A by-election for one of the French National Assembly seats from Guinea was held on June 27, 1954. The socialist Yaciné Diallo, who had won one of the three Guinean seats in the 1951 French National Assembly election, died in April 1954, after which the by-election was called. The election was won by Diawadou Barry, but it also marked of the ascent of Sékou Touré's Democratic Party of Guinea (PDG) in Guinean politics.

Candidates
There were three main candidates taking part in the election; Barry Diawadou, Sékou Touré and Ibrahima Barry ('Barry III') of the newly founded Socialist Democracy of Guinea (DSG). Barry Diawadou was supported by a coordination committee of local formations during the run-up to the election. The coordination committee based on an agreement between the Fula (; ) chiefs of Futa Jalon and regional formations in lower Guinea. Under the arrangement, the Fula chiefs would be able to select the candidate for the French National Assembly seat, whilst the groups from lower Guinea would select candidates for second-college senator (Fodé Mamadou Touré) and French Union assemblyman (Karim Bangoura). The Fula chiefs' candidate became Barry Diawadou, after Diawadou had received the backing of the Futa Jalon spiritual leader almami Ibrahima Sory Dara. Diawadou himself was the son of the almami of Dabola.

Sékou Touré (later the president of Guinea 1958-1984) was the candidate of the PDG, the Guinean branch of the African Democratic Rally (RDA). Touré was a prominent trade union leader. Touré and his party were popularly referred to as syli (susu for 'elephant'), a name given to symbolize strength.

Conduct
The election was marred with irregularities. The principle of secrecy of vote was not respected. In many cases local chiefs were in charge of distributing voting cards, chiefs who simultaneously were campaigning for Barry Diawadou (the electoral law demanded that local committees be formed with representatives of all parties for the sake of distributing voting cards). On many occasions, the ballot for Barry Diawadou was attached to the voting cards. At the voting stations, PDG representatives were chased away or physically abused in many locations. With the PDG representatives gone, the fraud could go on without limitations. The irregularities were most widespread in Futa Jalon, the stronghold of Barry Diawadou.

Results

Aftermath
Immediately after the official results had been declared, the PDG cried foul and accused the French administration of having committed fraud to ensure the victory of Barry Diawadou. In the months following the vote, the PDG pinned its hopes to the possibility that the French National Assembly might refuse to validate the results. The party campaigned vigorously to show its force, and mass demonstrations were held throughout Guinea to condemn the electoral fraud. PDG followers composed various songs, sung at the public meetings. The stated that the Syli had been robbed of his legitimate victory, and that Barry Diawadou was a weak coward. Moreover, at the SFIO congress in July 1954 the actions of the French governor in Guinea were condemned. The SFIO congress charged that the governor had openly supported Diawadou's candidacy, in breach of the expected neutrality of the administration.

Following the election, the committee that had supported Barry Diawadou's candidacy formed the African Bloc of Guinea (BAG) in late 1954.

On January 21, 1955 a vote of validation was held in the French National Assembly regarding the 1954 election in Guinea. SFIO no longer voiced any opposition. Many of the Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance (the parliamentary ally of RDA) assembly members were absent at the time of the vote. The validation was passed with a wide majority; only the assembly members of the French Communist Party and RDA voted against the validation.

After the validation had passed, the situation became tense in lower Guinea. When Barry Diawadou's father visited Conakry on January 30, 1955, widespread riots broke out. Violent incidents also occurred in Dubréka and Boffa. These confrontations occurred in spite of appeals of the PDG to its followers to remain calm.

References

Guinea
By-elections to the National Assembly (France)
French elections in Guinea
By-election
Guinea
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results

1954 Guinea by-election


1285 was a common year.

Events
 January 6 – Archbishop Jakub Świnka orders all priests subject to his bishopry in Poland to deliver sermons in Polish rather than German, thus further unifying the Catholic Church in Poland and fostering a national identity.
 April 25 – Mamluk sultan Qalawun begins a siege of the Crusader fortress of Margat (in present-day Syria), a major stronghold of the Knights Hospitaller thought to be impregnable; he captures the fortress a month later.
 September 4 – Roger of Lauria defeats King Philip III of France in a naval battle off of Barcelona.
 The writ Circumspecte Agatis, issued by King Edward I of England, defines the jurisdictions of church and state in England, thereby limiting the church's judicial powers to ecclesiastical cases only.
 The Second statute of Westminster is passed in England, reforming various laws; it includes the famous clause de donis conditionalibus, considered one of the fundamental institutes of medieval law in England.
 The English romantic poem The Lay of Havelok the Dane is written (approximate date).
 Tran Hung Dao leads Vietnamese forces in victory over an invading Yuan dynasty Mongol army.

1285


The Tomb of Amyntas, also known as the Fethiye Tomb, is an ancient Lycian rock-hewn tomb at ancient Telmessos, in Lycia, which was at the time a satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire. Currently, it is in the district of Fethiye in Muğla Province, located in the Aegean region of Turkey.

History
Modern Fethiye is located on the site of the Ancient Roman, then Hellenoroman, city of Telmessos, with the Tomb of Amyntas located in the south side of the city in the mountainside, in the base of the mountain. The impressive looking tomb was built in 350 BC, and was named after the Greek inscription on the side of it which reads "Amyntou tou Ermagiou", which translated to English means "Amyntas, son of Hermagios".

The tomb was built by the Lycians, the people who lived in this satrapy of the Persian Empire at the time. The Lycians were a tightly knit confederation of independent city-states, including Telmessos.

Do not mistake the name Amyntas for the Macedonian king Amyntas I of Macedon, satrap of Skudra, and Ancestor of Alexander the Great. Amyntas in this context might be the descendant of the King maker of Cyrus the Great, the Median General Harpagos, who became satrap of Lycia, the first of the Harpagid Dynasty, for his services to Cyrus in his conquest.

Features
Compared to many other tombs carved into mountainsides in the area, the interior of the Tomb of Amyntas is very spacious.

References

Cemeteries in Turkey
Fethiye
Rock-cut tombs
Archaeology of the Achaemenid Empire
Achaemenid Anatolia
Lycia

Tomb of Amyntas


The Harzburg, also called Große Harzburg ("Great Harz Castle"), is a former imperial castle, situated on the northwestern edge of the Harz mountain range overlooking the spa resort of Bad Harzburg in Goslar District in the state of Lower Saxony, Germany. It was erected from 1065 to 1068 at the behest of King Henry IV of Germany, slighted during the Saxon Rebellion in 1073-75, and a century later rebuilt under Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and his Welf successor Otto IV, who died here in 1218.

Later used as a robber baron's lair, the hill castle crumbled into ruins over the centuries. Today it has almost completely disappeared; only fragments of the foundation walls and the towers together with the castle well are preserved.

Etymology
Mentioned as Hartesburg in a 1071 deed, the name of the castle () is derived from the Harz mountain range, called Hart in Middle Low German, and is probably affiliated with hardt meaning "mountain forest". Therefore, Harzburg can be translated as "Harz Castle".

Location

The ruins of the Große Harzburg are located above the spa town and the Radau valley, on the top of the Großer Burgberg hill at a height of . The summit can be reached by the Burgberg Cable Car and has an outstanding view past the neighbouring summit of Kleiner Burgberg () in the northwest over the northern Harz Foreland with the Harly hill range and far into the North German Plain. Southwards, the view goes over the densely forested mountains of the Harz National Park up to the Brocken massif.

The remains of the walls on the Großer Burgberg summit are open to the public. The layout of the castle and its remnants are explained on information boards at the site. It had two different bergfrieds; the square one has been partially rebuilt in modern times (see photo). One interesting feature is the wide moat driven through the rock that separates the castle complex into an east and a west wing, linked by a modern stone bridge. The castle well drew drinking water from the nearby Sachsenbrunnen, an enclosed spring in the woods. In medieval times, the water was transferred over several hundred metres in wooden pipes.

The viewpoint on the northern edge of the castle plateau is marked by the  high Canossa Column, erected in 1877 during the German Kulturkampf conflict in honour of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck on the 800th anniversary of King Henry's Walk to Canossa. In addition, the former castle grounds comprise the more than two-hundred-year-old Bismarck Elm, a Harz folktales memorial hall erected from 1928 to 1932, a modern statue of the alleged pagan god Krodo, as well as a restaurant.

To the north, on the nearby hill of Kleiner Burgberg, are the remains of the so-called Kleine Harzburg ("Little Harz Castle") outlook, and to the east on the nearby Sachsenberg are the traces of a rampart, possibly constructed by the rebellious Saxons to besiege the Große Harzburg (see below).

History

Already in 924/926 King Henry the Fowler had reached an armistice with the Hungarian invaders at nearby Werla Castle. In the 11th century, the Salian emperor Henry III had made the Imperial Palace of Goslar one of his favourite residences. He did, however, arouse the disfavour of the local Saxon nobility and the Billung dukes, not only by his Franconian descendance, but also due to the expensive maintaining of his Imperial court. Henry III died in 1056 at Bodfeld Castle and when his son King Henry IV, came of age in 1065, he soon renewed the Saxon conflict laying claim to several domains around the Harz mountains.

Henry IV
During Henry's minority and the regency of his mother Agnes of Poitou, the Saxon nobles had strengthened their position. The local count Otto of Nordheim, Duke of Bavaria since 1061, had even been involved in Henry's abduction during the 1062 Coup of Kaiserswerth. In turn, the Große Harzburg (Hartesburg) was erected during a large-scale castle building programme in the Duchy of Saxony from 1065 to 1068. Intended as a demonstration of power in the Saxon mainland, the extended complex was strategically sited by King Henry's architect Bishop Benno II of Osnabrück providing protection for the nearby Goslar imperial palace and the mines of Rammelsberg. Its walls extend right up to the steep face of the conical hilltop. At the time it was built the castle was impregnable.

Despite its defensive strength, the castle was also especially palatial. For example, it contained, amongst other things, unusually large, three-roomed great hall and collegiate church, to which Henry had many relics transferred. He even had a sort of family vault built, in which he laid the mortal remains of his brother, Duke Conrad II of Bavaria and his son, Henry, both of whom died young.

According to the chronicler Lambert of Hersfeld, the Saxon Rebellion broke out when on 29 June 1073 several nobles marched against the king residing in the Imperial Palace of Goslar. Henry had to flee along with the Imperial Regalia into the walls of the Harzburg. The besieging forces led by Otto of Nordheim and Bishop Burchard II of Halberstadt allegedly numbered 60,000 whilst his garrison only had 300 men. The king finally fled to Franconia in the night to 10 August, according to legend, through the well of the besieged castle and a secret passage.

