The Volkswagen Golf Mk3 is a medium-sized compact family car. The third generation of the Volkswagen Golf and the successor to the Volkswagen Golf Mk2, which was produced by Volkswagen from August 1991 (for the 1992 model year) to 2002 (for Cabrio convertible).

The Golf Mk3 was launched in mainland Europe in August 1991, in the United Kingdom in February 1992, and in North America in the spring of 1994. The delay in North America was due to Volkswagen's decision to supply U.S. and Canadian dealerships with Mk3 Golfs (and A3 Jettas) from the VW plant in Puebla, Mexico. Quality control problems led Volkswagen of America to reject Golfs and Jettas from Mexico. Thereafter, labor unrest at the plant delayed production. The third-generation Golf and Jetta first launched in North America as 1993 models in the San Diego, California area and in Canada, then in the autumn in the rest of North America as 1994 models.

The Mk3 Cabrio replaced the Volkswagen Cabriolet. The Mk3 Cabrio continued until the 2002 model year, when Volkswagen replaced it with a convertible version of the Volkswagen New Beetle.

Like the previous two generations, the Mk3 supposed to be built at the TAS factory in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, when the car was first released the Yugoslav War broke out, leading to the destruction of the factory. Due to this, TAS went bankrupt in 1995. This meant the Mk3 was the only Golf before the Mk4 not to be built in Bosnia and Herzegovina, although a single Mk3 managed to roll off the assembly line in Sarajevo, its fate unknown.

The Mk3 Golf was sold in Japan alongside the Polo, where both vehicles complied with the small size class regulations that encouraged sales.

The Volkswagen Golf Mk3 began to be replaced with the October 1997 (model year 1998) introduction of the Volkswagen Golf Mk4. In some markets, the Mk3 Golf continued to be available for model year 1998 (Americas, South Africa), and even as early model year 1999 vehicles (Canada, Mexico, US).

Bodystyles

As with the preceding generations, the Golf was available as a three- or five-door hatchback. For the first time an estate was produced, being launched in early 1993, and bringing it into line with key competitors such as the Ford Escort and Vauxhall/Opel Astra, which had all long been available as estates. The name of three-box sedan (now only with four doors) changed to Vento, in an attempt to improve the Jetta's stodgy image in Europe. In North America, where the Jetta had no such problems, the old nameplate remained.

In some markets, where the tax structure suited such a model, Volkswagen also offered a light commercial Van version of the three-door hatchback. Typically fitted with a flat plywood floor in the rear and often with blanked rear side windows, precise specifications varied for different markets to meet various local requirements for being classified as a commercial vehicle. In the United Kingdom, the Van was available only with the Umwelt ("Environment") engine, blanked rear windows, fabric interior, power steering, and a five-speed manual transmission. A petrol unit was available to special order. The Umwelt diesel was Volkswagen's then-new 1.9-liter turbodiesel (AAZ), fitted with a catalytic converter and producing . Payload is .

Cabriolet
The Volkswagen Golf Mk3 Cabrio (or Type 1E) was introduced in 1994 for the 1995 model year, replacing the previous MK1 Rabbit based Cabriolet. It was facelifted in 1998 (mid-1999 for non-euro markets) with the front, rear, and steering wheel styling inspired by the Golf Mk4 while still maintaining the body from the Mk3 Cabrio. These Cabrios are often referred to as the Mk3.5 Cabrios. The Volkswagen Golf Cabrio was discontinued in 2002 with a special edition called "Last Edition".

Performance models

GTD

It is the diesel-powered variant of the high-performance GTI version.

A59

The cancelled Golf A59 was intended to be a 4WD model with a  turbocharged 1998cc engine, carbon fiber and Kevlar shell, and a full roll cage, and have the highest performance of the Mk3 Golf models. The A59 was also supposed to be able to win the World Rally Championship in 1994. The prototype can be seen at the Volkswagen Museum.

Overview

A 16-valve version of the third-generation Golf GTI was introduced in 1993. The engine was enlarged to 2.0L, with power now reaching . While lower powered than the VR6, it was still relatively popular with driving enthusiasts in Europe, because it offered ample power without the thirst or tax burden of the six-cylinder. As with previous versions, the Golf Driver acted as the official GTI-look-alike in the United Kingdom. Similar to the continental market Golf GT, it looked sporting but was fitted with a single-point injected 1.8L engine.

The Golf Mk3 was also the predecessor of the "diesel craze" that swept through Europe in the late 1990s and early 2000s, when Volkswagen introduced the direct-injection system with the  Golf TDI in 1993.

From its launch, all versions of the Golf came with fuel injection, to meet EEC requirements that all new cars sold in member countries from January 1993 must come with fuel injection or a catalytic converter. Non-catalyzed models were also built for those markets where there was no interest in them; power outputs were the same as for the catalyzed models. An all-new 1.4 petrol engine was the entry-level model in the MK2 Golf range.

Also offered was a naturally aspirated version of the 1.9 L diesel engine, the SDI, offering .

Airbags were first offered on the Golf in 1992, and from 1996 anti-lock brakes were standard across the range.

The Golf Mk3 was also available in "Ecomatic" form. It was powered with a diesel engine and a clutch-less manual transmission. The vehicle would freewheel by opening of the clutch as soon as the accelerator is released, and the engine was switched off after a further 1.5 seconds of inactivity, whether by stopping or coasting. Restarting the engine simply required depressing the accelerator pedal. VW had previously pioneered similar technology in the VW Polo "Formel E" in the 1980s.

As had happened with the Mk1 and Mk2, the Mk3 remained available in US for a year after it was discontinued in Europe (1998). The Mk3 continued to be produced for the 1999 model year where it was sold in North and South America. These 1999 Mk3 cars were the last produced in the world and sold alongside the Mk4 in showrooms.

Golf CitySTROMer

There was also a limited production run of around 250 "CitySTROMer" vehicles, mainly sold to the German market, which were fully electric vehicles, incorporating six lead-acid batteries in the engine bay, and a further 10 underneath the luggage area. It had a range of approximately . The vehicle could be filled with a small amount of diesel to provide heat for the cabin.

Awards
 1997 Which? Magazine Best Buys: Best Family Car
 European Car of the Year: 1992
 1992 What Car?: Car of the Year

Special editions

20th Anniversary GTI
Volkswagen produced a limited quantity of 1000 special-edition 3 and 5 door GTI Anniversary models, celebrating 20 years of the GTI model. This had the usual GTI specification but came equipped with special checkered Recaro front sport seats and matching rear seats bearing the GTI logo, red seat belts front and rear, half-chromed and leather golf ball gear knob, red stitched leather steering wheel and handbrake gaiter. The release knob on the hand brake was also red and silver instrument dials. Floor mats also had red piping along their edges. The red theme continued externally with a red striping on the bumpers and red brake calipers. The wheels were 16" x 7" split rim BBS RS 722 alloys, visually similar to the 15" that were found on VR6 model. Also featured were brushed stainless-steel rear twin tailpipes on the exhaust and smoked front fog and indicator lamps to match the rear lamps. 3 optional extras were made available: electric sunroof, air conditioning and metallic black paintwork. Insurance was based on the standard GTI which made this version a very desirable model. The edition was sold in only 6 color schemes and the 1000 number figures that were produced was as follows: 600 8 valve models, 150 16 valve models and 250 TDI models. The diesel model was only produced for the European market and was not sold in the UK. Unfortunately, many of the models fell into the UK company car and lease market prior to the second-hand market and it believed only a few hundred still survive. However, another factor in the rarity of Mark 3 Golfs, unlike the excellent build quality of the Mark 2, at least in the UK, is the very low-quality steel sourced by VW on some occasions, and used across the range, from entry model to VR6. According to independent mechanics and parts specialists, and MOT testers, the floor-pan, both door sills, and rear hatch can suffer severe rot and disintegration, and anybody planning to buy one is advised to check for rot, and holes and patches to the floor-pan.

Otmar Alt
The Gold Otmar Alt is a limited (1000 cars were built) edition version of the Golf. It featured various artworks from the artist Otmar Alt and a fully customized interior with the same graphics.

Rabbit
The Golf 3 Rabbit Edition was exclusive to Austria, and it featured a special rabbit badge.

Cool
The Golf Cool just featured a "Cool" sticker, like Avenue, and other minor design changes.

CitySTROMer

The Golf CitySTROMer was an alternative electric powered version of the Golf 3, which also featured colorful graphics on the side panels.

Highline
As the name suggests, the Golf Highline was the high end, premium version of the Mk3 Golf, and it shows that with a full leather interior, wood accents and a "Highline" sticker on the trunk.

Coast

The Golf Coast was a Cabrio-exclusive limited edition, and it featured the "Coast" graphic on the trunk.

Sport

Just like the name, it was the sporty version of the Golf 3, which also featured a "Sport Edition" sticker.

Classic
The Golf Classic had an overall retro look and a "Classic Edition" silicon badge.

Limited
Just like the "Edition" edition of the Golf 4 Variant, it came packed with special features and the "Limited Edition" graphic on the inside step with a similar font.

GTI / VR6 Edition

They featured their respective body-kit, "GTI/VR6 Edition" badges on the side and the GTI Edition also featured a sticker on the rear quarter panel that matches the font from the seats.

Kamei
"Kamei Edition" was a limited edition made by the Wolfsburg-based aftermarket body parts manufacturer Kamei.
It had the full Kamei kit and a "Kamei Edition" badge on the grille, offset to the right side.

Ryder
It featured small design changes but did not have a sunroof.

Driver's Edition GTI VR6 (North America)
1997 Model Year. It came in two colors Ginster Yellow and Jazz Blue. It also had red stitching on the steering wheel, special half aluminum - half leather golf ball shift knob with GTI logo, silver gauge faces, 15" seven spoke alloy wheels made by Speedline and brake calipers painted red. Most of the extras became standard on the 1998 GTI VR6 causing some confusion as to what a Driver's Edition is. The VIN can be used to confirm if a car is a Driver's Edition or not.

Henri Leconte
It featured a leather interior with signed seats and a sticker representing 3D ball breaking the glass on the rear window.

Henri Lloyd Yachting
The GT based edition had a special front lip, rear bumper extension and a special grille, besides the rear badge.

