The government of Florida is established and operated according to the Constitution of Florida and is composed of three branches of government: the executive branch consisting of the governor of Florida and the other elected and appointed constitutional officers; the legislative branch, the Florida Legislature, consisting of the Senate and House; and the judicial branch consisting of the Supreme Court of Florida and lower courts.  The state also allows direct participation of the electorate by initiative, referendum, and ratification.

Executive branch
The executive branch of the government of Florida consists of the governor, lieutenant governor, Florida Cabinet (which includes the attorney general, commissioner of agriculture and chief financial officer), and several executive departments.  Each office term is limited to two four-year terms.

Governor

The governor of Florida is the chief executive of the government of Florida and the chief administrative officer of the state responsible for the planning and budgeting for the state and serves as chair when the governor and the Florida Cabinet sit as a decision-making body in various constitutional roles. The governor has the power to execute Florida's laws and to call out the state militia to preserve the public peace, being commander-in-chief of the state's military forces that are not in active service of the United States. At least once every legislative session, the governor is required to deliver the "State of the State Address" to the Florida Legislature regarding the condition and operation of the state government and to suggest new legislation.

Cabinet

Florida is unique among U.S. states in having a strong cabinet-style government. Members of the Florida Cabinet are independently elected, and have equal footing with the governor on issues under the Cabinet's jurisdiction. The Cabinet consists of the attorney general, the commissioner of agriculture and the chief financial officer. Along with the governor, each member carries one vote in the decision-making process. In the event of a tie, the side of the governor is the prevailing side. Cabinet elections are held every four years, on even numbered years not divisible by four (such as 2010, 2014, etc.).

The Florida attorney general is the state's chief legal officer. As defined in the Florida Constitution, the attorney general appoints a statewide prosecutor who may prosecute violations of criminal law occurring in or affecting two or more judicial circuits. The attorney general is responsible for the Department of Legal Affairs. The attorney general is head of the Florida Department of Legal Affairs.

The Florida chief financial officer's duties include monitoring the state's finances and fiscal well-being, auditing and assuring that state programs are properly spending money and overseeing the proper management of the revenue and spending of the state. The chief financial officer is the head of the Florida Department of Financial Services (FDFS).

The Florida commissioner of agriculture is the head of the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS).

Agencies and departments

The purpose of agencies is to promulgate rules to implement legislation. In April 2014, there were 25,362 administrative rules, and eight agencies have over 1,000 rules each, of which the most heavily regulated agencies are the Department of Financial Services and Department of Health. The Florida Administrative Register (FAR) is the daily publication containing proposed rules and notices of state agencies. The regulations are codified in the Florida Administrative Code (FAC). There are also numerous decisions, opinions and rulings of state agencies.

The state had about 122,000 employees in 2010.

Legislative branch

The Florida Constitution mandates a bicameral state legislature, consisting of a Florida Senate of 40 members and a Florida House of Representatives of 120 members.  The two bodies meet in the Florida State Capitol.  The Florida House of Representative members serve for two-year terms, while Florida Senate members serve staggered four-year terms, with 20 senators up for election every two years. Members of both houses are term limited to serve a maximum of eight years. There are also state auditors led by the Florida auditor general who is appointed by the Joint Legislative Auditing Committee, the utility-regulating Florida Public Service Commission (FPSC), and the Florida Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government Accountability (OPPAGA).

The legislature's session is part-time, meeting for 60-day regular sessions annually. The regular session of the Florida Legislature commences on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in March with the governor's State of the State speech before a joint session and ends on the last Friday in April or the first Friday in May. The Florida Legislature often meets in special sessions, sometimes as many as a half dozen in a year, that are called for particular purposes, such as budget reduction or reforming property insurance.  A special session may be called by the governor, by joint proclamation of the speaker of the House and senate president or by three-fifths vote of the members of both houses. Outside of these regular and special sessions, the members of both houses participate in county delegation meetings and interim committee meetings throughout the year, mostly from November to February in advance of the regular session.

Its session laws are compiled into the Laws of Florida, and the Florida Statutes are the codified statutory laws of the state which have general applicability.

Judicial branch

The Florida State Courts System is the unified state court system. The Florida State Courts System consists of the:

 Florida Supreme Court, the state supreme court;
 five District Courts of Appeal, which are intermediate appellate courts; and
 two forms of trial courts: 20 circuit courts and 67 county courts, one for each of Florida counties.

The Supreme Court of Florida is the highest court of Florida and consists of seven judges: the chief justice and six justices. The Court is the final arbiter of Florida law, and its decisions are binding authority for all other state courts. The five Florida District Courts of Appeal are the intermediate appellate courts.

The 20 Florida circuit courts are trial courts of original jurisdiction for most controversies. The circuit courts primarily handle civil cases where the amount in controversy is greater than $15,000, and felony criminal cases, as well as appeals from county courts. Circuit courts also have jurisdiction over domestic relations, juvenile dependency, juvenile delinquency, and probate matters. The 67 Florida county courts have original jurisdiction over misdemeanor criminal cases, including violations of county and municipal ordinances, and in civil cases whose value in controversy does not exceed $15,000.

Budget
Each civil entity has its budget: state, county, and municipal.

State
In June 2015, the state's debt was $25.7 billion.

Capital city
The commissioners charged by the government of the unified Florida to select a permanent capital selected Tallahassee, then between the two major cities of Florida, Pensacola and Saint Augustine, as the state capital, in 1823. The White people expelled the Native Americans, who were opposed to leaving their land, before settling Tallahassee. The commissioners were Dr. W.H. Simmons, from St. Augustine, and John Lee Williams, from Pensacola. Richard Keith Call and a founder of Jacksonville, John Bellamy, wanted the capital in what is now Lake County but their efforts failed.

From the beginning of Tallahassee's history there were multiple attempts to move the state capital. A July 1957 Florida Historical Quarterly article stated that this was because of Tallahassee's distance from other settlements.

As Florida's size and population grew and spread south, the center of the state's population and the geographic center of the state changed. Using data from the 2010 U.S. Census, according to the Florida Bureau of Economic and Business Research, the state's center of population was southern Polk County. The geographic center of the state is Brooksville. Because Tallahassee became increasingly far from many Floridians, there were additional proposals to move the capital to Orlando, a more centrally-located city, in the late 1960s. The City of Orlando, in 1967, passed a referendum stating that it would accept becoming the capital. These proposals stopped after the new Florida Capitol opened in Tallahassee in 1977. Politicians from North Florida had opposed the idea of moving the state capital. Adam C. Smith of the Tampa Bay Times argued in 2016 that Tallahassee is no longer an appropriate location for the capital, and he cited an American Economic Review article that stated that state capitals far from their populations are more prone to corruption than those that are not.

