Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI) is the head of department of the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization of the Government of India responsible for approval of licences of specified categories of drugs such as blood and blood products, IV fluids, vaccines, and sera in India. Drugs Controller General of India, comes under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. DCGI also sets standards for manufacturing, sales, import, and distribution of drugs in India.

Function
DCGI lays down the standard and quality of manufacturing, selling, import and distribution of drugs in India.
 Preparation and maintenance of national reference standard.
 To bring about the uniformity in the enforcement of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act.
 Training of Drug Analysts deputed by State Drug Control Laboratories and other Institutions
 Analysis of Cosmetics received as survey samples from CDSCO (central drug standard control organisation)

With the notification of Medical Device Rules 2017 by the Government of India, DCGI will also act as Central Licensing Authority (CLA) for the medical devices which fall under the purview of these rules. Out of four Classes of medical devices from Class A to Class D, DCGI will be the direct licensing authority for Class C and Class D devices, whereas it will coordinate licensing for Class A and B devices through State drug controllers, who will act as State Licensing Authority or SLA.

Governance
The government on 1st February 2023 appointed Dr. Rajeev Singh Raghuvanshi as Drug Controller General of India. The government earlier on 14 August 2019 appointed Dr. VG Somani as Drug Controller General of India (DCGI). Dr. VG Somani succeeded S Eswara Reddy, the interim DCGI who was appointed in February 2018. DCGI heads the Indian drug regulatory body the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO), whose functions include ensuring the quality of drugs and cosmetics sold in the country, approval of new drugs and regulating clinical trials.

Zonal Offices Of CDSCO
The central government have established 6 zonal offices of CDSCO (Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation)  at Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, and Ghaziabad, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, various Sub-Zonal offices and Port offices, which works in close collaboration with the state control administration and assist them in securing uniform enforcement of the Drug Act.

References

External links
 Central Drugs Standard Control Organization, Government of India

Drug safety
Pharmacy organisations in India
National agencies for drug regulation

Drugs Controller General of India


The Hessians were German soldiers who were hired to fight for the British Empire during the American revolution.

Some princes in Germany agreed to give Great Britain men to fight in return for money and were made rich by their soldiers' services.

There is controversy on whether or not the Hessians were mercenaries, or auxiliaries. However because they fought alongside other soldiers and were commanded as such, they are typically referred to as auxiliaries

Military of the United Kingdom
19th century in Germany

Hessian (soldier)


The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) is the global professional management accounting body based in the UK. CIMA offers training and qualification in management accountancy and related subjects. It is focused on accountants working in industry and provides ongoing support and training for members.

CIMA is one of the professional associations for accountants in the UK and Ireland. Its particular emphasis is on developing the management accounting profession. CIMA is the largest and the oldest management accounting body in the world, with 115,000 members and 6,500 CGMA students in 2020. CIMA is also a member of the International Federation of Accountants.

The Chartered Global Management Accountant (CGMA) qualification has the academic standing of a master's degree in the United Kingdom (Level 7 by NARIC)

History
CIMA was formed in March 1919, as the Institute of Cost and Works Accountants, by a group of legal professionals and businessmen who wanted to develop an approach to accounting that would meet the demands of a rapidly changing business world. Industrialisation had led to large scale, complex businesses providing unprecedented challenges in management. Employers needed a new form of in-house accountant to provide, in addition to accounts, better analysis of cost and of operations to inform performance management. The new institute soon gained the backing of leading industrialists including, Lord Leverhulme who became its president.

Advances in technology and globalisation made business ever more complex over the 20th century and the role of the accountant in business became more significant. It expanded to include provision of a wider range of information and the emphasis shifted from accounting to management.

The status of management accounting as a distinct branch of the accounting profession was recognised by the granting of a Royal charter in 1975.

Activities
CIMA operates a standard scheme of qualifying examinations for prospective members. It promotes local education, training and management development operations, and new techniques through its research foundation and the dissemination of management accounting practices through publications and other media related activities. CIMA has been active in recent educational and vocational initiatives in former Eastern bloc countries. It publishes a monthly journal, supplied free to members and registered students, called 'Financial Management'.

CIMA is recognised as a professional accounting body for various statutory purposes by UK and various overseas governments. The institute regulates the activities of its members by a code of practice, a discipline committee and a continuing professional development education scheme. Its governing body is its council, comprising members elected from regional branches. Each of the branches has a committee and is responsible for much of the 'grass roots' activity. Activity such as qualification development is undertaken from the London head office.

In 2011 CIMA left the Consultative Committee of Accountancy Bodies (CCAB).

In 2012, CIMA and the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants created the CGMA designation (Chartered Global Management Accountant). The designation recognises the most talented and committed management accountants. The CGMA is the most widely held management accounting designation in the world with more than 150,000 designees; it is educationally equivalent to a master's degree. The designation is built on extensive global research to maintain the highest relevance with employers and develop the competencies most in demand. CGMA professionals are business strategists who can link the board's objectives with those of organisation's, guiding critical business decisions and creating sustainable business success.

In 2014 CIMA, with the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, launched the Global Management Accounting Principles (Principles). The Principles were endorsed by UK business leaders including: Mr Ian King, Chief Executive, BAE Systems and Howard Orme, Director General, Finance & Commercial, Department for Business Innovation & Skills. The CGMA Competency Framework was also launched in 2014. The framework shows the range of technical, accounting and finance skills that management accountants need to do their jobs and consists of four knowledge areas: Technical Skills, Business Skills, People Skills and Leadership Skills all underpinned by Ethics, Integrity and Professionalism.

In 2016 CIMA, sponsored the creation of the world's first management accounting standard: Guide to management accounting principles. The standard, published by the British Standards Institute codifies a universal framework for best practice in decision making. Organisations including, Sky, The Environment Agency, Fujitsu, the NHS and Siemens had input into its development. It is designed as a best-practice guide to management accounting, allowing organisations to benchmark their finance function and unlock the full contribution that management accountancy can make. The specification is based on the Global Management Accounting Principles, created in 2014 by CIMA and the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.

In 2017, members of CIMA and the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) formed the Association of International Certified Professional Accountants to unite and strengthen the accounting profession globally.

Membership
CIMA has two grades of full membership:
 Associate – designated by the letters ACMA
 Fellow – designated by the letters FCMA

A CIMA Associate or Fellow is permitted to use the suffix letters ACMA or FCMA together with CGMA (Chartered Global Management Accountant) after their name.

To be admitted as an Associate, a candidate must have:
 completed a period of qualifying practice of at least three years, documented and signed by appropriate witnesses,
 passed the institute's 16 qualifying examinations (or have a verified exemption), including 3 integrated case study exams under 2019 syllabus.

To become a Fellow, a candidate ACMA must, in addition, have appropriate experience at a senior level.

In the past, CIMA has offered forms of association that do not amount to full membership, for example, an "Affiliate" membership class was promoted in the 1970s.

Strategic alliances
CIMA members have access to a number of strategic alliances, including:
 An accelerated route to Associateship of the Association of Corporate Treasurers
 A mutual recognition agreement with the Society of Management Accountants of Canada
 A mutual recognition agreement with CPA Australia
 A strategic alliance with the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Australia
 On 26 September 2006, CIMA announced a joint qualification program with the New Zealand Institute of Chartered Accountants
 Memorandum of understanding with the Institute of Cost Accountants of India
 Strategic Alliance with the Institute of Cost and Management Accountants of Pakistan (ICMAP)
 A joint venture with the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants to establish and promote a new, internationally recognised designation for management accounting — the Chartered Global Management Accountant (CGMA).
 Recognition from the South African Institute of Chartered Accountants
 An accelerated route to the CGMA designation for members of the Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (CIPFA)
 An accelerated route to the CGMA designation for members of the Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana (ICAG)
 Memorandum of understanding with CPA Canada: Upon passing day 2 and day 3 of the Common Final Examination, CIMA members are eligible to apply for the CPA designation.

See also
 British qualified accountants

References

External links
 CIMA Website
 Key Facts and Trends in the UK Accountancy Profession, annual publication by the Professional Oversight Board
 Key Facts and Trends in the UK Accountancy Profession – July 2007

1919 establishments in the United Kingdom
Accounting in the United Kingdom
Accounting qualifications
Management accounting
Organisations based in the London Borough of Islington
Organizations established in 1919
Management Accountants
Member bodies of the International Federation of Accountants


Louise Mae Stokes Fraser (October 27, 1913 – March 25, 1978) was an American track and field athlete.

Biography
The oldest of six children, Louise Mae Stokes was born in Malden, Massachusetts on October 27, 1913, to William, a gardener, and Mary Wesley Stokes, a domestic. She started running while a student at Beebe Junior High, where she was a center for the basketball team. In 1930, one of her basketball teammates, Kathryn Robley, impressed by her speed, suggested Stokes to join her in the Onteora Track Club, whose sponsor, Malden park commissioner William H. Quaine, knew of Stokes' reputation. Soon, Stokes started winning the sprints and jumping events.

While a junior in Malden High School in 1931, Stokes won the James Michael Curley Cup for the best women's performance at the Mayor's Day track meet, including a New England record 12.6 seconds in the 100-meter dash. In December of that year, she tied the world record for women's standing broad jump at 8 feet 5 3/4 inches. At the 1932 United States Olympic Trials, competed in the 100 meters, where she placed fourth, earning her a spot in the 4 × 100 meter relay pool, making her and Tidye Pickett the first African-American Women to be selected for the Olympics, although coach George Vreeland left them out at the final relay lineup. In Los Angeles, Stokes was given a compact by film star Janet Gaynor.

Stokes continued running, and at the 1936 United States Olympic Trials, she again competed in the 100 meters, winning both her heat and her semi-final. She was leading the final until a costly error pushed her back to fifth. Still, it was good enough for her to become a part of the 4 x 100 meter relay pool. Stokes' hometown of Malden raised $680 in order that she may compete in Berlin. Although she did not compete at the Olympics, she was still given a hero's welcome in Malden. In 2016, the 1936 Olympic journey of the eighteen Black American athletes, including interviews with Stokes' family, was documented in the film Olympic Pride, American Prejudice.

