The Iberdrola Tower (, )  is an office skyscraper in Bilbao, Spain. Its construction started on 19 March 2009 and was officially inaugurated by King Juan Carlos I on 21 February 2012. The tower has a height of 165 metres (541 feet) tall and has 40 floors. The first eight floors of the tower were to hold a hotel by the Spanish hotel chain ABBA, but the project was eventually cancelled. The hotel will be replaced by an auditorium with the capacity of 200 people. The remaining floors have an office usage. The tower, built as Iberdrola's headquarters, is the tallest building in the Basque Country and the city of Bilbao, and the eighth tallest building in Spain.

The tower was built in Abandoibarra, a former industrial area located next to the Nervión river that began to be renewed in the early 1990s and where other emblematic projects such as the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and the Euskalduna Conference Centre and Concert Hall have been built. There are two residential buildings designed by Carles Ferrater flanking the skyscraper. The entrance to the tower is located at the Euskadi Plaza.

History of the building

Design and the Abandoibarra masterplan
In 1992 a public society, Bilbao Ria 2000, was created for the urban regeneration of the metropolitan Bilbao. The goal of that public company was to regenerate areas affected by the industrial crisis of the 1970s and converting former under used industrial lots into housing blocks, office buildings, green areas and other buildings of different usages.

One of those former industrial areas was Abandoibarra, located right next to the river, and between the La Salve bridge and the bankrupt Euskalduna shipbuilding company. In the early 1990s the regional authority of the province of Biscay chose César Pelli and its team to design a masterplan for the future development of the 348,5000 square metre area. One of the first proposals included two towers of 200 metres, but the final project that included the participation of the architect team Aguinaga y Asociados Arquitectos presented its final proposal with a single 150 metre office tower and several residential blocks of 10 floors.

Biscay's Diputation tower
In 1998 the regional authority of the province of Biscay (Bizkaiko Foru Aldundia or Diputacion Foral de Bizkaia) announced its intention to sell all of its buildings scattered throughout the city of Bilbao and moving all of its offices to the 150 metre tower. The lot, owned at that time by Renfe was sold for 79 million euros to the regional authority. The tower, originally expected to have 50,000 square metres of gross office space, was deemed as not enough for the Diputacion and an additional 10,000 square metres were included. The height increased from 150 metres to 160 to fit the new requirements by the Diputacion.

In 2003, just after the provincial elections had taken place, Jose Luis Bilbao, the newly elected ruler of the authority of Biscay, decided to scrap the plans for the tower, complaining about the high cost of the building.

Iberdrola Tower
After months of speculation about possible tenants wanting to move to the tower, the city hall of Bilbao reached an agreement with Basque utilities company Iberdrola in July 2004. Iberdrola would occupy 10,000 square metres of the tower establishing its international headquarters at the top of the tower, renting the rest of the office space. The operation would be financed by the selling of its former headquarters in the Gardoki street and another building in Alameda Urquijo.

The tower has 165 metres and 40 floors (36 typical plus 4 mechanical floors) and 5 underground levels. The tower was expected to cost around 210 million euros and include 717 car park units.

Construction

After some months of site preparation, the first rock caisson ceremony was held on 19 March 2007. Then excavation for the five underground floors began. At the same time an underground car park is being built below the future Euskadi Plaza, two residential buildings by Carles Ferrater, the library of the University of Deusto and a residential building by Eugenio Aguinaga.

The Iberdrola building in Alameda Urquijo has been sold to a developer and has renewed the building now called "Edificio Echevarria" (the first two floors of the tower are occupied by the shop FNAC). In the meantime, demolition of part of the headquarters in Gardoki began in late 2007. Part of the workers of Iberdrola were moved to another building in Larraskitu.

Excavation ended in April 2008, the first construction crane was installed on 15 May 2008, with a height of around 70 metres. Once the tower reaches its full height in 2010 the cranes will reach a height of 205 metres, the highest ever achieved by any structure in the Basque Country.

Companies involved
The following companies were involved with the construction of the Iberdrola Tower:

 Architect: César Pelli
 Developer: Promotora Vizcaina
 Real-state agents: Richard Ellis España, Apex Inmobiliaria
 Structural engineering: Idom
 Execution direction: Euroconsult Norte
 Foundation companies: Terrabauer, Cimentaciones Abando
 Curtain Wall Facade: Félix Constructions
 Elevator supplier: Schindler Group

References

External links

 Official website of the project.
 Emporis.com
 Information about Abandoibarra.

César Pelli buildings
Skyscrapers in Bilbao
Buildings and structures in Bilbao
Skyscraper office buildings in Spain
Estuary of Bilbao
Office buildings completed in 2011
Iberdrola

Iberdrola Tower


Nguyễn Thị Anh (, 1422 – 1459) was a concubine, and later empress dowager of Lê dynasty as the mother of the emperor Le Nhan Tong. She was official regent of Đại Việt about 1442 - 1453 during her son's minority, and effective head of state from 1451 until she allowed a servant to kill her in 1459 to avoid being captured or killed in a coup.

Royal concubine consort
Nguyễn Thị Anh was a beautiful woman of noble birth (perhaps related to general Nguyễn Xí). In 1440 she became a consort of the young king Le Thai Tong at the same time as Ngô Thị Bính. They both attracted the King's attention and both gave birth to sons shortly before the king, Lê Thái Tông, died in 1442. Although the king had an older son, Nghi Dân, that boy's mother was not from a noble family and he was passed over, instead the kingship was given to Nguyễn Thị Anh's son, now called Lê Nhân Tông.

Regent
At the time of his elevation to the kingship of Annam, Lê Nhân Tong was just an infant (just over one year old). By tradition, the infant king's mother had great power and she was also officially named the regent on behalf of her son. In reality, the real power behind the throne was Trinh Kha, a close friend and senior advisor to Lê Lợi.

Together, Trinh Kha and Nguyen Thi Anh managed to rule Vietnam reasonably well, though there was some friction. This friction grew as they clashed over how the king should be educated and who really got to make decisions in the government. In 1451 Nguyễn Thị Anh ordered the execution of Trinh Kha and his eldest son. The reason for this is lost and just two years later, Trịnh Khả was officially pardoned and his family was given new lands.

De facto ruler
Nguyễn Thị Anh's son, Lê Nhân Tông was officially given the powers of government in 1453 even though he was only 12 years old. This was unusual and seems to have made little real difference, the empress dowager ruled while the other noble families acted as a brake on her power.

The government did not do very much during this time, one later Vietnamese historian said this was a peaceful, harmonious time. The official court history written some 30 years later said it was a time of calamity for Vietnam and that for a woman to rule was as unnatural as "a hen crowing at daybreak".

In 1459, the oldest son of Lê Thái Tông, Nghi Dân, staged a coup. He and some 100 men secretly entered the palace late in October and killed the king. The next day, Nguyễn Thị Anh, facing certain death at the hands of Nghi Dân's men, allowed herself to be killed by a loyal servant.

The rule by Nguyễn Thị Anh was far from a disaster for Annam but equally, not much happened. Certainly there was a marked contrast between her rule, and the rule of her husband's own son, Le Thanh Tong.

References

1420s births
1459 deaths
Suicides in Vietnam
Lê dynasty empresses dowager
15th-century Vietnamese women
15th-century regents
Female regents

Nguyễn Thị Anh


Commons Daemon, formerly known as JSVC, is a Java software library belonging to the Apache Commons Project.

Daemon provides a portable means of starting and stopping a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) that is running server-side applications.  Such applications often have additional requirements compared to client-side applications.  For example, the servlet container Tomcat 4 would need to serialize sessions and shutdown web applications before the JVM process terminates.

Daemon comprises 2 parts: a native library written in  C that interfaces with the operating system, and the library that provides the Daemon API, written in Java.

There are two ways to use Commons Daemon: by implementing the daemon interface or by calling a class that provides the required methods for daemon. For example, Tomcat-4.1.x uses the daemon interface and Tomcat-5.0.x provides a class whose methods are called by JSVC directly.

References

Java (programming language) libraries
Commons Daemon

Commons Daemon


Kirby Cove Camp is a campground and scenic area managed by the Golden Gate National Recreation Area (GGNRA) in the Marin Headlands, California.  It is located at sea level below Conzelman Road, which leads from the north end of the Golden Gate Bridge up and along the Marin Headlands overlooking the Golden Gate strait that leads into San Francisco Bay.  A road behind a locked gate leads to Kirby Cove from just beyond Battery Spencer, the first set of bunkers encountered from Highway 101 at the north end of the Golden Gate Bridge.

Description
Kirby Cove Camp is located on the north shore of the Golden Gate, in a sheltered cove. It features a small beach with rocky bluffs on either side. A coastal defense site, Battery Kirby, separates the campground from the beach. Much of the cove is forested by non-native eucalyptus, pine, and Monterey cypress. The forest and steep slopes around the cove provide some shelter from the often harsh winds of the Golden Gate. The cove is noted for its isolated feel adjacent to the large, urban setting of San Francisco.

Camping and hiking
Campsite 1 is located on a bluff above the eastern end of Kirby Cove Beach.  Campsites 2, 3, and 4 are located away from the water, nestled within groves of trees.  To view the Golden Gate, its towering bridge, the City of San Francisco and Land's End, one can walk to the bluff above the beach in front of the batteries and sit at a picnic table.

Accessing the area for camping or day-use requires hiking past a locked gate and descending a mile-long road. Reservations must be made for Kirby Cove Camp for either overnight camping or day use.  Limits are placed on the duration of stay and the amount of yearly use to open this opportunity for as many as possible.

Battery Kirby history

Construction began in 1898 to place a maritime artillery battery in the valley just above a small beach close to the entrance to San Francisco Bay.  As the plan was approved and construction began, the defensive battery was named "Gravelly Beach Battery", using the common name of the truly gravelly beach at the site.  The battery was subsequently renamed Battery Kirby in honor of 1st Lieutenant Edmund Kirby, 1st U.S. Artillery.  Lt. Kirby headed a Civil War volunteer battalion and was promoted to brigadier general on the day that he died in combat at the Battle of Chancellorsville on May 28, 1863.  The name then was extended to first the valley in which the battery was built, subsequently to the present National Park Service campground administrated by the GGNRA.

Battery Kirby saw service from 1898 to March 30, 1934, when it was placed in an abandoned status as obsolete.

