A casino is a facility for certain types of gambling. Casinos are often built near or combined with hotels, resorts, restaurants, retail shops, cruise ships, and other tourist attractions. Some casinos are also known for hosting live entertainment, such as stand-up comedy, concerts, and sports.

and usage
Casino is of Italian origin; the root  means a house. The term casino may mean a small country villa, summerhouse, or social club. During the 19th century, casino came to include other public buildings where pleasurable activities took place; such edifices were usually built on the grounds of a larger Italian villa or palazzo, and were used to host civic town functions, including dancing, gambling, music listening, and sports. Examples in Italy include Villa Farnese and Villa Giulia, and in the US the Newport Casino in Newport, Rhode Island. In modern-day Italian, a  is a brothel (also called , literally "closed house"), a mess (confusing situation), or a noisy environment; a gaming house is spelt , with an accent.

Not all casinos are used for gaming. The Catalina Casino, on Santa Catalina Island, California, has never been used for traditional games of chance, which were already outlawed in California by the time it was built. The Copenhagen Casino was a Danish theatre which also held public meetings during the 1848 Revolution, which made Denmark a constitutional monarchy.

In military and non-military usage, a  (Spanish) or  (German) is an officers' mess.

History of gambling houses

The precise origin of gambling is unknown. It is generally believed that gambling in some form or another has been seen in almost every society in history. From Ancient Mesopotamia, Greeks and Romans to Napoleon's France and Elizabethan England, much of history is filled with stories of entertainment based on games of chance.

The first known European gambling house, not called a casino although meeting the modern definition, was the Ridotto, established in Venice, Italy, in 1638 by the Great Council of Venice to provide controlled gambling during the carnival season. It was closed in 1774 as the city government felt it was impoverishing the local gentry.

In American history, early gambling establishments were known as saloons. The creation and importance of saloons was greatly influenced by four major cities: New Orleans, St. Louis, Chicago and San Francisco. It was in the saloons that travelers could find people to talk to, drink with, and often gamble with. During the early 20th century in the US, gambling was outlawed by state legislation. However, in 1931, gambling was legalized throughout the state of Nevada, where the US's first legalized casinos were set up. In 1976 New Jersey allowed gambling in Atlantic City, now the US's second largest gambling city.

Gambling in casinos

Most jurisdictions worldwide have a minimum gambling age of 18 to 21.

Customers gamble by playing games of chance, in some cases with an element of skill, such as craps, roulette, baccarat, blackjack, and video poker. Most games have mathematically determined odds that ensure the house has at all times an advantage over the players. This can be expressed more precisely by the notion of expected value, which is uniformly negative (from the player's perspective). This advantage is called the house edge. In games such as poker where players play against each other, the house takes a commission called the rake. Casinos sometimes give out complimentary items or comps to gamblers.

Payout is the percentage of funds ("winnings") returned to players.

Casinos in the United States say that a player staking money won from the casino is playing with the house's money.

Video Lottery Machines (slot machines) have become one of the most popular forms of gambling in casinos.  investigative reports have started calling into question whether the modern-day slot-machine is addictive.

Design
Casino design—regarded as a psychological exercise—is an intricate process that involves optimising floor plan, décor and atmospherics to encourage gambling.

Factors influencing gambling tendencies include sound, odour and lighting. Natasha Dow Schüll, an anthropologist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, highlights the decision of the audio directors at Silicon Gaming to make its slot machines resonate in "the universally pleasant tone of C, sampling existing casino soundscapes to create a sound that would please but not clash".

Alan Hirsch, founder of the Smell & Taste Treatment and Research Foundation in Chicago, studied the impact of certain scents on gamblers, discerning that a pleasant albeit unidentifiable odor released by Las Vegas slot machines generated about 50% more in daily revenue. He suggested that the scent acted as an aphrodisiac, causing a more aggressive form of gambling.

Markets
The following lists major casino markets in the world with casino revenue of over US$1 billion as published in PricewaterhouseCoopers's report on
the outlook for the global casino market:

By region

By markets

By company
According to Bloomberg, accumulated revenue of the biggest casino operator companies worldwide amounted to almost US$55 billion in 2011. SJM Holdings Ltd. was the leading company in this field, earning $9.7 bn in 2011, followed by Las Vegas Sands Corp. at $7.4 bn. The third-biggest casino operator company (based on revenue) was Caesars Entertainment, with revenue of US$6.2 bn.

Significant sites
While there are casinos in many places, a few places have become well known specifically for gambling. Perhaps the place almost defined by its casino is Monte Carlo, but other places are known as gambling centers.

Monte Carlo, Monaco

Monte Carlo Casino, located in Monte Carlo city, in Monaco, is a casino and a tourist attraction.

Monte Carlo Casino has been depicted in many books, including Ben Mezrich's Busting Vegas, where a group of Massachusetts Institute of Technology students beat the casino out of nearly $1 million. This book is based on real people and events; however, many of those events are contested by main character Semyon Dukach. Monte Carlo Casino has also been featured in multiple James Bond novels and films.

The casino is mentioned in the song "The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo" as well as the film of the same name.

Campione d'Italia

Casinò di Campione is located in the tiny Italian enclave of Campione d'Italia, within Ticino, Switzerland. The casino was founded in 1917 as a site to gather information from foreign diplomats during the First World War. Today it is owned by the Italian government, and operated by the municipality. With gambling laws being less strict than in Italy and Switzerland, it is among the most popular gambling destination besides Monte Carlo. The income from the casino is sufficient for the operation of Campione without the imposition of taxes, or obtaining of other revenue. In 2007, the casino moved into new premises of more than , making it the largest casino in Europe. The new casino was built alongside the old one, which dated from 1933 and has since been demolished.

Malta
The archipelago of Malta is a particularly famous place for casinos, standing out mainly with the historic casino located at the princely residence of Dragonara. Dragonara Palace was built in 1870. Its name comes from the Dragonara Point, the peninsula where it is built. On 15 July 1964, the palace opened as a casino.

Macau

The former Portuguese colony of Macau, a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China since 1999, is a popular destination for visitors who wish to gamble. This started in Portuguese times, when Macau was popular with visitors from nearby Hong Kong, where gambling was more closely regulated. The Venetian Macao is currently the largest casino in the world. Macau also surpassed Las Vegas as the largest gambling market in the world.

Germany
Machine-based gaming is only permitted in land-based casinos, restaurants, bars and gaming halls, and only subject to a licence. Online slots are, at the moment, only permitted if they are operated under a Schleswig-Holstein licence. AWPs are governed by federal law – the Trade Regulation Act and the Gaming Ordinance.

Portugal

The Casino Estoril, located in the municipality of Cascais, on the Portuguese Riviera, near Lisbon, is the largest casino in Europe by capacity.

During the World War II, it was reputed to be a gathering point for spies, dispossessed royals, and wartime adventurers; it became an inspiration for Ian Fleming's James Bond 007 novel Casino Royale.

Russia

There are four legal gaming zones in Russia: "Siberian Coin" (Altay), "Yantarnaya" (Kaliningrad region), "Azov-city" (Rostov region) and "Primorie" (Primorie region).

Singapore
Singapore is an up-and-coming destination for visitors wanting to gamble, although there are currently only two casinos (both foreign owned), in Singapore. The Marina Bay Sands is the most expensive standalone casino in the world, at a price of US$8 billion, and is among the world's ten most expensive buildings. The Resorts World Sentosa has the world's largest oceanarium.

United States

With currently over 1,000 casinos, the United States has the largest number of casinos in the world. The number continues to grow steadily as more states seek to legalize casinos. 40 states now have some form of casino gambling. Interstate competition, such as gaining tourism, has been a driving factor to continuous legalization.  Relatively small places such as Las Vegas are best known for gambling; larger cities such as Chicago are not defined by their casinos in spite of the large turnover.

The Las Vegas Valley has the largest concentration of casinos in the United States. Based on revenue, Atlantic City, New Jersey, ranks second, and the Chicago region third.

Top American casino markets by revenue (2022 annual revenues):

 Las Vegas Strip $7.05 billion
 Atlantic City $2.57 billion
 Chicago region $2.01 billion
 Baltimore–Washington Metropolitan Area $2.00 billion
 Mississippi Gulf Coast $1.61 billion
 New York City $1.46 billion
 Philadelphia $1.40 billion
 Detroit $1.29 billion
 St. Louis $1.03 billion
 Boulder Strip $967 million
 Reno/Sparks $889 million
 Kansas City $861 million
 The Poconos $849 million
 Lake Charles, Louisiana $843 million
 Black Hawk/Central City $812 million
 Downtown Las Vegas $731 million
 Tunica/Lula $696 million
 Cincinnati $655 million
 Shreveport/Bossier City $646 million
 Pittsburgh/Meadowlands $630 million

The Nevada Gaming Control Board divides Clark County, which is coextensive with the Las Vegas metropolitan area, into seven market regions for reporting purposes.

Native American gaming has been responsible for a rise in the number of casinos outside of Las Vegas and Atlantic City.

Vietnam
In Vietnam, the term "casinos" encompasses gambling activities within the country. Unofficially defined, a "casino" typically denotes a well-established and professional gambling establishment that is generally lawful but exclusively caters to foreign players. On the other hand, "gambling houses" or "gambling dens" are smaller, illicit gambling venues.

As of 2022, Vietnam has 9 operating casinos, including: Đồ Sơn casino (Hải Phòng), Lợi Lai casino, Hoàng Gia casino (Quảng Ninh), Hồng Vận casino (Quảng Ninh), Lào Cai casino (Lào Cai), Silver Shores casino (Đà Nẵng), Hồ Tràm casino (Bà Rịa – Vũng Tàu), Nam Hội An casino (Quảng Nam), Phú Quốc casino in Kien Giang.

