Michael Joseph Cassutt (born April 13, 1954) is an American television producer, screenwriter, and author.  His notable TV work includes producing or writing, or both, for The Outer Limits, Eerie, Indiana, Beverly Hills, 90210, and The Twilight Zone. In addition to his work in television, Cassutt has written over thirty short stories, predominately in the genres of science fiction and fantasy. He has also published novels, including the 1986 The Star Country, the 1991 Dragon Season, the 2001 Red Moon and the 2011 Heaven's Shadow, in collaboration with David S. Goyer. In addition, Cassutt contributes non-fiction articles to magazines and is the author of the non-fiction book, The Astronaut Maker, a biography of NASA legend George W. S. Abbey (2018).

Early life
Although born in Owatonna, Minnesota, Cassutt was raised in Hudson, Wisconsin, where he graduated from Hudson High School. He attended the University of Arizona in Tucson, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in radio-television. He then worked as a disc jockey and radio program director and as a network television executive for CBS.  During his time at CBS he contributed freelance scripts to such television series as Alice and The Twilight Zone.

Career

Television
A full-time writer since 1985, Cassutt was staff writer for the 1985 revival series, The Twilight Zone, story editor for the acclaimed Max Headroom series on ABC, and writer-producer for the CBS series TV 101.

In the early 1990s Cassutt worked as a writer and producer for WIOU, an ensemble drama starring John Shea and Helen Shaver, and then for Eerie, Indiana. From 1992 to 1993 Cassutt was producer and writer for the ABC police drama Sirens; he later wrote the two-part premiere of the show's syndicated version with series creator Ann Lewis Hamilton.

Following his tour on The Outer Limits, Cassutt was co-executive producer for the Fox drama Strange Luck and consulting producer on Beverly Hills, 90210 and Seven Days.

He was executive consultant for USA Network's The Dead Zone. Cassutt's first episode, "The Mountain", was the highest-rated episode of the show's 2003 season; his second, "Total Awareness," which premiered in July 2004, was the only episode of the show ever reviewed by People magazine.

Cassutt was co-executive producer for SyFy Channel's Z Nation for five seasons, from 2013 to 2018, contributing ten scripts. He worked on its spinoff, Black Summer as well.

In 2019 he was consulting producer for two 10-episode series based on George R. R. Martin's Wild Cards, intended for release on Hulu.

He has contributed freelance scripts to seaQuest DSV, Stargate SG-1, Farscape, Andromeda, and Odyssey 5. He has developed scripts based on classic science fiction works by writers such as Arthur C. Clarke, Robert A. Heinlein, Clifford Simak, and Philip Jose Farmer. Among other projects are pilot scripts for Nickelodeon and MTV; a TV movie remake of the 1978 thriller film, Capricorn One; and Time's Eye, a Hallmark Channel and Sci-fi Channel miniseries based on the novel of the same name by Arthur C. Clarke and Stephen Baxter.

In 2018 and 2019 he worked on two potential Wild Cards series for Hulu; neither effort was produced.

Cassutt has also appeared on camera in two History Channel documentaries, Disasters in Space, in 1999, and Star City, in 2002, as well as a 2002 BBC special about astronauts and test pilots. He appeared on the History Channel series The Universe first in the November 2008 episode and again in October 2009.

Other writings
Alongside his career in television, Cassutt has also pursued a career in writing fiction, especially science fiction and fantasy. His first short story, "A Second Death," appeared in the June 1974 issue of Amazing Stories. Since that time he has published over thirty other pieces of short fiction, many in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction and in Asimov's Science Fiction magazine. He also contributed stories to the annual collection, The Year's Best Science Fiction, in the fourteenth and nineteenth editions, and to Year's Best SF 15.

He has authored a science fiction novel, The Star Country, published by Doubleday in 1986, and a fantasy novel, Dragon Season, published by Tor Books in 1991.  With Andrew M. Greeley, he co-edited an anthology of science fiction and fantasy stories with Catholic themes, entitled Sacred Visions, also published by Tor in 1991.

Working with screenwriter and director David S. Goyer (Batman Begins, Blade, The Unborn) Cassutt wrote an SF trilogy.  The first volume, Heaven's Shadow, was published by Ace (publisher) in July 2011.  The second, Heaven's War, appeared in July 2012. The trilogy concluded with Heaven's Fall in August 2013.

In addition to science fiction and fantasy, Cassutt has written thrillers with spaceflight settings, beginning with Missing Man, published in September 1998, to praise from such diverse sources as Publishers Weekly, Analog magazine, and the NASA Watch website.  A sequel, Tango Midnight, dealing with an accident aboard the International Space Station, was published in 2003.

His historical thriller, Red Moon, a novel of the dark side of the space race between America and the Soviet Union, appeared in March 2001 and became the subject of an entire article in Asimov's Science Fiction, written by novelist Norman Spinrad.

Cassutt is also an experienced writer of non-fiction, not only contributing articles to such magazines as Space Illustrated, Space World, Air & Space and books such as Magill's Survey of Science: Space Exploration Series, but as the author of the  biographical encyclopedia, Who's Who in Space. The book contains biographies and photos of seven hundred astronauts and cosmonauts from around the world, for which Cassutt conducted dozens of interviews over a period of ten years.

His monthly column about science fiction television and film, "The Cassutt Files," appeared on SciFiWire.com from 2000 to 2009.  He has also taught TV writing at the University of Southern California's School of Cinematic Arts, and at the University of Oregon.

More recently, Cassutt has published several new short stories, in Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine, on Tor.com, and in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction.

Awards and recognition
In 1989, Cassutt won the Nancy Susan Reynolds Award of the Center for Population Options for a three-part episode, "First Love," on the series TV 101, although the series itself was not a success and ran for only thirteen episodes.

Personal life
Cassutt lives in Los Angeles with his wife, Cindy, and two children, Ryan and Alexandra.

Bibliography

Novels
The Star Country (Doubleday, 1986)
Dragon Season (Tor, 1991)
Missing Man (Forge, 1998)
Red Moon (Forge, 2001)
Tango Midnight (Forge, 2003)

Heaven's Shadow series

Short fiction
Anthologies (edited)
Sacred Visions (Tor, 1991, anthology edited with Andrew M. Greeley)

Stories
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 "A Second Death" – "Amazing Science Fiction", June 1974
 "The Streak" – "Mike Shayne Mystery Magazine", January 1977
 "Hunting" – "Universe 8", 1978, ed. Terry Carr
 "The Squeeze" – "Mike Shayne Mystery Magazine", January 1981
 "The Free Agent" – "The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction", August 1981
 "The Holy Father" – "Best of OMNI 6", 1983, ed. Don Myrus
 "Stillwater, 1896" – "Shadows 7", 1984, ed. Charles L. Grant
 "A Star is Born" – "Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine", July, 1984
 "Legend" – "Wild Cards IV", 1988, ed. George R. R. Martin
 "Passages" – "Synergy 4", 1989, ed. George Zebrowski
 "Mules in Horse's Harness" – "What Might Have Been, Vol. 2", 1989, ed. Gregory Benford and Martin H. Greenberg
 "At Risk" – "Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine", July 1990
 "Curious Elation" – "The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction", September 1990
 "Extraordinary Measures" – "The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction", July 1991
 "The Last Mars Trip" – "The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction", July 1992
 "Perpetual Light" – "Grails (anthology)" 1992, ed., Ed Kramer, Richard Gilliam & Martin H. Greenberg
 "A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes" – "Wild Cards", 1993, ed. George R. R. Martin
 "The Folks" – "The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction", July 1993
 "Night Life" – "Borderlands III", 1993, ed. Thomas F. Monteleone
 "The Longer Voyage" – "The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction", July 1996
 "Generation Zero" – "Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine", October/November 1996
 "Jinx" – "The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction", July 1997, as "Leo Kenden"
 "More Adventures on Other Planets" – "Sci.Fiction", January 10, 2001
 "Beyond the End of Time" – "Sci.Fiction", June 20, 2001
 "Storming Space" – "Wild Cards", 2002, ed. George R. R. Martin
 "Skull Valley" – "Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine", October/November 2007
 "Captain Cathode and the Secret Ace" – "Wild Cards IV", 2010, ed. George R. R. Martin. This story was not in the 1987 edition of Wild Cards
 "Pitching Old Mars" - "Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine", March 2013
 "The Big Bleed" - "Wild Cards", Tor 2014, ed. George R. R. Martin & Melinda M. Snodgrass
 "The Sunset of Time" - "OLD VENUS", Random House anthology 2015, ed. George R. R. Martin & Gardner R. Dozois
 "Timewalking" - "Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine", November/December 2017
 "Unter" - "Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine", June/July 2018
 "The Vetting" - "Tor.com", September 18, 2019
 "Banshee" - "The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction", January 2020
 "Have Spaceship, Will Travel" - "Wild Cards", Tor 2021 ed. George R. R. Martin
 "Luna Incognita" - "Joker Moon as "Leo Kenden"
 "Aurora" - "Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine", novelette, March/April 2022
 "Kingsbury 1944" - "Analog Science Fiction & Fact Magazine", novella, September/October 2022
 "Flicker" - "Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine", November/December 2022

Non-fiction
Who's Who in Space: The First Twenty-five Years (G. K. Hall, 1987)
Who's Who in Space: The International Space Year Edition (Macmillan, 1993)
Deke! U.S. Manned Space from Mercury to the Shuttle (Forge 1994, with Donald K. "Deke" Slayton)
Who's Who in Space: The International Space Station Edition (Macmillan Gale, 1999)
We Have Capture: Tom Stafford and the Space Race (Smithsonian, 2002, with Thomas P. Stafford)
The Astronaut Maker: How One Mysterious Engineer Ran Human Spaceflight for a Generation (Chicago Review Press, 2018)

Critical studies and reviews of Cassutt's work
Heaven's Fall

Notes

Television credits
 Gloria (1982)
 Love, Sidney (1982)
 Alice (1983)
 It's Not Easy (1983)
 Dungeons & Dragons (1985)
 Misfits of Science (1985)
 The Twilight Zone (1985-1987)
 Simon & Simon (1986)
 The Centurions (1986)
 Max Headroom (1987)
 The Wizard (1987)
 Beauty and the Beast (1988)
 TV 101 (1988)
 WIOU (1990)
 Eerie, Indiana (1992)
 Sirens (1993)
 seaQuest DSV (1993)
 Strange Luck (1995)
 The Adventures of Sinbad (1996)
 Mr. & Mrs. Smith (1996)
 Beverly Hills, 90210 (1997)
 Seven Days (1999)
 Farscape (2000)
 Stargate SG-1 (2000)
 Andromeda (2002)
 Odyssey 5 (2003)
 The Dead Zone (2003-2004)
 Transformers: Prime (2013)
 Z Nation (2014-2018)

References

External links

The Michael Cassutt Papers (31.72 linear feet) housed at the Eaton Collection of Science Fiction and Fantasy of the University of California, Riverside Libraries.

