The Chinese Orthodox Church (, ) is an autonomous Eastern Orthodox church in China. It was granted autonomy by its mother church, the Russian Orthodox Church, in 1957.

Earlier forms of Eastern Christianity

Christianity is said to have entered China by the apostle Thomas around the year 68 AD, as part of his mission to India. There is also speculative evidence to suggest the missionary of a few Church of the East Assyrian Christians during the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220AD).

The earliest archeological evidence of Christianity in China, is from the Church of the East in the seventh century. The Eastern Christianity of that period is commemorated by a stele and the Daqin Pagoda of Xi'an. Though it was suppressed in the ninth century, Christianity was reintroduced in the 13th century. It again declined rapidly with the coming of the native Chinese Ming dynasty in the 14th century.

Russian Orthodox Mission

The religious and missionary spirit of the Russian Orthodox church towards China was considerably minimal and was often a low priority compared to strategic, political, and diplomatic interests.

During the 1680s, Siberian Cossacks along with a few Orthodox clerics, created a settlement at Albazin on the Amur River. The Kangxi Emperor considered Albazin within Qing territory so he set out a force of 10,000 troops to assault the Russian garrison there. Most of the Cossacks retreated back to Siberia while 30 joined the Qing army.

After the Treaty of Nerchinsk of 1689, along with other concessions, a biannual Russian caravan was allowed to enter Beijing for trade. These trade caravans would soon lead to it being closely knit with the ecclesiastical Russian mission. The mission was at first meant to cater to the Albazinians in Beijing. In the late 1690s, Peter the Great saw Russian trade in Beijing as a potential method to press for Russian interests in China so he sent an Archimandrite priest to China. He also requested that priest and clerics be trained as missionaries and ordered the Metropolite of Kiev to dispatch two or three monks along with a priest to Beijing so that they can learn Chinese. A Russian-Chinese negotiation in 1713 brought the first archimandrite priests to Beijing to cater to Russian merchants and the Albazinians.

The first mission establishment was begun in 1715 at Beijing by an Orthodox Archimandrite, Hilarion. This mission is first recorded in the Russo-Chinese Treaty of Kyakhta (1727). Under Sava Vladislavich's pressure, the Chinese government conceded to the Russians the right to build an Orthodox chapel at the ambassadorial quarters of Beijing. The mission published four volumes of research in Chinese studies in the 1850s and 1860s. Two clerics became well known for scholarship in the subject, the monk Iakinf and the Archimandrite Palladius, who also compiled a dictionary.

Boxer Rebellion
The Boxer Rebellion of 1898–1900 targeted foreign missionaries and Chinese converts to Christianity. The mission suffered greatly, and the Boxers burned the mission's library in Beijing.

The Orthodox liturgical calendar for June 24 remembers 222 Chinese Orthodox Christians, including Father Mitrophan, who were slaughtered in 1900, as the Holy Martyrs of China.

In spite of the uprising, by 1902, there were 32 Orthodox churches in China with close to 6,000 adherents. The church also ran schools and orphanages.

Leaders of the Russian Mission

 Father Maxim Leontieff, 1685–1712.
 Archimandrite Hilarion (Lezhaysky), 1715–1728.
 Archimandrite Anthony (Platkovsky), 1729–1735.
 Archimandrite Hilarion (Trusov), 1736–1743.
 Archimandrite Gervasius (Lentsovsky), 1744—1755
 Archimandrite Ambrose (Yumatoff), 1755–1771.
 Archimandrite Nicholas (Tsvet), 1771—1781
 Archimandrite Joachim (Shishkovsky), 1781—1794
 Archimandrite Sophronius (Gribovsky), 1794—1807
 Archimandrite Hyacinth (Bichurin), 1806–1821.
 Archimandrite Peter (Kamensky), 1821–1830.
 Archimandrite Benjamin (Morachevich), 1830—1840
 Archimandrite Polycarp (Tougarinoff), 1840–1849.
 Archimandrite Palladius (Kafarov), 1849–1859 and 1864–1878.
 Archimandrite Gurias (Karpoff), 1858–1864.
 Archimandrite Flavian (Gorodetsky), 1878–1884.
 Archimandrite Amphilochius (Loutovinoff), 1883–1896.
 Metropolitan Innocent (Figourovsky).  Archimandrite 1897–1901, Bishop of Beijing 1902–1921, Archbishop of Beijing and All-China 1922–1928, Metropolitan 1928–1931.
 Archbishop Simon (Vinogradov), 1928–1933.
 Archbishop Victor (Svjatin), 1933—1956

Chinese Orthodox Church
With the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Archbishop Victor set out ambitious plans to continue the work of the Russian mission and Russian leadership, through the expansion of evangelization operations and the creation of new seminaries. Instead, the Moscow Patriarchate ordered Victor to speed up transition the mission into a Chinese church within ten years. However, in the 1950s, resources were stripped as Russia and China were involved in the Korean War, and China saw an exodus of Russian expatriates. The Moscow Patriarchate formally granted autonomy in 1957 to the Chinese Orthodox Church, but transferred mission properties to the Russian and Chinese governments. While now run by Chinese clergy, the eventual Anti-Rightist Campaign posed a difficult time for all Christians, Orthodox or otherwise, and all public religious activity came to an end by the Cultural Revolution in 1966.

Today
Since the 1980s, the government of the People's Republic of China extends official recognition to five religious communities: Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism (through the Catholic Patriotic Association) and Protestantism (through the Three-Self Patriotic Movement). However, this recognition has not been extended to the Orthodox Church. Nonetheless in the 2010s tentative steps have been taken between China and Russia to revive the Chinese Orthodox Church.

At present, there are only three communities in Mainland China with regular weekly services and resident clergy. The Beijing community meets at the restored Church of the Dormition in the grounds of the Russian Embassy in Dongzhimen; the Shanghai community at the Russian Consulate; and the Church of the Intercession, Harbin, the only one open to Chinese nationals for regular worship. Elsewhere, priestless congregations continue to meet in Northeast China (in Heilongjiang and elsewhere) and in Western China (Xinjiang – Ürümqi and Ghulja) with, apparently, the tacit consent of the government.  There are also Orthodox parishes in the Province of Guangdong and in Shanghai; two former Orthodox churches in Shanghai are currently in a process of being returned to the church but no activities are currently held inside them.

In March 2018, the Chinese Orthodox church acquired the government's approval to prepare new priests in Russian theological seminaries.

The Orthodox Church operates relatively freely in Hong Kong, where there are two parishes: St Luke's Greek Orthodox Cathedral (Eastern Orthodox Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and Southeast Asia under the Ecumenical Patriarchate) and the Russian Orthodox parish of Saints Peter and Paul under the Moscow Patriarchate. There is also a presence in Taiwan (where Archimandrite Jonah George Mourtos leads a mission church).

Orthodox Evenkis
Although many of them have adopted Tibetan Buddhism, the Evenks of both the Russian Federation and China are Orthodox Christian people. They are one of the Asiatic peoples who practice Orthodox Christianity, which they voluntarily adopted. There are also around 3000 Evenks in neighbouring Heilongjiang.

See also
 Christianity in China
 Timeline of Orthodoxy in China
 Catholic Church in China
 Protestantism in China
 Albazinians
 Oros Niru
 Amur Cossacks
 Harbin Russians
 Chinese characters for transcribing Slavonic

References

Derived with permission from Orthodox Church of China at OrthodoxWiki.

External links
 Official Site – Orthodox Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and Southeast Asia
Recent article on Russians & Russian culture in China
Orthodoxy in China
Article on Chinese Orthodox Church by Ronald Roberson on the CNEWA website

China–Russia relations
Eastern Orthodox organizations established in the 17th century
Christian denominations established in the 17th century

Chinese Orthodox Church


In mathematics, a geodesic is the shortest path between 2 points over a curved surface. For example, an aeroplane takes the shortest path to go from one destination to the next. However the earth is not flat, it has the shape of a sphere. Displayed on a map you would see a curved line. Paths on a sphere are also called great circles, such that in this case, two points are joined by two distinct geodesics. A minimal geodesic (or segment) is a particular case where the geodesic joining two distant points has the shortest length.

Geometry

Geodesic


Kenny Davis (born September 4, 1961) is an American jazz bassist.

Davis released two albums as leader for Soul Note.

He was also member of the Blue Note Records group Out of the Blue and has appeared on albums by Gary Bartz, Art Farmer, Don Byron, Eric Person, Michele Rosewoman, Onaje Allan Gumbs and others.

Kenny is currently professor of Jazz Bass and Jazz History at the Mason Gross School of the Arts at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey.

Discography

As sideman
With Geri Allen
Geri Allen & Timeline Live (Motema, 2010)
With Cecil Brooks III
Hangin' with Smooth (Muse, 1990)
With Uri Caine
Sphere Music (JMT, 1993)
With James Carter
Caribbean Rhapsody (EmArcy, 2011)
With Steve Coleman
The Tao of Mad Phat (Novus, 1993)
With Robin Eubanks
Mental Images (JMT, 1994)
With Art Farmer
The Company I Keep (Arabesque, 1994) with Tom Harrell
The Meaning of Art (Arabesque, 1995)
Silk Road (Arabesque, 1997)
With Cassandra Wilson
Blue Light 'til Dawn (Blue Note, 1993)

Earl MacDonald, "Re:Visions - works for jazz orchestra", Death Defying Records, 2010
Carla Cook, Simply Natural, Maxjazz 2002
Regina Carter, Something for Grace, Atlantic, 1997
Steve Coleman & Five Elements, The TAO of Mad Phat Fringed Zones, Novus, 1993
Out of the Blue, O.T.B Live at Mt. Fuji Jazz Festival, O.T.B/Blue Note, 1986

References

1961 births
Living people
American jazz double-bassists
Male double-bassists
Black Saint/Soul Note artists
Jazz musicians from Chicago
21st-century double-bassists
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
The Tonight Show Band members
Hasidic New Wave members
Out of the Blue (American band) members

Kenny Davis (musician)


Chess boxing is a mixed sport which puts together the sport of boxing with games of chess in every other round. Chess boxing fights have been done since early 2003. The sport was started when Dutch artist Iepe Rubingh, given the idea by a similar sport in the writing of Enki Bilal, started actual matches. The sport has become more well known since then. To do well at chess boxing, players must be both good chess players and good boxers.