Stokes was considering to compete at the 1940 Olympics before its cancellation due to World War II. In 1941, she founded the Colored Women's Bowling League, and for the next three decades won many awards. In 1944, she married Caribbean cricketer Wilfred Fraser and had a son, Wilfred, Jr., as well as a stepdaughter, Shirley. From 1957 to 1975, she worked as a clerk for the Massachusetts Department of Corporations and Taxation. She died on March 25, 1978.

Malden, Massachusetts have honored her with a fieldhouse with her name in Roosevelt Park, and a statue in the Malden High Courtyard.

References

1913 births
1978 deaths
Track and field athletes from Massachusetts
American female sprinters
African-American female track and field athletes
Athletes (track and field) at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Olympic track and field athletes for the United States
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century American people

Louise Stokes


Methods of shaping[edit]

A man shapes pottery as it turns on a wheel. (Cappadocia, Turkey)
Pottery can be shaped by a range of methods that include:

Hand-building. This is the earliest forming method. Wares can be constructed by hand from coils of clay, combining flat slabs of clay, or pinching solid balls of clay or some combination of these. Parts of hand-built vessels are often joined together with the aid of slip, an aqueous suspension of clay body and water. A clay body can be decorated before or after firing. Prior to some shaping processes, clay must be prepared such as tablewares although some studio potters find hand-building more conducive to create one-of-a-kind works of art.
File:PotteryShaping.ogg
A potter shapes a piece of pottery on an electric-powered potter's wheel

Classic potter's kick wheel in Erfurt, Germany
The potter's wheel. In a process called "throwing" (coming from the Old English word thrawan which means to twist or turn,[13]) a ball of clay is placed in the centre of a turntable, called the wheel-head, which the potter rotates with a stick, with foot power or with a variable-speed electric motor.
During the process of throwing, the wheel rotates while the solid ball of soft clay is pressed, squeezed and pulled gently upwards and outwards into a hollow shape. The first step of pressing the rough ball of clay downward and inward into perfect rotational symmetry is called centring the clay—a most important skill to master before the next steps: opening (making a centred hollow into the solid ball of clay), flooring (making the flat or rounded bottom inside the pot), throwing or pulling (drawing up and shaping the walls to an even thickness), and trimming or turning (removing excess clay to refine the shape or to create a foot).
Considerable skill and experience are required to throw pots of an acceptable standard and, while the ware may have high artistic merit, the reproducibility of the method is poor.[14] Because of its inherent limitations, throwing can only be used to create wares with radial symmetry on a vertical axis. These can then be altered by impressing, bulging, carving, fluting, and incising. In addition to the potter's hands these techniques can use tools, including paddles, anvils & ribs, and those specifically for cutting or piercing such as knives, fluting tools and wires. Thrown pieces can be further modified by the attachment of handles, lids, feet and spouts.
Granulate pressing: As the name suggests, this is the operation of shaping pottery by pressing clay in a semi-dry and granulated condition in a mould. The clay is pressed into the mould by a porous die through which water is pumped at high pressure. The granulated clay is prepared by spray-drying to produce a fine and free-flowing material having a moisture content of between about 5 and 6 per cent. Granulate pressing, also known as dust pressing, is widely used in the manufacture of ceramic tiles and, increasingly, of plates.
Injection moulding: This is a shape-forming process adapted for the tableware industry from the method long established for the forming of thermoplastic and some metal components.[15] It has been called Porcelain Injection Moulding, or PIM.[16] Suited to the mass production of complex-shaped articles, one significant advantage of the technique is that it allows the production of a cup, including the handle, in a single process, and thereby eliminates the handle-fixing operation and produces a stronger bond between cup and handle.[17] The feed to the mould die is a mix of approximately 50 to 60 percent unfired body in powder form, together with 40 to 50 percent organic additives composed of binders, lubricants and plasticisers.[16] The technique is not as widely used as other shaping methods.[18]
Jiggering and jolleying: These operations are carried out on the potter's wheel and allow the time taken to bring wares to a standardized form to be reduced. Jiggering is the operation of bringing a shaped tool into contact with the plastic clay of a piece under construction, the piece itself being set on a rotating plaster mould on the wheel. The jigger tool shapes one face while the mould shapes the other. Jiggering is used only in the production of flat wares, such as plates, but a similar operation, jolleying, is used in the production of hollow-wares such as cups. Jiggering and jolleying have been used in the production of pottery since at least the 18th century. In large-scale factory production, jiggering and jolleying are usually automated, which allows the operations to be carried out by semi-skilled labour.

Shaping on a potter's kick wheel; Gülşehir, Turkey
Roller-head machine: This machine is for shaping wares on a rotating mould, as in jiggering and jolleying, but with a rotary shaping tool replacing the fixed profile. The rotary shaping tool is a shallow cone having the same diameter as the ware being formed and shaped to the desired form of the back of the article being made. Wares may in this way be shaped, using relatively unskilled labour, in one operation at a rate of about twelve pieces per minute, though this varies with the size of the articles being produced. Developed in the UK just after World War II by the company Service Engineers, roller-heads were quickly adopted by manufacturers around the world; they remain the dominant method for producing flatware.[19]
Pressure casting: Specially developed polymeric materials allow a mould to be subject to application external pressures of up to 4.0 MPa–so much higher than slip casting in plaster moulds where the capillary forces correspond to a pressure of around 0.1 - 0.2 MPa. The high pressure leads to much faster casting rates and, hence, faster production cycles. Furthermore, the application of high pressure air through the polymeric moulds upon demoulding the cast means a new casting cycle can be started immediately in the same mould, unlike plaster moulds which require lengthy drying times. The polymeric materials have much greater durability than plaster and, therefore, it is possible to achieve shaped products with better dimensional tolerances and much longer mould life. Pressure casting was developed in the 1970s for the production of sanitaryware although, more recently, it has been applied to tableware.[20][21][22][23]
RAM pressing: This is used to shape ware by pressing a bat of prepared clay body into a required shape between two porous moulding plates. After pressing, compressed air is blown through the porous mould plates to release the shaped wares.
Slipcasting: This ideally suited to the making of wares that cannot be formed by other methods of shaping. A slip, made by mixing clay body with water, is poured into a highly absorbent plaster mould. Water from the slip is absorbed into the mould leaving a layer of clay body covering its internal surfaces and taking its internal shape. Excess slip is poured out of the mould, which is then split open and the moulded object removed. Slipcasting is widely used in the production of sanitary wares and is also used for making smaller articles, such as intricately detailed figurines.

පිඟන් මැටි භාණ්ඩ


The North Jersey Imperials were a soccer club based in Paramus, New Jersey. They played in the United Soccer Leagues between 1994 and 2001. The Imperials were the first pro team of US national team goalkeeper Tim Howard. Sean Kenny was the head coach.

During their inaugural season in 1994, the Imperials played their home games at Bruins Stadium, which is located within James J. Braddock-Hudson County Park, in North Bergen, New Jersey.  That year, the Imperials defeated the Jersey Dragons in the USISL D3 Pro League Northeast Division semi-finals, but fell to the Long Island Rough Riders.  Players of note during the inaugural season were John Diffley, who went on to play for the Tampa Bay Mutiny and Kansas City Wizards, Jeff Zaun, who went on to play for the MetroStars, and Tom Lips, who went on to play for the New England Revolution.  Another original Imperials player, Pat O'Kelly, was drafted by the MetroStars in 1996, but chose not to sign with the team.

The 1995 season saw the Imperials play their home games at Veteran's Memorial Stadium, in Bayonne, New Jersey.  This season saw the Imperials play their two best attended games, when over 2,500 fans turned out to see them play against the Long Island Rough Riders, who featured US national team goalkeeper Tony Meola in their starting lineup, and over 4,500 turned out to see them play an exhibition against Polish club Stal Mielec.  That year, the Imperials fell to the New York Fever in the Northeast Division Final.

The 1996 season saw the Imperials play their home games at Fairleigh Dickinson University's University Stadium, located in Teaneck, New Jersey.  The Imperials won the USISL D3 Northeast Division Championship that year, defeating the Central Jersey Riptide in the final and advancing to the Sizzling Six National Finals.  Notable games that year were exhibitions against Danish club Viborg FF and a game featuring a team of several former New York Cosmos players.  Imperials players of note that year were Rob Johnson and Petter Villegas, both of which would go on to play for the MetroStars, and Altimont Butler, who would play for the San Jose Clash.

The 1997 Season saw the Imperials continue their tenure at FDU's University Stadium.  The Imperials fell in the D3 semi finals (by shoot out) to the Central Jersey Riptide.  This season was notable as 18-year-old Tim Howard, from North Brunswick, was the starting goalkeeper for the Imperials.  Howard went on to the join the MetroStars for the 1998 season.  He was then transferred to Manchester United in 2003 and has been the starting goalkeeper at Everton from 2006 (loan in 2006, transferred in 2007).  Howard has been the first-choice goalkeeper for the US national team since 2007 and was the starting goalkeeper at the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa.  Other notable Imperials players that year were MetroStars back-up goalkeeper Zach Thornton (4 games) and MetroStars midfielder Cristian da Silva (2 games).  During this season, 4 Imperials players, including Tim Howard, Jerry Lucey and Kenny Santos, were called up by the MetroStars for a July 30 exhibition against the Long Island Rough Riders.

The 1998 season saw the Imperials on hiatus.

The 1999 season saw the Imperials play their home games at Sprague Field, on the Campus of Montclair State University, in Montclair, New Jersey.  This was a poor campaign, and the Imperials finished in 8th place in the Northeast Division.  This season also saw the return of former Imperials goalkeeper Tim Howard, for at least 1 home game, on loan from the MetroStars.  A player of note during this season was goalkeeper Kevin East, who'd spent time with the Columbus Crew and the MetroStars.  East was loaned to the MetroStars that year, as a backup, when Tim Howard was away with the U.S. U-20 national team.

The 2000 and 2001 seasons saw the Imperials, still playing at Montclair State University, drop a level to the Premier Development League (the 4th division of US Soccer).  One notable player from this period is Alecko Eskandarian, who played for the PDL Imperials during the 2000 season.  Eskandarian, a Montvale native, would go on to play in Major League Soccer for several MLS teams, and was named MLS Cup MVP for his 2-goal performance at the 2004 event.  The North Jersey Imperials became defunct after the 2001 season.

