Gokabo (五家宝) is a Japanese sweet produced and sold in Saitama, especially Kumagaya city. It is one of the top three sweets in Saitama, along with Soka rice cake (Senbei) of Soka city and potato sweets (Imogashi) of Kawagoe city.

They are manufactured by hand. A starch-like core is placed in a pan and wrapped with starch syrup. Then, soybean powder (Kinako) is placed on the surface. They can be made in different colors by using different-colored soybeans, such as blue soybeans. It was introduced 140 years ago and was sold at Tadenji Temple in Fudogaoka. It was sold under the name of "5 rice bar" during the Edo period.  It is occasionally served in school meals for public elementary and junior high schools in modern times. It costs about 400 yen for twelve pieces.

References

Japanese food

Gokabo


Gate House or Gatehouse is a country house in Eskdale Green, Cumbria, England. The house became a Grade II listed building on 8 September 1967.

Built in 1896 for the Rea family, the house and part of the grounds were sold via auction in 1949 to the Outward Bound Trust, who converted it in 1950 into their Eskdale Centre. The rest of the estate was sold at the same time in 13 other lots.

The grounds were designed by Thomas H. Mawson and included Giggle Alley Forest, site of a Japanese garden which, created in 1914 but derelict by the time of the 1949 auction. The forest was sold to the Forestry Commission by the Outward Bound Trust in the 1960s.

References

Grade II listed buildings in Cumbria
Country houses in Cumbria
Borough of Copeland

Gate House, Eskdale Green


Apostelamt Jesu Christi (Apostle Ministry of Jesus Christ) is a German Christian church with historical roots in the Catholic Apostolic Church and the New Apostolic Church. It is part of the religious movement called Irvingism.

History
In 1902 an Elder of the Apostolic Mission Church (later known as the New Apostolic Church), Julius Fischer, came into conflict with the Chief Apostle Friedrich Krebs on matters of doctrine. According to Fischer, Jesus Christ has already returned in the re-established Apostle office and there was no future second coming. Krebs removed Fischer from office. Fischer and his followers formed the Apostelamt Juda. On 2 May 1902 Fischer was ordained as the first Apostle of this church.

After the death of Fischer in 1922 a group led by Hermann Krūger formed the breakaway group known as Apostelamt Simeon in Jacob's geslacht.

In 1933 this group along with Apostelamt Juda was banned by the Nazi Germany regime of Adolf Hitler. The church was seen by the Nazi regime as a socialist group. The church's beliefs on prophecy also made it illegal.

In 1947 the church regrouped under the leadership of Albert Trubach as Apostelamt Jesu Christi.

From the early 1990s there was an ecumenical bond between Apostelamt Jesu Christi and the South African Old Apostolic Church.

In mid-2006 four Apostles (Jorg Stohwasser, Ingolf Schultz, Uwe Jacob and Hans-Georg Richter) and their followers left Apostelamt Jesu Christi to become part of the Old Apostolic Church.

References

External links
www.kirche-ajc.de (AJC – Kirche des öffentlichen Rechts)
www.apostelamt.de (Gemeinsamer Internetauftritt des AJC – Kirche des privaten Rechts und der Gemeinschaft der Apostel Jesu Christi, GdAJC)

Catholic Apostolic Church denominations
1902 establishments in Germany

Apostelamt Jesu Christi


Toledo Sports Arena was a 5,230-seat multi-purpose arena at 1 Main Street, Toledo, Ohio. It was built in 1947 and demolished in 2007.

As a concert venue, it seated 6,500, for theater concerts and stage shows, 4,400 and for boxing and wrestling, 8,250; also, the arena was 33⅔ feet tall. Attached to the arena was an exhibit hall that accommodated  of space; when combined with the  of arena floor space, a total of  of exhibit and trade show space. The exhibit hall accommodated up to 2,500, for concerts and meetings and 1,800, for banquets. In addition, there were three meeting rooms, totaling  of space.

The Sports Arena was home to the following ice hockey teams:
Toledo Mercurys (IHL) (1947–1962)
Toledo Blades/Hornets (IHL) (1963–1974)
Toledo Goaldiggers (IHL) (1974–1986)
Toledo Storm (ECHL) (1991–2007)

The Jackson 5 performed at the sports arena on July 21, 1971 and March 10, 1974.

The Sports Arena was the inspiration for the Yes song, "Our Song," which was written after their July 30, 1977 performance in which the arena's interior temperature reached .

The arena played host to the politically motivated Vote for Change Tour on October 2, 2004, featuring performances by Gob Roberts, Death Cab for Cutie and Pearl Jam, with special guests Peter Frampton, Pegi Young and Neil Young.

Local Promoter Brad McDonald held the Arena's final event on April 28, 2007, an "Extreme Toughman" event, a mixed martial art competition much like the UFC. Demolition of the Sports Arena took place in August of that year. The new arena, Huntington Center, was completed in October 2009, on the opposite side of the Maumee River, placing it in the center of downtown Toledo.

References

Defunct indoor arenas in Ohio
Indoor ice hockey venues in the United States
Sports venues in Toledo, Ohio
Convention centers in Ohio
Music venues in Ohio
Demolished sports venues in Ohio
Demolished music venues in the United States
Sports venues completed in 1947
1947 establishments in Ohio
Sports venues demolished in 2007
2007 disestablishments in Ohio

Toledo Sports Arena


Inspiration Park () is a public park in downtown Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. The park opened in 2010. It is located between two major thoroughfares in Ashgabat, Görogly and Magtymguly, and covers an area of 57,000 m2. Against the backdrop of mature trees along an artificial waterfall, there are new seedlings planted, flower beds and flower pots. Two cafés serve the park.

Monuments
The paths in the park are lined with sculptures depicting prominent Turkmen and Muslim poets, thinkers and scholars of antiquity and modernity. Photographs of the sculptures can be seen on the Mapillary website.

Among them are Abu Bakr bin Yahya al-Suli, Abū-Sa'īd Abul-Khayr, Al-Zamakhshari, Mahmud al-Kashgari, Al-Farabi, Avicenna, Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī, Sarakhsi, Jahan Shah. Original works are dedicated to Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, Shemseddin Mervezi, Mahmyt Pälwan, Najm al-Din Kubra and Kadi Burhan al-Din.

The middle section of the park is devoted to extraordinary poets of the 11th through 19th centuries. Among them are Hoja Ahmet Yasawi, Yunus Emre, Döwletmämmet Azady, Gurbandurdy Zelili, Seýitnazar Seýdi, Mämmetweli Kemine, Yūsuf Balasaguni, Imadaddin Nasimi, Fuzuli, Alisher Navoi, Omar Khayyám, Nurmuhammet Andalyp, Mollanepes, Anagylyç Mätäji, Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan and Baýram Han.

In the alley, dedicated to outstanding personalities in the history of Turkmenistan, are busts of Berdi Kerbabayev, Aman Kekilov, Beki Seytakov, Kara Seytliev, Kerim Kurbannepesov, Ata Gowshudow, Nurmyrat Saryhanow, Gurbannazar Ezizow and others.

External links
 "Parks,squares and entertain[n]ment centers in Ashgabat
 Photos
 Ilham Park - Bahar Inşaat

References

Parks in Turkmenistan
Urban public parks
2010 establishments in Turkmenistan

Inspiration Park


Anton Jaich (also Peter Anton Jaich, Jaisch, or Taich) (1804, Vienna – 1875, Brno) was a Czech painter specialising in theatrical painting and set design.

Jaich's career took him first to Graz (1836–1838), then a short period in Linz (1839), before moving on to Olomouc (1840) and then back to Graz (1842–1845). There he had stable employment working for the Estates Theatre in Prague from 1846 to 1861 where he was also in charge of lighting. He returned to Linz in 1868 where he stayed until 1872. He moved to Brno in 1873
where he was also the theatrical engineer.

Family
He had five children: Floriana Jaichová, Wilhelmina Kautská (Jaichová), Louisa Jaichová, Viktor Jaich, and Anton Jaich. Wilhelmina, known as Minna, married Johann Kautsky and was the mother of Karl Kautsky.

References

1804 births
1875 deaths
Czech scenic designers

Anton Jaich


mass mvmnt is a record label in Seattle, Washington. The Pacific Northwest-based mass mvmnt (pronounced mass movement) was formed in 2004 by a group of music producers and artists.

History
Though mass mvmnt's musical output is primarily electronic music with genres from dance music and glitchy 303 hip-hop to dub ambience and techno jazz, mass mvmnt is also associated with other work that parallels that endeavor such as: distribution, marketing, promotion & design.

