The Adventurers' Act was an Act of the Parliament of England which specified its aim as "the speedy and effectual reducing of the rebels in His Majesty's Kingdom of Ireland".

The Irish Rebellion of 1641 had broken out five months earlier, and the Act was designed to pay the army needed to subdue the rebellion by using borrowed money. Repayment would come from confiscating the rebels' lands and selling them.

The main Act
It was passed by the Long Parliament on 19 March 1642 as a way of raising funds to suppress the Irish Rebellion of 1641. The Act invited members of the public to invest £200 for which they would receive  of lands that would be confiscated from rebels in Ireland.  of Irish land were set aside by the English government for this purpose. The entire island of Ireland is about .

The enactment was done at the request of King Charles in the House of Lords, joined by the Commons, and was unanimously accepted, without any debate. The Bill had been placed before the Houses for inspection but was not formally read into the record. The title of the Act – "An Act for the speedy and effectual reducing of the Rebels, in His Majesty's Kingdom of Ireland, to their due Obedience to His Majesty, and the Crown of England" – was read out to Parliament, followed by the statement: "le roy le veult".

The "Adventurers" were so called because they were risking their money at a time when the Crown had just had to pay for the Bishops' Wars in 1639–40. "Reducing" the rebels meant leading them back (Latin: reducere) to the legal concept of the "King's Peace". King Charles could not subsequently enforce the Act, but it was realised by his political opponents following the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1649–1653, and formed the main legal basis for the contentious Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652.

Ironically, in May 1642 the Confederate Irish rebels drafted the Confederate Oath of Association that recognised Charles as their monarch.

Auxiliary Acts

The Adventurers' Act was extended and amended by three other acts the Lands of Irish Rebels (Adventurers' Subscriptions) Act 1640 (c. 34), Lands of Irish Rebels (Adventurers' Subscriptions) (Corporations) Act 1640 (c. 35), and Irish Rebels Act 1640 (c. 37). All four received royal assent in the summer of 1642, just before the start of the English Civil War, but are usually referred to as 1640 acts—the year the Long Parliament started to sit—and as that year was the 16th year of Charles I's reign are formally known as 16 Cha. 1. c. 33 etc.

In July 1643, Parliament passed the Doubling Ordinance which doubled the allocation of land to anyone who increased their original investment by 25%. The purpose of the Act was twofold, firstly to raise money for Parliament to help suppress the rebellion in Ireland, and secondly to deprive the King of the lands seized from rebels that would be his by prerogative.

Enforcement
To enforce the Acts the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland was launched in 1649. In 1653, Ireland was declared subdued and the lands were allocated to the subscribers in what became known as the Cromwellian Settlement.

Repeal
The Adventurers Act, and the other three statutes (cc. 33, 34, 35, and 37), were repealed as regards the United Kingdom by the Statute Law Revision Act 1950. As regards the Republic of Ireland they were repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 2007.

See also
Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652
Act of Settlement 1657
Act of Settlement 1662
Confederate Ireland

References

1642 in law
1642 in England
1642 in Ireland
Acts of the Parliament of England
Irish Rebellion of 1641
England–Ireland relations

Adventurers' Act 1640


Diamanda Galás (born August 29, 1955) is an American musician, singer-songwriter, and visual artist. She has campaigned for AIDS education and the rights of the infected.

Galás's commitment to addressing social issues and her involvement in collective action has made her concentrate on themes such as AIDS, mental illness, despair, loss of dignity, political injustice, historical revisionism, and war crimes. Galás has attracted the attention of the press particularly for her voice – a soprano sfogato – and written accounts that describe her work as original and thought-provoking refer to her as "capable of the most unnerving vocal terror", an "aesthetic revolutionary", "a mourner for the world's victims" and "an envoy of risk, honesty and commitment".

As a composer, pianist, organist and performance artist, Galás has presented mainly her own work, but her live performances have also included works by other musicians, such as the avant-garde composers Iannis Xenakis and Vinko Globokar, jazz musician Bobby Bradford, saxophonist John Zorn, and Led Zeppelin bassist John Paul Jones. Galás's recordings have also included collaborations, some of which are with the bands Recoil and Erasure, instrumentalist Barry Adamson, and musician Can Oral (also known as Khan), among others.

Background and education

Galás was born and raised in San Diego, California, to a Maniot Greek-American mother from Dover, New Hampshire, Georgianna Koutrelakos-Galás, and an Egyptian-American father from Lynn, Massachusetts, James Galás, both of whom belonged to the Greek Orthodox culture but considered themselves agnostic. Her father's Greek ancestors were from Smyrna, Pontus, and Chios, while one of his grandmothers was an Egyptian from Alexandria. Galás does not refer to her Smyrniote and Pontic ancestry as "Turkish", but rather as Anatolian.

Galás's first contact with music was during her childhood in San Diego, where her parents lived and worked as teachers. Her father, who was a gospel choir director, taught her how to play the piano when she was three years old, while introducing her later to classical music, the New Orleans jazz tradition, rebetika and other classics of his Greek heritage, some blues standards, and other historical music genres. Galas also took cello and violin lessons, and studied a wide range of musical forms. By the age of fourteen, she had been playing gigs in San Diego with her father's band, performing Greek and Arabic music, and she had also made her orchestral debut with the San Diego Symphony as the soloist for Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 1. But while her father encouraged her to play the piano, he did not want her to sing because he believed that singing was for "hookers and idiots."

Galás and her brother Phillip-Dimitri acquired a taste for dark literature at an early age. Their inspirations were the Marquis de Sade, Friedrich Nietzsche, Antonin Artaud, and Edgar Allan Poe.

In the 1970s, Galás studied biochemistry at the University of Southern California, specializing in immunology and hematology studies. Her post-graduate studies include a master's program in the music department of the University of California, San Diego, which encouraged her to work at its Center for Music Experiment to develop her own vocal technique. Outside academia, Galás's vocal training was supported by private lessons in San Diego with bel canto tutor Frank Kelly, and with voice coaches Vicky Hall in Berlin and Barbara Maier Gustern in New York.

Music

Early years (1970s–1986)
In the early 1970s, Galás and her friend contra-bass player Mark Dresser joined the jazz band Black Music Infinity, which included drummer Stanley Crouch, trumpeter Bobby Bradford, cornetist Butch Morris, flutist James Newton, and saxophonist David Murray. She later collaborated with members of the San Diego band CETA VI, which included, among others, jazz saxophonist Jim French, with whom Galás went on to record and release her first compositions, as part of the album If Looks Could Kill (1979), together with guitarist and sound engineer Henry Kaiser.

At the same time, Galás was preparing for her live solo debut, which took place at the 1979 Festival d'Avignon, in France, where she was doing post-graduate studies. It was a performance of Vinko Globokar's Un Jour Comme un Autre (A Day Like Any Other), an opera based on Amnesty International's documentation about the arrest and torture of a Turkish woman for alleged treason. Globokar was the director of the Instruments and Voice department at the music and sound research center IRCAM (Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique), where Galás had been doing further experimentation on her vocal technique. During her time in Paris, Galás also met the Greek composer and architect Iannis Xenakis, whose composition Akanthos (1977) she sang with IRCAM's Ensemble InterContemporain in 1980, while she was still in Europe. After her return to the US, Galás performed one more work by Xenakis, his composition N'Shima (1975), in the US premiere of it in New York in 1981, alongside soprano Genevieve Renon-McLaughlin, who sang one of the two vocal parts of this piece.

Her first solo album, The Litanies of Satan (1982), was also an operatic work. It included only two compositions: a twelve-minute piece entitled 'Wild Women with Steak-Knives', which was described by Galás in the album notes as tragedy-grotesque deriving from her work "Eyes Without Blood", and another lengthy composition, 'Litanies of Satan', an adaptation to music of a section from Charles Baudelare's poem Les Fleurs du Mal. Her second album, Diamanda Galas (1984), also contained two lengthy compositions. They were 'Panoptikon', which was dedicated to Jack Henry Abbott, whose 1981 autobiographical book In the Belly of the Beast described his experience of the prison system, and 'Tragoudia Apo To Aima Exoun Fonos' ('Song From the Blood of Those Murdered'), a Greek-language piece dedicated to those political prisoners who were either murdered or executed during the Greek military regimes in the years 1967–74.

Mute Records (1986–2008)
Galás began writing and performing on the subject of AIDS around 1984, while living in San Francisco. This theme resulted in the trilogy Masque of the Red Death, an operatic trilogy which included The Divine Punishment (1986), Saint of the Pit (1986) and You Must Be Certain of the Devil (1988). In these three works Galás detailed the suffering of people with AIDS. Shortly after the recording of the trilogy's first volume began, her brother, playwright Philip-Dimitri Galás, became sick with AIDS, which inspired her to join activist groups that raised awareness about this new illness. Her brother died in 1986, just before the completion of the trilogy.

Taking a break from her own recordings, Galás appeared on the 1989 studio album Moss Side Story by Barry Adamson (formerly of Magazine and Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds). In Moss Side Story, which was described by the press as a "soundtrack for a non-existent film-noir", Galás sang the opening track, 'On the Wrong Side of Relaxation'. In 1992, Galás released the album Vena Cava, a series of unaccompanied voice pieces recorded in New York during a live performance at The Kitchen. For her next record, Galás changed stylistic direction by turning to the blues tradition and interpreting a wide range of songs with only a piano and solo voice. This stylistic turn produced the studio album The Singer (1992), on which she covered songs by Willie Dixon, Roy Acuff, and Screamin' Jay Hawkins, as well as "Gloomy Sunday", a song written by Hungarian pianist and composer Rezső Seress in 1933 and translated into English by Desmond Carter. This material formed the basis of the video Judgement Day, which was released in 1993.

In the next three years, Galás returned to collaborations with other musicians. She first worked with Led Zeppelin bassist John Paul Jones, a longtime admirer of her work, to write material for a record, and the album The Sporting Life was produced with him in 1994. A tour that followed the album's release saw the two musicians performing together live on stage as well as on the popular MTV show The Jon Stewart Show. Then, in the same year, two of Galás's songs from her previous album were featured on the soundtrack for Oliver Stone's film Natural Born Killers. In 1995, Galás contributed vocals to the eponymous album of British synth-pop duo Erasure at the invitation of the lead singer, Andy Bell, and the following year she took part in the album Closed on Account of Rabies, a tribute to Edgar Allan Poe which also included Iggy Pop, Debbie Harry and Marianne Faithfull, who lent their voices to the tales of the legendary author. Galás' reading of "The Black Cat" was the longest recording on the compilation.