1954 births
Living people
American television writers
Asimov's Science Fiction people
American male television writers
People from Hudson, Wisconsin
People from Owatonna, Minnesota
University of Arizona alumni
Screenwriters from Wisconsin
Screenwriters from Minnesota
Screenwriters from Arizona
Television producers from Minnesota

Michael Cassutt


The Driller Killer is a 1979 black comedy slasher film directed by Abel Ferrara and starring Ferrara (credited as Jimmy Laine), Carolyn Marz, Baybi Day, and Harry Schultz. The plot concerns Reno Miller, a struggling artist in New York City, turning insane from stress and killing derelicts with a power drill.

When the film was released on video cassette in 1982, its graphic packaging drew complaints which landed the release on a list of "video nasties" that were banned in the United Kingdom under the Video Recordings Act 1984. An edited version was later granted an 18 certificate and released in 1999, and a full uncut version was approved by the BBFC in November 2002. On 10 June 2010 it was re-released as video on demand (VOD).

The film is now in the public domain.

Plot

Artist Reno Miller (Abel Ferrara) and his girlfriend Carol enter a small Catholic church, where he approaches an elderly bearded man (revealed as Reno's estranged derelict father) kneeling at the pulpit. The derelict seizes Reno's hand, causing him and Carol to flee from the church. Unknown to Reno, his father slipped him a piece of paper. The father is requesting a meeting with him. Reno denies knowing who the homeless man was.

Later at his apartment, Reno receives a large Con Ed electricity bill, and a phone bill, both of which, along with his monthly apartment's rental fee, Reno cannot pay. He shares the apartment with Carol, a former flight attendant, and her drug-addicted lesbian lover Pamela. The apartment is located in a derelict-filled neighborhood in Union Square. Reno visits Dalton, an art gallery owner, and tells him that he is currently painting a masterpiece. Reno asks for a week's extension and a $500 loan to cover the rent. However, Dalton refuses, saying that he has already lent enough money to Reno. However, if Reno finishes a satisfactory painting in one week, Dalton will buy it for the agreed amount.

The following day, a No Wave band named the Roosters begin practising their music in a nearby apartment, which makes Reno unnerved and frustrated. At 2:00 in the morning while painting, Reno becomes increasingly agitated by the Roosters' music. After seeing a vision of his own image saturated in blood, Reno walks the streets in the dark. He sees an elderly homeless man sleeping in a garbage-strewn alley, seizes him and begins ranting. Reno ducks into the alley with the man, where they see a small group of teenage gang members chasing another homeless person down the street. When the gang members are gone from sight, Reno drops the man to the ground and walks away, vowing that he will not end up like a derelict.

The next day, Reno complains about the Roosters to their landlord. However, the landlord refuses to act since the music doesn't bother him. He demands the rent money, and ends up giving Reno a skinned rabbit for dinner. Reno takes the rabbit home, repeatedly stabbing it during the preparation. During a brief reprieve from the music, Reno hears voices calling his name and sees an image of Carol with her eyes gouged out. That night, Reno leaves his apartment and heads outside armed with a power drill connected to a portable battery pack. He discovers a homeless man inside an abandoned building and brutally kills him. The following evening, Reno, Carol and Pamela see Tony Coca-Cola and the Roosters at a nightclub. As the Roosters play, Reno becomes irritated by the music and crowd and leaves while Carol and Pamela dance and kiss.

Reno returns to his apartment, grabs his drill and goes out on a killing spree. Throughout the night, Reno kills a number of homeless people all over the city before returning home to sleep.

Later on, Tony visits Reno's apartment to ask Reno to paint a portrait of him. In exchange, Tony agrees to Reno's demand of $500 to cover his overdue rent. As Reno paints, Tony poses by playing his guitar and kissing Pamela.

Next, we see a transient man upset in a nearby alley, who is later attacked and killed by Reno. Afterwards, Reno completes his painting, then wakes and notifies Pamela and Carol.

The next day, Reno and Carol show the painting to Dalton who leaves after declaring it "unacceptable." Carol yells at Reno for sitting with a blank facial expression, which results in her leaving Reno for her ex-husband Stephen by the next morning. That evening, Reno calls Dalton and invites him to see another painting. When Dalton arrives as the Roosters are practising, a dressed-up Reno kills him with his drill. After visiting the Roosters, Pamela returns to the apartment where, upon the discovery of Dalton's body inside, she flees into the hallway before Reno grabs her. Pamela's fate is left ambiguous.

Across town, Carol is back with Stephen at his apartment. She takes a shower while Stephen prepares tea. Reno enters the apartment, kills Stephen, and then hides his body behind a kitchen counter. Carol, exiting from her shower, walks to the bedroom where Reno is hiding underneath the bed covers. She turns off the lights, gets into bed, and tells Stephen to "come here..."; The film suddenly ends, leaving Carol's ultimate fate unknown.

Cast

Production

The Driller Killer is a low-budget, independent feature, with a cast of unknown actors, produced by Ferrara's own Navaron Films company 1977–78 filmed on 16mm film and utilised Ferrara's Union Square apartment and adjacent streets as locations. It features many of the elements that became trademarks of Ferrara's later films including Catholic iconography, lesbian scenes, gritty urban locations filmed at night, an eclectic soundtrack combining punk rock and Bach, scenes of extreme violence and a religious theme of redemption, salvation and damnation. The punk rock band in the film reflects contemporary New York punk bands such as the New York Dolls and Television.

In the Driller Killer trailer, Reno is heard to say a line from a scene that does not appear in the finished movie: "It's just a window, Dalton".

As a final footnote in the film's history, when Arrow Films was preparing the film for re-release (the edition came out in November 2016), they discovered that the print they had was five minutes longer than any previous release on the film. They contacted Ferrara, who confirmed that it was a pre-release version, and that he had intentionally removed the footage prior to the release of the theatrical version. Arrow obtained permission to include this version as an extra in their release. The additional five minutes are all in the first half of the film and appear at seven points, including a shot of a Goodyear blimp lasting just a few seconds, a brief lesbian shower scene, and an argument scene lasting a full two-and-a-half minutes. Most of the new footage relates to the characters' development and backstory.

Censorship
The film was released theatrically in America without controversy in 1979. In the United Kingdom, however, the reaction to the video release was very different. In 1982, the UK distributors of Driller Killer, Vipco (Video Instant Picture Company) took out full-page advertisements in a number of movie magazines showing the video's violently explicit cover, depicting a man being drilled through the forehead by the Driller Killer. The tagline for the advertising and video box was: "There are those who kill violently".

The advertising resulted in a large number of complaints to the Advertising Standards Agency, and opposition to the film from the press and elsewhere; however, it seems that very few of the complainants ever saw the film but based their opinion on the poster and title.

The film was lumped together with other "video nasties" released at the time and a vociferous campaign was launched by the press to ban them all. Driller Killer was added to the list of banned UK films on 4 July 1983, just a year after its release date. According to Mike Bor, the Principal Examiner at the British Board of Film Classification, The Driller Killer was almost single-handedly responsible for the Video Recordings Act 1984" under which it and others of the "video nasties" released at the time were banned in the U.K.  According to Brad Stevens, author of a biography on Abel Ferrara, the banning of the film was "almost entirely due to the cover of the video". The film was classified R 18+ in Australia by the Australian Classification Board and released uncut on home video on April 29, 1985. It was released on DVD twice in the country: first by Umbrella Entertainment and again on August 9, 2013, when it was re-rated MA 15+.

The film was not officially released uncut in the UK until 2002.

Reception and legacy
Reviewers had pointed out that the film was not as violent as the original VHS cover suggested and is more of a psychodrama. The Driller Killer has a 64% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 14 reviews; the average rating is 6.06/10.

In 2015, video game developer Puppet Combo created The Power Drill Massacre, a title loosely based on The Driller Killer. The game shares the antagonist's name with the film and uses similar synthesiser noises during the chase moments.

Remake plans
In 2007, a remake of the original film was reported to be made by British film maker Andrew Jones. This new version of the film was to feature many unusual cameos and an original musical score. The remake would have moved the setting from New York to London and starred David Hess. Andrew Jones
contacted Baybi Day to help co-produce and have a small acting role in the remake of Driller Killer. The title of the remake was designated Driller Killer Redux. The project came to a halt after a financial deal between the executive producers and the two people who held the rights to the original film could not be reached.

A microbudget British remake was released in 2012 named Driller Killer E2. In 2020 independent filmmaker Matt Jaissle produced and directed a second remake entitled Detroit Driller Killer. A third remake by Rob Oldfield is in development.

See also

 List of films in the public domain in the United States
 List of cult films
 Grindhouse film
 Driller Killer (band), metal band named after the film
 Vulgar auteurism
 No wave cinema
 Art horror

References

Further reading
 Righelato, Rowan. (Nov 30, 2016). The Driller Killer and the humanist behind the blood and sickening crunch. The Guardian

External links

 The Driller Killer on MUBI

1979 films
1979 directorial debut films
1979 LGBT-related films
1979 black comedy films
1979 comedy horror films
1970s English-language films
1970s exploitation films
1970s serial killer films
1970s slasher films
American black comedy films
American comedy horror films
American exploitation films
American LGBT-related films
American serial killer films
American slasher films
American splatter films
Films directed by Abel Ferrara
Films scored by Joe Delia
Films set in apartment buildings
Films set in Manhattan
Films shot in New York City
LGBT-related controversies in film
LGBT-related horror films
Obscenity controversies in film
Video nasties
1970s American films
Lesbian-related films

The Driller Killer


In English slang, a Croydon facelift (sometimes council house facelift, or in Northern Ireland a Millie facelift) is a particular hairstyle worn by some women. The hair is pulled back tightly and tied in a bun or ponytail at the back. The supposed result is that the skin of the forehead and face are pulled up and back, producing the effects of a facelift.

Traction alopecia, a type of gradual hair loss, can result from hairstyles that tightly pull the hair in this manner.