Local government

There are four types of local governments in Florida: counties, municipalities, school districts, and special districts.

Florida consists of 67 counties. Each county has officers considered "state" officers: these officials are elected locally, and their salaries and office expenses are also paid locally, but they cannot be removed from office or replaced locally, but only by the governor. The state officers subject to this requirement are the sheriff, state's attorney, public defender, tax collector, supervisor of elections, clerk of the circuit court (though styled as such, each circuit having multiple counties within its jurisdiction has a separate elected clerk within each county, and the office also handles official county records not pertaining to judicial matters), property appraiser, and judges.

There is one school district for each county; the Florida Constitution allows adjoining counties to merge their districts upon voter approval.  The superintendent is by default an elected official; however, the Florida Constitution allows county voters to make the position an appointed one.

Municipalities in Florida may be called towns, cities, or villages, but there is no legal distinction between the different terms.  Municipalities often have police departments, and fire departments, and provide essential services such as water, waste collection, etc. In unincorporated areas of a county, the county itself can provide some of these services. Municipalities may also enter agreements with the county to have the county provide certain services. Each county has a sheriff who also tends to have concurrent jurisdiction with municipal police departments.

Both counties and cities may have a legislative branch (commissions or councils) and executive branch (mayor or manager) and local police, but violations are brought before a county court. Counties and municipalities are authorized to pass laws (ordinances), levy taxes, and provide public services within their jurisdictions. All areas of Florida are located within a county, but only some areas have been incorporated into municipalities. All municipalities are located within a county and the county jurisdiction overlays the municipal jurisdiction. Usually, if there is a conflict between a county ordinance and a municipal ordinance, the municipal ordinance has precedence within the municipality's borders; however, the overlaying county's ordinances have precedence if the overlaying county has been designated a charter county by the Florida Legislature.

In some cases, the municipal and county governments have merged into a consolidated government. However, smaller municipal governments can be created inside of a consolidated municipality/county. In Jacksonville, the municipal government has taken over the responsibilities normally given to the county government, Duval County, and smaller municipalities that exist within it.

Among special districts are "community development districts" which have virtually all the power of a city or county (except, notably, they do not have police power).  Chapter 190 of the Florida Statutes governs these districts.  Notable CDD's include the Reedy Creek Improvement District (the location of Walt Disney World) and substantially all of The Villages (the giant Central Florida retirement community).

Many counties have a "Soil and Water Conservation District," a residue of Dust Bowl politics. Elected officials are unpaid. Much of their budget is spent on engineering staff. Critics are trying to dismantle these districts, as being obsolete.

See also

 Administrative divisions of Florida
 List of counties in Florida
 Elections in Florida
 Florida Democratic Party
 Law of Florida
 Politics of Florida
 Political party strength in Florida
 Republican Party of Florida
 Surface Water Improvement and Management Program

References

External links
MyFlorida.com (Official website)
 State of Florida recipient profile on USAspending.gov

Florida

Government of Florida


Joe Hargrave is a Canadian politician, who served as the Member for the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan for the electoral district of Prince Albert Carlton. He was first elected in the 2016 provincial election, when he succeeded retiring Saskatchewan Party MLA Darryl Hickie. He is a member of the Saskatchewan Party.

Hargrave was selected as the Saskatchewan Party candidate in a heavily contested nomination meeting, which was conducted in the Prince Albert Exhibition Centre. Hargrave based his nomination strategy on an economic focus, saying that a strong economy would also include access to healthcare and other public goods, and suggesting that his own experience in business would make him a good representative.

On August 23, 2016, Hargrave was named to the Executive Council of Saskatchewan as the Minister of Crown Investments Corporation, the Minister Responsible for Saskatchewan Government Insurance and Minister Responsible for Saskatchewan Transportation Company.

He was shuffled to become Minister of Highways on November 9, 2020.

On January 4, 2021, Hargrave announced his resignation from the position after facing criticism, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan and closure of the border between Canada and the United States, for going on a personal trip to Palm Springs, California to "finalise" the sale of a home there, in contradiction of recommendations issued by the province.

Electoral history

Cabinet positions

References

Living people
Saskatchewan Party MLAs
Members of the Executive Council of Saskatchewan
Politicians from Prince Albert, Saskatchewan
21st-century Canadian politicians
Year of birth missing (living people)

Joe Hargrave


Leonard Bernstein (August 25, 1918– October 14, 1990) was an American composer and conductor. He was born Louis Bernstein in Lawrence, Massachusetts to Ukrainian Jewish parents. He is best known for conducting the New York Philharmonic and composing West Side Story and Candide.

Bernstein was gay.

He was a heavy smoker who had emphysema. He died of a heart attack in New York City.

Influences
Bernstein stated composers like Aaron Copland, Dimitri Mitropoulos, George Gershwin, Gustav Mahler, Kurt Weill, Sergei Koussevitzky, Randall Thompson, Cole Porter, Jerome Kern and Robert Schumann as influences.

Other websites
 Official website

1918 births
1990 deaths
20th-century American composers
American conductors
American movie score composers
Bisexual Jews
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Entertainers from Massachusetts
Grammy Award winners
Jewish American LGBT people
Jewish American musicians
Kennedy Center honorees
LGBT musicians
LGBT people from Massachusetts
People from Lawrence, Massachusetts
Tony Award winners

Leonard Bernstein


George Gund III (May 7, 1937 – January 15, 2013) was an American businessman and sports entrepreneur.

Gund was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on May 7, 1937, to Jessica Roesler and George Gund II, a powerful banker in Cleveland. A high-school dropout, Gund joined the United States Marines in 1955 when he was 18 years old. His early years in the Marines brought him to the city of San Francisco, where he soon took up residence.

After his military service, Gund attended Menlo College in Atherton, California, but never graduated. He instead began bringing in Eastern European films and distributing them around San Francisco and the US, using his membership in the San Francisco Film Society as a catalyst.

Gund was also dedicated to the world of sports. Earlier NHL-related business involvements included terms as president of the Cleveland Barons, chairman of the Minnesota North Stars, and partner with the California Golden Seals and the San Jose Sharks. Gund was also a member of the International Council of USA Hockey, a chairman and trustee of the U.S. Hockey Hall of Fame, and a trustee of the USA Hockey Foundation.

