The 4th Special Service Brigade was a brigade-sized formation of the British Commandos formed during the Second World War in March 1944 from battalion-sized units of the Royal Marines. Due to the success of the British Army Commandos' operations in Norway, the Channel Islands, St. Nazaire, and the Middle East, the Admiralty dissolved the Royal Marines Division in late 1942 and reorganized its amphibious assault infantry into eight additional Commando units.

The Brigade was part of the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944 during Operation Overlord; it subsequently participated in the Battle of the Scheldt and the assault of the Walcheren Islands. On 6 December the same year, the Brigade was renamed 4th Commando Brigade, removing the title Special Service and its association with the German SS.

Formation
Commander : Brigadier B. W. Leicester
No. 41 Commando (Royal Marines (RM)), Lieutenant-Colonel E. C. E. Palmer
No. 46 Commando (RM), Lieutenant-Colonel C. R. Hardy
No. 47 Commando (RM), Lieutenant-Colonel C. F. Phillips
No. 48 Commando (RM), Lieutenant-Colonel J. L. Moulton
No. 4 Commando (British Army) was attached for the Battle of the Scheldt in place of No. 46 Commando (RM)
No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando, elements of non-British personnel from German-occupied Europe.

Normandy

The plan
The brigade's task was to secure the flanks of the invasion beaches, linking up the British front from the Orne river to Port-en-Bessin and the Americans on Omaha Beach.
The newly raised 46 and 47 Commandos joined 41 Commando and it became apparent to the Allied planners that a fourth Commando unit was needed for the brigade's mission, so in mid-March the remaining men of the Royal Marine Division and other volunteers began training to form No. 48 Commando in time for the invasion. The Brigade was expected to be in combat for at most a week before being returned home.

 No 41 Cdo (RM) to land at the far right (west) of Sword.
 No 46 Cdo (RM) at Juno to scale the cliffs on the left (east) side of the Orne River estuary and to destroy a battery.
 No 47 Cdo (RM) to go to the west flank of Gold Beach.
 No 48 Cdo (RM) to go to Juno beach with the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division and the 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade.

Sword

No 41 RM Commando was the senior unit in the Brigade, it landed at Hermanville-sur-Mer and then moved west to Lion-sur-Mer. The unit's first task was to link up with their fellow commandos at Luc-sur-Mer.

As the Commando came ashore under moderate fire, it lost several men including their Regimental Sergeant Major, the Naval Forward Observation Officer and the second-in-command.
Once clear of the beach defences it found itself in a relatively quiet sector. From its assembly area, it marched down the coastal road toward Lion-sur-Mer joined by three Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers (AVRE)s. As P and Y troops approached the town, a well-concealed German PaK 38 gun ambushed the tanks, knocking all three out and stalling the assault.

A and B troops had been moving ahead on to their second objective at the Chateau, but were attacked on their approach and forced back. Facing overwhelming defences and artillery, the commandos dug in and awaited reinforcements.

At 1330 Hours the 2nd Battalions, Lincolnshire Regiment and the 2nd Battalion, Royal Ulster Rifles moved up to the commandos' position, bringing with them a replacement Naval Observation Officer. As soon as he arrived, the destroyers offshore began a one-hour-long naval bombardment, battering the strong point and chateau. It was now too late for the commandos to launch an effective assault, so they dug-in for the night.

When dawn broke the German artillery fire began once again, pinning the commandos and supporting infantry down for another two hours. They were then subject to a bombing attack by German Heinkel bombers which dropped anti-personnel bombs onto their position, killing several men, including their royal artillery observer and severely wounding the commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Gray. Having already lost the second-in-command, Major Barclay, command fell to the Adjutant John Taplin. Under his leadership the Commando joined the Lincolnshire Regiment in the final assault on the strongpoint and chateau. Once the two units had seized the position, 41 Commando moved on alone to Luc-sur-mer. They found the town undefended and dug-in to wait for their colleagues to join them from the Canadian beach.

Juno Beach (48 Commando)

48 Commando were to land at Nan Red sector of Juno Beach with the objective of assaulting the strongpoint at Langrune-sur-Mer and then to link-up with 41 Commando, sealing the breach between the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division and the British 3rd Infantry Divisions. On their approach to the shore, two of their ships struck underwater obstacles and sank. Weighed down by their equipment, many of the marines drowned in the surf. Those that did get ashore faced intense German small arms fire. The combined effect of these two situations was that only fifty per cent of the Commando got off the beach unscathed.

Once off the beach, 48 Commando advanced to their objective, the heavily defended guns at Langrune. As they approached, the destroyer HMS Vigilant bombarded the position, with little effect due to the heavy fortifications. The commandos found the strong-point protected by snipers, mines, machine guns and a  concrete wall.

They were then joined by two Centaur Support Tanks from the 1st Royal Marine Support Regiment. The first of these tanks moved toward the wall firing its 95mm howitzer and obliterated a machine-gun bunker that had been covering the crossroads. The second Centaur began to move into position, but struck a mine while approaching the wall, forcing the crew to bail out and join the commandos. With the Centaurs out of ammunition or disabled, the attack faltered. B Troop raced across the intersection to a house opposite only to discover that it had been fortified, with the windows and doors facing the strongpoint filled with concrete. The commandos had no choice but to bring down the wall. They set a charge at its base, but the fortification was too strong.

The commandos then received news that the 21st Panzer Division's counter-attack had already stopped the British advance on Caen and was pushing on toward Lion-sur-Mer. The commandos were ordered to cease the assault and take up defensive positions. The German Panzer grenadiers reached the 716th Infantry Division's positions only to find that they were still manned and situated between the two units of the 4th Special Service Brigade.

The next event was the glider assault landing of the 6th Airlanding Brigade of the 6th Airborne Division to the east. Seeing the gliders landing, the German commander feared he would be outflanked and ordered his force to withdraw towards Caen. Had he pushed onward and attacked the commandos, Sword would have been isolated and the entire eastern flank of the Allied invasion may have collapsed.

In the morning the commandos were joined by a pair of Canadian M10 tank destroyers, which fired anti-tank rounds at the wall; for the next hour the M10s peppered the wall with solid shot and the fortification began to disintegrate. A Sherman tank of the Royal Marines Armoured Support Group then appeared and opened fire on the wall and allowed the commandos to launch an assault. Advancing behind the Sherman, covered by its guns, the commandos seized the interior of the strongpoint and spent the rest of the day silencing the remaining pockets of resistance around Langrune.

Juno Beach (46 Commando)
The brigade's reserve element, No. 46 Commando, landed on Juno beach at 0900 on 7 June and advanced on to Petit Enfer. They faced stiff German resistance, but were able to force their way through the German positions and on to Luc-sur-Mer. There they met up with 41 Commando, linking Juno and Sword.

Gold Beach

No. 47 Commando was the last British unit to land and came ashore on Gold Beach east of Le Hamel. Their task was to go inland then turn right (west) and make a twelve-mile (19.3 km) march through enemy territory to attack Port en Bessin from the rear. This small harbour, on the British far right, was well sheltered in the chalk cliffs and significant in that it was to be a prime means of supplies being brought in, including fuel by underwater pipe-line from tankers moored offshore.

On 47's approach they could see the preceding units were struggling. Due to intense fire, the Hampshire Regiment had landed one and a half miles further to the east than originally planned.
Ordered to avoid contact with the enemy and advance on Port en Bessin, the commanding officer, Lt. Col. Phillips, ordered his LCAs to approach the beach behind the Hampshires near Les Roquettes. The commandos landed under intense fire, five of their craft being sunk before reaching the shore and almost all the others were damaged, resulting in five officers, (including Lt. Col. Phillips, swimming to shore late in the day), 71 other ranks were reported missing.

Unable to locate Phillips, the second-in-command, Major P.M. Donnell led his men off the beach and turned inland to avoid engaging the enemy. Behind the lines, the commando moved quickly to Buhot where Phillips rejoined it after his long swim. For the next several hours the Commando pushed steadily on, occasionally encountering snipers and small units of unsuspecting rear guards from whom they captured several "spandau" (MG-34 machine guns) and other small arms. As dusk descended upon the Commando they reached Point 72, the highest point on a ridge near Escures, which they discovered was undefended. They dug-in for the night and prepared for the attack on Port-en-Bessin at dawn.

Originally the attack on Port-en-Bessin was planned to be supported by American artillery, but having no working radio made this coordination impossible. The arrival of two French civilians, a replacement Forward Observation Officer and a Gendarme named Gouget, assisted the planned assault. The two civilians identified the German positions and the artillery officer repaired the unit's wireless set, allowing him to contact the navy ships off-shore.
At 1400 hours two Landing Craft Gun (Large), "LCG(L)", opened fire on the port and were joined by HMS Emerald's six-inch (152 mm) main armament an hour later. By 1600 hours the city was hit by RAF Hawker Typhoon air strikes and the Royal Artillery bombarded the area with smoke in preparation for the commando's assault.

Gouget guided A and B troops through ditches surrounding the town, past the outer ring of gunpits, while X Troop fixed bayonets and charged the machine-gun nests, quickly taking the positions. Once the outer ring of defences had been breached, A Troop advanced on the western feature, but were repelled when two Kriegsmarine Flak ships, that had moved into the port on 5 June, opened fire on the men with their rapid fire cannons.
B Troop also launched an assault on the town itself, but were pinned down by a pillbox on the heights and machine-gun positions in houses throughout the village.

Philips next ordered his men to launch an assault on the Flak ships, but were repelled once again. Seeing their problem, the captains of HMS Ursa and the Polish ship ORP Krakowiak approached the port, but were unable to open fire on the Flak ships, which were behind the port's concrete and stone breakwater. The navy then formed boarding parties and launched their motorboats, which crossed the harbour net and attacked the German vessels.

With the Flak ships silenced, B and Heavy weapons troops made their way up the eastern feature and assaulted the German blockhouse, forcing the defenders to surrender. Sporadic fighting continued on until dawn of 8 June when the remaining defenders on the western feature surrendered.

On 9 June PLUTO (Pipe Line Under the Ocean) [the fuel pipe], arrived in the form of an army port company and the petrol started to flow, supplying Allied vehicles across the Normandy front.

Douvre radar station

After being rested and reinforced, the Brigade less 41 Commando moved south to the Douvres-la-Délivrande Radar Station. This fortified position was the primary Luftwaffe radar station in the area. It was covered with gun pits, minefields, tunnels, bunkers, five 5 cm anti-tank guns, a 7.5 cm field gun and a ring of barbed wire  in height. The Brigade was to isolate the station which would allow other Allied forces to pass by and advance on Caen.

