Artigas Department (, ) is the northernmost department of Uruguay, located in its northwestern region. Its capital is the city of Artigas, which borders on the Brazilian city of Quaraí. Artigas Department has an area of , making it the fifth largest in the country. The population is 73,378 inhabitants, according to the 2011 census.

It is bordered on the north and east by Brazil, from which it is separated by the Cuareim River. To the south, Artigas Department borders on Salto Department, and to the west is Argentina, from which it is separated by the Uruguay River. Artigas is the only Uruguayan department that borders two other countries.

The department and its capital city are named after José Gervasio Artigas (1764–1850), leader of the Orientales (inhabitants of the Banda Oriental, the Eastern bank of the Uruguay River) during Uruguay's wars of independence.

History

Owner region of a prehistoric past which later became "no man's land" between the Spanish and Portuguese empires. The initial indigenous predominance (chanás-charrúas-Guarani) was displaced by the native settlement and subsequent colonies of immigrants.

Artigas department was created by law on 1 October 1884, on territory previously belonged to the department of Salto; from that date it is designated to Villa de San Eugenio as capital, which in 1915 passed to the category of city with the name of Artigas, capital of the department with the same name in tribute to the national hero of Uruguay José Gervasio Artigas. He was linked to the fact Colonel Carlos Lecueder, first politician and police chief Artigas.

Its capital Artigas comes at the end of the "Guerra Grande" in order to consolidate the borders with Brazil, with the name of San Eugenio del Cuareim. It was founded on September 12, 1852 by Don Carlos Catala, choosing as the best site located on the banks of the Cuareim River opposite the Villa San Juan Bautista on the other side of the river, which was a military settlement that was then transformed into what is today the city of Quaraí.

A city named Santa Rosa del Cuareim, now known as Bella Unión, was founded by Fructuoso Rivera and Guarani refugees after the Eastern Missions campaign against Brazil in 1829 (see: Thirty-Three Orientals). After winning the allies Colorados Brazil national in 1852, territory north of Cuareim was yielded to Brazil which prompted an evacuation of the population. It was re-founded in 1853 under the name of Santa Rosa de la Bella Unión Quareim. In 1929, the national government to mark the centenary of the campaign of Missions, sent a bill to the Senate, which established the name Bella Unión, which for that time was a villa.

Geography

Two portions of the department's border with Brazil are disputed (Isla Brasilera or Brazilian Island near Bella Unión, and an area called Rincón de Artigas near Masoller), but unlike many border disputes between Latin American countries, this issue has not strained Uruguay's relations with Brazil, which remain friendly.

Two main geostructural regions can be found inside Artigas' limits:
The central and eastern area, which includes a basaltic cuesta, and some sedimentary plains near the Cuareim River. Also found in the region are some hill ranges, such as Cuchilla de Belén.
The western area, which consists of a narrow alluvial plain.

Artigas Department's average temperature is the highest in the whole country (over 19 °C or 66 °F, and may go as high as 47 °C or 116 °F during the summer months). So are its precipitation levels (up to an annual average of 1400 mm).

Economy

The unique climatic conditions of Artigas has made possible the development of an important agro-industrial centre around the city of Bella Unión. Several crops are planted, namely fruits and vegetables, sugar cane, and rice. In the rest of the department, the main economic activity is livestock raising.

Semi-precious gemstones, such as agates and amethysts, are also found in the department, and an entire industry has risen up around their extraction and manufacturing, especially near the capital city of Artigas.

The largest amethyst geode worldwide was discovered in Artigas in 2007, called the Empress of Uruguay. It stands at a height of 3.27 meters and weighs 2.5 tons. It is currently on display at The Crystal Caves museum in Atherton, Queensland, Australia.

The proximity of the department to Brazil has made it possible for an important flow of trade to be established here, but unfortunately this is generally unfavorable to Uruguayan economic interests. Nevertheless, this partially compensates for the fact that the per capita income is the lowest of the country, and the percentage of households in poverty is the highest in the country (13.19% of the inhabitants).

Demographics

As of the census of 2011, the Artigas Department had a population of 73,378 (36,079 male and 37,299 female) and 26,231 households.

Demographic data for Artigas Department in 2010:
Population growth rate: -0,006%
Birth Rate: 15.48 births/1,000 people
Death Rate: 7.05 deaths/1,000 people
Average age: 28.2 (27.2 male, 29.2 female)
Life Expectancy at Birth:
Total population: 75.43 years
Male; 72.03 years
Female: 79.35 years
Average per household income: 19,273 pesos/month
Urban per capita income: 6,994 pesos/month
2010 Data Source:

Rural population
According to the 2011 census, Artigas department has a rural population of 3,524.

See also
 List of populated places in Uruguay#Artigas Department
 Uruguayan-Brazilian border dispute
 Highly detailed map of Artigas Department (2405×1949px)showing all populated places and full geographic details.See full size version in Commons.

Bibliography

References

External links

INE map of Artigas Department
Nuestra Terra, Colección Los Departamentos, Vol.17 "Artigas"

Departments of Uruguay
States and territories established in 1884
1884 establishments in Uruguay

Artigas Department


Paul Celan (; ), born Paul Antschel, (23 November 1920 – c. 20 April 1970) was a Romanian poet and translator, regarded as one of the major German-language poets of the post-World War II era. His poetry is characterized by a complicated and cryptic style that deviates from poetic conventions.

Life

Early life
Celan was born into a German-speaking Jewish family in Cernăuți, Bukovina, a region then part of Romania and earlier part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (when his birthplace was known as Czernowitz). His first home was in the Wassilkogasse in Cernăuți. His father, Leo Antschel, was a Zionist who advocated his son's education in Hebrew at the Jewish school Safah Ivriah (meaning the Hebrew language). Celan's mother, Fritzi, was an avid reader of German literature who insisted German be the language of the house. In his teens, Celan became active in Jewish Socialist organizations and fostered support for the Republican cause in the Spanish Civil War. His earliest known poem is titled Mother's Day 1938.

Paul attended the Liceul Ortodox de Băieți No. 1 (Boys' Orthodox Secondary School No. 1) from 1930 until 1935, Liceul de Băieți No. 2 în Cernăuți (Boys' Secondary School No. 2 in Cernăuți) from 1935 to 1936, followed by the Liceul Marele Voievod Mihai (Great Prince Mihai Preparatory School, now Chernivtsi School No. 5), where he studied from 1936 until graduating in 1938. At this time Celan secretly began to write poetry.

In 1938, Celan traveled to Tours, France, to study medicine; the Anschluss precluded his study in Vienna, and Romanian schools were harder to get into due to the newly imposed Jewish quota. His journey to France took him through Berlin as the events of Kristallnacht unfolded, and also introduced him to his uncle, Bruno Schrager, who was later among the French detainees murdered at Birkenau. Celan returned to Cernăuți in 1939 to study literature and Romance languages.

Life during World War II
Following the Soviet occupation of Bukovina in June 1940, deportations to Siberia started. A year later, following the reconquest by Romania, Nazi Germany and the then-fascist Romanian regime brought ghettos, internment, and forced labour (see Romania in World War II).

On arrival in Cernăuți in July 1941, the German SS Einsatzkommando and their Romanian allies set the city's Great Synagogue on fire. In October, the Romanians deported a large number of Jews after forcing them into a ghetto, where Celan translated Shakespeare's sonnets and continued to write his own poetry. Before the ghetto was dissolved in the fall of that year, Celan was pressed into labor, first clearing the debris of a demolished post office, and then gathering and destroying Russian books.

