Resurrection of the Daleks is the fourth serial of the 21st season in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast in two weekly parts on BBC1 between 8 February and 15 February 1984. The serial was intended to be transmitted as four 23-minute episodes but a late scheduling change by the BBC meant that it was transmitted as two episodes of 46 minutes; reruns (and the 2002 DVD release) restored it to its intended format.

Written by the series' script editor, Eric Saward, the serial marks the Fifth Doctor's only encounter with the Daleks, last seen in Destiny of the Daleks (1979), the debut of Terry Molloy as the third actor to play the Daleks' creator, Davros, and the final regular appearance of Janet Fielding as companion Tegan Jovanka.

Plot

A group of humanoids in 1984 London are shot by policemen led by Commander Lytton. Two of them, Galloway and Stien, escape into the adjacent Butler's Wharf where a time corridor is situated, but Galloway is killed. Lytton transports back to his battle cruiser in the far future and prepares to attack a prison space station whose only prisoner is Davros.

The Fifth Doctor, Tegan, and Turlough are being dragged down a time corridor in the TARDIS following on from the events at the end of Frontios. They emerge in the London Docklands.

The station crew, led by Dr. Styles and Lt. Mercer, fight off the Daleks. Lytton persuades the Dalek Supreme to use poisonous gas and the Daleks take over the ship. Osborn attempts to destroy Davros, but Lytton and an engineer break into the cell and kill Osborn then release Davros from his cryogenic imprisonment.

The Doctor and friends meet the traumatised Stien and all return to the warehouse to hunt for the  time corridor. They meet a military bomb disposal squad, called in by builders. While the others are distracted, Turlough stumbles into the time corridor, ending up on the Dalek ship.

Having learned that the Doctor is in the warehouse, the Supreme Dalek orders a Dalek to detain him. It travels through the time corridor and kills several men before the Doctor advises them to focus their fire on its eyestalk, blinding it. Then they push it out window and it explodes on hitting the ground. Tegan is injured and blacks out. Only Styles, Mercer, and two guards are left alive of the original crew. Disguised in uniforms taken from Lytton's guards, they plan to blow up the station via its self-destruct system.

Davros vows to take his revenge on the Doctor. While Davros's travel chair is undergoing maintenance, Lytton explains that the Daleks lost their war against the Movellans because of a virus that attacks Dalek tissue. They have awakened Davros to find a cure. He demands that he remain on the ship while working on the virus. When Lytton leaves to discuss this with the Supreme Dalek, Davros uses a hypodermic-like mind control device to take control of Kiston.

The Doctor and the bomb disposal squad search for the Kaled mutant that was housed inside the destroyed Dalek. They kill it when it wounds one of the men. The Doctor and Stien head into the TARDIS to see what is happening at the other end of the time corridor. The TARDIS materialises inside the Dalek ship and the Doctor tells Stien that they should find Turlough and leave. But Stien reveals that he is an agent of the Daleks. A Dalek patrol closes in to exterminate the Doctor, but Lytton enters and tells them that the Supreme Dalek has ordered that the Doctor be taken alive. The Daleks lead the Doctor away. Turlough joins the remnants of the ship's crew, telling them that the time corridor might help them escape the effects of the ship's self-destruct.

On Earth, the man attacked by the Dalek is disorientated. The group commander, Colonel Archer, decides to radio for help; he seeks help from two policemen (Lytton's associates). As he tries their radio, a policeman holds a gun to his head.

The Daleks plan to clone the Doctor and his companions, using them to assassinate the Gallifrey High Council. Styles and two station guards are killed when trying to activate the self-destruct system.

On Earth, Colonel Archer's clone goes to the warehouse. Tegan attempts to escape but is recaptured and taken to the Dalek ship. The squad's scientific advisor, Professor Laird, is shot while trying to flee. Davros demands tissue to find a cure. After consulting The Supreme Dalek, they agree but Davros uses the mind control device to take control of them.

In the duplication chamber, Stien becomes confused: the Doctor has realised that Stien's conditioning is unstable and tries to reawaken his ability to think for himself. As the mind-copying sequence nears completion, Stien breaks his conditioning and stops the process, freeing the Doctor. The Doctor finds Turlough and Tegan, and they return to the TARDIS along with Stien and another. Rather than depart, the Doctor decides to destroy Davros. With Stien and Lt. Mercer he heads to the station lab, leaving Tegan and Turlough in the TARDIS, which he has programmed to return them to the warehouse. The Doctor confronts Davros in the lab, but loses his chance to kill him when Stien's conditioning re-asserts itself long enough to let Lytton's troops kill Mercer. Stien refuses to accompany the Doctor back to the time corridor and runs off into the station.

Davros dispatches his Daleks to Earth. Anticipating resistance from the Daleks not loyal to him, Davros opens a capsule of the Movellan virus. Two Daleks enter with the intention of killing him but are killed by the virus. At the warehouse, Davros' Daleks battle those loyal to the Supreme Dalek. The Doctor returns through the time corridor, realising that the "unexploded bombs" discovered earlier contain the Movellan virus. He opens one and places it behind the Daleks, who start to die.

Lytton has escaped and sees the Daleks' demise. He swaps his Dalek uniform for a policeman's and joins his two fellow "bobbies". Davros prepares to flee, but the Movellan virus apparently kills him. The Supreme Dalek appears on the TARDIS scanner and threatens the Doctor, claiming that the Daleks have duplicates of prominent humans all over Earth. Meanwhile, Stien is trying to activate the self-destruct sequence. Just as he is about to finish, the Daleks enter and exterminate him, but he manages to complete the sequence and destroys both the station and the Dalek ship.

The Doctor calls for them all to leave, but Tegan refuses, saying she no longer enjoys her adventures, and runs off. The Doctor is saddened by this, and he and Turlough leave. As the TARDIS vanishes, Tegan runs back, remembering the Doctor's old admonition: "Brave heart, Tegan." She calls out to the empty air that she will miss him.

Production
The working titles of this story were The Return, Warhead, and The Resurrection. The story was originally due to be produced as the climax of season 20. However, due to an electricians' strike, the story was postponed and, with minor rewrites, resurrected for season 21.

The story was originally supposed to have been directed by Peter Grimwade, whose work on Saward's previous story Earthshock had pleased the writer. When the story was postponed, Grimwade took members of the production team out to dinner, but did not invite John Nathan-Turner, because he had intended to take Nathan-Turner out separately. Nathan-Turner felt slighted by the omission and refused to allow Grimwade to direct the story when it was rescheduled for season 21. Matthew Robinson, who had never worked on the series before but had a "reputation as an action director", was used instead. However, Saward had already promised Grimwade that he could provide a script for the season, so Grimwade was allowed to write the following story, Planet of Fire. As well as the change of director, the serial's postponement also meant that Michael Wisher, who had originated the role of Davros in Genesis of the Daleks (1975), became unavailable. Matthew Robinson cast Terry Molloy instead and showed him the tape of Wisher's performance.

The filming location for the serial was Shad Thames and Butler's Wharf in September 1983, with studio scenes videotaped at TC8 of BBC Television Centre between September and October.

Story format
This story was intended to be four parts of the usual 23-minute length. However, due to the BBC's coverage of the 1984 Winter Olympics held in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, the series' regular slot was not available. Rather than interrupt transmission, the decision was taken to transmit the story as two double-length episodes (46 minutes per episode), on consecutive Wednesdays rather than season 21's normal Thursday/Friday timeslot. It is often asserted that it was directly because of the success of the two-part experiment that the following season was produced in the same format: however, this decision had already been made.

