Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay (also spelt as Sarat Chandra Chatterjee and Saratchandra Chatterji; 15 September 1876 – 16 January 1938), was a Bengali novelist and short story writer of the early 20th century. He generally wrote about the lives of Bengali family and socity in cities and villages. However, his keen powers of observation, great sympathy for fellow human beings, a deep understanding of human psychology (including the "ways and thoughts and languages of women and children"), an easy and natural writing style, and freedom from political biases and social prejudices enable his writing to transcend barriers and appeal to all Indians. He remains the most popular, translated, and adapted Indian author of all time.

Early life
Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay was born on 15 September 1876, in a Bengali Brahmin family in Debanandapur, a small village in Hooghly, West Bengal, about 50 kilometres from Kolkata. His father Matilal and mother Bhuvanmohini had five children—two daughters (Anila and Sushila) and three sons (Sarat Chandra, Prabhas Chandra, and Prakash Chandra). Sarat Chandra was their oldest son and second child.

Sarat Chandra wrote in the English translation of his monumental book Srikanta:

"My childhood and youth were passed in great poverty. I received almost no education for want of means. From my father I inherited nothing except, as I believe, his restless spirit and his keen interest in literature. The first made me a tramp and sent me out tramping the whole of India quite early, and the second made me a dreamer all my life. Father was a great scholar, and he had tried his hand at stories and novels, dramas and poems, in short, every branch of literature, but never could finish anything. I have not his work now—somehow it got lost; but I remember poring over those incomplete mss. over and over again in my childhood, and many a night I kept awake regretting their incompleteness and thinking what might have been their conclusion if finished. Probably this led to my writing short stories when I was barely seventeen."

Poverty forced the family to live for long periods in Bhuvanmohini's father's (and later brother's) home in Bhagalpur, Bihar.

Sarat Chandra was a daring, adventure-loving boy. He attended schools in and around Debanandapur and in Bhagalpur. His strong performance in English and other subjects was rewarded with a "double promotion" that enabled him to skip a grade. However, in 1892, financial difficulties forced him to stay out of school for one year. He began writing stories at the time.

In 1894, Sarat Chandra passed his Entrance Examination (public examination at the end of Class X) and entered Tejnarayan Jubilee College. He developed an interest in English literature and read A Tale of Two Cities and David Copperfield by Charles Dickens and other novels. He organized a children's literary society in Bhagalpur, which published a handwritten magazine. Two years later, his formal studies ended as he could not pay the twenty rupees examination fee.

On his wife's death in 1895, Matilal left the house of his in-laws and moved the family to a mud house in Bhagalpur. In 1896, he sold his ancestral house to repay debts. Sarat Chandra spent time interacting with friends, acting in plays, and playing sports and games. He seriously read literature and wrote several famous works including Bordidi, Chandranath, and Devdas. And then he stopped writing: "But I soon gave up the habit as useless, and almost forgot in the long years that followed that I could even write a sentence in my boyhood."

After holding sundry jobs, Sarat Chandra got upset with his father and left home. He wandered from place to place In the guise of a sannyasin (monk). Little is known about what he did during this period. On getting the news of his father's death, Sarat Chandra came back and did his father's shraddha (memorial service). His oldest sister was already married. He deposited his remaining siblings with a friend and relatives and went to Calcutta (today's Kolkata) to try out his luck.

In Calcutta, Sarat Chandra worked for six months translating Hindi paper books into English for an advocate. In January 1903, he went to Burma (today's Myanmar).

Before leaving for Burma, at the insistence of an uncle, Sarat Chandra sent the story "Mandir" to the "Kuntaleen Story Competition." It won the first prize out of 150 submissions. Mandir was published under another uncle's name. The story was 27-year-old Sarat Chandra's first printed work.

Life in Burma
Sarat Chandra lived in Burma for thirteen years. He first held sundry jobs in Rangoon and Pegu (today's Yangon and Bago, respectively). He eventually found work in Burma Public Works Accounts Office in Rangoon.

Most of his stay in Rangoon was in the Botahtaung Pazundaung neighbourhood where "mistris" (manual workers, mechanics, craftsmen, artisans) lived. He freely mixed with them. He wrote their job applications, mediated conflicts, gave them homeopathic medicine for free, even gave monetary help. The mistris had great respect for him.

During his stay in Rangoon, Sarat Chandra read widely. He borrowed books on various subjects, including sociology, politics, philosophy, physiology, psychology, history, scriptures, and other topics from the Bernard Free Library. Signs of heart problems slightly slowed down his intense study habits. He also began to paint.

In 1912, the wooden house where he lived on Lansdowne Road got burnt down. He lost his belongings including his paintings, and the manuscript of his novel Choritrohin, which he rewrote.

He resumed writing after a gap of about eighteen years: "Some of my old acquaintances started a little magazine, but no one of note would condescend to contribute to it, as it was so small and insignificant. When almost hopeless, some of them suddenly remembered me, and after much persuasion they succeeded in extracting from me a promise to write for it. This was in the year 1913. I promised most unwillingly—perhaps only to put them off till I had returned to Rangoon and could forget all about it. But sheer volume and force of their letters and telegrams compelled me at last to think seriously about writing again. I sent them a short story, for their magazine Jamuna. This became at once extremely popular, and made me famous in one day. Since then I have been writing regularly. In Bengal perhaps I am the only fortunate writer who has not had to struggle."

In 1916, he resigned from his job due to ill health and moved to Calcutta.

Later life

In 1916, a forty-year-old Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay moved to Howrah, the twin city of Calcutta. He became a full-time writer.

His stories and serialized novels were published in magazines such as Jamuna, Bharatvarsha, and Narayan. Later, his novels and story collections would get published as books. He either got nothing or took nothing from the publisher for his first novel, Bardidi. He sold the rights to his second published novel, Biraj Bou, for two hundred rupees. His works became immensely popular. Royalties from his published works enabled him to escape lifelong poverty for the first time.

In 1918, the novel Biraj Bou was adapted for the stage and performed in the famous Star Theatre. The same year, J D Anderson wrote an article entitled "A New Bengali Writer" in the Times Literary Supplement, which introduced Sarat Chandra to a Western readership.

In 1919, Chandrashekhar Pathak translated the novel Biraj Bou into Hindi. This was the first translation of Sarat Chandra's work in another Indian language. Translations of his works into Marathi, Gujarati, and other Indian languages were published in the years that followed.
The first English translation of Sarat Chandra's work, Srikanta (Volume I), was published by the Oxford University Press in 1922. The first film based on Sarat Chandra's writings, silent movie Andhare Aalo, was released the same year.

Sarat Chandra was a strong supporter of the Indian freedom movement. He was the president of the Howrah District Congress Committee branch of the Indian National Congress. He also gave cash and other support to Indian revolutionary freedom fighters. He was friends with Chittaranjan Das, Subhas Chandra Bose, and many other freedom fighters and political leaders. While most of his works avoided politics, his novel Pather Dabi (1926) heavily criticized the British Raj. The book was proscribed by the colonial British Government of India, a restriction removed after Sarat Chandra's death.

Great academic recognition came to Sarat Chandra, whose formal studies ended at Class XII. His works entered the school and college curricula. In 1923, the University of Calcutta awarded him the prestigious Jagattarini Gold Medal. He was a paper setter in Bengali in the B.A. examination at the university. In 1936, the University of Dacca awarded him a Doctor of Literature (honoris causa). Except for Sarat Chandra, all honourees have been recipients of knighthood. His novel Pather Dabi did not endear him to the colonial British government.

He built his own house, first in Samta and then in Calcutta. He moved into his new Calcutta house in 1935. He planned to travel to Europe, but his health was failing. He was diagnosed with liver cancer. On 16 January 1938, he died in Park Nursing Home in South Calcutta.

Personal life
Sarat Chandra was the second of five siblings. The oldest was sister Anila Devi, who lived with her husband in Gobindapur village of Howrah district. Next to him was Prabhas Chandra. He joined the Ramakrishna Mission and was given the monkhood name Swami Vedananda. The youngest brother, Prakash Chandra, lived in Sarat Chandra's household with his family. The youngest sibling, sister Sushila Devi, was also married.

In Rangoon, Sarat Chandra's neighbour downstairs was a Bengali mistri who had arranged his daughter's marriage to an alcoholic. The daughter Shanti Chakrabarty begged him to rescue her. Sarat Chandra married her in 1906. Two years later, he was devastated when his wife and one-year old son died from plague.

A Bengali mistri friend, Krishna Das Adhikari, requested him to marry his 14-year-old widow daughter, Mokshada. Sarat Chandra was initially reluctant, but he eventually agreed. He renamed his wife Hironmoyee and taught her to read and write. She outlived him by 23 years. They did not have any children.

House of Chattopadhyay

After returning from Burma, Chattopadhyay stayed for 11 years in Baje Shibpur, Howrah. Then he made a house in the village of Samta, in 1923, where he spent the later twelve years of his life as a novelist. His house is known as Sarat Chandra Kuthi. The two-storied Burmese style house was also home to Sarat Chandra's brother, Swami Vedananda. His and his brother's samadhi are within the house's compound. Trees like bamboo and guava planted by the renowned author still stand tall in the gardens of the house.

Impact and legacy

J. D. Anderson's Views

James Drummond Anderson, who was a member of the prestigious Indian Civil Service of British India and a leading authority on several Indian languages, was an early admirer of Sarat Chandra. In an article entitled "A New Bengali Writer" in London's prestigious Times Literary Supplement dated 11 July 1918, Anderson writes: "His knowledge of the ways and thoughts and language of women and children, his power of transferring these vividly to the printed page, are such as are rare indeed in any country. In India, and especially in the great "joint family" residences of Bengal, swarming with women of all ages and babies of all sizes, there is a form of speech appropriated to women's needs, which Mr. [Rudyard] Kipling somewhere describes as choti boli, the "little language." Of this Mr. Chatterjee is an admirable master, to an extent indeed not yet attained, we believe, by any other Indian writer.

