Inglewood is a city in southwestern Los Angeles County, California, United States, in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. As of the 2020 U.S. Census, the city had a population of 107,762. It was incorporated on February 14, 1908. The city is in the South Bay region of Los Angeles County, near Los Angeles International Airport.

History

The earliest residents of what is now Inglewood were Native Americans who used the Aguaje de Centinela natural springs in today's Edward Vincent Jr. Park (known for most of its history as Centinela Park). Local historian Gladys Waddingham wrote that these springs took the name Centinela from the hills that rose gradually around them, and which allowed ranchers to watch over their herds," (thus the name centinelas or sentinels).

Spanish era

The original settlers of Los Angeles in 1781, one of whom was Spanish soldier Jose Manuel Orchado Machado, "a 23-year-old muleteer from Los Alamos in Sinaloa". These settlers, she wrote, were ordered by the officials of the San Gabriel Mission "to graze their animals on the ocean side of Los Angeles in order not to infringe on mission lands." As a result, the settlers, or pobladores, drove some of their cattle to the "lush pasture lands near Centinela Springs", and the first construction there was done by Bruno Ygnacio Ávila, who received a permit in 1822 to build a "corral and hut for his herders." The area that is now Inglewood was divided into two rancho grants: Rancho Sausal Redondo and Rancho Aguaje de la Centinela.

Mexican era

Later, Avila constructed a three-room adobe house on a slight rise overlooking the creek that ran from Centinela Springs all the way to the ocean. According to the LAOkay web site, this adobe was built where the present baseball field is in the park. It no longer exists.

In 1834, Ygnacio Machado, one of the sons of Jose Machado, built the Centinela Adobe, which sits on a rise above the present Interstate 405 (San Diego Freeway) and is used as the headquarters of the Centinela Valley Historical Society. Two years later, Ygnacio was granted the  Rancho Aguaje de la Centinela, though this land had already been claimed by Avila.

American era

Daniel Freeman acquired the rancho and was a founder of the Centinela-Inglewood Land Company in 1887, which developed the city. That year it was reported that:

The Centinela-Inglewood Company has put on a four-horse coach between their office and Inglewood, leaving at 9:30 am and returning at 2 pm to carry passengers desiring to see the property. It is understood that arrangements will soon be completed for frequent fast trains between Los Angeles and Inglewood over the California Southern.

Inglewood Park Cemetery, a widely used cemetery for the entire region, was founded in 1905. The city has been home to the Hollywood Park Racetrack from 1938 to 2013, one of the premier horse racing venues in the United States. Fosters Freeze, the first soft serve ice cream chain in California, was founded by George Foster in 1946 in Inglewood. Inglewood was named an All-America City by the National Civic League in 1989 and yet again in 2009 for its visible progress.

The Ku Klux Klan had a presence in Inglewood in the 1920s, with the most notable event being the 1922 raid, the Klan had a chapter in Inglewood as late as October 1931.

Labor unions
Labor troubles became a serious issue in 1941. From August 1939 to June 1941, Stalin and Hitler supported each other as war raged in Europe. In the U.S., Communist local union officials opposed American aid to Britain's war against Germany.  They called strikes in war industries that were supplying Lend-Lease materiel to Britain. The United Auto Workers (UAW) won the election over the International Association of Machinists and represented all the employees at the North American Aviation factory in Inglewood. UAW negotiators demanded a starting pay of 75 cents an hour, plus a 10-cent raise for the 11,000 current employees. The UAW had made a no-strike pledge, but suddenly a wildcat strike on June 4 closed the plant that produced a fourth of the nation's fighter planes. The UAW was unable to get the workers to return, when Washington intervened. With the approval of national CIO leadership, President Franklin Roosevelt sent in the California national guard to reopen the plant. When Germany suddenly invaded the USSR in late June 1941, though, the Communist activists suddenly became the strongest supporters of war production; they crushed wildcat strikes.

African-American influence
"No blacks had ever lived in Inglewood", Gladys Waddingham wrote,  but by 1960, "they lived in great numbers along its eastern borders. This came to the great displeasure of the predominantly white residents already residing in Inglewood. In 1960, the census counted only 29 "Negroes" among Inglewood's 63,390 residents. Not a single black child attended the city's schools. Real-estate agents refused to show homes to blacks. A rumored curfew kept blacks off the streets at night. Inglewood was a prime target because of its previous history of restrictions." "Fair housing and school busing were the main problems of 1964. The schools were not prepared to handle racial incidents, even though any that occurred were very minor. Adults held many heated community meetings, since the blacks objected to busing as much as did the whites." In 1969, an organization called "Morningside Neighbors" changed its name to "Inglewood Neighbors" "in the hope of promoting more integration."

On February 3, 1969, Harold P. Moret (of Louisiana Creole ancestry) became Inglewood's first black police officer. A year later, Jimmy Lee Worsham became the second. He was followed by Barbara Harris, the first black female officer, then Otis Hendricks, Melvin Lovelace, and Eugene Lindsey. The seventh black officer was James T. Butts Jr. He became Inglewood's first black motorcycle traffic-enforcement officer, first black lieutenant and captain, and only black deputy chief in the history of the department. In September 1991 at the age of 38, Butts became the first person of color to command the Santa Monica Police Department as chief of police, and the youngest to do so.

On July 22, 1970, Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Max F. Deutz ordered Inglewood schools to desegregate in response to a suit filed by 19 parents. At least since 1965, said Deutz, the Inglewood school board had been aware of a growing influx of black families into its eastern areas, but had done nothing about the polarization of its pupils into an eastern black area and a western white one. On August 31, he rejected an appeal by four parents who said the school board was not responsible for the segregation, but that the blacks "selected their places of residence by voluntary choice."

The first black principal among the 18 Inglewood schools was Peter Butler at La Tijera Elementary, and in 1971, the "Stormy racial meetings in 1971" included a charge by "some real estate men in the overflowing Crozier Auditorium" that the Human Relations Commission was acting like "the Gestapo". In that year, Loyd Sterling Webb, president of Inglewood Neighbors, became the first black officeholder when voters elected him to the school board.

In 1972, Curtis Tucker Sr., was appointed as the first black city council member. That year, composer LeRoy Hurte, an African-American, took the baton of the Inglewood Symphony Orchestra and continued to work with it for 20 years. Edward Vincent Jr. became Inglewood's first black mayor in 1983. In that decade, whites left the city in increasing numbers, and Inglewood became the first city in California to declare the birthday of Martin Luther King Jr. a holiday. Since the term of Edward Vincent Jr. (1983–1997), Inglewood has consecutively elected African-American mayors: Roosevelt F. Dorn (1997–2010), Danny Tabor (2010–2011), and James T. Butts Jr. (2011–present).

Rise of Latino population
The 1990 census showed that Latinos in Inglewood had increased by 134% since 1980, the largest jump in the South Bay. Economic factors apparently played a role in where new arrivals settled, said David Heer, a USC professor of sociology and associate director of the university's Population Research Laboratory. "Housing is generally less expensive here than elsewhere . . . and I would say that they receive a warmer welcome here", said Norm Cravens, assistant city manager in Inglewood, where the white population dropped from nearly 21% in 1980 to 8.5% in 1990.

In the 2000 census, blacks made up 47% of the city's residents (53,060 people), and Latinos comprised 46% (51,829), but the Census Bureau estimated that in 2007, the percentage of blacks had declined to 41% (48,252) and that Latinos were at 52.5% (61,847). The white population declined from 19 (21,505) to 17.7% (20,853).

That year, though, only one of the city's five city council members was Latino: Jose Fernandez. No Latinos were on the five-member board of education.

Religious history
In 2007, the area served by the Inglewood post office (including Lennox) had 98 churches, temples, mosques, chapels and other houses of worship, according to the AreaConnect.com website.

The first church service was held on April 22, 1888, in the Inglewood House hotel on Commercial Street (today's La Brea Avenue), popularly called Mrs. Belden's Boarding House, when Inglewood had only 300 residents and 112 registered voters. Later, services were in Bucephalus Hall, but eventually the congregation moved to Hyde Park, which left Inglewood with no church. On January 19, 1890, Inglewood's first permanent church – Presbyterian – was established on Market Street. A bit later, the [United] Brethren constructed a building on South Market Street.

In 1907, a group of Episcopalians began services in a private home, and a few years later, the first Catholic services were held in Bank Hall. In 1910, the Presbyterians moved their two buildings, a sanctuary and a manse, to the corner of Grevillea and Nutwood "because the streetcars [on Market Street] were so noisy and threw so much dust and sand fleas in the windows."

In 1923, St. John Chrysostom Catholic Church was founded. The current church at the intersection of Centinela and Florence was built in 1959 and is the tallest point in the city. It is the largest congregation in the city, consisting of almost 10,000 registered families. Next door is St. John Chrysostom School, educating children since 1927 from prekindergarten through eighth grade.

The Methodists had built a structure at Manchester and La Brea, but in 1940, they moved to a new building at Kelso and Spruce.

Trash-hauling pact
In 2018, an investigation began into a 2012 trash-hauling contract valued at $100 million; it went to a bidder with connections to current mayor James T. Butts. The bidder, Consolidated Disposal Services, secured the contract soon after hiring Michael Butts, brother of Mayor Butts, as an operations manager. Consolidated continues to provide garbage collection services as of 2023.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of . Downtown Inglewood is  from Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). It is part of the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim metropolitan statistical area.

Neighborhoods
Inglewood consists of 10 neighborhoods that are indicated by symbols on street signs. The neighborhoods are: Morningside Park, Downtown Inglewood, Fairview Heights, Arbor Village, Hollypark Knolls, Centinela Heights, Century Heights, Inglewood Knolls, and Lockhaven.

Crenshaw-Imperial
The Crenshaw-Imperial district was a later annexation to Inglewood, California.  It has its own branch public library and an important shopping center for the area. (Also see Inglewood Knolls)

Morningside Park
Morningside Park is a commercial district in the eastern part of the city. Though the city of Inglewood does not define the district's boundaries, it may be delineated by Hyde Park on the north, Manchester Square on the east, Century Boulevard on the south and Prairie Avenue on the west. The major streets that run through the area are Manchester and Crenshaw boulevards. It is six miles (10 km) from Los Angeles International Airport and about two miles (3 km) from SoFi Stadium, the home of the NFL's Los Angeles Rams and the Los Angeles Chargers. The district is also the location of Kia Forum, an entertainment venue and where for 32 years the NBA's Los Angeles Lakers and NHL's Los Angeles Kings played and The Village at Century shopping center. This neighborhood was once the site of the Hollywood Park Racetrack. It is also the home to three gated-communities called Carlton Square, Briarwood Village & The Renaissance.

