James Soong Chu-yu (born 16 March 1942) is a Taiwanese politician. He is the founder and current Chairman of the People First Party.

Born to a Kuomintang military family of Hunanese origin, Soong began his political career as a secretary to Premier Chiang Ching-kuo  (later president) and rose to prominence as director-general of the Government Information Office (GIO) from 1979 to 1984. Upon Chiang's death, Soong was instrumental in silencing conservatives in the KMT from blocking the ascendancy of Lee Teng-hui as KMT leader. Soong was the only elected governor of Taiwan Province from 1994 to 1998, before the streamlining of the provincial government. He placed second in the 2000 presidential election; his independent candidacy split the pro-Chinese unification vote between himself and the KMT candidate Lien Chan, leading to the ascendancy of Democratic Progressive Party candidate Chen Shui-bian. In the 2004 presidential election, he ran as vice president on the ticket of Kuomintang chairman Lien Chan; they narrowly lost to Chen Shui-bian. Soong ran again as a candidate in the 2012 presidential race, garnering 2.77% of popular support. Soong's third presidential campaign in 2016 formed a split ticket with Minkuotang chairwoman Hsu Hsin-ying and won 12.84% of the vote.  His 2020 campaign with running mate Sandra Yu finished last, with 4.2% of the vote. As of 2022, his name appears in the Suisse secrets revelations.

Early life and education
Soong was born in Xiangtan, Hunan province. His father, , was a career military officer staunchly loyal to Republic of China (ROC) President Chiang Kai-shek and rose to the rank of Major General in the Nationalist Army from an enlisted sailor. With the Nationalist defeat in the Chinese Civil War, the family fled to Taiwan in 1949. He earned his bachelor's degree in diplomacy from National Chengchi University in 1964.

Soong travelled to the United States for graduate school and received an M.A. in political science from the University of California, Berkeley in 1967 and an M.S. in library science from The Catholic University of America in 1971. He earned a Ph.D. in political science from Georgetown University in 1974.

While at Berkeley, Soong met his future wife Viola Chen (). They later had a son and a daughter.

Career
As he was finishing his doctoral studies, Soong was recommended by GIO Director Fredrick Chien to be the English secretary of then-Premier Chiang Ching-kuo. Soong served as Secretary to Premier from 1974–1977 and with Chiang Ching-kuo's accession to the presidency, the Personal Secretary to the President from 1978–1981 and 1984-1989. Soong gained his public fame when he addressed the nation following the Carter administration's decision to break ties with the ROC in order to switch diplomatic ties to the People's Republic of China on December 16, 1978 in which he gave a patriotic condemnation of the American position and a ringing defense of the ROC.

Soon afterwards, President Chiang promoted Soong to become the youngest Director-General of the GIO, in which he served from 1979 to 1984.

Rise of Lee Teng-hui
Upon Chiang Ching-kuo's death in 1988, Soong was seen as instrumental in consolidating the power of the new president, Lee Teng-hui. Soong was part of the Palace Faction () that included Chiang loyalists such as Hau Pei-tsun and Lee Huan and which sought to limit Lee Teng-hui and his native Taiwanese faction's role in the government. During the KMT's central standing committee on the day of Chiang's funeral, when the Palace Faction sought to delay Lee's accession to the party Chairmanship, Soong unexpectedly made an impassioned plea in favour of Lee, declaring that "Each day of delay is a day of disrespect to Ching-kuo." He also made a veiled criticism of Soong Mei-ling (no relation), implying that she had returned to Taiwan after her stepson's death to try to reassume power.

Soong established himself as one of the few mainlanders who were also loyal to Lee. In support of Soong, Lee coined the term "New Taiwanese" to describe a person born in mainland China, raised in Taiwan, who calls Taiwan home. Lee moved swiftly to promote Soong to KMT Secretary-General, a position Soong held from 1989 to 1993. In 1993, Lee appointed him Governor of Taiwan Province.

In June 1993, Soong opened a Credit Suisse account, three months after he had stepped down as KMT secretary-general, and it closed in 2010. In 2007 he held over 13 million Swiss francs in it, which is incompatible by his official salary as a public servant. The account is one of a number of things which have led to implications of his involvement in the Taiwan frigate scandal.

Governorship: 1994–98
In 1994 Soong was elected and became the only directly elected Governor of Taiwan Province. He was widely perceived to be an excellent campaigner and his excellent showing in the governorship ended hopes by the DPP of a "Yeltsin effect", by which an elected governor would have more legitimacy than the national government, due to the President being still elected by the National Assembly at that time.

Despite his Mainlander background, Soong proved to be a popular politician among all ethnic groups on Taiwan, in part because he was one of the first KMT politicians to attempt to speak in Taiwanese Hokkien in political and formal occasions.

After Premier Lien Chan was elected vice-president in 1996, the premiership was vacated in 1997 after the Judicial Yuan ruled out that the person could not serve both vice-president and premier. Soong felt that as Governor of Taiwan, he was the natural successor to Lien, but President Lee believed that Soong should serve out his term. President Lee appointed Vincent Siew, whom Soong considered a subordinate, and this act led to the split between Soong and Lee.

The position of Governor of Taiwan was eliminated in December 1998 following a National Development Council meeting in 1996, when it suggested that the administrative structure of the Taiwanese government be streamlined. Soong and his supporters believe this to have been a political move by President Lee to cut off Soong's power base, but proponents of the downsizing called it a pragmatic move to eliminate administrative redundancies. Soong tendered his resignation on December 31 of the same year, but President Lee did not accept it.

2000 presidential election
After losing the KMT presidential nomination to then-vice president Lien Chan, Soong ran as an independent in the 2000 Presidential elections. Soong advocated a gradual union between Taiwan and the mainland by first signing a non-aggression pact followed by the formation of a cross-strait union similar to the European Union. His platform called for the characterization of relations between the Mainland and Taiwan as neither foreign nor domestic. Although widely seen as the candidate most friendly to Mainland China, Soong took particular effort to counter the perception that he would "sell out" Taiwan.

The KMT responded by expelling Soong and his supporters from the party. In the final months leading to the 2000 elections, the KMT, then under Lee Teng-hui's leadership, sued Soong for theft, alleging that as party Secretary-General, he stole millions of Taiwan dollars in cash intended for the family of the late President Chiang Ching-kuo and hid the money in the Chunghsing Bills Finance Company. In defense he stated that the money in those bank accounts was in fact all from the KMT, and he insisted that the money transfer was authorized by then-KMT chairman, Lee Teng-hui. These statements have been substantiated by an internal KMT memo signed by Lee which were published by the court many years later.

The scandal hurt Soong's clean image. Initially leading in the polls, Soong narrowly lost the election with 36.84% of the vote to Chen Shui-bian of the Democratic Progressive Party with 39.3%. Lien came in a distant third with only 23.1%. One common belief from the pro-blue camp in Taiwan is that Lee Teng-hui favored the unpopular Vice President Lien Chan over the highly popular Soong in a deliberate effort to sabotage the Kuomintang and was secretly supporting Chen, even though Lee is supposed to favor Kuomintang's own nominee Lien. Some believe Lee feared Soong would expose the corruption in his administration, and undermine his legacy.

After losing the election, Soong's supporters protested in front of the KMT party headquarters and blockaded the building for a few days. They succeeded in pressuring Lee Teng-hui to resign as KMT Chairman in favor of Lien Chan. Within weeks, Soong and his supporters formed the People First Party (PFP), considered a spin-off from the KMT.

Prosecutors later dropped all charges against Soong in the Chunghsing Scandal. In 2003, the investigation was reopened, with former President Lee (now expelled from the KMT and the "spiritual leader" of the pro-independence Taiwan Solidarity Union) testifying against Soong in court. However, with the KMT allied with the People First Party for the 2004 presidential election, the KMT aided Soong in his defence, providing documents signed by Lee. KMT Chairman Lien Chan claimed the KMT was misled into filing the lawsuit against Soong. The KMT dropped the charges and is still trying to collect the money that had been returned and deposited in the court by Soong.

2004 presidential election
Despite the personal rivalries between Lien, the KMT chairman after 2000, and Soong, the KMT and People First Party pledged to cooperate in future elections to prevent splitting the vote. Though losses in the 2001 legislative elections made the DPP the largest single party in the Legislative Yuan, the pan-blue coalition retained a narrow majority over the pan-green coalition.

Soong ran as a vice presidential candidate under Lien Chan in the 2004 elections. Some believe that the PFP's lack of experienced candidates in the December 2002 mayoral elections in Taipei and Kaohsiung (the PFP supported the KMT's candidates), and the PFP's poor performance the city council elections in those cities at the same time were major setbacks to Soong's chances of being the KMT-PFP candidate for president. There were widespread rumours that Soong agreed to take the Vice-Presidential post in exchange for a pledge by Lien to give him significant power, including the Premiership. Many KMT members opposed the linkage, considering Soong an opportunist and traitor. Soong's supporters pointed out that he was more popular than Lien, as consistently demonstrated by polls and the results of the 2000 presidential elections. Though both men garnered a combined 60% of the vote in 2000 (compared to Chen's 39%), they lost to Chen in 2004 by a mere 0.22% of the vote and never conceded.

2005
After the 2004 Presidential election, Soong actively sought the merger of the KMT and People First Party. However, he ceased doing so after the ROC Legislative Election, 2004. Although the pan-blue coalition did well, the PFP did not, and Soong ended talk of a KMT-PFP merger. In February 2005, he signed a 10-point consensus program with President Chen Shui-Bian, which brought heavy criticism to Chen. The possibility of DPP-PFP cooperation ended in May 2005, when Soong visited mainland China to meet with General Secretary Hu Jintao of the Chinese Communist Party. Initially, Chen stated that Soong would deliver a secret message to the PRC leadership, but Soong denied this.

In the 2005 KMT chairmanship election, Soong, who retained a significant following within the KMT, despite initially instructing party officials not to support either Ma Ying-jeou or Wang Jin-pyng, endorsed Wang at the last minute. However, the endorsement appeared to backfire as Ma defeated Wang by a large margin of 72% to 28%. On July 22, 2005, Soong, unopposed, was re-elected chairman of the PFP.