The first copy of the story to be sold to American PBS stations by the BBC was done in the original four-part serial format. However, part two had a raw soundtrack, lacking sound effects and music. The compilation version, in which the entire story is compressed into one feature-length episode, had the entire second half with the raw soundtrack, but the second quarter with music and effects intact. The portions with the raw soundtrack also included some extra scenes not used in the final four-part cut.

Cast notes
This is wrongly stated by Matthew Robinson on the DVD commentary as the television debut of Leslie Grantham. He had actually made his debut as a character called Boollie in a BBC2 Playhouse production called "Jake's End". Grantham was offered the role of either Galloway or Kiston, and chose the latter because it would afford him more screen time and was a more challenging role.  He was soon cast as "Dirty" Den Watts in the soap opera EastEnders, again being cast on the recommendation of Matthew Robinson; following his return to the soap opera in 2004, his character addressed another character, wheelchair-using Ian Beale, as 'Davros', and encountered a police officer named 'Kiston', meta-references to his appearance in Doctor Who.

Broadcast and reception

In Doctor Who: The Complete Guide, Mark Campbell awarded Resurrection of the Daleks two out of ten, describing it as "an ultra-violent, soulless remake of Earthshock. Beneath the technobabble, endless continuity references, silly hats and abysmally acted death scenes, there's no sign of a plot." In 2019, Paul Mount of Starburst described it as "a collision of clunky ideas artlessly welded together, dodgy dialogue, ropey characterisation and a plot that meandered and wandered [...] Resurrection, with its stratospherically high body count and unremittingly grim tone, was far darker and messier than the show ever needed to be."

For Radio Times, Mark Braxton awarded the serial three stars out of five. He stated, "There's serious intent here: a grim, Euston-Films landscape of deserted docklands; sturdy, open sets; disturbing music; and a high, TV-watchdog-needling body count." He praised the performances of Rodney Bewes and in particular the "top of the form" Maurice Colbourne, and "complexity in the story", which has "gnarly grey areas of the kind that we're more familiar with in the Moffat era", but added "the story doesn't really enlarge the Dalek mythos." He concluded that "parts of the plot seem tacked on and ill-considered: the whole duplicates business makes little sense. And there is so much in the way of homage that Resurrection of the Daleks is less than the sum of its parts. Is it enjoyable? Yes. Does it feel like a proper story? Sadly not." The serial was awarded four stars out of five by Andrew Allen in a review for Cultbox. Allen thought the story bore a closer resemblance to a Blake's 7 episode than a standard Doctor Who story with its "grim-faced mercenaries, disaffected crew members" and "unrelenting body count". Although he thought the "location filming in Wapping looks wonderful", he was critical of "perfunctory" production aspects including the presentation of the Daleks "without fanfare, majesty or indeed a fresh lick of paint", and Davros' introduction "glowering behind a sheet of frosted plastic, unremarked upon for a healthy chunk of screentime". He also thought it was "not a great story to serve as Janet Fielding's swansong". Overall, he concluded that it was "not the best Dalek story" but "quite far from the worst: full of drive, energy, and quite genuinely never a dull moment."

Commercial releases

In print

This is one of five Doctor Who serials that were never originally novelised by Target Books (the others being The Pirate Planet, City of Death, Shada, and Revelation of the Daleks), as they were unable to come to an agreement with Eric Saward and Dalek creator Terry Nation that would have allowed Saward or another writer to adapt the script; although Virgin Books (the successor to Target) did announce plans to publish a novelisation by Saward in the early 1990s, this ultimately did not occur. A fan group in New Zealand did publish an unofficial novelisation of the story in 2000, later republishing it as an online eBook titled Doctor Who: Resurrection of the Daleks. The novelisation by Eric Saward was released on hardcover 18 July 2019. and an audiobook edition followed on 4 July 2019. A Target Books edition was published in paperback 11 March 2021.

Home media
Resurrection of the Daleks was released on VHS in November 1993. Both the VHS (now out of print) and DVD releases of this story reverted to the four-episode format. The previously unused episode breaks are when the first Dalek comes through the time corridor in the warehouse, and in the second half of the story, when Davros begins preparing the Movellan virus, promising to exact vengeance on the Doctor and set himself up as the leader of a new Dalek race.

This story was first released on DVD in the United Kingdom on 18 November 2002. Special features include commentary on all episodes by Peter Davison, Janet Fielding and Matthew Robinson, deleted scenes, trailer and a 5.1 digital surround sound mix. A short feature "Resurrection of the Daleks - On Location" was also included, directed by Paul Vanezis, which was recorded at Shad Thames in March 2002. It included interviews with Robinson and Saward, and the final on-screen interview conducted with John Nathan-Turner before his death in May of that year. It was re-released in 2003 as part of a limited run box set with The Dalek Invasion of Earth and Remembrance of the Daleks and in 2007 as part of a box set that contains Genesis of the Daleks, Destiny of the Daleks, Revelation of the Daleks and Remembrance of the Daleks.

This story was released as the accompanying DVD with Issue 34 of the Doctor Who DVD Files on 21 April 2010, released by GE FABBRI.

The story was re-released on DVD in 2011 as part of the Revisitations 2 box set (along with The Seeds of Death and Carnival of Monsters) in an expanded 2-disc set with the original as-broadcast 2x46 minutes version included on the second disc. New special features included a commentary on the episodes by Saward, Terry Molloy and visual effects designer Peter Wragg (moderated by Nicholas Pegg), a documentary called Casting Far and Wide in which Toby Hadoke interviewed other members of the cast, and a documentary about the era of the Fifth Doctor called Come in Number Five which was presented by David Tennant, the son-in-law of Peter Davison.

References

External links

Missing Scenes Resurrection in Time Space Visualiser

Reviews
Past Times: Resurrection of the Daleks Review at Nebula One

Fan novelisation
Doctor Who: Resurrection of the Daleks ebook

Dalek television stories
Doctor Who stories set on Earth
Fiction set in 1984
Fifth Doctor serials
Television episodes set in London

Resurrection of the Daleks


"3 A.M." is a song by rapper Eminem off his album Relapse. It was produced by Dr. Dre. It is about being a serial killer. The video is very disturbing with Eminem in the woods with no shirt on and there is also drugs and a bath of blood in the video. Eminem's serial killer fetish first came to light when 50 Cent revealed that a track featuring Em called "Norman Bates Motel," a reference to Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho, would appear on Fiddy's Before I Self-Destruct. Despite the grisly lyrics, "3AM" does boast an awesome Dr. Dre beat, and Slim Shady's dexterous cadence is evidence of the extra time he was given experimenting with his prose while Dre alleviated the pressure of producing Relapse. Still, if Em's claim that "3AM" mirrors the overall tone of Relapse is true, we'll need a night light to make it through this album when it hits stores May 19th.

2009 songs
Eminem songs

3 A.M.


Camp Connor was a Union Army outpost established May 23, 1863 by Captain David Black, 3rd Regiment California Volunteer Infantry, by order of Brigadier General Patrick Edward Connor commander of the District of Utah, Department of the Pacific for whom the post was named.

Camp Conner was located east of what is now Soda Springs, Idaho on the north bank of the Bear River.  General Connor established the camp to defend the overland route to Oregon and the Morrisite settlement of Soda Springs he was establishing there.  He intended the Morrisites would prevent the Mormons from expanding their settlements into this area and restrain the Bannock Indians. General Connor ordered the post abandoned on February 24, 1865, with the troops leaving in late April.