The local mayor, Traian Popovici, strove to mitigate the harsh circumstances, until the governor of Bukovina had the Jews rounded up and deported, starting on a Saturday night in June 1942. Celan hoped to convince his parents to leave the country so as to escape certain persecution. While Celan was away from home, on 21 June 1942, his parents were taken from their home and sent by train to an internment camp in Transnistria Governorate, where two-thirds of the deportees eventually perished. Celan's father likely perished of typhus and his mother was shot after being exhausted by forced labour. Later that year, after being taken to a labour camp in Romania, Celan would receive reports of his parents' deaths.

Celan remained imprisoned in a work camp until February 1944, when the Red Army's advance forced the Romanians to abandon the camps, whereupon he returned to Cernăuți shortly before the Soviets returned. There, he worked briefly as a nurse in the mental hospital. Friends from this period recall Celan expressing immense guilt over his separation from his parents, whom he had tried to convince to go into hiding prior to the deportations, shortly before their deaths.

Life after the war
Considering emigration to Palestine, Celan left Cernăuți in 1945 for Bucharest, where he remained until 1947. He was active in the Jewish literary community as both a translator of Russian literature into Romanian, and as a poet, publishing his work under a variety of pseudonyms. The literary scene of the time was richly populated with surrealists, such as Gellu Naum, Ilarie Voronca, Gherasim Luca, Paul Păun, and Dolfi Trost. It was in this period that Celan developed pseudonyms both for himself and his friends, including the one he took as his pen name. He also met with the poets Rose Ausländer and , elements of whose works he would reuse in his poem "Todesfuge", which appeared as "" ("Death Tango") in a Romanian translation of May 1947.

Emigration and Paris years
Upon the emergence of the communist regime in Romania, Celan fled Romania for Vienna, Austria. It was there that he befriended Ingeborg Bachmann, who had just completed a dissertation on Martin Heidegger. Facing a city divided between occupying powers and with little resemblance to the mythic capital it once was, which had harboured the (now) shattered Austro-Hungarian Jewish community, he moved to Paris in 1948. In that year his first poetry collection, Der Sand aus den Urnen ("Sand from the Urns"), was published in Vienna by A. Sexl. His first few years in Paris were marked by intense feelings of loneliness and isolation, as expressed in letters to his colleagues, including his longtime friend from Cernăuți, Petre Solomon. It was also during this time that he exchanged many letters with Diet Kloos, a young Dutch singer and anti-Nazi resister who saw her husband of a few months tortured to death. She visited Celan twice in Paris between 1949 and 1951.

In 1952, Celan's writing began to gain recognition when he read his poetry on his first reading trip to Germany where he was invited to read at the semiannual meetings of Group 47. At their May meeting he read his poem Todesfuge ("Death Fugue"), a depiction of concentration camp life. When Ingeborg Bachmann, with whom Celan had an affair, won the group's prize for her collection  (The Extended Hours), Celan (whose work had received only six votes) said "After the meeting, only six people remembered my name". He did not attend any other meeting of the group.

In November 1951, he met the graphic artist Gisèle Lestrange, in Paris. He sent her many love letters, influenced by Franz Kafka's correspondence with Milena Jesenská and Felice Bauer. They married on 21 December 1952, despite the opposition of her aristocratic family. During the following 18 years they wrote over 700 letters; amongst the active correspondents of Celan were Hermann Lenz and his wife, Hanne. He made his living as a translator and lecturer in German at the École normale supérieure. He was a close friend of Nelly Sachs, who later won the Nobel Prize for literature.

Celan became a French citizen in 1955 and lived in Paris. Celan's sense of persecution increased after the widow of a friend, the French-German poet Yvan Goll, unjustly accused him of having plagiarised her husband's work. Celan was awarded the Bremen Literature Prize in 1958 and the Georg Büchner Prize in 1960.

Celan drowned himself in the river Seine in Paris around 20 April 1970.

Poetic style
In addition to writing poetry (in German and, earlier, in Romanian), he was an extremely active translator and polyglot, translating literature from Romanian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Russian, Hebrew, and English into German. Meanwhile, Celan's own poetry became progressively more cryptic, fractured and monosyllabic, often deviating from conventional poetic meter and verse structures. He created and used German neologisms, especially in his later works Fadensonnen ("Threadsuns") and Lichtzwang. Celan has been seen as attempting either to destroy or remake the German language in his poetry, using it to convey dense imagery and subjective experiences; he described this stance in a letter to his wife, Gisèle Lestrange as feeling as though "the German I talk is not the same as the language the German people are talking here".

The death of his parents and the trauma of the Holocaust are regarded by scholars as being defining forces in Celan's poetry and his use of language. In his Bremen Prize speech, Celan said of language after Auschwitz that:

Celan also said: "There is nothing in the world for which a poet will give up writing, not even when he is a Jew and the language of his poems is German."

"Todesfuge" may have drawn some key motifs from the poem "ER" by , another Czernovitz poet. The characters of Margarete and Sulamith, with their respectively golden and ashen hair, can be interpreted as a reflection of Celan's Jewish-German culture, while the blue-eyed "Master from Germany" embodies German Nazism.

Awards
 Bremen Literature Prize 1958
 Georg Büchner Prize 1960

Significance
Philosophers including Maurice Blanchot, Jacques Derrida and Hans-Georg Gadamer devoted at least one of their books to the poetics of Celan's work. He has been regarded, alongside Goethe, Hölderlin and Rilke, as one of the most significant German poets, and a contributor to the advancement of German-language poetry. Despite the difficulty of his work, his poetry is thoroughly researched, with the total number of scholarly papers numbering in the thousands.

In film

The Dreamed Ones (Die Geträumten; 2016), is a feature film based on the almost 20-year correspondence between Celan and poet Ingeborg Bachmann. It was directed by Ruth Beckermann, and won several awards.

Bibliography

In German
 Der Sand aus den Urnen (The Sand from the Urns, 1948)
 Mohn und Gedächtnis (Poppy and Destiny, 1952)
 Von Schwelle zu Schwelle (From Threshold to Threshold, 1955)
 Sprachgitter (Speechwicket / Speech Grille, 1959)
 Die Niemandsrose (The No-One's-Rose, 1963)
 Atemwende (Breathturn, 1967)
 Fadensonnen (Threadsuns / Twinesuns / Fathomsuns, 1968)
 Lichtzwang (Lightduress / Light-Compulsion, 1970)
 Schneepart (Snow Part [posthumous], 1971)
 Zeitgehöft (Timestead / Homestead of Time [posthumous], 1976)

Translations

Celan's poetry has been translated into English, with many of the volumes being bilingual. The most comprehensive collections are from John Felstiner, Pierre Joris, and Michael Hamburger, who revised his translations of Celan over a period of two decades. Susan H. Gillespie and Ian Fairley have released English translations.

