The Portuguese alphabet is a Latin alphabet with 26 letters. Also, the language uses accent marks to show sound changes and stressed syllables. The accents used in Portuguese are the acute accent (Áá, Éé, Íí, Óó, Úú), the circumflex (Ââ, Êê, Ôô) and the tilde (Ãã, Õõ). Respectively (in order), the accents mark open, closed and nasal vowels. There are rules that tell when to put an accent in a word. Most of the time, accented syllables are the stressed ones, and some words even have more than one accent, like "órgão", meaning "organ".

Lastly, the language has a "ç" character (C with a cedilla, used for historical reasons. It has a /s/ sound like in the word "soap" and it never appears at the very start or at the very end of a word.

Even though the Portuguese alphabet uses all 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet, the letters "k", "w", and "y" were not part of the Portuguese alphabet before 2009. These letters are part of the Portuguese alphabet now, but they do not appear in original Portuguese words.
Writing systems
Latin alphabet
Portuguese language

Portuguese alphabet


A rivet nut, also known as a blind rivet nut, or rivnut, is a one-piece internally threaded and counterbored tubular rivet that can be anchored entirely from one side. It is a kind of threaded insert. There are two types: one is designed to form a bulge on the back side of the panel as a screw is tightened in its threads. The other is similarly drawn in using a screw, but is drawn into the sleeve instead of creating a bulge.

History
The first rivet nut was created by BF Goodrich in the 1930s, and sold under the trademark RIVNUT®. It was first used to mount rubber de-icing boots to aircraft wings.

Usage
In the field of aviation, rivet nuts are often used to attach various items, such as static dischargers and inspection access covers, to the surface of an aircraft. Rivet nuts are an ideal replacement for weld nuts because they will not distort base materials, eliminate weld splatter, toxic fumes, and other by-products of the welding process, and can be installed in many different kinds of material including steel, plastic, composites, and fiberglass.

See also
 Swage nut
 Friction drilling

References

Notes

Bibliography

.
.

Nuts (hardware)

Rivet nut


Nicole Hemmer is an American historian. She is an is an associate professor of history and director of the Carolyn T. and Robert M. Rogers Center for the American Presidency at Vanderbilt University. She specializes in the history of conservative media in the United States from the 1940s to the present, and the role of right-wing media in American electoral politics. She is particularly involved in public communication that aims to provide historical context for contemporary events in American politics. Hemmer has been a regular columnist or an editor of historical series at print media outlets like The Washington Post, U.S. News & World Report, CNN and The Age, and she hosts the American history podcasts Past Present and This Day in Esoteric Political History.

Education and academic positions
Hemmer is from Indiana. She attended Marian University in Indianapolis, graduating with a BA in 2001 with a major in psychology and a minor in political science. She then earned an MA in 2005, an MPhil in 2006, and a PhD in 2010, all in U.S. history from the Department of History at Columbia University. Her dissertation was entitled Messengers of the Right: Media and the Modern Conservative Movement, and was supervised by Alan Brinkley.

From 2009 to 2011, Hemmer was an adjunct lecturer at Manchester University in Indiana, and in 2011 she became a postdoctoral researcher at the United States Studies Centre at the University of Sydney.

In 2012, she joined the faculty at the University of Miami, and in 2015 joined The Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. She subsequently moved to the Interdisciplinary Center for Innovative Theory and Empirics at Columbia University becoming a scholar with the Obama Presidency Oral History Project there.

Research
In 2016, Hemmer published the book Messengers of the Right: Conservative media and the transformation of American politics, which arose from her PhD dissertation. The book traces the development of right-wing media in the United States from its origins in 1940s and 1950s periodicals like Human Events and National Review and radio programs like Clarence Manion's Forum of Opinion, through to contemporary conservative media like The Rush Limbaugh Show and Fox News.

Messengers of the Right is primarily structured around three figures: the mid-century right wing media broadcaster Clarence Manion, the publisher Henry Regnery, and the columnist William A. Rusher; Hemmer was credited with writing the first detailed treatment of Manion, and one of the first on Regnery. The development of this media landscape is situated in the context of conflicts within the Republican Party. In particular, conservative media and conservative politicians did not always have a close relationship in America, and Messengers of the right is concerned with the development of that relationship to the point that media figures like Rush Limbaugh, Bill O'Reilly, and Sean Hannity can often be understood as acting collaboratively with politicians like Ronald Reagan, Newt Gingrich, and Donald Trump.

By studying the development of right-wing media from the promoters of the original America First movement and the supporters of Barry Goldwater through to conventional right-wing media outlets in contemporary America, Hemmer's work contextualized the ascent of far-right nationalist media figures like Steve Bannon and the outlet Breitbart News around the time of the 2016 United States presidential election. Hemmer also studies the relationship of these media outlets to the truth, demonstrating that some early right-wing outlets were openly motivated by a belief that objectivity is not possible in political news media, and that therefore ideologically driven media is justified in explicitly pursuing partisan electoral goals.

Hemmer's research on conservative media and its role in electoral politics has been reviewed or cited in news outlets like NPR, Vox, Politico, and The Washington Times.

Public communication
Hemmer has been a regular host of several podcast series. Since 2015, Hemmer has hosted the weekly podcast Past Present with the historians Natalia Mehlman Petrzela and Neil J. Young, which discusses recent American political events in the context of American political history. In 2020, she launched the Radiotopia podcast This Day in Esoteric Political History together with Jody Avirgan, who is the former host of the FiveThirtyEight elections podcast and Kellie Carter Jackson.  Each episode of This Day in Esoteric Political History describes an event that happened on the same day of the year as that episode, focusing on events that might inform the current moment. Hemmer also created a 6-part podcast called A12, which focused on the Unite the Right rally and its historical context.

Hemmer has also been a regular history contributor to print media outlets. She co-founded the "Made By History" series at The Washington Post, and served as one of two editors-in-chief of the series. From 2013 to 2018, she wrote a weekly column for the U.S. News & World Report. Since 2014, she has been a syndicated columnist at The Age.

Selected works
Past Present podcast (2015–)
Messengers of the Right: Conservative Media and the Transformation of American Politics (2016)
This Day in Esoteric Political History podcast (2020–)
Partisans: The Conservative Revolutionaries Who Remade American Politics in the 1990s (2022)

References

American women social scientists
21st-century American women writers
Living people
21st-century American historians
Historians from Indiana
Historians of the United States
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Marian University (Indiana) alumni
Columbia University faculty
University of Miami faculty
University of Virginia faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women academics
Historians from Florida

Nicole Hemmer


The Lord Howe parakeet (Cyanoramphus subflavescens), also known as the Lord Howe red-fronted parakeet, is an extinct  parrot endemic to Lord Howe Island in the Tasman Sea, part of New South Wales, Australia.  It was described as full species by Tommaso Salvadori in 1891, but subsequently it has been regarded as subspecies of the red-crowned parakeet. In 2012, the IOC World Bird List recognised it as species.

Taxonomy
Pending molecular analysis, Christidis & Boles (2008) have suggested on biogeographical grounds that the taxon is likely to be most closely related to the Norfolk Island green parrot (Cyanoramphus cookii), as either a subspecies of what they have tentatively called the Tasman parakeet (Cyanoramphus cookii subflavescens), or possibly a full species (Cyanoramphus subflavescens).

Description

The Lord Howe parakeet was a medium-sized green parrot with a crimson cap and eye-stripe. Measurements of specimens indicate that it was slightly larger than the nominate subspecies, as well as having yellower plumage and less extensive red markings on the head.

Extinction
The parrot was formerly abundant on the island, but was persecuted by the early settlers there because of its raids on their crops and gardens.  It was last recorded in 1869.

Only two specimens of the Lord Howe parakeet exist.  They come from the John Gould collection, taken by John MacGillivray in September 1853 on the voyage of HMS Herald, and are held in the Natural History Museum.

References

Further reading
Walters, Michael P.  & Hume, Julian P.: Extinct Birds, Poyser Monographes A & C Black, 2012.  p 171

Lord Howe parakeet
Extinct birds of Lord Howe Island
Bird extinctions since 1500
Lord Howe parakeet

Lord Howe parakeet


John Martin Oostrom (September 2, 1930 – March 4, 2023) was a Canadian business executive and parliamentarian. He was the first Dutch-born Canadian elected to the House of Commons of Canada.

Life
Oostrom was the eldest of thirteen children and immigrated to Canada from the Netherlands with his entire family in 1952. They settled on a farm near Kemptville, Ontario. Oostrom moved to Toronto in 1955 to study at the University of Toronto, and graduated in 1959 with a BA.  He subsequently earned a Master of Business Administration degree and entered the business world as a financial analyst. By the late 1970s, he had become an executive with the electronics firm, Philips Canada.

He was a member of Paul Hellyer's short-lived Action Canada Party in 1971, and followed Hellyer into the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada when Action Canada dissolved prior to the 1972 federal election. In that election, Oostrom was the Progressive Conservative (PC) candidate in the working-class Toronto riding of York South. He placed third behind New Democratic Party leader David Lewis and the Liberal candidate. Oostrom died on March 4, 2023 at the age of 92.

Career
In the 1979 federal election, Oostrom ran again in what had become York South—Weston. This time he came in second, only 3,500 votes behind Liberal incumbent Ursula Appolloni. A third attempt by Oostrom in the 1980 election was less successful. He came third with only half as many votes as the Liberal victor.

Oostrom was successful in his fourth campaign, in the 1984 federal election when he moved to the more affluent riding of Willowdale in North York. This time, Oostrom won, edging Liberal Member of Parliament Jim Peterson by just over 400 votes.

As a Progressive Conservative backbencher in the House of Commons of Canada, Oostrom was a social conservative, opposing abortion and favouring capital punishment and a hard law and order stance. As vice chair of the House of Common's committee responsible for immigration, Oostrom also expressed criticism of what he saw as lax policies towards refugee claimants. Oostrom is also a fervent anti-Communist and was also involved with the far-right World Anti-Communist League.

