Dominican Spanish is Spanish as it is spoken in the Dominican Republic and by the Dominican diaspora.

Roots of the language
Dominican Spanish is based on Canarian and Andalucian dialects from south Spain but with some influences from West African languages. The indigenous Arawak language left very little influence on the language; the only influence they left were some words, mainly for foods and names.

African influence
Examples of African-based syntax:
 Dominican Spanish: "Como tu ta?", Spanish: "¿Cómo estás tú?"
 Dominican Spanish: "Como tu te llama?", Spanish: "¿Cuál es su nombre?" or "¿Cómo se llama usted?"
 Dominican Spanish : "P'onde ta?" or "Onde ta", Spanish: "¿Por dónde está eso?" or "¿Por dónde estás?"

Words such as "mangu" (mashed plantains), "kamboumbo" (basket for clothes), "guineo" or "guinea" (banana), and many more. Note, most of these African words are either Igbo or Kikongo origins. The most dominant African languages that has had the most influence in the formation of the Dominican Spanish is the Igbo, Yoruba, Kongo, Twi, Fon, Ewe, Mandinga, Hausa, Wolof etc. With the syntax being based off the Yoruba language and Mande languages, the phonetics heavily influenced by the Kikongo, and the pronouciations of certain words containing some elements of the Mandingas and the Igbos. Most schollars, just as all of the West Indies have said that the Kikongo language influenced greatly the formation of the Dominican Spanish .

Vocabulary
These are some examples of Dominican Spanish. <<Note>> some of these words or expressions/idioms are of African origin.
 Chalina: corbata; Tie
 Terina: vasija para lavarse las manos; handwashing vessel
 Boto: sin filo; blunt
 Mayimbe: el rey; king
 Mata: yerba, árbol, planta de cualquier tipo; grass, tree, plant of any kind
 Pela: golpes, paliza;  hitting, beating
 Mai: madre; mother
 Pai: Padre; Father
 Soga: Cualquier tipo de cuerda; Any type of rope
 Abarrotar: llenar, atestar; fill, cram
 Bandazo: tumbo; lie
 Chuma: Populazo, gentuza; Populazo, riffraff
 Desamarrar: desatar;  loosen
 Embicar: beber a pico de botella; drinking from the bottle
 Garete: (al garete) sin control, sin orden; (to hell) without control, without a warrant
 Singar: realizar el acto sexual; having sexual intercourse
 Zafar: soltar; release or give up
 Bembe: labios; lips
 Cateyano: Castellano, Espanol; Castilian, Spanish
 Kalunga: Dios; God
 Matatan: el macho, el veradero hombre; the man
 Kikonde: Esconde, to hide

Related languages
Palenquero is a Spanish-African based Creole with Portuguese influences that is spoken in the Caribbean coast of Colombia.

The Eastern Cuban Spanish dialect is remarkably identical to the Dominican Spanish . Many Cubans consider the east part of Cuba as another Dominican Republic due to similar culture.

References

Spanish language
Dominican Republic

Dominican Spanish


"Nevsky Prospekt" () is a short story by Nikolai Gogol, written between 1831 and 1834 and published in the collection Arabesques in 1835 .

Summary
Influenced strongly by the sentimental movement, the protagonist of "Nevsky Prospekt" is a pathetic and insignificant romantic, the narrator is chatty and unreliable (along the lines of Tristram Shandy, the definitive sentimental novel), and realism dominates. The story is organized symmetrically; the narrator describes Nevsky Prospekt in great detail, then the plot splits to follow in turn two acquaintances, each of whom follows a beautiful woman whom he has seen on the street. The first story follows the romantic hero, the second follows his realistic foil. The story closes with the narrator once more speaking generally of Nevsky Prospekt.

The introduction describes Nevsky Prospekt, the central avenue of St. Petersburg, and its population at different times of the day. The narrator revels in the delights of the street, but he is filled with Poshlost, (defined by literary historian D. S. Mirsky as "'self-satisfied inferiority,' moral and spiritual.")  This is exemplified in the repeated admiring descriptions of mustaches, "to which the better part of a life has been devoted." The description of the street ends abruptly, and the story shifts to the conversation of two acquaintances who have decided to split up to each pursue a different woman seen on the street.

The first story told is of a young, romantic painter, Piskaryov, who follows a dark-haired woman (whom he likens to Perugino's Bianca) to what turns out to be a brothel. However, his interest in the woman is completely innocent and chaste, so he is shocked by her true nature and flees. Back in his room he dreams of her as a woman of wealth and virtue. Living only for his dreams, he develops insomnia and turns to opium to restore his ability to sleep and to dream. After dreaming of the woman as his wife, he decides to marry her, but when he returns to the brothel to propose the woman mocks him. He returns to his lodging and cuts his throat. His funeral is unattended.

The second story is of an officer, Lieutenant Pirogov. Crude and realistic, he is the romantic Piskaryov's foil. Pirogov follows a blonde woman to her home, but she turns out to be the wife of a German tinsmith. Returning when the husband is out, Pirogov attempts to seduce the woman, but he is caught with the woman in his arms and is flogged. Pirogov is at first furious and determined to seek revenge, but he is mollified by eating puff pastries, reading a reactionary newspaper and spending an evening dancing.

The story concludes with the narrator's warning that "Nevsky Prospekt deceives at all hours of the day, but the worst time of all is at night... when the devil himself is abroad, kindling the street-lamps with one purpose only: to show everything in a false light."

Notes

References

 Gogol, Nikolai. The Complete Tales of Nikolai Gogol. Trans: Constance Garnett. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1985.

External links

Online text   from public-library.ru

Short stories by Nikolai Gogol
1835 short stories

Nevsky Prospekt (story)


The Tunnel, also known as Transatlantic Tunnel in the United States, is a 1935 British science fiction film directed by Maurice Elvey and stars Richard Dix, Leslie Banks, Madge Evans, Helen Vinson, C. Aubrey Smith and Basil Sydney. It is based on the 1913 novel Der Tunnel by Bernhard Kellermann, about the building of a transatlantic tunnel between New York and London. The script was written by Curt Siodmak, L. du Garde Peach and Clemence Dane. The film, produced at a time when the threat of war loomed in Europe, emphasized international cooperation between the United States and the United Kingdom.

Plot
A group of wealthy industrialists gather in the home of Mr. Lloyd, a millionaire who introduces them to Richard "Mack" McAllan, the engineer who successfully spearheaded the construction of the Channel Tunnel (the story takes place in the unspecified near future, though it is noted in the film that the Channel Tunnel is built "in 1940") and the Bahamas-Miami tunnel. McAllan informs the group that the "Allanite steel" he developed, along with a "radium drill" developed by his friend Frederick "Robbie" Robbins, makes it possible to construct an undersea tunnel linking England with the United States. Though the group is initially skeptical, the backing of Lloyd and his associate Mostyn convinces the group to buy shares in the project.

Three years into construction of the tunnel, McAllan is a worldwide celebrity, but his work keeps him from his devoted wife Ruth and their young son Geoffrey. Called away to New York, he is informed that the people are losing faith in the project. Lloyd needs to have him use his fame to get support. Lloyd's attractive daughter Varlia, who is secretly in love with McAllan, keeps him company to intensify the attention of the press.

The photos of the couple add to Ruth's sense of isolation, and she decides to work in the tunnel as a nurse. There she is affected by an unknown gas afflicting the workers and loses her eyesight. Worried that her husband no longer loves her and not wanting him to stay with her out of pity, Ruth leaves McAllan, taking their son with her. Heartbroken at her unexplained departure, McAllan throws himself into the project, alienating Robbins in the process.