This hairstyle is frequently portrayed in the media as belonging to young women from the lower social classes, particularly the Chav subculture (Ned in Scotland, Millie in Northern Ireland). The term is thus considered derogatory because it portrays people from Croydon as being lower class. Croydon can be replaced by the name of any other unfashionable residential area.

The Croydon Guardian newspaper jokingly suggested that the style may have originated with the ancient Egyptian Queen Nefertiti.

See also
 List of hairstyles

References

Brewer's Britain and Ireland, compiled by John Ayto and Ian Crofton, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005,

External links

Hairstyles
Youth culture in the United Kingdom
Pejorative terms

Croydon facelift


The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) denotes the level of exposure of an organism, found by experiment or observation, at which there is no biologically or statistically significant increase in the frequency or severity of any adverse effects of the tested protocol. In drug development, the NOAEL of a new drug is assessed in laboratory animals, such as mice, prior to initiation of human trials in order to establish a safe clinical starting dose in humans. The OECD publishes guidelines for Preclinical Safety Assessments, in order to help scientists discover the NOAEL.

Synopsis

Some adverse effects in the exposed population when compared to its appropriate control might include alteration of morphology, functional capacity, growth, development or life span. The NOAEL is determined or proposed by qualified personnel, often a pharmacologist or a toxicologist.

The NOAEL could be defined as "the highest experimental point that is without adverse effect," meaning that under laboratory conditions, it is the level where there are no side-effects. It either does not provide the effects of drug with respect to duration and dose, or it does not address the interpretation of risk based on toxicologically relevant effects.

In toxicology it is specifically the highest tested dose or concentration of a substance (i.e. a drug or chemical) or agent (e.g. radiation), at which no such adverse effect is found in exposed test organisms where higher doses or concentrations resulted in an adverse effect.

The NOAEL level may be used in the process of establishing a dose-response relationship, a fundamental step in most risk assessment methodologies.

Synonyms

The NOAEL is also known as NOEL (no-observed-effect level) as well as NEC (no-effect concentration) and NOEC (no-observed-effect concentration).

US EPA definition

The United States Environmental Protection Agency defines NOAEL as 'an exposure level at which there are no statistically or biologically significant increases in the frequency or severity of adverse effects between the exposed population and its appropriate control; some effects may be produced at this level, but they are not considered as adverse, or as precursors to adverse effects. In an experiment with several NOAELs, the regulatory focus is primarily on the highest one, leading to the common usage of the term NOAEL as the highest exposure without adverse effects.'

See also
 Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level
 Measures of pollutant concentration

References

Concentration indicators
Environmental policy in the United States
Food law
Food safety
Food and Drug Administration
Toxicology
United States Environmental Protection Agency

No-observed-adverse-effect level


John Murdoch Harbert III (July 19, 1921 – March 31, 1995) was an American businessman. He is best known for building his international construction company, Harbert Corporation, into one of the world's largest, along with creating a personal wealth of well over $1.7 billion. Harbert lived with his wife Marguerite in the Birmingham, Alabama suburb of Mountain Brook.

John is also the older brother of late Birmingham businessman Bill L. Harbert, who was a co-founder of Harbert Corp. and who headed up the company's international operations. In 1993 Harbert Corp. sold its international construction division to Bill. Today the company's former international construction division is known as B.L. Harbert International and is run by Bill's son Billy.

Life
Harbert served as a private in the U.S. Army in Europe during World War II. He received a degree in civil engineering from Auburn University in 1946. In 1949, he founded the Harbert Corporation. The company main business was its domestic and international construction unit, which at the time was one of the largest in the country. In the early 1990s the company sold its domestic construction operation. It also sold its international construction division around the same time to John's brother Bill L. Harbert, which today is known as B.L. Harbert International. Other company subsidiaries engaged in mining, pipeline development, land development, limestone quarrying, road construction. Harbert projects are numerous in Alabama, but the company had many projects in the Middle East as well. In metro Birmingham, Harbert's best known projects include the Elton B. Stephens Expressway (also called the Red Mountain Expressway, U.S. Highway 280), the Riverchase planned community, the accompanying Riverchase Galleria, the state's largest shopping center, and the Regions-Harbert Plaza.

A lengthy section of Interstate 459, the belt highway around the south side of metro Birmingham, is named for Harbert.

Harbert was a noted philanthropist, with numerous contributions to   Auburn University and to Birmingham-Southern College, where a building bears his wife's name.

Harbert was married to the former Marguerite "Wita" Jones. The couple had three children, John Murdoch IV, Raymond, and Marguerite. John Harbert died on March 31, 1995. He was friends with T. Boone Pickens, and at one time was his business partner. His company continues to this day under the leadership of his son Raymond and operates under the name Harbert Management Corporation.

Books
 John M. Harbert III: Marching to the Beat of a Different Drummer, () by Leah Rawls Atkins, Tarva House, Birmingham, Alabama (1999)

References

External links
Harbert Realty
Harbert's entry in Alabama Academy of Honor
Harbert bio in Alabama Business Hall of Fame (University of Alabama)

1921 births
1995 deaths
American billionaires
20th-century American businesspeople
People from Greenville, Mississippi
People from Mountain Brook, Alabama
Auburn University alumni
United States Army soldiers
United States Army personnel of World War II
Harbert family

John M. Harbert


Ian Merrill (born 4 April 1965) is a British author, journalist and artist.

Ian Merrill started his career in publishing at Dorling Kindersley, HarperCollins, and The Wall Street Journal in Brussels. Returning to London, he became a full-time journalist writing freelance for The Independent, LA Weekly, The Insider and others. At the same time he co-authored an online satirical magazine called Fabgirl with Matthew Wakefield.

In 2001, he moved to France with his wife and two children. His first book, Coq & Bull - Going Mad in Normandy, was published in 2004. In 2007 he published the psychological novel, She Eats Souls.

Who Wants the World: Alternative Ambitions for the Disillusioned, was published in 2013 and described as the 'antithesis of the traditional self-help genre of positive affirmations'. Merrill claims there is a magic spell, or cosmic truth, buried within the text that is for the reader to investigate.

External links
 Ian Merrill's website
 Article in LA Weekly
 Article in The Independent

British male journalists
British writers
Living people
1965 births

Ian Merrill


The Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura, often called Sultanate of Siak (; Jawi: ), was a kingdom that was located in the Siak Regency, Riau from 1722 to 1949. It was founded by Raja Kechil, who was from the Johor Kingdom (Sultan Abdul Jalil Rahmad Syah I), after he failed to seize the throne of the Sultanate of Johor. The polity expanded in the 18th century to encompass much of eastern Sumatra as it brought various communities under its control through warfare and control of trade between the interior of Sumatra and the Melaka Straits. The Dutch colonial state signed a series of treaties with Siak rulers in the 19th century, which reduced the area of state influence to the Siak River. For the remainder of the Dutch colonial era, it operated as an independent state with Dutch advisors. After Indonesia's Independence was proclaimed on 17 August 1945, the last sultan of Siak (Sultan Syarif Kasim II) declared his kingdom to join the Republic of Indonesia.

History

The history of Riau before Indonesian independence time has been rooted  in the history of Siak Sri Indrapura, a Malay Islamic kingdom. The Siak-centred sultanate was founded by Sultan Abdul Jalil Rahmad Shah in 1722. The first Sultan died in 1746 and later posthumously given the title of Marhum Buantan. The reign was continued to Sultan Abdul Jalil Muzaffar Shah (1746–1761) who ruled for about 19 years. This second Sultan succeeded in making the Kingdom of Siak Sri Indrapura strong and triumphant.

The third Sultan was Abdul Jalil Jalaluddin Shah (1765–1766)  had only ruled for a year. His real name was Tengku Ismail. His reign was under attacks of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) which took advantage of Tengku Alam (later became the fourth Sultan) as a shield. Sultan Abdul Jalil later dubbed Marhum Mangkat di Balai. Tengku Alam (1766–1780) ascended to the throne after the death of Abdul Jalil Jalaluddin, with the title of Sultan Abdul Jalil Alamuddin Syah and posthumously given the title of Marhum Bukit.

The daughter of fourth Sultan, Abdul Jalil Alamuddin Syah, Badriyyah was married to a person knowledgeable in Islam Sayyid Uthman bin Abdurrahman bin Sa'id bin Ali bin Muhammad bin Hasan bin Umar Banahsan, a Hadhrami of Ba 'Alawi sada family. Uthman was then appointed as a military commander and religious advisor in the Sultanate. Six of their descendants from this marriage became Sultans, which was started since the seventh Sultan of Siak Sri Indrapura (hence their names prefixed with word Syarif or Sayyid).

The book of pedigree Shamsu al-Dzahirah, which is the book of the Ba 'Alawi sada genealogy authored by Sayyid Abdurahman bin Mohammed Al-Mashoor (mufti of Tarim), and several other books such as Shajarah al-Zakiyah written by Yusuf bin Abdullah Jamalullail and al-Mu'jam al-Latif li Asbab al-Alqab wa al-Kunya fi al-Nasab al-Sharif by Sayyid Muhammad bin Ahmad al-Shatri, discuss the family history of Siak Sultanate which many people mistakenly think as of the Shahab families. This has also been verified by the institution for that purpose, al-Rabithah al-Alawiyah. The last name Shahabuddin given to Usman bin Abdurrahman who was married to the daughter of the Sultan of Siak is actually just a title, as well  as titles given to his grandchildren such as Syaifuddin, Khaliluddin, or Jalaluddin. Nevertheless, many descendants of Sayyid Usman bin Abdurrahman in Malaysia still use the Shahab title.

The fifth in throne was Sultan Muhammad Ali Abdul Jalil Muazzam Shah (1780–1782). During his reign the Sultanate of Siak relocated to Senapelan (now Pekanbaru). He is also the founder of the city of Pekanbaru, so since his death in 1782 he was titled with title Marhum Pekan. Sultan Yahya Abdul Jalil Muzaffar Shah later took the position as the sixth sultan during 1782–1784. Like the previous sultan, Sultan Yahya also only had 2 years to rule. He died in 1784 and was posthumously granted the title Marhum Mangkat di Dungun.

The seventh Sultan, Ali Abdul Jalil Syaifuddin Ba'alawi, was the first sultan of Arab descent and holds the title al-Sayyid Sharif. During his reign the Kingdom of Siak reached its peak. He died in 1810 and was posthumously granted the title Marhum Kota Tinggi.

