YCbCr, Y′CbCr, or Y Pb/Cb Pr/Cr, also written as YCBCR or Y′CBCR, is a family of color spaces used as a part of the color image pipeline in video and digital photography systems. Y′ is the luma component and CB and CR are the blue-difference and red-difference chroma components. Y′ (with prime) is distinguished from Y, which is luminance, meaning that light intensity is nonlinearly encoded based on gamma corrected RGB primaries.

Y′CbCr color spaces are defined by a mathematical coordinate transformation from an associated RGB primaries and white point. If the underlying RGB color space is absolute, the Y′CbCr color space is an absolute color space as well; conversely, if the RGB space is ill-defined, so is Y′CbCr. The transformation is defined in equations 32, 33 in ITU-T H.273. Nevertheless that rule does not apply to P3-D65 primaries used by Netflix with BT.2020-NCL matrix, so that means matrix was not derived from primaries, but now Netflix allows BT.2020 primaries (since 2021). Same happens with JPEG: it has BT.601 matrix derived from System M primaries, yet the primaries of most images are BT.709.

Rationale
Cathode ray tube displays are driven by red, green, and blue voltage signals, but these RGB signals are not efficient as a representation for storage and transmission, since they have a lot of redundancy.

YCbCr and Y′CbCr are a practical approximation to color processing and perceptual uniformity, where the primary colors corresponding roughly to red, green and blue are processed into perceptually meaningful information. By doing this, subsequent image/video processing, transmission and storage can do operations and introduce errors in perceptually meaningful ways. Y′CbCr is used to separate out a luma signal (Y′) that can be stored with high resolution or transmitted at high bandwidth, and two chroma components (CB and CR) that can be bandwidth-reduced, subsampled, compressed, or otherwise treated separately for improved system efficiency.

One practical example would be decreasing the bandwidth or resolution allocated to "color" compared to "black and white", since humans are more sensitive to the black-and-white information (see image example to the right). This is called chroma subsampling.

CbCr
YCbCr is sometimes abbreviated to YCC.
Typically the terms Y′CbCr, YCbCr, YPbPr and YUV are used interchangeably, leading to some confusion. The main difference is that YPbPr is used with analog images and YCbCr with digital images, leading to different scaling values for Umax and Vmax (in YCbCr both are ) when converting to/from YUV. Y'CbCr and YCbCr differ due to the values being gamma corrected or not.

The equations below give a better picture of the common principles and general differences between these formats.

RGB conversion

R'G'B' to Y'PbPr

Y′CbCr signals (prior to scaling and offsets to place the signals into digital form) are called YPbPr, and are created from the corresponding gamma-adjusted RGB (red, green and blue) source using three defined constants KR, KG, and KB as follows:

where KR, KG, and KB are ordinarily derived from the definition of the corresponding RGB space, and required to satisfy .

The equivalent matrix manipulation is often referred to as the "color matrix":

And its inverse:

Here, the prime (′) symbols mean gamma correction is being used; thus R′, G′ and B′ nominally range from 0 to 1, with 0 representing the minimum intensity (e.g., for display of the color black) and 1 the maximum (e.g., for display of the color white). The resulting luma (Y) value will then have a nominal range from 0 to 1, and the chroma (PB and PR) values will have a nominal range from -0.5 to +0.5. The reverse conversion process can be readily derived by inverting the above equations.

Y'PbPr to Y'CbCr
When representing the signals in digital form, the results are scaled and rounded, and offsets are typically added. For example, the scaling and offset applied to the Y′ component per specification (e.g. MPEG-2) results in the value of 16 for black and the value of 235 for white when using an 8-bit representation. The standard has 8-bit digitized versions of CB and CR scaled to a different range of 16 to 240. Consequently, rescaling by the fraction (235-16)/(240-16) = 219/224 is sometimes required when doing color matrixing or processing in YCbCr space, resulting in quantization distortions when the subsequent processing is not performed using higher bit depths.

The scaling that results in the use of a smaller range of digital values than what might appear to be desirable for representation of the nominal range of the input data allows for some "overshoot" and "undershoot" during processing without necessitating undesirable clipping. This "headroom" and "toeroom" can also be used for extension of the nominal color gamut, as specified by xvYCC.

The value 235 accommodates a maximum overshoot of (255 - 235) / (235 - 16) = 9.1%, which is slightly larger than the theoretical maximum overshoot (Gibbs' Phenomenon) of about 8.9% of the maximum (black-to-white) step. The toeroom is smaller, allowing only 16 / 219 = 7.3% overshoot, which is less than the theoretical maximum overshoot of 8.9%. In addition, because values 0 and 255 are reserved in HDMI, the room is actually slightly less.

Y'CbCr to xvYCC
Since the equations defining Y'CbCr are formed in a way that rotates the entire nominal RGB color cube and scales it to fit within a (larger) YCbCr color cube, there are some points within the Y'CbCr color cube that cannot be represented in the corresponding RGB domain (at least not within the nominal RGB range). This causes some difficulty in determining how to correctly interpret and display some Y'CbCr signals. These out-of-range Y'CbCr values are used by xvYCC to encode colors outside the BT.709 gamut.

ITU-R BT.601 conversion
The form of Y′CbCr that was defined for standard-definition television use in the ITU-R BT.601 (formerly CCIR 601) standard for use with digital component video is derived from the corresponding RGB space (ITU-R BT.470-6 System M primaries) as follows:

From the above constants and formulas, the following can be derived for ITU-R BT.601.

Analog YPbPr from analog R'G'B' is derived as follows:

Digital Y′CbCr (8 bits per sample) is derived from analog R'G'B' as follows:

or simply componentwise

The resultant signals range from 16 to 235 for Y′ (Cb and Cr range from 16 to 240); the values from 0 to 15 are called footroom, while the values from 236 to 255 are called headroom.

Alternatively, digital Y′CbCr can derived from digital R'dG'dB'd (8 bits per sample, each using the full range with zero representing black and 255 representing white) according to the following equations:

In the formula below, the scaling factors are multiplied by . This allows for the value 256 in the denominator, which can be calculated by a single bitshift.

If the R'd G'd B'd digital source includes footroom and headroom, the footroom offset 16 needs to be subtracted first from each signal, and a scale factor of  needs to be included in the equations.

The inverse transform is:

The inverse transform without any roundings (using values coming directly from ITU-R BT.601 recommendation) is:

This form of Y′CbCr is used primarily for older standard-definition television systems, as it uses an RGB model that fits the phosphor emission characteristics of older CRTs.

ITU-R BT.709 conversion

A different form of Y′CbCr is specified in the ITU-R BT.709 standard, primarily for HDTV use. The newer form is also used in some computer-display oriented applications, as sRGB (though the matrix used for sRGB form of YCbCr, sYCC, is still BT.601). In this case, the values of Kb and Kr differ, but the formulas for using them are the same. For ITU-R BT.709, the constants are:

This form of Y′CbCr is based on an RGB model that more closely fits the phosphor emission characteristics of newer CRTs and other modern display equipment.
The conversion matrices for BT.709 are these:

The definitions of the R', G', and B' signals also differ between BT.709 and BT.601, and differ within BT.601 depending on the type of TV system in use (625-line as in PAL and SECAM or 525-line as in NTSC), and differ further in other specifications. In different designs there are differences in the definitions of the R, G, and B chromaticity coordinates, the reference white point, the supported gamut range, the exact gamma pre-compensation functions for deriving R', G' and B' from R, G, and B, and in the scaling and offsets to be applied during conversion from R'G'B' to Y′CbCr. So proper conversion of Y′CbCr from one form to the other is not just a matter of inverting one matrix and applying the other. In fact, when Y′CbCr is designed ideally, the values of KB and KR are derived from the precise specification of the RGB color primary signals, so that the luma (Y′) signal corresponds as closely as possible to a gamma-adjusted measurement of luminance (typically based on the CIE 1931 measurements of the response of the human visual system to color stimuli).

ITU-R BT.2020 conversion
The ITU-R BT.2020 standard defines both BT.709 gamma corrected Y′CbCr and using the same gamma correction (except for Y', that is calculated differently), but with constant luminance Cb, Cr called YcCbcCrc.

For both, the coefficients are:

The decoding matrix for BT.2020-NCL is this with 14 decimal places:

The smaller values in the matrix are not rounded, they are precise values. For systems with limited precision (8 or 10 bit, for example) a lower precision of the above matrix could be used, for example, retaining only 6 digits after decimal point.

YcCbcCrc may be used when the top priority is the most accurate retention of luminance information. Color representation has true constant luminance (CL) when the luma channel (Y' of Y′CbCr encoded with BT.709 transfer function or PQ, for example) matches with encoded luminance (BT.709 or PQ encoded luminance Y of XYZ), nevertheless YcCbcCrc does not provide for constant intensity (CI), that is done in ICTCP. BT.2020 does not define PQ and thus HDR, it is further defined in SMPTE ST 2084 and BT.2100.

The derivation of BT.2020 coefficients from BT.2020 primaries further changes the space.

SMPTE 240M conversion

The SMPTE 240M standard (used on the MUSE analog HD television system) defines YCC with these coefficients:

The coefficients are derived from SMPTE 170M primaries and white point, as used in 240M standard.

JPEG conversion

JFIF usage of JPEG supports a modified Rec. 601 Y′CbCr where Y′, CB and CR have the full 8-bit range of [0...255]. Below are the conversion equations expressed to six decimal digits of precision. (For ideal equations, see ITU-T T.871.)
Note that for the following formulae, the range of each input (R,G,B) is also the full 8-bit range of [0...255].

And back:

The above conversion is identical to sYCC when the input is given as sRGB, except that IEC 61966-2-1:1999/Amd1:2003 only gives four decimal digits.

JPEG also defines a "YCCK" format from Adobe for CMYK input. In this format, the "K" value is passed as-is, while CMY are used to derive YCbCr with the above matrix by assuming R=1-C, G=1-M, and B=1-Y. As a result, a similar set of subsampling techniques can be used.

Coefficients for BT.470-6 System B, G primaries

These coefficients are not in use and were never in use.

Chromaticity-derived luminance systems

H.273 also describes constant and non-constant luminance systems which are derived strictly from primaries and white point, so that situations like sRGB/BT.709 default primaries of JPEG that use BT.601 matrix (that is derived from BT.470-6 System M) do not happen.

Numerical approximations
Prior to the development of fast SIMD floating-point processors, most digital implementations of RGB → Y′UV used integer math, in particular fixed-point approximations. Approximation means that the precision of the used numbers (input data, output data and constant values) is limited, and thus a precision loss of typically about the last binary digit is accepted by whoever makes use of that option in typically a trade-off to improved computation speeds.

Y′ values are conventionally shifted and scaled to the range [16, 235] (referred to as studio swing or "TV levels") rather than using the full range of [0, 255] (referred to as full swing or "PC levels"). This practice was standardized in SMPTE-125M in order to accommodate signal overshoots ("ringing") due to filtering.  U and V values, which may be positive or negative, are summed with 128 to make them always positive, giving a studio range of 16–240 for U and V. (These ranges are important in video editing and production, since using the wrong range will result either in an image with "clipped" blacks and whites, or a low-contrast image.)

