The Basilica of the Immaculate Conception is a historic Catholic church in Downtown Jacksonville, Florida, U.S. A parish church in the Diocese of St. Augustine, it represents Jacksonville's oldest Catholic congregation. The current building, dating to 1910, was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1992 as the Church of the Immaculate Conception, and was named a minor basilica in 2013. It is located at 121 East Duval Street; its current pastor is Father Nick Bennett.

History

The congregation was established in about 1845 as a mission of the Catholic parish of Savannah in Georgia, and the first church building was constructed by 1847. Immaculate Conception was designated its own parish in 1854, but the original building was destroyed by Union forces during the American Civil War. A second building was planned shortly after Jacksonville became part of the newly created Catholic Diocese of St. Augustine in 1870, and was completed in 1874. This was destroyed along with most of downtown Jacksonville in the Great Fire of 1901.

The current building was designed in 1905 by architect M. H. Hubbard, also the designer of Bethel Baptist Institutional Church. Construction began in 1907 and completed on December 8, 1910, when the building was dedicated. The structure is an example of Late Gothic Revival architecture, considered one of the best such examples in Florida, featuring a cruciform floor plan, pointed arches, tracery on the windows, buttresses and pinnacles, high spires, and a high vault on the interior. The building's  steeple, topped by a gold-plated cross, was the highest point in the city for three years until the Heard National Bank Building was finished in 1913.

In 1979, the church received solemn dedication, meaning the structure cannot be demolished willfully or converted to another purpose besides a church. On December 30, 1992, it was listed in the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. Beginning in 2005 the church sought designation as a minor basilica from the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments due to its history. The request was renewed in 2013 by Bishop Felipe de Jesús Estévez and granted; the designation was announced on August 15, 2013.

References

External links
 Official website
 Florida's Office of Cultural and Historical Programs
 Duval County listings

Basilica churches in Florida
Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Augustine
Churches in Jacksonville, Florida
History of Jacksonville, Florida
National Register of Historic Places in Jacksonville, Florida
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida
Downtown Jacksonville
1845 establishments in Florida
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1910
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States

Basilica of the Immaculate Conception (Jacksonville)


Trademark distinctiveness is an important concept in the law governing trademarks and service marks. A trademark may be eligible for registration, or registrable, if it performs the essential trademark function, and has distinctive character. Registrability can be understood as a continuum, with "inherently distinctive" marks at one end, "generic" and "descriptive" marks with no distinctive character at the other end, and "suggestive" and "arbitrary" marks lying between these two points. "Descriptive" marks must acquire distinctiveness through secondary meaning—consumers have come to recognize the mark as a source indicator—to be protectable. "Generic" terms are used to refer to the product or service itself and cannot be used as trademarks.

The spectrum of distinctiveness

In United States trademark law, Abercrombie & Fitch Co. v. Hunting World 537 F.2d 4 (2nd Cir. 1976) established the spectrum of trademark distinctiveness in the US, breaking trademarks into classes which are accorded differing degrees of protection. Courts often speak of marks falling along the following "spectrum of distinctiveness," also known within the US as the "Abercrombie classification" or "Abercrombie factors":

Fanciful marks

A fanciful / inherently distinctive trademark is prima facie registrable, and comprises an entirely invented or "fanciful" sign. For example, "Kodak" had no meaning before it was adopted and used as a trademark in relation to goods, whether photographic goods or otherwise. Invented marks are neologisms which will not previously have been found in any dictionary.

Arbitrary marks
An arbitrary trademark is usually a common word which is used in a meaningless context (e.g. "Apple" for computers). Such marks consist of words or images which have some dictionary meaning before being adopted as trademarks, but which are used in connection with products or services unrelated to that dictionary meaning. Arbitrary marks are also immediately eligible for registration. Salty would be an arbitrary mark if used in connection with e.g. telephones such as in Salty Telephones, as the term "salt" has no particular connection with such products.

Suggestive marks
A suggestive mark tends to indicate the nature, quality, or a characteristic of the products or services in relation to which it is used, but does not describe this characteristic, and requires imagination on the part of the consumer to identify the characteristic. Suggestive marks invoke the consumer's perceptive imagination. Examples of a suggestive mark are Blu-ray, a new technology of high-capacity data storage that utilizes a "blue" (actually violet) laser and Airbus, an aerospace corporation manufacturing commercial aircraft.

Descriptive marks
A descriptive mark is a term with a dictionary meaning which is used in connection with products or services directly related to that meaning. An example might be Salty used in connection with saltine crackers or anchovies. Such terms are not registrable unless it attains a 'secondary meaning', such that the mark is so distinctive that people associated it with specific brand name in the marketplace.

Generic terms

A generic term is the common name for the products or services in connection with which it is used, such as "salt" when used in connection with sodium chloride. A generic term is not capable of serving the essential trademark function of distinguishing the products or services of a business from the products or services of other businesses, and therefore cannot be afforded any legal protection. This is because there has to be some term which may generally be used by anyone—including other manufacturers—to refer to a product without using some organization's proprietary trademark. Marks which become generic after losing distinctive character are known as generic trademarks. Marks which are a misspelling of a generic term (e.g., the elimination of a space) do not change the generic significance of the term. Aspirin tablet is a registered trademark by Bayer AG. Aspirin is a generic word in the United States for the pain reliever acetylsalicylic acid (also known as ASA). Another example is the term "cyberpunk", which in the United States is a registered trademark by R. Talsorian Games Inc. for its tabletop role-playing game and within the European Union by CD Projekt SA for "games and online gaming services" (particularly for the video game adaptation of the former) and by Sony Music for use outside games. Trademark right is generally country specific. Thus, a mark that become generic in one country, such as the example of Aspirin, can still be used and recognized as a trademark in another country.

Assessing distinctiveness
In trademark litigation, courts are most frequently asked to distinguish between suggestive and descriptive marks on the one hand, and between descriptive and generic marks on the other. This is because suggestive marks, like fanciful and arbitrary marks, are presumed to be entitled to trademark protection, while descriptive marks are entitled to protection if they have become known as representing the producer of the goods, and generic marks can never receive protection. It can be seen from the examples above that the distinctive character of a term is closely related to the products or services in relation to which the term is used.

A general method for assessing the distinctive character of a mark is to consider a consumer's reaction to a mark. The mark may only be inherently registrable if the consumer has never encountered the mark before. On the other hand, the mark is unlikely to be inherently registrable if it informs him about any characteristic of the relevant products or services (e.g. whether they are delicious, large, spicy, black, or sweet, in the case of fruit). In any other case the mark may not be registrable.

Another example of a descriptive mark would be a geographical word or phrase that merely indicates the origin of the product or service. For example, Houston based ice cream might find that the name "Houston ice cream" is denied trademark protection on the grounds that the word Houston is merely descriptive. However, they might have better luck with the name "North Pole ice cream". In the latter case, although North Pole is a geographical location, the ice cream is not actually made at the North Pole, and no reasonable person would assume that the phrase North Pole is literally descriptive.

Therefore marks that identify or describe a product or service, or that are in common use, or that are used as geographical indications, generally cannot be registered as trademarks, and remain in the public domain for use by anyone. For example, a generic term such as "apple", or descriptive terms such as "red" or "juicy" could not be registered in relation to apples.

Primary consideration in the selection and use of trademarks should be given to marks which are inherently distinctive, as they possess the strongest distinctive character and do not require evidence of use to establish acquired distinctiveness. A fanciful, arbitrary, or suggestive term can be inherently distinctive and registrable without proof of acquired distinctiveness.
Although these categories are most easily applied in relation to trademarks comprising words, the same general principles are applied in relation to all kinds of trademarks. For example, a pine tree shape is descriptive when used on pine-scented products.

Acquired distinctiveness
A trademark with no distinctive character (i.e. a mark which is not inherently distinctive) is prima facie unregistrable. However, most jurisdictions may still allow such marks to be registered if the trademark owner can demonstrate, typically by reference to evidence of use, that consumers in the marketplace exclusively associate the mark, as used on the identified goods or in connection with the identified services, with a particular commercial origin or source (i.e. the trademark owner). "Use" may include authorized use by a licensee or other party. If the trade mark office is satisfied that the evidence demonstrates that a mark has "acquired" distinctive character as a matter of fact, then the mark may be accepted for registration on the basis of acquired distinctiveness.

The nature and extent of acceptable evidence of use varies between jurisdictions, although the most useful evidence usually includes sales figures, details of advertising and promotional expenditure, and examples of promotional material. Consumer surveys may also help establish that consumers chiefly associate an otherwise non-distinctive mark with the trademark owner and its products or services. Generally, evidence of use may only be acceptable or relevant if it covers a certain period of time (e.g. three years prior to the filing date of the trademark application) and originates from within the jurisdiction where registration is sought.

The terminology of acquired distinctiveness is accepted in the European Union and Commonwealth jurisdictions such as Australia, Hong Kong and the United Kingdom, and the common law jurisdiction of the United States (which also uses the term secondary meaning). In the U.S., if a trademark has been used for a continuous period of at least five years after the date of registration, the right to use the mark and the registration may become "incontestable" (e.g. invulnerable to cancellation for non-use, but not for becoming generic). In such cases the USPTO checks and confirms whether the request for incontestability meets formality requirements, but whether a registration is incontestable at law can only be determined during legal proceedings involving the registration.

The essential function of a trademark is to exclusively identify the commercial source or origin of products or services, such that a trademark, properly called, indicates source or serves as a badge of origin. The use of a trademark in this way is known as trademark use. Certain exclusive rights attach to a registered mark, which can be enforced by way of an action for trademark infringement, while unregistered trademark rights may be enforced pursuant to the common law tort of passing off.

Trademark rights generally arise out of the use and/or registration (see below) of a mark in connection only with a specific type or range of products or services. Although it may sometimes be possible to take legal action to prevent the use of a mark in relation to products or services outside this range (e.g. for passing off), this does not mean that trademark law prevents the use of that mark by the general public. A common word, phrase, or other sign can only be removed from the public domain to the extent that a trademark owner is able to maintain exclusive rights over that sign in relation to certain products or services, assuming there are no other trademark objections. For a case study in both concepts, see Apple Corps v Apple Computer.

