A time horizon, also known as a planning horizon, is a fixed point of time in the future at which point certain processes will be evaluated or assumed to end.  It is necessary in an accounting, finance or risk management regime to assign such a fixed horizon time so that alternatives can be evaluated for performance over the same period of time.

Although short term horizons such as end of day, end of week, end of month matter in accounting, generally it is mere summing-up and the simplest mark to market processes that take place at these short term horizons.  No scenario analysis or mark to future activities are usually undertaken for such short periods, except for very large portfolios.

The most common horizons used in planning are one "quarter" (a quarter year, or three months), a year, two years, three years, four years (especially in a representative democracy where this is a quite common term of office and election cycle) and five years (in corporate planning). More far-sighted companies and government agencies may also use between ten and one hundred years. Thirty years is often used in mortgage contracts and US Treasury bonds such as the "long bond". The Forestry Commission in the UK plans over a century into the future.

Agreeing on a common time horizon for action is particularly important in global policy, as each participant will have very different time horizon habits.  Achieving simultaneous policy is quite difficult without an agreement, as those taking action early may be seriously disadvantaged in competition with those taking action late on a regulatory matter. One attempt to bring about a global simultaneous policy is being attempted by the International Simultaneous Policy Organization's SIMPOL campaign.

See also
Planning horizon
Gap financing
Race to the bottom
Timetable (disambiguation)
Time preference

References

Business planning

Time horizon


Terminal Tower is a skyscraper on Public Square in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. It is 52 stories and 235 meters high. When it was first built, it was the second-tallest building in the world. It was the tallest building in the United States outside New York from when it was built in 1930, to 1964.

Cleveland

Terminal Tower


Jack Bertrand Weinstein (August 10, 1921 – June 15, 2021) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York. Until his entry into inactive senior status on February 10, 2020, he maintained a full docket of cases.

Early life, education and military service

Weinstein was born on August 10, 1921, into a Jewish family living temporarily in Wichita, Kansas, the son of Harry and Bessie (Brodach) Weinstein. He was raised partly in Brooklyn, New York. He graduated from Abraham Lincoln High School in Brooklyn's Brighton Beach district before receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree from Brooklyn College in 1943. During World War II, he served as a lieutenant in the United States Navy from 1943 to 1946. His duties included serving as deck officer on board the submarine USS Jallao, where he also ran the radar equipment. He graduated from Columbia Law School with a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1948.

Early legal career

After law school he worked for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, was a member of the litigation team for Brown v. Board of Education, and worked on the "one man, one vote" litigation of the 1960s. His collaborators included future Columbia Law School colleagues such as Charles Black and Jack Greenberg. He was a law clerk for Justice Stanley Fuld of the New York State Court of Appeals, from 1949 to 1950. He also worked for Republican State Senator Seymour Halpern. While on the faculty of Columbia Law School, he was county attorney of Nassau County, New York, from 1955 to 1957.

Federal judicial service

On January 16, 1967, he was nominated as a federal judge to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, to a seat vacated by Judge Leo F. Rayfiel. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 14, 1967, and received his commission on April 15, 1967. He served as Chief Judge from 1980 to 1988.

As a federal judge, he worked with a number of mass tort cases, including those relating to Agent Orange, asbestos, tobacco, breast implants, diethylstilbestrol, Zyprexa, and handguns. He has been known to take on large numbers of cases from other judges, and on one occasion collected most of the unresolved habeas corpus petitions in the Eastern District to bring finality to the claims of many prisoners. Weinstein assumed senior status on March 1, 1993, but had maintained a full docket of cases since then and continued to do so until he entered into inactive senior status on February 10, 2020. His change to inactive senior status meant that while he remained a federal judge, he no longer heard cases or participated in the business of the court.

Academic service
Following two years in private practice, Weinstein was a tenured professor at Columbia Law School from 1952 until commencing his judicial service in 1967. He remained on the institution's faculty as an adjunct professor until 1998. From 1987 until his death, he was an adjunct professor at Brooklyn Law School.

Cases
The Second Circuit Appeals court reversed Weinstein's ruling in favor of the City of New York (Mayor Michael Bloomberg) against a group of gun manufacturers.  The Second Circuit found the suit to be barred under Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act (PLCAA).  From the decision of April 30, 2008; "We conclude that the City's claim, predicated on New York Penal Law § 240.45, does not fall within an exception to the claim restricting provisions of the Act because that statute does not fall within the contours of the Act's predicate exception. We also hold that the PLCAA is a valid exercise of the powers granted to Congress pursuant to the Commerce Clause and that the PLCAA does not violate the doctrine of separation of powers or  otherwise offend the Constitution in any manner alleged by the City."

In March 2005, Weinstein dismissed a lawsuit filed by the Vietnamese victims of Agent Orange against producers of chemicals defoliants/herbicides on the grounds that use of the herbicide in warfare had been legal under the international law of the time.

According to a May 2010 New York Times article, Weinstein entered the national debate regarding child pornography laws by issuing a "series of rulings that directly attack the mandatory five-year prison sentence faced by defendants charged with receiving child pornography."

Between 2006 and 2007, Weinstein presided over a case involving the dissemination of Eli Lilly internal documents relating to the drug Zyprexa.  Zyprexa was the subject of litigation in which the plaintiffs alleged that Eli Lilly had downplayed certain side effects associated with Zyprexa. An anonymous "citizen-journalist" initially released the internal documents on the public Internet before Weinstein issued an order blocking publication of material that would "facilitate dissemination" of the documents.

In August 2017, Weinstein amended his rule sheet to encourage junior female lawyers to take a speaking role in his courtroom. In October 2017, Weinstein threatened to hold a dedicated hearing on police perjury after allowing allegations to go to trial that police officers had falsely arrested a cashier simply to claim overtime.

In December 2017, Weinstein sentenced three gang members to up to eight years in prison for robbing at gunpoint a family and their five young children inside their home.  In his statement of reasons for the sentence, however, Weinstein criticized mandatory sentencing for unjustly punishing the perpetrators as "society's unredeemables".  On June 11, 2018, Weinstein explicitly criticized recent Supreme Court precedent when he refused to grant qualified immunity to police officers who had allegedly beaten a resident when he tried to stop them from entering his home without a warrant.

Death
Weinstein died on June 15, 2021, in Great Neck, New York (where he resided for most of his adult life) at the age of 99.

Publications

Weinstein's publications include leading treatises on evidence and New York practice.  He wrote a number of law review articles (not included below) and several books.

Individual Justice in Mass Tort Litigation: The Effect of Class Actions, Consolidations, and Other Multiparty Devices (1995)

Mass Torts:Cases and Materials (with Kenneth Feinberg) (1992)

Chapter VIII - Rulemaking by the Courts: The Judicial Administration Division Handbook, A.B.A. (6th ed., 1981)

Reform of the Court Rulemaking Procedures, The Institute of Comparative Law in Japan (Japanese ed., 1981)

Reform of the Federal Rulemaking Process (Ohio State Univ. Press, 1977)

Basic Problems of State and Federal Evidence (by Edward R. Morgan), 5th ed. Weinstein Rev., (1976)

Weinstein's Evidence (with Prof. Margaret Berger), 7 Volumes, 1975–1979, With Annual Supplements, One Volume, 1987, With Annual Supplements

Cases and Materials on Evidence (with Morgan and Maguire) 1957, (with Maguire, Chadbourn & Mansfield, 1964, 1970, 1973) (with Mansfield, Berger & Abrams, 1981, 1988)

Rules and Statute Supplement (with Mansfield, Abrams & Berger, 1981, 1982, 1987)

Elements of Civil Procedure (with Rosenberg, 1962) (with Rosenberg & Smith, 1970)
(1982 Supplement 3rd ed. (with Rosenberg, Smith & Korn))

New York Civil Procedure (with Korn & Miller) 7 Volumes (1976)

Manual of New York Civil Procedure (with Korn & Miller) (1967)

Essays on the New York Constitution (1966)

A New York Constitution Meeting Today's Needs and Tomorrow's Challenges, March (1967)

Various New York Practice Annual Publications (Editor) (1960)

See also
List of Jewish American jurists
List of United States federal judges by longevity of service

References

External links

1921 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American judges
20th-century American naval officers
21st-century American judges
Abraham Lincoln High School (Brooklyn) alumni
American people of Jewish descent
Brooklyn College alumni
Brooklyn Law School faculty
Columbia Law School alumni
Columbia Law School faculty
Judges of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York
Military personnel from Kansas
Lawyers from Wichita, Kansas
Scholars of evidence law
United States district court judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson
United States Navy personnel of World War II

Jack B. Weinstein


Captain EO is an American-British short 3D science fiction movie. It is 17 minutes long. It is about an astronaut and hero called "Captain EO". He is played by Michael Jackson. Anjelica Huston plays the alien villain called the "Supreme Leader". The executive producer was George Lucas and the movie director was Francis Ford Coppola (who came up with the name "Captain EO" from Eos, the Greek goddess of dawn). Captain EO is one of the first 4D movies. The movie played at Disneyland and Epcot. In 1996 Captain EO was shown on MTV. This is the only time it was shown on television. It has never been released on video or DVD. The movie can be watched on the internet from video sharing websites such as YouTube.

1986 science fiction movies
American science fiction movies
English-language movies
Movies about extraterrestrial life
Michael Jackson

Captain EO


The Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 (, ) is an Act for the United States government that combines bills funding the operations of each of the Cabinet departments, except Defense, Homeland Security, and Veteran Affairs into a single appropriation bill. It was signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 11, 2009.

