Tan Teng-pho (; 2 February 1895 – 25 March 1947), was a Taiwanese painter and politician.  In 1926, his oil painting Street of Chiayi was featured in the seventh  in Japan, which was the first time a Taiwanese artist's work could be displayed at the exhibition. Tan devoted his life to education and creation, and was greatly concerned about the development of humanist culture in Taiwan. He was not only devoted to the improvement of his own painting, but also to the promotion of the aesthetic education of the Taiwanese people. He was killed as a result of the February 28 Incident, a 1947 uprising in Taiwan which was repressed by the Kuomintang (KMT).

Early life
Tan was born in Kagi (Chiayi), during the Japanese colonial period, into a poor family that could not invest in his artist talents. After attending college in Taihoku, he returned to his hometown to work as a teacher, a job he held for seven years. Tan then earned enough money to attend the Tokyo University of the Arts, and graduated in 1929. Upon graduation, he moved to Shanghai for four years, where he taught art. Tan returned to Kagi in 1933, and joined the city's Preparatory Committee to Welcome the National Government in 1945. In 1946, Tan was elected as a member of the Chiayi City Council and joined the Kuomintang.

Education
He enrolled in the Taiwan Governor-General's National Language School () in 1913, where he studied Western-style watercolor painting under Ishikawa Kinichiro. In 1924, he went to mainland Japan to receive formal academic training in art under Japanese oil painter Tanabe Itaru at the Normal Education Division in Painting of the Tokyo School of Fine Arts (today's Tokyo University of the Arts). Tan also studied privately under Japanese luminarist Okada Saburosuke at his Hongō Painting Institute.

Work and public life
After completing his graduate program in 1929, he moved to Shanghai to teach at Xinhua Art College () and Changming Art School (). During his stay in Shanghai, he was influenced by the traditional Chinese painting of Ni Yunlin and Bada Shanren, and began to develop a distinctive style that fuses the lyrical essence of Chinese landscape painting with Western painting techniques. His work includes oil painting, glue color painting, and sketching while his themes center on landscapes and portraits, mostly inspired by everyday scenes around him.

In 1926, his work Street of Kagi was selected for the 7th , making him the first Taiwanese painter to have an oil painting accepted for the exhibition. His success continued after this initial breakthrough, and his works were selected several times for the Imperial Art Exhibition, , and , as well as exhibitions held by Japanese art groups outside the state-run exhibition circle like  and . After returning to Taiwan, the focus of his work shifted to the scenery of his hometown, as he showcased the charm of the Taiwanese landscape with plein-air works painted in Tamsui, Kagi and Tainan.

Painter  has described Tan's artistic style as clumsy and awkward, which biographer Ko Tsung-min believed was intentional, comparing Tan's work to Vincent van Gogh and Pablo Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon.

Besides painting, Tan was also actively involved in Taiwanese art movements. Among other art movement activities, he co-founded the Chi-Hsing Painting Society in 1926, co-founded the Tai-Yang Art Society with Yang Sanlang and Liao Chi-chun in 1934, and helped young artists in Kagi establish the Qingchen Fine Art Association in 1940. His contributions to broadening the influence of art in Taiwan also extended to his service as a Chiayi City Councilor, and as a juror at the first Taiwan Provincial Art Exhibition after the handover of Taiwan in 1945.

Death
Due to the February 28 Incident, severe conflict occurred in 1947 between the Chiayi citizens and the KMT, whose military was trapped inside the city's airport.  The "February 28 Incident Committee" was established, composed of Tan and five others who would approach the military as representatives of peace.  The military, however, captured four of them, including Tan, and released the remaining two.

On the morning of 25 March 1947, after being tied up with wire, the four were forced to march from the city's police station to the train station, where the other three were shot dead in public. His son, Chen Shigemitsu (), recalled that as soon as hearing that his arrested father was paraded, he went onto the street and found his father on a military vehicle at Chiayi Fountain. He followed the contingent and realized what would happen when his sight suddenly met his father's.

When the vehicle stopped at Chiayi Station, the army strafed the square in front of the station, with bystanders fleeing in disorder. Tan Teng-pho was the last one pushed off the vehicle. Soldiers shot at him from three meters. The first shot missed but the second penetrated his chest, and Tan fell forward. The Kuomintang forbade the families from collecting the corpses immediately, so Tan's remains were left to decompose on the street for three days, until his wife and a photographer she had hired to take pictures of the aftermath collected them.

Legacy
Tan's work Chiayi Park was sold for $5,794,100 HKD at a Hong Kong auction on 28 April 2002.

Tamsui, an oil painting, was purchased in 2006 for $4.5 million (NT$144 million) by Pierre Chen, setting a world record for an oil painting by an ethnically Chinese artist.

In 2015, a Google Doodle commemorated his 120th birthday.

His paintings form the artwork for Lin Man-chiu's picture book 《戴帽子的女孩》[The Girl in the Hat]

Tan's grandson Pu Hao-ming also became an artist. Pu is known for creating a statue of .

References

External links

 Photograph of Chen's body after he was killed
 Starting Out from 23.5°N: Chen Cheng-po

1895 births
1947 deaths
20th-century executions by China
20th-century Taiwanese painters
Executed artists
Executed Republic of China people
Executed Taiwanese people
February 28 incident
Han Taiwanese
Kuomintang politicians in Taiwan
People executed by the Republic of China by firearm
People from Chiayi
Taiwanese city councilors
Taiwanese people of Hoklo descent
Tokyo University of the Arts alumni

Tan Teng-pho


The Mount Mansfield Electric Railroad was an intrastate railroad in central Vermont. It ran from Waterbury to Stowe, a distance of approximately .

History
An electric railroad between Stowe and Waterbury, connecting with the Central Vermont Railway, was authorized by the legislature of Vermont in 1865, 1872, 1888, and 1894. Not until 1897 were sufficient funds raised and construction started. A power plant was built at the south end of Stowe, outside of the village, along with a battery house just north of Colbyville, and service began in 1898. The line operated three passenger cars with baggage areas, two freight motors, a single truck work car which was basically an open-air trolley, and a doubled-ended rotary snowplow. This last saw minimal service, as the unit damaged the track and neighboring structures, and was not effective at the Waterbury end of the railroad due to low current. One of the passenger cars was damaged in a wreck early on and removed from service almost immediately.

Traffic on the line was never heavy, with the primary shipper being the Burt Lumber Company in Stowe, which shipped clapboards and other wood products to the Boston area. Damage from the 1927 hurricane-related flooding was minimal, but traffic declined further in the early 1930s, and the right-of-way was passed to the state of Vermont in 1932, which promptly turned much of the roadbed into the first concrete paved road in the state, Vermont Route 100.

The corporate structure of the MMER remained until 1963, operating trucks which carried goods over the new concrete road from Stowe to the train freight station at Waterbury.

Stations
An 1897 timetable listed the following stops from south to north:

 Waterbury, Vermont
 Stowe, Vermont

The Stowe terminus had a covered station in the back of a storefront. That building still stands on the south side of the main street in the village, but has been extensively renovated. Small stations were built at the side road leading to Moscow, Vermont, and in Waterbury Center. There was no station at the Waterbury end of the line; passengers used the Central Vermont Railroad station (still in existence), and freight was carried to the freight depot. There was an interchange, and boxcars and loads of coal made their way over the entire line by use of the freight motors.

References

 Jones, Robert C., Railroads of Vermont, Volume II, 1993.
 Chase, Jerry W., Waterbury (Vermont) Historical Society Newsletter, Summer 2003

Defunct Vermont railroads
Interurban railways in Vermont
Railway companies established in 1897
Railway companies disestablished in 1932
1897 establishments in Vermont
1932 disestablishments in Vermont
American companies established in 1897

Mount Mansfield Electric Railroad


Ionian mode is a musical mode or, in modern usage, a diatonic scale also called the major scale.

It is the name assigned by Heinrich Glarean in 1547 to his new authentic mode on C (mode 11 in his numbering scheme), which uses the diatonic octave species from C to the C an octave higher, divided at G (as its dominant, reciting tone/reciting note or tenor) into a fourth species of perfect fifth (tone–tone–semitone–tone) plus a third species of perfect fourth (tone–tone–semitone): C D E F G + G A B C. This octave species is essentially the same as the major mode of tonal music.

Church music had been explained by theorists as being organised in eight musical modes: the scales on D, E, F, and G in the "greater perfect system" of "musica recta," each with their authentic and plagal counterparts.

Glarean's twelfth mode was the plagal version of the Ionian mode, called Hypoionian (under Ionian), based on the same relative scale, but with the major third as its tenor, and having a melodic range from a perfect fourth below the tonic, to a perfect fifth above it.

