The rototom is a shell-less drum developed by Al Payson and Michael Colgrass that is able to change pitch by rotating its drumhead around a threaded metal ring. Unlike many types of drums, rototoms are designed to have a variable definite pitch leading composers to write specific notes for them as pitched percussion instruments. They are also often used to extend the tom range of a standard drum kit.

Description

Tuning
Rototoms can be tuned quickly by rotating the drumhead, which sits in a threaded metal ring. Rotation raises or lowers the tension hoop relative to the rim, which increases or decreases the pitch of the drum by increasing or decreasing the tension of the drumhead.

Sizes
Drum company Remo has historically offered rototoms in seven diameters: , , , , , , and . However, as of 2023, Remo only offers rototoms ranging from a 6 to 10 inch diameter as part of a set that includes a mounting rail and stand. All other sizes have been discontinued. Each one is tunable over an octave's range or more, although the company notes that the practical range is approximately a sixth.

Applications

Rototoms can replace more specialized drums such as tenor timpani owing to their clear, pitched nature. Jazz, rock and studio performers use rototoms both as a solo voice and as conventional tom-toms; they can be rapidly tuned to produce glissando effects and can be arrayed for a virtual percussion keyboard. For concert and marching band programs, rototoms combine rapid tuning with portability and sound quality, working both as concert tom-toms and as practice timpani. For stage bands and jazz ensembles, drum kits are fitted out with batter heads. When tuned to the mid-range, they have an indefinite pitch with fewer harmonic overtones than conventional tom-toms; tuned to the high range, they produce a sound not unlike timbales.

Rototoms can assist students in ear training and in developing their timpani techniques and— because of their portability, storability and relatively low cost— are often used by professional performers as practice instruments. They are also used as definite-pitched instruments in elementary music programs, such as Orff Schulwerk, where their sound quality, pitch stability and rapid tuning are assets.

Repertoire
English composer Michael Tippett used a total of 38 rototoms— tuned chromatically, spanning across three octaves— in his last large-scale orchestral work, The Rose Lake (1993), based on a lake he spotted suddenly transforming from light green to translucent pink while on holiday in Senegal. In 1979, percussionist William Kraft published Encounters VI, a concertino for rototoms and percussion quartet.

References

External links

Drums
Drum kit components
Pitched percussion instruments
20th-century percussion instruments

Rototom


Filimoni Vakalololma Bolavucu (born 13 February 1981 in Suva) is a Fijian rugby union player, who currently plays for Dax in Pro D2.  He plays as a wing. He played for the Suva Highlanders in the Colonial Cup. He also played for Lomaiviti in the local tournaments.  He has played in the Top 14 competition in France representing Brive and Bayonne.

Biography

He plays for the Lomaiviti in the Suva club competition and represented Suva Colts in 2000 and 2001. A superb performance in 2002 earned him a place in the senior Suva squad, and he also toured with the Fiji Under 21s to South Africa, playing in all five of Fiji's games.

As a 21-year-old, he represented Suva in the Sullivan-Farebrother 2002 challenge when they so nearly dethroned Naitasiri, and for Veiyanuyanu in the State of Origin match. Possessing much promise, Bolavucu attended both sets of national trials at Prince Charles Park in 2002 but did not quite break through to the Test side.

He made his Fiji 7s debut at the end of 2002, and was in the winning team at the 2002 South Africa 7s. His performances with the Fiji 7s team in 2003, however, won him a contract with Waikato for the NPC competition where he scored a try in the semi-final loss to Wellington.

After three years of provincial rugby in New Zealand, Bolavucu landed a job with French club Brive alongside Test fullback Norman Ligairi.

He was a key member of the triumphant Digicel Fiji 7s team of 2006, Bolavucu is one of the quickest in the Fiji squad.

Bolavucu made his Test debut for Fiji in 2007 against Australia A in their final game of the 2007 Pacific Nations Cup, Bolavucu scored two long range tries bringing Fiji to a 14 – 14 draw, the closest any of the 3 island nations came to beating Australia A in the Pacific Nations Cup.

After this performance he was selected for the 2007 Rugby World Cup, as one of three wingers ahead of stars Sireli Bobo and Rupeni Caucau, however he was ruled out due to injury without making an appearance and was replaced by Bobo.

He has signed to play for Dax for the 10/11 season.

References

External links

 Fiji profile

1981 births
Bay of Plenty rugby union players
Fiji international rugby union players
Fijian rugby union players
Living people
Rugby union wings
Fijian expatriate rugby union players
Expatriate rugby union players in France
Fijian expatriate sportspeople in France
Expatriate rugby union players in New Zealand
Fijian expatriate sportspeople in New Zealand
Fiji international rugby sevens players
Male rugby sevens players
Rugby union players from Suva
I-Taukei Fijian people
Commonwealth Games medallists in rugby sevens
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Fiji
Commonwealth Games rugby sevens players for Fiji
Rugby sevens players at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 2006 Commonwealth Games

Filimoni Bolavucu


Anopsolobus is a monotypic genus of Polynesian araneomorph spiders in the family Orsolobidae containing the single species, Anopsolobus subterraneus. It was first described by Raymond Robert Forster & Norman I. Platnick in 1985, and is only known from Nelson in New Zealand.

Etymology
"Anopsolobus" refers to the absence of eyes and "subterraneus" refers to the habitat this species was found in.

Taxonomy
Anopsolobus subterraneus was described in 1985 by Raymond Forster and Normal Platnick from one female specimen. The specimen was found 4 meters underground in a bore using a trap intended to collect interstitial aquatic animals, but instead caught terrestrial animals when the water table receded.

Anopsolobus is suggested to be closely related to the genus Tangata.

Description
The only specimen is 1.96mm in length, is unpigmented and notably has no eyes. The body is densely covered in hairs.

See also
 List of Orsolobidae species

References

Monotypic Araneomorphae genera
Orsolobidae
Spiders of New Zealand
Taxa named by Raymond Robert Forster
Endemic spiders of New Zealand

Anopsolobus


The British Mount Everest expedition of 1953 was the first expedition that made it to the summit of Mt. Everest. Edmund Hillary, an explorer, and Tenzing Norgay, a Nepalese mountain climber, were the pair who got to the top. It was the ninth attempt to reach the summit.

The expedition was lead by Colonel John Hunt, who was hired by the Everest organizing committee. The military-style expedition was "bottom heavy" by today's standards. There were tons of equipment hauled by 350 porters to support only ten climbers.  Other teams would also try. Finally, on May 29, Hillary and Tenzing made it to the top. They could only stay on the summit for 15 minutes or risk running out of oxygen. They began the long climb back down to the base camp. They arrived exhausted and unable to speak. When Hunt saw them he thought they failed and began arranging for another team to try. But the two gestured that the climb had been a success. Hillary and Norgay became instant heroes.

References

1953 in Asia
1950s in the United Kingdom
Himalayas
Mountain climbing
20th century in Nepal

1953 British Mount Everest expedition


Carlston Township is a township in Freeborn County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 332 at the 2000 census.

Carlston Township was organized in 1858, and named for Theodore L. Carls(t)on, a pioneer settler.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which   is land and   (8.03%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 332 people, 126 households, and 95 families residing in the township.  The population density was .  There were 131 housing units at an average density of .  The racial makeup of the township was 99.40% White and 0.60% Asian. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.30% of the population.

There were 126 households, out of which 32.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.8% were married couples living together, 4.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.6% were non-families. 20.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.07.

In the township the population was spread out, with 26.5% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 25.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.2 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $47,500, and the median income for a family was $49,643. Males had a median income of $32,083 versus $22,500 for females. The per capita income for the township was $21,218.  None of the families and 1.2% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over 64.

References

Townships in Freeborn County, Minnesota
Townships in Minnesota

Carlston Township, Freeborn County, Minnesota


The 1886 Charleston earthquake took place around 9:50 pm local time on August 31 with an estimated moment magnitude between 6.9 and 7.3. The quake caused 60 deaths and damage between five and six million dollars to just over 2,000 buildings in the Southeastern United States. At the time, about 49.000 people lived in Charleston.  Before the earthquake, there had been very little or no historical earthquake activity in the Charleston, South Carolina area. That is unusual. As of 2020, the reasons for the earthquake are not fully known.

The shock was felt as far away as Boston, Massachusetts, as far northwest as Chicago, Illinois and Milwaukee, Wisconsin, as far west as New Orleans, Louisiana and as far south as Cuba.

Within Charleston, almost all the buildings were damaged. Most were demolished and rebuilt.

Earthqake bolts (anchor plates) were added to unreinforced masonry buildings to add support to the structure without having to demolish the building due to instability. The bolts pass through existing masonry walls tying the walls on opposite sides together for stability.

References

Articles on pre-1900 earthquakes
1886
Charleston, South Carolina

1886 Charleston earthquake


Djibril Diop Mambéty (January 1945 – July 23, 1998) was a Senegalese film director, actor, orator, composer and poet.  Though he made only two feature films and five short films, they received international acclaim for their original and experimental cinematic technique and non-linear, unconventional narrative style.

Born to a Muslim family near Dakar, Senegal's capital city, Mambéty was an ethnic Wolof. He died in 1998 while being treated for lung cancer in a Paris hospital.

Biography
Djibril Diop Mambéty was born in Colobane, Senegal, a town near Senegal's capital city of Dakar that he would feature prominently in some of his films. Mambéty was the son of a Muslim cleric and member of the Lebou tribe. Mambéty's interest in cinema began with theater. Having graduated from acting school in Senegal, Mambéty worked as a stage actor at the Daniel Sorano National Theater in Dakar until he was expelled for disciplinary reasons.

In 1969, at age 23, without any formal training in filmmaking, Mambéty directed and produced his first short film, Contras' City (City of Contrasts).  The following year Mambéty made another short, Badou Boy, which won the Silver Tanit award at the 1970 Carthage Film Festival in Tunisia.

Mambéty's technically sophisticated and richly symbolic first feature-length film, Touki Bouki (1973), received the International Critics Award at Cannes Film Festival and won the Special Jury Award at the Moscow Film Festival, bringing the Senegalese director international attention and acclaim.  Despite the film's success, nearly twenty years passed before Mambéty made another feature film.  During this hiatus he made one short film in 1989, Parlons Grandmère (Let's talk Grandmother).

