Caleana hortiorum, commonly known as Hort's duck orchid is a species of orchid endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has a single smooth leaf, a single greenish yellow and red flower and is distinguished by its long, narrow, slightly humped labellum, with calli on its outer half. It is found between Perth and Albany.

Description
Caleana hortiorum has a single smooth, dull green or dull red leaf,  long and  wide. Unlike those of most other caleanas, the leaf is not withered at flowering time. Usually only one greenish-yellow and red flower,  long and  wide is borne on a thin, wiry stalk  high. The dorsal sepal, lateral sepals and petals are narrow and hang downwards with the dorsal sepal pressed against the column which has broad wings, forming a bucket-like shape. About one half of the outer part of the labellum is covered with glossy black glands or calli and the labellum has a slightly humped top. Flowering occurs in September and October.

Taxonomy and naming
Hort's duck orchid was first formally described in 2006 by Stephen Hopper and Andrew Brown who gave it the name Paracaleana hortiorum. The description was published in Australian Systematic Botany from a specimen collected near York. In 2014, based on molecular studies, Joseph Miller and Mark Clements transferred all the species previously in Paracaleana to Caleana so that the present species became Caleana hortiorum. The specific epithet (hortiorum) honours Fred and Jean Hort who were early collectors of this species.

Distribution and habitat
Caleana hortiorum grows in clearings in shrubland and woodland between Perth and Albany in the Esperance Plains, Jarrah Forest and Swan Coastal Plain biogeographic regions.

Conservation
Caleana hortiorum (as Paracaleana hortiorum) is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

References

hortiorum
Orchids of Western Australia
Endemic orchids of Australia
Plants described in 2006
Endemic flora of Western Australia

Caleana hortiorum


Olivet Baptist High School is a Baptist secondary school in Oyo, Nigeria (formerly Oyo Baptist Boys' High School), located on a hillcrest named Olivet Heights. It is affiliated with the Nigerian Baptist Convention.

History

It was founded by American International Mission Board on 29 January 1945 on its original site in the premises of the old Baptist mission house at Oke-Isokun, Oyo, Oyo State (now occupied by Baptist College of Theology, Oyo) where Rev. Pinnock, the first Baptist missionary to the ancient  empire of Oyo established a mission post.

The profile of Olivet witnessed a remarkable rise in the 1960s when the school was noted for all-round excellence in academics and sports, the school had facilities for O'level and A'level (HSC) candidates at that time. The A'level program was abolished in 1989. The school was one of the few schools in Nigeria outside Lagos equipped with hostel facilities, staff quarters, excellent laboratories (sciences, home economics/food & nutrition, fine arts, music), workshops (metal work, woodwork, technical drawing - mechanical/building), an agricultural center with poultry/fish pond and sports facilities. As a result, Olivet Heights was a domineering force in the western part of Nigeria in inter-school academic competitions/projects as well as sports: soccer, basketball, hockey, handball and athletics. Also available in the school were facilities for Lawn Tennis, Cricket, Squash, Badminton, Volleyball, Chess and Table Tennis. Most of the facilities witnessed a steady decay from the 1990s.

Organization of School Houses

Olivet Heights was a predominantly residential high school. The hostel structure was organized into four "houses" named after two indigenous and two American Baptist pastors - Atanda, Odetayo, Locket, and Pinnock. In addition to the residential arrangement for boarding students, non-residential students were also assigned to the 4 Houses for annual inter-house (intramural) quiz, debates & sports competitions which are used to unearth promising talents for regional and national competitions. In recent years, two new houses were added - Homer Brown and JBP Lafinhan - in honor of the last American (missionary) Principal and the first Nigerian Principal.

Principals

Since its founding, Olivet Heights has been led by several educators, all of whom are listed below:
Mrs. J. C. Powell, 1946
Deacon T. A. Okanla, Headmaster 1945-1952
Rev. Carl F. Whirley, 1948
Rev. W. Joel Fergeson, 1948-1951
Rev. J. B. Durham, Acting Principal 1951
Rev. M. L. Garrett, Acting Principal 1952-1953
Mr. E. A. Iyanda, Acting Principal 1955-1957
Rev. Homer A. Brown, 1957-1962
Rev. J. B. P. Lafinhan, 1962-1972
Chief R. F. Fasoranti, 1973-1975
Chief S. O. Omitade, 1975-1977
Chief J. I. Popoola, 1977-1982
Mr. I. A. Adisa, 1982-1989
Mr. A. A. Adeniran, 1990-1994
Mr. A. A. Adeniji, 1994-2000
Mr. S. O. Okegbenle, 2000-2002
Mrs. F. M. Taiwo, 2002-2008
Mrs. A. Ayoade, 2008 - 2016
Chief (Mrs.) A.I. Ogunmola, 2016 - 2017
Mrs. O.A.  Awolola, 2017 - 2019
Mrs O. Dosunmu, 2019-Date

Old Students Association
Olivet Heights has a vibrant National Old Students Association (NOSA). The Olivet NOSA was founded in 1976 to serve as a reconnection point for former students of Olivet Baptist High School. The Association drives educational and infrastructural projects to ensure that current students have the best possible standard of learning. They have implemented projects like upgrading of learning facilities and sports complex, construction of school hall, donation of computers and other learning aids, and construction of the school gate, among others.

Motto
Cum Christo Progredere (Forward with Christ)

See also
 Federal Government College Ogbomoso

References

Secondary schools in Oyo State
Baptist schools in Nigeria
Educational institutions established in 1945
1945 establishments in Nigeria

Olivet Baptist High School


Pogonotomia is the art of shaving, from the Greek words πώγων pogon "beard" and τέμνω témno, to cut.

In 1772 French barber Jean-Jacques Perret (1730–1784) published a treatise called Pogonotomy, or The Art of Learning to Shave Oneself, a booklet detailing his observations on shaving. It also proposed the first safety razor. In 1762 he developed an extremely sharp razor meant to cut as much hair as would be possible. Perret's razor was later called the cut-throat razor.

References

Hair removal

Pogonotomia


Alena Igorevna Zavarzina (; born 27 May 1989) is a Russian former snowboarder specializing in parallel slalom and parallel giant slalom disciplines. She is the 2011 World champion and bronze medalist from the 2014 Winter Olympics in parallel giant slalom. She won the parallel giant slalom crystal globe in 2016/17 World Cup season.

Career
Zavarzina started snowboarding at the age of 10 in her hometown Novosibirsk. She was participating in big air competitions before switching to the alpine snowboarding. She made her first appearance in National Championships as an 11-year-old, in 2000.

Early years: Europa Cup success
Zavarzina made her World Cup debut on 23 October 2006 in a parallel slalom race in Landgraaf where she finished in 31st place and scored her first World Cup points. It was her only World Cup start of the season and she mainly participated in Europa Cup for the next couple of seasons. She won three Europa Cup races during the 2007/08 season and placed third in the overall rankings. She won a bronze medal in parallel giant slalom at the 2008 Junior World Championships in Valmalenco. In the following season, despite managing only one victory in Europa Cup, Zavarzina reached the podium five times and finished the season as the runner-up in the overall standings. With that promising performances in the Europa Cup, Zavarzina was given a spot in the parallel giant slalom race at the 2009 World Championships in Gangwon, but she was unable to qualify for the elimination round after finishing 21st in qualification round. At the 2009 Junior World Championships in Nagano, she won a silver medal in parallel slalom, the discipline that she made only one podium in her Europa Cup career. She made four appearances in the World Cup during the 2008/09 season but passed the qualification round only once, in Landgraaf where she made her World Cup debut.

2009–2011: Breakthrough and World Championship title
Zavarzina became a regular World Cup competitor in 2009/10 season. She won her first World Cup victory in a parallel giant slalom race in Telluride, Colorado which was also her first World Cup podium. She reached a podium one more time during the season with a runner-up finish in Stoneham, Canada and finished the season in eighth-place in the parallel overall rankings. At the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Zavarzina made the 17th quickest time in the qualification round and missed out to advance for the elimination round by seven hundredths of a second as a fastest loser while her teammate Yekaterina Ilyukhina winning the silver medal.

Zavarzina started 2010/11 season in very good form with two podiums from her first two races. By doing so, she reached a podium in a parallel slalom race for the first time in her career and became the part of the Russian podium sweep in Limone Piemonte, the first ever in the history of the Parallel World Cup. At the 2011 World Championships in La Molina, Zavarzina won the gold medal in the parallel giant slalom and became the second ever Russian snowboarder to claim a World title after Yekaterina Tudegesheva who won the gold medal, also in parallel giant slalom, in 2007. In the parallel slalom event, Zavarzina tore ligaments in her right knee and sustained a season-ending injury during the qualification round after setting the fastest time in the first run of the qualification in blue course. After her success in World Championships, Zavarzina was awarded the title of Honoured Master of Sports of Russia.

2011–2014: Injury comeback and Olympic bronze medal
After returning from the injury, Zavarzina struggled to regain her form throughout the 2011/12 season, her eighth-place finish in Telluride was her best performance of the season. In the following season, her results started to improve. Although she did not manage to reach World Cup podium during the season, she made a couple of fourth-place finishes in Bad Gastein and Arosa. At the 2013 World Championships in Stoneham, Zavarzina was unable to defend her World title and eliminated in the quarter-finals in the parallel giant slalom event. In the parallel slalom, she was knocked out from the competition in the first elimination round.

Zavarzina has not started well to 2013/14 season and failed to pass the qualification round in her first three World Cup races. During the parallel slalom race in Bad Gastein on 12 January 2014, a month before the Olympics was due to begin, she took a heavy fall and broke her left arm. She competed with a brace on her left arm at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi and won a bronze medal in the parallel giant slalom, just a few minutes before her husband Vic Wild claimed the gold medal in the same discipline. This was only the second time a husband and wife had won medals in the same event at the Olympic Winter Games. Three days later in the inaugural Olympic parallel slalom, she was eliminated in the 1/8 finals by the eventual champion Julia Dujmovits and placed thirteenth while her husband went on to win the gold medal in the men's event. After the Olympics, Zavarzina received the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" (second class) for "her great contribution to the development of physical culture and sports, with high sporting achievements at the 2014 Winter Olympic Games in Sochi".