On November 17, 2005, Soong was awarded NT$10 million in a defamation suit against former President Lee Teng-hui, who had alleged that Soong was playing mahjong while his supporters were protesting on the streets in April 2004. A three-judge panel of the Taipei District Court ruled that Lee must apologize and compensate Soong, saying that Lee's "groundless" remark had damaged Soong's reputation. In addition, the court ordered Lee to publish a half-page apology in major newspapers for three consecutive days.

Soong's visit to mainland China followed quickly on the heels of the trail-blazing visit of KMT Chairman Lien Chan. Beyond a sentimental visit, the important political aspect of his tour came from his visit to Beijing. There, he shook hands with Hu Jintao, General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, and exchanged presents with him; Soong gave Hu a work of glass art from Liuli Gongfang, and received a piece of Jingdezhen porcelain from Hu. Soong was only the second major political figure from Taiwan ever to do so. The carefully scripted red carpet ceremony was identical to the previous greeting for KMT Chairman Lien Chan. The key outcome of the meeting was the publication of a shared political platform between the Communist Party and Soong's People's First Party. Finally, Soong lectured at Tsinghua University, an echo of Lien's lecture at Peking University four weeks prior.

Soong's visit was designed to emphasize his belief in the common shared roots of the Chinese people, reflecting his pro-unification sentiment. He specifically chose to honour the historical ancestor of the Chinese people, the contemporary father of the Republic of China, and then his own direct ancestors in that precise order. His public comments also addressed this continuous theme, receiving rapturous support from his mainland audience. The political consensus borne of the visit between the PFP and the CPC called for practical actions towards establishing links between Taiwan and mainland China while firmly resisting Taiwanese independence.

2006 Taipei mayoral election

Tax issue
On August 17, 2006, Taiwan's Administrative Supreme Court handed down a ruling against Soong in a tax evasion case. He was charged gift taxes by the National Tax Administration from events in 1994 when he wired NT$42 million from his election campaign account to that of his daughter-in-law in the United States.  Soong argued that he had wired the money to his daughter-in-law to pay off remaining campaign debts and to establish a Foundation and that he was not simply "gifting" the money to her. The Court, however, found that the first money was not given to the Foundation until December 2001 and ruled that the money had been used as his private assets and that, therefore, gift tax was payable. He was assessed NT$13 million in gift tax, with a fine of NT$13 million, for a total sum of NT$26 million.

Taipei campaign
On October 18, 2006, Soong formally announced and registered his candidacy for the Mayoralty of Taipei City, Taiwan's capital and largest city, in the local government elections to be held in December 2006. Soong registered as a "non-partisan" candidate without a party affiliation, declaring that he had taken a leave of absence from his post as Chairman of the PFP.

After his defeat in Taipei Mayoral Election on the 9th of December, 2006, he won only 4% of cast ballots, James Soong announced that he would retire from politics, which entailed giving up the chairmanship of his party, the PFP. With this announcement and no clear goal, the PFP face an uncertain future, which could speed up any merger with the Kuomintang.

Claims made by former president Chen Shui-bian

Chen Shui-bian claimed in an interview with a cable TV channel in May 2005 that Soong met Chen Yunlin in the United States in February of that year.

Following this claim, on February 15, 2007, Taipei District Court ruled Thursday that President Chen Shui-bian must pay James Soong NT$3 million (US$91,183) in damages and apologize in the top three newspapers for his allegation that Soong met secretly with China's State Council Taiwan Affairs Office Director Chen Yunlin in 2005. The court said President Chen failed to carry out necessary verification before making his allegation.

PFP spokesman Lee Hung-Chun said the ruiling "gave justice to Soong", but said that it had come too late. Chen's counsel said that he would appeal the ruling.

2012 presidential election
After a petition, Soong, for the first time as a People First Party presidential candidate, ran the 2012 presidential election together with Lin Ruey-shiung, a National Taiwan University professor in public health. Soong described the "Blue-Green rivalry" in Taiwanese politics as an epidemic and stated that Lin, as a doctor, was his partner to cure this "disease". He contended that Taiwanese people wanted a third party other than the KMT and the DPP and that the PFP was their choice.

2016 presidential election
Soong announced his intention to join the 2016 Taiwan presidential election on 6 August 2015 with running mate Hsu Hsin-ying of the Minkuotang. The Soong–Hsu ticket finished third.

2020 presidential election
Soong contested the 2020 Taiwan presidential election, beginning his campaign on 13 November 2019. He had promised that this campaign would be his last attempt for the presidency. Soong and Sandra Yu formed the People First Party ticket.  The pair registered their candidacy with the Central Election Commission on 18 November 2019. Soong and Yu finished third in the presidential election, with 4.2% of the vote.

Notes

References

|-

|-

1942 births
Catholic University of America alumni
Chairpersons of the Taiwan Provincial Government
Georgetown University Law Center alumni
Independent presidential candidates of Taiwan
Kuomintang politicians in Taiwan
Leaders of political parties in Taiwan
Living people
National Chengchi University alumni
People First Party (Taiwan) presidential nominees
Politicians from Xiangtan
Republic of China politicians from Hunan
UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
Expelled members of the Kuomintang
Chinese Civil War refugees
Taiwanese people from Hunan
Senior Advisors to President Tsai Ing-wen
Taiwanese political party founders

James Soong


Kostja Ullmann (born May 30, 1984) is a German actor, best known for his leading role in the award-winning coming of age drama Sommersturm (Summer Storm) which gained a lot of praise throughout Europe.

Life and career
Ullmann was born in Hamburg to a German father and an Indian mother. He entered the stage at the age of eleven and performed at Hamburg's Ernst Deutsch Theater and Winterhuder Fährhaus. In 1998, he made his TV debut in a minor part in the crime series Alphateam.

In the following years, Ullmann starred in several minor roles in TV series such as Stahlnetz, Großstadtrevier, and Leipzig Homicide as well as in TV movies such as the drama Albtraum einer Ehe (2001) alongside August Zirner. From 1999 to 2000, he was a cast member of the comedy series Zwei Männer am Herd with Wolfgang Fierek and Florian Fitz.

In 2004, Kostja Ullmann made his movie debut in a leading role in Marco Kreuzpaintner's award-winning film Sommersturm (Summer Storm). His performance in the romantic TV drama Heimliche Liebe (Secret Love) about the relationship of a schoolboy and an older woman won Ullmann the Günther-Strack-Fernsehpreis as Best Actor in 2006.

In his second movie,  (2006), Ullmann stars in a similar role. Directed by Angelina Maccarone, he plays a young delinquent who engages in an "amour fou" with his probation officer who is more than 30 years older than he is. The film won a Golden Leopard at the 2006 Locarno International Film Festival. He acted as Hermann Lake in German-Japan collaborated movie Baruto no Gakuen (Ode an die Freude) in 2006.

Ullmann played the lead role, Luca Behrendt, in the 2008 movie Die Zeit, die man Leben nennt.

Ullmann will voice Wirt in the German dub of Over the Garden Wall.

Filmography

External links

German male television actors
1984 births
Living people
Male actors from Hamburg
German male film actors
German male child actors
German people of Indian descent
20th-century German male actors
21st-century German male actors

Kostja Ullmann


Cuerno Verde (died September 3, 1779) is the Spanish name for Tavibo Naritgant, a leader of the Comanche, likely of the Kotsoteka Comanche, in the late 18th century.

Life
Cuerno Verde ("Green Horn" in English), is the Spanish name given to Tavibo Naritgant ("Dangerous Man") because of the green tinted horn(s) that he wore on his head-dress in battle. The English translation of the Comanche name is "Dangerous Man." His son inherited both the name and the distinctive head dress from the father, who was killed in combat against the Spanish at Ojo Caliente, in what is now New Mexico, in October 1768.

As a young man, Tabivo Naritgant led a series of successful raids into Nuevo Mexico during the mid- to late 1770s. The Spanish Viceroy in New Spain noticed this threat to them, and offered Juan Bautista de Anza the governorship of Nuevo Mexico with instructions to deal with the various local Indians, including Tavibo Naritgant. De Anza moved to Nuevo Mexico and assumed the Governorship and for a year, studied past expeditions against and encounters with Cuerno Verde. A year later, in August 1779, de Anza led a mixed force of 500 to 800 Spanish troops and Ute, Apache, and Pueblo auxiliaries on a punitive expedition against the Comanche.

The Comanche and Spanish forces met in a series of running battles between August 31 and September 3, 1779; Tabivo Naritgant was killed in combat, along with his first-born son and fifteen others, on September 3 somewhere between the present day cities of Pueblo, Colorado and Colorado City, Colorado, probably in a gully of the St. Charles River. Hostilities in the area decreased following his death.

The "green horn" head-dress of Cuerno Verde was taken from the battlefield and presented to the Viceroy by de Anza. It has been reported that the Viceroy presented the headdress to the King of Spain, who in turn presented the headdress to the Pope.

Anza called him a "cruel scourge" and made note in his diaries of atrocities attributed to him. Some modern Comanches question the veracity of Anza's statements while maintaining that Tabivo Naritgant'a warring activities were appropriate for a Comanche leader of the period.

Legacy

Greenhorn Mountain and the Greenhorn Valley in south-central Colorado are named after the English translation of his Spanish name.

Gallery

Notes

References

Native American leaders
Comanche people
1779 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Native American history of New Mexico
People from New Mexico
18th-century Native American leaders

Cuerno Verde


Mark E. Dean (born March 2, 1957) is an American inventor and a computer engineer.

Early life
Dean went to Jefferson City High School. He liked to build things. He once built a tractor from scratch with the help of his father. He graduated from the University of Tennessee in 1979. He got straight A's. Dean received a master's degree in electrical engineering from Florida Atlantic university in 1982. Dean received a doctorate from Stanford University in 1992.

Public life
Dean's first job was at IBM as an engineer.  He invented three important technology's at IBM, including the color PC monitor and the first gigahertz chip. A gigahertz chip is a revolutionary piece of technology that is able to do a billion calculations per second. Dean holds 3 of IBM's patents. Dean became the black engineer of the year in 1987.

References

American inventors

Mark Dean (computer scientist)


Winnie-the-Pooh is a fictional teddy bear, and the central character in the book series by A. A. Milne.

