The Fresno kangaroo rat or San Joaquin kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nitratoides) is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae.  It is endemic to areas within and near the San Joaquin Valley of California in the United States. Habitat destruction due to agricultural development and urbanization has put this species at risk, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as "vulnerable".

There are three subspecies of D. nitratoides:
 D. n. exilis  (Fresno subspecies),
 D. n. nitratoides  (Tipton subspecies),
 D. n. brevinasus  (short-nose subspecies).

Description
The Fresno kangaroo rat is the smallest of the kangaroo rats in its genus, and has a head-and body length of about . Like other members of the genus, its tail, which is tipped with a large tuft of fur, is longer than the head and body combined. Kangaroo rats do not run, but use their powerful hind limbs to jump as in the manner of a kangaroo, using their tails for balance as they proceed in bounds. The small front legs are used for manipulating food. The fur of the upper parts of this species is yellowish, and that of the underparts is white.

Distribution and habitat
This kangaroo rat is found in and around the San Joaquin Valley in California, in the United States. The subspecies D. n. exilis and D. n. nitratoides are found only in the valley bottom. Historically, D. n. exilis occupied alkaline grassland and saltbush scrub between Merced River to the north and Kings River to the south, and between Fresno Slough to the west and Fresno to the east. This area of occupancy has shrunk and now covers an area of about  in Fresno County to the west of Kerman. Similarly, the range of D. n. nitratoides has shrunk from most of the Tulare Basin to some fragmentary patches surrounded by cultivated land in northern Kings County and southern Kern County, to the east of the dried up Tulare Lake. The subspecies with the most extensive range is D. n. brevinasus; this inhabits grasslands and shrublands on the foothill slopes to the west of the San Joachim Valley, from Merced County in the north to San Emigdio Creek in the south, and the foothills to the east of the San Joachim Valley near the dried up Buena Vista Lake.

Ecology
The species is nocturnal and shows maximum activity levels shortly after sunset. It is three times less active on nights with a moon than on moonless nights; it is more active in the open on nights without a moon, while keeping in the shade of vegetation when the moon is shining. It feeds largely on seeds, which it stuffs into its cheek pouches for transporting back to the burrow to eat or to cache. It chooses friable soil for the digging of the burrow. Breeding may take place three times a year, with litters of up to five young, and the gestation period is about one month.

Status
The Fresno kangaroo rat is limited to a range of about , a much smaller area than it used at one time to occupy. Much of its traditional range has been converted for agricultural use, some has been used for infrastructure projects and some for urban development. It does not adapt well to cultivated fields, though it may re-invade them if they are abandoned. It is rather patchy in occurrence, with large swings in its total population, due to flooding, drought or other occurrences. This may lead to local extirpation, and with the fragmentation of its range, populations do not easily recover. For these reasons, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as "vulnerable". The subspecies most at risk is D. n. exilis which now has a total area of occupancy of only . Some populations of D. n. nitratoides have fewer than 50 individuals and occupy such restricted habitats as the central strip of highways.

References

Further reading

External links
 Endangered Species Recovery Program species information page

Fresno Kangaroo Rat
Endemic fauna of California
Endemic mammals of the United States
Natural history of the Central Valley (California)
Natural history of Fresno County, California
San Joaquin Valley
Mammals described in 1894
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Fresno kangaroo rat


Film+ is a Hungarian television channel, owned by RTL Group. The channel broadcasts 24 hours a day, and features exclusively movies. Its channel voice is Péter Tarján.

The channel's advertising time is sold by R-Time.

History

The channel was launched on September 15, 2003 as F+. Later, on September 4, 2004, the channel received its current name, while M+ and Humor 1 merged under the name Cool. Since then, it has been one of the most watched cable TV channels along with Cool. It is available in more than 2.5 million households.

Its sister channel was Film+2, which launched on April 2, 2008. It was originally made for women, with comedies, drama and romantic films, and later began to broadcast cult films. Film+2 changed its name into RTL Gold on July 3, 2017, with its schedule being completely changed.

From September 15, 2007, along with Cool, it used the Romanian rating system.

The first major change of logo and image was on September 15, 2008. Between 2009 and 2010, realistic image elements were introduced, with its logo.

On May 27, 2011, the former owner, IKO, announced another change of image. The announcement: "Film+ and Film+2 complete the IKO cable group's film channel portfolio and to make this unit even clearer to our viewers, on Friday, May 27, 2011, from 21:05 CET, we will introduce the new screen ident, which is also competitive with the international movie channels. Thus, even in its appearance, a modern and energetic channel pair will provide a choice for viewers who want masculine or feminine-family content."

On December 18, 2012, along with Cool and Film+2, it switched to wide-screen.

On December 1, 2014, at 08:57 CET, it received its current logo and idents, and also launched its HD version, only for tests. Its idents were designed by Play Dead. From January 1, 2015, its headquarters became Luxembourg, and the HD version was officially launched. Since March 2015, despite the new headquarters, RTL's cable channels use the Hungarian rating system.

External links

Television in Hungary
RTL Group
Television networks in Hungary
Television channels and stations established in 2003
2003 establishments in Hungary
Mass media in Budapest

Film+


The Bila Tserkva Regiment () was one of the seventeen territorial-administrative subdivisions of the Hetman State. The regiment's capital was the city of Bila Tserkva, now in the Kyiv Oblast of central Ukraine. Other major cities of the regiment were Hermanivka, Fastiv, Bohuslav, and Skvyra.

The regiment was created as a result of the Treaty of Kurukove, between the Zaporozhian Cossacks and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth which led the establishment of six regiments of registered cossacks that existed before the Khmelnytsky Uprising. The regiment occupied a large amount area on the Right-bank Ukraine, and bordered by the Kyiv Regiment to the east, Korsun regiment by the south, and the Uman regiment to the west. In 1648 the regiment was incorporated into the Cossack Hetmanate when the Khmelnytsky uprising occurred. Following the signing of the treaty of Zboriv in 1649 it consisted of a total of 23 sotnias, and had 2,990 registered Cossacks. During the uprising the regiment took part in battles in batih, and Starokostiantyniv.

In 1651 the eastern part of the regiment which consisted of the Pavoloch, and Skvyra sotnias were incorporated into the Pavoloch regiment. According to the 1654 census the Bila Tserkva regiment had 18 companies which consisted of 19 cities and towns (among were Fastiv, Volodarka, Boyarka, and Bohuslav) with the population having 6,668 cossacks and townspeople.

When a civil war emerged among the cossacks the Hetmanate was split along the Dnieper River into Left-Bank Ukraine and Right-Bank Ukraine, which placed the regiment under the control of Right-bank Ukraine hetmans. After the Treaty of Andrusovo in 1667, the Right-bank Ukraine and its regiments came under the administration of Poland and in 1674 the regiment was abolished by the Polish government. During the Semen Paliy insurrection of 1702, Bila Tserkva was captured by Paliy's rebels and the territory was placed under the Fastiv regiment, but was later restored back into the Bila Tserkva regiment and made the headquarters for Paliy. Once the rebellion was repressed and with Polish authority being reinstated the Right-bank cossack administration was abolished in 1712 by the Treaty of Prut. The regiment was disbanded and all of its territories were annexed into the Kyiv Voivodeship, while the remaining cossacks moved to the left-bank Ukraine.

External links
Encyclopedia of Ukraine

Cossack Hetmanate Regiments
History of Kyiv Oblast
1625 establishments in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Bila Tserkva Regiment


The Cambridge Public School and High School is a historic school building constructed in 1905 in Cambridge, Wisconsin.

Cambridge's early Yankee settlers valued education, and they constructed a school in 1848. It was a one-story wooden building, with its original location unknown. In 1869 it was replaced by a two-story wooden building on the site of the current school. In 1888 it was certified a three-year "free high school."

In 1905 the old school was destroyed by fire. The school district responded quickly, commissioning the Des Moines firm of W.R. Parsons and Son to design the new school. The Chippewa Falls Construction Company won the bid, construction began in August, and the school was complete in January 1906. This building is two stories, clad in red brick, with a hip-and-deck roof. The corners of the building are decorated with dark brick quoins. The style is Georgian Revival with Romanesque Revival accents evident in the round arches and rusticated stone of the basement level. The new school featured many modern amenities, including a forced-air furnace and a ventilation system. The first floor was for elementary classes, with each room having its own small library. High school was upstairs. Despite some amenities, the building probably did not start out with running water (no toilets), and would not be wired for electricity until 1909.

In 1938-39 the school building underwent significant renovations and a gymnasium and auditorium were added with support of a Public Works Administration grant. The addition was designed by Alfred H. Siewert of Milwaukee. His design used glued laminated wooden arches to support the gymnasium roof, which was rather state-of-the-art for the time.

Other sections were added on in 1956, 1962 and 1990.

In the years since, the schools have been split apart and moved to different locations and this building was converted to a museum. In 1998, the building was added to the State and the National Register of Historic Places.

References

School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
National Register of Historic Places in Dane County, Wisconsin
Public high schools in Wisconsin
Defunct schools in Wisconsin
Schools in Dane County, Wisconsin
School museums
History museums in Wisconsin
Museums in Dane County, Wisconsin
Colonial Revival architecture in Wisconsin
Romanesque Revival architecture in Wisconsin
1869 establishments in Wisconsin

Cambridge Public School and High School


Albert Fuller (July 21, 1926 – September 22, 2007) was an American harpsichordist, conductor, teacher, impresario, and prominent proponent of early music. He was the first artist to record the complete keyboard works of Jean-Philippe Rameau.

Fuller was born in Washington, D.C., and started his music studies at the Washington National Cathedral. He was a boy soprano and studied the organ with Paul Callaway. He later attended the Peabody Conservatory of Music at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore as well as Georgetown. Fuller went on to study harpsichord under Ralph Kirkpatrick at Yale and theory under Paul Hindemith. He graduated in 1954 with an M.Mus.

After graduation, Fuller went to Paris on a Ditson Fellowship. On his return in 1957 he gave his first New York recital. In 1964 Fuller was made a professor at the Juilliard School of Music. In 1972 he co-founded the Aston Magna Foundation for Music and Humanities and became its artistic director. The Foundation's aims are to "enrich the appreciation of music of the past and the understanding of the cultural, political, and social contexts in which it was composed and experienced."