He and his younger brother Gordon purchased majority interest in the Cleveland Cavaliers from Ted Stepien for $20 million on April 7, 1983. Stepien's Nationwide Advertising Service Inc. and new cable television station Sports Exchange were also part of the sale. The transaction was approved by the National Basketball Association (NBA) Board of Governors one month later on May 9. The league also arranged for the Gunds to pay a cash sum for a first-round selection in each of the subsequent four NBA drafts to recover the ones traded away by Stepien.

While married to Iara Lee, Gund produced many of her films, including most recently Cultures of Resistance, along with earlier films Synthetic Pleasures and Modulations. He was President of Caipirinha Productions, which produces Lee's films and, along with Lee, also founded the Iara Lee and George Gund III Foundation, which is involved with "philanthropy, voluntarism and grantmaking." In 1989 he was a member of the jury at the 16th Moscow International Film Festival.

Gund died on January 15, 2013, at the age of 75 after a lengthy battle with stomach cancer.

References

1937 births
2013 deaths
American sports businesspeople
Film producers from California
Cleveland Cavaliers owners
National Hockey League owners
Businesspeople from Cleveland
United States Marines
Businesspeople from San Francisco
American people of German descent
San Jose Sharks owners
Lester Patrick Trophy recipients
Film producers from Ohio
20th-century American businesspeople

George Gund III


BBVA (previously known as Banco Francés and BBVA Francés) is an Argentine banking subsidiary. It belongs to the Spanish parent company of BBVA.

In 2019, BBVA unifies its brand worldwide and BBVA Francés was renamed BBVA.

History

It was founded as Banco Francés del Río de la Plata on October 14, 1886, in a historical period in Argentina where a large number of entities of its type emerged, many of which would quickly disappear due to the Panic of 1890.

In 1888, the shares of the Banco Frances, which are still on the market, began to be listed on the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange. In 1926, the new headquarters of the entity was inaugurated, on the corner of Bartolomé Miter and Reconquista streets, in the heart of the financial city of Buenos Aires.

In 1959, she was one of the winners of the first loan that Eximbank made to Argentina. In 1968, the Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York acquired 50% of the shares, and began a process of strengthening and expanding the French Bank in the field of wholesale banking.

1970s
During the 1970s, the Compañía de Seguros Sud América reconverted its real estate assets into Banco Francés shares, in a procedure led by a new board of directors highly influenced by Luis María Otero Monsegur. In this way, South America acquired a large number of shares of the Bank. In 1975, Morgan Guaranty landed in Argentina, and therefore sold its share to two Argentine companies: Sud América Seguros de Vida and Alpargatas.  From that moment the French Bank began to adopt other functions, such as retail banking.

1980s
In the first half of the 1980s, the number of branches of the Banco Frances doubled in three years, managing to also cover loans to medium-sized companies, while consolidating the retail branch.

Between 1986 and 1989, the Banco Francés had a joint venture with the Bankers Trust Company, developing investment banking. In 1988, 22 branches of the Banco Español/Banco Comercial del Norte were acquired, and that same July the offshore branch began operations in the Cayman Islands: the Banco Francés del Río de la Plata (Cayman) Ltd.

1990s
In 1991 Alpargatas sold its share to Sud América Inversiones and Eduardo F. Constantini.  At the same time, more branches were acquired from Banco Santander and Chase Manhattan Bank, reaching 62 of them.

In December 1996, Banco Bilbao Vizcaya (currently Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria) acquired 99.90% of the shares of Otar S.R.L., from Otero Monsegur y Areco, majority shareholder of Sud América Inversiones, holder, in turn, of the 30.04% of the capital of Banco Francés. The operation was carried out at 375 million dollars.

In August 1997, the Bank acquired 71.75% of Banco de Crédito Argentino, with which it merged, strengthening itself with the absorption of the competitor entity.

Since the 2000s
As of March 2006, BBVA Banco Francés had 232 retail branches throughout the country and 27 branches specializing in small and medium-sized businesses.

In 2012, it became the main sponsor of the two most successful football clubs in Argentina, sporting the "BBVA" or "BBVA Francés" logo on the front of their shirts, starting in January at Club Atlético Boca Juniors and since July at Club Atlético River Plate. Since 2015 it has also sponsored "Talleres de Córdoba".

References

Organizations based in Buenos Aires
Banks of Argentina

BBVA Argentina


In Plato's theory of epistemology, anamnesis (; ) refers to the recollection of innate knowledge acquired before birth. The concept posits the claim that learning involves the act of rediscovering knowledge from within oneself. This stands in contrast to the opposing doctrine known as empiricism, which posits that all knowledge is derived from experience and sensory perception. Plato develops the theory of anamnesis in his Socratic dialogues: Meno, Phaedo, and Phaedrus.

Meno

In Meno, Plato's character (and old teacher) Socrates is challenged by Meno to explain how someone could find out what the nature of virtue is if they did not already know anything about it. In other words, one who knows none of the attributes, properties, and/or other descriptive markers of any kind that help signify what something is (physical or otherwise) will not recognize it even after coming across it. Therefore, if the converse is true, and one knows the attributes, properties and/or other descriptive markers of this thing, one should not need to seek it out at all. The conclusion is that in either instance, there is no point trying to gain that "something"; in the case of Plato's aforementioned work, there is no point in seeking knowledge.

Socrates' response is to develop his theory of anamnesis and to suggest that the soul is immortal, and repeatedly incarnated; knowledge is in the soul from eternity (86b), but each time the soul is incarnated its knowledge is forgotten in the trauma of birth. What one perceives to be learning, then, is the recovery of what one has forgotten. (Once it has been brought back it is true belief, to be turned into genuine knowledge by understanding.) Socrates (and Plato) thus sees himself not as a teacher but as a midwife, aiding with the birth of knowledge that was already there in the student.

The theory is illustrated by Socrates asking a slave boy questions about geometry. At first, the boy gives the wrong answer; when that is pointed out to him, he is puzzled, but by asking questions, Socrates helps him to reach the correct answer. That is intended to show that since the boy was not told the answer, he reached the truth by only recollecting what he had once known but later forgotten.