The term Winnie-the-Pooh or Pooh Bear may also refer to:

Milne derivation
 Winnie-the-Pooh (book), the first volume of stories about the fictional bear, published in 1926
 Winnie the Pooh (franchise), a Walt Disney franchise based on the books; including TV series, animated feature films, and theme in-park appearances
 Winnie the Pooh (Disney character), a character in the franchise
 "Winnie the Pooh" (song), a 1966 theme song written by the Sherman Brothers
 The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh, a 1977 American animated film
 Welcome to Pooh Corner, a live-action television series that aired from 1983 to 1986
 The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh, an animated television series that aired from 1988 to 1991
 The Book of Pooh, a puppet television series that aired from 2001 to 2003
 My Friends Tigger & Pooh, a computer-animated television series that aired from 2007 to 2010
 Winnie the Pooh (2011 film), a 2011 American animated film
 Winnie-the-Pooh (1969 film), a 1969 Russian animated film by Soyuzmultfilm
 Winnie-the-Pooh: Blood and Honey, a 2023 British independent slasher film by Rhys Frake-Waterfield

Nicknames and stagenames
 Poo Bear, stage name of American musician and songwriter Jason Boyd
 Óscar Guerrero Silva, Mexican drug lord known for his Winnie Pooh alias.
 A controversial nickname of Chinese dictator Xi Jinping given to him when internet memes compared him to Disney's version of the character

See also

 Poohsticks, a game first mentioned in The House at Pooh Corner (1928)
"House at Pooh Corner" (song), a 1970 song written by Kenny Loggins
Return to Pooh Corner, a 1994 album by Kenny Loggins
Return to the Hundred Acre Wood, a 2009 book that serves as a sequel to Milne's original tales
 Pooh (band), an Italian pop band named after Winnie-the-Pooh
 Winnie (disambiguation)
 Pooh (disambiguation)

Winnie-the-Pooh (disambiguation)


Emperor of Norfolk (1885–1907) was an American Champion and Hall of Fame Thoroughbred racehorse. His large size, strong hindquarters, and racing record earned him the name of the "California Wonder".

Background
In the 1870s, when Joseph Cairn Simpson (founder of California's first all-sports newspaper, Breeder and Sportsman) migrated west, he brought horses with him. One was the filly Marian. To finance his newspaper, he sold Marian to Theodore Winters, who owned California's best stallion, Norfolk, by one of America's greatest sires, Lexington. Norfolk retired undefeated. Winters bought him for $15,001, one dollar more than the amount paid for Lexington himself.

With the purchase of Marian, Winters now owned a top stallion and a top broodmare. Marian, mated to Norfolk, both living at either Winters' second stud farm, the Rancho Del Rio near Sacramento on the banks of the Sacramento River or on his Yolo County, California, spread, produced numerous outstanding runners: Duchess of Norfolk, Prince of Norfolk, The Czar, El Rio Rey, Rey Del Rey, and Emperor of Norfolk. After Norfolk retired, Marian produced another star horse: Yo Tambien, by turf champion Joe Hooker.

Racing career
Winters sold Marian's yearling foal to Elias Jackson Baldwin for $2,525. Baldwin raced the colt 18 times at the age of two, which was a normal schedule for the time. During one eight-day span, Emperor of Norfolk won three races in Chicago, Illinois. At Saratoga, New York, in August, he won four more races. Then he went to Jerome Park Racetrack, where he took two races in four days. He also placed in the Prospect Cap and came third in the Quickstep Stakes.

At three, Emperor of Norfolk started eleven times, winning 9 races, 8 of them consecutively. He placed in one race and showed in another. Of the nine starts he won, two were the prestigious Brooklyn Stakes (now called the Dwyer Stakes) and the American Derby under the great African American jockey Isaac Burns Murphy.

Emperor of Norfolk won at distances of between five and nine furlongs, and earned, for the time, a huge sum of money.

He retired lame after his last win in the Sheridan Stakes (the injury occurring during an exercise run), and Baldwin shipped him back to Rancho Santa Anita to begin his stud career.

At stud
Emperor of Norfolk was great a sire as his own sire, Norfolk, producing stake winner after stake winner, but his best son (who possessed a variety of names until sent to England) was Americus. Americus won many stakes races, but was best known as a sire, primarily through his daughter Americus Girl. Out of Americus Girl came the "flying filly," Mumtaz Mahal, and through her Mahmoud, Nasrullah, Royal Charger, and Tudor Minstrel.

Many of today's most successful horses go back to Emperor of Norfolk through Mumtaz Mahal via Americus.

Death
Emperor of Norfolk died at age 22 on December 15, 1907. He was buried at the stable under a large Maltese cross, Baldwin's racing symbol. Later, Baldwin's three other American Derby winners, Volante, Silver Cloud, and Rey El Santa Anita, were also buried there. All four horses were later transferred to the paddock garden of the modern Santa Anita Park.

Emperor of Norfolk was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1988.

Sire line tree

Emperor of Norfolk
Americus
Jack Snipe
Golden Rod
Norford
Cruzados
Lantados
Rey El Rio
Rey El Tierra
El Tesoro
Peerless
Conquering Elk*
Americano
Norito

 Conquering Elk (b. 1987) is the last known male progeny of the Lexington male sire line. Consequently, as a result, the Byerley Turk male sire line became extinct in the United States, although it still survives in Europe.

Pedigree

References

 Robinson, William, The History of Thoroughbred Racing in America
 Emperor of Norfolk in the Hall of Fame
 Thoroughbred Heritage

1885 racehorse births
1907 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in California
Racehorses trained in the United States
American Champion racehorses
American Thoroughbred Horse of the Year
United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees
United States Champion Thoroughbred Sires
Byerley Turk sire line
Thoroughbred family A17

Emperor of Norfolk


Until 1 January 2007 Højreby was a municipality (Danish, kommune) on the island of Lolland in Storstrøm County in south Denmark. The municipality covered an area of 128 km², and had a total population of 4,049 (2005).  Its last mayor was Jytte Frijs, a member of the Venstre (Liberal Party) political party. The site of its municipal council was the town of Søllested.

Højreby municipality ceased to exist as the result of Kommunalreformen ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007).  It was merged with existing Holeby, Maribo, Nakskov, Ravnsborg, Rudbjerg and Rødby municipalities to form the new Lolland municipality.  This created a municipality with an area of 892 km² and a total population of 49,469 (2005).  The new municipality belongs to Region Sjælland ("Zealand Region").

External links
 Lolland municipality's official website (Danish only)

References
 Municipal statistics: NetBorger Kommunefakta, delivered from KMD aka Kommunedata (Municipal Data)
 Municipal mergers and neighbors: Eniro new municipalities map

Former municipalities of Denmark
Lolland

Højreby


r/antiwork is a subreddit associated with contemporary labor movements, critique of work, and the anti-work movement. The forum's slogan reads: "Unemployment for all, not just the rich!" Posts on the forum commonly describe employees' negative experiences at work, dissatisfaction with working conditions, and unionization. Various actions that have been promoted on the subreddit include a consumer boycott of Black Friday as well as the submission of fake jobs applications to the Kellogg Company after the company announced plans to replace 1,400 striking workers during the 2021 Kellogg's strike. The popularity of r/antiwork increased in 2020 and 2021, and the subreddit gained 900,000 subscribers in 2021 alone, accumulating nearly 1,700,000 subscribers by the end of the year. It is often associated with other ideologically similar subreddits such as r/latestagecapitalism.  r/antiwork has been compared to the Occupy Wall Street movement due to the subreddit's intellectual foundations and decentralized ethos.

The subreddit was originally founded as a forum for discussion of anti-work ideology within post-left anarchism. However, following its rapid growth, the subreddit has come to represent a broader tent of left-wing politics centered on discussion of working conditions and labor activism. On January 25, 2022, one of the subreddit's moderators, Doreen Ford, participated in an interview with Fox News anchor Jesse Watters. The interview was overwhelmingly criticized on Reddit and other social media platforms, which prompted the subreddit to shut down temporarily.

History

Beginnings (2013–2020)
r/antiwork was created in 2013 as a forum for discussion of anti-work thought within post-left anarchism. Its early years were shaped by Doreen Ford, a moderator on the subreddit since 2013. In 2014, Ford was writing a blog called AbolishWork.com. Until 2017, Ford worked at a series of retail jobs for a decade, which she described as "miserable". In 2017, Ford quit working in retail to work with animals, mainly dogs, on the advice of her grandmother. As of 2021, she earns a living through dog walking, pet sitting, and through crowdfunding on her Patreon.

Rapid growth (2020–2021)
r/antiwork began growing rapidly during the COVID-19 pandemic as millions of people were laid off from their jobs or made to work reduced hours. Remote workers began sharing various mouse jiggler strategies to combat bossware intended to monitor the productivity of employees.

In 2019, the number of subscribers was 13,000, which increased to 100,000 in early 2020. The subreddit's popularity increased after people began posting text messages of employees giving notice to their employers that they no longer wanted their jobs. In November 2021 the subscriber number exceeded one million. By December 2021 that number had grown to 1.4 million, and in January 2022 it was over 1.7 million. On January 26, r/antiwork was the subreddit with the highest increase of traffic that was not one of Reddit's "default" front page subreddits.

In 2021, members of r/antiwork called for "Blackout Black Friday." While originally a general strike on Black Friday, it morphed into a consumer boycott. In December 2021, various members posted images of anti-work manifestos which had printed from receipt printers and referred readers to r/antiwork. Some Reddit users suggested that the printouts were fake, but the founder of cybersecurity firm GreyNoise told Vice that network traffic suggested they were being printed remotely to printers that were "misconfigured to be exposed to the internet".

In October 2021, r/antiwork went viral after a warehouse worker posted a screenshot of a text they sent to their supervisor announcing that they would quit their job, which resulted in "an avalanche of quitting texts from other users."

In November 2021, the most popular post on r/antiwork encouraged people to turn a McDonald's strike happening in the United States at the time into a larger general strike demanding that McDonald's pay its employees $25 an hour. The person who made the post then created and shared an anti-work sign with the slogan "McDonald's Employment Boycott" above an image of a worker swinging a hammer. People began printing out the sign and taping it up in fast food restaurants.