Following a dispute with the Aston Magna board, Fuller left the group in 1983. Two years later, he founded the Helicon Foundation, a New York presenting organization devoted to chamber music performances on original instruments and in period style. Fuller retired as president and artistic director of Helicon at the end of the 2005-2006 season, having led the organization for 21 years. Upon his retirement, James Roe was appointed artistic director and William A. Simon became president.

Fuller wrote the memoir Alice Tully: An Intimate Portrait (University of Illinois Press, 1999), and translated, from the French, Hugues Cuenod With a Nimble Voice: Conversations With Francois Hudry (Pendragon Press, 1999). He is prominently featured in Paul Festa's 2006 Messiaen documentary Apparition of the Eternal Church, and in the book based on it, OH MY GOD: Messiaen in the Ear of the Unbeliever.

Fuller died at his home of congestive heart failure.

References

External links

Aston Magna Foundation website
Helicon Foundation website
Albert Fuller's Rendezvous Lounge

1926 births
2007 deaths
American performers of early music
American harpsichordists
Musicians from Washington, D.C.
20th-century American musicians
20th-century classical musicians

Albert Fuller (musician)


The Carolingian monetary system, also called the Carolingian coinage system or just the Carolingian system, was a currency structure introduced by Charlemagne in the late 8th century as part of a major reform, the effects of which subsequently dominated much of Europe, including Britain, for centuries. It is characterised by having three denominations with values in the ratio 240:12:1, the units of which went under different names in the different languages, but which corresponded to the Latin terms libra (pound), solidus (shilling) and denarius (penny), respectively.

The currency reform carried out by Emperor Charlemagne around 793/794 was of crucial importance to the medieval monetary systems in what became the Holy Roman Empire and more generally affected European coinage for many centuries. Because gold could almost only be obtained through long-distance trade, while conversely there were quite a few silver deposits in Europe north of the Alps, Charlemagne introduced a pure silver currency. The basic weight of the coin became a pfund ("pound"), from which 240 pfennigs ("pennies") could be struck. This Carolingian pound weighed approximately 408 grammes.

The pfennig and its corresponding entity in other countries was the most important coin of the Middle Ages. The pfund or pound was already a unit of weight and within this system also became a currency unit. The schilling, like the pfund, was not minted for a long time, but used only as a unit of account worth 12 pfennigs.

History and distribution

Antiquity
The coinage system of the classical Roman Empire was originally based on the copper coin, the as (later made of bronze) and multiples of this such as denarius = 10 as, quinarius = 5 as, sestertius = 2½ as etc. The silver coin, the denarius, was thus quite common for a period, but Roman accounting was based on the sestertius. During the last centuries of the Empire, numerous changes were made to the coinage system (e.g., by Augustus in 24 AD, Caracalla in 215, Aurelian in 274, Diocletian in 293, Constantine the Great in 312, etc.). Emperor Diocletian introduced the gold coin, the solidus, with its system of 1 solidus = 10 argentii = 40 nummii = 200 radiates = 500 laureates = 1,000 denarii. Emperor Constantine introduced a modified solidus with a value equal to 72 solidus or one pound (libra) of pure gold, and a new accounting for it as 1 solidus = 2 scripula = 3.33 tremisses = 4 semisses = 18 miliarenses = 24 siliquae. Numerous other introductions of new coins and changes in their value meant that in the last days of the kingdom and the following centuries (the Migration Period) there was a confusion of different coins and associated weight and measure systems in circulation.

Charlemagne's reforms
Charlemagne's father, Pippin the Younger, began the overhaul of these systems by closing the mints of the great magnates and prelates of the Empire and establishing minting rights as an exclusively royal privilege. However, there were still 22 schillings to the imperial pound, the extra 2 schillings going to the mintmaster and the Imperial Treasury, leaving 20 to be issued into circulation.

This subsequently gave Charlemagne the power to put an end to the currency confusion by introducing a new standardised system that was the most wide-ranging and long-lasting of all the reforms, but was part of a much broader standardisation intended to make the Empire more governable. He defined the Carolingian pound (libra) as a new unit of weight, significantly larger than the old Roman pound of 328.9 g. He introduced a new silver coin called the denarius, of which 240 made up 1 pound of pure silver. A denar or denier thus contained 1.7 g of silver. To facilitate the handling of monetary calculations, he also introduced a unit of account, the solidus, so that 1 solidus = 12 denarii. Thus began the characteristic tripartite accountancy system (L 1 = 20s = 240d).

First period
From AD 771, the new coinage system was introduced throughout the Carolingian Frankish Empire, which at that time extended across modern France, the Benelux, and most of Germany and Italy. The majority of denar coins of this period had a standard design with, on one side, the name of the Emperor on two lines thus: C A R o / L U S. On the other side gave the location of the mint, for example, for Liège: L E o / D I C o.

Second period
In around 793 or 794, the Carolingian pound, or Karlspfund (), was introduced as the basis of the system of weights and coinage in the Empire. At some point Charlemagne scrapped the old 22 schilling system and the Treasury and mintmasters were now paid from taxes. Thus 1 Pfund generated 20 schillings, each worth 12 denarii. In 794 a decree was issued that the novi denarii were to be used and accepted throughout the Empire; they would be of pure silver and display Charlemagne's name on them. So on one side was the inscription CARLVS REX FR ("Charles, King of the Franks") and, on the other, as before, the place where the mint was located, e.g. DORESTADO ("Dorestad"). There were around sixty mints.

Third period

Even after Charlemagne was crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in 800, denarii continued to bear his old title except for what appear to be a small number of "specials" which bear his bust and the inscription KAROLUS IMP AVG ("Charles, Emperor Augustus"). Meanwhile, the pound and the schilling remained purely units of weight or accounting and were not issued as coins. Although some gold coins appeared under Louis the Pious, the denarius remained the most important coin of the Middle Ages.

Distribution
The new currency also spread to neighbouring countries. At the end of the 8th century, King Offa of Mercia introduced the system into the British Isles to facilitate transactions with the Catholic Church, not least the payment of the tax known as the Alms of St Peter or Peter's Pence, the denier having been renamed the 'penny'. In England, however, the new currency system endured long competition from the Viking coinage system, which was introduced into the Danelaw and was based on settlement in marks. Although the £sd system eventually came to dominate in England, the mark-based system continued to be used in the North Sea region and areas with Hanseatic influence for most of the Middle Ages.

The new three-part system came to dominate most of Europe. In French the three units became known as livre, sous and denier, in Italia as the lira, soldo and denaro, in the German states as the Pfund, Schilling and Pfennig, in the Low Countries as the pond, schelling and penning and in England as the pound, shilling and penny. The English word 'pound' comes from the Latin libra pondo, 'a pound weight'. On the Iberian Peninsula, the Kingdom of Aragon introduced the Carolingian system, rendered in Catalan as the lliura, sou and diner, while the kingdoms of Portugal and Castile (and then Spain) retained the coinage system inherited from Islamic al-Andalus era, where the predominant coin was the maravedi with its various multiples and subdivisions. In the Holy Roman Empire, the name denarius or denar was superseded by pfennig during the 10th century.

Subsequent development
In the early Middle Ages, only the denarius was physically minted and issued into circulation as an actual coin, while the libra and solidus were purely units of account. Since the coins were initially based solely on a silver standard, it was a monometallic system and, as long as the  silver content of the denarius was maintained constantly, any amount of money could be worked out by counting coins instead of weighing silver or gold. But the gradual exhaustion of European silver mines in the 11th century led to a shortage of silver and made it difficult to maintain the value of the coin. The continuous debasement of coins led from the 13th century to the minting of larger coins. It also led to it becoming commonplace to state the origin of the coin in contracts and accounts. A denier parisis minted in Paris, for example, contained more pure silver than the corresponding denier tournois minted in Tours. The unity of the pound weight and the currency pound, achieved under Charlemagne, was increasingly undermined and led to a divergence of the real value of a coin and its nominal value. This followed Gresham's Law which argues that "bad money displaces good money". Pfennigs became ever lighter as the heavier coins were melted down for their greater silver content and as mints issued lighter coins to increase their profits.

The fiction that 240 pfennigs made a pfund (pound of silver) was doggedly maintained into the Early Modern Period, but the reality was they weighed considerably less. The same problem affected the Mark which was theoretically worth 120 pfennigs but such was the debasement of the latter that the Mark rose eventually to be worth 160 pfennigs. As well as the weight, the silver content of the coins was deliberately reduced such that pfennigs minted in the Duchy of Austria in the late 15th century were nicknamed Schinderlings ("little floggers", a pejorative term.).

To facilitate larger transactions, gold coins began to be minted in western Europe around the same time – starting in the Italian republics in the mid-13th century ("florins" and "ducats"), and in other kingdoms in the 14th century (e.g. "ecu d'or" in France, the "noble" in England). Gold coins typically represented larger nominal sums, but they also introduced a bimetallic system of currency which depended on the values of two precious metals. The French "franc", introduced in 1360, was the first coin anywhere to represent exactly 1 pfund or "pound". The gold "sovereign", first minted in 1489, was the first English £1 coin.

Decimalisation

Having long abandoned the decimal currency structure of the Roman Empire in favour of Carolingian coinage systems, Europe began to return to decimal currencies in the 18th century.

18th century
Russia was the first country to adopt a decimal currency during the reign of Tsar Peter the Great in 1704, under whom the rouble was worth 100 kopecks. The rouble was thus the world's first decimal currency since Roman times. However, there were still non-decimal coins in circulation, the 3 kopeck and 15 kopeck denominations, and these would remain part of Russian, and later Soviet, currency until the 1990s.

France introduced the franc and the centime in 1795, replacing the livre, sou, and denier, abolished during the French Revolution. France introduced decimalisation in a number of countries that it invaded during the Napoleonic period.

19th century
In the 19th century, more countries switched to decimal currencies. The Netherlands led the way when  the Dutch guilder was decimalised in 1817. Hitherto it had been worth 20 stuivers = 160 duiten = 320 penningen. These coins were scrapped in favour of the cent and there were now 100 centen to the guilder. The last pre-decimal coins were withdrawn from circulation in 1848.