Driver
This regular Golf 3 received the GTI body-kit, together with the "Orlando" alloy rims and a small trunk spoiler.

SE
Produced from 1996 to 1997 for the UK market, the SE featured a GTI body-kit, all round tinted glass, clear front indicator covers, twin headlamp lenses and GTI taillights, silver instrument cluster and Sport Räder alloy wheels.

Match
This version came pre-packed with a Sony CD player, power steering, 6 spoke rims and "Match" graphics ("///Match" written on the sides near the front wheel arch and above the guard rail, and only the three "///" blue, red and green lines below the right taillight.)

Match II
Just like the first "Match" it featured "Match II" graphics, but this time in the shape of a metallic badge under the "Golf" and "TDI" logos. It also featured a custom interior with a unique fabric design.

Colour Concept

Was a highly limited edition made in only 5 colors (Flash Red, Salsa Green, Yellow, Jazz Blue Pearl Effect and Black Magic Pearl Effect) and a few of each produced. They featured a leather interior matching the outside color (with Color Concept embossed on the front seats) and the Color Concept badge. 15-inch BBS Solitude alloy wheels were included, as were electric windows, central locking and front seat heating. The Color Concept was available on the Cabriolet and Estate (Variant) version of the Golf as well.

Family
It was just the regular Golf MK3, but only with a custom sticker and a few other minor differences.

Harlequin

The Golf Harlequin model began with a group of four cars, each carrying a Design Series emblem, created by Volkswagen to display on the 1995 international auto show circuit.

Basing the design on an earlier Volkswagen Polo Harlequin special edition, the Golf Harlequins were created in four variations, by taking four solid color models and interchanging the easily detachable doors, hood, hatch, grill, fenders and bumper facias — after final production at the Puebla, Mexico assembly plant where all the Harlequins were manufactured.

The interchangement of colors — Tornado Red, Ginster Yellow, Chagall Blue, and Pistachio Green — was not random, but followed four defined assignments, with each pattern avoiding adjacent major panels sharing the same paint color.

Chagall Blue, and Pistachio Green were otherwise unavailable as a Golf paint color choice in North America.

The resulting Harlequins were designated by their "base" color, the paint color of the welded panels comprising the core body — including the substructure, roof and C-pillar.

Following a positive response to the original four Harlequins, Volkswagen marketed an additional 60 — followed by another 200.

In a series of follow up letters to various entities at Volkswagen, the total number of Harlequins is reported variously from 275 to 264, all offered solely for model year 1996, in the United States, Canada, and Mexico — with most marketed in the United States.

Each Harlequin Golf featured a gray/black interior highlighting the four body colors. The special edition was available for an additional $150 over their stock counterparts.

TREK / K2 Editions
In 1997, a marketing effort with TREK on the Jetta Mk3 was expanded to include the Golf Mk3. The TREK edition came with a roof bike carrier, a 21-speed purple TREK-Volkswagen branded mountain bike, and a TREK 'Limited Edition' badge.

Also in 1997, the other special edition, The K2, came with a ski/snowboard roof carrier, a K2 "Limited Edition" badge, and either a pair of K2 El Camino skis, or a K2 Juju snowboard.

Both TREK and K2 editions also included special Recaro manufactured seats, 14" alloy wheels, tinted taillights, special "TREK" or "K2" shift knobs, optional moonroof, roof-mounted antenna, and fog lights.

Wolfsburg Edition
A Wolfsburg Edition was produced alongside other Mk3 "Wolfsburg Edition" Jetta's in the United States. Like the Wolfsburg Edition Jetta, Mk3 Golfs with the Wolfsburg package came standard with an improved white/tan dual-tone interior, smoked tail-lamps, premium alloy wheels, remote entry, power windows/mirrors, and a tilt/slide sunroof. The Wolfsburg Edition was only available with the VW 8-valve SOHC 2.0L engine.

During the 1990s, Volkswagen sponsored three high-profile rock bands' European tours, and issued a special-edition Golf, with distinctive exterior markings, for each: the Golf Pink Floyd Edition (1994), the Golf Rolling Stones Edition (1995), and the Golf Bon Jovi Edition (1996).

European Car of the Year
The Golf MK3 was voted European Car of the Year for 1992 - the first Volkswagen to win this award.

Engine choices

See also

Volkswagen A platform
Volkswagen Golf
VDub
List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines
List of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines
Hot hatch
Small family car

References

External links

 Golf at Volkswagen International

Golf 3
Compact cars
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Hatchbacks
Station wagons
Cars introduced in 1991
2000s cars
Cars powered by VR engines
Electric cars
Latin NCAP small family cars
Cars of Mexico

Volkswagen Golf Mk3


Dirty rap (also called porn rap or dirty hip hop) is a type of music that mixes rap with sexual content. Some notable artists include Plies, Lil Wayne, Lil' Kim, The Notorious B.I.G., Ludacris and Nicki Minaj.

Rap music

Dirty rap


A swineherd  is a person who raises and herds pigs as livestock.

Swineherds in literature
 In the New Testament are mentioned shepherd of pigs, mentioned in the Pig (Gadarene) the story shows Jesus exorcising a demon or demons from a man and a flock of pigs, as well as in the parable of the Prodigal Son in a son who wastes his father's fortune and is forced to work as a Swineherd.
 Hans Christian Andersen wrote a fairy tale called The Swineherd.
 In Greek mythology, Eumaeus (or Eumaios) was Odysseus' swineherd.
 In the Parable the Prodigal Son, the younger son wastes his inheritance and eventually has to become a swineherd.
 In Lloyd Alexander's books The Chronicles of Prydain, based on Welsh mythology, the hero is a pig keeper, or swineherd.
 The character Gurth, in Sir Walter Scott's novel Ivanhoe is a swineherd.
 The main character in the Disney film The Black Cauldron is a swineherd.
 Among Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin's most famous work is the poem "Swineherd".
 The protagonist in H. P. Lovecraft's story "The Rats in the Walls" has reoccurring nightmares of a bearded daemon swineherd.
 Mentioned as a class of labourer in the Statute of Labourers 1351.
 In the Senchas Fagbála Caisil "The Story of the Finding of Cashel", one of the earliest medieval Irish texts, the legend of the kingship of Cashel is told through several visions experienced by two swineherds, Duirdriu and Cuirirán.

Swineherds in paintings

 The Swineherd, a 1888 painting by French artist Paul Gauguin

Swineherds in history
 Denewulf, Bishop of Winchester from 878 or 879 until his death in 908, began his life as a swineherd.
 Ivaylo of Bulgaria, a swineherd who spearheaded a peasant uprising and became tsar of Bulgaria (1277–1278).
 Rafael Carrera, President of Guatemala 1844-48 and 1851-65

See also

 Pig farming
 Porcarius, Latin for swineherd, sometimes used as a name

References

 Swineherd, Askoxford.com
 Swineherd, Bartleby.com

Animal husbandry occupations
Pig farming

Swineherd


The Federal Executive Council (FEC) is the cabinet of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and is part of the executive branch of the Government of Nigeria. The council's role, as written in the Ministers' Statutory Powers and Duties Act, is to serve as an advisory body to the President of Nigeria, who serves as the FEC's chairman. Members of the cabinet are appointed and report to the President, who can dismiss them at will. The cabinet currently consists of 24 Federal Ministries, each responsible for some aspect of providing government services, as well as a number of parastatals (government-owned corporations).

Relationship to civil service

The ministries and parastatals are staffed by career civil servants. Each is headed by a Permanent Secretary, a senior civil servant appointed by the Head of the Civil Service.
The Permanent Secretary is accountable to a Minister, who sits in the Cabinet and reports to the President. The Minister is appointed by the President subject to approval by the Senate and is responsible for policy, also while the Permanent Secretary is responsible for implementation of policy.

Confirmation Process
The heads of the executive ministries are nominated by the President and then presented to the Senate. Section 147 (6) of the Nigerian constitution gives the Senate 21 days to complete the screening for confirmation or rejection by a simple majority. According to Section 147 (5) of the constitution the only qualification for one to be appointed as Minister is that the person must be "qualified for election into the House of Representatives". If approved, they receive their commission scroll, are sworn in and then begin their duties.

Salary
The heads of the executive departments and most other senior federal officers at cabinet or sub-cabinet level receive their salary under a fixed pay plan as reviewed by the Revenue Mobilisation Allocation and Fiscal Commission (RMAFC).
The annual basic salary of a substantive minister is ₦2,026,400 (₦168,866:66 per month).

Ministers and Ministers of State

According to the Nigerian Constitution, there must be at least one Cabinet member from each of the 36 states in Nigeria, although there are only 28 ministries and at times the President takes direct control of a key ministry such as Petroleum Resources. To ensure representation from each state, a Minister is often assisted by one or more Ministers of State.

See also
Nigerian Civil Service
Federal Ministries of Nigeria

Notes

References

Cabinet of Nigeria


Wallsburg is a town in Wasatch County, Utah, United States. It is part of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area. The population was 250 at the 2010 census.  Wallsburg was established in 1861, and was named for William Madison Wall.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all land.

Demographics

As of the census of 2010, there were 250 people living in the town. The racial makeup of the town was 99.6% White, and 0.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.4% of the population.

As of the census of 2000, there were 274 people, 83 households, and 73 families living in the town. The population density was 543.0 people per square mile (/km2). There were 93 housing units at an average density of 184.3 per square mile (/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.64% White and 0.36% Native American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.73% of the population.

There were 83 households, out of which 45.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 83.1% were married couples living together, 4.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12.0% were non-families. 12.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.30 and the average family size was 3.56.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 31.0% under the age of 18, 13.1% from 18 to 24, 23.7% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.1 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $55,313, and the median income for a family was $59,375. Males had a median income of $39,375 versus $21,042 for females. The per capita income for the town was $21,165. About 5.1% of families and 3.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.8% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over.

Government
Both during the 2011 and 2013 election years, the town recorder failed to open the filing period or schedule the election, so the current council and mayor were appointed to serve a 2-year-term in 2011 and another 2-year term in 2013. The current mayor of Wallsburg is Celeni Richins.

