"It Happened in Sun Valley" is a 1941 song composed by Harry Warren, with lyrics by Mack Gordon. It was recorded and featured by Glenn Miller and his orchestra in the movie Sun Valley Serenade.

Background

Glenn Miller and His Orchestra released the song as an RCA Bluebird 78 rpm single, B-11263-A, in 1941 as a tie-in with the movie, which also featured Glenn Miller and his Orchestra in a performance of the song onscreen with the cast. The B side was "The Kiss Polka", also from the Sun Valley Serenade soundtrack.

While the song makes no mention of Christmas in its lyrics, the winter theme has caused it to become associated with the holiday. Cover versions have been recorded by such artists as André Previn (on his 1955 album Let's Get Away from It All), Jo Stafford (on her 1956 album Ski Trails), the Randy Van Horne Singers (on their 1960 album Sleighride), and Mel Tormé (on his 1992 album Christmas Songs).

A version of the song is featured in the 1999 South Park Album "Mr. Hankey's Christmas Classics", sung by fictional characters Stan Marsh and Wendy Testaburger.

A version of the song was performed by British close harmony singing group The Fraser Hayes Four when they provided the musical interlude during an episode of the long running British comedy radio programme Round The Horne

Chart history

The Glenn Miller RCA Bluebird recording, B-11263-A, with "Vocal Refrain by Paula Kelly, Ray Eberle, Tex Beneke, and The Modernaires, reached #18 on the Billboard chart in 1941.

References

Sources

Flower, John (1972). Moonlight Serenade: a bio-discography of the Glenn Miller Civilian Band. New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House. .
Miller, Glenn (1943). Glenn Miller's Method for Orchestral Arranging. New York: Mutual Music Society. ASIN: B0007DMEDQ
Simon, George Thomas (1980). Glenn Miller and His Orchestra. New York: Da Capo paperback. .
Simon, George Thomas (1971). Simon Says. New York: Galahad. .
Schuller, Gunther (1991). Volume 2 of The Swing Era:the Development of Jazz, 1930–1945 /. New York: Oxford University Press. .

Glenn Miller songs
Songs with lyrics by Mack Gordon
Songs with music by Harry Warren
1941 songs
Jo Stafford songs
Songs written for films
American Christmas songs
South Park songs

It Happened in Sun Valley


The Chesterfield is a formal, dark, knee-length overcoat with a velvet collar introduced around the 1840s in the United Kingdom, with prominence attributed to its namesake George Stanhope, 6th Earl of Chesterfield, then a leader of British fashion.

The Chesterfield coat, with its heavy waist suppression using a waist seam, gradually replaced the over-frock coat during the second half of the 19th century as a choice for a formal overcoat, and survived as a coat of choice over the progression from frock coat everyday wear to the introduction of the lounge suit, but remained principally associated with formal morning dress and white tie.

A less formal derivation is the similar, but with a lighter fabric, slightly shorter, top coat called covert coat.

Characteristics

The dark Chesterfield, which comes with a defining velvet collar has no horizontal seam or sidebodies, but can still be somewhat shaped using the side seams and darts. It can be single- or double-breasted, and has been popular in a wide variety of fabrics, typically heavier weight tweeds, or charcoal and navy, and even the camel hair classic, although such fabrics may be more associated with a more casual polo coat. These variations make it extremely versatile, so it can be worn with a city suit or even semiformal dress, as well as casual sports jackets.  It was a staple of smartly dressed men's wardrobes from the 1920s to 1960s, and has become a classic style for both men and even women.

Popular culture
 Doctor Who features Chesterfield coats being worn by the Doctor during their eighth, eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth incarnations.

See also
 Frock coat

References

External links

Coats (clothing)
Formal wear
History of clothing (Western fashion)

Chesterfield coat


King of the Lost World is a 2005 American fantasy monster adventure film produced by The Asylum. The film is adapted loosely from the 1912 novel The Lost World by Arthur Conan Doyle, the creator of Sherlock Holmes, but the film bears a closer resemblance to the remake of King Kong released in the same year, particularly as both stories center on a giant ape. Hence, King of the Lost World is a mockbuster of said film, a tradition that The Asylum usually undergoes.

Plot
A plane crashes in a remote jungle. Many survive, but the front end of the plane and the cockpit are nowhere to be found. The only way to seek help is to find the cockpit and radio a message.

Ed Malone (Jeff Denton) climbs a small hill and sees the cockpit about a mile distant. A group decides to leave the plane to search for the radio. John Roxton (Rhett Giles) leads the group through the jungle. The remaining survivors stay at the crash site in case a plane passes by.

The group arrives at the fuselage to learn that it's not part of the plane they crashed in. In addition, the radio and critical instruments have been stripped and removed. They are startled by the arrival of Lieutenant Colonel Challenger (Bruce Boxleitner), who managed to travel alone to the downed plane,  carrying a briefcase he doesn't seem to want to part with.

The group continues to look for the cockpit with some individuals being killed or lost along the way. They encounter a military plane. Challenger tries to rig a missile as a signal gun, but fails. The group finds a cavern for shelter that night, and are attacked by giant prehistoric scorpions (Brontoscorpio). John and Tianka are killed, while a desperate Ed, Challenger, Rita, Dana, and Natalie flee for safety. As they escape from the stream, they are captured by natives living on a plateau. It is learned that the natives have been stripping the planes to avoid outsiders. The natives are discovered to be survivors from a crash long ago, and have developed a  sacrificial rite to appease the creatures of the jungle. Dana and Natalie are brainwashed into joining them, while Ed is chosen as the sacrifice.

However, the sacrificial ceremony fails when a giant ape (Gigantopithecus) attacks a swarm of flying dragon-like lizards, and Dana (who faked being brainwashed) saves Ed. They meet up with Challenger and Rita, then spot military jets overhead, moving in to attack the giant ape, but are destroyed. Challenger kills a native, but dies during the ape's rampage, leaving Ed to fight it alone.

Ed detonates a nuclear bomb from a crashed plane and successfully kills the ape, but also destroys their cockpit, trapping  Ed, Rita, and Dana in the jungle. They contemplate dying, to which Ed tersely replies, "Not today," as they stare in the distance.

Cast
 Bruce Boxleitner as Lt. Challenger
 Jeff Denton as Ed Malone
 Rhett Giles as John Roxton
 Sarah Lieving as Rita Summerlee
 Christina Rosenberg as Dana
 Steve Railsback as Larry
 Chriss Anglin as Olo
 Amanda Ward as Natalie
 Boni Yanagisawa as Tianka
 Andrew Lauer as Steven
 Thomas Downey as Reggie
 Amanda Barton as Taylor
 James Ferris as Yuri
 Jennifer Lee Wiggins as Etienne
 Angela Horvath as Chrissy
 Eliza Swenson as Gloria

Differences from The Lost World
 The setting is the 21st century rather than the early 20th century.
 In the  novel by Arthur Conan Doyle, it was made clear that Ed Malone was Irish. In this film he is American.
 In the novel, the character of Professor Challenger was a misanthropic scientist. In this film, he is a lieutenant colonel in the United States Air Force.
 The character of Professor Summerlee is now a woman named Rita Summerlee.
 The expedition in the novel originally journeyed to the Lost World to prove Prof. Challenger's claims that dinosaurs lived in modern times. In the film, the expedition accidentally crash-land into the Lost World.
 There was no giant ape in the novel, the original antagonists were a race of ape-men living in the Lost World.
In the film, the characters are stranded on an island, however, in the novel and previous film adaptions, the story takes place on a plateau.
There are Brontoscorpios (giant scorpions), giant spiders, man-eating vines and giant winged lizards in the film. In the novel there are only dinosaurs and other prehistoric creatures.
 In the movie many characters, including Challenger and John Roxton die. However they survive in the original novel.

Reception
HorrorTalk found the movie to be one of the Asylum's best, stating "The bottom line is King is a fun romp through the jungle from beginning to end."

Dread Central agreed it was a better work, but criticized the third act as convoluted, as well as lacking the titular ape.

References

External links
 King of the Lost World at The Asylum

2000s fantasy adventure films
American fantasy adventure films
2005 independent films
2005 films
2005 direct-to-video films
The Asylum films
Mockbuster films
2000s English-language films
Films based on works by Arthur Conan Doyle
American independent films
Professor Challenger films
Films directed by Leigh Scott
Films about apes
American monster movies
Giant monster films
2000s American films

King of the Lost World


"Requiem for a Heavyweight" is a teleplay written by Rod Serling and produced for the live television show Playhouse 90 on 11 October 1956. Six years later, it was adapted into the 1962 feature film of the same name starring Anthony Quinn, Jackie Gleason, Mickey Rooney, and Julie Harris.

The teleplay won a Peabody Award, the first given to an individual script in television, and helped establish Serling's reputation. The broadcast was directed by Ralph Nelson and is generally considered one of the finest examples of live television drama in the United States, as well as being Serling's personal favorite of his own work. Nelson and Serling won Emmy Awards for their work.

Plot

Harlan "Mountain" McClintock is a once-promising but now washed-up boxer who faces the end of his career after he is savagely defeated by a younger boxer. McClintock is managed by Maish, while Army serves as his cut man.

