Bromwell High is an adult animated series about a British high school in South London. It first aired on Teletoon in Canada and Channel 4 in the United Kingdom (incomplete run). It is a co-production between Hat Trick Productions in the UK and Decode Entertainment in Canada. It was originally to be entitled Streatham Hill, but was renamed Bromwell High in January 2005. Streatham Hill is a real London suburb, while Bromwell is fictional.

Subsequent international purchases have seen the show screened in the United States on BBC America, on The Box in the Netherlands, dubbed to Spanish and Portuguese on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim in Latin America, on the ABC in Australia, on TVNZ's TV2 in New Zealand, and also dubbed in French for the Canadian Télétoon network.

It stars three troublemaking girls: Keisha, Latrina, and Natella, as they wreak havoc on their impoverished school and its teachers.

The show was designed by David Whittle, who is also responsible for illustrating the popjustice icons series of books.

The show represents a caricatured view of contemporary British society, while "delivering a surreal and outlandish viewing experience."  For example, the majority of students at Bromwell High School are immigrant children from the Caribbean and Asia, and some of the male teachers are aging 'chavs'. Many of the characters on the show speak a very poor form of English, including the headmaster, Iqbal. Most of the teachers have an affinity for biscuits.

Because the show was intended for both British and Canadian audiences, the characters sometimes use Canadian terms which are different from those heard in Britain. This can sometimes confuse viewers, especially on the occasions when Bromwell is referred to as a "public school"; in Canada, this means a provincial school, open to non-fee paying students, but in the UK, the term refers to a fee-paying, private school which attends the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference. In fact, Bromwell would be correctly termed as a state school in Britain.

There are some other differences between the UK and Canadian versions of the show, notably that the UK version has a longer and slightly different version of the opening credits and theme, and the UK broadcasts were in the 16:9 (widescreen) aspect ratio, while the Canadian versions are cropped to a 4:3 picture.

The show is directed by Pete Bishop (who also directed and co-created with Steven Appleby and Frank Cottrell-Boyce the Captain Star TV series) and was created by Anil Gupta, Richard Osman, Richard Pinto, and Sharat Sardana (with Osman, Pinto and Sardana also contributing as writers to the show).

Characters

Main characters
 Keisha Marie Christie has a strong voice, a big personality, and the tendency to shoot first and ask irrelevant questions later. She has attention-deficit disorder and likes anti-establishment activity and physical violence, often assaulting people with little or no justification. She comes from a broken home and blames society for treating her badly because she is black. She is voiced by Gina Yashere.
 Latrina is a poor, supposedly attractive chav girl who is quite dimwitted but doesn't worry about grades. She is promiscuous and unsophisticated, but she acts with good intentions. She dismisses many things, such as "tolerance", "wheelchair access", and "not having babies", as "for gays". She is voiced by Nina Conti.
 Natella Tendulkar Gavaskar Srivastavah is the youngest child, and only girl, in a family of 12. She is an errant Asian prodigy who uses her stunning intellect to manipulate pupils and staff alike. She is extremely articulate, ambitious, and somewhat arrogant (often rightfully so). She often tries to overcome depressing situations through reasoning, yet passionately abandons this when she realizes that the situation is either worse or better than originally thought. In any normal school Natella would be top of the class, but at Bromwell High — happy home of the underachiever — her cerebral prowess is considered nothing short of astonishing. She is voiced by Jo Wyatt.

Supporting characters
 Iqbal bin Ibrahim Maurice Kandallah
Five years before his appointment at Bromwell High, Iqbal had escaped from Parkhurst where he was serving time for an unspecified crime. He subsequently met Mr. Bibby in Angola where they operated a diamond smuggling business together and "dabbled" in human trafficking. After being forced to leave Africa in a U.N. helicopter gunship, Iqbal arrived in England with nothing but the shirt on his back, a faded five pound note in his pocket, and a Bedford van's exhaust chamber full of state-of-the-art hydroponic equipment and marijuana seeds with the potential street value, when cultivated, of £80,000 (equal to £81,000 today). With these simple tools, he ran a mini-cab company and built an empire that today covers many thousand square feet.

Although he had no formal academic qualifications (he does not believe in science, which he calls "hocus-pocus"), Iqbal rose quickly through the ranks to become Headmaster on the night he won Bromwell High in a poker game.

Since he began his tenure, Bromwell High has consistently succeeded in avoiding closure — testament, surely to the quality of leadership he had provided.

Gregarious and larger than life, Iqbal is not a conventional Headmaster by any stretch. His language is colourful though his understanding of basic grammar is non-existent. He tries to make money any way he can, which often involves illegal and unethical practices. He holds very long meetings and assemblies that are often filled with irrelevant and/or ridiculous anecdotes or performances (known unofficially as "Item 53", due to the fact that in each episode the bizarre story/act is promptly followed by Iqbal saying "Next on our list, item 54..."). He can be manipulative and cocky but beneath the rough exterior lurks a conscience, and occasionally Iqbal surprises everyone with (rare) moments of humanity and pastoral excellence.

Iqbal's Bromwell High file number is 1. He is voiced by Simon Greenall (of I'm Alan Partridge fame).

 Roger Bibby
Roger Bibby read geography at Oxford University, where he won a Greco-Roman wrestling scholarship and had to pick an "academic" subject to graduate in.

In his first year, Mr. Bibby came under the spell of an emeritus professor whose study he accidentally wandered into one night thinking it was his own bed. It turned out that it was his own bed and that the "professor" was quite seriously mental. That night, a friendship began that eventually resulted in Mr. Bibby becoming a geography teacher.

Mr. Bibby is the Deputy Head of Bromwell High and the Geography teacher. Extremely articulate and knowledgeable, he has a very professional bearing. However, he is very stern and insensitive, and sometimes evil just for the sake of being evil (he has been known to be friendly with demons, and with Iqbal has links with the slave trade and diamond smuggling in Angola). In one episode he slapped Iqbal in the face just for crying. He is extremely manipulative, and therefore able to commit unethical acts with the Headmaster's consent.

Like the Headmaster, he is insatiably greedy and tries to make money through unethical practices. However, unlike the Headmaster, he is far more calculated when he implements his plans.

Mr. Bibby's Bromwell High file number is 159. He is voiced by Graeme Garden (of The Goodies fame).

 Martin Jackson
Martin read mathematics at Cambridge though he never graduated. He was physically and sexually abused by his tutor, the head of the mathematics department, the rest of the mathematics department, the rowing club, the varsity football and rugby teams and the Christian society.

He spent three years as a research project for the School of Medicine—his blood pressure was found to be high enough to clean car wheels. He did not die, he only whined continuously. Research on Martin led to the development of Prozac.

Despite the fact that he was, and still is, the only mathematics teacher in the school, it took Martin five years to gain promotion to Head of Mathematics Department. His teaching has been described by Ofsted as 'cocking shite'.

Martin must always be watched. He has the kind of nervous disposition exhibited by people who take high-velocity rifles up clock towers to pick off passers-by. He is a spineless, ineffectual teacher who hates children, his job, and himself. In his late thirties, he is cripplingly middle-class and hides it by living in a Victorian terraced house in the shadow of a council estate in southeast London. He is the bane of Carol's life.

When he teaches he does not discipline his students when they act contemptuously. He is also extremely neurotic, and panics at the thought of anything going wrong for him. He does not have a proper teaching qualification; only a certificate in plumbing technology. He often cheats on his wife, Carol Jackson, although he claims that "using a prostitute is not cheating."

When Martin messes up or does something wrong he often hits himself on the head and says "fuck" even when students are present.

Iqbal's nickname for him is "Mongo" (a variant of "mong", an offensive term implying mental retardation, derived from the original name given to Down's syndrome).

He was born Martin Shitely but took his wife's surname after marriage.

Martin's Bromwell High file number is 657. He is also voiced by Simon Greenall.

 Carol Jackson
Carol graduated from Hedgehog College, University of the Lake District, then attended teacher-training college at the Above Burger King School of Teaching, Oxford Street, London.

She then spent five years at the Amnesty International London office, waiting outside the main entrance. Nobody let her in but she did receive free psychiatric help and eventually accepted that she didn't work for Amnesty International and was in fact a nut.

She later met and married Martin Shitely, who took her name.

Carol is now an English teacher at Bromwell. She is in her 30s, wears organic clothes, and reads the Guardian. Carol understands people of all races and creeds except her husband Martin. She is discontented with the lack of intimacy and romance in her marriage; this is probably why she competes with Melanie Dickson for the attention of handsome men. She usually responds to Martin doing something stupid or wrong with "Oh, Martin, you idiot."

Carol's Bromwell High file number is 287. She is voiced by Doon Mackichan (from Smack the Pony).

 Melanie Dickson
Miss Dickson graduated from the University of Pudwacker Salt Flats with a First Class Honours degree in Chemical Biology.

She immediately gained bar work in London and very quickly rose up the ranks to become Bar Manager of "Alcoholiday", an Aboriginal-themed bar in London's Leicester Square.

She moved to Bromwell High thinking it was another themed bar, but within a year she realised that she was Head of Sciences at an inner-city school.

She is an attractive but very rude woman who shows a lack of proper teaching skills. She often taunts and teases people who aren't as pretty as she is, especially Carol.

