is an action role-playing video game co-developed by Square Enix and Jupiter, and published by Square Enix in collaboration with Disney Interactive in 2004 for the Game Boy Advance. The game serves as an intermediary between the two larger-scale PlayStation2 games in the Kingdom Hearts series. It was one of the first GBA games to incorporate full motion video (FMV).

Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories is the second game in the Kingdom Hearts series. It is a direct sequel to Kingdom Hearts, and its ending is set about a year before Kingdom Hearts II. The game follows Sora and friends as they explore the mysterious Castle Oblivion while battling the sinister Organization XIII, a group of antagonists new to the series. The game introduces new characters and plotlines that further expand the Kingdom Hearts universe and set up the premise of Kingdom Hearts II. The game features a new card-based battle system, in a departure from its predecessor's real time combat system.

Though not as successful as the other Kingdom Hearts games, it received positive reviews and sold well. It was praised for its story, graphics, and FMVs, but the card-based battle system was criticized. When it debuted in Japan, it sold over 100,000 units in 48 hours. The game was remade for the PlayStation2 as Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories, released in Japan as a second disc packaged with Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix in March 2007. The remake was later released in North America on December 2, 2008, and was remastered in HD and included in the Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix collection released in 2013 for the PS3 and later for PS4, Xbox One, and PC.

Gameplay

Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories is a combination between a role-playing video game and collectible card game. The main role-playing aspect is an experience point system that is used to increase the character's maximum health or Card Points or to learn new skills. The cards are utilized in the progression of the story as well as in combat. The game features both a field map and battle screen. The field map is an isometric area where the player can traverse between rooms. Enemies inhabit the field map and track the player to engage in combat, which can be initiated through contact between the player and an enemy. Once combat has been engaged, the game switches to the battle screen, which utilizes a card-based battle system.

A unique aspect to this game is "room synthesis": to advance through the game, the player must utilize Map cards obtained after winning battles to synthesize rooms. The properties of each room―including quality of items and strength of enemies―are determined by the Map cards the player chooses. Each card has a specific effect: red cards affect the number and type of enemies; green cards affect the power of the player's deck; and blue cards affect the properties of the room itself, such as allowing treasure chests or a save point to appear.

The game features three modes of gameplay. The first two are story modes that feature either Sora or Riku, and the third is a two player battle mode. Initially, only Sora's story mode is available; once completed, "Reverse/Rebirth" mode becomes available. Reverse/Rebirth allows the player to play a second story mode featuring Riku and a link mode where players can battle each other via a Game Link Cable.

Combat
Combat uses a card-based battle system executed in real time. The player can jump and maneuver around the battle screen as they would on the field map, but all physical attacks, magic, items and summons are activated by playing cards. Cards are ranked from zero to nine, and are used for making attack combos or breaking enemy cards. With the exception of zero-ranked cards, which are more expensive in terms of Card Points (CP) compared to other cards of the same type and have other ranks, more CP is required to place higher-ranked cards in the player's deck. Card Points, which are increased through level up, limit the number of cards the player can use in a deck. Cards with rank "zero" can break any opposing card or combo if played after the opposing card or combo, but can be broken by any card or combo if played after the zero card is played. Breaking an opposing card will cancel that attack and stun the loser of a card break for a short time. Special enemy cards can be obtained by defeating enemies and bosses, and are used to give the player a temporary ability, ranging from enhanced offensive and defensive capabilities to modifying the attributes of certain cards.

Combining cards in sets of three will create combo attacks. These attacks are usually more difficult to break because the rank of the combo is the sum of the ranks of the three cards in the combo. Certain card combinations will create a "sleight", a special combination that will create a powerful physical attack, magical spell, or summon attack. When the player runs out of cards, the deck must be reloaded. Additionally, using a card combination will cause the first card in the combo to become unusable until the end of combat.

Sora's and Riku's stories differ gameplay-wise in several ways. In Sora's story, Sora obtains cards by defeating enemies or through Moogle Shops. In some cases, Sora must earn the specific card through a plot event before it becomes available. Sora can create and store three different decks in the pause menu. Unlike Sora, Riku has a closed deck that cannot be customized, and the cards in his deck change depending on the world he is in. Riku is limited to mainly physical attacks, enemy cards, and Mickey Mouse ally cards. He has the ability to activate "dark mode" and unlock his sleight attacks if he accumulates enough "dark points". Dark points are earned by breaking enemy cards and combos, and the difference between Riku's card or combo and the enemy's card or combo is how many dark points he will accumulate for that card break.

Plot

Setting

Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories takes place immediately after the events of the first game. It is set in Castle Oblivion, a mysterious castle kept by Lord Marluxia. Sora and his teammates are told that the castle causes visitors to lose their memories upon entering. The lobby and areas between floors are white with flower-themed decorations, but each floor can be transformed into a different world from the first Kingdom Hearts game using "world cards" created from Sora's memories. Like before, many of the worlds of Disney and Square Enix reappear.

Unlike the previous game, the worlds are created from Sora's memories. As such, many of the events experienced in Kingdom Hearts are relived in this game, Sora encounters memory-based versions of Disney characters that he has met before, except for Deep Jungle in Tarzan. The individual plotlines differ from those in the original game and revolve around the theme of memory. Just as Kingdom Hearts had several worlds created specifically for it, Chain of Memories introduces Twilight Town as a world created from memories on "the other side of [Sora's] heart", in addition to the original worlds of Kingdom Hearts.

Characters

Sora returns as the game's protagonist. Like the first game, Chain of Memories features numerous characters from both the Final Fantasy series and the Disney animated features canon. Being a direct sequel, many of the characters from the first Kingdom Hearts reappear. As each world and the related characters are recreated from Sora's memories, they interact with Sora as if they had never met before. The game also introduces several new characters, several of which are members of the enigmatic Organization. Other new characters include Naminé, a young girl capable of manipulating memories, and DiZ, a mysterious man concealed by red robes and bandages. Riku appears as a playable character in the second story mode. After being sealed in the realm of darkness, he heads to the basement of Castle Oblivion, aided by King Mickey Mouse and DiZ.

Six members of the Organization serve as antagonists; four appear in Sora's story mode, and the other two in Riku's. The four Sora encounters are Marluxia, the lord of Castle Oblivion; Larxene, Marluxia's assistant; Axel, a double agent with hidden loyalty; and Vexen, Marluxia's unwilling collaborator. Riku battles Zexion and Lexaeus, Vexen's allies. Ansem also appears in Riku's story as an entity that attempts to control him. Many of the Disney villains return via memory-based recreations, like the rest of the Disney characters.

Story
As Sora, Donald, Goofy, and Jiminy Cricket are searching for Riku and King Mickey, a man dressed in a black, hooded coat appears and directs Sora towards a massive fortress called Castle Oblivion. Upon entering, he and his friends realize they have forgotten their abilities. The hooded man explains that as they go deeper into the castle, they will lose more memories, but will uncover new memories in the process. He creates a deck of cards made from Sora's and his friends' memories, and tells them that everything they encounter in this castle will be based on their memories.

Sora ascends the castle, and along the way faces off against other hooded figures who are part of a group called "the Organization". As Sora loses his memories, he gradually appears to remember a girl named Naminé as an old friend of his, and learns from Organization member Larxene that she is being held prisoner in the castle. He also clashes with a replica of Riku created and controlled by another Organization member, Vexen, and is believed by both Sora and the replica himself to be the real Riku. Axel, an Organization double agent, kills Vexen for his "betrayal" to the Organization, but later releases Naminé and allows her to meet Sora in person. Sora discovers that Naminé was the one manipulating his memories, having been forced to do so by Marluxia. Marluxia is the lord of Castle Oblivion and the figure who lured Sora there as part of his and Larxene's plan to overthrow the Organization. Marluxia was also responsible for Vexen's death, as he ordered Axel to kill him for disobeying Marluxia. Sora climbs to the highest floor and defeats Larxene and Marluxia, after which Naminé puts Sora and his friends into pod-like machines to help them regain the memories they have lost. However, this process will cause them to forget the events that transpired in the castle. Before they are put to sleep, Sora and Naminé promise to meet again as real friends once he reawakens, Sora firmly believing that his memories of her and the castle will remain in his heart despite being forgotten.

In Reverse/Rebirth, which occurs congruently with the game's main story, Riku is transported from the realm of darkness to Castle Oblivion's deepest basement, and he fights figments of previous enemies to combat his inner darkness as he traverses the castle. Vexen fights Riku to obtain his data and creates his replica to counter Marluxia's plan. Ansem, still possessing Riku's body, tries to regain control of Riku, but Mickey's power keeps Ansem at bay. Along the way, Riku battles and defeats Lexaeus, a member of Vexen's circle, only to be dragged into the realm of darkness. However, he is saved by Mickey when Ansem nearly succeeds in taking Riku's body as his own. With Marluxia eliminated, another of Vexen's allies, Zexion, attempts to dispose of Riku by drowning him in light. Riku is saved by Naminé disguised as Kairi, who helps him to control his darkness, allowing him to defeat Zexion, who is later drained of his life force by Riku Replica under Axel's orders. Riku later meets DiZ, an enigmatic individual interested in him who sends him to find Naminé. Riku's replica, who has learned of his altered memories, seeks to justify his existence by killing Riku, only to be destroyed by him. Riku chooses to face Ansem upon learning from Naminé that Ansem lives in his heart, and defeats him after DiZ summons him for Riku to fight. Riku then sets out on a journey to utilize both his darkness and light, with Mickey as his companion.

Development

The idea for an intermediary title was developed after director Tetsuya Nomura and his team had already begun to develop ideas for the second Kingdom Hearts game, which he had intended to be set a year after the original. Originally titled Kingdom Hearts: Lost Memories, Nomura changed the name to match the overall outline of the story, while still reflecting the theme of memories. Chain of Memories was developed to bridge the gap between Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II. Like most sequels, Kingdom Hearts II was planned to have the character start from the beginning, ability-wise. To explain the loss of abilities gained in the previous game, Nomura had the story revolve around Sora's memories getting corrupted and implemented the card battle system to symbolize Sora's various memories.