On December 9, 2021, after Kellogg's announced plans to hire new permanent workers to replace 1,400 striking workers, a thread on r/antiwork urged members to submit fake applications for the new positions in order to overwhelm the company's hiring system. , the thread had more than 62,000 upvotes; the director of communications for the union representing the striking workers described it as "phenomenal". Members reported having submitted fake applications and that the application site had crashed repeatedly; a spokesperson for Kellogg's denied that the website had crashed, telling Business Insider that the hiring process was "fully operational". The initiative spread to other social media platforms.

Jesse Watters interview, internal controversy and aftermath (2022)
On January 25, 2022, Ford participated in an interview with Fox News anchor Jesse Watters. The interview received an overwhelmingly negative reception from members of the subreddit. Members of the subreddit questioned why Ford felt she had the authority to represent the anti-work movement. r/antiwork briefly went private the following day, and subreddit moderators said it was a temporary measure to prevent disruption from other subreddits. Noah Berlatsky, writing for The Independent, stated that the Fox News segment became "a publicity disaster for r/antiwork" and that r/antiwork became "widely ridiculed". Oliver Whang, writing for The New York Times, noted: "Theories started to bounce around about some outside corporate mastermind controlling the moderators, trying to turn the community against itself." Ford told Whang: "I had good intentions, but, yeah, that only does so much." Ford received harassment online, including graphic threats and people insulting her appearance. According to Nielsen Media Research, around 3.6 million viewers watched Watters' show on the day of the interview.

The subreddit r/workreform, whose motto was "Food, Healthcare, and Homes: for ALL WAGES", was started on January 26, and some members of r/antiwork migrated over. Within 24 hours, the subreddit had gained more than 400,000 members. The new subreddit's growth eventually slowed; it acquired about 450,000 members and has grown steadily since.

On January 27, subreddit moderator Kimezukae posted a statement on the subreddit saying that "We're going in the short-term future not accept any media interviews and we will ask the community on feedback regarding whether we will accept an interview or what kind of media outlets are outright banned". The statement also said that Ford would be removed as a moderator of the subreddit and that Kimezukae had done interviews with three major international media outlets that have not been published yet, including one with The New York Times. According to Vice, "Since the Fox News interview, however, the main topic of conversation on the subreddit has been the interview itself, who 'owns' the subreddit, the drama associated with the fallout from the interview, brigading from other subreddits, and censorship of posts about the Fox News interview." After r/antiwork was reopened to the public, all traces of Ford's account had been erased from the subreddit. Within a few days, posts about abusive bosses dominated the subreddit's content again and the subreddit has grown steadily since. Later, a post titled "Americas transgender wage gap" was pinned to the top of the subreddit.

In May 2022, in response to a leaked U.S. Supreme Court draft decision to overturn Roe v. Wade, members of r/antiwork promoted the idea of a general strike against a possible ruling by the Supreme Court that would overturn Roe. However, a subreddit moderator criticized attempts to organize a general strike through social media posts as being "unproductive."

2023–present

On June 12, 2023, in response to Reddit's refusal to back out of the new API changes, r/antiwork, along with other major subreddits, became private indefinitely. However, on June 17, Reddit administrators forced the moderators of r/antiwork to reopen the subreddit for pressure of the moderators being replaced.

Content
r/antiwork uses the slogan "Unemployment for all, not just the rich!" Members of the subreddit are known as "idlers" in reference to the Protestant work ethic. Posts commonly criticize hustle culture and share stories of employees' negative experiences at their jobs, including unfair treatment by employers and poor working conditions, as well as poor pay. Other posts express members' happiness after quitting their jobs, a trend which began on the subreddit in 2020 and has been linked to the Great Resignation in 2021. According to subreddit moderator rockcellist, the most common issues raised by members of the subreddit include "stagnation of wages, overworking, being expected to be on call on and off the clock." According to Vice, members frequently discuss ways "to slack off, cheat, sabotage, and steal from their employers in act[s] of defiance". The subreddit's most popular posts are screenshots of resignation letters and text messages, which became so popular that the subreddit's moderators restricted these posts to only Sundays. Open discussion of worker salaries is encouraged, as is union organization.

The subreddit includes a digital library of books, texts, and podcasts including David Graeber's Bullshit Jobs, Bob Black's "The Abolition of Work", Karl Marx's "Wage Labour and Capital", Bertrand Russell's "In Praise of Idleness", Paul Lafargue's The Right to be Lazy, Devon Price's Laziness Does Not Exist, Kathi Weeks' The Problem with Work, David Frayne's The Refusal of Work and Herman Melville's "Bartleby, the Scrivener," as well as a collection of anti-work quotes, a soundtrack that includes "9 to 5", and an FAQ page.

Ideology
Members of r/antiwork hold varying views on work. The majority support a change in what is conceptualized as "work," while some advocate for the abolition of work altogether, and others are opposed to meaningless work or to work in a capitalist system. As membership in the subreddit increased, some longtime left-wing members have objected to the perceived liberal, moderate, reformist, and pro-capitalist ideologies of newcomers.

In November 2021, Ford told The Independent that "The main goal of the anti-work movement is just to abolish work, but what that ends up looking like is very different, depending on who you ask," noting that members of r/antiwork include "people who are anarchists, people who are Communists, people who are social Democrats, people who like Bernie, people who like Andrew Yang" and concluding that "there's lots of different kinds of leftists." In December 2021, moderator rockcellist told Quartz that "There's no particular political ideology that any of us follow" and that the posts on the subreddit reflect "how every individual views their labor, their contributions to society, how they're compensated." In January 2022, Brian O'Conner of the BBC wrote that the subreddit is "a community still rooted in direct action, but whose focus has both softened and broadened into a wider dialogue on working conditions as its popularity has grown."

An internal survey of 1,592 subreddit members found that 33.4% identified as socialists, 33.2% identified as social democrats and progressives, 16.1% identified as anarchists, and 14.4% did not identify as left-wing. The survey found that most members were male and live in North America. The survey also found that 50% of members still work full-time.

Reception
In January 2020, the r/antiwork subreddit had about 70,000 members. In February 2021, 235,000 people were members of r/antiwork, more than double the number of members from March 2020. Huck attributed the subreddit's growth in membership to the COVID-19 pandemic and related events, including a rise in union busting as well as increased acceptance of mutual-aid networks and the four-day workweek. , the subreddit had more than 1.4 million members, a 279% increase from 2020 with a gain of more than 900,000 members in 2021. According to Reddit, r/antiwork was one of the 15 fastest-growing subreddits .

In 2021, opinion pieces in The New York Times, The Guardian, and Vice expressed solidarity with r/antiwork.

In a November 2021 research note, Goldman Sachs cited the subreddit and broader anti-work movement as factors that could lead to a long term decrease in labor force participation.

In a January 2022 article, Douglas Blair of The Daily Signal, an American conservative news website, called the subreddit's ideology "Marxist" and "vapid and bereft of logic". In a January 2022 article, Bryce Olivas of Socialist Revolution, a publication of the International Marxist Tendency (IMT), generally praised r/antiwork, but criticized the subreddit for its "lack of a class-struggle perspective."

See also
Critique of work
Great Resignation
Interpassivity
Millennial socialism
Money-rich, time-poor
Post-work society
Refusal of work
Striketober
Tang ping ("lying flat")
Wage slavery

References

External links

antiwork
Anti-capitalism
Internet properties established in 2013
Labor
Refusal of work
Criticism of work

R/antiwork


War of the Wizards is the fourth and final book in the World of Lone Wolf book series created by Joe Dever and written by Ian Page.  It is one of four books in the mini-series and features Grey Star, for whom the first book is named, a young Wizard trained by the enigmatic Shianti to stop the Wytch-King and his Shadakine Empire. All four of the Grey Star books were released by Project Aon along with many of the other installments of the Lone Wolf series.

Gameplay
The gameplay of the World of Lone Wolf series is very much like the other Lone Wolf books, but features a few key differences. One is the inclusion of Willpower, which can be used for various Magical effects in the game, and maybe most importantly to loose a blast of Magic from your Wizards Staff when it is in your possession. The ability to vanquish some enemies with the expenditure of a Willpower point or two introduces a key strategic consideration in which the reader must choose between the likely loss of Endurance that comes with fighting enemies, and the amount of Willpower that should be saved for later in the story.

Plot
In this, the final installment of the World of Lone Wolf, Grey Star and Tanith have just completed a harrowing quest in the Shadow realm of the Daziarn. Upon retrieving the Moonstone, the two return to Magnamund to find the forces of good and evil poised on the brink of final conflict. Shasarak has enlisted the aid of the dreaded demon lord Agarash the Damned in order to eradicate the resistance movement once and for all. Battling their way through hordes of demons and undead minion, Grey Star and Tanith must struggle to rejoin the Freedom Guild, defeat the forces of the Wytch-King, and fulfill his destiny and promise to the Shianti.

External links
Project Aon - War of the Wizards
Gamebooks - War of the Wizards

Lone Wolf (gamebooks)
1986 fiction books
Berkley Books books

War of the Wizards (gamebook)


In electronics, a nullator is a theoretical linear, time-invariant one-port defined as having zero current and voltage across its terminals.  Nullators are strange in the sense that they simultaneously have properties of both a short (zero voltage) and an open circuit (zero current). They are neither current nor voltage sources, yet both at the same time.

Inserting a nullator in a circuit schematic imposes a mathematical constraint on how that circuit must behave, forcing the circuit itself to adopt whatever arrangements needed to meet the condition. For example, the inputs of an ideal operational amplifier (with negative feedback) behave like a nullator, as they draw no current and have no voltage across them, and these conditions are used to analyze the circuitry surrounding the operational amplifier.

A nullator is normally paired with a norator to form a nullor.

Two trivial cases are worth noting: A nullator in parallel with a norator is equivalent to a short (zero voltage any current) and a nullator in series with a norator is an open circuit (zero current, any voltage).

References

External links
 Nullator article from Analog Insydes reference

Electrical components
Control theory
Signal processing
Analog circuits
Electronic design

Nullator


The Australian Consulate-General in Shanghai represents the Commonwealth of Australia in Shanghai, the most populous city and a global financial centre in the People's Republic of China. The Consulate-General, one of many in Shanghai, has its offices in the CITIC Square building, 1168 Nanjing Road West.

