In quantum mechanics, wave function collapse occurs when a wave function—initially in a superposition of several eigenstates—reduces to a single eigenstate due to interaction with the external world. This interaction is called an observation, and is the essence of a measurement in quantum mechanics, which connects the wave function with classical observables such as position and momentum. Collapse is one of the two processes by which quantum systems evolve in time; the other is the continuous evolution governed by the Schrödinger equation. Collapse is a black box for a thermodynamically irreversible interaction with a classical environment.

Calculations of quantum decoherence show that when a quantum system interacts with the environment, the superpositions apparently reduce to mixtures of classical alternatives. Significantly, the combined wave function of the system and environment continue to obey the Schrödinger equation throughout this apparent collapse. More importantly, this is not enough to explain actual wave function collapse, as decoherence does not reduce it to a single eigenstate.

Historically, Werner Heisenberg was the first to use the idea of wave function reduction to explain quantum measurement.

Mathematical description
Before collapsing, the wave function may be any square-integrable function, and is therefore associated with the probability density of a quantum-mechanical system. This function is expressible as a linear combination of the eigenstates of any observable. Observables represent classical dynamical variables, and when one is measured by a classical observer, the wave function is projected onto a random eigenstate of that observable. The observer simultaneously measures the classical value of that observable to be the eigenvalue of the final state.

Mathematical background

The quantum state of a physical system is described by a wave function (in turn—an element of a projective Hilbert space). This can be expressed as a vector using Dirac or bra–ket notation :

The kets  specify the different quantum "alternatives" available—a particular quantum state. They form an orthonormal eigenvector basis, formally

where  represents the Kronecker delta.

An observable (i.e. measurable parameter of the system) is associated with each eigenbasis, with each quantum alternative having a specific value or eigenvalue, , of the observable. A "measurable parameter of the system" could be the usual position  and the momentum  of (say) a particle, but also its energy ,  components of spin (), orbital () and total angular () momenta, etc. In the basis representation these are respectively

The coefficients  are the probability amplitudes corresponding to each basis . These are complex numbers. The moduli square of , that is  (where  denotes complex conjugate), is the probability of measuring the system to be in the state

For simplicity in the following, all wave functions are assumed to be normalized; the total probability of measuring all possible states is one:

The process of collapse
With these definitions it is easy to describe the process of collapse. For any observable, the wave function is initially some linear combination of the eigenbasis  of that observable. When an external agency (an observer, experimenter) measures the observable associated with the eigenbasis  the wave function collapses from the full  to just one of the basis eigenstates,  that is:

The probability of collapsing to a given eigenstate  is the Born probability, . Immediately post-measurement, other elements of the wave function vector, , have "collapsed" to zero, and

More generally, collapse is defined for an operator  with eigenbasis . If the system is in state , and  is measured, the probability of collapsing the system to eigenstate  and measuring the eigenvalue  of  with respect to  would be . Note that this is not the probability that the particle is in state ; it is in state  until cast to an eigenstate of .

However, we never observe collapse to a single eigenstate of a continuous-spectrum operator (e.g. position, momentum, or a scattering Hamiltonian), because such eigenfunctions are non-normalizable. In these cases, the wave function will partially collapse to a linear combination of "close" eigenstates (necessarily involving a spread in eigenvalues) that embodies the imprecision of the measurement apparatus. The more precise the measurement, the tighter the range. Calculation of probability proceeds identically, except with an integral over the expansion coefficient . This phenomenon is unrelated to the uncertainty principle, although increasingly precise measurements of one operator (e.g. position) will naturally homogenize the expansion coefficient of wave function with respect to another, incompatible operator (e.g. momentum), lowering the probability of measuring any particular value of the latter.

Quantum decoherence

Quantum decoherence explains why a system interacting with an environment transitions from being a pure state, exhibiting superpositions, to a mixed state, an incoherent combination of classical alternatives.  This transition is fundamentally reversible, as the combined state of system and environment is still pure, but for all practical purposes irreversible, as the environment is a very large and complex quantum system, and it is not feasible to reverse their interaction. Decoherence is thus very important for explaining the classical limit of quantum mechanics, but cannot explain wave function collapse, as all classical alternatives are still present in the mixed state, and wave function collapse selects only one of them.

History and context
The concept of wavefunction collapse was introduced by Werner Heisenberg in his 1927 paper on the uncertainty principle, "Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik", and incorporated into the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics by John von Neumann, in his 1932 treatise Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik. Heisenberg did not try to specify exactly what the collapse of the wavefunction meant. However, he emphasized that it should not be understood as a physical process.  Niels Bohr also repeatedly cautioned that we must give up a "pictorial representation", and perhaps also interpreted collapse as a formal, not physical, process.

Consistent with Heisenberg, von Neumann postulated that there were two processes of wave function change:

 The probabilistic, non-unitary, non-local, discontinuous change brought about by observation and measurement, as outlined above.
 The deterministic, unitary,  continuous time evolution of an isolated system that obeys the Schrödinger equation (or a relativistic equivalent, i.e. the Dirac equation).

In general, quantum systems exist in superpositions of those basis states that most closely correspond to classical descriptions, and, in the absence of measurement, evolve according to the Schrödinger equation. However, when a measurement is made, the wave function collapses—from an observer's perspective—to just one of the basis states, and the property being measured uniquely acquires the eigenvalue of that particular state, . After the collapse, the system again evolves according to the Schrödinger equation.

By explicitly dealing with the interaction of object and measuring instrument, von Neumann has attempted to create consistency of the two processes of wave function change.

He was able to prove the possibility of a quantum mechanical measurement scheme consistent with wave function collapse. However, he did not prove the necessity of such a collapse. Although von Neumann's projection postulate is often presented as a normative description of quantum measurement, it was conceived by taking into account experimental evidence available during the 1930s (in particular the Compton-Simon experiment was paradigmatic), but many important present-day measurement procedures do not satisfy it (so-called measurements of the second kind).

The existence of the wave function collapse is required in
 the Copenhagen interpretation
 the objective collapse interpretations
 the transactional interpretation
 the von Neumann–Wigner interpretation in which consciousness causes collapse.

On the other hand, the collapse is considered a redundant or optional approximation in
 the consistent histories approach, self-dubbed "Copenhagen done right"
 the Bohm interpretation
 the many-worlds interpretation
 the ensemble interpretation
 the relational quantum mechanics interpretation

The cluster of phenomena described by the expression wave function collapse is a fundamental problem in the interpretation of quantum mechanics, and is known as the measurement problem.

In the Copenhagen Interpretation collapse is postulated to be a special characteristic of interaction with classical systems (of which measurements are a special case). Mathematically it can be shown that collapse is equivalent to interaction with a classical system modeled within quantum theory as systems with Boolean algebras of observables and equivalent to a conditional expectation value.

Everett's many-worlds interpretation deals with it by discarding the collapse-process, thus reformulating the relation between measurement apparatus and system in such a way that the linear laws of quantum mechanics are universally valid; that is, the only process according to which a quantum system evolves is governed by the Schrödinger equation or some relativistic equivalent.

A general description of the evolution of quantum mechanical systems is possible by using density operators and quantum operations. In this formalism (which is closely related to the C*-algebraic formalism) the collapse of the wave function corresponds to a non-unitary quantum operation. Within the C* formalism this non-unitary process is equivalent to the algebra gaining a non-trivial centre or centre of its centralizer corresponding to classical observables.

The significance ascribed to the wave function varies from interpretation to interpretation, and varies even within an interpretation (such as the Copenhagen Interpretation). If the wave function merely encodes an observer's knowledge of the universe then the wave function collapse corresponds to the receipt of new information. This is somewhat analogous to the situation in classical physics, except that the classical "wave function" does not necessarily obey a wave equation. If the wave function is physically real, in some sense and to some extent, then the collapse of the wave function is also seen as a real process, to the same extent.

See also

 Arrow of time
 Interpretations of quantum mechanics
 Quantum decoherence
 Quantum interference
 Quantum Zeno effect
 Schrödinger's cat
 Stern–Gerlach experiment

Notes

References

External links

Concepts in physics
Quantum measurement

Wave function collapse


Juan Manuel García Grüber (September 7, 1904 – September 21, 1997) was a Venezuelan economist, financier, writer, diplomat, and philosopher. He served as Venezuela's ambassador to seven different countries.

Early life and family

He was born in Guasipati, Bolívar state, Venezuela. The eldest son of Doña Mercedes Grüber of german descent and Dr. Juan Manuel García Parra, a leading figure in abdominal surgery, creator of the first formula known to favor high levels of fertility in women and founder of the Garcia Parra Hospital in his native Guasipati,

Career
After completing his studies in economics and finance, he held the position of Chief of the Justice Section at the Department of Internal Affairs. 1953, he became the Venezuelan General Consul to Peru and was subsequently appointed as the Venezuelan Ambassador to Nicaragua, Panama, Cuba, Peru and Costa Rica. He was standing right next to Nicaraguan President Anastasio Somoza García when he was shot to death by Rigoberto López Pérez in 1956.

Throughout his lifetime, he wrote extensively on oil, democracy, arts, renaissance and various cultural subjects. Dr. García Grüber participated in the rescue of his family when they were held captive in revolutionary Nicaragua. In 1979, a plane from the Venezuelan Air Force piloted by his wife's nephew, Captain Raúl Hernández, was hastily sent in order to help set the hostages free. According to different news broadcasts at the time, the family was a victim of the Somoza guerrilla (sandinista) and provisions had been made to kill them right before they attempted to escape through the nearest airport. Their liberation was eventually possible when the Venezuelan aircraft opened fire against sandinista soldiers who tried to thwart the operation.

Later in life, he became President of the Venezuelan Institute for Hispanic Culture in Caracas, Venezuela. Dr. García Grüber received several awards for his achievements (and was recognized as a peer by the most respected Hispanic language and literature academicians) which included, among others, the Order of the Liberator Simón Bolívar, Order of the Ibero American Chamber, Venezuelan Red Cross Order in its first degree plus two hundred or so medals. He was a highly esteemed figure both in his native Venezuela as well as abroad. His death brought great grief among those who knew him, particularly noted personalities which included former President Rafael Caldera and his wife Alicia Pietri de Caldera, dear friends of his.