Anderson comments about Sarat Chandra's fondness for the past: "Mr. Chatterjee is much too true an artist to allow his gift of kindly yet scrupulously accurate observation to be distracted by social or political prejudice. He is, we gather, on the whole inclined towards a sane conservatism: he remains a Hindu at heart in a country whose whole civilization is based on Hindu culture. He has, we dimly suspect, his doubts as to the wisdom and working of Europeanized versions of the old religion and the old customs. But he is so keen and amused a spectator of the life about him, whether in cosmopolitan Calcutta or in somnolent little villages buried in dense verdure among the sunny ricefields, that it is not without doubts and diffidence that we attribute to him a tendency to praise past times and comfortable old conventions."

Regarding Sarat Chandra's popularity, he noted: "It is of excellent omen that Mr. Chatterjee's art has received such instant and wide appreciation in his own country Let us hope that in other Indian provinces there are rising authors as keenly observant and gifted with a like faculty of easy and natural expression."

About the difficulties of translating his work, Anderson opines: "It may be doubted whether Mr. Chatterjee's tales can be adequately rendered into English, and therefore, perhaps, some apology is due to English readers who may never come across any of the work of this talented young Bengali." Anderson planned to translate his works. But he died in 1920 and the translations never happened.

Anderson's article was both prophetic and one of the best assessments of Sarat Chandra.

Views of Indian Writers and Academics

The phenomenal popularity of Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay has been attested by some of the most prominent writers as well as literary critics across India in their writings. Most of the authors in Assam and Odisha, at least before the Independence, read him admiringly in original Bengali; rest of India read him in translations in varying quality.

Publishers were never tired of reprinting his works; he remains the most translated, the most adapted and the most plagiarized author. His novels also reached a number of people through the medium of film and he is still an important force in Indian cinema.

Malayalam poet and lyricist O. N. V. Kurup writes "...Sarat Chandra's name is cherished as dearly as the names of eminent Malayalam novelists. His name has been a household word".

Dr Mirajkar informs "the translations of Sarat Chandra created a stir amongst the readers and writers all over Maharashtra. He has become a known literary personality in Maharashtra in the rank of any popular Marathi writers including H. N. Apte, V. S. Khandekar, N. S. Phadke and G. T. Madkholkar".

Jainendra Kumar, who considers that his contribution towards the creation and preservation of cultural India is second, perhaps, only to that of Gandhi, asks a rhetorical question summing up Sarat Chandra's position and presumably the role of translation and inter-literary relationship: "Sarat Chandra was a writer in Bengali; but where is that Indian language in which he did not become the most popular when he reached it?"

Screen Adaptations

Nearly 90 screen adaptations have been made in the Indian subcontinent based on Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's works.

Devdas

His Devdas is a perennial favourite of directors and producers. More than twenty films and television series have been based on this novel. They have been made in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan; in languages Assamese, Bengali, Hindi, Malayalam, Odia, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu.

Mutliple Screen Adaptations

His romantic drama novel Datta was adapted into the Bengali film as Datta (film) in 1951 directed by Saumyen Mukhopadhyay starring Sunanda Banerjee and Manoranjan Bhattacharyya with Ahindra Choudhury as Rashbehari, The 1961 Telugu film Vagdanam by Acharya Aatreya was loosely based on the novel. The 1976 Bengali film starring Suchitra Sen and Soumitra Chatterjee and a 2023 film starring Rituparna Sengupta were based on Datta.

Apne Paraye (1980) by Basu Chatterjee, starring Amol Palekar, was based on Nishkriti. The Telugu film Thodi Kodallu (1957) was also based on this novel.

In 1957 Bardidi (translate: oldest sister) was made by director Ajoy Kar based on the novel with the same name. Two more films on the novel followed. In 1961, Batasari (translation: Wayfarer) was made in Telugu language, produced and directed by Ramakrishna of Bharani Pictures. It was simultaneously made in Tamil as Kaanal Neer (translation: Mirage).

Rajlakshmi O Srikanta (1958) and Indranath Srikanta O Annadadidi (1959), based on Srikanta, were made by Haridas Bhattacharya, Kamallata (1969), Rajlakshmi Srikanta (1987), Iti Srikanta (2004) were also based on Srikanta.

Parineeta has also been made several times in both Bengali and Hindi.

Chandranath (1957), starring Uttam Kumar and Suchitra Sen, was based on Sarat Chandra's novella Chandranath. Chandranath (1984) won four awards in the 1984 National Film Awards of Bangladesh.

Other Movies

Majhli Didi (1967) by Hrishikesh Mukherjee and Swami (1977), for which he was awarded the Filmfare Award for Best Story, are other adaptations.

Chhoti Bahu (1971) is based on his novel Bindur Chhele.

Gulzar's 1975 film, Khushboo is majorly inspired by his work Pandit Mashay.

The 2011 film Aalo Chhaya is based on his short story, Aalo O Chhaya.

The film Sabyasachi (film) was released in 1977 based on his work Pather Dabi.

Awards

Works
Sarat Chandra primarily wrote novels, novellas, and stories. In 1903, his first printed work, Mandir, was published. His first novel, Bardidi, was serialized in the Bharati magazine and made him famous.

Novels and Novellas
Bardidi (1907, 1913)
Biraj Bou (1914)
Chandranath (1916)
Parinita (1916)
Baikunther Will (1916)
Pallisomaj (1916)
Devdas (1917)
Choritrohin (1917)
Nishkrti (1917)
Srikanta (Part 1–4, 1917–1933)
Datta (1918)
Grihadaha (1920)
Dena-Paona (1923)
Pather Dabi (1926)
Shes Proshno (1931)

He also wrote essays, which were anthologized in Narir Mulya (1923) and Svadesh O Sahitya (1932). Shrikanta, Charitrahin, Devdas, Grihadaha, Dena-Paona and Pather Dabi are among his most popular works. Pather Dabi was banned by the British Government because of its revolutionary theme. His posthumous publications include Chhelebelar Galpa, Shubhada (1938), Sheser Parichay (1939), Sharat Chandrer Granthabali (1948) and Sharat Chandrer Aprakashita Rachanabali (1951).

He wrote some essays including Narir Itihas (The History of Women) and Narir Mulya (The Value of Women). Narir Itihas, which was lost in a house fire, contained a history of women on the lines of Spencer's Descriptive Sociology. While the second, Narir Mulya gives a theory of women's rights in the context of Mill's and Spencer's arguments.

Stories
 Aalo O Chhaya
 Abhagir Swargo
 Anupamar Prem
 Anuradha
 Andhare Aalo
 Balya Smriti
 Bilashi
 Bindur Chhele, (Bindu's Son) 1913
 Bojha
 Cheledhora
 Chobi
 Darpochurno (Broken Pride)
 Ekadoshi Bairagi
 Kashinath
 Haricharan
 Harilakshmi
 Lalu (parts 1, 2, and 3)
 Mamlar Phol
 Mandir
 Mahesh (The Drought)
 Mejdidi
 Bochor Panchash Purber Ekti Kahini
 Paresh
 Path Nirdesh
 Ramer Shumoti, (Ram's Good Sense) 1914
 Sati
 Swami (The Husband)

Plays
Sarat Chandra converted three of his works into plays.
 Bijoya
 Rama
 Shoroshi
 Jai hind

Essays
 Narir Mulya
 Swadesh O Sahitya
 Taruner Bidroho

Other works
 Dehati Samaj, 1920
 Sharoda (published posthumously)

Biography
Awara Masiha ' (in Hindi) by Vishnu PrabhakarGreat Vagabond: Biography and Immortal Works of Sarat Chandra ChatterjeeSee also
 Films based on works by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay
 Samtaber, the village where Sarat Chandra spent his life's early years as a novelist
 Sarat Chandra Kuthi, the house of Sarat Chandra at Samtaber
 List of Indian writers

 References

 Notes

 Ganguly, Swagato. "Introduction". In Parineeta by Saratchandra Chattopadhyay. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2005. (English translation)
 Guha, Sreejata. "Introduction". In Devdas by Saratchandra Chattopadhyay. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2002. (English translation)
 Roy, Gopalchandra. Saratchandra, Ananda Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Kolkata
 Sarat Rachanabali, Ananda Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Kolkata
 Prithwindra Mukherjee. "Introduction" in Mahesh et autres nouvelles by Saratchandra Chatterji. Paris: Unesco/Gallimard, 1978. (French translation of Mahesh, Bindur chhele and Mejdidi by Prithwindra Mukherjee. Foreword by Jean Filliozat)
 Dutt, A. K. and Dhussa, R. "Novelist Sarat Chandra's perception of his Bengali home region: a literary geographic study". Springer Link
 Sil, Narasingha Prasad. The life of Sharatchandra Chattopadhyay: drifter and dreamer. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2012.
 Das, Sisir Kumar, "A History of Indian Literature 1911–1956: Struggle for Freedom: Triumph and Tragedy", South Asia Books (1 September 1995),

 External links

 The man behind Devdas, Parineeta'

Saratchandra Chattopadhyay: Literary Giant who is Timeless

Writers from Kolkata
Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay
1876 births
1938 deaths
20th-century Indian novelists
People from Howrah
Bengali writers
Bengali Hindus
Indian male novelists
Bengali-language writers
University of Calcutta alumni
Poets from West Bengal
Novelists from West Bengal
20th-century Indian short story writers
20th-century Indian male writers
Deaths from liver cancer
Writers from British India

Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay


Chikwauro kana chidza (a small piece of wood with flat side for beating floors).

chidza (a beetle for beating floor or earth around a post).
Dika kana chirovo (wooden beetle for floor beating). Pakuwanda toti matika. Uyu uri mutauro weChiKaranga.
Muhori, mududu kana rondo (Hole from which soil for smearing floors is excavated, and in which it is prepared) kureva gomba rinocherwa dhaga rekudzurura imba.