After securing the perimeter, 46, 47 and 48 Commandos were sent to support the Canadians and Airborne divisions while 41 Commando stayed behind. For the next week, the commandos continued to harass the strongpoint with occasional mortar fire, Typhoon strikes and volleys from two attached Royal Marine Support Group (RMASG) Centaurs. Although the site did not actively threaten Allied movements in the area, it did provide radar-ranging information for Luftwaffe night fighters and constantly reported on British movements.

On 17 June the assault began with a bombardment from the Royal Artillery's  guns and ships off-shore. Under their new commander, Lt. Col Palmer, 41 Commando and forty-four armoured engineering vehicles attacked from the north while other tanks created a diversion from the southwest. Sherman Crabs (a mine-clearing tank), cleared the way through the minefields while the AVREs battered the bunkers with their guns. The effect of such fire was devastating on the German defenders. When the commandos entered the entrenchment and opened fire, it was clear that the station could no longer be defended. The two hundred and twenty seven remaining Luftwaffe force surrendered and the last of the 4th Special Service Brigade's D-Day objectives was finally achieved.

6th Airborne Division
The Brigade less No 41 Commando moved to the Orne River, where they joined 1st Special Service Brigade and the 6th Airborne Division, under the command of Major General Richard 'Windy' Gale. The Brigade would remain in the Orne area until mid-August while the British Second Army launched a series of assaults on Caen.

In mid-August, following the capture of Caen, General Gale's forces broke out of their positions and launched a major offensive. Before sunrise on 20 August, 46 Commando launched an attack on the heights above Putot and the commandos seized the position overlooking the entire Dozulé area. For the remainder of the day, 48 Commando pushed through the bocage, without support, to Point 134 and Point 120 followed by 41 Commando. This location nearly cut the Germans escape route from the town; realizing that they had been out-flanked, they set the village ablaze and withdrew.

With Dozulé captured the Commandos pushed on through Beuzeville to the Risle River. On many occasions the commandos and airborne troops would arrive in a village less than hour after the Germans had made a hasty withdrawal.

Following the capture of Pont-Audemer, the 6th Airborne and 1st Special Service Brigade were relieved by the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division and returned to England. Leaving behind the 4th Special Service Brigade, which remained in the area for several weeks, clearing pockets of resistance between the Seine and Valmont, they then took up the role of garrison troops in and around the shattered city of Le Havre before finally moving up to positions near Dunkirk where they probed the German lines with small raids.

Walcheren Islands

On 27 September the Brigade was withdrawn to an assembly area in De Haan, Belgium. It then prepared for another amphibious assault, on the Dutch island of Walcheren. The island lay at the mouth of the Scheldt River, which ran from Antwerp to the sea. Until the island and the northern banks of the river were cleared, the port could not be used to support the Allied advance. Allied bombers breached the dykes on 3 October at Westkapelle, Flushing and Veere, flooding the island, leaving only a few dry areas around its perimeter and greatly restricting the Germans' freedom of movement.

The 4th Special Service Brigade formed the seaborne element of the attack while British and Canadian infantry attacked overland from the mainland. This time the commandos came ashore in Landing Vehicle Tracked, (also known as Buffaloes), which had already proven their worth in the Pacific campaign. 41 Commando was tasked with assaulting the town of Westkapelle and then to move north along the causeway to Domburg. Just to their south, 48 Commando took on a radar station and naval gun battery, while 47 completed the encirclement of the western part of the island by moving south towards Flushing.

The brigade would spend the rest of the war making raids across the Meuse (Maas) in Operations Incalculable and Bogart.

After occupation duties in Germany, the Brigade returned to the United Kingdom in 1946 and was disbanded.

Battle honours
The following Battle honours were awarded to the British Commandos during the Second World War:

Adriatic
Alethangyaw
Plunder (crossing the Aller)
Anzio
Argenta Gap
Burma 1943–45
Crete
Dieppe
Dives Crossing
Djebel Choucha
Flushing
Greece 1944–45
Italy 1943–45
Kangaw
Landing at Porto San Venere
Landing in Sicily
Leese
Madagascar
Middle East 1941, 1942, 1944
Monte Ornito
Myebon
Normandy Landing
North Africa 1941–43
North-West Europe 1942, 1944–45
Norway 1941
Pursuit to Messina
Rhine
St. Nazaire
Salerno
Sedjenane 1
Sicily 1943
Steamroller Farm
Syria 1941
Termoli
Vaagso
Valli di Comacchio
Westkapelle

See also
1st Special Service Brigade
2nd Special Service Brigade
3rd Special Service Brigade

References

4 Special Service
1944 establishments in the United Kingdom
1946 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Military units and formations established in 1944
Military units and formations disestablished in 1946

4th Special Service Brigade


The vertebral vein is formed in the suboccipital triangle, from numerous small tributaries which spring from the internal vertebral venous plexuses and issue from the vertebral canal above the posterior arch of the atlas.

They unite with small veins from the deep muscles at the upper part of the back of the neck, and form a vessel which enters the foramen in the transverse process of the atlas, and descends, forming a dense plexus around the vertebral artery, in the canal formed by the transverse foramina of the upper six cervical vertebrae.

This plexus ends in a single trunk, which emerges from the transverse foramina of the sixth cervical vertebra, and opens at the root of the neck into the back part of the innominate vein near its origin, its mouth being guarded by a pair of valves.

On the right side, it crosses the first part of the subclavian artery.

Additional images

References

Veins of the head and neck
Veins of the torso

Vertebral vein


Coach could mean:

Transportation
 Coach (carriage), a horse-drawn carriage
 Stagecoach, An early form of long distance public transport
 Coach (vehicle), a type of passenger-carrying road vehicle.
 Coach (rail) a type of passenger car used in rail transport.
 Economy class in travel can be referred to as "coach"

Coaching
 Coach (sport), the director of athletes' activities in sports
 Head coach
 Coach (baseball), includes manager, assistant coaches, on-field coaches, and specialized coaches
 Coach (hockey), head coach or assistant coaches
Coaching
dating coaching
Co-coaching

Popular media
Coach (TV series), an American sitcom starring Craig T. Nelson
Coach (comics), a Marvel Comics character in X-Force

Corporations
Coach Inc., an American leather goods company famous for its handbags
Coach Canada, an inter-city coach company in Canada
Coach USA, a bus transport company in the United States

People
 Jonathan Coachman, World Wrestling Entertainment personality a.k.a. "The Coach"
 Coach Ernie Pantusso, the character played by Nicholas Colasanto on the sitcom Cheers
 Mike Ditka, former head coach of the Chicago Bears and New Orleans Saints head coach, a.k.a. "Da Coach"

Coach


Good Dog, Carl is the eponymous name of the first of a series of children's picture books written and illustrated by Alexandra Day centering on a Rottweiler named Carl and a little girl named Madeleine, of whom he takes care.  All of the books  are mostly wordless, relying on the details of the illustrations to tell the stories. Good Dog, Carl was published in 1985 and has been continually in print since that date. There have been fourteen "Carl" titles after the first. All but the first have been published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. The board book versions of these stories are particularly popular.  In addition to the children and Rottweiler fanciers who have enjoyed them, the books have been found useful in teaching English as a second language, with Alzheimer's patients, and with children who are having difficulty learning to read.

Other Carl Titles
Published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux:
Carl's Afternoon in the Park (1991)
Carl's Christmas (1990)
Carl Goes Shopping (1989)
Carl's Birthday (1995)
Carl's Summer Vacation (2008)
Carl's Snowy Afternoon (2009)
Carl and the Kitten (2011)
Carl and the Baby Duck (2011)
Carl and the Puppies (2011)
Carl at the Dog Show (2012)
Carl and the Sick Puppy (2012)
Carl's Halloween (2015)
Published by Laughing Elephant Books:

 Goodnight, Good Dog Carl (2019)
 Good Dog Carl Visits the Zoo (2021)
 Good Dog Carl's Valentine (2021)

References

External links

American picture books
Series of children's books
Children's books about dogs
Children's fiction books
1985 children's books

Good Dog, Carl


The Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds was founded by Prince Bernhard of The Netherlands in London in 1940 during World War II in order to buy war material for the British and Dutch Governments. It continued after the war as Stichting Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds aiming to rebuild cultural life in the Netherlands.

Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds gives out the Charlotte Köhler Prize, incentive awards given to young talent (under the age of 35) in visual arts and theatre. The prizes, €30,000 each, were established in 1988 in honour of the actress .

In 1965 the Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds established the Anna Blaman Prijs, a literary award given to those who either live or work or have a close connection with the city of Rotterdam. The Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds also created the Hendrik Chabot Prijs for visual arts and the Elly Ameling Prijs for music. As of 2016 the Elly Ameling Prijs is no longer awarded and the Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds has handed over the organisation of the Anna Blaman Prijs to the Passionate Bulkboek organisation and the Hendrik Chabot Prijs to the Chabot Museum. The Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds only awards Cultuurprijs Zuid-Holland every other year.

References

External links

Foundations based in the Netherlands
Organizations established in 1940
Funding bodies of the Netherlands

Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds


The Royal Society presents numerous awards, lectures and medals to recognise scientific achievement. The oldest is the Croonian Lecture, created in 1701 at the request of the widow of William Croone, one of the founding members of the Royal Society. The Croonian Lecture is still awarded on an annual basis, and is considered the most important Royal Society prize for the biological sciences. Although the Croonian Lecture was created in 1701, it was first awarded in 1738, seven years after the Copley Medal, which is the oldest Royal Society medal still in use and is awarded for "outstanding achievements in research in any branch of science".

Awards

Domestic lectures

International lectures

Medals

Historical awards and lectures

References

British science and technology awards
Royal Society

Awards, lectures and medals of the Royal Society


Al-Wasik Billah al-Majid Sheikh Taimur bin Faisal bin Turki  (1886 – 28 January 1965) () was the sultan of Muscat and Oman from 5 October 1913 to 10 February 1932. He was born at Muscat and succeeded his father Faisal bin Turki, Sultan of Muscat and Oman as Sultan.

