External links
 Reference site
 An article in the NY Times

1917 in the Netherlands
1917 riots
Food riots
Riots and civil disorder in the Netherlands
July 1917 events

1917 Potato riots


Otis Ray McIntire (24August 19182February 1996) was an American engineer.  After graduating from the University of Kansas with a BSc degree in engineering in 1940, he went to work as a research engineer for The Dow Chemical Company. During World War II, when rubber was in short supply, McIntire's work focused on developing a rubber-like substance that could be used as a flexible insulator.  In an experiment, in which he combined styrene with isobutylene, he created a unique material that was solid yet flexible due to the tiny bubbles formed by isobutylene within the styrene.

McIntire had invented foam polystyrene, more commonly known by its brand name, Styrofoam, that was 30 times lighter and more flexible than solid polystyrene. It was also inexpensive and moisture resistant.

McIntire remained at The Dow Chemical Company for his entire career. He was promoted to research director, and later worked in the company's consumer and venture capital divisions. He retired in 1981 as Dow's director of technology and acquisition.

McIntire died in 1996 from interstitial fibrosis. In March 2008, McIntire was inducted to the National Inventors Hall of Fame.

References

1918 births
1996 deaths
Dow Chemical Company employees
People from Johnson County, Kansas
20th-century American inventors
University of Kansas alumni

Ray McIntire


Dong Xi (died 217), courtesy name Yuanshi, was a military general serving under the warlords Sun Ce and Sun Quan during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.

Service under Sun Ce
Dong Xi was from Yuyao County (餘姚縣), Kuaiji Commandery, which is present-day Yuyao, Zhejiang. He was eight chi tall (approximately 184–190 cm) and was described to be ambitious, generous and highly skilled in combat. In 196, after Sun Ce occupied Kuaiji during his conquests in the Jiangdong region, Dong Xi welcomed him at Gaoqian Village (高遷亭). Sun Ce was impressed with Dong Xi at first sight and recruited the latter to serve him. Dong Xi became a Chief Constable (賊曹) under Sun Ce. At the time, the bandits Huang Longluo (黃龍羅) and Zhou Bo (周勃) had gathered thousands of followers in Shanyin (山陰; in present-day Shaoxing, Zhejiang). Sun Ce led his army to attack the bandits. Dong Xi participated in the campaign and slew the two bandit chiefs in the midst of battle. For his achievements, he was promoted to Major of Separate Command (別部司馬), placed in charge of thousands of troops, and appointed as Commandant Who Spreads Martial Might (揚武都尉). He also joined Sun Ce in the campaigns against Liu Xun at Xunyang (尋陽) and Huang Zu at Jiangxia Commandery (江夏郡; around present-day Xinzhou District, Wuhan, Hubei).

After Sun Ce was assassinated in 200 CE, Lady Wu (the mother of Sun Ce and Sun Quan) was worried that Sun Quan, who had succeeded his elder brother, would be too young to handle the precarious situation in Jiangdong. She consulted Dong Xi about her concerns, and Dong reassured her by saying, "The lands in Jiangdong enjoy natural barriers from mountains and rivers, while the good government and virtue of Sun Ce have already won the hearts of the people. The young lord can build on these foundations so that everyone can follow his commands. Zhang Zhao can take charge of internal affairs, while others like me can serve as 'claws and teeth' (a euphemism for military servicemen). With both geographical advantage and popular support, there is certainly nothing to worry about." His positive speech was applauded by many.

Service under Sun Quan
Once, Peng Hu (彭虎) from Poyang (鄱陽) rallied thousands of followers and started a rebellion against Sun Quan. Dong Xi, along with Ling Tong, Bu Zhi and Jiang Qin, led separate forces to attack the rebels. Dong Xi knocked down all opposition in his way, and Peng Hu fled when he recognised Dong's banner from a distance away. The revolt was suppressed within 10 days. Dong Xi was appointed as Colonel of Surpassing Might (威越校尉) and was later promoted to Lieutenant-General (偏將軍) for his efforts.