Joris has also translated Celan's German poems into French:
 "Speech-Grille" and Selected Poems, translated by Joachim Neugroschel (1971)
 Nineteen Poems by Paul Celan, translated by Michael Hamburger (1972)
 Paul Celan, 65 Poems, translated by Brian Lynch and Peter Jankowsky (1985)
 Last Poems, translated by Katharine Washburn and Margret Guillemin (1986)
 Collected Prose, edited by Rosmarie Waldrop (1986)
 Atemwende/Breathturn, translated by Pierre Joris (1995)
 Paul Celan, Nelly Sachs: Correspondence, translated by Christopher Clark, edited with an introduction by John Felstiner (1998)
 Glottal Stop: 101 Poems, translated by Nikolai B. Popov and Heather McHugh (2000) (winner of the 2001 International Griffin Poetry Prize)

 Poems of Paul Celan: A Bilingual German/English Edition, Revised Edition, translated by Michael Hamburger (2001)
 Fathomsuns/Fadensonnen and Benighted/Eingedunkelt, translated by Ian Fairley (2001)
 Romanian Poems, translated by Julian Semilian and Sanda Agalidi (2003)
 Paul Celan: Selections, edited and with an introduction by Pierre Joris (2005)
 Lichtzwang/Lightduress, translated and with an introduction by Pierre Joris, a bilingual edition (Green Integer, 2005)
 Snow Part, translated by Ian Fairley (2007)
 From Threshold to Threshold, translated by David Young (2010)
 Paul Celan, Ingeborg Bachmann: Correspondence, translated by Wieland Hoban (2010)
 The Correspondence of Paul Celan and Ilana Shmueli, translated by Susan H. Gillespie with a preface by John Felstiner (2011)
 The Meridian: Final Version – Drafts – Materials, edited by Bernhard Böschenstein and Heino Schmull, translated by Pierre Joris (2011)
 Corona: Selected Poems of Paul Celan, translated by Susan H. Gillespie (Station Hill of Barrytown, 2013)
Breathturn into Timestead: The Collected Later Poetry: A Bilingual Edition, translated by Pierre Joris (2015)
 Something is still present and isn't, of what's gone. A bilingual anthology of avant-garde and avant-garde inspired Rumanian poetry, (translated by Victor Pambuccian), Aracne editrice, Rome, 2018.
Microliths They Are, Little Stones: Posthumous Prose, translated by Pierre Joris (2020)
Memory Rose Into Threshold Speech: The Collected Earlier Poetry, A Bilingual Edition, translated by Pierre Joris (2020)

In Romanian
 , Andrei Corbea Hoișie

Bilingual
 Paul Celan. /, editor Andrei Corbea Hoișie
 Schneepart / Snøpart. Translated 2012 to Norwegian by Anders Bærheim and Cornelia Simon

Writers translated by Celan

 Guillaume Apollinaire
 Tudor Arghezi
 Antonin Artaud
 Charles Baudelaire
 Alexander Blok
 André Breton
 Jean Cayrol
 Aimé Césaire
 René Char
 Emil Cioran
 Jean Daive
 Robert Desnos
 Emily Dickinson
 John Donne
 André du Bouchet
 Jacques Dupin
 Paul Éluard
 Robert Frost
 Clement Greenberg
 A. E. Housman
 Velimir Khlebnikov
 Maurice Maeterlinck
 Stéphane Mallarmé
 Osip Mandelstam
 Andrew Marvell
 Henri Michaux
 Marianne Moore
 Gellu Naum
 Gérard de Nerval

 Benjamin Péret
 Fernando Pessoa
 Pablo Picasso
 Arthur Rimbaud

 William Shakespeare
 Georges Simenon
 Jules Supervielle

 Giuseppe Ungaretti
 Paul Valéry
 Sergei Yesenin
 Yevgeny Yevtushenko

About translations
About translating David Rokeah from Hebrew, Celan wrote: "David Rokeah was here for two days, I have translated two poems for him, mediocre stuff, and given him comments on other German translation, suggested improvements ... I was glad, probably in the wrong place, to be able to decipher and translate a Hebrew text."

Biographies
 Paul Celan: A Biography of His Youth Israel Chalfen, intro. John Felstiner, trans. Maximilian Bleyleben (New York: Persea Books, 1991)
 Paul Celan: Poet, Survivor, Jew, John Felstiner (Yale University Press, 1995)

Selected criticism
 Word Traces, Aris Fioretos (ed.), includes contributions by Jacques Derrida, Werner Hamacher, and Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe (1994)
 Gadamer on Celan: 'Who Am I and Who Are You?' and Other Essays, Hans-Georg Gadamer (trans.) and Richard Heinemann and Bruce Krajewski (eds.) (1997)
 Poetry as Experience Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, Andrea Tarnowski (trans.) (1999)
 Economy of the Unlost: Reading Simonides of Keos with Paul Celan, Carson, Anne. Princeton: Princeton University Press (1999)
 Zur Poetik Paul Celans: Gedicht und Mensch - die Arbeit am Sinn, Marko Pajević. Universitätsverlag C. Winter, Heidelberg (2000).
 Poésie contre poésie. Celan et la littérature, Jean Bollack. PUF (2001)
 Celan Studies Péter Szondi; Susan Bernofsky and Harvey Mendelsohn (trans.) (2003)
 L'écrit : une poétique dans l'oeuvre de Celan, Jean Bollack. PUF (2003)
 Paul Celan et Martin Heidegger: le sens d'un dialogue, Hadrien France-Lanord (2004)
 Words from Abroad: Trauma and Displacement in Postwar German Jewish Writers, Katja Garloff (2005)
 Sovereignties in Question: the Poetics of Paul Celan, Jacques Derrida (trans.), Thomas Dutoit and Outi Pasanen (eds.), a collection of mostly late works, including "Rams," which is also a memorial essay on Gadamer and his Who Am I and Who Are You?, and a new translation of Schibboleth (2005)
 Paul Celan and Martin Heidegger: An Unresolved Conversation, 1951–1970, James K. Lyon (2006)
 Anselm Kiefer /Paul Celan. Myth, Mourning and Memory, Andréa Lauterwein. With 157 illustrations, 140 in colour. Thames & Hudson, London.  (2007)
 Sites of the Uncanny: Paul Celan, Specularity and the Visual Arts, Eric Kligerman.  Berlin and New York (Interdisciplinary German Cultural Studies, 3) (2007)
 Vor Morgen. Bachmann und Celan. Die Minne im Angesicht der Morde. Arnau Pons in Kultur & Genspenster. Heft Nr. 10. (2010)
 Das Gesicht des Gerechten. Paul Celan besucht Friedrich Dürrenmatt,  Werner Wögerbauer in Kultur & Genspenster. Heft Nr. 10.  (2010)
 Poetry as Individuality: The Discourse of Observation in Paul Celan, Derek Hillard. Bucknell University Press. (2010)
 Vor Morgen. Bachmann und Celan. Die Minne im Angesicht der Morde, Arnau Pons in Kultur & Genspenster. Heft Nr. 10. (2010)
 Still Songs: Music In and Around the Poetry of Paul Celan, Axel Englund. Farnham: Ashgate. (2012)
 Shakespeare and Celan: A very brief comparative Study,  Pinaki Roy in Yearly Shakespeare (ISSN 0976-9536) (xviii): 118-24. (2020)

Audio-visual

Recordings
 , readings of his original compositions
 , readings of his translations of Osip Mandelstam and Sergei Yesenin
 Six Celan Songs, texts of his poems , sung by Ute Lemper, set to music by Michael Nyman
 Tenebrae () from  (1998) of Marcus Ludwig, sung by the ensemble amarcord
 "" (from ), "Zähle die Mandeln" (from ), "Psalm" (from ), set to music by Giya Kancheli as parts II–IV of Exil, sung by Maacha Deubner, ECM (1995)
 Pulse Shadows by Harrison Birtwistle; nine settings of poems by Celan, interleaved with nine pieces for string quartet (one of which is an instrumental setting of "Todesfuge").