Sweden introduced decimal currency in 1855. The riksdaler was divided into 100 öre. The riksdaler was renamed the krona in 1873.

The Austro-Hungarian Empire decimalised the Austro-Hungarian florin in 1857, concurrent with its transition from the Conventionsthaler to the Vereinsthaler standard.

Spain introduced its decimal currency unit, the peseta, in 1868, replacing all previous currencies.

20th century
Decimalisation continued in the 20th century. For example, Cyprus decimalised the Cypriot pound in 1955, which comprised 1,000 mils, later replaced by 100 cents.

The United Kingdom and Ireland decimalised the pound and punt, respectively, in 1971. (See £sd and Decimal Day.)

Malta decimalised the lira in 1972.

Nigeria was the last country to abandon the Carolingian system, in 1973, when the pound was replaced by the naira.

See also
 British and Commonwealth pound, shilling and pence systems

References

Currencies of Europe
Coins of the Holy Roman Empire
Charlemagne
Units of mass
Obsolete units of measurement
Units of measurement of the Holy Roman Empire
Carolingian Empire
Francia

Carolingian monetary system


The Wari Empire or Huari Empire was a political formation that emerged around 600 AD (CE) in Peru's Ayacucho Basin and grew to cover much of coastal and highland Peru. The empire lasted for about 500 years, until 1100 CE. It existed during the same era as the Tiwanaku culture, and at one time, was thought to have been derived from it. In 2008, archeologists found a precolumbian city, the Northern Wari ruins (also called Cerro Pátapo) near modern Chiclayo. The find was the first extensive settlement related to the Wari culture discovered that far north.

Debate on "empire" label
Some scholars in the field debate whether the Wari communities can be deemed an "empire". For instance, the archaeologist Ruth Shady has suggested the society could better be considered a loose economic network of Wari centres.

Scholars who contend the society did constitute an empire include William Isbell, Katherine Schreiber and Luis Lumbreras. They note its construction of an extensive network of roadways linking provincial cities, as well as the construction of complex, characteristic architecture in its major centres, some of which were quite extensive. Leaders had to plan projects and organize large amounts of labor to accomplish such projects.

The discovery in early 2013 of an undisturbed, imperial royal tomb, El Castillo de Huarmey, provides evidence of the material wealth and political power exercised by the Wari for centuries. The discovery of three royal women's bodies and their burial wealth plus the accompanying 60 bodies demonstrates a culture with the material wealth, political power, and administrative apparatus to provide extended veneration of the royal dead.

Political relations
The Wari Empire was a second-generation state of the Andean region; both it and Tiwanaku had been preceded by the first-generation Moche state. When expanding to engulf new polities, the Wari Empire practiced a policy of allowing the local leaders of the newly acquired territory to retain control of their area if they agreed to join the Wari empire and obey the Wari. The Wari required mit'a labor (non-reciprocal public labor for the state) of its subjects as a form of tribute. Mit'a laborers were involved in the construction of buildings at the Wari capital and in the provinces.

The political relationship between the Wari and Tiwanaku has been compared by archaeologist Joyce Marcus to that of the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War: the two empires did not go to war with one another for fear of mutual destruction. The two empires met at Moquegua, where the Wari and Tiwanaku populations co-existed without conflicts.

Administration
While the Wari likely had significant organizational and administrative power, it remains unclear what the origins of its political and artistic forms were. Emerging evidence suggests that rather than being the result of Tiwanaku traits diffusing north, the Wari and Tiwanaku ideological formations may be traceable to previous developments at Pukara, an Early Intermediate Period culture to the north of Lake Titicaca. The polity seems to have survived until ca. AD 1100, when it collapsed, likely as a result of both environmental change and internal socio-political stresses.

See also
Wari culture
Tiwanaku empire

References

Further reading

 Wendell C. Bennett, Excavations at Wari, Ayacucho, Peru (1953).
 Gordon F. McEwan, The Middle Horizon in the Valley of Cuzco, Peru: The Impact of the Wari Occupation of the Lucre Basin (1987).
 William H. Isbell and Gordon F. McEwan, eds., Huari Administrative Structure: Prehistoric Monumental Architecture and State Government (1991).
 Katharina J. Schreiber, Wari Imperialism in Middle Horizon Peru (1992).
 Justin Jennings and Nathan Craig (2001). Politywide Analysis and Imperial Political Economy: The Relationship between Valley Political Complexity and Administrative Centers in the Wari Empire of the Central Andes. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology.

Andean civilizations
Former monarchies of South America
Wari culture
Former empires in the Americas
Former countries
Former countries in South America

Wari Empire


First published in 1932, A Child of the Revolution is chronologically the last book in the Scarlet Pimpernel series by Baroness Orczy.

Plot
During one return home, Sir Percy tells the story of André Vallon, a young Jacobin, to the Prince of Wales. André, wishing to revenge himself on a despotic seigneur, uses the Jacobins' rise to force the seigneur's daughter to marry him. Once wed, they come to love each other, only to have the old seigneur denounce André in an attempt to free his daughter.

References

1932 British novels
The Scarlet Pimpernel books
Novels by Baroness Emma Orczy
Cassell (publisher) books
English-language novels

A Child of the Revolution


F-Spot is a slowly maintained image organizer, designed to provide personal photo management for the GNOME desktop environment. The name is a play on the word F-Stop.

History
The F-Spot project was started by Ettore Perazzoli and is maintained by Stephen Shaw. F-Spot is written in the C# programming language using Mono.

Before its shutdown and discontinuation in 2017, F-Spot was the standard image tool for several GNOME based distributions. Even before that, Fedora replaced F-Spot with Shotwell in Fedora 13. Ubuntu has done the same as of 10.10 Maverick Meerkat.

There is some new work to update F-Spot and potentially bring it to Windows and Mac.

Features
F-Spot aimed to have an interface that is simple to use but also facilitate advanced features such as tagging images, and displaying and exporting image metadata in Exif and XMP formats.

All major photographic image formats are supported, including JPEG, PNG, TIFF, DNG, GIF, SVG and PPM, as well as several vendor-specific RAW formats (CR2, PEF, ORF, SRF, CRW, MRW and RAF). As of 2008, the RAW formats were not editable with F-Spot. However, newer releases of F-Spot have the DevelopInUFRaw extension, which calls on UFRaw for the conversion work, and then re-imports the resulting JPEG back into F-Spot as a new version of the original RAW.

Photos can be imported directly from the camera. The driver support is provided by libgphoto2. The GNOME desktop environment can also optionally detect if a camera or a memory card has been attached, and import images to F-Spot automatically. Photo CDs can be created by selecting multiple photographs and selecting "Export to CD" from the main menu.

Basic functions such as crop and rotate available alongside more advanced features such as red-eye removal and versioning. The rotate function allows for movements in single degree increments with autocrop, not just 90-degree adjustment. Color adjustments are supported with a histogram. They include an auto-improve and individual brightness, contrast, hue, saturation and temperature.

Photos in the F-Spot library can be uploaded to a number of online photo storage sites. F-Spot supports two major gallery sites, Flickr and Picasa Web Albums, and also using stand-alone web gallery software, including Gallery and O.r.i.g.i.n.a.l. F-Spot can also generate static web gallery sites and export to Facebook. F-Spot automatically downsizes photos before exporting to Flickr, and though it describes this as "optional," there is no option to not downsize photos before export.

Technical information
When images are imported into F-Spot, they are written to disk. The folder is /username/Pictures/Photos/[year]/[month]/[Day].

See also

 Shotwell – digital photo manager for GNOME
 digiKam – digital photo manager by KDE
 Comparison of image viewers

References

External links

Discontinued software
Free image organizers
Linux image viewers
Free image viewers
Free photo software
Software that uses Mono (software)
Free software programmed in C Sharp
Applications using D-Bus
Graphics software that uses GTK
GNOME Applications
2010 software

F-Spot


Greg Street is an American video game designer and former Head of Creative Development for Riot Games.

Street was previously employed by Blizzard Entertainment as Lead Systems Designer on the award-winning MMORPG World of Warcraft, and is also known by his screen name "Ghostcrawler" on the World of Warcraft forums and his own Twitter account.  Prior to being employed by Blizzard, Street worked as a marine biologist, eventually moving into the game design field.  He also worked with Ensemble Studios on the Age of Empires series of real-time strategy games, during which period he was also known by the screen name "Deathshrimp".

In November 2013 he announced on his personal Facebook that he was leaving Blizzard Entertainment to pursue a "great opportunity for something new and exciting." In January 2014, it was announced that Greg Street had become the Lead Game Designer for Riot Games and in August 2018, Street shared the news that he would become Head of Creative Development at Riot, through a tweet in which he stated he would not be working directly on League of Legends anymore.

On 28 July 2021, Street's name came up in a photo-op in the infamous Cosby Room with Alex Afrasiabi, who was named in California State law suit against Activision-Blizzard for mistreating women at the company.

Education and early career
Street graduated from McDaniel College in 1991 with Bachelor of Arts degrees in biology and philosophy, later earning a PhD in marine science.  Between 1996 and 1998, Street worked as a research assistant professor at the University of South Carolina.  Street has said his work was only enjoyable to him "for the first several years or so...As I moved up the ranks, however, I was spending more and more of my time writing grant proposals, filling out paperwork and playing departmental politics."  Street found that his profession involved "a lot of doing the same thing over and over again."

Game design career
Ensemble Studios, the team behind the real-time strategy series Age of Empires, employed Street as a designer in 1998.  With no education or experience in the game industry, Street suspects he was accepted due to his "writing and teaching experience, historical breadth, personal hygiene, gudd speling , creativity, [and] my talent at capturing live alligators", as well as the user-created scenario for Age of Empires he submitted with his application, which later appeared in Age of Empires: The Rise of Rome.  Street helped develop every Age of Empires game from Rise of Rome on, until his departure from the company.  At first he designed in-game scenarios and maps, and later graduated to being the team's lead designer.