See also
Bilawal, the equivalent scale (thaat) in Hindustani music
Shankarabharanam, the equivalent scale (melakarta) in Carnatic music

Notes

References

External links
 Ionian mode for guitar at GOSK.com

Modes (music)
Diatonic set theory
Major scales

Ionian mode


Far Cry is an anthology franchise of first-person shooter games, all of which have been published by Ubisoft. The first game, Far Cry, was developed by Crytek to premiere their CryEngine software, and released in March 2004. Subsequently, Ubisoft obtained the rights to the franchise and the bulk of the development is handled by Ubisoft Montreal with assistance from other Ubisoft satellite studios. The following games in the series have used a Ubisoft-modified version of the CryEngine, the Dunia Engine, allowing for open world gameplay. In the present, the franchise consists of six mainline games, a standalone expansion, and several spin-offs; additionally, the first game, initially developed for Microsoft Windows, saw a number of ports to video game consoles, which changed several elements and are therefore considered standalone releases.

The Far Cry games, due to the history of their development, do not have any significant shared narrative elements, but instead share a theme of placing the player in a wilderness environment where they must help fight against one or more despots that control the region as well as surviving against wild animals that roam the open spaces. The Far Cry games feature a single-player campaign with later titles also offering co-operative campaign support. The games also offer competitive multiplayer options and the ability for users to edit the games' maps for these matches. The Far Cry games have generally been well received, with praise for their open world gameplay and antagonists, but criticism for their lack of innovation, and are considered commercial successes.

Premise and gameplay
The main Far Cry games are first-person shooters (FPS) with action-adventure elements. Whereas the first Far Cry and its spin-offs/remakes were typical FPS with discrete levels, Far Cry 2 and the subsequent games have adapted an open world-style of gameplay, with main story and side missions and optional quests to complete.

There are minimal narrative elements or chronology between the games. Instead, the Far Cry games have generally shared the theme of taking the player to "a lawless frontier" where "values and laws of today are non-functional", along with elements of having to survive in the wilderness including hunting and crafting. The player often needs to work with freedom fighters attempting to regain control of a region from a ruling party, and may have to pit different sides of a conflict against each other through their actions. Some of the series' games have been more rooted in realistic conflicts, while others have involved elements of the supernatural or science fiction. Ubisoft Montreal, the principal developers of the series, do consider that all games share the same common fictional universe, and have reused some minor characters to maintain that, but otherwise anticipate each game can be enjoyed as a standalone title without knowledge of the other games.

History

Origins with Crytek (2004–2007)
The first Far Cry game was developed by the German studio Crytek, and premiered their CryEngine software. One of Crytek's goals with the CryEngine was to be able to render realistic outdoor spaces with large viewing distances, which was a unique feature compared with other game engines at the time of its release. The CryEngine was originally demonstrated as a tech demo at Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) 1999 under the name X-Isle: Dinosaur Island specifically aimed at NVIDIA graphics processors. The demo allowed the user to explore a virtual tropical island populated with dinosaurs, showcasing the size of the virtual world that the CryEngine could handle. Following E3 1999, they secured a deal with NVIDIA to distribute X-Isle alongside all NVIDIA cards as benchmarking software, as at the time the CryEngine was the most demanding game engine on the market. Ubisoft made a deal with Crytek to build out X-Isle into a full AAA title, and obtained publishing rights for this title.

This game develops the story of player-character Jack Carver, who stumbles upon the genetic research of Dr. Krieger and the Krieger Corporation, on a fictional Micronesia island, to create powerful Trigen Beasts as weapons later sold to mercenaries. Far Cry released in March 2004 for Microsoft Windows to critical praise and strong sales, with over 730,000 units sold in the first four months.

Following Far Crys release, Crytek, wanting to show that CryEngine had other applications, signed a deal in July 2004 to develop a gaming franchise with publisher Electronic Arts (EA), a direct competitor to Ubisoft. This franchise became the Crysis series, and through which Crytek continued to improve their CryEngine. With Crytek unable to work with them, Ubisoft assigned its studio Ubisoft Montreal to help port the title to the various game consoles through the Far Cry Instincts and Far Cry Vengeance titles. These titles required Ubisoft Montreal to rework much of the game as the consoles at this point in time were not as powerful as personal computers, and could not handle the wide open levels without performance problems. These games created more linear levels from the original Far Cry, added campaigns and multiplayer modes, and in some cases, changed the game's narrative to less-realistic outcomes. In March 2006, Ubisoft acquired all rights to the Far Cry series and a perpetual license for the CryEngine version used in the development of Far Cry.  Ubisoft Montreal remained the principal studio developing all future Far Cry games.

Shifts to internal development (2008–2011)
Far Cry 2 was announced by Ubisoft in July 2007, and featured two significant changes from the previous Far Cry games. First, it premiered the use of the Dunia Engine, a modified form of the licensed CryEngine by Ubisoft Montreal. The Dunia Engine was developed alongside Far Cry 2 to make a fully open-world game as well as adding realistic physics and destroyable environments. Second, rather than continuing in the narrative of the first Far Cry, it created a more open-ended narrative, featuring nine playable characters and the means for the player to create their own stories with the other non-playable characters in the game with an advanced artificial intelligence system. Part of the reason the narrative from Far Cry was dropped was that its main character Jack Carver was not memorable with players, and that the ending of the game, particularly with the changes made for Instincts and Vengeance, took a significant turn into science fiction, something that the developers wanted to avoid with Far Cry 2. Ubisoft also recognized that through the various console versions that players would be tired of the tropic setting as well as fearing that Crytek's project with EA was also set in a tropic location, and thus opted to change the locale to the plains of Africa. For Far Cry 2, the game takes place in a fictional African county in the midst of a civil war that is being financially funded by a figure known as the Jackal, whom the player-character, a mercenary for hire, is tasked to bring down with the help of other mercenaries and locals.

Far Cry 2 was released in October 2008, and was critically praised and commercially successful, with over 2.9 million in sales by 2009. However, the game's director, Clint Hocking, noted that internally, much of the design of Far Cry 2 was haphazard. Far Cry 2 had a polarizing reception from players over some of the gameplay features that were implemented to make the game feel diegetic and immerse the player into the world. Some of these disputed mechanics included the random onset of malaria that would impact the character's vision and movement until they obtained and took medicine for it, a weapon decay system that would cause guns picked up from enemies to wear down and break over use, military checkpoints that a player could clear out but which would become repopulated with enemies minutes later, and the game's buddy system, where the player could call a selected non-player character to help their character in battle, but only for a short while and would not be available until the player reached a safe house to rest.

Expansion as series (2012–ongoing)
Pre-production work for Far Cry 3 had reportedly started just after Far Cry 2 was shipped, with plans to keep it as a narrative sequel, but in the few years that followed, many of the development leads for Far Cry 2 left the studio. The project had a significant shift of locale, returning to a tropical island theme similar to Far Cry while retaining the open-world nature of Far Cry 2. They also looked to keep the key elements of Far Cry 2s open world that worked but add in more features to make it feel like a living world but with purpose behind how they designed it. This led to the development of Dunia Engine 2 to implement some open-world features such as weather system, which premiered in Far Cry 3. Several of the questionable gameplay elements of Far Cry 2 were eliminated. Further, to make this world meaningful, they eliminated the multiple player-characters and instead provided one character that they could write a strong narrative around. Within Far Cry 3, the player-character is part of a group of adventuring tourists caught by the pirate Vaas Montenegro who has tortured the island's native population. The introduction of a well-defined villain character in Vaas that was the focal point for much of the game further redefined how the Far Cry games going forward would be presented, each centered around a similar crafted character central to the game's plot. Far Cry 3 was formally announced in 2011 and released in November 2012. Though Far Cry 3 presented some controversial elements within its narrative, it received critical acclaim and had sold more than 10 million units by 2014.

The basic gameplay of Far Cry 3 established the series' general approach that was used in the next main series' iterations, but shifted locales from the tropical setting. These games included Far Cry 4 (2014), set in the fictional Himalayan country of Kyrat ruled by the tyrannical Pagan Min and his Royal Army, Far Cry 5 (2018), taking place in fictional Hope County in Montana where a doomsday cult Eden's Gate, led by Joseph Seed, has locked down the region, and Far Cry 6 (2021), set on a fictional Cuba-like island in the midst of revolution which "El Presidente" Antón Castillo rules as a dictator. All these games maintained the theme of a lawless land and required the player to rely on a number of gameplay skills beyond combat, such as hunting and crafting to a degree, to succeed. Each iteration of the games has used the Dunia 2 engine with further enhancements to improve performance and take advantage of newer technologies.