Ibrahim Abdul Jalil Khaliluddin was the eight sultan in the kingdom in 1810–1815, where his real name was Ibrahim. He died in 1815 and then was named the Marhum Mempura Kecil. He was then followed by Sultan Syarif Ismail Abdul Jalil Jalaluddin Ismail who took the reign during 1815–1854 which was given title Marhum Indrapura. He was then followed by the next sultan, Qasim Abdul Jalil Syaifuddin I (Sharif Qasim I, ruled in 1864 to 1889). He died in 1889 and was posthumously granted the title Marhum Mahkota.  His son, Syarif Hashim Abdul Jalil Muzaffar Shah was then raised to the throne during period 1889–1908. During his rule, many buildings were constructed which now have become the evidence of the Kingdom of Siak. He died in 1908 and was posthumously granted the title Marhum Baginda.

Post Anglo-Dutch Treaties of 1870–71, the colonial government created the Siak Residency in 1873, which covers the entire northeast coast of Sumatra to the sultanate of Deli. The transfer of the capital of the Oostkust van Sumatra residentie (Residency of East Coast Sumatra) in 1887 from Siak to Medan, the capital of Deli, confirms the loss of importance of the sultanate to the Dutch.

The last Sultan of Siak was Syarif Qasim Abdul Jalil Syaifuddin (Syarif Qasim II, who was in throne in 1915–1949). The sultan with real name Tengku Sulong went to the throne seven years after the death of his father Sultan Hashim. In November 1945, Sultan Syarif Qasim II sent a cable to President of the Republic of Indonesia declaring allegiance to the newly created Government of the Republic of Indonesia. Not only that, the Sultan also handed over his property for the struggle of independence of the Republic of Indonesia.

The Palace

In 1889, the 11th sultan, Syarif Hasyim Abdul Jalil Syarifuddin built a Moorish-style palace  upstream of the Siak river in Pekanbaru. The palace is now a museum.

Before its construction, the sultan made a tour of Europe, visiting the Netherlands and Germany. In the architecture of the palace there are European influences that blend harmoniously with the Malay and Moorish elements, with the furniture was even brought from Europe.

The palace contains royal ceremonial objects, such as a gold-plated crown set with diamonds, a golden throne and personal objects of Sultan Syarif Qasyim and his wife, such as the "Komet", a multi-centennial musical instrument which is said to have been made only two copies in the world. Komet still works, and is used to play works by composers such as Beethoven, Mozart and Strauss.

The foundation of the palace of Siak has its share of myth. It is said that while the Sultan and his dignitaries were discussing the project, suddenly appeared a white dragon on the surface of the river Siak. The presence of the dragon was interpreted as a sign of blessing of the project and auspicious for the greatness of the kingdom. To immortalize the dragon, the Sultan made it the official emblem of the kingdom. The pillars of the palace were decorated with ornaments in the form of dragons.

In addition to the palace, the sultan also built a courtroom, the "Balairung Sari" (the flower room).

To the right of the main gate of the Syahabuddin mosque is the royal family cemetery, with its decoration of Muslim art.

List of Sultans of Siak

 Sultan Abdul Jalil Rahmat Shah (1722–1740)
 Sultan Muhammad Abdul Jalil Jalaluddin Shah (1740–1760)
 Sultan Ismail Abdul Jalil Jalaluddin Shah (1760–1761)(1779–1781)
 Sultan Abdul Jalil Alamuddin Shah (1761–1765)
 Sultan Muhammad Ali Abdul Jalil Muazzam Shah (1765–1779)
 Sultan Yahya Abdul Jalil Muzaffar Shah (1781–1784)
 Sultan As-Sayyid Al-Sharif Ali Abdul Jalil Syaifuddin (1784–1811)
 Sultan As-Sayyid Al-Sharif Ibrahim Abdul Jalil Khaliluddin (1811–1827)
 Sultan As-Sayyid Al-Sharif Ismail Abdul Jalil Syaifuddin (1827–1864)
 Sultan As-Sayyid Al-Sharif Kassim Abdul Jalil Syaifuddin I (Syarif Kassim I), (1864–1889)
 Sultan As-Sayyid Al-Sharif Hasyim Abdul Jalil Syaifuddin (1889–1908)
 Sultan-Regent Siak, Tengku Besar Syed Sagoff (Wali Sultan) (1908-1915)
 Sultan As-Sayyid Al-Sharif Kassim Abdul Jalil Syaifuddin II (Syarif Kassim II), (1915–1949)

Family Tree

See also
 Pagaruyung Kingdom
 Johor Sultanate
 Riau-Lingga Sultanate
 Sultanate of Deli
 Sultanate of Serdang

Notes

References
 Barnard, TP, (2003). Multiple Centres of Authority: Society and Environment in Siak and Eastern Sumatra, 1674-1827.
Ricklefs, M. C., A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1300

External links
  Sejarah Singkat Kerajaan Siak in Indonesia
  Kronik mengenai pusat Kesultanan Siak in Indonesian language
  Sejarah Kerajaan Siak di MelayuOnline.com  in Indonesian language
  Kesultanan Siak di University of Queensland in Indonesian language

Former countries in Southeast Asia
Former countries in Indonesian history
Siak Sri Indrapura
Former monarchies of Southeast Asia

Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura


Gerald Charles James Francis (born 6 December 1951) is an English former footballer and manager.

Playing career
Francis made his first team debut for Queens Park Rangers against Liverpool in March 1969. He was captain and central midfield player during the 1970s and was a key player in the QPR side, which came close to winning their first-ever league title in 1976. He won 12 caps for the England team between 1974 and 1976, and was captain for eight of those matches. His International career was limited by a persistent back injury. He left QPR for Crystal Palace in 1979, although he subsequently returned to QPR for a 2nd spell, before a move to Coventry City. However this was a time when he suffered injury problems.

Later career
In August 1983, he was appointed player-manager of Exeter City although they endured a difficult season. Francis then had further short playing spells at Cardiff City, Swansea City and Portsmouth before a move to Bristol Rovers in 1985 yielded 32 league appearances, where he ended his playing career in 1987.

Management career

Bristol Rovers
Following this playing spell he succeeded Bobby Gould as manager of Third Division side Bristol Rovers. In 1990, he guided the Pirates to the Third Division title and thus they won promotion to the Second Division, but a year later he returned to QPR as manager.

Queens Park Rangers
In 1992–93, QPR finished fifth in the inaugural Premier League – the highest placed of all the London teams. They finished ninth in 1993–94 and eighth in 1994–95, but in November 1994, Francis left Loftus Road for Tottenham Hotspur.

During his three years in charge at QPR, Francis fielded a side containing some of the most feared players in the top flight. Arguably the finest player at the club during this time was striker Les Ferdinand, who had joined the club from non-league Hayes in 1986 but not established himself in the first team until the season before Francis arrived, when he scored eight goals in 18 First Division games. Francis kept faith in Ferdinand, and was rewarded in 1992–93 when the player hit 20 league goals in one season. Ferdinand remained at QPR until his £6million transfer to Newcastle in 1995, by which time he had scored 78 goals in five league campaigns and was one of the most feared strikers in England, being capped for the first time in 1993. In July 1997, while manager of Tottenham Hotspur, Francis signed Ferdinand for £6million.

With the resignation of Graham Taylor as England national football team manager in November 1993 following failure to qualify for the World Cup, Francis was one of the many names linked to the vacancy, but the job went to Terry Venables instead. In March 1994, ambitious Division One club Wolverhampton Wanderers made a lucrative approach for Francis to drop down a division and take charge of the club looking to make the breakthrough to the Premier League, but he rejected the offer and Wolves turned to Graham Taylor instead.

Tottenham Hotspur
1994–95 was a 'nearly' season for Tottenham. They finished seventh in the Premier League – two places off a UEFA Cup place – and lost to Everton in the semi-finals of the FA Cup. Mid table finishes in the next two seasons were unconvincing and Francis resigned in November 1997 with Spurs battling against relegation from the Premier League. During his time at Tottenham Francis became resented by the fans over his handling of star player Darren Anderton. It has been argued that Francis is largely responsible for Anderton's recurring injuries, placing him in the team without sufficient time to recover, which resulted in Anderton's appearing in only eight games in the 1995–96 season and 17 games in the 1996–97 season.

Back to QPR
In September 1998, Gerry Francis was named as QPR manager for the second time. They had slumped since his departure four years earlier and were now Division One strugglers. He kept them clear of relegation over the next two seasons before finally resigning in February 2001 with a return to the lower half of the league imminent after more than 30 years. He briefly became Director of Football at QPR before beginning his second spell as manager of Bristol Rovers in June 2001.

Bristol Rovers again
Three successive wins at the start of the 2001–02 campaign gave the Pirates hope for promotion back to Division Two, but injuries soon took their toll on the side's form and Francis resigned just before Christmas. The Pirates continued to slide and missed out on relegation to the Conference by just one place. Gerry Francis worked with Graham Muxworthy and Ian Holloway whilst at Bristol Rovers. Francis has not been in management since.

Stoke City
On 4 October 2008, he was offered a position of first team coach at Newcastle United, however due to the uncertainty over the period of the role he decided to take up an offer from Stoke City to become their first team coach. He left Stoke at the end of the 2012–13 season.

Crystal Palace
Francis followed former Stoke manager Tony Pulis to Crystal Palace when he became a coach under Pulis at the London club. Following Pulis's surprise departure from the club in August 2014 Francis remained in his position in order to assist caretaker manager Keith Millen. However, on 28 August 2014, following the appointment of Neil Warnock as manager it was announced by the club that Francis had left.

Personal life
Francis was a Brentford supporter as a youth and his father Roy was a professional at the club in the late 1940s and early 1950s. His sons Adam and Jake were academy players at Queens Park Rangers.

Honours
Individual
Premier League Manager of the Month: December 1994

References

External links

1951 births
Living people
Footballers from Chiswick
English men's footballers
England men's international footballers
England men's under-23 international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Coventry City F.C. players
Exeter City F.C. players
Cardiff City F.C. players
Swansea City A.F.C. players
Bristol Rovers F.C. players
Portsmouth F.C. players
English Football League players
English football managers
Exeter City F.C. managers
Bristol Rovers F.C. managers
Queens Park Rangers F.C. managers
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. managers
English Football League managers
Premier League managers
Stoke City F.C. non-playing staff
Crystal Palace F.C. non-playing staff

Gerry Francis


Jonathan Kearney (born 1971) is an English artist.

Kearney was born in Liverpool and first studied art in the city before completing an MA at Camberwell College of Arts, London.