In a survey conducted by the Vietnamese Institute for Sustainable Regional Development and released on September 30, 2015, it was found that 71% of the respondents held the belief that allowing Vietnamese individuals to access casinos would result in an increase in the number of players. Furthermore, 47.4% of the participants expressed the view that engaging in rewarding recreational activities has a positive impact on job opportunities for residents. Additionally, 46.2% of the respondents believed that such activities contribute positively to Vietnam's ability to attract investments.

Security

Given the large amounts of currency handled within a casino, both patrons and staff may be tempted to cheat and steal, in collusion or independently; most casinos have security measures to prevent this. Security cameras located throughout the casino are the most basic measure.

Modern casino security is usually divided between a physical security force and a specialized surveillance department. The physical security force usually patrols the casino and responds to calls for assistance and reports of suspicious or definite criminal activity. A specialized surveillance department operates the casino's closed circuit television system, known in the industry as the eye in the sky. Both of these specialized casino security departments work very closely with each other to ensure the safety of both guests and the casino's assets, and have been quite successful in preventing crime. Some casinos also have catwalks in the ceiling above the casino floor, which allow surveillance personnel to look directly down, through one way glass, on the activities at the tables and slot machines.

When it opened in 1989, The Mirage was the first casino to use cameras full-time on all table games.

In addition to cameras and other technological measures, casinos also enforce security through rules of conduct and behavior; for example, players at card games are required to keep the cards they are holding in their hands visible at all times.

Business practices
Over the past few decades, casinos have developed many different marketing techniques for attracting and maintaining loyal patrons. Many casinos use a loyalty rewards program used to track players' spending habits and target their patrons more effectively, by sending mailings with free slot play and other promotions.  Casino Helsinki in Helsinki, Finland, for example, donates all of its profits to charity.

Crime
Casinos have been linked to organised crime, with early casinos in Las Vegas originally dominated by the American Mafia and in Macau by Triad syndicates.

According to some police reports, local incidence of reported crime often doubles or triples within three years of a casino's opening. In a 2004 report by the US Department of Justice, researchers interviewed people who had been arrested in Las Vegas and Des Moines and found that the percentage of problem or pathological gamblers among the arrestees was three to five times higher than in the general population.

It has been said that economic studies showing a positive relationship between casinos and crime usually fail to consider the visiting population: they count crimes committed by visitors but do not count visitors in the population measure, which overstates the crime rate. Part of the reason this methodology is used, despite the overstatement, is that reliable data on tourist count are often not available.

Occupational health and safety

There are unique occupational health issues in the casino industry. The most common are from cancers resulting from exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke and musculoskeletal injury (MSI) from repetitive motion injuries while running table games over many hours.

Gallery

See also

 American Gaming Association
 Black Book (gaming)
 Casino hotel
 List of casino hotels
 Casino token
 European Gaming & Amusement Federation
 Gambling in Macau
 Gambling
 Gaming in Mexico
 Gambling in the United States
 Gambling in Manila
 Gaming Control Boards
 Gaming law
 Global Gaming Expo
 List of casinos
 Locals casino
 Native American gaming
 Online casino
 Online gambling
 Online poker
 Sports betting

Further reading

 Poley, Jared (2023). Luck, Leisure, and the Casino in Nineteenth-Century Europe: A Cultural History of Gambling. Cambridge University Press.

References

External links

Gambling

Casino


Anna Elisabeth "Lise" Østergaard (18 November 1924 – 19 March 1996) was a Danish psychologist and a politician in the social-democratic party. Under Anker Jørgensen's leadership, she was Minister without Portfolio (1977–80) and Minister of Culture (February 1980 to September 1982). As a psychologist, she was head of psychology in Copenhagen's Rigshospitalet (1958) as well as the first woman to become professor of clinical psychology at Copenhagen University (1963), a position she resumed after her political career ended in the mid-1980s.

Biography
Born on 18 November 1924 in Odense, Østergarrd was the daughter of Alfred Østergaard (1890–1962) and his wife Martha Kirstine Nielsen (1885–1944). She spent her first 12 years in Odense before moving with her parents to Gentofte. Although she encountered difficulties at school, she finally embarked on psychology studies at Copenhagen University. On leaving home against her father's wishes, she paid her own way by working as a doctor's secretary.

Psychology
After graduating in 1947, Østergaard worked as a psychologist in Norrtulls sjukhus, a children's hospital in Stockholm. In 1949, she returned to Denmark, first spending a year in Dronning Louises Børnehospital (Queen Louise's Children's Hospital) before moving to the newly established children's psychology clinic at Copenhagen University where she remained until 1954. She then entered the Rigshospitalet's psychology department where she was appointed head psychologist in 1958, expanding her experience in clinical psychology. As a result, from 1955 to 1960 she headed a course in clinical psychology for the Dansk Psychologforening (Danish Psychologists Association) while teaching as the first woman psychologist at the university. She also took up assignments as a guest lecturer in Lund, Sweden, and Bergen, Norway.

Published in 1961, her Den psykologiske testmetode og dens relation til klinisk psykiatri (The Psychological Test Method and its Relationship to Clinical Psychiatry) raised considerable interest among psychiatrists. While working at Rigshospitalet, Østergaard treated a number of schizophrenic patients. In 1962, this led to her En psykologisk analyse af de formelle schizofrene tankeforstyrrelser (A Psychological Analysis of Formal Schizophrenic Thought Disorders), paving the way for research on the borderline between psychology and psychiatry in collaboration with the National Institute of Mental Health in the United States.

In 1963, Østergaard became the first female professor of psychology at Copenhagen University. After heading the Studenterrådgivningsklinikken (Student Advisory Clinic, 1964–68), she established the Institut for Klinisk Psykologi (Clinical Psychology Institute) in 1968. From 1970 to 1973, she was a member of Denmark's Unesco committee and from 1973 a member of Akademiet for de Tekniske Videnskaber (The Danish Academy of Technical Sciences).

Political career
In the early 1970s, Østergaard became involved in the Danish Refugee Council, acting as spokesman from 1974 to 1977. She also increasingly became active in children's affairs, becoming spokesman for the Danish Children's Commission where she promoted the need for paternity leave. Her life underwent a significant change in 1977 when Anker Jørgensen offered her an appointment as Minister without Portfolio with special responsibilities for foreign affairs.

Although she had no political background, Østergaard was not afraid to criticize the West for fighting for its status as a ruling class rather than helping the poor. She drew considerable attention in 1980 when she opposed Denmark's support for NATO's decision to modernize Western Europe's rocket defences. After gaining increasing popularity, she was elected to the Folketing with a considerable majority in 1979 as representative for Gladsaxe. In 1980, she was appointed Minister of Culture and Minister for Nordic Affairs until the socialist government was defeated in 1982. In 1980, she chaired the UN World Conference on Women in Copenhagen and in 1982 she was deputy chair of the Unesco World Cultural Conference in Mexico. She remained a member of parliament until 1984 but did not seek re-election.

Later life
On leaving the Folketing, Østergaard returned to Copenhagen University, concentrating on the need for women to contribute to international development. She held her post as professor until 1994.

Lise Østergaard died on 19 March 1996 in Copenhagen and is buried in Holmens Cemetery. She shares a grave with Gunnar P. Rosendahl (1919–1996) whom she married in 1974.

References

1924 births
1996 deaths
Danish Culture Ministers
Danish psychologists
Danish women psychologists
Danish women academics
Academic staff of the University of Copenhagen
University of Copenhagen alumni
People from Odense
Members of the Folketing
Women members of the Folketing
Women government ministers of Denmark
Burials at Holmen Cemetery
20th-century psychologists

Lise Østergaard


Johann Albrecht Euler (27 November 1734 – 17 September 1800) was a Swiss-Russian astronomer and mathematician. Also known as Johann Albert Euler or John-Albert Euler, he was the first child born to the great Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler (1707–1783), who had emigrated [for the first time] to Saint-Petersburg on 17 May 1727. His mother was Katharina Gsell (1707–1773) whose maternal grandmother was the famous scientific illustrator Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717) and whose father was the Swiss Baroque painter Georg Gsell (1673–1740) who had emigrated to Russia in 1716. Katharina married Leonhard Euler on 7 January 1734 and Johann Albert would be the eldest of their 13 children (only 5 of whom survived childhood).

In 1754, he became a member of the Berlin Academy. In 1758, he served briefly as director of the Astronomical Calculation Institute (ARI).

On Euler's return to St. Petersburg in 1765, he was appointed as the chair of physics at the St. Petersburg Academy. In St. Petersburg, he lived in his father's house; Johann Albrecht's family occupied the ground floor. He won a total of seven international academy prizes.

In 1771, Euler was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

In 1789, his youngest daughter married James Bernoulli "the younger" (1759–1789) who died two months after the wedding in a drowning accident.

Works

External links
J. A. Euler's math genealogy
L. Euler's students
L. Euler's descendants
The Eulers

1734 births
1800 deaths
Scientists from Saint Petersburg
People from Sankt-Peterburgsky Uyezd
18th-century Swiss mathematicians
Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
Full members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Russian people of Swiss descent
18th-century mathematicians from the Russian Empire

Johann Euler


Harry Edwin Strom (July 7, 1914 – October 2, 1984) was the ninth premier of Alberta, from 1968 to 1971. His two-and-a-half years as Premier were the last of the thirty-six-year Social Credit dynasty, as his defeat by Peter Lougheed saw its replacement by a new era Progressive Conservative government. He is remembered as an honest, decent man who lacked the political skills of his predecessor, Ernest Manning, or of Lougheed.