Structure and rules
A match between two players is made up of up to 11 rounds of boxing and chess sessions, starting with a four-minute chess round followed by two minutes of boxing and so on. Between rounds there is a one-minute pause, during which the players change their gear. The form of chess played is rapid chess in which each player has a total of twelve minutes for the whole game. Players may win by knocking out the other player, checkmate, a judge's choice, or if the other player runs out of chess time. If a player does not make a move in the round of chess, he will be given a warning by the referee and he must then make a move in the next 10 seconds.

History

The idea was started in 1992 by cartoonist Enki Bilal, and a match of chess boxing was a big story part of his graphic novel Froid Équateur. Iepe Rubingh, a Dutch artist, was took the idea from Bilal's book and started the sport in the spring of 2001. Rubingh decided that the method of play in the book, a boxing match with a chess match after, was not very good. Rubingh made the rules so a round of chess would come after a round of boxing.

The World Chess Boxing Organisation (WCBO), keeps control of the sport. The first world championship was in Amsterdam in 2003 and was won by Iepe Rubingh, the starter of the sport. The First European Chess Boxing Championship took place in Berlin on October 1, 2005 when Tihomir Atanassov Dovramadjiev of Bulgaria beat Andreas D'Schneider of Germany after D'Schneider gave up in the seventh round.

In April 2008, the World Chess Federation, FIDE, posted a video on its website in which its president Kirsan Ilyumzhinov played a friendly chess boxing match in Elista. Also in April 2008 the UK's first Chess Boxing club was started in London by Great Britain Chess Boxing Organisation founder Tim Woolgar. In July 2008 in Berlin, a 19-year old Russian mathematics student Nikolai Sazhin won the title of "World Champion" in chess boxing by beating Frank Stoldt. Stoldt resigned in the 5th round after losing his queen.

Notes

Chess

Chess boxing


Juan Mari Brás (December 2, 1927 – September 10, 2010) was an advocate for Puerto Rican independence from the United States who founded the Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP). On October 25, 2006, he became the first person to receive a Puerto Rican citizenship certificate from the Puerto Rico State Department. His son, Santiago Mari Pesquera, was assassinated by a suspected far-right activist in 1976. In 2009, documents revealed the FBI had known of a plot to assassinate Mari Brás but did not share the information with him.

Early years
Juan Mari Brás was born in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico on December 2, 1927. His father, Santiago Mari Ramos, was an active participant in the independence movement who often took his son to political meetings and rallies. In 1943, when he was 18 years old, he founded a pro-independence movement called "Capítulo de Agregados Pro Independencia", in his high school along with some of his friends, in Mayagüez. He was also the founder and director of the first pro-independence political radio program "Gritos de la Patria".

Student activist
In 1944, he enrolled in the University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus and in 1946 became a founding member of Gilberto Concepción de Gracia's Puerto Rican Independence Party. He also was a founding member of the Beta chapter of the Phi Delta Gamma fraternity. Mari Brás became the president of the party's "Puerto Rican Independentista Youth". In 1948, the university's pro-independence student body invited nationalist leader Pedro Albizu Campos to the Río Piedras campus as a guest speaker. The chancellor of the university, Jaime Benítez, did not permit Albizu access to the campus. As a consequence, the students protested and went on strike. Mari Brás was one of the student leaders who chanted anti-American slogans and who marched with a Puerto Rican flag in his hand. Both of these acts were considered as acts against the Government of the United States, which at that time had complete control of the government of the island. Mari Brás and others who protested were expelled from the university; he was arrested, jailed, and let go three times in response to his revolutionary activities.

Mari Brás was forced to move to Lakeland, Florida, where he earned his bachelor's degree at Florida Southern College between 1949 and 1950. From 1951 until 1954 he lived in Washington, DC where he studied at Georgetown University, during this period he and his wife at the time, Paquita Pesquera Cantellops, had their first child: Santiago Mari Pesquera (born in 1952). In 1954, he went to study law and political science at George Washington University Law School but was expelled for being a suspected communist thanks to his involvement with the Puerto Rican independence movement. He finally obtained his law degree from American University. During this time he also worked as a research assistant at the Brookings Institution.

Political career

Pro-Independence Movement

On January 11, 1959, Mari Brás founded the Pro-Independence Movement, which grouped Puerto Rican independence followers who supported the Socialist philosophy. Along with César Andreu Iglesias he founded the political newspaper Claridad, which he directed for three decades. On November 28, 1971, at the Pro-Independence Movement's eighth general assembly, the Pro-Independence Movement officially became the Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP). A political organization with Marxist-Leninist and nationalist leanings influenced by the Cuban Revolution. In 1973, he spoke before the United Nations about Puerto Rico being a colony of the United States and demanded the decolonization of the island. On March 24, 1976, the eldest of Mari Brás' children, Santiago Mari Pesquera, was murdered while his father was preparing for a gubernatorial run on the Socialist Party ticket. Police investigations have hinted that Mari Pesquera was assassinated in reprisal for his father's political activism. The murder has never been officially solved. In 2009, thanks to the Freedom of Information Act documents were obtained by news stations, Primera Hora, that showed the FBI knew of a plan to assassinate Juan Marí Pesquera, and had not warned him. (They had known for two months and it was Mari Brás' son who was assassinated, in the end.)

After losing his son and the election, Mari Bras continued to dedicate his time to campaigning for the independence of Puerto Rico. He was a prolific writer as well as a speaker before various audiences on the issue of the political status of Puerto Rico. Along with being a founding member of the Puerto Rican Socialist Party, he also was a co-founder of the Puerto Rican Independence Party in 1946. After the demise of the Puerto Rican Socialist Party, he and other former party leaders founded the Hostosian National Independence Movement in an attempt to unify the various factions vying for Puerto Rican independence. Professionally he performed as a law professor at the Eugenio María de Hostos School of Law in Puerto Rico.

U.S. citizenship renunciation
On July 11, 1994, Mari Brás renounced his United States citizenship at the U.S. Embassy in Caracas, Venezuela. "He did this to test a technicality in United States citizenship laws.", according to writer Mary Hilaire Tavenner Brás believed that a person holding United States citizenship and who subsequently renounces his citizenship would be deported to his country of origin. As Puerto Rico is a territory of the United States, Brás theorized the U.S. Department of State would have to deport him or any Puerto Rican who renounced his or her U.S. citizenship to Puerto Rico. The U.S. State Department approved Mari Brás' renunciation of his U.S. citizenship on November 22, 1995.

On 15 May 1996, Miriam J. Ramírez de Ferrer, a pro-statehood attorney, presented a formal complaint against Mari Brás before the Mayaguez Electoral Board, where Mari Brás was registered to vote, so he could not vote as he was not a U.S. citizen. It was denied because the Board had no jurisdiction. Upon appeal by Ramírez, the Puerto Rico Electoral Board subsequently supported the decision of the Mayaguez Board. Ramírez subsequently took the matter to the Puerto Rico Superior Court (Tribunal de Primera Instancia, Sala Superior de San Juan). As a result, the Superior Court declared unconstitutional Articles 2.003 y 2.023 of Puerto Rico's Electoral Law as they required U.S. citizenship as a condition to vote in Puerto Rico's elections. On November 18, 1997, Ramírez then took Mari Brás before the Puerto Rico Supreme Court alleging that if he had renounced his United States citizenship, then he also had renounced his right to vote in the local Puerto Rican elections. The Puerto Rican Supreme Court sided with Mari Brás, finding that "as a citizen of Puerto Rico" Mari Brás was eligible to vote.

In Lozada Colón v. U.S. Department of State (1998), the plaintiff was a United States citizen, born in Puerto Rico and resident of Puerto Rico, who executed an oath of renunciation before a consular officer at the U.S. Embassy in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. On April 23, 1998, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia held that the case was about "the much debated political question as to the status of Puerto Rico and its nationals in relation to the United States." It added that "While Plaintiff may well have strong political views with regard to Puerto Rican independence and the need for a citizenship separate and apart from the United States, this is not an issue for this Court to decide", and concluded that "the Plaintiff must seek another, more appropriate forum to express his political views." These actions and rulings continue to be a popular subject of debate.

In rejecting the renunciation, the Department noted that the Plaintiff in Colón demonstrated no intention of renouncing all ties to the United States, i.e., claiming to reject his United States citizenship, but nevertheless wishing to remain a resident of Puerto Rico. The Plaintiff's response was to claim a fundamental distinction between United States and Puerto Rican citizenship. The United States Department of State position asserted that renunciation of U.S. citizenship must entail renunciation of Puerto Rican citizenship as well. The court does decide to not enter to the merits of the citizenship issue; however the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia rejected Colón's petition for a writ of mandamus directing the Secretary of State to approve a Certificate of Loss of Nationality in the case because the plaintiff wanted to retain one of the primary benefits of U.S. citizenship while claiming he was not a U.S. citizen. The Court described the plaintiff as a person, "claiming to renounce all rights and privileges of United States citizenship, [while] Plaintiff wants to continue to exercise one of the fundamental rights of citizenship, namely to travel freely throughout the world and when he wants to, return and reside in the United States." The court based this decision on the Immigration and Nationality Act section 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(38), which defines the term "United States", and evince that Puerto Rico is a part of the United States for such purposes.

In light of the Supreme Court's decision, on June 4, 1998, the U.S. State Department reversed its November 22, 1995 decision and declared that Mari Brás was still a U.S. citizen. The U.S. State Department argued that as Mari Brás had continued living in a U.S. territory, he was still a U.S. citizen. According to the State Department, U.S. Immigration and Naturalization law stipulates that anyone who wants to give up their U.S. citizenship must live in another country.

Based on the federal court ruling in Colón v. U.S. Department of State (1998), years after the U.S. State Department accepted his renunciation, Juan Mari Brás was notified on June 4, 1998, by the U.S. Department of State, that they were rescinding their acceptance, and refused to accept Mari Brás's renunciation, determining he could not renounce his United States citizenship as he did not request another national citizenship, and he was born and remains living and working in Puerto Rico. Colón vs. U.S. Department of State became a landmark case and is posted on the U.S. State Department's webpage.

Puerto Rican citizenship

After renouncing his U.S. citizenship and over 10 years of litigation arguing he was a citizen of Puerto Rico, Mari Brás received the first certificate of Puerto Rican citizenship from the Puerto Rico Department of State. He stated "I freed myself from the indignity of a false citizenship ... that of the country that invaded mine, which continues to keep the only country that I owe allegiance to as a colony."