Phaedo

In Phaedo, Plato develops his theory of anamnesis, in part by combining it with his theory of forms.  Firstly, he elaborates how anamnesis can be achieved: whereas in Meno, nothing more than Socrates' method of questioning is offered, in Phaedo, Plato presents a way of living that would enable one to overcome the misleading nature of the body through katharsis (, , i.e., from guilt or defilement). The body and its senses are the source of error; knowledge cannot be regained except through the use of reason, and contemplating things with the soul (noesis). While the body's perceptual faculties are deceptive, Plato also argues that the falsehoods that they communicate to the soul can be used to trigger or prompt recollection. Secondly, Plato clarifies that genuine knowledge, as opposed to mere true belief (doxa), is distinguished by its content.  One can know only eternal truths since they are the only truths that possibly were in the soul from eternity. It may be very useful to have a true belief about, say, the best way to get from London to Oxford, but such a belief does not qualify as knowledge; it is not possible for the soul to possess such factually contingent propositions for all eternity.

Neoplatonism
For later interpreters of Plato, the concept of anamnesis became less epistemic and more ontological. Plotinus himself did not posit recollection in the strict sense of the term because all knowledge of universally important ideas (logos) came from a source outside of time (Dyad or the divine nous) and was accessible, by means of contemplation, to the soul as part of noesis. They were more objects of experience, of inner knowledge or insight, than of recollection. However, in Neoplatonism, the theory of anamnesis became part of the mythology of the descent of the soul.

Porphyry's short work De Antro Nympharum (ostensibly a commentary on the brief passage in Odyssey XIII) elucidated that notion, as did Macrobius's much longer Commentary on the Dream of Scipio. The idea of psychic memory was used by Neoplatonists to demonstrate the celestial and immaterial origins of the soul, and to explain how memories of the world-soul could be recalled by everyday human beings. As such, psychic recollection was intrinsically connected to the Platonic conception of the soul itself. Since the contents of individual "material" or physical memories were trivial, only the universal recollection of Forms, or divine objects, drew one closer to the immortal source of being.

Anamnesis is the closest that human minds can come to experiencing the freedom of the soul before it is encumbered by matter. The process of incarnation is described in Neoplatonism as a trauma that causes the soul to forget its experiences (and often its divine origins as well). The storyteller's voice is concealed by John and Plato in order to pursue their anamnetic efforts and to encourage the following generations to be not only readers but also partakers in their original discussions on the soul. Gratitude, as an example of divine salvation, was expressed by offering to God the first fruits of the harvest which maintains an identity with those who performed these actions in the past and therefore actualising them in the present.

References

Bibliography

 Plato Phaedo, 1911: edited with introduction and notes by John Burnet (Oxford: Clarendon Press)
 Jane M. Day 1994 Plato's Meno in Focus (London: Routledge) — contains an introduction and full translation by Day, together with papers on Meno by various philosophers
 Don S. Armentrout and Robert Boak Slocum [edd], An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church, A User Friendly Reference for Episcopalians  (New York, Church Publishing Incorporated)
 Jacob Klein, A Commentary on Plato's Meno (Chicago, 1989), pp. 103–173.
Norman Gulley, Plato's Theory of Knowledge (London, 1962), pp. 1–47.

Concepts in ancient Greek epistemology
Platonism

Anamnesis (philosophy)


Natalie Louise Blair (born 16 April 1984) is an Australian actress, best known for her role as Carmella Cammeniti on the Australian television soap opera drama series Neighbours.

Personal life

Blair was born to John Blair on 16 April 1984 and raised in Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.

Career

Back in early 2003, Blair auditioned for Neighbours and impressed casting director Jan Russ, but she was not cast. Russ contacted Blair six months later and asked her to audition for the role of Carmella Cammeniti. She was cast on the spot as producers needed to fill the gap left by Delta Goodrem's sudden departure. Blair started filming just after she graduated from school.

In 2005, Blair won "Most Popular New Female Talent" at the 47th Annual Logie Awards. Blair was also nominated in 2007 for both the Gold and Silver Logie, for "Most Popular Personality on Australian Television". She was again nominated for both awards in 2008. Blair was crowned "Queen of Teen" at the Dolly Teen Choice Awards at Sydney's Luna Park in 2007.

In December 2007, Blair starred in the Spillers Ltd Production of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs as Snow White at the Music Hall in Shrewsbury. Blair also sang solo and a cappella the first verse of "Once in Royal David's City" at the annual BBC Shropshire Carols in the Square event in Shrewsbury on 19 December 2007.

Blair left Neighbours after five years in 2009. She then moved to Los Angeles, but returned home later that year to play chief villain Connie Burns in the feature film Stage Fright. Upon completion of the film, also starring Clare Bowen and Jason Smith, Natalie left Queensland and returned to Los Angeles.

Blair returned to Neighbours in March 2011 for two episodes. Also in March 2011, Natalie began shooting the feature film The Sleeping Warrior, portraying the character of Safia. The film was set for release in 2012. A story that connects Hindu spirituality and Australian aboriginal spirituality.

In 2012, Blair returned to Melbourne, Australia to play the lead in the romantic comedy The Groomless Bride. The film also stars underworld figure Chopper Reid.

actor Beau Brady. The pair met on the set of Voodoo Lagoon in 2006 and quietly separated in January 2007, with their split being confirmed by a Neighbours spokeswoman. The pair reportedly split due to Brady's decision to move to Los Angeles to pursue his career.

Blair began a relationship with her Neighbours co-star David Hoflin in 2008. The pair currently live together in Los Angeles. On 10 March 2012, Fiona Byrne of the Herald Sun reported the couple were engaged. They were married on 4 January 2013 in Warburton, Victoria. Blair and Hoflin welcomed their first child, a son, on 29 July 2016.

Filmography

References

External links

1984 births
Actresses from Brisbane
Australian soap opera actresses
Living people
Logie Award winners
People educated at Lourdes Hill College

Natalie Blair


Black is Lita Ford's sixth solo studio album and featured a change of style in her music, compared to her other albums. Black sees Ford move into other musical styles such as blues and grunge, while still maintaining her metal and rock roots. There would be a 14-year gap between Black and her next studio album, 2009's Wicked Wonderland.

Track listing
All songs were written by Michael Dan Ehmig and Lita Ford, except where noted.