Hyènes (1992), Mambéty's second and final feature film, was an adaptation of Friedrich Dürrenmatt's play The Visit and was conceptualized as a continuation of Touki Bouki.  At the time of his death, the film director had been working on a trilogy of short films called Contes des Petites Gens (Tales of the Little People).  The first of the three films was Le Franc (1994).  At the time of his death Mambéty had been editing the second film of that series, La Petite Vendeuse de Soleil (The Little Girl Who Sold the Sun), which premiered posthumously in 1999.

On July 23, 1998, Mambéty died of lung cancer at age 53 at a hospital in Paris, France.

He was the subject of a 2008 documentary film Mambéty For Ever.

Film career

Contras'city
Djibril Diop Mambéty's earliest film, a short entitled Contras'city (1968), highlighted the contrasts of cosmopolitanism and unrestrained ostentation in Dakar's baroque architecture against the modest, everyday lives of the Senegalese.  Mambéty's recurrent theme of hybridity—the blending of elements from precolonial Africa and the colonial West in a neocolonial African context—is already evident in Contras'city, which is considered Africa's first comedy film.

Badou Boy

In 1970 Mambéty released his next short, Badou Boy, another sarcastic look at Senegal's capital that followed the adventures of what the director described as a "somewhat immoral street urchin who is very much like myself".  The contest pits the non-conformist individual against an absurdly caricatured policeman who pursues the protagonist through comedically improbable scenarios. Badou Boy celebrates an urban subculture while parodying the state.

Touki Bouki

Considered by many to be his most daring and important film, Mambéty's feature-length debut, Touki Bouki (The Hyena's Journey) more fully developed his earlier themes of hybridity and individual marginality and isolation.  Based on his own story and script, Djibril Diop Mambéty made Touki Bouki with a budget of $30,000—obtained in part from the Senegalese government. Though influenced by French New Wave, Touki Bouki displays a style all its own.  Its camerawork and soundtrack have a frenetic rhythm uncharacteristic of most African films—known for their often deliberately slow-paced, linearly evolving narratives. Through jump cuts, colliding montage, dissonant sonic accompaniment, and the juxtaposition of premodern, pastoral and modern sounds and visual elements, Touki Bouki conveys and grapples with the hybridization of Senegal.  A pair of lovers, Mory and Anta, fantasize about fleeing Dakar for a mythic and romanticized France. The film follows them as they try to scavenge and hustle the funds for their escape. They both make it to the steamliner that would transport them to Paris, but before it disembarks, Mory is drawn back to Dakar and cannot succumb to the seduction of the West. Touki Bouki won the Special Jury Award at the Moscow film Festival and the International Critics Award at Cannes.

 Touki Bouki ranked #52 in Empire magazines "The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema" in 2010.

Hyènes

An African adaptation of Friedrich Dürrenmatt's famous Swiss play, The Visit, Hyènes (Hyenas) tells the story of Linguere Ramatou, an aging, wealthy woman who revisits her home village—and Mambéty's—of Colobane.  Linguere offers a disturbing proposition to the people of Colobane and lavishes luxuries upon them to persuade them.  This embittered woman, "as rich as the World Bank," will bestow upon Colobane a fortune in exchange for the murder of Dramaan Drameh, a local shopkeeper who abandoned her after a love affair and her illegitimate pregnancy when she was 16.  The intimate story of love and revenge between Linguere and Dramaan parallels a critique of neocolonialism and African consumerism.  Mambéty once said, "We have sold our souls too cheaply. We are done for if we have traded our souls for money"
Although its characters are distinct, Mambéty considered Hyènes to be a continuation of Touki Bouki and a further exploration of its themes of power and insanity. Wasis Diop, younger brother of Djibril Diop Mambéty, is responsible for the film's soundtrack.The film is distributed by California Newsreel Productions.

Le Franc

This first film in Mambéty's uncompleted trilogy, Contes des Petites Gens (Tales of Little People), Le Franc (1994) uses the French government's devaluation of the CFA Franc to comment on the absurd schemes people concoct to survive a system that rewards greed rather than merit. The film features a poor musician, Marigo, who finds solace in playing his congoma, which has been confiscated because of his debt. Marigo plays the lottery, and despite winning, encounters obstacles to claiming the reward. The film is both slapstick and symbolic of the lottery-style luck that benefits some and hampers others in the global economy.
Le Franc is part of the project, Three Tales from Senegal which also includes "Picc Mi" (Little Bird) and "Fary l'anesse" (Fary the Donkey).The film is distributed by California Newsreel Productions.

La Petite Vendeuse de Soleil

As the second installment in Mambéty's trilogy exalting the lives and promise found among ordinary Senegalese, the 45-minute film, La Petite Vendeuse de Soleil (The Little Girl Who Sold the Sun) depicts a young beggar girl, Sili, who on crutches, confidently makes her way through a city of obstacles, evading a group of bullies, and selling newspapers to make money for herself and her blind grandmother.  Mambéty dedicates his last film to "the courage of street children".  His luminous main character, Sili, manages to make this a sympathetic and optimistic look at the struggle and potential of Africa's most oppressed—young, female, poor, disabled.  The movie is accompanied by a score by Mambéty's brother, Wasis Diop. This film was selected as one of the ten best films of 2000 by the Village Voice. Reviewer for The New York Times, A.O. Scott described the film as a "masterpiece of understated humanity."

Cinematic style and themes
The notion of hybridity is a theme that runs through many of Djibril Diop Mambéty films.  Like many of his contemporaries, Djibril Diop Mambéty used the cinematic medium to comment on political and social conditions in Africa.  As critiques of neocolonialism, like those of Ousmane Sembène and Souleymane Cissé, Mambéty's films can similarly be understood in the context of Third Cinema. Yet, his often unconventional, surrealist, fast-paced, non-linear style distinguishes Mambéty from other prominent filmmakers of Francophone African cinema who employed more traditional didactic, social realist narratives.
African Studies scholar Sheila Petty notes, "unlike other African filmmakers of the late 1960s and early 1970s whose films were structured around essentialist nationalist discourse focused on the binary opposition of African values versus cultural alienation, Mambéty sought to expose the diversity of real life". According to critics like Petty, his films were an expression of an African sensibility neither locked into narrow nationalism nor into colonial French culture. Instead of rejecting or elevating one as more or less authentically African, Mambéty confronted and engaged with postindependent Africa's complexities and contradictions. Montage sequences in his films that are overflowing with symbols and sounds of traditional and modern Africa, as well as contemporary European culture, depict hybridity. In addition, his own editing and narrative style are a confluence of the ancient griotic tradition of tribal storytelling and modern avant-garde techniques. Mambéty was interested in transforming conflicting, mixed elements into a usable African culture, and in his words, "reinvent[ing] cinema".

Other common thematic concerns in Mambéty's films are power, wealth and delusion. Offering a cynical view of humanity in his last feature-length film, Hyènes, Mambéty implicates Africans themselves for a continuing dependency on the West. Through the film and in many interviews, the director suggests that Africans are short-sighted in looking to the colonial past for their future, and are misled by their unrestrained desires for material goods that ensure Africa's dependency on foreign aid. Ultimately, however, Mambéty transmitted a message of hopefulness in his final films, which elevate the "little people," as the bearers of a positive and new Africa. "The only truly consistent, unaffected people in the world," Mambéty once said of the marginalized, "for whom every morning brings the same question: how to preserve what is essential to themselves".

Vlad Dima, a professor of French studies, describes Mambéty's alternation "between synchronous and asynchronous sound" in his films as a way for viewers to move from a "visual plane" to an "aural narrative" plane. Dima provides an example of this technique as seen in the opening scene of Contras'city when French classical music accompanies the visual of the French-style Dakar City Hall building; it is then interrupted by the Senegalese flag, a disruption of the music, and a voiceover of someone saying "Dakar."

Filmography

Feature films
Touki Bouki (also called The Journey of the Hyena) (1973), International Critic's Prize at Cannes and Special Jury Prize Moscow Film Festival
Hyènes (1992)

Short films
Contras'city (1968)
Badou Boy (1970)
Parlons Grand-mère (Let's talk Grandmother) (1989)Le Franc (1994)La Petite Vendeuse de Soleil (1999)

 Personal life
Mambéty was the older brother of musician Wasis Diop and the uncle of actress and director Mati Diop, Wasis Diop's daughter. He was the father of Teemour Diop Mambety.

See also
 African cinema

 References

Thackway, Melissa Africa shoots back : alternative perspectives in Sub-Saharan Francophone African film  Bloomington : Indiana University Press ; Oxford : James Currey ; Cape Town : David Philip, 2003.
Russell, Sharon A. Guide to African Cinema Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 1998.
"Sinemaabi a dialogue with Djibril Diop Mambety" by Beti Ellerson Poulenc
Sada Niang: Djibril Diop Mambety: un cinéaste à contre-courant, Paris: Editions L'Harmattan, 2002
Clements, Clare: "Meandering through Dakar. Flâneurs, Fragmentation and the Flow of Life in Djibil Diop Mambéty's Cinema of Wanderers", in: manycinemas'' 2/2011, 16–29, online at manycinemas

External links
In Memory of Djibril Diop Mambety

1945 births
1998 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer in France
Lebou people
Senegalese film directors
People from Dakar
Wolof people

Djibril Diop Mambéty


An essential part of any of the world's legal systems is impartiality. It is important for tribunals, judges, juries and arbitrators to be impartial. It is equally important for the legal systems themselves to be impartial.

Judges and tribunals
Judges cannot favor one party over another or give more weight to one side's claims than the other. Judges learn about the law from outside the courtroom and before a trial begins. Because of this a judge may have an opinion regarding the law. When a judge expresses these views he or she is not being impartial.

Juries
In the US legal system, juries are screened and individuals selected by a process called voir dire. Both the prosecution and the defense question jury candidates before a judge. This is to see if they can remain impartial. Any person having a personal interest in the outcome of the trial or who is obviously biased may be removed. This is called striking a juror. It is rare to have more than 10% of potential jurors struck from a trial. Trial by jury began in the United Kingdom. Except for cases where there is a provision by the law, it is the right of every person accused of a crime to have an impartial jury trial. More and more criminal trials are held without a jury. The less severe crimes are tried by magistrates. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees the right to a fair trial. In Canada juries are made up of 12 ordinary persons, male or female, who are expected to be impartial triers of fact. They decide whether the Crown (the prosecution) has made its case. Judges have the option of increasing the jury to 13 or 14 jurors, but only 12 may vote on the guilt or innocence of the accused.

Juries in Scotland have 15 jurors. In many European civil law countries and Japan, juries can be made up of laypersons and judges. Also the opposing council may not be able to strike jurors as in the United States.

