A multiphonic is an extended technique on a monophonic musical instrument (one that generally produces only one note at a time) in which several notes are produced at once. This includes wind, reed, and brass instruments, as well as the human voice. Multiphonic-like sounds on string instruments, both bowed and hammered, have also been called multiphonics, for lack of better terminology and scarcity of research.

Multiphonics on wind instruments are primarily a 20th-century technique, though the brass technique of singing while playing has been known since the 18th century and used by composers such as Carl Maria von Weber. Commonly, no more than four notes will be produced at once, though for some chords on some instruments it is possible to get several more.

Technique

Woodwind instruments

On woodwind instruments—e.g., saxophone, clarinet, oboe, bassoon, flute, and recorder—multiphonics can be produced either with new fingerings, by using different embouchures, or voicing the throat with conventional fingerings. There have been numerous fingering guides published for the woodwind player to achieve harmonics. Multiphonics on reed instruments can also be produced in the manners described below for brass instruments.

It is said to be impossible to recreate exactly the conditions between one player and the next, due to minute differences in instruments, reeds, embouchure, and other things. This, however, is not entirely true; the multiphonic will depend on the room temperature and other such things, but essentially multiphonics sound the same due to the harmonic structure of the multiphonic. A multiphonic fingering that works for one player may not work for that same player on a different instrument, or a different player on the same instrument, or even after switching reeds. This is often the result of slightly different construction of two instruments from different makers.

Brass instruments
In brass instruments, the most common method of producing multiphonics is by simultaneously playing the instrument and singing into it. When the sung note has a different frequency than the played note (preferably within the harmonic series of the played note), several new notes that are the sums/differences of the frequencies of the sung note and the played note are produced; leading to the popular term trumpet/trombone/horn growl. This technique is also called "horn chords". The tone sung doesn't necessarily have to be in the played tone's harmonic series, but the effect is more audible if it is. The tone quality of brass multiphonics is influenced strongly by the voice of the player.

Another method is referred to as "lip multiphonics", in which a brass player alters the airflow to blow between partials, in the harmonic series of the slide position/valve. The outcome is just as stable as any multiphonic and perfectly structured. When the frequencies add together or subtract from each other (essentially merge), the fundamental is recreated. For example: A 440 and A 220. This would combine to make 660, creating a new fundamental of the second lowest B of the piano.

A third method, known as 'split tones' or double buzz, produces multiphonics when players make their lips vibrate at different speeds against each other. The most common result is a perfect interval, but the range of intervals produced can vary broadly.

String instruments
String instruments can also produce multiphonic tones when strings are bowed or hammered (as in piano multiphonics) between the harmonic nodes. This works best on larger instruments like double bass and cello. Another technique involves the rotational oscillation mode of the string, which might be twisted to adjust the rotational tension. Other multiphonic extended techniques used are prepared piano, prepared guitar and 3rd bridge.

Vocal multiphonics
The technique of producing multiphonics with the voice is called overtone singing (typically with secondary resonant structure) or throat singing (typically with additional tones from throat trills).

There is another technique done in whistling, where whistlers hum in their throats while whistling with the front parts of their mouths. This is well known for achieving a spacey "ring modulation" sound (e.g. by Jim Carrey in The Truman Show). All three vibrations—whistle, voice and throat trill—can be combined also.

How multiphonics work

In general, when playing a wind instrument, the tone that comes out consists of the fundamental—the pitch usually identified as the note being played—as well as pitches with frequencies that are integer multiples of the frequency of the fundamental. (Only pure sine wave tones lack these overtones.) Normally, only the fundamental pitch is perceived as being played.

By controlling the air flow through the instrument and the shape of the column (by changing fingering or valve position), a player may produce two distinct tones not part of the same harmonic series.

Notation

Multiphonics may be notated in score in a variety of ways. When exact pitches are specified, one method of notation is simply to indicate a chord, leaving the performer to figure out what techniques are necessary to achieve it. Common on woodwind music is to specify a particular fingering underneath the required note; as different fingerings produce different qualities of sound, a composer who is concerned about the precise effect created may wish to do this. (The same fingering can cause different result on instruments from different manufacturers, due to variations in construction.) Approximate pitches may be specified by wavy lines or in cluster notation to designate acceptable ranges of sound. There is, however, a wide range of notation used to designate multiphonics, with several individual composers preferring notations not in common use. Piano multiphonic notation can include, among other factors, the numbers of sounding partials or fingering distances on the string. Such notations have been developed in recent studies by C. J. Walter and J. Vesikkala.

Use in literature

The first real use of multiphonics in literature are of the brass "horn chord" style. Carl Maria von Weber used this technique in horn compositions, leading up to his well-known Concertino for horn and orchestra of 1815.

Woodwind multiphonics and brass lip multiphonics did not make appearances in classical music until the 20th century, with pioneering compositions such as Luciano Berio's Sequenzas for solo wind instruments and Proporzioni for solo flute by Franco Evangelisti using them extensively in 1958. Multiphonics are widely today used in contemporary classical music.

The technique is used in jazz as early as the 1920s by Adrian Rollini on his bass saxophone. Then it was largely forgotten until Illinois Jacquet used them in the 1940s. Multiphonics were also widely used by John Coltrane, and jazz flautist Jeremy Steig.

See also

Musical acoustics
Harmonic series (music)

References

Further reading
Gerald Farmer, Multiphonics and Other Contemporary Clarinet Techniques, Shall-u-mo Publications, Rochester, New York, 1982
Murray Campbell: "Multiphonics". Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy. Accessed 24 Jan 05. (subscription access)
Richard E. Berg and David G. Stork, The Physics of Sound. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1982.
Ian Mitchell, "Smith, William O(verton) [Bill]", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan, 2001.
Kurt Stone, Music Notation in the Twentieth Century. W. W. Norton, New York, 1980
Robert Dick, The Other Flute. Oxford University Press, 1975
Nora Post, Multiphonics for the Oboe
Paul Keenan, Document accompanying Ph.D. Lip Multiphonics and Composition
John Gross. Multiphonics for the Saxophone:  A Practical Guide; 178 Different Note Combinations Diagrammed and Explained, Advance Music, 1999.
Randall Hall, Multiphonic Etudes for Solo Saxophone. Reed Music, 2009
Jean-Marie Londeix, Hello! Mr. Sax. Alphonse Leduc, 1989

External links
The Woodwind Fingering Guide, containing multiphonic fingerings
Nora Post, "Multiphonics for the Oboe"
"What is multiphonics?", with audio examples
The Virtual Flute
Multiphonics for the bassoon, from the International Double Reed Society website
Multiphonics For Tuba

Musical performance techniques
Extended techniques

Multiphonic


Sylvinite is a sedimentary rock made of a mechanical mixture of the minerals sylvite (KCl, or potassium chloride) and halite (NaCl, or sodium chloride). Sylvinite is the most important source for the production of potash in North America, Russia and the UK. Most Canadian operations mine sylvinite with proportions of approximately 31% KCl and 66% NaCl with the balance being insoluble clays, anhydrite and in some locations carnallite. Other deposits of sylvinite are located in Belarus, Brazil, France, Germany, Kazakhstan, Slovakia and Spain.

References

Sedimentary rocks
Evaporite
Potash

Sylvinite


Christie Mountain is a ski and snowboard area in Bruce, Wisconsin, that opened in 1977. It is in the Blue Hills area of Northern Wisconsin between Rice Lake and Ladysmith.

History
Christie Mountain ski area was designed and built by George and Pat Sorenson in the 1970s. The Sorensons named the ski area after the Stem christie--the name of a turn used in alpine skiing--and opened it for business in 1977. They designed a series of trails, installed two chairlifts, drilled a well, created a holding pond for snow-making water, and built a chalet.

After operating the business for eight years, the Sorensons sold the operation to Jim and Laura Landreth in 1985. They added a living quarters to the chalet, added new ski runs, and started the legend of the Blue Hills Beast.

David and Sue Vohs purchased Christie Mountain from the Landreths in 1998 and, along with their daughter and son-in-law, The Vohs have added ski, snowboarding, and snow tubing trails (a total of thirty trails). They have also added a natural rock wall climbing area with four 30 foot routes.

Stats and Amenities

Vertical Rise: 350 ft
Longest run: 4,000 ft
Trails and slopes: 30 (11 easy, 6 medium, 7 difficult, 6 extremely difficult)

1 double chairlift,
1 t-bar,
3 rope tows.

Ski rentals: skis, snowboards, snowblades, tubes, and snowshoes.

Snack bars, vending machines, and bar.

References

External links
 Christie Mountain official website

Ski areas and resorts in Wisconsin
Tourism in Wisconsin
Tourist attractions in Rusk County, Wisconsin

Christie Mountain (ski area)


Bilateral relations between South Sudan and the Sudan were officially started on 9 July 2011 following South Sudan's independence. Sudan became the first country in the world to recognize the independence of South Sudan. However, relations between South Sudan and Sudan have still been poor, with both sides supporting rebel groups in the other's territory.

History

Disputes

Abyei
Abyei is administered by Sudan, but also claimed by South Sudan. Abyei was supposed to have a referendum to determine which country it would be part of, but has been delayed pending discussion of disputes.

Kafia Kingi
Kafia Kingi is a South Sudan sovereign territory according to the authoritative 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement signed by both states, the UN, and Colin Powell representing the US, but has largely been controlled ever since then by Sudanese forces.  The binding 2005 agreement specifies use of the 1 January 1956 boundary.  Kafia Kingi was not transferred to Darfur in the north until 1960.

Heglig Oilfield
The town of Heglig, which is internationally recognised as Sudanese territory but which is also claimed by South Sudan.

