EE (formerly Everything Everywhere) is a British national mobile network operator and internet service provider, which is a brand within the BT Group. EE is the second-largest mobile network operator in the United Kingdom, with 21.7 million customers as of September 2022.

The company was formed as Everything Everywhere in 2010 as a joint venture between Deutsche Telekom and France Télécom (now Orange S.A.). In October 2012 it was rebranded to EE concurrently while launching the UK's first 4G mobile network. It was acquired by BT in January 2016 and has been part of BT's consumer division since April 2018, operating under three brands: BT, EE, and Plusnet.

EE had its headquarters in Hatfield, England, and now its main offices are in London, as well as Bristol, Darlington, Sunderland, Greenock, Merthyr Tydfil, North Tyneside, Plymouth and Leeds. As of November 2016, EE's 5G, 4G and 2G networks' combined coverage reaches more than 99% of the UK population, with double speed 4G reaching 80%, while EE's 3G network reaches 98% of the population.

History

Origins

Deutsche Telekom and France Télécom (now Orange S.A.) announced plans to merge their respective UK ventures – T-Mobile UK and Orange UK – on 8 September 2009. T-Mobile's UK unit had its origins in Mercury Communications, formed in 1989, while Orange had launched its services in 1994.

The initial planning suggested a joint revenue of around £7.7 billion for 2008, with savings via synergies expected to total around "over £445 million annually from 2014 onwards". The two companies also announced an expected investment of "£600 to £800 million in integration costs". A press release outlined a vision for the two brands, stating that "the T-Mobile UK and Orange UK brands will be maintained separately for 18 months". The merger was cleared by the European Commission on 1 March 2010; no new company was formed, but instead T-Mobile (UK) Limited was renamed to Everything Everywhere Limited in July.

The 50:50 joint venture was announced as completed on 1 April 2010, and the name Everything Everywhere was announced on 11 May 2010. On the same day the company confirmed that "roaming across both networks [would be] due later in that year, at no additional cost to the customer" and further emphasised the separation of the brands, saying that each brand would maintain "its own shops, marketing campaigns, propositions and service centres".

2010 to 2012: Everything Everywhere
The companies' network sharing plans (allowing Orange customers to utilise T-Mobile's 2G signal and vice versa) were released to customers on 11 October 2010. The "switch-on" was rolled out utilising an opt-in page on each brand's website. However, the rollout did not initially include automatic network roaming mid-call or the two brands' 3G services.

On 18 July 2011, Tom Alexander announced unexpectedly that he would step down as CEO. Alexander had joined Orange in 2008 and had led the company since its formation on 1 July 2010. It was announced that he would leave his post on 31 August 2011 and therefore as from 1 September 2011, he would be replaced by Olaf Swantee, who had held the position of Executive VP of European Activities and Sourcing for France Télécom in addition to being a member of EE's board. Alexander said that he would remain with the company throughout the remainder of 2011 and continue to advise Swantee in his new role. Swantee is seen as having done an exceptional job in leading the group through the challenges of rebranding and the launch of a new technology, and was named the mobile industry's person of the year in 2013 as a result.

On 2 November 2011 Everything Everywhere announced plans to cut a further 550 back office staff, with its sites in Bristol, Darlington, Hatfield, and Paddington affected.

In April 2012, the T-Mobile network in Northern Ireland was switched off, meaning that all customers there roam onto Orange. However, later most T-Mobile sites were turned back on as EE has a mast sharing agreement with 3 (MBNL).

2012: rebranding to EE
Everything Everywhere announced on 22 August 2012 that it would introduce a third brand as part of a future 4G launch to sit alongside Orange and T-Mobile, and that Everything Everywhere would continue as the company's legal name. Further speculation commenced on 7 September 2012 when the company announced details of a press conference on the morning of 11 September 2012, the earliest date set by Ofcom to launch 4G services. It was also noted that this date was only 24 hours earlier than the expected launch of the latest generation of iPhone (the iPhone 5), thereby arousing suspicion that the new iPhone would support 4G and that Everything Everywhere would launch its service on this widely anticipated handset. Other commentators suggested that the HTC One XL would be the first handset to launch utilising Everything Everywhere's 4G network. The handsets that the company initially launched on EE are the iPhone 5 (iOS), HTC One XL (Android), Samsung Galaxy S III (Android), Samsung Galaxy Note II (Android), Huawei Ascend P1 (Android), Nokia Lumia 920 (Windows Phone), Nokia Lumia 820 (Windows Phone). The company also announced that they would be using two 4G mobile broadband devices manufactured by Huawei - the E589 Mobile Wi-Fi device and E392 mobile broadband dongle.

The company announced on 11 September 2012 that the EE brand would be used to identify its network on all of the company's devices (EE, Orange and T-Mobile), alongside its 4G service and the company's fibre optic broadband roll-out. The brand was described by EE as The Super Fast Brand. It was also confirmed that all ex-Orange and ex-T-Mobile shops would be re-branded EE overnight, but that mobile products would continue to be sold under those brands inside the stores. The company's legal name changed to EE Limited on 2 September 2013.

EE announced on 30 October 2012 that its Orange broadband service would be rebranded as EE, and the company would be launching a new fibre-optic broadband service, using a Bright Box router and Openreach GEA. The change took effect on 5 November 2012 through a firmware upgrade that replaced the Orange branding with EE on customers' router web interface.

In March 2014, EE began to phase out the Orange and T-Mobile brands in the UK, removing these products from their website and retail stores. However, Orange/T-Mobile plans were still available via telesales and through third-party retail channels. The phase out was completed in March 2015, with new connections and upgrades only available on EE branded services.

2015: acquisition by BT
During 2014, Orange S.A. and Deutsche Telekom were reported to be considering options to sell EE or divest it through an initial public offering. On 15 December 2014, BT Group confirmed that it had entered into exclusive talks to buy EE for £12.5 billion. On 5 February 2015, BT confirmed it would be acquiring EE for £12.5 billion; subject to regulatory approval, and received final unconditional approval by the Competition and Markets Authority on 15 January 2016. The deal was completed on 29 January 2016 with Deutsche Telekom now owning 12% of BT, while Orange owns 4%.

On 1 February 2016, BT Group announced that EE will become a new consumer division within the wider group, alongside BT Consumer. It will serve customers with mobile services, broadband and TV, and also continue to deliver the Emergency Services Network contract which was awarded to EE in late 2015. EE's business division was brought together with BT Business and the UK-focused operations of BT Global Services to form a new BT Business and Public Sector division with around £5bn of revenues. Another new division, BT Wholesale and Ventures, comprised the BT Wholesale division along with EE's MVNO business as well as some specialist businesses such as Fleet, Payphones and Directories. Gerry McQuade, currently Chief Sales and Marketing Officer, Business at EE, will be its CEO.

On 28 July 2017, BT announced organisational changes to "simplify its operating model, strengthen accountabilities and accelerate its transformation" and brought together its BT Consumer and EE divisions into a new unified BT Consumer division that operates three brands – BT, EE and Plusnet. This took effect on 1 April 2018.

Operations
EE has main offices in BT Centre in London, Hatfield, Bristol, Darlington, Doxford, Greenock, Merthyr Tydfil, North Tyneside, Plymouth and Leeds. EE owns and operates national 2G, 3G and 4G mobile phone networks (and a partial but expanding 5G network) in the UK. It also has around 700 retail outlets across the country.

On 3 June 2016, it was announced that EE was making preparations to move from its offices in Paddington to BT Centre at the end of year, as part of BT's plans to save £360 million a year following its acquisition of EE. The move was initiated on 28 November 2016.

4G network
Everything Everywhere's request to use its surplus capacity to launch 4G services in the UK was approved by Ofcom on 21 August 2012. As part of Ofcom's approval of the company's roll-out of 4G it was announced on 22 August 2012 that Hutchison 3G had acquired part of Everything Everywhere's 1800 MHz spectrum.

EE's 4G network, along with its nationwide marketing campaign and store re-branding, was launched on 30 October 2012; it was the UK's first 4G mobile network, while other networks rolled out their 4G networks well into 2013. 4G coverage was initially "switched on" in 11 UK cities; London, Bristol, Birmingham, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield, and Southampton. During the latter part of 2012 and 2013, the company added more cities and towns, and planned to boost speeds in some existing locations by Summer 2013. EE claims 2,000 square miles of 4G network would be added every month from launch and the goal was to cover 70 per cent of the population by the end of 2013, and 90 per cent by the end of 2014.

EE had early problems and issues of no signal across both its 3G and 4G networks with senior EE staff conceding they were facing 'teething problems'.

On 20 February 2013, Ofcom announced that EE had been awarded more 4G spectrum in the 800 MHz and 2.6 GHz bands, bidding around £588 million for the spectrum.

On 5 November 2013, EE began testing LTE Advanced (LTE-A) in East London Tech City. The LTE-A network offered speeds up to 300 Mbit/s when rolled out to the public in 2014. EE's LTE-Advanced was launched at the end of October 2014.

On 12 February 2016, EE announced that it had reached its 2015 targets to double the number of 4G users on its network to 14 million at the year's end and remains as Europe's largest 4G operator. Its 4G network now reaches more than 95% of the UK population, with double speed 4G reaching 80%. EE's 3G network reaches 98% of the population while its 2G network reaches 99%.

On 24 April 2016, it was announced that as part of a new strategy, EE are aiming to extend the geographic reach of its 4G network in the UK from the current 60% to 95% by 2020, which will increase the proportion of the UK's population covered by the 4G network from 95% to 99.8%. In order to achieve this, EE will build more than 750 new sites. Its 4G network was switched on today in Shetland and the Isles of Scilly, enabled by the fibre broadband links deployed by BT. Its 4G network at launch was only used for data connections, with customers moving to 3G while on a call, however EE are now rolling out 4G Calling (VoLTE) across the UK to allow both voice and data over 4G as well as allowing customers to make calls in new areas of the network that are 4G-only. 4G Calling is already live in London, Birmingham, Bristol, Manchester, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Belfast, Leeds and Newcastle, and will be switched on across the rest of the network by July.

On 13 September 2017, it was announced that EE are upgrading its 4G network by converting airwaves from 2G to 4G. It currently uses frequencies in the 1800 MHz band for both 2G and 4G (its other bands are reserved solely for 3G/4G) and is converting – or 'refarming' 10 MHz of the 2G airwaves and adding that to the existing 20 MHz slice that's already configured for 4G. More than 600 sites across cities including London, Birmingham, Manchester, Edinburgh and Cardiff, will be upgraded with the latest 4G spectrum over the next six months, equipped with 'Cat 12' and 'Cat 16' modems which will provide better speeds and coverage and support next generation 'CAT 12' and 'CAT 16' smartphones. The data upload speeds will also be doubled from the current maximum of 50Mbit/s to up to 100Mbit/s on more than 900 sites across the UK. It is also expanding its UK-wide 4G+ with more than 1,000 sites supporting 'Cat 9' speeds above 400Mbit/s. The geographic reach of its 4G network is now 85%.

