Air Malta plc (stylized as airmalta) is the flag carrier of Malta, with its headquarters in Luqa and its hub at Malta International Airport.  It operates services to destinations in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa.

History

Early years
Shortly after the Second World War, several small private airlines were formed in Malta. Amongst these were The Malta Instone Airline, BAS (Malta) Ltd, and Malta Airlines. In 1947, the former two companies merged to form Air Malta Ltd in fierce competition with the latter. Eventually in 1951 Malta Airlines absorbed the operations of Air Malta Ltd and continued operating through an agreement with BEA until 1973. The owners of Air Malta Ltd used their real estate, staff, and equipment to set up a ground handling company called MAS, Malta Aviation Services.

In the early 1970s, the Maltese government appointed Albert Mizzi as chairman of the airline and made a call for an international airline partner to help set up an airline and Pakistan's flag carrier PIA was selected for this purpose. The name chosen for the new airline was similar to that of its forerunner, Air Malta Co Ltd, and was established on 31 March 1973. BEA was chartered to continue its Malta operations, this time for Air Malta, until Air Malta's first flight on 1 April 1974. Both Malta Airlines and Malta Aviation Services were taken over by the government and the private owners were given a shareholding in Air Malta Co. Ltd.

Air Malta started operations, with two wet leased Boeing 720Bs from Pakistan International Airlines that served Rome, Tripoli, London, Manchester, Frankfurt, and Paris from Malta. It later bought three more Boeing 720Bs and bought the original two.

In 1981, three Boeing 737-200s were wet leased, which were so successful that in 1983, three new fully owned Boeing 737-200s were delivered. In 1986, Air Malta bought three new Boeing 737-200s, and in 1987 ordered its first Airbus A320. In 1989, Air Malta exercised an option for one more A320, and in 1992, three more Boeing 737-300s were ordered and four Avro RJ70s were ordered for routes to Catania and Palermo, and to new destinations such as Tunis and Monastir.

After the opening of Malta International Airport in 1992, Air Malta created CargoSystems, which includes the transportation of cargo on Air Malta planes. In 1994, Air Malta inaugurated a cargo center at the airport. It was also during this time that a codesharing agreement with Trans World Airlines began.

21st century developments

Between 2002 and 2007, Air Malta embarked upon a fleet replacement programme, opting to change all aircraft to Airbus A319s and A320s. The last aircraft in this order, an A320, was delivered on 22 March 2007, and the fleet has not been replaced since.

Air Malta had around 190 interline ticketing agreements with other IATA airlines. According to the Association of European Airlines quarterly review of May 2006, Air Malta is the airline that lost the least amount of passenger baggage. The amount of baggage lost in the first quarter of 2006 was 4.1 bags missing per 1000 passengers.

In winter, the airline often leases out aircraft to maximise earnings during the low season. In September 2007, for instance, Air Malta made two agreements with Abu Dhabi-based Etihad Airways by which Air Malta wet-leased 2 Airbus aircraft to Etihad Airways for the winter period starting 1 September 2007, and provided operational support on another Airbus A320 aircraft leased by Etihad Airways. In January and February 2009 Air Malta wet-leased an A320 to Sky Airline of Chile. From 2011 to 2014 Air Malta wet-leased another A320 to Sky Airline.

In 2012 Air Malta underwent a re-branding process, which caused some controversy as the titles on aircraft and signage only say Malta, omitting the word Air. The airline insisted this was not a name change, and the full name of the airline remains Air Malta. Additionally, the titles on the engines still say airmalta.com. The first plane to show off the new colours was the Airbus A320-200 9H-AEN at the Malta International Airshow 2012. On the second and last day of the show the A320 and a Spitfire performed a flypast as the closing act.

As a commemoration of the airline's 40 years of operation, the airline painted one of its aircraft, 9H-AEI, an A320-200, in retro colours, depicting the livery used on the Boeing 720Bs. The 9H-AEI aircraft debuted on April 16, 2014.

In June 2017, the newly appointed Minister for Tourism announced the restructuring of Air Malta. This was also confirmed by the newly appointed chairman. Air Malta then opened a number of new routes, including Tunis, Malaga (reduced to seasonal in 2019), Comiso (terminated after summer 2018), Kiev, Lisbon, Casablanca, Southend (terminated in 2019) and Cagliari (subsequently reduced to June–September only). Manchester and Frankfurt were restarted after being briefly terminated.

In March 2019, the airline announced that it had made a profit of €1.2 million in the fiscal year of 2018. This profit is the first the airline has made in 18 years.

On 1 April 2019, Air Malta celebrated 45 years since it commenced its first operations. Currently the airline is restructuring, and aims to increase its fleet to 14 aircraft. The restructuring plans include the replacement of the current fleet with newer Airbus A320 Neo aircraft, as well as inaugural flights to Asia and North America with Airbus A321LR aircraft.

During post-COVID period, Air Malta has been known to struggling financially. Air Malta was reportedly facing a loss of €30 Million, a year after recording profit for first time in 18 years. Redundancies are currently in the pipeline as Air Malta faces uncertainty and it plans to lay off a large chunk of its workforce. According to a Times of Malta article dated on 24 April 2020, ALPA, which is the union's airline pilot association refused outright an offer placed for its pilots to be set on a 1,200 Euros monthly pay due to COVID-19's impact on shutting down the international airport in Malta which happened on 3 May and bringing visitors levels to below 0.2% affecting Air Malta directly.

In August 2022, the Maltese government announced it would dissolve Air Malta should the European Union deny further financial state aid to the airline. It would then relocate its assets to a succeeding carrier. Shortly after, the decision regarding the airline's future had been delayed to the end of 2022; however, the route network and frequencies saw extensive cuts by October 2022, including the termination of several destinations.

On 18 April 2023, Chairman David Curmi announced that the European Union declined to give permission to the Maltese government to inject 290 million euros of state aid into the airline. On 2 October 2023, the Government announced plans for the closure of Air Malta on 30 March 2024, to be replaced by a new airline the next day. A competitive process will be launched for the new airline to acquire the tender for the Air Malta branding which is owned by a government owned company, IP Holdings, which was set up by former minister Konrad Mizzi to transfer assets to show that the company earned a profit in 2018.

Corporate affairs
The head office of the company is on Level 2 of the Skyparks Business Centre, located on the property of Malta International Airport in Luqa. In the 1960s and 1970s the head office of predecessor Malta Airlines was in Sliema.

Destinations

Codeshare agreements
Air Malta codeshares with the following airlines:

 Aeroflot
 airBaltic
 Air France
 Air Serbia
 Austrian Airlines
 Brussels Airlines
 Czech Airlines
 Emirates
 Etihad Airways
 ITA Airways
 KLM
 Lufthansa
 Qatar Airways
 Swiss International Air Lines
 Turkish Airlines

Fleet

Current fleet
, Air Malta operates the following aircraft:

Former fleet
Air Malta previously operated the following jet aircraft:
 Airbus A319-100
 Avro RJ70
 McDonnell-Douglas MD-90
 Boeing 720B
 Boeing 727-200
 Boeing 737-200
 Boeing 737-300
 Boeing 737-400
 Convair 880

Incidents and accidents
Since its inception in 1973, Air Malta has had no fatal accidents.
On 31 October 1981, after a Boeing 737-200 landed in Cairo, Egypt, two bombs exploded, injuring four people. A third bomb that failed to detonate was found later.
On 21 December 1988, an unaccompanied baggage from Air Malta Flight 180 out of Luqa Airport to Frankfurt Airport, where it had been loaded onto Pan Am Flight 103A, then the Pan Am Flight 103 in London. The bomb in the unaccompanied baggage then exploded on Pan Am flight over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing a total of 270 people.
On 9 June 1997, Air Malta Flight 830, a Boeing 737-200, was hijacked by two Turks on a flight from Malta to Istanbul, Turkey. They demanded the release of Mehmet Ali Ağca. The hijack ended in Cologne, Germany, with no casualties amongst the 74 passengers and six crew.
On 31 December 2022, Air Malta Flight KM377, operating from Berlin, suffered a bird strike. This caused the aircraft to land back immediately after the incident.

References

External links

Official website

Airlines of Malta
Government-owned airlines
Airlines established in 1973
Maltese brands
1973 establishments in Malta
Luqa

Aircraft Type	Current	Future 2	Historic	Avg. Age	Total
In Service	Parked	Total
Airbus A310					2		2
Airbus A319					7		7
Airbus A320	8		8		15	5.5 Years	23
BAC 1-11					1		1
Boeing 737					28		28
British Aerospace BAe 146/Avro RJ					5		5
British Aerospace BAe ATP					1		1
McDonnell Douglas DC-9					1		1
McDonnell Douglas MD-90					1		1
Total	8	0	8	0	61	5.5 Years	69

Air Malta


The Seas with Nemo & Friends (formerly The Living Seas) is a pavilion located in the World Nature section of Epcot, a theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida. The pavilion is themed as an oceanic exploration base called SeaBase Alpha, with several exhibits devoted to oceanic study. The building includes an aquarium and its attached dark ride attraction, a talk show-type attraction called Turtle Talk with Crush, and the Coral Reef Restaurant. With 5.7 million US gallons of tank volume, the pavilion is also the second-largest aquarium in the U.S. and the sixth-largest in the world.

The Living Seas opened in 1986 but had been planned as part of the park since its opening in 1982. The pavilion was re-themed in 2006 as The Seas with Nemo & Friends after the film Finding Nemo.

History

The Living Seas (1986-2005)

The Living Seas opened to the public on January 15, 1986. It housed the largest saltwater tank in the world at its completion, holding  of water, but was surpassed in 2005 with the opening of the Georgia Aquarium. The concept of the building was to take visitors under the ocean to "Sea Base Alpha". Guests viewed a short movie about the formation of the oceans entitled The Sea, which was followed by an elevator ride to the ocean floor aboard a "Hydrolator" (in reality, guests rode a stationary hydraulic elevator while moving walls, sound effects, and a vibrating floor gave the effect of traveling a long distance downward). Guests then boarded a Seacab on the Caribbean Coral Reef Ride and rode through the middle of the tank. They then disembarked into the main exhibit area where they could interact with various multimedia displays. Once finished, guests leaving the pavilion would then board another Hydrolator to the surface (which, similar to the first set of elevators, simulated upward motion).

The Living Seas was sponsored by United Technologies from its opening until 1998. After the departure of United Technologies as the sponsor of The Living Seas, significant changes were made to the pavilion. All sponsorship references were removed from the pavilion. Preshow theatre #2 was removed and a corridor was built through its space, allowing guests to bypass the preshow if they wished to go directly to the Hydrolators.

On October 21, 2001, as a result of declining patronage following the September 11 attacks, the Seacabs closed down and were walled off. The queue of the Seacab ride was left intact and the Seacabs were still visible to guests through the ocean tank windows. Reasons for their closure are not entirely known. After they closed, guests leaving the Hydrolators walked along the former wheelchair bypass corridor to Sea Base Alpha. Now, guests had the option of viewing the preshow or going directly to the Hydrolators and simply walking to Sea Base Alpha.