Roster
 AMS + Mugfrosty
 Caro
 FCS North
 DJ Fucking in the Streets
 The Long Ranger
 Michael Sloan
 Mr. Piccolo
 Nongenetic
 Plastiq Phantom
 Ruede Hagelstein
 Riow Arai
 Scientific American

Discography
 (MM001) FCS North / Scientific American - fcssa
 (MM002) AMS + Mugfrosty - 2x4 mix
 (MM003)  AMS + Mugfrosty - USA VS Japan
 (MM004) Scientific American & Plastiq Phantom - Tubes
 (MM005) FCS North – Arc
 (MM006) DJ Fucking in the Streets
 (MM007) FCS North - Say Go
 (MM008) Time Promises Power -Tomorrow Grieves Today
 (MM009) Scientific American - Mass Dstrction
 (MM010) Mr. Piccolo - Learning to Share
 (MM011) VA - Proud to Swim Home: A Backporch Revolution Compilation for New Orleans.
 (MM012) FCS North - In The Fall
 (MM014) Scientific American - Saints Of Infinity / Simulated D.I.Y.
 (MM015) Riow Arai - DJ Mix

See also
 List of record labels

External links
 Official site

Record labels established in 2004
Electronic music record labels
Companies based in Seattle
American independent record labels
Electronic dance music record labels
Ambient music record labels

Mass mvmnt


The Woodlands is a master planned community an census-designated place (CDP) in the ye.s. state o Texas in the Hooston–The Woodlands–Sugar Lain metropolitan area. It is primarily located in Montgomery Coonty, wi portions extendin intae Harris Coonty. As o the 2010 census, the CDP population was 93,847, up frae 55,649 at the 2000 census.In 2018, th' Howard Hughes Corporation estimated the population tae be 116,278. The Wodlands is 28 mile (45 km) north ay Hooston alang Interstate 45. Thou it began as an exurban development an a bedroom community, it has also attracted corporations an has several corporate campuses, most notably Chevron Phillips Chemical, Huntsman Corporation, Woodforest National Benk, Baker Hughes, Mcdermott International, Mckesson corporation, Aon plc, Maersk line, Safmarine, an Halliburton. it won a special award fur excellence in 1994 frae the urban lain institute.

The Woodlands, Texas


Sven Kullander (9 March 1936 – 28 January 2014) was a Swedish physicist. He was professor of High Energy Physics at Uppsala University. Kullander received his doctorate from Uppsala University in 1971. He took part in experiments on measurements of nuclear shell structure from meson scattering carried out in accelerators, on the structure of Helium nuclei, and on quark structure of matter by meson production. He also contributed to the development of accelerators.

Since 1990, Kullander had been a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and since 2004, chairman of its Energy Committee.

References

1936 births
Swedish physicists
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Academic staff of Uppsala University
2014 deaths

Sven Kullander (physicist)


Venetica is a 2009 fantasy-themed action role-playing video game developed by Deck13 and published by DTP Entertainment. It was first released in Europe on 4 September 2009 for Microsoft Windows, with ports for the Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3 being released in 2009 and 2010 respectively. Venetica was later re-released for the North American market in January 2011 and distributed by Rombax Games.

The game takes place in a fictionalized version of 16th-century Europe in and around Venice in which Death is a human being chosen by a mysterious group called the Corpus to fulfill the duties of the grim reaper. When a necromancer abuses the powers to gain immortality and control the world, the last Death's daughter, Scarlett, is tasked with stopping him and rescuing her father. Players take control of Scarlett from a third-person perspective, guiding her to urban and rural areas. Scarlett uses Death's scythe to fight as well as other melee weapons and magical spells called twilight powers. Quests grant experience points that can be used to upgrade weapons and skills.

Venetica received mixed reviews from critics. The story and the ability to make choices that influence it were generally praised but graphics, audio, character design and technical problems were criticized.

Gameplay

Venetica is a single-player action role-playing game. Players control its protagonist Scarlett in a third-person 3D world from an over-the-shoulder view with a camera that can be zoomed in three fixed steps. The environment is partitioned in several maps with no true open world movement. Players on PC can use either keyboard and mouse or a gamepad to control Scarlett; on consoles only a gamepad can be used. The game uses a day and night cycle with each time of day lasting 15 minutes.

Players cannot customize the protagonist herself but the game offers an experience point based leveling system that awards skill points and attribute points with each level gained. Skill points allow Scarlett to learn new fighting or magical powers by interacting with certain non-player characters. Attribute points can be used to increase one of four basic attributes that correspond to in-game characteristics, namely "constitution" (health points), "wisdom" (mental energy), "strength" (amount of damage dealt with weapons) and "mental power" (amount of damage dealt with spells).

The protagonist can enter the spirit realm at certain places, allowing her to interact with characters who already died in the real world. Scarlett interacts with non-player characters through pre-scripted dialogue scenes that give players some freedom of choice with regards to her moral choices, allowing them to decide whether to be altruistic or egoistic. Upon reaching Venice for the first time, Scarlett has to choose between joining one of three different guilds, with that choice changing both how the story will unfold and what skills will be available to choose from. The game features a reputation system that tracks her actions in Venice and reflects her renown in the city. Completing quests often grants Reputation while illegal acts such as breaking into houses or stealing will decrease it. A sufficiently high enough Reputation is required to interact with some characters.

Fights play out by using a single attack button, combined with evasive or blocking maneuvers. However, players can chain multiple attacks to perform powerful combo attacks by timing attacks correctly. Additionally, players can use magical spells called mental skills by using mental energy, the game's equivalent to magic points. Mental energy is also used to power combat techniques called physical skills. Venetica features another type of energy called twilight energy. It is collected by fighting enemies using Death's scythe, called "Moonblade" in the game. Twilight energy also allows Scarlett to access the spirit world, called the Twilight World, which is required to solve some puzzles.

Multiple enemies attack the player at the same time, forcing them to be constantly on the move to avoid being attacked from behind. Fights against the five main villains take place twice, once in the real world and afterwards again in the Twilight World where the villain has turned into a monster. With sufficient twilight energy, Scarlett will enter the Twilight World upon death allowing players to reposition her on the battlefield. If she does not have sufficient twilight energy, she will die and players are forced to reload their last manual save-game since Venetica features neither automatic saving nor respawn points. Even after replaying scenes, cutscenes and dialogue cannot be skipped.

The game's head-up display features a medallion in the upper left corner that displays the current health in red, the current mental energy in blue and up to six segments inside that if filled in purple denote sufficient twilight energy to resurrect Scarlett upon death. In the middle is an orb that contains the player's level and which slowly fills up as they gain experience. In the upper right corner, a mini-map is displayed and in the bottom right corner, a spell bar allows quick access to currently equipped spells.

In typical role-playing game fashion, Venetica offers players the choice of different weapons and armaments as well as potions and items to heal and help the protagonist. Players can find such items in the game world, by defeating enemies and as rewards for completing quests. The game features a main quest line based on the story as well as several optional quests that allow players to gain additional loot. Venetica offers between 25 and 40 hours of single-player gameplay.

Synopsis

Setting and characters
The story of Venetica takes place in a 16th-century styled world in and around Venice where Death is a physical being, who follows the instructions of a group known as Corpus. Every generation, Corpus must select the successor for Death. The game takes place after the council chooses a necromancer to control Death and he decides to bring complete death and destruction upon the world. This necromancer has immortalized himself through Death; thus, the current Death and Corpus cannot stop him. The player takes control of Scarlett, Death's daughter, who must cultivate and grow her powers to save her father and the world from the necromancer.

Plot
Scarlett is living in the small fictional village of San Pasquale near Venice with her lover, Benedict. The game begins with the village being attacked by assassins and Benedict dying in order to protect Scarlett. On the night after the attack, Death appears in her dreams and reveals that she, who thought herself an orphan, is actually his daughter, conceived shortly before he became Death, granting Scarlett many of Death's powers. He tells her that Victor, the Undead Archon, used a loophole in the rules that bind existence to cheat death and become nearly immortal. Initially chosen to be Death's successor by the Corpus, he instead focused on the forbidden art of necromancy and was cast out. Denied what he considers his birth right to become Death, he swore vengeance on the world. For his plans, he recruited four allies to rule the mortal world as the Undead Five: The Mistress of the Assassin's Guild, Hector of Persia, Princess Chiamaka of Africa and the Doge of Venice. Death informs Scarlett that Victor is seeking the Black Grimoire, a powerful book of spells that would allow him to consolidate his power forever.

Tasked by Death to do so, Scarlett travels to Venice to track down the necromancer Sophistos, the last guardian of the Black Grimoire, to learn whether he destroyed the book as instructed. On her way into the city, Scarlett is accosted by the Mistress of Assassins which she defeats in a duel. She then tracks down Sophistos to Hector's flagship which anchors near Venice. Upon reaching him, Sophistos is killed but Scarlett defeats Hector and sinks his ship. She goes to Sophistos' house in Venice and uses her powers to converse with his spirit there. He tells her that he constructed a furnace hot enough to burn the book but instead opted to hide it, forcing Scarlett to retrieve it. After finding it and battling Sophistos' ghost who objects to the book's destruction, Scarlett manages to destroy the book. Scarlett will then move into the Inner City after deciding which of three guilds to join: The Order of the Holy Seal, a warrior order fueled by revenge that Benedict wanted to join before his death, The Hooded Wings, a guild of discreet messengers, or the Net of the Mask, the necromancer guild Victor was a member of. Depending on which guild is chosen, different tasks have to be fulfilled.

Princess Chiamaka places a curse on Scarlett which will eventually kill her if not removed by the Princess herself. Scarlett travels to Africa to confront Chiamaka and after defeating her, the curse is lifted and also gives her an essence needed to reach Victor who has sealed himself in the Doge's Palace. She enters the Palace to find that Victor has magically forced the Doge to reconstruct the Black Grimoire from the Twilight World where it ended up after its prior destruction. Scarlett fights both men and manages to kill the Doge but not before he finished transcribing the book. Scarlett and Victor fight for it and Victor merges with the spirit of the Doge in the Twilight World. After defeating the merged being, Scarlett fights and defeats Victor in his mortal form. After his defeat, Death will appear and offer Scarlett to kill Victor herself or to let Death take him. The game ends with one of two cutscenes, depending on whether Scarlett behaved nobly or villainous.