References

Forts in Idaho
Idaho in the American Civil War
Connor
Buildings and structures in Caribou County, Idaho
American Civil War forts
1863 establishments in Idaho Territory

Camp Connor


Rao or RAO may refer to:

Geography
 Rao, West Sumatra, one of the districts of West Sumatra, Indonesia
 Råö, a locality in Kungsbacka Municipality, Halland County, Sweden

Transport
 Dr. Leite Lopes–Ribeirão Preto State Airport , IATA code RAO, serving Ribeirão Preto, Brazil

Fictional entities
 Rao (comics), a fictional star in the DC Universe; Superman's planet Krypton revolved around it
 Rao (Greyhawk), god of peace, reason, and serenity in Dungeons & Dragons: World of Greyhawk
 Raō, the Japanese name for Raoh, a character in Fist of the North Star

Mathematics
 Cramér–Rao bound, a statistical concept
 Rao–Blackwell theorem, a theorem in statistics

Science
 Rao (insect), a genus of wasps in the subfamily Platygastrinae
 Recent African origin of modern humans (RAO), a paleoanthropological theory
 Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), a respiratory disease in horses
 Response amplitude operator (RAO), a function relating a response to an input given the input frequency

Titles
Rao (title), cognate Hindi variations of the (originally Hindu) title Raja(h)
 Rao Bahadur, a title of honour issued by the British in India

Other uses
 Rai (disambiguation)
 Ray (disambiguation)
 Rau (disambiguation)
 Rao (Indian surname)
 Rao (Chinese surname)
 Rao language
 Rao's, an Italian restaurant in New York City, USA named after its founder, Joshua Anthony Rao

Rao


Patricia Forrest Gresham (née Parker, born March 5, 1996) is an American professional wrestler, bodybuilder and powerlifter, currently signed to Impact Wrestling, best known by her ring name Jordynne Grace.

At Impact, Grace is a two-time Impact Knockouts World Champion, one-time Impact Digital Media Champion and Impact Knockouts Tag Team Champion. Upon becoming the inaugural Digital Media Champion, Grace was recognized by Impact Wrestling as the first Knockouts Triple Crown winner.

She is also known for her appearances in Beyond Wrestling, Progress Wrestling, Pro-Wrestling: EVE, and Shine Wrestling. As a powerlifter, she holds the World Natural Powerlifting Federation (WNPF) Georgia State and National Records holder in the squat at , the bench press at  and the deadlift at  in the 165 lb. weight class.

Professional wrestling career

Independent circuit (2018–present)
On September 1, 2018, Grace participated in a 19-person over budget battle royale to determine the number one contender to the ROH World Championship on All In, being the only female in the match. Grace was able to eliminate Brian Cage, but was ultimately eliminated by Bully Ray. On October 28, Grace unsuccessfully challenged Jazz for the NWA World Women's Championship on Women's Wrestling Revolution (WWR), as they main evented at the WWR's event WWR vs. The World.

Impact Wrestling

Knockouts Champion (2018–2020)

On October 16, 2018, it was reported that Grace had signed a two-year deal with Impact Wrestling. Grace made her Impact! debut on the November 8 episode, as she defeated Katarina. On the January 3, 2019 episode of Impact!, Grace rescued Kiera Hogan as she was attacked by Allie and Su Yung. That led into a tag team match at Homecoming, which they lost as Yung technically submitted Hogan. With Rosemary's return to Impact, Grace teamed with her and Hogan to defeat Allie, Su Yung and The Undead Maid of Honor in the "Dark War". On the March 15 episode of Impact!, Grace defeated Tessa Blanchard to become the number one contender for Taya Valkyrie's Impact Knockouts Championship. At Against All Odds, which aired on March 29, Grace won by count-out, however, Valkyrie remained the champion. On the April 9 episode of Impact!, she received another chance to become number one contender for Valkyrie's title by defeating Madison Rayne. On August 2, at Unbreakable, she teamed with Scott Steiner and Petey Williams to defeat Dicky Mayer, Gentleman Jervis and Ryan Taylor in a six-person tag team match.

On January 12, 2020, Grace had another opportunity for the Knockouts Championship at Hard To Kill against Taya Valkyrie and ODB, but Valkyrie retained when she covered ODB. On January 18 (which aired on tape delay on February 11), she defeated Valkyrie to win the championship. After successfully retaining the title against Havok on February 22 at Sacrifice, Grace declared an open challenge with the Knockouts Championship on the line, which Madison Rayne answered by sending Miranda Alize and Lacey Ryan on the February 25 and March 10 episodes of Impact! respectively, but they failed to beat her. On July 18 at Slammiversary, Grace lost the title to Deonna Purrazzo, ending her reign at 182 days. A rematch was scheduled on August 25 during the second night of Impact's Emergence special, in the first Knockouts 30-minute Iron man match in Impact history, where Grace lost to Purrazzo, two falls to one.

Grace then entered into a rivalry with Tenille Dashwood when she returned on the September 1 episode of Impact!, interrupting her confrontation with Knockouts Champion Deonna Purrazzo during her Black Tie Affair. She lost their first match on the September 22 episode of Impact!, but won the rematch the following week, culminating in a final match and win by Dashwood on October 3 at Victory Road. On the October 6 episode of Impact!, Grace answered X Division Champion Rohit Raju's open challenge for the title and beat him, but he changed the rules so that it wasn't up for grabs. At Bound for Glory, she competed in a six-way intergender scramble match that involved Chris Bey, TJP, Willie Mack, Trey Miguel and Raju, who won to retain the X Division Championship. At Turning Point, she teamed up with Dashwood in a losing effort against Rosemary and Taya Valkyrie.

Championship reigns (2020–2023)
On the November 24 episode of Impact!, Grace revealed that her partner for the Impact Knockouts Tag Team Championship Tournament was former WWE Women's Champion and NWA World Women's Champion Jazz. The duo would debut as a team on the December 1 episode of Impact!, defeating Killer Kelly and Renee Michelle in the first round, but lose to Havok and Nevaeh in the second round on the January 5, 2021 episode of Impact!. Their lost led to a match at Genesis, where Grace defeated Jazz. On the February 23 episode of Impact!, Grace and Jazz defeated Kimber Lee and Susan to become number one contenders to the Knockouts Tag Team Championship, held by Fire 'N Flava (Kiera Hogan and Tasha Steelz). The two teams fought at Sacrifice, where Grace and Jazz failed to win the tag titles.

At Hardcore Justice, she competed in a weapons match to determine the number one contender for the Knockouts title, which was won by Tenille Dashwood. On the April 15 episode of Impact!, Grace teamed with Jazz in her final match and beat Fire 'N Flava in an impromptu non-title bout after they interrupted her retirement ceremony. The following week, she defeated Hogan by disqualification and was beaten up by her and Steelz, before being saved by a debuting Rachael Ellering. Three days later, at Rebellion, Grace and Ellering defeated Fire 'N Flava to win the Knockouts Tag Team Championship for the first time. On May 7, it was announced that Grace had signed a new multi-year deal with Impact Wrestling. Eight days later, at Under Siege, she and Ellering dropped the titles back to Fire 'N Flava. On the May 20 episode of Impact!, Grace challenged Ellering to a match but failed to win. On the June 3 episode of Impact!, she and Ellering challenged Fire 'N Flava to a rematch for the Knockouts Tag Team Championship, but failed to regain them. Nine days later, at Against All Odds, Grace lost to Dashwood.

On July 31 at Homecoming, Grace teamed with Petey Williams to compete in a tournament to crown a Homecoming King and Queen, but lost to Matt Cardona and Chelsea Green in the first round. In October, Grace competed in the Shannon "Daffney" Spruill Memorial Monster's Ball match at Knockouts Knockdown, which was won by Savannah Evans. She then entered a tournament to determine the inaugural Impact Digital Media Champion, where she defeated Johnny Swinger in the first round. At Bound for Glory, Grace defeated Green, Crazzy Steve, Fallah Bahh, John Skyler, and Madison Rayne in the final to win the Impact Digital Media Championship. Having won the Digital Media title, Grace was then recognized by Impact Wrestling as the first Knockouts Triple Crown winner in the promotion's history.