The Australian Consulate-General in Shanghai reports to the Australian Embassy in Beijing, which reports to the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade in Canberra, Australia, a process in line with the majority of Australia's consulates around the world. It was originally established as a Trade Commission in 1921, predating Australia's formal diplomatic presence in China by 20 years.

Consulate history

Little Trade Commission
Originally established on 26 February 1921 with the appointment of Edward S. Little as Trade Commissioner of the Commonwealth Government in Shanghai, Little was the first Trade Commissioner ever appointed by the Australian Government, marking the beginning of the Australian Trade Commissioner Service first maintained by the Department of Trade and Customs. On his appointment it was noted by Prime Minister Billy Hughes that it was "the intention of the Federal Ministry at an early date to ask Parliament for authority to establish a service of trade commissioners which will be linked up with the Bureau of Commerce and Industry." Little toured the country before leaving for China in order to gauge the level of interest from Australian business circles in operating in China and noted that his posting would be the first direct representation of Australia in China: "They have been Represented in the post in Hongkong, but that is not really China."

However, on 26 July 1923, the Minister for Trade and Customs, Austin Chapman, announced that Little's posting was to be closed, with various concerns being raised about the expenses of maintaining the office in Shanghai. On the announcement The Age alleged that Little had abused his expenses as Trade Commissioner and noted that "It has now been decided to abolish the useless representation, from which producers and merchants in this country have derived no benefits whatever". The decision was met with significant outcry elsewhere however, particularly the Shanghai press, with Finance and Commerce lamenting that "The benefits of having a man on the spot to watch the trade interests of Australia should be obvious" and the North China Daily News decrying the decision as "regrettable and calculated to injure Australian prestige in the Far East." Little later published an article in The Bulletin noting what he saw as his wrongful dismissal and that the allegations surrounding his recall were completely unfounded.

Bowden Trade Commission

On 30 August 1933 the Minister for Commerce, Frederick Stewart, secured Cabinet approval for the establishment of several Trade Commissions in the East, with Shanghai, Batavia and Hong Kong being the most likely locations. However a decision to appoint a commissioner was delayed pending the report of Attorney General and Minister for External Affairs John Latham's fact-finding mission to the Far East, which found a dire need for Australian trade representative to improve mercantile connections in the region. While in Shanghai in April 1934, Latham met with representatives in the Shanghai International Settlement, including the British Chamber of Commerce and the China Association, as well as other Chinese and foreign business representatives, and was impressed by the interest in an expanded Australian business presence in the region.

Following Latham's return the Australian Government agreed to appoint a new Trade Commissioner, and the appointment of Vivian Gordon Bowden to Shanghai, alongside appointments to Tokyo and Batavia, was announced on 7 June 1935 by acting Prime Minister Earl Page. With the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in July 1937 and the Battle of Shanghai in August 1937, it was decided that Bowden remain in the city (the Trade Commission was located in the HSBC Building, within the relatively safe International Settlement) to keep the government informed on developments in the conflict and to work on "measures for the protection of Australian lives and property". Bowden served in Shanghai until September 1941 when he was appointed Official Representative of the Commonwealth Government in Singapore. It was also confirmed at the same time that Bowden would not be replaced in Shanghai, with all trade and commerce matters now the responsibility of the new Australian Legation in Chungking headed by Minister Sir Frederic Eggleston.

Wootten Trade Commission
With the end of the war, the Australian Department of Commerce and Agriculture decided to re-establish the Trade Commissioner Service, with Shanghai among the number of posts set to be reopened. In June 1946, Prime Minister Ben Chifley announced the appointment of Alfred Wootton as the new Trade Commissioner in Shanghai. Wootton, who had served under Bowden during his service in Shanghai and Singapore, however found a city much changed since the war, then in the midst of a collapsing economy and the central Nationalist Government crumbling in the face of strong opposition from the Chinese Communist Party. With the serious decline in Shanghai's importance for trade and the effects of the war upon trade prospects, the Trade Commission in Shanghai was closed in December 1948, not long before the victory of the Communists and the establishment of the People's Republic of China. However, the office's consular functions, undertaken by Osmond Charles Fuhrman as Consul-General since 5 July 1947, remained in operation after Wootten's and Fuhrman's departures in January 1949, with immigration officer F. R. Penhalluriack as Acting Consul-General until his recall to Australia in May 1949 (when Communist Party forces took control of Shanghai), when he was succeeded by Harold Loveday as Acting Consul-General. Colonel Alistair Clark, former Military Attaché in Nanking, relieved Loveday as Acting Consul-General in August 1950 and remained in the city until the final evacuation of the post in Shanghai on 8 September 1951.

Consulate-General
In February 1984, Foreign Minister Bill Hayden announced the establishment of an Australian Consulate-General in Shanghai while on an official visit to China, which was followed by the appointment of Roger Brown as the first Consul-General on 25 June. On 2 July 1984, Attorney General Gareth Evans officially opened the new consulate remarking that the new consulate was "a clear reflection of the remarkable growth that has taken place in relations in recent years".

Office-holders

See also
 Australia–China relations

References

External links
 Australian Consulate-General Shanghai, China

Australia–China relations
Shanghai
Australia

Consulate General of Australia, Shanghai


Tomáš Jeřábek (born 11 June 1973 in Mladá Boleslav) is a Czech sport shooter. Jerabek had won two medals (silver and bronze), and eventually set a world record of 3,511 points for the Czech rifle shooting team at the 2002 ISSF World Championships in Lahti, Finland. He is a two-time Olympian, and also, a member of the shooting team for ŠKP Rapid Plzeň, under his coach Petr Kurka.

Jerabek made his official debut for the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, where he competed in two rifle shooting events. In his first event, 50 m rifle prone, Jerabek placed twenty-fourth in the preliminary rounds, with a total score of 591 points, tying his position with six other shooters, including Belarus' Yury Shcherbatsevich, and United States' Michael Anti. Few days later, he competed for his second event, 50 m rifle 3 positions, where he was able to shoot 395 targets in a prone position, 375 in standing, and 385 in kneeling, for a total score of 1,155 points, finishing again in twenty-fourth place.

At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Jerabek qualified for the second time in the 50 m rifle prone, along with his teammate Miroslav Varga. He finished only in forty-sixth place by one point behind Bosnia and Herzegovina's Nedžad Fazlija from the final attempt, for a total score of 586 targets.

References

External links
NBC 2008 Olympics profile

Czech male sport shooters
Living people
Olympic shooters for the Czech Republic
Shooters at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Mladá Boleslav
1973 births

Tomáš Jeřábek


Virgin Media Ireland is Liberty Global's telecommunications operation in Ireland.  It is the largest digital cable television provider within the country. As of 31 December 2014, the company offers broadband internet, digital television and digital (VoIP) telephony to 1 million customers. Until 4 May 2010, Virgin Media Ireland traded under the name Chorus NTL and UPC Ireland until 5 October 2015. Its main competitors in the Irish pay TV market are Sky Ireland, Eir and Vodafone Ireland.

History
Liberty Global and its predecessors UGC Europe and Tele-Communications Inc. have had shareholdings in Chorus Communications and its predecessor, Princes Holdings (Irish Multichannel), since the company's formation in the early 1990s. Originally a joint venture with Independent News and Media, IN&M sold its shares to Liberty in 2004.

In May 2005, NTL agreed to sell its Irish operations NTL Ireland (previously Cablelink) to Liberty Global. Morgan Stanley held the shareholding until Competition Authority approval was obtained. This occurred in December 2005 and UPC Ireland came into being on 12 December 2005.

In 2006, UPC Ireland began to integrate the brands Chorus and NTL to form Chorus NTL. Branding wise, on 5 September 2006 NTL's website was changed to the same design as Chorus i.e., itself based on UPC Netherlands' website design at the time. 25 January 2007, NTL Ireland updated the electronic programme guide software to remove the NTL logo and all mention of the NTL name.

On 31 January 2007, NTL and Chorus began advertising jointly, although the adverts were simply the ongoing campaign from NTL with the Chorus logo added to them. On 4 June 2007 @ntlworld.ie e-mail addresses switched to @upcmail.ie. The new UPC Mediabox set top boxes (STBs) which contain a hardrive based digital video recording system are fully UPC branded (albeit with the original UPC logo rather than the newer lowercase design) and come with a much enhanced EPG. These were rolled out on both the ex NTL and Chorus cable networks. From 2008, the old Pace STBs supplied by NTL Ireland (and originally designed for NTL UK) were replaced with new Pace STBs designed for UPC, also branded "UPC Mediabox" but without the hard drive/recording capabilities. In a Sunday Business Post article on 11 February 2007, UPC Ireland's marketing manager revealed that the rebrand was due to take place no later than May 2007. This deadline was missed.
On 16 May 2007 UPC Netherlands introduced a new UPC logo, which was rolled out across UPC's European subsidiaries.

From July 2007, all UPC advertising began bearing a composite logo reading "Chorus NTL – a UPC company". On 10 June 2007 UPC announced its takeover of one of the remaining small Irish operators, Clane Cable Systems. This gained UPC an extra 2000 customers. During late September and early October 2007, Chorus and NTL included a leaflet with their bills explaining that a rebrand would occur on 21 October. That did not happen, however, on 30 October 2007, the NTL Ireland and Chorus websites were merged into a single website, although the composite Chorus NTL logo is used on it rather than the UPC logo. In November 2007, NTL Business was rebranded UPC Business, making it the first part of the company to officially adopt the UPC name.

On 29 April 2008 UPC's former Cork Communications cable network, latterly part of Chorus, became the first cable network in Ireland to switch to digital, with the analogue signal (except for the Irish terrestrial channels) switched off. On 4 May 2010 UPC began a €3 million spend on rebranding, completing the change from Chorus:NTL to UPC Ireland. A high-profile media campaign – fronted by broadcaster Craig Doyle – was planned to run for 3 months. It also lit up a number of buildings in Dublin (including Busáras and Boland's Mill), Galway and Cork. UPC had received the final approvals to acquire assets from broadband rival Broadworks, which was in liquidation. This would give it access to about 6,600 homes in west Dublin and Meath. The Competition Authority cleared the deal on 21 April 2010.

On 3 July 2015 it was announced that UPC Ireland had bought the TV3 Group for €80 million from Doughty Hanson, the deal may also deliver a further €7million should TV3 meet certain performance targets. The deal will need regulatory approval by Competition and Consumer Protection Commission as well as a media plurality test by the Department of Communications.