Maintaining distinctiveness
If a court rules that a trademark has become "generic" through common use (such that the mark no longer performs the essential trademark function and the average consumer no longer considers that exclusive rights attach to it), the corresponding registration may also be ruled invalid.

For example, the Bayer company's trademark "Aspirin" has been ruled generic in the United States, so other companies may use that name for acetylsalicylic acid as well (although it is still a trademark in Canada). Xerox for photocopiers and Band-Aid for adhesive bandages are both trademarks which are at risk of losing their trademark status by becoming declared generic in certain countries, something that the respective trademark owners actively seek to prevent. In order to prevent marks becoming generic, trademark owners often contact those who appear to be using the trademark incorrectly, from web page authors to dictionary editors, and request that they cease the improper usage.

The proper use of a trademark means using the mark as an adjective, not as a noun or a verb, though for certain trademarks, use as nouns and, less commonly, verbs is common. For example, Adobe sent e-mails to many web authors using the term "photoshopped" telling them that they should only use the term "modified by Adobe® Photoshop® software."  Xerox has also purchased print advertisements declaring that "you cannot 'xerox' a document, but you can copy it on a Xerox Brand copying on machine." Another popular example is the use of the word "frappuccino" by Starbucks customers to mean any blended coffee beverage, though employees are instructed to only say "frappuccino blended coffee" or "frappuccino blended cream" when referring to such drinks. This rule is not hard-and-fast, however; for example, Lexis-Nexis has a U.S. trademark registration for "Shepardize," Reg. No. 1743711, and defines "Shepardizing on a web page as "the process of looking up citations" in "a series of books called Shepard's Citations." Such efforts may or may not be successful in preventing genericism in the long run, which depends less on the mark owner's efforts and more on how the public actually perceives and uses the mark. In fact, legally it is more important that the trademark holder visibly and actively seems to attempt to prevent its trademark from becoming generic, regardless of real success.

See also
 Ghost marks
 Glossary of legal terms in technology
 International Trademark Association
 Madrid system
 Proper adjective
 Service marks
 Trade dress
 Trademark attorney
 Trademark dilution
 Unregistered trademark

References

External links

 Canadian Trademark Law FAQ

Brand management
Intellectual property law
Product management
Distinctiveness

Trademark distinctiveness


Albunione yoda is a marine isopod assigned to the family Bopyridae, which is known to occur near Taiwan. It is an ectoparasite that resides in the gills of its host, the mole crab Albunea groeningi. A. yoda was named after a character of the Star Wars saga, Jedi Master Yoda, because with the slightly curved long lateral extensions of the head of the female, it looks like the head of Yoda with his long drooping ears.

References

Cymothoida
Parasitic crustaceans
Parasites of crustaceans
Crustaceans described in 2003

Albunione yoda


Lepidosperma laterale, commonly known as the variable swordsedge,  is a plant found in south-eastern Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand. It is often found on sandy soils or rocky areas in wooded areas.

The specific epithet laterale is derived from the Latin, which refers to the sides. It is a somewhat indeterminate species, with different varieties recognized. As yet, no further formal division of this species has been made. In 1810, this species first appeared in scientific literature in the Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae, written by the prolific Scottish botanist Robert Brown.

The variable swordsedge can grow to one metre tall, and is found in a variety of situations. However it does not occur in the more arid parts of Australia. The leaves can be glossy, 3 to 8 mm wide. The leaf base is usually orange-reddish in colour. The flowers form on a panicle in spring and summer. The spikelets are not dense, and the secondary inflorescence branches are exposed. These can be anywhere from 4 to 20 (or rarely 38) cm in length. The fruit is an oval shaped nut, around 3 mm long and 1.8 mm in diameter, and is pale or dark brown, with either a wrinkled or smooth, and shiny surface.

The variable swordsedge ranges widely across central and eastern New South Wales as far west as Lockhart. It is a component of two riparian scrub communities in Tasmania: both are composed of ferns, sedges and heaths, one dominated by Melaleuca squarrosa and Leptospermum lanigerum, the other by Eucalyptus viminalis, E. globulus, E. obliqua and E. amygdalina with Beyeria viscosa and
Exocarpos cupressiformis as understory.

Many species of the moth genus Elachista lay their eggs on Lepidosperma laterale and the caterpillars eat the leaves.

References

laterale
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of South Australia
Flora of Queensland
Flora of Victoria (state)
Flora of Tasmania
Flora of New Caledonia
Flora of New Zealand
Poales of Australia
Plants described in 1810

Lepidosperma laterale


Sidney Peterson (November 15, 1905, Oakland, California – April 24, 2000, New York City) was an American writer, artist,  and avant-garde filmmaker. He attended UC Berkeley, worked as a newspaper reporter in Monterey, and spent time as a practicing painter and sculptor in France in the 1920s and 1930s.  After World War II, Peterson founded Workshop 20 at the California School of Fine Arts (renamed the San Francisco Art Institute), initiating filmmaking courses at the school.

Between 1947 and 1950 the workshop produced five films under Peterson's guidance that were influential on the burgeoning American avant-garde cinema, and significant artifacts of the San Francisco Renaissance. In the years that followed, Peterson worked as a consultant for the Museum of Modern Art, made a series of documentary films, penned a novel (A Fly in the Pigment, 1961) and a memoir (The Dark of the Screen, 1980), and worked at Walt Disney Productions as a scriptwriter and storyboard artist on the never completed sequel to Fantasia.

He died in New York City at the age of 94. Peterson's films are distributed by Canyon Cinema in San Francisco and The Film Makers Cooperative in New York City.

A 2007 comic strip by Dave Kiersh in Syncopated Volume 3 (Syncopated Comics, 2007) tells of his relationship with Peterson, who was a friend of Kiersh's grandmother.

On December 30, 2009, the Library of Congress named Peterson's The Lead Shoes (1949) to the National Film Registry.

Selected filmography
The Potted Psalm (1946) with James Broughton
Horror Dream (1947)
The Cage (1947)
The Petrified Dog (1948)
Clinic of Stumble (1948)
Mr. Frenhofer and the Minotaur (1949)
The Lead Shoes (1949)
Architectural Millinery (1954)
Man in a Bubble (1981)

References

External links
Canyon Cinema Cooperative
The Film-makers' Cooperative

American experimental filmmakers
1905 births
2000 deaths
Writers from New York City
University of California, Berkeley alumni
San Francisco Art Institute faculty
Film directors from New York City

Sidney Peterson


Margaret Eileen Bryan (3 January 1916 – 12 January 1996) was an English film and stage actress, born in Birmingham, England. She appeared in many films, including most notably as the screen wife of George Formby in the comedy film Turned Out Nice Again (1941).  She married cinematographer Wilkie Cooper, with whom she had three sons.

Biography
Peggy Bryan attended Windermere College with her first employment position as an elocution teacher at Highclare College located in Sutton Coldfield. Although her family did not have a theatrical background, she gained considerable amateur stage experience and eventually decided on an acting career. She applied to the London Academy of Music and Drama and was awarded a six-month scholarship.

Bryan gained her first professional acting role on 16 December 1937 as the character of Puck in a scene from William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream at the Royal performance in aid of King George's Actors Pension Fund.

She performed at Regent's Park, London in 1938, repeating the role of Puck and also playing Ariel in The Tempest.  West End roles soon followed in April Clouds and Glorious Morning she succeeded Jessica Tandy.  Bryan appeared in The Springtime of Others, Q, and The Fanatics during 1939, and five Shakespearean plays at Stratford on Avon in 1940.

Bryan suffered from ill health in the final 20 years of her life. She died in West Sussex on 12 January 1996, aged 80.

Filmography
1941 – Turned Out Nice Again
1941 – My Wife's Family
1945 – Dead of Night
1952 – Emergency Call

Stage roles
1938 – April Clouds
1938 – Glorious Morning
1938 – The Tempest
1939 – The Springtime of Others
1939 – Q
1939 – The Fanatics
1940 – Stratford on Avon in five roles
1942 – The Little Minister
1942 – The Professor's Love Story
1943 – An Ideal Husband
1945 – Yellow Sands

References

External links

1916 births
1996 deaths
20th-century English actresses
English film actresses
English stage actresses
English television actresses
Actresses from Birmingham, West Midlands
People from West Sussex

Peggy Bryan


Grand Battery (Grande Batterie, meaning big or great battery) was a French artillery tactic of the Napoleonic Wars. It involved massing all available batteries into a single large, temporary one, and concentrating the firepower of their guns at a single point in the enemy's lines.

Substituting volume of fire for accuracy, a rate of fire and rapid movement, it was rarely used in the wars' early years. As the quality of artillery crews and their horses declined, it was employed more frequently during later (post-1808) campaigns.

The Grand Battery was often concentrated against the enemy's center. An early example of this is at Austerlitz in 1805, when Napoleon ordered a "roar of thunder" before the main assault upon the Pratzen Heights, which split the coalition's lines in half. Other notable uses of the tactic include: Alexandre-Antoine Hureau de Sénarmont's aggressive use of his guns at the Battle of Friedland (1807), which was a major factor that won the battle, or the Battle of Wagram in 1809, where a grand battery successfully halted an Austrian counterattack.

At Borodino in 1812, it was again used to break a counterattack. It failed to break the strong Russian positions and earthworks in the center along the Rayevski Redoubt.

At the Battle of Lützen (1813), it succeeded in breaking the Russo-Prussian center, ahead of the main assault by the Imperial guard. In 1815 at Waterloo, the famous opening barrage of the Grande Batterie failed to break the center of Wellington's Anglo-allied army due to his deployment of most of his forces behind the reverse slopes of the rolling hillside and the fact that the ground was still wet and muddy, preventing the usual effects of the bouncing cannonballs.

Nearly half a century later, in 1863 on the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg, Robert E. Lee, formed a Grand Battery of his own in a desperate attempt to weaken the Union center in advance of Pickett's Charge. The artillery overshot most of their targets and had to cease fire due to a lack of ammunition.

