The Renaissance in Poland (; literally: the Rebirth) lasted from the late 15th to the late 16th century and is widely considered to have been the Golden Age of Polish culture. Ruled by the Jagiellonian dynasty, the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (from 1569 part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) actively participated in the broad European Renaissance. The multinational Polish state experienced a period of cultural growth thanks in part to a century without major wars, aside from conflicts in the sparsely-populated eastern and southern borderlands. The Reformation spread peacefully throughout the country (giving rise to the Polish Brethren), and living conditions improved, cities grew, and exports of agricultural products enriched the population, especially the nobility (szlachta), who gained dominance in the new political system of Golden Liberty.

Overview
The Renaissance movement, whose influence originated in Italy, spread throughout Poland roughly in the 15th and 16th century. Many Italian artists arrived in the country welcomed by Polish royalty, including Francesco Fiorentino, Bartolomeo Berecci, Santi Gucci, Mateo Gucci, Bernardo Morando, Giovanni Battista di Quadro and others, including thinkers and educators such as Filip Callimachus, merchants such as the Boner family and the Montelupi family,  and other prominent personalities who immigrated to Poland since the late 15th century in search of new opportunities. Most of them settled in Kraków, the Polish capital until 1611.

The Renaissance values of the dignity of man and power of his reason were applauded in Poland. Many works were translated into Polish and Latin from classical Latin, Greek and Hebrew, as well as contemporary languages like Italian. The Cracow Academy, one of the world's oldest universities, enjoyed its Golden Era between 1500 and 1535, with 3,215 students graduating in the first decade of the 16th century – a record not surpassed until the late 18th century. The period of Polish Renaissance, supportive of intellectual pursuits, produced many outstanding artists and scientists. Among them were Nicolaus Copernicus who in his De revolutionibus orbium coelestium presented the heliocentric theory of the universe, Maciej of Miechów, author of Tractatus de duabus Sarmatis... – the most accurate up to date geographical and ethnographical account of Eastern Europe; Bernard Wapowski, a cartographer whose maps of that region appeared in Ptolemy's Geography; Marcin Kromer who in his De origine et rebus gestis Polonorum libri... described both the history and geography of Poland; Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski, a philosopher concerned with governance; Mikołaj Rej who has popularized the use of Polish in poetry; and Jan Kochanowski, whose poems in Polish elevated him to the ranks of the most prominent Polish poets.

Young Poles, especially sons of nobility (szlachta), who graduated from any one of over 2,500 parish schools, gymnasiums and several academies (Cracow Academy, Wilno Academy, Zamość Academy), often traveled abroad to complete their education. Polish thinkers, like Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski, Johannes Dantiscus or Jan Łaski maintained contacts with leading European philosophers of the Renaissance, such as Thomas More, Erasmus and Philip Melanchthon. Poland not only partook in the exchange of major cultural and scientific ideas and developments of Western Europe, but also spread Western heritage eastwards among East Slavic nations. For example, printing process, Latin and art with the syllabic versification in poetry, especially in Belarus and Ukraine (through Kyiv-Mohyla Academy), from where it was transmitted to Russia (Duchy of Moscow), which began to increase its ties with western Europe in the aftermath of the Mongol invasion of Rus. The first four printed Cyrillic books in the world were published in Kraków, in 1491, by printer Szwajpolt Fiol.

Art

Incentives for development of art and architecture were many. King Sigismund I the Old, who ascended to the throne in 1507, was a sponsor of many artists, and began a major project – under Florence architect Bartolommeo Berrecci – of remaking the ancient residence of the Polish kings, the Wawel Castle, into a modern Renaissance residence. Sigismund's zeal for Renaissance was matched not only by his son, Sigismund II Augustus, but by many wealthy nobles and burghers who also desired to display their wealth, influence and cultural savvy. In 1578, chancellor Jan Zamoyski begun construction of the ideal Renaissance city, sponsoring the creation of Zamość (a city named after him), which soon became an important administrative, commercial and educational town of Renaissance Poland. The two largest contemporary Polish cities – Kraków (which attracted many Italian architects) and Danzig (which attracted mostly architects from Germany and the Netherlands) – likely gained the most in the era, but many other cities also spotted new Renaissance constructions.

Renaissance painting was introduced in Poland by many immigrant artists, such as Lucas Cranach, Hans Dürer and Hans von Kulmbach, and practiced by such Polish painters as Marcin Kober (a court painter of king Stefan Batory). The works of the portraitists created an impressive gallery, particularly representative of those who could afford to be immortalized in them.

The centre of musical culture was the royal residence at Kraków, where the royal court welcomed many foreign and local performers. The most significant works of the Renaissance in Poland include compositions, usually for lute and organs, both vocal and instrumental, from dances, through polyphonic music, to religious oratorios and masses. In 1540 by Jan of Lublin released the Tablature, in which he collected most known European organ pieces. Nicolaus Cracoviensis (Mikołaj of Kraków) composed many masses, motets, songs, dances and preludes. Mikołaj Gomółka was the author of musical rendition of Kochanowski's poems (Melodies for the Polish Psalter). The most famous Polish composer was Wacław z Szamotuł, recognized as one of the outstanding Renaissance composers.

Notable Polish Renaissance artists

Among the most prominent Polish Renaissance writers and artists, whose accomplishments have become a salient part of Polish curriculum are poets Mikołaj Rej, Jan Kochanowski, Szymon Szymonowic, Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński, Andrzej Krzycki and Johannes Dantiscus, writer Łukasz Górnicki, composer Wacław z Szamotuł, composer and singer Mikołaj Gomółka, sculptor  and painters Stanisław Samostrzelnik and Marcin Kober. The artists and architects who settled into Poland and had achieved considerable recognition for their work in the country are: Hans Dürer, Hans (Süss) von Kulmbach, Mateo Gucci, Santi Gucci, Bartolomeo Berecci, Bernardo Morando, Giovanni Battista di Quadro and others.

Literature
The first printing press was set up in Kraków in 1473 by the German printer Kasper Straube of Bavaria. Between 1561 and 1600, seventeen printing houses in Poland published over 120 titles a year, with an average edition of 500 copies. The first complete translation of the Bible into Polish was made in 1561 by  (Leopolita's Bible). About that time, the first Polish orthographic dictionary was published (by Stanisław Murzynowski, 1551); grammars and dictionaries also proliferated. The Polish Renaissance was bilingual, the szlachta'''s speech being a mixture of Polish and Latin, and various authors oscillating among Polish, Latin, and a mixture of the two (macaronic language).

Literature progressed beyond being dominated by religious themes. They were still present, as seen in numerous bible translations, the most famous being the Wujek's Bible by Jakub Wujek, published in 1599. The nobility, however, cared about more than just religious themes, and the works of Polish renaissance reflected their material and spiritual values (see sarmatism). Contemporary poetry extolled the virtue of manorial life. For example, Rej celebrated life and the position of country's noble, while Kochanowski wrote about the pleasures and beauty of life in the countryside, surrounded by nature. Literary forms varied, from ode, pastorals and sonnets to elegy, satire and romance.

Science and technology
Scientific scholars of the period include Jan Łaski (John Lasco), evangelical reformer, Maciej of Miechów (Maciej Miechowita), writer and university teacher, Nicolaus Copernicus, astronomer known in Polish as Mikołaj Kopernik, Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki (Laurentius Grimaldius Gosliscius''), political thinker and philosopher; Marcin Kromer, writer and geographer; Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski, writer and philosopher; Piotr Skarga, Jesuit political reformer; Józef Struś, doctor, scientist, mayor of Poznań; and many others.

Architectural trends and periods
Polish Renaissance architecture is divided into three main periods. The first period (1500–1550) is often called "Italian", because most of the Renaissance buildings in this time were built by Italian architects invited by Polish nobility mainly from Florence. During the second period (1550–1600), Renaissance style became common, and included influences from Dutch version of the Renaissance as well as beginnings of the Mannerist style. In the third period (1600–1650), Mannerism became popular, with first notable examples of Baroque (see also, Baroque in Poland).

First period

In 1499 Wawel Castle was partially consumed by fire. King Alexander Jagiellon in 1504 appointed Eberhard Rosemberger as the main architect for the renovation. Later, he was replaced by Italian-born Francesco Florentino and, after his death, by Bartolomeo Berrecci and by Benedykt of Sandomierz. As a result of their work the Royal Castle was transformed into a Renaissance residence in Florentine style. In the same period other castles and residences were built or rebuilt in the new style, including Drzewica (built in 1527–1535), Szydłowiec (rebuilt 1509–1532), Ogrodzieniec  (rebuilt 1532–1547) and most notably, Pieskowa Skała, rebuilt 1542–1580.

In the first period of the Polish Renaissance, churches were still build mostly in the Gothic style. In this time, only new chapels surrounding the old churches were sometimes built in the new style. The most prominent of them, the Sigismund's Chapel at the Wawel Cathedral, was built in 1519–33 by Bartolomeo Berecci.

Second period

The Renaissance style became most common throughout Poland in its second period. In the northern part of the country, especially in Pomerania and in Danzig (Gdańsk), there worked a large group of Dutch-born artists. Renaissance style in other parts of Poland varied under local conditions, producing different substyles in each region. Also, some elements of the new Mannerist style were present. Architecture of this period is divided into three regional substyles: "Italian" – mostly in the southern part of Poland, with the most famous artist there being Santi Gucci, the "Dutch" – mostly in Pomerania, and the "Kalisz–Lublin style" () (or the "Lublin Renaissance") in central Poland – with most notable examples built in Kalisz, Lublin, and Kazimierz Dolny.

All over Poland, new castles were constructed, bearing the new quadrilateral shape enclosing a courtyard, with four towers at the corners. Prominent examples include: the castle at Płakowice (16th century), the castle at Brzeg, (rebuilt from a Gothic stronghold in 1544–60), the castle at Niepołomice (rebuilt after a fire in 1550–71), the castle at Baranów Sandomierski (built in 1591–1606 by Santi Gucci), and the castle at Krasiczyn.