Years pass. Though the cost of the tunnel in lives and money continues to mount, the British prime minister and American president eagerly anticipate its completion and the unity and peace they promise it will bring. Ruth lives in the countryside with her now-grown son, who lobbies Robbins to find him a job working in the tunnel. The tunnel is nearing completion, but the workers encounter a submarine volcano that will necessitate a detour. McAllan needs more money to establish a detour, but is opposed by Grellier, an arms manufacturer, and Mostyn. The two men earlier manipulated the stock market to become the controlling shareholders in the company. Lloyd suspects that Grellier and Mostyn plan to use the delay to depress stock prices again, and this time gain total ownership of the tunnel. However, Varlia convinces Mostyn to fund further construction by promising him the one thing he has always wanted, but never gotten: her hand in marriage. Though the project goes forward, Grellier has Mostyn killed for backing out of their deal.

Despite the renewed effort, samples indicate the volcano may be too large to drill around. The drill breaks through to volcanic gases that kill hundreds of workers, including Geoffrey. The project seems on the verge of collapse. Determined to see the project through and fortified by the reappearance of Ruth (who came to the tunnel site to discover Geoffrey's fate), McAllan vows to continue. With three volunteers, McAllan and Robbins man the radium drill, and despite near-fatal temperatures, break through to the American side of the tunnel.

Cast
 Richard Dix as Richard "Mack" McAllan
 Leslie Banks as Frederick "Robbie" Robbins
 Madge Evans as Ruth McAllan
 Helen Vinson as Varlia Lloyd
 C. Aubrey Smith as Lloyd
 Basil Sydney as Mostyn
 Henry Oscar as Grellier
 Hilda Trevelyan as Mary
 Walter Huston as President of the United States
 Cyril Raymond as Harriman
 George Arliss as Prime Minister of Great Britain
 Jimmy Hanley as Geoffrey McAllan

Production
Bernhard Kellermann's 1913 novel Der Tunnel previously had been filmed three times: once as the German silent Der Tunnel (1915), and then as two sound films Der Tunnel (German) and Le Tunnel (French), both released in 1933 and directed by Curtis Bernhardt. The Tunnel used footage extensively from the 1933 German version.

A first draft of the screenplay written by Sidney Gilliat was discarded. Clemence Dane, who provided additional dialogue, was the pseudonym of Winifred Ashton, an English novelist and playwright who later won an Academy Award for Best Story for Perfect Strangers (1945).

The New York City opening of The Tunnel took place on 27 October 1935.

Critical reception
The New York Times called it an "arresting and strikingly mounted British film," and "An imaginative drama in the best Jules Verne tradition."

Poster
An original advertising poster for the film was cataloged with an estimated value of between $2000 and $3000 by Heritage Auction Galleries in Dallas in the summer of 2006.

See also
 Transatlantic tunnel
 Tatra 77, an advanced Czechoslovak automobile used in the film by director Maurice Elvey, who was taken with its then-futuristic look

References

External links

 The Tunnel at RichardDix.org

1935 films
British black-and-white films
British science fiction films
Films based on works by Bernhard Kellermann
Films directed by Maurice Elvey
1930s science fiction films
Films set in London
Films set in England
Films set in the Atlantic Ocean
Films set in the future
British remakes of French films
British remakes of German films
1930s English-language films
1930s British films
English-language science fiction films

The Tunnel (1935 film)


St. Peter's Priory () was one of Denmark's early monastic houses. It was located in Lund, Skåne, now southern Sweden, formerly part of Denmark.

History
St. Peter's Priory was established before 1166 during the tenure of Eskil, Archbishop of Lund, for Benedictine nuns. It was originally dedicated to Saint Mary and Saint Peter, but by 1200 it was simply referred to as St. Peter's Priory. The original church was built in the latter half of the 1160s of sandstone with the rounded arches of the Romanesque style.

The church was rebuilt in brick and expanded about 1300 in the Gothic style. The entire complex consisted of three ranges with the priory church forming the fourth side of a quadrilateral enclosure. The complex included a dormitory, refectory and cellars, and a wing for lay sisters. The church over time came into possession of many income properties which paid rents to sustain the priory. There are records of several exchanges of farms between St. Peter's Priory and the chapter of Lund Cathedral.

In the course of the Reformation Denmark became officially a Lutheran kingdom in October 1536.  All religious houses and their many acquired income properties reverted to the crown. The entire archive of the priory was lost except for a few letters regarding the disposition of the priory near the time of the Reformation. The last letter of the prioress, dated 1537, giving up the priory is found among them. The estate was given to Eskil Oxe by the crown until 1565 when it passed into the possession of Jorgen and Inger Brahe, the maternal uncle and aunt of Tycho Brahe, the famous Danish astronomer.

About 1600 all the conventual buildings were demolished, leaving the priory church to serve as the parish church of St Peter's. The burial ground continued to be used for burials until modern times.

Gallery

References

Benedictine nunneries in Denmark
Churches in Lund
Churches in the Diocese of Lund
12th-century establishments in Denmark
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
1537 disestablishments
Monasteries dissolved under the Danish Reformation
Medieval Sweden

St. Peter's Priory, Lund


Samuel Wilson is a fictional character portrayed by Anthony Mackie in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name and known commonly by his original alias, the Falcon. Wilson is initially depicted as a veteran United States Air Force Pararescueman who specializes in the use of an advanced jet pack with articulated wings. A skilled combatant and tactician, Wilson becomes a close friend of Steve Rogers after assisting him during the Hydra uprising, later being recruited by him to join the Avengers.

During the fallout related to the Sokovia Accords, Wilson sides with Rogers and becomes a fugitive as a result. He returns to the fold during the conflict against Thanos, falling victim to the Blip. After being restored to life, he is personally appointed by the now-retired Rogers to become the new Captain America, also receiving from him a specially made version of the iconic shield. However, believing he cannot live up to the mantle, Wilson decides to surrender the shield to the U.S. government, who in turn appoints John Walker as Captain America instead. During the ensuing conflict with Walker and the Flag Smashers, Wilson, with assistance from James Barnes, finally accepts the title.

Wilson is a central figure in the MCU, having appeared in six films . He is a primary protagonist of the miniseries The Falcon and the Winter Soldier (2021). The character is noted for being the first black Captain America in the MCU, and Mackie's portrayal of Wilson has been met with positive reception. He is set to reprise the role as the titular character in the film Captain America: Brave New World (2024).

Concept, creation, and characterization
Samuel Thomas Wilson, known as the Falcon, was the first African-American superhero in mainstream comic books. The character first appeared in Captain America #117 (Sept. 1969). Created by writer-editor Stan Lee and artist Gene Colan, he came about, Colan recalled in 2008,

He was introduced as an unnamed former resident of New York City's Harlem neighborhood, who had adopted a wild falcon he trained and named Redwing. (His own name, Sam Wilson, was not given until page five of the following issue.) After Wilson came into conflict with the supervillain the Red Skull, Steve Rogers inspired Wilson to take on the costumed identity of the Falcon, and Wilson underwent training with Rogers. Through most of the 1970s, the Falcon and Captain America were a team in New York City, and the series was cover-billed Captain America and the Falcon from issues #134–192 and 194–222 (February 1971 – June 1978).

The Falcon eventually became a member of the Avengers from issues #183–194 (May 1979 – April 1980), and had a solo issue. After regularly appearing in Captain America vol. 2 (November 1996 – November 1997), the Falcon rejoined the Avengers in The Avengers vol. 3, #1 (February 1998). This time, he remained with the team, becoming one of its most prominent members by issue #57 (Oct. 2002). In 2014, Marvel announced that Wilson would succeed Rogers as the new Captain America, a mantle which the character thereafter assumed in several additional runs.

In the mid-2000s, Kevin Feige realized that Marvel still owned the rights to the core members of the Avengers, which included Captain America and his associated characters, including Wilson. Feige, a self-professed "fanboy", envisioned creating a shared universe just as creators Stan Lee and Jack Kirby had done with their comic books in the early 1960s. In 2005, Marvel received a $525 million investment from Merrill Lynch, allowing them to independently produce ten films, including Captain America. Paramount Pictures agreed to distribute the film.
In July 2012, Anthony Mackie entered negotiations to star as Wilson/Falcon alongside Chris Evans in Captain America: The Winter Soldier.  In November 2014, Mackie was confirmed to be returning in Captain America: Civil War. In early July 2015, an international teaser trailer revealed that Mackie would appear as Wilson/Falcon in Ant-Man. Mackie appears in the post-credit sequence as well, along with Chris Evans and Sebastian Stan as Steve Rogers / Captain America and Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier, respectively.