Alberta's first native-born Premier, Strom was born in Burdett, Alberta. He worked most of his young adult life on the family farm, and was also actively involved in his church. After a stint in municipal politics, he ran for the Legislative Assembly of Alberta in the 1955 provincial election, and was elected. In 1962, Manning appointed him to his cabinet as Minister of Agriculture, a position he held until 1967 when he was appointed Minister of Municipal Affairs. When Manning decided to resign in 1968, Strom became a candidate to succeed him, and finished on top of a six candidate field.

As Premier, Strom undertook a number of initiatives, especially in education and youth-related fields, but was politically ineffective. He lacked both charisma and an overriding sense of purpose, and his government gradually lost popularity. In the 1971 election, his government was handily defeated by Lougheed's Progressive Conservatives. Strom served as opposition leader for two years, but soon relinquished the position and did not seek re-election in 1975. After leaving politics, Strom returned to farming.  He died in 1984.

Early life

Strom was born in Burdett, Alberta, on July 7, 1914.  His parents, Nils Hjalmar Strom (1877–1928) and Elna Maria Olivia Ekensteen (1883–1969), were second generation Swedish Canadians. He attended school in Burdett before moving to Calgary to attend high school at East Calgary High School and Calgary Technical High School, where he studied mechanics. In 1931, he received a certificate from the Provincial Institute of Technology and Art. His father died the same year, and Strom returned home to help his mother with the operation of the family farm.

On October 27, 1938, Strom married Ruth Johnson, with whom he would have six children—Howard, Faith, Beverly, Brian, Ronald, and Arlene. The family attended the Evangelical Free Church of Canada in Bow Island until 1962. There, Strom served as Sunday school teacher, deacon, and board chair, in addition to his twenty years of involvement with the church's Overseas Missions Board. Besides his activities with the church, Strom was involved in the Forty Mile Rural Electrification Association, the Burdett Home and School Association, and the Agricultural Improvement Association of Burdett.

Entry into politics

In 1943, Harry Strom was elected to the council of the County of Forty Mile No. 8 in southern Alberta. He served on local school boards at around the same time.

MLA and cabinet minister

In the 1955 provincial election, Strom ran as the Social Credit candidate in Cypress, where the incumbent, Social Crediter James Underdahl, was not seeking re-election. He easily defeated his only opponent, Liberal Joe Flaig, and was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta. He would be re-elected to this seat in each of the 1959, 1963, 1967, and 1971 elections, always winning more than 60% of the vote.

In October 1962, Premier Ernest Manning appointed Strom Minister of Agriculture.  In this capacity, he undertook a series of initiatives related to water use, including developing an agreement with Saskatchewan and Manitoba of the use of water emanating from the eastern slopes of Alberta's Rocky Mountains. He also passed a series of legislation, including the Soil Conservation Act and Crop Insurance Act, and undertook a major departmental organization. The Alberta Agriculture Hall of Fame, which inducted Strom in 1985, credited him with expanding the use of irrigation in the province and for being a key figure leading up to the signing of a 1973 cost-sharing agreement on the subject with the federal government. He also served as Minister of Municipal Affairs for the last five months of the Manning government.

Leadership election

When Manning decided to retire in 1968, he called a key group of senior ministers to his office to advise them of his decision. This group included Strom, Treasurer Anders Aalborg, Industry Minister Russ Patrick, Education Minister Randy McKinnon. Aalborg was the natural choice to succeed Manning, but he had health problems and declined to run. Strom had no desire for the job and rejected any suggestion from the others that he be a candidate.

This rejection was not to last: a group of influential young Social Crediters, including the Premier's son Preston, started a movement to draft Strom.  They settled on him because he was personally popular among party members and because he had displayed an openness to new ideas in the past. Strom accepted their overtures, but as late as a week before he announced his candidacy he was still offering to step aside in favour of another candidate of the young Turks' choice.

Strom's campaign theme was "the social development of Alberta", and this general theme encompassed such diverse policy planks as a citizens' committee on constitutional reform, a head start program for disadvantaged youth, commissions on the future of urban planning and education, an expansion of the role of backbenchers in policy development, and the opening of a branch of the Premier's office in Calgary. Though he entered as the favourite, a poll in spring 1969 showed him running second of five candidates behind Minister of Transportation Gordon Taylor. However, he had the strongest organization of any candidate, thanks in large part to his young backers, and overcame this deficit by the fall.

At the convention, Strom won a large plurality on the first ballot, finishing with nearly three times of the votes of the second place Taylor. Though the third place Raymond Reierson threw his support to the Transportation Minister before the second ballot, the results on this were decisive: Strom gained the support of more than a hundred new delegates and won a clear majority.

Premier

Harry Strom became Premier December 12, 1968 and served until the 1971 election, when his government was defeated by Peter Lougheed's Progressive Conservatives. This tenure makes him the fourth shortest-serving former Premier in Alberta's history, after Dave Hancock, Jim Prentice, and Richard G. Reid.

Policy initiatives

Many of Strom's policy initiatives revolved around education and youth. He created the Alberta Service Corps, which allowed young Albertans to work summers on public services and environmental projects for remuneration, and which was one of several models for the federal government's later Katimavik program. In response to increasing use of illicit drugs by Alberta youth, his government, led by Education Minister Bob Clark, inserted anti-narcotics messages into the province's school curriculum. Strom implemented trial kindergarten programs in Edmonton and Calgary—the Calgary program, provided jointly by an inner-city community association and the Mount Royal College, has been called one of Canada's first public-private partnerships.  His interest in educational matters was perhaps best exemplified by his government's Commission on Educational Planning, which travelled the province to solicit Albertans' views and whose final report, A Choice of Futures, was credited by Barr as setting "the tone and direction for education in Alberta for the next generation".  The Strom government also made substantial reforms to Alberta's post-secondary education system, expanding distance learning through the creation of Athabasca University and laying the foundation's for ACCESS television, and effectively creating the province's College (as distinct from University) system. This latter move led to the creation of Grant MacEwan College.

Strom also took a number of non-educational policy initiative, such as naming Jim Henderson as the province's first Environment Minister. Other priorities were the reform of the Premier's Office and the establishment of an Intergovernmental Affairs Secretariat, converted by Peter Lougheed's government into a full ministry under Don Getty. In 1970, the government established the Alberta Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Commission.

Leadership style

Strom resisted leadership and saw himself as a conciliator, charged with maintaining unity among his cabinet and caucus.  Soon after becoming Premier, Strom chief of staff Don Hamilton and strategist Owen Anderson scheduled strategy meetings with agendas drawn from Strom's leadership platform. The meetings did not lead to action, and some began to grumble that "talking about decisions was a form of action". According to Barr, Hamilton eventually started using the same agenda every week, with only the date changed, and Strom did not notice.

Strom was not an effective speaker and often would not look at the text of his speeches until he was delivering them.  Realizing this, Hamilton once handed him a folder with nothing but a paper reading "Sock it to 'em, Harry" before the Premier was to give a speech at the University of Alberta. The Premier opened the folder and, as he became visibly alarmed, gratefully received the real speech when an aide brought it to him.

Strom also resisted calling an early election to give his government a fresh mandate, despite Hamilton's impassioned advocacy for this course of action. He was no more positive towards Anderson's proposals for a radical overhaul of the party, including the computerization of political data (such as voting trends, demographic shifts, and polling results) and the purchase of an office building to make the party a profit and free it from the need for fundraising. The ideas that Strom did not reject outright were referred to committees and study groups where they were watered down or shelved.

Despite these failings, Strom was recognized as possessing a number of virtues: he was kind, considerate, and honest. Most of all, he was humble: he had not sought the party leadership and notoriously asked after being repeatedly addressed as "Premier" at his first cabinet meeting why it could not "just be plain 'Harry' anymore". When travelling to Ottawa, he stayed at the un-posh Skyline Hotel and ate meals in its basement cafeteria, where he ordered bread and pea soup for $0.25. On final analysis, Barr concludes that this temperament, commendable though it may be, was unsuited to running the government of an emerging economic powerhouse.

Defeat

Though the legislature's mandate from the 1967 election was not due to expire until May 1972, five years after it started, convention in Canadian politics is for legislatures to be dissolved every four years or less. Accordingly, Strom resolved to call an election in 1971, sometime between May and September. He briefly considered a spring campaign, in the hopes that the planting season would have farmers feeling optimistic and therefore inclined to support the incumbent government. However, after concluding that farmers would not react well to going to the polls in the middle of planting or harvest season, Strom finally settled on August 30. A campaign committee was assembled, and recommended a budget of $580,000.

The party recruited star candidates, including Calgary alderman George Ho Lem and former Calgary Stampeder star Don Luzzi (Edmonton alderman and future mayor Cec Purves was defeated in his bid to win the Social Credit nomination in Edmonton-Strathcona from Strathcona Centre incumbent Joseph Donovan Ross), but was handicapped in these efforts by Strom's unwillingness to offer cabinet posts or other incentives to potential new candidates.  Strom's lack of personal charisma was also a liability: tellingly, of the large budget recommended by the central committee, only $72,000 was recommended for use on television advertising, where Strom did not shine. The party tried to revitalize the Premier's image through publicity movies, though efforts were mixed.  In one, which was pulled after a single showing, Strom appeared scowling in his living room, urging Albertans to lower their expectations of government.  Another, produced by Tommy Banks and showing Strom in a variety of settings talking about the province's changing face, was more successful.