In the 1988 federal election, Oostrom again faced Peterson, who beat him by fewer than 2,000 votes. Oostrom returned to the private sector as a consultant before trying to regain his Willowdale seat as a PC Party candidate in the 1993 federal election. He was unsuccessful, garnering only 7,733 votes against Peterson's 28,000 and winning only 700 votes more than the third place Reform Party candidate.

Oostrom attempted another comeback in the 2000 federal election, this time in the suburban 905 riding of Oak Ridges north of Toronto. Running again as a Progressive Conservative, he came in a poor third.

In 2003, Oostrom added his voice to those Tories opposing the Progressive Conservative Party's merger with the Canadian Alliance.

References

External links

1930 births
Living people
Dutch emigrants to Canada
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
People from Bunnik
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs
University of Toronto alumni

John Oostrom


Thomas Chafe (c. 1611 – 1662) was an English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1660.

Chafe was the son  of John Chafe, a merchant of Exeter, Devon and his wife Anne May, daughter of William May of North Molton, Devon. His father died in 1619. He was a student of Middle Temple in 1631 and was called to the bar in 1638. He became a Bencher of Middle Temple in 1659. In 1660, he was elected Member of Parliament for Totnes.  He was a J.P. for Dorset from July 1660 and a commissioner  for assessment from August 1660.

Chafe died at the age of about 50 and was buried in the Temple Church on 3 July 1662.

Chafe married by licence dated 28 December 1641 Catherine Malet, daughter of Sir Thomas Malet, of St. Audries, Somerset and had a son and five daughters.

References

1611 births
1662 deaths
English MPs 1660
Lawyers from Devon
Members of the Middle Temple
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for Totnes
17th-century English lawyers

Thomas Chafe (Totnes MP)


11:14 is a 2003 neo-noir black comedy thriller film written and directed by Greg Marcks (in his feature directorial debut). The film stars an ensemble cast consisting of Rachael Leigh Cook, Ben Foster, Clark Gregg, Colin Hanks, Shawn Hatosy, Barbara Hershey, Stark Sands, Hilary Swank, Patrick Swayze, and Henry Thomas. It follows five different storylines that all lead up to a series of events that happen one evening at 11:14.

The film premiered at the 56th Cannes Film Festival on May 16, 2003 and also screened at the 28th Toronto International Film Festival on September 5, 2003. It received a limited theatrical release in San Francisco, California on August 12, 2005, before being released on DVD and Blu-ray by New Line Home Entertainment on October 11, 2005.

Plot

The film involves a series of interconnected events that converge around two car-related accidents at 11:14 p.m.  The connections between the events are not apparent at first, but are gradually revealed by a series of progressively receding flashbacks.

Part 1

11:14 - 11:34
Jack, who has been drinking, is seen driving along a road at night talking on his cell phone.  The clock on the dashboard reads 11:14 p.m.  Suddenly, as he drives under an overpass, something smashes across the windshield, causing him to skid off the road. He stops by a deer crossing sign and gets out to inspect the damage, and finds a human body with a badly mutilated face lying close to his car.  When he sees another car approaching, he panics and drags the body out of sight.  The car pulls up next to him, and the driver, Norma, assumes that he hit a deer. She offers to call the police over Jack's protests, insisting that it is no trouble because she has a new cell phone that she "never uses" and because she is friends with the Chief of Police.  Norma offers Jack a ride to her house to wait for the police, but he declines.  When she drives off, Jack decides to hide the body in the trunk of his car.  He gets back into the car to pull away, but a police officer pulls up behind him.  Officer Hannagan speaks with Jack and, noting his odd behavior, asks him if he would submit to a breathalyzer test.  Jack requests a sobriety test instead, which Hannagan administers, getting him to recite the alphabet in reverse from Z to A.  When the officer checks with dispatch, he finds that Jack's license has been revoked for driving under the influence.  Hannagan tells Jack that he is under arrest and that his car will be impounded.  When he finds the body in the trunk, Hannagan handcuffs Jack with a cable tie and tells the two people already in the back of the cruiser, Duffy, and Buzzy, to move over so that Jack will fit.  While Hannagan argues with Buzzy, who refuses to move over, Jack is able to pull clippers out of his pocket, cut the cable tie, and escape.  Hannagan pursues, leaving the cruiser door open, and Duffy and Buzzy also escape.  Jack runs across a property with security lights and a dog, causing the owner, Norma, to come out.  She is obviously upset and is looking for her husband, Frank, because she just received a phone call that their daughter, Cheri, was killed in a hit-and-run accident.  Hannagan catches up to Jack at this point, and Norma angrily strikes Jack with a flashlight, assuming that he is responsible for her daughter's death.  He flees again, into the cemetery where he trips over a bowling ball and is again taken into custody.

Part 2

11:09 - 11:29
Tim, Mark, and Eddie are driving around causing trouble by throwing things out of the windows of Mark's mother's van, including a jelly donut, which hits an oncoming car, and a book they have set on fire.  Mark, distracted by Eddie urinating out the van's window, runs into and kills Cheri, who was crossing the road while on her cell phone.  They stop, but flee the scene when Duffy comes toward the van with a gun. As Duffy fires on the retreating van, Tim realizes that the accident also caused the van's window to snap shut, cutting off Eddie's penis. Eddie insists that they all go back to the site of the crash because he doesn't want to live without his penis; feeling sorry for Eddie, Tim volunteers to go back in an effort to find the penis. Tim is accosted by the paramedics, Leon and Kevin at the scene, but manages to escape and get the severed penis back to Eddie.

Part 3

11:04 - 11:24
Frank is walking his dog late at night and discovers his daughter Cheri's car keys next to the dead body of Aaron, in the cemetery. Thinking his daughter is responsible for the death, Frank packs the body in the trunk of Cheri's car, accidentally locking the keys in with the body. He uses a rock to break a window and get into the car, then drives to a bridge. He has to hide from a car driven by Duffy that passes by, but then disposes of the body by dropping it over the side of the bridge, where it lands on Jack's car (as seen at the start of the film). His dog runs off with the blood-soaked jacket. He chases the dog, eventually catching it. He sees the burning book that the people threw on the sidewalk, and uses it to set his jacket on fire. His wife, Norma, sees him and gives him a ride home, where she sends him out to look for the deer that Jack supposedly hit.

Part 4

10:59 - 11:19
Buzzy is working at a convenience store late at night. Her friend and co-worker, Duffy, arrives and they begin discussing Cheri's pregnancy and money needed for an abortion. Mark and Eddie arrive after the store is closed but Duffy lets them come in. They are there to buy items to throw out the van windows. After they leave, Duffy tells Buzzy his plan to steal from the store the $500 required to pay for the abortion. Cheri arrives and she and Duffy go into the cooler. Meanwhile Buzzy is playing around with Duffy's revolver (the one he plans to use to rob the store) and she accidentally shoots a bullet through a glass door of a refrigerator, barely missing Duffy and Cheri. Cheri leaves and Duffy asks Buzzy to allow him to steal the money from the convenience store's cash register. Buzzy objects, fearful of losing her job, but relents, while insisting that Duffy shoot her in the arm to make it look like an authentic robbery. He shoots her in the arm and then dials 9-1-1 for her, leaving while she is on the phone.  Duffy looks for his keys, barely escaping the police who are arriving more quickly than he thought they would.  While driving away, he passes by Aaron's car, where Frank has parked it preparing to dispose of Aaron's body.  Duffy then sees Cheri parked and tells her he got the money for her abortion. When she gets out of her car, he witnesses the young people's van knocking down and killing Cheri, and he shoots at the young people. He is then arrested by Officer Hannagan for shooting at the van and for the store robbery, based on the description someone phoned in (later revealed to be Cheri). Buzzy is arrested as an accomplice when she refuses to identify Duffy and admits to conspiring with him.

Part 5

10:54 - 11:14
Cheri leaves her house to have sex with Aaron at the cemetery.  Aaron is reclining against a tombstone that has a stone angel on top.  The angel's neck is damaged and the heavy stone head falls onto Aaron's face, killing him instantly and mutilating his face.  Cheri runs away from the scene, not realizing that she has dropped the set of keys that Frank found in the earlier scene.  Cheri borrows her father's car and goes to the convenience store to get Duffy's bowling ball, intending to replace the angel head with the bowling ball and implicate Duffy as killing Aaron.  As she drives away from the store, she sees the shooting and reports a description of Duffy to the police.  When Cheri arrives back at the cemetery, she drops the bowling ball when she sees that Aaron's body is gone.  She tries to leave, but her car is again having trouble starting. Her cell phone rings, and she begins talking to Jack.  This is the phone conversation the movie begins with, continued to inform the viewer that Cheri's "pregnancy" is actually a scam to get money from both Duffy and Aaron, so that Cheri and Jack can leave town together with the money.  In the midst of the call, Duffy calls out Cheri's name from across the street to tell her that he got the $500 she wanted him to get.  Cheri hangs up quickly, and while she is crossing the street, the cell phone rings again, and, distracted, she stops in the middle of the road, where she is hit by the van containing Mark, Tim, and Eddie.  The camera pans to Cheri's cell phone, which reads 11:14 p.m.

Cast
 Henry Thomas as Jack Levine
 Blake Heron as Aaron Lewis
 Barbara Hershey as Norma
 Clark Gregg as Officer George Hannagan
 Hilary Swank as "Buzzy"
 Shawn Hatosy as Duffy Nichols
 Stark Sands as Tim
 Colin Hanks as Mark
 Ben Foster as Eddie
 Patrick Swayze as Frank
 Rachael Leigh Cook as Cheri
 Jason Segel as Leon
 Rick Gomez as Kevin

Reception

Critical response
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 11:14 has a 92% "fresh" approval rating based on 12 reviews, with an average rating of 6.9/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 65 out of 100, based on 4 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Lisa Nesselson of Variety praised 11:14 as a "zippy and sardonic feast of bad decision-making under pressure" that "artfully molds the seemingly unrelated misfortunes of 10 characters into a satisfying and consistently entertaining whole." Wally Hammond of Time Out gave the film a mixed review, noting: "Marcks mounts all this as an essay in synchronicity, replete with flashbacks, overlaps, connections and black humour... there are some outrageous, funny moments and Marcks directs with minor panache. But it's ultimately an unsatisfactory experience, akin to observing someone else fill in a crossword puzzle." Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle called it a "meticulous piece of plot construction, entertaining, full of incidents and infused throughout with a mischievous and bleak sense of humor." Ryan Lambie of Den of Geek listed it as one of the top 25 underrated films of 2003.