Development
Venetica was developed by Deck13, a small German developer with less than 40 employees which had previously mainly developed point-and-click adventure games, such as Ankh and Jack Keane. The game was first announced by publisher DTP Entertainment on 27 May 2008 with the release of story information and four screenshots. More features, such as the day and night cycle, were shown to the press in October 2008. In March 2009, the developer collaborated with German games magazine PC Games to give players the chance to name a weapon in the game complete with back story. On 21 April 2009, the winner was revealed to be "Chantori".

On 26 August 2009, publisher DTP Entertainment announced that the Windows version of Venetica had gone gold. Venetica was first released for the European market on 4 September 2009 for Microsoft Windows. In December 2009, Deck13 released a patch that significantly improved the game's graphics and level of detail as well as its performance and added a number of new features.

The game was later ported to the Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3. The Xbox 360 version was developed by Wizarbox and released on 18 December 2009. The PlayStation 3 version was released on 3 December 2010. All versions of Venetica were released in North America in January 2011 where they were distributed by Rombax Games. Despite internal wishes, Deck13 has ruled out a sequel in December 2017.

Reception

The game got "mixed or average reviews" for Windows, and "generally unfavorable reviews" for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 according to ranking aggregator Metacritic.

The graphical design of the game was generally found lacking and dated by reviewers. RPGamer called the setting "stunning" but limited their praise to the scenery, adding that up-close areas and characters look incorrect and that the game is marred with inconsistencies. GamesRadar+ called the experience of playing the game "dizzying", citing sharp light contrasts, erratic camera and too small subtitles, and opined that the graphics would have been considered terrible even on previous generation consoles like the PlayStation 2 or the GameCube. In his review for Bit-Tech, Chris Pickering agreed with these criticisms but pointed out that at times, such as the shimmering effect of certain weapons, the graphics are actually quite good. The graphics on the console versions were generally considered worse than for the PC version despite the game not using the full potential of the consoles.

There was near unanimous consensus among reviewers that the game suffered from many graphical bugs, with critics citing examples such as limbs appearing in door and walls, swords hovering in the air, items appearing through other items, and disappearing shadows. IGN opined that these, combined with stiff animations and poor lip-syncing, made the game unintentionally funny.

The soundtrack was rated passable but unimpressive and reviewers noted a distinct lack of music. Venetica received worse reviews for its English versions with many reviewers particularly criticizing the poor writing, voice acting and recording as well as non-matching subtitles that suffer from poor spelling.

The fight system received mixed reactions. Some critics lauded the combo system and the useful spells that allow the player to handle larger groups of enemies without the game becoming too easy for it as well as adding some needed variety. Others were less enthusiastic, calling the fight system shallow and repetitive "button-mashing"-only and especially criticized that because of the poor camera movement or getting stuck in the environment, players suffer unpreventable deaths. Writing for PC World, Matt Peckham opined that the game forces players to simply keep hitting buttons as enemies can withstand even strong attacks with ease, comparing fights to "chiseling stone that can chisel back" and speculating that the developers increased the enemies' strength in an attempt to draw out engagements. Reviewers also bemoaned the lack of an autosave feature, forcing players who did not manually save to replay large parts of the game with no way to skip ahead. The controls on Windows were criticized by some, with Bit-Tech opining that players using keyboard and mouse were at a disadvantage.

German magazine GameStar praised the quest design, emphasizing that quest givers are believable within the story and that the quests are varied, although it noted that feedback for solving quests diminishes in the later stages of the game. IGN liked the aspect of the Twilight World and how players are forced to switch worlds to solve some quests and defeat some enemies. Critics also liked the morality system and that players can choose different approaches and make choices on how to proceed, although the lack of long-term impact was noted. Others found the quests less interesting, opining that they boil down to simple kill or retrieve quests.

The writing and character design was criticized by some critics as mediocre. Writing for Destructoid, Hollie Bennett opined that the characters felt so two-dimensional and underdeveloped that she felt relief when some traveling companions died and no longer had to be interacted with. She went on to say that she liked the basic idea and emphasized that Venetica was an accomplishment for such a small development team but criticized that the developer's over-ambition led to so many problems that the game became frustrating to play. On the other hand, IGN emphasized that the story was interesting and liked the branching storylines and morality choices the game offers.

References

External links
 Official website
 Deck13 official website

2009 video games
Action role-playing video games
Deck13 games
DTP Entertainment games
Fantasy video games
PlayStation 3 games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in Germany
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games set in Venice
Windows games
Wizarbox games
Xbox 360 games

Venetica


Investigation Held by Kolobki (, translit. Sledstvie vedut kolobki) is a series of Soviet animated shorts by Alexander Tatarsky and Igor Kovalyov that were produced from 1986 to 1987.

The first two shorts were produced by Soyuztelefilm in 1986, whereas the third and fourth shorts were produced by Studio Ekran in 1987.

After the shorts were released, the Pilot Brothers duo came to be heavily used by Tatarskiy's studio, Pilot TV, particularly in the series The Fruttis Attic and The Academy of Our Mistaks [sic].

The name of the series of shorts is a pun on a once-popular Soviet television series Investigation Held by ZnaToKi.

Plot summary

A foreign smuggler named Karbophos (an allusion to Karabas Barabas, though also a Soviet term for Malathion insecticide), under the guise of a tourist, steals a rare striped elephant—named Baldakhin—from a city zoo in Berdychev. Previously, Karbophos had been the owner of Baldakhin, but due to his abuse of the elephant, it fled from him. The renowned Kolobki brothers—a detective duo—take up the investigation.

At a souvenir shop, Karbophos obtains a certificate for a porcelain elephant that he purchases (and then promptly breaks). He attempts to use said certificate to board a aeroplane with Baldakhin.

However, the Kolobki brothers manage to arrive in the nick of time, and lure the elephant away with cod-liver oil. Karbophos is eventually shot with a balloon gun, and flies away. The Kolobki brothers and Baldakhin (along with a turncoat ex-servant of Karbophos) then walk through the city.

Voice cast

 Leonid Bronevoy as Chief (in the first two shorts)
 Michael Evdokimov as Chief (in the second two shorts)
 Aleksey Ptitsin as Colleague
 Stanislav Fedosov as all of the other characters

Pilot Brothers

Trivia
 On August 9, 2018, an English version of the cartoon was posted on the Gosteleradiofond YouTube channel.

References

External links

 Sledstviye vedut kolobki at Animator.ru: , ,

1986 films
1987 films
Films based on works by Eduard Uspensky
Soviet animated films
Studio Ekran films
Films directed by Igor Kovalyov

Investigation Held by Kolobki


Motor racing was contested at the 1900 Summer Olympics. Fourteen events were held in conjunction with 1900 World's Fair. These events have generally not been classified as official, although the IOC has never decided which events were "Olympic" and which were not.
Entries were by manufacturers rather than drivers and competitors' names were not adequately reported at the time. The exceptions are the two classes of the Paris-Toulouse-Paris race, one class of which was won by Louis Renault. Most events had only French competitors but there were some international entries.

Medal summary

1900 in sports

Motor racing at the 1900 Summer Olympics


Lola Shoneyin (born Titilola Atinuke Alexandrah Shoneyin; 26 February 1974 in Ibadan, Nigeria) is a Nigerian poet and author who launched her debut novel, The Secret Lives of Baba Segi's Wives, in the UK in May 2010. Shoneyin has forged a reputation as an adventurous, humorous and outspoken poet (often classed in the feminist mould), having published three volumes of poetry. Her writing delves into themes related to female sexuality and the difficulties of domestic life in Africa. In April 2014 she was named on the Hay Festival's Africa39 list of 39 Sub-Saharan African writers aged under 40 with potential and talent to define trends in African literature. Lola won the PEN Award in America as well as the Ken Saro-Wiwa Award for prose in Nigeria. She was also on the list for the Orange Prize in the UK for her debut novel, The Secret of Baba Segi's Wives, in 2010. She lives in Lagos, Nigeria, where she runs the annual Aké Arts and Book Festival. In 2017, she was named African Literary Person of the Year by Brittle Paper.

Biography

Early life
Titilola Atinuke Alexandrah Shoneyin was born in Ibadan, the capital of Oyo State, south-western Nigeria, in 1974. She is the youngest of six children and the only girl. Her parents, Chief Tinuoye Shoneyin and Mrs. Yetunde Shoneyin (née Okupe), are Remo indigenes from Ogun State.

Shoneyin's work is significantly influenced by her life, notably providing material on polygamy for her debut novel; her maternal grandfather, Abraham Olayinka Okupe (1896-1976) was the traditional ruler of Iperu Remo and had five wives. He ascended the throne in 1938 and died in 1976.

Education and career

At the age of six, she went to boarding school in the UK, attending Cargilfield School, Edinburgh; The Collegiate School, Winterbourne, Bristol, and Fettes Junior School in Edinburgh. Returning to Nigeria after her father was imprisoned by the then military government, she completed her secondary education at Abadina College. She later earned her BA (Hons) degree from Ogun State University in 1994/95.

Shoneyin's early writing consists mainly of poetry and short stories. Early examples of her work appeared in the Post Express in 1995, which features a short story about a Nigerian woman who leaves her husband for an Austrian woman. This story initiated dialogue about homosexuality within a Nigerian context.

Her first volume of poetry, So All the Time I was Sitting on an Egg, was published by Ovalonion House, Nigeria, in 1998. Shoneyin attended the renowned International Writing Program in Iowa, USA, in August 1999 and was also in that year a Distinguished Scholar at the University of St. Thomas (Minnesota).