The Supreme Court of Puerto Rico and the Puerto Rico Secretary of Justice determined that Puerto Rican citizenship exists and was recognized in the Constitution of Puerto Rico. Since the summer of 2007, the Puerto Rico State Department has developed the protocol to grant Puerto Rican citizenship to Puerto Ricans. Former Puerto Rico Supreme Court Associate Justice and former Secretary of State Baltasar Corrada questioned the legality of the certification, citing a law passed in 1997, authored by Kenneth McClintock Hernández, which establishes United States citizenship and nationality as a prerequisite for Puerto Rican citizenship. Mari Bras' efforts generated vigorous public debate regarding the citizenship issue.

Mari Brás is not the only Puerto Rican citizen to renounce his U.S. citizenship. Since Mari Brás' application, a number of other Puerto Rican citizens  have also presented the required application papers before U.S. authorities to renounce their U.S. citizenship. According to The New York Times, "many other independentistas" followed in Mari Brás's footsteps and renounced their U.S. citizenship as well. The New York City-based El Diario-La Prensa reported in its April 30, 1998 edition that "thirteen more pro-independence Puerto Ricans had renounced their citizenship at the U.S. embassy in the Dominican Republic on April 27 [1998]".

Later years
Later in his life, Juan Mari Brás retired from active politics and no longer acted as president of the defunct Puerto Rican Socialist Party. He did continue to make appearances at pro-independence activities and continued to teach law at the Eugenio María de Hostos School of Law which he cofounded in his native Mayagüez over a decade ago. He dedicated his later years to seeking unity among the varied pro-independence factions in Puerto Rico and appeared before the United Nations on the political status issue.

On December 10, 2008, he was recognized by the Puerto Rico chapter of the American Association of Jurists with the award of "Jurista del Año" ("Jurist of the Year").

Death and legacy
Mari Brás died in San Juan on September 10, 2010. After hearing of Mari Brás's death the mayor of the city of Mayagüez, José Guillermo Rodríguez, decreed five days of mourning and ordered that flags in all municipal building be flown at half mast. Mayor Rodríguez also announced that the city of Mayagüez would be collaborating with the Hostos School of Law in the funeral arrangements. Following Mass at the Catedral Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, Mari Brás was laid to rest at Cementerio Municipal de Mayagüez.

See also

List of Puerto Ricans

References

External links
Juan Mari Brás
Eugenio María de Hostos School of Law
 Portraits of Notable Individuals in the Struggle for Puerto Rican Independence

1927 births
2010 deaths
COINTELPRO targets
Washington College of Law alumni
Puerto Rican nationalists
People from Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican socialists
Puerto Rican party leaders
Puerto Rican independence activists
Place of death missing
Florida Southern College alumni
American University alumni

Juan Mari Brás


The Chestnut Street District is a historic district bounded roughly by Bridge, Lynn, Beckford, and River Streets in Salem, Massachusetts.  It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and enlarged slightly in 1978.  The district contains a number of architecturally significant works of Samuel McIntire, a builder and woodworker who had a house and workshop at 31 Summer Street, and who designed and built a number of these houses,  and others that display the profits made in the Old China Trade by Salem's merchants.  The district is a subset of a larger locally designated McIntire Historic District.

Saunders House
The first of the great brick Federal houses to be constructed was the Thomas Saunders House at number 39 Chestnut,  built in 1805 and later remodeled by Arthur Little (1893). Saunders also built the famous McIntire-designed double house next door at numbers 41-43, in 1810, as a wedding present for his daughters Mary Elizabeth and Caroline, who married brothers Leverett and Nathaniel Saltonstall. Leverett Saltonstall I was Salem's first elected mayor.

Hamilton Hall
Hamilton Hall is a National Historic Landmark at 9 Chestnut Street in Salem, Massachusetts. Hamilton Hall was built in 1805 by Samuel McIntire and added separately to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.

Ropes Mansion
The Ropes Mansion (late 1720s), also called Ropes Memorial, is a Georgian Colonial mansion located at 318 Essex Street. It is now operated by the Peabody Essex Museum and open to the public.

Peirce-Nichols House
The Peirce-Nichols House (ca 1782), is an elegant example of late-Georgian craftsmanship.  It is located at 80 Federal Street, and was built for Jerathmiel Peirce, partner in the shipping firm of Waite & Peirce, owners of the Friendship and several other ships.  Designed early in the career of Samuel McIntire (1757–1811), and modified later by him, the building gives a unique view into his methods and styles. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973, and is now owned by the Peabody Essex Museum, which offers guided tours.

Stephen Phillips House
The Stephen Phillips House is located at 34 Chestnut Street. A classic car show is held every year at The Stephen Phillips House. The Phillips House is now owned and operated as a historic house museum by Historic New England and is open for public tours.

Pickering House
The Pickering House () is a Colonial house, owned and occupied by ten successive generations of the Pickering family including Colonel Timothy Pickering. This house is believed to be the oldest house in the United States continuously occupied by one family. It is located at 18 Broad Street, Salem, Massachusetts and is open to the public under the auspices of the nonprofit Pickering Foundation.

The Witch House, Jonathan Corwin House
The Witch House (also called the Jonathan Corwin House), was the home of Judge Jonathan Corwin and is the only structure still standing in Salem, Massachusetts with direct ties to the Salem Witch Trials of 1692.

The Salem Athenaeum
The Salem Athenaeum was founded in 1810 and is one of the oldest private library organizations in the United States. The Athenaeum is located at 337 Essex Street.  In 1905, the Athenæum sold the building at 132 Essex Street to the Essex Institute (now the Peabody Essex Museum), and with the proceeds constructed the building it currently occupies, at 337 Essex Street. Dedicated in 1907

Francis Cox House
The Francis Cox House was built in 1846 and is situated at the corner of Chestnut and Summer street.

John Bertram Mansion

This High Style Italianate brick and brownstone mansion was built at 370 Essex Street in 1855 for Captain John Bertram When Captain John Bertram died in March 1882, his widow donated their home (The John Bertram Mansion) and this became the Salem Public Library. The Salem Public Library opened its doors on July 8, 1889.

See also
List of the oldest buildings in Massachusetts
List of the oldest buildings in the United States
List of historic houses in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Salem, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Massachusetts

References

1973 establishments in Massachusetts
Historic districts in Essex County, Massachusetts
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
History of Salem, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Salem, Massachusetts
Protected areas established in 1973
Tourist attractions in Salem, Massachusetts

Chestnut Street District


The last man () is a term used by the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche in Thus Spoke Zarathustra to describe the antithesis of his theorized superior being, the Übermensch, whose imminent appearance is heralded by Zarathustra. The last man is the archetypal passive nihilist.  He is tired of life, takes no risks, and seeks only comfort and security.  Therefore, The Last Man is unable to build and act upon a self-actualized ethos.

Appearance in Thus Spoke Zarathustra
The last man's first appearance is in "Zarathustra's Prologue". According to Nietzsche, the last man is the goal that modern society and Western civilization have apparently set for themselves.  After having unsuccessfully attempted to get the populace to accept the Übermensch as the goal of society, Zarathustra confronts them with a goal so disgusting that he assumes that it will revolt them — a culture which seeks only passive comfort and routine, avoiding everything that could potentially bring risk, pain, or disappointment. Zarathustra fails in this attempt, and instead of repelling and manipulating the populace into pursuing the goal of the Übermensch, the populace take Zarathustra literally and choose the "disgusting" goal of becoming the last men. This decision leaves Zarathustra disheartened and disappointed.

Nietzsche's predictions
Nietzsche warned that the society of the last man could be too barren and decadent to support the growth of healthy human life or great individuals. The last man is only possible by mankind having bred an apathetic person or society who loses the ability to dream, to strive, and who become unwilling to take risks, instead simply earning their living and keeping warm. The society of the last man is antithetical to Nietzsche's theoretical will to power, the main driving force and ambition behind human nature, according to Nietzsche, as well as all other life in the universe.

The last man, Nietzsche predicted, would be one response to the problem of nihilism. But the full implications of the death of God had yet to unfold: "The event itself is far too great, too distant, too remote from the multitude's capacity for comprehension even for the tidings of it to be thought of as having arrived as yet."

Quotations
Quotations on the concept of the "last man" by Nietzsche:

See also
 Endling
 Superfluous man
 The End of History and the Last Man

Notes

Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche
Nihilism

Existentialist concepts

Last man


La Llorona is a well known Mexican folk tale that originated in the 1800s to early 1900s.(The La Llorona tale actually dates back to the conquistadors and is thought to have originated in prehispanic times.)

Although several variations exist, the most basic story tells of a beautiful woman by the name of Maria who drowns her children in the river out of rage because her husband left her for a younger woman. She soon comes to her senses and regrets her decision to kill her children, so she drowns herself in a river in Latin America. She then becomes stuck between the physical and spiritual world on an eternal search for her children, not permitted to enter heaven without them. Her incessant weeping throughout the night gives her the title "La Llorona" (The Weeping Woman).

Parents often use this story to prevent their children from wandering out at night. In some versions of this tale and legend, La Llorona will kidnap wandering children who resemble her missing children, asking her children for forgiveness and drowning these other children to take their place but they never forgive her yet  still she keeps trying.

People who claim to have seen her say she appears at night, or in the late evenings from rivers or lakes throughout Latin America. Some believe that those who hear the wails of La Llorona are marked for death. She is said to cry,"¡Ay, mis hijos!" (Oh, my children!).

People saw her in the city of Los Angeles in the small town of Watts.

A movie about the folk tale titled The Curse of La Llorona was released in April 2019.

Related pages
 La Llorona (song)

References

Folklore
Mexican culture

La Llorona


Krahu i shqiponjës ("Eagle's Wing") is an Albanian national magazine that first appeared in the democratic post-communist period, in Tirana (Albania), in 1995, in progress of Bilal Xhaferri's magazine, which was published in Chicago, United States. The spiritual leader was and still remains Bilal Xhaferri.