House version

The House of Representatives version of the bill includes $410 billion in spending.  This includes a 21 percent increase to a program that feeds infants and poor women, an 8 percent increase to the Section 8 voucher program, a 13 percent increase to the Agriculture Department, a 10 percent increase in Amtrak subsidies, a 10 percent increase in Congress's budget, a 12 percent increase in the Department of State budget and foreign aid, and eliminated spending for the Millennium Challenge Corporation.

The watchdog group Taxpayers for Common Sense identified over 8,500 earmarks totaling $7.7 billion (1.9% of the bill's total), including $22 million for the John F. Kennedy Library, dozens of grants to assist states and counties prevent the spread of methamphetamine use, and $200,000 for the removal of tattoos from gang members.<ref
name=Omnibus_AP/>

The bill passed the House by a vote of 245-178 (including 16 Republicans) and the Senate 62-35 (including 8 Republicans).

Embryonic stem cell research
An amendment to the bill bans federal funding of "research in which a human embryo or embryos are destroyed, discarded, or knowingly subjected to risk of injury or death." Two days prior to signing the bill, Obama had lifted a ban on federal funding of such research.

References

External links

United States federal appropriations legislation
Acts of the 111th United States Congress

Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009


Paydex is a term used by Dun and Bradstreet, for a numerical score granted to businesses as a credit score for the promptness of their payments to creditors.  The Paydex score is used for commercial organizations in a manner similar to the way the FICO score is used for individuals.

Calculation
While credit scores for individuals or non-business entities take a number of factors into consideration, Paydex is calculated based on one single factor. Essentially, the factor is contingent upon whether the business makes payments to its respective suppliers and creditors either "as agreed" or "better than agreed" (i.e., pays prior to the agreed upon due date or pays more than the agreed upon amount; in other words, the payment exceeds the minimum balance).

Interpretation
The Paydex Score ranges from 0 (worst) to 100 (best). A Paydex of 80 or higher is considered healthy for a company - that is, a company is paying its suppliers and vendors on time and before the scheduled payment due date. It is also important to note that payments received after they are due, or in other words, late, will negatively affect the organization's Paydex score. Today, most lenders and suppliers are looking for a score of 75 and higher.

See also
 Data Universal Numbering System (D.U.N.S.)

References

Credit
Dun & Bradstreet

Paydex


Zhang Zhongjun (; 1913–1995), also known as Tsun-Tsing Chang or T.T. Chang, was a Chinese electrical engineer and a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Biography
Zhang was born in Jiashan, Zhejiang Province in 1913. He attended Shanghai Jiao Tong University and was awarded a BSE (electrical engineering) in 1934. Upon graduation he set out to the United States to continue his studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and was awarded a S.M. (Science Master) within 9 months, and SC.D.(Doctor of Science) in Electrical Engineering and minor in mathematics in 1938. He was a Rockefeller Scholar and stayed on as a postdoctoral researcher at MIT, after completing his studies.

As World War II broke out he followed the Nationalist Government to Wuhan and Chongqing. He taught graduate classes at the National Central University until the end of war.

Zhang returned to and worked in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Shanghai Jiao Tong University from 1945. He was head of Electrical Engineering department and director of Electrical Research Institute. Jiang Zemin, later General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (paramount leader of China), was one of his students.

He was advising the Shanghai Power Company and worked on the restoration of power shortage from National Chinese air raid and Naval blockade. In the 1950s, he designed and established the electric power simulation system of Shanghai. In the mid-1950s he was a delegate of China to Soviet Union on electrical power research. After the 1960s his interest turned to the field of control engineering and founded Department of  Automation at Shanghai Jiao Tong University. He was elected a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1980.

1913 births
1995 deaths
Chinese electrical engineers
Educators from Jiaxing
Engineers from Zhejiang
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
National Chiao Tung University (Shanghai) alumni
Academic staff of Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Zhang Zhongjun


A war movie is a genre of movie where a war or an armed conflict plays an important part in the movie. In most of the scenes, the actors, will play in a scenario, which is affected by war. War movies usually show modern wars; unlike other genres, which may show older conflicts. The first war movie was Sea Fighting in Greece, by Georges Meliès, of 1897.  It is set in the Greco-Turkish War (1897). Documentaries about wars are not war movies.

War movies were often used to show how terrible war really is, and that peace is a better option. Therse are sometimes called anti-war-movies.

War movies have the following characteristics:

 The mix fictional and non-fictional elements (for example, a fictionnal story, in a real war). Even though everyone knows, that this story did not happen, a very similar one could have happened. Very often, the viewer knows what the parties in the war were, and how the war ended.
 The place where the movie takes place, and the kinds of weapons used have a big influence on the movie.
 There are two options: either there is one protagonist, who needs to go through some development, and prove himself; or there is a gorup of people, who need to find common traits and work together to be successful.
Usually, a part of the audience will idealize soldiers, and war. Very often, visual effects (stunts, explosions, etc) will be madde to look very realistic. This can make it difficult, keep a critical distance.

Examples
Successful war movies include:

 The Birth of A nation (David Griffith, 1915, American Civil War)
 All Quiet on the Western Front (Lewis Milestone, 1930, First World War)
 For Whom the Bell Tolls (Sam Wood, 1943, Spanish Civil War)
 Paths to Glory (Stanley Kubrick, 1957, First World War)
 Die Brücke (Bernhard Wicki, 1959, Second World War)
 The Longest Day (Ken Ananika / Adrew Marton /Bernhard Wicki/Erich Maria Remarque, 1962, Second World War)- last War movier shot in black and white
 MASH (RIbert Aktmanm 1970, Korean war)
 The Deer Hunter (Michael Camino, 1978, Vietnam War)
 Apocalypse Now(Francis Ford Copola, 1979, Vietnam war)
 Das Boot (Wolfgang Petersen, 1981, Second World War)
 Platoon(Oliver Stone, 1986, Vietnam War)
 Full Metal Jacket (Stanley Kubrick, 1987, Vietnam War)
 Born on the Fourth of July( Oliver Stone, 1989, Vietnam war)
 Saving Private Ryan (Steven Spielberg, 1998, Second World War)
 No Man's Land (Danis Tanović, 2001, Balkan conflict)
 Black Hawk Down( Ridley Scott, 2001, Battle for Mogadishu in the Somali Civil War)
 Brotherhood (Kang Je-gyu, 2004, Korean war)
 Flags of Our Fathers  and Letters from  Iwo Jima (Clint EastWood, 206,Second World War)
 American Sniper (Clint Eastwood, 2014, Third Gulf War)
 Dunkirk (Christopher Nolan, 2017, Battle and evacuation of Dunkirk, Second World War)
 They Shall Not Grow Old (Peter Jackson, 2018, First World War)
 1917  (Sam Mendes, 2019, First World War)

Movie genres

War movie


Urbanized is a documentary film directed by Gary Hustwit and released on 26 October 2011. It is considered the third of a three-part series on design known as the Design Trilogy; the first being Helvetica, about the typeface, and the second being Objectified, about industrial design. The documentary discusses how cities are designed, and it features interviews with urban planners and architects, such as Oscar Niemeyer and Jan Gehl.

Marketing
To promote the documentary, Hustwit commissioned a set of four limited edition posters based on four themes related to urban design.

Reception
The film was well received by critics.  Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars, calling it "an undertaking on an impressive scale" while suggesting that the documentary could have used more interviews of ordinary people.  Writing for The New York Times, A.O. Scott compared the film to "a really good class taught by a team of enthusiastic professors," although he noted "a distinct bias in favor of [Jane Jacobs]-influenced new urbanism and against other approaches to city planning." TimeOut, meanwhile, called Urbanized "gorgeously photographed" while praising the film's interviews and Hustwit's ability "to make even the most banal of cityscapes appear appealingly utopian."

References

External links

2011 documentary films
2011 films
American documentary films
American independent films
Documentary films about urban studies
Documentary films about the visual arts
Films directed by Gary Hustwit
Kickstarter-funded documentaries
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

Urbanized


"If" is a song written by American singer-songwriter David Gates in 1971. Originally popularized by his group Bread, "If" charted at No. 4 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 when released as a single in 1971 and No. 6 in Canada. It also spent three weeks at No. 1 on the U.S. Easy Listening chart, and one week at the top of the Canadian AC chart.

Record World said that the "gentle song by group's own David Gates (he produced and arranged also) will score in short order."

In the U.S., Bread's tune was the shortest song title to become a top ten hit until 1993, when Prince hit No. 7 with "7", later matched by Britney Spears' No. 1 hit "3" in 2009. The song is distinguished by its opening line "If a picture paints a thousand words..."

Chart performance

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Cover versions

Olivia Newton-John was one of the first to cover the song, recording a version for her 1971 debut solo album, If Not for You, performing the song during her first American TV performance that year on The Dean Martin Show.

Telly Savalas recorded a mostly-spoken interpretation which reached No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart for two weeks in March 1975, and has the shortest title of any song to reach No. 1 in the UK. This version also charted at No. 12 on the US Billboard Easy Listening chart in late 1974. In Canada, "If" reached No. 88 in the Pop charts, and No. 40 in the AC charts. The Savalas version peaked at number 12 in Australia and was the 81st biggest selling single in Australia in 1975.

A parody take on Savalas' rendition, by voice over artists Chris Sandford and Bill Mitchell performing as Yin and Yan, reached No. 25 in the UK.

