Rogelio de Egusquiza y Barrena (1845 – 10 February 1915) was a Spanish painter, known for his friendship with the German composer Richard Wagner, whose works he helped make familiar in Spain.

Biography
Egusquiza was born in El Astillero, into a well-to-do family. He studied in Madrid and with Léon Bonnat at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. In 1868, after travelling and participating several times in the National Exhibition of Fine Arts, he returned to Paris and settled there. At first, he painted historical scenes, but later turned to genre scenes and portraits in the Academic style.

Following the death of Marià Fortuny, he moved to Rome at the invitation of the Madrazos,  Raimundo and Ricardo, taking Fortuny's place at their studio through 1875 and attending classes at the Spanish Academy in Rome.

He heard Wagner's music for the first time in 1876, after returning to Paris. Three years later, he travelled to Munich to hear a performance of The Ring of the Nibelungen. His enthusiasm for what he heard led him to go to Bayreuth, where he introduced himself to Wagner and became his friend. In the following years, he and Wagner got together again several times: in Venice (1880), Berlín (1881), and Bayreuth (1882), where he was a guest at the premiere of Parsifal.

After his first meeting with Wagner, he decided to devote his career to doing works on Wagnerian themes, mostly portraits of the characters rather than specific scenes. During his visits to Germany, he also created portraits of Arthur Schopenhauer (posthumous) and King Ludwig II of Bavaria and wrote an article for the newsletter Bayreuther Blätter called "Über die Beleuchtung der Bühne" (On Stage Lighting).

He participated in the Salons de la Rose + Croix in 1892, 1893, 1896 and 1897, and  presented prints from Parsifal at the Exposition Universelle (1900), winning a silver medal. Although he lived in Paris, he was a frequent visitor to Madrid and was part of a circle of Wagnerian admirers that met at the Lhardy restaurant.

When the "Asociación Wagneriana de Madrid" was established in 1911, he presented them with copies of voice and piano versions of several operas and one hundred etchings of his portrait of Wagner (based on a familiar photograph), to be sold to benefit the association. Later, he was made an honorary member.

He remained in Paris until 1914, when World War I forced him to return to Spain. He died in Madrid the following year. From 2013 to 2014, in celebration of Wagner's 200th birthday, the Museo del Prado presented an exhibition of Egusquiza's works called "El Mal se desvanece" (Evil fades), which included several portraits of classical literary figures as well as his Wagnerian works.

References

Further reading
Aureliano de Beruete, Rogelio de Egusquiza. Pintor y grabador, Blass y Cía, 1918
María Ángeles Lobera Vizcaino, Richard Wagner (1813-1983) et Rogelio d'Egusquiza (1845-1915): Correspondances des arts, Master's thesis, University of Toulouse, 2000 Online from the Biblioteca Complutense.

External links

ArtNet: More works by Egusquiza.
"Rogelio de Egusquiza, un Pintor Amigo de Wagner" by Jordi Mota and María Infiesta @ Archivo Richard Wagner.
Articles on Egusquiza @ Foro Xerbar

1845 births
1915 deaths
19th-century Spanish painters
19th-century male artists
Spanish male painters
Spanish portrait painters
Artists from Cantabria
Spanish emigrants to France
Richard Wagner

Rogelio de Egusquiza


Major General Michael David "Mick" Slater,  (born 8 July 1958) is a retired senior officer of the Australian Army, who served as Commander Forces Command from November 2011 until his retirement in January 2015.

Early life
Slater was born in Brisbane, Queensland, on 8 July 1958 to Harold Leslie Slater and Shirly Florence (née Butler). Educated at St Joseph's College, Gregory Terrace, Slater studied surveying at the Queensland University of Technology before joining the Australian Army in 1978, where he graduated from the Officer Cadet School, Portsea.

Army career
Slater has commanded at all levels from platoon to brigade level. He served as a platoon commander in both the 8th/9th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment and 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, and later as intelligence officer, company commander and operations officer in 2nd/4th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment. He was subsequently posted to the School of Infantry. In 1999–2000 he commanded 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (2 RAR).

His operational commands have included 2 RAR, and the 3rd Brigade on operations in East Timor, during International Force for East Timor (INTERFET). Slater was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his distinguished command and leadership while commander of 2 RAR on Operation Warden, in East Timor. Also he served as an operations staff officer in the United States 3rd Army Headquarters in Kuwait on Operation Pollard.

He has undertaken formal education in mobilisation planning in the United States of America, and is a graduate of the Army Command and Staff College Fort Queenscliff, the Joint Services Command and Staff College, and the U.S. Army War College. Slater holds master's degrees in Strategic Studies and Business Administration.

In January 2011, Slater was appointed to lead the Flood Recovery Taskforce overseeing recovery from the 2010–2011 Queensland floods. This taskforce subsequently transitioned into the Queensland Reconstruction Authority, where Slater remained until 31 August 2011, formally handing over to former Director of the Defence Intelligence Organisation, Major General Richard Wilson. For his efforts in heading the taskforce, along with his stints as Head of the Defence Personnel Executive and Commander 1st Division, Slater was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia in the 2012 Australia Day Honours List. From 2011 to 2015 Slater served as Commander Forces Command.

Personal
Slater wed Danielle Lisa Morris on 5 February 2000. He has two sons and a daughter from a previous marriage. He appeared on the Chaser's War on Everything because of his honest remarks to a newsreader.

Honours and awards

Notes

References

1958 births
Australian generals
Australian military personnel of the International Force for East Timor
Graduates of the Officer Cadet School, Portsea
Living people
Officers of the Order of Australia
Queensland University of Technology alumni
Recipients of the Conspicuous Service Cross (Australia)
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (Australia)
United States Army War College alumni
Military personnel from Brisbane
University of Southern Queensland alumni

Michael Slater (general)


The common goldfish is a breed of goldfish and a family of Cyprinidae of order cypriniforms. Goldfish are descendants of wild carp from East Asia.  Most varieties of fancy goldfish were derived from this simple breed.  Common goldfish come in a variety of colors including red, orange, red/white, white/black, yellow/white, blue, grey/brown, olive green, yellow, white, and black, with the most common variation being orange, hence the name. Sometimes, the brightness, duration, and vividness of the color may be an indication of the fish's health status, but not always , as manifold waters conditions facilitate the apparent discoloration.

Temperament
Common goldfish are social animals who prefer living in groups. They are able to coexist with any fish, providing they're tame and sociable. With the provision of general care and attention, common goldfish can become tame. Once familiar with the face of its owner, swimming towards the fish keeper during feeding time can be observed, and hand-feeding becomes possible. Small goldfish will normally avoid any form of human contact.  However, this fear ceases in a middle-sized and mature goldfish. A full-grown goldfish is more likely to eat directly from the hands of its owner without evident hesitation. While this behavior is welcomed by goldfish owners, it proved problematic in outdoor ponds where predators may eat such friendly prey. Mature goldfish will also explore their surroundings through nibbling or grazing behavior.

If transferred into a tank of other goldfish, a common goldfish would normally try to communicate and familiarize itself with its new tank mates by rubbing up against the body of other fish.  The most common introductory gesture would be by swimming side by side with another goldfish with its head facing forward, or by swimming side by side with another goldfish with its head facing the opposite direction, or even by swimming above another goldfish in a perpendicular fashion.  Schooling is a common behavior when there is a new fish in the tank.  After some time, this schooling behavior eventually ceases, and soon every individual fish will again be swimming and exploring the aquarium on its own.  Aggressive behavior is uncommon when a new specimen is introduced into a settled school of goldfish.