The king initially did not gain much support by the German princes and in the 1074 Treaty of Gerstungen he was forced to agree to slight his castles, including the Harzburg. He hesitated, however, and only had the walls and towers demolished, whilst the buildings themselves remained. But in the spring of 1074 the Harzburg was plundered by annoyed peasants and completely destroyed. The collegiate church was not spared and the royal family tomb was desecrated. This incident prompted widespread indignation and gave Henry cause to advance with all his might against the rebellious Saxons again and so, on 9 June 1075, the rebels were defeated at the Battle of Langensalza.

Henry IV never returned to the Harzburg. Pope Gregory VII, who would become a bitter enemy during the Investiture Controversy, imposed a ban on the devastated site. In January 1077, the king had to make the Walk to Canossa to obtain the revocation of his excommunication.

Hohenstaufens and Welfs

During the conflict of the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick I with the Welf duke Henry the Lion, the rebuilding work on the castle continued until 1180. In January 1076 Henry had claimed the enfeoffment with Goslar and the Rammelsberg mines in turn for his support against the rebellious Italian cities of the Lombard League. The duke was deposed in 1180, yet Frederick felt it was necessary to protect Goslar against Henry's forces.

The complex was completed by Henry's son Emperor Otto IV, sole King of the Romans upon his rival Philip of Swabia in 1208. He was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Innocent III the next year, however, the two fell out soon after. Banned by the pope, he had to witness the election of the Hohenstaufen scion Frederick II in September 1211. Defeated by King Philip II of France in the 1214 Battle of Bouvines, he retired to his Saxon homelands and died at the Harzburg on 19 May 1218. The fortress lost its immediate function as an imperial castle as Otto's brother Henry of Brunswick had to surrender the Imperial Regalia to the Hohenstaufen dynasty.

In 1222 the Harzburg was awarded the title of castrum imperiale again. Relying on the existing imperial enfeoffment of the Harzburg seat, the character of the castle as an imperial fortress remained largely intact up to the time the Hohenstaufen dynasty became extinct and the castle was pledged to the Counts of Wernigerode in 1269.

Later history

The following centuries were characterized by frequent changes of ownership. About 1370 it was occupied by the Welf duke Otto of Brunswick-Göttingen during the War of the Lüneburg Succession and entrusted to his ministerialis Hans von Schwicheldt, against fierce protest raised by the Wernigerode counts. In the early 15th century the Harzburg was pledged as a fief to the three sons of Hans von Schwicheldt, who turned it into a robber baron castle and ravaged the surrounding Brunswick, Hildesheim and Halberstadt lands.

The importance of the fortress decreased steadily, resulting in its slow decline. A rebuilding of the castle in the 16th century was never carried out due to the high cost. During the Thirty Years' War, the castle changed hands several times, although its garrison remained intact. Since this type of fortification had become insignificant due to the changed nature of warfare, demolition of the remaining elements of the ruin began in 1650. Since then the castle has amounted to little more than its foundation ruins and well. The urban settlement of Neustadt at the foot of the Großer Burgberg adopted the castle's name in 1892.

Gallery

Sources

External links

 Henry, the Harz and the Harzburg
 The Harzburg at burgenwelt.de
 Diagram of the castle as it looked in medieval times

Buildings and structures completed in 1068
11th-century fortifications
Bad Harzburg
Castles in Lower Saxony
Imperial castles
Castles in the Harz
Ruined castles in Germany
Duchy of Brunswick
Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor

Harzburg


Morningside Park is a recreational nature park located in Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is Toronto's largest municipal park by area.

Description
The park occupies most of the deep valley of Highland Creek where it borders the communities of West Hill and Highland Creek. Spanning , the park includes picnic areas, public washrooms, parking and footpaths which connect to nearby communities and the Waterfront Trail on Lake Ontario. The park is bounded by Morningside Avenue on the east, Ellesmere Road on the north and Lawrence Avenue East to the south. Together with the University of Toronto Scarborough lands east of Morningside Avenue and Colonel Danforth Park, the park is part of a continuous forested corridor along the lower reaches of Highland Creek. The park features a high degree of urban wilderness compared to other parks in Toronto, with deer, eroded cliffs and a remnant forest.

History
The valley of Highland Creek was at one point a settlement. After World War II, a shortage in housing resulted in many new residences being built from cottages. However, an increase in settlers was becoming problematic as contaminated wells, evictions, and home demolition were contentious issues in the post-war period. Living conditions were further complicated by the steep slopes and flat floodplain of the Highland Creek further in the area as residents and their cottages were regularly threatened by flash flooding. In 1954, severe damage from Hurricane Hazel led to the removal of housing in the area. Public ownership of floodplain land was established to prevent further development. The area eventually turned into parklands and wildlife was restored.

Over 5,000 White Pine trees were planted in Morningside Park by the Boy Scouts of Canada in 1994.

References

External links

A Walk on the Wild Side of Morningside Park at Curran Hall Community Association

Parks in Toronto
Scarborough, Toronto

Morningside Park (Toronto)


MTV Live is an American television program that aired from 1997 to 1998 on MTV, featuring interviews with celebrity guests, live musical performances, news coverage, and music video premieres.

1997 series
The program began its run in September 1997 in the then-newly acquired Times Square Studio on Broadway in New York. Toby Amies, Carson Daly and Ananda Lewis served as resident hosts to the daily hour-long live broadcast until its eventual merger with Total Request on September 14, 1998, forming what is now known as Total Request Live. In a similar vein to its successor, the series featured celebrity interviews, music video premieres, musical performances, and reports from MTV News. Through a partnership with Intel, viewers were able to call into the show via voice or video calls using their own computers or kiosks established at locations such as the Mall of America.

2007 series
A separate program with the same title began airing on MTV in February 2007. This version of MTV Live featured live performances filmed at the Hard Rock Cafe in Times Square. Through a partnership with Verizon Wireless, subscribers were able to submit text comments from their cellphones to appear in a crawl on the screen, as well as have their cellphone concert footage edited into the program.

References

External links

1997 American television series debuts
1998 American television series endings
MTV original programming
American non-fiction television series
American live television series

MTV Live (American TV program)


The Wallender Born or Wallenborn (popularly known as the Brubbel) is a cold water geyser in the village Wallenborn (Eifel district, Germany). It is adjacent to the reactivated Andernach Geyser (aka Namedyer Sprudel) an active cold water geyser in Germany.

Experts disagree on whether the Wallender Born can be described as eruptive course, but periodic gas outbreaks have been witnessed since time immemorial. Until being drilled, Wallender Born was therefore at least a (periodic) mofette. The high water surge of a typical hot spring was found only after construction work. The fountain is operated geyser-like: The artificial conduit is located below the water surface of a small pond. The water is therefore not thrown like a fountain, but turbulent. The "fuel gas" of the geyser is carbon dioxide. It contains traces of other gases like hydrogen sulfide which leads to a smell reminiscent of rotten eggs.

Interval between eruptions
The eruptions of the Wallender Born occur roughly every 35 minutes. An eruption lasts about 5 minutes and is divided into another two clearly distinguishable phases: The first of these two phases will take about 10 seconds, the water from the vent, and possibly underground existing reservoirs, depending on groundwater level and air pressure results in a 2–4 m high water column (maximum) being ejected. In the second phase, which takes about 5 minutes, the surge varies greatly. The second phase is the quiet phase during which the water slowly sinks back into the vent.

The violence of the eruption and the height of the water column varies slightly between outbreaks.

Geology
Wallender Born is the result of volcanic activity seen in the Eifel region, although the shape of the eruptive source is not a direct consequence of geothermal energy, but of the escape of carbon dioxide. From the magma in the crust volcanic gas rises through cracks and fissures in the earth's surface and dissolves partly in the ground water to carbonic acid.
The source is a calcium-sodium-bicarbonate-sorrel. The spring water is very cloudy with sediment.

References

Cold water geysers
Geysers of Germany
Eifel
Articles containing video clips
Landforms of Rhineland-Palatinate

Wallender Born


William C. Harper (born 1944) is an American jewelry artist known for studio craft jewelry.

Biography
Born in Bucyrus, Ohio, in 1944.  He received a BS in 1966 and an MS in education in 1967, both from Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio.  He also studied advanced enameling techniques at the Cleveland Institute of Art.
Harper began his career as an abstract painter but in the early 1960s switched to enameling.  Many of his creations relate to mythology and ritual objects, and his work was included in the exhibition One of a Kind: The Studio Craft Movement at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, December 22, 2006 – September 3, 2007.

Currently resides in New York City.

He should not be confused with the Afro-American sculptor and painter William A. Harper (1873–1910) or the American painter William St. John Harper (1851–1910).

References
 Harper, William, The Art of William Harper, Enameled Jewelry and Objects, New York, Kennedy Galleries, 1981.
 Harper, William, William Harper, Jasper's Variations and Faberge's Seeds, New York, Peter Joseph Gallery, 1994.
 Harper, William, William Harper, Tallahassee, Fla., University Fine Arts Galleries, 1980.
 Manhart, Tom, William Harper, Artist as Alchemist, Orlando, Fla., Orlando Museum of Art, 1989.

1944 births
Living people
People from Bucyrus, Ohio
American enamelers
21st-century enamellers
20th-century enamellers
American jewellers
21st-century American ceramists

William Claude Harper


Wildersgade is a street in the Christianshavn district of Copenhagen, Denmark. It runs along the length of the neighbourhood, parallel to Christianshavn Canal, one block to the east, from the Christiansbro development in the south(west) to Wilder's Canal in the north(east). The street is bisected by Torvegade, Christianshavn's principal thoroughfare, but is otherwise a quiet mainly residential street with cobbling and many old townhouses and storages from the 18th and 19th century.

History

The history of Wildersgade dates back to the foundation of Christianshavn as an independent market town in 1617–22. The street was originally called Kongensgade (King's Street), complementing Dronningensgade (Queen's Street) and Prinsensgade (Prince's Street; now Prinsessegade, Princess Street) on the other side of the canal. The section to the north of Torvegade was known as Store Kongensgade (Great King's Street) while the section to the south of Torvegade was called Lille Kongensgade (Little King's Street). The current name was introduced in 1859 when the much larger street Ny Kongensgade (New King's Street) on the other side of the harbor took over the name Store Kongensgade). The rectory of Christian's Church was originally located at No. 5. In 1795, the building was taken over by a branch of Borgerdyd School which shortly thereafter was Borgerdyd School on Nørregade in the city centre. Its name was later changed to Vestre Borgerdyd School and it is now called Københavns Åbne Gymnasium. In 1890, the building in Wildersgade was acquired by Burmeister & Wain while the school relocated to a new building on Stockholmsgade in Østerbro.