Characterization
Entering the role, Mackie said "[Wilson is] a really smart guy who went through major military training and becomes a tactical leader." He also remarked, "He's the first African-American superhero. It makes me feel all the work I've done has been paying off. I have a son, nephews and nieces, and I love the idea that they can dress up as the Falcon on Halloween. They now have someone they can idolize. That's a huge honor for me." Marvel, who cast Mackie because of his "energy and sense of fun", did not let him read a script before signing on. Mackie spent five months doing two-a-day workouts and eating an 11,000 calorie per day diet to get into shape for the role. Commenting on Rogers' relationship with Wilson, Evans said, "Meeting Mackie's character, he used to serve, now he works at the VA counseling guys who come home with PTSD—they connect on that level. I think they're both wounded warriors who don't bleed on other people. Cap has no one to bleed on. I think Mackie knows how to handle people like that. ... Sometimes when things are bad, trusting a stranger is the way to go".

On including Falcon in Ant-Man, director Peyton Reed said that it was not done just to include the character, rather "[i]t served a plot point; a purpose in our story" and allowed them to enhance Michael Peña's "tip montages", which were written by production writers Gabriel Ferrari and Andrew Barrer, also adding Falcon "seemed like the right character—not a marquee character like Iron Man or Thor, but the right level of hero". Rudd and McKay decided to include Falcon after watching Captain America: The Winter Soldier.

Discussing the relationship between Wilson and Rogers in Captain America: Civil War, Mackie said, "With Falcon and Cap, what's so great is there's a mutual respect. There's a soldier respect. What's great about ... [Captain America: Civil War] is you get to see their relationship grow," adding, "He respects and admires Cap because Cap earned his rank as opposed to sitting in an office and just delegating orders." Feige said that it was decided to reshoot the final scene of the film to incorporate the new Falcon suit designed for Ant-Man, which was released after Age of Ultron, as Falcon was originally shot in his original suit from The Winter Soldier. Mackie stated he did not realize Wilson had become an Avenger until he watched the film at the premiere, as he was only given the script for the scenes he worked on.

Wilson uses a pair of submachine guns as his main weapons and flies using a jet pack with articulated wings. From Civil War on, he is aided by a robotic drone named Redwing.  Joe Russo stated that the inclusion of Barnes to Rogers' side forces Wilson to question the dynamic and relationship he has with Rogers going forward. Mackie noted that in Infinity War, Wilson has a grudge with other heroes like Iron Man and Black Panther after the events of Civil War.

Fictional character biography

Early life and military service
Wilson was born and raised in Delacroix, Louisiana, where his family operated a fishing business. He later became a United States Air Force (USAF) Pararescueman and served multiple tours in overseas military campaigns. He was selected to test a prototype military wingsuit alongside his friend Riley due to insurgents' use of RPGs preventing the use of helicopters. However, Riley was killed by an RPG and Wilson was unable to save him. After ending his Air Force service, Wilson became a trauma counselor aiding other returning veterans.

Helping Steve Rogers

In 2014, Wilson befriends Steve Rogers while jogging at Washington, D.C., and later helps him and Natasha Romanoff defeat Hydra. After receiving help from Maria Hill and Nick Fury, the trio travel to S.H.I.E.L.D.'s headquarters, the Triskelion, where they engage Bucky Barnes, who Hydra brainwashed and turned into the Winter Soldier, and Brock Rumlow. In the aftermath, Wilson offers to accompany Rogers in his mission to track down Barnes.

New Avenger

In 2015, Wilson attends the Avengers' party at Avengers Tower in New York City to report back on his progress in finding Barnes to Rogers. Soon after, Wilson is recruited into the Avengers' new roster at the Avengers Compound alongside Wanda Maximoff, Vision, and James Rhodes.

A few months later, Wilson has a brief altercation with Scott Lang outside the Compound, where Lang takes a device necessary for his own mission. Wilson, impressed by Lang, starts looking for him.

Sokovia Accords

In 2016, Wilson accompanies Rogers, Romanoff, and Maximoff on a mission in Lagos to stop Rumlow from obtaining a biological weapon. While there, Wilson debuts a bird-shaped robotic drone he has nicknamed Redwing. Later, he becomes the first Avenger to oppose the Sokovia Accords, a new law requiring the Avengers to be supervised by the United Nations that Rogers opposes but Tony Stark supports.
After Barnes is framed for a bombing in Vienna, Rogers and Wilson attempt to protect Barnes, only to be arrested. When the true perpetrator of the bombing, Helmut Zemo, sets Barnes loose on the Avengers, Barnes tells Rogers and Wilson about five other supersoldiers that he believes Zemo wants to unleash. At Wilson's suggestion, Rogers calls Clint Barton to recruit Lang and retrieve Maximoff. In Germany, they face off against Stark's faction of Avengers, with Wilson and most of Rogers' team agreeing to stay behind and allow themselves to be captured so Rogers and Barnes can pursue Zemo. Wilson and the captured Avengers are incarcerated at the Raft prison, where Stark convinces Wilson to tell him where Rogers and Barnes went in exchange for Stark going alone. Sometime later, Rogers breaks his allies out of the Raft and they go into hiding due to violating the accords.

Infinity War and resurrection

In 2018, Wilson, Rogers, and Romanoff arrive in Scotland to rescue Maximoff and Vision from Proxima Midnight and Corvus Glaive, two of the Children of Thanos. The Avengers return to the Compound and meet with Rhodes and Bruce Banner, before heading to Wakanda. There they try to protect Vision before facing off with the Outriders. The Avengers later try to stop Thanos upon his arrival from completing the Infinity Gauntlet, but are unable too, and Wilson falls victim to the Blip.

In 2023, Wilson is restored to life and is brought by Masters of the Mystic Arts to the ruins of the Compound to join the battle against an alternate Thanos. A week later, Wilson attends Stark's funeral. The next day, with Barnes' approval, he receives Captain America's shield and mantle from an elderly Rogers.

Becoming Captain America

In 2024, Wilson has returned to work as a contractor with the USAF with support from his friend, USAF first lieutenant Joaquin Torres. In Washington, D.C., Wilson gives the shield to the U.S. government so it can be displayed in a Smithsonian exhibit dedicated to Captain America, believing that he is not worthy of taking up Captain America's mantle. He returns to Delacroix to help his sister, Sarah, with the family business until Torres tells of him an attack carried out by the Flag Smashers, a terrorist group that believes life was better during the Blip. Wilson later learns that the U.S. government has named John Walker the new Captain America.

Partnering with Bucky Barnes

Wilson is approached by Barnes, who expresses disapproval that the former surrendered the shield before joining him in facing the Flag Smashers and their leader Karli Morgenthau in Munich, only to discover they all have superhuman strength. Despite receiving aid from Walker and Lemar Hoskins, Wilson and Barnes are overpowered and the terrorists escape. Walker requests the pair join him in aiding the Global Repatriation Council (GRC) to quash the ongoing violent post-Blip revolutions, but they decline and head to Baltimore to meet Isaiah Bradley, a Korean War veteran and super-soldier whom Barnes encountered in battle decades prior, to find out how the Flag Smashers obtained super-solder serum. However, Bradley refuses to help them, revealing he was imprisoned and experimented on by the government for thirty years. Barnes convinces Wilson to travel to Berlin and meet with the imprisoned Zemo in an effort to obtain information about the Flag Smashers, during which Barnes secretly orchestrates Zemo's escape. Despite his reluctance, Wilson joins Barnes and Zemo in traveling to Madripoor under assumed names to locate the source of the new super-soldier serum. They learn from high-ranking criminal, Selby, that the Power Broker hired former Hydra scientist Dr. Wilfred Nagel to recreate the serum before the trio is compromised and Selby is killed. The trio are saved by the fugitive Sharon Carter, who agrees to help them after Wilson offers to get her pardoned. They travel to Nagel's lab and confront him, learning that he created twenty vials of the serum before the Flag Smashers stole them. After Zemo kills Nagel and bounty hunters destroy the latter's lab, Wilson, Barnes, and Carter fight the bounty hunters until Zemo acquires a getaway car to help them escape. While Carter stays behind, Wilson, Barnes, and Zemo travel to Latvia to find Morgenthau.

