Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape is a 1975 book about rape by Susan Brownmiller, in which the author argues that rape is "a conscious process of intimidation by which all men keep all women in a state of fear."

Summary
Brownmiller criticizes authors such as Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Sigmund Freud, Karl Marx, and Friedrich Engels for what she considers their oversights on the subject of rape. She defines rape as "a conscious process of intimidation by which all men keep all women in a state of fear". She writes that, to her knowledge, no zoologist has ever observed that animals rape in their natural habitat. Brownmiller sought to examine general belief systems that women who were raped deserved it, as discussed by Clinton Duffy and others. She discusses rape in war, challenges the Freudian concept of women's rape fantasies, and compares it to the gang lynchings of African Americans by white men. This comparison was used to show how lynching was once considered acceptable by communities, and then attitudes changed, followed by changed laws; Brownmiller hoped the same would happen with rape.

Reception
Against Our Will is credited by some with changing public outlooks and attitudes about rape. It is cited as having influenced changes in law regarding rape, such as state criminal codes that required a corroborating witness to a rape, and that permitted a defendant's lawyer to introduce evidence in court regarding a victim's prior sexual history. Mary Ellen Gale wrote in The New York Times Book Review that Against Our Will "deserves a place on the shelf next to those rare books about social problems which force us to make connections we have too long evaded, and change the way we feel about what we know." It was included in the "Women Rise" category of the New York Public Library's Books of the Century. The critic Christopher Lehmann-Haupt gave the book a mostly positive review in The New York Times, noting that Brownmiller "organized an enormous body of information into a multipurposed tool" that gave a program for modernizing rape laws while considering the treatment of rape in war overly detailed and numbing.

Others have taken a more critical view of the work. Gay scholar John Lauritsen dismissed Against Our Will, calling it "a shoddy piece of work from start to finish: ludicrously inaccurate, reactionary, dishonest, and vulgarly written." Angela Davis argued that Brownmiller disregarded the part that black women played in the anti-lynching movement and that Brownmiller's discussion of rape and race became an "unthinking partnership which borders on racism". Brownmiller's conclusions about rapists' motivations have been criticized by the anthropologist Donald Symons in The Evolution of Human Sexuality (1979), and by Randy Thornhill and Craig T. Palmer in A Natural History of Rape (2000). The historian Peter Gay wrote that Against Our Will "deserves pride of place among (rightly) indignant" feminist discussions of rape, but that Brownmiller's treatment of Sigmund Freud is unfair.

The critic Camille Paglia called Against Our Will well-meaning, but nevertheless dismissed it as an example of "the limitations of white middle-class assumptions in understanding extreme emotional states or acts." The behavioral ecologist John Alcock writes that while Brownmiller claimed that no zoologist had ever observed animals raping in their natural habitat, there was already "ample evidence" of forced copulations among animals in 1975, and that further evidence has accumulated since then.

In 2015, Time described this thesis as "startling," and called Against Our Will a "convincing and awesome portrait of men's cruelty to women."

References

External links

1975 non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Books about rape
English-language books
Feminist books
Radical feminist books
Feminism and sexuality
Second-wave feminism in the United States
Simon & Schuster books

Against Our Will


Zhaoqing University () is a public university based in the Duanzhou District of the prefecture-level city of Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province, China. It is a provincial comprehensive university that enrolls students in four-year degree programmes.

History

Zhaoqing University was established in 1970. It assists in the social and economic development in Zhaoqing and the adjacent Yunfu district, both of which have a population of over seven million.

Campuses
The university's two campuses occupy an area of 67.73 hectares and have 349,215 square meters of floor space.

Main Campus
The Main Campus is in Donggang. It is the older of the two campuses and consists of the major teaching departments, laboratories and research facilities and includes the teacher training, career education and international programmes.

Star Lake Campus
The Star Lake Campus is adjacent to Star Lake. The campus buildings surround a small artificial lake that is visible when entering through the front gate. In 2000 the only thing that could be seen from the campus were rice paddies and fish farming ponds. In the past years the surrounding area has seen much development and large multistory apartment buildings can now be seen from the complex. The campus is the centre for the adult education programme and other studies.

The Star Lake Campus was formerly an independent university named Zhaoqing Institute of Education (). It was a teaching college whose students were primarily from Guangdong Province and included a small minority from neighboring provinces. In March 2000 it merged with Xijiang University () to form the current Zhaoqing University.

The Star Lake Campus has had a sister college relationship with Anoka-Ramsey Community College in the U.S. state of Minnesota since 1994. Upon the merger of the two Chinese universities, this sister relationship has continued on with Zhaoqing University. Every year a Chinese language and culture teacher spends a full academic year at Anoka-Ramsey Community College and several American students study at Zhaoqing University.

Administration
The university has 1,049 members of staff, 675 of them are faculty members. There are 10,947 full-time and 5,347 part-time students.

Faculties and departments
The university is organized in the following faculties.
Faulty of Teacher Education
Faculty of Foreign Languages
Faculty of Politics and Law
Faculty of Economics and Management
Faculty of Pedagogy
Faculty of Mathematics and Information Sciences
Faculty of Computer Science and Software
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
Faculty of Life Sciences
Faculty of Electronic Information Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Physical Education and Health
Faculty of Fine Arts
Faculty of Music
Faculty of Tourism
Faculty of Chinese Language and Literature
Faculty of Continuing Education

References

External links
Zhaoqing University

Buildings and structures in Zhaoqing
Universities and colleges in Guangdong
Universities and colleges established in 1970

Zhaoqing University


The League of Communists or Communist League () is a Finnish Marxist-Leninist political organization. The League of Communists was founded in 14.9.2002 by the Communists who were expelled from the For Peace and Socialism - Communist Workers Party (KTP). The organization was at first known as, plainly, Communists (Kommunistit) but the name was changed to its current form during the registration process.

The dispute in the KTP arose as part of its Central Committee wished the party would join a new electoral alliance party (Forces for Change in Finland [MVS]) in which right-wing organizations were also participating. The majority led by chairman Hannu Harju did not approve of this and the Central Committee voted (18-9) against the initiative. The minority, including the Helsinki district organization, the main force behind the project, chose not to respect the decision, and it was expelled. The expelled Helsinki district later participated in the founding of the MVS. Some notable persons among the expelled were Heikki Männikkö (the party secretary), Reijo Katajaranta (the editor-in-chief of the KTP organ) and Pekka Tiainen (the 1994 presidential candidate). In 2005, the (former) Turku district organization of the KTP joined the League of Communists.
Both parties adhere to traditional orthodox Marxism-Leninism and support, for example,  North Korea as an anti-imperialist bastion. The KTP has, however, chosen not to cooperate with their former comrades who they regard as revisionist traitors. The League of Communists has had to find their allies elsewhere. The MVS was no success and after the general elections of 2003 the league has collaborated with several organizations, like the Communist Party of Finland (SKP) on whose list the League of Communists candidates stood in the elections to European Parliament in 2004. The only elected local councillor of the league, Antti Siika-Aho, stood (in 2004) as a Left Alliance candidate.

As the new organization was set in motion, a newspaper, called Kansan Ääni, was also founded. The  bimonthly paper, the editor-in-chief of which is Reijo Katajaranta, looks very similar to KTP's Työkansan Sanomat. Kansan Ääni is also published by two other organizations controlled by members of the League of Communists. These are the People's Front Against European Union (EUVKr) and Work Against War and Fascism (SFT), the latter of which was founded after World War II by former Communist resistance fighters.

Since its beginning the League of Communists has been led by Kalevi Wahrman whose board includes only men. The organization acts like a political party although it is not officially registered as one, an option which, however, has not been excluded.

See also

External links

Statement to the Brother Parties and International Communist Movement (14.6.2002)
Kansan Ääni

Workers Party of Finland
Political schisms

League of Communists (Finland)


Herbert Brook Workman (1862–1951) was a leading Methodist and secretary of the Wesleyan Methodist Secondary Schools Trust when they took over Elmfield College in 1928.

Workman was born in London and educated at Kingswood School and Owens College, Manchester. He entered the Wesleyan ministry in 1885 and served as a circuit minister in England and Scotland until 1903 when he was appointed principal of Westminster College. In 1930 he was elected president of the Wesleyan Conference.

A distinguished historian, Workman was Cole Lecturer at Vanderbilt University in Tennessee in 1916 and temporary professor of Methodist Church history at the University of Chicago in 1927. He published extensively in the field of medieval church history as well as Methodism.

Workman's nickname was "Prinny" and as he was a key figure in the closure of Elmfield College, he came in for some satire when the closure was announced: several angry teachers at Elmfield drew a satirical coat-of-arms on the blackboard in the shape of an upturned dustbin with Dr Workman's legs protruding over the motto "Prinny suncus tiperi ashes" (Booth: 40).

Publications of H.B. Workman
1886?: Persecution in the Early Church
1898 & 1912: The Church of the West in the Middle Ages
1901: The Dawn of the Reformation, Vols 1 & 2
1904: The Letters of John Hus (with Robert Martin Pope)
1906: Persecution in the Early Church: a chapter in the history of renunciation
1908: Recent Light on the New Testament
1909: A New History of Methodism (with illustrations and a bibliography by William John Townsend, George Eayrs)
1910: The Martyrs of the Early Church
1911: Christian Thought to the Reformation
1912, 1917 Methodism
1913: The Evolution Of The Monastic Ideal From The Earliest Times Down To The Coming Of The Friars
1913, 1915 The Martyrs of the Early Church
1916: The Foundation of Modern Religion: A Study in the Task and the Contribution of the Medieval Church (The Cole lectures of 1916 delivered before Vanderbilt University)
1921: The Place of Methodism in the Catholic Church
1926: John Wyclif: A study of the Medieval Church
1929: Wyclif Select English Writings (with Herbert E. Winn)
1936: John Wesley and Education by Alfred H. Body. Foreword By H.B. Workman
1960: Persecution in the Early Church

Sources
 Encyclopedia of World Methodism (1974)

Notes

1862 births
1951 deaths
English Methodist ministers
James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients
Vanderbilt University faculty
University of Chicago staff
British expatriates in the United States
19th-century English Methodist ministers
20th-century American Methodist ministers

Herbert Brook Workman


Agar ... If is a 1977 Bollywood crime thriller film directed by Esmayeel Shroff.