Kuvaka

Chikwauro


Duke Joseph François Louis Charles de Damas (28 October 1758 – 5 March 1829 in Paris) was a French general.

As a colonel, he was aide-de-camp to the commander in chief of the French Expeditionary Force in the American Revolution from 1780 to 1781. After his return, he was given the command over a dragoon regiment.

In June 1791, he was entrusted to cover the escape of King Louis XVI, but left his regiment and joined the king in Varennes, where he was arrested. Sentenced to death in Paris, he was pardoned and followed the Comte d'Artois to Italy, was named maréchal de camp in 1795 and was en route to join the Quiberon expedition, when he was shipwrecked in Calais and was captured by the Republicans.

Under the Consulate, he was again pardoned, accompanied Artois as general adjudant to Ile-Dieu, served from 1797 to 1801 in the Prince de Condé's émigré army. After the Bourbon Restoration, he was made a Peer of France and the general lieutenant and captain of the Chevaulegers. He followed Louis XVIII in 1815 to Belgium, became captain of the 18th division at Dijon, and received a dukedom in 1825.

In the Mémoires relatifs à la révolution (20th Vol., Par. 1823), he wrote a report on the events at Varennes.

Charles of
Damas, Charles de
Damas, Charles de
Damas, Charles de
Recipients of French presidential pardons
Peers of France

Joseph-François-Louis-Charles de Damas


The Sprawl trilogy (also known as the Neuromancer, Cyberspace, or Matrix trilogy) is William Gibson's first set of novels, composed of Neuromancer (1984), Count Zero (1986), and Mona Lisa Overdrive (1988).

The novels are all set in the same fictional future, and are subtly interlinked by shared characters and themes (which are not always readily apparent). The Sprawl trilogy shares this setting with Gibson's short stories "Johnny Mnemonic" (1981), "Burning Chrome" (1982), and "New Rose Hotel" (1984), and events and characters from the stories appear in or are mentioned at points in the trilogy.

Setting and story arc
The novels are set in a near-future world dominated by corporations and ubiquitous computing, after a limited World War III. The events of the novels are spaced over 16 years, and although there are familiar characters that appear, each novel tells a self-contained story. Gibson focuses on the effects of technology: the unintended consequences as it filters out of research labs and onto the street where it finds new purposes. He explores a world of direct mind-machine links ("jacking in"), emerging machine intelligence, and a global information space, which he calls "cyberspace".  Some of the novels' action takes place in The Sprawl, officially the 'Boston-Atlanta Metropolitan Axis' - an urban environment extending along most of the East Coast of the United States (as a fictional extrapolation of the real-life Northeast megalopolis).

The story arc which frames the trilogy follows a wide cast of characters in a persistent, ongoing narrative - the major commonality between the three being The Sprawl itself. It focuses on the self-contained stories of each character, and highlights their narrative links through suggestion, references, and imagery.

Neuromancer tells the story of Case, a cyberspace "cowboy" (hacker) that gets picked up for a job with an unknown benefactor. The book is the only one in the trilogy that follows a single cohesive plot, with the sequels both featuring multi-strand narrative structures that culminate in the end.

Count Zero consists of three major protagonists, and chapters alternate from one character's story to the next. The first of these is Turner. Turner is an ex-military mercenary. After becoming the victim of a bombing attack, Turner is hired by an old colleague to assist the dangerous extraction of a tech developer. The second is of Bobby Newmark, a teenager living in the slums with his mother. After an attempt at an illegal cyberspace run, Bobby is forced into hiding when it becomes apparent his experiment has put a target on his back. The third is of Marly Krushkova, a disgraced art museum curator who, after being caught in a major fraud scam, is hired by the immensely wealthy Josef Virek to find the artist behind a series of enigmatic artworks.

Finally, Mona Lisa Overdrive Follows four narrative plot threads that follow a similar pattern to Count Zero. The first is of Kumiko, teenage daughter to a Yakuza boss, whose father sends her to London to keep her safe during an anticipated gang war. The second is of artist Slick Henry, who spends his time making robots from scrap metal. Slick is suddenly thrust into the intrigue of the novel when someone calls in a debt by asking him to watch over a cyberspace cowboy locked in a run. The third thread follows prostitute Mona and her relationship with her abusive boyfriend/pimp. The final plot thread follows Angie Mitchell. Angie is a "simstim" (virtual sensory movies) actress in rehabilitation who can access cyberspace mentally.

Reception

The trilogy was commercially and critically successful. Journalist Steven Poole wrote in The Guardian that "Neuromancer and the two novels which followed, Count Zero (1986) and the gorgeously titled Mona Lisa Overdrive (1988), made up a fertile holy trinity, a sort of Chrome Koran (the name of one of Gibson's future rock bands) of ideas inviting endless reworkings."

All three books were nominated for major science fiction awards, including:

 Neuromancer – Nebula & Philip K. Dick Awards winner, British Science Fiction Award nominee, 1984; Hugo Award winner, 1985
 Count Zero – Nebula and British Science Fiction awards nominee, 1986; Hugo and Locus Awards nominee, 1987
 Mona Lisa Overdrive – Hugo, Nebula, and Locus Awards nominee, 1989

References

William Gibson
Cyberpunk novels
Novel series
Science fiction book series
Science fiction novel trilogies

Sprawl trilogy


Hoechst AG () was a German chemicals then life-sciences company that became Aventis Deutschland after its merger with France's Rhône-Poulenc S.A. in 1999. With the new company's 2004 merger with Sanofi-Synthélabo, it became a subsidiary of the resulting Sanofi-Aventis pharmaceuticals group.

History

The company was founded in 1863 as "Teerfarbenfabrik Meister, Lucius & Co." in Höchst, near Frankfurt and changed its name some years later to "Teerfarbenfabrik Meister Lucius & Brüning". In 1880, it became a stock company "Farbwerke vorm. Meister Lucius & Brüning AG". For the international market the name was simplified to "Farbwerke Hoechst AG". Until 1925, the Hoechst AG was independent. In 1916, the Hoechst AG was one of the co-founders of IG Farben, an advocacy group of Germany's chemicals industry to gain industrial power during and after World War I. In 1925, IG Farben turned from an advocacy group into the well-known conglomerate.

World War II
Various Hoechst facilities were bombed during the Oil Campaign of World War II. Its managers in charge were prosecuted along with other IG Farben managers — during the Nuremberg trials — in the IG Farben trial for their role in the exploitation of enslaved laborers and for testing drugs on concentration camp prisoners.

Postwar timeline
1951 — Hoechst AG was re-founded on December 7 in Frankfurt when IG Farben was split into its founder companies. The original capitalization of the company was 100,000 Deutsche Mark. By 1953, Hoechst had acquired parts of Knapsack-Griesheim, Kalle AG, Behring Werke, Wacker Chemie and Ruhr Chemie, among others.

1957 — Signed a technical cooperation contract with Handok Pharmaceuticals In South Korea

1964 — Handok Pharmaceuticals Joint Venture Partner In South Korea

1969 — Hoechst acquired Cassella.

1970 — Hoechst AG took over Berger, Jenson and Nicholson Ltd.

1987 — Hoechst acquired the American chemical company Celanese and formed a new Hoechst subsidiary in the US, Hoechst Celanese.

1988 — Hoechst AG sold Berger, Jenson and Nicholson Ltd to Williams Holdings.

1995 — Hoechst merges with Marion Merrell Dow of Kansas City, Missouri forming U.S. subsidiary Hoechst Marion Roussel (HMR).

1997 — Hoechst underwent a realignment wherein its various businesses were transferred to independent companies, including Nutrinova and Clariant.

1999 (December 7) — Hoechst and Rhône-Poulenc settle Federal Trade Commission charges that merger would violate U.S. antitrust laws;

1999 — Aventis was formed when Hoechst AG merged with Rhône-Poulenc S.A. The merged company was headquartered in Strasbourg,  Eastern France.  As part of the merger, the company demerged many of its industrial businesses into Celanese, which became an independent company again (e.g. the engineering polymers business Ticona).

2005 — The company became a wholly owned subsidiary of Sanofi-Aventis (now called Sanofi).

Key figures
Wilhelm Meister (1827–1895) founded the chemical company Teerfarbenfabrik Meister, Lucius & Co. which eventually became Hoechst AG. He was the great-grandfather of William von Meister, one of the founders of Control Video Corporation which later became America Online. Pascal Soriot (the now-chief executive of AstraZeneca) held positions with the organisation from 1989 up until 2006, through Aventis.

References

Notes

 https://web.archive.org/web/20051028022652/http://www.celanese.com/index/about_index/company-profile/company-profile-history.htm.  Retrieved July 24, 2005.
 https://web.archive.org/web/20050620220227/http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104  Retrieved July 24, 2005.
Stephan H. Lindner. Inside IG Farben: Hoechst During the Third Reich. New York: Cambridge University Press.
"Faith Healers: The born-again Gregory brothers worked a financial miracle from cast-off drug brands." Forbes. Zina Moukheiber. October 28, 2002.