Her second volume of poetry, Song of a Riverbird, was published in Nigeria (Ovalonion House) in 2002. While living in England, she obtained a teaching degree from London Metropolitan University in 2005.

Shoneyin completed her first novel in 2000. Her second novel, Harlot, received some interest, but the story of a young girl growing up in colonial Nigeria to make a fortune as a "Madame" remains unpublished.  Shoneyin moved on to her third novel, The Secret Lives of Baba Segi's Wives, which was published in 2010. It was adapted as a stage play by Rotimi Babatunde and it showed in the Arcola Theatre in London.

Cassava Republic Press, Nigeria, published Shoneyin's third poetry collection, For the Love of Flight, in February 2010. Mayowa and the Masquerades, a children's book, was also published by Cassava Republic, in July 2010.

Shoneyin has also written for newspapers, including The Scotsman, The Guardian, and The Times on issues such as racism, Nigeria's tradition of polygamous marriage, the Nigerian terrorist group Boko Haram and the elections of now President Muhammadu Buhari.

She is the founder and Director of Book Buzz Foundation, a non-governmental organization established in 2012 for the promotion of arts and culture within local and global spaces. She co-founded Infusion, a popular monthly gathering for music, art and culture in Abuja, Nigeria. Shoneyin served as a judge of the 2018 Caine Prize for African Writing. She also runs the publishing imprint and bookshop Ouida Books in Nigeria.

Private life
Her first marriage lasted a short 40 days and is now remarried to medical doctor Olaokun Soyinka, son of Nobel laureate Wole Soyinka for 22 years. She currently lives in Lagos with her husband and four children (2 boys and 2 girls).

Works

Novels
Mayowa and the Masquerades - January 2021
Nostalgia is an Extreme Sport: An essay from the collection, Of This Our Country - September 2010
Baba Segi, Ses Épouses, Leurs Secrets October 2016
The Secret Lives of Baba Segi's Wives, London: Serpent's Tail, May 2010.
Longlisted for the 2011 Orange Prize, won the 2011 PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award and won two Association of Nigerian Authors Awards.
 Translated into seven languages, published in Italian as Prudenti Come Serpenti.

Short stories
 "Woman in Her Season", Post Express Newspapers, 1996

Poetry
 So All the Time I was Sitting on an Egg (1998)
 Song of a River Bird, Ovalonion House (Nigeria, 2002)
 For the Love of Flight (2010)

Children's books
 Mayowa and the Masquerade, July 2010, published in the US in 2020

Scholarly study of Lola Shoneyin's work
Abiola, Emmanuel. Negotiating Patriarchal Structures: Polygamy and Female Agency in Lola Shoneyin's The Secret Lives of Baba Segi's Wives. Ibadan Journal of English Studies 7 (2018): 497–504.
Bámgbózé, Gabriel. "Beyond Gender Allegory: A Postcolonial Reading of Lola Shoneyin's Poetry. Ibadan Journal of English Studies 7 (2018): 155-170.
Jegede, O. B.  Subversive (re) writing and body poetics in Lola Shoneyin's "So all the time I was sitting on an egg". Ibadan Journal of English Studies 7 (2018): 207–224.

References

External links

 Website
 BBC Woman's Hour interview, 6 April 2010.
 "PublisHer #Unmasked, Africa: Lola Shoneyin", 17 September 2020. Interview with Maimouna Jallow.

Nigerian women poets
Nigerian women novelists
1974 births
Living people
People educated at Cargilfield School
People educated at Fettes College
Writers from Ibadan
Yoruba women writers
20th-century Nigerian poets
21st-century Nigerian novelists
Alumni of London Metropolitan University
20th-century Nigerian women writers
Olabisi Onabanjo University alumni
Ransome-Kuti family
21st-century Nigerian poets
21st-century Nigerian women writers
Yoruba people
People from Oyo State

Lola Shoneyin


Tom Kalin (born 1962) is a screenwriter, film director, producer, and professor of experimental film at European Graduate School in Saas-Fee.

His debut feature, Swoon, is considered an integral part of the New Queer Cinema. In addition to his feature work, Kalin has created a number of short films, many of which are collected in the compilations Behold Goliath or The Boy With the Filthy Laugh, Third Known Nest and Tom Kalin Videoworks: Volume 2.

Much of Kalin's work touches on issues of homosexuality (both modern-day and historical) and AIDS. He was a member of two AIDS direct action groups, ACT UP and Gran Fury. His work has won much critical acclaim and garnered a number of awards and nominations, including honors from the Berlin International Film Festival, Sundance Film Festival, Tribeca Film Fest and a number of gay and lesbian film festivals. Kalin won the Gotham Awards Open Palm Award (for Swoon) and has been nominated for two Independent Spirit Awards.

Kalin's last project was Savage Grace,  Savage Grace tells the story of the 1972 Barbara Daly Baekeland murder case and stars Julianne Moore as Baekeland.

Tom Kalin has taught graduate-level filmmaking classes at Columbia University School of the Arts, and is currently lecturing at the European Graduate School in Switzerland.

He is a 2011 Guggenheim Fellow.

Life and career

Early life and education
Tom Kalin was born into a lower middle class Irish-Catholic family in Chicago, Illinois. His household consisted of 11 siblings with the oldest being 19 years older than Kalin. Kalin received a BFA in painting from the University of Illinois in 1984 and a MFA in Photography and Video from The School of the Art Institute of Chicago in 1987.

Art and activism: Gran Fury & ACT UP
In the 1980s and 1990s, Tom Kalin worked with ACT UP and was one of the founding members of the AIDS activist artist coalition called Gran Fury. Gran Fury created public service announcement videos such as "Kissing Doesn't Kill," part of a campaign that included postcard mailing and city bus advertisements, whose intent was to raise awareness of the failures in government response.

Swoon
During the 1990s, Kalin began a project called Third Known Nest where he made a short 3-4 minute film every year that reflected the loss and pain caused by the AIDS epidemic. In an interview with the La Guardia and Wagner Archives, Kalin describes his belief in the importance of filmmaking: "I think there's something really valuable about making work and being honest about it in very ugly times. It's easy to make work in the happy times of life, but what I think is beneficial to other people is to try to be honest about really painful, difficult times in your life, and I think of that as that. I think of me telling the truth about what happened in a kind of indirect way – they're lyrical, short films; they don't explain everything."

Swoon, Kalin's feature film debut in 1992, was based on the 1924 Leopold and Loeb murder case. Unlike Rope, the 1948 Alfred Hitchcock film about the same case, Swoon sought to depict a stylized allegory relevant for an era filled with fear about the AIDS crisis and anger towards an unresponsive government. The reception to Swoon was mixed; the screening at the San Francisco Gay and Lesbian Film Festival caused criticism about the film's presentation of homosexual deviance. The film's purpose was not negative representation but was instead inspired by anger towards social causes for injustices such as the AIDS crisis, and the 1986 Bowers v. Hardwick case that was used criminalize homosexuality. Kalin wanted to make a "radical, political movie, actually, in a genre form," setting his story in a film noir background. The total cost of the film in 1992 was $250,000; it was filmed in 16mm within 14 days.

Partial filmography

Director
 Savage Grace (2007)
 The Robots of Sodom (2003)
 Third Known Nest (1999)
 Plain Pleasures (1996)
 Nomads (1994)
 Geoffrey Beene 30 (1993)
 Nation (1992)
 Swoon (1992)

Writer
 Third Known Nest (1999)
 Office Killer (1997)
 Geoffrey Beene 30 (1993)
 Nation (1992)
 Swoon (1992)

Producer
 I Shot Andy Warhol (1996) (producer)
 Go Fish (1994) (executive producer)
 Swoon (1992) (co-producer)

References

External links
 Tom Kalin Faculty Page at European Graduate School. Biography, bibliography, photos and video lectures
 Tom Kalin at Internet Movie Database
 Photo of Tom Kalin
 Kalin's Saving "Grace"
 Tom Kalin in the Video Data Bank
 2008 Bomb Magazine Tom Kalin interviewed by Bette Gordon

1962 births
Living people
American expatriates in Switzerland
Columbia University faculty
Academic staff of European Graduate School
American gay writers
HIV/AIDS activists
American LGBT film directors
American LGBT rights activists
American LGBT screenwriters
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign College of Media alumni
School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni

Tom Kalin


Tin(II) fluoride, also known as stannous fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnF2. It contains tin and fluoride ions. The tin is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
Tin(II) fluoride is a colorless crystalline solid. It dissolves in water. It is a reducing agent. It can be oxidized to solid tin(IV) fluoride, which does not work for dentistry.

Preparation
It is made by reacting tin or its oxide with hydrofluoric acid.

Uses
It is commonly used in toothpastes as a source of fluoride ions. The fluoride ions react with the enamel of the tooth, making it harder to attack by bacteria. It also stops gingivitis. Some mouthwashes have tin(II) fluoride in them.

Related pages
Tin(II) chloride
Tin(IV) chloride

Tin compounds
Fluorine compounds

Tin(II) fluoride


The Brandenburg Concertos (BWV 1046–1051) by Johann Sebastian Bach  is a collection of six instrumental works presented by Bach to Christian Ludwig, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt, in 1721 (though probably composed earlier). The original French title is Six Concerts à plusieurs instruments, meaning "Six Concertos for several instruments". Some of the pieces feature several solo instruments in combination. They are widely regarded as some of the greatest orchestral compositions of the Baroque era.