Historical Information:

 Kirby Battery was equipped with two 12-inch shell B.L.R. (breech-loading rifle) Rifles Model 1895 nos. 12 and 16
 The artillery pieces were manufactured at the Watervliet Arsenal in Watervliet, New York – near Albany
 Upon de-commissioning of the battery, the guns were sent to Ft. Mills, Corregidor, Subic Bay, Manila, Philippines in 1933(#12)and 1941(#16)

Originally, very few trees grew in the windswept and steep valley at Kirby Cove.  Today's present forest was planted over the years as Battery Kirby was developed and occupied.  It is dominated by cypress, eucalyptus and pine trees.

Image gallery

References

External links

  Kirby Cove Information on the NPS Official Site for the Golden Gate National Recreation Area
  Trails and Trailheads of the Marin Headlands
  Kirby Cove Information on the web site of the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy, a non-profit membership organization
 Kirby Cove Campground at GGNRA

Golden Gate National Recreation Area
Closed installations of the United States Army
Forts in California

Kirby Cove Camp


The Iwellemmedan (Iwəlləmədǎn), also spelled Iullemmeden, Aulliminden, Ouilliminden, Lullemmeden, and Iwellemmeden, are one of the seven major  Tuareg tribal or clan confederations (called "Drum groups").  Their communities are historically nomadic and intermixed with other ethnic groups. The Iwellemmeden inhabit a wide area ranging from east and north central Mali, through the Azawagh valley, into northwestern Niger and south into northern Nigeria. While once a single confederation of dozens of Tuareg clans, subject peoples, and allied groups, since the 18th century they have been divided into Kel Ataram (west) and Kel Dinnik (east) confederations. Following colonial rule and independence, the Iwellemmedan homelands cross the Mali/Niger border, and their traditional seasonal migration routes have spread Iwellemmedan communities into Burkina Faso and Nigeria as well. They speak the Tawellemmet variant of the Tamasheq language, although some current or historical sub-clans speak other Tamasheq variants as well as Songhai languages and Arabic dialects.

Divisions

The origins of the division into Kel Ataram ("people of the west") and Kel Dinnik ("people of the east") goes back to at least 1800, and perhaps a century earlier. The confederation remained divided under colonial rule, with the Nigerien arm to the east given its own official "chief", while after 1916, the western arm was re-divided among a number of official French chosen chieftainships. The division of eastern and western Iwellemmedan remains in the post colonial period.

The western arm of the Iwellemmedan are the Kel Ataram  centered on the Malian town of Ménaka. Component "free" clans (mostly "maraboutic" or "Imajeghen" tribes which inherit local religious leadership) include the Tahabanaten and Ighatafan.

The major eastern arm of the confederation is the Kel Dinnik (var. Kel Dinnig), sometimes named the "Ouilliminden Kel Dinnik", and centered in the Azawagh, near Tchin-Tabaraden and Tahoua.   Their major "free"/"Imajeghen" components include the Irreulen, Lisawan, Tiggirmat, Tellemidez, and Ikhekheren. The free/noble Kel Nan clan is the traditional source of the Amenokal, the paramount confederation leader chosen by clan heads.

Both groups are traditionally pastoralists, whose migration patterns take them north into the Sahara during the brief rainy season, and south as far as Nigeria and Burkina Faso during the dry season.  Like all Tuareg groups, they are formed from a number of highly stratified castes, who interweave loyalty from a number of clans, some of whom are limited to specific castes.  Ruling caste clans lead the large confederations, and engage in seasonal migration, herding, trade, war, and religious duties.  Lower castes, and clans made up of subject groups of free clans are more likely sedentary and not part of confederations, even if their traditional suzerains are members of a confederation such as the Iwellemmedan.  In addition, large confederations may include allied non-Tuaregs, such as local Arabic speaking tribes.

History
Tuareg groups moved south into what is now Mali and Niger sometime around the 11th century CE, and the Iwellemmedan were established south and east of the Adar Ifoghas by the 17th century CE.  Contesting oral histories agree that the Iwellemmedan came into conflict with the Kel Taddemekat confederation, but disagree whether the Iwellemmedan were pushed out of the Adar Ifoghas by their foes or conquered Kel Taddemekat territory south and west of the massif. Regardless, by the mid-15th century CE, the Iwellemmedan controlled an area from Lake Faguibine and north of Timbuktu east through all of what is now the Gao Region of Mali, into the Nigerien Azawagh all the way to the edge of the Aïr Massif.

Engaged in long struggle with the inheritors of the 15th century CE Moroccan conquest of the Songhai Empire, the Iwellemmedan Kel Ataram clans eventually imposed indirect rule over Timbuktu, along with all of the Niger River valley from the Niger inland delta to what ito the town of Say, Niger. The Kel Ataram were only driven from Timbuktu in 1826 by the rise of the Fula Macina Empire, but retained much of the area to its north.

At the moment of colonial expansion by the French into their territory at the end of the 19th century, the Iwellemmedan were the dominant Tuareg confederation in all western Niger and eastern Mali, down to the bend of the Niger River, where they held sway of many of the Songhay settlements.  Following their defeat by the French after their seizure of Timbuktu in 1894, the Kel Ataram Amenokal pledged non-aggression with the French in 1896, and eventual peace in 1903.  At this same time, the French concentrated on their conflict with the Kel Ifoghas to the north. Within a decade, roles were reversed, when the Ifoghas helped to put down the 1914–1916 rising of the Iwellemmedan and allied clans under their Amenokal Fihirun.   Their resistance to French conquest cost them dearly, with the deaths of much of their warrior class, and the eventual favoriting of the Kidal based Kel Ifoghas by the colonial power.  Several elements were eventually broken from the Iwellemmedan Kel Ataram by the French, further weakening the confederation.

The eastern Iwellemmedan Tuaregs' traditional homeland is in Niger. However, severe droughts in 1972 and 1982 forced the nomadic Iwellemmedan to migrate south to Nigeria in search of grazing areas for their animal herds. Many Aulliminden eventually moved closer to populated areas. These Tuaregs settled in the outskirts of cities in northern Nigeria, and many never returned to their homeland.  In the 1970s, large numbers of Tuareg refugees, many of them Iwellemmedan, settled in the refugee camps of southern Niger, most prominently Lazert, on the northeastern edge of Niamey. Over time this has become a permanent neighborhood within the Nigerien capital.

See also
Tuareg
Kel Adagh
Kel Ahaggar
Kel Ajjer
Kel Ayr
Kel Gres
Kel Owey
History of Niger
History of Mali

References

Berbers in Mali
Berbers in Nigeria
Berbers in Burkina Faso
Berbers in Niger
Ethnic groups in Mali
Ethnic groups in Nigeria
Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso
Ethnic groups in Niger
Tuareg confederations

Iwellemmedan people


Liu Jianqiang (Jianqiang Liu) is a Chinese investigative reporter, an environmentalist and non-fiction writer.

Biography
Liu Jianqiang is currently a visiting scholar at UC Berkeley in California. He also works as columnist and associate editor for the influential web-based news service: chinadialogue.net

Liu was a senior investigative reporter for 南方周末 (Southern Weekly), considered to be China's most influential investigative newspaper. He provided front-line and in-depth coverage of the burgeoning Chinese environmental movement. He was the first one to discover and claim that China's emerging environmental movement is a new democratic movement. See Liu's article about environmental movement online here

Some of Liu's most powerful articles include his September 2004 exposé on the controversial Tiger Leaping Gorge dams in southern Yunnan province--TIGER LEAPING GORGE UNDER THREAT. When Prime Minister Wen Jiabao read this article, he suspended the dam project and ordered an investigation by the Chinese government. His December 2004 piece on genetically modified rice ignited a central government crackdown on the illegally produced foodstuffs. His March 2005 article on the controversial Summer Palace Lake Reconstruction Project led the State Environmental Protection Administration to hold China's first ever state-level public environmental hearing.

He was featured in an exposé in The Wall Street Journal in December 2006 on the rise of Chinese investigative journalism--China's Reporters Face a Backlash Over Investigations  The WSJ's article on Liu is online here

Liu Jianqiang was profiled in the book China Ink:The Changing Face Of Chinese Journalism

Liu has worked and traveled extensively in Tibetan regions. His book 天珠 - 藏人传奇 (The Tibetan Beads) was recently published in Hong Kong in July 2009. AsiaWeek(亚洲周刊)book review said: "If I were to recommend one book to know the true Tibet, 'The Tibetan Beads' is the first choice."

References

Living people
People's Republic of China journalists
Year of birth missing (living people)

Liu Jianqiang


Magnonics is an emerging field of modern magnetism, which can be considered a sub-field of modern solid state physics. Magnonics combines the study of waves and magnetism. Its main aim is to investigate the behaviour of spin waves in nano-structure elements. In essence, spin waves are a propagating re-ordering of the magnetisation in a material and arise from the precession of magnetic moments. Magnetic moments arise from the orbital and spin moments of the electron, most often it is this spin moment that contributes to the net magnetic moment.

Following the success of the modern hard disk, there is much current interest in future magnetic data storage and using spin waves for things such as 'magnonic' logic and data storage. Similarly, spintronics looks to utilize the inherent spin degree of freedom to complement the already successful charge property of the electron used in contemporary electronics. Modern magnetism is concerned with furthering the understanding of the behaviour of the magnetisation on very small (sub-micrometre) length scales and very fast (sub-nanosecond) timescales and how this can be applied to improving existing or generating new technologies and computing concepts. A magnon torque device was invented and later perfected at the National University of Singapore's Electrical & Computer Engineering department, which is based on such potential uses, with results published on November 29, 2019, in Science.

A magnonic crystal is a magnetic metamaterial with alternating magnetic properties. Like conventional metamaterials, their properties arise from geometrical structuring, rather than their bandstructure or composition directly. Small spatial inhomogeneities create an effective macroscopic behaviour, leading to properties not readily found in nature. By alternating parameters such as the relative permeability or saturation magnetisation, there exists the possibility to tailor 'magnonic' bandgaps in the material. By tuning the size of this bandgap, only spin wave modes able to cross the bandgap would be able to propagate through the media, leading to selective propagation of certain spin wave frequencies. See Surface magnon polariton.

Theory
Spin waves can propagate in magnetic media with magnetic ordering such as ferromagnets and antiferromagnets. The frequencies of the precession of the magnetisation depend on the material and its magnetic parameters, in general precession frequencies are in the microwave from 1–100 GHz, exchange resonances in particular materials can even see frequencies up to several THz. This higher precession frequency opens new possibilities for analogue and digital signal processing.

