Model United Nations, also known as Model UN or MUN, is an educational simulation in which students learn about diplomacy, international relations, and the United Nations. At an MUN conference, students work as the representative of a country, organization, or person, and must solve a problem with other delegates from around the world. MUN teaches participants skills like research, public speaking, debating, and writing, in addition to critical thinking, teamwork, and leadership. While MUN is typically used as an extracurricular activity, some schools also offer it as a class. MUN is meant to engage students, and allow them to develop deeper understanding into current world issues and world politics.

Delegates conduct research before conferences: they must formulate position papers, and create policy proposals that they will debate with other delegates in their committee.  At the end of a conference, delegates will vote on written policies (called draft resolutions), with the goal of passing them with a majority vote. The best-performing delegates in each committee, as well as delegations, are occasionally recognized with awards.

MUN organizations have conferences that accommodate students, from elementary school, all the way to college or university levels. Most conferences will often cater to just one of these three levels. Delegates usually attend conferences together, as delegations sent by their respective school or university's Model UN clubs, though some delegates attend conferences independently.

History
Model UN began as a series of student-led Model League of Nations simulations. The first simulations were called "international assemblies", the first of which was held at Oxford University in November 1921, with the potential first ever simulation being on 12 November 1921. Following several simulations in Oxford, Mir Mahmood, the president of the first Oxford International Assembly, traveled to Harvard in 1922 to help spread this idea further. He advocated for the League of Nations, and inspired the Harvard Liberal Club to create the first American International Assembly held at Harvard University in 1923. The Oxford International Assembly ceased to exist in the following years, but the Harvard International Assembly remained strong, and has since encouraged the development of these simulations worldwide.

After World War II, Model League of Nations transitioned to Model United Nations after the formation of the League's successor organization, the United Nations, in 1945. Today, some Model United Nations conferences include a wide variety of topics in their committee offerings, some even simulating the League of Nations.

The first recorded instance of a Model United Nations conference was at Swarthmore College on 5 April 1947. Over 150 students from over 41 colleges were reported as participating. The delegates simulated a General Assembly, and recommended that member states "establish an international control and development of atomic energy", "conclude a treaty on disarmament", that the UN adopt "a uniform system for citizenship of refugees", that the UN amend the charter to adopt a definition of aggression, and that nations "promote the reconstruction of devastated areas through economic assistance through the U.N."

Another historic Model United Nations was held at St. Lawrence University from 11 to 13 February 1949. It was initiated by Dr. Harry Reiff, head of the History and Government Department, with the assistance of departmental colleague Otto L. George. The 1949 St. Lawrence University Model UN conference included delegates from regional colleges and universities, including Adelphi University, Alfred University, Champlain College, Clarkson University, McGill University, Middlebury College, Potsdam College, Saint Michael's College, and The University of Vermont. The conference continued annually for many years at St. Lawrence, and has recently been revived on the campus.

The three oldest conferences in the world that are still active today were established in the early 1950s. They are Berkeley Model United Nations (BMUN) at Berkeley (1952) Harvard Model United Nations (HMUN) at Harvard (1953) and Model United Nations of the Far West (MUNFW), which has held college-level conferences since 1951. The first was held at Stanford University, where Ralph Bunche was the honored speaker.

Academic aspects
Participation in Model UN is meant to foster skills in negotiation, speaking, and communication. Material issues of diplomacy and policy are approached through a quasi-academic process. In addition, crisis committees, which deal with crisis scenarios which can be contemporary or historical, can develop leadership skills, and the ability to adapt and deal with unexpected situations. In preparation for a conference, topics are chosen for each committee. Typically, research and background guides are made available by the organizers of a conference. Based on these guides, delegates of each committee are often expected to research and formulate a position for the country or group they represent, and submit a position paper. The purpose of writing a position paper is to familiarize delegates with the substantial topics of debate, encourage academic research and writing, and to enable substantial preparation for conferences.

Procedures

In order to maintain decorum, most Model UN committees use parliamentary procedures derived from Robert's Rules of Order. In addition, the United Nations has spearheaded efforts to introduce new Model UN rules of procedure that are more closely aligned with those used by the actual UN. Since there is no governing body for Model UN, each conference differs in their rules of procedure.

The following rules of procedure apply to general MUNs but may not apply to every MUN:

Points and Motions
Points and Motions outline how topics are prioritized, the way resolutions are voted on, and how they facilitate the general flow of debate. Points are used to discuss topics that are outside of substantive debate. They are more personal, and don't require a vote. Motions are used to discuss procedural matters, and they help to further the discussion on a committee topic. A delegate may request the committee as a whole to perform a particular action. Most motions will require a vote in order to pass; the number of votes required to pass these motions works according to a Quorum – this is the minimum number of delegates required to make decisions in a committee. The motions used at any given time in a Model UN committee change, according to where the committee is with the flow of debate.

Flow of Debate
Most MUN committees follow a flow of debate. This starts with a speakers list, followed by formal/informal debate and then voting procedure. A Dais will maintain a list of speakers and the delegates follow the order written on the 'speaker list'. Delegates may be added to the speaker list by raising their placards or sending a note to the chair. During this time, delegates talk to the entire committee. They make speeches, answer questions, and debate on resolutions and amendments. If there are no other motions, the committee goes back to the speaker list by default.

Formal/Informal debate includes both moderated and unmoderated caucuses. Caucus is an opportunity to discuss policy ideas. A Moderated Caucus is more formal and is run by the committee chair, an Unmoderated caucus is a time where delegates move around the room and have a more informal discussion on the topic.  In a moderated or unmoderated caucus, the committee goes into a recess and the rules of procedure are suspended. Anyone may speak if recognized by the chair. A vote on a motion is necessary to go into a moderated caucus. There is a comparatively shorter time limit per speech. In an unmoderated caucus, the delegates informally meet with other delegates and the staff for discussions.

Resolutions
A resolution is a legal document that expresses the general opinion of the committee. Once passed it can be seen as a list of actions that your committee recommends.

Resolutions are the written compilation of the ideas discussed during debate. They are considered the final results of conversations, writings, and negotiations. Resolutions must go through a draft, approval by the dais, and consequent debate and modification.

MUN Resolutions are composed of both preambulatory and operative clauses. Preambulatory clauses help to outline the general problems that a resolution will fix, whereas operative clauses help to display solutions in an organized and easily understandable way.

Conference management
MUN societies and conferences are run by a group of administrators known as the secretariat. A secretariat is headed by a Secretary-General. Other members of the secretariat include the Director-General, Under-Secretaries-General and President of General Assembly.

Committee dais
Each committee usually has a dais that is composed of a chair (also known as moderator or director), one or more vice-chairs and a team of note-passers (also known as pages, runners, security, admins, or similar).

In crisis committees, there can also be a crisis staff composed of a crisis director, assistant director, and crisis staffers. These members are responsible for facilitating the back-room portion of a committee.

Languages

Traditionally, English has been the official and working language of most conferences. However, as Model UN has become more popular around the world, and as conferences in countries such as the United States have sought to appeal to underrepresented minorities (such as the Spanish-speaking community), committees using languages other than English, or which are bilingual, have become common. However, this is still not a mainstream phenomenon, especially in the United States, where most bilingual or Spanish language committees are found only at conferences hosted in Puerto Rico or the South West.

Attire
Nearly all Model United Nations conferences require delegates to wear Western business attire. Dressing professionally is an important way to show respect for the nation, organization, or individual one is representing, as well as for the rest of one's committee.

Committees
Model United Nations conferences regularly simulate the bodies of the United Nations, the European Union, government cabinets, regional bodies such as ASEAN, as well as corporate boards, NGOs or so-called Press Corps. Idiosyncrasies and fictional Committees also exist. An example for such a special committee that does not have a parallel in the actual United Nations which deals with a crisis is known as a 'Crisis Committee.' In this committee, a crisis is given to a team of students and the teams must come up with solutions. The Crisis Committee traditionally focuses on a single historical event, but recently current and future events have been used as well. The event may be fictional or non-fictional.

Crisis committees
Crisis is a specialized form of Model UN where participants can emulate a variety of entities, from a board of directors to historical figures. Crisis committees tend to be much smaller in size than their classic counterparts, and revolve around a quickly-developing series of events known as a "crisis." Delegates are assigned positions, and must create directives consisting purely of operative actions this means that rather than solving problems with Resolutions, delegates pass Directives. While delegates are working to solve the crisis at hand through directives, they are also often tasked with individual objectives that can be achieved with the submission of crisis notes. Delegates may sometimes find out what other committee members have been doing through crisis updates.

Unlike regular committees, crisis committees have two distinct forums: the in-room and the out-room (also known as the front-room and the back-room, respectively). The in-room consists of delegate activity in the committee, including the usual speaking, while out-room refers to directives sent to staffers (also known as directors), communication with other crisis committees. Directives can either be written by an individual, several individuals working together, or the whole committee.

Staffers can update crisis events based partly on a preset direction and partly on interaction from delegates and committees. Crisis committees are also subject to more variation in rules and experimentation than regular committees. One relatively common variant is the "midnight crisis" where delegates attend a committee session at night to respond to an emergency situation. There also may be crisis committees that interact with each other, where resolutions that are written impact debate in other committees.

Organization
Model United Nations conferences are usually organized by high school clubs or college clubs.

Model UN by region and country

Although Model United Nations originated in the United States, MUN clubs and conferences are not isolated to that country. Rather, like the actual UN, model UN is found in countries around the globe. Because Model UN is decentralized and has grown autonomously around the world, there are significant differences in how MUN is done between regions.

Europe

Denmark
MUN is relatively popular in Denmark, with BIGMUN being the largest conference in Scandinavia.

Germany
MUN is popular amongst university and high school students in . The country's largest conference is Oldenburg Model United Nations (OLMUN).
Most model United Nations Conferences in Germany debate in the English language. Exceptions to that are high school conferences including the ones organized by  (DMUN e.V.) in  (MUNBW),  (MUNSH) and  (MUNBB), as well as the ones organized by  (SvEN, Simulation Vereinte Nationen). On college level, BIMUN/SINUB in  takes place as a multi-lingual conference with live interpretation.