External links
 French Artillery of the Napoleonic Wars

Artillery operation
Tactical formations
Tactical formations of the Napoleonic Wars

Grand Battery


Apportionment or apportionment by population is a concept in United States law of allocating representatives or taxes among the US states. Apportionment is based on the United States Census taken every ten years. Seats in the United States House of Representatives are then apportioned among the states. Each state gets a number of seats based on its population (the minimum is one seat). Congress enacted new apportionment legislation following every census until the mid-20th century. Article I, Section 2 of the United States Constitution requires that direct taxes be apportioned among the states by population. Apportionment by population proved to be a nearly impossible, uneven and unfair requirement for collecting taxes since the states had different populations. This was overturned by the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which removed the apportionment requirement from Congress imposing direct taxes.

References

United States law

Apportionment


Culloden Point is a small peninsula north of Montauk, New York, that marks the east entrance to Fort Pond Bay from Gardiners Bay.

HMS Culloden
During the American Revolutionary War, the British ship of the line  ran aground here early on January 24, 1781, while attempting to get from Block Island Sound  out to the open Atlantic Ocean to escape a winter gale and snowstorm with two other British warships. As recounted in Long Island and the Sea by Bill Bleyer (The History Press, 2019), the ship of the line , leading the trio, successfully turned around at midnight when her captain realized they had not cleared Montauk Point. But Captain George Balfour of Culloden continued on until 4 AM, when lookouts saw breakers ahead and tried unsuccessfully to turn the ship back into Block Island Sound. Efforts to refloat Culloden the next day were unsuccessful, so after recovering bronze cannons and other supplies and leaving old iron cannon behind, Balfour ordered the ship burned to the waterline to keep her out of Patriot hands.

The wreck was discovered in the 1970s when portions of it washed ashore (reports indicate that some of the washed-up debris had been used for beach campfires).  One of the cannons is on display at the East Hampton Marine Museum in Amagansett, New York, which has an extensive display of Culloden artifacts.

Other cannon are still on the bottom close to shore and about  below the surface.  The wreck is protected on the National Register of Historic Places and now is the first underwater park on Long Island, New York. The park is accessible on a single-lane gravel road at the west end of Soundview Drive.  Divers use a large rock with pebbles on top of it to the north of the bluff stairs as the landmark for reaching the wreck.  They follow a heading of 333 degrees.  It is about  off shore.  The debris field is marked by buoys. Usually little of the wreck is visible, typically just rust stains in the sand, but some portions of the hull sometimes can be seen after storms.

Prior to the discovery of the wreck in the 1970s, the spit was called Will's Point, possibly named after Will Indian, a herder mentioned in early East Hampton Town records.

Amistad
In 1839  anchored at Culloden Point after the surviving crew tried to convince their revolting slave captors that they had returned to Africa.  They went for provisions in the village of Montauk. The ship was seized here by .

Leisurama
In the early 1960s, about 200 Leisurama prefabricated homes designed by Andrew Geller were built at the point after being sold from a display on the ninth floor of Macy's in New York City.

External links

 East Hampton Star article on site
 Suffolk Life article on Leisurama homes
 NJscuba on dive site

Montauk, New York
Landforms of Suffolk County, New York
Peninsulas of New York (state)

Culloden Point


Xie Xuejin (; 21 May 1923 – 24 February 2017) was a Chinese geochemist who won the AAG Gold Medal in 2007. Xie was considered as the Father of Geochemical Mapping in China.

Biography
Xie was born 21 May 1923 in Beijing, with his ancestral home in Shanghai. He was the son of the geologist Xie Jiarong. From 1941 to 1945, Xie studied physics and chemistry at the College of Sciences of Zhejiang University. Xie also studied chemistry at Chongqing University.

After graduation, Xie mainly worked for the Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). He was elected as an academician of CAS in 1980. Xie also taught as a professor at Changchun Geological College (later merged into Jilin University), Jilin Province, China.

Research activities
During the 1970s and 1980s, Xie proposed and led the National geochemical mapping project and the China-Regional Geochemistry-National Reconnaissance (RGNR) Project. He also technically sponsored these programs, and initially emphasized and demonstrated by mapping the gold mines in China's territory (see also Gold mining in China).

This RGNR project lasted for at least 24 years and scanned more than six million km2 of China's mainland surface. The useful information offered from this mega program also contributed to about 80% new mineral discoveries within recent two decades in China.

In the 1990s, Xie also contributed to the international standardization for methodology of world geochemical mapping.

Xie also further developed some new approaches of searching for buried giant ore deposits. Xie also proposed several deep-penetrating geochemical techniques and methods.

Academic assignments
Xie has served many academic positions including:
 Leader, the Geochemical Exploration Research Division of the Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, CAS.
 Deputy director, the Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, CAS.
 Honorary director, the Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, CAS.
 Member of the executive committee of the IGCP Board, UNESCO.
 Associate editor and the member of the editorial board of the Journal of Geochemical Exploration
 Member of the editorial board of the Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis
 Member of the central executive committee and the chairman of the Analytical Technology Committee of the Global Geochemical Mapping Working Group, IUGS.

Honors and awards
Xie received many honors and awards both from China and international organizations, especially the prestigious AAG Gold Medal from the Association of Applied Geochemists in June, 2007 at the 23rd International Geochemical Exploration Symposium banquet in Oviedo, Spain, for "his outstanding scientific achievements in exploration geochemistry".

Monograph
 Geochemistry: Proceedings of the 30th International Geological Congress, by Xie Xuejing (Editor); Page: 288; Publisher: Brill Academic Publishers (1 October 1997); Language: English; , .

References

External links
 The Ho Leung Ho Lee Foundation: Biography of XIE Xuejin
 Association of Applied Geochemists: Professor Xie Xuejing, the AAG Gold Medal awardee  (Including photos)
 News from China - International Seminar on Regional Exploration Geochemistry
 AAG Gold Medal 2007  (Including photo)

1923 births
2017 deaths
Academic staff of Jilin University
Chemists from Beijing
Chinese geochemists
Chongqing University alumni
Educators from Beijing
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Zhejiang University alumni
20th-century Chinese chemists

Xie Xuejin


Andros (, ) is the northernmost island of the Greek Cyclades archipelago, about  southeast of Euboea, and about  north of Tinos. It is nearly  long, and its greatest breadth is . It is for the most part mountainous, with many fruitful and well-watered valleys. The municipality, which includes the island Andros and several small, uninhabited islands, has an area of . The largest towns are Andros (town), Gavrio, Batsi, and Ormos Korthiou.

Palaeopolis, the ancient capital, was built into a steep hillside, and the breakwater of its harbor can still be seen underwater. At the village of Apoikia, there is the notable spring of Sariza, where the water flows from a sculpted stone lion's head. Andros also offers hiking options with many new paths being added each year.

Strofilas
During the Final Neolithic, Andros had a fortified village on its west coast, which archaeologists have named , after the plateau on which it was built. Final Neolithic in the Cycladic area is now dated around 4500–4000 BC. Strofilas was related to the "Attica-Kephala" culture, coinciding with the beginning of the Cycladic culture of the Bronze Age.

Strofilas is the largest organized settlement of the Neolithic Age of the Aegean in Cyclades islands. It was rather densely built, and stretches over 30 acres. The excavations were started in 1997 by a team of Greek archeologists headed by Christina Televantou.

The settlement was an important maritime centre and one of the earliest examples of fortification in Greece. Its fortifications feature a gate and bastions.

Strofilas is also notable for rock carvings on its walls, which include animals such as jackals, goats, deer, fish and dolphins, as well as a depiction of a flotilla of ships.

About 1km to the southeast along the coastline, also can be found the site of , another ancient settlement of a later Geometric period. The settlement dates back to the 10th-8th centuries BC. An impregnable wall, about 110 meters long, was constructed around it.

History

Antiquity

The island in ancient times contained an Ionian population, perhaps with an admixture of Thracian ancestry. Though it has been proposed that Andros was originally dependent on Eretria,  by the 7th century BC it had become sufficiently prosperous to send out several colonies, to Chalcidice (Acanthus, Stageira, Argilus, Sane). The ruins of Palaeopolis, the ancient capital, are on the west coast; the town possessed a famous temple, dedicated to Dionysus. In 480 BC, it supplied ships to Xerxes and was subsequently harried by the Greek fleet. Though enrolled in the Delian League, it remained disaffected towards Athens, and in 477 had to be coerced by the establishment of a cleruchy on the island; nevertheless, in 411 Andros proclaimed its freedom, and in 408 withstood an Athenian attack. As a member of the second Delian League, it was again controlled by a garrison and an archon. In the Hellenistic period, Andros was contended for as a frontier-post by the two naval powers of the Aegean Sea, Macedon and Ptolemaic Egypt. In 333, it received a Macedonian garrison from Antipater; in 308 it was freed by Ptolemy I of Egypt. In the Chremonidean War (266–263) it passed again to Macedon after a battle fought off its shores. The Ptolemaic empire was at its height, with a considerable fleet stationed at Andros.

In 200, it was captured by a combined Roman, Pergamene and Rhodian fleet, and remained a possession of the Attalid kingdom until its dissolution in 133 BC, when it was granted to Rome.

Middle Ages
During the long centuries of Byzantine rule, Andros was relatively obscure. First part of the Roman province of the Islands, it later became part of the theme (Byzantine district) of the Aegean Sea. Like other Aegean islands, it suffered Saracen raids, but during the Komnenian period the island flourished due to its silk production, exporting gossamer and velvet fabrics to Western Europe.