On January 8, 2022, at Hard to Kill, Grace participated in the inaugural Knockouts Ultimate X match, which was won by Tasha Steelz. On the February 3 episode of Impact!, Grace lost the Impact Digital Media Championship to Matt Cardona after he hit her with a steel chair. At No Surrender, she fought Cardona in a title rematch, but lost by disqualification after delivering a low blow. On the February 24 episode of Impact!, Grace challenged for the title again in a Dotcombat match, but failed to win. On the March 31 episode of Impact!, she competed in a Knockouts World Championship #1 Contenders Battle Royal, which was won by Rosemary. At Multiverse of Matches, Grace competed in an Ultimate X match for the X Division Championship, which was won by Trey Miguel. On April 23 at Rebellion, she teamed with W. Morrissey in an Eight-Team Elimination Challenge for the Impact World Tag Team Championship, but were eliminated by The Major Players (Cardona and Brian Myers). On June 19 at Slammiversary, Grace won the Knockouts World Championship for a second time in the inaugural Queen of the Mountain match.

On July 1 at Against All Odds, Grace successfully defended the Knockouts World Championship against Tasha Steelz in a rematch. On July 31, at Ric Flair's Last Match event, Grace retained her title in a three-way match involving Deonna Purrazzo and Rachael Ellering. On August 12 at Emergence, Grace made another successful title defense against Mia Yim. On September 23 at Victory Road, she defeated Max the Impaler (Masha Slamovich's handpicked opponent) in a Pick Your Poison match. At Bound for Glory, Grace defeated Slamovich to retain her title, thus ending Slamovich's undefeated streak in Impact Wrestling. On the November 10 episode of Impact!, Grace made another successful title defense against Gisele Shaw, but was attacked by Slamovich afterwards. Eight days later, at Over Drive, Grace defeated Slamovich in a Last Knockout Standing match to retain her title.

On January 13, 2023, at Hard To Kill, Grace lost the Knockouts World Championship to Mickie James in a Title vs. Career match, ending her reign at 208 days. At Rebellion, Grace was defeated by Deonna Purrazzo for the vacated Impact Knockouts World Championship (defending champion Mickie James has vacated the title due to injury, with Purrazzo and Grace competing to become the new champion). On the April 27 episode of Impact!, Grace saved Purrazzo from Taylor Wilde and KiLynn King. On the May 11, 2023 episode of Impact!, Purrazzo and Grace challenged The Coven for their title, but were unsuccessful. Post-match, Purrazzo and Grace was attacked by The Coven until Trinity runs down to the ring and makes the save. On May 26 at Under Siege, Grace was unsuccessful at winning the title against Purrazzo. Since Grace lost, she can no longer challenge for the title as long as Purrazzo is champion. Grace ran out to assist Trinity and Purrazzo, who were being tripled-teamed by Giselle Shaw, Savannah Evans and Jai Vidal, only to be beaten down by the heels herself, during the June 1st edition of Impact!, which was taped on May 27. This would be Grace's final appearance for the promotion. Having expired in May, Grace opted not to renew her contract, and instead take an hiatus from wrestling to focus on outside projects.

At Emergence, it was announced that Grace would make her return to Impact Wrestling at Victory Road, after taking an hiatus from wrestling back in May. Four days later, on the subsequent episode of Impact!, Purrazzo challenge Grace to a match at Victory Road. At the event, Grace defeated Purrazzo. On October 21 at Bound for Glory, Grace was one of participants in the Call Your Shot Gauntlet match. Grace won the match by defeating Bully Ray, becoming the first female to win that match and earning a championship match for any title she wanted. Grace announced that she would challenge for the Impact Knockouts World Championship at Hard To Kill in 2024.

Personal life
On December 21, 2018, Parker announced her engagement to fellow professional wrestler Jonathan Gresham. The couple married in September 2020.

Championships and accomplishments

Powerlifting
 Federation Records
 World Natural Powerlifting Federation (WNPF) Records
 Current WNPF Georgia State and National Record holder in the squat at , the bench press at  and the deadlift at  in the 165 lb. weight class.

Professional wrestling
 Battle Club Pro
 BCP ICONS Championship (1 time)
 Black Label Pro
 BLP Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 Impact Wrestling
 Impact Digital Media Championship (1 time, Inaugural)
 Impact Knockouts World Championship (2 times)
 Impact Knockouts Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Rachael Ellering
 Impact Digital Media Championship Tournament (2021)
 First Knockouts Triple Crown winner
 Call Your Shot Gauntlet (2023)
 Queen of the Mountain (2022)
 Impact Year End Award (2 times)
 Knockouts Tag Team of the Year (2021) – with Rachael Ellering
 Knockout of the Year (2022)
 Lancaster Championship Wrestling
 LCW Vixen Championship (1 time)
 Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide
Lucha Libre World Cup: 2023 Women's division – with Deonna Purrazzo and Kamille
 NOVA Pro Wrestling
 Women's Commonwealth Cup (2018)
 Progress Wrestling
 Progress World Women's Championship (1 time)
 Revelations of Divine Love Tournament (2019)
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Ranked No. 6 of the top 150 female wrestlers in the PWI Women's 150 in 2022
Ranked No. 97 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2022
 Pro Wrestling Magic
 PWM Women's Championship (1 time)
 Sports Illustrated
 Ranked No. 9 of the top 10 women's wrestlers in 2019
 Universal Independent Wrestling
 LOUIS Ladies Tag Team Championships (1 time) - with Nina Monet
 Women Superstars Uncensored
 WSU Spirit Championship (1 time)
 Women's Wrestling Revolution
 Tournament For Tomorrow (2017)
 World Series Wrestling
 WSW Women's Championship (2 times, inaugural)
 Zelo Pro Wrestling
 Zelo Pro Women's Championship (1 time)

References

External links

1996 births
21st-century American women
21st-century female professional wrestlers
American female professional wrestlers
Living people
Professional wrestlers from Texas
Sportspeople from Austin, Texas
TNA/Impact Knockouts World Champions
TNA/Impact Knockouts World Tag Team Champions
Impact Digital Media Champions
Progress Wrestling World Women's Champions
American powerlifters

Jordynne Grace


Nyssa () was a small town and bishopric in Cappadocia, Asia Minor. It is important in the history of Christianity due to being the see of the prominent 4th century bishop Gregory of Nyssa. Today, its name continues to be used as a titular see in the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church.

Site and location
The Antonine Itinerary places it on the road from Ancyra to Caesarea, between Parnassos and Asiana, 24 Roman miles from Parnassus and 32 from Asiana. Ptolemy's Geography places it at 68°20' 38°40 (in his degrees) in the Prefecture of Murimene ().
The Synecdemus and the Notitiae Episcopatuum indicate that Nyssa was in the Roman province of Cappadocia Prima.

The site of Nyssa has been identified as near the modern town of Harmandalı, Ortaköy district, Aksaray province, in south-central Turkey. The archaeological site consists of two tells, named Büyükkale (big castle) and Küçükkale (little castle), located 1 and 2 km to the north of Harmandalı with the town located 1 km north
Another proposed location associates it with the modern city of Nevşehir, but modern scholarship has cast serious doubt on this.

William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography placed the town at a village, not otherwise mentioned, called Nirse or Nissa and said that it was anciently in a district called Muriane, not far from the river Halys.