External links

 Archive site
 Sanofi Aventis site
 Aventis Foundation

Pharmaceutical companies disestablished in 1999
Chemical companies of Germany
Defunct companies of Germany
Manufacturing companies based in Frankfurt
IG Farben
Sanofi
German companies established in 1863
German companies disestablished in 1999
1999 mergers and acquisitions

Hoechst AG


Balance of plant (BOP) is a term generally used in the context of power engineering to refer to all the supporting components and auxiliary systems of a power plant needed to deliver the energy, other than the generating unit itself. These may include transformers, inverters, switching and control equipment, protection equipment, power conditioners, supporting structures etc., depending on the type of plant.

See also
Balance of system

References

Electric power systems components

Balance of plant


The Harden Trio was an American country music group. It comprised Bobby Harden and his sisters, Robbie and Arlene. The trio recorded for Columbia Records between 1964 and 1968, charting six times on the Hot Country Songs charts. The trio's highest-peaking single was the No. 2 country and No. 44 pop hit "Tippy Toeing."

Biography
The Harden Trio, Bobby Harden with his sisters, Arlene (Born Arleen) and Robbie (Born Fern) was formed in England, Arkansas. They began performing as teenagers on the Ozark Jubilee and the Louisiana Hayride.

Robbie moved to Nashville first as part of The Browns filling in for Bonnie Brown on the Grand Ole Opry and most road dates. The two families had grown up in the same area and worked together on the Ozark Jubilee. Bobby and Arleen soon followed and the trio was re-formed. In 1964, the trio signed with Columbia Records and released their debut single "Poor Boy", followed by their break-through crossover single "Tippy Toeing", both penned by Bobby Harden. "Tippy Toeing" spent 21 weeks on the Hot Country Songs charts and peaked at number 2, in addition to peaking at number 44 on the Billboard Hot 100. The Harden Trio charted four more singles and released 3 albums before the trio disbanded in mid 1968.

Arlene and Robbie charted a final single as The Hardens on Columbia Records in 1968 with "Who Loves Who". Bobby briefly formed a new trio with Karen Wheeler and Shirley Michaels before going solo and recording for Starday Records, Mega Records and United Artists Records through the mid-1970s with several chart singles. Bobby last charted the number 48 country music single "One Step" on United Artists Records in 1975. His greatest success was, however, as a songwriter all the way up until his unexpected death on May 30, 2006, with two minor hits for Loretta Lynn, one for Reba McEntire, and one for Mark Chesnutt.

Arlene Harden also went solo and released 3 albums, 2 for Columbia Records as Arlene Harden and 1 for Capitol Records reverting to the original spelling Arleen. She had a total of eighteen singles for Columbia Records, Capitol Records and Elektra Records between 1967 and 1978, fifteen of which were on Columbia. Her biggest chart success came with the female version of the Roy Orbison hit "Oh Pretty Woman". "Lovin' Man (Oh Pretty Woman)" in 1970. Also notable was "True Love Is Greater Than Friendship" written for Arlene by Carl Perkins and used in the Robert Redford movie "Little Fauss and Big Halsy" the same year.

Robbie Harden joined the Johnny Cash Show in 1969 as part of the Carter Family freeing June Carter to work front and center with Johnny Cash, as June became pregnant with their only child John Carter Cash. Together and individually The Harden Trio provided back up vocals for other artists.

Bobby Harden co-wrote Mark Chesnutt's 1990 single "Too Cold at Home".

Discography

Albums

Singles

References

American country music groups
Columbia Records artists
Musical groups from Arkansas
Sibling musical trios
American musical trios

The Harden Trio


Milo Jay Aukerman (; born January 1, 1963) is an American singer, songwriter, and former research molecular biologist. Aukerman is most widely known for being the lead vocalist of the punk rock band the Descendents, a group widely considered to be pioneers of pop-punk. A caricature of Aukerman serves as the band's mascot.

Education and scientific career
Aukerman attended Mira Costa High School, with fellow members of the Descendents. He holds a PhD degree in biology from UC San Diego, conducted postdoctoral research in molecular biology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and the University of Pennsylvania, and formerly worked as a plant researcher at DuPont and as an adjunct professor at the University of Delaware. In a 2016 interview with Spin, Aukerman announced that he decided to quit researching in favor of doing music full-time.

Musical career
While not an original member, Aukerman joined Descendents after their first single was released ("Ride the Wild" b/w "It's a Hectic World"), which featured founding members Frank Navetta and Tony Lombardo on lead vocals. Aukerman's first recording with Descendents was the Fat EP, released in 1981. The first full length Descendents album was released in 1982 and was titled Milo Goes to College, as Aukerman had by then decided to leave the group to pursue a degree in biochemistry at the University of California, San Diego. From 1983 to 1987 Aukerman would briefly rejoin Descendents several times to record albums and go on tour. Aukerman left the band ostensibly for good at the conclusion of the supporting tour for the 1987 album All, after which the remaining members continued to tour and record with a series of lead singers under the name All.

Aukerman decided to rejoin Descendents in 1995, releasing the album Everything Sucks the following year. He returned to his molecular biology career following the tour supporting the album, returning to Descendents intermittently over the next several years to tour and to record the album Cool to Be You and the EP 'Merican, both released in 2004 on Fat Wreck Chords.

In July 2016, Aukerman announced he would be leaving his scientific career to pursue the Descendents full-time, citing burnout with biochemistry and getting laid off from DuPont. The band released their seventh studio album, Hypercaffium Spazzinate, on July 29, 2016.

As a musician, Aukerman sings in a mid-range tenor, and his generally upbeat lyrics encompass such universal topics as girls/rejection, dependence upon caffeine, and the never-ending quest for good food. He is known for his bespectacled, unabashedly nerdy persona and self-deprecating, "anti-rockstar" demeanor. Apart from his work with Descendents, Aukerman has also provided backing vocals for other musicians (including Descendents offshoot All, and Black Flag on their 1985 album Loose Nut) and briefly fronted the band Milestone in 1988 in San Diego while attending university.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, in addition to tracking the lead vocals to Descendents' 9th and Walnut at his home studio, Milo also contributed vocals remotely to Punk Rock Karaoke's rendition of The Dickies' "Manny, Moe and Jack", as well as covers of Black Flag's "Jealous Again" (with band mate Bill Stevenson playing lead guitar) and Devo's "Girl U Want" for the YouTube series Mikey And His Uke.

Personal life
Aukerman was born on January 1, 1963, in Los Angeles, California. He has been married to Robin Andreasen since 1995 and is the father of two children, Owen and Claire Andreasen.

On July 27, 2023, Aukerman suffered a "mild" heart attack and underwent surgery.

References

External links

 Milo Aukerman - The Nerd King of Punk Rock (Interview)

1963 births
Living people
Descendents members
American atheists
American tenors
American punk rock singers
20th-century American male singers
Singers from California
20th-century American biochemists
People from Lomita, California
DuPont people
University of California, San Diego alumni
Mira Costa High School alumni
21st-century American male singers

Milo Aukerman


John Laing plc is a British developer and operator of privately financed, public sector infrastructure projects such as roads, railways, hospitals and schools. Before being bought by Henderson Private Equity in December 2006, John Laing plc was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was part of the FTSE 250 Index.

History
The business started in 1848.  James Laing (born in 1816), along with his wife Ann Graham, and some employees whom they had hired, built a house on a plot of land that they had bought for £30 in Cumberland. The £150 proceeds from the first house financed the building of the next two houses on the same plot of land. One of these houses was kept by the Laing Family to live in. The family and the business later moved near Carlisle.

When James Laing died in 1882, his son, John Laing (born in 1842) took over the running of the company. John began to take larger contracts but kept the business in the Carlisle area.

John's son, John William Laing, (born in 1879) was working for the business before he was 20 years old, and so it became John Laing and Son. By 1910, John William Laing was running the business. More employees were recruited and larger projects were undertaken, including factory construction.

In 1920 the firm became a limited company, and two years later moved its headquarters from Carlisle to a thirteen acre (5 ha) site at Mill Hill in north-west London.

William Kirby Laing and John Maurice Laing, the fifth generation of the founding family, joined the company in 1950.

John Laing & Sons (Holdings) Ltd was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1952. The family and its trusts and charities held the majority of the shares. John William Laing became the chairman, and his sons became joint managing directors. By this time, the number of employees was around 10,000, and every site had a quality supervisor. John William Laing retired in 1957.

Under William Kirby Laing and James Maurice Laing, the company continued to expand. They gained contracts for power stations. They also worked on road construction while continuing to build houses. In 1985, Martin Laing, of the sixth generation of the founding family, became chairman.

Martin Laing determined that the company should begin to diversify. Home construction in the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Spain, and California was now one of the major sources of the company's growth.

As the company celebrated its 150th anniversary in 1998, it faced falling profits caused by cost overruns on the Millennium project and continuing problems within its construction division, related to competition and overcapacity.

In 1999 John Laing plc purchased a controlling interest in the Chiltern Rail franchise and by 2002 had structured itself into two main divisions, namely Homes and Investments. It underwent yet another change when Sir Martin Laing retired in early 2002. Bill Forrester took over as executive chairman. For the first time in its history Laing did not have a member of the founding family at the head of the company.

The business expanded rapidly in the late 1990s, such that for the year ended 31 December 2001 its turnover was in excess of £1 billion. Following significant losses on certain construction contracts it adopted a new policy of having the PPP / PFI businesses, in which it had been quite successful, as core activities. As a consequence it disposed of its construction division, which was sold to O'Rourke in 2001, its property developments divisions, which were sold to Kier Group, and its house building arm which was sold to George Wimpey in 2002.