North Inglewood and Fairview Heights
North Inglewood is a neighborhood north of the former Santa Fe railroad tracks, where the K Line currently is. In 2009, it was reported to be the site of a "burgeoning arts scene" at East Hyde Park Boulevard and La Brea Avenue. Fairview Heights is a signed area north of Florence and east of La Brea Avenues.

Inglewood Knolls
Situated in the southeastern corner of the city, Inglewood Knolls is a subdivision of tract homes built in 1953–54. It is bordered by Crenshaw Blvd. on the west, 108th St. on the north, Spinning Ave. on the east, and Imperial Highway on the south.  A shopping center on the northeastern quadrant of the intersection of Crenshaw and Imperial was also constructed in the mid-1950s, originally including a Food Giant grocery store, Thrifty Drug, J.J. Newberrys, and Lishon's Music Store, among others. Century Park Elementary School on Spinning Ave., although fully within Inglewood city limits, is actually part of the L.A. school district.

Climate

Demographics

2020 census

2010 census
The 2010 United States Census reported that Inglewood had a population of 109,673. The population density was . The racial makeup of Inglewood was 50.6% Hispanics or Latinos (of any race),
43.9% African American, 23.3% White (2.9% non-Hispanic White), 0.7% Native American, 1.5% Asian, 26.3% from other races, and 4.1% from two or more races. The Census reported that 98.6% of the population lived in households, 0.9% lived in noninstitutionalized group quarters, and 0.5% were institutionalized.

Of the 36,389 households, 42.1% had children under living in them, 36.0% were married couples living together, 24.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 8.1% had a male householder with no wife present, 6.4% were unmarried partnerships, 0.6% were same-sex partnerships,  25.7% were made up of individuals, and 7.6% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.97. With 25,019 families (68.8% of all households), the average family size was 3.59.

The age distribution was 26.7% under 18, 10.8% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 9.4% who were 65 or older. The median age was 33.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.6 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 86.8 males.

The 38,429 housing units had an average density of , of which 37.0% were owner-occupied and 63.0% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.5%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.5%, while 39.2% of the population lived in owner-occupied housing units and 59.4% lived in rental housing units.

According to the 2010 United States Census, Inglewood had a median household income of $43,394, with 22.4% of the population living below the federal poverty line.

Mapping L.A.
Mexican and Salvadoran are the common ancestries in Inglewood. Mexico and El Salvador were the most common foreign places of birth in the 2000 census.

In 2009, the Los Angeles Times'''s "Mapping L.A." project supplied these neighborhood statistics based on the 2000 census.

The population was 112,482, or 12,330 people per square mile, among the highest densities for the South Bay and among the highest densities for the county. The percentage of African Americans was high for the county, and the population was moderately diverse. Median household income was $46,574, low for both the South Bay and for the county. The median age was 29, young for the county; the percentage of residents aged 10 or under was among the county's highest. Three people, on the average, lived in each household – high for the South Bay but about average for the county. There was a higher percentage of families headed by single parents than elsewhere in the county. The percentage of veterans who served during 1975–89 and 1990–99 was among the county's highest.

(*) "The diversity index measures the probability that any two residents, chosen at random, would be of different ethnicities. If all residents are of the same ethnic group it's zero. If half are from one group and half from another it's .50."

Homelessness
In 2022, Los Angeles Homeless Services Authority's Greater Los Angeles Homeless Count counted 751 homeless individuals in Inglewood.

Arts and culture
Landmarks

The Forum  was built in 1967 and designed by architect Charles Luckman, who also designed Madison Square Garden. The Forum was intended to evoke the Roman Forum in Rome. For decades the Forum was one of LA's biggest concert venues; Elvis Presley, Led Zeppelin and the Jackson 5 were among the superstars to headline the arena. The Forum also achieved its greatest fame as the home of the NBA's Los Angeles Lakers and the NHL's Los Angeles Kings. In 1999, both teams moved to the Staples Center and the Forum was sold to the Faithful Central Bible Church, which used it for Sunday services and rented it out for concerts or sporting events. In 2012, the Forum was purchased by The Madison Square Garden Company, owners of New York's Madison Square Garden, for $23.5 million; MSG announced plans to spend $50 million to refurbish and renovate the arena for use as a "world-class" concert venue. The "Fabulous" Forum presented by Chase re-opened on January 15, 2014, with the first of six historic performances by the Eagles. The reinvention of the Forum has created the largest indoor performance venue in the country designed with a focus on music and entertainment. On April 4, 2022, "The Forum" was renamed "Kia Forum" due to a naming rights deal between Steve Ballmer, the owner of The Forum, and car manufacturer Kia.

On February 24, 2015, the Inglewood City Council approved plans for the construction of an NFL-capacity stadium, later named SoFi Stadium, with a 5–0 unanimous vote to combine the  plot of land with the larger Hollywood Park development and rezone the area to include Sports/Entertainment capabilities.  of Hollywood Park were devoted to Lake Park, a naturally-replenishing water feature which is claimed to recycle 26 million gallons of water annually. This cleared the way for developers to begin construction on the venue as planned in December 2015. On January 13, 2016, one day after the NFL approved of the Rams return to Los Angeles, construction began on the Inglewood site. SoFi Stadium opened in 2020.

Public libraries
The City of Inglewood operates a main library in the city's Civic Center, in addition to a branch in the southeastern corner of the city, near the intersection of Crenshaw and Imperial.

Symphony
The Southeast Symphony Association is a non-profit, musical and cultural association in Inglewood, founded in 1948 to create an orchestra that welcomes African-American musicians.

Open Studios
The annual Open Studios event features "drawing, painting, photography and more", organized by a volunteer group of artists with support by the Inglewood Cultural Arts, Inc. (ICA) organization. The first year of the event saw six artists featured, but at the November 2011 event "more than 30" were expected, said Renee Fox, gallery director at the Beacon Arts Building on North La Brea Avenue. The structure has been turned into 14 artists' studios, with 16 more to be added by the end of 2011. A nearby former auto showroom has also been turned over to artists.

Sports
Professional sports
Inglewood is home to the Los Angeles Rams and Los Angeles Chargers of the National Football League who play at SoFi Stadium. The stadium hosted Super Bowl LVI in 2022. The Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Kings played their home games at Kia Forum until the completion of Crypto.com Arena in Downtown Los Angeles.

On July 26, 2019, the Los Angeles Clippers announced plans to build a new arena and entertainment center in Inglewood. The announcement explained that the new arena would be completed in the fall of 2024, the same time their current leasing agreement with Crypto.com Arena is set to expire. The privately financed project includes the arena, the team's business and basketball offices, training facility, community and retail spaces. Weeks later, on September 10, 2019, Clippers owner Steve Ballmer announced plans to invest $100 million into the city of Inglewood as part of the arena deal. The investment includes $80 million for affordable housing, assistance to renters and first-time homebuyers. Another $12.75 million will be invested into school and youth programs.

Former Teams
Inglewood was the former home of the Los Angeles Lakers of the NBA and of the Los Angeles Kings of the NHL from 1967 to 1999, as well as the Los Angeles Sparks of the WNBA from 1997 to 2000. All teams moved to Crypto.com Arena for the following seasons.

Olympic and Paralympic Games
At the 1984 Summer Olympics, The Forum hosted the basketball competition and the men's handball final. During the 2028 Summer Olympics, the opening and closing ceremonies will be held at the SoFi Stadium. The venue will also host soccer games and archery during the Olympics. The Forum will host all the gymnastics events during the games.

2026 FIFA World Cup
SoFi Stadium will host several matches during the 2026 FIFA World Cup, which will be held across the US, Canada and Mexico.

Government
 Municipal
The City of Inglewood has a council–city manager type of government. The mayor is an elected office and is the chief executive officer, but in all other regards is an equal member of the city council.

The current Mayor of Inglewood is James T. Butts Jr. who took office after unseating Daniel K. Tabor who completed the term of Roosevelt Dorn.

The Inglewood Police Department is the city's police department. Since the Inglewood Fire Department was disbanded in 2000, the city contracts its fire service with the Los Angeles County Fire Department.

 Federal representation
In the United States House of Representatives, Inglewood is split between , and .

 State representation
In the California State Legislature, Inglewood is in , and in .

 Los Angeles County

Inglewood is part of Los Angeles County, for which the Government of Los Angeles County is defined and authorized under the California Constitution, California law, and the Charter of the County of Los Angeles. The county government is primarily composed of the elected five-member Board of Supervisors, other elected offices including the Sheriff, District Attorney, and Assessor, and numerous county departments and entities under the supervision of the chief executive officer.

 Regional
The city is a member of the South Bay Cities Council of Governments.

 Politics
Inglewood has the highest percentage of registered Democrats of any city in California, with 75.6 percent of its 48,615 voters registered in May 2009 as Democrats. Seven percent were registered as Republicans, and 14.1 percent declined to state a preference.

In 2005, the Bay Area Center for Voting Research, a nonpartisan organization in Berkeley, ranked Inglewood as the sixth-most-liberal city in the United States, after Oakland, California, and just ahead of Newark, New Jersey. Researchers examined voting patterns of 237 American cities with populations over 100,000 and ranked them on liberal and conservative scales.

In the past three decades, the presidential candidates nominated by the Democratic Party have all carried Inglewood with over 80% of the vote. The last seven elections results are listed below:

Education

Public and private schools
Most of Inglewood is served by the Inglewood Unified School District. The district has two zoned high schools, Inglewood High School, Morningside High School, City Honors High School and an alternative high school, Inglewood Continuation High School (formerly Hillcrest Continuation High School).

Some of it is zoned in the Los Angeles Unified School District. LAUSD operates one school in the Inglewood city limits, Century Park Elementary.

When the Inglewood Union High School District, now known as the Centinela Valley Union High School District, opened in 1905, the Inglewood School District, then only operating primary schools, was within the high school district. The Centinela Valley district received its current name on November 1, 1944. On July 1, 1954, the Inglewood elementary school district withdrew from the Centinela Valley district, becoming a unified school district.

Public charter schools include:
 Ánimo Inglewood Charter High School of Green Dot Public Schools
 Ánimo Leadership Charter High School of Green Dot

Private schools include:
St. John Chrysostom Elementary School is a private Catholic school.
St. Mary's Academy, "In 1966 St. Mary's Academy left its home of many years on Slauson Avenue [at Crenshaw Boulevard] in Los Angeles for a new building on Grace Avenue across from [Daniel] Freeman Hospital".
Good Shepherd Lutheran School, 1936–2003

Schools history
In 1888, a school district was organized, trustees were elected and a building was chosen. The school opened on May 21 that year on the second floor of a livery stable on Grevillea Avenue between Regent Street and Orchard (today's Florence Avenue), with 17 boys and 16 girls. The first teacher was Minnie Walker, a graduate of Los Angeles State Normal School. The schoolroom, named Bucephalus Hall, after a horse belonging to town founder Daniel Freeman, was also used for community meetings.