Oil transit
South Sudan ceased producing oil on a complaint that Sudan was "stealing" its oil en route via pipeline to Port Sudan, the only accessible venue to sell South Sudanese oil beyond Sudan. Sudan responded saying that it was a "fee" for using the pipeline that was owned by Sudan. Several oil trucks were also briefly held by Sudan but later released saying it was a good faith initiative to lessen tensions.

In September 2012, Sudan and South Sudan agreed a deal on border security and oil production to permit oil exports from South Sudan through Sudan to continue. In May 2013, Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir threatened again to block oil transits via Sudan if South Sudan continued to support insurgents South Kordofan and Darfur.

Current status
Sudan became the first state in the world to recognise South Sudan as a sovereign state and said it intended to open an embassy in the South Sudanese capital of Juba. On the occasion of South Sudan's independence, Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir spoke to the delegation present for independence celebrations saying that he "congratulate[s] our brothers and sisters in South Sudan on the occasion of the declaration of their new state and the creation of the State of South Sudan in this dear part of our homeland." He also added that relations between the two can and must be fostered:
The gains we have made during the previous years that were achieved through a common belief on peace and mutual respect and the implementation of Comprehensive Peace Agreement require that we should protect them through the following:
Firstly, through sustainable peace;
Secondly, through establishing positive and distinguished neighbourly relations;
Thirdly, through common interests by exchanging economic and trade benefits;
Fourthly, through preserving the psychological, emotional and social relations between the two peoples.

Cultural relations
Prior to independence there were also numerous Southern Sudanese, mostly blue collar, workers in the north. At the time of the referendum there was a split on the issue of partitioning the country amid Sudan's claim that they would have to return or apply for work permits.

Economic relations include the transfer of South Sudanese oil via Sudanese pipelines to the Red Sea for export.

Bilateral visits
The Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir made his first visit to the south on 12 April 2013 since independence.

See also
War in Darfur

References

Sudan
Bilateral relations of Sudan

South Sudan–Sudan relations


Only 0.05% of Brunei's power was generated using renewable energy, with the remaining 99.95% coming from fossil fuels. The nation established a 10% renewable energy target in the electricity generating mix by 2035 in 2014. When it comes to renewable energy, Brunei has yet to significantly advance and establish itself as a desirable location for investment. From 2020 to 2035, the percentage of renewables must rise by 0.66% year in order to reach the aim. To further the growth of renewable energy, particularly solar energy, which is more plentiful than wind energy, the nation still has to implement a regulatory framework.

Even though they only make up 0.55% of installed capacity at the moment, Brunei wants to increase the share of renewable energy in its generating mix to 30% by 2035. Other ambitious goals include developing and enacting a carbon pricing or tax mechanism by 2025 and assisting multinational oil and gas clients in meeting their net-zero commitments. The development of the nation's clean energy market and the satisfaction of corporate demand for renewable energy are anticipated to be aided by the implementation of the I-REC(E) certificate.

Background
Brunei and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), two oil-rich nations, use oil and gas as a key source of energy and heavily rely on it for their economies. Their energy roadmaps, however, have also been affected by the global energy shift toward more sustainable energy generation. According to its Wawasan 2035, Brunei wants to deploy up to 10% more renewable energy by the year 2035, while the UAE wants to reach 50% of its energy mix from renewable sources by the year 2050. According to the Brunei Energy White Paper, the country pledges to renewable energy are mostly motivated by its worries about energy security. In order to realize its vision by 2035, the Bruneian government establishes three strategic goals.

The primary goal is to enhance oil's upstream and downstream systems. The second goal is to promote the growth of sustainable energy, and the third goal is to maximize economic growth in the energy sector. The Brunei government has pledged to enhance renewable energy, particularly solar PV, in order to assure the growth of sustainable energy. Brunei also intended to build the Temburong Smart City, which would mostly rely on solar energy and be dubbed the "Green Jewel of Brunei." However, Brunei has only put in 1.2 MW of solar as of now as a demonstration project. It's reasonable to assume that the implementation of renewable energy is still in its infancy. There are, however, particular actions Brunei might take to quicken this process and increase its involvement in sustainable energy in the ASEAN area.

Currently, oil income still account for 73% of Brunei's GDP. While oil output is at its highest, the country could begin devoting a portion of this to encourage RE and attract investment. This will enable Brunei to make a smooth transition to RE and lessen its reliance on the oil and gas industry. Brunei should be aware that the cost of renewable energy technology has been steadily falling over the past ten years, and the nation might profit from it if the appropriate renewable energy framework is put in place today. As an effort to further realise this, the Brunei Government has made a good start by restructuring the Ministry of Energy, Manpower and Industry (MEMI) since July 2018. Previously serving as the Energy and Industry Department at the Prime Minister's Office (EIDPMO), the new ministry is mandated to foresee the country's energy, industry and manpower as its core roles.

Sources

Solar power
Brunei opened its first solar power plant, the 1.2 MW Tenaga Suria Brunei photovoltaic power plant, on 26 May 2011 by Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah. The plant powers up around 200 houses in the nation. The facility spent two years in the assessment and analysis phase with the aim of determining the performance traits of six different types of PV panels and, consequently, determining the optimal PV panel under Brunei climatic circumstances. Following the assessment phase, the Department of Electrical Services assumed control of the facility in 2013, and is now responsible for daily plant maintenance and operation. The plant is now operated by the Department of Electrical Services, Ministry of Energy, and contributes around 0.14 percent of the overall power producing capacity of the nation.

On 1 January 2020, the BSP Energy Transition team was created to lead the BSJV's assistance of Brunei's decarbonization process. The team serves as a conduit to the Brunei Climate Change secretariat and strives to be the center of excellence for low-carbon solutions. It collaborates with various teams and functions to lessen the overall carbon footprint associated with operating the oil and gas industry. In order to provide an interesting new portfolio for BSJV in the months and years to ahead with constantly changing technology. BSP wants to enhance the use of renewable energy in both its operational and passive assets. The 3.3MW BSP Flagship Solar PV plant at Jalan Tengah, Seria, is Brunei's second solar power plant. It was completed in 2021 and started to produce electricity on 30 March 2021. With almost 7,000 solar panels, it is capable of generating power equivalent to 600 houses.

The Temburong District Office is now Brunei's first solar-powered government structure thanks to the installation of 255 solar panels on its rooftop. The solar power system can produce 100 kWp of clean energy and is anticipated to reduce annual electricity costs by up to $11,000, according to a statement released on 10 July 2021 by the Ministry of Energy. The initiative, which will cost $97,474, is a part of the government's effort to switch from fossil fuels to renewable energy. The solar panels at the Temburong District Office, can absorb 1,330 trees' worth of carbon dioxide each year, or roughly 66 tonnes less than they would otherwise emit.

Cost is the primary obstacle to the growth of renewable energy generation in the sultanate. Due to the country's extensive hydrocarbon deposits, which are used to fuel its thermal power plants to produce energy, Brunei has some of the lowest electricity costs in the area. Due to the fact that grid parity has not yet been attained, this does not encourage individuals to install their own solar panels. When the cost of generating electricity from renewable sources is equal to or less expensive than buying it from the national grid, it is considered to have attained grid parity.

Biomass power
A research study on how waste products may be utilised for the benefit of the nation was presented in 2014. Based on the research's presentation, it was observed that biomass may be a perfect substitute for the Sultanate's usage of oil and gas because the nation has a lot of underutilized biomass that could be used as a feedstock for pyrolysis. Rice husk, sawdust, maize fiber, coconut fiber, and corn shell and fiber were some of the biomass solid wastes used for the project. According to the research, all five of the biomass feed materials were discovered to have the following qualities: high GCV, low ash content, low moisture content, and high volatile yield. The amount of heat generated by the burning of the biomass is measured in gross calorific value (GCV). A preferable choice is biomass with a greater GCV.

Private sector involvement
Several projects and actions have been put into place in the country in accordance with objectives and goals in energy efficiency, conservation, and renewable energy. The Ministry of Energy has pledged to raise the capacity of renewable energy to at least 300 megawatts. Using a public-private partnership (PPP) model, the ministry is now planning to build a 30 megawatt solar plant in Kampong Belimbing in Mukim Kota Batu. There are plans made by the government of Brunei to construct the largest power plant in Brunei at Sungai Akar with a capacity of 30MW, along with two more power plants at Tutong (Bukit Panggal) and Temburong (Kampong Belingos) by 2025. An expansion project for Tenaga Suria Brunei which aims to increase its capacity from 1.2MW into 4.2MW, is also planned.

In April 2021, Kampong Perdayan erected 75 solar street lights along Jalan Labu. Since 2018, solar panels have also been placed on longhouses in Tutong and Belait's interior. During the launch event, the Department of Electrical Services also celebrated 100 years of power provision. To provide the area with more dependable energy, a 6 KV network is being developed from the Mentiri main electric system to the new Perdayan Station in Temburong. Once the project is finished in 2023, the Belingos Power Station will no longer require diesel generators.

See also

 Energy in Brunei

References

Energy in Brunei

Renewable energy in Brunei


was a torpedo boat of the Imperial Japanese Navy. She was ordered in 1885 from the shipbuilder Yarrows in London, Great Britain, where she was built in parts along Japanese specifications, and then assembled in Yokosuka Naval Arsenal, Japan.

She participated in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). She was decommissioned on 1 April 1908, to become a training ship. She was retired on 1 March 1916, but again reactivated in 1917, ending her career in January 1927.