History
Eagle's Wing is a political, cultural, literary and social magazine that was first published in 1974, in two languages: Albanian and English, as an organ of the Cham League in Chicago, United States. The Albanian dissident writer Bilal Xhaferri was the founder, editor and leader of this magazine. (Bilal Xhaferri was born on November 2, 1935 in Ninat, Konispol, and after a dissident literary - publicistic activity was obliged to escape from the communist Albania in 1969 and find a shelter in Chicago, United States, where he died on October 14, 1986). "Eagle's wing" magazine stopped being published with Bilal Xhaferri's death. This magazine was characterized by an anti-communist spirit.

Eagle's Wing magazine was a free democratic thinking tribune.
Among the magazine's pages, Albanian national problems were treated, especially the Cham issue, Kosovo problem and problems of Albanian communities around the world and in Diaspora.

Bilal Xhaferri could communicate through Eagle's Wing magazine with a lot of Albanian intellectuals in United States, Europe and Canada, Australia, Turkey and elsewhere, with newspapers and other Albanian magazines of Diaspora, and also with other organs of the international press.

Among the pages of Eagle's Wing magazine, besides the publications of many foreign and Albanian authors, Bilal Xhaferri published even his works, a lot of publicistic articles, poetry, stories and fragments of the novel Opposite Sidewalks (1975), fragments of the novel The Moon of the yards (1977), skits for the Albanian language courses that were situated near mosques, masjids or Albanian churches in exile. He also published his drawings and caricatures, artistic photos and short films made by him. He wrote in USA movie scenarios. In the magazine number, where was published for the first time a passage from the novel The Moon of the Yards, it was advertised the fact that he was producing a scenario from this novel for a full-length feature film under the adapted title in English The Moon of the Countryside. A company from Hollywood was going to film it.

Because of the anti-communist activities of its founder Bilal Xhaferri, the editorial office of Eagle's Wing magazine was set on fire in 1981. Several attempts on his life were also made by agents of the Albanian secret police. Bilal Xhaferri was able to publish 39 issues.

Since 1995 Eagle's Wing magazine is being published in Tirana, as the organ of the Cultural Association "Bilal Xhaferri" (The Cultural Community of Chameria), founded and directed by the journalist and writer Shefki Hysa. He initiated the return of Bilal Xhaferri's remains in Albania. The magazine is published in the Albanian language and partially in English, French, German and Italian.

In the magazine's pages, besides editions that defend Albanian national issue, notably the Cham and Kosovo problem, have often been published even articles and selected compositions by the personalities of the Albanian pens such as: Bilal Xhaferri, Dritëro Agolli, Ismail Kadare, Jakup Mato, Martin Mato, Namik Mane, Pjetër Arbnori, Arben Çokaj, Sazan Goliku, Sokol Jakova, Shefki Hysa, Vath Koreshi, Visar Zhiti etc.
You can find in the pages of this magazine even articles, interviews and portraits of many Albanian politicians, such as: Sali Berisha, Sabri Godo, Bamir Topi, Besnik Mustafaj, Fatmir Mediu, Skënder Gjinushi, Edi Rama, Ilir Meta etc., and of Kosovo politicians such as: Ibrahim Rugova, Hashim Thaçi, Sabri Hamiti etc.

Even creations of global authors such as: Alfred de Musset, Christina Rossetti, Edgar Allan Poe, Jack London, Jean-Paul Sartre etc., have been published in this magazine.

The foreign authors who have notably treated the Chame issue like Miranda Vickers, Doris Pack, Hillary Clinton, James Pettifer and Dr. Haim Reitan etc., have taken a special place in Eagle's Wing magazine and they will do the same in the future.

Bibliography

 Agim Musta, Enver Memisha, Anthology of wounds under the communist terror, 2 (2006), Tirana,
 Ahmet Mehmeti, Nectar of the Albanian soul (2007), Tirana,
 Bilal Xhaferri, Beyond distances, prose and publicistic (1996), Tirana,
 Hekuran Halili, Me, the Man! (2007), Saranda,
 Ibrahim D. Hoxha, Southern-Albanian Encyclopedia 1 (A – H), 2006, Tirana,
 Sabri Hamiti, The cursed poet - Bilal Xhaferri (1996), Pristina
 Shefki Hysa, The Diplomacy of self-denial (Diplomacia e vetëmohimit), publicistic, Tirana, 2008,

See also

 Chameria
 Cham Albanians
 Chameria Issue
 Party for Justice and Integration

References

External links
 Homepage from DMPP
 Magazine "Krahu i Shqiponjës" ("Eagle's Wing")
 Chameria, "Krahu i shqiponjës" (Eagle's Wing)

1974 establishments in Albania
Literary magazines published in Albania
Albanian-language magazines
Political magazines published in Albania
Magazines established in 1974
Mass media in Tirana

Krahu i shqiponjës


Ballance's sign is used in medical diagnosis. Its indications are dullness to percussion in the left flank LUQ and shifting dullness to percussion in the right flank seen with splenic rupture/hematoma. During trauma assessment of the abdomen, "Ballance's sign" may be observed upon exam.

The dullness in the left flank is due to coagulated blood, the shifting dullness on the right due to fluid blood.

It is named for Charles Alfred Ballance, an English surgeon, 1856–1936.

References

Medical signs

Ballance's sign


The Bolonka Zwetna is a Russian bred Toy Dog for companionship, and belong to the Bichon-Family. This little Dog have all colors but not allowed to be white or piebald color. The size is 20 cm - 26 cm, and 3-4 kl. This Dog is the colored version of the Bolonka Franzuska.

References

Bichon
Dog breeds originating in Russia
Dog breeds
Rare dog breeds

Bolonka Zwetna


The Oregon Commentator was a student publication at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon, United States. Founded on September 27, 1983, and first published on October 24, 1983, it was a self-described "conservative journal of opinion," modeled after such publications as Harvard Lampoon, The Onion and Reason Magazine. The magazine's official ideological stance was conservative, although many of the ideas and values it promoted might be better described as libertarian.

The Commentator served as an independent journal of opinion for the campus community and provided students with an alternative to the predominant viewpoints of professors, student groups and other student publications. The magazine officially ceased operations at the culmination of the 2014–2015 academic year.<ref>[http://oregoncommentator.com "Oregon Commentator"], Oregon Commentator, 2014. Retrieved 2017-09-012</ref>

History
The magazine was founded in the fall of 1983, primarily by Dane S. Claussen and Richard E. Burr. Claussen later became the editor and/or publisher of various US newspapers and magazines. He is now Editor-in-Chief/Executive Director of Nonprofit Sector News, and Lecturer of Strategic Communications at the University of Idaho, and former executive director of the American Civil Liberties Union of Nevada. Burr is a long-time editor at The Detroit News. Other co-founders included Robert Davis and the late Michael Rust, in addition to faculty adviser Paul S. Holbo.

The Commentator was once the second-oldest publication on campus, following the Oregon Daily Emerald. It was also a member of the Collegiate Network, a group of conservative and libertarian college publications. The magazine was operated as part of the Associated Students of the University of Oregon (ASUO) and was staffed by volunteer editors and writers. It was funded through student incidental fees, advertising revenue and private donations. The Commentator aim was to serve as a contrarian outlet for students resistant to the prevailing trends on campus, including opposition to the mandatory nature of the non-academic "incidental fee."

In addition to its periodic print edition, The Commentator published additional content on its website, where it also maintained a group-run blog frequently linked to by national news outlets. In 2008, the blog won second place in the America's Future Foundation's inaugural College Blogger Contest."Oregon Commentator Receives National Award", Oregon Daily Emerald, 2008-04-16. Retrieved 2008-09-06

Controversies
Since its inception, there were several attempts to shut down the magazine's operations. In 2004, the program lost its funding after satirizing a prominent transgender student. Its funding was restored soon after the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education became involved.

In 2006, then Editor in Chief Tyler Graf appeared on The O'Reilly Factor to defend the First Amendment rights of The Student Insurgent, a rival student publication. The Insurgent had received national attention after publishing controversial illustrations of Jesus Christ. Jethro Higgins, who was part of the opposition on campus hoping to shut down The Student Insurgent, also appeared on the program.

By the Barrel: 25 Years of the Oregon Commentator
In November 2009, The Oregon Commentator published By the Barrel: 25 Years of the Oregon Commentator. The book served as a culmination and celebration of the publication's 25th year at the University of Oregon. The book contains three sections:
 An overview of the publication's history.
 Retrospectives on nine key moments that involved attempted de-fundings, vandalism and other significant events.
 Ten essays written by Commentator'' alumni, including a foreword in honor of the 25th Anniversary.

References

External links

 Oregon Commentator

Mass media in Eugene, Oregon
Student newspapers published in Oregon
Libertarian publications
Newspapers established in 1983
University of Oregon
1983 establishments in Oregon

Oregon Commentator


Longing may refer to:

Music
 Longing (Bell Witch album) (2012)
 Longing (Dusty Springfield album), an unreleased 1974 album
 "Longing" (song), a 1994 song by X Japan
 "Longing", a song by Gackt from Dirge of Cerberus: Final Fantasy VII Original Soundtrack
 "Longing", a song by Helloween from Chameleon
 "The Longing", a song by Imelda May from Life Love Flesh Blood
"Longing", a composition for viola and piano by Alfred Moffat
"Longing", a composition for piano by Josef Suk

Other uses
 Longing (emotion) or desire
 Cape Longing, a headland in Antarctica
 Longing (play), a 2013 play by William Boyd
 The Longing, a 2020 video game.
  The Longing (film), a 2002 film.
 Longing (2006 film), a German film
 Longing (2017 film), an Israeli film
 Longing (upcoming film), an American comedy-drama

See also
 Long (disambiguation)
 Sehnsucht (disambiguation)

Longing


The 1941 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit were the sixth rendition of the Governor General's Awards, Canada's annual national awards program which then comprised literary awards alone. The awards recognized Canadian writers for new English-language works published in Canada during 1941 and were presented in 1942. There were no cash prizes.

There was one award in each of three established categories, which recognized English-language works only.

Winners

 Fiction: Alan Sullivan, Three Came to Ville Marie
 Poetry or drama: Anne Marriott, Calling Adventurers!
 Non-fiction: Emily Carr, Klee Wyck

References

External links

1941 in Canada
1941 literary awards
Governor General's Awards

1941 Governor General's Awards


Giorgio Caproni (Livorno, 7 January 1912 – 22 January 1990, Rome) was an Italian poet, literary critic and translator, especially from French. His work was also part of the literature event in the art competition at the 1948 Summer Olympics.