Approximate 8-bit matrices for BT.601

These matrices round all factors to the closest 1/256 unit. As a result, only one 16-bit intermediate value is formed for each component, and a simple right-shift with rounding  can take care of the division.

For studio-swing:

For full-swing:

Google's Skia used to use the above 8-bit full-range matrix, resulting in a slight greening effect on JPEG images encoded by Android devices, more noticeable on repeated saving. The issue was fixed in 2016, when the more accurate version was used instead. Due to optimizations in libjpeg-turbo, the accurate version was actually faster.

Packed pixel formats and conversion

RGB files are typically encoded in 8, 12, 16 or 24 bits per pixel. In these examples, we will assume 24 bits per pixel, which is written as RGB888. The standard byte format is:

 r0, g0, b0, r1, g1, b1, ...

YCbCr Packed pixel formats are often referred to as "YUV". Such files can be encoded in 12, 16 or 24 bits per pixel. The common formats are YUV444, YUV411, YUV422 and YUV420p (or YUV420). The apostrophe after the Y is often omitted, as is the "p" after YUV420p.  In terms of actual file formats, YUV420 is the most common, as the data is more reduced, and the file extension is usually ".YUV".

The relation between data rate and sampling (A:B:C) is defined by the ratio between Y to U and V channel.

To convert from RGB to YUV or back, it is simplest to use RGB888 and YUV444. For YUV411, YUV422 and YUV420, the bytes need to be converted to YUV444 first.

 YUV444    3 bytes per pixel     (12 bytes per 4 pixels)
 YUV422    4 bytes per 2 pixels   (8 bytes per 4 pixels)
 YUV411    6 bytes per 4 pixels
 YUV420p   6 bytes per 4 pixels, reordered

Y′UV444 to RGB888 conversion
See .

Y′UV422 to RGB888 conversion
 Input:  Read   4 bytes of Y′UV     (u, y1, v, y2)
 Output: Writes 6 bytes of RGB  (R, G,  B,   R, G, B)

 u  = yuv[0];
 y1 = yuv[1];
 v  = yuv[2];
 y2 = yuv[3];

Using this information it could be parsed as regular Y′UV444 format to get 2 RGB pixels info:

 rgb1 = Y′UV444toRGB888(y1, u, v);
 rgb2 = Y′UV444toRGB888(y2, u, v);

Y′UV422 can also be expressed with the values in an alternative order, e.g. for the FourCC format code YUY2.

 Input:  Read   4 bytes of Y′UV     (y1, u, y2, v), (y1, y2, u, v) or (u, v, y1, y2)

Y′UV411 to RGB888 conversion
 Input:  Read   6 bytes of Y′UV
 Output: Writes 12 bytes of RGB

 // Extract YUV components
 u  = yuv[0];
 y1 = yuv[1];
 y2 = yuv[2];
 v  = yuv[3];
 y3 = yuv[4];
 y4 = yuv[5];

 rgb1 = Y′UV444toRGB888(y1, u, v);
 rgb2 = Y′UV444toRGB888(y2, u, v);
 rgb3 = Y′UV444toRGB888(y3, u, v);
 rgb4 = Y′UV444toRGB888(y4, u, v);

So the result is we are getting 4 RGB pixels values (4*3 bytes) from 6 bytes. This means reducing the size of transferred data to half, with a loss of quality.

Y′UV420p (and Y′V12 or YV12) to RGB888 conversion
Y′UV420p is a planar format, meaning that the Y′, U, and V values are grouped together instead of interspersed. The reason for this is that by grouping the U and V values together, the image becomes much more compressible. When given an array of an image in the Y′UV420p format, all the Y′ values come first, followed by all the U values, followed finally by all the V values.

The Y′V12 format is essentially the same as Y′UV420p, but it has the U and V data switched: the Y′ values are followed by the V values, with the U values last. As long as care is taken to extract U and V values from the proper locations, both Y′UV420p and Y′V12 can be processed using the same algorithm.

As with most Y′UV formats, there are as many Y′ values as there are pixels. Where X equals the height multiplied by the width, the first X indices in the array are Y′ values that correspond to each individual pixel. However, there are only one fourth as many U and V values. The U and V values correspond to each 2 by 2 block of the image, meaning each U and V entry applies to four pixels. After the Y′ values, the next X/4 indices are the U values for each 2 by 2 block, and the next X/4 indices after that are the V values that also apply to each 2 by 2 block.

As shown in the above image, the Y′, U and V components in Y′UV420 are encoded separately in sequential blocks. A Y′ value is stored for every pixel, followed by a U value for each 2×2 square block of pixels, and finally a V value for each 2×2 block. Corresponding Y′, U and V values are shown using the same color in the diagram above. Read line-by-line as a byte stream from a device, the Y′ block would be found at position 0, the U block at position x×y (6×4 = 24 in this example) and the V block at position x×y + (x×y)/4 (here, 6×4 + (6×4)/4 = 30).

Y′UV420sp (NV21) to RGB conversion (Android)
This format (NV21) is the standard picture format on Android camera preview. YUV 4:2:0 planar image, with 8 bit Y samples, followed by interleaved V/U plane with 8bit 2x2 subsampled chroma samples.

C++ code used on Android to convert pixels of YUVImage:
void YUVImage::yuv2rgb(uint8_t yValue, uint8_t uValue, uint8_t vValue,
        uint8_t *r, uint8_t *g, uint8_t *b) const {
    int rTmp = yValue + (1.370705 * (vValue-128));
    // or fast integer computing with a small approximation
    // rTmp = yValue + (351*(vValue-128))>>8;
    int gTmp = yValue - (0.698001 * (vValue-128)) - (0.337633 * (uValue-128));
    // gTmp = yValue - (179*(vValue-128) + 86*(uValue-128))>>8;
    int bTmp = yValue + (1.732446 * (uValue-128));
    // bTmp = yValue + (443*(uValue-128))>>8;
    *r = clamp(rTmp, 0, 255);
    *g = clamp(gTmp, 0, 255);
    *b = clamp(bTmp, 0, 255);
}

References

External links
 Y'CbCr calculator, including BT.1886
 Charles Poynton — Color FAQ
 Charles Poynton — Video engineering
 Color Space Visualization
 YUV, YCbCr, YPbPr color spaces.
 YCbCr Definition

Software resources for packed pixels:
 Kohn, Mike. Y′UV422 to RGB using SSE/Assembly
 libyuv
 pixfc-sse – C library of SSE-optimized color format conversions
 YUV files – Sample / Demo YUV/RGB video files in many YUV formats, help you for the testing.

Color space

YCbCr


The Eastern Michigan University Marching Band (The Pride of the Peninsula) serves as Eastern Michigan University's marching band.

History

The band was first formed in 1924 at Michigan State Normal College.  In 1964, Thomas Tyra was appointed Director of Bands at the university and in 1968, Max Plank joined the EMU Bands program as Tyra's assistant. Together they forged a lifelong collaboration and friendship that would result in significant growth of the EMU Bands program and its traditions.  Tyra arranged the "Eagles Fight Song" for marching band, composed the team cheer "Go Green," and the "EMU Fanfare," all pregame traditionals that are played today.

Organization

Director
Dr. J. Nick Smith serves as the current director of the Eastern Michigan Marching Band, who completed his Doctor of Musical Arts degree in Wind Band Conducting with emphasis in Choral Conducting at the University of Minnesota.

Past Directors of the Eastern Michigan Marching Band:
 Chandler L. Wilson (2019-2020)
 Derek Shapiro (2017–2019)
 Amy Knopps (2010–16)
 John Zastoupil (2007–09)
 Scott Boerma (2002–06)
 David Woike (1990-2001)
 Max Plank (1979–1989)
 Thomas Tyra (1964–77)
 Mitch Osadchuk (1956–64)

Instructional Staff
 Drumline Instructor: Jason Ihnat
 Color Guard Instructor: Chelsea Lee
 Announcer:  Eric Braun

Graduate Assistants
Two graduate assistants are assigned to work with the EMUMB; one specializing in brass, and the other in woodwind instruments.  The graduate assistants lead large sectionals and conduct the band when needed.  At times they assist the band staff in preparing for events such as Band Day, Picnic Day, etc.

Drum Majors

The Eastern Michigan Marching Band typically has 2-3 drum majors.  The drum majors main responsibilities are teaching marching fundamentals at band camp, leading warm-ups and stretches, heading the leadership team, and conducting the band on the field and in the stands.

Leadership Team
The leadership team consists of the section leaders.  Each section has at least one section leader who oversees the marching technique and musical aspect of their section.  They often hold sectionals outside of rehearsals and make sure their section is prepared for all events.

Traditions

Pregame
At approximately quarter till kickoff, the band pours out of the tunnel to drum cadences.  At the conclusion of the cadence the band plays the "EMU Fanfare" while announcer, Eric Braun introduces the director, twirler(s) and drum major(s).  The band then plays the "Eagles Fight Song", and other traditional pregame elements such as "Go Green" and the Star Spangled Banner.  A notable pregame feature is the "Floating E" down the field.

"Eagles Fight Song"
The "Eagles Fight Song" melody was composed by Larry Livingston in 1939 and arranged for marching band by Thomas Tyra. The percussion parts were written by Whitney Prince. The fight song underwent minor lyric changes when the university transitioned from the Hurons to the Eagles in 1991.

"Our Pledge"
The Eastern Michigan University Alma Mater, "Our Pledge" was written by Edward Bowles in 1939 and arranged for marching band by Tyra.  After each game and rehearsal, the band sings an SATB arrangement by Max Plank of the alma mater while linking arms.

Special Performances
Contingent upon the season schedule, the band will travel to away games and participate in other special performances. In recent years, The EMUMB has traveled with the football team to The University of Michigan, Michigan State University, Penn State University, and Ford Field in Detroit. The EMU Marching Band has also performed at venues such as the Pontiac Silverdome and Ralph Wilson Stadium near Buffalo, NY. In 2008, The EMUMB performed in America's Thanksgiving Day Parade in Detroit, MI.  In 2013, the marching band was featured on the nationally syndicated children's show, "Ariel, Zoey, & Eli, Too," on Detroit Public Television (WTVS).  The episode features the EMUMB performing the television's theme song, "Sweet Company," filmed in the university's Rynearson Stadium.

References

Mid-American Conference marching bands
1924 establishments in Michigan
Eastern Michigan University
Musical groups established in 1924


Fighter is an upcoming Indian Hindi-language action film directed by Siddharth Anand and produced by Viacom18 Studios and Marflix Pictures. The film stars Deepika Padukone, Hrithik Roshan and Anil Kapoor, and serves as the first film in a planned aerial action franchise.