In 208, Sun Quan launched a punitive expedition against Huang Zu to avenge his father, who was killed in a battle against Huang around 17 years ago, leading to the Battle of Jiangxia. After losing his vanguard commander to Ling Tong, Huang Zu scuttled two mengchongs to block the channel across Miankou (沔口), and had a long rope made of coir-palm fibre secured across the gateway, with stones attached to the rope as anchors. In addition to all these defensive measures, Huang Zu also stationed more than 1,000 crossbowmen at Miankou, who rained arrows upon Sun Quan's forces when the latter attempted to push further. Dong Xi and Ling Tong were both commanders of Sun Quan's vanguard force. Each of them led 100 "commandos" wearing two layers of armour, boarded a large boat, and charged towards Huang Zu's mengchongs. Dong Xi managed to cut the rope with his sword and clear the blockade. The bulk of Sun Quan's army then resumed its advance. Huang Zu escaped through a gate but was pursued and killed by one of Sun Quan's horsemen. The following day, Sun Quan held a banquet to celebrate the victory, during which he toasted to Dong Xi, "The purpose of today's feast is to honour the person who cut the rope!"

In 217, when the warlord Cao Cao led an army to attack Sun Quan's fortress at Ruxu (濡須), Dong Xi accompanied Sun Quan to the frontline to resist the invaders. Dong Xi was appointed as the captain of a five-storey warship (五樓船) and ordered to defend the entrance to Ruxu. One night, a heavy storm broke out and threatened to capsize the warship. Dong Xi's subordinates evacuated the warship and boarded the smaller boats (走舸; zouges) and pleaded for him to join them. However, Dong Xi replied sternly, "I've received orders to defend this position from the enemy. How can I abandon my post like this? Anyone who dares to speak of this again will be executed!" He then remained alone on the ship, which eventually sank and brought him down as well. Sun Quan donned mourning attire and personally attended Dong Xi's funeral. He later gave out heavy rewards to Dong Xi's family to honour Dong's loyalty and courage.

See also
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

Notes

References

 Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).

 Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).

2nd-century births
Year of birth unknown
217 deaths
People from Ningbo
Generals under Sun Quan
Han dynasty people killed in battle

Dong Xi


A cryptographic key is called static if it is intended for use for a relatively long period of time and is typically intended for use in many instances of a cryptographic key establishment scheme. Contrast with an ephemeral key.

See also
 Cryptographic key types
 Recommendation for Key Management — Part 1: general,
 NIST Cryptographic Toolkit

Key management

Static key


Pepesuchus is an extinct genus of carnivorous metasuchian from the Late Cretaceous period. It is a peirosaurid which lived during the Campanian and Maastrichtian stages of the Late Cretaceous in what is now state of São Paulo, Brazil. It was a semiaquatic crocodylomorph.

Etymology
Pepesuchus was named by Diogenes A. Campos, Gustavo R. Oliveira, Rodrigo G. Figueiredo, Douglas Riff, Sergio A.K. Azevedo, Luciana B. Carvalho and Alexander W.A. Kellner in 2011 and the type species is Pepesuchus deiseae. The generic name honours Professor José Martin Suárez (known by his colleagues as "Pepe"), and "suchus", from Greek meaning crocodile. The specific name honours the paleontologist Deise Dias Rêgo Henriques.

Description
Pepesuchus is known from the holotype MN 7005-V, which consists of nearly complete skeleton and skull, and from the paratype MCT 1788-R, a nearly complete skull and lower jaw likely from the same locality of the holotype. The specimens were recovered from the Presidente Prudente Formation of the Bauru Group of the northern Paraná Basin, between the cities of Pirapozinho and Presidente Prudente. In 2019, new fossil material from the Adamantina Formation was described.

The skull of Pepesuchus is roughly triangular when viewed from above and is covered in small pits. The jaws are lined with many small pointed teeth. Like other sebecians, Pepesuchus has ziphodont teeth that are laterally compressed and serrated. 17 teeth are present in each maxilla, the most of any sebecian after Stolokrosuchus. There are also numerous dentary teeth in the lower jaw, with the foremost ones directed in a slight forward position. The snout of Pepesuchus is somewhat wider than those of other peirosaurids and has a slight upward curve.

Classification
Pepesuchus is united with the peirosaurids Peirosaurus, Lomasuchus, and Uberabasuchus on the basis of several shared characteristics. Among these features are five premaxillary teeth with the first two positioned close together and the oval-shaped cross-section of the jugal bone that makes up the lower temporal bar underneath the eye sockets. Pepesuchus also has a ridge on the maxillary shelf of the palate, a feature it shares with all members of the larger clade Sebecia (which includes peirosaurids and the related family Sebecidae).

References

Bibliography

External links

Terrestrial crocodylomorphs
Campanian life
Maastrichtian life
Late Cretaceous crocodylomorphs of South America
Cretaceous Brazil
Fossils of Brazil
Paraná Basin
Adamantina Formation
Fossil taxa described in 2011
Taxa named by Alexander Kellner
Prehistoric pseudosuchian genera

Pepesuchus


LT United were a Lithuanian music group created in 2006 for the sole purpose of representing Lithuania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006. The group entered the Lithuanian pre-selection event with the song "We Are the Winners", winning with almost twice as many votes as the runners-up, and finished 6th in the Eurovision Song Contest final with 162 points.