Many cities erected new buildings in the Renaissance style. New Cloth Hall (Sukiennice) in Kraków was built. City halls were built or rebuilt in: Tarnów, Sandomierz, Chełm (demolished) and in Poznań. Also, entire towns were often redesigned. Examples of Renaissance urban planning survived into modern times in Szydłowiec and Zamość.

Examples of Pomeranian Renaissance which developed under the influence of Northern Europe rather than Italy were: Green Gate in Gdańsk (built in 1564–1568 by Hans Kramer), Upland Gate in Gdańsk (finished by Willem van den Blocke in 1588), Great Arsenal in Gdańsk (built in 1602–1606 by Anthonis van Obbergen), and the Old City Hall in Gdańsk (built in 1587–1595, probably by Anthonis van Obbergen).

Characteristic laicization of life during Renaissance and Reformation resulted in only minor development in sacral architecture. Mainly chapels were being built in the Renaissance style, but some churches were also rebuilt including: Cathedral in Płock (rebuilt after fire by architects Bernardino de Gianotis, Cini, Filippo di Fiesole and later again by Giovanni Battista di Quadro); and, the Collegiate in Pułtusk (rebuilt by John Batista of Venice). Only a few new churches were founded, such as the collegiate church of St. Thomas in Zamość.

Third period

A fire at Wawel and the moving of the capital to Warsaw in 1596 halted the development of Renaissance in Kraków, as well as in Danzig. Also, the rising power of the Jesuits and the Counterreformation gave impetus to the development of Mannerist architecture and a new style – the Baroque (see also, Baroque in Poland). The most important example of the ascending Mannerist architecture in Poland is a complex of houses in Kazimierz Dolny and in Zamość.

See also
Polish Golden Age
Lublin Renaissance
Mannerist architecture and sculpture in Poland
History of Poland (1385–1569)
Ducal Castle, Szczecin
Duchy of Pomerania

Notes

External links

Polish Renaissance Warfare

Poland
Poland

History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty
Cultural history of Poland
15th century in Poland
16th century in Poland
Italy–Poland relations

Renaissance in Poland


Wadsworth's cipher, or  Wheatstone's cipher, was a cipher invented by Decius Wadsworth, a Colonel in the United States Army Ordnance Corps. In 1817, he developed a progressive cipher system based on a 1790 design by Thomas Jefferson, establishing a method that was continuously improved upon and used until the end of World War II.

Wadsworth's system involved a set of two disks, one inside the other, where the outer disk had the 26 letters of the alphabet and the numbers 2-8, and the inner disk had only the 26 letters. The disks were geared together at a ratio of 26:33.  To encipher a message, the inner disk was turned until the desired letter was at the top position, with the number of turns required for the result transmitted as ciphertext. Due to the gearing, a ciphertext substitution for a character did not repeat until all 33 characters for the plaintext letter had been used. A similar device was invented by Charles Wheatstone several years after Wadsworth.

References
"A Short History of Cryptography", Fred Cohen, 1995
"Cryptography Primer", Jose Mari Reyes, 2001
"Cryptography Timeline", Carl Ellison, December 11, 2004
Codes, Richard A. Mollin, 2005

Classical ciphers

Wadsworth's cipher


Efficient energy use, be same as  energy efficiency, e be de process wey den take reduce de amount of energy  wey ebe required for  providing products and services. For example, dem use insulating a building wey e allows de use less heating and cooling energy take achieve and maintain a thermal comfort. During Installing,dem use light-emitting diode bulbs, fluorescent lighting, or natural skylight windows reduces the amount of energy required we e go take do the same level of illumination compared to using traditional incandescent light bulbs. Improvements in energy efficiency are generally achieved by adopting a more efficient technology or production process or by application of commonly accepted methods to reduce energy losses.

Dem get many motivations to improve energy efficiency. We for take decreasing energy to reduces energy costs den ego result in a financial cost saving to consumers if de energy savings offset any additional costs of implementing an energy-efficient technology. Wen we  take reducing energy do sometin  people dem see say it as a solution to the problem of minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. We for improved energy efficiency in buildings, industrial processes and transportation could reduce the world's energy needs in 2050 by one third,den help reduce global emissions of greenhouse gases.

Efficient energy use


Fable Legends is a cancelled cooperative action role-playing video game developed by Lionhead Studios and projected to be published by Microsoft Studios for Microsoft Windows and Xbox One. Microsoft cancelled the game on 7 March 2016. The servers shut down on 13 April.

Gameplay
Fable Legends was based around four Heroes and a Villain. Each role may be filled by a player via online multiplayer or by an AI. The same game experience was possible regardless of multiplayer or single player (with four AI). All of the game's story and quests could have been played single player, using AI heroes as sidekicks or enemies. It was possible to play through the game's content as either a Hero or as a Villain.

During each quest, the four Hero characters must use teamwork to succeed in their objectives, while the Villain player opposes them with an army of creatures.

Heroes
Each Hero in Fable Legends was to be a unique character with unique abilities, powers, and gameplay. Several playable heroes were  identified as: Sterling, a Prince Charming type of character, who flourishes a rapier and wise cracks; Winter, who is focused on will-based abilities and ice attacks; Rook, focusing on ranged combat with a crossbow; and Inga, a paladin-like character wearing heavy armor, and wielding a sword and shield. Players can customize any Hero, ranging from color and faces to outfits. Customizations would have been unlocked either with earned in-game silver (in game currency), or by purchasing them with real life money. Some cosmetic items may have only been purchasable.

Hero Rotation
A limited number of heroes would have been available for free at a given time, after which a new set of heroes would take their place for everybody to play for a period of time. Heroes could have also been purchased for permanent access by earned in-game currency or by real-life currency.

Villains
The villain player controls the nature of the quest the hero characters embark on, such as where enemies spawn, how aggressive they are, when the boss will come lumbering out of its lair, when to bring down an impassable portcullis or lay a trap to separate heroes from each other to thwart them. The Villain has a certain number of "creature points", which he uses during a setup phase to plan his strategy. Each creature costs a certain number of points to summon. During setup, the Villain can also place a certain number of interactive objects in the quest, such as traps and gates.

Once the battle has begun, the Villain player focuses on ordering his creatures about in real time in a similar manner to an RTS game. He can order the creatures to attack a specific Hero, to activate special abilities, and to position for ambushes. During combat, he can also activate gates to damage and split up the Heroes, and use his traps to distract and wound them.

Social play
Like other games in the series, Fable Legends would allow players to interact with villagers and customize their characters with weapons, looks, armour, abilities and more. In the hub-city of Brightlodge, players would have had the opportunity to partake in jobs, play mini-games and enjoy pub games. Once the player selects a quest, they would be sent out into the world.

Platforms
Since the game has multiplayer capabilities, players would require an active Xbox Live subscription to play on Xbox One. On Windows 10, it was set to have a free-to-play model.

Gameplay would have been in sync across platforms. Players could've played on Windows 10 and continue their progress on Xbox One and vice versa.

Synopsis
Fable Legends takes place several hundred years before the events of the original trilogy. This is a period of magic, folklore, and mythology, and humanity has yet to discover meaningful technology. Most people huddle in small villages, too witless and scared to venture out into the scary world about. Heroes are more common, but there is no Heroes' Guild yet, and the Heroes must rely on each other to succeed.

The story of one quest revealed at gamescom told of an ancient artifact called "The Moon on the Stick", which the children of Albion once made wishes to. The heroes in Fable Legends are on a quest to locate this artifact.

Development
Fable Legends began development in the summer of 2012 and was announced on 20 August 2013 with a cinematic trailer directed by Ben Hibon and narrated by Michael Gambon as the Villain. The first revealed gameplay footage was shown in June 2014 with gameplay performed on stage by the development team. A limited, closed multiplayer beta began on 16 October. Made on a budget of around $75 million, it was going to be one of the most expensive video games of all times.

The game was intended to have a 5–10 year lifecycle, and to be integrated into the cloud features of the Xbox One. SmartGlass features would have allowed villain players to make their plan of attack before a quest.

Microsoft also intended to release Fable Legends on Windows 10, exclusive to the Windows 10 Store. The game would have featured cross-platform multiplayer between Microsoft Windows and Xbox One. Also support for DirectX 12 was to be added with the game's release.

Lionhead confirmed that the game would use a free-to-play model. Initially for 2015, the game was officially delayed to following year, so as to give additional time for Lionhead Studios to polish the game. An open beta was set to be available in the first or second quarter of 2016.

Cancellation
Microsoft cancelled the game in March 2016 and closed Lionhead Studios. The game's beta ended on 13 April, with players who had purchased in-game gold receiving full refund from all in-game purchases.

References

External links

Fable Legends at Xbox.com

Action role-playing video games
Asymmetrical multiplayer video games
Cancelled Windows games
Cancelled Xbox One games
Cooperative video games
Fable (video game series)
Free-to-play video games
Lionhead Studios games
Microsoft games
Unreal Engine games
Video game prequels
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games with gender-selectable protagonists
Video games scored by Russell Shaw

Fable Legends


The National Farmers Organization (NFO) is a producer movement founded in the United States in 1955, by farmers, especially younger farmers with mortgages, frustrated by too often receiving crop and produce prices that produced a living that paid less than the minimum wage, and, too often, might not even cover the cost of seed, fertilizer, land, etc.  This was despite the many hours that might be devoted by an entire family (including the farm children, who often worked "for free"). This was despite mortgages having to be paid in years of drought or hail or other crop failure.  It was despite too high injury rates related to lifting and to high mortality rates due to working with heavy, sharp equipment.  Frustrated farmers, thus, tried to obtain better prices. At first the methods included withholding of commodities from sale (standard economics classes teach that reducing supply will increase price if demand remains constant).  The early methods also included opposition to those coops unwilling to withhold goods from market. During protests, farmers might purposely sell food directly to neighbors instead of through the co-ops. They might also destroy food in dramatic ways, in an attempt to gain media exposure, for example, slaughtering excess dairy cows. A 1964 incident brought negative attention when two members were crushed under the rear wheels of a cattle truck.  They did not succeed in obtaining a Canadian-style quota system.  Methods, thus, are different now.