Early life

When he assumed suzerainty over the country, he inherited an external public debt and widespread rebellion among the tribes. Between 1915 and 1920, the sultan's forces were aided by British financial and matériel support against the rebel tribes, ensuring adequate resistance but not total victory. An uneasy situation of no war, no peace, existed, with the sultan controlling Muscat and the coastal towns (the former Sultanate of Muscat) and the imam ruling the interior (Oman proper). This was tacitly codified in the Treaty of As Sib in 1920, brokered by the British political agent in Muscat. The treaty was between the sultan and the tribes, represented by Shaikh Isa ibn Salih al Harthi, leader of the Al Harth tribe.

Personal life

Taimur Bin Faisal had six children. The current sultan of Oman, Haitham bin Tariq Al Said, is the grandson of Taimur bin Faisal bin Turki.

 Sultan Said bin Taimur Al-Said
 Sayyid Majid bin Taimur Al-Sa'id
 Sayyid Tariq bin Taimur Al-Sa'id
 Sayyid Fahr bin Taimur Al-Sa'id
 Sayyid Shabib bin Taimur Al-Sa'id
 Sayyida Bouthaina bint Taimur Al-Sa'id

Politics

In return for full autonomy, the tribes in the interior pledged to cease attacking the coast. The Treaty of As Sib was a de facto partition agreement between Muscat and Oman, serving Britain's interest in preserving its power through the office of the sultan without dispatching British troops to the region. The Treaty of As Sib ensured political quiescence between Muscat and Oman that lasted until the 1950s, when oil exploration in the interior reintroduced conflict. In return for accepting a truncation of his authority, the sultan received a loan from the government of British India with an amortization period of ten years, sufficient to repay his debts to merchants. When Sultan Taimur ibn Faisal abdicated for financial reasons in 1932, the twenty-two-year-old Said ibn Taimur inherited an administration that was in debt.

A United States Department of State bulletin on the sultan of Muscat and Oman in February 1938 describes the situation in which Sultan Said ibn Taimur found himself after assuming power: "The young Sultan found the country practically bankrupt and his troubles were further complicated by tribal unrest and conspiracy by certain of his uncles, one of whom immediately profited by the occasion to set up an independent regime. The Sultan tackled the situation with resolution and within a short time the traitorous uncle had been subdued, unrest quelled, and most important of all, state finances put on much more solid footing."

Abdication

In 1932 he abdicated in favour of his eldest son Said bin Taimur when he married Kiyoko Ooyama, a Japanese woman. Afterwards, bin Feisal lived abroad, mostly in British India. In 1965, he died in Bombay, India. He was married six times and had five sons, including Said bin Taimur and Tariq bin Taimur, and one daughter.

Ibadism

Taimur's era was the period wherein Ibadism, the predominant madhab of Oman had played a role in the country's social affairs. For instance, the government which led from Muscat had exchanged letters with the ruling powers of the interior, which consisted of an Ibadi imamate. This Ibadi involvement in the stepping stone in Oman's history that occurred in 1920 was called the treaty of Sib.

References

1886 births
1965 deaths
19th-century Omani people
20th-century Omani people
Al Said dynasty
Honorary Companions of the Order of the Star of India
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Monarchs who abdicated
Japan–Oman relations
Omani Ibadi Muslims
People from Muscat, Oman
Sons of Omani sultans
Sultans of Oman
20th-century monarchs in the Middle East

Taimur bin Feisal


Elizabeth of Brandenburg (1425 – after 13 January 1465) was a princess of Brandenburg by birth and marriage Duchess of Pomerania.

Life
Elizabeth was a daughter of the Margrave John the Alchemist of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (1406–1464) from his marriage to Barbara (1405–1465), daughter of Duke Rudolf III of Saxe-Wittenberg.  Elizabeth's father renounced his rights to the succession in Brandenburg and instead received the Franconian possessions of the House of Hohenzollern.  Her sisters were Queen Dorothea of Denmark and Marchioness Barbara of Mantua.

She married on 27 August 1440 with Duke Joachim I of Pomerania-Stettin (1427–1451). The marriage was meant to seal a treaty between Brandenburg and Pomerania. Joachim died of the plague in Szczecin, after eleven years of marriage.  He had one son: Otto III of Pomerania-Stettin.

On 5 March 1454, she married her second husband, Duke Wartislaw X of Pomerania-Rügen (1435–1478).  In 1464, her father and all three of her sons died.  After the death of Otto III, a war erupted between Pomerania and Brandenburg about the inheritance of the Stettin branch of the family.

Her second marriage was a very unhappy one.  She felt that her husband had ...planned to kill her, and take her life and limb and, although it would be unchristian and pitiable, revoke her interests and pensions.  Because of great distress and poverty, her uncle gave her Lippehne and Berlinchen instead of her father's Arnswalde.

For Frederick, the fate of his niece was the motivation to break off negotiations with Wartislaw about Stettin and push through his claims on Pomerania.  After mediation by Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Stargard, Wartislaw accepted Pomerania as a fief of the Electorate of Brandenburg.

Issue
Elisabeth had a son from her first marriage to Joachim:
 Otto III (1444–1464), Duke of Pomerania-Stettin.

From her second marriage with Wartislaw, she had two sons:
 Swantibor (1454–1464)
 Ertmar (1455–1464)

Ancestry

References
 Friedrich Wilhelm Barthold: Geschichte von Rügen und Pommern, Band 4, F. Perthes, 1843, p. 289 ff.

External links
 http://www.ruegenwalde.com/greifen/war-10/war-10.htm

External links

Duchesses of Pomerania
House of Hohenzollern
House of Griffins
1425 births
1465 deaths
15th-century German people
15th-century German women
Daughters of monarchs

Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Pomerania


Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau (1 July 1725 – 10 May 1807) was a French nobleman. He served as a general under Louis XIV, and took part in the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48). He was present at the siege of Antwerp and Namur. With an army of 6,000 people, he helped George Washington in the American Revolutionary War (1775-83). During the Reign of Terror, he was sentenced, but not executed on the guillotine. He was freed after the fall of Maximilien de Robespierre. Napoleon awarded him a title of the Legion of Honor, in 1803.

French nobility


Incunabula is a small press originally based in Seattle, Washington, United States, operated under the sole proprietorship of Ron Drummond.

Between 1992 and 1996, Incunabula published three books and one broadside: They Fly at Çiron by Samuel R. Delany (July 1993); Antiquities: Seven Stories by John Crowley (October 1993); "Solutions to Everything" by Michael Ventura (10 September 1994); and Atlantis: Three Tales by Samuel R. Delany (July 1995).

After a long hiatus, the company solicited subscription payments for a 25th anniversary edition of John Crowley's 1981 novel, Little, Big, which is finally being published, as the 40th anniversary edition, at the end of 2022.

External links
 The 25th Anniversary Edition of Little, Big

Incunabula
Publishing companies established in 1992

Incunabula (publisher)


Stanley Creamer Rubin (October 8, 1917 – March 2, 2014) was an American screenwriter and film and television producer born in New York City. He was the recipient of the Television Academy's first Emmy in 1949 for writing and producing (in collaboration) an adaptation of Guy de Maupassant's "The Necklace" for the NBC TV series Your Show Time.

Career
His initial scripts for the big screen were for three 1940 films: South to Karanga, Diamond Frontier, and San Francisco Docks, all written in collaboration with Edmund L. Hartmann. He wrote, in collaboration with Bernard C. Schoenfeld, the film-noir adventure Macao (1952), starring Robert Mitchum and Jane Russell.

Rubin's feature film producing credits include The Narrow Margin (1952), River of No Return (1954) starring Marilyn Monroe, the comedy Oh Dad, Poor Dad, Mamma's Hung You in the Closet and I'm Feelin' So Sad (1967) starring Rosalind Russell, and the Clint Eastwood adventure drama White Hunter Black Heart (1990). His television producing credits include the series The Ghost & Mrs. Muir (1968–1970) with Hope Lange and The Man and the City (1971–1972) with Anthony Quinn. For the former, he received an Emmy nomination as the producer of the Best Comedy Series. He received an additional Emmy nomination for producing the made-for-TV movie Babe (1975), starring Susan Clark as American athlete Babe Didrikson Zaharias.

Personal life and death
Rubin attended UCLA from 1933 to 1937 as a political science major, where he also served as editor in chief of the Daily Bruin newspaper. He forwent completing the 14 units left for his degree for a stint at The Beverly Hills Citizen.

During World War II he enlisted in the United States Army Air Forces where he served in the First Motion Picture Unit. He was posted to Saipan to document the first B-29 mission to bomb Tokyo.

After his retirement from the entertainment industry, he returned to finish those units and received a degree from the UCLA Department of Theater in 2006.

Rubin was married to actress Kathleen Hughes from 1954 until his death. They had four children. He is the subject of the documentary film Stanley Rubin: A Work in Progress (2008), written and directed by Kellett Tighe.

He died on March 2, 2014, from natural causes at the age of 96 at his Los Angeles home.

References

External links

1917 births
2014 deaths
Writers from New York City
Film producers from New York (state)
Television producers from New York City
American male screenwriters
American television writers
Emmy Award winners
First Motion Picture Unit personnel
American male television writers
Screenwriters from New York (state)

Stanley Rubin


The Comptroller and Auditor General (C&AG) in the United Kingdom is the government official responsible for supervising the quality of public accounting and financial reporting. The C&AG is an officer of the House of Commons who is the head of the National Audit Office, the body that scrutinises central government expenditure.

Under the Budget Responsibility and National Audit Act 2011 the C&AG is appointed by the monarch by letters patent upon an address of the House of Commons presented by the Prime Minister with the agreement of the Chair of the Public Accounts Committee. The C&AG can be removed from office, also by the monarch, only upon an address of both Houses of Parliament.

The full title of the office is Comptroller General of the Receipt and Issue of His Majesty's Exchequer and Auditor General of Public Accounts.

The current C&AG is Gareth Davies (not the MP).

History
The office of C&AG was created by the Exchequer and Audit Departments Act 1866, which combined the functions of the Comptroller General of the Exchequer, who had authorised the issue of public monies from the Treasury to other government departments, with those of the Commissioners of Audit, who had presented the government accounts to the Treasury). Under the terms of the Act the C&AG continued to authorise the issue of money to departments, but was also given the new task of examining departmental accounts and reporting the results to Parliament. The role has since been replicated in many Commonwealth and foreign countries.