2014–2017: World Championship medals and first World Cup title
After more than four years without a podium in World Cup level, Zavarzina returned to the World Cup podium with a third-place finish in the parallel slalom race in Montafon at the beginning of the 2014/15 season. At the 2015 World Championships in Kreischberg, she won a silver medal in parallel giant slalom after losing to Claudia Riegler in the repeat of the 2011 final, and finished fifth in the parallel slalom. She reached her second World Cup podium of the season at the season finale in Winterberg, and finished the season in thirteenth place in the overall World Cup standings.

In 2015/16 season, Zavarzina won her second career World Cup victory, this time in parallel slalom, in Winterberg which was also her sole World Cup podium of the season. At the end of the season she finished eighth in the overall rankings, her highest since 2009/10 season.

Zavarzina's best season in terms of World Cup results came in the 2016/17 season. She won two World Cup parallel giant slalom races in Bansko and Bokwang, the latter was also the test event for the upcoming Winter Olympic Games, and grabbed one more podium spot in the same discipline with a third place-finish in the season-opener in Carezza. Although her podiums came in parallel giant slalom, she won a bronze medal in the parallel slalom at the 2017 World Championships in Sierra Nevada which was her first senior medal in this discipline. With this medal, Zavarzina completed the full set of medals (gold, silver and bronze) from the World Championships. In the parallel giant slalom event, Zavarzina set the second fastest time in the qualification round but lost to her teammate Yekaterina Tudegesheva in the quarter-finals. At the end of the season, Zavarzina clinched the parallel giant slalom crystal globe for the first time in her career. She was also leading the parallel overall World Cup standings by a slim margin over Ester Ledecká prior to the season finale in Winterberg, but Ledecká finished as the runner-up in the last race of the season while Zavarzina was seventh and claimed the overall crystal globe ahead of Zavarzina.

2017–2018: Third Winter Olympics and retirement
Zavarzina opened the 2017/18 season with a promising fourth-place finish in the first race of the season in Carezza, but she had a poor run of results in the following World Cup races. She reached her first podium of the season in Rogla in  the parallel giant slalom race through the end of January. She backed that up with another fourth-place finish in the same discipline in Bansko, the last World Cup stage before the Olympic Games.

Zavarzina was one of the numerous Russian athletes that were permitted by the IOC to participate at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang under the neutral flag after the country's state-sponsored doping program was exposed. She said that in the course of preparation for the Olympics she had to sign a lot of "unpleasant papers" and claimed that "unequal conditions" have been created for Russian athletes. At the Olympics, she qualified for the main round in the parallel giant slalom by setting the second fastest time in qualification but missed the medals after falling in both semi final and bronze medal final and finished in fourth-place. She told in an interview that during her time in Pyeongchang, she has taken three doping tests in the early hours of the morning in the period of one week.

After the Olympics, Zavarzina skipped the World Cup event in Kayseri, stating that the Parallel Giant Slalom title is already out of her reach and she need to recover herself after the Games. She returned to World Cup podium in Scuol with a runner-up finish in parallel giant slalom, losing to Ledecká by 0.02 seconds in the final. She was also second in the last race of the season, parallel slalom in Winterberg, and finished the season in sixth-place in the overall World Cup standings.

On 31 August 2018, Zavarzina announced her retirement with a written manifesto which was published on the website of Match TV in which she explained her reasons for retirement. She confirmed that she has not been paid a salary since 2017 and stated that she will not receive a presidential scholarship for her results in 2017 and 2018, as well as funding for 2019 unless she undergo the in-depth medical examination and pass. She added that passing this medical examination is impossible for her since her medical  condition is no longer suitable for sports due to the tightening of the rules by the FMBA (Federal Medical-Biological Agency), although her condition have remained unchanged in the last two years. She said that she was in exactly the same situation last year and still went to the Olympics although according to the rules she did not have the right to be in the Russian national team. She also criticized the Russian Ministry of Sports and Russian Snowboard Federation for their lack of support for the sport and empty promises through the years.

Personal life

Zavarzina was born in Novosibirsk. She studied visual arts in the Novosibirsk branch of
the Moscow State Pedagogical University before transferring to the Moscow branch of the university. She graduated from the management department of the Moscow Technological Institute in 2017. After her retirement from competitive snowboarding, Zavarzina entered Central Saint Martins College of Arts and Design with the aim of becoming an art director. She graduated from Saint Martins in 2022.

Zavarzina married with the future double Olympic champion Vic Wild in the summer of 2011, a former member of the U.S. snowboard team who is now competing for Russia after receiving a Russian citizenship in 2012. Prior to the Winter Olympics in Sochi, she and her husband signed a contract with Petrodvorets Watch Factory, the manufacturer of the Raketa watches. She has become the face of the company's advertising campaign and a member of the board of directors while her husband was appointed a strategic director of the factory. In December 2021, Zavarzina announced their divorce on her Instagram page and thanked Wild for "10 wonderful years".

Zavarzina is the brand ambassador for Toyota Russia, Tag Heuer, S7 Airlines and Zasport, the official outfitter of the Russian Olympic team. On 28 May 2017, she was appointed to the International Ski Federation (FIS) Athletes' Commission as an elected member for a two-year term. She's also one of the ambassadors of the 2019 Winter Universiade which was held in Krasnoyarsk in March 2019. In her spare time, Zavarzina likes to photograph and paint.

World Cup results

All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

Season titles
 1 titles – (1 parallel giant slalom)

Season standings

Race podiums
 4 wins – (1 PSL, 3 PGS)
 13 podiums – (5 PSL, 8 PGS)

Olympic results
 1 medal – (1 bronze)

World Championships results
 3 medals – (1 gold, 1 silver, 1 bronze)

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
Olympic snowboarders for Russia
Sportspeople from Novosibirsk
Russian female snowboarders
Snowboarders at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Russia
Olympic medalists in snowboarding
Moscow Technological Institute alumni
Alumni of Central Saint Martins

Alena Zavarzina


The soda siphon (sometimes spelled syphon), also known as the seltzer bottle, siphon seltzer bottle, or just siphon) is a device for storing and dispensing carbonated beverages (typically carbonated water) while maintaining the internal pressure, thereby preventing it from going flat. The carbonated beverage is dispensed using the internal pressure of the bottle, so the setup is not a true siphon in its operation.

History

As early as 1790, the concept of an "aerosol" was introduced in France, with self-pressurized carbonated beverages. The modern siphon was created in 1829, when two Frenchmen patented a hollow corkscrew which could be inserted into a soda bottle and, by use of a valve, allowed a portion of the contents to be dispensed while maintaining the pressure on the inside of the bottle and preventing the remaining soda from going flat.

Soda siphons were popular in the 1920s and 1930s. The rise of bottled carbonated beverages and the destruction of many of the siphon manufacturers' plants in Eastern Europe during World War II led to a decline in their popularity in the years after the war.

Classic bottles wrapped in metal mesh are still commonly used in some bars to make drinks, and are used to enhance a period ambiance in traditionally themed dining venues.

Modern-day production

Commercial production and delivery of pre-filled bottles of seltzer continued in the Southern California and Eastern Seaboard regions of the US into 2009. , such delivery service continues in Argentina (nationwide), Vienna, Austria by Brauerei Ottakringer and in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. , Coca-Cola Mexico began distributing its Ciel-branded mineral water in 1.75 litre plastic siphon bottles with a reusable plastic head assembly. In the UK, Adcocks Syphons remains the sole producer and bottler of siphons operating in the country, with several stockists selling their product throughout the country. Although Acqua Spumante reconditions and restores vintage siphons for the modern market, operating via an eBay store and own website.

Filling
For making single-use sealed bottles, or commercially refillable bottles in a seltzer plant, the bottles are first washed and then evacuated using a vacuum pump, and a rubber hose is slipped over the nozzle. The bottle with most of the air removed is then held upside-down under the surface of a tub of carbonated water, which is drawn into the bottle by the vacuum inside when the valve is opened. Sometimes a pump is used to force higher pressure into the bottle.

For portable 1 litre bottles, the head of the siphon bottle is removed for filling. A rubber seal and tube are also removed. Then about 1 litre of very cold water (which can absorb more carbon dioxide) is added to the bottle; the bottle is not completely filled. The rubber seal, tube, and head are then reassembled. An 8-gram CO2 charger is inserted and securely screwed into a port in the head; the port has a conical seal and a hollow pin that pierces the charger and lets the gas into the bottle. When the sound of the gas bubbling into the water is heard, the bottle is shaken, then left to rest. Within seconds, the trigger pull will release seltzer water.

Modern manufacturers such as SodaStream and Aqvia market soda machine systems which can carbonate beverages using larger carbon dioxide canisters, which may be more economical than the traditional small gas cartridges.

See also
Soda machine (home appliance)
Carbonated water
Carbonation
Gasogene
 Whipping siphon, for making whipped cream with compressed gas

References

Carbonated water

Soda siphon


Glimmerati is a 2005 racing video game developed by Bugbear Entertainment and published by Nokia for the Nokia N-Gage.

Story
In the game's story, the player is a wealthy heir who meets with another wealthy man one day, and he admires the player's skill in driving. He invites the player to compete with Club Glimmerati, an exclusive gathering of famous and rich people who race in the public streets for fun.

Reception

Glimmerati received "favorable" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

References

External links

Racing video games
N-Gage games
Video games developed in Finland
2005 video games
Bugbear Entertainment games
Nokia games

Glimmerati


Cornel Ronald West (born June 2, 1953) is an American philosopher, political activist, social critic, actor, and public intellectual. The grandson of a Baptist minister, West's primary philosophy focuses on the roles of race, gender, and class struggle in American society. A socialist, West draws intellectual contributions from multiple traditions, including Christianity, the black church, democratic socialism, left-wing populism, neopragmatism, and transcendentalism. Among his most influential books are Race Matters (1993) and Democracy Matters (2004).

West is an outspoken voice in left-wing politics in the United States. During his career, he has held professorships and fellowships at Harvard University, Yale University, Union Theological Seminary, Princeton University, Dartmouth College, Pepperdine University, and the University of Paris.   He is a frequent commentator on politics and social questions in many media outlets.