Extending from the main games were smaller side games that were built using the main games' existing maps and assets. The first of these was Far Cry 3: Blood Dragon, released in May 2013, following its announcement by Ubisoft on the previous April Fools' Day. The game, a standalone title, was an experiment release developed by Dean Evans that worked atop the existing Far Cry 3 assets, reskinning some of the game's existing maps and geometry. It took a tongue-in-cheek approach to the culture of the 1980s. It became a commercial success with more than 1 million units sold. Its success led to similar "reskins" for the next two main games in Far Cry Primal (2016) (from Far Cry 4) and Far Cry New Dawn (2019) (from Far Cry 5).

While Ubisoft has yet to formally announced further Far Cry games after Far Cry 6, reports emerged in November 2021 that the next Far Cry game would be a live-service game similar to Ubisoft's plans for the next Assassin's Creed game, codenamed Assassin's Creed Infinity. Around the same time, Dan Hay, executive producer for the Far Cry series since Far Cry 3, announced his departure from Ubisoft Montreal to pursue other opportunities.

Main series

Far Cry (2004)

Far Cry, the first game in the series, was developed as an open-ended first-person shooter by German studio Crytek, being the first title to use their CryEngine software. The game is set on a mysterious archipelago in Micronesia, where ex-special forces operative Jack Carver must use various weapons, tools, and his surroundings to survive against hostile mercenaries that control the islands while searching for the journalist who was accompanying him and who went missing. As Jack explores the islands, he uncovers the horrific genetic experiments being conducted on the local wildlife and must confront the mad scientist behind them.

The game was published by Ubisoft on March 23, 2004, for Microsoft Windows. It received generally positive reviews, with praise for its visuals, gameplay mechanics, and the level of freedom given to the player, and sold 730,000 units within four months of release.

Far Cry 2 (2008)

Far Cry 2 was developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on October 21, 2008, in North America, October 23 in Australia, and October 24 in Europe. The game is set in a fictional East African state where an arms smuggler known as "The Jackal" is selling weapons to two factions engaged in a civil war. The player assumes the role of a mercenary sent to find and kill the Jackal, who is inflaming the conflict. The game's sandbox gameplay has been highly touted, allowing the player access to 50 km2 of African terrain, complete with open savannah, forests, animals, and towns. Far Cry 2 also puts more emphasis on realism compared to other games in the series, incorporating features such as weapon jamming and malaria, which the player character gets infected with at the start of the game and must thereafter regularly take medication to avoid dying.

Far Cry 2 received generally positive reviews from critics for its setting, visuals, and open-ended gameplay, although some criticized its writing, artificial intelligence, and technical issues. A number of players also found some aspects of the gameplay, mainly those related to the game's focus on realism, overly repetitive and tedious. The game sold three million copies worldwide within four months of release.

A top-down shooter version of the game for mobile phones was developed and published by Gameloft.

Far Cry 3 (2012)

Far Cry 3 was developed by Ubisoft Montreal using feedback from Far Cry 2, and published by Ubisoft for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 on November 29, 2012, in Australia, November 30 in Europe, and December 4 in North America. It was later re-released on the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on June 26, 2018. Ahead of release, the game was heavily promoted by Ubisoft with various companion apps, webseries and crossovers. Far Cry 3 takes place on the fictional Rook Islands, a tropical archipelago. After a vacation goes awry, protagonist Jason Brody, an ordinary American tourist, must learn the ways of the jungle to survive and rescue his friends, who have been captured by the insane Vaas Montenegro and his gang of pirates to be sold into slavery.

Larger in scope and ambition than its predecessors, Far Cry 3 received largely positive reviews, with praise for its characters (in particular Vaas), world design, visuals, progression, and gameplay, though the multiplayer modes received some criticism. The game has sold nearly ten million copies in its lifetime, and was nominated for multiple year-end accolades in 2012, including Game of the Year and Best Shooter.

Far Cry 4 (2014)

Far Cry 4 was developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, and Xbox One on November 18, 2014, in Australia and North America, and November 20 in Europe. The game was originally conceptualized as a direct sequel to Far Cry 3, before it was turned into a standalone story like the other games in the series. The game is set in the fictional country of Kyrat in the Himalayas region, ruled by a despotic self-appointed king named Pagan Min. The protagonist, Ajay Ghale, becomes caught in a civil war and must overthrow Min, after he is instructed by his late mother to travel again, from the U.S., to his homeland to spread her ashes there. Aspects of the game's story were inspired by the 1996–2006 Nepalese Civil War.

Far Cry 4 received positive reviews for its world design, visuals, soundtrack, and characters as well as new gameplay additions and the wealth of content. However, the story had a more divisive reception, and the game was criticized for its lack of innovation from Far Cry 3. The game had the biggest launch in the franchise's history, selling seven million copies by the end of 2014.

Far Cry 5 (2018)

Far Cry 5 was developed by Ubisoft Montreal and Ubisoft Toronto. Announced in early 2017, it was released worldwide on March 27, 2018, for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. The game is set in modern-day Montana in the fictional Hope County, which is controlled by a doomsday cult called the Project at Eden's Gate, led by "The Father" Joseph Seed and his siblings. Players assume the role of a customizable sheriff's deputy who becomes entangled in a violent conflict between the cult and the resisting residents of Hope County who have seen their friends and family taken or killed by the cult. The game was heavily inspired by several socio-political events in modern history, such as the Cold War and the September 11 attacks. The development team sought to capture the despondent social climate after the events and re-purpose it for the game.

Far Cry 5 received generally positive reviews for its world design, visuals, gameplay, and soundtrack, although the narrative and some of the characters received criticism. It also became the subject of controversy after being announced alongside a period of heightened political conflicts. The game was a commercial success and became the fastest-selling title in the franchise, grossing over $310 million in its first week of sales.

Far Cry 6 (2021)

Far Cry 6 was developed by Ubisoft Toronto and published by Ubisoft for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S, Stadia, and Amazon Luna on October 7, 2021. The game is set on the fictional island of Yara (loosely based on modern-day Cuba), ruled by fascist dictator Antón Castillo (portrayed by Giancarlo Esposito) who seeks to bring his son, Diego (Anthony Gonzalez), to be his heir amidst a revolutionary uprising by freedom fighters. Players assume the role of guerilla fighter Dani Rojas, attempting to topple Castillo and his regime. The game was inspired by several revolutions of recent history, primarily the Cuban Revolution of 1953–1959, and features the return of several elements from earlier Far Cry titles, such as a tropical setting and a fully voiced protagonist.

Far Cry 6 received generally mixed reviews. Although the setting, visuals, Esposito's performance, and the minor improvements to the series' gameplay formula were praised, the lack of innovation and the aging design were criticized.

Spin-offs

Far Cry Instincts (2005)

Far Cry Instincts is a port of the original Far Cry for the Xbox, developed and published by Ubisoft on September 27, 2005. Although it is a port, the game is less open-ended, due to the console's technical limitations, and features several new elements, including an altered storyline, new weapons, an extra multiplayer mode through the Xbox Live service, a map creator, and 'feral abilities', and is therefore considered a separate release. Ports for the PlayStation 2 and GameCube were  cancelled.

Far Cry Instincts: Evolution (2006)

A sequel to Far Cry Instincts, released for the Xbox on March 27, 2006, Evolution features a new single-player campaign, albeit considerably shorter than that of Instincts, as well as new weapons, vehicles, an expanded map-maker and an extra multiplayer mode. Maps that are created on the Xbox version of Instincts can not be transferred to the Xbox 360 version.

Far Cry Instincts: Predator (2006)

Far Cry Instincts: Predator, released for the Xbox 360 on the same day as Far Cry Instincts: Evolution, includes graphically enhanced versions of both Instincts and Evolution.

Far Cry Vengeance (2006)

Far Cry Vengeance is a port of Far Cry Instincts: Evolution for the Wii, developed and published by Ubisoft on December 12, 2006, in North America, January 5, 2007, in Europe, and February 28 in Australia. The game features changed controls, new weapons and vehicles, and three additional levels.

Paradise Lost (2007)

Paradise Lost is a rail shooter arcade game port of Far Cry Instincts developed by Global VR and published by Ubisoft in 2007. Players use stationary turrets armed with rockets and grenades as power-ups.

Far Cry 3: Blood Dragon (2013)

Blood Dragon is a stand-alone "expansion pack" based on the world of Far Cry 3. Although Blood Dragon does not continue the story of Far Cry 3, it shares the same game engine and gameplay mechanics. News of its development was leaked by the Brazilian ratings board, which awarded an 18+ certification based on the title's references to violence, sex, and drugs. The game's retrospective story, characters and visual style are inspired by 1980's action movies, especially those starring Arnold Schwarzenegger, such as Commando, The Terminator, and Predator, and Sylvester Stallone, like Cobra, First Blood, and Rocky IV. Other film/television references include RoboCop, Escape from New York, Scarface and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, among others. Pre-orders of the PC version received a digital copy of the soundtrack, produced by Melbourne, Australia-based Power Glove. Due to the success of the title, Ubisoft CEO Yves Guillemot has stated that the game may also get a retail release.