Plot
Bombay-based Anil Agarwal lives a very wealthy lifestyle, mostly from wealth, estate, and business inherited from his grandfather, along with his wife, Anju, and a school-going son named Jimmy. One day while at the beach a stranger named Vijay Sohni, rescues Jimmy from drowning, refuses to accept any compensation, but is invited to live in the palatial house of the Agarwals indefinitely, which he accepts. Anil's garage owner friend, Daver, cautions him against Vijay, as he has been seen making advances to Daver's wife, Suman. Anil decides to pay close attention to Vijay, and does find him getting closer and closer to Anju. He decides to ask Vijay to leave, and even gives him some money, when Daver bursts in accusing Vijay of having an affair with Suman, an argument ensues, which regresses into fisticuffs, Anil hits Vijay on his head which leads to his death. Daver disposes of the body, and both decide not to tell anyone about Vijay's disappearance. Then a letter is received in Vijay's name from a man named Ashok Saxena, demanding that he repay his loan of one lakh rupees immediately. Anil travels to Poona, finds out where Ashok lives, and pays him the amount. Thereafter, Anil starts receiving phone calls from a man named Chaman who claims that he knows everything about Vijay's disappearance. As if things were not complicated enough, another male knocks on the Anil's door one day, identifies himself as Ashok Saxena. Anil now realizes that he cannot trust anyone, and feels that he has been dragged into a web of deceit, lies and deception, from where there is no way out.

Cast
The film stars:
Amol Palekar as Anil Agarwal
Zarina Wahab as Anju Agarwal
Kader Khan as Davar
Vijayendra Ghatge as Vijay Sohni
Tun Tun as Champakali (Agarwal Housemaid)
Jagdeep as School-teacher
Roohi Berde as Suman Daver
Brahm Bhardwaj as Mr. Agarwal (Anil's Father)
Krishan Dhawan as Ashok Saxena / Bhandari
Viju Khote as Fake Police Inspector
Manmohan Krishna as Police Commissioner
Shreeram Lagoo as Ashok Saxena
Keshto Mukherjee as Chaman
Raju Shrestha as Jimmy A. Agarwal
 Kumud Tripathi as Jamunadas
 Gulshan Bawra (special appearance) the man who tells day and time
 Maqsood as inspector in the graveyard

Music

External links

1977 films
1970s Hindi-language films
Films scored by Sonik-Omi

Agar... If


Gottfrid Samuel Nikolaus Kallstenius (13 July 1861 – 26 May 1943, Nacka) was a Swedish painter.

Biography
Gottfrid Kallstenius was born at Västervik, Sweden. His brother Evald Gustaf Götrik Kallstenius  (born 1868) was a zoologist and member of the ill-fatedBjörling–Kallstenius Expedition.
After preparatory studies with Edvard Perséus, he was admitted to the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts in 1884 and graduated in 1888 after receiving two medals for his work.

In 1891, he married the painter Gerda Roosval. Shortly after, he was awarded a travel scholarship and they spent a summer in Paris, completing their educations. From there, they went to live in Le Pouldu, in Brittany, where Paul Gauguin had spent the previous summer. After about a year, they returned to Paris where he had further studies with Raphaël Collin. Eventually, they settled in the Swedish artists' colony at Grez-sur-Loing. In 1893 and 1894 they visited Italy, where he developed an interest in ornamentation and decoration.

From 1898 to 1904, for an artist's fee and a share of tuition, he taught classes in decorative art. He became a full-time teacher in 1910, after failing to receive a professorship in landscape painting. In 1912, he was appointed a Vice-Professor. During this period he abandoned his earlier Realist styles.

He performed several large works; notably, an altarpiece in Västervik and murals at the Nordstjernan building, as well as mosaics at the Konstnärshuset. Later, he did a large landscape painting for the foyer at the Royal Dramatic Theatre.

He also wrote several texts on oil painting, including Oljemåleriet, färgstoff och bindämnen (Oil Painting, Dyes and Binders, 1913), Handbok i oljemålning (Handbook of Oil Painting, 1915) and Konsten, dess väsen och betydelse (Art: Its Essence and Meaning, 1931).

Most of his later life was spent with his wife Gerda at a villa they had built in 1906 designed by the architect Gustaf E. Petterson (1887–1925). Their son,  Evald Kallstenius (1898–1957) was also a painter.

References

External links

 Biography @ the Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon
 Biography from the Nordisk Familjebok @ Project Runeberg
 More works by Kallstenius @ ArtNet

1861 births
1943 deaths
Swedish painters
Swedish landscape painters

Gottfrid Kallstenius


The Terracotta Army is the buried army of Qin Shi Huang, an ancient Chinese emperor. These ancient sculptures were built and buried over two thousand years ago near the city of Xi'an.  They were discovered in 1974 by farmers digging a well looking for underground water. Over a thousand terracotta warriors and horses have been uncovered since then. At least 6,000 more are thought to remain buried still.

According to the Chinese historian Sima Qian, Qin Shi Huang ordered this army to be built long before he became the first Emperor of all China in 221 BC. Work started when he was King of Qin in 247 BC. They were constructed to protect him in the afterlife.  He died in 210 BC. Over 700,000 workers were needed to build the underground city where he was buried. It is thought to be filled with riches and decorated beautifully. The Chinese government has no plans to uncover the underground palace.

Each terracotta warrior is made of clay. They are around 2 meters tall, with commanders in the army being the tallest. The sculptures are so detailed that it is possible to guess the age, rank and personality of each one. None of the soldiers are the same. Some carry weapons such as daggers, bows and arrows, swords, spears or axes.

Assembly line
The terracotta army figures were made in workshops. The head, arms, legs and torsos were created separately and then assembled. Studies show that eight face moulds were most likely used, and then clay was added to provide individual facial features. Once put together, features such as facial expressions were added.

It is thought their legs were made the same way that terracotta drainage pipes were made at the time. This would make it an assembly line production, with specific parts manufactured and assembled after being fired, as opposed to crafting one solid piece and subsequently firing it. In those times, each workshop had to write its name on items produced. Once they were completed, the terracotta figures were placed in the pits in precise military formation according to rank and duty.

Other websites
 UNESCO World Heritage Site page of the Terracotta Army and the Mausouleum of the Qin Emperor

References

World Heritage Sites in China
Ceramics
Afterlife
Statues
Archaeological sites in Asia
220s BC
3rd-century BC works

Terracotta Army


Mötley Crüe is an American. Heavy metal band formed in 1981 in Los Angeles, California. Nikki Sixx and Tommy Lee founded the band with ex-Quiet Riot guitarist Greg Leon. Vince Neil and Mick Mars later replaced him on lead vocals and guitar respectively. They were one of the big glam metal bands of the 1980s. What was planned to be their final show took place at the Staples Center in Los Angeles on December 31, 2015.

History
Mötley Crüe was formed at the start of 1981 by bassist Nikki Sixx and drummer Tommy Lee. At first the band consisted of vocalist-guitarist Greg Leon, bassist Nikki Sixx, and drummer Tommy Lee. After auditions they found singer Vince Neil at a party and guitar player Mick Mars through an ad in a paper. They released their first album, Too Fast For Love, in 1981. The band later got signed to a major label. The band built success over the next few years with their next three albums, Shout at the Devil, Theatre of Pain and Girls, Girls, Girls, which had hit songs like "Shout at the Devil" "Home Sweet Home" and "Girls, Girls, Girls". However, the band created some negative attention because of their use of illegal drugs, large amounts of sex with women, and how they looked, including wearing make-up and several tattoos. Nikki Sixx took an overdose of heroin in 1987 and was legally dead for two minutes before getting an adrenaline shot, making him conscious again. The band stopped using drugs and drinking shortly after and released their most popular album, Dr. Feelgood, in 1989.

They released a greatest hits album in 1991 so fans had something to listen to before they brought out a sixth album. However, the band started arguing. Vince Neil left the band in 1992 because of this. So, the band found a new singer named John Corabi, who also played guitar and wrote lyrics with the band. They released their self-titled album in 1994. It created a mixed response from fans who preferred Vince Neil as the band's singer, and did not like the music itself, which sounded less like glam rock and more like hard rock. John Corabi left in 1996 and Vince Neil came back. The band released Generation Swine in 1997, but the album created a mixed response due to the musical experiments on the album.

Tommy Lee was unhappy with Vince Neil back in the band and further arguments between band members caused Lee to leave the band, being replaced by Randy Castillo. The band released their least successful album, New Tattoo, in 2000. It sounded more like the band's 80s albums rather than the more experimental albums they released in the 90s. After the album, Randy Castillo became ill and Samantha Maloney had to drum during some of the band's concerts. Randy Castillo died in 2002, and the band did not do much for the next two years.

Mötley Crüe made a comeback with Tommy Lee in 2004, and were once again successful, touring worldwide and releasing another greatest hits album called Red, White and Crüe. They released another album of new songs in 2008 called Saints of Los Angeles. They disbanded after their last concert on December 31, 2015. They got back together in 2018.

Albums
 Too Fast for Love (November 1981)
 Shout at the Devil (September 1983)
 Theatre of Pain (July 1985)
 Girls,Girls,Girls (May 1987)
 Dr.Feelgood (September 1989)
 Mötley Crüe (March 1994)
 Generation Swine (June 1997)
New Tattoo (2000)
 Saints of Los Angeles (June 2008)

References

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Musical groups established in 1981
1981 establishments in California
American heavy metal bands
American hard rock bands
Glam metal bands

Musical groups from Los Angeles
Musical groups disestablished in 2015
2015 disestablishments in the United States
2010s disestablishments in California

Mötley Crüe


A direct entry officer, or DEO, is a commissioned officer in the British, Canadian, and Australian armies.  In the Royal Air Force, such officers are usually described as direct entrants.  A direct entry officer is normally commissioned directly from civilian status, although he can also be commissioned from lower army ranks. Most DEOs are under the age of thirty when they are commissioned.