Early years
Caproni left Livorno at the age of ten to complete his primary studies in Genoa, where he studied first music, then literature, and where he wrote his first poems. After participating in World War II as a member of the Italian resistance movement, he spent many years as an elementary school teacher.

Career
In 1945, he went to Rome, where he contributed to a number of journals; besides poetry he also wrote criticism and novellas and contributed translations. His book Il passaggio di Enea collected all of his poems written to 1956 and reflected his experiences in combat during World War II and serving with the Resistance. He also oversaw a series of translations of foreign works, chief among which was Death on Credit by Louis-Ferdinand Céline.

In 1959, Caproni and fellow poets Antonio Seccareccia, Elio Filippo Accrocca, and Ugo Royal began the Frascati National Poetry Prize, an annual poetry competition for previously unpublished works. The annual prize began as a cask of wine; in 1974, it was changed to a cash prize of 1,000,000 Italian lira.

Caproni's poetry touches on a number of recurring themes, most notably Genoa, his mother and birthplace, and travel, and combines a sense of refinement in both meter and style to immediacy and clarity of feeling. Among his other works:

Le stanze della funicolare (1952)
Il seme del piangere (1959)
Congedo del viaggiatore cerimonioso & altre prosopopee (1965)
Il muro della terra (1975)
Il franco cacciatore (1982)
Conte di Kevenhüller (1986)
L'opera in versi (1998), containing his complete output
Per lei

References

External links

Giorgio Caproni on Enciclopedia Treccani
Giorgio Caproni on Encyclopædia Britannica

1912 births
1990 deaths
Italian anti-fascists
Italian male poets
Italian educators
Italian resistance movement members
People from Livorno
20th-century Italian poets
20th-century Italian male writers
Art competitors at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Italian military personnel of World War II

Giorgio Caproni


Maylandia estherae (the Red Zebra mbuna, Red Zebra Cichlid , or Esther Grant's Zebra) is a haplochromine cichlid. It is a rock dwelling fish or mbuna from Lake Malawi. This fish, like most cichlids from Lake Malawi, is a mouthbrooder - females hold their fertilized eggs then fry in their mouths until they are released after about 21 days.

Taxonomy and naming
The genus name for this fish was once Pseudotropheus but that name is now restricted to different fish. Most ichthyological taxonomists place the species in Maylandia, though Ad Konings and thus much of the aquarium-related literature use Metriaclima instead. The specific name of this fish honours Esther Grant, the wife of the cichlid exporter Stuart M. Grant.

Distribution
Maylandia estherae is endemic to Lake Malawi. Specifically, this species of freshwater tropical fish can be found along the eastern coast of the lake from Chilucha Reef near Metangula to Narungu.

Description
Females can grow up to  while males will grow up to .

Despite their "red zebra" name, this species is polymorphic and can be found with different colors. The normal color of wild females is beige to brown while males are typically bright blue. However, red-orange females (O morph) as well as blotched females (OB morph) can be found in certain localities. O morph males (found only at Minos Reef) are white-pink colored with a tint of blue in the fins. OB males (so called "marmalade cats") are extremely rare in the wild.

Early exporters often selected the red females for the aquarium trade and used O-morph males to create a strain of orange-red males, making it the most commonly found variant from breeders and fish keepers.

In the aquarium

The males are territorial over the areas they prefer and those who reach dominance in an aquarium will pick on subordinate males and behave territorially in general. Like the other cichlids of this genus, they are best kept in a harem with one male to many females. Like any cichlid, it is recommended to house red zebra cichlids in rather large tanks with several other African cichlids. One should exercise caution when selecting tank mates because even if one takes care to only house a red zebra with other cichlids, South American cichlids and African cichlids are often unable to share a community tank in peace (though it is completely within the realm of reason for an experienced aquarium keeper to make this work). In addition, every keeper of the red zebra cichlid should be mindful of their preference for rocky terrain with numerous hiding places — for both smaller, weaker fish to seek shelter, and for the red zebra(s) to claim as their territory.

This is a species known to "arrange" substrate pebbles, small plants, and other aquarium decor far more often than other aquarium fish. This means keepers of red zebra cichlids often find their desired tank aesthetic slowly altered by this fish to maximize its comfort in the tank. It is often a pointless exercise to undo the arrangements of a red zebra, as they will readily overrule the keeper by moving everything back into the arrangement they desire. Oftentimes, the red zebra will seek to maximize the size of their chosen "home" by creating a pit in the substrate underneath covered shelter. Proficient in using their mouth as a tool, like most cichlids, red zebras will also pick up pebbles/rocks with their mouths for the purpose of "building" up areas they want covered up or elevated. One such example is to wall up secondary entrances to their favorite "dwelling" in an effort to make it more private. Because the fish is so active in terms of "renovating" their aquariums with their mouths, keepers must make sure the substrate within red zebra aquariums is smooth and of high quality to avoid injury.

The fish's predominate food source is algae and other plant life when in its natural habitat of Lake Malawi, though those in aquariums will certainly eat typical cichlid foods, some vegetable greens, and small, freeze-dried aquatic fauna as a treat. They should not be fed live foods by their keeper or there will be a risk for bloating, which can prove fatal. High protein foods typically sold for cichlids are unnecessary for red zebras as they grow to their relatively small adult size quickly. Like other cichlids, they thrive in waters that are between a pH of 7.5-8.5, hard 150–200 mg/L, and 72-82 degrees F (22-26 degrees C). Red zebra cichlids are rather hardy and can tolerate less than ideal water conditions, but keepers should seek the conditions listed above in order for the red zebra to live a healthy, active life.

See also
Cichlid
Tropical fish
Mbuna
List of freshwater aquarium fish species

References

estherae
Taxa named by Ad Konings
Fish described in 1995
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN

Maylandia estherae


The Irtysh River (; ;  / ; , "Twirl"; ) is a river in Siberia and Kazakhstan. It is the main tributary of the Ob River. The main tributary of the Irtysh is the Tobol River. The Ob-Irtysh forms a major drainage basin in Asia, and covers most of Western Siberia and the Altay Mountains.

From its origins as the Kara-Irtysh (Vast Irtysh, kara means Vast in Turkic languages but also black. But in the context and geographic terms usually refers vast) in the Mongolian Altay mountains in Xinjiang, China, the Irtysh flows northwest through Lake Zaysan in Kazakhstan, meeting the Ishim and Tobol rivers before merging with the Ob near Khanty-Mansiysk in western Siberia, Russia after 4,248 kilometres (2,640 mi).

The name Black Irtysh (Kara-Irtysh in Kazakh, or Cherny Irtysh in Russian) is applied by some authors, especially in Russia and Kazakhstan, to the upper course of the river, from its source entering Lake Zaysan. The term White Irtysh, in opposition to the Black Irtysh, was occasionally used in the past to refer to the Irtysh below lake Zaysan; now this usage is largely obsolete.

Main tributaries
The largest tributaries of the Irtysh are, from source to mouth:

 Kelan (right)
 Burqin (right)
 Kalzhyr (right)
 Kürshim (right)
 Naryn (right)
 Bukhtarma (right)
 Ulba (right)
 Uba (right)
 Chagan (left)
 Om (right)
 Tara (right)
 Uy (right)
 Osha (left)
 Shish (right)
 Ishim (left)
 Tobol (left)
 Noska (left)
 Demyanka (right)
 Konda (left)

Rivers of Russia
Rivers of Kazakhstan

Irtysh River


Edward Arthur Albrecht (February 28, 1929 – December 29, 1979) was a professional baseball pitcher. He played parts of two seasons in Major League Baseball, 1949 and 1950, for the St. Louis Browns.

In 1949, at the age of 20, Albrecht earned his shot at the majors by having a record-breaking season in what was then the Class C Cotton States League. Pitching for the Pine Bluff Judges, Albrecht won 29 games and struck out 389 batters, both all-time records for the league. The Browns called him up to make a start for them on the last day of the season, in which he earned his one and only major league win. Albrecht pitched in two games for the Browns in 1950 before returning to the minors, retiring in 1953.

In an odd statistical coincidence, Albrecht's ERA in both of his major league seasons was exactly the same as his career ERA of 5.40.

External links

Major League Baseball pitchers
St. Louis Browns players
Bristol Twins players
Oshkosh Giants players
Fort Smith Giants players
Lawton Giants players
Pine Bluff Cardinals players
Wichita Falls Spudders players
San Antonio Missions players
Baltimore Orioles (International League) players
1929 births
1979 deaths
Baseball players from St. Louis County, Missouri
People from Affton, Missouri

Ed Albrecht


Franz-Josef Ulm (born March 9, 1964 in Fürth/Bavaria, West Germany) is a structural engineer, an engineering scientist and a professor since 1999. He is Professor of Civil & Environmental Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), the Faculty Director of the Concrete Sustainability Hub (CSHub@MIT). He is credited for discovering the nanogranular structure of Calcium-Silicate-Hydrates (C-S-H), the binding phase of concrete, and for the development of concepts of nanoengineering of concrete which combine advanced nanomechanics experiments with molecular simulation results. He speaks up for an environmental sustainable engineering, with "greener" concrete with lower  footprint, to reduce the carbon footprint of concrete; to enhance concrete's resilience; and reduce its impact on global warming.

Early career
Ulm grew up in Fürth/Bavaria and Erlangen as son of Udo Ulm and Hertha Ulm, both Structural Engineers. Following National Service as a nurse in a surgical hospital in Erlangen, he studied Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Munich, where he graduated in 1990 with a "Diplom Ingenieur (Bauingenieur)"(Eq. MSc) degree. Prior to concluding his studies in Munich, he was sent to the Ecole National des Ponts et Chaussee as an exchange student, and completed his Diplomarbeit (Master's Thesis) at the  (LCPC) in Paris (now IFSTTAR), the Central French Civil Engineering Laboratory. He continued his studies at Ecole National des Ponts et Chaussees, as a research assistance at LCPC, receiving a Docteur-Ingenieur degree (eq. Ph.D.) from ENPC in January 1994, with a specialization in Materials and Structures. During this time, he worked closely with Olivier Coussy on the English translation of Coussy's book "Mechanics of Porous Continua". The collaboration of Ulm with Coussy led to the development of the Continuum Chemomechanics theory which has been applied by Ulm and co-workers to Early–Age Concrete and risk evalDiuation of concrete cracking relevant for massive concrete structures in innovative bridge and tunneling applications; to prediction of premature deterioration of concrete structures due to the Alkali-Silica Reactions; and the deleterious effects of calcium leaching of concrete relevant for nuclear waste storage applications. In 1996, he became Chargé de Recherche (Research Scientist) of the French Ministry of Public Works. During his tenure at LCPC, he was head of the Research group of concrete and concrete composite behavior and modeling. In 1998, he obtained the habilitation degree from the Ecole Normal Superieur de Cachan with a habilitation thesis on chemomechanics of concrete materials and structures.