The Netherlands
The largest MUN in the Netherlands is The Hague International Model United Nations (THIMUN) conference, which includes over 3500 participants, coming from around 200 schools and 100 countries. Although it is not located near the United Nations Headquarters in New York, it is one of the pioneer model United Nations conferences in the world, since it has been founded in 1968 and located in the International Court of Justice's (ICJ) world city of the Hague. A whole network of conferences is marked by its THIMUN affiliation, a label which basically describes the universality of the procedures that rule the conference, and make it part of the UN recognized foundation. In 1995, the THIMUN Foundation was accredited as a Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) associated with the United Nations Department of Public Information. Additionally, THIMUN has established its own conferences' network throughout time: THIMUN Qatar, THIMUN Singapore, THIMUN Online MUN (O-MUN) and THIMUN Latin America conferences have been set up from 2005. The second and third biggest MUN-conferences of the Netherlands are MUNISH (Model United Nations at the International School of the Hague) and HMUN (Haarlem Model United Nations).

Portugal
The Iberian Model United Nations (IMUN), held in Lisbon, is the largest MUN in Portugal and one of the largest high school MUN conferences in Europe. IMUN's keynote speakers have included prominent politicians, diplomats, United Nations officials, and rights activists, such as internationally awarded author Richard Zimler, U.S. Ambassador Robert A. Sherman, and President of Portugal Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa. There are numerous other conferences throughout the country.

Spain
MUN first arrived in Spain in 2006 with the organization of the Catalonia Model United Nations (C'MUN) in Barcelona. In 2019 Madrid hosted the Harvard World Model United Nations (WorldMUN), and among the 2,300 participants were 500 Spanish students belonging to 20 different universities. Madrid's bid for WorldMUN was led by the Spanish Alliance for Model United Nations (SAMUN), which reunited the students of the four public universities of Madrid: Complutense University of Madrid, Autonomous University of Madrid, Charles III University of Madrid and King Juan Carlos University.

Asia-Pacific

Afghanistan
The Kabul Model United Nations was established in Kabul in 2014. The objectives are to bring young female and male individuals together to discuss global issues and promote diplomacy, human rights, peace building, and social welfare. Participants include university students up to the age of 30. They come from four or five Afghanistan provinces to develop critical thinking and public speaking skills. Pamir International Model United Nations (PIMUN) was established in October 2016.

Australia
Model United Nations conferences in Australia are typically separated into tertiary and high school levels. At the high school level, the large majority of model United Nations events are organized by the various state and territory branches of UN Youth Australia through the Evatt competition or UN Youth various conferences and summits, or by the many branches of Rotary Australia.

Bangladesh
Model United Nations is practiced in Bangladesh since 2002, when the Model United Nations on Combating Terrorism – Bangladesh Model United Nations first took place. Since then, plenty of Model United Nations conferences have been held in the country. But the concept of MUN became a popular one in Bangladesh from 2013.

MUN in Bangladesh grew rapidly after the formation of the first university based MUN club of the country Dhaka University Model United Nations Association in 2011. Dhaka University National Model United Nations (DUNMUN) started from 2012.

Mainland China
Model United Nations first came to Mainland China in 1995, when the China Foreign Affairs University held the country's first collegiate model United Nations conferences. Arriving in Mainland Chinese high schools in 2005, Model UN expanded rapidly. Peking University (PKU) students, after attending Harvard's HMUN, organized the first national model UN conference for high school students in Mainland China. PKU's conference was initially backed by UNA-USA, however support was curtailed in 2010 due to the Great Recession.

Between 2005 and 2010, national Model United Nations conferences such as those organized by PKU and the rivaling Fudan University in Shanghai drew the best high school students from around the country, who competed for limited spaces. Over time, lesser-known national conferences, as well as regional and even local conferences for high school students, began to develop and gradually spread to cities beyond Beijing and Shanghai.

Most Model United Nations conferences in Mainland China are organized through private or academic enterprises, however some government-affiliated MUNs have also flourished, and recently, unofficial student-run grassroots conferences have begun to dominate the Chinese MUN scene.

MITMUNC China was jointly organized online by ASDAN and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2020.

Taiwan
Taiwan first held Model United Nations in 1945The location is at National Tsing Hua University.

India
Delegates from across India attend the Doon School Model United Nations. The Harvard MUN India hosted over 1700 attendees in 2019.

Model UN in India is very popular and competitions are regularly conducted in cities like Bangalore, Chennai and Delhi.

New Zealand
A high number of New Zealand high schools operate their own MUN events, with UN Youth New Zealand functioning as a managing organisation. UN Youth NZ also organises regional and national events, along with Aotearoa Youth Declaration, the Pacific Project, and New Zealand's THIMUN delegation.

Pakistan
The first MUN in Pakistan was held in 2006 and since then, the number of MUN conferences in the country has grown, attracting participants from schools, colleges, and universities across the country. Some notable MUNs in Pakistan include the Lahore Model United Nations, Youth International Conclave Model United Nations,<ref>{{cite web|url= International Conclave organized one of the Asia's largest hybrid leadership & entrepreneurship summit to empower the youth globally : |date=2021-11-10|work=Techjuice|ref=YICMUN}}</ref> and Karachi Model United Nations.
The Aitchison College Model United Nations Society was established in 2009. Most notably, they won the overall Best Delegation at HMUN China for two years in a row, and for a record third time.

 Others
Another major conference in Pakistan is the "Lahore University of Management Sciences Model United Nations" in Lahore, Pakistan which hosts more than 400 delegates.

Vietnam
There has been an increasing number of conferences, including invitational ones such as UNISMUN, SAMSUN, and many other non-invitational ones. These conferences are often organized by schools or student-led organizations with varying scales and exclusivity. One of the most inclusive Model United Nations conferences in the country is Vietnam National Model United Nations (VNMUN), open to not only Vietnamese in all parts of the country but also international students studying around the world.

United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emirates Universities Model United Nations occur on a yearly basis. It draws more than 300 delegates from local universities and from across the Middle East. Many schools also have their own MUN conferences, including DIAMUN in Dubai.

Bahrain
The Bahrain Universities Model United Nations occur on a yearly basis. It draws more than 200 delegates from local universities and from across the Middle East.

Israel
In 2008, Reichman University established the first United Nations Model Club at the academic level in Israel. Since then, university level MUN in Israel has grown to include over 10 universities and colleges and is led by the Israeli Model United Nations Association. Some universities hold a yearly conference of their own such as Tel Aviv University's TLVMUN.

 Kuwait
The American Creative Academy Model United Nations (ACAMUN), the American School of Kuwait Model United Nations (ASKMUN), and the Bayan Bilingual School Model United Nations (BBSMUN) are the most popular Model United Nations organizations in the State of Kuwait amongst high schoolers. Comparatively, the American University of Kuwait Model United Nations (AUKMUN) is the leading Model United Nations organization amongst university and collegiate leveled people, with AUKMUN being recognized and well-respected by the United Nations in Kuwait due to the highly regarded submission of a proposal based on climate finance and cap-trade policies written by executive members.

 Africa

Nigeria
Lagos Model United Nations is one of Africa's pioneer MUN Conferences. Set in Lagos, it is the largest MUN Conference in West Africa, and attracts over 400 delegates each year. The Conference is hosted by the Faculty of Law, University of Lagos and simulates up to 10 committees of the United Nations annually. The Conference began in 2016, due to the desire of the founders to organize a conference in Nigeria, after participating in several Model United Nations conferences worldwide including National Model United Nations and Rome Model United Nations.

Beyond the simulation of committees, the Conference offers other activities for delegates such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Workshop and the Idea Fair. The SDG Workshop is a platform for SDG experts to share their experiences with the delegates, while the Idea Fair is an opportunity for young innovators working on different SDGs to win a cash grant.

 Tunisia
Conferences in Tunisia are mostly found in Tunis and they are usually sponsored by the Tunisian International Model United Nations (TIMUN). The most famous conference in Tunisia is the "Grande Simulation annuelle du TIMUN" in Tunis, which host more than 300 delegates. These conferences are usually hosted by the biggest national universities. Since the 6th edition, the "Grande Simulation annuelle" is under the patronage of the Tunisian Minister of Foreign Affairs and welcomes Tunisian ministers and diplomats.

 Botswana
The majority of MUN conferences held in Botswana are centred around the capital city, Gaborone. Model United Nations events have also happened online, with Youth International Conclave hosting an event to encourage more of the youth to take part. Some private schools in Gaborone such as Maru-a-Pula School have MUN as an extra curricular activity.

 Other countries
The other conferences in Africa include NAIMUN in Marrakech. Established in August 2012 by a coalition of North African youths, NAIMUN is the largest student-run Model United Nations conference in Africa and the Middle East, with 4 sub-branches in Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria and Egypt. It trains and encourages young people to address pressing global issues and engages them in resolving global problems. NAIMUN is a non-profit organization which provides an equal opportunity for all youth to actively participate in an open debate. JoMUN in Johannesburg, and IMIRAMUN in Windhoek took place in Benin, in Cotonou. The first edition of Algeria Model United Nations was held in December 2014.

 South America

Brazil

The Americas Model United Nations (AMUN) was the first MUN Conference to be held in Latin America, accomplishing 21 years of history in 2018 with the edition Bring Walls Down, Build Up Connections. The event official language of the conference is English, which has enabled AMUN to receive students from various countries worldwide. The committees vary with each edition of the project, as well as its themes addressed, among which are international security, cooperation, human rights, democracy and transnational crimes.
Among the cultural activities, there is a tour around Brasília, the city hosting the event, and the Nations Fair, in which the peculiarities and customs of each country are shown by the participants representing them on the Conference.

 Peru

At university level, Model United Nations started in Peru in 2006 with the United Nations Studies Circle (CENU), a college team from the University of Lima founded to compete at Harvard National Model United Nations. This team would evolution into a full-scale organization, the Peruvian Association for the Study of the United Nations (AENU Peru for its Spanish acronym), a non-for-profit NGO charged with task of promoting MUN in Peru and creating Peru's first "National Delegation", thus creating the Peruvian Universities Debate Team (PU). Starting their new trademark since 2011, PU's has garnered the Best Large Delegation award at Harvard World Model United Nations 2014 held in Brussels, Belgium, and the Best Large Delegation award at Harvard National Model United Nations - Latin America 2017, held in Lima, Peru.