See also

 List of cities and towns in Utah

References

External links

Towns in Wasatch County, Utah
Towns in Utah
Populated places established in 1862
1862 establishments in Utah Territory

Wallsburg, Utah


A Gauleiter was the party leader of a regional branch of the NSDAP. This persons were the head of a Gau or of a Reichsgau. The German word Leiter means leader. A Gau is the old German word for a region in Germany.

Gauleiter


Tarragona is a station in the Barcelona Metro network in the Sants-Montjuïc district of Barcelona. It is served by line L3 (green line).

The station is located under Carrer de Tarragona between Carrer de València and Carrer d'Aragó, not far from Barcelona Sants railway station. Station entrances are situated at the junctions of the Carrer de Tarragona with Carrer de València, Carrer d'Aragó, Carrer de l'Elisi and Carrer de Sant Nicolau. In the vestibule served by the southern entrance is the artwork Tres Boles by José Luis Carcedo Vidal. At the lower level, the station has two tracks served by two side platforms.

The station opened in 1975, along with the other stations of the section of L3 between Paral·lel and Sants Estació stations. This section was originally operated separately from L3, and known as L3b, until the two sections were joined in 1982.

References

External links

Barcelona Metro line 3 stations
Railway stations in Spain opened in 1975
Transport in Sants-Montjuïc

Tarragona metro station


The Universalist Unitarian Church is a historic church on Silver Street and Elm Street in Waterville, Maine in the United States.  Built in 1832 for a Universalist congregation founded in 1826, it is a prominent local example of transitional Federal-Gothic Revival architecture.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

History
For over 200 years, the Universalist Unitarian Church of Waterville, Maine has been part of the spiritual, religious and social life of the community. Two local churches combined to form the church as it is known today, a decade before the national merger of the two denominations into one.

In 1798, Thomas Barnes, a circuit minister, organized the Eastern Maine Association of Universalists. He held meetings in Winthrop, Waterville, Oakland and other nearby places. He was the first Universalist minister in the District of Maine in 1802.

In 1820, Reverend Sylvanus Cobb of Norway, the second Universalist minister ordained in Maine, preached in Waterville for the first time. On May 28, 1826, he organized the first Universalist Church in Maine. The church had twenty members and met in Rev. Cobb's Waterville home.  By 1831, the society became formally organized and decided to build a church. Jediah Morrill converted to the faith and gave the largest donation to the building fund.  On July 9, 1832, the present church was finished and furnished with 60 pews at a cost of $4,100. It was dedicated in January of the following year. Members raised $360 to purchase a bell and Jediah Morrill gave the clock costing $350. That same year, Rev. Calvin Gardiner began his twenty-year ministry.  The church struggled financially over the years, sometimes closing for a year or two at a time.

In 1894, the church was badly damaged by a chimney fire. As part of the building's repair, the church was turned to face the point where Elm and Silver Streets meet. A new organ was purchased and stained glass windows were given by members and church groups.  In 1921, the church building was raised and the Averill Parlors constructed in the new basement.

The Unitarian church was founded in 1866 and built on Main Street in Waterville.  By 1927, it was having a hard time financially, and the two churches talked of merging. The situation worsened by 1936 to the point where the Unitarians decided to close their church.  In 1952, the two churches, along with the Church of the Good Shepherd in Fairfield, united to form the Universalist Unitarian Church of Waterville.

The classic bell tower whose clock was once considered the town clock was in serious danger of collapsing by 2008. The tower was taken down and sold at auction along with the clock and lightning rod. A new bell tower was constructed in time for the Christmas Eve service that year.

Architecture
The church stands facing south toward a small triangular park formed by the junction of Silver and Elm Streets, south of downtown Waterville.  It is a single-story wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof, clapboard siding, and granite foundation.  Rising from the roof is a two-stage square tower, with a clock in the first stage, an open octagonal belfry as the second, and a bowed octagonal roof above.  The openings in the belfry have Gothic pointed arches, a detail repeated in fans above some of the building's windows, and in the gable front of the facade.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Kennebec County, Maine

References

External links
Unitarian Universalist Church of Waterville web site

Churches in Kennebec County, Maine
Buildings and structures in Waterville, Maine
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Federal architecture in Maine
Gothic Revival church buildings in Maine
Churches completed in 1832
19th-century churches in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Kennebec County, Maine
Unitarian Universalist churches in Maine

Universalist-Unitarian Church


Pendred syndrome is a genetic disorder leading to congenital bilateral (both sides) sensorineural hearing loss and goitre with euthyroid or mild hypothyroidism (decreased thyroid gland function). There is no specific treatment, other than supportive measures for the hearing loss and thyroid hormone supplementation in case of hypothyroidism. It is named after Vaughan Pendred (1869–1946), the British doctor who first described the condition in an Irish family living in Durham in 1896. It accounts for 7.5% to 15% of all cases of congenital deafness.

Signs and symptoms
The hearing loss of Pendred syndrome is often, although not always, present from birth, and language acquisition may be a significant problem if deafness is severe in childhood. The hearing loss typically worsens over the years, and progression can be step-wise and related to minor head trauma. In some cases, language development worsens after head injury, demonstrating that the inner ear is sensitive to trauma in Pendred syndrome; this is as a consequence of the widened vestibular aqueducts usual in this syndrome. Vestibular function varies in Pendred syndrome and vertigo can be a feature of minor head trauma. A goitre is present in 75% of all cases.

Genetics

Pendred syndrome is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning that one would need to inherit an abnormal gene from each parent to develop the condition. This also means that a sibling of a patient with Pendred syndrome has a 25% chance of also having the condition if the parents are unaffected carriers.

It has been linked to mutations in the PDS gene, which codes for the pendrin protein (solute carrier family 26, member 4, SLC26A4). The gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 7 (7q31). Mutations in the same gene also cause enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome (EVA or EVAS), another congenital cause of deafness; specific mutations are more likely to cause EVAS, while others are more linked with Pendred syndrome.

Pathophysiology

SLC26A4 can be found in the cochlea (part of the inner ear), thyroid and the kidney. In the kidney, it participates in the secretion of bicarbonate. However, Pendred syndrome is not known to lead to kidney problems. It functions as an iodide/chloride transporter. In the thyroid, this leads to reduced organification of iodine (i.e. its incorporation into thyroid hormone).

Diagnosis
People with Pendred syndrome present with a hearing loss either at birth or during childhood. The hearing loss is commonly progressive. In early stages it is usually a mixed hearing loss (both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss) because of a third window effect due to the inner ear malformation (widened vestibular aqueducts). A thyroid goitre may be present in the first decade and is usual towards the end of the second decade. MRI scanning of the inner ear usually shows widened or large vestibular aqueducts with enlarged endolymphatic sacs and may show abnormalities of the cochleae that are known as Mondini dysplasia. Genetic testing to identify the pendrin gene usually establishes the diagnosis. If the condition is suspected, a "perchlorate discharge test" is sometimes performed. This test is highly sensitive, but may also be abnormal in other thyroid conditions. If a goitre is present, thyroid function tests are performed to identify mild cases of thyroid dysfunction even if they are not yet causing symptoms.

Treatment
No specific treatment exists for Pendred syndrome. If thyroid hormone levels are decreased, thyroid hormone supplements may be required. Patients are advised to take precautions against head injury.

References

External links
  GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Pendred Syndrome/DFNB4
 NCBI Genes and Diseases

Autosomal recessive disorders
Membrane transport protein disorders
Deafness
Syndromes
Congenital disorders of endocrine system
Diseases named for discoverer

Pendred syndrome


A landline telephone (also known as land line, land-line, main line, home phone, landline, fixed-line, and wireline) refers to a phone that uses a metal wire or fibre optic telephone line  for transmission as distinguished from a mobile cellular line, which uses radio waves for transmission.
In 2003, the CIA reported approximately 1.263 billion main telephone lines worldwide. China had more than any other country at 350 million and the United States was second with 268 million. The United Kingdom has 23.7 million residential fixed homephones. The 2013 statistics show that the total number of fixed-telephone subscribers in the world was about 1.16 billion. The number of landline subscribers continuously decreases due to upgrades in digital technology and the conveniences that come with switching to wireless (cellular) or Internet-based alternatives.

Fixed phone

A fixed phone line (a line that is not a mobile phone line) can be hard-wired or cordless and typically refers to the operation of wireless devices or systems in fixed locations such as homes. Fixed wireless devices usually derive their electrical power from the utility mains electricity, unlike mobile wireless or portable wireless, which tend to be battery-powered. Although mobile and portable systems can be used in fixed locations, efficiency and bandwidth are compromised compared with fixed systems. Mobile or portable, battery-powered wireless systems can be used as emergency backups for fixed systems in case of a power blackout or natural disaster.

Dedicated lines
The term landline is also used to describe a connection between two or more points that consists of a dedicated physical cable, as opposed to an always-available private link that is actually implemented as a circuit in a wired switched system (usually the public switched telephone network). So-called leased lines are invariably of the latter type; the implications of a land line in this context are security and survivability. For example, a military headquarters might be linked to front-line units "by landline" to ensure that communication remains possible even if the conventional telephone network is damaged or destroyed. Another example of this is in airports. All air traffic control towers have dedicated lines connected to the police, fire department, hospitals, army, etc. Deployed as a precaution in case of emergency, these can be used at any time.

Landlines in developing countries
In many countries the landline has not been readily available to most people. In some countries in Africa, the rise in cell phones has outpaced any rise in landline telephones. Between 1998 and 2008, Africa added only 2.4 million landlines. However, during this same time the number of mobile phone lines that have been subscribed to has skyrocketed. Between 2000 and 2008, cell phone use has risen from less than 2 in 100 people to 33 out of 100. In developing countries it is more difficult to install landline copper that is accessible to everyone than it is to install mobile wireless towers that people can connect to from anywhere.
There has also been substantial decline of landline phones in Indian SubContinent due to emerging mobile phone industry which along with urban areas has also reached rural areas better than the landline telephone.

Future of the landline
In the early 21st century, the landline telephone has declined due to the advancement of mobile network technology and the obsolescence of the old copper wire networking.  Eventually these networks will be deemed completely out of date and replaced by more efficient broadband and fiber optic connections extending to rural areas and places where telecommunication was much more sparse. Some see this happening as soon as the year 2025.