McClintock is suffering from punch drunk syndrome, a form of brain damage caused by his career. A fight doctor refuses to certify McClintock for further boxing, saying that another rough match could blind or even kill him. Boxing is all McClintock has ever known, and he is both terrified of trying something new and intensely loyal to Maish, who has nurtured him from his youth. Maish has troubles of his own, however: he owes money to the Mafia and tried to raise funds by betting that McClintock would be knocked out early by the young boxer, but lost a fortune when McClintock gamely and bravely took a beating, refusing to go down.

Grace Carney is an employment agency worker who tries to help McClintock make a transition to a new career. Maish persuades the unflinchingly loyal McClintock to turn to professional wrestling, though McClintock is proud that he never had a fixed fight and is uncomfortable with the staged, predetermined wrestling match.

Army disapproves of Maish's plans and refuses to be a part of them. Just before he is scheduled to go into the wrestling ring in a humiliating mountain man costume, McClintock learns Maish bet against him in his last match and parts ways with his manager and mentor. Though he feels that boxing can ruin men's lives, Maish finds another promising young boxer to train. McClintock takes a chance on working with children at summer camp.

Cast
 Jack Palance as Harlan "Mountain" McClintock
 Keenan Wynn as Maish
 Kim Hunter as Grace Carney
 Ed Wynn as Army
 Joe Abdullah as Fight Announcer
 Max Baer as Mike
 Eddie Cantor as Host
 Ted Christy as Wrestler
 Karl "Killer" Davis as Wrestler
 Ned Glass as Bartender
 Young Jack Johnson as Champ
 Lyn Osborn as Photographer
 Ivan Rasputin as Wrestler
 Frank Richards as Fighter in Bar
 Abe Simon as Fighter in Bar
 Max Rosenbloom as Steve

Background
Because Serling and Palance were both experienced boxers, they brought a level of authenticity to Requiem for a Heavyweight, although there was very little boxing depicted in the broadcast. Requiem for a Heavyweight was the beginning of what became one of the new medium's most successful creative teams, writer Rod Serling and director Ralph Nelson.

Adaptations

British television version
BBC Television in the United Kingdom screened a version of the play in their regular Sunday Night Theatre anthology strand on March 31, 1957. Sean Connery, five years before portraying James Bond, starred as McClintock, while Alvin Rakoff produced and, with Serling's approval, also wrote some new material to cover costume changes that took place during commercial breaks on US television, but could not do so on the non-commercial BBC. Co-starring with Connery were Warren Mitchell and Rakoff's future wife Jacqueline Hill, who had recommended Connery for the leading part. Michael Caine was featured in a small role in a new scene written by Rakoff.

This production was reviewed in The Times newspaper the following day, which gave it a generally positive assessment, with some reservations. "It is unfortunate that Mr. Serling has allowed a saccharine romance to intrude into this self-sufficient and wholly masculine situation. Otherwise his touch is sure. Although physically miscast as the fighter, Mr. Sean Connery played with a shambling and inarticulate charm that almost made the love affair credible." This version has not survived, although the discovery of a complete recording of the soundtrack was announced in 2014. It had been in possession of Rakoff, who had made a recording at the time of transmission for posterity.

Dutch television version
In 1959 Dutch television adapted the story as Requiem voor een zwaargewicht starring Ko van Dijk as Malloy, Ton van Duinhoven as Manager, and Jan Blaaser as Verzorger.

American feature film version

The play was adapted into the 1962 feature film of the same name starring Anthony Quinn, Jackie Gleason, Mickey Rooney, and Julie Harris.

Italian television version
In 1970 Italian television RAI Radiotelevsione Italiana adapted the story as Requiem per un peso massimo, starring Massimo Foschi as McClintock.

Yugoslav television version
In 1974 Radio Television Belgrade adapted the story as Rekvijem za teškaša.

Broadway version
In 1985, it was adapted into a short-lived Broadway version at the Martin Beck Theatre starring John Lithgow as Harlan and George Segal as Maish.

The Man in the Funny Suit

In 1960, Ralph Nelson wrote and directed The Man in the Funny Suit, a dramatic account of Keenan Wynn's travails in helping his father, comedian Ed Wynn, play such a serious role on live television in Requiem for a Heavyweight.

See also
 List of boxing films

References

External links

 Submitted for your Perusal – Requiem for a Heavyweight

1956 American television episodes
Black-and-white television episodes
Boxing mass media
Cultural depictions of Muhammad Ali
Peabody Award-winning broadcasts
1956 television plays
Television anthology episodes
Playhouse 90 (season 1) episodes

Requiem for a Heavyweight


The configuration file XF86Config of the XFree86 project is used by the X server to set necessary configuration parameters.

It is a plain text file ordered into sections and subsections.
Important sections are Files, InputDevice, Monitor, Modes,  Screen, Device, and ServerLayout.

Sections can appear in any order and there may be more than one section of each kind, for example, if you have more than one monitor, say a video projector and an onboard LCD of a notebook.

The Monitor sections are for the physical displaying devices, the Screen sections are for the logical displays, so you can have two monitors displaying the same content or entirely different information.

The option "SWCursor" in the Device section for example controls whether the mouse pointer is mirrored on an external monitor or suppressed.

On typical Unix-like systems the file often is found in /etc/X11 and a log file is in /var/log, typically named XFree86.0.log for the last start of X and XFree86.0.log.old for the previous one.

Inappropriate editing of this file may result in a black or illegible screen or might even damage the monitor, especially if it is a CRT.
The user should be able to operate the system through console mode (i.e. "text mode") when configuring X, as X might fail to start due to an invalid configuration leaving the user with merely the CLI.

Xorg.conf

In the X.org Server fork of the XFree86 project, the file is called xorg.conf, but the specification is nearly identical. The X.org Server tries, however, to autoconfigure as much as possible with the aim of making xorg.conf unnecessary in the greatest proportion of cases.

See also

 XFree86 Modeline

References

Configuration files

XF86Config


A phosphoprotein is a protein that is posttranslationally modified by the attachment of either a single phosphate group, or a complex molecule such as 5'-phospho-DNA, through a phosphate group. The target amino acid is most often serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues (mostly in eukaryotes), or aspartic acid or histidine residues (mostly in prokaryotes).

Biological function
The phosphorylation of proteins is a major regulatory mechanism in cells.

Clinical significance
Phosphoproteins have been proposed as biomarkers for breast cancer.

See also
 Protein phosphorylation
 Phosphoserine

References

Phosphoproteins

Phosphoprotein


The Socialist Union of America, also called American Socialist Union, Socialist Union or Cochranites were a Trotskyist group that split from the Socialist Workers Party in 1953 and disbanded in 1959. It included most of the SWPs trade union base, as well as others sympathetic to the "Pabloist" line of the International Secretariat of the Fourth International, though it was never recognized as a section of the ISFI.

History
A dissident tendency had begun to crystallize within the SWPs Michigan/Ohio District around 1948-1949 led by Bert Cochran. It included the SWP fractions within the UAW locals in Flint and Detroit, Michigan, as well as Toledo and Cleveland, Ohio; the fractions in the United Rubber Workers in Akron, led by Jules Geller; and a group around Harry Braverman within the United Steelworkers in Youngstown. This tendency was beginning to have grave doubts about the sectarian nature of the SWP, and felt that the concepts of democratic centralism and the vanguard party were out of place in the context of the United States in the 1950s. They did not believe that capitalism was heading for a revolutionary crisis, and felt that a socialist educational group for propaganda among the workers was more appropriate at that point than a vanguard party. They also believed in making alliances with the Communists within the CIO unions to fight against expulsions, and that Communists and fellow travelers should be the primary area of recruitment, especially as many were becoming disillusioned with Stalinism.

A related, but distinct tendency was led by George Clarke, the SWP representative on the International Secretariat and Milton Zaslow, the Organizer of the SWPs New York local. This group was more directly influenced by the ideas of Michel Pablo, the secretary of the Fourth International at the time. They believed that because of the pressures of the Cold War the masses had forced the Soviet Union and the other Degenerated workers' states to become more revolutionary. In concert with Pablo aligned Trotskyists in other countries, this group felt that it would be best under the circumstances focus on recruiting among Communists and fellow travelers, in lieu of formal entrism

The formal split began in early 1953 when Zaslow presented a document, "Report and Tasks", to the New York Local outlining his ideas. This set off a spirited debate within the party, even though a "truce" was attempted by the leaderships May Plenum. In August of that year the Zaslow group lost control of the New York Local in a city convention. A final split was "provoked" in late October when the oppositionists boycotted the 25th anniversary celebration of the expulsion of James Cannon, Max Shachtman and Martin Abern from the Communist Party, which they regarded as the foundation of their movement. When they refused to disavow the boycott they were expelled. The split cost the SWP 25% of its membership, most of its base within organized labor and its entire organization in the state of Michigan.

The expelled members formed the American Socialist Union and began publishing a newspaper, the American Socialist. For the first three months of its existence, negotiations for unity were attempted between the Fourth International, the SWP and the ASU. When, three or months later this proved to be impossible Pablo asked the ASU to become the new US affiliate of the International Secretariat the Cochranites declined, believing that that would just lead the Socialist Union to become a kind of sect that feared the SWP had become.