Reviews
Dove, Richard (1981), Mindus Inversus, review of Selected Poems translated by Michael Humburger. in Murray, Glen (ed.), Cencrastus No. 7, Winter 1981-82, p. 48,

Further reading
John Felstiner "Writing Zion" Paul Celan and Yehuda Amichai: An Exchange between Two Great Poets, The New Republic, 5 June 2006
John Felstiner, "Paul Celan and Yehuda Amichai: An Exchange between Two Great Poets", Midstream, vol. 53, no. 1 (Jan.–Feb. 2007)
Daive, Jean. Under The Dome: Walks with Paul Celan (tr. Rosmarie Waldrop), Providence, Rhode Island: Burning Deck, 2009.
Mario Kopić: "Amfiteater v Freiburgu, julija 1967", Arendt, Heidegger, Celan, Apokalipsa, 153–154, 2011 (Slovenian)
Hana Amichai: "The leap between the yet and the not any more",  Yehuda Amichai and Paul Celan, Haaretz, 6 April 2012 (Hebrew)
Aquilina, Mario, The Event of Style in Literature (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014)
Daive, Jean. Albiach / Celan (author, tr. Donald Wellman), Anne-Marie Albiach (author), (tr. Julian Kabza), Ann Arbor, Michigan: Annex Press, 2017.

External links

Selected Celan exhibits, sites, homepages on the web
  Link to the new site
 Biography of Celan at the George Mason University site
 Overview at Littlebluelight.com
 Limited-edition of Paul Celan's reading before the German literary club, Group 47, from The Shackman Press
 Spike Magazine's analysis on the writing of Celan
 Against Time: Essays on Paul Celan on Point and Circumference

Selected poetry, poems, poetics on the web (English translations of Celan)
 "Die Zweite Bibliographie", Jerry Glenn (copious bibliography, through 1995, in German)
 Recent Celan essays by John Felstiner: 1) "Paul Celan Meets Samuel Beckett", American Poetry Review, July/August 2004 & poetrydaily.org, 6 July 2004; 2) "Writing Zion: An Exchange between Celan and Amichai", New Republic, 12 June 2006 & "Paul Celan and Yehuda Amichai: An Exchange on Nation and Exile", wordswithoutborders.org; 3) "The One and Only Circle: Paul Celan's Letters to Gisèle", Fiction 54, 2008 and (expanded ) Mantis, 2009
 Celan on Mandelstam: extracts from the variorum edition of the Meridian speech featured on Pierre Joris's blog, this is a page of notes, fragments, sketches for sentences, etc., Celan took when preparing a radio-essay on Osip Mandelstam. However, as Joris points out: "some of the thinking reappears, transformed, in the Meridian".
 "Four New Translations of Paul Celan", by Ian Fairley in Guernica Magazine
 "Fugue of Death" (English translation of "")
 "Death Fugue" (Another English translation of "")
 InstaPLANET Cultural Universe: three poems from Die Gedichte aus dem Nachlass in the original German with a translation into English by Ana Elsner
 "Dissertation on the French Reception of Celan"
 Ring-Narrowing Day Under, one of seven poems translated from the German by Heather McHugh and Nikolai Popov, originally published in Jubilat
 Extract from Lightduress (Cycle 6), translated by Pierre Joris; originally published by Samizdat
 Dan Kaufman & Barbez music recorded an album based upon the life and poems of Paul Celan, published on the Tzadik label in the series of Radical Jewish Culture.
 translations from ATEMWENDE/ Breathturn Cal Kinnear translates Paul Celan
Selected multimedia presentations
 Recordings of Celan reading a selection of his poems, including "", with translations by John Felstiner
 Griffin Poetry Prize reading by Nikolai Popov and Heather McHugh from Glottal Stop: 101 Poems by Paul Celan, including video clip

References

1920 births
1970 suicides
1970 deaths
20th-century French translators
20th-century Romanian poets
20th-century French poets
Writers from Chernivtsi
Academic staff of the École Normale Supérieure
German-language poets
Jewish poets
French people of Romanian-Jewish descent
Romanian emigrants to France
Jewish Romanian writers
Bukovina Jews
Romanian male poets
French male poets
Romanian translators
Romanian writers in French
Romanian writers in German
French writers in German
Suicides by drowning in France
Georg Büchner Prize winners
Nazi-era ghetto inmates
Jewish concentration camp survivors
Translators of William Shakespeare
French male dramatists and playwrights
Forced labourers under German rule during World War II
Translators of Charles Baudelaire
Translators of Gérard de Nerval

Paul Celan


Jack Anthony Turner (born 17 September 1992) is an English semi-professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for National League South club Farnborough.

Career
Turner started his career in the youth team of Staines Town, but left in 2007 to sign for AFC Wimbledon. He made his senior debut for the Dons in the London Senior Cup on 7 October 2008, in a 0–3 defeat to Erith Town, conceding a hat-trick in four minutes. He signed his first professional contract in the summer of 2009, after rejecting offers to trial with clubs from the Football League. He made his league debut for AFC Wimbledon on 20 April 2010, in the Conference game against Tamworth, in a 0–1 defeat at Kingsmeadow. His next appearance in the league came over a year later in the 2010–11 season on 22 April 2011, in a 2–1 victory over Mansfield Town. He was an unused substitute in the 2011 Conference Play-off final win over Luton Town, which saw the Dons gain a place in the Football League. Turner made his professional debut on 4 October 2011, in a 2–2 draw with Stevenage in the Football League Trophy second round. After being released on a free transfer by AFC Wimbledon at the end of the 2011–12 season, Turner re-joined Staines Town.

Career statistics

References

1992 births
Living people
People from Ashford, Surrey
English men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Staines Town F.C. players
AFC Wimbledon players
Slough Town F.C. players
Cray Wanderers F.C. players
Farnborough F.C. players
National League (English football) players
English Football League players
Southern Football League players
Isthmian League players
Footballers from Surrey

Jack Turner (footballer, born 1992)


Vincent Todd Harlow (1898–1961) was a prominent English historian of the British Empire.

From 1938 to 1949, he was the second Rhodes Professor of Imperial History at King's College London. In 1950, he succeeded Reginald Coupland as the  Beit Professorship of Commonwealth History at the University of Oxford, a post he held until his death in 1963.  His early work was on the seventeenth-century Caribbean but he is best known for his book, The Founding of the Second British Empire, 1763-1793, the first volume of which was published in 1952. His second volume, subtitled "New Continents and Changing Values", was published posthumously in 1964. The incomplete manuscript was edited by F. C. Madden.

Notes

1898 births
1961 deaths
Historians of the British Empire
Beit Professors of Commonwealth History
Academics of King's College London
20th-century British historians

Vincent T. Harlow


Armed to the Teeth is Swollen Members' fifth full-length release, released on October 27, 2009. It is their first release in three years, as the group had taken a break over the past few years while member Madchild dealt with drug addiction and legal issues. The album features guest appearances by Talib Kweli and Tech N9ne. In the United States the album debuted at #146 on the Billboard 200 with 3,400 copies sold in its first week, making it their first appearance on that chart.