Stopping the Flag Smashers

Wilson attempts to persuade Morgenthau to end the violence, but an impatient unstable Walker interrupts and she escapes. After she threatens Sarah, Wilson meets with Morgenthau, during which she asks him to join her movement. Walker and Hoskins intervene, leading to a fight in which Morgenthau accidentally kills Hoskins. Enraged by his friend's death and having taken the serum, Walker uses Captain America's shield to kill one of the Flag Smashers in front of a group of horrified bystanders, who film his actions.

Following this, Wilson and Barnes demand the shield from Walker, starting a fight in which Walker destroys Wilson's wingsuit before Wilson and Barnes narrowly take the shield back. After passing on his wingsuit to Torres, Wilson revisits Bradley, but the latter states his belief that a black man cannot, and should not, be Captain America. Wilson returns home to Louisiana and helps fix the family boat, with assistance from several locals as well as Barnes, who delivers a new Captain America suit he acquired from the Wakandans to Wilson. While training with the shield, Wilson and Barnes agree to move on from their pasts and work together as friends.

Accepting his role as the new Captain America and after receiving a lead from Torres, Wilson flies to New York to save the GRC from the Flag Smashers with help from Barnes, Carter, and Walker. Wilson attempts to reason with Morgenthau, but Carter kills her when she points a gun at him. After carrying out Morgenthau's body, Wilson convinces the GRC to postpone their impending vote to force the relocation of Blip-displaced individuals and make efforts to help them instead. He also convinces the government to create a statue honoring Bradley as part of the Smithsonian's Captain America exhibit. Afterward, Wilson returns home and joins his family, Barnes, and his community for a cookout.

Alternate versions

Zombie outbreak

In an alternate 2018, Wilson became infected by a quantum virus that turned him into a zombie. The zombified Wilson later attacks Bucky Barnes and Okoye at Grand Central Terminal before being killed by the latter.

Differences from the comic books

A number of differences have been observed between the comic book version of the character and the MCU adaptation. The character's comic book backstory is dispensed with entirely, with Wilson instead being introduced with a military background, an aspect that originated from the Ultimate comics through which he is able to relate to Rogers. In the comic book, Wilson has the ability to communicate with birds and is assisted in his heroics by an actual falcon named Redwing. In the films, this is replaced by a drone nicknamed Redwing, which the character is able to control remotely. Wilson's costume is also dramatically different from the bare-chested skintight outfit worn by the character in the comics, instead wearing a utilitarian outfit inspired by the Ultimate Marvel version, though Mackie has indicated that he wanted to wear "red Spandex, head to toe" for the part.

In The Falcon and the Winter Soldier, he wears a red-and silver costume that is closer to the comics. While fighting the Flag Smashers and John Walker however, the former destroys his Redwing drone while the latter destroys his flight suit. Following these, Barnes convinces Ayo of Wakanda's Dora Milaje to arrange for the construction of a replacement flight suit made of vibranium and equipped with a pair of Redwing drones.

Reception

Critical response
The response to the character of Wilson was mixed, with Jacob Stolworthy of The Independent feeling he was "memorable solely due to the vibrancy the entertaining actor [Mackie] brings to the role." However, Mackie's portrayal of Wilson was widely praised, with Matt Donnelly of Variety noting his "winning tone" and "wry and collegial humour" in the role. Andy Welch of The Guardian praised Wilson's speech to the Global Repatriation Council as Wilson's "greatest moment" in the final episode of The Falcon and the Winter Soldier, adding that there were "plenty of miles left" in Wilson's partnership with Sebastian Stan's Bucky Barnes.

Awards and nominations

See also
 Captain America in other media
 Characters of the Marvel Cinematic Universe

References

External links

 Sam Wilson on Marvel.com

African-American superheroes
Alternative versions of Captain America
American male characters in television
Avengers (film series)
Black characters in films
Captain America (film series)
Fictional War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) veterans
Fictional United States Air Force personnel
Fictional characters displaced in time
Fictional characters from Louisiana
Fictional military personnel in films
Fictional shield fighters
Fictional social workers
Fictional soldiers
Fictional vigilantes
Film characters introduced in 2014
Male characters in film
Male characters in television
Marvel Cinematic Universe characters
Marvel Comics American superheroes
Marvel Comics male superheroes
Marvel Comics military personnel
Superhero television characters
The Falcon and the Winter Soldier
United States-themed superheroes

Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)


The Rangeline Conference was an IHSAA-Sanctioned High School Athletic Conference that lasted from 1965 to 1999, containing schools in Boone, Clinton, Delaware, Hamilton, Hancock, Hendricks, Howard, Marion, Shelby, and Tipton Counties in Central Indiana at various points, though never having more than five counties represented at one time, and the largest membership at once being eight schools.

The conference began as the Mid-Capital Conference in 1965, following the breakup of the Hamilton County Conference due to consolidation. The six school loop was down to four by 1970, but expanded to 7 by 1972 and rebranded itself as the Rangeline, since its footprint was no longer confined to the northern suburbs of Indianapolis. While the conference was stable at 8 schools from 1975 to 1989, size differences and geography plagued Rangeline for its remaining 11 years, until its demise in 2000.

Membership

 Hamilton Southeastern opened as a renaming of Fishers in 1965, since no schools consolidated with FHS, despite the new mascot and colors. Eventually a new Fishers High School would split from HSEHS, reviving the old FHS mascot and colors.

Membership timeline

Resources
Rangeline Conference Lifespan

Indiana high school athletic conferences
High school sports conferences and leagues in the United States
Indiana High School Athletic Association disestablished conferences
1965 establishments in Indiana
2000 disestablishments in Indiana

Rangeline Conference


The Intermediate Area is an archaeological geographical area of the Americas that was defined in its clearest form by Gordon R. Willey in his 1971 book An Introduction to American Archaeology, Vol. 2: South America (Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ). It comprises the geographical region between Mesoamerica to the north and the Central Andes to the south, including portions of Honduras and most of the territory of the republics of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama and Colombia.  As an archaeological concept, the Intermediate Area has always been somewhat poorly defined.

Because it was not home to ancient state societies but was predominated by early chiefdoms at the time of the Spanish conquest, it was sometimes regarded as a kind of cultural backwater that contributed little to the emergence of Pre-Columbian civilization in the New World.  However, recent archaeological research has demonstrated that this part of the Americas had some of the earliest agriculture, pottery, and metallurgy in the hemisphere.

Given new findings, it is likely to have played a critical role in the transmission of culture both to and between neighboring regions to the north and south.  Recently, concepts such as that of the Isthmo-Colombian Area have been offered as an alternative to the Intermediate Area with the intention of creating a neutral term.

References

Archaeology in the Americas
Pre-Columbian cultural areas

Intermediate Area


Pentaceraster cumingi, sometimes known as the Panamic cushion star, Cortez starfish or knobby star (a name also used for other species), is a species of starfish in the family Oreasteridae. It is found in warmer parts of the East Pacific (Gulf of California to northwest Peru, including offshore islands like the Galápagos) and in Hawaii. In Panama this species has been collected from the Pearl Islands (depth 8 m), Gulf of Panama, and off Coiba Island, Gulf of Chiriqui. It reaches a diameter of about .

Distribution and habitat
P. cumingi is found along the coasts of the Tropical Eastern Pacific and beyond, ranging as far north as the Gulf of California and as far south as the coast of northern Peru. It inhabits the shallow sub-tidal zone, usually in rocky terrain.