The Seas with Nemo & Friends/The Seas (2007-present)

In December 2003, Disney began to re-theme The Living Seas into a new pavilion based on the recently released Pixar film Finding Nemo. The majority of the transformation began with exterior elements, but in January 2004, the interior began to change as well. On November 16, 2004, Turtle Talk with Crush opened in what was once Module 1C, or the Earth Systems exhibit. The show's unexpected success overwhelmed the pavilion, causing the development of plans to move Turtle Talk with Crush to a larger area in the pavilion.

Turtle Talk with Crush was only the beginning of changes to The Living Seas. On August 21, 2005, The Living Seas closed for its transformation into The Seas with Nemo & Friends. Parts of the pavilion reopened in late November 2005. Outside the pavilion, the facade and mural were changed and depictions of sea life seen in Finding Nemo were added. The exit Hydrolators had been removed and were replaced with glass doors that served as an exit and temporary entrance. Sea Base Alpha had been re-themed to Finding Nemo and the entire original preshow area was in the process of being rebuilt. Decor and signage were replaced and scientific displays were replaced by ones themed to Finding Nemo. Turtle Talk with Crush remained as popular as it was before the transformation.

Throughout 2006, construction walls hid the preshow area which was undergoing reconstruction. With the former Sea Base Alpha open, work progressed on the new queue areas and the Seacabs were being rebuilt as a new "Clamobile" attraction. The remaining Living Seas preshow theater, entrance Hydrolators, holding areas, and Seacabs queue were all completely removed and replaced by a new themed queue area. Hydrolator Three and Theater 1 were replaced by a number of new dark ride sets. The former Seacabs ride was lengthened by  through the space formerly used by the preshow theatre, but the final section still took place inside the tank. A new projection technology was added to the tank and the new show scenes. The existing Seacabs were given a clamshell shape and renamed "Clamobiles". Three Audio-Animatronic seagulls were also added to the entrance. They periodically flap their wings and say "Mine! Mine! Mine!", just like the seagulls do in Finding Nemo.

On October 10, 2006, the construction walls in front of the entrance to The Living Seas, now The Seas with Nemo & Friends, were removed. The temporary entrance was removed from the exit. Turtle Talk With Crush was removed from Module 1C, and relocated to the second preshow theater, which had been unused since 1999 when it had been broken up by the bypass corridor following United Technologies' discontinuation of sponsorship. Module 1A was turned into a pre-show space for the expanded Turtle Talk With Crush, with its exhibits moving to 1C, while a new queue line corridor was built from the module into the existing theater space using a backstage fire exit. The Seas with Nemo & Friends was rededicated on January 24, 2007.

It was the first Epcot Pavilion to be based on a Disney animated movie property and only the second Epcot attraction to do so (The Lion King-based Circle of Life: An Environmental Fable at The Land Pavilion was the first, opening in 1995 replacing Symbiosis).

In late 2019, new directory signage was installed in Seabase Alpha, restoring the former Living Seas logo, as the pavilions are now renamed The Seas Pavilion.

In September 2023, the three audio-animatronic seagulls found at the entrance were removed. The characters on the facade of the attraction were also removed and the pavilion was repainted back to its original color scheme during this time.

Pavilion

Attractions

 The Seas with Nemo & Friends — Guests board "Clamobiles" and venture into the sea to join Marlin, Dory, and other characters from the film Finding Nemo, as they search for Nemo who has gotten lost again. Guests first journey through a coral reef where they find Marlin searching for Nemo. Farther along the reef, they come across Mr. Ray and his students, setting out to explore and look for Nemo. Dory soon joins Marlin in the search and they come upon a group of jellyfish. An anglerfish comes out of the darkness and begins to chase them frantically. Guests dive deeper and come upon the wreck of a massive submarine that sits in the center of a deadly minefield. Peeking out from the wreck is Bruce, a great white shark, and Chum, a mako shark, trying to coax Nemo out from his hiding spot. (Anchor, a hammerhead shark is not included in the ride.) They assure him in their sneaky voices that fish are friends, not food. The Clamobiles are then swept up into the East Australian Current with Nemo, Crush, and Squirt. The current empties the guests out into a massive aquarium where Nemo is reunited once again with his friends. As they sing a closing song, "In the Big Blue World" (although the ride opened first, this song was adapted from the Disney's Animal Kingdom show Finding Nemo - The Musical), these animated Pixar characters swim in the actual aquarium with real fish through the use of special effect glass. The Clamobiles then return to the surface.
 Sea Base — Main viewing area of the aquarium. A smaller aquarium features a pair of rescued West Indian manatees. Other small tanks feature a variety of species from moray eels to seahorses, and other species that cannot interact with divers or other fish in the main exhibit. A large, cylindrical tank in which guests can view from the center exhibits a pod of three common bottlenose dolphins in one corner. The other three-quarters of the exhibit hold a wide array of species, including sand tiger sharks, naso tang, threadfin butterflyfish, cowtail stingray, orange-lined triggerfish, sandbar sharks, bowmouth guitarfish, bonnethead sharks, Atlantic tarpon, shovelnose guitarfish, a green sea turtle, a blacknose shark, and a zebra shark.
 Turtle Talk with Crush — An interactive show with the sea turtle from Finding Nemo who answers children's questions about the sea. The show now features characters from the movie Finding Dory.

Restaurants
 Coral Reef Restaurant — A table service restaurant. One wall is made of glass and offers views into the aquarium.

Shopping
 SeaBase Gift Shop

Experiences
 Epcot DiveQuest — A little-known attraction, certified SCUBA divers have the ability to experience a 40-minute underwater tour of the  tank of the Caribbean Coral Reef Aquarium. The entire experience lasts about three hours and includes a guided underwater tour, a "free-play" time, and a backstage tour of the aquarium's inner works. Guests also have the ability to purchase a video or photos of the dive.
 Epcot Seas Aqua Tour — The Epcot Seas Aqua Tour is an experience that debuted in late 2002 at The Living Seas where guests can swim in the aquarium with the assistance of a SAS (SCUBA Assisted Snorkel) System.
 Dolphins in Depth — Dolphins in Depth is an experience where guests go on a tour mostly concentrated on the dolphins in The Seas aquarium. Guests can interact with the dolphins in waist-deep water.

VIP room
This pavilion has a backstage VIP room that is used for private events, such as weddings and conventions. The room is long and curved with wood-paneled walls. One side has floor-to-ceiling windows into the aquarium. The room also has an acrylic glass see-through piano.

Technology and effects
Although fairly simple technology, there are some amazing effects throughout the pavilion. In the room where Marlin gets chased by an anglerfish, there are 2 robotic arms holding the animatronics together so they look like they're chasing each other. Another effect is in the finale where a projector from the ceiling projects the fictional fish into the real aquarium so it looks like Nemo and his friends are swimming with the real fish. Turtle Talk with Crush features an effect where there are hidden cameras, along with a cast member using a puppet to simulate the movement of the digital turtle. Whenever a guest raises a hand or asks a question, the cast member looks through the hidden camera and reacts to the guest, moving the puppet to simulate the digital turtle.

Voice cast
 Anthony DeMarco as Nemo
 Jess Harnell as Marlin
 Jennifer Hale as Dory
 Andrew Stanton as Crush and Seagulls
 Nicholas Bird as Squirt
 Barry Humphries as Bruce
 Bob Peterson as Mr. Ray
 Allison Janney as Peach

Consultants and advisers
 Dr. Robert Ballard, Senior Scientist, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
 Dr. Sylvia Earle, Vice President, Ocean Engineering, Inc.
 Mr. Gilbert Grosvenor, President, National Geographic Society
 Dr. Murray Newman, Director, Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre
 Professor William Nierenberg, Director, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
 Dr. David Potter, Vice President, Public Affairs, General Motors Corporation
 Dr. John Ryther, Director, Division of Applied Biology, Harbor Branch Foundation, Inc.
 Mr. Robert Wildman, Deputy Director, NOAA, Office of Sea Grants Program

Gallery

See also
 List of Epcot attractions
 Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage, a loosely related attraction at Disneyland

References

External links

Amusement rides introduced in 1986
Amusement rides that closed in 2005
Epcot
Pixar in amusement parks
Finding Nemo
Audio-Animatronic attractions
Future World (Epcot)
World Nature
Omnimover attractions
Aquaria in Florida
Oceanaria in the United States
Walt Disney Parks and Resorts attractions
2007 establishments in Florida

The Seas with Nemo & Friends


The Valaam Monastery (; ) is a stauropegic Orthodox monastery in Russian Karelia, located on Valaam, the largest island in Lake Ladoga, the largest lake in Europe.

History

It is not clear when the monastery was founded, as the cloister is not mentioned in documents before the 16th century. Dates from the 10th to the 15th centuries having been suggested. According to one tradition, the monastery was founded by a 10th-century Greek monk, Sergius of Valaam, and his Karelian companion, Herman of Valaam. Heikki Kirkinen inclines to date the foundation of the monastery to the 12th century. Contemporary historians consider even this date too early. According to the scholarly consensus, the monastery was founded at some point towards the end of the 14th century.  John H. Lind and Michael C. Paul date the founding to between 1389 and 1393 based on various sources, including the "Tale of the Valaamo Monastery", a sixteenth-century manuscript, which has the monastery founded during the archiepiscopate of Ioann II of Novgorod.

The monastery was a northern outpost of the Eastern Orthodox Church against pagans and, later, a western outpost against the Catholic Church from Tavastia, Savonia and Karelia Province. The power struggle between Russians and Swedes pushed the border eastwards in the 16th century; in 1578 the monastery was attacked and numerous monks and novices were killed by the Lutheran Swedes. The monastery was left desolate between 1611 and 1715 after another attack by the Swedes, with buildings being burned to the ground and the Karelian border between Russia and Sweden being drawn through Lake Ladoga. In the 18th century the monastery was magnificently restored, and in 1812 it came under the Russian Grand Duchy of Finland.

In 1917, Finland became independent, and the Finnish Orthodox Church became autonomous under the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople; previously, it had been a part of the Russian Orthodox Church. Valaam was the most important monastery of the Finnish Orthodox Church. The liturgic language was changed from Church Slavonic to Finnish and the liturgic calendar from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar. These changes led to bitter decades-long disputes in the monastic community of Valaam.

The territory was fought over by the Soviet Union and Finland during World War II. Due to the Winter War, the monastery was evacuated in 1940, when 150 monks settled in Heinävesi in Finland. This community still exists as New Valamo Monastery in Heinävesi. Having received evacuees from the Konevsky Monastery and Pechenga Monastery, it is now the only monastery of the Finnish Orthodox Church, alongside the Lintula Holy Trinity Convent located just 14 km away. From 1941 to 1944, during the Continuation War, an attempt was made to restore the monastery buildings at Old Valaam, but later the island served as a Soviet military base.