Originally from Australia, Miss Dickson now teaches all the subjects at Bromwell that nobody else will (History/Science/Music/Etc.) - very poorly. She seldom cares about the subjects she teaches and even chain smokes during class. She competes with Carol Jackson for the affections of handsome men, mainly because she has an insatiable libido.

Melanie's Bromwell High file number is 349. She is voiced by Tracy-Ann Oberman.

 Mr. Phillips
Mr. Phillips grew up in the quiet, crack-addled village of Chomping Frenum on England's west coast. He went missing at age 10, after chasing a worm into the forest. He strayed into an army firing range and was hit by three medium-sized surface-to-air missiles. Fortunately they passed straight through his skull, but he lost 80 percent of his brain matter.

On his way to an interview for a post at Bromwell High, Mr. Philips was caught in the crossfire of a gang-war shoot-out and lost 80 percent of his remaining brain matter.

Mr. Philips is Bromwell High's Physical Education teacher. He is often unaware of his surroundings or current situation, and is therefore utterly ineffective as a teacher. Iqbal refers to him as "the stupid one".

Mr. Phillips' Bromwell High file number is 999. He is voiced by Stephen Merchant.

 Gavin Beale
Gavin was born in a crossfire hurricane. His mother was a tailor and his father was a gambling man. These circumstances made him turn to Christianity, which he hoped would provide some stability in his life.

He studied Theology at Durham University where he obtained a trombone scholarship.

He was ready to enter the church by 1990, in a poor east London parish where he felt he could help ease the suffering and assist the poverty stricken. He decided to defer a year and backpack around Thailand instead.

He claims to have written the novel "The Beach", the manuscript of which he says he left in a Bangkok dance bar, possibly in a Bangkok dancer. No one believes him because he has absolutely no proof and is generally considered to be "a lying twat".

Returning to the poverty-stricken East End parish, he was struck by how disgusting it was so he got a job teaching.

Gavin is now the Religious Education teacher at Bromwell High (he considered being a journalist for NME but became a Christian Fundamentalist without having to change his taste in acoustic-based rock). He acts casual in an effort to connect with his pupils, but this is a thinly-veiled attempt to convert his students to Christianity. He consistently offends followers of all other faiths.

Gavin's Bromwell High file number is 742. He is voiced by Stephen Mangan.

 Ms. Jenny Gosby
Ms. Gosby graduated from Oxford Mobile University in 1986. There are no records of her before this. There are, however, records for a Mr. Bruce Gosby, who seems to have vanished during his gap year before attending university.

Bruce was an accomplished rower who took first place in both coxless events. He enjoyed being coxless, as if he were waiting all his life to be without cox.

After teacher training, "Ms." Gosby taught sciences to inmates of Lezzborough Prison, Little Beanflick, Dykeshire. She was dismissed after her involvement in a rooftop protest.

Convicted of inciting a riot, Ms. Gosby was tagged by the police and considered dangerous and psychologically unstable.

She has since been appointed to Head of Biology at Bromwell High, and is also the lunchlady.

Other characters have hinted that she might be transgender.

Ms. Gosby's Bromwell High file number is 123.

Minor characters
 Davis
Considered "cool" and attractive by many of the girls within Bromwell High. Although he is depicted as being intelligent, he is usually rebellious within school and rude to teachers and prefects alike. During the episode "1x06: Valentines's Day", the girls of Bromwell High witnessed him placing a valentine's card into Keisha's and Natella's box. It remains the episode's plot to see who the card is meant for. Although Davis and Aisha have many similarities, Davis has never mentioned that he likes Aisha. His "cool" status comes from his contempt for teachers and his skills in speaking. He is also apparently quite attractive.

 Jamal
Davis' best friend, although he is considerably less popular with the girls of Bromwell High. He is also considerably less intelligent, but less rebellious in school. Latrina has mentioned that she made out with Jamal.

 T'Shawn
T'Shawn is incredibly short and has a high-pitched voice. He is also depicted constantly wearing an orange jacket, regardless of location, weather, and temperature. These three qualities make him horribly unpopular with the children of Bromwell High. It has been established he has feelings of affection for Keisha, although she strongly dislikes him. T'Shawn's catchphrase is, "Oh, baby!"

 Aisha
Similar to Jamal and Davis, Aisha and Belisha are best friends. Aisha is large, strong, and constantly has an angry expression, so is feared by many Bromwell High students. Most of her bullying comes from intimidation, and not actual physical violence. Aisha strongly dislikes Natella and all of her noble causes.

 Belisha
Belisha is loud and brash. Unlike her best friend Aisha, she does not bully students exclusively through intimidation. She is quite willing (even happy, it seems) to physically harm students and damage property. Although she is relatively slim and only slightly tall, she is feared by all the girls, for she is very violent, and more than willing to fight (it can only be assumed that she is quite experienced in a fight, to make up for her small figure). She sometimes tries to outwit Miss Dickson into dismissing school early.

 Kylie
Kylie is a shy girl with bright red hair and bad acne. She is viewed as unpopular with the students of Bromwell and is picked on by Keisha, Aisha, Belisha, and many of the teachers.

 Leonora
A representative of the LEA (Iqbal believes this to be a secret organization, and her name to be Pussy Aplenty). She is rather cruel and manipulative individual, using the school, pupils and staff for her own and the LEA's rather shadowy ends.

Episodes

Home releases
In December 2005 a DVD release in Australia featured the first five episodes out of sequence, i.e.: Tolerance, Keisha's in Love, Police Story, No More Teachers and — billed as a "bonus" - Fire Drill. The DVD received an 'M' censor rating, and of the five episodes on it, only Keisha's in Love and No More Teachers were screened in the UK. No further episodes were released in Australia.

A UK DVD release was originally planned for early 2006 - in connection with which a 15m 23s Making of Bromwell High short was certified by the British Board of Film Classification as a '15' on 31 January 2006 - but was subsequently cancelled. The thirteen episodes were certified as '15' on 30 August 2006, apart from Keisha's in Love, which was classified as a '12', for the release of the complete series as a two-disc set on 9 October 2006. This release contains all 13 episodes (seven of which have never aired in the UK, and which appear on the second disc erroneously labelled as "Season Two"), and extras include the previously prepared Making of Bromwell High short, deleted scenes and outtakes, commentary on the episode Sweets, and the original animatic storyboard for Baby Boom.

An uncensored Canadian DVD set was released on 19 August 2008 from Phase 4 Films / kaBOOM! Entertainment as Bromwell High - The Complete Season (Polyvalente Baptiste Huard - La Saison Complète in French). It featured all episodes on two discs, with a rating of 18A under the Canadian Home Video Rating System.

Titles in other languages
 Portuguese: (Brazilian Portuguese) Colégio Bromwell
 French: (Québécois French) Polyvalente Baptiste-Huard
 Spanish: (Latin American) Secundaria Bromwell
 Russian: Shkola Bromvelya (Bromvell) (Школа Бромвеля (Бромвилль), Bromwell School)

References

2005 British television series debuts
2005 British television series endings
2000s British adult animated television series
2000s British animated comedy television series
2000s Canadian adult animated television series
2000s Canadian animated comedy television series
2000s Canadian high school television series
2005 Canadian television series debuts
2005 Canadian television series endings
British adult animated comedy television series
British flash animated television series
British high school television series
Canadian adult animated comedy television series
Canadian flash animated television series
English-language television shows
Channel 4 original programming
Teletoon original programming
Television series by Hat Trick Productions
Television series by DHX Media
Television shows set in London
Teen animated television series

Bromwell High


Ethan Frome is a 1911 book by American author Edith Wharton. It is set in the fictitious town of Starkfield, Massachusetts. The novel has been adapted into a film of the same name.

Plot
The novel is a framed narrative. The framing story concerns an unnamed male narrator spending a winter in Starkfield while in the area on business. He spots a limping, quiet man around the village, who is somehow compelling in his demeanor and carriage. This is Ethan Frome, who is a lifelong resident and a local fixture of the community. Frome is described by the narrator as "the most striking figure in Starkfield", "the ruin of a man" with a "careless powerful look ... in spite of a lameness checking each step like the jerk of a chain". Curious, the narrator sets out to learn about him. He learns that Frome's limp arose from having been injured in a "smash-up" twenty-four years before, but further details are not forthcoming, and the narrator fails to learn much more from Frome's fellow townspeople other than that Ethan's attempt at higher education decades before was thwarted by the sudden illness of his father following an injury, forcing his return to the farm to assist his parents, never to leave again. Because people seem not to wish to speak other than in vague and general terms about Frome's past, the narrator's curiosity grows, but he learns little more.

Chance circumstances arise that allow the narrator to hire Frome as his driver for a week. A severe snowstorm during one of their journeys forces Frome to allow the narrator to shelter at his home one night. Just as the two are entering Frome's house, the prologue ends and the framed story begins. The narration switches from the first-person narrator of the prologue to a limited third-person narrator. We then embark on the "first" chapter (Chapter I), which takes place twenty-four years prior.

In Chapter I, Ethan is waiting outside a church dance for Mattie, his wife's cousin, who has for a year lived with Ethan and his sickly wife, Zeena (Zenobia), in order to help out around the house and farm. Mattie is given the occasional night off to entertain herself in town as partial recompense for helping care for the Fromes, and Ethan has the duty of walking her home. It quickly becomes clear that Ethan has deep feelings for Mattie. Passing the graveyard, he thinks in an intense moment of foreshadowing that, "We'll always go on living here together, and some day she'll lie there beside me." It also becomes clear that Zeena has observed enough to understand that he has these feelings and that she resents them.