History

It is uncertain when most of the material for the Brandenburg Concertos was written. It is clear that the first movement of Concerto No. 1 (BWV 1046) was based on an introduction to Bach's 1713 cantata Was mir behagt, and the second and last may have been as well. It also seems likely that Concerto No. 5 was the last to be written; it features a prominent harpsichord part, which is presumed to be for a new instrument ordered for Prince Leopold from the instrument-maker Michael Mietke and paid for by Bach in Berlin in 1719. Speculation regarding the composition dates of the other concertos varies, taking into account the styles of the pieces as well as the instrumentation Bach would have had available during his years prior to the date of the compiled manuscript.

In 1721, Bach compiled the six concertos, writing them almost entirely in his own hand instead of leaving the work to a copyist. He presented the collection to Christian Ludwig, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt, under the title Six Concerts à plusieurs instruments (Six Concertos for several instruments) with a dedication dated 24 March. Translated from the original French, the first sentence of Bach's dedication reads:

As I had the good fortune a few years ago to be heard by Your Royal Highness, at Your Highness's commands, and as I noticed then that Your Highness took some pleasure in the little talents which Heaven has given me for Music, and as in taking Leave of Your Royal Highness, Your Highness deigned to honour me with the command to send Your Highness some pieces of my Composition: I have in accordance with Your Highness's most gracious orders taken the liberty of rendering my most humble duty to Your Royal Highness with the present Concertos, which I have adapted to several instruments; begging Your Highness most humbly not to judge their imperfection with the rigour of that discriminating and sensitive taste, which everyone knows Him to have for musical works, but rather to take into benign Consideration the profound respect and the most humble obedience which I thus attempt to show Him.

It is likely that the performance this excerpt mentions happened during the trip Bach took to Berlin in 1719, to pay for the new Mietke harpsichord.

Bach's titular reference to scoring the concertos for "several instruments" has drawn commentary. Christoph Wolff treats it as an understatement, observing that Bach used the "widest imaginable spectrum of orchestral instruments. The modest title does not begin to suggest the degree of innovation exhibited in the daring combinations ...  Every one of the six concertos set a precedent in its scoring, and every one was to remain without parallel." Boyd (1993) interprets it as an indication that the concertos are written in a Venetian style, "with its greater opportunities for soloistic display ... 'Concerti a quattro', 'Concerti a cinque' etc.", and also perhaps that Bach was indicating the number of different instruments, or that the sound was intended to evoke a larger orchestra even with only one player to a part. Heinrich Besseler has noted that the overall forces required (leaving aside the first concerto, which was rewritten for a special occasion) tallies exactly with the 17 players Bach had at his disposal in Köthen, although Wolff contradicts this: "contrary to conventional wisdom, the collection does not reflect specific structure of ensembles available either to the margrave of Brandenburg or to the prince of Anhalt-Cöthen."

In later years
It is often asserted that Christian Ludwig lacked the musicians in his Berlin ensemble to perform the concertos, and that the score was left unused in the Margrave's library until his death in 1734, but Boyd argues that the evidence does not necessarily support these assertions, and that "it seems unlikely that Bach would have sent him six concertos totally unsuitable for his musicians to play." Nevertheless, the concertos were not included by name in the library inventory after Christian Ludwig's death, and it is uncertain who they went to. The next owner we have a record of was Bach's own pupil Johann Kirnberger, who left the collection to Princess Anna Amalia on his death, who subsequently bequeathed it to the Joachimsthal Gymnasium from which it was transferred to the Royal Library of Berlin (now the Berlin State Library) in 1914. The manuscript was nearly lost during World War II, while being transported for safekeeping to Prussia by train in the care of a librarian – the train came under aerial bombardment, and the librarian escaped from the train to a nearby forest, with the scores hidden under his coat.  the manuscript remains in the Berlin State Library.

After Bach's death only the fifth concerto received any widespread attention, probably due to the fashion for keyboard concertos; the rest seem to have been forgotten. The pieces were rediscovered by Siegfried Dehn, who found them in Princess Amalia's library in 1849 and had them published for the first time the following year, the centenary of Bach's death. However, this publication appears not to have spurred large numbers of performances, and those that did occur tended to adapt the instrumentation to the forces available to modern orchestras. The concertos' current place in the canon is instead owed to the advent of recording technology; the first recording of the complete set was made in 1936, directed by Adolf Busch, and the revival of interest in historically informed performance made the pieces popular for further recordings on period instruments. They have also been performed as chamber music, with one instrument per part, especially by groups using "baroque instruments" and historically informed techniques and practice. There is also an arrangement for four-hand piano duet by composer Max Reger.

A Karl Richter recording of Concerto No. 2 was sent into space in 1977 on the Voyager Golden Record.

In 2001, the piece came in at number 22 in the Classic 100 Original (ABC) listing. In 2007, all six of the concertos appeared on the Classic 100 Concerto (ABC) listing.

Concertos

In the overview table, the first column shows the title, the second the key, the third the number in the Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis (BWV), the fourth the prominent instruments (solo).

Concerto No. 1 in F major, BWV 1046

Title on autograph score: Concerto 1mo à 2 Corni di Caccia, 3 Hautb: è Bassono, Violino Piccolo concertato, 2 Violini, una Viola col Basso Continuo.

Instrumentation: two corni da caccia (natural horns), three oboes, bassoon, violino piccolo, two violins, viola and basso continuo (harpsichord, cello, viola da gamba and/or violone)

Duration: about 22 minutes

The Brandenburg Concerto No. 1, BWV 1046.2 (BWV 1046), is the only one in the collection with four movements. The concerto also exists in an alternative version, Sinfonia BWV 1046.1 (formerly BWV 1046a), which appears to have been composed during Bach's years at Weimar. The Sinfonia, which lacks the third movement entirely, and the Polacca (or Poloinesse, polonaise) from the final movement, appears to have been intended as the opening of the cantata Was mir behagt, ist nur die muntre Jagd, BWV 208. This implies a date of composition possibly as early as the 1713 premiere of the cantata, although it could have been used for a subsequent revival.

The first movement can also be found as the sinfonia of a later cantata Falsche Welt, dir trau ich nicht, BWV 52, but in a version without the piccolo violin that is closer to Sinfonia BWV 1046a. The third movement was used as the opening chorus of the cantata Vereinigte Zwietracht der wechselnden Saiten, BWV 207, where the horns are replaced by trumpets.

Concerto No. 2 in F major, BWV 1047

Title on autograph score: Concerto 2do à 1 Tromba, 1 Flauto, 1 Hautbois, 1 Violino, concertati, è 2 Violini, 1 Viola è Violone in Ripieno col Violoncello è Basso per il Cembalo.

Concertino: natural trumpet in F, recorder, oboe, violin

Ripieno: two violins, viola, violone, cello and harpsichord (as basso continuo)

Duration: about 13 minutes

The trumpet part is still considered one of the most difficult in the entire repertoire, and was originally written for a clarino specialist, almost certainly the court trumpeter in Köthen, Johann Ludwig Schreiber. After clarino skills were lost in the eighteenth century and before the rise of the historically informed performance movement of the late twentieth century, the part was often played on the piccolo trumpet in B, and occasionally on a French horn.

The clarino does not play in the second movement, as is common practice in baroque era concerti. This is due to its construction, which allows it to play only in major keys. Because concerti often move to a minor key in the second movement, concerti that include the instrument in their first movement and are from the period before the valved trumpet was commonly used usually exclude the trumpet from the second movement.

The first movement of this concerto was chosen as the first musical piece to be played on the Voyager Golden Record, a phonograph record containing a broad sample of Earth's common sounds, languages, and music sent into outer space with the two Voyager probes. The first movement served as a theme for Great Performances in the early-to-mid 1980s, while the third movement served as the theme for William F. Buckley Jr.'s Firing Line; a revival featuring Margaret Hoover also used the first movement.

Recent research has revealed that this concerto is based on a lost chamber music version for quintet called "Concerto da camera in Fa Maggiore" (Chamber Concerto in F major), whose catalogue number is BWV 1047R. It is similar to the orchestral version, in that the trumpet, flute, oboe and solo violin parts are the same, but the orchestra part has been arranged for basso continuo (or piano) by Klaus Hofmann. This reconstructed quintet arrangement is also the very first piano reduction of the 2nd Brandenburg Concerto ever published by Bärenreiter Verlag (Product Number BA 5196).

Concerto No. 3 in G major, BWV 1048

Title on autograph score: Concerto 3zo à tre Violini, tre Viole, è tre Violoncelli col Basso per il Cembalo.

Instrumentation: three violins, three violas, three cellos, and harpsichord (as basso continuo)

Duration: about 10 minutes

The second movement consists of a single measure with the two chords that make up a 'Phrygian half cadence' and—although there is no direct evidence to support it—it was likely that these chords are meant to surround or follow a cadenza improvised by a harpsichord or violin player. Modern performance approaches range from simply playing the cadence with minimal ornamentation (treating it as a sort of "musical semicolon"), to inserting movements from other works, to cadenzas varying in length from under a minute to over two minutes. Wendy Carlos's three electronic performances (from Switched-On Bach, Switched-On Brandenburgs, and Switched-On Bach 2000) have second movements that are completely different from each other. Occasionally, the third movement from Bach's Sonata for Violin and Continuo in G, BWV 1021 (marked Largo) is substituted for the second movement as it contains an identical 'Phrygian cadence' as the closing chords. The Largo from the Sonata for Violin and Obbligato Harpsichord in G major, BWV 1019, has also been used.