Year-by-year

Paramus, New Jersey
Defunct soccer clubs in New Jersey
USL Second Division teams
Defunct Premier Development League teams
Sports in Bergen County, New Jersey
Soccer in New Jersey
Association football clubs established in 1994
1994 establishments in New Jersey
2001 disestablishments in New Jersey
Soccer clubs in New Jersey
Association football clubs disestablished in 2001

North Jersey Imperials


Wolfgang M. Schmidt (born 3 October 1933) is an Austrian mathematician working in the area of number theory. He studied mathematics at the University of Vienna, where he received his PhD, which was supervised by Edmund Hlawka, in 1955. Wolfgang Schmidt is a Professor Emeritus from the University of Colorado at Boulder and a member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the Polish Academy of Sciences.

Career

He was awarded the eighth Frank Nelson Cole Prize in Number Theory for work on Diophantine approximation. He is known for his subspace theorem.

In 1960, he proved that every normal number in base r is normal in base s if and only if log r / log s is a rational number. He also proved the existence of T numbers. His series of papers on irregularities of distribution can be seen in J.Beck and W.Chen, Irregularities of Distribution, Cambridge University Press.
Schmidt is in a small group of number theorists who have been invited to address the International Congress of Mathematicians three times. The others are Iwaniec, Shimura, and Tate.

In 1986, Schmidt received the Humboldt Research Award and in 2003, he received the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art. Schmidt holds honorary doctorates from the University of Ulm, the Sorbonne, the University of Waterloo, the University of Marburg and the University of York. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

Books
 Diophantine approximation. Lecture Notes in Mathematics 785. Springer. (1980 [1996 with minor corrections])
Diophantine approximations and Diophantine equations, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, Springer Verlag 2000
Equations Over Finite Fields: An Elementary Approach, 2nd edition, Kendrick Press 2004

References

Further reading
Diophantine approximation: festschrift for Wolfgang Schmidt, Wolfgang M. Schmidt, H. P. Schlickewei, Robert F. Tichy, Klaus Schmidt, Springer, 2008,

1933 births
Living people
Number theorists
Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars
University of Colorado Boulder faculty
Members of the Austrian Academy of Sciences
Members of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society

Wolfgang M. Schmidt


Ground Control (Jet) is a 1998 American disaster thriller film directed by Richard Howard and starring Kiefer Sutherland, Bruce McGill, Kristy Swanson, and Robert Sean Leonard. The film also features a cameo by former baseball player Steve Sax in the role of an airline co-pilot.

Plot
Chicago air traffic controller Jack Harris (Kiefer Sutherland) was cleared of liability for an ill-fated flight under his authority which resulted in the loss of Transair flight 290, a Lockheed L-1011 with all 174 souls aboard. He subsequently left the job and went on to design air control software, until five years later when T.C. Bryant (Bruce McGill), his ex-colleague who had since transferred to Phoenix, pleads for help on New Year's Eve, due to a critical staff shortage and with torrential weather predicted.

Jack's return to the control room is met with both warmth and disdain, particularly when he experiences flashbacks of the crash. The atmosphere rapidly becomes much more serious as the storm approaches and, with the control tower suffering power cuts, the team is forced into manually directing busy air traffic through severe turbulence.

Cast

 Kiefer Sutherland as Jack Harris
 Bruce McGill as T.C. Bryant
 Kristy Swanson as Julie Albrecht
 Robert Sean Leonard as Cruise
 Kelly McGillis as Susan Stratton
 Margaret Cho as Amanda
 Charles Fleischer as Randy
 Henry Winkler as John Quinn
 Farrah Forke as Laura Franklin
 Michael Gross as Murray
 Jack Plotnick as Curtis
 Brian George as Shamaal
 John Bennett Perry as Senator Rutherford
 Eleanor Mondale as Christine
 Alex Wexo as Flight 393 Pilot
 John Nielsen as "pissed off" pilot
 Drew Snyder as David, Pilot, Flight 47
 Steve Sax as Co-pilot, Flight 47
 Ruben Paul as Sam
 Vito D'Ambrosio as weather analyst

Production
The primary cast of Kiefer Sutherland, Kelly McGillis and Robert Sean Leonard was announced in late 1997.  Filming had begun at LAX, but after shooting permits were rescinded, producer Talaat Captan finished the film using locations at Ontario International Airport in San Bernardino County, California.

Release
Ground Control had its theatrical premiere on August 26, 1998 in Italy as Rischio d'impatto, followed by video releases in 1999 in the United States as Jet and in Iceland as Lennonjohto, and in 2000 as Kollisionskurs - Panik im Tower in Germany and Ground Control in Spain. It had its United Kingdom television premiere as Ground Control in December 2003 on PAX, and in the United States in December 2005.

Critical response
Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club compared Ground Control unfavorably to a similar film, Pushing Tin, calling it "easily the second-best film about air-traffic controllers to be released over the past few months", but added that the film was a "competent, unremarkable disaster movie."  He noted that the film's characters were "one-dimensional" and that the dialogue was bland and the plot predictable, but that the film was "nevertheless effective".

The Movie Scene made reference to Kiefer Sutherland's role in the television series 24, writing that "even Jack Bauer couldn't rescue this".  They noted that the film suffered from a tight budget, with limited locations and scenery that were "unbelievably fake", and that the film's use of quick cut-aways made the storyline seem disjointed. They suggested, however, that once viewers got past those deficits, the use of poor sets was "actually quite amusing" and added to the film's "quirky charm".  The reviewer was surprised that the "quite impressive names" that made up the cast list were relegated mostly to minor roles and that the film spent "all its time focusing on Kiefer Sutherland".  The greatest problems of the film were seen in its weak plot and poor dialogue, but this could have been averted had the supporting characters been given more depth. Apart from Sutherland, the only major name in the film who managed to make any impact was Henry Winkler in his role as airport engineer John Quinn.  The reviewer concluded that, despite the film's obvious problems and predictability, it had a "certain amount of low budget charm," and that "even the cheesiness of the plot and fake special effects doesn't totally spoil this film and at times it makes it even more enjoyable."

Finnish newspaper Kaleva remarked that the stress and operations of air traffic ground control were a perfect backdrop for a drama film.

TV Guide wrote that the film's characterizations were "strait-laced and noble" and that the film "could have been commissioned by the Air Traffic Controllers' Benevolent Association."  They made note of the film's story and plotline being derivative, its "threadbare production values" and "artless" special effects, and its use of "stock characters", but admitted that, despite those weaknesses, the film "does manage to whip up a little suspense".

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Craddock, Jim. Videohound's Golden Movie Retriever 2005. New York: Thomson/Gale, 2005. .
 Pratt, Doug. Doug Pratt's DVD-Video Guide. Sag Harbor, New York: Harbor Electronic Publishing, 2000. .

External links

 Rotten Tomatoes - Review of Ground Control
 The Movie Scene [Andy Webb]
 A review by Nathan Rabin March 29, 2002

1998 films
1990s disaster films
1998 independent films
1998 thriller films
American aviation films
American disaster films
American independent films
American thriller films
Disaster thriller films
Films about aviation accidents or incidents
Films shot in California
Films set in Phoenix, Arizona
Films set around New Year
Air traffic control in the United States
1998 drama films
1999 drama films
1999 films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films

Ground Control (film)


The eighth note (also called a quaver) is a note used in musical notation. It is  the duration of a whole note (semibreve), which is where it gets its name. In the  time signature it has a length of  of a beat.

Note values

Eighth note


Method may mean:
 How to do or make something
 Scientific method, a series of steps taken to get knowledge
 Method (computer science), a piece of code linked with a class or object to perform a task
 Method (music), a kind of textbook to help students learning to play a musical instrument
 Methodology, the collection, the comparative study, and the critique of the individual methods that are used in a given discipline or field of inquiry
 Software development process, a series of steps taken to build software
 Method acting, a style of acting in which the actor attempts to replicate the conditions under which the character operates
 Method (Godhead), the bassist and programmer for the industrial band Godhead
Discourse on Method, a philosophical and mathematical treatise by René Descartes
 "The Method of Mechanical Theorems", part of the Archimedes Palimpsest
 Method, a 2004 film directed by Duncan Roy
 method, a San Francisco-based corporation which manufactures household products
Method ringing, a British style of ringing church bells according to a series of mathematical algorithms

Method


Richard Carl Looney (born 14 February 1934) is a retired American Bishop of the United Methodist Church, elected in 1988.

Birth and family
Richard was born in the Methodist parsonage at Hillsville, Virginia.  He married Carolyn Adele McKeithen of Jackson, Mississippi 3 September 1957.  They have three children:  Teresa Carolyn, David William, and Jonathan Carl; one granddaughter, Maria; and three grandsons:  Logan, Joseph and Ian.

Education
Looney graduated from Emory and Henry College, Emory, Virginia, and the Candler School of Theology of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; with additional study in the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, and Union Theological Seminary, Richmond, Virginia.

Ordained ministry
Looney was ordained deacon in 1955 and elder in 1959 by Bishop Roy H. Short.  A member of the Holston Annual Conference of the Methodist Church, Rev. Looney served the following appointments:  Rising Fawn Circuit, Rising Fawn, Georgia; Baker's Chapel - Wyndale, Abingdon, Virginia; and Pleasant View (formerly Baker's Chapel), Abingdon.  In Tennessee he served these appointments:  White Oak, Chattanooga; Broad Street, Cleveland; Superintendent of the Chattanooga District; Munsey Memorial, Johnson City; and Church Street, Knoxville.

Rev. Looney also shared in Pulpit Exchanges in England and Australia, and work missions in Peru, Liberia, and Sierra Leone.

Episcopal ministry
Bishop Looney was elected by the Southeastern Jurisdictional Conference, July 1988, and assigned as the first bishop of the newly created South Georgia Episcopal Area (the South Georgia Annual Conference).