Many believe the Magna Carta first guaranteed a right to trial by one's peers. The Latin judicium parium does not mean a trial by jury. The word judicium in the language of the day meant a judge. The term liber homo, usually translated as freeman, at that time were a limited class in England. So it did not mean every person.

References

Law
Legal terms

Impartiality


St Edmundsbury Cathedral (formally entitled the Cathedral Church of St James and St Edmund) is the cathedral for the Church of England's Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich. It is the seat of the Bishop of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich and is in Bury St Edmunds in Suffolk. Originating in the 11th century, it was rebuilt in the 12th and 16th centuries as a parish church and became a cathedral in 1914; it has been considerably enlarged in recent decades.

History
A church has stood on the site of the cathedral since at least 1065, when St Denis's Church was built within the precincts of Bury St Edmunds Abbey. In the early 12th century the Abbot, Anselm, had wanted to make a pilgrimage along the Way of St James to Santiago de Compostela. He was unsuccessful and instead rebuilt St Denis's and dedicated the new church to Saint James, which served as the parish church for the north side of Bury St Edmunds. Anselm was also responsible for building the abbey gate tower, known today as the Norman Tower, alongside St James's, which also served as the church's belfry and it continues in this function to the present day. The church is located about 200 yards from St Mary's Church, which is of a similar size.

This church was largely rebuilt, starting in 1503, in the Perpendicular style by John Wastell, a master mason who also worked on King's College, Cambridge. Further alterations to the building were undertaken in the 18th and 19th centuries, notably a new chancel and a hammerbeam roof by George Gilbert Scott. When the Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich was created in 1914, St James's Church was made the cathedral. In 1959 Benjamin Britten wrote the Fanfare for St Edmundsbury for a "Pageant of Magna Carta" held in the cathedral grounds.

From 1959 onwards there was renewed building work designed to transform the former parish church into a cathedral building. Between 1959 and 1970, the Victorian chancel was demolished and replaced with a new quire, a cloister was added on the west side; also transepts, a Lady chapel and a side chapel dedicated to St Edmund were built. The cathedral architect from 1943 to 1988 was Stephen Dykes Bower and he left £2 million for the completion of the cathedral. In the cathedral grounds a new choir school and visitor's centre, which were opened in 1990, were built by Dykes Bower's successor, Alan Rome. Work started on a Gothic revival style tower in 2000; funded by the Millennium Commission, the Stephen Dykes Bower Trust and others, the Millennium Tower was designed by Hugh Mathew, an associate of Dykes Bower. The 150 foot (46 metre) structure was built from 600,000 bricks and faced with Barnack and Clipsham stone. Its completion was officially celebrated on 22 July 2005. Further additions are the Chapel of the Transfiguration and the East Cloister, both completed in 2009, and the Crypt Treasury in 2012.

Interior
The font was designed in 1870 by George Gilbert Scott, constructed on a medieval shaft, with a cover by Frank Ernest Howard of Oxford. The decoration was added in 1960. A painting, "The Martyrdom of St Edmund" by Brian Whelan hangs in the Lady Chapel. A sculpture by Elisabeth Frink entitled Crucifixion stands by the Treasury steps. Stained glass in the cathedral includes the medieval Susanna Window which has Flemish glass in the lower section and English glass at the top. The west window depicts the Last Judgement and dates from about 1900.

In addition to guided tours of the cathedral itself, visitors can view changing exhibits of art in the Edmund Gallery, and an exhibit of historic and religious regalia and artefacts in the Cathedral Treasures display.

Dean and chapter
The Dean of St Edmundsbury is the head (primus inter pares — first among equals) and chair of the chapter of canons, the ruling body of the cathedral. Before 2000 the post was designated as a provost, which was then the equivalent of a dean at most English cathedrals. The first provost was John Orpen.

, the clergy are:
Dean — Joe Hawes (installed 14 July 2018)
Sub-Dean & Canon Pastor — Matthew Vernon (Sub-Dean since 18 November 2012 licensing; Canon Pastor since 8 February 2009)
Canon Precentor — Philip Banks (since 19 February 2012 installation)
Archdeacon for Rural Mission and Diocesan Canon — Sally Gaze (since 10 February 2019 installation)
Canon Theologian and Bishops' Chaplain (Diocesan Canon) — Michael Robinson (since 2 February 2020 installation)
Assistant Priest — Sarah Geileskey
Curate — Anita Rooney
The cathedral, which is also a parish church, has not filled the position of Vicar since at least 2005.

Organ and organists

Organ

The Organ was rebuilt by Harrison and Harrison in 2010; Details of the organ from the National Pipe Organ Register

Directors of Music
 1896 Charles John Harold Shane
 1937 Edwin Percy Hallam
 1958 Harrison Oxley
 1985 Paul Trepte
 1990 Mark Blatchly
 1993 Mervyn Cousins
 1997 James Thomas
 2020 Richard Cook (acting)
 2020 Timothy Parsons

Bells
A peal of 12 bells are located in the adjacent Norman Tower. The original ten bells were cast in 1785 by Thomas Osborn of Downham Market. In 1973 the bells were rehung in an iron frame at a lower level in the tower. Following a public appeal, a further two bells were added at Easter 2012. A thirteenth bell was added in 2013 which allows beginners to practice with a full octave, without having to use the three heaviest bells. The bells are rung on Sundays before the morning and evening services, and also for weddings and other special occasions.

Ancient Library

The Ancient Library is located in a room over the north-west porch. It was founded by Miles Mosse, who was preacher at the St James Church, Bury St Edmunds.

Gallery

See also
 List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom

References

External links

 Official site
 Flickr images tagged Bury St Edmunds Cathedral

Church of England church buildings in Suffolk
Bury St Edmunds
Tourist attractions in Suffolk
Anglican cathedrals in England
Bury St Edmunds, Cathedral
Grade I listed cathedrals
English Gothic architecture in Suffolk
Gothic Revival architecture in Suffolk
Art museums and galleries in Suffolk
Museums in Suffolk
Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich
Buildings and structures in Suffolk

St Edmundsbury Cathedral


Cornelius Griffin (; born December 3, 1976) is a former American football defensive tackle. He was drafted by the New York Giants in the second round of the 2000 NFL Draft. He played college football at Pearl River Community College and Alabama.

Griffin also played for the Washington Redskins.

Early life and college career
Griffin was born in Troy, Alabama. His father Willie Griffin was a pastor of the Lily White Pentecostal Church in Brundidge, Alabama, and Cornelius was one of Willie and Martha Griffin's seven children. Willie died in a car accident in 1998. Griffin graduated from Pike County High School in 1995 in Brundidge, Alabama. He first played college football as a defensive tackle for Pearl River Community College in Mississippi. Although he committed to Auburn, Griffin decided to sign with the University of Alabama after Auburn coaches wanted him to become a tight end. In the Alabama Crimson Tide, he started 23 of 25 games in its  team (including bowls). As a senior in 1999, he was part of the Super Sleeper Team and All-Southeastern Conference first-team.

Professional career

2000 NFL Draft
Griffin was selected in the second round of the 2000 NFL Draft by the New York Giants. "His workouts were unbelievable. We saw him as a certain first-rounder", said Giants General Manager Ernie Accorsi.

New York Giants
Griffin played for four seasons with the Giants. He was a starter in Super Bowl 35 and recorded 1.5 sacks in the game.

Washington Redskins
Griffin was signed by the Giants' NFC East-rival Washington Redskins as an unrestricted free agent on March 3, 2004, during the 2004 offseason.

Griffin had his best season in 2004, recording 96 tackles (66 solo) and six sacks.  He compiled 29 sacks with 461 tackles (340 solo) as a defensive tackle during his career.

He was released on March 4, 2010.

After the NFL
Griffin purchased a share of Flowers Insurance Company in Troy, Alabama.  The name has now been changed to Griffin-Wilkes Insurance. Griffin also coaches has coached at Pike Liberal Arts High School in Troy, Alabama. Although he currently coaches for the Pike County High School Bulldogs in Brundidge, Alabama which is also his hometown and hometown high school.

NFL statistics

References

External links

1976 births
Living people
People from Troy, Alabama
African-American players of American football
Alabama Crimson Tide football players
American football defensive tackles
New York Giants players
Pearl River Wildcats football players
Players of American football from Alabama
Washington Redskins players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople

Cornelius Griffin


The Russell Street bombing was the 27 March 1986 bombing of the Russell Street Police Headquarters complex in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The explosion killed Angela Rose Taylor, the first Australian policewoman to be killed in the line of duty. The materials for the bomb were stolen from Tyrconnel Mine. Several men were arrested for suspected involvement with the bombing. Stanley Taylor and Craig Minogue were convicted of murder and various other offences related to the bombing.  Peter Reed and Rodney Minogue were acquitted of any offences related to the bombing, but Reed was convicted of a number of offences related to his arrest, which involved a shootout with police officers in which he and an officer were wounded. He was sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment.

Explosion

The explosion was caused by a car bomb hidden in a stolen 1979 Holden Commodore, bearing Victoria registration plate, AVQ-508. The explosion caused a massive amount of damage to the police station and surrounding buildings, estimated at more than A$1 million (A$5.16 million in 2023 terms).  The Age reported that the blast's impact was enhanced by the open-floor design of the offices, which had acted like a Claymore mine, sending more shrapnel as the blast ripped through the floors and adding more pressure to the blast as it followed its path. The blast seriously injured 21-year-old Police Constable Angela Rose Taylor, who died on 20 April, becoming the first Australian policewoman to be killed in the line of duty. 22 other people were injured.

Investigations
On 7 October 1985, gelignite and detonators were stolen from the Tyrconnel Mine at Blackwood. On 25 March 1986, a Commodore was stolen. Both crimes were later found to provide equipment needed for the construction of the bomb.

During the earlier stages of the investigation, detectives initially believed that the bombers target was the Melbourne Magistrates' Court located opposite the Police Headquarters. Prior the Russell Street Bombing, a series of bombings and murders had been committed against a number of Family Court judges in Sydney between June 1980 and April 1985. Detectives initially believed there was a connection, but evidence uncovered during the investigation quickly ruled out links between the Family Court Attack and the Russell Street Bombing.

In the course of the investigation, a group of people, including Craig Minogue, Rodney Minogue, Stanley Brian Taylor and Peter Reed, were apprehended. The motive for the bombing seems to have been revenge against the police.