The outer movements use the ritornello form found in many instrumental and vocal works of the time. The first movement can also be found in reworked form as the sinfonia of the cantata Ich liebe den Höchsten von ganzem Gemüte, BWV 174, with the addition of three oboes and two horns.

This concerto is the shortest of the six.

Concerto No. 4 in G major, BWV 1049

Title on autograph score: Concerto 4to à Violino Principale, due Fiauti d'Echo, due Violini, una Viola è Violone in Ripieno, Violoncello è Continuo.

Concertino: violin and two recorders (described in the original score as "flauti d'echo").

Ripieno: two violins, violas, violone, cellos and basso continuo (harpsichord and/or viola da gamba)

Duration: about 15 minutes and 20 seconds

The violin part in this concerto is extremely virtuosic in the first and third movements. In the second movement, the violin provides a bass when the concertino group plays unaccompanied.

It has been debated what instrument Bach had in mind for the "fiauti d'echo" parts. Nowadays these are usually played on alto recorders, although transverse flutes are sometimes used instead: it is also theorised Bach's original intent may have been the flageolet. In some performances, such as those conducted by Nikolaus Harnoncourt, the two recorders are positioned offstage, thus giving an "echo" effect.

Bach adapted the 4th Brandenburg concerto as a harpsichord concerto, BWV 1057.

Concerto No. 5 in D major, BWV 1050

Title on autograph score: Concerto 5to à une Traversiere, une Violino principale, une Violino è una Viola in ripieno, Violoncello, Violone è Cembalo concertato.

Concertino: harpsichord, violin, flute

Ripieno: violin, viola, cello and violone

Duration: about 23 minutes

The harpsichord is both a concertino and a ripieno instrument. In the concertino passages the part is obbligato; in the ripieno passages it has a figured bass part and plays continuo.

This concerto makes use of a popular chamber music ensemble of the time (flute, violin, and harpsichord), which Bach used on its own for the middle movement. It is believed that it was written in 1719, to show off a new harpsichord by Michael Mietke which Bach had brought back from Berlin for the Köthen court. It is also thought that Bach wrote it for a competition at Dresden with the French composer and organist Louis Marchand; in the central movement, Bach uses one of Marchand's themes. Marchand fled before the competition could take place, apparently scared off in the face of Bach's great reputation for virtuosity and improvisation.

The concerto is well suited throughout to showing off the qualities of a fine harpsichord and the virtuosity of its player, but especially in the lengthy solo cadenza to the first movement. It seems almost certain that Bach, considered a great organ and harpsichord virtuoso, was the harpsichord soloist at the premiere. Scholars have seen in this work the origins of the solo keyboard concerto as it is the first example of a concerto with a solo keyboard part.

An earlier version, BWV 1050a, exists, and has many small differences from its later cousin, but no major difference in structure or instrumentation. It is dated ca. 1720–21.

Concerto No. 6 in B-flat major, BWV 1051

Title on autograph score: Concerto 6to a due Viole da Braccio, due Viole da Gamba, Violoncello, Violone e Cembalo.

Instrumentation: two viole da braccio, two viole da gamba, cello, violone, and harpsichord

Duration: about 16 minutes

The absence of violins is unusual. Viola da braccio means the normal viola, and is used here to distinguish it from the viola da gamba. When the work was written in 1721, the viola da gamba was already an old-fashioned instrument: the strong supposition that one viola da gamba part was taken by his employer, Prince Leopold, also points to a likely reason for the concerto's composition—Leopold wished to join his Kapellmeister playing music. This is supported by the knowledge that Bach wished to end his tenure under Prince Leopold. By upsetting the balance of the musical roles, he would be released from his servitude as Kapellmeister and allowed to seek employment elsewhere.

The two violas start the first movement with a vigorous subject in close canon, and as the movement progresses, the other instruments are gradually drawn into the seemingly uninterrupted steady flow of melodic invention which shows the composer's mastery of polyphony. The two violas da gamba are silent in the second movement, leaving the texture of a trio sonata for two violas and continuo, although the cello has a decorated version of the continuo bass line. In the last movement, the spirit of the gigue underlies everything, as it did in the finale of the fifth concerto.

References

Further reading

External links
Scores

Essays
classicalnotes.net: Brandenburg Concertos – Comprehensive discussion by Peter Gutmann including assessment of recordings
Inkpot: The Brandenburg Concertos – An introduction by Benjamin Chee
good-music-guide.com: Brandenburg Concertos – Introductory survey

Recordings
List of recordings, with reviews, from jsbach.org
Brandenburg Concerto No. 2, Brandenburg Concerto No. 3, Brandenburg Concerto No. 4, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 and Brandenburg Concerto No. 6, : performances by the Netherlands Bach Society (video and background information)
 High-Definition video of Brandenburg Concertos 3 & 4 performed on original instruments by the ensemble Voices of Music, copyright free for use in classrooms

1721 compositions
Compositions in F major
Compositions in G major
Compositions in D major
Compositions in B-flat major
Compositions for trumpet
Compositions for viola
Compositions for horn
Compositions for bassoon
Compositions for cello
Compositions for flute
Compositions for oboe
Concerti grossi
Concertos by Johann Sebastian Bach
Harpsichord concertos
Bach
Köthen (Anhalt)
Contents of the Voyager Golden Record
Concertos for multiple instruments

Brandenburg Concertos


Wayzata ( ) is a small lakeside city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. It is about  west of Minneapolis on the shores of Lake Minnetonka. Wayzata is known for its small-town character and quaint downtown area along the lake.

As of the 2010 census, the population was 3,688. A line of the BNSF Railway runs through town.

History

Early history

The name "Wayzata" comes from the Dakota word meaning "north" or "north shore." The Mdewakanton, a subtribe of the Dakota nation, treasured Lake Minnetonka—the "Big Water"—as a place for hunting, fishing, and harvesting wild rice and maple sap. Spirit Knob, a peninsula in Wayzata Bay, was regarded as a particularly sacred place. The Dakota resided in this area of Minnesota until 1851, when the Treaty of Mendota was signed and land west of the Mississippi was opened for Euro-American settlement. Most Dakota were exiled from Minnesota after 1862.

Oscar E. Garrison originally platted Wayzata in 1854. In 1855, it saw an influx of settlers, who built a sawmill, a hotel, and a blacksmith shop. Most early settlers made their living by clear-cutting the land to grow corn and wheat. In 1857, this flourishing economy was nearly terminated by a grasshopper infestation, but the community rebounded when ginseng was discovered in the remaining hardwood forest. Ginseng root was in great demand as an aphrodisiac in China. During this boom, Wayzata became a collection center for ginseng roots discovered around Lake Minnetonka.

In 1867 the Saint Paul and Pacific Railroad extended its tracks to Wayzata, making it the area's transportation hub. The railroad was particularly important to local farmers because they now had easy access to markets in Minneapolis, Saint Paul, and beyond. The railroad also made Wayzata the original "gateway" to Lake Minnetonka, which was billed as a place of commanding beauty and good health.

Resort period

In the 1860s and 1870s many small hotels and boarding houses were erected around Wayzata and Lake Minnetonka to accommodate tourists. One early example was the Maurer House-West Hotel, which was built near the corner of Lake Street and Broadway Avenue. Most local hotels and boarding houses were rather primitive until 1879, when the 150-room Hotel Saint Louis was built in Deephaven. The Lake Park Hotel in Tonka Bay, Arlington Hotel in Wayzata, and the massive Hotel Lafayette in Minnetonka Beach soon followed. These large, grandiose hotels primarily catered to wealthy tourists who came from the East and South to spend entire summers on Lake Minnetonka.

Most Lake Minnetonka tourists in the late 1800s arrived in Wayzata by train. Steamboats waited for new arrivals near the foot of Broadway Avenue and took them to destinations across the lake. Some of these steamboats, such as the City of Saint Louis and Belle of Minnetonka, were quite large. The Belle of Minnetonka was  long and could purportedly carry 2,500 passengers.

Wayzata was officially incorporated as a village in 1883. One of the village council's first orders of business was to reroute the railroad tracks north of town. James J. Hill, who had become chairman of the newly formed Saint Paul, Minneapolis, & Manitoba Railway in 1879, initially ignored the council's order. When the council took the case to court, Hill reacted by demolishing the train station at the foot of Broadway Avenue and building a new one east of town at a stop called "Holdridge." He declared that Wayzata residents could "walk a mile for the next twenty years" to catch the train. Hill moved the tracks as well, but rather than rerouting them north of town, he moved them closer to the lake.

Hill was also connected to Wayzata and Lake Minnetonka through the Arlington Hotel, Hotel Lafayette, and Belle of Minnetonka, all owned by the Saint Paul, Minneapolis, & Manitoba Railway. He purchased Wayzata's Arlington Hotel in 1881 and never reopened it. Due to its impractical size, the Belle of Minnetonka steamboat was laid up by the mid-1880s. The Hotel Lafayette continued to operate until it burned to the ground in 1897. By that time Lake Minnetonka had largely fallen out of favor as a vacation destination for wealthy tourists. A number of factors including new railroad regulations, new vacation spots, and a national economic depression contributed to this decline.