Design and construction
An order for what became Kotaka was initially planned in 1881, but was delayed by funding issues which also affected completion of Japan's first torpedo boats (the 40 ton TB-1-class), and a final order was not placed with the British shipbuilders Yarrows until 29 April 1885.

When launched in 1887, Kotaka, at 203 tons, was the largest torpedo boat in the world, and "was the forerunner of torpedo-boat destroyers that appeared a decade later". She was armed with four 1-pounder (37 mm) quick-firing guns and six torpedo tubes. In the following years, the Imperial Japanese Navy equipped itself with much smaller torpedo boats of French design, but in her trials in 1899, Kotaka demonstrated that she could go beyond a role of coastal defense, and was capable of following larger ships on the high seas. The British shipbuilder Yarrow "considered Japan to have effectively invented the destroyer".

According to The Engineer dated 2 July 1886, an item reported that the British shipyard of Messrs. Yarrow & Co. at Poplar built for account of the Japanese government a torpedo boat of which the design was not the usual type. She was larger as the torpedo boats until then built while her vulnerable parts including the machinery were protected against machine-gun fire by 1" armour made of steel. Main dimensions were 166 x 19 feet, with a displacement of 203 tons. The 1,400-hp engines delivered via twin screws gave her a speed of 19-20 knots possible.

The torpedo boat was disassembled and shipped to Japan, where she was to be assembled again. She was armed with two torpedo tubes placed in fixed bow launching tubes for (gunpowder-ejected) torpedoes. Amidships and aft were on the exposed deck were turntables placed for mounting each a pair of torpedo guns. It was almost possible to fire parallel with this guns. Yarrow had already built 8 years earlier torpedo boats for Japan which were designed by Sir Edward John Reed.

In 1904, Kotaka was experimentally refitted with a mixed oil and coal engine, instead of her original coal-only propulsion.

Notes

References
 Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941, David C. Evans, Mark R. Peattie, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland
 The Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy: Development and Technology in Asia from 1540 to the Pacific War, Christopher Howe, The University of Chicago Press,

Ships built in Cubitt Town
1887 ships
Torpedo boats of the Imperial Japanese Navy

Japanese torpedo boat Kotaka


St Aidan's Church is in Main Street, Billinge, St Helens, Merseyside, England.  It is an active Anglican parish church in the diocese of Liverpool.  It was built in 1716–18 to replace a chapel of ease on the site, and was remodelled and extended in 1907–08.  The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building.

History

The church originated as a chapel of ease in about 1539.  The chapel was replaced by the present church, built between 1716 and 1718, and was designed by Henry Sephton.  A major influence in this rebuilding was James Scarisbricke, a Liverpool merchant who donated £200 towards its cost.  The church had a rectangular plan measuring  by  with a small apse at the east end, and could seat 200 people.  Galleries were added to the north and south sides of the church in 1823 and 1824 respectively.  The church became a separate parish in its own right in 1828.  The building was rebuilt and extended in 1907–08 by T. G. Jackson.  He moved the apse towards the east, adding a transept to the south, and an organ loft and vestry to the north, thereby increasing the size of the chancel.  At the same time the north and south galleries and the box pews were removed.  A glass screen was inserted under the west gallery in 1993.

Architecture

Exterior
St Aidan's is built in stone and has a stone-slate roof.  Its plan consists of a four-bay nave, a south transept forming a chapel, a north organ loft, and a chancel with a round apse.  At the west end of the nave are pairs of corner pilasters, and portions of a triglyph frieze.  In the centre is a doorway flanked by detached Doric columns.  The doorway has an architrave and a fanlight.  Above the doorway is a small tower with Ionic pilasters at the corners, between which is a three-light window with a square head containing Gothic tracery, and above that is a clock face.  On the top of the tower are four urns at the corners, and a cupola containing a bell.  The cupola is carried on Tuscan columns, and is surmounted by a ball finial and a weather vane.  Along the sides of the nave are three-light round-headed windows with triple keystones and containing reticulated tracery.  Between the bays are Doric pilasters.  Above the windows is an Ionic entablature, and an embattled parapet with urns at intervals.  In the south transept is a four-light window.  The windows in the apse are similar to those in the nave, and a balustrade is along the top of the apse.

Interior
Inside the church the round-arched arcades are carried on Doric columns with high plinths. The roof is barrel vaulted.  At the west end is a gallery carried on slender columns.  Around the apse is a fluted flat Corinthian pilastrade, and a frieze containing cherubs.  In the church is a brass chandelier dating from the 18th century, and a communion table in the south transept dating from the early 18th century.  The brass lectern was given to the church in 1909 as a memorial to a previous vicar, and is a copy of a lectern given to York Minster in 1686.  The chancel windows contain stained glass from 1913 made by Hardman.  In the church is an 18th-century brass tablet that was originally in the pew of James Scarisbricke, whose donation towards the building of the church is recorded on a board on the south wall.  The pipe organ was installed in the church in 1919 as a war memorial.  It was made by Jardine and Company of Manchester, and has two manuals and 19 stops.

Appraisal

On 23 August 1966 the church was designated as a Grade II* listed building. Grade II* is the middle of the three grades of listing, and is applied to buildings that are "particularly important buildings of more than special interest".

Associated structures

On the south side of the church in the churchyard is the tomb of George and Kitty Smith.  It is inscribed with the date 1720and consists of a stone coffin with rings at the ends.  On the top is a carving of a curtain and of a snake encircling a winged skull. There is an inscription but, apart from the date, this is illegible.  The tomb is listed at Grade II.  This grade is the lowest of the three grades of listing, and is applied to buildings that are "nationally important and of special interest".  The churchyard walls and the gate piers in the walls are also designed at Grade II.  The walls extend along the west and south walls of the churchyard.  They date from the early 18th century, are in stone, and have weathered coping with roll moulding on the top.  There are gates with piers on the west and south sides.  The west piers are panelled with recessed quarter-columns on the angles, and have Doric entablatures and urn finials.  The south piers are plainer, they are square and surmounted by ball finials.

Present day

St Aidan's is an active Anglican parish church in the deanery of Wigan, the archdeaconry of Warrington, and the diocese of Liverpool.  Its style of worship is Evangelical.  The church holds regular services on Sundays and weekdays, arranges baptisms, weddings and funerals, and runs a number of organisations,

See also

Grade II* listed buildings in Merseyside
Listed buildings in Billinge, Merseyside

References

Church of England church buildings in Merseyside
Grade II* listed churches in Merseyside
Churches completed in 1908
18th-century Church of England church buildings
Gothic Revival church buildings in England
Gothic Revival architecture in Merseyside
Anglican Diocese of Liverpool
Georgian architecture in England
1539 establishments in England
Aidan

St Aidan's Church, Billinge


Long Story Short is the first studio album by Sada K. She released the album on January 27, 2015.

Critical reception

Awarding the album four stars from CCM Magazine, Andy Argyrakis states, "the fully recovered survivor covers themes of testing, surrender, triumph and thanksgiving on a colorful collection that volleys between soulful ballads, rhythmic pop and danceable celebrations, enhanced all the more by cutting edge collaborations with Jonathan Thulin and Chief Wakil." Caitlin Lassiter, giving the album four stars for New Release Today, writes, "Showing off a unique urban and soulful vibe in her music, Sada tells her story in a beautiful way with this album." Rating the album four stars at The Journal of Gospel Music, Bob Marovich says, "Long Story Short provides a reminder for some, and an introduction for others, of a powerfully talented vocalist who can sing just about anything and make it memorable." Philip Liang, indicating in a seven out of ten review by Cross Rhythms, describes, "The lyrics on this album deal with themes like love, happiness and pain while Sada's vocals are consistently strong."

Track listing

References

2015 debut albums
Sada K. albums

Long Story Short (Sada K. album)


The West Paris Lodge No. 15, I.O.O.F. is a historic fraternal clubhouse at 221 Main Street in West Paris, Maine.  It was built during 1876-80 by the local chapter of the International Order of Odd Fellows (IOOF), and served as the meeting place for the fraternal organization into the 1980s.  It is also a significant meeting space for social events in the wider community.  The building, now owned by the local historical society, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.

Description and history
The West Paris IOOF Lodge hall is a two-story wood frame structure, with a gable roof, clapboard siding, and a foundation that is partly granite and partly brick.  A shed-roof addition extends to the rear of the building.  The building has vernacular Italianate styling, with paired scroll brackets in the eaves and along the rake and gable edge, and pilasters at the corners.  The main facade, facing northwest, has two windows, symmetrically placed on each of the two main levels, and a fifth window in the gable; the latter is topped by a triangular moulding in which a panel contains a plaque inscribed "1876".  Between the windows on the first level is the main entrance, a double door sheltered by a hood supported by scrolled brackets.  A second, more modest entrance, is sandwiched between the rightmost window and the building corner; this entry provides access to the lodge facilities on the second floor.

The first floor interior houses a vestibule area, and then a kitchen, with a large hall serving as a dining area that also has a stage.  A stairway area off the vestibule serves to provide access to both the basement and the upper level, which is also accessible via the outside door.  The stairs from each lead to a landing, from which a door with a peephole provides access to a vestibule flanked by storage areas.  This configuration was arranged to limit entry to the upper level lodge facilities to authorized individuals.  This area includes trappings of the IOOF, including portraits of its leaders as well as ceremonial regalia.  The lodge auditorium, which takes up most of the floor, has been converted into a museum exhibit space by the historical society.