Nomura was hesitant about releasing a Kingdom Hearts title on the Game Boy Advance, feeling that the 3D graphics of the original game would not translate well into 2D. Nomura changed his position after hearing that children wanted to play Kingdom Hearts on the GBA. After exploring ideas for the gameplay, he felt that a 2D Kingdom Hearts game would be possible, and that it could still feel like and play like what gamers were used to in the original. Meanwhile, Nomura wanted to give the game a "lighter tone" than the PlayStation2 games.

Chain of Memories was announced along with Kingdom Hearts II at the Tokyo Game Show in September 2003. Initial details included the switch to 2D graphics, the use of cards to perform attacks, and that compressed movies would be utilized in some cut scenes. The cut scene animations were rendered using the graphical engine of the PlayStation2 iteration and then encoded for the Game Boy Advance by using a technology developed by Japanese company, AM3. To help market the game, Disney and Square Enix launched official Japanese websites. A playable demo was first made available to the public at the 2003 Jump Festa in Japan; this demo and subsequent demos highlighted the card-based combat system. Aside from information gathered from the opening sequences, most details regarding the story were kept secret until the release.

The card-based gameplay of Chain of Memories would later serve to inspire the gameplay of Jupiter's next game, The World Ends with You; originally, the team envisioned a similar card game-based system taking place on the lower screen of the Nintendo DS, but eventually this morphed to a battle system taking place on both screens, with a card game controlled on the upper screen.

Audio

Much of the music from the original Kingdom Hearts is present in Chain of Memories; the main vocal theme for the Japanese release is , while the English version of "Hikari", "Simple And Clean", is used in the Western releases. Additional and reworked tracks were created for its PlayStation2 rerelease, Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories. Since the music is reused from the original, a Chain of Memories soundtrack was never released. The new reworked tracks, however, are included on two CDs in the Kingdom Hearts Original Soundtrack Complete.

Due to the technological limitations of the Game Boy Advance cartridge size, voice acting was kept to a minimum. Though many characters from Kingdom Hearts were voiced by the cast from before, the Japanese version used the following voice actors: Keiji Fujiwara as Axel; Tatsuya Kando as Vexen, Marluxia, and Lexaeus; and Rieko Katayama as Larxene. A limited amount of voice acting was added only for the battle sequences. Voice clips from the first Kingdom Hearts were inserted into Chain of Memories. The English version is absent of dialogue; voices during Organization battles are replaced with simple grunts, laughter, and other battle cries.

Versions and merchandise

Like its predecessor, a great deal of merchandise was produced to help market the release of the game. Square Enix released two products to coincide with the release of the video game. The first was a limited edition Kingdom Hearts Game Boy Advance SP set released only in Japan. The set contained the game, a "Kingdom deep silver" GBA SP with the Kingdom Hearts logo, and a carrying strap. The second was a Kingdom Hearts trading card game produced by Tomy. The TCG featured starter decks, playing mats, and booster packs. Fantasy Flight Games later acquired the rights to market it to English-speaking countries. In 2007, a remake for the PlayStation 2, titled Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories was released along with Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix in a set, Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix+. A manga series ran in Monthly Shōnen Gangan in Japan, and was later released in the United States. It is accompanied by three novels—two set during Sora's storyline and the third during Reverse/Rebirth, Riku's story. Like with the Final Fantasy games and the first Kingdom Hearts game, Square released an Ultimania book on Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories following the release of the game. In North America, BradyGames released a strategy guide with a comprehensive walkthrough.

Re:Chain of Memories

Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories was remade for the PlayStation 2, titled Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories. It was developed by Square Enix's fifth Product Development Division, based in Osaka, and released as the second disc of Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix+ in Japan on March 29, 2007 and as a standalone title in North America on December 2, 2008. It has not been released in Europe or Australia for the PlayStation 2, but has seen a worldwide release as part of Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix. The remake includes polygonal 3D battles and worlds using the same graphics as Kingdom Hearts, as well as voice acting and an improved soundtrack. While the card-based battle system and room synthesis aspects of the gameplay stayed mostly the same, there were additions, such as the "Reaction Command" function from Kingdom Hearts II. Voice-acted scenes occur only in Castle Oblivion, as well as in the Destiny Islands and Twilight Town simulations. The remake also includes new cutscenes and battles that were not in the original game. IGN ranked it as the 92nd best PlayStation2 game. The staff felt that it stood out among other card-based RPGs.

Manga
Like the first Kingdom Hearts, Chain of Memories was adapted into a manga by Shiro Amano, following the same plot as the video game. It was serialized in Square's Monthly Shōnen Gangan in Japan, then released in two volumes in Japan and later in the United States by TOKYOPOP. The first volume was released in Japan on October 22, 2005. A year later, it was released in English on October 10, 2006, followed by the second volume on February 6, 2007.

The manga series has had moderate success. The first volume was ranked 112th on USA Today's "Top 150 best sellers" during the week of its release. IGN praised Amano's renditions of the characters and the humor added into scenes. They also commented the weak elements of the game lessened the manga's overall quality. The series was followed by a third manga series, Kingdom Hearts II. The Chain of Memories manga series was re-released in a boxed set in the United States on October 9, 2007.

HD 1.5 Remix

In September 2012, Square Enix announced Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix a compilation for the PlayStation3 to include both Kingdom Hearts Final Mix and Re:Chain of Memories in high definition and trophy support. Additionally, the collection includes HD cinematic scenes from Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days. It was released in Japan on March 14, 2013 and in North America on September 10, 2013. Releases on September 12, 2013 for Australia and September 13, 2013 for Europe marked the first time Re:Chain of Memories was available in both of those territories. This version was later ported to the PlayStation4 as part of Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 + 2.5 Remix, released in March 2017.

Reception

While the least successful in the series commercially, Chain of Memories received generally positive reviews and met with successful sales figures. In Japan, it sold 104,000 units in 48 hours, a record for a Game Boy Advance title at the time. Its positive debut sales placed it in the top spot of sales charts in Japan. In the first month of its North American release, it was ranked 1st on GameSpot ChartSpot for portable systems and 6th for all consoles. By February 2005, it had sold over one million copies in Japan and North America. Worldwide sales of the game reached 1.50 million copies by the end of 2006. In the United States alone, it sold 900,000 copies and earned $28 million by August 2006. During the period between January 2000 and August 2006, it was the 24th highest-selling game launched for the Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS or PlayStation Portable in that country. By late 2009, Chain of Memories had sold over 1.55 million copies worldwide, with 200,000 in PAL regions, 410,000 in Japan, and 940,000 in North America.

The game received mostly positive reviews from critics. The card-based battle system received mixed reviews. GameSpot called it "unwieldy", while GameSpy called it "engaging" and Game Watch called it original. Reviews also cited that the card battle system was awkward and made it difficult to plan strategies. G4 commented that the gameplay was well suited for portable play and that it successfully combined card battles and random dungeons, "two much-maligned RPG" elements. Some critics found the Room Synthesis to be far too linear. The most frequent praise went towards the story. IGN called it an "engrossing storyline that actually changes up after the adventure comes to an end" and rated the presentation a 10 out of 10.

The quality of the graphics was well received, particularly the cut scenes. IGN cited them as "wonderfully produced FMV sequences". GameSpot stated that the movies were true to the art style of the original and were on par with GBA video paks. They also commented on the detailed and well animated game sprites. Game Watch described the event scenes as "high quality". Many critics stated that though the graphics were not as good as the PlayStation2 predecessor, they were very good for a GBA game. G4 complimented the graphics stating that Chain of Memories was "one of the best-looking GBA games out there."

During the 8th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the GBA version received a nomination for "Handheld Game of the Year".

See also
 List of Disney video games

Notes

References

External links

 Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories Japan official website

2004 video games
Action role-playing video games
Digital collectible card games
Crossover role-playing video games
Disney video games
Donald Duck video games
Game Boy Advance games
Jupiter (company) games
Kingdom Hearts
Mickey Mouse video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
PlayStation 2 games
Square Enix games
The Nightmare Before Christmas
Video games developed in Japan
Video games set in ancient Greece
Video games set in the Middle East
Video games directed by Tetsuya Nomura
Video games scored by Yoko Shimomura
Video game sequels
Video games with alternative versions
Video games with isometric graphics
Fiction about memory erasure and alteration

Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories


Chiang Yee (; 19 May 1903 – 26 October 1977), self-styled as "The Silent Traveller" (哑行者), was a Chinese poet, author, painter and calligrapher. The success of The Silent Traveller: A Chinese Artist in Lakeland (1937) was followed by a series of books in the same vein, all of which he illustrated himself.

1903–1933: China
Chiang Yee was born in Jiujiang, China, on a day variously recorded as 19 May or 14 June. His father was a painter. His mother died when he was five.

Chiang Yee married Tseng Yun in 1924, with whom he was to have four children. In 1925 he graduated from Nanjing University (then named National Southeastern University), one of the world's oldest institutions of learning but also relaunched in 1920 as one of China's earlier modern universities; his degree was in chemistry. He served for over a year in the National Revolutionary Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War, then taught chemistry in middle schools, lectured at National Chengchi University, and worked as assistant editor of a Hangzhou newspaper. He subsequently served as magistrate of three counties (Jiujang in Jiangxi, and Dangtu and Wuhu in Anhui). Unhappy with the situation in China then (see Nanjing decade), he departed for England in 1933, to study for an MSc in Economics at the London School of Economics, focusing on English local government, leaving wife and family behind. He did not complete the MSc.

1933–1955: England
From 1935 to 1938 Chiang taught Chinese at the School of Oriental Studies (now School of Oriental and African Studies), University of London, and 1938 to 1940 worked at the Wellcome Museum of Anatomy and Pathology. During this period, he wrote and illustrated a well-received series of books entitled The Silent Traveller in..... His first was The Silent Traveller: a Chinese Artist in Lakeland, written from a journal of a fortnight in the English Lake District in August 1936). Others followed: The Silent Traveller in London, the Yorkshire Dales, and Oxford. Despite paper shortages and rationing, these books were kept in print. He wrote The Silent Traveller in Wartime, and, after World War II ended, the series gradually ventured further afield, to Edinburgh, Dublin, Paris, New York, San Francisco, and Boston, concluding in 1972 with Japan. He lived for a time with fellow expatriates Hsiung Shih-I, author of a West End hit, and Dymia Hsiung, the first Chinese woman to write a fictionalised autobiography in English.