References

1971 singles
1971 songs
Folk rock songs
Elektra Records singles
1975 singles
Bread (band) songs
Songs written by David Gates
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Irish Singles Chart number-one singles

If (Bread song)


Altaf Mahmud (; 23 December 1933 – September 1971) was a musician, cultural activist, and martyred freedom fighter of the Bangladesh Liberation War. He was also a language activist of the Language Movement and composer of "Amar Bhaier Rokte Rangano", the famous song written to commemorate the event.

Early life
Altaf Mahmud was born in Patarchar village of Muladi Thana under Barisal district. He finished his matriculation from Barisal Zilla School. Mahmud was then admitted to BM College before he went to Kolkata to learn painting at the Calcutta Arts School. Mahmud started singing while he was a school boy. He first learnt music from famous violin player Suren Roy. He learnt to sing gana sangit (people's song), which brought him popularity during that time.

Professional career
Altaf Mahmud came to Dhaka in 1950 and joined in Dhumketu Shilpi Shongho. Later he became the music director of the institution. In 1956, Mahmud was invited to the Vienna Peace Conference. But he was unable to attend as his passport was confiscated by the government at Karachi. There he stayed until 1963 and took talim of classical music to Ustad Abdul Kader Khan. He also associated with dance director Ghanashyam and music director Debu Bhattacharya. After returning from Karachi to Dhaka, Mahmud worked in 19 different films. Along with the famous Jibon Theke Neya, he also worked in films like Kaise Kahu, Kar Bau, and Tanha. He also remained associated with  politics and different cultural organizations. In addition to his talent in music, Mahmud was also fluent in painting.

Discography

Language Movement and Liberation War
During 1950 he sang gonoshongit in many places to inspire the activists of the Language Movement. Along with his singing, Mahmud continued to support the movement. He composed the music for the song Amar Bhaier Rokte Rangano in 1969, in Zahir Raihan's film Jibon Theke Neya.

Altaf Mahmud took part in the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. He created a secret camp inside his house for the freedom fighters. When the location of this camp was revealed, the Pakistan Army caught him on 30 August 1971. Mahmud was tortured by them, and many other guerrilla fighters like Shafi Imam Rumi were also captured by the Pakistan Army on that day.

Mahmud and many other fighters were captured and killed in this incident. His patriotic songs, which were broadcast at the Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra, also inspired the independence fighters during the war.

Awards
 Ekushey Padak (1977)
 Independence Day Award (2004)

Verdict for killing Altaf Mahmud
On 18 July 2013, Ali Ahsan Mohammad Mojaheed was found guilty and received a life sentence on the charge related to the killing of Rumi along with Badi, Jewel, Azad and Altaf Mahmud at the army camp set up in Nakhalpara, Dhaka, during the Liberation War.

References

External links

1933 births
1971 deaths
People from Barisal District
Bangladeshi composers
20th-century Bangladeshi male singers
20th-century Bangladeshi singers
People killed in the Bangladesh Liberation War
Brojomohun College alumni
Government College of Art & Craft alumni
University of Calcutta alumni
Recipients of the Independence Day Award
20th-century composers
Recipients of the Ekushey Padak in arts
Barishal Zilla School alumni

Altaf Mahmud


In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Grötzsch graph is a triangle-free graph with 11 vertices, 20 edges, chromatic number 4, and crossing number 5. It is named after German mathematician Herbert Grötzsch, who used it as an example in connection with his 1959 theorem that planar triangle-free graphs are 3-colorable.

The Grötzsch graph is a member of an infinite sequence of triangle-free graphs, each the Mycielskian of the previous graph in the sequence, starting from the one-edge graph; this sequence of graphs was constructed by  to show that there exist triangle-free graphs with arbitrarily large chromatic number. Therefore, the Grötzsch graph is sometimes also called the Mycielski graph or the Mycielski–Grötzsch graph. Unlike later graphs in this sequence, the Grötzsch graph is the smallest triangle-free graph with its chromatic number.

Properties
The full automorphism group of the Grötzsch graph is isomorphic to the dihedral group D5 of order 10, the group of symmetries of a regular pentagon, including both rotations and reflections. These symmetries have three orbits of vertices: the degree-5 vertex (by itself), its five neighbors, and its five non-neighbors. Similarly, there are three orbits of edges, distinguished by their distance from the degree-5 vertex.

The characteristic polynomial of the Grötzsch graph is

Although it is not a planar graph, it can be embedded in the projective plane without crossings. This embedding has ten faces, all of which are quadrilaterals.

Applications
The existence of the Grötzsch graph demonstrates that the assumption of planarity is necessary in Grötzsch's theorem that every triangle-free planar graph is 3-colorable. It has odd girth five but girth four, and does not have any graph homomorphism to a graph whose girth is five or more, so it forms an example that distinguishes odd girth from the maximum girth that can be obtained from a homomorphism.

 used a modified version of the Grötzsch graph to disprove a conjecture of  on the chromatic number of triangle-free graphs with high degree. Häggkvist's modification consists of replacing each of the five degree-four vertices of the Grötzsch graph by a set of three vertices, replacing each of the five degree-three vertices of the Grötzsch graph by a set of two vertices, and replacing the remaining degree-five vertex of the Grötzsch graph by a set of four vertices. Two vertices in this expanded graph are connected by an edge if they correspond to vertices connected by an edge in the Grötzsch graph. The result of Häggkvist's construction is a 10-regular triangle-free graph with 29 vertices and chromatic number 4, disproving the conjecture that there is no 4-chromatic triangle-free -vertex graph in which each vertex has more than  neighbours. Every such graph contains the Grötzsch graph as an induced subgraph.

Related graphs
The Grötzsch graph shares several properties with the Clebsch graph, a distance-transitive graph with 16 vertices and 40 edges: both the Grötzsch graph and the Clebsch graph are triangle-free and four-chromatic, and neither of them has any six-vertex induced paths. These properties are close to being enough to characterize these graphs: the Grötzsch graph is an induced subgraph of the Clebsch graph, and every triangle-free four-chromatic -free graph is likewise an induced subgraph of the Clebsch graph that in turn contains the Grötzsch graph as an induced subgraph. The Chvátal graph is another small triangle-free 4-chromatic graph. However, unlike the Grötzsch graph and the Clebsch graph, the Chvátal graph has a six-vertex induced path.

Notes

References

External links

Individual graphs

Grötzsch graph


Deiva Magan ( ) is a 1969 Indian Tamil-language drama film written and directed by A. C. Tirulokchander. An adaptation of the Bengali novel Ulka by Nihar Ranjan Gupta, it stars Sivaji Ganesan in three roles and Jayalalithaa, with Sundarrajan, M. N. Nambiar, Nagesh, V. Nagayya and Pandari Bai in supporting roles. The film is about a scarred man who attempts to reconnect with his estranged family.

Following the 1957 film Ulka, Thayi Karulu (1962), Meri Surat Teri Ankhen (1963) and Thayin Karunai (1965), Deiva Magan is the fifth film adaptation of the novel. Its screenplay was written to be largely different from those of the earlier films, most of which were poorly received. The film was produced by Periyanna of Shanthi Films, photographed by Thambu and edited by B. Kanthasamy, and the dialogues were written by Aaroor Dass.

Deiva Magan was released on 5 September 1969; it received critical acclaim, primarily for Ganesan's performance, and was a commercial success, running for more than 100 days in theatres. It won the Tamil Nadu State Film Awards for Third Best Film and Best Actor (Ganesan), and was the first Tamil film to be submitted by India in contest for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

Plot
Shankar is a successful businessman who has an inferiority complex due to his scarred face. When his wife Parvathi gives birth to a son who is also scarred, Shankar asks the doctor Raju to kill the child to prevent him from experiencing the same pain Shankar has experienced throughout his life. Rather than kill the baby, Raju takes him to an ashram, where he is raised by its Baba and named Kannan. Shankar and Parvathi are oblivious to Kannan's existence.

Kannan receives little affection growing up at the ashram. Meanwhile, his younger twin brother Vijay is raised with much fondness and pampering. Vijay falls in love with a girl named Nirmala, who rejects him. Vijay's friend Ananth regularly extracts money to construct a hotel, which Vijay manages to get for him. When Baba is dying, he tells Kannan he is not an orphan and to meet Raju to learn more about his past. Nirmala is revealed to be Raju's daughter.

Kannan meets Raju, who is shocked to see his resemblance to Shankar. At first, Raju refuses to tell Kannan about his parents but consents after Kannan guarantees he will only see his parents without revealing his identity. Kannan enthusiastically goes to see his parents at night but Shankar shoots him, thinking he is a thief. Nirmala later reciprocates Vijay's love. Kannan has a chance meeting with Parvathi at a temple, but she does not recognise him.

Parvathi tells Shankar what happened at the temple; Shankar believes it must be his firstborn and meets Raju, who confirms it. Shankar meets Kannan; he offers Kannan a large amount of money so he can live prosperously but does not invite him to live with them. Kannan rejects the money, saying he is content to know his parents. Vijay comes and asks his father for money; Kannan, who is hiding in a cupboard, gestures Shankar to give the rejected money to Vijay.

In the meantime, Ananth wants more money from Vijay, so he kidnaps Vijay and demands a large ransom from Shankar. When Shankar is about to leave with the ransom money, Kannan asks to go instead. Shankar refuses so Kannan knocks him out and goes to the planned meeting disguised as Shankar. Kannan rescues Vijay and kills Ananth but is mortally wounded in the process. Shankar, Parvathi and the police arrive at the scene of the shooting. Kannan dies in the arms of his mother, who accepts him as her son.