Spin waves themselves have group velocities on the order of a few km per second. The damping of spin waves in a magnetic material also causes the amplitude of the spin wave to decay with distance, meaning the distance freely propagating spin waves can travel is usually only several 10's of μm. The damping of the dynamical magnetisation is accounted for phenomenologically by the Gilbert damping constant in the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation (LLG equation), the energy loss mechanism itself is not completely understood, but is known to arise microscopically from magnon-magnon scattering, magnon-phonon scattering and losses due to eddy currents. The Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation is the 'equation of motion' for the magnetisation. All of the properties of the magnetic systems such as the applied bias field, the sample's exchange, anisotropy and dipolar fields are described in terms of an 'effective' magnetic field that enters the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation. The study of damping in magnetic systems is an ongoing modern research topic.
The LL equation was introduced in 1935 by Landau and Lifshitz to model the precessional motion of magnetization  in a solid with an effective magnetic field  and with damping. Later, Gilbert modified the damping term, which in the limit of small damping yields identical results. The LLG equation is,

The constant  is the Gilbert phenomenological damping parameter and depends on the solid, and  is the electron gyromagnetic ratio. Here

Research in magnetism, like the rest of modern science, is conducted with a symbiosis of theoretical and experimental approaches. Both approaches go hand-in-hand, experiments test the predictions of theory and theory provides explanations and predictions of new experiments. The theoretical side focuses on numerical modelling and simulations, so called micromagnetic modelling. Programs such as OOMMF or NMAG are micromagnetic solvers that numerically solve the LLG equation with appropriate boundary conditions. Prior to the start of the simulation, magnetic parameters of the sample and the initial groundstate magnetisation and bias field details are stated.

Experiment
Experimentally, there are many techniques that exist to study magnetic phenomena, each with its own limitations and advantages. The experimental techniques can be distinguished by being time-domain (optical and field pumped TR-MOKE), field-domain (ferromagnetic resonance (FMR)) and frequency-domain techniques (Brillouin light scattering (BLS), vector network analyser -  ferromagnetic resonance (VNA-FMR)). Time-domain techniques allow the temporal evolution of the magnetisation to be traced indirectly by recording the polarisation response of the sample. The magnetisation can be inferred by the so-called 'Kerr' rotation. Field-domain techniques such as FMR tickle the magnetisation with a CW microwave field. By measuring the absorption of the microwave radiation through the sample, as an external magnetic field is swept provides information about magnetic resonances in the sample. Importantly, the frequency at which the magnetisation precesses depends on the strength of the applied magnetic field. As the external field strength is increased, so does the precession frequency. Frequency-domain techniques such as VNA-FMR, examine the magnetic response due to excitation by an RF current, the frequency of the current is swept through the GHz range and the amplitude of either the transmitted or reflected current can be measured.

Modern ultrafast lasers allow femtosecond (fs) temporal resolution for time-domain techniques, such tools are now standard in laboratory environments. Based on the magneto-optic Kerr effect, TR-MOKE is a pump-probe technique where a pulsed laser source illuminates the sample with two separate laser beams. The 'pump' beam is designed to excite or perturb the sample from equilibrium, it is very intense designed to create highly non-equilibrium conditions within the sample material, exciting the electron, and thereby subsequently the phonon and the spin system. Spin-wave states at high energy are excited and subsequently populate the lower lying states during their relaxation path's. A much weaker beam called a 'probe' beam is spatially overlapped with the pump beam on the magnonic material's surface. The probe beam is passed along a delay line, which is a mechanical way of increasing the probe path length. By increasing the probe path length, it becomes delayed with respect to the pump beam and arrives at a later time on the sample surface. Time-resolution is built in the experiment by changing the delay distance. As the delay line position is stepped, the reflected beam properties are measured. The measured Kerr rotation is proportional to the dynamic magnetisation as the spin-waves propagate in the media. The temporal resolution is limited by the temporal width of the laser pulse only. This allows to connect ultrafast optics with a local spin-wave excitation and contact free detection in magnonic metamaterials, photomagnonics.

References

External links

Magnetic ordering

Magnonics


"May Night, or the Drowned Maiden" (Russian: "Майская ночь, или Утопленница", Mayskaya noch', ili Utoplennitsa, 1831) is the third tale in the collection Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka by Nikolai Gogol.  It was made into the opera May Night  by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov in 1878–79 and also a Ukrainian setting by Mykola Lysenko.

Synopsis

This story comes from the unnamed story-teller (who was previously responsible for "The Fair at Sorochyntsi").

In this tale, a young Cossack named Levko, the son of the mayor, is in love with Hanna. He comes to her house to talk about marriage and mentions that his father is not pleased with the idea, though he doesn't say anything directly and merely ignores him. As they are walking on the outskirts of the village, Hanna asks about an old hut with a moss-covered roof and overgrown apple trees surrounding it. He tells her the story of a beautiful young girl whose father took care of her after her mother died and loved her dearly. Eventually, he married another woman who she discovered was a witch when she cut the paw of a cat that tried to kill her and her stepmother appeared soon after with her hand bandaged. The witch had power over her father, however, and eventually she is thrown out of the house and throws herself into the nearby pond in despair. She reigns over a group of maidens who also drowned in the pond, but once, when she got a hold of the witch as she was near the pond, she turned into a maiden and the ghost of the young girl has been unable to pick her out of the group ever since, asking any young man she comes upon to guess for her.

As the story progresses Rudy mentions the mayor and a drunk walks into his house thinking it is his, tricked by local peasants. Then, his son, who is angry at his father for trying to steal Hanna away, and his friends decide to play tricks on the village and start to parade around causing havoc. They dress up the mayor's sister-in-law, who is assumed to be having an affair with him, as a demon with soot all over her face, tricking the mayor. He mistakenly throws her into the cellar and then finds out it's her, but she gets angry and goes outside, to be captured by the boys again and thrown into a hut. Meanwhile, the mayor and some of his closest friends decide to find the hooligans and instead find the sister-in-law again and almost burn her alive in the hut.

Levko goes on his own and falls asleep near the old house and the pond. He becomes enchanted by the calm night and silvery mist surrounding everything, and then notices in the pond's reflection that the hut appears to be occupied, and a young girl with beautiful skin pops her head out of the window. When he turns to look at the hut, it looks as empty as ever, but when he comes up to the window the maiden comes out and asks him to guess which maiden the witch is in the group. As he looks at them, he notices one at first that doesn't seem interested in playing games, but determines her to be normal. One, however, seems to revel in playing the part of a hawk in their game, and he sees blackness in her form, realising she is the witch. The maiden is grateful and gives him a note to help him with his father. He wakes up and is soon captured by his father and his minions, but still has the letter, which he gives to the mayor. The letter seems to be from the local commissar, who requests the mayor clean up his village (asking several things to be done) as well as allowing his son to marry Hanna. The mayor agrees and they will be married in the near future.

References

External links

 Parallel Russian and English texts of the story.

Short stories by Nikolai Gogol
1831 short stories
Short stories set in the Russian Empire
Short stories about Cossacks

May Night, or the Drowned Maiden


Savenaca Siwatibau (1940 – 3 October 2003) was a Fijian academic leader and civil service administrator.

The son of Isaac Driver and Adi Asenaca Mairara, Siwatibau was born on 4 November 1940 in Tukavesi Village in Buca Bay, Cakaudrove Province, but grew up in Buca, the village of his mother, who was of chiefly rank. He was educated at Queen Victoria School and Suva Grammar School, graduating as the Dux in 1958. In 1963, he graduated from New Zealand's the University of Auckland with a Master's degree in Science, with a major in mathematics and physics.  While at Auckland University, he had met his future wife, Suliana Kaloumaira, a native of Moturiki Island.  They were married in 1966.  They had three sons (Simione Ramacake, Ropate Rakula, and Atunaisa Taleasiga), and one daughter (Asenaca Tania Tuivanuavou).  Two sons became IT engineers and one a lawyer.  His daughter became a banker.

After working as a meteorologist in Nadi, Siwatibau was posted to the Meteorology Office in Wellington, New Zealand, where he decided to study economics at Victoria University.  His study was interrupted by a transfer to the Economic Planning office in Suva, but he was able to continue his studies at Sussex University in the United Kingdom, graduating in 1968 with a Master of Arts degree in economics.  When Fiji gained its independence from the United Kingdom in 1970, Siwatibau was appointed the first native-born Director of Economic Planning.

In 1972, he became Permanent Secretary of Finance, and also joined the University of the South Pacific as a government representative on the institution's ruling body, the University Council.  From 1978 to 1980, he served as an Alternate Director of the International Monetary Fund in Washington, D.C., and on his return to Fiji, he was appointed Local General Manager of the Central Monetary Authority in 1981.  In 1984 he became the first Governor of the Reserve Bank of Fiji.  In 1988, he left Fiji for six months to pursue a fellowship at the Australian National University, and on his return, he was appointed Head of EPOC (the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) Pacific Operations Centre in Vanuatu), a position he held until 2000.

While still at EPOC, he was appointed Pro-Chancellor of the University of the South Pacific in 1998, and was promoted to Vice-Chancellor in 2001.  The appointment generated some controversy, with some university staff having supported Rajesh Chandra for the post.

In 2000, George Speight, who led a civilian insurrection against the elected government of Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry, proposed Siwatibau for the post of Prime Minister.  Siwatibau was not a party to the plot and had no apparent sympathy with it, but Speight may have wanted a respected name to lend legitimacy to his rebel government.

Savenaca Siwatibau died of lung cancer at Christchurch Hospital in New Zealand on 3 October 2003.  He was 62.

His family and friends remembered him as a committed Christian who had a strong sense of fairness and justice.  Several times he was offered the CBE honour but declined saying that he wanted God's approval, not man's.