Sources

Website

British Army recruitment
Royal Air Force

Direct entry officer


Noah's Ark, according to the book of Genesis (chapters 6–9) in the Bible, was a ship that God instructed Noah to build to save himself, his family (except his son Canaan and his wife Naamah because they refused to come aboard the ark. This event appears in the Quran, not the Christian Bible or the Jewish Torah), and every kind of animal, because God was going to destroy the Earth by bringing about a great flood. It also says that the ark rested on the highest point in the area which was Mount Ararat, in what is now Turkey.

The size of the ship was 300 by 50 by 30 ells, according to Genesis 6:14. This makes it about half the size of the ship RMS Queen Elizabeth 2, or 155.45 by 25.91, by 15.54 metres. It would have had about the same tonnage (weight) as the RMS Titanic.

There have been many recorded sightings of the ark over the years, however no physical evidence has been proven to show that the ark is currently on Mount Ararat.

Description

According to the Bible, the ark was made of gopherwood. Gopherwood is possibly the wood of a cypress tree, which was used for making ships in the Middle East. Cypress was good for making ships because it had strong wood from a large trunk and limbs. However, no one knows for sure what kind of tree gopherwood was.

The ark was 300 cubits long, and 50 cubits wide; the height was 30 cubits. For a long time people did not know exactly how much a cubit was. One day in the later years of the 19th century, archaeologists found a tunnel in Jerusalem. This tunnel had been built in the days of King Hezekiah (around 700 B.C.). At the entrance was an inscription that said the tunnel was 1200 cubits long. The archaeologist measured the tunnel and saw it was 1800 feet long (54,000 centimeters). So now, people know that the Hebrew cubit, at least in the time of King Hezekiah, was 20.4 inches (51.816 centimeters).

The shape and size of the ark were very good for floating (the ark was made to float, not for quickly going through the water). Many cargo ships are built like Noah's ark, because this design is very steady in the water.

After Noah had finished putting the ark together with the gopherwood boards, he had to make it watertight (so that water would not go inside the ark). According to the Bible, God told Noah to use pitch, a waterproof material to paint it inside and outside.

The building of the ark probably took Noah about 55–75 years, based on his age and the ages of his sons when the flood started.

Naturalist approaches
During the Renaissance, a new kind of scholarship arose. These people never questioned the literal truth of the Ark story. They began to think about it from a practical point of view. In the 15th century, Alfonso Tostada wrote about the logic of the Ark, including things such as arrangements for getting rid of dung and circulating fresh air.  The 16th-century geometrician Johannes Buteo worked out the ship's internal dimensions.  He also allowed room for Noah's grinding mills and smokeless ovens.  Later people also used his model.

By the 17th century, the Americas had been discovered and were being explored.  This led to new problems. All the species had to be spread again from one point, after the flood. The obvious answer was that man had spread over the continents after the destruction of the Tower of Babel. The different groups took animals with them. Some of the results seemed peculiar, though: why had the natives of North America taken rattlesnakes, but not horses, wondered Sir Thomas Browne in 1646? "How America abounded with Beasts of prey and noxious Animals, yet contained not in that necessary Creature, a Horse, is very strange."

Browne was among the first people to question the notion of spontaneous generation. He was a medical doctor and amateur scientist making this observation in passing.  Biblical scholars of the time such as Justus Lipsius (1547–1606) and Athanasius Kircher (c.1601–80) were also beginning to look at the Ark story more closely.  They tried to fit the Biblical account with natural historical knowledge of their time. The resulting hypotheses were important. They were a driving force behind the study of the geographical distribution of plants and animals. This kind of study became biogeography in the 18th century. Natural historians began to draw connections between climates and the animals and plants adapted to them. One important theory said that the biblical Ararat was striped with different climatic zones. When climate changed, the associated animals moved as well. Eventually they spread to repopulate the globe.

There was also the problem of an ever-expanding number of known species: for Kircher and earlier natural historians, there was little problem finding room for all known animal species in the Ark, but by the time John Ray (1627–1705) was working, just several decades after Kircher, many more had been found. Incorporating the full range of animal diversity into the Ark story was becoming increasingly difficult, and by 1700 few natural historians could see any reasons to believe in a literal interpretation of the Noah's Ark narrative.

Full-size replica
In 2011, a full-size replica of Noah's ark was built in Dordrecht in the Netherlands.

References

Old Testament

Noah's Ark


Hans Dominik (7 May 1870 – 16 December 1910) was a German colonial officer of the Schutztruppe (the German Empire's colonial forces). He was the long-time commander of the Jaunde military station in Kamerun.

Early life and career
Dominik was born in Kulm (now in Poland) and grew up in Schwedt. After finishing high school, he joined the 12th Grenadier Regiment in 1889 as a Fahnenjunker (Officer Cadet). In 1890 he was promoted to Second Lieutenant, then to First Lieutenant in 1897. In 1904 he was made Hauptmann (Captain).

Dominik became the protégé of Hauptmann Kurt von Morgen, who served in the same regiment and had undertaken two research journeys to central Cameroon in 1889 and from 1890 to 1891. When Morgen was tasked with the formation of the Kamerun Schutztruppe in 1894, Dominik was transferred to service with the Auswärtiges Amt (the German foreign ministry) as adjutant to Morgen. In Cairo, he hired Sudanese mercenaries for the new Schutztruppe and participated in the first military campaign against the Abo, northwest of the port city of Douala. In March and April 1895, several more expeditions against the Kpe at Buea, near Mount Cameroon followed. From 1896 to 1898, Dominik served as commander of Jaunde military station (present-day Yaoundé). In 1897 he was finally officially transferred to the Schutztruppe. He went on to take part in the Vute-Adamawa expedition as company leader under the leadership of the Schutztruppe'''s commander, Oltwig von Kamptz.

Adamawa Wars
Dominik returned to Germany in 1900, leaving again the next year to serve as special envoy of the government to the Kamerun colony. He was tasked with meeting Emir Djubayru of the Fulani Adamawa Emirate, who held stewardship over the territories between the Sanaga River and Lake Chad that were claimed by the German Empire. However, plans for a peaceful solution for the conflict were ruined when Hauptmann , commander of  military station, ignored orders from Governor Jesko von Puttkamer and began a military occupation of Adamawa. Von Clausbruch captured Ngaoundéré in 1901 and vanquished Emir Djubayru's troops near Garoua. Dominik took over the supreme command over the German troops in Adamawa and defeated the Fulani cavalry once again at Miskin-Maroua, thereby bringing the whole of the Adamawa Plateau under German control.

 Government representative in Kamerun

At first, Dominik was supposed to remain in northern Kamerun as the German government's representative. However, he was preliminarily recalled to Germany because of several charges against him. In 1903 he returned to his post as commander of Jaunde station, a post he kept until his death. In this capacity, he was responsible for the station's development. However, his position was not uncontested, as he faced hostility from civil servants and merchants as well as from fellow officers.

During his tenure at Jaunde, Dominik had to deal with unrest among the population. In 1909, the Maka of the upper Nyong River rebelled; Dominik crushed the unrest with the aid of Hauptmann Marschner from the Schutztruppe. He was criticised harshly for giving Maka women away as booty to loyal Cameroonian auxiliary troops. Dominik also led a massacre against a group of natives, who'd refused to cooperate with the Germans, at Nachtigal Falls. After killing the adults, he had the fifty-two children placed in baskets and thrown into the water. Overall, Dominik expressed racist views against the indigenous population."They must know that I am their master and that I am stronger, and as long as they do not believe that, they must be made to feel it, and I mean severely and pitilessly, so that rebellion will pass by them for all time."Weakened from the strains of the campaign, Hans Dominik departed for Europe. He died at sea, shortly after his promotion to Major.

 Legacy
Dominik's importance for the colony's "pacification" and his status as the longest-serving officer in the Kamerun colony as well as his ability of image cultivation—he published two widely read books concerning his activities in Africa—led to the development of a kind of Dominik myth. A monument to Dominik was built in Kribi. It was later torn down by the French and transferred to Germany, after France took control of most of Germany's former colonial empire.

Despite their apologetic character, Dominik's two publications are today a valuable source of information on the history of Cameroon and its people.

 Publications
 Kamerun. Sechs Kriegs- und Friedensjahre in deutschen Tropen (Cameroon: Six Years of War and Peace in the German Tropics). 1901.
 Vom Atlantik zum Tschadsee. Kriegs- und Forschungsfahrten in Kamerun (From the Atlantic to Lake Chad: Journeys of War and of Research in Cameroon). 1908.

 References

 Sources
 Obituary by Hans Ramsay (1910): Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27. pp. 896–898.
 Hans v. Chamier-Glisczinski (1938): Leben und Sterben um Afrika. Leipzig. pp. 1–48.
 Erich R. Petersen (1941): Hans Dominik. Kameruns großer Soldat''. Berlin (novel)

External links

1870 births
1910 deaths
German colonial people in Kamerun
German mass murderers
German murderers of children
German war crimes
Prussian Army personnel
People from Chełmno
Military personnel from the Province of Prussia
Schutztruppe personnel
White supremacists
War criminals

Hans Dominik (Schutztruppe)


Norba, an ancient town of Latium (Adjectum), Italy. It is situated 1 mile northwest of the modern town of Norma, on the western edge of the Volscian Mountains or Monti Lepini.  The town is perched above a precipitous cliff with a splendid view over the Pomptine Marshes below; the highest point stands to ca. 460 meters (over 1500 feet) above sea level.

History
Norba was a member of the Latin League of 499 BC.  It became a Roman colony in 492 BC, initially to protect the border with the Volsci, and later serving as an important fortress guarding the Pomptine Marshes. It served in 199 BC as a place of detention for the Carthaginian hostages, and was captured and destroyed by Sulla's troops during the civil wars at the end of 82 BC. By the first century AD Norba is included by Pliny the Elder on his list of extinct cities in Latium.