Andros was captured by the Fourth Crusade on its way to Constantinople in 1203. After the fall of Constantinople in 1204, the island was slated to come under control of the Republic of Venice according to the Partitio Romaniae; in 1207 it became part of the Duchy of the Archipelago under Marco I Sanudo, who in turn gave it to Marino Dandolo as a sub-fief. Probably sometime around 1239, Dandolo was expelled from the island by Geremia Ghisi, ruler of Skiathos, Skopelos, and Skyros. Dandolo died soon after and a case was brought before the Venetian courts against Ghisi by Dandolo's widow Felisa and his sister Maria Doro. Felisa was soon aided by the influential lord of Astypalaia, Jacopo Querini, who became her second husband. Although the Venetian court found in their favour in August 1243 and ordered the Ghisi brothers to give up Andros, this did not happen. The case dragged on until after Geremia's death, when Duke Angelo Sanudo took over the island. He eventually gave half of it, according to the feudal law current in Latin Greece, to Felisa. The case took on new life after Felisa died and no claimant made appearance. Duke Marco II Sanudo then reverted the entire island to the ducal domain, but just two days before the legal deadline of two years and two days had passed, Marino's grandson Nicholas Querini appeared in Naxos to claim his inheritance. The case was again brought before the courts of Venice, but Sanudo disputed the Republic's authority over his domain. The case was eventually settled through the mediation of Nicolò Giustinian, the Venetian bailo of Negroponte in 1291–93, whereby Querini renounced his claims in exchange for a cash payment of 5,000 pounds. Thus Andros remained in the hands of the Sanudo dukes, who henceforth styled themselves "Lords of the duchy of Naxos and Andros" and occasionally chose the castle of Andros as their residence. In 1292, Andros, along with other of the Cyclades, was raided by the Aragonese fleet under Roger de Lluria.

In December 1371, the island was granted as a fief to Maria Sanudo, half-sister of the last Sanudo duke, Nicholas III dalle Carceri. In 1383, Nicholas III was murdered and Francesco I Crispo became the new duke, giving Andros with Syros to his daughter and her husband, Pietro Zeno, the son of the Venetian bailo of Negroponte. Zeno was a very able diplomat, but even he found it difficult to manoeuvre among the various competing powers of the era. Unlike Syros, Paros, and other islands, which had been left destitute and almost depopulated by the Ottoman raids, Andros managed to escape relatively unscathed, but in return Zeno was forced to pay tribute and provide harbour and shelter for the Turkish ships. Nevertheless, in 1416, the island was raided and almost the entire population carried off by the Ottomans. At about the same time Albanians crossed from Euboea over into the island, settling in its northern part.

In 1431, when the Venetians ravaged the Genoese colony of Chios, the Genoese seized Andros and Naxos, both under Venetian protection, in retaliation, and only adroit diplomacy by the dukes of the Archipelago managed to prevent the islands' outright annexation by Genoa. In 1427, Pietro Zeno died, and was succeeded by his son Andrea, who was of poor health and only had a daughter. In 1437, Andrea too died, and the island was seized by Andrea's uncles, who aimed to wed Andrea's daughter to their son when she came of age, and thus legalize their control of Andros. Venice quickly reacted and took over the island, installing a governor there while her courts heard the cases of all the claimants. One of them was Maria Sanudo's son Crusino I Sommaripa, Lord of Paros and Triarch of Negroponte. Like his mother, he never abandoned his claims on the island, and eventually was vindicated by the Venetian courts. After compensating the Zeno family, he took possession of the island in 1440.

Andros suffered once again heavily from Turkish attacks during the Ottoman–Venetian War of 1463–1479. In 1468 four ships attacked the island, killing baron Giovanni Sommaripa and carrying off numerous prisoners and booty worth 15,000 ducats. Two years later the Ottomans raided the island again, carrying off so many of its population that the island was left with 2,000 inhabitants. Despite these disasters, the two Sommaripa possessions of Andros and Paros remained the most prosperous islands in the Cyclades in the period, and the Sommaripa rulers of Andros acted independently of their theoretical suzerain at Naxos, even to the point of claiming the title of duke for themselves. By the 1500s, however, the two Sommaripa branches of Andros and Paros were at war with each other, as a result of which many Andrians were carried off to Paros. In addition, the Andrians suffered from the cruelty of their own "duke", Francesco, to the point that they sent an embassy to Venice threatening to call in the Turks if nothing was done. The Venetians responded by removing Francesco to Venice in 1507, and installing a governor of their own for the next seven years.

In the event, Sommaripa rule was restored when Venice recognized Alberto Sommaripa as the rightful heir. The island was seized by the Ottoman admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa in 1537, but Crusino III Sommaripa managed to regain it through the intercession of the French ambassador, in exchange for an annual tribute of 35,000 akçes to the Ottoman governor at Negroponte.

Ottoman period
When the Ottomans annexed Naxos in 1566, at the behest of the local Greeks, the Andrians too decided to rise up against their ruler, Gianfrancesco Sommaripa. Although the latter managed to escape with his life, Andros too now came under Ottoman control. For the next thirteen years, the entirety of the former Duchy of the Archipelago was granted to the Sultan's favourite, Joseph Nasi, who ruled the islands via representatives and was mostly concerned with using them as a source of wealth. Upon Nasi's death, the Greeks of Andros and Naxos requested from the Sultan that the descendants of their old dynasties be restored as Turkish vassals, but in the end, the islands were directly annexed as a province; in 1580, however, the Cyclades were granted a charter of privileges that granted them considerable local autonomy, low taxes and religious freedom, a situation that remained throughout the period of Ottoman rule. In the early 1770s, during the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–74, the island was occupied by the Russians and used as a base for their operations in the Aegean.

Modern period
On May 10, 1821, Theophilos Kairis, one of the leading Greek intellectuals, declared the island's participation in the Greek War of Independence by raising the Greek flag at the Church of St George. At this time, a famous heartfelt speech, or "ritoras" (ρήτορας), inspired shipowners and merchants to contribute funds to build a Greek Navy to combat the Ottomans. At the end of the war, the island became part of the independent Kingdom of Greece.

Following Independence, Andros became a major centre of Greek shipping. In this it was helped by the arrival of refugees from Psara, and the decline of other traditional shipping centres such as Galaxeidi and Hydra Island. Andrian merchants were particularly active in the grain trade from central and eastern Europe conducted from the Danube estuary. Initially locally constructed, Andrian ships were later built at Syros, especially as shipping began the transit to steam. By 1914, Andrian-registered shipping was second in Greece in terms of capacity. After World War I, the local registered ships rose from 25 (1921) to 80 before World War II. The losses suffered during the latter, as well as the internationalization of shipping and emigration of the ship-owning families to Piraeus and London, signalled the end of Andrian shipping.

Administration
Andros is a separate regional unit of the South Aegean region, and the only municipality of the regional unit. As part of the 2011 Kallikratis government reform, the regional unit Andros was created out of part of the former Cyclades Prefecture. At the same reform, the current municipality Andros was created out of the 3 former municipalities:

Andros (town)
Korthio
Ydrousa

Province

The province of Andros () was one of the provinces of the Cyclades Prefecture. Its territory corresponded with that of the current regional unit Andros. It was abolished in 2006.

Population
In 1900, Andros, the capital, had about 2,000 inhabitants, and the island as a whole had a population of about 18,000. The 1991 census showed that number had dropped to 8,781. According to the 2011 Greek census, the town of Andros still numbered 1,665 inhabitants, and the island's total was 9,221. The island is composed of the municipal units of Andros (town) (pop. 3,901), Korthio (pop. 1,948), and Ydrousa (pop. 3,372). The north of Andros has a small Arvanite community. The name of the island in Arvanitika is Ε̰νdρα, Ëndra.

Communities and settlements

Aladinon
Apoikia
Ammolochos
Andros (Chora)
Ano Aprovato
Ano Gavrio
Arnas
Batsi
Epano Fellos
Gavrio
Gides
Kalyvari
Kaparia
Katakilo
Kipri
Kochylos
Lamira
Livadia
Makrotantalo
Mermingies
Mesaria
Ormos Korthiou
Palaiokastro
Palaiopolis
Piso Meria
Pitrofos
Sineti
Stenies
Varidio
Vitalio
Vouni
Vourkoti
Ypsilou
Zaganiaris
Strapouries

Cinema
Girls in the Sun
Little England

Notable people

Amphis (4th century BC), comic poet
Matthew (fl.17461766), Patriarch of Alexandria
Theophilos Kairis (1784–1853), scholar, teacher, priest and revolutionary
Alexander Pantages (1875–1936), American vaudeville magnate
Yiannis Tridimas (born 1945), established UK long-distance runner
Nikitas Kaklamanis (1946–present), doctor and politician, mayor of Athens

Gallery

Notes

References
 "Large Bronze Age Town Unearthed On Andros." New York, N.Y.:Hellenic Times. Sep 2- 30, 2005. Vol. XXXII, Iss. 11; pg. 2. ISSN 1059-2121 (link)

Attribution:

External links

Official website of Municipality of Ándros
Official website of Municipality of Korthío
Andros365 e-mag of Andros Island
Richard Stillwell, ed. Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976:  "Andros, one of the Cyclades, Greece"
Latest News

Municipalities of the South Aegean
Provinces of Greece
Members of the Delian League
Populated places in Andros

Andros


The Spanish Colonial Revival Style () is an architectural stylistic movement arising in the early 20th century based on the Spanish Colonial architecture of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.

In the United States, the Panama-California Exposition of 1915 in San Diego, highlighting the work of architect Bertram Goodhue, is credited with giving the style national exposure. Embraced principally in California and Florida, the Spanish Colonial Revival movement enjoyed its greatest popularity between 1915 and 1931.

In Mexico, the Spanish Colonial Revival in architecture was tied to the nationalist movement in arts encouraged by the post-Mexican Revolution government. The Mexican style was primarily influenced by the Baroque architecture of central New Spain, in contrast to the U.S. style which was primarily influenced by the northern missions of New Spain. Subsequently, the U.S. interpretation saw popularity in Mexico and was locally termed colonial californiano.

Tract home design in Southern California and Florida largely descends from the early movement. The iconic terracotta shingles and stucco walls have been standard design of new construction in these regions from the 1970s to present.