Academic career
Ulm joined MIT in January 1999, where he specialized in experimental nano- and micromechanics of cement-based materials, shales and bones. With his research group, he developed statistical nanoindentation techniques for hydrated nanocomposites; an indentation technique that permits via statistical analysis to link chemistry and mechanical behavior at 10s of nanometer length scales. In 2007, his group discovered that cementitious materials at nanoscale exhibit a nanogranular behavior driven by particle-to-particle contact forces. This nanogranular origin was found to drive much of the strength and durability performance of cementitious materials, such as the long-term creep behavior and fire resistance. A similar nanogranular nature was found for shales and bones. In 2008, he joined forces with a group of physicists and computational material scientists to combine experimental nanoindentation investigations with molecular and meso-scale simulations of cement hydrates. Specifically, the collaboration with Roland Pellenq, a CNRS Research Director and senior research scientist at MIT, allowed identification of the molecular structure of calcium-silicate hydrates, the binding phase of concrete which lends its strength and durability to concrete at engineering scales. By incorporating concepts of glass physics and soft matter physics into cement science, Ulm and co-workers showed by means of a molecular combinatorial approach that concrete's fundamental strength could be elevated without changing the chemistry of its constituents, i.e. Calcium, Silica and Water. The handshake of molecular simulation techniques with experimental nanoscale experiments opened a novel way to address the concrete sustainability challenge to reduce the environmental impact while sustaining its role as the backbone material for housing, shelter and infrastructure worldwide. The challenge led, in 2009, to the foundation of the Concrete Sustainability Hub at MIT (CSHub@MIT). This novel industry–academia partnership between the Portland Cement Association (Skokie, Illinois), the National Ready Mixed Concrete Association (Silver Spring, Maryland) and MIT aims at reducing the environmental footprint of concrete, while enhancing its resilience from materials to structures and urban community scale.

Awards
2002	Robert L'Hermite Medaille, RILEM
2005	Walter L. Huber Civil Engineering Research Prize
2010	Maurice A. Biot lecture at Columbia University
2011	Stephen Brunauer Award, American Ceramic Society
2012	Theodore von Karman Medal, American Society of Civil Engineers
2013	Best paper award 2012: Acta Geotechnica
2013	Engineering Mechanics Institute Fellow
2013	Engineering News Record Award of Excellence
2014	Elected Member of European Academy of Sciences and Arts
2022	Elected Member of National Academy of Engineering

References

1964 births
Living people
German civil engineers
American scientists
German emigrants to the United States
MIT School of Engineering faculty
People from Fürth
Engineering educators
Technical University of Munich alumni
Engineers from Bavaria

Franz-Josef Ulm


The Hunger Games is a series of young adult dystopian novels written by American author Suzanne Collins. The first three novels are part of a trilogy following teenage protagonist Katniss Everdeen, and the fourth book is a prequel set 64 years before the original.

The novels in the trilogy are titled The Hunger Games (2008), Catching Fire (2009), and Mockingjay (2010). Each was adapted for film, establishing The Hunger Games film series, with the film adaptation of Mockingjay split into two feature-length motion pictures. The first two books in the series were both New York Times best sellers, and Mockingjay topped all US bestseller lists upon its release. By the time the film adaptation of The Hunger Games was released in 2012, the publisher had reported over 26 million Hunger Games trilogy books in print, including movie tie-in books.

The Hunger Games universe is a dystopia set in Panem, a North American country consisting of the wealthy Capitol and 13 districts in varying states of poverty. Every year, children from the first 12 districts are selected via lottery to participate in a compulsory televised battle royale death match called The Hunger Games.

The 13th district was also subjected to this, but they led a rebellion against the Capitol and brought them to surrender. Since District 13 specialized in nuclear weaponry, the Capitol quickly surrendered and agreed to a peace deal. They both agreed that the residents of District 13 would all move underground and the land above would be bombed to make it seem like the Capitol had won.

The novels were all well received. In August 2012, the series ranked second, exceeded only by the Harry Potter series in NPR's poll of the top 100 teen novels, which asked voters to choose their favorite young adult books. On August 17, 2012, Amazon announced the Hunger Games trilogy as its top seller, surpassing the record previously held by the Harry Potter series. , the trilogy has sold more than 65 million copies in the U.S. alone (more than 28 million copies of The Hunger Games, more than 19 million copies of Catching Fire, and more than 18 million copies of Mockingjay). The Hunger Games trilogy has been sold in 56 territories in 51 languages to date.

A prequel novel, titled The Ballad of Songbirds and Snakes, about the early days of the Hunger Games, featuring a young Coriolanus Snow as the protagonist, was released on May 19, 2020. The prequel has been sold by Stimola Literary Studio into 35 territories to date.

Setting
The Hunger Games trilogy takes place in an unspecified future time, in the dystopian, post-apocalyptic nation of Panem, located in North America. The country consists of a wealthy Capitol city, located in the Rocky Mountains, surrounded by twelve (originally thirteen) poorer districts ruled by the Capitol. The Capitol is lavishly rich and technologically advanced, but the districts are in varying states of poverty. The trilogy's narrator and protagonist, Katniss Everdeen, lives in District 12, the poorest region of Panem, located in Appalachia, where people regularly die of starvation. As punishment for a past rebellion against the Capitol (called the "Dark Days"), in which District 13 was destroyed, one boy and one girl from each of the twelve remaining districts, between the ages of 12 and 18, are selected by lottery to compete in an annual pageant called the Hunger Games. The Games are a televised event in which the participants, called "tributes", are forced to fight to the death in a dangerous public arena. The lone victor and their home district are then rewarded with food, supplies, and riches. The purposes of the Hunger Games are to provide entertainment for the Capitol and to remind the districts of the Capitol's power and its lack of remorse or forgiveness for the failed rebellion of the current competitors' ancestors.

Structure
Each book in The Hunger Games trilogy has three sections of nine chapters each. Collins has said this format comes from her playwriting background, which taught her to write in a three-act structure; her previous series, The Underland Chronicles, was written in the same way. She sees each group of nine chapters as a separate part of the story, and comments still call those divisions "act breaks".

Origins
Collins says she drew inspiration for the series from both classical and contemporary sources. Her main classical source of inspiration is the Greek myth of Theseus and the Minotaur, in which, as a punishment for past crimes, Minos forces Athens to sacrifice seven youths and seven maidens to the Minotaur, which kills them in a vast labyrinth. Collins says that even as a child, she was stunned by the idea since "it was just so cruel" to force Athens to sacrifice its own children.

Collins also cites as a classical inspiration the Roman gladiator games. She feels three key elements create a good game: an all powerful and ruthless government, people forced to fight to the death, and the game's role as a source of popular entertainment.

A contemporary source of inspiration was Collins' recent fascination with reality television programs. She says they are like The Hunger Games because the Games are not just entertainment but also a reminder to the districts of their rebellion. Collins says that while she was channel-surfing the television on a quiet night, she saw people competing for a prize and then saw footage of the Iraq War. She described how the two combined in an "unsettling way" to create her first ideas for the series.

Novels

Trilogy

The Hunger Games

The Hunger Games is the first book in the series and was released on September 14, 2008.

The Hunger Games follows 16-year-old Katniss Everdeen, a girl from District 12 who volunteers for the 74th Hunger Games in place of her younger sister Primrose Everdeen. Also selected from District 12 is Peeta Mellark, who once saved Katniss from starvation when they were children. They are mentored by their district's only living victor, Haymitch Abernathy, who won 24 years earlier and has since led a solitary life of alcoholism.

Peeta confesses his longtime secret love for Katniss in a televised interview prior to the Games. This revelation stuns Katniss, who usually does not allow herself to think of romantic attraction due to her traumatic childhood and her fear of losing future children to the Hunger Games. However, she believes that Peeta is only feigning love for her as a tactic for the Games.

In the arena, Peeta saves Katniss's life multiple times without her realizing. Katniss allies with Rue, a young tribute from District 11 who reminds Katniss of her sister. When Rue is killed, Katniss places flowers around her body as an act of defiance toward the Capitol. The remaining tributes are alerted to a rule change allowing tributes from the same district to win as a team. Katniss finds a seriously wounded Peeta, and, rather than compete alone and be unencumbered by him, she risks her life and nurses him back to health. Haymitch advises her to feign feelings for Peeta in order to gain wealthy sponsors who can provide crucial supplies to the "star-crossed lovers" during the Games. As she allows herself to get close to Peeta, she develops real feelings for him.

When all of the other tributes are dead, the rule change is abruptly revoked. With neither willing to kill the other, Katniss comes up with a solution: a double suicide by eating poisonous berries. This forces the authorities to concede that they have both won the Games, just in time to save their lives. During and after the Games, Katniss's genuine feelings for Peeta grow, and she struggles to reconcile them with the fact that their relationship developed under duress.

Haymitch warns her that the danger is far from over. The authorities are furious at being made fools, and the only way to try to allay their anger is to continue to pretend that her actions were because of her love for Peeta and nothing else. On the journey home, Peeta is dismayed to learn of the deception.

Catching Fire

Catching Fire is the second installment in the series, released on September 1, 2009.

In Catching Fire, which begins six months after the conclusion of The Hunger Games, Katniss learns that her defiance in the previous novel has started a chain reaction that has inspired rebellion in the districts. President Snow threatens to harm Katniss's family and friends if she does not help to defuse the unrest and marry Peeta. Meanwhile, Peeta has become aware of Katniss's disingenuous love for him, but while he feels sad, he does not pressure her in any way. He has also been informed of Snow's threats, so he promises to help keep up the act to spare the citizens of District 12. Katniss's best friend, Gale Hawthorne, confesses his love for Katniss, which shocks and confuses her.