A week after the bombing, on 4 April 1986, an anonymous caller had contacted Police Commissioner; Mick Miller, stating that they had footage of the offenders responsible just before the explosion, the caller then stated they wanted US$500,000 (A$2.7 million in 2023 terms)  to placed be in a Swiss bank account. The caller contacted Miller's office on five separate occasions; each of the calls made were traced to a series of public phone boxes in and around the St. Kilda area. In an attempt to get the caller to make contact again, Commissioner Miller and Victoria's Premier, John Cain, offered the caller's amount as a reward for information (not in US currency or placed in a Swiss bank account). The caller was later identified as a 38-year-old industrial chemist, Vladimir Rhychta, who was arrested while calling Commissioner Miller's office from another public phone box by a St. Kilda detective on 16 April 1986 and charged with hindering a police investigation after it was found that Rhychta's information was false. As a result, Rhychta was convicted and sentenced to two months' imprisonment.

During the search for the anonymous caller, the taskforce then received information from a female witness who stated that she saw a male suspect parking a Commodore identical to the bomb car in front of the Russell Street Police HQ at around 12:30 p.m. on the day of the bombing. The witness's description was enough to provide detectives with an identikit picture of the suspect; the identikit matched the description of career criminal Claudio Crupi. Crupi was a career armed robber who had a hatred towards police and, at the time, had a grudge against a detective in the Victoria Police Major Case Squad who worked at Russell Street. Prior to the bombing, Crupi had been charged with a burglary and was on bail. Crupi had left Melbourne shortly after bombing, in a raid on Crupi's home, taskforce detectives found a homemade device on Crupi's kitchen table, making him a prime suspect, He was later arrested in Sydney on 15 April 1986 and was brought back to Melbourne. Under police questioning, Crupi denied that he had any involvement in the bombing but admitted that the homemade device recovered in his home was a fake and was meant to be planted at a police station in Flemington.

A major breakthrough in the investigation came from a police report filed three weeks prior to the bombing. On 6 March 1986, a Victoria Police Traffic unit was in pursuit of a stolen red Daimler Sovereign in East Keilor. During the pursuit, the Daimler turned into a side street and crashed. The driver fled on foot into nearby St. Albans where he had stolen another car from a passing motorist at gunpoint and made his escape. In the boot of the Daimler, police found a backpack, containing a set of Victorian number plates that had been cut into pieces. When the pieces were put back together, the number plates, CCH-997, came back to a silver 1985 VK Commodore HDT that also had been stolen before the bombing. This second Commodore matched the description of a vehicle being used in an armed robbery of a bank in Donvale at 4:00 p.m. on the day of the bombing in which the vehicle was used to ram-raid the front of the bank. The vehicle was later recovered from the Yarra River at Wonga Park on 7 April 1986.

Upon the examination of the silver Commodore by the Victoria Police Stolen Motor Vehicles Squad, detectives discovered that the vehicle's VIN on the chassis had been drilled out. The drill marks on the silver Commodore's VIN were found to be identical to the VIN on the Commodore used in the bombing. With the silver Commodore's number plates recovered from the Daimler, investigators linked both the stolen Daimler and the Donvale robbery to the Russell Street Bombing.

In a statement given to the detectives, the traffic officer caught a glimpse of the driver from the Daimler during the chase and out of a series of mugshots, identified the driver as Peter Reed. Reed (born Peter Komiazyk) was a suspected armed robber and car thief. As Reed was a person of interest in matters relating to several violent armed robberies and car thefts, his address and the addresses of Reed's family members (who were also suspected in matters relating to theft of motor vehicles) and several of his associates were placed under police surveillance.

One of the addresses under surveillance was a house of an associate on Haros Avenue in Nunawading. Police checks on the house identified the associate as Karl Zelinka, while Zelinka had no criminal background, he was known to Reed who visited Zelinka on multiple occasions.

Arrests
On 25 April 1986, ten Victoria Police officers raided the Kallista home of Peter Michael Reed at 5:45 a.m. It was alleged that upon attempting to enforce the arrest by forcing entry to the premises, Reed produced a .455 Smith & Wesson revolver and fired at police, seriously wounding Detective Sergeant Mark Wylie. Reed was then fired upon by Det. Sgt. Steve Quinsee, who was also wounded, and then Reed was arrested.

During the search of Reed's home, detectives found several firearms with drill marks on the serial numbers similar to the drill marks on both the bomb car and the stolen silver Commodore. Also recovered at Reed's home was a police scanner, several stolen number plates and two detonators sitting on a backpack identical to the detonators used in the bombing. Inside of the backpack were sticks of gelignite identical to the sticks of gelignite used in the bomb car.

Fingerprints found on the door of the toilet at Reed's home matched to Craig Minogue, and fingerprints found on the newspaper wrapped around the sticks of gelignite matched Craig Minogue's brother, Rodney Minogue. Further investigations had revealed that both Rodney Minogue and Peter Reed had served time in prison together.

Police later raided Zelinka's house; evidence recovered from the house matched components used in the construction of the bomb, including:

 a fence post from a neighbouring yard that matched a block of wood found at the Russell Street scene
 a metal rubbish bin that matched a metal strip used to hold the wired components of the bomb in place.

Under police questioning, Zelinka admitted that he knew Peter Reed through his association with Craig Minogue, Zelinka also admitted that he saw Craig Minogue pulling into the garage of Zelinka's home in a Holden Commodore identical to the bomb car. Zelinka also stated that Craig Minogue had paid for Zelinka and his girlfriend to fly to Sydney for the Easter holiday with airline tickets dated the day before the bombing occurred, with the return airline tickets dated for after the bombing. Zelinka stated that when he and his girlfriend returned from Sydney after the bombing, he saw the Minogue brothers filling up a small trailer and was told by Craig Minogue that he and his brother were moving out from Zelinka's home. Zelinka then admitted that Craig Minogue had told him to grab the lid of the metal rubbish bin and put it on the a pile in the trailer. When the detectives asked about the pile in the trailer, Zelinka admitted that the Minogue Brothers took the pile in the trailer to a rubbish tip.

Zelinka then told the detectives that while the Minogue brothers were staying at his home, they were visited on several occasions before the bombing by an associate known to Craig Minogue. Zelinka described the associate as an older male aged in his fifties who was referred to as "Stan the Man", Zelinka's description of "Stan the Man" matched armed robber, Stanley Brian Taylor. Born 28 September 1937, Stan Taylor had an extensive criminal record dating back to his childhood in the late 1940s. Taylor first came attention to the authorities at the age of 8 when he was arrested for truancy and spent two years in the Bayswater Boys Home at The Basin where he was subjected to physical abuse from the other inmates and staff and had been introduced to a life of crime. In 1949, he was arrested again after being caught fishing in a prohibited area. During his young adult years, Taylor had been in and out of jail on criminal charges relating to theft of motorcycles and burglary. In 1961, Taylor was convicted of an armed robbery on a milk bar in Clayton and was sent to Pentridge's notorious H Division where he met Ronald Ryan. While in prison, Ryan approached Taylor and offered Taylor to take part in Ryan's infamous 1965 escape, but Taylor refused. Instead, Taylor and another prisoner escaped from Pentridge only to be recaptured five days later during which, he committed seven bank robberies.

While in prison, Taylor became a model prisoner and took part in several prison stage shows. In 1971, Taylor was interviewed in a television documentary about life inside Pentridge. After his release in 1978, Taylor became a social worker to help young men avoid a life of crime. As a bit-part actor, Taylor starred in a 1979 episode of Prisoner.

Detectives arrested Taylor in a pre-dawn raid on his home at Birchip on 30 May 1986. A search of Taylor's property only turned up a vehicle that later came back as stolen. Under questioning, Taylor claimed that he had no involvement in the bombing and that he knew Craig and Rodney Minogue through his job as a social worker and that he met them to prevent them from getting involved in any further crimes.  He alleged that Craig Minogue, Rodney Minogue and Peter Reed were responsible for the Russell Street Bombing.

Detectives ran a search for Craig and Rodney Minogue and found that they moved into a house within close distance of Taylor's home in Birchip.  A raid on the house failed to locate the Minogue Brothers, but turned up evidence linking them to Russell Street Bombing. At the house, detectives recovered evidence linking the Minogue Brothers to the bombing including:

 A large high-speed engraving machine that matched the drill marks found on both the stolen silver Commodore used in the Donvale bank robbery and on the bomb car.
 Terrier-type dog that matched the hairs found on a travel rug recovered from the bomb car.

Hours after Taylor's arrest, detectives had located both Craig and Rodney Minogue at the Motor Inn Motel in Swan Hill. Under police questioning, Both Craig and Rodney Minogue had denied that were involved in the bombing. However after speaking to their mother, Rodney Minogue later admitted that he and his brother along with Peter Reed and Stan Taylor was responsible for the Russell Street Bombing and had named Taylor as the mastermind behind the bombing.

Further police investigations revealed that the Minogue Brothers, Reed and Taylor were known members of an armed robbery crew dubbed the Animals and The Boys Crew. The Animals and The Boys Crew under Stan Taylor had been named in several armed robberies and several thefts of motor vehicles.

Trial
Reed was charged with attempted murder, recklessly causing serious injury, using a firearm to prevent apprehension and possessing explosives in suspicious circumstances in addition to charges related to the Russell Street bombing. Reed later reportedly stated at his trial in unsworn evidence that "the police started the shooting and I only used [my] firearm in self defence."

Prosecutors did not allege that any person played any particular role in the bombing, but that each of them were members of a team which planned the bombing and caused the bomb to explode. Evidence against the accused was as follows:
 Gelignite and detonators used in the construction of the bomb were of the same type as those stolen from a mine.
 Gelignite was found at Reed's house wrapped in newspaper with Rodney Minogue's fingerprints on it.
 Craig Minogue owned a pair of side cutters which produced cuts similar to those found on detonator wires.
 A file with traces of brass deposits matched with brass deposits found at the bomb site.
 A block of wood from which a part of the bomb had been sawn was found at Craig Minogue's premises.
 Tinned copper wire, similar to that used with detonators at the bomb site, was found at Craig Minogue's premises.
 Residue of gelignite matched residue found at a previous address of Craig Minogue in Lower Templestowe.
 Evidence from a witness that Craig Minogue called around Easter 1986, to ask about the use of detonators.
 A witness testified that Craig Minogue was seen driving a 1979 Commodore around the CBD before the explosion.
 Karl Zelinka testified that before the bombing, that he discovered a box of explosives in the garage of the Haros Avenue home.