Meanwhile, a permanent school building was erected on Grevillea Avenue a block to the south, between Regent and Queen. It remained Inglewood's only school until 1911. It was destroyed by an earthquake in 1920.

The Centinela Valley Union High School District was organized in 1904 to bring secondary education to the town. Inglewood High opened in two rooms of the school building with 15 students taught by Nina Martin, principal, and Anna McClelland. Four years later, a new building rose on  of land, and the first graduation of one boy and four girls took place in 1908.
Until 1912 there was a new principal every year at the grammar school, but on May 8 of that year George W. Crozier was named principal, and he held the post for 20 years. The school was renamed in his honor in 1932. In 1913, George M. Green was appointed principal of Inglewood Union High School; he retired from that position in 1939.

In 1914, voters approved bonds for high school improvement. Four more buildings and a power plant were erected, "joined by walks and arcades." The improvement included a "five-room model flat in the Home Economics Building." Nine acres of land were bought at Kelso Avenue and Damask (now Inglewood Avenue) for an experimental agricultural statement, thenceforth known as "The Farm." There were gardens, an orchard and an alfalfa field. In 1915 Inglewood High won a first-place Los Angeles County prize for its beautiful ivy-covered brick buildings. These buildings were destroyed in 1953 to make room for new ones.

In the mid-1920s, the high school district stretched all the way south to El Segundo, so two women teachers were asked to live in El Segundo and ride the school buses with the students every day to and from that city – for an extra dollar a day in pay. In 1923 girls adopted a school uniform, "a dark blue skirt with a white middy."

In 1925 a new fine arts building for the high school was erected on the southwest corner of Grevillea and Manchester, replacing the Truax Candy Kitchen, but it was severely damaged by the Long Beach earthquake of 1933. It was "later rebuilt with WPA help but lost its magnificent stairway and all its fireplaces." Temporary classrooms were built on Olive Street, "all too cold in winter and too hot most of the time."

The athletic field on the west side of the campus, later called Badenoch Field, was used for physical education and sporting events. In 1937, agricultural classes were ended at the Farm and Sentinel Field was dedicated there for sports activities. By 1938 there were more than 3,000 students and 141 teachers at the high school.

The "startling news" of 1948 was the dismissal "of the entire administrative staff at Inglewood High School, beginning with Principal James R. Haines." He was replaced by Forrest Murdoch of Everett, Washington, as superintendent and Fred Heisner as principal.

In 1952, another secondary school campus in Inglewood was opened in the east side neighborhood of Lockhaven as Morningside High School. Center Park School of Los Angeles became part of the Inglewood School District in 1961 when its area (Crenshaw-Imperial) was annexed to the city. In the 1970s, its name was changed to Worthington School to honor Frances and William Worthington.

Media
Hollywood Park is the home of NFL Media which consists of NFL Network, NFL RedZone, NFL.com, and the NFL app. Formerly located in Culver City, the NFL Los Angeles campus is located adjacent to Sofi Stadium.

TV network Showtime also has offices in Inglewood, adjacent to LAX and Interstate 405.

Newspapers
 The Morningside Park Chronicle, Inglewood News and Inglewood Today circulate in the city.
 Inglewood Daily News, defunct

Filming locations
Inglewood has been in several motion picture movies and television shows such as:

 Inglewood City Hall (1 Manchester Boulevard): The interior of City Hall was the fictional IADC (Inter-Agency Defense Command) Headquarters for The New Adventures of Wonder Woman and also the coroner's office in Jack Klugman's 1970s television drama series Quincy, M.E. The city was a filming location for The Wood, a 1999 movie about three African-American men recalling their childhood in 1980s Inglewood.
 The 2015 film Dope is set in the Darby-Dixon neighborhood (nicknamed "The Bottoms") of Inglewood.

Infrastructure
Transportation
Streets and highways
A "grand avenue at least 150 feet wide" was being built in late 1887 from the end of Figueroa Street in Los Angeles "to the new town of Inglewood on the Centinela ranch", to be "planted with a border of tropical trees, making it one of the handsomest five-mile drives" on the coast."

Major streets that run through Inglewood are La Cienega Boulevard, Crenshaw Boulevard, Hawthorne Boulevard (California), La Brea Avenue, Century Boulevard, Imperial Highway, Manchester Avenue, (Manchester Boulevard in Inglewood), Florence Avenue, and Prairie Avenue.

There are 2 freeways that serve the city, Interstate 405 and Interstate 105 (California). Interstate 110 is located nearby South Los Angeles.

Public transportation
The city is served by the K Line of the Los Angeles Metro Rail system. There are 3 stations located in the city, Fairview Heights, Downtown Inglewood, and Westchester/Veterans station. The south side of the city is served by the nearby C Line, which the Crenshaw and Hawthorne/Lennox stations are located nearby. The city is planning the Inglewood Transit Connector, an automated people mover that will connect the city's sports and entertainment venues to the forthcoming downtown rail station.

A $3,000 train station, described as a "natty and attractive building", was constructed in 1887 at the temporary end of the Ballona railroad line outward bound from Los Angeles. The tracks were to continue west through the Centinela ranch to the ocean.

The  was opened for business on September 7, 1887, with stops (from northeast to southwest) at Ballona Junction, Nadeau Park, Baldwin, Slauson, Wildeson, Hyde Park, Inglewood, Danville, Mesmer, and Port Ballona. A train left Los Angeles at 9:15 a.m. on the one-hour journey and returned from Port Ballona at 4 p.m.

In that year the Los Angeles Herald noted that Inglewood was "at the junction of two railroads, one branch going to Ballona Harbor and the other to the beautiful seaside resort, Redondo Beach. . . . Two trains a day now pass Inglewood station."

The Centinela-Inglewood Company used a four-horse coach to bring prospective buyers from Los Angeles, leaving at 9:30 a.m. and returning at 2 p.m. Being planned were "frequent fast trains between Los Angeles and Inglewood over the California Southern Railroad.

Fire
Fire protection is provided by the Los Angeles County Fire Department stations 18, 170, 171, 172, and 173.

Health
The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Curtis Tucker Health Center in Inglewood. The city was served by the Daniel Freeman Memorial Hospital for more than five decades, from 1954 until its closure in 2007. Inglewood is still served and the home to Centinela Hospital Medical Center.

Notable people
Born in Inglewood
 Hassan Adams, NBA player
 Cornell Armstrong, cornerback for the Atlanta Falcons
 Don August, baseball player
Tyra Banks, fashion model, television personality, talk show host and actress
 Maybelle Blair (born 1927), All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player
 Bill Brochtrup, actor
 Jason Aalon Butler, musician and political activist
 Shawn Chrystopher, recording artist, producer
 Dottie Wiltse Collins, All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player
 Todd Davis, NFL player
Mark Eaton, NBA basketball player
 Scott Eyre, baseball player
Becky G, actress and singer
 Patricia Peck Gossel, medical historian and curator
Erick Green, basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
 Tanedra Howard, actress
 Flo Hyman, volleyball player
 Vicki Lawrence, actress and comedian
 Swae Lee, rapper
 Jim Lefebvre, MLB player and manager
 Mack 10, rapper
 Tanjareen Martin, actress
Philip "Bishop Lamont" Martin, rapper
 Omar Navarro,perennial candidate
 Len Maxwell, voice actor and announcer
 Scott McGregor, baseball player
 Lisa Moretti, wrestler
Valerie Ogoke, basketball player
 Jeff Franklin, director and producer
 Keisha Omilana, model and entrepreneur
 Omarion, R&B singer, songwriter, dancer and actor
 Marcel Reece, NFL player
 Jim Photoglo, soft rock singer and songwriter
 Brittney Reese, Olympic and World champion in long jump
 Steve Saleen, founder of Saleen and racing driver
 Jamal Sampson, NBA player
 Donald Sanford, American-Israeli Olympic sprinter
 Shade Sheist, recording artist, singer-songwriter, actor
 Zoot Sims jazz saxophonist
 SiR, singer
 Craig Smith, NBA player
 D Smoke, musician
 Bishop Jaime Soto of the Diocese of Sacramento
 Chris Strait, comedian
 Nika Washington, a left-footed American skateboarder
 Esther Williams, swimmer and motion picture actress
 Fani Willis, district attorney of Fulton County, Georgia
 Brian Wilson, musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer
 Lisa Wu, actress/television personality known for Real Housewives of AtlantaOther residents
 Archie Atherton, parachutist
 Salvatore (Sonny) Bono, singer, actor, and congressman
 Jeanne Crain, actress
 Chris Emile, dancer
 Daniel Freeman, credited as the founder of Inglewood
 Cali Swag District, hip hop group
 Lisa Leslie, retired WNBA basketball player
 Don Megowan, actor
Damani Nkosi, rapper
 Frank D. Parent, municipal court judge
 Paul Pierce, retired NBA basketball player
 Cindy Sheehan, American anti-war activist
 Skeme (Lonnie Kimble), rapper
 Chastin West, football player

Sister cities
Inglewood is affiliated with the following sister cities

  Bo, Sierra Leone
  Pedavena Veneto, Italy
  Port Antonio, Jamaica
  Ringwood, Victoria, Australia
  Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico

See also

 Los Angeles Times suburban sections, for a time capsule placed in the Inglewood City Hall
 List of cities and towns in California
 Largest cities in Southern California
 List of U.S. cities with large Hispanic populations

References

Further reading
 Constance Zillgitt Snowden, Men of Inglewood, 1924.
 Roy Rosenberg, The History of Inglewood, published by Arthur Cawston, 1938.
 Lloyd Hamilton, Inglewood Community Book'', 1947.

External links

  Inglewood Chamber of Commerce
 WikiMapia: Inglewood, California
 Online Archive of California.org: Images of Inglewood

Cities in Los Angeles County, California
1888 establishments in California
Incorporated cities and towns in California
Populated places established in 1888
South Bay, Los Angeles
Chicano and Mexican neighborhoods in California

Inglewood, California


Peter Štih (born 27 November 1960) is a Slovenian historian, specialising in medieval history.

Štih was born in Ljubljana, but spent most of his childhood years in the town of Most na Soči in the Goriška region of western Slovenia. He attended grammar school in Tolmin and studied history at the University of Ljubljana, where he graduated in 1983. In 1993 he obtained his PhD under the supervision of the historian Bogo Grafenauer. Between 1992 and 1994 he was assistant researcher at the Institute for Austrian History (Institut für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung), part of the University of Vienna.