Dr. García Grüber and his wife met Juan Carlos de Borbón, King of Spain, on his state visit to Venezuela in 1977. His strong ties to the embassies of Spain, Colombia, Perú, Panamá and Nicaragua account for his numerous accolades in the diplomatic and cultural fields.
His work as a universal writer was published by influential editorial houses in Venezuela as he became an incisive columnist in well-known local newspapers. He regularly condemned his country's political ways and the ever-growing scourge of corruption in Latin America. He had a long time personal and professional association with his brother in law, Dr. Jorge Gómez Mantellini, former Governor of Caracas.
As part of his duties as head of the Venezuelan Institute for Hispanic Culture, he unveiled the first statue of Spanish monarch Isabel La Católica ever to grace a Caracas square.

Personal life
He was married to Bertha Domínguez Urbano-Taylor, a sibling of Ricardo Domínguez Urbano-Taylor. He had two daughters, Bertha García-Grüber D., Morella García-Grüber D. and one son John García-Grüber D., who died in infancy.

References

1904 births
1997 deaths
20th-century Venezuelan economists
Venezuelan philosophers
Venezuelan male writers
Venezuelan financial businesspeople
Ambassadors of Venezuela to Nicaragua
Ambassadors of Venezuela to Panama
Ambassadors of Venezuela to Cuba
Ambassadors of Venezuela to Peru
Ambassadors of Venezuela to Costa Rica
People from Bolívar (state)
20th-century philosophers

Juan García Gruber


Võro language is a Finno-Ugric language spoken primarily in the Võru County of southeastern Estonia. It is also known as Võro kiil, Võru language, or Seto-Võro language. With an estimated 75,000 speakers, Võro language is recognized as a minority language in Estonia, and it has been the subject of ongoing efforts to promote its use and preserve its cultural heritage.

The Võro language has a complex history, with roots that can be traced back to the Finno-Ugric language family, which includes other languages spoken in northern and eastern Europe. Throughout its history, the Võro language has evolved and changed, influenced by cultural and linguistic factors from the region. Today, it is recognized as an important regional language of Estonia, with its own distinct grammar, vocabulary, and cultural identity.

One of the defining features of the Võro language is its distinctive accent and pronunciation. Võro language has a rich set of vowels and consonants, and its intonation patterns and stress placement are unique compared to other languages. The language also has a rich vocabulary, with many words borrowed from neighboring languages such as Latvian and Russian, as well as its own unique terminology for cultural concepts and traditional practices.

In terms of grammar, Võro language has a complex system of cases, with several different cases used to denote the subject, object, and other grammatical elements in a sentence. The language also has a rich system of verb conjugation and agreement, with different verb forms used to indicate tense, aspect, and mood.

The Võro language has several dialects, which can vary in their pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar. Some of the main dialects include Central Võro, Haanja Võro, Seto-Võro, and Leelo Võro. Despite these differences, however, speakers of different dialects can usually understand each other without too much difficulty.

Despite being a minority language, the Võro language has played an important role in Estonian cultural heritage. The language has been the subject of numerous works of literature, including poetry, fiction, and drama, and there are many traditional songs and dances that are performed in Võro language. Efforts have been made to promote the use of the language, including the establishment of the Võro Institute in 1995, which is dedicated to the study and preservation of Võro language and culture. In addition, Võro language is taught in some schools in the Võru County, and there are cultural events and festivals that celebrate the language and its heritage.

In conclusion, Võro language is a unique and important part of Estonia's cultural heritage, with its own distinctive grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. Despite being a minority language, it has played a significant role in Estonian cultural identity and continues to be the focus of efforts to promote its use and preserve its cultural heritage.

18th Century
During the 18th century, Estonia was part of the Swedish Empire, and the Võru County was located on the eastern border of the empire. The region was sparsely populated, with small villages and farms scattered throughout the countryside. The economy was largely based on agriculture and forestry, with some trade and handicrafts also present.

Given the isolation and relative poverty of the region, it is likely that the Võro language was still very much a rural and traditional language during the 18th century. It would have been spoken primarily by the peasant class, who made up the majority of the population. The language would have been transmitted orally from generation to generation, with little or no formal education in the language.

One of the defining features of the Võro language is its rich set of vowel sounds and its complex system of cases. It is likely that these features were already present in the language during the 18th century, although they may have been somewhat different from their modern forms. The language would also have had a distinct vocabulary, with many words related to traditional agricultural practices, crafts, and other aspects of rural life.

During the 18th century, there were few opportunities for literary expression in the Võro language. It is possible that some traditional songs, poems, and stories were passed down orally, but these would have been largely unknown outside of the local community. It was not until the 19th and 20th centuries that the Võro language began to be used in written form, as part of a wider movement to promote the use and preservation of minority languages.

In conclusion, while there is little direct information available on the Võro language in the 18th century, it is likely that the language was still a rural and traditional language, spoken primarily by the peasant class. Its grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation would have been different from their modern forms, but the language would have had many of the same distinctive features that it has today.

Dialects
The Võro language has a rich and diverse set of dialects, reflecting the language's long history and the many influences that have shaped it over time. These dialects are typically associated with specific regions within the historical Võrumaa area, and can vary significantly in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary.

One of the most distinctive dialects of Võro is Seto, which is spoken in southeastern Estonia and southwestern Russia. Seto has been recognized as a separate language by some linguists, and is notable for its use of a unique writing system known as the "Old Orthography." Other dialects of Võro include Mulgi, spoken in the Mulgimaa region, and Karula, spoken in the Karula National Park area.

Despite the regional variation of the dialects, speakers of Võro can generally understand one another, and there is a strong sense of linguistic unity among the Võro community. However, the dialects are not static, and have been subject to change over time due to factors such as migration, social and cultural shifts, and contact with other languages.

Linguists have identified a number of features that distinguish the different Võro dialects. For example, the Seto dialect is known for its use of the velar fricative /x/ in place of the standard Võro /h/, while the Mulgi dialect is known for its use of the sound /ɨ/ in place of the standard Võro /i/.

Despite the importance of dialect variation within the Võro language, efforts have been made to promote a standard written form of the language, known as "Võro kiil". This standard form is based on the central dialect of Võru, and is used in written materials such as books, newspapers, and online publications. However, many speakers of Võro continue to use their own regional dialect in everyday conversation, and there is a strong sense of pride in the diversity of dialects that make up this unique and vibrant language community.

Võro language


Mark Fauser is an American actor, director, screenwriter, and producer who currently operates the  independent film movie studio, Overlook Productions.

He has written several teleplays, plays, and movies, and has done major studio rewrites for companies such as Universal Studios, Paramount Pictures, Columbia Pictures and CBS Television. In 2002 his movie It's All About You (starring John D'Aquino) was the "Winner for Best Comedy" at the 2001 Beverly Hills Film Festival.

Selected works
Actor
Waking Up in Reno (2002) .... Boyd
It's All About You (2002) .... Mark
Journey of Redemption (2002) .... Doug
Madison (2001) .... Travis
Between the Sheets (1998) .... Nasal reporter
JAG (TV) ("Recovery") (1996) .... Captain Matthews
Coach (TV) ("The Popcorn Bowl") (1994) .... Reporter No. 1
seaQuest DSV (TV) (1993/1994) (Recurring character) .... Lieutenant Dalton Phillips
The New WKRP in Cincinnati (TV) (2 episodes) (1992/1993) .... Fire Captain
Evening Shade (TV) (4 episodes) (1991–1992) .... Bill
Quantum Leap (TV) (Moments to Live By) (1992) .... Policeman
Freeze Frame (TV) (1992) .... Sonny

Director
It's All About You (Film and Play)

Writer:
Movies
Waking Up in Reno (2002)
It's All About You (2002)
The Right To Remain Silent (TV) (1996) (teleplay)
Evening Shade (TV) ("Mama Knows Best" and "Educating Calvin") (1994)

Plays
It's All About You
Pa's Funeral
The Right To Remain Silent
The King of Cool (A Tribute To James Dean)

Producer
It's All About You (Film and Play)

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American male television actors
American male film actors
American film directors
American film producers
American male screenwriters

Mark Fauser


Kanagaratnam Sriskandan (12 August 1930 – 21 April 2010) was a Sri Lankan born British engineer and civil servant. He was the former Chief Highway Engineer, of Under Secretary Grade at the British Department for Transport

Sriskandan received his primary education at Jaffna Central College, and went on S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia briefly and completed his secondary education at Royal College Colombo. His father was Dr Kanagaratnam. He joined the Ceylon Technical College to study civil engineering, when the engineering of the Technical College was transferred to the newly established University of Ceylon.

Joining Public Works Department as an Assistant Engineer, he left Ceylon in 1956 and migrated to Britain to specialize in bridge engineering. He was a member of the team that assessed proposals for the channel tunnel, Anglo-French Safety Authority, Council member of the British Standards Institute, Council of the Institution of Civil Engineers. After his retirement in 1988, he served as a director of the Mott Macdonald Group for five years.

References

1930 births
2010 deaths
British civil servants
British civil engineers
Sri Lankan Tamil people
Sri Lankan civil engineers
Alumni of Royal College, Colombo
Alumni of the University of Ceylon
English people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent
Alumni of Jaffna Central College
Alumni of S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia
Alumni of the Maradana College of Technology

Kanagaratnam Sriskandan


New Riders is an album by the country rock band the New Riders of the Purple Sage.  Their seventh studio album and their ninth album overall, it was recorded and released in 1976.

New Riders was the New Riders' first album on the MCA Records label, and their second to be produced by Bob Johnston.  It consists of nine cover songs, plus one new original tune by John Dawson.