Founding
NFO had its roots in earlier populist agrarian movements such as the Grange, the National Farmers Union, and the Farmers' Alliance.

The NFO was officially founded on September 22, 1955, in Bedford, Iowa. However, it informally began with conversations between farmer Wayne Jackson and feed sales man Jay Loghry in 1953. At a feed sales presentation for Moorman's feed on September 5, 1955, in the Adair County, Iowa, schoolhouse, Loghry suggested to the seven farmers present that they form a new farm organization. Jackson organized the next meeting at Carl, Iowa, which 35 farmers attended. However, much of the initial impetus for the NFO's early growth came from positive comments made by former Iowa Governor Daniel Webster Turner when he was asked about it by the press. Also, Don Berkhahn was instrumental in the early years.

Turner exerted a moderating influence on the organization. He had been Governor of Iowa during the Farmer's Holiday Association movement and had to call-out the state militia to suppress violence associated with that eruption. Governor Turner's political career had foundered due to the Great Depression, but he was still influential in 1955. He sought to direct the nascent NFO organization away from militancy. The NFO took on the character of a "producers union".

The NFO headquarters was established in Corning, Iowa. Governor Turner had wanted the organization to be headquartered in a small town, instead of in a big city like Kansas City, Omaha, or Chicago. He wanted the NFO to remain in touch with its rural roots. In return for Missourians' supporting Corning as the headquarters' site, Turner backed Oren Lee Staley from Missouri as the first President of the NFO. In 1989. the national headquarters was relocated to Ames, Iowa.

In its early days as a protest organization, the NFO's membership reached as high as 149,000. Staley is credited with carrying the NFO thru the subsequent downturn and establishing a post-protest program for the NFO. Under Staley's leadership the NFO pursued collective bargaining agreements in accordance with the Capper–Volstead Act of 1922.

National Farmers represented dairy producers' interests in federal Milk Marketing Order hearings and started depositing milk checks directly into members' banks. Using group marketing and a supply management system designed by farmers for farms, National Farmers contracts with processors established floor or minimum prices to take rapid fluctuations out of farm-gate milk prices.

The NFO's program involved:
getting members to sign a membership agreement that named the NFO as their bargaining agent
negotiating procurement agent contracts with food processors who buy the produce of the members.
for milk, cutting handling charges in order to gain market share

1964 protests
In  1964, the Lake to Lake dairy coop held its annual meeting at Luxemburg High School. Protestors from the National Farmers Organization dumped milk from a milk truck on the school grounds.

In 1964, two NFO members were killed when they and about 500 others attempted to stop a truck from taking cattle to market.

Holding action of 1967
The NFO engaged in producers strikes called "holding actions" to get food processors who ordinarily held monopsony power over farmers to sign the agency contracts.

On March 16, 1967, the NFO started their most notable holding action. They withheld milk from the market for 15 days, reducing national supplies by two percent. This ended due to a temporary restraining order issued by US Federal Judge Stephenson of the US District Court for Southern Iowa. By the time the restraining order expired, the government negotiated terms agreeable to the NFO. During this withholding, milk supplies in the Nashville, Tennessee, area were reduced from 12,000 to 1,800 gallons per day. All remaining milk was escorted by police to hospitals.

Overall, many public slaughters were held in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Farmers would kill their own animals in front of media representatives. However, this effort backfired because it angered television audiences to see animals being "needlessly and wastefully" killed.

In the 1970s, the National Farmers Organization started working with processors and the food and feed industry to secure supply contracts in all the commodities they represented. The strategy was to sell into rising markets and influence the market positively, rather than feed, and encourage, a continued market downtrend. The group developed a collection, dispatch and delivery system to change the way processors gained supplies.

The NFO failed to persuade the U.S. government to establish a quota system as is currently practiced today in the milk, cheese, eggs and poultry supply management programs in Canada.   In 1979, the NFO ended its practice of withholding and protests.

Since then, the NFO has functioned only as a supply coop and as an advocacy and lobbying organization. In particular, in the 1980s, under President DeVon Woodland of Blackfoot, Idaho, the organization specialized more in the business aspects of assisting producers increase revenue, by negotiating better prices and contract sales terms for large volumes of pooled and marketed agricultural commodities. The organization established new headquarters in Ames, Iowa and installed an organization-wide computer system. Field staff offices, dairy re-loads and Livestock Service Centers started operating across the country.

Yearly state conventions are sponsored in multiple states and a monthly magazine is published.

References

Critical collection of material kept at Iowa State University, in Ames, Iowa, much accessible from this link--
https://digitalcollections.lib.iastate.edu/national-farmers-organization-films

Sources
Holding Action, by Charles Walters, Jr., Published by Halcyon House - New York & Kansas City, 1968, Library of Congress catalog card number: 68-26115

See also
1933 Wisconsin milk strike
Iowa Cow War
Farmers' Holiday Association
Aaron Sapiro
Milk quota
Supply management (Canada)
Market Sharing Quota
Producerism

External links
http://www.nationalfarmers.com/

Organizations established in 1955
1955 establishments in Iowa
Economic ideologies
Agricultural organizations based in the United States
Riots and civil disorder in Wisconsin
Animal rights movement
Protest-related deaths
General strikes
Protest tactics
Agricultural supply cooperatives
Agricultural cooperatives in the United States
1964 in Wisconsin
1967 in the United States

National Farmers Organization


America Calling, sponsored by the Greek War Relief, was broadcast February 8, 1941, on CBS, NBC, independent stations and all of Europe.

Jack Benny and Bob Hope were the "co-masters of ceremonies" for a show that featured The Merry Macs; Shirley Temple, Charles Laughton, Groucho Marx and Madeleine Carroll in a comedy skit written by Dick Mack (who directed the show); Clark Gable and Merle Oberon in a "modern romance" by Robert Riley Crutcher; Frank Morgan singing an "updated" Mikado, introduced by Reginald Owen; a visit to the home of the Hardy Family (Mickey Rooney & Lewis Stone); Benny, Hope and Groucho Marx singing a trio; Ronald Colman inspiringly dramatized "The Jervis Bay Goes Down," a poem by Gene Fowler; and Hope and Benny in a sketch about dating with Mary Martin and Myrna Loy. When introducing Laughton, Benny intentionally mispronounced the great actor's name as 'Laffton".  That was followed by humorous dialog after which Laughton recited an eloquent telegram forwarded by Sam Goldwyn from Prime Minister of Greece Alexandros Koryzis.  Koryzis committed suicide on April 18, as German troops approach Athens.

Also on the program were Ann Rutherford, Barbara Stanwyck,  Carey Wilson,  Connee Boswell, Dick Powell, Fay Holden, Max Terr's Choral Group, and Melvyn Douglas.

Dore Schary supervised the show and scripted with Ed Beloin. Bill Morrow was the producer.

External links
Jerry Haendiges Vintage Radio Logs: America Calling

Transferred by Art Shifrin to full track tape circa 1980 for Ben Leedy (a brother in law of Connee Boswell) from pristine 'high fidelity' 16" 33.33 rpm lateral cut vinyl pressings. Digitized with precise aziumuth alignment to a wave file without any noise reduction from the intact, stiction-free tape circa 1995.

American variety radio programs

America Calling


HTTP Status Code 402, also known as "Payment Required," is a standard response status code in the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). It is part of the HTTP/1.1 protocol defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in the RFC 7231  specification.

Description

The HTTP 402 status code indicates that the client must make a payment to access the requested resource. It is typically used in situations where the server requires payment before granting access to the content or service. This code serves as a reminder that financial transaction or authorization is needed to proceed further.

The 402 status code is considered non-standard and was introduced to extend the HTTP protocol's capabilities beyond the standard set of status codes. It provides a clear indication to the client that they need to take action to complete the payment process before they can access the requested resource.

Examples
Client request:
GET /index.php HTTP/1.1
Host: www.example.org
Server response:
HTTP/1.1 402 Payment Required
Location: https://www.example.org/index.asp

Usage

The HTTP 402 status code is typically used in e-commerce and subscription-based systems where access to content or services is restricted until the user completes a payment. It can be employed in various scenarios, such as:

Subscription Renewal: When a user's subscription plan expires, and they attempt to access premium content, the server may respond with a 402 status code to prompt the user to renew their subscription.
Paywalls: Websites that require users to make a payment to access specific articles, news content, or premium features can utilize the 402 status code to indicate that payment is required to proceed.
Digital Products: Online platforms selling digital goods, software licenses, or digital media downloads may employ the 402 status code to enforce payment before granting access to the purchased item.

Experimental

The HTTP status code 402 is currently classified as an experimental code within the HTTP protocol. Such experimental codes are introduced to assess new features or ideas and determine their practical application. The designation of the 402 status implies that a payment is mandated to obtain a particular resource or service. However, its tentative status indicates limited mainstream adoption. Web developers and institutions are advised to adhere to recognized HTTP norms and employ stable, thoroughly documented status codes. Even though the 402 code might be used on an experimental basis, caution is recommended because of potential discrepancies and compatibility challenges.

Response representation

The HTTP 402 response is accompanied by an entity body that provides additional information to the client regarding the payment requirements. This entity body can be in various formats, including HTML, XML, or JSON, and typically includes details such as the payment amount, payment methods accepted, and instructions on how to complete the transaction.

The server may also include relevant headers in the response, such as Retry-After, which indicates the time duration the client should wait before retrying the request after completing the payment process.