The campaign did not give Social Credit partisans much reason for optimism.  Strom did not draw the crowds that Progressive Conservative opposition leaderPeter Lougheed did, although an August 25 rally in Edmonton's Jubilee Auditorium featuring speeches by Strom and Manning was full.  After criticizing the Conservatives' medicare platform, which promised free medicare to Albertans older than 65, as spendthrift, Strom announced Social Credit's barely cheaper alternative: medicare to Albertans older than 65 for one dollar per month. The Edmonton Journal, which had earlier published a poll showing that a plurality of Edmontonians intended to vote PC, endorsed Lougheed for Premier.  Election night saw Social Credit defeated, taking 25 seats to the P.C.s' 49. Though Social Credit's share of the vote had only slipped slightly, Lougheed benefited from a substantial reduction in the New Democrats' vote and a near-collapse of the Liberals'. The party was also decimated in the province's two largest cities, losing all of its seats in Edmonton and all but five in Calgary.

Strom conceded defeat in Edmonton and returned home to Medicine Hat.

Out of office and legacy

Strom continued as Social Credit leader, serving as leader of the opposition, until 1972, when he resigned and was replaced by Werner Schmidt. He continued in the legislature until the 1975 election, in which he did not seek re-election. After leaving politics, he returned to his farm and his involvement with his church. He died of cancer October 2, 1984, and was buried in Medicine Hat.

In honour of his political services, Strom received honorary Doctor of Laws degrees from the University of Calgary (1969), the University of Lethbridge (1979), and the University of Alberta (1980).  While several of his acts as premier had consequences extending well beyond his term, today he is largely forgotten, though he experienced a brief resurgence in name recognition in 2007.  That year, critics of Ed Stelmach compared Stelmach to Strom, with the insinuation being that Stelmach was destined to lose the next election and be the last of the Progressive Conservative dynasty in the same way that Strom was the last of the Social Credit dynasty. In the end, it would not be until the 2015 provincial election under the leadership of Jim Prentice that the Progressive Conservatives would be defeated, with some pundits also comparing Prentice to Strom.

Ruth Strom, his wife died in 2011.

Electoral record

As party leader

As MLA

{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="3" align=center|1971 Alberta general election results (Cypress)
| colspan="2"|Turnout 78.8%
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top" | Affiliation
| valign="top" |Candidate
| valign="top" |Votes
| valign="top" align="right"|%

|-
| colspan="3" align=center|1967 Alberta general election results (Cypress)
| colspan="2"|Turnout 60.5%
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top" | Affiliation
| valign="top" |Candidate
| valign="top" |Votes
| valign="top" align="right"|%

|-
| colspan="3" align=center|1963 Alberta general election results (Cypress)
| colspan="2"|Turnout 65.9%
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top" | Affiliation
| valign="top" |Candidate
| valign="top" |Votes
| valign="top" align="right"|%

|-
| colspan="3" align=center|1959 Alberta general election results (Cypress)
| colspan="2"|Turnout 70.8%
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top" | Affiliation
| valign="top" |Candidate
| valign="top" |Votes
| valign="top" align="right"|%

|-
| colspan="3" align=center|1955 Alberta general election results (Cypress)
| colspan="2"|Turnout 71.7%
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top" | Affiliation
| valign="top" |Candidate
| valign="top" |Votes
| valign="top" align="right"|%

Party leadership contests

Notes

References

1914 births
1984 deaths
Alberta municipal councillors
Alberta Social Credit Party leaders
Alberta Social Credit Party MLAs
Canadian evangelicals
Canadian people of Swedish descent
Farmers from Alberta
Members of the Executive Council of Alberta
People from the County of Forty Mile No. 8
Premiers of Alberta
20th-century Canadian politicians

Harry Strom


Charles Walter David Jr. (June 20, 1917 – March 29, 1943), who served as a Steward's Mate in the United States Coast Guard, died of pneumonia after rescuing other sailors from the frigid North Atlantic.
He was assigned to the USCGC Comanche during World War II, which was assigned to escort a convoy that included the , a troop transport, when it was torpedoed by a U-boat off Greenland.
David volunteered to dive into the frigid waters to rescue exhausted crew and passengers from the Dorchester.  David also rescued several other Comanche crew members, who grew exhausted.

David came down with pneumonia after the exertion of the rescue, dying a few days later.  He was posthumously awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal.

David's widow Kathleen and young son Neil received the award on his behalf.

USCGC Charles David Jr

In 2010, when the Coast Guard decided that all the new Sentinel class cutters would be named after Coast Guard personnel who had been recognized for their heroism, David was one of those to be honored.
The seventh cutter in the class is named .  She is the first Sentinel class cutter to be homeported in Key West, Florida.

References

External links

1917 births
1943 deaths
United States Coast Guard non-commissioned officers
Deaths from pneumonia in New York (state)
United States Coast Guard personnel killed in World War II

Charles Walter David Jr.


Bogdan Borčić (26 September 1926 – 24 April 2014) was a Slovene painter, printmaker, and educator. He was one of the most prolific and versatile Slovene visual artists.

Life
Borčić was born in Ljubljana. He spent his childhood at his grandfather's home in Komiža, a coastal town on the island of Vis, Croatia. During World War II, he was deported to the Dachau concentration camp.

After the war, Borčić studied painting at the Academy of Fine Arts and Design in Ljubljana. He graduated in 1950, and continued his studies of painting with the Professor Gabrijel Stupica. He improved his work at the study travels to Amsterdam and Paris, where he worked in 1958 for three months in the studio of the printmaker Johnny Friedlaender.

Since 1969, he taught at the Academy of Fine Arts in Ljubljana, where since 1976 he held the post of the full professor of printmaking. At the invitation of the Academy of Fine Arts () in Mons (Belgium), he lectured printmaking there for one month.

From 1980 until his death in 2014, he lived and created in Slovenj Gradec (Slovenia). In his later period, he created glowing images with extensive colour surfaces and added elements. He dedicated a series of images to the Dachau camp. The central motif of his last series of images was the smoking pipe.

Legacy
Borčić's prints are kept in the collections of numerous worldwide-known museums, for example the Albertina in Vienna. The Božidar Jakac Gallery in Kostanjevica na Krki (Slovenia) maintains a special Bogdan Borčić Prints Cabinet with over 1,000 of his prints, including his renowned motifs of shells and series of various classical techniques. A larger collection of images is also kept at the Slovenj Gradec Fine Arts Gallery.

Awards
In 1965, Borčić was bestowed the Prešeren Fund Award for his paintings exhibited in 1964. In 2005, he was awarded the Prešeren Award for his lifetime achievement.

References

External links

1926 births
2014 deaths
Slovenian painters
Slovenian printmakers
Prešeren Award laureates

Bogdan Borčić


Cusco is a city in southeastern Peru, near the Huatanay Valley (Sacred Valley) in the Andes mountain range. It is the capital of Cusco Region. The city has a population of about 300 000, triple the population it contained just 20 years ago. Alternate spellings include Qusqu (in old Quechua), Cusco, (after the Spanish arrived), and  current Quechua. Cusco is the preferred way to spell it in Spanish.

Inca history

Cusco was the capital of Tahuantinsuyu (or Inca Empire). The city was planned to be shaped like a puma. The city had two areas: the hurin and hanan, which were further divided to each be part of two of the four provinces of the Inca Empire: Chinchasuyu (NW), Antisuyu (NE), Cuntisuyu (SW), and Collasuyu (SE).

A road led from each of these quarters to the corresponding quarter of the empire. Each local leader was required to build a house in the city and live part of the year in Cusco, but only in the quarter of Cusco that corresponded to the quarter of the empire he had territory in.

According to Inca legend, the city was built by Sapa Inca Pachacuti, the man who transformed the Kingdom of Cusco from a sleepy city-state into the vast empire of Tahuantinsuyu. But archaeological evidence points to a slower, more organic growth of the city beginning before Pachacutieven though he did initiate growth in the city after defeating the Chancas as a monument to Incan glory. There was however a city plan, and two rivers were changed to flow around the city.

Post-Columbian Cusco
The first Spanish soldiers arrived in the city on November 15, 1533. Spanish conquistador, or conqueror, Francisco Pizarro, however, officially refounded Cusco on March 23, 1534, naming it the "Very noble and great city of Cusco". The many buildings constructed after the Spanish conquest have Spanish influence with a mix of Inca architecture. The Spanish made a new city on the foundations of the old Inca city, replacing Incan temples with churches and palaces for the Spanish. In the colony, the city of Cusco was very rich, thanks to the agriculture, cattle raising, mining and trade with Spain. Many churches and convents were built, and even a Cathedral, and the Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco.

The major earthquake that hit Cusco in 1950 badly destroyed the Dominican Priory and Church of Santo Domingo, which were built on top of the impressive Koricancha (Temple of the Sun). The city's Inca architecture, however, survived the earthquake. Many of the old Inca walls were thought to have been lost after the earthquake, but the granite walls of the Koricancha were exposed, as well as many walls throughout the city. While some wanted to restore the buildings to their colonial splendor, some of Cusco citizens urged city officials to retain the exposed walls. Eventually they won out and now tourists from around the world enjoy looking at these ruins within the living city. The 1950 earthquake was the second time that the Dominican Priory had been destroyed, the first being in 1650 when another major earthquake struck Cusco.

Nearby sights
Other nearby Inca sites are: Pachacuti's presumed winter home Machu Picchu, which can be reached by a lightly maintained Inca trail; the "fortress" at Ollantaytambo; and the "fortress" of Sacsayhuaman which is approximately two kilometers from Cusco. Other less visited ruins include Inca Wasi, the highest of all Inca sites at 3,980 m (13,134 feet), and Old Vilcabamba the capital of the Inca after the Spanish took over Cusco.

The surrounding area, in the Huatanay Valley, is strong in agriculture. There is corn, barley, quinoa, tea, and coffee grown.

Cusco's main stadium, Estadio Garcilaso de la Vega, attracted many tourists during South America's continental soccer championship, the Copa América 2004, which was held in Peru.