A crossover title with the Trials series, Trials of the Blood Dragon is based on Far Cry 3: Blood Dragon, and was released in June 2016. A remastered version of Blood Dragon is included in the season pass of Far Cry 6.

Far Cry Primal (2016)

Announced in October 2015, Far Cry Primal is a spin-off to Far Cry 4, developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on February 23, 2016, and for Microsoft Windows on March 1, 2016. The game is set during the Stone Age, in the fictional Oros valley in Central and Eastern Europe, and follows the story of Takkar, who starts off as an unarmed hunter and rises to become the leader of a tribe. Primal received generally mixed to positive reviews. While the concept, world design, and certain gameplay mechanics, such as the ability to tame animals, were praised, the story and characters were seen as inferior compared to previous Far Cry games. Most critics also felt that, because of the game's setting, there was a significant lack of weapons to utilize, leading to a repetitive gameplay design.

Far Cry New Dawn (2019)

Far Cry New Dawn is a spin-off and sequel to Far Cry 5, developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on February 15, 2019. The game is set seventeen years after one of the possible endings of Far Cry 5 and follows the survivors of a nuclear war as they attempt to rebuild their community, with players assuming the role of an unnamed and highly customizable Captain. The game takes place on a modified version of Far Cry 5's map, and introduces several elements from the RPG genre, including an upgradeable home base and increased reliance on crafting from limited supplies. New Dawn received generally mixed reviews, with praise for its world design and gameplay and criticism for its narrative and similarities to Far Cry 5, and was less financially successful than both Far Cry 5 and Far Cry Primal.

Far Cry VR: Dive Into Insanity (2021)
Far Cry VR: Dive Into Insanity is a virtual reality game set in the same tropical island location as Far Cry 3. Released on June 1, 2021, it features Vaas Montenegro as its central antagonist.

Other media

Live-action adaptations
A direct-to-video-film, Far Cry, released in 2008 was directed by Uwe Boll and stars Til Schweiger as Jack Carver. The film follows Jack Carver, an ex-special forces soldier turned boatman who is hired by a journalist to investigate a top-secret military base on a nearby island. The film received negative reviews with most critics saying it does the games no justice.
The Far Cry Experience is a four-part webseries released in 2012 that serves as a prequel to the events of Far Cry 3. It features Christopher Mintz-Plasse playing a fictionalized version of himself who is captured by Vaas (played by Michael Mando) and his pirates and becomes the subject of Vaas's torture show.
In 2013, it was reported that a Far Cry film was in development by Ubisoft Motion Pictures, along with a Watch Dogs and Raving Rabbids film, although there have been no news about the project since.
Inside Eden's Gate is a short film released on March 5, 2018, as a tie-in prequel to Far Cry 5. It follows three filmmakers investigating the rumors surrounding the Project at Eden's Gate and encountering Joseph Seed (played by Greg Bryk) and the other members of the Seed family.

Animated series
It was announced that Ubisoft are teaming with Adi Shankar to develop an animated series titled Captain Laserhawk: A Blood Dragon Remix. It was announced to be in production for Netflix during June 2021, with Bobbypills leading the animation and Balak as creative director.

Board game
On September 20, 2021, it was announced that board game publisher Funforge would partner with Ubisoft to create a board game based on the franchise titled Far Cry Beyond.

Novels
German-language novels by Michael T. Bhatty:
Far Cry: Götterdämmerung (Panini, 2007, ) - an expanded novelization of the original Far Cry game.
Far Cry 2: Blutige Diamanten (Panini, 2008, ) - a prequel to Far Cry 2.
Far Cry: Absolution (2018) by Urban Waite – a prequel to Far Cry 5.

Comics
Far Cry: Rite of Passage (2021) - a comic book miniseries published by Dark Horse Comics as a tie-in to Far Cry 6. It features the game's primary antagonist, Antón Castillo, recounting cautionary tales to his son Diego about the rise and fall of previous villains in the series (Vaas Montenegro, Pagan Min, and Joseph Seed).
Happy Vaas Day, a 2021 manga one-shot by Hiromu Nagase published by Jump in collaboration with Ubisoft. The story depicts a young Vaas Montenegro.
Inside, a 2021 manga one-shot published by Jump in collaboration with Ubisoft. The story follows a young man as he plays Far Cry 4 and begins pondering the morality of the characters.
Far Cry: Esperanza's Tears, published by Ablaze in October 2022 is a prequel comic to Far Cry 6.

Sales
Ubisoft reports that through 2014, lifetime sales of the Far Cry franchise has exceeded 20 million units. By September 2019, the series had accumulated a combined 50 million units in sales.

References

External links

Video games adapted into comics
Video games adapted into films
Video games adapted into television shows
Video games adapted into novels
Ubisoft franchises
Video game franchises introduced in 2004

Far Cry


Carlo Alberto de Gavardo Prohens (14 July 1969 – 4 July 2015) was a Chilean motorist and motorcyclist who participated in numerous rallies worldwide, including the Dakar Rally and Rallye des Pharaons. He was the first Chilean motorcyclist to run the Paris-Dakar from beginning to end.

Biography

Beginning as a Pilot
Carlo de Gavardo received his elementary and high school education from the Craighouse School and Marshall School in Santiago. While he was studying in this last establishment he began his active participation in Chilean motorcycling, where he won the Enduro National Championship consecutively for almost a decade between 1986 and 1994. In 1993 he begins to expand his horizons and compete at an international level in the Enduro World Championship in Tulsa, Oklahoma, this only increased his passion for the sport and fed his ambition. In 1996 he prepares to run the Paris – Dakar Rallye and becomes the first Chilean to finish the rally. On this occasion he is rewarded with a highly regarded seventeenth place. Carlo de Gavardo has participated in every Dakar since 1996 up until 2004, achieving his best result (a third place) in 2001.

Championships and achievements

By 1997, he receives a fourth place in the Master Rallye: Paris – Moscow – Beijing and is recognized worldwide for the amazing skill shown while driving his motorcycle. In 2001, 2004, and 2005 he wins the Rallye World Cup of the International Motorcycling Federation. In 2004 and 2005 he became the World Motorcycling Champion in the 450 cc category.

Carlo de Gavardo has participated in the Atlas Rally, Two Sertoes, Master Rallye, Pharaohs Rally in Egypt, Dubai Rally, Las Pampas Rally in Argentina, Morocco Rally, and the Safari Rally.

Fair play
Carlo de Gavardo received two fair-play awards twice, one by the IOC and another by the International Motorcycling Federation.

Some of his non-sporting activities included an alliance with the Chilean Police force with the objective of reducing the number of traffic accidents involving motorcycles. The coalition stretches from Arica to Punta Arenas with the sole purpose of creating responsible drivers through courses that help teach many motorcycle owners what they need to know about safety and being precautious.

The Transition from 2 wheels to 4
There is a growing tendency among motorcyclists, including Stéphane Peterhansel y Nani Roma, when they reach a point in their careers in which they exchange their motorcycles for a larger vehicle. Carlo announced his retirement from motorcycles as to continue competing as a motorist. He began to compete in this category during 2008, and in 2009 participated in the Dakar with Hummer. This transition was a personal and professional choice for this well-known Chilean idol.

Death
De Gavardo died of a cardiac arrest while riding his bike in Huelquen (near Buin) on July 4, 2015.

References

1969 births
2015 deaths
Chilean motorcycle racers
Chilean people of Italian descent

Carlo de Gavardo


Reform mathematics is an approach to mathematics education, particularly in North America. It is based on principles explained in 1989 by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM). The NCTM document Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (CESSM) set forth a vision for K–12 (ages 5–18) mathematics education in the United States and Canada. The CESSM recommendations were adopted by many local- and federal-level education agencies during the 1990s. In 2000, the NCTM revised its CESSM with the publication of Principles and Standards for School Mathematics (PSSM). Like those in the first publication, the updated recommendations became the basis for many states' mathematics standards, and the method in textbooks developed by many federally-funded projects. The CESSM de-emphasised manual arithmetic in favor of students developing their own conceptual thinking and problem solving. The PSSM presents a more balanced view, but still has the same emphases.

Mathematics instruction in this style has been labeled standards-based mathematics or reform mathematics.

Principles and standards

Mathematics education reform built up momentum in the early 1980s, as educators reacted to the "new math" of the 1960s and 1970s.  The work of Piaget and other developmental psychologists had shifted the focus of mathematics educators from mathematics content to how children best learn mathematics. The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics summarized the state of current research with the publication of Curriculum and Evaluation Standards in 1989 and Principles and Standards for School Mathematics in 2000, bringing definition to the reform movement in North America.