In December 2006 John Laing plc was acquired by the Private Equity arm of Henderson Group.

The Laing Rail division - operators of Chiltern Railways and London Overground (with MTR Corporation), and holders of a stake in the open-access railway operator Wrexham & Shropshire - was put up for sale by in September 2007. The division was purchased by German rail operator Deutsche Bahn in January 2008, subject to approval by authorities.

In June 2008 John Laing formed a consortium with Hitachi and Barclays Private Equity called Agility Trains to bid for the contract to design, manufacture, and maintain a fleet of long-distance trains for the Intercity Express Programme. The bid was successful and the contract was awarded to the consortium on the 12 February 2009.

Current operations
John Laing now has operations in the UK, North America, Europe and Asia.

Former operations

Laing Construction
John Laing's former construction division, Laing Construction, undertook a number of landmark projects including:

The M1 motorway completed in 1959, Coventry Cathedral completed in 1962, Clifton Cathedral completed in 1973, the Sizewell B nuclear power station completed in 1995, the Second Severn Crossing completed in 1996, the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff completed in 1999 and Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital completed in 2001.

Laing Rail
The subsidiary Laing Rail owned and operated Chiltern Railways and was joint operator of London Overground (with MTR Corporation) and Wrexham & Shropshire (with Renaissance Trains). In 2008 Laing Rail was sold to Deutsche Bahn.

References

Other websites

Yahoo profile

Companies of England
1848 establishments in England

John Laing plc


The Alutiiq Museum or Alutiiq Museum and Archaeological Repository is a non-profit museum and cultural center dedicated to preserving and sharing the cultural traditions of the Koniag Alutiiq branch of Sugpiaq ~ Alutiiq of the Alaska Native people.

Museum and cultural center
The museum is located on the first floor of the Alutiiq Center of Kodiak, Alaska. Alutiiq Museum is one of four museums in Kodiak. The museum is the seventh museum in Alaska and the second tribal museum in the United States to be accredited. The museum provides tours of its exhibits, laboratory and collections storage facilities to educational groups. The museum will accept materials relevant to the prehistoric, historic, and contemporary cultural history of the Native peoples who settled the Koniag Alutiiq Nation. Such materials include, but are not limited to, archaeological, ethnological, photographic, film, audio, archival, and natural history specimens. This cultural center features a gallery, storage for more than 190,000 local artifacts, including faunal materials, ethnobotanical samples, sediment samples, field notes, photographs, and maps and a research laboratory. The Alutiiq Museum is a small repository, but we care for a very large collection with nearly 250,000 items. As a newly founded institution, the Alutiiq Museum sought to develop its policies and practices in professional ways. The Alutiiq Museum also uses its collections for community-building among the Alutiiq. The Alutiiq Museum is supported and governed by the Alutiiq Heritage Foundation and is dedicated to preserving and sharing Alutiiq heritage.

The Sugpiaq ~ Alutiiq Nation encompasses the islands and mainland shores of the central Gulf of Alaska, including Prince William Sound, the outer Kenai Peninsula, Kachemak Bay of the Chugach Sugpiaq, and the Kodiak Archipelago and the Alaska Peninsula of the Koniag Alutiiq.

History
The Alutiiq Museum is an outgrowth of the Kodiak Area Native Association's (KANA) culture and heritage division. Founded in 1987, the division was designed to foster island-wide archaeological research, develop educational programs on Sugpiaq ~ Alutiiq culture, and promote workshops on Sugpiaq ~ Alutiiq language and arts. In 1990, the division became the Alutiiq Culture Center and moved to its own building. Large archaeological assemblages from local excavations were returned to Kodiak for curation at the center and public exhibits assembled from these materials.

In 1993, KANA received a grant from the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council to develop a state-of-the-art archaeological repository and regional research facility. The museum opened in April 1995 and opened to the public in May 1995. All archaeological, ethnographic, archival, photographic, and natural history collections from the Alutiiq Culture Center were transferred to the Alutiiq Museum at this time.

The KANA is an ANCSA native association. It was formed in 1966 as a 501 (c)(3) non-profit corporation providing health and social services for the Alaska Natives of the Koniag region. The KANA service area includes the City of Kodiak (Sun'aq) and six Alutiiq villages: Akhiok (Kasukuak), Karluk (Kal'uq), Old Harbor (Nuniaq), Ouzinkie (Uusenkaaq), Port Lions (Masiqsirraq), and Larsen Bay (Uyaqsaq). KANA is governed by a ten-member Board of Directors.

See also
 Yupiit Piciryarait Cultural Center
 List of museums in Alaska
 Sven Haakanson Jr. (former executive director of the Alutiiq Museum)
 Awa'uq Massacre
 Koniag, Incorporated

References

External links

 Alutiiq Language Archives at the Alutiiq Museum

1995 establishments in Alaska
Alutiiq
History museums in Alaska
Kodiak, Alaska
Language museums
Museums in Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska
Native American museums in Alaska
Museums established in 1995

Alutiiq Museum


Gwilherm Berthou (10 May 1908, Paimpol – 14 March 1951, Rennes) was a Breton nationalist and neo-Druidic bardic poet.  He was a member of the Breton artistic movement Seiz Breur.

Terrorism
Berthou was born in Paimpol, Côtes-d'Armor. He trained as a chemical engineer, then worked full-time as a pharmacist at Guipavas. In 1929 he suggested to fellow chemist and Breton nationalist Célestin Lainé that a militant group dedicated to direct action against the French state and its symbols should be formed. This was to be called Kentoc'h Mervel (Rather Death). As Lainé sought his own recruits, Berthou brought the staff of the nationalist journal Breiz da Zont to join en masse. When Lainé discovered this he distanced himself from Berthou, believing that a public journal could not create an effective support for a secret organization, as it would be too easily infiltrated. Lainé went on to form the terrorist faction Gwenn ha du. Lainé later wrote "I don't know what became of Kentoc'h Mervel after that, except that it never grew beyond fancy words."

However when Gwenn ha du launched their first attack in 1932, bombing a sculpture, four informants  claimed that Berthou had provided the nitroglycerin.

Neo-Druidism
Berthou became closely associated with neo-Druidic and Celticist movements, writing poetry in the Breton language. As part of the Aryanist ideologies of the era, he studied the links between ancient Celtic (Brythonic and Gaelic) culture and Hinduism. His esoterism linked him with various Masonic and Aryanist groups. Along with Morvan Marchal and others he participated in the Kredenn Geltiek (Celtic Creed) Druidic group, adopting the bardic name Kerverziou, though also using the pseudonym "Iaktimagos Vissurix". He contributed to the Celticist journals Gwalarn and Kad. He also founded the periodical Ogam and was president of Les Amis de la Tradition Celtique (Friends of the Celtic Tradition).

In his metaphysical poetry written in "ancient Gallic", he predicted the end of the "white race" in the year 2018, a date which corresponded to 3888 in his own personal calendar, which he created based on the cycles of the moon and sun, starting with the supposed date of the legendary Irish  Battle of Mag Tuired.

Collaborationism
Berthou's mystical Aryanist ideas were closely linked to aspects of Nazi ideology. He contributed to the openly pro-Nazi review Stur, edited by Olier Mordrel, and also contributed to other pro-Nazi periodicals. During the war he was involved with the Institut Celtique, created by the Occupation government. Nevertheless, Berthou's involvement remained purely literary.

References

1908 births
1951 deaths
People from Paimpol
Modern pagan religious leaders
French modern pagans
Breton nationalists
Neo-druids
Modern pagan poets

Gwilherm Berthou


Robert Williams (November 5, 1829–August 24, 1901) was an officer in the United States Army who served as Adjutant General of the U.S. Army from 1892 to 1893.

Biography
He was born in Culpeper County, Virginia and graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1851.  He was appointed to the 1st Dragoons, in which he served until the outbreak of the American Civil War.  He served in various staff positions at the beginning of the war, before becoming colonel of 1st Massachusetts Volunteer Cavalry in October 1861.  He resigned his Volunteer commission in October 1862 and became a major in the Adjutant General's Department.

Williams remained in the Adjutant General's Department following the end of the war, and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in February 1869.  He served as adjutant general of the Department of the Missouri, the Department of the Platte, and the Division of the Missouri, earning a promotion to colonel in July 1881.  In December 1890 he returned to the Adjutant General's Department in Washington, and he was elevated to Adjutant General of the U. S. Army with the rank of brigadier general in July 1892.  He retired in November 1893.

He died in August 1901, and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

References

External links

1829 births
1901 deaths
Adjutants general of the United States Army
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
People from Culpeper County, Virginia
People of Virginia in the American Civil War
Union Army colonels
United States Army generals
United States Military Academy alumni

Robert Williams (adjutant general)


An arteriole is a small-diameter blood vessel in the microcirculation that extends and branches out from an artery and leads to capillaries.

Arterioles have muscular walls (usually only one to two layers of smooth muscle cells) and are the primary site of vascular resistance. The greatest change in blood pressure and velocity of blood flow occurs at the transition of arterioles to capillaries. This function is extremely important because it prevents the thin, one-layer capillaries from exploding upon pressure. The arterioles achieve this decrease in pressure, as they are the site with the highest resistance (a large contributor to total peripheral resistance) which translates to a large decrease in the pressure.

Structure

Microanatomy
In a healthy vascular system the endothelium lines all blood-contacting surfaces, including arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, capillaries, and heart chambers.  This healthy condition is promoted by the ample production of nitric oxide by the endothelium, which requires a biochemical reaction regulated by a complex balance of polyphenols, various nitric oxide synthase enzymes and L-arginine. In addition there is direct electrical and chemical communication via gap junctions between the endothelial cells and the vascular smooth muscle.