Archaeology
From excavations begun in 1901 it seems clear that the remains now visible on the site are entirely Roman. The well-preserved walls are in the polygonal style, over 2.5 km in circuit, and are entirely embankment walls, not standing free above the internal ground level. The walls enclose an area of approximately 38 hectares.  Remains of two towers, and of several gateways (notably the Porta Maggiore, defended by a tower), exist. The bastion at the Porta Maggiore still stands to 13 m. A square tower, referred to as "La Loggia" is also to be found along the curtain. The main gate is enormous, with jambs over 8 m in height, 4.30 m in width, and internal width of 12.8 m.  Within, the remains of several buildings, including the foundations (podia) of two temples, one dedicated to Juno Lucina, have been examined. At the foot of the cliff are the picturesque ruins of the medieval town of Ninfa, (12th-13th centuries) abandoned on account of malaria. The remains of a primitive settlement, on the other hand, have been discovered on the mountainside to the southeast, above the 13th-century abbey of Valvisciolo, where there is a succession of terraces supported by walls of rough polygonal masonry, and approached by a road similarly supported. Here a quantity of primitive pottery has been found. The necropolis of this settlement was probably the extensive one situated at Caracupa (8th-7th century BC), near the railway station of Sermoneta, which belongs also to the 8th-6th century BC, terminating thus at the precise date at which the Roman city of Norba is believed to have been established.

Additional ancient remains are to be found in the hinterland of Norba, including the polygonal masonry structure at Poggio Serrone di Bove.

References

External links
 Ferdinand Gregorovius' Walks - Norma
 Antica Norba

Roman sites in Lazio
Former populated places in Italy
Archaeological sites in Lazio
Coloniae (Roman)
Roman towns and cities in Italy
Polygonal masonry

Norba


Thomas Scott (baptised 18 October 1746 – July 29, 1824) was a judge and political figure in Upper Canada.

He was born in the parish of Kingoldrum, Angus, Scotland and studied law at Lincoln's Inn in London. He was called to the bar in 1793. In 1800, he was appointed attorney general in Upper Canada and arrived in York in 1801. He was appointed to the Executive Council for the province in 1805. He was the fourth Treasurer of the Law Society of Upper Canada from 1805 until he became Chief Justice for Upper Canada succeeding Henry Allcock and was appointed to the Executive Council in 1806.

In 1811, already suffering from ill health, Scott applied for a pension so that he could retire, but was refused. During the War of 1812, the administration sought to ensure the loyalty of its subjects by imposing martial law and, in 1814, by prosecuting those who had expressed sympathy for the enemy with treason in a series of trials at Ancaster known as the "Bloody Assize". Fifteen men were condemned to death of which eight were executed. These actions increased Scott's workload.

In 1816, Scott was finally granted a pension and retired. He was succeeded by William Dummer Powell as Chief Justice for the province.  Scott died at York (Toronto) in 1824.

 Scott Township in Ontario County, Ontario, now part of Uxbridge, was named after Scott.
 Scott Street (and Scott Lane) in the St. Lawrence neighbourhood of Toronto are also named after Thomas Scott.

References

External links
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

Chief justices of Upper Canada
1746 births
1824 deaths
Members of the Legislative Council of Upper Canada
People from Angus, Scotland
People from Old Toronto
Scottish emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario
Treasurers of the Law Society of Upper Canada
Attorneys-General of Upper Canada
Immigrants to Upper Canada
Scottish lawyers
Members of Lincoln's Inn

Thomas Scott (Canadian judge)


Far Sector is a miniseries in the DC Comics Green Lantern franchise, published from 2019 to 2021 by DC's imprint DC's Young Animal. The Green Lantern of the series is Sojourner Mullein, created by science fiction and fantasy writer N. K. Jemisin. Far Sector won the 2022 Hugo Award for "Best Graphic Story or Comic".  Far Sector also received several more award nominations: three Eisner Awards nominations, a GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Comic Book nomination, and an Ignyte Award. The series has an average critic rating of 8.7 out of 10 based on 169 reviews on the review aggregator website Comic Book Roundup.

Plot Summary
Far Sector takes place on a Dyson swarm called the City Enduring. The City is divided into several platforms. It is home to 20 billion members from three species: the winged Nah; the plant-based keh-Topli, who occasionally engage in reverent and consensual consumption of sentient species; and the @At, digital beings who can take physical form using light projectors. The three species initially lived on two separate planets until the Burnover, when they destroyed their homeworlds during a war sparked by the Cloud Kratocracy (an empire of powerful alien conquerors that the three species drove to extinction). To prevent further conflict, the three species bioengineered a virus called the Emotion Exploit to tone down their emotions. Although it limited their ability to create entertainment, the Exploit prevented them from making rash and destructive decisions. They then came together to create the City from the remains of their planets.  Since then, the three species have lived peacefully under the rule of the Trilogy Council for centuries. The Trilogy Council consists of one member of each species; they are elected by their respective species, their position is lifelong, and their power is unrestricted.

In Platform Ever Forward, a district of the City, the first murder in 500 years has occurred. An autopsy and an analysis of the suspect's stomach contents show that the victim, Stevn of the Glacier, was eaten. Sojourner "Jo" Mullein and Peace Accountant Syzn discuss the murder with the Council, consisting of the Nah Marth, the @At @Blaze-of-Glory, and the keh-Topli Averrup. They believe that the keh-Topli suspect, Meile Thorn, was under the influence of Switchoff, a drug that nullifies the Emotion Exploit. After the council meeting concludes, Jo goes to see Meile. Upon entering Meile's jail cell, Jo discovers that Meile has just been killed, and the Nah perpetrator flees the cell. Sojourner pursues the Nah, but fails to capture her.

Jo goes to Marth's home to ask him for contact information so she can speak to Stevn's family. During their meeting, Marth makes multiple romantic gestures and reveals that he and Council members in the past have taken Switchoff.

The next day, Syzn messages Jo asking her to quell an unapproved protest of over a hundred thousand people in Platform Forget Not. The protest consists of Switchoff users, who want the Exploit abolished, and counter-protestors who want Switchoff banned and the Emotion Exploit to be kept active. Jo calms down the protestors by promising to give the Council the Switchoff users' viewpoints, but Marth orders firing on the protestors in order to "keep the peace". Jo uses her powers to shield the unarmed protestors, minimizing fatalities, and chastises the Peace Division officers for their attack.

After the protest, An, Stevn's wife, signals Jo. She reveals that she organized the protest, believing her husband wouldn't have died if the keh-Topli who ate him had the opportunity to learn to regulate her emotions so Meile could have learned to control her desire safely. They demand that Jo presents their demand to the Council or the protests will continue even with the threat of being killed by the Peace Department.

The next day, Jo brings the protestors' concerns to the Council. The Council, believing that the Switchoff epidemic is out of control and knowing that murder and civil unrest have occurred the previous twelve times citizens called for an end of the Exploit, has turned their focus from preventing additional murders to preventing dissolution of the City at any cost. Jo swears that as long as she's around, she will protect the City from the violence of the Council.

A week later, the Council formally apologies for their deadly use of force and sets a date for a referendum on the Exploit. Jo searches through information about purchasing Switchoff, but the drug is purchased from throwaway companies using untraceable cryptocurrencies. Canhaz, Jo's assistant, mentions that she and many other @At have spent years mining cryptocurrency when times were rough. This leads Jo to remember her life on Earth where she joined the army and then the police force in an attempt to make the world a fairer place. A Guardian praised Jo for her commitment to justice and reporting her partner for police brutality before her firing, and offered her a position as a Green Lantern.

Jo meets with An again, who knows that the Council will likely ignore the demands of the people but the protestors will fight for change anyway. The discussion reignites Jo's concerns that she is being used by the Council to uphold the status quo instead of protecting the City's people. Jo gets a call from Averrup, who believes that Meile was not acting out of her own volition when she ate Stevn, as she was a strict vegetarian and much of Stevn's body remained.

Three days later,  Marth comes to Jo's apartment to apologize for his order and to reveal that he will resign from his position after the referendum. He also tells her that he takes Switchoff to reflect on the decisions he makes as a Councilor under the Exploit. The two talk further discuss Marth's experiences with Switchoff, then make out and have intercourse.

The morning after, Averrup calls Jo and asks her to immediately come to his location. Jo calls Syzn for backup, then she and Canhaz fly to a wholesale warehouse in Platform Ever Forward. Jo enters the building and is attacked by armor machines from the long defunct Cloud Kratocracy. The machines are piloted by Nah and keh-Topli pilots, including an unresponsive Averrup. Canhaz suspects that the pilot's bodies have been killed and taken over by @At, who can control biological beings by taking over their nervous systems. An outraged Jo destroys the machines. Canhaz detects that the @At have escaped the pilot's bodies into the City Network, the City's equivalent to the internet. Jo uses her ring to enter the City Network with Canhaz to track down the @At pilots in Atville. After exploring Atville, the two confront and capture the three suspects. When interrogated, the suspects reveal that they had little knowledge of the details behind their job. They state that they were tasked with taking over Meile's body under the request of their anonymous employer and were instructed to kill anyone using her body.

Havesh Stump replaces Averrup as the Councilor. He questions if it is proper for the emotional Jo to carry on the investigation, while Blaze-of-Glory believes that the @At suspects were being exploited by the returning Clout Kratocracy. Jo storms out of the Council meeting, accusing the Council of not taking responsibility and for not letting her do her job.  Marth apologizes for the Council's behavior and tells Jo to look up the Feelsnet.

The next day, Jo and Canhaz are at a diner. Canhaz states that due to their dependence on digital media for nutrition and currency, the @At originally voted against the Exploit. She also notes that the majority of the other two races didn't want it either, but the Nah Councilor of the time secretly applied it to the whole city. Canhaz then tells her that the Feelsnet is used for the exchange of illegal or scarce content, particularly memes made by residents of the City. Jo realizes that Switchoff users are being used as a black market commodity since they become emotional enough to produce creative content.

Jo goes to Platform Solid Ground to investigate a tip from Marth. Syzn doubts Marth's trustworthiness, and warns Jo about the risk she's taking, as Jo's ring is still low on power after the trip to Atville and Jo has refused backup. Jo flies to what appears to be a secret military facility. She knocks out a guard, takes their clothing, and sneaks into the building. She finds out that the building is a sweatshop-like facility filled with residents who are forced to take Switchoff to produce intellectual property and are collared to prevent escape.

Jo is captured by security guards after she reveals herself as the Green Lantern to fight guards forcibly giving Switchoff to a resident. Syzn meets Jo in the CEPD headquarters, asking Jo to plead "temporary emotional insanity" as an explanation for her actions, and tells her that dealing with the Switchoff facilities is too complicated to take care of before tomorrow's Exploit referendum. Jo realizes that Meile was one of the residents, and was used by Switchoff dealers after she escaped to set an example. She commands Syzn to not let the sweatshops or the murders be swept under the rug because of the Council's apathy.