Track listing
"Fifteen Days under the Hood" (Jack Tempchin) – 2:42
"Annie May" (Vick Thomas) – 3:26
"You Never Can Tell" (Chuck Berry) – 3:52
"Hard to Handle" (Otis Redding, Al Bell, Allen Jones) – 3:38
"Dead Flowers" (Mick Jagger, Keith Richards) – 3:56
"Don't Put Her Down" (Hazel Dickens) – 4:12
"Honky Tonkin' (I Guess I Done Me Some)" (Delbert McClinton) – 2:47
"She's Looking Better Every Beer" (John Shine) – 2:38
"Can't Get Over You" (John Dawson) – 2:03
"The Swimming Song" (Loudon Wainwright III) – 2:01

Personnel

New Riders of the Purple Sage
John Dawson – rhythm guitar, vocals
David Nelson – lead guitar, vocals
Buddy Cage – pedal steel guitar
Skip Battin – bass, vocals
Spencer Dryden – drums

Production
Bob Johnston – producer
Tom Flye – engineer
Eric Schilling – assistant engineer
Rod Dyer – album design
George Osaki – art direction

Notes

New Riders of the Purple Sage albums
1976 albums
Albums produced by Bob Johnston
MCA Records albums

New Riders (album)


Demand Flow Technology (DFT) is a strategy for defining and deploying business processes in a flow, driven in response to customer demand.  DFT is based on a set of applied mathematical tools that are used to connect processes in a flow and link it to daily changes in demand.
DFT represents a scientific approach to flow manufacturing for discrete production.  It is built on principles of demand pull where customer demand is the central signal to guide factory and office activity in the daily operation.  DFT is intended to provide an alternative to schedule-push manufacturing which primarily uses a sales plan and forecast to determine a production schedule.

History
It was created by John R. Costanza, an executive with operations management experience at Hewlett Packard and Johnson & Johnson.  Costanza, who was later nominated as a Nobel Laureate in Economics for Working Capital Management, founded the John Costanza Institute of Technology in Englewood, CO in 1984 to provide consulting and education services for manufacturers to implement the methodology.

DFT uses applied mathematical methods to link raw and in-process materials with units of time and production resources in order to create a continuous flow in the factory.  The objective is to link factory processes together in a flow and drive it to customer demand instead of to an internal forecast that is inherently inaccurate.

Early adopters of DFT included American Standard Companies General Electric and John Deere (Deere & Company).

In the early years, DFT was regarded as a method for "just-in-time" (JIT), which advocated manufacturing processes driven to actual customer demand via Kanban.  It was introduced as a way for American manufacturers to adopt Japanese production techniques, such as Toyota Production System (TPS), whilst avoiding some of the cultural conflicts in applying Japanese business methods in an American company.  Later, it has come to be seen as a lean manufacturing method that allows factories to implement techniques such as one-piece flow, TAKT-based line design, Kanban material management and demand-driven production.

Demand Flow Technology is promoted as a method for any product, any day, any volume.  In 2001, Costanza was awarded a patent for this approach for mixed-model manufacturing.

Principles

Demand-driven manufacturing

The central tenet to DFT is the primacy of customer demand in daily execution of the operation.  According to Aberdeen Group,

"Demand driven manufacturing involves a synchronized, closed loop between customer orders, production scheduling, and manufacturing execution; all while simultaneously coordinating the flow of materials across the supply chain." [Aberdeen Group, 2007].

DFT is a pathway to achieve demand-driven manufacturing capability.  It is used as a framework to guide the design, implementation and deployment of demand driven manufacturing in a repeatable form.  In this way, it is similar original concept of Just-in-Time (JIT) that was first deployed in Japanese manufacturers using a foundation of total quality management.  More recently, Just-in-time has been more commonly used to describe supplier delivery methods, rather than a production philosophy.  DFT assumes basic process capability that can arise from TQM and statistical process control (SPC) principles and embeds it in a framework of management that can more easily achieve demand driven in a repeatable way.

As a result, In-Progress and Finished inventories are all but eliminated, converted permanently into cash at full market value through much faster response to customer orders.

Cash released from Working Capital in this way no longer has to be reinvested in inventory. It becomes available to retire debt, fund growth and innovation.

Mixed-model production

Mixed-model production is the production of a wide range of product models using a certain degree of shared resources and common material.  It is commonly accepted that modern manufacturing places a greater pressure on producers for more choice in the product offering. Products are increasingly assembled from standard components and sub-assemblies, using machines and automated systems as well as manual labour.  DFT is designed to handle this mix and provide a way to establish mixed-model production lines.

A production schedule based on MRP will tend to cope with high product mix by allocating each model to a multiple of a shift or a day.  This means that the whole product mix is supplied across a scheduling cycle of a multiple of weeks.  This tends to extend the lead-time or increase dependency on the forecast.  DFT offers "The ability to accommodate a range of volumes for any product, any day, based on the direction of actual customer demand".

Product synchronization

The first tool to be used in a DFT implementation, product synchronization is a definition of relationship of processes in a flow to build a product.  It takes the form of a diagram, usually created in pen and paper or whiteboard and formalized with a visualization program such as Microsoft PowerPoint or Visio.  It displays how the processes relate to each other in a flow, with the conversion of raw material to finished goods.  A process is defined by "A logical grouping of value-adding work performed to a common volume".

Sequence of events (SoE)

Each of the processes in the product synchronization requires a standard process definition.  In DFT, the sequence of events provides this definition.  In The Quantum Leap, written by Costanza, the sequence of events is defined as "[t]he definition of the required work and quality criteria to build a product in a specific production process."
The SoE usually takes the form of a table with the product code, process ID, task description and sequence, required work and set-up time for machines and labour, and quality check criteria.  The SoE intends to define times that are reasonable, realistic and repeatable to perform to the necessary quality.  Many of the strengths and criticisms of DFT as a methodology stem from the SoE.  The SoEs are the foundation of process definition but are not used as work instructions.  To communicate standard work at the work center, operation method sheets are used.
In an MRP systems environment, the SoE represents a drill-down from the routing that provides a tabular view of the Product Synchronization at the process level.  A DFT manufacturer would therefore use the SoE as the master record of process definition and derive routings and ISO documentation from it.

Operation method sheets

These are visual description of work in motion, materials and the required quality check.  In the purest form, operation method sheets are drawn in wire-frame to show the significant contours of the product form and clearly represent work in motion and quality without visual noise.  The OMS has three stages of activity: total quality check, work, and verify.  This establishes the concept where each operator checks the output quality of the operation immediately upstream.  This can contribute to a total quality culture and parts-per-million capability.

Mixed-model process map

The sequence of events and product synchronization define how tasks and quality check compose the process for any given product.  The mixed-model process map shows how products and processes form a requirement for resources.  In such a map, the products and processes form a matrix with products as rows and processes as columns.  At the intersection are most commonly actual times (standard times at the process from the sequence of events), but could also display yield and optionality ratios.

Demand at capacity

Demand at capacity is the volume of production for a single product item at capacity.  It is a fixed value that defines the maximum daily rate of supply.  The Demand-at-Capacity is often confused with the daily rate of production.  In contrast to Toyota Production System, and many other lean manufacturing derivatives, a DFT line is designed for variable output rates according to daily demand.  Thus, the demand data that are used for line design represent a limit quantity not an actual rate of supply.  The relationship between the Dc and the average daily demand will be driven by the required service level of the product item to market demand.  A higher service level will call for capacity that can supply a higher daily rate than the average over a long range.  This will likely affect the resource productivity and inventory levels.  A greater mix on the line is able to provide a higher level of service for any given level of resources and inventory.

Effective hours

The effective hours is the time available for a given resource to produce product or perform process set-up or changeover.  It is defined per shift and represents the total available time to perform tasks set in the SoE.  Non-productive time such as equipment maintenance, breaks, 5S activity and continuous improvement is deducted from effective hours.  Setup time is included as it is arguably a form of productive time and calculations for batch size optimization and dynamic Kanban will require setup and run-time to be managed from a common pool of resource time.

Takt & Operational Cycle-Time, OP c/t

Takt-time is the ratio of time to volume at capacity and in DFT is expressed as

Where HE is Effective Hours, S is the number of shifts and DC is the demand at capacity, a daily rate set for design purposes at some point 2 to 5 years into the future.  This ratio can be expressed for finished products at the end of the line and is referred to as Takt-Time.  It can also apply at the process where bill of material relationships, process yield and optionality can affect the dependent volume for any given Dc at the finished goods level.  At the process level, this ratio is known as operational cycle-time.

Takt time is typically used to calculate the "line design" or number and disposition of physical resources required to produce a given mix and volume of products that changes on a daily basis according to customer demand.

Uniquely to DFT Takt time is constant, based on a fixed mix and product volume which is set for factory design purposes 2 to 5 years into the future. This allows for a stable "line design" that does not need to change on a daily basis. Daily changes in mix and volume are accommodated in DFT by adjusting the number of people working in production. Those not required to meet the Daily Rate (Dr) are free to spend quality time in training and continuous improvement activities.

Weekly scheduling cycles to achieve level-loading of mix and volume, which cause significant planning delays, are eliminated. It becomes possible to produce any product on any day in response to real customer demand making possible a true Demand Flow.

As a result, In-Progress and Finished inventories are all but eliminated, converted permanently into cash at full market value through much faster response to customer orders.

Cash released from Working Capital in this way no longer has to be reinvested in inventory. It becomes available to retire debt, fund growth and innovation etc.

Material Kanban

DFT shares a conventional definition of material Kanban based on a visual signal to replenish a point of consumption with required material.  A typical material Kanban system in DFT is "Single Card, Multiple Container" and enables card or container quantities to be consumed and replenished without shortages.

Material Kanban provides an alternative to kitting as a way of issuing material to the production floor.  A DFT environment will strive to simplify the definition of warehouse locations for material and reduce the number of transactions required to control the flow of material during production.  The aim of Material Kanban is to connect the material flow with actual requirement at the process and provide a more robust availability of parts to production whilst reducing the response-time to the customer.

Production Kanban

Production Kanban is designed for a replenishment quantity that may be smaller than a lot size or batch.  It is based on a "dual card Kanban" system where a "move" card or container represents the quantity required by the downstream point of consumption and a "produce" card is kept on a display board and accumulates to a replenishment batch.