From 2010 through 2013, West co-hosted the radio program Smiley and West with Tavis Smiley.   He has been featured in several documentaries, and made appearances in Hollywood films such as The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions, as well as providing commentary for both films. West has also made several spoken word and hip hop albums, and due to this work, has been named MTV's Artist of the Week. West co-hosts a podcast entitled, The Tight Rope, with Tricia Rose. He is a frequent conversation partner with his friend Robert P. George, a prominent conservative intellectual, with the two often speaking together at colleges and universities on the meaning of liberal arts education, free speech, and civil dialogue. In 2020, he was listed by Prospect magazine as the fourth-greatest thinker for the COVID-19 era.

West is a third party candidate in the 2024 presidential election. After declaring his run with the People's Party in June 2023, he shortly thereafter announced he also was seeking the nomination of the Green Party. In October 2023, he announced he was again switching his affiliation, and is now running as an independent candidate.

Early life and education
West was born on June 2, 1953, in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and grew up in Sacramento, California, where he graduated from John F. Kennedy High School. His mother, Irene Rayshell (Bias), was a teacher and principal. His father, Clifton Louis West Jr., was a general contractor for the U.S. Department of Defense. His grandfather, Clifton L. West Sr., was pastor of the Tulsa Metropolitan Baptist Church.
Irene B. West Elementary School in Elk Grove, California, is named after his mother.

As a teen, West marched in civil rights demonstrations and organized protests demanding black studies courses at his high school, where he was the student body president. He later wrote that, in his youth, he admired "the sincere black militancy of Malcolm X, the defiant rage of the Black Panther Party, and the livid black theology of James Cone".

In 1970, after graduation from high school, he enrolled at Harvard College and took classes taught by the philosophers Robert Nozick and Stanley Cavell. In 1973, West was graduated from Harvard magna cum laude in Near Eastern languages and civilization. He credits Harvard with exposing him to a broader range of ideas and that he was influenced by his professors as well as the Black Panther Party. West says his Christianity prevented him from joining the BPP, instead choosing to work in local breakfast, prison, and church programs. After completing his undergraduate work at Harvard, West enrolled at Princeton University, where he received a Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in 1980, completing a dissertation under the supervision of Raymond Geuss and Sheldon Wolin. He became the first African American to graduate from Princeton with a PhD degree in philosophy.

At Princeton, West was heavily influenced by the neopragmatism of Richard Rorty. Rorty remained a close friend and colleague of West's for many years following West's graduation. The title of West's dissertation was Ethics, Historicism, and the Marxist Tradition, which was later revised and published under the title The Ethical Dimensions of Marxist Thought.

Career

Academic appointments

In his late 20s, he returned to Harvard as a W. E. B. Du Bois Fellow before becoming an assistant professor at Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York. In 1984, he went to Yale Divinity School in what eventually became a joint appointment in American studies. While at Yale, he participated in campus protests for a clerical labor union and divestment from apartheid South Africa. One of the protests resulted in his being arrested and jailed. As punishment, the university administration canceled his leave for the spring term in 1987, leading him to commute from Yale in New Haven, Connecticut, where he was teaching two classes, across the Atlantic Ocean to the University of Paris.

He then returned to Union Theological Seminary  for one year before going to Princeton to become a professor of religion and director of the program in African American Studies from 1988 to 1994. After Princeton, he accepted an appointment as professor of African American studies at Harvard University, with a joint appointment at the Harvard Divinity School. West taught one of the university's most popular courses, an introductory class on African American studies. In 1998, he was appointed the first Alphonse Fletcher University Professor. West used this new position to teach in not only African American studies, but also courses in divinity, religion, and philosophy. West was also inducted into Omicron Delta Kappa in 1998 at SUNY Plattsburgh.

West left Harvard after a widely publicized  2002 dispute with the university's then-president, Lawrence Summers. That year, West returned to Princeton, where he helped found the Center for African American studies in 2006. In 2012, West left Princeton and returned to the institution where he began his teaching career, Union Theological Seminary. His departure from Princeton was quite amicable. He continued to teach occasional courses at Princeton in an emeritus capacity as the Class of 1943 University Professor in the Center for African American Studies.

West returned to Harvard in November 2016, leaving Union Theological Seminary for a nontenured position as Professor of the Practice of Public Philosophy. He was appointed jointly at the Harvard Divinity School and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Department of African and African American Studies.

In February 2021, reports circulated that West was denied consideration for tenure at Harvard and that he had threatened to leave the university again. On March 8, 2021, West announced that he would leave Harvard and move to the Union Theological Seminary in Manhattan.  He submitted a resignation letter to Harvard on June 30, 2021.  West implied that the decision to deny him tenure was retaliation for his critical stance on Israel and the Palestinian cause. West wrote:

More than 90 organizations at Harvard, signed a petition stating that the denial of tenure to West was "a testament to Harvard's continued expulsion of faculty who offer incisive analysis of white supremacy, racial capitalism, Zionism, and the military-industrial complex, all of which Professor West fervently critiques".

On July 1, 2021, West rejoined the faculty of Union Theological Seminary in Manhattan, holding the prestigious Dietrich Bonhoeffer Chair. Affiliated with Columbia University, since 1928, Union Theological Seminary in the city of New York has served as the Columbia University constituent faculty of theology.

The recipient of more than 20 honorary degrees and an American Book Award, West has written or contributed to more than twenty published books. West is a long-time member of the Democratic Socialists of America, for which he formerly served as honorary chair. He is also a co-founder of the Network of Spiritual Progressives. West is on the advisory board of the International Bridges to Justice. In 2008, he received a special recognition from the World Cultural Council. West is also a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity and its World Policy Council, a think tank whose purpose is to expand involvement of Alpha Phi Alpha in politics and social and current policy to encompass international concerns.

West has been compared to W. E. B. Du Bois as a prolific African American thinker. He has been cited as "[p]erhaps the most influential contemporary recover of Du Bois". By establishing West within Du Bois's tradition of racial thought, scholars emphasize the similarities in their intellectual positions and their aesthetic presences. They crafted their physical attire to match that of disciplined men of the black race and both Du Bois and West often wore multiple-piece suits and ties. Their modest clothing choices similarly reflected Du Bois's belief in "the mind and the body as disciplined and contained".

West has been widely cited in the popular press. His scholarship has been criticized as well as praised; The New Republic literary editor Leon Wieseltier called West's writing "sectarian, humorless, pedantic, and self-endeared".

In 1997, West was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society, and in 1999, to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Broadcast, film, and recording
West appears as Councillor West in both The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions and also provides the voice for this character in the video game Enter the Matrix. In addition, West provides philosophical commentary on all three Matrix films in The Ultimate Matrix Collection, along with the integral theorist Ken Wilber.

He has made several appearances in documentary films, such as the 2008 film Examined Life, a documentary featuring several academics discussing philosophy in real-world contexts. West, "driving through Manhattan, ... compares philosophy to jazz and blues, reminding us how intense and invigorating a life of the mind can be". He also appears in conversation with Bill Withers in the 2009 documentary Still Bill.

West has made frequent appearances on the political talk show Real Time with Bill Maher.

A character based on West and events in his career appeared in the Law & Order: Criminal Intent episode "Anti-Thesis", significant for introducing the recurring villain character Nicole Wallace.

In May 2012, West guest-starred in the sixth season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock, "What Will Happen to the Gang Next Year?".

West recorded a recitation of John Mellencamp's song "Jim Crow" for inclusion on the singer's box set On the Rural Route 7609 in 2009.

In 2010, he completed recording with the Cornel West Theory, a hip hop band endorsed by West.

He also has released several hip-hop-soul-spoken word albums. In 2001, West released his first album, Sketches of My Culture. Street Knowledge followed in 2004. In 2007, West released his third album entitled, Never Forget: A Journey of Revelations, that included collaborations with the likes of Prince, Talib Kweli, Jill Scott, Andre 3000, KRS-One, and the late Gerald Levert. West appeared on Immortal Technique's song "Sign of the Times", which appeared on the 2011 album The Martyr. In 2012, he was featured on Brother Ali's song "Letter to My Countrymen", which appeared on the album Mourning in America and Dreaming in Color.

In April 2019, Robert P. George and West participated in an "assembly series" discussion at Washington University in St. Louis entitled "Liberal Arts Education: What's The Point?"

West is also the co-host, along with Tricia Rose, of the podcast The Tight Rope.

Dispute with Lawrence Summers
In 2000, economist and former U.S. Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers became president of Harvard. Soon after, Summers held a private meeting with West, in which he reportedly rebuked West for missing too many classes, contributing to grade inflation, neglecting serious scholarship, and spending too much time on his financially profitable projects. Summers reportedly suggested that West produce an academic book befitting his professorial position, as his recent output had consisted primarily of co-written and edited volumes. According to some reports, Summers also objected to West's production of a CD, the critically panned Sketches of My Culture, and to his political campaigning, including spending an alleged three weeks to promote Bill Bradley's 2000 presidential campaign. West contended he had missed only one class during his time at Harvard "in order to give a keynote address at a Harvard-sponsored conference on AIDS". Summers also allegedly suggested that since West held the rank of Harvard University Professor and thus reported directly to the president, he should meet with Summers regularly to discuss the progress of his academic production.

Summers refused to comment on the details of his conversation with West, except to express hope that West would remain at Harvard. Soon after, West was hospitalized for prostate cancer. West noted that Summers failed to send him get-well wishes until weeks after his surgery, whereas newly installed Princeton president Shirley Tilghman had contacted him frequently before and after his treatment. In 2002, West left Harvard University to return to Princeton. West lashed out at Summers in public interviews, calling him "the Ariel Sharon of higher education" on the NPR program The Tavis Smiley Show. In response to these remarks, five Princeton faculty members, led by professor of molecular biology Jacques Robert Fresco, said they looked with "strong disfavor upon his characterization" of Summers and that "such an analogy carries innuendoes and implications ... that many on the Princeton faculty find highly inappropriate, indeed repugnant and intolerable". Harvard's undergraduate student newspaper, The Harvard Crimson, suggested in October 2002 that the premise of the Law and Order: Criminal Intent episode "Anti-Thesis" was based on West's conflicts with Summers.

Activism

Views on race in the United States

West has called the U.S. a "racist patriarchal" nation where white supremacy continues to define everyday life. "White America", he writes, "has been historically weak-willed in ensuring racial justice and has continued to resist fully accepting the humanity of blacks." He goes on to say this has created many "degraded and oppressed people hungry for identity, meaning, and self-worth." West attributes most of the black community's problems to "existential angst derive[d] from the lived experience of ontological wounds and emotional scars inflicted by white supremacist beliefs and images permeating U.S. society and culture."