In 1998, Galás released Malediction and Prayer, which was recorded live in 1996 and 1997. In 2000, Galás worked with Recoil by contributing her voice to the album Liquid. She was the lead vocalist on the album's first single, "Strange Hours", for which she also wrote the lyrics, and can be heard on "Jezebel" and "Vertigen" as a backing vocalist.

Galás's next project revolved around the Armenian, Anatolian-Greek and Assyrian genocides that occurred between 1914 and 1923. This work took the title 'Defixiones – Will and Testament' in reference to the last wishes of the dead who had been taken to their graves under extreme circumstances, as 'defixiones' in Greece and Asia Minor is associated with the warnings written on gravestones by relatives of the dead to warn people against desecrating them. This material formed part of the 80-minute long album Defixiones: Will and Testament (2003), which was released simultaneously with La Serpenta Canta (2003), a live album including cover versions recorded between May 1999 and November 2002. One of the unaccompanied vocal pieces from Defixiones: Will and Testament (2003), "Orders from the Dead", was later used on the album Aealo (2010) by Greek black metal band Rotting Christ.

In 2008, Galás released her seventh live album, Guilty Guilty Guilty, a collection of cover songs that she used to play as a piano accompanist in her father's band when she was young. The album emerged from material she began to work on around the time when her parents – to whom it is dedicated – happened to stay in the same hospital at the same time for different treatments; seeing how they handled it and how they held hands and took courage from each other during that time reminded her of the love songs she had learned in her father's band. Galás has stated that these songs also made her explore her own emotions at a time when a long-term personal relationship had ended, particularly Henderson's and Brown's "The Thrill Is Gone", a song performed by Chet Baker and others. This set of new re-interpretations of old, love songs was recorded live at Galás's Valentine's Day concert at New York's Knitting Factory in 2006.

Intravenal Sound Operations (2009–present)
After 2009 Galás found herself without a record deal, and until 2016 she was remixing and remastering her earlier works as well as recording some new songs which were made available online digitally as self-released singles. Galás's focus in this period was on regaining ownership and control of her entire catalogue, since the selling of her records by Mute to EMI, which passed them to BMG, had made Galás's back catalogue unavailable. In the meantime, two new albums, All the Way (2017) and At Saint Thomas the Apostle Harlem (2017), were released simultaneously through her own label, Intravenal Sound Operations, and a world tour followed.

In 2019, Galás regained the rights of her back catalogue and her discography was made available again. The result was the release of a remastered version of her debut album The Litanies of Satan (1982), which had been originally released on Y Records. This was followed by the 21-minute piano work De-formation: Piano Variations (2020), which was based on music for the 1912 poem Das Fieberspital (The Fever Hospital) by the German expressionist writer Georg Heym.

In August 2022, Galás released the studio album Broken Gargoyles. The first incarnation of the work was played in July 2021 as a sound installation at the Nikolaikapelle (former Kapellen Leprosarium - Leper Sanctuary) in Hanover, Germany. Earlier versions had been performed at the Dark Mofo festival and other live music events, and sections of it had also been included in different multi-media installations. The inspiration came from a pre-First World War poem by the German poet Georg Heym that Galás came across in a book about German expressionist art and poetry. This led her to other cultural artefacts from the period, including a 1924 book by anti-war campaigner Ernst Friedrich of photographs showing soldiers with damaged faces, which were also responsible for the album title, as 'gargoyles' was a term used by hospital staff to refer to those soldiers. The album comprises two long pieces titled 'Mutilatus' and 'Abiectio'.

Art

Performance art
Although Galás found herself in the mid-70s studying and practicing music and performance in the West Coast, where performance artists tended to be much more reliant on text and closer to the theatrical event than their European and East-Coast counterparts, her use of text did not restrict her performances to a script, as her introduction of electronically processed sounds shifted her attention towards vocal improvisation to allow more freedom. Her first public performances at New York's The Kitchen and the 1980 Moers Festival reflect this direction, and works such as 'Wild Women with Steak-Knives' and 'Panoptikon', which were developed in this period and used heavily the improvisation element and vocal experimentation, were later recorded and released as music records for her first two solo albums in 1982 and 1984 respectively.

In 1990, Galás selected material from her AIDS trilogy and created a performance piece for the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York. With a theme addressing the Roman Catholic Church's indifference to sufferers of HIV and Galás's introduction of theatrical props, such as artificial blood and special lights, her performance, for some members of her audience, "combined ululating shrieks, whispers and howls with an intensity that left the audience stunned." The performance was documented in photographs and audio, and a live album was released under the title Plague Mass in 1991.

Painting
Galás has stated that, for her, painting acts as "an exorcism of that which is troubling [her] deeply", and that the visual language she uses allows her "to paint an analogue of the experience, the misery, and therefore get rid of it for the time being. But only because of that vocabulary", she adds. Commentators suggest that Galás's paintings look to the past by presenting stylistic similarities with artworks by Expressionist artists such as Edvard Munch, Paul Klee and Jean Dubuffet. One of the Expressionist artists that Galás mentions as influential to her is the Austrian painter and playwright Oskar Kokoschka, especially with his short play Murderer, the Hope of Women (1909), which has very little text but creates 'explosions' by being immensely expressive. According to art historian Donald Kuspit, looking back to early modern art, particularly to Expressionism, was an interest in subjects from that period by late-70s and early-80s Neo-expressionist artists, such as Georg Baselitz, Paula Rego and Jean-Michel Basquiat, who painted objects and human forms in a distorted way, yet not entirely un-recognisable. Galás has also been compared to the artist David Wojnarowicz, whose work is seen as falling within the wider limits of neo-expressionism, for the similarities in which they invite horror through immediate and explicit expression. For Galás, the visual art that she does "has the same impulse and subject material" as her music, because she cannot interrupt the creative process when working on a subjects, "so these are simply different treatments of similar subjects." Many of Galás's paintings often borrow their subjects from themes she has explored in her performances and recordings, looking back to the same historical events that have been inspiring her to write lyrics and compose music, as is made apparent by the use of titles such as 'Ragip:Turkish Prison for Infidels', 'Medusa', 'Artemis', Cleopatra', 'Mani: Me Epifilakzin – Salt Maketh A Man Who Fears No God' and 'Ethiopian Martyr/Amharic Brother to Greek Orthodox, Egyptian Coptic and Palestinian Orthodox', among others.

In 2011, Galás donated a painting to the Coilhouse International Fundraising Silent Auction, which was part of The Black & White & Red All Over Ball organized by New York's digital and print magazine, and corresponding blog, Coilhouse. Galás's work was a luminescent, or a 'glow-in-the-dark fabric painting', as described by the magazine editors, featuring "mysterious and ferocious organic shapes painted on a thick piece of black fabric and adorned with a bright prism″.

Installation
In 1988, Galás provided the music to the audiovisual installation Faded Wallpaper (1988) by British artist Tina Keane, which included a neon sign and a video work that featured, among other material, extracts from Charlotte Perkins Gilman's 1892 story 'The Yellow Wallpaper'.

In 2010, a four-minute video artwork entitled A Fire in My Belly (1992), which was made using a composition by Galás from her album Plague Mass (1991) and a film by the artist David Wojnarowicz, was featured in the exhibition Hide/Seek at Smithsonian's National Portrait Gallery. The artwork was deemed by some groups to be controversial and it was removed from that show, with Galas immediately responding to the Smithsonian's removal with a written statement that was circulated in the press.

In 2011, Galás collaborated with Soviet dissident artist Vladislav Shabalin on Aquarium, a sound installation inspired by the environmental disaster in the Gulf of Mexico. The event took place at Leonhardskirche in Basel (Switzerland) from June 12 to 19. Aquarium was then installed at the church of San Francesco in Udine (Italy), at the festival "Vicino/Lontano", from May 9 to 12, 2013.

In July 2020, Galás presented via Fridman Gallery's online space a work inspired by poetry and visuals related to physical and mental scars in soldiers who were injured in the First World War. With collaborators such as artist and sound engineer Daniel Neumann, video artist Carlton Bright, and artist Robert Knocke on a guest appearance, Galás produced 'Broken Gargoyles', an installation based on the words of German poet Georg Heym and on photographs by Ernst Friedrich.

Films
In 1984, Galás made a voice cameo appearance, performing the voices for the Japanese assassins and flying weapons in Cannon Films' Ninja III: The Domination. This was followed by three more film appearances: she made the voice of the witch in John Milius's Conan the Barbarian (1982 film), the voice of the dead in Wes Craven's film The Serpent and the Rainbow, and also offered her voice to Francis Ford Coppola's 1992 film, Bram Stoker's Dracula, adding erotically charged moans, breathless sighs, and high-pitched shrieks. She also contributed the song "Exeloume" to the film. In 1995, Galás was commissioned to record a cover version of the Schwartz-Dietz song "Dancing in the Dark" for Clive Barker's film Lord of Illusions, and her song appeared during the closing credits.

While two of her earlier recordings, "Le Treizième Revient" and "Exeloume", appeared on the soundtrack to Derek Jarman's The Last of England (1987), Galás herself also made an appearance in a film, as in 1990 she took part in Rosa von Praunheim's documentary Positive about AIDS in the New York gay scene. Also, excerpts from Galás's "I Put a Spell on You", "Vena Cava", "The Lord is My Shepherd" and "Judgement Day" can be heard in Oliver Stone's Natural Born Killers, and her vocal improvisation in Hideo Nakata's film The Ring Two (2005).

In 2011, Galás premiered Schrei 27, a film made in collaboration with Italian filmmaker Davide Pepe. It was based on Schrei X, a 1994 radio piece which was a co-commission to Galás by New American Radio and the Walker Art Center, and it has been described as an "unrelenting" portrait of a body suffering torture in a medical facility.

Most recently, Galás contributed work to James Wan's 2013 horror film, The Conjuring, and her composition "Free Among the Dead" from the album The Divine Punishment (1986) was featured in Zoe Mavroudi's documentary, Ruins: Chronicle of an HIV Witch-Hunt (2013).

Awards
In 2005, Galás was awarded Italy's prestigious Demetrio Stratos International Career Award.

Activism
In 1986, Galás's brother, playwright Philip-Dimitri Galás, died from AIDS, and this inspired her to join the AIDS activist group ACT UP. Her subsequent involvement in ACT UP's Stop the Church demonstration resulted in her arrest on December 10, 1989, inside Saint Patrick's Cathedral. The group was protesting Cardinal O'Connor's opposition to AIDS education and to the distribution of condoms in public schools. She was among 53 people arrested that day.