History
LT United were created in early 2006 after the well-known Lithuanian rock musician Andrius Mamontovas decided it would be a good idea to enter the Eurovision Song Contest. The group consisted of six individuals who were already well known in Lithuania, with all six having some form of musical or television background. Along with Mamontovas, the other members were Marijonas Mikutavičius, Victor Diawara, Saulius Urbonavičius, Arnoldas Lukošius and Eimantas Belickas. Before joining LT United, Diawara had already represented Lithuania in the contest, finishing 13th in 2001 (see Eurovision Song Contest 2001) as part of Skamp. The group were described by Mamontovas on LT United's official website as "the musical equivalent of [a] national basketball team".

The group entered the Lithuanian pre-selection contest, dominating the scoring and receiving 32,669 points - almost double that of the second-placed Inculto. After performing the song, the Lithuanian President Valdas Adamkus invited the group to perform at Lithuania's Independence Day. The group also became the Lithuanian ambassadors for the United Nations' "Time To Help The Others" world development programme.

The music video for the song was released for public viewing on 23 March 2006 and was directed by Donatas Ulvydas. The video consisted of clips from their pre-selection performance, along with archive footage of the six members. The press release that accompanied the video stated that the use of archive material was to "prove the experience of each LT United member". The video received a large amount of airplay in Lithuania from March until the time of the contest in late May.

Prior to the Eurovision Song Contest semi-finals, LT United refused to perform the song, deciding to wait until the semi-final itself (although a rehearsal performance was released on their official website just before it). The group also contacted radio stations across Europe to request the song be removed from playlists until 22 May (the day after the final).  Despite this, the song became well known among those following the contest, with some annoyed at the lyrics (the statement "We are the winners, of Eurovision" appears 15 times). Some felt the song was egotistical, although most considered the song tongue-in-cheek. When they appeared in the semi-final, there was some booing before  and after their performance.

Despite that, their stage act (including Arnoldas Lukošius' manic dancing and Saulius Urbonavičius singing into a megaphone) helped the song to score 163 points, which proved to be enough to finish 5th in the semi-final. When their qualification was announced, loud boos were heard from the crowd.

Their final performance did not differ much from that in the semi-final, and despite (less prominent) booing from the crowd present in Athens, LT United managed to finish 6th with 162 points (with big points from the English-speaking countries of Ireland and the United Kingdom, along with their Baltic neighbours of Latvia and Estonia as well as from Iceland). This is Lithuania's best contest finish to date (beating their aforementioned 2001 entrants Skamp by seven places). During the final, BBC commentator Terry Wogan likened Lukošius to the British comedian Harry Hill. Contest winners Lordi jokingly quoted the song's title in the post-final press conference.

After the contest, LT United released "We Are The Winners" as a single (on the M.P.3 label), with a World Cup 2006 version of the song also included on the release despite Lithuania having never qualified for the World Cup. In two weeks the single sold around 3,000 copies in Lithuania and thus went gold. Eventually the single became platinum after selling 5,000 copies in Lithuania. It reached No. 14 on the Finland singles chart, where it was released by Magnum Music.

Robbie Williams performed the song at a concert in the Belgian capital Brussels, after he made jokes about the contest and their song in particular.

On 11 March 2022, the group reunited on an annual awards ceremony Lietuvos Garbė, where they performed a remix of "We Are The Winners", titled "You Are The Winners, Ukraina", in support of Ukraine during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

References

External links

 LT United's official Myspace profile

Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Lithuania
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2006
Lithuanian pop music groups

LT United


Lalita  is one of the nine principal gopis within traditional Gaudiya Vaishnava worship of Radha and Krishna within the Hindu religion.

Of the eight Varistha Gopis, Astasakhis, Lalita is the foremost. She is a friend of the Divine Couple, Sri Sri Radha Krishna. Her age is 14 years, 8 months and 27 days. She is the oldest of Krishna's gopi friends. Lalita resides in Yavat and is famous as Radha's constant companion. She is the personification of Khandita Bhava and the leader of the parama-prema sakis. Her kunja, the color of lightning, is the largest and is situated on the North side of Vrindavan. The personified seasons take eternally personal care of the kunja. Shaped like an 8 petal lotus, it expands and contracts when needed. Lalitadevi instructs and directs all the sakis and is an expert in the tactics of union and separation in the matter of prema. Lalitadevi is known for her contradictory and hot tempered nature (vama-prakhara). Her complexion is the color of gorochana (bright yellow pigment prepared from the urine of a cow) and her garments are the brilliant colors of peacock tail feathers.