In West's view, the September 11 attacks "gave white Americans a glimpse of what it means to be a black person in the United States", feeling "unsafe, unprotected, subject to random violence, and hatred for who they are". "The ugly terrorist attacks on innocent civilians on 9/11", he said, "plunged the whole country into the blues."

West was arrested on October 13, 2014, while protesting against the shooting of Michael Brown and participating in Ferguson October, and again on August 10, 2015, while demonstrating outside a courthouse in St. Louis on the one-year anniversary of Brown's death. The 2015 documentary film #Bars4Justice includes footage of West demonstrating and being arrested in Ferguson.

Politics

West has described himself as a "non-Marxist socialist" (partly because he does not view Marxism and Christianity as reconcilable) and previously served as honorary chairman of the Democratic Socialists of America, which he has described as "the first multiracial, socialist organization close enough to my politics that I could join." In the Matrix-themed documentary entitled, The Burly Man Chronicles, he described himself as a "radical democrat, suspicious of all forms of authority".

West believes that "the overthrow of Saddam Hussein's ugly totalitarian regime was desirable", but that the war in Iraq was the result of "dishonest manipulation" on the part of the Bush administration. He asserts that Bush administration hawks "are not simply conservative elites and right-wing ideologues", but rather are "evangelical nihilists – drunk with power and driven by grand delusions of American domination of the world". He adds, "[we now] are experiencing the sad gangsterization of America, an unbridled grasp at power, wealth, and status". Viewing capitalism as the root cause of these alleged American lusts, West warns, "Free-market fundamentalism trivializes the concern for public interest. It puts fear and insecurity in the hearts of anxiety-ridden workers. It also makes money-driven, poll-obsessed elected officials deferential to corporate goals of profit – often at the cost of the common good."

West has been involved with such projects as the Million Man March and Russell Simmons's Hip-Hop Summit, and he has worked with such public figures as Louis Farrakhan and Al Sharpton, whose 2004 presidential campaign West advised.

In 2000, West worked as a senior advisor to Democratic presidential candidate Bill Bradley. When Bradley lost in the primaries, West became a prominent and active supporter of Green Party candidate Ralph Nader, speaking at several Nader rallies. Some Greens sought to draft West to run as a presidential candidate in 2004. West declined, citing his active participation in the Al Sharpton campaign. West, along with other prominent Nader 2000 supporters, signed the "Vote to Stop Bush" statement urging progressive voters in swing states to vote for John Kerry, despite strong disagreements with many of Kerry's policies.

In April 2002, West and Rabbi Michael Lerner engaged in an act of civil disobedience by sitting in the street in front of the U.S. State Department "in solidarity with suffering Palestinian and Israeli brothers and sisters". West said, "[w]e must keep in touch with the humanity of both sides". In May 2007, West joined a demonstration against "injustices faced by the Palestinian people resulting from the Israeli occupation" and "to bring attention to this 40-year travesty of justice". In 2011, West called on the University of Arizona to divest from companies profiting from the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories.

West also serves as co-chair of the Network of Spiritual Progressives (formerly the Tikkun Community). He co-chaired the National Parenting Organization's Task Force on Parent Empowerment and participated in President Bill Clinton's National Conversation on Race. He has publicly endorsed In These Times magazine by calling it: "The most creative and challenging news magazine of the American left." He is also a contributing editor for Sojourners magazine.

West supports People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) in its Kentucky Fried Cruelty campaign, aimed at eliminating what PETA describes as the inhumane treatment of chickens by KFC. West is quoted on PETA flyers: "Although most people don't know chickens as well as they know cats and dogs, chickens are interesting individuals with personalities and interests every bit as developed as the dogs and cats with whom many of us share our lives."

In 2008, West contributed his insights on the current global issue of modernized slavery and human trafficking in the documentary Call+Response. West is a member of the Campaign for Peace and Democracy.

In 2011, West expressed his frustration with some critics of Occupy Wall Street, who said the movement lacked a clear and unified message. West replied by saying:

On October 16, 2011, West was in Washington, D.C., participating in the Occupy D.C. protests on the steps of the Supreme Court over the court's decision in the Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission case the previous year. Five days later, he was arrested during an Occupy Wall Street protest in Harlem against the New York Police Department's stop and frisk policy.

In 2014, West co-initiated the Stop Mass Incarceration Network, a project of the Revolutionary Communist Party USA. Later that year, he and RCP chairman Bob Avakian took part in a filmed discussion on "Religion and Revolution".

In August 2017, West was one of a group of interfaith, multiracial clergy who took part in a counter-protest at the Unite the Right Rally in Charlottesville, Virginia; West averred that Antifa had saved their lives.

West is an outspoken supporter of Julian Assange, on one occasion saying: "[Assange] has been simply laying bare some of the crimes and lies of the American empire".

West stated that he believed the Russian invasion of Ukraine was "a criminal invasion, provoked by the expansion of NATO, which is an instrument of U.S. global power" and described the war as a "proxy war between the American Empire and the Russian Federation".

Views on Barack Obama

West has often spoken about the lack of adequate black leadership and how it leads to doubt within black communities as to their political potential to ensure change. West publicly supported 2008 Democratic presidential candidate Senator Barack Obama. He spoke to more than 1,000 of Obama supporters at the Apollo Theater in Harlem, on November 29, 2007.

West criticized Obama when he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2009, saying that it would be difficult for Obama to be "a war president with a peace prize". West further retracted his support for Obama in an April 2011 interview, stating that Obama is "a black mascot of Wall Street oligarchs and a black muppet of corporate plutocrats. And now he has become head of the American killing machine and is proud of it". In November 2012, West said in an interview that he considered Obama a "Rockefeller Republican in blackface".

In 2011, West participated in a "Poverty Tour" with Tavis Smiley, his co-host on the Public Radio International program Smiley & West. The tour became a two-part special on their radio program as well as a five-night special on the PBS television program Tavis Smiley. They recounted their experience on the tour in their 2012 bestselling book The Rich and the Rest of Us. The stated aim of the tour was to highlight the plight of the impoverished population of the United States prior to the 2012 presidential election, whose candidates, West and Smiley stated, had ignored the plight of the poor.

In 2014, West gave an interview criticizing Obama, calling him a "counterfeit" who posed as a progressive. West defined Obama's presidency as "a Wall Street presidency, a drone presidency, a national security presidency".

Support for Bernie Sanders
In 2015, West expressed his support for Democratic contender Bernie Sanders during an interview on CNN Tonight. West argued that the Sanders plans to redistribute wealth from Wall Street elites to the poorest members of society would be beneficial for the African-American community. On August 24, 2015, West tweeted, "I endorse Brother @BernieSanders because he is a long-distance runner with integrity in the struggle for justice for over 50 years."

In July 2016, after Sanders exited the presidential race, West endorsed Green Party nominee Jill Stein and her running mate Ajamu Baraka. West, who was critical of the U.S. interventionist foreign policy in 2016, referred to Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton as a "neoliberal disaster", and accused Clinton of merely posing as a progressive.

Following the victory of Donald Trump, West contended in an op-ed for The Guardian that white working- and middle-class voters "rejected the economic neglect of neoliberal policies and the self-righteous arrogance of elites", yet "supported a candidate who appeared to blame their social misery on minorities, and who alienated Mexican immigrants, Muslims, black people, Jews, gay people, women, and China in the process."
In 2020, West once again put his support behind Bernie Sanders, who mounted a second presidential bid in that election cycle.

2024 presidential campaign

On June 5, 2023, West announced he would run in the 2024 presidential election under the People's Party. West's decision to run with the People's Party sparked criticism due to the party's lack of ballot access, claims of leadership dysfunction, and sexual harassment allegations against the party founder Nick Brana. On June 14, West announced that he would instead seek the Green Party nomination, running  a campaign centered around support for Medicare for All, public housing, action on climate change, and drastically cutting the U.S. military budget.

On October 5, 2023 West announced that he was abandoning his candidacy for the Green nomination, and would instead continue his presidential bid as an independent candidate.

Published works
 "Black Theology and Marxist Thought" (1979) – essay
 Prophesy Deliverance! An Afro-American Revolutionary Christianity (1982)
 Post-Analytic Philosophy, edited with John Rajchman (1985)
 Prophetic Fragments (1988)
 The American Evasion of Philosophy: A Genealogy of Pragmatism (1989)
 Breaking Bread: Insurgent Black Intellectual Life (with bell hooks, 1991)
 The Ethical Dimensions of Marxist Thought (1991)
 Prophetic Thought in Postmodern Times: Beyond Eurocentrism and Multiculturalism (1993)
 Race Matters (1993)
 Keeping Faith: Philosophy and Race in America (1994)
 Jews and Blacks: A Dialogue on Race, Religion, and Culture in America (with rabbi Michael Lerner, 1995)
 The Future of the Race (with Henry Louis Gates, Jr., 1996)
 Restoring Hope: Conversations on the Future of Black America (1997)
 The War Against Parents: What We Can Do for America's Beleaguered Moms and Dads (with Sylvia Ann Hewlett, 1998)
 The Future of American Progressivism (with Roberto Unger, 1998)
 The African-American Century: How Black Americans Have Shaped Our Century (with Henry Louis Gates, Jr., 2000)
 Democracy Matters: Winning the Fight Against Imperialism (2004)
 Commentary on The Matrix, The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions; see The Ultimate Matrix Collection (with Ken Wilber, 2004)
 Hope on a Tightrope: Words & Wisdom (2008)
 Brother West: Living & Loving Out Loud (2009)
 The Rich and the Rest of Us: A Poverty Manifesto (with Tavis Smiley, 2012)
 Pro+Agonist: The Art of Opposition (2012)
 Black Prophetic Fire (2014)

Filmography
Film
 Long Distance Revolutionary: A Journey with Mumia Abu-Jamal as himself
 The Matrix Reloaded (2003) as Councilor West
 The Matrix Revolutions (2003) as Councilor West
 Street Fight (2005)
 Examined Life (2008)
 The Private Lives of Pippa Lee  (2009) as Don Sexton
 #Bars4Justice (2015) as himself
 Chasing Trane: The John Coltrane Documentary  (2016) as himself
 No Safe Spaces (2019) as himself.