When Zeena leaves for an overnight visit to seek treatment for her various complaints and symptoms in a neighboring town, Ethan is excited to have an evening alone with Mattie. During this evening, the narrator reveals small actions that show that they each have feelings for the other, including a lingering of touching hands on the milk jug, although neither openly declares their love. Mattie makes supper and retrieves from a high shelf Zeena's treasured pickle dish, which Zeena, in a symbol of her stingy nature, never uses, in order to protect it. Mattie uses it to present Ethan with a simple supper, and disaster ensues when the Fromes' cat jumps on the table and knocks it off, shattering it beyond repair. Ethan tries to help by setting the dish's pieces neatly in the cupboard, presenting the false impression of wholeness if not examined closely, with plans to purchase some glue and fix it as soon as he can.

In the morning, Ethan's hopes for more private time with Mattie are foiled by the presence of his hired man. Ethan then goes into town to buy glue for the broken pickle dish, and upon his return finds that Zeena has also come home. Zeena retreats upstairs, proclaiming her illness, and refusing supper because she is not hungry. There, she informs Ethan that she plans to send Mattie away and has already hired another girl to replace her, claiming that she needs someone more efficient because her health is failing more rapidly than ever.

Ethan is angry and frustrated to the point of panic by the thought of losing Mattie, and he is also worried for Mattie, who has no other place to go and no way to support herself in the world. He returns to the kitchen and joins Mattie, and tries to eat, but he is distraught and suddenly blurts out Zeena's plans to send Mattie away. Mattie reacts with shock but rapid acceptance, trying to calm Ethan, while Ethan becomes more agitated and begins to insist that he will not let her go. Moments later, they are interrupted by Zeena, who has decided that she is hungry after all. After supper, Zeena discovers the broken pickle dish and is heartbroken and enraged; this betrayal cements her determination to send Mattie away.

Ethan, miserable at the thought of losing Mattie and worried sick about her fate, considers running away with Mattie, but he lacks the money to do so. He feels that he cannot abandon Zeena because he knows that she would neither be able to run the farm nor sell it (the poor quality of the place has been discussed at several points in the story already). Every plan he thinks of is impossible to carry out, and he remains in despair and frantically trying to think of a way to change this one more turn of events against his ability to have a happy life.

The next morning, Zeena describes her specific and imminent plans for sending Mattie on her way. Panicked, Ethan rushes into town to try to get a cash advance from a customer for a load of lumber in order to have the money with which to abscond with Mattie. His plan is unhinged by guilt, however, when his customer's wife expresses compassion, understanding, and empathy for Ethan's lot, which has involved the repeated duty to care for others, first his parents, then his sickly wife. He realizes that, of all people, he cannot cheat this kindly woman and her husband out of money, since she is one of the few people who have ever seemed to have seen or openly acknowledged Ethan's lifelong plight, as well as his honor in fulfilling his duties.

Ethan comes back to the farm and picks up Mattie to take her to the train station. They stop at a hill upon which they had once planned to go sledding and decide to sled together as a way of delaying their sad parting, after which they anticipate never seeing each other again. After their first run, Mattie suggests a suicide pact: that they go down again, and steer the sled directly into a tree, so they will never be parted and so that they may spend their last moments together. Ethan first refuses to go through with the plan, but in his despair that mirrors Mattie's, he ultimately agrees, and they get on the sled, clutching each other. On the way down, a vision of Zeena's face startles Ethan into swerving a bit, but he corrects their course, and they crash headlong and at high speed into the elm tree. Ethan regains consciousness after the accident but Mattie lies beside him, "cheeping" in pain like a small wounded animal. Ethan is also injured, and the reader is left to understand that this was the "smash-up" that left Ethan with a permanent limp.

The epilogue returns to the framing story and the first-person narrator point of view of the prologue. The framing story resumes precisely where it left off: just as Frome and his visitor, the narrator, enter the Frome household in the story's present. The narrator hears a complaining female voice, and it is easy to assume that it belongs to the never-happy Zeena, but in the final twist of the story, it emerges that it is in fact Mattie, who now lives with the Fromes due to having been paralyzed in the accident. Her misery over her plight and dependence has embittered and "soured" her, and, with roles reversed, Zeena is now forced to care for her as well as Ethan. Further illustrating the psychosomatic nature of most of Zeena's previous complaints, she has now found the strength through necessity to be the caregiver rather than being the invalid. In an agonizing irony, Ethan and Mattie have gotten their wish to stay together, but in mutual unhappiness and discontent, with Mattie helpless and paralyzed, and with Zeena as a constant presence between the two of them.

Development
The story of Ethan Frome had initially begun as a French-language composition that Wharton had to write while studying the language in Paris, but several years later she took the story up again and transformed it into the novel it now is, basing her sense of New England culture and place on her ten years of living at The Mount, her home in Lenox, Massachusetts. She would read portions of her novel-in-progress each day to her good friend Walter Berry, who was an international lawyer. Wharton likely based the story of Ethan and Mattie's sledding experience on an accident that she had heard about in 1904 in Lenox. Five people total were involved in the real-life accident, four girls and one boy. They crashed into a lamppost while sledding down Courthouse Hill in Lenox. A girl named Emily Hazel Crosby was killed in the accident. Wharton learned of the accident from one of the girls who survived, Kate Spencer, when the two became friends while both worked at the Lenox Library. Kate Spencer suffered from a hip injury in the accident and also had facial injuries. It is among the few works by Wharton with a rural setting. Wharton found the notion of the tragic sledding crash to be irresistible as a potential extended metaphor for the wrongdoings of a secret love affair.

Lenox is also where Wharton had traveled extensively and had come into contact with at least one of the victims of the accident; victims of the accident are buried in graves nearby Wharton family members. In her introduction to the novel, Wharton talks of the "outcropping granite" of New England, the austerity of its land and the stoicism of its people. The connection between land and people is very much a part of naturalism; the environment is a powerful shaper of man's fate, and the novel dwells insistently on the cruelty of Starkfield's winters.

Reception
The New York Times called Ethan Frome "a compelling and haunting story." Wharton was able to write an appealing book and separate it from her other works, where her characters in Ethan Frome are not of the elite upper class. However, the problems that the characters endure are still consistently the same, where the protagonist has to decide whether or not to fulfill their duty or follow their heart. She began writing Ethan Frome in the early 1900s when she was still married. The novel was criticized by Lionel Trilling as lacking in moral or ethical significance. Trilling wrote that the ending is "terrible to contemplate," but that "the mind can do nothing with it, can only endure it."

Jeffrey Lilburn notes that some find "the suffering endured by Wharton's characters is excessive and unjustified," but others see the difficult moral questions addressed and note that it "provides insightful commentary on the American economic and cultural realities that produced and allowed such suffering." Wharton was always careful to label Ethan Frome as a tale rather than a novel. Critics did take note of this when reviewing the book. Elizabeth Ammons compared the work to fairy tales. She found a story that is "as moral as the classic fairy tale" and that functions as a "realistic social criticism." The moral concepts, as described by Ammons, are revealed with all of the brutality of Starkfield's winters. Comparing Mattie Silver and Zeena Frome, Ammons suggests that Mattie would grow as frigid and crippled as Zeena, so long as such women remain isolated and dependent. Wharton cripples Mattie, says Lilburn, but has her survive in order to demonstrate the cruelty of the culture surrounding women in that period.

Adaptations
The book was adapted to the 1993 film of the same name, directed by John Madden, and starring Liam Neeson, Patricia Arquette, Joan Allen and Tate Donovan.

Cathy Marston adapted the book to a one-act ballet titled Snowblind for the San Francisco Ballet. The ballet premiered in 2018, with Ulrik Birkkjaer as Ethan, Sarah Van Patten as Zeena and Mathilde Froustey as Mattie.

References

External links

  (2 versions)
 1953 Best Plays radio adaptation at Internet Archive

1911 American novels
Adultery in novels
American novels adapted into films
Frame stories
Novels adapted into ballets
Novels by Edith Wharton
Novels set in Massachusetts

Ethan Frome


Pocket Gamer is a video game website and former print magazine that focuses on mobile, portable and handheld games. It was launched in 2005 by Steel Media Limited.

The publication covers portable and mobile gaming formats,  including iPhone, iPad, Android, Nintendo Switch and others. Steel Media has created many brand spin-offs, including the industry-facing PocketGamer.biz site and a series of conferences called Pocket Gamer Connects.

History
Launched in April 2005 with the subtitle 'play as you go', Pocket Gamer set out to provide professional editorial coverage of mobile and handheld gaming formats which they saw as the future of gaming. At launch the site focused on mobile phones (java and brew), the Nokia N-Gage, Nintendo's Game Boy series as well as the then newly launched Nintendo DS. They also mentioned PDAs and handheld console pretenders such as Gizmondo and the Tapwave Zodiac. The Sony PSP was added to the site soon after.  When the Apple iPhone arrived in June 2007, followed by the subsequent launches of the iPod Touch in September 2007 and the App Store in July 2008, it grew to increasingly dominate the editorial agenda. The site subsequently added Nintendo 3DS, PlayStation Vita, Android, BlackBerry, Windows Phone 7, MeeGo and Palm to the roster of covered formats, although latterly it's concentrated just on iOS and Android, plus the Nintendo Switch in its portable mode.