Cultural references
Galás was mentioned in Michael Kustow's autobiographical book One in Four (1987), which uses the form of a journal to tell the author's story for the year 1986, when he was working as a Commissioning Editor for the Arts in the British TV station Channel Four. Galás's name does not appear directly in the book, but several references to her are made in a conversation between the author and the owner of the independent music label Some Bizzare Records Stevo Pearce, such as the use of cutting-edge technology in her live performances, her singing technique, and her Greek heritage. The following dialogue between these two persons illustrates best how this is an indirect mention of Galás:My label's called Some Bizzare. ... I've got the best f***ing TV show you'll ever see. Drama, video art, music, films made by the bands themselves. You'll get ratings. Innovation? I can give Channel Four all the innovation it wants. Greek singer, for example. She wears twenty contact microphones round her body, like necklaces, she's an opera singer, it's pure unaccompanied transformed voice. It'll drive your viewers crazy!

Critical analyses
Musicologist Susan McClary has written about Galás in her study Feminist Endings: Music, Gender, and Sexuality (2002). McClary looks at Galás's work in a discussion about the representation of women in famous operas as an example of how Galás's approach confronts the narrow portrayal of women in those works and how she renovated the operatic tradition with subjects created through enactment.

Art historian Nicholas Chare discusses the concert performance Todesfuge (Death's Fugue) by Diamanda Galás in his study Auschwitz and Afterimages: Abjection, Witnessing and Representation (2011). Chare is interested in the Holocaust and representations of it in painting, photography, musical performance and museum artefacts, so in the section where he examines how Galás has transformed the words in the poem Todesfuge, which was written by the Romanian-born German-language poet Paul Celan, he looks at her work to investigate the relationship between style and horror in music, poetry and art.

Influences
Galás has cited multiple artists as influences on her music, including Maria Callas, Annette Peacock, Patty Waters, John Lee Hooker, Johnny Cash, Ray Charles, and Jimi Hendrix. She is additionally influenced greatly by Greek and Middle Eastern styles of singing, and also blues music. Galás has also expressed admiration for the comedian Don Rickles, who she has called "my hero", as well as the work of poets such as Henri Michaux and Georg Heym, and an array of other musicians, including Chet Baker, Doris Day, The Supremes, Gladys Knight, Miki Howard, Whitney Houston, Amy Winehouse and Adele.

Discography

Studio albums
1979 – If Looks Could Kill (w/Jim French and Henry Kaiser)
1982 – The Litanies of Satan
1984 – Diamanda Galas
1986 – The Divine Punishment
1986 – Saint of the Pit
1988 – You Must Be Certain of the Devil
1992 – The Singer
1994 – The Sporting Life (w/John Paul Jones and Pete Thomas)
2003 – Defixiones: Will and Testament
2017 – All the Way
2020 – De-formation: Piano Variations
2022 – Broken Gargoyles

Live performance albums
1982 - Diamanda Galás
1991 – Plague Mass (1984 - End of the Epidemic)
1993 – Vena Cava
1996 – Schrei x
1998 – Malediction and Prayer
2003 – La serpenta canta
2008 – Guilty Guilty Guilty
2017 – At Saint Thomas the Apostle Harlem

Compilation albums
 1988 - The Divine Punishment & Saint of the Pit
 1988 – Masque of the Red Death (The Divine Punishment, Saint of the Pit & You Must Be Certain of the Devil)

Singles
1988 - Double-Barrel Prayer
1994 - Do You Take This Man? (with John Paul Jones)
2009 - A Soul That's Been Abused
2009 - Gloomy Sunday
2009 - Pardon Me, I've Got Someone To Kill
2009 - You Don't Know What Love Is
2009 - O Death
2009 - I Put A Spell On You (with Digitalism)
2010 - The Black Cat
2010 - Tengo que Subir al Puerto (Canto de las Montañas)
2010 - Fernand
2010 - All The Way
2010 - Orders From The Dead (with Rotting Christ)
2011 - Άνοιξε Πέτρα (Anoixe Petra)
2011 - Birds Of Death
2011 - La Sierra de Armenia
2011 - Clash Of The Titans (with Choronzon)
2021 - Die Stunde Kommt (Live At The Murmrr Theater Brooklyn 2017)

Long-form videos
1986 – The Litanies of Satan (VHS)
1993 – Judgement Day (VHS)

Promotional videos
 1988 – Double-Barrel Prayer
 1994 – Do You Take This Man?

Books
1996 – The Shit of God. London and New York: High Risk/Serpent's Tail, 1996.
2017 – "Morphine & Others", featured in Outside: An Anthology, edited by Doron Hamburger & Amir Naaman. Berlin: Ash Pure Press, 2017.

References

Further reading
Anon. "The Woman who knows too much: A conversation with Diamanda Galás, avenging queen of the damned". Bluefat.com. March 2008.
Anon. "Interview with Diamanda Galás ". Hellenism.net. July 2009.
Batchelder, Edward. "Diamanda Galás: The Politics of Disquiet ". People & Ideas in Profile. New Music Box. November 1, 2003. Interview and accompanying video.
Fischer, Tobias. "Interview with Diamanda Galás". tokafi. August 24, 2005.
Golden, Barbara. "Conversation with Diamanda Galás". 12.2 — Conversations at the 'Crack o' Dawn'. eContact!. April 2010. Montréal: CEC.
Zanchi, Luca. Lamentazione e Maledizione. Una Introduzione a Diamanda Galàs (Lamentation and Curse. An Introduction to Diamanda Galàs). Roma: Aracne, 2014.

External links

Diamanda Galás discography on Discogs

Twitchfilm: Interview with Diamanda Galás
run-riot: Interview
Live footage of Diamanda Galás from the Claxon Festival in the Netherlands (Holland Festival 1984) – video starts at 41:16

Avant-garde singers
1955 births
Living people
American women composers
American blues singers
American performance artists
Arabic-language singers
Experimental composers
American women classical composers
American women in electronic music
HIV/AIDS activists
American LGBT rights activists
Mute Records artists
American people of Egyptian descent
American people of Greek descent
Activists from California
Modern Greek-language singers
Musicians from San Diego
20th-century American composers
21st-century American composers
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
20th-century American women singers
20th-century American singers
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singers
20th-century women composers
21st-century women composers
San Diego High School alumni

Diamanda Galás


Marc-Antoine Madeleine Désaugiers (17 November 1772 – 9 August 1827) was a French composer, dramatist, and songwriter.

Désaugiers is easily confused in historical writings with his father, Marc-Antoine Désaugiers (b. Fréjus, 1742 – d. Paris, 10 September 1793), who was himself a composer of eleven operatic works, mostly comedies, for the stages of Paris, and left ten stage compositions unperformed. Both father and son died in their early 50s.

Biography

Desaugiers was born in Fréjus (Var), son of an accomplished composer for the stage. He studied at the Collège des Quatre-Nations, known as "Mazarin College" in Paris, where he had for one of his teachers the critic Julien Louis Geoffroy. He entered the Saint-Lazare seminary with a view to the priesthood, but soon gave up his intention. In his nineteenth year he produced in collaboration with his father a light opera (1791) adapted from Le Médecin malgré lui of Molière.

During the French Revolution he emigrated to Santo Domingo, and during the Negro revolt he was made prisoner, barely escaping with his life. He took refuge in the United States, where he supported himself by teaching the piano. In 1797, he returned to his native country, and in a very few years he became famous as a writer of comedies, operas and vaudevilles, which were produced in rapid succession at the Théâtre des Variétés and the Vaudeville. He also wrote convivial and satirical songs, which, though different in character, can only worthily be compared with those of Béranger. He was at one time president of the Ceveau, a convivial society whose members were then chiefly drawn from literary circles. He had the honor of introducing Béranger as a member. In 1815, Désaugiers succeeded Pierre Yves Barr as manager of the Vaudeville, which prospered under his management until, in 1820, the opposition of the Gymnase proved too strong for him, and he resigned.

Désaugiers died in Paris at the age of 55.

Among his pieces may be mentioned Le Valet d'emprunt (1807); Monsieur Vautour (1811); and Le Règne d'un terme et le terme d'un règne, aimed at Napoleon. Among his collaborators was Eugène Scribe.

An edition of Désaugiers' Chansons et Poésies diverses appeared in 1827. A new selection with a foreword by Alfred de Bougy appeared in 1858. See also Sainte-Beuve's Portraits contemporains, vol. V.

References

External links

1772 births
1827 deaths
People from Fréjus
French male classical composers
French opera composers
Male opera composers
French poets
University of Paris alumni
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
French male poets

Marc-Antoine Madeleine Désaugiers


Neepawa Airport  is located  west of Neepawa, Manitoba, Canada, immediately north of the Yellowhead Highway.

The airport is operated by the Town of Neepawa. It is used by owners of light and ultralight aircraft, chiefly for pleasure flying and crop dusting. The airport has also been employed for hanglider training. The property supports several light industrial enterprises.

History
The present-day airport building was originally the RCAF Station Neepawa, constructed during the Second World War under the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP). It was one of many dozens of Canadian airports once used to train pilots and other air crew for the Royal Air Force and other British Commonwealth air forces.

Tens of thousands of eager BCATP trainees from across the globe spent time in and around small towns throughout Canada, often experiencing severe winter weather for the first time. Their lives in Manitoba, on and off base, are dramatized in the 1993 film For the Moment, starring New Zealand actor Russell Crowe.

After the war until the 1960s, the original control tower was operated in support of civil aviation by the Canadian Department of Transport. Other airport facilities, including a hangar and a rifle range, continued for some years to serve Squadron 9 of the Royal Canadian Air Cadets and the local militia organization. Many of the original wooden buildings have since been demolished.

References

Registered aerodromes in Manitoba

Neepawa
Airports in Westman Region, Manitoba

Neepawa Airport


Dina Porat (born 24 September 1943 in Buenos Aires) is an Israeli historian. She is professor emeritus of modern Jewish history at the Department of Jewish History at Tel Aviv University and the chief historian of Yad Vashem.

Academic career
Dina Porat served as head of the Jewish History Department at Tel Aviv University's Stephen Roth Institute. She is head of the Kantor Center for the Study of Contemporary European Jewry and holds the Alfred P. Slaner Chair for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism and Racism at Tel Aviv University.