Cottage period

As national tourism to Lake Minnetonka faded in the 1890s, a new era for Wayzata began. Many urban dwellers began to construct summer cottages along Lake Minnetonka's shores as the Twin Cities grew. While many of these new cottages were modest, some were monumental. Wayzata became home to a large collection of grand country estates along the Ferndale Shore. Notable families who built country estates there include the Bells, Boveys, Crosbys, Peaveys, Pillsburys, and Washburns.

Despite the influx of new summer residences, Wayzata barely grew during this period. That changed in 1905, when the village council voted for a Reconciliation Ordinance to repair relations with Hill and his railway (now known as the "Great Northern"). He responded by building a new train depot near downtown Wayzata. At the depot's grand opening celebration in 1906, he declared it the "handsomest" on the entire Great Northern line.

Wayzata was also connected to a new form of water transportation in 1906. The Twin City Rapid Transit Company launched six new "Express Boats" on Lake Minnetonka that served as an extension of the Twin City streetcar system. Designed by Royal C. Moore of Wayzata, the boats provided fast, reliable transportation for Lake Minnetonka residents. There were connections to streetcars in Excelsior, Deephaven, and Tonka Bay. In Wayzata, passengers could transfer to Great Northern Railway trains. This convenient service was very popular until about 1920, when local roads began to be improved for automobiles. The service was discontinued in 1926 after several years of declining ridership. Some of the Express Boats were scuttled (purposely sunk) in the lake that year. One, the Minnehaha, was raised from the depths in 1980, restored, and returned to passenger service in 1996.

As the cottage era continued, downtown Wayzata rebounded with residences and small commercial centers at each end of Lake Street. Wayzata State Bank was established in 1909 as the area's first local financial institution. The bank's first president was Moore, who owned Moore Boat Works on Wayzata Bay. He eventually sold his boat business to Eugene Ramaley. Motorboating was all the rage by 1920, and Wayzata was at the center of the trend with two nationally famous boat makers, Ramaley and Wise, based there. In 1929 the Ramaley Boat Company merged with Wise Boat Works and Walker Boat Works to form Minnetonka Boat Works. Minnetonka Boat Works eventually became well-known manufacturers and distributors of Tonka-Craft and Chris-Craft power boats.

20th century

Wayzata's population nearly doubled in the decades leading up to World War II. Wayzatans were fortunate when one of their own, Mayor Rufus Rand, stepped forward to lead the town in meeting the challenges of modernizing its infrastructure. Under Rand, water and sewer service was provided to every building, streetlights were installed, roads were paved, and the public beach and park was opened. During his tenure, Rand also served as the executive of a large gas company and a regent of the University of Minnesota.

After World War II, many local farms and summer cottages were converted for use as year-round, single-family homes. Many new homes and gas stations were also constructed during this time. At one point, Wayzata had ten gas stations to serve a growing number of commuters and their cars. U.S. Highway 12, which was built in the 1920s, was widened to four lanes, and the population swelled. Downtown Wayzata residences were replaced by more stores serving not only Wayzatans, but also new families moving onto the former farmlands outside Wayzata. By the 1950s, the greater Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area had reached Wayzata.

After it became a charter city, Wayzata began to annex land from Minnetonka, Plymouth, and Orono, and doubled in size. U.S. Highway 12 was widened again to become a freeway in the 1970s and a new shopping center opened  down the road. These physical and economic changes caused some of Wayzata's downtown shops to be replaced by condominiums and office buildings. Strip malls and fast food franchises came to a part of the town near the highway.

Residences also began returning to downtown as several condominium and townhouse developments appeared in the 1980s and 1990s. By the 1990s, Wayzata began to see an uptick in the demolition and replacement of older homes and commercial buildings. It was common for newer homes and commercial buildings to be larger than their predecessors.

21st century

In 2003, Wayzatans passed a referendum to have the city buy the community's last remaining stand of the Big Woods for use as a park. A new city hall and library were also constructed that year. Since 2010, many new restaurants have appeared in the downtown district. This is a major draw for visitors today.

Geography
Wayzata is a suburb of Minneapolis, Minnesota,  to its west on the northeast tip of Lake Minnetonka. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of , of which  is land and  is water. The "land cover types" that compose the Wayzata area in descending order by square acreage are open water (36%); residential areas, farmsteads, and commercial lands (35%); forest (13%); and farms (8%).

Climate
Wayzata's climate is humid continental, with hot summers, cold winters, and moderate autumns and springs. Average summer temperatures range from 56 to 82 degrees Fahrenheit. Average winter temperatures range from 2 to 27 degrees Fahrenheit. The average annual rainfall is . The average annual snowfall is .

Ecology

Before it was settled by Euro-Americans, the Wayzata area was largely "upland deciduous forest, with small inclusions of wet prairie, and lakes." Forest types typical in and around Wayzata have been "maple-basswood forest, oak forest, lowland hardwood forest, and floodplain forest. Non-native forest types within the city were predominantly disturbed second growth forest types made up of elm, box elder, ash, and cottonwood, with occasional basswood, maple, and oak." Some of the species of plants considered invasive in the Wayzata area are purple loosestrife, narrow-leaf cattail, common buckthorn, leafy spurge, tartarian honeysuckle, garlic mustard, reed canary grass, Siberian elm, and Amur maple. Some rare native species have also been seen in Wayzata, including the Acadian flycatcher, pugnose shiner, and red-shouldered hawk.

Demographics

2010 Census
As of the census of 2010, there were 3,688 people, 1,795 households, and 944 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 2,041 housing units, at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 92.5% White, 3.0% African American, 0.4% Native American, 1.3% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.5% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.6% of the population.

There were 1,795 households, of which 20.8% included children under the age of 18, 42.3% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 47.4% were non-families; 41.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.04, and the average family size was 2.80.

The median age in the city was 47.8 years; 19.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.7% were from 25 to 44; 31.9% were from 45 to 64; and 22.2% were 65 years of age or older. Among residents of the city, 47.5% were male and 52.5% were female.

2000 Census
As of the census of 2013, there were 4,113 people, 1,929 households, and 1,041 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,292.6 persons per square mile (499.4/km). There were 2,047 housing units, at an average density of 643.3 per square mile (248.5/km). The racial makeup of the city was 96.11% White, 0.41% African American, 0.32% Native American, 1.34% Asian, 0.19% Pacific Islander, 0.75% from other races, and 0.88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.41% of the population.

There were 1,929 households, of which 20.9% included children under the age of 18, 46.6% were married couples living together, 5.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.0% were non-families; 39.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06, and the average family size was 2.77.

The median age was 44 years; 19.3% of residents were under the age of 18, 6.0% were between the ages of 18 and 24, 25.8% were from 25 to 44, 28.1% were from 45 to 64, and 20.8% were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females, there were 88.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $65,833, and the median income for a family was $96,859. Males had a median income of $51,000 versus $39,257 for females. The per capita income for the city was $63,859. None of the families and 2.3% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 5.0% of those over 64.

Politics
Johanna Mouton has been the mayor since 2021.

Economy

Corporate headquarters

The corporate headquarters of both Cargill and Carlson are in Minnetonka, within  of Wayzata. They are two of the largest employers in the Wayzata area.

The regional bank TCF was founded in Wayzata in 1923. The company was headquartered in Wayzata until 2019.

Northern Oil and Gas, Inc. is headquartered in Wayzata.

Ace Casual Furniture is headquartered in Wayzata.

Infrastructure
The United States Postal Service maintains a post office in Wayzata, which is assigned the ZIP code 55391. Although this ZIP code serves an area much larger than the city of Wayzata and includes seven other municipalities around eastern Lake Minnetonka, all locations in the ZIP code area use the name Wayzata in their postal addresses.

Education

Wayzata Public Schools are part of Independent School District (ISD) 284 and serve all or parts of eight west suburban municipalities (Plymouth, Corcoran, Hamel, Maple Grove, Medicine Lake, Medina, Minnetonka, and Orono). The only school within Wayzata's city limits is West Middle School. The district covers , extending north and east from Wayzata Bay on Lake Minnetonka, and lies approximately 8 miles west of Minneapolis. There are approximately 9,510 students enrolled in eight public elementary schools (K–5), three middle schools (6–8), and one high school (9–12). Some students in the area attend public schools in other school districts that their families choose under Minnesota's open enrollment statute. Wayzata is also home to the Highcroft campus of The Blake School (K–5). In 2012, Newsweek ranked Wayzata High School one of the top 1,000 public high schools in the United States.

Parks and recreation

Dakota Rail Regional Trail
The Dakota Rail Trail is a  paved regional trail. In Hennepin County, the trail winds around Lake Minnetonka through Wayzata, Orono, Minnetonka Beach, Spring Park, Mound, Minnetrista and Saint Bonifacius. The trail continues for  in Carver County and terminates in Mayer. The trail is managed by the Three River Park District. The trail is a converted railroad bed formerly owned by Dakota Rail. In 2001, the Hennepin County Regional Railroad Authority (HCRRSA) and Carver and McLeod Counties purchased the corridor. At a cost of $5.9 million, construction of the trail started in 2008. In June 2009, the city of Mound held the grand opening for the trail. The trail offers parking and amenities.

Wayzata Beach
The Wayzata Beach is in downtown Wayzata on Lake Minnetonka. The beach is open to the public and has permit and non-permit parking. A lifeguard is on duty from mid-June to mid-August when the temperature is above 65 degrees Fahrenheit. The beach features
 A sandy beach and grassy peninsula
 Shaded picnic areas
 Playground equipment
 Canoe racks
 Stand-up paddleboard rentals
 Volleyball court
 Boat slips
 Playing fields

In popular culture
In the 1990s TV series Beverly Hills, 90210, Brandon Walsh (Jason Priestley) and Brenda Walsh (Shannen Doherty) moved to California from Wayzata. In the show, both characters mispronounce Wayzata as "Way-za-da."

