The Kankanaey people are an Indigenous peoples of the Northern Philippines. They are part of the collective group of indigenous people known as the Igorot people.

Demographics

The Kankanaey live in western Mountain Province, northern Benguet, northeastern La Union and southeastern Ilocos Sur. The Kankanaey of the western Mountain Province are sometimes identified as Applai or Aplai. Because of the differences in culture from the Kankanaey of Benguet, the "Applai" have been accredited as a separate tribe.

Few Kankanaey can be found in some areas in of the Philippines. They form a minority in the Visayas, especially in Cebu, Iloilo and Negros provinces. They can also be found as a minority in Mindanao, particularly in the provinces of Sultan Kudarat in Soccsksargen and Lanao del Norte in Northern Mindanao.

The 2010 Philippines census counted 362,833 self-identifying Kankanaey and 67,763 self-identifying Applai.

Prehistory
Recent DNA studies show that the Kankanaey along with the Atayal people of Taiwan, were most probably among the original ancestors of the Lapita people and modern Polynesians. They might even reflect a better genetic match to the original Austronesian mariners than the aboriginal Taiwanese, as the latter were influenced by more recent migrations to Taiwan, whereas the Kankanaey are thought to have remained an isolated relict population.

Northern Kankanaey
The Northern Kankanaey or Applai live in Sagada and Besao, western Mountain province, and constitute a linguistic group. H. Otley Beyer believed they originated from a migrating group from Asia who landed on the coasts of Pangasinan before moving to Cordillera. Beyer's theory has since been discredited, and Felix Keesing speculated the people were simply evading the Spanish. Their smallest social unit is the sinba-ey, which includes the father, mother, and children. The sinba-eys make up the dap-ay/ebgan which is the ward. Their society is divided into two classes: the kadangyan (rich), who are the leaders and who inherit their power through lineage or intermarriage, and the kado (poor). They practice bilateral kinship.

The Northern Kankana-eys believe in many supernatural beliefs and omens, and in gods and spirits like the anito (soul of the dead) and nature spirits.

They also have various rituals, such as the rituals for courtship and marriage and death and burial. The courtship and marriage process of the Northern Kankana-eys starts with the man visiting the woman of his choice and singing (day-eng), or serenading her using an awiding (harp), panpipe (diw-as), or a nose flute (kalelleng). If the parents agree to their marriage, they exchange work for a day (dok-ong and ob-obbo), i.e. the man brings logs or bundled firewood as a sign of his sincerity, the woman works on the man's father's field with a female friend. They then undergo the preliminary marriage ritual (pasya) and exchange food. Then comes the marriage celebration itself (dawak/bayas)inclusive of the segep (which means to enter), pakde (sacrifice), betbet (butchering of pig for omens), playog/kolay (marriage ceremony proper), tebyag (merrymaking), mensupot (gift giving), sekat di tawid (giving of inheritance), and buka/inga, the end of the celebration. The married couple cannot separate once a child is born, and adultery is forbidden in their society as it is believed to bring misfortune and illness upon the adulterer.

The Northern Kankana-eys have rich material culture among which is the four types of houses: the two-story innagamang, binang-iyan, tinokbob and the elevated tinabla. Other buildings include the granary (agamang), male clubhouse (dap-ay or abong), and female dormitory (ebgan). Their men wear rectangular woven cloths wrapped around their waist to cover the buttocks and the groin (wanes). The women wear native woven skirts (pingay or tapis) that cover their lower body from waist to knees and is held by a thick belt (bagket).

Their household is sparsely furnished with only a bangkito/tokdowan, po-ok (small box for storage of rice and wine), clay pots, and sokong (carved bowl). Their baskets are made of woven rattan, bamboo or anes, and come in various shapes and sizes.

The Kankana-eys have three main weapons, the bolo (gamig), the axe (wasay) and the spear (balbeg), which they previously used to kill with but now serve practical purposes in their livelihood. They also developed tools for more efficient ways of doing their work like the sagad (harrow), alado (plow dragged by carabao), sinowan, plus sanggap and kagitgit for digging. They also possess Chinese jars (gosi) and copper gongs (gangsa).

For a living, the Northern Kankana-eys take part in barter and trade in kind, agriculture (usually on terraces), camote/sweet potato farming, slash-and-burn/swidden farming, hunting, fishing and food gathering, handicraft and other cottage industry. They have a simple political life, with the Dap-ay/abong being the center of all political, religious, and socials activities, with each dap-ay experiencing a certain degree of autonomy. The council of elders, known as the Amam-a, are a group of old, married men expert in custom law and lead in the decision-making for the village. They worship ancestors (anitos) and nature spirits.

Southern Kankanaey
The Southern Kankanaey are one of the ethnolinguistic groups in the Cordillera. They live in the mountainous regions of Mountain Province and Benguet, more specifically in the municipalities of Tadian, Bauko, Sabangan, Bakun, Kibungan and Mankayan. They are predominantly a nuclear family type (sinbe-ey,buma-ey, or sinpangabong), which are either patri-local or matri-local due to their bilateral kinship, composed of the husband, wife and their children. The kinship group of the Southern Kankana-eys consists of his descent group and, once he is married, his affinal kinsmen. Their society is divided into two social classes based primarily on the ownership of land: The rich (baknang) and the poor (abiteg or kodo). The baknang are the primary landowners to whom the abiteg render their services to. The Mankayan Kankana-eys, however, has no clear distinction between the baknang and the abiteg and all have equal access to resources such as the copper and gold mines.

Contrary to popular belief, the Southern Kankana-eys do not worship idols and images. The carved images in their homes only serve decorative purposes. They believe in the existence of deities, the highest among which is Adikaila of the Skyworld whom they believe created all things. Next in the hierarchy is the Kabunyan, who are the gods and goddesses of the Skyworld, including their teachers Lumawig and Kabigat. They also believe in the spirits of ancestors (ap-apo or kakkading), and the earth spirits they call anito. They are very superstitious and believe that performing rituals and ceremonies help deter misfortunes and calamities. Some of these rituals are pedit (to bring good luck to newlyweds), pasang (cure sterility and sleeping sickness, particularly drowsiness) and pakde (cleanse community from death-causing evil spirits).

The Southern Kankana-eys have a long process for courtship and marriage which starts when the man makes his intentions of marrying the woman known to her. Next is the sabangan, when the couple makes their wish to marry known to their family. The man offers firewood to the father of the woman, while the woman offers firewood to the man's father. The parents then talk about the terms of the marriage, including the bride price to be paid by the man's family. On the day of the marriage, the relatives of both parties offer gifts to the couple, and a pig is butchered to have its bile inspected for omens which would show if they should go on with the wedding. The wedding day for the Southern Kankana-eys is an occasion for merrymaking and usually lasts until the next day. Though married, the bride and groom are not allowed to consummate their marriage and must remain separated until such a time that they move to their own separate home.

The Southern Kankana-eys have different types of houses among which are binang-iyan (box-like compartment on 4 posts 5 feet high), apa or inalpa (a temporary shelter smaller than bingang-iyan), inalteb (has a gabled roof and shorter eaves allowing for the installation of windows and other opening at the side), allao (a temporary built in the fields), at-ato or dap-ay (a clubhouse or dormitory for men, with a long, low gable-roofed structure with only a single door for entrance and exit), and  or olog (equivalent to the at-ato, but for women). Men traditionally wear a G-string (wanes) around the waist and between the legs which is tightened at the back. Both ends hang loose at the front and back to provide additional cover. Men also wear a woven blanket for an upper garment and sometimes a headband, usually colored red like the G-string. The women, on the other hand, wear a tapis, a skirt wrapped around to cover from the waist to the knees held together by a belt (bagket) or tucked in the upper edges usually color white with occasional dark blue color. As adornments, both men and women wear bead leglets, copper or shell earrings, and beads of copper coin. They also sport tattoos which serve as body ornaments and "garments".

Southern Kankana-eys are economically involved in hunting and foraging (their chief livelihood), wet rice and swidden farming, fishing, animal domestication, trade, mining, weaving and pottery in their day-to-day activities to meet their needs. The leadership structure is largely based on land ownership, thus the more well-off control the community's resources. The village elders (lallakay/dakay or amam-a) who act as arbiters and jurors have the duty to settlements between conflicting members of the community, facilitate discussion among the villagers concerning the welfare of the community and lead in the observance of rituals. They also practice trial by ordeal.  Native priests (mansip-ok, manbunong, and mankotom) supervise rituals, read omens, heal the sick, and remember genealogies.

Gold and copper mining is abundant in Mankayan. Ore veins are excavated, then crushed using a large flat stone (gai-dan). The gold is separated using a water trough (sabak and dayasan), then melted into gold cakes.