General Church responsibilities have included service on the U.M. General Council on Finance and Administration, the General Board of Church and Society, and the General Council on Ministry.  In retirement, Bishop Looney served as the president of the Foundation for Evangelism, Lake Junaluska, North Carolina and the episcopal director of the foundation.

Bishop Looney served as the pastor of Telford United Methodist Church in Telford, Tennessee, from 2009–13, and in January 2013 began filling the role of pastor of Munsey Memorial United Methodist Church in Johnson City, Tennessee.

See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church

References
The Council of Bishops of the United Methodist Church
InfoServ, the official information service of The United Methodist Church.

External links
 The Foundation for Evangelism

Living people
1934 births
Candler School of Theology alumni
Emory and Henry College alumni
American expatriates in Australia
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
Methodist missionaries in Sierra Leone
United Methodist bishops of the Southeastern Jurisdiction
American expatriates in Sierra Leone
American Methodist missionaries
Methodist missionaries in Peru
Methodist missionaries in Liberia
People from Carroll County, Virginia

Richard Carl Looney


Mother Lettice Mary Tredway, C.R.L., (1595 – October 1677), courtesy title Lady Tredway, was an English canoness regular and abbess who founded a monastery for the English members of her Order in 17th-century Europe.

Life

In July 1616, Tredway entered the novitiate of the Canonesses Regular of the Lateran at their Priory of Notre-Dame-de-Beaulieu in the village of Sin-le-Noble, near Douai, in the County of Flanders, which had been established in the 13th century as a hostel for travellers and the sick. She was probably educated there, and in October 1617, made her solemn profession of vows as a member of the community.

In 1631 she and Miles Pinkney, better known as Father Carre, a priest of the English College at Douai, conceived the project of opening a monastery of canonesses for English subjects only at Douai. The idea was approved by the Catholic authorities at home and abroad, and in 1634 it was decided to open this English priory at Paris.

Bishop Richard Smith, who was charged with the spiritual care of the Catholics of Great Britain, then in exile in Paris, helped them generously and may be counted a co-founder. He blessed Lady Tredway as abbess, and the Priory of Notre-Dame-de-Sion was permanently established on the Rue des Fosses in 1639. Carre and Tredway were also practically the founders of the Seminary of St. Gregory (now Downside Abbey) for training priests for the English mission. A pension for English ladies and a school were attached to the new monastery, of which Tredway held the office of abbess till 1675, when illness compelled her to resign.

After her death the superiors of the priory held the title of prioress, as is customary for communities of Augustinian canonesses.

The priory which Tredway established continued in operation, along with the school attached to it, until the French Revolution, when the English canonesses were finally forced to flee. They returned to their homeland, where they found that they were able to live out their life as a religious community. Eventually the community established itself as St Augustine's Priory, Ealing.

Family

Mother Mary was the daughter of Sir Walter Tredway, of Buckley Park in Northamptonshire; her mother was Elizabeth Weyman.

See also

References

Attribution
 The entry cites:
CEDOZ, Un couvent de religieuses anglaises (1891);
ALMOND, Les dames anglaises (Paris, 1911).

1595 births
1677 deaths
17th-century English Roman Catholic nuns
Augustinian canonesses
People from Northamptonshire
Nuns from the Spanish Netherlands

Lettice Mary Tredway


Ovidius is a high school in Constanța, Romania. It was founded on 27 May 1955, by its first director, Alexandru Ștefănescu.

History
Established in 1955 under the name "Secondary School No. 3", it became in 1965 "High School No. 3", although it was also a gymnasium school.

In 1972, Constanța was visited by cultural personalities from 17 countries (including Italy, France, Canada, the United States) and by the mayor of Sulmona, Italy (the birthplace of Ovid). At the time, the mayor of Constanța proposed that the school should bear the name Ovidius, after the Roman poet Ovid, who was banished to Tomis (nowadays Constanța), and died there. His suggestion wasn't followed immediately, however.

In 1975, the school became the "Mathematics and Physics High School No. 1", and in 1982 it was transformed into the "Industrial High School No. 10". After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, on September 1, 1990, it was eventually renamed "Ovidius", as suggested 18 years earlier.

Despite the frequent name changes, "Ovidius" remains a prestigious high school of the city and of Constanța County. The students of this school have achieved very good results at national and International Science Olympiads.

Educational institutions established in 1955
Schools in Constanța
1955 establishments in Romania
High schools in Romania

Ovidius High School


The Fulton Fish Market is a fish market in Hunts Point, a section of the New York City borough of the Bronx, in New York, United States. It was originally a wing of the Fulton Market, established in 1822 to sell a variety of foodstuffs and produce. In November 2005, the Fish Market relocated to a new facility in Hunts Point in the Bronx, from its historic location near the Brooklyn Bridge along the East River waterfront at and above Fulton Street in the Financial District, Lower Manhattan.

During much of its 183-year tenure at the original site, the Fulton Fish Market was the most important wholesale East Coast fish market in the United States. Opened in 1822, it was the destination of fishing boats from across the Atlantic Ocean. By the 1950s, most of the Market's fish were trucked in rather than offloaded from the docks. The wholesalers at the Market then sold it to restaurateurs and retailers who purchased fresh fish of every imaginable variety.

Prices at the Fulton Fish Market were tracked and reported by the United States government. In its original location, it was one of the last, and most significant, of the great wholesale food markets of New York. It survived major fires in 1835, 1845, 1918, and 1995. In its new location in the Hunts Point Cooperative Market, it handles millions of pounds of seafood daily, with annual sales exceeding $1 billion, and is second in size only to Tokyo's Toyosu Market.

History

Nineteenth century

The Fulton Fish Market was one of New York's earliest open-air fish markets. From a New York newspaper dated 1831:

The Fulton Fish Market initially served primarily housekeepers from the surrounding areas and Brooklyn. However, by 1850, wholesalers had become the main buyers as the market gained in prominence. The Fulton Fish Market is one of the oldest fish markets in the United States, in competition with the older Maine Avenue Fish Market in Washington, D.C. The Fulton Market was claimed to be the oldest in continuous operation in one place (since 1822) until it was relocated in 2005. The Maine Avenue Market in D.C. (since 1805, in various incarnations) is now considered the oldest continuously operating open-air market that still survives on the East Coast. However, the Fulton Fish Market is the oldest institution that still retains a primarily wholesale function; although its original public market on South Street is now closed.

Organized crime
During most of the 20th century the market was associated with one or more New York Mafia families. In 1988, the U.S. Attorney's Office filed a suit under federal racketeering laws to appoint a trustee to run the market. A trustee was appointed, but the extent to which he was able to limit organized crime influence was limited. Since 2001, the market has been regulated by the City of New York's Business Integrity Commission in an effort to eliminate organized crime influence.

New Bronx facility

On November 14, 2005, nearly four years after construction on the $85 million facility began, the Market opened at its Bronx location.
The move had been delayed due to legal problems.
The last-minute dispute was between a company which had had a ten-year monopoly on delivering fish from trucks to individual sellers' stalls, versus the cooperative of sellers who wanted to do the task themselves in the new building. When the feuding parties agreed to continue as they had been for another three years, the last obstacle to the move was removed and packing began.

The move from the historic Manhattan site was due to a number of factors:
 cramped location
 lack of modern amenities, such as climate control
 increasing real estate value of Manhattan site for retail and residential use
 redevelopment pressure due to desirable proximity to the South Street Seaport and the Fulton Street/East River area

The move brought 650 workers from the market's former location into the Bronx, with an additional 5,500 diesel truck trips through Hunts Point per week (according to the NY Metropolitan Transportation Council) – bringing the weekly total to 60,000.
The facility generates over $1 billion in yearly revenue, and allows seafood distributors to store their goods in temperature controlled warehouses with easier transportation access due to its proximity to the Bruckner Expressway. The  facility has better access to major highways in Hunts Point, but does not utilize the nearby LaGuardia Airport in Queens.

In 2012, the market handled  of fish annually, at an estimated value of $1 billion.

Academic research
The Fulton Fish Market has been of interest to economists as a case study in imperfect competition, despite being a highly centralized market with a large number of well-informed buyers and sellers. Using 1992 data, Kathryn Graddy (1995, 2006) found that third-degree price discrimination arose in the Fulton market. In particular, Asian customers, who were generally more price elastic, were quoted lower prices than white buyers, by 6.3 cents on average. Graddy (1995, 2006) attributes this to the different markets served by Asian and white buyers. Asian buyers were more likely to resell fish whole to retail and fry shops in poorer neighbourhoods, or sell to establishments in Chinatown where the restaurant sector was highly competitive. They therefore had less scope to pass on prices to their customers than white buyers, who were more likely to resell to less elastic customers.

Fulton Fish Market data has also been used to illustrate advances to instrumental variable methods in econometrics.

Media references

Music
The 33 LP Album by James Late called Fulton Fish Market .

Television
As a follow-up to the trio of BBC 2 documentaries entitled The London Markets, the fish merchant Roger Barton appears as the central figure in a further series of documentaries entitled World's Greatest Food Markets. These were broadcast in the UK, Autumn 2014. In the first episode he competes commercially with his Bronx contemporaries in the New Fulton Fish Market.
Bx46 is a documentary about the Fulton Fish Market.
 In 1997, Lenny Kravitz and Ken Dodd performed an impromptu curbside concert at the market, which formed the basis of Dodd's feature film "Me and Lenny Kravitz Both Love Scampi and Chips, Although He Doesn't Have Vinegar on His" released in the same year.

Books
Old Mr. Flood by writer Joseph Mitchell takes place in and around the Fulton Fish Market of the 1940s.

References

Further reading
  Rees, Jonathan H. The Fulton Fish Market: A History (Columbia University Press, 2022) online review

External links

Up at Lou's Fish, 2005 documentary with limited distribution, following the lives of the Fish Market community as they prepared for their relocation to Hunt's Point in the Bronx. Directed by Corinna Mantlo and Alex Brook Lynn.

Culture of Manhattan
Fish markets
Food markets in the United States
South Street Seaport
Fishing in the United States
Retail buildings in New York (state)
Financial District, Manhattan
Hunts Point, Bronx

Fulton Fish Market


In some forms of the religion Islam, Nikah mut'ah is a form of marriage. It is also called Sigheh. Unlike Nikāḥ, which is the other form of marriage in Islamic law, a Nikah mut'ah marriage does not last for the two people's whole lives.  It lasts only limited time. Nikah mutah is about sexual pleasure. The Twelver Shia Muslims say that Nikah mut'ah is legal, but most other Muslims disagree.