Štih teaches medieval history of the Slovene Lands and the Balkans at the University of Ljubljana. He also teaches at the University of Maribor. An associate member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts since 2007, he became a full member in 2015. He is also a member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.

He is the author of several publications on the medieval history of Slovenia. His principal research fields include the ethnogenesis of Slovenes following the Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps, early medieval state forms in the Eastern Alps (Carantania, Carniola), the history of nobility, and the emergence of Slovene Lands. He has also published a number of treatises on diplomatics. As of 2000 he is the main editor of Zgodovinski časopis / Historical Review, a principal Slovenian historic periodical.

On the introduction of the euro in Slovenia, Štih also opposed the use of the Prince's Stone on the 2-cent coin.

Major works
Ozemlje Slovenije v zgodnjem srednjem veku: osnovne poteze zgodovinskega razvoja od začetka 6. stoletja do konca 9. stoletja ("The territory of Slovenia during early Middle Ages: a basic outline of historical development from early 6th century to late 9th century", Ljubljana, 2001);
Slovenska zgodovina do razsvetljenstva ("Slovene History prior to the Enlightenment Age". Ljubljana - Klagenfurt: 1995), with Vasko Simoniti;
Carniola, patria Sclavorum (Vienna: 1995);
Studien zur Geschichte der Grafen von Görz ("Studies in the History of the Counts of Gorizia". Vienna - Munich: 1996);
Spomini Helene Kottanner: ženski glas iz srednjega veka ("Memoires of Helena Kottanner: a Woman's Voice from the Middle Ages". Ljubljana: 1999), with Igor Grdina;
Srednjeveške plemiške zgodbe ("Stories from Medieval Nobility". Ljubljana: 2001);
Slowenische Geschichte: Gesellschaft - Politik - Kultur ("Slovene History: Society - Politics - Culture". Graz, 2008), with Vasko Simoniti and Peter Vodopivec.
The Middle Ages between the Eastern Alps and the Northern Adriatic : Select Papers on Slovene Historiography and Medieval History. Brill, 2010.

References

External links
Department of History of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Ljubljana: Peter Štih

1960 births
Living people
20th-century Slovenian historians
21st-century Slovenian historians
Members of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Academic staff of the University of Vienna
Academic staff of the University of Ljubljana
University of Ljubljana alumni
Members of the Austrian Academy of Sciences
Academic staff of the University of Maribor
People from the Municipality of Tolmin

Peter Štih


Fofó Iosefa Fiti Sunia (born March 13, 1937) was the first non-voting Delegate from American Samoa to the United States House of Representatives. He was born in Fagasā, Pago Pago, and attended the University of Hawaiʻi.

Sunia was the administrative officer for the Samoan affairs-liaison functions for the Governor of American Samoa, and served as a translator and interpreter and an election commissioner from 1961 to 1966. He founded the Samoan News newspaper in 1964 and became director of tourism for the Government of American Samoa in 1966, serving until 1970. Sunia was elected a territorial Senator in 1970 and was a member of the legislature until 1978. He also formerly served as president and chairman of the American Samoan Development Corporation.

Sunia was elected as a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives, and served from January 3, 1981 until his resignation on September 6, 1988, after he was indicted on federal charges of running a payroll padding scheme. He pleaded guilty and was sentenced to five to fifteen months in prison and to pay $65,000 in restitution.

He is currently a resident of Pago Pago.

Political views
As a Delegate to the U.S. Congress, Sunia opposed a Constitutional amendment which would have made English the official language of the United States. He argued that English already is the language of the U.S. and the law represented few if any changes to the status quo. He was quoted for saying: "… the 35,000 American Samoans on the island use the Samoan language in government, in the court, in business and in all facets of daily living, but strive to improve their proficiency in English." He did not believe the proposed amendment would reward "linguistic differences as an asset."

See also
List of Asian Americans and Pacific Islands Americans in the United States Congress

References

External links

|-

1937 births
Living people
20th-century American politicians
American politicians convicted of fraud
American Samoa Democrats
American Samoa Senators
American translators
Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from American Samoa
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from American Samoa
Politicians convicted of conspiracy to defraud the United States
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa alumni

Fofō Iosefa Fiti Sunia


Seán Foran (1931 – 9 July 2015) was an Irish Gaelic footballer who played as a midfielder for the Offaly senior team.

Born in Edenderry, County Offaly, Foran first played competitive Gaelic football during his schooling at St. Mary's Knockbeg College. He arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of seventeen when he first linked up with the Offaly minor team. He made his senior debut during the 1949 championship. Foran immediately became a regular member of the starting fifteen and won one Leinster medal.

As a member of the Leinster inter-provincial team on a number of occasions, Foran won one Railway Cup medal. At club level he was a three-time championship medallist with Edenderry.

Throughout his career Foran made 24 championship appearances. He retired from inter-county football during the 1963-64 league.

In retirement from playing Foran became involved in team management and coaching. He was a selector when Offaly won the All-Ireland title in 1982.

References

1931 births
2015 deaths
Edenderry Gaelic footballers
Offaly inter-county Gaelic footballers
Leinster inter-provincial Gaelic footballers

Seán Foran


St Clement's Church, Norwich, also known as St Clement Colegate, is a Grade I listed redundant parish church in the Church of England in Norwich. It is dedicated to St Clement, a popular Danish saint and patron of seafarers.

History

The church is thought to be one of the first churches erected on the north side of the river. Of Saxon origin, it was built in the medieval ages, probably around 1040.

On the outside, the current Nave replaces an older, narrower one, the cornerstones of which are visible and embedded in the west wall on either side of the tower. The Chancel, Nave and Tower are arranged in a perpendicular style and probably date from the 15th century. The east window of the Chancel, however, is decorated in a different style, suggesting that this part of the building dates further back.

For the interior, the wall arches on both sides of the chancel as well as the roof date from the 15th century. The corbels (brackets) supporting the roof are carved with images of angels bearing shields - two of which with trumpets. The font is in the same perpendicular style as the Chancel, Nave and Tower, as well as being carved with flowers and leaves.

Post Redundancy
After being made redundant in 1971, it was taken into the care of Norwich Historic Churches Trust. Their work on the church includes restoration of the tower in 1991 after an arson attack, as well as a redecoration inside in 2007

The church stood empty until 1977, when it was repurposed as places of worship, with its initial use being that of prayer and meditation for all faiths opened by Rev'd Jack Burton until 1999. It was then converted to a Romanian Orthodox congregation until 2015 before housing Gildencraft, an apprenticeship scheme for stonemasons. It is now currently in use as a crafts person and builder's store.

Organ

The church contained an organ originally by G.M. Holdich but this organ was moved to All Saints church in 1889 following a new Norman & Beard organ replacement. The current organ is one originally made by Rothwell in 1944 that was modified in 1966 by Ralph Bootman. A specification of the current organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register.

References

Clement
Grade I listed buildings in Norfolk

St Clement's Church, Norwich


The Table Mountain Aerial Cableway is a cable car transportation system offering visitors a five-minute ride to the top of Table Mountain in Cape Town, South Africa. It is one of Cape Town's most popular tourist attractions with approximately one million people a year using the Cableway. In January 2019,  the Cableway welcomed its 28 millionth visitor.

The upper cable station is on the westernmost end of the Table Mountain plateau, at an elevation of . The upper cable station offers views over Cape Town, Table Bay and Robben Island to the north, and the Atlantic seaboard to the west and south. Amenities at the upper station include free guided walking tours, an audio tour, meal options at a café and a wi-fi lounge.

History

By the 1870s, Capetonians had proposed a railway to the top of Table Mountain, but plans were halted by the Anglo-Boer War. The City Council began investigating the options again in 1912, but this was in turn halted by the First World War.  Despite initial cost estimates of £100,000 (equivalent to £38,800,000 in 2011 pounds) to build the cableway the city's population was supportive of the project and in a referendum overwhelmingly voted in support of the project.

A Norwegian engineer, Trygve Stromsoe, presented plans for a cableway in 1926, and construction began soon after with the formation of the Table Mountain Aerial Cableway Company (TMACC). Former world leading wire ropeway company Adolf Bleichert & Co. from Leipzig (Germany) was awarded the contract for the construction. It was completed in 1929 at a cost of £60,000 (equivalent to £11,400,000 in 2011 pounds) and the cableway was opened on 4 October 1929, by the Mayor of Cape Town AJS Lewis. The cableway has been upgraded three times since then.  Sir David Graaff, a leading industrialist, former mayor of Cape Town and government minister, also invested heavily in the project.

In 1993, the son of one of the founders sold the TMACC and the new owners took charge of upgrading the cableway. In 1997, the cableway was reopened after extensive renovations, and new cars were introduced.

Specifications
The "Rotair" cableway was installed by Garaventa (Doppelmayr Garaventa Group) from Switzerland in 1997, the design being based on the Titlis Rotair cableway in Engelberg, Switzerland.
Each car carries 65 passengers (compared to 25 for the old cars), and runs on a double cable making them more stable in high winds, giving a faster journey of 4–5 minutes to the summit. The floors of the cars rotate through 360 degrees during the ascent or descent, giving passengers a panoramic view.

Gallery

References

External links

 Table Mountain Aerial Cableway
 Lower Cable station - Construction photos Collection

Buildings and structures completed in 1929
Aerial tramways in South Africa
Transport in Cape Town
Table Mountain
Tourist attractions in Cape Town
1929 establishments in South Africa

Table Mountain Aerial Cableway


Grant Carpenter (1865–1936) was a newspaperman, attorney, and writer, and twin brother of artist Grace Carpenter Hudson.

As a youth, Carpenter worked as an apprentice to a printer, and later as a newspaper reporter for the San Francisco Examiner. He studied law at the University of Michigan, and after earning his law degree, became an attorney for the Chinese Six Companies in San Francisco, and later served as an Assistant District Attorney. He became involved in San Francisco's performing arts circles, writing continued to be an interest, and he served as president of several associations, including the San Francisco Press Club.

In 1916, he moved to Manhattan, New York City, to begin a new career as a writer. In the 1920s, he moved to Los Angeles, California and pursued writing for Hollywood. He was the author of two plays, The Dragon's Claws and The Concubine, several film scenarios, and two novels, Long Sweetening: A Romance of the Red Woods (New York: Robert M. McBride & Company, 1921, 306 pp.) and The Night Tide, A Story of Old Chinatown (The H. K. Fly Company, New York, 1920, 319 pp.).  He served as president of the Screen Writers Guild and vice-president of the Authors League of America, now the Authors Guild.