The film was announced on 10 January 2021. The pre-production was much delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Principal photography finally began in November 2022 with filming proceeding in various schedules across Assam, Hyderabad, Jammu & Kashmir and Mumbai, and wrapped by late-October. The real life Indian Air Force cadets have worked for the film. The film's soundtrack album composed by the duo Vishal–Shekhar consists of five songs, with Satchith Paulose as the cinematographer. The visuals are handled by DNEG.

Fighter was originally scheduled for a theatrical release on 30 September 2022 but was delayed due to the production delays owing to the COVID-19 pandemic. After multiple postponements, it is finally scheduled to release theatrically on 25 January 2024, coinciding with the Republic Day weekend.

Cast

 Deepika Padukone
 Hrithik Roshan as Patty
 Anil Kapoor
 Karan Singh Grover
 Akshay Oberoi
 Sanjeeda Shaikh
 Talat Aziz as Patty's father

Production

Development
Siddharth Anand narrated the idea of making a big-budget action thriller against the backdrop of fighter jets while shooting the film War (2019). Hrithik Roshan loved the basic premise of the story. During COVID-19 lockdown in India, Anand worked on developing the story further and narrated it to Roshan, who later confirmed for the film. In December 2020, it was reported that Siddharth Anand and Hrithik Roshan are going to reunite for a film after War (2019).

Fighter was officially announced on 10 January 2021, on the occasion of Hrithik Roshan's birthday. The film is the India's first aerial action film. It is the first installment in its franchise. The film is produced by Siddharth Anand, Jyoti Deshpande, Ajit Andhare, Mamta Anand, Ramon Chibb and Anku Pande under banners Viacom18 Studios and Marflix Pictures. The film is being made on a budget of 250 crore.

Siddharth Anand, the director of the film stated, "We have gone on a different level. The audience has not seen something like this before in India at all. It is something we have not attempted before. It's just impossible to make a film like this at the cost which we are making it at. It's not possible. Certain things we are exploring are really special. I can't talk about it as I want the people to see it when we launch the teaser. Hopefully, it will just blow their mind." The film is designed for a global audience, and would involve the use of latest technology and filming techniques.

Pre-production
Ramon Chibb, an ex-army officer and writer, wrote the story with help of Siddharth Anand. Later, Anand and his team of writers developed a screenplay of the film in the lockdown under the supervision of Hrithik Roshan. Akshay Oberoi said that the film has "much heavier" action scenes than Pathaan (2023). Anand further retained most of his norm technicians including cinematographer Satchith Paulose, editor Aarif Sheikh, stunt choreographer SeYeong Oh, and action director Sunil Rodrigues. Raj Khatri designed posters of the film.

In September 2022, Roshan started taking workshops and had continued 12-week simulator training and learned the nuances of playing a fighter jet pilot. His training was supervised by Kris Gethin, developing his abdominal muscles and losing weight. In November, he visited air base and the Air Force training academy in Telangana, and also spent time with the pilots and cadets to observe their demeanour and understand the way that they function.

The real life Indian Air Force cadets have worked for the film. The cadets have flown in from Delhi's IAF headquarters and Dundigal Air Force Academy near Hyderabad.

Casting
In January 2021, Deepika Padukone and Hrithik Roshan were officially announced as the leads marking their maiden film together. Roshan portrays Patty, an air force officer. Roshan revealed his character as "young, spontaneous and short-tempered". Padukone also plays an air force officer and has several action sequences in the film. Both Padukone and Roshan took martial arts training for their roles. Anil Kapoor joined the cast in December 2021. Karan Singh Grover and Akshay Oberoi were roped in by November 2022. In March 2023, Talat Aziz joined the cast to play role of Patty's father in the film. In May 2023, Sanjeeda Shaikh was confirmed to play a key role.

Filming

Principal photography began on 14 November 2022 in Assam. Roshan, Padukone and Kapoor joined in this schedule, that took place in Tezpur Air Force Station. Team returned to Mumbai on 28 November 2022 after wrapping a 10-day first schedule in Assam.

For the second schedule, the team moved to Kashmir on 6 February 2023. Akshay Oberoi also joined this schedule. Team returned to Mumbai on 12 February, after filming at Pahalgam in Kashmir, where a song and few action sequences choreographed by Sunil Rodrigues were shot.

The third schedule was held at Dundigal Air Force Academy in Hyderabad, to shoot Roshan's character, as an Air Force cadet undergoing training. The third schedule was wrapped in Hyderabad on 6 March.

On 19 March, the Roshan began filming in a Chembur bungalow for the fourth schedule, in Mumbai. In this schedule Talat Aziz joined and some emotional scenes were taken. It was reported that the month long schedule would end on 24 April. Kapoor, via Instagram, shared a behind-the-scenes video of his workout in -110 degrees Celsius for the schedule. The team also shot a 25-minute long climax scenes with action sequence, which reportedly took 120 hours (5 days) to shoot.

For the next schedule production designer Rajat Poddarr and his team built an expansive set that houses the interiors of an air force base, classrooms, and offices at Yash Raj Studios in Mumbai. On 14 May, the next schedule was started with Padukone, Roshan, Kapoor and Grover joining the schedule. On 19 May, the team shot combination scenes of Padukone and Kapoor at Chembur, Mysore colony over 3 days. From 22 May, emotional scenes between Padukone and Roshan were shot in Chandivali, with only 20–30 extras to avoid the film's footage leaks online. The Mumbai schedule was completed in mid-June. Roshan shot inside Sukhoi Su-30MKI for over 12 days. Dramatic scenes between Roshan and Kapoor was shot in late August in Mumbai. In early September, a song featuring Roshan and Padukone with entire cast, choreographed by the duo Bosco–Caesar was shot at Yash Raj Studios, Mumbai. Later in early October, the team wrapped two songs in Italy. Principal photography wrapped by 30 October 2023 at Yash Raj Studios, with filming having lasted 87 working days.

Post-production
Post-production for the film will begin by early-June 2023, once the film completes its shooting and will go on for six months as the film involves extensive computer graphics and visual effects. The VFX work of the film is done by DNEG.

Music
The music is composed by the duo Vishal–Shekhar. The album consists of five songs, including one emotional song. The music rights are bagged by T-Series.

Release
Fighter is scheduled to release on 25 January 2024, coinciding with the Republic Day.

Earlier in January 2021, it was announced that the film was going to release on 30 September 2022. In October 2022, the release date was announced as 25 January 2024.

Future
While writing the script, makers decided to make it a franchise. In May 2023, it was reported that the production of the sequel film titled Fighter 2, would begin after Anand had finished shooting Tiger vs Pathaan.

Notes

References

External links

2020s Hindi-language films
Upcoming Hindi-language films
Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic
Films directed by Siddharth Anand
Viacom18 Studios films
Films scored by Vishal–Shekhar
Films shot in Assam
Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir
Films shot in Hyderabad, India

Fighter (2024 film)


The Pursuit of Laughter is a 2008 collection of diaries, articles, reviews and portraits by Diana Mosley (). The book was published by Gibson Square and edited by Martin Rynja. Mosley's sister, Deborah Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire, provides the introduction. The title is a homage to another Mitford sister's book, Nancy Mitford's The Pursuit of Love.

Overview
The book includes several of her articles, diaries and book reviews previously published in The European, a magazine she also edited during its tenure in the 1950s. Similar works published for publications such as Tatler, London Evening Standard, The Spectator, The Daily Mail, The Times, The Sunday Times and Books & Bookmen have also been republished. The collection also includes selected portraits from her 1977 autobiography, A Life of Contrasts and her 1985 publication of pen portraits, Loved Ones.

Reception

The book received a wide UK release in December 2008 and was generally favourably reviewed, although several reviewers were not able to reconcile Mosley's previous association with fascism and Nazism (Mosley was the wife of Oswald Mosley, former leader of the British Union of Fascists).

The book has also been satirized by the "Digested Read" column in The Guardian.

Valerie Grove of The Times attempted to distance herself from any political position in reviewing the book "I hope I can praise Diana Mosley without being suspected of fascist sympathies". She continued with praise "Her opening gambits are arresting... Dipping into this book at your bedside is like browsing in a great nonfiction library stuffed with lives and letters, each subject brightly and sharply illuminated."

David Sexton of the Evening Standard described the book as "Sharp, funny, debunking." But he criticised her political positions citing "her completely unrepentant support not just of her beloved Mosley but of "the Führer" as she continued to call him (attentive to titles, she liked to snub Churchill by referring to him as "Mr Churchill") is ultimately indefensible and that fact has to be faced, not sidestepped or swept under the carpet."

Writing in the Daily Telegraph reviewer Duncan Fallowell questioned Mosley's contradictions between her personal and political life. Fallowell described the publication; "this strange, fascinating book revives the turbulence at a time when the Mitford industry seemed to be moving into a cosy corner. It is made up mostly of book reviews but her agile mind and the sulphurous life lend them weight."

"It represents the life in writing of a fascinating woman...these writings are testimony to the sheer rigour of her thought and the crispness and elegance of her prose...Her command of history and understanding of the machinations of politics are formidable, and evident in pieces on the Dreyfus affair, Suez crisis and Profumo scandal." Catherine Heaney, Irish Times

The Sunday Telegraph recently selected the book for its section "pick of the paperback". The reviewers praised Mosley's "love of laughter and witty observation of friends such as Evelyn Waugh, Harold Acton and James Lees-Milne" and described her recollection as a  "delight". They also described the book as a "fascinating" collection.

Rachel Cooke of The Observer reviewed the book negatively as a "pointless and badly edited collection" and continued to add that "if a book is not going to deal with the problem of Diana's politics, then at least let it give us a little of her wit. The Pursuit of Laughter does neither and thus the Diana who emerges from its pages is, unforgivably, nothing more than a snobbish dullard with a startling line in rhetorical leaps."

Contents
Editor's Note                        (V)
Foreword by Deborah Devonshire         (9)
The 30s and 40s                       (17)
On Love and Sex                        (103)
Diaries 1953-1959                      (143)
A Talent to Annoy (Germany)            (203)
Champs Elysées (France)            (297)
U and Non-U (Britain)                  (353)
The Lives of Others                    (393)
Three Portraits                        (413)

Acknowledgements                        (466)
Index                                   (467)

References

2008 non-fiction books
Books by Diana Mitford
British autobiographies
Works originally published in French magazines
Works originally published in political magazines

The Pursuit of Laughter


Arsenic poisoning (or arsenicosis) is a medical condition that occurs due to elevated levels of arsenic in the body. If arsenic poisoning occurs over a brief period of time, symptoms may include vomiting, abdominal pain, encephalopathy, and watery diarrhea that contains blood. Long-term exposure can result in thickening of the skin, darker skin, abdominal pain, diarrhea, heart disease, numbness, and cancer.

The most common reason for long-term exposure is contaminated drinking water. Groundwater most often becomes contaminated naturally; however, contamination may also occur from mining or agriculture. It may also be found in the soil and air. Recommended levels in water are less than 10–50 µg/L (10–50 parts per billion). Other routes of exposure include toxic waste sites and pseudo-medicine. Most cases of poisoning are accidental. Arsenic acts by changing the functioning of around 200 enzymes. Diagnosis is by testing the urine, blood, or hair.