Conditions
Some things must be true for a Nikah mut'ah:
The bride must not be married to anyone else at the time
If she has never been married, her legal guardian must agree
She must be a Muslim, or among the People of the Book (which means Christians, Jews, and Muslims, mostly)
After the contract ends, she must not have sex with anyone for some time.  This is usually three months. This is so people will know that the father of any children she has if she becomes pregnant was her husband.

Nikah mut'ah is different from the other form of marriage in other ways too:
The husband is not required to provide alimony or shelter for his wife
There's no way to settle an inheritance in favor of the partner if one of the two dies

Nikah mut'ah does not have to be publicly announced. Islam says that Muslim men may have only four and no more, but this only applies to Nikah-marriages.

According to Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, the Nikah mut'ah is the only way a Muslim can marry a person of the Book who is not Muslim. He says Nikah is not possible with non-Muslims. Other Ayatollahs say that Muslims can marry non-Muslim people of the book.

Criticism
Nikah mut'ah has been used to cover child prostitution. Some Western writers have argued that mut'ah is similar to prostitution. Julie Parshall writes that mut'ah is legalised prostitution allowed by the Twelver Shia authorities. She quotes the Oxford encyclopedia of modern Islamic world to make a difference between marriage (nikah) and mut'ah. She also says that while nikah is for having children, mut'ah is just for sexual gratification.

References

Islamic law
Marriage

Nikah mut'ah


The Washington Post, also known as the Post and, informally, WaPo, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C. It is the most widely circulated newspaper in the Washington metropolitan area and has a large national audience.

The Post was founded in 1877. In its early years, it went through several owners and struggled both financially and editorially. Financier Eugene Meyer purchased it out of bankruptcy in 1933 and revived its health and reputation, work continued by his successors Katharine and Phil Graham (Meyer's daughter and son-in-law), who bought out several rival publications. The Post 1971 printing of the Pentagon Papers helped spur opposition to the Vietnam War. Reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein led the investigation into the break-in at the Democratic National Headquarters that developed into the Watergate scandal, which resulted in the 1974 resignation of President Richard Nixon. In October 2013, the Graham family sold the newspaper to Nash Holdings, a holding company owned by Jeff Bezos, for $250 million.

The newspaper had won the Pulitzer Prize 65 times for its work , the second-most of any publication (after The New York Times). It is considered a newspaper of record in the U.S. Post journalists have received 18 Nieman Fellowships and 368 White House News Photographers Association awards. The paper is well known for its political reporting and one of the few remaining American newspapers to operate foreign bureaus.

Overview

The Washington Post is regarded as one of the leading daily American newspapers along with The New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, and The Wall Street Journal. The Post has distinguished itself through its political reporting on the workings of the White House, Congress, and other aspects of the U.S. government. It is considered a newspaper of record in the U.S.

The Washington Post does not print an edition for distribution away from the East Coast. In 2009, the newspaper ceased publication of its National Weekly Edition due to shrinking circulation. The majority of its newsprint readership is in Washington, D.C., and its suburbs in Maryland and Northern Virginia.

The newspaper is one of a few U.S. newspapers with foreign bureaus. The newspaper's 20 current foreign bureaus are in Baghdad, Beijing, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Cairo, Dakar, Hong Kong, Islamabad, Istanbul, Jerusalem, London, Mexico City, Moscow, Nairobi, New Delhi, Rio de Janeiro, Rome, Tokyo, and Toronto. In November 2009, the newspaper announced the closure of three U.S. regional bureaus in Chicago, Los Angeles and New York City, as part of an increased focus on Washington, D.C.-based political stories and local news. The newspaper has local bureaus in Maryland (Annapolis, Montgomery County, Prince George's County, and Southern Maryland) and Virginia (Alexandria, Fairfax, Loudoun County, Richmond, and Prince William County).

The Post's average printed weekday circulation is 159,040, making it the fourth largest newspaper in the country by circulation.

For many decades, the Post had its main office at 1150 15th Street NW. This real estate remained with Graham Holdings when the newspaper was sold to Jeff Bezos' Nash Holdings in 2013. Graham Holdings sold 1150 15th Street, along with 1515 L Street, 1523 L Street, and land beneath 1100 15th Street, for $159 million in November 2013. The Post continued to lease space at 1150 L Street NW. In May 2014, The Post leased the west tower of One Franklin Square, a high-rise building at 1301 K Street NW in Washington, D.C.

Mary Jordan was the founding editor, head of content, and moderator for Washington Post Live, The Post's editorial events business, which organizes political debates, conferences and news events for the media company, including "The 40th Anniversary of Watergate" in June 2012 that featured key Watergate figures including former White House counsel John Dean, Washington Post editor Ben Bradlee, and reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, which was held at the Watergate hotel. Regular hosts include Frances Stead Sellers  Lois Romano was formerly the editor of Washington Post Live.

The Post has its own exclusive Zip Code, which is: 20071.

Publishing service
Arc XP is a department of The Washington Post, which provides a publishing system and software for news organizations such as the Chicago Tribune and the Los Angeles Times.

History

Founding and early period

The newspaper was founded in 1877 by Stilson Hutchins (18381912), and in 1880 it added a Sunday edition, becoming the city's first newspaper to publish seven days a week.

19th century
In April 1878, about four months into publication, The Washington Post purchased The Washington Union, a competing newspaper which was founded by John Lynch in late 1877. The Union had only been in operation about six months at the time of the acquisition. The combined newspaper was published from the Globe Building as The Washington Post and Union beginning on April 15, 1878, with a circulation of 13,000. The Post and Union name was used about two weeks until April 29, 1878, returning to the original masthead the following day.

In 1889, Hutchins sold the newspaper to Frank Hatton, a former Postmaster General, and Beriah Wilkins, a former Democratic congressman from Ohio. To promote the newspaper, the new owners requested the leader of the United States Marine Band, John Philip Sousa, to compose a march for the newspaper's essay contest awards ceremony. Sousa composed "The Washington Post". It became the standard music to accompany the two-step, a late 19th-century dance craze, and remains one of Sousa's best-known works.

In 1893, the newspaper moved to a building at 14th and E streets NW, where it would remain until 1950. This building combined all functions of the newspaper into one headquarters – newsroom, advertising, typesetting, and printing – that ran 24 hours per day.

In 1898, during the Spanish–American War, the Post printed Clifford K. Berryman's classic illustration Remember the Maine, which became the battle-cry for American sailors during the War. In 1902, Berryman published another famous cartoon in the Post – Drawing the Line in Mississippi. This cartoon depicts President Theodore Roosevelt showing compassion for a small bear cub and inspired New York store owner Morris Michtom to create the teddy bear. Wilkins acquired Hatton's share of the newspaper in 1894 at Hatton's death.

20th century

After Wilkins' death in 1903, his sons John and Robert ran the Post for two years before selling it in 1905 to John Roll McLean, owner of the Cincinnati Enquirer. During the Wilson presidency, the Post was credited with the "most famous newspaper typo" in D.C. history according to Reason magazine; the Post intended to report that President Wilson had been "entertaining" his future-wife Mrs. Galt, but instead wrote that he had been "entering" Mrs. Galt.

When McLean died in 1916, he put the newspaper in a trust, having little faith that his playboy son Edward "Ned" McLean could manage it as part of his inheritance. Ned went to court and broke the trust, but, under his management, the newspaper slumped toward ruin. He bled the paper for his lavish lifestyle and used it to promote political agendas.

During the Red Summer of 1919 the Post supported the white mobs and even ran a front-page story which advertised the location at which white servicemen were planning to meet to carry out attacks on black Washingtonians.

In 1929, financier Eugene Meyer, who had run the War Finance Corp. since World War I, secretly made an offer of $5 million for the Post, but he was rebuffed by Ned McLean. On June 1, 1933, Meyer bought the paper at a bankruptcy auction for $825,000 three weeks after stepping down as Chairman of the Federal Reserve. He had bid anonymously, and was prepared to go up to $2 million, far higher than the other bidders. These included William Randolph Hearst, who had long hoped to shut down the ailing Post to benefit his own Washington newspaper presence.

The Post health and reputation were restored under Meyer's ownership. In 1946, he was succeeded as publisher by his son-in-law, Philip Graham. Meyer eventually gained the last laugh over Hearst, who had owned the old Washington Times and the Herald before their 1939 merger that formed the Times-Herald. This was in turn bought by and merged into the Post in 1954. The combined paper was officially named The Washington Post and Times-Herald until 1973, although the Times-Herald portion of the nameplate became less and less prominent over time.

The merger left the Post with two remaining local competitors, the Washington Star (Evening Star) and The Washington Daily News. In 1972, the two competitors merged, forming the Washington Star-News.

Following Graham's death in 1963, control of The Washington Post Company passed to his wife, Katharine Graham (19172001), who was also Eugene Meyer's daughter. Few women had run prominent national newspapers in the United States. Katharine Graham described her own anxiety and lack of confidence as she stepped into a leadership role in her autobiography. She served as publisher from 1969 to 1979.

Graham took The Washington Post Company public on June 15, 1971, in the midst of the Pentagon Papers controversy. A total of 1,294,000 shares were offered to the public at $26 per share. By the end of Graham's tenure as CEO in 1991, the stock was worth $888 per share, not counting the effect of an intermediate 4:1 stock split.

Graham also oversaw the Post company's diversification purchase of the for-profit education and training company Kaplan, Inc. for $40 million in 1984. Twenty years later, Kaplan had surpassed the Post newspaper as the company's leading contributor to income, and by 2010 Kaplan accounted for more than 60% of the entire company revenue stream.

Executive editor Ben Bradlee put the newspaper's reputation and resources behind reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, who, in a long series of articles, chipped away at the story behind the 1972 burglary of Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington. The Post dogged coverage of the story, the outcome of which ultimately played a major role in the resignation of President Richard Nixon, won the newspaper a Pulitzer Prize in 1973.