Diet
P. cumingi primarily feeds by scavenging and through a carnivorous diet. Its diet consists of ocean floor algae, microscopic organisms, and seagrass. On occasion, P. cumingi has been known to eat other echinoderms.

Reproduction
P. cumingi reproduces either sexually or asexually. It is gonochoric (having separate sexes). Asexual reproduction, which results in a clonal offspring, occurs by fission, splitting the central disc.

Ornamentation
The skeleton of this species is commonly used for ornamentation and sold as a souvenir in Peru and Mexico. The P. cumingi population has greatly decreased in Peru because of their use as souvenirs, and P. cumingi is now considered close to extinction in this country. The population size in Mexico is unknown.

References

External links

Oreasteridae
Fauna of the Pacific Ocean
Animals described in 1840
Taxa named by John Edward Gray

Pentaceraster cumingi


Five Rivers MetroParks is a regional public park system consisting of conservatories and outdoor recreation and education facilities that serve the Dayton metropolitan area. The name Five Rivers MetroParks comes from five major waterways that converge in Dayton. These waterways are the Great Miami River, Mad River, Stillwater River, Wolf Creek, and Twin Creek. Five Rivers MetroParks comprises more than  and 25 facilities with a number of amenities and features. These include hiking trails, a mountain bike area (MoMBA) at Huffman MetroPark, horse bridle trails, a disc golf course, a whitewater feature at Eastwood MetroPark, and a large butterfly house at Cox Arboretum MetroPark. Five Rivers MetroParks provides year-round recreation, education and conservation opportunities to the Greater Dayton community.

The fountain at RiverScape Metropark shoots  of water per minute toward the center of the river. The central geyser of the fountain rises from the jets 200 ft (60 m) in the air. Covering 395,000 square feet (36,700 square meters) across an 800 ft (244 m) diameter, the Five Rivers Fountain of Lights is one of the largest fountains in the world.

Five Rivers MetroParks also operates the 2nd Street Market, a public market located on East Second Street near downtown Dayton. More than 200,000 people visit the market year-round. Local merchants sell produce, flowers, baked goods, as well as homemade food and craft items. Entertainment includes local musicians, singers and dancers.

Metropark facilities
The Metropark's 19 facilities are:

 Aullwood Garden MetroPark, Englewood
 Carriage Hill MetroPark, Huber Heights
 Cox Arboretum and Gardens MetroPark, Dayton
 Deeds Point MetroPark, Dayton
 Eastwood MetroPark, Dayton
 Englewood MetroPark, Englewood
 Germantown MetroPark, Germantown
 Hills & Dales MetroPark, Kettering
 Huffman MetroPark, Fairborn
 Island MetroPark, Dayton
 Possum Creek MetroPark, Dayton
 RiverScape MetroPark, Dayton
 2nd Street Market, Dayton
 Sugarcreek MetroPark, Sugarcreek Township
 Sunrise MetroPark, Dayton
 Taylorsville MetroPark, Vandalia
 Twin Creek MetroPark, Germantown
 Wegerzyn Gardens MetroPark, Dayton
 Wesleyan MetroPark, Dayton

The Metropark's 8 conservation area's include:

 Dull Woods Conservation Area
 Medlar Conservation Area (added December 2010)
 Needmore Conservation Area
 Pigeye Conservation Area
 Sandridge Prairie Conservation Area
 Shiloh Woods Conservation Area
 Twin Valley Conservation Area
 Woodman Fen Conservation Area

References

External links

Park districts in Ohio
Urban public parks
Protected areas of Montgomery County, Ohio
Tourist attractions in Montgomery County, Ohio
Tourist attractions in Dayton, Ohio

Five Rivers MetroParks


Miguel Méndez (June 15, 1930 – May 31, 2013) was the pen name for Miguel Méndez Morales, a Mexican American author best known for his novel Peregrinos de Aztlán (Pilgrims in Aztlán). He was a leading figure in the field of Chicano literature.

Biography

Early life
Méndez was born in the border town of Bisbee, Arizona, on 15 June 1930. His father, Francisco Méndez Cárdenas, was from a town called Bacoachi, in the state of Sonora, Mexico; his mother, María Morales Siqueiros, was from Arizpe, Sonora. During the nineteen thirties, the United States government urged Mexicans and Mexican-Americans to leave the United States and go to Mexico, even if they were American citizens, largely due to the Great Depression. As a result of this policy, Méndez' parents moved to El Claro, Sonora, where he grew up.
Méndez attended elementary school in el Claro and Arizpe, but left school after the fifth grade in order to work in his father's small corn and cotton plot. Even though El Claro was a small, isolated town, his parents had boxes full of books and newspapers, and it was during those early years that he developed his love of literature.

Return to the U.S.
In 1944, Méndez moved to Tucson, Arizona. He has asserted that one of the reasons that pushed him to move to the U.S. was the desperation he felt when, in 1939, two of his younger sisters died of pneumonia. This was due in part to the isolation of El Claro, which had no hospital or clinic.
Once in Tucson, despite his young age, Méndez found a job in construction. During those years, he continued to read, mostly at night. He used to buy books in a bookstore called "Librería Hermanos Pulido" that carried books and magazines in Spanish.

Life as a writer and professor
In the 1960s, Méndez was still working in construction, but had not stopped reading. By this time he had started to write more seriously. "Tata Casehua", his first short story, appeared in 1968.
Throughout the years, Méndez had developed a relationship with teachers and professors at the University of Arizona and Pima Community College. In 1970, he was subjected to an examination by a group of university professors, and was awarded a teaching position in Pima Community College. In 1974, he started teaching at the University of Arizona, and was awarded a Doctor of Humane Letters degree in 1984. His most famous novel, Peregrinos de Azltán, was published in 1974. In 2000 he retired as a Full Professor. He was an Emeritus Professor at the University of Arizona until his death in 2013.  A Festschrift in his honor was published in 1995, Miguel Mendez in Aztlan: Two Decades of Literary Production.

Méndez has been described as "one of the principal voices of socially committed Chicano fiction" by the editors of Chicano Literature: A Reference Guide and as "one of [Chicano literature's] finest and most sensitive writers" in The Dictionary of Literary Biography's Chicano Writers First Series. His papers are now archived at the California Ethnic and Multicultural Archives at UC Santa Barbara.

Mendez died on May 31, 2013, at his Tucson home.

Pilgrims in Aztlán
This novel is set in 1960s-era Tijuana and reflects both the time of the Vietnam War and the space of the Mexico–United States border. The central character of Loreto Maldonado, an old man reduced to washing cars in his final days, also allows Méndez to flashback to the Mexican Revolution. Méndez introduces characters from a variety of backgrounds in order to illustrate the multiple cultures that exist on the border—not just Chicano, but Mexican, Yaqui and US as well. Méndez does not provide a straightforward plot for the novel, but uses the encounters between characters to reveal their histories and thus to trace out the history and culture of the border region.