References

External links
 News on Aucklandfiji.org

1940 births
2003 deaths
People educated at Queen Victoria School (Fiji)
People from Cakaudrove Province
Governors of the Reserve Bank of Fiji
Fijian civil servants
Deaths from lung cancer
University of Auckland alumni
Deaths from cancer in New Zealand
Alumni of the University of Sussex
Burials at Avonhead Cemetery
Fijian scientists
Vice-chancellors of the University of the South Pacific

Savenaca Siwatibau


Hermann Hamelmann (1526 – 26 June 1595) was a German Lutheran theologian and the reformer of Westphalia. Born in Osnabrück, he became the priest at Kamen in 1552. While a priest, he converted to the Evangelical Lutheran faith and announced it publicly on Trinity Sunday, 1553, and as a result he was forced to leave the town. During a stay at Wittenberg, he discussed the Lord's Supper with Philipp Melanchthon. In August 1553, he became the pastor at Bielefeld, and in 1556 he became the pastor at St. Mary's Church in Lemgo. He became General Superintendent at Bad Gandersheim in 1560, where he introduced the Reformation into Braunschweig. He was instrumental in bringing the Lutheran faith to Oldenburg after becoming Superintendent there in 1573. Along with Nikolaus Selnecker, he wrote the Oldenburg Church Order in 1573. A learned man, he was deep in conviction and sound in his faith.

Works
1564 Oldenburgisch Chronicon
1564/5 Illustrium Westphaliae virorum libri 1–6
1586/7 Historia ecclesiastica renati evangelii per inferiorem Saxoniam et Westphaliam

References
Jacobs, Henry Eyster. "Hamelmann, Hermann." Lutheran Cyclopedia. New York: Scribner, 1899. p. 212.

1525 births
1595 deaths
Clergy from Osnabrück
16th-century German Lutheran clergy
Converts to Lutheranism from Roman Catholicism

Hermann Hamelmann


Townhead (,  ) is a district within the city of Glasgow, Scotland. It is one of Glasgow's oldest areas, and contains many of its surviving medieval landmarks - most notably Glasgow Cathedral and the Provand's Lordship.

Situated immediately north-east of the modern day city centre, Townhead experienced great change between the mid 1950s and late 1970s in the aftermath of the Bruce Report, where it was substantially depopulated and redeveloped.  Today, it contains a much reduced resident population, a commercial/industrial sector and an educational zone centered around the campuses of both the University of Strathclyde and City of Glasgow College.

Location
In ancient times, Townhead was an undeveloped area situated north of the cathedral and town with no definitive boundaries. Today, it is bordered to the west by Cowcaddens, to the north by Sighthill, to the east by Royston and Ladywell/Dennistoun and to the south by the Merchant City. The notional boundaries of Townhead are thus North Hanover Street and Dobbie's Loan to the west, the M8 motorway to the north, Castle Street and High Street to the east and George Street to the south.

Housing
Housing is primarily ex-council stock (Glasgow has no council houses since their transfer to the Glasgow Housing Association), although the area contains a large number of student residences for International Christian College, Glasgow Caledonian University and Strathclyde University.  Most of the housing units are fairly modern 8 in a block flats, although its most visually obvious features are the four 24-storey high-rise flats named "2 Taylor Place", "15 Grafton Place", "7 St Mungo's Place" and "12 Dobbies Loan Place".

History

Early History 15th-20th Century

It is widely accepted that near the eastern edge of modern day Townhead, is where St Kentigern, also known as St Mungo, built his church by the banks of the Molendinar Burn and thus established Glasgow.  Glasgow Cathedral, dedicated to St Mungo, is roughly situated where Mungo's original church once stood.  The present building dates back to the 12th century.  Today, the Cathedral sits immediately outside of Townhead's boundaries and falls into the Ladywell area.

Provand's Lordship, Glasgow's oldest remaining house, was constructed from the late 15th century by Bishop Andrew, later given the surname Muirhead as part of St Nicholas Hospital, a lodging for the poor. The hospital, or more accurately a hospitium, provided accommodation for twelve poor men as well their care who contributed through work in the hospital, Bible study and a products from the gardens. The gardens were restored in 1997 and like the original St Nicolas garden, the herb grown are those known for healing properties and medicinal use.

The martyrdom of the Covenanters took place in the modern area called Townhead. The northern part of Castle Street was the town limits beyond which was called the "Howgait". Howgait was the scene of public hangings and used until 1781, when they moved to Glasgow Green. The area is now mainly taken up by Junction 15 of the M8.

The former Martyrs' Church building (moved to its current location in 1975 and then closed by members vote in 2011) contained until September 2013 the Martyrs stone, which details the executions in 1684 of James Nisbet (a farmer from Louden Parish in Ayrshire), James Lawson and Alex Wood. The stone, which originally stood in front of Townhead library, along with a large part of the once densely packed Townhead, was demolished to make way for the M8 motorway. The stone can now be found in the church wall of "The Evangelical Church" which is at the South East side of Cathedral square.  Martyrs church also contained the "Martyrs church bell", which was preserved from the old Martyrs West church building until 2013 at which point, finding no new home, the bell was melted.  The church of Scotland is currently seeking a buyer for the land which has planning permission for an extensive housing development and community building.

The Church of Scotland still supporting Townhead through the parish ministry of Glasgow Cathedral and by giving temporary accommodation to SIMY Community Development charity which was formally an active part of the previous church's parish care. Since closure, SIMY has become an independent, local volunteer lead charity providing youth work support, arts provision, sports coaching, life skills, outdoor education, drop in diversionary clubs and is a DofE centre. SiMY owes its survival to the support it receives from the Church, Iona Community, Townhead community council, AplusM training, Glasgow Housing Association, Glasgow Community Safety Services, Glasgow Life and a dedicated group of volunteers many of whom have grown up in the local area or work nearby.

St Mungo's Church, Parson Street (George Goldie, 1869) is Italiante-Gothic in style. 70 Parson Street is the birthplace of architect Charles Rennie MacIntosh, who also aided in the design of Martyr's School, at 17 Parson Street.

Mid 20th Century- present: slum clearance, gentrification and regeneration

In line with post-war gentrification going on in Glasgow at the time, and in line with recommendations from the Bruce Report, the mid 1950s onward saw great change in Townhead. Like Anderston and the Gorbals, Townhead was designated a Comprehensive Development Area (CDA), which meant that much of the existing buildings would be cleared and its population rehomed. Townhead's original main thoroughfare - Parliamentary Road, was destroyed along with most of the original street plan, upon which new housing estates - a mixture of lower density maisonette blocks and four 24-storey tower blocks replaced the old tenement housing.  Whilst some Townhead residents were rehomed in the new buildings, others were moved to new estates on the outer fringes of the city. As a result, very few of the original tenements in Townhead have survived, although some of the original street names live on in the names of the tower blocks and footpaths.  North of Parliamentary Road, the cleared area was devoted to a new industrial zone, which stretched towards Baird Street and the new Glasgow Inner Ring Road acting as its boundary, and comprised mainly of new industrial units.  The controversial eastern flank of the ring road, which would have swung southwards along the route of Castle Street and necessitated the demolition and rebuilding of Glasgow Royal Infirmary, was abandoned and the original Victorian hospital was given an indefinite stay of execution (although the hospital was substantially expanded in the late 1970s).  The artist Joan Eardley captured much of this redevelopment from her studio in Townhead.

The southern reaches of Townhead between Parliamentary Road and George Street were cleared to make way for a new educational zone, which would see several new colleges constructed such as the Central College of Commerce, Glasgow College of Food Technology and  Stow College of Building and Printing.  The centerpiece of this area would be the new University of Strathclyde, created out of the former Royal College of Science and Technology.  Here can be found the most famous and oldest of Townhead's streets – Rottenrow. It was from this high vantage point at the top of Balmanno Brae that St. Mungo could see, south, down to the River Clyde and be forewarned of the approach of any hostile people. Rottenrow was also home to the Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital. This hospital was demolished in 2001, and replaced by a garden.

In 1972, agreement was reached between the publishing company William Collins, Sons and the University of Strathclyde for the latter to acquire its printing works located at the eastern end of  Cathedral Street which was once one of the biggest industrial complexes in Townhead.   The land and buildings were turned over for academic use - a notable example being the giant warehouse building at the junction of Cathedral Street and St James's Road being converted to a new home for the Andersonian Library in 1980.

The New Barony Church was acquired by the University of Strathclyde in 1986, restored in 1989, and is now a ceremonial hall and events venue known as the Barony Hall.

The 2010s saw the creation of the new City of Glasgow College, which was formed from an earlier amalgamation of several further education colleges in the city (Glasgow Metropolitan College).  A new "supercampus" was built on the former site of Allan Glen's College on Cathedral Street, and opened in 2014.  The University of Strathclyde built a new sports centre adjacent the same year.

Artistic connections
The artist Joan Eardley spent the years 1950-57 living and working in Townhead and was especially interested in portraying its children.

Recent developments
Townhead has a community council of local volunteers. Recently Townhead was merged for community council purposes with the neighbouring Ladywell area of Glasgow. This resulted in the formation of Townhead and Ladywell Community Council. The community council members were instrumental in obtaining the funding for a village hall in Townhead, which opened in 2013. They were less successful in obtaining planning concessions in relation to a massive campus development being built in Townhead by City of Glasgow College.  Although this area of Townhead had long been zoned for educational use as far back as the 1950s, the community council had expressed concerns about the proximity of the development to residential property, and argued for special planning conditions to be included given the potential for disruption to local people. Townhead has witnessed an abnormally high number of applications to convert standard homes into Houses of Multiple occupation (bedsits). The local community council has been at the forefront of articulating the local community's concerns in this regard.

The recent sell off of the Glasgow Cathedral, Martyrs church building Removed a key community meeting space from the community and is due to add more student housing to the area.

SIMY Community Development, a large local volunteer-run youth and community charity, are backed by the community council in efforts to develop new youth work for young people in Townhead by transporting to other areas as Townhead no longer as any indoor sports areas.  The demolition of the Martyrs church will be the third large community building removed from the area since 2012 which saw the closure of St David School and The Hurdy Gurdy.  It will also remove the only indoor sports courts still available to the public and community groups in the G4 / South G21 area.

SiMY's silver DofE groups were working to improve the environment around the form Martyrs church building aesthetically as well as making it a useful place for them once the building is demolished.  They were unsuccessful in their submitted plan for "stalled spaces" project as the General trustees of the church of Scotland were concerns that any work could hamper sale of the land.  The DofE's group plans were supported by the "Townhead and Ladywell Community Council" and so are seeking advice from Glasgow Planning about possibilities.

The Martyrs stone was moved on 12 September 2013 to the Glasgow Evangelical Church in Cathedral square by Glasgow City Council at the request of the Glasgow Evangelical Church and the Scottish Covenanter Memorials Association to Cathedral Square, a historical centre of Glasgow, where it can be seen by Glaswegians and tourists.