The Cochranites focused much of their activity on publishing their newspaper, American Socialist. They kept their publication "ecumenical" open to people of various leftist philosophies, including Michael Harrington and W. E. B. Du Bois. Their major constituency was among the former SWP members within the CIO and ex-CIO unions, though they also attempted to recruit among the dissidents who left the Communist Party after its crisis of 1956-1957. Zaslow, Clarke and Irving Beinin left in 1957 to work within the remnants of the American Labor Party and in the group around The Guardian magazine, where Beinin became editor. By the late 1950s, Braverman and Geller were becoming increasingly attracted to Monthly Review and disenchanted with Cochrans style of journalism. The Socialist Union disbanded and the American Socialist ceased publication in December 1959.

Publications
Prospects of American radicalism by Bert Cochran New York, N.Y. : American Socialist Publications, 1954

References

External links
 American Socialist archives, as well as other related texts
 "Case History of an Experiment" by Murry Weiss. An SWP article on the disbanding of the Cochranites.

Political parties established in 1953
Political parties disestablished in 1959
Defunct Trotskyist organizations in the United States

Socialist Union of America


The Grudge 2 is a 2006 American supernatural horror film directed by Takashi Shimizu and written by Stephen Susco. The film is the sequel to The Grudge (2004) and the second installment in the American The Grudge film series. The film stars Arielle Kebbel, Amber Tamblyn, Jennifer Beals, Edison Chen, Sarah Roemer, and Sarah Michelle Gellar who reprises her role from the first film. As stated by Shimizu, the film is not a remake of any Japanese film and follows a different storyline. Like its predecessor, the film features a plot that is told through a nonlinear sequence of events and includes several intersecting subplots. It follows Karen's younger sister Aubrey coming to Japan after finding out about Doug's death, a schoolgirl named Allison being haunted by the ghosts of the Saeki family after entering the house with two of her classmates, and a young boy named Jake whose apartment building is haunted by the ghosts.

The film was announced after the release of the previous film in October 2004, due to its financial success. Shimizu was announced to return as director in January 2005 and casting begun on December, with the announcement of Gellar returning. The film was shot entirely in Japan, with Tamblyn performing re-shoots in Chicago, Illinois.

The Grudge 2 was released in the United States on October 13, 2006, by Sony Pictures Releasing. The film received negative reviews from critics, and grossed less than its predecessor, with a total of $70.7 million worldwide against a production budget of $20 million. A sequel, The Grudge 3, was released direct-to-video on May 2009, while a sidequel, The Grudge, was theatrically released on January 2020.

Plot
The Grudge is described as a curse that is born when someone dies in the grip of extreme rage or sorrow. The curse is an entity created where the person died. Those who encounter this supernatural force die and the curse is reborn repeatedly, passing from victim to victim in an endless, growing chain of horror. The following events are explained in their actual order, however, the film is presented in a nonlinear narrative.

In 2004, American social worker Karen Davis tried to burn down the Saeki house to stop the curse, but failed, finding herself hospitalised and haunted by Kayako. Karen's younger sister, Aubrey, goes to Tokyo to retrieve her. In Japan, Aubrey struggles to communicate with the hospital staff but a journalist named Eason aids her. Aubrey briefly speaks with Karen, who panics and has to be restrained. Karen is later killed by Kayako in front of Aubrey and Eason. Eason explains the curse to Aubrey, revealing he rescued Karen from the house fire and has been investigating the Saeki murders and surrounding events.

The two go to the house to retrieve Kayako's diary, but Toshio drags Aubrey inside to curse her. Eason takes the diary to an associate, who explains Kayako's mother, Nakagawa Kawamata, was an itako who exorcised evil spirits from visitors and fed them to her daughter. Eason and Aubrey make plans to visit Kawamata. As Eason develops photographs he took of the Saeki house, Kayako emerges from a photo and murders him. After discovering his body, Aubrey travels alone to Kawamata's remote rural home. Kawamata skeptically warns her the curse is irreversible before being killed by her daughter. Aubrey ventures to the house, following an image of Karen inside. She encounters Takeo's ghost, who reenacts the night he discovered his wife's disloyalty and snaps Aubrey's neck.

In 2006, school girls Allison Fleming, Vanessa Cassidy and Miyuki Nazawa break into the house on a dare, but Allison is locked in the closet and encounters a ghost resembling Kayako (revealed to be Aubrey at the end of the film) but the girls escape. After Miyuki and Vanessa are consumed by the curse, Allison speaks with school counsellor Ms. Dale about the curse, but Dale denies its existence, revealing she went to the house and is actually a ghost herself. Allison is haunted by the ghosts of her friends and she eventually flees back to Chicago, where she stays with her parents.

The Kimbles move into an apartment block in Chicago. A young boy named Jake is disturbed by a strange presence in the building brought about by a hooded stranger who covers windows with newspaper. Jake's father Bill and stepmother Trish are influenced by the curse: Bill, possessed by Takeo's spirit, suspects his wife of having an affair, and she bludgeons him with a frying pan. Jake and his sister, Lacey, return from school, but Jake finds his family are all dead. He runs into the hooded person, revealed to be Allison, who explains the curse followed her. Kayako appears inside Allison's hood, finally taking her, and then emerges to assault Jake.

Cast

  Arielle Kebbel as Allison Fleming, a shy and emotional exchange student from Chicago, Illinois USA who attended Tokyo International School in Tokyo, Japan.
 Amber Tamblyn as Aubrey Davis, Karen's younger sister.
 Sarah Michelle Gellar as Karen Davis, the sole, traumatized survivor of The Grudge
 Takako Fuji as Kayako Saeki, wife of Takeo Saeki, mother of Toshio Saeki, daughter of Nakagawa Kawamata and the titular role of the movie.
 Kyoka Takizawa as Young Kayako
 Edison Chen as Eason, a journalist who is investigating the Saeki murders
 Teresa Palmer as Vanessa Cassidy, the popular schoolgirl bully of Tokyo International High School
 Misako Uno as Miyuki Nazawa, Vanessa's best friend
 Matthew Knight as Jake Kimble, a young boy who suspects something happening in their apartment
 Sarah Roemer as Lacey Kimble, a cheerleader and Jake's kind and supporting older sister
 Jennifer Beals as Trish Kimble, Bill's new wife
 Christopher Cousins as Bill Kimble, Jake and Lacey's father
 Jenna Dewan as Sally, Lacey's neighbor and best friend
 Eve Gordon as Principal Dale, Tokyo International High School's counselor
 Ohga Tanaka and Yuya Ozeki (archive footage) as Toshio Saeki, Kayako and Takeo's 7-year-old son
 Takashi Matsuyama as Takeo Saeki, Kayako's husband who becomes angry after seeing that she has feelings for another man
 Joanna Cassidy as Mrs. Davis, Karen and Aubrey's sick mother who lives in Pasadena, California, USA.
 Shaun Sipos as Michael, Miyuki's boyfriend
 Jason Behr as Doug, Karen's boyfriend (in photographs)
 Kim Miyori as Nakagawa Kawamata, Kayako's mother and a Japanese itako
 Ryo Ishibashi as Detective Nakagawa (in interview video)
 Paul Jarrett as John Fleming, Allison's father
 Gwenda Lorenzetti as Annie Fleming, Allison's mother

Production
The Grudge 2 was announced three days after the release of The Grudge in 2004 and was officially fasttracked after a positive box office response with the film grossing $110,175,871. In early January 2005, Shimizu suggested ideas regarding the film's plot. Ideas included the origin of the curse and new character subplots. The film was later placed into development hell for almost a year until December 2005, when the first few cast members were announced (Sarah Michelle Gellar and Teresa Palmer) . Other production details were also revealed, including the original scheduled date for principal photography, which was due to begin January 30, 2006, but was postponed until February.

Principal photography for The Grudge 2 was held at Toho Studios in Tokyo, Japan and production wrapped up on April 25, 2006. During an interview on Dread Central with Amber Tamblyn, it was reported that sets were created in Chicago for Tamblyn to re-shoot several scenes.

Shimizu said in an interview with Sci Fi Wire, "For The Grudge 2, I was going for this mystery that was never there in The Grudge and I think that's going to fulfill the audience. ... There's a secret about Kayako's childhood life, so that's part of the big mystery. And the other mystery is this grudge will never stop and it's going to ... spread. And how is it going to get spread? That's another mystery." He also clarified that "The Grudge was a complete remake of Ju-on, meaning the storyline was very similar. Basically, it's the same. But Grudge 2 is actually different from Ju-on: The Grudge 2 and I don't think I would have accepted this job if it was going to be the same storyline. And because it was a different story, you know, my motivation was a bit higher and I actually enjoy doing this."

Release

The Grudge 2 premiered at Knott's Berry Farm in Buena Park, California on October 8, 2006. During the premiere, the theme park was open to the public and featured a Grudge 2 maze as part of its 2006 Halloween Haunt.