Ecclesiastical history

Nyssa was important enough in the Roman province of Cappadocia Prima to become a suffragan of its capital's Metropolitan, the Archdiocese of Caesarea in Cappadocia (Kayseri).

The earliest bishop of Nyssa whose name is known is Gregory of Nyssa, bishop of Nyssa from about 372 to 394 and brother of Basil the Great, bishop of Nyssa's metropolitan see, Caesarea in Cappadocia. The bishop at the time of the Council of Ephesus in 431 was Heraclides. Musonius took part in the Robber Council of Ephesus in 449, Ioannes in the Second Council of Constantinople in 553, another Ioannes in the Third Council of Constantinople in 680, Paulus in the Trullan Council in 693, a third Ioannes in the Second Council of Nicaea in 787, and Ignatius in the Photian Council of Constantinople (879). A 10th-century bishop named Germanus is known for his ecclesiastical writings.

The Eastern Orthodox Church has continued to appoint titular bishops of Nyssa even after the town and its Christian community ceased to exist. In practice, these titular bishops held jurisdiction over Orthodox Christian communities located elsewhere. Since 2012, the title "Bishop of Nyssa" is held by the bishop of the American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese.

Notes

Sources and external links
 GCatholic – (former and) titular bishopric

Former populated places in Turkey
Geography of Aksaray Province
History of Aksaray Province
Populated places in ancient Cappadocia

Nyssa (Cappadocia)


"Way Over There" is a 1960 Motown soul song and single, written by William "Smokey" Robinson, produced by Berry Gordy, and first performed by The Miracles (credited as "The Miracles featuring Bill 'Smokey' Robinson") for the Tamla (Motown) label. It was one of The Miracles' earliest charting singles, reaching #94 on the Billboard Pop chart. Motown president Berry Gordy, Jr. had The Miracles record the song several times during its chart run. The first version had minimal orchestration. The second version added strings, and this is the version played by most oldies stations today. Claudette (Mrs. Smokey) Robinson had several lead parts on this song (as the "lover way over there on the mountainside"), answering Smokey's leads with chants of "Come to me, Baby". The song's B-side, "(You Can) Depend on Me", while not charting nationally, did become a popular regional hit in many areas of the country, and Smokey still sings it in his live shows today.
"Way Over There" has inspired cover versions by Edwin Starr, The Temptations, The Marvelettes, The Royal Counts, The Spitballs, and Eddie Adams Jr, while "(You Can) Depend on Me" has inspired cover versions by The Temptations, The Supremes, Mary Wells, and Brenda Holloway.  The song was also used for the title of Hip-O Select's 2009 compilation: The Miracles – Depend on Me: The Early Albums , which collects the first five LP releases by the group.

Personnel

The Miracles

Smokey Robinson & Claudette Robinson – Lead vocals
Bobby Rogers – Background vocals
Pete Moore – Background vocals
Claudette Robinson – Background vocals
Ronnie White – Background vocals
Marv Tarplin – Guitar

Additional instruments
The Funk Brothers
The Detroit Symphony Orchestra (later version)
Various Chicago area musicians (later version)

References

External links
"Way Over There" by The Miracles
"Way Over There" song review from the "Motown Junkies" website

1960 singles
1962 singles
Tamla Records singles
The Miracles songs
The Temptations songs
The Marvelettes songs
Songs written by Smokey Robinson
Songs written by Berry Gordy
Edwin Starr songs
Song recordings produced by Berry Gordy
1960 songs

Way Over There


Elena Olegovna Firsova (Елена Олеговна Фирсова, Yelena or Jelena Firssowa) (born 21 Mairch 1950) is a Roushie componer.

Life
She was born in Leningrad intae the faimily o fisicists Oleg Firsov an Viktoria Lichko. She studiet muisic in Moscow wi Alexander Pirumov, Yuri Kholopov, Edison Denisov an Philip Herschkowitz. In 1979 she wis blackleetit as ane o the "Khrennikov's Seven" at the Saxt Congress o the Union o Soviet Composers for unappruivit pairticipation in some festivals o Soviet muisic in the Wast. She is marriet tae the composer Dmitri Smirnov an they currently live in the United Kingdom. Their childer are Philip Firsov (an airtist an sculptor), an Alissa Firsova (a composer, pianist an conductor).

She composed mair nor a hunder compositions in mony different genres includin chamber opera The Nightingale and the Rose efter Oscar Wilde an Christina Rossetti (premiered at the 1994 Almeida Opera Festival, Lunnon), an orchestra wirk Augury, (premiered at the 1992 BBC Proms) that includes a choral settin o William Blake's famous lines 'To see the world in a grain of sand...' and Requiem tae Anna Akhmatova's poem for soprano, chorus an orchestra (premiered at the Berlin Konzerthouse in September 2003).

Her favorite genre is a chamber cantata for solo voice an ensemble (or orchestra). Some o them are written tae the poems bi Alexander Pushkin, Marina Tsvetaeva, Boris Pasternak an Oleg Prokofiev. Housomeivver, the maist o them are settin the poems bi her favorite poet Osip Mandelstam that include Earthly Life,  Tristia, The Stone, Forest Walks, Before the Thunderstorm, Stygian Song, Secret Way,  Seashell, Whirlpool, Silentium, Winter Songs, an Petrarch's Sonnets (in Roushie translation bi Osip Mandelstam).

She receivit commissions frae mony muisic festivals, orchestras an ensembles includin the Concertgebouw Orchestra, Brodsky Quartet, Manchester Wind Orchestra, Schubert Ensemble, Freden Festival, BBC Proms an Expo 2000 (Hanover). Her muisic is available through publishers Boosey & Hawkes, Lunnon; Hans Sikorski, Hamburg; G. Schirmer, New York.

Selectit wirks
Suite for viola solo, Op. 2 (1967)
A Feast in Time of Plague, chamber opera efter Alexander Pushkin (1973)
Cello Concerto No.1 (1973)
Petrarch's Sonnets (translatit bi Osip Mandelstam) for voice an ensemble (1976)
Chamber Concerto No. 1 for flute an strings (1978)
The Night for voice an saxophone quairtet (Boris Pasternak, 1978)
Tristia, cantata for voice an chamber orchestra (Mandelstam, 1979)
Three Poems of Osip Mandelstam, for voice an piano (1980)
Misterioso (String Quartet No. 3, 1980)
Shakespeare's Sonnets for voice an organ (or saxophone quairtet, 1981)
Chamber Concerto No. 2 (Cello Concerto No. 2, 1982)
The Stone, cantata for voice an orchestra (Mandelstam, 1983)
Violin Concerto No. 2 (1983)
Earthly Life, chamber cantata for soprano an ensemble (Mandelstam, 1984)
Chamber Concerto No.3 (Piano Concerto No. 1, 1985)
Music for 12 for ensemble (1986)
Forest walks, cantata for soprano an ensemble (Mandelstam, 1987)
Chamber Concerto No. 4 - for horn an ensemble (1987)
Augury for chorus an orchestra (William Blake 1988)
Amoroso (String Quartet No. 4, 1989)
Nostalgia for orchestra  (1989)
Stygian Song for soprano an chamber ensemble (Mandelstam, 1989)
Odyssey for 7 players  (1990)
The Nightingale and the Rose, chamber opera (Oscar Wilde/Christina Rossetti, 1991)
Seashell for soprano an ensemble (Mandelstam, 1991)
Whirlpool for voice, flute an percussion (Mandelstam, 1991)
Silentium for voice an string quartet (Mandelstam, 1991)
Secret Way for voice an orchestra (Mandelstam, 1992)
Distance for voice, clarinet an string quartet (Marina Tsvetaeva, 1992)
Lagrimoso, (String Quartet No. 5, 1992)
Cassandra, for orchestra  (1992)
Insomnia, for fower sangsters (Pushkin, 1993)
Before the Thunderstorm, cantata for soprano an ensemble (Mandelstam, 1994)
String Quartet No. 6 (1994)
Compassione (String Quartet No. 7, 1995)
The Stone Guest (String Quartet No. 8, 1995)
No, it is not a Migraine for baritone an piano (Mandelstam, 1995)
Chamber Concerto No. 5 (Cello Concerto No. 3, 1996)
The Door is Closed (String Quartet No. 9, 1996)
Chamber Concerto No. 6 (Piano Concerto No. 2, 1996)
The River of Time for chorus an chamber orchestra in memory o Edison Denisov (Gavrila Derzhavin, 1997)
La malinconia (String Quartet No. 10, 1998)
Captivity for wind orchestra (1998)
Leaving for string orchestra (1998)
The Scent of Absence for bass, flute an harp (Oleg Prokofiev, 1998)
Das erste ist vergangen (Christushymnus 2000) (The Former Things are Passed Away) for soprano, bass, mixed choir, an chamber orchestra (Franz Kafka, Bible, etc., 1999)
Requiem for soprano, chorus an orchestra (Anna Akhmatova, 2001)
Winter Songs for soprano an cello (Mandelstam, 2003)
The Garden of Dreams (Homage tae Dmitri Shostakovich) for orchestra (2004)
Farewell (String Quartet No.12, 2005)
Black Bells for piano an ensemble (2005)
For Slava for solo cello (2007)
Purgatorio (String Quartet No.11, completit in 2008)