Hierarchy during feeding is commonly observed in which the larger goldfish receives most of the food.  However, small goldfish may also become aggressive or competitive feeders despite the presence of larger fish which is, in general terms, considered a good sign, as a willingness to feed is indicative of a healthy goldfish.

Housing

It is common practice to keep common goldfish in a small bowl, but this allows waste in the water to build up to toxic levels and does not provide enough oxygen. For each small/young goldfish, there should be a minimum of 10 US liquid gallons (38 liters; 8.3 imperial gallons) of water. A good filter, with no heater, is recommended because these fish can get larger than . Tank recommendations range up to . If there is concern about the fish not getting enough oxygen, particularly when it is warm, a water pump, such as a fountain pump, mini pond pump will pull the  water from the bottom, expel it, and the surface action will oxygenate the tank or pond. Contrary to popular belief, air pumps and air stones do not oxygenate directly and rely on bubbles breaking the surface to transfer oxygen to the fish's environment. Ideally, the water pump should push 10x the volume of the tank or pond plus an extra 100lph or gph. Goldfish will die without sufficient dissolved oxygen in the water. A filter that can do at least 10x filtration is best, which means that for every 10 gallons or liters of water, the filter should be able to cycle 100 gallons or liters per hour. If the oxygen in the water runs out then the fish may die or become unconscious. It is advised to move the fish to a basin of water full of freshwater.

Goldfish are curious fish that will quickly become bored without items in their tank or other fish to socialize with.  If placed in a bare aquarium, goldfish will settle to the bottom and only move when fed or frightened by sudden jolts. However, if put in a tank with sufficient gravel, aquarium accessories, or plants (real or fake) they will make themselves at home.

Goldfish are not very territorial. However, if an aquarium is already too small for one goldfish, it will certainly be too small for two or more. Stress is not healthy for any goldfish. In a worst-case scenario, one or two fish will bully the rest to starvation. Cannibalism is usually rare (occurring maybe when a fish is dying or dead) but in cramped, stressful situations, goldfish may behave unpredictably. A disease is possible any time fish are stuck in small homes.

When adding goldfish to a new tank, it is important to place no more than two at a time. This allows helpful bacteria (which turn ammonia to nitrite and finally to nitrate) to grow. If introduced in too great a number before these bacteria grow, the goldfish will die from breathing in too much of their own untreated excrement.  Even after the development of the biological filter, it is necessary to change about 20% of the water at least one time a week, or as necessary to prevent a build-up of harmful nitrate.  The addition of live aquatic plants may reduce the number of times per month one will have to perform water changes, but only if the plants are growing (they will uptake nitrate as a source of nitrogen).
But it is also recommended, if needs must, never to remove all of the water from an established tank. Never do a water change over 90%; the remaining 10% of the water will help maintain the water cycle and the remaining good bacteria will soon re-establish themselves in the tank.
A good tip when doing a water change is not to clean the filters at the same time (filters also hold a good amount of the good stuff as well), but instead to wait 2 days after a water change before cleaning the filters, out so as to keep a consistently healthy balance.

Common goldfish can be kept in water gardens or outdoor ponds throughout the year. Outdoor ponds have similar care requirements as indoor tanks with some notable exceptions such as amount of sunlight, natural and artificial environment pollution (i.e. dead leaves, debris, runoff), algae, selection of pond mates (i.e. algae eaters, frogs, etc.). Outdoor ponds tend to become miniature aquatic ecosystems, attracting various animals and plants (see water gardens for more information). In hot climates, it is important that pond temperatures do not rise to dangerously high levels which will kill the fish. In the winter, fish may become sluggish and stop feeding.  This does not mean they are sick, but rather that their metabolism has slowed.  The pond must not freeze solid and there should be an open spot in the surface ice to allow oxygenation of the water.  The ice should also not be struck, as this sends shock waves of sound pressure through the water scaring the fish.

Basic common goldfish care

Goldfish require a minimum tank size of 10 gallons to allow ample swimming room and prevent toxins from building up quickly. A larger tank also promotes healthy growth and development. Fish bowls are not suitable for goldfish as they can quickly become dirty and increase toxin levels, leading to the slow poisoning of the fish. It is important to note that not all water sources are safe for goldfish, as tap water may contain harmful chemicals and bacteria. A water conditioner can help remove chlorine and heavy metals to make the water safe and breathable for the fish.

Goldfish have a varied diet that can include pellets, flakes, vegetables, and blood worms. Overfeeding should be avoided as it can disrupt the biological balance and increase the risk of diseases. The recommended feeding amount is what the fish can consume in 2-3 minutes, once or twice a day, depending on the size of the fish. Filtration systems help keep the tank clean and remove toxins, while also promoting good bacteria growth. It is important to choose the right filtration system to keep nitrate levels low and prevent nitrate poisoning.

Regular water changes are crucial for maintaining a clean and safe tank environment. It is recommended to change a third of the water at a time to avoid removing good bacteria from the tank. Cleaning the filter sponges and vacuuming the gravel can help remove debris and rotten food. Treated tap water at the same temperature as the tank water should be used to refill the tank. It is important to avoid using tap water to clean decorations, filters, and equipment as it can kill good bacteria.

Goldfish require adequate exposure to light to promote healthy sleeping patterns and maintain a similar environment to their natural habitat. While sunlight is beneficial, it is important to avoid exposing the fish to direct sunlight for extended periods as it can be harmful. A tank light is an alternative option but not necessary.

Breeding

Breeding common goldfish is relatively easy. In breeding conditions the male will develop small white spots on his gill covers and the female will become plump. The male will chase the female until she releases her eggs, then the male will release milt and they will become fertilized. The eggs will then stick to any available surface. It is then best to remove the eggs to a separate aquarium as the adults are likely to eat them. When the eggs hatch into fry, they will need to be fed very small food such as hatched brine shrimp or a ready-made fry food. As they grow bigger, they can eat finely crumbled fish food. Eventually, the pieces of fish food can get bigger.

Diseases
Common goldfish are usually hardy but can also contract diseases. These can be caused by poor water quality, overfeeding and overstocking. Goldfish are notoriously dirty, producing much waste, and continually stir up the substrate in their infinite search for food. In small aquariums, illnesses in common goldfish can quickly become fatal requiring quick and prompt treatment. Several symptoms can indicate sick fish such as cuts on any of the fins, a change in scale or eye coloration, excretions from the nostrils, scales falling off or the fish frequently rising towards the water surface. Many specialty treatments are available in the market to manage specific diseases.

Some of the main diseases frequently picked up by common goldfish are:

Swim Bladder Disease is developed when the fish has buoyancy problems due to internal gas build-up. The problem may be developed when the fish has had less than sufficient amount of fiber, poor water quality, or has been overfed. The fish "may also look physically swollen or bloated..."; the fish may also be swimming sideways or upside down. Treatment starts with testing the water to ensure cleanliness, then the goldfish should fast for three days if no improvements are made; if the fish is still having trouble then the fish should be fed low protein foods and vegetables.