In 1972, the "Book World" section was introduced with Pulitzer Prize-winning critic William McPherson as its first editor. It featured Pulitzer Prize-winning critics such as Jonathan Yardley and Michael Dirda, the latter of whom established his career as a critic at the Post. In 2009, after 37 years, with great reader outcries and protest, The Washington Post Book World as a standalone insert was discontinued, the last issue being Sunday, February 15, 2009, along with a general reorganization of the paper, such as placing the Sunday editorials on the back page of the main front section rather than the "Outlook" section and distributing some other locally oriented "op-ed" letters and commentaries in other sections. However, book reviews are still published in the Outlook section on Sundays and in the Style section the rest of the week, as well as online.

In 1975, the pressmen's union went on strike. The Post hired replacement workers to replace the pressmen's union, and other unions returned to work in February 1976.

Donald E. Graham, Katharine's son, succeeded her as a publisher in 1979.

In 1995, the domain name washingtonpost.com was purchased. That same year, a failed effort to create an online news repository called Digital Ink launched. The following year it was shut down and the first website was launched in June 1996.

Jeff Bezos era (2013–present)

In late September 2013, Jeff Bezos purchased The Washington Post and other local publications, websites, and real estate for , transferring ownership to Nash Holdings LLC, Bezos's private investment company. The paper's former parent company, which retained some other assets such as Kaplan and a group of TV stations, was renamed Graham Holdings shortly after the sale.

Nash Holdings, which includes the Post, is operated separately from technology company Amazon, which Bezos founded and where he is  executive chairman and the largest single shareholder, with 12.7% of voting rights.

Bezos said he has a vision that recreates "the 'daily ritual' of reading the Post as a bundle, not merely a series of individual stories..." He has been described as a "hands-off owner", holding teleconference calls with executive editor Martin Baron every two weeks. Bezos appointed Fred Ryan (founder and CEO of Politico) to serve as publisher and chief executive officer. This signaled Bezos' intent to shift the Post to a more digital focus with a national and global readership.

In 2015, the Post moved from the building it owned at 1150 15th Street to a leased space three blocks away at One Franklin Square on K Street. Since 2014 the Post launched an online personal finance section, a blog, and a podcast with a retro theme. The Post won the 2020 Webby People's Voice Award for News & Politics in the Social and Web categories.

In 2017, the newspaper hired Jamal Khashoggi as a columnist. In 2018, Khashoggi was murdered by Saudi agents in Istanbul.

In October 2023, the Post announced it would cut 240 jobs across the organization by offering voluntary separation packages to employees. In a staff-wide email announcing the job cuts, interim CEO Patty Stonesifer wrote, "Our prior projections for traffic, subscriptions and advertising growth for the past two years — and into 2024 — have been overly optimistic". The Post has lost around 500,000 subscribers since the end of 2020 and is set to lose $100 million in 2023, according to The New York Times.  The layoffs prompted Dan Froomkin of Presswatchers to suggest that the decline in readership could be reversed by focusing on the rise of authoritarianism (in a fashion similar to the role the Post played during the Watergate scandal) instead of staying strictly neutral, which Froomkin says places the paper into an undistinguished secondary role in competition with other contemporary media.

Political stance

20th century

In 1933, financier Eugene Meyer bought the bankrupt Post, and assured the public that neither he nor the newspaper would not be beholden to any political party. But as a leading Republican who had been appointed Chairman of the Federal Reserve by Herbert Hoover in 1930, his opposition to Roosevelt's New Deal colored the paper's editorials and news coverage, including editorializing news stories written by Meyer under a pseudonym. His wife Agnes Ernst Meyer was a journalist from the other end of the spectrum politically. The Post ran many of her pieces including tributes to her personal friends John Dewey and Saul Alinsky.

In 1946, Meyer was appointed head of World Bank, and he named his son-in-law Phil Graham to succeed him as Post publisher. The post-war years saw the developing friendship of Phil and Kay Graham with the Kennedys, the Bradlees and the rest of the "Georgetown Set" (many Harvard alumni) that would color the Post's political orientation. Kay Graham's most memorable Georgetown soirée guest list included British diplomat/communist spy Donald Maclean.

The Post is credited with coining the term "McCarthyism" in a 1950 editorial cartoon by Herbert Block. Depicting buckets of tar, it made fun of Sen. Joseph McCarthy's "tarring" tactics, i.e., smear campaigns and character assassination against those targeted by his accusations. Sen. McCarthy was attempting to do for the Senate what the House Un-American Activities Committee had been doing for years—investigating Soviet espionage in America. The HUAC made Richard Nixon nationally known for his role in the Hiss/Chambers case that exposed communist spying in the State Department. The committee had evolved from the McCormack-Dickstein Committee of the 1930s.

Phil Graham's friendship with John F. Kennedy remained strong until their untimely deaths in 1963. FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover reportedly told the new President Lyndon B. Johnson, "I don't have much influence with the Post because I frankly don't read it. I view it like the Daily Worker."

Ben Bradlee became the editor-in-chief in 1968, and Kay Graham officially became the publisher in 1969, paving the way for the aggressive reporting of the Pentagon Papers and Watergate scandals. The Post strengthened public opposition to the Vietnam War in 1971 when it published the Pentagon Papers. In the mid-1970s, some conservatives referred to the Post as "Pravda on the Potomac" because of its perceived left-wing bias in both reporting and editorials. Since then, the appellation has been used by both liberal and conservative critics of the newspaper.

21st century
In the PBS documentary Buying the War, journalist Bill Moyers said in the year prior to the Iraq War there were 27 editorials supporting the Bush administration's desire to invade Iraq. National security correspondent Walter Pincus reported that he had been ordered to cease his reports that were critical of the administration. According to author and journalist Greg Mitchell: "By the Post own admission, in the months before the war, it ran more than 140 stories on its front page promoting the war, while contrary information got lost".

On March 23, 2007, Chris Matthews said on his television program, "The Washington Post is not the liberal newspaper it was [...] I have been reading it for years and it is a neocon newspaper". It has regularly published a mixture of op-ed columnists, with some of them left-leaning (including E. J. Dionne, Dana Milbank, Greg Sargent, and Eugene Robinson), and some of them right-leaning (including George Will, Marc Thiessen, Michael Gerson and Charles Krauthammer).

In November 2007, the newspaper was criticized by independent journalist Robert Parry for reporting on anti-Obama chain e-mails without sufficiently emphasizing to its readers the false nature of the anonymous claims. In 2009, Parry criticized the newspaper for its allegedly unfair reporting on liberal politicians, including Vice President Al Gore and President Barack Obama.

Responding to criticism of the newspaper's coverage during the run-up to the 2008 presidential election, former Post ombudsman Deborah Howell wrote: "The opinion pages have strong conservative voices; the editorial board includes centrists and conservatives; and there were editorials critical of Obama. Yet opinion was still weighted toward Obama." According to a 2009 Oxford University Press book by Richard Davis on the impact of blogs on American politics, liberal bloggers link to The Washington Post and The New York Times more often than other major newspapers; however, conservative bloggers also link predominantly to liberal newspapers.

Since 2011, the Post has been running a column called "The Fact Checker" that the Post describes as a "truth squad". The Fact Checker received a $250,000 grant from Google News Initiative/YouTube to expand production of video fact checks.

In mid-September 2016, Matthew Ingram of Forbes joined Glenn Greenwald of The Intercept, and Trevor Timm of The Guardian in criticizing The Washington Post for "demanding that [former National Security Agency contractor Edward] Snowden ... stand trial on espionage charges".

In February 2017, the Post adopted the slogan "Democracy Dies in Darkness" for its masthead.

Political endorsements
In the vast majority of U.S. elections, for federal, state, and local office, the Post editorial board has endorsed Democratic candidates. The paper's editorial board and endorsement decision-making are separate from newsroom operations. Until 1976, the Post did not regularly make endorsements in presidential elections. Since it endorsed Jimmy Carter in 1976, the Post has endorsed Democrats in presidential elections, and has never endorsed a Republican for president in the general election, although in the 1988 presidential election, the Post declined to endorse either Governor Michael Dukakis (the Democratic candidate) or Vice President George H. W. Bush (the Republican candidate). The Post editorial board endorsed Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012; Hillary Clinton in 2016; and Joe Biden for 2020.

While the newspaper predominantly endorses Democrats in congressional, state, and local elections, it has occasionally endorsed Republican candidates. While the paper has not endorsed Republican candidates for governor of Virginia, it endorsed Maryland Governor Robert Ehrlich's unsuccessful bid for a second term in 2006. In 2006, it repeated its historic endorsements of every Republican incumbent for Congress in Northern Virginia. The Post editorial board endorsed Virginia's Republican U.S. Senator John Warner in his Senate reelection campaign in 1990, 1996 and 2002; the paper's most recent endorsement of a Maryland Republican for U.S. Senate was in the 1980s, when the paper endorsed Senator Charlies "Mac" Mathias Jr. In U.S. House of Representatives elections, moderate Republicans in Virginia and Maryland, including Wayne Gilchrest, Thomas M. Davis, and Frank Wolf, have enjoyed the support of the Post; the Post also endorsed Republican Carol Schwartz in her campaign in Washington, D.C.

Criticism and controversies

"Jimmy's World" fabrication

In September 1980, a Sunday feature story appeared on the front page of the Post titled "Jimmy's World" in which reporter Janet Cooke wrote a profile of the life of an eight-year-old heroin addict. Although some within the Post doubted the story's veracity, the paper's editors defended it, and assistant managing editor Bob Woodward submitted the story to the Pulitzer Prize Board at Columbia University for consideration.  Cooke was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Feature Writing on April 13, 1981. The story was subsequently found to be a complete fabrication, and the Pulitzer was returned.

Private "salon" solicitation
In July 2009, in the midst of an intense debate over health care reform, The Politico reported that a health-care lobbyist had received an "astonishing" offer of access to the Post's "health-care reporting and editorial staff." Post publisher Katharine Weymouth had planned a series of exclusive dinner parties or "salons" at her private residence, to which she had invited prominent lobbyists, trade group members, politicians, and business people. Participants were to be charged $25,000 to sponsor a single salon, and $250,000 for 11 sessions, with the events being closed to the public and to the non-Post press. Politicos revelation gained a somewhat mixed response in Washington as it gave the impression that the parties' sole purpose was to allow insiders to purchase face time with Post staff.