The hall was built c. 1880 by Silas Maxim, a local builder, and is one of West Paris' largest civic buildings.  It was originally built to house facilities for both the local chapter of the International Order of Odd Fellows (IOOF), and of the local Masonic chapter.  The Masons built their own hall next door to this building in 1893.  This building was enlarged in length by about  in 1889, visible in part by the use of brick for the foundation of the addition.  This addition included the stage, and made possible the staging of theatrical and musical events in the hall.  The building was sold to the West Paris Historical Society in 1986, which uses the hall as an office space and museum.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Oxford County, Maine

References

Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Cultural infrastructure completed in 1880
Odd Fellows buildings in Maine
Italianate architecture in Maine
Buildings and structures in Oxford County, Maine
Museums in Oxford County, Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Oxford County, Maine
West Paris, Maine

West Paris Lodge No. 15, I.O.O.F.


In baseball, any player from the team that is trying to score who is on one of the bases (a runner) can not be safe on that base anymore if there is another player from their team who has become unsafe at the previous base in the same way; the runner is then said to be forced to run. The batter can be considered as no longer being safe at home base (which can be thought of as the base that comes "before" first base) when he has hit the ball into the fair part of the field. A forceout occurs when a player on the fielding team touches a base while holding the ball and a runner at the previous base was made unsafe in this way; that runner is then out.

In other words, a runner is forced to run to the next base, with the risk of being out if an opponent holding the ball touches the next base before them, in only the following two situations:

 The batter must always run to first base when they are allowed to run.
 Regardless of any runners on other bases, if there are runner(s) on first base, or the first two bases (first base and second base), or the first three bases (first base, second base, and third base), then each of these runner(s) is forced to run to the next base if the batter is allowed to run.

If, during the play, a runner is gotten out, and there are other runners who are not out and currently forced to run, then any of those runners that reached a base that came after the base(s) touched by the runner that got out is no longer forced to run. This is called "removing the force".

References

Baseball rules
Sports words

Force play


Dissenters' Chapel, Kensal Green, is a working chapel with gallery attached in Kensal Green Cemetery, North Kensington, London.  It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building, and is under the care of the Historic Chapels Trust.

History

The chapel was the first purpose-built Nonconformist chapel to be built in a public cemetery.    The eastern spur of the cemetery was reserved for the use of dissenters.  A competition to build the chapel was won by Henry Edward Kendall, with a design in Gothic style.  However the contract was awarded to John Griffith of Finsbury.  Griffith was surveyor to the General Cemetery Company, and his design was in Greek revival style.  The chapel was built between 1831 and 1834.

During the Second World War the Chapel suffered severe bomb damage during an air raid.  For much of the late half of the 20th century the fabric of the chapel was slowly deteriorating.  Its wings were demolished in the early 1970s.  By the 1990s the building was "derelict and subject to vandalism".

The building was leased to the Historic Chapels Trust in this poor state to enable a major restoration, completed in 1997.  This included rebuilding of the wings, repair of the chapel's main body, and restoration of the historic painting scheme of the interior.  A visitor centre was constructed in the north wing.  The restoration was supported by generous grants from Historic England and was awarded an Environment Award from the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea in 1997, and in 1998, a Europa Nostra Award.

Architecture and setting

Kensal Green Cemetery is London's oldest public cemetery, dating from 1832.  It is a listed at Grade I on the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens, and is a conservation area.  The cemetery contains a large number of listed buildings in addition to the Dissenters' Chapel.  The chapel is constructed in Portland stone and rendered brick.  At the front is an Ionic tetrastyle portico with a pediment.  On each side of the portico are three-bay wings, with paired pilasters along the front, and twin Ionic columns in the antae at the sides. Inside the chapel are modern pews, a pulpit and a reading desk.  Along the east wall are pilasters.  Under the chapel is a partly sealed catacomb.

Present-day uses

The chapel is now managed on behalf of the Historic Chapels Trust by the Friends of Kensal Green Cemetery, who make it available for funerals and organise a programme of art exhibitions, open days, evening lectures, and private events.  The chapel forms the conclusion of the tours of the cemetery organised by the Friends.

See also
List of chapels preserved by the Historic Chapels Trust

References

Grade II* listed churches in London
Churches completed in 1834
19th-century Protestant churches
Neoclassical architecture in London
Churches completed in 1997
Churches preserved by the Historic Chapels Trust
19th-century churches in the United Kingdom
Neoclassical church buildings in England

Dissenters' Chapel, Kensal Green


Marcus Stern (born April 30, 1953) is an American journalist who worked for the Copley News Service for nearly 25 years. In 2005 he launched the investigation that led to the bribery conviction of Congressman Randy "Duke" Cunningham, a Republican from San Diego County, California. His reporting won a Pulitzer Prize in 2006.

Early life and education
Journalism ran in Stern's family. His grandfather August "Gus" Stern was a copy editor at the Washington Post. His father Laurence Marcus "Larry" Stern also worked at the Washington Post, becoming assistant managing editor for national news.

Marcus Stern attended Woodrow Wilson High School (Washington, D.C.) and graduated from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1977 with a bachelor's degree in psychology.

Reporting career
After using his psychology degree to work in several psychiatric hospitals, he turned to journalism at age 26. He worked for the San Pedro News-Pilot in California and the States News Service in Washington, D.C. In 1983 he landed a job covering the Los Angeles area from the Copley News Service's Washington bureau. During the 1990s he wrote extensively about immigration issues. That coverage won him the Katz Award (1998) from the Center for Immigration Studies and the James Aronson Award (1999) for the story "America's Immigration Dilemma". During the early 2000s he often reported from combat and disaster zones including Haiti, Iraq and Afghanistan.

He worked at the Copley News Service Washington bureau until 2007; the bureau closed in 2008. He then worked for ProPublica and Thomson Reuters. He is currently an investigative researcher for Strategic Research.

He earned the 2017 Gerald Loeb Award for Video for his contributions to "Cosecha de Miseria (Harvest of Misery) & The Source".

Cunningham story
Stern stumbled across the Cunningham story while looking into congressional travel; unable to explain some of Cunningham's trips abroad, he did a "lifestyle audit" of Cunningham's finances and discovered a suspicious sale of Cunningham's home to a defense contractor for an inflated price. His story, published in the San Diego Union-Tribune on June 12, 2005, did not involve any insider leaks or unnamed sources; it was all based on publicly available information such as real estate sales and company websites. Stern went on to write multiple articles about Cunningham's finances and associates, usually with the assistance of Pulitzer co-winner Jerry Kammer in San Diego.

The stories resulted in government investigations, which ultimately led to the exposure of sweetheart deals and outright bribery involving Cunningham and defense contractors whose interests he supported in Congress. "Without Marc Stern's story there might not have been a Cunningham case," said Assistant U.S. Attorney Phillip Halpern, one of the lead prosecutors. He considered Stern the "genesis of the investigation" and added "This is the first time in my [25-year] career I have predicated a case upon a news story."

On July 14, just one month after Stern's first story, Cunningham announced he would not run for re-election, and in November he pleaded guilty to tax evasion, conspiracy to commit bribery, mail fraud and wire fraud in federal court in San Diego.

Stern and Kammer were cited by name in the 2006 Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting award given to the San Diego Union-Tribune and the Copley News Service. In 2005, Stern and Kammer, together with Union-Tribune reporter Dean Calbreath, also shared the Polk Award for political reporting. Stern and Kammer also shared the 2006 Edgar A. Poe Award for excellence in news of national and regional importance, given by the White House Correspondents Association.

Stern and his colleagues later wrote a book about the Cunningham affair, The Wrong Stuff: The extraordinary saga of Randy "Duke" Cunningham, the most corrupt congressman ever caught.

References

Living people
1953 births
American newspaper reporters and correspondents
Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting winners
George Polk Award recipients
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Woodrow Wilson High School (Washington, D.C.) alumni
Gerald Loeb Award winners for Audio and Video

Marcus Stern (journalist)


Adriano Tardelli (1896 - 1 February 1945) was an Italian resistance activist during World War II.

Tardelli was born in Capanne di Careggine. During the Second World War he led dozens of people to safety (Jews, Slavs, Roma, homosexuals, deserters, partisans, members of resistance groups) crossing with a small group at a time over the Gothic Line. While roped together in the darkness, they crossed the well-known Apennine Mountains, where he had been born and later lived with his wife and their nine children.

On 1 February 1945, Tardelli was executed in reprisal by the Fascist Army in Cogna,  Piazza al Serchio, Tuscany. He was being held in the jail of Camporgiano when he was singled out for retaliation with five other  people, also held for political reasons, under the order of General Mario Carloni of the 4th Italian "Monte Rosa" Alpine Division.

Before being executed, Tardelli took his shoes off and asked them to be given to the poor.

Sources

 Gabrielli Rosi Carlo, Mariani Sergio (a cura di), Cuore 1944. 100 episodi della resistenza europea, Edizioni Il Centro di Educazione Democratica, Lucca 1975, 422 pp.
 La Resistenza in Lucchesia: racconti e cronache della lotta antifascista e partigiana, La Nuova Italia, Firenze 1965, 225 pp.
 Bertolini Renzo, La Resistenza in Garfagnana, Eurograf, Lucca 1975, 135 pp.
 Zerbini Bruno, Un partigiano isolato, Lalli, Poggibonsi 1984, 187 pp.
 Pinagli Palmiro, La guerra in Garfagnana. Diario: 30 aprile 1944-22 aprile 1945, Edizioni della Rocca, Castelnuovo Garfagnana 1987, 118 pp.
 Guidi Oscar, (a cura di) Con la guerra negli occhi. Donne e uomini di Garfagnana raccontano 1943-45, Pacini Fazzi Editore, Lucca 2005, 191 pp.
 Guidi Oscar, Documenti di guerra. Garfagnana 1943-1945, Pacini Fazzi Editore, Lucca 1995, 198 pp.
 Federigi Fabrizio, Soldato Hans! A Sant'Anna! Dramma in due tempi e quattro quadri. n. 2, Mauro Baroni editore, Lucca 2000, pp. n.n.