She served as the academic adviser to the Task Force for International Cooperation on Holocaust Education, Remembrance, and Research. She is also an Advisory Board member of the Israel Council on Foreign Relations. Since 2011 she has served as chief historian of Yad Vashem.

Definition of anti-Semitism
Porat participated in formulating an extended definition of anti-Semitism.

Awards and recognition
In 1988, Porat's book An Entangled Leadership, the Yishuv and the Holocaust 1942-1945, won the Yad Ben Zvi Award. In 2000, Dina Porat was one of the winners of the annual Buchman Memorial Prize for outstanding achievements in the field of Holocaust commemoration. The award was presented at Yad Vashem in Jerusalem. Porat received the prize for her book Beyond the Reaches of Our Soul: The Life and Times of Abba Kovner. In 2010, the book also won a National Jewish Book Award.

Published works

Books
An Entangled Leadership, the Yishuv and the Holocaust 1942-1945 (Am Oved, 1986, Hebrew).
 The Blue and the Yellow Stars of David, The Zionist Leadership and the Holocaust, 1939-1945 (Harvard University Press, 1990) (in English). The book was nominated for the National Jewish Book Award, in the U.S.A., 1991.
 Avraham Tory, Surviving the Holocaust, edited and with an introduction by Martin Gilbert, textual and historical notes by Dina Porat (Harvard University Press, May 1990) (in English).
Edited, When Holocaust comes from Afar, Leading Personalities in the Land of Israel Confront Nazism and the Holocaust, 1933-1948 (Yad Ben-Zvi, Jerusalem, 2009, Hebrew).
Israeli Society, the Holocaust and its Survivors, Research Essays (Vallentine Mitchell, 2008), and Hebrew version, The Smoke-Smelling Morning Coffee (Am Oved and Yad Vashem, 2011).

Articles
 "What makes an anti-Semite", Haaretz, January 28, 2007.

References

External links
 A review of Dina Porat's biography of Abba Kovner
 http://www.kantorcenter.tau.ac.il/

Living people
Israeli historians
Israeli women historians
Academic staff of Tel Aviv University
Yad Vashem people
Argentine emigrants to Israel
1943 births

Dina Porat


Sir Derman Guy Christopherson  (6 September 1915 – 7 November 2000) was a British engineering science academic.

Early life and education

Christopherson was born the son of a clergyman, Derman Christopherson (the vicar of Plumstead in southeast London), and Edith Frances Christopherson. Soon afterwards, the Christopherson family moved to Porlock in Devon, where his father was vicar of Clovelly. As a boy, Christopherson suffered from asthma. He was educated privately until, at age 14, he was sent to Sherborne School in Dorset.

He gained a scholarship at University College, Oxford, initially to read Mathematics. Later, in 1937, he achieved a first class degree in Engineering Science. The following year he went to Harvard University in the United States as a Henry Fellow, gaining an SM master's degree in 1938.

He returned to Oxford University as a research assistant to Sir Richard Southwell FRS, working on numerical methods for applied mechanics. He contributed to Southwell's relaxation method.

Christopherson was the first to apply the method in the solution of field differential equations, which later became the most important application. He gained his DPhil in 1941.

War service
In 1941, during World War II, Christopherson was appointed as a Scientific Officer in the Ministry of Home Security, working in the research and experimental department with Sir Reginald Stradling. His work involved investigating the effects of explosives on buildings, shelters, and firefighting.  He worked with Solly (later Lord) Zuckerman and Hugh (later Sir Hugh) Cairns on researching helmet designs.  He was also with Barnes Wallis and his team during the war.

Academic career
Most of Christopherson's research was conducted at the University of Oxford (1937–41), the University of Cambridge (1945–49), and the University of Leeds (1949–55). He contributed to lubrication research especially. He was a lecturer in engineering at Cambridge. Christopherson was then appointed Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Leeds and became the head of the department in 1949. He left Leeds to become Professor of Applied Science with special reference to Engineering at Imperial College, London until 1960.

Christopherson was Vice-Chancellor and Warden of the University of Durham (1960–1979) and then Master of Magdalene College, Cambridge (1978–1985). In 1983 he became the second Chairman of the Standing Committee on Structural Safety, succeeding Lord Penney. He served as such until 1988.

Honours
Christopherson was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1960. He was also a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering.

Marriage and children

Christopherson married Frances Edith Tearle in 1940; the couple had five children. Their son, Peter Christopherson (1955-2010), was a musician, video director and designer. Lady Christopherson predeceased her husband in 1988.

Death
Christopherson died on 7 November 2000, aged 85.  He was interred with his wife at the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground, Cambridge.

Selected publications
 On being a technologist. London: S.C.M. Press, 1959.
 The University at Work. London: S.C.M. Press, 1973. Published for the University Teachers' Group; .

External links

References

1915 births
2000 deaths
People from Plumstead
People educated at Sherborne School
Alumni of University College, Oxford
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences alumni
English mechanical engineers
Engineering academics
Academics of the University of Oxford
Academics of the University of Leeds
Academics of Imperial College London
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Bachelor
Masters of Magdalene College, Cambridge
Vice-Chancellors and Wardens of Durham University
Presidents of the Association for Science Education
20th-century British engineers

Derman Christopherson


This article features a list of neighborhoods in the Bronx, one of the five boroughs of New York City.

When using this article, note that names of many (but not all) neighborhoods in the Bronx are popular based on their historical pedigree and the livability factor. However, this is not true for all neighborhoods in the Bronx; while someone living at East 213th Street & White Plains Road might prefer to describe their location simply as "Gun Hill Road" (a nearby thoroughfare) rather than "Williamsbridge". Other neighborhood names have greater popularity. For example, Riverdale was once home to John F. Kennedy and is known for its affluence, large mansions, and proximity to amenities. Throggs Neck has a bridge named for it and the neighborhood is known for waterfront beach communities located on the Long Island Sound.

Regions of the Bronx
Generally speaking, there are two major systems of dividing the Bronx into regions, which often conflict with one another. One is based on the Bronx River while the other strictly separate South Bronx from the rest of the borough. The older of the two systems is based on the Bronx River and is arguably a more accurate reflection of the area's history:

West Bronx: all parts of the Bronx west of the Bronx River (as opposed to Jerome Avenue – this street is simply the "east-west" divider for designating numbered streets as "east" or "west." As the Bronx's numbered streets continue from Manhattan to south, on which the street numbering system is based, Jerome Avenue actually represents a longitudinal halfway point for Manhattan, not the Bronx.)
East Bronx: all parts of the Bronx east of the Bronx River (as opposed to Jerome Avenue)

The Bronx River divides the borough nearly perfectly in half, putting the earlier-settled, more urban, and hillier sections in the western lobe and the newer, more suburbanesque coastal sections in the eastern lobe. It is an accurate reflection on the Bronx's history considering that the towns that existed in the area prior to annexation to the City of New York generally did not straddle the Bronx River. In addition, what is today the Bronx was annexed to New York City in two stages: areas west of the Bronx River were annexed in 1874 while areas to the east of the river were annexed in 1895.

Using this system, the Bronx can be further divided into the following regions:

Northwest Bronx: the northern half of the West Bronx; the area north of Fordham road and west of the Bronx River
Southwest Bronx: the southern half of the West Bronx; the area south of Fordham road and west of the Bronx River
Northeast Bronx: the northern half of the East Bronx; the area north of Pelham Parkway and east of the Bronx River
Southeast Bronx: the southern half of the East Bronx; the area south of Pelham Parkway and east of the Bronx River

A second system divides the borough first and foremost into the following sections:

North Bronx: all areas not in the South Bronx (Southwest Bronx) – i.e. the Northwest Bronx, Northeast Bronx, and Southeast Bronx
South Bronx: the Southwest Bronx – south of Fordham road and west of the Bronx River. This includes the areas traditionally considered part of the South Bronx.

As of 2012, listed are the Bronx neighborhoods organized and outlined:

West Bronx

Northwest Bronx
 Bedford Park
 Belmont (Arthur Avenue)
 Fordham
 Fordham Heights
 Fordham Manor
 Jerome Park previously the grounds of the Jerome Park Racetrack
 Kingsbridge
 Kingsbridge Heights
 Van Cortlandt Village
 Norwood
 Riverdale
 Central Riverdale
 Fieldston
 Hudson Hill
 North Riverdale
 Spuyten Duyvil (South Riverdale)
 University Heights
 Woodlawn Heights (North of Woodlawn Cemetery)

Southwest Bronx ("South Bronx")
Bathgate
Claremont
Concourse
East Tremont
Highbridge
Hunts Point
Longwood
Foxhurst
Woodstock
Melrose
Morris Heights
Morrisania
Crotona Park East
Mott Haven
Port Morris
The Hub (Melrose / Mott Haven)
Tremont
Fairmount
Mount Hope
West Farms

East Bronx

Northeast Bronx
Allerton
Bronxwood
Laconia
Baychester
Bronxdale
City Island
Co-op City (Eastchester / Baychester)
Eastchester
Edenwald
Pelham Gardens
Pelham Parkway
Wakefield
Washingtonville
Williamsbridge
Olinville

Southeast Bronx
Castle Hill
Unionport
Clason Point
Harding Park
Country Club
Morris Park
Indian Village: Indian Village is very small, with only a few streets, including Seminole, Tenbroeck, Hering, Narragansett, Chocktaw, Pelham Parkway South, Pawnee, Yates, and Van Housen; Rhinelander and Neill near Seminole are also considered part of "Indian Village." Former Senator Guy Velella owned a home off Seminole.
Parkchester
Park Versailles
Pelham Bay
Soundview
Bronx River (on the border of East and West)
Bruckner
Schuylerville
Throggs Neck (also spelled Throgs Neck)
 Edgewater Park
 Silver Beach
Van Nest
Westchester Heights
 Westchester Square

Islands

 The Pelham Islands – The historical name for a group of uninhabited islands.
 The Blauzes
 Chimney Sweeps Islands
 City Island – The only inhabited island.
 Hart Island
 High Island
 Hunter Island
 Rat Island
 Twin Island
 North Brother Island
 South Brother Island
 Rikers Island – The location of New York City's jail.

See also
List of Brooklyn neighborhoods
List of Manhattan neighborhoods
List of Queens neighborhoods
List of Staten Island neighborhoods
Community boards of the Bronx

References

External links

 Bronx - NYCHA
Neighborhood map from NYC Department of City Planning

Lists of populated places in New York (state)
Neighborhoods
Bronx, NYC
Bronx

List of Bronx neighborhoods


"The Waking Dead" is the 21st episode of  season 2  of supernatural drama television series Grimm  and the 43rd episode overall, which premiered on May 14, 2013, on the cable network NBC. The episode was written by series creators Jim Kouf and David Greenwalt, and was directed by Steven DePaul.