Reform mathematics curricula challenge students to make sense of new mathematical ideas through explorations and projects, often in real-world contexts. Reform texts emphasize written and verbal communication, working in cooperative groups, and making connections between concepts and between representations. In contrast, "traditional" textbooks emphasize procedural mathematics and provide step-by-step examples with skill-building exercises.

Traditional mathematics focuses on teaching algorithms that will lead to the correct answer of a particular problem.  Because of this focus on application of algorithms, the student of traditional math must apply the specific method that is being taught.  Reform mathematics de-emphasizes this algorithmic dependence. Instead of leading students to find the exact answers to specific problems, reform educators focus students on the overall process which leads to an answer.  Students' occasional errors are deemed less important than their understanding of an overall thought process. Research has shown that children make fewer mistakes with calculations and remember algorithms longer when they understand the concepts underlying the methods they use. In general, children in reform classes perform at least as well as children in traditional classes on tests of calculation skill, and perform considerably better on tests of problem solving.

Controversy

Principles and Standards for School Mathematics was championed by educators, administrators and some mathematicians as raising standards for all students; others  criticized it for its prioritizing the understanding of processes over the learning of standard calculation procedures. Parents, educators and some mathematicians opposing reform mathematics complained about students becoming confused and frustrated, claiming that the style of instruction was inefficient and characterized by frequent false starts. Proponents of reform mathematics countered that research showed that correctly-applied reform math curricula taught students basic math skills at least as well as curricula used in traditional programs, and additionally that reform math curricula was a more effective tool for teaching students the underlying concepts. Communities that adopted reform curricula generally saw their students' math scores increase.  However, one study found that first-grade students with a below-average aptitude in math responded better to teacher-directed instruction.

During the 1990s, the large-scale adoption of curricula such as Mathland was criticized for partially or entirely abandoning teaching of standard arithmetic methods such as practicing regrouping or finding common denominators. Protests from groups such as Mathematically Correct led to many districts and states abandoning such textbooks. Some states—such as California—revised their mathematics standards to partially or largely repudiate the basic tenets of reform mathematics, and to re-emphasize mastery of standard mathematics facts and methods.

The American Institutes for Research (AIR) reported in 2005 that the NCTM proposals "risk exposing students to unrealistically advanced mathematics content in the early grades." This is in reference to NCTM's recommendation that algebraic concepts, such as understanding patterns and properties like commutativity (2+3=3+2), should be taught as early as first grade.

The 2008 National Mathematics Advisory Panel called for a balance between reform and traditional mathematics teaching styles, rather than a for a "war" to be waged between the proponents of the two styles. In 2006 NCTM published its Curriculum Focal Points, which made clear that standard algorithms, as well as activities aiming at conceptual understanding, were to be included in all elementary school curricula, .

A common misconception was that reform educators did not want children to learn the standard methods of arithmetic. As the NCTM Focal Points made clear, such methods were still the ultimate goal, but reformers believed that conceptual understanding should come first. Reform educators believed that such understanding is best pursued by first allowing children to attempt to solve problems using their own understanding and methods. Eventually, under guidance from the teacher, students arrive at an understanding of standard methods. Even the controversial NCTM Standards of 1989 did not call for abandoning standard algorithms, but instead recommended a decreased emphasis on complex paper-and-pencil computation drills, and an increased emphasis on mental computation, estimation skills, thinking strategies for mastering basic facts, and conceptual understanding of arithmetic operations.

During the peak of the controversy in the 1990s, unfavorable terminology for reform mathematics appeared in press and web articles, including Where's the math?, anti-math, math for dummies, rainforest algebra, math for women and minorities, and new new math. Most of these critical terms refer to the 1989 Standards rather than the PSSM.

Beginning in 2011, most states adopted the Common Core Standards, which attempted to incorporate reform ideas, rigor (introducing ideas at a younger age), and a leaner math curriculum.

See also

 A Mathematician's Lament
 Education in the United States
 Jo Boaler
 Mathematically Correct, which opposes the NCTM standards
 Mathematics education in the United States
 National Council of Teachers of Mathematics
 Prof David Klein (California State University Northridge), who opposes the NCTM standards

Notes

External links
 NCTM standards online  120-day free access, otherwise the public is required to pay to purchase or view the standards.

Education reform
Mathematics education
Mathematics education reform
Standards-based education

Reform mathematics


Ghattamaneni Siva Rama Krishna Murthy (31 May 1943 – 15 November 2022), known mononymously as Krishna, was an Indian actor, director and producer known for his work predominantly in Telugu cinema. In a career spanning more than five decades, he starred in over 350 films in a variety of roles. He is referred to as "Superstar" in the Telugu media. In 2009, the government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan for his contributions to Indian cinema. He was elected as a Member of Parliament for the Congress party in 1989. In 1997, he received the Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South in addition to Honorary doctorate from Andhra University in 2008. He died on 15 November 2022 due to cardiac arrest.

Krishna began his film career with minor roles in films such as Kula Gothralu (1961), Padandi Mundhuku (1962), and Paruvu Prathishta (1963). He debuted as a lead actor with the 1965 film Thene Manasulu and went on to star in films such as Sakshi (1967), which won critical acclaim at the Tashkent film festival in 1968. In 1972, he starred in Pandanti Kapuram, which garnered the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu for that year. He has essayed roles across different genres including mythological, drama, western, fantasy, action, spy and historical films.

Krishna was credited with producing many technological firsts in the Telugu film industry such as the first Cinemascope film – Alluri Seetarama Raju (1974), the first Eastmancolor film – Eenadu (1982), the first 70mm film – Simhasanam (1986), the first DTS film – Telugu Veera Levara (1995) and introducing the cowboy genre to the Telugu screen. He uniquely starred in the spy films Gudachari 116 (1966), James Bond 777 (1971), Agent Gopi (1978), Rahasya Gudachari (1981) and Gudachari 117 (1989). Krishna directed Sankharavam (1987), Mugguru Kodukulu (1988), Koduku Diddina Kapuram (1989), Bala Chandrudu (1990) and Anna Thammudu (1990), casting his son Mahesh Babu in pivotal roles. Krishna directed 17 feature films and produced many films under his Padmalaya Studios production company along with his brothers Adiseshagiri Rao and Hanumantha Rao. Krishna was one of the highest-paid Telugu actors during his time.

Krishna collaborated with several notable directors of the time such as Adurthi Subba Rao, V. Madhusudhana Rao, K. Viswanath, Bapu, Dasari Narayana Rao and K. Raghavendra Rao. He also holds the record of co starring with the same actress – 48 films with Vijaya Nirmala and 47 films with Jaya Prada. In December 2012, at the age of 69, Krishna announced his retirement from politics.

Early and personal life
Krishna was born on 31 May 1943 in Burripalem, Guntur district of present-day Andhra Pradesh. His parents are Ghattamaneni Nagaratnamma, Veeraraghavayya Chowdary.

Krishna was married twice, first to Indira Devi and subsequently to Vijaya Nirmala. He had five children in his first marriage: two sons, film producer Ramesh Babu and actor Mahesh Babu, and three daughters, Padmavathi, Manjula Ghattamaneni, and Priyadarshini. Krishna met Vijaya Nirmala on the sets of Sakshi (1967). The pair worked together in over 40 films.

Film career

Early work: 1962–1965
His career began with minor roles in films such as Kula Gothralu (1961), Padandi Mundhuku (1962), and Paruvu Prathishta (1963). He was then cast in Thene Manasulu (1965) as one of the male leads. Despite commercial pressure being placed on Adurthi Subba Rao, the film director, to drop Krishna, the film was released as originally planned. It was a success and Adurthi repeated the cast for his next film Kanne Manasulu (1966).

Breakthrough: 1966–1975
Krishna was also selected to play the lead role in Doondi and Sunderlal Nehta's hit movie Gudachaari 116 (1966), which brought the spy genre of films to the forefront in Telugu cinema. Though action films were his standard, Krishna also acted in films such as Marapurani Katha (1967), Atthagaaru Kotthakodalu (1968), and Undamma Bottu Pedatha (1968). He also worked with more established actors, such as N. T. Rama Rao and Akkineni Nageswara Rao, in films such as Stree Janma (1967), Niluvu Dopidi (1968), Manchi Kutumbam (1968), Vichithra Kutumbam (1969), Akka Chellellu (1970) during this period.

At this time, Krishna established his own production house, Padmalaya Films and produced several big-budget films such as Agni Pariksha (1970), Mosagallaku Mosagadu (1971), Pandanti Kapuram (1972), Devudu Chesina Manushulu (1973), Alluri Seetharama Raju (1974). With his second wife Vijaya Nirmala, Krishna also set up another production house called Vijaya Krishna movies, and produced some critically acclaimed films, including Meena and Devadasu (1974). Mosagallaki Mosagadu, which brought the Cowboy genre of films in 1971 and Alluri Seetharamaraju, which released in 1974 were sensational in many ways. In 1975, except for Cheekati Velugulu, none of his films of this time made any impact at the box office as people were reluctant to watch him in softer roles after his portrayal of Alluri Seetharama Raju in the eponymous film. He suffered 14 consecutive flops (Devadasu also one of them) after the release of Alluri Seetarama Raju.