Accolades

References

External links

2003 films
2003 directorial debut films
2003 independent films
2003 black comedy films
2003 crime thriller films
American independent films
American black comedy films
American crime thriller films
American mystery thriller films
American neo-noir films
American nonlinear narrative films
Canadian independent films
Canadian black comedy films
Canadian crime thriller films
Canadian mystery thriller films
Canadian nonlinear narrative films
2000s English-language films
Films about death
Films about couples
Films about murder
Films about road accidents and incidents
Films directed by Greg Marcks
Films produced by Beau Flynn
Films scored by Clint Mansell
Films shot in California
Films shot in Los Angeles
Hyperlink films
New Line Cinema films
New Line Cinema direct-to-video films
2000s American films
2000s Canadian films

11:14


Larry Griffin (September 23, 1954 – June 21, 1995) was sentenced to death for the murder of 19-year-old Quintin Moss in St. Louis, Missouri on the afternoon of June 26, 1980.

Moss was killed in a drive-by shooting while allegedly dealing drugs on a street corner.

Death
Appeals courts upheld his conviction and death sentence. Griffin was executed by lethal injection on June 21, 1995. Griffin maintained his innocence right up to his execution.

Re-opened investigation
After Griffin's execution, a 2005 post-execution investigation was sponsored by the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund. This NAACP investigation raised doubts about the conviction (specifically as to the shooter's identity), and subsequently caused an investigation by the St. Louis City Circuit Attorney's Office.  The St. Louis City investigation ended in a finding that "the right person was convicted".

See also
 Capital punishment in Missouri
 Capital punishment in the United States
 List of people executed in Missouri

References

1954 births
1995 deaths
American people convicted of murder
American people executed for murder
20th-century executions by Missouri
People from St. Louis
People executed by Missouri by lethal injection
People convicted of murder by Missouri
Executed African-American people
20th-century executions of American people
20th-century African-American people

Larry Griffin


The Basilica of Our Lady of Zapopan () and the abbey of Our lady of zapopan of Zapopan are a 17th-century Franciscan sanctuary built in downtown Zapopan, in the state of Jalisco, México.

It is one of the most visited sanctuaries in Western Mexico, and it preserves a wooden Virgin that is considered a valuable relic of medieval origin, which came from Spain to New Galicia in the 16th century. The Huichol Museum is located in the building.

Catholic affiliations
The church complex belongs to the Franciscan province of Sts. Francis and James (Francisco y Santiago), that includes Jalisco, Monterrey, Guanajuato, and Zacatecas. Affiliated with the church is a retirement home of the Valle de la Misericordia (Valley of Mercy).

The abbey is made up of members of the Franciscan Order of Friars Minor, though it is also used by the Capuchin, Third order, Society of Saint Francis,  the Clarisse, and Franciscan sisters. It has also worked with the Dominicans and the Franciscan Youth (Youfra) of Roch.

Virgin of Zapopan

The Virgin of Zapopan is also known as Our Lady of Expectation. She is also referred to as La Generala or the Zapopanita. In 1734, she was proclaimed Patroness against storms and lightning.  The statue stays in Guadalajara from June 13 to October 12.

After Mexico became independent in 1821, the Virgin was proclaimed Patroness of the State of Jalisco. She was canonically crowned on 18 January 1921, in a ceremony that included presenting the keys to the city of Guadalajara.

Romería—pilgrimage
The Romería of the Virgin of Zapopan is an annual pilgrimage from the Guadalajara Cathedral to the Basilica of Zapopan.

It is considered the third most important pilgrimage in the country, after the one of the Virgin of Guadalupe, and the Virgin of San Juan de los Lagos. The Romería of the Virgin of Zapopan consists of a route 8 km in length, from the metropolitan Guadalajara Cathedral, to the Basilica of Our Lady of Zapopan.

At dawn on October 12 of each year a procession of lay Catholics, pre-Columbian dancers, mendicants, priests and seminarians carries a statue of the Virgin Mary from the cathedral to the basilica. The figure of the virgin goes accompanied by more than 1,000,000 people. This festival involves most of the population of both cities and finishes with a mass in the plaza outside the basilica. The event ends with traditional dances and evening fireworks.

UNESCO inscribed Romería—pilgrimage in 2018 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

Basilica and abbey history
Different tribes of indigenous peoples populated the region of Tzapopan since around the 12th century CE. The Spanish conquistadors, led by Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán, conquered this area in 1530 for New Spain. Missionaries soon followed. In 1541, on direction of the king of Spain, the town of Nuestra Señora de la Concepción de Tzapopan (Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception of Tzapopan) was founded. Local legend tells that the Virgin interceded between the Spanish and the indigenous peoples during the conquest battles, convincing the local population to lay down their arms and convert to Christianity.

Major construction of the abbey and basilica began in 1689, although the original project underwent changes, additions, and conversions over time.  The front of the church has a great vestibule, with Spanish Baroque portals that feature Ionic columns, sculptured reliefs, and large urns on pedestals.

The windows of the priest's rooms are on the side of the church. The main altar is made of Italian marble from Carrara. The pedestal for the statue of the Virgin was made of cypress by local artisans in the 17th century. The interior of the abbey has lodgings on the first and second floor and a chapel for the priests. There are also meditation gardens. The basilica serves as a seminary and a center of religious instruction for the Franciscans.

Local legend tells that the Virgin came to the assistance of the local populace fighting for independence from Spain in 1821. In 1979 the Pope John Paul II visited the church.

The basilica is a monumental example of 17th century colonial Baroque architecture, and is surrounded by other Spanish colonial architecture, such as the Chapel of Nextipac (Franciscan construction), the Chapel of Santa Ana Tepetitlán (a hospital founded by Franciscans). There are also later 17th century buildings such as the Neoclassical style Church of San Pedro Apóstol, Cruz Atrial de Tesistán, the Municipal Palace, and the Zapopan Entrance Arch.

Artworks
The church has a collection of art that includes paintings and sculptures.

The oil painting of Juan Cruz Ruiz de Cabañas y Crespo, who was a patron of the church.
The statue of the Virgin made by local artisans from Michoacán, at the request of Fr. Antonio de Segovia in 1541.
The Holy Family – a work by Victoriano Acuña (1832)
The church's atrium features two bronze statues, one of Fr. Antonio de Segovia and of Pope John Paul II.

The Huichol Museum is next to the basilica and has a permanent exhibit about the art of the Huichol, Tepehuan and Cora people.
The Museum of the Virgin of Zapopan is on the north side of the basilica next to where the Virgin is venerated.

See also
Baroque architecture in Mexico
List of basilicas

References

External links

—Jalisco state.mx: Página de la OFM de la provincia de los SS Francisco y Santiago

Basilica churches in Mexico
Zapopan
Baroque church buildings in Mexico
Buildings and structures in Jalisco
Franciscan churches in Mexico
Museums in Jalisco
Shrines to the Virgin Mary
Religious museums in Mexico
Roman Catholic shrines in Mexico
Christian museums
Landmarks in Jalisco
National Monuments of Mexico
Tourist attractions in Jalisco
17th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Mexico
Spanish Colonial architecture in Mexico
Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity

Basilica of Our Lady of Zapopan


Kazimieras "Kazim" Vasiliauskas (born 2 August 1990) is a Lithuanian former racing driver.

Racing career

Karting
Vasiliauskas was born in Kaišiadorys.  He competed in kart racing from 1999 to 2007, winning several Lithuanian and Baltic championships including the Lithuanian Karting KF3 Championship in 2002 and the Lithuanian Karting KF1 Championship in 2005.

Formula Renault
Vasiliauskas moved up to formula racing in 2008, competing part-season in both the Italian Formula Renault Championship and the Formula Renault 2.0 Eurocup with Prema Powerteam. He finished 21st in the Italian series and did not score any points in the Eurocup. His best race finish was sixteenth in the final round in Barcelona.

Formula Palmer Audi
Vasiliauskas competed in the 2009 Formula Palmer Audi Championship. Despite only achieving two wins, Vasilauskas' title hopes only ended at the first corner of the final race, where a first-corner crash with Tristan Vautier gifted the title to Richard Plant. Vasiliauskas finished as runner-up.

Formula Two
Vasiliauskas signed to drive for the relaunched FIA Formula Two Championship in 2009, becoming the first Lithuanian driver to compete at an international level of motorsport. He finished seventh overall, with one win and one pole position, both at Imola.

Vasiliauskas returned to the series in 2010 after being under threat to miss the first round of the championship when his primary sponsor pulled out just one week before the start of the season. However, Vasiliauskas competed in the Formula 2 season-opener at Silverstone and, despite missing pre-season testing, finished fifth and seventh in the first and second races respectively. He achieved his first pole position of the season Brands Hatch, after being only eleventh in the first race of the weekend. However, after leading first half of the race, Vasiliauskas retired with a gear box failure. He achieved his second pole position in 2010 at Valencia, last race of the season, and led from start to finish to score his first and only win in the 2010 Formula Two campaign. He finished in fourth place overall.

Vasiliauskas left F2 at the end of 2010, and was without a regular drive in 2011. He participated in the 1000-km-race in the Baltic countries in a sportscar in July 2011. Vasiliauskas announced to Lithuanian media in February 2012 that he will now focus on his career in law, citing problems finding sponsorship money for a further career in racing (e.g. GP2). Vasiliauskas is the first and only Lithuanian to date to have won races in an international open-wheel racing series.