In 2004, only about 45% of people in the United States between the ages of 12 and 17 owned cell phones.  At that time, they had to rely on landline telephones.  In just 4 years' time, that percentage climbed to about 71%.  That same year, 2008, about 77% of adults owned a mobile phone.  In the year 2013, 91% of adults in the United States owned a mobile phone.  Almost 60% of those with a mobile had a smartphone.

In Canada, more than one in five of households use cell phones as their only source for telephone service. In 2013, statistics showed that 21% of households claimed to only use cellular phones. Households that are owned by members under the age of 35 have a considerably higher percentage of exclusive cell phone use. In 2013,  60% of young household owners claimed to only use cell phones.

Many of the consumer protections which regulators apply to incumbent landline providers, such as restrictions against cutting off subscribers without notice, do not apply to competing communication services such as cable modems and voice over IP.

See also
 Plain old telephone service (POTS)
 Local loop
 Last mile
 Telephone
 Field telephone

References

Landline


Robert Fremont "Fish" Jones (?–1930) was a Minneapolis, Minnesota businessman and showman. His prominence led to him driving Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman down Nicollet Avenue (later Nicollet Mall) in downtown Minneapolis for their post-war tours.

Early days
Jones came to Minneapolis from upstate New York in 1876. He first worked as a meat deliverer, but was unimpressed with the job, so he quit and invested $500 in a fish market on Hennepin Avenue. The fish market prospered so much that Jones was able to buy a front-page advertisement in the St. Paul Pioneer Press that displayed him as a bird with oysters for wings. The advertisement earned him the nickname "The Oyster King" which stuck for the rest of his life. Owning the fish market also earned him the nickname "Fish".

Animals and the Zoological Gardens
Jones had a bear imported and tethered in front of his market to both amuse and scare customers. He also owned a camel and tigers which he kept on the third floor of his building in downtown Minneapolis. His fondness for animals was such that in 1886 he sold his fish market and moved west down Hennepin Avenue. On a three-acre farm, he built a zoo in which he put six lions from South Africa, cougars and other animals.

In 1906, Jones sold his zoo to the Roman Catholic Church who built the Basilica of St. Mary on its site after receiving complaints about noise from neighbors. He moved his zoo a quieter portion of town, the area around Minnehaha Falls. He rebuilt his zoo as the Longfellow Zoological Gardens, and a ⅔ scale replica of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's house where he lived. He built his zoo up and by the late 1920s, it included a polar bear, seals and elephants.

Death and legacy
In 1930, Jones died. His relatives tried to keep the zoo open, but failed and closed it and sold most of the animals to the Como Zoo by 1936. His son, Roy Jones, built a barge and gathered the remaining animals to create a floating zoo on the Mississippi River. He was not heard from again after he left Minnesota. Jones's house still stands as an interpretive center run by the Minneapolis Park & Recreation Board.

References

External links
Robert F. Jones at the Hennepin County Library.
Robert F. Jones at the Minnesota Historical Society.

Year of birth missing
Businesspeople from Minneapolis
1930 deaths
Zoo directors
Zoo owners

Robert "Fish" Jones


Pique macho is a Bolivian dish consisting of beef, red onion, green pepper, tomato, french fries, mustard, mayonnaise, and ketchup. Depending on the region it is cooked, boiled egg may also be included.

Smaller portions are simply called pique; pique macho is a huge portion, and traditionally spicy because of the pimenton. Urban legend suggests that this is because you are macho if you can finish one by yourself, though most diners opt to share the dish amongst a pair or a group.

Another legend says that a group of workers, late at night, drunk, were hungry. The owner of the restaurant said they were closing and had nothing. The group of workers insisted that they would eat anything. The owner proceeded to chop what she had left of the ingredients that constitute the pique macho and served them really spicy to help with their drunkenness. She then said "Piquen" si son "machos", eat it if you think you're man enough, and that is how it got the name of Pique Macho.

Ingredients

Basic Ingredients:

beef
salt
oil
red onion
green pepper
tomato
french fries

(optional)
boiled eggs

External links
BoliviaNet's Pique Macho Recipe

Bolivian cuisine

Pique macho


Falmouth is a town in Cumberland County, Maine, United States. The population was 12,444 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford, Maine metropolitan statistical area.

This northern suburb of Portland borders Casco Bay and offers one of the largest anchorages in Maine. The town is home to three private golf clubs and the Portland Yacht Club.

History

Native Americans

Native Americans followed receding glaciers into Maine around 11,000 BCE. At the time of European contact in the sixteenth century, people speaking a western dialect of the Wabanaki language inhabited present-day Falmouth. Captain John Smith observed a semi-autonomous band  known as the Aucocisco living in Casco Bay. English explorer Christopher Levett met with the Aucocisco Sagamore Skittery Gusset at his summer village at the Presumpscot Falls in 1623.

A combination of warfare and disease decimated Native peoples in the years before English colonization, creating a shatter zone of devastation and political instability in what would become southern Maine. The introduction of European wares in the 1500s reoriented long-standing Native trade relationships in the Gulf of Maine. Warfare soon broke out among groups such as the Mi'kmaq and Penobscot who sought to subjugate their neighbors by monopolizing access to European goods. The arrival of foreign pathogens only served to compound the upheaval in the region. A particularly notorious epidemic between 1614 and 1620 ravaged the population of coastal New England with mortality rates at upwards of 90 percent. Native peoples were not totally destroyed however, maintaining a visible presence in the Casco Bay area until King George's War in the 1740s. French military defeat and increasing English settler migration to the area from primarily southern New England impelled most Native Americans to assimilate into European society, migrate toward the protection of New France or further up the coast where they remain today.

New Casco (1630–1765)

Falmouth's original bounds encompassed the present day cities of Portland, South Portland, Westbrook and Cape Elizabeth. Today's town was known as New Casco, and was only a neighborhood within the larger collection of communities around Casco Bay centered in what is downtown Portland. Falmouth's early years were marked by extreme violence as it lay on a borderland zone between Europeans and Native Americans. Casco Bay represented the northernmost point of English settlement on the east coast until 1713. Numerous wars between 1675–1763 among the English, French, and Native Americans rarely left Falmouth unscathed from the violence. The English twice abandoned Casco Bay altogether under pressure from French and Indian attacks in 1676 and 1690.

The first European resident was Arthur Mackworth, who lived on the east bank of the Presumpscot River as early as 1630. When the Massachusetts Bay Colony took political control of Maine in 1658 from the heirs of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, they renamed the area Falmouth after an important Parliamentary victory in the English Civil War. Colloquially known as "Falmouth in Casco Bay" to distinguish it from Falmouth, Massachusetts on Cape Cod, it was the 7th town in the recently formed Province of Maine, later being formally incorporated on November 12, 1718.

One of the earliest structures in the town of Falmouth was a palisaded fort and trading post named Fort Casco built in 1698 at the conclusion of King William's War. The location of the fort can be found today opposite Pine Grove Cemetery on Route 88. Massachusetts built the fort at the behest of local Abenaki desiring a convenient place to trade and repair tools and weapons. A 1701 meeting between the Wabanaki leaders and Massachusetts officials cemented an alliance between the two. A pair of stone cairns were then erected to symbolize the new partnership. The nearby Two Brothers Islands later received their name from this now long-forgotten monument.

Unfortunately this peace would last less than three years, with the inauguration of Queen Anne's War in 1702. Governor Joseph Dudley held a conference at New Casco with representatives of the Abenaki tribes on June 20, 1703, trying to convince them not to ally with the French. His efforts were unsuccessful, as the fort was besieged only two months later by Abenaki Sagamores Moxus, Wanungonet, Assacombuit and their French Allies during the Northeast Coast Campaign.  The arrival of the Massachusetts ship Province Galley relieved the fort by dispersing the Wabanaki and the some 500 French with its guns. Peace returned in 1713 with the Treaty of Portsmouth. When the resettlement of present-day Portland began in 1716, the Province of Massachusetts ordered that the fort at New Casco be demolished rather than maintain it.

New Casco could not be safely settled by the English until the fall of Quebec in 1759 permanently removed the threat of French and Indian attack. Living so far away from Portland was dangerous: only one family lived in the town in 1725. An Indian raid in 1745 and the murder of Job Burnal in 1751 represented the risks colonists undertook to live in the area.  The majority of the first permanent European inhabitants to the town came after 1740, quickly growing to "62 families" and forming their own parish in 1753 (currently the Falmouth Congregational Church). The population of Falmouth would hover between 1,000 and 2,000 residents for the next two centuries.  These residents engaged in farming, fishing, and harvesting masts. Mills on the Presumpscot River, Piscataqua River in West Falmouth, and Mussel Cove powered sawmills, processed agricultural products, and manufactured finished goods by the 1800s.

Modern Falmouth

In 1765 Cape Elizabeth (then including South Portland) seceded from Falmouth. In 1786, Portland broke away, followed in 1814 by Westbrook, although boundaries between it and Falmouth were readjusted throughout the nineteenth century. Logistics were the reason these separations. Population had grown by the 1760s to the extent that separate church parishes had formed, creating rival communities more attuned to local concerns.  People also complained about the distance between outer areas and the center of the town in present-day Portland.  By 1859, fishing and farming were principal trades. Other industries included three shipbuilders, three brickmakers, a sawmill, gristmill and tannery. In 1886, the town also produced boots, shoes, tinware and carriage stock.

The extension of trolley service from Portland to the Falmouth Foreside in 1898 initiated the town's transformation from a rural community to an urban consumer society. Trolleys cemented Falmouth's economic connection to Portland and transformed the Foreside neighborhood into a relaxation spot for nearby city dwellers. Portland's Yankee elites relocated the Portland Yacht Club and Portland Country Club to Falmouth in 1885 and 1913 respectively, where they have remained ever since. To promote its line, the Portland and Yarmouth Electric Railway Company opened Underwood Spring Park north of Town Landing in 1899. The park's attractions included a casino, hotel, and outdoor theater. Fire destroyed Underwood Spring Park in 1907 and was not rebuilt. The Portland–Lewiston Interurban also ran up today's Route 100 in West Falmouth. People's growing preference for the automobile spelled the end for trolleys, which ended service in 1933.

In 1943, Percival Proctor Baxter donated Mackworth Island to the state as a wildlife refuge; today it is site of the state school for the deaf and hard of hearing.