Musical instruments include the tubular drum (solibao), brass or copper gongs (gangsa), Jew's harp (piwpiw), nose flute (kalaleng), and a bamboo-wood guitar (agaldang).

There is no more pure Southern Kankana-ey culture because of culture change that modified the customs and traditions of the people. The socio-cultural changes are largely due to a combination of factors which include the change in the local government system when the Spaniards came, the introduction of Christianity, the education system that widened the perspective of the individuals of the community, and the encounters with different people and ways of life through trade and commerce.

Culture
Like most ethnic groups, the Kankanaey built sloping terraces to maximize farm space in the rugged terrain of the
Cordillera Administrative Region.

The Kankanaey differ in the way they dress. The soft-speaking Kankanaey women's dress has a color combination of black, white and red. The design of the upper attire is a criss-crossed style of black, white and red colors. The skirt or  is a combination of stripes of black, white and red.

The hard-speaking Kankanaey women's dress is composed of mainly red and black with a little white styles, as for the skirt or  which is mostly called  and . The men wore a G-string as it is called but it is known as  to the Kankanaeys of Besao and Sagada. The design of the  may vary according to social status or municipality.

The Kankanaey's major dances include ,  and . The  is a community dance that is usually performed at weddings; it may be also danced by the Ibaloi people but has a different style.  is also a community dance from Mountain Province which every municipality has its own style.  is the modern word for . There are also some other dances that the Kankanaeys dance, such as the ,  (wedding dance) and  (courtship dance). Kankanaey houses are built like the other Igorot houses, which reflect their social status.

Cuisine
Wet rice agriculture is the main economic activity of the Northern Kankanaey with some fields toiled twice a year while other only once due to too much water or no water at all. There are two varieties of rice called topeng which are planted in June and July and harvested in November and December, and ginolot which are planted in November and December and harvested in June and July. Northern kankana-eys also farm camote. Camote delicacies include (1) makimpit which are dried camotes, (2) boko which are camote sliced into thin pieces that could be steamed (sinalopsop) or cooked as in and sweetened with sugar (inab-abos-sang). These are good substitutes for rice that could be sliced into thin pieces and added to rice before cooking (kineykey) mixing the sweetness when the rice cooks. Squash, cucumber and other climbing vines are also planted. They also hunt and fish small fishes and eel which is a special delicacy when cooked. Crabs are also caught to make tengba, a gravy of pounded rice mixed with crabs, salted and placed in jars to age. This is common viand of every household and is eaten during childbirth.

Although Southern Kankanaey also engage in wet rice agriculture, the chief means of livelihood is hunting and foraging. Wild animal meat such as deer, boar, civet cats and lizards are salted and dried under the sun to preserve it. Wild roots, honey and fruits are also gathered to supplement diet. Just like their northern counterparts, there are also two varieties of rice namely kintoman and saranay or bayag. The kintoman, just as mentioned earlier, is more popularly known as red rice due to its color. On the other hand, saranay is whitish and small grained. The usual types of fish caught are eel (dagit or igat) and small river fishes as well as crabs and other crustaceans. Pigs, chickens, dogs and cattle are domesticated as additional sources of food. Dog meat is considered as a delicacy and pigs and chickens are used mainly for ceremonial activities.

A blood sausage known as pinuneg is eaten by the Kankanaey people.

Funerary practices

Hanging coffins are one of the funerary practices among the Kankanaey people of Sagada, Mountain Province. They have not been studied by archaeologists, so the exact age of the coffins is unknown, though they are believed to be centuries old. The coffins are placed underneath natural overhangs, either on natural rock shelves/crevices or on projecting beams slotted into holes dug into the cliff-side. The coffins are small because the bodies inside the coffins are in a fetal position. This is due to the belief that people should leave the world in the same position as they entered it, a tradition common throughout the various pre-colonial cultures of the Philippines. The coffins are usually carved by their eventual occupants during their lifetimes.

Despite their popularity, hanging coffins are not the main funerary practice of the Kankanaey. It is reserved only for distinguished or honorable leaders of the community. They must have performed acts of merit, made wise decisions, and led traditional rituals during their lifetimes. The height at which their coffins are placed reflects their social status. Most people interred in hanging coffins are the most prominent members of the amam-a, the council of male elders in the traditional dap-ay (the communal men's dormitory and civic center of the village). There is also one documented case of a woman being accorded the honor of a hanging coffin interment.

The more common burial custom of the Kankanaey is for coffins to be tucked into crevices or stacked on top of each other inside limestone caves. Like in hanging coffins, the location depends on the status of the deceased as well as the cause of death. All of these burial customs require specific pre-interment rituals known as the sangadil. The Kankanaey believe that interring the dead in caves or cliffs ensures that their spirits (anito) can roam around and continue to protect the living.

The Northern Kankana-eys honor their dead by keeping vigil and performing the rituals sangbo (offering of 2 pigs and 3 chickens), baya-o (singing of a dirge by three men), menbaya-o (elegy) and sedey (offering of pig). They finish off the burial ritual with dedeg (song of the dead), and then, the sons and grandsons carry the body to its resting place. The funeral ritual of the Southern Kankana-eys lasts up to ten days, when the family honors their dead by chanting dirges and vigils and sacrificing a pig for each day of the vigil. Five days after the burial of the dead, those who participated in the burial take a bath in a river together, butcher a chicken, then offer a prayer to the soul of the dead.

Tattoos

Ancient tattoos can be found among mummified remains of various Cordilleran peoples in cave and hanging coffin burials in northern Luzon, with the oldest surviving examples of which going back to the 13th century. The tattoos on the mummies are often highly individualized, covering the arms of female adults and the whole body of adult males. A 700 to 900-year-old Kankanaey mummy in particular, nicknamed "Apo Anno", had tattoos covering even the soles of the feet and the fingertips. The tattoo patterns are often also carved on the coffins containing the mummies. Tattooing survived up until the mid-20th century, until modernization and conversion to Christianity finally made tattooing traditions extinct among the Kankanaey.

Language

In intonation, there is a hard- (Applai) and soft-speaking Kankanaeys. Speakers of hard Kankanaey are from Sagada, Besao and the surrounding parts or barrios of the said municipalities. They speak Kankanaey with hard intonation and they differ in some words from the soft-speaking Kankanaey. The soft-speaking Kankanaeys come from Northern and some parts of Benguet and from the municipalities of Sabangan, Tadian and Bauko in Mountain Province. In words, for example, an Applai might say  or  (pig) and the soft-speaking Kankanaey may say  or  as well. The Kankanaeys may also differ in some words like  or ,  or .

Religion

Immortals

Lumawig: the supreme deity; creator of the universe and preserver of life
Bugan: married to Lumawig
Bangan: the goddess of romance; a daughter of Bugan and Lumawig
Obban: the goddess of reproduction; a daughter of Bugan and Lumawig
Kabigat: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits
Balitok: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits
Wigan: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits
Timugan: two brothers who took their  (handspades) and  (baskets) and dug a hole into the lower world, Aduongan; interrupted by the deity Masaken; one of the two agreed to marry one of Masaken's daughters, but they both went back to earth when the found that the people of Aduongan were cannibals
Masaken: ruler of the underworld who interrupted the Timugan brothers

See also
Igorot people

References

Igorot

Kankanaey people


The Back-to-Africa movement is a movement for African Americans and the black diaspora to move back to Africa. African repatriation for ex African slaves and free black people from North America and other Western societies began during the eighteenth century. They founded the country of Liberia.

References

African-American history
History of Africa

Back-to-Africa movement


The Pecos Classification is a chronological division of all known Ancestral Puebloans into periods based on changes in architecture, art, pottery, and cultural remains.  The original classification dates back to consensus reached at a 1927 archæological conference held in Pecos, New Mexico, which was organized by the United States archaeologist Alfred V. Kidder.

Original classification

The original Pecos Classification contained eight stages of Southwestern prehistory, but it did not specify dates.

 Basketmaker I, or Early Basketmaker II
 Basketmaker II, or Late Basketmaker II
 Basketmaker III, or Post-Basketmaker
 Pueblo I Period, or Proto-Pueblo
 Pueblo II Period
 Pueblo III Period, or Great Pueblo
 Pueblo IV Period, or Proto-Historic
 Pueblo V Period, or Historic

Current classification

Although the original classification has been significantly debated and sometimes modified over the years, the split into Basketmaker and Pueblo period still serves as a basis for discussing the culture of the Ancestral Puebloans of the Four Corners area. The following classification is based in part of the Revised Pecos Classification for the Mesa Verde Region.