Development of style

Mediterranean Revival

The antecedents of the Spanish Colonial Revival Style in the United States can be traced to the Mediterranean Revival architectural style. For St. Augustine, Florida (a former Spanish colony), three northeastern architects, New Yorkers John Carrère and Thomas Hastings of Carrère and Hastings and Bostonian Franklin W. Smith, designed grand, elaborately detailed hotels in the Mediterranean Revival and Spanish Revival styles in the 1880s. With the advent of the Ponce de Leon Hotel (Carrère and Hastings, 1882), the Alcazar Hotel (Carrère and Hastings, 1887) and the Casa Monica Hotel (later Hotel Cordova) (Franklin W. Smith, 1888) thousands of winter visitors to 'the Sunshine State' began to experience the charm and romance of Spanish influenced architecture. These three hotels were influenced not only by the centuries-old buildings remaining from the Spanish rule in St. Augustine but also by The Old City House, constructed in 1873 and still standing, an excellent example of early Spanish Colonial Revival architecture.

Mission Revival

The possibilities of the Spanish Colonial Revival Style were brought to the attention of architects attending late 19th and early 20th centuries international expositions. For example, California's Mission Revival style Pavilion in white stucco at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago, and the Mission Inn, along with the Electric Tower of the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo in 1900 introduced the potential of Spanish Colonial Revival. They also integrated porticoes, pediments and colonnades influenced by Beaux Arts classicism as well.

Florida

By the early years of the 1910s, architects in Florida had begun to work in a Spanish Colonial Revival style. Frederick H. Trimble's Farmer's Bank in Vero Beach, completed in 1914, is a fully mature early example of the style. The city of St. Cloud, Florida, espoused the style both for homes and commercial structures and has a fine collection of subtle stucco buildings reminiscent of colonial Mexico. Many of these were designed by architectural partners Ida Annah Ryan and Isabel Roberts. Another significant example of the emerging popularity of Spanish Colonial Revival can be seen in the architecture of south Florida's Coral Gables, a planned city established in the 1920s that prominently incorporates the style.

California

The major location of design and construction in the Spanish Colonial Revival style was California, especially in the coastal cities. In 1915 the San Diego Panama-California Exposition, with architects Bertram Goodhue and Carleton Winslow Sr., popularized the style in the state and nation. It is best exemplified in the California Quadrangle, built as the grand entrance to that Exposition. In the early 1920s, architect Lilian Jeannette Rice designed the style in the development of the town of Rancho Santa Fe in San Diego County.

The city of Santa Barbara adopted the style to give it a unified Spanish character after widespread destruction in the 1925 Santa Barbara earthquake. The County Courthouse designed by William Mooser III and the Arlington Theatre designed by Edwards and Plunkett are prime examples. George Washington Smith designed many residences in Santa Barbara including Casa del Herrero and Jackling House, along with businesses Lobero Theatre and the Santa Barbara News-Press.

Real estate developer Ole Hanson favored the Spanish Colonial Revival style in his founding and development of San Clemente, California in 1928. The Pasadena City Hall by John Bakewell, Jr. and Arthur Brown, Jr. , the Sonoma City Hall, and the Beverly Hills City Hall by Harry G. Koerner and William J. Gage are other notable civic examples in California. Between 1922 and 1931, architect Robert H. Spurgeon constructed 32 Spanish colonial revival houses in Riverside and many of them have been preserved.

Mexico

 The Spanish Colonial Revival of Mexico has a distinct origin from the style developed in the United States. Following the Mexican Revolution, there was a wave of nationalism that emphasized national culture, including in architecture. The neocolonial style arose as a response to European eclecticism (favored during the Porfiriato). The 1915 book La patria y la arquitectura nacional by architect Federico E. Mariscal (es) was influential in advocating viceregal architecture as integral to national identity. During the government of President Venustiano Carranza (serving 1917 to 1920), tax exemptions were offered to those that built houses in a colonial style. In the early 1920s there was a surge of houses built with Plateresque elements; such as grotesques, pinnacles and mixtilinear arches (es).

Secretary of Education José Vasconcelos (who shaped the cultural philosophy of the post-Revolution government) was an active promoter of neocolonial architecture.  Traditional materials such as tezontle, cantera and Talavera tiles were incorporated into neocolonial buildings.

The colonial-era National Palace was significantly altered between 1926 and 1929: the addition of a third floor and changes to the facade. The modifications were done in a manner corresponding to the original style. Similarly, the colonial Mexico City government building was remodeled in the 1920s and a neocolonial companion building was built in the 1940s.

Colonial californiano
The style, as developed in the United States, came full circle to its geographic point of inspiration as in the late 1930s, single-family houses were built in Mexico City's then-new upscale neighborhoods in what is known in Mexico as colonial californiano (Californian Colonial). That is, a Mexican reinterpretation of the California interpretation of Spanish Colonial Revival. Many houses of this style can still be seen in the Colonia Nápoles, Condesa, Polanco and Lomas de Chapultepec areas of Mexico City. The Pasaje Polanco shopping court is an example of the style's application in commercial architecture.

Australia
Influential Australian architects such as Emil Sodersten and Professor Leslie Wilkinson brought back styles from Italy and Spain in the early 20th century convinced that Mediterranean styles would be well-suited for the Australian climate and lifestyle. Mediterranean style became popular in places like Sydney suburbs Manly and Bondi in the 1920s and 1930s. One variant, known as Spanish Mission or Hollywood Spanish, became popular as Australians saw films of and read in magazines about the glamorous mansions in that style that Hollywood movie stars had. Spanish mission houses began to appear in the wealthier suburbs, the most famous being Boomerang, at Elizabeth Bay. The Plaza Theatre in Sydney is a celebrated cinema in the style.

China
In the 1930s, numerous houses in Spanish Revival style were built in Shanghai, particularly in the former French Concession. Although Shanghai was not culturally linked to the Spanish-speaking world, these buildings were probably inspired by Hollywood movies, which were highly influential in the city at the time. Local architectural magazines of the period like The Chinese Architect and The Builder regularly printed detailed examples of the style for local builders to copy and implement.

Spanish East Indies

After being conquered and ruled for the Spanish crown, and for the most part being administered as a territory under the jurisdiction of the kingdom of New Spain (Mexico), the Philippines and Mariana islands received Iberian and Latin-American influences in its architecture. By the time the United States occupied the Philippines, the Mission-style and Spanish Colonial Revival architecture also arrived, with inspirations from California. American architects further developed this style in the Philippines, modernizing the buildings with American amenities.

The best example of the Spanish Colonial Revival architecture and California mission style is the famed Manila Hotel designed by William E. Parsons and built in 1909. Other examples exist throughout the country such as Gota de Leche, Paco Market, and thousands more, especially in the churches and cathedrals throughout the country.

Design elements

Spanish Colonial Revival architecture shares some elements with the earlier Mission Revival style derived from the architecture of the California missions, and Pueblo Revival style from the traditional Puebloan peoples in New Mexico. Both precedents were popularized in the Western United States by the Fred Harvey and his Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Depots and Hotels. The Spanish Colonial Revival style is also influenced by the American Craftsman style and Arts and Crafts Movement.

Spanish Colonial Revival architecture is characterized by a combination of detail from several eras of Spanish Baroque, Spanish Colonial, Moorish Revival and Mexican Churrigueresque architecture. The style is marked by the prodigious use of smooth plaster (stucco) wall and chimney finishes, low-pitched clay tile, shed, or flat roofs, and terracotta or cast concrete ornaments. Other characteristics typically include small porches or balconies, Roman or semi-circular arcades and fenestration, wood casement or tall, double–hung windows, canvas awnings, and decorative iron trim.

Structural form:
 Rectangular, courtyard, or L-plan.
 Horizontal massing.
 Predominantly one-story.
 Interior or exterior courtyards.
 Asymmetrical shape with cross-gables and side wings.

Notable architects
One of the most accomplished architects of the style was George Washington Smith who practiced during the 1920s in Santa Barbara, California. His own residences El Hogar (1916, a.k.a. Casa Dracaena) and Casa del Greco (1920) brought him commissions from local society in Montecito and Santa Barbara. An example landmark house he designed is the Steedman estate Casa del Herrero in Montecito, now a registered National Historic Landmark and restored historic house—landscape museum. Other examples are the Jackling House and Lobero Theatre also in California.

In California

Bertram Goodhue and Carleton Winslow initiated the style as the dominant historical regional style in California; they also influenced Hawaiian architecture in the 1920s. Notable in Californian architecture were the following architects:
 John Byers, AIA
 Birge Clark, FAIA
 Edwards and Plunkett
 Elmer Grey, AIA
 Sumner P. Hunt, AIA
 Reginald Johnson, FAIA
 William Templeton Johnson, FAIA
 Julia Morgan, AIA (AIA Gold Medalist)
 Wallace Neff, FAIA
 Lionel Pries
 Richard Requa
 Lilian Jeannette Rice, AIA
 Lutah Maria Riggs, FAIA
 Clarence J. Smale
 George Washington Smith
 Robert H. Spurgeon Jr.
 Paul Revere Williams, FAIA (AIA Gold Medalist)
Currently:
 Kevin A. Clark
 Marc Appleton, AIA
 Michael Burch, FAIA
 Thomas Bollay, AIA

In Florida
In Florida notable architects include:
 John Elliot
 Maurice Fatio, AIA
 Harry Griffin, AIA
 Richard Kiehnel, AIA of Kiehnel and Elliott
 Addison Mizner
 Wallace Neff, FAIA
 Albert Pierce
 James Gamble Rogers II, FAIA
 Robert Weed, FAIA
 Marion Wyeth, FAIA

In Hawaii
 Louis Davis
 G. Robert Miller, AIA
 Bertram Goodhue FAIA's junior partner, Hardie Phillip, FAIA