After publication of the Silent Traveller books, Chiang became friends with a number of British intellectuals and people involved in the arts. Ninette de Valois commissioned him to design the costumes for a performance of the ballet The Birds.

People he knew in Britain included Dorothea Hosie, Basil Gray, Noel Carrington, John Laviers Wheatley, Elizabeth Longford, Gilbert Murray and Strickland Gibson.

Commentary on his writing: 1933–1955
The books bring a fresh 'sideways look' to places perhaps unfamiliar at the time to a Chinese national: the author was struck by things the locals might not notice, such as beards, or the fact that the so-called Lion's Haunch on Arthur's Seat in Edinburgh is actually far more like a sleeping elephant. In his wartime books, Chiang Yee made it plain that he was fervently opposed to Nazism. His writings exude a feeling of positive curiosity. Some of his books have been re-issued in recent decades, at times with fresh introductions. Godfrey Hodgson noted Chiang Yee's irony and his comments on British racism. In The Silent Traveller in Oxford (1944), Chiang points out that Chinese people are not allowed to enter Trinity College, Oxford. He describes feeling homesick for China. He writes about the natural world, particularly flowers.

1955–1975: United States
After living for some years in a small flat in London and being obliged, during the war, neither to travel nor to take part in the hostilities, on account of being classed as an 'alien', Chiang moved to the United States in 1955. He became a lecturer (and ultimately Emeritus Professor of Chinese) at Columbia University from 1955 to 1957, with an interlude in 1958 and 1959 during which he was Emerson Fellow in Poetry at Harvard University. He became a naturalized citizen in 1966. He illustrated all his books, including several for children, and he wrote a standard work on Chinese calligraphy.

1975–1977: China
Chiang died in his seventies in China after spending over forty years away from his homeland, on a day variously recorded as 7 or 26 October 1977. His tomb is on the slopes of Mount Lu nearby his home town Jiujiang.

Commemoration
In June 2019, 40 years after Chiang's death, a blue plaque was unveiled at 28 Southmoor Road, Oxford where he rented two rooms from 1940 to 1955. The plaque honours his contribution to British and Chinese life. He is thought to be only the third Chinese person to receive a blue plaque, i.e. a memorial created by English Heritage. (Writer Lao She has a blue plaque in Notting Hill and Sun Yat-sen, the first president of the Republic of China, is commemorated in the village of Cottered in Hertfordshire).

Chiang Yee's works

The Silent Traveller series
The Silent Traveller: A Chinese Artist in Lakeland (London: Country Life, 1937 reprinted Mercat, 2004), . Six impressions by 1949.
The Silent Traveller in London (London: Country Life, 1938 reprinted Signal, 2001), six impressions by 1945.
The Silent Traveller in War Time (London: Country Life, 1939).
The Silent Traveller in the Yorkshire Dales (London: Methuen 1941), three editions by 1942. Not known if reprinted.
The Silent Traveller in Oxford (London: Methuen, 1944, reprinted Signal, 2003), four editions by 1948.
The Silent Traveller in Edinburgh (London: Methuen, 1948, reprinted Mercat, 2003). .
The Silent Traveller in New York (London: Methuen, 1950).
The Silent Traveller in Dublin (London: Methuen, 1953).
The Silent Traveller in Paris (London: Methuen, 1956; New York: W. W. Norton, 1956).
The Silent Traveller in Boston (New York: W. W. Norton, 1959).
The Silent Traveller in San Francisco (New York: W. W. Norton, 1963). .
The Silent Traveller in Japan (New York: W. W. Norton, 1972). .

Poetry
The Silent Traveller's Hiong Kong Zhuzhi Poems (1972).

China: childhood and return
A Chinese Childhood (London: Methuen, 1940 reprinted John Day, 1953).
China Revisited: After Forty-two Years (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977). .

Painting and calligraphy
The Chinese Eye: An Interpretation of Chinese Painting, (London: Methuen, 1935).
Chinese Calligraphy (London: Methuen, 1955).
Chinese Calligraphy: An Introduction to Its Aesthetic and Technique (Harvard: University Press, 1973, 3rd edition). .

Other works
Chin-Pao and the Giant Pandas (London: Country Life, 1939).
Chinpao at the Zoo (London: Methuen, 1941).
The Men of the Burma Road (London: Methuen, 1942).
Dabbitse (London: Transatlantic Arts, 1944), for children.
Yebbin: a Guest from the Wild (London: Methuen, 1947). .
The Story of Ming (London: Puffin, c. 1945).
Lo Cheng: The Boy Who Wouldn′t Keep Still (London: Puffin, c. 1945).
Some Chinese Words to be learnt without a teacher (privately published; date unknown).

Illustrated only
Innes Herdan (tr.), 300 Tang Poems (Far East Book Co., 2000), illustrated by Chiang Yee. ,
Birds and Beasts, Chiang Yee (Country Life, 1939), a portfolio of illustrations of birds and animals.
The Pool of Chien Lung; by Lady Hosie, 1944 (frontispiece).
Chinese Cookery; by M. P. Lee – decorations (i.e., illustrations) by Chiang Yee.

An exhibition of original paintings and drawings by Chiang Yee - The silent traveller: Chiang Yee in Britain 1933-55 - was displayed at the Victoria and Albert Museum, 23 April to 9 Nov 2012.

References

Further reading
 Paul Bevan, Anne Witchard and Da Zheng (eds), Chiang Yee and His Circle. Chinese Artistic and Intellectual Life in Britain, 1930–1950. Hong Kong University Press, 2022.
 Huang, Shuchen S., "Chiang Yee", in Asian-American Autobiographers: a bio-bibliographical critical sourcebook, edited by Guiyou Huang, Greenwood Press, 2001. .
Da Zheng. "Chiang Yee." Dictionary of Literary Biography, edited by Deborah Madsen. (MI: Thomson Gale, 2005) Vol. 312: 36–43.
Da Zheng. "Let Us Remember Fengliu instead of Miseries: Dayou Poems and Chinese Diaspora." Journal of Transnational American Studies, 4 (1) 2012. http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/2b9067vd
Da Zheng. Chiang Yee, The Silent Traveller from the East: A Cultural Biography. NJ: Rutgers University, 2010.
Da Zheng. "Chinese Calligraphy and Traditional Chinese Culture in America." Journal of Chinese American Studies. 14 (August 2007) 31–47, In Chinese; "Chinese Calligraphy and Traditional Chinese Culture in America." Journal of Chinese American Studies. 14 (August 2007) 48–77, In English.
Da Zheng, 'The Traveling of Art and the Art of Traveling: Chiang Yee's Painting and Chinese Cultural Tradition'. Studies in the Literary Imagination. 37:1 (Spring 2004) 169–190.
Da Zheng, 'Writing of Home and Home of Writing', Comparative American Studies, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 488–505 (2003).
Da Zheng. "Double Perspective: The Silent Traveler in the Lake District." Mosaic 31.1 (2003) 161-78.
Janoff, Ronald, "Encountering Chiang Yee: A Western Insider Reading Response to Eastern Outsider Travel Writing" (Ann Arbor, MI, UMI Dissertation Services, 2002).
Da Zheng. "Chinese Painting, Travel Literature, and Cultural Interpretation." In Rudolphus Teeuwen and Shu-li Chang, eds., Crossings: Travel, Art, Literature, Politics (Taipei: Bookman Books, 2001) 217-37.
Da Zheng. "Chinese Painting and Cultural Interpretation: Chiang Yee's Travel Writing during the Cold War Era." Prospects, 26 (2001) 477–504.
Da Zheng. "Home Construction: Chinese Poetry and American Landscape in Chiang Yee's Travel Writings." The Journeys, 1:1–2 (2000) 59–85.

External links
 Introduction to 300 T'ANG POEMS
 Gallery of Chiang Yee's paintings of the English Lake District
 The silent traveller: Chiang Yee in Britain 1933-55
 Oxfordshire Blue Plaques: Chiang Yee

1903 births
1977 deaths
People from Jiujiang
Chinese travel writers
Chinese illustrators
20th-century Chinese calligraphers
20th-century memoirists
20th-century Chinese poets
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Chinese emigrants to England
Columbia University faculty
Harvard Fellows
American writers of Chinese descent
National Central University alumni
Nanjing University alumni
Poets from Jiangxi
Artists from Jiangxi
20th-century poets
People of the Northern Expedition

Chiang Yee


Eugene M O'Neill (September 10, 1850 – November 26, 1926) was an Irish-born American lawyer and newspaper owner.

Biography
O'Neill was born in Clonroche, County Wexford, Ireland, the son of Hugh O'Neill, headmaster of town school, and Kate (Navin) O'Neill. He received his primary education at the local school run by his father then went to Trinity College Dublin, where he graduated at age 17.

After graduation, O'Neill emigrated to Pittsburgh, in the United States, in March 1867. At the time, O'Neill's brother, Daniel O'Neill, was publisher, editor, and owner of the Pittsburgh Dispatch, and O'Neill started work on the paper as a reporter. He worked at the paper as an editorial writer until 1874, when he began practicing law. He was admitted to the bar of Allegheny County and practiced in both county and city courts for three years.

In 1875, he was elected City Councilman of Pittsburgh, the only political office he ever accepted. When his brother died on 30 January 1877, O'Neill took over management of the paper, a position he retained until again retiring from newspaper work in March 1902.
In addition to practicing law and his work in journalism, O'Neill was an active investor in real estate and industry, accumulating a fortune which at his death was estimated at $8,000,000.

Eugene married Daniel's widow, Mrs Emily Martha "Emma" (Seely) O'Neill. They had no children. The couple lived in the family home "Linden House" in Pittsburgh, located on the corner of Penn Avenue and Linden Street. O'Neill died on 26 November 1926 at St Luke's Hospital in New York City after a three-month illness. The cause of death was pneumonia. He left a son, Florence O'Neill of Paris, France, and a daughter, Emily O'Neill Davies, and 3 grandchildren. After his death, he was interred at the Allegheny Cemetery.