Relationship with other status codes

The HTTP 402 status code should not be confused with the more commonly used 403 Forbidden status code. While both codes indicate that access to a resource is restricted, the distinction lies in the reason for the restriction. The 402 code specifically implies that payment is required, whereas the 403 code implies that access is forbidden due to other reasons, such as insufficient permissions or authentication failure.

In cases where the server requires payment but also wants to convey additional information about why access is denied, it is common to include the 402 status code alongside a 403 status code. This combination helps communicate the payment requirement while providing more context to the client.

References

External links
 HTTP status code 402 Payment Required at http-statuscode.com
 402 Payment Required at developer.mozilla.org

Computer error messages
Hypertext Transfer Protocol status codes

HTTP 402


The 65th FIFA Congress was held at the Hallenstadion in Zürich, Switzerland, from 28 to 29 May 2015.

Arrests of FIFA officials

The congress was preceded by the arrests in Zürich of several officials associated with FIFA, who were expected to be extradited to the United States to face various corruption charges.

2015 presidential election
Two nominees, Sepp Blatter and Prince Ali bin Hussein, received the necessary nominations to be eligible for the FIFA Presidency. Frenchman Jérôme Champagne declared his intention to run. In February 2015, however, he failed to receive the requisite five nominations. Luís Figo and Michael van Praag withdrew from the race before the elections. The Asian Football Confederation has expressed that it opposes any move to delay the elections and reiterated its support for Blatter for presidency.

Neither party received the necessary two thirds majority of votes from the first round, with Blatter receiving 133 to Al-Hussein's 73. According to FIFA rules, a second round should have been held for the two candidates, with a simple majority being sufficient for victory. However, before the second round of voting commenced Al-Hussein announced his withdrawal, handing Blatter victory by default.

Voting results

Blatter resignation
On 2 June 2015, FIFA abruptly called a press conference at their Zürich headquarters, where Blatter announced that he would resign as president of FIFA, and would remain in his position until an extraordinary FIFA Congress could be held as soon as possible, for his successor to be elected. This was just four days after his re election. The congress was then announced to be held some time between December 2015 to March 2016.

The Extraordinary FIFA Executive Committee Meeting was held on 20 July 2015, to decide on a date for the congress. At the meeting, it was decided that the date for the congress would be 26 February 2016.

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

One proposal before the congress was a motion by the Palestinian Football Association to have the Israel Football Association suspended from FIFA. The PFA accused Israel of interfering with player movements in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. During the congress, PFA President Jibril Rajoub said his association was dropping the suspension request, "but it does not mean that I give up the resistance." Representatives of the two associations agreed to work together on a solution.

David Gill resignation threat
English FA Vice-President and UEFA Executive Committee board member David Gill threatened to resign his newly elected role as FIFA Vice-President and member of the FIFA Executive Committee (ExCo) if Sepp Blatter was re elected as FIFA President or did not stand down, following the corruption scandal. When Blatter won re election for a fifth term, Gill immediately rejected his position in protest at Blatter's regime.

"I simply do not see how there will be change for the good of world football while Mr Blatter remains in post" Gill stated. On June 2, 2015, four days after FIFA's presidential election, Blatter announced he would be resigning, allowing Gill to "reconsider" his position as he had not yet formalised his resignation.

Bomb threat
During the morning of the second day of the Congress, a bomb threat was received at 11:00 CEST (09:00 GMT), according to Swiss police. People were kept out of the hall following the lunch break while the room was checked. According to a statement released by General Secretary Jérôme Valcke, "A bomb threat was received, and as a precaution the Swiss authorities searched the premises. It was cleared and the congress can continue."

References

External links
FIFA Congress official page

FIFA Congresses
2015 in association football
2015 in Swiss sport
2015 conferences
Sport in Zürich
21st century in Zürich
May 2015 sports events in Europe

65th FIFA Congress


Fújì is a popular Yoruba musical genre. It arose from the improvisational wéré music, also known as ajísari (meaning "waking up for sari"), a genre of music performed to wake Muslims before dawn during the Ramadan fasting season. Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister popularized wéré music during the 1950s and 60s and conceived the term "fújì" in an unusual way. According to Barrister, "I came up with it when I saw a poster at an airport, advertising the Mount Fuji, which is the highest peak in Japan." Fújì should not be mistaken for the Yorùbá words "fuja" or "faaji," which mean leisure or enjoyment.

History
Wéré music is an Islamic-influenced Yorùbá genre of music invented by Muslim singers and musicians in Yorùbá towns and cities in southwestern Nigeria to wake Muslims fasting during Ramadan. Toward the end of the colonial period during the 1950s, Alhaji Dauda Epo-Akara and Ganiyu Kuti (Gani Irefin) founded and popularized wéré in Ibadan. Throughout the 1950s and 60s, numerous wéré performance groups emerged within Muslim communities in and around the cities of Ibadan, Lagos, and Ìlọrin. These early performers drew great inspiration from Yoruba sákárà music, featuring the sákárà drum (without the violin-like goje often played with an accompanying fiddle). Notable Lagos-based wéré performers during the early independence years include Sikiru Omo Abiba, Ajadi Ganiyu, Ayinde Muniru Mayegun (General Captain), Ajadi Bashiru, Sikiru Onishemo, Kawu Aminu, Jibowu Barrister, Ayinde Fatayi, Kasali Alani, Saka Olayigbade, Ayinla Yekinni, and Bashiru Abinuwaye.

As various styles evolved, some performers played mouth organs (harmonicas) between wéré interludes within their compositions. Sikiru Ayinde Barrister was the lead singer and composer of the popular wéré group, Jibowu Barrister, under the leadership of Alhaji Jibowu Barrister. During the 1960s, Sikiru Ayinde Barrister and other young wéré groups rocked Lagos and its environs.

In one of his early albums, chiding and educating critics who dubbed fújì a "local music," Sikiru Ayinde Barrister described fújì music as a combination of music consisting of sákárà, Apala, jùjú, Aró, Afrobeat, gudugudu, and some elements of highlife. Sikiru Ayinde Barrister did a tremendous job popularizing fújì by taking it all over the world. He started touring the European continent, especially England, during the 1970s and later the United States throughout the 1980s. Sikiru Ayinde Barrister toured internationally before any subsequent fújì bands toured outside of Nigeria.

Between 1970 and throughout the 1980s, other fújì musicians included Fatai Adio, Saura Alhaji, Student Fuji, Rahimi Ayinde (Bokote), Ramoni Akanni, Love Azeez, Waidi Akangbe, Sikiru Olawoyin, Agbada Owo, Iyanda Sawaba, Ejire Shadua, Wahabi Ilori, Wasiu Ayinde Marshall, Suleiman Adigun, Sakaniyau Ejire, and Wasiu Ayinla. As each artist became prolific, each invented and introduced his unique style of fújì music.

While male musicians have dominated fuji, reflecting fuji's origins in wéré music, women artists have developed fújì-related styles called Islamic and wákà. Islamic is a popular name for this genre of women's fújì-related music, particularly in and around the city of Ìlọrin, while wákà is a more general pan-Yoruba term for this Muslim women's genre. These styles emerged in the late 1950s and were originally performed by women vocalists for Islamic events such as weddings and celebrations for pilgrims returning from Mecca. Since the 1980s, professional Muslim women vocalists have fronted their own bands which are identical to fújì bands in their instrumentation. While the themes and aesthetics of Islamic are more closely related to Muslim morality than fújì, there is significant overlap between women's genres and fújì. The majority of Islamic and waka bandleaders and back-up vocalists are women, while the rest of their bands are typically men. Women performers of Islamic and wákà have a dominant presence on stage and in videos.

Modernization
During the early 1970s, Alhaji Kolington Ayinla (Baba Alatika or Kebe-n-Kwara) became a prolific fújì performer and Barrister's long-term musical rival. Wasiu Ayinde Marshall Barrister (K1 De Ultimate) gradually emerged (with hits such as "Talazo Fuji") after tutelage under Sikiru Ayinde Barrister. For 15 years, Wasiu Ayinde served under Sikiru Ayinde Barrister in various roles, including as his instrument packer and notably as his road manager. Wasiu Ayinde's style evolved through the early 1990s as he added youthful vigor to a genre dominated by aging frontmen. By the end of the 1990s, Wasiu Ayinde's brand of fújì had become one of the most popular dance genres in Nigeria. Another artist, Adewale Ayuba, took the nation by storm in the early 1990s with his unique brand of fújì, "Bonsue Fújì," which appealed to young and old alike. Abass Akande Obesere (Omo rapala) also became popular in the 1990s, known for bringing street slang, "asakasa," into the fújì scene. Since fújì's origin and presently, most lyrics of fújì songs are in the Yorùbá language. Notably, fújì fusions with other genres often include lyrics in the English or Nigerian Pidgin languages in addition to the Yorùbá language. Due to its popularity with young Nigerians, fújì hook lines often become the main hook lines of Nigerian hip-hop music.

Continued growth
Popular modern fújì musicians in Nigeria include Rasheed Ayinde Adekunle Merenge, Abass Akande obesere (PK 1), Sir Shina Akanni, Alhaji Isiaka Iyanda Sawaba, Adewale Ayuba, Wasiu Alabi, (Oganla 1) King Dr.Saheed Osupa (His Majesty), Late Sunny T Adesokan (Omo Ina ton ko fújì), Alayeluwa Sulaimon Alao Adekunle Malaika (KS1, Original ), Shefiu Adekunle Alao (Omo Oko), Sule Adio (Atawéwé), Tajudeen Alabi Istijabah (Oju Kwara), Wasiu Ajani (Mr. Pure Water), Taiye Currency, Alhaji Komi Jackson, Remi Aluko(Igwe fújì), Muri Alabi Thunder, Karube Aloma, Oyama Azeez (Arabesa, Alapatinrin, The Modern Real Fuji Creator), Murphy Adisa Sabaika (Madiba 2), Abiodun Ike Minister (Aremo Alayeluwa), Tunde Ileiru, Karubey Shimiu, Adeolu Akanni (Paso Egba), Shamu Nokia, (Quintessential) Sunny Melody, Olusegun Ologo, Segun Michael, Bola Abimbola, and Sulaimon Alao Adekunle (KS1 Malaika).