At the end of a six-month trial in 1988 in the Supreme Court of Victoria before Justice Vincent, Taylor and Craig Minogue were convicted of murder and various other offences related to the bombing. Peter Reed and Rodney Minogue were acquitted of any offences related to the bombing, but Reed was convicted of a number of offences related to his arrest, and was sentenced to 12 years imprisonment.

Taylor was sentenced to life imprisonment with no minimum term (i.e. never to be released), the first person in Victoria to be so sentenced. Taylor died in prison at the age of 79. Craig Minogue was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum term of 28 years. Although Minogue thus became eligible for parole in 2016, the Victorian Parliament has twice legislated to keep him in prison. Minogue and Reed have both been recently charged with sexual assault offences that allegedly occurred just before the bombing.

Aftermath
In 1995, police headquarters moved to the Victoria Police Centre with the old headquarters many years later redeveloped into an apartment complex. There is a memorial plaque to Angela Rose Taylor on the side of the building. Wylie, who was shot by Reed, later recovered from his wounds, but eventually left the police force; in July 2014, he died by suicide, aged 61.

Media
 Phoenix – a 1992–1993 13-part Australian police drama television series loosely based on the Russell Street bombing
 The case was covered by Casefile True Crime Podcast on 2 and 9 July 2016.
 A dramatisation of the bombing was featured in the "A Step Closer to the Madness" episode of the Australian drama series The Newsreader, broadcast on ABC on 5 September 2021. Scenes depicting the bombing were filmed at the actual site.

References

Explosions in 1986
March 1986 events in Australia
Murder in Melbourne
Car and truck bombings in Australia
Organised crime events in Australia
Attacks on police stations in the 1980s
1980s in Melbourne
1986 murders in Australia
Terrorist incidents in Australia in the 1980s
Terrorist incidents in Oceania in 1986
Australian police officers

Russell Street bombing


is a life simulation video game released for the Nintendo DS for the Animal Crossing series.

Gameplay
The player moves into a village where everyone is an animal. Only the player is human. Only four people can move to the village and live together in one house (different to Animal Crossing). They have to pay money (called "bells") for the house, and when they did it the house will get bigger. Bells can be earned by fishing, catching insects, selling things and other ways. Every player can buy the things he/she likes by Tom Nook (a racoon who has got a shop in the village) and put them in the house. If the house looks nice, they get points and things from the HRA (Happy Room Academy). They also can buy clothes at Able Sisters. The game is played in real time and has no ending. You can visit the villages of other players by using the Nintendo DS wireless connection or Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection. It's almost like the older Animal Crossing GameCube version.

Characters and Places

Villagers
The animals are different. There are different kinds of animals (for example cats, mice or dogs) and different characters (for example lazy, active...) There are more animals than in the older version.

Tom Nook (Nook's Cranny)
Tom Nook is a racoon who has got a shop called "Nook's Cranny". The shop gets bigger when you buy things. He sells furniture and other items. He does not sell clothes anymore as he did in Animal Crossing. His range changes every day.

Mable & Sable (Able Sisters)
Mable and Sable are hedgehogs siblings that started to run a shop together called "Able Sisters" where you can make your own clothes and buy hats, umbrellas, glasses and clothes. The range changes every day like in Tom Nooks Shop so go frequently.

Pelly & Phyllis (Town Hall)
Pelly and Phyllis are two pelicans who work in the Town Hall. There is a post office where you can send letters to villagers and one where you for example can get information about your town. Pelly works at day, Phyllis works at night.

Tortimer
Tortimer is an old turtle. He is the mayor of your village. He turns up at most special event days.

K.K. Slider
K.K. is a dog who sings in the café in the museum. You can see him every Saturday evening at 8.00 pm and you can take the music with you and listen to it at home.

Blathers & Celeste (Museum & Observatory)
Blathers and Celeste are owls. Blathers works in the museum and if you want you can give him paintings, fossils, insects and fishes. After that you can see them in the museum. You can find Celeste in the observatory and draw your own pictures between the stars, which come out at night.

Resetti
Resetti is an angry mole. He comes when you turn your DS off and do not save the game. Every time he comes he gets more angry with you. He pops up outside your house each time you go back on after you don't save and turn off the game.

References

2005 video games
Online games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development games
Animal Crossing

nn:Animal Crossing#Animal Crossing: Wild World

Animal Crossing: Wild World


Fraternity Records is a small record label based in Cincinnati, Ohio. It was started by Harry Carlson and silent partner Dr. Ashton Welsh in 1954. The first recording to be released on Fraternity was Jerri Winters' "Winter's Here".
The first hit was Cathy Carr's rendition of a Tin Pan Alley song, "Ivory Tower" in 1956. It made #2, besting a cover version by Otis Williams & the Charms.
A year later came the Jimmy Dorsey #2 charting instrumental "So Rare", the famous bandleader's final hit before his death.
1959 saw another big hit, Bill Parsons' "The All American Boy", which also peaked at #2 on the Billboard pop charts.  Parsons was a friend of country singer Bobby Bare and it was actually Bare's voice heard on the hit record. Parsons sang on the B-side.
Fraternity also leased songs from smaller labels, including one track by Jackie Shannon (later Jackie DeShannon).

Fraternity's biggest-selling hit was Lonnie Mack's 1963 guitar instrumental cover of the Chuck Berry song "Memphis", which rose to #5 on Billboard′s Pop chart and #4 on Billboard′s R&B chart.

The final national Top 40 hit for the label was "Then You Can Tell Me Goodbye" by The Casinos, which reached #6 on the Billboard pop chart in 1967.

Shad O'Shea purchased the company from Carlson in 1975.

Applegate Recording Society was also a subsidiary label of Fraternity.

UK reissue label Ace Records Ltd. currently makes a large handful of Fraternity recordings available on compact disc albums and digital downloads, including the original big hits mentioned here.

See also
 List of record labels

References

External links
 Official website
 Fraternity album discography
 Fraternity Records on the Internet Archive's Great 78 Project

Record labels established in 1954
Music of Cincinnati

Fraternity Records


Maggie and Her is a British sitcom starring Julia McKenzie and Irene Handl that ran from 1978-79 (though an earlier pilot episode was made and shown in 1976). Made by London Weekend Television for ITV, the series is about a divorced school teacher (played by McKenzie) and her elderly neighbour (Handl).

Premise
Maggie Brooks is a 35-year-old divorced school teacher who lives in a block of flats in London. Her next door neighbour Mrs. Perry (known to Maggie as Mrs P.), is an eccentric, malapropism-prone elderly woman who takes it upon herself to interfere in Maggie's life as much as possible. Though they are not related, the pair of them have a classic mother/daughter relationship with Mrs P. regularly knocking on Maggie's front door to voice her opinions on a variety of things (including the men in Maggie's life). Some of the other residents of their building were occasionally seen played by Anna Wing Sylvia Coleridge, and Maggie's professional life as a teacher in an inner city London comprehensive school was also shown, Carol Gillies was The Headmistress and Maggie Foot the P.E Teacher.
In series two Carmen Silvera was the new Headmistress.

Series history
The first series of Maggie and Her began transmission in January 1978, though an earlier pilot episode of the series (entitled Poppy and Her) with McKenzie and Handl in the same roles was screened on ITV in 1976. The premise and setting of the earlier pilot episode was virtually the same, with the only tangible difference being that McKenzie's character was called Poppy instead of Maggie.

McKenzie also performed the series theme tune, composed by Laurie Holloway.

Home media
Both series of Maggie and Her have been released on Region 2 (UK) DVD by Network in 2011 and 2012 respectively. The first series also includes the original Poppy and Her pilot episode as a bonus feature.

References

External links

1970s British sitcoms
1976 British television series debuts
1979 British television series endings
British comedy television shows
English-language television shows
ITV sitcoms
London Weekend Television shows
Television series by ITV Studios

Maggie and Her


Reverse osmosis is a way of purifying water with the use of a filter (a membrane).  The particles in the water are left on the other side of the sheet, while the water travels through it.The main use is for purifying salt water, but it can also be used to purify other substances.

References

Water

Reverse osmosis


Leif "Dodo" Claesson (born Leif John Claesson on 4 November 1959) is a Swedish photographer and actor. Born in Quebec, he currently lives and works in Stockholm. Studying at the Academy for Photography at the School of Industrial Arts in Stockholm, his first project outside of school assignments was his exhibition Parken (The Park). Claesson has participated in solo exhibitions throughout Sweden and in group exhibitions in Sweden, other parts of Europe, and the United States. He is the son of Stig Claesson.

External links
Fotofestival 2005

1959 births
Living people

Leif Claesson (photographer)


Bombay Beach is a 2011 documentary film directed and produced by Israeli filmmaker Alma Har'el. The film was nominated for an Independent Spirit "Truer than Fiction" Award, won "Best Feature Documentary" at the 2011 Tribeca Film Festival, and has been taught in several universities including Duke University and Harvard's Sensory Ethnography Lab and Film Center as a genre redefining work. Taking place in the Salton Sea, a rusting relic of a failed 1950s development boom, Bombay Beach is a dreamlike poem that sets three personal stories to a stylized melding of observational documentary and choreographed dance to music specially composed for the film by Zach Condon of the band Beirut, and songs by Bob Dylan.

Filmmaker Terry Gilliam called the film, "A beautiful, quirky, and ultimately very moving film about the American Dream on the edge of a desert sea."

Plot

The film tells the story of three protagonists: Benny Parrish, a young boy diagnosed with bipolar disorder whose troubled soul and vivid imagination create both suffering and joy for him and his complex and loving family; "CeeJay" (played by Cedric Thompson), a black teenager and aspiring football player who has taken refuge in Bombay Beach hoping to avoid the same fate of his cousin who was murdered by a gang of youths in Los Angeles; and that of Red, an ancient survivor, once an oil field worker, living on the fumes of whiskey, cigarettes, and an irrepressible love of life. Together they make up a triptych of American manhood in its decisive moments, populating the Salton Sea's land of thwarted opportunity. The New York Times writes, "[Bombay Beach] feels like a fever dream about an alternate universe. Suffused with a sense of wonder, it hovers, dancing inside its own ethereal bubble."

Har'el explains about the film, "This film can only serve to show glimpses into some of the larger issues one can pick out from these people's lives and the way in which they live their lives in this particular place. All these things that can be perceived as wrong or right, or bad or good, all reside together, side by side. This is the human experience of life and that's what I wanted to illustrate more than anything, how things co-exist, all the wrongs and the rights together, the love and the violence, the broken dream and the persistence of dreams. Even though the dream is broken, you can still see the people."