References

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20081228024059/http://www.esatclear.ie/~lorcand/history.htm#O%27Neill

1850 births
1926 deaths
Irish emigrants to the United States
People from County Wexford
American newspaper executives
Mass media in Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh City Council members
19th-century American newspaper editors
Burials at Allegheny Cemetery

Eugene M. O'Neill


Rabbi Avruhum Yitzchok Ulman (also Ullman) (Hebrew:  ) is a senior Haredi rabbi living in Jerusalem.

Biography

He was born in Hungary and immigrated to Israel as a child. He serves on the Beis Din (court of Jewish law), also known as the Badatz, of the Edah HaChareidis, Jerusalem's council of Haredi communities. He also presides over his own Beis Din, which deals mainly with financial matters. He is known as an expert in Choshen Mishpat (Jewish law on financial/property law matters). He is a respected Haredi leader, often officiating at public gatherings of Haredi Jews in Jerusalem.

Rabbi Ulman is a member of the Dushinsky Hasidic movement. He was the closest talmid ("disciple") of the previous rebbe of Dushinsky, Rabbi Yisroel Moshe Dushinsky, and was present when the latter died, leading the massive prayer and funeral services that followed. In festive gatherings in Dushinsky, he usually sits next to the Rebbe.

He has endorsed and signed numerous declarations and works against Zionism in general and against the practices of the state of Israel.

He lives in the Jerusalem neighborhood of Givat Shaul, where he is the rabbi of the largest synagogue of the neighborhood, called Ner Yisroel, more commonly known as "Zupnik", and of the section of the neighborhood surrounding it. Rabbi Ulman became leader of the community upon its foundation, about 30 years ago.

Ulman was one of the main speakers at a major protest rally against the growing influence of nationalistic (Zionist) thought and philosophies in the Haredi world, held on Sunday, 24 February 2008 in Yeshivas Meah Shearim.

External links
 Google Videos: Rabbi Ulman dancing with the father of the groom and the groom himself at a wedding

References

Living people
Anti-Zionist Hasidic rabbis
Year of birth missing (living people)
Rabbis of the Edah HaChareidis
Ponevezh Yeshiva alumni
Hungarian emigrants to Israel
Hungarian Hasidic rabbis
Israeli Hasidic rabbis
Rabbis in Jerusalem

Avrohom Yitzchok Ulman


Clashmore–Kinsalebeg GAA Club is a Gaelic Athletic Association club based in Clashmore, County Waterford, Ireland.  The club fields teams in both hurling and gaelic football.

History
Kinsalebeg was among the first clubs in the country, established in 1885, the year after the GAA was formed, and went on to contest the first football final, losing to Ballysaggart. They went on to win the Senior football championship in 1886 and 1891.  The Clashmore half of the club came to prevalence after the turn of the century, when as a separate club they won five Waterford county football titles between 1903 and 1907, while also contesting many Munster Championship matches during that period.  County success did not come again until 1920, when Clashmore beat Rathgormack by 0-4 to 0-3, before losing to Geraldines in the 1922 final by 2-0 to 0-1.  Then, in 1925 both halves of the parish combined to beat Rinn Ó gCuanach by 0-2 to 0-1 in what would be their last County Senior win.

Following an unsuccessful period, the club was re-founded in 1959 by Joseph O'Keeffe and others. Clashmore won what was called the Primary Championship in 1962 by beating Portlaw by 1-10 to 0-4.  The Kinsalebeg club had again been playing as a separate entity for some years previous, but in 1967 both clubs combined once again. Success came in 1969 when Clashmore-Kinsalebeg won a double by winning the Waterford Intermediate Football Championship title against Dunhill by 3-6 to 2-4, and a Waterford Junior Hurling Championship title when beating Kilgobinet by 3-4 to 3-2.

The next success came in the Intermediate grade in 1977 with a county final victory over Ferrybank by 0-12 to 1-3 at the Shandon field in Dungarvan.  The following year, largely the same team got to the Waterford Senior Football Championship final, where they were defeated by Ballinacourty  More or less this same team reached the Senior county final in 1982, but were beaten by a goal by Stradbally.

In the late 1990s, the team was once again in the Intermediate Grade. They won the 1999 Championship by beating Butlerstown in the Fraher Field. 2000 saw their second Junior Hurling title, when Fenor were beaten by 1-8 to 0-5 in the final at Walsh Park.  In 2001, the football team was relegated to Intermediate again, but in 2002 they were promoted to Senior again after victories over Brickey Rangers, Sliabh gCua, Brickey Rangers again, Rinn Ó gCuanach after a replay, and Newtown, who were beaten by 2-8 to 0-9 in the County Final at Kill.

Clashmore–Kinsalebeg were relegated from the Senior ranks in the 2009 season, losing to Brickey Rangers by a single point after a replay in the relegation final. However, they won promotion the year after with a victory over John Mitchels in the Waterford Intermediate Football Championship Final by a scoreline of 1-13 to 1-7.

Despite being a very small club, Clashmore–Kinsalebeg have a good tradition of supplying players to the county team. Brian O'Halloran is currently a member of the Waterford Senior Hurling squad. Cillian O'Keeffe, Kieran Connery and Sean Fleming are current members of the Waterford Senior Football Squad. Other recent players of note include Karl O'Keeffe and Jason Seward and Stephen Barron. Seamus Landers also played football for Cork.

Notable players
Tadhg de Búrca
Brian O'Halloran

Honours
Western intermediate championship 2018
 Waterford Senior Football Championships: 9
 1886, 1891, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1920, 1925
 Waterford Intermediate Football Championships: 5
 1969, 1977, 1999, 2002, 2010
 Waterford Under-21 Football Championships: 1
 2005
 Waterford Junior Hurling Championships: 2
 1969,  2000
 Waterford Minor Football Championships: 1
 2009 (Division 1)
 Waterford Minor Hurling Championships: 1
 2010 (Division 3)

Gaelic games clubs in County Waterford
Hurling clubs in County Waterford
Gaelic football clubs in County Waterford

Clashmore–Kinsalebeg GAA


The Seven Oaks House Museum is a civic museum in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The two-storey log dwelling is designated a Provincial Heritage Site, and a Winnipeg Landmark Heritage Structure.

Seven Oaks House is one of the oldest surviving residences in Manitoba and one of a handful of log buildings remaining that give a picture of life at Red River during the 1800s. The historic site is unusual in Winnipeg as the building still sits on its original foundations, and much of the surrounding homestead remains undeveloped. It is open seasonally from the May-long weekend to Labour Day,

The Seven Oaks Homestead
Two buildings survive on the site:

Seven Oaks House is the oldest home in Winnipeg. It was built from 1851 to 1853 primarily of oak logs, with a stone foundation. The nine room home was built in a Vernacular Georgian style for John Inkster, a prominent local businessman and politician.

Inkster's General Store was built c.1826-1831 and is the oldest building remaining in Winnipeg. Originally a two-room cottage, it was renovated c.1853 to serve as a General Store and Post Office. It is a rare example of early Red River Frame (or post-and-plank) architecture.

Seven Oaks takes its name from a nearby creek where seven large oak trees once stood, marking the site of the Battle of Seven Oaks fought in 1816. The property was owned by the Inkster family until 1912 when it was donated to the City of Winnipeg for use as a park and museum.

John Inkster

John Inkster (1799–1874) was the owner, architect, and builder of Seven Oaks House. Born in Scotland in 1799, he arrived in the Northwest in 1821 as a Hudson's Bay Company servant, but soon became a farmer in the Red River Settlement. In 1826 he married Mary Sinclair (1804-1892), the Metis daughter of the HBC's Chief Factor William Sinclair.

Inkster became one of the earliest independent merchants in the area, operating a shipping business, general store and several mills.
He served as a member of the Council of Assiniboia, the regional government, from 1857 to 1868.
During the Red River Resistance, Inkster was appointed to represent the English-speaking community of St. John's Parish on Louis Riel's Provisional Government, but illness prevented him from participating.

Visiting information
Both restored dwellings are open to the public. Their furnishings, some of them original, recapture the style and use of the rooms when John Inkster and his family lived here.

The museum is open to the public 7 days a week (10am - 5pm) from the May-long weekend through Labour Day weekend. Tours are available and admission to the museum is by donation. The Museum is affiliated with CMA,  CHIN, and Virtual Museum of Canada.

References

Seven Oaks House Museum - information from the Association of Manitoba Museums
Article about the Seven Oaks House

Historic house museums in Manitoba
Museums in Winnipeg
Seven Oaks, Winnipeg
Municipal Historical Resources of Winnipeg
Provincial Heritage Sites of Manitoba

Seven Oaks House Museum


The Battle of Blackstock's Farm, an encounter of the American Revolutionary War, took place in what today is Union County, South Carolina, a few miles from Cross Anchor, on November 20, 1780.

Background
After the defeat of Major Patrick Ferguson and the destruction or capture of his entire military force of 900 men at the Battle of Kings Mountain the previous month, the sparsely settled Carolina Backcountry had come increasingly under the control of the Patriots. Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis, British commander in the Southern theater, ordered his subordinate Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton to abandon his chase of the guerrilla commander Brigadier General Francis Marion and instead disrupt the activities of Patriot militia Brigadier General Thomas Sumter, thereby returning confidence to Backcountry Tories. Meanwhile, Sumter had been gathering partisan volunteers and now had a thousand men under his command.

Preliminaries
On November 18, Tarleton's British Legion dragoons and the mounted infantry of the 63d Regiment were bathing and watering their horses on the Broad River when some of Sumter's raiders fired at them from the opposite bank.  The British brought up a 3-pounder "grasshopper" field gun and easily scattered the partisans. But Tarleton "did not submit easily to insults." Putting his men across the river in flat boats that night, he pressed Sumter hard the next day. Fortunately for Sumter, a deserter from the 63d Regiment revealed Tarleton's plans and location.

Although Sumter now had a thousand Backcountry militiamen, Tarleton had more than five hundred regulars under his command, including three hundred British regulars. And Tarleton had never yet been defeated. Sumter and his colonels decided the best course was to find a strong defensive position and wait for Tarleton to attack them. Colonel Thomas Brandon, who knew the area, suggested the nearby farm of William Blackstock, a homestead on the hills above the Tyger River.  The land had been cleared, providing fields of fire and room for maneuver, and the outbuildings—solid log structures—were not chinked and thus provided "narrow but convenient openings for men firing from behind cover."