Fin Rot is developed from bacteria eating/ deteriorating the fins of the goldfish. The disease starts from "poor water quality, overcrowding, sudden temperature changes, fin nipping, or aggressive fish"; this will lead to torn and shredded fins that could possibly deteriorate the body tissue to prevent the regrowth of their fins. Fin rot is known to be treated early to prevent further damage to the body tissue to the fish so the disease does not spread. Treatments start with clean water, adding aquarium salt to clean the water; if the following does not work then commercial products should be used along with weekly water changes.

White Spot Disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis.  The parasite embeds itself into the host's skin to feed on its tissue and blood.  This causes the epidermal (skin) cells to proliferate and form pinhead size white spots that appear on the fins and body.
It is usually introduced into the pond or aquarium on infected fish or contaminated equipment.
Once considered a tropical fish disease, it is now a common Goldfish illness.
Fish may not always display the characteristic white spots.  This disease sometimes limits infection to the gills and the only sign that a fish is infected can be an increase in the breathing rate, lethargy and clamped fins.
If left untreated, in a small volume of water such as an aquarium the infected fish can quickly succumb to the rapidly multiplying parasites.
The parasite can only be killed once it has left the host.
To speed up the parasite's 5 stage lifecycle the water temperature is slowly increased to between 27-30oC (81-86oF).
Water-quality parameters - ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and pH need to be optimal.
Non-iodized plain cooking salt or aquarium salt is added to the water at a concentration of 0.3% or 3 teaspoons per gallon.  The first teaspoon is added immediately, the second after 12 hours and the last 12 hours later.
Within a few days the cysts should start disappearing from the fish. The fish is left in the salt bath for a few more days to allow its skin to heal while the water temperature is slowly decreased.

Fungal Infection is the growth of fungus which could lead to problems regarding parasitic infections, ulcers, or open wounds; the fungus symptoms could worsen and lead to a secondary fungal infection. There are "cotton-like growths along the body and fins" which is caused by dirty water. Treatments start from moving the goldfish to a hospital tank and then clearing the environment with Methylene blue if the condition is serious, however, the goldfish can just have a cleaner tank and the fungal infection should clear up over time.

Ammonia poisoning is caused by a high level of ammonia in the tank. Add ammonia reduction chemicals to the tank, or for an emergency release of ammonia, change the water 25 percent daily for one week until the symptoms die down. Ammonia reduction chemicals must not be added as soon as the ammonia levels drop (as ammonia removers can starve the biological filter and cause the cycling process to start over)

Fish lice is a parasite. Fish lice move on the body of fish. They are the only visible parasites. They look like white see-through splodges. These lice can have nasty health side effects to the fish. Try to avoid removing the lice manually; use anti-parasite medicine.

Bacterial diseases can be deadly but treatments are available at local fish stores.

Lifespan
Goldfish can live for long periods of time if they are fed a varied diet and housed in proper water conditions. The average lifetime of a goldfish is ten to fifteen years . The longest-lived goldfish on record lived to age 43. The oldest living goldfish was Tish, won by a UK family at a funfair. Tish was recognized into the Guinness Book of World Records as the longest living goldfish. Improper care or life in a bowl greatly reduces the typical lifespan of a goldfish.

As feeder fish

Common goldfish are often used as live prey for freshwater turtles, notably red-eared sliders, and carnivorous fish such as the oscar. When fed exclusively, feeder goldfish are not a good source of nutrients.  They are a good way of introducing unwanted pathogens into the home aquarium as they are usually given minimal care before being sold.

Confusions with comet goldfish
The common goldfish are often confused with comet goldfish, a distinct breed.  The two breeds are often mixed together within many pet stores and aquarium stores. The two breeds differ in the relative size of the body and fins. The comet goldfish, for instance, has longer fins but a shorter and slender body size thus resembles tracing comets. The most recognizable difference is their tails. Usually, a common goldfish has a short stubby tail and the comet's tail would extend over half of the body length. The common goldfish usually resembles the wild carp more closely than the comet goldfish. Comets are sometimes said to display a wider variety of colors, but common goldfish also display many of the same types of colors, including red/white, blue, red, orange, yellow, and other two-toned colors like black/orange.

References

Common goldfish


James Harper may refer to:

 James Harper (publisher) (1795–1869), mayor of New York City
 James Harper (actor) (born 1948), American actor
 James Harper (footballer) (born 1980), English footballer
 James Harper (congressman) (1780–1873), US congressman from Pennsylvania
 James C. Harper (1819–1890), US congressman from North Carolina
 James Harper (priest) (1859–1938), Dean of St Andrews, Dunkeld and Dunblane
 Jim Harper (footballer) (1884–1967), Australian rules footballer
 Jim Harper, a fictional character also known as Guardian, who appears in DC Comics media
 Jim Harper, a fictional character in the American television series The Newsroom
 Jimmy Harper, a fictional character in the musical Reefer Madness

See also
 James Harper McDonald (1900–1973), U.S. Navy diver
 James Harper Prowse (1913–1976), lawyer

James Harper


French Cochinchina (sometimes spelled Cochin-China; ; , chữ Hán: ) was a colony of French Indochina, encompassing the whole region of Lower Cochinchina or Southern Vietnam from 1862 to 1946. The French operated a plantation economy whose primary strategic product was rubber.

After the end of Japanese occupation (1941–45) and the expulsion from Saigon of Communist-led nationalist Viet Minh in 1946, the territory was established by the French as the Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina, a controversial decision that helped trigger the First Indochina War. In a further move to deny the claims of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam declared in Hanoi by the Viet Minh in 1949, Cochinchina was formally united with Annam and Tonkin in the State of Vietnam within the French Union.

Nam Kỳ originated from the reign of Minh Mạng of the Nguyễn dynasty, but became a name associated with the French colonial period and so Vietnamese, especially nationalists, prefer the term Nam Phần to refer to Southern Vietnam.

History

French conquest

In 1858, under the pretext of protecting the work of French Catholic missionaries, which the imperial Vietnamese Nguyễn dynasty increasingly regarded as a political threat, French Admiral Charles Rigault de Genouilly, with the assistance of Spanish forces from the Philippines, attacked Tourane (present day Da Nang) in Annam. Early in 1859 he followed this up with an attack on Saigon, but as in Tourane was unable to seize territory outside of the defensive perimeter of the city. The Vietnamese Siege of Saigon was not lifted until 1861 when additional French forces were able to advance across the Mekong Delta.

The Vietnamese conceded in 1862 and signed the Treaty of Saigon. This ensured the free practice of the Catholic religion; opened the Mekong Delta (and three ports in the north, in Tonkin) to trade; and ceded to France the provinces of Biên Hòa, Gia Định and Định Tường along with the islands of Poulo Condore. In 1867, French Admiral Pierre de la Grandière forced the Vietnamese to surrender three additional provinces, Châu Đốc, Hà Tiên and Vĩnh Long. With these three additions all of southern Vietnam and the Mekong Delta fell under French control.

Consolidation of power

In 1871 all the territories ceded to the French in southern Vietnam were incorporated as colony of Cochinchina, with Admiral Dupré as its first governor.

In 1887, the colony became a confederal member of the Union of French Indochina. Unlike the protectorates of Annam (central Vietnam) and Tonkin (northern Vietnam), Cochinchina was ruled directly by the French, both de jure and de facto, and was represented by a deputy in the National Assembly in Paris.

Within Indochina, Cochinchina was the territory with the greatest European presence. At its height, in 1940, it was estimated at 16,550 people, the vast majority living in Saigon.