Other websites

 Cuzco by Antonio Gutierrez from "Geometry Step by Step from the Land of the Incas"
 Cusco Province Municipal Council   (uses Macromedia Flash)
 Cusco Travel Information
 Football Club of Cusco
 Infocusco - news, info, photo gallery and forums  (uses Macromedia Flash)
 Cuzco News

Inca civilization
Cities in Peru
Capitals of regions of Peru
12th-century establishments
Establishments in Peru
Cusco Region

Cusco


Kalikapatadi is a dance mostly performed in West Bengal state of India. It is commonly known as the Folk Dance of Howrah District.

This form is based on stories of Lord Shiva. Most of the dance is on account of killing of evil by Shiva and then cooling his anger.

Dances of India
Culture of West Bengal

Kalikapatadi


Abies hidalgensis is a species of conifer in the pine family, Pinaceae. It is endemic to Mexico, where it is known only from the state of Hidalgo.

This tree was described to science in 1995. It grows in cloud forest habitat with trees and shrubs such as Buddleja cordata, Cupressus lusitanica, and Pinus patula.

This tree has usually a single trunk with branches that ascend and then descend. The crown is columnar to conical in shape with gray-green foliage. The bark is smooth and light gray on young trees, splitting into plates and revealing "blood-red" inner bark on older specimens. The cones are up to 8 by 4 centimeters in size.

References

hidalgensis
Endemic flora of Mexico
Plants described in 1995
Trees of Hidalgo (state)
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Abies hidalgensis


HMS Blackwater was a Laird-type  ordered by the Royal Navy under the 1902–1903 Naval Estimates.  Named after the River Blackwater in southern England near London she was the first ship to carry this name in the Royal Navy.

Construction
She was laid down on 27 August 1902 at the Cammell Laird shipyard at Birkenhead and launched on 25 July 1903.  She was completed in March 1904.  Her original armament was to be the same as the turtleback torpedo boat destroyers that preceded her.  In 1906 the Admiralty decided to upgrade the armament by landing the five 6-pounder naval guns and shipping three 12-pounder 8 hundredweight (cwt) guns.  Two would be mounted abeam at the fo'c's'le break and the third gun would be mounted on the quarterdeck.

Pre-War
After commissioning she was assigned to the East Coast Destroyer Flotilla of the 1st Fleet and based at Harwich.

On 27 April 1908 the Eastern Flotilla departed Harwich for live fire and night manoeuvres.  During these exercises  rammed and sank , then damaged .

In April 1909 she was assigned to the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla on its formation at Harwich.

Loss
On 6 April 1909 Blackwater collided with the merchantman SS Hero, and sank off Dungeness in the English Channel at position .

She was not awarded a battle honour for her service.

Pennant Numbers
She was assigned a pennant number during her career.

References

Bibliography

River-class destroyers
1903 ships
Ships built on the River Mersey
Maritime incidents in 1909
Ships sunk in collisions
Shipwrecks in the English Channel

HMS Blackwater (1903)


Barbara Dillon is an American author of children's books including The Beast in the Bed, What's Happened to Harry?, Who Needs a Bear? and Mrs. Tooey and the Terrible Toxic Tar. Ms. Dillon is best known for her book A Mom by Magic which was made into the NBC TV movie A Mom for Christmas starring Olivia Newton-John.

Ms. Dillon was born in Montclair, New Jersey and received a BA degree in English from Brown University. She worked for seven years as an editorial assistant for The New Yorker magazine and sold her first story to Woman's Day magazine at the age of 23.  She currently resides in Darien, Connecticut.

References

American children's writers
Living people
American women children's writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women

Barbara Dillon


Death rock (or deathrock) is a rock music subgenre incorporating horror elements and gothic theatrics. It emerged from punk rock on the West Coast of the United States in the early 1980s and overlaps with the gothic rock and horror punk genres. Notable death rock acts include Christian Death, Kommunity FK, 45 Grave, and Super Heroines.

Characteristics

Death rock songs usually incorporate a driving, repetitive rhythm section; the drums and bass guitar laying the foundation within a  time signature while the guitars either play simple chords or effects-driven leads to create atmosphere. Chorus effects, such as those produced by the Boss CE-2 pedal, are commonly used by death rock guitarists to create a wider and more haunting tone. The use of lyrics can vary, but are typically introspective and surreal, and deal with the dark themes of isolation, gloom, disillusionment, loss, life, death, etc.; as can the style, varying from harsh and dark to upbeat, melodic, and tongue-in-cheek. Death rock lyrics and other musical stylistic elements often incorporate the themes of campy horror and sci-fi films. Despite the similar-sounding name, death rock has no connection to death metal, which is a subgenre of heavy metal.

Etymology
The term "death rock" was first used in the 1950s to describe a thematically related genre of rock and roll, which began in 1958 with Jody Reynolds' "Endless Sleep" and ended in 1964 with J. Frank Wilson's "Last Kiss". The term was also applied to the Shangri-Las' "Leader of the Pack". These songs about dead teenagers were noted for their morbid yet romantic view of death, spoken word bridges, and sound effects. In 1974, the term "death rock" was used by Gene Grier to describe the same phenomenon in rock music.

The term later re-emerged to describe the sound of various West Coast punk bands. It most likely came from one of three sources: Rozz Williams, the founding member of Christian Death, to describe the sound of his band; the music press, reusing the 1950s term to describe an emerging subgenre of punk; and/or Nick Zedd's 1979 film They Eat Scum, which featured a fictitious cannibalistic "death rock" punk band called "Suzy Putrid and the Mental Deficients."

History

Predecessors
The earliest influences for some death rock acts can be traced to the horror-themed novelty rock and roll acts of the late 1950s and early 1960s such as Bobby "Boris" Pickett and the Crypt-Kickers and Zacherle with "Monster Mash"; Screamin' Jay Hawkins with "I Put a Spell on You"; Screaming Lord Sutch & the Savages with "Murder in the Graveyard"; and Don Hinson and the Rigormorticians with "Riboflavin-Flavored Non-Carbonated Poly-Unsaturated Blood". Contemporarily, the 1979 single "Bela Lugosi's Dead" by British post-punk group Bauhaus was one of the major influences amongst the early death rock scene. Other influences included the Doors, David Bowie, Alice Cooper, the Cramps, Black Sabbath and the Damned.

The Los Angeles punk rock scene began in the mid to late 1970s, with groups like the Runaways, the Weirdos and the Germs. Within this scene the Gun Club's grim take on heavily blues indebted punk was a notable Los Angeles precursor. The Flesh Eaters too took a macabre take on early LA punk, by merging the sound with lyrics influenced by Edgar Allan Poe, the Beat Generation and Catholicism. Furthermore, T.S.O.L. were a defining group in the scene who briefly embraced gothic and deathrock elements.

Origins

At the beginning of the 1980s, an offshoot of those interested in darker horror themes emerged from the Los Angeles punk rock scene. According to a 2006 article by Stylus Magazine, one popular theory as to the reason for this split was the 1980 suicide of Germs vocalist Darby Crash. According to this interpretation, Crash's death led to a period of mourning amongst many of those in the scene and eventually to a fascination with the macabre. Nonetheless, amongst this splinter bands began to form merging the sounds of Los Angeles punk rock with these darker elements to create death rock. The most prominent of these groups were Christian Death, 45 Grave, Super Heroines and Kommunity FK. Tracks by several of these acts were featured on 1981's Hell Comes to Your House compilation LP, which represented an early attempt to collect and promote local artists on the cutting edge of this new, darker version of L.A. punk. The bands generally performed and congregated at the Anti-Club, a club night in Hollywood that would change venues every few weeks; the O.N. Klub, located in Silver Lake, also frequently hosted death rock acts throughout the genre's inceptual period. Outside of this scene, Theatre of Ice from Fallon, Nevada independently created a sound which some sources have considered as pioneering death rock.

Interaction
Before death rock was emerging as a distinctively darker subgenre of punk rock in the United States, other subgenres of punk and post-punk were developing independently in the UK.

By 1980, a wave of post-punk bands such as Joy Division, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Bauhaus, and The Cure abandoned the intensity of punk music in favor of a more elaborate style characterized by moody guitars and dark droning bass guitar patterns combined with romantic and morbid themes. This style of rock became known as "gothic rock" or "positive punk". A second wave of bands had coalesced a few years later, headed by acts such as Sex Gang Children and Southern Death Cult, along with Brigandage, Blood and Roses, and Ritual. Many of those bands featured tribal drumming, high-pitched vocals, scratchy guitar, and bass guitar as melodic lead instrument and a visual look blending glam with Native American-influenced warpaint and spiky haircuts.

During 1982, the scene was brewing at the London gothic rock club Batcave. Initially envisioned as a venue specializing in glam rock and new wave musical acts, the two main bands which debuted and performed frequently at the Batcave, Specimen and Alien Sex Fiend, developed their own different sounds strongly influenced by horror in British pop culture, which set them apart from the rest of the glam and post-punk scenes in Britain. In 1983, Gun Club toured in Europe as did Christian Death in 1984, leading to cross-pollination between the European gothic rock scene and the American death rock scene. By 1984,  California death rock band Kommunity FK toured with UK gothic rock band Sex Gang Children (and the following year with Alien Sex Fiend) which continued the trend in which American and British movements intermixed.

Influenced more by the British scene and less by California, death rock bands began to form in other parts of the United States, such as Samhain (1983) in Lodi, New Jersey; Holy Cow (1984) in Boston, Massachusetts (and later Providence, Rhode Island); Gargoyle Sox (1985) in Detroit, Michigan; and Shadow of Fear (1985) in Cleveland, Ohio. The fertile New York scene featured Scarecrow (1983), Of a Mesh (1983), Chop Shop (1984), Fahrenheit 451 (1984), The Naked and the Dead (1985), Brain Eaters (1986), the Children's Zoo (1986), the Plague (1987) and the Ochrana (1987).