Selectit discografie

Misterioso, String Quartet No.3 Op.24 in: Lydian Quartet in Moscow: Firsova, Chaushian, Child, Lee Art and Electronics: AED 10108 Stereo
Amoroso, String Quartet No.4 Op.40 in: Chilingirian Quartet: Stravinsky, Schnittke, Smirnov, Roslavets, Firsova: Music for String Quartet, Conifer Classics 75605 512522
La Malinconia, String Quartet No.10 Op.84 in: Brodsky Quartet: Beethoven Op.18 and six more: Alvarez, Beamish, Firsova, Jegede, Smirnov, Tanaka, Vanguard Classics 99212
Chamber Concerto No.1 for Flute and Strings Op.19 in: Works by modern composers of Moscow: Smirnov, Bobilev, Firsova, Pavlenko, Artiomov, Mobile Fidelity MFCD 906
Cassandra for symphony orchestra Op.60 (1992) thegither with Sofia Gubaidulina: Pro et contra BIS CD-668 STEREO
The Mandelstam Cantatas (Forest Walks, Earthly Life, Before the Thunderstorm) Studio for New Music Moscow, Igor Dronov, conductor; Ekaterina Kichigina, soprano Megadisc MDC 7816 see at Megadisc site

Bibliografie

Elena Firsova: On Music; in Sovjetische Music in Licht der Perestroika, pp. 337–8, Laaber-Verlag, Germany, (German translation by Hannelore Gerlach and Jürgen Köchel) 1990
Yuri Kholopov: Russians in England: Dmitri Smirnov, Elena Firsova. Article, in: Music From the Former USSR. Issue 2. Moscow: Composer, 1996, pp. 255–303; Ex oriente...: Ten Composers from the Former USSR. Berlin: Verlag Ernst Kuhn, 2002, pp. 207–266 ISBN 3-928864-84-X
Firsova, Yelena Olegovna by Stephen Johnson, in the New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London, 1992) ISBN 0-333-73432-7

See an aw
List of solo piano pieces, Russian
Miscellaneous solo piano compositions (Rachmaninoff)

Freemit airtins

 Brief biografie at Boosey & Hawkes steid
 Composer's hame page
 Texts o her vocal wirks at "Recmusic"

20t-century clessical componers
21st-century clessical componers
Roushie female clessical componers
Opera componers
1950 births
Livin fowk
Fowk frae Saunt Petersburg

Elena Firsova


Nurse Ratched  (full name Mildred Ratched in the movie, also known as "Big Nurse") is a fictional character and the main antagonist of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, first featured in Ken Kesey's 1962 novel as well as the 1975 film adaptation. A cold, heartless tyrant, Nurse Ratched has become the stereotype of the nurse as a battleaxe. She has also become a popular metaphor for the corrupting influence of institutional power and authority in bureaucracies such as the psychiatric treatment center in which the novel is set.

Nurse Ratched is the head administrative nurse at the Salem State Hospital, a mental institution where she exercises near-absolute power over the patients' access to medications, privileges, and basic necessities such as food and toiletries. She capriciously revokes these privileges whenever a patient displeases her. Her superiors turn a blind eye because she maintains order, keeping the patients from acting out, either through antipsychotic and anticonvulsant drugs or her own brand of psychotherapy, which consists mostly of humiliating patients into doing her bidding. Her tyrannical rule and her cruel personality stems from her time as an army nurse during World War II.

Creation

Origin
Author Kesey stated that he based Ratched on the head nurse of the psychiatric ward where he worked. He later ran into her at an aquarium, realizing "She was much smaller than I remembered, and a whole lot more human." The 1940s hairstyle was, according to Louise Fletcher, "a symbol that life had stopped for her (Ratched) a long time ago".

Appearance
In Ken Kesey's novel, Ratched "the Big Nurse" is described by Chief Bromden according to him: "She had a face that is smooth, calculated, and precision-made, like an expensive baby doll, skin like flesh-colored enamel which is a blend of white and cream, with baby-blue eyes, and a small nose with pink little nostrils. The only features that does not match Ratched's appearance are her lips and fingernails that are both an "odd" or "funny" red-orange, like the tip of a soldering iron, a color that looks so hot or so cold that if she touches someone with it, no one could tell which."

She is also most noted for carrying breasts that are described as either "massive" or "over-sized". Ratched's uniform is a white, heavily starched, nurse attire that she uses to conceal her top-heavy bosom as she is ashamed and embittered of them. She wears her hair in a tight bun and high heels where she walks stiffly everywhere she goes, and sometimes carries a woven wicker bag that contains pills, needles, wire, and forceps.

To everyone else, she is a dull-looking middle-aged woman and is mainly an intimidating nurse who comes off as a twisted maternal figure to her patients. Milos Forman's depiction of the character, who is played by Louise Fletcher, however, is based on the stage-play performances of the character in Broadway, New York.

Character biography
When Randle McMurphy arrives at the hospital, however, he flouts her rules with impunity and inspires other patients to follow. Her attempts to cow him into submission—at first with threats and mild punishments, then with shock therapy—are unsuccessful, serving only to fuel his defiance.

McMurphy helps organize an unauthorized party late one evening, and they invite two prostitute friends, Sandra and Candy, into the asylum. After noticing fellow patient Billy Bibbitt has a crush on Candy, McMurphy encourages her to have sex with him. Ratched catches Billy and Candy in the act. Furious, she threatens to tell his mother. He begs her not to, blaming McMurphy and the other patients for orchestrating the event.

Ratched sends him to wait in the ward doctor's office as the authorities are called. When Dr. Spivey finally arrives, he finds Billy has killed himself. When Ratched tells the inmates that "the best thing we can do is to go on with our daily routine", McMurphy attacks her in a fit of rage, nearly strangling her. Despite having McMurphy lobotomized in retribution, the attack leaves Ratched weakened and bruised, now unable to control the ward any longer because the patients no longer fear her.