Plantation economy
The French authorities dispossessed Vietnamese landowners and peasants to ensure European control of the expansion of rice and rubber production. By 1930, the French controlled more than a quarter of Cochinchina's farmlands. However, French-Vietnamese landlords remained intrinsic dominant in the Mekong Delta, which controlled most of the region's farm ownership and rice productions. The French began rubber production in Cochinchina in 1907 seeking a share of the monopoly profits that the British were earning from their plantations in Malaya. Investment from metropolitan France was encouraged by large land grants allowing for rubber cultivation on an industrial scale. Virgin rainforests in eastern Cochinchina, the highly fertile 'red lands', were cleared for the new export crop.

These developments contributed to the 1916 Cochinchina uprising. Insurgents attempted to storm Saigon central prison, and maintained a prolonged resistance in the Mekong Delta. 51 were hanged.

As they expanded in response to the increased rubber demand after the First World War, the European plantations recruited, as indentured labour, workers from "the overcrowded villages of the Red River Delta in Tonkin and the coastal lowlands of Annam". These migrants, despite Sûreté efforts at political screening,  brought south the influence of the Communist Party of Nguyen Ai Quoc (Ho Chi Minh), and of other underground nationalist parties (the Tan Viet and Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng—VNQDD). At the same time, the local peasantry were driven into debt servitude, and into plantation labour, by land and poll taxes. By 1930, 80% of riceland was owned by 25% of landowners, and 57% of the rural population were landless peasants working on large estates. This combination led to widespread and recurring unrest and to strikes. Of these the most significant, leading to armed confrontations, was the refusal of work by labourers Phu Rieng Do, a sprawling 5,500 hectares Michelin rubber plantation in 1930.

In response to rural unrest and to growing labour militancy in Saigon, between 1930 and 1932 the French authorities detained more than 12,000 political prisoners, of whom 88 were guillotined, and almost 7000 sentenced to prison or to hard labour in penal colonies.

Popular Front promise of reform
In 1936 the formation in France of the Popular Front government led by Leon Blum was accompanied by promises of colonial reform. In Cochinchina the new governor-general of Indochina Jules Brévié, sought to defuse the tense and expectant political situation by amnestying political prisoners, and by easing restrictions on the press, political parties, and trade unions.

Saigon witnessed further unrest culminating in the summer of 1937 in general dock and transport strikes. In April of that year the Communist Party and their Trotskyist left opposition ran a common slate for the municipal elections with both their respective leaders Nguyễn Văn Tạo and Tạ Thu Thâu winning seats. The exceptional anti-colonial unity of the left, however, was split by the lengthening shadow of the Moscow Trials and by growing protest over the failure of the Communist-supported Popular Front to deliver constitutional reform. Colonial Minister Marius Moutet, a Socialist commented that he had sought "a wide consultation with all elements of the popular [will]," but with "Trotskyist-Communists intervening in the villages to menace and intimidate the peasant part of the population, taking all authority from the public officials," the necessary "formula" had not been found.

War and the Insurrection of 1940
In April 1939 Cochinchina Council elections Tạ Thu Thâu led a "Workers' and Peasants' Slate" into victory over both the moderate Constitutionalists and the Communists' Democratic Front. Key to their success was popular opposition to the war taxes ("national defence levy") that the Communist Party, in the spirit of Franco-Soviet accord, had felt obliged to support.  Brévié set the election results aside and wrote to Colonial Minister Georges Mandel: "the Trotskyists under the leadership of Ta Thu Thau, want to take advantage of a possible war in order to win total liberation." The Stalinists, on the other hand, are "following the position of the Communist Party in France" and "will thus be loyal if war breaks out."

With the Hitler-Stalin Pact of 23 August 1939, the local Communists were ordered by Moscow to return to direct confrontation with the French. Under the slogan "Land to the Tillers, Freedom for the workers and independence for Vietnam", in November 1940 the Party in Cochinchina instigated a widespread insurrection. The revolt did not penetrate Saigon (an attempted uprising in the city was quelled in a day).  In the Mekong Delta fighting continued until the end of the year.

Japanese occupation

After a brief cross-border confrontation with French forces in September 1940, Japanese forces occupied Tonkin. On 9 December 1940, an agreement was reached with the Vichy government whereby French sovereignty over its army and administrative affairs was confirmed, while Japanese forces were free to fight the war against the Allies from Indochinese soil.  A large scale movement of troops did not occur until after the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union in late June 1941. With the Soviets tied down, the high command concluded that a "strike south" would solve the problems posed for Japan by the American-led oil embargo. To prepare for an invasion of the oil-rich Dutch East Indies, some 140,000 Japanese troops occupied southern French Indochina on 28 July 1941.

French troops and the civil administration were allowed to remain, albeit under Japanese supervision. While the Japanese government's policy of "maintaining peace" in Indochina limited interactions between the Japanese and Vietnamese, the contradiction of mutual coexistence between France, as the "missionary of civilisation," and Japan, as the "liberator of Asia" from Western colonialism, could not be concealed. The tensions contributed to nationalist, anti-colonial feeling. Drawing on the local Coadaist sect, the Japanese began to encourage nationalist groups in Cohinchina from 1943.

Following the liberation of Paris in 1944, Japan increasingly suspected that the French authorities would assist Allied operations. In March 1945, a Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina took the Europeans into custody and imposed their direct authority. The coup had, in the words of diplomat Jean Sainteny, "wrecked a colonial enterprise that had been in existence for 80 years." In August 1945, as they faced defeat, the Japanese belatedly created a puppet state, incorporating Cochinchina in the Empire of Vietnam under the nominal authority of the Bảo Đại.

The August Revolution and the return of French rule

On 2 September 1945, in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh and his new Front for the Independence of Vietnam, the Viet Minh, proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Already on 24 August the Viet Minh had declared a provisional government (a Southern Administrative Committee) in Saigon. When, for the declared purpose of disarming the Japanese, the Viet-Minh accommodated the landing and strategic positioning of their wartime "democratic allies", the British, rival political groups turned out in force including the syncretic Hoa Hao and Cao Dai sects. On 7 and 8 September 1945, in the delta city of Cần Thơ the Committee had to rely on the Jeunesse d'Avant-Garde/Thanh Niên Tiền Phong (Vanguard Youth), who had contributed to civil defence and policing under Japanese. They fired upon crowds demanding arms against the French.

In Saigon, the violence of a French restoration assisted by British and surrendered Japanese troops, triggered a general uprising on 23 September. In the course of what became known as the Southern Resistance War (Nam Bộ kháng chiến) the Viet Minh defeated rival resistance forces, executing their leading cadres, but, by the end of 1945, had been pushed out of Saigon and major urban centres into the countryside.

Incorporation into the State of Vietnam
On 1 June 1946, while the Viet Minh leadership was in France for negotiations, at the initiative of High Commissioner d'Argenlieu and in violation of the 6 March Ho–Sainteny agreement, a local territorial assembly proclaimed an "Autonomous Republic". War between France and the Viet Minh followed (1946–54). Nguyễn Văn Thinh, the first head of its government, died in an apparent suicide in November of the same year. He was succeeded by Lê Văn Hoạch, a member of the caodaist sect. In 1947, Nguyễn Văn Xuân replaced Lê and renamed the "Provisional Government of the Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina" as the "Provisional Government of Southern Vietnam", suggesting that his aim was to reunite the whole country.