Archaic–Early Basketmaker (8000 – 1500 BCE)

The pre-Ancestral Pueblo culture that moved into the modern-day Southwestern United States after the big game hunters departed are called Archaic. Little evidence for extensive habitation before 8000 BC exists.  From evidence near Navajo Mountain, they were nomadic people, hunter-gatherers traveling in small bands.  They gathered wild foods when in season, and hunted with stone-tipped spears, atlatls, and darts. Game included rabbits, deer, antelope, and bighorn sheep.

The original classification postulated a Basketmaker I Period which was subsequently discredited due to lack of physical evidence.  It was combined with the Archaic Period.

This period was called Oshara tradition. There was a trend toward a sedentary lifestyle, with small-scale cultivation of plants beginning 1000 BC.

Early Basketmaker II (1500 BCE – 50 CE)

The early Ancestral Pueblo camped in the open or lived in caves seasonally. During this period, they began to cultivate gardens of maize (flint corn in particular) and squash, but no beans. They used manos and metates to grind corn, and the women made baskets for numerous uses.

Late Basketmaker II (50 – 500)

The people constructed primitive storage bins, cists, and shallow pit-houses. At this stage, evidence suggests that the beginning of a religious and decision-making structure had already developed. Shamanistic cults existed, and petroglyphs and other rock art indicate a ceremonial structure as well. Groups appear to be increasingly linked into larger-scale decision-making bodies.

Basketmaker III (500 – 750)

Deep pithouses were developed, along with some above-ground rooms.  The bow and arrow replace the atlatl and spear. Plain bisque and some painted black-on-white pottery is made. Cultivation begins of beans, available due to trade from Central America, and edible due to slow cooking in pottery vessels.  Wild amaranth and pinyon pine were also staples. People of this period may have domesticated turkeys.

The prototype kivas were large, round, and subterranean.

Pueblo I Period (750 – 900)

The Pueblo I Period saw increasing populations, growing village size, social integration, and more complicated and complex agricultural systems typified this Period.  The construction and year-round occupation of pueblos begins; the people constructed reservoirs and canals to deal with scarce and irregular water resources.  Large villages and great kivas appear, though pithouses still remain in use. Above-ground construction is of jacal or crude masonry. Plain gray bisque predominates in pottery, though some red bisque and pottery decorated in black and white appears.

Pueblo II Period (900 – 1150)

By AD 1050, Chaco Canyon (in present-day New Mexico) was a major regional center, with a population of 1,500–5,000 people. It is surrounded by standardized planned towns, or great houses, built from the wood of more than 200,000 trees. Thirty-foot-wide () roads, flanked by berms, radiate from Chaco in various directions. Small blocks of above-ground masonry rooms and a kiva make up a typical pueblo. Great kivas were up to  in diameter.  Pottery consists of corrugated gray bisque and decorated black-on-white in addition to some decorated red and orange vessels. The people imported shells and turquoise from other cultures through trading.

During the 12th century, populations began to grow after a decline at the end of the Pueblo II Period.  More intense agriculture was characteristic, with terracing and irrigation common.

Pueblo III Period (1150 – 1350)

Settlements consist of large pueblos, cliff dwellings, towers and turkey pens. Most villages in the Four Corners area are abandoned by AD 1300.  The distinction between the Hohokam and Ancient Pueblo people becomes blurred.

Pueblo IV Period (1350 – 1600)

Typically, large pueblos are centered around a plaza. Socially, this was a period of more conflict than cooperation, which is thought to have led to abandonment of settlements at Mesa Verde. The people began making kachinas for religious and ritual purposes. Plain pottery supplants corrugated. Red, orange and yellow pottery is on the rise as the black-on-white declines.  Cotton is introduced and grown as a commodity.

The Puebloans are joined by other cultures.  As early as the 15th century, the Navajo were in the process of migrating into the region from the north.  In the next century, the Spanish colonists first came in the 1540s from the south.

Pueblo V Period (1600 – present)

The Spanish dominate and take over sites such as the Acoma Pueblo. Their arrival sends Pueblo subcultures underground.

Puebloan sites
Mesa Verde National Park
Canyons of the Ancients National Monument
Bandelier National Monument
Chaco Canyon in Chaco Culture National Historical Park
Canyon de Chelly National Monument
Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument
Keet Seel in Navajo National Monument
Chimney Rock National Monument

See also
 List of dwellings of Pueblo peoples
Hohokam
Hopi
Tiwa
Zuni people
John Wesley Powell
Richard Wetherill
Antiquities Act

References
Catherine M., and H. Wolcott Toll. "Deciphering the Organization of Production in Chaco Canyon (Organization of Production at Chaco Canyon conference papers)." American Antiquity 66.1 (Jan 2001): 5.
Kidder, Alfred V. (1927). Southwestern Archaeological Conference. Science 66: 489-91.
Kidder, Alfred V. (2000 ed.) "An Introduction to the study of Southwestern Archaeology". Yale University.

Pre-Columbian cultures
Archaeology timelines
Native American history of Arizona
Native American history of Nevada
Native American history of New Mexico
Southwestern United States
Pueblo history

Pecos Classification


Norbert Nkulu Mitumba Kilombo (born 15 December 1946) is a politician in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
In the first cabinet of Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga, formed on 5 February 2007, he was named Minister of State to the President of the Republic.
He retained this position in the Gizenga's second cabinet, announced on 25 November 2007.

Likasi was born on 15 December 1946. He is an ethnic Luba-Katanga from the Malemba-Nkulu Territory of
Haut-Lomami Province.
In 1971 he obtained a degree in law from Lovanium University (now Kinshasa University).
He practiced at the Kinshasa Bar while also consulting to several cabinets and directing various  government agencies.
After leaving cabinet office, in July 2009 he was proposed as head of the diplomatic head of the DRC mission in Kigali, Rwanda.

References

1946 births
Living people
People from Haut-Lomami
Luba people
Government ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Lovanium University alumni

Nkulu Mitumba Kilombo


Philippe Legrain is a British political economist and writer. He specializes in global and European economic issues, notably globalisation, migration, the post-crisis world and the euro. A visiting senior fellow at the London School of Economics' European Institute, he is a former adviser to European Commission president José Manuel Barroso from 2011 to 2014.

Early life and background
Legrain was born in 1973. His father is French and his mother Estonian. They met in New York and married in 1969. They moved to London where Philippe was born and he considers himself British "though cosmopolitan in outlook".

Career
Legrain is the author of four books: Open World: The Truth about Globalisation, which is a counter-argument to Naomi Klein's No Logo; Immigrants: Your Country Needs Them was shortlisted for the 2007 Financial Times and Goldman Sachs Business Book of the Year Award; Aftershock: Reshaping the World Economy After the Crisis; and European Spring: Why Our Economies and Politics are in a Mess – and How to Put Them Right, which the Financial Times calls "essential reading".

From February 2011 to February 2014, he was principal adviser and head of the analysis team at the Bureau of European Policy Advisers to the president of the European Commission, José Manuel Barroso. As such, he provided President Barroso with independent economic advice and led the team which provides him with strategic policy advice.

Before that, Legrain was a visiting fellow at the European Institute of the London School of Economics, a senior fellow at the Lisbon Council for Economic Competitiveness and Social Renewal and a contributing editor to Prospect magazine. A commentator for BBC TV and radio, he has written for various newspapers and magazines, including the Financial Times, The Guardian, The Times, The Independent, the Wall Street Journal Europe and the New Statesman.  He is an advocate of freer international migration, globalisation, the euro and a land value tax.

Legrain has also been trade and economics correspondent for The Economist, special adviser to WTO director-general Mike Moore, and chief economist and director of policy for the pro-European pressure group, Britain in Europe.

He holds a BSc in economics and an MSc in politics of the world economy, both from the London School of Economics.

Bibliography

Open World: The Truth about Globalisation (2002) Philippe Legrain
Immigrants: Your Country Needs Them (2007) Philippe Legrain
Aftershock: Reshaping the World Economy After the Crisis (2010) Philippe Legrain
European Spring: Why Our Economies and Politics are in a Mess – and How to Put Them Right (2014) Philippe Legrain

References

External links
Philippe Legrain's website
New York Times Interview

1973 births
Living people
British male journalists
Writers from London
English people of Estonian descent
English people of French descent
British economists
Writers about globalization
British republicans

Philippe Legrain


Roy and Edna Disney CalArts Theater (REDCAT) is an interdisciplinary contemporary arts center for innovative visual, performing and media arts in downtown Los Angeles, located inside the Walt Disney Concert Hall complex. The California Institute of the Arts opened the space in November 2003 as an extension of the college's mission into downtown Los Angeles.

Programs

 Visual Arts
 Performing Arts
 Film/Video
 Music
 Conversations

Facility

The art center consists of a  gallery space, a 200–270-seat flexible black box theater, and a lounge/cafe/bar.