Notable buildings and residents

North of Torvegade
No. 60 is the former Wildersgade Barracks. The main building was built by Jørgen Henrich Rawert and Andreas Hallander in 1802. The long, one-storey building to the left is the barracks' former stables. The yellow building on the other side of the street is the rear side of the Irgens House complex which served as artillery barracks from 1789. Many other houses in the street are also listed. They consist mostly of townhouses and former warehouses. The large building at No. 70, on the corner of Cjristianshavn Canal and Wilder's Canal, is Princess Marie's Home for Old Seamen and Their Widows and also houses the Seamen's Association of 1856. The oldest part of the building is from 1874 while an extension dates from 1921.

The street is also home to a number of listed warehouses and townhouses. The warehouse at No. 51 was built in association with Niels Brock's House in Strandgade (No. 36 on the other side of the block. No. 41–43 is part of the Sigvart Grubbe House complex. No. 34, No. 36, No. 37, No. 38, No. 40, 42, 45, 48–50, No. 49, No. 52, No. 53 and No. 58 are also listed

South of Torvegade
The buildings at No. 9 and 10, which are connected by a two-storey skyway spans the street, were built for the B&W shipyard and are from 1925. No. 10 houses the one Michelin-starred restaurant Kadeau which mainly uses products from the island of Bornholm and has a sister restaurant in Aakirkeby. The large, neighbouring building (Overgaden Neden Vandet 9) is a former engine hall from the 1860s and was also built for B&W. It was adapted for use as an office building by Dissing ? Weitling in 1990. The two white buildings at the southern end of the street were built in 1998–2001 as part of Henning Larsen Architects¨Christiansbro masterplan for the redevelopment of the B&W site. They are called Løvens Hård and Enhjørningens Gård and were designed by Lauritz Vilhelmsen Arkitekter and Arkitema.

Listed buildings along this southern portion of the street includes the narrow townhouses at No. 15–19.

Cultural references
In the 2009 film Applause Café Eiffel (Wildersgade 58) is the place where Thea Barfoed (Paprika Steen) goes to get drunk. Another bar, Fingerbøllet (Wildersgade 39), was used as a location in Anders Thomas Jensens Blinkende Lygter (2000) and Nikolaj Arcel's Kongekabale (2004) as well as in the DR television series Taxa. Nikolaj og Julie and Livvagterne''

Image gallery

References

External links

 Wildersgade at indenforvoldene.dk

Streets in Christianshavn

Wildersgade


Erin Harkes is an American singer-songwriter.

Music career
Harkes is known in the Albany area, having been named among the Capital District's best musicians by both the Albany Times-Union and Metroland. She also regularly teams up with the Albany-based band Sirsy.

In 2004, Harkes teamed up with Albany, NY-based band Folding Sky to enter the 2004 Colossal Contender Blues Competition, which they won giving them a shot to compete in Memphis. In addition, she has opened for acts such as the 10,000 Maniacs and Company of Thieves.

On April 7, 2010, Harkes was chosen from the audience to participate in a "Battle of the Instant Bands" on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon. Erin spent twenty minutes with her impromptu band, the "Fallon Angels," and put together a winning song they called "Free Jimmy."

Personal life
Harkes grew up in Middleburgh, New York. When she was young, her parents formed a pipe band. She started playing the bass drum in it when she was 13, and later she was recruited to play in the pipe band at St. Andrews Presbyterian College in Laurinburg, North Carolina, where she recorded her first CD during her senior year.

Upon graduating in 2000, Harkes moved to Albany. Her first job was driving an ice-cream truck. As of June 2011, in addition to her music career, she maintains a full-time day job as a data entry clerk for Albany County Child Protective Services.

Erin is first cousin to National Soccer Hall of Famer John Harkes.

On June 14, 2008, Harkes' older sister was killed in a wreck caused by a drunk driver. The death of her sister led Harkes to begin drinking heavily. In a 2011 interview, Harkes says, "I was always definitely fond of the drink...[my sister's death] just gave me an excuse." She eventually sought help and stopped drinking in late 2010.

Discography
 Bar Napkins and Magic Markers
 Live at the Elbow Room, NYC (2002)
 Rough (2003) with The Rebound
 Special I Am (2006)

References

External links

1977 births
American women singer-songwriters
Living people
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singer-songwriters

Erin Harkes


In evolutionary developmental biology, Paired box (Pax) genes are a family of genes coding for tissue specific transcription factors containing an N-terminal paired domain and usually a partial, or in the case of four family members (PAX3, PAX4, PAX6 and PAX7), a complete homeodomain to the C-terminus. An octapeptide as well as a Pro-Ser-Thr-rich C terminus may also be present. Pax proteins are important in early animal development for the specification of specific tissues, as well as during epimorphic limb regeneration in animals capable of such.

The paired domain was initially described in 1987 as the "paired box" in the Drosophila protein paired (prd; ).

Groups
Within the mammalian family, there are four well defined groups of Pax genes.
Pax group 1 (Pax 1 and 9),
Pax group 2 (Pax 2, 5 and 8),
Pax group 3 (Pax 3 and 7) and
Pax group 4 (Pax 4 and 6).

Two more families, Pox-neuro and Pax-α/β, exist in basal bilaterian species. Orthologous genes exist throughout the Metazoa, including extensive study of the ectopic expression in Drosophila using murine Pax6. The two rounds of whole-genome duplications in vertebrate evolution is responsible for the creation of as many as 4 paralogs for each Pax protein.

Members
 PAX1 has been identified in mice with the development of vertebrate and embryo segmentation, and some evidence this is also true in humans. It transcribes a 440 amino acid protein from 4 exons and 1,323 in humans. In the mouse Pax1 mutation has been linked to undulated mutant suffering from skeletal malformations .
 PAX2 has been identified with kidney and optic nerve development. It transcribes a 417 amino acid protein from 11 exons and 4,261  in humans. Mutation of PAX2 in humans has been associated with renal-coloboma syndrome as well as oligomeganephronia.
 PAX3 has been identified with ear, eye and facial development. It transcribes a 479 amino acid protein in humans. Mutations in it can cause Waardenburg syndrome. PAX3 is frequently expressed in melanomas and contributes to tumor cell survival.
 PAX4 has been identified with pancreatic islet beta cells. It transcribes a 350 amino acid protein from 9 exons and 2,010  in humans. Knockout mice lacking Pax4 expression fail to develop insulin-producing cells . Pax4 undergoes mutual reciprocal interaction with the transcription factor Arx to endow pancreatic endocrine cells with insulin and glucagon cells respectively
 PAX5 has been identified with neural and spermatogenesis development and b-cell differentiation. It transcribes a 391 amino acid protein from 10 exons and 3,644 in humans.
 PAX6 (eyeless) is the most researched and appears throughout the literature as a "master control" gene for the development of eyes and sensory organs, certain neural and epidermal tissues as well as other homologous structures, usually derived from ectodermal tissues .
 PAX7 has been possibly associated with myogenesis. It transcribes a protein of 520 amino acids from 8 exons and 2,260 in humans.  PAX7 directs postnatal renewal  and propagation of myogenic satellite cells but not for the specification.
 PAX8 has been associated with thyroid specific expression. It transcribes a protein of 451 amino acids from 11 exons and 2,526 in humans. Pax8 loss-of-function mutant mice lack follicular cells of the thyroid gland .
 PAX9 has found to be associated with a number of organ and other skeletal developments, particularly teeth. It transcribes a protein of 341 amino acids from 4 exons and 1,644 in humans.

See also
 Homeobox
 Evolutionary developmental biology
 Body plan
 SOX genes

References

==Further reading==

External links
A Review of the Highly Conserved PAX6 Gene in Eye Development Regulation
 Paired domain in PROSITE

Developmental genes and proteins
Transcription factors

Pax genes


John Stevenson may refer to:

Entertainment
John Andrew Stevenson (1761–1833), Irish composer
Steve Brodie (actor) (John Stevenson, 1919–1992), American actor
John Stevenson (writer) (1930–2017), British writer of erotic fiction
John Stevenson (scriptwriter) (1937–2023), British journalist and writer
John R. Stevenson, scriptwriter
John Stephenson (actor) (1923–2015), sometimes credited as John Stevenson
John Stevenson (director) (born 1958), British-American film director (Kung Fu Panda)

Military
John Dunlap Stevenson (1821–1897), Union Civil War general
John D. Stevenson (United States Air Force general) (1914–1995), U.S. Air Force general
John H. Stevenson (1839–1899), member of the United States Navy during the American Civil War and the Spanish–American War
John Rowlstone Stevenson (1908–1971), Australian Army officer and a parliamentary officer

Politics
John W. Stevenson (1812–1886), Governor of Kentucky and U.S. Senator
John Stevenson (Wisconsin politician) (1835–1908), member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
John Stevenson (Ontario politician) (1812–1884), member of Parliament of Ontario
John Stevenson (Saskatchewan politician) (1873–1956), Saskatchewan politician and Senator
John Stevenson (Manitoba politician) (1848–1879), member of Legislative Assembly of Manitoba
John Stevenson (Queensland politician) (1843–1912), Australian politician
John Stevenson (British politician) (born 1963), MP for Carlisle

Sports
John Stevenson (footballer, born 1862) (1862–?), Scottish footballer for Accrington
John Stevenson (footballer, born 1898) (1898–1979), English/Scottish footballer (Ayr United, Nelson St Johnstone, Falkirk)
John Stevenson (Queen's Park footballer) (died 1910s), footballer who played for Queen's Park
John Stevenson (cricketer) (1888–1951), English cricketer

Other people
John Stevenson (doctor) (c. 1718–1785), Scottish-born merchant and doctor in Baltimore, Maryland
John W. Stevenson (minister) (1835–1898), American African Methodist Episcopal church minister
John Stevenson (mycologist) (1836–1903), Scottish minister and mycologist

See also
John Stephenson (disambiguation)
J. J. Stevenson (1831–1908), British architect
John Hall-Stevenson (1718–1785), English country gentleman and writer
Jon Stevenson (born 1982), English footballer

John Stevenson


Retro TV (stylized as retrotv), formerly known as Retro Television Network, is an American broadcast television network owned by Get After It Media. The network mainly airs classic television sitcoms and drama series from the 1950s through the 1980s, although it also includes more recent programs from the 1990s and 2000s. Through its ownership by Luken, Retro TV is a sister network to several broadcast network properties that are wholly or jointly owned by the company, including the family-oriented Family Channel and country music-oriented network Heartland.