Irreconcilable differences
The mid-1980s marked the second wave of gothic rock, when the sound began to shift away from its punk and post-punk roots and towards the more serious, rock-oriented approach. Bauhaus broke up, Williams left Christian Death, and the Sisters of Mercy became the dominant and most influential gothic act. The term "gothic rock" became preferred over "death rock" (previously, they had been used interchangeably), a change which Williams attributed to the influence of the Sisters of Mercy. As a result, the term "death rock" was seldom used except in retrospective reference to the Los Angeles bands 45 Grave and Christian Death.

The mid-1990s marked a third wave of gothic rock, as the music drifted its furthest from the original punk and post-punk sound by incorporating many elements of the industrial music scene at the time (which itself had moved away from experimental noise and into a more dance-rock oriented sound) and the more repetitive and electronic sounds of EBM. Some clubs even completely dropped death rock and first generation gothic rock from their setlists to appeal to a crossover crowd.

Revival
Halloween 1998 saw the launch of Release the Bats, a monthly goth and death rock club night in Long Beach, California. During its run time it became southern California's most frequented goth night and Long Beach's longest running club night, launching the careers of death rock bands like Mephisto Walz. The success of the club caused many other death rock club nights to be established in the following years. This, along with the rise of online music piracy led to the increased popularity of older death rock bands and establishment of new, international death rock groups, like Bloody Dead And Sexy, commencing the first death rock revival. During this period groups like the Phantom Limbs and Black Ice began to merge death rock with elements of no wave and synthpunk. Many groups from this period, most notably Tragic Black, began to make use of an aesthetic heavily inspired by Batcave fashion.

Artists and bands
Only Theatre of Pain, Christian Death's 1982 debut album, is cited as the first American gothic album and cannot be easily classified as either a darker flavor of punk, horror punk or gothic rock. As a result, Williams, the band's deceased lead singer (also known for Shadow Project and Premature Ejaculation), was considered one of the most influential artists in the goth and death rock scene. Other influential male death rockers included Patrick Mata of Kommunity FK and Larry Rainwater of Ex-VoTo.

Dinah Cancer has been referred to as the "Queen of Deathrock", the "Goddess of Deathrock" and the "High Priestess of Deathrock" for her role as the frontwoman for 45 Grave during a time when female lead singers were still considered somewhat of a rarity. Other influential female death rockers included Eva O and Voodoo Church's Tina Winter.

Many artists in the United States released EPs and LPs prior to 1982 which would now be considered death rock, such as Theatre of Ice and Mighty Sphincter. British bands also made major contributions to the death rock sound by adding a strong post-punk influence, including Joy Division, Bauhaus and Siouxsie and the Banshees. Other bands from around the world added their own unique contribution to death rock, including Xmal Deutschland in Germany, Virgin Prunes from Ireland, and the Birthday Party in Australia.

References

External links
 "Deathrock: A Brief History, Part I" (Souciant magazine, 2012)
 "A Brief History of Deathrock, Part II" (Souciant magazine, 2012)

20th-century music genres
American rock music genres
American styles of music
Dark music genres
Gothic music genres
Goth subculture
Punk rock genres

Death rock


Alison's House is a drama in three acts by American playwright Susan Glaspell.

It was first produced at Eva Le Gallienne's Civic Repertory Theatre on 14th Street, New York, on 1 December 1930, where it was given 25 performances in the regular repertory season. It was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1931. In May 1931 the production was transferred uptown to the Ritz Theatre, but it received indifferent reviews and closed after two weeks.

It is 18 years since Alison Stanhope, the country's foremost poet, died. Now the house she lived in must be sold, but it holds secrets. Did Alison sacrifice the man she loved for the sake of her family's reputation? And whom do such sacrifices benefit? The play's struggles are set in 1899, on the cusp of the 20th century, in which very different values will come to prevail. Inspired by the life and work of the American poet Emily Dickinson, Glaspell set the play in her native Iowa.

External links

  British Theatre Guide review of Alison's House], Orange Tree Theatre revival, October 2009
The Stage review of Alison's House, Orange Tree revival
Guardian review of Alison's House, Orange Tree revival

References
Theatre Record and its annual Indexes

1930 plays
Broadway plays
Pulitzer Prize for Drama-winning works
Fiction set in 1899
Plays by Susan Glaspell
Plays set in Iowa

Alison's House


Google Pigeon is the code name given to one of Google's local search algorithm updates. This update was released on July 24, 2014. It is aimed to increase the ranking of local listings in a search.

The changes will also affect the search results shown in Google Maps along with the regular Google search results.
As of the initial release date, it was released in US English and was intended to shortly be released in other languages and locations. This update provides the results based on the user location and the listing available in the local directory.

Effect on search results

The purpose of Pigeon is to provide preference to local search results. On the day of release, it received mixed responses from webmasters. Some complained about the ranking being decreased whereas others reported improvement in the search rankings. As per the webmasters' understanding, this update has location and distance as key parts of the search strategy. The local directory listings are getting preferences in web results.

What's new

To improve the quality of local searches and provide more relevant results to the user, Google relies on factors such as location and distance. This update alters the local listings in the search results; along with this, the local directory sites are given preference.

See also
 Google Hummingbird
 Google Panda
 Google Penguin
 PageRank
 Timeline of Google Search

References

External links

  Search Engine Land Names new Google Local search update.
  "Pigeon" Algorithm Update Released Thursday 7/24/14.
  SMX on Pigeon from SEO Land.
  Google On Pigeon Fluctuations: We Won't Detail All Changes In The Future
  Google Pigeon Update: Local Results Updated Again
  Discussion on Webmaster World about Pigeon Update.
  Google's Local Search Engine Algorithm Spreads Its Wings
  Impactful Google Algorithm Updates with Explanations

Search engine optimization
Link analysis
Pigeon

Google Pigeon


William Walker Cooper (January 8, 1915 – April 11, 1991) was an American professional baseball player and manager. He played in Major League Baseball as a catcher from 1940 to 1957, most notably as a member of the St. Louis Cardinals with whom he won two World Series championships. An eight-time All-Star, Cooper was known as one of the top catchers in baseball during the 1940s and early 1950s. His elder brother Mort Cooper, also played in Major League Baseball as a pitcher.

Professional career

A native of Atherton, Missouri, Cooper was a solid defensive catcher as well as a strong hitter, making the National League All-Star team every year from 1942 to 1950. After being stuck in the Cardinals' talent-rich farm system in the late 1930s, he finally broke in with the team in late 1940 at age 25 (and reportedly complained to umpire Beans Reardon about the first pitch he saw); but a broken collarbone limited his play to 68 games in 1941. On August 30 of that year, Cooper caught Lon Warneke's no-hitter. In 1942 he batted .281, finishing among the National League's top ten players in slugging, doubles and triples as St. Louis won the pennant by two games; brother Mort won the Most Valuable Player Award. Batting fifth, he hit .286 in the World Series against the defending champion New York Yankees, driving in the winning run in Game 4 and scoring the winning run on Whitey Kurowski's home run in the ninth inning of the final Game 5; he then picked Joe Gordon off second base with no outs in the bottom of the ninth inning, as the team earned its first title in eight years.

In 1943, Cooper raised his average to a career-high .318, and was third in the National League in batting and slugging and fifth in RBI, as the Cardinals repeated as league champions; he was runnerup in the Most Valuable Player Award vote to teammate Stan Musial. In the 1943 World Series he batted .294 as the clean-up hitter, but St. Louis lost the rematch with the Yankees. In 1944 , Cooper's average dipped only slightly to .317 as the Cardinals won their third straight pennant, facing the crosstown St. Louis Browns in the World Series; again batting cleanup, he hit .318 in the Series and scored the team's first run in the final Game 6, and the Cardinals won another title. World War II service in the Navy led him to appear in only four games in 1945, and before his return, the New York Giants purchased his contract following a salary dispute in January 1946; the sale by the Cardinals for $175,000 ($ today) was the highest cash-only deal ever to that time; the transactions of Joe Cronin in  and Dizzy Dean in  were larger deals, but also involved other players.

Cooper enjoyed his most productive season at the plate in 1947, when he hit .305 and compiled career highs in home runs (35), RBI (122), runs (79), hits (157) triples (8) and games (140); the Giants set a new major league record with 221 home runs. In that season, Cooper homered in six consecutive games to tie a record set by George Kelly in . After Leo Durocher became Giants manager in 1948, he began revamping the team to emphasize speed, and Cooper was traded to the Cincinnati Reds on June 13, 1949 for fellow catcher Ray Mueller after starting the year hitting .211. Three weeks later, on July 6, Cooper became the only catcher in major league history, and one of only eleven players, to have hit 10 or more RBI in a single game; he was 6-for-7, including three home runs and five runs. That year, he also led National League catchers in assists for the only time in his career. In May 1950 he was traded to the Boston Braves, where he caught Vern Bickford's no-hitter on August 11 of that year. He remained with the Braves through their 1953 move to Milwaukee, batting over .300 in his first two seasons with the club.  Cooper holds the distinction of being the last man to come to bat at Boston's Braves Field, flying out to Brooklyn's Andy Pafko.

Cooper signed with the Pittsburgh Pirates before the 1954 season, but was let go in May after hitting only .200; he was picked up by the Chicago Cubs, and hit well as a backup catcher and pinch-hitter through 1955. He then returned to St. Louis to spend his last two seasons as a Cardinal, ending his career in October . After his daughter, Sara (Miss Missouri 1957), married Cardinals second baseman Don Blasingame, he noted, "You know you are getting too old when your daughter marries one of your teammates."