List of Comptrollers and Auditors General

 1867 - Sir William Dunbar, 7th Baronet
 1888 - Sir Charles Lister Ryan
 1896 - Richard Mills
 1900 - Douglas Close  Richmond
 1904 - Sir John Arrow Kempe
 1911 - Sir Henry James Gibson
 1921 - Sir Malcolm Graham Ramsay
 1931 - Sir Gilbert Charles Upcott
 1946 - Sir Frank Newton Tribe
 1958 - Sir Edmund Compton
 1966 - Sir Bruce Fraser
 1971 - Sir David Pitblado
 1976 - Sir Douglas Henley
 1981 - Sir Gordon Downey
 1988 - Sir John Bourn
 2008 - Tim Burr
 2009 - Sir Amyas Morse
 2019 - Gareth Davies

Devolved administrations

Wales
The Auditor General for Wales is the public official in charge of Audit Wales, the body responsible for auditing the Welsh Government and £20 billion of taxpayers' money each year. It is a statutory appointment made by Her Majesty the Queen, in accordance with the provisions of Schedule 8 to the Government of Wales Act 2006.

Scotland
The first Auditor General for Scotland was Robert Black, who was appointed in February 2000. The post had since been held by Caroline Gardner (July 2012 to July 2020) and Stephen Boyle.

Northern Ireland
The Comptroller and Auditor General for Northern Ireland is the head of the Northern Ireland Audit Office (NIAO), with responsibility for public audit in Northern Ireland.

Other Comptrollers and Auditors General

Bangladesh: Comptroller and Auditor General of Bangladesh
India: Comptroller and Auditor General of India
Ireland: Comptroller and Auditor General (Ireland)
Ghana: Auditor-General of Ghana
New Zealand: Controller and Auditor-General of New Zealand

See also
 Auditor general
 Comptroller

Notes and references

Government audit
Officers of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom
Management occupations
 Comptroller

Comptroller and Auditor General (United Kingdom)


Eid Church () is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Stad Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located in the village of Nordfjordeid. It is the church for the Eid parish which is part of the Nordfjord prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin. The white, wooden church was built in a long church design in 1849 by the builder Claus Wiese using plans from the architect Hans Linstow. The church seats about 550 people. This is the fifth church building to sit at Nordfjordeid.

History
The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to 1322, but it was likely built during the 12th century, making it one of the oldest church sites in Nordfjord. The first church building here was a wooden stave church was located at Myklebost, a hill a little to the northeast of the present church location. Not much is known about this church. The church was described as old and prosperous in a letter dated 1336. At some point in the 1300s, it was replaced, likely after a fire. The replacement church was built a short distance away in Mel, just north of the present church. Not much is known about this building either, but it was in use throughout the 1400s and 1500s.

Around the year 1600, the old church building was torn down and a new building was constructed on the present site of the church. The new building was a timber-framed cruciform building with a tower in the center of the roof. The church was renovated in the 1680s, receiving a new floor and ceiling. Unfortunately, the church was destroyed by fire after a lightning strike in 1689. A new church was completed in 1692 on the same site as the previous church. It too was a wooden cruciform church with a very similar design to the previous church.

In 1814, this church served as an election church (). Together with more than 300 other parish churches across Norway, it was a polling station for elections to the 1814 Norwegian Constituent Assembly which wrote the Constitution of Norway. This was Norway's first national elections. Each church parish was a constituency that elected people called "electors" who later met together in each county to elect the representatives for the assembly that was to meet in Eidsvoll later that year.

In the spring of 1846, the old church building was deemed to be too small for the congregation, so it was decided to tear down the old church and build a larger church. From May to October in 1849, the new church building was constructed alongside the old church which was torn down in the fall of 1849 after the new church was completed. The new building was a wooden long church that was originally designed to seat about 900 people )but with current fire codes, the number has been reduced). The building was designed by Claus Wiese who based the plans off some standardized drawings by Hans Linstow. The lead builder for the new church was Ole Olsen Løken. The church was consecrated on 29 October 1849 by the Bishop Peder Christian Hersleb Kjerschow. In 1915, a sacristy was built adjacent to the chancel during a major restoration of the building. Electric heat and light were added to the building at the same time. The painter and woodcarver Lars T. Kinsarvik led the interior work of redecorating the nave and choir as well as building a new pulpit and new pews.

On 24 November 2016, the church was broken into and vandalised, causing damages estimated to . A suspect was arrested by police the same day and confessed to the vandalism.

Media gallery

See also
List of churches in Bjørgvin

References

Stad, Norway
Churches in Vestland
Long churches in Norway
Wooden churches in Norway
19th-century Church of Norway church buildings
Churches completed in 1849
12th-century establishments in Norway
Norwegian election church

Eid Church (Nordfjord)


The Charles H. Norton House, also known as Sharpenhoe, is a historic house at 132 Redstone Hill in Plainville, Connecticut.  Built in 1922, this brick Georgian Revival house was the home of inventor and machinist Charles Hotchkiss Norton (1851–1942), a Plainville native, from 1922 until his death.  The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 for its association with Norton, who designed heavy-duty precision grinding machines important for development of the automobile industry.

Description and history
Sharpenhoe, as it was called by Norton, is a two-story brick structure with a hip roof and three chimneys.  The main facade is six bays in width, with windows of varying sizes in most of the bays.  The right-center bay on both floors is taken up by a single double-casement window with a round-arch top, while the first floor of the left-center bay has the main entrance.  The door is topped by a half-round transom window, and is sheltered by a gable-roof portico supported by columns and pilasters.  Three gable-roof dormers pierce the front of the roof, while another dormer is worked between the two chimneys on the right side, with round-arch decorative brickwork.  The building is not of particular architectural significance; its designer and builder are not known.

Charles Norton was born in Plainville to a cabinetmaker in 1851, and apprenticed at the Seth Thomas Clock Company at age 15.  He worked there until he was 35, rising to manager, and mastering the principles of the manufacture of interchangeable parts.  He was then employed in Providence, Rhode Island at Brown & Sharpe, where he mastered the manufacture of precision grinding equipment.  In his later years he applied this expertise broadly to all manner of manufacturing processes, with particular emphasis on the nascent automobile industry in the early decades of the 20th century.  Sharpenhoe is the home to which he retired, and where he spent the last 20 years of his life.

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hartford County, Connecticut

References

National Historic Landmarks in Connecticut
Houses completed in 1922
Norton Charles
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
Plainville, Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in Hartford County, Connecticut

Charles H. Norton House


The Thal desert (Urdu, Punjabi: ) is situated at 31°10' N and 71°30' E in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. Located near the Pothohar Plateau, the area falls under the Indomalayan biogeographic realm and stretches for a length of approximately 190 miles (310 km) with a maximum breadth of 70 miles (119 km).m.m.m.s It is bound by the piedmont of the northern Salt Range, the Indus River flood plains in the west and the Jhelum and Chenab River floodplains in the east. It is a subtropical sandy desert that resembles the deserts of Cholistan and Thar geographically.

The region is characterized by sand dunes, prone to massive shifting and rolling, as well as scanty rainfall, high diurnal variation of temperature and high wind velocity. Aridity is a common feature and perennial grasses make up much of the vegetation.

Agriculture and livestock rearing form the main sources of livelihood for the population, who live in small scattered settlements throughout the desert.m.m.m.s

Geography
The Thal desert of Pakistan lies at altitudes above sea levels of approximately 200m in the north which gradually decrease to around 120m in the south. It falls under the agro-ecological zone-III and is a sandy, arid to semi-arid region. The desert is divided into the districts of Bhakkar, Khushab, Mianwali, Jhang, Layyah and Muzzafargarh, all of whom which display very similar geographical features. The main towns of the region, which see the greatest human activity, include Roda Thal, Mankera, Hayderabad Thal, Dullewala, Piplan, Kundiyan, Chowk Azam, Saraye Muhajir, Mehmood Shaheed Thal, Rang Pur, Jandan Wala, Mari Shah Sakhira, Noor Pur Thal , Daduwlala Thal, katimar Thal, Shah Hussain Thal,  and Muzafar Garh .

The desert largely consists of ridges of sand dunes and rolling sand plains which alternate with narrow valleys of flatter, more cultivable land. These sand dunes are a prominent feature of the zone and consist of sediment reworked by wind and brought in by the Indus River, which lays upstream of the orogenic front. They commonly reach heights of around 175m and cover 50-60% of the Thal desert.

The area is also underlain by Quaternary fluvial and eolian deposits over 350m thick in southern areas, and even thicker in the central region of the desert. This underlying alluvium consists largely of laterally continuous bodies of fine to coarse sand, with minor gravel and isolated mud lenses. Coarser deposits occur in the north closer to the Salt Range, but otherwise the distribution of grain sizes is irregular.

The currently active Indus River flood plain stretches > 20 km in width at the southern edges of the desert and the abandoned floodplain reaches even wider, covering areas of higher ground. These uplands are actively eroded by the Jhelum River and form up to scarps which face the floodplain.

As compared to the Upper Indus sand, the sand dunes of the Thal are poorer in quartz and sedimentary to low-rank metasedimentary rock fragments. However, they are higher in feldspars, volcanic, metavolcanic and metabasite rock fragments and heavy minerals. The dune sand is thought to be derived from the Transhimalayan arcs (40–45%, predominantly from the Kohistan arc), the Karakorum-Hindukush Ranges (40–50%, of which a third is via the Kabul River), the Nanga Parbat massif (< 10%), and the Himalayan belt (< 10%, inclusive of detritus recycled by the Soan River).

Climate
The Thal desert is a subtropical sandy region with severe climatic conditions that are prone to temperature extremes.  Approximately 50% of the region sees hyper-arid climatic conditions (annual rainfall less than 200mm) and the remaining half sees semi-arid climatic conditions (annual rainfall between 200mm and 500mm). The desert is also characterised by strong winds that blow year-round and can cause serious wind erosion that leads to local crop damage.

Temperature

Summers in the area see temperatures generally range from 32o C - 40o C and average around 35o C between June and July. However, southern borne hot winds blowing with high velocity can see these temperatures rise to over 45oC. Dust storms, resulting from unsteady thermal conditions, are also common in the summer months. This has made crop cultivation challenging as the soil becomes difficult to bind, leading to extensive erosion and losses for the farming community.

In the winter, temperatures vary between 3o C and 8o C and are accompanied by cold, dry winds from the north. In January, temperatures can reach near freezing point.

Precipitation
The Thal Desert's rainfall patterns are low and erratic with mean annual values ranging between 150 and 350mm. The majority of precipitation occurs between the months of June and August; however, there is high variability across seasons and even years. Total annual rainfall has been seen to progressively decrease from the northern end of the desert to the south. It also displays cyclic fluctuations where two to three years of continued decreased rainfall is followed up by several years of higher precipitation levels.