Continued success: 1976–1989
In 1976, he produced Paadi Pantalu, written by Maharadhi Tripuraneni, Raja Rajeswari Vilas Coffee Club, and Rama Rajyamloo Raktha Paasam. He also appeared as an actor in Kolleti Kapuram, Bhalee Dongalu and Devudee Gelichaadu.

In the 1977 film Kurukshethram, based on the Mahabharata epic, he appeared as Arjuna. Between 1978 and 1986, he acted in films such as Anna Dammula Sawaal, Kumara Raja, Agent Gopi, Indradanassu, Allari Bulloodu, Sakthi and Agni Parvatam. In 1986, he directed two films, Simhaasanam and Shankharavam.

In Naa Pilupee Prabhanjanam, he satirised the political party Telugu Desam Party, which led to protests by party officials against screening the film.

Later work: 1990–2016
1990 started with average fares; Nagaasthram and Anna Thammudu. Krishna took his longest break from work after Raktha Tharpanam, his last directorial venture in Telugu, tanked at the marquee. Ramesh's failure to capitalize on his blockbuster Bazaar Rowdy would have presumably upset him further during those unsettling times. In 1993, he came back strongly with the unexpected super-success of Pacchani Samsaaram. But it was Varasudu, his second release in the year, which made him the cynosure of the film fraternity again. With the films Number 1 (1994) and Amma Donga (1995) he had other thumping successes. Krishna also directed the Hindi film Ishq Hai Tumse (2004) produced by Padmalaya Tele films, starring Dino Morea and Bipasa Basu, which is the remake of the Telugu film Sampangi in the year 2004.

Andhra University felicitated Mr. Krishna with an honorary doctorate in 2008. For the recognition of his contribution to Telugu film industry as an actor, director, producer, writer government of India gave him Padma Bhushan in 2009.

Political career
Krishna joined the Congress Party under the leadership of Rajiv Gandhi. He ran in the 1989 elections from the Parliament constituency in Eluru and won the seat. At the same time, NTR was leading the National Front and was at the pinnacle of his political career. By a margin of 71,000 votes, he defeated Bolla Bulliramaiah, the TDP's incumbent MP. However, Krishna was defeated by Bulliramaiah in the ensuing 1991 election by a margin of 47,000 votes. He was also a huge admirer and supporter of YSR.

Death
On 14 November 2022, Krishna suffered from a heart attack and was rushed to a hospital in Hyderabad. His health started deteriorating and was on a ventilator. He died during the early hours on 15 November 2022, at the age of 79.  On 16 November 2022, Krishna was cremated with full state honours.

Filmography

Awards
Civilian Honors
 Padma Bhushan – 2009
 Doctorate – Andhra University

Nandi Awards
 Nandi Award for Best Actor – Alluri Sita Rama Raju – 1974

NTR National Award
 NTR National Award for the year 2003.

Filmfare Awards South
 Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South in 1997.

References

External links

2022 deaths
Telugu male actors
Male actors in Telugu cinema
People from Guntur district
Filmfare Awards South winners
Film producers from Andhra Pradesh
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts
Nandi Award winners
Male actors from Andhra Pradesh
Indian male film actors
Film directors from Andhra Pradesh
20th-century Indian male actors
Telugu film directors
Telugu film producers
20th-century Indian film directors
21st-century Indian film directors
21st-century Indian male actors
India MPs 1989–1991
Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh
1943 births

Krishna (Telugu actor)


Cyrtostylis rotundifolia, commonly known as the winter orchid or gnat orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to New Zealand. It has a single egg-shaped leaf and a flowering stem with up to four pink or pinkish green flowers with a flat, oblong labellum. It is very similar to Cyrtostylis oblonga and more investigation is required to determine if they are distinct from each other.

Description
Cyrtostylis rotundifolia is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with a single kidney-shaped, egg-shaped, heart-shaped or almost round leaf  long and  wide. Up to four pink or pinkish green flowers  long are borne on a thin flowering stem up to  high. The dorsal sepal is erect, linear to narrow lance-shaped and the lateral sepals are narrow linear and somewhat smaller than the dorsal sepal. The petals are similar in size and shape to the lateral sepals. The labellum is flat, oval, about  long  wide with two round calli at the base and two parallel longitudinal ridges. The column is shorter than the labellum and has two wings widening towards the tip. Flowering occurs from June to October.

This species is very similar to C. oblonga and "the status of these two species requires further investigation". It has grey-green mostly egg-shaped leaves compared to the yellowish green, oblong leaves of C. oblonga.

Taxonomy and naming
Cyrtostylis rotundifolia was first formally described in 1853 by Joseph Dalton Hooker and the description was published in Flora Novae-Zelandiae. The specific epithet (rotundifolia) is derived from the Latin words rotundus meaning "round", "circular" or "spherical" and folium meaning "leaf".

Distribution and habitat
The winter orchid grows in lightly shaded scrub and open in areas on the northern half of the North Island and the lower two-thirds of the South Island of New Zealand.

References

External links

rotundifolia
Endemic orchids of New Zealand
Orchids of New Zealand
Plants described in 1853
Taxa named by Joseph Dalton Hooker

Cyrtostylis rotundifolia


Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women (MMIW) and Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (MMIWG) is a big problem in the United States and Canada. In both countries, Indigenous women and girls are more likely to go missing or be murdered than non-Indigenous women and girls.

The problem of MMIW reflects the intersectionality of racism and sexism Indigenous women in the US and Canada face. It also shows how the governments are not doing enough to help women.

Background
Before colonialism, Indigenous cultures in North America treated women with respect because they were seen as givers of life. The women folk helped make important decisions in their communities.

European colonists in Canada and the US did not treat Indigenous women right. They called them names like "squaw" and thought they were immoral. European men used them for sex. Sometimes they killed the women folk. Back then, people could get away with treating Indigenous women badly because very few people at the time cared about Indigenous women like they cared about white women. To this very day, people in both countries have negative ideas about Indigenous women. Because they have those ideas, they do not treat them right.

Native Americans and Aboriginal Canadians had their cultures taken away from them. They were forced to adopt the white man's ways. The men folk learned from the white men on how to disrespect women. Also, a lot of the Indigenous people were forced to go to schools where they were treated badly. A lot of men vented out their feelings by hurting the women folk.

Indigenous communities tend to be the poorest in the US and Canada. Because of this, a lot of Indigenous women go into sex trafficking in order to make money. This allows them to be hurt by their pimps, customers, and the police. Also, few people will speak up on their behalf because there is a stigma around working in the sex industry.

Canada
Indigenous women make up 4% of the female population in Canada. Yet they represented 16% of all female homicide victims between 1980 and 2012.

The RCMP does not release data on the ethnicity of the perpetrators.

Highway of Tears
Highway 16 is in British Columbia. There is a part of Highway 16 between Prince George and Prince Rupert that is 700km long. It is known for being a place where a lot of Indigenous women have gone missing or have been found dead. A lot of people think there is a serial killer/s on the highway targeting young women.

Hitchhiking is a popular practice in this part of Canada because most people cannot afford cars and there is no good public transportation system. This puts a lot of women in danger because they might meet a driver who will do bad things to them.

United States
In the United States, 1 in 3 Native women is assaulted during her lifetime. 67% of these assaults are done by non-Natives. Tribes have difficulty prosecuting non-Natives who hurt Natives on tribal land because their land is considered federal land. Because of this, there is a lot of confusion as whether the federal government, the state government, or the tribes should press criminal charges against non-Native perpetrators.

Protest
There have been many protests to ask for more investigations into why there are so many missing and murdered Indigenous women. People are also doing things to help find missing women because they do not believe the government will help them.

Women's Memorial March
Every Valentine's Day, a march is held in Downtown Eastside, Vancouver, which is an area with a lot of missing and murdered Indigenous women. The first march was in 1991 and was held to honor a murdered Coast Salish woman.

Drag the Red
In 2014, Tina Fontaine was found dead in the Red River in Manitoba. Since then, people have searched the rivers and ponds of Winnipeg to find bodies. Hiding bodies in water is popular with perpetrators because evidence is washed off.

Art
A lot of art has been made to honor missing and murdered Indigenous women.

REDress Project
The REDress Project is an art project that is made up of red dresses. Each dress represents a missing or murdered Indigenous woman. These dresses are displayed for people to see.