List of example structures

 California Quadrangle and El Prado, Balboa Park, San Diego, California: by Bertram Goodhue, for the Panama–California Exposition (1915-15).
 Casa del Herrero, Montecito, California, architects George Washington Smith and Lutah Maria Riggs, 1926.
 The Main Quad and many buildings in the campus of Stanford University, designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, 1886–1891.
 "Casa Dracaena" (a.k.a. El Hogar or Heberton House), George Washington Smith residence #1, 1916.
 Glendale Southern Pacific Railroad Depot, by Maurice Couchot & Kenneth MacDonald, Jr. in Glendale, California, opened 1923.
 Santa Barbara County Courthouse, by William Mooser III, in Santa Barbara, California, completed 1929.
 George Fearn House in Mobile, Alabama, completed 1904.
 Farmer's Bank in Vero Beach, Florida, completed in 1914.
 Adamson House, "Taj Mahal of Tile" by Stiles O. Clements, in Malibu, California, completed 1930.
 Alice Lynch Residence in Los Angeles, California, completed in 1922
 Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego, California, 1917–1930
 Naval Training Center, San Diego, California, completed 1923 (Buildings 1–26, and Officer's Quarters "A"-"D"). Other phases completed 1936 (Barracks 27–30, Camp Lawrence), and 1942 (Camp Luce).
 Quapaw Baths building in Bathhouse Row, Hot Springs, Arkansas, completed in 1922.
 "Casa de las Campañas" in Hancock Park district, Los Angeles, California, completed in 1928.
 C.E. Toberman Estate, by Russell & Alspagh, in Hollywood, California, completed 1924.
 Frank H. Upham House in Altadena, California, completed 1928.
 Azalea Court Apartments in Mobile, Alabama, completed in 1928.
 "La Casa Nueva", Workman and Temple Family Estate, in City of Industry, California, completed 1927.
 Castillo Serrallés in Ponce, Puerto Rico, completed in the 1930s.
 William S. Hart "La Loma de los Vientos" Ranch, arch. Arthur R. Kelly, Newhall, California, completed in the early 1920s.
 Gaylord Suites in San Francisco, California, completed in 1928.
 Randolph Air Force Base (various structures) near San Antonio, Texas, designed in 1929.
 Hollywood, Homewood, Alabama, a 1926 residential development in Homewood, Alabama.
 El Capitan Theatre, Hollywood, built in 1928.
 "Death Valley Ranch", "Scotty's Castle", a landmark in Death Valley National Park, which was begun in 1922 and had construction on the original design continue sporadically as late as 1943.
 Scripps College, by Gordon Kaufmann and Sumner Hunt, in Claremont, California, women's college and campus established in 1926 by Ellen Browning Scripps.
 Hamilton Air Force Base, in San Francisco Bay Area near Novato, California, completed in 1934.
 Pima County Courthouse in Tucson, Arizona, designed by Roy Place.
 Benedictine Monastery in Tucson, Arizona, also designed by Roy Place. http://www.tucsonmonastery.com/
 Louis P. and Clara K. Best Residence and Auto House, Clausen & Clausen, Davenport, Iowa, constructed in 1909.
 Pasadena City Hall, by Bakewell and Brown, in Pasadena, California, completed 1927.
 Hortonville Community Hall, by Robert Messmer, in Hortonville, Wisconsin, built in 1912.
 Thomas Jefferson Hotel in Birmingham, Alabama, opened in 1929.
 Adler Hotel in Sharon Springs, New York, built in 1928.
 El Reno Municipal Swimming Pool Bath House in El Reno, Oklahoma, completed in 1935.
 Plaza del Lago in Wilmette, Illinois, completed in 1928 by Henry Gage
 Camarillo State Hospital in Camarillo, California, first phase completed in 1936 by State Architect Howard Spencer Hazen, built to completion in 1957. With the hospital's closure in 1997, the site has been redeveloped into California State University Channel Islands (opened in 2002), with all the new college buildings retaining the Spanish Colonial Revival architecture and Mission Revival architecture, except the John Spoor Broome Library--the only modern-style building on campus.
 Antiga Estação Transmissora da Rádio Farroupilha (former Farroupilha Radio Broadcast Station), an example from Porto Alegre, city in far southern Brazil, opened in 1952, closed in 1986.

Gallery

See also
 Mediterranean Revival Style architecture
 Mission Revival Style architecture
 Mar del Plata style - eclectic vernacular architecture from Argentina featuring some Spanish Colonial characteristics
 Revivalism (architecture)
 Ibero-American Exposition of 1929 - several pavilions erected for this event fall under the style
 Category: Spanish Revival architecture
 Spanish Revival architects
 Spanish Colonial Revival architects
 Spanish Colonial Revival architecture in California

References
Notes

Further reading
 Gauvin Alexander Bailey, Art of Colonial Latin America. London: Phaidon Press, 2005.
 Newcomb, Rexford, Mediterranean Domestic Architecture in the United States. Marc Appleton, intro. New York: Acanthus Press, 2000.

 Nolan, David, The Houses of St. Augustine. Sarasota, Pineapple Press, 1995.
 Nylander, Justin A., Casas to Castles: Florida's Historic Mediterranean Revival Architecture. Schiffer, 2010.
 Mockler, Kim. Maurice Fatio: Palm Beach Architect. New York: Acanthus Press, 2010.

External links

 Colonial Architecture Project with 7,000 pictures of colonial buildings, most of them Spanish

American architectural styles
House styles
Revival architectural styles

20th-century architectural styles
Addison Mizner

Spanish Colonial Revival architecture


Incest: From a Journal of Love: The Unexpurgated Diary of Anaïs Nin (1932–1934) is a 1992 non-fiction book by Anaïs Nin.  It is a continuation of the diary entries first published in Henry and June: From the Unexpurgated Diary of Anaïs Nin.  It features Nin's relationships with writer Henry Miller, his wife June Miller, the psychoanalyst Otto Rank, her father Joaquín Nin, and her husband Hugh Parker Guiler.  She also copied some of her correspondence with these people into her diary.  Much of this book was written in English, although those of her letters which were originally written in French and Spanish were translated.  Most of this diary takes place in France, particularly Clichy, Paris and Louveciennes.

This book is followed by Fire: From a Journal of Love: The Unexpurgated Diary of Anaïs Nin, 1934–1937.

Plot summary

The book covers the conclusion of her and Henry's relationship with June, as well as her relationships with her analysts.  Among other events, she re-establishes contact and begins a sexual relationship with her absent father Joaquín Nin, becomes pregnant with Miller's child and eventually has an abortion in her sixth month of pregnancy.  She examines all of these events with a sharp eye through the filters of psychoanalysis, and herself becomes an experiment for psychoanalysis by symbolically appointing her husband Hugh Guiler as her father, Henry Miller as her husband, and her father as her lover.

Influences
Nin was in the midst of the surrealism movement, the psychoanalysis movement, and the expatriate community in Paris, and these intellectual influences upon her are evident in her diary entries.  As well as providing a personal record of events, her diaries also chronicle the writing of various works including the novella Djuna from Winter of Artifice and Alraune which was later titled House of Incest. She edited Henry Miller's famous novel Tropic of Cancer, over which she wielded considerable influence.

Editions
Anaïs Nin first began publishing expurgated versions of The Diary of Anaïs Nin in 1966, omitting many details of her personal and love life.  In 1986, after virtually everybody mentioned in her diaries had died, Rupert Pole, Nin's widower, began to publish what are now termed the "unexpurgated" versions of the diary.  The "unexpurgated" versions of the diaries are more sexually frank than the versions published in the 1960s and 1970s, and provide a fuller picture of her life.  The new material casts her incestuous relationship with her father and her relationship with Henry Miller in new light.

References

1992 non-fiction books
Literary autobiographies
Diaries of Anaïs Nin

Incest: From a Journal of Love


Duke John Frederick of Saxe-Weimar (19 September 1600 in Altenburg – 17 October 1628 in Weimar) was a Duke of Saxe-Weimar.

Life
John Frederick was a son of Duke John II of Saxe-Weimar and his wife Dorothea Maria of Anhalt.   His brothers were the Dukes John Ernest I "the Younger" of Saxe-Weimar,  Frederick of Saxe-Weimar, William IV of Saxe-Weimar, Albert IV of Saxe-Eisenach, Ernest I of Saxe-Gotha and Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar.

John Frederick enjoyed a comprehensive education from Chamberlain Kaspar von Teutleben and Councillor Friedrich Hortleder.  He did not follow his brothers to University.  He did, however, accompany his brother Albert IV of Saxe-Eisenach in 1619 on his Grand Tour through France and Switzerland.  They were accompanied by Hofmeister Hans Bernd von Botzheim and Councillor Tobias Adami.

John Frederick, like his brother Albert, was made a member of the Fruitbearing Society by Prince Louis I of Anhalt-Köthen, before the start of their Grand Tour.  Louis gave John Frederick the nickname  ("the Inflamed") and the motto  ("spoil and receive").  His emblem was "stubbles in the field, set on fire, half burned".  He was member number 18.

In 1622, John Frederick and his brother Bernhard fought in the Battle of Wimpfen on the side of Baden.  Three years later, his brother John Ernest the Younger promoted him to Colonel.  Later that year, a power struggle between the brothers escalated for political reasons.  It ended when John Frederick was arrested.  He was later released.  However, in 1627 he attempted to join the army of Tilly.  He was caught, and again imprisoned by his brothers.

John Frederick was very interested in Alchemy all his life.  On 16 October 1628, while still in prison, he confessed, in writing, to a pact with the devil.  The next day, he was found dead in his cell.  Speculations ranged from suicide to murder; neither was ever conclusively proven.  A witch trial against him was never started.

References
 Ronald Füssel: Die Hexenverfolgungen im Thüringer Raum = Veröffentlichungen des Arbeitskreises für historische Hexen- und Kriminalitätsforschung in Norddeutschland, vol. 2, DOBU, Hamburg, 2003, p. 92 and p. 247 ff

House of Wettin
Dukes of Saxe-Weimar
1600 births
1628 deaths
17th-century German people
People accused of witchcraft
Witchcraft in Germany
Sons of monarchs

John Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Weimar


One Night Only is a live album by rock band Thin Lizzy, released in 2000. Thin Lizzy had reformed in 1994 for a series of gigs marking ten years since the band split in 1984. Latter-day Lizzy guitarist John Sykes now took the lead vocal while Marco Mendoza was recruited on bass. The venture was popular enough to be repeated but by the time this album came out, original drummer Brian Downey had decided the affair was too disorganised  and retired from the group leaving none of the original trio remaining. Keyboardist Darren Wharton also quit around the time of this album's release. The band, led by Sykes and Scott Gorham, subsequently continued performing with various lineups. This album features ex-Ozzy, Whitesnake, and Black Oak Arkansas drummer Tommy Aldridge.