The next year, the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam was proclaimed with the merger of Annam and Tonkin: Xuân became its Prime minister and left office in Cochichina, where he was replaced by Trần Văn Hữu. Xuân and the French had agreed to reunite Vietnam, but Cochinchina posed a problem because of its ill-defined legal status. The reunification was opposed by the French colonists, who were still influential in the Cochinchinese council, and by Southern Vietnamese autonomists: they delayed the process of reunification by arguing that Cochinchina was still legally a colony – as its new status as a Republic had never been ratified by the French National Assembly – and that any territorial change therefore required the approval of the French parliament. Xuân issued a by-law reuniting Cochinchina with the rest of Vietnam, but it was overruled by the Cochinchinese council.

Cochinchina remained separated from the rest of Vietnam for over a year, while former Emperor Bảo Đại – whom the French wanted to bring back to power as a political alternative to Ho Chi Minh – refused to return to Vietnam and take office as head of state until the country was fully reunited. On 14 March 1949, the French National Assembly voted a law permitting the creation of a Territorial Assembly of Cochinchina. This new Cochinchinese parliament was elected on 10 April 1949, with the Vietnamese representatives then becoming a majority.  On 23 April, the Territorial Assembly approved the merger of the Provisional Government of Southern Vietnam with the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam. The decision was in turn approved by the French National Assembly on 20 May, and the merger was effective on 4 June. The State of Vietnam was then be proclaimed, with Bảo Đại as head of state.

Administration

Government

Following the French colonial invasion, Vietnamese mandarins withdrew from Cochinchina, forcing the French to adopt a policy of direct rule.

The highest office in the government of French Cochinchina was the Governor of Cochinchina (統督南圻, Thống đốc Nam Kỳ), who after 1887 reported directly to the Governor-General of French Indochina. As French Cochinchina was a directly-ruled colony the French colonial apparatus operated at every level of government including at the provincial, district, and communal levels.

Each Cochinchinese province was headed by French official with the title of "Chủ tỉnh" (主省) or "Tỉnh trưởng" (省長), these French officials had similar roles and responsibilities as the equivalent French "Công sứ" (公使) had in the provinces of the Nguyễn dynasty. The provinces of French Cochinchina was further divided into districts known as "Tong" headed by a "Chanh tong", which were further divided into communes known as "xã" (社), which were headed by a "Huong ca". Both the district and commune chiefs were salaried employees of the French colonial administration.

Laws
During the early periods of French rule in Cochinchina both French laws and Nguyễn dynasty laws applied and offenders of both faced trial in French courts. Initially French people were tried using French laws and Vietnamese people (then known as "Annamese people") were tried using the Nguyễn dynasty's laws alongside a new set of provisions that the French had introduced for their colonial subjects. The French courts applied their rulings based on the two different legal systems. After their consolidation of power the Nguyễn's laws were completely abolished in French Cochinchina and only French laws applied to everyone in the colony.

On 6 January 1903, the Governor-General of French Indochina Jean Baptiste Paul Beau issued a decree that stated that offences for both French and indigenous laws would go to French courts and that offenders would only be tried against French Cochinchina's penal code. During this period the Governor-General of French Indochina also issued a decree that introduced new laws to fine people for a number of common offences outside of the French penal code.

Gallery

See also
 Cochinchina
 French Indochina
 Protectorate of Annam
 Protectorate of Tonkin
 List of administrators of the French colony of Cochinchina
 List of French possessions and colonies
 State of Vietnam

Notes

References

Works cited

Further reading
 Encyclopedia of Asian History, Volume 4 (Vietnam) 1988. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
 Vietnam – A Long History by Nguyễn Khắc Viện (1999). Hanoi, Thế Giới Publishers
 ArtHanoi Vietnamese money in historical context
 WorldStatesmen- Vietnam

French Indochina
Former countries in Vietnamese history
Former colonies in Asia
Former French colonies
French colonisation in Asia
Former countries in Southeast Asia
States and territories established in 1862
States and territories established in 1945
States and territories disestablished in 1945
States and territories disestablished in 1949
1862 establishments in Vietnam
1945 establishments in Vietnam
1945 disestablishments in Vietnam
1949 disestablishments in Vietnam
1862 establishments in the French colonial empire
1945 establishments in the French colonial empire
1945 disestablishments in French Indochina
1949 disestablishments in French Indochina
History of South Vietnam

French Cochinchina


Andean culture is a collective term used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Andes mountains especially those that came under the influence of the Inca Empire. Cultures considered Andean include:
 Atacama people
 Aymara people
 Muisca people or Chibcha
 Andean civilizations
 Quechua people
 Uru people
 Diaguita people
 Maina people
 Mayo-Chinchipe

This term is also used to describe the Hispanic based cultures of the Andes, which through the interaction of the Spaniards with the Andean Natives formed into a distinct group of cultures incorporating both Hispanic and Indigenous cultural traits, although such a definition excludes the contribution of other human groups and ethnicities inhabiting in the Andean mountains, such as non Andean indigenous groups, African diaspora in the Americas or Asian immigrants. These cultures include:
 Culture of Bolivia
 Culture of Chile
 Colombian culture
 Culture of Ecuador
 Argentine Northwest
 Culture of Peru

Andean culture


Bharti Kher is a contemporary artist. In a career spanning nearly three decades, she has worked across painting, sculpture and installation. Throughout her practice she has displayed an unwavering relationship with the body, its narratives, and the nature of things. Inspired by a wide range of sources and making practices, she employs the readymade in wide arc of meaning and transformation. Kher's works thus appear to move through time, using reference as a counterpoint and contradiction as a visual tool.

Early life

Kher was born in London, England, in 1969. She studied at Middlesex Polytechnic, London, from 1987 to 1988, and then attended the Foundation Course in Art and Design at Newcastle Polytechnic from 1998 to 1991, receiving a BA Honours in Fine Art, Painting.  She moved to India in 1993, where she lives and works today.

Selected works and themes

Central themes within her work include the notion of the self as formed by multiple and interlocking relationships with human and animal bodies, places and readymade objects. She taps into diverse yet unlocatable mythologies and the numerous associations that a place or material can evoke.

Bindi

Kher is known internationally for her signature use of the bindi in works across painting and sculpture. Derived from the Sanskrit word bindu – meaning point, drop, dot or small particle – and rooted in ritual and philosophical traditions, the bindi is a dot applied to the centre of the forehead as a representation of a spiritual third eye. Originally applied with natural pigment, bindis have transformed over time to become a popular, mass-produced accessory. Kher reclaims this way of seeing by creating intensely layered and lavish 'paintings' that are charged with the bindi's conceptual and visual links to ideas such as repetition, the sacred and the ritual, appropriation, and a deliberate sign of the feminine. The bindi becomes a language or code we begin to read through works that elicit formal connections with traditions across Western and Indian art.

The Skin Speaks a language not its own (2006) is one of her most famous and talked about work. It is a sculpture that represents a life size female elephant made from fiberglass and adorned by numerous bindis. This sculpture combine two of the most common symbols of Indian tradition (bindi) and the Hindu religion (the elephant). This sculpture can be seen as the archetype of India.