Personal

Carpenter was born on February 21, 1865, in Potter Valley, Mendocino County, California, a son of the noted photographer Aurelius O. Carpenter and Helen (née McCowen) Carpenter.  He married first Sophia Storm, with whom he had two children.  He married second to pianist and singer Mercedes Woodford, whose father was a mining engineer for the Kimberley diamond mines in South Africa. His third wife was writer Medora Block. He died on April 30, 1936, in Hollywood, Los Angeles County, California, and is interred in the Russian River Cemetery in Ukiah, Mendocino County, California, alongside his twin sister, artist Grace Carpenter Hudson. There is a documented friendship between Carpenter and fellow writer Rose Wilder Lane. The two exchanged letters beginning in the mid-twenties until shortly before Carpenter's death. Lane's letters to Carpenter focused on politics of the time, her personal life, their mutual friends in the arts, farming, reminiscences of their early friendship, and also mentions medical problems Carpenter referred to in his letters to Lane. There are long gaps between the dates of some of the letters, as well as comments on Lane's part indicating that she has not forgotten about writing to him, indicating that their communication was sporadic.

References

People from Potter Valley, California
Writers from San Francisco
Journalists from Los Angeles
University of Michigan Law School alumni
19th-century American journalists
19th-century American male writers
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American novelists
American male dramatists and playwrights
American male novelists
American twins
Fraternal twins
American male screenwriters
Screenwriters from California
1865 births
1936 deaths
American male non-fiction writers
20th-century American screenwriters

Grant Carpenter


William de Bodrugan (c. 1250-1307), sometimes referred to as a knight, was a Cornish priest and landowner, who became firstly Provost of Glasney College, and secondly Archdeacon of Cornwall.

Family
William was the second son of Philip de Bodrugan and his wife Rosea, or Roslyn, perhaps the daughter of Luke de Hendresuk of Talland. His elder brother, Roger, died in 1277, leaving his son, Henry Bodrugan, heir to the family's estates, under aged. William purchased Henry's wardship from Sir William de Alneto on 19 May 1277, thereby recovering control of the family's property.

William is known to have fathered one illegitimate child, Elizabeth, and possibly two more, Felicia and Philip.
 Elizabeth, married to Adam de Markwell.
 Felicia, married Andrew de Trevelyan in 1309.
 Philip, son of William de Bodrugan (mentioned in 1311).

Career
In 1274 William became rector of the family benefice of St Martin by Looe. As guardian for his nephew, William had control over the family benefices, so he was able in 1277 to appoint the new rector of Poundstock. In July 1278 he succeeded to the canonry of Master William de Sancto Justo at Glasney College. On 6 November 1282 he was collated to the rectory of Ruan Lanihorne. On 22 March 1283 William gave up St Martin by Looe, appointing a new rector in his place, but in August 1285 he returned as coadjutor to Sir Walter de Tremur who had fallen ill. William became the first official Provost of Glasney on 17 April 1283. On 28 February 1288 he relinquished the provostship. He was Archdeacon of Cornwall from 1295 to 1307.

Landowner
During William's life, particularly in his later years, he engaged himself in expanding his landed estate, eventually acquiring the manors of Tremodret (Roche), Trethew (Liskeard), and Markwell (St Erney). These lands would eventually pass to his nephew, Henry, apart from Markwell which was given by William to Adam de Markwell for his lifetime as part of Elizabeth's dowry. On Adam's death the manor passed back to Henry's son, Otto.

References

 Whetter, James, The Bodrugans: a study of a Cornish Medieval knightly family, Lyfrow Trelyspen, 1995
 Whetter, James, The History of Glasney College, 1988

Archdeacons of Cornwall
Medieval Cornish people
13th-century births
1307 deaths
William
13th-century English people
14th-century English people

William Bodrugan (priest)


The milkfish (Chanos chanos) is the sole living species in the family Chanidae. In the Philippines, it is also known as bangus. It is the national fish of that place. The tautonym is from Greek khanos.

Nicknames
It has nicknames like bandeng, chanos, truck, common chanos, Philippine milkfish, monkey, sea tarsier, gorillafish, gorilla fish, or butterfly kingfish. Except for Philippine milkfish, these nicknames are not the case in the Philippines, so in that place, it is called bangus or Philippine milkfish.

The first recorded use of Philippine milkfish as a fish name in English was in 2017.

New Year chanos
It is mistakenly called New Year chanos by other people, like Americans. This name is not canon in Chanos chanos.

Extinct genera

Subfamily incertae sedis

 Genus Dastilbe

Subfamily Parachaninae

 Genus Parachanos
 Genus Grandellius
 Genus Zorzinolepis

Subfamily Rubiesichthyinae

 Genus Actinorhynchus
 Genus Bonorhynchodon
 Genus Goombaichthys
 Genus Rubiesichthys

Teleosts
Philippines

Milkfish


Dhanushsagar is a religious place of worship for Hindus where the Patala bhaana of Shiva's bow is housed. The significance of Patala bhaana receives a mention in the Hindu epic Ramayana, wherein Rama during the Sita swayamvara broke the bow of Shiva into three pieces. Akasha bhaana flew to Dhanushkodi in Raameshwaram, bhoomi bhaana housed at Dhanushadham and paatala bhaana creating Dhanushsagar. The bow has been seen by devotees till the early 1980s after which it has got submerged due to the ever-increasing pollution. The lake is 1 km from the famous Janaki temple of Janakpur (erstwhile Mithila). Janakpur draws its fame as the birthplace of Maharani Sita who was one of the principal deities of Ramayana. Presently the area surrounding the lake is used by road side sellers. There are a few bathing ghats built around the lake for public use. A walk around the lake gives a few glimpses of Maa Gayatri temple and Gangasagar which is colacated with Dhanushsagar.

Water and Hinduism
Religious buildings and structures in Nepal

Dhanushsagar


In math, the imaginary unit (written as ) is a mathematical constant that only exists outside of the real numbers and is used in algebra. When we multiply the imaginary unit by a real number, we call the result an imaginary number. Though imaginary numbers can be used to solve a lot of mathematical problems, they cannot be represented by an amount of real life objects.

History
Imaginary units were invented to answer the polynomial equation , which normally has no solution (see below). The term "imaginary" comes from by René Descartes and was meant to be insulting as, like zero and negative numbers at other times in history, imaginary numbers were thought to be useless as they are not natural. It wasn't until later centuries that the work of mathematicians like Leonhard Euler, Augustin-Louis Cauchy and Carl Friedrich Gauss would prove that imaginary numbers were very important for some areas of algebra.

Definition
A common rule for multiplying and dividing numbers is that if the signs are different then the result is negative (e.g. ), but if both numbers have the same sign then the result will be positive (e.g.  and ). However, this leads to problems with square root numbers of negatives, as two negative numbers will always make a positive number:

so
but
as

To fill in this value gap the imaginary unit was made, which is defined as  and . Using imaginary numbers we can solve our last example:

 and

Square root of i
Although the imaginary unit comes from solving a quadratic equation (an equation where the unknown appears squared), we could ask whether we need to create new number values like the imaginary unit to solve equations where higher powers of  like  and  appear. For example, the equation  has a fourth power of the unknown variable . Do we need new units like  to solve this equation?

We could also ask a similar question: we needed to create a new number to find the square root of -1, and we called this new number . Do we need to create a new number to find the square root(s) of ?

It turns out the answer to both these questions is no. For the second question, the square roots of  can be written in terms of a real part and an imaginary part. Specifically, the square roots of  can be written as: . We can check that these are really the square roots of  by squaring them and seeing if we get :

{|
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|}

We can also notice that , so  solves the equation , partially answering our first question-- for the equation , the solutions are still complex numbers (the result of adding a real number and an imaginary number). There are two more solutions for this particular equation, , and they are also complex numbers. No new numbers like the imaginary unit are needed to solve the equation.

In general, every equation where the unknown appears with whole number powers can be solved by complex numbers, so once we know about the imaginary unit, we can solve any equation of this form. This result is so important that it is called the fundamental theorem of algebra.

Powers of i
The powers of  or  follow a regular and predictable pattern:

As shown, each time we multiply by another  the values are  and then repeat.

Related pages
 Complex number
 Euler's Identity
 Imaginary number
 Mathematical constant
 Real number

References

Mathematical constants
Complex analysis

Imaginary unit


The 1992 AFL draft is the annual draft of talented players by Australian rules football teams that participate in the main competition of that sport, the Australian Football League. It consisted of the main national draft, the pre-season draft and the trade period.

In 1992 there were 124 picks to be drafted between 15 teams in the main national draft.

1992 mid-season draft
There was a mid-year draft held during the 1992 season. Players recruited in this draft were able to take their places in their AFL clubs in the latter part of the 1992 season, although not all chose to do so.

Trades

1992 national draft

Draft tampering
The 1992 draft suffered from three high-profile cases of draft tampering involving highly rated South Australian players: No. 6 selection Robert Pyman, No. 10 selection Brett Chalmers, and No. 13 selection Andrew McKay. Prior to the draft, all three players contacted AFL clubs which they did not want to play for, and told those clubs that they would remain in South Australia if drafted by them; at the time, the players could still play a respectable career and earn reasonable money in the SANFL, and would be tied to the AFL club that drafted them for only three years (after which they could re-enter the draft and be selected by another club), so they held a bargaining position to make these demands. However, this action was contrary to the rules, as it circumvented the fairness of the draft.

The most serious offence was by Chalmers, who had contacted most clubs in an effort to ensure that only Collingwood would draft him. He was fined $30,000, and was made ineligible to play for Collingwood for three years; he never played a senior game for Collingwood, but later played for  and . McKay and Pyman, who had warned only the AFL's struggling clubs (, ,  and ) against drafting them, but had not contrived to end up at a specific club, were fined only $10,000 and were permitted to continue playing for their new clubs.  zone selection Nathan Buckley and the North Melbourne Football Club were also forced to defend accusations that they had come to a draft-tampering agreement for Buckley to later be traded to North Melbourne, but after a long and costly legal battle both parties were found not guilty.

Selections

1993 pre-season draft

References

AFL Draft
Australian Football League draft

1992 AFL draft


The Chevrolet Cavalier was a compact car made from 1982 to 2005 by General Motors. The vehicle's design was changed several times. The Cavalier also donned a twin car the Pontiac Sunbird, replaced by the Pontiac Sunfire in 1995.