The advent of the automobile accelerated Falmouth's transition toward becoming a residential suburb of Portland. Military personnel who moved to the town while Casco Bay was base Sail for America's destroyer fleet from 1941 to 1944 bolstered much of this growth. Like many urban areas in the United States during the mid-twentieth century, the automobile, cheaper residential taxes, and the desire for open space channeled an urban exodus away from cities like Portland into neighboring towns such as Falmouth. In the span of fifty years the town's population has skyrocketed from five thousand to over ten thousand residents today. Falmouth's location on the ocean, along with its respected public school system, has made it one of the more attractive communities in Greater Portland. This demand consequently led developers to construct two additional country clubs in 1986 and 1988. The nature of such enclosed neighborhoods and other high-scale subdivisions like it has only recently turned the town into one of the most affluent in Maine.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which   is land and  is water. Located beside Casco Bay, the Gulf of Maine and Atlantic Ocean, Falmouth is drained by the Presumpscot River.

The town is crossed by Interstate 95 and 295, U. S. Route 1 and state routes 9, 26, 88 and 100. It borders the towns of Cumberland to the northeast, Westbrook and Portland to the southwest, and Windham to the northwest. There are two census-designated places occupying the eastern portion of the town: Falmouth CDP to the south, and Falmouth Foreside to the north.

Demographics

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the town was $66,855, and the median income for a family was $87,304. Males had a median income of $54,545 versus $35,258 for females. The per capita income for the town was $36,716.  About 1.8% of families and 3.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.2% of those under age 18 and 4.7% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 11,185 people, 4,334 households, and 3,063 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 4,751 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 95.4% White, 0.5% African American, 0.2% Native American, 2.3% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.3% of the population.

There were 4,334 households, of which 36.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.9% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 29.3% were non-families. 24.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.05.

The median age in the town was 45.3 years. 25.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19.2% were from 25 to 44; 33.6% were from 45 to 64; and 16.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 47.9% male and 52.1% female.

Sites of interest
 Falmouth Historical Society & Museum
 Falmouth Memorial Library
 Falmouth Nature Preserve
 Gilsland Farm Audubon Center
 Mackworth Island Public Reserved Land
 Maine State Ballet Theatre
 Governor Baxter School for the Deaf
 Falmouth High School (Maine)

Education

Until June 2011, the town had a K–12 school system that included four individual school buildings. Lunt School included grades K–2 followed by Plummer-Motz which contained grades 3–4. Falmouth Middle School incorporated grades 5–8 and Falmouth High School contained grades 9–12. A new building, Falmouth Elementary School, opened in the fall of 2011. It was dedicated on September 17, 2011. The new elementary school contains grades K–5, replacing both Lunt School and Plummer-Motz.  Falmouth Middle School now contains grades 6–8. The School Department is under the jurisdiction of the Falmouth School Board with participation of the Leadership Council and Superintendent of the Schools.

The Falmouth School Department is considered well above average by Maine state standards. Falmouth was named the "Top City to Live and Learn" by Forbes in 2011.

Public Amenities
Mackworth Island was donated by former Governor Percival Baxter.  The Baxter School for the Deaf occupies the center of the island and the remainder is a State park accessible to the public, with an oceanside walking trail around the perimeter.  Clapboard Island, located a mile off Falmouth Town Land and accessible by kayak and canoe, includes a nature preserve administered by the Maine Coast Heritage Trust.  The Family Ice Center, a nonprofit ice skating facility, is "Southern Maine's premier year round ice skating and community center," according to its website.

Notable people

 Mary Cunningham Agee, business executive
 William Cranch Bond, astronomer
 Cathy Breen, Maine state legislator
 Joseph Cummings, president of Wesleyan University (1857–1875), president of Northwestern University (1881–1890)
 Gerald Davis, state legislator
 Rob Derhak, musician
 Frank Fixaris, sportscaster
 G Hannelius, actress
 Roger Levesque, retired soccer player for the Seattle Sounders FC
 Mercy Lewis, accuser during the Salem witch trials
 Helen Longley, former First Lady of Maine
 Bob Marley, comedian
 John R. McKernan Jr., US congressman, 71st governor of Maine
 John Menario, Portland city manager and candidate for Governor of Maine
 Gary Merrill, actor
 Stanley C. Norton, U.S. Navy Rear Admiral and Navy Cross recipient
 Joan Whitney Payson, philanthropist, noted art collector
 David D. Pearce, US ambassador to Algeria
 Richard Rockefeller, physician, great-grandson of John D. Rockefeller Jr.
 Olympia Snowe, US senator
 Scott Wilson, appellate judge

Popular culture
Falmouth has been featured in several short stories and novels by author Stephen King, including "One for the Road", "Jerusalem's Lot", and most notably in 'Salem's Lot.

References

External links
  Official Town of Falmouth website
 Falmouth Memorial Library
 Falmouth School Department
 Maine.gov – Falmouth, Maine
 Modern rendering of 1753 Falmouth map from the Maine Memory Network
 Maine Genealogy: Falmouth, Cumberland County, Maine
 Block and Garrison Houses at Ancient Falmouth

Towns in Cumberland County, Maine
Casco Bay
Populated coastal places in Maine
Portland metropolitan area, Maine
Populated places established in 1632
1632 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
Towns in Maine

Falmouth, Maine


A beam balance is a device used to measure mass. An object is put into a disk on one side that hangs from one end of a bar. It is balanced with weights at the other end. It has a lever at the middle just for support with two equal arms and a pan suspended from each arm at the end of the beam by equal length of strings. More so it can be used to measure various object.it is a very useful machine . it is used by shopkeepers to weight the material which the customer is buying

Machines
Measuring tools

Beam balance


In mathematics, the Grassmannian  is a differentiable manifold that parameterizes the set of all -dimensional linear subspaces of an -dimensional vector space  over a field .
For example, the Grassmannian  is the space of lines through the origin in , so it is the same as the projective space  of one dimension lower than .
When  is a real or complex vector space, Grassmannians are compact smooth manifolds , of dimension .  In general they have the structure of a nonsingular projective algebraic variety.

The earliest work on a non-trivial Grassmannian is due to Julius Plücker, who studied the set of projective lines in real projective 3-space, which is equivalent to , parameterizing them by what are now called Plücker coordinates. (See  below.) Hermann Grassmann later introduced the concept in general.

Notations for Grassmannians vary between authors, and include , ,,  to denote the Grassmannian of -dimensional subspaces of an -dimensional vector space .

Motivation
By giving a collection of subspaces of a vector space a topological structure, it is possible to talk about a continuous choice of subspaces or open and closed collections of subspaces. Giving them the further structure of a  differential manifold, one can talk about smooth choices of subspace.

A natural example comes from tangent bundles of smooth manifolds embedded in a Euclidean space. Suppose we have a manifold  of dimension  embedded in . At each point , the tangent space to  can be considered as a subspace of the tangent space of , which is also just . The map assigning to  its tangent space defines a map from  to . (In order to do this, we have to translate the tangent space at each  so that it passes through the origin rather than , and hence defines a -dimensional vector subspace. This idea is very similar to the Gauss map for surfaces in a 3-dimensional space.)

This can with some effort be extended to all vector bundles over a manifold , so that every vector bundle generates a continuous map from  to a suitably generalised Grassmannian—although various embedding theorems must be proved to show this. We then find that the properties of our vector bundles are related to the properties of the corresponding maps. In particular we find that vector bundles inducing homotopic maps to the Grassmannian are isomorphic. Here the definition of homotopy relies on a notion of continuity, and hence a topology.

Low dimensions
For , the Grassmannian  is the space of lines through the origin in -space, so it is the same as the projective space of  dimensions.

For , the Grassmannian is the space of all 2-dimensional planes containing the origin. In Euclidean 3-space, a plane containing the origin is completely characterized by the one and only line through the origin that is perpendicular to that plane (and vice versa); hence the spaces , , and  (the projective plane) may all be identified with each other.

The simplest Grassmannian that is not a projective space is .

The Grassmannian as a differentiable manifold

To endow   with the structure of a differentiable manifold, choose a basis for . This is equivalent to identifying  with , with the standard basis denoted , viewed as column vectors.  Then for any -dimensional subspace , viewed as an element of , we may choose a basis consisting of  linearly independent column vectors .  The homogeneous coordinates of the element  consist of the elements of the  maximal rank rectangular matrix  whose -th column vector is , . Since the choice of basis is arbitrary, two such maximal rank rectangular matrices  and  represent the same element  if and only if

for some element  of the general linear group of invertible  matrices with entries in . This defines an equivalence relation between  matrices  of rank , for which the equivalence classes are denoted .

We now define a coordinate atlas.  For any  homogeneous coordinate matrix , we can apply elementary column operations (which amounts to multiplying  by a sequence of elements ) to obtain its reduced column echelon form.  If the first  rows of  are linearly independent, the result will have the form

and the  affine coordinate matrix
 with entries   determines .  In general, the first  rows need not be independent, but since  has  maximal rank ,  there exists an ordered set of integers  such that the  submatrix  whose rows are  the -th rows of  is nonsingular.  We may apply column operations to reduce this submatrix to the identity matrix, and the remaining entries uniquely determine .  Hence we have the following definition:

For each ordered set of integers , let  be the set of elements  for which, for any choice of homogeneous coordinate matrix , the  submatrix  whose -th row is the -th row of  is nonsingular.  The affine coordinate functions on  are then defined as the  entries of the  matrix  whose rows are those of the matrix  complementary to , written in the same order.  The choice of homogeneous   coordinate matrix  in  representing the element  does not affect the values of the affine coordinate matrix  representing  on the coordinate neighbourhood .  Moreover, the coordinate matrices  may take arbitrary values, and they define a diffeomorphism from  to the space of -valued  matrices.
Denote by

the homogeneous coordinate matrix having the identity matrix as the  submatrix with rows  and the affine coordinate matrix  in the consecutive complementary rows. On the overlap  between any two such coordinate neighborhoods, the affine coordinate matrix values  and  are related by the transition relations

where both  and  are invertible. This may equivalently be written as

where
is the invertible  matrix whose th row is the th row of . The transition functions are therefore rational in the matrix elements of , and  gives an atlas for  as a differentiable manifold and also as an algebraic variety.