References

20th century in Canada
21st century in Canada
Murder in Canada
Murder in the United States

Missing and murdered Indigenous women


A canker sore is a kind of  mouth ulcer. These ulcers occur periodically, and heal completely. They are not contagious.  The medical term for them is Aphthous stomatitis or  recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). The condition is very common. It affects  about 20% of the general population.  It often starts in childhood or adolescence, and lasts for several years, before it slowly disappears. There is no cure, but there are drugs that are mostly given to manage pain.

Symptoms

Canker sore


Boyd House, also known as the President's House and the OU White House, is the official residence of the president of the University of Oklahoma. The university's president, currently Joseph Harroz, Jr., lives in Boyd House as a primary residence free of charge. In 1976, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as "President's House, University of Oklahoma".

History
The house that came to be known as Boyd House was built in 1906 by OU's first president, David Ross Boyd, for approximately $7,000. In 1908, Boyd was forced out as university president. He leased the property to the university until 1914, when OU acquired it from Boyd in a property swap. Seven subsequent university presidents lived in the house. Stratton D. Brooks, the university's third president, remodeled the house over a period of seven years between 1915 and 1922 into its current Neoclassical Revival style, paying for its four Ionic columns out of his own pocket.

The house had no formal name; it was known as "The President's House", "The White House", or by the name of the occupant, i.e. "The Bizzell House". It hosted numerous significant historical figures, including Sir Alexander Fleming, John Philip Sousa, William Howard Taft, Harry S. Truman, and Niels Bohr.

In 1969 J. Herbert Hollomon, the university's eighth president, moved into a newer residence off campus that was purchased by the university for his use, and his successors continued to live in the same house. The old building sat vacant until 1971, when it became office space. It was used as the university's visitor center from 1979 to 1994. It was officially named Boyd House in 1982.

As a condition of his employment by the university, then-incoming OU president David L. Boren insisted on living in Boyd House. Boyd House reopened as the official presidential residence in November 1996 following a $2 million privately funded renovation and expansion.

References

External links
 Boyd House - Norman Convention and Visitors Bureau

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Oklahoma
University of Oklahoma campus
Houses in Cleveland County, Oklahoma
National Register of Historic Places in Cleveland County, Oklahoma
Houses completed in 1906
1906 establishments in Oklahoma Territory

Boyd House (University of Oklahoma)


An attic fan, is a fan that controls the heat level of a building's attic by removing the hot air. A thermostat is used to turn the fan off and on based on the heat level, while sometimes a manual switch is used. An attic fan can be gable mounted or roof mounted. Extra vents are required to draw in fresh air as the hot air is exhausted. Attic fans are typically used in warmer months when temperatures in an attic can get above . A fan may be installed in an attic for the purpose of cooling a whole house by venting hot air out via the attic. These fans are often called whole-house fans.

Mechanical attic ventilation fans may be powered in a variety of different ways. Most attic vents fitted to homes are powered off electricity supplied by the power meter. A trend towards solar-powered attic ventilators is observable in the interest of conserving electricity and lowering monthly utility bills. Wind-powered roof turbines, often referred to as "whirly-birds", are also used to ventilate attics and other confined spaces.

Wiring methods
Attic fans may be wired in different ways. Normally, the fan is wired directly into an electric circuit and is controlled by a thermostat commonly ranging from  to . It may also be hardwired but turned on and off using a switch. Another method is to have the fan plugged into an electric outlet mounted nearby. An environmentally friendly method is to wire a fan to a roof-mounted solar panel.

References

HVAC
Home appliances

Attic fan


Patrick Campbell-Lyons (born 13 July 1943), is an Irish composer and musician who is one half of the cult symphonic-rock band, Nirvana, formed in London in 1967.

Campbell-Lyons, a native of Lismore, County Waterford, was part of the West London music scene from the early 1960s playing in several bands.  He was the vocalist and a founding member of a locally-popular R&B band Second Thoughts whose lineups included future record producer Chris Thomas,  Thunderclap Newman founder/drummer Speedy Keen and two future members of prog-rock band Jade Warrior (Jon Field and Tony Duhig).  Second Thoughts split up in late 1965 and after a year living in Sweden, Campbell-Lyons returned to London in late 1966.

In early 1967 he formed Nirvana with Greek musician Alex Spyropoulos. The duo (augmented in the studio and live by a floating line-up of session musicians) created a series of critically acclaimed baroque, orchestrated albums before disbanding in the early 1970s.

Campbell-Lyons then pursued a career in the music business as an A&R executive and producer - while continuing to occasionally record solo albums including Me & My Friend, The Electric Plough and The Hero I Might Have Been.

Campbell-Lyons' first solo album Me & My Friend was reissued on CD in 2001 in the UK by Market Square Records together with bonus tracks from one of Nirvana's later albums Songs of Love and Praise.

In early July 2008, Campbell-Lyons started to write a book, Psychedelic Days, about his life and times in 1960's London and beyond.

In 2017 he released a new album on the Market Square Records Label called You're a Cloud, I'm a Comet released on 180-gramme vinyl LP with CD included.

References

External links

1943 births
Irish rock musicians
Living people
Musicians from County Waterford
People from Lismore, County Waterford
20th-century Irish composers
21st-century Irish composers

Patrick Campbell-Lyons


Michael Biddulph (1610–1666) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons  in 1660.

Biddulph was the son of Michael Biddulph of Market Street Lichfield, and his wife Elizabeth Skeffington, daughter of Sir William Skeffington, 1st Baronet of Fisherwick and was baptised on 6 November 1610. He was a soldier and was about to enlist in a royalist regiment in Wiltshire during the English Civil War when his family, who supported the parliamentary cause, recalled him.

In 1660, Biddulph was elected Member of Parliament for Lichfield in the Convention Parliament.

Biddulph died unmarried at the age of 55 and was buried at Stowe on 3 November 1666.

References

1610 births
1666 deaths
English MPs 1660
People from Lichfield

Michael Biddulph (died 1666)


Direct current (DC) is one-directional flow of electric charge. An electrochemical cell is a prime example of  DC power. Direct current may flow through a conductor such as a wire, but can also flow through semiconductors, insulators, or even through a vacuum as in electron or ion beams. The electric current flows in a constant direction, distinguishing it from alternating current (AC). A term formerly used for this type of current was galvanic current.

The abbreviations AC and DC are often used to mean simply alternating and direct, as when they modify current or voltage.

Direct current may be converted from an alternating current supply by use of a rectifier, which contains electronic elements (usually) or electromechanical elements (historically) that allow current to flow only in one direction. Direct current may be converted into alternating current via an inverter.

Direct current has many uses, from the charging of batteries to large power supplies for electronic systems, motors, and more. Very large quantities of electrical energy provided via direct-current  are used in smelting of aluminum and other electrochemical processes. It is also used for some railways, especially in urban areas. High-voltage direct current is used to transmit large amounts of power from remote generation sites or to interconnect alternating current power grids.

History

Direct current was produced in 1800 by Italian physicist Alessandro Volta's battery, his Voltaic pile. The nature of how current flowed was not yet understood. French physicist André-Marie Ampère conjectured that current travelled in one direction from positive to negative. When French instrument maker Hippolyte Pixii built the first dynamo electric generator in 1832, he found that as the magnet used passed the loops of wire each half turn, it caused the flow of electricity to reverse, generating an alternating current. At Ampère's suggestion, Pixii later added a commutator, a type of "switch" where contacts on the shaft work with "brush" contacts to produce direct current.

The late 1870s and early 1880s saw electricity starting to be generated at power stations. These were initially set up to power arc lighting (a popular type of street lighting) running on very high voltage (usually higher than 3000 volt) direct current or alternating current. This was followed by the widespread use of low voltage direct current for indoor electric lighting in business and homes after inventor Thomas Edison launched his incandescent bulb based electric "utility" in 1882. Because of the significant advantages of alternating current over direct current in using transformers to raise and lower voltages to allow much longer transmission distances, direct current was replaced over the next few decades by alternating current in power delivery. In the mid-1950s, high-voltage direct current transmission was developed, and is now an option instead of long-distance high voltage alternating current systems. For long distance undersea cables (e.g. between countries, such as NorNed), this DC option is the only technically feasible option. For applications requiring direct current, such as third rail power systems, alternating current is distributed to a substation, which utilizes a rectifier to convert the power to direct current.

Various definitions

The term DC is used to refer to power systems that use only one electrical polarity of voltage or current, and to refer to the constant, zero-frequency, or slowly varying local mean value of a voltage or current. For example, the voltage across a DC voltage source is constant as is the current through a direct current source. The DC solution of an electric circuit is the solution where all voltages and currents are constant. It can be shown that any stationary voltage or current waveform can be decomposed into a sum of a DC component and a zero-mean time-varying component; the DC component is defined to be the expected value, or the average value of the voltage or current over all time.

Although DC stands for "direct current", DC often refers to "constant polarity". Under this definition, DC voltages can vary in time, as seen in the raw output of a rectifier or the fluctuating voice signal on a telephone line.