Racing record

Career summary

Complete FIA Formula Two Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

References

External links
Vasiliauskas' official website

1990 births
Living people
People from Kaišiadorys
Lithuanian racing drivers
Formula Renault Eurocup drivers
Italian Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
FIA Formula Two Championship drivers
Formula Palmer Audi drivers
Blancpain Endurance Series drivers
24 Hours of Spa drivers
Prema Powerteam drivers

Kazim Vasiliauskas


In Virgil's Aeneid, Androgeos or Androgeus (; derived from andros "of a man" and geos, genitive gē "earth, land") was a Greek soldier, who during the sack of Troy in the middle of the night mistook Aeneas and his group of Trojan defenders for a Greek raiding party, paying for this mistake with his life. Afterwards, Aeneas's companion Coroebus dressed in Androgeos's armor in order to fool more Greek soldiers to their demise, only to be the first among Aeneas's disguised group to die.

See also

 List of Trojan asteroids (Greek camp)

Note

Achaeans (Homer)
Characters in the Aeneid

References

 Publius Vergilius Maro, Aeneid. Theodore C. Williams. trans. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1910. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
 Publius Vergilius Maro, Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics. J. B. Greenough. Boston. Ginn & Co. 1900. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.

Androgeus (Aeneid)


The Rosie Show is an American evening television talk show starring and produced by Rosie O'Donnell, airing on OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network. The first episode premiered on October 10, 2011, on the stage that was formerly home to The Oprah Winfrey Show at Harpo Studios in Chicago. It was announced on March 6, 2012 that the show would be moving to New York in the near future. On March 16, 2012, OWN announced that The Rosie Show would be canceled after only one season and ninety-four episodes due to low ratings, with the final episode airing on Thursday March 29, 2012.

Synopsis
The show covered current events, highlighted hometown heroes and newsmakers, showcased art, discussed important issues and celebrated children. The daily show also featured comedy and game segments (a staple of Rosie's first talk show) as well as celebrity guests and performances by recording artists, both well-known and up-and-coming performers.

Original format
The original format was utilized in shows airing between October 10, 2011 and January 23, 2012.

Opening
Each show opens with Rosie emerging from backstage and welcoming her audience. During the first segment, she combines a free-flow of stand-up comedy, questions from the audience, and a recap of the daily news headlines. Rosie often also uses this time to chat with her show announcer, Hollee Chanel, and the leader of her house band, Katreese Barnes (similar to how she would open The Rosie O'Donnell Show with a conversation with John McDaniel).

As of January 17, 2012, former announcer Chanel has been promoted to special correspondent, working on human interest stories and interviews for various production pieces for the show. Google Pete, a regular on her past XM Radio show Rosie Radio, has taken the role of the new announcer and Rosie uses the opening of her program to chat about the news headlines with Pete and answer viewer questions posted on Twitter.

Music
The Rosie Show infuses music into every episode- whether it be performances by musical guests, Rosie's spontaneous musical numbers (sometimes accompanied by her "Broadway Boys"), or the soundtrack provided by her house band, led by Katreese Barnes (a former Saturday Night Live musical director). Sometimes special musical guests will sit in and accompany the band.

As of January 17, 2012, Katreese Barnes and the house band are no longer seen on the set on a regular basis. Rosie has stated that Barnes is now working behind the scenes on song parodies for the show.

Game show segments
Some shows close with a game segment, where audience members face off against each other to win a prize.  Game segments have included: The Ro Game, Build That Tune, and Odd Man Out.  At the end of the game, the loser is forced to take the "Walk of Shame," while the winner is showered with confetti.

One-on-One format
January 24, 2012 saw the beginning of a new format for The Rosie Show with Kathy Griffin's One-On-One interview. No longer is there a studio audience or a regular pattern of show segments (opening monologue, guest interview, musical performance, game show, etc.). Instead, Rosie sits across a glass desk from her guest and conducts an in-depth interview that is more serious in tone than her interviews on the show prior to the One-On-One format. O'Donnell has expressed that she enjoys these intimate interviews with no audience and as a result of positive feedback, she continued with One-On-One format until her final show.

Rosie Reality: Behind the Scenes
Some episodes of The Rosie Show are entitled Rosie Reality, a behind the scenes reality show, similar to The Oprah Winfrey Shows Season 25: Oprah Behind The Scenes. The show presents a backstage look at how Rosie and her crew at Harpo Studios produce episodes of the talk show.

History
The Rosie Show debuted on OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network on Monday, October 10, 2011 at 7:00 p.m. ET. The show led into Oprah's Lifeclass and the pair was considered a reboot for the struggling network to increase viewership during its fall launch of shows.

It was announced on September 29, 2011 that Russell Brand would be the show's first guest.  Other guests during Rosie's premiere week included: Wanda Sykes, Gloria Estefan, Roseanne Barr, Lisa Kudrow, Valerie Harper, and Kevin Bacon.

On October 26, 2011, audience member Hollee Chanel was chosen by Rosie to be the new announcer for the show, replacing actress Michelle Blakely. O'Donnell expressed that there would be further changes to the set and format over the show's first few months, as the program finds its vibe during the first season.

On December 6, 2011, Rosie announced on her show that she had recently proposed to her girlfriend, New York-based headhunter Michelle Rounds. The news became a national headline and O'Donnell expressed her surprise at the media's overwhelming response.

On December 9, 2011, Rosie responded to a joke that David Letterman made on The Late Show about her engagement; as part of the joke, Letterman referred to Rosie as a tow truck driver and sports team coach. In response to what she believed was a form of homophobic bullying, O'Donnell shared the top five reasons why she won't appear on The Late Show.

On January 17, 2012, The Rosie Show debuted a brand new set that is smaller, more colorful, and reflective of the host's attempt to establish a more intimate vibe. Rosie says that such changes were completed in just five days and they were inspired by her experience on the set of Bravo's Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen. In addition, former announcer Hollee Chanel has been promoted to correspondent, and house band leader Katreese Barnes is now working behind the scenes on song parodies. Google Pete, a regular from Rosie's XM Radio show, is taking the helm as announcer and live tweeter. O'Donnell also addressed controversy sparked by a photo posted online that showed her family catching a hammerhead shark years ago, before they became endangered. Shark enthusiasts and conservationists began an online campaign against the host because of the photo, and Rosie responded with a humorous monologue, which declared her love for animals. This episode was streamed live on Rosie.com at 4/3c.

On January 27, 2012, Rosie revealed in a one-on-one interview with Dr. Oz that her fiancée Michelle Rounds has been seeing a fertility doctor, as the two are planning on having a child together.

On February 8, 2012, in a one-on-one interview with comedian Chelsea Handler, O'Donnell discussed her anxiety surrounding little people, as she said "I'm a little ashamed about it [but] I have a mild fear or anxiety around little people. The problem with me is I can't put the two things together. This is an adult person, a little person ... it's so hard for me." Handler responded with opinions deemed equally or more offensive by many critics. Rosie has since issued numerous public apologies via her Twitter account, including one to Little People, Big World star Amy Roloff, saying "i am sorry my words hurt u and made u sad - they were ineloquently phrased - i apologize and am pained at my own inadequacy." Amy was quick to respond to Rosie's apology by tweeting, "I appreciate that Rosie. Beginning of further great discussions. Many of us in the LP community were taken back. Let's talk more." She later assured the OWN show host in another tweet, "we all do - mess up comment very public & stirred up many memories in many LPs I'm sure. THANK YOU for apology! Much appreciated."

Cancellation
On Friday March 16, 2012, OWN announced the cancellation of Rosie O'Donnell's five-month-old talk show. The daily show taped its final episode on Tuesday, March 20, 2012, and aired it on Thursday March 29, 2012 in its 7 p.m. time slot.

On Monday March 19, 2012, Rosie addressed the news of the cancellation on her show, saying she has no hard feelings toward OWN for canceling The Rosie Show because it was a "fair" fate for a show she wrongfully presumed would be easy to do. O'Donnell added that the show "started off the wrong way," in that it tried to recreate her syndicated talk show from the '90s. "You can't do that," she said. "There's a quote [from] Lewis Carroll: 'I can't go back to yesterday because I was a different person then.' And that's what I sort of figured out." After she realized that during the Christmas break, O'Donnell said she revamped the show, turning it into a one-on-one interview without an audience, but it was too little too late.

Reception

Critical reception
The Rosie Show debuted to mixed but generally positive reviews. James Poniewozik of Time Magazine stated that the show "found a happy medium between Serious-Adult Rosie and Showbiz-Kid Rosie, giving her a medium to talk with people she likes about things that matter to her, while keeping positive and showing the live audience a good time."

Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times compared the show to the rest of the OWN programming and remarked that unlike "the solemn, mostly repurposed fare that clutters the rest of OWN, The Rosie Show is colorful and spontaneous: the funny cousin who shows up for a family ceremony late and lets suitcases of clothes, shoes and presents spill out all across the living room floor." Further, the review comments on O'Donnell's "friendly rapport" with guests and compares her fun, easygoing style to Carol Burnett and Merv Griffin. In addition, the reviewer comments on her ability to maintain a fine balance of intimacy and fun when she interviews guests, demonstrated when she "discussed rehab with Mr. [Russell] Brand, a former drug addict, and breast cancer with Ms. [Wanda] Sykes, who caught hers early and is in full recovery. But serious issues don't get in the way of what Ms. O'Donnell does best: amiable, free-floating conversation that seems unscripted and unpretentious."

On the other hand, The Hollywood Reporter said the show was "ramshackle" and "a little crazy" but called it interesting to watch. Variety called it "curiously flat and understated," while the Los Angeles Times said The Rosie Show had a "not-bad, pretty good, kinda funny, sort of smart debut."

Ratings
The debut of The Rosie Show was seen by 497,000 viewers on OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network. The series was also aired across five other cable channels operated by OWN's partner, Discovery Communications Inc., reaching a combined total audience of 1.5 million.

Overall, an average 388,000 nightly viewers watched The Rosie Show on OWN during the week of its Oct. 10th debut. O'Donnell, Winfrey, and OWN execs have stated that they are happy with the show's premiere week ratings. Further, The Rosie Show posted double digit growth for the month of October across the key demos versus year ago numbers averaging 258,000 total viewers per night (up 81% compared with Discovery Health'''s ratings in October 2010).

On November 15, 2011 TV Guide described The Rosie Shows shrinking viewership; the show had dropped to an average of only 171,000 nightly viewers overall and 58,000 in the 18-to-49 demo.