Demand-based management

Demand-based management is an approach that defines tolerance capability for demand in order to unify material and production planning under conditions of demand uncertainty.  It uses "flex fences" to set the upper and lower boundaries of supply against a definition of the current daily rate of demand.  The current rate is usually some kind of smoothed average and will move over time.  The flex-fences will be different for different product items or groups and should be calculated individually.  Order policies, purchasing, inventory and production capacity will all be set against these flex fence boundaries, so these calculations will sit at the heart of operations planning.

Unfortunately, this is a calculation-intensive and critical process that is largely unsupported by MRP/ERP systems.  The lack of system tools and clash with conventional MRP planning routine are primary reason why demand-based management has not had the same level of adoption experienced by the rest of the DFT principles.

Value and results

Companies that implement DFT are typically looking for an improvement in the response to customer demand.  This is reflected in the lead-time or replenishment time for finished product and will affect the level of inventory that is held to buffer response requirements.
Effective response to demand can be described as a distribution curve, with some orders taking longer to fill than others.  The result is variation and uncertainty in the manufacturer's ability to serve the market.  Working capital is required to hedge this response lag and uncertainty.

DFT aims to reduce both the variation and duration of response to demand.  This can be seen as a more capable fulfillment that provides a higher level of customer service at a lower level of working capital.  The intended results are improvement in delivery performance together with increased cash-flow and return on working capital.

Applications

Demand flow technology is applicable in a wide range of product environments and has been successfully deployed in many different industries.  Companies who have embraced demand flow technology include John Deere, Flextronics, American Standard Companies, Trane, AstraZeneca and many others.  It has a strength in those manufacturing operations that are expected to supply a high mix to an unpredictable and volatile market.  It is often seen as the science behind flow manufacturing for discrete manufacturers, whose products do not naturally flow across the manufacturing processes.

Advantages and criticisms

Advantages

It is simple
Demand flow technology provides a simple, logical method based on applied mathematics.  The technique is based on simple operators of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division so it does not rely on advanced mathematics.

It is repeatable
DFT forms a step-by-step guide to converting production from a scheduled-push to a demand-pull and flow system.  Although it is applicable to a wide range of products, the steps are consistent and work in the same way.  It does not depend on the judgment of an expert in the same way as lean or Six Sigma and can be taught to a broader audience through short training workshops.

It is effective
At its heart, DFT formalizes the natural flow of material, processes and information required to build a product.  It is not so much an invented technology as a description of the optimal way to align a factory towards customer demand.

It is customer-centric
DFT places the customer at the center of the operation.  It enables companies to formalise a customer-centric view with practical tasks and actions that guide behaviour in the organisation.  It moves the concept of customer-driven to an achievable plan of action beyond a statement of philosophy.

It aligns business and customer goals
The concept of maximizing shareholder value is often seen as a conflict with the quality of customer service.  Demand Flow Technology, if applied correctly, can unify financial and customer objectives in a holistic approach to managing operating capital and growing a business.

Criticisms

It is constrained to the factory
Demand flow techniques have been widely applied to the factory, yet have failed to gain widespread acceptance in corporate management.  All too often, it tends to be limited to production planning whilst operations and material planning continue to be dominated by use of ERP/MRP systems.  The holistic ideal of demand flow may be fractured by this conflict.

It is unsupported by systems
Major ERP/MRP vendors have largely ignored the advantages of Demand Flow techniques, or been acquired before their products have had a chance to gain market share.  The advocates and users of Demand Flow have largely failed to challenge the inadequate logic that conventional MRP uses for planning capacity and production resources As a result, manufacturers are forced to rely on an outdated routine for planning that is largely unchanged since the 1960s.

It requires process definition and discipline
DFT aims to apply a standard process definition of product to daily requirements of demand.  This favours processes that are capable and defined to the task level.  This is sometimes a level of detail and discipline absent from the organisation.  The creation and maintenance of Sequence of Events documentation involves extensive manual work.  There are powerful advantages to quality and capability in performing this work, but success usually depends on management commitment to change beyond the narrow actions of a DFT implementation.

References

Supply chain management
Workflow technology
Lean manufacturing

Demand flow technology


ChromiumOS (formerly styled as Chromium OS) is a free and open-source operating system designed for running web applications and browsing the World Wide Web. It is the open-source version of ChromeOS, a Linux-based operating system made by Google.

Like ChromeOS, ChromiumOS is based on the Linux kernel, but its principal user interface is the Chromium web browser rather than the Google Chrome browser. ChromiumOS also includes the Portage package manager, which was originally developed for Gentoo Linux. Because ChromiumOS and ChromeOS use a Browser engine for the user interface, they are oriented toward web applications rather than Application software or mobile apps.

Google first published the ChromiumOS source code in late 2009.

Architecture
Chromium's architecture is three-tiered, consisting of "three major components":
 The Chromium-based browser and the window manager
 System-level software and user-land services: the Linux kernel, drivers, connection manager, and so on
 Firmware

Availability
ChromiumOS was first made available in compiled form by hobbyists. More organized efforts have emerged over time, including a few manufacturers that have shipped devices with the operating system pre-installed.

Builds and forks
By May 2010, compiled versions of the work-in-progress source code had been downloaded from the Internet more than a million times.

The most popular version, entitled "ChromiumOS Flow", was created by Liam McLoughlin, a then 17-year-old college student in Liverpool, England, posting under the name "Hexxeh".
McLoughlin's build boots from a USB memory stick and included features that Google engineers had not yet implemented, such as support for the Java programming language.
While Google did not expect that hobbyists would use and evaluate ChromiumOS ahead of its official release, Sundar Pichai, Google's vice president of product management (now the CEO) said that "what people like Hexxeh are doing is amazing to see."
Pichai said the early releases were an unintended consequence of open source development.
"If you decide to do open-source projects, you have to be open all the way."

Hexxeh's work continued into the following year. He announced "ChromiumOS Lime" in December 2010,  and in January 2011, released "Luigi", an application designed to "jailbreak"/"root" the Google Cr-48 "Mario" prototype hardware and install a generic BIOS. The developer made the builds available in virtual machine format on March 13, 2011.
With no official build of ChromiumOS forthcoming from Google, Hexxeh's "vanilla" nightly builds of ChromiumOS were the principal resource for people wanting to try ChromiumOS.
Hexxeh stopped uploading his builds on April 20, 2013.

More recent versions of ChromiumOS are available from Arnoldthebat, who maintains daily and weekly builds along with usage guidelines and help.
In July 2012, Chromium Build Kit was released.
It automatically compiles a developer build and installs ChromiumOS on a USB drive.

In 2015, New York City-based Neverware produced a ChromiumOS fork called CloudReady aimed at the educational market, with the intention of extending the life of older PCs and laptops.
A subsequent version can dual-boot Neverware and the Windows operating system (until v64). In 2018, Neverware acquired Flint OS, a UK-based and China-based company.
In 2020, Neverware was acquired by Google, and a similar "ChromeOS Flex" was released into beta in February 2022.

Flint OS became FydeOS.
FydeOS, is based on Chromium OS, to run on Intel-based computers, and the Raspberry Pi 4 family.

Hardware
Some devices have shipped with ChromiumOS preinstalled.  In May 2011, Dell also released a new build for the Dell Inspiron Mini 10v netbook, following up on an earlier build released almost 18 months earlier. The build did not support audio, but was bootable from a USB drive. Other devices include the Kogan Agora Chromium Laptop by the Australian company Kogan and the Xi3 Modular Computer, introduced by the company of the same name. In late 2015, a team headed by Dylan Callahan released a beta ChromiumOS port to the Raspberry Pi 2 single-board computer. In 2016, Flint Innovations released a ChromiumOS port for the latest Raspberry Pi 3/B model named Flint OS for RPi. Subsequently, this project has been fully open-sourced at GitHub, with all the files and detailed instructions to re-create the build.

Trademark dispute
In June 2011, ISYS Technologies, based in Salt Lake City, sued Google in a Utah district court, claiming rights to the name "Chromium" and, by default, Chromebook and Chromebox. The suit sought to stop Google and its hardware and marketing partners from selling Chromebooks. The suit was later dismissed and, as part of an undisclosed settlement between Google and ISYS, ISYS abandoned its trademark efforts.

See also

 Android (operating system)
 App Runtime for Chrome
 CoreOS
 Chromium (web browser)
 Google Fuchsia
 Firefox OS
 Google Chrome
 ChromeOS
 Webconverger an operating system based on Firefox
 Gentoo Linux

References

External links

ARM operating systems
Google Chrome
Google software
X86 operating systems
Operating systems based on the Linux kernel
Linux distributions without systemd
2009 software
Linux distributions
Gentoo Linux derivatives
Rolling Release Linux distributions

ChromiumOS


Winn-Dixie is a supermarket chain. They have stores in Georgia, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida. The company once served Oklahoma, Texas, South Carolina, North Carolina and New Mexico. Now, they mainly serve the Southeastern United States.

The company is headquartered in Jacksonville, Florida.

Winn-Dixie has its private label Chek for sodas. The sodas have over 20 different flavors.

Winn-Dixie was established in 1925. It is owned by Southeastern Grocers.

1925 establishments in Florida
Supermarkets of the United States
Jacksonville, Florida
Companies based in Florida

Winn-Dixie


Simon Gatti (born February 16, 1981) is a Canadian former soccer player and current head coach for the Montreal Impact Academy's U-14 team.

He initially began his career in his home region of Niagara with St. Catharines Wolves in the Canadian Professional Soccer League. He made the transition to college soccer by enrolling at the University of Rhode Island, and during the off season he played in the Premier Development League with Rhode Island Stingrays. In 2006, he was drafted by the Montreal Impact of the USL First Division, where during his six seasons with the organization he won a league championship, and a Canadian Championship.

Career

College and Amateur
Gatti, born in Welland, Ontario, is a dual Canadian-French citizen. He was a trialist for Sochaux's U-17 youth team in 1999, and played for French club Racing Club de Paris' youth team in 2000, before returning to North America to attend college.  Gatti also won the Ontario Cup twice with the Thorold Cobras in 1998 and 1999 and placed second at the national championships with the Cobras in 1999.