On August 25, 2009, the first single, "Warrior" (featuring Tre Nyce and Young Kazh) was released and peaked at #94 on the Canadian Hot 100. The second single, "Red Dragon", a remix of the track of the same name, performed and produced by former Swollen Members member Moka Only on the album Monsters in the Closet was released on September 8. Three days later, a music video for the lead single "Warrior" was released. On October 19, the full album became listenable on Swollen Members' MySpace page. The third single "Bollywood Chick" (featuring Tech N9ne & Tre Nyce) was released around October and the music video was released on November 10 via Swollen Members' YouTube account. The fourth single "Porn Star" (featuring Tre Nyce) was released in early 2010 and music video was released on YouTube via Swollen Members' YouTube account.

Track listing

Charts

References

2009 albums
Swollen Members albums
Suburban Noize Records albums

Armed to the Teeth (Swollen Members album)


Disney's Animal Kingdom Villas is a Disney Vacation Club resort located at Disney's Animal Kingdom Lodge at the Walt Disney World Resort.

Disney's Animal Kingdom Villas is located in the Animal Kingdom Resort Area, adjacent to Disney's Animal Kingdom.

History
Disney's Animal Kingdom Villas is the eighth Disney Vacation Club timeshare resort, and the fifth located at the Walt Disney World Resort.

The development was originally announced in October 2006 and the first phase opened in the summer of 2007. Included in this phase were 134 remodeled units (216 guest rooms) on the fifth and sixth floors of the existing Disney's Animal Kingdom Lodge, which opened in 2001. Later construction added 324 units (492 guest rooms) in a new building, Kidani Village, which opened in phases and was completed in 2009. The main building of Disney's Animal Kingdom Lodge is now named Jambo House in order to prevent confusion between the two buildings.

Resort
Disney's Animal Kingdom Villas – Kidani Village is an African lodge-style resort with accommodations that include kitchenettes or kitchens and multi-bedroom units. The location features a 21-acre wildlife preserve. Both Jambo House and Kidani Village have smaller animal habitats that host unique animals.

The lobby and the villas of Kidani Village extend outwards and resemble the curlicue shape of a water buffalo's horns. Kidani Village itself is a 5 story building in the shape of a backwards 3. It includes 324 Studio through 3 bedroom units, views of one of two savannas, a pool, and Sanaa, a table service restaurant that features Indian-African Fusion cuisine.

Inside, the resort features African-inspired architecture and decorations.

Outside the main building, wetlands border landscaping that features indigenous African shrubs and grasses.

Dining
Disney's Animal Kingdom Villas contains multiple dining establishments. Authentic African and Indian cuisine is offered at three table service restaurants: Sanaa is located at Kidani Village, and next door at Disney's Animal Kingdom Lodge - Jambo House both Jiko – The Cooking Place and Boma - Flavors of Africa are located. Counter-service offerings are also available at Jambo House at The Mara. Drinks and some lighter snacks are also available at the pool bars and Kidani Village lobby.

Transportation
Disney's Animal Kingdom Villas is served by Disney Transport bus service which transports guests to the four major theme parks: Magic Kingdom, Disney's Animal Kingdom, Epcot, and Disney's Hollywood Studios. Additional bus transportation is available to Disney Springs, Disney's Blizzard Beach, and Disney's Typhoon Lagoon. Under most circumstances theme park buses first go to Kidani Village, and then to Jambo House when dropping off or picking up guests. The Disney Springs buses go in the reverse order, starting at Jambo House and then to Kidani Village.  A shuttle van also runs between the two locations.

Recreation
The Sunset Savanna and the Pembe Savanna are home to different varieties of African animals.

Animals that can be observed on the savannas include the Ankole-Watusi, bontebok, common eland, zebra, greater kudu, impala, okapi, African wild asses, red river hog, mountain zebra, plains zebra, nyala, reticulated giraffe, roan antelope, sable antelope, Thomson's gazelle, waterbuck, blue wildebeest, Abyssinian ground hornbill, blue crane, Grey crowned crane, greater flamingo, marabou stork, ostrich, pink-backed pelican, spur-winged goose, guineafowl, and Rüppell's vulture.

Other recreational offerings include a 4,700-square-foot, zero-depth-entry pool with a 128-foot-long slide and wet deck, a barbecue pavilion, basketball (half court), and shuffleboard courts.

See also
 Disney's Animal Kingdom Lodge
 Disney Vacation Club

References

External links
 Animal Kingdom Villas  official site

Animal Kingdom Villas
2009 establishments in Florida

Disney's Animal Kingdom Villas


The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles comic strip was started on December 10, 1990, by Creator's Syndicate as a daily. The strip ceased publication in January 1997.

The strip ran seven days a week, but (at least for part of its run) the Saturday strips consisted only of fan art and was not part of the storyline, which was published Monday through Friday. The Sunday edition featured a mix of puzzles and fan art early on, but later switched entirely to a fan-art format.

Among the creators who worked on the strip were Ryan Brown, Dan Berger, Jim Lawson, Michael Dooney, Steve Lavigne and Dean Clarrain.

Some of the TMNT daily strips have been reprinted in Comics Revue issues #58-82.

External links
 Official Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Website - Doin' a Daily Strip!
GoComics.com - The Strip at  GoComics.com

Strip
1990 comics debuts
1997 comics endings
Gag-a-day comics
Adventure comics
Science fiction comic strips
Comics set in New York City
Comics about turtles

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (comic strip)


Valerie Anita Aurora is an American software engineer and feminist activist. She was the co-founder of the Ada Initiative, a non-profit organization that sought to increase women's participation in the free culture movement, open source technology, and open source culture.  Aurora is also known within the Linux community for advocating new developments in filesystems in Linux, including ChunkFS and the Union file system.  Her birth name was Val Henson, but she changed it shortly before 2009, choosing her middle name after the computer scientist Anita Borg. In 2012, Aurora, and Ada Initiative co-founder Mary Gardiner were named two of the most influential people in computer security by SC Magazine. In 2013, she won the O'Reilly Open Source Award.

Early life and education

Daughter of Carolyn Meinel, Aurora was raised in New Mexico, and was home-schooled. She became involved in computer programming when she attended DEF CON in 1995. She studied computer science and mathematics at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology.

Programming

She first became involved with file systems when she worked with ZFS in 2002 at Sun Microsystems.  She later moved to IBM where she worked in the group of Theodore Ts'o, where they considered extensions to the ext2 and ext3 Linux file systems. While working at Intel, she implemented the ext2 dirty bit and relative atime.  Along with Arjan van de Ven, she came up with the idea for ChunkFS, which simplifies file system checks by dividing the file system into independent pieces.  She also co-organized the first Linux File Systems Workshop in order to figure out how to spread awareness of and raise funding for file system development.  As of 2009, she worked for Red Hat as a file systems developer as well as a part-time science writer and Linux consultant.

Ada Initiative

Already an activist for women in open source, she joined Mary Gardiner and members of the Geek Feminism blog to develop anti-harassment policies for conferences after Noirin Shirley was sexually assaulted at ApacheCon 2010. Aurora quit her job as a Linux kernel developer at Red Hat and, with Gardiner, founded the Ada Initiative in February 2011. The organization was named after Ada Lovelace, who worked with Charles Babbage and is considered to be the world's first computer programmer. Two years later, Aurora founded Double Union, a hackerspace for women, with Amelia Greenhall and Liz Henry, but was banned in 2018. The Ada Initiative was shut down in October 2015.