At its outset, Retro TV was designed to be broadcast on the digital subchannels of television stations; however in recent years, the network's affiliate body has been drawn down to primarily low-power stations, as many station groups have replaced the network on the subchannels of their full-power major network affiliates with similarly formatted networks such as Antenna TV and MeTV, which have assumed rights to many of the distributors that formerly held programming agreements with Retro. The network is also available nationwide on free-to-air C-band satellite via SES-2 in DVB-S2 format; as individualized transmitter-ready feeds for each station are centrally generated using broadcast automation and delivered to the stations by satellite. In March 2020, Retro TV launched a live online feed, which carries a limited six-hour selection of the network's programming, looped four times each day.

History

The Retro Television Network (originally branded as "RTN") launched in July 2005 on select television stations owned by the Equity Broadcasting Corporation (later known as Equity Media Holdings), a chain of small (often low-powered) satellite-fed VHF and UHF television stations controlled directly from Equity's headquarters in Little Rock, Arkansas. Equity had expanded quickly with purchases of many small stations in the early 2000s, but by 2008, the company was struggling to meet its obligations.

In June 2008, while the company was undergoing financial troubles, Equity Media Holdings sold RTN to Henry Luken III's – Equity's former president and CEO, and the company's largest shareholder – Luken Communications (which later rebranded as Reach High Media Group in 2019) for $18.5 million in cash. Equity had an option to repurchase the network for $27.75 million; the purchase option was not exercised and expired on December 24, 2008. Equity had filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy three weeks before the expiration of the purchase option.

On January 4, 2009, a contract conflict between Equity and Luken Communications interrupted RTN programming on many of its affiliates with Luken alleging that Equity had left many obligations to RTN's creditors, including programming suppliers, unpaid. As a result, Luken restored a national feed of the network from its Chattanooga headquarters with individual feeds to affiliates not owned by Equity following suit on a piecemeal basis. Equity-owned or -operated stations lost RTN affiliation, though Luken vowed to find new affiliates for the network in the affected areas.

The Retro Television Network changed its on-air branding to "RTV" in June 2009 (a nod to the digital television transition that occurred that month, though a trademark dispute with the Racetrack Television Network was also a factor in the change).

In 2012, RTV dropped from 120 to 80 affiliates with many ABC affiliates switching to the Live Well Network. Further affiliate drops occurred as RTV's scheduling began to decline with lesser product, with MeTV and Antenna TV (both with strong corporate backing and financing, along with more generous affiliation terms than Luken) making major carriage deals with large broadcast groups. In March 2017, the final "major" group carrying the network, Sinclair Broadcast Group, dropped the network from three remaining Sinclair stations where RTV affiliation agreements were made with their former owners, replacing it with their in-house network TBD. On October 1, 2017, the network lost its last station with one of the major broadcast networks, WKTC in Columbia, South Carolina, which replaced its subchannel with Laff.

The network was re-branded as Retro TV in 2013. Of the top 25 digital broadcast networks for 2014, Retro TV ranked No. 10 with a coverage of 54% of households.

Concept and programming

Since its creation, Retro's principal programming concept consists of classic television series, initially maintaining a 24-hour schedule of shows. As of 2019, the on-air lineup dates mostly from the 1950s to the 1970s, with the exception of prime time, which consists mostly of contemporary programming from Canada. Retro airs a full block of Saturday morning cartoon reruns and family-friendly adventure series and comedies on Saturdays; the network uses Sunday mornings to meet E/I liabilities, largely with programming widely available elsewhere.

There have been some deviations to the format, including during the network's ownership under Equity, which added some original talk programming (notably Unreliable Sources) during the late night slot on weeknights from the summer of 2008 to early 2009, a concept billed as "Classic Hits All Day & Fresh Talk All Night". Overnights also eventually became devoted to Shop LC and paid programming. The network has also featured originally produced horror film showcases such as Wolfman Mac's Chiller Drive-In and Off Beat Cinema; Retro also aired the talk show Daytime produced by WFLA-TV's Riverbank Studios in Tampa, Florida, co-hosted by Jerry Penacoli and Cyndi Edwards.

Until 2011, Retro offered a customized schedule for use at the discretion of the local affiliate. The network then moved towards a set national schedule, although affiliates have the option to pre-empt or reschedule some network programming.

By June 2011, when Retro's distribution agreement with NBCUniversal Television Distribution ended, the network adjusted its schedule to feature programming from other distributors (such as I Spy and Starsky and Hutch) and public domain programs (such as early episodes of The Beverly Hillbillies), as well as low-cost Canadian barter programs (such as Cold Squad and Da Vinci's Inquest) and reality and documentary programming (including Crusade in Europe based on Gen.
Dwight Eisenhower's memoirs of World War II and Crusade in the Pacific). Retro also featured a Saturday morning block of vintage cartoon programming. In 2014, Retro began broadcasting Mystery Science Theater 3000, the soap opera The Doctors, and the classic era of long-running British science fiction television show Doctor Who; MST3K departed the schedule upon the rights being purchased by Sinclair Broadcast Group's Comet.

The network previously had major content deals with CBS Television Distribution until July 2008, and NBCUniversal Television Distribution (whose programming agreement began after the deal with CBS ended) until June 2011. Retro's current programming roster draws from various distributors including BBC Studios Distribution, Genesis International, Shout! Factory, Peter Rodgers Organization, CBC Television, and SFM Entertainment, as well as John DiSciullo (the distributor of Off Beat Cinema); compared to its competition, public domain series continue to compose a large portion of the schedule.

Affiliates
As of March 2017, Retro TV is carried on 97 affiliates and translators across the United States, covering 60% of the country's DMA households.

Prior to the 2009 digital transition, Retro TV was seen on a number of analog stations owned by Equity Media Holdings, the network's former owner. Some Equity stations mixed Retro programming with first-run and recent off-network syndicated programming or also carried another network, such as MyNetworkTV or The CW Plus.

See also

References

External links

 Interview with RTN

Television networks in the United States
Classic television networks
Nostalgia television in the United States
Companies based in Chattanooga, Tennessee
Television channels and stations established in 2005

Retro TV


Henry Peter Metzger (March 23, 1932 – November 20, 2018) was an American immunologist.

Metzger was born to a Jewish family in Mainz on March 23, 1932, to a hardware store owner and a homemaker. Some of his relatives were murdered in the Holocaust. At the suggestion of his sisters, Metzger's father moved to the United States in 1937, followed by his wife and sons in January 1938. Henry Metzger attended the Bronx High School of Science, as did his brother, then earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Rochester in 1953, followed by a medical degree at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1957. Metzger completed his residency at Columbia Presbyterian Hospital, and joined the Public Health Service in 1959, through which he began working at the National Institutes of Health. After two years of post-doctoral study with Seymour Jonathan Singer, funded partly by the Helen Hay Whitney Fellowship, Metzger returned to the National Institutes of Health, working primarily in the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.

The American Association of Immunologists awarded Metzger its Distinguished Service Award in 1986, the same year he began serving on the AAI Council. He was president of the AAI from 1991 to 1992, and stepped down from the association's executive council in 1993. Six years later, Metzger received the American Association of Immunologists Lifetime Achievement Award, the AAI's highest honor. This followed Metzger's 1992 induction as a member of the National Academy of Sciences and his election as fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Metzger died in Hanover, New Hampshire, on November 20, 2018, aged 86.

References

1932 births
2018 deaths
Emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
Physicians from Mainz
Scientists from New York City
The Bronx High School of Science alumni
Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni
University of Rochester alumni
American people of German-Jewish descent
National Institutes of Health people
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
American immunologists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences

Henry Metzger


Linear predictive coding (LPC) is a method of digital signal processing. It is mainly used for compressing audio signals, and for speech recognition. Commonly a simplified model of the human vocal tract is used. This model allows speech synthesis. This makes it possible to describe the model using less data than is used for Pulse-code modulation. Very often, an extra parameter is used to describe the difference between the original signal, and the signal calculated through the model.

Digital signal processing

Linear predictive coding


The convertible peso (sometimes given as CUC$ and informally called a cuc or a chavito) was one of two official currencies in Cuba, the other being the Cuban peso. It has been in limited use since 1994.

On 8 November 2004, the U.S. dollar was officially no longer accepted in Cuba (though unofficially it was). Its value was increased to US$1.08 in April 2005, but went back to US$1.00 on 15 March 2011.

On 22 October 2013, it was announced that the convertible peso would end, being gradually unified with the lower-value Cuban peso. On 10 December 2020, it was announced that the convertible peso will no longer be in effect, from 1 January 2021.

References

Currency of North America
Cuba

Cuban convertible peso


In an electrical power distribution system, a ring main unit (RMU) is a factory assembled, metal enclosed set of switchgear used at the load connection points of a ring-type distribution network.  It includes in one unit two switches that can connect the load to either or both main conductors, and a fusible switch or circuit breaker and switch that feed a distribution transformer.  The metal enclosed unit connects to the transformer either through a bus throat of standardized dimensions, or else through cables and is usually installed outdoors.  Ring main cables enter and leave the cabinet.  This type of switchgear is used for medium-voltage power distribution, from 7200 volts to about 36000 volts.

The ring main unit was introduced in the United Kingdom and is now widely used in other countries.  In North American distribution practice, often the equivalent of a ring main unit is built into a pad-mounted transformer which integrates switches and transformer into a single cabinet.

Categories
Ring main units can be characterized by their type of insulation: air, oil or gas. The switch used to isolate the transformer can be a fusible switch, or may be a circuit breaker using vacuum or gas-insulated interrupters.  The unit may also include protective relays to operate the circuit breaker on a fault.

See also
 Ring circuit

References

Medium Voltage Ring Main Unit - Lucy Electric
 MV RMU SafeRing catalogue – ABB

 Distribution Automation Handbook // Elements of power distribution systems – ABB
 RM6 Ring main Unit catalogue – Schneider Electric
 MV RMU SafeRing catalogue – ABB
 http://chiragtec.com/images/Gas-Insulated%20Ring%20Main%20Unit%20-%20SafeRing/1.1%20-%20RMU%20Catalogue.pdf

Electrical systems
Electric power systems components
Electric power distribution

Ring main unit


Inherent Vice is a 2014 American neo-noir movie based on Thomas Pynchon's 2009 novel of the same name, and written and directed by Paul Thomas Anderson. It follows a stoner hippie investigating the case related to his ex-girlfriend and her wealthy boyfriend. The cast includes Joaquin Phoenix, Josh Brolin, Owen Wilson, Katherine Waterston, Eric Roberts, Reese Witherspoon, Benicio del Toro, Jena Malone, Joanna Newsom, Jeannie Berlin, Maya Rudolph, Michael K. Williams and Martin Short. The movie had a limited theatrical release in the United States on December 12, 2014. It had mixed responses with critics liking Phoenix's performance and disliking the plot.