History

As the Walt Disney Concert Hall began construction in 1992, Roy E. Disney, son of Roy O. and Edna Disney, saw an opportunity for the California Institute of the Arts (CalArts) in Santa Clarita to have a presence in downtown Los Angeles. With the financial support of The Walt Disney Company and the County of Los Angeles, the Concert Hall's architect, Frank Gehry, whose children graduated from CalArts, was asked to design the new venue as part of the complex. Patty and Roy E. Disney personally matched the Disney Company's gift and named the facility after his parents Edna and Roy O. Disney who built The Walt Disney Company with younger brother Walt, and after his death, ensured that his greatest wish and achievement, the construction and launching of CalArts' campus, was completed.

At the time of REDCAT's conception in the early 1990s, then CalArts President Steven D. Lavine cited the pairing of experimentation in the arts with a public space for artist-community engagement as the primary consideration for the venue design and its role as a laboratory for the Institute. Lavine noted the The Cottesloe Theatre in London as a model for its high caliber renegade experimentation. Lavine additionally expressed an institutional ambition for CalArts to contribute to the local community and participate in a broader dialogue about emerging forms of art and performance. The aim was to offer Los Angeles residents exposure to innovative art forms more consistently than occasional events (e.g. 1984 Olympic Arts Festival).  Harvey Lichtenstein, then president and executive producer of the Brooklyn Academy of Music, was brought in as a consultant during the development phases of REDCAT in 1999.

After the initial search for a founding executive director proved elusive after the events of September 11, 2001 changed the national mood about the arts, Mark Murphy, originally considered for a more curatorial program director role for the theater space, was instead hired as the first executive director of REDCAT. Murphy observed a dearth of interdisciplinary art spaces in Los Angeles the likes of Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, Wexner Center for the Arts, and the Walker Art Center, or the Alte Oper in Frankfurt and the Hebbel am Ufer in Berlin. Given Murphy's sole focus on the performing arts, Eungie Joo was hired in 2003 as the Gallery Director and Chief Curator for the gallery space. This bifurcated leadership start was the impetus that propelled initiatives for commissioned works, artist residencies, collaborations, and public programs for the Theater and Gallery as parallel and separate from each other rather than per its original conception as a unified laboratory of CalArts. Subsequent Gallery Directors and Curators after Joo were Clara Kim and Ruth Estévez.

Upon the departures of both Estévez and Murphy in 2018, the position of Executive Director of REDCAT was elevated to a CalArts senior leadership position (Vice President), reporting directly to the CalArts President. With this position change came the added responsibility for the management of all CalArts partnerships with cultural institutions in Los Angeles and beyond, further extending the professional laboratory work of the Institute into a global context.

An international search in 2019 resulted in the hire of João Ribas, the former Director of the Serralves in Portugal, to become the first CalArts Vice President for Cultural Partnerships & Executive Director of REDCAT, occupying the Steven D. Lavine Endowed Chair (given in honor of retired CalArts President Lavine, the founder of REDCAT).  This change returned REDCAT to its founding concept as a multidisciplinary laboratory for artists with a unified program — performing and visual arts together — under one executive director with multiple curators working together as a team collaboratively to enable public engagement with experimentation in the arts.

Initial Criticism
	In the 2002 architecture book Gehry: The City and Music, Jeremy Gilbert-Rolfe, a former faculty member at CalArts, describes REDCAT as a performance space located within the Walt Disney Concert Hall. Gilbert-Rolfe notes that REDCAT's exterior stone appearance and orientation towards the back of the building makes it visually distinct from the metallic exterior of the Walt Disney Concert Hall complex. He uses this comparison to illustrate the social divide between artists performing at REDCAT versus those performing at the Walt Disney Concert Hall. Gilbert-Rolfe suggests that REDCAT can be seen pejoratively as an "entry-level" venue for aspiring artistic professionals looking to perform at more well-known venues like the Walt Disney Concert Hall. It is worth noting that Gilbert-Rolfe's analysis was published prior to REDCAT's inaugural season in the fall of 2003. With the arrival of the Broad Museum, and the subsequent Grand Avenue Arts/Bunker Hill station of the LA Metro, REDCAT now occupies a "front door" to the entire Bunker Hill Arts area for those arriving via public transit.

In 2007, Los Angeles-based art critic Edward Goldman found himself driving by REDCAT and decided to see if there was an exhibition on display. Upon arrival, he noticed that the gallery did not use banners to announce their shows. Despite this, he took a chance and entered the galley. As the only person in the gallery, he noticed the art exhibit's attendant appearing ambivalent to him as he entered the gallery. Noticing an exhibit on display, Goldman found the installation Falha (Failure) by Brazilian artist Renata Lucas to be austere, and there were no labels or wall text to explain the artwork.  Uncertain if visitors were supposed to engage with the artwork, Goldman took a risk and walked across the plywood sheets (contents of the artist's exhibit). Luckily, he discovered a pamphlet with an essay about the artist, but it was written in dense, inaccessible jargon, as he described it to be "favored by Artforum magazine and the CalArts in-crowd". Seeking clarity, he asked the young attendant for help, who explained that Lucas wanted visitors to have a hands-on experience with her artwork. Despite this, Goldman determined that the exhibition's curator Clara Kim did not clearly communicate this intention to the public. Afterwards, Goldman left the exhibition with the impression of feeling like an "uninvited guest crashing the party".  In a 2013 TEDTalk, Goldman disclosed that WDCH's architect Gehry was the first art professional he met in Los Angeles when he initially immigrated to the United States.

References

External links

Theatres in Los Angeles
Art museums and galleries in Los Angeles
Arts centers in California
California Institute of the Arts
Event venues established in 2003
Art galleries established in 2003
2003 establishments in California
Tourist attractions in Los Angeles
Bunker Hill, Los Angeles
Downtown Los Angeles

REDCAT


The title of Duke of Aumont was established in 1665. It was first given to Antoine d'Aumont (1601–1669). For a long time, the dukes of Aumont had the title of first Gentleman of the Chamber of the King (gentilhomme de la chambre du Roi). They were a fairly influential and wealthy family. They owned the Hôtel d'Aumont a large townhouse in Paris. The family also had many other titles including "Marquis of Villequier". This was sometimes used by the heir to the ducal title.

List of dukes
 Antoine d'Aumont (1601-1669)
 Louis Marie Guy d'Aumont (1732-1799)
 Louis Marie Augustin d'Aumont (1709-1782)
 Louis Alexandre Céleste d'Aumont (1736-1814)
 Louis Marie Céleste d'Aumont (1762-1831).
 Adolphe Henri Aimery d'Aumont (1785-1849).
 Louis Marie Joseph d'Aumont (1809-1888).
 Jean-Jacques d'Aumont (1840-1901).
 Louis Marie Joseph d'Aumont (1872-1956).
 Louis Henri d'Aumont, (1922-2006).
 Jacques Joseph d'Aumont (1950-).

Descendants
The present reigning Prince of Monaco is a direct descendant of the family.

Dukes and duchesses of France

Aumont family


The Philosopher's Stone is a substance that alchemists believed was able to turn base (impure) metals (such as lead) into pure gold. They thought it could also be used for rejuvenation (to become younger again) and to achieve immortality (to live forever).

In popular culture
The first Harry Potter book is called Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone in the United States).

The manga and anime series Fullmetal Alchemist.

Alchemy

Philosopher's Stone


Resin extraction consists of incising the outer layers of a pine tree in order to collect the sap or resin.

Summary
Resin circulates throughout a coniferous tree and a few others, and serves to seal damage to the tree. Harvesting pine resin dates back to Gallo-Roman times in Gascony.

Tapping pines may either be done so as to sustain the life of the tree, or exhaustively in the years before the tree is cut down.

Traditional tapping
In Gascony, and to a lesser extent in Provence, pine-tapping was practiced as a form of sharecropping, although uncertain status of the workers sometimes led to labor disputes.

Although almost abandoned during the 20th century, in Spain it has experienced something of a resurgence. Cesefor  is a Spanish non-profit foundation. which promotes  forestry in Spain  and its industry including Non-Wood Forest Products (NWFP) which in the Mediterranean region includes, resins, as well as cork, berries, nuts, and mushrooms, among many others.

Procedure
Resin is usually collected by causing minor damage to the tree by making a hole far enough into the trunk to puncture the vacuoles, to let sap exit the tree, known as tapping, and then letting the tree repair its damage by filling the wound with resin. This usually takes a few days. Then, excess resin is collected.