Today, fújì music has continued to attract younger generations. In the 2000s, many popular and successful fújì artists have emerged, including Shanko Rasheed, Wasiu Container, Cripsymixtee, Konkolo Wally G, Global T, and Muri Ikoko. In this generation of singers, Wasiu Ayinde Marshal continues to be the most recognizable name in the genre. Since their rise to popularity in the 1990s, Abass Akande Obesere, Wasiu Alabi Pasuma (Oganla Fuji), and King Saheed Osupa also continue to dominate the fújì scene into the present.

Notes

External links
 africasounds.com - "FUJI BUBBLE" by Hortense Fuller

Nigerian styles of music
Yoruba music
African popular music
Popular music

Fuji music


Lencho Letta () is an Ethiopian politician and Oromo activist who was founding member of Oromo Liberation Front (OLF). He was the Deputy Secretary General of the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) from 1974 to 1995. In Late 1990s, Lencho left OLF leadership due to ideological differences. He is currently the leader of Oromo Democratic front, which was formed in 2013.

Early life
Lencho was born in Dembidolo, Wollega, Western Ethiopia. He studied his elementary and middle school at a local school in Dembidolo. Later, he went to Adama and completed his high school education. In 1966, he enrolled at University of Rochester to study Chemical Engineering and graduated in 1970. After graduation, he returned to Ethiopia and worked as Engineer in Metehara Sugar factory for one year. In 1971, he moved to Addis Ababa and help to establish Ethiopian Standards Agency where he worked until 1974.

Political career
From 1970 to 1974, Lencho, along with some Oromo nationalist, was working clandestinely to form OLF. In 1974, the Marxist Derg staged a coup d'état against Emperor Haile Selassie. Late in 1974, Lencho, along with some other Oromo nationalist, went underground and officially launched the OLF for guerrilla army struggle against the Marxist Derg regime of Mengistu Haile Mariam.

Starting from the late 1970s until 1995, Lencho served as Deputy General Secretary of the OLF. He was the leading representative OLF's negotiation team with TPLF leader Meles Zenawi and EPLF leader Isaias Afwerki during the 1980s and early 1990s. He was also leading negotiator for the OLF during Ethiopian Transitional Government from 1991 to 1995. Late 1992, the transitional agreement between OLF and TPLF fell apart, and the OLF quit the transition government to wage army struggle against EPRDF.

In late 1993, Lencho was expelled from OLF due to leadership fallout and an ideological difference with OLF leadership, particularly with the question Oromo self-determination. Since the 1970s, the OLF push for establishing an independent state of Oromia. However, since the introduction of ethnic federalism in Ethiopia in 1995, several Oromo activists including the Oromo People's Congress leader Merera Gudina has been arguing for democratizing the Ethiopian State.

Starting from late 1990s, Lencho became an advocate of preserving Oromo people's right by Democratizing Ethiopian state. He wrote two books – "Ethiopian State at the Crossroads" (Red Sea Press, 1999) and "The Horn of Africa as Common Homeland" (Wilfrid University Press, 2004) – in which he argues in favor of Democratizing Ethiopia.

Later in 2013, Lencho with several former OLF activities launches Oromo Democratic Front (ODF) an opposition organization which is advocating for Oromo right in exile.

On March 19, 2015, Lencho returned to Ethiopia after more than two decades of exile to fight for Oromo rights within the existing political structure in Ethiopia. However, the government of Ethiopia expelled Lencho and other ODF delegation team from Ethiopia within 24 hours.

He currently resides in Oslo, Norway. He is associated with the Norwegian Research Institution, Fafo Institute for Applied International Studies (Fafo AIS). He works as a freelance analyst of political developments in the Horn of Africa.

References

Taye Assefa(2008). "Academic Freedom in Ethiopia," Forum for Social Studies, p. 46
Sahr John Kpundeh(1992). "Democratization in Africa: African Views, African Voices", "Panel on Issues in Democratization ,p. 82
Nazret.com(2008). "OLF founder exposes Eritrea's leader opposing Ethiopian democracy"
Nazret.com (2008). " Former OLF leader exposes OLF and TPLF propaganda"
Oromopress.com (2012), "Evolution of the Oromo Dialogue Forum"

Living people
Oromo people
Ethiopian politicians
Oromo Liberation Front
People from Oromia Region
Ethiopian expatriates in Norway
Ethiopian academics
Ethiopian exiles
Year of birth missing (living people)

Lencho Letta


NSS Annapolis, officially known as Naval Communications Station Washington, D.C. Transmitter or NavCommStaWashingtonDC(T), was a Very Low Frequency (VLF) and High Frequency (HF) transmitter station operated by the United States Navy.

It was located at Greenbury Point, in Anne Arundel County, across the Severn River from Annapolis, Maryland at coordinates .  NSS Annapolis was used by the USN for submarine communication. The station consisted of an umbrella antenna supported by a 1,200-foot (365.76 m) high central mast, which was insulated against ground, 6 guyed masts of 800-foot (243.84 m) all of which were built in 1969 and three 600-foot freestanding towers built earlier. Originally the station consisted of nine 600-foot-tall self-supporting lattice towers, the tallest of their kind built in the United States to that date. The first four of which were built in 1918, followed by two more in 1922 and the final three in 1938. As of 2020, only the three built in 1938 remaining standing.

The huge towers were a local landmark, and served as a visual reporting point for aircraft landing at the nearby Baltimore-Washington International (BWI) airport. A golf course runs through the former HF antenna farm; special rules addressed hitting a tower with a ball (usually stroke and distance). The NSS HF receiver station, and the headquarters for NavCommStaWashingtonDC(T), was located at the Naval Communications Station in Cheltenham, Maryland until 1969. In late 1969, the receiver station at Cheltenham closed and a new receiving station was activated at Sugar Grove, West Virginia.

NSS began transmitting in September 1918 using a pair of Federal Electric 500 kilowatt Poulson Arc transmitters. However, arc transmitters were significantly inferior to the then state-of-the-art Alexanderson alternator and one of the arc transmitters was replaced by a more modern TAW 300 kilowatt vacuum tube transmitter in 1931. VLF, or "longwave" radio was the standard at the time for long-range radio transmission, only to be replaced by shortwave in the early 1930s.

VLF later became essential for communicating with submerged submarines, a critically important capability as submarines became strategic missile platforms. The NSS transmitter fed one million watts of radio energy to its antenna, and during idle times, transmitted the string "W W W VVV VVV VVV DE NSS NSS NSS" in Morse code. The power was so high and the frequency so low, one could hear the signal on practically any kind of receiver anywhere in the Annapolis area. Messages were also sent in Morse code, but were either prearranged code signals or were encrypted.

Rendered obsolete by satellite technology and the end of the cold war, NSS ceased operation and all of the antennas and most of the towers were demolished in 1999. Three of the smaller 600-foot towers were preserved near the tip of Greenbury Point to serve as aids to navigation for boaters on the Chesapeake Bay.

The callsign, operating from Annapolis, was brought back for the May 8, 2021 Armed Forces Day radio test.  This is an annual event when amateur radio operators can work through crossband communications with certain military stations. The station was active for 16 hours.

References

External links

Communications and electronic installations of the United States Navy
Buildings and structures in Anne Arundel County, Maryland
Towers in Maryland
Military radio systems
Military installations closed in 1999
Communications in Maryland
1918 establishments in Maryland

Closed installations of the United States Navy

NSS Annapolis


The Fox and the Cat (; "the cat and the fox") are a pair of fictional characters and the main antagonists, along with the Coachman and the Terrible Dogfish, in Italian writer Carlo Collodi's 1883 book Le avventure di Pinocchio (The Adventures of Pinocchio). They are depicted as poor con-men, who hoodwink Pinocchio and attempt to murder him. They pretend to be disabled: the Fox lame and the Cat blind. The Fox appears to be more intelligent than the Cat, who usually limits himself to repeating the Fox's words.

Role in the book

Pinocchio encounters the two after leaving Mangiafuoco's theatre with five gold sequins, whereupon the Fox claims to know Pinocchio's father Mister Geppetto and proposes to Pinocchio to visit the Land of Barn Owls (Paese dei Barbagianni) and thence to a 'Field of Miracles' (Il campo dei Miracoli), where coins can be grown into a money-producing tree. A white blackbird warns Pinocchio against these lies, but is eaten by the Cat. The Fox covers up this action by claiming that the blackbird talks too much. The pair lead Pinocchio to the Red Crayfish Inn (Osteria del Gambero Rosso), where they eat a large meal and ask to be awoken at midnight.

Two hours before the set time, the pair abandon Pinocchio to pay for the meal with one of his sequins, and have the innkeeper leave a message for Pinocchio that the Cat's eldest kitten had fallen ill, and that they would meet Pinocchio at the Field of Miracles later. When Pinocchio leaves the inn, the two attack him in the guise of murderers and in the ensuing struggle, Pinocchio bites off the Cat's paw. The murderers then hang Pinocchio from a tree, which he escapes with the assistance of The Fairy with Turquoise Hair, who enlisted a falcon to cut him down.

The next day, Pinocchio encounters the pair again, unaware they are the murderers who tried to hang him. When Pinocchio notices the Cat's paw in a sling, the Fox claims that the Cat cut it off to feed a starving wolf. They lead Pinocchio to the town of Catchfools (Acchiappacitrulli), where the coins are soon buried. In Pinocchio's absence, the pair dig up the sequins and escape. Pinocchio learns of this from a parrot, who mocks him for falling for their tricks.