In October 2007, Pocket Gamer launched the Pocket Gamer Guide to Mobile Games magazine, which was first featured by T-Mobile, where it is published bi-monthly in all of their stores in the United Kingdom. It was expected to have a circulation of 150,000 copies. A digital version of Pocket Gamer was also available on the websites of Vodafone and 3 UK. In May 2008, British company Steel Media (founders of the Pocket Gamer website) announced that it partnered with O2 to produce the Pocket Gamer Guide to Mobile Games magazine, which had an initial print run of 500,000 copies and was made available in all O2 UK stores, making O2 the 4th UK mobile network to feature the Pocket Gamer magazine. In May 2008, the magazine's circulation reached 700,000 copies, with a total audience of 1.5 million when including web and WAP readership, and syndication reviews to Vodafone live! and the Samsung Fun Club.

In May 2008, Steel Media Ltd expanded the Pocket Gamer stable with the launch of a b2b-based sister site. PocketGamer.Biz focuses on covering the business of mobile games. Steel Media Ltd also launched Quality Index which tracks review scores of leading mobile games and publishers. PocketGamer.Biz produces quarterly industry reports. Pocket Gamer launched the weekly Pocket Gamer Podcast on 1 December 2008. Ten years later in May 2018, Steel Media Ltd expanded the international reach of PocketGamer.Biz by partnering with Maysalward in Jordan to launch a b2b Arabic-language mobile gaming site, PocketGamer.me.

In October 2008, Pocket Gamer launched its first foreign edition aimed at consumers, PocketGamer.Fr, providing news and reviews on mobile and iPhone apps to a French language audience. The site grew steadily and launched its own iPhone app as well as providing syndicated content to several third party magazines. In August 2010 the site merged with number two in the market, JMobil and relaunched with a new design, new features and coverage of a wider number of platforms including Android.

In October 2018, Steel Media Ltd undertook a major redesign of Pocket Gamer and unveiled a new look for the site, its first refresh in many years. At this point the site changed to a .com domain, to reflect the site's growing international appeal, from its previous .co.uk homepage. Its publisher Steel Media was acquired by Enthusiast Gaming in 2019.

Past guest authors
 Ray Sharma
 Si Shen
 Rick Marazzani
 Tak Fung

Recognition
Pocket Gamer has been listed as one of the top 100 websites by the Guardian newspaper two years running (2009 and 2010) as well as being named in The Sunday Times newspaper's Top 5 Websites for Gaming (2010). The British newspaper The Guardian at one time syndicated a list of recommended mobile games from Pocket Gamer, especially the list of recommended games for each month.

References

External links

 B2B website

Video game magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 2005
Video game websites
Online magazines published in the United Kingdom

Pocket Gamer


A pre-mortem, or premortem, is a managerial strategy in which a project team imagines that a project or organization has failed, and then works backward to determine what potentially could lead to the failure of the project or organization.

The technique breaks possible groupthinking by facilitating a positive discussion on threats, increasing the likelihood the main threats are identified. Management can then reduce the chances of failure due to heuristics and biases such as overconfidence and planning fallacy by analyzing the magnitude and likelihood of each threat, and take preventive actions to protect the project or organization from suffering an untimely "death". It formalizes and expands on the acknowledgedly much older concept of prospective hindsight (Mitchell, Russo, and Pennington 1989) in which participants "look back from the future" to identify problems before they occur.

According to a Harvard Business Review article from 2007, "unlike a typical critiquing session, in which project team members are asked what might go wrong, the premortem operates on the assumption that the 'patient' has died, and so asks what did go wrong."

The pre-mortem analysis seeks to identify threats and weaknesses via the hypothetical presumption of near-future failure. But if that presumption is incorrect, then the analysis may be identifying threats/weaknesses that are not in fact real.

See also
 Kickoff meeting
 Postmortem documentation

References

Business analysis
Project management

Pre-mortem


Arctioblepsis is a monotypic genus of snout moths described by Cajetan Felder and Rudolf Felder in 1862. It contains the species Arctioblepsis rubida. It is found in south-east Asia, including Hong Kong, China, Taiwan, India and Nepal.

The wingspan is 36–44 mm. Adults are on wing from early April to early June and again from early July to mid August in Hong Kong.

The larvae have been recorded feeding on Machilus species, including Machilus breviflora and Machilus gamblei. They feed from a slight webbing. Pupation takes place in leaf litter and frass in a rather tough cocoon.

References

Pyralinae
Monotypic moth genera
Moths of Asia
Pyralidae genera

Arctioblepsis


The Stuttgart Institute of Management and Technology (SIMT) was founded in 1998 as an international Business School and Further Education Institute offering both full-time and part-time programs leading to the academic degree "Master of Business Administration (MBA)" of the Universität Stuttgart. The cooperation of both higher education institutions also includes further education programs in the fields of Business Administration, Engineering, Natural and Social Sciences.

SIMT is an advanced education institute of the Steinbeis University Berlin (SHB). The school is state accredited.

In 1998 SIMT was founded as an international graduate school of management at university level in Stuttgart on the initiative of a number of renowned global players headquartered in the Stuttgart area, among them Bosch, Daimler, Agilent, Siemens and Trumpf. SIMT offers a practice- and team-oriented, state-accredited and internationally acknowledged Master of Business Administration (MBA) program - full-time and part-time - in English including an optional exchange program with renowned international partner universities.

References

External links
 Stuttgart Institute of Management and Technology
 SIMT Alumni e.V. - Association of former students

Business schools in Germany
Steinbeis-Hochschule Berlin
Universities and colleges in Baden-Württemberg


The tiger beetles are a large group of beetles in the family Carabidae. About 2,600 species and subspecies are known, with the richest diversity in the Oriental (Indo-Malayan) region, followed by the Neotropics.

All tiger beetles are predators.
They are known for their aggressive predatory habits and running speed. The fastest species of tiger beetle can run at a speed of 9 km/h (5.6 mph), which, relative to its body length, is about 22 times the speed of an Olympic sprinter, the equivalent of a human running at .

Tiger beetles live everywhere in the world except the Antarctic and Tasmania. They have powerful jaws, called mandibles, which they use to hold and crush their prey. They have long legs, big eyes, and a wide head. All are colourful.  Their elytra are usually bright and have bold markings.

References

Carabidae

Tiger beetle


Air Force, Incorporated () is a 2006 Argentine documentary film written and directed by Enrique Piñeyro.  The picture was executive produced by Aqua Films' Verónica Cura and produced by Enrique Piñeyro.

Synopsis
The documentary portrays a behind-the-scenes look at the poor state of Argentina's civil aviation, and puts the blame on the Argentine Air Force.  The Air Force has been in control of air traffic operations since the military takeover of General Juan Carlos Onganía in 1966.

The producer/director, Enrique Piñeyro, claims Argentina and Nigeria are the only countries whose air force controls and regulates the airline industry.

Piñeyro, a former Argentine airline pilot, makes his case in the documentary using diagrams, 3D animations, interviews, hidden cameras in the control tower, and a few props.  For example, at one point he spills out a bag of plastic airplanes and equates it to the number of planes the air force has lost due to negligence.

The film is heavily based on the Austral Líneas Aéreas Flight 2553 plane crash.

Enrique Piñeyro takes his camera, secretly, into the control tower of the Ministro Pistarini International Airport also-known-as Ezeiza, the international airport at Buenos Aires.

Background
The basis of the documentary was Enrique Piñeyro's experiences in the Argentine aviation industry.  Piñeyro was an airline pilot from 1988 to 1999, and resigned in June 1999.

This is not the first documentary portraying the Argentine airline industry. In 2004 he wrote, directed, and produced Whisky Romeo Zulu, a film that depicted the general corrosive deregulation, greedy cost-cutting corporations, and corrupt government officials, found in the Argentine airline industry.

References

External links

 Fuerza aérea sociedad anónima at cinenacional.com
 Fuerza aérea sociedad anónima at Cineismo

2006 films
2006 documentary films
Argentine documentary films
Films about air forces
Documentary films about Argentina
Documentary films about aviation
Documentary films about politics
Argentine independent films
2000s Spanish-language films
Aviation in Argentina
2006 independent films
2000s Argentine films
Spanish-language documentary films

Air Force, Incorporated


Nestos ( ), Mesta ( ) is a river in Bulgaria and Greece. It rises in the Rila Mountains and flows into the Aegean Sea near the island of Thasos. It plunges down towering canyons toward the Aegean Sea through mostly metamorphic formations. At the end, the main stream spreads over the coastal plain of Chrysoupolis and expands as a deltaic system with freshwater lakes and ponds forming the Nestos delta. The length of the river is , of which  flow through Bulgaria and the rest in Greece. Its drainage area is , of which 66% in Bulgaria. It forms some gorges in Rila and Pirin. The longest gorge between Pirin to the west and the Rhodope Mountains to the east is the 25-km long Momina Klisura in Bulgaria.

The Mesta's longest tributary is the Dospat (or Despatis). The banks of the river are covered mainly by deciduous trees that extend into halfway between Bulgaria and Greece where it forms the modern boundary of Greek Macedonia and Thrace, as well as the boundary between the Kavala and the Xanthi regional units, having first crossed the Drama regional unit. The river later forms a delta to the north where swamplands, wetlands and a lagoon once existed except in the east.