Published works
 "Tata Casehua" and "Taller de Imagenes" (short stories), published in El Espejo/The Mirror (1969)
 Los criaderos humanos: épica de los desamparados y Sahuaros (poems; 1975)
 Cuento para niños precoces (1980)
 The Dream of Santa Maria de las Piedras (1989)
 Pilgrims in Aztlán (1992)
 Entre Letras y Ladrillos (1996), trans. as From Labor to Letters : A Novel Autobiography (1997)

Awards
 José Fuentes Mares National Prize for Literature (1991)

See also

 List of Mexican American writers

References

Further reading
 Alarcón, Justo S. "Lo esperpéntico en Peregrinos de Aztlán y Criaderos humanos, de Miguel Méndez," Relaciones Literarias entre España e Iberoamérica (1988), pp. 785–795. available online at Biblioteca Virtual Miguel D. Cervantes (accessed March 2008)
 –––. "Estructuras narrativas en Tata Casehua de Miguel Méndez," Confluencia Vol. 1, n.º 2 (1986) 48–54, available online at Biblioteca Virtual Miguel D. Cervantes (accessed March 2008)
 –––."La aventura del héroe como estructura mítica en Tata Casehua de Miguel Méndez," Explicación de textos literarios Vol. XV, n.º 2 (1987) 77–91. available online at Biblioteca Virtual Miguel D. Cervantes (accessed March 2008)
 Alurista. "Myth, Identity and Struggle in Three Chicano Novels: Aztlán ... Anaya, Méndez and Acosta." Aztlán: Essays on the Chicano Homeland. Ed.  Rudolfo A. Anaya, and Francisco A. Lomeli.  Albuquerque: Academia/El Norte; 1989. pp. 219–229
 Bruce-Novoa, Juan D. "Righting the Oral Tradition." Denver Quarterly 16.3 (1981): 78–86.
 Cárdenas, Guadalupe. "El arquetipo de la madre terrible en Peregrinos de Aztlán de Miguel Méndez M." México, Alta Pimeria Pro Arte y Cultura, 1990. available online at Biblioteca Virtual Miguel D. Cervantes (accessed March 2008)
 Ekstrom, Margaret V. "Wanderers from an Aztec Land: Chicano Naming Devices Used by Miguel Méndez."  Literary Onomastics Studies 12 (1985): 85–92.
 Somoza, Oscar U. "The Mexican Element in the Fiction of Miguel Méndez."  Denver Quarterly 17.1 (1982): 68–77.
 Villalobos, José Pablo. "Border Real, Border Metaphor: Altering Boundaries in Miguel Méndez and Alejandro Morales." Arizona Journal of Hispanic Cultural Studies 4 (2000): 131–140.

External links
 Guide to the Miguel Mendez Papers at the California Ethnic and Multicultural Archives (accessed March 2008)
 Answers.com Bio (accessed March 2008)

1930 births
2013 deaths
People from Bisbee, Arizona
American writers of Mexican descent
University of Arizona faculty
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
Hispanic and Latino American novelists
Hispanic and Latino American autobiographers
American autobiographers
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from Arizona
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
American Spanish-language writers

Miguel Méndez


A Gunfighter's Pledge (the working title was The Pledge) is a 2008 American Western television film starring Luke Perry. The film premiered on Hallmark Channel in July 2008. It was filmed at Big Sky Ranch in Simi Valley, California.

Plot
Ex-lawman Matt Austin (Luke Perry) accidentally kills an innocent man (Alex Paez) while hunting an outlaw who killed his family. He pledges to the dying man that he will take his body to his sister Amaya (Jaclyn DeSantis). Austin wrestles with the idea of telling her he caused the death, but is faced with bigger battles once at the farm. There he gets involved with land baron Horn (C. Thomas Howell), who is trying to take Amaya's land. Their lives are more intertwined than he thought, when he takes on Horn and discovers that Horn has hired the man he was looking for all along.

Cast
 Luke Perry as Matt Austin
 C. Thomas Howell as Horn
 Kim Coates as Tate
 Jaclyn DeSantis as Amaya
 Francesco Quinn as Sheriff
 Jorge-Luis Pallo as Samuel
 Wyatt Smith as Billy
 Nicholas Guest as Vaughn
 Alex Paez as Eddie
 Johann Urb as Lars Anderson
 Daniel Wisler as Hank
 James Keane as Preacher
 Chip Sickler as Hogan
 Jeffrey Markle as Bartender
 Lisa Brenner as Gail Austin
 Franc Ross as Sheriff
 Bob Ross as Town Resident
 Jordan Timsit as Jacob Austin
 Miranda Cunha as Fellini Prostitute
 Laci Greenfield as Suzy
 Laura Molina as Saloon Girl

Promotion
Hallmark Channel employed guerilla marketing tactics to promote the movie. The network dispatched 20 cowboys each day from June 30 through July 2 in various places, including Times Square and Rockefeller Plaza in New York City, and Venice Beach and the Santa Monica Pier in Los Angeles. Over the three days, the cowboys engaged onlookers in showdowns and deputized locals with sheriff's badges featuring tune-in information for the film. Flypostings in the form of Old west-style wanted posters featuring an ink-block likeness of Luke Perry's character, Matt Austin, and the phrase, "a sheriff with nothing to lose" were also put up around the cities.

Reception
When A Gunfighter's Pledge premiered on Hallmark Channel, it scored a 2.3 household rating with over 1.9 million homes. It ranked as the second-highest-rated Prime Time telecast of the day and the second-highest-rated ad-supported cable movie of the week. The movie also boosted the network to rank third in Prime Time on the day of its premiere with a 1.9 household rating. It also ranked in the top 10 during the time period among key demo ratings and delivery.

References

External links

 A Gunfighter's Pledge on Hallmark Channel
 A Gunfighter's Pledge on Hallmark Channel's press site

2008 television films
2008 films
2008 Western (genre) films
Films directed by Armand Mastroianni
Films scored by Nathan Furst
Films set in California
Hallmark Channel original films
American Western (genre) television films
2000s English-language films
English-language Western (genre) films

A Gunfighter's Pledge


The Brick School is a historic one-room schoolhouse on Cushman Road in Winslow, Maine.  Built about 1810, it is one of the oldest surviving district schools in the state of Maine.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, and is now owned and maintained by the town's historic preservation committee

Description and history
The Brick School is located on the east side of Cushman Road in the rural southern part of the town of Winslow.  It is a small single-story brick building, with a gabled roof that has clapboarded gables, and a stone foundation.  It is oriented facing south, with the gable ridge perpendicular to the street.  The main facade is three bays wide, with the entrance in the left bay, and sash windows in the other two.  The north facade also has two sash windows, while the street-facing west facade has no openings.  The interior has a small coatroom and fireplace on the west, with the classroom occupying most of the space.

The school's construction date is uncertain from surviving town records, but it is known to have been built sometime between 1799 and 1820, when it is mentioned in a deed.  It was used as a school until 1865, and remained vacant or used as storage until 1972, when the Winslow Historical Society acquired it.  The Society lapsed due to inactivity, and its functions have since been taken over by the town.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Kennebec County, Maine

References

School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
School buildings completed in 1810
Museums in Kennebec County, Maine
Winslow, Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Kennebec County, Maine
1810 establishments in Maine

Brick School


SDSS J001820.5–093939.2 or SDSS J0018−0939 for short is a star system approximately 1000 light-years away near the constellation Cetus.

SDSS J0018−0939 is a cool main-sequence star. It is the first star found proposed to be a massive second generation star.

Background
Theory and computer simulations predicted the formation of massive stars, from gas clouds containing only hydrogen and helium, within a few hundred million years after the Big Bang.
The first massive stars died in supernova explosions which ejected heavier elements into the gas,  that formed the next generations of stars. The element composition of a star is an indirect indication of the star's generation and its previous star generation.
The mass distribution of the first generation stars is key to understanding the formation of the Universe's structure, chemical enrichment, and large stellar structures like galaxies.
No evidence of supernovae from the very massive first generation stars has been found in the chemical composition of the Milky Way stars.

Stars with mass less than the Sun's mass, have very long lifetimes, long enough to be discovered. The distinctive chemical patterns of these low mass stars can be used to estimate the mass of the first generation stars.
In the past thirty years astronomers have conducted large-scale investigations to find low-mass and metal-poor stars formed in the early Universe. The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration (SEGUE) projects are the latest to obtain evidence for the age, chemical composition and distribution of stars in the Milky Way, and provided crucial clues to understand the structure, formation and evolution of the Milky Way Galaxy.

Identification
SDSS J0018−0939 was identified as a star likely to have a very low amount of metals. Many other metal-poor stars have been identified in dwarf galaxies around the Milky Way.  Most of the metal-poor stars are not as metal-poor as SDSS J001−0939 and do not share other SDSS J0018−0939 properties, suggesting that the origin of these metal-poor stars is different from the origin of SDSS J0018−0939.