Syzn allows Marth to visit Jo the next morning. With help from Canhaz and the CEPD, Jo has figured out that Marth owns the sweatshop (as well as multiple others) and is the main funder of Switchoff production. Marth explains that his ancestor was the one who imposed the Exploit, and while it served its purpose in the past, he wants to end it without disrupting the status quo so much that fortunes and power are disrupted. He is using the facilities to fund a revolution, and gave Jo the "tip" so she could investigate if the facility she entered wasn't using voluntary residents like the others. He and Averrup asked for a Green Lantern so they could use her to encourage support for the referendum. Syzn comes in to arrest Marth for trafficking and conspiracy to murder under Glory's request. Canhaz calls Jo to tell her that the Council has shut down half of the referendum voting servers, limiting the ability to vote, especially for the @At. Jo, Canhaz, and Marth enter the Council chambers to confront Glory, who has ordered the military to fire on rioters angry at their ability to vote being impeded (although they refuse to do so). Glory explains that she was waiting for the referendum since the CEPD's forces would be spread thin so she could take control of a military and use force against the biological civilians.

The chamber is suddenly rocked by an explosion. Lumir, the Council's seneshall and an anti-Exploit supporter, states that it is an antibomb (small weapons of mass destruction that release antimatter pulses) and more will go off all over the City if the referendum servers don't come back online. Since the illegal weapons are powerful enough to destroy the solar radiation-blocking shields that surround the City, Marth begs Glory to call off her coup so citizens don't resort to wiping themselves out to be free of the Exploit. Glory, certain that @At can survive the bombings, severely injures Marth and continues. Jo damages a projector, preventing Glory from being able to manifest physically to make it difficult for her to command the military. Meanwhile, An's rebel group and members of the CEPD fight the military to protect the screen generators while the digital @At prevent Glory from launching a cyberattack. Marth reveals that he used the money he made from selling Switchoff to hire the remainders of the Cloud Kratocracy as a contingency plan since he suspected Glory to be planning something.

Jo goes to fight off the Kratocracy fleet. The Widening Chasm, a City spaceship, is shooting at the City, so she damages and enters it. She meets with the captain, Marth's sister Minec. Jo asks CanHaz to broadcast their conversion to the surrounding ships, then criticizes Minec for her willingness to follow Glory's orders. Minec responds that she's only acting logically, as the situation of the City is completely out of control. Jo states that the City's problem isn't rooted in emotion, but rather the distribution of power, and fighting for order rather than justice isn't making the world a better place. Minec, agreeing with Jo, declares a ceasefire.

The servers come back online allowing voting to be completed; the referendum passes with a clear majority in favor of ending the Exploit, and the Council honors the result. Glory is imprisoned and awaiting trial for treason while Stump is forced out of the Council. Marth, being the only council member left, has his resignation postponed. New councilors will be elected within three months. Plans for the gradual transition off of the Exploit are being made. Jo and Syzn (the latter trying Switchoff for the first time) have a picnic together. When Jo returns to her apartment, CanHaz gives her a letter from her father back on Earth. Jo reminisces on her time in the City, realizing how much she loves it and wonders what her next six months assigned there will be like. The story concludes with her reciting the Green Lantern Oath.

Characters

Major
Sojourner "Jo"  Mullein: An ex-soldier and ex-cop turned Green Lantern who is assigned to the  Far Sector, the farthest of the Guardian's jurisdiction, for one year. She quit the military feeling like she wasn't doing enough to improve the world and regrets standing idly as her partner severely beat up a suspect shortly before she was removed from the police force. She is given a special Power Ring that slowly recharges on its own instead of needing to recharge with a battery. The City asked the Guardians for her aid due to growing unrest in the city. She is the only person in the City Enduring legally allowed to be exempt from the Exploit. The City's conflicts frequently remind her of those back on Earth, making her frustrated and disillusioned, but more determined to protect civilians.
Syzn "Siz" of the Cliffs, by the Streaking Ice: Peace Accountant and head of the City Enduring Peace Department (CEPD) of Platform Ever Forward. She is roommates with Jo and they once dated. She's surprised by how rational Jo is despite having emotions.
@Blaze-of-Glory: A councilor representing the @At. Her name is often shortened to Glory. She secretly conspires to take control of the City Enduring. She didn't believe the City needed a Green Lantern, and greatly resents Jo's presence.
Averrup Thorn of the Dry Season Thorns: A councilor representing the keh-Topli. He respects Jo more than the other Council members. After his death, he is succeeded by Havesh Stump.
Marth of the Sea, by the Wavering Dark, Until the Sun Falls: A councilor representing the Nah. He is romantically interested in Jo. He is described as manipulative and sentimental. He secretly planned a revolution to end the Emotion Exploit.
@ICanHazEarthStuff01: Sojourner's assistant. She is nicknamed @ICHES or Canhaz. She helps Jo get access to Earth media as well as search through and analyze data from the City Network. She enjoys cat memes. She usually is present in a physical form, but often travels in Jo's headset in a digital form.

Minor
Stevn of the Glacier: A Nah education drone administrator who becomes the first murder victim of the City Enduring in 500 years.
Meile Thorn: A keh-Topli librarian who is suspected of killing and eating Stevn. Before she can be interrogated, an unidentified Nah kills her in her jail cell. It's later revealed that a hired @At took over her body to kill Stevn, then the Nah attacked her in her jail cell to cover up her true nature behind her death.
Lumir of the Cliffs, by the Wavering Dark: Seneschal of the Council. He is in favor of ending the Exploit. During Glory's coup, he is shot by her due to attempting to incapacitate her.
An of the Glacier: Widow of Stevn and a leader of the anti-Exploit protests.
Minec of the Sea, by the Streaking Ice, Until the Sun Falls: Marth's younger and more vicious sister. She is the admiral of the City Defence Fleet, which defends against extraterrestrial threats.

References

Works by N. K. Jemisin
Hugo Award for Best Graphic Story-winning works

Far Sector


In neurobiology, a mesaxon is a pair of parallel plasma membranes of a Schwann cell. It marks the point of edge-to-edge contact by the Schwann cell encircling the axon. A single Schwann cell of the peripheral nervous system will wrap around and support only one individual axon (then myelinated; ratio of 1:1), while the oligodendrocytes found in the central nervous system can wrap around and support 5-8 axons. Thin unmyelinated axons are often bundled, with several unmyelinated axons to a single mesaxon (and several such groups to a single Schwann cell).

The outer mesaxon (Terminologia histologica: Mesaxon externum) is the connection of the outer cell membrane to the compact myelin sheath. The inner mesaxon (Terminologia histologica: Mesaxon internum) is the connection between the myelin sheath and the inner part of the cell membrane of the Schwann cell, which is directly opposite the axolemma, i.e. the cell membrane of the nerve fibre ensheathed by the Schwann cell.

References

Glial cells

Mesaxon


The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring is a 2001 fantasy epic movie directed by Peter Jackson, serving as the first part to the Lord of the Rings trilogy, which is based on J.R.R. Tolkien's book The Lord of the Rings. The film  is set in Tolkien's fantasy world of Middle-earth and tells the story of Frodo Baggins, who is a small humanlike creature known as a "hobbit". Frodo receives a powerful ring from his uncle Bilbo. The ring is sought after by its original creator, the evil Lord Sauron, who wants to use its power to conquer Middle-earth. Frodo and eight companions, who form a group known as the "Fellowship of the Ring", find themselves on a quest to the volcano Mount Doom in Sauron's territory Mordor, which is the only place where the ring can be destroyed. It was highly praised by critics and audiences, and, like its sequels, is now considered one of the best movies ever made. It got nominated for 14 Academy Awards.

Plot

The movie's prologue, narrated by the elf Lady Galadriel, explains that thousands of years ago, during the Second Age of Middle-earth, the rulers of elves, dwarves, and humans (known in Middle-earth as "Men") were given magical rings known as the "Rings of Power". But the evil Lord Sauron created the powerful One Ring in Mount Doom in his land of Mordor so he could rule all the other rings and conquer Middle-earth. An alliance of Elves and Men then defeated Sauron and his armies in Mordor, with Sauron being defeated by Isildur, a man of the kingdom Gondor. Isildur took the Ring and was corrupted by it, but the ring left him, allowing him to be killed by orcs. Thousands of years later, it was found by a hobbit, Smeagol, who kept it for centuries and became very attached to it; the ring slowly drew him mad, and turned him into the monster Gollum. However, the ring left him, too, and was found by the hobbit Bilbo Baggins, who was on an adventure when he found it.

Sixty years later, Bilbo Baggins is celebrating his 111th birthday in the Shire, a peaceful land where hobbits live. He also reunites with his old friend, the wizard Gandalf. During Bilbo's birthday party, when he is doing a speech, he pulls a prank on those attending by using the ring to disappear in front of them. Gandalf is alarmed and follows Bilbo to his house, where he finds that Bilbo is attached to it. He convinces Bilbo to leave the ring, and everything else he owns, to his nephew Frodo. Bilbo then leaves the Shire for one last adventure. Gandalf investigates the ring and discovers that it truly is the One Ring. He also learns that Gollum has revealed the location of the ring to Sauron's orcs. Gandalf returns to the Shire, warning Frodo that he must leave for the village Bree, promising to meet him there.

Frodo begins his journey with his friend and gardener, Samwise Gamgee, better known as "Sam". Meanwhile, Gandalf meets with the wizard Saruman in his fortress Isengard, but discovers Saruman has allied with Sauron. Saruman battles with Gandalf and imprisons him. As Frodo and Sam continue their journey, they are joined by two other hobbits, Merry and Pippin. The four hobbits find themselves being chased by the Nazgûl, a group of evil Men under Sauron's control who are drawn to the ring. They arrive at Bree, but Gandalf never arrives because he was imprisoned. They meet a mysterious man named "Strider", who promises to guide them to the elf land of Rivendell. However, the Nazgûl ambush the hobbits at one point. Strider rescues them and fights them off, but not before the Witch-King, the Nazgûl leader, stabs Frodo with a Morgul blade, which will slowly turn him into one of the Nazgûl if he isn't healed. Arwen, an elf and Strider's love interest, finds the group and helps Frodo to Rivendell, where the elves heal him. Gandalf escapes Isengard on a large eagle to Rivendell. Arwen's father, Lord Elrond, holds a council meeting of elves, men, dwarves, and Frodo and Gandalf. The council decides the Ring must be destroyed in Mount Doom. Frodo decides to take the Ring, accompanied by Gandalf, Sam, Merry, Pippin, elf Legolas, dwarf Gimli, Boromir of Gondor, and Strider, who is revealed to actually be Aragorn, who is meant to be the king of Gondor. The group is named the "Fellowship of the Ring". The night before the Fellowship leaves, Bilbo, who now lives in Rivendell, gives Frodo his sword, Sting, which glows blue when orcs are nearby, and a chainmail shirt made of a strong material known as "mithril".