Rupa manjari (Rupa Goswami) is the assistant and follower of Lalita-sakhi; thus all who consider themselves as Rupanuga bhaktas (followers of Rupa Goswami) are ultimately the servants of Lalita Devi and thus through the media of the parampara should always be longing to engage in the service of her lotus feet. When the day comes at which we are given the opportunity to serve her, she will engage us in the intimate loving service of Sri Sri Radha-Krishna according to
our heart's desire (Radha-Krishna-ganoddesa-dipika).

Among the Gopikas

Within Vaishnava theology and Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition, Lalita is amongst the eight principle Gopis, known as 'Sakhis' or friends of Srimati Radharani, Lord Krishna's highest loving consort. Her mother is Saradi and her father is Vishoka. Her husband is Sri Krishna

She tends to side with Srimati Radharani during disputes between Lord Krishna and Radharani. She is renowned for her "mana", or pure loving anger. Among the Gopis, Lalita and Vishaka are considered to be the foremost.

Along with Mohan (Krishna) Lalitadevi had 68 tirthas (holy places) to visit in her kunda and free everyone from the six types of hatya (murder): bhroona-hatya (abortion), krimi-hatya (killing of worms and insects), go-hatya (cow slaughter), brahma-hatya (killing of brahmans), svana-hatya, atma-hatya (suicide).

This pastime was in preparation for the appearance of Radha Kunda, which took place when Krishna killed Aristasura (a demon in the shape of a bull). After Krishna killed Arista, he visited Lalita Kunda to free himself of the sin of gohatya. The internal reason was that he wanted to associate with Srimati Radharani and to enjoy the pastime of creating their kundas (Radha Kunda and Shyama Kunda). To attain Radharani's association, he had to first please and receive help from Lalitadevi, the friend and guardian of Srimati Radharani. Even Lord Krishna must approach Lalitadevi first and by her blessings have his desire fulfilled.

When Krishna met Radharani that night, she told him that due to his having killed a bull, he would have to bathe in all the holy places first to become purified. Krishna informed her that he had bathed in Lalita's kunda, which purified one of the six kinds of murder due to the presence of the major tirthas. Radharani's sakhis challenged him that they did not see, feel or hear those tirthas in Lalita's kunda so how could they possibly accept. Then Krishna visited all the holy places in person and had them introduce themselves before entering into his kunda, so that later the gopi girls could not challenge Him. When Lalita saw this, she took some of the waters of Radha-kunda and Shyama-kunda and poured them into her own kunda, after which the water of Shyama-kunda burst through the embankment to mingle with the water of Lalita-kunda in divine union.

Special talents
 Leader of all the sakhis of Srimati Radharani
 Magnanimous like her father
 Instigator of most pastimes
 Always displays contrariness to Krishna's suggestions
 Frequently becomes angry and speaks outrageously insolent retorts to increase the intensity of love between Radha and Krishna.
 Composing and understanding riddles
 Fashioning things with flowers including awnings, dancing arenas, umbrellas, couches, bowers
 Performing magic tricks and juggling.

Mantra

Lalita's mantra is: namo pataka-vighna-aghnau jay shri krishan
lalita-mohanau subhau
snapaye-ham vimoksaya
kundau nira-manoharau  (Skanda Purana)

I offer my obeisances to Sri Lalita Kunda who is most beautiful with
sparkling water, who grants liberation to the bather, who is most auspicious manifestation of Lalita Devi's love for Sri Krishna and who destroys all the obstacles on the path of pure devotional service.

In the same way Radha-kunda and Shyama-kunda are the same as Radha Krishna, so Lalita's kunda is her liquid form. Lalita-kunda is all merciful and by coming in contact with her water, bowing down to offer prayers and remembering her, the supplicant can attain the mercy of Radha-kunda and find an eternal residence close to her.

See also
Meera - devotee who declared herself Lalita's reincarnation
Bhakti
Rasa lila
Vrindavan

References

2. Rādhā-kṛṣṇa-gaṇoddeśa-dīpikā; Rūpa Gosvāmī.

Further reading
Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend () by Anna Dhallapiccola

External links
The Lalita-astakam of Rupa Goswami

Religion in Uttar Pradesh

Lalita (gopi)