On 19 March 2018, it was announced that EE had filled 12,000 square kilometres (4600 sq. mi.) of mobile not-spots in the last 12 months as part of its 4G geographic reach strategy of 95% by 2020, currently 90%. This involved upgrading more than 4,000 existing sites to provide 4G, and the construction of 105 new sites which are spread across Northern England, North Wales and Scotland and is in the process of building a further 350 new sites to continue filling in mobile not-spots. Many of these new sites are in areas that have previously had no coverage from any operator and have already carried more than 200 emergency 999 calls where people would have previously been unable to call for help. The new sites are being built to provide coverage for EE's customers and for the Emergency Services Network. The geographic reach of its 4G network in Scotland surpassed 75% at the end of 2017.

On 11 September 2018, it was announced that EE are upgrading its 4G network by converting airwaves from 3G to 4G. It currently uses frequencies in the 2100 MHz band for 3G and is converting – or 'refarming' it for 4G. More than 500 sites will be upgraded in the next six months and are the busiest 'hotspots' in its network where there is the greatest demand for mobile data. These sites are spread across cities including London, Birmingham, Manchester, Bristol, Exeter, Hull, Nottingham, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Cardiff and Belfast. In addition to providing better speeds and reliability, these sites will provide five 'carriers' of 4G which is more than any other UK operator and accommodate the latest smartphones which can support connections to all five at the same time, with Five Carrier Aggregation (5CA). It also lays the foundation for its 5G network that will be launched in 2019 where it will be built on top of the upgraded sites. The geographic reach of its 4G network is now 91%.

Mobile payments
On 27 January 2011, Everything Everywhere and Barclaycard announced that they would be jointly introducing the UK's first contactless mobile payments system for consumers by early summer 2011. Everything Everywhere expanded its contactless mobile payments arm by announcing a deal with Mastercard on 28 August 2012 that would see the two companies work together on introducing Near field communication (NFC) technology and other mobile payment technologies into the UK. Everything Everywhere sustained its involvement in the future of NFC technology in the UK by announcing a joint venture between itself, Vodafone and O2. The joint venture was designed to be a "single point of contact" for all those involved in increasing the adoption of using NFC for mobile payments in the UK.

On 6 November 2012 it was announced that EE had exclusively partnered with mobile payments company iZettle. The agreement allowed EE to sell the company's mini debit/credit card readers which allow small business customers to make payments using their mobile phones. The devices initially went on sale in 297 EE stores and via EE's telesales channel.

HD voice calling
On 22 June 2010, Everything Everywhere announced plans to roll out HD voice calling throughout its network by the end of summer. The technology was initially trialled on Orange's network in Bristol, Reading and Southampton, before it was expanded to the rest of the UK by the end of summer.

Smart number technology
On 11 June 2018, EE became the first UK network to launch smart number technology, allowing customers to use the same number across multiple devices in addition to their smartphones including tablets, smartwatches and laptops. It is available at no extra cost to new and existing customers and is part of its strategy to "keep customers connected by bringing together the best of mobile and broadband through first-of-their-kind converged services across the UK". It supports calls and texts across multiple devices and works even when they don't have their smartphone with them. It supports up to 5 other connected devices and will need to be internet connected via Wi-Fi or mobile, with the primary device being connected to the EE network for the service to work. Calls can be made on multiple devices at the same time, or handed off between devices.

It is available initially on Apple devices, with Android devices coming at a later date. Customers will need to be on an EE pay monthly plan on their smartphone with minimum iOS 11.3 on iPhone 6 or later. Paired iPads and Macs will need to be on minimum iOS 10 and OS X El Capitan respectively, iPod Touch with minimum iOS 10 and Apple Watch with minimum watchOS 2. EE is also the only UK network to support the full connected capability of the Apple Watch Series 3.

Broadband
EE inherited the Orange UK broadband service, and as of April 2015 EE had around 900,000 broadband customers.

Television
EE launched a TV service for broadband customers in November 2014. Using an EE-branded set-top box, it offered standard Freeview channels through an aerial connection along with PVR features and catch-up TV services, competing against YouView. In June 2019 the service was replaced with a new package using an Apple TV box, which also gives access to BT Sport.

Retail shops

In November 2010, EE announced the opening of six "dual-branded" shops: three were led by T-Mobile and three by Orange, and each promoted the other brand's products. The company expanded further in early 2011. Five new shops had an Everything Everywhere–branded fascia, although they represented and sold both Orange and T-Mobile. During the same quarter, the company also launched a number of Orange concessions in selected HMV shops. These were designed to operate as normal Orange retail shops, although with an expected lower footfall and designed to cater for HMV's younger consumers. The company removed these concessions from HMV shortly before the re-brand, with their approximately 100 staff transferred to local shops.

EE had 700 shops in the UK after the re-branding of existing Orange, T-Mobile, and Everything Everywhere shops in October 2012. In January 2013, it was announced that EE would close 78 shops, with no job losses, because in several locations there were two on the same street, often close together. In January 2014, it was announced that EE would close a further 76 duplicated shops and there would be 50 new ones, including 30 franchise outlets, estimated to create 350 jobs. The franchise outlets would grow to 100 by the end of the year, including the transfer of 45 directly managed shops to franchise partners. The move saw its number of shops reduce from 600 to 574 (including the 100 franchise outlets).

In September 2014, it was announced that following the collapse of Phones 4u in the UK, EE would acquire 58 of its shops for £2.5 million in a deal with its administrators, PricewaterhouseCoopers. The deal safeguarded 359 jobs and the shops would be rebranded to EE.

In July 2017, EE announced 100 store-within-a-store outlets by the end of 2019 via a partnership with Sainsbury's. This would create 400 jobs in Sainsbury's and Argos stores, and see the number of outlets reach close to 700, as part of its ambition to provide 95% of the population with access to an EE shop within 20 minutes' drive. In addition, pop-up shops and cabins would appear in shopping centres and other locations around the UK, and mobile EE shops in vans would serve customers in the most remote areas.

Virtual network agreements
The Co-operative Mobile operate on the EE network under a MVNO agreement, which was most recently renegotiated in December 2010 for Virgin, and November 2013 for Asda (which had previously operated on the Vodafone network, however the agreement ended in March 2021 where ASDA Mobile returned to using the Vodafone network).

BT Mobile and EE also have an MVNO agreement, which has allowed BT Mobile to offer packages since March 2014.

EE purchased LIFE Mobile in October 2014, a MVNO set up by Phones 4u in 2013 from PWC.

Joint venture with Hutchison 3G UK
On 3 September 2010, Everything Everywhere announced that Orange would join Mobile Broadband Network Limited (MBNL), the 3G network sharing joint venture formed in December 2007 between T-Mobile UK and Hutchison 3G UK (H3G UK). MBNL would become a 50/50 joint venture between Three UK and Everything Everywhere, with Orange contributing several thousand of its base stations for network sharing purposes. MBNL was created after T-Mobile and Three UK agreed to pool their respective 3G infrastructures in a 50/50 joint venture. By September 2010 MBNL's HSPA-based infrastructure covered more than 90% of the British population, and was expected to rise to more than 98% by the end of 2010.

Radio frequency summary

Marketing
EE launched its first television advertisement on 3 November 2012, four days after the company launched its 4G services and new brand. The advertisements featured Kevin Bacon and his related Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon concept. The advert initially aired on ITV during The X Factor, on its Saturday evening slot on UK television. The adverts were filmed over two days during August 2012 in Lewes.

Sponsorships
EE began sponsoring the British Academy of Film and Television Arts awards in 2013, replacing its Orange brand.

A six-year agreement to sponsor Wembley Stadium was agreed with The Football Association in February 2014, although was not classed as a naming rights agreement.

EE had a presence at the Glastonbury Festival 2015, providing reusable chargers for mobile phone users. The "Power Bars" could be exchanged once a day, for a fully charged charger, at two locations around the festival.

Criticism and controversies
In early 2013, Ipsos MORI signed an agreement with EE, wherein Ipsos MORI would commercialise the data on the company's 23 million subscribers, for example "how many of the phone users checked their Facebook accounts, or the website of their favourite shop". Later that year, The Sunday Times revealed that Ipsos MORI had negotiated an agreement to sell this data to the police and other parties. The data included "gender, age, postcode, websites visited, time of day text is sent [and] location of customer when call is made". When confronted by the paper, the police indicated that they would no longer go ahead with the deal. Ipsos MORI defended its actions, while EE refused to comment.

In April 2013, T-Mobile UK was embroiled in a mid-contract increase controversy when it applied an above Retail Price Index increase to many contract customers but refused to allow termination as allowed by the terms of the contract. A number of customers complained to CISAS about the conduct of T-Mobile UK, and its handling of the matter.

In August 2014, EE started a new service where customers could queue-jump when phoning EE customer services for a one off cost of 50p to be fast tracked out of the queue to an available agent. This sparked outrage among consumers who viewed the option as at extortionate charge for being put through promptly to a member of staff; something which should be standard.

Later that month, EE was accused of trying to silence complaining customers on social media networks, such as Facebook and Twitter. Customers claimed that the company deleted their complaints on the company's Facebook page. The company discourages customers from posting their grievances in public, preferring private messages.

In May 2015, EE became the most complained-about consumer landline and broadband provider, according to regulator, Ofcom. Complaints against the UK's largest mobile operator related to topics ranging from line faults, service and provision issues to bill problems.

In January 2017, EE were fined £2.7 million by the regulator, Ofcom, for overcharging more than 32,145 customers. Despite calls to the EE telephone number from within the EU becoming free from 18 November 2015, EE continued to bill more than 7,600 customers until January 2016. The fine was also applied as punishment for users calling the 150 customer services number whilst roaming within the EU being charged as though they were calling from the United States.

In May 2018, a security researcher discovered the company had failed to update the default administrator password on a code quality testing platform containing application source code and Amazon Web Services and API keys. The company issued a statement saying "No customer data is, or has been, at risk." while the researcher pointed to the possibility of "Malicious hackers could analyze the code of their payment systems, and find major holes that could lead to theft of payment information"

Later that month, EE blocked and removed a website after text messages claiming to be from EE were sent to customers offering 40 per cent off their monthly bills in celebration of the Royal Wedding. Customers took to social media to complain of the texts. The scam messages contained a link to a fake EE website, encouraging them to enter their personal details and card number. EE advised any customers who receive any messages to not click on any of the links, and delete the messages after forwarding them to 7726, Ofcom's anti-spam service.

In June 2021, EE mobile was the first company to re-introduce roaming charges for its customers in the EU. A £2 daily fee will be charged to be able to use data/call/text allowances in EU destinations.