At high school level, MUN has been a popular extracurricular activity since 2012, with the first high school conference Lima Model United Nations (LiMUN) 2012, followed by Villa Maria Model United Nations (VMMUN) 2015, Newton Model United Nations (NewMUN) 2015, and Carmelitas Model United Nations 2015, being the latter school the host for the first Ivy League Model United Nations Conference Peru (ILMUNC 2016). Each school delegation hosts its own conference, including Lima, Cusco, Arequipa and Piura.

 North America

United States

Model United Nations is popular across the United States, with MUN clubs and conferences being found in every region. However, because Model UN is decentralized and has grown autonomously, there are significant differences in how MUN is done between regions.

 Notable participants

 Kiyotaka Akasaka, former UN Under-Secretary-General for Communications and Public Information
 Ban Ki-moon, former Secretary-General of the United Nations
 Chelsea Clinton, former first daughter of the United States
 Tom Donilon, former National Security Advisor in the Obama administration
 Suzan G. LeVine, former U.S. Ambassador to Switzerland and Liechtenstein
 Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, King of the Netherlands
 Paul Ryan, former speaker of the United States House of Representatives, 2012 US vice-presidential nominee, and former congressman from Wisconsin
 Stephen M. Schwebel, former judge and president of the International Court of Justice
 Joel Stein, American journalist, former writer for the Los Angeles Times and regular contributor to Time George Stephanopoulos, television journalist and former adviser to U.S. President Bill Clinton
 Rainn Wilson, actor best known for playing Dwight Schrute on NBC's The Office See also

 Experiential learning
 Global civics
 Global Classrooms
 Mock trial
 Model Arab League
 Model Congress
 Model European Union Strasbourg
 Model G20
 Moot court
 United Nations Association of the United States of America

References

 Further reading
 Dille, Brian (2017). Engaging the United Nations: A Brief Introduction to the UN. Engagement Learning. .
 Leslie, Scott A. (2004). A Guide to Delegate Preparation: A Model United Nations Handbook. The United Nations Association of the United States of America, softcover. .
 Muldoon, J. P. (1995). "The Model United Nations Revisited". Simulation & Gaming, 26(1), 27–35. .
 Turunç, Kerem (2009). The Winning Delegate: An Insider's Guide to Model United Nations'', 2nd ed. iUniverse. .

External links

Educational programs
Youth model government

Model United Nations


USS Sailfish (SS-192), was a US , originally named Squalus. As Squalus, the submarine sank off the coast of New Hampshire during test dives on 23 May 1939. The sinking drowned 26 crew members, but an ensuing rescue operation, using the McCann Rescue Chamber for the first time, saved the lives of the remaining 33 aboard. Squalus was salvaged in late 1939 and recommissioned as Sailfish in May 1940.

As Sailfish, the vessel conducted numerous patrols in the Pacific War during World War II, earning nine battle stars. She was decommissioned in October 1945 and later scrapped. Her conning tower is on display at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine.

Construction and commissioning
Squaluss keel was laid on 18 October 1937 by the Portsmouth Navy Yard in Kittery, Maine, the only ship of the United States Navy named for the squalus, a type of shark. She was launched on 14 September 1938, sponsored by Mrs. Thomas C. Hart, wife of Admiral Thomas C. Hart, and commissioned on 1 March 1939 with Lieutenant Oliver F. Naquin in command.

Sinking of Squalus and recommissioning as Sailfish

On 12 May 1939, following a yard overhaul, Squalus began a series of test dives off Portsmouth, New Hampshire. After successfully completing 18 dives, she went down again off the Isles of Shoals on the morning of 23 May at . Failure of the main induction valve (the means of letting in fresh air when on the surface) caused the flooding of the aft torpedo room, both engine rooms, and the crew's quarters, drowning 26 men immediately. Quick action by the crew prevented the other compartments from flooding. Squalus bottomed in  of water.

Squalus was initially located by her sister boat, . The two submarines were able to communicate using a telephone marker buoy until the cable parted. Divers from the submarine rescue ship  began rescue operations under the direction of the salvage and rescue expert Lieutenant Commander Charles B. "Swede" Momsen, using the new McCann Rescue Chamber. The Senior Medical Officer for the operations was Dr. Charles Wesley Shilling. Overseen by researcher Albert R. Behnke, the divers used recently developed heliox diving schedules and successfully avoided the cognitive impairment symptoms associated with such deep dives, thereby confirming Behnke's theory of nitrogen narcosis. The divers were able to rescue all 33 survivors (32 crew members and a civilian) on board the sunken submarine. Four enlisted divers, Chief Machinist's Mate William Badders, Chief Boatswain's Mate Orson L. Crandall, Chief Metalsmith James H. McDonald and Chief Torpedoman John Mihalowski, were awarded the Medal of Honor for their work during the rescue and subsequent salvage. The successful rescue of the Squalus survivors is in marked contrast to the loss of  in Liverpool Bay just a week later.

The navy authorities felt it important to raise her as she incorporated a succession of new design features. With a thorough investigation of why she sank, more confidence could be placed in the new construction, or alteration of existing designs could be undertaken when cheapest and most efficient to do so. Furthermore, given similar previous accidents in  and  (indeed, in , as far back as 1920), it was necessary to determine a cause.

The salvage of Squalus was commanded by Rear Admiral Cyrus W. Cole, Commander of the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, who supervised salvage officer Lieutenant Floyd A. Tusler from the Construction Corps. Tusler's plan was to lift the submarine in three stages to prevent it from rising too quickly, out of control, with one end up, in which case there would be a high likelihood of it sinking again. For 50 days, divers worked to pass cables underneath the submarine and attach pontoons for buoyancy. On 13 July 1939, the stern was raised successfully, but when the men attempted to free the bow from the hard blue clay, the vessel began to rise far too quickly, slipping its cables. Ascending vertically, the submarine broke the surface, and  of the bow reached into the air for not more than ten seconds before she sank once again all the way to the bottom. Momsen said of the mishap, "pontoons were smashed, hoses cut and I might add, hearts were broken." After 20 more days of preparation, with a radically redesigned pontoon and cable arrangement, the next lift was successful, as were two further operations. Squalus was towed into Portsmouth on 13 September, and decommissioned on 15 November. A total of 628 dives had been made in rescue and salvage operations.

Operational history of Sailfish
Renamed Sailfish on 9 February 1940, she became the first boat of the U.S. Navy named for the sailfish. After reconditioning, repair, and overhaul, she was recommissioned on 15 May 1940 with Lieutenant Commander Morton C. Mumma Jr. (Annapolis, Class of 1930) in command.

With refit completed in mid-September, Sailfish departed Portsmouth on 16 January 1941 and headed for the Pacific. Transiting the Panama Canal, she arrived at Pearl Harbor in early March, after refueling at San Diego. The submarine then sailed west to Manila where she joined the Asiatic Fleet until the attack on Pearl Harbor.

During the Pacific War, the captain of the renamed boat issued standing orders if any man on the boat said the word "Squalus", he was to be marooned at the next port of call. This led to crew members referring to their boat as "Squailfish". That went over almost as well; a court martial was threatened for anyone heard using it.

World War II

First five patrols: December 1941 – August 1942
Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, Sailfish departed Manila on her first war patrol, destined for the west coast of Luzon. Early on 10 December, she sighted a landing force, supported by cruisers and destroyers, but could not gain firing position. On the night of 13 December, she made contact with two Japanese destroyers and began a submerged attack; the destroyers detected her, dropping several depth charges, while Sailfish fired two torpedoes. Despite a large explosion nearby, no damage was done, and the destroyers counterattacked with 18–20 depth charges. She returned to Manila on 17 December.

Her second patrol (now under the command of Richard G. Voge begun on 21 December, took the submarine to waters off Formosa. On the morning of 27 January 1942, off Halmahera, near Davao, she sighted a , making a daylight submerged attack with four torpedoes, and reporting the target was damaged, for which she got credit. However, the damage could not be assessed since the cruiser's two escorts forced Sailfish to dive deep and run silent. Running at , the submarine eluded the destroyers and proceeded south toward Java. She arrived at Tjilatjap on 14 February for refueling and rearming.

Departing on 19 February for her third patrol, she headed through Lombok Strait to the Java Sea. After sighting the heavy cruiser  and two escorts heading for Sunda Strait following the Allied defeat in the Battle of the Java Sea, Sailfish intercepted an enemy destroyer on 2 March. Following an unsuccessful attack, she was forced to dive deep to escape the ensuing depth charge attack from the destroyer and patrol aircraft. That night, near the mouth of Lombok Strait, she spotted what appeared to be the  aircraft carrier , escorted by four destroyers. Sailfish fired four torpedoes, scoring two hits. Leaving the target aflame and dead in the water, Sailfish dove, the escorts delivering forty depth charges in the next 90 minutes. She eluded destroyers and aircraft and arrived at Fremantle, Western Australia, on 19 March, to great fanfare, believed to be the first U.S. sub to have sunk an enemy carrier. In reality, the Kaga was scuttled in June, 1942, after damage sustained during the Battle of Midway, in that vicinity. Postwar, it was revealed Kaga had been nowhere in the area of Lombok Strait, and the target had in fact been the  aircraft ferry Kamogawa Maru, still a valuable target.

The Java Sea and Celebes Sea were the areas of Sailfishs fourth patrol, from 22 March–21 May. After delivering 1,856 rounds of anti-aircraft ammunition to "MacArthur's guerrillas", she made only one ship contact and was unable to attack the target before returning to Fremantle.

The submarine's fifth patrol—from 13 June through 1 August—was off the coast of Indochina in the South China Sea. On 4 July, she intercepted and tracked a large freighter, but discovered the intended target was a hospital ship and held her fire. On 9 July, she intercepted and torpedoed a Japanese freighter. One of a pair of torpedoes struck home and the ship took a 15° list. As Sailfish went deep, a series of explosions were heard, and no further screw noises were detected. When the submarine surfaced in the area 90 minutes later, no ship was in sight. She was credited during the war with a 7000 ton ship, and although postwar examination of Japanese records confirmed no sinking in the area on that date, the Sailfish had damaged the Japanese transport ship Aobasan Maru (8811 GRT) off the coast of Indochina in position 11°31'N, 109°21'E.