Marketing
Sony employed various methods to promote The Grudge 2. On April 1, 2006, a teaser site was launched with details revealing the October 13 release date. Many forum sites such as IMDb were swamped with claims that Sony was playing an April Fool's joke. A few days later, the site's authenticity was proven and claims that it was a hoax were dismissed. On September 10, 2006, Sony released a missing persons file on its official blog stating a student filmmaker known as "Jason C" (Jason Cutler) disappeared a few weeks after visiting the set of the film. The blog originally broadcast interviews with the film's stars including Tamblyn, Gellar and Jenna Dewan but had been taken over by his roommate who filed the report. On September 19, 2006, Yahoo! Movies was the first site to release three short films titled Tales from the Grudge with an introduction from one of the producers of The Grudge, Sam Raimi. The series of shorts expands on the story of the Saeki curse. The shorts also appear on the film's official site Sony Pictures Entertainment; fans who volunteered their mobile phone number received surprise calls from Kayako or Toshio. The films also became available on other film and horror-related websites as part of a wide-reaching and unique digital marketing strategy. The shorts were directed by Toby Wilkins (director of The Grudge 3) and written by Ben Ketai.
 Part 1, "Hotel": The first in the series of shorts. It introduces Ross (played by Daniel Sykes) as he wakes up in a Tokyo hotel room and coughs up quantities of Kayako's black hair. He wakes from this nightmare to the sound of the mobile phone and answers it. The caller is his girlfriend Abby (played by Stefanie Butler), who is safe at home. Ross explains that his attempts to investigate the house and the woman with long black hair have led to a dead end. When the phone call ends, we stay with Ross as he takes a photo of himself with his mobile phone. He does not notice as Kayako passes by behind him at the precise moment he takes the shot. He then sends the picture to Abby. Ross then goes to brush his teeth and finds black hair in his toothbrush before being grabbed through the mirror by Kayako.
 Part 2, "School": The second short film in which we follow the story of Abby as she ends the phone call from the first short. Abby then proceeds to call her friend Brooke (played by Ginny Weirick) to ask about plans that evening. When the call ends, Abby receives a photo message from her boyfriend Ross (from the first short). When Abby looks closer at the image, she sees that Kayako is in the hotel room with Ross. Abby attempts to call her boyfriend and warn him, but she only hears Kayako and then it hangs up. Abby looks over at the girl that was sitting beside her to see Kayako.
 Part 3, "House": The third short film that overlaps during the events in "School." The film opens with Brooke (as introduced in the second short) receiving a phone call from Abby. As the call ends, Brooke agrees to play hide and seek with the child, Josh, whom she is babysitting and chooses a walk-in closet as her hiding place. Brooke soon finds herself trapped and is dragged violently into the underworld by Kayako. Josh then gets up and says "Come out, come out, wherever you are," before Brooke's cell phone begins ringing.

Home media
The Grudge 2 was released on DVD and UMD video for the PlayStation Portable on February 6, 2007. Both are available in a rated and unrated director's cut format. The unrated format is 6 minutes longer than the rated version, clocking in at 108 minutes as opposed to the theatrical cut which is 102 minutes. Both DVD formats include the following extras:
Tales from the Grudge webisodes (Region 1 only)
Cast and crew reel change montage
Four featurettes:
Holding a Grudge: Kayako & Toshio
East Meets West
Grudge 2 Storyline Development
Ready When You Are Mr Shimizu
Deleted scenes
The movie was also made available on iTunes in October 2008. A Blu-ray Disc version of the film has yet to be released in the United States, having only received a Blu-ray in France on March 2, 2010, in a disc which is Region Locked, and a Blu-ray in the Netherlands on March 14, 2013, that is Region Free but missing the extras. Both contain the Unrated Cut.

The film debuted on Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on November 2, 2020.

The film grossed $8.5 million in home sales.

Reception

Box office
The film opened in 3,211 theaters and was expected to generate $27 million across the October 13–15 weekend but generated $10,018,039 on its opening day and $20.8 million on its opening weekend. It placed number one at the box office, beating out The Departed. The film showed poor staying power and earned $39.1 million in North America, making it the first ever film to open over $20 million yet gross less than 50% of its earnings after opening weekend. It also easily set the record for lowest gross of a $20 million opener. It earned an additional $30 million internationally. The movie made $70 million worldwide.

Critical response
The film was one of three films not shown to critics on the release date (the other two being The Marine and One Night with the King). It received notably worse reviews from critics than its predecessor, with an approval rating of 12% on Rotten Tomatoes (76 reviews) compared to The Grudges 40%. The site's consensus simply labels the film as "A diminished sequel that makes even less sense than The Grudge". Metacritic gave the film a score of 33/100 based on reviews from 16 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". The film was criticized by several critics for its confusing plot. Keith Phipps from The A.V. Club wrote, "While The Grudge 2 deserves some credit for creating and sustaining a creepy atmosphere, it doesn't matter much when the plot doesn't go anywhere." Pete Vonder Haar from Film Threat found "[t]he same problems that plagued the original are on display here. Most notably, the lack of any coherent plot." Paul Debrudge from Variety stated, "The story is incidental, as auds merely anticipate the scares." Tim Goernert from Joblo "found it really hard to follow the story as well, as there were three of them happening at the same time." The film has also been criticized as being eye candy. Terry Lawson from the Detroit Free Press judged, "The Grudge 2 is just a mélange of images, some mildly disturbing, but mostly just variations on a theme."

References

External links

  (archive)
 Production notes  at Sci-Fi Japan

 The Grudge 2 Reviews at Metacritic.com

Review at Dread Central

2006 films
2000s psychological horror films
American supernatural horror films
Films directed by Takashi Shimizu
Columbia Pictures films
Ghost House Pictures films
American haunted house films
2000s Japanese-language films
American sequel films
Japan in fiction
American nonlinear narrative films
Films about curses
Films produced by Sam Raimi
Films scored by Christopher Young
Films set in 2004
Films set in 2006
Films set in Chicago
Films set in California
Films set in Tokyo
Films shot in Tokyo
American ghost films
2000s supernatural horror films
American psychological horror films
Films with screenplays by Stephen Susco
Asian-American horror films
The Grudge (film series)
Japan in non-Japanese culture
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
Films set in universities and colleges
Films about students

The Grudge 2


Modeste and Pompon (Modeste et Pompon) is a Belgian comic series consisting mainly of humorous one-page short stories about a temperamental young man and his girlfriend. Created by André Franquin, it was first published in Tintin magazine on 19 October 1955.

Publication history
In 1955 comic-book artist André Franquin got into a dispute with Dupuis, the publishers of Spirou magazine, over financial arrangements concerning his characters. Since Franquin was unable to find the written confirmation of their agreement, he left to join the staff of the rival Tintin magazine, where he introduced the series Modeste et Pompon. Writers who contributed to the series included René Goscinny (the writer of Asterix), Peyo (creator of the Smurfs), Greg (another leading writer and artist) and even Franquin's mother-in-law.

Franquin later found the written confirmation and the matter was settled with Dupuis. However, he was on a five-year contract with Tintin and was thus obliged to provide to both magazines, an unusual arrangement in the comic industry. He thus contributed a weekly page to Tintin and a weekly page-and-a-half to Spirou.

In 1959 the publishers of Tintin bought the rights to the characters. Franquin's obligation to Tintin ended  and he stuck to Spirou and Gaston Lagaffe. Modeste et Pompon continued until 1988, handled by other writers and artists.

Characters

Pompon is Modeste's girlfriend. Her main occupation is to appeal to him to stay calm.
Modeste is a short-tempered young suburbanite who is easily angered when things go wrong. Among those causing him to lose his cool are:
Félix, a friend and a cousin but also a pesky salesman whose products invariably lead to disaster;
A group of boys who are Félix's and Modeste's nephews, but who hang around Modeste most of the time;
Mister Dubruit, a neighbour with a noisy family (Du bruit is the French for "noise"), only featured by Goscinny;
Mister Ducrin, another neighbour with whom Modeste is always feuding, only featured by Greg;
Uncle Symphorien who sometimes stays with Modeste, bringing along his pet rooster Jules, whose crowing proves very trying to Modeste's nerves.

Trivia

Franquin's period on the strip is seen as a good reflection of the fashions of the 1950s, from Pompon's dress to Modeste's modern furniture (which, along with his temper, rather belies his name). The items Felix tries to sell to Modeste include a TV remote control and a battery-powered drill which, though common enough today, were rather new at the time. The artists who succeeded Franquin updated the fashions to their own time periods and even removed Pompon's namesakes from her hair.

When the group of boys were first introduced, they were Félix's five cousins. Later they became his nephews and numbered four before settling on just three. Franquin only named one of them: Dédé. Later writers varied the names. The boys appear to be identical and wear different-coloured shirts.

At one stage Modeste was asked to look after a relative's baby and faced the dilemmas of feeding, changing and sleepless nights. This set of stories coincided with the early months of the life of Franquin's daughter Isabelle (who was to lend her name to another popular comic series in which her father was involved).

Timeline
1955-1959: Franquin (stories by Franquin, Goscinny and mostly Greg)
1959-1968: Dino Attanasio
1968-1975: Mitteï
1975: Griffo
1976-1984: Dupont
1980-1988: Walli
1981: Eric

Sources

 Modeste et Pompon publications in Belgian Tintin, French Tintin BDoubliées

Footnotes

External links
 Franquin est Modeste

Belgian comic strips
Belgian comics titles
Bandes dessinées
1955 comics debuts
1988 comics endings
Comics characters introduced in 1955
Comics about married people
Comic strip duos
Fictional Belgian people
Gag-a-day comics
Lombard Editions titles
Belgian comics characters
Comics about women
Comics set in the 1950s
Comics set in Belgium
Male characters in comics
Female characters in comics

Modeste et Pompon


Louise Pound (June 30, 1872 – June 28, 1958) was an American folklorist, linguist, and college professor at the University of Nebraska.  In 1955, Pound was the first woman elected president of the Modern Language Association, and in the same year, she was the first woman inducted into the Nebraska Sports Hall of Fame.