Since the original Valaam Monastery was bequeathed back to the Orthodox Church in 1989, it has been enjoying the personal patronage of Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow, who frequented the cloister as a child. The monastery, whose buildings have been meticulously restored, has gained significant legal power over the island in a push to return to a state of spiritual seclusion. After years of fruitless legal proceedings with the monastery, many residents of the island chose to leave, though a few still remain. The present Father Superior of the community is Bishop Pankraty (Zherdev) of Troitsk.

Valaam chant

The monastery of Valaam has a unique tradition of singing, called the Valaam chant, that combines some features of Byzantine and Znamenny chants.

As in Byzantine chant, the singing is always in 2-parts, comprising a melody and an ison, but, as in Znamenny chant, the scale structure is always diatonic. The ornamentation is simplified in comparison with Byzantine chant, and the melodies are more similar to that of ancient Znamenny Chant, at the edge of being considered a local variety of this tradition. This relative simplicity became one of the reasons for the experimental introduction of Valaam chanting in various parishes across Russia by the end of 20th century.

The monastery has a professional five-strong male-voice choir which tours the world to raise money for the ongoing restoration of the buildings. Some of its music can be heard at the monastery's website.

2016 fire
On the morning of 1 May 2016, Pascha (Orthodox Easter Sunday), a blaze covering 800 square metres erupted on the monastery's property, inside the "Winter Hotel", a national heritage site constructed in the 1850s. Belonging to the Valaam monastery, the building is located immediately adjacent to the monastery's main cathedral. Emergency services reported no casualties from the incident.

See also
 :Category:Burials at Valaam Monastery
 Skete
 Konevsky Monastery

References

External links

The Valaam Monastery – official website
The New Valamo Monastery in Finland – official website
The New Valaam Monastery
Pictures

Russian Orthodox monasteries in Russia
Winter War
Buildings and structures in the Republic of Karelia
History of Karelia
Eastern Orthodox pilgrimage sites
Cultural heritage monuments of regional significance in the Republic of Karelia
Sortavala

Valaam Monastery


François Charles Mauriac (, ; 11 October 1885 – 1 September 1970) was a French novelist, dramatist, critic, poet, and journalist, a member of the Académie française (from 1933), and laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1952). He was awarded the Grand Cross of the Légion d'honneur in 1958. He was a life-long Catholic.

Biography
François Charles Mauriac was born in Bordeaux, France. He studied literature at the University of Bordeaux, graduating in 1905, after which he moved to Paris to prepare for postgraduate study at the École des Chartes.

On 1 June 1933, he was elected a member of the Académie française, succeeding Eugène Brieux.

A former Action française supporter, he turned to the left during the Spanish Civil War, criticizing the Catholic Church for its support of Franco. After the fall of France to the Axis during the Second World War, he briefly supported the collaborationist régime of Marshal Pétain, but joined the Resistance as early as December 1941. He was the only member of the Académie française to publish a Resistance text with the Editions de Minuit.

Mauriac had a bitter dispute with Albert Camus immediately following the Liberation of France. At that time, Camus edited the Resistance paper Combat (thereafter an overt daily, until 1947), while Mauriac wrote a column for Le Figaro. Camus said newly liberated France should purge all Nazi collaborator elements, but Mauriac warned that such disputes should be set aside in the interests of national reconciliation. Mauriac also doubted that justice would be impartial or dispassionate, given the emotional turmoil of the Liberation. Despite having been viciously criticised by Robert Brasillach, he campaigned against his execution.

Mauriac also had a bitter public dispute with Roger Peyrefitte, who criticised the Vatican in books such as Les Clés de saint Pierre (1953). Mauriac threatened to resign from the paper he was working with at the time (L'Express) if they did not stop carrying advertisements for Peyrefitte's books. The quarrel was exacerbated by the release of the film adaptation of Peyrefitte's Les Amitiés Particulières, and culminated in a virulent open letter by Peyrefitte in which he accused Mauriac of homosexual tendencies and called him a Tartuffe, hypocrite.

Mauriac was opposed to French rule in Vietnam, and strongly condemned the use of torture by the French army in Algeria.

In 1952, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature "for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life". He was awarded the Grand Cross of the Légion d'honneur in 1958. He published a series of personal memoirs and a biography of Charles de Gaulle.
Mauriac's complete works were published in twelve volumes between 1950 and 1956. He encouraged Elie Wiesel to write about his experiences as a Jewish teenager during the Holocaust, and wrote the foreword to Elie Wiesel's book Night.

He was the father of writer Claude Mauriac and grandfather of Anne Wiazemsky, a French actress and author who worked with and married French director Jean-Luc Godard.

François Mauriac died in Paris on 1 September 1970, and was interred in the Cimetière de Vemars, Val d'Oise, France.

Awards and honours
 1926 — Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française
 1933 — Member of the Académie française
 1952 — Nobel Prize in Literature
 1958 — Grand Cross of the Légion d'honneur

Works

Novels, novellas and short stories
 1913 – L'Enfant chargé de chaînes («Young Man in Chains», tr. 1961)
 1914 – La Robe prétexte («The Stuff of Youth», tr. 1960)
 1920 – La Chair et le Sang («Flesh and Blood», tr. 1954)
 1921 – Préséances («Questions of Precedence», tr. 1958)
 1922 – Le Baiser au lépreux («The Kiss to the Leper», tr. 1923 / «A Kiss to the Leper», tr. 1950)
 1923 – Le Fleuve de feu («The River of Fire», tr. 1954)
 1923 – Génitrix («Genetrix», tr. 1950)
 1923 – Le Mal («The Enemy», tr. 1949)
 1925 – Le Désert de l'amour  («The Desert of Love», tr. 1949) (Awarded the Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française, 1926.)
 1927 – Thérèse Desqueyroux («Thérèse», tr. 1928 / «Thérèse Desqueyroux», tr. 1947 and 2005)
 1928 – Destins («Destinies», tr. 1929 / «Lines of Life», tr. 1957)
 1929 – Trois Récits A volume of three stories: Coups de couteau, 1926; Un homme de lettres, 1926; Le Démon de la connaissance, 1928
 1930 – Ce qui était perdu («Suspicion», tr. 1931 / «That Which Was Lost», tr. 1951)
 1932 – Le Nœud de vipères («Vipers' Tangle», tr. 1933 / «The Knot of Vipers», tr. 1951)
 1933 – Le Mystère Frontenac («The Frontenac Mystery», tr. 1951 / «The Frontenacs», tr. 1961)
 1935 – La Fin de la nuit («The End of the Night», tr. 1947)
 1936 – Les Anges noirs («The Dark Angels», tr. 1951 / «The Mask of Innocence», tr. 1953)
 1938 – Plongées A volume of five stories: Thérèse chez le docteur, 1933 («Thérèse and the Doctor», tr. 1947); Thérèse à l'hôtel, 1933 («Thérèse at the Hotel», tr. 1947); Le Rang; Insomnie; Conte de Noël.
 1939 – Les Chemins de la mer («The Unknown Sea», tr. 1948)
 1941 – La Pharisienne («A Woman of Pharisees», tr. 1946)
 1951 – Le Sagouin («The Weakling», tr. 1952 / «The Little Misery», tr. 1952) (A novella)
 1952 – Galigaï («The Loved and the Unloved», tr. 1953)
 1954 – L'Agneau («The Lamb», tr. 1955)
 1969 – Un adolescent d'autrefois («Maltaverne», tr. 1970)
 1972 – Maltaverne (the unfinished sequel to the previous novel; posthumously published)

Plays
 1938 – Asmodée («Asmodée; or, The Intruder», tr. 1939 / «Asmodée: A Drama in Three Acts», tr. 1957)
 1945 – Les Mal Aimés
 1948 – Passage du malin
 1951 – Le Feu sur terre

Poetry
 1909 – Les Mains jointes
 1911 – L'Adieu à l'Adolescence
 1925 – Orages
 1940 – Le Sang d'Atys

Memoirs
 1931 – Holy Thursday: an Intimate Remembrance
 1960 – Mémoires intérieurs
 1962 – Ce Que Je Crois
 1964 – Soirée Tu Danse

Biography
 1937 – Life of Jesus
 1964 - De Gaulle de François Mauriac (French edition), 1966 English -(Doubleday)

Essays and criticism
 1919 – Petits Essais de Psychologie Religieuse: De quelques coeurs inquiets. Paris: Societe litteraire de France. 1919.
 1936 - "God and Mammon" in 'Essays in Order: New Series, No. 1'. Edited by Christopher Dawson and Bernard Wall. Published in London by Sheed & Ward
 1961 – Second Thoughts: Reflections on literature and on Life (tr. by Adrienne Foulke). Darwen Finlayson
  Edited and translated by Nathan Bracher.

Further reading
 Scott, Malcolm (1980), Mauriac: The Politics of a Novelist, Scottish Academic Press,
 Dudley Edwards, Owen (1982), review of Mauriac: The Politics of a Novelist by Malcolm Scott, in Murray, Glen (ed.), Cencrastus No. 8, Spring 1982, pp. 46 & 47,

See also

Georges Bernanos
Julien Green

References

External links

 Le site littéraire François Mauriac
 The François Mauriac Centre at Malagar (Saint-Maixant, Gironde)
 Université McGill: le roman selon les romanciers   Inventory and analysis of François Mauriac's non-noveltistic writing

1885 births
1970 deaths
Writers from Bordeaux
French Roman Catholic writers
20th-century French novelists
20th-century French dramatists and playwrights
French literary critics
French male novelists
Members of the Académie Française
Nobel laureates in Literature
French Nobel laureates
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française winners
20th-century French journalists
Christian novelists
Christian humanists
Le Figaro people

François Mauriac


FS Class 410 were 0-8-0 steam locomotives which the Italian State Railways (FS) acquired from Rete Sicula (the Sicilian Network) on nationalization in 1906.

History

The class was designed by the Sicula Network Research Office led by engineer Guglielmo Cappa as part of a renewal and unification programme to replace obsolete rolling stock inherited from the previous management. It was designated as a group F, according to the custom that was then to define with letters the group of locomotives according to their function, and numbered from 301 to 325.  When they passed to FS, they were registered as Class 420. They had some technical differences from other FS 0-8-0 locomotives, notably the use of Walschaerts valve gear instead of Stephenson.

They were built in three batches and there were some detail differences between batches. The first unit was ordered from Breda in Milan and delivered in 1892 and a further 21 units came from Ansaldo's Sampierdarena factory between 1893 and 1894. Finally in 1903 another batch of 3 locomotives was built and delivered by Officine Meccaniche of Milan. In 1906 the transfer to FS occurred, and the locomotives received the new four-digit markings 4101-4125 which later became 410.001-025. The locomotives spent their working lives on the island of Sicily.

Features

The Class 410 locomotives, with a power output of 600 hp, were versatile machines and designed for every type of use, although the small wheels (diameter 1200 mm) limited the speed to 45 km/h. They were built for saturated steam and simple expansion with 2 outside cylinders. Steam distribution was by slide valves with Walschaerts valve gear.