Prevention is by using water that does not contain high levels of arsenic. This may be achieved by the use of special filters or using rainwater. There is not good evidence to support specific treatments for long-term poisoning. For acute poisonings treating dehydration is important. Dimercaptosuccinic acid or dimercaptopropane sulfonate may be used while dimercaprol (BAL) is not recommended. Hemodialysis may also be used.

Through drinking water, more than 200 million people globally are exposed to higher-than-safe levels of arsenic. The areas most affected are Bangladesh and West Bengal. Exposure is also more common in people of low income and minorities. Acute poisoning is uncommon. The toxicity of arsenic has been described as far back as 1500 BC in the Ebers papyrus.

Signs and symptoms
Ingesting large amounts of arsenic can cause symptoms similar to food poisoning, with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea starting within hours. Bloody diarrhea can cause severe fluid loss, resuling in hypovolemic shock. The heart and nervous system can also be affected, causing disruption to heart rhythms (QT interval prolongation or tachycardia), heart failure, confusion, seizures, brain swelling, coma, and death. Inhaling arsine gas – the most toxic form of arsenic – causes a multisystem disease starting 2 to 24 hours after inhalation. Symptoms include gastrointestinal distress, headache, weakness, difficulty breathing, kidney and liver dysfunction, and the destruction of red blood cells.

Chronic ingestion of lower levels of arsenic causes visible changes in the skin, typically hyperpigmentation (dark areas), but sometimes hypopigmentation (light areas) or an alternating areas of each. Some experience general thickening of the skin on the palms and soles of the feet, or small thickened areas. Around 5% of those affected develop light-colored bands across the fingernail, called Mees' lines. Chronic exposure eventually causes disease across multiple body systems, including peripheral neuropathy (numbness and tingling), enlargement of the liver and spleen, diabetes, heart disease, cognitive impairment, and damage to the portal vein (Non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis and portal hypertension).

Repeated arsenic exposure also increases the risk for developing several cancers, particularly of the skin, lung, liver, bladder, prostate, and blood vessels. The most common arsenic-induced skin cancer is squamous cell carcinoma in situ which typically occurs 2 to 20 years after arsenic exposure.

Causes
Arsenic poisoning is caused by incidental ingestion or inhalation of arsenic, typically from drinking contaminated well water, eating food cooked in contaminated water, or being exposed to arsenic-containing pesticides, folk medicines, or industrial chemicals. The World Health Organization considers arsenic levels above 10 parts per billion (10 micrograms per liter) to be unsafe.

Source

Arsenic is a ubiquitous naturally occurring chemical element, and the 20th most common element on Earth. Arsenic levels in the groundwater vary from around 0.5 parts per billion to 5000 parts per billion, depending on an area's geologic features, and possible presence on industrial waste. The highest groundwater arsenic levels have been recorded in Brazil, Cambodia, Afghanistan, Australia, and Bangladesh.

Arsenic is a ubiquitous element present in American drinking water.  In the US, the U.S. Geological Survey estimates that the median groundwater concentration is 1 μg/L or less, although some groundwater aquifers, particularly in the western United States, can contain much higher levels. For example, median levels in Nevada were about 8 μg/L but levels of naturally occurring arsenic as high as 1000 μg/L have been measured in the United States in drinking water. Groundwater associated with volcanics in California contain As at concentrations ranging up to 48,000 μg/L, with As-bearing sulfide minerals as the main source. Geothermal waters on Dominica in the Lesser Antilles also contain concentrations of As >50 μg/L. In Wisconsin, As concentrations of water in sandstone and dolomite aquifers were as high as 100 μg/L. Oxidation of pyrite hosted by these formations was the likely source of the As. In the Piedmont of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, groundwater in Mesozoic age aquifers contains elevated levels of As—domestic well waters from Pennsylvania contained up to 65 μg/L, whereas in New Jersey the highest concentration measured recently was 215 μg/L.

Organic arsenic is less harmful than inorganic arsenic. Seafood is a common source of the less toxic organic arsenic in the form of arsenobetaine. Because of its high toxicity, arsenic is seldom used in the Western world, although in Asia it is still a popular pesticide. Arsenic is mainly encountered occupationally in the smelting of zinc and copper ores.

In the United States, Schoof et al. estimated an average adult intake of 3.2 μg/day, with a range of 1–20 μg/day. Estimates for children were similar. Food also contains many organic arsenic compounds. The key organic arsenic compounds that can be routinely found in food (depending on food type) include monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV), arsenobetaine, arsenocholine, arsenosugars, and arsenolipids. DMAsV or MMAsV can be found in various types of fin fish, crabs, and mollusks, but often at very low levels.

Arsenobetaine is the major form of arsenic in marine animals, and is considered nontoxic. Arsenocholine, which is mainly found in shrimp, is chemically similar to arsenobetaine, and is considered to be "essentially nontoxic". Although arsenobetaine is little studied, available information indicates it is not mutagenic, immunotoxic, or embryotoxic. Arsenosugars and arsenolipids have recently been identified. Exposure to these compounds and toxicological implications are currently being studied. Arsenosugars are detected mainly in seaweed but are also found to a lesser extent in marine mollusks. Studies addressing arsenosugar toxicity, however, have largely been limited to in vitro studies, which show that arsenosugars are significantly less toxic than both inorganic arsenic and trivalent methylated arsenic metabolites.

It has been found that rice is particularly susceptible to accumulation of arsenic from soil.  Rice grown in the United States has an average 260 ppb of arsenic, according to a study; but U.S. arsenic intake remains far below World Health Organization-recommended limits.  China has set a standard for arsenic limits in food (150 ppb), as levels in rice exceed those in water.

The European Commission (2000) reports that levels of arsenic in air range 0–1 ng/m3 in remote areas, 0.2–1.5 ng/m3 in rural areas, 0.5–3 ng/m3 in urban areas, and up to about 50 ng/m3 in the vicinity of industrial sites. Based on these data, the European Commission (2000) estimated that in relation to food, cigarette smoking, water, and soil, air contributes less than 1% of total arsenic exposure.

Pesticides
The use of lead arsenate pesticides has been effectively eliminated for over 50 years. However, because of the pesticide's environmental persistence, it is estimated that millions of acres of land are still contaminated with lead arsenate residues. This presents a potentially significant public health concern in some areas of the United States (e.g., New Jersey, Washington, and Wisconsin), where large areas of land used historically as orchards have been converted into residential developments.

Some modern uses of arsenic-based pesticides still exist. Chromated copper arsenate has been registered for use in the United States since the 1940s as a wood preservative, protecting wood from insects and microbial agents. In 2003, manufacturers of chromated copper arsenate instituted a voluntary recall of residential uses of wood treated with the chemical. The Environmental Protection Agency Act2008 final report stated that chromated copper arsenate is still approved for use in nonresidential applications, such as in marine facilities (pilings and structures), utility poles, and sand highway structures.

Copper smelting
Exposure studies in the copper smelting industry are much more extensive and have established definitive links between arsenic, a by-product of copper smelting, and lung cancer via inhalation. Dermal and neurological effects were also increased in some of these studies. Although as time went on, occupational controls became more stringent and workers were exposed to reduced arsenic concentrations, the arsenic exposures measured from these studies ranged from about 0.05 to 0.3 mg/m3 and are significantly higher than airborne environmental exposures to arsenic (which range from 0 to 0.000003 mg/m3).

Pathophysiology
Arsenic interferes with cellular longevity by allosteric inhibition of an essential metabolic enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, which catalyzes the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA by NAD+. With the enzyme inhibited, the energy system of the cell is disrupted resulting in cellular apoptosis. Biochemically, arsenic prevents use of thiamine resulting in a clinical picture resembling thiamine deficiency. Poisoning with arsenic can raise lactate levels and lead to lactic acidosis. Low potassium levels in the cells increases the risk of experiencing a life-threatening heart rhythm problem from arsenic trioxide.
Arsenic in cells clearly stimulates the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). When the H2O2 reacts with certain metals such as iron or manganese it produces a highly reactive hydroxyl radical. Inorganic arsenic trioxide found in ground water particularly affects voltage-gated potassium channels,
disrupting cellular electrolytic function resulting in neurological disturbances, cardiovascular episodes such as prolonged QT interval, neutropenia, high blood pressure,
central nervous system dysfunction, anemia, and death.

Arsenic has also been shown to induce cardiac hypertrophy by activating certain transcription factors involved in pathologically remodeling the heart. Tissue culture studies have shown that arsenic compounds block both IKr and Iks channels and, at the same time, activate IK-ATP channels. Arsenic compounds also disrupt ATP production through several mechanisms. At the level of the citric acid cycle, arsenic inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase and by competing with phosphate it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, thus inhibiting energy-linked reduction of NAD+, mitochondrial respiration, and ATP synthesis. Hydrogen peroxide production is also increased, which might form reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. These metabolic interferences lead to death from multi-system organ failure, probably from necrotic cell death, not apoptosis. A post mortem reveals brick red colored mucosa, due to severe hemorrhage.  Although arsenic causes toxicity, it can also play a protective role.

Mechanism
Arsenite inhibits not only the formation of acetyl-CoA but also the enzyme succinic dehydrogenase. Arsenate can replace phosphate in many reactions. It is able to form Glc-6-arsenate in vitro; therefore it has been argued that hexokinase could be inhibited. (Eventually this may be a mechanism leading to muscle weakness in chronic arsenic poisoning.) In the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction arsenate attacks the enzyme-bound thioester. The formed 1-arseno-3-phosphoglycerate is unstable and hydrolyzes spontaneously. Thus, ATP formation in glycolysis is inhibited while bypassing the phosphoglycerate kinase reaction. (Moreover, the formation of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate in erythrocytes might be affected, followed by a higher oxygen affinity of hemoglobin and subsequently enhanced cyanosis.) As shown by Gresser (1981), submitochondrial particles synthesize adenosine-5'-diphosphate-arsenate from ADP and arsenate in presence of succinate. Thus, by a variety of mechanisms arsenate leads to an impairment of cell respiration and subsequently diminished ATP formation. This is consistent with observed ATP depletion of exposed cells and histopathological findings of mitochondrial and cell swelling, glycogen depletion in liver cells and fatty change in liver, heart and kidney.

Experiments demonstrated enhanced arterial thrombosis in a rat animal model, elevations of serotonin levels, thromboxane A[2] and adhesion proteins in platelets, while human platelets showed similar responses. The effect on vascular endothelium may eventually be mediated by the arsenic-induced formation of nitric oxide.
It was demonstrated that +3 As concentrations substantially lower than concentrations required for inhibition of the lysosomal protease cathepsin L in B cell line TA3 were sufficient to trigger apoptosis in the same B cell line, while the latter could be a mechanism mediating immunosuppressive effects.