Early life and education
Pound was born in Lincoln, Nebraska, to Stephen Bosworth Pound and Laura Pound. Alongside her older brother, noted legal professor Roscoe Pound, and her younger sister, Olivia Pound, Pound was instructed by her mother in various disciplines including the natural sciences, ancient and modern languages, and literature.

Pound studied at a preparatory school, the Latin School, in the School of Fine Arts, transitioning in 1888 to the University of Nebraska (B.B. 1892 and M.A., 1895). Pound was an active student throughout the university. Along with her siblings and her colleague Willa Cather, she was a member of the University Union Literary Society at the University of Nebraska. An orator for senior Class Day Exercises, Pound presented a speech entitled "The Apotheosis of the Common," an oration arguing the threat of prose to poetry, of the average to the individual. During her pursuit of a master's degree at the University of Nebraska, Pound began to teach at least one course in Anglo-Saxon in the English Department. In November 1892, Pound, Olivia, and Cather starred in two plays as part of the Union Branch of the University Drama club: one, a farce called The Fatal Pin; the other, Shakespeare Up to Date, a creative endeavor involving a plot of vengeance by Juliet (Pound), Ophelia (Olivia), and Macbeth (Cather). A later production, A Perjured Padulion, was speculated to have been written by Louise Pound, as described by the Nebraskan and the Hesperian. In January 1895, just before receiving her master's degree, Pound published a short story in the Nebraska State Journal, "By Homeopathic Treatment," describing an attempt at intervention for a socially conscious young woman, Matilda, by her friends, who attempt to introduce Matilda to Clementine, who believes woman's purpose is the selfless amelioration of society's evils. "By Homeopathic Treatment" was followed by "Miss Adelaide and Miss Amy" and "The Passenger from Metropolis," neither of which were published.

Pound continued her studies at the University of Chicago and the University of Heidelberg, earning her PhD in philological studies in 1900. By then, she had authored "The Romaunt of the Rose: Additional Evidence that it is Chaucer's" (1896)—an essay on Chaucer's role in the English translation of Le roman de la rose—had read her paper "English Pronunciation in Shakespeare's Time" at a gathering of graduate students, and presented her paper "The Relation of the Finnsburg Fragment to the Finn Episode in Beowulf" at the fourth session of the Central Division of the Modern Language Association. During her philological studies at the University of Chicago she also published "A List of Strong Verbs and Preterite Present Verbs in Anglo-Saxon" through the University of Chicago Press, an educational pamphlet meant to be used in her courses at the University of Nebraska. Pound completed her PhD at Heidelberg within a year, graduating magna cum laude. Her dissertation, The Comparison of Adjectives in English in the XV and XVI Century, was supervised by Heidelberg's Professor Johannes Hoops.

Shortly after attaining her PhD, Dr. Pound became an adjunct professor of English at the University of Nebraska—where she would stay for most of her career, becoming a full professor by 1912—under department chair Dr. Lucius Sherman, who had served as both her teacher and supervisor for her Master's. Here her work would focus on American folklore and dialect studies.

Relationships
Louise Pound had an intimate relationship with Ani Königsberger, daughter of the mathematician and historian of science Leo Königsberger, in which letters were regularly exchanged for over half a century; Krohn notes that "since the letters that Louise wrote to Ani aren't available, the essence of their friendship remains a mystery", but observes that their correspondence was characteristic of intimate relationships between women of the time, which were "of great emotional strength and complexity... intimacy, love, and erotic passion", even if the exact nature of their friendship, "ardent on Ani's part, almost an infatuation", meant that "that passion was not always fulfilled". Nevertheless, Ani was Pound's "closest companion" and "most intimate and enduring friend". They began their relationship as classmates who both loved the game of tennis leading to their intense and emotional companionship. Both Pound and Königsberger shared similar interests such as athletics and the outdoors. The two would spend time together; Königsberger bringing Pound on hikes and climbs while Pound teaching Königsberger "the net game" in tennis.

Pound, focusing on her professional life in teaching and scholarship, did not continue her intimate relationship with Königsberger, who later married a physician, Max Phister, who practised at Hong Kong before the Second World War and later at Beidaihe on the coast in North China. Both German, the couple were strongly anti-Nazi.

Work
Louise Pound was one of the pioneers of the linguistic study of American English. The majority of her research and publications occurred pre-World War II, a time where many linguistic scholars were primarily interested in investigating British and colonial English. Pound, however, sought to examine language trends in contemporary American English, most notably in word coinage and semantics, the historical origins of American pronunciations, and mutual influences of American literature, folklore, culture, and language.

Much of Pound's scholarship involved identifying trends in American language and speech. Pound created a corpus of American euphemisms for associations with death, exploring American discomfort with the reality of morbidity. In addition, through investigating the etymology of trade names and word coinage, Pound ascertained that American commercial terminology had become mercurial and boundless. Such a shift in brand names was, to Pound, a clear break with the past conservatism and monotony of commercial language and demonstrated that Americans were claiming their own place with the inventiveness of language. Pound also delineated multiple instances where American English deviated from standard norms in the pluralization of Latin and Greek loan words. Examples of such divergences are the use of Latin plural words as American singular words such as curricula, data, alumni, and syllabi; the creation of double plurals such as insignias and stimulis; and the creation of -s plurals from Latin singulars such as antennas, vertebras, and emporiums. Pound focused much of her linguistic research upon the etymology of American slang words (e.g., "darn") as well as tracing the historical evolution of the idiosyncrasies of American pronunciation, as in the secondary nasal /n/ in Midwestern and New England English.

In addition to linguistic research of American English, Pound was also a scholar of early American literature, most notably Walt Whitman. It is no surprise that Pound, who defied American linguistic norms by studying contemporary American English, would write prolifically about Whitman's unorthodox language use. In writing about Whitman's influences upon his work, Pound identifies specific non-British influences and nuances to Whitman's writing such as Italian opera music; a predilection for French words and expressions involving nouns, slang, social words, and military terms; and unconventional renderings of classic bird poetry which use birds as symbols of fear, loss, and fatality as opposed to the conventional joyful and aesthetic birds metaphorically portrayed.

A lifelong resident of Nebraska, Pound used the rich folklore and dialect of her region to guide much of her research. True to the characteristic form of her research, Pound seeks to chronicle the features which distinguish American from traditional British folklore, as well as qualify the traits which set Nebraska folklore apart from other regions of America. Through interviews with a diverse demographic of Nebraska residents, Pound created a corpus of Nebraska lore of snakes, caves, and weeping water. Each body of lore that Pound collected is examined through historical, cultural, and linguistic lenses.

H.L. Mencken described Louise Pound as "putting the study of American English on its legs." The two spent thirty years corresponding about their interests in producing research highlighting differences between American and British English, a concept which was not popular at the time. One of Pound's most notable studies was her historical anthology on ballads which challenged scholastic assumptions about ballads as being primitive. Pound outlined the historical poetic nature of ballads and claiming them to be communal representations of contemporary culture which continue to evolve into perpetuity in American southwest and indigenous cultures. Throughout her life, Pound composed many anthologies on the poetic and historical influences upon American ballads.

Professional memberships and honors
Pound was a member of many professional societies. In 1905 Pound was a champion of the Order of the Black Masque, senior women's honor society, which became a chapter of Mortar Board National College Senior Honor Society in 1920. Pound became a member of Mortar Board in that year.

She was president of the American Folklore Society (1928).

She was the first woman to serve as president of the Modern Language Association (1954–55), having previously served as its vice president (1916) and on the executive council (1925–26).

She was director (1915–19) and treasurer (1917) of the National Council of Teachers of English.

She was a Foundation Member of the Linguistic Society of America (LSA) in 1925. She also was the first woman to have an article published in the society's journal, Language (Pound 1927). And she was the first woman elected Vice President of the LSA, in 1939.

In 1925, with Kemp Malone and Arthur Garfield Kennedy, she founded the journal American Speech "to present information about English in America in a form appealing to general readers". American Speech is currently published on behalf of the American Dialect Society. Pound was first woman president of the society from 1938 to 1941.

Pound was the Nebraska director (1906–1908) and later national vice president of the American Association of University Women from the 1930s to 1944.

A posthumous scholarship was developed from the estates of Roscoe and Olivia Pound in Louise Pound's name. The fellowship, handled by the AAUW, awards yearly stipends to international women students.

Personal life
Pound continued a correspondence with Ani Königsberger, her "most intimate and enduring friend", for fifty eight years.