1896 births
1945 deaths
People from the Province of Lucca
Italian activists
Italian resistance movement members

Adriano Tardelli


John Richard Handy III (born February 3, 1933) is an American jazz musician most commonly associated with the alto saxophone. He also sings and plays the tenor and baritone saxophone, saxello, clarinet, and oboe.

Biography

Handy was born in Dallas, Texas, United States. He first came to prominence while working for Charles Mingus in the 1950s. In the 1960s, Handy led several groups, among them a quintet with Michael White, violin, Jerry Hahn, guitar, Don Thompson, bass, and Terry Clarke, drums. This group's performance at the 1965 Monterey Jazz Festival was recorded and released as an album; Handy received Grammy nominations for "Spanish Lady" (jazz performance) and "If Only We Knew" (jazz composition).

After completing high school at McClymonds High School in Oakland, he studied music at San Francisco State College, interrupted by service during the Korean War, graduating in 1958. Following graduation, he moved to New York City. Handy has taught music history and performance at San Francisco State University, Stanford University, the University of California, Berkeley, and the San Francisco Conservatory of Music.

In the 1980s he worked in the project Bebop & Beyond, which recorded tribute albums to Dizzy Gillespie and Thelonious Monk. His son, John Richard Handy IV, is a drummer who has played with Handy on occasion.

In 2009, he received the Beacon Award from SF JAZZ.

Discography

As leader
 In the Vernacular (Roulette, 1959)
 No Coast Jazz (Roulette, 1960)
 Jazz (Roulette, 1962)
 Recorded Live at the Monterey Jazz Festival (Columbia, 1966)
 The 2nd John Handy Album (Columbia, 1966)
 New View (Columbia, 1967)
 Projections (Columbia, 1968)
 Karuna Supreme (MPS, 1975) with Ali Akbar Khan
 Hard Work (Impulse!, 1976)
 Carnival (Impulse! 1977)
 Where Go the Boats (Warner Bros., 1978)
 Handy Dandy Man (Warner Bros., 1978)
 Rainbow (MPS, 1980) with Ali Akbar Khan and Dr. L. Subramaniam
 Excursion in Blue (Quartet, 1988)
 Centerpiece (Milestone, 1989) with CLASS
 Live at the Monterey Jazz Festival (Koch, 1996)
 Live at Yoshi's Nightspot (Boulevard, 1996)
 John Handy's Musical Dreamland (Boulevard, 1996)

As sideman
With Brass Fever
 Brass Fever (Impulse!, 1975)
 Time Is Running Out (Impulse!, 1976)

With Charles Mingus
 Jazz Portraits: Mingus in Wonderland (United Artists, 1959)
 Mingus Ah Um (Columbia, 1959)
 Mingus Dynasty (Columbia, 1959)
 Blues & Roots (Atlantic, 1960)
 Right Now: Live at the Jazz Workshop (Fantasy, 1964)

With Mingus Dynasty
 Live at the Theatre Boulogne-Billancourt/Paris, Vol. 1 (Soul Note, 1988)
 Live at the Theatre Boulogne-Billancourt/Paris, Vol. 2 (Soul Note, 1988)

References

External links

 John Handy talks about the Fillmore neighborhood and Bop City (1999)
 Jazz Weekly interview with Handy

1933 births
Living people
American jazz composers
American male jazz composers
American jazz alto saxophonists
American male saxophonists
African-American saxophonists
Columbia Records artists
Impulse! Records artists
MPS Records artists
San Francisco State University faculty
21st-century American saxophonists
21st-century American male musicians
Mingus Dynasty (band) members
Bebop & Beyond members
Brass Fever members
21st-century African-American musicians
20th-century African-American musicians
McClymonds High School alumni

John Handy


Glen E. Pommerening (September 12, 1926 – September 10, 2013) was an American lawyer and politician.

Born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, he received his bachelor's degree and law degrees from University of Wisconsin–Madison. He served in the Wisconsin State Assembly 1954–1966 as a Republican and then was appointed deputy secretary of the Wisconsin Department of Administration by Wisconsin Governor Warren Knowles. In 1970, Pommerening and his family moved to McLean, Virginia where he served in the United States Department of Justice and in the United States Bureau of Prisons. He died in Alexandria, Virginia of lung cancer.

Notes

1927 births
2013 deaths
Politicians from Milwaukee
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
University of Wisconsin Law School alumni
Virginia lawyers
Wisconsin lawyers
United States Department of Justice officials
Lawyers from Milwaukee
20th-century American lawyers
Republican Party members of the Wisconsin State Assembly

Glen Pommerening


Unexploded ordnance (UXO, sometimes abbreviated as UO), unexploded bombs (UXBs), and explosive remnants of war (ERW or ERoW) are explosive weapons (bombs, shells, grenades, land mines, naval mines, cluster munition, and other munitions) that did not explode when they were employed and still pose a risk of detonation, sometimes many decades after they were used or discarded. When unwanted munitions are found, they are sometimes destroyed in controlled explosions, but accidental detonation of even very old explosives also occurs, sometimes with fatal results.

For example, UXO from World War I continue to be a hazard, with poisonous gas filled munitions still a problem. Also, UXO does not always originate from wars; areas such as military training bases can also hold significant numbers, even after the area has been abandoned.

Seventy-eight countries are contaminated by land mines, which kill or maim 15,000–20,000 people every year. Approximately 80% of casualties are civilian, with children the most affected age group. An estimated average of 50% of deaths occurs within hours of the blast. In recent years, mines have been used increasingly as weapons of terror against local civilian populations, specifically.

In addition to the obvious danger of explosion, buried UXO can cause environmental contamination. In some heavily used military training areas, munitions-related chemicals such as explosives and perchlorate (a component of pyrotechnics and rocket fuel) can enter soil and groundwater.

Risks and problems

Unexploded ordnance, however old, may explode. Even if it does not explode, environmental pollutants are released as it degrades. Recovery, particularly of deeply-buried projectiles, is difficult and hazardous—jarring may detonate the charge. Once uncovered, explosives can often be transported safely to a site where they can be destroyed; failing that, they must be detonated in place—sometimes requiring hundreds of homes to be evacuated.

Unexploded ordnance from at least as far back as the mid-19th century still poses a hazard worldwide, both in current and former combat areas and on military firing ranges. A major problem with unexploded ordnance is that over the years the detonator and main charge deteriorate, frequently making them more sensitive to disturbance, and therefore more dangerous to handle. Construction work may disturb unsuspected unexploded bombs, which may then explode. Forest fires may be aggravated if buried ordnance explodes and heat waves, causing the water level to drop severely, may increase the danger of immersed ordnance. There are countless examples of people tampering with unexploded ordnance that is many years old, often with fatal results. For this reason it is universally recommended that unexploded ordnance should not be touched or handled by unqualified persons. Instead, the location should be reported to the local police so that bomb disposal or Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) professionals can render it safe.

Although professional EOD personnel have expert knowledge, skills and equipment, they are not immune to misfortune because of the inherent dangers: in June 2010, construction  workers in Göttingen, Germany discovered an Allied  bomb dating from World War II buried approximately  below the ground. German EOD experts were notified and attended the scene. Whilst residents living nearby were being evacuated and the EOD personnel were preparing to disarm the bomb, it detonated, killing three of them and severely injuring six others. The dead and injured each had over 20 years of hands-on experience, and had previously rendered safe between 600 and 700 unexploded bombs. The bomb which killed and injured the EOD personnel was of a particularly dangerous type because it was fitted with a delayed-action chemical fuze (with an integral anti-handling device) which had not operated as designed, but had become highly unstable after over 65 years underground. The type of delayed-action fuze in the Göttingen bomb was commonly used: a glass vial containing acetone was smashed after the bomb was released; the acetone was intended, as it dripped downwards, to disintegrate celluloid discs holding back a spring-loaded trigger that would strike a detonator when the discs degraded sufficiently after some minutes or hours. These bombs, when striking soft earth at an angle, often ended their trajectory not pointing downwards, so that the acetone did not drip onto and weaken the celluloid; but over many years the discs degraded until the trigger was released and the bomb detonated spontaneously, or when weakened by being jarred.

In November 2013 four US Marines were killed by an explosion whilst clearing unexploded ordnance from a firing range at Camp Pendleton. The exact cause is not known, but the Marines had been handing grenades they were collecting to each other, which is permitted but discouraged, and it is thought that a grenade may have exploded after being kicked or bumped, setting off hundreds of other grenades and shells.

A dramatic example of munitions and explosives of concern (MEC) threat is the wreck of the SS Richard Montgomery, sunk in shallow water about  from the town of Sheerness and  from Southend, which still contains 1,400 tons of explosives. When the deeper World War II wreck of the SS Kielce, carrying a much smaller load of explosives, exploded in 1967, it produced an earth tremor measuring 4.5 on the Richter scale.

Around the world

Africa

North Africa, and in particular the desert areas of the Sahara, is heavily mined and with serious consequences for the local population. Egypt is the most heavily mined country in the world (by number) with as many as 19.7 million mines as of 2000.

Land mines and other explosive remnants of war are not limited to North Africa, however; they pose a persistent threat to local people all over the continent, including the countries of Ethiopia, Somalia, Nigeria, Senegal, Angola, Kenya, Uganda and South Africa to mention just a few. In the Tropics, typhoons and floods often displace and spread landmines, further aggravating the problem. In Mozambique, as much as 70% of the country is now contaminated with mines because of this.