History
In the Geography of Claudius Ptolemy, the river is referred to as Nestus (Νέστος), and is said to form the boundary between ancient Macedonia and Thrace.

Because of its flow between canyons and inaccessible mountain areas, Nestos was not navigable in antiquity and also did not offer a natural terrestrial road along the riverbed. Concerning the horizontal communication from the East to the West, the river had only two passes, one in the middle and the other in the lower watercourse, which were controlled respectively by the cities of Nicopolis and Topeiros. The first pass, near Nicopolis, allowed the communication between the valleys of the rivers Strymon and Hebros (Evros), while through the second pass, near Topeiros, passed an ancient road (and later the Roman road of Via Egnatia) that served the communication between the East and the West. In Nestos' valley (east bank) north of the south pass, the Dii used to live, while Satrae were living to the south. Finally, Nestos played an important role in the urban and economic history of the inhabitants of the estuary, where the city of Abdera and later Topeiros, founded by the Emperor Trajan. This is presumed by the deification of the river and its depiction on coins of the imperial period.

Honour
Mesta Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Mesta River.

Gallery

References

Rivers of Bulgaria
Rivers of Greece

Geography of Thrace
International rivers of Europe
Landforms of Blagoevgrad Province
Landforms of Smolyan Province
Landforms of Pazardzhik Province
Rivers of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace
Landforms of Kavala (regional unit)
Landforms of Xanthi (regional unit)
Landforms of Drama (regional unit)

Nestos (river)


Herbert Broughall Lipsham (29 April 1878 – 23 March 1932) was a professional footballer who won the 1902 FA Cup Final with Sheffield United.

Club career

Educated at the King's School, Chester Lipsham was a goal-scoring outside left. He began by playing in his home city with Chester St Oswalds before making his debut for Chester in the 1895–96 season. He was one of four brothers to play for Chester, with the others including Jack who went on to play for Liverpool.

After a spell with Rockferry, Lipsham joined Crewe Alexandra in the 1898–99 season as a professional and was an immediate success. So much so that Derby County, Notts County and Sheffield United showed an immediate interest in him.

Crewe were not anxious to part with him, but a substantial offer induced them to transfer him to Sheffield United in 1900. After that, he was an invaluable member of the successful Blades team of that period. A quiet, unassuming and well-behaved young man, he was famous for his hard-hit crosses, which produced a lot of goals for his central strikers. Lipsham played in the successful FA Cup Final team when Sheffield United beat Southampton 2–1 in a replay on 26 April 1902. He moved to Fulham in 1908.

Managerial career
Lipsham was appointed manager at Millwall on  4 May 1911, retaining the position until the First World War.

International career

Lipsham was capped by England against Wales on 3 March 1902, aged 23 years.

Other information

He also had a tobacconist shop at 142 Bramall Lane.

Lipsham was a member of the first management committee of the PFA and later moved to Canada where he became involved in the development of football.

Honours

Sheffield United

 FA Cup winner: 1902
 FA Cup finalist: 1901

References

External links

Biography on EnglandFootballOnline
Clarebrough, Denis. Sheffield United official matchday programme, March 1989.

1878 births
1932 deaths
Footballers from Chester
People educated at The King's School, Chester
English men's footballers
England men's international footballers
Sheffield United F.C. players
Crewe Alexandra F.C. players
Chester City F.C. players
Fulham F.C. players
Millwall F.C. players
English Football League players
English football managers
Millwall F.C. managers
English Football League representative players
Men's association football midfielders

Bert Lipsham


The Forge of Vulcan or Vulcan's Forge is an oil on copper painting by Giorgio Vasari, executed c. 1564, now in the Uffizi in Florence. A 1565-1567 copy by Pier Candido is now in Windsor Castle as part of the Royal Collection.

Influenced by the Medici court under Cosimo I and Francesco I, its themes and composition are similar to panels from the studiolo of the Palazzo Vecchio. Like them it derives from a letter to Vasari by Vincenzo Borghini, in which the writer recommended he not just paint a forge but also "an Academy of certain virtues" led by Minerva. This was a cultured reference to the Accademia delle Arti del Disegno that Vasari had founded in 1563 under the protection of Cosimo I. From 1589 onwards and possibly earlier it was displayed in the Tribuna of the Uffizi.

References

Paintings in the Uffizi
1564 paintings
Paintings by Giorgio Vasari
Paintings of Minerva
Paintings of Vulcan (mythology)

The Forge of Vulcan (Vasari)


In Gaussian optics, the cardinal points consist of three pairs of points located on the optical axis of a rotationally symmetric, focal, optical system. These are the focal points, the principal points, and the nodal points; there are two of each. For ideal systems, the basic imaging properties such as image size, location, and orientation are completely determined by the locations of the cardinal points; in fact, only four points are necessary: the two focal points and either the principal points or the nodal points. The only ideal system that has been achieved in practice is a plane mirror, however the cardinal points are widely used to approximate the behavior of real optical systems. Cardinal points provide a way to analytically simplify an optical system with many components, allowing the imaging characteristics of the system to be approximately determined with simple calculations.

Explanation

The cardinal points lie on the optical axis of an optical system. Each point is defined by the effect the optical system has on rays that pass through that point, in the paraxial approximation. The paraxial approximation assumes that rays travel at shallow angles with respect to the optical axis, so that , , and . Aperture effects are ignored: rays that do not pass through the aperture stop of the system are not considered in the discussion below.

Focal points and planes

The front focal point of an optical system, by definition, has the property that any ray that passes through it will emerge from the system parallel to the optical axis. The rear (or back) focal point of the system has the reverse property: rays that enter the system parallel to the optical axis are focused such that they pass through the rear focal point.

The front and rear (or back) focal planes are defined as the planes, perpendicular to the optic axis, which pass through the front and rear focal points. An object infinitely far from the optical system forms an image at the rear focal plane. For an object at a finite distance, the image is formed at a different location, but rays that leave the object parallel to one another cross at the rear focal plane.

A diaphragm or "stop" at the rear focal plane of a lens can be used to filter rays by angle, since an aperture centred on the optical axis there will only pass rays that were emitted from the object at a sufficiently small angle from the optical axis. Using a sufficiently small aperture in the rear focal plane will make the lens object-space telecentric.

Similarly, the allowed range of angles on the output side of the lens can be filtered by putting an aperture at the front focal plane of the lens (or a lens group within the overall lens), and a sufficiently small aperture will make the lens image-space telecentric. This is important for DSLR cameras having CCD sensors. The pixels in these sensors are more sensitive to rays that hit them straight on than to those that strike at an angle. A lens that does not control the angle of incidence at the detector will produce pixel vignetting in the images.

Principal planes and points

The two principal planes of a lens have the property that a ray emerging from the lens appears to have crossed the rear principal plane at the same distance from the optical axis that the ray appeared to have crossed the front principal plane, as viewed from the front of the lens. This means that the lens can be treated as if all of the refraction happened at the principal planes, and rays travel parallel to the optical axis between the planes. (Linear magnification between the principal planes is +1.) The principal planes are crucial in defining the properties of an optical system, since the magnification of the system is determined by the distance from an object to the front principal plane and the distance from the rear principal plane to the object's image. The principal points are the points where the principal planes cross the optical axis.

If the medium surrounding an optical system has a refractive index of 1 (e.g., air or vacuum), then the distance from each principal plane to the corresponding focal point is just the focal length of the system. In the more general case, the distance to the foci is the focal length multiplied by the index of refraction of the medium.

For a thin lens in air, the principal planes both lie at the location of the lens. The point where they cross the optical axis is sometimes misleadingly called the optical centre of the lens. Note, however, that for a real lens the principal planes do not necessarily pass through the centre of the lens, and in general may not lie inside the lens at all.

Nodal points

The front and rear nodal points of a lens have the property that a ray aimed at one of them will be refracted by the lens such that it appears to have come from the other with the same angle to the optical axis. (Angular magnification between nodal points is +1.) The nodal points therefore do for angles what the principal planes do for transverse distance. If the medium on both sides of an optical system is the same (e.g., air or vacuum), then the front and rear nodal points coincide with the front and rear principal points, respectively.

The nodal points were first described by Johann Listing in 1845 to evaluate the human eye, where the image is formed in fluid. Over time it was found that if a line was drawn through the posterior apex of the crystalline lens at the visual angle of a distant object, then it would point to the image location on the retina, even for very large angles. This line passes approximately through the 2nd nodal point, but rather than being an actual paraxial ray, it identifies the image formed by ray bundles that pass through the centre of the pupil. This can be used to find the magnification, or to scale retinal locations. This extends the use of the nodal point for the eye, but the imaging properties come from the cornea and retina being highly curved, rather than paraxial properties, and this is rarely clear in publications.

The nodal points are widely misunderstood in photography, where it is commonly asserted that the light rays "intersect" at "the nodal point", that the iris diaphragm of the lens is located there, and that this is the correct pivot point for panoramic photography, so as to avoid parallax error. These claims generally arise from confusion about the optics of camera lenses, as well as confusion between the nodal points and the other cardinal points of the system. (A better choice of the point about which to pivot a camera for panoramic photography can be shown to be the centre of the system's entrance pupil. On the other hand, swing-lens cameras with fixed film position rotate the lens about the rear nodal point to stabilize the image on the film.)