The Grassmannian as a set of orthogonal projections
An alternative way to define a real or complex Grassmannian as a manifold is to view it as a set of orthogonal projection operators ( problem 5-C). For this, choose a positive definite real or Hermitian inner product  on , depending on whether  is real or complex. A -dimensional subspace  determines a unique orthogonal projection operator  whose image is  by splitting  into the orthogonal direct sum

of  and its orthogonal complement  and defining

Conversely, every projection operator  of rank  defines a subspace  as its image.  Since the rank of an orthogonal projection operator equals its trace, we can identify the Grassmann manifold  with the set of rank  orthogonal projection operators :

In particular, taking  or  this gives completely explicit equations for embedding the Grassmannians ,   in the space of real or complex  matrices ,  , respectively.

Since this defines the Grassmannian as a closed subset of the sphere  this is one way to see that the Grassmannian is a compact Hausdorff space.  This construction also turns the Grassmannian  into a metric space with metric

for any pair  of -dimensional subspaces, where  denotes the operator norm.  The exact inner product used does not matter, because a different inner product will give an equivalent norm on , and hence an equivalent metric.

For the case of real or complex Grassmannians, the following is an equivalent way to express the above construction in terms of matrices.

Grassmannians ,  as affine algebraic varieties
Let  denote the space of real  matrices and the subset  of matrices  that satisfy the three conditions:

  is a projection operator: .
  is symmetric: .
  has trace .

There is a bijective correspondence between   and the Grassmannian  of -dimensional subspaces of  given by sending  to the -dimensional subspace of  spanned by its columns and, conversely, sending any element  to the projection matrix

where  is any orthonormal basis for , viewed as real  component column vectors.

An analogous construction applies to the complex Grassmannian , identifying it bijectively with the subset   of complex  matrices  satisfying
  is a projection operator: .
  is self-adjoint (Hermitian): .
  has trace ,
where the  self-adjointness is with respect to the Hermitian inner product  in which the standard basis vectors  are orthonomal. The formula for the orthogonal projection matrix  onto the complex -dimensional subspace  spanned by the orthonormal (unitary) basis vectors   is

The Grassmannian as a homogeneous space
The quickest way of giving the Grassmannian a geometric structure is to express it as a homogeneous space.  First, recall that the general linear group  acts transitively on the -dimensional subspaces of .  Therefore, if we choose a subspace  of dimension , any element
can be expressed as

for some group element ,
where  is determined only up to right multiplication
by elements  of the stabilizer of :

under the -action.

We may therefore identify  with the quotient space

of  left cosets of .

If the underlying field is   or  and  is considered as a Lie group,  this construction makes the Grassmannian a smooth manifold under the quotient structure. More generally, over a ground field , the group  is an algebraic group, and this construction shows that the Grassmannian is a non-singular algebraic variety. It follows from the existence of the Plücker embedding that the Grassmannian is complete as an algebraic variety. In particular,  is a parabolic subgroup of .

Over  or  it also becomes possible to use smaller groups in this construction. To do this over , fix a Euclidean inner product  on . The real orthogonal group  acts transitively on the set of -dimensional subspaces  and the stabiliser of a -space  is
,
where  is the orthogonal complement of  in .
This gives an identification as the homogeneous space
.
If we take  and  (the first  components) we get the isomorphism

Over , if we choose an Hermitian inner product , the unitary group  acts transitively, and we find analogously

or, for  and ,

In particular, this shows that the Grassmannian is compact, and of (real or complex) dimension .

The Grassmannian as a scheme
In the realm of algebraic geometry, the Grassmannian can be constructed as a scheme by expressing it as a representable functor.

Representable functor
Let  be a quasi-coherent sheaf on a scheme . Fix a positive integer . Then to each -scheme , the Grassmannian functor associates the set of quotient modules of

locally free of rank  on . We denote this set by .

This functor is representable by a separated -scheme . The latter is projective if  is finitely generated. When  is the spectrum of a field , then the sheaf  is given by a vector space  and we recover the usual Grassmannian variety of the dual space of , namely: .
By construction, the Grassmannian scheme is compatible with base changes: for any -scheme , we have a canonical isomorphism

In particular, for any point  of , the canonical morphism
induces an isomorphism from the fiber  to the usual Grassmannian  over the residue field .

Universal family
Since the Grassmannian scheme represents a functor, it comes with a universal object, , which is an object of
 and therefore a quotient module  of , locally free of rank  over . The quotient homomorphism induces a closed immersion from the projective bundle:

For any morphism of -schemes:

this closed immersion induces a closed immersion

Conversely, any such closed immersion comes from a surjective homomorphism of -modules from  to a locally free module of rank . Therefore, the elements of  are exactly the projective subbundles of rank  in

Under this identification, when  is the spectrum of a field  and  is given by a vector space , the set of rational points  correspond to the projective linear subspaces of dimension  in , and the image of  in

is the set

The Plücker embedding

The Plücker embedding is a natural embedding of the Grassmannian  into the projectivization of the th exterior power  of .

Suppose that  is a -dimensional subspace of the -dimensional vector space .  To define , choose a basis  for , and let  be the projectivization of the wedge product of these basis elements:

where  denotes the projective equivalence class.

A different basis for  will give a different wedge product, but the two  will differ only by a non-zero scalar multiple (the determinant of the change of basis matrix). Since the right-hand side takes values in the projectivized space,  is well-defined. To see that it is an embedding, notice that it is possible to recover  from  as the span of the set of all vectors  such that
.

Plücker coordinates and Plücker relations
The Plücker embedding of the Grassmannian satisfies a set of simple quadratic relations called the  Plücker relations.  These show that the Grassmannian  embeds as a nonsingular projective algebraic subvariety of the projectivization  of the th exterior power of  and give another method for constructing the Grassmannian.  To state the Plücker relations, fix a basis  for , and let  be a -dimensional subspace of  with basis . Let  be the components of  with respect to the chosen basis of , and  the -component column vectors forming the transpose of the corresponding homogeneous coordinate matrix:

For any ordered sequence  of  positive integers, let  be the determinant of the  matrix with columns . The elements  are called the Plücker coordinates of the element  of the Grassmannian (with respect to the basis  of ). These are the linear coordinates of the image  of  under the Plücker map, relative to the basis of the exterior power  space generated by the basis  of . Since a change of basis for  gives rise to multiplication of the Plücker coordinates by a nonzero constant (the determinant of the change of basis matrix), these are only defined up to projective equivalence, and hence determine a point in .

For any two ordered sequences  and  of  and  positive integers, respectively, the following homogeneous quadratic equations, known as the  Plücker relations, or the Plücker-Grassmann relations, are valid and determine the image  of  under the Plücker map embedding:

where  denotes the sequence  with the term  omitted. These are consistent, determining a nonsingular  projective algebraic variety, but they are not algebraically independent. They are equivalent to the statement that  is the projectivization of a completely decomposable element of .

When , and  (the simplest Grassmannian that is not a projective space), the above reduces to a single equation. Denoting the homogeneous coordinates of the image  under the Plücker map as , this single Plücker relation is

In general, many more equations are needed to define the image  of the Grassmannian in  under the Plücker embedding.

Duality
Every -dimensional subspace  determines an -dimensional quotient space  of .  This gives the natural short exact sequence:

Taking the dual to each of these three spaces and the dual linear transformations yields an inclusion of  in  with quotient

Using the natural isomorphism of a finite-dimensional vector space with its double dual shows that taking the dual again recovers the original short exact sequence.  Consequently there is a one-to-one correspondence between -dimensional subspaces of  and -dimensional subspaces of .  In terms of the Grassmannian, this gives a canonical isomorphism

that associates to each subspace  its annihilator .
Choosing an isomorphism of  with  therefore determines a (non-canonical) isomorphism between  and .  An isomorphism of  with  is equivalent to the choice of an inner product, so with respect to the chosen inner product, this isomorphism of Grassmannians sends any -dimensional subspace into its }-dimensional orthogonal complement.

Schubert cells
The detailed study of Grassmannians makes use of a decomposition into affine subpaces called Schubert cells, which were first applied in enumerative geometry. The Schubert cells for  are defined in terms of a specified  complete flag of subspaces  of dimension . For any partition

of weight

consisting of weakly decreasing non-negative integers

whose Young diagram fits within the rectangular one , the Schubert cell  consists of those elements  whose intersections with the subspaces  have the following dimensions

These are affine spaces, and their closures (within the Zariski topology) are known as Schubert varieties.

As an example of the technique, consider the problem of determining the Euler characteristic  of the Grassmannian  of -dimensional subspaces of .  Fix a -dimensional subspace  and consider the partition of  into those -dimensional subspaces of  that contain  and those that do not. The former is  and the latter is a rank  vector bundle over . This gives recursive formulae:

Solving these recursion relations gives the formula:  if  is even and  is odd and

otherwise.

Cohomology ring of the complex Grassmannian
Every point in the complex Grassmann manifold  defines a -plane in -space.  Fibering these planes over the Grassmannian one arrives at the vector bundle  which generalizes the tautological bundle of a projective space.  Similarly the -dimensional orthogonal complements of these planes yield an orthogonal vector bundle .  The integral cohomology of the Grassmannians is generated, as a ring, by the Chern classes of . In particular, all of the integral cohomology is at even degree as in the case of a projective space.

These generators are subject to a set of relations, which defines the ring.  The defining relations are easy to express for a larger set of generators, which consists of the Chern classes of  and . Then the relations merely state that the direct sum of the bundles  and  is trivial.  Functoriality of the total Chern classes allows one to write this relation as

The quantum cohomology ring was calculated by Edward Witten.  The generators are identical to those of the classical cohomology ring, but the top relation is changed to

reflecting the existence in the corresponding quantum field theory of an instanton with  fermionic  zero-modes which violates the degree of the cohomology corresponding to a state by  units.

Associated measure
When  is an -dimensional Euclidean space, we may define a uniform measure on  in the following way. Let  be the unit Haar measure on the orthogonal group  and fix . Then for a set  , define

This measure is invariant under the action of the group  ; that is,

for all .
Since , we have
.
Moreover,  is a Radon measure with respect to the metric space topology and is uniform in the sense that every ball of the same radius (with respect to this metric) is of the same measure.

Oriented Grassmannian
This is the manifold consisting of all oriented -dimensional subspaces of .  It is a double cover of  and is denoted by .