Street was hired by Blizzard Entertainment in February 2008, and was the lead systems designer on the MMORPG World of Warcraft until November 2013.
He described his role at Blizzard as, "Systems design specifically is everything that is not level, story, quest, PvP or encounter design. My team handles everything from mechanics to items to trade skills to achievements to UI design."
On the World of Warcraft message boards, he is known by his user name "Ghostcrawler".  Street worked in a similar capacity with Blizzard as he did with Ensemble as a designer.  "Game designers are not artists or programmers, but we use the tools developed by the programmers and the assets created by the artists to get content into the game. Programmers make the game run, artists make it beautiful, but it is the designer's job to make it fun."  Street became well-known in the World of Warcraft community during the public beta test for World of Warcraft: Wrath of the Lich King, during which he was frequently communicating with beta testers on the message boards.  He was often on the message boards announcing changes to the game or discussing them with players.  Because "game balance is one of the most controversial aspects of any multiplayer game... I benefit from being able to engage the community directly."  Apart from discussions on the Blizzard forums, Street also interacted with the World of Warcraft community regularly via his  Twitter account.

He left Riot in March 2023, claiming a combination of both personal and professional aspects led him to his decision.

In May 2023, he collaborated with Brian Holinka, former Lead Combat Designer at Blizzard Entertainment, to establish their own independent game development studio.

References

Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Blizzard Entertainment people
Living people
McDaniel College alumni
Riot Games people
University of South Carolina faculty
University of Texas at Austin alumni
World of Warcraft

Greg Street


ALT was a one-off band, featuring former New Zealand band Split Enz frontman Tim Finn, Northern Irish singer/songwriter Andy White and the frontman of the Irish band Hothouse Flowers, Liam Ó Maonlaí, that recorded and played together in 1995.

The band's name was created out of the letters of their first names. They released two albums. The first was the studio album Altitude, was recorded in Periscope Studios in Melbourne, Australia. It had thirteen tracks, and it included references and influences to the musical and cultural traditions in which the participants grew up. The second was Bootleg, a live recording from The Continental in Sydney, Australia. Both albums were recorded and released in 1994–1995.

They toured briefly around Europe after the album was released. Finn re-recorded an ALT song as the title track and first song for his 2001 EP, What You've Done. The ALT version is the second track of that EP. Finn also included his new take on the song in the Feeding the Gods album the same year.

In 2004, Ó Maonlaí joined Finn on stage in Dublin, during a Finn Brothers concert, and they performed one of the ALT songs. The three have worked together on each other's solo projects from time to time.

The studio album was re-released in 2022 with five bonus tracks.

Discography

References

New Zealand pop rock groups
Rock music supergroups
Musical groups established in 1994
1994 establishments in New Zealand

ALT (band)


The Panji tales (formerly spelled Pandji) are a cycle of Javanese stories, centred around the legendary prince of the same name from East Java, Indonesia. Along with the Ramayana and Mahabharata, the tales are the basis of various poems and a genre of wayang (shadow puppetry) known in East Java as wayang gedhog (the meaning here is unclear, as "gedhog" means "a thumping sound"). Panji tales have been the inspiration of Indonesian traditional dances, most notably the topeng (mask) dances of Cirebon and Malang, as well as gambuh dance-drama in Bali. Especially in the environs of Kediri, the suggested homeland of the tales of Panji, local stories grew and were connected with the obscure legendary figure of Totok Kerot. Panji tales have spread from East Java (Indonesia) to be a fertile source for literature and drama throughout Indochina Peninsula (a region that includes modern-day Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, South Vietnam) and Malay World as well.

Origin
In these romances, he is said to do deeds traditionally ascribed to mythical ancestors, and it has also been conjectured that the basis of the story reflects an ancient sun and moon myth. Some details of Panji may also be based on Kameçvara, a twelfth-century Javanese king of Kediri. While the details of Panji's consort, Chandra Kirana, was based on queen Çri Kirana. The curious thing is, the kingdoms in the tale was switched from the historical kingdoms. In the tale Panji was said to be the prince of Janggala, while the historic Kameçvara was the prince of Kediri. Vice versa, in the tale, Chandra Kirana was said to be the princess of Kediri, while the actual historic Çri Kirana was the princess of Janggala. In the Surakarta court poet Rangga Warsita's genealogy Pustaka Radja Mada, the Javanese kings, including Panji, are considered the descendants of the Pandavas of the Mahabharata.

Appearances in art and literature
Scenes from the Panji cycles appear in the narrative reliefs of the walls of East Javanese candi from the 13th century, where they are presented gracefully, naturalistically and delicately, in contrast to wayang style.

Sunan Giri is credited, along with other innovations in wayang, with the creation of wayang gedog in 1553, to enact the Panji stories. Wayang kulit performances of the Panji cycle are in general the same as in performances of the wayang purwa (those based on the Indian epics); however, because of their material they are considered less significant. In addition, their headdresses are simpler and the garment worn on the lower body is based on Javanese court dress Plots based on the Panji cycle are also common in East Javanese wayang klitik (using wooden puppets), in West Javanese wayang golek (using three-dimensional rod puppets), and in wayang beber (stories depicted pictorially on scrolls). It is also the principal basis of the stories used in wayang topeng (masked dance-pantomime). In Bali, where the cycle is known as Malat, the story is performed in the Gambuh plays and in the operatic Arja. In Sulawesi, there is a panji tale written in Makassar language, called Hikayat Cekele .

In Thailand, these stories are performed in the lakhon nai stage plays as "Inao" (อิเหนา).

The stories of Panji and Sekartaji were adapted into a musical play titled "HAYATI: Panji Searching for the Essence of Love" under the direction of Rama Soeprapto and staged in Katara Opera House from 22 to 24 May 2023. It was a part of the Qatar-Indonesia Year of Culture program and commissioned by the governments of Qatar and Indonesia.

UNESCO Memory of the World Register
The Panji manuscripts of Leiden University Libraries and the national libraries of Indonesia, Malaysia and Cambodia were inscribed on 30 October 2017 in the prestigious UNESCO Memory of the World Register affirming their world significance.

The Panji manuscripts are also digitally available through Digital Collections

Synopsis

There are differing versions and episodes of the overall Panji story. In one version, The main story of Panji tells of the romance between Prince Panji and Princess Kirana; and Panji's search for his long lost bride.

Smaradhana
The kakawin Smaradhana originally was the work of the poet Mpu Dharmaja in early 12th century. However, it was later incorporated as a prelude to the Panji tales. This story tells about the disappearance of Kamajaya and his wife, Kamaratih from svargaloka who were burnt by the fire of Shiva. The spirits of Kamajaya and Kamaratih fell upon the earth and were incarnated several times as mortal human beings. The main characters of Panji cyle are Prince Panji and Princess Kirana, the notable incarnations of Kamajaya and Kamaratih on earth.
The following are several episodes of the compilation of Panji stories:

Chandra Kirana
The tale of Chandra Kirana (sometimes called the tales of Dewi Anggraeni) is a tragic love story, the prequel to the main Panji story. The story begins with the arranged marriage of Prince Panji Asmoro Bangun to Princess Chandra Kirana from the twin neighboring kingdoms of Kediri and Janggala. The dynastic marriage was meant as a means of a peace agreement to reunite the two warring factions of the once great kingdom under one dynasty again. During his youth, the prince of Jenggala loved to travel the country, visit ashrams and hermitages and learn from various wise Brahmins and rishis across the kingdom. During his stay in one of the remote hermitages, the prince fell in love with a beautiful commoner girl, Dewi Anggraeni. The prince married Anggraeni and took her home to the palace in the capital city of Jenggala. The marriage of a prince with the commoner girl caused an uproar in the royal courts of both Jenggala and Kediri. The angered Kediri envoys pushed the royalty of Jenggala to keep their promise of the arranged dynastic marriage, and they threatened to wage war if the marriage to Dewi Anggraeni was not annulled. However, the love-struck Prince did not want to fulfill his royal duty and refused to marry Kirana. To avoid war, the elders of royal house plotted the assassination of Dewi Anggraeni.

Panji and Anggraeni were separated and tricked by being told to meet each other in different places. Actually Anggraeni was led by the royal troops deep into a forest to be murdered. After she learned that their action was meant to avoid war and bloodshed between two kingdoms, the poor girl willingly sacrificed herself and gave up her life. After Panji learned about the death of Anggraeni, the prince went amok, fell unconscious, and finally lost his mind. The insane prince suffered from amnesia and wreaked havoc across both kingdoms, attacking villages authorities, lords, and bandits alike. Meanwhile, in Kediri Princess Kirana has learned about fate of her future husband, and has decided to go out from the palace to find and help him. Princess Kirana, disguised as a man, is later involved in a battle with Panji and finally manages to cure the Prince from insanity. Surprisingly Princess Kirana looks exactly like the late Anggraeni, as actually they both were incarnated from the same spirit, that of Kamaratih, the goddess of love. Panji and Kirana are then united in marriage and live happily ever after.

Panji Semirang
The episode of Panji Semirang tells another version of the story. The story begins with the disappearance of Candra Kirana from the palace. After Candra Kirana disappears, a princess who claims to be Candra Kirana, though different in appearance, attempts to console Prince Panji, and alleges that she was carried off by Durga, and will regain her original appearance as soon as they are married. Panji orders preparations for the wedding to resume, not knowing that the consoler is in reality a demon-princess who wants Panji for herself.

Meanwhile, the true Candra Kirana, alone in the forest, is advised by the gods that she must return to the palace disguised as a man to be reunited with Panji. She does so, and upon entering the city, discovers the wedding plans to the false Candra Kirana, delivers a letter to Panji revealing the true situation, and vanishes. Upon discovering this, Panji rushes to search for his love while his courtiers kill the demonic impostor.

Panji in his search undergoes many adventures, staying in forests with hermits, working as a servant in different palaces, always hoping to find traces of his lost bride. Candra Kirana, meanwhile, continues in her male disguise, undergoes her own set of adventures, and ends up as the king of Bali. In the climax of the story, Panji and Candra Kirana unknowingly oppose each other on the battlefield. There, as witnesses are ordered to leave, she confides to her opponent that she is the bride of Panji, and that the disguise was assumed because of a command of the gods that she could win back her prince only in a face-to-face combat where his blood is made to flow. Still not aware that she is fighting her prince, they continue the fight with swords and arrows, but she is unable to harm him until she resorts to her hairpin. As Panji is wounded, he reveals his identity, and they are happily reunited.