Americas

Colombia
During the long Colombian conflict that began around 1964, a very large number of landmines were deployed in rural areas across Colombia. The landmines are homemade and were placed primarily during the last 25 years of the conflict, hindering rural development significantly. The rebel groups of FARC and the smaller ELN are usually blamed for having placed the mines. All departments of Colombia are affected, but Antioquia, where the city of Medellin is located, holds the largest amounts. After Afghanistan, Colombia has the second-highest number of landmine casualties, with more than 11,500 people killed or injured by landmines since 1990, according to Colombian government figures.

In September 2012, the Colombian peace process began officially in Havana and in August 2016, the US and Norway initiated an international five-year demining program, now supported by another 24 countries and the EU. Both the Colombian military and FARC are taking part in the demining efforts. The program intends to rid Colombia of landmines and other UXO by 2021 and it has been funded with nearly US$112 million, including US$33 million from the US (as part of the larger US foreign policy Plan Colombia) and US$20 million from Norway. Experts however, have estimated that it will take at least a decade due to the difficult terrain.

United States
While, unlike many countries in Europe and Asia, the United States has not been subjected to aerial bombardment, according to the Department of Defense, "millions of acres" may contain UXO, Discarded Military Munitions (DMM) and Munitions Constituents (e.g., explosive compounds).

According to US Environmental Protection Agency documents released in late 2002, UXO at 16,000 domestic inactive military ranges within the United States pose an "imminent and substantial" public health risk and could require the largest environmental cleanup ever, at a cost of at least US$14 billion. Some individual ranges cover , and, taken together, the ranges comprise an area the size of Florida.

On Joint Base Cape Cod (JBCC) on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, decades of artillery training have contaminated the only drinking water for thousands of surrounding residents. A costly UXO recovery effort is under way.

UXO on US military bases has caused problems for transferring and restoring Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) land. The Environmental Protection Agency's efforts to commercialize former munitions testing grounds are complicated by UXO, making investments and development risky.

The area around Fort St. Philip Louisiana is also covered in UXO from the naval bombardment, and caution would be taken when visiting the ruins.

UXO cleanup in the US involves over  of land and 1,400 different sites. Estimated cleanup costs are tens of billions of dollars. It costs roughly $1,000 to demolish a UXO on site. Other costs include surveying and mapping, removing vegetation from the site, transportation, and personnel to manually detect UXOs with metal detectors. Searching for UXOs is tedious work and often 100 holes are dug to every 1 UXO found. Other methods of finding UXOs include digital geophysics detection with land and airborne systems.

Examples
In December 2007, UXO was discovered in new development areas outside Orlando, Florida, and construction had to be halted. Other areas nearby are also affected; for example boaters avoid the Indian River Lagoon, which contains UXO thought to be left from live bombing runs performed during World War II by pilots from nearby DeLand Naval Air Station.

Plum Tree Island National Wildlife Refuge in Poquoson, Virginia, was heavily used as a bombing range by pilots from nearby Langley Air Force Base from 1917 through the 1950s. The  former bombing range was transferred to the US Fish and Wildlife Service in 1972. Air Force records show that  of various-sized bombs were dropped in just one exercise in December 1938. Because the area is alternately marshy or sandy, many of the bombs did not explode, and were partly or completely buried in mud and sand or lie in the surf just offshore. In 1958, three teenage boys who landed their boat on the island were seriously injured when a  practice bomb exploded. As of 2007, the US military had not removed a single bomb from the island, which is adjacent to the Poquoson Flats, a popular destination for fishermen and recreational boaters. Signs placed offshore to warn the public of the hidden danger posed by buried UXO have not been consistently replaced after being blown down by storms. According to the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), the cleanup of the UXO on the island could take years and cost tens of millions of dollars.

In 1917, in response to other nations' extensive use of chemical weapons in World War I, the US Army Chemical Warfare Service (CWS) opened a weapons research laboratory and production facility at American University in Washington, D.C. CWS troops at the station routinely fired incendiary and chemical projectiles into a nearby undeveloped area that became known as "No Man's Land". When the station was deactivated after the war in 1919, UXO in No Man's Land was abandoned there, and unused projectiles and toxic chemicals were buried in deep, poorly mapped pits. Collegiate athletic fields, businesses and homes were subsequently built in the area. Chemical UXO continues to be periodically found on and near campus, and in 2001, the USACE began cleanup efforts after arsenic was found in soil at the athletic fields. In 2017, the USACE was cautiously excavating a university-owned property in an adjacent neighborhood where investigators believed that a large unmapped cache of mustard gas projectiles was buried.

Although comparatively rare, unexploded ordnance from the American Civil War is still occasionally found and is still deadly over 150 years later. Union and Confederate troops fired an estimated 1.5 million artillery shells at each other from 1861 to 1865. As many as one in five did not explode. In 1973, during the restoration of Weston Manor, an 18th-century plantation house in Hopewell, Virginia, that was shelled by Union gunboats during the Civil War, a live shell was found embedded in the dining room ceiling. The ball was disarmed and is shown to visitors to the plantation. In late March 2008, a ,  mortar shell was uncovered at the Petersburg National Battlefield, the site of a 292-day siege. The shell was taken to the city landfill where it was safely detonated by ordnance disposal experts. Also in 2008, a Civil War enthusiast was killed in the explosion of a ,  naval shell he was attempting to disarm in the driveway of his home near Richmond, Virginia. The explosion sent a chunk of shrapnel crashing into a house  away.

According to Alaska State Troopers, an unexploded aerial bomb, found at a home off Warner Road, was safely detonated by Fort Wainwright soldiers on September 19, 2019.

Canada
After WWII, much unused ordnance in Canada  was dumped along the country's eastern and western coasts at sites selected by the Canadian military. Other UXO in Canada is found on sites used by the Canadian military for operations, training and weapons tests. These sites are labeled under the "legacy sites" program created in 2005 to identify areas and quantify risk due to UXO. As of 2019, the Department of National Defence has confirmed 62 locations as legacy sites, with a further 774 sites in assessment. There has been controversy because some lands appropriated by the military during WWII were owned by First Nations, such as  that make up Camp Ipperwash in Ontario, which was given with the understanding that the land would be given back at the end of the war. These lands have required and still need extensive clean-up efforts due to the possible presence of UXO.

Asia

Japan
Thousands of tons of UXOs remain buried across Japan, particularly in Okinawa, where over 200,000 tons of ordnance were dropped during the final year of the Second World War. From 1945 until the end of the U.S. occupation of the island in 1972, the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) and the US military disposed of 5,500 tons of UXO. Over 30,000 UXO disposal operations have been conducted on Okinawa by the JSDF since 1972, and it is estimated it could take close to a century to dispose of the remaining UXOs on the islands. No injuries or deaths have been reported as a result of UXO disposal, however. Tokyo and other major cities, including Kobe, Yokohama and Fukuoka, were targeted by several massive air raids during the Second World War, which left behind numerous UXOs. Shells from Imperial Army and Navy guns also continue to be discovered.

On 29 October 2012, an unexploded  US bomb with a functioning detonator was discovered near a runway at Sendai Airport during reconstruction following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, resulting in the airport being closed and all flights cancelled. The airport reopened the next day after the bomb was safely contained, but closed again on 14 November while the bomb was defused and safely removed.

In March 2013, an unexploded Imperial Army anti-aircraft shell measuring  long was discovered at a construction site in Tokyo's Kita Ward, close to the Kaminakazato Station on the JR Keihin Tohoku Line. The shell was detonated in place by a JGSDF UXO disposal squad in June, causing 150 scheduled rail and Shinkansen services to be halted for three hours and affecting 90,000 commuters. In July, an unexploded  US bomb from an air raid was discovered near the Akabane Station in the Kita Ward and defused on site by the JGSDF in November, resulting in the evacuation of 3,000 households nearby and causing several trains to be halted for an hour while the UXO was being defused.

On 13 April 2014, the JGSDF defused an unexploded  US oil incendiary bomb discovered at a construction site in Kurume, Fukuoka Prefecture, which required the evacuation of 740 people living nearby.

On 16 March 2015, a  bomb was found in central Osaka.

In December 2019, 100 buildings were evacuated to remove a  WWII bomb found on Okinawa's Camp Kinser.

South Asia

Afghanistan
According to The Guardian, since 2001, the coalition forces dropped about 20,000 tonnes of ammunition over Afghanistan with an estimated 10% of munitions not detonated according to some experts. Many valleys, fields and dry riverbeds in Macca have been used by foreign soldiers as firing ranges, leaving them peppered with undetonated ammunition. Despite the removal of 16.5m items since mine-clearing programmes were established in 1989 after the Soviet withdrawal, Macca and its predecessors have recorded 22,000 casualties in the same period.

Sri Lanka

Southeast Asia
Most countries of Southeast Asia – and all countries of Indochina specifically – are contaminated with unexploded ordnance. Most of the UXOs of today are remnants from the Vietnam War which, apart from Vietnam, also included neighbouring Cambodia and Laos, but other conflicts and civil wars have also contributed.

Cambodia

Laos

Laos is considered the world's most heavily bombed nation per capita. During the period of the Vietnam War, over half a million American bombing missions dropped more than 2 million tons of ordnance on Laos, most of it anti-personnel cluster bombs. Each cluster bomb shell contained hundreds of individual bomblets, "bombies", about the size of a tennis ball. An estimated 30% of these munitions did not detonate. Ten of the 18 Laotian provinces have been described as "severely contaminated" with artillery and mortar shells, mines, rockets, grenades, and other devices from various countries of origin. These munitions pose a continuing obstacle to agriculture and a special threat to children, who are attracted by the toylike devices.