 "Black" – 5:07
 "Fall" (Rodger Carter, Larry 'Bones' Dennison, Ford, Debby Holiday) – 5:18
 "Loverman" – 5:55
 "Killin' Kind" (Ehmig, Ford, Taylor Rhodes) – 4:29
 "Hammerhead" – 4:37
 "Boilin' Point" – 3:51
 "Where Will I Find My Heart Tonight" – 4:17
 "War of the Angels" – 4:46
 "Joe" (Carter, Dennison, Ford, Holiday) – 5:40
 "White Lightnin'" – 3:58
 "Smokin' Toads" (Instrumental) (Ford) – 4:13
 "Spider Monkeys" – 6:51

Personnel

Musicians
Lita Ford - lead vocals, all guitars
Larry 'Bones' Dennison - bass
Rodger Carter - drums and percussion
Additional personnel
Steve Reid - additional percussion
Bruce Robb - Hammond B3
Jimmy Z - harmonica
Martin Tillman - cello on "War of the Angels"
Jim Gillette, Michael Dan Ehmig, Dave King, Pork Chop, Jeff Scott Soto, Billy DiCicco - backing vocals

Production
The Robb Brothers - producers, engineers, mixing
Matt Ellard, Doug Trantow, Joe Breuer, Mike Gibson - assistant engineers
Steve Hall - mastering
Guitar and Studio Technician- Toni Francavilla

References

1995 albums
Lita Ford albums
ZYX Music albums

Black (Lita Ford album)


The Crime Writers' Association (CWA) is a specialist authors' organisation in the United Kingdom, most notable for its Dagger awards for the best crime writing of the year, and the Diamond Dagger awarded to an author for lifetime achievement. The Association also promotes crime writing of fiction and non-fiction by holding annual competitions, publicising literary festivals and establishing links with libraries, booksellers and other writer organisations, both in the UK such as the Society of Authors, and overseas. The CWA enables members to network at its annual conference and through its regional chapters as well as through dedicated social media channels and private website. Members' events and general news items are published on the CWA website, which also features Find An Author, where CWA members are listed and information provided about themselves, their books and their awards.

The CWA publishes a monthly magazine exclusively for members called Red Herrings, edited by Matthew Booth since 2020.

The CWA runs a sister organisation aimed at readers of crime fiction and non-fiction called the Crime Reader's Association. Anyone can join free of charge and receive two digital magazines: the bimonthly Case Files and the monthly CRA Newsletter. On the site are blogs, short stories and author profiles.

Terms of membership
Annual membership is open to any author who has had a crime novel published via a traditional publishing contract or to self-published authors who meet the membership criteria. Associate and corporate membership also offered to individuals and organisations in the publishing industry such as editors, bloggers, literary agents and publishers. Provisional membership is offered to authors who have a contract with a publisher but whose book is not yet published. The CWA enables writers to contact each other by various means, promotes crime writing with annual awards, and organises social events. It also supports writing groups, festivals and literary events through its authors. The main aims of the CWA are to promote the crime genre and to support professional writers. The CWA has been providing social and professional support for its members for more than half a century, as well as running the prestigious Daggers.

In June every year, the CWA actively promotes National Crime Reading Month.

The CWA was founded by John Creasey in 1953. It was chaired by Maxim Jakubowski (from April 2021) and has over 900 members. The chair, as of May 2023, was turned over to Vaseem Khan, the first person of color to head the organization. The Secretary of the Crime Writers' Association is currently Dea Parkin, who also runs editorial consultancy Fiction Feedback. Jess Faraday is the Membership Secretary. The day-to-day management of the organisation is by CJAM of Colchester and the CWA's official accountants and registered CWA address are at H W Fisher in William Road, London.

CWA Archives are held at Gladstone's Library in Hawarden, N Wales. Archivist is Martin Edwards, who was CWA Chair from January 2017 to April 2019 – the longest-serving CWA chair since John Creasey. Martin is also editor of the CWA's anthology, a collection of stories by members usually published in alternate years.

Daggers

The Crime Writers' Association Daggers awards, the "UK's top crime writing awards", were started in 1955, less than two years after the association was founded, with the award of a Crossed Red Herring Award to Winston Graham for The Little Walls.

Over the years, the number of CWA Daggers has increased. Eleven Daggers are now awarded annually by the CWA, with Red Herring awards made for those who have made a significant contribution to the CWA or crime writing. The Dagger longlists are traditionally announced at the international literary convention CrimeFest in Bristol in May, the shortlists at a London event in the summer and the winners at a glittering Dagger awards dinner. From 2022, authors can now self-nominate for the Daggers. Traditionally published authors are eligible provided their book is published in the UK in 2022, and self-published authors provided they are CWA members.

Other Daggers
 The CWA Gold Dagger, This award is for the best crime novel by an author of any nationality, originally written in English and first published in the UK. The broadest definition of the crime novel defines eligible books including thrillers, suspense novels and spy fiction.
 The CWA Dagger for Crime Fiction in Translation sponsored in honour of Dolores Jakubowski. This award is for crime novels (defined by the broadest definition including thrillers, suspense novels and spy fiction) for a book not originally written in English and has been translated into English for UK publication.
The CWA Ian Fleming Steel Dagger: This award is for the best thriller novel first published in the UK. The broadest definition of the thriller novel is used for eligible books; these can be set in any period and include, but are not limited to, spy fiction, action/adventure stories and psychological thrillers. Ian Fleming said there was one essential criterion for a good thriller – that 'one simply has to turn the page'; this is one of the main characteristics that the judges look for. Sponsored by Ian Fleming Publications Ltd.
The CWA ALCS Gold Dagger for Non-Fiction: This award is for any non-fiction work on a crime-related theme by an author of any nationality, on condition that the book was first published in the UK in English. Sponsored by ALCS from 2018.
The John Creasy (New Blood) Dagger: Awarded in memory of CWA founder John Creasey, this award is for the best crime novel by a first-time author of any nationality first published in the UK in English.  This award used to be known as the John Creasey Memorial Dagger.
The CWA Dagger in the Library: This Dagger is awarded to "the author of crime fiction whose work is currently giving the greatest enjoyment to readers"; authors are nominated by UK libraries and judged by a panel of librarians.
 The CWA Historical Dagger: This award is for the best historical crime fiction novel, first published in the UK in English, set in any period up to 50 years prior to the year in which the award will be made. Formerly known as the Ellis Peters Historical Dagger, awarded to historical mysteries since 1999. From 2019 this award has been sponsored by Sapere Books.
 The CWA Short Story Dagger: This award is for any crime short story first published in the UK in English in a publication that pays for contributions, or broadcast in the UK in return for payment or e-stories from recognised publishers that pay for contributions.
The Debut Dagger, sponsored by ProWritingAid: a competition for the opening of a crime novel (3000 words plus synopsis) running from autumn to 28 February every year and open to anyone who has not yet had a full-length novel traditionally published. Shortlisted entries are shown to interested literary agents and publishers.
The Publisher of the Year Dagger, voted on by a group of critics, festival organisers, bloggers, booksellers and authors.
CWA Diamond Dagger: an award for lifetime achievement, with nominations submitted by CWA members and voted on by a special committee. In 2022 the recipient is C. J. Sansom.