On 28 August 2015, it was announced that UPC Ireland would became Virgin Media Ireland, thus dropping the UPC brand and replaced by the Virgin brand. The name change took place on 5 October.

In June 2021, it was reported that Liberty Global was seeking to sell Virgin Media Ireland after they merged their British Virgin Media company with that of Telefónica's O2.

Products
Virgin Media Ireland focuses on four key areas; cable television, broadband, mobile and telephone. The company offers broadband internet services using the EuroDOCSIS 3.0 standard as well as a VoIP-based telephone service using PacketCable. In addition, Virgin Media Ireland offers to business customers standard voice and internet services to more advanced services such as Ethernet LAN extensions, corporate voice services, and high-speed internet. These services are offered to large corporations, public organisations, and small to medium size businesses in Ireland, primarily in Cork, Dublin, Galway, Limerick, and Waterford.

Broadband
In May 2010, Virgin Media Ireland announced plans for a 100Mbit/s broadband service which would be offered to home users across its broadband-capable network in the coming months. In December 2010 UPC launched its 100Mb Fibre Power Broadband package, making it the fastest ISP for residential customers in Ireland at the time. In September 2012, UPC increased the maximum speed available to residential customers to 150Mb, while increasing their entry-level speed to 50Mb. Virgin Media now offer 250Mbit/s, 500Mbit/s and 1Gbit/s speeds to residential users.

Mobile
Virgin Mobile launched in October 2015 as a mobile virtual network operator using Three's infrastructure. As of Q3 2020, the market share of Virgin Mobile in Ireland is 2.2%.

Television
The main product offered by Virgin Media Ireland is cable television services, in SD and HD digital formats, using DVB-C encrypted using Nagravision. Digital is now available in the vast majority of areas, with the Cork cable network becoming the first in Ireland to become digital-only.

On 14 August 2007, UPC launched a Personal Video Recorder, the UPC Mediabox, marketed as the Digital+ or Digital+HD Box in ex-NTL areas, subsequently rolled out to other areas.

On 5 August 2009 UPC launched its HDTV service in Ireland, which includes many international and regional television broadcasters.

In April 2013, UPC launched its Horizon TV service, which allows UPC customers to watch a selection of television channels from various internet enabled devices using their UPC broadband connection.

On 12 August 2013, UPC launched a Horizon HD+ set-top box. It offers HD as standard and consolidates all services (TV, broadband and home phone) into one device. It also allows customers to record four television programmes while watching a fifth.

On-Demand TV
On 25 May 2012 UPC Ireland launched its UPC On-Demand TV service in Ireland, with a full roll-out expected to be complete by September. A similar service had already been rolled out to UPC customers in the Netherlands, Hungary, Switzerland, Poland and Austria.

The service provides all customers with unlimited access to RTÉ Player and Virgin Media Player, with TG4 Player set to follow suit. Max package customers are also able to watch BBC, ITV and US box sets and additional content from the likes of Discovery Channel, Food Network, FX, History, MGM and True Movies. The video on demand service also allows customers in Ireland to watch classic movies and the latest cinematic releases.

Broadcasting

Virgin Media Ireland operates its own TV division, Virgin Media Television, based in Dublin.
As of August 2022, it consists of five television channels:

Current channels:
Virgin Media One
Virgin Media Two
Virgin Media Three
Virgin Media More
Virgin Media Four

Former channels:
Virgin Media Sport

Subscriptions

As of September 2019, Virgin has 26% of broadband subscriptions.

References

External links

List of channels on Virgin Media (Ireland)

Irish companies established in 2005
Cable television companies
Internet service providers of the Republic of Ireland
Liberty Global
Mass media companies of Ireland
Telecommunications companies of the Republic of Ireland
Virgin Media
Mass media companies established in 2005

Virgin Media Ireland


Cape Range National Park  is a national park in the Gascoyne region of Western Australia,  north of Perth. The park occupies the western side of the North West Cape peninsula over an area of . The nearest town is Exmouth. Directly off the coast is the Ningaloo Reef. The area resulted from a gradual uplifting from the sea floor followed by fluctuating sea levels, wind and water erosion that have slowly eroded the range and plain leaving behind a range of rugged limestone, deep canyons and pristine beaches.

Overview
The Cape is the only elevated plateau composed of limestone on the North West Coast. The range has plateaus to an elevation of  and forms the backbone of the peninsula which extends as far as North West Cape.

Yardie Creek, a spectacular gorge where the water is trapped by a sandbar, is located within the park.

Over 700 caves are located within the park and it is probable that many others remain undiscovered.
Over 630 species of wildflower are found within the park, that generally bloom toward the end of winter, including the bird flower and the desert sturt pea.

The area was under pastoral lease beginning in 1876 when J Brockman acquired leases in the area covering North West Cape to run cattle. Brockman sold parts of the lease in 1888 to ornithologist Thomas Carter including Yardie Creek and Ningaloo Station. Carter was the first settler in the area and established a pastoral station in 1889. The area was declared a national park in 1964, the off-shore area, Ningaloo Marine Park, was declared in 1987.

An abundance of flora and fauna are found within the park. Flora species include mangroves, acacia, spinifex, grevillea, verticordia, eucalyptus and minilya lily. Fauna found within the park include rock wallabies, red kangaroos, emus, euros, 100 different species of bird and 80 species of reptile.

References

External links

 Cape Range National Park

National parks of Western Australia
Shire of Exmouth
Protected areas established in 1965
Ningaloo Coast

Cape Range National Park


Decimius Magnus Ausonius (ca. 310–395) was a Latin poet and rhetorician, born at Burdigala (Bordeaux).

Biography
Ausonius was born in Bordeaux in ca. 310. His father was a noted physician of Greek ancestry.

Ausonius had a strict upbringing by his aunt and grandmother and received an excellent education, especially in grammar and rhetoric, but said his Greek was not good. Having completed his studies, he trained for some time as a lawyer, but he preferred teaching. In 334, he established a school of rhetoric in Bordeaux, which was very popular. His most famous pupil was St. Paulinus of Nola, who later became Bishop of Nola.

After thirty years of this work, he was ordered by Valentinian to the imperial court to teach Gratian, the heir-apparent. The prince greatly respected his tutor, and after his accession bestowed on him the highest titles and honours that any Roman (besides from the royal family) could attain, culminating in the consulate in 379.

After the murder of Gratian in 383, Ausonius retired to his estates near Burdigala (now Bordeaux) in Gaul. These supposedly included the land now owned by Château Ausone, which takes its name from him. He appears to have been a late and perhaps not very enthusiastic convert to Christianity. He died about 395.

References

Other websites

 Works by Ausonius at the Internet Archive
 Latin text of Mosella and the Septem Sententiae
 Ausonius' Opera Omnia: IntraText Digital Library
 Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina
 wiki text and translation of Moselle

310s births
395 deaths
French poets
Writers from Bordeaux
Gaul

Ausonius


The Naughtiest Girl in the School is the first novel in The Naughtiest Girl series by Enid Blyton, published in 1940. The title character is Elizabeth Allen, a spoiled girl who is sent to a boarding school called Whyteleafe School.

Plot
Elizabeth Allen is a spoiled girl who is an only child. She becomes very upset and outraged when she learns that she is being sent to a boarding school. When Elizabeth joins Whyteleafe School she is determined to misbehave so that she will be expelled and able to go back home as soon as possible. She is surprised to find that the children run the school through weekly community meetings, and that her behaviour will be judged by her peers. It is a portrayal of children's restorative justice, and is based on A. S. Neill's school, Summerhill.

Main characters

Elizabeth Allen
Elizabeth Allen is a pretty girl with dark curly hair and blue eyes. All her life she had done as she liked and been spoiled by her family. She also hates school. Six governesses had come and gone, but not one of them had been able to make Elizabeth obedient or good mannered. All the governesses failed; no one got success and she is almost 11 years old. She does not like other boys and girls. They were shocked at her mischief and rude ways. Her governess, Miss Scott, describes her trouble:

Joan Townsend
Completely unlike Elizabeth, Joan Townsend is gentle, timid, shy and nervous of confronting people or speaking in public.  She was a red-haired girl with freckles who is timid because she was left in the background by her parents, who had another child, a boy called Michael who died when he was young. Due to his death, Joan's parents didn't think about it much.  Although timid, Joan is not weak or silly; later in the series she is found to be an extremely mature and understanding girl. She becomes a calm girl that is sensitive for doing the right thing. She is Elizabeth's best friend and her first friend was Elizabeth.

Nora O'Sullivan
Nora O'Sullivan, a monitor at Whyteleafe school, is a girl who upholds its traditions. She is very responsible, jolly and sensible, but does not look below the surface. Elizabeth gets into a lot of trouble with the sometimes unreasonable and strict monitor. Nora looks after the girls in dormitory 6 including Elizabeth, Joan, Ruth, Belinda and Helen. Nora is a strict but fair girl and hates it if the school's traditions are disobeyed. She is Irish.

William and Rita
William and Rita are the head children at Whyteleafe School. They are very understanding and kind and firm in a way. They are well known and highly appreciated around the school. they are the judges at the school meetings and they are also looked up at by almost all the students.

Richard
Richard is a sensitive boy who is brilliant at music. Once Richard and Elizabeth used to be enemies but becomes one of Elizabeth's best friends. he also plays a duet with Elizabeth at the end of term concert and whispers to Elizabeth "you're a good sort!" when Elizabeth decides to stay on at Whyteleafe School.

Harry Dunn
Although Harry Dunn is introduced as a sly-faced boy and a cheat. His behaviour was dealt with and cured by the Meeting. His relationship with Elizabeth started out badly, with Elizabeth paying a nasty trick on him, slapping him and calling him a cheat when he was not one anymore. But he was a kind and generous boy and would do anything to make Elizabeth forget about their fight.

John Terry
Like Richard, John Terry is also a one sided boy, devoted to gardening and little else. Elizabeth and John have a very good relationship early in the book. John is fond of gardening, due to his and Elizabeth′s common interest in gardening, they become good friends, Elizabeth helping John with his gardening.