References

External links

BT Group
Deutsche Telekom
Orange S.A.
Companies based in Welwyn Hatfield
Mobile phone companies of the United Kingdom
Telecommunications companies established in 2010
British companies established in 2010
2016 mergers and acquisitions

EE Limited


The Worshipful Company of International Bankers is one of the livery companies of the City of London. Its members are current or former members of the financial services industry, primarily banking. It is based in a building in Austin Friars, near Liverpool Street station.

In 1999 the City of London Corporation extended the possibility of freedom of the City of London beyond UK, Commonwealth and European Union citizens. This led to the possibility of a company with "international" membership. The Guild of International Bankers was founded in July 2001 and in October 2002 it became a company without livery. On 21 September 2004 its petition for livery status was granted by the Court of Aldermen. A Royal Charter was granted on 10 December 2007.

The Company ranks 106th in the order of precedence for the City livery companies. Its motto, A Natione ad Nationem, translates from Latin as "From Nation to Nation", reflecting its international character. The arms of the Company are blazoned: Per pale Sable and Gules a Dragon rampant Argent within an Orle of ten Bezants.

The Company is affiliated with several others, including HMS Belfast Sea Cadets & 16F (Wood Green & Hornsey) Squadron of the Air Training Corps.

The Company is a member of the Financial Services Group of Livery Companies, the other 11 members of which are the Worshipful Companies of Chartered Accountants, Actuaries, Arbitrators, Chartered Secretaries and Administrators, Insurers, Information Technologists, City of London Solicitors, Management Consultants, Marketors, Tax Advisers, and World Traders.

The Company's Church is St Mary-le-Bow

External links
International Bankers' Company website

References

International Bankers
2001 establishments in England
International banking institutions
Banking in the United Kingdom
Bankers associations


The University of Naples Federico II () is a public university in Naples, Italy. Established in 1224, it is the oldest public or state university in the world. Noted for being the world's oldest public or state-funded university chartered by the head of a state and one of the world's ten oldest universities in continuous operation, it is also believed to be the oldest secular or non-sectarian state university in the world.

It was Europe's first university dedicated to training secular administrative staff, and is one of the world's oldest academic institutions in continuous operation. The university is named after its founder Frederick II. In October 2016, the university hosted the first ever Apple IOS Developer Academy and in 2018 the Cisco Digital Transformation Lab.

History
The university of Naples Federico II was founded by emperor of the Holy Roman Empire Frederick II on 5 June 1224. It is the world's oldest state-supported institution of higher education and research. One of the most famous students was Roman Catholic theologian and philosopher Thomas Aquinas.

Political project of Frederick II
Frederick II had specific objectives when he founded the university in Naples: first, to train administrative and skilled bureaucratic professionals for the curia regis (the kingdom's ministries and governing apparatus), as well as preparing lawyers and judges who would help the sovereign to draft laws and administer justice.  Second, he wanted to facilitate the cultural development of promising young students and scholars, avoiding any unnecessary and expensive trips abroad: by creating a State University, Emperor Frederick avoided having young students during his reign complete their training at the University of Bologna, which was in a city that was hostile to the imperial power.

The University of Naples was arguably the first to be formed from scratch by a higher authority, not based upon an already-existing private school. Although its claim to be the first state-sponsored university can be challenged by Palencia (which was founded by the Castilian monarch c.1212), Naples certainly was the first chartered one.

The artificiality of its creation posed great difficulties in attracting students; Thomas Aquinas was one of the few who came in these early years. Those years were further complicated by the long existence, in nearby Salerno, of Europe's most prestigious medical faculty, the Schola Medica Salernitana. The fledgling faculty of medicine at Naples had little hope of competing with it, and in 1231 the right of examination was surrendered to Salerno. The establishment of new faculties of theology and law under papal sponsorship in Rome in 1245 further drained Naples of students, as Rome was a more attractive location.  In an effort to revitalize the dwindling university, in 1253, all the remaining schools of the university of Naples moved to Salerno, in the hope of creating a single viable university for the south. But that experiment failed and the university (minus medicine) moved back to Naples in 1258 (in some readings, Naples was "refounded" in 1258 by Manfred Hohenstaufen, as by this time there were hardly any students left). The Angevin reforms after 1266 and the subsequent decline of Salerno gave the University of Naples a new lease on life and put it on a stable, sustainable track.

From the 13th to the 16th century
Initially the studies were directed towards law (fundamental for the formation of jurists), the liberal arts, medicine and theology: the latter, compared to other subjects, was taught in religious institutions, in particular in the convent of San Domenico Maggiore, where Thomas Aquinas taught from 1271 to 1274.

During the Angevin period (1265-1443) the structure and organization of the University remained substantially unchanged.

20th and 21st centuries
At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the prestige of the University of Naples increased, particularly in the scientific field: in the field of genetics it was a pioneer, with the establishment of the first chair in Italy. New building and organizational difficulties afflicted the university both during the Fascist period and during the World War II: the headquarters was set on fire by the Germans on 12 September 1943; laboratories and science labs were requisitioned by the allies.

After the war, following the modern evolution of the university model in general, the University of Naples became the second most important university in Italy in terms of number of students, second only to the Sapienza University of Rome.

On 7 September 1987, it assumed its current name as University of Naples Federico II in anticipation of the establishment, in 1991, through its spin-off, of the Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli.

Campus
The University of Naples Federico II possesses a vast architectural heritage, the result of acquisitions made over the centuries. Where not specified, the municipality to which it belongs is that of Naples.

 Central Headquarters (Palace of the University of Naples Federico II):
The headquarters of the University of Naples Federico II is located along Corso Umberto I, at the corner with Via Mezzocannone, at number 40. The building is in neo-baroque style and was erected during the Risanamento, between 1897 and 1908, based on a project by the architects Pierpaolo Quaglia and Guglielmo Melisurgo. The headquarters, as it is commonly and widely known in the university environment, stands close to the original university complex (which since 1777 had found its place in the Casa del Salvatore, no longer owned by the Jesuits). However, the new building was not isolated from the complex behind it as the architects took care to connect it with the pre-existing offices behind it through the so-called Scalone della Minerva, which originates in the courtyard of the University building and ends in the Jesuit courtyard, overcoming a height difference of more than 7 m. The site houses the offices of the central management of the university (Rectorate, Academic Senate, Treasury, etc.) and the Department of Law. It is also the secondary seat of the Department of Humanities.
 Policlinico – Cappella Cangiani Complex (Federico II University Hospital):  The Cangiani Chapel Complex, so called because it is located in the Cangiani district in Rione Alto (5th Municipality), covers an area of 441,000 m² on which 21 buildings stand for a covered area of 57,086 m² (and a total floor area of 257,118 m²). The main entrance to the university hospital complex is located in via Pansini; three other secondary entrances can be used on certain days and times. Mobility within the vast complex is ensured by a free mini-bus service which connects the main entrance with the various pavilions. The Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, the Department of Pharmacy, the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, the Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, the Department of Public Health, the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences and the Department of Translational Medical Sciences.
 "Porta di Massa" Complex (Complex of San Pietro Martire): The Porta di Massa office is so called as it is located in Via Porta di Massa, 1. The Department of Humanities is located here, which includes the degree courses in Modern Literature, Languages, Cultures and Literature and Philosophy.
 Monte Sant'Angelo complex: seat of the scientific and economic area departments, it is located in Via Cupa Nuova Cintia, 21.

Organisation and governance

Faculties
The university has 13 faculties:

 Agriculture
 Architecture
 Biotechnology
 Economics
 Engineering
 Law
 Letters and philosophy
 Mathematical, physical and natural sciences
 Medicine and surgery
 Pharmacy
 Political sciences
 Sociology
 Veterinary medicine

Notable people

Alumni
Among those who have attended the University of Naples Federico II are Italian presidents Enrico De Nicola, Giovanni Leone and Giorgio Napolitano; mayors of Naples Luigi de Magistris and Gaetano Manfredi; CEO Fabrizio Freda; and philosophers Benedetto Croce and Nicola Abbagnano.

Samantha Cristoforetti, astronaut and commandor of the International Space Station
Saint Thomas Aquinas, philosopher and theologian
Leonardo Bianchi, physician and politician
Amadeo Bordiga, politician and political theorist
Giordano Bruno, philosopher, Dominican friar, mathematician and astronomer
Renato Caccioppoli, mathematician
Antonio Cardarelli, physician and politician
Ernesto De Martino, historian of religion and folklore scholar
Francesco De Martino, eminent jurist, intellectual and politician
Fabrizio de Miranda, structural engineer
Gaetano Filangieri, jurist and philosopher
Marta Filizola, computational biophysicist
Nicola Fusco, mathematician
Pietro Giannone, historian, philosopher and jurist
Nunziante Ippolito, physician and anatomist
Antonio Labriola, philosopher
Saint Alphonsus Liguori, Doctor of the Catholic Church
Vangjel Meksi, Albanian physician, translator and philologist
Attilio Micheluzzi, comics author-artist, graduate in architecture
Giuseppe Mingione, mathematician
Giuseppe Moscati, Roman Catholic saint, physician, educator, and scientist
Francesco Saverio Nitti, economist and politician
Umberto Nobile, aeronautical engineer and Arctic explorer
Luigi Palmieri, physicist
Luca Parmitano, astronaut
Raffaele Piria, chemist
Roberto Saviano, journalist and novelist
Athanas Shundi, Albanian pharmacist and politician
Vincenzo Tiberio, physician
Anna Tramontano, computational biologist
Cinzia Verde, marine biochemistry researcher
Giambattista Vico, philosopher, historian, and jurist
Giuseppe Zaccagnino, diplomat and art collector
Nicola Romeo, founder of Alfa Romeo
Franzo Grande Stevens, chairman of Juventus F.C.

Presidents of the Italian Republic

Enrico De Nicola
Giovanni Leone
Giorgio Napolitano

Notable professors

St. Thomas Aquinas, influential philosopher, saint, influential theologian
Leonardo Bianchi, physician and politician
Renato Caccioppoli, mathematician
Antonio Cardarelli, physician and politician
Domenico Cotugno, physician
Nicola Fusco, mathematician
Antonio Genovesi, philosopher and economist
Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia, physician
Stefania Filo Speziale, first woman to graduate in architecture in Naples
Ettore Majorana, physicist
Macedonio Melloni, physicist
Giuseppe Mercalli, volcanologist
Vincenzo Monaldi, physician and physiologist. First Italian Minister of Health
Francesco Saverio Nitti, economist and politician
Luigi Palmieri, physicist and meteorologist
Alessandro Piccolo, Italian chemist and agricultural scientist
Nino Salvatore, physician
Giosuè Sangiovanni, zoologist, founder of the Faculty of Natural Sciences
Filippo Silvestri, entomologist
Giambattista Vico, philosopher, historian, and jurist

Honoris Causa graduates

John Nash, awarded 1994 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics
Franco Modigliani, awarded 1985 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics
Richard Meier, winner of the Pritzker Architecture Prize
Umberto Veronesi, Italian oncologist, physician, scientist and politician
Louis Ignarro, awarded 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Riccardo Muti, Italian conductor
Takaaki Kajita, awarded 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics
Paolo Sorrentino, Italian film director, screenwriter, and writer
Tim Cook, CEO of Apple

See also
ESDP-Network
List of Italian universities
List of medieval universities
Naples
Botanical Garden of Naples
Orto Botanico di Portici
BioGeM

References

External links

 University of Naples Federico II Website
 Girolamo Arnaldi, Studio di Napoli in Enciclopedia Federiciana, Rome, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2005.