On December 14, 2011 The Hollywood Reporter announced that the show had been averaging 244,000 viewers as of Dec. 4, a slight increase over the previous report.

On January 19, 2012 NYPost.com outlined the show's mediocre ratings over the past two weeks- an average of 193,000 viewers tuned in the week ending January 6, 2012, while an even lower average of 150,000 viewers watched Rosie the week ending January 13, 2012.

On March 6, 2012, Variety'' reported that the show averaged 204,000 viewers in February 2012, which marked an improvement for the show.

References

External links

2010s American television talk shows
2011 American television series debuts
2012 American television series endings
2010s American LGBT-related television series
Lesbian-related television shows
English-language television shows
Oprah Winfrey Network original programming
Rosie O'Donnell

The Rosie Show


is the pen name of Japanese writer . From 2002 to 2015, she wrote her name in hiragana ().

Biography
Yoshimoto was born in Tokyo on July 24, 1964, and grew up in a liberal family. Her father was the poet and critic Takaaki Yoshimoto, and her sister, Haruno Yoiko, is a well-known cartoonist in Japan.

Yoshimoto graduated from Nihon University's College of Art with a major in literature. While there, she adopted the pseudonym "Banana", after her love of banana flowers, a name she recognizes as both "cute" and "purposefully androgynous."

Yoshimoto keeps her personal life guarded and reveals little about her certified rolfing practitioner husband, Hiroyoshi Tahata, or son (born in 2003). Each day she takes half an hour to write at her computer, and she says, "I tend to feel guilty because I write these stories almost for fun." Between 2008 and 2010, she maintained an online journal for English-speaking fans.

Writing career
Yoshimoto began her writing career while working as a waitress at a golf club restaurant in 1987.

Her debut work, Kitchen (1988), had over 60 printings in Japan alone. There have been two film adaptations: a Japanese TV movie and a more widely released version titled Wo ai chu fang, produced in Hong Kong by Ho Yim in 1997.

In November 1987, Yoshimoto won the 6th Kaien Newcomer Writers Prize for Kitchen; in 1988, the novel was nominated for the Mishima Yukio Prize, and in 1989, it received the 39th Minister of Education's Art Encouragement Prize for New Artists. In 1988 (January), she also won the 16th Izumi Kyōka Prize for Literature, for the novella Moonlight Shadow, which is included in most editions of Kitchen.

Another one of her novels, Goodbye Tsugumi (1989), received mixed reviews but was made into a 1990 movie directed by Jun Ichikawa.

Publications
Her works include twelve novels and seven collections of essays (including Pineapple Pudding and Song From Banana) which have together sold over six million copies worldwide. Her themes include love and friendship, the power of home and family, and the effect of loss on the human spirit.

In 1998, she wrote the foreword to the Italian edition of the book Ryuichi Sakamoto. Conversazioni by musicologist Massimo Milano.

In 2013, Yoshimoto wrote the serialized novel, Shall We Love? (僕たち、恋愛しようか?), for the women's magazine Anan, with singer-actor Lee Seung-gi as the central character. The romance novel was the first of her works to feature a Korean singer as the central character.

Writing style
Yoshimoto says that her two main themes are "the exhaustion of young Japanese in contemporary Japan" and "the way in which terrible experiences shape a person's life".

Her works describe the problems faced by youth, urban existentialism, and teenagers trapped between imagination and reality. Her works are targeted not only to the young and rebellious, but also to grown-ups who are still young at heart. Yoshimoto's characters, settings, and titles have a modern and American approach, but the core is Japanese. She addresses readers in a personal and friendly way, with warmth and outright innocence, writing about the simple things such as the squeaking of wooden floors or the pleasant smell of food. Food and dreams are recurring themes in her work which are often associated with memories and emotions. Yoshimoto admits that most of her artistic inspiration derives from her own dreams and that she'd like to always be sleeping and living a life full of dreams.

She named American author Stephen King as one of her first major influences and drew inspiration from his non-horror stories. As her writing progressed, she was further influenced by Truman Capote and Isaac Bashevis Singer. Also manga artist Yumiko Ōshima was an inspiration.

Awards
In 1987, Yoshimoto won the Kaien Newcomer Writers Prize, for Kitchen. In 1988, she was awarded the 16th Izumi Kyōka Prize for Literature, for Moonlight Shadow. The following year, she earned two more accolades: the 39th Minister of Education's Art Encouragement Prize for New Artists (for the fiscal year of 1988), for Kitchen and Utakata/Sanctuary, and the 2nd Yamamoto Shūgorō Prize, for Goodbye Tsugumi. In 1995, she won the 5th Murasaki Shikibu Prize for Amrita, her first full-length novel. And in 2000, she received the 10th Bunkamura Deux Magots Literary Prize, for Furin to Nambei, a collection of stories set in South America.

Outside Japan, she has been awarded prizes in Italy: the Scanno Literary Prize in 1993, the Fendissime Literary Prize in 1996, the Literary Prize Maschera d'Argento in 1999, and the Capri Award in 2011.

The Lake was longlisted for the 2011 Man Asian Literary Prize.

Bibliography
Titles between parentheses are rough translations if the novel has not been translated.

References

External links

 Article from ''Metropolis
 Bananamania
 Romantic Love in the Early Fiction of Banana Yoshimoto
 "Banana Yoshimoto's brand-new era" -(J-pop.com overview)

1964 births
Japanese women novelists
Living people
Nihon University alumni
Postmodern writers
20th-century Japanese novelists
20th-century Japanese women writers
21st-century Japanese novelists
21st-century Japanese women writers
21st-century Japanese writers
Writers from Tokyo
20th-century pseudonymous writers
21st-century pseudonymous writers
Pseudonymous women writers

Banana Yoshimoto


Shakespeare in Love is a 1998 period romantic comedy film directed by John Madden, written by Marc Norman and Tom Stoppard, and produced by Harvey Weinstein. It stars Gwyneth Paltrow, Joseph Fiennes, Geoffrey Rush, Colin Firth, Ben Affleck and Judi Dench.

The film depicts a fictional love affair involving playwright William Shakespeare (Fiennes) and Viola de Lesseps (Paltrow) while Shakespeare was writing Romeo and Juliet. Several characters are based on historical figures, and many of the characters, lines, and plot devices allude to Shakespeare's plays.

Shakespeare in Love received acclaim from critics and was a box office success, grossing $289 million worldwide and becoming the ninth highest-grossing film of 1998. The film was noted for its highly skilled plotting and balancing of comedy and drama and for the high quality of its dialogue, performances, and production design. It received numerous accolades; it won three Golden Globe Awards (including Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy and Best Actress - Motion Picture Comedy or Musical for Paltrow), two Screen Actors Guild Awards (Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture and Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role for Paltrow), and four British Academy Film Awards (including Best Film). The film ultimately won a leading seven Oscars out of thirteen nominations at the 71st Academy Awards: Best Picture (Parfitt, Gigliotti, Weinstein, Zwick, & Norman), Best Actress (Paltrow), Best Supporting Actress (Dench), Best Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen (Norman & Stoppard), Best Original Musical or Comedy Score (Warbeck), Best Art Direction (Childs & Quertier), and Best Costume Design (Powell).

Plot
In 1593 London, William Shakespeare is a sometime player in the Lord Chamberlain's Men and playwright for Philip Henslowe, owner of The Rose Theatre. Suffering from writer's block with a new comedy, Romeo and Ethel, the Pirate's Daughter, Shakespeare attempts to seduce Rosaline, mistress of Richard Burbage, owner of the rival Curtain Theatre, and to convince Burbage to buy the play from Henslowe. Shakespeare receives advice from rival playwright Christopher Marlowe, but is despondent to learn Rosaline is sleeping with Master of the Revels Edmund Tilney. The desperate Henslowe, in debt to ruthless moneylender Fennyman, begins auditions anyway.

Viola de Lesseps, daughter of a wealthy merchant, who has seen Shakespeare's plays at court, disguises herself as a man named Thomas Kent to audition. Kent gains Shakespeare's interest with a speech from Two Gentlemen of Verona, but runs away when Shakespeare questions her. He pursues Kent to Viola's house and leaves a note with her nurse, asking Kent to begin rehearsals at the Rose.

Shakespeare sneaks into a ball at the house, where Viola's parents arrange her betrothal to Lord Wessex, an aristocrat in need of money. Dancing with Viola, Shakespeare is struck speechless. Confronted by Wessex, Shakespeare introduces himself as Christopher Marlowe. Wessex ejects "Marlowe" and threatens to kill him. Shakespeare finds Viola on her balcony, where they confess their mutual attraction before he is discovered by her nurse and flees.

Inspired by Viola, Shakespeare quickly transforms the play into what will become Romeo and Juliet. Rehearsals begin, with Thomas Kent as Romeo, the leading tragedian Ned Alleyn as Mercutio, and the stagestruck Fennyman in a small role. After Shakespeare discovers Viola's true identity, they begin a secret affair.

Viola is summoned to court to receive approval for her proposed marriage to Wessex. Shakespeare accompanies her, disguised as her nurse's female cousin, and anonymously persuades Wessex in public to wager £50 that a play can capture the true nature of love, the amount Shakespeare requires to buy a share in the Chamberlain's Men. Queen Elizabeth I declares that she will judge the matter.

Burbage learns Shakespeare has seduced Rosaline and cheated him out of payment for the play, and starts a brawl at the Rose with his company. The Rose players repel Burbage and his men and celebrate at the pub, where a drunken Henslowe lets slip to Viola that Shakespeare is married, albeit separated from his wife. News arrives that Marlowe has been murdered. A guilt-ridden Shakespeare assumes Wessex had Marlowe killed, believing him to be Viola's lover, while Viola believes Shakespeare to be the victim. Shakespeare appears at her church, allaying Viola's fears and terrifying Wessex, who believes he is a ghost. Viola confesses her love for Shakespeare, but both recognize she cannot escape her duty to marry Wessex.