The Fellowship journeys to the Gap of Rohan, but discover it is being watched by birds (of a species known as "Crebain") who spy for Saruman. They decide to walk through the mountain pass of Caradhras instead, but Saruman uses magic to create a storm. The Fellowship is forced to travel through the Mines of Moria, a mine which used to belong to dwarves. They find out the dwarves there are dead. They are then ambushed by a lake monster. The entrance collapses, trapping them inside. Pippin ends up accidentally awakening the orcs in the mines, leading to a battle. They also kill a cave troll during the battle. The Fellowship then begins running from the orcs, but the orcs flee when an ancient demon known as a "Balrog" awakens. Gandalf saves the Fellowship from the Balrog, but sacrifices himself in doing so.

Grieved, the Fellowship reaches Lothlórien, a place of elves. Galadriel, the queen of Lothlórien, tells Frodo that only he can complete the quest and one member of the Fellowship will try to take the Ring. Meanwhile, in Isengard, Saruman has created an army of Orc/Men hybrids known as "Uruk-hai" to find and kill the Fellowship. The Fellowship travels by river to the lawn Parth Galen, where Boromir tries to take the Ring from Frodo, as Galadriel predicted. Then, the Uruk-hai scouts, led by a Uruk-hai named "Lurtz", attack the Fellowship. Merry and Pippin distract them to protect Frodo, but are then surrounded; Boromir then comes to their rescue, but Lurtz shoots him multiple times with his bow. The Uruk-hai take Merry and Pippin as they flee. Aragorn then kills Lurtz and comforts Boromir as he dies.

Meanwhile, Frodo stands at the river by which the Fellowship traveled to Parth Galen, hesitant to continue his quest. He is motivated when remembering something Gandalf said to him in the Mines that people cannot always control what happens to them, but they can choose how to use their time. With this motivation, he gets on a canoe and begins paddling away, having made the decision to go to Mordor alone. Sam finds him and begins swimming to him, despite Frodo telling him to go back. Sam nearly drowns, but Frodo saves him and pulls him onto the canoe. Sam reminds Frodo of a promise he made to Gandalf not to leave him, and they tearfully embrace. Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli set out to save Merry and Pippin, while Frodo and Sam look towards Mordor from the mountain pass of Emyn Muil, where Frodo tells Sam he's glad he's with him. The two continue their journey.

Cast
 Elijah Wood as Frodo Baggins
 Ian McKellen as Gandalf the Grey
 Liv Tyler as Arwen
 Viggo Mortensen as Aragorn
 Sean Astin as Samwise Gamgee
 Billy Boyd as Pippin Took
 Dominic Monaghan as Merry Brandybuck
 Orlando Bloom as Legolas
 Craig Parker as Haldir
 Sean Bean as Boromir
 Ian Holm as Bilbo Baggins
 Hugo Weaving as Elrond
 Marton Csokas as Celeborn
 Cate Blanchett as Lady Galadriel
 Andy Serkis as Gollum
 Christopher Lee as Saruman the White
 Lawrence Makoare as Lurtz
 Harry Sinclair as Isildur
 Bret McKenzie as Figwit
 Peter McKenzie as Elendil

References

2001 fantasy movies
New Zealand fantasy movies
2000s American fantasy movies
Movies directed by Peter Jackson
Movies that won the Best Makeup Academy Award
Movies that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award
New Line Cinema movies
The Lord of the Rings (movie series)


Kazys Almenas (11 April 1935 – 7 October 2017) was a Lithuanian physicist, writer, essayist, and publisher. He was born in Gruzdžiai, Šiauliai County, Lithuania. Almenas wrote the novels Upė į Rytus, upė į Šiaurę (1964), Šienapjūtė (1970), Sauja skatikų (1977), and Lietingos dienos Palangoje (1988) and the collections of short stories Bėgiai (1965) and Gyvenimas tai kekė vyšnių (1967), Vaivos juosta (2014).

Almenas studied at the University of Nebraska and Northwestern University.

Almenas died on 7 October 2017 in Vilnius, Lithuania at the age of 82.

References

1935 births
2017 deaths
Lithuanian writers
Essayists
European novelists
Physicists

Kazys Almenas


Amédée Galzin (1 May 1853, Parrinet, Aveyron – 14 February 1925, Parrinet) was a French veterinarian and mycologist.

In 1878 he obtained his degree from the veterinary college in Toulouse. From 1879 to 1905, he served as a military veterinarian, becoming a knight of the Legion of Honour in 1899.

With Abbé Hubert Bourdot, he was co-author of a series of publications (11 parts, 1909 to 1925) involving Hymenomycetes native to France; all parts being published in the Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France. With Bourdot, he also wrote Heterobasidiae nondum descriptae (Descriptions of a few jelly fungi).

With Bourdot, he was the taxonomic authority of the fungi genus Oxyporus, as well as of numerous mycological species.

References

1853 births
1925 deaths
People from Aveyron
French mycologists

Amédée Galzin


Denise Galik-Furey (born December 4, 1950, Cleveland, Ohio) is an American actress who has starred on television and in film.

Career
Born in Cleveland, Ohio, Galik has starred on television series and soap operas. Her first soap opera role was in the 1980s CBS show Knots Landing as Linda Stricker from 1980 to 1981. She has also appeared in Flamingo Road as Christie Kovacs and General Hospital as Rhonda Wexler from 1992 to 1994. Denise reprised her role as Rhonda Wexler on Port Charles in 1997 and 2001. Galik's other well-known television roles are on the short-lived television series The Best of Times as Kim Sedgewick and in the 1984 miniseries V: The Final Battle as Maggie Blodgett. She has made guest appearances on television series, including Welcome Back Kotter, Rhoda, The Incredible Hulk, The Eddie Capra Mysteries, The A-Team, Knight Rider, Magnum, P.I., and Law & Order: Criminal Intent.

She has also appeared in feature films. Her first movie role was in the 1975 movie The Happy Hooker; her other films include Next Stop, Greenwich Village (1976), California Suite (1978), Oh, God! Book II (1980), Don't Answer the Phone! (1980), Deadly Games (1982), Partners (1982), Get Crazy (1983), Eye of the Tiger (1986),  and Career Opportunities (1991).

External links

1950 births
Actresses from Cleveland
American film actresses
American soap opera actresses
American television actresses
20th-century American actresses
Living people
21st-century American women

Denise Galik


Belknap is a village within the city of Johnston in Rhode Island.

On April 18, 1759, the citizens of Johnston held the first Town Meeting at Benjamin Belknap's house on Greenville Avenue in Belknap, and Abraham Belknap was appointed as the town's first Town Sergeant at the meeting. In 1771 the Baptist Meeting House in Belknap opened, and is believed to be the first place of worship in Johnston. In 1790 the Belknap School the first school in Johnston was founded.

References

Villages in Rhode Island

Belknap, Rhode Island


In human anatomy, the thigh is the area between the hip (pelvis) and the knee. Anatomically, it is part of the lower limb.

The single bone in the thigh is called the femur. This bone is very thick and strong (due to the high proportion of bone tissue), and forms a ball and socket joint at the hip, and a modified hinge joint at the knee.

Structure

Bones

The femur is the only bone in the thigh and serves as an attachment site for all muscles in the thigh. The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum in the pelvic bone forming the hip joint, while the distal part of the femur articulates with the tibia and patella forming the knee. By most measures, the femur is the strongest bone in the body. The femur is also the longest bone in the body.

The femur is categorised as a long bone and comprises a diaphysis, the shaft (or body) and two epiphyses, the lower extremity and the upper extremity of femur, that articulate with adjacent bones in the hip and knee.

Muscular compartments

In cross-section, the thigh is divided up into three separate compartments, divided by fascia, each containing muscles. These compartments use the femur as an axis and are separated by tough connective tissue membranes (or septa). Each of these compartments has its own blood and nerve supply, and contains a different group of muscles.

 Medial fascial compartment of thigh, adductor
 Posterior fascial compartment of thigh, flexion, hamstring
 Anterior fascial compartment of thigh, extension

Anterior compartment muscles of the thigh include sartorius, and the four muscles that comprise the quadriceps muscles- rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius and vastus lateralis.

Posterior compartment muscles of the thigh are the hamstring muscles, which include semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris.

Medial compartment muscles are pectineus, adductor magnus, adductor longus and adductor brevis, and also gracilis.

Because the major muscles of the thigh are the largest muscles of the body, resistance exercises (strength training) of them stimulate blood flow more than any other localized activity.

Blood supply

The arterial supply is by the femoral artery and the obturator artery. The lymphatic drainage closely follows the arterial supply and drains to the lumbar lymphatic trunks on the corresponding side, which in turn drains to the cisterna chyli.

The deep venous system of the thigh consists of the femoral vein, common femoral vein, deep femoral vein, the proximal part of the popliteal vein, and various smaller vessels; these are the site of proximal deep vein thrombosis. The perforating veins connect the deep and the superficial system, which consists of the small and great saphenous veins (the site of varicose veins).

Clinical significance
Thigh weakness can result in a positive Gowers' sign on physical examination.

Thigh injury resulting from sports, whether acute or from overuse, can mean significant incapacity to perform. Soft tissue injury can encompass sprains, strains, bruising and tendinitis.

Runner's knee (patellofemoral pain) is a direct consequence of the kneecap rubbing against the end of the thigh bone (femur). Tight hamstrings and weak thigh muscles, required to stabilize the knee, increase the risk of developing of runner's knee.