Television
 "What Will Happen to the Gang Next Year?" (2012) as himself

Discography
Albums
 Sketches of My Culture (2001)
 Street Knowledge (2004)
 Never Forget: A Journey of Revelations (2007) (with BMWMB)

Guest appearances
 E-40 – "Born in the Struggle" from Revenue Retrievin': Overtime Shift (2011)
 Bootsy Collins – "Freedumb" from Tha Funk Capital of the World (2011)
 Immortal Technique – "Sign of the Times" from The Martyr (2011)
 Brother Ali – "Letter to My Countrymen" from Mourning in America and Dreaming in Color (2012)
 Terence Blanchard – Choices (2009)
 Terence Blanchard – Breathless (2015)
 Terence Blanchard – Live (2018)

See also
 American philosophy
 Black existentialism
 Christian left
 List of American philosophers

References

Sources

  (juvenile nonfiction)

Further reading

External links

 Column archive at The Huffington Post

1953 births
Living people

21st-century African-American academics
21st-century American academics
20th-century American essayists
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American philosophers
20th-century Baptists
21st-century American essayists
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American philosophers
21st-century Baptists
Academic staff of the University of Paris
Academics from Oklahoma
Activists for African-American civil rights
Activists from California
Activists from Oklahoma
African-American candidates for President of the United States
African-American Christians
African-American philosophers
African-American theologians
American anti-capitalists
American Book Award winners
American Christian socialists
American columnists
American male essayists
American male non-fiction writers
American political activists
American political commentators
American political philosophers
American anti-poverty advocates
American anti-racism activists
Anti-corporate activists
Anti-Zionism in the United States
Articles containing video clips
Baptists from Oklahoma
Baptist philosophers
Baptist socialists
Black studies scholars
California Greens
California Independents
California socialists
Candidates in the 2024 United States presidential election
Christians from California
Critical race theory
Critical theorists
Green Party of the United States politicians
Harvard College alumni
Harvard Divinity School faculty
Harvard University Department of Philosophy faculty
Harvard University faculty
HuffPost writers and columnists
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Members of the Democratic Socialists of America
Non-interventionism
Oklahoma socialists
Pragmatists
Princeton University alumni
Princeton University faculty
Recipients of the Four Freedoms Award
Union Theological Seminary (New York City) faculty
Writers from Sacramento, California
Writers from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Yale University faculty

Cornel West


National Public Radio (NPR, stylized in all lowercase) is an American non-profit media organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., with its NPR West headquarters in Culver City, California. It serves as a national syndicator to a network of over 1,000 public radio stations in the United States. It differs from other non-profit membership media organizations, such as the Associated Press, in that it was established by an act of Congress.

Funding for NPR comes from dues and fees paid by member stations, underwriting from corporate sponsors and annual grants from the publicly funded Corporation for Public Broadcasting. Most of its member stations are owned by non-profit organizations, including public school districts, colleges, and universities. NPR operates independently of any government or corporation, and has full control of its content.

NPR produces and distributes both news and cultural programming. The organization's flagship shows are two drive-time news broadcasts: Morning Edition and the afternoon All Things Considered, both carried by most NPR member stations, and among the most popular radio programs in the country.  the drive-time programs attract an audience of 14.9 million and 14.7 million per week, respectively.

NPR manages the Public Radio Satellite System, which distributes its programs and other programming from independent producers and networks such as American Public Media and Public Radio Exchange, and which also acts as a primary entry point for the Emergency Alert System. Its content is also available on-demand online, on mobile networks, and in many cases, as podcasts. Several NPR stations also carry programs from British public broadcaster BBC World Service.

Name
The organization's legal name is National Public Radio and its trademarked brand is NPR; it is known by both names. In June 2010, the organization announced that it was "making a conscious effort to consistently refer to ourselves as NPR on-air and online" because NPR is the common name for the organization and the tag line "This ... is NPR" has been used by its radio hosts for many years. However, National Public Radio remains the legal name of the group, as it has been since 1970.

History

1970s

National Public Radio replaced the National Educational Radio Network on February 26, 1970, following Congressional passage of the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967. This act was signed into law by 36th President Lyndon B. Johnson, and established the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, which also created the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) for television in addition to NPR. A CPB organizing committee under John Witherspoon first created a board of directors chaired by Bernard Mayes.

The board then hired Donald Quayle to be the first president of NPR with 30 employees and 90 charter member local stations, and studios in Washington, D.C.

NPR aired its first broadcast on April 20, 1971, covering United States Senate hearings on the ongoing Vietnam War in Southeast Asia. The afternoon drive-time newscast All Things Considered premiered on May 3, 1971, first hosted by Robert Conley. NPR was primarily a production and distribution organization until 1977, when it merged with the Association of Public Radio Stations. Morning Edition premiered on November 5, 1979, first hosted by Bob Edwards.

1980s
NPR suffered an almost-fatal setback in 1983 when efforts to expand services created a deficit of nearly $7 million (equivalent to $19 million in 2022 dollars). After a Congressional investigation and the resignation of NPR's then-president Frank Mankiewicz, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting agreed to lend the network money in order to stave off bankruptcy. In exchange, NPR agreed to a new arrangement whereby the annual CPB stipend that it had previously received directly would be divided among local stations instead; in turn, those stations would support NPR productions on a subscription basis. NPR also agreed to turn its satellite service into a cooperative venture (the Public Radio Satellite System), making it possible for non-NPR shows to get national distribution. It took NPR approximately three years to pay off the debt.

1990s
Delano Lewis, the president of C&P Telephone, left that position to become NPR's CEO and president in January 1994. Lewis resigned in August 1998. In November 1998, NPR's board of directors hired Kevin Klose, the director of the International Broadcasting Bureau, as its president and chief executive officer.

2000s

NPR spent nearly $13 million to acquire and equip a West Coast  production facility, NPR West, which opened in Culver City, Los Angeles County, California, in November 2002. With room for up to 90 employees, it was established to expand its production capabilities, improve its coverage of the western United States, and create a backup production facility capable of keeping NPR on the air in the event of a catastrophe in Washington, D.C.

In November 2003, NPR received $235 million from the estate of the late Joan B. Kroc, the widow of Ray Kroc, founder of McDonald's Corporation. This was the largest monetary gift ever to a cultural institution.

In 2004 NPR's budget increased by over 50% to $153 million due to the Kroc gift. Of the money, $34 million was deposited in its endowment. The endowment fund before the gift totaled $35 million. NPR will use the interest from the bequest to expand its news staff and reduce some member stations' fees. The 2005 budget was about $120 million.

In August 2005, NPR entered podcasting with a directory of over 170 programs created by NPR and member stations. By November of that year, users downloaded NPR and other public radio podcasts 5 million times. Ten years later, by March 2015, users downloaded podcasts produced only by NPR 94 million times, and NPR podcasts like Fresh Air and the TED Radio Hour routinely made the iTunes Top Podcasts list.

Ken Stern became chief executive in September 2006, reportedly as the "hand-picked successor" of CEO Kevin Klose, who gave up the job but remained as NPR's president; Stern had worked with Klose at Radio Free Europe.

On December 10, 2008, NPR announced that it would reduce its workforce by 7% and cancel the news programs Day to Day and News & Notes. The organization indicated this was in response to a rapid drop in corporate underwriting in the wake of the economic crisis of 2008.

In the fall of 2008, NPR programming reached a record 27.5 million people weekly, according to Arbitron ratings figures. NPR stations reach 32.7 million listeners overall.

In March 2008, the NPR Board announced that Stern would be stepping down from his role as chief executive officer, following conflict with NPR's board of directors "over the direction of the organization", including issues NPR's member station managers had had with NPR's expansion into new media "at the expense of serving" the stations that financially support NPR.

As of 2009, corporate sponsorship made up 26% of the NPR budget.

2010s

In October 2010, NPR accepted a $1.8 million grant from the Open Society Institute. The grant is meant to begin a project called Impact of Government that was intended to add at least 100 journalists at NPR member radio stations in all 50 states by 2013. The OSI has made previous donations, but does not take on-air credit for its gifts.

In April 2013, NPR moved from its home of 19 years (635 Massachusetts Avenue NW) to new offices and production facilities at 1111 North Capitol Street NE in a building adapted from the former C&P Telephone Warehouse and Repair Facility. The new headquarters—at the corner of North Capitol Street NE and L Street NW—is in the burgeoning NoMa neighborhood of Washington. The first show scheduled to be broadcast from the new studios was Weekend Edition Saturday. Morning Edition was the last show to move to the new location. In June 2013 NPR canceled the weekday call-in show Talk of the Nation.

In September 2013, certain of NPR's 840 full- and part-time employees were offered a voluntary buyout plan to reduce staff by 10 percent and return NPR to a balanced budget by the 2015 fiscal year.

In December 2018, The Washington Post reported that between 20 and 22 percent of NPR staff was classified as temps, while this compares to about five percent of a typical for-profit television station. Some of the temporary staff members told the newspaper the systems were "exploitative", but NPR's president of operations said the current system was in place because the station is a "media company that strives to be innovative and nimble."

In December 2018, NPR launched a new podcast analytics technology called Remote Audio Data (RAD), which developer Stacey Goers described as a "method for sharing listening metrics from podcast applications straight back to publishers, with extreme care and respect for user privacy."

2020s
In late November 2022, CEO Lansing told staffers in a memo that NPR needed to reduce spending by $10 million during the current fiscal year due to a drop in revenue from sponsors. The amount is approximately three percent of the organization's annual budget.

In February 2023, Lansing announced in a memo that the network would be laying off approximately 10 percent of the workforce due to reduced advertising revenue. He said the annual operating budget is approximately $300 million, and the gap will likely be between $30 and $32 million.

Governance
NPR is a membership organization. Member stations are required to be non-commercial or non-commercial educational radio stations; have at least five full-time professional employees; operate for at least 18 hours per day; and not be designed solely to further a religious broadcasting philosophy or be used for classroom distance learning programming. Each member station receives one vote at the annual NPR board meetings—exercised by its designated Authorized Station Representative ("A-Rep").