Battle
Sumter placed Colonel Henry Hampton and his South Carolina riflemen in the farm outbuildings.  Some units he stationed behind stout fences and others he screened in the surrounding woods. Tarleton came up late in the fall afternoon and chose to make a frontal attack against a numerically superior force, not waiting for his infantry and artillery to catch up. At first he was successful.  The Patriot militia fired at too great a distance, and before they could reload Major John Money, commanding the 63d Regiment, hit them with the bayonet. Nevertheless, in doing so, the 63d advanced too close to the farm buildings and came under fire from Hampton's men inside, as usual aiming "at the epaulets and stripes." Money and two of his lieutenants were killed, and according to an officer of Fraser's Highlanders, a third of the privates as well. Meanwhile, other partisans worked their way around their right flank and attacked Tarleton's dragoons who were in their saddles but only watching the action.

Realizing that the battle was going against him, Tarleton desperately ordered an uphill cavalry charge against riflemen firing from cover. As Henry Lumpkin has written, "caution never was Tarleton's outstanding virtue." So many dragoons were knocked from their horses that "the road to the ford was blocked by the bodies of men and fallen chargers, the wounded, still targets, struggling back over their stricken comrades and kicking, screaming horses." Still, the British forces fell back in good order.

When Sumter, as "reckless as Tarleton", moved into position to watch the British withdrawal, members of the 63d fired a volley at him and his officers. Sumter was severely wounded and had to relinquish command to his most senior colonel, John Twiggs.

Tarleton retreated two miles to await his reinforcements for another attack the next morning. But Twiggs left camp fires burning and disappeared into the night. The next morning Tarleton's troops buried the dead of both sides, vastly disproportionate. Tarleton claimed that 51 of his men were killed or wounded.  A contemporary American account claimed higher numbers for the British casualties: 92 killed and 75-100 wounded. American casualties were 3 killed, 4 wounded, and 50 captured.

Aftermath
Tarleton lied in his battle report to Cornwallis that he had broken and dispersed the Americans. Of course, he made much of Sumter's wounding. He even told Cornwallis that three of his soldiers had "promised to fix Sumter immediately," for which he had promised them fifty guineas apiece.

In fact, Tarleton, one of the most hated and feared commanders in the backcountry, had been beaten for the first time, and his British regulars had been bested by militia — although from behind cover and not in the open field.  Even the wounding of the prickly Sumter proved to be an advantage to the Patriots because it allowed George Washington to appoint Nathanael Greene, a better strategist, to command the Southern department.

The Battle of Blackstock's Historic Site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

References

Conflicts in 1780
Battles involving the United States
Battles involving Great Britain
Blackstock's Farm
Blackstock's Farm
Union County, South Carolina
1780 in South Carolina
American Revolution on the National Register of Historic Places

Battle of Blackstock's Farm


The Battle of Amba Jebelli was fought in  Ethiopia in 1854 between the forces of Kassa Hailu (later known as Tewodros II), and the forces of Birru Goshu of Gojjam. Kassa was victorious, Birru Goshu was captured and spent the next 14 years in chains.

The battle was fought in Gojjam, in the modern Misraq Gojjam Zone. Birru sought to avenge his father, Goshu Zewde, who had been killed in the Battle of Gur Amba two years before. Confident of success, he left his fortress at Jebelli and in March 1854 Kassa Hailu engaged him and defeated him. Birru then tried to use the same tactics he had successfully used against Ras Ali, but his army failed him. As Mordechai Abir notes, "His Gojjamites were no longer fighting the hated Galla who had continuously ravaged their country, but a successful Amhara leader who was able to crush the much-disliked Yejju dynasty. Moreover, Kassa was the idol of the soldiers and his personal bravery became legendary." So when the two armies met again, Birru Goshu's army disintegrated and was taken prisoner. Birru's wife surrendered Jibelli (Jebelli is one of two ambas, or fortified mountaintops, in the valley of the Chamwaga River, and was frequently used as a stronghold by the rulers of Gojjam.) with its arsenal, if she were promised that she would not be reunited with her husband. Afterwards, Birru Goshu was imprisoned on an amba west of Chelga.

Notes

Battles involving Ethiopia
Battles of the Zemene Mesafint
1854 in Ethiopia
Conflicts in 1854
March 1854 events

Battle of Amba Jebelli


Srpsko privredno društvo "Privrednik" (; ), commonly referred to as Privrednik, is an organization of the Serb minority in Croatia, which is aimed to creating and increasing economic opportunities in rural areas where majority of Serbs live in Croatia, as well as development of professional skills of individuals. Vladimir Matijević founded Privrednik under Austria-Hungary rule and after the Great War when the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was established he moved his business from Zagreb to Belgrade where he founded Zadruga Srba privrednika in 1923.

Privrednik is a registered nongovernmental, nonprofit and nonpartisan organization.

History
Undoubtedly, the Privrednik Society was the fulfillment of Matijević's goal, based on an ideal he himself expressed, "The greatest deed is to give a man honest work and pay."

MatijeviĆ's ultimate purpose was to establish an efficient organization — Privrednik — to identify talented children (boys and girls) from poor Serbian families in Dalmatia, Lika, Kordun, Banija, Baranja, Slavonia, Bosnia, Herzegovina and Vojvodina and to support their education and training in the trades and in business.

After they were trained, it was Matijević's great hope that they would open their own shops and businesses and thus carry forward the means by which their people could progress culturally and socially.

By design, the students were to be from poor families. And also by design, they had to be capable and ready to learn.

Privrednik's first president was Isidor Dobrovic from Daruvar. The vice-presidents were Vladimir Matijević and Nikola Cuk, a successful wine merchant. The secretary was Ljubomir P. Ristic. All were dedicated to the goals of the society and were great benefactors, and in the first year, 1897, they registered and placed 207 students.

Although the society operated with great success, it also faced several extraordinary crises between 1897 and 1947. Apparently Privrednik'sprogress aroused the authorities' suspicions as Austria-Hungary became more fearful of its Serbs.

In 1902, an angry mob attacked some of the houses of Privrednik's officers  and the shops where some of the apprentices worked. During the World War I, the Austro-Hungarian government closed down the society and arrested many of the officers for treason. Matijević, nearly fifty years old at the time, managed somehow to escape to Switzerland.

In 1923, after the formation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Privrednikopened a new headquarters in Belgrade while maintaining its offices in Zagreb's Preradović Street. Six years later, Matijević died from complications of influenza. He was 75.

Major problems for Privrednik arose in Zagreb at the beginning of World War II in April 1941. Under the government of the Croatian fascist party, the Ustashi, Privrednik was closed, and the society was banned.

Following the war, the Communist government of Yugoslavia began a program of free public education and closed former private schools (even though they were non-profit and funded by wealthy merchants), including the Privrednik program. The society's considerable property — including Matijević's entire estate, valued at $7 million in 1929 — was expropriated by the Communists. Included in the society's holdings were houses and land in Zagreb, and also in several other cities — Sombor, Slavonski Brod, Daruvar, Rijeka, Gospić, Pakrac, and Osijek.

From its earliest beginning in 1897 until the "government expropriation" in 1947, the society organized and supported the training and education of almost 40,000 students. As a result, those who completed the program became tradesmen and businessmen, members of a new middle class.

Organization
Programmatic and organizational activities of the "Privrednik" are divided into:
 Funds for Scholarships
 Economic Development Department
 Youth Department
 Media Production Department

Privrednik has two funds from which awards scholarships Vladimir Matijević Fund and the Ivana Vujnović Fund. Matijevic Fund scholarships provide grants for high school and university students from families of lower-income families. Vujnović Fund scholarships, excellent university students.

Economic Development Department provides support to the sector of small and medium-sized businesses, primarily public information, promotional and advisory services, implementation of development projects in order to influence the reconstruction and development of less developed areas where predominantly Serbs lived in Croatia.

Media Production Department includes a media presentation of the Privrednik, its mission, and its programmatic activities, but also informs and connects users to the activities of Privrednik. Privrednik issues the Privrednik Magazine, which comes out once a month, every first Friday of the month.

See also
 Serbs of Croatia
 Serbs of Zagreb
 Lazar Bačić
 Aleksa Spasić

References

External links

Donji grad, Zagreb
Clubs and societies in Croatia
Ethnic organizations based in Yugoslavia
Ethnic organizations based in Austria-Hungary
Non-profit organizations based in Croatia
Organizations established in 1897
Serbian minority institutions and organizations in Croatia

Privrednik


Adela of Normandy (c. 1067 – c. 8 March 1137) was the daughter of William I of England and Matilda of Flanders. She was married to Stephen, Count of Blois between 1080 and 1084 and became the mother of:
 William, Count of Chartres
 Stephen of England
 Odo of Blois, who died young
 Theobald II of Champagne
 Henry of Blois, who became the Bishop of Winchester

She lived long enough to see her son, Stephen, become King of England, but died soon afterwards.

1067 births
1137 deaths
House of Normandy

Adela of Normandy


Biniguy is a village in Moree Plains Shire of New South Wales in Australia. At the , the village and surrounding area had a population of 147. The village is located on the Gwydir Highway approximately  from Moree, the main service centre for the region and  by road from the state capital Sydney. The village is prone to seasonal flooding; in February 2012 the entire village was evacuated by helicopter to Moree

A railway station was opened on 1 February 1900 with the first section of the Inverell branch, and operated until 3 December 1985, following the withdrawal of passenger trains on the line. The railway line was progressively closed, with the last section between Moree and Biniguy being listed as out of use in 1994. Today Biniguy is served by Monday to Saturday NSW TrainLink coach services to Grafton and Moree on alternate days. The village formerly had its own post office, general store and public school, however these facilities closed during the 1960s and 70s, with most community services now being provided in Moree.

The main employment industry in Biniguy is agriculture. There is a silo site operated by GrainCorp for the receiving and storage of grain located in the town, although this site was announced subject to closure in 2006  As of 2010, the silo is still operating and included in GrainCorp's network of receiving sites. The Trawalla Pecan Farm was established in 1965. It is operated by Stahmann Farms  and is the largest pecan farm in the Southern Hemisphere, located on the banks of the Gwydir River, a few kilometres to the west of Biniguy.