Katniss and Peeta tour the districts as victors and plan a public wedding. While they follow Snow's orders and keep up the ruse, Katniss and Peeta inadvertently fuel the rebellion, and the mockingjay pin she wears becomes its symbol. District by district, the citizens of Panem begin to stage uprisings against the Capitol. Snow announces a special 75th edition of the Hunger Games—known as the Quarter Quell—in which Katniss and Peeta are forced to compete with other past victors, effectively canceling the wedding.

Katniss believes that Peeta should survive these Games instead of her, and dedicates her life to saving him. Peeta, in turn, dedicates his life to saving her, and they both acknowledge the other's opposite intentions. At Haymitch's urging, the pair teams up with several other tributes and manages to destroy the arena and escape the Games. Katniss is rescued by rebel forces from District 13, and learns that the Capitol has captured both Peeta and their District 7 ally, Johanna Mason. Katniss ultimately learns—to her surprise—that she had inadvertently been an integral part of the rebellion all along; her rescue had been jointly planned by Haymitch, Plutarch Heavensbee, and Finnick Odair, among others. At the knowledge that Peeta has been captured and will now be tortured and killed, Katniss is furious and loses the will to live.

Gale informs her that the Capitol has destroyed District 12 in retaliation. After some hesitation, Katniss joins the rebels.

Mockingjay

Mockingjay, the third and final book in The Hunger Games series, was released on August 24, 2010.

Most of the districts have rebelled against the Capitol, led by District 13 and its President Alma Coin. The Capitol lied about the district being destroyed in the Dark Days. After a standoff with the Capitol, the District 13 residents took to living underground and rebuilding their strength. The District 12 survivors find shelter with them. Katniss also learns that Peeta is alive and is being tortured and forced to speak on national television discouraging the rebellion. She agrees to become the "Mockingjay", the symbol of the rebellion. In return, she demands immunity for Peeta, Johanna Mason, Annie Cresta, and Enobaria, fellow Games victors captured by the Capitol. Katniss also demands the privilege of killing President Snow herself.

When Katniss realizes that the Capitol will keep torturing Peeta as long as she fuels the rebellion, she has a panic attack and loses the ability to function as the Mockingjay. A rescue mission is mounted that succeeds in rescuing Peeta, Johanna and Annie. However, Peeta has been brainwashed to kill Katniss, and he tries to choke her to death upon their reunion. He undergoes experimental treatment to try to cure him. Katniss does not have hope for his recovery, and decides to give her all to the rebellion and die in the process.

Throughout the novel, Katniss sees how ruthless Gale is. He does not seem to value human life as much as she does. He feels no sympathy for the enemies to the rebellion, and he feels fine with torture and murder, even of innocent civilians, to advance the rebellion. She struggles to reconcile this with the fact that she still cares for Gale. Amid her crushing loneliness and her PTSD, she kisses Gale, but he says that the kiss is not real as it is like "kissing someone who's drunk."

After she recovers from Peeta's attack, Katniss and a team known as the "Star Squad", composed of Gale, Peeta, Finnick, a camera crew, and various other soldiers, are assigned to film propaganda in relatively quiet combat zones. Katniss, however, decides to go to the Capitol to kill Snow, pretending Coin gave her that mission. Peeta still struggles with his brainwashing, but he is in recovery and is still in love with Katniss. Most of the squad are killed along the way, including recently married Finnick. As Katniss approaches Snow's mansion, she sees a group of Capitol children surrounding it as human shields. Suddenly a hovercraft drops silver parachutes on the children, who reach for them, hoping they bear food. Some of the parachutes explode, creating carnage. The advancing rebels send in medics, including Primrose Everdeen. Then the rest of the parachutes explode, killing Primrose just as she sees her sister.

Later, Katniss, also injured, awakens from a coma to learn that the rebels have won, and Snow is awaiting execution at her hands. When she meets Snow by chance, he claims that it was Coin who secretly ordered the bombings in order to strip away the support of his remaining followers. This bomb also matches the description of the one Gale was helping to devise, and she breaks off her friendship with Gale. Coin then asks the surviving victors to vote on a final Hunger Games, involving the children of high-ranking Capitol officials (including Snow's granddaughter). In order to gain Coin's trust, Katniss and Haymitch cast the deciding votes in favor of the scheme. However, at what is supposed to be Snow's execution, Katniss instead kills Coin with her bow. Snow laughs, then dies. Katniss attempts to commit suicide, but Peeta stops her and she is instead arrested.

Katniss is tried, but the jury believes she was mentally unfit, and she is sent home to District 12. Both Katniss's mother and Gale take jobs in other districts. Peeta regains his sanity. Katniss settles down with him, and the two "grow back together." After many years, she finally agrees to have children. They have a girl and then a boy, who grow up in a world without the Hunger Games. To cope with her lingering PTSD, Katniss often spends time recounting every kind deed she has ever witnessed anyone do.

Prequel

The Ballad of Songbirds and Snakes

A prequel to the trilogy, titled The Ballad of Songbirds and Snakes, was released on May 19, 2020. The novel is set 64 years before The Hunger Games events, during the 'Dark Days' which led to the failed rebellion in Panem. The story follows an 18-year-old Coriolanus Snow, whose family name has fallen from grace as the remaining Snows live in poverty and struggle to keep up appearances in post-war Panem. Snow becomes a mentor for the 10th annual Hunger Games as his final project before graduating from school. Snow shows great commitment in mentoring his tribute Lucy Gray Baird from the impoverished district 12 because her winning means he will be awarded a monetary prize that will cover his university tuition. Though skeptical at first, Snow believes he can turn the odds of the Games in his favor after seeing Lucy defiantly sing during her reaping ceremony. During his time spent mentoring Lucy, Snow begins to fall in love with her and must choose between her and his promising political future. Collins credits her character Lucy as having introduced the concept of entertainment into the Hunger Games with her performative and musical talent.

Themes
Major themes of the novels include distrust of authority (of adults and the government), class discrimination and caste, resistance, the ethics of entertainment, and most notably, the origins and effects of war. Social inequality, unaccountable governance and violence against children have also been suggested as prominent themes. "In the world of the 'Hunger Games', the Capitol lives a life of extravagant wealth and consumption. Meanwhile, out in the 'districts', millions of people work dangerous jobs with low pay. As the Capitol wallows in excess, the districts can barely afford to feed their children." Author Suzanne Collins also mentions the themes of "just war", gladiatorial combat and hunger. War as a result of climate disaster, and the power and illusions of television have also been cited as themes. Others have mentioned revolution and rebellion as themes. "Although it's... aimed at young adults, it presents potentially quite subversive ideas of mass revolution, economic sabotage and the populist fight against oligarchy."

Reception

Critical reception
All three books have been favorably received. Praise has focused on the addictive quality, especially of the first book, and the action. John Green of The New York Times compared The Hunger Games with Scott Westerfeld's The Uglies series. Catching Fire was praised for improving upon the first book, and Mockingjay was praised for its portrayal of violence, well-realized worldbuilding, and romantic intrigue.

The series received criticism regarding its reality TV "death game" theme being derivative of earlier works, particularly Battle Royale, as well as The Running Man, The Long Walk, The 10th Victim, and Series 7: The Contenders. The series was also criticized for the romantic plotline: Rollie Welch of Ohio's The Plain Dealer criticized the characters' lack of resolute behavior, and Jennifer Reese of Entertainment Weekly stated that there was little distinction between Peeta and Gale and the series lacked the "erotic energy" seen in the Twilight series.

J.C. Maçek III of PopMatters stated, "While the film saga does capture the action of The Hunger Games, the novels are most assuredly the heart of the story. They are nothing less than 'The Writer's Cut' of the films themselves." In his review Mike Ruiz argues that The Hunger Games film does not have the first-person narrative that is in the original novel. As a result, Ruiz contends the novel is better than the film.

The last book, Mockingjay, was criticized by Dan Shade of SF Site, who felt that Katniss is a weaker character than her comrades and less resolute in her journey to the Capitol, and that with respect to her vendetta against President Snow, her actions in the finale are inconsistent with her established character.

On November 5, 2019, the BBC News listed The Hunger Games on its list of the 100 most influential novels.

Adaptations

Film adaptations

Lionsgate Entertainment acquired worldwide distribution rights to a film adaptation of The Hunger Games, produced by Nina Jacobson's Color Force production company. Collins adapted the novel for film herself, along with director Gary Ross. The cast included Jennifer Lawrence as Katniss, Josh Hutcherson as Peeta, and Liam Hemsworth as Gale. The first film began production in Spring 2011, and was released in March 2012. For Catching Fire, Ross was replaced as director by Francis Lawrence; the film was released in November 2013. Lawrence then directed Mockingjay, Part 1 and Part 2, released in November 2014 and November 2015 respectively.

The prequel was adapted for film, with Francis Lawrence as the director. The film was produced by Lawrence himself alongside Nina Jacobson, and Brad Simpson with Suzanne Collins as one of the executive producers. The cast includes Tom Blyth as Coriolanus Snow, Rachel Zegler as Lucy Gray Baird, and Hunter Schafer as Tigris Snow. 'It will be released on November 17, 2023.

In culture
The Hunger Games, alongside Brave, has been credited with increasing female interest in archery. Immediately following the release of the first Hunger Games film, many archery vendors experienced a significant upsurge in business, with their lessons fully booked and recurve bows on long periods of back-order. In a 2016 report, approximately half of the girl archers surveyed were influenced by The Hunger Games to take up the sport.

The three-finger gesture used in the books to express unity with the rebellion has been used in real-life protests in Thailand (2014, 2020) and Myanmar (2021).

American University in Washington D.C. offered a class 2014-2016 that examined the themes in The Hunger Games world titled "The Hunger Games: Class, Politics, and Marketing". The class was offered for the school's American Studies Program and covered topics of oppression, feminism, food deserts, rebellion, the publishing industry, and social media marketing. The course's professor, Stef Woods, believes that using the fictional world of Panem to discuss real word problems helps students better understand the issues in American society.