Some forms of DC (such as that produced by a voltage regulator) have almost no variations in voltage, but may still have variations in output power and current.

Circuits
A direct current circuit is an electrical circuit that consists of any combination of constant voltage sources, constant current sources, and resistors. In this case, the circuit voltages and currents are independent of time. A particular circuit voltage or current does not depend on the past value of any circuit voltage or current. This implies that the system of equations that represent a DC circuit do not involve integrals or derivatives with respect to time.

If a capacitor or inductor is added to a DC circuit, the resulting circuit is not, strictly speaking, a DC circuit. However, most such circuits have a DC solution. This solution gives the circuit voltages and currents when the circuit is in DC steady state. Such a circuit is represented by a system of differential equations. The solution to these equations usually contain a time varying or transient part as well as constant or steady state part. It is this steady state part that is the DC solution. There are some circuits that do not have a DC solution. Two simple examples are a constant current source connected to a capacitor and a constant voltage source connected to an inductor.

In electronics, it is common to refer to a circuit that is powered by a DC voltage source such as a battery or the output of a DC power supply as a DC circuit even though what is meant is that the circuit is DC powered.

In a DC circuit, a power source (e.g. a battery, capacitor, etc.) has a positive and negative terminal, and likewise, the load also has a positive and negative terminal. To complete the circuit, positive charges need to flow from the power source to the load. The charges will then return to the negative terminal of the load, which will then flow back to the negative terminal of the battery, completing the circuit. If either the positive or negative terminal is disconnected, the circuit will not be complete and the charges will not flow.

In some DC circuit applications, polarity does not matter, which means you can connect positive and negative backwards and the circuit will still be complete and the load will still function normally. However, in most DC applications, polarity does matter, and connecting the circuit backwards will result in the load not working properly.

Applications

Domestic and commercial buildings

DC is commonly found in many extra-low voltage applications and some low-voltage applications, especially where these are powered by batteries or solar power systems (since both can produce only DC).

Most electronic circuits or devices require a DC power supply.

Domestic DC installations usually have different types of sockets, connectors, switches, and fixtures from those suitable for alternating current. This is mostly due to the lower voltages used, resulting in higher currents to produce the same amount of power.

It is usually important with a DC appliance to observe polarity, unless the device has a diode bridge to correct for this.

EMerge Alliance is the open industry association developing standards of DC power distribution in hybrid houses and  commercial buildings.

Automotive
Most automotive applications use DC. An automotive battery provides power for engine starting, lighting, the ignition system, the climate controls, and the infotainment system among others.  The alternator is an AC device which uses a rectifier to produce DC for battery charging.  Most highway passenger vehicles use nominally  12 V systems.  Many heavy trucks, farm equipment,  or earth moving equipment with Diesel engines use 24 volt systems. In some older vehicles, 6 V was used, such as in the original classic Volkswagen Beetle. At one point a 42 V electrical system was considered for automobiles, but this found little use. To save weight and wire, often the metal frame of the vehicle is connected to one pole of the battery and used as the return conductor in a circuit.  Often the negative pole is the chassis "ground" connection, but positive ground may be used in some wheeled or marine vehicles.
In a battery electric vehicle, there are usually two separate DC systems. The "low voltage" DC system typically operates at 12V, and serves the same purpose as in an internal combustion engine vehicle. The "high voltage" system operates at 300-400V (depending on the vehicle), and provides the power for the traction motors. Increasing the voltage for the traction motors reduces the current flowing through them, increasing efficiency.

Telecommunication
Telephone exchange communication equipment uses standard −48 V DC power supply. The negative polarity is achieved by grounding the positive terminal of power supply system and the battery bank. This is done to prevent electrolysis depositions. Telephone installations have a battery system to ensure power is maintained for subscriber lines during power interruptions.

Other devices may be powered from the telecommunications DC system using a DC-DC converter to provide any convenient voltage.

Many telephones connect to a twisted pair of wires, and use a bias tee to internally separate the AC component of the voltage between the two wires (the audio signal) from the DC component of the voltage between the two wires (used to power the phone).

High-voltage power transmission

High-voltage direct current (HVDC) electric power transmission systems use DC for the bulk transmission of electrical power, in contrast with the more common alternating current systems. For long-distance transmission, HVDC systems may be less expensive and suffer lower electrical losses.

Low voltage power transmission

Low voltage direct current (LVDC) transmission was developed by Thomas Edison back in the 1900's for Westinghouse Company. Back then, the only thing the public wanted was light using incandescent lights, which don't care about AC or DC. Thomas Edison's idea of passing low voltage over long distances ultimately failed because of resistance on the power lines. Edison tried to combat this by making the power lines thicker to reduce resistance, but there is a limitation of how thick he could make the wires before they either became too expensive or they broke under their own weight. Since resistance was such a big problem, Edison's idea of LVDC power transmission could only transmit power from a mile or two from the power source, and so Edison's LVDC idea ultimately failed.

Other
Applications using fuel cells (mixing hydrogen and oxygen together with a catalyst to produce electricity and water as byproducts) also produce only DC.

Light aircraft electrical systems are typically 12 V or 24 V DC similar to automobiles.

See also

 CCS
 DC bias
 Electric current
 High-voltage direct current power transmission.
 Neutral direct-current telegraph system
 Polarity symbols
 Solar panel

References

External links

 AC/DC: What's the Difference?  – PBS Learning Media
 DC And AC Supplies  – ITACA

Electrical engineering
Electric current
Electric power

Direct current


The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24–31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai, China. Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships.

Qualifying criteria
In January 2010, the FINA Bureau approved the swimming qualification system for the 2011 World Aquatics Championships. This represented the first time that a qualification system (including time standards) was used for the swimming portion of the world championships. Times had to be swum at a FINA approved competition/meet between March 1, 2010 and June 30, 2011. The qualification meets included continental championships in 2010 and 2011 (e.g. European Championships, Asian Games, Pan American Games); and international competitions approved by FINA in advance. All meets for the qualification were swam in 50 meters course.

The qualifying system for individual events was similar to what is employed for the Olympics. Historically, there has been a limit of 2 swimmers per country per individual event, and one relay team per country per relay event. This limitation remains; however, if a country wished to have more than one male and one female swimmer in up to 2 events each, then an athlete(s) had to meet one of two standards:
a B standard which qualifies up to one swimmer per event, or
an A standard which qualifies up to two swimmers per event, where both swimmers must meet this faster standard.

Events

The swimming competition featured races in a long course (50 m) pool in 40 events (20 for males, 20 for females; 17 individual events and 3 relays for each gender).

The evening session schedule for the 2011 World Aquatics Championships is shown below.

Note: prelims/semifinals/finals will be swum in events 200 m and shorter; prelims/finals in events 400 m or longer. For prelims/semifinals/finals events, prelims and semis will be held on the same day, with finals being the evening of the following day. For the 400 m events and the 800 m relays, prelims and finals are the same day. For the individual 800 m and 1500 m races, prelims are in the morning of one day, with finals in the evening of the next day. Preliminary sessions began at 9:00 a.m.; finals at 6:00 p.m.

Medal table

Results

Men's events

Women's events

World records
The following world records were established during the competition:

References

External links
Official website

World Championships
2011 World Aquatics Championships
Swimming at the World Aquatics Championships
Swimming in Shanghai

Swimming at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships


Léon Duguit (1859–1928) was a leading French scholar of public law (droit public). After a stint at Caen from 1882 to 1886, he was appointed to a chair of constitutional law at the University of Bordeaux in 1892, where one of his colleagues was Émile Durkheim.

Duguit's novel objectivist theory of public law, developed in amicable rivalry with his colleague Maurice Hauriou of Toulouse, was to have a lasting effect on the development of these parts of law. In Duguit's opinion, the state was not a mythical Sovereign inherently superior to all its subjects, or even a particularly powerful legal person, but merely a group of people engaged in public service, the activity constituting and legitimising the state. Although critical of notions such as sovereignty, democracy, legal personhood and even property to the extent it is not legitimised by a social purpose, he distinguished himself from Marxists by emphasizing the function of the economy for the development of the state.

Works

 L'État, le droit objectif et la loi positive.  Extracted as "Theory of Objective Law Anterior to the State" in Modern French Legal Philosophy, trans. Mrs Franklin W. Scott and Joseph P. Chamberlain (New York, Kelly, 1916;  South Hackensack NJ, Rothman,  1968), pp. 235-344
 L'État les gouvernants et les agents
 Souveraineté et liberté
 Les transformations du droit public
 Traité de droit constitutionnel

    Translated by Margaret Grandgent and Ralph W. Gifford.

References

Notes

1859 births
1928 deaths
People from Libourne
University of Bordeaux alumni
Academic staff of the University of Bordeaux
French international relations scholars
French jurists

Léon Duguit