Michael Townsend
Michael was Joan's twin brother who died from an illness while Joan survived. As a result, Joan's parents ignored her until Elizabeth's actions instigated a meeting and Joan's mother told Joan the truth at Whyteleafe. Michael was described as "bonny and laughing" while Joan was described as "sulky and selfish" and Joan's parents couldn't help loving him more as they always wanted a boy and didn't care much for girls.

Miss Belle and Miss Best
Miss Belle and Miss Best are the joints headmistresses of Whyteleafe School. They are referred to as "The Beauty and the Beast", a name intended to be rude by Elizabeth but stuck. While they leave it to the children at the meetings, they can be called for help by the head boy and girl.

References

External links
Enid Blyton Society page

Novels by Enid Blyton
1940 British novels
Novels set in boarding schools
1940 children's books
George Newnes Ltd books
Children's books set in boarding schools
Children's novels set in schools

The Naughtiest Girl in the School


Astronaut: The Last Push (also known as The Last Push) is a 2012 American science fiction film directed by Eric Hayden in his feature directorial debut. It stars Khary Payton, in his first starring role, Lance Henriksen, and Brian Baumgartner.

When a catastrophic accident cuts the first crewed mission to Jupiter's moons short, Michael Forrest, the sole remaining astronaut, must endure the three year return trip alone.

Plot
The film opens with a montage of footage which include greetings from Earth and an interview of the sponsor of the mission. Astronauts Nathan Miller and Michael Forrest are onboard Life One, a spacecraft built by Moffit Industries. They are supposed to be in hibernation for 6 years until they reach Europa, taking a route around Venus, sling-shotting around Earth to gain speed to get to Europa.

Midway through the first leg of their journey, Life One's proximity sensors sound; the ship is impacted and Michael Forrest is awakened. Michael escapes and seals the damaged hibernation and re-entry capsule with Nathan still inside. The habitation module Michael escapes to is leaking oxygen and is quickly repaired. Michael then makes contact with mission control. Aside from damage to the hibernation and re-entry capsule, along with engine control, the ship is intact.

Michael struggles to stay sane in the solitude while attempting to make repairs to Life One in order to fire the engines after swinging around Venus. Without the engines firing, Life One would stay in orbit around Venus. Mission control and Michael keep in regular contact, with Michael giving regular status reports on himself, and mission control giving encouragement and help in repairing the ship. Michael grows more frustrated over time as the repairs prove ineffective during engine tests. During one of the engine tests, the ship suffers a complete power failure. Michael desperately attempts to restore power but slowly loses hope as time progresses, the repairs fail to restore power, and the ship becomes cold. After a hallucination of his fellow astronaut jolts him awake, he makes one final effort to repair the ship which proves successful.

As the ship rounds Venus, Michael dons his space suit and re-enters the damaged hibernation capsule for the first time since the accident. He looks out of the window in awe at the sight of Venus' atmosphere below him. After passing Venus, he successfully ignites the engines and is two years away from Earth. On arriving at Earth he only has to reignite the engines to slow the ship down for a re-entry, but chooses not to. He instead chooses to slingshot past Earth per the original mission, and go to Europa, stating "Someone's supposed to go, Someone's supposed to see this". The film closes with him addressing Earth, as he ejects the hibernation capsule (along with Nathan) sending it to Earth, then reigniting the engines to take him to Europa.

Cast
 Khary Payton as Michael Forrest
 Lance Henriksen as Walter Moffitt
 Brian Baumgartner as Bob Jansen
 James Madio as Nathan Miller
 Alec Gillis as Charlie
 Tom Woodruff Jr. a Control Technician
 Laurent Meurette as Mountain Biker 1
 Pascal Lamontagne as Mountain Biker 2

Reception
Starburst Magazine said, "Director, Hayden, delivers some interesting moments and musings on human motivation, space exploration and one man's psychological excursion but if you are a fan of this type of sci-fi you may have seen it all before."  It gave the film a 6/10 rating.

Awards
Payton won the "Best Actor Award" at the 2012 Independent Filmmakers Showcase.

See also
 List of fictional space stations

References

External links

2012 films
2012 science fiction films
American science fiction films
Films about astronauts
Hard science fiction films
2012 directorial debut films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

Astronaut: The Last Push


Ajahn Pasanno (born Reed Perry, Manitoba, Canada, July 26, 1949) is the most senior Western disciple of Ven. Ajahn Chah in the United States, and most senior in the world after Ajahn Sumedho and Ajahn Khemadhammo. For many years he was the abbot of Wat Pah Nanachat International Forest Monastery in Northeast Thailand. In the late 1990s, Ajahn Pasanno moved to California to head the new Abhayagiri Monastery. With more than 40 years as a bhikkhu (Buddhist monk), Ajahn Pasanno has been instrumental in training many monks in Thailand and the United States and has been supportive of training for women.

On December 5, 2015, at the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaeo) in Bangkok, Ajahn Pasanno received the honorary ecclesiastical title "Chao Khun" and name "Phra Bodhinyanavidesa" from the Crown Prince of Thailand, on behalf of His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej. The title "Chao Khun" is given periodically to monks in the Thai tradition who have distinguished themselves with their contributions to the monastic tradition. This high honour is particularly significant as Western monks are rarely awarded this special recognition.

Biography
Ajahn Pasanno was born on July 26, 1949, in The Pas, Manitoba, Canada. In 1972 he finished his studies at the University of Winnipeg, Canada, and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in History. A year later, in 1973, he travelled to Asia through Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, to India, Nepal and finally Thailand, where Ajahn Pasanno travelled to a meditation monastery in Chiang Mai. He studied the Tipitaka in English and enrolled in a month of meditation retreat.

On January 4, 1974, at the age of 24, Ajahn Pasanno took ordination at Wat Pleng Vipassana in Bangkok, Thailand with Venerable Phra Khru Ñāṇasirivatana as preceptor. During his first year as a monk he was taken by his teacher to meet Ajahn Chah, with whom he asked to be allowed to stay and train. One of the early residents of Wat Pah Nanachat, Ajahn Pasanno became its abbot in his ninth year. During Ajahn Pasanno's tenure as abbot, Wat Pah Nanachat developed considerably, increasing in size from 40 acres to 140 acres, and Ajahn Pasanno initiated an extensive tree-planting project that made Wat Pah Nanachat a model site for reforestation with the Department of Forestry in Ubon Ratchathani.

In 1990, Ajahn Pasanno established Poo Jom Gom Hermitage in Ampher Khong Chiam, Ubon Ratchathani Province (adjacent to Pah Dtaem National Park) as a forest retreat facility for Wat Pah Nanachat. One year later, he established Dtao Dum Hermitage inside Sai Yok National Park in Kanchanaburi Province as another forest retreat for facility Buddhist monks. In addition to their function as places of meditation practice and monastic training, they help to protect the surrounding forests and natural environment and thus have received support from the Department of Forestry and the Thai military.

As abbot of Wat Pah Nanachat, Ajahn Pasanno was also involved in community development work, helping villages to develop projects that helped village harmony, virtue, and livelihood, and he started organizations that worked with villagers in northeast Thailand to protect areas of forest. In 1991, he helped to draw a group of people together in the Ubon Ratchathani region who were interested in forest conservation and community development, which was formally established as the Nature Care Foundation in 1992 and continues to work for the benefit of the community, facilitating environmental education, cooperation between governmental and non-governmental organizations, and the initiation of projects to support sustainable livelihood. Ajahn Pasanno ordained many trees in order to protect them, putting robes around them, holding traditional ceremonies, and chanting for the protection of the forest.

After Ven. Ajahn Chah became ill and died, Ajahn Pasanno was part of the steering committee for administering to the needs of Wat Nong Pah Pong and its branch monasteries, which at the time numbered over 200. In 1992 and 1993, Ajahn Pasanno was directly involved in helping the preparation and organization of the royal funeral of Ajahn Chah (Phra Bodhinyanathera) at Wat Nong Pah Pong, Ampher Warin, Ubon Ratchathani Province. Over a period of ten days for the funeral there was Dhamma instruction and practice. Over a million people passed through the monastery during that time. On the day of the cremation, between 300,000 and 400,000 people were in attendance.

Spending 24 years living in Thailand, Ajahn Pasanno became a well-known and highly respected monk and Dhamma teacher. Prior to leaving Thailand, he was appointed an official preceptor with authority to preside over ordinations of sāmaṇeras and bhikkhus.

Ajahn Pasanno moved to California on New Year's Eve of 1997 to share the abbotship of Abhayagiri Monastery, Redwood Valley, California, with Ajahn Amaro. In addition to leading the community at Abhayagiri, his spiritual activities shortly after arriving in California ranged from traveling to San Quentin Prison in order to provide spiritual counseling for Jaturun "Jay" Siripongs, who was executed on February 9, 1999, to leading monks from Abhayagiri to visit, make offerings, and chant for Julia Butterfly Hill, who was living in a 1500-year-old California Redwood tree in order to protect it from Pacific Lumber Company loggers.

With Ajahn Pasanno's help, support, and spiritual guidance, three lay followers, Sakula (Mary Reinard), Barbara Backstrand, and Chris Robson, founded Portland Friends of the Dhamma in 2000. In 2010, the Pacific Hermitage, a branch of Abhayagiri Buddhist Monastery, was founded in the Columbia River Gorge along a forested stretch of White Salmon's Jewett Creek with the support of Ajahn Pasanno, who encouraged Ajahn Sudanto to lead the effort to establish the Pacific Hermitage.

In February 2010, Ajahn Amaro accepted an invitation to serve as abbot of Amaravati Buddhist Monastery in England. After Ajahn Amaro's departure on July 20, 2010, Ajahn Pasanno became the sole abbot of Abhayagiri until July 11, 2018. Abhayagiri monastery developed significantly under his leadership and guidance. Over 25 kutis (huts for monastics) were built during his time as co-abbot and abbot. He also helped in the development of the Bhikkhu Commons (also known as the Monks' Utility Building, or MUB) which was dedicated on July 4, 2010, and the building of the new Reception Hall, which is a two-story complex that includes a spacious meditation hall, a larger and more modern kitchen, an office, a library, guest rooms, a child care room, bathrooms and showers for laymen, a laundry room, a small shrine room/reliquary, as well as covered decks and storage rooms. The Reception Hall building began in July 2013 and ended June 30, 2018 with the cloister area inauguration. On June 8, 2018, a celebration was held at Abhayagiri for Ajahn Pasanno's 70th birthday, paying respects to him before his departure for a year sabbatical, as well as to honour his 37 years as an abbot in both Thailand and the U.S.. Ajahn Pasanno plans to return to Abhayagiri at the end of his sabbatical, but will not be taking up his position as abbot again. Instead, he passed along the new co-abbot leadership to Ajahn Karunadhammo and Ajahn Nyaniko (both long term Abhayagiri resident monks) just before departing on July 11, 2018.