Sailfish observed only one other enemy vessel before the end of the patrol.

Sixth and seventh patrols: September 1942 – January 1943
Shifting her base of operations to Brisbane, Sailfish (now under the command of John R. "Dinty" Moore) got underway for her sixth patrol on 13 September and headed for the western Solomon Islands. On the night of 17–18 September, she encountered eight Japanese destroyers escorting a cruiser, but she was unable to attack. On 19 September, she attacked a minelayer. The spread of three torpedoes missed, and Sailfish was forced to dive deep to escape the depth charge counterattack. Eleven well-placed charges went off near the submarine, causing much minor damage. Sailfish returned to Brisbane on 1 November.

Underway for her seventh patrol on 24 November, Sailfish proceeded to the area south of New Britain. Following an unsuccessful attack on a destroyer on 2 December, the submarine made no other contacts until 25 December, when she believed she had scored a hit on a Japanese submarine. Postwar analysis of Japanese records could not confirm a sinking in the area. During the remainder of the patrol, she made unsuccessful attacks on a cargo ship and a destroyer before ending the patrol at Pearl Harbor on 15 January 1943.

Eighth and ninth patrols: May–September 1943
After an overhaul at Mare Island Naval Shipyard from 27 January–22 April, Sailfish returned to Pearl Harbor on 30 April. Departing Hawaii on 17 May for her eighth patrol, she stopped off to fuel at Midway Island and proceeded to her station off the east coast of Honshū. Several contacts were made but, because of bad weather, were not attacked. On 15 June, she encountered two freighters off Todo Saki, escorted by three subchasers. Firing a spread of three stern torpedoes, she observed one hit which stopped the maru dead in the water. Sailfish was driven down by the escort, but listened on her sound gear as Shinju Maru broke up and sank. Ten days later, she found a second convoy, three ships with a subchaser and, unusually, an aircraft, for escort. Sailfish once more fired three stern tubes, sinking Iburi Maru; in response, the subchaser, the aircraft, and three additional escorts, pinned her down in a gruelling depth charge attack lasting 10 hours and 98 charges but causing only slight damage. After shaking loose pursuit, she set course for Midway on 26 June, arriving there on 3 July.

Her ninth patrol (commanded by William R. Lefavour) lasted from 25 July–16 September and covered the Formosa Strait and waters off Okinawa. It produced only two contacts (a 2500 ton steamer at Naha, Okinawa, and a junk), but no worthwhile targets, and Sailfish thereafter returned to Pearl Harbor.

Tenth patrol: November 1943 – January 1944
After refit at Pearl Harbor, she departed (under the command of Robert E. McC. Ward) with a rejuvenated crew, on 17 November for her 10th patrol, which took her south of Honshū. Along the way, she suffered a "hot run" in tube eight (aft), and (after the skipper himself went over the side to inspect the damage) ejected the torpedo; the tube remained out of commission for the duration of the patrol.

After refueling at Midway, she was alerted by ULTRA of a fast convoy of Japanese ships before she arrived on station. Southeast of Yokosuka, on the night of 3 December, she made radar contact at . The group consisted of the Japanese aircraft carrier , a cruiser, and two destroyers. Despite high seas whipped up by typhoon winds, Sailfish maneuvered into firing position shortly after midnight on 3–4 December, dived to radar depth (just the radar aerial exposed), and fired four bow torpedoes at the carrier, at a range of , scoring two hits. She went deep to escape the escorting destroyers, which dropped 21 depth charges (only two close), reloaded, and at 02:00, surfaced to resume the pursuit. She found a mass of radar contacts, and a slow-moving target, impossible to identify in the miserable visibility. As dawn neared, she fired another spread of three bow "fish" from , scoring two more hits on the stricken carrier. Diving to elude the Japanese counter-attack, which was hampered by the raging seas, Sailfish came to periscope depth, and at 07:58 saw the carrier lying dead in the water, listing to port and down by the stern. Preparations to abandon ship were in progress.

Later in the morning, Sailfish fired another spread of three torpedoes, from only , scoring two final hits. Loud internal explosions and breaking-up noises were heard while the submarine dived to escape a depth charge attack. Abruptly, a cruiser appeared and, fearing that she would broach the surface, Sailfish went to , losing a chance at this new target. Shortly afterwards, the carrier Chūyō () went to the bottom, the first aircraft carrier sunk by an American submarine in the war, and the only major Japanese warship sunk by enemy action in 1943. In an ironic twist, Chūyō was carrying American prisoners of war from , the same boat that had helped locate and rescue Sailfish—then Squalus—over four years before. Twenty of the 21 US crew members from Sculpin were killed. None, however, were of the original rescue crew. 1,250 Japanese were also killed.

After escaping a strafing attack by a Japanese fighter on 7 December, she made contact and commenced tracking two cargo ships with two escorts on the morning of 13 December, south of Kyūshū. That night, she fired a spread of four torpedoes at the two freighters. Two solid explosions were heard, including an internal secondary explosion. Sailfish heard Totai Maru (3000 tons) break up and sink as the destroyers made a vigorous but inaccurate depth charge attack. When Sailfish caught up with the other freighter she was dead in the water, but covered by a screen of five destroyers. Rather than face suicidal odds, the submarine quietly left the area. On the night of 20 December, she intercepted an enemy hospital ship, which she left unmolested.

On 21 December, in the approach to Bungo Suido (Bungo Channel), Sailfish intercepted six large freighters escorted by three destroyers. With five torpedoes left, she fired a spread of three stern tubes, scoring two hits on the largest target. Diving to escape the approaching destroyers, the submarine detected breaking-up noises as Uyo Maru (6400 tons) went to the bottom; destroyers counterattacked with 31 depth charges, "some very close". Sailfish terminated her tenth patrol at Pearl Harbor on 5 January 1944. She claimed three ships for 35,729 tons, plus damage to one for 7000 tons, believed to be the most successful patrol by tonnage to date; postwar, it was reduced to two ships and (less Uyo Maru) 29,571 tons.

Eleventh patrol: July–September 1944
After an extensive overhaul at Mare Island—from 15–17 June—she returned to Hawaii and sailed on 9 July as part of a "wolfpack" ("Moseley's Maulers", commanded by Stan Moseley), with  and , to prey on shipping in the Luzon–Formosa area. On the afternoon of 7 August, Sailfish and Greenling made contact with an enemy convoy. Sailfish maneuvered into firing position and fired a spread of three torpedoes at a medium tanker. One hit caused the tanker to disintegrate into a column of water, smoke and debris. It was not recorded in the postwar account. In fact the Sailfish had sunk the Japanese Kinshu Maru (238 GRT) in Luzon Strait in position 20°09'N, 121°19'E.

The next target was a battleship escorted by three destroyers, on which she made radar contact shortly after midnight on 18–19 August. At 01:35, after getting as close as she was able, , Sailfish fired all four bow tubes. One of the escorts ran into the path of two fish; the other two missed. While the destroyer must have been severely damaged or sunk, there was nothing in JANAC.

On 24 August, south of Formosa, Sailfish made radar contact with an enemy convoy consisting of four cargo ships escorted by two small patrol craft. Moving into firing position, Sailfish fired a salvo of four torpedoes, scoring two hits. The cargo ship Toan Maru (2100 tons) was enveloped in a cloud of smoke and shortly afterwards broke in two and sank. Surfacing after escaping a depth charge attack, Sailfish closed on a second cargo ship of the convoy, scoring two hits out of four torpedoes fired. The submarine's crew felt the cargo ship either had been sunk or badly damaged, but the sinking was not confirmed by JANAC postwar. Sailfish terminated her 11th patrol at Midway on 6 September; her wartime credit was four ships for 13,200 tons, a total reduced to just one of 2100 tons (Toan Maru) postwar.

Twelfth patrol: September–December 1944
Her 12th patrol—from 26 September through 11 December—was conducted between Luzon and Formosa, in company with  and .

After passing through the edge of a typhoon, Sailfish arrived on station to perform lifeguard duty. On 12 October, staying surfaced in full view of enemy attackers, she rescued 12 Navy fliers who had ditched their stricken aircraft after strikes against Japanese bases on Formosa. She sank a sampan and a patrol craft with her deck gun as the enemy craft tried to capture the downed aviators. The following day, she rescued another flier. The submarines pulled into Saipan, arriving on 24 October, to drop off their temporary passengers, refuel, and make minor repairs.

After returning to the patrol area with the wolf pack, she made an unsuccessful attack on a transport on 3 November. The following day, Sailfish damaged the Japanese destroyer Harukaze and Japanese landing ship T-111 (890 tons) in Luzon Strait in position 20°08'N, 121°43'E but was slightly damaged herself by a bomb from a patrol aircraft. With battle damage under control, Sailfish eluded her pursuers and cleared the area. After riding out a typhoon on 9–10 November, she intercepted a convoy on the evening of 24 November heading for Itbayat in the Philippines. After alerting Pomfret of the convoy's location and course, Sailfish was moving into an attack position when one of the escorting destroyers headed straight for her. Sailfish fired a three-torpedo spread "down the throat" and headed toward the main convoy. At least one hit was scored on the destroyer and her pip faded from the radar screen. Suddenly, Sailfish received an unwelcome surprise when she came under fire from the destroyer that she had believed to be sunk. Sailfish ran deep after ascertaining there was no hull damage resulting from a near miss from the escort's guns. For the next 4 hours, Sailfish was forced to run silent and deep as the Japanese kept up an uncomfortably accurate depth-charge attack. Finally, the submarine was able to elude the destroyers and slip away. Shortly, Sailfish headed for Hawaii, via Midway, and completed her 12th and final war patrol upon arriving at Pearl Harbor on 11 December. Sailfish had damaged the IJN destroyer , which had previously sunk , and also a landing ship.