References

Towns in New South Wales

Biniguy, New South Wales


Oksana Borisovna Kazakova (; born 8 April 1975) is a Russian former pair skater. With partner Artur Dmitriev, she is the 1998 Olympic champion and 1996 European champion.

Personal life
Oksana Borisovna Kazakova was born on 8 April 1975 in Leningrad. Her mother was a kindergarten teacher and her father was in the army. She married Alexei Novitski in the summer of 1996 but divorced him four years later. In 2004, she married Konstantin Kovalenko and gave birth to their daughter, Ksenia, in 2005. They split in 2008.
In 2015, she got married, for the third time, to Juri Kashkarov.

Career
Kazakova began skating in 1979. In 1982, she was admitted into Saint Petersburg's Yubileyny. She took up pair skating in 1988 and skated with Andrei Mokhov for several years. The pair placed fourth at the 1991 World Junior Championships but split after the event. Kazakova's coaches, Natalia Pavlova and V. Teslia, paired her with Dmitri Sukhanov, with whom she competed for four seasons. Svetlana Korol was their choreographer. The pair finished 15th at the 1993 World Championships and won a pair of medals at the Nations Cup. Their partnership ended after the 1995 Russian Championships.

Kazakova teamed up with Artur Dmitriev in February 1995. Dmitriev was much more experienced, having already competed at two Olympics with Natalia Mishkutenok and won two Olympic medals, gold in 1992 and silver in 1994. Although Mishkutenok decided to retire from competition in 1994, Dmitriev wanted to continue his competitive career and eventually chose Kazakova who also trained in Saint Petersburg. Tamara Moskvina coached them at Yubileyny. Their choreographers were Alexander Matveev, David Avdish, and Moskvina. Early in their partnership, Kazakova and Dmitriev missed six months when she injured her leg. They won the 1996 European Championships and bronze at the 1997 World Championships. In 1998, they won the Olympic title in Nagano, Japan. Kazakova said, "I wanted very much to prove myself and I did." The pair retired from competition but continued to skate in shows.

Kazakova became a coach at Yubileyny Sports Palace, at the club SDUSHOR St. Petersburg, alongside Moskvina. Her former students include Katarina Gerboldt / Alexander Enbert and Kamilla Gainetdinova / Ivan Bich.

Programs
(with Artur Dmitriev)

Competitive highlights

CS: Champions Series (later Grand Prix)

With Dmitriev

With Sukhanov

With Mokhov

References

External links

Russian female pair skaters
Olympic figure skaters for Russia
Figure skaters at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Russia
Living people
Figure skaters from Saint Petersburg
1975 births
Battle of the Blades participants
Olympic medalists in figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
European Figure Skating Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Goodwill Games medalists in figure skating
Competitors at the 1998 Goodwill Games

Oksana Kazakova


Volpedo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about  east of Turin and about  east of Alessandria.

Volpedo borders the following municipalities: Casalnoceto, Godiasco, Monleale, Montemarzino, Pozzol Groppo, and Volpeglino. It is a member of the I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy") association.

Painter Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo was born in this village.

History
A burial slab, now enclosed in the parish church's walls, shows the Roman presence in the area in the 1st century BC, although the area was perhaps already inhabited by the Ligures.

In the 10th century it is documented as Vicus Piculus (from latin vicus: "Small village") and received a Romanesque pieve and a castrum, a fortified village whose walls, rebuilt in the 16th century, are still visible today. In the 12th century it was known as Vicus pecudis, and was connected to the comune of Tortona, sending relief troops to that city during the siege laid by Frederick Barbarossa in 1155.

In 1347 Tortona was annexed by the Visconti of Milan who, in 1412, gave Volpedo as a fief to the condottiero Pierino Cameri. The latter ceded the town to the Cathedral of Milan. In 1513 the walls of Volpedo, of Guelph allegiance, were destroyed by the historical Ghibelline rival town of Monleale on the opposite side of the river Curone; the walls were rebuilt in 1589, when Milan was under Spanish domination.

In 1738 Volpedo, together with all the area of Tortona, was acquired by the Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont), and was given as a fief to marquis Filippo Guidobono Cavalchini. In 1849 it became a possession of the Malaspina.

In the 19th century part of the walls were progressively dismantled, and in 1856 the Curone bridge, linking Volpedo with Monleale, was built. Only in 1885 a direct route to Tortona, passing through Monleale, was built.

Between 1928 and 1947, the communes of Berzano, Monleale and Volpeglino were merged into that of Volpedo.

Main sights
Romanesque pieve (pleban church), known since the 10th century and restored in the late 15th century. It houses frescoes from the 15th century from the brothers Manfredino and Franceschino Basilio, also active in the Milan's Duomo.
16th century bastions which once enclosed the medieval castrum, and now mark the historical center of Volpedo.
House-studio of the painter Pellizza da Volpedo

References

Cities and towns in Piedmont
Borghi più belli d'Italia

Volpedo


Abraham S. Fischler (January 21, 1928 – April 3, 2017) was an American academic, and was the second president of Nova Southeastern University. Fischler graduated from Columbia University in 1959 with his Ed.D. He went on to serve as assistant professor of Science Education at Harvard University and Professor of Education at the University of California, Berkeley before joining the fledgling Nova University in 1966. Fischler served as Dean of Graduate Studies and Director of the Behavioral Sciences Center from 1966 to 1969. He became the President of Nova Southeastern University in 1970 and was president until 1992.

During his tenure as president, Nova Southeastern University developed and offered the first doctoral distance education program in the country in 1971. Fischler's distance education program was a precursor to modern online education programs but was the first of its kind at the time that it was created. Today, Nova Southeastern University remains a leader in distance education, offering programs online and via video conferences, at national and international instruction sites, and at the university's physical campuses. More than 11,000 students are enrolled in Fischler School of Education programs yearly.

After retiring from the Presidency, Fischler served on the board of Broward County Public Schools from 1994 to 1998. He has also previously served as a consultant to the Ford Foundation, to various state departments of education, and to school districts in other states. He has authored numerous textbooks, articles, and other publications concerning teaching methods and science education. Today, Fischler is President Emeritus and University Professor at Nova Southeastern University, and serves on the boards of a variety of community, arts, and education organizations. He continues to be active in the area of K-12 education reform, and publishes a blog on the topic titled "The Student is the Class".

References

1928 births
2017 deaths
University of California, Berkeley Graduate School of Education faculty
Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
Presidents of Nova Southeastern University
Harvard University faculty
Academics from Brooklyn

Abraham S. Fischler


Tallon Griekspoor (; born 2 July 1996) is a Dutch professional tennis player. He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 23, achieved on 30 October 2023. He also has a career high ATP doubles ranking of World No. 86 achieved on 18 September 2023. Griekspoor is the current Dutch No. 1 men's singles player. He has won a record eight Challenger titles in one season (2021), and became also the first player in history to win five consecutive such titles.

Professional career

2017–2019: ATP debut

Griekspoor made his ATP main draw debut as a wildcard at the 2017 Rotterdam Open in the singles draw against Gilles Müller.
In 2018, at the same tournament a year later, he defeated Grand Slam champion and 5th seed Stan Wawrinka of Switzerland in three sets to reach the second round as a wildcard. And in 2019, Griekspoor defeated the World No.11 and 2nd seed Karen Khachanov in the first round again as a wildcard.

2020–2021: Grand Slam debut, record eight Challenger titles
Griekspoor qualified for the first time in the main singles draw of a Grand Slam tournament at the 2020 Australian Open. He made his top 150 debut on 31 August 2020.

In 2021, Griekspoor won two Challengers tour titles at the 2021 Prague Open and at the 2021 Slovak Open in Bratislava. As a result, he reached a career high ranking of No. 120 on 14 June 2021.

In June 2021, he also qualified for the 2021 Wimbledon Championships for the first time in his career. In July following Wimbledon, as the top seed, he reached also the final of the Challenger 2021 Dutch Open in Amersfoort. He defeated his compatriot and No. 2 seed Botic van de Zandschulp in the final, winning his fifth Challenger. He reached a career-high of No. 105 on 19 July 2021.

At the 2021 US Open he reached the second round of a Major for the first time in his career defeating Jan-Lennard Struff in five sets. He lost to World No. 1 Novak Djokovic in the second round.

In September following the US Open, he won his sixth Challenger title and fourth of the year at the 2021 Murcia Open in Spain defeating top seed Roberto Carballés Baena. The following month he won his fifth Challenger of the year at the 2021 Tennis Napoli Cup in Naples, Italy defeating Andrea Pellegrino. The following week also in Naples, he won his sixth Challenger title of the year at the 2021 Vesuvio Cup defeating Alexander Ritschard. With this victory Griekspoor tied Benjamin Bonzi for the most Challenger titles in 2021. In addition, he joined Facundo Bagnis (2016), Juan Ignacio Chela (2001) and Younes El Aynaoui (1998) as the only players to lift six singles trophies in one season in ATP Challenger history. As a result, he moved 29 positions up in the rankings into the top 100, for the first time in his career, at World No. 89 on 18 October 2021. He won his seventh Challenger title of the season in Tenerife defeating Feliciano López in the final  and becoming the sole record holder for most trophies at that level in a single year. As a result, he moved another 16 positions up to a new career high of No. 72 on 8 November 2021. He won his eighth Challenger at the 2021 Slovak Open II and moved to a new career high ranking of No. 65 on 15 November 2021.

2022: First ATP singles quarterfinal & doubles title, top 50
Griekspoor started his year at the Melbourne Summer Set 1, where he made the quarterfinals after beating 7th seed Dominik Koepfer and Australian Alexei Popyrin. He withdrew from his quarterfinal match against Rafael Nadal due to a foot injury.

At the Australian Open he defeated Fabio Fognini in straight sets in the first round for his first win at this Major and only the second in his career. He lost to 19th seed Pablo Carreño Busta in the second round.

At his home tournament, the Rotterdam Open he reached the second round as a wildcard, with a victory over seventh seed Aslan Karatsev saving two match points, for his third top-20 win. He recorded  a perfect 3–0 against top-15 players in his home tournament in Rotterdam.