From Salon: "You either like this kind of ambitious, brave, borderless experiment or you don't, and I think it's absolutely magical and tragic. Maybe it took a foreign-born Jewish filmmaker to make a movie that seems so positively biblical (…) about the current conditions of America."

Critical reception

Bombay Beach premiered at the Panorama Section of the 61st Berlin International Film Festival in 2011 and received  positive rating on Rotten Tomatoes, with  reviews.

Filmanzeiger writes, "This documentary turns out to be a strikingly great, strong visual portrait of people at the literal edge of all social margins of Western societies. In the middle of a film festival of 385 films, with Alma Har'el's Bombay Beach there's suddenly a cinematic gem, whose charisma and sustainability makes us forget most of the Berlinale this year and in recent years completely." Bombay Beach continued to receive critical praise in film festivals around the world, culminating in the 2011 Tribeca Film Festival, where it won "Best Documentary Feature". From the Associated Press, "Arguably the hit of the festival, Alma Har'el's lyrical debut was the unanimous jury choice [...] Many fictional films try to portray dignity in rural decay, but the authentically poetic Bombay Beach is the real deal."

Salon wrote, saying "Bombay Beach feels infused with tremendous compassion, and paints a half-accidental portrait of life near the very bottom of the recessionary pyramid." Village Voice, meanwhile, called it a, "Hybrid doc knockout", while Time Out NY claimed, "The movie constantly upends all the usual nonfiction tropes." The Guardian described the movie as "An eerily compelling documentary about lost souls in a lost place."

Bombay Beach was promoted by Focus Features in the US and Dogwoof in the UK, and has been broadcast widely.

Film festivals
2011 Woodstock Film Festival
Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin
Tribeca Film Festival
Sheffield International Documentary Film Festival
Camden International Film Festival
Edinburgh International Film Festival
Guanajuato International Film Festival

Awards
(2011) Winner - Best Documentary - Tribeca Film Festival
(2011) Nominated - Independent Spirit "Truer than Fiction" award
(2011) Winner - Best Editing - Woodstock Film Festival
(2011) Winner - Emerging Cinematic Vision - Camden International Film Festival
(2012) Nominated - Cinema Eye Honors "Best Film Debut" and "Best Cinematography"
(2011) - Winner Special Mention Jury Award - Sheffield Doc/Fest
(2011) - Winner, Best Documentary- Guanajuato International Film Festival

See also
Plagues & Pleasures on the Salton Sea, 2006 documentary film

References

External links

Bombay Beach Official Website
Alma Har'el Official Website

2011 films
2011 documentary films

Documentary films about poverty in the United States
Films set in California
Films shot in California
Salton Sea
Films directed by Alma Har'el
American documentary films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

Bombay Beach (film)


The Two Towers is the second volume of J. R. R. Tolkien's high fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings. It is preceded by The Fellowship of the Ring and followed by The Return of the King. The volume's title is ambiguous, as five towers are named in the narrative, and Tolkien himself gave conflicting identifications of the two towers. The narrative is interlaced, allowing Tolkien to build in suspense and surprise. The volume was largely welcomed by critics, who found it exciting and compelling, combining epic narrative with heroic romance.

Publication

The Lord of the Rings is composed of six "books", aside from an introduction, a prologue and six appendices. However, the novel was originally published as three separate volumes, due to post-World War II paper shortages and size and price considerations. The Two Towers covers Books Three and Four.

Contents

Some editions of the volume contain a Synopsis for readers who have not read the earlier volumes. The body of the volume consists of Book Three: The Treason of Isengard, and Book Four: The Ring Goes East. Book III: The Treason of Isengard

A party of large Orcs, Uruk-hai, sent by Saruman, and other Orcs sent by Sauron and led by Grishnákh, attack the Fellowship. Boromir tries to protect Merry and Pippin from the Orcs, but they kill him and capture the two hobbits. Aragorn, Gimli and Legolas decide to pursue the Orcs taking Merry and Pippin to Saruman. In the kingdom of Rohan, the Orcs are killed by Riders of Rohan, led by Éomer. Merry and Pippin escape into Fangorn Forest, where they are befriended by Treebeard, the oldest of the tree-like Ents. Aragorn, Gimli and Legolas track the hobbits to Fangorn. There they unexpectedly meet Gandalf.

Gandalf explains that he killed the Balrog. He was also killed in the fight, but was sent back to Middle-earth to complete his mission. He is clothed in white and is now Gandalf the White, for he has taken Saruman's place as the chief of the wizards. Gandalf assures his friends that Merry and Pippin are safe. Together they ride to Edoras, capital of Rohan. Gandalf frees Théoden, King of Rohan, from the influence of Saruman's spy Gríma Wormtongue. Théoden musters his fighting strength and rides with his men to the ancient fortress of Helm's Deep, while Gandalf departs to seek help from Treebeard.

Meanwhile, the Ents, roused by Merry and Pippin from their peaceful ways, attack and destroy Isengard, Saruman's stronghold, and flood it, trapping the wizard in the tower of Orthanc. Gandalf convinces Treebeard to send an army of Huorns to Théoden's aid. He brings an army of Rohirrim to Helm's Deep, and they defeat the Orcs, who flee into the forest of Huorns, never to be seen again. Gandalf, Théoden, Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli ride to Isengard, and are surprised to find Merry and Pippin relaxing amidst the ruins. Gandalf offers Saruman a chance to turn away from evil. When Saruman refuses to listen, Gandalf strips him of his rank and most of his powers. After Saruman leaves, Wormtongue throws down a hard round object to try to kill Gandalf. Pippin picks it up; Gandalf swiftly takes it, but Pippin steals it in the night. It is revealed to be a palantír, a seeing-stone that Saruman used to speak with Sauron, and that Sauron used to ensnare him. Sauron sees Pippin, but misunderstands the circumstances. Gandalf immediately rides for Minas Tirith, chief city of Gondor, taking Pippin with him.

 Book IV: The Ring Goes East

Frodo and Sam, heading for Mordor, struggle through the barren hills and cliffs of the Emyn Muil. They become aware they are being watched and tracked; on a moonlit night they capture Gollum, who has followed them from Moria. Frodo makes Gollum swear to serve him, as Ringbearer, and asks him to guide them to Mordor. Gollum leads them across the Dead Marshes. Sam overhears Gollum debating with his alter ego, Sméagol, whether to break his promise and steal the Ring.

They find that the Black Gate of Mordor is too well guarded, so instead they travel south through the land of Ithilien to a secret pass that Gollum knows. On the way, they are captured by rangers led by Faramir, Boromir's brother, and brought to the secret fastness of Henneth Annûn. Faramir resists the temptation to seize the Ring and, disobeying standing orders to arrest strangers found in Ithilien, releases them.

Gollum – who is torn between his loyalty to Frodo and his desire for the Ring – guides the hobbits to the pass, but leads them into the lair of the great spider Shelob in the tunnels of Cirith Ungol. Frodo holds up the gift given to him in Lothlórien: the Phial of Galadriel, which holds the light of Eärendil's star. The light drives Shelob back. Frodo cuts through a giant web using his sword Sting. Shelob attacks again, and Frodo falls to her venom. Sam picks up Sting and the Phial. He seriously wounds and drives off the monster. Believing Frodo to be dead, Sam takes the Ring to continue the quest alone. Orcs find Frodo; Sam overhears them and learns that Frodo is still alive, but is separated from him.

Ambiguous title

The volume's title is ambiguous, as five towers are named in the narrative, and Tolkien himself gave conflicting identifications of the two towers.

Tolkien wrote: "The Two Towers gets as near as possible to finding a title to cover the widely divergent Books Three and Four; and can be left ambiguous." At this stage he planned to title the individual books: such titles have sometimes been provided, as in the Millenium edition. The proposed title for Book Three was The Treason of Isengard. Book Four was titled The Journey of the Ringbearers or The Ring Goes East.

In letters to Rayner Unwin, Tolkien considered naming the two as Orthanc and Barad-dûr, Minas Tirith and Barad-dûr, or Orthanc and the Tower of Cirith Ungol. However, a month later, he wrote a note published at the end of The Fellowship of the Ring, and later drew a cover illustration, both of which identified the pair as Minas Morgul and Orthanc. In the illustration, Minas Morgul is a white tower, with a thin waning moon above it, in reference to its original name, Minas Ithil, the Tower of the Rising Moon; Orthanc is shown as a black tower, three-horned, with Saruman's sign of the White Hand beside it. Between the two towers a Nazgûl flies.

Interwoven narratives

The narrative in the volume is interlaced, unlike the largely linear narrative in The Fellowship of the Ring, as the Fellowship is broken, and the different groups pursue their own quests. The main quest is not forwarded at all in book 3; conversely, the other quests are not progressed in book 4 as Frodo and Sam continue their dangerous journey towards Mordor. The timeline is more complex than this would suggest, as many smaller-scale interlacings occur as the characters travel through Middle-earth and the story.

Interlacing allowed Tolkien to weave an elaborately intricate story, presented through the eyes of the Hobbit protagonists, "underscoring [their] frequent bewilderment and disorientation". Most directly, this is achieved by letting the reader know no more than what one character sees as he struggles forwards, not knowing what lies ahead, where his friends are, or whether the quest has already failed. The bewilderment of the reader is minimised by the use of synchronising 'narrative landmarks', such as the brooch dropped by Pippin and discovered by Aragorn. Equally, interlacing enables Tolkien to create suspense and "cliffhanger" section endings, as when the Ents and Huorns appear suddenly and decisively in a eucatastrophe on the battlefield of Helm's Deep.

The Tolkien scholar Richard C. West writes that every reader must notice to some degree "the apparently meandering manner of the plot", where things happen apparently casually, as in real life. West illustrates this by examining Merry and Pippin's meeting with the Ents. This causes the Ents to overthrow their enemy Saruman, who was also the enemy of the kingdom of Rohan. This frees up Rohan to go to the aid of Gondor in their war with Sauron. The two Hobbits would never have met the Ents unless Saruman's Orcs had captured them. The Hobbits would not have escaped the Orcs unless Éomer's band of Riders of Rohan, disobeying orders from the King, had hunted the Orc intruders down. West states that each group and character has their own motivation, but their stories interact. It feels natural, and may appear "loose", but "everything is interconnected."