Return stateside
Following refit, Sailfish departed Hawaii on 26 December and arrived at New London, via the Panama Canal, on 22 January 1945. For the next four and one-half months, she aided training out of New London. Next, she operated as a training ship at Guantanamo Bay from 9 June–9 August. After a six-week stay at Philadelphia Navy Yard, she arrived at Portsmouth, New Hampshire on 2 October for deactivation.

Post war

After being decommissioned on 27 October 1945, efforts by the city of Portsmouth and area residents to have the submarine kept intact as a memorial were not successful. Agreement was reached to have her conning tower saved, which was dedicated in November 1946 on Armistice Day, by John L. Sullivan, then Under Secretary of the Navy. The remainder of the submarine was initially scheduled to be a target in the atomic bomb tests or sunk by conventional ordnance. However, she was placed on sale in March 1948 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 30 April 1948. The hulk was sold for scrapping to Luria Brothers of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on 18 June 1948. Her conning tower still stands at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery as a memorial to her lost crewmen ().

Honors and awards
 Presidential Unit Citation for outstanding performance on her 10th war patrol
 American Defense Service Medal
 American Campaign Medal
 Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with nine battle stars for World War II service
 World War II Victory Medal

In media
The 2001 television movie docudrama Submerged, directed by James Keach and starring Sam Neill as Charles B. "Swede" Momsen and James B. Sikking as Admiral Cyrus Cole, depicted the events surrounding the loss of USS Squalus and the rescue of her 33 survivors. The plot was written to closely follow the events of the sinking.

Submerged used models and sets originally constructed for the 2000 film U-571. The floating set used to in Submerged to represent both USS Squalus and USS Sculpin is the non-diving replica built in Malta as the "modified"  for U-571, which also was shot in Malta. The replica is still afloat, moored in Marsa in the inner part of the Grand Harbour () at Malta.

In 2006, BBC TV presented a series of programmes entitled Voyages of Discovery the first of which, called "Hanging by a Thread", told the story of the USS Squalus rescue mission, as narrated by Paul Rose.

See also
 , a British World War II submarine that sank in Liverpool Bay with the loss of 99 of 104 hands and was refloated and recommissioned under a new name.

Notes

Bibliography

 Barrows, Nathaniel A. Blow All Ballast! The Story of the Squalus. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co, 1940.

 Gray, Edwyn. Disasters of the Deep: A Comprehensive Survey of Submarine Accidents and Disasters. Annapolis, Md: Naval Institute Press, 2003.
  (Television movie. The film does not acknowledge any design flaw and claims the cause is unknown.)
 LaVO, Carl. Back from the Deep: The Strange Story of the Sister Subs Squalus and Sculpin. Annapolis, Md: Naval Institute Press, 1994.
 Maas, Peter. The Rescuer. New York: Harper & Row, 1967.

 USS Squalus, Ship Source Files, Ships History Branch, Naval Historical Center
 "Oliver Francis Naquin," Obituary, The New York Times, 15 November. 1989
 Department's Report on "Squalus" Disaster. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1939.
 Naval Historical Center (U.S.). USS Squalus (SS-192) The Sinking, Rescue of Survivors, and Subsequent Salvage, 1939. Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, 1998. http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq99-1.htm
 Mariners' Museum (Newport News, Va.). Salvage of the Squalus: Clippings from Newspapers, 25 May 20 January 1939, 1941. Newport News, Va: Mariners' Museum, 1942.
 Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (U.S.). Technical Report of the Salvage of U.S.S. Squalus. Portsmouth, N.H.: U.S. Navy Yard, 1939.
 Falcon (Salvage ship), and Albert R. Behnke. Log of Diving During Rescue and Salvage Operations of the USS Squalus: Diving Log of USS Falcon, 24 May 1939 – 12 September 1939. Kensington, Maryland: Reprinted by Undersea & Hyperbaric Medical Society, 2001
 Diving in the U.S. Navy a brief history. http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS88384

References

Further reading

External links

 Naval Historical Center, Online Library of Selected Images: USS Squalus/Sailfish (SS-192)

 hazegray.org: USS Sailfish
 fleetsubmarine.com: USS Sailfish
 On Eternal Patrol: USS Squalus
 Kill record: USS Sailfish

1938 ships
Maritime incidents in 1939
Sargo-class submarines
Ships built in Kittery, Maine

United States submarine accidents
World War II submarines of the United States

USS Sailfish (SS-192)


The Broughton Rules (also known as Broughton's rules) were the first set of rules that was adapted in the sport of boxing. The rules were written and codified by the English champion Jack Broughton in 1743. Many of the rules and limitations included in Broughton rules are still followed to this day, and they have become fundamentals for later boxing rules. The Broughton Rules were replaced by the London Prize Ring Rules in 1838.

History
During Jack Broughton's time, bare-knuckle boxing had little to no rules. Shortly after opening an amphitheatre in London, he drew up the first standard set of rules for the sport, which he posted in his venue on August 16, 1743. His rules were:

1. A one-yard square must be drawn in the middle of the combat place, to which the "seconds", after the fall of one of the contestants or at the beginning of the fight, must take their pupils, placing them face to face. While both are in said square they cannot hit each other.

2. That in order to avoid any discussion regarding the time that a contestant remained down, it is established that if the "second" does not take his principal to the aforementioned square within thirty seconds after he was knocked down, he is considered beaten.

3. That in the main matches no one can enter the place of the same (ring), except for the contestants and their "seconds"; The same rule applies to preliminary bouts, but in the latter, the referee is allowed, as long as he does not interfere in the bout, to enter the place of the bout, to ask for correction and to demand that the spectators take their places ; Anyone who violates these rules will be expelled from the place of the fight. When the wrestlers are ready for the fight and before the start of the fight, the place where it is held (ring) must be vacated.

4. That no contestant will be considered defeated unless after his fall he spent more time than the regulation to get into the square or his "second" declared him beaten. The latter are not allowed to ask questions of their ward's adversary, nor to advise him.

5. That at the end of the fight, the money collected will be distributed in public, at the place of the fight, and the winner will receive two-thirds, notwithstanding any private agreements that may be to the contrary.

6. That in order to avoid discussions, the contestants, upon arriving at the place of the fight, will choose two judges from among those present, who will decide on all the questions that may arise in the fight; If they do not agree, they will choose a third party to decide.

7. That it is not allowed to hit the opponent when he is on the ground, nor to grab him by the leg, by the breeches or by any part of the body located below the waist; a contestant will be considered down if on his knees.

Other details
Broughton was also the one to popularize the use of gloves for fighting, but this did not become a standard up until the mid-19th century. Also, during that time, other moves and techniques besides punching, such as wrestling and kicking, were still allowed.

Replacement
The Broughton rules were finally succeeded by the London Prize Ring Rules written by the British Pugilists' Protective Association in 1838 and further revised in 1853.

References

Bare-knuckle boxing
History of boxing
Boxing rules and regulations
Boxing in England

Broughton Rules


The Love Flower is a 1920 American silent drama film produced by D. W. Griffith and released through the then nascent United Artist company of which Griffith was a founding partner.

Plot
As described in a film magazine, Thomas Bevan (MacQuarrie) has served an undeserved term in prison. He marries again, but his new wife is unsympathetic towards his daughter Stella (Dempster) because of the father's great great love for and comradeship with his daughter. Matthew Crane (Randolf) of the Secret Service, who sent Bevan to prison, comes to the town where Bevan is now living. Bevan's wife is unfaithful, and a loyal servant (Lestina) goes after Bevan, who had been leaving on a business trip, and tells him of the treachery. Bevan goes back to verify the statement, and in a fight the man (Kent) is accidentally killed. Crane hears of the murder and intercepts Stella, who had been on her way to the motorboat Bevan had purchased for his getaway. Bevan comes up from the rear and makes a captive of Crane until he and his daughter leave. They eventually land on a South Sea island and happily live there with one servant. Visiting a nearby island to trade with a native, Stella meets Bruce Sanders (Barthelmess), a wealthy plantation owner out for excitement. She wants to be friends with him, but fears he may be a federal officer looking for her father. Sanders is puzzled by her cold manner. Sanders returns to the mainland where he meets Crane who is hot on the trail. Crane persuades Sanders to take him to the island where Stella and Bevan live, which he, unsuspecting, gladly does. On their arrival Crane arrests Bevan and Stella, believing Sanders deliberately brought Crane there, will have nothing to do with him. Stella sinks Sanders's boat, marooning all four on the island. When the boat is washed ashore, Sanders to show his good faith sinks it again, and Stella confesses that she loves him. Crane's comrades send help to him on the island, and Bevan refuses to get on the boat. After a dramatic fight, Crane believes Bevan has drowned. Stella and Sanders return and wed on the mainland and make plans to rescue her father.

Cast
Richard Barthelmess as Bruce Sanders
Carol Dempster as Stella Bevan
George MacQuarrie as Stella's father, Thomas Bevan
Anders Randolf as Matthew Crane
Florence Short as Mrs. Bevan
Crauford Kent as her visitor
Adolph Lestina as Bevan's old servant
William James as Crane's assistant
Jack Manning as Crane's assistant

Production

Griffith filmed The Love Flower simultaneously with The Idol Dancer (1920) in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and Nassau, Bahamas, in December 1919 to fulfill a contract with First National Pictures, but after previewing the film on April 2, 1920, before the American Newspaper Publishers Association in New York, he purchased the rights to The Love Flower for $400,000. Additional underwater footage of Dempster was shot in Florida along with scenes of her and MacQuarrie against a black background. The reedited film was then released by United Artists.

References

External links

The Love Flower at AllMovie
The Love Flower at Virtual History
Southseascinema.org
The Love Flower available for free download at Internet Archive
DVD availability at Grapevine Video and Oldies.com

1920 films
American silent feature films
Films directed by D. W. Griffith
Films based on short fiction
1920 drama films
Silent American drama films
American black-and-white films
1920s American films

The Love Flower


Cupid Making His Bow (c. 1533–1535) is a painting by the Italian late Renaissance artist Parmigianino. It is housed in the Kunsthistorisches Museum,  Vienna, Austria.

History
The work appears in the inventory of Francesco Baiardo in Parma, who was a friend and patron of  Parmigianino. Late Renaissance art biographer Giorgio Vasari writes that Baiardo had commissioned the  Cupido che fabbrica di sua mano un arco.