Surface vertices
In optics, surface vertices are the points where each optical surface crosses the optical axis. They are important primarily because they are physically measurable parameters for the optical element positions, and so the positions of the cardinal points of the optical system must be known with respect to the surface vertices to describe the system.

In anatomy, the surface vertices of the eye's lens are called the anterior and posterior poles of the lens.

Modeling optical systems as mathematical transformations
In geometrical optics, for each object ray entering an optical system, a single and unique image ray exits from the system. In mathematical terms, the optical system performs a transformation that maps every object ray to an image ray. The object ray and its associated image ray are said to be conjugate to each other. This term also applies to corresponding pairs of object and image points and planes. The object and image rays, points, and planes are considered to be in two distinct optical spaces, object space and image space; additional intermediate optical spaces may be used as well.

Rotationally symmetric optical systems; optical axis, axial points, and meridional planes
An optical system is rotationally symmetric if its imaging properties are unchanged by any rotation about some axis. This (unique) axis of rotational symmetry is the optical axis of the system. Optical systems can be folded using plane mirrors; the system is still considered to be rotationally symmetric if it possesses rotational symmetry when unfolded. Any point on the optical axis (in any space) is an axial point.

Rotational symmetry greatly simplifies the analysis of optical systems, which otherwise must be analyzed in three dimensions.  Rotational symmetry allows the system to be analyzed by considering only rays confined to a single transverse plane containing the optical axis. Such a plane is called a meridional plane; it is a cross-section through the system.

Ideal, rotationally symmetric, optical imaging system
An ideal, rotationally symmetric, optical imaging system must meet three criteria:

All rays "originating" from each object point converge to a single and unique image point (Imaging is stigmatic).
Object planes perpendicular to the optical axis are conjugate to image planes perpendicular to the axis.
The image of an object confined to a plane normal to the axis is geometrically similar to the object.

In some optical systems imaging is stigmatic for one or perhaps a few object points, but to be an ideal system imaging must be stigmatic for every object point. In an ideal system, every object point maps to a different image point.

Unlike rays in mathematics, optical rays extend to infinity in both directions. Rays are real when they are in the part of the optical system to which they apply, and are virtual elsewhere. For example, object rays are real on the object side of the optical system, while image rays are real on the image side of the system. In stigmatic imaging, an object ray intersecting any specific point in object space must be conjugate to an image ray intersecting the conjugate point in image space. A consequence is that every point on an object ray is conjugate to some point on the conjugate image ray.

Geometrical similarity implies the image is a scale model of the object. There is no restriction on the image's orientation; the image may be inverted or otherwise rotated with respect to the object.

Focal and afocal systems, focal points
Afocal systems have no focal points, principal points, or nodal points. In such systems an object ray parallel to the optical axis is conjugate to an image ray parallel to the optical axis. A system is focal if an object ray parallel to the axis is conjugate to an image ray that intersects the optical axis. The intersection of the image ray with the optical axis is the focal point F' in image space. Focal systems also have an axial object point F such that any ray through F is conjugate to an image ray parallel to the optical axis. F is the object space focal point of the system.

Transformation

The transformation between object space and image space is completely defined by the cardinal points of the system, and these points can be used to map any point on the object to its conjugate image point.

See also
Film plane
Pinhole camera model
Radius of curvature (optics)
Vergence (optics)

Notes and references

 Pages 74–76 define the cardinal points.

External links
 Learn to use TEM

Geometrical optics
Geometric centers
Science of photography

de:Brennebene

Cardinal point (optics)


A Bayesian network is a kind of graph which is used to model events that cannot be observed. This can then be used for inference. The graph that is used is directed, and does not contain any cycles. The nodes of the graph represent random variables. If two nodes are connected by an edge, it has an associated probability that it will transmit from one node to the other.

Bayesian networks are mainly used in the field of  (unassisted) machine learning. They have been used where information needs to be classified. Examples are image, document, or speech recognition, and information retrieval.

It is based on Reverend Thomas Bayes' discovery in the 1740s called Bayes' theorem.

History
The term "Bayesian networks" was made by Judea Pearl in 1985 to emphasize three aspects:
The often subjective nature of the input information.
The reliance on Bayes's conditioning as the basis for updating information.
The distinction between causal and evidential modes of reasoning, which underscores Thomas Bayes' posthumously published paper of 1763.

In the late 1980s, the seminal texts Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems and Probabilistic  Reasoning in Expert Systems summarized the properties of Bayesian networks and helped to establish Bayesian networks as a field of study.

Informal variants of such networks were first used by legal scholar John Henry Wigmore, in the form of Wigmore charts, to analyse trial evidence in 1913. Another variant, called path diagrams, was developed by the geneticist Sewall Wright and used in social and behavioral sciences (mostly with linear parametric models).

References

Mathematics
Artificial intelligence

Bayesian network


Deparia acrostichoides, commonly called silvery glade fern or silvery spleenwort, is a perennial species of fern. Its range includes much of the eastern United States and Canada, from Ontario to Nova Scotia and Georgia to Louisiana, as well as eastern Asia in China, Russia, Japan and Korea. The name silvery comes from the fact that the indusia on the underside of the leaf have a silver color when the sori are close to ripening.

Description
Silvery spleenwort has pinnately divided yellowish green leaves arising from a stout, green, slightly brown hairy and scaly stem.  The stem is typically grooved on the upper side, much shorter than the leaf blade and darker colored near its base, being dark red or brown; as the stem reaches the leaflets it becomes a pale green color. The leaves are broadest in the middle with a long pointed tip and tapering base, with the lowest pair of leaflets generally pointing downward. The tapering and downward pointed bottom leaves are a diagnostic characteristic for helping to distinguish this fern from similar ferns.

The leaves are  long and  wide; their underside is covered in fuzzy yellow-green hairs. There are approximately 18 leaflets on a leaf, which are approximately  long and  wide and relatively straight. The leaflets are themselves cut into oblong subleaflets which may have a blunt or rounded tip. The sterile and fertile leaflets are similar in form. The fertile leaves bear sori on the underside of the leaves and are silvery green at first but later become light brown as they ripen. The sori are pinnately arranged on the subleafets in a pattern which follows the veination; they are typically straight or slightly curved with a thick indusia with an entire margin. The fertile pinnae can be described as acrostichoid as the sporangia covers almost the entirety of the underside of the leaf surface. Acrostichoid is also the term from which D. acrostichoides derives its species name.

It often forms extensive colonies, growing from creeping roots. Silvery spleenwort is a common fern in stream bottoms, moist woods, and cool shaded areas throughout its range.

Gallery

References

Athyriaceae
Ferns of the United States
Flora of Asia
Plants described in 1803

Deparia acrostichoides


Stephen Fain Williams (September 23, 1936 – August 7, 2020) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit until his death from complications of COVID-19 on August 7, 2020.

Early life and career
Born in New York City, Williams was the son of prominent lawyer C. Dickerman Williams. He received a Bachelor of Arts magna cum laude in 1958 from Yale University, where he was a member of the Manuscript Society. He then received a Juris Doctor magna cum laude in 1961 from Harvard Law School. He was in the United States Army Reserve as a Private E-2 from 1961 to 1962. He engaged in private practice from 1962 to 1966 and became an Assistant United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York in 1966. From 1969 to his appointment to the bench, he taught at the University of Colorado School of Law. During this time, he also served as a visiting professor of law at UCLA, University of Chicago Law School, and Southern Methodist University and he was a consultant to the Administrative Conference of the United States and the Federal Trade Commission.

Federal judicial service
Williams was nominated by President Ronald Reagan on February 19, 1986, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated by Judge Malcolm R. Wilkey. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 13, 1986, and received commission on June 16, 1986. He assumed senior status on September 30, 2001.

In March 2017, Williams questioned if the government could constitutionally keep all prisoner court filings secret when the court, unanimous in judgment but in divided opinions, found that the press could not access classified video of Jihad Ahmed Mustafa Dhiab being force fed during the Guantanamo Bay hunger strikes.

Author
Williams was the author of numerous books and scholarly articles. His book, Liberal Reform in an Illiberal Regime, 1906–1915: The Creation of Private Property in Russia, was described by former acting Prime Minister of Russia Yegor Gaidar as "absolutely splendid".