Near the end of the book, Pinocchio encounters the Fox and the Cat again when looking for a place for Geppetto to recover. But this time, the pair have become impoverished, whereas the Fox is now truly lame, nearly hairless, and tailless (the Fox had to chop off his own tail because he sold it to buy food), and the Cat became truly blind. They plead for food or money, but  are rebuffed by Pinocchio while stating that their misfortunes have served them right for their wickedness. He then leaves, all the while saying goodbye to his 'false friends'.

Portrayals in popular culture

Honest John and Gideon (Disney)

In the 1940 Disney film Pinocchio, the Fox and the Cat are given the names J. Worthington Foulfellow  (or "Honest John"; voiced by Walter Catlett) and Gideon (whose hiccups were provided by Mel Blanc and whose mute comic hijinks were modeled on Harpo Marx, the silent member of The Marx Brothers). The pair differ from the original characters in a number of ways; they are still poor, but they do not feign disability and they persuade Pinocchio to join Stromboli's (the film's counterpart to Mangiafuoco) puppet show (instead of Pinocchio discovering it himself) as well as go to Pleasure Island, upon being hired to do so by the Coachman. They also do not attempt to murder Pinocchio, although Honest John suggests to the Coachman in one scene that they would be willing to murder if required as part of a job with much more money than usual involved in it. The Field of Miracles subplot is also absent from the film. Honest John is portrayed as an eccentric ham actor who appears to be illiterate (as evidenced by one scene where he "reads" Pinocchio's schoolbook upside down), whereas Gideon is portrayed as a foolish mute who frequently gets Honest John into trouble by accident. Apart from three hiccups, Gideon is mute throughout the film. A draft script of the film had Honest John and Gideon being arrested onscreen by the police after encountering Pinocchio a third time, but this scene was written out of the film's final draft for unknown reasons, presumably for time constraints and/or costs. The characters were considered to be used again in the Disney film Fun and Fancy Free (1947) as the owners of the Magic Beans that Mickey Mouse acquires in exchange for his cow, but the idea was dropped.

In the video game based on Pinocchio, Honest John and Gideon appear as enemies during the first stage. The duo were also planned to make an appearance in the RPG video game Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days (2009), but were cut for space restrictions.

In the Disney book Pinocchio's Promise, Honest John and Gideon see Pinocchio walking into town to give a cuckoo clock to Geppetto's friend Mrs. Romano, whereupon he is diverted to a circus. Honest John attempts to sell the clock elsewhere, while Gideon takes Pinocchio to the circus with two expired tickets, but abandons the boy when the latter is scolded by the admission attendant. After Pinocchio leaves the circus and reports Honest John's trickery to the local police, Honest John runs away chased by the policeman and Pinocchio gives the clock to Mrs. Romano.

In a Disney book adaption of the tale The Emperor's New Clothes, Honest John and Gideon - posing as tailors - trick the emperor (portrayed in the same book by Prince John).

Honest John and Gideon also appear in the fifth installment of the book series The Kingdom Keepers. They are featured as members of the Disney Villains legion known as the Overtakers, and battle Finn in chapter six of Shell Game.

Honest John is a playable character in the mobile game Disney Magic Kingdoms.

Honest John and Gideon appear in Disney's 2022 live-action/CGI remake of Pinocchio, in which the former is voiced by Keegan-Michael Key.

In other media

 In the 1936 Soviet book adaptation The Golden Key, or the Adventures of Buratino, they are named Alice the Fox and Basilio the Cat. In the 1959 animated adaptation of the book  they are voiced by Elena Ponsova and Vladimir Lepko, respectively, in the original version. In the 1975 live-action adaptation, they are played by Rolan Bykov and Elena Sanaeva.

 In the 1947 Italian live action film Le avventure di Pinocchio, the Fox and the Cat are portrayed by Angelo Taddeoli and Pietro Tommei.

 They are featured in the 1952 anime series Piccolino no Bōken.

 In the 1960–61 television adaptation by Rankin/Bass Productions, The New Adventures of Pinocchio, the Fox and the Cat were named Foxy Q. Fibble and Cool S. Cat, and are voiced by Larry D. Mann and Paul Kligman.

 The Fox and the Cat appeared in the 1972 miniseries The Adventures of Pinocchio, portrayed by Franco and Ciccio. They are depicted as humans who work as comedians for Mangiafuoco, wearing makeup as a fox and a cat. They are later fired and try to steal Pinocchio's coins.

 In the 1972 animated film The Adventures of Pinocchio (directed by Giuliano Cenci), the Fox and the Cat (voiced by Sergio Tedesco and Manlio De Angelis in the Italian version, and by Alan Sues and Don Messick in the English dub) follow the characterization shown in the book: the pair pretend to be physically disabled, and tempt Pinocchio to the Field of Miracles. As in the book, the Fox is the more articulate of the two, and the Pair attempt to murder Pinocchio for his coins, though the Cat does not lose his paw as his book counterpart does. At the end of the film, the two are impoverished, though the Fox does not lose his tail nor any of his fur as in the book.

 In Pinocchio: The Series (1972), the Fox is named Jack while the cat is replaced with a weasel named Willie.

 The Fox and the Cat are the primary antagonists of another Rankin/Bass adaptation, Pinocchio's Christmas (1980), voiced by Allen Swift (who was impersonating Claude Rains) and Pat Bright. They had previously made 'friends' with Pinocchio and taught him many of his bad habits. They do not feign disability and the Cat is female, as in the book. While they did a trick similar to the Field of Miracles to Pinocchio, which involved a Christmas tree growing at sunset from some coins, they just said that the tree failed to grow. The Fox and the Cat try to sell Pinocchio to a sleigh driver who works for a rich duke who will give Pinocchio to his children. When Lady Azora looks into Pinocchio's future and mentions that he will be led astray on his path to becoming a real boy, Pinocchio catches a glimpse of the Fox and the Cat waving at him through the window.

 In the 1987 animated film Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night (which serves as a sequel to the Pinocchio story), Pinocchio encounters a pair of shady animal characters very similar to the Fox and the Cat: a large raccoon named Sylvester J. Scalawag (voiced by Ed Asner) and a monkey named Igor (voiced by Frank Welker). Like the characters from the original story, Scalawag and Igor are depicted as con men who manage to dupe Pinocchio twice during the first half of the film. However, they reform as his allies after Pinocchio saves them from a giant barracuda. After a long adventure wherein Pinocchio, Scalawag, and Igor learn the hard way not to succumb to their selfish desires without thinking of the consequences, Pinocchio allows the pair to come with him and his father as they return home at the end of the film.

 In the 1992 direct to video adaptation entitled Pinocchio from GoodTimes Entertainment, the Fox is replaced with a Wolf, the Cat speaks like a beatnik, and both are voiced by Cam Clarke. The two of them target Pinocchio's gold coins and do not attempt to kill Pinocchio. Near the film's conclusion, the Wolf and the Cat are arrested by a police officer when Pinocchio sees them in a passing paddy wagon. They beg Pinocchio to vouch for them whereupon Pinocchio tells the police officer that they stole his coins. The police officer then drives the paddy wagon away stating that what they did to Pinocchio will result in a long prison sentence.

 In the 1996 live action film The Adventures of Pinocchio (directed by Steve Barron), the Fox and the Cat (portrayed by Rob Schneider and Bebe Neuwirth, respectively) are named Volpe ('fox' in Italian) and Felinet, and are portrayed as humans in league with Mangiafuoco (named Lorenzini, in this adaptation). In a reversal of roles, Felinet is female and takes on the more dominant role while Volpe is a bungling sidekick. They appear at their first encounter with Pinocchio, whom Geppetto takes away while telling Volpe and Felinet that Pinocchio will only play with his own sort. Volpe and Felinet later witness Pinocchio causing mischievous havoc in a bakery, even when the police arrive. As in the novel, the pair trick Pinocchio into giving up his coins by taking him to the Field of Miracles (depicted near a monastery), where they steal the money. In conclusion, they are tricked by Pinocchio into drinking cursed water (where Pinocchio claims that the water will enable them to turn white stones into gold) which transforms them into a real fox and cat off-screen. They are shown to have been captured by a farmer and kept as pets, where they later witness Pinocchio in town. When Volpe quotes "Don't you just hate that kid", Felinet quotes "Not as much as I hate you".
 In The New Adventures of Pinocchio (the sequel to The Adventures of Pinocchio), Volpe and Felinet (portrayed by Simon Schatzberger and Sarah Alexander respectively) are owned by a circus run by Lorenzini's widow Madame Flambeau (who was actually Lorenzini in disguise) where they are shown in humanoid forms which they still blame Pinocchio for. The two of them lead Pinocchio and Lampwick to Madame Flambeau to purchase her elixir which turns Pinocchio and Geppetto into puppets and also turns Lampwick into a donkeyfish. While Pepe the Cricket in the form of the Dwarf Showman makes off with Pinocchio, Volpe and Felinet make off with Geppetto's puppet form. In conclusion, they try and fail to restore their human forms in the water that restored Pinocchio and Geppetto while also turning Lorenzini into a humanoid sea monster. When Geppetto gains ownership of the circus, Volpe and Felinet are shown doing the tango.

 The Fox and the Cat were featured in the Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child version of Pinocchio, where they were referred to as Redd Foxx (voiced by Barry Douglas) and Sporty the Cat (voiced by Franklyn Ajaye).

 The Fox and the Cat were also featured in the 2002 film Pinocchio, where they were played by comedy duo Fichi d'India (Bruno Arena and Max Cavallari) in the Italian version, and their English-dubbed voices were provided by Cheech Marin and Eddie Griffin. Like some of the animal characters depicted in this film, here they are depicted as humans while sporting pointy ears and fangs. They trick Pinocchio into planting his coins in the Meadow of Miracles outside of Grabadimwit, but are not seen again after seizing Pinocchio's coins.