His art usually involves pouring PVA glue and acrylic paint over a variety of surfaces. Installations, canvases and video based work are the result, sometimes with all three combined in one exhibition. Kearney has had many solo and group shows, including ICA (2003), London Art Fair (2004) and Bonham's Exhibit 06 (2006). In 2004, he moved to China to continue his art and explore links between his own practice and Chinese art. During this period, Kearney held exhibitions in the famous 798 Art Zone of Beijing and in Shanghai, including the 6th Shanghai Biennale, where he was part of the first-ever Liverpool Biennial exhibition at the Shanghai Biennale.

In 2004, Kearney also started work as an associate lecturer, teaching art on an MA (master's) course at the University of the Arts, London. This weekly work was conducted from China using a computer and the university's online learning environment. Kearney was the first and so far only associate lecturer at the University of the Arts, London, who didn't live in Britain. His first students to do so, graduated in July 2006.

Kearney was part of the innovative art group 'explosure' from 1995 to 1998; he was co-director of the artist run House Gallery from 2000 to 2006; and was director of Camberwell Arts in 2002. In 2001, he curated Sir Terry Frost's only solo show in Camberwell where Frost originally studied art after the Second World War. From 2005 to 2007, Kearny was gallery director and curator of TC/G Nordica, a large art gallery in Kunming, Yunnan, China. Kearney regularly lectures in China, including at the Central Academy of Fine Arts, Beijing.

Notes and references

External links
the MA course for which Kearney is an Associate Lecturer
more pictures and films

1971 births
20th-century English painters
English male painters
21st-century English painters
British video artists
English installation artists
Living people
Alumni of Camberwell College of Arts
Artists from Liverpool
20th-century English male artists
21st-century English male artists

Jonathan Kearney


Simon House is at 33 Daveys Bay Road, Mount Eliza in Melbourne, Australia. The house was constructed in the 1960s during the period of architectural experimentation on materiality and structure in houses. Simon House was the first project received on the day when Guilford Bell and Neil Clerehan opened their office in South Yarra. The Simons were Clerehan's partners but the house was a collaboration of partners. Therefore, the house has a mixture of both Clerehan and Bell's typical style of architecture.

Description
The house is a single-storey house, planned in a rectangular shape. The house consists of five bedrooms, two toilets, two garages, one kitchen, dining room, living room, pool and terrace. The enclosed pool, natural finishes, glazed wall and an extensive view over the bay recalled contemporary Californian house of architects like Craig Ellwood.

Design Approach
The central core program of the house was a pool and terrace, positioned right in the centre of the house. With the pool and terrace in the centre with programs surrounds
that engaged with it, allows family members to gather together. It was said that was one of Clerehan's conception of the house where how he deal with the provision of a frame for family life.
The pool and living room aligned on axis, forming the central part of a symmetrical square plan. Then the programs around the pool were given a corresponding position in the house's spatial hierarchy. Because of this distinct insistence of having an equivalent position of programs, the programs are mirrored and consist of dual garages and entrances. It was said that was one of Bell's typical style of architecture.

Bell has been influenced by the architecture and gardens of Japan. As a countryman, he feels, when in the city, a hunger for the freedom of sky and vegetation. He thinks that a building must stand in spectacular relationship to its environment. With the pool and terrace positioned in the centre of the house, the engagement between the indoor and outdoor spaces then became ambiguous. It creates a sense of feeling when one is inside, it will feels like outdoors and when one is outside it will feels like indoors. One of his design principal was that he thinks of views or views from the building first, instead of the form of the building. Therefore, glass panels are used across the living and dining areas to capture the view of the bay.

Current
Unfortunately, one of the garage have been renovated into a main entrance, also as a living room. Another garage is built right opposite the existing garage. In this approach, it loses the spatial qualities of the house but in turn allows a convenient use to the owner in the house's circulation.

Materiality
The materiality that uses in the house were unadorned, they are fibrous plaster ceiling left in natural, unpainted stated, flat steel decking roof, timber walls, and reinforced concrete floor slab under concrete block.

Awards
Neil Clerehan and Guilford Bell has received numerous honours for his architectural works while they were practicing architecture. The Simon House was the most prominent work of Bell Clerehan partnership.
The home beautiful considered the pool, terrace to be one of Australia's outstanding outdoor areas. The Simon house won the Victorian Architecture Medal in 1963-1964.

References

Houses completed in 1963
Buildings and structures in the Shire of Mornington Peninsula
1963 establishments in Australia
Houses in Melbourne

Simon House, Mount Eliza


Sharnol Leonard Adriana (born November 13, 1970) is a Curaçaoan-Dutch baseball player and coach. He spent several minor league seasons in the Toronto Blue Jays organization before moving to the Mexican League. As of 2020, he is a coach for the Spokane Indians.

Early years
Born in Willemstad, Adriana began his professional baseball career after being taken in the 15th round of the 1991 MLB Draft by the Toronto Blue Jays. The Blue Jays assigned him to their St. Catharines Blue Jays farm team, where he hit .206-.311-.341 as the regular shortstop. In 1992, he was the second baseman for the Dunedin Blue Jays and he hit .276-.369-.333. In 1993, the 22-year-old was struggling with the AA Knoxville Smokies, where his line read .215-.308-.243 as the backup to Joe Lis Jr.

Mexican Baseball
Sharnol moved to the Liga Mexicana de Beisbol in 2000, returning to Newark for a brief .118 spell. Splitting the year between the Cafeteros de Córdoba and the Campeche Pirates, he had a .326/~.441/.603 line, stole 24 in 36 tries, homered 29 times and led the Liga with 113 runs scored. He also spent time representing the Netherlands in the 2000 Olympics. In 2001, he had another 20-20 year (21 SB, 28 HR, five shy of league leader Boi Rodriguez), batting .313 and slugging .581 for Campeche while scoring 89 runs. He also batted .254 with four homers for Newark. In the 2001 Baseball World Cup, Adriana hit .188/.289/.250 as the Dutch team DH.

In 2002, he reversed course during year, returning to Cordoba from Campeche and hitting .317 and slugging .520. During the 2002 Intercontinental Cup, Adriana hit .350/.435/.350. He batted .301/?/.488 for Cordoba in the '03 season. He had the best average in the 2003 European Baseball Championship, hitting .500/~.613/.583 for the champion Dutch squad. He scored 9 runs in 8 games and his 7 walks were two behind leader Claudio Liverziani. Adriana hit .391/.407/1.043 in the 2003 Baseball World Cup with 10 RBI, 6 runs, 3 doubles and four homers in six games. He became the third player in Cup history to hit three homers in a game, following Antonio Muñoz (1980 and Luis Casanova (1990). Adriana had his three-homer game against France. He was named the Cup All-Star first baseman (beating out Yasuyuki Saigo, Olmedo Saenz, Tae-kyun Kim and Kendry Morales) and tied for third in homers, one behind Takashi Yoshiura and Audes de Leon.
He continued to pummel the ball in 2004, hitting .297/~.422/.480 with 7 HR for the Yucatan Lions and Monclova Steelers. He again appeared for the Dutch Olympic squad that year.

Adriana bounced back in 2005, as the 34-year-old veteran hit .368/.452/.634 for the San Luis Potosi Tuneros, leading the Liga in runs (105) and total bases (277), stealing 32 (caught 21 times though, the most) and smacking 25 homers. In the 2005 Baseball World Cup, he hit .273/.314/.576 with 13 RBI in 10 games.

National Baseball Team
Playing for the Netherlands in the 2006 World Baseball Classic, Adriana went 2 for 6 with a double. In the 2006 Intercontinental Cup, he hit .405-.511-.568 with 11 RBI in nine games. He was second to Yoandry Urgellés in RBI and made the all-tournament team at first bat. In the 2008 Summer Olympics, as the captain of the Dutch squad, the first baseman hit .217-.250-.391 with only two runs and one RBI in 7 games; he still wound up with the third-best OPS on a poor-hitting team. He hit a solo homer against Weiliang Li in the Netherlands' win over China and got their lone hit in a loss to Stephen Strasburg and United States national baseball team.

They finished fifth and sixth, respectively in his two previous Olympics. Adriana is now also participating in the 2009 World Baseball Classic representing the Netherlands.

Adriana's seventh-inning single off Team USA starter Stephen Strasburg was the sole hit allowed by Strasburg in his start against the Dutch at the 2008 Olympics.

References

External links

1970 births
Living people
Acereros de Monclova players
Baseball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Baseball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Baseball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Cafeteros de Córdoba players
Curaçao baseball players
Curaçao expatriate baseball players in Canada
Curaçao expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Curaçao expatriate baseball players in the United States
Dunedin Blue Jays players
Dutch people of Curaçao descent
Knoxville Smokies players
Leones de Yucatán players
Mexican League baseball first basemen
Mexican League baseball second basemen
Mexican League baseball third basemen
Olympic baseball players for the Netherlands
Dutch baseball players
Baseball players from Willemstad
Piratas de Campeche players
St. Catharines Blue Jays players
Tuneros de San Luis Potosí players
2006 World Baseball Classic players
2009 World Baseball Classic players

Sharnol Adriana


ThouShaltNot were an American electronic band formed in 1998. Their core lineup consisted of Alex Reed, Aaron Fuleki, and Jeremy Long. The band's musical style blended elements of post-punk, gothic rock, industrial, and synthpop. Based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, they were signed to Dancing Ferret Discs. The group released four studio albums before disbanding in 2013, with Reed and Fuleki continuing to record music under the name Seeming.

Biography
The band started as vocalist Alex Reed's solo project, though Aaron Fuleki, whom Reed met as a freshman at The College of Wooster, joined the band in 1999.  When ThouShaltNot relocated from Cleveland to Pittsburgh in 2001, Jeremy David Long joined the band.  All three are classically trained musicians; Reed earned a Ph.D. in music composition and theory from the University of Pittsburgh in 2005.  ThouShaltNot's music is generally complex, carefully orchestrated, and spiritual.

ThouShaltNot first signed with ADSR Musicwerks, releasing two albums of new material (a self-titled release and The Holiness of Now) as well as a rarities collection, You'll Wake Up Yesterday.   The Holiness of Now gave them their first minor hit, "Without Faith," and You'll Wake Up Yesterday features their song "If I Only Were a Goth"; this song became quite popular and somewhat notorious at their live shows because the band traditionally limits it to the first live show in a new city as well as for its affectionate ridiculing of the gothic subculture.  They were next signed by Dancing Ferret Discs, who have released their 2003 album The White Beyond and their 2006 album Land Dispute, as well as re-issuing The Holiness of Now.  The White Beyond has been their most successful release to date, with "Cardinal Directions" and "Inside of You, In Spite of You" both receiving extensive club play.  The band has gone on several U.S. tours, sharing the stage with such artists as VNV Nation, The Dresden Dolls, and David J of Bauhaus.  They have also provided remixes for many synthpop and goth acts, including Alphaville, Hungry Lucy, Stromkern, and The Last Dance.