The Reformer: How One Liberal Fought to Preempt the Russian Revolution, 2017
The Natural Gas Revolution of 1985, 1985
Cases on Oil and Gas Law (With R. Maxwell, P. Martin and B. Kramer), 6th ed., 1992
Subjectivity, Expression & Privacy: Problems of Aesthetic Regulation,  62 Minnesota Law Review 1, 1977
Running Out: The Problem of Exhaustible Resources, 7 Journal of Legal Studies 165, 1978
Solar 'Access' and Property Rights: A Maverick Analysis, 11 Connecticut Law Review 430, 1979
Implied Covenants for Development and Exploration in Oil and Gas Leases - The Determination of Profitability, 27 Kansas Law Review 443, 1979
The Static Conception of the Common Law: A Comment, 9 Journal of Legal Studies 277, 1980
Getting Downtown - Relief of Highway Congestion Through Pricing, Regulation, p. 45, March/April, 1981
Implied Covenants in Oil and Gas Leases: Some General Principles, 29 Kansas Law Review 153, 1981
An Energy Policy Perspective on Solar Hot Water Equipment Mandates, 1 UCLA Journal on Environmental Law and Policy 135, 1981
'Liberty' In the Due Process Clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments: The Intentions of the Framers, 53 Colorado Law Review 117, 1981
Severance Taxes: The Supreme Court's Role in Preserving a National Common Market for Energy Supplies, 53 Colorado Law Review 281, 1982
Liberty and Property: The Problem of Government Benefits, 12 Journal of Legal Studies 3, 1983
The Requirement of Beneficial Use as a Cause of Waste in Water Resource Development, 23 Natural Resource Journal 7, 1983
Energy Policy in the Cold Light of Morning, 61 Texas Law Review 571, 1983
Free Trade in Water Resources: Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas, 2 S. Ct. Economic Review 89, 1984
Implied Covenants' Threat to the Value of Oil and Gas Reserves, 36 Institute on Oil and Gas Law and Taxation, Chapter 3, 1985
Federal Preemption of State Conservation Laws After the Natural Gas Policy Act: A Preliminary Look, 56 Colorado Law Review 521, 1985
The Proposed Sea-Change in Natural Gas Regulation, 6 Energy Law Journal 233, 1985
The Law of Prior Appropriation: Possible Lessons for Hawaii 25 Natural Resource Journal 911, 1985
The Legal Integration of Energy Markets (With Terence Daintith) Vol. 5 of Integration Through Law: Europe and the American Federal Experience, 1987
Second Best: The Soft Underbelly of Deterrence Theory in Tort, 106 Harvard Law Review 932, 1993
Hybrid Rulemaking, Under the Administrative Procedure Act: A Legal and Empirical Analysis, 42 University of Chicago Law Review 401, 1975
Panel: Culpability, Restitution, and the Environment: The Vitality of Common Law Rules 21 Ecology Law Quarterly, 559, 1994
Unconstitutional Conditions Through a Libertarian Prism Public Interest Law Review, 159, 1994
Legal Versus Non-Legal Theory 17 Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 79, Winter, 1997
Court-Gazing: Reviews of David C. Savage, Turning Right: The Making of the REhnquist Supreme Court, and H.W. Perry, Jr., Deciding to Decide: Agenda Setting in the United States Supreme Court, 91 Michigan Law Review, 1158, 1993
The Roots of Deference (Review of Christopher F. Edley, Jr., Administrative Law: Rethinking Judicial Control of Bureaucracy) 100 Yale Law Journal 1103, 1991
Background Norms in the Regulatory State, (Review of Cass R. Sunstein, After the Rights Revolution: Reconceiving the Regulatory State) 58 University of Chicago Law Review 419, 1991
Fingers in the Pie (Review of Jeremy Rabkin, Judicial Compulsions: How Public Law Distorts Public Policy) 68 Texas Law Review 1303, 1990
Review of Morton Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law, 25 UCLA Law Review 1187, 1978
Review of Richard A. Posner, Economic Analysis of Law, 45 University of Colorado Law Review 437–53, 1974
Fixing the Rate of Return After Duquesne, 8 Yale Journal on Reg. 159, 1991
Pollution Control: Taxes v. Regulation (International Institute for Economic Research, Original Paper 23), August, 1979
Optimizing Water Use: The Return Flow Issue, 44 University of Colorado Law Review 301, 1973
Risk Regulation and Its hazards: Review of Stephen Breyer, Breaking the Vicious Circle, 93 Mich. L. Rev. 1498, 1995
Deregulatory Takings and Breach of the Regulatory Contract: A Comment  71 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1000, 1996

Death
Williams was diagnosed with COVID-19 in May 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Washington, D.C. He was admitted to Sibley Memorial Hospital and put on a ventilator. On August 7, 2020, after about two months in the hospital, he died from complications as a result of the virus.

References

Sources

External links

1936 births
2020 deaths
20th-century American judges
Assistant United States Attorneys
Harvard Law School alumni
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit
Lawyers from New York City
Military personnel from New York City
Southern Methodist University faculty
United States court of appeals judges appointed by Ronald Reagan
UCLA School of Law faculty
University of Chicago Law School faculty
Writers from New York City
Yale College alumni
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Washington, D.C.

Stephen F. Williams


Bridgeton Central railway station was located in Glasgow, Scotland and served the Bridgeton area of that city. On the Glasgow City and District Railway it was located on the modern North Clyde line on a branch from High Street and acted as a terminus for services from the north west of the city.

Though electrified in 1960 as part of the Glasgow North Bank suburban electrification scheme, it was closed to passenger in November 1979 when the Argyle Line reopened (the recommissioned station on this route at  effectively replaced it).  It was then used as a maintenance depot for the Class 303 and Class 311 fleet until final closure in June 1987. The tracks were subsequently lifted and platforms demolished.  The station building, now in commercial and residential use, is protected as a category B listed building.

References

Notes

Sources

External links
Railscot - Photos of Bridgeton Central

Disused railway stations in Glasgow
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1892
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1979
Listed railway stations in Scotland
Category B listed buildings in Glasgow
Former North British Railway stations
Bridgeton–Calton–Dalmarnock

Bridgeton Central railway station


The British Iron and Steel Federation (BISF), formed in 1934, was an organisation of British iron and steel producers responsible for the national planning of steel production.  Its creation was imposed on the industry by Ramsay MacDonald's National Government as a precondition to the establishment of steel import tariffs.  It was a successor to the National Federation of Iron and Steel Manufacturers, formed in 1918.

Sir William James Larke was the first director of the federation.

It continued to exist until 1967 when the industry was nationalised as British Steel Corporation during Harold Wilson's second term in government.

See also
 BISF house

References

External links
A History of UK Steel Industry Associations
Catalogue of the BISF archives, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
Catalogue of the BISF Dissolution Committee archives, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick

Business organisations based in the United Kingdom
1934 establishments in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1934
Steel industry of the United Kingdom

British Iron and Steel Federation


The Mount Stony Brook Observatory is an astronomical observatory operated by Stony Brook University in Stony Brook, New York. It is located on the roof of the Earth and Space Sciences Building. The dome contains a Meade 14" Maksutov–Cassegrain telescope and SBIG (SBIG-STL1001e) imaging equipment. The telescope is used for teaching undergraduate and graduate astronomy labs by the department, as well as by the Astronomy club. The observatory's imaging capabilities have been used to monitor variable stars. On the first Friday of every month during the school year the department hosts "Astronomy Open Nights" during which a lecture is given, followed by observing if the weather permits. The observatory was built in 1968 and Astronomy Open Nights have been held there since 1976. The current telescope was installed in 1981.

See also
 List of observatories

References

External links
Observatory Website
Stony Brook Undergraduate Astronomy Club

Astronomical observatories in New York (state)
Stony Brook University
University and college buildings completed in 1968

Mount Stony Brook Observatory


Mumbai Hindi, also known as Mumbaiya Hindi, Bambaiyya, Mumbaiyya or Mumbai Hindi-Urdu, is a variety of Hindi-Urdu, spoken in Mumbai (formerly Bombay), India. The words and pronunciations of Bombay Hindi are derived mainly from Hindi and Urdu, collectively known as Hindi-Urdu or Hindustani. In addition, the predominant substratum influence on Bombay is Marathi. Marathi is the official and majority language of Maharashtra. Bombay Hindi also incorporates words from Gujarati and Konkani.

General
Unlike the most local dialects which are used primarily in the metropolitan centres, Bombay Hindi is widely known throughout India, as a result of its frequent use in Bollywood movies. Initially, this dialect was used to represent crooks and uncouth characters. According to Shoma A. Chatterji, "Indian films have the unique quality of different characters speaking different varieties of Hindi according to their social status, their caste, communal identity, education, profession, financial status, etc. [...] The villain's goons, speak in a special vulgarised, Bambaiya Hindi concocted specifically to typify such screen characters in Hindi cinema.". A particular genre of movies, named Munnabhai, in which the lead characters - being members of the Mumbai criminal underworld - speak entirely in this dialect, helped to spread the dialect.

Despite this increase in popularity, there are people who criticize the use of this dialect. Sometimes, Mumbaiya are seen as being disrespectful and demeaning.

Some neologisms which originated in Bambaiya Hindi have spread throughout India. Some examples are the words bindaas (a compound word, constituted from the Marathi words Bin and Dhast = Without Fear. Bindaas means 'relaxed' and this word was incorporated into the Oxford English Dictionary in 2005) and Gandhigiri (invented in the movie Lage Raho Munna Bhai, a portmanteau of Gandhi and -giri, which is similar to the English 'ism' (as in Gandhi-ism), though slightly more informal).

Thanks to Bollywood, some Marathi words, such as Thaska, Wakda, Porgi, Navri, Navrai, Kombdi, and Mulga/Mulgi, have been incorporated in Hindi vocabulary. Many Hindi songs have some Marathi words added.

References

Hindi

Bombay Hindi


Eugene Levinson is the former principal double bassist of the New York Philharmonic and teaches at the Juilliard School.

Career
According to the New Method for Double Bass (Carl Fischer edition), Levinson, who was born in Kiev, began to study music at the age of nine. He graduated from the Leningrad Conservatory, later receiving a doctoral degree from this institution. At the age of twenty-nine, he was the youngest member ever to be appointed to the Leningrad Conservatory's faculty. In Leningrad, he also became a member of the Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra, where he played for almost sixteen years, and was Principal Bass of the Leningrad Chamber Orchestra for thirteen years.