Ande Ande Lumut
The episode Ande Ande Lumut tells another version of the union between Prince Kusumayuda and Kleting Kuning. She is the youngest of four sisters, all daughters of a widow in a village within the Prince Kusumayuda's father domain. The widow daughters were named according to colors: the eldest is Kleting Abang (Kleting Merah/Red Kleting), next is Kleting Biru (Blue Kleting), then Kleting Ijo (Green Kleting), and the youngest is Kleting Kuning (Yellow Kleting). All of Kleting Kuning's older sisters are jealous because Kleting Kuning is very beautiful. Kleting Kuning actually is an adopted foster daughter, and the missing princess of Janggala kingdom, later known as Dewi Candrakirana. Keleting Kuning was betrothed to Prince Kusumayuda and he never forgot the face of the beautiful young princess meant to be his future consort and the future queen of Banyuarum kingdom. He continued to love her and look for her even after they were separated when the princess became lost as a child.

After many years of Kleting Kuning living in the village with the widow's family, a rich and handsome eligible bachelor named Ande Ande Lumut declared that he was searching for a bride. Many girls across the kingdom were smitten and interested in becoming his wife, including Kleting Kuning's sisters. Only Kleting Kuning was not interested since she had not forgotten the youthful face and betrothal to Prince Kusumayuda. However a magical crane told Kleting Kuning to participate in this event where her true fate awaited her. All of the girls dressed up beautifully, putting on their make-up and marched together towards Ande Ande Lumut's house. However her stepmother ordered Kleting Kuning not to dress up and even disguised her beauty in ugly and dirty clothes, hoping one of her own daughters, who were Kleting Kuning's elders, would win more favor and the bachelor's heart. She even gave her a sapu lidi (a simple broom made of coconut leaf spines) to carry, in order to make Kleting Kuning looks like a poor servant, however actually it was a magical broom.

In their journey, the girls had to cross a large river without any ferry services. The river was guarded by a giant freshwater crab named Yuyu Kangkang. Yuyu Kangkang offered to take the girls across the river, riding upon its back, in return for a kiss. In order to reach Ande Ande Lumut's house as fast as possible,  the girls hastily agreed on this arrangement and allowed Yuyu Kangkang to kiss them. Kleting Kuning arrived late at the river bank after he had taken the others across, and again Yuyu Kangkang offered its service for a kiss. Of course Kleting Kuning, who always upheld her modesty and chastity, refused. Yuyu Kangkang, angered with Kleting Kuning refusal, tried to eat her. In defense Kleting Kuning tried to hit the crab but missed and hit the river with her broom and magically all the water in the river dried up, and Kleting Kuning was able to cross the river safely. Yuyu Kangkang was trapped on the dry banks and was very scared and he begged her for her mercy and forgiveness and to return the river to its home as it was before. Kleting Kuning felt sorry for him and again hit the ground with the broom and the water returned washing the relieved Yuyu Kangkang downstream. By then, Kleting Kuning's sisters had reached Ande Ande Lumut's house where they were greeted kindly by Ande Ande Lumut's mother and served refreshments. Although the girls are pretty, and Ande Ande Lumut liked them, he refused all of them because he could detect the smelly pungent fishy kiss of Yuyu Kangkang on them. Finally Kleting Kuning arrived, dirty and simply dressed like a servant, which is how her sisters introduce her to Ande Ande Lumut's mother who asked her to wait outside. However Ande Ande Lumut received her warmly, as he could see the true beauty beneath and invited her in. After he speaks to her, he realizes that Kleting Kuning is the princess, his long lost love. At that moment Kleting Kuning also realizes that Ande Ande Lumut is actually Kusumayuda, her beloved prince. They are reunited, soon are married and live happily ever after.

Keong Emas

Another episode is the sequel to the main story. The tale of Keong Emas takes place after the union of Panji Asmoro Bangun and Sekartaji in a marriage. There are several versions of the tale, but usually the story begins with Sekartaji being magically transformed into a golden snail. The golden snail is found and kept as a pet by a poor widow fisherwoman named Mbok Rondo. Magically Sekartaji is able to turn back into her human form for some period to pay back the widow's kindness by cooking her delicious dishes and cleaning her house, leaving her snail shell behind. The curious Mbok Rondo hides in waiting and finally discovers that the snail is a young woman and she breaks the snail shell and thus undoes the magic spell. Sekartaji is adopted as the widow's daughter and together they set out to reunite her with her husband, Panji Asmoro Bangun.

Characters and names
Panji and the other characters in the Panji cycle appear with various names (including nicknames) in different versions of the tale, including Raden Panji, Panji Inu Kertapati, Raden Panji Inu, Raden Inu, Inu (of) Koripan, Ino (or Hino) Kartapati, Cekel Wanengpati, and Kuda Wanengpati of Janggala, as well as Raden Panji Asmara Bangun and Panji Asmoro Bangun.
Panji is also found as the name of a prince in a number of kingdoms, such as that of Tabanan, ruled by Shri Arya Kenceng in 1414 (Babad Arya Tabanan.) In Thailand, he is called Inao or Enau () or Enau (of) Kurepan, or Raden Montree. In Myanmar (formerly Burma), he is known as Inaung or Enaung ().

Panji is the prince of the Kuripan (Koripan) or Janggala. He is usually depicted in an unadorned helmet-like rounded cap. The mask for Panji has a smooth white or green face; narrow, elongated eyes; a straight and pointed nose; and delicate, half-open lips.

Panji is engaged to be married to Candra Kirana (also known as Sekartaji), the princess of Daha (Kediri), when she mysteriously disappears on the eve of the wedding. Later in the story, she is sometimes called Kuda Narawangsa when she appears disguised as a man. Panji's principal adversary is Klono (Kelana Tunjung Seta), a ferocious king who desires Candra Kirana and tries to destroy Daha to get her. Klono was adopted as moluccan title for ruler as Kolano. Other common characters are Gunung Sari (Candra Kirana's brother), Ragil Kuning or Dewi Onengan (Panji's sister married to Gunung Sari), Wirun, Kartala and Andaga (relatives and companions of Panji).

Notes

External links
 Ande-Ande Lumut from Folklore Indonesia
 A website for collecting, listing and publishing resources on Panji
 ''Panji Tales Manuscripts'', in Digital Collections (Leiden University Library)

References

Further reading
 Winstedt, R. O. "The Panji Tales." In: Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 19, no. 2 (139) (1941): 234-37. Accessed October 3, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41560465.

Indonesian folklore
Javanese folklore
Mythological kings
Mythological princes

Panji tales


Halophytum ameghinoi is a species of herbaceous plant endemic to Patagonia. It is the only species in the genus Halophytum. It is a succulent annual plant, with simple, fleshy, alternate leaves. The plants are monoecious, with solitary female flowers and inflorescences of male flowers on the same plant .

Halophytum has sometimes been placed in its own family, Halophytaceae. For instance, the 2009 APG III system and the 2003 APG II system recognise the  family and assign it to the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots, although the 1998 APG system did not recognise such a family, placing its members in the family Chenopodiaceae instead.

References

Caryophyllales
Monotypic Caryophyllales genera
Flora of Argentina
Flora of Southern America
Patagonia
Taxa named by Carlo Luigi Spegazzini

Halophytum


Walter of Bibbesworth (1235–1270) was an English knight and Anglo-Norman poet. Documents confirm that he held land in the parish of Kimpton, Hertfordshire at the farm now called Bibbsworth Hall ("Bibbs Hall" on some maps). About 1250 he served in Gascony under the seneschal Nicholas de Molis in the army of the English king Henry III. In 1270/1271 he is believed to have taken part in the Ninth Crusade on the evidence of a tençon or poetic argument between himself and Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln. In the poem Walter, about to depart for Palestine, teases Henry for staying at home for the love of a certain woman. In fact the young Henry de Lacy, "recently married and with heavy responsibilities at home", did not take part in the Ninth Crusade. Walter went and returned. He was buried early in Edward I's reign at Little Dunmow in Essex.

Apart from the tençon Walter is best known for a longer poem which in early manuscripts is called Le Tretiz ("The Treatise"), written in medieval French verse and supplied with Middle English glosses between the lines. It is known in two early recensions, one of which has a preface stating that the Treatise was written for madame Dyonise de Mountechensi (Denise or Dionisie de Munchensi) to help her teach her children French. The Treatise gained popularity and was afterwards incorporated in a late medieval textbook of French, Femina Nova. Bibbesworth has also been credited with two other short poems in medieval French, one in praise of beauty, a second on the Virgin Mary, though the first of these is more likely to be the work of Nicole Bozon.

Works
 Le Tretiz ("The Treatise")
 "De bone femme la bounté" (attribution doubtful)
 "Amours m'ount si enchaunté"
 "La Pleinte"

References

 "Parishes: Kimpton" in A History of the County of Hertfordshire, Victoria County History, pp. 29–33
 Andrew Dalby, transl., The Treatise of Walter of Bibbesworth. Totnes: Prospect Books, 2012.  Preview
 Thomas Hinton, "Anglo-French in the Thirteenth Century: A Re-Appraisal of Walter de Bibbesworth's Tretiz" in Modern Language Review vol. 112 (2017), pp. 848-874
Thomas Hinton, "Language, Morality and Wordplay in Anglo-French: The Poetry of Walter de Bibbesworth" in New Medieval Literatures 19 (2019), pp. 89-120
Tony Hunt, "Bibbesworth, Walter of" (2004) on the website of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (subscription or UK public library membership required)
 Karen K. Jambeck, "The "Tretiz" of Walter of Bibbesworth: cultivating the vernacular" in Albrecht Classen, ed., Childhood in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance (Berolini: Walter De Gruyter, 2005) pp. 159–184
 Annie Owen, ed., Le Traité de Walter de Bibbesworth sur la langue française. Paris: PUF, 1929.
 William Rothwell, "A Mis-Judged Author and a Mis-Used Text: Walter de Bibbesworth and His "Tretiz"" in Modern Language Review vol. 77 (1982) pp. 282-293
 William Rothwell, "Anglo-French in Rural England in the Later Thirteenth Century: Walter of Bibbesworth's Tretiz and the Agricultural Treatises" in Vox Romanica vol. 67 (2008) pp. 100–132
 William Rothwell, editor, "Walter de Bibbesworth: Le Tretiz together with two Anglo-French poems in praise of women " (2009)
 Josiah C. Russell, "Some Thirteenth-Century Anglo-Norman Writers" in Modern Philology vol. 28 (1931) pp. 257–269
 W. Aldis Wright, "Walter de Biblesworth" in Notes and Queries 4th ser. vol. 8 (1871) p. 64 Text at archive.org

External links
 Walter de Bibbesworth at ARLIMA

13th-century French poets
Anglo-Norman literature
British writers in French
Christians of Lord Edward's crusade
People from North Hertfordshire District
Trouvères
English children's writers
English knights
1235 births
1270 deaths
French male poets

Walter of Bibbesworth


Sir Ernest Marsden  (19 February 1889 – 15 December 1970) was an English-New Zealand physicist. He is recognised internationally for his contributions to science while working under Ernest Rutherford, which led to the discovery of new theories on the structure of the atom. In Marsden's later work in New Zealand, he became a significant member of the scientific community, while maintaining close links to the United Kingdom.