Universities and colleges in Naples
13th-century establishments in the Kingdom of Sicily
Naples Federico II, University of
1224 establishments in Europe
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

University of Naples Federico II


Lieutenant General William James Lennox Jr. (born May 23, 1949) of Houston, Texas, was the 56th Superintendent of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York from 2001 to 2006.

Lennox graduated with a B.S. in international affairs from the United States Military Academy in 1971, upon which he joined the U.S. Army as a field artillery officer with the rank of lieutenant.

Lennox served in a wide variety of field assignments, including as a Forward Observer, Executive Officer, and Fire Support Officer in the 1st Battalion, 29th Field Artillery, and as Commander, Battery B, 2d Battalion, 20th Field Artillery, 4th Infantry Division. He was the Operations Officer and Executive Officer for the 2d Battalion, 41st Field Artillery, 3d Infantry Division. He commanded the 5th Battalion, 29th Field Artillery in the 4th Infantry Division and the Division Artillery in the 24th Infantry Division. Lennox also served in a number of staff positions including White House Fellow, Special Assistant to the Secretary of the Army, and Executive Officer for the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans. He served as Deputy Commanding General and Assistant Commandant of the U.S. Army Field Artillery Center; Chief of Staff for III Corps and Fort Hood; Assistant Chief of Staff, CJ-3, Combined Forces Command/United States Forces South Korea and Deputy Commanding General, U.S. Eighth Army; and Chief of Legislative Liaisons.

On June 9, 2006, Lennox relinquished command of West Point to his former West Point classmate, Franklin Hagenbeck.

Effective August 1, 2006, Lennox joined the Goodrich Corporation as a senior vice president.

On May 7, 2013, Princeton Power Systems appointed Lennox to its board of directors.

On January 13, 2014, Universal Technical Institute appointed Lennox to its board of directors.

On February 6, 2015, Saint Leo University announced Lennox as its 9th president, replacing Dr. Arthur F. Kirk Jr.

Lennox received a Ph.D. in English from Princeton University in 1982 after completing a doctoral dissertation titled "American war poetry."

His military education includes the Field Artillery Officer Basic Course, the Infantry Officer Advanced Course, as the distinguished graduate from the United States Army Command and General Staff College, and the Senior Service College Fellowship at Harvard University.

Lennox's awards include the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, the Distinguished Service Medal with oak leaf cluster, the Legion of Merit with four oak leaf clusters, the Meritorious Service Medal with one oak leaf cluster, the Army Commendation Medal with two oak leaf clusters, the Army Achievement Medal, the Korean Order of Military Merit (Inheon Medal), the Ranger Tab, the Parachutist Badge, and the Army Staff Identification.

  Defense Distinguished Service Medal
  Army Distinguished Service Medal
  Legion of Merit with four oak leaf clusters
  Meritorious Service Medal with one oak leaf cluster
  Army Commendation Medal two oak leaf clusters
  Army Achievement Medal
  Inheon Cordon Medal

Dr. Lennox now serves as Ambassador to Heroes' Mile veterans addiction services in Deland Florida.

References

1949 births
Living people
People from Yonkers, New York
Military personnel from Houston
United States Military Academy alumni
Princeton University alumni
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
Harvard University alumni
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Army generals
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Order of Military Merit (Korea)
Superintendents of the United States Military Academy
Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal
White House Fellows
Saint Leo University faculty

William J. Lennox Jr.


David Hayes (born May 15, 1963 in Framingham, Massachusetts) is an American conductor.

Hayes was educated at the University of Hartford, Hartt School of Music (BM cum laude, musicology) and the Curtis Institute of Music (Diploma in Orchestral Conducting) where his teacher was Otto-Werner Mueller.  In addition, he studied viola with Richard Rusack at Hartt and conducting with Charles Bruck at the Pierre Monteux School in Hancock, ME.

David Hayes serves on the Board of Directors of Chorus America, the national service organization for choruses.

He is currently Music Director of the New York Choral Society, Director of Orchestral and Conducting Studies at Mannes College The New School for Music in New York, Staff Conductor of the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia and a member of the conducting staff of the Philadelphia Orchestra having been appointed by Wolfgang Sawallisch.  In addition to his other duties, he served as Artistic Advisor to The Washington Chorus during the 2007-2008 season. He was previously Music Director of The Philadelphia Singers, a professional chorus, until they were dissolved in 2015. With the New York Choral Society, Hayes has conducted New York and world premieres including works by Jennifer Higdon, James MacMillan and Joseph Vella. With The Philadelphia Singers, Hayes conducted numerous Philadelphia and World Premieres including works of Jennifer Higdon, Ezra Laderman, Robert Capanna, Thomas Whitman and Morton Feldman.

David Hayes is a conductor with an unusually broad range of repertoire, spanning the symphonic, oratorio/choral, and operatic genres.  He has made his Philadelphia Orchestra conducting debut in May, 2003 sharing a program with Wolfgang Sawallisch.  He has made conducting appearances with the Philadelphia Orchestra, Richmond Symphony Orchestra, Springfield (MA) Symphony, Lancaster (PA) Symphony, Louisiana Philharmonic, Warsaw Philharmonic, Chamber Orchestra of Philadelphia, Curtis Symphony Orchestra, Mannes Orchestra, Rutgers Orchestra, Relâche Ensemble, Los Angeles Master Chorale, The Washington Chorus, Mendelssohn Choir of Pittsburgh, Berkshire Choral Festival, Curtis Opera Theatre and the European Center for Opera and Voice (ECOV) in Belgium and Prague.  He made his debut at the Verbier Festival in 1999 with a concert featuring percussionist Evelyn Glennie.

He has assisted and prepared orchestras for many of the world's leading conductors including Wolfgang Sawallisch, Kurt Masur, Christoph Eschenbach, Sir André Previn, Sir Simon Rattle, Charles Dutoit, Yuri Temirkanov, David Zinman, Leonard Slatkin, Sir Roger Norrington, Raphael Frühbeck de Burgos and Mstislav Rostropovich.  He served as Assistant Conductor to Sir André Previn for the Curtis Symphony Orchestra's 1999 European Tour with Anne-Sophie Mutter and served as cover conductor for Kurt Masur with the New York Philharmonic.

Chorally, he has prepared ensembles for Wolfgang Sawallisch, Kurt Masur, Charles Dutoit, Christoph Eschenbach, James Levine, Sir Andrew Davis, Nicholas McGegan, Sir Simon Rattle, Yuri Temirkanov, Jeffrey Tate, Raphael Frühbeck de Burgos and Neeme Järvi.

References

American choral conductors
American male conductors (music)
1963 births
Living people
University of Hartford Hartt School alumni
Curtis Institute of Music alumni
21st-century American conductors (music)
21st-century American male musicians

David Hayes (conductor)


Harvey Jay Mason Jr. (born June 3, 1968) is an American record producer, songwriter, film producer, and current CEO of The Recording Academy. He has written and produced songs for artists including Aretha Franklin, Justin Bieber, Michael Jackson, Ariana Grande, Elton John, Britney Spears, Stevie Wonder, Lionel Richie, Justin Timberlake, Whitney Houston, and Chris Brown. In addition, he has produced music for television and films, including Dreamgirls (with Beyoncé and Jennifer Hudson), Sparkle (with Whitney Houston), Pitch Perfect (with Hailee Steinfeld and Anna Kendrick), Sing (with Reese Witherspoon, Scarlett Johansson and Tori Kelly), Straight Outta Compton (with Dr. Dre and Ice Cube), and The Wiz Live! (with Mary J. Blige and Neyo). He was elected as the chairman of The Recording Academy in June 2019, became its interim president and CEO on January 16, 2020, and then assumed the permanent role of CEO on May 13, 2021.

Biography

Mason Jr. was born into a musical family. His father, jazz drummer Harvey Mason Sr., and mother Sally Mason, both attended the Berklee College of Music in Boston. Harvey moved with his family to Los Angeles as a child and followed his father to many recording sessions with such greats as Quincy Jones, the Brothers Johnson and Herbie Hancock. Mason Jr. penned his first song at the age of eight for Grover Washington Jr. titled "Love Makes It Better".

After attending the University of Arizona on a basketball scholarship from 1986 to 1990 and playing in the 1988 Final Four, he began working as a songwriter/record producer. Some early work included tracks for British pop artist Michelle Gayle's album "Sensational" in 1997 and the jazz/soul duo Imprompt2. He co-produced the jazz album "Ratamacue" with his father in 1997. In addition he worked with Mason Sr.'s group Fourplay and produced the track "Sexual Healing" featuring El DeBarge in 1998.

In 1997, Mason Jr. also penned the track "Truthfully" which caught the attention of record producer, Rodney Jerkins. The track was produced for Brandy's 1998 album "Never Say Never". Mason Jr. then worked with Jerkins over the next three years on projects including "Say My Name" by Destiny's Child, "It's Not Right, But It's Okay" by Whitney Houston, and "He Wasn't Man Enough" by Toni Braxton. He also worked on the album Invincible by Michael Jackson.

The Underdogs

In 2000, Mason Jr. co-wrote the track "I Like Them Girls" with Damon Thomas for Tyrese's album "2000 Watts". The success of the song led to a partnership and the formation of Underdog Entertainment. The Underdogs produced R&B and pop hits like "How You Gonna Act Like That" by Tyrese,  "Gots Ta Be" by B2K, "O" by Omarion, "More To Life" by Stacie Orrico, "Sorry 2004" by Ruben Studdard, and "No Air" by Jordin Sparks and Chris Brown. In 2001, he collaborated with British designer and former member of the Spice Girls Victoria Beckham on her debut album including tracks like "Girlfriend" and some B-sides. In 2004, The Underdogs signed a label deal through BMG under Clive Davis and created Underdog Music Publishing, a joint venture with Rondor/ Universal Music. In 2006, The Underdogs produced the soundtrack to the motion picture "Dreamgirls" which won the Critic's Choice Award in 2007 for best movie soundtrack. After a three-year hiatus, The Underdogs reunited in 2011 to produce "Up 2 You" for Chris Brown's album "F.A.M.E.". The Underdogs wrote and produced the song "The Living Proof" performed by Mary J. Blige for the movie "The Help". The Underdogs wrote and produced the second single from Chris Brown's album Fortune titled "Turn Up the Music". In 2012 The Underdogs produced the vocals for the film Pitch Perfect, starring Anna Kendrick and Brittany Snow. In 2014, they produced South Korean girl group Girls' Generation's hit "Mr. Mr." & its labelmate Exo's "Overdose", as well as the music for biopic "Get on Up" about the life of James Brown. In 2015, The Underdogs produced the music for the sequel to the moderately successful "Pitch Perfect" movie, "Pitch Perfect 2" and the highly acclaimed film "Straight Outta Compton" about the rap group N.W.A.