The interlacing allows Tolkien to make hidden connections that can only be grasped retrospectively, as the reader realises on reflection that certain events happened at the same time. Interlace, West notes, can "show purpose or pattern behind change". This can appear, Shippey writes, as luck, where in daily life it is uncertain whether this is "something completely humdrum and practical or something mysterious and supernatural".

Reception

Donald Barr in The New York Times gave a positive review, calling it "an extraordinary work – pure excitement, unencumbered narrative, moral warmth, barefaced rejoicing in beauty, but excitement most of all".

Anthony Boucher, reviewing the volume in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, wrote that The Two Towers "makes inordinate demands upon the patience of its readers" with passages which "could be lopped away without affecting form or content". Nevertheless, he lavished praise on the volume, saying "no writer save E. R. Eddison has ever so satisfactorily and compellingly created his own mythology and made it come vividly alive ... described in some of the most sheerly beautiful prose that this harsh decade has seen in print."

The Times Literary Supplement called it a "prose epic in praise of courage" and stated that Tolkien's Westernesse "comes to rank in the reader's imagination with Asgard and Camelot".

Mahmud Manzalaoui, in the Egyptian Gazette, wrote that the book "has not pleased readers of the staple modern
psychological novel", but that it signified a new trend in fiction.

John Jordan, reviewing the book for the Irish Press, wrote admiring its narrative "weaving of epic, heroic romance, parable, and fairy tale, and the more adventurous kind of detective story, into a pattern at once strange and curiously familiar to our experience". He compared the wizard Gandalf's death and reappearance to Christ's resurrection.

References

Sources

External links

1954 British novels
1954 fantasy novels
Allen & Unwin books
British novels adapted into films
Middle-earth books
The Lord of the Rings

The Two Towers


Ambalavayal  is a village in Wayanad district in the state of Kerala, India. The Wayanad Heritage Museum is located in the village.

Demographics

As of the 2011 Census of India, Ambalavayal had a population of 16988 with 8290 males and 8698 females. The famous Edakkal Caves is in this Panchayat area at a distance of 6 km.

Tourism
Ambalavayal is a tourist place located in Wayanad district and is 10 km away from SulthanBathery. This location in Wayanad is situated above sea level and has a subtropical climate. This area is important for horticulture activities.

Heritage Museum
A special attraction for tourist at Ambalavayal Wayanad is Ambalavayal Heritage Museum. This is an archaeological museum and displays huge collections of vestige and antiques of 2nd Century AD. This is divided into four blocks named Gothrasmruthi, Devasmruthi, Jeevanasmruthi and Veerasmruthi. As the name indicates each block displays the related artefacts. These displays are of great interests to common people, archaeologists and historians. These displays include ancient hunting instruments like bows and arrows, stone weapons, clay sculptors and various other items like tribal pottery, rock engravings. Ambalavayal Heritage Museum is one of the best-maintained museums in Malabar region and is always an attraction for tourists. This museum will shed lights towards the history of Malabar area. This museum opens our eyes to the advanced civilization led by the tribes. Ambalavayal heritage museum provides a rare chance to view the items that are prepared by tribes getting inspired by nature and is used in their daily life. Visiting time to this museum is between 9 AM to 6 PM.

Regional Agricultural Research Station
Earlier this campus was a small Central Horticultural Research Station and later was upgraded to Regional Agricultural Research Station.
At Regional Agricultural Research Station, there grows a variety of crops like coffee, pepper, rice, spices like ginger, turmeric, clove, cinnamon, tropical and subtropical fruits, summer and cool season vegetables. This Research station at Ambalavayal is an ideal tourist place to gain more knowledge about variety of crops and its development and cultivation.

Tropical Gene Garden
The Tropical Gene Pool at Nadugani junction has 2424 acres area. 47,000 plants. second best of its kind in the world.  Museum of butterflies. Accommodation, food and trekking facility.

Villages and Suburbs
 Chulliyod
 Thekkankolly
 Nenmeni
 Malika

Transportation
Ambalavayal can be accessed from Mananthavady or Kalpetta. The Periya ghat road connects Mananthavady to Kannur and Thalassery.  The Thamarassery mountain road connects Calicut with Kalpetta. The Kuttiady mountain road connects Vatakara with Kalpetta and Mananthavady. The Palchuram mountain road connects Kannur and Iritty with Mananthavady.  The road from Nilambur to Ooty is also connected to Wayanad through the village of Meppadi.

The nearest railway station is at Mysore and the nearest airports are Kannur International Airport, 105 km, Kozhikode International Airport-120 km, and Bengaluru International Airport-290 km.

Image Gallery

References

Villages in Wayanad district
Sultan Bathery area

Ambalavayal


The Solicitor of the Treasury position was created in the United States Department of the Treasury by an act of May 29, 1830 , which changed the name of the Agent of the Treasury.

Function
The Solicitor of the Treasury served as legal advisor to the department, and examined Treasury officers' official bonds and related legal documents.  He also supervised all legal proceedings involving the collection of debts due the United States.  In addition, he established regulations to guide customs collectors, issued distress warrants against delinquent revenue collectors or receivers of public money, and administered lands acquired by the United States in payment for debts.

Predecessor agencies
 Comptroller of the Treasury (1789–1817)
 First Comptroller of the Treasury (1817–20)
 Agent of the Treasury (1820–30)

Position abolished
The position of Solicitor of the Treasury was abolished by an act of May 10, 1934 (48 Stat. 759).

Successor agency
The Solicitor of the Treasury's position was succeeded by the Office of the General Counsel for the Department of the Treasury.

List of Solicitors of the Treasury
Virgil Maxcy of Maryland, from May 29, 1830

Henry D. Gilpin of Pennsylvania, from June 16, 1837

Matthew Birchard of Massachusetts, from January 16, 1840

Charles B. Penrose of Pennsylvania, from March 17, 1841

Seth Barton of Louisiana, from March 25, 1845

Ransom H. Gillet of New York, from May 27, 1847

John C. Clark of New York, from October 31, 1849

George F. Comstock of New York, from November 15, 1852

Gilbert Rodman of Pennsylvania, from March 30, 1853 (interim)

John Carroll LeGrand of Maryland, from April 8, 1853

Albert Constable of Maryland, from May 2, 1853

Farris B. Streeter of Pennsylvania, from June 3, 1853

Junius Hillyer of Georgia, from December 1, 1857

Benjamin F. Pleasants of Kentucky, from February 13, 1861 (interim)

Edward Jordan of Ohio, from March 28, 1861

E. C. Banfield of Massachusetts, from April 15, 1869

Bluford Wilson of Illinois, from June 22, 1874

George F. Talbot of Maine, from July 24, 1876

Kenneth Rayner of North Carolina, from July 1, 1877

Henry S. Neal of Ohio from July 2, 1884

Alexander McCue of New York, 1885 to 1888

Charles S. Cary of New York, 1888 to 1889

William P. Hepburn of Iowa, 1889 to 1893

Felix A. Reeve of Tennessee, 1893 to 1897

Maurice D. O'Connell of Iowa, 1897 to 1910

William T. Thompson of Nebraska, 1910 to 1913

Felix A. Reeve of Tennessee (acting solicitor), 1914

Lawrence Becker of Indiana, 1915 to 1922

Richard Randolph McMahon of West Virginia, 1922 to 1926

Robert J. Mawhinney of Maryland, 1926 to 1932

References

Federal government of the United States
United States Department of the Treasury
1830 establishments in the United States

Solicitor of the United States Treasury


Donal Hord (February 26, 1902 – June 29, 1966), an American sculptor, was born Donald Horr in Prentice, Wisconsin.

Early life
In 1914, Hord and his mother moved west, to Seattle, Washington. Shortly thereafter he contracted rheumatic fever, a condition that affected his heart and led to health conditions that were to be a factor in his life from then on. It was while he was ill in Seattle that Hord, spending much of his time in bed reading, developed an interest in Mexico and the people of Mexico that became powerful influence on his life and art. Believing that he could not survive another winter in damp Seattle, in 1916 his mother relocated them one more time, this time moving to the warmer, drier climate of San Diego, California, where they were both to remain for the remainders of their lives.

Hord's interest in sculpture had begun in Seattle. An early work there by the then 13-year-old was a stone sphinx, carved into the sandstone cliffs overlooking Puget Sound. (This piece, though carved into living rock may have been subsequently removed, for its whereabouts are listed as "missing" in the various inventories of Hord's work.) After moving to San Diego, Hord began the serious study of art. He arrived in 1916, the year that the Panama-California Exposition had taken over Balboa Park, and where Hord was exposed to the architecture of Bertram Goodhue, the sculpture of the Piccirilli Brothers and the cultural, ethnographic and botanical exhibits that helped make up exposition.

Because of his poor health Hord was primarily homeschooled, which led to his developing a very personal relationship with the San Diego Public Library and its attendant librarians. Later in his career he was to produce two large relief panels for the San Diego Public Library's then-new Central Library building, panels that alluded to several of his interests, notably reading and Asian art. The latter interest developed early in his life. As a teenager Hord had begun collecting Asian and Mexican art pieces.

Education and career
1917 found Hord enrolling in art night classes at San Diego High School, under the tutelage of Anna Valentien, a sculptor and potter who had at one point studied in Paris with Auguste Rodin. It was while attending these classes that Hord met Dorr Bothwell whom he briefly married. She later became a respected artist in her own right. In 1920, Hord met an ex-US Navy sailor named Homer Dana became Hord's assistant, model and companion for the rest of his life. Dana's ability to handle the larger, heavier aspects of sculpture allowed Hord to produce larger works than his physical limitations would have otherwise allowed. It fell to Dana to finish Hord's last piece that was uncompleted at the time of Hord's death.

Seeking more art education than could be found in San Diego, Hord, in 1926, began taking classes at the Santa Barbara School of Art. There he studied with the Scottish sculptor, Archibald Dawson. From this meeting arose one of the two bits of criticism that were to greatly influence Hord's outlook. At one point Hord showed Dawson what he considered to be a completed work, prompting Dawson to respond with something like, "Very nice, now finish it." The other words were to come from Mexican muralist, Diego Rivera, who upon seeing a few of Hord's works, commented that they were, "pretty toys." These remarks instilled Hord with a desire to only produce the finest quality pieces and led directly to what was to become one of the defining characteristics of his work, the fine degree of finish that he applied to them.