As a homogeneous space it can be expressed as:

Orthogonal isotropic Grassmannians
Given a real or complex nondegenerate symmetric bilinear form  on the -dimensional space  (i.e., a scalar product), the totally isotropic Grassmannian  is defined as the subvariety  consisting of all -dimensional subspaces  for which

 Maximal isotropic Grassmannians with respect to a real or complex scalar product are closely related to   Cartan's theory of spinors.
Under the  Cartan embedding, their connected components are equivariantly diffeomorphic to the projectivized minimal spinor orbit, under the spin representation, the so-called projective  pure spinor variety which, similarly to the image of the Plücker map embedding, is cut out as the intersection of a number of quadrics, the
Cartan quadrics.

Applications

A key application of Grassmannians is as the "universal" embedding space  for bundles with connections on compact manifolds.

Solutions of the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation and of the associated  KP hierarchy can be expressed in terms of abelian group flows on an infinite-dimensional Grassmann manifold. The KP equations, expressed in Hirota bilinear form in terms of the  KP Tau function are equivalent to the Plücker relations.
A similar construction holds for solutions of the BKP integrable hierarchy, in terms of abelian group flows on an infinite dimensional maximal isotropic Grassmann manifold.

Positive Grassmann manifolds can be used to express soliton solutions of KP equations which are nonsingular for real values of the KP flow parameters.

Grassmann manifolds have also found applications in computer vision tasks of video-based face recognition and shape recognition, and are used in the data-visualization technique known as the grand tour.

The scattering amplitudes of subatomic particles in maximally supersymmetric    super Yang-Mills theory may be calculated in the planar limit via a positive Grassmannian construct called the amplituhedron.

See also
Schubert calculus
For an example of the use of Grassmannians in differential geometry, see Gauss map
 In projective geometry, see Plücker embedding and Plücker co-ordinates.
Flag manifolds are generalizations of Grassmannians whose elements, viewed geometrically, are nested sequences of subspaces of specified dimensions.
 Stiefel manifolds are bundles of orthonormal frames over Grassmanians.
Given a distinguished class of subspaces, one can define Grassmannians of these subspaces, such as Isotropic Grassmanians or Lagrangian Grassmannians .
Isotropic Grassmanian
Lagrangian Grassmannian
Grassmannians provide classifying spaces in K-theory, notably the classifying space for U(n). In the homotopy theory of schemes, the Grassmannian plays a similar role for algebraic K-theory.
Affine Grassmannian
Grassmann bundle
Grassmann graph

Notes

References

</ref>

  section 1.2
  see chapters 5–7

Differential geometry
Projective geometry
Algebraic homogeneous spaces
Algebraic geometry

Grassmannian


A ball valve is a kind of valve that has a ball in it, and the ball has a hole in the middle.

When the valve handle turns one way, the hole opens up the valve and water or gas can go through.

When the valve handle turns the other way, the ball blocks the water or gas, and the valve is closed.

Hardware (mechanical)

Ball valve


Dyma restr o'r 823 rhanbarth gweinyddol sy'n cael eu hadnabod wrth yr enw County yn Nhalaith Mississippi yn yr Unol Daleithiau, yn nhrefn yr wyddor:

 Adams County
 Alcorn County
 Amite County
 Attala County
 Benton County
 Bolivar County
 Calhoun County
 Carroll County
 Chickasaw County
 Choctaw County
 Claiborne County
 Clarke County
 Clay County
 Coahoma County
 Copiah County
 Covington County
 DeSoto County
 Forrest County
 Franklin County
 George County
 Greene County
 Grenada County
 Hancock County
 Harrison County
 Hinds County
 Holmes County
 Humphreys County
 Issaquena County
 Itawamba County
 Jackson County
 Jasper County
 Jefferson County
 Jefferson Davis County
 Jones County
 Kemper County
 Lafayette County
 Lamar County
 Lauderdale County
 Lawrence County
 Leake County
 Lee County
 Leflore County
 Lincoln County
 Lowndes County
 Madison County
 Marion County
 Marshall County
 Monroe County
 Montgomery County
 Neshoba County
 Newton County
 Noxubee County
 Oktibbeha County
 Panola County
 Pearl River County
 Perry County
 Pike County
 Pontotoc County
 Prentiss County
 Quitman County
 Rankin County
 Scott County
 Sharkey County
 Simpson County
 Smith County
 Stone County
 Sunflower County
 Tallahatchie County
 Tate County
 Tippah County
 Tishomingo County
 Tunica County
 Union County
 Walthall County
 Warren County
 Washington County
 Wayne County
 Webster County
 Wilkinson County
 Winston County
 Yalobusha County
 Yazoo County

Map dwysedd poblogaeth
Mae lliwiau gwahanol yn dynodi dwysedd trymach.

Cyfeiriadau

Mississippi

Rhestr o Siroedd Mississippi


Les Velluire-sur-Vendée is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2019 and consists of the former communes of Le Poiré-sur-Velluire (the seat) and Velluire.

References

2019 establishments in France
Communes in Vendée

Les Velluire-sur-Vendée


Haim Yitshak Ehrenberg (Hebrew: חיים יצחק ארנברג), born February 10, 1950, in Jerusalem, Israel, is Orthodox Rabbi of Berlin, Germany. He previously served as Rabbi of Munich, Germany (1990-1997).

Biography

Ehrenberg was born on February 10, 1950, in Jerusalem, Israel. His parents, Yechiel Michel and Tzipora Ehrenberg, were born in Israel to chassidic families which had been in Israel for many generations.

When he was 5, the family moved from Yaffa to Bnei Braq where he grew up. His father was a businessman in the diamond processing industry. The origin of that wealth and business is still unknown, as well as which other possible "businesses" those diamonds helped to fund.

Ehrenberg is the second of three sons. His older brother, Jaakov, still resides in Bnei Braq. His younger brother, Moshe Pinchas Ehrenberg, died 1987 in a car crash near Petach Tikva, Israel.

After his bar mitzvah, he went to study in Yeshivat Hasharon, a yeshiva ktana, and afterwards at the age of 16, he decided to join the Yeshivat "Harey Yehuda" in Beit Meir near Jerusalem. The Rosh Yeshiva (and founder) of "Harey Yehuda" and later his father-in-law, Rabbi Tzvi Kahana (1921-1996), was to become his main influence and spiritual mentor who shaped Ehrenberg in his early years.

In 1970, Ehrenberg married Nechama, the first daughter of the Rosh Yeshiva and the couple moved to the city of Ashkelon.

In 1975, after a five-year program of studies, teachings and social activism as part of a talmudic institution in Ashkelon, Ehrenberg was ordained as Rabbi by the Chief Rabbi of Ashkelon, Rabbi Yosef Chaim Blau.

Following his ordination in 1975, Ehrenberg returned to "Harey Yehuda" in Beit Meir to become teacher in the Yeshiva. During this period he also took an active role together with Rabbi Kahana in the administration of the Yeshiva.

Rabbinical career

In 1983, Ehrenberg moved to Vienna, Austria, where he first served as Rabbi of the Mizrachi community, a position which he held until 1989. In 1989, Ehrenberg moved with his family to Munich, Germany, where he served as Rabbi between the years 1989 and 1997. Since 1997, Rabbi Ehrenberg has been Orthodox Jewish Community Rabbi of Berlin, Germany.

Rabbi Ehrenberg is a member of the Conference of European Rabbis standing committee.
In 2003, Rabbi Ehrenberg co-founded the ORD (Orthodox Rabbi-Conference of Germany) which goal it has been to facilitate the cooperation of German Rabbis for a continuous development of Jewish Orthodox life in Germany. Ehrenberg served as Chairman of the ORD from its establishment until 2010.

References

1950 births
German Orthodox rabbis
Living people

Yitshak Ehrenberg


Connecticut College (Conn) is a private liberal arts college in New London, Connecticut. Originally chartered as Thames College, it was founded in 1911 as the state's only women's college, a response to Wesleyan University having closed its doors to female students in 1909. The college became coeducational in 1969, adopting its current name.

Conn is a four-year residential undergraduate institution with approximately 1,700 students. Students choose courses from 41 programs, including interdisciplinary pathways and centers, with a majority choosing to study abroad. The college is situated on a hill located adjacent to the Thames River. In 1982, Conn was inducted as a member of the New England Small College Athletic Conference (NESCAC), where its athletes compete as part of NCAA Division III.

History
Connecticut College was chartered in 1911 as Connecticut's only women's college, having been established as a direct response to Wesleyan University's decision to stop admitting women. Elizabeth C. Wright and other Wesleyan alumnae convinced others to found this new college, espousing the increasing desire among women for higher education. To that end, the institution was founded as the Connecticut College for Women. Their initial endowment came from financial assistance from the city of New London and its residents, along with a number of wealthy benefactors. The college sits on a former dairy farm owned by Charles P. Alexander of Waterford. He died in 1904 and his wife Harriet (Jerome) Alexander died in 1911. Their son Frank sold a large part of the land to the trustees to found Connecticut College.

The Hartford Daily Times ran an article on October 12, 1935, marking the college's 20th anniversary: "On September 27, 1915, the college opened its doors to students. The entering class was made up of 99 freshmen students, candidates for degrees, and 52 special students, a total registration of  151. A fine faculty of 23 members had been engaged and a library of 6,000 volumes had been gathered together." The college became co-educational in 1969, as President Charles E. Shain claimed that there was evidence that women were becoming uninterested in attending women's colleges. At that time, the school adopted its current name, Connecticut College.

In 2023, students, faculty, and staff began protesting against college president Katherine Bergeron who had been in office for nearly a decade. The protests focused on allegations of bullying and actions related to diversity and equity, most notably a decision to hold a college fundraising dinner at the Everglades Club, a social club and venue that has longstanding accusations of discrimination against Black and Jewish people. Students occupied the administrative building, senior staff publicly resigned, and faculty voted no confidence in her. In late March, she bowed to this pressure and announced her resignation effective at the end of the spring semester. On July 1, 2023, Leslie Wong began service as interim president of the college.

Campus
The main campus has three residential areas. The North Campus contains the newest residential halls. The South Campus contains residence halls along the west side of Tempel Green, across from several academic buildings. The oldest dorms on campus are Plant House and Blackstone House, which were founded in 1914. The campus houses the Winslow Ames House.