Track listing
"Jailbreak" (Phil Lynott) – 4:41
"Waiting for an Alibi" (Lynott) – 3:42
"Don't Believe a Word" (Lynott) – 2:38
"Cold Sweat" (Lynott, John Sykes) – 3:30
"The Sun Goes Down" (Lynott, Darren Wharton) – 7:40
"Are You Ready" (Brian Downey, Scott Gorham, Lynott, Brian Robertson) – 3:06
"Bad Reputation" (Downey, Gorham, Lynott) – 3:46
"Suicide" (Lynott) – 5:54
"Still in Love with You" (Lynott) – 8:44
"Cowboy Song" (Downey, Lynott) – 5:43
"The Boys Are Back in Town" (Lynott) – 5:11
"Rosalie" (Bob Seger) – 8:36
"Black Rose" (Lynott, Gary Moore) – 7:41

Personnel
Thin Lizzy
John Sykes – lead vocals, guitar, producer
Scott Gorham – guitar, vocals, producer
Marco Mendoza – bass guitar, vocals
Darren Wharton – keyboards, vocals
Tommy Aldridge – drums

Production
Nick Els - engineer, mixing at The Bunker, Los Angeles

References

Albums produced by John Sykes
2000 live albums
Thin Lizzy live albums
CMC International live albums

One Night Only (Thin Lizzy album)


Javan () was the fourth son of Noah's son Japheth according to the "Generations of Noah" (Book of Genesis, chapter 10) in the Hebrew Bible. Josephus states the traditional belief that this individual was the ancestor of the Greeks.

Also serving as the Hebrew name for Greece or Greeks in general, יָוָן Yavan or Yāwān has long been considered cognate with the name of the eastern Greeks, the Ionians (Greek Ἴωνες Iōnes, Homeric Greek Ἰάονες Iáones; Mycenaean Greek *Ιαϝονες Iawones). Giving that all Torah scrolls are strictly unpunctuated reading the word יון can give Yon, given as the letter Vaw may just as equally function as consonant (read "v") or vowel (read "o" or "ʊ"). The Greek race has been known by cognate names throughout the Eastern Mediterranean, Near East and beyond: see Sanskrit Yona & Sanskrit ( yavana) or the proto-Aryan languages from which Sanskrit probably originated. In Greek mythology, the eponymous forefather of the Ionians is similarly called Ion, a son of Apollo. The opinion that Javan is synonymous with Greek Ion and thus fathered the Ionians is common to numerous writers of the early modern period including Sir Walter Raleigh, Samuel Bochart, John Mill and Jonathan Edwards, and is still frequently encountered today.

Javan is also found in apocalyptic literature in the Book of Daniel, 8:21-22 and 11:2, in reference to the King of Greece (יון)—most commonly interpreted as a reference to Alexander the Great.

While Javan is generally associated with the ancient Greeks and Greece (cf. Gen. 10:2, Dan. 8:21, Zech. 9:13, etc.), his sons (as listed in Genesis 10) have usually been associated with locations in the Northeastern Mediterranean Sea and Anatolia: Elishah Magna Graecia, Tarshish (Tarsus in Cilicia, but after 1646 often identified with Tartessus in Spain), Kittim (modern Cyprus), and Dodanim (alt. 1 Chron. 1:7 'Rodanim,' the island of Rhodes, west of modern Turkey between Cyprus and the mainland of Greece).

References

External links

Old Testament Genealogy

Book of Genesis people
Hebrew Bible nations
Japheth
Ancient Jewish Greek history
Noach (parashah)
Ionians

Javan


DePauw University ( ) is a private liberal arts college in Greencastle, Indiana.  It was founded in 1837 as Indiana Asbury University and changed its name to DePauw University in 1884. DePauw is a member of both the Great Lakes Colleges Association and the North Coast Athletic Conference.

In 2022, DePauw had an enrollment of 1754 students from 39 states and 39 countries. Its residential campus is located 45 miles west of Indianapolis and is spread across 175 acres and 36 buildings, with an additional 520-acre DePauw Nature Park.

All students earn a grounding in the liberal arts and sciences and have a range of global and experiential learning opportunities at DePauw.

DePauw has a Methodist heritage and was founded to be an ecumenical institution of national stature, "conducted on the most liberal principles, accessible to all religious denominations and designed for the benefit of our citizens in general."

The school inaugurated Lori S. White as its 21st president in July 2020.

DePauw has a strong alumni network and a notable list of alumni including pioneering chemist Percy Lavon Julian, Angi Inc. founder Angie Hicks, astronaut Joseph P. Allen, Nobel laureate Ferid Murad, newspaper publisher Eugene C. Pulliam, director Chinonye Chukwu, best-selling author Barbara Kingsolver, Pulitzer recipient James B. Stewart, ESPN founder Bill Rasmussen, U.S. Vice President Dan Quayle, and 9/11 Commission Vice Chairman Lee Hamilton. The Society of Professional Journalists was founded at DePauw.

History

Indiana Asbury University was founded in 1837 in Greencastle, Indiana, and was named after Francis Asbury, the first American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The people of Greencastle raised $25,000 to entice the Methodists to establish the college in Greencastle, which was little more than a village at the time. It was originally established as an all-men's school but began admitting women in 1867.

In 1884 Indiana Asbury University changed its name to DePauw University in honor of Washington C. DePauw, who made a sequence of substantial donations throughout the 1870s, which culminated in his largest single donation that established the School of Music during 1884. Before his death in 1887, DePauw donated over $600,000 to Indiana Asbury, equal to around $17 million in 2021. In 2002, the school received the largest-ever gift to a liberal arts college, $128 million by the Holton family.

Sigma Delta Chi, known today as the Society of Professional Journalists, was founded at the college in 1909 by a group of student journalists, including Eugene C. Pulliam. The world's first Greek-letter sorority, Kappa Alpha Theta, was also founded at DePauw in 1870. DePauw is home to the two longest continually running fraternity chapters in the world: the Delta chapter of Beta Theta Pi and the Lambda chapter of Phi Gamma Delta.

During World War II, DePauw University was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission.

As of July 2020, Lori S. White, previously vice chancellor for student affairs at Washington University in St. Louis, is the 21st president of DePauw University. White is the first woman and African American to serve as President of DePauw University.

Academics
DePauw's liberal arts education gives students a chance to gain general knowledge outside their direct area of study by taking classes outside their degrees and engaging in Winter Term classes and trips. Its most popular majors, by 2021 graduates, were:
Econometrics and Quantitative Economics (83)
Speech Communication and Rhetoric (63)
Computer Science (35)
Biochemistry (31)
Psychology (27)
Sports, Kinesiology, and Physical Education/Fitness (23)

Admissions
DePauw's admissions are considered "more selective" by U.S. News & World Report. As of 2023, the average newly enrolled student had a 3.97 GPA, an SAT score between 1160 and 1420, and an  ACT score between 24 and 31. Besides standardized test scores, the university considers an applicant's GPA very important, and high school class rank, when available, and letters of recommendation important.

Rankings

DePauw has consistently been ranked as the #1 liberal arts college and university in the State of Indiana. In 2023, DePauw was ranked 45th among liberal arts colleges in the United States by U.S. News & World Report. DePauw is ranked #132 on Forbes magazine's 2022 rankings, which include all colleges and universities in the United States.

Academic calendar and winter term
DePauw University's schedule is divided into a 4–1–4-1 calendar: besides the 15-week Autumn and Spring Semesters, there is also a 4-week Winter Term as well as a May Term. Students take one course during these terms, which are either used as a period for students to explore a subject of interest on campus or participate in off-campus domestic or international internship programs, service trips, or international trips and field studies. One survey of DePauw students found that over 80% of DePauw graduates studied abroad.

Faculty
DePauw University has a student-faculty ratio of 9:1 and has no classes with more than 35 students.

Notable faculty members include:
Sunil Sahu, Leonard E. and Mary B. Howell Professor of Political Science and author of Technology Transfer, Dependence, and Self-Reliant Development in the Third World: The Pharmaceutical and Machine Tool Industries in India
Erik Wielenberg, professor of philosophy and author of Value and Virtue in a Godless Universe and God and the Reach of Reason: C. S. Lewis, David Hume, and Bertrand Russell
Ellen Maycock, professor emerita of mathematics, Johnson Family University Professor (2003–2007), author of Laboratory Experiences in Group Theory and Associate Executive Director of the American Mathematical Society (2005–2015)

School of Music
DePauw University has one of the oldest private institutions for post-secondary music instruction in the country. Founded in 1884, the school has about 170 students. The student-to-teacher ratio is 5:1 with an average class size of 13 students. The School of Music is housed inside the Green Center for Performing Arts (GCPA), constructed in 2007, which integrated and replaced parts of the former structure. The School of Music grants degrees in music performance, music education, and musical arts. The latter allows students to add an emphasis on the music business.

Honors and Fellows Programs
DePauw students can apply for entry to five Programs of Distinction. There are the Honor Scholars and Information Technology Associates programs as well as three fellowships in Management, Media, and Science Research.

The Honor Scholar Program is an interdisciplinary journey for talented students who want the highest level of intellectual rigor. The program includes 5 interdisciplinary seminars and an 80–120-page honor thesis in the student's senior year.

Management Fellows are the top students interested in business and economics. The program includes special seminars, speakers, and a paid, semester-long internship during the junior year. Students have interned in private, public, and non-profit sectors. Past internship sites include Bank of Montreal N.A., Chicago; Goldman, Sachs & Co., Chicago; Partners in Housing Development Corp., Indianapolis; Ernst & Young Global, New York; Cummins Inc. in India; Independent Purchasing Cooperative, Miami, Florida, and Brunswick Group, an international PR firm based in London.

Media Fellows benefit from DePauw's media tradition. In addition to interacting with leading contemporary media figures such as documentary filmmakers Ken Burns, Carl Bernstein, and Jane Pauley, who presented Ubben Lectures on campus, students have hands-on access to sophisticated media equipment.