Education
Born in Manchester, the son of Thomas Marsden and Phoebe Holden, Marsden lived in Rishton and attended Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Blackburn, where an inter-house trophy rewarding academic excellence ('The Marsden Merit Trophy') bears his name.

In 1909, as a 20-year-old student at the University of Manchester, he met and began work under Ernest Rutherford. While still an undergraduate he conducted the famous Geiger–Marsden experiment, also called the gold foil experiment, together with Hans Geiger under Rutherford's supervision. This experiment led to Rutherford's new theory for the structure of the atom, with a centralised concentration of mass and positive charge surrounded by empty space and a sea of orbiting negatively charged electrons. Rutherford later described this as "almost as incredible as if you fired a 15-inch shell at a piece of tissue paper and it came back to hit you".

The apparatus used in the experiment was an early version of what was to become the Geiger counter.

In 1915 he moved to Victoria University College in Wellington, New Zealand, to replace Thomas Laby as Professor of Physics; Rutherford recommended his appointment there.

Career
Marsden served in France during World War I as a Royal Engineer in a special sound-ranging section and was awarded the Military Cross in the 1919 King's Birthday Honours.

In 1922 Marsden turned from his research and position as Professor of Physics to bureaucracy. He was appointed Assistant Director of Education before accepting the position of Secretary of New Zealand's new Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) in 1926. The new Department's focus was on assisting primary industries, and Marsden worked to organise research particularly in the area of agriculture.

Marsden initiated a number of projects that kept New Zealand in touch with international developments in the field of radiation and nuclear sciences. In 1939 he pioneered the non-medical use of radioisotopes in New Zealand, and conducted a series of experiments to determine the role of cobalt in animal metabolism.

With the outbreak of World War II Marsden was given the title of Director of Scientific Developments, and was charged with mobilizing New Zealand's scientific manpower. During the War he worked on radar research, setting up a team to develop the radar equipment for use in the Pacific. Marsden also used his scientific connections to form a team of young New Zealand Scientists who would participate in the American Manhattan Project developing the nuclear bomb, and initiated the search for uranium, the raw material needed for nuclear projects, in New Zealand.

Marsden had a post-war vision of a nuclear New Zealand, with scientists working on research using local nuclear reactors, and developing connections with the British nuclear energy and weapons program. While this vision was not fully realised, in 1946 he established a team of scientists to carry out research into atomic energy and the application of nuclear science to problems in agriculture, health, and industry. Ties between Marsden and the scientific community in Britain remained strong, and in 1947 he became the DSIR's scientific liaison officer in London.

Marsden retired in 1954 and returned to Wellington, where he continued to work and travel extensively, serving on a number of committees and conducting research into environmental radioactivity. As his studies turned to the impact of fallout from radioactive bombs, Marsden came to oppose testing and the development of nuclear weapons. While Marsden had a significant role in establishing and encouraging nuclear science in New Zealand, this role of speaking out against nuclear weapons development and testing - which he only did after the British nuclear testing program was complete - is less known.

In 1966, the same year France began testing nuclear bombs in the Pacific, Marsden suffered a stroke which left him confined to a wheelchair. He later died at his home in Lowry Bay, Lower Hutt on the shores of Wellington Harbour in 1970.

Family life
Marsden married Margaret Sutcliffe, a school teacher, in 1913. They had two children together, a son and a daughter. After Marsden's final retirement to New Zealand, Maggie (who had been suffering from heart disease) died on 7 November 1956.
Two years later Marsden remarried, and on 26 June 1958 Joyce Winifred Chote, who was 30 years his junior, became his wife. She assisted him in his remaining years, joining him on his travels and supporting him during his research.

Honours and awards
Marsden's career recognitions included fellowship in the Royal Society of London in 1946, president of the Royal Society of New Zealand in 1947 and the Rutherford Memorial Lecture in 1948. In 1961 he chaired the Rutherford Jubilee Conference in Manchester, which celebrated 50 years since Rutherford's discovery of the atomic nucleus.

In 1935, he was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal and appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the Silver Jubilee and King's Birthday Honours. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in the 1946 New Year Honours and a Knight Bachelor in the 1958 New Year Honours, for services to science.

Honorific eponyms
The Marsden Fund for basic research in New Zealand was set up in 1994.

Massey University has named a major lecture theatre after him.

References

External links

University of Canterbury (NZ) biography of Marsden

Biography in 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
Address in Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand
The Marsden Fund

1889 births
1970 deaths
English physicists
New Zealand Fellows of the Royal Society
New Zealand physicists
British Army personnel of World War I
New Zealand people of World War II
New Zealand nuclear physicists
British nuclear physicists
Academic staff of Victoria University of Wellington
People educated at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Blackburn
People from Rishton
Presidents of the Royal Society of New Zealand
British emigrants to New Zealand
New Zealand recipients of the Military Cross
New Zealand Knights Bachelor
New Zealand Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
New Zealand Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
People associated with Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (New Zealand)
20th-century New Zealand scientists
20th-century New Zealand physicists
20th-century British physicists
20th-century English scientists
Alumni of the University of Manchester
Royal Engineers soldiers

Ernest Marsden


Malcolm & Marie is an American drama movie, written and directed by Sam Levinson. It stars John David Washington and Zendaya as the title characters.

It was released on February 5, 2021, by Netflix.

Plot
Writer-director Malcolm Elliott (John David Washington) returns home from his film premiere with his girlfriend Marie Jones (Zendaya). Malcolm eagerly anticipates the critical reviews following the emotional audience response from the screening. When he notices Marie looking displeased, he urges her to tell him what is bothering her. Initially reluctant to start a fight in the middle of the night, she tells him that she is upset that she was not thanked or acknowledged in his speech at the premiere.

Marie believes that she is the basis of his film, a drama about a struggling black female drug addict named Imani, as she herself was a drug addict when they met. Malcolm dismisses her accusations, claiming that Imani is not based on her and is an amalgamation of different people. Marie insists that he would not have authentically portrayed Imani's struggles with drug abuse and addiction if they were not together. Malcolm believes that Marie is overreacting, claiming that, because she quit acting years ago, she is jealous of the actress who played Imani and that she is projecting her personal problems on him and his film. Marie affirms her position on his lack of acknowledgment and calls his talents "mediocre". While Marie is taking a bath, Malcolm describes to her the different women he had relationships with, who inspired the character of Imani, stating that only Imani's feelings of hopelessness were based on Marie. After drying herself from the bath, she responds by playing Dionne Warwick's song "Get Rid of Him" on her phone, while the two are sitting silently outside.

Heading back inside, Malcolm then finds and reads the first critic review posted about his film. Despite the review being positive, he rants about the white female critic's political interpretation of his film as he did not intend it to be political. He laments that film critics are focusing too much on his black male identity and projecting politics into their interpretations, rather than judging him for his own merits. Marie playfully belittles his angry reaction to the positive review and his inability to take criticism, before the two appear to be bonding again following their arguments.

Before the two can begin to have sex, Marie provokes him when she asks why he did not cast her as Imani, believing that she would have brought a vulnerability and authenticity to the character that could have made the film better. After they angrily accuse each other of being egotistical, Marie then brings out a knife and acts out a scene as Imani to demonstrate authenticity, scaring but impressing Malcolm over how convincing she is. The two go to their bedroom and argue once more, until Marie lectures him about him taking her for granted and his lack of acknowledgement of how their genuine love for each other inspired the film.

Their arguing finally stops as they go to bed without saying anything to each other, only thanking each other before they sleep. Malcolm wakes up alone in bed in the morning daylight. He finds Marie alone outside and joins her as they look across the distance, leaving the fate of their relationship unknown.

Cast
 John David Washington as Malcolm
 Zendaya as Marie

Release
In September 2020, Netflix bought the movie's distribution rights for $30 million, paying a higher price than companies such as HBO, A24 and Searchlight Pictures. The film was released on February 5, 2021.

References

Other websites

English-language movies
2021 drama movies
American drama movies
Netflix movies
Black-and-white movies

Malcolm & Marie


The First National Bank of Brewster building, later Southeast Town Hall, is located on Main Street (US 6) next to the  train station in Brewster, New York, United States. It is a brick Queen Anne-style building constructed in 1886 currently used as offices for the Town of Southeast, of which Brewster is part.

The bank itself closed in 1964. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 in recognition of its intact style and its place in the village's history.

Building

The rectangular one-story brick building rises from a granite foundation to a hipped roof covered with slate tiles and a decorative ridge cap. The main block's fenestration consists of double-mullioned semicircular windows.

A small wing on the north facade has hexagonal slate shingles and a Palladian window on its gable face; a chimney rises from its roof. It is complemented by a similarly-faced cross-gable on the south side with louvered oculus. The slope of the irregular triangle the building sits on allows for a basement entrance on this side. A small addition on the west side is sympathetic to the original building.

The walls are done in unpainted panelling and the ceilings in unpainted tongue-in-groove. What was the main banking area has a cathedral ceiling and six-branch brass chandelier.

History

The First National Bank was incorporated in 1875 following rapid post-Civil War growth of the village of Brewster and its neighboring areas. It grew successful enough that by 1886 it could afford the current building, whose Queen Anne stylings also incorporate the rounded windows of the also-popular Richardsonian Romanesque style. The bank was purposely located next to the rail depot, the source of much of the prosperity it had helped to finance.