Gallery

See also

 Maple syrup
 Naval stores industry
 Rosin
 Rubber tapping
 Turpentine

References

Tree tapping
Conifers

Resin extraction


Jesús Alonso Escoboza Lugo (born 22 January 1993) is a Mexican professional footballer who plays as a midfielder or defender for Liga MX club Cruz Azul.

Club career

Early career

Escoboza began playing in Tercera Division for Santos Casino where he managed to score eight goals in the 2008–2009 season.  He quickly called (attracted?) the attention of the personnel of Santos Laguna and by the following season he was called to play with a U-17 team where he played from 2009 to 2011. He scored 23 goals in 53 games. Then he participated in both the first team and U-20 team, where he managed to score 14 goals in 30 games.  He was also present in the pre-season of Santos Laguna for the Torneo Apertura 2011, where he scored a goal against Club American in one of the pre-season friendly games.

Santos Laguna

Escoboza made his debut for Santos Laguna on 23 July 2011 at the age of 18, coming on as a substitute in the 81st minute, replacing Oribe Peralta, in a 4–1 win over Pachuca in the Hidalgo stadium. Diego Cocca was the manager who gave Escoboza his league debut.

His first international game was on 27 July against Club Deportivo Olimpia, coming in as a substitute in the 66th minute, replacing Christian Suarez in a 3–1 win. Escoboza scored his first goal on 19 October in a Concacaf Champions League 2011–2012 against Colorado Rapids. However, Escoboza did not play in a single game in the Liga Mx during the Clausura 2012 where Santos Laguna became champions by winning the final against Club Moneterrey.

Club Necaxa

Escoboza was loaned to Necaxa on 20 December 2012. On 4 January 2013, he debuted with Necaxa in a loss to Lobos BUAP.  In the following season, Clausura 2013, he scored two goals against Tiburones Rojo of Veracruz.  Necaxa reached the final, but was defeated by Neza FC who was crowned champion.

Return to Santos Laguna

After finishing his loan to Necaxa, Escobaza returned to Santos Laguna. On 23 August 2013, he scored his first goal in the first division against Club Tijuana. He scored his second goal of the tournament by scoring the second goal in the 59th minute against C.F. Monterrey in a 3–2 win on 18 October 2013.  He scored his first goal in the Liguilla on 24 November 2013 in the first leg quarterfinal game against Querétaro FC in the 70th minute in 3–2 win.

During the Clausura tournament, Escobaza went to play 16 league games, scoring three goals and providing two assists to goal.  He played three games and scored once in Copa MX.

Club Tijuana

On 29 November 2015, Club Tijuana announced that Escoboza would be joining the team for the Clausura 2016. After his first and only season, Escoboza played eight games, totaling 170 minutes, and scoring no goal under manager Miguel Herrera.

Chiapas F.C.

On 9 June 2016, Chiapas announced the signing of Escoboza for the Apertura 2016 in the Liga MX under manager José Cardozo.

Club América

On 29 December 2019, Club América announced that Escoboza would be joining the team for the Clausura 2020 on loan from Xolos.

International career
Escoboza made his senior national team debut on 31 October 2013, coming on as a 60th-minute substitute and scoring in a 4–2 win over Finland. He also played some minutes as a substitute in the two games of the World Cup qualification playoffs against New Zealand, giving an assist in the first leg of the series.

Escoboza was named as one of the seven stand-by players for Mexico's 2014 FIFA World Cup squad.

Career statistics

International

Honours
Santos Laguna
Liga MX: Clausura 2012, Clausura 2015
Copa MX: Apertura 2014
Campeón de Campeones: 2015

Mexico U20
CONCACAF U-20 Championship: 2013

References

External links

1993 births
Living people
People from Ahome Municipality
Footballers from Sinaloa
Men's association football midfielders
Mexico men's youth international footballers
Mexico men's under-20 international footballers
Mexico men's international footballers
Santos Laguna footballers
Club Necaxa footballers
Club Tijuana footballers
Chiapas F.C. footballers
Club Puebla players
Dorados de Sinaloa footballers
Querétaro F.C. footballers
Club América footballers
Liga MX players
Ascenso MX players
Mexican men's footballers

Alonso Escoboza


Beach School is a historic building located northwest of Mount Vernon, Iowa, United States.  Because school district lines had been redrawn, students in this area were forced to attend classes in a building some distance away.  Given the condition of rural roads in the late 19th century, that created a hardship for many families.  From 1889 to 1891 the school district set aside funds for a new building, and Benjamin Beach donated land on his farm for the new school.  Not only was his farmhouse nearby, but Beach also operated a sawmill along the creek east of the school and a gristmill across the road.  The one-room schoolhouse was completed in 1892, and a bell was purchased for the building around 1901.  Early drawings of the building show a small bell tower.  The building was used for educational and social use until 1946, and it has subsequently been converted into a rental home.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

References

School buildings completed in 1892
One-room schoolhouses in Iowa
Houses in Linn County, Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Linn County, Iowa
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa

Beach School (Mount Vernon, Iowa)


Melvin Ellis Calvin (April 8, 1911 – January 8, 1997) was an American biochemist known for discovering the Calvin cycle along with Andrew Benson and James Bassham, for which he was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He spent most of his five-decade career at the University of California, Berkeley.

Early life and education
Melvin Calvin was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, the son of Elias Calvin and Rose Herwitz, Jewish immigrants from the Russian Empire (now known as Lithuania and Georgia).

At an early age, Melvin Calvin's family moved to Detroit, MI where his parents ran a grocery store to earn their living. Melvin Calvin was often found exploring his curiosity by looking through all of the products that made up their shelves. Something he quickly recognized is the importance of chemistry to everyday products and our daily lives.

After he graduated from Central High School in 1928, he went on to study at Michigan College of Mining and Technology (now known as Michigan Technological University) where he received the school's first Bachelors of Science in Chemistry. He went on to earn his Ph.D. at the University of Minnesota in 1935. While under the mentorship of George Glocker, he studied and wrote his thesis on the electron affinity of halogens. He was invited to join the lab of Michael Polanyi as a Post Doctoral student at the University of Manchester. The two years he spent at the lab were focused on studying the structure and behavior of organic molecules. In 1942, He married Marie Genevieve Jemtegaard, and they had three daughters, Elin, Sowie, and Karole, and a son, Noel.

Career
On a visit to the University of Manchester, Joel Hildebrand, the director of UC Radiation Laboratory, invited Calvin to join the faculty at the University of California, Berkeley. This made him the first non-Berkeley graduate hired by the chemistry department in +25 years. He invited Calvin to push forward in radioactive carbon research because "now was the time". Calvin's original research at UC Berkeley was based on the discoveries of Martin Kamen and Sam Ruben in long-lived radioactive carbon-14 in 1940.

In 1947, he was promoted to a Professor of Chemistry and the director of the Bio-Organic Chemistry group in the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. The team he formed included: Andrew Benson, James A. Bassham, and several others. Andrew Benson was tasked with setting up the photosynthesis laboratory. The purpose of this lab was to discover the path of carbon fixation through the process of photosynthesis. The greatest impact of the research was discovering the way that light energy converts into chemical energy. Using the carbon-14 isotope as a tracer, Calvin, Andrew Benson and James Bassham mapped the complete route that carbon travels through a plant during photosynthesis, starting from its absorption as atmospheric carbon dioxide to its conversion into carbohydrates and other organic compounds. The process is part of the photosynthesis cycle. It was given the name the Calvin–Benson–Bassham Cycle, named for the work of Melvin Calvin, Andrew Benson, and James Bassham. There were many people who contributed to this discovery but ultimately Melvin Calvin led the charge (see below).

In 1963, Calvin was given the additional title of Professor of Molecular Biology. He was founder and Director of the Laboratory of Chemical Biodynamics, known as the "Roundhouse", and simultaneously Associate Director of Berkeley Radiation Laboratory, where he conducted much of his research until his retirement in 1980. In his final years of active research, he studied the use of oil-producing plants as renewable sources of energy. He also spent many years testing the chemical evolution of life and wrote a book on the subject that was published in 1969.

The foundation of the Melvin Calvin laboratory
The circular laboratory known as the "Roundhouse"  was designed to facilitate collaboration between students and visiting scientists in Calvin's lab. It was created as Calvin had an insatiable curiosity that drove him to become well versed in many fields and recognize the benefits of cross disciplinary collaboration. Open scientific discussion was a large part of his students' everyday lives and he wanted to create a community space where all kinds of minds and knowledge were brought together. In order to help facilitate this in the Roundhouse, he brought in post doctoral students and guest scientists from all around the world.

The community Calvin created within the roundhouse was one that students and staff members felt they could truly reach their potential in. Calvin became known for his management skills which many creative scientific outlets are modeled after today. He was known as Mr. Photosynthesis but that does not even begin to describe how his organizational and management skills revolutionized the scientific community across all fronts.