In 1934 Hord applied to, and was accepted into, the Federal Art Project. This project, through which the Federal Government paid artists a regular salary ($75 a month, in Hord's case), to produce works that were placed in schools, post offices and other public places. An early contribution by Hord to the program was the stone fountain, Tehuana for Balboa Park's Hospitality House. The ensuing years were to see the creation of some of Hord's best-known and most endeared pieces, including the monumental Guardian of Water (1939), which still stands in front of the San Diego County Administration Building, Aztec, located at San Diego State University, and seven limestone panels, Legend of California, for Coronado High School. In 1943 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member and became a full Academician in 1951.

The years following the end of the Second World War found Hord at the height of his artistic prowess, producing not only many fine smaller works, but also, with the aid of Homer Dana, several large architectural works, notably two large concrete bas-reliefs for the San Diego Public Library's Central Library. In 1956 his work, Angel of Peace was unveiled at the American Cemetery in Henri-Chapelle, Belgium, a commission from the American Battle Monuments Commission that he inherited from Carl Milles who died before he was able to produce it.

Hord  was one of 250 sculptors who exhibited in the 3rd Sculpture International held at the Philadelphia Museum of Art in the summer of 1949.

On June 29, 1966, Donal Hord suffered a fatal heart attack. Hord bequeathed to the San Diego Public Library his lifelong collection of books and several sculptures in appreciation for the assistance he had received from library's staff over the years. His final commission, Summer Rain was posthumously cast by Homer Dana two years after Hord's death.

Style
One of the characteristics that makes Hord's work unique was his choice of the materials from which he created them. Besides the standard bronze, limestone, granite, cast stone, terra cotta, and the marbles used by other artists, Hord's works appeared in various tropical woods such as mahogany, eucalyptus, ebony, lignum vitae, and rosewood, and in minerals such as obsidian, diorite, onyx and nephrite. His jade piece, Thunder, at 104 pounds, was reckoned to be the largest jade sculpture ever produced. What most of these materials have in common is that they are very hard and difficult to work. Beginning in the 1920s Hord was a part of the "direct carving" school of sculpture, meaning that rather than carving from a previously produced model, Hord allowed his work to be influenced by the grain of the material that he was carving.

Selected public works

Burden of Earth, Yokohama, Japan
CCC Workers, South Pasadena Jr. High School, 1934
Woman of Tehuantepec, Balboa Park, San Diego, 1935
Aztec, San Diego State University, 1937
Men Working on a Road, Santa Monica High School, 1937
Mexican Mother and Child, Roosevelt Memorial Museum, Hyde Park, NY, 1938
Guardian of Water, in front of the San Diego County Administration Center, San Diego, 1939
Legend of California, Coronado High School, 1939
Girl Reading, Herbert Hoover High School, San Diego, 1940
Panels, Kit Carson Elementary School, San Diego, 1941
Spring Stirring, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego, 1948
Peon Game Guessers and Peon Game Passers, San Diego Public Library's Central Library, 1950
Literature West and Literature East, San Diego Public Library's Central Library, 1953
Westwind, San Diego Public Library's Central Library, 1953
Young Bather, San Diego Public Library's La Jolla/Riford Branch, 1955
Justice Los Angeles County Courthouse, 1956
Angel Of Peace, American Cemetery in Henri-Chapelle, Belgium, 1958
Award of Swedish Swimming Federation, Swimming Hall of Fame, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, 1964

References

Further reading
Fort, Ilene Susan, The Figure in American Sculpture: A Question of Modernity, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA  1995
Gridley, Marion, E., America's Indian Statues, The Amerindian, Chicago, Illinois  1966
Hoag, Betty Lochrie, Oral History Interview With Donal Hord, June 25, 1964, Archives Of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Kamerling, Bruce, Like The Ancients: The Art of Donal Hord,  The Journal of San Diego History, San Diego Historical Society, San Diego California  1985
Kvaran and Lockley, A Guide to the Architectural Sculpture of America, unpublished manuscript
Lovoos, J. "The Sculpture of Donal Hord. American Artist. 23, 42-69. September 1959
Miller, Dorothy C., ed., Americans 1942: 18 Artists From 9 States, The Museum of Modern Art, NY, NY  1942
San Diego Historical Society, Donal Hord: Transcending the Solid, San Diego Historical Society, San Diego, California  1999
Breed, Clara Estelle, "The Library and Donal Hord," San Diego Public Library, 735/HORD

External links

Donal Hord biography and works on San Diego Historical Society web site.

1902 births
1966 deaths
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American male artists
American male sculptors
Artists from San Diego
Sculptors from Wisconsin
Federal Art Project artists
Modern sculptors
People from Prentice, Wisconsin
Sculptors from California
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
San Diego High School alumni

Donal Hord


Narayanan Vaghul  (Born 1936) is a Philanthropist and an ex banker professional from India.  He was awarded Padma Bhushan in the Trade and Industry category in 2010 by the Government of India.

Early life
Born in a remote village in South India, he was second in a family of eight children. He studied at Ramakrishna School, Chennai and graduated from Loyola College, Madras University in the late 1950s.

Career
Narayanan joined the State Bank of India as an officer. He served in State Bank of India's branches in Trichi and Madras (city now renamed as Chennai) before moving to Bombay (city now renamed as Mumbai) in the 1960s.

Narayanan Vaghul resigned from the State Bank of India and took up a teaching position at the National Institute of Bank Management (NIBM). Within two years, he became its director.

In 1978, he became the executive director at Central Bank of India and served for two years there. Appointed as chairman and managing director of the Bank of India in 1981, he became one of India's youngest chairman of a nationalised bank at the age of 44. He was the chairman of the Bank of India till 1984.

In 1985, he was appointed as chairman and managing director of the then Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI), the financial institution now known as ICICI Bank. He transformed ICICI from public financial institution to India's largest private bank. After relinquishing executive powers in 1996, he was its non-executive chairman till 2009.

Narayanan was awarded as the Business Man of the Year Award in 1991 by 'Business India', The lifetime achievement award by the Times publications, The Economic Times Lifetime Achievement Award. Narayanan had also served as a director in many major companies of India including Wipro (since June, 1997), Mahindra & Mahindra, Apollo Hospitals and Mittal steel. Narayan is also the Chairman of Give_India, one of India's NGOs.

Narayan received the award of Corporate Catalyst — Forbes Philanthropy award in 2012 for his active involvement and assisting philanthropy causes.

References

External links
http://www.thesmartceo.in/magazine/cover-story/the-wise-leader.html

Living people
Loyola College, Chennai alumni
Indian bankers
1936 births
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry

Narayanan Vaghul


The thorax is the midsection (tagma) of the hexapod body (insects and entognathans). It holds the head, legs, wings and abdomen. It is also called mesosoma or cephalothorax in other arthropods.

It is formed by the prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax and comprises the scutellum; the cervix, a membrane that separates the head from the thorax; and the pleuron, a lateral sclerite of the thorax.

In dragonflies and damselflies the mesothorax and metathorax are fused together to form the synthorax.

In some insect pupae, like the mosquitoes', the head and thorax can be fused in a cephalothorax.

Members of suborder Apocrita (wasps, ants and bees) in the order Hymenoptera have the first segment of the abdomen fused with the thorax, which is called the propodeum. The head is connected to the thorax by the occipital foramen, enabling a wide range of motion for the head.

In most flying insects, the thorax allows for the use of asynchronous muscles.

References

Insect anatomy

Thorax (arthropod anatomy)


Lucas Johannes Meyer (19 November 1846 – 8 August 1902), was a Boer general, member of the Transvaal government and president of the Nieuwe Republiek.

Early life
Meyer was the eldest son of Izaak Johannes Meijer and his wife, Martha Maria Elizabeth Landman and the grandson of Lucas Johannes Meyer, a Voortrekker leader and member of the Volksraad of the Natalia Republic. As a young man, Meyer went to Natal and lived in Ladysmith and Newcastle, but in 1865 he settled in the Utrecht district in the South African Republic. In 1872 he was elected field cornet.

Career
He strongly opposed the British annexation of the Transvaal. At the battle of Ingogo, during the First Anglo-Boer War he was badly wounded and unable to fight at the Battle of Majuba Hill. After the war, he served as magistrate of Utrecht from 1882 to 1884. In 1884 he became the district commandant and the leader of a group of Boers who assisted Prince Dinuzulu during the power struggle in Zululand, against his brother Zibhebhu. At the Battle of Tshaneni on 5 June 1884 Dinuzulu and his warriors, with the help of some 100 Boers, defeated Zibhebhu.

After the victory, Dinizulu handed a piece of land to the Boers as compensation for their assistance and Meyer played a leading role in the establishment of the Nieuwe Republiek on the land. In August 1884, he was appointed Commandant-General and Acting President and when his friend and confidant, Commandant-General Piet Joubert who had been elected president refused the appointment, Meyer became president. Meyer fought for the recognition of the Nieuwe Republiek, as the Republic was recognized only by the German Empire and the South African Republic. He then took a leading role in obtaining British permission for the incorporation of the Nieuwe Republiek into the South African Republic as the Vryheid district, which permission was granted in 1888.

In 1890, Commandant-General Joubert appointed Meyer as frontier commissioner of the Transvaal's southern border and he held office until he was elected the first member of the Volksraad for Utrecht in 1893 and in 1899, he became chairman of the Volksraad.

Meyer played an important role in Natal during the Second Anglo-Boer War as General of the southern commandos in the Transvaal and the various advances into Natal. He commanded the Boer forces attacking Dundee at the Battle of Talana Hill on 20 October 1899. However, due to illness, he was forced to leave the scene of fighting during the battle at Modderspruit on 30 October 1899 and command was taken over by General Louis Botha. Meyer returned to the battlefield and took part in the Battle of Vaal Krantz during February 1900 and also assisted with the occupation of Biggarsberg in May 1900.

Because of ill health, he was unable to take an active part during the latter part of the war and at the conclusion of the war, he became a member of the Executive Council, taking part in the peace conference and was one of the signatories of the Treaty of Vereeniging.

Personal life and death
Meyer was a tall, powerfully built man, immensely popular and was commonly referred to as the 'Lion of Vryheid'. He was married twice, first to Margaretha Johanna van Niekerk and after her death in 1892, he married Petronella Burger. Three children were born from his first marriage. During a visit to Europe he died of heart disease in Brussels, Belgium. He was buried in the cemetery in Vryheid.

References

1846 births
1902 deaths
Members of the Volksraad of the South African Republic
South African Republic politicians
1880s in Transvaal
19th-century South African people
Boer generals
South African Republic military personnel of the Second Boer War

Lucas Johannes Meyer