Some 288 million cluster munitions and about 75 million unexploded bombs were left across Laos after the war ended.  From 1996 to 2009, more than 1 million items of UXO were destroyed, freeing up 23,000 hectares of land. Between 1999 and 2008, there were 2,184 casualties (including 834 deaths) from UXO incidents.

Myanmar

Vietnam
In Vietnam, 800,000 tons of landmines and unexploded ordnance is buried in the land and mountains. From 1975 to 2015, up to 100,000 people have been injured or killed by bombs left over from the second Indochina war.

At present, all 63 provinces and cities are contaminated with UXO and landmines. However, it is possible to prioritize demining for the Northern border provinces of Lang Son, Ha Giang and the six Central provinces of Nghe An, Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri, Thua Thien and Quang Ngai. Particularly in these 6 central provinces, up to 2010, there were 22,760 victims of landmines and UXO, of which 10,529 died and 12,231 were injured.

"The National Action Plan for the Prevention and Fighting of Unexploded Ordnance and Mines from 2010 to 2025" has been prepared and promulgated by the Vietnamese Government in April 2010.

Middle East

Western Asia, including the Middle East and border states towards Russia, is severely affected by UXO, in particular land mines. Not only are civilians killed and maimed regularly, it also impedes economic growth and development by restricting the use of natural resources and farmland.

Iraq

Iraq is widely contaminated with unexploded remnants of war from the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988), the Gulf War (1990–1991), the Iraq War (2003–2011) and the Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017). The UXO in Iraq poses a particularly serious threat to civilians as millions of cluster bomb munitions were dropped in towns and densely populated areas by Coalition forces, mostly in the first few weeks of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. An estimated 30% of the munitions failed to detonate on impact and small unexploded bombs are regularly found in and around homes in Iraq, frequently maiming or killing civilians and restricting land use. From 1991 to 2009, an estimated 8,000 people were killed or maimed by cluster bomblets alone, 2,000 of which were children. Land mines are another part of the UXO problem in Iraq as they litter large areas of farmland and many oil fields, severely affecting economic recovery and development.

Reporting and monitoring is lacking in Iraq and no completely reliable survey and overview of the local threat levels exists. Useful statistics on injuries and deaths caused by UXO is also missing, only singular local reports exist. UNDP and UNICEF however, issued a partial survey report in 2009, concluding that the entire country is contaminated and more than 1.6 million Iraqis are affected by UXO. More than 1,730 km2 (670 square miles) in total are saturated with unexploded ordnance (including land mines). The south-east region and Baghdad are the most heavily contaminated areas and UNDP has designated around 4,000 communities as "hazard areas".

Kuwait
The Government has launched the Kuwait Environmental Remediation Project, a set of deals of the scale of US$2.9 billion to promote, among other initiates, the clearance of unexploded ordnance remaining from the First Gulf War.

Regarding specifically the removal of bombs, it is estimated to have a budget in the region of US$20 million.

The companies that have been prequalified as KOC has announced are:
 Azerbaijan National Agency For Mine Action (ANAMA, Azerbaijan)
 EOD Technology (US)
 Expal Systems (Spain)
 Explomo Technical Services (Singapore)
 G4S Risk Management (UK)
 Horizon Assignments (India)
 Maritime & Underwater Security Contractors (UAE)
 Mechem (South Africa)
 Mine / Eodclr (Canada)
 Minetech International (UK)
 Notra (Canada)
 Olive Mine Action (British Virgin Islands)
 Relyant (US)
 RPS Energy (UK)
 Sarvatra Technical Consultants (India)

According to an industry source, KOC is expected to issue another tender later this month. This will request bids on a contract that will include taking 30,000 samples from oil lakes in Kuwait in order to better understand the nature of the pollution in the country's oil-contaminated deserts.

There are numerous mines, bombs and other explosives left from the Persian Gulf war, which makes a simple U-turn on a dirt road a life-threatening maneuver, unless performed entirely in an area covered by fresh tire tracks. Risking walking or driving in unknown areas puts oneself in danger of detonating those forgotten explosives.

In Kuwait City, there are some signs that warn people to keep distance from the broad and gleaming beaches, for example. Although, even the experts still have trouble. According to a New York Times article: Several Saudi soldiers involved in mine clearing have been killed or wounded. Two were hurt while demonstrating mine clearing for reporters.

Weeks right after the Gulf, hospitals in Kuwait reported that mines did not appear to be a major cause of injury. Six weeks after the Iraqi retreat, at Ahmadi Hospital, in an area thick with cluster bombs and Iraqi mines, the only injury was a hospital employee who had picked up an anti-personnel bomb as a souvenir.

Lebanon
In the aftermath of the 2006 war between Israel and Lebanon, it is estimated that southern Lebanon is littered with one million undetonated cluster bombs – approximately 1.5 bombs per Lebanese inhabitant of the region, dropped by Israeli Defense Forces in the last days of the war.

Yemen

Europe

Despite massive demining efforts, Europe is still affected to some extent by UXO from mainly World War I and World War II, some countries more than others. However, newer and present military conflicts are also affecting some areas severely, in particular the countries of former Yugoslavia in western Balkans and Ukraine.

Austria
WWII's unexploded ordnance in Austria is blown up twice a year in the military training area near Allentsteig. Moreover, explosives are still being recovered from lakes, rivers and mountains dating back to WWI on the frontier between Austria and Italy.

Balkans

As a result of the Yugoslav Wars (1991–2001), the countries of Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia and Kosovo have all been negatively affected by UXOs, mostly land mines in hilly and mountainous regions. Due to the lack of awareness of these post-war landmines, civilian casualties have risen since the end of the wars. Many efforts made by peacekeeping forces in Bosnia such as IFOR, SFOR (and its successor EUFOR ALTHEA), and in Kosovo with KFOR in order to contain these landmines have been met with some difficulty. Despite this, some areas have been completely cleared.

The Federal Civil Protection Administration (FUCZ) team deactivated and destroyed four WWII bombs found at a construction site in the centre of Sarajevo in September 2019.

France and Belgium

In the Ardennes region of France, large-scale citizen evacuations were necessary during MEC removal operations in 2001. In the forests of Verdun French government "démineurs" working for the Département du Déminage still hunt for poisonous, volatile, and/or explosive munitions and recover about 900 tons every year. The most feared are corroded artillery shells containing chemical warfare agents such as mustard gas. French and Flemish farmers still find many UXOs when ploughing their fields, the so-called "iron harvest".

In Belgium, Dovo, the country's bomb disposal unit, recovers between 150 and 200 tons of unexploded bombs each year.  Over 20 members of the unit have been killed since it was formed in 1919.

In February 2019, a  bomb was found at a construction site at Porte de la Chapelle, near the Gare du Nord in Paris. The bomb, which led to a temporary cancellation of Eurostar trains to Paris and evacuation of 2,000 people, was probably dropped by RAF in April 1944, targeting the Nazi-occupied Paris before the D-Day landings in Normandy.

Germany

In Germany, the responsibility for UXO disposal falls to the states, each of which operates a bomb disposal unit. These are known as the  (KMBD) or  (KRD) ("Explosive Ordnance Disposal Service") and are commonly part of the state police or report directly to a mid-level administrative district. Germany's bomb squads are considered some of the busiest worldwide, deactivating a bomb every two weeks.

An estimated 5,500 UXOs from the Second World War are still uncovered each year in Germany, an average of 15 per day. Concentration is especially high in Berlin, where many artillery shells and smaller munitions from the Battle of Berlin are uncovered each year. While most cases only make local news, one of the more spectacular finds in recent history was an American  aerial bomb discovered in Munich on 28 August 2012. As it was deemed too unsafe for transport, it had to be exploded on site, shattering windows over a wide area of Schwabing and causing structural damage to several homes despite precautions to minimize damage.

One of the largest individual pieces ever found was an unexploded 'Tallboy' bomb uncovered in the Sorpe Dam in 1958.
In 2011, a 1.8-tonne RAF bomb from the Second World War was uncovered in Koblenz on the bottom of the Rhine River after a prolonged drought. It caused the evacuation of 45,000 people from the city. In May 2015, some 20,000 people had to leave their homes in Cologne in order to be safe while a one-tonne bomb was defused.

On December 20, 2016 another 1.8-tonne RAF bomb was found in the city centre of Augsburg and prompted the evacuation of 54,000 people on December 25, which was considered the biggest bomb-related evacuation in Germany's post-war history at the time. In May 2017, 50,000 people in Hanover had to be evacuated in order to defuse three British unexploded bombs.

On 29 August 2017, a British HC 4000 bomb was discovered during construction work near the Goethe University in Frankfurt, requiring the evacuation of approximately 70,000 people within a radius of 1.5 km. This was the largest evacuation in Germany since the Second World War. Later, it was successfully defused on 3 September.

On 8 April 2018, a 1.8-tonne bomb was defused in Paderborn, which caused the evacuation of more than 26,000 people. On 24 May 2018, a  bomb was defused in Dresden after the initial attempts of deactivation failed, and caused a small explosion. On 3 July 2018, a  bomb was disabled in Potsdam which caused 10,000 people to be evacuated from the region. In August 2018, 18,500 people in the city of Ludwigshafen had to be evacuated, in order to detonate a  bomb dropped by American forces.

In Summer 2018, high temperatures caused a decrease in the water level of the Elbe River in which grenades, mines and other explosives founded in the eastern German states of Saxony-Anhalt and Saxony were dumped. In October 2018, a WWII bomb was found during construction work in Europaviertel, Frankfurt, 16,000 people were affected within a radius of . In November 2018, 10,000 people had to be evacuated, in order to defuse an American unexploded bomb found in Cologne. In December 2018, a  WWII bomb was discovered in Mönchengladbach.