References

Further reading

0-8-0 locomotives
410
Railway locomotives introduced in 1892
Standard gauge locomotives of Italy
Gio. Ansaldo & C. locomotives
Freight locomotives

FS Class 410


British Security Co-ordination (BSC) was a covert organisation set up in New York City by the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) in May 1940 upon the authorisation of the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill.

Its purpose was to investigate enemy activities, prevent sabotage against British interests in the Americas, and mobilise pro-British opinion in the Americas. As a 'huge secret agency of nationwide news manipulation and black propaganda', the BSC influenced news coverage in the Herald Tribune, the New York Post, The Baltimore Sun, and Radio New York Worldwide. The stories disseminated from the organisation's offices at Rockefeller Center would then be legitimately picked up by other radio stations and newspapers, before being relayed to the American public. Through this, anti-German stories were placed in major American media outlets to help turn public opinion.

Its cover was the British Passport Control Office. BSC benefitted from support given by the chief of the US Office of Strategic Services, William J. Donovan (whose organisation was modelled on British activities), and US President Franklin D. Roosevelt who was staunchly anti-Nazi.

Beginnings

The declaration of war upon Germany by the British in September 1939 forced a break in liaison between SIS (MI6) and the FBI because of the Neutrality Acts of 1930s. William Stephenson was sent to the US by the head of SIS to see if it could be rekindled to an extent that SIS could operate effectively in the US. While J. Edgar Hoover was sympathetic, he could not go against the State Department without the President's authorisation; he also believed that if it was authorised, it should be a personal liaison between Stephenson and himself without other departments being informed. However, Roosevelt endorsed co-operation.

Stephenson's deputy at BSC was Australian-born British intelligence officer Dick Ellis. The pair had been introduced by Sir Ralph Glyn.

Ellis said Stephenson 'had been providing a great deal of information on German rearmament to Mr Churchill at that time he was not in office [prior to May 1940] but was playing quite an important role in providing background information to members of [the] House of Commons who were much more concerned with what was happening than the administration [of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain] seemed to be at the time... I introduced him to my own channels, to heads of intelligence. And that led to his being asked if he was going to America... if he would do what he could to reestablish a link between security authorities here and the FBI.'

The liaison was necessary because Britain's enemies were already present in the US and could expect sympathy and support from German and Italian immigrants, but the authorities there had no remit or interest in activities that were not directly against US security.

Stephenson's report on the American situation advocated a secret organisation acting beyond purely SIS activities and covering all covert operations that could be done to ensure aid to Britain and an eventual entry of the US into the war. Stephenson was given this remit and the traditional cover of appointment as a 'Passport Control Officer' which he took up in June 1940. Although the existing setup in New York was lacking, Stephenson could call upon his personal liaison with Hoover, the support of Canada, the British ambassador, and his acquaintances with US interventionists.

Operation
The office, which was established for intelligence and propaganda services, was headed by Icelandic-Canadian industrialist William Stephenson. Its first tasks were to promote British interests in the United States, counter Nazi propaganda, and protect the Atlantic convoys from enemy sabotage.

The BSC was registered by the State Department as a foreign entity. It operated out of
Room 3603 at Rockefeller Center and was officially known as the British Passport Control Office from which it had expanded. BSC acted as administrative headquarters more than operational one for SIS and the Special Operations Executive (SOE) and was a channel for communications and liaison between US and British security and intelligence organisations.

BSC used a number of legitimate outlets for its work. In 1940, a German agent, Gerhard Alois Westrick, who was cultivating support and possible sabotage among American oil companies, was effectively exposed through news articles placed in the New York Herald Tribune. A wave of public outrage was followed by Weldrick's expulsion from the US and the forced resignation of the head of Texaco (Torkild Rieber).
Through third parties, BSC developed the independent and non-profit WRUL shortwave radio station foreign-language broadcast capability and then fed it stories it wanted disseminated worldwide. The station had a large number of listeners who corresponded with the station, which made it possible for reactions to the broadcasts to be directly monitored. For a period, the station was unwittingly the agent of BSC; after the US entered the war, the WRUL operation was turned over to US control.

Although the British and Americans were co-operating at the Prime Minister-President level at the time, the arrival of "British spies" in the United States infuriated J. Edgar Hoover, the director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and displeased the US Department of State.

Stephenson and Hoover did not see eye to eye but had cooperated in a number of operations against espionage activities by Nazi Germany in the US. The British hired Americans despite promising otherwise. The Americans who were recruited in the BSC were given British identification numbers beginning with the digits 4 and 8, apparently representing the 48 states.

In 1939, Stephenson arranged for the Hamilton Princess Hotel to become a censorship centre. All mail, radio and telegraphic traffic bound for Europe, the U.S. and the Far East were intercepted and analyzed by 1,200 censors, of British Imperial Censorship, part of British Security Coordination (BSC), before being routed to their destination. With BSC working closely with the FBI, the censors were responsible for the discovery and arrest of a number of Axis spies operating in the US, including the Joe K ring.

It was through the BSC that the British acquired the powerful "Aspidistra" transmitter that was used for propaganda by the Political Warfare Executive (PWE), BBC overseas broadcasts and by the Royal Air Force (RAF) in the war against Germany. BSC also sourced a transmitter for it to communicate with the UK which was operated under the code name "Hydra" at Camp X, BSC's Special Training School No. 103, a Second World War paramilitary installation in Whitby, Ontario for training covert agents in the methods of "secret warfare". The Hydra station was established in May 1942 by engineer Benjamin deForest Bayly; he also invented a very fast coding/decoding machine for telegraph transmissions labelled the Rockex. Camp X had been established in December 1941 by Stephenson to train Allied agents in methods of clandestine operations; many graduates would be dropped behind enemy lines in Europe by SOE.

The British novelist William Boyd, in a 2006 article for The Guardian, stated that although the total number of BSC agents operating in the US in the early 1940s is unknown, he estimated there were at least "many hundreds" and had seen "the figure of up to 3,000 mentioned".

Noël Coward saw Stephenson, colloquially known as "Little Bill", at the end of July 1940 when on a world entertainment and propaganda tour. He wrote that the "suite in the Hampshire House with the outsize chintz flowers crawling over the walls became pleasantly familiar to me..." and that Stephenson "had a considerable influence on the next few years of my life". Stephenson offered him a job but was overruled by London.

Counter-smuggling and "shipping security"
South America was an important neutral source of trade for the Axis forces; its importance would increase after the US entry into the war in 1941. The Italian airline LATI operated a transatlantic service - between Rome and Rio de Janeiro - which was a conduit for high-value goods (platinum, mica, diamonds, etc.), agents and diplomatic bags. London instructed the BSC to do something about that.

The airline had connections with the Brazilian government through the President's son-in-law, and it was supplied, despite the US State Department protests, by Standard Oil in the US, making official channels ineffective. To curtail LATI's activities, the BSC decided that the Brazilians themselves would have to take measures - sabotage would be only a temporary inconvenience. Accordingly, the BSC constructed a forged letter of such accuracy that its authenticity could not be questioned even under forensic examination. The letter purported to come from LATI's head office to an executive of the company stationed in Brazil. The contents included disparaging references to the Brazilian president and to the US, and implied connections with a fascist opposition party in Brazil, the Party of Popular Representation (founded in 1945). Following a "burglary" of the executive's house, a photostat of the letter was placed with an American Associated Press reporter, who immediately took it to the American Embassy, which then showed the letter to the President of Brazil, Getúlio Vargas. LATI's operations in Brazil were confiscated and its personnel interned - the airline ceased transatlantic flights in December 1941. Brazil broke off relations with the Axis and joined the Allies in 1942.

Notable BSC employees
 Cedric Belfrage
 Roald Dahl – after he was transferred to Washington, D.C. as Assistant Air Attaché.
 Dick Ellis – deputy-head, post-war accused of being spy for the Germans and the Soviets
 Ian Fleming
Alexander Halpern — Menshevik and ex-Freemason
 Gilbert Highet – historian, professor of Greek and Latin at Columbia University
H. Montgomery Hyde – counter-espionage Intelligence Corps officer
 Dorothy Maclean
 Eric Maschwitz – screenwriter, lyricist and broadcaster, Intelligence Corps officer
 David Ogilvy – applied Gallup audience research techniques
 John Arthur Reid Pepper
 Ivan T. Sanderson
Herbert Sichel
 Betty Thorpe – spy, codenamed "Cynthia"
 Harold Phillips

See also
 Camp X
 British Information Services, the corresponding white propaganda operation

Notes

References
 Boyd, William, "The Secret Persuaders," The Guardian, 19 August 2006.
 Conant, Jennet The Irregulars: Roald Dahl and the British Spy Ring in Wartime Washington (Simon and Schuster, 2008)
 Fink, Jesse, The Eagle in the Mirror (Black & White Publishing, 2023)
 Hodgson, Lynn Philip, (foreword by Secret Agent Andy Durovecz), Inside Camp X (2003) –
 Macdonald, Bill, The True Intrepid: Sir William Stephenson and the Unknown Agents, (Raincoast, 2001) –  This book contains interviews with several Canadian employees of BSC in New York.
 Mahl, Thomas E.,  Desperate Deception: British Covert Operations in the United States, 1939–44, (Brassey's Inc., 1999)
 Stephenson, William Samuel, Roald Dahl, Tom Hill and Gilbert Highet (introduced by Nigel West), British Security Coordination: The Secret History of British Intelligence in the Americas, 1940–1945, Fromm International (June 1999) –  (first published in the UK in 1998) Reviewed by Charles C. Kolb (National Endowment for the Humanities), December 1999.
 Stevenson, William (no relation to Stephenson), A Man Called Intrepid, The Secret War, (Harcourt Brace Javonovich, 1976) – .

Military history of Canada during World War II
Covert organizations
Intelligence services of World War II
World War II propaganda
British propaganda organisations
Ministry of Economic Warfare
Special Operations Executive
British intelligence services of World War II
United Kingdom–United States relations

British Security Co-ordination


Godfrey Gumbs is a professor of theoretical solid state physics. He is a distinguished professor of physics at Hunter College of the City University of New York (CUNY) and the Maria A. Chianta and Alice M. Stoll Professor of Physics at Hunter College, CUNY.

Gumbs was awarded a Guyana Scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge University in 1968 and then went on to receive his Ph.D. in theoretical solid state physics (now commonly known as the physics of condensed matter) from the University of Toronto in 1978. From 1978 to 1982, he was a research associate at the National Research Council of Canada in Ottawa.  From
1982 to 1989, he was a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada University research fellow, serving as both assistant and associate professor.