 In Pinocchio 3000, the characters Cab and Rodo (voiced by Matt Holland and Jack Daniel Wells) are two robots, based on the Fox and the Cat; they are owned by Mayor Scamboni's daughter Marlene.

 The Fox and the Cat appear in the 2008 television film Pinocchio, portrayed by Toni Bertorelli and Francesco Pannofino.

 The characters of Martin and Myrna from the ABC series Once Upon a Time are the parents of Jiminy and work as con artists, in allusion to the Fox and the Cat. Characters Emma and Graham also stroll past a store called Worthington's Haberdashery, a probable reference to Honest John's full name, John Worthington Foulfellow.

 The Fox and the Cat appear in the 2012 film Pinocchio, voiced by Mariccia Affiato and Maurizio Micheli in the Italian version, and by Sonja Ball and Thor Bishopric in the Canadian English dub. In this version, the Fox is female and the Cat is male, which is a great reversal from the book. In the American release (2018), they are renamed Trixie the Fox and Leo the Cat (voiced by Ambyr Childers and Jon Heder respectively).

 The Fox and the Cat appear in the 2019 film Pinocchio, portrayed by Massimo Ceccherini and Rocco Papaleo, while their English dub voices are provided by Luigi Scribani and Vladimiro Conti. Like the 2002 film, they are depicted as humans while sporting pointy ears, fangs, and claws. At the end of the film, they are badly reduced and no longer falsely disabled.

 In the 2021 Pixar film Luca, Pinocchio with the Fox and the Cat make a brief appearance during a fantasy sequence where Giulia shows the title character several books, since Luca takes place in Italy. Also, the film features the song "Il gatto e la volpe", which is about the Cat and the Fox.

 The Fox and Mangiafuoco are merged into a single human character named Count Volpe in the 2022 stop-motion Netflix film Pinocchio voiced by Christoph Waltz. Count Volpe is a disgraced aristocrat with flaring sideburns resembling a fox's ears that has become a traveling puppeteer that uses a monkey named Spazzatura (voiced by Cate Blanchett) as an assistant puppeteer.

Notes
The 'Field of the Miracles' is often mistaken for the poetic phrase Square of the Miracles, used since the second half of the 20th century to describe the Piazza del Duomo of Pisa. The monuments of the famous square were called miracles by Gabriele D'Annunzio in his book Forse che sì forse che no (1910). Due to several famous squares in Italy being called campo, and the story of Pinocchio being widespread in the world, many people—in and outside Italy—tend to confuse the two.

References

Bibliography
 Carlo Collodi, Le Avventure di Pinocchio 1883, RCS MediaGroup

Fictional cats
Fictional con artists
Fictional foxes
Fictional tricksters
Literary characters introduced in 1883
Literary duos
Male characters in animation
Male characters in film
Male characters in literature
Male film villains
Male literary villains
Pinocchio characters

The Fox and the Cat


Emanuel von Friedrichsthal (January 12, 1809 – March 3, 1842) was an Austrian traveler, daguerreotypist, botanist, and amateur archaeologist, who traveled through the Balkans and in Central America and documented his findings.

Biography
Von Friedrichsthal was born in Uhřice in the Austrian Empire (present-day Czech Republic). He was educated in Vienna at the Theresian Military Academy and entered Austrian government service, but soon left to pursue scientific travels. He traveled through Rumelia in the 1830s, publishing his findings in two books: Reise in die südlichen Theile von Griechenland (Journey to the Southern Parts of Greece, 1838) and Serbiens Neuzeit in geschichtlicher, politischer, topographischer, statistischer und naturhistorischer Hinsicht (Modern Serbia in Historical, Political, Topographical, Statistical, and Natural-Historical Respects, 1840). These publications acquired for him in particular a reputation in botany for their descriptions of the flora of Greece and Serbia.

In 1840, he was posted as first secretary of the Austrian Legation to Mexico, where he became interested exploring the ruins of Maya civilization after reading the writings of John Lloyd Stephens and Frederick Catherwood. He discussed his plans with historian William H. Prescott during a trip to Boston, and bought a daguerreotype apparatus in New York City. He went to the Yucatán in mid-1840, and traveled throughout the Yucatán and Chiapas, becoming the first person to take daguerreotypes of the Mayan ruins, and the first European in the 19th century to visit the ruins of Chichen Itza.

He fell ill during his travels, probably with malaria, which necessitated his return to Europe in 1841, where he died in Vienna in 1842. This early death prevented him from publishing the results of his Central-American travels, but he had put on an exhibition of twenty-five daguerreotypes in New York, in the British Museum in London and in Paris, for which he was honored by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.

References

1809 births
1842 deaths
People from Kroměříž District
People from the Margraviate of Moravia
19th-century Austrian botanists
Austrian travel writers
Archaeologists from the Austrian Empire
Austrian photographers
Pioneers of photography
Austrian people of Moravian-German descent
Habsburg Bohemian nobility
Deaths from malaria

Emanuel von Friedrichsthal


Atrophaneura sycorax is a species of butterfly from the family Papilionidae that is found from southern Burma to Peninsular Malaysia, and in Sumatra and western Java.

The wingspan is 130–140 mm. The wings are black. There is a wide dull-white marking on each of the hindwings. The body is completely covered in yellow hair. Females can be black or dark brown. The wing veins are bordered in white.

The larvae feed on Aristolochia species: A. cathcartii, A. coadunata, A. singalangensis and Thottea species.

Subspecies
Atrophaneura sycorax sycorax (Sumatra)
Atrophaneura sycorax egertoni (Distant, 1886) (southern Burma to Peninsular Malaya)
Atrophaneura sycorax pariwononis Tsukada & Nishiyama (western Java)

References

External links
External images of holotype

Butterflies described in 1885
Atrophaneura
Butterflies of Java
Butterflies of Asia
Taxa named by Henley Grose-Smith

Atrophaneura sycorax


Fortuna Berlin (Berliner Fussball Club Fortuna 1894 ) was a German association football club established on 1 November 1894 in Berlin out of the memberships of the clubs Semnonia Berlin and Berliner FC Hercynia. The short-lived side is notable as one of the founding clubs of the German Football Association (Deutscher Fussball Bund or German Football Association) in Leipzig in 1900. The club colours were black and blue and the footballers played in a kit of white shirts and black shorts at their home pitch at Tempelhofer Feld.

The club was a founding member of the VBB (Verband Berliner Ballspielvereine or Federation of Berlin Ballgame Teams) and also played in the VDBV (Verband Deutscher Ballspiel Vereine or Federation of German Ballgame Teams) as a first division side from 1898 to 1904 before slipping to lower-tier competition. BFCF also spent at least one season (1909) in second division play in the Berliner Ballspiel Bund. In 1910, the team advanced to the final of the Berliner Pokal (Berlin Cup) where they lost 1:4 to Weißenseer FC.

Throughout most of its existence the club was a lower table side with their best result being a second-place finish in 1898. In 1914, Fortuna merged with Britannia Berlin to form present-day side Berliner SV.

References
 DFB Yearbook 1904–05
 Grüne, Hardy (2001). Vereinslexikon. Kassel: AGON Sportverlag .

Defunct football clubs in Germany
Association football clubs established in 1894
Defunct football clubs in Berlin
BFC Fortuna 1894 Berlin
BFC Fortuna 1894 Berlin
Association football clubs disestablished in 1914

de:BFC Fortuna 1894

BFC Fortuna 1894 Berlin


John Cozman (August 28, 1964 – November 28, 2016) was a Canadian professional wrestler and trainer, known by his ring name "Principal" Richard Pound who competed in North American independent promotions, most notably as a mainstay of Stampede Wrestling during the 1980s and late 1990s.

Professional wrestling career
Born in Regina, Saskatchewan, Cozman became a fan of professional wrestling and often attended local house shows with his father growing up. Interested in pursuing a career in professional wrestling, he eventually became friends with wrestling photographer Bob Leonard. In 1984, Leonard introduced him to Archie Gouldie and began training under him soon after.

Working with Gouldie during the next six months, he eventually made his professional debut in Stampede Wrestling in early 1985. Touring the Maritimes with Emile Duprée's Grand Prix Wrestling with Gouldie and Leo Burke during the summer as "Danny Young", he also traveled to the United States following Gouldie and Burke to Texas where they wrestled for promoter Joe Blanchard. During the next five years, Cozman would work exclusively for Stampede Wrestling, feuding with Kerry Brown before the promotion closed in 1990.

Retiring from professional wrestling, Cozman worked as a security guard during the next several years although, during 1995, he and Venom would spend three months training wrestlers for the Prairie Wrestling Alliance although the promoter later decided against starting the promotion.

In 1997, he became involved in Wild West Wrestling when the promotion began holding events in Saskatchewan. Later that year, while at a WWF house show in Regina with Bob Leonard, Bruce and Owen Hart, an outline for an in-ring persona was discussed in order to arrange a tryout with the World Wrestling Federation.

Cozman talked with Jim Cornette about entering the WWF, however, Cozman and Bruce Hart continued working on a character outline and later brought in Cozman with the character when he reopened Stampede Wrestling in 1999. Making his debut as "Principal" Richard Pound, Cozman soon began one of the most dominant "heels" in the promotion as leader of the stable The Honor Roll and later defeated Tiger Khan and Greg Pawluk in a three-way match for the Stampede British Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight Champion in Calgary, Alberta on November 5, 1999. Cozman would become the first champion since the promotion closed in December 1989.

Defeating Tatanka for the Stampede North American Heavyweight Championship in April 2000, he later lost the Stampede British Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight title to Tiger Mahatma Khan on June 2. The winner of the match would earn a match against Sabu for the Stampede Pacific Heavyweight Championship on June 9.