John Webster, an unpleasant boy who hangs around the theatre, spies on Shakespeare and Viola making love and informs Tilney, who closes the Rose for breaking the ban on women actors. Viola's identity is exposed, leaving Shakespeare without a stage or a lead actor, until Burbage offers his theatre and the heartbroken Shakespeare takes the role of Romeo. Following her wedding, Viola learns the play will be performed that day, and runs away to the Curtain. She overhears that the boy playing Juliet cannot perform, his voice having broken, and Henslowe asks her to replace him. She plays Juliet to Shakespeare's Romeo to an enthralled audience.

Just after the play has concluded, Tilney arrives to arrest everyone for indecency due to Viola's presence, but the Queen reveals herself in attendance and restrains him, pretending that Kent is a man with a "remarkable resemblance" to a woman. Powerless to end a lawful marriage, she orders Viola to sail with Wessex to Virginia. The Queen also tells Wessex, who followed Viola to the theatre, that Romeo and Juliet has won the bet for Shakespeare, and has Kent deliver his £50 with instructions to write something "a little more cheerful next time, for Twelfth Night".

Viola and Shakespeare say their goodbyes, and he vows to immortalize her, as he imagines the beginning of Twelfth Night, in character as a castaway disguised as a man after a voyage to a strange land.

Cast

Production
The original idea for Shakespeare in Love was suggested to screenwriter Marc Norman in the late 1980s by his son Zachary. Norman wrote a draft screenplay which he presented to director Edward Zwick, which attracted Julia Roberts, who agreed to play Viola. However, Zwick disliked Norman's screenplay and hired the playwright Tom Stoppard to improve it (Stoppard's first major success had been with the Shakespeare-themed play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead).

The film went into production in 1991 at Universal, with Zwick as director, but although sets and costumes were in construction, Shakespeare had not yet been cast, because Roberts insisted that only Daniel Day-Lewis could play the role. Day-Lewis was uninterested, and when Roberts failed to persuade him, she withdrew from the film, six weeks before shooting was due to begin. Zwick and the studio had tried to hold chemistry tests between Roberts and several then-unknown actors, including Hugh Grant, Ralph Fiennes, Jeremy Northam, Rupert Graves, Colin Firth, and Sean Bean, but Roberts either skipped the meetings or found faults with them all. The production went into turnaround, and Zwick was unable to persuade other studios to take up the screenplay. Canceling the film cost Universal $6 million.

Eventually, Zwick got Miramax interested in the screenplay, but Miramax chose John Madden as director. Miramax boss Harvey Weinstein acted as producer, and persuaded Ben Affleck to take a small role as Ned Alleyn. Kate Winslet was offered the role of Viola after the success of Titanic, but she rejected it to pursue independent films. Winona Ryder, Diane Lane and Robin Wright were also considered for the lead role.

Principal photography began on March 2, 1998, and ended on June 10, 1998.

The film was considerably reworked after the first test screenings. The scene with Shakespeare and Viola in the punt was re-shot, to make it more emotional, and some lines were re-recorded to clarify the reasons why Viola had to marry Wessex. The ending was re-shot several times, until Stoppard eventually came up with the idea of Viola suggesting to Shakespeare that their parting could inspire his next play.

Among the locations used in the production were Hatfield House, Hertfordshire (for the fireworks scene), Broughton Castle, Oxfordshire (which played the role of the de Lesseps mansion), the beach at Holkham in Norfolk, the chapel at Eton College, Berkshire, and the Great Hall of Middle Temple, London.

References to Elizabethan literature
Much of the action of the film echoes that of Romeo and Juliet. Will and Viola play out the famous balcony and bedroom scenes; like Juliet, Viola has a witty nurse, and is separated from Will by a gulf of duty (although not the family enmity of the play: the "two households" of Romeo and Juliet are supposedly inspired by the two rival playhouses). In addition, the two lovers are equally "star-crossed"they are not ultimately destined to be together (since Viola is of rich and socially ambitious merchant stock and is promised to marry Lord Wessex, while Shakespeare himself is poor and already married). Rosaline, with whom Will is in love at the beginning of the film, is a namesake of Romeo's love-interest at the beginning of the play. There are references to earlier cinematic versions of Shakespeare, such as the balcony scene pastiching the Zeffirelli Romeo and Juliet.

Many other plot devices used in the film are common in Shakespearean comedies and other plays of the Elizabethan era: the monarch moving unrecognized among the common people (cf. Henry V), the cross-dressing disguises, mistaken identities, the sword fight, the suspicion of adultery, the ostensible appearance of a ghost (cf. Hamlet and Macbeth), and the "play within a play". According to Douglas Brode, the film deftly portrays many of these devices as though the events depicted were the inspiration for Shakespeare's own use of them in his plays.

Christopher Marlowe is presented in the film as the master playwright whom the characters consider the greatest English dramatist of that time – this is historically accurate, yet also humorous, since the film's audience knows what will eventually happen to Shakespeare's reputation. Marlowe gives Shakespeare a plot for his next play, "Romeo and Ethel the Pirate's Daughter" ("Romeo is Italian...always in and out of love...until he meets...Ethel. The daughter of his enemy! His best friend is killed in a duel by Ethel's brother or something. His name is Mercutio.") Marlowe's Doctor Faustus is quoted repeatedly: "Was this the face that launched a thousand ships/ And burned the topless towers of Ilium?" A reference is also made to Marlowe's final, unfinished play The Massacre at Paris in a scene wherein Marlowe (Rupert Everett) seeks payment for the final act of the play from Richard Burbage (Martin Clunes). Burbage promises the payment the next day, so Marlowe refuses to part with the pages and departs for Deptford, where he is killed. The only surviving text of The Massacre at Paris is an undated octavo that is probably too short to represent the complete original play. It has been suggested that it is a memorial reconstruction by the actors who performed the work.

The child John Webster (Joe Roberts), who plays with rats, is a reference to a leading figure in the next, Jacobean, generation of playwrights. His plays (The Duchess of Malfi, The White Devil) are known for their 'blood and gore', which is humorously referred to by the child saying that he enjoys Titus Andronicus, and also saying of Romeo and Juliet, when asked his opinion by the Queen, "I liked it when she stabbed herself."

When the clown Will Kempe (Patrick Barlow) says to Shakespeare that he would like to play in a drama, he is told that "they would laugh at Seneca if you played it", a reference to the Roman tragedian renowned for his sombre and bloody plot lines which were a major influence on the development of English tragedy.

Will is shown signing a paper repeatedly, with many relatively illegible signatures visible. This is a reference to the fact that several versions of Shakespeare's signature exist, and in each one he spelled his name differently.

Plot precedents and similarities
After the film's release, certain publications, including Private Eye, noted strong similarities between the film and the 1941 novel No Bed for Bacon, by Caryl Brahms and S. J. Simon, which also features Shakespeare falling in love and finding inspiration for his later plays. In a foreword to a subsequent edition of No Bed for Bacon (which traded on the association by declaring itself "A Story of Shakespeare and Lady Viola in Love") Ned Sherrin, Private Eye insider and former writing partner of Brahms', confirmed that he had lent a copy of the novel to Stoppard after he joined the writing team, but that the basic plot of the film had been independently developed by Marc Norman, who was unaware of the earlier work.

The film's plot can claim a tradition in fiction reaching back to Alexandre Duval's "Shakespeare amoureux ou la Piece a l'Etude" (1804), in which Shakespeare falls in love with an actress who is playing Richard III.

The writers of Shakespeare in Love were sued in 1999 by bestselling author Faye Kellerman. She claimed that the plotline was stolen from her 1989 novel The Quality of Mercy, in which Shakespeare romances a Jewish woman who dresses as a man, and attempts to solve a murder. Miramax Films spokesman Andrew Stengel derided the claim, filed in the US District Court six days before the 1999 Academy Awards, as "absurd", and argued that the timing "suggests a publicity stunt". An out-of-court settlement was reached, but the sum agreed between the parties indicates that the claim was "unwarranted".

Historical inaccuracies
The film is "not constrained by worries about literary or historical accuracy" and includes anachronisms such as a reference to Virginia tobacco plantations, at a time before the Colony of Virginia existed. A leading character is an Earl of Wessex, a title which in Shakespeare's time had not existed for over 500 years. Queen Elizabeth I never entered a public theatre, as she does in the film. Between Romeo and Juliet and Twelfth Night, Shakespeare wrote ten other plays over a period of six years. Another historical liberty concerns the central theme of Shakespeare struggling to create the story of Romeo and Juliet, as in real life he simply adapted an existing story for theatre. Arthur Brooke translated the Italian verse tale The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet into English in 1562, 32 years before Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.

Release

Box office
Shakespeare in Love was among 1999's box office number-one films in the United Kingdom. The U.S. box office reached over $100 million; including the box office from the rest of the world, the film took in over $289 million.

Critical reception

Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 92% approval rating based on 141 critical reviews, averaging 8.30/10. The website's critical consensus states: "Endlessly witty, visually rapturous, and sweetly romantic, Shakespeare in Love is a delightful romantic comedy that succeeds on nearly every level." On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 87 out of 100 based on 33 critical reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".

Janet Maslin of The New York Times made the film an "NYT Critics' Pick", calling it "pure enchantment". According to Maslin, "Gwyneth Paltrow, in her first great, fully realized starring performance, makes a heroine so breathtaking that she seems utterly plausible as the playwright's guiding light."

Roger Ebert, who gave the film four stars out of four, wrote: "The contemporary feel of the humor (like Shakespeare's coffee mug, inscribed 'Souvenir of Stratford-Upon-Avon') makes the movie play like a contest between Masterpiece Theatre and Mel Brooks. Then the movie stirs in a sweet love story, juicy court intrigue, backstage politics and some lovely moments from Romeo and Juliet... Is this a movie or an anthology? I didn't care. I was carried along by the wit, the energy and a surprising sweetness."

Filmmaker David Cronenberg was critical of the film stating that it "really annoyed me" as it was "deconstructionist film-making, but it's also just Romeo and Juliet again".

The Sunday Telegraph claimed that the film prompted the revival of the title of Earl of Wessex. Prince Edward was originally to have been titled Duke of Cambridge following his marriage to Sophie Rhys-Jones in 1999, the year after the film's release. However, after watching Shakespeare in Love, he reportedly became attracted to the title of the character played by Colin Firth, and asked his mother Queen Elizabeth II to be given the title of Earl of Wessex instead.