Writing

Maintaining a blog since 2007, Aurora has written extensively about coding and the experiences of women in open source. This has included descriptions of DEF CON and the harassment that took place there. In 2013, Aurora provided a comment to The Verge about the Electronic Frontier Foundation's involvement in the legal defense of Andrew Auernheimer, who was in prison for hacking and had previously harassed Kathy Sierra. Aurora said "This is another case where they're saying, 'The cases we care about are the ones white men are interested in. We're less interested in protecting women on the web.'" This comment was received negatively by the EFF's Director of International Freedom of Expression, Jillian York.

Another 2013 controversy that received commentary from Aurora was Donglegate in which a female attendee at a nearly all-male PyCon attendee faced backlash for reporting a conversation overheard between two men sitting near her. Aurora condemned the threats sent to the woman and stated that Anonymous, by using large numbers of computers, was "distorting social pressure". When asked if firing one of the males was an appropriate response, she said "I don't have enough information to know that." Two years later, Aurora praised the gender ratio at PyCon and called Guido van Rossum and the Python community "the biggest success story for women in open source." In the same interview, she approved of the culture of the website Tumblr and stated that Linus Torvalds' daughter Patricia was a positive role-model.

See also

 AdaCamp

References

Further reading

External links

  Valerie Aurora on File Systems and the Ada Initiative: An Interview

American feminists
Free software programmers
IBM employees
Red Hat employees
Intel people
Linux people
Living people
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology alumni
People from New Mexico
Place of birth missing (living people)
Sex-positive feminists
Sun Microsystems people
Women founders
21st-century American women scientists
21st-century American scientists
American women's rights activists
Year of birth missing (living people)

Valerie Aurora


Mithal Jamal Hussein Ahmad al-Alusi (; born 23 May 1953) is an Iraqi politician and the leader of the Iraqi Ummah Party. He was elected to the Iraqi Council of Representatives as an independent in the December 2005 election and was once again elected in the 2014 Iraqi parliamentary election as part of the Civil Democratic Alliance which is an Iraqi political coalition formed by various liberal and civil figures and his party one seat, represented by himself. He arrived in fifth place in Baghdad out of seventy-one seats. He is a Sunni Muslim Arab politician and supports a close alliance with the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Turkey and Israel.

Early life
Alusi was born on 23 May 1953 in Alus, a small village near Haditha, in Al Anbar Governorate. Al-Alusi hails from a very prominent Iraqi Sunni family from Anbar, and his father was a renowned scholar and Baghdad University professor of Classical Arabic literature.

Life in exile
In 1976, he was sentenced to death in absentia while studying in Cairo for trying to undermine Saddam Hussein. Alusi was then a member of the Ba'ath Party, but had been aligned with opponents of Hussein within the party such as Abdel-Khaliq Al-Samara'i, who was himself killed by the security services. Alusi went into exile in Germany and worked as a businessman. In December 2002, he was involved in the takeover of the Iraqi embassy in Berlin to protest Hussein's tyranny, and was convicted of hostage taking by a German court and sentenced to three years in jail. His sentence was later reduced to house arrest. He returned to Iraq in October 2003 and joined the Iraqi National Congress.

Return to Iraq
After the invasion of Iraq, Alusi was appointed the General Director of Culture and Media at the Supreme National De-Baathification Commission.

In September 2004, after making a public visit to Israel, al-Alusi was expelled from the Iraqi National Congress and sacked from his job at the De-Baathification Commission. He was indicted by the Central Criminal Court of Iraq for "having contacts with enemy states", a crime under a 1969 Baathist law. He was subsequently released after Iraq's Federal Supreme Court, Iraq's highest court, ruled in his favour on 24 November 2008, stating it was no longer a crime to travel to Israel, and that Iraqis could travel to wherever they wanted.

This led him to establish the Democratic Party of the Iraqi Nation, which ran in the January 2005 election. It received only 4,500 votes, far from enough to gain a seat in the Council of Representatives. However, his list won 36,000 votes, enough to obtain one seat for Baghdad Province, in the December 2005 election.

On February 19, 2005, Al-Alusi's car was ambushed by armed assailants in the Hayy Al-Jami'a neighborhood of Baghdad. His two sons Ayman, 29, and Jamal, 24, were killed in the attack, as well as one of his bodyguards. The American Jewish Committee gave him a "Moral Courage" award in response. Then Culture Minister, Asaad al-Hashimi, was convicted in absentia of the killings.

In September 2008, he again visited Israel and spoke at a conference on counter-terrorism organised by the IDC, a private college in Herzliya. He praised Israel, saying "In Israel, there is no occupation, there is liberalism" and criticised Iran, saying it was continually meddling in Iraq. He called for intelligence sharing between Iraq, Israel, the United States, Jordan, Turkey, and Kuwait. When he returned, the National Assembly of Iraq voted to remove his parliamentary immunity and ban him from travelling. The Minister for Parliamentary Affairs, Safaaeddine al-Safi, said he would seek a prosecution for "visiting a country that Iraq considers an enemy". Such a crime can carry the death penalty. Alusi appealed to the Supreme Federal Court which overturned the lifting of his immunity, ruling that it was unconstitutional as no crime had been committed.

In a series of interviews from September to December 2009 he stated that "We are receiving information which says Iran is so close to producing an atom bomb" and that "the international community, don't realize how close [the Iranians] are to the goal". However, al-Alusi, asked whether his sources are members of the Iranian government, or Iranian nuclear scientists, said that he could not be more specific, but that they are "people who are part of the system in Iran." He further stated, that a military operation is the best solution to face the Iranians and that an attack should better happen sooner than late.

After the 2010 Iraqi parliamentary elections, the Mithal al-Alusi List which had won one seat during the December 2005 elections for Mithal al-Alusi himself, claimed the elections were rigged against liberals like himself, by Iran and Saudi Arabia as he lost his seat in parliament. Alusi claimed there were major discrepancies between the vote count according to the IHEC and his own monitors. He also claimed village directors prevented women from voting in rural areas. He called on the United States to launch an investigation to the allegedly fixed election results.

A recount of the votes in Baghdad was ordered by the Supreme Court on 19 April 2010. The recount began on 3 May 2010. On 14 May IHEC announced that after 11,298 ballot boxes had been recounted, there was no sign of fraud or violations. The Supreme Court later ratified the results and as a result Mithal al-Alusi lost his seat.

In August 2012 he received a letter informing him that he was to be dispossessed of his home in the Baghdad Green Zone, so that the house could go to the Minister of Environmental Affairs.

2014 Parliamentary election
The party participated in the April 2014 Iraqi parliamentary election, as part of the Civil Democratic Alliance which is an Iraqi political coalition formed by various liberal and civil figures. The party won one of the three seats of the coalition in Baghdad Governorate and is represented by its leader Mithal Al-Alusi who gained 30,054 votes, arriving fifth out of seventy one winning candidates in Baghdad. The other two seats are represented by the leader of the People's Party Faiq Al Sheikh Ali, and Shirouk Al Abayachi.

References

External links
 Obama's Iraq Inheritance

Members of the Council of Representatives of Iraq
Living people
Iraqi Sunni Muslims
Iraqi National Congress politicians
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region politicians
1953 births
Naturalized citizens of Germany
Arab supporters of Israel
Muslim supporters of Israel
People from Al Anbar Governorate

Mithal al-Alusi


Rani Saheba (My Queen) also called Bazarbattu is a 1930 Indian silent film. It is cited as the first children's film made in India. The film was co-directed by V. Shantaram and Keshavrao Dhaiber. The cinematographers were S. Fattelal and Vishnupant Govind Damle and the cast included Keshavrao Dhaiber, Baburao Pendharkar, V. Shantaram and Anant Apte.