Pound and Cather residence halls at the University of Nebraska (Lincoln) were named after Louise Pound and Willa Cather, with whom Pound maintained a close friendship. Some scholars argue that Louise Pound and Willa Cather's friendship was romantic. Willa Cather biographers Phyllis C. Robinson and Sharon O'Brien argue that Pound was Cather's object of desire, O'Brien citing in her Willa Cather: The Emerging Voice (1987) Cather's 1892 and 1893 letters to Pound. The 1892 letter expresses Cather's impression of Pound, Cather's feelings of strangeness around her, an anxiety of the "customary goodbye formality," and a noted disagreement with the perceived unnaturalness in "feminine friendships." James Woodress, author of Willa Cather: A Literary Life (1987), argues that no evidence exists that Pound responded to Cather's affection. Similarly, Marie Krohn, in Louise Pound: The 19th Century Iconoclast who Forever Changed America's views about Women, Academics and Sports (2008), notes that "Cather biographers always mention the Cather/ Pound relationship as an important chapter of Cather's life. Whether or not the friendship occupied an equally noteworthy place in Louise Pound's life is questionable", and observed that "as a woman who enjoyed freedom of movement and independence of thought, Louise would have felt emotionally suffocated by Cather's advances", which was a factor in the ending of their friendship by 1894.

Pound also maintained a distinct rivalry with Mabel Lee, a faculty member of the University of Nebraska physical education department. Pound and Lee were initially cordial, yet differing perspectives on the role of athletics—Pound supported athletics as a field of competition, competition about which Lee maintained reservations—embittered their relationship.

Athlete
Pound entered and won the Lincoln City Tennis Championship in 1890 and continued her tennis career competing against men for the University of Nebraska title in 1891 and 1892; winning both years. At 18 years old, Louise competed and won the Women's Western Tennis Championship in 1897. Pound was not only the first and only female in school history to earn a men's varsity letter, she was also rated the top player in the country while working on her doctorate at Heidelberg University. Very few times did Pound's tennis skills fall short. However, at the Ladies' Western Tennis Championship held in Chicago, Illinois, she was defeated playing a three-time U.S. Open singles champion, Juliette Atkinson. Louise not only played tennis but also showed interest in golf, winning the state golf championship in 1916.

Pound was an all-around athlete showing interest in figure skating, earning a 100-mile cycling medal in 1906, introducing skiing to Lincoln as well as being captain of her school's basketball team. She played center in their first women's basketball game in 1898 and continued to be involved with basketball by managing the university women's basketball team. Pound is also the first woman in history to be inducted into the University of Nebraska Sports Hall of Fame, in 1955.

Pound continued her tennis journey by playing doubles with Carrie Neely, at the age of 43, and winning the 1915 Central Western and Western doubles championships. In 1926, at 54 years old, Pound won the Lincoln city championship, being the first women's state golf champion.

Death
Louise Pound died at a hospital in Lincoln on June 28, 1958, after suffering from coronary thrombosis. She was buried at Wyuka Cemetery.

Bibliography

Books
 A List of Strong Verbs and Preterite Present Verbs in Anglo-Saxon (1898)
 The Comparison of Adjectives in English in the XV and the XVI Century (1901)
  The Periods of English literature. Outlines of the History of English Literature with Reading and Reference Lists (1910)
 Blends, Their Relation to English Word Formation (1914)
 Folk-song of Nebraska and The Central West : A Syllabus (1915)
 Poetic Origins and the Ballad (1921)
 American Ballads and Songs (1923)
 Ideas and Models (1935)
 Nebraska Cave Lore (1948)
 Selected Writings of Louise Pound (1949)
 The American Dialect Society: A Historical Sketch (1952)
 Nebraska Folklore (1959)

Articles
 "The Southwestern Cowboy Songs and the English and Scottish Popular Ballads" (1913)
 "Traditional Ballads in Nebraska" (1913)
 "British and American Pronunciation: Retrospect and Prospect" (1915)
 "New-world Analogues of the English and Scottish Popular Ballads" (1916)
 "Word-coinage and Modern Trade-names" (1917)
 "The Pluralization of Latin Loan-Words in Present-Day American Speech" (1919)
 "King Cnut's Song and Ballad Origins" (1919)
 "The 'Uniformity' of the Ballad Style" (1920)
 "The English Ballads and the Church" (1920)
 "Walt Whitman and the classics" (1925)
 "Walt Whitman Neologisms" (1925)
 "The etymology of an English expletive" (Language 3 [1927]: 96–99)
 "A Recent Theory of Ballad-Making" (1929)
 "The Etymology of Stir 'prison' Again" (1931)
 "American Euphemisms for Dying, Death, and Burial: An Anthology" (1936)
 "Literary Anthologies and the Ballad" (1942)
 "The Legend of the Lincoln Salt Basin" (1951)
 "Yet another Joe Bowers" (1957)

See also
 Antonine Barada
 Ray B. Browne

References

Further reading
 Cochran, Robert B. "Pound, Louise." American National Biography. 17:759-760. 1999. https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0900606
 Haller, Evelyn. in Notable American Women: The Modern Period, ed. Barbara Sicherman and Carol Hurd Green (1980), pp. 557–59.
 Haller, Evelyn. in Resource Guide to Six Nebraska Authors, ed. David McCleery (1992), pp. 40–47.
 Krohn, Marie. Louise Pound: the 19th century iconoclast who forever changed America's views on women, academics, and sports,  Clearfield, Utah:American Legacy Historical Press, 2008.
 Turner, Elizabeth A. "Legacy Profile: Louise Pound," Legacy 9 (1992): 59–64.

1872 births
20th-century American historians
1958 deaths
19th-century female tennis players
American female tennis players
American folklorists
American women folklorists
Writers from Lincoln, Nebraska
University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni
Heidelberg University alumni
American women historians
Women linguists
Presidents of the American Folklore Society
Presidents of the Modern Language Association

Louise Pound


Príncipe is the northern and smaller of the two major islands of the country of São Tomé and Príncipe. It is in the sea to the west of Africa. It has an area of . Close to 5,000 people live there. The island is a heavily eroded volcano over three million years old. It is surrounded by other smaller islands including Ilheu Bom Bom, Ilhéu Caroço, Tinhosa Grande and Tinhosa Pequena. Príncipe rises in the south to  at Pico de Príncipe, in a part of the Obo National Park that is covered with trees. The north and centre of the island were formerly plantations, most of them formed by Portuguese colonialists using slave labor. These concentrated initially on producing sugar and later on cocoa, becoming the world's greatest cocoa producer. Since independence these plantations have since largely gone back to being forest.

Príncipe was the site where Einstein's Theory of Relativity was experimentally proved successful by Arthur Stanley Eddington and his team during the total solar eclipse of May 29, 1919.

References

São Tomé and Príncipe

Príncipe


Burnay Palace (Portuguese: Palácio Burnay) is a Portuguese palace located in the Alcântara parish in Lisbon, Portugal.

History
The origins of the palace lie with D. César de Meneses, having started in 1701 and ended in 1734. The palace has since undergone changes and restoration works in the nineteenth century and more recently in the early 1940s.

The palace is also called by the Palace of the Patriarchs because it was previously the official summer residence of the Patriarchs of Lisbon.

The palace is currently the seat of the Rectory Services and Social Actions of the Technical University of Lisbon.

IGESPAR rates the palace as a Property of Interest.

Gallery

Sources
Pesquisa de Património: Palácio Burnay, Seus Anexos e Jardim (In Portuguese)
Palácio Burnay: Texto histórico (In Portuguese)
História de Portugal: Palácio Burnay (In Portuguese)

Palaces in Lisbon

Burnay Palace


Josephine Bradley MBE (24 March 1893 – 16 February 1985) was a ballroom dancer and dance teacher. Although born in Dublin, she was raised from an early age in London, the youngest of eight children. Bradley was among the first ballroom dance professionals of the Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing (ISTD) who standardised the basic techniques of foxtrot, tango, quickstep and waltz. These are the English ballroom dances of what is now the World Dance Council's International Dancesport category. For her activities she had earned herself an informal title "The First Lady of the Ballroom".

The early years

Youth
Her father was a strict Roman Catholic, who abhorred dancing and the theatre. He died when she was ten, and an older sister subsequently succumbed to tuberculosis. It was feared that Josephine might be infected, so the family moved from London to Chorley Wood, at that time a rural village.

Ballroom dance
In 1924 she danced with an American, G.K. Anderson, in a competition at the Embassy Club in Regent Street. She was the professional dancer of the two. They won that, and went on to win the Daily Sketch Foxtrot competition, for which pro-am couples were eligible. In the 1924 World Championship at the Queen's Hall, the couple won again, to become World Foxtrot Champions. In the overall World Championships for 1924 (professional), and again in 1925, Maxwell Stewart and Barbara Miles won, ahead of Victor Sylvester and Phyllis Clarke.

That same year (1924), Bradley started her first dance school in the Knightsbridge Hotel. She was asked by the Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing (ISTD) to join a working group to codify the dances and develop a syllabus for teachers. The ISTD formed its Ballroom Branch with Bradley, Eve Tynegate Smith, Murielle Simmons, Cynthia Humphreys and Victor Silvester as founder members. Bradley was a leading figure in the British ballroom dance world. She was active in ballroom dancing in general, and the ISTD in particular, right up to the end of her long life. Bradley was Chairman of the ISTD Ballroom Branch from 1924 to 1947. As an examiner for the ISTD, she toured Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. One of her pupils, Eveline Burchill, went on to set up a dance school in Dublin and also judged ISTD competitions.

Marriage
In 1927 Bradley married Douglas Wellesley-Smith, whom she had met in 1919. He had won the Military Cross (MC) in World War I, as a Captain in the 1st Battalion, the Lincolnshire Regiment. He had been twice wounded by bayonet thrusts, and they met when he was convalescing. Needing some light exercise, he came to her for dance lessons. They became regular dance partners in 1925. Their marriage lasted only four years until his death at the age of 35. She later found a dancing partner in Frank Ford, but she never married again.