Intermediaries

An important theme in Kher's practice is the idea of transformation, where she activates materials to give them a new form. Her "Intermediaries" series is exemplary of this, where the artist collects brightly painted clay figurines traditionally displayed in South India during the autumn festive season, which she shatters and then puts back together in order to create fantastical creatures: animal hybrids, irregular and strange people. She deconstructs narratives to create legends of her own.

Balance
Inspired from sacred geometry and ancient mathematics, Kher's practice is preoccupied with the finding the equilibrium of several forces. She is interested in the question of balance and in achieving a 'steady state' by putting together a surreal conjunction of elements. Drawn from found objects these works are strange and tantalizing disparate forms – all held together in a delicate but precarious moment of unison.

Women and the body

Over the course of her long career, Kher has engaged consistently with the body – her own and those of women around her – and has done so across several mediums and forms of art making. These have evolved from her 'Warrior series' (Cloudwalker, The messenger, Warrior with cloak and shield, And all the while the benevolent slept) to her 'Sari portraits' where she drapes her sculptures in resin-coated saris. In these works, Kher consciously mixes up mutually contradictory characteristics of different genders and their possibilities of metaphor. She sees the body as a literal and metaphorical site for the construction of ideas around gender, mythology and narrative. The most significant example of this is her process of casting, which she regards as a most intimate exercise in rendering the human emotions of her subjects and not just their physical form. Six Women (2013–2015), is a series of life-sized, sitting female sculptures, cast from real women in her New Delhi studio. Critically, the vulnerability of the women stems only in part from their nakedness; Kher's sitters are sex workers, paid by the artist to sit for her, in a self-conscious transaction of money and bodily experience.

Bharti Kher has worked in a variety of media creating paintings, sculptures, installations, and text. Kher's primary material is manufactured versions of traditional Indian bindi. Throughout her career Kher has kept some repeating patterns in her paintings from her student years from the late 1980s to the early 1990s. Kher considers how the realities of human life is perceived in our current time. Her works displays fondness towards human drama, as well as intrinsic love. Her sculptures and collages often depict hybrid forms that unite different social constructs such as race, and gender etc.

Exhibitions

Recent solo exhibitions
The Body is a Place, Arnolfini, Bristol (2022-23)
A Consummate Joy, Irish Museum of Modern Art (2020)
The Unexpected Freedom of Chaos, Galerie Perrotin New York (2020)
A Wonderful Anarchy, Hauser & Wirth Somerset (2019)
Djinns, Things, Places, Galerie Perrotin Tokyo (2018)
Chimeras, Centre Pasqu'Art Biel (2018)
Dark Matter, Museum Frieder Burda Berlin (2017)
This Breathing House, Freud Museum London (2016)
The Laws of Reversed Effort, Galerie Perrotin, Paris (2016)
Matter, Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver (2016)
In Her Own Language, Lawrence Wilson Art Gallery Perth (2016)
Three decimal points. Of a minute of a second. Of a degree, Hauser & Wirth, Zürich (2014)
Misdemeanours, Rockbund Art Museum, Shanghai (2014)

Recent group exhibitions
In the Company of Artists, Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum (2019)
Desire: A revision from the 20th Century to the Digital Age, Irish Museum of Modern Art (2019)
Surface Work, Victoria Miro, London (2018)
Facing India, Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg, Wolfsburg (2018)
Like Life: Sculpture, Colour and the Body (1300-Now), The Metropolitan Museum, New York (2018)

Collections
Kher's work is in the Tate Modern in London, the Vancouver Art Gallery, and the Walker Art Center.

References

External links
Bharti Kher at Archives of Women Artists, Research and Exhibitions
Bharti Kher at Artnet.com
Bharti Kher at

Living people
1969 births
20th-century English women artists
21st-century English women artists
Alumni of Middlesex University
Alumni of Northumbria University
Artists from London
British contemporary artists
British contemporary painters
British multimedia artists

Bharti Kher


Cirsium brevistylum is a species of thistle known by the common names Indian thistle and clustered thistle. It is native to western North America having been found in southwestern British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, and California.

Cirsium brevistylum grows in moist areas in many types of habitat, from mountain forests to chaparral and coastal marshes. This native thistle is annual or biennial, reaching  in height and known to exceed  at times. There is usually a single stem which may branch toward the top and is coated in hairs and webby fibers. The leaves are deeply cut into many lobes lined with twisted teeth, the longest leaves near the base of the plant reaching about 25 centimeters long. The leaves are borne on winged petioles with many spines. The inflorescence bears one to many flower heads, both at the ends of the stem branches and in the leaf axils. The flower head reaches about 3 centimeters long by 4 wide and is lined with cobwebby, bristly, spine-tipped phyllaries. The flower head is packed with white or pink flowers about 2 centimeters long. The fruit is a brown achene a few millimeters long topped with a pappus one to two centimeters in length.

Gallery

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California

brevistylum
Plants described in 1953
Flora of the Western United States
Flora of British Columbia
Flora without expected TNC conservation status
Taxa named by Arthur Cronquist

Cirsium brevistylum


Winford Lindsey "Wynn" Stewart (June 7, 1934 – July 17, 1985) was an American country music singer and songwriter. He was one of the progenitors of the Bakersfield sound. Although not a huge chart success, he was an inspiration to such artists as Buck Owens, Merle Haggard and Nick Lowe.

Biography

Early life and rise to fame

Stewart was born in Morrisville, Missouri, United States, in 1934, during the Depression. He spent most of his childhood moving around the country with his sharecropping family. After World War II, Stewart spent a year working at KWTO in Springfield, Missouri. In 1948, he moved to California with his family. Stewart originally wanted to become a professional baseball player, but suffered from a hand disease and was also too short to play professional baseball. In high school, Stewart formed a band that played at clubs around California. He soon met steel guitarist Ralph Mooney, who joined Stewart's band. The group's lineup consisted of guitarist Roy Nichols and bassist Bobby Austin.

In 1954, Stewart signed a recording contract with an independent record label called Intro Records. He released two singles on Intro. The first was called "I've Waited a Lifetime" and the second was "Strolling". Both failed to reach on the country music chart. His second single caught the attention of Skeets McDonald, one of Stewart's idols. He liked the song so much, he arranged an audition with Capitol Records for Stewart. By the summer of 1956, Stewart signed with Capitol. He soon recorded and released his first single from the label, "Waltz of the Angels", that same year. The song went to No. 14 on the country chart, and gave Stewart his first major hit. The song later became a duet hit for George Jones and Margie Singleton. However, Stewart did not stay with Capitol much longer as none of his other singles was gaining much success. His last single for Capitol (until his 1960s return) was called "I Wish I Could Stay the Same", released in September 1957.

Nightclub owner
Stewart was part owner of a Las Vegas, Nevada, nightclub called Nashville Nevada during the early 1960s. He performed there six nights a week and also hosted his own television show. A young Merle Haggard sat in with the band while Stewart was out of town in 1962. Stewart returned early, was impressed with Haggard's performance, and hired him as his regular bass player. He wrote Haggard's first hit "Sing a Sad Song".

"Wynn's sound was what influenced Buck and me both," Haggard has said, "and in a strange twist of fate, his band was the heart of the old Frizzell band – Roy Nichols was part of the Lefty band, and he went to Wynn Stewart and ran into Ralph Mooney, who played the steel, and they were the basis of the modern West Coast sound."