Vishnupant Damle, Dhaiber, S. Fattelal and Shantaram had left the Maharashtra Film Company in 1929 to form their own company called Prabhat Film Company. With the success of their first silent film, Gopal Krishna (1929), the company produced five silent films in "quick succession", Khooni Khanjar (1930), Rani Saheba (1930), Udaykal (1930), Chandrasena (1931), and Zulum (1931). Out of these Rani Saheba and Khooni Khanjar are cited as some of the "lighter" films produced by Prabhat Films. Master Anant Apte was "nicknamed" 'Bazarbattu' following the success of his role in the film.

Cast
 Keshavrao Dhaiber
 Baburao Pendharkar
 V. Shantaram
 Anant Apte

References

External links

1930 films
Indian silent films
1930s Hindi-language films
Prabhat Film Company films
Films directed by V. Shantaram
Indian black-and-white films

Rani Saheba


Estate Little Princess is a historic plantation site located northwest of Christiansted in Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. It was first owned by governor Frederik Moth in 1738 and rests on 25 acres of land (from the original 200 acres). As of 2011 the estate is under ownership of The Nature Conservancy and serves as headquarters for the Eastern Caribbean/Virgin Islands programs. The property has been turned into a nature preserve and historical tours are given as well. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 9, 1980.

There are many buildings on the property, including a building that served as a Danish hospital and the great house, which was built in the 1800s. Both have been partially restored. Estate Little Princess was primarily a sugar and rum factory hundreds of years ago. There are many ruins (such as a windmill and remnants of the factory) located on the grounds of the estate.
In the great house, a small exhibition with photographs, maps and other documents tells the history of the estate.
Access is via the minor road leading north-west from the intersection of VI75 (Northside road) and VI74 (Rattan road) 2km northwest of Christiansted.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in the United States Virgin Islands

References

Sugar plantations in Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands
Plantations in the Danish West Indies
Houses in the United States Virgin Islands
Plantation houses in the United States
Nature Conservancy preserves
Houses completed in 1749
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in the United States Virgin Islands
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in the United States Virgin Islands
1749 establishments in North America
1740s establishments in the Caribbean
1749 establishments in Denmark
18th century in the Danish West Indies

Estate Little Princess


The goldenthroats are a small group of hummingbirds in the genus Polytmus.

The genus Polytmus was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the type species as Polytmus guainumbi thaumantias, a subspecies of the white-tailed goldenthroat. The name of the genus is from the Ancient Greek πολυτιμος polutimos "very costly", "valuable".

The genus contains three species:

References

Bird genera

Taxa named by Mathurin Jacques Brisson
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Goldenthroat


Barnaby's Tower stands at the southeast corner of the city walls of Chester, Cheshire, England.  It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building.

The tower probably dates from the 13th century, and it was damaged in 1644–46 during the Civil War.  When the city walls were converted into a raised walkway between 1702 and 1708, the tower was converted to form a feature at this corner.  It has been repaired on occasions since, and in 1879–80 was altered at the expense of one of the city councillors.

The tower is constructed in coursed red sandstone rubble, and stands on a stony outcrop.  It forms a three-sided projection from the walls, its top being level with the walkway, and is decorated with mock crenellation. There is no evidence of any chamber at a lower level.

See also

Grade I listed buildings in Cheshire West and Chester

References

External links

Buildings and structures in Chester
Grade I listed buildings in Chester
Grade I listed towers
Towers in Cheshire

Barnaby's Tower


Aron may refer to:

Aron (name), name origin, variants, people

Fictional characters
Aron (comics), from the Marvel Universe comic Aron! HyperSpace Boy!
Aron (Pokémon), in the Pokémon franchise
Aron Trask, from John Steinbeck's novel East of Eden
Áron or Aaron, the brother of Moses

Geography
Aron (Loire), a river in central France
Aron (Mayenne), a tributary of the Mayenne in northwestern France
Aron, Mayenne, a commune in northwestern France
Aron, India, a town and nagar panchayat (settlement transitioning from rural to urban)

See also
Aaron (disambiguation)
Aarons (disambiguation)
Fanum d'Aron, a Romano-Celtic temple in Aurillac, Auvergne, France

Aron


Jabez Huntington (August 7, 1719 – October 5, 1786) was a merchant and politician from Connecticut Colony.

Jabez Huntington graduated from Yale in 1741, engaged in the West India trade, and amassed a fortune. After 1759, he was frequently a member of the legislature, speaker for several years, and also a member of the council. At the beginning of the American Revolutionary War, he owned a large amount of shipping, and lost heavily by the capture of his vessels. He was among the most active on the committee of safety during the war; and in the September 1776 session of the Connecticut assembly, he and David Wooster were appointed Major Generals. On the death of Wooster in 1777, Jabez was placed in charge of the entire Connecticut militia. His great exertions in the patriot cause and his heavy losses impaired his physical and mental powers, and he was thus compelled to resign his employments in 1779.

Family
Jabez was born on August 7, 1719, in Norwich, Connecticut, to Joshua and Hannah (Perkins) Huntington. He married first Elizabeth (January 20, 1741 – July 1, 1745), the daughter of Samuel and Elizabeth (Tracy) Backus. They had two children, Jedediah in 1743, and Andrew, who was born the month before his mother's death.  He married his second wife, Hannah Williams (July 23, 1726 – March 25, 1807) of Pomfret, Connecticut, on July 10, 1746. They had six children: Joshua, Hannah (died at age eight), Ebenezer, Elizabeth, Mary, and Zachariah. Jabez died on October 5, 1786, at Norwich.

Jabez's son Jedidiah Huntington also served in the American Revolution, and after it was over was collector of customs at New London, Connecticut, for many years.

Jabez's son, Andrew Huntington (born June 21, 1745; died April 7, 1824) engaged in commercial pursuits, and in 1795 was a manufacturer of paper at the falls of Norwich. He was judge of probate in his district in 1813. During the American Revolution he was a commissary of brigade.

Jabez's son Joshua Huntington (born in Norwich, August 16, 1751) began business with his father. After the Battle of Lexington, he commanded a company of 100 men of the town, and joined Putnam's brigade. Subsequently, he was ordered by the Continental Congress to build a frigate of 36 guns, which was constructed in the Thames at Gale's Ferry in 1777.

Jabez's son Ebenezer Huntington served in the American Revolution and then became a member of the United States House of Representatives from Connecticut.

Notes

References

1719 births
1786 deaths
Yale University alumni
Colonial American merchants
Members of the Connecticut General Assembly Council of Assistants (1662–1818)
Connecticut militiamen in the American Revolution
Politicians from Norwich, Connecticut
People of colonial Connecticut
18th-century American politicians
Speakers of the Connecticut House of Representatives (colonial period)

Jabez Huntington (colonist)


The Bhutia (; ; ; "inhabitants of Sikkim") are a community of Sikkimese people living in the state of Sikkim in northeastern India, who speak Drenjongke or Sikkimese, a Tibetic language fairly mutually intelligible with standard Tibetan. In 2001, the Bhutia numbered around 60,300. Bhutia here refers to people of Tibetic ancestry.