Career statistics
In an eighteen-year major league career, Cooper played in 1,473 games, accumulating 1,341 hits in 4,702 at bats for a .285 career batting average along with 173 home runs, 812 runs batted in, and a .464 slugging percentage. He led National League catchers three times in range factor, twice in caught stealing percentage, and once in assists, finishing with a .977 career fielding percentage. One of the sport's strongest players in his prime, at the end of his career he ranked among the top five National League catchers in career batting average (.285), slugging average (.464), home runs (173) and runs batted in (812). He also batted .300 over three World Series with the St. Louis Cardinals from 1942 to 1944 as the team won two championships, and ranked tenth in National League history in both games (1,223) and putouts (5,166) behind the plate when he retired. During his career, he set a record by hitting grand slams with five different teams (a mark subsequently tied by Dave Kingman and Dave Winfield). His .464 slugging average then placed him behind only Roy Campanella (.500) and Gabby Hartnett (.489) among players with 1,000 National League games as a catcher, and his 173 HRs and 812 RBI put him behind only Campanella (242, 856), Hartnett (236, 1,179), and Ernie Lombardi (190, 990). His elder brother, Mort Cooper, was a National League pitcher and his teammate for the first few years of his career, while his son-in-law, Don Blasingame, also was a major leaguer.

Managing career
After his playing career, he managed the Indianapolis Indians (1958–59) and Dallas-Fort Worth Rangers (1961) of the Triple-A American Association and was a coach for the 1960 Kansas City Athletics, before leaving the game.

Walker Cooper died in Scottsdale, Arizona at age 76.

See also
 List of St. Louis Cardinals coaches
List of Major League Baseball single-game hits leaders

References

 Baseball: The Biographical Encyclopedia (2000). Kingston, New York: Total/Sports Illustrated. .

External links

Walker Cooper at Baseballbiography.com
Walker Cooper Looks Back on an All-Star Career, Baseball Digest, June 1990

1915 births
1991 deaths
Asheville Tourists players
Baseball players from Missouri
Boston Braves players
Chicago Cubs players
Cincinnati Reds players
Columbus Red Birds players
Houston Buffaloes players
Indianapolis Indians managers
Indianapolis Indians players
Kansas City Athletics coaches
Major League Baseball catchers
Milwaukee Braves players
Mobile Shippers players
National League All-Stars
New York Giants (NL) players
People from Jackson County, Missouri
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Rogers Cardinals players
Sacramento Solons players
Springfield Cardinals players
Springfield Red Wings players
St. Louis Cardinals coaches
St. Louis Cardinals players
United States Navy personnel of World War II

Walker Cooper


Dr. Anna Del Amico is a fictional medical doctor from the television series ER.  She was portrayed by Maria Bello.

Life and time at County
Del Amico first appeared in the show in 1997, guest starring in the last 3 episodes of the third season. Having previously completed a pediatrics residency, she comes to County General as an emergency medicine intern wishing to double-board in both emergency medicine and pediatrics. As a series regular in the fourth season, her experience as a pediatrician initially causes friction with Doug Ross, who is a pediatric emergency medicine fellow.  She becomes a doctor consultant in the clinic run by Carol Hathaway. She helps Carter detox his cousin Chase.  She has had to do this with her ex-boyfriend Max and knows what he is going through. During her brief stint at County General, Anna also became good friends with Carol Hathaway and Elizabeth Corday.

Del Amico starts to become close to Carter through the season and admits there has been some chemistry between the two of them, but she never exactly exchanges the same strong feelings Carter has for her. Anna was very insulted when she discovers Carter's family fortune that he kept secret. Del Amico felt betrayed and fooled after giving him a glimpse of her poor struggling lifestyle. She never felt secure in such a wealthy setting and was always happy with her 'getting by day to day' persona. The two hold the same passion for medicine and eventually share a kiss. Carter and Anna's relationship is strained when Anna's ex Dr. Max Rocher comes to Chicago to see her. Anna isn't too confident in trusting Max after his rough drug addiction and is frustrated whenever she has to deal with Carter and Max in the same room.  Her character is not seen again after the end of season 4.

Season Five
She was mentioned again in the fifth season and her disappearance was explained to Lucy Knight by Dr. Carter who received her locker after her departure. She was said to have moved to Philadelphia to work in a pediatric ER and that it was better for her because it was where she was from, where she grew up, where her family was, and that she had a boyfriend there.

References

External links

ER (TV series) characters
Television characters introduced in 1997
Fictional pediatricians
Fictional female doctors
Fictional Italian American people

Anna Del Amico


Donald Harris (27 June 1905 – 11 August 1979) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Richmond and Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Harris, a defender, played in three successive grand finals for Richmond but was never a member of a premiership team. The Burnley recruit was a back pocket in the 1926, 1927 and 1928 VFL Grand Finals.

He spent the last two seasons of his league career at Collingwood. His seven votes in the 1932 Brownlow Medal were bettered by only one teammate, Syd Coventry. The year ended with a preliminary final loss and he then retired for business reasons. He however continued participating in amateur football, as the playing coach of Kew in the Sub-District Football Association.

References

1905 births
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Richmond Football Club players
Collingwood Football Club players
Kew Football Club players
1979 deaths

Don Harris (Australian footballer)


This is a list of the non-marine mollusks of the Indiana Dunes. Indiana Dunes National Park is a National Park Service unit on the shore of Lake Michigan in the state of Indiana, United States. A BioBlitz took place there on May 15 and 16, 2009. During that time, a list of organisms was compiled which included land and freshwater mollusks. 46 species of snails and slugs (non-marine gastropods) were found, as well as 20 species of freshwater bivalves, freshwater clams and mussels.

List of gastropod species

Freshwater snails in alphabetical order
 Amnicola limosus – a very small freshwater snail with a gill
 Aplexa hypnorum = Aplexa elongata – small sinistral, air-breathing freshwater snail
 Campeloma decisum – pointed campeloma, freshwater snail
 Gyraulus parvus - rams horn snail, freshwater snail
 Helisoma anceps – two-ridge rams horn snail
 Menetus dilatatus – a small rams horn snail
 Physella gyrina – an air breathing sinistral snail
 Planorbella campanulata - a rams horn snail
 Planorbella trivolvus – small aquatic snail
 Planorbula armigera – ramshorn snail
 Pleurocera acuta - hornsnail
 Pomatiopsis lapidaria
 Promenetus exacuous - small rams horn snail
 Stagnicola caperatus – an air-breathing pond snail
 Stagnicola elodes - an air-breathing pond snail
 Valvata perdepressa – freshwater snail with a gill, valve snail

Land snails and slugs in alphabetical order
 Anguispira alternata – flamed tigersnail
 Arion sp. – land slug
 Arion subfuscus – land slug
 Catinella vermeta – land snail
 Cochlicopa lubrica – glossy pillar
 Deroceras laeve – land slug, pest to agriculture
 Euchemotrema sp. – small snail
 Euchemotrema froeteruum
 Fossaria obrussa also known as Lymaea obrussa
 Gastrocopta armifera - armed snaggletooth, land snail
 Gastrocopta contracta - micromollusk, land snail
 Gastrocopta similis - micromollusk, land snail
 Glyphyalinia indentata - micromollusk, land snail
 Haplotrema concavum
 Helicodiscus parallelus – compound coil snail, land snail
 Hoyia sheldoni in the family Hydrobiidae
 Ariophanta laevipes - Laevapex fuscus
 Limax maximus - great gray slug
 Mesodon thyroides (=? Mesodon thyroidus)
 Nesovitrea electrina - land snail
 Novisuccinea ovalis- an ambersnail
 Oxyloma sp. - an ambersnail
 Pallifera fosteri - the foster mantle slug
 Philomycus carolinianus – terrestrial land slug
 Pupoides albilabris – a minute land snail
 Strobilops aeneus - a minute land snail
 Vallonia excentrica – a minute land snail common in Europe
 Vertigo sp. - minute land snail
 Zonitoides arboreus – land snail found in, but not indigenous to the Czech Republic, Great Britain, Slovakia and various greenhouses in other countries
 Zonitoides nitidus – small land snail found mostly in Europe, but also in other countries

List of bivalve species in alphabetical order

 Amblema plicata - the threeridge, a freshwater mussel
 Anodontoides sp. - a freshwater mussel
 Corbicula fluminea - the Asian clam, introduced
 Dreissena polymorpha - the zebra mussel, an invasive introduced species
 Elliptio dilatata - spike mussel or lady finger
 Fusconaia flava - a freshwater mussel
 Lampsilis cardium  - a freshwater mussel
 Lasmigona complanata - the white heelsplitter
 Lasmigona compressa - the creek heelsplitter
 Lasmigona costata - heelsplitter
 Musculium sp. - a freshwater clam
 Pisidium sp. - a pea clam
 Pleurobema sintoxia - the round pigtoe
 Quadrula pustulosa - the  pimpleback
 Quadrula quadrula - the mapleleaf
 Sphaerium occidentale - a fingernail clam
 Sphaerium simile - a fingernail clam
 Strophitus undulatus - a freshwater mussel
 Venustaconcha ellipsiformis - the ellipse, a freshwater mussel
 Villosa iris - the rainbow mussel

References

External links
 Webpage for the bioblitz 2009

Non-marine mollusks Indiana Dunes
Indiana Dunes
mollusks, non-marine
Indiana Dunes

List of non-marine molluscs of the Indiana Dunes


Glen Harold Rounds (April 4, 1906 – September 27, 2002) was an American writer and illustrator. In a career that exceeded six decades, he wrote and illustrated well over 100 books. He was the recipient of more than 25 literary awards.