Gumbs has taught at Hunter College and the CUNY Graduate Center since 1992.  His research focuses primarily on nanophysics, especially the way in which the particles carrying the charge behave in very small confined spaces.  Among several others, his interests include strongly interacting particles in semiconductors,  graphene sheets, carbon nanotubes, graphene nanoribbons, as well as ways of isolating and transporting single electrons.  Device applications of this work include photon detectors and sources, as well as quantum information processing.  He has published extensively on these topics in scientific journals.  He has shown that the properties of quasicrystals depend critically on the way in which their quasi-periodicity is arranged.  He is a research fellow of the American Physical Society (APS), fellow of the Institute of Physics(F InstP), a Chartered Physicist (CPhys) both of the UK, a fellow of the New York Academy of Sciences, a visiting fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge University in 2007–2008 and a Kavli Institute of Theoretical Physics Scholar at the University of California in Santa Barbara.  He has been honored by the APS with the Edward A. Bouchet Award in 2005, for his significant contributions to physics and his mentoring of students. He was an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow in 1990 and a J. William Fulbright Senior Scholar in 2005.

References

External links

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Guyanese scientists
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
University of Toronto alumni
CUNY Graduate Center faculty
Hunter College faculty

Godfrey Gumbs


And the Waltz Goes On  is a studio album by Dutch violinist André Rieu that features Christchurch soprano Hayley Westenra on the last track, "Dreaming of New Zealand".

The album was released worldwide on 31 October 2011. It presents waltzes from around the world, including a "Valse Triste" (sad waltz) from Finland, a miniature waltz "La petite Valse" from France, a popular waltz tune that began life in Germany.

The album is centered on a waltz composed by Welsh actor Anthony Hopkins. The waltz, called "And the Waltz Goes On" was composed by Hopkins in 1964. A fan of the Dutch violinist, Hopkins's wife sent his waltz to Rieu for consideration.

Inspired by New Zealand's stunning landscape and the 'life must go on' attitude of its people in the face of the recent natural disasters, André composed a dreamy waltz together with his first violinist Frank Steijns entitled "Dreaming of New Zealand". The album includes both an instrumental version and one with English and Māori lyrics.

The album reached number one on the official UK Classical Charts, as well as the Classic FM chart, after its release in the UK.

On 2 October 2012, The album got the honor of "Classic FM Album Of The Year in association with MasterCard" from Classic Brit Awards 2012.

Track listing
Wiener Festwalzer/Grande Valse Viennoise
Wien wird bei Nacht erst schön
And the Waltz Goes On
Susie/Susie (If you knew Susie)
Dreaming of New Zealand
Wien bleibt Wien/Vienna Forever
Ich muß wieder einmal in Grinzing sein
Tanze mit mir in den Morgen
La petite Valse
Bist du einsam heut' Nacht/Are you lonesome tonight
Du kannst nicht treu sein/You can't be true, dear
Valse Triste
Blue Tango
Singing in the rain
We'll meet again
Waltz Medley
Swan Lake (Moderato)
Edelweiß
The Phantom of the Opera
Dreaming of New Zealand (feat. Hayley Westenra)

International release

Certification

References

2011 albums
Hayley Westenra albums

And the Waltz Goes On


In law, tangible property is literally anything that can be touched, and includes both real property  and personal property (or moveable property), and stands in distinction to intangible property.

In English law and some Commonwealth legal systems, items of tangible property are referred to as choses in possession (or a chose in possession in the singular). However, some property, despite being physical in nature, is classified in many legal systems as intangible property rather than tangible property because the rights associated with the physical item are of far greater significance than the physical properties.  Principally, these are documentary intangibles.  For example, a promissory note is a piece of paper that can be touched, but the real significance is not the physical paper, but the legal rights which the paper confers, and hence the promissory note is defined by the legal debt rather than the physical attributes.

A unique category of property is money, which in some legal systems is treated as tangible property and in others as intangible property.  Whilst most countries legal tender is expressed in the form of intangible property ("The Treasury of Country X hereby promises to pay to the bearer on demand...."), in practice banknotes are now rarely ever redeemed in any country, which has led to banknotes and coins being classified as tangible property in most modern legal systems.

Owning tangible property: rights and responsibilities
As a tangible property owner, certain rights and responsibilities come with the territory. The right to use, occupy, sell, rent, mortgage, or give away your property is present. Changes can also be made like renovating, rebuilding or developing the property. These rights are not limitless, however, as local regulations like building codes, zoning laws, and homeowner's association rules still apply.

References

Property law
Legal terminology

fr:Tangible

Tangible property


Calgary Pride is an LGBT pride festival, held annually in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The event is organized by Pride Calgary, a non-profit organization, and is currently held in the final week of August, with the closing parade falling on the first weekend of September when necessary, each year.

The event was first held in 1990 and was marked by marchers wearing paper bags over their heads, both out of fear of being identified and as a protest against the stigma that keeps LGBT people in the closet. The event was officially recognized by the city in 1991, with the first official proclamation of Pride Week by then-mayor Al Duerr. A separate dyke march was added for the first time in 2010.

The event has often drawn national news coverage for its ability to attract support from influential political figures. In 2001, Joe Clark was the event's grand marshal, becoming the first former Prime Minister of Canada ever to attend a Pride parade in that capacity. In 2011, Calgary mayor Naheed Nenshi became the first mayor in the city's history to attend the parade as grand marshal, and in 2012 Alison Redford became the first Premier of Alberta to attend the event. The 2011 event was also noted as the first time that the Calgary Flames, the city's NHL franchise, sponsored a float in the parade.

History

1980-1993

Calgary's First March
One of the earliest confrontations between City Hall and the gay community happened in 1980 where the Gay Information & Resources Calgary (GIRC) hosted a national gay rights conference at the University of Calgary. These conferences, during the 1970s and 80s, moved around the country as the gay rights movement began to pick up speed, with Calgary's conference being the 8th annual event. At each conference, the organizers would stage a human rights parade; however, City of Calgary Police Chief Brian Sawyer refused the permit for the parade citing that "confrontation was a possibility".  On June 28, 1980, organizers decided to march anyway with forty of the conference delegates marching for half an hour, ending at City Hall with their signs of protest.

Pride Festival
Delegates from many of Calgary's gay and lesbian organizations come together to form an umbrella organization called Project Pride Calgary. In 1988, Inspired by the Stonewall Riots, they produced a Pride festival to celebrate community which includes a concert, workshops, a dance, and a family picnic – but no public rally or protest.

in 1990 the Calgary Lesbian and Gay Political Action Guild (CLAGPAG), one of the Project Pride partners, organizes the first political rally, which they internally described as a media stunt. 140 people collected at the Old Y to pick up lone ranger masks, and then gather at the Boer War Statue in Central Memorial Park.

First Pride Parade
On Father's day June 16, 1991, the first Pride parade took place. The parade was hosted by CLAGPAG and over 400 people muster at City Hall cheered on gay Member of Parliament Svend Robinson, who gives an inspiring speech despite gloomy weather and even gloomier protesters, three of whom were arrested. During this time Mayor Al Duerr famously proclaimed gay pride week in Calgary but then denied future proclamations due to public pressure.

Pride Week
Calgary's first "Pride Week" started as a weekend of workshops in 1988.  In 1990, Calgary's 3rd Annual "Pride Festival" had a political rally that drew 400 at Memorial Park.  Consequently the first parade in 1991, was actually part of the 4th Annual Pride Festival.

Following this blunder made by Mayor Duerr, in 1992, the Gay and Lesbian community proclaimed "Gay and Lesbian Pride Week" themselves, taking ads out in public newspapers without any mayoral or civic endorsement.

2005-present

Same-sex Marriage Legalization
In 2005 same-sex marriage becomes legal in Canada. The Alberta Government remains officially opposed and threatens to invoke the notwithstanding clause to negate the law in Alberta, but has not done so.

Calgary Pride Organization
In 2009 Pride Calgary moves the parade from June to the September long weekend, and transitions from a grassroots collective to an incorporated non-profit society.

Mayoral Approval
In 2011 Mayor Naheed Nenshi becomes the first Calgary mayor to march in our Pride Parade, and is parade marshal that year, making national headlines.

Rainbow Crosswalk
In 2015 the city's first rainbow crosswalk was painted in preparation for their 25th Annual Calgary Pride Festival, located in front of City Hall, on Macleod Trail and 8th Avenue.

Move to Prince's Island Park
In 2017, as many festivals began downgrading the Calgary Pride Festival outgrew its former home at Shaw Millennium Park, and now takes place in Prince's Island Park in the heart of downtown Calgary.

Police Involvement
Calgary Pride releases a statement in 2017 regarding Calgary Police Service's involvement in Pride Week. As an organization, Calgary Pride does not believe in banning Calgary Police Services, and other law enforcement agencies from participating in Calgary's Pride activities. They believe that this deters from "engaging in meaningful discussions on how law enforcement agencies can best support Calgary's gender and sexually diverse (GSD) community."

During a meeting that took place before the 2017 Pride Week, collaboratively, all stakeholders reached a joint decision that, while there would be no official CPS entry in the parade, CPS members were invited to participate out of formal uniform, while still identifying as members of CPS, with any community organizations in the parade with which they have an affinity, in solidarity with the GSD community.

References

External links
Calgary Pride

Pride parades in Canada
Festivals in Calgary
LGBT in Alberta
Recurring events established in 1990
1990 establishments in Alberta

Calgary Pride


El juego de la vida (English: The game of life) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Roberto Gómez Fernández and Giselle Gonález Salgado for Televisa. It premiered on November 12, 2001 and ended on June 28, 2002.

Sara Maldonado and Valentino Lanús star as protagonists; Ana Layevska, Margarita Magaña, Ingrid Martz, and Jackie García star as co-protagonists, while Raquel Pankowsky, Cristián Seri, Rodrigo Mejía, Maki Soler, and Raúl Araiza starred as antagonists.

Plot
Lorena, the more focused of the group, is a cute girl with a good heart. When she returns to school, Lorena's longtime boyfriend, Mariano, leaves her after he confesses that he loves her supposed best friend Tania.

Lorena runs home crying, and when she crosses the street, she clashes with Juan Carlos Domínguez, who falls in love with her at first sight.

Paulina, is a beautiful, sweet girl with a good heart, but also suffers from the death of her mother, who is actually alive, but her father and her aunt make her believe she died. Paulina's father shows little interest in her.

Fernanda is a wild shrinking girl who does not believe in love and can't control her nerves sometimes.

Daniela is a young innocent girl who gets her heart broken by her boyfriend Tono who suffers from a car accident and goes blind. Tono doesn't want Daniela to spend her life suffering and looking out for him so he ends up breaking up with her.