The Townhead Village Hall opened in 2013 and provides for social activities and services for the Townhead community.  The building and the land on which it has been built is owned by a community led company. With the recent changes preventing school lets in St Mungos School, the Village Hall is now the only facilities with space for community activities and functions.  The hall is in use every day and evening providing vital services to the local community and private function space Thursday - Sunday.  In Nov 2013 the village hall opened their Townhead Orchard providing a green space for local residence to enjoy gardening and tree maintenance under the supervision of centre staff during opening hours.  The garden is protected by a high fence and security cameras.

In 2013, Townhead's status as the city's largest educational zone was expanded with planning applications being received for increased student accommodation to match the new large college campus for the area.  This is part of the council's 2013-2018 development strategy for the area

Transport links
Townhead is also well situated for transport links with Glasgow Queen Street Station and Buchanan bus station on its doorstep.

See also
 Glasgow tower blocks
 List of tallest buildings and structures in Glasgow

References

External links

Areas of Glasgow

Townhead


Bahndwivici is an extinct genus of lizard known from a nearly complete and articulated skeleton discovered in rocks of the Green River Formation of Wyoming, United States. The skeleton is very similar to that of the modern Chinese crocodile lizard, Shinisaurus.

Description
Bahndwicivi is based on FMNH PR2260, a skeleton collected from the Thompson Ranch Locality of the Fossil Butte Member of the Green River Formation. It was described in 2006 by Jack Conrad. The type species is B. ammoskius. The genus name means "handsome in the water" in Shoshoni, a reference both to the animal's possible semiaquatic lifestyle and to the Shoshone people who once lived in the area. The specific name is a combination of the Ancient Greek words for sandy (ammos) and shade (skia), referring to its habitat.

FMNH PR2260 is more or less complete, primarily lacking some bones from the rear of the skull. The skeleton is well-articulated, with numerous rows of osteoderms remaining in place beneath the tail, but is somewhat flattened. The animal appears to have been an adult when it died. It differs from Shinisaurus in a few details. For example, FMNH PR2260 had a proportionally longer snout and an additional tooth in the upper jaw, and its postorbital and postfrontal bones were not fused.

Paleoecology
Bahndwivici is one of several lizards known from the Fossil Butte Member of the Green River Formation. This rock unit represents part of Fossil Lake, the smallest and shortest-lived of three prehistoric lake systems that make up the Green River Formation. The lake sediments include a volcanic ash dating to 51.66 million years ago, during the Early Eocene. Fossils are abundant in the rocks of Fossil Lake, and illustrate a diverse assemblage of plants, bivalves, snails, crustaceans, insects, rays, bony fish, salamanders, turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, birds, and mammals.

References

External links
 Bahndwivici in the Paleobiology Database

Eocene reptiles of North America
Lizard genera
Eocene lizards
Eocene United States
Prehistoric reptile genera
Fossil taxa described in 2006

Bahndwivici


Mary Corinna Putnam Jacobi ( Putnam; August 31, 1842 – June 10, 1906) was an English-American physician, teacher, scientist, writer, and suffragist. She was the first woman admitted to study medicine at the University of Paris and the first woman to graduate from a pharmacy college in the United States.

Jacobi had a long career practicing medicine, teaching, writing, and advocating for women's rights, especially in medical education. Her scientific rebuttal of the popular idea that menstruation made women unsuited to education was influential in the fight for women's educational opportunities.

Jacobi was a founding member of the League for Political Education and the Women's Medical Association of New York City, and was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1993.

Early life
Jacobi was born Mary Corinna Putnam on August 31, 1842 in London, England. She was the daughter of an American father, George Palmer Putnam and British mother, Victorine Haven Putnam, originally from New York City. She was the oldest of eleven children. At the time of Jacobi's birth, the family lived in London because her father George was establishing a branch office for his New York City publishing company, Wiley & Putnam.

In 1848, at the age of six, Jacobi moved with her family from London to New York, where she spent the rest of her childhood and adolescence. Mary was educated at home by her mother before attending a private school in Yonkers. Later, she attended a public school for girls on 12th Street in Manhattan, from which she graduated in 1859. After graduating, she studied Greek, science, and medicine privately with Elizabeth Blackwell and others.

As a teenager, Jacobi published short stories in The Atlantic Monthly from the age of fifteen, and later in the New York Evening Post.

Career

Medical education
Although George Putnam believed a career in medicine was a "repulsive pursuit," he reluctantly agreed to financially support his daughter's decision to pursue medicine, an ambition she had held since childhood. In 1863, Jacobi graduated from the New York College of Pharmacy, which made her the first woman to graduate from an American school of pharmacy. In 1864, she earned her Doctor of Medicine from the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania. For several months, she practiced clinical medicine with Marie Zakrewska and Lucy Sewall at the New England Hospital for Women and Children. She also served in the American Civil War as a medical aide.

During a short internship in which she studied clinical medicine at the New England Hospital for Women and Children, Jacobi decided to further her study of medicine and apply to École de Médecine of the University of Paris. After much negotiation and thanks to the help of the psychiatrist Benjamin Ball, in 1868 she was admitted as the first woman student at École de Médecine, although as a woman she was required to enter lectures through a separate door and sit at the front near the professor. In July 1871, Jacobi graduated with honors and was the second woman to receive a degree from École de Médecine of the University of Paris. Jacobi also received a bronze medal for her thesis. Her studies in Paris coincided with the Franco-Prussian War. In Scribner's Monthly of August 1871, she published an account of the new French political leadership that came to power following the war.

Medical practice and marriage
After five years of studying in Paris, Jacobi returned to the United States in the fall of 1871. Moving back to New York City, Jacobi established her own private medical practice. Jacobi also participated in research and became a professor in the new Women's Medical College of the New York Infirmary and Mount Sinai Hospital. Jacobi became the second woman member of the Medical Society of the County of New York, and was admitted to the American Medical Association. In 1872, she helped to found the Women's Medical Association of New York City, and served as its president from 1874 to 1903. She campaigned consistently for the admission of women to leading medical schools, including Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Her teaching at the Medical College tended to exceed what her students were prepared for and led her to resign in 1888.

In 1873, she married Abraham Jacobi, a New York physician and researcher, nowadays often referred to as the "father of American pediatrics." They had three children, two daughters, and one son. The couple's first daughter died at birth and their only son died at the age of seven. Abraham and Mary had only one child who survived to adulthood, their daughter Marjorie Jacobi McAneny. Jacobi educated her daughter herself according to her own educational theories.

Writing
Jacobi received Harvard University's Boylston Prize in 1876 for an original essay, later published as a book, The Question of Rest for Women during Menstruation. She was the first woman to win the Boylston Prize. Jacobi's essay was a response to Dr. Edward H. Clarke's earlier publication, Sex in Education; or, A Fair Chance for the Girls (1875), a book claiming that any physical or mental exertion during menstruation could lead to women becoming infertile. Jacobi did not believe this was the case, and to test the idea she collected extensive physiological data on women throughout their menstrual cycle, including muscle strength tests before and after menstruation. She concluded that "there is nothing in the nature of menstruation to imply the necessity, or even desirability, of rest."

Jacobi wrote over 120 medical articles and nine books, although she stopped writing fiction in 1871. In 1891 she contributed a paper on the history of women physicians in the United States, titled "Woman in Medicine," to the volume Women's Work in America (1891, edited by Annie Nathan Meyer), that included a bibliography of writings by American female physicians, mentioning over forty of her own works. In 1894, she wrote Common Sense Applied to Women's Suffrage, which was later reprinted and used to support the women's suffrage movement in the United States. It expanded on an address she made in 1894 before a constitutional convention in Albany, and was reprinted in 1915 and contributed to the final successful push for women's suffrage. Also in 1894, after the defeat of the women's suffrage amendment to the New York State Constitution, Jacobi was one of six prominent suffragists who founded the League for Political Education.

While Elizabeth Blackwell (1821–1910) viewed medicine as a means for social and moral reform, the younger Jacobi focused on curing disease. Blackwell believed that women would succeed in medicine because of their humane feminine values, but Jacobi thought women's contribution to all medical specialties should be considered equivalent to men's.

Death and legacy
After being diagnosed with a brain tumor, Jacobi documented her symptoms and published a paper on the subject titled Descriptions of the Early Symptoms of the Meningeal Tumor Compressing the Cerebellum. From Which the Writer Died. Written by Herself. She died in New York City on June 10, 1906. Jacobi is interred at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.

She was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1993.

Selected works
 De la graisse neutre et des acides gras (Paris thesis, 1871)
 The Question of Rest for Women during Menstruation (1876)
 Acute Fatty Degeneration of New Born (1878)
 The Value of Life (New York, 1879)
 Cold Pack and Anæmia (1880)
 The Prophylaxis of Insanity (1881)
 "Some Considerations on the Moral and on the Non Asylum Treatment of Insanity". In: Putnam Jacobi, Harris, Cleaves, et al. The Prevention of Insanity and the Early and Proper Treatment of the Insane (1882)
 "Studies in Endometritis" in the American Journal of Obstetrics (1885)
 Articles on "Infantile Paralysis" and "Pseudo-Muscular Hypertrophy" in Pepper's Archives of Medicine (1888)
 Hysteria, and other Essays (1888)
 Physiological Notes on Primary Education and the Study of Language (1889)
 "Common Sense" Applied to Women's Suffrage (1894) This expanded on an address she made that same year before a constitutional convention in Albany. It was reprinted in 1915 and contributed to the final successful push for women's suffrage.
 Found and Lost (1894)
 From Massachusetts to Turkey (1896)
 Description of the Early Symptoms of the Meningeal Tumor Compressing the Cerebellum. From Which the Writer Died. Written by Herself. (1906)

References

Further reading
 Bittel, Carla. Mary Putnam Jacobi and the Politics of Medicine in Nineteenth-Century America (2009)         excerpt and text search

External links

 Mary Putnam Jacobi Papers. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
 Putnam, Mary-C. (1871). 'La graisse neutre et des acides gras.' Thesis pour le Doctorat en Médecine, Faculté de Médecine de Paris.  Digitized from the New York Academy of Medicine Collection of International Medical Theses, 1801-1981. Health Sciences Library. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
 Changing the Face of Medicine: Celebrating America's Women Physicians - Dr. Mary Corinna Putnam Jacobi. A project of the United States National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

1842 births
1906 deaths
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
Drexel University alumni
Medical doctors from London
American women's rights activists
American feminists
University of Paris alumni
American suffragists
19th-century American women physicians
19th-century American physicians
American pharmacists
Women pharmacists

Mary Putnam Jacobi


Mjölnir (commonly written without diacritics as Mjolnir) and Stormbreaker, in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), are sentient enchanted weapons of choice used by Thor, the Norse god of Thunder. Both are melee weapons and were created out of Uru metal forged with the heat of a dying star in the Dwarven kingdom of Nidavellir, with the assistance of the dwarf king and master weapon-maker Eitri. Mjolnir is a hammer, and was enchanted by Thor's father, Odin, so that only those the hammer deemed "worthy" are capable of wielding or even lifting it. Stormbreaker is an axe, and although it does not have such a worthiness enchantment, its power is such that a mere mortal attempting to wield it would be driven mad.