The station wagon was sold until 1994. The 1995-2005 Cavalier received a Poor rating in the IIHS' frontal off-set crash test. Meaning, head, neck and leg injury risk were extremely high. In 2005 Chevrolet Cavalier was replaced by the Cobalt in the United States and the Chevrolet Optra in Canada & Mexico.

1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles

Chevrolet Cavalier


Rock 'n' Roll High School Forever is a 1991 musical comedy film and sequel to the 1979 film Rock 'n' Roll High School. The film stars Corey Feldman, Mary Woronov, and Sarah Buxton.

Plot

The movie begins on May 14, also known as Rock 'n' Roll High School day at Ronald Reagan High. The students decide to play a prank on the faculty of the staff, flushing all of the toilets in unison and causing the faulty pipes to burst (yet again), causing for widespread mayhem in the school, as other students leave their classrooms and run rampant down the hall with the perpetrators who organized the entire thing: four members of the band known as The Eradicators. During the confusion, their friend (and the fifth band member) rides through the halls on a dirt bike as well.

Having had enough, the board of trustees tell Principal McGree that he is a failure as a disciplinarian, and that he is incapable of handling the school by himself. They tell him they're going to bring in someone new. The next day, an all black BMW seeping smoke from the insides arrives in the parking lot of the high school, and out steps a figure wearing a suit. Jesse, meanwhile, makes an encounter with Rita, a substitute teacher filling in for Mrs. Poindexter, the music teacher. After being chastised and asked to correct his behavior, Jesse becomes smitten with her.

After viewing the personal ads, they find someone advertising the sale of their refrigerator, and pile into their car to go to the appropriate location, posing as the Luthuanian Church of Appliance Worship, meanwhile Vadar (the new vice principal) makes a new announcement for her entrance to Reagan High. Later that night Jones rigs a device to continually dial the same number over and over again to 1-900-976-ROCK to enter a contest and nominate their band The Eradicators as local heroes, in order to win tickets to go see a concert performed by The Pursuit of Happiness, before they perform a show at Reagan High to both make some money, and get their band better known, before thrashing the show after being insulted by the debutante Whitney and her friend Margaret.

Apprehended by Vadar's hall monitors at the conclusion of the dance, they are chastised by Vadar and their classes are changed to no longer coincide with one another's schedules. Further, their lunch schedules are changed as well, making it impossible for them to practice any longer. In their new lunch period, they encounter a shut-in named Tabatha, the supposed daughter of a witch, who believes that the four basic food groups are Sugar, Salt, Fat, and Booze. This doesn't curb their behavior, however, and they continue with their trouble making in a business as usual fashion, mentally traumatizing Mrs. Grossman in the process (something that enrages Vadar), which leads to Vadar implementing a new operation known as 'Reagan High Super Secret Security Program'.

Mag makes friends with Tabatha at this point, after a misunderstanding and they begin to hang out together. However, in the new RHSSSP program, the school is made into (as Vadar describes it) a school-wide detention hall. Their efforts to get the Pursuit of Happiness tickets are made useless, as Vadar and her monitors assault Screaming Steve and the Rock TV crew. Then, as punishment (for nothing at all it would seem) they are given four days of detention. At this point, Jesse is infuriated by the sentence, and vows revenge on Vadar, spurring The Eradicators to begin fighting back to protest, and they vow to play at the prom.

Enlisting the help of Eaglebauer, a business man who seems to work out of one of the bathrooms in the school to disrupt the school in any way possible, such as selling test answers and other services that clearly violate school policy. He rigs the auditions for the school prom, and they enact his plan, winning the audition in the absence of Vadar. Thinking they're on drugs, Vadar institutes drug tests which provides no solution to dealing with the Eradicators. However, they are set up by Vadar, Whitney and Marget and made unable to participate through vandalism of school property (and planting Evidence in the lockers of the four).

Vowing to get even, they go to even greater lengths than before to get vengeance, and use video cameras this time around, taping numerous embarrassing situations, such as Bob and Margaret cheating on Whitney and Donovan, Whitney projectile vomiting on a teacher, Donovan posing with women's underwear, and Vadar having an intimate moment with a submissive slave in her office. They also trick the band Zillion Kisses, getting them to set up and wait in the school's storage room during the prom. The Eradicators meanwhile make their appearance at the prom. Upon the appearance of the Yupettes, the Eradicators begin playing the video tapes that they've managed to record over the previous week.

Severely embarrassing (and causing infighting among the Yupettes) the Yupettes and Vadar, the situation causes Vadar to go on a homicidal rampage. Driving her car through the school grounds, she has no regard for the safety of anyone on the school grounds. During the aftermath, she tries to kill The Eradicators, as well as Eaglebauer, and even substitute teacher Rita. Not so easily defeated, however, the Eradicators continue to fight back even against the vehicular attempt at manslaughter, and slick a section of the school with chemical extinguishers, which cause Vadar to crash into the school, causing it to explode, and the school catches fire for the second time in 12 years.

During the final sequence, when everyone is witnessing the destruction of the school something emerges from the fire, which quickly turns out to be a flaming tire (which no one attempts to stop, and continues rolling even after the credits finish rolling).

Cast
 Corey Feldman: Jesse Davis, a troublesome teenager and the frontman of the Eradicators. He does main vocals for the Eradicators. Of his friend group, he would be considered the leader.
 Evan Richards: Mag, a nervous teen who strives for something more in his life. He plays the drums for the Eradicators. He befriends Tabatha, who plays a vital role in the final scenes of the film.
 Patrick Malone: Jones, a mechanical-minded individual. He plays the keyboard for the Eradicators.
 Liane Curtis: Stella, the only female member of the Eradicators. She plays the guitar for the Eradicators.
 Steven Ho: Namrock, the martial arts expert of the team. He plays the bass guitar for the Eradicators.
 Sarah G. Buxton: Rita, a substitute teacher at Ronald Reagan High. She teaches music class.
 Mary Woronov: Vadar, the new Vice Principal, and disciplinarian of Ronald Reagan High. She is an amputee and has three prosthetic hands, those being a gloved hand, a metal claw, and a whip.
 Brynn Horrocks: Tabatha, the daughter of a woman who is supposedly a witch, and believes that the four basic food groups are Sugar, Salt, Fat, and Booze.
 Roberta Bassin: The Witch, the mother of a teenage Goth girl.
 Larry Linville: Principal McGree, a befuddled yet mostly good-hearted principal.

Featured music
 Jesus Jones – "Bring it on Down"
 The Lunar Twins (feat Captain Strobe) – "I, Yi, Yi, Yi, Yi (I Like You Very Much)"
 Corey Feldman & The Eradicators – "I'm Walkin'"
 The Pursuit of Happiness – "I'm an Adult Now"
 Corey Feldman & The Eradicators – "Tutti Frutti"
 The Divinyls – "Dirty Love"
 Will & The Bushmen – "Dabble On"
 Corey Feldman & The Eradicators – "Riot in the Playground"
 Corey Feldman & The Eradicators – "Dare Dreamer"
 Corey Feldman & The Eradicators – "Rock Us Danny"
 Jean Beauvoir and Dee Dee Ramone – "Cut Me to Pieces"
 Mark Governor and A Zillion Kisses – "Love at the Laundromat"
 The Pursuit of Happiness – "Rock and Roll High School Forever"
 Mojo Nixon – "High School Is a Prison"
 Eleven – "You Are Mine"
 Will & The Bushmen – "Very Scary"
 Mister Mixi & Skinny Scotty (feat Dizzy D) – "I Can Handle It"
 Mister Mixi & Skinny Scotty (feat Dizzy D) – "Now Get Wild"
 Tackhead – "Leave Me Alone"
 The Ventures – "Theme from Hawaii Five-O"
 Geusch Patti & Encore – "Dans L'enfer"

Reception
Rock 'n' Roll High School did well enough that Arkush and Whitley followed it up with a sequel, Rock 'n' Roll High School Forever in 1991. The sequel was not as well received as its predecessor.

External links

1991 films
1990s musical comedy films
American high school films
American independent films
American musical comedy films
American rock music films
American sequel films
American teen comedy films
Artisan Entertainment films
Films about proms
1991 comedy films
1990s English-language films
Films directed by Deborah Brock
1990s American films

Rock 'n' Roll High School Forever


The two Romanian Rhapsodies, Op. 11, for orchestra, are George Enescu's best-known compositions.  They were written in 1901, and first performed together in 1903. The two rhapsodies, and particularly the first, have long held a permanent place in the repertory of every major orchestra. They employ elements of lăutărească music, vivid Romanian rhythms, and an air of spontaneity. They exhibit exotic modal coloring, with some scales having 'mobile' thirds, sixths or sevenths, creating a shifting major/minor atmosphere, one of the characteristics of Romanian music. They also incorporate some material found in the later drafts of Enescu's Poème roumaine, Op. 1.

History

The two Romanian Rhapsodies were composed in Paris, and premiered together in a concert at the Romanian Athenaeum in Bucharest which also included the world premiere of Enescu's First Suite for Orchestra, Op. 9 (1903). The composer conducted all three of his own works, which were preceded on the programme by Berlioz's Overture to Les francs-juges and Schumann's Symphony No. 1, both conducted by . The concert took place on 23 February 1903 (according to the Julian calendar in use in Romania at that time; 8 March 1903 Gregorian). The Second Rhapsody was played first, and Enescu maintained this order of performance throughout his life.

Rhapsody No. 1 in A major
The Rhapsody No. 1 in A major is dedicated to the composer and pedagogue  (a fellow student with Enescu in André Gedalge's counterpoint class at the Conservatoire), and is the better known of the two rhapsodies. The essence of this rhapsody is the dance.
Enescu claimed that it was "just a few tunes thrown together without thinking about it", but his surviving sketches show that he carefully worked out the order in which the melodies should appear, and the best instrumental setting for each one. It was completed on 14 August 1901, when Enescu was still only 19 years old.

According to the published score, the instrumentation is: 3 flutes (3rd doubling piccolo), 2 oboes, cor anglais, 2 clarinets in A, 2 bassoons, 4 horns, 2 trumpets in C, 2 cornets in A, 3 trombones, tuba, 3 timpani, triangle, snare drum, cymbals, 2 harps, violins I & II, violas, violoncellos, contrabasses.

The First Rhapsody is ebullient and outgoing. It begins by quoting the folk song "Am un leu şi vreau să-l beau" (variously translated as "I want to spend my money on drink", "I have a coin, and I want a drink", "I want to spend my shilling on drink", or, more literally, "I have a leu and I want to drink it"), which is played by oboes and clarinets.  The tune was played by the Romani violinist Lae Chioru (Nicolae Filip), from whom Enescu had his first violin lessons at the age of 4, but there is some doubt whether Enescu actually remembered it from Chioru, since the tune had been in circulation in various collections printed as early as 1848 (alternative spelling: "Am un leu şi vreau să-l beu"), which Enescu could have consulted. This is soon replaced with a slower melody first introduced in the violins.  As the work progresses, this tune grows faster and livelier to climax in a vibrant whirling folk dance.