Early life
Rounds was born in a sod house near Wall, South Dakota, in 1906, in a region known as the South Dakota Badlands. When he was a year old, he and his family traveled in a covered wagon to Montana, where he grew up on a ranch. During his youth, he worked at many odd jobs, including baker, cook, sign painter, sawmill worker,  cowboy, mule skinner, logger, ranch hand, and carnival medicine man.

Training as an artist
Rounds took an interest in art from a young age, making frequent sketches of characters and scenes from his daily life. He pursued formal training in painting and drawing at the Kansas City Art Institute from 1926 to 1927, and at the Art Students League of New York from 1930 to 1931. During this formative period, he spent a summer touring the Western United States together with Jackson Pollock, a fellow art student, and Thomas Hart Benton, their teacher at the Art Students League. Rounds and Pollock both served as models for Benton's painting The Ballad of the Jealous Lover of Lone Green Valley, 1933–1934.

Rounds spent much of the early 1930s visiting publishers in New York City in an attempt to convince editors to give him work as an illustrator. Vernon Ives, who worked at Holiday House, the publisher that would eventually publish Rounds' first book, later remarked that his initial impression of Rounds was of "a young, footloose westerner with a discerning eye, a quick, sketchy style of drawing that had enormous vitality, and a tongue even more facile than his brush."

Career as a writer and illustrator
Through these persistent efforts to win the attention of publishers, Rounds unintentionally developed a reputation as a gifted storyteller, to the extent that editors eventually advised him to create an artistic opportunity for himself by writing a story collection that he could also illustrate. The result was Ol' Paul, the Mighty Logger (1936), an anthology of Paul Bunyan stories that Rounds later admitted he had largely invented.  The book appeared to rave reviews: Kirkus Reviews praised the "virility of the [book's] line illustrations" and its "homespun look", summing it up as "a book to read aloud". After the success of Ol' Paul, the Mighty Logger, Rounds had a steady stream of work, both as a writer and illustrator of his own books and as an illustrator for the work of others, for the rest of his life.

Rounds published a wide variety of fiction and non-fiction, all of it written for an audience of children and young adults.  In The Blind Colt (1941), he introduced the character of Whitey, a young Montana cowboy, who would eventually appear in eleven books published from 1941 to 1963. Another semi-autobiographical character, Mr. Yowder, the itinerant sign painter, would be featured in six books published in the 1970s and 1980s. Many of Rounds' other works focus on his attentive eye for the natural world, including several books that deal with the wildlife and environment of the Great Plains (where he had spent his youth) or of North Carolina (where he settled after the Second World War).

Clues to the appeal of Rounds storytelling were given by Pat Parker in Language Arts magazine: "Rounds draws children, women, men and the ever-present dogs surrounded by space, suggesting frugality and human frailty in a land of awesome size; at the same time he adds subtle, sly, comic touches for real-life atmosphere."

Late in his career, Rounds struggled with arthritic pain in his right arm. In 1989 this condition had grown too severe for him to continue illustrating, so at the age of 83, Rounds taught himself to draw with his left hand, and resumed his work as an illustrator. Reviewers continued to praise both his writing and his artistry: his last book, Beavers (1999), was praised by a Horn Book reviewer as "a model of how to convey a wealth of information in just a few clear, well-phrased sentences," and his illustrations were compared to the patient work of a beaver building a dam, seeming "aimless when taken stick by stick or line by line, but wonderfully effective in sum".

Awards and honors
Rounds was the recipient of over 25 awards for writing and illustrating. His first book, Ol' Paul, the Mighty Logger, was in the inaugural class of Lewis Carroll Shelf Award winners in 1958, and other titles by Rounds received the award again in 1960, 1969, 1973, 1976, and 1978. Rounds received the Kerlan Award for children's literature in 1980, and the North Carolina Award for literature in 1981. He was also the recipient of the Parents' Choice Award and The New York Times Outstanding Book Award.

The North Carolina Literary Hall of Fame inducted him as an honoree in 2002, the year of his death, calling Rounds "the last of the great 'Ring-Tailed Roarers'".

Personal life
Rounds served in the United States Army from 1941 to 1945 in the coast artillery and infantry, attaining the rank of staff sergeant.

Rounds married three times. He married his first wife, Mary Lucas, in December 1927; they divorced in 1937. He married his second wife, Margaret Olmsted, in January 1938; they remained married until her death in December 1968. He married his third wife, Elizabeth High, in 1989; she died in June 2002.

Rounds died on September 27, 2002, in Pinehurst, North Carolina, at the age of 96. He was survived by one son, William, and two granddaughters.

Selected bibliography

Award-winning and nominated fiction
Ol' Paul, the Mighty Logger, Holiday House (1936)
The Blind Colt, Holiday House (1941)

The Day the Circus Came to Lone Tree (1973)
Mr. Yowder and the Lion Roar Capsules (1976)
Mr. Yowder and the Giant Bull Snake, Holiday House (1978)
Wild Appaloosa, Holiday House (1983)
The Morning the Sun Refused to Rise: An Original Paul Bunyan Tale (1984)
Washday on Noah's Ark: A Story of Noah's Ark, Holiday House (1985)

Award-winning and nominated non-fiction
Beaver Business: An Almanac (1960)

The Snake Tree (1966)

External links

Rembrandt, Picasso and Glen Rounds? 1992

Portrait of Glen Rounds by Thomas Hart Benton

References

Art Students League of New York alumni
Kansas City Art Institute alumni
American children's writers
American children's book illustrators
People from Pennington County, South Dakota
Writers from South Dakota
Artists from South Dakota
1906 births
2002 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II

Glen Rounds


Admiral Yi Sun-sin (March 8, 1545 – November 19, 1598) was a Joseon dynasty admiral. He fought the Japanese navy in the Imjin war. He is a national hero of Korea.

Life
Yi was born in Geoncheon-dong, Seoul on March 8, 1545. Because his family was poor, he moved to and grew up in his mother's hometown, Asan, in Chungcheongnam province. He became a warrior at the late age of 32, after failing the exam at the age of 28. When he arrived Jeolla-do province as the navy commander of western part of Jeolla-do province in 1591, he predicted the war with Japan. He disciplined the navy tightly and made the turtle ship, which had at least five different types of cannon and had a fully covered deck with iron spikes to shield from cannon fire and attempt to board the ship, for preparation of the war.

On April 13, 1592, the Imjin War broke out just as Yi had foreseen. Joseon was not prepared for war. Japan occupied nearly all of Korea. Yi had already prepared for war, so he led his navy to victory in every battle he fought during seven years of war with the Japanese. In the battle of Hansan, using crane wing formation he captured and sank fifty nine of the seventy-three Japanese ships. In the battle of Myeongnyang, he defeated 333 enemy ships with 13 ships his own. This victory has regarded as one of the miracle victories of the world.

Through his victories, Joseon dynasty prohibited the Japanese warlord Toyotomi Hideyoshi from governing Joseon. However Yi Sun-sin was killed by enemy fire during the last battle of the war, Noryang, in 1592.

References

1545 births
1592 deaths
Korean military people
People from Seoul
Admirals

Yi Sun-sin


The anterior cranial fossa is a depression in the floor of the cranial base which houses the projecting frontal lobes of the brain. It is formed by the orbital plates of the frontal, the cribriform plate of the ethmoid, and the small wings and front part of the body of the sphenoid; it is limited behind by the posterior borders of the small wings of the sphenoid and by the anterior margin of the chiasmatic groove.  The lesser wings of the sphenoid separate the anterior and middle fossae.

Structure
It is traversed by the frontoethmoidal, sphenoethmoidal, and sphenofrontal sutures.

Its lateral portions roof in the orbital cavities and support the frontal lobes of the cerebrum; they are convex and marked by depressions for the brain convolutions, and grooves for branches of the meningeal vessels.

The central portion corresponds with the roof of the nasal cavity, and is markedly depressed on either side of the crista galli.

It presents, in and near the median line, from before backward, the commencement of the frontal crest for the attachment of the falx cerebri; the foramen cecum, between the frontal bone and the crista galli of the ethmoid, which usually transmits a small vein from the nasal cavity to the superior sagittal sinus; behind the foramen cecum, the crista galli, the free margin of which affords attachment to the falx cerebri; on either side of the crista galli, the olfactory groove formed by the cribriform plate, which supports the olfactory bulb and presents foramina for the transmission of the olfactory nerves, and in front a slit-like opening for the nasociliary nerve.

Lateral to either olfactory groove are the internal openings of the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina; the anterior, situated about the middle of the lateral margin of the olfactory groove, transmits the anterior ethmoidal vessels and the nasociliary nerve; the nerve runs in a groove along the lateral edge of the cribriform plate to the slit-like opening above mentioned; the posterior ethmoidal foramen opens at the back part of this margin under cover of the projecting lamina of the sphenoid, and transmits the posterior ethmoidal vessels and nerve.

Farther back in the middle line is the ethmoidal spine, bounded behind by a slight elevation separating two shallow longitudinal grooves which support the olfactory lobes.

Behind this is the anterior margin of the chiasmatic groove, running laterally on either side to the upper margin of the optic foramen.

Content
The anterior cranial fossa contains the following parts of the brain:
 frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex,
 olfactory bulb,
 olfactory tract,
 orbital gyri.

Openings
There are several openings connecting the anterior cranial fossa with other parts of the skull, and these are the following:
 anterior ethmoidal foramen,
 cribriform foramina.
The paired anterior ethmoidal foramen connects the anterior cranial fossa with each orbit and transmits the anterior ethmoidal artery, nerve and vein.

The cribriform foramina are the openings in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, which connect the anterior cranial fossa with the nasal cavity and transmit the olfactory nerves.

Additional images

See also
 Middle cranial fossa
 Posterior cranial fossa

References

External links

Skull

Anterior cranial fossa