Physiology

Blood pressure
Blood pressure in the arteries supplying the body is a result of the work needed to pump the cardiac output (the flow of blood pumped by the heart) through the vascular resistance, sometimes termed total peripheral resistance. An increase in the tunica media to luminal diameter ratio has been observed in hypertensive arterioles (arteriolosclerosis) as the vascular wall thickens and/or luminal diameter decreases.

The up and down fluctuation of the arterial blood pressure is due to the pulsatile nature of the cardiac output and determined by the interaction of the stroke volume versus the volume and elasticity of the major arteries.

The decreased velocity of flow in the capillaries increases the blood pressure, due to Bernoulli's principle. This induces gas and nutrients to move from the blood to the cells, due to the lower osmotic pressure outside the capillary. The opposite process occurs when the blood leaves the capillaries and enters the venules, where the blood pressure drops due to an increase in flow rate. Arterioles receive autonomic nervous system innervation and respond to various circulating hormones in order to regulate their diameter. Retinal vessels lack a functional sympathetic innervation.

Stretch
Further local responses to stretch, carbon dioxide, pH, and oxygen also influence arteriolar tone. Generally, norepinephrine and epinephrine (hormones produced by sympathetic nerves and the adrenal gland medulla) are vasoconstrictive acting on alpha 1-adrenergic receptors. However, the arterioles of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and pulmonary circulation vasodilate in response to these hormones when they act on beta-adrenergic receptors. Generally, stretch and high oxygen tension increase tone, and carbon dioxide and low pH promote vasodilation. Pulmonary arterioles are a noteworthy exception as they vasodilate in response to high oxygen. Brain arterioles are particularly sensitive to pH with reduced pH promoting vasodilation. A number of hormones influence arteriole tone such as angiotensin II (vasoconstrictive), endothelin (vasoconstrictive), bradykinin (vasodilation), atrial natriuretic peptide (vasodilation), and prostacyclin (vasodilation).

Clinical significance
Arteriole diameters decrease with age and with exposure to air pollution.

Disease

Any pathology which constricts blood flow, such as stenosis, will increase total peripheral resistance and lead to hypertension.

Arteriosclerosis

Arteriolosclerosis is the term specifically used for the hardening of arteriole walls. This can be due to decreased elastic production from fibrinogen, associated with ageing, or hypertension or pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis.

Arteritis
Arteritis of the arterioles occurs when the arteriole walls become inflamed as a result of either an immune response to infection or an autoimmune response.

Medication
The muscular contraction of arterioles is targeted by drugs that lower blood pressure (antihypertensives), for example the dihydropyridines (nifedipine and nicardipine), which block the calcium conductance in the muscular layer of the arterioles, causing relaxation.

This decreases the resistance to flow into peripheral vascular beds, lowering overall systemic pressure.

Metarterioles
A "metarteriole" is an arteriole which bypasses capillary circulation.

See also

Surface chemistry of microvasculature
Venule
Microcirculation

References

Angiology

Arteriole


A Procrustes transformation is a geometric transformation that involves only translation, rotation, uniform scaling, or a combination of these transformations. Hence, it may change the size, position, and orientation  of a geometric object, but not its shape.

The Procrustes transformation is named after the mythical Greek robber Procrustes who made his victims fit his bed either by stretching their limbs or cutting them off.

See also
 Procrustes analysis
 Orthogonal Procrustes problem
 Singular value decomposition
 Affine transformation, which also allows for shear

External links
 Procrustes transformation

Euclidean symmetries

Procrustes transformation


A modern armorer is someone whose job is repairing, assembling and testing of small arms. Originally, an armorer was a person who created armor for medieval knights and noblemen. Today an armorer is someone who belongs to an organization such as the police or military and who maintains guns and weapons belonging to that organization. An armorer keeps these weapons in top working condition always ready for trouble-free use in the field. By doing this an armorer extends the service life of these weapons at minimum cost to the organization. A failure of a weapon in a crucial situation could cost lives. Their job is similar (but not the same) as that of a civilian gunsmith.

Medieval armorer

The medieval armorer had to be a combination of scientist toolmaker, chemist, metallurgist, engineer and artist. He was highly skilled and worked with wood and leather as well as metals. An armorer also had to understand mathematics and geometry. Much of his work revolved around high-end blacksmithing. Because he did custom work and produced high quality armor for nobles and knights, he was paid more money than a blacksmith was. Each suit of armor was made to order and would fit that person exactly. If any part of the suit of armor was damaged in battle, the armorer would repair it. In time of war an armorer also made armor for soldiers.

In addition to making mail (also called chain-mail), after the 14th century they began making plate armor. Armorers could also specialize in what type of armor they produced (mail or plate). They also specialized in various tasks involved in creating armor. For example a fourbor was a someone who polished armor. Armorers often belonged to a guild. Later there were guilds for mail armorers, plate armorers and for armorers who specialized in helmets.

Police armorer

In a modern police department, an armorer inspects, maintains and repairs firearms to the standards required by the manufacturer's warranty. An armorer cleans and adjusts all the handguns used by police officers. He or she also maintains the shotguns, semi-automatic and automatic weapons the officers must depend on in a crisis. Other equipment maintained by armorers includes gas masks, gas-grenades, smoke grenades and similar devices. An armorer is often involved in training other members of a department in chemical warfare equipment and practices.

Military armorer
In the various militaries around the world, armorers often maintain the armory of a military organization. An armorer instructs military personnel on the proper maintenance and care of weapons issued to them. The armorer maintains receipts for equipment issued locally and also while on deployment. He or she is responsible for inspecting and repairing all arms they are responsible for. On ships, an armorer is responsible for the correct working of all weapons used by marines and sailors onboard that vessel.

Movie studio armorer
On a film crew, an armorer is the person responsible for all the weapons and firearms used during the production. Armorers work with the producer, director and property master to create a list of all the weapons that will be needed. Sometimes the prop master is also the armorer. Often they research the style of weapons used according to the period and the kind of movie. For specialty weapons the armorer consults with the production designer and the prop maker. The armorer is responsible to make sure all weapons are used comply with federal and local laws. For scenes outside the studio, armorers work with police departments to get the necessary permits. To get the weapons they need, armorers may rent or lease them from licensed armories. Many movie armorers also have their own collection of weapons they may use. Armorers explain safe weapons handling to actors and crews making certain all safety rules are met. It is their responsibility to make sure nobody is hurt while weapons are being used.

References

Other websites
 Smith & Wesson M&P Pistol Armorer's Course AGI 149; YouTube
 Day in the Life of a US Marine Armorer: YouTube

Firearms
Industrial occupations

Armorer


Aqua Heroes (戀愛自由式) is a twenty episode modern series by Television Broadcasts Limited in Hong Kong.

Synopsis
Yau Han (Bobo Chan) and her sister, Yau Wing (Leila Tong) have been separated for many years and they happen to fall in love with the same guy, Edwin (Edwin Siu). This story is basically about a group of teenagers who love swimming. Along the way they meet hardship and friendship. A Love Triangle that heats up the story.

Summary
The Angels Swimming Club was open a long time ago by Yau Dak when he was a famous swimmer. He even had a nickname called fey yu wong ji. There used to be a lot of students who joined the club, but recently the number of students decreased due to Yau Dak's loss of interest in swimming and hence putting less time and effort into the Angels Swimming Club.

Due to a misunderstanding, Yau Dak and Sandy (Sheren Tang) have been separated for eighteen years, but they did not divorce as both of them still love each other secretly. Sandy took the younger daughter, Rain (Leila Tong), to the United States and left the older daughter, Han (Bobo Chan), with Dak in Hong Kong. Yau Han, aka Busy, is an optimistic and caring girl . However, one of her leg is shorter than the other one and she feels inferior. Because of her leg, she rarely swims but have a deep understanding of swimming. She helps her dad teach kids how to swim.

One day, the community swimming pool that the Angels Swimming Club usually use was taken over by the Devils Swimming Club. At the same time, Rain came back to Hong Kong from the United States to join the Devils Swimming Club and to find her online husband. Another reason that Rain decided to come back is to find her father, Yau Dak. The coincidence is that her online husband happens to be Louis (Bosco Wong). Louis showed Rain a picture of his college friend, Edwin (Edwin Siu), and said that it was him. When Rain found out that she had been played, she was furious at Louis. Meanwhile, she started liking Edwin.

Rain saw her father at the swimming tournament and she was disappointed. Yau Dak had not been swimming for a long time and lost his touch. He was no longer the famous swimmer, therefore Rain was embarrassed by this. She couldn't accept a father like that and was rude to him. Busy, being the respectful daughter, she stood up to Rain for her father. The sisters met at a bad timing, making Rain dislike her father and sister.

-Pairs At The End-

Cast
Edwin Siu 蕭正楠 as Edwin
Bobo Chan 陳文媛 as Yau Han 游嫻 (Busy)
Leila Tong 唐寧 as Yau Wing 游穎 (Rain)
Bosco Wong 黃宗澤 as Louis
Sheren Tang 鄧萃雯 as Sandy
Wilson Tsui 艾威 as Yau Dak
Matt Yeung 揚明 as Sam
Stephy Tang 鄧麗欣 as Stephy
Theresa Fu 傅穎 as Theresa
Cha Cha Chan 陳文靜 as Grace
Lai Lok-yi 黎諾懿 as Joe

External links
 Official Website

2000s Hong Kong television series
2003 Hong Kong television series debuts
2003 Hong Kong television series endings
TVB dramas

Aqua Heroes


The London bullion market is a wholesale over-the-counter market for the trading of gold, silver, platinum and palladium. Trading is conducted amongst members of the London Bullion Market Association (LBMA), tightly overseen by the Bank of England. Most of the members are major international banks or bullion dealers and refiners.