Other portrayals

A stage adaptation by Dale Wasserman made its Broadway debut in 1963 with Joan Tetzel as Nurse Ratched. Amy Morton portrayed Ratched in the 2001 Broadway revival.

The character was famously portrayed by Louise Fletcher in the film adaptation, whose performance earned her the Academy Award for Best Actress. Fletcher, who, up to that point, had only had a brief television career in the 1950s and early 1960s and had only appeared in two films (one uncredited), was cast after Anne Bancroft, Angela Lansbury, Geraldine Page, Colleen Dewhurst, and Ellen Burstyn turned down the role. Director Miloš Forman considered Fletcher for Ratched when he saw her in the 1974 film Thieves Like Us.

Nurse Ratched was a recurring character in the ABC series Once Upon a Time from 2012 through 2017. She was portrayed by Ingrid Torrance and works for the Evil Queen as a nurse in the Storybrooke Sanitarium.

Nurse Ratched is played by actor Michael St Michaels and its featured in the music video called Choosing Mental Illness by the metal band Philip H. Anselmo & The Illegals. The band is fronted by Pantera singer Phil Anselmo. Anselmo plays Jack Nicholson's character in the music video.

Sarah Paulson portrays Nurse Ratched in Ryan Murphy's Netflix television series Ratched, a prequel to the One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest film, the first season of which debuted September 18, 2020. Isabelle JoLynn Murphy portrays a young Ratched.

Legacy
Fletcher won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Ratched in the film. Ratched was named the fifth-greatest villain in film history (and second-greatest villainess, behind the Wicked Witch of the West of The Wizard of Oz) by the American Film Institute in their series 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains.

References

Further reading
 ; also at ResearchGate

Female characters in film
Female characters in literature
Female characters in television
Female villains
Female film villains
Female literary villains
Fictional American nurses
Fictional torturers
Literary characters introduced in 1962
Once Upon a Time (TV series) characters
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
Fictional characters from Oregon
Drama film characters
Characters in American novels of the 20th century by novel

Nurse Ratched


The Seychelles national rugby union team represents the Seychelles in international rugby union. The nation have yet to play in a Rugby World Cup tournament.

The national ground has an unusual distinction: it is formed from ground flattened from a massive landslide caused by a heavy rain from a cyclone.

References

African national rugby union teams
National Rugby Union Team
R

Seychelles national rugby union team


A consulting firm or simply consultancy is a professional service firm that gives expert advice for a fee. Consulting firms may have one employee or thousands; they may consult in different topics, for example, management, engineering, and so on. Management consultants typically work with company executives and give them generalists and industry-specific experts, usually trained in management or in business schools. Management consultant usually give recommendations for achieving the goals of a company or helps to lead a project of a company. Many consulting firms not only give the recommendations, but also help with implementation, either by the consultants or by technicians and other experts. This is called outsourcing.

Types
There are different types of Consulting Firms serving different sectors.

These fields are:

 Architecture and Engineering
Financial services
Health care
Hotel and hospitality industry
Human resources
Information technology
Legal
Management
Music
Regulatory compliance

In addition to the above-mentioned fields, there are consulting firms that serve niche sectors such as

 advertising/marketing/public relations consulting
 environmental consulting
entertainment/media consulting
energy consulting
consulting in politics and the public sector
real estate consulting
recycling consulting
commodities consulting

References

Business organizations

Consulting firm


Sutton High Street is a high street running north–south through the town of Sutton in the London Borough of Sutton.

The High Street area constitutes the sixth most important retail centre in London, and is home to many restaurants and major retail names. It is pedestrianised for most of its length, and a  conservation area runs down a three hundred yard section. There are three examples of public art in the street, and parks at either end of it. In 2017 the High Street gained Heritage Action Zone status, the first in London to do so.

History

The section of road that is now Sutton High Street dates from the Middle Ages, and developed into part of the main road from London to Brighton. By the 18th century Brighton's popularity as a coastal resort was growing, and the route was well used, but not yet regularly maintained. This was put right in 1755 when the enacting of turnpike legislation provided a means for the road's better maintenance. This, combined with its intersection with the east-west Carshalton/Cheam Road, led to the development of a small settlement around the tollhouse in what is now the centre of the town. By the beginning of the 19th century Sutton had become a fully-fledged village, and the road was dotted with a number of houses, pubs and shops from Sutton Green southwards up to the Cock crossroads. The road was used frequently by the Prince Regent to access Sutton Lodge on Brighton Road, and, being the main route to Epsom Downs, it was also heavily used by visitors to The Derby. In 1801 the population of the town stood at 579, at that point lower than the other settlements in the borough. However, by 1861 it had risen enough to make Sutton the largest settlement in the borough.

Their position on the London to Brighton turnpike provided the village's two large coaching inns, the Cock and the Greyhound, with trade serving coaches travelling through the village. The Cock Hotel's sign straddled the Brighton road, and its proprietor was the champion pugilist, "Gentleman" Jackson.  The building was demolished in 1898, shortly after a new Cock Hotel had been constructed on a directly adjacent site to the north.  Twenty horse drawn carts passed up and down this stretch in a day.  Regular contact beyond the town brought both expansion and sophistication. Small businesses opened up, at first directly related to travellers on the turnpike – bakers and brewers to feed visitors, seamstresses to provide running repairs, leather workers to make or mend harnesses – and then to provide trade goods for neighbouring communities.

When the railway arrived, Sutton's people had become travellers themselves. The population of Sutton grew and the village turned into a town.  The High Street near the top was known as Cock Hill until the 1880s – the shops on the east side were built in 1880, ten years later than those on the west side.

A notatable building to appear around this time was the grand and decorative 1894 London and Provincial Bank building (now home to Barclays Bank), which stands over the historic crossroads.  It is four storeys tall and forms a prominent landmark when arriving in the town centre from a westerly direction. There is a series of arches at ground level, and the main entrance is on the corner where the two roads meet, rounded in shape and surrounded by an ornate architrave and segmental pediment.

By 1900 the High Street had become heavily built up. By the late 1930s the shops had altered, but the buildings above remained much the same.  One new building at this time was Ernest Shinner's new department store, which replaced a Baptist church that had been built in 1886. This later became a branch of Allders.

A long lasting retail business in Sutton dated back to the 1860s – Pearson Cycles was originally a blacksmith shop, but in the 1890s changed to bicycle making and repair. The Pearsons run the cycle business from the same High Street location to 2020  It has been recognised by Guinness World Records as the oldest bicycle shop in the world., when the branch was closed

Conservation Area and Heritage Action Zone

The high street includes a conservation area, the Sutton Town Centre High Street Crossroads Conservation Area, which was designated on 9 May 2011, following a review of the town centre, which highlighted the historic importance of the highway network at the crossroads of Cheam Road/Carshalton Road and the High Street, as well as the associated buildings and spaces. The conservation area focuses on the area around the historic crossroads, and stretches from the Station down to Trinity Square. The local authority noted that the buildings, especially their upper storeys, were worthy of preservation and enhancement. Its report concluded that Conservation status was warranted on the basis of the historic importance of the area together with its architectural and aesthetic merit. The designation would enable the provision of guidance to landowners and developers on maintaining and improving the historic aspects of the area.

Gordon Rookledge in his "Sutton Architectural Identifier" remarks on the "vivid, Victorian, polychrome brick and stone façades" in his description of Sutton High Street.

Heritage Action Zone
In March 2017 it was announced that Sutton town centre had been designated one of the first ten Heritage Action Zones by Historic England. Gaining this status will unlock resources to enhance the historic environment, including the conservation area, with the aim of encouraging economic growth. Heritage will be made a central consideration for new developments in the area, so as to retain the town's distinct architectural nature.