References

2014 crime movies
2014 comedy movies
2010s criminal comedy movies
American criminal comedy movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Paul Thomas Anderson

Inherent Vice (movie)


Michael Joseph Kurland (born March 1, 1938) is an American author, best known for his works of science fiction and detective fiction.  Kurland lives in San Luis Obispo, California.

Writing career
Kurland's early career was devoted to works of science fiction. His first published novel was Ten Years to Doomsday (written with Chester Anderson) in 1964. Other notable works include Tomorrow Knight, Pluribus, Perchance, and The Unicorn Girl. The Unicorn Girl was the middle volume of the Greenwich Village Trilogy by three different authors, the other two being Chester Anderson and T.A. Waters. (Anderson's book, The Butterfly Kid, was nominated for a Hugo Award.)
Kurland has also written two novels, Ten Little Wizards and A Study in Sorcery, set in the world of Randall Garrett's Lord Darcy, prefiguring his later success as a mystery writer.

Following the success of The Infernal Device, which was nominated for an Edgar Award (as was his earlier A Plague of Spies), Kurland turned his attention to detective fiction. Several of his subsequent novels have been sequels to The Infernal Device, and feature Sherlock Holmes's nemesis, Professor Moriarty. In this series, Professor Moriarty is an antihero (and sometimes a real hero) who resignedly tolerates Holmes's obsessively exaggerated opinion of his criminal empire, and is often brought into reluctant alliance with his nemesis in order to counter menaces ranging from threats to their associates to threats to the nation.

He has edited three themed anthologies of Sherlock Holmes short stories, My Sherlock Holmes (stories narrated by characters other than Watson or Holmes), Sherlock Holmes: The Hidden Years (stories set during the period in which Holmes was supposed to be dead) and Sherlock Holmes: the American Years (stories set in the time between Holmes' graduation from university and his meeting Dr. Watson).

He is also the author of numerous non-fiction works, including How to Solve a Murder: the Forensic Handbook and How to Try a Murder: the Handbook for Armchair Lawyers.

Selected works

Professor Moriarty series
The Infernal Device (1978); reprinted in The Infernal Device and others
Death by Gaslight (1982); reprinted in The Infernal Device and others
"The Paradol Paradox" (in The Infernal Device and others, 2001; Victorian Villainy, 2011)
The Great Game (2001)
"Years Ago and in a Different Place" (in My Sherlock Holmes, 2003; Victorian Villainy, 2011)
"Reichenbach" (in Sherlock Holmes: The Hidden Years, 2004; Victorian Villainy, 2011)
The Empress of India (2006)
"The Picture of Oscar Wilde" (included in both Victorian Villainy, 2011 and My Love of All that is Bizarre, 2013)
Who Thinks Evil (2014)

Lord Darcy series
Ten Little Wizards (1988)
A Study in Sorcery (1989)

Alexander Brass series
Too Soon Dead
The Girls in the High-Heeled Shoes
"He Couldn't Fly" (in The Mammoth Book of Roaring Twenties Whodunnits)

War Incorporated series
Mission: Third Force (1967)
Mission: Tank War (1968)
A Plague of Spies (1969)

Science fiction
Ten Years to Doomsday (with Chester Anderson) (1964)
The Unicorn Girl (1969)
Transmission Error (1970)
Pluribus (1975)
The Whenabouts of Burr (1975)
Tomorrow Knight (1976)
The Princes of Earth (Young Adult) (1978)
The Last President (S. W. Barton) (1980)
Psi Hunt (1980)
First Cycle (posthumous editing and expanding of a manuscript by H. Beam Piper) (1982)
Star Griffin (1987)
Perchance (1988)
Button Bright (1990)

Anthologies (as editor)
My Sherlock Holmes: Untold Stories of the Great Detective (2003)
Sherlock Holmes: The Hidden Years (2004)
Sherlock Holmes: The American Years (2010)

Short stories
"Elementary" (with Laurence M. Janifer) (1964)
"Bond of Brothers" (1965)
"Please State My Business" (1965)
"Fimbulsommer" (with Randall Garrett) (1970)
"Small World" (1973)
"Think Only This of Me" (1973)
"A Brief Dance to the Music of the Spheres" (1983)
"In the Blood" (1995)
"The Rite Stuff" (2004)
"Four Hundred Slaves" (2005)

Nonfiction
The Spymaster's Handbook (1988)
A Gallery of Rogues: Portraits in True Crime (1994)
How to Solve a Murder: The Forensic Handbook (1995)
How to Try a Murder: The Handbook for Armchair Lawyers (1997)
Irrefutable Evidence – Adventures in the History of Forensic Science (2009)

References

External links

Author's Home Page

1938 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
American mystery writers
American science fiction writers
Writers from California
American male short story writers
20th-century American short story writers
20th-century American male writers

Michael Kurland


The Jacob Burns Film Center (JBFC) is a nonprofit cultural arts center located in Pleasantville, New York. It occupies the old Rome Theater, a Spanish mission-style theater built in 1925.

Along with independent and documentary films, the center hosts a variety of special events, including discussions with filmmakers, critics and people from the industry following some screenings. The New York Times has credited the theater with helping to revitalize the downtown area of Pleasantville  It annually hosts Pace University's documentary premiere with a documentary created by their class.

History
The Rome Theater, named after its owner Granville Rome, was originally built in 1925 and was the first movie theater in Westchester County. The theater matched the movie palace designs that were popular at the time, including leather seats, friezes, velvet curtains and an original Photolayer pipe organ. The Rome Theater continued screening movies until it closed in 1987 and became an office building.

In 1998 Stephen Apkon and the non-profit Friends of the Rome Theater purchased the  Rome Theater and a  land parcel next door for $1 million. Over the next 3 years, another $4 million was spent for design and construction. The center opened its doors in June 2001 and covered  including three theaters containing 249 seats, 135 and 72 seats. The theater was named in honor of Jacob Burns, a lawyer whose family foundation gave $1.5 million towards the renovation efforts.

In 2008, the JBFC opened a $15 million Media Arts Lab and started new programs targeting digital literacy in the surrounding area. The opening of the 2008 center was part of the JBFC's larger digital literacy education efforts that included sending some staff down to prisons in Venezuela to teach prisoners and teachers there about digital literacy.

Films
The Jacob Burns Film Center shows independent and documentary films. It rarely shows mainstream films, except for special showings, as when, for example, they had a showing of A Series of Unfortunate Events with Daniel Handler and Meryl Streep in attendance.

References

External links

Cinemas and movie theaters in New York (state)
Mount Pleasant, New York

Jacob Burns Film Center


Tràng Tiền Plaza is a shopping center located in the downtown of Hanoi, Vietnam. The complex's construction began on April 30, 2000 when Vietnamese people celebrated 25th anniversary of The liberation of the south of Vietnam. The complex was finished after 18 months of construction.

Organization
Trang Tien Plaza is the first and only luxury shopping center in Vietnam. Trang Tien Plaza has more than 200 fashion brands, cosmetics, handbags, footwear and accessories. There are over 50 leading international brands and most of the top 10 brands in the world fashion: Burberry, Cartier, Louis Vuitton, Rolex...Tràng Tiền Plaza offers more than 215,000 square feet (20,000 square meters) space for offices, retail shops, coffee and food outlets.
 First & Second  floor: Luxury brands
 Third floor: Cosmetics, Fine Jewelry and fashions
 Fourth floor: Men's Fashion, Leather, Sport, Women's Fashion and Lingerie
 Fifth floor: Fine dining and CGV Cinema
 Sixth floor: Kids and Home living

References

 Official Website
 Official Facebook

Buildings and structures in Hanoi
Tourist attractions in Hanoi
Retailing in Hanoi

Trang Tien Plaza


There have been ten Formula One drivers from New Zealand, with four of them having started two or fewer races. The late 1950s to mid-1970s is viewed as the "golden age" for New Zealand in the sport and saw Denny Hulme crowned as World Drivers' Championship in 1967. New Zealand drivers were absent from Formula One events from 1984 (when Mike Thackwell last raced) to 2017 (when Brendon Hartley made his debut in the 2017 United States Grand Prix).

Drivers

Ten drivers from New Zealand have raced in Formula One. The late 1950s to mid-1970s is seen as the "golden age" for the country's participation in the sport and saw their only real racing successes. It was during that era that seven of the drivers competed. In 1970 British driver Stirling Moss said "In terms of its population, New Zealand's contribution to the top echelons of motorsport far outweighs that of any other country." However, the lack of any competing driver since 1984 means that it has been a long time since the country made such contributions.

Bruce McLaren drove for Cooper from 1958 until the end of 1965, winning three races for the team. He had his most successful season in 1960 when he finished second in the Drivers' Championship to teammate Jack Brabham, having stood on the podium six times out of the eight races. In 1964 he formed his own team, McLaren, in partnership with Teddy Mayer. The outfit has since become one of the most successful Formula One teams in the sport's history, though its 1966 debut did not immediately make that seem likely. Bruce kept racing with his own team, winning the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix and finishing an overall fifth in the championship. Though further wins eluded him he was able to produce a consistent season in 1969 and ended the year third in the title race. McLaren was killed while testing one of his cars at Goodwood.

Denny Hulme established himself as a racing driver in Europe with the help of Bruce McLaren. Hulme became a mechanic for Brabham in order to help fund his career and was rewarded with a drive in 1965. He impressed enough to be retained for the following season and finished on the podium at all four of the races he completed. He doubled that tally in 1967, finishing on the podium eight times including two race wins. That year he won the championship title ahead of Jack Brabham. For the 1968 season Hulme moved to McLaren where he would stay for the remainder of his career. He finished third overall and would do so again in 1972. Hulme won six races for McLaren before retiring from Formula One at the end of 1974. Hulme holds the distinction of being the world champion with the fewest pole positions, only qualifying in first position once.