Its comutagenic effects may be explained by interference with base and nucleotide excision repair, eventually through interaction with zinc finger structures. Dimethylarsinic acid, DMA(V), caused DNA single strand breaks resulting from inhibition of repair enzymes at levels of 5 to 100 mM in human epithelial  cells.

MMA(III) and DMA(III) were also shown to be directly genotoxic by effectuating scissions in supercoiled ΦX174 DNA. Increased arsenic exposure is associated with an increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei and sister-chromatid exchanges. An explanation for chromosomal aberrations is the sensitivity of the protein tubulin and the mitotic spindle to arsenic. Histological observations confirm effects on cellular integrity, shape and locomotion.

DMA(III) is able to form reactive oxygen species by reaction with molecular oxygen. Resulting metabolites are the dimethylarsenic radical and the dimethylarsenic peroxyl radical.
Both DMA(III) and DMA(V) were shown to release iron from horse spleen as well as from human liver ferritin if ascorbic acid was administered simultaneously. Thus, formation of reactive oxygen species can be promoted.
Moreover, arsenic could cause oxidative stress by depleting the cell's antioxidants, especially the ones containing thiol groups. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species like that cited above and hydroxyl radicals, superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxides causes aberrant gene expression at low concentrations and lesions of lipids, proteins and DNA in higher concentrations which eventually lead to cellular death.
In a rat animal model, urine levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (as a biomarker of DNA damage byreactive oxygen species) were measured after treatment with DMA(V). In comparison to control levels, they turned out to be significantly increased. This theory is further supported by a cross-sectional study which found elevated mean serum lipid peroxides in the As exposed individuals which correlated with blood levels of inorganic arsenic and methylated metabolites and inversely correlated with nonprotein sulfhydryl (NPSH) levels in whole blood. Another study found an association of As levels in whole blood with the level of reactive oxidants in plasma and an inverse relationship with plasma antioxidants. A finding of the latter study indicates that methylation might in fact be a detoxification pathway with regard to oxidative stress: the results showed that the lower the As methylation capacity was, the lower the level of plasma antioxidant capacity. As reviewed by Kitchin (2001), the oxidative stress theory provides an explanation for the preferred tumor sites connected with arsenic exposure. Considering that a high partial pressure of oxygen is present in lungs and DMA(III) is excreted in gaseous state via the lungs, this seems to be a plausible mechanism for special vulnerability. The fact that DMA is produced by methylation in the liver, excreted via the kidneys and later on stored in the bladder accounts for the other tumor localizations.

Regarding DNA methylation, some studies suggest interaction of As with methyltransferases which leads to an inactivation of tumor suppressor genes through hypermethylation; others state that hypomethylation might occur due to a lack of SAM resulting in aberrant gene activation. An experiment by Zhong et al. (2001) with arsenite-exposed human lung A549, kidney UOK123, UOK109 and UOK121 cells isolated eight different DNA fragments by methylation-sensitive arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reactions. It turned out that six of the fragments were hyper- and two of them were hypomethylated. Higher levels of DNA methyltransferase mRNA and enzyme activity were found.

Kitchin (2001) proposed a model of altered growth factors which lead to cell proliferation and thus to carcinogenesis. From observations, it is known that chronic low-dose arsenic poisoning can lead to increased tolerance to its acute toxicity. MRP1-overexpressing lung tumor GLC4/Sb30 cells poorly accumulate arsenite and arsenate. This is mediated through MRP-1 dependent efflux. The efflux requires glutathione, but no arsenic-glutathione complex formation.

Although many mechanisms have been proposed, no definite model can be given for the mechanisms of chronic arsenic poisoning. The prevailing events of toxicity and carcinogenicity might be quite tissue-specific. Current consensus on the mode of carcinogenesis is that it acts primarily as a tumor promoter. Its co-carcinogenicity has been demonstrated in several models. However, the finding of several studies that chronically arsenic-exposed Andean populations (as most extremely exposed to UV-light) do not develop skin cancer with chronic arsenic exposure, is puzzling.

Kinetics
The two forms of inorganic arsenic, reduced (trivalent As(III)) and oxidized (pentavalent As(V)), can be absorbed, and accumulated in tissues and body fluids. In the liver, the metabolism of arsenic involves enzymatic and non-enzymatic methylation; the most frequently excreted metabolite (≥ 90%) in the urine of mammals is dimethylarsinic acid or cacodylic acid, DMA(V). Dimethylarsenic acid is also known as Agent Blue and was used as herbicide in the American war in Vietnam.

In humans inorganic arsenic is reduced nonenzymatically from pentoxide to trioxide, using glutathione or it is mediated by enzymes. Reduction of arsenic pentoxide to arsenic trioxide increases its toxicity and bio availability, Methylation occurs through methyltransferase enzymes. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) may serve as methyl donor. Various pathways are used, the principal route being dependent on the current environment of the cell. Resulting metabolites are monomethylarsonous acid, MMA(III), and dimethylarsinous acid, DMA(III).

Methylation had been regarded as a detoxification process,  but reduction from +5 As to +3 As may be considered as a bioactivation  instead. Another suggestion is that methylation might be a detoxification if "As[III] intermediates are not permitted to accumulate" because the pentavalent organoarsenics have a lower affinity to thiol groups than inorganic pentavalent arsenics. Gebel (2002) stated that methylation is a detoxification through accelerated excretion. With regard to carcinogenicity it has been suggested that methylation should be regarded as a toxification.

Arsenic, especially +3 As, binds to single, but with higher affinity to vicinal sulfhydryl groups, thus reacts with a variety of proteins and inhibits their activity. It was also proposed that binding of arsenite at nonessential sites might contribute to detoxification. Arsenite inhibits members of the disulfide oxidoreductase family like glutathione reductase and thioredoxin reductase.

The remaining unbound arsenic (≤ 10%) accumulates in cells, which over time may lead to skin, bladder, kidney, liver, lung, and prostate cancers. Other forms of arsenic toxicity in humans have been observed in blood, bone marrow, cardiac, central nervous system, gastrointestinal, gonadal, kidney, liver, pancreatic, and skin tissues.

The acute minimal lethal dose of arsenic in adults is estimated to be 70 to 200 mg or 1 mg/kg/day.

Heat shock response
Another aspect is the similarity of arsenic effects to the heat shock response. Short-term arsenic exposure has effects on signal transduction inducing heat shock proteins with masses of 27, 60, 70, 72, 90, and 110 kDa as well as metallothionein, ubiquitin, mitogen-activated [MAP] kinases, extracellular regulated kinase [ERK], c-jun terminal kinases [JNK] and p38.
Via JNK and p38 it activates c-fos, c-jun and egr-1 which are usually activated by growth factors and cytokines. The effects are largely dependent on the dosing regime and may be as well inversed.

As shown by some experiments reviewed by Del Razo (2001), reactive oxygen species induced by low levels of inorganic arsenic increase the transcription and the activity of the activator protein 1 (AP-1) and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) (maybe enhanced by elevated MAPK levels), which results in c-fos/c-jun activation, over-secretion of pro-inflammatory and growth promoting cytokines stimulating cell proliferation. Germolec et al. (1996) found an increased cytokine expression and cell proliferation in skin biopsies from individuals chronically exposed to arsenic-contaminated drinking water.

Increased AP-1 and NF-κB obviously also result in an up-regulation of mdm2 protein, which decreases p53 protein levels. Thus, taking into account p53's function, a lack of it could cause a faster accumulation of mutations contributing to carcinogenesis. However, high levels of inorganic arsenic inhibit NF-κB activation and cell proliferation. An experiment of Hu et al. (2002) demonstrated increased binding activity of AP-1 and NF-κB after acute (24 h) exposure to +3 sodium arsenite, whereas long-term exposure (10–12 weeks) yielded the opposite result. The authors conclude that the former may be interpreted as a defense response while the latter could lead to carcinogenesis. As the contradicting findings and connected mechanistic hypotheses indicate, there is a difference in acute and chronic effects of arsenic on signal transduction which is not clearly understood yet.

Oxidative stress
Studies have demonstrated that the oxidative stress generated by arsenic may disrupt the signal transduction pathways of the nuclear transcriptional factors PPARs, AP-1, and NF-κB, as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and TNF-α.  The interference of oxidative stress with signal transduction pathways may affect physiological processes associated with cell growth, metabolic syndrome X, glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation, and diabetes-2. Recent scientific evidence has elucidated the physiological roles of the PPARs in the ω- hydroxylation of fatty acids and the inhibition of pro-inflammatory transcription factors (NF-κB and AP-1), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, -6, -8, -12, and TNF-α), cell4 adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1), inducible nitric oxide synthase, proinflammatory nitric oxide (NO), and anti-apoptotic factors.

Epidemiological studies have suggested a correlation between chronic consumption of drinking water contaminated with arsenic and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. The human liver after exposure to therapeutic drugs may exhibit hepatic non-cirrhotic portal hypertension, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. However, the literature provides insufficient scientific evidence to show cause and effect between arsenic and the onset of diabetes mellitus Type 2.

Diagnosis
Arsenic may be measured in blood or urine to monitor excessive environmental or occupational exposure, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized victims or to assist in the forensic investigation in a case of fatal over dosage. Some analytical techniques are capable of distinguishing organic from inorganic forms of the element. Organic arsenic compounds tend to be eliminated in the urine in unchanged form, while inorganic forms are largely converted to organic arsenic compounds in the body prior to urinary excretion. The current biological exposure index for U.S. workers of 35 µg/L total urinary arsenic may easily be exceeded by a healthy person eating a seafood meal.

Tests are available to diagnose poisoning by measuring arsenic in blood, urine, hair, and fingernails. The urine test is the most reliable test for arsenic exposure within the last few days. Urine testing needs to be done within 24–48 hours for an accurate analysis of an acute exposure. Tests on hair and fingernails can measure exposure to high levels of arsenic over the past 6–12 months. These tests can determine if one has been exposed to above-average levels of arsenic. They cannot predict, however, whether the arsenic levels in the body will affect health. Chronic arsenic exposure can remain in the body systems for a longer period of time than a shorter term or more isolated exposure and can be detected in a longer time frame after the introduction of the arsenic, important in trying to determine the source of the exposure.

Hair is a potential bioindicator for arsenic exposure due to its ability to store trace elements from blood. Incorporated elements maintain their position during growth of hair. Thus for a temporal estimation of exposure, an assay of hair composition needs to be carried out with a single hair which is not possible with older techniques requiring homogenization and dissolution of several strands of hair. This type of biomonitoring has been achieved with newer microanalytical techniques like synchrotron radiation based X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and microparticle induced X-ray emission. The highly focused and intense beams study small spots on biological samples allowing analysis to micro level along with the chemical speciation. In a study, this method has been used to follow arsenic level before, during and after treatment with arsenious oxide in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia.