The painting was inherited by  Marcantonio Cavalca and later went to  Antonio Pérez, secretary of state of Philip II of Spain, who brought it with him to Spain. In 1579 Pérez fell in disgrace, and was forced to sell the painting to an envoy of emperor Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor. It was however blocked by the Spanish crown, and could be acquired and arrive to Prague, together with Correggio's Jupiter and Io  and Ganymede Abducted by the Eagle, in 1603. It was transferred to Vienna's Schatzkammer in 1631.

A preparatory drawing for Cupid's head is in the Cabinet des Dessins of the Louvre (n. 1662). The work was frequently copied and used as a model by numerous artists. There are copies by Joseph Heintz the Elder and Rubens in the Alte Pinakothek of Munich.

See also
Ganymede Abducted by the Eagle

References

Sources

External links

Page at museum's website

Paintings by Parmigianino
1530s paintings
Paintings in the Kunsthistorisches Museum
Paintings of Cupid
Nude art
Paintings of children
Books in art

Cupid Making His Bow


Zou Tribe is one of the Schedule Tribes of Manipur. The Zou tribal populace is mainly concentrated in two districts of the state, namely, Churachandpur and Chandel. Zou language has been incorporated in the study curriculum of several high schools and also some of the higher secondary schools in the state of Manipur.
Zou tribes are a less known indigenous community residing along the Indo-Burma border. Zou tribe is officially recognised as Indian Scheduled Tribe in the state of Manipur. Zou tribal population in the country is estimated to be nearly 20,000 to 25,000, although there are no official records. Zou tribal community is mostly concentrated in and around Churachandpur district and Chandel district of this state of North-East India. According to 2001 census report, the Zou population has been ranked as the 10th largest amongst the Scheduled Tribe population in Manipur. Zou language is one of the set Major Indian Languages taught in the high schools and higher secondary schools of the state.

In India, the Zou are officially recognized as one of the thirty-three indigenous peoples within the state of Manipur, and are one of the scheduled tribes.  According to the 2001 Census, the Zou population in Manipur is around 20,000, less than 3% of the population.  The community is concentrated in Churachandpur and Chandel districts of Manipur in North-East India.

History of Zou Tribe
The history of Zou tribe is not very clear. The Zou tribes have Indo-Chinese origin and the in the local dialect of the Zou people, the name of the tribal group suggests 'human being'. There is a saying among the tribal community that mankind is born from trees, leaves and soil. It is believed that the early history of Zou community is lost in legends and myths. The linguistic and racial evidences imply that they are of Indo-Chinese origin. Linguists said that the Zomi language belongs to Tibeto-Burman language family. In the South-East Asian region, there had been some dynasties, places and people, which bear the mark, Zou with some variations in spelling. Further, some scholars also suggest that around 200 BC because of regular Chinese attacks, the Zomis probably have moved to the north east of Tibet.

Language
The Zou tribal community has a script of its own, which is known as "Zolai". All the write ups of the Zou tribes are being done using the script. Today, this Zolai script has gained popularity amongst Zou youths who have started to learn the script with lots of enthusiasm and excitement. However, Roman script is the official script that has been used by the Zou population. Even the holy book Bible has been translated in to Zou language making use of Roman script. In Manipur, the literacy rate of the Zou tribes is low and it is around 61.6 percent according to 2001 Census report. It is to be noted that the Zou dialectal group is just a branch of the huge traditional group, namely, Chin-Kuki-Lushai ethnic group.

Notes on Zou Language
Original Mother Tongue of Zote (Zomi)

Round about 1450 A.D, Pu Hanghil (the father of Chie Manlun) and Pu Gen Kun of Taithul family founded Hai Daw village from Suih Mual village. Pu Gen Kun was appointed to be the Headman of Hai Dawi village. Both of them fought together against Bum Zang village which was about two miles from Hai Dawi. There they defeated the villagers of Bum Zang village. Later, Pu Hang Hil was appointed as Headman of Bum Zang village. Later, Pu Hang Hil shifted to Khua Dai village which is about three miles from Bum Zang village. There his sons Man Lun, Ma Tuang, Mang Son, Hang Vung and Mat Mang were born. As they grew in about 1500 A.D Manlun started his ruling as a chief Khuangnung in village. Mantuang in 1550 A.D at Phaitu village, Mangson at Gamngai and Hangvung at Khuadai village(?). So, we can simply point out that the first Zote Khua was Hai Dawi village. Up to this day Hai Dawi people still exist a people and they speak Hai Dawi dialect. To the original tongue of Zote might be Hai Dawi dialect.

As the Israelites retained the Hebrew language so also if we are going to retain our real mother tongue, we must speak Hai Dawi dialect, for it was the first and lingua franca of Zote descendants. Similarly if any one among Zote descendants would like to print any book or Bible, he would use the Hai Dawi dialect words, not because of its fitness, but only for its originality. I believe we all agree to give first priority to Hai Dawi dialect as our Zote-original mother tongue.

The Hai Dawi dialect

Maw na sung ma naw in, amaw sa pi ma in leimi in i piang a, a khawh ma ma - gam lua a i lua suhsuh ih mawnate ma ei bawl in eima pumpi ei man muda maithei, Ih mawnate -eeng taang gol lua a hi man in khat veivei eima mawnate eimon maisah zolo maithei va-ia kim lai, tuate lip khap sih saang a pamai eisa, ei khua tua ngeet-nguut ngeng ngong man a ih dial dual liang luang mawna nei van nuai ei mai sah thop valong, abieh huai tapo ma Jehova ki chi Pasian khat a na om ngang tangh hi.

Translation:
As we are born in sin, we cannot even love ourselves and there is no knowledge about what is forgiveness, because of the enormous sins inherited in us. Eventhough we are in this situation, inspite of our enormous sins the one who has mercy, sympathises us and forgives us our sins is the God called Jehovah.
Tua Jehovah Pasian in atapa neisun Zeisu tawh ei maw nei leimite ei tat ngam giap na, itna sang a a uang gol zaw lim itna dang leitung ah tu dong kimu nai va-ia lo hi.

Transaltion:
Jehovah God's love in giving his only begotten son for the remission of our sins and its horrible consequence is the greatest love in the world. There is greater love in the world up to this day.

Tui khang bang a leitung a tomkal khat ih mit phet va huausung teng beeh, upna a muan tawh Jehovah Pasian um kha popo lei-ih zaw? Aman eite chidamna, khansauna, pilna, hauna, lungnopna, ji hoi, pasal hoi, tanu tapa meel hoi neitheina thuphate tawh ei ang vaan tuah valon ding baan ah, ih si zaw chiang na ngawn a ih hla in van tung ah hindenna nga ding-chi te a kammal tawh ei khap saa ma tah khu.

Translation:
Within our span of vaporous life, if we believe in Jehovah God rightly, there are numerous promises abounded for health, prosperity, wisdom, longevity, good husband, good wife, and even our offspring would see beauty and excellence and above all eternal bliss after life will be received.

Culture
These Zou tribes, following the trend of the other tribes, too follow Christianity as their main religion. This Zou community has a plethora of rituals and customs, both religious as well as social, undergo sea change to keep up with the trend of present day modern trends. The Zou people follow ceremonies associated with nature. The Zou tribal society still loyally maintains their old patriarchal structure.

Hunting and agriculture are the major occupation of the Zou tribal people. Modern education system empowered the Zou women to enter today's job market.

Customs
The traditional customs, practices and other related issues of this small tribe has recently been explored systematically.  Unfortunately, this tribe has escaped the attention of social scientists in general and sociologists in particular.  The Zous like other tribal communities in the northeast India have maintained their age-old customary practices.

Types of marriage
The Zou tribe generally follows what is called as "Patrilineal cross-cousin's marriage" which is their first choice known as Neita.  It is generally observed that the traditional marriage system of the Zou tribes is regulated either by (i) Tong Mou (Arranged marriage), (ii) Neita (Cross cousin Marriage), and (ii) Elopement Marriage.  THe above three types of marriage of course consist of arrange as well as love marriage.  There are minute details to be explored with related to Zou customary marriage practices, I am not going to elaborate on all these minute details at the moment.  This article aims at the contemporary practices without going in deep studies.

Zou folklore

Khupcing And Ngambawm
Once there were two woman who were great friends and they loved each other very much. One day they made an agreement that if one gives birth to a male baby and other give birth to a female baby they would marry them to each other. Later in the use two pregnant women gave birth to a female and the other woman gave birth to a male baby.The male baby was named Ngambawm and the female baby was named Khupching. Khupching belongs to a royal family whereas Ngambawm belong to a poor family. So their social disparities created a social barrier. Khupching's parents retracted from their agreement to marry these two people.So they tried to seeparate them rightr from their babyhood. They used different cradles,but it was so amazing that the two babies join themselves in one cradle. Even in the field they thought that they had separated while ploughing the field they found the two babies join together in the evening in one cradle.As they grew up Khupching and Ngambawm loved each other very much. One day Ngambawm asked Khupching to marry him.
But Khupching replied in songs:

(a) Ka tun va dongin,ka zuo va dong in khuokhâl tui bang hing la ve aw.

[ask my mother ask my father fetch me like the dry season(autumn) waters.]
Ngambawm asked her parents.They refused/rejected him flatly.

Ngambawm sang this song:
(a) Na tun lah dong ing na zuo lah dong ing khuokhâl tui bang lâh nâilou e.
I had asked your mother and father, they flatly refused to marry you to me, but I can not fetch you like dry season (autumn) waters. On hearing her parents refused him, her love for Ngambawm increased day by day.