Harvey Mason Media

Mason Jr. formed his independent company Harvey Mason Media in 2008. It encompasses his film and record productions, music publishing, and website ventures. Record productions include the 2008 releases of Chris Brown, "Superhuman" from the album Exclusive, Britney Spears', "Mannequin" from the album Circus and Jennifer Hudson's, "You Pulled Me Through" from her self-titled debut album. He produced the title track "I Look To You" along with Tricky Stewart and the cover of "Song for You" along with Stargate for Whitney Houston's 2009 album "I Look To You". In 2010, Mason Jr. produced the updated version of "One Shining Moment" featuring Jennifer Hudson for CBS Sports to be featured during the Final Four. Mason Jr. produced and worked as A&R on Toni Braxton's Pulse. In 2011, Mason Jr. produced the first single "Where You At" along with R. Kelly for Jennifer Hudson's album "I Remember Me"

Harvey Mason Media produced the feature film More than a Game in 2008. The movie documents the rise of LeBron James and his high school teammates from their early AAU basketball days to the high school national championship stage. The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2008, where it won first runner up to best film, "Slumdog Millionaire". Lions Gate Films distributed the film, which was released during the fall of 2009. Harvey Mason Media and Interscope Records distributed the soundtrack album titled "Music Inspired by More Than a Game". More than a Game was nominated for best documentary at the 2010 NAACP Image Awards and the Independent Spirit Awards.

Mason Jr. appeared on the 2011 season of American Idol as a mentor/producer, working with Pia Toscano and Jacob Lusk and worked as a mentor/producer on the 2013 season of The X Factor USA. He has also made numerous appearances on the reality series Braxton Family Values on the We TV network starring Toni Braxton and Tamar Braxton.

In 2012, Mason Jr. was the last producer to work with Whitney Houston when he produced the songs "His Eye Is on the Sparrow" and "Celebrate" for the movie Sparkle.

Following the success of Pitch Perfect 2, Get On Up, and Straight Outta Compton, Harvey served as music producer for the NBC broadcast of The Wiz Live! which aired on December 3, 2015, and he produced over 50 songs for the animated musical SING from Universal/Illumination Entertainment which was released on December 3, 2016. Sing received two Golden Globe Awards nominations for Best Animated Feature Film and Best Original Song for the song "Faith".

In 2017, Mason Jr. served as executive music producer for Pitch Perfect 3 – the final installment of the blockbuster Universal Pictures franchise, as well as the musical reworking of the 1980s classic Valley Girl (film) for MGM and USA Network's Unsolved, a scripted true crime series based on the murder investigations of Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G. He also served as composer and executive music producer on director Anthony Mandler's feature debut Monster which was nominated for the 2018 Grand Jury Prize at Sundance.

In March 2018, Billboard announced that Harvey Mason Jr. joined the advisory board of Tunedly, an online recording studio for songwriters.

Mason Jr. produced the music for NBC's Jesus Christ Superstar Live in Concert! which aired on April 1, 2018, and Bad Times at the El Royale for 20th Century Fox directed by Drew Goddard. Most recently, Harvey produced the highly anticipated biopic for MGM, "Respect" starring Jennifer Hudson as Aretha Franklin. With six more projects in development at studios and slated to come in 2023, Harvey has an exciting future in the TV/film space.

Recording Academy

 Harvey Mason Jr. is currently serving as the Chief Executive Officer of The Recording Academy, having assumed the role on May 13, 2021.

Grammy Foundation

Mason Jr. was elected to the board of the directors for the Los Angeles chapter of The Recording Academy (National Academy of Record Arts and Sciences) in 2007 and the National Board of Trustees in 2009. He has participated in Grammy Foundation events including Grammy in the Schools, Grammy Camp and the MusiCares Foundation. Mason Jr. is the Chairperson of the National Advocacy Committee and Executive Co-chair of the Producers and Engineers Wing.

Personal life
Harvey Mason Jr. married his wife, Britt Burton, in a private ceremony in 2020. Burton is most known for songwriting, and now takes on the role of Creative Director for Harvey Mason Media.

Harvey has two children; his son, Trey Mason, and his daughter, Mia Mason, who both live and work in Scottsdale, Arizona. Trey is a Corporate Counsel for Troon and Mia is an Associate Marketing Manager at QuidelOrtho.

Basketball

Mason Jr. played basketball throughout high school and college. As a guard on the Crescenta Valley High School team in La Crescenta, California he was selected to the All-CIF (California Interscholastic Federation) team in 1984, 1985 and 1986. He received a full-scholarship to the University of Arizona and played for Hall of Fame coach, Lute Olson. Mason Jr.'s teams won the Pac-10 title in 1988, 1989 and 1990 and played in the Final Four in 1988. Notable teammates include Steve Kerr (Chicago Bulls), Jud Buechler (Chicago Bulls), Bison Dele (Chicago Bulls), Sean Elliott (San Antonio Spurs) and Kenny Lofton (Major League Baseball six time all-star). Multiple knee surgeries sidelined Mason Jr.'s hope of a continuing basketball career. Most recently he has played in the NBA Entertainment League where he has been consistently selected to the all-star team. Mason Jr. serves on the National Leadership Council and the Board of Trustees for the University of Arizona.

Songwriting and music production highlights
Lionel Richie - "Wasted Time"
Stevie Wonder featuring Ariana Grande - "Faith"
50 Cent featuring Brevi – "Be My Bitch"
Avant – "4 Minutes", "When It Hurts"
Babyface – "Cant Stop Now", "Loneliness"
Backstreet Boys – "Rush Over Me"
BoA – "CAMO"
Bob James – "Fly By"
Justin Bieber – "Catching Feelings"
E-17 – "I Miss You", "I'm Here For You"
Victoria Beckham – "Girlfriend", "Always Be My Baby"
Beyoncé – "Listen"
Jack Black & Cee-Lo – "Kung Fu Fighting"
Brandy – "Truthfully"
B2K – "Gots Ta Be"
B5 – "All Over Again, "What It Do", "Things I Would Do"
Dane Bowers – "Shut Up And Forget About It"
Tamar Braxton – "All The Way Home"
Toni Braxton – "He Wasn't Man Enough", "I Wanna Be (Your Baby)", "I Hate You", "Finally", "Hands Tied", "Hero", "Why Don't You Love Me", "Stay"
Chris Brown – "Ya Man Ain't Me", "Young Love", "Is This Love", "Take You Down", "Help Me", "Get At'Cha", "Nothin", "Lottery", "Superhuman", "Heart Ain't A Brain", Turn Up The Music, "Free Run"
Kelly Clarkson – "Thankful", "You Thought Wrong"
Javier – "Beautiful U R", "Biggest Mistake", "Slow Motion"
Deborah Cox – "If I Had One Wish", "U Need To Quit"
Craig David – "Take 'Em Off", "My Love Don't Stop"
Dream – "That's OK", "Promise Me"
Dreamgirls – Movie Soundtrack
EXO – "Overdose", "Moonlight", "Diamond", "Sign", "24/7"
EXO-CBX – Vroom Vroom
Jonghyun — "Hallelujah"
Fantasia – "Ain't Gonna Beg", "This Is Me", "Always on My Mind"
Fifth Harmony – "Sledgehammer"
Fourplay – "Sexual Healing", "Love TKO" (featuring Ruben Studdard)
Aretha Franklin featuring Fantasia – "Put You Up on Game"
Aretha Franklin featuring Mary J. Blige – "Never Gonna Break My Faith"
Ginuwine – "Good For Nothing", "Please You"
Girls' Generation – "Mr.Mr."
Whitney Houston – "I Look To You", "Song For You"
Jennifer Hudson – "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going", "Love You I Do", "Where You At", "If This Isn't Love", "My Heart", "You Pulled Me Through", "Invisible"
R.L. Huggar – "Good Man", "Model Chick"
Human Nature – The Christmas Album, "Christmas Without You"
Tiffany Hwang – "Heartbreak Hotel"
Lyfe Jennings – "Cops Up"
Joe – "Ain't Nothin' Like Me", "Priceless", "Beautiful"
JoJo – "Baby, It's You", "Never Say Goodbye"
Donell Jones – "Ooh Na Na", "Cuttin Me Off"
K-Ci & JoJo – "Love Me Carefully"
Tynisha Keli – "Walls Up"
Dave Koz – "Whisper in Your Ear"
John Legend – "Fall From Grace"
Leona Lewis – "I Know Who I Am"
Luke and Q – "My Turn"
Mario –  "What Your Name Is", "Holla Back", "Could U Be", "How Could You", "I'm The One", "If I Hurt You"
Marques Houston – "Naked", "Always & Forever"
Mary J. Blige – "Never Gonna Break My Faith", "Living Proof"
Jessica Mauboy – "Fight For You", "Here For Me"
Brian McKnight – "Shoulda Woulda Coulda", "Played Yourself", "Stay Or Let It Go"
Katharine McPhee – "Do What You Do"
Mishon – "Text Me", "Life Guard", "Just A Kiss"
Monica – "Sideline Ho", "My Everything"
Musiq Soulchild – "Today"
NCT – "Faded In My Last Song"
NCT 127 – "Limitless", "Sit Down!", "White Night"
NLT – "That Girl"
Nina – "What If"
Olivia – "You Got The Damn Thing"
Omarion – "O", "Midnight", "Im Try'na"
Stacie Orrico – "(There's Gotta Be) More to Life", "I Promise"
Produce 101 (Season 2) – "Hands On Me"
Calvin Richardson – "Not Like This"
SHINee – "Symptoms", "Lipstick", "Rescue"
Jordin Sparks – "No Air" – featuring Chris Brown, "Don't Let It Go To Your Head"
Britney Spears – "Mannequin"
Spice Girls – "Let Love Lead The Way"
Ruben Studdard – "Sorry 2004", "Change Me", "Get Loose", "Love TKO" (Fourplay)
Taeyang – "I Will"
Tank – "Please Don't Go", "My Body", My Heart", "Wedding Song", "If You Dream", "Sex Music", "Beautiful", "You Mean That Much", "Your My Star"
Justin Timberlake – "Still on My Brain"
TGT – "No Fun, "I Need", "Weekend Love", "Explode", "Our House"
TVXQ! - "Apology"
Tyrese – "I Like Them Girls", "How You Gonna Act Like That", "One", "I Ain't Tryna", "Better To Know", "Come Back To Me Shawty", "With Me"
J. Valentine – "She's Worth The Trouble", "Wassup", "Heartbreak"
Luther Vandross – "If I Was The One"
Luther Vandross and Elton John – "Anyone Who Had A Heart"
Red Velvet – "Butterflies", "Rainbow Halo"
Charlie Wilson – "What If I'm The One", "Homeless", "Can't Live Without You"
Elliott Yamin – "Doorway", "Always"
Ya Boy – "We Ready" (from "More Than A Game" soundtrack)
Jackson Yi – "Nothing to Lose"
Jane Zhang – "Pull Me Up"