Treatment

Chelation
Dimercaprol and dimercaptosuccinic acid are chelating agents that sequester the arsenic away from blood proteins and are used in treating acute arsenic poisoning.  The most important side effect is hypertension.  Dimercaprol is considerably more toxic than succimer. Dimercaptosuccinic acid monoesters, e.g. MiADMSA, are promising antidotes for arsenic poisoning.

Nutrition
Supplemental potassium decreases the risk of experiencing a life-threatening heart rhythm problem from arsenic trioxide.

History

Beginning in about 3000 BC arsenic was mined and added to copper in the alloying of bronze, but the adverse health effects of working with arsenic led to it being abandoned when a viable alternative, tin, was discovered.

In addition to its presence as a poison, for centuries arsenic was used medicinally. It has been used for over 2,400 years as a part of traditional Chinese medicine. In the western world, arsenic compounds, such as salvarsan, were used extensively to treat syphilis before penicillin was introduced. It was eventually replaced as a therapeutic agent by sulfa drugs and then by other antibiotics. Arsenic was also an ingredient in many tonics (or "patent medicines").

In addition, during the Elizabethan era, some women used a mixture of vinegar, chalk, and arsenic applied topically to whiten their skin. This use of arsenic was intended to prevent aging and creasing of the skin, but some arsenic was inevitably absorbed into the blood stream.

During the Victorian era (late 19th century) in the United States, U.S. newspapers advertised "arsenic complexion wafers" that promised to remove facial blemishes such as moles and pimples.

Some pigments, most notably the popular Emerald Green (known also under several other names), were based on arsenic compounds. Overexposure to these pigments was a frequent cause of accidental poisoning of artists and craftsmen.

Arsenic became a favored method for murder of the Middle Ages and Renaissance, particularly among ruling classes in Italy allegedly. Because the symptoms are similar to those of cholera, which was common at the time, arsenic poisoning often went undetected.  By the 19th century, it had acquired the nickname "inheritance powder," perhaps because impatient heirs were known or suspected to use it to ensure or accelerate their inheritances. It was also a common murder technique in the 19th century in domestic violence situations, such as the case of Rebecca Copin, who attempted to poison her husband by "putting arsenic in his coffee".

In post-WW1 Hungary, arsenic extracted by boiling fly paper was used in an estimated 300 murders by the Angel Makers of Nagyrév.

In imperial China, arsenic trioxide and sulfides were used in murder, as well as for capital punishment for members of the royal family or aristocracy.  Forensic studies have determined that the Guangxu Emperor (d. 1908) was murdered by arsenic, most likely ordered by the Empress Dowager Cixi or Generalissimo Yuan Shikai.  Likewise, in ancient Korea, and particularly in the Joseon Dynasty, arsenic-sulfur compounds had been used as a major ingredient of sayak (사약; 賜藥), which was a poison cocktail used in capital punishment of high-profile political figures and members of the royal family. Due to social and political prominence of the condemned, many of these events were well-documented, often in the Annals of Joseon Dynasty; they are sometimes portrayed in historical television miniseries because of their dramatic nature.

One of the worst incidents of arsenic poisoning via well water occurred in Bangladesh, which the World Health Organization called the "largest mass poisoning of a population in history" recognized as a major public health concern. The contamination in the Ganga-Brahmaputra fluvial plains in India and Padma-Meghna fluvial plains in Bangladesh demonstrated adverse impacts on human health.

Arsenic poisoning from exposure to groundwater is believed to be responsible for the illness experienced by those that witnessed the 2007 Carancas impact event in Peru, as local residents inhaled steam which was contaminated with arsenic, produced from groundwater which boiled from the intense heat and pressure produced by a chondrite meteorite impacting the ground.

Legislation
In the U.S. in 1975, under the authority of the Safe Drinking Water Act, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency determined the National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulation levels of arsenic (inorganic contaminant – IOCs) to be 0.05 mg/L (50 parts per billion – ppb).

Throughout the years, many studies reported dose-dependent effects of arsenic in drinking water and skin cancer. In order to prevent new cases and death from cancerous and non-cancerous diseases, the Safe Drinking Water Act directed the Environmental Protection Agency to revise arsenic's levels and specified the maximum contaminant level (MCL). MCLs are set as close to the health goals as possible, considering cost, benefits and the ability of public water systems to detect and remove contaminants using suitable treatment technologies.

In 2001, Environmental Protection Agency adopted a lower standard of MCL 0.01 mg/L (10 ppb) for arsenic in drinking water that applies to both community water systems and non-transient non-community water systems.

In some other countries, when developing national drinking water standards based on the guideline values, it is necessary to take account of a variety of geographical, socio-economic, dietary and other conditions affecting potential exposure. These factors lead to national standards that differ appreciably from the guideline values. That is the case in countries such as India and Bangladesh, where the permissible limit of arsenic in absence of an alternative source of water is 0.05 mg/L.

Challenges to implementation

Arsenic removal technologies are traditional treatment processes which have been tailored to improve removal of arsenic from drinking water. Although some of the removal processes, such as precipitative processes, adsorption processes, ion exchange processes, and separation (membrane) processes, may be technically feasible, their cost may be prohibitive.

For underdeveloped countries, the challenge is finding the means to fund such technologies. The Environmental Protection Agency, for example, has estimated the total national annualized cost of treatment, monitoring, reporting, record keeping, and administration to enforce the MCL rule to be approximately $181 million. Most of the cost is due to the installation and operation of the treatment technologies needed to reduce arsenic in public water systems.

Pregnancy
Arsenic exposure through groundwater is highly concerning throughout the perinatal period. Pregnant women are a high-risk population because not only are the mothers at risk for adverse outcomes, but in-utero exposure also poses health risks to the infant.

There is a dose-dependent relationship between maternal exposure to arsenic and infant mortality, meaning that infants born to women exposed to higher concentrations, or exposed for longer periods of time, have a higher mortality rate.

Studies have shown that ingesting arsenic through groundwater during pregnancy poses dangers to the mother including, but not limited to abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, skin pigmentation changes, and cancer. Research has also demonstrated that arsenic exposure also causes low birth weight, low birth size, infant mortality, and a variety of other outcomes in infants. Some of these effects, like lower birth-rate and size may be due to the effects of arsenic on maternal weight gain during pregnancy.

See also
 2007 Peruvian meteorite event – a meteorite impact believed to have caused arsenic poisoning
 Mary Ann Cotton – serial arsenic poisoner
 Felicia Dorothea Kate Dover –  arsenic poisoner
 James Marsh (chemist) – invented the Marsh test for detecting arsenic
 Toroku arsenic disease
 The Pardoner's Tale - Chaucerian tale featuring murder with ratsbane
 Madame Bovary - fictional suicide by arsenic
 Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District (novella) - fictional murder by arsenical rat poison

References

Further reading
 Atlas (color) of Chronic Arsenic Poisoning (2010), Nobuyuki Hotta, Ichiro Kikuchi, Yasuko Kojo, Sakuragaoka Hospital, Kumamoto, .
 A 2011 article in the journal Social Medicine discusses community interventions to combat arsenic poisoning: Beyond medical treatment, arsenic poisoning in rural Bangladesh.
 D. J. Vaughan and D. A. Polya (2013): Arsenic – the great poisoner revisited. Elements 9, 315–316. PDF (update on the world situation in 2013)

External links

Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements
Arsenic in biology
Disturbances of human pigmentation
Element toxicology
Toxic effects of metals
Toxic effects of substances chiefly nonmedicinal as to source
Toxicology
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate

Arsenic poisoning


Phongpraseuth Kanlagna ພົງປຣະເສີດ ກັນລະຍາ

Phongpraseuth Kanlagna ພົງປຣະເສີດ ກັນລະຍາ

Born:             September 14,1968 ,Nanterre,Paris,France
ເກີດ: 14/1968, ເມືອງ ນັ່ງແຕ່ ແຂວງ ປາຮີ, ປະເທດຝຣັ່ງ
Nationality:    Lao
ສັນຊາດ: ລາວ
Education: Master of Science in Architecture at Kharkiv Institute of Municipal Engineers,Ukraine, former USSR
ການສຶກສາ: ປະລິນຍາໂທວິທະຍາສາດໃນສະຖາປັດຕະຍະກຳສາດ ທີ່ ເມືອງຄຣາກົບ ສະຖາບັນວິສະວະກອນເທສະບານ, ຢູເຄລນ, ອະດີດ ສະຫະພາບໂຊຫວຽດ
Occupation:   CEO of M-Point Mart Trading, Managing Director of KANLAGNA Architect and Construction, Chairman, Manager Director of SCC buildingand CEO of Barzaar -B Cash & Carry Trading   Company Limited
ອາຊີບ: ຊີອີໂອຂອງບໍລິສັດ ເອັມພອຍມາກ ການຄ້າຈຳກັດ, ຜູ້ອຳນວຍການໃຫຍ່ ບໍລິສັດ ກັນລະຍາ ສະຖາປະນິກ ແລະ ກໍ່ສ້າງ, ຜູ້ຈັດການ ບໍລິສັດ ອາຄານ  ແອັສຊີຊີ ຈຳກັດ, ປະທານ ແລະ ຊີອີໂອ ຂອງບໍລິສັດ ບາຊາ-ບີ ແຄັດແອນແຄຣີ່ ການຄ້າຈຳກັດ.
Spouse:         Mrs. Dalyvanh Kanlagna ດາລີວັນ ກັນລະຍາ (m.1991- present)
ຄູ່ສົມລົດ:           ນາງ ດາລີວັນ ກັນລະຍາ (ແຕ່ປີ.1991- ເຖິງປະຈຸບັນ)
Children:        Narinthone Kanlagna  andMiss. Naliny Kanlagna
ລູກຄີງ:              Mr. ທ້າວ ນະຣິນທອນ ກັນລະຍາ ແລະ  ນາງ ນະລິນີ ກັນລະຍາ
Parent(s):       Bounthanavong Kanlagna  (father) Died 1987 and Dara Viravong Kanlagna ດາຣາ ວິຣະວົງສ໌ ກັນລະຍາ (mother)
ພໍ່ແມ່:                ທ້າວ ບຸນທະນະວົງ ກັນລະຍາ (ພໍ່) ເສຍຊີວິດປີ 1987 ແລະ ນາງ ດາຣາ ວິຣະວົງສ໌ ກັນລະຍາ (ແມ່)
Relatives:      Thanongsinh Kanlagna (brother), Sounantha Kanlagna (sister) and Daravong Kanlagna  (brother)
ອ້າຍນ້ອງ:         ທະນົງສິນ ກັນລະຍາ (ອ້າຍ) ,ສຸນັນທາ ກັນລະຍາ (ເອື້ອຍ) ,ດາຣາວົງ ກັນລະຍາ (ອ້າຍ)
Phongpraseuth KANLANGA is a founder of M-Point Trading Sole Company Limited in 2006 and BJC-MPM Sole Company Limited in 2013. He has first started with 3 shops operated in Vientiane Capital, and now there are 18 shops in the center of Vientiane Capital.
http://www.mpointmart.com

Early life

Phongpraseuth Kanlagna had been grown and spent his childhood life in France and England because he had to follow his father, a consular officer, who was appointed to post in France between 1968 and 1971,
and moved to base in England during 1974 and 1976 (Kingsbury Green Primary School Old Kenton La, London NW9 9ND UK)

School 1976-1987
Then from 1976 until 1987 he had returned to Lao PDR and enrolled at Nahaideaw (ນາໄຮ່ດຽງ) Elementary School, which was completed in 1981. During 1981 and 1984, studying secondary school at Sisavath (ສີສະຫວາດ)secondary school and finishing high school level at Vientiane High School (ອຸດົມວຽງຈັນ) in 1987.