In the wake of sexual abuse allegations against Weinstein, many of the cast and crew began to distance themselves from the producer and his past behavior. Madden, while condemning Weinstein, stated that the producer "craved power and had power and, as we now know, he was using it in ways that are repugnant and should be utterly condemned".

Best Picture and Best Actress Oscar controversy
Shakespeare In Love won the Best Picture Oscar at the 71st Academy Awards, controversially defeating critically favored Saving Private Ryan and becoming the first comedy to win the award since Annie Hall (1977). The Academy's decision was criticized by many for awarding the film over Saving Private Ryan, and Gwyneth Paltrow winning Best Actress over frontrunner Cate Blanchett for Elizabeth.

Many industry pundits speculated that this win was attributed to the awards campaign led by Weinstein. Weinstein was reported to have strong-armed the movie's talent into participating in an unprecedented blitzkrieg of press. Terry Press, an executive at DreamWorks at the time, stated that Weinstein and Miramax "tried to get everybody to believe that Saving Private Ryan was all in the first 15 minutes". Mark Gill, an executive at Miramax at the time, claimed that Weinstein had a reliance on relatively cheap publicity. He stated, "This was not saying to the stars, 'O.K., you can go on a couple of talk shows to open the movie and do a weekend of interviews at a junket and thanks so much for helping, Gill said. "That was just 'Good morning. You've got three more months of shaking hands and kissing babies in you.

In 2015, The Hollywood Reporter magazine, claiming to have interviewed "hundreds" of Academy members, indicated that, having to choose between Shakespeare in Love and Saving Private Ryan, a majority of them would award the Oscar for Best Picture to the latter.

Accolades

In 2005, the Writers Guild of America ranked its script the 28th greatest ever written.

American Film Institute recognition:
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – #50

Stage adaptation

Lee Hall's Shakespeare in Love

In November 2011, Variety reported that Disney Theatrical Productions intended to produce a stage version of the film in London with Sonia Friedman Productions. The production was officially announced in November 2013. Based on the film screenplay by Norman and Stoppard, it was adapted for the stage by Lee Hall. The production was directed by Declan Donnellan and designed by Nick Ormerod, the joint founders of Cheek by Jowl.

The production opened at the Noël Coward Theatre in London's West End on 23 July 2014, receiving rave reviews from critics. It was called "A joyous celebration of theatre" in the Daily Telegraph, "Joyous" in The Independent, and "A love letter to theatre" in The Guardian.

Japanese Adaptation
From December 2016 to January 2017, Shakespeare of True Love (), a Japanese adaptation of Shakespeare in Love written by Shigeki Motoiki and Sakurako Fukuyama, was produced in Kanagawa Arts Theatre. It was not related to Lee Hall's play. Takaya Kamikawa played Will Shakespeare and Alisa Mizuki played Viola.

See also
 BFI Top 100 British films

References

Works cited

External links

 Official website for stage adaptation

1998 films
1990s historical romance films
1998 romantic comedy-drama films
American historical romance films
American romantic comedy-drama films
British historical romance films
British romantic comedy-drama films
BAFTA winners (films)
Best Film BAFTA Award winners
Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners
Best Picture Academy Award winners
Cross-dressing in American films
Cross-dressing in British films
Films about actors
Films about Elizabeth I
Films about William Shakespeare
Films based on Romeo and Juliet
Films directed by John Madden
Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award-winning performance
Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award-winning performance
Films produced by Harvey Weinstein
Films produced by David Parfitt
Films set in London
Films set in the 1590s
Films set in 16th-century Tudor England
Films that won the Best Costume Design Academy Award
Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award
Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award
Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay Academy Award
Miramax films
Films with screenplays by Tom Stoppard
Films scored by Stephen Warbeck
Universal Pictures films
Films adapted into plays
1998 comedy films
1998 drama films
Films about writers
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
1990s British films
Casting controversies in film
Film controversies
1999 controversies
1999 controversies in the United States
Film controversies in the United States
Obscenity controversies in film
Advertising and marketing controversies in film

Shakespeare in Love


Wingecarribee Swamp is a heritage-listed wetland at Illawarra Highway, Robertson, Wingecarribee Shire, New South Wales, Australia. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999. It is also listed on the Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia and the former Register of the National Estate.

History
A natural site, Wingecarribee Swamp is a remnant of a late glacial swamp overlying the Triassic sandstone and Wianamatta Shale of the Southern Highlands. The wetlands' peat deposits provide a rare resource for scientific study but are also sought after as a mining resource.

The Wingecarribee Swamp covers  and is over 5000 years old. It is listed as an Endangered Ecological Community at both State and Federal levels and contains four threatened species: the plants Lysimachia vulgaris var. davurica (yellow loosestrife); Gentiana wingecarribiensis (Wingecarribee gentian) and Prasophyllum uroglossum (leek orchid) and one insect, Petalura gigantea (giant dragonfly). The adjacent Wingecarribee Reservoir plays a pivotal role in the water supply system as water from Tallowa Dam is pumped up to Wingecarribee Reservoir and then can be diverted to Warragamba Dam or Nepean Dam.

The swamp has a history of disturbance with a portion being partly inundated with the construction of the Wingecarribee Reservoir in 1974. It was grazed for many years and had been burned frequently to provide green pick for cattle. It was also mined for peat.

In August 1998 the swamp partially collapsed into the reservoir. The collapse cannot be attributed to any one factor but a high rainfall event coupled with instability, as a result of peat mining, and low reservoir levels at the time of the collapse, may have contributed. Spontaneous bog bursts have been documented from time to time in the Northern Hemisphere.

Following the swamp's collapse, its geomorphology changed dramatically, the peat fractured and a major channel was formed on its northern side. The vegetation was highly disturbed and bare peat was exposed. Turbidity (cloudiness) in the adjoining reservoir was over 300 NTU. A few months later willows (Salix sp.) growing on the margin of the swamp seeded and there was an explosion of willow seedlings germinating in the nutrient-rich bare peat.

The level of disturbance suffered by the swamp is too great to consider restoration as a feasible option for action, however management is focused on the values the swamp still retains.

The swamp is now referred to by its post-collapse landform units: the intact, drying fissured channel and delta areas. The fissured areas have had a great deal of damage, while the delta - the mass of peat expelled into the reservoir - seems to be developing an ecological value in its own right. The delta area closest to the swamp is fairly stable, whereas the front rises and falls with the reservoir level but does not move laterally.

Description
The swamp is in the Southern Highlands, backing on the Wingecarribee Reservoir (to its west) and forming the headwaters of the Wingecarribee River.

Wingecarribee Swamp forms the main headwaters of the Wingecarribee River which is a tributary of the Wollondilly River. It exists now as a remnant of what was probably a larger late glacial swamp overlying the Permian sandstone and wianamatta shale, and now mostly removed by the combined rejuvenation of the Wollondilly, Nepean and lower Shoalhaven catchments resulting from the last uplift of the sandstone plateau. Only Wingecarribee Swamp has survived intact, by reason of an unusual combination of geomorphic phenomena: it is surrounded on the north, east and south by low basalt hills which protect it from capture by tributaries of the Nepean River and Shoalhaven River, leaving a small outlet to the west into the gently west-dipping Wollondilly catchment. The swamp contains a rich assemblage of water and bog plants. Perched water table and impeded drainage has resulted in the development of a deep acid peat swamp of late glacial age.

The swamp is the largest peatland in montane Mainland Australia with an area of about , an average depth of fibrous and humic peat of around , and up to  of peat in some areas. Peatlands of this kind are rare in Australia and have developed in isolation from each other and related ecosystems. The accumulation of peat in the swamp is very rapid with most of the peat being formed in the past 25,000 years with up to  of very fresh peat preserved. This is a very rapid accumulation rate, especially for temperate Australia.

Wingecarribee Swamp has a number of plant communities represented including Eucalyptus ovata open woodland, Poa australis closed tussock grassland, Leptospermum ovatum tall shrubland, Sphagnum christatum mossland, Carex gaudichaudiana closed sedgeland, Phragmites communis tall closed grassland, Eleocharis dulcis typha muelleri open sedgeland, Triglochin procerum-carex sp. aquatic sedgeland and Lepyrodia anarthria open rushland which is the dominant community. The lepyrodia community found here is the richest and most extensive of this type known. There is an extension of higher altitude taxa at this site and it might be inferred that the swamp has acted as a refuge for flora and possibly invertebrate fauna since the last cool period. One endangered plant species, Wingecarribee gentian, (Gentiana wingecarribiensis), is an endemic noted only from Wingecarribee Swamp. The nearest relative species is the alpine gentian. Botanical and palaeoenvironmental research has been carried out by several workers with studies continuing.

The peat deposits act as repositories for information about ecosystem history and environmental change in the locality. Fossil wood more than 35,000 years old has been recovered from the north-western margin of the swamp indicating that the swamp may be of this age. Studies of carbonised particles from cores taken from the swamp have inferred a regime of fire events over the 150,000 years prior to European settlement. It is possible that Indigenous values of National Estate significance may exist in this area. As yet these have not been identified, documented or assessed.

A reservoir floods the north west third of the swamp, which is not included in the listing. The dam does not detract from the ecological or palaeoecological values of the section of the swamp listed. Fibrous peat has been extracted from the swamp over twenty years from two mining leases with a total area of about  so far effected removing the top  of peat. This only affects a small area of the swamp. The whole of the swamp is affected by human disturbance. Longitudinal drains about  deep run parallel to the water flow and remove some of the surface water allowing about sixty percent of the surface to be used as rough pasture. Evidence for burning of the swamp is seen as scorched shrubs and burnt fenceposts. Invasions by European weeds is at a remarkably low level except around the margins. Thus although the swamp has probably changed from its pre-European vegetational structure, it still preserves natural communities with the peatland still actively growing.

The adjacent Wingecarribee Swamp covers  and is over 5000 years old. It is listed as an Endangered Ecological Community at both State and Federal levels and contains four threatened species: the plants Lyscimachia vulgaris var. davurica (yellow loosestrife); Gentiana wingecarribiensis (Wingecarribee gentian) and Prasophyllum uroglossum (leek orchid) and one insect, Petalura gigantea (giant dragonfly).