See also
 The Most Dangerous Game, a 1924 short story about a big game hunter who is hunted down by another hunter on an isolated island
 The Long Walk, a 1979 dystopian novel about a deadly contest
 Battle Royale, a 1999 dystopian novel with a similar premise

References

External links

The U.S. Scholastic Website

Book series introduced in 2008
American alternate history novels
Dystopian novels
Book franchises
Novel series
2000s novels
2010s novels
Science fiction novel trilogies
Prosthetics in fiction
American novel series
Novels set in fictional countries
American novels adapted into films
Literature by women
Young adult novel series

The Hunger Games


Charles Frederic Ramsey, Jr. (January 29, 1915 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania – March 18, 1995 in Paterson, New Jersey) was an American writer on jazz and record producer.

Ramsey took his BA at Princeton University in 1936, then took jobs at Harcourt Brace (1936–39), the United States Department of Agriculture (1941–42), and Voice of America (1942). With Charles Edward Smith, Ramsey wrote Jazzmen (1939), an early landmark of jazz scholarship particularly noted for its treatment of the life of King Oliver. After receiving Guggenheim fellowships, he visited the American South in the middle of the 1950s to make field recordings and do interviews with rural musicians, some of which were used in releases by Folkways Records and in a 1957 documentary, Music of the South. He also curated an anthology of early jazz recordings for Folkways, entitled simply Jazz.

Ramsey was a staff member of The Saturday Review from 1949 through 1961. He worked with the Institute of Jazz Studies at Rutgers University from 1970. He researched Buddy Bolden's life with a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities in 1974–75 and continued with a Ford Foundation grant in 1975–76. He presented early jazz interviews on National Public Radio in 1987.

Books
Jazzmen: The Story of Hot Jazz Told in the Lives of the Men Who Created It (1939)
The Jazz Record Book (1942)
Chicago Documentary: Portrait of a Jazz Era (1944)
A Guide to Longplay Jazz Records (1954)
Been Here and Gone (1960)
Where the Music Started: A Photographic Essay (1970)

References

External links
 Frederic Ramsey Jr. Papers at  The Historic New Orleans Collection

1915 births
1995 deaths
American music critics
Record producers from Pennsylvania
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American musicologists

Fred Ramsey


Joseph "Jay" Born Kadane (born January 10, 1941) is the Leonard J. Savage University Professor of Statistics, Emeritus in the Department of Statistics and Social and Decision Sciences at Carnegie Mellon University. Kadane is one of the early proponents of Bayesian statistics, particularly the subjective Bayesian philosophy.

Education and career
Kadane was born in Washington, DC and raised in Freeport on Long Island, Kadane, prepared at Phillips Exeter Academy, earned an A.B. in mathematics from Harvard College and a Ph.D. in statistics from Stanford in 1966, under the supervision of Professor Herman Chernoff. While in graduate school, Kadane worked for the Center for Naval Analyses (CNA). Upon finishing, he accepted a joint appointment at the Yale statistics department and the Cowles Foundation. In 1968, he left Yale and served as an analyst at CNA for three years. In 1971, he moved to Pittsburgh to join Morris H. DeGroot at Carnegie Mellon University. He became the second tenured professor in the Department of Statistics. Kadane served as department head from 1972-1981 and steered the department to a balance between theoretical and applied work, advocating that statisticians should engage in joint research in substantive areas rather than acting as consultants.

Research
Kadane's contributions span a wide range of fields: econometrics, law, medicine, political science, sociology, computer science (see maximum subarray problem), archaeology, and environmental science, among others. He has been elected as a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a fellow of the American Statistical Association, and a fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics.  Kadane authored over 250 peer-reviewed publications and has served the statistical community in many capacities, including as editor of the Journal of the American Statistical Association from 1983-85.

Bibliography

References

External links
http://www.stat.cmu.edu/people/faculty/jay-kadane
http://www.stat.cmu.edu/~kadane

1941 births
Living people
American statisticians
Bayesian statisticians
Harvard College alumni
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
Stanford University alumni
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
People from Freeport, New York
Mathematical statisticians
Yale University faculty

Joseph Born Kadane


Roc Nation is an American record label and music publishing company.

Background
It was reported that Jay-Z, no longer heading Def Jam and coming up on his last album for the company, has already inked a deal with Live Nation to set up an imprint called Roc Nation. Implementing a reportedly redesigned business model, the label serves as management for Wale and Melanie Fiona, and has signed North Carolina rapper J.Cole. It is unknown which artists will be shifted from Roc-A-Fella to Roc Nation.

According to The New York Times, Jay-Z is finalizing a deal with concert promoter Live Nation for $150 million, one of the richest contracts ever awarded to a musician. This partnership, which will be named Roc Nation, will include financing for Jay-Z's own entertainment ventures (which are expected to become a record label, talent/management agency, and music publishing company). Live Nation is expected to contribute $5 million a year in overhead for five years, with another $25 million available to finance Jay-Z's acquisitions or investments. Roc Nation would then split profits with Live Nation. To finalize the deal, Jay-Z will depart from Def Jam Records after he turns in his last required album under his talent contract. Jay-Z will be the first hip-hop artist to sign with Live Nation.

Signed artists
Brandy Norwood
J.Cole

References

Jay-Z
2008 establishments in the United States
Roc Nation

Roc Nation


Daniel Handler  (born February 28, 1970) is the real name of Lemony Snicket, author of the popular A Series of Unfortunate Events books. He graduated from Lowell High School and from Wesleyan University in 1992. He is a native of San Francisco and went to the San Francisco Boys Chorus.  He calls himself the fake name of Lemony Snicket in the books, as well as in Lemony's autobiography. The autobiography is listed as fiction. After several years of writing the books, Daniel let the public know that he was behind the name of Lemony Snicket.

He is married to Lisa Brown and had their first child, Otto, in October 2003. He finished 13 books to complete the Series of Unfortunate Events.

It is also believed by some people that his wife, author and illustrator Lisa Brown could possibly be the "Beatrice" that Handler writes his books for.

References

1970 births
Living people
Writers from San Francisco

Daniel Handler


The City of Wyndham is a local government area in Victoria, Australia in the outer south-western suburbs of Melbourne, within the Melbourne Metropolitan Area, between Melbourne and the regional city of Geelong. It has an area of . The city had a population of 255,322 in June 2018. For the year to 2018 the City of Wyndham increased its population by 14,251, the largest number of any LGA in Victoria, as well as being the second most populous and the second fastest growing at a rate of 5.9 per cent.

History

The Wyndham District was first incorporated as a local government entity on 6 October 1862. Under changes made to Local Government legislation, it became the Shire of Wyndham on 7 March 1864 and was renamed the Shire of Werribee on 15 December 1909.

With an initial size of  and being largely rural in character, the shire ceded land to metropolitan Melbourne as suburban development encroached. On 6 January 1922 and 5 February 1941, the City of Footscray annexed two parcels of land totalling about 700 hectares. On 20 February 1957, the Altona Riding of the Shire of Werribee was severed and incorporated as the Shire of Altona, which became a City eleven years later. After this, the boundaries remained fairly stable, and on 20 March 1987 Werribee was proclaimed a City.

On 15 December 1994, during major restructuring of Victoria's local governments, Werribee changed less than most – losing only some rural land around Exford in its north to the Shire of Melton, and Laverton Reserve on its eastern boundary to the City of Hobsons Bay. After 85 years of being known as Werribee, the area's former name of Wyndham was restored.

Population

The City is home to numerous new housing estates in suburbs such as Williams Landing, Point Cook, Wyndham Vale, Truganina, Tarneit and Manor Lakes. The following table presents data from official census and other publications by the Australian Bureau of Statistics:

* Estimates in 1958, 1983 and 1988 Victorian Year Books.
# Excludes Altona Shire which was severed in 1957. Source: 1958 Victorian Year Book.
^ Based on 2011 Census data.

Wards and councillors

The City of Wyndham is divided into three wards (Chaffey, Harrison and Iramoo) and is represented by eleven elected councillors. The Victorian Electoral Commission undertook a representation review in 2011–2012, which resulted in the former Truganina ward being renamed Harrison ward. Ward boundaries were also redrawn. The council has adopted a portfolio system for councillors from 2013 onward.

Victorian Local Government elections were held on Saturday 24 October 2020 and the following were elected as councilors:

Mayors
 2012–2013: Heather Marcus
 2013–2014: Bob Fairclough
 2014–2015: Peter Maynard
 2015–2016: Adele Hegedich
 2016–2017: Henry Barlow
 2017–2018: Peter Maynard
 2018–2019: Mia Shaw
 2019–2020: Josh Gilligan
 2020–2021: Adele Hegedich
 2021-2022: Peter Maynard
 2022-2023: Susan McIntyre

Townships and localities
The 2021 census, the city had a population of 292,011 up from 217,122 in the 2016 census

^ - Territory divided with another LGA
* - Not noted in 2016 Census

Sister cities
Costa Mesa, California, United States
Chiryū, Aichi Prefecture, Chūbu region, Japan

See also
 Wyndham City Council
 List of places on the Victorian Heritage Register in the City of Wyndham
 Wyndham City Libraries

References

External links

 Wyndham City Council
 City of Wyndham (Local Government Victoria)
 Link to Land Victoria interactive maps

Local government areas in Melbourne

1862 establishments in Australia

City of Wyndham


Guido Cantelli (27 April 1920 – 24 November 1956) was an Italian conductor. Most people thought he was one of the  greatest conductors when he was alive. Arturo Toscanini liked him very much, and thought that he was his successor. When he was still young, he had already conducted some of the greatest orchestras of the world, and in 1956 he became the director of La Scala in Milan. But a tragedy happened, and the young Cantelli died in an airplane crash just a week later.

Biography
Cantelli was born in Novara in Italy. When he was a student, he studied with important Italian masters of music. In 1940 he started his conducting career, and in in 1943 he graduated from the Milan Conservatory. Toscanini saw him conducting at La Scala in Milan, and was very impressed by his performance. In 1945, Cantelli was performing in the most famous concert halls of the world, conducting the greatest orchestras.

The fame of Cantelli grew, and he was considered among the greatest conductors. At the same time he continued his studies, because he wanted to perfect his technique. In 1956 he became the director of La Scala, and was being considered the next music director of the New York Philharmonic.

But a tragedy happened, and only a week after he was named director of La Scala, he died in an airplane crash in Paris, France.

Cantelli left a wife and a 5-month-old child. Toscanini, who was in poor health (and died just some months later) was not informed of the death of his pupil.

Referencess

1920 births
1956 deaths
Italian conductors
People from Novara

Guido Cantelli