Almost immediately following the disclosure, Weymouth canceled the salons, saying, "This should never have happened." White House counsel Gregory B. Craig reminded officials that under federal ethics rules, they need advance approval for such events. Post Executive Editor Marcus Brauchli, who was named on the flier as one of the salon's "Hosts and Discussion Leaders", said he was "appalled" by the plan, adding, "It suggests that access to Washington Post journalists was available for purchase."

China Daily advertising supplements

Dating back to 2011, The Washington Post began to include "China Watch" advertising supplements provided by China Daily, an English language newspaper owned by the Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party, on the print and online editions. Although the header to the online "China Watch" section included the text "A Paid Supplement to The Washington Post", James Fallows of The Atlantic suggested that the notice was not clear enough for most readers to see. Distributed to the Post and multiple newspapers around the world, the "China Watch" advertising supplements range from four to eight pages and appear at least monthly. According to a 2018 report by The Guardian, "China Watch" uses "a didactic, old-school approach to propaganda."

In 2020, a report by Freedom House, "Beijing's Global Megaphone", criticized the Post and other newspapers for distributing "China Watch". In the same year, 35 Republican members of the U.S. Congress wrote a letter to the U.S. Department of Justice in February 2020 calling for an investigation of potential FARA violations by China Daily. The letter named an article that appeared in the Post, "Education Flaws Linked to Hong Kong Unrest", as an example of "articles [that] serve as cover for China's atrocities, including ... its support for the crackdown in Hong Kong." According to The Guardian, the Post had already stopped running "China Watch" in 2019.

Employee relations
In 1986, five employees, including Newspaper Guild unit chairman Thomas R. Sherwood and assistant Maryland editor Claudia Levy, sued The Washington Post for overtime pay, stating that the newspaper had claimed that budgets did not allow for overtime wages.

In June 2018, over 400 employees of The Washington Post signed an open letter to the owner Jeff Bezos demanding "fair wages; fair benefits for retirement, family leave and health care; and a fair amount of job security." The open letter was accompanied by video testimonials from employees, who alleged "shocking pay practices" despite record growth in subscriptions at the newspaper, with salaries rising an average of $10 per week, which the letter claimed was less than half the rate of inflation. The petition followed on a year of unsuccessful negotiations between The Washington Post Guild and upper management over pay and benefit increases.

In March 2022, reporter Paul Farhi was suspended for five days without pay after he tweeted about the publication's policy on bylines and datelines regarding Russian-based stories.

Felicia Sonmez

In 2020, The Post suspended reporter Felicia Sonmez after she posted a series of tweets about the 2003 rape allegation against basketball star Kobe Bryant after Bryant's death. She was reinstated after over 200 Post journalists wrote an open letter criticizing the paper's decision. In July 2021, Sonmez sued The Post and several of its top editors, alleging workplace discrimination; the suit was dismissed in March 2022, with the court determining that Sonmez had failed to make plausible claims.

In June 2022, Sonmez engaged in a Twitter feud with fellow Post staffers David Weigel, criticizing him over what he later described as "an offensive joke", and Jose A. Del Real, who accused Sonmez of "engaging in repeated and targeted public harassment of a colleague". Following the feud, the newspaper suspended Weigel for a month for violating the company's social media guidelines, and the newspaper's executive editor Sally Buzbee sent out a newsroom-wide memorandum directing employees to "Be constructive and collegial" in their interactions with colleagues. The newspaper fired Sonmez, writing in an emailed termination letter that she had engaged in "misconduct that includes insubordination, maligning your co-workers online and violating The Posts standards on workplace collegiality and inclusivity." The Post faced criticism from the Post Guild after refusing to go to arbitration over the dismissal, stating that the expiration of the Post's contract "does not relieve the Post from its contractual obligation to arbitrate grievances filed prior to expiration."

Lawsuit by Covington Catholic High School student

In 2019, Covington Catholic High School student Nick Sandmann filed a defamation lawsuit against the Post, alleging that it libeled him in seven articles regarding the January 2019 Lincoln Memorial confrontation between Covington students and the Indigenous Peoples March. A federal judge dismissed the case, ruling that 30 of the 33 statements in the Post that Sandmann alleged were libelous were not, but allowed Sandmann to file an amended complaint as to three statements. After Sandmann's lawyers amended the complaint, the suit was reopened on October 28, 2019.

In 2020, The Post settled the lawsuit brought by Sandmann for an undisclosed amount.

Controversial op-eds and columns
Several Washington Post op-eds and columns have prompted criticism, including a number of comments on race by columnist Richard Cohen over the years, and a controversial 2014 column on campus sexual assault by George Will.

The Posts decision to run an op-ed by Mohammed Ali al-Houthi, a leader in Yemen's Houthi movement, was criticized by some activists on the basis that it provided a platform to an "anti-Western and antisemitic group supported by Iran." The headline of a 2020 op-ed titled "It's time to give the elites a bigger say in choosing the president" was changed, without an editor's note, after backlash.

In 2022, actor Johnny Depp successfully sued ex-wife Amber Heard for an op-ed she wrote in The Washington Post where she described herself as a public figure representing domestic abuse two years after she had publicly accused him of domestic violence.

Criticism by elected officials
Former president Donald Trump repeatedly spoke out against The Washington Post on his Twitter account, having "tweeted or retweeted criticism of the paper, tying it to Amazon more than 20 times since his campaign for president" by August 2018. In addition to often attacking the paper itself, Trump used Twitter to blast various Post journalists and columnists.

During the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Senator Bernie Sanders repeatedly criticized The Washington Post, saying that its coverage of his campaign was slanted against him and attributing this to Jeff Bezos' purchase of the newspaper. Sanders' criticism was echoed by the socialist magazine Jacobin and the progressive journalist watchdog Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting. Washington Post executive editor Marty Baron responded by saying that Sanders' criticism was "baseless and conspiratorial".

Executive officers and editors

Major stockholders
 Stilson Hutchins (1877–1889)
 Frank Hatton and Beriah Wilkins (1889–1905)
 John R. McLean (1905–1916)
 Edward (Ned) McLean (1916–1933)
 Eugene Meyer (1933–1948)
 The Washington Post Company (1948–2013)
 Nash Holdings (Jeff Bezos) (2013–present)

Publishers
 Stilson Hutchins (1877–1889)
 Beriah Wilkins (1889–1905)
 John R. McLean (1905–1916)
 Edward (Ned) McLean (1916–1933)
 Eugene Meyer (1933–1946)
 Philip L. Graham (1946–1961)
 John W. Sweeterman (1961–1968)
 Katharine Graham (1969–1979)
 Donald E. Graham (1979–2000)
 Boisfeuillet Jones Jr. (2000–2008)
 Katharine Weymouth (2008–2014)
 Frederick J. Ryan Jr. (2014–2023)

Executive editors
 James Russell Wiggins (1955–1968)
 Ben Bradlee (1968–1991)
 Leonard Downie Jr. (1991–2008)
 Marcus Brauchli (2008–2012)
 Martin Baron (2012–2021)
Sally Buzbee (2021–present)

See also
 1975–76 Washington Post pressmen's strike
 All the President's Men, a 1974 book by Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward about the Watergate scandal
 All the President's Men, a 1976 film based on Bernstein's and Woodward's book
 List of prizes won by The Washington Post
 The Post, a 2017 film based on the publication of the Pentagon Papers
 The Washington Star (1852–1981)
 The Washington Times (1982–present)

References

Further reading
 Kelly, Tom. The imperial Post: The Meyers, the Grahams, and the paper that rules Washington (Morrow, 1983)
 Lewis, Norman P. "Morning Miracle. Inside the Washington Post: A Great Newspaper Fights for Its Life". Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly (2011) 88#1 pp: 219.
 Merrill, John C. and Harold A. Fisher. The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers (1980) pp 342–52
 Roberts, Chalmers McGeagh. In the shadow of power: the story of the Washington Post (Seven Locks Pr, 1989)

External links

 The Washington Post Company history at Graham Holdings Company
 The Washington Post channel in Telegram
 Scott Sherman, May 2002, "Donald Graham's Washington Post" Columbia Journalism Review. September / October 2002.

 Jaffe, Harry. "Post Watch: Family Dynasty Continues with Katharine II", Washingtonian, February 26, 2008.

1877 establishments in Washington, D.C.
2013 mergers and acquisitions
Daily newspapers published in the United States
National newspapers published in the United States
Newspapers published in Washington, D.C.
Peabody Award winners
Peabody Award-winning websites
Podcasting companies
Newspapers established in 1877
Pulitzer Prize-winning newspapers
Pulitzer Prize for Public Service winners
Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting winners

The Washington Post


Teen Sau Din Ke Baad () is a 1938 Hindi social comedy film directed by Sarvottam Badami. This was Badami's first comedy film and it was a success at the box-office; he went on to direct two more comedies after this, Aap Ki Marzi (1939) and Ladies Only (1939), also successes. The film was produced by Sagar Movietone, with story written by Babubhai A. Mehta and dialogue by Wajahat Mirza and Waqif. The music was composed by Anil Biswas with lyrics by Zia Sarhadi. The director of photography was Faredoon Irani and the film starred Bibbo, Motilal, Sabita Devi, Yakub, Pesi Patel and Gulzar.

The film had Motilal playing the role of "a young bored millionaire", who due to his intemperate life-style starts falling ill. He bets with his doctor that he can go out in the world and manage to exist without his wealth.

Plot
Sudhir (Motilal), a young millionaire is leading a dissipated life indulging in drinks, gambling and women due to sheer boredom. His health starts fading and after one such bout he faints. The doctor admonishes him regarding his life-style. He advises him against his fast life and suggests that he take to some physical labour, which the doctor is sure Sudhir will not be able to do. Sudhir takes up the challenge and decides to give up his home for three hundred days and live without using his wealth. He sets out into the world with nothing in his pocket. The challenges he faces and how he overcomes them are interspersed with a lot of humour and hard work as he tries to make a living. He finally ends up working in a soap factory where he falls in love with the typist Sharda (Sabita Devi). The boss Lakshmidas has a wife Ramola (Bibbo), who is attracted to Sudhir. When the boss faces problems with the factory, Sudhir anonymously sends money to help him out. Eventually the three hundred days are over, Sudhir now a healthy young man has won his bet with the doctor and a wife for himself.