Gatti played college soccer with University of Rhode Island from 2002 to 2005, leading the team as co-captain from 2003 to 2005 while majoring in kinesiology. In total he played 85 games, tallied 10 goals, eight assists and 28 points. As a freshman, the midfielder was chosen for the Atlantic 10 Conference All-Rookie Team. He was proclaimed team MVP in 2005 and selected to the First Team All-Conference, and First Team All New England, helping the Rams win the Atlantic 10 Division Championship again (2002, 2005). As a sophomore, he was a Second Team All-Atlantic 10 Conference and Third Team All-New England.

During the summers of 2004 and 2005, he also played in the USL Premier Development League with the Rhode Island Stingrays, playing 19 games, scoring two goals and picking up one assist. He had a brief stint with the St. Catharines Wolves of the Canadian Professional Soccer League in 2002, but wasn't allowed to re-sign with the club for the 2003 season due to risking his scholarship.

Professional
Gatti joined the Montreal Impact  as their first pick during the 2006 USL First Division college draft, chosen 12th overall. He played his first game with the Impact on May 21, coming onto the field for Antonio Ribeiro at the 82nd minute of play. He earned his first start against the Toronto Lynx on September 8. That year, he helped Montreal win the regular-season title as well as the Voyageurs Cup.

During his second season with the Impact, he was one of 13 players in the USL to play all 28 games. His versatility and steadfastness was in evidence as the longtime midfielder played right fullback in 22 out of 28 games, helping the Impact to register the second-best defense in 2007, with 14 shutouts and only 21 goals in 28 games. He quickly surpassed his 2006 minutes played (157 minutes), playing a total of 2,046 minutes. His first career point came on June 29, with an assist to Antonio Ribeiro's game-winning goal in a 1-0 win over the Puerto Rico Islanders. He was named to the USL D1 Team of the Week for week 14 and received the Unsung Hero Award/Quatrième étoile de l'Impact at the end of the season.

In his third season, he exceeded his previous record by playing 2,068 minutes, the second highest on the team. He started 24 of 27 games played, and helped the Impact advance in the CONCACAF Champions League with 8 games played (7 game starts). During his fourth season (2009), Gatti started 18 of 21 games played, racking up 1,463 minutes, and helping the Impact to win the USL Championship. During his fifth season, Gatti was sidelined with a hernia and started 11 of 18 games played.

Gatti's sixth and final season with the Montreal Impact (2011) was his finest. He led the team both with 22 game starts in 23 games, and with 1,953 minutes. He reached his 100th career game start and received the Unsung Hero Award/Quatrième étoile de l'Impact for the second time in his career. His final statistics with the Montreal Impact include 122 games played, 100 game starts and 8,656 minutes played.

Gatti announced his retirement in February 2012 and was subsequently hired by the Montreal Impact Academy to coach the U-14 team as part of the Montreal Impact Sport-Études program.

Honors

Montreal Impact
USL First Division Championship (1): 2009

Career stats

References

External links
University of Rhode Island profile

1981 births
Living people
Canadian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Canadian expatriate men's soccer players
Canadian Soccer League (1998–present) players
Canadian men's soccer players
Canadian sportspeople of Italian descent
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Men's association football defenders
Montreal Impact (1992–2011) players
North American Soccer League (2011–2017) players
Soccer people from Ontario
Sportspeople from Welland
Rhode Island Stingrays players
St. Catharines Roma Wolves players
USL League Two players
USL First Division players
USSF Division 2 Professional League players
Rhode Island Rams men's soccer players
CF Montréal non-playing staff

Simon Gatti


Tuzon is a small town in south-eastern Liberia, situated in Grand Gedeh County. It is located six miles north of Zwedru, the county seat. Tuzon is a stronghold of the Krahn people.

It is mainly known as the birthplace of former President Samuel Doe, the country's 21st president.

In 1990 during the Liberian Civil War, Tuzon was ravaged by the rebel army of Charles Taylor, who seven years later became president. Local residents fled to Côte d'Ivoire.

References

Grand Gedeh County
Populated places in Liberia
Krahn people

Tuzon


The Magnificent Seven Ride! (also known as The Magnificent Seven 4) is a 1972 Western film and is the third and last sequel of the 1960 western, The Magnificent Seven. It stars Lee Van Cleef as Chris Adams, succeeding Yul Brynner and George Kennedy in the role. It was directed by George McCowan.

Plot
In southern Arizona Territory, hired gun-turned-marshal Chris Adams rescues his old friend, former bounty hunter Jim Mackay, from an ambush. Jim asks Chris to help him defend the Mexican border town of Magdalena from De Toro and his bandits, but Chris is reluctant.

Chris refuses his new wife Arrila's request to release teenager Shelly Donavan, jailed for robbery. Chris meets with newspaper writer Noah Forbes for a story on Chris' eventful career.

The next morning, loading prisoners onto the Tucson prison wagon, Chris decides to free Donavan. Chris meets Noah to discuss his exploits, as Donavan celebrates his release with Hank and Bob Allen. Donavan leads the brothers in a bank robbery just as Arrila meets Chris and Noah outside. Wounding Chris, Donavan abducts Arrila and escapes with the Allens. Revived two days later, Chris sets off in search of Arrila, accompanied by Noah.

In the desert, Noah and Chris find Arrila dead. Chris tracks down the Allens and demands to know Donavan's whereabouts. Confident that Chris will take them back to town for trial and not shoot them on the spot, Hank refuses to talk.  Chris shoots him.  Bob then decides to talk and reveals that Donavan has fled to Mexico, and admits Arrila was raped and tortured before her murder.  Bob pleads for his life, insisting he did not join in the assault, but Chris shoots him (for not preventing it, either) as Noah looks on in shock.

Chris rides to the Mexican border and finds Jim with armed farmers from Magdalena, hoping to ambush De Toro. Jim reveals that Donavan rode by the previous day, and Chris again refuses to join, telling Jim he is badly outnumbered and will be slaughtered. Chris and Noah track Donavan through the desert, only to find themselves circling back toward Jim's location. Hearing distant gunfire, they find the farmers dead with no sign of Jim. Chris assumes the women of Magdalena have been left unprotected and Jim will have returned there, and rides into Mexico with the uncertain Noah.

At the mission in Magdalena, Chris kills three bandits and find the townswomen, who have been beaten and raped. Laurie Gunn explains that the women were defenseless against De Toro and his more than forty men who arrived the previous day. Although Laurie and the women plead with Chris to help them escape before De Toro's return, he points out there are no horses and a desert trek would kill them. Realizing that the American Cavalry will not cross the border, Chris and Noah ride to Tucson, promising to return. Not far from Magdalena, the pair come upon the bodies of Jim and Donavan (with McKay having avenged Shelly's betrayal of the ambush to DeToro's gang).

In Tucson, Chris meets with the governor then travels to the prison, asking the warden to pardon the last five prisoners he arrested: Pepe Carrall, Walt Drummond, Scott Elliott, Mark Skinner, and former Confederate captain Andy Hayes. Chris tells the criminals he will sign their pardons if they join his posse, and they grudgingly agree. Loaded with supplies, the group departs for De Toro's hacienda. The men overcome the guards and loot the home, and Chris takes De Toro's woman captive. Riding to Magdalena, Chris warns the men not to escape.

Chris designs an elaborate trap for the bandits. The women and construction worker Elliott help prepare several ditches, barbed wire fences, and hidden barriers. After training the women in reloading the weapons, the town awaits De Toro's arrival. The bandits attack, but the town's initial assault with long-range guns sends the outlaws into disarray. The defenders retreat to the second line of defense; protected by Elliott's clever fences, they dynamite many of the bandits. Walt, Hayes and Elliott are killed and Noah wounded as the group retreats behind another rigged barricade.

At the mission where De Toro's woman and the town children are hiding, Chris tells Laurie his last resort: they will lure the bandits inside and blow up the church.  Pepe is killed in De Toro's renewed assault. Hearing the bandits approach, Laurie prepares to dynamite the mission and frees De Toro's woman, who rushes outside into the gunfight and is accidentally shot by De Toro. Momentarily stunned, De Toro is killed by Chris, and the remaining bandits flee.

Chris, Noah, and Skinner decide to start new lives in Magdalena.

Cast

The Seven
 Lee Van Cleef as U. S. Marshal Chris Adams
 Michael Callan as Noah Forbes, Newspaper Reporter
 Luke Askew as Mark Skinner, Convict
 James Sikking as Captain Andy Hayes, Convict
 Pedro Armendáriz Jr. as Pepe Carrall, Convict
 William Lucking as Walt Drummond, Convict
 Ed Lauter as Scott Elliott, Convict

Others
 Stefanie Powers as Laurie Gunn
 Mariette Hartley as Arilla Adams
 Ralph Waite as Jim MacKay
 Melissa Murphy as Madge Buchanan
 Allyn Ann McLerie as Mrs. Donavan
 Gary Busey as Hank Allan
 Robert Jaffe as Bob Allan
 Darrell Larson as Shelly Donavan
 Elizabeth Thompson as Skinner's Woman
 Carolyn Conwell as Martha
 Ron Stein as Juan De Toro
 Rita Rogers as De Toro's Woman
 Jason Wingreen as The Warden of Tucson Territorial Prison (uncredited)

Production
This is the only film in the series filmed entirely in the United States. Footage in the film was shot within Vasquez Rocks Natural Area Park and Antelope Valley Indian Museum State Historic Park.

Release
The film lost $21,000, though the loss was more than cancelled out by the $1.05 million earned from network television syndication.

See also
 List of American films of 1972

References

External links

1972 Western (genre) films
1972 films
American Western (genre) films
American sequel films
Films directed by George McCowan
Films scored by Elmer Bernstein
Films set in Arizona
Magnificent Seven films
Seven Samurai
United Artists films
1970s English-language films
1970s American films
1970s Japanese films

The Magnificent Seven Ride!