The building was never substantially altered for much of the bank's occupancy, save the addition on the west in 1950. When it closed in 1964, the Town of Southeast, in which Brewster is located, was quick to move in from the old Town Hall down the street. The supervisor and town clerk worked there until the construction of the current Town Hall on NY 22, north of the village. The building, parking, planning and code-enforcement departments are still housed in the old bank.

References

Bank buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Queen Anne architecture in New York (state)
Commercial buildings completed in 1886
U.S. Route 6
Buildings and structures in Putnam County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Putnam County, New York

First National Bank of Brewster


Muck diving is recreational diving on a loose sedimentary bottom, usually in relatively low visibility. It gets its name from the sediment that lies on the bottom at many dive sites - a frequently muddy or "mucky" environment. Other than muddy sediment, the muck dive substrate may consist of dead coral skeletons, garbage and natural detritus. The visibility is usually less than on the reef or wreck sites of the area. However, the sediment and detritus environment has a different ecology to the reef, and the "muck" substrate can be the habitat for unusual, exotic and juvenile organisms that are not found in the cleaner reef sites of the region.

History
The term muck diving was first recorded as being used by Bob Halstead to describe diving off the beaches made up of black sand in Milne Bay, Papua New Guinea.

Why people muck dive
The "muck" substrate can be the habitat for unusual, exotic and juvenile organisms that make their homes in the sediment and "trash" that compose a muck dive. The sediment and detritus environment has a different ecology to the reef. Creatures like colorful nudibranchs, anglerfish, shrimp, blue-ringed octopus, and rare pygmy seahorses may be more common, more easily found, or restricted to a sedimentary substrate.

Where people muck dive
The most publicised region for muck diving is Southeast Asia, where there are more marine species than anywhere else in the world. Places like Mabul and Kapalai in Sabah, Malaysia, Anilao and Dauin in the Philippines, Lembeh Straits in Manado,
Indonesia and Bali are popular because of the different creatures found in this type of bottom ecology.

Other sedimentary bottom habitats may also provide interesting ecologies, and muck diving is possible almost anywhere that recreational diving is possible.

References

Recreational diving

Muck diving


Rhiannon Grace Clements (born 1 December 1994) is an English actress. Whilst studying at the Academy of Live and Recorded Arts, Clements began starring in various theatre productions, and went on to be awarded Best Stage Actor at the Spotlight Prize in 2019.

From 2020 to 2021, she portrayed the role of Summer Ranger in the Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks. For her portrayal of the role, Clements was nominated in the Newcomer category at the 26th National Television Awards. Since leaving the soap, she has starred in various television series including Maryland, The Power of Parker and Vera.

Early life
Clements was born in Blackburn, England. She was born with a foreshortened left arm. At the age of four, Clements was enrolled into dance classes by her mother in order to boost her confidence, but she felt that dance was not right for her, and instead enrolled herself into youth theatre classes. Clements attended Ribblesdale High School in Clitheroe, and ALRA North. At ALRA North, she studied towards and obtained a degree in acting.

Career
In 2018, Clements made her professional stage debut in a production of The Tempest; she then starred in various other stage productions, including Alice in Wonderland, Wuthering Heights and The Glass Menagerie. In 2019, she was awarded Best Stage Actor at the Spotlight Prize. One of the judges highlighted Clements' performance as a standout from the ceremony, stating that she connected to the audience well. Following auditioning for various roles after relocating to Manchester in 2019, Clements booked a role as Bescot in two episodes of the BBC series Doctor Who.

In 2020, it was announced that Clements had joined the cast of the Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks as Summer Ranger, the daughter of established character Cormac (James Gaddas). When Clements' agent phoned her to inform her that she had booked the role, she thought that it would be bad news. She expressed her excitement at joining Hollyoaks since she watched the soap whilst growing up. Months into her tenure, it was confirmed that Summer would be a villain. During her time on the series, Clements appeared in an episode of its online documentary spin-off series Hollyoaks: IRL, where she discussed the representation of her disability on the soap. After her character is imprisoned, Clements announced her departure from Hollyoaks, but stated that she intends on returning to the soap in the future. For her portrayal of Summer, Clements received a shortlist nomination in the Newcomer category at the 26th National Television Awards. Later in 2021, Clements received three nominations at the Inside Soap Awards. Then in 2022, she was nominated for the British Soap Award for Villain of the Year.

Following her Hollyoaks exit, Clements appeared in the Channel 4 comedy series Big Boys, as well as appearing in an episode of the ITV drama series Ridley. In 2023, Clements filmed numerous projects. She starred in the ITV drama series Maryland and the BBC comedy series The Power of Parker, appeared in an episode of the Britbox period drama Sister Boniface Mysteries and joined the cast of the ITV crime drama Vera, the latter of which is scheduled to air in early 2024. She will portray the role of DC Stephanie Duncan.

Filmography

Stage

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1994 births
Alumni of the Academy of Live and Recorded Arts
21st-century English actresses
Actresses from Lancashire
Amputee actors
English film actresses
English stage actresses
English soap opera actresses
English television actresses
Living people
Actors from Blackburn

Rhiannon Clements


The Council at Basel decreed, in its 23rd session (26 March 1436) that anyone elected Pope should make, as a condition for his election to be valid, the "profession of the supreme pontiff", a formula declaring recognition of the Council as a "General Council" that it drew up specifically for that purpose.

What the formula that each cardinal, meeting in conclave, was called upon to swear, declaring: "I shall not make obeisance to anyone elected as pontiff before he takes the oath prescribed by this council of Basel", refers to as an oath must be this profession of faith.

No Pope actually made the Council's profession of faith apart from the Pope that the Council itself created, Felix V, who is not included in the list of popes, but only in that of Antipopes.

References

History of the papacy

Profession of the supreme pontiff (Council of Basel)


Creole George Guesnon (May 25, 1907, New Orleans, Louisiana – May 6, 1968, New Orleans) was an American jazz banjoist, guitarist, and singer.

When he was twelve years old, Guesnon bought a ukulele under the influence of an uncle who played guitar. After completing school, he worked for his father, who was a plasterer. At twenty, he began substituting for banjoist Earl Stockmeyer at a cabaret. He received banjo lessons from John Marrero and then took his spot in the Papa Celestin band. Soon after, he took Danny Barker's place in the Willie Pajeaud band. He worked in Sam Morgan's band from 1930–35, then played briefly in Monroe, Louisiana with Lou Johnson's Californians.

In 1936, he moved to Jackson, Mississippi, where he played and recorded in a band led by Little Brother Montgomery. He recorded for the first time in 1936 on his song "Goodbye, Good Luck to You" with Montgomery. He did two tours with the Rabbit Foot Minstrels, then returned to New Orleans in 1938. But he found little work there and moved to New York City. In 1940 he recorded four songs in New York for Decca in addition to playing with Trixie Smith and Jelly Roll Morton. He worked for Pullman trains, then enlisted in the Merchant Marines when World War II started. He played locally in Louisiana in the 1950s, with the Mighty Four at the Melody Inn from 1953 to 1955, and toured with George Lewis in 1955. On several occasions he recorded with Kid Thomas Valentine and performed at Preservation Hall in his native New Orleans.

References

1907 births
1968 deaths
American jazz banjoists
Jazz musicians from New Orleans
20th-century American musicians
Tuxedo Brass Band members

George Guesnon


Ardozyga penthicodes is a species of moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1921. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from southern Queensland.

The wingspan is about . The forewings are fuscous with a very irregular streak of white suffusion running from the base of the costa through the middle of the disc to the termen beneath the apex, with undefined branches of white irroration along the veins towards the costa. There is a narrow black streak along the fold throughout, edged beneath by a suffused white streak towards the middle and nearly interrupted with white in the middle. There are also short longitudinal streaks of dark fuscous irroration representing the discal stigmata, and similar marks towards the posterior portion of the costa and termen between the veins. The hindwings are rather dark grey, thinly scaled at the base and with a broad dark fuscous streak occupying the costal third throughout.

References

Ardozyga
Moths described in 1921
Moths of Australia

Ardozyga penthicodes


Alexander-Dickman Hall, formerly known as Old Sem, Old Main, and College Hall, is a historic building located on the campus of Upper Iowa University in Fayette, Iowa, United States.  It was the first building built for the college, and for a number of years it was its only building. Construction on the building began in 1855 and it was completed two years later.  Its significance derives, in part, from it being "one of the largest and best preserved native stone buildings still in use in Iowa."  Architecturally, the three-story limestone structure is influenced by several styles.  Its simplicity of form reflects the Neoclassical style in its evenly spaced windows and arched doorway. The Palladian windows and the structure's tripartite arrangement capped by a triangular pediment of the main facade reflects the Federalist style.  The bracketed eaves at the cornice reflects the Italianate style. The building is capped with a domed cupola.  It received its present name in 1963 being named for the man who first financed to college (Alexander) and its president in the 1920s (Dickman).  The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

References

University and college buildings completed in 1857
Upper Iowa University
Neoclassical architecture in Iowa
Buildings and structures in Fayette County, Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Fayette County, Iowa
University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
1857 establishments in Iowa

Alexander-Dickman Hall


Brintons is a British manufacturer of carpets, founded in 1783 by William Brinton, at Hill Pool in Chaddesley, Kidderminster, to manufacture spun yarns.

Its first factory in Kidderminster was established in 1820 and as of 2008 the company still had a major manufacturing presence on the Stourport edge of the town. In 1970 Brintons opened their first factory in Telford, Shropshire, to make spun yarns.  It owns and operates other factories all over the world including Poland, Portugal and India manufacturing bespoke and stock woven Axminster and Wilton wool-rich carpets and rugs.

In 1993, Brintons launched an advertising campaign featuring costumes made from the company's carpets designed by Vivienne Westwood. A second Westwood designed campaign followed in 1995, based on dress styles from 1783, the year the company was founded. The photography for both campaigns was by David Bailey.  A third campaign was launched in 1996 and in 2000, British designer Antony Price created evening gowns constructed from carpet and photographed by Patrick Lichfield (Lord Lichfield) for these advertisements.