Heritage listing
Wingecarribee Swamp is a remnant of a late glacial swamp. It is one of the oldest montane mires known in south-east Australia. Analyses of sediments dated from 15,000 BP (before the present) have provided valuable information about climatic and vegetation changes in Australia since the Pleistocene era.

Wingecarribee Swamp was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

Wingecarribee swamp provides a rare example of a peatland in south-east Australia. Peatlands are rare in this region and Wingecarribee because of its large size is classed as outstanding. The swamp is biogeographically significant. It has acted as a refugia for alpine flora and possibly invertebrate fauna since the last cool time approximately 10,000 years ago. An endangered species, gentiana wingecarribeinsis, is known only from this swamp. Its closest relative is the alpine gentian which now occurs only in the Alps.

This swamp is the best example of a montane peatland at comparatively low altitude in Australia. It is also the northernmost significant peatland known in New South Wales. The dominant lepyrodia anarthria open rushland community is the richest and most extensive community of this type known in Australia. The swamp also provides an outstanding example of vegetation dynamics as well as providing some of the best known stands of the swamp vegetation types represented.

Wingecarribee Swamp has the oldest basal date of any montane mire known in Australia. Palaeobotanical and geomorphological analysis of sediments dated from 15,000 BP have provided valuable information about climatic and vegetation changes in Australia since the Pleistocene. Peatlands such as this which accumulate over a long period of time have high research value. Their sediments act as repositories for valuable information about ecosystem history and environmental changes in the locality. Carbonised particles from cores taken from the swamp have provided important evidence of the impact of humans on the vegetation and landscape of the region since the beginning of the Holocene.

See also

References

Bibliography

Attribution

External links

New South Wales State Heritage Register
Wetlands of New South Wales
DIWA-listed wetlands
New South Wales places listed on the defunct Register of the National Estate
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register
Wingecarribee Shire

Wingecarribee Swamp


Algebraic-group factorisation algorithms are algorithms for factoring an integer N by working in an algebraic group defined modulo N whose group structure is the direct sum of the 'reduced groups' obtained by performing the equations defining the group arithmetic modulo the unknown prime factors p1, p2, ...  By the Chinese remainder theorem, arithmetic modulo N corresponds to arithmetic in all the reduced groups simultaneously.

The aim is to find an element which is not the identity of the group modulo N, but is the identity modulo one of the factors, so a method for recognising such one-sided identities is required. In general, one finds them by performing operations that move elements around and leave the identities in the reduced groups unchanged. Once the algorithm finds a one-sided identity all future terms will also be one-sided identities, so checking periodically suffices.

Computation proceeds by picking an arbitrary element x of the group modulo N and computing a large and smooth multiple Ax of it; if the order of at least one but not all of the reduced groups is a divisor of A, this yields a factorisation. It need not be a prime factorisation, as the element might be an identity in more than one of the reduced groups.

Generally, A is taken as a product of the primes below some limit K, and Ax is computed by successive multiplication of x by these primes; after each multiplication, or every few multiplications, the check is made for a one-sided identity.

The two-step procedure
It is often possible to multiply a group element by several small integers more quickly than by their product, generally by difference-based methods; one calculates differences between consecutive primes and adds consecutively by the . This means that a two-step procedure becomes sensible, first computing Ax by multiplying x by all the primes below a limit B1, and then examining p Ax for all the primes between B1 and a larger limit B2.

Methods corresponding to particular algebraic groups

If the algebraic group is the multiplicative group mod N, the one-sided identities are recognised by computing greatest common divisors with N, and the result is the p − 1 method.

If the algebraic group is the multiplicative group of a quadratic extension of N, the result is the p + 1 method; the calculation involves pairs of numbers modulo N.  It is not possible to tell whether  is actually a quadratic extension of  without knowing the factorisation of N. This requires knowing whether t is a quadratic residue modulo N, and there are no known methods for doing this without knowledge of the factorisation. However, provided N does not have a very large number of factors, in which case another method should be used first, picking random t (or rather picking A with t = A2 − 4) will accidentally hit a quadratic non-residue fairly quickly. If t is a quadratic residue, the p+1 method degenerates to a slower form of the p − 1 method.

If the algebraic group is an elliptic curve, the one-sided identities can be recognised by failure of inversion in the elliptic-curve point addition procedure, and the result is the elliptic curve method; Hasse's theorem states that the number of points on an elliptic curve modulo p is always within  of p.

All three of the above algebraic groups are used by the  GMP-ECM package, which includes efficient implementations of the two-stage procedure, and an implementation of the PRAC group-exponentiation algorithm which is rather more efficient than the standard binary exponentiation approach.

The use of other algebraic groups—higher-order extensions of N or groups corresponding to algebraic curves of higher genus—is occasionally proposed, but almost always impractical. These methods end up with smoothness constraints on numbers of the order of pd for some d > 1, which are much less likely to be smooth than numbers of the order of p.

Integer factorization algorithms

Algebraic-group factorisation algorithm


Jacques Bergeret (Bayonne, 15 May 1771 - Paris, 26 August 1857) was a French naval officer and admiral.

Biography
Bergeret was born in Bayonne on 15 May 1771, and joined the merchant navy at the age of 12, when he sailed to Pondicherry aboard the merchantman Bayonnaise. Two years later, he volunteered for the French Royal Navy on the corvette Auguste, bound for an exploration campaign in the Red Sea.

In 1786, Bergeret returned to the merchant navy, and quickly rose to the rank of second lieutenant. Prior to 1792, he sailed mostly to Mauritius.

At the French Revolution, Bergeret joined the Navy as an ensign, in April 1793. He served in convoy escorts aboard the frigate Andromaque and later aboard the corvette Unité, notably fighting HMS Alceste.

Promoted to lieutenant, Bergeret was put in command of the frigate Virginie, and served in Villaret-Joyeuse's squadron in Brest. He distinguished himself in the Battle of Groix, and was promoted to Captain in March 1796.

On 22 April, Virginie encountered the division of Sir Edward Pellew, comprising the 44-gun razée HMS Indefatigable and the frigates HMS Argo, HMS Concord, HMS Révolutionnaire, HMS Amazon and their prize Unité, captured on 13 April.

Virginie retreated and the British squadron gave chase, joining with the French frigate around 23:00. Indefatigable closed in and exchanged broadsides, without succeeding in her attempts at raking Virginie. The gunnery exchange lasted for 4 hours, until the British frigates caught up. Bergeret then struck his colours in the face of an overwhelming opponent.

Bergeret was brought to England, and invited to stay at Pellew's mansion, near Plymouth. Bergeret and Pellew stayed in touch their entire life afterwards. After two years, Bergeret returned to Paris on parole to negotiate an exchange with Sidney Smith. The Directoire never consented, and Bergeret returned to London. When Smith escaped in 1798, the British government regarded the exchange as completed and released Bergeret.

Back in France, Bergeret was put in command of the 74-gun Dix-août, taking part in Bruix' expedition of 1799, and later of the 80-gun Foudroyant.

At the Peace of Amiens, Bergeret resigned his commission and sailed to Mauritius, where he armed a merchantman, the Psyché.

In 1804, Bergeret was reinstated and Psyché was bought by Decaen and commissioned in the Navy as a frigate. Bergeret raided commerce on Psyché until 14 February, when a naval battle opposing Psyché, Équivoque and Thetis to HMS San Fiorenzo ended with Psychés capture. Bergeret was Pellew's prisoner for the second time. Exchanged after a brief captivity, Bergeret was put in command of the Créole and ordered back to France with reports and despatches.

In February 1809, Bergeret was put in command of the Rochefort station, raising his pennant on the 80-gun Ville de Varsovie. He was supposed to have received reinforcements from Willaumez' squadron, but Willaumez ended up entangled in the Battle of Les Sables-d'Olonne, without support from Bergeret. Bergeret and Willaumez fought over the responsibility for the fiasco, and Napoleon removed them both, replacing them with vice-admiral Zacharie Allemand. Bergeret remained out of favour until the end of the Empire.

At the Bourbon Restoration, Bergeret was put in command of a division to ferry Russian prisoners of war back home. During the Hundred Days, Decrès did not attempt to recruit him, which eased his subsequent career under the monarchy. In 1817, Bergeret led an expedition to retake possession of French Guyane, with his pennant on Hector. He later had command of the 80-gun Neptune, the Duc de Berry, and the Foudroyant.

Promoted to contre-amiral in 1819, he commanded the Caribbean station and took part in the Admiralty Council. He rose to Vice-Admiral in 1831, under the Monarchy of July, and received appointment as préfet maritime of Brest. From 1835, he served as vice-president of the Admiralty Council, and he became a Pair de France in 1841.

He retired from the Navy in 1848, and became a Senator at the beginning of the Second Empire. By then, he was the last living captain of the French Revolution.

Bergeret died in 1857 and was buried in Brest.

Honours
 Grand Cross of the Legion of honour
 Knight of the Order of Saint Louis
 Knight of the Order of Saint Anna (Russia)
 Pair de France
 Baron d'Empire

Notes

Sources
 Pierre-Marie-Joseph Bonnefoux, Mémoires du baron de Bonnefoux, capitaine de vaisseau 1782-1855, Paris, Plon-Nourrit et cie, 1900, p. 65.
 Michael Durey, The British Secret Service and the escape of Sir Sidney from Paris 1798, History, July 1999, n° 275.
 William James, The Naval History of Great Britain during the French Revolutionary and Napoleon's wars, Londres 1837 ; réédition récente par Conway Maritime Press, Londres, 2003, tome 1, 2 et 4.
 Edward Osley, Life of Lord Exmouth, London, 1840.
 Danièle et Bernard Quintin, Dictionnaire des capitaines de vaisseau de Napoléon, S.P.M., Paris, 2003.

French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
French naval commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Knights of the Order of Saint Louis
1771 births
1857 deaths
People from Bayonne
French senators of the Second Empire
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna
Nobility of the Second French Empire
Peers of France
Barons of France

Jacques Bergeret