Connecticut College's two principal libraries are the Charles E. Shain Library and the Greer Music Library, which is located in the Cummings Arts Center. The Shain Library houses a collection of more than 500,000 books and periodicals and an extensive collection of electronic resources. It is also home to The Linda Lear Center for Special Collections and Archives, and to the Charles Chu Asian Art Reading Room. The Lear Center has more than fifty book, manuscript, and art collections including research archives devoted to Rachel Carson, Eugene O'Neill, and Beatrix Potter. The Charles Chu Asian Art Reading Room serves both as a quiet reading area and as the permanent exhibition space for the Chu-Griffis Art Collection.

The student center is "The College Center at Crozier-Williams" (often shortened to "Cro"), and is located in the middle of the campus. The student center houses the Connecticut College bookstore (which doubles as a small convenience store), the campus post office, the Oasis Snack Shop, and the campus bar, Humphrey's (formerly The Cro Bar). There are also student services offices as well as faculty offices and performance spaces for the Dance department.The Charles E. Shain Library was originally dedicated in 1976 and is named after former College President Charles Shain. It was renovated, expanded, and re-dedicated in 2015. The renovation was honored by the American Institute of Architects with a 2015 New England Honor Award in the category of Preservation.  In 2016, LibraryJournal named the library a New Landmark Libraries Winner.

Performance spaces on campus include: Palmer Auditorium, Tansill Theater, housed in Hillyer Hall; Myers Dance Studio, housed in Crozier-Williams College Center; Harkness Chapel, Evans Music Hall, Fortune Recital Hall; Oliva Hall, housed in Cummings Art Center.

Palmer Auditorium was home to the American Dance Festival from 1947 to 1977, featuring choreographers such as Martha Graham, José Limón, and Merce Cunningham in what was called "the most important summertime event in modern dance."

The Connecticut College Arboretum is an arboretum and botanical garden. The arboretum is also open to the public.

Harkness Chapel was designed by architect James Gamble Rogers, exhibiting his colonial Georgian style, with twelve stained glass windows by G. Owen Bonawit. The building is used for denominational religious services, as well as for ceremonies, concerts and recitals, weddings, and other public functions.

The Lyman Allyn Art Museum is located on campus, although it is not connected to the campus proper. The museum's website states that "the permanent collection includes over 10,000 paintings, sculpture, drawings, prints, furniture, and decorative arts, with an emphasis on American art from the 18th through 20th centuries." The collection is housed in a neo-classical building designed by Charles A. Platt.

Academics

Connecticut College is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education; it has been so continuously by NECHE or its predecessor since December 1932. The college's academics are organized into thirty-one academic departments and seven interdisciplinary programs with forty-one traditional majors plus opportunities for self-designed courses of study. Starting with the class of 2020, students at Connecticut Collegeparticipate in a new interdisciplinary general education curriculum called Connections.

Its most popular majors, by 2021 graduates, were: Psychology (44), Economics (36), Political Science & Government (34), Biology/Biological Sciences (27), and Neuroscience (22).

Connecticut College has a history of undergraduate research work and students are encouraged to make conference presentations and publish their work under the guidance of a professor. The college had 182 full-time professors in 2017–18; 93% held a doctorate or equivalent. The student-faculty ratio is about 9 to 1.

Admissions
Admission to the college is considered "more selective" by U.S. News & World Report.  The college received 6,784 applications for the Class of 2023 (entering fall 2019) of which 2,538 (37.4%) were accepted. Of the 68% of the entering class who submitted SAT scores, the middle 50% range was 650–710 for evidence-based reading, and 660–740 for Math.

Rankings

In the 2022 college rankings of U.S. News & World Report, Connecticut College ranked 55th (tie) among liberal arts colleges, 63rd (tie) for "Best Undergraduate Teaching", 40th (tie) for "Most Innovative", 69th for "Best Value", and 144th for "Top Performers in Social Mobility".

Washington Monthly ranked Connecticut College 25th in 2021 among 218 liberal arts colleges in the US based on its contribution to the public good, as measured by social mobility, research, and promoting public service. Forbes ranked Connecticut College 128th overall in its 2019 list of 650 liberal arts colleges, universities and service academies; 55th among liberal arts schools, 62nd in the Northeast, and 96th among private colleges. Connecticut College is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.

Student life

Honor code
Students live under the college's 85-year-old student-adjudicated honor code. The honor code underpins all academic and social interactions at the college and creates a palpable spirit of trust and cooperation between students and faculty. Other manifestations of the code include self-scheduled, non-proctored final exams.

Demographics
In a typical year, the college enrolls about 1,850 men and women from 40 to 45 states, Washington, D.C., and 70 countries. Approximately forty percent of students are men. The fall 2019 student body was 67.5% White, 9.9% Hispanic, 4.1% Asian American, 3.8% African American, and 3.7% multiracial, with an additional 9% international students. The college is now particularly known for interdisciplinary studies, international programs and study abroad, funded internships, student-faculty research, service learning, and shared governance. Under the college's system of shared governance, faculty, staff, students, and administrators are represented on the major committees that  make policy regarding the curriculum, the budget, and the campus and facilities.

Memberships
Connecticut College is a member of Phi Beta Kappa, the Annapolis Group, and the New England Small College Athletic Conference (NESCAC).

Clubs and organizations

Connecticut College does not offer a Greek system of fraternities or sororities. The college has seven a cappella groups. Women's groups are The ConnChords, The Shwiffs, and Miss Connduct. The Co Co Beaux is the male group. The coeducational groups include the ConnArtists, Vox Cameli, and the Williams Street Mix.

Composer and violinist Margaret Jones Wiles founded and conducted the Connecticut College Orchestra when she taught at the college during the 1950s.

The college radio station (WCNI 90.9 FM) broadcasts a variety of music, including polka, blues, and Celtic music shows. A 2,000 watt transmitter installed in 2003 reaches much of the lower New England region. Connecticut College has two student newspapers in which students handle all aspects of production: reporting, editing, ad sales, management, photography, layout, multimedia, and design. The College Voice  is an editorially independent print and online bi-weekly publication, and The Conntrarian is an online opinion publication and a member of the Collegiate Network.

The Student Activities Council (SAC) runs events including club fairs, school dances, concerts, and off-campus excursions. SAC is also responsible for Floralia, the annual spring concert. Recent Floralia artists have included Misterwives, Cash Cash, RAC, and St. Lucia.

Unity House is the college's multicultural center which promotes, supports, educates, and implements multicultural awareness programs on campus. It supports various affinity, activist, and performance student groups. The Women's Center provides a space for programming and events concerning gender issues. The LGBTQIA Resource Center serves queer students and their allies by providing a supportive space, resource library, social events, and educational programming. It also hosts several student organizations. In August 2013, Campus Pride named Connecticut College one of the top 25 LGBT-friendly colleges and universities.

Athletics
The College's teams participate as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division III in the New England Small College Athletic Conference (NESCAC). There are a total of 28 varsity athletics teams at Conn. The twelve men's sports include basketball, cross country, ice hockey, lacrosse, rowing, soccer, squash, swimming and diving, tennis, track and field, and water polo. The fifteen women's sports consist of basketball, cross country, field hockey, ice hockey, lacrosse, rowing, sailing, soccer, squash, swimming and diving, tennis, track and field, volleyball, and water polo.

In 2014, the women's soccer team won the College's first and only NESCAC Championship to date, defeating Williams College in penalty kicks.

On December 4, 2021, the men's soccer team won the College's first-ever NCAA Division III National Championship by defeating Amherst College in penalty kicks. Earlier in the season, the team won its first NESCAC regular season title.

On January 21, 2021, Connecticut College goalkeeper AJ Marcucci was selected 67th overall in the 2021 MLS SuperDraft by New York Red Bulls. He became the first-ever draft pick from Connecticut College and was the first Division III pick since 2016.

The Connecticut College Women's Water Polo Team has won four Collegiate Water Polo Association Division III championships.

Connecticut College has produced 427 collegiate All-Americans, sixty Academic All-Americans and twelve Olympic qualifiers.

The Connecticut College Athletics Hall of Fame was established in 1989 and currently has over 100 inductees.

Notable alumni

Connecticut College graduates of note include Bloomberg Businessweek senior national correspondent Joshua Green, AOL CEO Tim Armstrong, New York Times best-selling authors Sloane Crosley, Hannah Tinti and David Grann, Academy Award-winning actress Estelle Parsons, fashion designer Peter Som, National Baseball Hall of Fame director Jeff Idelson, philanthropist Nan Kempner, Beyond Meat founder Ethan Brown, Senior Federal District Judge Kimba Wood and American Olympic rower Anita DeFrantz.

References

External links

 Connecticut College Athletic Hall of Fame

 2021-22 Fact Sheet

Liberal arts colleges in Connecticut
Buildings and structures in New London, Connecticut
Former women's universities and colleges in the United States
Universities and colleges established in 1911
Universities and colleges in New London County, Connecticut
Tourist attractions in New London, Connecticut
Ice hockey teams in Connecticut
Private universities and colleges in Connecticut
1911 establishments in Connecticut
History of women in Connecticut

Connecticut College


The Yue Fei Temple or commonly known in Chinese as Yuewang Temple () is a temple built in honour of Yue Fei, a general of the Southern Song dynasty who fought against the Jurchen Jin dynasty during the Jin–Song Wars, after the capital of China moved south to Hangzhou.  The temple ground is located near the West Lake, in central Hangzhou.

The temple was first constructed during the Song dynasty in 1221 to commemorate Yue Fei. The site includes Yue Fei's Temple, Loyalty Temple and Yue Fei's Mausoleum inside.  The temple was reconstructed several times in later date.  The tombs and the tomb sculptures in the temple all date from the 12th century, and have been meticulously restored.

Gallery

See also

Media about Yue Fei
History of the Song Dynasty
Jin campaigns against the Song Dynasty
Timeline of the Jin campaigns against the Song Dynasty
Tomb of Yue Fei

Notes

Buildings and structures completed in 1221
Buildings and structures in Hangzhou
Yue Fei
Tourist attractions in Hangzhou
Traditional Chinese architecture

Yue Fei Temple