Sir George Clerk Maxwell, 4th Baronet FRSE (1715–1784), of Penicuik (simply Clerk prior to his marriage), was a Scottish landowner who served as the Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer in Exchequer (1741), Commissioner of Customs (1763), a Trustee for Improving Fisheries and Manufactures in Scotland, and as a Commissioner for the Annexed Forfeited Estates.

Life

George Clerk was born in  Edinburgh on 31 October 1715, the second son of Sir John Clerk, 2nd Baronet of Penicuik, and Janet Inglis, daughter of Sir John Inglis, 2nd Baronet of Cramond. He was educated at the universities of Edinburgh and Leyden. From his father he received in patrimony the lands of Drumcrieff in Annandale, and by marriage with his cousin Dorothea Clerk-Maxwell, daughter of his uncle William by Agnes Maxwell, heiress of Middlebie, Dumfriesshire, he obtained the lands of Middlebie, adopting thereupon his wife's name, Clerk Maxwell.

He was a commissioner of the customs, king's remembrancer in the exchequer, and one of the trustees for improving fisheries and manufactures in Scotland. Both in his private and public capacity he promoted the agricultural and commercial interests of the country. At Dumfries he erected at considerable expense a linen manufactory, and he set on foot a variety of projects for the mining of lead and copper in the county. In 1755 he addressed two letters to the trustees for the improvement of the fisheries and manufactures of Scotland, regarding the common mode of treating wool, which were published by direction of the board in 1756. He was also the author of a paper on shallow ploughing, read before the members of the Philosophical Society, and published in the third volume of their essays. He was a remarkably clever draughtsman, and etched a variety of views of Scotland. On the death of his elder brother in 1782, he succeeded to the baronetcy and estates of Penicuik.

In 1783 he was one of the joint founders of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

He died 29 January 1784.

George's father, his brother John and himself were friends of James Hutton.

Family

He married Dorothea Clerk Maxwell of Middlebie.

He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his eldest son John Clerk. He had four other sons and four daughters.

He was the great-grandfather of the famous physicist James Clerk Maxwell.

References

People from Penicuik
1715 births
1784 deaths
Baronets in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia
Members of the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh
Founder Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Scottish knights
Scottish landowners
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Leiden University alumni
Scottish chief executives
Tax collectors
Scottish politicians
People of the Industrial Revolution
Scottish businesspeople

George Clerk-Maxwell


David Allen Wolfe (born August 5, 1951) is an academic, psychologist and author specializing in issues of child abuse, domestic violence, children and youth. His work includes the promotion of healthy relationships through school programs, with a major focus on the prevention of child abuse and neglect, bullying, dating violence, unsafe sex, substance abuse and other consequences of unhealthy relationships.

Early life and education
Wolfe is the son of a teacher and minister, born in Greensburg, Pennsylvania and growing up in Missouri, Connecticut, and Florida. Wolfe earned a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Rochester in Rochester, New York in 1973, and a PhD in Clinical Psychology from the University of South Florida in 1980. After his residency in Clinical psychology at the University of Mississippi Medical Center, Wolfe moved to Canada to pursue his career focus on child abuse and domestic violence with an emphasis on prevention. He took postdoctoral training for Child Trauma research at the Medical University of South Carolina in 1985. Wolfe joined the faculty in the Department of Psychology at the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario, Canada in 1981 where he conducted research in the field of child abuse.

Awards and achievements
Wolfe holds the inaugural at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, and heads the CAMH Centre for Prevention Science. He is also Professor of Psychiatry and Psychology at the University of Toronto. Since 2007 he has served as Editor-in-Chief of Child Abuse & Neglect: The International Journal. He is a fellow of the American Psychological Association, past President of Division 37 (Child, Youth, and Family Services )of the American Psychological Association, and received a Diplomate in Clinical Psychology from the American Board of Professional Psychology. Wolfe received the Award of Merit from the Ontario Psychological Association in 1988 for his outstanding contributions to research and prevention in the area of family violence. He has provided extensive assessment and consultation to child protective services, schools, and the court with respect to issues of child abuse and violence. Between 1999 and 2000 he was the chair in the Sub-Committee on Child Abuse in Peacetime for the International Working Group on Trauma, United Nations.

In 2005, Wolfe received the Donald O. Hebb Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology as a Science from the Canadian Psychological Association. He was also presented with the 2007 Blanche L. Ittleson Award for Outstanding Achievement in the Delivery of Children's Services and the Promotion of Children's Mental Health from the American Orthopsychiatric Association. His recent books include Adolescent Risk Behaviors: Why teens experiment and strategies to keep them safe (with P. Jaffe & C. Crooks; Yale University Press, 2006); Child abuse: Implications for child development and psychopathology, 2nd Edition (Sage, 1999); and Abnormal Child Psychology, 4th edition (with E. Mash; Wadsworth, 2009).

Wolfe is a founding member of the Center for Research & Education on Violence Against Women and Children at the University of Western Ontario, where he and colleague Peter Jaffe coined the term "Children of Battered Women" and "Children Exposed to Domestic Violence", now used widely within the mental health and justice systems. He recently published an updated book in this area (with P.Jaffe and M. Campbell -  Growing Up with Domestic Violence: Assessment, Intervention & Prevention Strategies for Children & Adolescents).

His expertise in the field of child and adolescent psychology has led him to testify as an expert, in multiple cases; including the high-profile case of sexual abuse at Mount Cashel Orphan age in Newfoundland run by The Christian Brothers of Ireland in Canada. Wolfe also provided expert evidence into the Cornwall Public Inquiry into historical sexual abuse in that community. He is cited extensively by Judge Normand Glaude in the inquiry report as one of the leading experts in child sexual abuse.

Studies and projects
Wolfe's main interest lies in violence prevention among youth and families, based on his research with colleagues demonstrating the harmful impact of multiple forms of abuse on children, including exposure to domestic violence.

Wolfe's interest in violence prevention has culminated into a comprehensive school-based initiative for reducing violence amongst adolescents and related risk behaviors, known as "The Fourth R: Skills for Youth Relationships."
It has recently been identified as a top evidence-based program for school-based violence prevention by the New Jersey-based Robert Wood Johnson Foundation where it is being implemented in several US sites as a part of their Start Strong violence-prevention initiative

An evaluation of "The Fourth R" program found that teaching youths about healthy relationships as part of their required health curriculum reduced physical dating violence and increased condom use 2.5 years later at a low per-student cost. A discussion of the program can be heard in a podcast interview conducted by the California Coalition Against Sexual Assault and Peace Talks radio The Public Health Agency of Canada has evaluated "The Fourth R" program and included it in the Canadian Best Practices Portal.

References

External links
The Fourth R Project
Child Abuse and Neglect: The International Journal
Center for Research & Education on Violence Against Women and Children
CAMH
RBC Children's Mental Health Project

21st-century American psychologists
Domestic violence academics
1951 births
Living people
American male writers
20th-century American psychologists

David A. Wolfe


Christopher Karns (born January 25, 1979) is an American turntablist, who won the 2011 DMC World DJ Championships. He has also won the 2002 WSTC World Championships, six DMC Regional Championships, and three Redbull Thre3style Championships.

He has produced songs for Ahmad and Mayer Hawthorne. Chris has also shared stages around the world with industry legends such as Run-D.M.C., A Tribe Called Quest, Common, Mos Def, and many others. He is currently the official touring DJ for Yelawolf and has started playing sets with Pretty Lights.

In April 2013, he auditioned as one of the nineteen contestants for the third season of VH1's DJ reality show, Master of the Mix. Despite making it to the finals with DJ Jayceeoh and DJ Incrediboi, he lost and became a runner-up with DJ Incrediboi.

References

External links

1979 births
American hip hop DJs
Record producers from Colorado
Living people
Mixtape DJs
Musicians from Denver
Remixers

Chris Karns


(born January 21) is a manga artist. Shiho Sugiura debuted in 1994 and works under the BL publisher . Sugiura's newest manga series, Shuuten Unknown, is serializing in Monthly Comic Avarus.

Work
Sugiura's manga, such as Koori no Mamono no Monogatari (Legend of the Ice Demon), and Silver Diamond (2003-2011) are considered part of the shonen ai genre. Silver Diamond was considered to be a fun story with art that is "distinctively 1990s," according to Anime News Network. The first few volumes were translated into English and published by Tokyopop.

When Shuuten Unknown was released, bookstores in Tokyo and other cities held an exhibition of Sugiura's work. Shuuten Unknown is a fantasy manga about two different organizations searching for treasure.

Bibliography

References

External links

Manga artists
Living people
Japanese women writers
Japanese women artists
Year of birth missing (living people)

Shiho Sugiura


Reginald Lewis Ball (born October 6, 1984) is a former American football quarterback. He was originally signed by the Detroit Lions as an undrafted free agent in 2007. He played college football at Georgia Tech.

Early years
Ball played his high school football at Stephenson High School in Stone Mountain, Georgia. As a senior, he passed for over 2,000 yards with 19 touchdowns and just two interceptions. He was named to the Super Southern 100 and Top 50 in Georgia by the Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Also, he was rated the number 133 player in Georgia by BorderWars.com and ranked among the nation's top 15 all-purpose quarterbacks by Rivals.com.

College career
Ball was the first true freshman to start at quarterback for Georgia Tech since Stu Rogers in 1980. Ball's first start was in the Yellow Jackets' opening game against BYU in 2003.  Since then, he missed just one game and amassed 8,128 passing yards, 57 touchdown passes and 9,579 total yards of offense in his career, but also threw 55 interceptions. Ball's passing yards total is third on Georgia Tech's career list, behind Joe Hamilton and Shawn Jones, and his touchdown pass and total offense totals are second behind Hamilton. Ball accumulated 11 rushing touchdowns and also rushed for 1,451 yards in his career, good for 18th on the Yellow Jacket leaderboard and second among Tech quarterbacks in history (Hamilton). He wore jersey number 1.