Mjolnir first appeared in the post-credits scene in Iron Man 2 (2010), and has appeared thereafter in every film featuring Thor except for one, those being Thor (2011), The Avengers (2012), Thor: The Dark World (2013), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Doctor Strange (2016), Thor: Ragnarok (2017), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019), and Thor: Love and Thunder (2022). Stormbreaker first appears in Avengers: Infinity War (2018)—also the only MCU film in which Thor does not wield Mjolnir at all—and appears again in Avengers: Endgame, and Thor: Love and Thunder. Conversely, the post-credit scene in Iron Man 2 and a scene from the second episode of the Disney+ TV series What If...? are the only MCU media in which Mjolnir appears while Thor does not.

Background

Mjolnir debuted in print in the Marvel Comics title Journey into Mystery #83 (Aug. 1962), being the means by which physician Donald Blake transformed into thunder god Thor Odinson (by striking it on the ground). The first use of the hammer's name was in the "Tales of Asgard" feature in Thor #135 (Dec. 1966) in a story by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. The weapon's origin is eventually revealed in Thor Annual #11 (1983), with another version presented in Thor vol. 2, #80 (Aug. 2004).

Mjolnir's origin in the Marvel Comics continuity mirrors the original Norse legend. The hammer is created when Odin's adopted son Loki cuts off the hair of the goddess Sif as part of a cruel jest, and, when threatened with violence by Thor, promises to fetch replacement hair from the dwarf smiths. Loki commissions the hair from the Sons of Ivaldi, and the obliging dwarves create the hair and other gifts for the gods. Loki is convinced that no one can match their workmanship, and challenges a dwarf named Eitri to make finer treasures. After creating some other magical items, Eitri begins work on a hammer. Loki panics, fearing that he will lose the wager, and transforms himself into a moth to bother Eitri (in the original myth, Loki becomes a gadfly and stings Eitri's assistant). As a result, the hammer's handle is shorter in length than Eitri intended, meaning that it could only be wielded one-handed. Despite the error, the Norse gods consider Eitri to have forged the greater treasures, and Loki loses the bet.

In a 2002 documentary with Kevin Smith, Lee says his brother and co-creator Larry Lieber originally referred to Mjolnir as the "Uru Hammer". Writer Roy Thomas eventually changed the name of the hammer to the mythologically correct name of "Mjolnir" but maintained the Larry Lieber concept of it being composed of fictional metal "uru".

Film design
Visual Development Supervisor Charlie Wen was tasked with designing Thor's appearance for the films, and focused on mixing elements from the comic books with Norse mythology, "trying to maintain the Norse side of things" as much as possible. The first design element that Wen attempted was Mjolnir, for which Wen created a number of possible alternatives, incorporating designs including "the traditional Thor hammer with the short handle as well as the Ultimates versions", from which the one director Kenneth Branagh chose "was the most traditional one". In a 2018 interview with Jimmy Kimmel, Thor actor Chris Hemsworth revealed that he has kept a number of the prop hammers created for the film.

The concept artist tasked with designing the MCU version of Stormbreaker, Ryan Meinerding, decided to deviate substantially from the design of Stormbreaker used in the comics, feeling that "the original Stormbreaker looked a bit too much like the original Mjolnir". Consequently, Stormbreaker "more closely resembles the Mjolnir from the Ultimate Marvel run than the original Stormbreaker hammer bestowed upon Thor's rival turned ally Beta Ray Bill". Meinerding intentionally made Stormbreaker comparatively oversized and overpowered, to convey that the wielder of the weapon must also be someone incredibly powerful.

Powers and characteristics
Both weapons can be summoned by Thor, and will return to his hand after being thrown. Both weapons also enable Thor to fly, and to channel his power to summon lightning. Stormbreaker has the additional power to summon the Bifröst, allowing Thor to teleport anywhere in the Nine Realms. Screen Rant has identified Stormbreaker as the more powerful of the two, based on this ability, as well as it being a much larger and edged weapon. Both weapons also appear to have a degree of sentience, with Stormbreaker apparently being envious of Thor's affection for Mjolnir, a characteristic director Taika Waititi attributed to the handle being made from the arm of the adolescent Groot, and carrying over some of that character's moodiness at that age.

Promotion and merchandise
Mjolnir also appears in a June 2014 poster advertising the upcoming film, Ant-Man, with the protagonist in his miniaturized form standing on the hammer, though it does not appear in the film itself.

Fictional history

Origins and enchantment of Mjolnir

In the MCU, Mjolnir initially belonged to Thor's sister Hela, who used it in battle alongside her own weaponry to subjugate the Nine Realms alongside Odin. However, Odin banished her to Hel once his expansionist desires faded. Over one thousand years later, in Thor (2011), Mjolnir is seen in Odin's vault alongside other artifacts, and it is wielded by Thor against Frost Giants on Jotunheim. Thor re-ignites a war between the Frost Giants and Asgard, and Odin banishes him to Earth, stripped of superhuman abilities. Odin then enchants Mjolnir so that only those deemed worthy may lift it, and sends it to Earth. During a post-credits scene in Iron Man 2 (2010), S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Phil Coulson reports that it was found at the center of an impact crater in a New Mexican desert. Locals attempt to move it with various methods, including the pull of a pickup truck, though none are successful. Thor depicts Thor as being initially unable to lift the hammer as well, though he proves his worthiness by sacrificing himself against the Destroyer. Mjolnir heals Thor's injuries, and he uses it to battle his brother Loki, ultimately using it to destroy the Bifröst Bridge.

Thor uses Mjolnir in combat throughout The Avengers (2012). He wields it to battle against Tony Stark, Steve Rogers, Hulk, Loki, and Chitauri soldiers. During the Battle of New York, he uses it to bottleneck the portal above New York City, and uses the Chrysler Building to amplify the hammer's lightning in order to destroy Chitauri reinforcements and their Leviathans. In Thor: The Dark World (2013), Thor utilizes Mjolnir to battle Dark Elf king Malekith and his minions. Mjolnir sees continued use in Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), where Thor uses it in tandem with Rogers' shield to defeat Hydra soldiers. Thor challenges other Avengers to lift the hammer at a party, and all fail except Rogers, who manages to slightly move it, surprising Thor. Stark and Banner create the Vision to counter Ultron, and while the Avengers are initially mistrustful of Vision, his ability to lift Mjolnir allows him to gain Thor's trust, and he later uses the hammer in battle. However, Stark and Rogers jest that Vision being an artificial intelligence prevents him from being truly 'worthy' of wielding Mjolnir.

Destruction of Mjolnir and forging of Stormbreaker

In Thor: Ragnarok (2017), Mjolnir is used by Thor to defeat Surtur and his minions. Upon the death of Odin, Hela escapes from her prison, and thwarts Thor's attempt to use Mjolnir against her by destroying it with her bare hand. In a vision, Odin tells Thor that Mjolnir was a means to harness his power rather than the source of it, and in Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Thor travels to Nidavellir with Guardians of the Galaxy members Rocket and Groot to request dwarf king Eitri forge a replacement for Mjolnir. Eitri reveals a plan to create Stormbreaker, an axe with powers similar to Mjolnir and the ability to summon the Bifröst. After Thor is nearly killed by helping Eitri restart the damaged forge to create the weapon, Groot completes Stormbreaker by using his own arm to bind the pieces together and create a handle. Thor uses it to defeat the Outriders in Wakanda, and to attack Thanos, overpowering a counterattack by his Infinity Gauntlet—which contains all six Infinity Stones—and wounding him with a blow to the chest. Nevertheless, Thanos is able to initiate the Blip, killing half of all life, and then escapes.

Recovery of alternate Mjolnir and use alongside Stormbreaker

Some weeks after the Blip, in Avengers: Endgame (2019), Thor uses Stormbreaker to decapitate Thanos in the Garden, though as the Infinity Stones had been destroyed, the Blip cannot be undone. Five years later, Thor has become severely depressed. After Stark invents time travel, Thor participates in the Time Heist, travelling to an alternate Asgard from the time of Thor: The Dark World to retrieve the Reality Stone in hopes of reversing the Blip. While in the alternate Asgard, he summons the timeline's Mjolnir, proving his continued worthiness. He brings Mjolnir to the present and uses it alongside Stormbreaker in the battle against an alternate Thanos. Thor uses the weapons' lightning to supercharge Stark's Iron Man armor to assist him in the fight. Thanos gains hold of Stormbreaker and uses it to nearly kill Thor, though Rogers proves worthy to wield Mjolnir, and uses it so save Thor, and is able to conjure lightning in tandem with his shield. Rogers uses Mjolnir and Thor uses Stormbreaker in the final battle against Thanos, the Children of Thanos, and his army. After Thanos is defeated, Rogers returns Mjolnir to the alternate timeline.

Restoration of Mjolnir

In January 2022, it was reported that promotional artwork for the forthcoming fourth Thor movie, Thor: Love and Thunder, showed that the destroyed version of Mjolnir had been remade (albeit with visible cracks), and was now being wielded by a worthy Jane Foster. In the film, a flashback reveals that years earlier, Thor unknowingly enchanted Mjolnir to protect Foster. When Foster is diagnosed with terminal cancer, she researches the possibility that Mjolnir gives its wielder enhanced strength and stamina. She travels to New Asgard in search of the remnants of Mjolnir, which reassembles itself in Jane's presence and proclaims her worthy, surprising Thor when he meets her again as the new wielder of the hammer. Foster, thereby having the power of Thor, uses the alias of Mighty Thor and wields the reconstructed version of the hammer in battle against Gorr the God Butcher and his forces, and against soldiers of Zeus while visiting Omnipotence City. The reconstructed hammer, when launched from its wielder, can separate into its fragments to hit multiple targets at once before reassembling. In one comedic moment, Thor tries to summon Mjolnir, but Stormbreaker enters the room, with Thor reacting as if Stormbreaker were jealous.