Members

Final lineup
 Alex Reed - vocals, keyboards, guitars, bass, programming, samples (1998-2013)
 Aaron "Foo" Fuleki - percussion, programming, samples, guitars, backing vocals (1999-2013)
 Jeremy David Long - guitars, bass, backing vocals, piano, keyboards, programming (2001-2013)

Former members
 Sarah Hans - keyboards, vocals (touring member)
 Megan Hancock - cello (touring member)
 The band maintains an exhaustive list of additional musicians whom they have used on their official FAQ.

Discography

Albums
 The Deepest Ice (1999, self-released demo album)
 ThouShaltNot (2000, ADSR Musicwerks)
 The Holiness of Now (2001, ADSR Musicwerks; reissued by Dancing Ferret Discs in 2003)
 The White Beyond (2003, Dancing Ferret Discs)
 Land Dispute (2006, Dancing Ferret Discs)

EPs
 You'll Wake Up Yesterday (2002, ADSR Musicwerks)
 Vier Factor No. 1 (split with The Crüxshadows, Paralysed Age, and The Dreamside, 2003, Dancing Ferret Discs)
 The Projectionist (2005, independent release)
 New World EP (2008, independent release)

Remixes
 Hungry Lucy - Glo - "Telltale Shot," "Stay" (on European version) (2003 Alpha Matrix / Hungry Media)
 Furnace St. - People - "Sunday Driver" (2003, Furnasty Music)
 Alphaville - Crazyshow - "Inside Out" (2003 Alphaville)
 The Last Dance - Reflections of Rage - "Voices" (2004, Dancing Ferret Discs)
 Lunascape - Mindstalking - "Mindstalking" (2005, Dancing Ferret Discs)
 Stromkern - Reminders - "Reminders" (2006, WTII Records)
 Iris - "Imposter" - Electronic Saviors: Industrial Music To Cure Cancer (2010, Metropolis Records)
 Caustic - "Chewing Glass at the Zoo" - Douche Ex Machina (2011, Metropolis Records)

Alex Reed's solo work
 Better Roads EP (2004, independent release)
 The Gothic (2018, independent release)
 Midnight to Midnight (2020, independent release), written in 24 hours as the first album of 2020

As "Thou Flaming Minister"
 "Upwards of the Hilt" appears on the compilation Transmission Vol. 1 (1996, New World Order Records)
 Remix of "Disevolve" by Zia appears on the Disevolve EP  (1998, Zia Music)
 Excavate cassette (1998, independent; only distributed at their first concert)
 Catalepsy (1998, independent short-run CD-R)

Exclusive compilation appearances
 "Trench Warfare (Midnight mix)" on Only Sorrow (2001, Ellen Claire Lawrence Memorial Scholarship)
 "The Sting (Proto mix)" on Chartreuse Translucent Sampler (2001, Chartreuse Translucent)
 "Cardinal Directions (Directionless mix)" on Asleep By Dawn, vol. 1 (2003, Asleep By Dawn)
 "When Everyone Forgets" on Where's Neil When You Need Him? (2006, Dancing Ferret Discs)
 "Sick" on Electronic Saviors: Industrial Music To Cure Cancer (2010, Metropolis Records)

Various other album tracks have appeared on CDs packaged with music magazines and on label samplers by both ADSR Musicwerks and Dancing Ferret Discs.

References

External links
 Official homepage
 Official MySpace site

 ThouShaltNot statistics and tagging at Last.FM

American dark wave musical groups
American synth-pop groups
Musical groups from Pittsburgh
Rock music groups from Pennsylvania

ThouShaltNot


The wealth elasticity of demand, in microeconomics and macroeconomics, is the proportional change in the consumption of a good relative to a change in consumers' wealth (as distinct from changes in personal income). Measuring and accounting for the variability in this elasticity is a continuing problem in behavioral finance and consumer theory.

Definition
The wealth elasticity of consumption quantity for some good will determine the size of the expenditure shift due to unexpected changes in net personal wealth, ceteris paribus (i.e. the size of the so-called "wealth effect" for a given good). It is calculated as the ratio of the percent change in consumption to the percent change in wealth that caused it.

This is analogous to the definition of the income effect from the income elasticity of demand, or the substitution effect from the price elasticity. The measure of "wealth" is mostly taken to be total personal realizable wealth at market prices, liquid or not:

Wealth = cash balances + government bonds + housing equity + stocks + other assets - debt

Some economists say that bonds are simply a loan to the government and that they are not considered (on the aggregate) to be part of net wealth. Generally, the wealth change is measured in real terms.

It may seem obvious that an unanticipated windfall will lead to greater consumption and that a fiscal loss will have the opposite effect. However, when the stock markets crashed in April 2000 (wiping out $2.1 trillion in nominal investor wealth) U.S. household consumption did not drop substantially.

Some researchers have tried to resolve this difficulty by redefining wealth as the 'stable underlying value' of assets, which doesn't change with asset values, although this raises other questions of consumer rationality.

Macroeconomic implications
Most researchers calculate the wealth effect in real terms, so a deflation in price levels will increase personal wealth on average (because the total wealth in society is positive, the difference between saving and debt is tangible assets, such as land). The increase in private real wealth may give rise to a wealth effect of increased consumption. The macroeconomic effect of this on employment is called the Pigou effect, but whether or not this acts as a significant brake on a deflationary spiral is controversial. Pigou's reasoning for a positive wealth elasticity was that richer people feel more secure in the future and hence save less from current income. (So wealth is not redistributed by the effect.)

The elasticity has important implications for monetary policy: Investments with a fixed yield (such as a bond paying coupons at 5%) will increase in net present value as interest rates fall. Since fixed-income bond-holders' personal wealth (at market rates) has increased, this may stimulate expenditure in a wealth effect. Working the other way, central banks often need to guess the wealth elasticity for asset price changes that have already happened in order to adjust the interest rate. In particular, the extent to which house price increases affect the rest of the economy is a critical question.

Why income and wealth elasticities are separable
A naïve assumption (or first approximation) linking the wealth and income elasticities of demand is:
 Income elasticity = Wealth elasticity × rate of investment return.

However, this approach overlooks the fact that people typically treat income and capital differently. (Behavioural economics hypothesises different "mental accounts" for income and assets, and points to empirical studies showing that the marginal propensity to consume extra income is one, but is lower for windfall asset increases.)

Econometric research is ongoing to find good wealth elasticity parameters, especially in areas like house-price-related wealth effects. However, some patterns are widely believed to hold:
 The wealth elasticity of the poor is much higher than the rich:
 If a pauper wins the lottery he'll tend to spend a large portion of the "Windfall" within a year.
 If a millionaire wins the lottery his consumption patterns change little.
 The size of the wealth effect is based on perceptions of the permanence of the change in wealth.
 Intertemporal consumption: Nominal gains in stock market portfolios and other assets tend to have smaller effects on immediate consumption than predicted by the lifetime-income hypothesis (of rational consumption averaging based on NPV income expectations).
 Risk aversion probably causes the wealth elasticity of consumption to drop with asset volatility. (I.e. if people think their investments can be worth much less today than tomorrow, they tend not to consume the new capital because their utility curves tend to be convex - they have a preference for averages.)

Other differences from the income effect
If 'leisure time' is a superior good the income effect will partially cancel itself out, since people will work less as their hourly pay goes up. A change in net wealth doesn't require economic labour to produce, and has a different impact on the labour market.

See also
 Engel curve
 Keynesian consumption function
 Lloyd Metzler added capital as a component to wealth effect in macroeconomics
 Wealth (economics)
 Wealth

External links
 Wealth elasticity of demand for mansions > 1

Intertemporal economics
Demand

Wealth elasticity of demand


People in Need (PIN, Člověk v tísni in Czech) is a Czech organization that does relief work and creates development projects around the world. It works in regions that are in crisis. At the same time, it supports human rights and democratic freedom. PIN is a nonprofit and non-governmental organization.

PIN cooperates with many other organizations such as: Alliance 2015, the Czech Forum for Development Cooperation (FoRS), the European Union Monitoring Center (EUMC), UNHCR, UNICEF, and many others.

PIN had a budget of over 13 million of Euro in 2008 and about 500 staff all over the world.). It works or worked in more than 40 countries.

PIN organizes the One World Film Festival each year to show human rights documentaries.

The organization was founded in 1992 by Šimon Pánek and by Jaromír Štětina. Pánek had been a student activist during the Velvet Revolution. Štětina was journalist who wrote about wars.

Structure

Relief and Development Department

The Relief and Development Department of PIN  helps victims of natural disasters and wars, works against poverty worldwide, and supports universal education. In 2009, the Relief and Development Department was working in eighteen countries in Asia (for example Afghanistan , Cambodia , Sri Lanka ), Africa (e.g. Ethiopia , Angola , Namibia )  and Europe (e. g. Romania , Ukraine, Czech Republic ). Programs focus on education, health care, clean drinking water, hygiene, and support for jobs that can continue for a long time.

Human Rights Department
People in Need supports people who oppose the government and the develop civil society in countries where the government its power to control many parts of daily life. People in Need also gives the Homo Homini award to a person protected human rights and developed democracy without using violence.

Other Departments
PIN has had programs to fight against poverty and social exclusion in the Czech Republic since 1999. They helped people from poor areas with housing, unemployment, or debt problems. Social Integration Programmes (SIP) started in 2006 and now works in more than 50 cities and towns in the Czech Republic. PIN also offers informative and educational programs in schools to teach about poverty and migration.

Criticism
People in Need has been active in Chechnya and Ingushetia since 2000. In 2005, the Russian weekly Argumenty i Fakty claimed the organization supports Chechen separatist and terrorists. PIN said it did not. Then, Russia made the organization leave, but PIN was allowed back in 2007.

Other websites
 People in Need (Official site)
 People in Need (English version)
Homo Homini Award

References

Human rights organizations in Europe
1992 establishments in Europe
Organizations based in the Czech Republic

People In Need


Bryden Macpherson (born 7 August 1990) is an Australian professional golfer best known for winning The Amateur Championship in 2011.