References

External links
Harvey Mason Media
Brainstorm Tech 2023: The Future of Music
Podcast: Black History always: Let's Get Creative
Podcast: Harvey mason Jr. x Dan Le Batard on South Beach Sessions
Podcast: Ensuring Music Remains Diverse and Inclusive
Youtube: What's The Job Of An Executive Music Producer On A Movie? by Harvey Mason Jr. of SING Movie
Youtube: Harvey Mason Jr. Respect interview soundbites
Youtube: Grammy President Harvey Mason Jr | In Conversation With imsta Festa
Youtube: Harvey Mason Jr. on liproll (Beyonce, Aretha Franklin, Pitch Perfect)
Youtube: President / CEO of The Recording Academy, Harvey Mason Jr. — Pensado's Place
Underdog Entertainment
Harvey Mason Sr.
More Than A Game
Harvey Mason Jr. on More Than a Game
Mason's Talents Not Limited To Basketball
French Underdogs Interview on SoulRnB.com

1968 births
Living people
Record producers from Massachusetts
African-American songwriters
Songwriters from Massachusetts
Film producers from Massachusetts
Musicians from Boston
Arizona Wildcats men's basketball players
Basketball players from Massachusetts
Film producers from Arizona
American men's basketball players
Presidents of The Recording Academy
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people

Harvey Mason Jr.


Daniel Francisco Monzon (May 17, 1946 – January 21, 1996) was an American professional baseball infielder, manager and scout. A third baseman, primarily in minor league baseball, he appeared in 94 games for the Minnesota Twins of Major League Baseball (MLB) in 1972 and 1973. Listed at  and , he threw and batted right-handed.

Playing career
Monzon was born in the Bronx, New York. He graduated from James Monroe High School in 1964 and attended Buena Vista College in Storm Lake, Iowa. He was drafted by the Minnesota Twins in the second round of the secondary phase of the 1967 MLB draft, and enjoyed his finest professional season that year with the Class A Short Season Auburn Twins, leading the New York–Penn League in runs scored, total bases, and triples, tying for the lead in RBIs, and finishing second in batting average (.338).

Monzon also enjoyed stellar seasons in the Double-A Southern League and Triple-A Pacific Coast League. His two seasons with the major league Twins saw him play a utility role, appearing at second and third base, shortstop, and in the outfield. He batted .244 with no home runs and nine RBIs in 131 at bats in 94 MLB games. He returned to the minor leagues in 1974, where he played through the 1977 season.

Post-playing career
Monzon's managing career began in 1978 in the New York Mets organization, where he directed teams at the Class A and Class A Short Season levels from 1978 to 1982. He then became a scout, based in Florida and covering Latin America for the Mets, Chicago Cubs, Milwaukee Brewers and Chicago White Sox. In 1995, he was named supervisor of Latin American scouting by the Boston Red Sox, but in his second year in that job, he was fatally injured in an automobile accident in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, at the age of 49.

References

External links

1946 births
1996 deaths
American sportspeople of Puerto Rican descent
Auburn Twins players
Baseball players from New York (state)
Boston Red Sox scouts
Buena Vista Beavers baseball players
Charleston Charlies players
Charlotte Hornets (baseball) players
Chicago Cubs scouts
Chicago White Sox scouts
Major League Baseball second basemen
Major League Baseball infielders
Memphis Blues players
Milwaukee Brewers scouts
Minnesota Twins players
Minor league baseball managers
New York Mets scouts
Portland Beavers players
Red Springs Twins players
Road incident deaths in the Dominican Republic
Wilson Tobs players
James Monroe High School (New York City) alumni

Dan Monzon


Dave Irwin (born July 12, 1954) is a former alpine ski racer who represented Canada at two Winter Olympic Games and won a World Cup downhill. He was one of the "Crazy Canucks", a group of Canadian downhill racers who rose to prominence on the World Cup circuit in the late 1970s. He lives in Canmore, Alberta, near the Rocky Mountains.

Biography
Dave Irwin was born in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada where he learned to ski at the age of three at his father's ski resort. By the age of 17, Irwin had been selected to be a member of the Canadian National Ski Team. Originally picked for his ability as a slalom skier, he successfully switched to downhill when national team coach Scotty Henderson reoriented the squad and the team's resources towards the speed event.

Irwin's first World Cup race was the downhill at Schladming, Austria on December 22, 1973 where he placed 14th.  Two years later at Schladming, he won the downhill event in a time of 2:00.84 beating the second-place finisher, Klaus Eberhard by almost two seconds.  Irwin reached the podium again in 1982 with a third-place finish at the World Cup downhill in Whistler, B.C. behind winner Peter Müller, and team mate Steve Podborski.

Irwin represented Canada at two Winter Olympic Games. At the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria, Irwin finished eighth.  At the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, USA, he placed eleventh.

Traumatic brain injury
Iriwn sustained two severe concussions during his racing career, once before the 1976, Olympics, and a second concussion before the 1980 Olympics.  The first concussion was sustained on January 10, 1976 at the downhill race in Wengen, Switzerland - two weeks after his sole World Cup win at Schladming - and resulted in five days in hospital. Less than two weeks later, Irwin was back training with the ski team. Canadian Corner a Section of the Lauberhorn near Wengen in Switzerland. The heavily twisting curve at the left-hand transition to the Alpweg is named after the Crazy Canucks, Ken Read and Dave Irwin who both fell there in 1976.

Irwin suffered a traumatic brain injury on a training run for an Export A Skier-Cross event on March 23, 2001 which put him in a coma for three days.  He recovered slowly from the injury with severe memory loss. He and his fiancée Lynne Harrison later created the Dave Irwin Foundation for Brain Injury.  The foundation was dissolved in 2016.

See also
 Crazy Canucks

References

External links

Canadian male alpine skiers
Alpine skiers at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 1980 Winter Olympics
Olympic alpine skiers for Canada
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
1954 births
Living people

Dave Irwin


Mitra is a lunar impact crater that is attached to the western outer rim of the larger crater Mach, on the far side of the Moon. Just to the west of Mitra is Bredikhin, and to the south-southeast lies Henyey. It is named after Sisir Kumar Mitra, who was an Indian physicist and Padma Bhushan award recipient known for his pioneering work in the field of ionosphere and radiophysics.

This is a heavily eroded formation with an outer rim that has been damaged by subsequent impacts. Attached to the exterior along the southeast is the satellite crater Mitra J. A number of smaller impacts lie along the rim edge, and very little of the original rim remains intact. Within the interior, a smaller crater occupies the southwestern part of the floor, and a small, cup-shaped crater lies across the northeast rim of this formation and very close to the midpoint of Mitra. The remaining floor is marked only by a few small and tiny craterlets.

Mitra lies within the Dirichlet–Jackson Basin.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Mitra.

See also
 Bose (crater)

References

Impact craters on the Moon

Mitra (crater)


In algebra, Quadratic function is function that contains an expression where its degree (the highest exponent it has) is 2, which means that it is quadratic (See etymology). Its single-variable standard form isː

When such a function gets plotted on a graph where , a curve that extends infinitely called a parabola will appear.

Etymology
The word quadratic comes from the Latin word quadrātum ("square"). This is because of the presence of a number (which is in the standard form) that is the result of squaring its square root ().

Algebra

Quadratic function


Derrick Starks (born November 27, 1970) is an American gospel musician and organist. He started his music career, in 1994, with the release of, Derrick Starks and Today's Generation, that was released by Aaron Records. His second album, He's on Time, was released by Crystal Rose Records in 1999. The third album, Sacrifice, was released in 2001 by Crystal Rose Records. His third album was his breakthrough released upon the Billboard magazine Gospel Albums chart.

Early life
Starks was born on November 27, 1970 in Detroit, Michigan, to father, Reverend C.J. Starks, of Prayer Tabernacle Church, and his homemaker mother, Dorothy. He has four other siblings. His father purchased an organ, at Christmas, and he learned how to play the organ, which facilitated him becoming an organist to further his musical pursuits. Thomas Whitfield used Starks organ-playing acumen at Hartford Memorial Church, which occurred in 1988.

Music career
He formed Today's Generation from members of his church choir in 1991, yet their first album did not release until 1994, with Aaron Records, Derrick Starks and Today's Generation, yet this failed to chart. His second album, He's on Time, was released on June 8, 1999 by Crystal Rose Records, which again this did not chart, and AllMusic rated the album three stars out of five. The third album, Sacrifice, was released by Crystal Rose Records on August 28, 2001, and this charted on the Billboard magazine Top Gospel Albums chart at No. 5. Again AllMusic rated the album three out of five stars.

Discography

References

1970 births
Living people
African-American songwriters
African-American Christians
Musicians from Detroit
Songwriters from Michigan
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people

Derrick Starks


Choose Me is a 1984 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Alan Rudolph, starring Geneviève Bujold, Keith Carradine, and Lesley Ann Warren. The film is a look at sex and love in 1980s Los Angeles centered around a dive bar known as Eve's Lounge.

Plot
After Mickey is released from a mental hospital, where his stories are perceived as lies, he returns to Los Angeles in search of a woman named Eve. When he arrives at the bar that bears her name, he is immediately attracted to the new owner, a former call girl also named Eve. She tells Mickey she bought the bar after the old owner killed herself, "over some guy". The bar is a popular spot for patrons looking for one-night stands, as well as prostitutes looking for potential clients. Although Eve is also attracted to Mickey, she refuses to commit to any one man, confessing to French radio talk show host Dr. Nancy Love that she ruined too many marriages to have one of her own. That night, Eve rebuffs Mickey's advances and sleeps with the bartender who has a crush on her, while avoiding the wealthy married man she is having an affair with.

That same night, Dr. Nancy Love answered Eve's ad for a roommate to share her house, and moves in the next day. Nancy conceals her identity and begins to observe Eve's romantic entanglements even  as she counsels Eve through her radio show. When Eve's married lover, Zack, calls looking for her, Nancy asks penetrating questions and begins dispensing relationship advice, despite the fact that she herself has been unable to maintain a successful relationship. Zack in turn resumes his pursuit of Eve, although his wife, Pearl, has begun to haunt Eve's bar hoping to catch him with her, unbeknownst to Eve.

Mickey returns to the bar the next night when he is unable to pay for a bus ticket home to Las Vegas. Pearl asks his opinion of a poem, and when she argues his interpretation, Mickey reveals that he taught poetry, as well as being a photographer and a former soldier. Eve is intrigued but cool, and Mickey leaves when Pearl offers to get him into a hot card game where he can obtain the money for a ticket home. When she drops him off, Mickey kisses Pearl and asks her to marry him, but she just laughs, calling him crazy, although she invites him to drop by her place, and gives him Eve's address and phone number. At the game, Mickey wins big, earning the ire of Pearl's husband Zack. Zack warns Mickey not to come back, before he goes to meet Eve, but Eve in turn sends Zack away, telling him their affair is over.