Chris Amon drove for 13 different teams during a career that spanned 14 seasons. He made his debut for Lola at the 1963 Monaco Grand Prix but his career only really took off in 1967 when he drove for Ferrari. In that year he stood on the third step of the podium four times and he eventually finished the year in fifth place in the championship. He went one better the following year and went on to win a race with March in 1970, though the BRDC International Trophy was not included in the official championship. He secured other podium finishes for March and Matra but, after 96 starts and 11 podium finishes, Amon retired in 1976 without a race win.

Howden Ganley made his debut with BRM after racing in Formula 5000. In both 1971 and 1972 he finished six of the eleven races, including fourth places in each year. He moved to Iso–Marlboro for the 1973 season but the uncompetitive car meant that he was unable to finish above sixth. He drove for March for two races in 1974 and then twice failed to qualify in a Maki. He retired from Formula One and later went on to form the Tiga racing car manufacturer alongside Tim Schenken.

Mike Thackwell, at the time of his first race in 1980, was the youngest driver to ever take part in a Grand Prix. He was entered for three races that year but only started the 1980 Canadian Grand Prix and was unable to see the chequered flag. After several years in other racing disciplines he made a brief comeback in 1984 but did not finish a race.

Tony Shelly entered three races with Lotus in 1962. He only started one Grand Prix and did not make it to the end of the race.

Graham McRae started the 1973 British Grand Prix, his only race in Formula One, but his Iso–Marlboro failed before he finished the first lap. John Nicholson was entered for the 1974 British Grand Prix but did not start. The following year he again entered the British Grand Prix, eventually finishing in 17th place. He did not go on to compete in any other races.

Brendon Hartley made his debut at the 2017 United States Grand Prix for Scuderia Toro Rosso, substituting for Pierre Gasly. He remained the Toro Rosso driver for the rest of the 2017 season and then drove for the team in the 2018 season as well.

Liam Lawson entered the 2023 Dutch Grand Prix racing for Scuderia AlphaTauri, replacing Daniel Ricciardo after Ricciardo sustained a broken hand during a crash in free practice. At the 2023 Singapore Grand Prix, Lawson qualified a career-best tenth place and finished the race in ninth, scoring points for the first time in Formula One as well as becoming the second AlphaTauri driver that year to score.

Timeline

See also
List of Formula One Grand Prix winners

References

Formula One drivers from New Zealand


Daniele Alexandrovich Amfitheatrof (, 29 October 1901 – 4 June 1983) was a Russian, American, and Italian composer and conductor.

Biography
Amfitheatrof was born in Saint Petersburg, Russia on 29 October 1901; his grandfather was Nikolay Sokolov.

In his youth, Amfitheatrof studied first with Jāzeps Vītols at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, then Jaroslav Křička in Prague. Most of Amfitheatrof's studies took place in Rome, where he completed his studies in composition at the Conservatorio di Santa Cecilia under Ottorino Respighi. Amfitheatrof also graduated in organ playing from the Pontifical Institute of Sacred Music.

His career began as a répétiteur at the Teatro Augusteo, where he eventually became assistant conductor to Bernardino Molinari. After obtaining a number of positions in Italy, including house conductor and manager at the EIAR station in Turin, Amfitheatrof left to become associate conductor of the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra under music director Dimitri Mitropoulos.

In 1939, Amfitheatrof relocated to Hollywood, California, where he established himself as a film composer. He became a naturalized American citizen in 1944. Altogether, Amfitheatrof scored more than seventy films.

With World War II imminent in Europe, Amfitheatrof elected to remain in the United States. He relocated his family to California on the recommendation of Boris Morros, then director of music at Paramount Pictures. Amfitheatrof was hired by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios under an exclusive four-year contract (1939–1943). His scores at MGM include those for Lassie Come Home, the first major film of a young Elizabeth Taylor. During his twenty-six years in Hollywood, where he was employed by each of the major studios at one time or another, he composed the scores (often uncredited) for over 50 films, including Letter from an Unknown Woman, The Desert Fox, The Naked Jungle, The Last Hunt, and The Mountain. His final score was written for Major Dundee in 1965. (This score, which was disliked by many, including director Sam Peckinpah, was replaced with a new score by Christopher Caliendo for the reconstructed version, which was released theatrically in 2005; both scores can be heard on the DVD, released later that year.)

Amfitheatrof was twice nominated for an Oscar for his work, on Guest Wife and Song of the South. Amfitheatrof once remarked in written correspondence (citation: private letters) with his friend and colleague, John Steven Lasher, that his career in Hollywood "as a prostitute composer" ultimately tarnished his image as a professional musician. As a result, he was unable to secure commissions or performances of his concert works.

Death
Amfitheatrof died at his home in Rome on 7 June 1983, after a prolonged period of declining health.

Partial filmography

 Lassie Come Home (1943)
 I'll Be Seeing You (1944)
 The Captain from Köpenick (completed in 1941, released in 1945)
 Guest Wife (1945)
 Miss Susie Slagle's (1946)
 The Virginian (1946)
 Song of the South (1946)
 Temptation (1946)
 Suspense (1946)
 The Lost Moment (1947)
 Ivy (1947)
 Time Out of Mind (1947)
 The Senator Was Indiscreet (1947)
 Letter from an Unknown Woman (1948)
 Another Part of the Forest (1948)
 Rogues' Regiment (1948)
 An Act of Murder (1948)
 The Fan (1949)
 The Capture (1950)
 Copper Canyon (1950)
 The Damned Don't Cry! (1950)
 Bird of Paradise (1951)
 Storm Warning (1951)
 The Desert Fox (1951)
 Devil's Canyon (1953)
 The Naked Jungle (1954)
 Human Desire (1954)
 Day of Triumph (1954)
 The Last Hunt (1956)
 The Mountain (1956)
 From Hell to Texas (1958)
 Heller in Pink Tights (1960)
 Major Dundee (1965)

References

Citations

Sources

External links

1901 births
1983 deaths
20th-century Italian composers
20th-century Italian conductors (music)
20th-century Italian male musicians
Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia alumni
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Italy
Italian male composers
Italian male conductors (music)
Italian people of Russian descent
Composers from Saint Petersburg
Soviet emigrants to Italy
White Russian emigrants to Italy
Russian composers
Russian conductors (music)
20th-century American composers
American people of Russian descent
Film score composers
American emigrants to Italy

Daniele Amfitheatrof


The term ministry could mean:

Ministry (government department), a department of a government
Ministry (collective executive) (often the Ministry), the complete body of government ministers (whether or not they are in cabinet) under the leadership of a prime minister
The Ministry, also known as the Aireacht, the cabinet of the government established by the revolutionary Irish Republic of 1919-1922
Religious ministry, a type of activity conducted by members of various faiths
Ministry (band), an American industrial metal band
Ministry of Sound, a well known nightclub in London, sometimes referred to as the Ministry
Ministry of Darkness, a professional wrestling faction in the WWE
Ministry (magazine), a magazine for pastors published by the Seventh-day Adventist Church

Related pages
Minister

Ministry


Qin Bangxian or Ch'in Pang-hsien (), better known by his alias Bo Gu (; Wade-Giles: Po Ku; 14 May 1907 – 8 April 1946) was a Chinese senior leader of the Chinese Communist Party and a member of the 28 Bolsheviks.

Early life and education
Qin was born in Wuxi, Jiangsu, in 1907. In his earlier years, Qin studied at the Suzhou Industrial School where he took an active role in activities against imperialism and the warlords tyrannising China. In 1925 Qin entered Shanghai University, a university that was known for its impact on young revolutionists at the time. The ideas of Marxism and Leninism were taught there by early leaders of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) like Qu Qiubai and Deng Zhongxia. Qin showed a great interest in these teachings. Later that year, Qin joined the May 30th Movement which called for protests and boycotts against imperialism. This was a precursor to his involvement in the CCP.

In 1926 Qin was sent to the Moscow Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow, Russia where he continued to study both Marxism and Leninism. The Sun Yat-sen University was established under Kuomintang founder Sun Yat-sen's alliance policy with the Soviet Union and the CCP. Its aim was to systematically train young revolutionists for a communist revolution in the Russian fashion. Using the alias "Bo Gu", which means "familiar with histories" in Chinese, Qin continued his studies while becoming acquainted with Wang Ming, a student who had come to the university a year earlier. Wang and Qin, along with many other students, such as Zhang Wentian, Wang Jiaxiang, and Yang Shangkun formed a group known as the 28 Bolsheviks.

They regarded themselves as orthodox Marxists, destined to take charge of Chinese revolution. Furthermore, with Wang's connection to Sun Yat-sen University's vice president and future vice minister of the Eastern Department of Communist International (Comintern), Pavel Mif, the 28 Bolsheviks gained influence. One example being their role as missionaries and interpreters for the 6th National Congress of the CCP held in Moscow, with chances to comment on Chinese affairs.

Involvement with Chinese Communist Party
With Mif succeeding Karl Radek as president, his protégés, among them Bo Gu, were sent back to take charge of CCP. However, because of their inexperience in relation to veteran members such as Zhou Enlai and Zhang Guotao, the group was assigned to insignificant work. Then with the direct support from Mif, who came to China as envoy of Comintern, in the 4th Plenary Meeting of 6th National Congress of CCP in 1931 Wang and his associates won the battle with Li Lisan, who was incumbent paramount leader of CCP at that time, and Li's opponents of old CCP members, such as Labour activists He Mengxiong and Lin Yuying. Wang was appointed as member of politburo of CCP, with Mif took charge of CCP headquarter, Wang became the No1 in practice. As a reward, Bo Gu was appointed to be placed in charge of CY. When Wang returned Moscow for medical treatment, Qin was promoted to become a member of the Central Bureau of CCP, and then to be the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party in charge of daily work of CCP. Under the policy of extremism and leftism of Li and Wang, CCP suffered great loss in their power struggle with KMT in cities. In 1933 Bo Gu and other members of the Central Bureau such as Zhou Enlai had to evacuate to Soviet Territory, which was the power base set up by CCP, in the countryside, in Jiangxi. Bo Gu, Zhou and Otto Braun, the military advisor from Comintern, found a military command team to replace Mao Zedong's control over the military, who was chairman of the Chinese Soviet Government at that time. Due to a change in Nationalist tactics, the Chinese Red Army suffered great losses in Chiang Kai-shek's 5th Suppression against them. Bo Gu and his team had to launch a strategic diversion.

During the Long March, the Red Army suffered heavy casualties from time to time, due to no plan and incompetence of command of the three-man leadership team. Especially, when the Red Army crossed the Xiang River, the Red Army was near a rat trap, and half of its elites were annihilated by the KMT army. Discontent and fury over the three-man leadership team increased. Under these circumstances, Mao used his diplomatic skills to communicate with Wang Jiaxiang, General Commissar of Red Army at that time, and got support from most of the generals that once had been loyal to him.