Thor, Foster, and Valkyrie pursue Gorr to the Shadow Realm, where Foster sees ancient drawings that depict Thor's battle-axe Stormbreaker as a way to summon the Bifrost to enter the realm of a godlike celestial called Eternity, who can grant Gorr's wish to destroy all gods. Foster deduces the trap laid out by Gorr and throws away Stormbreaker to prevent Gorr from accessing it, but Gorr overpowers the group and threatens to kill Foster, forcing Thor to summon Stormbreaker back. Gorr successfully steals Stormbreaker and injures Valkyrie before a weakened Foster collapses. Foster learns that use of Mjolnir is actually exacerbating her cancer by draining her life force. In the final confrontation with Gorr, she nevertheless uses Mjolnir to destroy the Necrosword, at the cost of her own life. Gorr succeeds in using Stormbreaker to reach Eternity, but Thor persuades Gorr to use his wish to revive his lost daughter, Love. Thor once again takes possession of Mjolnir following Foster's death. In the end, Thor adopts Love, who has been restored from death by Eternity, and Thor gives Love Stormbreaker while reclaiming use of the restored Mjölnir and wielding it for himself.

Alternate versions
A broken, alternate version of Mjolnir owned by Throg appears in the fifth episode of Loki in the Void. In the same episode, the Loki variant described as Boastful Loki "wields a hammer that looks an awful lot" like Mjolnir.

Another alternate version of Mjolnir appears in the second episode of What If...? as part of the Collector's collection on Knowhere. In the third episode, the hammer appears in the desert as it had in the film, Thor, but Thor is fatally wounded by an arrow from Clint Barton while trying to retrieve it. Still another version appears in the seventh episode, which Thor uses to fight against Captain Marvel. For unexplained reasons, Thor remains the only one able to lift the hammer in this universe despite Odin never being shown enchanting it with the "worthy" spell. Thor later uses the hammer to battle a multiverse-threatening version of Ultron.

The MCU TV series Hawkeye features a fictional in-universe performance of Rogers: The Musical, a Broadway musical featuring an actor playing Thor wielding a prop Mjolnir.

References

Thor (film series)
Marvel Cinematic Universe features
Marvel Comics weapons
Fiction about sentient objects
Fictional elements introduced in 2010

Mjolnir and Stormbreaker


"Hurt" is a song sung by Christina Aguilera, from her 2006 album Back to Basics. The song was written by Aguilera, Linda Perry and Mark Ronson. It is a slow, emotional ballad. It was released as the second single from her Back to Basics album, after "Ain't No Other Man". It charted in many countries in the world.

2006 songs
Christina Aguilera songs

Hurt (Christina Aguilera song)


Ulrike Müller (born 7 December 1962) is a German politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Germany. She is a member of Free Voters, part of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (2014–2019) and the Renew Group (since 2019).

Life
Ulrike Müller runs a family farm specialised in dairy production in Oberallgäu (district in Bavaria, Germany). She is married and has two adult children.

Political career
From 1996 to 2008, she was a local councillor (Gemeinderätin) in Missen-Wilhams (from 2002 to 2008 also Deputy Major (2. Bürgermeisterin). Besides, she was a member of the county council (Mitglied des Kreistags) of Oberallgäu from 1996 to 2014, and from 2002 to 2008 also deputy county commissioner (stellvertretende Landrätin).

In the Bavarian state election (Landtagswahl) of 2008 she gained a seat for the constituency of Swabia in the Bavarian state parliament. She served in the parliamentarian committee for Nutrition, Agriculture and Forestry and was spokeswomen on related topics for her party, Freie Wähler. From October 2013 until her leaving the state parliament in 2014, she was deputy parliamentary leader of Freie Wähler as well as their spokesperson on forestry and hunting.

Freie Wähler nominated her as front-runner for the election of the European Parliament. In March 2014 she joined the European Democratic Party (EDP).

Ulrike Müller joined the European Parliament following the election of May 25th, 2014. In December 2014, she was unanimously elected deputy President of EDP, which was then part of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE).

Since her re-election in 2019, she has been part of the Renew Europe Group (successor of ALDE) and is the Renew spokeswoman on agricultural affaires.

In November 2019 she was elected deputy executive vice president of the European Democratic Party.

Membership in Parliamentary Committees
Since July 2014 and again after her re-election in 2019, Müller has been a member in the Committee on Agriculture and Regional Development and a deputy member in die Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety. She is rapporteur and chief negotiator for the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (GAP) for the chapter on finance, administration and monitoring of the GAP.

In 2018, Müller was a member in the Special Committee on the Union's authorisation procedure for pesticides. Last, she has been a member in the Committee on Petitions since July 2019.

Membership in Parliamentary Delegations
Since November 2017, Müller has been chairwoman of the Delegation for relations with Australia and New Zealand. Since 2014, she has been a member of the Delegation for relations with the countries of South Asia. She is part of the Delegation to the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly.

Parliamentary service
Member, Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development (2014–)
Member, Delegation for relations with the countries of South Asia (2014–2019)
Member, Delegation for relations with Australia and New Zealand (2019–)

References

1962 births
Living people
Politicians from Augsburg
Free Voters MEPs
MEPs for Germany 2014–2019
MEPs for Germany 2019–2024
21st-century women MEPs for Germany

Ulrike Müller (politician)


Hermitage was the name of a community located in southeastern Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana, United States. The community was located along the Mississippi River, near the Pointe Coupee - West Baton Rouge Parish line.

History
The town was named for the home of President Andrew Jackson.  A post office was established at the river community in 1851.  L. P. Day owned and operated a store in the community before and during the American Civil War.  Shortly after World War II, the post office was closed.

References

Geography of Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana
Baton Rouge metropolitan area
Unincorporated communities in Louisiana

Hermitage, Louisiana


Kenneth Athol Wilson (July 23, 1923 – April 3, 2008) was a minor league hockey general manager and owner for forty years. He was born in Craik, Saskatchewan. His career as a manager spanned sixteen years in the International Hockey League, five years in the Continental Hockey League and single seasons each in the National Hockey League, Western Hockey League and Eastern Hockey League. Wilson was known for identifying young talent; his players won league-wide Rookie of the Year awards seven times.

Early life
Wilson played for the Mayfair Public School hockey team in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. In 1937, Mayfair won the J.D. McDonald Cup for Saskatoon public schools Hockey Championship, with Wilson playing from the centre and left wing positions.

Career
In 1946, Wilson moved from Trail, British Columbia to Fort Worth, Texas to play football for the Rangers; competing on the United States Hockey League (1945-51).

In 1950, Wilson became the manager of the new Hobart Arena, in Troy, Ohio. As manager, Wilson booked and promoted many of the leading acts of the 1950s, including the first Ohio venue for Elvis Presley on November 24, 1956, Roy Rogers, Gene Autry, Nat King Cole, Tex Ritter, Sonja Henie, Victor Borge, Liberace, Guy Lombardo, and Patti Page.

Starting in 1951 and for the next eight seasons, he owned and operated the IHL team Troy Bruins.

Wilson spent the 1959-1960 hockey season as EHL Greensboro Generals' general manager.

For three seasons starting in 1960, Wilson was the general manager of the Omaha Knights in the IHL.

In 1963, Wilson moved to Toledo, Ohio, where he owned and started the Toledo Blades in the IHL. Over the next three seasons, he served as general manager and as a mid-season replacement in 1966, as coach. In 1964, the Toledo Blades won the Fred A. Huber Trophy, awarded for "Most Points in the Regular Season' and the Turner Cup awarded to the Playoff Champions.

In 1966, Wilson managed the Vancouver Canucks in the Western Hockey League. Bert Olmstead was the coach.

In 1967 the National Hockey League expanded and Olmstead was hired as general manager and coach of the Oakland Seals after the June 7, 1967 NHL player draft. Olmstead hired Wilson to run a farm team the following season. The entire hockey staff was fired at the end of the first season.

Wilson was assistant manager of the Muskegon Mohawks in the IHL for two seasons, 1970–1971 and 1971-1972.

In 1972 Wilson was hired as general manager by the Des Moines, Iowa franchise in the IHL. Feeling the franchise needed a new look and image, Wilson changed the name to the Des Moines Capitols. In 1973-1974, the Capitols won the Huber Trophy and the Turner Cup. This was the only season that a Des Moines-based IHL team finished first and won the playoffs. The Capitols disbanded in 1975.

Wilson managed the Flint Generals in 1975-1976 and the Dayton Gems in 1976-1977.

In 1981, Wilson formed a group of investors to establish an IHL team in Peoria, Illinois. The Peoria Prancers began play in the 1982-1983 season. After years of good labor relations, the United Auto Workers went on strike against Caterpillar Inc. on October 1, 1982. At the time 50% of Peorians were employed directly or indirectly by Caterpillar. The strike lasted the entire first hockey season. The Prancers were never able to recover from the effects of the strike and folded after the 1983-1984 season.

Wilson moved to Danville, Illinois and took over full-time duties for the Danville Dashers in the Continental Hockey League for the next two seasons. He retired from hockey following the 1985-1986 season.

Wilson lived in Chandler, Arizona with his wife Betty, until his death in 2008.