Enescu conducted the First Rhapsody at what proved to be his New York farewell concert with members of the New York Philharmonic on 21 January 1950. The concert was billed as a commemoration of his 60th year as an artist, and in it he appeared as violinist together with Yehudi Menuhin in Bach's Concerto for Two Violins, as pianist in his own Sonata No. 3 for Violin and Piano (also with Menuhin), and as conductor of his Suite No. 2 for Orchestra, Op. 20, and the Rhapsody, which concluded the programme.

Rhapsody No. 2 in D major
The Second Rhapsody, like the first, was completed in 1901, but is more inward and reflective. Its essential character is not dance, but song. It is based on the popular 19th-century ballad "Pe o stîncă neagră, într-un vechi castel" ("On a dark rock, in an old castle") which, like the opening melody of the First Rhapsody Enescu may have learned from the lăutar Chioru, though again there is some doubt whether Enescu actually remembered it from Chioru. After a development culminating in a canonic presentation, this theme is joined by a dance tune, "Sîrba lui Pompieru" ("Sîrba of the Fireman"), followed shortly afterward by the second half of a folksong, "Văleu, lupu mă mănîncă" ("Aiee, I'm being devoured by a wolf!"), which is treated in canon. Toward the end there is a brief moment of animation, bringing to mind the spirit of country lăutari, but the work ends quietly.

Unlike the First Rhapsody, there is no controversy at all about the scoring of the Second, which is given in the published score as: 3 flutes, 2 oboes, cor anglais, 2 clarinets in A, 2 bassoons, 4 horns, 2 trumpets in C, 3 trombones, 2 timpani, cymbal, 2 harps, first violins, second violins, violas, cellos, and double basses.

Third Rhapsody
At the New York World's Fair, on 8 May 1939 Enescu conducted a programme of Romanian compositions, which included his Second Romanian Rhapsody. The anonymous programme note stated:

Although subsequent sources have occasionally referred to this "Third Rhapsody", it does not appear ever to have existed.

Legacy

For all their popularity, the two Romanian Rhapsodies proved to be "an albatross round Enescu's neck: later in his life he bitterly resented the way they had dominated and narrowed his reputation as a composer". He himself recorded each of the rhapsodies three times, but he viewed requests for yet more recordings as "un  grosse affaire commerciale".

Both rhapsodies have received dozens of recordings by other conductors and orchestras.

References

Further reading
 Chiriac, Mircea. 1958. "Rapsodiile române de George Enescu". Muzica 8, no. 7 (July): 21–28.
 Haslmayr, Harald. 2007. "Erinnerung und Landschaft im Werk von George Enescu". In Resonanzen: Vom Erinnern in der Musik, edited by Andreas Dorschel, 185–96. Studien zur Wertungsforschung 47. Vienna, London, and New York: Universal Edition. .
 Malcolm, Noel. 1990. George Enescu. His Life and Music, with a preface by Sir Yehudi Menuhin. London: Toccata Press. .
 Roșca, Mihaela-Silvia. 2004. Rapsodiile române de George Enescu: considerații analitice asupra semnificaţiei limbajului componistic enescian. Iași: Ed. Opera Magna. .

Compositions by George Enescu
Compositions for symphony orchestra
1901 compositions
1902 compositions
Rhapsodies
Romanian music

Romanian Rhapsodies (Enescu)


John F. Flanagan (also cited John Flannigan in early records; April 4, 1865–March 28, 1952) was a sculptor who was widely known for his statuary and plaquettes but recognized foremost for his designs of coinage and commemorative medals. Among his best known designs are the obverse (front) and reverse of the United States quarter dollar featuring the profile of George Washington, a coin that has been in continuous circulation with some modifications since 1932.

Washington quarter
Flanagan designed the Washington U.S. quarter dollar coin, which was issued in 1932. Flanagan's initials can be found at the base of Washington's neck. He designed both sides of the quarter, adapting the obverse profile of the United States's first president from a bust of Washington initially produced by French neoclassical sculptor Jean-Antoine Houdon in 1786.  His original design for the quarter continued through 1998, after which the new "State Quarter" series resulted in the modification of Flanagan's portrait of Washington and the removal altogether of the reverse design. In 2021, after the "America the Beautiful" coin series ended, Flanagan's design for the obverse of the quarter returned for one year, with the reverse changed to Benjamin Sowards' engraving of Washington crossing the Delaware.

Medallic work
Flanagan was a prolific medallic artist. Among his more important works, he designed the official medal of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition of 1915. He later sculpted the Verdun Medal, a gift of the United States to France commemorating the World War I Battle of Verdun. The inscription on it reads, 'They Shall Not Pass', and the medal is found in the Lafayette Database of American Art in French National collections. Flanagan also created the first issue of the influential Circle of Friends of the Medallion series, 1909's Hudson-Fulton Celebration, and contributed to the successor Society of Medalists series with his Aphrodite-Swift Runners medal of 1932.

Other work
From 1885 to 1890, Flanagan was a studio assistant to Augustus St. Gaudens and worked on several large projects. A bronze portrait bust of St. Gaudens by Flanagan of 1924 exists in several copies, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, National Gallery of Art, New York University and elsewhere.

In 1911, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a full Academician in 1928.

Gallery

See also
List of Saltus Award winners

References

1865 births
1952 deaths
American currency designers
Artists from Newark, New Jersey
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American male artists
19th-century American sculptors
19th-century American male artists
American male sculptors
National Sculpture Society members
Sculptors from New Jersey
Coin designers
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters

John Flanagan (sculptor)


Neopragmatism, sometimes called post-Deweyan pragmatism, linguistic pragmatism, or analytic pragmatism, is the philosophical tradition that infers that the meaning of words is a result of how they are used, rather than the objects they represent.

The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy (2004) defines "neo-pragmatism" as "A postmodern version of pragmatism developed by the American philosopher Richard Rorty and drawing inspiration from authors such as John Dewey, Martin Heidegger, Wilfrid Sellars, W. V. O. Quine, and Jacques Derrida".  It is a contemporary term for a philosophy which reintroduces many concepts from pragmatism. While traditional pragmatism focuses on experience, Rorty centers on language. The self is regarded as a "centerless web of beliefs and desires".

It repudiates the notions of universal truth, epistemological foundationalism, representationalism, and epistemic objectivity. It is a nominalist approach that denies that natural kinds and linguistic entities have substantive ontological implications. Rorty denies that the subject-matter of the human sciences can be studied in the same ways as we study the natural sciences.

It has been associated with a variety of other thinkers including Hilary Putnam, W. V. O. Quine, and Donald Davidson, though none of these figures have called themselves "neopragmatists". The following contemporary philosophers are also often considered to be neopragmatists: Nicholas Rescher (a proponent of methodological pragmatism and pragmatic idealism), Jürgen Habermas, Susan Haack, Robert Brandom, and Cornel West.

Background

"Anglo-analytic" influences
Neopragmatists, particularly Rorty and Putnam, draw on the ideas of classical pragmatists such as Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, and John Dewey. Putnam, in Words and Life (1994) enumerates the ideas in the classical pragmatist tradition, which newer pragmatists find most compelling. To paraphrase Putnam:
Complete skepticism (the notion that a belief in philosophical skepticism requires as much justification  as other beliefs);
Fallibilism (the view that there are no metaphysical guarantees against the need to revise a belief);
Antidualism about "facts" and "values";
That practice, properly construed, is primary in philosophy. (WL 152)

Neopragmatism is distinguished from classical pragmatism (the pragmatism of James, Dewey, Peirce, and Mead) primarily due to the influence of the linguistic turn in philosophy that occurred in the early and mid-twentieth century. The linguistic turn in philosophy reduced talk of mind, ideas, and the world to language and the world. Philosophers stopped talking about the ideas or concepts one may have present in one's mind and started talking about the "mental language" and terms used to employ these concepts. In the early twentieth century philosophers of language (e.g. A.J. Ayer, Bertrand Russell, G.E. Moore) thought that analyzing language would bring about the arrival of meaning, objectivity, and ultimately, truth concerning external reality. In this tradition, it was thought that truth was obtained when linguistic terms stood in a proper correspondence relation to non-linguistic objects (this can be called "representationalism"). The thought was that in order for a statement or proposition to be true it must give facts which correspond to what is actually present in reality. This is called the correspondence theory of truth and is to be distinguished from a neo-pragmatic conception of truth.

There were many philosophical inquiries during the mid-twentieth century which began to undermine the legitimacy of the methodology of the early Anglo-analytic philosophers of language. W. V. O. Quine in Word and Object, originally published in 1960, attacked the notion of our concepts having any strong correspondence to reality. Quine argued for ontological relativity which attacked the idea that language could ever describe or paint a purely non-subjective picture of reality. More specifically, ontological relativity is the thesis that the things we believe to exist in the world are wholly dependent on our subjective, "mental languages". A 'mental language' is simply the way words which denote concepts in our minds are mapped to objects in the world.

Quine's argument for ontological relativity is roughly as follows:
 All ideas and perceptions concerning reality are given to our minds in terms of our own mental language.
 Mental languages specify how objects in the world are to be constructed from our sense data.
 Different mental languages will specify different ontologies (different objects existing in the world).
 There is no way to perfectly translate between two different mental languages; there will always be several, consistent ways in which the terms in each language can be mapped onto the other.
 Reality apart from our perceptions of it can be thought of as constituting a true, object language, that is, the language which specifies how things actually are.
 There is no difference in translating between two mental languages and translating between the object language of reality and one's own mental language.
 Therefore, just as there is no objective way of translating between two mental languages (no one-to-one mapping of terms in one to terms in the other) there is no way of objectively translating (or fitting) the true, object language of reality into our own mental language.
 And therefore, there are many ontologies (possibly an infinite number) that can be consistently held to represent reality.
(see Chapter 2, in Word and Object).

The above argument is reminiscent of the theme in neopragmatism against the picture theory of language, the idea that the goal of inquiry is to represent reality correctly with one's language.