Plot
Opening quote: "Papa Ghede is a handsom fellow in his hat and coat of black. Papa Ghede is going to the palace! He'll eat and drink when he gets back!"

In Vienna, Adalind's (Claire Coffee) and Eric's (James Frain) intimate encounter is interrupted when the King, his father, calls him. Adalind hears the conversation and finds out he is planning on travelling to Portland to meet with a man named Baron Samedi.

Wu (Reggie Lee) and Sgt. Franco (Robert Blanche) are called to a disturbance in a house. A man, Richard Mulpus (Solomon Brende), attacks them but is killed by Franco. His nose is oozing a green substance and a woman is dead.  Stefania (Shohreh Aghdashloo) brings a contract for Adalind to sign but, as she is suspicious, Stefania uses a spell to make her hand sign it.

Hank (Russell Hornsby) discovers that Mulpus had a death certificate signed just three days ago. He and Nick talk to the doctor who signed the certificate, who claims that he was officially pronounced dead but gets shocked when he finds out that the corpse is not in its place. Nick notices there's a man with a top hat (Reg E. Cathey) following them. Dr. Harper (Sharon Sachs) is about to perform surgery on the dead woman when she suddenly awakes and her body later disappears.

Juliette decides to go with Monroe (Silas Weir Mitchell) to find what Nick was trying to show her the night she lost her memories. At first hesitation, he along with Bud (Danny Bruno) take her to the spice shop. After a debate with Rosalee (Bree Turner), they finally agree to woge into their respective Wesen in front of her. Renard's (Sasha Roiz) spy notifies him that Frau Pech has told him that someone else is carrying Royal blood, convincing Renard that the baby would be sold and he would offer money for the baby.

Finding that the man in the top hat took the woman, Nick and Hank discover he is a Cracher-Mortel. This Wesen have a spit that can make a deathlike experience, like a zombie. In a bus, the man woges and kills many people,  planning to make an army of zombies. Eric arrives at Portland, calling Renard to taunt him. He then meets with Baron, who is revealed to be the man with the top hat. The episode ends with a title reading, "To be continued".

Reception

Viewers
The episode was viewed by 5.36 million people, earning a 1.7/5 in the 18-49 rating demographics on the Nielson ratings scale, ranking first on its timeslot and eighth for the night in the 18-49 demographics, behind Dancing with the Stars, So You Think You Can Dance, a rerun of The Voice, New Girl, NCIS: Los Angeles, NCIS, and The Voice. This was a 6% decrease in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 5.67 million viewers with a 1.8/5. This means that 1.7 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode, while 5 percent of all households watching television at that time watched it. With DVR factoring in, the episode was watched by 8.47 million viewers with a 3.0 ratings share in the 18-49 demographics.

Critical reviews
"The Waking Dead" received positive reviews. The A.V. Club's Kevin McFarland gave the episode a "B" grade and wrote, "It's becoming a common occurrence for me to grow increasingly worried about the direction of an episode of Grimm up through the middle, only to have the back half wind together the various positive threads into something coherent. 'The Waking Dead' isn't much of a complete episode, and the pace doesn't set out to provide the same kind of payoffs as a typical case-of-the-week plot, but there's a simple reason for that: It's the first half of a two-part finale. The dramatic cliffhanger may be lacking intensity, instead inspiring a few questions, but it's a testament to the progress the show has made that even when the structure doesn't quite fit together or build properly, there are enough positive character moments to keep it from completely devolving. This is all setup for next week's finale, slowly building through longer scenes instead of cutting quickly and putting clues together at a healthy clip."

Nick McHatton from TV Fanatic, gave a 4.0 star rating out of 5, stating: "'The Walking Dead' was a difficult episode to judge. It's unfortunate NBC couldn't work out the scheduling to air this and next Tuesday's installment back to back since so much of hinges on what's coming next. Nevertheless, this was a step up from last week's underwhelming episode."

Shilo Adams from TV Overmind, wrote: "Although the scene where Rosalee, Bud, and Monroe woge in front of Juliette was very strong and nicely balanced the comedy with the genre elements (Bud was especially great), that really should have happened earlier in the show."

References

External links

Grimm (season 2) episodes
2013 American television episodes
Television episodes written by David Greenwalt

The Waking Dead


Hallo Vriendjes  En Vriendinnetjes or Hello, Boys And Girls, is the theme song of the worldwide known Dutch clown and acrobat duo Bassie & Adriaan performances and their long running television series.

The 1997 version of the song was a hit on the internet starting September 2014 and for that reason released as single. People from all over the world place themselves in front of a webcam and videotape their singing the theme song with or without the accompanying music.

Forming
A demo version of this song was first heard during radio plays in 1984. From 1985 on every television season and shorty would carry a revised version titled "Hallo Vriendjes" as opening song and a version with altered text (Dag Vriendjes / Bye, Boys) would be heard during the ending credits. The short and mostly used version (23 seconds) would also open and end every performance in theaters and related events, always with the opening version as opening song and always with the ending version as ending song. The standard version is always the short version.

Different versions

1985: 'Het Geheim Van De Schatkaart'
For "Het Geheim Van De Schatkaart" (The Secret Of The Treasure Map) the music is the same as with "De Verdwenen Kroon" and company but the text is slightly different. Arrangements by Aad Klaris.

1985: Standard version
From now on every performance and related event would open and end with this melancholic version, as well as the shorties produced for Belgian television and the tenth season "Liedjes Uit Grootmoeders Tijd" (Songs From Times Gone, 1995). Arrangements by Aad Klaris.

Also present on most CDs, cassettes and LPs released between 1985 and 1996.

1988: 'De Verdwenen Kroon', 'De Geheimzinnige Opdracht' (1992) and 'De Reis Vol Verrassingen' (1994)
The standard long version for the television seasons played on instruments including a flute. Arrangements by Aad Klaris.

1989: 'De Verzonken Stad' ("Greek version")
For the series "De Verzonken Stad" (The Sunken City) and one accompanieng CD ("Radiostation No. 2 Vanuit Griekenland" /  "Radio Station No.2 From Greece", 1989-print) a Greek styled version was produced. Arrangements by Aad Klaris.

1994: Caribbean version
For the CD and Cassette release of the series' soundtrack "De Reis Vol Verrassingen" (The Journey Full Of Surprises) a remix in Caribbean style was produced as opening song. Arrangements by Aad Klaris.

1997: New standard version
Every performance from now on would open and end with a remix played on the flute. Arrangements by Bert Smorenburg.

In the series' remastering of 2010/2011 the short (standard) version would also be used for the television seasons.

Also present on all CDs and cassettes released since 1998.

2003: Series remastering
For the remastering of the complete series in 2003 one new version was made for (almost) all television seasons, played on instruments including the flute. Arrangements by Bert Smorenburg.

All versions used in the television series were replaced by the new version. Where the short version was used, the new short version would be the replacement.

References

Dutch-language songs
Dutch children's songs
Children's television theme songs
Songs about friendship
2014 singles
1985 songs
Song articles with missing songwriters

Hallo Vriendjes


Adriaan de Bruin (–1766), earlier called Tabo Jansz, was an enslaved servant (kammermohr) of Dutch politician . Born in Africa and enslaved, he got to the Dutch Republic by way of either the Dutch Caribbean or in Dutch Surinam, and ended up a free man in Hoorn, North Holland. De Bruin and van Bredehoff stood for a portrait (1727) by Nicolaas Verkolje, now in the Westfries Museum in Hoorn.

Biography
Little is known of de Bruin's life before adulthood. Originally kidnapped from Africa and enslaved, he had been brought to the Dutch Republic from either Dutch Suriname or the Dutch Antilles, and became a "servant" to Adriaan van Bredehoff, a politician who had a house in Oosthuizen and was schout of Hoorn. A harbour town in North Holland, Hoorn was the seat of the Dutch West India Company (WIC), which (in its second incarnation) had begun to focus on the transatlantic slave trade. Van Bredehoff was at one point a director of the WIC. Slavery was illegal in the Dutch Republic itself and so nominally de Bruin was a servant, though practically speaking his freedom must have been very limited. There were not many people of color in the Netherlands before the mid-nineteenth century, and most of them lived in the larger cities, especially Amsterdam. In West Friesland, where Hoorn is one of the major cities, there were two people of colour—de Bruin and a man named Cornelis Valentijn, who had come from the Dutch East Indies.

Apparently de Bruin and van Bredehoff were on good terms, and when the latter died in 1733 he left a considerable inheritance to de Bruin (who inherited more than the white maid), consisting of 12,000 guilders in bonds. Two months after van Bredehoff's death, Tabo Jansz was baptized in the Dutch Reformed Church, and this was the first documented instance of the name Adriaan de Bruin—the first name for his "master", the last name for his skin color (the register lists him as "from West India"). The inheritance, van Bredehoff noted, was to set de Bruin up in business and prevent him from "falling back into heathendom". However, he was only allowed the annual interest, and the funds were governed by two administrators, who were to receive the funds should de Bruin die without children. De Bruin had married a local girl, Welmetje Bakkers, and started a tobacco shop in Hoorn. In 1753 he asked for a sum of 1,000 guilders to repay debts incurred for work on his shop. The two administrators refused, and de Bruin ended up asking the local government to force the administrators' hands and sell some of the bonds. They grudgingly agreed but reprimanded him, and appointed a third administrator, François van Bredehoff, the son of Adriaan van Bredehoff. Dutch historian Jan de Bruin commented, "For Adriaan this must have been a humiliating experience. He was no longer a slave, but he would never really be a free man". He died in 1766, childless.

Portrait

In 1727, painter Nicolaas Verkolje (1673–1746) made a portrait of van Bredehoff and (young) de Bruin. It is held in the Westfries Museum, where local lore held that he may have been an ancestor of one of the employees of the Westfries Archief. Interest in the Dutch history of slavery grew before 2013, when the 150th anniversary of abolition was commemorated, and this led to researchers looking into the two West-Frisian (former) slaves, de Bruin and Cornelis Valentijn.

The portrait shows the two men standing on the dike of the Beemsterringvaart, with van Bredehoff pointing at his family home on the other side of the canal (it was built by his father after 1686, and demolished in 1863). Young de Bruin is holding a musket in one hand, and with the other restrains a dog with a leash.