On 31 January 2019, a WWII bomb was detonated in Lingen, Lower Saxony, which caused property damage of shattering windows and the evacuation of 9,000 people. In February 2019, an American unexploded bomb was found in Essen, which led to the evacuation of 4,000 residents within a radius of 250 to 500 metres of defusing work. A few weeks later, a  bomb led to the evacuation of 8,000 people in Nuremberg. In March 2019, another  bomb was found in Rostock. In April 2019, a WWII bomb was found near the U.S. military facilities in Wiesbaden.

On 14 April 2019, 600 people were evacuated when a bomb was discovered in Frankfurt's River Main. Divers with the city's fire service were participating in a routine training exercise when they found the  device. Later in April, thousands were evacuated in both Regensburg and Cologne, upon the discovery of unexploded ordnance.

On 23 June 2019, a WWII aerial bomb that was buried 4 metres underground in a field in Limburg self-detonated and left a crater that measured 10 metres wide and 4 metres deep. Though no one was injured, the explosion was powerful enough to register a minor tremor of 1.7 on the Richter scale. In June 2019, a World War II bomb, weighing , was found near the European Central Bank in Frankfurt am Main. More than 16,000 people were told to evacuate the location before the bomb was defused by the ordnance authorities on July 7, 2019.

On September 2, 2019, over 15,000 people were evacuated in Hanover, after a World War II aerial bomb, weighing , was found at a construction site.

On October 29, 2021, a five-year-old boy discovered a British hand grenade from World War II on the playground of his kindergarten "An der Beverbäke" in Oldenburg. He took it home in his backpack. The kindergarten is located on a former barracks site used by the Bundeswehr until 2007, which was converted into a residential area.

On December 1, 2021, an old aircraft bomb exploded in the city of Munich during construction near Donnersbergerbruecke station.

Malta
Malta, then a British colony, was heavily bombarded by Italian and German aircraft during WWII. During the war the Royal Engineers had a Bomb Disposal Section which cleared about 7300 unexploded bombs between 1940 and 1942. UXO is still being found intermittently in Malta as of the early 21st century, and the Explosive Ordnance Disposal unit of the Armed Forces of Malta (AFM) is responsible for removing such ordnance. In July 2021, a Hedgehog anti-submarine mortar which likely fell off a British warship during the war was discovered on a beach in Marsaxlokk and it was successfully removed by the AFM.

Poland
In October 2020, Polish Navy divers discovered a six-ton "Tallboy" British bomb. During the attempt to remotely neutralise the bomb, it exploded in a shipping canal off the Polish port city of Świnoujscie. The Polish Navy considered it a success because the divers were able to ultimately destroy the munition with zero casualties reported.
The government reportedly took all necessary measures before they started to defuse the bomb, which included evacuating 750 residents from the site.

Spain
Since the 1980s, more than 750,000 pieces of UXO from the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) has been recovered and destroyed by the Guardia Civil in Spain. In the 2010s, around 1,000 bombs, artillery shells and grenades have been defused every year.

Ukraine
Ukraine is contaminated with UXO from World War II, former Soviet military training and the current Russo-Ukrainian War. Most of the UXO from the World Wars has presumably been removed by demining efforts in the mid 1970s, but sporadic remnants may remain in unknown locations. The UXO from the recent military conflicts includes both landmines and cluster bomblets dropped and set by both Ukrainian, anti-government and Russian forces. Reports of booby traps harming civilians also exist. Ukraine reports that Donetsk and Luhansk Oblast are the regions mostly affected by unexploded submunitions. Proper, reliable statistics are currently unavailable, and information from the involved combatants are possibly politically biased and partly speculative. However, 600 deaths and 2,000 injured due to UXO in 2014 and 2015 alone have been accounted for.

Since the beginning of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, both Russia and Ukraine have extensively used mines. As of the 22 July 2023, it is estimated that an area of 67,181 square miles of Ukraine are mined. The world bank estimates that it will take $37.4 billion to clear the currently mined areas of Ukraine over a period of ten years. As of September 10th, 2023, the estimated number of civilians killed by mines and unexploded ordinance is 989, and this number will increase as the conflict continues and well after the conflict has ended.

United Kingdom

UXO is standard terminology in the United Kingdom, although in artillery, especially on practice ranges, an unexploded shell is referred to as a blind, and during the Blitz in World War II an unexploded bomb was referred to as a UXB.

Most current UXO risk is limited to areas in cities, mainly London, Sheffield and Portsmouth, that were heavily bombed during the Blitz, and to land used by the military to store ammunition and for training. According to the Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA), from 2006 to 2009 over 15,000 items of ordnance were found in construction sites in the UK. It is not uncommon for many homes to be evacuated temporarily when a bomb is found. 1,000 residents were evacuated in Plymouth in April 2007 when a Second World War bomb was discovered, and in June 2008 a  bomb was found in Bow in East London. In 2009 CIRIA published Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) – a guide for the construction industry to provide advice on assessing the risk posed by UXO.

The burden of Explosive Ordnance Disposal in the UK is split between Royal Engineers Bomb Disposal Officers, Royal Logistic Corps Ammunition Technicians in the Army, Clearance Divers of the Royal Navy and the Armourers of the Royal Air Force. The Metropolitan Police of London is the only force not to rely on the Ministry of Defence, although they generally focus on contemporary terrorist devices rather than unexploded ordnance and will often call military teams in to deal with larger and historical bombs.

In May 2016, a  bomb was found at the former Royal High Junior School in Bath which led to 1,000 houses being evacuated. In September 2016, a  bomb was discovered on the seabed in Portsmouth Harbour. In March 2017, a  bomb was found in Brondesbury Park, London. In May 2017, a  device was detonated in Birmingham. In February 2018, a  bomb was discovered in the Thames which forced London City Airport to cancel all the scheduled flights. In February 2019, a  explosive device was located and destroyed in Dovercourt, near Harwich, Essex.

On September 26, 2019, Invicta Valley Primary School in Kings Hill was reportedly evacuated after an unexploded WW2 bomb was discovered in its vicinity.

In February 2021, thousands of residents of Exeter were evacuated from their homes prior to the detonation of a 1000 kg WWII bomb; the ensuing blast blew out windows and caused structural damage to nearby homes, leaving some uninhabitable.

Pacific

Buried and abandoned aerial and mortar bombs, artillery shells, and other unexploded ordnance from World War II have threatened communities across the islands of the South Pacific.  the Office of Weapons Removal and Abatement in the U.S. Department of State's Bureau of Political-Military Affairs invested more than $5.6 million in support of conventional weapons destruction programs in the Pacific Islands.

On the battlefield of Peleliu Island in the Republic of Palau UXO removal made the island safe for tourism.
At Hell's Point Guadalcanal Province in the Solomon Islands an explosive ordnance disposal training program was established which safely disposed of hundreds of items of UXO. It trained police personnel to respond to EOD call-outs in the island's highly populated areas.
On Mili Atoll and Maloelap Atoll in the Marshall Islands removal of UXO has allowed for population expansion into formerly inaccessible areas.

In the Marianas, World War II-era unexploded ordnance is still often found and detonated under controlled conditions.

In September 2020, two Norwegian People's Aid employees were killed in an explosion in a residential area of Honiara, Solomon Islands, while clearing unexploded ordnance left over from the Pacific War of World War II.

In international law

Protocol V of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons requires that when active hostilities have ended the parties must clear the areas under their control from "explosive remnants of war". Land mines are covered similarly by Protocol II.

Detection technology

Many weapons, including aerial bombs in particular, are discovered during construction work, after lying undetected for decades. Having failed to explode while resting undiscovered is no guarantee that a bomb will not explode when disturbed. Such discoveries are common in heavily bombed cities, without a serious enough threat to warrant systematic searching.

Where there is known to be much unexploded ordnance, in cases of unexploded subsoil ordnance a remote investigation is done by visual interpretation of available historical aerial photographs. Modern techniques can combine geophysical and survey methods with modern electromagnetic and magnetic detectors.  This provides digital mapping of UXO contamination with the aim to better target subsequent excavations, reducing the cost of digging on every metallic contact and speeding the clearance process. Magnetometer probes can detect UXO and provide geotechnical data before drilling or piling is carried out.

In the U.S., the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) and Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) Department of Defense programs fund research into the detection and discrimination of UXO from scrap metal. Much of the cost of UXO removal comes from removing non-explosive items that the metal detectors have identified, so improved discrimination is critical. New techniques such as shape reconstruction from magnetic data and better de-noising techniques will reduce cleanup costs and enhance recovery.
The Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council published a Geophysical Classification for Munitions Response guidance document in August 2015.
UXO or UXBs (as they are called in some countries – unexploded bombs) are broadly classified into buried and unburied. The disposal team carries out reconnaissance of the area and determines the location of the ordnance. If is not buried it may be dug up carefully and disposed of. But if the bomb is buried it becomes a huge task. A team is formed to find the location of the bomb using metal detectors and then the earth is dug carefully.

See also
 Ammunition dump
 Danger UXB, a 1979 British ITV television series set during the Second World War
 Delay-action bomb
 Dud
 Mines Advisory Group
 Ordnance
 Red Zone
 ZEUS-HLONS (HMMWV Laser Ordnance Neutralization System)

References

Further reading

External links

 Mines Advisory Group
 US Department of Defense UXO Awareness web site

Bombs
Cluster munition
Explosive weapons
Environmental impact of war
Articles containing video clips

Unexploded ordnance