One day Ngambawm plucked a single hair of Khupching and he placed it under a stone which was near a waterfall of a stream.Khupching fell ill since then.Her mother decalred that if someone could cure her he will be her husand. When he heard this news ngambawm took back the hair from under the stone and put it back into Khupching's head. Ngambawm cured her but her parents still refused him marriage to her. Ngambawm again took back and he put it under the stone nearby stream once again. She became ill bagain. Her parents again promised the same as before to one who could cure her. He took the hair and put it back into her head and she was cured. In this way he cured her many times.But her parents were adamanat not to mary her off to him. Ngambawm again hid her hair under a stone unfortunately this time her hair was lost in the running stream. So Khupching fell ill and died. When the body was about to be buried her body swelled like a big balloon and the people could not extricate out of the house. The people were flabber-gasted and amazed about this phenomenon. No one could solve the problem. So they requested Ngambawm to come and help them out. Ngambawm spoke to the corpse saying "Darling we are separated but this is the will of God, make your self small again and get out of the the door". After that the corpse became small and was able to get out the door easily. Once again the corpse refused to get out of the entrance of the gate of the house by swelling big. again. Ngambawm said "Darling, make yourself small again one more and get out of the entrance gate of the house." After that the corpse was easily taken out of the entrance gate.After Khupching was buried Ngambawm returned to his house filled with tears.

(a) Atui in hal e, têu a tui in hal ,hal jou nailou zawlching ngâi ing e.
(b) Atui suh inlu ong damdiel in luong e, Ching aw vâi bang na thâm na hie?
[The waterfall was between us but it could not separate us I love Chingkhup more and more. The water flows gently but you died in this flowing water.]

One day Ngambawm planted a cockscomb flower on the tomb of Khupching. He saw a wild cat coming to pluck the flowers and he caught it by chance.When he asked the wild cat as to why it plucked the flowers every night it told him that it was sent by Khupching. Ngambawm then requested the wildcat to take him to Khupching but the wildcat replied that he (Ngambawm) will not be able to reach the village (it was the land or village of the dead) as the path was dangerous and treacherous. But Ngambawm still followed the wildcat through the harsh path and he finally arrived at the village where Khupching lives. On seeing her his joy knew no bounds. He and Khupching lived together in the house. One day the villagers went for fishing expedition She sent him also to join the villagers and she gave him the bamboo basket for collecting fishes.

One day Khupching said to Ngambawm, " Please go back to your village,as soon as you reach your home kill one pig and eat its meat. After that hang a spear above your bed, and let free all the chicken from their roosts. Then, lie down on your bed facing the roof of your house whre you hanged the spear". As advised by her he returned to his village soon and he did whatever things to be done as told by Khupching.As he lay on his bed the spear was made to fall on his chest by Khupching spirit's and he was killed instantly. After his death his spirit went the village of Khupching. He reached her house and they both met each other happily ever after.

References
 https://www.indianetzone.com/8/zou_tribe.htm
 https://www.pdx.edu/multicultural-topics-communication-sciences-disorders/zou
 http://zoindigenous.blogspot.com/2010/03/zou-tribe-celebrate-zogal-day-and-zoton.html

Manipur
Ethnic groups in India

Zou people


Lower North Philadelphia is a section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that is immediately north of Center City and below Upper North Philadelphia and can be described as a section of Philadelphia that was designated as a "Model City" target, that has overcome poverty and blight through key developments and a recipient of a federal funded program in 1966 to improve the neighborhood and extend the Center City district north of City Hall.  It also contains the Lower North Philadelphia Speculative Housing Historic District along Cecil B. Moore Avenue.

Lower North Philadelphia consists of the Brewerytown, Cecil B. Moore,
Cabot, Fairhill, Francisville, Hartranft, Ludlow, North Central, Poplar, Sharswood, Spring Garden, South Lehigh, Stanton, Strawberry Mansion, Yorktown, Fairmount and Northern Liberties neighborhoods.

Demographics
The demographics of Lower North Philadelphia shows that the area has a population density of 14,736 people per mile with an average household size of 3 and 30% of households had children. There is an 18% annual residential turnover rate with 42% of residents staying for more than 5 years, with an average of 5 years of residency.

References

Neighborhoods in Philadelphia

Lower North Philadelphia


Jofra Chioke Archer (born 1 April 1995,) is a Barbadian and English cricketer who represents England in international cricket. He is a right-arm fast bowler. In domestic cricket he plays for Sussex as well as a number of T20 franchises. In April 2019, Archer was selected to play for the England team in limited overs fixtures against Ireland and Pakistan. He made his international debut for England in May 2019, and was part of the England squad that won the 2019 Cricket World Cup. He then made his Test debut later that summer, against Australia in the 2019 Ashes series. In April 2020, Archer was named as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year.

Early life
Jofra Chioke Archer was born on 1 April 1995 in Bridgetown, Barbados. His father Frank Archer is English and his mother Joelle Waithe is Barbadian. He holds British citizenship through his father. He moved to England in 2015, and initially would not have been eligible to play for England until the winter of 2022. The England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) rules stated that as he did not live in England until after his 18th birthday, he needed to complete a seven-year residency period. Archer played for West Indies Under-19s three times in 2014, but had signalled his intention to make himself available to England once his residency period was complete. However, in November 2018, the ECB announced a change to its rules, reducing the eligibility period from seven years to three to bring it into line with ICC regulations.

Domestic and franchise career
Archer made his first-class debut for Sussex during Pakistan's tour of England in July 2016, and his List A debut later that month against Gloucestershire, in the 2016 Royal London One-Day Cup.

Archer was bought by the Khulna Titans in the 2017 BPL season. Archer played for Hobart Hurricanes in both the 2017–18 and 2018–19 Big Bash League seasons.

He was signed by the Quetta Gladiators as a replacement for Carlos Brathwaite in the 2018 Pakistan Super League draft. He made his PSL debut against Karachi Kings and took 2 wickets. He played two matches in total and pulled out of the remaining tournament due to a side strain.

He was bought by the Rajasthan Royals in the 2018 IPL auction for £800,000. Archer then made his Indian Premier League (IPL) debut on 22 April 2018, against the Mumbai Indians when he took three wickets and was named the player of the match.

During a 2018 t20 Blast match against Middlesex in August 2018, Archer took a hat-trick in the final over of the game.

In 2020, Archer won the IPL Most Valuable Player award despite his team, Rajasthan Royals, finishing bottom of the league. In February 2022, he was bought by the Mumbai Indians in the auction for the 2022 Indian Premier League tournament. In April 2022, he was bought by the Southern Brave for the 2022 season of The Hundred.

International career

In April 2019, Archer was named in England's squads for the limited overs series against Pakistan and the one-off One Day International (ODI) against Ireland. He made his ODI debut for England against Ireland on 3 May 2019. He made his Twenty20 International debut for England against Pakistan on 5 May 2019.

Archer was not included in England's preliminary squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup. Former England cricketer Andrew Flintoff said he would drop "anyone" from the squad to include Archer. On 21 May 2019, England finalised their squad for the World Cup, with Archer named in the final fifteen-man squad. He played in all England's matches, as they went on to win the Cricket World Cup, with Archer bowling the super over, after the match ended in a tie in the final against New Zealand. Following the World Cup, the International Cricket Council (ICC) named Archer as the rising star of the squad. The ICC also included Archer in their CWC 2019 Team of the Tournament, praising his new ball bowling and his bowling at the death of the innings.

In July 2019, the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) named Archer in England's fourteen-man Test squad for the first match of the 2019 Ashes series. However, he was omitted from England's final eleven for the match, after continuing rehabilitation from an injury.  Archer was again named in the twelve-man squad for the second Ashes Test, and made his Test debut in the match. He took his first wicket in Test cricket, dismissing Australia's opener Cameron Bancroft. On the first day of the third Test, Archer took his first five-wicket haul in Test cricket, finishing with figures of 6 for 45, with Australia being dismissed for 179 runs. Following the conclusion of the Ashes, Archer was handed his first central contract by the ECB. In April 2020, Archer was named as one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year.

Archer was included in England's 30-man squad to start training behind closed doors for the 2020 Test series against the West Indies, and was part of the England team for the first Test match of the series. However, on the morning of the second Test, Archer was dropped from England's squad for the fixture, after he breached biosecurity protocols. As a result, he was placed in isolation for five days, fined, and given a written warning by the ECB. He returned to the team for the third Test, and for two of the three Tests against Pakistan.

In May and December 2021, Archer underwent two operations for an elbow injury, ruling him out of the international team for twelve months. In May 2022, Archer was ruled out of playing during the 2022 English summer due to a back stress fracture. Archer returned to international cricket in 2023, having been selected for England's ODI series against South Africa, and took his best ODI match figures of 6-40 in the third match.

Archer will miss the 2023 Ashes series in England after suffering another stress fracture in his right elbow. Archer had returned to the team earlier in 2023 before suffering a recurrence of the injury.

References

External links

1995 births
Living people
English cricketers
England Test cricketers
England One Day International cricketers
England Twenty20 International cricketers
Barbadian cricketers
Hobart Hurricanes cricketers
Sussex cricketers
Khulna Tigers cricketers
Rajasthan Royals cricketers
Quetta Gladiators cricketers
MI Cape Town cricketers
Cricketers from Bridgetown
Barbadian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Black British sportsmen
Barbadian people of English descent
Cricketers at the 2019 Cricket World Cup
Wisden Cricketers of the Year

Jofra Archer


Planta-Wildenberg Castle is a castle in the municipality of Zernez of the Canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.  It is a Swiss heritage site of national significance.

History
The Wildenberg family was a cadet branch of the Greifenstein family of Filisur.  In addition to the Wildenberg Castle in Falera, they owned castles and estates throughout the valleys of Graubünden.  Wildenberg Castle in Zernez was first mentioned as the home of the family in 1280/90.  In 1296 the Bishop of Chur took the right to collect tithes from Wildenberg and pledged it to the Lords of Planta.  It is unclear if the castle went with the tithes, but by the 14th century Wildenberg was owned by the bishop and held by the Planta family.  In 1365 representatives from the communities around Chur met for the first time at the castle under the auspices of the Planta family.  The representatives met because they were concerned about the growing power of Tyrol and the bishop's debts.  Two years after the meeting at Wildenberg and building off the 1365 agreements, they founded the League of God's House to curtail the bishop's power.