Hailstorms, generated by air turbulence owing to the high temperature difference between the warm surface and the cold upper atmosphere, are also common between March and April and can cause severe damage to crop and buildings.m.m.m.s

Vegetation and Flora

The vegetation of the Thal Desert consists predominantly of grasses and sedges which are most commonly used as fodder by the local population. Thorny and prickly shrubs as well as perennial herbs capable of enduring droughts, are also present. A floristic checklist of the Thal desert observed that Poaceae was the main family with 52 species. Most of the flora is of herbaceous nature, followed by grasses, trees, shrubs, sedges and climbers in decreasing abundance.

The only trees which grow in the desert include the Khagal, Shareen, Acacia, Beri (Ziziphus Jajoba) and Karir types. Ephemeral herbs also appear seasonally and shed their seeds before the arrival of summer when climatic conditions become more unfavourable throughout the desert.

Medicinal purposes also account for another major usage of the plants; for example Harmal is used for indigestion and Kartuma is used to treat wounds. Other uses including thatching huts, building livestock shelters and creating household items such as baskets and dyes. The most commonly used species is the Saccharum with its various uses in sheltering, fodder and making objects.

Most sub-regions of the desert are dominated by one species of plants which is a notable feature of such deserts. The vegetation is also highly dependent on the seasonal rainfall patterns which determine the ability of species to re-establish in the next sufficiently wet monsoon. Most plants that are grown are done so for the sole purpose of soil binding as this helps bind the sandy soil and fertilise it for future generations. Gram (chickpea) is  the most successfully cultivated crop in the region's arid conditions and the desert accounts for the bulk of chickpea production in Pakistan.

The Thal desert has also seen severe erosion to its natural vegetation as a result of anthropogenic activities such as human settlement and land cultivation, which led to desertification. Much of the natural vegetation has been replaced replaced by perennial grasses, which may be a response to the anthropogenic pressure on the flora by human as well as animals.

Fauna
Livestock plays an important role towards the livelihood of the people in the region, serving as a relatively secure source of income as compared to unpredictable crop yields. The average herd size is 17 standard units and typically consist of goats, sheep, cattle, buffaloes, camels, donkeys, and mules.

The desert's natural wildlife, inclusive of deer, jackals, parrots and wood-peckers, has seen drastic decline since the 1970s with current numbers nearing extinction. The common (desert) red fox, Kuhl's pipistrelle, Indian desert cat, Chinkara, Indian hare, and Indian hairy-footed gerbil habitats are also present but in very small numbers as result of direct reductions and habitat changes over the last century.

The desert is home to both resident and migratory species. The Thal Game Reserve is estimated to host over 2.5 million birds from 55 different species. Bird populations peak around December–January, due to an increase in the population of migratory and winter visitor species. After midwinter, overall population begins to decline and reaches its minimum between May–June. Migratory birds include the Peregrine Falcon, Common quail, Sky Lark, Rosy Starling, Yellow Wagtail and the Desert Warbler. These species breed in western Siberia and migrate to Pakistan during winter. The overall density of resident bird species is higher with the most abundant species being Turdoides squamiceps (Arabian babbler) and Lanius excubitor (Great grey shrike).

The birds feed on the large variety of insects found in the desert. These include the Cattle egret, Little green bee-eater, Persian bee-eater, Indian roller and Golden backed woodpecker. Cultivated crops such as chickpeas, wheat, maize and rice are also an important food source to the granivorous birds. Larger species such as the Laggar and Peregrine falcons also prey on rodents, lizards and small birds found in the area.

History

The Greater Thal canal

The history of the Thal Canal Project dates back to 1873 when the project was first conceived for the whole of the Thal Doab. The proposal to irrigate this area with water from the Indus River was repeatedly brought up for discussion in 1919, 1921, 1924, 1925, 1936 and in 1949. It was repeatedly shelved because of the argument that it would severely hurt water availability to the lower riparians. The project proposal came under discussion again in 1975 when the Executive Committee of the National Economic Council (ECNEC) refused to endorse the project. On August 16, 2001, Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf inaugurated the 30-billion-rupee Greater Thal Canal project (GTC). The second phase of the Greater Thal Canal Phase project (Choubara Branch) was launched in 2020. This will bring around 300 000 acres of the desert land under irrigation.

Settlement of the Thal Desert
The partitioning of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 resulted in the migration of over 15 million people and created a refugee problem for the then government. The Thal Settlement project arose as a solution to this issue with plans to settle a number of refugees into the sparsely populated Thal Desert. In July 1949, the Punjab Government  enacted a law for the constitution of a public corporation, the Thal Development Authority (TDA), which began its development operations the following year in 1950.Throughout its lifetime, the TDA initiated a number of projects including the Sheep Breeding Scheme in 1952, the Open Auction Scheme in 1954 and the Peasant Grant Scheme of 1955. The Peasant Grant Scheme, which was aimed at refugees and migrators from India, offered a 15 acers incentive for settlement in the Thal desert under a number of varying conditions, one of which required the land to only be used for agricultural purposes.

Over 110 villages were also established by the TDA over its lifespan which enabled the settlement of over 31377 families of refugees and migrants in the Thal Desert. Facilities such as schools and post offices were also provided by the TDA alongside the construction of peasant houses, huts, and cattle sheds. The TDA was dissolved in 1969 by the Government of Punjab.

The years between 1953 and 1969 also saw the levelling of over 690 000 acres of the Thal Desert, the construction of over 2000 miles worth of main and link roads to connect the new villages and over 63 000 miles worth of water channels.

However, development of the region with the canal project, settlement of people and reclamation of land for agricultural usages has also changed the ecology of the area. Grazing lands have diminished and the biodiversity of the area has also decreased.

Culture and society
The Thal desert is deficit in resources and infrastructure with very limited health services, schools, electricity, water and sanitation. Erratic rainfall patterns, frequent droughts and shifting sand dunes result in serious losses to farmers and have contributed to the widespread poverty in the area. The population lives in scattered settlements and most farmers own less than 5 acres of land, which is difficult to cultivate.

Agriculture and livestock form the primary sources of livelihood with gram flour being the main cash crop. Milk production is also a major source of income and for this reason, cows and buffaloes are raised more frequently than camels or goats. Livestock productivity is limited due to fodder shortages as a result of climatic fluctuations, limited availability of veterinary services and poor access to animal vaccinations. In cases of crop failure, livestock is often sold in order to improve financial standing. Skins from livestock such as sheep and camels are also sold for making leather goods whilst teeth and bones are utilised for objects such as buttons, jewellery, and decoration. Camels are also commonly used for transportation throughout the region.

There are several tribes in the area including the Tiwana, Sial, Mammak, Bhachar, Baghoor, Rahdari, Jhammat peoples. Saraiki is the primary language spoken by locals however Punjabi is also widely used. Male education and literacy rates are comparatively higher as compared to females but overall, still some of the lowest in the province of Punjab. The most common occupations, in both men and women, consists of shepherds, farmed livestock caretakers and domestic livestock caretakers.

Most villages do not have a single indoor toilet facility. Chronic stomach ailments are common due to the quality of water available. Females are also more vulnerable to health conditions, particularly those related to maternity as the nearest hospital capable of treatment is generally great distances away.

See also
 Thar Desert
 Kharan Desert

References

External links

Deserts of Pakistan
Deserts and xeric shrublands
Ecoregions of Pakistan
Ergs
Geography of Punjab, Pakistan
Indomalayan ecoregions
Geography of Pakistan
Deserts

Thal Desert


Matthew Steven LeBlanc (; born July 25, 1967)
is an American actor. He garnered global recognition with his portrayal of Joey Tribbiani in the NBC sitcom Friends and in its spin-off series, Joey. For his work on Friends, LeBlanc received three nominations at the Primetime Emmy Awards. He has also starred as a fictionalized version of himself in Episodes (2011–2017), for which he won a Golden Globe Award and received four additional Emmy Award nominations. He co-hosted Top Gear from 2016 to 2019. From 2016 to 2020, he played patriarch Adam Burns in the CBS sitcom Man with a Plan.

Early life
LeBlanc was born at Newton-Wellesley Hospital in Newton, Massachusetts. His mother, Patricia (née Di Cillo), was an office manager; his father, Paul LeBlanc, was a mechanic. His father is of French-Canadian descent and his mother is of Italian ancestry, the daughter of immigrants from Arce, Lazio. He attended Newton North High School, where he graduated in the same year as future comedian Louis C.K. After high school he attended college at Wentworth Institute of Technology in Boston. He dropped out shortly after starting his second semester.

LeBlanc moved to New York at the age of 17 to pursue a career in modeling, but he was told he was too short to be in the industry. His acting career began after a woman invited him to accompany her to an audition, where he ended up getting signed by her manager. Although he had booked commercials and television and film roles before Friends, he was reportedly down to his last eleven dollars before landing the role of Joey Tribbiani.

Career

1987–1994: Early career

LeBlanc first appeared in a 1987 Heinz Tomato Ketchup commercial. In 1988, he starred in the television drama TV 101 for one season. In 1991, he had a recurring role on the hit Fox sitcom Married... with Children. He played Vinnie Verducci, a family friend of protagonist Al Bundy (Ed O'Neill) who briefly dates his daughter, Kelly (Christina Applegate). He also guest-starred in the first season of Red Shoe Diaries. LeBlanc starred in two short-lived Married... with Children spin-offs: Top of the Heap (1991) and Vinnie & Bobby (1992).

He appeared in two Bon Jovi music videos: "Miracle," from the Young Guns II soundtrack in 1990, and "Say It Isn't So" in 2000. He also appeared in videos for Alanis Morissette's single "Walk Away," and Bob Seger's "Night Moves".

1994–2006: Friends, Joey and film roles
LeBlanc found success as the dimwitted but lovable Joey Tribbiani on Friends; he played this character for 12 years — 10 seasons of Friends and two seasons of Joey. Friends was wildly successful, and LeBlanc (along with co-stars Jennifer Aniston, Courteney Cox, Lisa Kudrow, Matthew Perry, and David Schwimmer) gained wide recognition among viewers. This ensemble situation comedy became a major hit for NBC, airing on Thursday nights for ten years.

For his performance, LeBlanc received three Primetime Emmy Award nominations, three Golden Globe award nominations, and one Screen Actors Guild Award nomination. During this time he also appeared in the films Lookin' Italian (1994), Ed (1996), Lost in Space (1998), Charlie's Angels (2000), and its sequel, Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle (2003).