At the 2022 Geneva Open he defeated 6th seed and World No. 33 Tommy Paul in the first round. He reached the third with a win over home qualifier Johan Nikles.

At the 2022 French Open he defeated World No. 28 and 25th seed Alejandro Davidovich Fokina in the first round.

In June at the 2022 Libéma Open he reached the second round with a win over Aljaž Bedene. Following Wimbledon where he also reached the second round defeating Fabio Fognini, he made his debut in the top 50 at World No. 47 on 11 July 2022. The following week he defended his Challenger title at the 2022 Dutch Open defeating Roberto Carballés Baena in the final.

At the 2022 European Open in Antwerp he won his maiden title in doubles partnering Botic van de Zandschulp.

2023: First ATP singles titles, ATP 500 final and top 10 win, Dutch No. 1, top 25
In Pune, Griekspoor reached his maiden ATP singles semifinal, beating Jaume Munar and Marco Cecchinato, then receiving a walkover against top seed Marin Čilić. He defeated 8th seed Aslan Karatsev in the semifinals in straight sets to reach the final, where he defeated Benjamin Bonzi in three sets to win his maiden ATP Tour singles title.

At the Australian Open, Griekspoor reached the third round of a Grand Slam for the first time in his career, beating Pavel Kotov and 32nd seed, compatriot Botic van de Zandschulp. He lost to third seed and eventual finalist Stefanos Tsitsipas in the third round.

Griekspoor made the quarterfinals in Rotterdam, after defeating Mikael Ymer and eight seed Alexander Zverev, his fourth top-20 win. He recorded a perfect 4–0 against top-20 players in his home tournament. Next he defeated Gijs Brouwer to reach his second semifinal of the season and overall and first career semifinal of an ATP 500 tournament. It was the first time since Igor Sijsling in 2014 (who also coincidentally was coached by Dennis Schenk) that a Dutch wildcard reached the semifinals at the home tournament. It was also the first time a Dutch duo, Griekspoor and Brouwer, reached the quarterfinals in singles of the home tournament, since Raemon Sluiter and Sjeng Schalken in 2003. He lost to Jannik Sinner in straight sets. As a result, he reached a new career high in the top 40 in the rankings.

Seeded 31st at the 2023 BNP Paribas Open he reached the third round of a Masters for the first time in his career, defeating Guido Pella having received a bye in the first round. He lost to top seed and eventual champion Carlos Alcaraz. He reached the top 35 on 3 April 2023.

At home at the 2023 Libéma Open he defeated Mikael Ymer in the first round. Next he defeated Alexei Popyrin to reach the quarterfinals. He reached the semifinals with a win over fourth seed Alex de Minaur. Next he reached a second final for the season and in his career overall with a win over Emil Ruusuvuori. He won his second title of his career and of the season defeating Jordan Thompson. He became the Dutch No. 1 and reached the top 30  following the tournament.
At the next ATP 500 tournament, the 2023 Halle Open in London he upset defending champion Hubert Hurkacz to reach back-to-back quarterfinals on grass. At Wimbledon, Griekspoor lost to Márton Fucsovics in the first round.

In his first tournament since Wimbledon at the Citi Open in Washington, seeded 12th, Griekspoor defeated Liam Broady, Gaël Monfils and JJ Wolf to reach the second ATP 500 semifinal of his career. Here, he upset top seed and world no. 9 Taylor Fritz for his first career top 10 victory to advance to his third final of 2023, and first at ATP 500 Level, where he lost to Dan Evans.

He reached the quarterfinals at the 2023 Astana Open and the 2023 Stockholm Open.

Personal life
He is the younger brother of  twin brothers and retired tennis players Scott Griekspoor and Kevin Griekspoor who are five years older and peaked at No. 205 and No. 655 respectively in the ATP rankings.

Performance timeline

Current through the 2023 Cincinnati Masters

ATP career finals

Singles: 3 (2 titles, 1 runner-up)

Doubles: 1 (1 title)

Challenger and Futures finals

Singles: 26 (18–8)

Doubles: 16 (7–9)

Record against top-10 players
Griekspoor's record against players who have been ranked in the top 10, with those who are active in boldface. Only ATP Tour main draw matches are considered:

Wins over top 10 players
Griekspoor has a  record against players who were, at the time the match was played, ranked in the top 10.

References

External links

1996 births
Living people
Dutch male tennis players
Sportspeople from Haarlem
21st-century Dutch people

Tallon Griekspoor


The Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) is the world's largest women's organization.

It is represented in more than 120 countries around the world with more than 25 million women and girls as members. The motto of the YWCA is the empowerment of women, worldwide.

In Great Britain and Northern Ireland, only the abbreviation YWCA is used. The full name is not used because Christianity no longer plays a role in the organization.

The YWCA in the United States is a member of the Coalition to Stop Gun Violence for stricter gun control.

In Switzerland, the YWCA was widespread as the Christian Association of Young Women (CVJF) until it merged with the CVJM to form Cevi Switzerland.

Related pages
 YMCA

Other websites
 World Young Women's Christian Association
 YWCA England & Wales

International organizations

YWCA


Robert II of Normandy, or Robert Curthose ( – February 1134, ), was the eldest son of William the Conqueror and succeeded his father as Duke of Normandy in 1087, reigning until 1106. Robert was also an unsuccessful claimant to the throne of the Kingdom of England. The epithet "Curthose" had its origins in the Norman French word courtheuse 'short stockings' and was apparently derived from a nickname given to Robert by his father; the chroniclers William of Malmesbury and Orderic Vitalis reported that William the Conqueror had derisively called Robert brevis-ocrea ("short boot").

Robert's reign as Duke is noted for the discord with his brothers William II and Henry I in England. Robert mortgaged his duchy to finance his participation in the First Crusade, where he was an important commander. Eventually, his disagreements with Henry I led to defeat in the Battle of Tinchebray in 1106, and lifelong captivity, with Normandy temporarily absorbed as a possession of England.

Early life

Robert was the eldest son of William the Conqueror, the first Norman king of England, and Matilda of Flanders. Estimates of Robert's birth-date range between 1051 and 1053. As a child he was betrothed to Margaret, the heiress of Maine, but she died before they could be wed, and Robert did not marry until his late forties. In his youth he was reported to be courageous and skilful in military exercises. He was, however, also prone to laziness and weakness of character that discontented nobles and the King of France exploited to stir discord with his father William. He was unsatisfied with the share of power allotted to him and quarrelled with his father and brothers fiercely. In 1063, his father made him the Count of Maine in view of his engagement to Margaret, and Robert may have had independent rule in Maine. The county remained under Norman control until 1069, when the county revolted and reverted to Hugh V of Maine.

In 1077, Robert instigated his first insurrection against his father as the result of a prank played by his younger brothers William Rufus and Henry, who had dumped a full chamber-pot over his head. Robert was enraged and, urged on by his companions, started a brawl with his brothers that was only interrupted by the intercession of their father. Feeling that his dignity was wounded, Robert was further angered when King William failed to punish his brothers. The next day Robert and his followers attempted to seize the castle of Rouen. The siege failed, but, when King William ordered their arrest, Robert and his companions took refuge with Hugh of Chateauneuf-en-Thymerais. They were forced to flee again when King William attacked their base at Rémalard.

Exile

Robert fled to Flanders to the court of his uncle Robert I, Count of Flanders, before plundering the county of the Vexin and causing such mayhem that his father King William allied himself with King Philip I of France to stop his rebellious son. Relations were not helped when King William discovered that his wife, Robert's mother Queen Matilda, was secretly sending her son Robert money. At a battle in January 1079, Robert unhorsed King William in combat and succeeded in wounding him, stopping his attack only when he recognised his father's voice. Humiliated, King William cursed his son. King William then raised the siege and returned to Rouen.

At Easter 1080, father and son were reunited by the efforts of Queen Matilda, and a truce lasted until she died in 1083. Robert seems to have left court soon after the death of his mother and spent several years travelling throughout France, Germany, and Flanders. He visited Italy seeking the hand of the great heiress Matilda of Tuscany (b. 1046) but was unsuccessful. During this period as a wandering knight Robert sired several illegitimate children. His son Richard seems to have spent much of his life at the royal court of his uncle William Rufus. This Richard was killed in a hunting accident in the New Forest in 1100 as was his uncle, King William Rufus, the same year. An illegitimate daughter was later married to Helias of Saint-Saens.

Reign as Duke of Normandy

In 1087, the elder William died of wounds suffered from a riding accident during a siege of Mantes. At his death he reportedly wanted to disinherit his eldest son but was persuaded to divide the Norman dominions between his two eldest sons. To Robert he granted the Duchy of Normandy and to William Rufus he granted the Kingdom of England. The youngest son Henry was given money to buy land. Of the two elder sons Robert was considered to be much the weaker and was generally preferred by the nobles who held lands on both sides of the English Channel since they could more easily circumvent his authority.

At the time of their father's death the two brothers made an agreement to be each other's heir. However, this peace lasted less than a year when barons joined with Robert to displace Rufus in the Rebellion of 1088. It was not a success, in part because Robert never showed up to support the English rebels.

Robert took as his close adviser Ranulf Flambard, who had been previously a close adviser to his father. Flambard later became an astute but much-disliked financial adviser to William Rufus until the latter's death in 1100.

First Crusade and return
In 1096, Robert formed an army and left Normandy to join the First Crusade to aid the Byzantine Empire against the Seljuk Turks and travel to Jerusalem. To raise money for the crusade he mortgaged his duchy to his brother William for the sum of 10,000 marks.

Robert joined forces with his brother-in-law, count Stephen of Blois, and travelled together to Italy where he stayed during the winter of 1096/97. It is then that he most likely met his future wife, Sybil of Conversano, daughter of the wealthy Norman count of Conversano Geoffrey, and according to Orderic he fell in love with her.

Robert and Stephen were the last leading nobles to arrive at the gathering point in Constantinople but were welcomed with respect by Emperor Alexios and memories of Robert's grandfather's visit to Constantinople during his pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Both then swore, as had the other crusading leaders except for count Raymond of Toulouse, an oath to restore all cities that had been in Byzantine possession to Alexios and honour his superior status.