Levinson traveled to the United States in 1977, and began a short tenure as principal Bass of the Minnesota Orchestra soon after his arrival. While living in the States, he served on the faculty of both the Sarasota Music Festival and the Aspen Music Festival, as well as the Indiana University Summer School. He joined the bass faculty of Juilliard in 1985, and was appointed Principal Bass of the New York Philharmonic in May of that year.

In 2003, Levinson was given the Special Recognition Award in Orchestral Performance from the International Society of Bassists for his "extraordinary skills and contribution to the worldwide community of bassists".

Discography

Studio albums

The School of Agility

The School of Agility is a book by Eugene Levinson (also published by Carl Fischer) which concentrates on improving vital fingering technique for bass players of all levels. His approach focuses on improving rhythm, intonation and fingerboard agility via a variety of fingerings.

The book includes:
-Fingerings designed to allow the individual bassist to find those most suitable to their style and level of playing.
-Fingerings appropriate to certain playing situations
-Fingerings concerned with the shaping of phrases by facilitating smoother transitions.
-Techniques to help produce a clean and clear sound.

References

External links
 Video interview with Eugene Levinson

Soviet classical double-bassists
Soviet Jews
Soviet emigrants to the United States
American classical double-bassists
Male double-bassists
Aspen Music Festival and School faculty
Juilliard School faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century double-bassists
21st-century American male musicians

Eugene Levinson


The Skyfire Puzzle is no. 85 in the Hardy Boys Mystery Stories, written by Franklin W. Dixon.  It was published by Wanderer Books in 1985.  As of 2018 this is the last Hardy Boys book to be published by Wanderer Books.

Plot summary
Frank and Joe Hardy are on a stakeout in Okefenokee Swamp with their father Fenton, using their van of computer and surveillance equipment. Fenton is chasing industrial saboteurs who nearly kill him and Chet Morton. The head of security at Kennedy Space Center, Harry Stone, is baffled by a series of accidents involving the Space Shuttle Skyfire. Frank, Joe, Chet, Stone and his daughter Suzanne head to Cape Canaveral, where they meet Nat Cramer from Starglass Corporation and his security man, Pete McConnel. Starglass developed the Longeye radio telescope, which is to be placed in orbit by Skyfire. Maxwell Grant, deputy director of operations, offers the young people the chance to fly on Skyfire.

Frank, Joe and Chet train for the shuttle mission and help Stone and his aide, Lew Gorman, investigate the accidents. Occurrences indicate that someone wants the Hardys off the case: Fenton is attacked by gunmen; a masked man makes a centrifuge run wild with Joe; a caller summons the young people to a trap meeting; and hallucinogenic crystals are placed in Chet's air hose during neutral buoyancy training, causing him to attack Frank. McConnel is apparently shot by terrorist Franz Schacht, who is linked by a fingerprint.

The day before the shuttle launch, the Hardys' van is shot at by a man whom Fenton recognizes as Stone. Evidence found in Stone's house seems to prove that he and Gorman are foreign agents; they are arrested, and Suzanne is removed from the shuttle crew. During the shuttle mission, Frank links the Spacelab computer with the computer in the Hardys' van and discovers that the body profile of one of the criminals from the beach matches that of a man present during the Okefenokee attack, linking the two cases. The Hardys deduce that Cramer and McConnel are involved with the industrial espionage ring. Frank discovers McConnel never visited an emergency room after being shot. The Hardys and Chet convince the shuttle commander to fake a power failure that would strand them in orbit, tricking Cramer into making a spacewalk to send Longeye, which is set to explode, into space. Frank follows Cramer outside and frightens him into a confession. The Longeye on the shuttle is a mockup; Cramer and McConnel planned to sell the real Longeye to the spy ring. McConnel and Cramer faked Schacht's involvement, McConnel's shooting and Stone's guilt using masks of Schacht and Stone and a planted fingerprint.

Notes
The Skyfire Puzzle was originally advertised under the title The Mystery of the Space Shuttle. This book, as well as #84, Revenge of the Desert Phantom, were pilots for what would become The Hardy Boys Casefiles. A third book was written in this style and was intended to be #86, but was never released due to the cancellation of the series in 1985. With the resumption of the series in 1987 #86 featured a very different writing style, and the Hardys' van, while loaded with equipment in The Skyfire Puzzle, was empty in The Mystery of the Silver Star.

References

The Hardy Boys books
1985 American novels
1985 children's books
Children's science fiction novels
Novels about NASA
Space exploration novels
Children's books set in Florida

The Skyfire Puzzle


"གླང་དར་མ་"ཡང་ན་"འུ་དུམ་བཙན་པོ་"ནི་བོད་ཀྱི་བཙན་པོ་ཞིག་རེད། ཁོང་གིས་སྤྱི་ལོ་༨༤༡ནས་༨༤༦བར་དབང་བསྒྱུར་བྱས་པ་རེད།

མི་ཚེ།
History is history, but each person will describe in a different content.Hundred will adore you and hundred will disregard. That"s the history we human have digested or scrutunising. Langdarma was a king who wish to follow Bon but his king brother and his clients wish to follow a new religion what we now called Buddhism. at that time Bon was their religion in the kingdom of Tibet. Langdarma the last king tried to strickly follow his anciestor"s religion but Bon gradually engulfed  and killed his own king brother who was deeply reviered buddhist now. the kingdom dispersed eventually and new era of Tibet began.And the story commense.

སྒྲུང་།

ཆོས་ལུགས།

པར་རིས་བར་འཁྱམས།

ཟིན་ཐོ་འམ་དཔྱད་གཞི།

དཔྱད་གཞིའི་དཀར་ཆག།

ད་དུང་གཟིགས།
 བཙན་པོ་རིམ་བྱོན་གྱི་མཚན་བྱང་།

ཕྱི་ཕྱོགས་དྲ་མཐུད།

བོད་ཀྱི་བཙན།

དར་མ་འུ་དུམ་བཙན།


Allari Mogudu () is a 1992 Indian Telugu-language romantic comedy film directed by K. Raghavendra Rao and produced by K. Krishna Mohan Rao under R K Associates. The film stars Mohan Babu, Meena and Ramya Krishna. It was remade in Kannada as Gadibidi Ganda (1993), in Tamil as Veera (1994), in Bengali Bangladesh as Asha Bhalobasha (1995),  and in Hindi as Saajan Chale Sasural (1996). The 2015 film Mama Manchu Alludu Kanchu serves as a sequel to Allari Mogudu.

Plot
Gopal (Mohan Babu) comes to the city from his village for a song contest. He meets Satyam (Brahmanandam) in the city and they both work hard for the song contest. Gopal tells Satyam about how he fell in love with Neelambari (Meena) and how he got her to love him. Neelambari is the daughter of a song teacher in his village. He came to this contest so he could win the money and pay off the loan his mother had to the village leader. They both work together and end up winning the song contest. Gopal then goes back to his village with joy and finds out a flood had come and Neelu's house had been destroyed, it was reported that her father and her body had not been found. Gopal thinks that Neelu is dead, and is very sad. He then goes and gives the money to the village leader, paying off his mother's debt. He afterwards moves to the city so that they can find a job and so that Gopal can forget about Neela. When they reach the city Gopal finds out that his song was a big hit. Therefore, he had become very popular. The holder of the song contest (Satyanarayana) calls on Gopal  to come work for him. Gopal does not want to, but Satyam persuades him. He then works for Satyanarayana and his daughter falls in love with Gopal. Gopal who is still in love with Neelu refused to marry Satyanarayana's daughter Mohana (Ramya Krishna). Satyam says Neelambari won't come back so it's better to marry Mohana. Therefore, he marries Mohana.

Soon after the marriage she goes to the US for her father to have surgery after he suddenly suffers a heart attack.  Neelambari was in fact alive but has amnesia. Gopal's songs are playing on the radio and Neelambari happens to hear it and she remembers again. She promptly gets on the bus to the city from a village where she was helping the fisherman who saved her life. She meets Gopal  at the recording studio. He is surprised and overjoyed but doesn't tell her about his marriage to Mohana. Neelambari is then adamant to get married soon, so they both get married. He then juggles both of his lives (as Gopal, Mohana's husband and as Krishna, Neelu's husband). He nearly gets caught when both Mohana and Gopal with Neelu go to the saree shop and bump into each other. So to prove that the husbands  are two different people, he takes photos and photoshops it to show two of him shaking hands. They then all believe Gopal and Krishna are different people. A thief who Gopal had caught and handed over to the police takes revenge by kidnapping his wives. The thief also knows that both are one person, and when he comes to save them it is revealed that both are one person. After he saves them both he finds out that both his wives are pregnant. They both forgive Gopal and the film ends on a happy note.

Cast
 Mohan Babu as Gopal / Krishna
 Meena as Neelambari
 Ramya Krishna as Mohana
 Satyanarayana Kaikala
 Brahmanandam as Satyam
 Costume Krishna
 Nagesh as Musical Genius "Dakshina Bharatha Toothukudi Carnatic Sangeetha Samrat" Sivasamba Deekshutulu
 Somayajulu
 Prasad Babu
 Rami Reddy

Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by M. M. Keeravani.

Remakes

References

External links

1992 films
1990s Telugu-language films
Films directed by K. Raghavendra Rao
Films scored by M. M. Keeravani
Telugu films remade in other languages
Indian romantic comedy films
Polygamy in fiction
1992 romantic comedy films

Allari Mogudu