The th

Society and culture
Western societies generally tolerate clothing that displays thighs, such as short shorts and miniskirts. Beachwear and many athleisure styles often display thighs as well. Professional dress codes may require covering up bare thighs.

Many Islamic countries disapprove of or prohibit the display of thighs, especially by women.

Strategic covering or display of thighs is used in popular fashion around the world, such as thigh-high boots and zettai ryoiki.

Additional images

References

Lower limb anatomy

Thigh


Adolf Ernst of Limburg Stirum, count of Limburg Stirum, sovereign lord zu Gemen, son of Hermann Otto I of Limburg-Styrum.

Adolf Ernst inherited the immediate lordship of Gemen at the death of his father in 1644, creating the Limburg-Styrum-Gemen branch of the family. He remained lord of Gemen until his death in 1657.

He married in 1644 (Maria) Isabella countess von Vehlen und Meggen zu Raesfeld. She became regent of Gemen when Adolf Ernst was killed, until it passed to her eldest son in 1675. She died in 1692.

They had eight children:

Hermann Otto, count of Limburg Stirum and Bronckhorst, Lord zu Gemen (killed in 1704);
Gottfried Ferdinand of Limburg Stirum, who died in 1677;
Maximilian Wilhelm of Limburg Stirum, died in 1728;
Alexandrine, died in 1721;
Charlotte (born 1651, died 1699) who married in 1692 count Christoph Dietmar von Schallenberg (died 1708);
Wilhelmine (died 1722), married in 1677 count Karl Ludwig von Sinzendorf (died 1722);
Anna (died 1723) married twice. First in 1678 count Ernst Wilhelm von Bentheim (who died in 1693), then in 1701 count Johann Oxenstierna af Croneborg (died 1733); and
Adolfa Ernestine (died 1688) married in 1686 count Ferdinand Josef von Reinstein-Tattenbach (died 1712).

1657 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Adolf Ernst

Adolf Ernst of Limburg Stirum


Ralph John Assheton, 2nd Baron Clitheroe, DL (born 3 November 1929), is an English aristocrat, businessman and public official.

Biography
Lord Clitheroe was born on 3 November 1929. His father was Ralph Assheton, 1st Baron Clitheroe (1901–1984), a Conservative MP who served as Chairman of the Conservative Party from 1944 to 1946, and his mother was the Hon. Sylvia Benita Frances Hotham. His paternal grandfather was Sir Ralph Cockayne Assheton, 1st Baronet (1860–1955), and his maternal grandfather was Frederick William Hotham, 6th Baron Hotham (1863–1923).

Clitheroe attended Eton College, and served as a 2nd Lieutenant in the Life Guards from 1948 to 1949.  In 1956 he received the degree of Bachelor of Arts (BA) (later converted to Master of Arts (MA)) from Christ Church, Oxford.

He served as Deputy Chief Executive of the Rio Tinto Group, and as Chairman of RTZ Chemicals, a subsidiary of Rio Tinto. He also served as Chairman of the Yorkshire Bank from 1990 to 1999.

He became the 2nd Baron Clitheroe and 3rd Baronet on the death of his father in 1984. He was appointed to be a Deputy Lieutenant of Lancashire in 1986. He became a Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Skinners in 1955. He also served as Vice-Lord-Lieutenant of Lancashire from 1995 to 1999.

Family
Clitheroe married Juliet Hanbury on 2 May 1961. They have three children:

 Hon. Ralph Christopher Assheton (born 19 March 1962), heir apparent to the barony and baronetcy.
 Hon. John Hotham Assheton (born 12 July 1964)
 Hon. Elizabeth Jane Assheton (born 6 October 1968)

Clitheroe resides at Downham Hall.

References

Living people
1929 births
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Deputy Lieutenants of Lancashire
English businesspeople
People of Rio Tinto (corporation)
Clitheroe

Ralph Assheton, 2nd Baron Clitheroe


Seal Island is an island located in Investigator Strait off the south coast of Yorke Peninsula in the Australian state of  South Australia about  south south-west of Stenhouse Bay.  Since 1972, it has been part of the Althorpe Islands Conservation Park.

Description

Seal Island is about  south south-west of Stenhouse Bay.  It is described as an 'elevated hump' rising to a height of  with a series of 'segmented islets' at its west side.  Seal Island is reported as being best accessed via its north coast and during the 'calmest weather'.
A number of sources consider Seal Island along with the Althorpe Islands and Haystack Island to be a group of islands known as the Althorpe Islands Group.

Formation, geology and oceanography

Seal Island was formed between 7500 and 8900 years ago after sea levels rose at the start of the Holocene thereby separating Yorke Peninsula from Kangaroo Island.
Seal Island is the remains of a granite inselberg capped by a layer of Bridgewater Formation calcarenite which has been extensively eroded by the action of the sea.
Seal Island rises from a depth of  within  to its west and south shores, and within  of its east shore.

Flora and fauna

Flora

A survey carried out in 1996 reported that 10 species of plants to be present including Nitre-bush, Grey Samphire, Roundleaved Pigface, Sea Celery, Marsh Saltbush and Ruby Saltbush and Australian Hollyhocks.

Fauna

A survey carried out in 1996 reported the following vertebrate animals to be present - Black-faced cormorant, Little penguin, Sooty oystercatcher, Rock parrot, Silver gull and Fairy tern.  The 1996 survey also noted the presence of Galahs and Australian sea lions but assumed these animals were not residents of the island.  Subsequent surveys found that Australian sea lions do use the island as a haul-out area and possibly  as a rookery, while the Crested tern has been observed as being present on the island.

Protected areas status

Since 1972, the island has been part of the Althorpe Islands Conservation Park.  Since 2007, it has been a prohibited area where access is only allowed by permit in order to protect breeding population of seabirds.  Since 2012, the waters surrounding its shores are part of a sanctuary zone located within the boundaries of the Southern Spencer Gulf Marine Park.

References

Islands of South Australia
Uninhabited islands of Australia
Investigator Strait

Seal Island (Investigator Strait)


The Domain Name System Security Extensions is a set of standards that add security features to the Domain Name System. Usually, it is called DNSSec. The domain name system stores information about internet domains. With DNSSec, it is possible to verify that the data provided is really the data that holder of the domain submitted. DNSSec was developed to fight against DNS hijacking. It uses digital signatures to protect the data. There's no authentication of server or client. DNSSec does not use encryption, as this is not needed.

Domain Name System

Domain Name System Security Extensions


Hockey Club Sokil Kyiv (Ukrainian: ХК Сокіл Київ; English: Falcon Hockey Club), commonly known as Sokil Kyiv or HC Sokil, is a Ukrainian Professional Hockey League team in Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine. Their home arena is  in the city, but the team also plays out of Brovary, still within the Kyiv region.

Sokil is developed many of the country's top young hockey players, producing NHL All Stars such as Dmitri Khristich and Alexei Zhitnik, and Stanley Cup Champions Ruslan Fedotenko and Anton Babchuk.

Franchise history

1963–1973: Dynamo
The team was founded in the summer of 1963 by the Deputy Chairman of Sports of Ukraine, Adrian Miziak, under the name of Dynamo Kyiv. 1963 may be the official birth date of the team, but it was a decade earlier that a Dynamo team from Kyiv would play in the Soviet Cup, making it as far as the second round of the playoffs. The current incarnation, however, would begin its hockey operations in the second tier of Soviet ice hockey, holding its first game on 27 October 1963 against SKA Kuybyshev.

1973–1996: The Falcons
For the club's 10th anniversary in 1973, the club would drop the Dynamo name. The historical white and blue colors of the Dynamo sports society would be kept intact, but the team would adopt the name of the "Falcon", or "Sokil" in Ukrainian. Though Sokil's play would remain inconsistent throughout the 70s, the hiring of Anatoli Bogdanov as head coach in 1976 would have an immediate impact on the team's fortunes.

1996–2009: transitions
With the dissolution of the IHL, orphaned teams from the Soviet Bloc found a home in the newly formed Eastern European Hockey League. Benefiting from a lower level of competition than that of the Russian league, and new head coach Oleksandr Seukand, the team would find renewed success. Sokil would finish 1st overall in 4 of the league's 8 seasons, and become league champions in both 1998 and 1999.

Present
Following the 2008–09 season in the Russian league, the club announced they would rejoin the Belarusian Extraleague for the following year. This was a move largely attributed to the financial burdens brought on by the Russian Ice Hockey Federation's (RHF) mandate that foreign teams pay for the travel, accommodations, and meals of visiting teams. The RHF also demanded that foreign teams pay an annual fee of p. 1,500,000 (approx €35,000).

Team colours and mascot

Logo
The team's original colors as Dynamo were, hence the nickname that has held to this day ("white-blues"), white and blue. When the Sokil name was adopted, the team changed their colors to red and blue, the same colors of the Kyiv coat of arms of the time. The team would eventually return to its white and blue roots, along with the addition of a darker accent of blue, as well as black.

Jerseys
The team's original jerseys were white with horizontal blue striping. In 1973, the primary color of red was added, and the body striping was eliminated for a more contemporary look. When the sponsor's name ("Eskulap") was added briefly in 1992, the team logo was changed to a tryzub. Also, the Coca-Cola logo was added to the front of the team's jerseys for a period of time.

References

Sokil Kyiv


R. Hanina (or Hananiah) of Sepphoris (), read as Rabbi Hananiah DeTziporin; alternative Hebrew spelling: רבי חנינא דציפורי) sometimes cited merely as R. Hanina [Hananiah] or Hanina (Hananiah) II, was an Amora of the Land of Israel (in Byzantine Galilee at the time), of the fifth generation of the Amora era.

Biography
He was a disciple of Rabbi Mani II. He gradually rose to his master's level and discussed with him as a "fellow student" many halakhic questions. Eventually he moved to Sepphoris, where he became the religious head of the community; hence he is sometimes cited as Hanina of Sepphoris. When Mani also moved to Sepphoris (due to Roman persecutions in Tiberias), Hanina resigned the leadership in his favor—an act of self-abnegation extolled by the Rabbis as having few parallels. Hanina, however, did not long remain in Palestine. As the persecutions became general and intolerable, he emigrated to Babylonia, where Ashi frequently sought information from him. Hanina's family accompanied him, and were highly respected in their adopted country. There Hanina's daughter married the son of Ravina.