Thai honorific ranks

 December 5, 2015Phra Bodhiñāṇavidesh (พระโพธิญาณวิเทศ)
 July 28, 2019Chao Khun

Bibliography
 Abundant, Exalted, Immeasurable – by Ajahn Pasanno (2016, Abhayagiri Buddhist Monastery Publications)
 Don't Hold Back – by Ajahn Pasanno (2013, Abhayagiri Buddhist Monastery Publications)
 Ajahn Chah's Teachings On Nature – by Ajahn Pasanno (2011, Abhayagiri Buddhist Monastery Publications)
 On Becoming and Stopping – by Ajahn Pasanno (2011, Abhayagiri Buddhist Monastery Publications)
The Island: An Anthology of the Buddha's Teachings on Nibbāna – by Ajahn Pasanno & Ajahn Amaro (2009, Abhayagiri Buddhist Monastery Publications)
Like a River – by Ajahn Pasanno, Ajahn Amaro et al. (2008, Patriya Tansuhaj)
A Dhamma Compass – by Ajahn Pasanno (2006, Abhayagiri Buddhist Monastery Publications)
 To the Last Breath – by Ajahn Pasanno (2003, Abhayagiri Buddhist Monastery Publications)
Broad View - Boundless Heart – by Ajahn Pasanno & Ajahn Amaro (2001, Abhayagiri Buddhist Monastery Publications)
The Dhamma and the Real World – by Ajahn Pasanno & Ajahn Amaro (2000, Abhayagiri Buddhist Monastery Publications)
Words of Calm and Friendship – by Ajahn Pasanno & Ajahn Amaro (1999, Abhayagiri Buddhist Monastery Publications)

Notes

External links

Short biography and picture.
Dhamma talks given by Ajahn Pasanno in English
Interview with Ajahn Pasanno in English

Canadian Buddhist monks
Buddhist writers
Thai Forest Tradition monks
Theravada Buddhist monks
1949 births
Living people

Ajahn Pasanno


Herbert Hill (January 24, 1924 – August 15, 2004) was the labor director of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People for decades and was a frequent contributor to New Politics as well as the author of several books. He was later Evjue-Bascom Professor of Afro-American Studies and Industrial Relations at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and eventually emeritus professor. He played a significant role in the civil rights movement in pressuring labor unions to desegregate and to seriously implement measures that would integrate African Americans in the labor market. He was also famous for his belief that American trade unions had downplayed the history of racism that tarred their reputations, before and after the Jim Crow era.

Early years

Herbert Hill was born into a Jewish family on January 24, 1924, in Brooklyn, New York. He was educated in the public school system. Hill earned a B.A. from New York University in 1945 and attended the New School for Social Research from 1946 until 1948 where he studied under the distinguished political theorist, Hannah Arendt.

Activism
During the 1940s, Hill was a member of the Socialist Workers Party. Hill  was appointed Labor Director of the NAACP in 1951 where he worked until 1977 when he departed for a professorship at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He was highly critical of the practice of nepotism in many unions whereby relatives of members were hired. Hill criticized labor relations practices in numerous industries, including the film industry, as well as the progress of the Kennedy Administration on issues of racial equality in the workplace. Among the unions he criticized for their record on racial equality were the International Ladies Garment Workers Union, the United Auto Workers, the United Federation of Teachers and the United Steelworkers of America as well as the AFL-CIO federation itself. Hill particularly objected to the AFL-CIO position that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 should not interfere with existing seniority systems. He was also a strong supporter of affirmative action. According to labor historian Nelson Lichtenstein, Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall once described Hill as "the best barbershop lawyer in the United States".

He also organized pickets to raise awareness of racial discrimination in the construction industry. His conduct was so controversial that some unions threatened to withhold funding of the NAACP unless Hill was fired, but the NAACP leadership under Roy Wilkins supported Hill. Hill published over one hundred articles in journals, anthologies and newspapers and was also known for polemics against labor historian Herbert Gutman as well as debates in New Politics (magazine) with union leader Al Shanker and Nelson Lichtenstein, an academic and biographer of Walter Reuther. Hill was especially sharp against Lichtenstein's support for the allegedly racist Reuther and the UAW's activities to betray the civil rights movement. He also served as a consultant for the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and the United Nations.

ILGWU Campaign

One of the most important campaigns led by Hill was his campaign against the discriminatory practices  of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU). Despite the fact that the ILGWU had cooperated with the NAACP with respect to desegregation of union locals in the South, as late as the early 1960s, there were still no African-American nor Puerto Rican officers or executive board members in the ILGWU in its New York City base. The ILGWU was of particular importance because of its major role in the Liberal Party of New York. Hill played a key role in taking on a complaint against Local 10 of the ILGWU of an African American cutter, Ernest Holmes, who had been repeatedly prevented from joining the cutters' union, thereby receiving lower wages and denied the health and welfare benefits associated with union membership. Hill alleged that the ILGWU restricted African American and Puerto Rican workers to low paying jobs. In 1962, the New York State Commission for Human Rights found that Local 10 had violated the state antidiscrimination law. The ILGWU launched a public relations campaign alleging partisanship on the part of the Republican appointed Commission in response and did little to solve the problem. Writing in New Politics, a leading ILGWU official, Gus Taylor, attempted to show that there were African Americans and Puerto Ricans in the union. Adam Clayton Powell Jr. held Congressional hearings in the House Committee on Education and Labor on the ILGWU practices in 1962. Hill testified at the hearings, criticizing David Dubinsky for his governance of the ILGWU. Even though Hill was Jewish, allegations of antisemitism were made with respect to the NAACP critique of the ILGWU. Changes to the ILGWU only came about slowly, especially after the retirement of Dubinsky in 1966.

Alleged FBI informant
Research published in Labor History by historian Christopher Phelps holds that Hill was an informer for the Federal Bureau of Investigation on socialists he knew in the 1940s. Documents between high-level FBI officials referred to a male subject with a short redacted surname in New York who was an "SWP member during the period 1943-1949," the period in which Hill belonged to the Socialist Workers Party, and who in 1962 was "currently employed by the NAACP as a labor relations official," when there was no other labor official at the NAACP. According to a collection of, "bureau memos, part of the FBI's Counter- Intelligence Program (COINTELPRO) effort to disrupt solidarity with the militant Monroe movement, refer repeatedly to Hill supplying information on his former comrades in the Socialist Workers Party (SWP), to which he belonged in the 1940s," according to some historians.

The FBI documents state that the subject was "contacted on several occasions by New York Agents and has been cooperative" and furnished "information on individuals that were in the SWP during the time he was a member.""1960s US civil rights official revealed as FBI informer," University of Nottingham, Media Relations Other prominent NAACP officials, Phelps states, including Thurgood Marshall, Walter White, and Roy Wilkins are known to have cooperated with the FBI in its actions against the Civil Rights Congress and Communist Party.

However, the implications and significance of these allegations against Hill have been disputed by a number of academics.

Death
Hill died on August 21, 2004, in Madison, Wisconsin, after a long illness. His death was announced by the University of Wisconsin, where Hill was an emeritus professor of Afro-American studies. Hill was preceded in death by his wife, Mary Lydon, in 2001.

WorksAnger and Beyond: The Negro Writer in the United States. Ed. Herbert Hill. New York: Harper & Row, 1966.The AFL-CIO and the black worker : Twenty five years after the merger. Alexandria, Virginia: National Association of Human Rights Workers, 1982.Black Labor and the American Legal System: Race, Work, and the Law.  Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985 ed.Race in America : The struggle for equality. Eds. Herbert Hill & James E. Jones Jr. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993.

References
Stephen Steinberg, "Herbert Hill Remembered", New Politics #38 Vol X No. 2 (Winter 2005), 113-15.
Michael Meyers, "Tribute to Herbert Hill", New Politics #38 Vol X No. 2 (Winter 2005), 116-17.
Gilbert Jonas, "Herbert Hill and the ILGWU", New Politics'' #38 Vol X No. 2 (Winter 2005), 118-23.
Steven Greenhouse, "Herbert Hill, a Voice Against Discrimination, Dies at 80," New York Times, August 21, 2004

Citations

Sources used: New York Times obituary, University of Wisconsin Faculty Document 1824 and articles by and about Herbert Hill in New Politics (magazine) including memorial articles by Stephen Steinberg, Michael Meyers and Gilbert Jonas.

1924 births
2004 deaths
NAACP activists
American trade union leaders
American civil rights activists
New York University alumni
The New School alumni
Members of the Socialist Workers Party (United States)
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty

Herbert Hill (labor director)


Morinda tinctoria, commonly known as aal or Indian mulberry (though these common names also refer to Morinda citrifolia), is a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae, native to southern Asia.

It is an evergreen shrub or small tree growing to 5–10 m tall. The leaves are 15–25 cm long, oblong to lanceolate. The flowers are tubular, white, scented, about 2 cm long. The fruit is a green syncarp, 2-2.5 cm diameter.

The plant is extensively cultivated in India in order to make the morindone dye sold  under the trade name "Suranji". Morindone is used for the dyeing of cotton, silk and wool in shades of red, chocolate or purple. The colouring matter is found principally in the root bark and is collected when the plants reach three to four years of age. If the trees are allowed to mature then hardly any colouring substance remains. The small roots yield the most dye and those above about 1 cm diameter are discarded. The active substance is extracted as the glucoside known as morindin that upon hydrolysis produces the dye. Morindone is a mordant dye giving a yellowish-red colour with an aluminium mordant, chocolate with a chromium mordant, and dull purple to black with an iron mordant.

Morindin is also present in Morinda umbellata but not in Morinda longiflora, a native of West Africa. Although imported into Britain and applied to wool and cotton, the dye did not find commercial success.

References

trinctoria
Plant dyes

Morinda tinctoria