To oversee the day-to-day operations and prepare its budget, members elect a board of directors. The board was previously composed of ten A-Reps, five members of the general public, and the chair of the NPR Foundation. On November 2, 2015, NPR Members approved a change in the NPR Bylaws to expand the board of directors to 23 directors, consisting of 12 Member Directors who are managers of NPR Member stations and are elected to the board by their fellow Member stations, 9 Public Directors who are prominent members of the public selected by the board and confirmed by NPR Member stations, the NPR Foundation Chair, and the NPR President & CEO. Terms are for three years and are staggered such that some stand for election every year.

, the board of directors of NPR included the following members:

NPR member station managers
 Mike Crane, director, Wisconsin Public Radio
 John Decker, director, KPBS
 Tim Eby, general manager, St. Louis Public Radio
 Jennifer Ferro, president, KCRW
 Nico Leone, president and CEO, KERA
 Wonya Lucas, president and CEO, WABE
 Joe O'Connor, president and CEO, WFAE
 LaFontaine E. Oliver, president and general manager, WYPR
 Jay Pearce, CEO and general manager, WVIK-FM
 Mike Savage, director and general manager, WEKU
 Joyce Slocum, president and CEO, Texas Public Radio
 Sylvia Strobel, CEO, ideastream

President of NPR
 John Lansing, president and CEO

Chair of the NPR Foundation
 John McGinn

Public members of the board
 Carlos Alvarez, CEO, The Gambrinus Company
 Fred Dust, designer, speaker, and consultant
 Paul G. Haaga Jr., retired, Capital Research and Management Company – Chairman of the NPR Board of Directors
 Jacqueline Reses, head of Square Capital and Chief People Officer of Square
 Jeff Sine, co-founder and partner, The Raine Group
 Carlos Watson, CEO and co-founder, OZY Media, Inc.
 Howard Wollner, senior vice president, retired, Starbucks Coffee Company
 Telisa Yancy, CEO, American Family Insurance
 Neal Zuckerman, partner and managing director, Boston Consulting Group

The original purposes of NPR, as ratified by the board of directors, are the following:

 Provide an identifiable daily product which is consistent and reflects the highest standards of broadcast journalism.
 Provide extended coverage of public events, issues and ideas, and to acquire and produce special public affairs programs.
 Acquire and produce cultural programs which can be scheduled individually by stations.
 Provide access to the intellectual and cultural resources of cities, universities and rural districts through a system of cooperative program development with member public radio stations.
 Develop and distribute programs for specific groups (adult education, instruction, modular units for local productions) which may meet needs of individual regions or groups, but may not have general national relevance.
 Establish liaison with foreign broadcasters for a program exchange service.
 Produce materials specifically intended to develop the art and technical potential of radio

 NPR Public Editor

The Public Editor responds to significant listener queries, comments and criticisms. The position reports to the president and CEO John Lansing.
In April 2020, Kelly McBride became the Public Editor for NPR.

Funding

In 2020, NPR released a budget for FY21 anticipating revenue of $250 million, a slight decrease from the prior year due to impacts of COVID-19. The budget anticipates $240 million in operating expenses, plus additional debt service and capital costs that lead to a cash deficit of approximately $4 million. The budget includes $25 million in budget cuts.

Funding pre-2000
During the 1970s and early 1980s, the majority of NPR funding came from the federal government. Steps were taken during the Reagan administration in the 1980s to completely wean NPR from government support, but the 1983 funding crisis forced the network to make immediate changes.

Funding in the 2000s
According to CPB, in 2009 11.3% of the aggregate revenues of all public radio broadcasting stations were funded from federal sources, principally through CPB; in 2012 10.9% of the revenues for Public Radio came from federal sources.

In 2010, NPR revenues totaled $180 million, with the bulk of revenues coming from programming fees, grants from foundations or business entities, contributions and sponsorships. According to the 2009 financial statement, about 50% of NPR revenues come from the fees it charges member stations for programming and distribution charges. Typically, NPR member stations receive funds through on-air pledge drives, corporate underwriting, state and local governments, educational institutions, and the federally funded Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB). In 2009, member stations derived 6% of their revenue from federal, state and local government funding, 10% of their revenue from CPB grants, and 14% of their revenue from universities. NPR receives a small number of competitive grants from CPB and federal agencies like the Department of Education and the Department of Commerce. This funding amounts amounted to less than 1% of revenues.

In 2011, NPR announced the roll-out of their own online advertising network, which allows member stations to run geographically targeted advertisement spots from national sponsors that may otherwise be unavailable to their local area, opening additional advertising-related revenue streams to the broadcaster.

Center Stage, a mix of native advertising and banner ad featured prominently on the NPR homepage, above-the-fold, was launched in 2013. The launch partner for Center Stage was Squarespace.

In 2014, NPR CEO Jarl Mohn said the network would begin to increase revenue by having brands NPR views as more relevant to the audience underwrite NPR programs and requesting higher rates from them.

For the year ended September 30, 2018, total operating revenues were $235 million, increasing to almost $259 million by September 2019.

In 2023, Current reported NPR partnered with Spotify to run targeted advertisements sold through the Spotify Audience Network platform within NPR programming, when NPR has empty slots available they otherwise were unable to sell to other advertisers directly.

Underwriting spots versus commercials
In contrast with commercial broadcasting, NPR's radio broadcasts do not carry traditional commercials, but has advertising in the form of brief statements from major sponsors which may include corporate slogans, descriptions of products and services, and contact information such as website addresses and telephone numbers. These statements are called underwriting spots and, unlike commercials, are governed by specific FCC restrictions in addition to truth in advertising laws; they cannot advocate a product or "promote the goods and services" of for-profit entities. These restrictions apply only to radio broadcasts and not NPR's other digital platforms. When questioned on the subject of how corporate underwriting revenues and foundation grants were holding up during the recession, in a speech broadcast on C-SPAN before the National Press Club on March 2, 2009, then president and CEO Vivian Schiller stated: "underwriting is down, it's down for everybody; this is the area that is most down for us, in sponsorship, underwriting, advertising, call it whatever you want; just like it is for all of media." Hosts of the NPR program Planet Money stated the audience is indeed a product being sold to advertisers in the same way as commercial stations, saying: "they are not advertisers exactly but, they have a lot of the same characteristics; let's just say that."

Audience
According to NPR's 2022 data, 30.7 million listeners tuned into its programs each week. This is down from its 2017 high of 37.7 million, but still well above its total of 20.9 million in 2008.

Demographics
According to 2015 figures, 87% of the NPR terrestrial public radio audience and 67% of the NPR podcast audience is white. According to the 2012 Pew Research Center 2012 News Consumption Survey, NPR listeners tend to be highly educated, with 54% of regular listeners being college graduates and 21% having some college. NPR's audience is almost exactly average in terms of the sex of listeners (49% male, 51% female). NPR listeners have higher incomes than average (the 2012 Pew study showed that 43% earn over $75,000, 27% earn between $30,000 and $75,000).

A 2012 Pew Research Center survey found that the NPR audience leans Democratic (17% Republican, 37% independent, 43% Democratic) and politically moderate (21% conservative, 39% moderate, 36% liberal). A late 2019 survey, also by Pew, found that NPR's audience overwhelmingly leaned Democratic. 87% of those surveyed identified as Democrats, or leaning Democratic, and 12% were Republicans.

Trust
A Harris telephone survey conducted in 2005 found that NPR was the most trusted news source in the United States. In 2014, Pew reported that, of adults who had heard of NPR, 55% of those polled trusted it; this was a similar level of listener trust as CNN, NBC, and ABC.

Ratings
NPR stations generally subscribe to the Nielsen rating service, but are not included in published ratings and rankings such as Radio & Records. NPR station listenership is measured by Nielsen in both Diary and PPM (people meter) markets. NPR stations are frequently not included in "summary level" diary data used by most advertising agencies for media planning. Data on NPR listening can be accessed using "respondent level" diary data. Additionally, all radio stations (public and commercial) are treated equally within the PPM data sets making NPR station listenership data much more widely available to the media planning community. NPR's signature morning news program, Morning Edition, is the network's most popular program, drawing 14.63 million listeners a week, with its afternoon newsmagazine, All Things Considered, a close second, with 14.6 million listeners a week according to 2017 Nielsen ratings data. Arbitron data is also provided by Radio Research Consortium, a non-profit corporation which subscribes to the Arbitron service and distributes the data to NPR and other non-commercial stations and on its website.

Digital media
NPR's history in digital media includes the work of an independent, for-profit company called Public Interactive, which was founded in 1999 and acquired by PRI in June 2004, when it became a non-profit company. By July 2008, Public Interactive had "170 subscribers who collectively operate 325 public radio and television stations" and clients such as Car Talk, The World, and The Tavis Smiley Show; by the end of that month, NPR acquired Public Interactive from PRI In March 2011, NPR revealed a restructuring proposal in which Boston-based Public Interactive would become NPR Digital Services, separate from the Washington D.C.-based NPR Digital Media, which focuses on NPR-branded services. NPR Digital Services would continue offering its services to public TV stations.

The technical backbone of its digital news publishing system is Core Publisher, which was built on Drupal, an open-source content management system.

NPR has been dubbed as "leveraging the Twitter generation" because of its adaptation of the popular microblogging service as one of its primary vehicles of information. Of NPR's Twitter followers, the majority (67%) also listen to NPR on the radio. In a survey of more than 10,000 respondents, NPR found that its Twitter followers are younger, more connected to the social web, and more likely to access content through digital platforms such as its Peabody Award-winning website npr.org, as well as podcasts, mobile apps and more. NPR has more than one Twitter account including @NPR; its survey found that most respondents followed between two and five NPR accounts, including topical account, show-specific accounts and on-air staff accounts. In addition, NPR's Facebook page has been at the forefront of the company foray into social media. Started by college student and fan Geoff Campbell in 2008, the page was quickly taken over by the organization, and over the last two years has grown to nearly 4 million fans and is a popular example of the company's new focus on a younger audience. NPR also has a YouTube channel featuring regularly posted videos covering news and informational subjects.

In May 2018, a group led by NPR acquired the podcasting app Pocket Casts. On July 16, 2021, Automattic acquired Pocket Casts from NPR.