By around 1400 the branch of the Planta family at Wildenberg was using the name von Wildenberg or Planta-Wildenberg and held the castle as a permanent fief.  They became very wealthy with lands and rights from the bishop as well as the mining concession in the Lower Engadine from Emperor Henry VII.  While the Planta-Wildenberg family often loaned money to the bishop, their relationship was not always good.  In 1430 Conradin von Planta-Wildenberg wrote and demanded the abdication of Bishop Johann von Chur, who in turn excommunicated Conradin.  Late in the 15th century the Planta-Wildenberg family supported the bishop against the emperor.  In 1498 Hans von Planta-Wildenberg signed a treaty between the League of God's House and the Swiss Confederation which sought to limit the power of the emperor.  According to tradition, during the Swabian War of 1499 Hans von Planta-Wildenberg killed an imperial knight at the Battle of Calven.

In 1570 the chronicler Ulrich Campell described Wildenberg as a medieval castle with a central tower and three residential wings.  The owner of the castle, Balthasar von Planta-Wildenberg had been married six times and had numerous children who helped increase the wealth and power of the family.

In 1616 Rudolf von Planta-Wildenberg switched from supporting the bishop against the Habsburgs to join the pro-Habsburg party.  This infuriated the local villagers and minor nobility.  In 1618 when Rudolf received Archduke Leopold of Austria at Wildenberg, the people revolted, attacked and besieged the castle.  During the siege, Rudolf and his family escaped but the castle was taken and burned.  Four years later, during an Austrian offensive Rudolf was finally able to return to Wildenberg.  He rebuilt the damaged castle beginning in 1622.  After Rudolf's death in 1638, the castle passed to the a cadet line of the Planta family, the Planta-Aredz.  In 1649-50 the castle was again expanded.

The castle continued to be held by the Planta family for several more centuries.  In the 18th century, the castle was once again expanded.  In 1856 it was sold to the Bezzola family.  Then, in 1956, the municipality of Zernez acquired Wildenberg and moved the municipal administration into the building.  It was repaired and restored in 1989–94.

Castle site
The castle is an "L" shaped building with the central tower in the center.  Stone walls enclose gardens on the inside of the "L" (to the north-west) and on the south side of the castle.  The courtyard is also enclosed with walls and is on the east and north-east side of the castle.  The gate into the courtyard garden features the combined coats of arms of Hartmann and Flandrina von Planta from 1650.  The medieval tower was topped with a spire in the 18th century.  Above the external stairs from 1760 are the coats of arms of Johann von Planta and his wife Maria Jecklin  The two wings are connected by a large staircase with a richly stuccoed and painted ceiling in a classical style from the 17th century.

Gallery

See also
 List of castles in Switzerland

References

Cultural property of national significance in Graubünden
Castles in Graubünden
Zernez

Wildenberg Castle (Zernez)


Cristopher David Moore, known as Cris Moore, (born March 12, 1968 in New Brunswick, New Jersey) is an American computer scientist, mathematician, and physicist. He is resident faculty at the Santa Fe Institute, and was formerly a full professor at the University of New Mexico.

Biography
Moore did his undergraduate studies at Northwestern University, graduating in 1986. He earned his Ph.D. in 1991 from Cornell University under the supervision of Philip Holmes. After postdoctoral studies at the Santa Fe Institute, he joined the institute as a research faculty member in 1998, and moved to the University of New Mexico in 2000 as an assistant professor. He received tenure there in 2005. In 2007 he became a research professor at the Santa Fe Institute again, while retaining his University of New Mexico affiliation, and in 2008 he was promoted to full professor at UNM. His primary appointment was in the Department of Computer Science, with a joint appointment in the UNM Department of Physics and Astronomy. In 2012, Moore left the University of New Mexico and became full-time resident faculty at the Santa Fe Institute.

Moore has also served on the Santa Fe, New Mexico city council from 1994 to 2002, affiliated with the Green Party of New Mexico.

Research
In 1993, Moore found a novel solution to the three-body problem, showing that it is possible in Newtonian mechanics for three equal-mass bodies to follow each other around a shared orbit along a figure-eight shaped curve. Moore's results were found through numerical computations, and they were made mathematically rigorous in 2000 by Alain Chenciner and Richard Montgomery and shown computationally to be stable by Carlès Simo. Later researchers showed that similar solutions to the three-body problem are also possible under general relativity, Einstein's more accurate description of the effects of gravitation on moving bodies. After his original work on the problem, Moore collaborated with Michael Nauenberg to find many complex orbits for systems of more than three bodies, including one system in which twelve bodies trace out the four equatorial cycles of a cuboctahedron.

In 2001, Moore and John M. Robson showed that the problem of tiling one polyomino with copies of another is NP-complete.

Moore has also been active in the field of network science, with many notable publications in the field. In work with Aaron Clauset, David Kempe, and Dimitris Achlioptas, Moore showed that the appearance of power laws in the degree distribution of networks can be illusory: network models such as the Erdős–Rényi model, whose degree distribution does not obey a power law, may nevertheless appear to exhibit one when measured using traceroute-like tools. In work with Clauset and Mark Newman, Moore developed a probabilistic model of hierarchical clustering for complex networks, and showed that their model predicts clustering robustly in the face of changes to the link structure of the network.

Other topics in Moore's research include
modeling undecidable problems by physical systems,
phase transitions in random instances of the Boolean satisfiability problem,
the unlikelihood of success in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence due to the indistinguishability of advanced signaling technologies from random noise,
the inability of certain types of quantum algorithm to solve graph isomorphism,
and attack-resistant quantum cryptography.

Awards and honors
In 2013, Moore became the inaugural member of the Zachary Karate Club Club.
In 2014, Moore was elected as a Fellow of the American Physical Society for his fundamental contributions at the interface between nonlinear physics, statistical physics and computer science, including complex network analysis, phase transitions in NP-complete problems, and the computational complexity of physical simulation.
 In 2015 he was elected as a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
In 2017 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Selected publications
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References

External links
Home page at the Santa Fe Institute
Citations in Google Scholar

Living people
1968 births
People from New Brunswick, New Jersey
People from Santa Fe, New Mexico
American computer scientists
Theoretical computer scientists
Cellular automatists
New Mexico Greens
Northwestern University alumni
Cornell University alumni
University of New Mexico faculty
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
Santa Fe Institute people
Network scientists

Cristopher Moore


The Denver Daily News is a former free daily newspaper in Denver, Colorado. At the time of its closure on June 6, 2011, it distributed 25,000 copies Monday through Friday in stores, coffee shops, restaurants and workplaces. Copies could also be found in the Daily distinctive blue boxes.

The paper began publication May 10, 2001 at which time Mike Kirschbaum was publisher-editor with a staff of three. Its original offices were at 2950 West 29th Avenue in Denver. The primary investors in The Denver Daily News were Jim Pavelich and Dave Price who also published the Palo Alto Daily News, a free daily in Palo Alto, California.

The first edition of the paper was a run of 1,000 copies, distributed in Denver's Lower Downtown area. By 2007, circulation had increased to 12,000, and was up to 25,000 copies when publication ceased. Just 8 pages in its first run, its page count later ranged from 32 to 64 pages per day. Major advertisers included auto dealerships, real estate developers, real estate agents, restaurants, grocery stores, apparel retailers and service providers.

At its closure the paper employed about 20 people and the publisher-editor was Kristie Hannon. It was at that time located at 2330 Broadway in Denver. Hannon and Pavelich also founded the Vail Mountaineer which closed at the same time as the Daily News.

References

Newspapers published in Colorado
Mass media in Denver
Free daily newspapers

Denver Daily News


The Canyon Mountains are a  long mountain range located in the northeast corner of Millard County, Utah; the range is bisected north-south with a southeast border section of Juab County.

The Canyon Mountains are part of the north section of the Fishlake National Forest, but the west of the range borders the northeast of the Sevier Desert, and the adjacent Sevier River.

Geography
The range is a small Basin and Range Province section of mountains that merge into the smaller Gilson Mountains north traversed by Utah route 132. To the southeast the range merges into the Pavant Range also part of the Fishlake National Forest; between the two, Interstate 15 traverses northeast to Scipio and then further to Nephi, Utah.

The highpoint of the range is Fool Creek Peak, at , lying on the two county borders, but slightly east of the range's center (1.5 mi).

North range terminus: Sevier River
The Sevier River enters the northeast Sevier Desert at the northeast, then north of the range, with the south border of the Gilson Mountains. The Sevier River makes its final exit from the mountains, and valleys associated with the western flank of the Wasatch Ranges, as well as the Wasatch and Sevier Plateaus. The massif of the Pavant-Tushar Mountains are south; the river flows north along the east flanks, then north-northeast along the east flank of the Valley Mountains, then northwest along  the north of Little Valley, then northwest, then due-west past the Gilson and Canyon Mountains into the Sevier Desert. The river turns southwest to Leamington, then Delta, then due-west towards the west Sevier Desert.

References

Fishlake National Forest
Mountain ranges of Millard County, Utah
Mountain ranges of Juab County, Utah
Mountain ranges of the Great Basin
Mountain ranges of Utah

Canyon Mountains


Geneva is a city in and the county seat of Geneva County, Alabama, United States. It is part of the Dothan, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is also the largest city of Geneva County.

References

Cities in Alabama
County seats in Alabama

Geneva, Alabama


Trevor Sydney Bickle (born 17 July 1943 in Fremantle, Western Australia) is a former Western Australian athlete and Commonwealth pole vault champion.

At 16, Bickle was "volunteered" to contest an F-grade pole vault event at his local athletics club by his coach.  He won the event and went on to a highly successful international career in the sport.

In the 1962 Commonwealth Games in Perth at Perry Lakes Stadium, he won the gold medal with a vault of .  In Jamaica four years later at 1966 Games he won again, retaining the Commonwealth title with a vault of  - his best competition result. He won Australian titles in 1963, 1966 and 1967 but was unlucky to miss selection for the 1964 Tokyo Olympics when he broke his pole in the selection trials.

Bickle retired from competition in 1967 when he represented the Commonwealth of Nations against the United States in Los Angeles.

In 1965 he played a single game for South Fremantle in the West Australian Football League.

In 1989 Bickle was inducted into the Western Australian Hall of Champions.

References

1943 births
Australian male pole vaulters
Athletes (track and field) at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Track and field athletes from Western Australia
Western Australian Sports Star of the Year winners
South Fremantle Football Club players
Living people
20th-century Australian people
Sportspeople from Fremantle
Sportsmen from Western Australia
Medallists at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games

Trevor Bickle