SDSS J0018−0939 has no signature of the extra mixing or mass transfer across a binary star system, which would have changed its chemical composition. As an unevolved star internal mixing had not happened yet.
Its lighter element abundance ratios, including carbon and magnesium are exceptionally low.
Its abundance ratios between adjacent odd- and even element pairs are very low, which is clear compared with the values for G39-36, used for comparison.
The upper limits on the abundance of the heavy neutron-capture elements Sr and Ba are anomalously low compared to other stars with similar metallicity. This feature is sometimes found in more metal-deficient stars ([Fe/H] < –3).
Although, the Fe abundance is not as low as extremely metal-poor stars, the low abundances of C, Mg, and the heavy neutron-capture elements (Sr and Ba) suggest that it is a very chemically primitive object.

A team of astronomers from the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), the Konan University and the University of Hyogo in Japan, the University of Notre Dame, and New Mexico State University used the 8.2 m Subaru Telescope's High Dispersion Spectrograph (HDS) to study SDSS J0018−0939 in more detail.

Nucleosynthesis models for supernova explosions of massive stars, which confirmed previously found early-generation stars did not readily explain the chemical abundance ratios observed in SDSS J0018−0939.
However, explosion models of very-massive stars with more than 100 solar masses have shown synthesis of large amounts of iron but little of lighter elements, e.g. carbon. This means that SDSS J0018−0939 most likely preserved the elemental abundance ratios produced by a first-generation very-massive star.

First generation stars are expected to self-regulate their growth by radiative feedback in the formation process, and to achieve masses typically tens of times that of the Sun. A fraction of stars might have become very-massive objects, with Mms > .

Such a star enters the pair-instability region during its evolution but continues to collapse and finally enters an instability region with Fe photodisintegration. Such objects are called core-collapse very massive stars.
Although it is not clear whether or not such a very massive star can explode, the yield of an explosion with energy of about 6 ×1053 ergs (600 foe) can simultaneously explain both the low Si abundance (compared with Mg) and the low C and Mg abundances.

A star with  ≲ Mms ≲  explodes because of the energy consumption arising from an electron-positron pair-production instability during the static O-burning stage, and is referred to as a pair-instability supernova (PISN). Theoretical estimates of early chemical enrichment predict that the metallicity produced by the PISN explosions of a first generation of very massive stars matches the Fe abundance of SDSS J0018−0939. They also predict that stars formed from gas enriched by PISN are quite rare; only one star among 500 stars. Although about 500 stars in the metallicity range –3< [Fe/H]<–2 have been observed to date with high-resolution spectroscopy, SDSS J0018−0939 is unique in its observed abundance pattern. No other similar object has been found yet.

If SDSS J0018−0939 indeed records the yields of a PISN or the explosion of a very massive star, the number fraction of very massive stars among primordial stellar populations could be several percent, which is comparable to that predicted by recent theoretical studies on the formation of first generation stars. And this could be related to that of its natal dark-matter halo.

The strong UV radiation, energetic explosions, and production of heavy elements from very-massive stars influence subsequent star as well as galaxy formation. If stars with masses up to 1000 solar masses existed, their remnants are probably black holes with several hundred solar masses, which may have formed the "seeds" of super-massive black holes, such as found in the Galactic Center.

See also
 SMSS J031300.36−670839.3, SMSS 0313−6708
 SDSS J102915+172927
 HD 140283
 HE 0107-5240
 HE 1327-2326
 Cayrel's Star

References

External links
 SDSS data and images for SDSS J0018-0939
 interactive spectrum for SDSS J0018-0939

SDSS objects
F-type main-sequence stars
Population II stars
Cetus
?

SDSS J001820.5−093939.2


Wes(ley) Walters (1928-2014) was an Australian artist and winner of the Archibald Prize.
Walters was born in Mildura, Victoria, in 1928. He was a realist portrait painter and abstract artist who painted nearly 200 portraits of leading Australians, especially academics, businessmen, artists, and musicians. He was awarded the Minnie Crouch Prize at the Art Gallery of Ballarat in 1953 and 1956.
He won the 1979 Archibald prize in 1980 with a portrait of Phillip Adams. He was a finalist in the Doug Moran National Portrait Prize in 1988 and 1990. He painted a 1.3 metre high, 1 metre wide portrait of the Central Queensland University's Chancellor, Justice Stan Jones. In 1998 he painted Donald Bradman. Walters died on 19 August 2014.
Although Walters had been painting in a non-figurative style since the early 1960s, he did not hold his first exhibition of abstract works until 2001. He was elected to the Illustrators Hall of Fame in 1993.

In 2009 the book 'Walters: art of realism & abstraction' by David Thomas was published.

References

1928 births
2014 deaths
Archibald Prize winners
Australian painters

Wes Walters


"Ike's Wee Wee" is the fourth episode of the second season of the American animated television series South Park. The 16th episode of the series overall, it originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on May 20, 1998. Trey Parker wrote and directed the episode.

The story is about Kyle's little brother Ike having his bris, a ceremony in which the foreskin, part of the penis, is cut off.  Kyle and his friends think the adults want to cut off all of Ike's penis, so they try to save him.

1998 television episodes
South Park (season 2) episodes

Ike's Wee Wee


Blackpool Zoo is a  zoo, owned by Parques Reunidos and located in the sea-side resort of Blackpool, Lancashire, England. It provides a home to over 1,350 animals from all over the world.

History

The zoo opened in 1972 on a site which had previously been the Stanley Park Aerodrome.

2005 saw the opening of the 'Dinosaur Safari', a walkthrough exhibition featuring models of 32 life-size dinosaurs around a trail. "Amazonia" opened in 2006. This is a walk-through enclosure of South American animals and birds including squirrel monkeys.

Giraffes were re-introduced to the zoo in 2008, after an absence of fourteen years, and over £0.5m was invested in the new giraffe house and pens.

In summer 2009, penguins were to be added to the list of animals at the zoo, with the arrival of twenty Magellanic penguins from two Spanish conservation centres. A £1m sealion pool was opened in May 2010 along with the addition of a male sealion from Spain. 2011 saw the opening of a new Children's Farm and the expansion and refurbishment of the main restaurant.

In 2018, the zoo opened a new elephant exhibit - Project Elephant Base Camp.

Animals and exhibits

Orangutan Outlook
Reopened in 2014, following a £1 million transformation, Orangutan Outlook is home to five Bornean orangutans - a male named Kawan (arrived in 2022 from Apenheul Primate Park) and three females; Cherie (born at the zoo in 1997), Summer (Cherie's sister and born at the zoo in 2002), Jingga (arrived in 2017 from Barcelona Zoo) and another male named Jarang born at the zoo to Kawan and Jingga in 2023. The upper viewing area is also home to a tank with Chinese water dragons and a Philippine sailfin lizard. Vicky, the first orangutan to be born at the zoo and mother of Cherie and Summer, died in 2019.

Project Elephant
Project Elephant is the single biggest development investment in the zoo's history and was built on previously undeveloped land. The multimillion-pound investment includes an outdoor grass paddock, sand paddock, pool and the largest indoor elephant house in the UK.

In 2017, the zoo's female elephant, Kate, moved into her new home. She has since been joined by four female elephants, Noor-Jahan, Esha, Tara and Minbu, from Twycross Zoo. The new house, named Project Elephant Base Camp, opened to the public in March 2018. Two more females, Noorjahan and Esha, arrived from Twycross Zoo during summer 2018. In October 2019 bull elephant Emmett arrived from Whipsnade Zoo as part of the European Endangered Species Programme and he is the first bull elephant in the 47th history at Blackpool Zoo.

Old Elephant and Reptile House
Since the opening of Project Elephant Base Camp, the old Elephant and Reptile House has remained home to the majority of the zoo's reptile, amphibian, invertebrate, and fish collections. Species here include: rhinoceros iguanas, reticulated pythons, Nile monitors, red-footed tortoises, leopard tortoises, prehensile-tailed skinks, Jamaican boas, California kingsnakes, Home's hinge-back tortoises, axolotls, African clawed frogs, red-bellied piranhas, Madagascar hissing cockroaches, giant African land snails, house spiders, orb weavers and superb starlings. Yacare caimans are held in the foyer. The former elephant area of the house is currently home to a group of Bactrian camels. No plans have been announced over the future of this area.