Master Degrees 1988-1993
Afterward Phongpraseuth Kanlagna had obtained the scholarship from the Government to have a further study Master Degrees of Engineering with major in Architect in Ukraine, former USSR. After his graduation in 1993

Career 1994-1997
he was returned his home country and had worked with Hydro Power Project THPC as Project Engineer between 1994 and 1997. During 4 years with Hydro Power Project, he had made a very outstanding achievement for the Project before he decided to run his own construction company named KANLAGNA ARCHITECT AND CONSTRUCTION in 1997. He has been a Managing Director of the Construction Company up to the present.

SCC 1998-2015

In 1998, Phongpraseuth Kanlagna has not stopped himself for only Construction Company; he has turned his vision to invest in an office-building rental business by constructing the 5-storey office building called SCC building in business center area. He has been a Manager Director of SCC building, which is opened for office space rental from 2001 to 2015

Mpoint 2006 - present

Along with the construction design and the office rental building businesses, Phongpraseuth Kanlagna had initial idea to open a retailing shop for family member as an additional business. After two first stores were primarily opened in 2006, he had studied more information about convenience stores with his conclusion that he should establish various branches of the convenience stores through setting up his own format system.

With an excellent entrepreneurship of Phongpraseuth Kanlagna, he has fully turned himself to operate a retail business in 2007. He becomes the CEO of M-Point Trading Sole Company Limited and leads the creation of the M-Point brand with an innovative store concept.

Under his leadership, M-Point's dramatically different retail shop becomes the first and well known retailing passage in Vientiane Capital (Lao PDR) for only in 8 years.

"We are a first retailer that is growing in Lao PDR. Our mission is to keep our growth through expanding by taking our M-Point branches into new area and to get the best retail opportunities by bringing variety types of products to serve the customers' needs. The consumer is always at the centre of our thinking."

History of M-Point Trading Company Limited

M-point Trading Company Limited, operated in February 2006, is owner and operator of M- Point Mini Marts in Lao PDR. M-point mart has made its mark in the retailing scene and has been well known in Vientiane Capital (Lao PDR) for now over 8 years. We are the pioneer 18-hours (from 6:00 o'clock to 24:00 o'clock) convenience store operator, which there are many branches, in Lao PDR.

In the first two years of the operation, M-point Trading Company Limited had only operated 3 branches of the stores with only in 6 years the Company has expanded 18 stores of the M- point Mini Marts around the big city of Vientiane Capital. The Company has set a target plan to grow and to expand more stores in every year.

Each M-point Mart Store carries over 4000 items to serve customers including variety of drink types such as milk, juice, fruit drinks, energy drinks, beer up to wine and alcohol. In addition, there also are snakes, food condiments, dry food, freezing food stocked full of microwave meals, featuring fried rice, rice with a basil leaf stir fry and omelet, sausages, bacon-wrapped and others stuffed.

M-point Store introduced instant coffee and other beverages together with packaged fresh food and bakery for the convenience of customers looking for ready-to-eat hot food. All food items sold in the stores are undergo stringent quality control to ensure tastefulness and freshness.

In line with the growth of Lao economy, M-point stores are ready to provide facilities to meet the consumers' demand in the town. We have a target to expand the stores in every district of Vientiane Capital and other economic provinces in Lao PDR in order to facilitate shoppers with shorten distance.

 The Company's shop operation is a sales agent, we support Export – Import Companies, as well as Lao products; the support has created integrity of economic mechanisms. Besides the business of M-point is also a part of helping society such as increasing an employment opportunity for students, whom either studying or seeking job, and make them earn money to support their family; in the same time to develop their management skill in the real practice.

Branchs Location

In 2014, there are 18 branches of M-point convenience stores in Vientiane Capital as bellows:
Mpointmart  Branch                           Day Open
M001 HAISOK –1 : Apr 17, 2006
M002 SAPHANTHONG KANG : Sep 26, 2006
M003 DONGPALAN THONG : Jan 25, 2008
M004 THATLUANG : Dec 27,2007
M005 KHOUALUANG NEUA  : Oct 14, 2009
M006 KHAMHOUNG -1 : Oct 28, 2009
M007 VATCHAN  : Sep 29, 2009
M008 XIENGHUEN : Nov 25, 2009
M009 HATSADY –1 : Feb 03, 2011
M010 THATLUANG TAI : Sep 10, 2011
M011 SAPHANTONG TAI  : Feb 10, 2011
M012 THAPALANXAY : Dec 27, 2012
M013 CHOMPHET NUEA : Dec 29, 2012
M014 CHOMMANY : Dec 28, 2012
M015 PHAKHAO –1 : Dec 28, 2012
M016 HUAYHONG : Dec 28, 2013
M017 WATTAYNOY THA : Feb 14, 2013
M018 SAVANG : Dec 29, 2013
M019 SIKHAI  : Oct 23, 2015
M020 DONKOI : Nov 06, 2015
M021 DONNOON : Oct 25, 2015
M022 HAISOK -2 : Oct 19, 2015
M023 PHAKHAO –2 : May 12, 2016
M024 KHAMHOUNG –2 : Dec 15, 2015
M025 NONSAVANG –1 : Dec 19, 2015
M026 HATSADY –2 : Dec 21, 2015
M027 NONGDOUNG THONG : Jan 05, 2016
M028 OUPMUNG -1 : Dec 25, 2015
M029 SISAVATH : Dec 28, 2015
M030 XANGKHOU : Dec 30, 2015
M031 SAPHANGMERK : Jan 09, 2016
M032 OUPMUNG -2 : Jan 02, 2016
M033 NONSAVANG –2 : Feb 05, 2016
M034 DONGNASOK : Feb 09, 2016
M035 HONGKEA : Apr 23, 2016
M037 PHONTHANE : Feb 13, 2016
M038 SALAKHAM : Feb 18, 2016
M039 KHAMHOUNG -3 : Feb 23, 2016
M040 VIENGCHALEUAN : Feb 29, 2016
M041 NAHAI : May 6, 2016
M042 THONGPHANTHONG : May 17, 2016
M043 SOMVANG TAI : May 23, 2016
M044 SAVANG : May 29, 2016
M045 SAYSAVANG : Apr 28, 2016
In the future the Company aims to expand more 50 branches to meet the customers' needs, which is increasing day by day in
everywhere.

"Will Be There ... Where We Meet! Mpointmart"
"ຈະຢູ່ບ່ອນນີ້ ທີ່ເຮົາພົບກັນ ເອັມພອຍມາກ"

Barzaar -B Cash & Carry 2018  - present

Barzaar -B Cash & Carry Trading   Company Limited is a one large super store in Vientiane Capital which operate for wholesale & retail business on consumption & none-consumption food Barzaar -B Cash & Carry Trading  The origin of the word "Bazaar" in English means "market".We have established and developed  as a business in a modern market. Bazaar-B was created by ideas and commitment of Mr. Phongpraseuth Kanlanga who wants to develop Lao PDR to have modern department stores, modern standards service, new optional in consuming good quality products, can save time and expenses in improving more the quality of life .

Barzaar -B Cash & Carry Trading   Company Limited is a store which located at Donnokkhoum 450 Year Rd,  Donkoy Village, Unit 18, P.O.Box ,Sisatarnark District, Vientiane Capital 01170, Lao PDR. Unit 4, Don Village, Sisattanak District, Vientiane Capital.

·       Bazaar-B Supermarket opens from 9:00 am to 9:00 am.

·       Staff  250 peoples

·       Building Area 8,500 m2

·       Total Landlord Area 17,000 m2

·       Product have about 30,000 SKU

Barzaar -B has opened officially on November 16, 2018, Mr. Phongpraseuth Kanlagna is Chairman and Chief Executive Officer who has experience in managing the M-Pointmart convenience stores for more than 14 years. Nowadays, Bazaar – B is a store which offers a wide variety of goods which produce in Lao PDR and imported from abroad.

The purpose is to provide wholesale and retail services for fresh foods including fresh food including Bazaar-B's bread, cake, pine & cookies, fresh vegetables, fresh fruits, fresh fish from lao southern province, pork, , seafood, beverages, frozen foods, household ware, office supplies, cosmetics, baby clothes, electricity and others products . We offer a convenience services with unique location in a modern, with cheaper prices, more economical, clean environment and a modern sales service system that can be audited or checked for custome

We can offer the order for many customers such as hotels, restaurants and consumers in a variety of different locations. Barzaar -B is a private sector, which has expanded its market very widely, which promoted the local entrepreneurs to promote the production of goods and supply more locally produced goods in the Market. The goods are the basic necessities of living, so Bazaar-B is a new choice for Lao people, who want to save time, economize their budget in order to improve  more quality of life.

Barzaar -B  also plays an important role in job creation, expanding socially stable career opportunities, promoting community-based income reduction from poverty, as well as generating national income to push Lao PDR's socio-economic development continue to grow.

Nowadays, we have one branch. With our commitment and strong effort of our company. We will continue to improve and develop the service to have the international standard. So, we expect to open new branches in the future in order to be able providing services throughout all regions of country.

Finally, we would like to thank all the customers who have come to use our services and we are willing to receive feedback from you to further improve our services.

Our senior management team is setting up our long-term strategy to guide the Company for the many years to come. Our Company has been operated as a first retailer and wholesale that is growing in Lao PDR. Our mission is to keep our growth through expanding by taking our Bazaar-B branches into new area and to get the best retail opportunities by bringing variety types of products to serve the customers' needs. The consumer is always at the center of our thinking. One of the ways we differentiate ourselves is by being "behavior-driven and consumer- favor." It means we use the consumer's behavior as our muse to inspire our creative sales plan and diverse variety types of products in our convenience stores in order to engage our clients wherever they shop in the stores.

Our commitment starts with maintaining a growth of the Company, which invests its branches expansion and focuses on service excellence. Our success, in turn, allows us to create jobs and generate wealth in all of the communities in which our shops operated. As we expand our existing facilities throughout Vientiane Capital, we bring economic opportunities to the talented men and women who join our team, offering them the promise of challenging work and an enhanced standard of living.

We are excited about the future and what it holds for our company. As M-point's business grows, so does our opportunity to have an even greater beneficial impact on the communities around us. We invite you to explore our Company's website and know more about our Company.