The physical characteristics of gold and silver bars used in settlement in market is described by the Good Delivery specification which is a set of rules issued by the LBMA. It also puts forth requirements for listing on the LBMA Good Delivery List of approved refineries.

Gold trading
Internationally, gold is traded via over-the-counter (OTC) transactions, with trading on the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) and Tokyo Commodity Exchange (TOCOM).

Twice daily, at 10:30 AM and 3:00 PM (local time). the LBMA publishes the gold price in US dollars. These forward contracts are known as gold futures contracts. Spot gold is traded for settlement two business days following the trade date, with a business day defined as a day when both the New York and London markets are open for business.

Unlike many commodity markets, the forward market for gold is driven by spot prices and interest rate differentials, similar to foreign exchange markets, rather than underlying supply and demand dynamics. This is because gold, like currencies, is borrowed and lent by central banks in the interbank market. Interest rates for gold tend to be lower than US domestic interest rates. This encourages gold borrowings so that central banks can earn interest on large gold holdings. Except in special circumstances the gold market tends to be in positive contango, i.e. the forward price of gold is higher than the spot price. Historically this has made it an attractive market for forward sales by gold producers and contributed to an active and relatively liquid derivatives market.

Market size
The bulk of global trading in gold and silver is conducted on the over-the-counter (OTC) market. London is by far the largest global centre for OTC transactions followed by New York, Zurich, and Tokyo. Exchange-based trading has grown in recent years with Comex in New York and Tocom in Tokyo generating most of the activity. Gold is also traded in forms of securities, such as exchange-traded funds (ETFs), on the London, New York, Johannesburg, and Australian stock exchanges.

Although the physical market for gold and silver is distributed globally, most wholesale OTC trades are cleared through London. The average daily volume of gold and silver cleared at the LBMA auctions in May 2019 was 18.6 million troy ounces (2965 transfers, worth $23.9 billion) and 211.8 million troy ounces (978 transfers, worth $3.1 billion) respectively.

The Gold Anti-Trust Action Committee has claimed that clearing data substantially understates the true amount of gold traded due to the netting of trades in the calculation of Clearing Statistics.

Account types

Allocated accounts
Allocated accounts are accounts held by dealers in clients' names on which are maintained balances of uniquely identifiable bars, plates or ingots of metal 'allocated' to a specific customer and segregated from other metal held in the vault. The client has full title to this metal with the dealer holding it on the client's behalf as custodian. To avoid any doubt, metal in an allocated account does not form part of a precious metal dealer's assets.

Unallocated accounts
Unallocated accounts represent the most popular way of trading, settling and holding gold, silver, platinum and palladium. Transactions may be settled by credits or debits to the account while the balance represents the indebtedness between the two parties. Credit balances on the account do not entitle the creditor to specific bars of gold or silver or plates or ingots of platinum or palladium but are backed by the general stock of the precious metal dealer with whom the account is held. The client in this scenario is an unsecured creditor.

Unallocated risks
The total quantity of unallocated gold is estimated to be 15,000 tonnes at the end of 2008 which supports the 2,134 tonnes on average of spot gold trade through London every day representing 14.2% of the pool. This compares to average daily turnover in UK equities of between 0.34% and 0.63% for the 12 months ending September 2009. While members of the LBMA provide no information on the backing for unallocated gold the improbably high turnover is suggestive they are operating a fractional reserve system where unallocated accounts are only partially backed by physical gold. Similarly to a bank run this makes LBMA unallocated gold accounts susceptible to loss if a sufficient number of market participants request delivery of physical bullion.

Membership
LBMA accepts memberships from companies that deal with business closely related to gold or silver bullion in the London market. Members pay between £5,000 and £12,000 annually depending on membership type. LBMA members come from Australia, Belgium, Canada, China, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, Poland, Russian Federation, South Africa, Switzerland, Taiwan, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United States, and Uzbekistan. A full membership in the LBMA enables members to expand operations internationally, like it did for VTB Bank, for example. VTB, a Russian-based bank, joined in 2015 as the first full member from Russia and was able to begin expanding into Asian emerging markets as a result.

LBMA forecast
Each year the LBMA forecast gathers the opinions of selected bankers, traders and analysts who follow the precious metals markets with their forecasts for the high, low and average dollar fixing price per troy ounce for gold, silver, platinum and palladium. The aim of the LBMA forecast is to predict the average, high and low price for each metal as accurately as possible. The prediction closest to the average price wins.  In the event of a tie, the forecast range is taken into account. In the 2009 LBMA forecast, Philip Klapwijk took the prize for most accurate forecaster for both gold and silver prices.

Other London markets
The London bullion market is distinct from the London Metal Exchange (LME). The latter is the futures exchange with the world's largest market in options and futures contracts on base and other metals.

See also
 Gold as an investment
 Silver as an investment
 Bullion
 London Platinum and Palladium Market
 Good Delivery

References

External links
 LBMA official website
 London Gold Market FAQs

Commodity markets in the United Kingdom
Economy of London
Precious metals
Year of establishment missing
Bullion dealers

London bullion market


Dima Khatib () is a Syrian-born journalist, poet and translator. She is the managing director of AJ+, an award-winning digital news service in English, Arabic and Spanish launched by Al Jazeera Media Network in San Francisco, USA. She is currently the only female executive director within the Al Jazeera group and one of few female leaders in the Arab media sphere.

Biography
Khatib was born in Damascus to a Syrian mother and a Palestinian father. Khatib speaks eight languages (Arabic, English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Chinese, German). She joined Al Jazeera back in 1997 as a junior intern in broadcast journalism to become a producer, correspondent in China and then Latin America Bureau Chief before making a total shift to internet journalism in recent years.

Career
Khatib has been classified among the most influential Arabs on Social Media. She received attention during Arab revolutions for providing frequent updates and commentary about recent events via her Twitter account. Today she tackles all kinds of issues on her social feeds, including social media, media, motherhood, poetry, Palestine and others.

She started earning recognition during the Iraq War, when she worked as a live news producer in Doha for Al Jazeera Arabic Channel. She gave an interview to CNN's Larry King and Wolf Blitzer, and was featured in Control Room, a 2004 documentary film about Al Jazeera and its coverage of the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

During her assignment in Latin America she had exclusive and close access to the late Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez and interviewed several leaders such as Bolivia's Evo Morales and Brazil's Lula da Silva. Reporting from all over South and Central America she gave the Arab World an unprecedented insight into a far-away continent. From Caracas she would be cited as the source of breaking news such as Chávez being the first head of state to harshly condemn Israel over the Israeli-Lebanon conflict and cutting ties with Israel years later. She also dismissed the claims that Gaddafi has escaped to Venezuela.

She lectured journalism at the American University in Dubai (AUD) between 2013–2015 and gives talks around the globe. She organises regular poetry recitals in cities across the Persian Gulf region, as well as Europe and both North and Latin America.

Prior to her work with Al Jazeera, Khatib has worked for Swiss Radio International in Bern and World Health Organization in Geneva, as well as Al-Raya Newspaper and Qatar Radio in French in Doha.

Publications

Poetry
 Love Refugee (), collection of poems in Arabic; available on Jamalon.

Nonfiction
 (coauthored) A book in Spanish about Arab Revolutions.

References

External links
 AJ+ website
 Personal blog

Al Jazeera people
Syrian journalists
Palestinian women journalists
Syrian women journalists
Living people
1971 births
21st-century Syrian women writers
21st-century Syrian writers
Syrian people of Palestinian descent
21st-century Palestinian women writers
21st-century Palestinian writers

Dima Khatib


Duke Power Co. v. Carolina Environmental Study Group, 438 U.S. 59 (1978), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court overturned the United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina's decision that the Price Anderson Act violated equal protection by treating victims of nuclear accidents differently from the victims of other industrial accidents.

Background
Several groups filed suit in the United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina against the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, regarding the Price Anderson Act. The suit challenged it on two grounds; it violated the Fifth Amendment because it did not ensure adequate compensation for victims of accidents, and it violated the Fourteenth Amendment because it treated nuclear accidents differently from other accidents.

Decision
The Court found that the differential treatments of industrial victims did not constitute a violation of equal protection, based on the reasons Congress gave for liability limitations: "There is no equal protection violation, since the general rationality of the Act's liability limitation, particularly with reference to the congressional purpose of encouraging private participation in the exploitation of nuclear energy, is ample justification for the difference in treatment between those injured in nuclear accidents and those whose injuries are derived from other causes."

The court summarised the circumstances leading up to the act:
"Private industry responded to the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 with the development of an experimental power plant constructed under the auspices of a consortium of interested companies. It soon became apparent that profits from the private exploitation of atomic energy were uncertain and the accompanying risks substantial. Although the AEC offered incentives to encourage investment, there remained in the path of the private nuclear power industry various problems - the risk of potentially vast liability in the event of a nuclear accident of a sizable magnitude being the major obstacle. Notwithstanding comprehensive testing and study, the uniqueness of this form of energy production made it impossible totally to rule out the risk of a major nuclear accident resulting in extensive damage. Private industry and the AEC were confident that such a disaster would not occur, but the very uniqueness of nuclear power meant that the possibility remained, and the potential liability dwarfed the ability of the industry and private insurance companies to absorb the risk. Thus, while repeatedly stressing that the risk of a major nuclear accident was extremely remote, spokesmen for the private sector informed Congress that they would be forced to withdraw from the field if their liability were not limited by appropriate legislation."