Mickey goes to Pearl's apartment to crash, and when he wakes up begins taking pictures as she sleeps. She is just waking up when Zack walks in, still stinging from Eve's rejection, and he attacks Mickey, pulling a gun and taking back the money he lost. He slaps Pearl after Mickey runs out, assuming they slept together.

Mickey calls Eve's house, and when Nancy answers pleads to come over and crash, hanging up before he realizes who she is. When he arrives, Nancy tells him Eve is not home, and while he is confused he welcomes the chance to bathe and eat when she allows him in. She snoops in his suitcase while he bathes, finding memorabilia showing the truth of his stories and travels. As he eats they talk about Eve, but sensing her loneliness he sweeps her into bed, then asks her to marry him and go with him to Las Vegas. Nancy laughs, but tells him she does not believe he is crazy. Then she tells him to leave before she goes to work.

Eve calls into Nancy's radio show from the office above her bar, torn between her attraction for Mickey and her fear of making another mistake. Nancy's post-coital euphoria overcomes her normal intellectual approach, and she encourages Eve to give in to, rather than resist, her feelings. So when Mickey comes looking for Eve that night, she is almost ready to give in when Zack appears and assaults Mickey again. Eve takes off while they are fighting, and when she gets home is suddenly confronted by Nancy, who tells her everything. Eve is devastated when Nancy proposes that they "share" Mickey's affection, and she tells Nancy she can have him, before rushing out.

Mickey goes back to Eve's house to recover his suitcase, and Zack finds him there and assaults him again. Mickey prevails, recovering the money and leaving with his suitcase. He tries to cadge a ride to the bus station, but spies Eve on the roof of the bar, and races up to see her. She pulls a gun and threatens to kill herself until he does the same; then she breaks down and they embrace.

Soon they are on a bus, on their way to Las Vegas, and when a fellow passenger asks if they are gambling, Eve reveals they are on honeymoon.

Cast
 Geneviève Bujold as Nancy
 Keith Carradine as Mickey
 Lesley Ann Warren as Eve
 Patrick Bauchau as Zack Antoine
 Rae Dawn Chong as Pearl Antoine
 John Larroquette as Billy Ace
 Edward Ruscha as Ralph Chomsky
 Gailard Sartain as Mueller
 John Considine as Dr. Ernest Greene

Critical response
The film is reviewed favorably in Pauline Kael's eighth collection of film reviews State of the Art: "The love roundelay Choose Me, written and directed by Alan Rudolph, on a budget of $835,000,  is pleasantly bananas. The songs are performed by Teddy Pendergrass and he's just right. The entire movie has a lilting, loose, choreographic flow to it [...] this low-budget comedy-fantasy has some of the most entertaining (and best-sustained) performances I've seen all year."

The film was screened out of competition at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival. Choose Me holds a rating of 94% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 17 reviews.

See also
 List of American films of 1984

References

External links

1984 films
1984 comedy-drama films
1984 independent films
1984 romantic comedy films
1984 romantic drama films
1980s English-language films
1980s romantic comedy-drama films
American independent films
American romantic comedy-drama films
Films about radio people
Films directed by Alan Rudolph
Films set in Los Angeles
Films shot in Los Angeles
1980s American films

Choose Me


Michael "Mickey" Redstone (born Max Rothstein; April 11, 1902 – April 4, 1987) was an American entrepreneur and founder of the Northeast Theater Corporation, now National Amusements, Inc.

Biography
Redstone was born on April 11, 1902, in Boston, Massachusetts. Born Max Rothstein, at his son Sumner's behest, he later changed the family name to "Redstone" to avoid association with Jewish gambling boss Arnold Rothstein.

Redstone dropped out of high school to pursue his first business venture, buying a truck and securing a trucking contract with the City of Boston. During this period, he became close with local gambling boss Harry "Doc" Sagansky. In 1934, Redstone and Sagansky started a Boston nightclub, the Mayfair, and purchased a drive-in theater in Valley Stream, Long Island. Both ventures were funded by Sagansky, who contributed "hundreds of thousands of dollars" to Redstone's businesses. The pair also started a Massachusetts loan company, and opened an additional night club, the Latin Quarter, in 1943.

In 1936, Redstone established the Northeast Theater Corporation, which grew rapidly as Redstone purchased land throughout the northeast and built new drive-in theaters. His first in Massachusetts, the Dedham Drive-In, opened on August 11, 1948, though others in the state quickly followed.

By 1954, when his son Sumner left his job to work for the company, Redstone owned three drive-in theaters and had hired his son Edward to help with the business. On August 28, 1959, Northeast was reincorporated as National Amusements, Inc. to consolidate the family's ownership interests and make it easier to obtain financing.

His son, Sumner Redstone, grew National Amusements into one of the largest media conglomerates in the United States, owning one of the three broadcast networks in CBS, the cable television and content provider Viacom (which includes MTV Networks and BET), and the movie studio Paramount Pictures. CBS and Viacom  are equal partners in MovieTickets.com.

References

External links
National Amusements

1902 births
1987 deaths
20th-century American Jews
Michael
20th-century American businesspeople

Michael Redstone


Jesse Gurney Vincent (February 10, 1880 – April 20, 1962) was an American aircraft, marine, and automobile engine designer.  Famed initially for his design of the World War I Liberty aircraft engine, he rose to enduring prominence as the longtime chief engineer for Packard automobiles.

Early life
Born in Charleston, Arkansas on February 10, 1880, Vincent came from a promising lineage for his chosen career.  His maternal grandfather had been the Union Army's director of railroad design and engineering for its rail network during the Civil War, pivotal in the Confederacy's inevitable defeat. Vincent studied engineering in his spare time from a course offered by International Correspondence Schools. Vincent established himself with "a thick portfolio of patents" at the Burroughs Adding Machine Company in Detroit before moving on to become acting chief engineer for the Hudson Motor Car Company late in 1910. Jesse Vincent was a very close friend of Hudson's Howard E. Coffin.

Packard career
He joined Packard on July 29, 1912 and began his rise there. World War I briefly affected-but did not interrupt-his career.  Commissioned as a major in the U.S. Army Signal Corps, he "achieved immortality for his role in creation of the Liberty V-12 aircraft engine during World War I".  Collaborating with Elbert J. Hall of the Hall-Scott Motor Company, the pair designed the V-12 Liberty powerplant for the Army Air Force in just five days.  The effort, however, was late in the war and only a fraction of the engines ended up in military aircraft.  By the time of the Armistice with Germany various companies had produced 13,574 Liberty engines; including those made to fulfill wartime contracts a total of 20,478 were built between July 4, 1917 and 1919.

The result was a huge surplus of Libertys, sold at steep discount to private buyers.  Many ended up converted to marine use in high-end recreational speedboats and championship racers, an avocation Vincent became a prime player in.  Among his victories was the 1922 Gold Cup, driving Packard-Criscraft and breaking a five-year winning streak by rival and business collaborator Gar Wood.  Delivered to "Colonel Vincent" just in time for the race, it was the first boat to sport the soon to become iconic Chris-Craft moniker.

Vincent remained as Packard's head of engineering until his retirement in 1946, leaving an imprint on virtually every Packard produced since World War I.  He is immortalized as "America's Master Motor Builder" on a State of Michigan marker honoring the vast Packard Proving Grounds, the first facility for testing automobile and engine performance in the U.S.

One of the earliest members of the Society of Automotive Engineers, Vincent rose to president of that organization and was subsequently elected by it to the Automotive Hall of Fame. He died in 1962, having regrettably seen the demise of Packard four years earlier.

See also

References

American automotive engineers
Packard people
1880 births
1962 deaths
Hudson Motor Car Company
Burroughs Corporation people
People from Charleston, Arkansas

Jesse G. Vincent


Stephen Michael Ross (born May 10, 1940) is an American real estate developer, philanthropist, and sports team owner. Ross is the chairman and majority owner of The Related Companies, a global real estate development firm he founded in 1972. Related is best known for developing the Deutsche Bank Center, where Ross lives and works, as well as the Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project. Ross has a net worth of $7.7 billion in 2020, ranking him 185 on Forbes Billionaires List in 2020. He is still featured on the list as of 2023. Having doubled his net worth since 2008, he paid no income taxes in the next decade utilizing the losses on the properties he owned. Ross is also the principal owner of the Miami Dolphins and Hard Rock Stadium.

Ross is a major benefactor of his alma mater, the University of Michigan; with lifetime contributions of $478 million to the university, he is the largest donor in the university's history. According to the Chronicle of Philanthropy, his higher education gifts rank behind only those of fellow American billionaire New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg. The University of Michigan renamed its business school to the Ross School of Business in Ross's honor, in 2004, after he made a $100 million gift to fund a new business-school building. The Stephen M. Ross Academic Center was completed in winter 2006. In September 2013, Ross donated $200 million to the university ($100 million to the business school and $100 million to Michigan athletics), the largest single gift in the history of the university; the University of Michigan announced plans to rename the university's athletics campus in his honor. In 2020, Ross announced an additional $100 million donation to kickstart fundraising for the construction of the University of Michigan Detroit Center for Innovation.

Early life and education
Born and raised in Detroit, Stephen Michael Ross grew up in a Jewish family. He first attended Mumford High School in Detroit and later graduated from Miami Beach Senior High School. He attended the University of Florida for two years before transferring to the University of Michigan, where he earned a Bachelor of Business Administration degree in 1962. He later received a Juris Doctor from Wayne State University in 1965 and a Master of Laws in Taxation from the New York University School of Law in 1966. These later degrees were financed by a loan from his uncle, the businessman Max Fisher, who Ross has called "the most important role model and inspiration for me in life."

Career
Ross began his career as a tax attorney at Coopers & Lybrand in Detroit. In 1968, he moved to New York City and accepted a position as an assistant vice president in the real estate subsidiary of Laird Inc., then worked in the corporate finance department of Bear Stearns. In 1972, he was fired from that company after clashing with a superior; living off $10,000 ($67,000 in 2021 dollars) lent to him by his mother, he utilized his federal tax law knowledge to organize deals for wealthy investors, allowing them to shelter income with the generous incentives granted by the federal government to promote the construction of federally subsidized affordable housing.

Ross was very successful, earning $150,000 in his first year, and he was soon arranging more complicated transactions.

The Related Companies

In 1972, Ross founded The Related Companies, a real estate development company. Headquartered in New York City, Related has offices and real estate developments in Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, Las Vegas, San Francisco, South Florida, Abu Dhabi, and Shanghai. The company directly employs approximately 2,000 people.  The company's existing portfolio of real estate assets, valued at over $15 billion, is made up of mixed-use, residential, retail, office, trade show and affordable properties in what the company calls "premier high-barrier-to-entry markets."