See also
List of kidnappings
List of solved missing person cases

References

1700 births
1700s missing person cases
1766 deaths
18th-century slaves
Dutch slaves
Formerly missing people
Former slaves
Kidnapped African children
Missing person cases in Africa
People from Hoorn

Adriaan de Bruin


The 2015 Murray State Racers football team represented Murray State University in the 2015 NCAA Division I FCS football season. They were led by first-year head coach Mitch Stewart and played their home games at Roy Stewart Stadium. They were a member of the Ohio Valley Conference. They finished the season 3–8, 2–6 in OVC play to finish in seventh place.

Schedule

Source: Schedule

References

Murray State
Murray State Racers football seasons
Murray State Racers football

2015 Murray State Racers football team


The Clarendon Fund Scholarship is a scholarship at the University of Oxford. All Oxford University applicants to degree bearing graduate courses are automatically considered for the Clarendon Scholarship.

Established in 2000 and launched in 2001, annually, the scheme now creates over 200 Clarendon Fund Scholarships, formerly referred to as Clarendon Fund Bursaries, to Oxford graduate students from around the world and from across all subject areas, who demonstrate academic excellence and potential. The 2022-23 cohort of Clarendon Scholars includes students from 42 countries.

The Clarendon Scholarship enables the most distinguished and competitive scholars to undertake part- or full-time degree-bearing graduate study, including taught master's degrees, research master's, and research doctorates at the university. It covers course fees and provides a grant for living expenses.

As of 2022, there have been more than 2,000 recipients of scholarships from the Clarendon Fund, including over 400 Clarendon Scholars at Oxford in the academic year of 2022/23.

History
Financed primarily by the Oxford University Press, the Clarendon Fund was established by the Council of the University of Oxford in 2000 and launched in 2001. The original aim of the Fund, as agreed by the council, was to "assist the best overseas graduate students who obtain places to study in the University", regardless of financial capability and to remove any barriers between the best prospective graduate students and studying at the University of Oxford. However, in the year of the Clarendon Fund's 10th anniversary, from 1 September 2011, the ambit of the Fund and its scholarships was expanded to include all nationalities and all fee statuses, as opposed to only candidates with overseas fee status.

The Clarendon Fund is sponsored by Oxford University Press, from which it has received more than £37 million. It covers fees and living expenses. The scholarship community, called the Clarendon Scholars' Association, is also funded so that it can provide scholars with opportunities ranging from career-oriented to cultural and social events, to foster long-lasting friendships between the scholars.

Selection
Every applicant to a degree-bearing graduate course at the University of Oxford is automatically considered for a Clarendon Fund Scholarship. Unlike many scholarships that highlight the need for a track record of leadership among their applicants, the Clarendon Fund Scholarship focuses primarily on proven academic performance and potential for advancing their fields of study during and beyond their time in Oxford. The process of selection aims to award the scholarship to students from each of the university's four academic divisions and the Department of Continuing Education, allowing interdisciplinary interaction amongst the scholars.

Symbols

Name
Edward Hyde, later Earl of Clarendon and also Chancellor of the University of Oxford from 1660 to 1667, wrote a famous and highly profitable work, History of the Great Rebellion about the English Civil War of the 17th century. The profits of his book were used to construct the university-owned Clarendon Building on Broad Street in central Oxford. The Clarendon Building was designed to house Oxford University Press (OUP), and so the Clarendon Fund was named in honour of this famous building and its historic linkages to OUP, the main benefactor of the Clarendon Scholarships.

Logo
The Clarendon Fund logo was designed in 2009 in the run-up to the Fund's 10th anniversary, and simplified and updated in 2014. It celebrates both the long history and traditions of Oxford and of OUP, as well as welcoming the Clarendon scholars who will write the pages of the university's future.

It shows the statues of the Muses at the top of the Clarendon building, which are perhaps the building's most recognisable feature and an iconic part of the Oxford skyline. The building was constructed in the classical style from 1711 to 1713 on the design of Nicholas Hawksmoor, a pupil of the famous architect Sir Christopher Wren.

The font used with the logo is called Trajan Pro and has its origins in the Roman lettering found on Trajan's Column, which was completed in 113 CE. It was chosen specifically to complement the architectural style of the Clarendon building. Trajan remains one of the most widely used fonts in book jacket cover design, a further link to the Clarendon Building's original use as the home of OUP.

Notable alumni
Stephanie Simmons (Quantum computing researcher at Simon Fraser University)

References

External links

Clarendon Scholars Association website

2000 establishments in the United Kingdom
2001 establishments in the United Kingdom
Awards and prizes of the University of Oxford
Awards established in 2001
Scholarships in the United Kingdom

Clarendon Fund


Blair Madison Late (born in Odessa, Texas on April 18, 1982) is an American solo pop singer, songwriter, actor, and television presenter (on such shows as The Opinionator and Late in the Morning with Blair Late). He is also a principal cast member on season 1 of Bravo' reality television series, Newlyweds: The First Year (2013).

Career
His early start was singing on the "Tommy Tune Tonight Show". He studied at the Stagedoor Manor and took part in various theatrical productions ("The Sound of Music", "42nd Street", and "Aladdin"), winning three separate awards: Grand Champion Award, Best Commercial Award, and Best Talent Award. After graduating from high school in 2000, he moved from Texas to California and studied drama at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).

He next moved to New York City, and in 2002, he auditioned for casting for the boy band B3. Out of over 800 candidates, he was chosen to fill the position left vacant when Rod Michael Koch left the band. This made Late the third new member alongside B3's original members: Timothy Andrew Cruz and John Steven Sutherland.

B3 was signed to BMG Germany and disbanded in December 2004. Afterward, Late built a solo singing career in addition to presenting television celebrity and lifestyle programs under the title "The Opinionator". He also blogs at "Blair Late: Confessions from a Retired Pop Star".

As of 2010, Late is a regular contributor to Australia's The Morning Show and an occasional contributor to Sunrise as an entertainment reporter out of Los Angeles. Additionally, he and his then-partner, Jeff Pedersen were featured as principal cast members on the Bravo television docu-series, Newlyweds: The First Year, which premiered in May 2013.

Late and Pedersen split sometime later after the show.

Discography

Albums
With B3
N.Y.B3 (March 2003)
N.Y.B3 Special Edition (November 2003)
Living for the Weekend (September 2004)

Singles
With B3:
"You're My Angel" (2003)
"We Got the Power" (2003)
"All the Girls" (2003)
"Move Your Body" (2004)
"Can't Fight the Feeling" (2004)

References

External links
Blair Late blog: Confessions from a Retired Pop Star
Blair Late MySpace page

1982 births
Living people
American male pop singers
B3 (band) members
People from Odessa, Texas
Singers from Texas
21st-century American singers
21st-century American male singers

Blair Late


Su Buqing, also spelled Su Buchin (; September 23, 1902 – March 17, 2003), was a Chinese mathematician, educator and poet. He was the founder of differential geometry in China, and served as president of Fudan University and honorary chairman of the Chinese Mathematical Society.

Early Life
Su was born in Pingyang County, Zhejiang Province in 1902, with ancestry from Quanzhou.

Su's academic journey began in 1911 when he transferred to the First Primary School in Pingyang County and was subsequently admitted to the Zhejiang Provincial Tenth Middle School in 1914. In 1919, Su was offered a scholarship by the principal of his middle school to study in Japan. Su successfully passed the entrance examination for Tokyo Higher Technical College in February 1920 and enrolled in the Department of Electrical Engineering where he graduated from in March 1924. After that, he was admitted to the Department of Mathematics of Tohoku Imperial University in Japan and graduated in 1927. Under the supervision of Tadahiko Kubota, Su received his Ph.D. from the university in 1931 for dissertation entitled The relation between affine and projective differential geometry.

During his time in Tohoku Imperial University, Su met and married Yonako Matsumoto in 1928.

Career
After returning to China, he first served as a professor and dean at Zhejiang University (he established the Chen-Su School with Chen Jiangong). When universities across China underwent reorganization in 1952, Su and his students from Zhejiang University's Department of Mathematics relocated to Fudan University where he initially served as the Provost and later became the honorary President of Fudan University in 1978.

He was honorary chairman of the Chinese Mathematical Society (CMS) and elected to Academia Sinica and the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1948 and 1955 respectively.

In 1985, the Propaganda Department of the Zhejiang Provincial Party Committee appointed Su as the honorary President of Wenzhou University. Additionally, he provided guidance and supervision in the establishment of the Shanghai Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics in 1989 and the China Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics (CSIAM) in 1990, serving as a consultant for the latter.

Some other positions Su held included member of the sixth (1983-88) and later vice chairman of the seventh and eighth (1988-98) National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), honorary chairman of the China Democratic League Central Committee (1997), and Conference and deputy to the National People's Congress (NPC).

Research
Praised commonly in mathematical field as the "first geometer in the orient", Su was engaged in research, teaching and education in differential geometry and computational geometry. In his early years, he made excellent contributions to affine differential geometry and projective differential geometry. He obtained extraordinary achievements in general space differential geometry, conjugating net theory in higher-dimensional space and computer aided geometry design.

Su's research on general surfaces led to the discovery of quartic algebraic surfaces of the third order. In recognition of his achievements, a geometric shape known as the "Su-cone" was named after him. In the 1940s, he made notable contributions to the theory of K-spreads, involving families of K-dimensional manifolds in space.

Throughout his career, Su authored over 160 mathematical papers published in both domestic and international journals. He also wrote more than 20 monographs and textbooks on topics such as projective curves, projective surfaces, and affine differential geometry. Su's main papers are included in Selected Works of Buqing Su (1991). Notable among his works are "The General Projective Theory of Curves," (English translation 1958) "Affine Differential Geometry," (English translation 1983) and "Computational Geometry, Curve and Surface Modeling," (Chinese 1980; English edition 1989) co-authored with Dingyuan Liu.

Honors and awards
Su won the second prize of the first National Natural Science Award in 1956 for his work on "Geometry of K-spread Space and General Metric Space, Projective Curve Theory."

In 1978, his work, A Program of Hull Lofting, won the National Science Conference Award.

Su won the second prize of the first National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1985 for his collaborative effort on "A Production Process of the Hull Form by the Curved-Surface Method."

In 2001, the book, Geometry and Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations, which presents the proceedings of a conference on geometry and nonlinear partial differential equations, dedicated to Su in honor of his one-hundredth birthday.