Cast

 Sivaji Ganesan as Shankar, Kannan and Vijay
 Jayalalithaa as Nirmala
 Sundarrajan as Raju
 M. N. Nambiar as Ananth
 Nagesh as Boopathy
 V. Nagayya as the Baba
 Pandari Bai as Parvathi
 Vijayasree as Julie

Production

Development
The Bengali novel Ulka by Nihar Ranjan Gupta had been adapted for the screen four times; a 1957 Bengali film by the same name, a Kannada film Thayi Karulu (1962), a Hindi film Meri Surat Teri Ankhen (1963), and a Tamil film Thayin Karunai (1965). Despite the poor commercial performances of Ulka, Meri Surat Teri Ankhen and Thayin Karunai, director A. C. Tirulokchander was interested in adapting the novel and wrote a screenplay that was largely different from those of the previous films. The film was produced by Periyanna of Shanthi Films, and the dialogues were written by Aaroor Dass. The cinematographer was Thambu, the editor was B. Kanthasamy, and the art director was A. Balu. The film's working title was Uyiroviyam before it was retitled Deiva Magan.

Sivaji Ganesan portrayed three roles; Shankar and his twin sons Kannan and Vijay. This was the second time Ganesan has portrayed three roles in one film; the first occasion was Bale Pandiya (1962). For the characterisation of Kannan, he drew inspiration from Quasimodo, the protagonist of Victor Hugo's novel The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (1831), making Kannan aggressive with "roughness and brute strength", while Vijay's body language was taken from that of C. V. Sridhar.

Filming
Periyanna initially wanted to the film to be made in colour but it was filmed in black and white at Ganesan's suggestion. The makeup for the scarred characters portrayed by Ganesan was done by R. Rangasamy and his son Jayanth Kumar. Rangasamy gave Ganesan's characters different looks; Shankar's look is sophisticated while Kannan was given a slightly darker skin tone than Vijay's. The original idea was for Kannan to resemble Quasimodo in the 1939 adaptation of The Hunchback of Notre Dame but Ganesan insisted the filmmakers reduce the character's unattractiveness after trying out prosthetics. He wanted viewers to sympathise with Kannan for his shortcomings without feeling repulsed by the character. Kannan is a sitar player but Ganesan did not know how to play the instrument; he pretended to play it instead.

There were difficulties in filming the scene in which Kannan is hiding in a cupboard and gestures to Shankar to give a cheque to Vijay; the scene required Ganesan to change his look between takes because the camera could not be moved, meaning he had to stand in one spot, mouth his lines, quickly change his attire and makeup to play the second character, stand in the same place and act. To ease the process, he asked Tirulokchander to stand in for him. Kanthasamy told Tirulokchander this seven-minute-long scene needed trimming but after re-watching it several times, Tirulokchander refused because he could not find what to cut and liked the way Ganesan performed as the three characters. The final cut of the film was initially ; after five cuts by the Censor Board, it was brought down to .

Music
The soundtrack to Deiva Magan was composed by M. S. Viswanathan and the lyrics were written by Kannadasan. The song "Deivame Deivame Nandri Solven" is Ganesan's homage to politician C. N. Annadurai, which is evident when it is played over a scene where Kannan screams "Anna". Kannadasan wrote the pallavi for a song. Tirulokchander and the others liked it, so Kannadasan completed writing the song and had a meeting where they listened to it. When an office boy came to serve them coffee, Kannadasan asked him whether he liked the song. The boy said though the song sounded good, he did not understand the meaning. Immediately, Kannadasan told Viswanathan to compose a different tune so he could write different lyrics. Despite those present objecting, Kannadasan persisted, resulting in the creation of the song "Kettadhum Koduppavane Krishna". The song, like many of Kannadasan's other songs, praises the Hindu god Krishna as "a simple god that responds to a poor man's prayer". The songs "Kaadhal Malar Kootam" and "Kaathalikka Katrukollungal" also became popular.

Release
Deiva Magan was released on 5 September 1969. Despite being released just four weeks after another Ganesan film, Nirai Kudam, it was a critical and commercial success, running for over 100 days in theatres. The release of Ganesan's films Thirudan and Sivandha Mann in the following months also did not affect Deiva Magan theatrical run.

Reception
According to the Tamil magazine Ananda Vikatan, most films in which one actor portraying multiple roles often have problems like impersonation and identity confusion, but the lack of these problems in Deiva Magan was an achievement for the director. The reviewer praised Ganesan's triple-role performance, mainly that of Vijay, and also appreciated Jayalalithaa's performance but felt Pandari Bai was under-used. The reviewer concluded the filmmakers had tried to build a hall with only one pillar and that pillar was Ganesan. The Indian Express reviewer praised Ganesan's performance as Shankar, along with the performances of Pandari Bai and Nagesh, but said the latter had "little to do with the story". The reviewer praised the set designs, Thambu's cinematography, and Viswanathan's music, concluding that Tirulokchander "can relax for having directed a successful commercial melodramatic film". After watching the film, C. V. Sridhar appreciated Ganesan's performance as Vijay, saying only he "could have done it so beautifully".

Accolades
At the Tamil Nadu State Film Awards, Deiva Magan won the Third Best Film award and Ganesan won the Best Actor award. The film was selected as India's official entry for the Best Foreign Language Film nomination for the 42nd Academy Awards; it was the first Tamil film to be submitted by India in the Best International Feature Film category.

Legacy
Kamal Haasan has acknowledged various films as influences on Michael Madana Kama Rajan (1990), namely Deiva Magan along with Nadodi Mannan (1958) and Yaadon Ki Baaraat (1973).

See also
List of submissions to the 42nd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film

References

Bibliography

External links

1960s Tamil-language films
1969 drama films
1969 films
Films based on Indian novels
Films based on works by Nihar Ranjan Gupta
Films directed by A. C. Tirulokchandar
Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan
Indian drama films

Twins in Indian films

Deiva Magan


Aspektz is a Canadian hip-hop recording artist and producer born at North York General hospital in Toronto, in 1989. He is the founder of the True Thorobredz record label, a Canadian entrepreneur and an MBA graduate from the Schulich School of Business.

Career
In 2009, Aspektz was awarded a MuchFACT video award to support the production of his first music video In the TDot, produced by Nadeem Sharpshooter Soumah.  The video aired nationally across MuchMusic and MuchVibe.  The single was released through True Thorobredz and on his first commercial release Academic Probation: Detention.  In the TDot was also featured in the popular TV Show Private Eyes (TV series), the touch-screen videogame DJMax Technika 3, followed by placements in the mobile version DJMax Technika Q as a built-in feature record, which was downloaded over 500,000 times in 2013 and finally in the PSP version DJMax Portable in 2014. In 2010, Aspektz independently financed Fresh that also featured in dance simulation game spin-off Pump It Up Infinity , the first and only single from his second record release Academic Probation: Commencement.

In October 2010, Aspektz collaborated with HBO and Miller High Life to release a conceptual album entitled 7th Inning Stretch with vocal samples from Kenny Powers of Eastbound & Down fame.  The record used the musical samples from the first season to chronicle the storyline from Kenny Powers perspective.

Aspektz graduated from the Schulich School of Business in 2011, ranked as the top business school in Canada and #5 globally. He appeared on the Business News Network in May 2011 as a current student on The Pitch to discuss his latest project and the 360-degree, immersive, interactive video technology he was shooting his videos with. He also appeared in XXL for an interview to discuss his contribution to the music industry via 360-degree video technology. The first single to utilize this technology was entitled Swivel and reached #4 on two US college charts. During the summer of 2011, he toured with Keys N Krates on the ((Red Bull)) Spectrum Electronic Festival.
His 2012 single Gametime was featured on the CTV Olympic Media Consortium's nationally televised broadcast during the London 2012 Games as a featured track.

Future Music Forum (2017)

On September 14, 2017, Aspektz was invited to be a keynote speaker at the Future Music Forum conference, held in Barcelona, Spain. His keynote focused on consumer journeys, disruptive technology and how pairing the two helped to anticipate disruption in any industry, category and service.

Discography

Studio albums

Singles
"In the TDot"
"Fresh"
"Going Down"
"Swivel"
"Gametime (Feels Like I'm Going to Make It)"
"I Love Your Style (prod. Rich Kidd)"
"Avion"

Awards and nominations
Awarded 2009 MuchFACT for In the Awarded 2011 MuchFACT for References

External links
Official website  at Aspektz

1989 births
Living people
Canadian male rappers
Rappers from Toronto
Schulich School of Business alumni
21st-century Canadian rappers
21st-century Canadian male musicians

Aspektz


Joanna Berzowska is an Associate Professor of Design and Computation Arts at Concordia University in Montreal. Her work and research deal primarily with "soft computation": electronic textiles, responsive clothing as wearable technology, reactive materials and squishy interfaces.

A native of Poland, she grew up in Algeria and Gabon before coming to Montreal to study university. She has a design degree from Concordia University and a mathematics degree from McGill University.

She is the founder of XS Labs (Extra Soft) in Montreal, where her team develops electronic textile and reactive fashion projects such as Memory-Rich Garments. She is also the Director of the Interactive Textiles and Wearable Computers Axis at the Hexagram Institute. She was the founder in 2001 of International Fashion Machines in Boston, where she developed the first electronic ink wearable animated display and Electric Plaid, an addressable color-change textile.

She received her Masters of Science from MIT for her work titled Computational Expressionism. She worked with the Tangible Media Group of the MIT Media Lab on research projects such as the musicBottles. She directed Interface Design at the Institute for Interactive Media at the University of Technology in Sydney. She holds a BA in Pure Mathematics and a BFA in Design Arts.