Cast

Valentino Lanús as Juan Carlos "Juan Charlie" Domínguez
Ana Layevska as Paulina "Pau" de la Mora Miraban
Margarita Magaña as Fernanda "Fer" Pacheco
Sara Maldonado as Lorena "Lore" Álvarez
Jackie García as Daniela "Dany" Duarte
Luis Gimeno as Nicolás "Don Nico" Domínguez "Abuelo"
Manuel "Flaco" Ibáñez as Augusto Vidal
Silvia Mariscal as Sara Domínguez "Doña Sara"
Lucero Lander as Lucía Álvarez
Ingrid Martz as Georgina "Gina" Rivero Fuentes Guerra
Miguel Ángel Biaggio as Antonio "Toño" Pacheco
Maki Soler as Tania Vidal
Mauricio Barcelata as Mariano Alarcón
Patricio Borghetti as Patricio "Pato"
Tina Romero as Mercedes "Meche" Pacheco
David Ostrosky as Rafael Duarte
Juan Carlos Colombo as Ignacio de la Mora
Raquel Morell as Consuelo Duarte
Rafael Amador as Genaro Pacheco
Mariana Karr as Victoria "Vicky" Vidal
Ofelia Cano as Eugenia Robles
Raquel Pankowsky as Bertha de la Mora
Héctor Sáez as Braulio Zúñiga
Otto Sirgo as Javier Álvarez
Gabriela Cano as Araceli "Ñoña" Fuentes
Sergio Ochoa as Carmelo "Carmelito" Sánchez
Luciano Seri as Diego Santillán
Alexandra Monterrubio as Cinthia "Cin" Linares
Cristián Seri as Oscar Santillán
Juan Carlos Martín del Campo as Andrés Miranda
Raul Araiza as Ezequiel Domínguez
María Fernanda Malo as Marisol Duarte
Ilan Arditti as Adrián
Diana Osorio as Carmen "Carmelita" Pérez
Rodrigo Mejía as Fabián
Miguel Ángel Santa Rita as Simón Robles
Graciela Bernardos as Camila de la Mora
Jorge Veytia as Artemio / "Chemo"
Ivonne Montero as Carola Lizardi #1
Yessica Salazar as Carola Lizardi #2
Fátima Torre as Fátima Álvarez
Diego Sieres as Alberto "Beto" Duarte
Polly as Leticia Guzmán
Paola Flores as Pachis
Ricardo Vera as Bernal
Adalberto Parra as El Risueño
Carlos Amador as Santos
Fernando Moya as Manuel
Horacio Castelo as Mancera
Joshua Tacher as Roque"
Miguel Garza as Luis
Ingrid Macossay - as Gladys

References

External links
 at esmas.com

2001 telenovelas
2001 Mexican television series debuts
2002 Mexican television series endings
Spanish-language telenovelas
Television shows set in Mexico City
Television shows set in Tokyo
Televisa telenovelas

El juego de la vida


Sveinung Bjørnson Svalastoga (1772–1809) was a Norwegian rose painter, poet, and woodcarver.

Biography
Sveinung Bjørnson Svalastoga was born in the community of Vinje in Rauland, Telemark County. He was the son of Bjørn Bjørnson Gardsjord (1731-1782) and Ingebjørg Rikardsdotter Svalastoga (1730-1776). He was born at Svalastoga, one of the area's oldest farms.

Sveinung Svalastoga painted living room interiors, cupboards, chests, and bowls with powerful and colorful designs, often randomly placed.  Many of his works have been retained, both room decorations as well as smaller objects like chests and cupboards. He was also known for the mystical figures he cut and carved from twisted mountain pines, such as a mystical woman and her man, and a fairy tale princess set up at the corner of the storehouse. In addition, he often painted figures, especially biblical and mythological, with a naive touch.

Svalastoga probably had two working winters in Numedal, first 1801-1802 and then 1806–07. A major work is the living room interior at Nordigard Berdal in Vinje from 1802. In 1803, he also painted the altarpiece of the new church in Rauland (Rauland kyrkje).

References

1772 births
1809 deaths
People from Vinje
18th-century Norwegian painters
18th-century male artists
Norwegian male painters
19th-century Norwegian painters
19th-century Norwegian male artists

Sveinung Svalastoga


John King (c. 1706/09 – April 26, 1717) was an 18th-century pirate. He joined the crew of Samuel "Black Sam" Bellamy while still a juvenile, and may have been the youngest known pirate on record.

On November 9, 1716, Bellamy and his crew, sailing the sloop Mary Anne (or Marianne), attacked and captured the Antiguan sloop Bonetta, which was then en route from Antigua to Jamaica. John King, then aged between eight and eleven, was a passenger on the Bonetta. According to Abijah Savage, the Bonettas commander, the pirates looted the ship for 15 days, during which time King demanded to join Bellamy's crew. "(F)ar from being forced or compelled (to join)," Savage wrote in his report, "he declared he would kill himself if he was restrained, and even threatened his mother, who was then on board as a passenger and his father who did not like him."
While teenage pirates were common in the 18th century, and though the Royal Navy employed young boys as "powder monkeys" to carry gunpowder from ship's magazine to their cannons, boys of King's age were unknown as pirates. However, after an initial show of defiance, Bellamy allowed King to join him. In the subsequent months, Bellamy and his crew would capture and loot many ships, including the Whydah in February 1717, a heavily armed slave galley which Bellamy claimed for his flagship. On April 26, 1717, the Whydah was wrecked in a storm off the coast of Cape Cod, killing Bellamy and most of his crew, including King.

King's remains were tentatively identified in 2006, when Barry Clifford, principal of Expedition Whydah Sea Lab & Learning Center in Provincetown, Massachusetts, and Project Historian Ken Kinkor had partial human remains recovered from the wreck analyzed by researchers at the Smithsonian Institution and Center for Historical Archaeology in Florida. The remains, consisting of an 11-inch fibula encased in a shoe and silk stocking, were determined not to belong to a small man, as originally thought, but to a young boy of King's approximate age.

See also
Nicolas Brigaut - French buccaneer executed by the Spanish in 1686 in Florida. He was captured with a black sailor named Diego and a nine-year-old boy, who may have been younger than King.

References

Sources
Michael Levinson, "Remains are identified as boy pirate" Boston Globe, June 2, 2006
Thomas H. Maugh II, "Whydah's littlest pirate found" Baltimore Sun, June 1, 2006
The Strange and Brief Life of a Young Pirate National Public Radio
Nelson, Laura "John King - The Boy Pirate" in Pirates and Privateers http://www.cindyvallar.com/JohnKing.html

1700s births
1717 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
18th-century pirates

John King (pirate)


Chaka () reigned as tsar of Bulgaria from 1299 to 1300. He was the son of the Mongol leader Nogai Khan by a wife named Alaka. Sometime after 1285 Chaka married a daughter of George Terter I of Bulgaria, named Elena. In the late 1290s, Chaka supported his father Nogai in a war against the legitimate khan of the Golden Horde, Toqta. Toqta defeated and killed Nogai in 1299.

Chaka had led his supporters into Bulgaria, intimidated the regency for Ivan II into fleeing the capital, and imposed himself as ruler in Tărnovo in 1299. It is not completely certain whether he reigned as Emperor of Bulgaria or simply acted as the overlord of his brother-in-law Theodore Svetoslav. He is accepted as a ruler of Bulgaria by Bulgarian historiography.

Chaka did not long enjoy his new position of power, as the armies of Toqta followed him into Bulgaria and besieged Tărnovo. Theodore Svetoslav, who had been instrumental in Chaka's seizure of power, organized a plot in which Chaka was deposed and strangled in prison in 1300. His head was sent to Toqta, which in turn secured Theodore Svetoslav's position as the new emperor of Bulgaria. It seems that Theodore Svetoslav's cooperation contributed to the withdrawal of Mongol interference in Bulgaria.

Family
It is not known if Chaka had children from Elena, the daughter of George I of Bulgaria. He had at least one son, Kara Küçük, likely from a concubine. Kara Küçük led a fragment of the Nogai Horde until sometime after 1301. After the death of Chaka, Kara Küçük fled the Horde with 3000 Tatar horsemen and
offered to take service with Shishman of Vidin.

References
 John V.A. Fine, Jr., The Late Medieval Balkans, Ann Arbor, 1987.

External links

13th-century births
1300 deaths
13th-century Bulgarian tsars
Murdered Bulgarian monarchs
13th-century Mongol khans

Chaka of Bulgaria


Capital punishment is a legal penalty in South Korea. As of December 2012, there were at least 60 people in South Korea on death row. The method of execution is hanging.

However, there has been an unofficial moratorium on executions since President Kim Dae-jung took office in 1998. There have been no executions in the country since December 1997.

History

Under the Joseon dynasty (1392–1897), capital punishment was a legal penalty; the Joseon penal code was based on that of Ming dynasty China, with the primary two methods of execution being beheading and strangulation, although lingering death by slow slicing (neungji-cheocham, 능지처참) was reserved for particularly serious offences, whereas execution by drinking poison (sasa, 사사) was a leniency granted to royalty and high-ranking officials. The purpose of executions was to cause reactions and stop crimes. Heads of executed people were displayed to the public both to serve as public warning and enforce military courtesy. However, bodies of executed people were allowed funeral proceedings.

In contemporary history, the first execution law was established on March 25, 1895, by the Supreme Court of Judicature of Japan acting under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan. The first death sentence was given four days later, on March 29, 1895, to Jeon Bongjun, who was hanged on 24 April that year.

Currently, the Penal Code of South Korea regulates executions as a form of punishment for some crimes according to the Criminal Law section 41. Those crimes include: Rebellion (Section 87), Conspiracy with foreign countries (Section 92), homicide (Section 250), robbery-homicide (Section 338), and other 12 sections. People under 18 cannot be executed according to Juvenile Law (Section 59, Juvenile Law).

Moratorium
In February 1998, then-president Kim Dae-jung enacted a moratorium on executions. This moratorium is still in effect as of 2023. Thus, executions in Korea are considered to be abolished de facto. The last executions took place in December 1997, when 23 people (each of whom had murdered at least 2 people) were put to death. However, there are still at least 60 people with a death sentence, as of 2013.

In 2010, the Constitutional Court of Korea ruled that capital punishment did not violate "human dignity and worth" in the Constitution of the Republic of Korea. In a five-to-four decision, capital punishment was upheld as constitutional. Institutions such as Amnesty International considered this a 'major setback for South Korea'. Later in 2010, Justice Minister Lee Kwi-nam alluded to a possibility of resuming executions. In 2013, three bills which proposed abolishment of the death penalty lapsed at the end of the National Assembly's term.

Executions are still a matter of debate. People have called for executions for violent crimes, especially those involving rape of minors.

A 2017 poll found younger South Koreans are more likely to support capital punishment than older ones. People in their 20s were the most supportive at 62.6 percent.

According to a survey of 1,000 adults by the National Human Rights Commission of Korea in October 2018, 79.7% of the Korean citizens were supportive of the death penalty. However, approximately 70% approved repealing the death penalty when given the option of an alternative punishment.

A sentence of death is made extinct after 30 years. In 2023, the government proposed a law to remove the extinction period in response to the case of Won, Korea's longest-serving death-row inmate, who was convicted of arson and manslaughter in November 1993 and whose sentence would otherwise have been revoked.

Notable cases
Kang Ho-sun was convicted of kidnapping and killing eight women between 2006 and 2008, and of burning to death his wife and mother-in-law in 2005. Kang, 38, was arrested in January for the murder of a female college student and later confessed to killing and secretly burying seven other women. Other death row inmates include Yoo Young-chul and members of the Chijon family, a former gang of cannibals.