A second critically influential philosopher to the neo-pragmatist is Thomas Kuhn who argued that our languages for representing reality, or what he called "paradigms", are only as good as they produce possible future experiments and observations. Kuhn, being a philosopher of science, argued in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions  that "scientific progress" was a kind of a misnomer; for Kuhn, we make progress in science whenever we throw off old scientific paradigms with their associated concepts and methods in favor of new paradigms which offer novel experiments to be done and new scientific ontologies. For Kuhn 'electrons' exist just so much as they are useful in providing us with novel experiments which will allow us to uncover more about the new paradigm we have adopted. Kuhn believes that different paradigms posit different things to exist in the world and are therefore incommensurable with each other. Another way of viewing this is that paradigms describe new languages, which allow us to describe the world in new ways. Kuhn was a fallibilist; he believed that all scientific paradigms (e.g. classical Newtonian mechanics, Einsteinian relativity) should be assumed to be, on the whole, false but good for a time as they give scientists new ideas to play around with. Kuhn's fallibilism, holism, emphasis on incommensurability, and ideas concerning objective reality are themes which often show up in neopragmatist writings.

Wilfrid Sellars argued against foundationalist justification in epistemology and was therefore also highly influential to the neopragmatists, especially Rorty.

"Continental" influences

Philosophers such as Derrida and Heidegger and their views on language have been highly influential to neopragmatist thinkers like Richard Rorty. Rorty has also emphasised the value of "historicist" or "genealogical" methods of philosophy typified by Continental thinkers such as Foucault.

Wittgenstein and language games
The "later" Ludwig Wittgenstein in the Philosophical Investigations argues contrary to his earlier views in the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus that the role of language is not to describe reality but rather to perform certain actions in communities. The language-game is the concept Wittgenstein used to emphasize this. Wittgenstein believed roughly that:
 Languages are used to obtain certain ends within communities.
 Each language has its own set of rules and objects to which it refers.
 Just as board games have rules guiding what moves may be made so do languages within communities where the moves to be made within a language game are the types of objects that may be talked about intelligibly.
 Two people participating in two different language-games cannot be said to communicate in any relevant way.

Many of the themes found in Wittgenstein are found in neopragmatism. Wittgenstein's emphasis of the importance of "use" in language to accomplish communal goals and the problems associated with trying to communicate between two different language games finds much traction in neopragmatist writings.

Richard Rorty and anti-representationalism
Richard Rorty was influenced by James, Dewey, Sellars, Quine, Kuhn, Wittgenstein, Derrida, and Heidegger. He found common implications in the writings of many of these philosophers, as he believed that these philosophers were all in one way or another trying to hit on the thesis that our language does not represent things in reality in any relevant way. Rather than situating our language in ways in order to get things right or correct Rorty says in the Introduction to the first volume of his philosophical papers that we should believe that beliefs are only habits with which we use to react and adapt to the world. To Rorty getting things right as they are "in themselves" is useless if not downright meaningless.

In 1995, Rorty wrote: "I linguisticize as many pre-linguistic-turn philosophers as I can, in order to read them as prophets of the utopia in which all metaphysical problems have been dissolved, and religion and science have yielded their place to poetry." This "linguistic turn" strategy aims to avoid what Rorty sees as the essentialisms ("truth," "reality," "experience") still extant in classical pragmatism. Rorty wrote: "Analytic philosophy, thanks to its concentration on language, was able to defend certain crucial pragmatist theses better than James and Dewey themselves. [...] By focusing our attention on the relation between language and the rest of the world rather than between experience and nature, post-positivistic analytic philosophy was able to make a more radical break with the philosophical tradition."

See also
 Conceptual pragmatism
 Confirmation holism
 Constructivist epistemology
 Direct and indirect realism
 Fallibilism
 Linguistic turn
 Ontological pluralism
 Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, the foundational text of the tradition
 Postanalytic philosophy

Notes

References
 Hylton, Peter, "Willard van Orman Quine", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2013 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2013/entries/quine/>.

Further reading
 Randall Auxier, Eli Kramer, and Krzysztof Piotr Skowroński, eds., (2019).  Rorty and Beyond, Lexington.
 Krzysztof Piotr Skowroński (2015).  Values, Valuations, and Axiological Norms in Richard Rorty's Neopragmatism, Lexington.

External links
 Neo-pragmatist Philosophy of Education

Epistemological theories
Pragmatism
Metatheory

Neopragmatism


The Macclesfield Psalter is a lavishly illuminated manuscript probably produced c. 1320–30 in East Anglia. The psalter, or book of Psalms, contains 252 beautifully illustrated pages and is named after its most recent owner, the Earl of Macclesfield.

History

Having rested unrecognised on the shelves of Shirburn Castle for several centuries, finally revealed when the library was catalogued for sale, the Macclesfield Psalter was put up for auction at Sotheby's in 2004. Cambridge University's Fitzwilliam Museum attempted to purchase the Psalter, but the initial bid was won by the Getty Museum of Malibu, California, for £1.7 million. The Psalter subsequently became a cause célèbre as, under British law, the American museum had to gain permission to export the Psalter. The Reviewing Committee on the Export of Works of Art gave the Psalter a starred rating and a temporary export bar was placed on the Psalter until 10 February 2005. In response, the Fitzwilliam Museum, assisted by an £860,000 contribution from the UK Government's National Heritage Memorial Fund raised the £1.7 million necessary to keep the Psalter in the country.  The Psalter, now owned by the Fitzwilliam Museum, was restored, rebound and put on display from 2008.

Contents
The Macclesfield Psalter belongs in the "central tradition of the so-called East Anglian manuscripts, as exemplified by the Gorleston Psalter." Like other luxury psalters, the Macclesfield Psalter was probably intended for private reading instead of public use in church. The scribe is believed to be the same one who executed two other psalters from the East Anglian group, the Stowe Breviary and the Douai Psalter.

The chief splendour of the Psalter, however, is indisputably the illumination, which is unusually lavish. There are some full-page miniatures at the start, and throughout the book each new verse begins with a small gilded initial against an ornate background of rose and pink.  The initials at the traditional major divisions of the Psalms take up most of the page, and as is usual, the B of "Beatus vir ...", the start of Psalm 1, has the largest of all, a magnificent Jesse Tree.  The main initials show religious scenes, either from the life of King David or events from the life of Christ that the Psalms were believed to pre-figure.  The smaller initials contain various images, including kings, queens, peasants, and bishops.  The margins of many pages are heavily decorated with abstract designs that constantly sprout into plant shapes, and contain many small "marginal grotesques" of no obvious religious relevance.

The Psalter, (noted for its gaudy, vivid images and its coarse Pythonesque humour) abounds in images of grotesques and drolleries. These images include grotesques with faces on their bottoms, three-headed monsters with hairy noses, a dog in a bishop's costume, an ape doctor giving a false diagnosis to a bear patient, rabbits jousting and riding hounds and a giant skate terrorising a man.

Christopher de Hamel of Sotheby's attributes the illumination to one of the artists of the Douai Psalter. Stella Panayotova believes that the versatility displayed in the Macclesfield Psalter's design suggests the involvement of multiple artists and that "at least two assistants decorated the borders and may have painted designs sketched by the Master".

The original patron of the Psalter is unknown, as it appears that a coat of arms has been cut from the pages in various places throughout the Psalter. It is thought that the original owner could possibly have been John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey, the possible patron of the Gorleston Psalter. The Psalter also contains an image of a Dominican friar, who may have been the owner's confessor and may also have been involved in the production of the psalter.

Notes

References

External links
The Art Fund Macclesfield Psalter Campaign — reviews the campaign to preserve the Psalter for the UK and the Psalter's importance
The Macclesfield Psalter — official Fitzwilliam Museum website

See also
Gorleston Psalter

1330s books
Illuminated psalters
Manuscripts of the Fitzwilliam Museum

Macclesfield Psalter


Anne Casey, FRCN is a New Zealand-trained nurse based in England, who developed Casey's model of nursing. In October 2002 Casey was made a Fellow of the Royal College of Nursing for her services to paediatric nursing.

Casey's Model of Nursing
Casey's Model of Nursing was developed in 1988 by Casey whilst working on the Paediatric Oncology Unit at the Great Ormond Street Hospital London. The focus of the model is on working in partnership with children and their families, and was one of the earliest attempts to develop a model of practice specifically for child health nursing. The model has been developed in other areas of England to focus upon local aspects of practice.

It comprises the five concepts of child, family, health, environment and the nurse. The philosophy behind the model is that the best people to care for the child is the family with help from various professional staff. Another paediatric nursing model developed by Smith in "Children's nursing in practice: The Nottingham Model" emphasizes the family as client; but Casey's Model sees the child as the client.

References

Sources
 Casey A. The development and use of the partnership model of nursing care In: Glasper EA, Tucker A (eds) (1993) Advances in Child Health Nursing. London, Scutari Press; 1993.
 Smith, F. (1995). Children's nursing in practice: The Nottingham model. Oxford: Blackwell Science

British nurses
British science writers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the Royal College of Nursing

Anne Casey


Gordon James (1878 – 1949) was an English actor who became known as the "heavy" in the Aldwych farces, between 1923 and 1933.  He also appeared in some twenty films between 1929 and 1942.

James was born on 22 July 1878 in Manchester as Sydney Lynn, he was the brother of Ralph Lynn, who co-starred in the Aldwych farces with Tom Walls. James appeared alongside his brother in all twelve of the farces. They were two of only three performers to appear in every one of the Aldwych series; the other was Robertson Hare. James's roles were: George McChesney in It Pays to Advertise (1923, under his real name); Noony in A Cuckoo in the Nest (1925); Admiral Juddy in Rookery Nook; Death in Thark (1927); Simon Veal in Plunder (1928); Nicholas Ramsbotham in A Cup of Kindness (1929); Knee in A Night Like This (1930); Luke Meate in Turkey Time (1931); Toom in Dirty Work (1932); Francis in Fifty-Fifty (1932); and Old Dale in A Bit of a Test (1933).

He made his first screen appearance in the 1929 film Atlantic, followed by film versions of the Aldwych farces in the early 1930s (often alongside his brother Ralph), and a variety of other films until 1942.

James died in London on 3 February 1949.

Filmography
 Atlantic (1929)
 Tons of Money (1930)
 Plunder (1931)
 Thark (1932)
 Summer Lightning (1933)
 A Cuckoo in the Nest (1933)
 Dirty Work (1934)
 A Cup of Kindness (1934)
 Foreign Affaires (1935)
 Fighting Stock (1935)
 Stormy Weather (1935)
 Pot Luck (1936)
 Pagliacci (1936)
 Love in Exile (1936)
 For Valour (1937)
 A Spot of Bother (1938)
 Second Best Bed (1938)
 Saloon Bar (1940)
 Now You're Talking
 The Young Mr. Pitt (1942)

References

External links

1878 births
Male actors from Manchester
English male stage actors
English male film actors
20th-century English male actors
1949 deaths

Gordon James (actor)