Her art and design work has been shown in the Cooper-Hewitt Design Museum in NYC, V&A in London, Millennium Museum in Beijing, SIGGRAPH, ISEA, Art Directors Club in NYC, Australian Museum in Sydney, NTT ICC in Tokyo and Ars Electronica Center in Linz among others. She has lectured about the intersections of art, design, technology and computation at SIGGRAPH, ISEA, Banff New Media Institute in Canada, and Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in Italy among others. In 2016 she was awarded a Montreal Women's Y Distinction Award in Science and technology.

External links
Personal website
Concordia Faculty page

References

Academic staff of Concordia University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Living people
Polish emigrants to Canada
Year of birth missing (living people)

Joanna Berzowska


The praefectus castrorum ("camp prefect") was, in the Roman army of the early Empire, the third most senior staff officer of the Roman legion after the legate (legatus) and the senior military tribune (tribunus laticlavius), both of whom were from the senatorial class. The praefectus castrorum was a quartermaster responsible for military logistics and requisition (training, equipment procurement and maintenance, and construction of the camp, etc.) but could command the legion whenever the senior commanders were absent. The post was usually held by a soldier promoted from the centurionate, having already served as a chief centurion (primus pilus) of a legion, and was therefore open to ordinary, plebeian citizens.  Prefects of this rank, for example Sextus Vibius Gallus, were awarded prizes (dona) to mark their achievements.

See also

Military logistics
Praefectus
Stratopedarches

References

Military ranks of ancient Rome

Praefectus castrorum


Preservation Creek is a creek in northwest New South Wales west of the town of Milparinka.
The creek is  and flows from an elevation of  and drops to an elevation of . The Nuggets Creek flows into the Preservation Creek. It is a tributary of Evelyn Creek.

History
Charles Sturt camped for six months at Preseration Creek and it was here that James Poole died. His grave is seen there today. Of the event Sturt wrote "I little thought when I was engaged in the work that I was erecting Mr. Poole's monument, but so it was. That rude structure looks over his lonely grave, and will stand for ages as a record of all we suffered in the dreary region to which we were so long confined.

Sturt was expecting a vast inland sea in the inland regions and his expediting had carried boat with them. The boat was launched and abandoned at Preseration Creek when instead of a sea, they found a vast stony desert.

References

Rivers of New South Wales

Preservation Creek


Valentine Low is a British journalist. He is the royal correspondent for The Times.

Low worked on local newspapers in Northampton and Sheffield before joining the The London Evening Standard in 1987. Low started a column on the card game poker at the Evening Standard, and also wrote a column about his allotment. Low's writings about his allotment formed the basis for his 2008 book One Man and His Dig which was described as a "guidebook for green-fingered urbanites". He covered the September 11 attacks in 2001 and the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami among other major news stories while at the paper.

Low joined the Times in 2008 from the Evening Standard saying that "Perhaps I'm being impetuous but after 21 years I thought it was time to move on". Low replaced Alan Hamilton, who had been the royal correspondent for The Times since 1982.

Low broke the story of claims of bullying of royal staff by Meghan, Duchess of Sussex in an article for The Times in May 2021. The story was published a few days before the broadcast of Oprah with Meghan and Harry, an interview by Oprah Winfrey with Meghan and her husband, Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex. In an interview with Amol Rajan for his documentary The Princes and the Press, Low denied that the story of bullying allegations had been leaked to him with the "tacit approval" of William, Prince of Wales, Harry's brother. Later on Low elaborated further on the reason behind the report's publishing: "It wasn't my desire to get the story out before Oprah, or even the wishes of a sinister cabal of Palace plotters: it was the victims of the alleged bullying who wanted to have their story heard." He later stated that they received "several strongly worded letters from their lawyers before we published - after we published we didn't hear a word from them. So that speaks volumes, too."

Low's book Courtiers: The Hidden Power Behind the Crown was published on 6 October 2022 by Headline. Excerpts from Courtiers were published in The Times in September 2022.

The novelist Penelope Lively is Low's half-sister.

Bibliography

One Man and His Dig (Simon & Schuster, 2008)
Courtiers: The Hidden Power Behind the Crown (Headline, 2022)

References

External links

Living people
20th-century British journalists
21st-century British journalists
British newspaper journalists
British poker players
London Evening Standard people
The Times journalists
Year of birth missing (living people)

Valentine Low


CSS Florida was a sloop-of-war in the service of the Confederate States Navy. She served as a commerce raider during the American Civil War before being sunk in 1864.

Service history
Florida was built by the British firm William C. Miller & Sons of Toxteth, Liverpool, and purchased by the Confederacy from Fawcett, Preston & Co., also of Liverpool, who provided her engines. Known in the shipyard as Oreto and initially called  by the Confederates, the ship was the first of several foreign-built commerce raiders commissioned as into the Confederate States Navy as CSS Florida. Union naval records often referred to her as Oreto or confused her with , another Confederate vessel.

Florida departed England on 22 March 1862, bound for Nassau in the Bahamas. To avoid suspicions that she was destined for Confederate service, the ship was only loaded with enough coal to reach Nassau. However, once in Nassau she planned to meet with a Confederate ship, take on a portion of that ship's coal, and use the additional fuel to steam to the nearest Confederate port. However, having been built under foreign licence, she was the subject of much diplomatic and intelligence correspondence. The governor of Nassau prevented Florida from attempting a rendezvous with her planned tender in Nassau harbor, so the two ships met instead near the more isolated Green Cay. There, stores, armaments, and coal were taken aboard the ship. While anchored off Green Cay, she was officially commissioned into the Confederate States Navy as CSS Florida on August 17, with Lieutenant John Newland Maffitt in command.

During her outfitting, yellow fever raged among her crew, in five days reducing her effective force to one fireman and four deckhands. In desperate plight she ran across to the Spanish colony of Cuba. In Cárdenas, Lieutenant Maffitt too was stricken with the disease.

In this condition, against all probability, the intrepid Maffitt sailed her from Cárdenas to Mobile, Alabama. In an audacious dash the "Prince of Privateers" braved a hail of projectiles from the Union blockaders and raced through them to anchor beneath the guns of Fort Morgan in Mobile Bay, where she was received with a hero's welcome by the war-weary citizens of Mobile. Florida had been unable to fight back not only because of sickness but because rammers, sights, beds, locks and quoins - necessary to use her guns - had, inadvertently, not been loaded in the Bahamas. Having resupplied her stores armed with the gun accessories she lacked, along with added crew members, Florida escaped to sea on January 16, 1863 under (now) Captain John Newland Maffitt.

After coaling at Nassau, she spent six months off the coast of North and South America and in the West Indies, with calls at neutral ports, all the while making captures and eluding the large Federal squadron pursuing her.

Florida sailed on July 27, 1863 from Bermuda for Brest, France, where she lay in the French naval dock from August 23, 1863, to February 12, 1864. There, broken in health, Maffitt relinquished command to Commander Joseph Nicholson Barney, whose ill health prompted an additional handover to Lieutenant Charles Manigault Morris. Departing for the West Indies, Florida bunkered (reloaded her coal bunkers) at Barbados, although the three months specified by British law had not elapsed since her last coaling at a British Empire port. She then skirted the U.S. coast, sailed east across the Atlantic Ocean to Tenerife in the Canary Islands and thence back southwest to Bahia, Brazil, arriving on October 4, 1864.

Anchored at Bahia on October 7, Florida, while her captain was ashore with half his crew, was caught defenseless in an illegal night attack by Commander Napoleon Collins, of the U.S. Navy steam sloop-of-war . Towed to sea, she was sent to the United States as a prize, despite the Empire of Brazil's protests at the violation of its sovereignty. Commander Collins was court-martialed and was convicted of violating Brazilian territorial rights, but the verdict was set aside by United States Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles. Collins won fame and eventual promotion for his daring capture of the raider.

At Newport News, Virginia, on November 28, 1864, Florida reached the end of her career when she sank under dubious circumstances after a collision with the United States Army Transport , a troop ferry. Florida could therefore not be delivered to Brazil in satisfaction of the final court order, and could not rejoin the ranks of the Confederate States Navy.

Florida captured 37 prizes in her impressive career. Two of her prizes were absorbed into the Confederate States Navy as  and  and in turn took 23 more prizes.

Today, many of the artifacts from CSS Florida are at the Hampton Roads Naval Museum.

References

External links

Ships built on the River Mersey
Cruisers of the Confederate States Navy
Shipwrecks of the Virginia coast
Shipwrecks of the American Civil War
Commerce raiders
Raids of the American Civil War
1862 ships
Maritime incidents in November 1864
Captured ships
Ships sunk in collisions
Ships built in England

CSS Florida (cruiser)


The Plymouth Plaza wis an automobile produced bi the Plymouth division o the Chrysler Corporation frae 1954 throu the 1958 model year. The Plymouth Plaza haed Plymouth's popular stylin o the late 1950's, which is maist recognised on the Plymouth Fury (o 1958).

The Plaza wis Plymouth's entry-level caur durin those years an wis priced unner the Plymouth Savoy.  The Plaza wis sauld anerlie in twa an fower-door sedan variants. Thare ar three body styles that the '58 Plaza wis offered in.  Kent as Plymouth's "Price Leader", in 1958 the Plaza offered buyers the widest choice o options tae date.  Options formerly reserved ae for hichter priced lines wur available on the Plaza for the first time in heestory.  The Business Coupe, which wis the least produced model o Plymouth in 1958 (1,472 units), differed frae the regular 2dr Club Sedan in that the rear seat wis an optional accessory.  Plymouth an aa addit a special edition tae the Plaza fleet in '58.  Based on a Plaza Club Sedan, the "Silver Special" haed a custom paint job wi siller paint on the ruif an in the Sportone inserts plus a short stainless steel spear that accentit the front fenders an extendit partially intae the front doors.  The final custom touch wis on the rear fins whaur the Siller Special bore "Forward Look" emblems instead o the traditional "Plaza" scripts.  It is isna kent hou mony o the 94,728 Plazas produced in 1958  wur fittit wi the Siller Special trim package, but thay ar believed tae be vera rare caurs.