Height of his career
With the help of songwriter Harlan Howard, Stewart signed with Jackpot Records, a subsidiary label of Challenge Records, in 1958. He recorded a string of singles that were a mix of different styles, ranging from pop to rockabilly. In 1959, he moved to the parent Challenge label and released a single called "Wishful Thinking". The song proved a breakthrough for Stewart when it reached No. 5 in 1960. Following the song's success, Stewart moved to Las Vegas, Nevada, where he hosted a local TV show and was part owner of a nightclub, The Nashville Nevada.

Stewart continued to have sizable hits, including the Jan Howard duet called "Wrong Company", and "Big, Big Love", among others. Stewart moved back to the center of the Bakersfield sound, California, in 1965. He re-signed with Capitol. Cliffie Stone, who was an A & R director with Capitol introduced Wynn to a young arranger-guitarist Bill Aken (Zane Ashton) who would often over-dub unique guitar parts on Wynn's recordings. His first couple of singles for the label proved unsuccessful once again for Stewart, but his fifth single was a different story. "It's Such a Pretty World Today" was released in 1967 and became the biggest hit of his career. The song went to No. 1 on the country music chart and spent two weeks there. It was also the country music Song of the Year and a Gold record. Its follow-up, "Cause I Have You", was a Top 10 hit in 1967. Following his singles' success, Stewart recorded more soft, pop-friendly material, which gave Stewart his biggest hits into the 1970s.

By 1972, Stewart moved to RCA Records with "Paint Me a Rainbow" being his biggest hit for the label. He also briefly signed with Atlantic Records in 1974. Over the next three years, Stewart released singles but did not break the country Top 40. In 1975, he signed with Playboy Records and managed a Top 10 hit in 1976 called "After The Storm". Although he stayed with Playboy, he only had one other big hit, his version of "Sing a Sad Song", which went to No. 19 in 1977.

Later career and death
Stewart started his own label in 1978 called WIN. His first single, "Eyes as Big as Dallas", broke the Top 40. Although country music was changing in the late 1970s, moving to the smooth sounds of country pop, he was not able to continue to achieve success, which was hampered by his alcoholism. In the early 1980s, Stewart quit performing, but a few years on and Stewart launched a comeback, with an extensive tour and a new album.

During the tour, Stewart suddenly died of a heart attack on July 17, 1985. Following Stewart's death, his song "Wait 'Til I Get My Hands on You" became a minor hit.

Commercials
In 2010, Volkswagen used Stewart's song "Another Day, Another Dollar" in an ad for the Jetta

Kmart also used one of Wynn's songs, "It's Such a Pretty World Today", on a Blue light special commercial.

Discography

References

External links
Official website
[ Allmusic]

1934 births
1985 deaths
People from Polk County, Missouri
American country singer-songwriters
American male singer-songwriters
Apex Records artists
Capitol Records artists
Challenge Records artists
Playboy Records artists
Bakersfield sound
20th-century American singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Missouri
Country musicians from Missouri
20th-century American male singers

Wynn Stewart


Homo floresiensis ("Flores Man", also called "hobbit") is a probable species in the genus Homo, to which humans belong.

The remains were found in 2004 on the island of Flores in Indonesia. Parts of the skeletons of nine individuals were found, including one complete cranium (the head). The most important and obvious identifying features of H. floresiensis are its small body, and small size of the space for the brain inside the skull. This is why the discoverers have called members of the species "hobbits", after J.R.R. Tolkien's fictional race of roughly the same height.

Discovery
The remains were discovered on the Indonesian island of Flores by an Australian-Indonesian team of archaeologists in 2003. Archaeologist Mike Morwood and colleagues were looking for evidence of the original human migration of H. sapiens from Asia to Australia. They were not expecting to find a new species. They were surprised at the discovery of a nearly complete skeleton of a hominin.

Excavations done after that found seven more skeletons, originally thought to be from 38,000 to 13,000 years ago. An arm bone which they think belongs to H. floresiensis was dated at about 74,000 years old. The specimens are not fossilized and have "the consistency of wet blotting paper"; once exposed. The bones had to be left to dry before they could be dug up.

However, more extensive stratigraphic and chronological work pushed the most recent evidence of their existence back to 50,000 years ago. Their skeletal material is now dated to from 100,000 to 60,000 years ago. Stone tools recovered alongside the skeletal remains were from archaeological horizons ranging from 190,000 to 50,000 years ago.

Researchers hope to find preserved mitochondrial DNA to compare with samples from similarly unfossilised specimens of Homo neanderthalensis and H. sapiens.

This hominin is remarkable because it has a small body and brain.
There are also a lot of stone tools found in the cave. The tools are of a size that could be used by the 1 meter tall human. They are dated from 95,000 to 13,000 years ago. They are found in the same archeological layer as an elephant of the extinct genus Stegodon. The hobbit might have hunted this elephant. The elephant would have been very common throughout Asia during the Quaternary. Other animals that lived on the island at that time were giant rats, Komodo dragons, and even larger species of lizards. Homo sapiens reached the region by around 45,000 years ago.

A new species or not?
Archaeologist Mike Morwood and colleagues who found the remains say they think the individuals belong to a new species, H. floresiensis, in our human genus Homo. The discoverers also say that H. floresiensis might have lived at the same time as modern humans (Homo sapiens) on Flores.

Not everyone agrees that this is a new species. Indonesian anthropologist Teuku Jacob  suggested that the skull of LB1 was a modern human with microcephaly. This is a disorder that causes the bones of the head to stop growing. Another study says that perhaps the individuals were born without a working thyroid gland, which would result in the small size of the hominins because of a disorder called myxedema.

Two studies of the bones published in 2007 both reported evidence to support species status for H. floresiensis. A study of three bits of bones from the hand (carpals) showed that they were similar to the carpal bones of a chimpanzee or an early hominin such as Australopithecus. They were also different from the bones of modern humans. A study of the bones and joints of the arm, shoulder, and legs also concluded that H. floresiensis was more similar to early humans and apes than modern humans. In 2009, the publication of a cladistic analysis, and a study comparing body sizes, gave further support for the theory that H. floresiensis and Homo sapiens are separate species.

Extinction
Archaeologists believe that the species has survived on Flores at least until 12,000 years ago. This makes it the longest lasting non-modern human. It also lived longer than the Neanderthals (H. neanderthalensis), which became extinct about 24,000 years ago.

Because of a deep neighboring strait, Flores remained isolated during the last ice age. Because of this, the discoverers of H. floresiensis think that the species, or its ancestors, must have reached the isolated island by water transport around 100,000 years ago (or, if they are H. erectus, then about 1 million years ago).

Local geology suggests that a volcanic eruption on Flores approximately 12,000 years ago was responsible for the end of H. floresiensis and animals that lived on the island. The elephant Stegodon also became extinct at this time.

Stories of later survival
There are local stories that a small race of people lived on the island. The Ebu Gogo were small, hairy, language-poor cave dwellers. It is said that they were there at the time of the arrival of the first Portuguese ships during the 16th century. These creatures are claimed to have existed as recently as the late 19th century. Gerd van den Bergh, a paleontologist working with the fossils, reported hearing of the Ebu Gogo ten years before the fossil discovery. On the nearby island of Sumatra, there are reports of a 1-1.5m tall humanoid, the Orang Pendek which might be related to H. floresiensis.

References

Further reading

Linda Goldenberg 2007. Little people and a lost world: an anthropological mystery. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Twenty-First Century Books.
Maciej Henneberg & John Schofield 2008. The Hobbit trap: money, fame, science and the discovery of a 'new species'. Kent Town: Wakefield Press.