Following the cancellation of Joey, LeBlanc announced that he would be taking a one-year hiatus from acting on television, which eventually turned into five years.

2011–present: Career revival

From 2011, LeBlanc appeared as a fictionalized version of himself in Episodes, a television series about an American remake of a fictional British television series. The series is written by Friends co-creator David Crane and his partner Jeffrey Klarik. At the 69th Golden Globe Awards in 2012, LeBlanc won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a television series, musical, or comedy, and was nominated for an additional four Primetime Emmy Awards.

In February 2012, LeBlanc appeared in the second episode of the eighteenth series of Top Gear, where he set the fastest lap time in the "Star in a Reasonably Priced Car" segment in a Kia Cee'd. Lapping at 1:42.1, he beat the show's previous record-holder, Rowan Atkinson, by 0.1 seconds. He also appeared in the fourth episode of the nineteenth season to race the New Kia Cee'd, and beat his previous time.

In February 2016, the BBC announced LeBlanc had signed on to become one of the new Top Gear hosts, signing a two-year deal later that year. In May 2018, he announced that he was leaving the series in order to spend more time with his family and friends in the US. He and Rory Reid were replaced by new co-hosts Paddy McGuinness and Andrew Flintoff in the twenty-seventh series on October 2018.

LeBlanc played the lead role in the CBS sitcom Man with a Plan, which began airing in 2016 until it was cancelled in 2020.

Personal life
LeBlanc has an extensive interest in cars, and worked as a carpenter before acting.  He married Melissa McKnight, a British-born American model and a divorced single mother of two children, in May 2003. In 1997, they were introduced to each other by McKnight's friend, Kelly Phillips (wife of actor Lou Diamond Phillips). LeBlanc proposed to her a year later. Their daughter, born in 2004, began suffering seizures at eight months old. By the time she was two years old, the condition, thought to be due to cortical dysplasia, had mostly subsided. LeBlanc and McKnight divorced in October 2006, citing irreconcilable differences.

LeBlanc met actress Andrea Anders in 2004 while she was co-starring as his friend and eventual love interest on Joey and the pair eventually embarked on a relationship which was confirmed in 2006 following LeBlanc's split from his wife  Melissa McKnight. After over eight years as a couple, LeBlanc announced at the start of 2015 that he and Anders had been broken up for several months.

LeBlanc primarily resides in Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles.

Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1967 births
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
Actors from Newton, Massachusetts
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
American male film actors
American male television actors
American people of French-Canadian descent
American people of Italian descent
American people of French descent
Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe (television) winners
Living people
Male actors from Massachusetts
Newton North High School alumni
People from Hidden Hills, California
Top Gear people

Matt LeBlanc


The 1993 Kentucky Wildcats football team represented the University of Kentucky in the 1993 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Wildcats scored 207 points while allowing 195 points.  Kentucky played in the 1993 Peach Bowl.

Season
Kentucky opened with a 35–0 win over Kent State.  Kentucky then lost to #7 Florida on a touchdown play at the end of the game, 24–20.  A 24–8 loss at Indiana followed.  Kentucky then won a nationally televised ESPN Thursday night matchup at South Carolina, 21–17, followed by a 21–0 shutout of #25 Ole Miss.

A 35–17 victory over LSU followed.  Kentucky then lost 33–28 at Georgia in a nationally televised game.  Kentucky then won 26–17 at Mississippi State, lost 12–7 at Vanderbilt, and clinched bowl eligibility with a 6–3 win against East Carolina.  A 48–0 loss to Tennessee closed the regular season.

Kentucky closed the season in the 1993 Peach Bowl against #24 Clemson.  Kentucky led for most of the game but lost on a late touchdown, 14–13.

Schedule

Personnel

Season summary

Florida

Team players in the 1994 NFL Draft

References

Kentucky
Kentucky Wildcats football seasons
Kentucky Wildcats football

1993 Kentucky Wildcats football team


Graziella Granata (born 16 March 1941) is an Italian retired film and stage actress.

Career
After graduating at the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia, and after some secondary roles in adventure films and comedies, thanks to a film contract with Angelo Rizzoli film production Graziella Granata from the mid-sixties obtained good roles in films of a certain importance.  She worked with, among others, Pasquale Festa Campanile, Massimo Franciosa, Mario Camerini, Luigi Comencini and especially Alessandro Blasetti, who provided her some important roles, including the leading role in the 1967 commedia all'italiana La ragazza del bersagliere, for which she shared a David di Donatello for Best Actress with Silvana Mangano. To horror movie fans, she will always be remembered as the beautiful victim of a vampire in the 1962 film Slaughter of the Vampires.

Despite this, however, she failed to launch her career, and after some Spaghetti Westerns and poliziotteschi, Granata, at the beginning of the seventies, dedicated herself to the theater and shortly after retired from showbiz.

References

External links

Italian film actresses
1941 births
Actresses from Rome
Italian stage actresses
Living people
Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia alumni
David di Donatello winners
20th-century Italian actresses
Spaghetti Western actresses
People of Lazian descent

Graziella Granata


Manny Motajo (born February 13, 1970) is a retired Nigerian soccer defender who played professionally in the USISL, Continental Indoor Soccer League and Major League Soccer.

In 1987, Motajo began his career with First Bank F.C. in the Nigeria National League.  In 1989, he entered Howard University in the  United States.  He played soccer at Howard from 1989 to 1992.  In 1994, he played for the Washington Mustangs in the USISL.  He then moved to the Washington Warthogs in the Continental Indoor Soccer League for the 1994 and 1995 indoor seasons.  Motajo caught the eye of scouts from Major League Soccer during the league's initial open tryouts.  This led to his selection in February 1996, by the Los Angeles Galaxy in the 9th round (84th overall) in the 1996 MLS Inaugural Player Draft.  He played twenty games for the Galaxy in 1996, but was waived on November 8.  In 1997, he played for the Jacksonville Cyclones of the USISL A-League.  The New England Revolution signed Motajo on May 22, 1998. He played seventeen games for the Revolution over two seasons before being waived on June 15, 1999 to clear a roster spot for the recently signed Chaka Daley. He also played for the Nigerian national under-21 team between 1988 and 1989.

References

1970 births
Living people
People from Greenbelt, Maryland
Sportspeople from Prince George's County, Maryland
Soccer players from Maryland
Nigerian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
First Bank F.C. players
Continental Indoor Soccer League players
Howard Bison men's soccer players
Jacksonville Cyclones players
LA Galaxy players
Major League Soccer players
New England Revolution players
USISL players
Washington Mustangs players
Washington Warthogs players

Manny Motajo


Ira Goldstein is a fictional character played by Steve Mellor, who appears in television and radio commercials for ASB Bank in New Zealand. The commercials were screened from January 2000 to October 2010 and were produced by TBWA / Whybin agency.

In the commercials, Goldstein works as an employee for a New York City bank and is sent to New Zealand by his boss R. J. Lincoln (played by Australian actor Bruce Venables) to "find out what makes that bank different". The first commercial in the series features Goldstein explaining to his boss that people perceive all banks to be the same, with one exception – the ASB Bank. Initially, Goldstein's boss believes his bank is the one exception until he finds out it is located in New Zealand, to his bewilderment.

His boss appears in most advertisements, usually by telephone from his New York office. However he does make visits to New Zealand to meet Goldstein, and to check up on him.

Personal life
Goldstein is a high-flyer, single and lives in a palatial Auckland home. However Goldstein's own car is an unlikely element of surprise. Rather than an expensive late-model one, he was shown over 2006–2007 chauffeuring his boss around Auckland in a metallic-brown 1979 Princess 2000 HL. Since moving to New Zealand to investigate ASB, Goldstein has started his own business and purchased property (presumably thanks to the helpful bank), but must always keep his activities under wraps when his boss is around.

Goldstein also has difficulty at one particular branch due to his attraction to a female worker at the bank.

Awards
The Goldstein series has won several awards from the Communications Association Agency New Zealand (CAANZ). The first award came in 2001, with the 'Herd' of Chickens commercial receiving the Highly Commended award. The Sustained Success Bronze award and the Consumer Services Gold award were received in 2002. In 2003 the campaign received the CAANZ People's Choice Award and the Sustained Success bronze award. 2004 saw the bronze award for the Switching – Easy radio commercial and another People's Choice Award for the campaign.

Campaign end
On 26 June 2010, it was announced that due to ASB Bank dropping advertising agency TBWA / Whybin, the Goldstein campaign would end.

In Ira's final commercial, which first screened on 27 September 2010, Ira is called back home to New York at the end of his New Zealand assignment, however, he cannot resist calling his ASB personal banker who reminds him of his (by now) huge bagel business. Goldstein immediately returns to New Zealand to re-assume management of his bagel empire and once again take possession of his palatial Auckland home. Soon, however, his former boss arrives on his doorstep, destitute after being fired (possibly due to economic recession, although this is not clarified). Ira tells him to go to New York and find out what makes their bagels different, thereby turning the first commercial in the series on its head (Ira was originally ordered by his boss to go to New Zealand to find out what made ASB Bank different).

At its conclusion, the Goldstein campaign had produced approximately sixty commercials and had run for eleven years.

Controversy
New Zealand's Jewish community, which perceived Goldstein as an unfortunate stereotype, expressed initial resistance to the advertising character. The popularity and success of the character has, however, largely mollified any initial concerns.

ASB Bank pulled the Ira Goldstein commercials from air for several weeks following the World Trade Center attacks of September 2001, out of respect and for fear of causing offence with their image of a bumbling New York banker.

One commercial that showed Goldstein comparing Rotorua's boiling mud pools to the opening of the World Trade Center was altered in the wake of "9/11". The line of dialogue in question changed so that Goldstein merely commented on the presence of the mud.

References

External links

Advertising characters
Male characters in advertising
Fictional Jews
Fictional characters from New York City
Fictional New Zealand people

Ira Goldstein


The Crenshaw Company was a blockade running company established during the American Civil War.

The company was founded by the brothers James and William Crenshaw of Richmond, Virginia. They had numerous steamers built on behalf of the confederacy to run supplies between Bermuda, Nassau, England, and Wilmington, North Carolina. James was the agent in Nassau, and William the agent in Liverpool.

In early 1864, they contracted with Atlantans Richard Peters and Vernon Stevenson, and Richard Wilson to move cotton from the interior to the best remaining Confederate port at that time, Wilmington.

Wilson negotiated sales to England for return cargoes of beef, pork and coffee as well as materials for the assembly of cotton bales (iron hoops and gunny cloth).