In 1959, Plymouth discontinued the Plaza, replacin it wi the Savoy.

Plaza
Rear wheel drive vehicles
Full-size vehicles
Sedans
1950s automobiles

Plymouth Plaza


Tem was an ancient Egyptian queen consort of the 11th Dynasty, a wife of Pharaoh Mentuhotep II and the mother of Mentuhotep III. She was buried in Tomb DBXI.15 in Deir el-Bahari, in her husband's mortuary complex.
She outlived her husband and was buried during her son's reign. It is likely that she was of commoner origin, as there is no evidence in her grave that points to a royal origin. She is only named on her sarcophagus and on an offering table. Her titles are "King's beloved wife" (ḥmt-nỉswt mrỉỉ.t=f), King's Mother" (mwt-nỉswt), Mother of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt (mwt-nỉswt-bỉt), and Great of Sceptre (wr.t-ḥt=s).

Her tomb was discovered in 1859, and was fully excavated in 1968 by D. Arnold.

Sources

Queens consort of the Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt

Mentuhotep II

Tem (queen)


Mary Elizabeth Barkworth (born 1941 Marlborough UK) is a Canadian who has worked most of her life as a botanist. She has spent most of her working life as a faculty member at Utah State University. During that time, she worked primarily on grasses, particularly members of the Stipeae and Triticeae, but she also had primary responsibility for production of the two grass [=Poaceae, Gramineae] volumes (volumes 24 & 25) in the Flora of North America series. These two volumes served as the basis for three other resources: The Manual of Grasses for North America, Grasses of the Intermountain Region, and the Manual of Grasses on the web. This last was taken down for security concerns. Most of its resources, some updated, are available through OpenHerbarium.org (descriptions and illustrations) and Keybase.
Barkworth retired from Utah State University in 2012. Since retiring, she has focused on two areas, expanding digitization of herbarium collections using OpenHerbarium.org and developing access to biodiversity education in Somaliland through the Somaliland Biodiversity Foundation.

Her name is usually abbreviated as «Barkworth» when citing a botanical name.

Taxa by Barkworth
Aloe sanguinalis Awale & Barkworth
Nassella duriuscula (Phil.)Barkworth
Piptochaetium fuscum (Ness ex Steud.) Barkworth, Cialdella et Gandhi.

Works
 1975.  Intraspecific variation in Brodiaea douglasii Watson, Liliaceae. xiii + 138 pp.
 1981.  Foliar epidermes and taxonomy of North American Stipeae (Gramineae). Syst. Botany  6(2):136—152
 1982.  Bur buttercup: A weedy immigrant. Utah Sci.43:6—9
 1982.  Embryological characters and the taxonomy of the Stipeae (Gramineae). Taxon:31(2):233—243
-- Maze, J. 1982.  The identity of Stipa columbiana and S. viridula var. minor Vasey (Gramineae, Stipeae): A rebuttal. Taxon 31(2):290—299
Dewey RD, & Adkins RJ 1983.  New generic concepts in the Triticeae of the Intermountain Region: Key and comments. Great Basin Naturalist: Vol. 43 : No. 4 , Article 5.  https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn/vol43/iss4/5.
 1984.  Stipa lemmonii (Vasey) Scribner (Poaceae): A taxonomic and distributional study. Madroño 31(1):48—56
 & Dewey DR 1985.  Genomically based genera in the perennial Triticeae of North America: Identification and membership. Amer.J.Bot.  767—776 Jstor
 1986.  Piptochaetium Presl (Gramineae, Stipeae) in North and Mesoamerica: Taxonomic and distributional observations  Brenesia 25-26, 169—178
 1988.  New taxa in Piptochaetium (Stipeae, Gramineae) from Mexico. Syst. Botany 13(2): 196—201 Jstor
 --Burkhammer RI, Talbert,LE  1997.  Elymus calderi: A new species in the Triticeae (Poaceae).  Syst.Botany 21(3):349
-- Kathleen M. Capels and Sandy Long 1993. Flora of North America: North of Mexico. Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part Poaceae)
2011 Triticeae Gramineae in Australasia Telopea DOI: 10.7751/ 13(1-2): 37–57
--; Cialdella, A.M.; Gandhi, K. 2014 Piptochaetium fuscum (Nees ex Steud.) Barkworth, Ciald., & Gandhi, a new combination replacing Piptochaetium setosum (Trin.) Arechav. Phytokeys 35:17-22
2016 Knapp, S., Turland, N.J., Barkworth, M.E., Barrie, F.R., Fortunato, R.H., Gandhi, K. et al., '(286) Proposal to replace Division III of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants', Taxon 65, 661–664. https://doi.org/10.12705/653.41

References

Other websites

 Information on Mary Barkworth at Utah State University

1941 births
Living people
Botanists

Mary E. Barkworth


The History of Emily Montague, written by Frances Brooke and first published in 1769, is often considered the first Canadian novel. It is a sentimental novel written in the epistolary form. It also features some elements of a travelogue, as the main letter-writer responds to requests to describe the colony of Canada in detail. The plot of the novel is a love story, but along the way Brooke includes many reflections on social norms and the relations between the English, French, Huron, and Iroquois cultures in Quebec.

Main characters
The main letter-writers in the novel are Emily Montague, Colonel William Fermor, Colonel Ed Rivers (possibly inspired by Henry Caldwell), and Arabella Fermor. Of these, Emily is the main heroine, but Arabella has typically captured more readers' attention, for being a bold and witty foil to the demure and shy Emily.

Background to the novel
Brooke wrote the novel while she was living at the Jesuit House of Sillery () in Sillery, Quebec from 1763 to 1768, shortly after the Battle of the Plains of Abraham. It is the first novel written in Canada, and the first novel featuring a Canadian setting. However, Brooke herself was English and only lived in Canada for five years, and the book was published in London; moreover, because it pre-dates the Confederation of Canada as an independent country in 1867, some have argued that it (and all pre-1867 literature from the region), should be considered colonial literature, not Canadian literature.

Publication
The book was first published in 1769 when Brooke returned to England, by James Dodsley. It received positive reviews in the most notable journals, and was reprinted in several editions during Brooke's lifetime. The book was generally overlooked in the nineteenth century, in part because few copies were available. In 1921, an article by literary scholar Charles Blue, "Canada's First Novelist," made the case that the book was worth serious study, and since then it has been considered an important part of the canon of Canadian literature.

References

External links

 Full text of The History of Emily Montague, available at A Celebration of Women Writers

1769 novels
18th-century Canadian novels
Epistolary novels
Sillery, Quebec City
Sentimental novels
Romance novels

The History of Emily Montague


The miracle of healing the man born blind is one of the miracles of Jesus in the Gospels, in which Jesus restored the sight of a man at Siloam. Although not named in the gospel, church tradition has ascribed the name Celidonius to the man who was healed. The account is recorded in the ninth chapter of the Gospel of John.

Biblical account

According to the Gospel of John 9:1–12, Jesus saw a man who had been blind since birth. His disciples asked him, "Rabbi, who sinned, this man or his parents, that he was born blind?" Jesus replied:

Neither this man nor his parents sinned ... but this happened so that the works of God might be displayed in him. As long as it is day, we must do the works of him who sent me. Night is coming, when no one can work. While I am in the world, I am the light of the world.

Having said this, Jesus spat on the ground, and anointed the man's eyes with a mixture of mud and saliva. He told the blind man to go and wash in the Pool of Siloam; the Bible narrative adds that the word "Siloam" means "Sent". The man "went and washed, and came home seeing".

When they saw him, those who had known him as a blind beggar asked if this was the same man. Some said that he was, while others said, "No, he only looks like him." But the man himself said, "I am the man" (Greek: egō eimi, literally: "I am").

The remainder of the chapter relates the investigation of the miracle by the Pharisees. Jesus makes use of the occasion to deliver a metaphorical teaching that he came into the world "so that the blind may see".

Interpretations
Parallels have been drawn between the act of Jesus in healing the blind man with a paste made of mud and spittle, and the Genesis creation narrative in which God makes man out of the dust of the earth and his own breath (Genesis 2:7). The story also contains an allusion to the Old Testament story of Naaman, the leper, who was told by Elisha to cure himself by washing in the Jordan River (2 Kings 5:10).
It also fulfills the prophecy of Isaiah: "Then shall the eyes of the blind be opened, and the ears of the deaf shall be unstopped. Then shall the lame man leap as a hart, and the tongue of the dumb shall be free" (Is. 35:5-6).

In the confusion over whether the healed man is identical with the beggar, it has been argued that both conclusions are correct. He is the same and not the same; he is the man who used to sit and beg, yet he is a new person. The phrase egō eimi, "I am", is frequently spoken by Jesus in the Gospel of John; the use of it here by the healed man appears to mimic this usage, and suggests that the man has found his own identity in an encounter with the divine.