During his career, Ball was named ACC Rookie of the Year in 2003 and was named the MVP of the Champs Sports Bowl in 2004. He compiled a  record of 29-20 as the starting quarterback for the Yellow Jackets. Ball, whose athleticism was well noted as CouchScout.com listed him at 4.46 in the 40-yard dash, led Georgia Tech to three 7-win seasons in a row.  He capped off his career with a 9-5 mark in 2006 that included a #25 ranking nationally (heading into the Toyota Gator Bowl) and an ACC Coastal Division Championship. In 2005, Georgia Tech was trailing UGA 14-7 with 1st & 10 at the UGA 11. Ball threw an interception that helped secure a victory for the Bulldogs, who thus stretched their winning streak over their in-state rivals to five games.

Ball started his senior season for the Yellow Jackets by leading the team to a sterling 9-2 record, but his collegiate career ended on a negative note on December 2, 2006, with a 9-6 loss in the ACC Championship Game to Wake Forest, just one week after Ball's Georgia Tech team lost to in-state rival UGA for a sixth straight year. He completed less than 30% (15-51) of his passes in these last two games, threw four interceptions, and gave up a crucial fumble in the loss to Georgia. Although Georgia Tech earned a spot to play West Virginia in the Gator Bowl that year, Ball's controversial career abruptly ended when he was named academically ineligible, and backup quarterback Taylor Bennett was named the starter. He left Georgia Tech after this season having completed only 44% of his passes, the worst mark of his four-year career, and not receiving an academic degree.

Legacy
Ball's college career will forever be marred with inconsistency. The teams he led "played to the level of the opponent," producing several impressive upsets while losing "easier" games. Although he won several big games for the Jackets including two wins against ranked Auburn University teams and a win against #3 University of Miami on the road in 2005, Ball-led Yellow Jacket teams were 0-4 against the University of Georgia, Georgia Tech's primary rival. Ball's play in these games (including, in 2004, a drive-ending intentional incomplete pass out of bounds on 4th down and earning him the nickname "5th Down Reggie") will always be in question to Georgia Tech fans.  He finished his career by losing to UGA, losing the ACC Championship game to Wake Forest, and being declared academically ineligible for the 2007 Gator Bowl, which would have been his final game.  College football writer Pete Fiutak, contributor to the website Collegefootballnews.com, challenged readers to name a more ineffective four-year college football starter than Ball. Brett Jensen compared his career to that of the Clemson Tigers' Charlie Whitehurst; both had impressive freshman seasons, but they were unable to live up to the expectations placed upon them.

Statistics

Professional career

Detroit Lions
At the NFL Combine, Ball tried out as a wide receiver, attempting to follow former college quarterbacks Antwaan Randle El and Reggie McNeal. He ran a 4.8 second 40-yard dash, and had somewhat inconsistent pass coverage. Ball was not selected during the 2007 NFL Draft, but was signed by the Detroit Lions, auditioning for a role as a wide receiver/kick returner. He did not make the team.

On December 5, he was re-signed to the practice squad when defensive back LaMarcus Hicks was placed on injured reserve and wide receiver Brandon Middleton was promoted to the active roster. On July 27, 2008, he was placed on injured reserve.

Ball was released by the Lions on March 18, 2009.

Indoor Football League
Ball signed to play for the now-defunct Bricktown Brawlers of the Indoor Football League in 2011.

See also
 List of Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets starting quarterbacks
 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football statistical leaders

References

External links
 Georgia Tech profile

1984 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
American football wide receivers
Detroit Lions players
Bricktown Brawlers players
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football players
Sportspeople from Stone Mountain, Georgia
Players of American football from DeKalb County, Georgia

Reggie Ball


Charles Jacques Villeré ( – January 7, 1899) was a Louisiana politician who served in the Congress of the Confederate States for two terms during the American Civil War. He was brother-in-law to P. G. T. Beauregard, whose first wife, Marie Antoinette Laure, was Villeré's sister.

Villeré was born in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana, to one of the most prominent French Creole families in southern Louisiana. His father, Jules Villeré, was a sugar cane planter in Plaquemines Parish, while his grandfather, Jacques Villeré, had served as the second governor of Louisiana. He was educated at St. Mary's College in Baltimore, graduating with high honors. He returned to New Orleans to study law and was admitted to the bar in 1849. However, he preferred planting to the legal profession, and so focused on managing his plantation in Plaquemines Parish.

In 1852, Villeré was both elected to the state constitutional convention, and appointed district attorney of Plaquemines Parish. He served two terms in the state legislature beginning in 1854, and was an elector for James Buchanan in 1856. After Louisiana announced its secession on January 26, 1861, Villeré raised a cavalry company in support of the nascent Confederacy. He was, however, elected to the First Confederate Congress as the representative for Louisiana's 1st district before he could serve in the field. There he served on the committees of claims, commerce, and military affairs. In 1863, Villeré received a symbolic commission as a colonel in the Confederate States Army from Louisiana Governor Henry W. Allen, and was reelected to the Second Confederate Congress. As with his initial election, Villeré received only a slim majority of the votes cast.

During his time in the Confederate Congress, Villeré was an ardent nationalist and supported efforts to strengthen the central government in Richmond. However, the removal of P. G. T. Beauregard from command of the Army of Mississippi in 1862 led to a falling out with Jefferson Davis, and Villeré published a pamphlet castigating the Confederate President's decision and defending his brother-in-law's controversial actions at Shiloh. Villeré would go on to vote no confidence in General Braxton Bragg, Secretary of the Treasury Christopher G. Memminger, and Secretary of the Navy Stephen R. Mallory, all of whom were Davis's trusted advisors.

After the war, Colonel Villeré—as he now styled himself—largely retired from public life, emerging only to succeed his brother-in-law as supervisor of the Louisiana Lottery after Beauregard's death in February 1893. He died at his home in Jefferson Parish on January 7, 1899, and was interred in the Army of Tennessee Tumulus in Metairie Cemetery.

External links
Political Graveyard

References

Louisiana lawyers
Louisiana Democrats
American people of French descent
People from St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana
Members of the Confederate House of Representatives from Louisiana
19th-century American politicians
Confederate States Army officers
1828 births
1899 deaths
19th-century American lawyers

Charles Jacques Villeré


A Clockwork Sodom / Tentacles of Destruction is an EP by grindcore band Agoraphobic Nosebleed. The music on this EP was recorded shortly after Altered States of America was completed, featuring the same line-up. The EP featured a more metal sound than previous efforts. The songs were meant to be a contrast to "the absurdity of Altered States of America", and so were all written to be longer than 2 minutes. The release was a one-time pressing, limited to 800 copies. The front cover was done by German artist Florian Bertmer.

Track listing

Agoraphobic Nosebleed albums
2007 EPs

A Clockwork Sodom


The Fight Between Carnival and Lent was painted by Pieter Bruegel the Elder in 1559. It is a panorama of contemporary life in the Southern Netherlands. While the painting contains nearly 200 characters, it is unified under the theme of the transition from Shrove Tuesday to Lent, the period forty days before Easter.

History

The literary theme of the struggle between personifications of Shrove Tuesday and Lent dates as far back as the year 400 with the Psychomachia. The 13th Century French poem La Bataille de Caresme et de Charnage describes a symbolic battle between different foods, meat against fish. A likely graphic precursor of the painting is a 1558 Frans Hogenberg print in which the personifications of lean and fat are driven together on carts by their supporters. The supporters attack each other with fish, waffles, cookies and eggs.

Also in 1559, Bruegel produced a series of prints of the Seven Virtues, which have formal similarities: an allegorical figure, against a background with a high horizon line, is surrounded by a crowd of figures who carry out various activities related to the subject. In the same year, Bruegel painted Netherlandish Proverbs, also modelled on a print by Hogenberg. The following year he produced Children's Games. These three works are closely related, each forming a catalogue of folk customs. The works mark the transition of Bruegel from draughtsman to the painter of grand panels for which he is now known.

Composition
It is typical of the world landscape style, in which an imaginary panoramic landscape is seen from an elevated viewpoint. The horizon is high in the picture, giving the viewer a bird's eye view of the scene. The physical canvas is large, and the characters are small, which means that nearly 200 characters fit into the scene, mostly in groupings.

A market square of an unspecified village in the Netherlands is shown. Themes in the scene would have been nostalgic for contemporary viewers, since it depicts an older and more rural style of improvised celebration, in contrast to the highly organized professional processions which would have been seen at that time in Antwerp.

The spectacle is divided into two halves, and framed by two buildings: the inn on the left, the church on the right, which gives it the character of a scene in a stage show. The left side of the sprawling canvas depicts the Carnival, the right side, Lent. The boundary is not sharply defined, however, and in several places the followers of Lent and Shrove Tuesday invade each other's space.

The painting depicts different times of year. Barren, wintery, trees on the left hint at the winter, while the budding trees of the churchyard's lenten side hint at a burgeoning spring.

In the foreground is the battle itself: the two opponents, pulled and pushed and accompanied by supporters, are about to meet.

The painting does not present either side as being better than the other, but presents both sides as extremes of the human experience.

Detail

Foreground
In the foreground, the two antagonists, Carnival and Lent, are in a parody of a late medieval joust. The two opponents do not ride head-on into each other, but rather pass each other by, trying to lift each other out of the saddle.

They are borne on what resemble contemporary carnival floats. Both characters wear a headdress which makes it clear that they are allegorical characters. Carnival wears a poultry pie with the legs of a crow sticking out. Lent wears a beehive, a common symbol for the church at the time.

Carnival is a fat butcher, with his pouch of knives, straddling a beer barrel on a blue sled. A pork chop is attached to the front of the barrel, and a cooking pot serves as a stirrup. His weapon is a rotisserie carrying the head of a suckling pig, poultry and sausages. Two men pull his sled. One of them waves a red-gold-white flag, the then typical carnival colors. Carnival's followers form a procession of figures wearing masks, bizarre headgear and household objects as props or improvised musical instruments, in a reversal of the normal order. The followers are provided with wafers and cakes. In the foreground are bones, egg shells, and playing cards.

Lent is a thin woman, seated on a hard three-legged chair, and armed with a baker's spatula called a peel, on which lie two herring. She is surrounded by pretzels, fish, fasting breads, mussels, and onions, all typically consumed during Lent. Lent is laboriously drawn by a monk and a nun. Her entourage consists of children, who, like Lent, have the ash cross of Ash Wednesday on their foreheads. They make noise with clappers. A church minister accompanies the children, carrying a bucket with a holy water brush and a bag for donations, which include dry rolls, pretzels and shoes.