As one of the first companies to be awarded the Royal Warrant at the beginning of Queen Elizabeth II's reign in 1958, Brintons has continued to supply carpets and designs for a range of projects for the Queen, Buckingham Palace and other Royal households.

The firm faced financial difficulties in 2011, its 228th year, and was acquired by The Carlyle Group in September of that year.

In August 2015, Brintons acquired Fabryka Dywanów Agnella in Białystok, a Polish manufacturer and supplier of carpets and rugs.

Brintons has one of the world's largest commercial design archives and historical pattern libraries in the industry, which dates back to the late 18th century. It contains thousands of original hand-painted design papers from Baroque and Art Deco to up-to-the minute contemporary designs.

Brintons was acquired from Carlyle Group by Argand Partners in 2017 for an undisclosed sum.

References

External links

 Alfombras Website

Textile manufacturers of England
Carpet manufacturing companies
Manufacturing companies established in 1820
Companies based in Worcestershire
British companies established in 1820
1820 establishments in England

Brintons


Larry Boardman (born March 21, 1936, in Marlborough, Connecticut) is an American former lightweight boxer, rated the second best lightweight in the world in 1956.

Biography
Board, who is Jewish, was managed by his father (Sam Boardman).  He lived in Connecticut for the majority of his life.

Career
On February 7, 1956, at the age of 19, Boardman defeated lightweight champion Wallace "Bud" Smith at the Boston Garden, leading to him being rated # 10 in the world in the lightweight division by Ring.  It was Boardman's 31st victory in his first 32 pro fights.  On April 14, 1956, he beat featherweight champion and later Hall of Famer Sandy Saddler in a unanimous decision in 10 rounds, and moved up to # 7.

Boardman also defeated two other lightweight world champions, Paddy DeMarco and  Jimmy Carter.  At the end of 1956, he was ranked as the # 2 lightweight contender in the world.

Boardman had a 45–10–1 record in his career, winning 23 of his fights by knockout.  In 2008, he was inducted into the Connecticut Boxing Hall of Fame.

References

External links
"A Look back at the Career of Larry Boardman," 3/21/05
BoxRec bio

Boxing-Records
"Boardman is tipped for the top," 10/2/04

1936 births
Living people
Jewish boxers
Jewish American boxers
Boxers from Connecticut
People from Marlborough, Connecticut
Sportspeople from Hartford County, Connecticut
Lightweight boxers
American male boxers
21st-century American Jews

Larry Boardman


Jules Verne is a lairge lunnar crater on the far side o the Muin. It is locatit tae the wast-soothwast o the Mare Ingenii, ane o the few lunnar mares on the hyne awa. Tae the soothaest o Jules Verne is the Lundmark crater, whilk Koch crater is locatit tae the sooth-soothaest. Tae the northwast is the lairge Pavlov wawed-plain.

Maist o the interior fluir o this crater haes been flooded wi basaltic-lava, leavin a daurk, laich albedo surface that is relatively level an flat. It is somewhat unco for a crater featur on the far side tae be flooded wi lava, as the crust is generally thicker than on the naur side. Houaniver this crater is locatit entirely inouth the Sooth Pole-Aitken bossie.

The ooter rim o Jules Verne is worn an eroded, wi several craters laying athort the laggin. Alang the aestern laggin lies 'Jules Verne G', whilk 'Jules Verne C' penetrates the nor-aestern rim an 'Jules Verne Z' cuts across the northren rim. A smaa crater forbye lies athort the soothern rim, whilk 'Jules Verne P' is attached tae the exterior alang the sooth-soothwast.

Jules Verne is ane o the few lunnar craters that is kent bi a chiel's full name raither than juist the surname. It is forbye cried for a science fiction owthor, raither than a namely scientist or splorer as is teepical. (But see H. G. Wells crater.)

Muin

Jules Verne (crater)


West Hudson  is the western part of Hudson County, New Jersey comprising the contiguous municipalities of Kearny, Harrison and East Newark, which lies on the peninsula between the Hackensack River and Passaic River.

The Passaic River separates it from Newark and Belleville, and the Hackensack River separates it from Jersey City, the county seat, and Secaucus. Residential and commercial districts, including Arlington, are concentrated along the banks of the Passaic, also site of Kearny Riverbank Park. At Kearny Point there is more industry. Brownfields or protected areas known as the Kearny Meadows or the Kearny Marsh are part of the New Jersey Meadowlands. West Hudson Park is the county park in the area. Arlington Memorial Park cemetery is located on Schuyler Avenue.

The area was known as Meghgectecock (spellings include masgichteu-cunk) by the Hackensack tribe of Lenape people who lived there at the time of European colonization, meaning where May-apples grow, from a moist-woodland perennial that bears edible yellow berries  and used to describe the lobe of land between and before the confluence of the Hackensack and Passaic at Newark Bay. During the 17th century was part of the area called Achter Col by New Netherlanders in the province of New Netherland. It was later given the name New Barbadoes Neck by British colonialists. All of West Hudson was originally part of Essex County under the jurisdiction of Newark. In 1710 it was made part of New Barbadoes Township, and part of Bergen County. The West Hudson municipalities were part of Harrison Township, which was created by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 13, 1840, and was part of Hudson County, which had been created from portions of Bergen County on February 22, 1840. The current borders were created through a series of secessions and reincorporations.

The West Hudson towns and Newark, particularly the Ironbound across the Passaic, have had a long tradition of soccer. Kearny's nickname, "Soccer Town, USA" comes from tradition that originated in the mid-1870s, when thousands of Scottish and Irish immigrants settled there after two Scottish companies, Clark Thread Company and Nairn Linoleum, opened. The Newark Portuguese, Clark A.A., Harrison S.C. and West Hudson A.A. were among the many teams. The Red Bulls Stadium is in Harrison.

Portion of the Morris Canal ran through Kearny Point, unused portions which remain today.
The peninsula is crisscrossed with rail passenger and freight rail lines, including those of Amtrak, New Jersey Transit, and PATH, the last of which maintains a station at Harrison (Amtrak and NJT having ceased service there). Also in this area was the former Manhattan Transfer. The Kearny Connection and Waterfront Connection are major passenger rail junctions. The proposed high-speed rail line known as the Gateway Project will traverse the area and includes the replacement of the Portal Bridge and the Sawtooth Bridges.

West Hudson's Saint Patrick's Day Parade passes through the three municipalities.

Since the creation of the 29th Legislative District in the 1970s, the three communities have always been represented in the same district.

See also
List of bridges, tunnels, and cuts in Hudson County, New Jersey
Belleville Turnpike
Gateway Region
County Route 507 (New Jersey)
County Route 508 (New Jersey)
Kearny Connection
Riverbend (Hudson County)
North Hudson
New Jersey Meadowlands
North Jersey Shared Assets Area
Pulaski Skyway

Sources

Regions of New Jersey
New Jersey Meadowlands District
Geography of Hudson County, New Jersey
Neighborhoods in Hudson County, New Jersey
Kearny, New Jersey
Harrison, New Jersey

West Hudson, New Jersey


Henri Paul (3 July 1956 – 31 August 1997) was a French chauffeur, who served as Head of Security at the Hôtel Ritz Paris in Paris, France. He was best known for being the hotel's hired chauffeur for the Mercedes-Benz in which Diana, Princess of Wales, Dodi Fayed and himself died.

Education and career

Born in Lorient, Paul was one of the five children of Jean Paul, a teacher, and Gisèle Paul, who worked at the city council. An aviation aficionado, Paul earned his pilot's license at age 18 from Vannes and served in the Air Force. After graduating from high school, he decided to move to Paris, where he initially worked as an aviation instructor and later in the nautical industry selling boats. In 1986, he was hired at the Hôtel Ritz Paris, eventually becoming a confidant of the Al-Fayed family, owner of the hotel. Initially deputy head of security, on June 30, 1997, he became the head of security at the Ritz.

Death

Paul was on duty the night of August 31, 1997, taking Diana, Princess of Wales and Dodi Al-Fayed from the Hôtel Ritz Paris to an apartment on rue Arsène Houssaye, a short distance from the hotel.  At the wheel of a Mercedes S280, Paul drove at high speed in order to outrun the paparazzi who were chasing the vehicle.  When it arrived at the entrance to the Pont de l'Alma tunnel, the car was traveling at an estimated speed of between 118 and 155 km/h, with the maximum authorized speed at that point being 50 km/h.  The car swerved inside the tunnel and collided violently with one of the pillars of the underpass.  As a result of the accident, Paul and Al-Fayed died instantly. The Princess of Wales died hours later at Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital and Trevor Rees-Jones, Diana's bodyguard in the service of the Al-Fayed family, was the only survivor. Although he suffered numerous fractures to his facial bones (only he was wearing a seat belt).  The Paris Prosecutor's Office obtained information through the Criminal Brigade with the aim of clarifying the causes of the incident.  The investigation concluded, as would the later British investigation, that the driver was driving recklessly under the influence of alcohol and drugs.  The toxicological studies carried out a few days after the accident under the direction of Professor Ivan Ricordel showed traces of prescription drugs for Paul as well as a blood alcohol level of 1.87 grams per liter of blood, more than three times the authorized limit for driving in France (a second test, commissioned by the Paris prosecutor's office,  confirmed a rate of between 1.73 and 1.75 g/l).  Paul was also allegedly taking several medications at the time of his death:  Prozac, an antidepressant, Noctamid, a sleeping pill, Tiapride, a neuroleptic often used against alcoholism and Aotal, an acamprosate.  All these medications recommend in their prospects not to drive if you consume them. The investigations carried out in the framework of the judicial investigation established that Henri Paul had bank accounts for a total amount of approximately one million francs (around 152,400 euros) at the time of the events and that he had in his possession on the night of the accident a sum of money just over 1,900 francs (about 290 euros). This data fed several conspiracy theories which present Paul as an informant for the DGSE, MI6 or even Mossad.  Apparently, the paparazzi obtained (for a fee) information about the people who reported to him as head of security at Hôtel Ritz Paris.  On September 3, 1999, the nine photographers and the motorcyclist accused of "involuntary homicides and injuries" as well as "failure to assist people in danger" did not come to trial when the charges were withdrawn, blaming the justice system for the accident on Paul, who was driving under the influence of alcohol and various psychotropic drugs.

1956 births
1997 deaths

Henri Paul