The court also concluded:
"...it is clear that Congress' purpose was to remove the economic impediments in order to stimulate the private development of electric energy by nuclear power while simultaneously providing the public compensation in the event of a catastrophic nuclear incident."
"The record supports the need for the imposition of a statutory limit on liability to encourage private industry participation and hence bears a rational relationship to Congress' concern for stimulating private industry's involvement in the production of nuclear electric energy.
the Price-Anderson Act does, in our view, provide a reasonably just substitute for the common-law or state tort law remedies it replaces.
"The District Court's finding that the Act tends to encourage irresponsibility in matters of safety and environmental protection cannot withstand careful scrutiny, since nothing in the liability-limitation provision undermines or alters the rigor and integrity of the process involved in the review of applications for a license to construct or operate a nuclear power plant, and since, in the event of a nuclear accident the utility itself would probably suffer the largest damages."
"We view the congressional assurance of a [then] $560 million fund for recovery, accompanied by an express statutory commitment, to 'take whatever action is deemed necessary [438 U.S. 59, 91] and appropriate to protect the public from the consequences of' a nuclear accident, 42 U.S.C. 2210(e) (1970 ed., Supp. V), to be a fair and reasonable substitute for the uncertain recovery of damages of this magnitude from a utility or component manufacturer, whose resources might well be exhausted at an early stage."
"There is no equal protection violation, since the general rationality of the Act's liability limitation, particularly with reference to the congressional purpose of encouraging private participation in the exploitation of nuclear energy, is ample justification for the difference in treatment between those injured in nuclear accidents and those whose injuries are derived from other causes."

See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 438

References

External links

1978 in the environment
1978 in United States case law
Duke Energy
United States energy case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court


Modus Operandi, directed by Frankie Latina, is an independent feature film shot in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and Tokyo, Japan. Latina examines the exploitation film genre through a revenge tale about a desperate C.I.A. agent on a mission to find the man who murdered his wife.

The film stars Danny Trejo (Machete, Heat, Predators), Mark Borchardt (American Movie), Michael Sottile (Reservoir Dogs), and Randy Russell (American Job) as Agent Stanley Cashay.

Modus Operandi was produced by Frankie Latina Motion Pictures, Special Entertainment and Reign Supreme Entertainment, and was distributed on DVD, Video On Demand, Netflix, and Redbox by Kino on February 14, 2012.

Plot summary
Two briefcases with mysterious contents are stolen from top Presidential candidate Squire Parks, setting off a deadly series of double-crosses and betrayals. Desperate warring factions of subterranean organizations will stop at nothing to gain possession of the sensitive material. A covert branch of the CIA calls on notorious Black Ops agent Stanley Cashay, who has been barely existing in a semi-comatose twilight since the murder of his wife. Cashay is offered the identity of his wife's killer in exchange for locating and returning the cases.

Agent Cashay uses the most dangerous weapons at his command, the telephone and his reputation, to unleash a bizarre assortment of operatives, including the deliciously sleazy Casey Thunderbird and exotic Tokyo-based special agent Black Licorice. Along with scores of other beguiling rogues, they initiate a horrifying chain of events, including ruthless torture and brutal killings. When Cashay is finally in possession of the stolen materials, the contents of the briefcases shock even him, and he makes a decision that will change the course of history. Cashay then sets the wheels in motion for bitter revenge and harsh justice, but not before the entire operation is nearly derailed as merciless underworld forces fight back. The final chapters play out as an increasingly surreal vision of modern reality, skirting the edge of sanity and culminating with the wrath of the powerful Director Holiday, a man who would put the fear of God into God Himself.

Release
The film premiered at the  CineVegas Film Festival in June 2009, where it received critical acclaim and obtained sales representation from Submarine Entertainment.
Modus Operandi was an official entry in the American Film Institute Film Festival where it screened at the historic Mann's Chinese Theater in Los Angeles in October 2009. The film played to sold-out audiences at the historic Landmark Oriental Theater during the Milwaukee Film Festival.

The film started its theatrical run on September 10, 2010 at the IFC Center in New York City, with a pre-screening introduction from Sasha Grey and appearances by Danny Trejo and Mark Borchardt.

Critical reception
The film received generally positive reviews. As of October 16, 2023, the film holds a 63% approval rating based on 8 reviews on Rotten Tomatoes.
Critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times gave the film a positive review and called it a "special pleasure". Mike Hale of the New York Times said "Frankie Latina's Modus Operandi bears a greater surface resemblance to the 1960s and '70s genre films to which it pays homage than Quentin Tarantino and Robert Rodriguez's Grindhouse did." Eric Hynes of the Village Voice called the film "seriously seedy and truly inspired", and Kyle Smith of the New York Post referred to the film as "Genius-level garbage".

References

External links
Official Site

2009 films
2000s exploitation films
2009 independent films
2000s English-language films
American exploitation films
American independent films
American spy films
2000s American films

Modus Operandi (film)


Elizabeth Folan Gilpin (born July 21, 1986) is an American actress. She is best known for portraying Debbie "Liberty Belle" Eagan in the Netflix comedy series GLOW (2017–2019), for which she was nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. She also starred as Dr. Carrie Roman in the Showtime comedy-drama series Nurse Jackie (2013–2015). In 2023, she starred in the lead role as a nun who battles A.I. in the Peacock science fiction series Mrs. Davis.

Gilpin has appeared in films such as the mystery thriller True Story (2015), the science fiction romantic comedy Future '38 (2017), the fantasy romantic comedy Isn't It Romantic (2019), the drama A Dog's Journey (2019), and the action comedy Stuber (2019). In 2020, Gilpin starred in the horror film The Grudge, the horror thriller film The Hunt, and the action comedy Coffee & Kareem. For The Hunt, she won a Critics' Choice Super Award for Best Actress in an Action Movie.

Early life
Elizabeth Folan Gilpin was born in New York City on July 21, 1986, the daughter of actors Jack Gilpin and Ann McDonough. Her father, also an Episcopal priest, is a first cousin of Drew Gilpin Faust, the president of Harvard University from 2007 to 2018. She grew up in the South Street Seaport neighborhood of Manhattan, where she says that her family home was "one of the only occupied buildings on the block." Gilpin is a 2004 graduate of the Loomis Chaffee School, and a 2008 graduate of Fordham University. During her time at Fordham, she studied under Dianne Wiest.

Career
Gilpin began her acting career with guest starring roles in numerous television series, including Law & Order: Criminal Intent, Fringe, Medium, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and Elementary. She received further recognition for her starring role as Dr. Carrie Roman in the Showtime comedy-drama series Nurse Jackie, appearing from 2013 to the series' conclusion in 2015. She has also appeared off-Broadway in productions such as Heartless, I'm Gonna Pray for You So Hard, and We Live Here. Gilpin had supporting roles in such films as Ghost Town (2008), Take Care (2014), True Story (2015), and Future '38 (2017).

Her breakthrough came with her starring role as Debbie "Liberty Belle" Eagan in the Netflix comedy-drama series GLOW (2017–2019), which was inspired by the 1980s female professional wrestling league of the same name. She received significant critical acclaim and numerous award nominations for her performance, including three Critics' Choice Television Awards for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and three Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series.

Between 2019 and 2020, Gilpin appeared in the fantasy romantic comedy film Isn't It Romantic, the comedy-drama film A Dog's Journey, the action comedy film Stuber, and the action horror film The Hunt. In 2021, she appeared in the science fiction action movie The Tomorrow War. In the same year, Gilpin was set to star in the HBO series Blood Sugar. In 2022, Betty appeared as Mo Dean in the Starz political thriller limited series Gaslit. She received recognition for her role with a nomination for the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Movie/Miniseries. That same year, she appeared in an episode of the Apple TV+ anthology series Roar.

In September 2022, Betty published her first book, a collection of 20 essays titled All the Women in My Brain: And Other Concerns.

In 2023, Gilpin starred as Sister Simone / Elizabeth Abbott, a nun who battles artificial intelligence in the Peacock science fiction series Mrs. Davis. For her performance, Gilpin received critical acclaim and garnered a nomination for the TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Drama. She also had a main voice role as Irene in the Netflix animated adventure series Skull Island.

Personal life
While in high school at Loomis Chafee School, Gilpin dated actor and musician Damon Daunno.

In 2016, she married actor Cosmo Pfeil. Gilpin gave birth to their daughter in November 2020.

Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

External links

References

1986 births
Living people
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from New York City
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Fordham University alumni
Loomis Chaffee School alumni
American comedy actresses

Betty Gilpin


A user fee is a fee, tax, or impost payment paid to a facility owner or operator by a facility user as a necessary condition for using the facility.

People pay user fees for the use of many public services and facilities. At the federal level in the United States, there is a charge for walking to the top of the Statue of Liberty, to drive into many national parks, and to use particular services of the Library of Congress.

States may charge tolls for driving on highways or impose a fee on those who camp in state parks. Communities usually have entrance fees for public swimming pools and meters for parking on local streets as well as perhaps even parking spaces at public beaches, dump stickers and postage stamps.

In international development, user fees refer to a system fee for basic health care, education, or other services implemented by a developing country to make up for the costs of these services.

The International Monetary Fund often recommends that nations start charging fees for these services in order to reduce their budget deficits. This position is more and more challenged by many people who claim that user fees  hurt the poorest the most. Some even argue that they should be free at the point of use.

The alternative to funding facilities and services with user fees is to fund them with broad-based taxes on income, sales, or property. Unlike user fees, taxes are paid by a much larger percentage of the population, including those who don't necessarily use or benefit from a specific facility or service.

References

Taxation in the United States
International development
Payments

User fee