Left side
The left side is dominated by an inn, which according to its signboard is called the Blau Schuyt (Blue Barge), referencing a Middle Dutch poem popular during Lenten celebrations, in which the bourgeois world was turned upside down. In and around the inn, there is heavy drinking. Through an upper floor window we see an encounter between two lovers. To the left, a musician with his bagpipes hangs out of the window to vomit.

In front of the inn, actors perform The Dirty Bride, a play in which a peasant in a drunken stupor agrees to marry, but upon sobering up discovers how his bride looks. The painting shows the bride and groom dancing, while a masked member of the company collects money with a piggy bank.

Across the street, another group of dramatists performs The Catch of the Wild Man. Above Carnival, a woman bakes waffles. A procession of lepers, led by a piper.

Right side
Just inside the church a veiled statue is visible. It was customary in Roman Catholic churches to cover artwork from Passion Sunday to Easter.

Outside, a man sits at a table with a relic that the pious can pay to touch. A woman at a stall sells votive offerings. A man and a woman pray kneeling against the wall of the church.

From a side door of the church, the poorer faithful emerge: some have brought their own seating, which they carry. The wealthier citizens, who have been allowed to sit on a bench in the church, leave the church by the main entrance; one gentleman is accompanied by a servant who carries his own folding chair. Some women in black cloaks carry boxwood branches, a custom associated with Palm Sunday. The wealthy have been reminded of their obligation to charity by the Lenten sermon, so they give alms to the numerous beggars.

Unlike the group of beggars on the left, who have no audience, the beggars on the right receive the full attention of the churchgoers. Behind the man who is missing both feet and a forearm, a woman is wearing pilgrim insignia, but in the basket on her back is a monkey, which indicates feigning.

Technologies such as X-rays have revealed changes to Bruegel's work by an unknown hand. A bloated corpse, partially covered by a white shroud, has been hidden. In the original, the wheeled container with wheels, to the right of the fish stall, contains a human figure. These figures are also visible in copies made in Bruegel's time.

The background is dominated by people working, primarily with food: women preparing Lenten fish, men carrying wine from the inn and a woman making waffles. At the very back of the picture, other festivities are going on with a bonfire, dancing figures and beggars spread across the whole scene.

Centre

In the centre are scenes that cannot be clearly connected to either side. At the back is a bakery with ware displayed for sale. Dried fish hang in front of the window. A woman is polishing the utensils. Another woman is doing spring cleaning and has climbed a ladder to clean the overhead light from the outside. In front of the bakery, two young men and two young women are playing an agility game where it involves throwing up old earthenware cooking pots and catching them. That it is not easy is testified by the shards of fallen ones on the ground.

At the centre of the market square is a public well. On its right side, a woman has just drawn the clear water; at her feet is a basket of fresh vegetables. The freshness of this scene stands in sharp contrast to the pig at left of the well. A fish stall offers a wide range of fresh and dried fish, perhaps acting as a counterpoint to the waffle maker on the left.

To the left of the well, in an area brightly lit, walks a couple, seen only from the back. They have taken part in the carnival event: the man is dressed up by tucking a straw bag as a hunchback under his clothes, the woman carries a non-burning lantern around the waist. In front of them, a jester heads to the left. The man and the woman, on the other hand, seem to turn away from the bustle and continue along the lighted path to the right side of the square. For them, the party has ended, and the time for repentance and moderation has come.

Production and copies
It is an oil painting on oak planks taken from a single tree from the area around the Baltic Sea. The panel was prepared by applying a primer of chalk and animal glue to it and polishing it smooth. No additional imprimatura was used, and the warm tonality of the primer shines through in the final work. The signature is applied with black chalk.

Eighteen copies were made, of which five were by Brueghel's son Pieter Brueghel the Younger or his studio.

See also
 List of paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

References

Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder
1559 paintings
Paintings in the Kunsthistorisches Museum
Food and drink paintings
Dance in art
Fish in art
Pigs in art
Musical instruments in art

The Fight Between Carnival and Lent


Uzair Mahomed (born 20 August 1987) is a South African born English former cricketer.  Mahomed is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm off break.  He was born in Johannesburg, Transvaal Province and educated in England at Bradford Grammar School and Woodhouse Grove School.

Mahomed played a single Minor Counties Championship match for Northumberland against Staffordshire in 2005, the same season in which he joined Durham.  He played mostly for the Durham Second XI, before making a single List A appearance for Durham against Bangladesh A.  He scored 3 runs in this match, before being dismissed by Sajidul Islam.  Released by Durham at the end of the 2008 season, he played for the Northamptonshire Second XI in 2009, but he failed to gain a contract with the county.

References

External links
Uzair Mahomed at ESPNcricinfo

1987 births
Living people
Cricketers from Johannesburg
English people of South African descent
People educated at Bradford Grammar School
People educated at Woodhouse Grove School
English cricketers
Northumberland cricketers
Durham cricketers
English cricketers of the 21st century

Uzair Mahomed


Col. Gen. Lajos Fodor (born 27 July 1947) is a retired Hungarian military officer and diplomat, who served as the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Hungary from 1 August 1999 to 28 February 2003.

Career
Fodor functioned as First Deputy Chief of General Staff from 1996 to 1999, in this capacity, he had a significant role in Hungary's accession to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). He served as Deputy Secretary of State for Defence Policy between 15 February and 31 July 1999, under Minister János Szabó. He suspended his military service for that short time. He was appointed Chief of the General Staff and promoted to Colonel General by President Árpád Göncz on 1 August 1999. He also served as Commander of the Hungarian Army until 2001, when the General Staff was integrated to the Ministry of Defence and the military's command function abolished. His relationship with the new Minister Ferenc Juhász has broken down in 2002. Ferenc Mádl acquitted him from his position on 28 February 2003. He was awarded Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary then.

After that he entered the diplomatic career, when he was appointed Hungarian Ambassador to Australia and New Zealand. He held that function until 2007. He became Secretary of State for Administration under Defence Minister Csaba Hende in the Second Cabinet of Viktor Orbán. He was replaced by István Dankó on 31 January 2013.

Promotions
Fodor's promotions according to his CV:
1970 – Lieutenant
1974 – Captain
1979 – Major
1983 – Lieutenant Colonel
1986 – Colonel
1992 – Major General
1997 – Lieutenant General
1999 – Colonel General

Decorations
 Order of John Hunyadi (2001)
 Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (2003)

References

Sources
Official CV

1947 births
Living people
People from Debrecen
Hungarian military personnel
Hungarian politicians
Ambassadors of Hungary to Australia
Commander's Crosses with Star of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (military)

Lajos Fodor


Ruckus is an American variety/game show that starred The Amazing Johnathan and was shot at Merv Griffin's Resorts in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Assistants on the program were Helen Incollingo and Charlene Donahue-Wallace. The format had audience members playing games for cash prizes. In the final round, three contestants played a four-minute stunt round.

The show often begin with Johnathan performing a magic trick, and the camera often zoomed in on the loud audiences cheering wildly for the contestants.

Stunts
The stunts were all similar to Beat the Clock stunts, but they were all designed to be messy. Sometimes Johnathan would perform another magic trick prior to the stunt. Many stunts often awarded around $500 to be split amongst the teams, and some stunts allowed for bonus money.

Reach For the Stars
The final round, titled "Reach For the Stars", involved 3 players trying to win as much money as possible. The four-minute timer began counting down as soon as Johnathan began reading the first question. The player who buzzed in and answered it earned $100 and ran over to a board with stars. He/she would grab a star and hand it to Johnathan to answer a question or perform a stunt, all of which were worth anywhere from $100 to $1,000. If they failed to answer a question or perform a stunt before hearing the buzzer, the other two contestants were eligible to answer a toss-up question to get in the game. Some episodes used a variation where another toss-up question would be asked after each stunt regardless of whether the contestant who played it completed it or not. The player with the biggest total won the game and the cash they earned with it when the four minutes expired.

Broadcast history
The show aired from September 9, 1991, to January 3, 1992, on WNBC-TV in New York City, with plans to move it to syndication. However, it did not resurface until the Game Show Network began airing reruns in 1997. According to the Amazing Johnathan's website, he was embroiled in a contract dispute with joint creator-executive producer Merv Griffin during the off-season and chose not to return; not wanting to continue the show with a different host, Griffin opted to cancel it instead.

References

External links

1991 American television series debuts
1992 American television series endings
1990s American game shows
Local game shows in the United States
Television series by Sony Pictures Television
Television series by Merv Griffin Enterprises
Television series created by Merv Griffin
Television shows set in New Jersey
Television shows filmed in New Jersey

Ruckus (game show)


Ferenc Helbing (25 December 1870 – 28 January 1958) was a Hungarian graphic artist and painter.

Helbing was born in Érsekújvár, Kingdom of Hungary (today Nové Zámky, Slovakia). He started his career as a lithographer. After studying applied graphics and applied arts, he became a printing manager. He taught at the College of Applied Graphics (from 1906) then at the College of Applied Arts (from 1910); he managed the latter until 1936. He made a pioneer work in the field of the Hungarian commercial graphics. He was the designer of many Hungarian banknotes. He also created posters, stamps, illustrations for books, glass paintings and murals (e.g. at the Palace Hotel (Palotaszálló) in Lillafüred) and won a number of prizes in applied arts and graphics competitions. Some of his works can be seen in the Hungarian National Gallery.

He died in Budapest.

See also

Hungarian korona banknotes designed by Ferenc Helbing
Hungarian pengő banknotes designed by Ferenc Helbing

References
Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon

External links
Magyar Nemzeti Galéria (Hungarian National Gallery, homepage in English)

1870 births
1958 deaths
Designers of Hungarian banknotes and coins
People from Nové Zámky
20th-century Hungarian painters
Hungarian male painters
Hungarian graphic artists
20th-century Hungarian male artists
Artists from Austria-Hungary

Ferenc Helbing