During that time, the Captains were Englishman George M. Horner and Michael Philip Usina of Savannah and two steamers: Marie Celeste and Atlanta.

First voyage was Usina on the new sidewheeler Marie Celeste from Wilmington to Bermuda with 1,000 bales of cotton. The Atlanta was completed in March 1864 and reached Bermuda in April and in the next three months made four trips to Wilmington, the last of which (with Captain Usina) was a close scrape with the Union blockade in which he was able to escape into the Cape Fear River and make his delivery.

On June 20, 1864, both ships were at port in St. George, Bermuda.

Marie Celeste left Bermuda on September 26, 1864, for Wilmington with a full cargo of canned meats but struck a reef and sank in 6 minutes. The ship was a total loss and the wreck is now a diving attraction.

References

Richard Peters by Royce Shingleton, p. 97-100
Official Records of the American Civil War, Naval, Ser.I,Vol.3,p. 724-127; Ser.II,Vol.2,p. 368,682,773
List of ships
Marie Celeste's end in 1864
reef

History of Atlanta
North Carolina in the American Civil War
Shipping companies of the United States
Companies based in Virginia

Crenshaw Company


The Islamic Museum of Australia (IMA) is a community museum in Thornbury, Melbourne, Australia. It began as a not-for-profit foundation founded in May 2010 with the purpose of establishing the first Islamic museum in Australia. It aims to showcase the artistic heritage and historical contributions of Muslims in Australia and abroad through the display of artworks and historical artefacts.

History
Designed by desypher, a Melbourne-based architectural firm, the $10 million museum was opened on 28 February 2014 by the Australian treasurer Joe Hockey. It shared a $4 million grant from the Government of Victoria's multicultural facilities program. The museum was established by Moustafa Fahour, who is director of the museum and Maysaa Fahour, with his brother Ahmed Fahour (CEO of Australia Post) and family contributing $4 million, early in 2014, to the IMA.

Architecture and siting
The unique architectural style features a rusted Corten Steel facade representing the Australian outback, wrapped a white cube covered in geometric tilework with Arabic calligraphy.

The site backs onto Merri Creek, near the border of Thornbury and Brunswick East, two of Melbourne's well-established multicultural suburbs.

Description
The IMA is the first centre of its kind in Australia to showcase a diverse range of Islamic arts including architecture, calligraphy, paintings, glass, ceramics and textiles. The museum also aims to promote new and established Islamic artists, both local and international. The Temoporary Gallery has hosted exhibitions such as Mush by Sydney based Blake Prize-winning artist Khaled Sabsabi, and Borderlands:  Islamic design covered surfboards by Sydney-based artist Phillip George.

The permanent art gallery contains many unique works, including a 2011 Archibald Prize shortlisted portrait of Waleed Aly. The effort to establish this purpose-built Islamic Museum was geared towards sharing the artistic and historical achievements of Muslims internationally, and particularly in Australia. The Australian Muslim History gallery focuses on the history of Afghan cameleers, Malay pearlers, Albanian farmers and others. This was documented in the book and documentary, Boundless Plains, produced by the IMA based on a 2011 expedition unearthing unique Muslim stories from outback Australia.

The Museum's Modern Middle Eastern Cafe is run by Masterchef Australia 2013 Top 3 finalist Samira El-Khafir, who is Fahour's sister.

Recognition and criticism
The Islamic Museum of Australia's permanent exhibition was Highly Commended in the 2014 Museums Australia MAGNA awards, endorsed as: "An important new museum which sensitively interconnects Australia's Muslim heritage with strong interpretive themes".

Yassir Morsi, from the International Centre for Muslim and Non-Muslim Understanding at the University of South Australia, in his review lists a number of deficiencies, saying the museum displays "how European we are when we colonise our Islamic history".  He says the museum's only saving grace is the large oil painting of Waleed Aly.

Sponsorship and governance
Etihad Airways and Dubai-based Habtoor Leighton Group are principal partners, while the museum branding was completed by Design 55 - a Dubai based studio.  Gallery One from the Jumeirah Beach Residence Dubai, supplies the museum's gift store. The museum has a major UAE influence.

The federal government contributed $1.5 million towards the IMA in the 2012-13 budget. The Australian Labor Party promised to contribute a further $3 million during its unsuccessful re-election campaign in 2013.

In February 2015 the Saudi Government contributed $1 million towards the IMA. In March of that year the federal government allocated $500,000 and the state government pledged $450,000 for an arts and culture education program which will be developed by the IMA.

AMA exhibition and art prize

The Australian Muslim Artists launched in 2018, as an annual non-acquisitive exhibition featuring the work of emerging and established Australian Muslim artists. AMA is also a database of artists and art professionals intended as a networking tool for both local and international artists. Following the establishment of the AMA Art Prize in 2019, the exhibition includes only shortlisted entries for the prize. In 2021 the AMA exhibition is available for viewing online.

The Australian Muslim Artists Art Prize was established in 2019, with the prize initially (until 2020) worth , as an annual acquisitive art prize hosted by IMA in collaboration with sponsor La Trobe University.  the award is worth . The prize is open "to any Australian artist whose work is influenced by Islamic art or Muslim identity". The winning work is added to the university's collection managed by La Trobe Art Institute.

The partnership with La Trobe includes possibilities such as the university providing training in Islamic cultures for teachers, adding a new component to journalism courses and "work-integrated learning opportunities".

Winners
2019: Abdul Abdullah, for an embroidery entitled You can call me troublesome
Future Australian Muslim Artists category (for students in years 10–12): Hashim Mohamed
2020: Abdul-Rahman Abdullah, for Transplants (Euphorbia, Monstera, Sansevieria)
2021: Fatima Killeen, for her collagraph print on paper, The Crooked Narrative

See also
Islamic organisations in Australia

References

External links

Islamic Museum of Australia

2010 establishments in Australia
Community museums
Islamic museums
Islamic organisations based in Australia
Islamic organizations established in the 2010s
Museums established in 2010
Museums in Melbourne
Religious buildings and structures in Melbourne
Religious museums in Australia
Religious organizations established in 2010
Australian art awards
Buildings and structures in the City of Darebin

Islamic Museum of Australia


Tara Lyn Strong (; born February 12, 1973) is a Canadian and American actress. She is known for her voice work in animation, websites, and video games. Strong's voice roles include animated series such as The New Batman Adventures, Teen Titans, Teen Titans Go!, Rugrats, The Powerpuff Girls, The Fairly OddParents, The Proud Family, Xiaolin Showdown, Ben 10, Chowder, Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!, My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, Unikitty!, and DC Super Hero Girls. She has also voiced characters in the video games Mortal Kombat X, Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3, Jak and Daxter, Final Fantasy X, X-2, Blue Dragon, and Batman: Arkham.

She has earned Annie Award and Daytime Emmy nominations and won an award from the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences.

Early life
Strong was born as Tara Lyn Charendoff in Toronto, Ontario, on February 12, 1973, the younger daughter of Syd and Lucy Charendoff. Strong has called her Jewish background "a big part of her identity". She has an older sister named Marla. At age four, Strong became interested in acting and volunteered to be a soloist at a school production. She worked with the Yiddish Theater, where she memorized her lines phonetically because she did not know the Yiddish language. Strong also performed with the Toronto Jewish Theater, where she acted in A Night of Stars and was featured in an audiotape for "Lay Down Your Arms" with the Habonim Youth Choir, singing the lyrics in both English and Hebrew.

Career

Strong's first professional role was Gracie in Limelight Theater's production of The Music Man at the age of 13. She had a guest role in the action series T. and T. Her first major cartoon role, also at the age of 13, was the title role in Hello Kitty's Furry Tale Theater. Strong starred in the short-lived CBC Television sitcom Mosquito Lake. She took improv classes at The Second City in Toronto and continued acting in both animated and live-action shows and films, before moving to Los Angeles in January 1994.

Strong is the voice of numerous animated characters, including main roles in The New Batman Adventures as Barbara Gordon/Batgirl, Teen Titans and Teen Titans Go! as Raven; Fillmore! as Ingrid Third; The Fairly OddParents as Timmy Turner and Poof; Rugrats and All Grown Up! as Dil Pickles; The Powerpuff Girls as Bubbles; Ben 10 as Ben Tennyson, Upgrade, Blitzwolfer, and Buzzshock; Chowder as Truffles; Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends as Terrence; the singing voice of Meg Griffin and additional voices on Family Guy; My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic as Twilight Sparkle, Unikitty! as the titular princess, Wow! Wow! Wubbzy! as Daizy, and Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz as Joanni.

She has also lent her voice to English-dubbed localizations of Japanese anime such as Spirited Away and Princess Mononoke, as well as several video games, including her work as Elisa and Ursula in Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops; Paz Ortega Andrade in Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker, Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes, and Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain; Rikku in Final Fantasy X, its sequel Final Fantasy X-2, and Kingdom Hearts II; Krista Sparks in Twisted Metal: Head-On; Talwyn Apogee in Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction and its sequel, Ratchet & Clank Future: Quest for Booty; Keira in Jak and Daxter series; and Juliet Starling, the main character of Lollipop Chainsaw. She also has a minor voiceover for the teddy bear Ted in the motion picture Ted. In Blue Dragon, she is the voice actor for Kluke for the Xbox 360 game, but not in the anime series.

Beginning with the video game Batman: Arkham City, Strong would also succeed Arleen Sorkin as the voice of Harley Quinn.

She has appeared in live roles in National Lampoon's Senior Trip, Sabrina Goes to Rome, Sabrina Down Under, and The Last White Dishwasher. She also made guest appearances on such shows as Forever Knight, Street Legal, Touched by an Angel, Take Home Chef, Party of Five, Comic Book: The Movie, Kung Fu: The Legend Continues, 3rd Rock from the Sun and The Drew Carey Show. In January 2013, she voiced the character Plum in Cartoon Hangover's Bravest Warriors, created by Pendleton Ward. She recurred as Miss Collins in Nickelodeon's live-action series Big Time Rush from 2010 to 2013.

In 2004, she won an Interactive Achievement Award for her role as Rikku in Final Fantasy X-2. She also served as the announcer for the 1999 Kids' Choice Awards, appeared as a guest panelist at several fan conventions (including BotCon, Jacon, Comic-Con International, and Anime Overdose), and was featured on the front cover of the July/August 2004 issue of Working Mother magazine, in which she said, "My son is now old enough to respond to my work. To me, that's what it is all about." Strong has been nominated five times for Annie Awards.