Discovery of the Calvin cycle
The discovery of the Calvin cycle would start by building on the research done by Sam Ruben and Martin Kamen after their work on the carbon-14 isotope came to an end after Rebun's accidental death in the laboratory and Kamen found himself in trouble over security breaches with the FBI and Department of State. Despite this Ernest Lawrence, the Radiation Laboratory director, was proud of the work they had done and wanted to see the research furthered so he along with Wendell Latimer, the Dean of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, recruited Calvin in 1945.

The lab's original focus was on the applications of Carbon-14 in medicine and synthesis of radio-labeled amino acids and biological metabolites for medical research. Calvin began to establish the lab by recruiting strong chemists in labs across the country. He then recruited Andrew Benson, who had worked with Ruben and Kamen previously on photosynthesis and C-14, to head that aspect of the lab.

The predominating theory regarding the production of sugars and other reduced carbon compounds was that they were considered to be a "light" reaction. This theory had yet to be disproven. Benson began his investigation by continuing his previous work with the isolation of the product of dark CO2 fixation and would then crystalize the radioactive succinic acid. This paired with exposing algae to light without CO2 and then immediately transferring it to a dark flask that contained CO2 and observing that the radioactive sucrose was still formed at the same rate as when photosynthesis was allowed to be carried out in pure light gave definitive evidence that there was a non-photochemical reduction of CO2.

There was an issue though, they now needed to determine the first product of the fixation of CO2. In order to do this, they began utilizing paper chromatographic techniques that were pioneered by W.A Stepka. This allowed them to determine that the first product of CO2 fixation was 3-Carbon phosphoglyceric acid (PGA). A long known product of glucose fermentation per the reaction outlined years earlier by Ruben and Kamen.

After this discovery, Calvin's competing lab at the University of Chicago was unable to confirm the discovery and thus created a strong attack on Calvin's literature. This led to a symposium sponsored by the American Association for the Advancement of Science to determine which lab was correct. Though met with resistance at the conference Calvin and Benson were able to convince the audience of their position and the attack was dismissed.

After this first identification the remaining members of the glycolytic sequence save for two were able to be identified based on their chemical behavior. The two unknown components were sugars. Benson, after noticing their separation on the paper chromatograms and examining their reactivities, realized they were ketoses. Thanks to the collaboration of James A. Bassham the compounds were able to be subjected to periodate degradation. The identification of 14% activity in the carbonyl carbon in one of the sugars made Bassham turn his attention to seven-carbon sugars. Despite several more tests though, Bassham was unable to determine the identities of these two sugars.

Further experimentation showed that through restricting the uptake of CO2 the level of ribulose bisphosphate could be increased. This was an indication that it was the acceptor molecule for CO2. Though the mechanism for this was not immediately obvious, Calvin was able to determine one later called the novel carboxylation mechanism which would lead to the series completion in 1958.

Public service
Throughout his life, Calvin acted as a public servant in many different capacities. He served as president of the American Chemical Society, the American Society of Plant Physiology, and the Pacific Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Along with all of this he also served as chairman of the Committee on Science and Public Policy for the National Academy of Sciences.

One major contribution he had as a public servant was his work with NASA. In collaboration with NASA, he assisted in the creation of plans to protect the Moon against biological contamination from the Earth and the Earth from contamination from the Moon during the Apollo missions. As well as, helping strategies on how to best bring back lunar samples and how to search for biological life on other planets.

Along with these servant capacities he also worked as a public servant for the U.S government. He served as a member of the President's Science Advisory Committee from 1963 to 1966 and served on the top advisory body of the Department of Energy, the Energy Research Advisory Board.

Finally, he served on many international committees and for many international organizations including the Joint Commission on Applied Radioactivity of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the U.S. Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry, and the Commission on Molecular Biophysics of the International Organization for Pure and Applied Biophysics

Controversy
In his 2011 television history of Botany for the BBC, Timothy Walker, Director of the University of Oxford Botanic Garden, criticised Calvin's treatment of Andrew Benson, claiming that Calvin had got the credit for Benson's work after firing him, and had failed to mention Benson's role when writing his autobiography decades later. Benson himself has also mentioned being fired by Calvin, and has complained about not being mentioned in his autobiography.

Honours and legacy
1954 - Elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences

1955 - Awarded the Centenary Prize

1958 - Elected a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences

1958 - Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

1959 - Elected a Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina

1960 - Elected to the American Philosophical Society

1961 - Melvin Calvin received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"

1964 - Awarded the Davy Medal of the Royal Society

1971 - Honorary Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) degree from Whittier College

1978 - Priestley medal of the American Chemical Society

Calvin was featured on the 2011 volume of the American Scientists collection of US postage stamps, along with Asa Gray, Maria Goeppert-Mayer, and Severo Ochoa. This was the third volume in the series, the first two having been released in 2005 and 2008.

Calvin was award 13 other honorary degrees.

Publications

Bassham, J. A., Benson, A. A., and Calvin, M. "The Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis VIII. The Role of Malic Acid.", Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Radiation Laboratory–Berkeley, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (January 25, 1950).
Badin, E. J., and Calvin, M. "The Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis IX. Photosynthesis, Photoreduction, and the Hydrogen-Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Dark Reaction.", Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Radiation Laboratory–Berkeley, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (February 1, 1950).
Calvin, M., Bassham, J. A., Benson, A. A., Kawaguchi, S., Lynch, V. H., Stepka, W., and Tolbert, N. E."The Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis XIV.", Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Radiation Laboratory–Berkeley, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (June 30, 1951).
Calvin, M. "Photosynthesis: The Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis and the Primary Quantum Conversion Act of Photosynthesis.", Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Radiation Laboratory-Berkeley, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (November 22, 1952).
Bassham, J. A., and Calvin, M. "The Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis", Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Lawrence Radiation Laboratory-Berkeley, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (October 1960).
Calvin, M. "The Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis (Nobel Prize Lecture).", Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Radiation Laboratory-Berkeley, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (December 11, 1961).

See also
 List of Jewish Nobel laureates

References

External links

 including the Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1961 The Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis
Nobel speech and biographmems/mcalvin.html Tribute by Glenn Seaborg and Andrew Benson

Biographical memoir by Glenn Seaborg and Andrew Benson
U.S. Patent 4427511 Melvin Calvin – Photo-induced electron transfer method
Encyclopædia Britannica article
USPS News Release: Celebrating American Scientists Press release for the new Forever Stamp designs featuring Melvin Calvin.
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

1911 births
1997 deaths
Nobel laureates in Chemistry
American Nobel laureates
20th-century American chemists
Jewish Nobel laureates
Scientists from Saint Paul, Minnesota
Researchers of photosynthesis
National Medal of Science laureates
Michigan Technological University alumni
University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering alumni
Alumni of the University of Manchester
UC Berkeley College of Chemistry faculty
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
Central High School (Detroit) alumni
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Melvin Calvin


Wednesday 9:30 (8:30 Central) (later retitled My Adventures in Television) is an American sitcom which aired on ABC in 2002. The series was created by Peter Tolan.

Plot
Idealistic television executive David Weiss joins struggling TV network IBS, only to discover it is a place of backstabbing, constant competition, and a fair bit of bad programming. His colleagues include: Mike McClaren, an exec who will do anything to get ahead in the business, including hiding his own homosexuality; Lindsay Urich, an air-head who gets by on her looks; Joanne Walker, who exists as the token black person at the network; and head of programming Paul Weffler, who has an ability to get things done but is so clueless that often it is by accident. Overseeing them all is the president of the network, Red Lansing, whose orders – no matter how far-fetched – are always right.

The series didn't shy away from surprising storylines. Episode one featured David sleeping with Lori Loughlin which caused a scandal at the network; episode three – "Death Be Not Pre-Empted" – featured the team going after ratings by airing the execution of a serial killer, and episode six revolved around David's attempt to please all sorts of minority groups without displeasing others.

Cast
 Ivan Sergei as David Weiss
 Melinda McGraw as Lindsay Urich
 Ed Begley Jr. as Paul Weffler
 Sherri Shepherd as Joanne Walker
 James Michael McCauley as Mike McClaren
 John Cleese as Red Lansing

Production
The series was a mid-season replacement, premiering on Wednesday, March 27, 2002 at (unsurprisingly) 9:30 p.m. Eastern and Pacific times, 8:30 Central Time – with the title being a play on the common U.S. network practice of promoting both airtimes. Series creator Peter Tolan had earlier written The Larry Sanders Show, Ellen and Murphy Brown. The series was able to attract big-name guest stars, such as Lori Loughlin, John Ritter, Garry Shandling and Lisa Rinna, who all appeared as themselves in the first few episodes. However, low ratings caused ABC to put the series on hiatus after just two episodes, and ultimately cancel it.