Then in January 1935 came the convening of Zunyi Conference, and with the defection of 28 Bolshevik members Zhang Wentian, Wang Jiaxiang and Yang Shangkun to Mao's camp, the three-man team's command over military was discharged, Mao, Wang and Zhou Enlai composed a new three-man team to replace them, and Bo Gu's title of General Secretary was replaced by his former associate Zhang, but he remained a member of the Politburo.

Time in Army
When Bo Gu reached Yan'an with the Red Army, he was still a young man, longing for a bright future of Chinese revolution. In order to make a clear distinction from his past, Bo Gu preferred others called him by his real name Qin instead of his alias. Mao still needed Gu and others of the 28 Bolsheviks such as Zhang Wentian and Wang Jiaxiang for their support in Mao's later power struggle with Wang Ming and Zhang Guotao, and thus Mao gave them some important assignments from time to time. For example, Qin was appointed as representative of CCP with Zhou Enlai and Ye Jianying, and went to Xi'an to handle the Xi'an Incident in 1936, making a contribution for the establishment of United Front against Japan. In 1937 Qin was appointed as Minister of Organisation Department of CCP, which was in charge of CCP cadres' promotion and nomination. In 1938 he was the Minister of Organisation Department of Yangtze River and then Southern China Division of CCP. In 1941 he was appointed as head of Jie Fang Daily and Xinhua News Agency. Qin showed great enthusiasm in promoting the newspaper and exercised his best endeavor to make it a mouthpiece of CCP. Qin pledged his allegiance to Mao in Mao's struggle with Zhang Guotao, and in Cheng Feng he criticised his former close friend Wang Ming. But Qin still could not obtain favor from Mao and he had suffered greatly from stress and humiliation. His kindness and leniency towards the Cheng Feng movement by the newspaper under his direction received heavy criticism from Mao and his secret police boss Kang Sheng. They regarded Qin's action being inefficient and too merciful. As a result, although Qin was elected as Commissioner of the Central Committee of CCP in the 7th National Congress of CCP in 1945, he was listed as the last one.

After the end of World War II in 1945, Mao was invited by Chiang to Chongqing for peace negotiation in order to avoid civil war between CCP and KMT. Qin was one of the delegates of the CCP with Mao, which indicated his appealing to Mao and his prominence in the CCP. Qin attended the following Political Consulting Congress held in Chongqing as delegate of CCP in Feb 1946. When Qin was on his way back to Yan'an, he died in an airplane crash in Shanxi. Among the other victims were several senior CCP leaders such as General Ye Ting, the secret police boss Deng Fa, and the old CCP member Wang Ruofei (王若飞).

1907 births
1946 deaths
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Jiangsu
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in China
Politicians from Wuxi
Republic of China politicians from Jiangsu
Members of the 6th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
Members of the Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party
Moscow Sun Yat-sen University alumni
General Secretaries and Chairmen of the Chinese Communist Party
Xinhua News Agency people

Bo Gu


The Soviet working class was, according to Marxist–Leninist theory, supposed to be the Soviet Union's ruling class during its transition from the socialist stage of development to full communism. However, according to Andy Blunden, its influence over production and policies diminished as the Soviet Union's existence progressed.

Employment

Productivity
Several Soviets expressed concern over the focus of sharp growth in per capita income over that of labor productivity. A problem was that wages in the Soviet Union could neither be used as a way of disciplining workers or as an incentive system, except in a limited capacity. Soviet workers were not controlled by the stick and carrot (the carrot being increased wages and the stick being unemployment).

Women

The early Soviet government ensued a policy of pushing more women into urban industrial employment; these policies were ideologically, politically and/or economically driven. The post-revolutionary turmoils which took place hampered any improvements for immediate prospects of increased employment of women in urban areas.  The 13th Party Congress, held in 1924, took employment of women very seriously, and were alarmed with the developments in the country; employment of women had decreased to 23 percent of the total workforce from 25 percent. By 1928, the proportion of women working in the workforce had increased to 24 percent. During Joseph Stalin's rule the number of women working increased from 24 percent of the workforce in 1928 to 39 percent in 1940. In the period 1940–1950 women were 92 percent of new entrants in employment; this is mostly due to the exodus of the males who fought during World War II. The return of males to civilian life decreased women employment;  56 percent of the workforce were women in 1945, it decreased to 47 in 1950.

A last, major campaign to increase women employment was initiated in the 1960s because of labor shortages across the country. A 1959 census stated that out of the 13 million able-strong people who could work, but didn't, 89 percent of them were women. These women lived in small urban areas with low, or bad child-care facilities. In the period 1960–1971, 18 million new women were employed, the majority of them came from households. This source of labor was exhausted nationwide, except within the Soviet Muslim community. Employing women was a major problem in Soviet Central Asia, the majority of women working the Central Asian republics were of Russian or Ukrainian ethnicity. An example, in 1973 54 percent of the population of Turkmenistan were employed, of these, less than one-third of them were ethnic Turkmen.

Similar to capitalism, patriarchy and the role of women played an important part in Soviet development. Before Stalin became premier, the government initiated a policy which ended discrimination against women in the workplace. However, Stalin's government was more conservative, and overturned several Bolshevik legislations. While not opposing that women should work, women were given low-level jobs and were, in the workplace, on the bottom of the social ladder. Women were given the lowest-paid jobs and low-skilled jobs. Another problem was that while women were proletarianised, their family burdens increased – women were still expected to continue their traditional duties at home and in the family.

Despite discrimination, several advances were made. For instance, in 1926 9 out of every 10 working women worked in agriculture, in 1959 this had decreased to half of working women and in 1975 under a third of women worked in agriculture. A major reason for the increasing role which women held in the workforce was due to the fact that, by 1960, there were more women than men in the Soviet Union. Women were the logical replacement for men – a source which was becoming dry. Another reason for the increasing role of women was that average wages were too small; women needed to work if the picture of the average Soviet family would become reality.

Standard of living

Working conditions

Working conditions for a Soviet worker changed over time; for instance, at the beginning of the socialist regime the government pursued a policy of worker participation at the enterprise level. During Joseph Stalin's crash-industrialisation drive, workers lost their right to participate in the functioning of the enterprise, and their working conditions deteriorated. In 1940, for example, a decree was promulgated and became law stating that a worker could be arrested if he had three accumulated absences, late arrivals or changed jobs without the official authorisation. Shock work, which meant that workers had to work past regular hours, was introduced alongside central planning.  During World War II the pressure on workers increased and it was expected of them to take on Herculean efforts in their work. In the post-war years conditions did not improve but in fact worsened in some cases. For instance, small theft became illegal; this had been allowed for several years to compensate for workers' low salaries. The situation for the common worker improved during the post-Stalin years, and some of the worst measures approved by the Stalin regime to improve worker productivity were repealed. Because of the lack of a stick and carrot policy under the Brezhnev administration, worker productivity and discipline decreased during the 1970s.

Wages

Since unemployment was rendered unviable through various acts of legislation, the Soviet worker, in contrast to a Capitalist worker, was more secure economically. In return for working, a Soviet worker would get an individual return in the form of a money wage; however, during the period under the New Economic Policy (1920s), hyperinflation rendered money effectively useless, and wages sometimes occurred through bartering . Money wage in Soviet parlance was not the same as in Capitalist countries. The money wage was set at the top of the administrative system, and it was the same administrative system which also set bonuses.  Wages were 80 percent of the average Soviet worker's income, with the remaining 20 percent coming in the form of bonuses.  The Soviet wage system tried systematically to make wages more equal; for instance, the relationship between wages was termed "ITRs", a measure of comparing wages across occupations.  For engineers and other technical workers ITR was 1.68 in 1955, but had decreased to 1.21 in 1977. Social wages were also an important part of the general standard of living for an average household; it stood at 23.4 percent of income for the average Soviet worker and their family, and at 19.1 percent for the family income of collective farmers.  In the period between 1971–81, the social wage grew faster than the money wage; the money wage grew by 45 percent for workers and employees and 72 for workers at collective farms. In contrast, per capita income from social wages increased by 81 percent.  Social wage took many forms; it could be improved health, education, transport or food subsidies, which was the responsibility of the state, or the improvement (or introduction) of sanitation and working facilities.

Social benefits
The access to use values by the common Soviet worker was not determined by money wages, but rather by a position in the official hierarchy, access to privilege or the privileged, access to foreign currency, where a person lived, influence and access to the black market. In contrast to capitalist societies, money was not the cornerstone of life – a Soviet person would not come into contact with more use-values by the amount of money he or she had.

References

Notes

Bibliography

Labor in the Soviet Union
Society of the Soviet Union
Working class in Asia
Working class in Europe

Soviet working class


Friedrich Suppig was an 18th-century music theorist and composer. Practically nothing is known about him or his life, or even if he was in fact a professional composer. He is known for two manuscripts; in one of which he discussed theoretical tuning systems:

Calculus musicus is a treatise on tuning systems: a 19-tone just intonation and a 31-tone system. According to the research of John Charles Francis, a further tuning system may be shown in diagrammatic form on the cover sheet.
Labyrinthus musicus contains a short preface and a musical composition entitled Fantasia, which uses all 24 keys and is intended for an enharmonic keyboard with 31 notes per octave and pure major thirds.

Both manuscripts are dated Dresden, 24 June 1722.

Johann Mattheson mentioned the Labyrinthus musicus in his Critica musica (1722), describing Suppig as an organist in the Dresden suburbs. In 1863, the document was in the possession of Louis Kindscher of Köthen who mentioned the work in the periodical Euterpe (22, 1863). Although the manuscripts were dedicated to the government of Dresden, the surviving documents surfaced in Köthen in the 19th century. It follows that either they did not become the property of the city of Dresden, or that they were returned to Suppig for some reason, or else they are copies.

References and further reading
Fredrich Suppig, Labyrinthus musicus, Calculus musicus, facsimile of the manuscripts. Tuning and Temperament Library volume 3, edited by Rudolf Rasch. Diapason Press, 1990.
Suppig Unveiled

German music theorists
German musicologists
German Baroque composers
18th-century German people
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
German male classical composers

Friedrich Suppig


Paula T. Dow (born 1955) served as the 58th Attorney General of New Jersey, appointed by incoming Governor Chris Christie. Her nomination to a full term was confirmed by the New Jersey Senate in February 2010. She is the first African-American woman to be attorney general in state history.