Bhutia

The language spoken by the Bhutias in Sikkim is Sikkimese, which is 75% mutually intelligible with Tibetan and Dzongkha, the language of Bhutan. Most Bhutias practice the Nyingma school, followed by the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.

History

From the 8th century, people migrated from Tibet to Sikkim in small numbers. But during the 13th century many clans came with Gyed Bum Sa, and thereafter there was a series of Lamas who visited southwards, because of the constant conflicts between Red hat and Yellow Hat in Tibet. With the final victory of the Yellow hats in the mid-1600s. There was a mass persecution of the followers of the Red hat sect by the victorious Güshi Khan and his Gelug allies. Many fearing the same fate as their Red hat brethren fled southwards towards Sikkim and Bhutan. In consequence, there are Red hat majorities in both Bhutan and Sikkim to this day. They migrated through the different passes ("La" in Tibetan means "hill") in the Himalayas. Geographical indications in the Bhutias' last names are common. In Northern Sikkim, for example, where the Bhutias are the majority inhabitants, they are known as the Lachenpas or Lachungpas, meaning inhabitants of Lachen (; "big pass") or Lachung (; "small pass") respectively.

Bhutia aristocrats were called Kazis after similar landlord titles in neighboring regions, especially in modern-day Bangladesh. This feudal system was an integral part of the Chogyal monarchy prior to 1975, when Sikkim was an independent monarchy; the ruling dynasty of the Kingdom of Sikkim before the mid-1970s plebiscite was the Bhutia Namgyal dynasty. Among the Bhutias, the Lachenpas and Lachungpas have their own traditional legal system called the "Dzumsa" which means the meeting place of the people. The Dzumsa is headed by the village headman known as the Pipon. People of North Sikkim have been given full protection by the state government by deeming a status of Panchayat ward and the Pipon, a status of Panchayat head.

Clans
There are many clans within the Bhutia tribe and Inter-Clan marriages are preferred rather than marriages outside of the tribe.

Clothing
The traditional outfit of Bhutias is the Kho (same like the Tibetan chuba), which is a loose cloak type garment fastened at the neck on one side and near the waist with a silk/cotton belt. Male members array the bakhu with loose trousers. Womenfolk wear the bakhu with a silken full sleeve blouse called a honju; a loose gown type garment fastened tight near the waist with a belt. In the front portion, a loose sheet of multicolored woolen cloth with exotic geometric designs is tied. This is called the pangden and is a symbol of a married woman. This traditional outfit is complemented by embroidered leather boots worn by both men and women.

Bhutia women enjoy a much higher status than their counterparts from other communities. Pure gold tends to be favored by both women and men thus traditional jewelry is mostly made of 24 carat (100%) gold.

Society
In Sikkim, the Bhutias are mostly employed in the government sector, in agriculture, and increasingly in the business area as well. In the district of Darjeeling, Bhutias are often employed in government and commerce. Bhutias practise intermarriage within their clans and follow a very hierarchical system of bride and groom selection. Clan discrimination is widespread, and marriage outside the community is looked down upon.

Religion

The Bhutias are followers of Vajrayana Buddhism, mainly the Nyingma and Kagyu schools. The main festivals observed by them are Losar  . The first week of February is usually the time of Losar as it marks the start of the Tibetan New Year. Fire dances are common in the evenings during Losar. Losoong is usually celebrated as the end of the Tibetan year and falls at the end of the tenth Tibetan lunar month (usually December). It is the most important festival among the Bhutias in India, and is marked by the traditional Cham dancing and merry-making. Losoong is celebrated across the monasteries in Bhutan, Nepal and Sikkim. In Sikkim, during the festival of Losoong, often dance forms depict narrativized tales from the life of Padmasambhava or Guru Ugyen.

Monasteries of the Bhutias dot various places in India, most notably the Rumtek Monastery in Sikkim and the Bhutia Busty Monastery or Karma Dorjee Chyoling Monastery, which is also the oldest Monastery in Darjeeling.

Houses
A traditional Bhutia house is called a "khim" and is usually rectangular.

The Bhutias have a stone structure outside the house which is used for burning incense. It is called "sangbum." "Sang" means incense and "bum" means vase; the shape of the structure is like a vase. It is used for burning sang, a sacred offering to the deities. The deities are offered scented dried leaves/stalks of Rhododendron anthopogon, Juniperus recurva, Rhododendron setosum or incense sticks made of pine.

Cuisine

Bhutia people traditionally eat rice with animal-fat-fried vegetables or meat, usually pork or beef, and occasionally mutton or chicken. Other well-known foods are momo, steamed meat dumplings, and the thukpa, noodles in broth. The Losar and Loosong are two among many festivals celebrated by the Bhutia community. Almost all Bhutia festivals and holidays hold Buddhist religious significance. They are also known to utilize over 70 species of animal, fungi, and plant. Chhaang is the favourite drink of the Bhutias, and increasingly of other communities coexisting with the Bhutias. It is made of fermented barley or millet, and served in a bamboo container called the Tongba. Tea with milk and sugar, and butter tea, are also served on religious or social occasions.

Arts, crafts, and music
The Bhutia have a rich tradition of dances, songs, and folktales. The popular Bhutia folk dances are Denzong-Neh-Na, Ta-Shi-Yang-Ku, Tashi Shabdo, Guru-Chinlap, Singhi Chham and Yak Chham.

Musical instruments used are flute, yangjey, drum, and yarka.

Status within India

Within the Dominion of India, the Bhutias as recognized as Scheduled Tribes in the states of Sikkim, West Bengal and Tripura.

On August 26, 2015, during her visit to Darjeeling, the Mamata Banerjee led West Bengal Government, announced the formation of a separate development board for the Bhutia community.

Notable Bhutias
Bhaichung Bhutia - former Indian football captain
Kazi Lhendup Dorjee - first chief minister of Sikkim from 1975 to 1979
Pem Dorji - former Indian football captain
Ganju Lama - recipient of the Victoria Cross
Norden Tenzing Bhutia - musician, composer and singer
Samten Bhutia - film director and writer
Danny Denzongpa - Bollywood actor
Karma Loday Bhutia - Sikkim politician
Ugyen Tshering Gyatso Bhutia - Sikkim politician
Tashi Thendup Bhutia - Sikkim politician
Dorjee Dazom Bhutia - Sikkim politician
Nadong Bhutia - Indian footballer
Kunzang Bhutia - Indian footballer
Namgyal Bhutia - Indian footballer
Sonam Bhutia - Indian footballer
Thupden Bhutia - Indian footballer
Lako Phuti Bhutia - Indian women's footballer
Tshering Bhutia - Sikkim first-class cricketer
Karma Bhutia - Sikkim first-class cricketer
Mandup Bhutia - Sikkim first-class cricketer
Rinzing Bhutia - Sikkim first-class cricketer

See also
 Vajrayana Buddhism
 Sikkimese language
 Indigenous peoples of Sikkim

References

Further reading

Scheduled Tribes of India
Ethnic groups in Nepal
Ethnic groups in Bhutan
Sino-Tibetan-speaking people
Himalayan peoples
Buddhist communities of Nepal
Buddhist communities of Bhutan
Buddhist communities of India
Tribes of West Bengal
Social groups of West Bengal
Ethnic groups in Northeast India
Ethnic groups in South Asia
Ethnic groups in India

Bhutia