Amateur career
Macpherson was born in Melbourne, Australia. He won the Dunes Medal in 2008, an amateur event in Australia, and set two course records in the process, shooting a 64 and then bettering it with a 63. He enrolled at the University of Georgia in 2009 and was named Southeastern Conference Freshman of the Year and was also named to the second All-SEC team. He also won the Australian Amateur Stroke Play and the New Zealand Amateur Stroke Play in 2009. In 2010, he represented his country for the Eisenhower Trophy, the premier world amateur team golf championship. Macpherson won The Amateur Championship in 2011. This victory earned him a spot in the 2011 Open Championship and the 2012 Masters Tournament. He missed the cut at the Open by a stroke.

Professional career
Macpherson turned professional following the 2012 Masters Tournament. By doing so, he forfeited his invitation to the 2012 U.S. Open.

He qualified for the 2014 Open Championship after a T-4 finish at the 2013 Australian Open. (The Australian Open was an International Qualifying Tournament for The Open.) He missed the cut after rounds of 90 and 80, leaving him 26-over-par. His round of 90 was the highest score in the opening round for 15 years.

Macpherson had status on three different professional tours for 2014 (PGA Tour China, PGA Tour of Australasia, OneAsia Tour). He was the first active PGA Tour China member to play in a major. Macpherson qualified for the Web.com Tour for the 2015 season. After failing to retain his Web.com Tour privileges, he returned to PGA Tour China where he won twice and finished the season leading the Order of Merit, earning him a return to the Web.com Tour for 2016. Macpherson had a disappointing 2016 season, lost his Web.com Tour card and played on the China Tour in 2017, winning the Fragrant Hills Beijing Open and finishing second in the Order of Merit.

Amateur wins
2008 Dunes Medal
2009 Australian Amateur Stroke Play, New Zealand Amateur Stroke Play
2011 The Amateur Championship
2012 Georgia Cup

Professional wins (5)

PGA Tour of Australasia wins (2)

China Tour wins (3)

Playoff record
Asian Tour playoff record (0–1)

Results in major championships

CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied

Team appearances
Amateur
Nomura Cup (representing Australia): 2009
Eisenhower Trophy (representing Australia): 2010
Australian Men's Interstate Teams Matches (representing Victoria): 2008 (winners), 2009 (winners)

References

External links

Macpherson's Facebook page

Australian male golfers
Georgia Bulldogs men's golfers
Golfers from Melbourne
1990 births
Living people
Sportsmen from Victoria (state)

Bryden Macpherson


Julio César Benítez Amodeo (October 1, 1940 – April 6, 1968) was an Uruguayan footballer, known for his time in FC Barcelona from 1961 until his surprising death in 1968.

Benítez was a defender, appreciated for his physical strength, technique with the ball and powerful shot. His rivalry with Francisco Gento, Real Madrid player, helped him earn Barcelona's fans appreciation.

Benítez started his football career at the age of 16, in Racing Club de Montevideo, then playing in the Uruguayan first division. In 1959 he played for Real Valladolid, and a year later he moved to Real Zaragoza. In his time with these teams he established himself as a great player. Benítez moved to FC Barcelona in August 1961. In Barcelona he played in several positions in midfield and even in attack, but he became fixated as a fullback after a short while. With Barcelona he won Copa del Generalísimo in 1963 and Inter Cities Fairs Cup in 1966.

He died on April 6, 1968, in Barcelona, three days before a critical game in the Camp Nou against Real Madrid. The cause of his death was eating spoiled seafood, which resulted in gastroenteritis and ultimately his death. His death attracted huge attention to Spanish football in general and Barcelona in particular. 150,000 fans of FC Barcelona were present at his funeral in the Camp Nou, two days before the game. Benítez was buried in a cemetery near Camp Nou on April 8. The Royal Spanish Football Federation decided not to cancel the game, but just put if off by two days. Benítez's last words were "Come on friends, let's win Madrid 2-0!". However, his teammate could not cope psychologically with his death and devote him a win in the game, and the game ended in a 1–1 draw. Nevertheless, on July 11, 1968, Barcelona beat Real Madrid in the cup final, and the win was dedicated in memory of Benítez. The cup title was included in the list of titles won by Benítez, as a dedication to his contribution to the team.

References

External links
"Forty years since the passing of Benítez", at the official website of FC Barcelona

1940 births
1968 deaths
Uruguayan men's footballers
Racing Club de Montevideo players
La Liga players
FC Barcelona players
Real Valladolid players
Real Zaragoza players
Men's association football fullbacks

Julio César Benítez


The floral industry is focused on the production, distribution and sale of flowers for human enjoyment. As in many countries, the floral industry began in the late 19th century in the United Kingdom, where flowers were grown on a large scale on vast estates. The industry continues to diversify from the production of cut flowers to the production and sale of plants and flowers in many different forms. The global floral industry market size is estimated to be worth US$ 50040 million in 2022 and is forecast to increase to US$ 58030 million by 2028 with a compound annual growth rate of 2.5% during the review period.

For example, the U.S. Agricultural Census identifies six categories of "flowers". Most U.S. consumers purchase "flowers" as a general category because plant purchases are made based on appearance and enjoyment, not by name. These groups are just for convenience to help organize the long list of flowering plants in the floral industry. The groups are Cut Flowers, Cut Cultivated Greens, Annual Bedding/Garden Plants, Potted Flowering Plants, Herbaceous Perennial Plants, Foliage Plants - Indoor/Patio Use, Propagative Floriculture Materials. Generally, these are garden flowers and houseplants, most produce attractive flowers, while some offer attractive foliage. Although these plants are from diverse native habitats and taxa, years of selection have found those that can be produced economically and are adaptable to the human environment.

The floral industry includes transportation companies, brokers, and wholesalers that ship the flowers from the production location to population centers around the world where the flowers are purchased. Additionally, the floral industry includes plant breeders and companies that sell seed, bulbs, and cuttings, and companies that sell greenhouses, pots of all kinds, potting soil, labels and marketing supplies, fertilizer, pesticides and machines for plant production activities. The service segment includes floral designers and florists, garden designers, and interior and exterior landscaping companies. Garden centers, supermarkets and hardware stores add the retail segment to the floral industry.

Cut flowers and cut cultivated greens

In the 1950s and 1960s, the center of cut flower production was near the largest consumers; production was local. The developed world, Japan, Western Europe and North America, were both major producers and consumers. In 2021, the world wide cut flower market is estimated at US$10.8 Billion, wholesale value, based on trade statistics from 114 countries. The major importers of cut flowers, as percent of world cut flower imports, in 2021 were the United States (21%), Germany (15%), the Netherlands (12.5%), the United Kingdom (9.4%), Russia (5%), France (4.6%).

The Netherlands and the history of the flower industry

The Tulip was a wild flower growing in Central Asia when it was first cultivated by the Turks as early as 1000AD. Mania in Turkey struck in the 16th century, at the time of the Ottoman Empire, when the Sultan demanded cultivation of particular blooms for his pleasure. Tulips became popular garden plants in the east and west, but, whereas the tulip in Turkish culture was a symbol of paradise on earth and had almost a divine status, in the Netherlands, it represented the briefness of life.

The Netherlands remains the center of production for the European floral market, as well as a major international supplier to other continents. The flower auction at Royal FloraHolland is the largest flower market in the world. Since the mid-1970s, the production and distribution of cut flowers in the Netherlands has burgeoned. Billions of cut flowers are shipped to the Netherlands every year to be sold at auction followed by immediate transport to buyers around the world.

New flower growing centers
Experts believe that the production focus has moved from traditional growers to countries where the climates are better and production and labor costs are lower. This has resulted in a paradigm shift in the floral industry. The Netherlands, for instance, has already shifted attention from flower production to flower trading, though it plays an important role still in the development of flower genetics. The new centers of production are developing countries like Ecuador (largest producer and exporter of roses worldwide), Colombia (second largest exporter in the world and with a market more than 40 years old), Ethiopia, Kenya,  and India. Other players in this global industry are Mexico, Israel, South Africa, Australia, Thailand and Malaysia. New Zealand, due to its position in the Southern Hemisphere, is a common source for seasonal flowers that are typically unavailable in Europe and the United States.

In Africa, Kenya is the largest exporter, supplying a significant percentage of Europe's flowers. The industry there is represented by the Kenya Flower Council.

In North America, Mexico dedicated the third biggest land area in the world in 2019 (22,700 hectares ~ 56,092 acres, and growing) to the production of ornamental flowers. Despite that, only 5% of the total flower production is currently being exported, mostly to the United States, Canada, and Europe. However, the high technological development in most flower production centers, like Villa Guerrero, State of Mexico, make possible a world-class quality in flower production. The floral industry in Mexico, is represented at a national level by the Consejo Mexicano de la Flor (in English, Mexican Flower Council) but there are numerous organizations of flower growers or state and regional scope. The Asociación de Floricultores de Villa Guerrero A.C. (in English, Flower Growers Association of Villa Guerrero A.C.) internationally recognized by its acronym ASFLORVI, had a record of more than 700 flower grower members in 2019, making it the biggest flower grower association of Mexico. Mexico offers several advantages for flower companies in the United States and Canada in comparison to many already well known flower production countries like Colombia and Ecuador. Perhaps the biggest advantage is that the most important centers of massive flower production in Mexico, like Villa Guerrero (today known as Capital of the Flower in Mexico) are at only 653 miles, or approximately 13 hours driving from Laredo, Texas. This facilitates the all-season production of flowers from Mexico to be sent by highway to the United States, and that represents a significant logistical advantage for American and Canadian flower companies that import flowers from remote regions of the world relying exclusively on pricier aircraft transportation. Moreover, the currently underused Toluca International Airport is located at a highway distance of just 69.00 km (~ 42.87 mi) or one hour driving from Mexico's Flower Capital, making it yet a more competitive air freight option for the Canadian and American flower markets than any other flower growing country in the world. Since Mexico has already a free trade agreement with these nations (the USMCA) this could potentially be an opportunity to Mexico for stepping up as the main flower exporter to the United States, and Canada. Furthermore, Mexican illegal plantations of opium, marihuana, and coca are grown in lands that meet all the environmental conditions for ornamental flower growing, making it a valuable opportunity for the Mexican government to incentive flower growing productive projects for poor Mexican farmers whom most of the time grow illegal crops as their only alternative to subsist. This would allow Mexico to address some of the main causes of its illegal narcotic production and possibly reduce the rampant violence of the Mexican drug war.