Yours sincerely,

Phongpaseuth Kanlagna


Coots in the North is the name given by Arthur Ransome's biographer, Hugh Brogan, to an incomplete Swallows and Amazons novel found in Ransome's papers. Brogan edited and published the first few chapters as a fragment with a selection of Ransome's other short stories in 1988. The story starts in the Broads but continues in the Lake District after the Death and Glories hitch a ride aboard a boat being delivered to the Lake in the North.

Plot summary

The Death and Glories are bored because the salvage business is in decline on the Broads. They see a boat being loaded for delivery to the Lake in the North where the Swallows, Amazons and Ds have their adventures, and Joe (without consulting Bill or Pete) decides that they will go along for the ride to see the Lake. They get left behind at a stop near the Lake,  make their way to the lake, and find that the lorry has already left for Norfolk and they have no way to get home. They meet the owner of the boat who takes them to find the Ds. They encounter the Swallows, Amazons and Ds sailing on the lake and make an attempt to rescue Nancy after her boat capsizes.

At this point the story as published ends, though notes indicate that Ransome was struggling to develop a suitable plot line and a way of arranging for the Death and Glories to get home without their impoverished parents having to pay the fare.

Various scenarios are mentioned, including the salvage of Captain Flint's houseboat when its anchor chain breaks in a squall. In gratitude Captain Flint pays for their return journey and gives them a reward.

In 2011 the Arthur Ransome Society's journal Mixed Moss held a competition for the best outline of a plot to complete the book, but (writing in 2021) no author has yet been commissioned by Ransome's estate to do so. Prior to this in 2009 a synopsis of a continuation of the story was published in Mixed Moss, "Ship's Girl" (Anon), the literary journal of the Arthur Ransome Society. A winner of the 2011 competition was never announced, so the book remains uncompleted.

Other stories
Coots in the North also includes two extracts that Hugh Brogan rescued from an unfinished Victorian 'Bevis'-style novel, a fishing tale called "The River Comes First", plus several short stories that Arthur Ransome published in magazines:
"The River Comes First" and "The Cloudburst"
"The Unofficial Side" is the only story he wrote involving the Russian Revolution. It is related by Hurst, a paid hand in a small private yacht.
"Two Shorts and a Long" also involves Hurst and is set on the yacht.
"The Shepherd's Pipe" (previously unpublished)  and "Ankou" are grim tales set among the peasants of Russia and Brittany (Ankou is the personification of Death in Brittany).

References

Sources
Coots in the North and Other Stories (Ed. Hugh Brogan, Jonathan Cape 1998, ).

1988 British novels
Swallows and Amazons series
Unfinished novels
Novels published posthumously
Novels set in Norfolk
Novels set in the Lake District
Jonathan Cape books
1988 children's books
1988 short story collections
Children's books set in Norfolk
Children's books set in Cumbria

Coots in the North


Local extinction, or extirpation, is when a species or other taxon becomes extinct in a certain area. This is different from being extinct across the world (global extinction) because these species still exist outside of that area. Sometimes when this happens, it can have a very large effect on how the ecosystem works. This might be because that species was important in the food web. The species disappearing might cause more species to go locally extinct or the balance of biomass to change.

There have been many cases when species have been added back, or reintroduced, to that area after going locally extinct. If a species is reintroduced after a long amount of time, this might mean there will be larger effects on the ecology of that area. An example of a species being reintroduced are grey wolves in Yellowstone National Park.

References

Extinction

Local extinction


A style line is a seam in a garment made primarily for the purpose of its visual effect, rather than for the purpose of shaping of structuring the garment. By contrast, a dart or pleat by itself would not be considered a style line because although each can be used to produce a pleasing visual effect, their main purpose is to shape the garment by taking in ease or adding fullness respectively. Clearly though, there can be some ambiguity as when a dart is made as part of a seam which continues beyond the dart point. If the seam beyond the dart is straight, that is, not affecting the garment's fit, it would be considered a style line.

Sewing
Parts of clothing
Fashion design

Style line


The Ada Odd Fellows Temple stood at 109-115 N. 9th Street in Boise, Idaho. Built in 1903 by the prominent local architecture firm of Tourtellotte and Co. (later Tourtellotte & Hummel), it served as the clubhouse of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows of Ada Lodge No. 3. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, due largely to its association with Tourtellotte. Its sandstone masonry was quarried from nearby Table Rock.

In 1953, the north half of the building was demolished, and construction began on the First Security Building (now known as Plaza 121) in its place. Also demolished at the time was the building's original ornate, Gothic-style entrance. In 1990, the Odd Fellows sold the remaining building to First Security (now part of Wells Fargo). Over the objections of some members of the Idaho State Historical Society, First Security demolished the remaining Odd Fellows building in 1994, citing concerns about the building's condition.

In its place, First Security created a "pocket park" that included a low wall made from some of the temple's original sandstone. The remainder of the stone was donated to the Idaho Shakespeare Festival, which used it in the construction of its outdoor theater on Warm Springs Avenue, and to the Boise School District, which used it in the restoration of the Bown House, an 1879 building on the campus of Riverside Elementary School. The park only existed for a little over a decade; in 2005, the First Security Building was renovated and expanded to become Plaza 121, which covers much of the lot, although the wall built from the Odd Fellows Temple's sandstone can still be seen in front of the Berryhill & Co. restaurant that now occupies the ground floor of the site.

References

Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Idaho
Renaissance Revival architecture in Idaho
Buildings and structures completed in 1903
Odd Fellows buildings in Idaho
Buildings and structures in Boise, Idaho
National Register of Historic Places in Boise, Idaho

Ada Odd Fellows Temple


Poprad Landscape Park (Popradzki Park Krajobrazowy) is a protected area (Landscape Park) in southern Poland, named after the Poprad river running through it.

The Park, with the total area of , is one of the biggest landscape parks in the country, created in 1987. It lies within Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in the part of the Beskid mountain range called Western Carpathians south of Nowy Sącz, in the basin of the Poprad river with its picturesque gorge. It borders Slovakia.

Notes and references

Poprad
Parks in Lesser Poland Voivodeship

Poprad Landscape Park


Thomas Scudder Page (April 19, 1800 – April 17, 1877) was Kentucky's first elected auditor of public accounts, and the first elected official to be tried for corruption in that state. He was born in New York City, and came to Kentucky in 1817. He became a clerk with the Land Office and in 1839 was appointed state auditor by Governor James Clark.

Under Kentucky's third constitution, auditor became an elected position. Page was elected to the position in 1851 as a Whig and in 1855 with the Know Nothing party. He required some official collectors of funds to deposit their collections with him, rather than the state treasurer directly, and in 1859 was sued by the state for embezzling $88,927 (~$ in ) (embezzlement was not a criminal offense at the time).

Page declared bankruptcy in 1863, and in 1867 was ordered by the legislature to repay the state $88,000, plus interest and court costs. He lived the remaining 10 years of his life in destitution in Frankfort, and was buried in Frankfort Cemetery.

References

External links

1800 births
1877 deaths
Burials at Frankfort Cemetery
Kentucky Whigs
19th-century American politicians
Politicians from New York City
Kentucky Know Nothings
Politicians convicted of embezzlement
American politicians convicted of corruption

Thomas Scudder Page


Low-density lipoprotein receptor adapter protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LDLRAP1 gene.

The protein encoded by this gene is a cytosolic protein which contains a phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain. The PTB domain has been found to interact with the cytoplasmic tail of the LDL receptor. Mutations in this gene lead to LDL receptor malfunction and cause the disorder autosomal recessive hypercholesterolaemia.

Interactions
LDLRAP1 has been shown to interact with AP2B1 and LRP2.

References

Further reading


Sir Theodore Janssen of Wimbledon, 1st Baronet (1650s, Angoulême, France – 22 September 1748, Wimbledon, London) was a French-born English financier and member of parliament who, after a long and successful career in commerce, was ruined and disgraced by his part in the South Sea Bubble.

Life

Janssen was born in Angoulême, France, son of the paper maker Abraham Janssen and Henriette Manigault. His grandfather, Theodore Janssen de Heez, had taken refuge in France from the Duke of Alba's persecution in the Netherlands. Janssen moved to England in 1680, making his home at Wimbledon, where he bought Wimbledon manor.

He was naturalised as an English subject in 1685, and later knighted by King William III on 26 February 1698. In 1694 he was a founder-member of the Bank of England, investing £10,000 and becoming a director. In 1697 he published a pamphlet A Discourse concerning Banks, and in 1713 his treatise General Maxims of Trade.

At the particular request of the Prince of Wales, he was created a baronet on 11 March 1715, shortly after the accession of George I. He entered Parliament in 1717 at a by-election, as member for Yarmouth (Isle of Wight).

By 1720, Janssen had accumulated a fortune of almost quarter of a million pounds. However, among his business interests had been the South Sea Company, of which he was a director. On the collapse of the company he, together with the other directors, was arrested and summoned before the House of Commons to account for himself. After he and Jacob Sawbridge, the first two directors to be summoned, had been heard, a motion was proposed and passed unanimously that both "were guilty of a notorious Breach of Trust, as Directors of the SouthSea Company, and thereby occasion'd very great Loss to great Numbers of his Majesty's Subjects, and had highly prejudic'd the publick Credit".

They were statutorily disqualified from sitting in Parliament or holding public office and their assets confiscated to make reparations to the investors ruined in the crash. Janssen was allowed to keep £50,000, a much-higher proportion than most of the other directors.

Family

He married Williamza or Williamsa Henley (died 2 September 1731) on 26 January 1698 at Christ Church Greyfriars, London, and had issue, including Abraham, Henry, and Stephen. He died in 1748. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his eldest son, Abraham, who had also been a member of parliament at the time of his father's disgrace, but never sat again after the end of that Parliament. Each of the three brothers inherited the baronetcy in turn, as none had any sons; the elder two died unmarried, in 1765 and 1766 respectively. His daughter Barbara married Governor Thomas Bladen. His daughter Mary married Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore.

Williamsa Janssen, a granddaughter, married politician Lionel Damer in 1778.

Final Years and Death
Sir Theodore continued to live quietly in Wimbledon after he was stripped of the manor in 1721, next to the present day Wimbledon Village High St. He died in 1748 and is buried in the churchyard of St Marys Church, Wimbledon.

Portrayal in fiction
Janssen is a central character in Robert Goddard's historical novel Sea Change.

References

Robert Beatson, A Chronological Register of Both Houses of Parliament (London: Longman, Hurst, Res & Orme, 1807)
 House of Commons Journal, 1721
 Concise Dictionary of National Biography
 Cokayne, George Edward (1906) Complete Baronetage. Volume V. Exeter: W. Pollard & Co. . pp. 26–27

1658 births
1748 deaths
Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain
British MPs 1715–1722
English people of Dutch descent
French emigrants to England
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
People from Angoulême
French people of Dutch descent
Knights Bachelor
Expelled members of the Parliament of Great Britain

Theodore Janssen