Anthologies
The CWA has produced many collections of crime writing (mainly fiction, but occasionally true crime). The editor of the CWA anthology since 1996 has been Martin Edwards. In 2003, he edited a special collection, Mysterious Pleasures, to celebrate the CWA's Golden Jubilee. Original Sins is the 2010 anthology of crime from a distinguished selection of British writers published by Severn House. In 2013, the CWA anthology Deadly Pleasures was published and in 2015 an anthology of True Crime stories was released. Mystery Tour was published in December 2018 and Vintage Crime followed in 2020.

See also
 Crime Thriller Awards
 The Top 100 Crime Novels of All Time (a 1990 CWA publication)
 Mystery Writers of America
 Crime Writers of Canada
 Swedish Crime Writers' Academy
 Mystery Writers of Japan

References

External links
Official site
Crime Readers site
 Finding aid to Crime Writers' Association records, 1958-1972, at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.

1953 establishments in the United Kingdom
British writers' organisations
Cultural organisations based in London
Organizations established in 1953

Crime Writers' Association


History of Animals (, Ton peri ta zoia historion, "Inquiries on Animals"; , "History of Animals") is one of the major texts on biology by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, who had studied at Plato's Academy in Athens. It was written in the fourth century BC; Aristotle died in 322 BC.

Generally seen as a pioneering work of zoology, Aristotle frames his text by explaining that he is investigating the what (the existing facts about animals) prior to establishing the why (the causes of these characteristics). The book is thus an attempt to apply philosophy to part of the natural world. Throughout the work, Aristotle seeks to identify differences, both between individuals and between groups. A group is established when it is seen that all members have the same set of distinguishing features; for example, that all birds have feathers, wings, and beaks. This relationship between the birds and their features is recognized as a universal.

The History of Animals contains many accurate eye-witness observations, in particular of the marine biology around the island of Lesbos, such as that the octopus had colour-changing abilities and a sperm-transferring tentacle, that the young of a dogfish grow inside their mother's body, or that the male of a river catfish guards the eggs after the female has left. Some of these were long considered fanciful before being rediscovered in the nineteenth century. Aristotle has been accused of making errors, but some are due to misinterpretation of his text, and others may have been based on genuine observation. He did however make somewhat uncritical use of evidence from other people, such as travellers and beekeepers.

The History of Animals had a powerful influence on zoology for some two thousand years. It continued to be a primary source of knowledge until zoologists in the sixteenth century, such as Conrad Gessner, all influenced by Aristotle, wrote their own studies of the subject.

Context

Aristotle (384–322 BC) studied at Plato's Academy in Athens, remaining there for some 17 years. Like Plato, he sought universals in his philosophy, but unlike Plato he backed up his views with detailed observation, notably of the natural history of the island of Lesbos and the marine life in the island's lagoon at Pyrrha. This study made him the earliest natural historian whose written work survives. No similarly detailed work on zoology was attempted until the sixteenth century; accordingly Aristotle remained highly influential for some two thousand years. His writings on zoology form about a quarter of his surviving work. Aristotle's pupil Theophrastus later wrote a similar book on botany, Enquiry into Plants.

Book

Approach

In the History of Animals, Aristotle sets out to investigate the existing facts (Greek "hoti", what), prior to establishing their causes (Greek "dioti", why). The book is thus a defence of his method of investigating zoology. Aristotle investigates four types of differences between animals: differences in particular body parts (Books I to IV); differences in ways of life and types of activity (Books V, VI, VII and IX); and differences in specific characters (Book VIII).

To illustrate the philosophical method, consider one grouping of many kinds of animal,  'birds': all members of this group possess the same distinguishing features—feathers, wings, beaks, and two bony legs. This is an instance of a universal: if something is a bird, it has feathers and wings; if something has feathers and wings, that also implies it is a bird, so the reasoning here is bidirectional. On the other hand, some animals that have red blood have lungs; other red-blooded animals (such as fish) have gills. This implies, in Aristotle's reasoning, that if something has lungs, it has red blood; but Aristotle is careful not to imply that all red-blooded animals have lungs, so the reasoning here is not bidirectional.

While there is consensus that the History of Animals was aimed mostly at describing attributes of animals, there is a debate about whether or not it suggests that Aristotle was also interested in producing a taxonomy. Most philosophers who have studied the History of Animals and Aristotle's other writings suggest that Aristotle was not trying to produce a taxonomy, but more recent studies by biologists reach different conclusions.

Contents

Book I The grouping of animals and the parts of the human body. Aristotle describes the parts that the human body is made of, such as the skull, brain, face, eyes, ears, nose, tongue, thorax, belly, heart, viscera, genitalia, and limbs.

Book II The different parts of red-blooded animals. Aristotle writes about limbs, the teeth of dogs, horses, man, and elephant; the elephant's tongue; and of animals such as the apes, crocodile, chameleon, birds especially the wryneck, fishes and snakes.

Book III The internal organs, including generative system, veins, sinews, bone etc. He moves on to the blood, bone marrow, milk including rennet and cheese, and semen.

Book IV Animals without blood (invertebrates) – cephalopods, crustaceans, etc. In chapter 8, he describes the sense organs of animals. Chapter 10 considers sleep and whether it occurs in fish.

Books V and VI Reproduction, spontaneous and sexual of marine invertebrates, birds, quadrupeds, snakes, fish, and terrestrial arthropods including ichneumon wasps, bees, ants, scorpions, spiders, and grasshoppers.

Book VII Reproduction of man, including puberty, conception, pregnancy, lactation, the embryo, labour, milk, and diseases of infants.

Book VIII The character and habits of animals, food, migration, health, animal diseases including bee parasites, and the influence of climate.

Book IX Social behaviour in animals; signs of intelligence in animals such as sheep and birds.

A tenth book is included in some versions, dealing with the causes of barrenness in women, but is generally regarded as not being by Aristotle. In the preface to his translation, D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson calls it "spurious beyond question".

Observations

The History of Animals contains a large number of eye-witness observations, in particular of marine biology, in sharp contrast to Plato's "symbolic zoology". Aristotle's style and precision can be seen in the passage where he discusses the behaviour and anatomy of the cephalopods, mentioning the use of ink against predators, camouflage, and signalling. This is D'Arcy Thompson's translation:

His observations were almost all accurate, according to the philosopher Anthony Preus, though Mario Vegetti argues that Aristotle sometimes let theory cloud observation.