In South America, Colombia is the leading cut flower producer and exporter accounting for 59% of all flowers imported to The United States in 2006. The United States imports 82% of its cut flowers. Growers in the United States state that 3 out of 4 flowers in the United States are grown outside the US with Colombia being the biggest exporter. The United States signed a free trade agreement with Colombia and that has lowered the cost of Colombian flowers in the United States. Ecuador has become, in recent years, the leading South American rose producer and is well known throughout the world for its high quality, large headed roses due to the high altitude location of its rose farms.

Annual Bedding/Garden Plants
Traditionally, the flowering plants in this group are planted for public and personal display in garden beds in municipal parks, outside public buildings and in many personal landscapes. As time has passed, it is common to see these plants in various types of container gardens, on public plazas or patios and porches around the world. These plants are used for seasonal gardens, spring, summer, fall or winter, depending on the climate where the garden is located. Some plants perform best in cool weather (even frost tolerant) and others need the summer heat for best performance. Some are annuals in nature, others are perennial in their natural habitat, but may be treated as annuals in a seasonal garden. In the past, it was common for these plants to be grown from seed and sold at a small size in 5 cm (2 inch), approximately, pots or packs. Plant and pot size have increased in the last 20 years and many cultivars are now grown from cuttings. Vegetable transplants, from seed, are sold in small to large pots and are included in this group.

The production of bedding plants remains local. Most governments have pest quarantines that prevent the shipment of plants in potting soil between countries. These rules protect all of agriculture from major disease and insect pests.

In the U.S., bedding plants are the top selling group of flowers with nearly 40% of total sales, nearly US$ 2.5 Billion, wholesale value, in 2022. This group of plants has significant sales in many countries because they are locally produced.

Potted Flowering Plants
This group of flowering plants add beauty and tradition to holidays - poinsettias at Christmas, Easter lilies, potted roses for Mothers' Day, etc. These plants are usually kept indoors as houseplants or as part of interior landscape displays. The plants are grown in pots, usually 15 cm (6 inches) pot diameter or 4 L (1 gallon) by volume, larger and smaller pots are also used. Pots of orchids, mums, Reiger begonias, roses, African violets, gerberas, and kalanchoes are available most of the year, poinsettias and Christmas cactus are available in November and December, cyclamen are available all winter and spring, hydrangea, rhododendron, and spring flowering bulbs - tulips, daffodils, hyacinths, etc. - are common in the spring. These plants are more difficult to ship long distance due to the weight plus the plant quarantine regulations may preclude shipment to other nations. Like bedding plants, these plants are, primarily, grown locally, in most countries. These plants had a wholesale value in the U.S. of nearly US$ 1.1 Billion in 2022.

Foliage Plants - Indoor/Patio Use
Most people would say foliage plants are houseplants. This is true, however, the industry calls this group foliage plants. There are hundreds of species and thousands of cultivars of plants that can be grown inside and outside of the home. Most of these houseplants are exterior landscape plants in tropical and subtropical climates. They are grown for their striking appearance from color patterns in the leaves or colorful flowers. Over the past 300+ years, plant fanciers have found these plants in tropical and subtropical areas, found they were relatively easy to propagate and found they could survive in the human environment. Even though they may grow in full sunlight naturally, many can tolerate lower light levels indoors. Even though they don't grow in containers naturally, they will tolerate a small space for their root system. Even though they may have evolved in a humid climate, they can tolerate the low humidity of the human environment. The foliage plants most tolerant of the human environment are the most successful houseplants in the floral industry.

Herbaceous Perennial Plants
Back to common flower garden plants for this group, herbaceous perennial plants. These plants are perennial, they come back every year in their optimal climate range. The plants are relatively permanent in the flower garden but the flowers will occur for only 2-6 weeks each year. The gardening strategy (herbaceous perennial border) is to mix the plants so there are plants flowering, spots of color, throughout the garden, throughout the seasons. Relatively easy to do in cool temperate climates, such as northern Europe or in New England states of the US, but difficult in southern Europe, regions of India or Texas in the southern US. However, many herbaceous perennials have been selected from the southern US flora since 1990, so perennials are a significant group of the floral industry.

Propagative Floriculture Materials

The production of flower seedlings and cuttings, young plants, has become its own group in the floral industry. Companies have become specialized to grow flower plants from seed, cuttings, bulbs, corms, tubers, grafting/budding, air layers and plant tissue culture. Some of these companies are large enough to have plant breeders to develop new cultivars. The young plants are shipped to other plant production greenhouses to finish and distribute the plants to service businesses or to retailers. Specialized young plant growers can increase the yield and turnover of young plants with specialized facilities. Producers of cuttings and tissue culture explants can ship their product anywhere in the world because potting soil quarantines are not involved. These companies are often located in tropical climates around the world to meet the world market demands.

Floral industry markets
The plants of the floral industry brighten and enhance the human environment. Many people are employed to bring these plants to humans that enjoy and need them.

The retail segment is composed of people who make all or a portion of their salary selling flowers and plants. Local independent garden centres and florists lead the list, with local nurseries, interior landcape (plantscaping) and retail greenhouses close behind. Generally, these businesses sell only plants along with related professional design and installation services. Extensive plant knowledge is often an important consideration to consumers. Local hardware stores (home improvement centers), supermarkets and department stores sell flowers and plants to consumers as well. Flowers and plants are also sold at local farmers' markets, roadside stands, sidewalk shops, etc. Cut flowers, seeds, supplies and plants are also sold by mail order companies direct to consumers.

The wholesale segment supports the retail segment by delivering flowers and plants on a timely basis. Garden centres are supplied by large regional greenhouses and nurseries where the plants are grown to the garden centres specifications. Hardware stores are supplied by much larger greenhouses and nurseries that grow the plants and supply many hardware stores in a multi-state area. The plants are shipped in trucks on carts after they have been "packaged" at the greenhouse. Most of the plants are distributed based on contracts negotiated months before sales occur. The largest greenhouses and nurseries often hire merchandizing companies to manage the plants at the hardware stores. Florists receive cut flowers and cut cultivated greens from regional wholesale florists. The wholesale florists receive large shipments of boxes of cut flowers, condition the flowers and redistribute them to florists on a truck route. The flowers can come from anywhere in the world and are picked up at an airport or delivered by truck. Supermarkets receive flowers and plants from the company's distribution center. Cut flowers come to the distribution centers from anywhere in the world and potted plants will come from regional greenhouses and nurseries.

Allied trade companies are also important to the floral industry:

 Plant breeders produce the hundreds of improved cultivars needed in the industry as older cultivars are replaced. The majority of the industry's plants are propagated vegetatively, these plants mutate over time and must be replaced with improved cultivars.
 Current and new cultivars are propagated by companies that sell seed, bulbs, cuttings, plugs (young plants), tissue culture explants, etc. to the large wholesale greenhouses and nurseries, locally and throughout the world, to produce the flower crops.
 Young plants of 99 roses, carnations, chrysanthemums, etc. are distributed to the large growers in the Netherlands, Colombia, Kenya, China, India, etc. that will grow the cut flower crops. For example, rose plants, will produce flowers for sale for 5 years or more at a cut flower greenhouse.
 Similarly, young plants will be distributed for bedding plant, potted flowering plant and foliage plant production. Seed of impatiens plants will be sown at a young plant grower, shipped 4-6 weeks later to a production greenhouse, transplanted by a robotic transplanting machine, grown for 4 weeks, loaded onto a truck and sold to a consumer a few days later.
 The companies that design, manufacture, and construct greenhouses are a key part of the floral industry. These companies bring the pieces of controlled-environment agriculture (CEA) to the flower business by integrating heating, cooling, supplemental lighting, irrigation, water quality, fertilizers, materials handling, etc. The companies that design and install robotic equipment and transplanting machines for the greenhouse and for grading and packaging cut flowers participate here.
 The manufacture and sale of containers are an integral part of the floral industry.
 Start with the cardboard boxes for shipping cut flowers and cut greens and the large containers for air transport.
 Some flowers are packed in pallets covered with a special grade of stretch film called Air-O film that allows air circulation in the pallets.
 Certain flowers, orchids, gerberas, water lilies, etc., cannot survive for long periods out of water so these flowers are sent with their own sealed water container (called picks) on each stem end - for more expensive or tropical flowers - or are transported in buckets of water (Dutch flower bucket and Procona). The latter method extends the life of flowers and reduces labour time as flowers are ready for sale, but also reduces the amount of flowers that can be transported as they are much heavier than dry-packed flowers and hence air transportation charges are higher.
 Containers for floral arrangements of all kinds.
 Clay and plastic pots and saucers of all sizes.
 Bedding plant trays, flats, inserts of all sizes and configurations.
 Compostable materials used for pots and trays.
 Companies that harvest materials, peat, bark, coir, perlite, etc., for potting soil (growing media), process and package these materials.
 Pest management companies have diversified over the last 20 years. Pesticides to control insects, mites, diseases (pathogens), mollusks (snails, slugs), etc. have had a primary role in the floral industry. Flowers have been sold as a "flawless thing of beauty" so pests and damage from pests had to be eliminated for flower sales to occur. Initially, many of the worst chemicals were used because flowers were not consumed so there was no health threat. Pesticide chemicals have become safer since the 1970s and, unfortunately, are still used. Integrated pest management practices began in the 1980s and have continued to develop. The use of predatory insects to control the primary pest (whiteflies, thrips, mites, aphids, mealybugs) problems has continued to increase.  Long term crops, such as roses, have changed from the most pesticides applied to few pesticides applied because of the use of biological pest control of the insect and mite pests. It is still difficult to use biological pest control on short term crops, such as many bedding plants, but growers continue to reduce pesticide usage.

Companies
 Bill Doran Company (USA)
Florists' Transworld Delivery (FTD) (USA)
 Teleflora (USA)
 1800 Flowers (USA)
 more florist companies by category

Trade organizations
 Royal FloraHolland
 Asocolflores Colombia
 Society of American Florists U.S.
 Commercial Horticultural Association (CHA) U.K.
 Produce Marketing Association U.S.
 British Florist Association
 Ethiopian Horticulture Producer Exporters Association (EHPEA)

 National Greenhouse Manufacturers Association U.S.
 AmericanHort U.S.
 Kenya Flower Council
 Indonesian Flower Association (ASBINDO)

See also
Slow Flowers

References

External links
 Overview of Floral Industry

19th-century establishments in the United Kingdom
Floristry
Industries (economics)

Floral industry