Science Research Fellows use state-of-the-art equipment, work one-on-one with faculty members, participate in internships, make presentations at scientific meetings, publish in scientific journals and, in essence, have graduate-level science opportunities as undergraduates.

Students participating in the Information Technology Associates Program (ITAP) enjoy an opportunity to link their liberal arts education with technology know-how through on-campus apprenticeships and on- and off-campus internships.

The Environmental Fellows Program is designed to foster an interdisciplinary understanding of environmental issues.

Technology
DePauw University was rated the top liberal arts college among the "Top 50 Most Unwired College Campuses", according to a survey which evaluated all institutions of higher learning and their use of wireless technology. The survey was sponsored by Intel Corporation and was printed in the edition of October 17, 2005, of U.S. News & World Report. DePauw was also ranked the third most connected school in the United States in a 2004 Princeton Review analysis.

Media outlets on campus
The Pulliam Center for Contemporary Media houses the school's media facilities. This includes a television station, radio station, newspaper, and 2 magazines - all student-run. First published in 1852 as Asbury Notes, The DePauw is Indiana's oldest college newspaper. WGRE was ranked the #1 college radio station by Princeton Review's "America's Best Colleges" in 2010.

When school is in session, the Pulliam Center is open to students and faculty 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

Campus

DePauw University consists of 36 major buildings spread out over a  campus that includes a  nature park, and is located approximately  to the west of Indianapolis, Indiana. There are 11 residence halls, 4 theme houses, and 31 college-owned houses and apartments spread throughout the campus. The oldest building on campus, East College, was built in 1877 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. DePauw also owns McKim Observatory.

East College

A historic structure located at the center of campus,  The cornerstone for the building was laid on October 20, 1871. The building hosted commencement exercises in June 1874, and in September 1875 all college classes were moved to the building, according to the book, DePauw Through the Years. But work on East College continued until 1882 when the building's basement was completed. East College was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.

Libraries
DePauw has two libraries: Roy O. West Library (main library) and the Music Library (located in the Green Center for Performing Arts). Library holdings include approximately 350,000 books; 22,000 videos; 1,000 print periodical titles; access to over 20,000 electronic titles; 450,000 government documents; newspapers; and online databases.

Judson and Joyce Green Center for the Performing Arts

The School of Music is housed in the Judson and Joyce Green Center for the Performing Arts; the Communication and Theater Department is also located here.

 Janet Prindle Institute for Ethics
Since 2007, the Prindle Institute has served as a place for reflection, discussion, and education. Prindle sponsors events related to ethics and provides opportunities for students, faculty, and staff to engage in discussions. The institute also publishes ethics related content through The Prindle Post and the Examining Ethics podcast.

Campus life

There are more than 100 organizations on the DePauw campus that students can be involved in. DePauw students also participate in on-campus intramurals, college and student-sponsored musical and theatrical productions, and create local chapters of national organizations such as Circle K.

Many students engage in community service and other volunteer activities. Putnam County Relay For Life is organized by students and brings together the college and community.

On August 2, 2010, Princeton Review ranked DePauw as the #10 party school in the US for the 2010–2011 school year, which includes all colleges and universities.

Greek life

DePauw's Greek system began just eight years after the founding of Indiana Asbury College in 1837. Several chapters were founded in the 19th century. Women were first admitted to Indiana Asbury in 1867, and the first Greek-letter fraternity for women soon followed. Just under 70% of students at DePauw are affiliated with a Greek-letter organization. The Greek community consists of more than a dozen national social fraternities and approximately ten sororities. Some Greek-letter organizations were founded at DePauw.

In 2014, DePauw University was again ranked #1 in Greek Life by the Princeton Review. U.S. News & World Report'' ranked DePauw #3 in the nation for the highest percentage of male students belonging to fraternities and #4 in the nation for the highest percentage of female students in sororities.

Controversy

In 2006, the national organization of the Delta Zeta sorority reorganized the DePauw chapter, reducing twenty-three of its thirty-five current members (including the chapter president) to alumna status and giving them six weeks to vacate the sorority house. Of the twelve remaining members, six chose to take alumna status. The Delta Zeta national organization explained that its decisions were based on member commitment, but the evicted members said that they were forced to take alumna status because the chapter members were perceived as physically unattractive and "brainy". Subsequently, on Monday, March 12, 2007, DePauw President Robert G. Bottoms announced that the college would sever its ties with Delta Zeta's national organization, effective at the end of the 2006–2007 academic year.

Athletics

The DePauw Tigers compete in the NCAA Division III North Coast Athletic Conference (NCAC). Every year since 1890, DePauw University has competed in American football against its rival Wabash College in what has become the Monon Bell Classic. The traveling trophy, a 300-pound train bell from the Monon Railroad, made its debut in the rivalry in 1932. The DePauw-Wabash series is one of the nation's oldest college football rivalries.

In 1933, head coach Ray "Gaumey" Neal led the DePauw Tigers football team to an unbeaten, untied, and unscored opening season. The Tigers compiled a 7–0–0 record and outscored their opponents 136–0. Neal nearly duplicated this feat in 1943, but DePauw, 5–0–1, finished the season with one scoreless tie and six points allowed in a different game. The only points surrendered that season was in a 39–6 victory over Indiana State and the only non-win was a 0–0 tie against Oberlin. The Tigers outscored their opponents, 206–6.

DePauw had been a member of the Southern Collegiate Athletic Conference from 1997 to 2011 and won numerous conference championships, most notably in women's basketball, where the school is a Division III power. DePauw's program had also won the conference's overall "President's Trophy" seven times in that span, including six consecutive President's Trophies from 2005 to 2006 to 2010–11. In 2007, the Tigers defeated Washington University in St. Louis to win the Division III title in women's basketball. The women's softball team won the regional title, advancing to the Division III College World Series for the first time in school history. Most notably in 2021, the DePauw softball team finished third at the NCAA Division III Softball Championship.

Traditions

Music

The DePauw University School of Music presents regular recitals by students and faculty and concerts by visiting artists, most of which are free and open to the public.

DePauw students also organize concerts for the campus community. Performers in recent years have included Dave Matthews, Train, The Black Eyed Peas, Ben Folds, Rufus Wainwright, and Guster. Past guests have included Billy Joel, Smokey Robinson and the Miracles, The Carpenters, America, Yo-Yo Ma, and Harry Chapin.

Society of Professional Journalists
On May 6, 1909, Sigma Delta Chi was founded by a group of DePauw University student journalists. The organization officially changed its name to the Society of Professional Journalists in 1988. Today it is the nation's most broad-based journalism organization, encouraging the free practice of journalism and stimulating high standards of ethical behavior. SPJ promotes the free flow of information vital to a well-informed citizenry; works to inspire and educate the next generation of journalists; and protects First Amendment guarantees of freedom of speech and press. In 2012, SPJ returned to the DePauw campus with the assistance of Eugene S. Pulliam Distinguished Visiting Professor of Journalism Mark Tatge "

Rector Scholarships
Since 1919, the Rector Scholar Program has recognized DePauw students of exceptional scholarship and character. To be named a Rector Scholar is to join a prestigious tradition of more than 4,000 graduates strong. Rector Scholarships are offered to the top academic applicants offered admission to DePauw. A limited number of full-tuition Presidential Rector Scholarships are available.

Ubben Lecture series
Begun in 1986 and presented free of charge and open to all, Ubben Lecturers have included Malala Yousafzai, Bill Clinton, Benazir Bhutto, Margaret Thatcher, Jane Goodall, Tony Blair, TV's Jimmy Kimmel, Elie Wiesel, Colin Powell, Indianapolis Colts quarterback Andrew Luck, Spike Lee, Mikhail Gorbachev, Brad Stevens, and Condoleezza Rice have spoken. The Ubben Series has hosted 114 events in its 33-year history.

Monon Bell Classic

Voted "Indiana's Best College Sports Rivalry" by viewers of ESPN in 2005, DePauw University and Wabash College play each November—in the last regular season football game of the year for both teams—for the right to keep or reclaim the Monon Bell. The two teams first met in 1890. The game routinely sells out (up to 11,000 seats, depending upon the venue.

Boulder Run
The Boulder Run has become a tradition at DePauw University. Students, streaking from their respective residences, run to and from the Columbia Boulder, located in the center of the campus near the East College building.

Campus Golf
Campus Golf requires a golf club and a tennis ball. Players attempt to hit their tennis ball against various targets on campus within a number of strokes.

Notable alumni

References

External links

DePauw University Athletics website

Educational institutions established in 1837
Liberal arts colleges in Indiana
Education in Putnam County, Indiana
University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Buildings and structures in Putnam County, Indiana
Tourist attractions in Putnam County, Indiana
1837 establishments in Indiana
Universities and colleges affiliated with the Methodist Episcopal Church

DePauw University


Overeating (or over-eating) is eating food more than the body needs. There is a relationship between the energy that an organism uses and the amount eaten. Eating more leads to weight gaining and often obesity. It may be regarded as an eating disorder.

One consequence of overeating is weight gain, and excess weight may cause blood pressure to rise. In turn this makes illness and even death more likely.

The problem is very difficult to reverse: losing weight is often attempted, but rarely succeeds. Weight lost is usually rapidly replaced. Diets are famously unsuccessful. Obesity is the end product of overeating.

Some difficult facts are known. Poorer families tend to eat worse food than better-off families. Children learn from the experiences in their families. Once established, habits are hard to break. In 2013, several medical societies, including the American Medical Association and the American Heart Association, classified obesity as a disease.

References

Eating disorders
Lifestyles

Overeating


Cladotheria (also called Zatheria) is a clade of mammals—that means a group of mammals who all evolved from the same ancient creature. Cladotheria has marsupials, placentals, and some kinds of extinct animals like dryolestoids, amphitheriids and peramurids. This clade was named in 1975 by Malcolm McKenna. In 2002, scientists called it a node-based taxon that had "the common ancestor of dryolestids and living therians, plus all its descendants". A different definition was written in 2013. Then scientists said that Cladotheria has all groups of mammals that are more like a house mouse than they are like the animal Spalacotherium tricuspidens.

Mammals

Zatheria