In August 2003, the International Council for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (ICIAM) established the "ICIAM Su Buqing Award" in recognition to contributions to the application of mathematics in economic growth and human development. Furthermore, the Chinese Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (CSIAM) established the "CSIAM Su Buqing Applied Mathematics Award" in 2004.

Asteroid 297161 Subuchin, discovered by astronomers of the PMO NEO Survey Program in 2008, was named in his memory. The official  was published by the Minor Planet Center on 8 November 2019 ().

Publications
 Buqing, Su. (1958). The General Projective Theory of Curves: She Ying Qu Xian Gai Lun. Peking: Science Press. Print.
 Buqing, Su. (1983). Affine Differential Geometry. Beijing, China: Science Press. Print.  (Gordon and Breach)
 Buqing, Su & Ding-Yuan, Liu. (1989). Computational Geometry: Curve and Surface Modeling. Academic Press. .
 Buqing, Su. (1991). Selected Works of Buqing Su. .

References

External links

 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Buqing Su", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews

 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "ICIAM Su Buchin Prize", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews

 Buqing Su - Mathematics Genealogy Project, Department of Mathematics, North Dakota State University

1902 births
2003 deaths
20th-century Chinese mathematicians
Chinese centenarians
Educators from Wenzhou
Mathematicians from Zhejiang
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Members of Academia Sinica
Men centenarians
Academic staff of the National Taiwan University
People's Republic of China politicians from Zhejiang
Politicians from Wenzhou
Presidents of Fudan University
Scientists from Wenzhou
Tohoku University alumni
Academic staff of Zhejiang University
Vice Chairpersons of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference

Su Buqing


Donald Duck Presents is an American animated television series that aired on The Disney Channel beginning in 1983 and which featured Disney animated shorts. Although Donald Duck shorts were the primary programming, additional cartoons featuring Goofy, Mickey Mouse, Chip 'n Dale, Pluto, as well as Silly Symphonies, Disney featurettes, and other Disney-based shorts were shown. The show was first aired on September 1, 1983, a few months after The Disney Channel was launched. Its timeslot for its early run was at 8 a.m. Eastern/Pacific Time, making it the third program of The Disney Channel's 16 (later 18) hour programming day.

Brief clips and segues featuring Donald Duck typically were placed between each short. The shorts often were edited down, removing the opening and closing credits, and in some cases, edited for length.

The opening of the show featured a cavalcade of scenes from Disney shorts, and a theme song. Unlike the opening of Good Morning, Mickey!, which features all of the characters in the theme, the opening of Donald Duck Presents features only Donald (and his nephews).

The show was replaced by Donald's Quack Attack in 1992.

Home media
This show was released only on VHS PAL in the UK as part of a six-volume set which also each featured an episode of Good Morning, Mickey!, Welcome to Pooh Corner, The Mouse Factory and Mousercise. Unlike the stateside version of Donald Duck Presents, however, there were no cartoon shorts released; that position was filled by Good Morning, Mickey!. Instead, it contained different Disney featurettes.
 Volume One contains "Adventures of J. Thaddeus Toad"
 Volume Two contains "A Day at Disneyland"
 Volume Three contains "Donald in Mathmagic Land"
 Volume Four contains "Bear Country"
 Volume Five contains "Magic and Music" and "Peter and the Wolf"
 Volume Six contains "Nature's Half Acre"

References

External links

1983 American television series debuts
1985 American television series endings
1980s American animated television series
1980s American anthology television series
American children's animated anthology television series
Disney Channel original programming
Disney animated television series
English-language television shows
Animated television series about ducks
Television series by Disney

Donald Duck Presents


José Patricio Guggiari Corniglione (17 March 1884, in Asunción – 30 October 1957, in Buenos Aires) was a Paraguayan politician by the Partido Liberal Radical Auténtico.

He was President of the Republic of Paraguay between 1928 and 1932. In 1931, after a bloody repression against a demonstration calling for a more vigorous action in defense of the Chaco, he left office to be judged by Parliament. Absolved, he regained the presidency.

Background and Political Life
The records of the Civil Registry indicated that he was from Asunción, born in this capital on March 17, 1884, in the home of the couple Mr. Pedro Guggiari and Mrs. Petrona Corniglione, with Italian and Swiss ancestry. Married to Mrs. Rosa Ramona Rojas, he was the father of María Estela and José Antonio Guggiari Rojas (married to Alejandrina Marasco). She also had Clementina (married to Miguel Peralta).

Delivered by his father to commercial and industrial tasks with members of his family, the little José Patricio is taken to Villarrica del Espiritu Santo, where he will later pick up the persuasive oratories - which made him famous - very evident characteristic of that historic region . There he attended primary school.

He started and completed secondary studies at the Colegio Nacional de la Capital and in 1901 he graduated with a bachelor's degree in science and letters. He immediately begins his university career.

In 1910 he graduated as a doctor in law and social sciences, but his inclination would not be professional but political.

It is worth remembering some tasks prior to his arrival at the first magistracy to expose his capacity for service. On August 8, 1904 is among those who pass to the Argentine shore to discover the liberal conspiracy. On April 30, 1906, he signed the founding charter of the League of Independent Youth, whose original he had until the end of his days. He also hold the positions of Criminal Prosecutor and later as Attorney General of the State between the years 1908 and 1910. Subsequently, he fully incorporates himself into liberalism, which he was to head in 1924.

Deputy, in 1913; President of the Chamber of Deputies in 1918, 1923 and 1924–1927. In the interim he worked as interior minister for Manuel Gondra (1920), being that the pretext for the military uprising. Then deputy again, in 1924.
He assumed the presidency of the Republic on August 15, 1928, from Eligio Ayala.

Presidency
He was the first democratically elected president with free political participation in the history of Paraguay, defeating the candidate of the Asociación Nacional Republicana, Mr. Eduardo Fleitas.

In the Government, he was seconded by Vice President Emiliano González Navero and his Cabinet were made up of Eligio Ayala, Rodolfo González and Justo Pastor Benítez, in the Ministry of Finance; Belisario Rivarola, Luis De Gásperi, Justo Pastor Benítez and Víctor Abente Haedo, in Interior; Rodolfo González, Eladio Velásquez, Justo Pastor Prieto, Justo Pastor Benítez and Alejandro Arce, in Justice, Worship and Public Instruction; Eliseo Da Rosa, Manlio Schenoni and Raúl Casal-Ribeiro, in Guerra y Marina; Gerónimo Zubizarreta and Higinio Arbo, in External Relations.

In 1928, the National Congress of Defense was constituted, with little success, despite the circumstances; in 1929, after arduous debates, the Archdiocese of Asunción was created (which was not intended to be more than an autonomous expression), being named Juan Sinforiano Bogarín as the first archbishop. In 1931 the old town of Ajos was renamed "Coronel Oviedo", in homage to one of its most illustrious sons, who still lived. The respective Schools of Dentistry and Economic Sciences were created, the basis of the Faculties that arrived later. Education, both civilian and military, had not been neglected; in 1929 the Law 1,048 of University Reform was sanctioned, that had been towing since 1926. In 1931 a new plan of studies for the National School is established and the military order the Superior School of War was enabled. Humaitá and Paraguay gunboats were also acquired, which were key during the Chaco War, which began towards the end of his government.

By then there were 810 primary schools, 2,452 teachers and 108,222 students.

Meanwhile, the incipient left was also active from the manifesto of the "New National Ideology" (1929) and from "The Word" (1930), both by the Paraguayan Communist Party, specifying its activity with the occupation of Encarnación and its corresponding proclamation of revolution on February 20, 1931, that failed

23 October massacre

In March of that year, a "military uprising" was conjured up, awarded to the then mayor Rafael Franco. The tragic event that occurred on October 23, left a deep scar not only in the judgment of his government but in the sensitivity of his own person. The protest had originated because President Guggiari decided to keep his movements in the Chaco in secret because it was dangerous to share them with the press because he could alert the adversary, who at the time was Bolivia.

The University Students Center, led by Agustín Ávila, called for a march on the eve, on October 22, 1931, from the Plaza Uruguaya. From there they left for the Palace to demonstrate before the President of the Republic, Dr. José Patricio Guggiari. When they did not find the President, they continued to walk down the streets, without being stopped by the police, and they arrived to his home. Speeches were made and the house was stoned, already in a mob situation. Previously, they had been harangued by then-Major Rafael Franco. The students were, in the end, abruptly dispersed by the police.

The next day, students from the National College and the Normal School were invited to a new demonstration to protest the hostility shown by the police force on the eve. The column of students went through the newsrooms, threw stones at the premises of El Liberal and arrived at the Government Palace, where the President of the Republic was. The mood went on and the crowd ran over the protective police cordon of the Palace, heading to the staircase that led to the presidential office. The situation went out of control and a burst of machine gun left the guard of the Palace and generated mournful scenes. President Guggiari appeared on the balcony, ordering a cease-fire.
Then, refugee in the Military School, he delegated the presidential command in González Navero and asked the National Congress for his political judgment.
It was the first case of impeachment brought to term in the history of the country.

Those serious events occurred, occasion in which the quota of energy was in charge of the Cnel. Arturo Bray, according to his own memories, Dr. Guggiari requested his trial by Congress, transferring from that date and until January 17, 1932, the first magistracy to the vice president, who was Mr. Emiliano González Navero. The parliament, acquitted him of guilt and punishment. With this he became the first Latin American president to be subjected to a political trial and acquitted of charges.

There is a theory that says that the Paraguayan Communist Party was behind the riots.

Time in Buenos Aires and his last days

With the revolution of February 17, 1936 and the resignation of President Eusebio Ayala, José P., as he was known, leaves Paraguayan territory and remained a time in Clorinda and Formosa, where he receives the alarming news that the president of the Víctor y, Dr. Ayala and the glorious war leader, General José Félix Estigarribia, were detained. Later he moved to Buenos Aires, where he established a residence. He was married to Rosa Rojas. His children accompanied him in exile, especially Maria Stella, who was a nurse in the Chaco War, and who resided in Rosario, Argentina. Her other daughter Clementina was married to Wenceslao Peralta and both settled in La Colmena and the grandchildren: José, Titín, Pedro Bruno, Teresa and Martha. The only son of José P. was named José Antonio.

In Buenos Aires, despite the exile, the sadness and nostalgia, he was permanently surrounded by his compatriots, the great Paraguayan community, and also there he was the undisputed idol of those people and without forgetting the Argentines who also lavished so that José P., felt like in his own country.