In March 2010, in contrast to prior speculations, Minister Lee Kwi-nam hinted that the executions of death row inmates will resume, breaking the virtual 13-year moratorium. The remarks came a few days after Kim Kil-tae, who raped and murdered a 15-year-old schoolgirl, was convicted. However, this did not happen. In December 2010, Kim's death sentence was reduced to life imprisonment and the prosecutors did not appeal to the Supreme Court.

On August 27, 2015, the Supreme Court sentenced a man called 'Jang Jae-jin' to death for multiple murder and rape. On 27 November 2019, in the most recent case, a specially conducted jury trial, by a majority decision of 8–1, decided to sentence a 42-year-old man with schizophrenia named 'Ahn In-deuk' to death for committing mass arson and murder in a case which killed 5 people and injured 17 others in April of that same year. Although the man had schizophrenia, the Changwon District Court decided that he had shown a high level of premeditation and planning, as well as a lack of repentance from the defendant, his high possibility of reoffending and the tragedy he brought upon the victims and the five deceased's families.

On February 19, 2016, the Supreme Court upheld the death sentence passed on a man known by the surname 'Lim', a 24-year-old army sergeant who killed five fellow soldiers and injured seven others in a shooting rampage near the border with North Korea in 2014. He became the 361st person on death row in South Korea. According to Yonhap, of the 361 people on death row, 45, including Lim, were soldiers.

In June 2022, 53-year-old Kwon Jae-chan was sentenced to death for murdering two people, a woman in her fifties and a man in his forties. In January 2023, the Daejeon High Court allowed the prosecution's appeal and sentenced a 28-year-old to death after being convicted of the murder a 42-year-old fellow inmate at Gongju Correctional Institution, where the 28-year-old unnamed convict was already serving a sentence of life imprisonment for a 2019 robbery-murder case involving the theft of 400 grams of gold and a sedan. The High Court found the district court's sentencing of the 28-year-old to a second life term was pointless and that the killer, having shown no reformation despite being awarded a life sentence for his first homicide, should be given the harsher penalty of death to deter any future violence within South Korean prisons.

Notes

Law of South Korea
South Korea
Death in South Korea
Human rights abuses in South Korea

Capital punishment in South Korea


Debra Austin (born July 25, 1955) is an American ballet dancer who rose to prominence in 1982 when she was promoted to the rank of principal dancer at Pennsylvania Ballet, making her the first African-American female principal dancer of a major American ballet company. She was also the first African-American female dancer at the New York City Ballet. She currently serves as the ballet mistress for the Carolina Ballet.

Career
Debra Austin began dancing when she was eight years old. At the age of twelve, she was awarded a scholarship to dance at the School of American Ballet in New York City. While a dance student at the School of American Ballet, she attended the Professional Children's School for academics. She was handpicked by George Balanchine at age sixteen to join the New York City Ballet, officially becoming the company's first African-American female dancer at age sixteen. Austin appeared in performances that were televised for the PBS series Live from Lincoln Center and the NBC television special Live From Studio H. She later left the New York City Ballet to dance for the Zurich Ballet in Switzerland, where she was promoted to soloist.

After returning to the United States in 1982, she was hired by her former fellow dancer at New York City Ballet, Robert Weiss, then the artistic director of the Pennsylvania Ballet, to be a principal dancer for the company, making her the first African-American woman to reach the rank of principal dancer in a major American ballet company. This was eight years before Lauren Anderson became a principal dancer for the Houston Ballet, even though she is commonly incorrectly accredited as being the first. At the Pennsylvania Ballet, Austin danced in Swan Lake, Coppélia, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Apollo, Symphony in C,  Giselle, and La Sylphide. She danced at a Gala Performance at the Academy of Music, hosted by Bill Cosby, while accompanied by Grover Washington on the saxophone.

Austin assisted Lynne Taylor-Corbett in her ballet The Dancing Princesses for Miami City Ballet, which premiered at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C., on April 25, 1995. She served as a preliminary judge for the National Foundation for the Advancement of the Arts.

Austin retired from dancing in 1990. She has taught ballet at the American Cultural Center, Palm Beach Dance Center, the Miami City Ballet School, and Cary Ballet Conservatory. When the Carolina Ballet was founded by Weiss in 1997, Austin was hired as a ballet master for the company.

Personal life
Austin married Romanian ballet dancer Marin Boieru in 1992, whom she met while they were both performing with Pennsylvania Ballet. She and her husband both work as ballet masters for the Carolina Ballet. They have two daughters, Olivia and Bianca.

Notes

References

1955 births
20th-century American ballet dancers
Living people
African-American ballet dancers
African-American female dancers
American female dancers
Dancers from North Carolina
American ballerinas
Ballet masters
Ballet teachers
New York City Ballet dancers
School of American Ballet alumni

Debra Austin (dancer)


Michael Schjønberg Christensen (born 19 January 1967) is a Danish football manager, club official, and former player. He was last in charge of Faroese club 07 Vestur.

During his active career, he played more than 100 games for both German clubs Hannover 96 and 1. FC Kaiserslautern, winning the 1991–92 DFB-Pokal with Hannover and the 1997–98 Bundesliga championship with Kaiserslautern. He also represented Danish clubs Esbjerg fB and OB. He played 44 games and scored three goals for the Denmark national team, and was a participant at the international 1995 King Fahd Cup, Euro 1996, 1998 FIFA World Cup, and Euro 2000 tournaments.

After suffering a career-ending injury in 2001, he became a football coach in 2003. He first became manager of Danish club Herfølge BK in 2004, alongside Allan Nielsen. He has held a number of coaching and club official positions in his former German clubs, and was caretaker manager of Hannover 96 in 2006.

Club career
Born in Esbjerg, Schjønberg started his career as an attacking midfielder for hometown club Esbjerg fB, playing in 103 first team matches in total. He and Esbjerg teammate Jesper Kristensen went to a training session with Esbjerg native Allan Nielsen at Nielsen's German club FC Bayern Munich in the winter of 1989.

Hannover 96
When Bayern's amateur team coach Hans-Dieter Schmidt later became manager of German club Hannover 96, he remembered Schjønberg and offered him a contract. In 1990, Schjønberg moved abroad to play for the 2. Bundesliga side.

At Hannover, he was converted to a defensive player, and eventually settled in as left wingback. He won his first trophy as a senior player, when the club surprisingly beat top flight Borussia Mönchengladbach, to win the 1991–92 DFB-Pokal. The game ended in a penalty shoot-out, where Schjønberg scored the deciding kick to secure the triumph for Hannover 96. Unhappy with the new contractual offer from Hannover 96, Schjønberg looked ready to move back to Denmark to play for OB in summer 1992. After the DFB-Pokal win, he received an improved contract, and became team captain. However, he had a hard time getting into the Danish national team. After 123 league games and 12 goals for Hannover 96, he looked around for a new club in the summer of 1994.

OB
Schjønberg moved to OB in 1994, in a transfer deal worth DKK 700,000. The transfer came, as Schjønberg felt more likely to secure a place in the Danish national team when playing for a Danish club. He was called up for the national team in January 1995. With OB, he reached the quarter-final of the 1994–95 UEFA Cup. It was OB's greatest European result, as the club eliminated Spanish giants Real Madrid (against whom Schjønberg scored in the first leg) before being narrowly defeated by Italian side AC Parma in the quarter-finals.

1. FC Kaiserslautern
After UEFA Euro 1996, he moved back to Germany, to play for 2. Bundesliga team 1. FC Kaiserslautern in a transfer deal worth DEM 1.35 million. In his first year at the club, 1. FC Kaiserslautern won promotion to the Bundesliga. His success continued, as the club remarkably went on to win the title upon their return to the top flight.

Schjønberg was an important part of this achievement. He scored the club's very first goal of the 1997–98 season, in the opening game against defending champions Bayern Munich. Ten minutes before the final whistle, Schjønberg headed the ball in after a cross from Swiss midfielder Ciriaco Sforza and secured a 1–0 win. This victory was the beginning of Kaiserslautern's fairytale, and Schjønberg went on to play 32 of 34 league games and to score four goals, as the club became the first ever 2. Bundesliga promotees to immediately win the Bundesliga title. Returning to Kaiserslautern after the 1998 FIFA World Cup, Schjønberg was heavily injured early in the 1998–99 season. In September 1998, Schjønberg collided with VfL Bochum goalkeeper Thomas Ernst, and broke his shinbone. He underwent a seven-month period of rehabilitation and returned in April 1999.

Schjønberg made a memorable appearance in the penultimate match of the 1999–2000 season. In the game against SC Freiburg, first-choice goalkeeper Georg Koch was injured and the substitute goalkeeper Uwe Gospodarek replaced him. By the half-time break, Gospodarek had suffered an injury of his own, and with no more goalkeepers selected for the match squad, Schjønberg took over the keeper's gloves. In the 59th minute, Levan Kobiashvili scored against Schjønberg to give SC Freiburg a 2–1 lead, but Schjønberg otherwise kept his sheet clean. He crowned his achievement with a saved penalty kick, when he held the shot from Alexander Iashvili in the 84th minute.

In Kaiserslautern's 2000–01 season, he suffered another injury in just the second game, against VfL Wolfsburg. He returned in December that year, and eventually regained his place back in the starting line-up. Such injuries caught up with him though, and due to old injuries and acute knee problems, he had to promptly terminate his football career after the 2000–01 season. He played 117 league games and scored 13 goals in his time for 1. FC Kaiserslautern.

International career
Schjønberg made his debut for the Denmark national team in the 1995 King Fahd Cup in January 1995. He played all three of Denmark's matches at the tournament, which they eventually won. He was also selected for the 1996 European Championship, where he played in Denmark's last two group games before elimination.

After this memorable domestic season, Schjønberg was selected to play for Denmark at the 1998 World Cup in France, where he played four of Denmark's five matches before elimination. He began the tournament as Denmark's starting left wingback, but eventually lost the place to Jan Heintze as the tournament progressed. He was called up to represent Denmark at Euro 2000, and started in Denmark's three matches before elimination. The last group match against the Czech Republic on 21 June 2000, would be Schjønberg's last game for the national team.

Managerial career
After ending his active football career, Schjønberg changed into the coaching business when he became youth coach at 1. FC Kaiserslautern in July 2003. He moved to Denmark in July 2004, to coach Danish Superliga club Herfølge BK, alongside his good friend Allan Nielsen. Herfølge BK were relegated to the Danish 1st Division, but Schjønberg kept his job. In November 2005, he became assistant coach of Hannover 96 to manager Peter Neururer. When Neururer was fired in September 2006, Schjønberg deputised as head coach for a single DFB-Pokal match, where Hannover 96 eliminated Dynamo Dresden. When Hannover 96 hired Dieter Hecking as new head coach, he brought Dirk Bremser with him as assistant coach, and Schjønberg became the coach of the amateur ranks of the club.

From 4 April 2007 until 7 November 2007 he was sports director of 1. FC Kaiserslautern.