Related is the largest owner of luxury residential rental properties in New York with over 5,000 units in its portfolio and has developed mixed-use projects such as Deutsche Bank Center in New York and CityPlace in West Palm Beach and is currently developing the 26-acre Hudson Yards project on Manhattan's west side. Related also manages approximately $1.5 billion of equity capital on behalf of sovereign wealth funds, public pension plans, multi-managers, endowments, Taft-Hartley plans and family offices.

Related also owns Equinox Fitness Clubs, SoulCycle and fast casual restaurant chains.

Miami Dolphins
In February 2008, Ross bought 50% of the Miami Dolphins franchise, Dolphin Stadium (now known as Hard Rock Stadium), and surrounding land from then-owner Wayne Huizenga for $550 million, with an agreement to later become the Dolphins' managing general partner. On January 20, 2009, Ross closed on the purchase of an additional 45% of the team from Huizenga. The total value of the deal was $1.1 billion. This means Ross is now the owner of 95% of both the franchise and the stadium. Ross announced his intention to keep Bill Parcells as the director of football operations.

Since buying the Dolphins, Ross has brought in Gloria Estefan, Marc Anthony, Venus Williams, Tony Chesta and Serena Williams as minority owners of the team.  In 2013, Roger Goodell made a pitch to the Florida legislature on Ross' behalf in order to obtain multimillion-dollar public funding from the state to help renovate Hard Rock Stadium, the Dolphins' home field. The Dolphins wanted $3 million a year for the next 30 years, with Ross committed to funding 70% of the cost. However, Florida lawmakers rejected the proposal, despite granting over $100 million in subsidies to The Ballpark of the Palm Beaches. Ross ended up spending $500 million out-of-pocket to refresh the stadium.

On March 27, 2017, Ross cast the only "no" vote in the NFL owners' 31–1 "yes" decision on the Oakland Raiders request for approval to move to Las Vegas starting in the 2020 season. Ross said he had no personal problems with Raiders owner Mark Davis and wished the franchise well, but did not think the Raiders did everything they could to stay in Oakland, and also that having 3 teams move within only 15 months (the Rams and Chargers both moved to Los Angeles) was not good for players or fans. Ross also stated prior to his Dolphins playing the Chargers in their first home game since the move to Los Angeles that he did not believe that Chargers owner Dean Spanos made his best effort to stay in San Diego, making him a popular figure with the upset San Diego fan base.

Since 2019, the Miami Open has been hosted at the Hard Rock Stadium.

On February 1, 2022, Ross and the Dolphins, among other teams, were cited in a federal class-action lawsuit brought forth by his former head coach Brian Flores, alleging that Ross offered Flores a $100,000 bonus for every game he lost in the Dolphins' 2019 campaign. As of February 2, 2022, the NFL publicly denied all allegations against Ross and all others listed in the lawsuit, releasing in an official statement: "We will defend against these claims, which are without merit."

On August 2, 2022, it was announced that following a six-month independent investigation by Mary Jo White and a team of lawyers, the NFL would strip the Dolphins of their 2023 first-round draft pick and a 2024 third-round draft pick for violating the league's anti-tampering policy on three occasions from 2019 to 2022 by engaging in impermissible conversations with quarterback Tom Brady and then-New Orleans Saints coach Sean Payton, both of whom were under contract with other teams. Ross, the team owner, was also fined $1.5 million and suspended through October 17, 2022, and was prohibited from being at the Dolphins' facility or representing the team at any event until then. He was also prohibited from attending any league meeting before the annual meeting in 2023, and was removed from all league committees indefinitely. Vice chairman/limited partner Bruce Beal was fined $500,000 and was not permitted to attend any league meetings for the rest of the 2022 season. The investigation did not find that the Dolphins intentionally lost games during the 2019 season.

F1
Ross owns the Miami International Autodrome, a purpose-built temporary circuit around Hard Rock Stadium. The Autodrome has exclusive rights to host the Miami Grand Prix through the 2032 season, with the Formula One Grand Prix held for the first time during the 2022 season.  Ross had been trying to bring about the Miami Grand Prix for several years before being successful. The circuit layout is designed in a way that local residents would not be disrupted by the races. It is also one of the newest racetracks in the United States.

RSE Ventures
RSE Ventures is a private investment firm that focuses on sports and entertainment, media and marketing, food and lifestyle, and technology. RSE Ventures was co-founded in 2012 by Ross and Matt Higgins, former executive vice president of the New York Jets. RSE builds, owns and operates a variety of companies, including the Drone Racing League, Thuzio, VaynerMedia, and Relevent.

Civic and philanthropic activities
Ross was co-chair of the University of Michigan's fundraising campaign, which was completed May 2007.

In 2004, Ross made the single largest contribution (at the time) to the University of Michigan by donating $100 million to the school. The university renamed its business school, Ross School of Business in his honor. On September 12, 2013, it was announced Ross had committed an additional $200 million gift to the university, to be distributed equally among the Ross School of Business and the university's athletic department. It replaced Charlie Munger's 2013 contribution of $115 million as the largest single gift in the university's history. On September 20, 2017, Ross donated an additional $50 million to the University of Michigan, the majority of which would support career development programs for students, innovative action-based learning experiences, and resources for attracting and developing junior faculty.

Ross was on the executive committee of NYC2012, New York's initiative to bring the summer Olympic Games to New York City in 2012, which failed when London won. Ross is chairman of Equinox Holdings, and chairperson emeritus of the Real Estate Board of New York (REBNY), the city's leading real estate trade association. As a member of the board of trustees of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, Ross was involved in the planning of a major renovation of the Frank Lloyd Wright iconic building and other new museums. He is a trustee of New York Presbyterian Hospital, the Urban Land Institute, the NY Chapter of Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International, the Levin Institute and is a director of the Jackie Robinson Foundation and the World Resources Institute.

Ross serves on the Board for the Cornell Tech Campus, a $2B redevelopment of Roosevelt Island including the Joan & Irwin Jacobs Technion-Cornell Institute, a partnership between Cornell University and the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology that when completed will house several thousand post-graduate students, hundreds of faculty, and a high-tech business incubator.

Ross invested in a partnership named RERI that was donated to the University of Michigan in 2003.  RERI obtained its own appraisal for the donation in the amount of $32.935 million.  The university sold the Ross-donated remainder interest in December, 2005 for $1.94 million, below the $6.5 million appraised value. The IRS denied the entire $33 million tax deduction and imposed a multi-million dollar penalty in July, 2017.  Ross's longtime accountant Alan Katz and business associate, Harold Levine were instrumental in the partnership.  They are currently under criminal investigation for the tax plan.

Politics
Ross was a major supporter and contributor to the 2012 presidential campaign of Mitt Romney.

In August 2019, it was reported that Ross would host a major fundraiser for Donald Trump's 2020 presidential campaign at his Hamptons home on August 9.

In response to calls for boycotts of companies owned by Ross, a spokesperson for Equinox and SoulCycle told CNN, "Neither Equinox nor SoulCycle have anything to do with the event later this week and do not support it. As is consistent with our policies, no company profits are used to fund politicians."

Ross is a major investor in Ladder Capital, a "shadow bank". Around the time Trump became president, Ross attempted a takeover of Ladder Bank. He was unsuccessful, but did purchase an $80 million stake. According to the former President's 2019 financial disclosure, Ladder Capital lent $275 million to Donald Trump in mortgages and between $110 million and $150 million is still owed, of which $50 million is from the 2012 mortgage on Trump Tower.

In 2021, his super PAC, Common Sense NYC spent $550,000 to oppose eight progressive Democrats in New York City's 2021 City Council election. They succeeded in helping defeat six of the eight Democrats.

Honors and awards
Ross has received numerous honors for his business, civic, and philanthropic activities. He was named the third Most Powerful Person in New York Real Estate by the New York Observer, Multi-Family Property Executive of the Year by Commercial Property News, and Housing Person of the Year by the National Housing Conference.

Personal life
Ross has two children from his first marriage. In April 2021, it was made public that he was divorcing his second wife, Kara (née Gaffney) Ross, after 18 years of marriage. He has two stepchildren with Gaffney.

Besides his home in the Deutsche Bank Center in Manhattan, Ross also owns an 11,000 square foot oceanfront mansion in Palm Beach named "The Reef".

References

External links
Stephen M. Ross – Chairman Of The Board
 Anatomy of a deal: Inside Related/Oxford's unusual financing of Hudson Yards

1940 births
Living people
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople
American billionaires
American chairpersons of corporations
American company founders
American marketing businesspeople
American political fundraisers
American real estate businesspeople
American sports businesspeople
Bear Stearns people
21st-century American philanthropists
Jewish American sportspeople
Miami Beach Senior High School alumni
Miami Dolphins owners
Michigan lawyers
Michigan Republicans
New York (state) Republicans
New York University School of Law alumni
Patrons of schools
Businesspeople from Detroit
Businesspeople from Manhattan
Philanthropists from New York (state)
Real estate company founders
Ross School of Business alumni
Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation
University of Florida alumni
Wayne State University Law School alumni
Mumford High School alumni
People from Southampton (town), New York
University of Michigan alumni

Stephen M. Ross


The French alphabet uses the same letters as the ISO basic Latin alphabet as well as the English alphabet, although its pronunciation is different from that of English. Some letters sometimes also have diacritics on them (e.g. Français), but letters with diacritics are considered to be a modified form of the letters without diacritics, so they are not different letters of the alphabet. The letters "k" and "w" do not appear in original French words, only in words borrowed from other languages (e.g. kangourou, wagon).

French language
Alphabets

French alphabet


Andrés Felipe Mercado Cepeda (born August 27, 1986, in Barranquilla, Colombia) is a Colombian actor and singer best known for playing Daniel Esquivel in Grachi. While going to school, he began study piano, painting and singing. In his childhood Mercado appeared in different television commercials.

Biography
After working with acting tutors, Mercado decided to settle in New York for a year to have better training in areas such as improvisation and body awareness. He then returned to Colombia and continued his career as an actor, coming back to music for perfecting his vocal performance. He began his career at age 15 in the Colombian series Padres e hijos as Leonardo Pava. In 2005 he had a small role in El pasado no perdona, together with Wen Benamor. In 2006 he participated in the Colombian version of the telenovela Floricienta, in the role of Richie. In 2007 and 2008 he played Andrés Larrea in Pocholo. In 2009 and 2010 he was Iker in the Mexican telenovela Atrévete a soñar, along with Colombian actor Lucas Velázquez and Danna Paola.

He starred in the Nickelodeon Latin America production Grachi, as Daniel Esquivel, with Cuban actress Isabella Castillo.

Filmography

Awards

References

External links

21st-century Colombian male singers
1986 births
Living people
Colombian male television actors
Colombian male telenovela actors
Musicians from Bogotá
Actors from Bogotá

Andrés Mercado