Cozman would continue defending the Stampede North American title until losing to Bruce Hart on April 13, 2001. The following month, he was backstage with several other Canadian independent wrestlers such as "Wildman" Gary Williams at Monday Night Raw when the WWF toured Alberta in late May. Although he did not compete at the event, he was later invited by the WWF for a tryout match in Tacoma or Seattle, Washington in June.

Appearing at the fourth annual Brian Pillman Memorial Show, he represented Stampede Wrestling in an interpromotional match losing to East Coast Wrestling Association veteran J.R. Ryder in Cincinnati, Ohio in August 2001. In negotiations with Sonny Onoo to tour Great Britain with WrestleXpress in March 2002, he later faced Bruce Hart on the undercard of the Stampede Wrestling 50th Anniversary Show at the Ogden Legion in Calgary, Alberta on May 1, 2003. In late 2004, he also faced Wavell Starr and Zack Mercury while in Renegade Wrestling.

Leaving Stampede Wrestling in 2005, he toured Western Canada with various independent promotions and, in a tag team match with "Taylormade" Todd Myers, Cozman lost to Big Daddy Kash and The Honky Tonk Man in an event for High Impact Wrestling Canada in Regina on March 24, 2006. He again lost to the Honky Tonk Man in a singles match the next night thanks in part to outside interference by Bob Leonard.

The following month, he made a guest appearance along with Emile Dupree, Hubert Gallant, Rick Martel, Butcher Vachon, promoters Al Zinck and Bob Leonard at a "Recognition Night" banquet honoring the Cormier brothers Leo, Yvon, Rudy Kay, and Bobby Kay. The banquet, held in the Cormier's hometown of Memramcook, New Brunswick, was also part of a bluegrass music festival and fundraiser for the local volunteer fire department.

On July 19, after a two-year absence, Cozman returned to High Impact Wrestling Canada at Pile O'Bones Rumble XVIII.  He was one of the 30 participants in the Pile O'Bones Rumble itself.

Cozman wrestled his final match in October 2013 in Regina, SK against longtime rival, King Kash. A couple of weeks following the match, Cozman was forced to retire due to illness.

On Friday, October 23, 2015, at High Impact Wrestling's "Monster Brawl" event in Regina, SK, John Cozman was inducted into the HIW Hall of Fame by longtime friend, Bob Leonard.

Championships and accomplishments
Cauliflower Alley Club
Men's Wrestling Award (2014)
Gold Dragon Wrestling
GDW Championship (1 time)
Stampede Wrestling
Stampede North American Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Stampede British Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
High Impact Wrestling Canada
HIW Central Canadian Heavyweight Championship (4 times)
HIW Hall of Fame (2015)
HIW Great Plains Provincial Championship (1 time)
HIW Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with King Kash (1) and Todd Myers (1)
Pile O' Bones Rumble Winner (2009)

References

External links

1964 births
2016 deaths
Canadian male professional wrestlers
Professional wrestlers from Saskatchewan
Sportspeople from Regina, Saskatchewan
Stampede Wrestling alumni
20th-century professional wrestlers
21st-century professional wrestlers
Stampede Wrestling British Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight Champions
Stampede Wrestling North American Heavyweight Champions

Principal Richard Pound


is a naturally occurring, granular clay-like mineral used as soil for bonsai trees and other container-grown plants. It is surface-mined, immediately sifted and bagged, and supplied in various grades; the deeper-mined grade are  somewhat harder and more useful in horticulture than the more softer, shallow-mined grades. Akadama may also act as one component of growing medium when combined with other elements such as sand, composted bark, peat, or crushed lava. The color darkens when moist which can help the grower determine when to water a tree.

While akadama is more costly than alternative soil components, it is prized by many growers for its ability to retain water and nutrients while still providing porosity and free drainage. For all of its qualities, many bonsai growers consider the cost of akadama prohibitive or unnecessary. Still other growers claim that when subjected to cold and wet climates, the granules progressively break down into smaller particles that inhibit drainage, an unwanted characteristic of bonsai soil. This problem can be avoided either by incorporating sand or grit in the soil mix, or by using the deeper-mined, harder grades.

Origin
Due to volcanic activity, Japan enjoys rich volcanic resources. After volcanic eruptions, volcanic rocks and pumice accumulate near the volcano. Several horticultural products based on these materials have been developed in Japan, two of which are the Akadama and kanuma soils.

Size and components
Sizes vary between companies
Fine       :1-3mm
Small      :4-7mm
Medium     :7-14mm
Large      :15-25mm

Components include silicon dioxide SiO2 42.7%, calcium oxide CaO 0.98%, magnesium oxide  MgO 2.5%, manganese oxide MnO 0.15%, iron oxide Fe2O3 8.4%, and aluminium oxide Al2O3 25.1%.

Akadama has a pH of 6.9 and conductivity of 0.052 ms/cm.

Uses
Akadama is used in the cultivation of plants. It can be used alone or mixed in as an amendment to other soil substrates such as lava rock, pumice, stone, peat moss, bark, etc. It is supplied in various sizes including "Shohin" (less than 1/16 inch), "Small" (1/16 inch to 1/4 inch), and "Medium" (1/4 inch to 1/2 inch). All sizes are suitable for many sorts of potted plants, but in particular, shohin or small is the  preferred choice for cactus and succulent plants.

References

Bonsai
Plant nutrition
Types of soil

Akadama


Derek Gordon Corneil is a Canadian mathematician and computer scientist, a professor emeritus of computer science at the University of Toronto, and an expert in graph algorithms and graph theory.

Life
When he was leaving high school, Corneil was told by his English teacher that doing a degree in mathematics and physics was a bad idea, and that the best he could hope for was to go to a technical college. His interest in computer science began when, as an undergraduate student at Queens College, he heard that a computer was purchased by the London Life insurance company in London, Ontario, where his father worked. As a freshman, he took a summer job operating the UNIVAC Mark II at the company. One of his main responsibilities was to operate a printer. An opportunity for a programming job with the company sponsoring his college scholarship appeared soon after. It was a chance that Corneil jumped at after being denied a similar position at London Life. There was an initial mix-up at his job as his overseer thought that he knew how to program the UNIVAC Mark II, and so he would easily transition to doing the same for the company's newly acquired IBM 1401 machine. However, Corneil did not have the assumed programming background. Thus, in the two-week window that Corneil had been given to learn how to grasp programming the IBM 1401, he learned how to write code from scratch by relying heavily on the instruction manual. This experience pushed him further on his way as did a number of projects he worked on in that position later on.

Corneil went on to earn a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics from Queen's University in 1964. Initially he had planned to do his graduate studies before becoming a high school teacher, but his acceptance into the brand new graduate program in computer science at the University of Toronto changed that. At the University of Toronto, Corneil earned a master's degree and then in 1968 a doctorate in computer science under the supervision of Calvin Gotlieb. (His post-doctoral supervisor was Jaap Seidel.) It was during this time that Corneil became interested in graph theory. He and Gotlieb eventually became good friends. After postdoctoral studies at the Eindhoven University of Technology, Corneil returned to Toronto as a faculty member in 1970. Before his retirement in 2010, Corneil held many positions at the University of Toronto, including Department Chair of the Computer Science department (July 1985 to June 1990), Director of Research Initiatives of the Faculty of Arts and Science (July 1991 to March 1998), and Acting Vice President of Research and International Relations (September to December 1993). During his time as a professor, he was also a visiting professor at universities such as the University of British Columbia, Simon Fraser University, the Université de Grenoble and the Université de Montpellier.

Work
Corneil did his research in algorithmic graph theory and graph theory in general. He has overseen 49 theses and published over 100 papers on his own or with co-authors. These papers include:

A proof that recognizing graphs of small treewidth is NP-complete,

The discovery of the cotree representation for cographs and of fast recognition algorithms for cographs,

Generating algorithms for graph isomorphism.

Algorithmic and structural properties of complement reducible graphs.

Properties of asteroidal triple-free graphs.

An algorithm to solve the problem of determining whether a graph is a partial graph of a k-tree.

Results addressing graph theoretic, algorithmic, and complexity issues with regard to tree spanners.

An explanation of the relationship between tree width and clique-width.

Determining the diameter of restricted graph families.

Outlining the structure of trapezoid graphs.

As a professor emeritus, Corneil still does research and is also an editor of several publications such as Ars Combinatoria and SIAM Monographs on Discrete Mathematics and Applications.

Awards
He was inducted as a Fields Institute Fellow in 2004.

References

External links
Interview with Corneil, Stephen Ibaraki, 13 June 2011
List of publications at DBLP

1942 births
Living people
Canadian mathematicians
Canadian computer scientists
Graph theorists
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
University of Toronto alumni
Academic staff of the University of Toronto

Derek Corneil


Robyn Hitchcock was the first official collection of pre-released Robyn Hitchcock material, issued in 1995 by Sequel Records.

This little-noted compilation was worthy of particular attention, being the only Hitchcock album to include the studio recording "Statue With a Walkman", a humorous depiction of a haemoglobin-counting figure found resting at the bottom of a garden. (Hitchcock would re-write the song with new sections, for the Storefront Hitchcock project a few years later.). This recording ended up on Shadow Cat in slightly edited form in 2008 (shortened by 63 seconds), making this compilation much less desirable.

The rest of the CD includes titles from his 1980s albums, nine of which had recently undergone repackaging and re-release. There is one title pulled from each, and the insert to this CD advertises and illustrates them all.

Track listing
 "City of Shame"
 "Night Ride to Trinidad"
 "Heartful of Leaves"
 "I'm Only You"
 "Listening to the Higsons"
 "Airscape"
 "I Got a Message for You"
 "Queen Elvis III"
 "Surgery"
 "Statue with a Walkman"

  Notes: "Queen Elvis III" is actually "Queen Elvis II".
         "Heartful Of Leaves" is listed as coming from Fegmania! instead of I Often Dream Of Trains.

Robyn Hitchcock albums
1995 compilation albums

Robyn Hitchcock (1995 album)