In the 1996 film Fargo, Jerry Lundegaard intends to purchase a parking lot in Wayzata.

Much of the 1999 film Drop Dead Gorgeous (starring Kirsten Dunst, Kirstie Alley, Denise Richards, Allison Janney, Ellen Barkin, Brittany Murphy, and Amy Adams) was filmed in Wayzata. Scenes were filmed at West Middle School, the Wayzata VFW, and 634 Park Street.

The character Ben Linus in the TV series Lost assumed the identity of a Henry Gale from Wayzata, Minnesota. In the show, the character mispronounces Wayzata as "Why-Zah-tah."

Aerial shots of Wayzata were featured in the fourth episode of the 2018 TV series The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story.

Notable people
 Salisbury Adams, Minnesota state legislator and lawyer
 James Ford Bell, first president of General Mills
 Al Quie, former Governor of Minnesota and U.S. Congressman
 Rufus Rand, politician and business executive
 Douglas Dayton, first president of Target
 Marchette Chute, U.S. author and biographer
 Dick Beardsley, long-distance runner and winner of the 1981 London Marathon
 Kent DuChaine, American blues singer and guitarist
 Kimberly Elise, film and television actress (alumna of Wayzata Senior High)
 Orlando J. Heinitz, politician and businessman
 Tim Herron, American professional golfer
 James Laurinaitis, linebacker for the Saint Louis Rams
 John Sharpless, University of Wisconsin–Madison professor
 Lorie Line, pianist
 David Bromstad, designer and television personality
 Jim Ramstad, U.S. Representative
 Betsy Hodges, Mayor of Minneapolis from 2014 to 2018
 Amy Klobuchar, U.S. Senator (alumna of Wayzata Senior High)
 Robert L. Searles, Minnesota state representative and businessman

References

External links

City of Wayzata
Wayzata Historical Society
Wayzata Public Schools

Cities in Hennepin County, Minnesota
Cities in Minnesota
Populated places established in 1883
Dakota toponyms

Wayzata, Minnesota


Warren Ransom Davis (May 8, 1793 – January 29, 1835) was an American attorney and Representative from South Carolina's 6th congressional district from 1827-35.

Davis was born in Columbia, South Carolina, pursued preparatory studies and graduated from South Carolina College (now the University of South Carolina Columbia) in 1810, where he was a member of the Euphradian Society.  He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1814, practicing in Pendleton.  He later served as state solicitor of the western circuit from 1818 to 1824.

Davis was elected as a Jacksonian to the 20th United States Congress and 21st Congresses, reelected as a Nullifier to the
22nd through 24th Congresses and served from March 4, 1827, until his death in Washington, D.C., on January 29, 1835, before the opening of the 24th Congress.  During the 22nd Congress he was chairman of the Committee on the Judiciary.

On the day after his death, his funeral was disrupted by an assassination attempt on President Andrew Jackson by a deranged house painter, Richard Lawrence.  Davis is interred in the Congressional Cemetery.

See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)

References

Political Graveyard

1793 births
1835 deaths
South Carolina lawyers
Burials at the Congressional Cemetery
Nullifier Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Nullifier Party politicians
Politicians from Columbia, South Carolina
University of South Carolina alumni
Jacksonian members of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina
19th-century American legislators
Lawyers from Columbia, South Carolina

Warren R. Davis


Baltic Tiger is a term used to refer to any of the three Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania  during their periods of economic boom, which started after the year 2000 and continued until 2006–2007. The term is modeled on Four Asian Tigers, Tatra Tiger, and Celtic Tiger, which were used to describe the economic boom periods in East Asia, Slovakia, and Ireland, respectively.

Overview

Economically, parallel with the political changes, and the democratic transition, – as a rule of law states – the previous command economies were transformed via the legislation into market economies, and set up or renewed the major macroeconomic factors: budgetary rules, national audit, national currency, central bank. Generally, they shortly encountered the following problems: high inflation, high unemployment, low economic growth and high government debt. The inflation rate, in the examined area, relatively quickly dropped to below 5% by 2000. Meanwhile, these economies were stabilized, and sooner or later between 2004 and 2013 all of them joined the European Union. New macroeconomic requirements have arisen for them; the Maastricht criteria became obligatory. Later the Stability and Growth Pact set stricter rules through national legislation by implementing e g the regulations and directives of the Sixpack, because the financial crisis was a shocking milestone.

After 2000, the Baltic Tiger economies implemented important economic reforms and liberalisation, which, coupled with their fairly low-wage and skilled labour force, attracted large amounts of foreign investment and economic growth. Between 2000 and 2007, the Baltic Tiger states had the highest growth rates in Europe. In 2006, for example, Estonia grew by 10.3% in gross domestic product, while Latvia grew by 11.9% and Lithuania by 7.5%. All three countries by February 2006 saw their rates of unemployment falling below average EU values. Additionally, Estonia is among the ten most liberal economies in the world and in 2006 switched from being classified as an upper-middle income economy to a high-income economy by the World Bank. All three countries joined the European Union in May 2004. Estonia adopted the Euro in January 2011, Latvia in 2014 and Lithuania entered the Eurozone in 2015.

In 2008, the global financial crisis triggered the collapse of the Baltic property markets, causing some of the most severe recessions in Europe. In 2008, Latvia's GDP shrank by −4.6% and Estonia's −3.6% while Lithuania's slowed to 3.0%. As the crisis swept across Eastern and Central Europe the economic reversal intensified: Estonia's GDP dropped by -16.2% year-on-year, Latvia's by −19.6% and Lithuania's by −16.8%. By mid-2009, all three countries experienced one of the deepest recessions in the world.

In 2010 the economic situation in the Baltic states stabilized and in 2011 the Baltic states experienced the fastest recoveries in the European Union, after having lost a substantial part of their populations through emigration, particularly Lithuania. Estonia's GDP grew by 8.3% in 2011, Lithuania's GDP grew by 5.9% and  Latvia's GDP by 5.5%.

Statistics

Real GDP growth rate

GDP and GDP per capita

See also
Economies of the Baltic Tigers:
Economy of Estonia
Economy of Latvia
Economy of Lithuania

Other 'Tigers'
Four Asian Tigers
Tiger Cub Economies
Celtic Tiger
Tatra Tiger
Gulf Tiger

References

Tiger economies
Economic booms
Economic history of Europe
Baltic states
Economic history of Estonia
Economic history of Latvia
Economic history of Lithuania

Baltic Tiger


Zygomycota, or zygote fungi, is a large group of 1600 species of fungi.

Fungi are put into groups by the way they reproduce. The name Zygomycota comes from zygosporangia, where strong and tough round shaped spores are formed during sexual reproduction.

They are mostly found living in soil or on decaying plant or animal material. Some are parasites of plants, insects, and small animals. Others form symbiotic relationships with plants, where the plant and the fungi need each other to grow.

Zygomycete hyphae may be a syncytium, that is, having a mass of nuclei not divided into separate cells. On occasion these can be divided into separate parts by a cell wall called a septum. This only happens where gametes are formed, or to wall off dead hyphae.

References

Fungi

Zygomycota


Rhoda Blumberg (December 13, 1917 – June 6, 2016) was an American author of historical books for children.

Early life
She was born Rhoda Shapiro in Brooklyn, New York on December 13, 1917. Her mother was a founder of the Mizrachi Women's Organization of America, a religious Zionist group, her father was in the garment business. She attended Girls High School in Brooklyn and took her bachelor's degree in philosophy from Adelphi College in 1937.

Career and writing
In her early career she worked for CBS radio and did some magazine writing under the pen name of "Rhoda Roder." Blumberg began writing books in the 1960s, including First Travel Guide to the Moon and First Travel Guide to the Bottom of the Sea. She began writing historical books for children when she was in her mid-50s. All told she wrote over two dozen books.
 Her book Commodore Perry in the Land of the Shogun was the Newbery Honor book for literature from the Association for Library Service to Children in 1986. and the Boston Globe–Horn Book Award for 1985. She won the Golden Kite Award for non-fiction twice:  in 1986 for Commodore Perry in the Land of the Shogun and again in 1988 for The Incredible Journey of Lewis and Clark.

Selected bibliography

Personal life
She married attorney Gerald Blumberg (died 2009) in 1945.  In 1951, they moved from Brooklyn, New York, to a small farm in Westchester County, where she lived the remainder of her life. They had one son and three daughters. She died on June 6, 2016, at her home in Yorktown Heights, N.Y.

External links
Rhoda Blumberg at the Open Library

References

1917 births
2016 deaths
American women children's writers
American children's writers
Girls' High School alumni
Adelphi University alumni
21st-century American women

Rhoda Blumberg


Alcohol tolerance is a special case of drug tolerance: with certain substances, such as alcohol, the body gets used to them. People consume substances such as alcohol, because these substances have certain effects. As the body gets used to the substance, the quantity needed to get the desired effect wil increase.

With certain drugs, the same is true for stopping: directly stopping the drug is dangerous, because of withdrawal symptoms. So the amount of the drug taken has to be reduced in steps, before stopping altogether. There are drugs that can make stopping easier, because they reduce the severity of the withdrawal symptoms.

Alcoholism

Alcohol tolerance