In June 1940, during the presidency of General Estigarribia, with the news of the death of his mother, he returned to Paraguay, by train, to Villarrica. He returned to exile during the presidency of General Higinio Morínigo, in September 1940. When, in 1946, President Morínigo took a turn for democracy, an amnesty for all Paraguayans, the return of José P., on August 14 was memorable. Day of sun and lapachos with beautiful flowers. There had never been a comparable crowd, surpassing in quantity, the visits years after two American leaders: Juan Domingo Perón and Getulio Vargas.

The happy days of the democratic spring lasted only 6 months and returned to exile and there for many years, until his death on October 29, 1957.

"The pride of being a liberal is only overcome by the honor of being Paraguayan", famous phrase of the liberal politician.

References

1884 births
1957 deaths
Politicians from Asunción
Paraguayan people of Italian descent
Paraguayan people of Swiss descent
Presidents of Paraguay
20th-century Paraguayan lawyers
Paraguayan expatriates in Argentina
Government ministers of Paraguay
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies of Paraguay
People of Swiss-Italian descent
Liberal Party (Paraguay) politicians
Universidad Nacional de Asunción alumni

José Patricio Guggiari


Stouffer's is a brand of frozen prepared foods currently owned by Nestlé. Its products are available in the United States and Canada. Stouffer's is known for such popular fare as lasagna, macaroni and cheese, meatloaf, ravioli, and salisbury steak. It also produces a line of reduced-fat products under the Lean Cuisine brand name. In February 2023, Nestle Canada announced their intentions to wind down and exit the frozen meals and pizza business within the next six months.

History
The Stouffer family business traces its roots to 1898, when James B. Stouffer and his son Abraham E. Stouffer started the Stouffer's Cottage Creamery Company at the Sheriff Street Market in Cleveland. In 1901, James's son Abraham E. Stouffer (age 26) became vice-president of the company.

In 1905, the Stouffer family established the Medina County Creamery Company in Medina, Ohio.

James B. Stouffer died on November 23, 1908, at age 62 in Orlando, Florida, and Abraham took over the running of the Medina County Creamery.

On January 11, 1912, the Medina County Creamery Company filed a change of address to Cleveland. By 1914, the company had expanded and opened a branch of the Medina County Creamery Company in Detroit. By the mid-1910s, the creamery claimed to be the largest manufacturer and wholesaler of creamery products in the city of Cleveland, supplied by over 1,500 farmers.

In early 1920, Stouffer's lucrative creamery drew the attention of the Fairmont Creamery (now Fairmont Foods), the largest creamery company in the United States. In December 1920, Abraham Stouffer announced that the Medina County Creamery Company would merge with Fairmont Creamery Company of Omaha, Nebraska through stock ownership. As part of the merger, Abraham Stouffer would oversee the Cleveland plant until 1922.

In 1922, Abraham Stouffer and his wife Lena Mahala Bigelow took over one of the company's milk stands, on the lower level of the Cleveland Arcade, and converted it into a restaurant serving buttermilk, sandwiches, and Lena Stouffer's homemade Dutch apple pie (credited by some as the reason for the almost instant success of the restaurant).

Abraham had reportedly had the idea for the "Stouffer Lunch System" before 1920. They opened the first restaurant, called the Stouffer Lunch, in 1924. As time went on, the couple continued the program of expansion with the assistance of their sons Vernon, a graduate of the Wharton School of Finance, and Gordon, who together led the reorganization of the business, taking it public as the Stouffer Corporation in 1929 with Abraham as chairman of the board.

The year 1929 also marked the beginning of the company's effort to establish locations outside of Ohio, with the opening of a restaurant in Detroit, Michigan, and another in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. After Abraham's death in 1936 the company continued its program of expansion by opening its first restaurant in New York City, and eventually began a program of diversification, entering the frozen food business in 1946. In 1956 the company was formally renamed Stouffer Foods Corporation.

In 1960 Stouffer purchased its first hotel, the Anacapri Inn of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and, by the end of that year, the company was composed of three divisions: Stouffer Foods Corporation, Stouffer Hotels Corporation, and Stouffer Restaurants Corporation. In 1961, Stouffer's opened two short-lived automated vending restaurants.
Stouffer's took over this complex of restaurants with the shared kitchen (Plaza Pavilion). In 1962 Stouffer's Disneyland operated the Plaza Pavilion Restaurant, the Tahitian Terrace, and the French Market Restaurant. As of 2007, Stouffer's operated the Liberty Tree Tavern in Walt Disney World's Liberty Square.

In 1967, the Stouffer Corporation was purchased by Litton Industries for vertical integration purposes, when that company had a large share of the microwave oven market, but in 1973, Litton sold Stouffer to Nestlé. In 1993, as part of a refocusing of the company on food products, Nestlé announced its intention to sell Stouffer Hotels to the New World Development Company (which at that time owned the Renaissance and Ramada hotel brands). The transaction was complete, and the Stouffer Hotel brand was retired, by the end of 1996. As custodian, Primordial acquired the rights to bring Stouffer Hotels back in 2013

Legal dealings
In 1991, the Federal Trade Commission issued a complaint that Stouffer Foods had misrepresented sodium content in their Lean Cuisine entrees by stating that they were low in sodium. Stouffer's argued that the campaign had focused on good taste and controlled sodium, fat, and calories. They also argued that the sodium claim was relative, reflecting a lower amount of sodium, not necessarily that the entrees were low sodium. However, the Administrative Law Judge ruled in favor of the Federal Trade Commission.

In 2003, Applebee's sued Stouffer's for a 1997 trademark infringement of Applebee's marketing term "Skillet Sensations." Applebee's had a line of "Skillet Sensations" of their own and claimed that it caused confusion for customers that believed the Stouffer's line was linked to theirs. The U.S. Trademark Trial and Appeal Board ruled in favor of Applebee's.

On March 14, 2011, a recall was placed on Lean Cuisine spaghetti and meatballs after consumers reported finding pieces of plastic in their meals. On March 10, 2016, a number of Stouffer's products were voluntarily recalled on the suspicion that they contained small pieces of glass.

References

External links

 "Stouffer Corporation"—History at Ohio History Central
 "Stouffer Foods" at the Encyclopedia of Cleveland History

1922 establishments in Ohio
Companies based in Cleveland
Food and drink companies established in 1922
Frozen food brands
Nestlé brands
Restaurants established in 1922

Stouffer's


Spindle could mean:
Spindle (textiles), a device to spin fibres into thread.  It is the root from which other usages derive
A spindle is a measure of spun cotton equal to 18 hanks
Spindle, a poisonous shrub or small tree of the genus Euonymus
Spindle (stationery), a device for holding paper documents
A spindle, also called cakebox, is the plastic container in which bulk blank CDs and DVDs are often sold
A spindle is the axis on which the platters of a computer hard disk spin. Database performance can be improved by spindling, the action of mounting data files and index files on different hard disks so that contention for read or write resources is diminished
A spindle is a woodworking machine rotating on a vertical axis in which shaped cutters are mounted for cutting mouldings, rebates and similar features in wood. It does (usually on a bigger scale) many of the non-routing jobs done by a modern portable (spindle) router. See also router.
A spindle is part of an automobile suspension system.  It carries the hub for the wheel.  It attaches to the upper and lower control arms
A spindle is part of a bicycle pedal. It carries the pedal body and threads into the crank arm.
Mitotic spindle, a cellular structure organizing and separating the chromosomes during mitosis
A muscle spindle is a specialized innervated muscle structure involved in the reflex action and in proprioception

Spindle


Glúniairn (died 989), in Old Norse Járnkné (, "Iron-knee"), was a Norse-Gael king of Dublin of the Uí Ímair kindred which ruled over much of the Scandinavianised and Norse-Gael parts of Great Britain and Ireland in the tenth century.

Glúniairn was a son of Amlaíb Cuarán (d. after 980) who abdicated as king of Dublin following his defeat at the Battle of Tara in 980 and the subsequent capture of Dublin by Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill of Clann Cholmáin, the High King of Ireland. Olaf retired to Iona where he probably became a monk and later died. Glúniairn and Máel Sechnaill were both sons of Dúnlaith, sister of the previous High King, Domnall ua Néill of Cenél nEógain, and Máel Sechnaill appointed his half-brother to rule in Dublin as his client. Máel Sechnaill removed many of the hostages and captives that Amlaíb Cuarán had held in Dublin, including Domnall Clóen, King of Leinster.

It is likely that Glúniairn benefited substantially from the support of his half-brother, and this support extended beyond that which placed him in power in Dublin in 980 over the claims of his many half-brothers. Domnall Clóen, together with Glúniairn's distant kinsman Ivar of Waterford, faced Máel Sechnaill and Glúniairn in battle in 983, and defeated their enemies, Ivar's son Gilla Pátraic being one of the many dead in this rout. Máel Sechnaill's army ravaged across Leinster while Glúniairn's men attacked the church at Glendalough.

In 989 Glúniairn was "killed when drunk by his own slave", his killer's name being given as Colban in Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh's Chronicon Scotorum. Benjamin Hudson suggests that the reports of the killing in the Irish annals, and particularly Máel Sechnaill's rapid riposte, argue that Glúniairn's death was more probably the result of factional infighting in Dublin. The annals record that Máel Sechnaill attacked Dublin, brushing aside resistance. He demanded, and received, the payment of eraic, a term in early Irish law corresponding approximately with Anglo-Saxon wergild. He retained a third for himself, which is what the law would prescribe for a ruler or nobleman acting to enforce payment. It is unclear if Glúniairn was succeeded by Sigtrygg Silkbeard, his paternal half-brother, or by the rival Ivar of Waterford.

Glúniairn had at least one full sibling, a sister named Ragnhild who married a son of Congalach Cnogba. Glúniairn's son Gilla Ciaráin died in 1014 at the battle of Clontarf. He had a second son, who may have been called Sitriuc, who is recorded as killing Gofraid, son of Sigtrygg Silkbeard, in Wales in 1036. This son was perhaps the father of Gofraid (died circa 1070), a ruler of the Isle of Man who is said to have given refuge to Godred Crovan. This Gofraid had a son named Fingal who also ruled Man and died in 1079. Some interpretations would make Macc Congail, who ruled the kingdom of the Rhinns, Fingal's son.

Notes

References

989 deaths
Monarchs of Dublin
10th-century Irish monarchs
Uí Ímair
Year of birth unknown

Glúniairn