Team Awards

 1963 - 1964 Toledo Blades Fred A. Huber Trophy Most Points in the Regular Season
 1963 - 1964 Toledo Blades Turner Cup Playoff Champions
 1970 - 1971 Muskegon Mohawks Fred A. Huber Trophy Most Points in the Regular Season
 1971 - 1972 Muskegon Mohawks Fred A. Huber Trophy Most Points in the Regular Season
 1973 - 1974 Des Moines Capitols Fred A. Huber Trophy Most Points in the Regular Season
 1973 - 1974 Des Moines Capitols Turner Cup Playoff Champions
 1981 - 1982 Danville Dashers Most Points Regular Season
 1981 - 1982 Danville Dashers Wal-Mar Cup Playoff Champions
 1983 - 1984 Danville Dashers Wal-Mar Cup'Playoff Champions

Rookie of the Year awards
 1962-1963 Omaha Knights, John Gravel, Rookie of the Year Trophy
 1963-1964 Toledo Blades, Don Westbrook, Rookie of the Year Trophy
 1964-1965 Toledo Blades, Bob Thomas, Rookie of the Year Trophy
 1971-1972 Muskegon Mohawks, Glenn "Chico" Resch, Rookie of the Year Trophy
 1972-1973 Des Moines Capitols, Danny Gloor, Rookie of the Year Trophy
 1973-1974 Des Moines Capitols, Frank DeMarco, Rookie of the Year Trophy
 1982-1983 Peoria Prancers, Paul Fenton, Ken McKenzie Trophy IHL Most Outstanding American Born Rookie

References

External links
 Dayton Daily News - Ken Wilson Remembers Hobart Arena
 Dayton Daily News - Ken Wilson Remembers Former Player
 Troy Bruins Play Hockey Double Header
  Wilson, GM of Troy Bruins recommends Ken Ullyot for GM of Komets
 Wilson GM Dayton Gems 1976-1977
 New York Times NHL Player Draft June 7, 1967
 Ken Wilson, Peoria Prancers Coach
 Mayfair School History

International Hockey League (1945–2001) head coaches
Sportspeople from Chandler, Arizona
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
People from Craik, Saskatchewan
Ice hockey in Dayton, Ohio

Ken Wilson (ice hockey)


Ruddell Bird "Rudd" Weatherwax (September 23, 1907 – February 25, 1985) was an animal trainer. He trained dogs for movies and television. He trained a collie named Pal for the 1943 MGM movie Lassie Come Home. Pal appeared in six other MGM "Lassie" movies. He also trained Pal and his male descendants for the Lassie television series (1954-1974). He trained Spike for the 1957 Disney movie Old Yeller. He also trained Homer, the unofficial New York Mets team mascot in the 1960s.

1907 births
1985 deaths
Businesspeople from New Mexico

Rudd Weatherwax


Arnold Kramish (June 6, 1923  – June 15, 2010) was an American nuclear physicist and author who was associated with the Manhattan Project. While working on the project, he was nearly killed in an accident at  the Philadelphia Naval Yard where a prototype thermal diffusion isotope separation device was being constructed. The priest of the Philadelphia Naval Yard offered last rites to Kramish, who refused, as he was Jewish. After World War II, he wrote numerous books on  nuclear issues.  He is perhaps best known for his book The Griffin - the greatest untold espionage story of World War II, about Paul Rosbaud, who passed important scientific and military information from Germany to the Allies.

Education
Kramish was born on June 6, 1923, in Denver and received his undergraduate degree in 1945 from the University of Denver. He moved on to Harvard University, where he majored in physics and was awarded a master's degree in 1947.

Manhattan Project
While still in college, Kramish was assigned to work on the Manhattan Project, working in the special engineering division at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Los Alamos National Laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico and at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. While working on a test in Philadelphia on September 2, 1944, Kramish was critically injured in the explosion of uranium enrichment equipment. Two engineers were killed immediately and two soldiers received severe burns in the accident, which occurred while they were trying to unclog an enrichment device which exploded, releasing steam laced with uranium hexafluoride and hydrofluoric acid. Kramish would later call the blast "perhaps then the largest release in history of radioactive materials".

Severely injured and losing consciousness, Kramish declined the assistance of a priest who was offering to administer Last Rites. While recuperating from the severe burns from the incident at a Philadelphia naval hospital, his mother came to visit him by train from Denver, carrying with her a jar of chicken soup on the three-day trip, which she fed him upon her arrival at the hospital, which Kramish would credit for his unexpected recovery. Despite wartime censorship of any details of the incident and secret classification after the war ended, Kramish lobbied the government to memorialize the victims of the accident.

Post-war activities
After World War II, Kramish worked for the Atomic Energy Commission as a liaison to the Central Intelligence Agency providing intelligence estimates on Soviet nuclear capabilities and worked with Edward Teller on the design and development of the Hydrogen bomb. Physicist Samuel Cohen credited Kramish with being one of the first to obtain accurate information about Soviet efforts and making his best efforts to pass on that knowledge to senior officials. He assisted in the interrogation of David Greenglass, who was one of the atomic spies for the Soviet Union together with Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. He was later employed as a nuclear weapons research strategist by the RAND Corporation.

During the 1970s, Kramish was an adviser to the United States Department of State in Paris, and during the 1980s he served as the chair of a study for the Reagan administration that recommended pursuing the development of the Strategic Defense Initiative as a means to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles. He was also an advisor to UNESCO and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development on nuclear arms control and security issues.

Kramish became a historian of the atomic era, writing The Griffin - The greatest untold espionage story of World War II, about a spy who passed information to the British about the German nuclear energy project to develop an atom bomb for Nazi Germany, using information he gathered from some 500 interviews. In a review of the book, The Washington Post reviewer expressed his regret that "it is an ironic tribute to this bookish spy's mastery of his trade that the Griffin remains a surprisingly shadowy figure". Though he was frequently contacted as a source for history about the Manhattan Project and the history of the nuclear arms race, Robert Norris of the Natural Resources Defense Council regretted that he was not "more forthcoming and generous in sharing what he knew".

Death
A resident of Reston, Virginia, Kramish died at age 87 on June 15, 2010, at George Washington University Hospital due to normal pressure hydrocephalus. He was survived by his wife, Vivian Raker, a daughter, a son, a sister, and four grandchildren.

References

Bibliography

 "Before bomb fell, two Americans paid ultimate price", The Rocky Mountain News, Sunday: August 6, 1995, at childrenofthemanhattanproject.org about the Philadelphia Naval Yard accident.
 Atomic energy in the Soviet Union
 The peaceful atom in foreign policy
 Atomic energy for your business: Today's key to tomorrow's profits,
 Europe's enigmatic gap
 The emergent genie  (The Rand Corporation.)
 Book review, Secrecy and the arms race: A theory of the accumulation of strategic weapons and how secrecy affects it  (Rand paper series)
 The Soviet atomic power program: Large or small?
 A freeze on nuclear testing: Of problematical significance?
 Research policies in international perspective: A time for reappraisal  (Rand)
 Research and development in the Common Market vis-a-vis the U.K., U.S., and U.S.S.R  (Rand Corp. )
 The non-proliferation treaty at the crossroads  (Institute for the Future. / IFF papers)
 Nuclear energy in the U.S.S.R
 The peaceful atom in retrospect and prospect
 The Soviet Union and the atom: Toward nuclear maturity  (Rand Corporation)
 Atlantic technological imbalance: An American perspective
 The Soviet Union and the atom: The "secret" phase  (Rand Corporation)
 The Chinese People's Republic and the bomb
 International registration of the atom  (P-1134)
 The nuclear motive: In the beginning  (Working papers / International Security Studies Program, Wilson Center)
 A reexamination of the nuclear proliferation problems presented by worldwide requirements for enriched fuel;: Relating the February 1965 options to today  (Rand Corporation)
 Book review, The structure and performance of the aerospace industry  (Rand paper series)
 Soviet atomic energy (Rand paper series)

External links
 https://www.rand.org/pubs/authors/k/kramish_arnold.html Rand Corporation reports by Kramish.
 Biography
 Manhattan project era letter

1923 births
2010 deaths
American nuclear physicists
Historians of espionage
Harvard University alumni
Jewish American scientists
Neurological disease deaths in Washington, D.C.
Writers from Denver
People from Reston, Virginia
Manhattan Project people
University of Denver alumni
People with hydrocephalus
20th-century American historians
Scientists from Virginia
21st-century American Jews

Arnold Kramish


The Bank of London and Montreal Limited was a joint venture between Bank of London and South America (BOLSA), a subsidiary of Lloyds Bank, and Bank of Montreal. It was established in 1958 and headquartered in Nassau, Bahamas.

History

1958 Bank of London and South America, an associate of Lloyds Bank, and Bank of Montreal established Bank of London and Montreal as a 50-50 JV with headquarters in Nassau in the Bahamas.  BOLSA contributed its branches in the West Indies and northern South America, and Bank of Montreal contributed capital.
1959 BOLAM established a branch in Jamaica.
1960 BOLAM established a branch in Trinidad.
1964 Barclays Bank (Dominion, Colonial and Overseas) acquired one third of the shares of BOLAM.
1965 Mellon National Bank acquired 15% of the shares in BOLAM. Lloyds' share fell to 24%. Bolam closed its offices in Venezuela and became a large shareholder in Banco La Guaira Internacional, which had offices in Caracas and La Guaira.
1968 The Bank of England allowed Mellon to increase its shareholding to 25%.
1970 BOLSA fully acquired BOLAM, which had 28 branches throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. In the divorce, Bolsa took back its branches.  Bank of Montreal got the Bahamian and Jamaican branches, and sold the branch and operations in Trinidad and Tobago to the government there, which used the acquisition as the foundation for a new bank, National Commercial Bank.  This is now First Citizens Bank. On April 17, 1970 Bank of Montreal incorporated the branches it took over as Bank of Montreal (Bahamas & Caribbean), and in 1983 changed the name Bank of Montreal Bahamas Limited.
1971 The Government of Jamaica purchased Bank of Montreal's Jamaican operations, renaming them Bank of Surrey.  Bank of Surrey closed five months later.
In 1988 Bank of Montreal wanted to close the Bahamian operations so the Government of the Bahamas stepped in to keep them going.  The Government of The Bahamas created a 51-49 joint venture with Euro Canadian Bank, which took over the new bank and renamed it Bank of The Bahamas.  This is now Bank of Bahamas International.
1971 Lloyds combined Lloyds Bank Europe, BOLSA and BOLAM as subsidiaries of a new bank, Lloyds and Bolsa International Bank, of which Lloyds owned 55% and Mellon Bank 13%.  Within two years, Lloyds bought out Mellon Bank and the other minority shareholders.  It then renamed the bank Lloyds Bank International (LBI).
1975 LBI closed the Tokyo branch that BOLAM had established in 1971.
1984 Lloyds merged in LBI.

Bank of Montreal
Lloyds Banking Group
Former joint ventures
Banks established in 1958
Banks disestablished in 1984
Banks of the Caribbean
Financial services companies of the Bahamas
1958 establishments in the British Empire

Bank of London and Montreal