In the first week of June 1097 Robert and Stephen joined the main forces of the crusading army who at this point were besieging Nicea which was successfully conquered on the 19th of June. Robert then participated in all further military ventures during the crusade and was among the remaining crusading forces that took Jerusalem in August 1099. The fulfilment of his crusader vows was a personal triumph for Robert: he had shown military skills as well as the ability to mediate between different factions in the crusading forces.

Robert left the Holy Land around September 1099 and returned via Constantinople, where Emperor Alexios showered him with gifts and offered him to enter into the service of the Byzantine Empire, but Robert declined. Instead, he travelled again to Southern Italy where he wintered again and married Sybil which also brought him a big dowry which enabled him to raise the necessary funds to buy back his duchy. However, when William II died on 2 August 1100 and Robert was still on the return journey and absent from Normandy, his brother Henry was able to seize the crown of England for himself.

Upon his return, Robert—urged by Flambard and several Anglo-Norman barons—claimed the English crown, on the basis of the short-lived agreement of 1087, and in 1101 led an invasion to oust his brother Henry. He landed at Portsmouth with his army, but the lack of popular support among the English (Anselm, the archbishop of Canterbury, was decidedly against him and the Charter of Liberties issued at Henry's coronation was well liked) as well as Robert's own mishandling of the invasion tactics enabled Henry to resist the invasion. Robert was forced by diplomacy to renounce his claim to the English throne in the Treaty of Alton. Orderic claimed that Robert squandered his wealth and became so poor that he had nothing to wear, but this seems unlikely given that Robert would have been reduced to penury so short after his return and might rather refer to his pre-Crusade persona.

Imprisonment and death

In 1105, however, Robert's continual stirring of discord with his brother in England as well as civil disorder in Normandy itself prompted Henry to invade Normandy. Orderic reports on an incident at Easter 1105 when Robert was supposed to hear a sermon by the venerable Serlo, Bishop of Sées. Robert spent the night before sporting with harlots and jesters, and while he lay in bed sleeping off his drunkenness his unworthy friends stole his clothes. He awoke to find himself naked and had to remain in bed and missed the sermon.

In 1106, Henry defeated Robert's army decisively at the Battle of Tinchebray and claimed Normandy as a possession of the English crown, a situation that endured for almost a century. Captured after the battle, Robert was imprisoned in Devizes Castle in Wiltshire for twenty years before being moved to Cardiff.

In 1134, Robert died in Cardiff Castle in his early eighties. Robert Curthose, sometime Duke of Normandy, eldest son of the Conqueror, was buried in the abbey church of St. Peter in Gloucester. The exact place of his burial is difficult to establish—legend states that he requested to be buried before the High Altar. His effigy carved in bog oak, however, lies on a mortuary chest decorated with the attributed arms of the Nine Worthies (missing one—Joshua, and replaced with the arms of Edward the Confessor). The effigy dates from about 100 years after his death and the mortuary chest much later. The church subsequently has become Gloucester Cathedral.

Descendants
Robert married Sybilla of Conversano, daughter of Geoffrey of Brindisi, Count of Conversano (and a grandniece of Robert Guiscard, another Norman duke) on the way back from Crusade; they had one child:

William Clito, was born 25 October 1102 and became heir to the Duchy of Normandy. William Clito was unlucky all his life; his attempts to invade Normandy failed twice (1119 and 1125), his first marriage to a daughter of the Count of Anjou was annulled by his uncle's machinations, and even his late inheritance of the county of Flanders was mishandled. William Clito died in 1128 leaving no issue, thus leaving the field clear in the Norman succession (at least until the death of Henry I).

Sybilla, who was admired and often praised by chroniclers of the time, died shortly after the birth of her son. William of Malmesbury claims she died as a result of binding her breasts too tightly; both Robert of Torigny and Orderic Vitalis suggest she was murdered by a cabal of noblewomen led by her husband's mistress, Agnes Giffard.

Robert also had at least three illegitimate children – Richard, who died hunting in the New Forest in May 1100; William, a full brother of Richard; and a daughter, who married Helias of Saint-Saens. William went to the Holy Land after 1106 and was named lord of Tortosa, but disappears from the historical record after 1110.

Notes

Sources

References

Works cited

Further reading

 Also

External links

1050s births
1134 deaths
11th-century English people
12th-century English people
11th-century Dukes of Normandy
12th-century Dukes of Normandy
English people of French descent
Christians of the First Crusade
Dukes of Normandy
English knights
English Roman Catholics
French Roman Catholics
English people who died in prison custody
French people who died in prison custody
Heirs to the English throne
Prisoners in the Tower of London
Burials at Gloucester Cathedral
Pretenders to the English throne
House of Normandy
Rebellious princes
Children of William the Conqueror
Norman warriors
Anglo-Normans
Sons of kings
Year of birth uncertain

Robert Curthose


A pyrophone, also called a "fire organ", is a type of musical instrument, specifically an organ. However, unlike regular organs, pyrophones make sounds by combustion inside of glass tubes, instead of just pushing air through pipes. It was invented by French physicist and musician Georges Frédéric Eugène Kastner.

Keyboard instruments

Pyrophone


George Albert "Jay" Keyworth II (G. A. Keyworth) (November 30, 1939 – August 23, 2017) was an American physicist who served as White House Science Advisor from 1981 to January 1986. He was a board member of Hewlett-Packard who was asked to step down in light of the controversy surrounding disclosure of sensitive information to the media.  He resigned on September 13, 2006.

Career

He received a PhD in physics from Duke University in 1968.  Following the granting of his degree, he took a position at Los Alamos National Laboratory, where he rose to become leader of the Physics Division, the position he held when he was asked to become the presidential Science Advisor.

Keyworth has been chairman and senior fellow with The Progress & Freedom Foundation since 1995.

Keyworth was also on the board of directors for Eon Corporation (formally known as TV Answer) from 1990 to 1994. He worked as a liaison between TV Answer and Hewlett-Packard which eventually led to a manufacturing and marketing partnership between the two companies that was designed to speed the development of the first national interactive television system. Keyworth facilitated the agreement between HP and TV Answer to manufacture and market interactive television home units that would activate and control TV Answer's two-way system in the home.

He was Science Advisor to the President and director of the White House's Office of Science and Technology Policy from 1981 to early 1986. He also served as a director of General Atomics.

Hewlett-Packard resignation
In early 2005, after news leaks about then-CEO Carly Fiorina's clashes with the board surfaced, Fiorina hired a law firm to find the source.  In February 2005, Fiorina left the company and Patricia Dunn, non-executive chairwoman, continued the investigation.  As part of a larger scandal, a subcontractor used pretexting to expose Keyworth as the source of an alleged additional leak to CNET, and he was outed at a May 18, 2006 board meeting.  At the meeting, Dunn asked Keyworth to resign, he refused asserting that he was not the source of any unauthorized or inappropriate communication with reporters, and another board member (Tom Perkins) resigned over the way Keyworth was being treated.  HP revealed the story on September 6, 2006, and said that they were not seeking Keyworth's reelection to the board. Coinciding with Mark V. Hurd's promotion to chairman, Keyworth resigned on September 12.  In connection with Keyworth's resignation, HP made the following statement regarding the alleged CNET leak: "At HP's request, Dr. Keyworth often had contacts with the press to explain HP's interests. The board does not believe that Dr. Keyworth's contact with CNET in January 2006 was vetted through appropriate channels, but also recognizes that his discussion with the CNET reporter was undertaken in an attempt to further HP's interests. HP board chairman Patricia Dunn expressed regret for the intrusion into his privacy."

Keyworth had been a director of HP since 1986 and, until his resignation, was the longest-serving director at the company.

Death
Keyworth died at his home in Monterey, California of prostate cancer on August 23, 2017, at the age of 77.

See also
 Tom Perkins

References

External links
Interview with George Keyworth about Star Wars Program from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives

1939 births
2017 deaths
American nuclear physicists
Duke University alumni
Hewlett-Packard people
Los Alamos National Laboratory personnel
Yale University alumni
Businesspeople from Boston
Directors of the Office of Science and Technology Policy

George A. Keyworth II


Couvade (French, from couver, 'to hatch', from Latin cubare 'lie down) describes the imitation of a pregnancy. It is performed by a man. The anthropologist E. B. Tylor was the first person that made use of the name couvade.

Practise
To do so, the father carries out the same restrictions as the mother. These usually start closer towards the end of the pregnancy. It often proceeds for various amounts of time after childbirth. Restrictions: certain food taboos, staying only in the village or at home, avoiding certain places, no consumption of alcohol, cigarettes or stimulants or handling with sharp instruments. In some cases, the man copies the woman's behaviour and pains during childbirth.

Occurrence
The couvade is known throughout history, for example in the ancient Greece and the Roman Empire, in the Basque Country and in the south of France. These days, it still exists in various cultures around the world among indigenous people in India, Thailand, Indonesia, China, Africa, North America and South America.

Reasons
These range from the spiritual and physical protection of the child, bonding of father with child as well as wife, the public recognition of fatherhood and support and relief of mother so she can maintain the household after the childbirth. The reasons for couvade are in some cultures linked to certain myths that give instructions and show what can go wrong if the parents do not follow them.

Consequences of not doing couvade
It is believed to have huge impacts on the child such as illness, disability, death and the transformation into other creatures.

References
E. B. Tylor (1878) Researches into the early history of mankind and the development of civilization. Boston : Estes & Lauriat
H. Ling Roth (1893) 'On the Signification of Couvade'. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 11: 204-243
http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/couvade
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Couvade+Syndrome
Pregnancy and childbirth

Couvade


The Confucius Genealogy Compilation Committee (孔子世家谱续修工作协会) is responsible for collecting, collating and publishing the 2,500 years' worth of genealogical data associated with Confucius. The fifth edition of the Confucius genealogy was printed in September 2009. The collecting and collating of the fifth edition started in 1998, when Kong Deyong, a 77th-generation descendant, established the committee in Hong Kong. The last major previous publication of the Confucius genealogy was in 1930.

See also
 Family tree of Confucius in the main line of descent
 :zh:孔子世家谱

References

1998 establishments in Hong Kong
Confucius
Genealogical societies
Organizations established in 1998