Other websites
 John D. Hawks. Blog of a professor of anthropology:

 Homo floresiensis - The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program
 Hobbits in the Haystack: Homo floresiensis and Human Evolutions – Turkhana Basin Institute presentment at the Seventh Stony Brook Human Evolution Symposium

Hominins

Homo floresiensis


Joseph-Roméo-Liguori Lacombe (June 17, 1895 – April 13, 1957), generally known as Liguori Lacombe, was a Member of Parliament in the House of Commons of Canada from 1925 to 1930 and again from 1935 to 1948. He is best known for having quit the Liberal Party of Canada because of his isolationist opposition to Canada's entry into World War II and for campaigning against the government during the Conscription Crisis of World War II.

Early life and career
Lacombe was born and raised in Sainte-Scholastique, Quebec. He studied law at the University of Montreal and began his practice in 1923 working out of law offices in both Sainte-Scholastique and Montreal. He earned fame for his involvement in several high-profile murder cases.

Political career
Lacombe was first elected to parliament as the Liberal MP for Laval—Two Mountains, Quebec in the 1925 federal election. He was re-elected in 1926 but defeated by former Quebec Conservative Party leader Arthur Sauvé in the 1930 federal election.

Lacombe returned to parliament as a Liberal in the 1935 federal election defeating federal Minister of Marine and Fisheries Lucien Henri Gendron who had opted to run in Laval—Two Mountains after Sauvé was appointed to the Senate of Canada.

Opposition to World War II
On September 10, 1939, Lacombe broke with the Liberal Party to vote against Canada's entry into World War II. He and fellow maverick Liberal Edouard Lacroix introduced an amendment calling for "non-participation" in the war, reflecting some reluctance in French Canada to join Britain in war. The two MPs, who proved to be the amendment's only supporters, were condemned in a Globe and Mail editorial the following day as "two French-Canadians who gained eternal distinction by an attitude unworthy of their people and country."

He stood as an "Independent Liberal" in the 1940 federal election and was re-elected, defeating the official Liberal nominee by almost 2,000 votes.

Later that year, Lacombe and Lacroix attempted to lead a revolt of Quebec MPs against the National Resources Mobilization Act. The bill gave the government emergency powers to mobilize resources, including manpower for the war effort, called up all men between the ages of 19 and 45 for a thirty-day training period, and required everyone over the age of 16 to register with the government in preparation for a possible draft. Lacombe and Lacroix moved an amendment that would have substituted the measures of the act with a statement that Canadian participation in the war must be free, voluntary and moderate. The government responded during the debate by insisting that the measures are for home defence only and that there would be no conscription for overseas service.

In 1942, Liguiori formed the Parti Canadien to run candidates in two federal by-elections on a platform opposing the imposition of conscription and to oppose Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King's plan to hold a plebiscite on conscription. The party stood candidates against Liberal Louis St. Laurent in Quebec East and Gaspard Fauteux in Montreal St. Mary and did well enough to inspire other anti-conscriptionists to form the Bloc populaire canadien later that year.

Lacombe used the party as a platform to campaign for a "no" vote during the April plebiscite on conscription. In June he invited Quebec Liberal MPs who opposed conscription to join his party but had no takers, remaining the party's sole MP.

He subsequently was part of an unofficial "Independents Group" of five anti-conscription MPs led by Frédéric Dorion.

Later political career
In the weeks before the 1945 federal election, Lacombe and the other members of the Independents Group led by Dorion joined with former Liberal cabinet minister Pierre Joseph Arthur Cardin, who had quit the Mackenzie King cabinet in 1942 over the issue of conscription, to form the "National Front" which was to be a united nationalist party.  However, Cardin dropped the National Front project a month before the election when several nationalist candidates and groups failed to join and Lacombe was re-elected an Independent MP, defeating his Liberal opponent by 300 votes.

He resigned from the House of Commons in 1948 in order to accept an appointment as district magistrate by the provincial government of Maurice Duplessis.

Lacombe also served as mayor of Ste-Scholastique, Quebec from 1935 to 1948.

References

External links

1895 births
1957 deaths
Lawyers in Quebec
Independent MPs in the Canadian House of Commons
Independent Liberal MPs in Canada
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
People from Laurentides

Liguori Lacombe


Anine Stang (born 25 February 1985 Anine Victoria Stang) is a Norwegian singer and songwriter.

In 2007 Anine received her music degree from the prestigious songwriters academy Musikmakarna in Sweden. The same year she moved to Los Angeles, where she got a band together and wrote songs with several acclaimed musicians. She played sold-out concerts, in among others, the world-famous rock club "The Viper Room". In 2008 she got second place in a "battle of the bands" contest under the direction of LA Music Network and rock radio station FM 98.7. The judges stated that she had the best song out of all the contestants.

In 2008/2009 Anine was mentioned in the US based magazine Music Connection'''s  "Hot 100 unsigned artists" list.

After three years in Los Angeles, Anine goes back to her roots in Norway in 2010, getting a deal with Universal Music.
Her first music video remained on the top 10 list on MTV for several weeks, and it even impressed the world-famous celebrity blogger, Perez Hilton.

The video for her single "Dominoes" was nominated for "Best Music Video" at UK Film Festival, and it won two prices: "Award of Excellence" and "Best Cinematography" at Los Angeles Movie Awards in January 2012.

Bill Siddons, ex-manager of The Doors, was Anine's mentor during the three years in L.A. She has worked closely with musicians who have also worked with artists such as Marilyn Manson, Rihanna, Lady Gaga, Guns N' Roses, Slipknot, Debbie Harry and Thirty Seconds to Mars.

Before Christmas 2010, she released the single "Christmas Card" in benefit of the Red Cross programme for children in need.

In 2011 she was handpicked by the Billboard hit making production team Stargate, to attend their masterclass in New York City. While in New York she played at Splash, New York's biggest gay club. This is the club where Lady Gaga started her career, and Madonna has played several times. The club wanted her back, and in the summer of 2011 she went on her first US tour.

Anine has chosen to go the long and hard school of the music industry to find her own unique style as an artist and songwriter. She is a "do it yourself" driven artist, involved in all parts of her career. In 2012 she went in a slightly different direction musically and released the songs "Brain Break" and "The Young" under the artist name "Anina".

She released the song "Brain Break" on her own label "Electric Stardust", in August 2012. The UK based Scandinavian music blog "Scandipop.co.uk" called it "[s]odding mental. But it's the kind of sodding mental that lends itself well to also being sodding brilliant".

The video for "Brain Break" also received favourable reviews.UK ScandiPop 2012-09-04

She currently resides in Los Angeles, California, working on new material expected to be released in 2017.

Discography
2017: "Badass Motherfucker"
2013: "The Young" (single) (as Anina)
2012: "Brain Break" (single)(as Anina)
2011: "Dominoes" (single)
2010: "Christmascard" (single)
2010: Hits for Kids, vol. 24'' – "Trying You On" (compilation)
2010: "Dinnertime" (single)
2010: "Trying You On" (single)
2006: "Moments of Magic" (single) (under the artist name "Anine & Lasse")

References

External links
Official website: aninestang.com

Living people
Norwegian songwriters
Norwegian pop singers
Musicians from Oslo
1985 births
21st-century Norwegian singers

Anine Stang