Cornelius a Lapide in his great commentary writes:
The reason why God inflicted blindness on this man was that the miraculous power of Christ should be made manifest in his case, and thus Christ be acknowledged as the true Messiah. So the Fathers quoted above. The Glossa Ordinaria gives the mystical meaning, that it was to signify what Christ would do in enlightening mankind in like manner by His grace, and the doctrine of the Gospel. And accordingly the man himself was enlightened not only in his body, but in his mind, as will be seen below. And therefore he suffered no wrong, but gained a benefit by his blindness (says St. John Chrysostom), for in consequence of it he beheld with the eyes of his mind, Him who from nothing brought him into being, and received from Him enlightenment both in body and in mind.

Tradition
According to Christian tradition, the man's name was Celidonius.

See also
 Life of Jesus in the New Testament
 Ministry of Jesus
 Parables of Jesus
 Seven signs in the Gospel of John

Further reading

References

Miracles of Jesus
Gospel of John
Supernatural healing
Mythological blind people

Healing the man blind from birth


Barbelo is a goddess in Gnosticsm. She is also called Thought, Providence, Forethought, or Foreknowledge. She is  believed to be the first emanation of Bythos.

In the Apocryphon of John, a writing in the Nag Hammadi Library, Barbelo is described as "The first power, the glory, Barbelo, the perfect glory in the aions, the glory of the revelation."

The Apocryphon of John continues:

"This is the first thought, his image; she became the womb of everything, for it is she who is prior to them all, the Mother-Father, the first man (Anthropos), the holy Spirit, the thrice-male, the thrice-powerful, the thrice-named androgynous one, and the eternal aeon among the invisible ones, and the first to come forth."

Relation to other systems of thought
The Gnostic account of Barbelo is quite similar to Tantric thought. In Kashmir Shaivism, Shakti is similarly the second Tattva or first emanation of Shiva.

References
 The Nag Hammadi Library. The Apocryphon of John Retrieved Oct. 21, 2004.

Gods and goddesses

Barbelo


Abel Magwitch is a major fictional character from Charles Dickens' 1861 novel Great Expectations.

Synopsis
Charles Dickens set his story in the early 19th century, setting his character Abel Magwitch to meet a man called Compeyson at the Epsom Races. Compeyson, Dickens wrote, had been brought up in a boarding school and was an attractive, charming gentleman. Magwitch, at the same time, began a relationship with a mentally unstable woman named Molly, who later stood trial for murder. Jaggers, her defence lawyer, convinced the jury that she was too weak to have strangled the woman. Molly was acquitted and became (unknown to Magwitch) Jaggers' maidservant.

The story relates that Molly had given birth to Magwitch's daughter, who was about two or three years old at the time of Molly's trial. Molly told Magwitch that she had killed the child, and as far as Magwitch knew, his daughter had indeed died.

Later in the novel Magwitch and Compeyson are accused of putting stolen notes in circulation. Compeyson convinces Magwitch that they should have separate defences and no communication. At the trial, Compeyson appeared like a gentleman, while Magwitch had to sell his clothes to be able to pay for Jaggers. The prosecution placed most of the guilt on Magwitch, who realized that Compeyson had always intended to scapegoat him should they be caught.

Dickens has Compeyson's attorney hammer the point home:

In the end, Magwitch is condemned to fourteen years' imprisonment, while Compeyson receives seven. Magwitch and Compeyson are imprisoned on the same prison ship. Magwitch attempts to kill Compeyson. He is taken to the black hole (a solitary confinement cell) after landing his first punch, but he manages to escape some time around Christmas of 1812.

The novel begins with young Pip visiting the graves of his parents and brothers, where he is surprised by Magwitch: "[a] fearful man, all in coarse gray, with a great iron on his leg. A man with no hat, and with broken shoes, and with an old rag tied round his head. A man who had been soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lamed by stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles, and torn by briars; who limped and shivered, and glared and growled; and whose teeth chattered in his head as he seized me by the chin."

Magwitch tricks the seven-year-old boy into believing that he has an accomplice who is a terrible young man who would tear out and eat Pip's heart and liver if Pip did not help them. Magwitch demands Pip to get him "wittles" (food) and a file. Pip, terrified, steals a pork pie, brandy and a file from his house and brings them to Magwitch the next morning. On his way, he encounters another convict, bruised in the face, whom he initially thought was Magwitch and then believes to be the young man Magwitch had told him about. Magwitch, upon hearing about the other escapee, realizes that Compeyson has also escaped and, after having eaten, drunk, and filed his leg iron off, he sets off to search for him. He finds him and decides, not caring for his own fate, to take him back to the Hulks. The pair are still struggling when soldiers find and seize them.

Compeyson argued that his escape was due to being terrorized by Magwitch. Consequently, his punishment was light, whereas Magwitch was put in irons, retried, and deported to New South Wales for life. Magwitch had a number of jobs in Australia, including that of a sheep farmer and stock breeder, and became rich. He never forgot Pip's kindness to him and decided to do something for the boy, in part because he reminded him of his lost daughter, who would have been about the same age as Pip.  Magwitch sent money to Mr. Jaggers, who passed it to Pip and sought to make the boy a gentleman. Jaggers is not permitted to let Pip know who his benefactor is unless Magwitch chooses to reveal himself as the benefactor to Pip.

Dickens continues his tale in about 1829, when Pip is 23 years old, Magwitch secretly returns to England under the name of "Provis". When he reveals himself to Pip, both are disappointed. Pip does not feel gratitude towards Magwitch but rather disgust and repulsion as he discovers where his money came from (partly because he had thought Miss Havisham had been assisting him in wooing her protegee Estella) and his feelings are thinly veiled. However, Pip's feelings towards Magwitch improve as he learns the convict's history. He decides nonetheless that he does not want to accept more money from Provis, despite the fact he is being hounded by debt collectors.

Magwitch, as a deported criminal, would be without doubt sentenced to death if recognized by the authorities. Wemmick and Herbert (during one of Pip's stays at the country) discover that they are being watched and lodge Magwitch (who is to go by the name of Mr. Campbell) in the house of Herbert's fiancée. An escape for Magwitch from England is prepared. Magwitch is to be put aboard a steamer bound for Hamburg. As it is not possible to board at a port due to Magwitch's wanted status, they try to row to the steamer from the banks of the Thames in Essex after the steamer has left the port of London. Unusually, a well-manned boat comes out to intercept them as they aim for the steamer. Magwitch recognizes Compeyson on this boat and goes for him. They both end up in the water where Compeyson is drowned. Magwitch is immediately arrested and clapped in irons, having suffered a serious chest wound during these events.

Pip now considers Magwitch a friend. He makes frequent visits to the ailing Magwitch and holds his hand throughout Magwitch's new trial, where Magwitch receives a death sentence. (This conviction for felony also causes the forfeiture of all his money, thus destroying Pip's great expectations.) Magwitch is declining in health and is being held in the infirmary when Pip at last tells him that his child, Estella, is alive. Pip goes on to tell him that she is a beautiful lady and that he, Pip, was in love with her. Pip has found this information out, as Wemmick told him Molly's story and he recognized her to be Estella's mother. With a last pressure on Pip's hand, Magwitch dies a good and very content man.

Biographical note
Charles Barrow, Charles Dickens' maternal grandfather, had been the Head of the Moneys Section at the Navy Pay Office. In 1810 it was found that he had been systematically falsifying his accounts for nine years. During this period he had embezzled nearly £6,000. Threatened with legal proceedings Charles Barrow fled abroad, eventually dying on the Isle of Man, outside English legal jurisdiction, in 1826, when Dickens was fourteen years old. Legal outlawry must have produced some cloaked, mysterious references to his absent maternal grandfather. Flight overseas for suspected felons, bankrupts and indeed any persons visited with moral or social disgrace, was  a commonplace of Victorian life and fiction. But two situations are always charged with heightened atmosphere in Dickens' novels. The first is the menace that forever surrounds the lives of the respectable from the very existence of a criminal  friend or  relative at large – this is the fate of Mrs Rudge, the dark secret of David Copperfield's aunt, Betsy Trotwood, the strange tension of Mrs Clennam's tomb-like home in Little Dorrit, the central situation of Great Expectations. The other is the extraordinary vividness of foiled attempts by criminals to get away from England's shores.

The dramatic police interception of the illegally returned transported convict Magwitch's attempt to get to the Continent and to liberty, is one of the prime examples of this situation.  (The other is the 'Anwerks package' scene in Martin Chuzzlewit when Jonas Chuzzlewit, the murderer, is turned back as he boards ship for the Low Countries.) These scenes have a detail of circumstance and a power of apprehension  that suggests the feeding of fiction by an often told family story.

In 1816, Charles Dickens' father, John Dickens, had been appointed to one of the principal naval dockyards in Chatham at the mouth of the River Medway in Kent, 30 miles southeast of London. With his father, accompanying him in the course of his duty into the dockyard or on sailing trips up the River Medway, Dickens must have first seen the convicts who worked at unloading, and the marshes at Cooling, northeast of Chatham, off which the galley ships lay – scenes which would play a part in the story of his fictional self, Pip, and Pip's benefactor, Magwitch.

Dickens visited Portsmouth in the late 1850s to look for his birthplace. He is said to have been unsuccessful. However, the 1861 census (£) lists a "Pheeary Madgwick" living next door to Dickens' childhood home (the address then was 393 Commercial Road). Madgwick was cook to the Baker family, who ran a grocery business in the city. He is recorded as being 24 years old, unmarried and born in Midhurst, Sussex. There is a possibility that Madgwick produced a good meal for Dickens and was honoured with the namesake character Magwitch.