On December 12, 2011, Christie announced that Dow would temporarily become the First Deputy General Counsel for the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and that he had nominated Jeffrey S. Chiesa, then Christie's chief counsel, to become the new Attorney General. The governor also said he would file a notice of intent to nominate Dow to a Superior Court judgeship in Essex County. Chiesa was sworn in as Dow's successor on January 10, 2012.

Biography

Dow was raised in Yeadon, Pennsylvania outside of Philadelphia. She graduated from Franklin & Marshall College with a B.A. degree in 1977. In 1978 she worked as a summer associate for the Camden law firm Tomar, Parks, Seliger, Simonoff & Adourian. She received her J.D. degree  from the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1980. From 1980 to 1987 she worked as a lawyer for Exxon in Texas, New Jersey and New York, advising on environmental and labor issues.

Dow joined the office of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York in 1987, working in the Civil Division until 1994. She then moved to the office of the United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey, working there from 1994 to 2003. From 2002 to 2003 she served as counsel to U.S. Attorney Chris Christie.

In 2003, Dow was nominated by Governor Jim McGreevey to be Essex County Prosecutor. She was opposed by some local leaders, such as Newark Mayor Sharpe James.  State senators from Essex County blocked her confirmation, saying that they had not been consulted by McGreevey on the appointment. After serving as Acting Prosecutor for two years, she was sworn in as Prosecutor in June 2005 by Governor Richard Codey.

On December 15, 2009, in his first cabinet announcement, then-Governor-elect Chris Christie nominated Dow as Attorney General of New Jersey. She became Acting Attorney General on January 19, 2010. On February 8, the Senate Judiciary Committee unanimously approved her nomination to a full term.  The full Senate unanimously confirmed her nomination on February 22, and she was sworn in the following day.  In 2011, Governor Chris Christie named Dow to a position at the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.  In 2012, a New Jersey Senate Committee approved Governor Christie's nomination of Dow to a judgeship on the Superior Court.  Dow became a judge in the Family Court Division in Burlington County, where she sat until December 2015, when she was assigned to the General Equity Part.

Dow lives in Maplewood and is a single mother of two.

See also
List of female state attorneys general in the United States

References

External links
Official bio, Office of the Attorney General of New Jersey

1955 births
Living people
Franklin & Marshall College alumni
University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni
District attorneys in New Jersey
African-American women lawyers
American women lawyers
American lawyers
21st-century African-American lawyers
21st-century American lawyers
New Jersey Attorneys General
New Jersey Democrats
People from Maplewood, New Jersey
People from Yeadon, Pennsylvania
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women

Paula Dow


Serandite is a mineral with formula Na(Mn2+,Ca)2Si3O8(OH). The mineral was discovered in Guinea in 1931 and named for J. M. Sérand. Serandite is generally red, brown, black or colorless. The correct name lacks an accent.

Description
Serandite is transparent to translucent and is normally salmon-pink, light pink, rose-red, orange, brown, black, or colorless; in thin section, it is colorless. Octahedrally bonded Mn(II) is the primary contributor to the mineral's pink colors.

Crystals of the mineral can be prismatic to acicular and elongated along [010], bladed, blocky, or tabular and flattened on {100}, occur as a radiating aggregate, or have massive habit. Sérandite is a member of the wollastonite group and is the manganese analogue of pectolite. It is sometimes used as a gemstone.

History
Serandite was discovered on Rouma Island, part of the Los Islands in Guinea. The mineral was described by À. Lacroix in the journal Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des Sciences. He named it sérandite in honor of J.M. Sérand, a mineral collector who helped in the collection of the mineral.

Occurrence and distribution
Serandite has been found in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Guinea, Italy, Japan, Namibia, Norway, Russia, South Africa, and the United States. The type material is held at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C.

At Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, serandite occurs in sodalite xenoliths and pegmatites cutting syenites within an intrusive alkalic gabbro-syenite complex. In Point
of Rocks, New Mexico, it occurs in vugs in phonolite. At the Tumannoe deposit in Russia, serandite occurs in a manganese rich deposit associated with volcanic rocks and terrigenous (non-marine) sediments which has been altered by contact metamorphism.

Serandite has been found in association with aegirine, analcime, arfvedsonite, astrophyllite, eudialyte, fluorite, leucophanite, mangan-neptunite, microcline, nepheline, sodalite, and villiaumite.

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Triclinic minerals
Sodium minerals
Manganese(II) minerals
Calcium minerals
Hydroxide minerals
Inosilicates
Gemstones
Minerals in space group 2

Serandite


Asher ben Jehiel (, or Asher ben Yechiel, sometimes Asheri) (1250 or 1259 – 1327) was an eminent rabbi and Talmudist best known for his abstract of Talmudic law. He is often referred to as Rabbenu Asher, "our Rabbi Asher" or by the Hebrew acronym for this title, the Rosh (). His yahrzeit is on 9 Cheshvan.

Biography
The Rosh was probably born in Cologne, Holy Roman Empire, and died in Toledo. His family was prominent for learning and piety, his father Yechiel was a Talmudist, and one of his ancestors was Rabbi Eliezer ben Nathan (the RaABaN). Asher had eight sons, the most prominent of whom were Jacob (author of the Arba'ah Turim) and Judah.

In 1286, King Rudolf I had instituted a new persecution of the Jews, and the great teacher of the Rosh, Rabbi Meir of Rothenburg, left Germany but was captured and imprisoned. The Rosh raised a ransom for his release, but Rabbi Meir refused it, for fear of encouraging the imprisonment of other rabbis. Thereafter the Rosh assumed Rabbi Meir's position in Worms. He was, however, forced to emigrate (in all likelihood, a victim of blackmail by the government, aimed at acquiring his fortune). After leaving Germany, he first settled in southern France, and then in Toledo, Spain, where he became rabbi on the recommendation of Rabbi Solomon ben Abraham Aderet (RaShBA). Rabbenu Asher's son Judah testified to the fact that he died in poverty. Rabbeinu Asher died in Toledo on 9 Cheshvan 5088 (1327 CE). His known surviving children were said to have been killed in the ensuing persecutions that affected Spain in 1392.

Rabbenu Asher possessed "methodical and systematic" Talmudic knowledge, and was distinguished for his ability to analyze and thereby clarify long Talmudic discussions. The Rosh was known for his independent legal reasoning: "We must not be guided in our decisions by the admiration of great men, and in the event of a law not being clearly stated in the Talmud, we are not bound to accept it, even if it be based on the works of the Geonim."  (For instance, the Rosh ruled that the liturgy of the Geonim was not subject to the Talmudic rule against change in the prayers.)

Rabbenu Asher was opposed to the study of secular knowledge, especially philosophy. He held that philosophy is based on critical research, whereas religion is based on tradition and the two are thus "incapable of harmonization". He said that "none that go unto her may return"—in fact, he thanked God for having saved him from its influence, and boasted of possessing no knowledge outside the Torah. He attempted to issue a decree against the study of non-Jewish learning. One effect of this attitude was to limit his influence on secular Spanish Jewry. At the same time, within rabbinic circles, "he transplanted the strict and narrow Talmudic spirit from Germany to Spain", and this, in some measure, turned Spanish Jews from secular research to the study of the Talmud.

Works
Rabbenu Asher's best known work is his abstract of Talmudic law. This work specifies the final, practical halakha, leaving out the intermediate discussion and concisely stating the final decision. It omits areas of law limited to Eretz Yisrael (such as agricultural and sacrificial laws) as well as the aggadic portions of the Talmud. Asher's son Jacob compiled a list of the decisions found in the work, under the title Piskei Ha-Rosh (decisions of the Rosh). Commentaries on his Halachot were written by a number of later Talmudists. In yeshivot, this work is studied as a regular part of the daily Talmud study.

This work resembles the Hilchot of the Rif (Rabbi Isaac Alfasi)—also an adumbration—but differs in quoting later authorities: Maimonides, the Tosafists and Alfasi himself. One theory states that the work is actually not a commentary on the Talmud but is rather a commentary on the Rif, given that it always starts with the text of the Rif. Some however dispute this.

Rabbenu Asher's work has been printed with almost every edition of the Talmud since its publication. This work was so important in Jewish law that Yosef Karo included the Rosh together with Maimonides and Isaac Alfasi as one of the three major poskim (decisors) considered in determining the final ruling in his Shulchan Arukh.

Rabbi Asher also wrote:
Orchot Chaim, an essay on ethics, written for his sons. It begins with the comment, "Distance yourself from haughtiness, with the essence of distancing." Orchot Chaim is today an important work of musar literature.
A commentary on Zeraim (the first order of the Mishnah)—with the exception of Tractate Berachot.
A commentary on Tohorot (the sixth order of the Mishnah).
The Tosefot ha-Rosh, Tosafot-like glosses on the Talmud.
A volume of responsa; see History of Responsa: Fourteenth century.
 There is a volume of responsa entitled 'Besamim Rosh' which is falsely attributed to the Rosh. In fact it has been shown to be a forgery from the 18th century, and contains controversial decisions which contradict what the Rosh wrote in his (genuine) responsa. This collection was published by Saul Berlin, Tzvi Hirsch Levin's son. It was exposed as a forgery by Mordecai Benet (amongst others)
A commentary on the Torah which often uses mystical interpretations such as using gematria and acronyms similar to his son Jacob ben Asher more famous work Rimzei Ba'al ha-Turim.

References

External links
Rabbi Asher ben Yechiel – The "Rosh", ou.org
Orchot Chaim Hebrew Fulltext, daat.ac.il

1250s births
1327 deaths
13th-century German rabbis
13th-century Castilian rabbis
14th-century Castilian rabbis
Rabbis from Worms, Germany
Authors of books on Jewish law
Writers of Musar literature

Asher ben Jehiel


Antonio Garbiglietti (30 November 1807, Biella – 24 January 1887, Turin) was an Italian entomologist who specialised in Heteroptera. He wrote (1869). Catalogus methodicus et synonymicus et hemipterorum eteropterorum (Rhyngotha Fabr.) Italiae indigenarum. Accedit descriptio aliquot specierum vel minus vel nondum cognitarum. Bull. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 1: 41-52, 105-124, 181-198, 271-281.

Garbiglietti was a physician.
His collection is held by the Dipartimento Biologia Animale, Università di Torino-Turin Museum of Natural History.

References
Schuh R. T., and Slater J. A. True bugs of the world (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Classification and natural history. 1995. Cornell University Press Ithaca.

Italian entomologists
1807 births
1887 deaths

Antonio Garbiglietti