Ballroom orchestra
Bradley was one of several top-class dancers who sought to rival Victor Silvester. His 'big idea' was to provide strict-tempo music for dances and dance teaching studios, and he succeeded to an almost unbelievable extent. A feature of all the strict tempo bands was the absence of a singer, who might have interfered with the clarity of the rhythm. With record sales reaching 75 million, and his orchestra regularly on BBC radio (and later, television), Silvester was the dominant public figure in the dancing world.

Bradley became one of the few women to lead a British band between 1920–1950; others included Ivy Benson and Mrs. Jack Hilton. Bradley set up her group in 1935,p35 mainly as a recording band for Decca: Josephine Bradley and her Ballroom Orchestra. She had already, in 1930, directed the New Mayfair Dance Orchestra for HMV. Between March 1937 and October 1945 she recorded over 200 sides for Decca. Bradley's recordings sold well, and represent "the very best of ballroom music over half a century after they were made".

Other events
She danced in the British film Let's Make a Night of It (1937), which contained the first sequence of formation dance. In it she and Frank Ford, together with Victor Silvester and his wife and two other couples, danced to Jack Jackson and his band.

References

Sources
Josephine Bradley & her Ballroom Orchestra: Dancing in the Dark. Vocalion CD EA6088

1893 births
1985 deaths
British ballroom dancers
British bandleaders
Dance teachers
British female dancers
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Dancers from London
Place of death missing
20th-century British conductors (music)
British women conductors (music)
20th-century English musicians
People from Chorleywood

Josephine Bradley


Zinc refining is the process of purifying zinc to special high grade (SHG) zinc, which is at least 99.995% pure. This process is not usually required when smelting of zinc is done through electrolysis processes, but is needed when zinc is produced by pyrometallurgical processes, because it is only 98.5% pure.

There are various refining methods, but the refluxing process is the most commonly used.

High purity zinc is required industrially to avoid zinc pest, a slow distortion and cracking of zinc die castings caused by impurities precipitating out.

Refluxing process
The New Jersey Zinc Company invented this process in 1930.

The process take advantage of the relatively low boiling point of zinc () as compared to the impurities being removed in the first "column": iron and aluminium. Therefore, in the first column the zinc is heated above its boiling point and allowed to rise to a condenser. The iron and aluminium impurities sink to the bottom in the form of a solid or liquid. There are still lead and cadmium vapor impurities. In order to remove the lead 2-3% of the vapor is condensed, which draws the majority of the lead out of the vapor; down to the point where it is only 0.003% of the total contents. Finally the vapor is pumped into the cadmium column where it is cooled to an intermediate temperature below the boiling point zinc, but still above the boiling point of cadmium (). The zinc leaves out the bottom as a refined liquid, while the cadmium leaves out the top as vapor.

See also
Zinc smelting
ZAMAK

References

Sources
.

Metallurgical processes
Zinc

Zinc refining


The Oblivians are an American garage punk trio that has existed since 1993. In the 1990s, their blues-infused brand of bravado, crudely recorded music made them one of the most popular and prominent bands within the underground garage rock scene.

Formed in Memphis, Tennessee, the band consisted of three members—Greg Cartwright, Jack Yarber, and Eric Friedl—who alternated between instruments on stage and in the studio, each member serving as vocalist, guitarist, and drummer, in turn. The band recorded four LPs, as well as a number of EPs and singles, typically recording songs live in the studio.

The band has performed numerous reunion shows since disbanding in 1998, including a highly anticipated 2009 European reunion tour with The Gories, who also reformed to co-headline.

Oblivians released the studio album Desperation on May 28, 2013 through In The Red Records.

History
The Oblivians began performing together in the summer of 1993. At the time of the Oblivians' inception, both Greg Cartwright and Jack Yarber were members of the garage-rock band the Compulsive Gamblers, however, following the departure of most of the band's members from the band's home base in Memphis, the two decided to continue playing together in a more compact incarnation of their former band, recruiting Shangri-la Records employee and future Goner Records founder Eric Friedl to round out the three-piece. Within a short time of the group's formation the band had written much of the material that would appear on their first recording, the posthumously released "On the Go." As almost the entire album was written over the first weekend following the group's decision to play together, Yarber, who had been staying in New Orleans with former Compulsive Gamblers Drummer Rod Thomas hoping to continue with his former band in some form, felt the Oblivians had enough promise for him to return to Memphis. Upon Yarber's return, the Oblivians got a gig opening for Southern Culture on the Skids, their first show as a three-piece.

Musical style
The Oblivians' sound was much harsher than the Compulsive Gambler's sound had been, owing both to Friedl's influence on the band, and to some of the music the members had taken to heart since the Gamblers disbanded, including Thee Headcoats and The Gories. The music was also much more stripped-down than that of the Compulsive Gamblers; the Oblivians had no bass player and no bass drum on their drum kit, instead using only two guitars and a standard drum kit between the three of them. All three members shared songwriting responsibilities, and each member of the group supplied vocals, guitar, and drums, when recording.  During live performances, it was not uncommon for members to switch back and forth multiple times between a shared set of instruments.  The band did catch a certain amount of flack for their unconventional setup; while the band was working at Sun Studios the group was refused a space to record until they procured a bassist.  Despite being offered a chance to record for free, with the only condition being that they add a bass player to the lineup, the band opted to record elsewhere rather than conform to the request.

Naming the band
The group   underwent a few name changes before finally choosing their eventual moniker. The group was originally known as PP (an abbreviation for Pontius Pilate) and the Naildrivers. [] The name  lasted for only one show, and after a short stint as the Gentlemen of Leisure, the group members eventually renamed their outfit the Oblivians.  With a definitive name in place, each member adopted a Ramones-style surname; Cartwright became Greg Oblivian, Yarber became Jack Oblivian, and Friedl became Eric Oblivian.   The surnames became an integral part of the band.

Touring

As the band began to play more shows, Friedl began sending out the band's demo tapes, hoping to spur some label interest.  One of the band's first big shows was as an opening act for the Jon Spencer Blues Explosion, a show that was arranged for them by a bookie at Maxwell's in New Jersey after having heard a copy of the band's "On the Go" demo which he had received from Friedl.  For the show, the band flew to New York City, and while there the band received a fax from Crypt Records requesting a full-length album from the band and offering to set the band up with further tour dates in support of Crypt's stable of recording artists. With Crypt's support the band began touring overseas, though at home the band handled their own bookings.  The band would go on to tour extensively in Europe, playing shows in Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Italy, England, and Sweden, before continuing on through Asia, supporting Guitar Wolf in Japan.

Recordings
The band released their first LP, "Soul Food," in 1995. The album was recorded at Easley Studios in Memphis, Tennessee, and was released by Crypt Records. This was followed by a collaboration with fellow Memphis musicians Walter Daniels and Monsieur Jeffery Evans on the "Walter Daniels Plays With Monsieur Jeffrey Evans & The Oblivians At Melissa's Garage" 10", released in 1995.

Between their first and second LPs the band released a compilation album called "Sympathy Sessions," which featured a collection of recordings the band had written and recorded in 1996 at Easley Studios for release on the independent record label Sympathy for the Record Industry. The album was a collection of two previously released 10" EP's, Never Enough and Six of the Best, as well as four additional tracks also recorded for the Sympathy label. This was followed by the band's second proper LP, "Popular Favorites," released in 1996, again on Crypt Records.

In 1997 the band teamed up with New Orleans one-man band and nightclub organist Mr. Quintron to record their third and final LP, the Gospel music-inspired ...Play 9 Songs with Mr Quintron. The Oblivians' final album was recorded in a single eight-hour session; Quintron traveled 16 hours roundtrip by bus from New Orleans to Memphis in order contribute a days worth of improvised percussion and organ accompaniments. A rough demo of the songs the band intended to record for the album failed to reach Mr. Quintron by mail, and so he was forced to begin arranging his contributions upon arrival, without prior knowledge of the content of the album.  Cartwright credited the dramatic shift in styles between ...Play Nine Songs and the rest of the Oblivians' catalogue as one of the reasons for the eventual breakup of the band, noting that the group had begun to stray from a musical aesthetic that all its members could agree upon.

After the Oblivians
In 1998, after five years together, the Oblivians broke up and the bandmembers went their separate ways. After the Oblivians, Jack Yarber and Greg Cartwright reformed their old band, the Compulsive Gamblers. Yarber then went on to do some work with Impala and currently plays with his own band, Jack O and the Tennessee Tearjerkers. Yarber has been the most prolific former Oblivian, contributing to a number of bands, including: Tav Falco's Panther Burns, Knaughty Knights, South Filthy, The Cool Jerks, The Limes, The Brand New Love Affairs, King Louie & His Loose Diamonds, the Natural Kicks and Harlan T. Bobo.