Landmarks

Sutton High Street began as a shopping street in Victorian times and in 2014 was London's sixth most important retail centre, attracting shoppers from a wide area. It is often the chosen location for new retail ventures.
Many of the country's main High Street names are represented in the central area,
as are banks, building societies and estate agents.

Sutton High Street has in recent decades gained two covered shopping centres, both of which are situated in the central High Street area:
The larger of these is the St. Nicholas Centre, opened in 1992 with three main levels, and five levels to provide space for a department store.
Times Square is the smaller of the two. It opened in 1985, and was granted planning approval for a refit in June 2014; the work was completed in 2017. The refit was assessed as being a "high quality refurbishment scheme which will make a significant contribution towards the regeneration of this part of the Town Centre."  It is expected to attract further major high street names.

Restaurants and bars

The Sutton High Street area also has a number of restaurants, patisseries, coffee houses, gastro pubs, clubs and bars, including the country's first branch of All Bar One. The central area is pedestrianised, facilitating the setting up of outdoor tables by several establishments.

Sutton's range of restaurants has expanded in recent years, with culinary offerings from around the world including French, Spanish, British, Mexican, Malaysian, Thai, Pakistani, Portuguese, Turkish, Japanese, Italian, Indian and Chinese cuisine  These include a French restaurant which is listed in The Good Food Guide and is Michelin-listed.

Rolling Stones gigs in High Street pub
There is a pub in Sutton High Street called the Winning Post, at the time known as the Red Lion, in which The Rolling Stones played several gigs  and where they were spotted in 1963 by Giorgio Gomelsky, a noted music manager, who was in the audience during a historic early gig there. It was also at the Winning Post that, on 23 January 1963, Charlie Watts and Bill Wyman became permanent members of the band.

In 2011, the Winning Post was added to a list of buildings and structures of local significance.

Booksellers

There are a number of book retailers in the town centre including Waterstones. Its site once was an independent department store when it was built and opened by Ernest Shinner in 1935, and was taken over by Allders in 1979. Allders moved to the then new St Nicholas Centre in 1992. This branch of Waterstones was the first to have a cafe installed.

Public Art

Sutton town centre features six major examples of public art, three of them in the High Street.

The "Millennium Dial Armillary" was dedicated to the town in the year 2000 by the Rotary Club.  The Millennium Dial Armillary is a popular feature of the town and continues to provide an iconic focus for the town centre. It was originally installed in the centre of a small "Millennium Garden", but was slightly re-positioned in 2011, since when it has stood on the edge of the new  central square, directly in front of the Waterstones bookshop.

The other examples of public art in the High Street are building-height murals. One consists of a set of seven individual murals on a side wall depicting Sutton's European twin towns. The murals were designed and painted (on to plywood) by professional artists Gary Drostle and Rob Turner and were unveiled in 1993 to commemorate the 25th anniversary of Sutton's twinning with Wilmersdorf.

There is also  the Heritage Mosaic measuring  high and  wide, and covering the whole of another three storey wall in the town square near the Waterstone's bookshop.  Commissioned to celebrate Sutton's heritage, the Drostle and Turner mosaic was made from small tiles made of glass and clay, and put in place in 1994. It was designed by Rob Turner, and shows several aspects of Sutton's heritage and local history. The centre-piece is the depiction of Henry VIII's palace at Nonsuch.

Supermarkets
There are currently five large supermarket stores, four supermarkets in the town centre – a Sainsbury's, a Lidl, an Asda and a Morrisons. There is also a large Marks and Spencer foodhall within the M&S store in the High Street. and a fifth large supermarket, Tesco, is located about half-a-mile outside the town centre (in Oldfields Road on the A217) and they have two Express branches at either end of the high street.

Other features of interest
As well as  public art, there is a  Green Wall, designed for aesthetics, to improve air quality and to encourage biodiversity.  This "vertical garden" covers the façade of a large High Street store, and is in bloom all year round.

The high street and town square also host street performers, covering live music, arts and theatre.  In addition, markets are held from time to time, including French, Italian and Continental markets, as well as arts and crafts fairs.  In August and September the high street plays host to the outdoor "Sunset Cinema," where popular films are shown in the evening after the shops have closed to an audience seated in deckchairs. A temporary mini-golf course is set up during August. The High Street has hosted a country music festival with live music and dancing for the last two summers.

In 2013 the Sutton shopper shuttle was introduced as a pilot scheme. The service helps shoppers travel along Sutton High Street. It has proved popular, especially with elderly shoppers, and has since been made permanent. It is the only such service in Greater London. In October 2016 it was nominated for the 2016 National Business Improvement Districts Awards.

Sutton Green lies at the northernmost point of Sutton High Street, to the west of the street. Victoria Gardens also borders the High Street, just to the south of Sutton Green.

Regeneration

A 2007 retail study found a need for 25% more retail floorspace as well as new mixed use development to accommodate office space, leisure, cultural and residential facilities.

There is co-ordination among the businesses in the town centre in the form of a town centre manager, who works in partnership with local businesses, the police and transport providers to promote the centre and its future development.

"Opportunity Sutton" and Sutton Chamber of Commerce also play a part in promoting future economic development in the town, which, prior to the current activity set out below, was characterised by developers as "one of London's hidden gems".

The Sound Lounge

The Sound Lounge, a grassroots music venue, opened in December 2020 in Sutton High Street in the former premises of Royal Bank of Scotland. It hosts live performances of blues, Americana, folk and roots music.  The venue includes a plant-based, carbon-neutral /restaurant/café, and also hosts visual art exhibitions, theatre and dance.  The site also incorporates a vinyl record shop (one of two branches of the Union Music Store).

In July 2021 the venue became the country's first grassroots music venue to be certified as carbon neutral. A wide variety of measures have been put in place to achieve neutrality.  In addition to the fully plant-based menu for the café, these include getting all energy from renewable sources, not sending any waste to landfill and maintaining an allotment garden on site for zero-carbon produce for the café.

Sutton Point

CNM Estates have redeveloped a site formerly known as South Point at the southern end of the town centre, adjacent to the railway station. The new development, known as "Sutton Point", is for mixed use and includes a hotel, a health club, apartments, shops, restaurants and offices. The scheme will also include a car club to reduce the need for individual car ownership. The scheme was granted planning approval in mid-2013, and  work on-site started in Spring 2014.

Old Gasworks (Sutton North Central)
An initial public consultation took place in mid-2012 on plans by LXB Retail Properties Ltd for a further supermarket, a 123,270 sq ft branch of Sainsbury's, in the town as part of a planned redevelopment of a large (6 acre), mainly disused site bordering the northern end of the High Street, which would also include homes, retail units, and a new public square, public art and a water feature. Work on site commenced in Spring 2014 for the biggest single regeneration of the town centre in a generation. The project was completed in late 2016.

Transport

The London to Brighton stagecoach began in 1760. The Cock Hotel in what is now Sutton High Street was the 9 a.m. breakfast stop for coaches leaving the city two hours earlier. The railway arrived in 1847. Sutton railway station is at the southern end of the High Street and Sutton Common railway station just west of the Angel Hill footbridge. The fastest services from the former to London Victoria take 24 minutes.

There is a one-way system around the High Street and two main public car parks – Gibson Road and Times Square – with a third serving the St. Nicholas Centre. The street is served by many buses, most of which are operated for Transport for London. There are also express coach services to both London Heathrow and London Gatwick airports.

As of mid-2014, a consultation was taking place into options for the route of a proposed Tramlink extension from Wimbledon to Sutton, with one option being to run the line down Sutton High Street.

References

External links

Shopping streets in London
High Streets
High Street

Sutton High Street