In the summer of 2008, he was appointed new sporting director of Danish club FC Vestsjælland and was named as the head coach of the club on 1 April 2009, Schjønberg replaced Jeppe Tengbjerg. He was sacked on 29 June 2011 due to a poor finish to the 2010–11 season.

In January 2013, he was appointed as first-team coach with the Norwegian side Vålerenga Fotball. Vålerengas manager, Kjetil Rekdal, knew Schjønberg from his time at Kaiserslautern where he had worked under him. In November 2014, he was appointed manager of Nest-Sotra Fotball in the Norwegian First Division. He was sacked already in May 2015.

In the summer of 2016, he became manager of FC Svendborg in the Danish 2nd Division. However, due to financial problems the club could not afford his salary, and he left the club in December 2016. In June 2018 he became new manager of lower league club Aarup Boldklub.

On 16 December 2020, he was named new manager of Vendsyssel FF in the Danish 1st Division. At the end of the season, where Vendsyssel only barely escaped relegation, Schjønberg decided to reject Vendsyssel's two-year contract extension due to personal reasons and therefore left the club.

On 13 January 2022, Schjønberg was appointed manager of Faroese club 07 Vestur.

Honours
Hannover 96
 DFB-Pokal: 1991–92

1. FC Kaiserslautern
 Bundesliga: 1997–98

Denmark
 King Fahd Cup: 1995

References

External links

1967 births
Living people
Footballers from Esbjerg
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Danish expatriate men's footballers
Danish men's footballers
Denmark men's international footballers
Esbjerg fB players
Hannover 96 players
Odense Boldklub players
1. FC Kaiserslautern players
Bundesliga players
Danish Superliga players
1995 King Fahd Cup players
UEFA Euro 1996 players
1998 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2000 players
FIFA Confederations Cup-winning players
Danish football managers
Herfølge Boldklub managers
Hannover 96 managers
Men's association football defenders
Men's association football midfielders
FC Vestsjælland managers
Vendsyssel FF managers
SfB-Oure FA managers
Danish expatriate sportspeople in Germany

Michael Schjønberg


WBAP () is an AM news/talk radio station licensed to Fort Worth, Texas, and serving the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. WBAP is owned by Cumulus Media and broadcasts with  from a transmitter site in the northwest corner of Mansfield.

WBAP is a Class A clear-channel station, using a non-directional antenna. Its nighttime signal can often be heard throughout the Southern, Central, and Midwestern states and Northern Mexico, while its daytime signal provides at least secondary coverage from Oklahoma City to Austin. The station's studios are located in the Victory Park district in Dallas just north of downtown. WBAP is one of the oldest radio stations in Texas, dating back to 1922, when stations in Texas were still given call signs beginning with "W" instead of "K."

Emergency preparedness
WBAP and sister station KSCS are responsible for activation of the North Texas Emergency Alert System when hazardous weather alerts, Disaster area declarations, and child abductions are issued.

During a severe weather event on October 10, 2021, WBAP lost power along with much of its listening area. Brad Barton and several spotters had to broadcast its EAS and coverage via their 4G phones.

Station history

Early years
WBAP began broadcasting .  It transmitted at a wavelength of 360 meters (about 833 kHz).  It changed to 400 meters (750 kHz) in August 1922. The station shared time with Dallas stations WFAA and WRR. It was the first station in the United States to have an audible logo signal similar to the NBC chimes, the WBAP cowbell. According to President Herbert Hoover, the station's call letters stood for "We Bring A Program," although in reality, the call letters were assigned sequentially, without any special meaning.

On May 15, 1923, the Federal Radio Commission expanded the broadcast band, and WBAP and WFAA moved to 476 meters (about 630 kHz). Another expansion moved WBAP to 600 kHz effective June 15, 1927, and this frequency was shared with WOAI in San Antonio. On November 11, 1928, WBAP moved to 800 kHz, and on June 1, 1929, WFAA also moved to 800 kHz, sharing time (and NBC Red network affiliation) with WBAP.  Station owner Amon G. Carter was unhappy with having to share time on 800 kHz with WFAA. Carter Publishing purchased KGKO in Wichita Falls (570 kHz) and moved it to Fort Worth as an affiliate of the NBC Blue network (which became ABC), and more importantly as a second frequency to be used when 800 kHz was not available. The sale was approved by the Federal Communications Commission September 24, 1935. On March 29, 1941, as a consequence of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA), WBAP and WFAA moved one last time, to 820 kHz.

Carter eventually sold half of KGKO to A. H. Belo, owners of WFAA and the Dallas Morning News.  On April 27, 1947, KGKO was replaced by a second shared frequency between WBAP and WFAA.

TV and FM stations
On September 29, 1948, WBAP pioneered television service in Texas with the opening of the state's first video outlet, NBC-TV Network affiliate WBAP-TV on channel 5 (now KXAS-TV).  A year later, WBAP added an FM station at 100.5, WBAP-FM.  It moved to 96.3 MHz in 1955 and today is co-owned KSCS.

The dual frequency sharing arrangement between WBAP and WFAA continued through the 1950s and 1960s, with the stations switching frequencies several times a day. When WBAP changed frequencies, it signaled the change with a cowbell, which became widely associated with the station. Even though the stations swapped frequencies several times each day, the network affiliations remained constant: NBC network programming stayed on 820 kHz and ABC network programming stayed on 570 kHz. This frequently proved confusing for announcers and listeners alike.

820 AM
On May 1, 1970, the unique dual split-frequency lives of WBAP and WFAA ended when WBAP paid $3.5 million to WFAA in exchange for sole occupancy of 820 kHz (and the NBC affiliation). WFAA took on 570 kHz (and the ABC affiliation), but with only 5,000 watts full-time. Once the frequency-sharing with WFAA ended in 1970, both stations were free to program musical formats, and WBAP began programming a full service country music format.  It also gained the added benefit of 820's clear-channel signal; previously WFAA controlled it during these prime nighttime hours.

Also around this time, the FCC began to scrutinize ownership of broadcast stations and print media in the same market with the tightening of its rules, which disallowed new radio and/or television combinations with newspapers while grandfathering existing instances. Carter Publications' ownership of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram and WBAP-AM-FM-TV was one of three which existed in the Dallas/Fort Worth market. However, Carter voluntarily ended the cross-ownership issue in January 1973, when it announced the sale of all its Fort Worth media interests. WBAP and its FM sister (now known as KSCS), and the Star-Telegram were packaged to Capital Cities Communications for $64.5 million.  LIN Broadcasting paid $35 million to acquire WBAP-TV, whose call letters were changed to KXAS-TV. The sales became final in the summer of 1974.

After a series of network affiliation changes in the late 1970s among WBAP, KRLD and WFAA, WBAP switched affiliations to ABC.

All-Talk format

WBAP changed to an all-talk format in October 1993, calling itself "News/Talk 820."  It was also the radio flagship radio station of the Texas Rangers baseball team, airing the play-by-play, pre-game and post-game broadcasts.

Morning show host Hal Jay celebrated his 25-year anniversary with WBAP by organizing a charity fund-raising event for Cook Children's Hospital ("Hal Jay's Celebrity Roast").  Among those who attended were Baseball Hall-of-Famer Nolan Ryan and syndicated radio talk show host Sean Hannity.

Change in ownership
On June 12, 2007, WBAP was one of many Disney/ABC Radio stations sold to Citadel Broadcasting. That same year, WBAP transmitted iBiquity HD Radio (digital) during the daytime and when not airing sports programming, until abruptly ending the "HD" digital transmission in early December 2008.  Because the license to broadcast digital "HD Radio" is perpetual, the station could resume digital broadcasts at any time.

For many years, WBAP was the flagship station for Dallas Stars hockey team, but relinquished the rights beginning in the 2009–2010 season, as on January 16, 2009, the Dallas Stars named KTCK Sportsradio 1310 The Ticket as its new flagship station for the next 5 years. Ironically, with Cumulus Media's recent acquisition of Citadel, WBAP and KTCK are now sister stations. Among the moments of when WBAP Had the stars, both Stanley Cup Finals runs were aired. And WBAP had the honor of broadcasting Game 6 of the 1999 Stanley Cup Finals, when the Stars clinched the Stanley Cup over Buffalo.

FM simulcast
Sister station KPMZ (later WBAP-FM, now KTCK-FM) started simulcasting WBAP on 96.7 FM, March 15, 2010. Although broadcasting on a rimshot signal, management said that WBAP-FM provides "crystal-clear FM fidelity" for their listeners within 96.7's pre-determined coverage area.

On October 7, 2013, Cumulus announced the discontinuation of the WBAP simulcast on 96.7 FM.  It switched call letters to KTCK-FM as a simulcast of the sports radio programming on co-owned KTCK 1310 AM. Dan Bennet, the vice president/market manager of Cumulus, said he had "seen no ratings increase since adding the FM." Bennett added, "WBAP at 820 AM still covers 114 counties in the day and has been heard in up to 38 states at night and early morning before the sun comes up. WBAP at 820 is one of the biggest radio signals in America." The WBAP simulcast has moved to KPLX-HD2 at 99.5 FM (HD Radio needed).

In 2015, WBAP ended decades of ABC affiliation and changed its national news feed to Westwood One News. On August 31, 2020, after the shutdown of Westwood One News, WBAP switched its national news affiliation  to Fox News Radio.

Current programming

WBAP airs both local and nationally syndicated shows.  Weekdays begins with the WBAP Morning News with Hal Jay & Ernie Brown followed by Casey Bartholomew late mornings and Chris Krok evenings.  The syndicated shows come from the co-owned Westwood One Network: Dan Bongino, Mark Levin and on weekends Chris Plante, Rich Valdes and Ben Ferguson.  Weekends include shows on money, cars, home improvement, real estate and the outdoors. Brokered programming is also aired. Most hours on weekdays start with local news at the top of the hour while on nights and weekends, Fox News Radio is heard.

WBAP is the flagship station of Westwood One's nationally syndicated Red Eye Radio (formerly Midnight Trucking Radio Network), that traces its roots to Bill Mack's overnight show from 1969.  Hosts Eric Harley and Gary McNamara are heard live locally weeknights, with "Best Of" programs heard weekend overnights.

Prior to Citadel's takeover of the station in August 2007, talk show host Mark Davis's show was a full three hours, (9 A.M. to Noon).  As a result, Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity and Mark Levin were all forced to air on a one-hour tape delay.  However, with Citadel's ownership of the station, Davis's show was both cut in length and shifted back by a half-hour, to carry the top-rated talkers live. Davis departed the station in March 2012 when a contract agreement could not be reached.

In the fall of 2010, WBAP began an agreement with Texas Christian University to air live play-by-play of TCU Horned Frogs football and TCU Horned Frogs men's basketball.  The station carried every game of the undefeated football team in that first season.

References

External links
FCC History Cards for WBAP

 DFW Radio Archives
 DFW Radio/TV History

Hal Jay Celebrity Roast

News and talk radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1922
µ
Cumulus Media radio stations
1922 establishments in Texas
Former subsidiaries of The Walt Disney Company
Clear-channel radio stations

WBAP (AM)