Three more episodes appeared after the May sweeps were over; on May 29, 2002, the show returned to its Wednesday 9:30/8:30 time slot, under the new title My Adventures in Television. The remaining produced episode never aired.

Episodes

References

External links
 (archived)

2000s American sitcoms
2002 American television series debuts
2002 American television series endings
American Broadcasting Company original programming
English-language television shows
Television series about television
Television series by ABC Studios

Wednesday 9:30 (8:30 Central)


Tony Windless (born October 14, 1969) is an American retired professional basketball player with a notable career stretching over a decade in the British Basketball League.

A big time player, over the years Tony has collected every honour in the game and is often touted as one of the greatest players to grace the British leagues.

The 6ft5 small forward began his pro career in 1994 when he signed for the London Towers, after attending Georgia Southern University. His debut for Towers came on November 11 in a home game against Leicester Riders, and after many more successful appearances during the 1994–95 season, Windless was elected to the All-Star game and made the final BBL All-Star Team, the first of many more accolades.

His three-season spell at the Towers would be his most successful throughout his career. The 1995–96 season saw the beginning of the trophy spree, when Windless helped the Towers to a 70–58 National Cup final victory against the Sheffield Sharks, on their own turf. A 90–84 win over Worthing Bears in the Trophy final, in which he was named MVP, and a first-place finish in the League bulked up Windless' trophy cabinet, along with his personal awards of an All-Star game appearance and a spot in the All-Star Team at the end of the season.

The following season, which saw another him elected to another All-Star game appearance, Tony helped Towers to another Trophy win and a victorious Playoff run, beating fierce rivals Greater London Leopards 89–88 in an intense Wembley final. The victory made all the more sweeter, after Leopards had pipped Towers to the league crown just weeks earlier.

After claiming every title in the game at Towers, Windless headed north from the capital in 1997 when he signed for Derby Storm, where he played in 22 games, averaging 15.15 PPG. After just a year in Derby, Tony relocated to Milton Keynes Lions for two years, where he found increased minutes and an improved points average, achieving his career high in the 1999–00 season, posting 19.65. This record would be smashed the following season after signing for Newcastle Eagles, where in 31 games played, Windless tallied an impressive 21.32 PPG, still his best season average to date.

While in Newcastle, he regained his impeccable form from the Towers days, leading the previously fledgling franchise to a Trophy final, in which they finished runners-up to the victorious Chester Jets, 92–81. For the seventh consecutive season, Windless was featured in the All-Star game for 2001, where he was named as MVP for the final ever event. He was also reselected for the BBL All-Star Team following a three-year absence.

It seemed as though his career was on the up, and a move to Europe was too good to turn down. After starring in the French leagues for Montpellier, Gravelines and Besançon, Windless returned to the UK in 2004 to play for Scottish Rocks.

After one season in Glasgow, where he averaged just 13.5 PPG in 31.75 minutes-per-game, he was off again, returning to his former club Milton Keynes Lions, where he starred alongside a squad of fellow veteran stars until 2008, when he signed for the Leicester Riders.

References

1969 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in France
American expatriate basketball people in the United Kingdom
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Memphis, Tennessee
BCM Gravelines players
Besançon BCD players
British men's basketball players
Cowley County Community College alumni
Georgia Southern Eagles men's basketball players
Glasgow Rocks players
Junior college men's basketball players in the United States
Le Mans Sarthe Basket players
Leicester Riders players
London Towers players
London Lions (basketball) players
Montpellier Paillade Basket players
Newcastle Eagles players
Small forwards
American expatriate sportspeople in England
American expatriate sportspeople in Scotland
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom

Tony Windless


Naphrys pulex is a species of spider from the family Salticidae that is widely distributed in Canada and the United States.

Description
Males have gray and black mottling on the top of their cephalothorax, abdomen, and legs, with orange coloration around the sides of the cephalothorax.

Habitat
The species can be found in tall grass prairies and wooded areas. It is very common in mesic hardwood forests, where there is plenty of leaf litter. Finding this species in buildings, on bark or outcrops is also likely. The species feed on primarily ants and other arthropods.

References

External links

Salticidae
Spiders of Canada
Spiders of the United States
Spiders described in 1846

Naphrys pulex


"Slo-Mo-Tion" is a song by American rock band Marilyn Manson. The song serves as the second single and is also the fifth track from their eighth full-length studio album Born Villain. The title of the song was revealed when Marilyn Manson appeared on That Metal Show in December 2011. The song was first released on May 1, 2012 along with the Born Villain album, and was officially released as the album's second single worldwide August 13, 2012. An EP of remixes was released in Canada via Dine Alone Records on November 6, 2012.

Music video
On June 27, 2012, Manson announced via his Facebook page that a music video for the song was in the making. The status was uploaded via mobile, reading, "Shooting Slo-Mo-tion. --MM". On August 10, 2012, Manson updated his Facebook and Twitter with four new images, one which included the caption, "Just finished the slo-mo-tion moving picture show.", suggesting that the music video was now complete.

The music video was released online August 21, 2012, and was directed by Marilyn Manson himself. The video features Manson and Twiggy Ramirez, and a cameo from Eastbound & Down's Steve Little. The video showcases Manson singing into the camera while wearing different outfits, wearing face paint, surrounded by various people in some scenes which includes Steve Little in prosthetic breasts, and topless women. Also, staying true with the title, the music video is filled with slow motion effects. The video cuts out near the end as Manson sings "this is my beautiful show and everything is shot..." to a scene with Manson on a roof top holding a gun, as he prepares to fire it into an intersection at a cyclist below.

A review on UltimateGuitar.com described the music video as "visually dynamic", stating "Manson is captured in slow motion doing a variety of things, from shooting a gun to spitting a neon colored substance out of his mouth." The review concludes stating, "Despite the song's title, the video is quite a lot to take in, at five and a half minutes long." Kory Grow of Spin magazine wrote "it's as creepy as you'd expect it to be: putrid neon paint, Manson spittling, prosthetic breasts and, of course, Manson saying the words "slow motion" really slowly. But those aren't the really shocking parts. There's a scene where he's holding a machine gun in front of a window with red lettering on it that spells out "rape." And the video ends with him wearing a long leather coat and a partial gasmask, as he sits atop a building pointing his gun at someone riding by on a bicycle."

Track listings
Digital download
 "Slo-Mo-Tion" (Album Version) – 4:24
 "Slo-Mo-Tion" (Dirtyphonics Remix) – 5:24

Promo single
 "Slo-Mo-Tion" (Radio Edit) – 3:30
 "Slo-Mo-Tion" (Dirtyphonics Remix) – 5:25
 "Slo-Mo-Tion" (Album Version) – 4:21
 "Slo-Mo-Tion" (Instrumental Version) – 4:13

Remix EP
 "Slo-Mo-Tion" (Proxy Remix) – 3:46
 "Slo-Mo-Tion" (Sandwell District Remix) – 6:41
 "Slo-Mo-Tion" (Dirtyphonics Remix) – 5:24
 "Slo-Mo-Tion" (Proxy Dub Remix)  – 3:46
 "Slo-Mo-Tion" (Sandwell District Dub Remix) – 6:43
 "Slo-Mo-Tion" (Album Version) – 4:24

Appearances
The song was used on the American version of the television dance competition, So You Think You Can Dance.

Charts

References

External links
Official Born Villain website
Official Marilyn Manson website

Marilyn Manson (band) songs
2012 songs
2012 singles
Songs written by Marilyn Manson
Songs written by Jeordie White
Songs written by Fred Sablan
Songs written by Chris Vrenna
Glam rock songs

Slo-Mo-Tion


Rockefeller Republican is a phrase that describes a kind of politician in the United States. Rockefeller Republicans are moderate or liberal Republicans on social issues, and conservative on economic issues. They are often from the northeastern part of the country. The term comes from former Vice President and Governor of New York, Nelson Rockefeller.

Republican Party (United States)

Rockefeller Republican


Beatles is a novel written by the Norwegian author Lars Saabye Christensen. The book was first published in 1984. It takes its title from the English rock band The Beatles, and all the chapters are named after Beatles songs or albums. The book tells the story of four Oslo boys in the years from 1965 to 1972, recapitulating their adolescent years and early adulthood. The boys have a common interest - worship of the Beatles, and take on the names of the group members, John, Paul, George and Ringo. Each of them shares some characteristics with the chosen member.

Plot

The main character and storyteller, Kim Karlsen (Paul), is writing the entire story in flashbacks from a sheltered and closed summer residence in the Nesodden area. He has recently escaped from the asylum of Gaustad in Oslo. He rewrites his story from the spring of 1965 to the present day (winter 1972-1973).