References

Talmud rabbis of the Land of Israel
Byzantine Jews
5th-century rabbis

Hanina of Sepphoris


Northeast India (officially North Eastern Region, NER) refers to the easternmost region of the Republic of India. When India became independent, it was split into the states that are now India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Northeast India lies to the east of Bangladesh.

It includes the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Tripura, which are called the "seven sister states", and seldom also Sikkim.

Provincial symbols of Northeast India regions

Northeast India


The Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee (DLCC) is the U.S. Democratic Party organization that works to elect Democrats to state legislatures. The committee was formed after the 1992 elections by a group of Democratic state legislators and then-DNC chair David Wilhelm.

In terms of the politics of the United States, the DLCC has a rival in the Republican State Leadership Committee (RSLC).

About
The DLCC works to win state legislative seats and chambers for Democrats. The DLCC's mission is to build and maintain winning campaign committees in all fifty states by providing campaign services through a continuing partnership with legislative leaders, professional staff, and supporters. DLCC spending priorities are focused on legislative seats and chambers where they can impact Democratic majority status.

The current chair of the DLCC is Andrea Stewart-Cousins, Majority Leader of the New York State Senate; she became chair in 2019. The committee is led in its day-to-day operations by its president, Jessica Post, a longtime Democratic campaign staffer, political operative, and field expert.

See also

History of the United States Democratic Party
Political party strength in U.S. states
Politics of the United States

References

External links
Official website

Democratic Party (United States) organizations
Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)


Climate is the variety o wather that for ordinar prevails ower time in a particular geographic place. Meisures for climate includes temperatur, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfaw, an ither meteorlogical data oot-through a year an ower time in general. Climate lippens on latitude, terrain, altitude, aspect in relation tae the sun, the praisance o watter, an mony ither variables that micht haud for the aurie in quaistion.

Climate

Climate


Mai-Lan Aquarella Morgane Chapiron (stylized as MAI LAN) is a French-Vietnamese artist. She released her first solo album Mai Lan in 2012. In 2016, she appeared on M83's album Junk, contributing with vocals on four tracks, including the single "Go!". In 2017, she released her next major work, the Vampire EP. Her next full-length album, Autopilote, debuted on 19 January 2018.

Biography
Mai Lan was born in Paris in 1982, as the daughter of visual artist Christian Chapiron, better known as Kiki Picasso. Born into a family of artists, she became a member of the collective Kourtrajmé 3.

In 2006, Mai Lan recorded five tracks for the soundtrack of French erotic comedy horror film Sheitan, directed by her brother Kim Chapiron. She contributed vocals to the tracks "Arrêt De Souffle", "Gentiment Je T'immole", "Serpent" (with Nguyen Lê), "Berceuse" (with Nguyen Lê), and "Découverte Maison" (with Nguyen Lê).

With her friend Bezem Kassan, Mai Lan created the women's fashion brand BEZEMYMAILAN.

Solo career

Debut album
On 10 September 2012, Mai Lan released her debut album, the eponymous Mai Lan, including songs in both English and French. The album was produced by Max Labarthe and released on the independent labels 3ème Bureau / Wagram Music. The album spanned two singles, "Easy" and "Les Huîtres". The video for the latter was directed by French-Chilean musician, director and actor Adan Jodorowsky, son of renowned filmmaker and author Alejandro Jodorowsky.

As written by Neil C. Yeung: "Her debut self-titled 2012 LP was a genre-smashing exercise in rap, sampling, and pop, echoing CSS, Feist, and Yelle. Produced by Max Labarthe, Mai Lan also featured French producers Nikkfurie and Orelsan on the track 'Les Huitres'."

"Technique"
On 3 June 2016, Mai Lan released her single "Technique", co-written with Max Labarthe and Nick Sylvester.
The song is "a dizzy rush of a solo track that finds fun ways to play around with the idea that we're all on the internet way too much". Mai Lan explained: "This song came to life after a running joke we used to make with Max when we were recording the album in New York. Every time we'd do something 'technical' (it was most of the time stupid stuff) we'd snap and say proudly 'technique'." The video for the song was directed by French studio PANAMÆRA.

"Haze"
On 16 November 2016, Mai Lan released her single "Haze", produced by Nick Sylvester. The song is "warped, insular synthetic pop music, and the video, from 'Technique' directors PANAMÆRA, shows Mai Lan singing in a dark room full of dry ice steam, while a mysterious orb of light revolves around her."

Mai Lan comments: "Haze is a timeless and foggy space, between life and death, where I'm attempting to reach a loved one who is no more.
I miss her presence, her love. I lost a bit of light, I'm not as strong.
Would I be more serene to know her close, watching over me?
I'm waiting for a sign."

It is the second single from the "Vampire" EP. The video for the song was directed by French studio PANAMÆRA.

"Vampire"
On 26 January 2017, Mai Lan released her single "Vampire", co-written with Anthony Gonzalez of M83 and Nick Sylvester. The song is "a big, shiny, bouncy pop song", and the video, from 'Technique' and 'Haze' directors PANAMÆRA, shows Mai Lan starring 'as the leader of a sexy vampire crew who take over an aging lounge lizard's mansion and eventually turn him into lunch.'

Mai Lan writes:

"'Vampire' is a joyful, festive threat.
In this song, I am a vampire who explains there is no way to escape and how I will devour you.
It is a trip, a kind of egosferatrip.
I always liked the narrow limit between a frightening and a funny atmosphere, that fuzzy half-smile.
We wrote this song with Anthony Gonzalez (M83) at Los Angeles, in his studio.
He sent me a demo, and I started working on the lyrics and melodies while I was in the plane. The chorus came right away, like an evidence.

The video has been directed by PANAMÆRA, I love it. I show up with my vampire-girlfriends crew, half-thug half-sex, in a weird garden party where everyone drinks this strange red liquid… I'll let you discover what happens next."

It is the third single from the "Vampire" EP.

"Vampire EP"
On 8 March 2017, Mai Lan released a new EP, "Vampire", co-written with Max Labarthe and Nick Sylvester. It features the previously released singles, 'Technique', 'Haze', and 'Vampire'. It also features two new tracks, 'Nail Polish' and 'Pas D'Amour'. As written by publication Stereogum, "'Nail Polish' is a ridiculously catchy deadpan electro-house banger, while 'Pas D'Amour' is a torchy, sincere, slow-building song sung entirely in French."

"Autopilote"
On 19 January 2018, Mai Lan released her second full-length LP "Autopilote", co-written Max Labarthe, Nick Sylvester, and M83 (Vampire).

The single 'Pumper' was featured in a television ad for Culligan Water during 2018.

Collaborations with M83
Mai Lan appeared on four tracks from French electronic music band M83, led by Anthony Gonzalez. The songs are "Bibi the Dog", "Laser Gun", "Atlantique Sud" and the single "Go!", all of them co-written by Mai Lan herself. Not only did Mai Lan reach a wider international audience, but she was also critically acclaimed for her participation on the album, with Rolling Stone stating: "It's France's best kept secret, vocalist Mai Lan, who stands tallest; on tracks like "Laser Gun" and "Atlantique Sud" she tempers the record's kitsch factor with the timeless, ghostly vocal sheen."

Mai Lan was part of the Junk worldwide tour in 2016.

Other ventures
In 2013, Mai Lan created the duo Little Freaky Things in collaboration with musician Donovans (Nicolas Nekmouche), releasing music under the label 11Heads Records. On 2013, they released the EP "Nightfall", reviewed by Billboard as "a proper house tune that looks forward while respecting the roots of its culture". Follow up was the 2014 EP "Saturne". called "a slice of delicately crafted Electro-Pop that recalls the likes of Au Revoir Simone and Annie on the vocal front, and a chilled-out Hudson Mohawke in its sonic textures".

Discography

LPs
2012: Mai Lan (3ème Bureau / Wagram Music)
2018: Autopilote
1 : Autopilote
2 : Peru
3 : Pumper. In 2019, this song was used in a commercial for Virgin Mobile.
4 : Vampire
5 : Nail polish
6 : Haze
7 : Missile
8 : Dial my number
9 : Blaze up
10 : Clermont
11 : Time to fade
12 : Technique
13 : Pas d'amour

Singles
2012: "Easy" (3ème Bureau / Wagram Music)
2016: "Technique" (GODMODE)
2016: "Haze" (Cinq7 / Wagram Music)
2017: "Vampire" (Cinq7 / Wagram Music)

EPs
2012: "Easy (Remixes)" (3ème Bureau / Wagram Music)
2013: "Les Huîtres" (3ème Bureau / Wagram Music)
2017: "Vampire EP" (Cinq7 / Wagram Music)

As featured artist

2016
 "Hammerhead" by Birdy Nam Nam featuring Mai Lan, from the album Dance or Die.
 "Go!" by M83 featuring Mai Lan, from the album Junk.
 "Bibi the Dog" by M83 featuring Mai Lan, from the album Junk.
 "Laser Gun" by M83 featuring Mai Lan, from the album Junk.
 "Atlantique Sud" by M83 featuring Mai Lan, from the album Junk.
 "Altered Love" by M83 featuring Mai Lan, from the vinyl single Go!.

2015
 "Alastor" by Jabberwocky featuring Mai Lan, from the album Lunar Lane.

2006
 "GPS sur la comète" by La Caution featuring Mai Lan, from the album Des gens revisitent La Caution.
 "Arrêt De Souffle" by Mai Lan, from the soundtrack to the film Sheitan.
 "Gentiment Je T'immole" by Mai Lan, from the soundtrack to the film Sheitan.
 "Serpent" by Nguyen Lê and Mai Lan, from the soundtrack to the film Sheitan.
 "Berceuse" by Nguyen Lê and Mai Lan, from the soundtrack to the film Sheitan.
 "Découverte Maison" by Nguyen Lê and Mai Lan, from the soundtrack to the film Sheitan.

2005
 "Personne fusible" by La Caution featuring Mai Lan, from the album Peines de Maures/Arc-en-ciel pour daltoniens.

References

1982 births
Living people
French women singer-songwriters
French singer-songwriters
French people of Vietnamese descent
21st-century French singers
21st-century French women singers

Mai Lan