In summer 2018, the reptile house was closed to the public and is due for renovations.

Gorilla Mountain
Opened in 2000, Gorilla Mountain is home to six western lowland gorillas: a silverback male named Bukavu, three females named Miliki, Njema and Meisie (the daughter of Bukavu and Miliki, who was born in 2010), Moanda (who is the offspring of Bukavu and Njema and was born in 2012) and Makari (who is the son of Bukavu and Miliki and was born in September 2017).

Lemur Wood
Opened in 1999, Lemur Wood was Blackpool Zoo's first walk-through enclosure, and houses troops of ring-tailed lemurs, red-fronted lemurs and red ruffed lemurs.

Active Oceans
The zoo's sea lion pool, which houses California sea lions, was first built in the 1970s and is the largest sea lion pool in a British zoo. It has a 250-seat arena that allows visitors to watch the sea lions interact with their trainers, who use positive reinforcement training. The penguin enclosure, which is next to the sea lion pool, opened in 2009 and houses Magellanic penguins. Blackpool Zoo is the only zoo in the UK to keep this species.

Giraffe Heights
Opened in 2008, Giraffe Heights is home to four female giraffes, named O'Grady, Evie, Olympia and Tiye. During the summer months, two blesbok antelopes share the outdoor grass paddock with the giraffes. The enclosure includes a walkway where visitors can book encounters to hand-feed the giraffes.

Big Cats
The zoo's big cat collection consists of a male African lion (Khari, who was born at the zoo in May 2015 to Wallace (who died in May 2022) and Rachel (who died in December 2015)), and an Amur tiger (a female named Alyona). The zoo's male Amur tiger Zambar died in October 2018.

In May 2022, in order to carry out renovations to the big cat house, Khari was moved to Whipsnade Zoo and Alyona was moved to Woodside Wildlife Park. They returned to Blackpool Zoo after renovations were completed in spring 2023.

In May 2023, three lionesses named Hira, Emma and Narla moved to the zoo from West Midland Safari Park to form a pride with Khari.

In June 2023 a male Amur tiger named Rusty moved to the zoo from Longleat to be paired with Alyona.

Wolf Ridge
Wolf Ridge was opened in 2012 and built on land which was previously unused. It houses two Iberian wolves named Julio and Antonio.

Wallaby Walkabout
Opened in 2010, this enclosure displays red-necked wallabies and both western grey and red kangaroos.

Small Primate House
One of the oldest functioning animal houses in the zoo, the small primate house is the centre of the zoo's primate collection and includes: De Brazza's monkeys, pileated gibbons, L'Hoest's monkeys, king colobus, ring-tailed lemurs, red titis, emperor tamarins and grey mouse lemurs. Prevost's squirrels are by the entrance and inside is a herp exhibit for Graham's anoles and White's tree frogs.

Waders and Waddlers
This is the zoo's wetland bird aviary built on the site of the old Children's Farm's waterfowl lake. The aviary is home to a variety of birds including: grey crowned cranes, demoiselle cranes, sacred ibis, scarlet ibis, black-crowned night herons, Inca terns, African spoonbills, northern bald ibises and common eiders.

Flamingo Lake
The zoo has a long lake that is divided into two. One section is for great white pelicans, and the other side is for American flamingos and several waterfowl species including: red-breasted geese, ruddy shelducks, Ross's geese, greylag geese, emperor geese, brown pintails, red-crested pochards and several others. There is also an island in the flamingo part for emperor tamarins.

Semi-Nocturnal House
What was once the zoo's nocturnal house, this building has now been converted into the main house for red titis which the zoo holds the studbook for. Also to be seen here a dwarf mongooses and Emei Shan liocichlas.

Children's Farm
Opened in May 2011, this area is aimed primarily at children and offers hands-on experiences with several domesticated animals, including donkeys, pigs, geese, rabbits, cows, alpacas, chickens, ferrets, guinea pigs, pygmy goats and Ouessant sheep.

Other Animals
Other species in Blackpool Zoo's collection include red pandas, meerkats, Bactrian camels, Oriental small-clawed otters, South American tapirs, aardvarks, giant anteaters, Hartmann's mountain zebras, red river hogs, cottontop tamarins, Bornean orangutans, great grey owls, barn owls, Von der Decken's hornbill, rainbow lorikeets, ostriches, pileated gibbons, eastern white pelicans, Nile monitors, royal pythons, White's tree frogs and giant African land snails, among several others.

Dinosaur Safari
Dinosaur Safari is a walk-through area opened in 2005. It displays over thirty life-size, fiberglass statues of extinct animals, including Tyrannosaurus rex, Triceratops, Stegosaurus, Tanystropheus, Dimetrodon, Spinosaurus, Smilodon and the woolly mammoth, among others. The area has undergone a significant transformation and reopened in July 2019 with newly painted dinosaurs, landscaped gardens, fresh signage, new animatronic dinosaurs, a fossil dig and a fully functioning water display from a central volcano.

Miniature railway
The railway is  gauge and about  long. Severn Lamb originally supplied two diesel locomotives which had steam-outline bodies of American appearance, and four toastrack carriages.

Layout and facilities
Wheelchairs and pushchairs are available to hire from the zoo's reception. The zoo is built on entirely flat land with all areas being easily accessible.

Blackpool Zoo features two main catering outlets, with a number of additional satellite kiosks. The main cafe, known as the Lakeview Cafe, serves a mixture of hot food, fast food, salads and drinks. There is an adjoining conservatory selling ice creams and refreshments.

In the main entrance there is a coffee shop, selling light snacks and Starbucks drinks. A new Asian themed eatery has recently opened near the Dinosaur Safari, serving noodles and rice dishes. The BBQ Kiosk towards the rear of the park serves hot dogs, chips and refreshments during the summer months.

There are two main shops in the zoo - one located within the main entrance building and a smaller, seasonal shop located adjoining the Amazonia exhibit.

The zoo features a lecture theatre and smaller meeting room which are available to hire for private functions.

Blackpool zoo offers a 40% reductions to residents.

Playbarn
The zoo also features a multi-level, jungle themed, indoor soft play area - known as the Playbarn.

Entry to the Playbarn is additional to the zoo, and it can be used by members of the public without needing to visit the zoo.

See also
Lakes Aquarium

References

External links

Tourist attractions in Blackpool
Zoos in England
Buildings and structures in Blackpool
15 in gauge railways in England
1972 establishments in England
Zoos established in 1972
Parques Reunidos

Blackpool Zoo


Green eyeshades or dealer's visors are a type of visor that were worn most often from the late 19th century to the mid-20th century by accountants, telegraphers, copy editors, and others engaged in vision-intensive, detail-oriented occupations to lessen eye strain due to early incandescent lights and candles, which tended to be harsh (the classic banker's lamp had a green shade for similar reasons). Because they were often worn by people involved in accounting, auditing, economics, and budgeting, they became associated with these activities.

Green eyeshades were often made of a transparent dark green- or blue-green-colored celluloid, although leather and paper were used to make the visor portion, as well. One manufacturer, the Featherweight Eyeshade Company, described their eyeshade as "healthful, color peculiarly restful to the eyes". They retain some popularity in the gambling community.

Several individuals, including William Mahony, received patents for their eyeshade designs.

In popular culture
The Society of Professional Journalists annually recognizes deserving journalists working in the Southern United States with its Green Eyeshade Excellence in Journalism Award.

The phrase "green eyeshades" can be used as a synecdoche for individuals who are excessively concerned with financial matters or small and insignificant details.

This kind of eyeshade is also a promotional item in the game Team Fortress 2, appearing in that game and also in Poker Night at the Inventory, carried always by the same character.

See also

Sports visor
Sportswear (activewear)

References

Hats

Green eyeshade