Portrayals
Actors who have portrayed Magwitch in films and TV:
Frank Losee (1917)
Henry Hull (1934)
Finlay Currie (1946)
James Mason (1974)
Stratford Johns (1981)
Anthony Hopkins (1991)
Robert De Niro (1998)
Bernard Hill (1999)
Ray Winstone (2011)
Ralph Fiennes (2012)
Johnny Harris (2023)

References

Literary characters introduced in 1861
Great Expectations characters
Fictional convicts transported to Australia
Male characters in literature
Fictional prison escapees

Abel Magwitch


Perityle emoryi is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common name Emory's rockdaisy. It is native to the Southwestern United States, northwest Mexico, and the Baja California Peninsula. It is a common wildflower of the deserts, and can also be found in California coastal regions.

It grows in many types of habitat, it tolerates disturbance, and it can become somewhat weedy. The plant is also known from Chile and Peru and it is an introduced species in parts of Hawaii. Its distribution is apparently expanding.

Description
Perityle emoryi, a polyploid plant, is quite variable genetically and in appearance. It is an annual herb growing 2 to 60 centimeters tall, its stem small, delicate, and simple, or thick, branching, and sprawling. It is usually hairy and glandular in texture. The alternately arranged leaves have blades of various shapes which are toothed or divided into lobes and borne on petioles.

The inflorescence is a single flower head or an array of a few or many heads. The head is hemispherical to bell-shaped and generally no more than a centimeter wide. The head has a center of many golden disc florets and a fringe of 8 to 12 white ray florets each just a few millimeters long. The fruit is an achene, usually with a pappus at the tip.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment = Perityle emoryi
USDA Plants Profile
 UC CalPhoto gallers gallery of Perityle emoryi

Perityleae
Flora of the Southwestern United States
Flora of Baja California
Flora of Baja California Sur
Flora of the California desert regions
Flora of Sonora
Flora of Chile
Flora of the Sonoran Deserts
Natural history of the Mojave Desert
Natural history of the Colorado Desert
Taxa named by John Torrey
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Perityle emoryi


Follow the Sun is a 1951 biographical film of the life of golf legend Ben Hogan. It stars Glenn Ford as Hogan and Anne Baxter as his wife. Many golfers and sports figures of the day appear in the movie.

Plot
The movie is a fictionalization of the life of American golf great Ben Hogan, narrated by Anne Baxter as Hogan's wife.

In Fort Worth, Texas, young Ben Hogan (Harold Blake) works as a golf caddy to help support his family and dreams of becoming a professional golfer. Grown up (Glenn Ford), he quits his job in a garage, marries childhood sweetheart Valerie Fox (Anne Baxter), buys a used car, and sets out on the tour—discovering along the way that Valerie gets carsick.

At his first professional tournament, in Niagara Falls, Chuck Williams (Dennis O'Keefe), a popular fellow pro, takes Hogan under his wing and they become best friends. (The locker room scene features several golfers of the day playing themselves.) Hogan makes the mistake of offending noted sportswriter Jay Dexter (Larry Keating), who mistakes Hogan's reticence for arrogance. Hogan has trouble concentrating and freezes; he considers giving up, but Valerie talks him out of it. They go on, traveling around the country from tournament to tournament, following the sun in the caravan that is the pro tour.

At the Oakland Open, the Hogans are down to $5 and are weary of a diet of oranges. He ties for 6th, winning $285, and Valerie exclaims that the gallery doesn't scare him anymore. However, the price of Ben's concentration is a reputation for being aloof.

His career prospers in the next few years, but World War II interrupts. After serving in the Air Force, Hogan returns to golfing and becomes a great champion. He is still unable to talk to fans or clown around, and has acquired an image in the media of a robotic, cold competitor with the nickname "The Texas Iceberg". He envies Williams his easy way with fans.

At the Bing Crosby Tournament in Pebble Beach, he wins, beating Williams. His former commanding officer says hello but Ben doesn't see him, he is concentrating so much on the game. Ben apologizes when the general tells him about it after the tournament and chastises himself for not being able to play golf and play to the gallery at the same time and give the fans what they want. Meanwhile Williams has developed a drinking problem that is interfering with his golf and breaking up his marriage to Norma (June Havoc).

Hogan is now the biggest money winner in golf. A fictional tournament described in the film as "The Big One" in Los Angeles, pits Williams and Hogan against each other. Hogan wins and Williams and his wife mysteriously move on without a word.

In 1949, on their way back to Fort Worth, Texas, to move into a home Valerie has bought for them, a bus drives head-on into their car on a fog-bound road. The film re-creates Hogan throwing himself in front of his wife to protect her, an act of selflessness that also saved him: The steering wheel impaled the driver's seat.

At first, the police think Hogan is dead. He has crush injuries to his pelvis, legs and shoulder. The doctors are afraid of clot formation and the necessary specialist is in New Orleans. Valerie calls Gen. Richardson and he arranges for a plane to fly there. The operations are successful, but there is a long road ahead. Dr. Graham (Roland Winters) suggests taking one hurdle at a time.

Hogan is amazed by the outpouring of regard from his fans; his hospital room is flooded with flowers, cards and letters. "I should have taken my eye off the ball and taken a good look at people", he says. He'd like "to play just once more for the gallery." Chuck and Norma Williams, now happy together, come to the hospital room with golf legends Jimmy Demaret and Dr. Cary Middlecoff, who tell Hogan he is to be captain of the team when they go to England for the Ryder Cup, whether or not he can play.

Through determination and exercise he becomes well enough to go home, where he steadily recovers. (The fact that very little screen time is spent on his rehabilitation may intentionally reflect the amazing speed of Hogan's real-life recovery.) One day, Valerie comes home to find he has taken a taxi to a driving range. The ballboy tells him he needs to pivot, shift his weight from leg to leg, and in trying this, Hogan falls. Valerie is afraid and angry—the doctors have warned him not to play golf because the danger of clots will never go away. She "can't take it". But after watching him suffer sitting alone at home wishing he could play, she changes her mind.

Newspaper headlines announce that "Iron Man" Hogan will play in the 1950 Los Angeles Open, traditionally the opening event of the professional golf season. Re-creation of the tournament includes appearances by Dr. Cary Middlecoff, Jimmy Demaret, Sam Snead and others. Williams, who says he withdrew from the tournament because going on the wagon has given him the shakes, comes to the locker room to give Hogan a pep talk. Ben asks him to level with him, and Williams says that it's about the legs, the stamina needed. Hogan "can't shoot 69s for four days in a row on guts."

This time the big gallery is rooting for him, and Hogan does well even through days of pouring rain. The sun comes out on the 18th green, and Hogan ends with 69 for the last round, leading the field. The Hogans and Williamses listen to the radio as Sam Snead matches Hogan's score, making a playoff necessary. Hogan loses to Snead in the playoff, but is applauded and honored at a tribute dinner from the "sportswriting fraternity" with Grantland Rice playing himself as toastmaster. Hogan gives a brief but moving speech, and the film ends with a re-creation of the Time magazine cover honoring Hogan's 1950 win of the U.S. Open.

In real life, Hogan's greatest golfing achievements were still to come, and in the 21st century he is considered to be one of the greatest players in the history of the game.

Cast
 Glenn Ford as Ben Hogan
 Anne Baxter as Valerie Hogan
 Dennis O'Keefe as Chuck Williams
 June Havoc as Norma Williams
 Larry Keating as Sportswriter Jay Dexter
 Roland Winters as Dr. Graham
 Nana Bryant as Sister Beatrice
 Harold Blake as Ben Hogan, Age 14
 Ann Burr as Valerie, Age 14
 Jimmy Demaret as Himself
 Cary Middlecoff as Himself
 Grantland Rice as Himself, Toastmaster
 Sam Snead as Himself
 Harry G. Reader Jr. as Chuck Williams' Caddy at Pebble Beach

Reception
Henry Hathaway argued the film was hurt by its marketing campaign which downplayed the golf element and thus misled the audience.

Radio adaptation
Follow the Sun was presented on Lux Radio Theatre March 10, 1952. The one-hour adaptation starred Anne Baxter and Gary Merrill.

References

External links

1950s American films
1950s biographical drama films
1950s English-language films
1951 films
1951 drama films
20th Century Fox films
American biographical drama films
American black-and-white films
Biographical films about sportspeople
Cultural depictions of American men
Cultural depictions of golfers
Films based on biographies
Films based on newspaper and magazine articles
Films directed by Sidney Lanfield
Films produced by Samuel G. Engel
Films scored by Cyril J. Mockridge
Golf films
Sports films based on actual events

Follow the Sun (film)


Salt and pepper are the common names for edible salt and ground black pepper, which are ubiquitously paired on Western dining tables as to allow for the additional seasoning of food after its preparation. During food preparation or cooking, they may also be added in combination.

Salt and pepper are typically maintained in separate shakers on the table, but they may be mixed in the kitchen. They are typically found in a set (pair), often a matched set, of salt and pepper shakers. They may be considered condiments or seasonings; salt is a mineral and black pepper is a spice.

History
Salt is one of the oldest and most ubiquitous food seasonings, and is known to uniformly improve the taste perception of food, including otherwise unpalatable food. Its pairing with pepper as table accessories dates to seventeenth-century French cuisine, which considered black pepper (distinct from herbs such as fines herbes) the only spice that did not overpower the true taste of food. Some food writers like Sara Dickerman have argued that, in modern cookery, a new spice could be used in place of the historic ground black pepper.

Other cultures
In Hungary, paprika may replace pepper on the dinner table, while in Basque cuisine, Espelette pepper frequently replaces black pepper.

References

Condiments

Salt and pepper