Greg Cartwright went on to form his current band Reigning Sound, who have released a number of records on In the Red, Goner Records, Spoonful Records, Slovenly Recordings and Norton Records.
He has also started producing albums for the likes of Mr. Airplane Man, The Goodnight Loving, Suttree, The Cuts, Porch Ghouls and The Deadly Snakes. Greg released one album, "Head Shop," with his wife, under the name Greg Oblivian and The Tip Tops. Cartwright periodically plays guitar on tour and some recordings with the Detroit soul-cover band The Detroit Cobras.
Greg also started Legba Records, a Memphis record store which eventually came to house bandmate Eric Friedl's record label, Goner Records. Cartwright also went on to produce and write much of the material for the album "Dangerous Game" by Mary Weiss of the Shangri-Las which was released by Norton Records in March 2007. Cartwright performed one of his originals, "Stop and Think It Over" with Weiss on NBC's Late Night with Conan O'Brien.

After the Oblivians, Eric Friedl continued to run the independent record label, Goner Records, and recorded an album with Jay Reatard of The Reatards and King Louie Bankston of the Royal Pendletons called Bad Times. Friedl is currently a member of the Dutch Masters and The True Sons of Thunder.

In 2008, Greg Cartwright announced via the Goner Records message board, that the Gories and the Oblivians would play reunion shows in Detroit, Memphis, and Europe in 2009.

On February 21, 2012, many sources indicated that the Oblivians would be reconvening in order to record a new full-length on In the Red.  This was confirmed by In The Red through their Twitter account.

On February 25, 2017 the Oblivians, the Craig Brown Band, Kelley Stoltz and the Mummies played a free concert to celebrate the opening of the pressing plant at the Third Man Records store in Detroit.

Discography
Studio albums
 Soul Food LP/CD (Crypt, 1995, CR-055)
 Popular Favorites LP/CD (Crypt, 1996, CR-065)
 ...Play 9 Songs with Mr Quintron LP/CD (Crypt, 1997, CR-082)
 Desperation LP/CD (In The Red, 2013, ITR 238)

Other albums
 Rock'n Roll Holiday: Live In Atlanta LP (Negro Records, 1995, negro records 001, recorded on 08/19/94)
 The Sympathy Sessions CD (Sympathy For The Record Industry, 1996, SFTRI 406)
 17 Cum Shots LP (Bootleg, 1997, cat.no.?)
 Best Of The Worst: 93-97 2xLP/CD (Sympathy For The Record Industry, 1999, SFTRI 584)
 Melissa's Garage Revisited LP/CD (Sympathy For The Record Industry, 1999, SFTRI 590)
 On The Go LP (Goner Records, 2003, 12Gone)
 Barristers 95 [Live] (In the Red, 2009, ITR 182)

Singles
 Call The Shots 7" (Goner Records, 1993, 2Gone)
 Sunday You Need Love 7" (Crypt, 1994, CR-044)
 Now For The Hard Of Hearing From ... "Blow Their Cool" 7" (Estrus, 1994, ES 756)
 Static Party 7" (In The Red, 1994, ITR 018)
 Go!Pill-Popper! 7" (Drug Racer, 1996, 001)
 Strong Come On 7" (Crypt, 1996, CR-053)
 Kick Your Ass 7" (Sympathy For The Record Industry, 1996, SFTRI 412)

EP's
 Never Enough 10" (Sympathy For The Record Industry, 1994, SFTRI 304)
 Six Of The Best 10" (Sympathy For The Record Industry, 1995, SFTRI 383)
 Walter Daniels Plays With Monsieur Jeffrey Evans & The Oblivians At Melissa's Garage 10" (Undone, 1995, UDR-0008-10)

Splits
 Split CS with Impala (Goner Records/Power Of Bob, 1993, 0Gone/POB 103)
 Split 7" with Two Bo's Maniacs (Hate Records, 1997, hate 7)
 Split 7" with the Crime Kaisers (Active Detective, 1998, active detective record No. 1)

References

 Tupica, Rich. Jack Oblivian Interview "turn-it-down.blogspot.com". June 1, 2007. Accessed June 28, 2007.
 Christmas, Shane Jesse. "An Interview with Eric Oblivian" "www.furious.com", August 2000. Accessed May 18, 2007.
 Graves, Karen E. [ "The Best of the Worst: 93–97"] "www.allmusic.com", Accessed May 25, 2007.
 Hurley, Rachael. "Rock's Hero for the Rest of Us" "scenestars.net", February 3, 2006. Accessed May 25, 2007.
 Mercury, M. "Life After Oblivian" "www.littlecrackedegg.com". Accessed May 19, 2007.

External links
Oblivians entry on AllMusic.com
Oblivians page on MySpace.com
An interview with Eric Oblivian
An interview with Greg Cartwright
Goner Records

Garage rock groups from Tennessee
Punk rock groups from Tennessee
American garage punk groups
Indie rock musical groups from Tennessee
Musical groups from Memphis, Tennessee
Punk blues musical groups
Sympathy for the Record Industry artists

Oblivians


Edward Owen Greening (17 August 1836 – 5 March 1923) was a British co-operative and radical activist.

Born in Warrington, Greening grew up in Bedford, Lancashire and then Manchester, as his father's wire-drawing business moved location.  He was educated at a Quaker school on Mount Street in Manchester, but left when he was thirteen years old, to become an apprentice wire-drawer.  Three years later, he was promoted to an office position, and he began taking evening classes.  Greening's father emigrated to Canada in 1855, and Greening took the opportunity to start his own wire-drawing business with a brother.  This proved successful.

From an early age, Greening became involved in local radical causes, including the Anti-Slavery Society, the United Kingdom Alliance, and the Union and Emancipation Society.  In particular, he became joint honorary secretary of the last of these, and lectured around the country in support of its aim, supporting the north in the American Civil War.  He was a founder of the Manchester and Salford Manhood Suffrage League - the local section of the Reform League - and also became interested in co-operation, beginning to incorporate the ideas into his own business.  He also helped fund a significant number of co-operative ventures, most of which proved unsuccessful.  The key exception was the Agricultural and Horticultural Association, also known as the "One and All Association", which provided agricultural tools, seeds, and related items.

In 1867, Greening became the founder and editor of Industrial Partnership Record, which the following year became Social Economist, Greening then sharing editing duties with G. J. Holyoake.  That year, he also organised a national conference of co-operative activists, in Manchester, the immediate predecessor of the modern Co-operative Congress.

Greening stood in Halifax at the 1868 UK general election, with the backing of a local committee of radical workers.  Although he did not receive the backing of the Reform League, its local branch did support his candidacy.  However, he was easily defeated by two official Liberal Party candidates.

Later in 1868, Greening moved to London, to become managing director of the One and All.  His wire-drawing business collapsed in 1870, and he thereafter remained focused on his co-operative interests.  He founded the Co-operative Institute and the annual National Co-operative Festival.  He was a founder of the International Co-operative Alliance, chairing its first conference, and was its secretary from 1895 until 1902.  He was also a founder of the Co-operative Productive Federation, and the Labour Association.

The One and All closed in 1915, its business affected by World War I, and this left Greening short of money.  Co-operative societies twice organised testimonial funds for him, and he remained active in the movement.  In 1917, he moved the motion opposing the formation of the Co-operative Party, as he believed that the movement should be represented through existing political parties. By the autumn of 1917 he had changed his mind and at the party's emergency conference he said that "after the great vote at Swansea he recognised that it was necessary that the experiment should be made in direct representation".

Greening married twice, the first in 1860 to Emily Hepworth. Greening died at his home in Lee, London on 5 March 1923 and was buried in Hither Green Cemetery.

References

1836 births
1923 deaths
British cooperative organizers
Liberal-Labour (UK) politicians
People from Warrington

Edward Owen Greening


Luigi Mussini (19 December 1813 – 18 June 1888) was an Italian painter, linked especially to the Purismo movement and to the Nazarenes.

Life
Mussini was born in Berlin, son of the composer Natale Mussini, Kapellmeister at the Prussian court, and his wife Giuliana, musician and singer, daughter of the composer Giuseppe Sarti.  He studied at the Accademia delle Belle Arti in Florence under Pietro Benvenuti and Giuseppe Bezzuoli. He began working with his older brother, Cesare Mussini, who had also trained at the Academy.

In 1840 he obtained a study grant which enabled him to spend four years in Rome studying painting. He was inspired by the masters of the Quattrocento and in 1844 he opened a school in Florence, where among his students were Silvestro Lega and Michele Gordigiani.

In 1848 he joined as a patriotic volunteer in the First Italian War of Independence. Disillusioned by the unhappy outcome, he withdrew to Paris, where he frequented the studios of Ingres, Jean-Hippolyte Flandrin, William Haussoullier and other artists.

In 1852 he move to Siena to teach at that city's Academy of Fine Arts, where his pupils included Angelo Visconti, Amos Cassioli, Cesare Maccari, Pietro Aldi, Alessandro Franchi and Ricciardo Meacci.

Mussini's wife Luigia Mussini Piaggio, also a painter, died in labor in 1865 giving birth to their daughter Luisa Mussini who became the wife (and assistant) in 1893 of her father's former pupil Alessandro Franchi.

Among his works are:
Musca Sacra (1841)
L Elemosina secondo il Vangelo
I profanotori del Tempio
Il trionfo della Verita
I Parentali de Platone
L'Eudoro and Cimodocea compare paganism to christianity
Decamerone Senese

Sources
 Luigi Mussini
  L'Enciclopedia Italiana: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 77 (2012) - Luigi Mussini

1813 births
1888 deaths
19th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Painters from Florence
Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze alumni
19th-century Italian male artists
Nazarene painters

Luigi Mussini