Some of Aristotle's observations were not taken seriously by science until they were independently rediscovered in the 19th century. For example, he recorded that male octopuses have a hectocotylus, a tentacle which stores sperm and which can transfer it into the female's body; sometimes it snaps off during mating. The account was dismissed as fanciful until the French naturalist Georges Cuvier described it in his 1817 Le Règne Animal. Aristotle also noted that the young of the dogfish grow inside their mother's body attached by a cord to something like a placenta (a yolk sac). This was confirmed in 1842 by the German zoologist Johannes Peter Müller. Aristotle noted, too, that a river catfish which he called the glanis cares for its young, as the female leaves after giving birth; the male guards the eggs for forty or fifty days, chasing off small fish which threaten the eggs, and making a murmuring noise. The Swiss American zoologist Louis Agassiz found the account to be correct in 1890.

Aristotle's methods of observation included dissection (Aristotle's lost companion work, The Dissections, contained illustrations of these), so he observed animal anatomy directly, though his interpretations of the functions of the structures he observed were subject to error. Like other classical authors such as Pliny the Elder, Aristotle also gathered evidence from travellers and people with specialised knowledge, such as fishermen and beekeepers, without much attempt to corroborate what they said.

Apparent errors

The text contains some claims that appear to be errors. Aristotle asserted in book II that female humans, sheep, goats, and swine have a smaller number of teeth than the males. This apparently false claim could have been a genuine observation, if as Robert Mayhew suggests women at that time had a poorer diet than men; some studies have found that wisdom teeth erupt in men more often than women after age 25. But the claim is not true of other species either. Thus, Philippa Lang argues, Aristotle may have been empirical, but he was quite laissez-faire about observation, "because [he] was not expecting nature to be misleading".

In other cases, errors may have been wrongly attributed to Aristotle. Katrin Weigmann wrote "[Aristotle's] statement that flies have four legs was repeated in natural history texts for more than a thousand years despite the fact that a little counting would have proven otherwise." However, the historian and philosopher of biology John S. Wilkins notes that Aristotle did not say "all flies have four legs"; he wrote that one particular animal, the ephemeron or mayfly, "moves with four feet and four wings: and, I may observe in passing, this creature is exceptional not only in regard to the duration of its existence, whence it receives its name, but also because though a quadruped it has wings also." Mayflies do in fact walk on four legs, the front pair not being adapted for walking, so, Wilkins concludes, Aristotle was correct.

More generally, Aristotle's biology, described across the five books sometimes called On Animals and some of his minor works, the Parva Naturalia, defines what in modern terms is a set of models of metabolism, temperature regulation, information processing, inheritance, and embryogenesis. All of these are wrong in the sense that modern science has replaced them with different models, but they were scientific in that they attempted to explain observed phenomena, proposed mechanisms, and made testable predictions.

Translations

The Arabic translation comprises treatises 1–10 of the Kitāb al-Hayawān (The Book of Animals). It was known to the Arab philosopher Al-Kindī (d. 850) and commented on by Avicenna among others. It was in turn translated into Latin, along with Ibn Rushd (Averroes)'s commentary on it, by Michael Scot in the early 13th century.

English translations were made by Richard Cresswell in 1862 and by the zoologist D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson in 1910.

A French translation was made by Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire in 1883. Another translation into French was made by J. Tricot in 1957, following D'Arcy Thompson's interpretation.

A German translation of books I–VIII was made by Anton Karsch, starting in 1866. A translation of all ten books into German was made by Paul Gohlke in 1949.

Influence

The comparative anatomist Richard Owen said in 1837 that "Zoological Science sprang from [Aristotle's] labours, we may almost say, like Minerva from the Head of Jove, in a state of noble and splendid maturity".

Ben Waggoner of the University of California Museum of Paleontology wrote that

Walter Pagel comments that Aristotle "perceptibly influenced" the founders of modern zoology, the Swiss Conrad Gessner with his 1551–1558 Historiae animalium, the Italian Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522–1605), the French Guillaume Rondelet (1507–1566), and the Dutch Volcher Coiter (1534–1576), while his methods of looking at time series and making use of comparative anatomy assisted the Englishman William Harvey in his 1651 work on embryology.

Armand Marie Leroi's 2014 book The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Science and BBC documentary Aristotle's Lagoon set Aristotle's biological writings including the History of Animals in context, and propose an interpretation of his biological theories.

Notes

Editions

References

External links

 English translation by D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1910. Archive.org – or this
 English translation by Richard Cresswell. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1862.

 Historia animalium – 1837

Animals
History of veterinary medicine
History of zoology
Natural history books
Ancient Greek physics
Works by Aristotle
Zoology books

History of Animals


The Belmont Stakes is an American Grade I stakes Thoroughbred horse race held on the first or second Saturday in June at Belmont Park in Elmont, New York. Belmont Park is known as "The Championship Track" because nearly every major American champion in racing history has competed on the racetrack.

It is a  horse race, open to three-year-old Thoroughbreds. Colts and geldings carry a weight of ; fillies carry .

The race, nicknamed The Test of the Champion, and The Run for the Carnations, is the third and final leg of the Triple Crown and is held five weeks after the Kentucky Derby and three weeks after the Preakness Stakes.

Other websites
Official Site
ESPN.Com Attending the Belmont Stakes (gives future race dates)
Details of all past Belmont Stakes courtesy of the New York Racing Association
Belmont Stakes History & Facts
Ten Things You Should Know about the Belmont Stakes at Hello Race Fans!

1860s establishments in New York (state)
1867 establishments in the United States
Horse racing

Belmont Stakes


Brabson's Ferry Plantation is a Pioneer Century farm and former antebellum plantation near the U.S. city of Sevierville, Tennessee.  Located at what was once a strategic crossing of the French Broad River, by 1860 the plantation had become one of the largest in East Tennessee, and one of the few in the region that rivalled the large plantations of the Deep South in size and influence.  The farm remains in operation, and several of its historic structures— including two plantation houses and an 18th-century plank house— have been added to the National Register of Historic Places.

John Brabson II (1773–1848) established Brabson's Ferry Plantation after purchasing the plantation's namesake ferry in 1798, and acquired the surrounding fertile farmland over subsequent decades.  Brabson's sons continued operating the plantation after his death, and established a business that catered to the ferry's traffic.  As the Brabsons supported the Confederacy during the U.S. Civil War, their plantation was looted by Sevier County Unionists and toward the end of the war most members of the family were forced to flee.  Several eventually returned, however, and by the end of the 19th century had rebuilt the plantation and ferry.  The Brabson family still owns and manages the farm.