Cast
 Sabita Devi as Sharda
 Motilal as Sudhir
 Bibbo
 Yakub
 Sankatha Prasad
 Pesi Patel
 Pande
 Gulzar
 Yusuf
 Waskar
 Rukmini
 Piroj Wadkar

Music
The music was composed by Anil Biswas and had lyrics written by Zia Sarhadi. Songs like "Ghar Apna Yeh Kursi Apni" and "Ik tum Na Hui Toh Kya Hua" became extremely popular. There were nine songs in the film and the singers were Bibbo, Sabita Devi and Motilal.

Song List

References

External links

1938 films
1930s Hindi-language films
Indian black-and-white films
Indian comedy films
1938 comedy films
Films directed by Sarvottam Badami
Hindi-language comedy films

Teen Sau Din Ke Baad


Shining South is a supplement to the 3.5 edition of the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game.

Contents
Shining South is an accessory for the Forgotten Realms that details the distant lands beyond the Lake of Steam and the Firesteap Mountains: Halruaa, Shaar, Luiren, and Dambrath.

Publication history
Shining South was written by Thomas M. Reid, and published in October 2004. Cover art was by Sam Wood, with interior art by Wayne England, Sam Wood, Richard Sardinha, Carl Frank, Chris Hawkes, Jason Engle, Christopher Rush, Ralph Horsley, Vince Locke, and Mike Dubisch.

Reception

References

Forgotten Realms sourcebooks
Role-playing game supplements introduced in 2004

Shining South (accessory)


An Interior gateway protocol  is a routing protocol that is used within the routers of one autonomous system. An autonomous system might be one organisation, with its clients. Interior gateway protocols are able to handle more complex network topologies, compared to exterior gateway protocols. Exterior gateway protocols are used to route packets between two autonomous systems.

Computer networking

Interior gateway protocol


(born 1947 in Tokyo) is a pioneer of robotics technology and a professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology.

Born in Tokyo and attending Hibiya High School, he graduated from Yokohama National University in 1971 and received a Ph.D. from Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1976 where he later took professorship.

His works includes designs for robots capable of various types of movement such as walking, crawling, swimming and slithering.  Specific designs include a "ninja-robot" capable of climbing buildings and a seven-ton robot capable of climbing mountainous slopes with the aim of installing bolts in the ground so as to prevent landslides.  Hirose is also involved in work with the United Nations to develop a remotely controlled robot capable of clearing landmines.

Positions held
 1976–1979 Research Associate
 1979–1992 Associate Professor
 1992–2013 Professor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
 2002– Honorary Professor, Shengyang Institute of Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
 Fellow of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers
 2003– Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Books
 "Snake Inspired Robots" (Kogyo-chosakai Publishing Co. Ltd., 1987, in Japanese)
 "Robotics" (Shokabo Publishing Co. Ltd., 1987, 1996 revised edition, in Japanese)
 "Biologically Inspired Robots" (Oxford University Press, 1993).

Awards

Hirose has been awarded about thirty academic prizes including:
 Medal with Purple Ribbon in spring 2006.
 The first Pioneer in Robotics and Automation Award in 1999, Best Conference Paper Award in 1995, 2003 Distinguished Lecturers, all from IEEE Robotics and Automation Society.
 Award of Merits from IFToMM (International Federation for the Promotion of Mechanism and Machine Science) in 2004
 The Joseph Engelberger Robotics Award from Robotic Industries Association in 2009
 Award of Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in 2001.
 Creative Engineering Award from Tokyo Tech Graduate School of Engineering in 2008.
 Outstanding Paper Awards in 1976, 1983 and 1992, Outstanding Publishing Award in 1989, all from the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers.
 Hatakeyama Award in 1971, Certificate of Merit for Outstanding Contribution in 1997, both from the Japanese Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME)
 ROBOMEC Awards in 1994, 2000 and 2003. Certificate of Merit for Outstanding Contribution in 1998, 2000 and 2008, all form JSME Robotics and Mechatronics
 Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics Award in 2009.
 Outstanding Paper Awards in 1987, 1993 and 2002, Outstanding Technical Paper Award in 1992, 2000, and 10th anniversary paper award in 1993, all from the Robotics Society of Japan
 The Most Interesting Reading Award in 1999 from Japan Society for Design Engineering
 JIRA Award in 1990 and Best Paper Award in 1992 both from the Japan Industrial Robot Association
 Outstanding Publishing Awards in 1989, 1994 and outstanding invention award in 2001 all from Tejima Seiichi Commemorative Foundation
 Carlos Ghosn Award in 2008
 Fire Fighter Agency Award in 2004
 Nikkan-Kogyo-Shinbun Outstanding Publishing Award in 1988
 Outstanding Paper Award in 1994 from Foundation for Promotion of Advanced Automation Technology
 Outstanding Paper Award in 2000 from FANUC FA and Robot Foundation
 Good Design Award in 2002 and 2006
 Acknowledgments of Outstanding Invention in 1990 and 1993 from the Science and Technology Agency
 IEEE Robotics and Automation Technical Field Award (TFA) 2014

See also
Robotics

References

External links
 Biography
 Hirose-Fukushima Robots Lab

1947 births
Japanese inventors
Japanese engineers
Scientists from Tokyo
Living people
Tokyo Institute of Technology alumni
Academic staff of Tokyo Institute of Technology
Japanese roboticists
Yokohama National University alumni

Shigeo Hirose


Hebao Island ( Hebao Dao, literally "Purse Island", variants: Bullock Horn, Ho-pao, Ho-pao Tao, Kukok Island, Kukok Ngao Kok, Niu-chiao-shan and Niu-chio Tao) is a resort island off the southern coast of Guangdong province in the People's Republic of China. Located in the South China Sea, it is approximately 100 kilometers West-Southwest of Hong Kong.

Administratively, this picturesque, sub-tropical island belongs to the prefecture-level city of Zhuhai, and so may be considered part of the so-called Chinese Riviera. It has a total area of 13 square kilometers, and its coast consists mainly of beaches, while the interior includes sub-tropical forest.

Four-mile long Great South beach () is the longest on the island.

See also

 Damang Island

References

Islands of Zhuhai
Islands of China
Islands of Guangdong
Uninhabited islands of China

Hebao Island


Hainan (31) is the lead ship of the Type 075 landing helicopter dock of the People's Liberation Army Navy. She was commissioned on 23 April 2021.

Development and design
The Type 075 is a large-scale amphibious assault ship of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy. This ship is the largest amphibious warship of the People's Liberation Army Navy. It has a hangar and can carry nearly 30 helicopters of various types. It has a through deck and can take off and land multiple helicopters at the same time. There is a dock, which can be used as a mother ship for amphibious vehicles, landing craft, and air-cushioned landing craft (LCAC), and can transport soldiers, infantry fighting vehicles, tanks, etc. for landing operations.

The Type 075 is China's all-through deck amphibious assault ship. The demonstration work was initiated in 2011. The comprehensive development project was established around 2013.

It was researched and designed by the 708 Research Institute of the China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation; previously almost all amphibious warships of the Chinese Navy were built by the design of the institute, including the Type 071 amphibious transport dock, the Type 072, Type 073, and Type 074 classes of landing ships, and the Type 726 LCAC. After the Type 075 started its program demonstration in 2011, several revisions were made during the period. During this period, the headquarters and the navy had different opinions: In 2016, the General Armed Forces Department recommended that the Type 075 adopt a non-through deck superstructure, but the Chinese Navy insisted on connecting it. Offset deck superstructure (same as all-through decks and offset islands of foreign amphibious assault ships), and finally adopted the navy's opinion and put it into practice.

Construction and career
Hainan was the first ship of the class and laid down in 2018 and launched on 25 September 2019 at the Hudong Shipyard in Shanghai. She suffered a minor fire while fitting out on 11 April 2020. Reportedly, the fire was quickly extinguished and caused minimal damage; construction was apparently not slowed. On 23 April 2021, the ship was commissioned into the South Sea Fleet.

References

2019 ships
Amphibious warfare vessels of the People's Liberation Army Navy
Ships built in China

Chinese landing helicopter dock Hainan


A highwayman was a type of robber who attacked people who were travelling.  They were common in the British Isles from the time of Elizabeth I to the 1800s. Highwaymen rode on horses. They were thought to be socially superior to footpads (who robbed on foot).

Some highwaymen robbed alone but others worked in gangs.  They often targeted coaches because they did not have much defence, They stole money, jewellery and other valuable items. The penalty for robbery with violence was execution by hanging. The 17th century highwayman James Hind was hanged, drawn and quartered. As a supporter of King Charles, the Protectorate charged him with treason.

One of the most famous highwaymen was Dick Turpin, who was hanged for his crimes in 1739. The Australian bushranger  Ben Hall was said to be one too.
The worst place for highwayman were Shooter's Hill and Finchely Common.
Highwayman were not only just men but woman too.The Soldiers would catch the Highwayman.

References

Robbery

Highwayman


TPBank is a bank of Vietnam.  It was founded on 5 May 2008, TPBank inherits technological expertise and financial strength from its strategic shareholders, including DOJI Gold and Gems Group, FPT Corporation, MobiFone Corporation, Vietnam National Reinsurance and SBI Ven Holding Pte. Ltd, Singapore.

History
The bank was founded in 2008 in cooperation with the Bank for Investment and Development of Vietnam, and Citibank. Branches in Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City were opened the same year, along with internet banking services and 'MiniBank 24/7', an automated banking system.  TienPhong is planning expansion to Hai Phong, Da Nang and Can Tho and elsewhere, in 2009.

See also
List of banks in Vietnam

References

External links
  TPbankofficial site

Banks of Vietnam
Banks established in 2008

Tien Phong Bank