NPR One

In July 2014, NPR launched NPR One, an app for iOS and Android smartphones and other mobile devices, which aimed to make it easier for listeners to stream local NPR stations live, and listen to NPR podcasts by autoplaying content and permitting easy navigation. Since launch NPR has made the service available on additional channels: Windows mobile devices, web browsers, Chromecast, Apple Car Play, Apple Watch, Android Auto, Android Wear, Samsung Gear S2 and S3, Amazon Fire TV, and Amazon Alexa–enabled devices. The New York Times listed NPR One as one of 2016's "best apps".

Programming

Programs produced by NPR

News and public affairs programs

NPR produces a morning and an evening news program, both of which also have weekend editions with different hosts. It also produces hourly newscasts around the clock.

 All Things Considered, NPR News' evening news program hosted by Ari Shapiro, Mary Louise Kelly, Ailsa Chang, and Juana Summers.
Weekend All Things Considered, hosted by Michel Martin
 Morning Edition, NPR News' morning news program hosted by Steve Inskeep, Rachel Martin, A Martínez, and Leila Fadel.
 Weekend Edition, hosted by Scott Simon (Saturdays) and Ayesha Rascoe (Sundays)
 Here and Now, a mid-day news magazine program hosted by Robin Young and Tonya Mosley (co-produced with WBUR)

Storytelling and cultural programming (in house)
 Ask Me Another, a trivia quiz hosted by Ophira Eisenberg (co-produced with WNYC) (The show was ended in September 2021)
 Invisibilia, hosted by Alix Spiegel, Hanna Rosin, and Lulu Miller
 TED Radio Hour, hosted by Manoush Zomorodi
 Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!, a humorous news-based panel show hosted by Peter Sagal (co-produced with WBEZ)

Podcasts
 All Songs Considered, a music podcast
 Alt.Latino, a podcast on Latino arts and culture
 Radio Ambulante, a Spanish-Language podcast which covers news in Latin America
 El Hilo, an offshoot of Radio Ambulante devoted to news
 Code Switch, a podcast about race and identity hosted by Shereen Marisol Meraji and Gene Demby
 Consider This, a Monday-Saturday afternoon news podcast; weekday episodes hosted by All Things Considered anchors Ari Shapiro, Mary Louise Kelly, and Ailsa Chang; Saturday episodes hosted by Weekend All Things Considered host Michel Martin
Embedded, a podcast hosted by Kelly McEvers
 How I Built This, a podcast on entrepreneurship hosted by Guy Raz
 It's Been a Minute, a podcast on culture
 NPR Politics Podcast, a podcast hosted by Tamara Keith and Scott Detrow
 NPR News Now, podcast of 5 minute news updates updated hourly
 Planet Money, a podcast on economics
 Pop Culture Happy Hour, a podcast on culture hosted by Linda Holmes
 Rough Translation, a podcast which tells stories from around the world that have relevance to a U.S. audience
Short Wave, a daily science podcast hosted by Maddie Sofia
Throughline, a podcast on history hosted by Rund Abdelfatah and Ramtin Arablouei
 Up First, a Monday-Saturday morning news podcast; weekday episodes hosted by Morning Edition anchors Steve Inskeep, Rachel Martin, A Martínez, and Leila Fadel; Saturday episodes hosted by Weekend Edition anchors Scott Simon and Ayesha Rascoe

Music programming
 First Listen, album previews
 Jazz Night In America, hosted by Christian McBride (co-produced with WBGO and Jazz at Lincoln Center)
 Songs We Love
 The Thistle & Shamrock, Celtic music hosted by Fiona Ritchie
 Tiny Desk Concerts, video concert series

Programs distributed by NPR

News and public affairs
 1A, public affairs roundtable program hosted by Jenn White (WAMU)
 Fresh Air, interviews with cultural news-makers hosted by Terry Gross (WHYY-FM)
 Latino USA, Latino issues hosted by Maria Hinojosa (Futuro Media Group)
 Youth Radio, stories told by youth (self-produced)

Storytelling and cultural programming
 The Big Listen, a radio show about podcasts hosted by Lauren Ober (WAMU)
 Bullseye with Jesse Thorn, hosted by Jesse Thorn (Maximum Fun)
 Car Talk, humorous automotive advice hosted by Tom Magliozzi and Ray Magliozzi (WBUR, ended September 2017)
The Engines of Our Ingenuity is a daily radio series that tells the story of human invention and creativity in  minute essays.
 Only a Game, sports issues hosted by Bill Littlefield (WBUR, ended 2020)
 Rough Cuts, a podcast and blog encouraging participation in the development of other new radio programs
 State of the Re:Union, hosted by Al Letson
 StoryCorps, oral history recordings (self-produced)

Music programming
 From the Top, A program showcasing young classical musicians between the ages of 8–18 (self-produced)
 JazzSet, hosted by Dee Dee Bridgewater (WBGO)
 Metropolis, a show on electronic music hosted by Jason Bentley (KCRW)
 Mountain Stage, hosted by Larry Groce (West Virginia Public Broadcasting)
 Piano Jazz, hosted by Marian McPartland (South Carolina ETV Radio, ended in 2011)
 World Cafe, a 2-hour music program featuring both recorded music and interviews and live in-studio performances, hosted by Raina Douris (WXPN)

Notable public radio programs not affiliated with NPR
Many programs broadcast on U.S. public radio stations are not affiliated with NPR. If these programs are distributed by another distributor, a public radio station must also affiliate with that network to take that network's programming.

American Public Media (APM) and Public Radio Exchange (PRX; which also merged with Public Radio International in 2018) are other major public radio production and distribution organizations with distinct missions, and each competes with the other and NPR for programming slots on public radio stations.

Most public radio stations are NPR member stations and many are affiliate stations of APM and PRX at the same time. The organizations have different governance structures and missions and relationships with stations.

American Public Media

 BBC World Service, world news produced by the BBC often used to fill overnight hours
 Classical 24, generally airs overnights on many non-commercial stations
 The Daily, daily podcast created by The New York Times and hosted by Michael Barbaro
Live from Here (formerly known as A Prairie Home Companion), variety radio show known for its folk music and comedy (cancelled in 2020).
Marketplace, program that focuses on business, the economy, and events that influence them
Performance Today, most listened-to daily classical music radio program in the United States (formerly distributed by NPR)
Pipedreams, radio music program focusing on organ music
The Splendid Table, weekly program about food

Public Radio Exchange

This list includes programs that were distributed by Public Radio International (PRI) prior to the merger with PRX.
 A Way with Words, a show about language; distributed by Public Radio Exchange and Public Radio Satellite System
 Echoes, a daily program of ambient, new age, and electronic music hosted by John Diliberto (formerly distributed by PRI)
 Hearts of Space, a weekly program of ambient, space, and contemplative music hosted by Stephen Hill, San Rafael, Calif.
 Living on Earth, environmental news program (formerly distributed by NPR and PRI)
 Philosophy Talk, everyday topics examined through a philosophical lens, hosted by Stanford philosophy professors John Perry and Ken Taylor, produced by Ben Manilla Productions (KALW)
 Planetary Radio, space exploration radio program hosted by Mat Kaplan, The Planetary Society, Pasadena, Calif.
 Selected Shorts, dramatic readings hosted by Isaiah Sheffer, Symphony Space, (WNYC; formerly distributed by PRI)
 This American Life, stories of real life hosted by Ira Glass, distributed by Public Radio Exchange
 The Takeaway, a daily news program from WNYC (formerly distributed by PRI)
 The World, news magazine show with an emphasis on international news (formerly distributed by PRI)

WNYC Studios

 On the Media, covering journalism, technology, and First Amendment issues (formerly distributed by NPR)
 Science Friday, science issues call-in hosted by Ira Flatow and independently produced (formerly distributed by NPR)

Independent
 Democracy Now!, the flagship news program of the Pacifica Radio network, provides a feed to NPR stations
 Forum, call-in panel discussion program, wide-ranging national and local topics hosted by Michael Krasny (KQED-FM).
 Jazz from Lincoln Center, Wynton Marsalis, formerly hosted by Ed Bradley, Murray Street Productions
 The Merrow Report, education issues hosted by John Merrow, Learning Matters Inc.
 The People's Pharmacy, a call-in and interview program on personal health from WUNC in Chapel Hill, N.C.
 Pulse of the Planet, a daily two-minute sound portrait of Planet Earth, hosted by Jim Metzner.
 StarDate, short segments relating to science and astronomy from the University of Texas at Austin's McDonald Observatory hosted by Billy Henry.
 Sunday Baroque, baroque and early music hosted by Suzanne Bona (WSHU-FM)

Controversies

Over the course of NPR's history, controversies have arisen over several incidents and topics.

Allegations of ideological bias
NPR has been accused of displaying both liberal bias, as alleged in work such as a UCLA and University of Missouri study of Morning Edition; and conservative bias, including criticism of alleged reliance on conservative think-tanks. Public radio host Lisa Simeone, who worked for NPR from 1998 to 2002, accused NPR's Pentagon reporting of being "little more than Pentagon press releases." The NPR ombudsman has described how NPR's coverage of the Israel-Palestinian conflict has been simultaneously criticized as biased by both sides. University of Texas journalism professor and author Robert Jensen has criticized NPR as taking a pro-war stance during coverage of Iraq war protests. During the 2020 election, NPR declined to cover the controversy surrounding a New York Post article on Hunter Biden, saying "We don't want to waste our time on stories that are not really stories, and we don't want to waste the listeners' and readers' time on stories that are just pure distractions, ..."

Live from Death Row commentaries
In 1994, NPR arranged to air, on All Things Considered, a series of three-minute commentaries by Mumia Abu-Jamal, a journalist convicted in a controversial trial of murdering Philadelphia Police officer Daniel Faulkner. They cancelled airing them after the Fraternal Order of Police and members of the U.S. Congress objected.

Euphemisms for torture
In a controversial act, NPR banned in 2009 the use of the word torture in the context of the Bush administration's use of torture. NPR's Ombudswoman Alicia Shepard's defense of the policy was that "calling waterboarding torture is tantamount to taking sides." Berkeley Professor of Linguistics Geoffrey Nunberg pointed out that virtually all media around the world, other than what he called the "spineless U.S. media", call these techniques torture. In an article which criticized NPR and other U.S. media for their use of euphemisms for torture, Glenn Greenwald discussed what he called the enabling "corruption of American journalism":
This active media complicity in concealing that our Government created a systematic torture regime, by refusing ever to say so, is one of the principal reasons it was allowed to happen for so long. The steadfast, ongoing refusal of our leading media institutions to refer to what the Bush administration did as "torture" – even in the face of more than 100 detainee deaths; the use of that term by a leading Bush official to describe what was done at Guantanamo; and the fact that media outlets frequently use the word "torture" to describe exactly the same methods when used by other countries – reveals much about how the modern journalist thinks.