In 2013, Strong won the Shorty Award for "Best Actress" for her use of social media. The Behind the Voice Actors website selected her for a BTVA Voice Acting Award for Voice Actress of the Year for 2013, having nominated her for 2011 and 2012.

Strong starred in the Canadian series Pretty Hard Cases as Tiggy Sullivan, the head of a drug trafficking gang. She also voices Miss Minutes in the live-action Marvel Cinematic Universe series Loki.

Removal from Boxtown cast
After the 2023 Israel–Hamas war began, Strong claimed that Hamas had "brainwashed the western world" to support terrorism. She also stated that people can "help Palestine without supporting terrorism" and expressed support for Israel.

Strong's posts on Twitter and her likes on others' posts relating to the war on the social network, particularly her opinions on the government of Israel's bombing of the Gaza strip, garnered controversy and criticism, which led independent animation studio Bandit Mill Animation to remove her from the production of their upcoming series Boxtown and recast a role for a character she would have voiced. They explained on their official Twitter page that "this decision was due to a trend among Tara's recent online activity, including posts that promote controversial messages regarding the peoples of Palestine currently being affected by the ongoing Israel-Palestine crisis."

After her removal, Strong claimed that she was "fired for being Jewish". This was refuted by a co-writer of Boxtown pilot, Spencer Rothbell, who pointed out that several Boxtown cast and crew members are Jewish, including himself and voice actor Alex Hirsch, the latter who is voicing a lead character in the series.

Personal life
In 1999, Strong met U.S. real estate agent and former actor Craig Strong. The couple married on May 14, 2000, and have two sons named Sammy (b. February 2002) and Aden (b. August 2004). They lived in Los Angeles and were formerly the owners of VoiceStarz, an online company that taught people how to get into the voice-over business. On July 24, 2019, she filed for divorce, which was finalized on January 5, 2022.

In 2012, during the BronyCon event in New Jersey, Strong attended a lunch with fans from the military. In 2013, she was involved with a charity group called Bronies for Good, helping them raise funds for a family whose daughter had a brain tumor.

She is a vegan and a fervent supporter of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA).

References

Citations

Sources

External links

1973 births
Living people
Actresses from Toronto
American film actresses
American television actresses
American video game actresses
American voice actresses
American animal rights activists
American veganism activists
Animal impersonators
Canadian child actresses
Canadian expatriate actresses in the United States
Canadian film actresses
Jewish American actresses
Jewish Canadian actresses
Canadian stage actresses
Canadian television actresses
Canadian video game actresses
Canadian voice actresses
Canadian animal rights activists
California Democrats
Cartoon Network people
Shorty Award winners
20th-century American actresses
20th-century Canadian actresses
21st-century American actresses
21st-century Canadian actresses
21st-century American Jews
21st-century Canadian Jews

Tara Strong


John Ingram may refer to:

John Ingram (engineer) (1924–2015), New Zealand engineer and businessman
John Ingram (engraver) (1721–1767 or later), English engraver
John Ingram (martyr) (1565–1594), English Jesuit and martyr
John Ingram (politician) (1929–2013), retired American Democratic politician, attorney, and insurance commissioner
John Ingram (revolutionary) (b. before 1644), leader of Bacon's Rebellion after the death of Nathaniel Bacon
Jack Ingram (ice hockey) (John Jasper Ingram, born 1957), professional ice hockey player
John Henry Ingram (1842–1916), English biographer and editor
John Kells Ingram (1823–1907), Irish poet and scholar
John Michael Ingram (1931–2014), British menswear designer and founder of Design Intelligence forecasting agency.
John R. Ingram (businessman) (born 1961/1962), American heir, businessman and philanthropist.
John W. Ingram (1929–2008), Federal Railroad Administrator of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway, 1971–1974

See also
Jack Ingram (disambiguation)

John Ingram


Benjamin Tipene (born 1990) is a New Zealand singer-songwriter and musician. He is known for his appearance on the first New Zealand series of The X Factor where he was the last contestant eliminated Competing in the Boys category, he was mentored by Ruby Frost. His debut single "Walking on Water" was released on 29 July 2013 and debuted at number two on the Official New Zealand Music Chart and was certified platinum.

Early life

Tipene was born in 1990 in Auckland. In 2007 he and classmates at Freyberg High School formed a band which became indie rock group The Nerines, and went on to be a popular act on Palmerston North's live music scene. Taking part in the SmokefreeRockquest competition, the band won a Future Recording Artist award. After switching from electric to acoustic guitar while travelling in Europe, Tipene returned to New Zealand and began performing acoustic songs and embarked on a tour of flats in Palmerston North. Tipene also recorded demos and albums that were released on Bandcamp. At the time of his The X Factor audition in early 2013, Tipene lived off music, working one day a week at a Palmerston North musical instrument retailer and playing professional gigs on weekends.

The X Factor

Tipene initially attended the Palmerston North pre-audition on 21 January 2013, where he was put through to the judges' auditions. At his judges' audition, Tipene performed a sung version of Outkast's "Hey Ya!" accompanied with acoustic guitar, eventually progressing to the top 13 in the live shows.

In week six, after a performance of "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" Tipene was in the bottom two with Tom Batchelor. With mentor Ruby Frost declining to vote against either of her acts, Batchelor was sent home from a majority vote from judges Stan Walker and Daniel Bedingfield, saving Tipene. In week nine, Tipene performed his own song "Boxes", the first New Zealand The X Factor contestant to perform an original song outside of auditions or a sing-off. During the final shows on 21 and 22 July, Tipene performed the Bat For Lashes song "Laura" and duetted with Dave Baxter of Avalanche City on the song "Love Love Love", then performed his audition song "Hey Ya!". Tipene was the last contestant eliminated from the audience vote.

After The X Factor

After The X Factor, Tipene was signed to Sony Music New Zealand. His debut single "Walking on Water" was released in July 2013. It debuted at No.2 in the Official New Zealand Music Chart and was certified platinum in December 2013. Tipene was featured on the cover of the August/September issue of New Zealand music magazine Rip It Up.

Tipene's second single, "Make You Mine", was released in December, and was also used in Coca-Cola's "Coke loves summer" New Zealand ad campaign. In February 2014, Tipene's debut EP Toulouse was released. The EP contained six tracks, including the earlier single "Make You Mine" and new single "Lonely".

In May, "Make You Mine" was used in a promo for the fourth season of the popular Australian Seven Network television series Winners & Losers. In June Toulouse was released in Australia, with "Make You Mine" debuting in the ARIA Charts.

Tipene's debut album  Bricks was released in October, and included the singles "Step On Up" and "Good Man". Tipene's EP "Toulouse" was nominated for Best Pop Album at the 2014 New Zealand Music Awards, with Tipene also performing at the awards ceremony in November.

In 2015, Tipene returned to The X Factor to assist judge Natalia Kills with the Boys category at judges' retreats. Tipene's sixth single "Lanterns" is due to be released in May.

Tipene occasionally plays live music at bars in Palmerston North. During 2022 he played several shows at Gravity Bar in the former Grand Hotel.

Tipene played a show at the Ocean Beach Eatery in Foxton Beach on June 2023.

Live shows

In the summer of 2013/2014, Tipene performed at a number of events and festivals, including Christmas in the Park events in Auckland and Christchurch, the Rhythm & Vines music festival, the Coke Loves Summer festivals at Mt Maunganui and Whangamata, the Parachute music festival, and the Homegrown music festival.

In July 2014, Tipene toured with Anika Moa on the So Good They Named It Twice tour of North Island towns with double names.

In the summer of 2014/2015, Tipene was a headline act at Christmas in the Park in Tauranga and performed at Christmas in the Vines in Auckland. Tipene also performed at the Homegrown music festival in 2015.

In early 2017, he toured New Zealand with Brooke Fraser and Bic Runga in The Winery Tour.

Discography

 Toulouse EP (2014)
 Bricks (2014)

Awards

|-
| 2014
| Benny Tipene - Toulouse
| 2014 New Zealand Music Awards - Best Pop Album
|
|}

References

External links
 Benny Tipene at Facebook
 Benny Tipene at Bandcamp
 Benny Tipene at Twitter
 The Nerines at Facebook
 The Nerines at Bandcamp

The X Factor (New Zealand TV series) contestants
New Zealand male songwriters
1990 births
Living people
21st-century New Zealand male singers
Sony Music New Zealand artists

Benny Tipene


The Prussian Class T 14.1 was a German 2-8-2T, goods train, tank locomotive operated by the Prussian state railways and the Royal Württemberg State Railways. They were later incorporated by the Deutsche Reichsbahn into the DRG renumbering plan for steam locomotives as DRG Class 93.5–12.

Compared with the Prussian T 14 the axle load on the trailing wheels of the T 14.1 was initially 187.3 kN higher than that of the driving wheels. Later this was able to be reduced to 170,6 kN. The water tanks and coal bunkers were larger, so that more water and coal could be carried. Through changes in the running gear, the top speed could be increased to 70 km/h.

Because many engines had been lost due to break downs or World War I reparations, the Württemberg State Railway procured these locomotives initially for the lines from Esslingen am Neckar via Stuttgart to Ludwigsburg. They were based on the Prussian T 14.1 and differed only in a few details from their prototype.

In all 729 vehicles were procured between 1918 and 1924 for the Prussian state railways and the Prussian railway divisions of the Deutsche Reichsbahn. The Royal Württemberg State Railways and the DRG's Stuttgart division bought 39 engines between 1921 and 1922. They were given numbers 93 501 - 1261, of which 93 795–814 and 832–850  were former Württemberg machines.

The Deutsche Bundesbahn retired the last T 14.1, designated in 1968 as Class 093, that same year. In the Deutsche Reichsbahn (GDR) the engines, which had been designated in 1970 as 93.1–6, were withdrawn by 1972.

The only existing example, number 93 526, is to be found in the German Steam Locomotive Museum at Neuenmarkt-Wirsberg and is currently being restored there.

See also
 Prussian state railways
 List of Prussian locomotives and railcars

References

External links

 DDM – Deutsches Dampflokmotiv-Museum, Neuenmarkt-Wirsberg

2-8-2T locomotives
T 14.1
Freight locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Railway locomotives introduced in 1918
Hohenzollern locomotives
Esslingen locomotives
Hanomag locomotives
Henschel locomotives
Berliner locomotives
Krupp locomotives
1′D1′ h2t locomotives
Schichau-Werke locomotives
Union Giesserei locomotives

Prussian T 14.1