Location
Brabson's Ferry Plantation is located at the confluence of Boyds Creek and the French Broad River in the Boyds Creek community a few miles northwest of Sevierville.  State Highway 338 (Boyds Creek Highway, or Old Knoxville Highway) passes along the plantation's southern boundary, and Indian Warpath Road traverses its western section.  The Brabson Cemetery is located atop a steep hill with a sweeping view of the French Broad River on the north end of the plantation.

History

Highway 338 follows what was once a stretch of the Great Indian Warpath, a trail used for centuries by Native Americans travelling up and down the Tennessee Valley.  The ancient path crossed the French Broad River at a ford near the mouth of Boyds Creek.  In 1780, John Sevier crossed at this ford to engage and defeat a Cherokee force at the Battle of Boyds Creek.  In the early 1790s, an early pioneer named Andrew Evans established a ferry and a  farm at the Boyds Creek ford.  John Brabson, who migrated to the area from Frederick County, Virginia, purchased the Evans farm and ferry in 1798.

Brabson continued acquiring land in the early 19th century.  By the time of his death in 1848, he owned , making him one of the largest landholders in East Tennessee.  He was also one of the region's largest slaveholders, with 49 slaves, most of whom were split up among his children (Brabson's will emancipated only one elderly slave).  One of Brabson's sons, Reese Bowen Brabson (1817–1863), moved to Chattanooga in 1848, and was elected to the U.S. Congress in 1858.  John Brabson's daughter, Mary, and son-in-law, Robert H. Hodsden, established the Rose Glen plantation in the 1840s just east of Sevierville.  Brabson's two eldest surviving sons, Benjamin (1809–1866) and Thomas (1813–1894), inherited most of Brabson's Ferry Plantation.  Benjamin and Thomas built more elaborate houses (in 1856 and 1854, respectively), and in 1852 established a company, Brabson and Brother, that operated a general store, tannery, blacksmith shop, gristmill, and stagecoach stop for local farmers and stagecoach traffic using the family's ferry.

While most of Sevier County supported the Union during the U.S. Civil War (96% of the county voted against secession in 1861), the Brabsons supported the Confederacy.  Benjamin Brabson's son, William, enlisted in the Confederate army, and in 1863 was captured by the Union Army while fighting near Muscle Shoals.  Toward the end of the war, as Union forces re-gained control of East Tennessee, vengeful Sevier Countians began harassing and threatening the Brabsons.  Most of the family's livestock were stolen, the plantation houses were looted, and family members were forced to flee.  In an October 1865 letter, Benjamin Brabson's wife, Elizabeth (1821–1894), wrote, "they rocked my house so, burned my carriage, and fired my outbuildings, they also shot at me several times."  Thomas Brabson and his wife moved to Knoxville, where there had been more sympathy for the Confederacy.  Benjamin Brabson moved to Winchester, Tennessee, writing in 1865 that his future looked "dark."  He died a few months later, and, according to his wishes, was buried in Winchester rather than the family cemetery in Boyds Creek.

After Benjamin Brabson's death, his family returned to Sevier County and began rebuilding the family's plantation, largely through the efforts of his son William (1842–1888).  Benjamin's son, John Brabson IV (1858–1943), assumed ownership of the plantation after his mother's death, and made several modifications to the Benjamin Brabson house.  By 1900, Brabson's Ferry had again become a major center of local commerce.  After the death of John Brabson IV, his son Benjamin Davis Brabson III (1905-1982) and his wife, Estalena Rogers Brabson (1912-1989), took over ownership and operation of the farm until Benjamin's death in 1982.  Estalena maintained an enthusiastic interest in genealogy and family history, and published several books, including: John Brabson I, Patriot of the American Revolution And Some of His Descendants (1975) which chronicles the origins of Brabson's Ferry Plantation. Estalena was responsible for placing Brabson's Ferry Plantation on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1975.

The farm is currently managed by Benjamin Brabson's great-grandson, Ben D. Brabson, Jr., and his wife, Elaine, and in 2008 was designated a Tennessee Pioneer Century farm.  The Brabson farm produces beef cattle, wheat, oats, corn, hay, and soybeans.

Historical structures

Brabson's Ferry Plantation contains several notable antebellum structures, including both the Benjamin Brabson and Thomas Brabson houses, a late 18th-century plank house, a frame tannery building, a 19th-century barn, and a late 18th-century log cabin.  The center of the farm, which contains the Benjamin Brabson house, plank house, and barn, is situated along a gravel driveway just off Indian Warpath Road.  The Benjamin Brabson house once overlooked Brabson's Ferry along the French Broad River.  The Thomas Brabson house overlooks the junction of Indian Warpath Road and Highway 338, where the Brabsons' tannery, blacksmith shop, and storehouse once stood.  Slave houses (no longer standing) were once located on the east side of Indian Warpath Road between Highway 338 and the gravel driveway, and at least one once stood between the Benjamin Brabson house and the river.

The Brabson plank house was built by either Andrew Evans or John Brabson sometime between 1790 and 1810.  The plank house was constructed using an odd technique known as piece-sur-piece construction, which involves stacking horizontal planks and tying them in with vertical posts.  In the 19th century, the plank house was moved from its original location and renovated for use as a carriage house.  A large double-door was added to the front, and the chimney was removed.  A hewn log cabin, possibly built by John Brabson in the late 18th century, originally stood near the river but was moved to its present site near the cemetery in the 19th century.

The Thomas Brabson house, built in 1854, is a two-story Federal-style house with a Greek Revival portico.  A 1.5-story kitchen wing is attached to the rear of the house to create an "L" shape.  Square doric columns grace the house's portico.  The Benjamin Brabson house, built in 1856, was originally a Federal-style house similar to the Thomas Brabson house, although a Victorian porch and Queen Anne-style gable were added to the front of the house in the 1890s.  Both houses contain most of their original design elements, including large post-and-lintel mantels and open "dog-leg" staircases.

See also
Wheatlands
Rose Glen

References

External links

John Brabson — entry at Smokykin.com (also contains copy of Brabson's will)
Postcard image of Brabson's Ferry

Houses in Sevier County, Tennessee
Plantations in Tennessee
Plantation houses in Tennessee
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee
Antebellum architecture
Federal architecture in Tennessee
Greek Revival houses in Tennessee
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee
Century farms
Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee
National Register of Historic Places in Sevier County, Tennessee
1790s establishments in Tennessee

Brabson's Ferry Plantation