Juan Williams comments
On October 20, 2010, NPR terminated Senior News Analyst Juan Williams's independent contract over a series of incidents culminating in remarks he made on the Fox News Channel regarding Muslim head coverings and not feeling comfortable around women wearing them. Williams' firing, which was made abruptly without Williams being given a face-to-face meeting beforehand, was reported by The Washington Post as being a key part of Ellen Weiss, NPR's top news executive at the time, being given an ultimatum on January 4, 2011, to either resign or be fired. On January 6, 2011, NPR announced that Weiss had quit.

Ronald Schiller comments
In March 2011, conservative political activist and provocateur James O'Keefe sent partners Simon Templar (a pen name) and Shaughn Adeleye to secretly record their discussion with Ronald Schiller, NPR's outgoing senior vice president for fundraising, and an associate, in which Schiller made remarks viewed as disparaging of "the current Republican party, especially the Tea Party", and controversial comments regarding Palestine and funding for NPR. NPR disavowed Schiller's comments. CEO Vivian Schiller, who is not related to Ronald, later resigned over the fallout from the comments and the previous firing of Juan Williams.

July 4 reading of the Declaration of Independence
From 1988 to 2021, NPR broadcast an annual reading of the 1776 United States Declaration of Independence over the radio. In 2017, it began using Twitter as a medium for reading the document as well. On July 4, 2017, the 100+ tweets were met with considerable opposition, some online supporters of Donald Trump mistakenly believing the words of the Declaration referring to George III of the United Kingdom to be directed towards the president. The tweets were called "trash" and were accused of being "propaganda", condoning violence and calling for revolution. The July 4, 2022 annual tradition was not held. Instead, referencing the recent Dobbs decision and voting rights, host Steve Innskeep held a discussion on "what equality means" with two historians, contrasting Thomas Jefferson's use of "All men are created equal" in the Declaration with his participation in slavery.

Sexual harassment
In October 2017, sexual harassment charges were leveled against Michael Oreskes, senior vice president of news and editorial director since 2015. Some of the accusations dated back to when he was Washington, D.C. bureau chief for The New York Times during the 1990s, while others involved his conduct at NPR, where eight women filed sexual harassment complaints against Oreskes. After a report on the Times accusations was published in The Washington Post, NPR put Oreskes on administrative leave, and the following day his resignation was requested. CNN's Brian Stelter reported that NPR staffers were dissatisfied with the handling of Oreskes, were demanding an external investigation, and that Oreskes poisoned the newsroom atmosphere by abusing his position to meet young women. Oreskes resigned at the request of CEO Jarl Mohn, was denied severance and separation benefits, and reimbursed NPR $1,800 in expense account charges related to his meetings with women.

Twitter controversy
After Elon Musk's acquisition of American social media platform Twitter, NPR's main Twitter account was designated as "US state-affiliated media" there in April 2023, a label that was typically reserved for foreign media outlets that directly represented the point of view of their respective governments, like Russia's RT and China's Xinhua. Twitter's designation was widely considered controversial as NPR is an independent news organization that receives a small minority of its funding through government programs. Twitter's previous policy had explicitly mentioned NPR, as well as the United Kingdom's BBC, as examples of networks that were not considered as state-affiliated due to their editorial independence. NPR ceased activity on its main Twitter account in response to the designation.

On April 8, 2023, Twitter changed the designation of NPR's account from "state-affiliated" to "government-funded". On April 10, after managing to get in contact with Musk himself, NPR reporter Bobby Allyn wrote in a tweet that the platform's owner told him he was relying on a list accessible through a Wikipedia category page, named ":Category:Publicly funded broadcasters", in order to determine which news organizations' accounts should be deemed as "government-funded media".

On April 12, NPR announced that its accounts would no longer be active on Twitter, citing the platform's "inaccurate and misleading" labeling of NPR as "government-funded media" despite the fact that it receives "less than 1 percent of its $300 million annual budget" from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. As their last post on the platform, the network shared links to their alternative newsletters, websites and social media profiles in a thread. In an email to the staff explaining the decision, CEO John Lansing allowed individual NPR journalists and staffers to choose for themselves whether to keep using Twitter, while noting that "it would be a disservice to the serious work you all do here to continue to share it on a platform that is associating the federal charter for public media with an abandoning of editorial independence or standards."

Publications
Source:
The NPR Guide to Building a Classical CD Collection by Ted Libbey (1994)
The NPR Classical Music Companion: An Essential Guide for Enlightened Listening by Miles Hoffman (1997)
The NPR Classical Music Companion: Terms and Concepts from A to Z by Miles Hoffman (1997)
The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to Classical Music by Tim Smith (2002)
The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to Jazz by Loren Schoenberg (2002)
The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to Opera by William Berger (2002)
The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to Popular Standards by Max Morath (2002)
The NPR Curious Listener's Guide To American Folk Music by Kip Lornell (2004)
The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to World Music by Chris Nickson (2004)
The NPR Curious Listener's Guide To Blues by David Evans (2005)
The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to Celtic Music by Fiona Ritchie (2005)
The NPR Listener's Encyclopedia of Classical Music by Ted Libbey (2006)

See also
 Australian Broadcasting Corporation
 BBC Radio
 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
 List of NPR personnel
 List of NPR stations
 NPR Berlin—before its closure, the only NPR affiliate operated by NPR itself
 Voice of America
 Sound Reporting: The NPR Guide to Audio Journalism and Production

References

Further reading

 James T. Bennett. 2021. The History and Politics of Public Radio; A Comprehensive Analysis of Taxpayer-Financed US Broadcasting. Springer.
Gibson, George H. Public Broadcasting: The Role of the Federal Government, 1919–1976 (Praeger Publishers, 1977). . .
 McCauley, Michael P. NPR: The Trials and Triumphs of National Public Radio (Columbia University Press, 2005). . .
 Magee, Sara. "All Things Considered: A Content Analysis of National Public Radio's Flagship News Magazine from 1999–2009". Journal of Radio & Audio Media (2013) 20#2 pp. 236–250.

External links

 Elizabeth L. Young papers at the University of Maryland Libraries
 50 Years of NPR (report series)
 NPR Ethics Handbook

1970 establishments in Washington, D.C.
American companies established in 1970
American radio networks
Corporation for Public Broadcasting
Mass media companies established in 1970
News agencies based in the United States
Peabody Award winners
Podcasting companies
Publicly funded broadcasters
Radio broadcasting companies of the United States
Radio stations established in 1971
United States National Medal of Arts recipients
Sirius XM Radio channels

NPR


Diana Lynn  (July 5, 1926 – December 18, 1971) was an American actress of the stage, cinema and television.

Early years
Lynn was born Dolores Marie Loehr on July 5, 1926, in Los Angeles, California. Her father, Louis Loehr, was an oil supply executive. Her mother, Martha Loehr, was a concert pianist. She was considered a child prodigy. She began taking piano lessons when she was 4 years old, and by the age of 12, she played with the Los Angeles Junior Symphony Orchestra.

Career
In 1939, she made her movie debut playing the piano in They Shall Have Music. She played again, with Susanna Foster, in There's Magic in Music, when it was decided that she had more potential than she had been allowed to show. Later, Paramount Pictures changed her name to "Diana Lynn". They began casting her in movies that allowed her to show her personality and developed her skills as an actress.

As a solo pianist, she released at least one single on Capitol Records, accompanied by the Paul Weston orchestra.

In 1964, Lynn had a six-month stint on Broadway, replacing Barbara Bel Geddes in Mary, Mary. In the early 1950s, she starred with Maurice Evans in The Wild Duck on Broadway.

Death
Before filming started on Play It as It Lays, Lynn suffered a stroke and died on December 18, 1971. She was 45.

Filmography

They Shall Have Music (1939)
The Hard-Boiled Canary (1941)
The Major and the Minor (1942)
Henry Aldrich Gets Glamour (1942)
Henry Aldrich Plays Cupid (1944)
The Miracle of Morgan's Creek (1944)
Our Hearts Were Young and Gay (1944)
And the Angels Sing (1944)
Out of This World (1945)
The Bride Wore Boots (1946)
Our Hearts Were Growing Up (1946)
Easy Come, Easy Go (1947)
Ruthless (1948)
Texas, Brooklyn and Heaven (1948)
Every Girl Should Be Married (1948)
My Friend Irma (1949)
Paid in Full (1950)
Peggy (1950)
My Friend Irma Goes West (1950)
Rogues of Sherwood Forest (1950)
The People Against O'Hara (1951)
Bedtime for Bonzo (1951)
Meet Me at the Fair (1952)
Plunder of the Sun (1953)
Track of the Cat (1954)
The Kentuckian (1955)
The Blue and Gold|An Annapolis Story (1955)
You're Never Too Young (1955)
Company of Killers (1970)

Radio appearances

References

Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Deaths from stroke
1926 births
1971 deaths

Diana Lynn


Waterfall plots are often used to show how two-dimensional phenomena change over time. A three-dimensional spectral waterfall plot is a plot in which multiple curves of data, typically spectra, are displayed simultaneously. Typically the curves are staggered both across the screen and vertically, with "nearer" curves masking the ones behind. The result is a series of "mountain" shapes that appear to be side by side. The waterfall plot is often used to show how two-dimensional information changes over time or some other variable such as rotational speed. Waterfall plots are also often used to depict spectrograms or cumulative spectral decay (CSD).

Uses
 The results of spectral density estimation, showing the spectrum of the signal at successive intervals of time.
 The delayed response from a loudspeaker or listening room produced by impulse response testing or MLSSA.
 Spectra at different engine speeds when testing engines.

See also
 Loudspeaker acoustics
 Loudspeaker measurement

References

External links
 Typical engine vibration waterfall
 Waterfall FFT Matlab script

Plots (graphics)
Audio engineering
Broadcast engineering
Sound production technology
Sound recording
Acoustics

Waterfall plot