Kim and his friends, Gunnar (John), Sebastian (George) and Ola (Ringo), played football together, collected Beatles records and stole attributes from cars. This last hobby was abandoned after an incident with an embassy car, and the entire collection was dumped in the fjord. Kim is known as a notorious liar, while Gunnar is the truth-seeker. Ola is the stuttering fat one, and Sebastian is a spiritualist. In time, Kim is the first to get a girlfriend, Nina, who is on and off over the years. The boys get involved in the Norwegian hippie movement in the late 1960s, experiment with drugs, and Sebastian gets so hooked the others have to look for him in Paris, where he lives the life of a junkie, but is saved by his friends (1968). Kim has a nervous breakdown and tells the end of his story from inside the asylum at the time of the 1972 Norwegian European Communities membership referendum. He escapes as the result is clear and retires to Nesodden for writing his story. The last we hear is from Nina, now pregnant with his child, before the book closes.

Political perspective

The four boys mature during the political struggle of the 1960s, and end up as left-wingers, inspired by people around them. The "upper class" mentality of the western Oslo society is evident, and Kim describes how his sentiments gradually shift to the left. Three characters in the book seem to be propagating this view:

 Gunnar's older brother, Stig. He presents them to "Masters of War" by Bob Dylan in the first chapter, making the boys conscious of the Vietnam War by telling them of the atrocities committed by American soldiers (including information on napalm). Stig's views change during the book, ending as an environmentalist leaning towards anarchism. He and Seb seem to be close at some points in the book.
 Henny, the young girlfriend of Kim´s uncle Hubert. She is an art student, and informs Kim about Edvard Munch, and explains to him the assault on the Kjartan Slettemark Vietnam picture in the summer of 1965, to which Kim is a witness (The picture was attacked and demolished with an axe). Kim later has nightmares about the incident, dreaming that the attacker uses his axe on innocent children. Henny is in Paris during the 1968 uprising, being attacked by the French police. The book tells how Kim sees her on television, being struck with batons. She even holds her hands around her head in the position of the Scream, to close the Munch metaphor (Kim thinks the picture, which he "hears", is of the mother of one of the Vietnam napalm victims). The "Scream" metaphor is a recurring motif in the book.
 Fred Hansen, a working class boy who managed to get into the upper class school the other boys attend. He is bullied by the other boys, and even the teachers, who disrespect his East end dialect. Gunnar and the others protect Fred, and on visiting him and his mother, Kim and the others learn of the contemporary social inequality in Oslo. Fred drowns in the summer of 1966, despite being the best swimmer in class. The others keep his memory alive. Fred was apparently born outside of wedlock, not knowing who his father was. His mother makes a living by cleaning houses.

Historical inaccuracies

The most notable historical inaccuracy in the original Beatles novel, is Kim's reaction and reflections around the picture of the Napalm Girl, mentioned as early as in the 1965 chapters, whereas the picture itself was taken in June 1972. To be charitable, the older Kim may have seen the picture that summer and blended it in with his adolescent memories, as the book closes in the spring of 1973.

Sequels
Beatles had two sequels, Bly (Lead) in 1990, and Bisettelsen (The Funeral), in 2008.

Bly

The sequel Bly (1990), tells the story of Kim after he returns from Florence in 1974, a year after the end of Beatles. He meets Sebastian, now an underground poet, and Vivi, a girl from Holmenkollen. The story tells how Kim had his penis injured during a blowjob in Florence, where he played the piano (or so he says). Much of the story centers round Kim`s uncle Hubert, a con artist, who specializes in faking the great ones, like Picasso, while playing insane. When his scheme is revealed, he drowns himself at Bygdøy. Vivi is an art student, and much of the novel discuss relations between copies and originals.

At the end of the book, Kim has published a collection of poems with the help of Seb. It is evident that they worked on it together, but the identity of Kim and Seb blurs somewhat during the novel. Lars Saabye Christensen himself shows up early in the novel, reading one of his early poems to no avail at a poetry slam in Oslo.

Bisettelsen

Bisettelsen (The Funeral, 2008), tells the story of how Kim dies in January 2001, 49 years old. Here, the fates of the characters are revealed. Gunnar was connected to the left-wing movement Workers' Communist Party (AKP-(ml) in Norwegian) until the death of John Lennon in 1980. This incident changed the life of both Gunnar, Ola and Seb. Gunnar became an archaeologist, Seb a teacher, and Ola a hairdresser, like his father.

Kim is found naked and dead at a hotel room in Sortland, and his only relative is Nina, who took care of their daughter Eleanor (named after "Eleanor Rigby"), who is deaf from birth. The others are told by her of the death of Kim; they have received short letters from Kim, allegedly from Rongbuk. He claimed to have climbed Mount Everest. The story also reveals, among other things, that Kim had a sister, Kaja, who died early, and never mentioned afterwards. We also learn that Hubert, the supposed uncle, may be Kim's real father. And barely mentioned, that Kim really lived most of his life at a ward for mentally distorted, something even Gunnar denies at the end, trusting Kim´s Rongbuk postcard more than the asylum priest.

This book, like the first one, takes the chapter titles from Beatles' songs, but this book has chapters named solely from Magical Mystery Tour, a record totally absent from the original novel (except for "I Am the Walrus"). The "mystery tour" is Kim's journey through the land of the dead, referencing both Peer Gynt and Divina Commedia. Half of the novel is related by death himself (or herself), the other is related by "the other one", presumably the author. There is also the voice of Kim, through parts of his own manuscript, parts of which never reached the finished edition of Beatles. One presumed his mother edited them out.

Further references to Peer Gynt is given, as Kim himself is a notorious liar and poet, like Peer. His "Solveig" is Nina, who dwells in his "hut", the flat he grew up in, and keeping a symbolical "silver button" (like the one Peer gave to Solveig): in fact the Mercedes logo Kim snatched from a car at the very start of Beatles.

References

20th-century Norwegian novels
Books about the Beatles
1984 novels
Novels by Lars Saabye Christensen
Novels set in Oslo

Beatles (novel)


Pusztavacs is a village in Dabas district, Pest county, Hungary, about 54 km south-east of the capital Budapest. Its population consists of 1530 inhabitants. Pusztavacs was first mentioned in records in 1274. It is notable for featuring the geographical centre of the country. To mark that centre, an 11 m high octagonal pyramid was built in 1978 by the plans of the architect József Kerényi.. The tower was burnt down in 2001 and later rebuilt in 2004.

Some sights include ruins of a 15th-century church and a memorial to the 13 martyrs of Arad.

Populated places in Pest County
Geographical centres

Pusztavacs


The Caleb R. Ayer House (also known as the Ayer-Swasey House) is an historic house at 7 Main Street in Cornish, Maine, United States. The house is architecturally distinctive, with a high-style Greek Revival main block, built c. 1855, attached to an older (c. 1830) heavily altered Cape, which connects it to a period barn. The house is also historically significant as the home of Caleb Ayer, a Maine politician who served in the Maine Senate from 1847 to 1848 and as Secretary of State of Maine in 1856. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 12, 2002.

Description and history
The house is set on the south side of Main Street (SR 5/SR 25) in the main village of Cornish, just east of its junction with Fiddle Lane. It is a long structure whose main axis is oriented north–south, and is divided into three distinct sections, all of whose main facades face east. The northernmost section is a 2-1/2 rectangular Greek Revival structure with a side-gable roof, and a single-story flat-roof porch extending across its three-bay front. Its corners have broad pilasters, with a double-width frieze encircling the block below the roof. To the south of this block is a -story Cape style extension, which is the oldest portion of the house. It is seven bays wide, with a pair of gable-roof dormers projecting from its main facade, and has a projecting gable-roofed vestibule providing a secondary entrance. At the southernmost end of the structure is a barn, whose gable roof is oriented perpendicular to the roofs of the other two sections. The interiors of the front and central blocks both reflect high-style Greek Revival design.

The central Cape portion of the house was probably built by Edward Boynton, sometime between his purchase of the land in the early 1830s, and its sale to Caleb Ayer in 1852. Although building records are sketchy, it is probably that Ayer built the front section soon afterward, including applying Greek Revival styling to the Cape portion. The house was sold in 1886 by Ayer's widow to her son-in-law, Dr. William Swasey. Ayer was a prominent lawyer who moved to Cornish after marrying a local woman; he served in the state senate and as the state secretary in 1856. Swasey practiced from the house for many years, using what is now a modern kitchen as his office.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in York County, Maine

References

Greek Revival houses in Maine
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Houses in York County, Maine
National Register of Historic Places in York County, Maine

Caleb R. Ayer House