A reunion dinner (,  or ; ) is held on New Year's Eve of the Chinese and Vietnamese New Years, during which family members get together to celebrate. It is often considered the most important get-together meal of the entire year.

Typical menu
The New Year's Eve dinner is very large and traditionally includes dumplings, chicken, and pork. Fish (魚, yú; Vietnamese: Con cá) is also included, but intentionally (except for Vietnam) not finished, and the remaining fish is stored overnight. The reason for this stems from a pun, as the Chinese phrase 年年有魚/餘; (nián nián yǒu yú, or "every year there is fish/leftover") is a homophone for phrases which mean "be blessed every year" or "have abundant profit every year". Similarly, a type of black hair-like algae, "fat choy"(髮菜, fǎ cài, literally "hair vegetable" in Chinese), is also featured in many dishes since its name sounds similar to "prosperity"(發財, fā cái). Hakka will serve "kiu nyuk" 扣肉 and "ngiong tiu fu" 釀豆腐. The belief is that having one will lead to the other, as the phrases sound similar to one another.

See also
 List of dining events

References

External links
Chinese New Year Reunion Dinner

Chinese culture
Vietnamese culture
Chinese New Year
Dinner
Chinese New Year foods
Dinner
Dining events

Reunion dinner


Giampietrino, probably  Giovanni Pietro Rizzoli (active 1495–1549), was a north Italian painter of the Lombard school and Leonardo's circle, succinctly characterized by S. J. Freedberg as an "exploiter of Leonardo's repertory."

Biography

Giampietrino was a productive painter of large altarpieces, Madonnas, holy women in half figure, and mythological women. For a long time, the true identity of the artist was unknown; he was only known as a so-called "Giampietrino" whose name appeared in lists of the members of Leonardo's studio. In 1929, Wilhelm Suida suggested that he could perhaps be Giovanni Battista Belmonte, since a Madonna signed with this name and dated 1509 had been associated stylistically with Giampietrino. Since then, this assumption is considered outdated, and Giampietrino is identified predominantly with Giovanni Pietro Rizzoli, who is known through documents.

Giampietrino has been regarded as a talented painter who contributed substantially to the distribution of the late style of Leonardo da Vinci. He copied many works by Leonardo, as well as leaving behind numerous capable original compositions of his own. Many of his works are preserved in multiple versions of the same subject.

Selected works

 Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum
 Mary with the Child. (attributed)
 Berlin, Gemäldegalerie
 St. Mary Magdalene in the prayer.
 St. Catharine of Alexandria
 Weeping Christ with a founder.
 The Birth Christ. (attributed)
 Budapest, Hungary Museum of Fine Arts
 Madonna and Child with Saints Jerome and Michael (1535)
 Burgos, Cathedral
 Mary Magdalene.
 Cambridge (Massachusetts), Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University Art Museum
 The Holy Family.
 Chantilly, Musée Condé
 Head of a Woman. (Fragment)
Detroit, Detroit Institute of Arts
Salvator Mundi
 Gazzada Schianno, Museo Cagnola
 The Holy Family.
 Gloucester, Highnam Court
 Mary with the Child (Madonna with the Lily). (attributed)
 Isola Bella, Collezione Borromeo
 Dido.
 Sophronia.
 Kassel, Old Master Picture Gallery
 Leda and her Children.
 Lewisburg, Bucknell University Art Gallery
 Cleopatra. around 1525
 London, Courtauld institutes Galleries
 Mary with the Child and the St. Jerome. (attributed)
 Mary with the Child (Madonna with the Lily). (attributed)
 London, National Gallery
 Christ, Carrying the Cross. around 1510 - 1530
 Salome. around 1510 - 1530
 London, Private Collections
 Salome.
 Ecce Homo.
 London, Royal Academy
 The Holy Communion.
 The Last Supper, after Leonardo da Vinci
 Madison (Wisconsin), Chazen Museum of Art, University of Wisconsin–Madison
 Lucrezia Romana. around 1525
 Milan, Collezione Brivio Sforza
 The Nymph Hegeria.
 Milan, Collezione Nembrini
 Venus and Cupid.
 Milan, Private collection
 Christ with the Crown of Thorns.
 Milan, Collezione Rob Smeets
 Mary with the Child (Madonna with the Cherries).
 Milan, Museo Bagatti Valsecchi
 Polyptych: Madonna Enthroned with Saints, Christ the Redeemer, and Christ as Salvator Mundi.
 Milan, Pinacoteca Ambrosiana
 Mary with the Child.
 The Holy Family with St. Roch
 St. John the Evangelist.
 Ecce homo.
 Milan, Pinacoteca del Castello Sforzesco
 St. Mary Magdalene
 Milan, Pinacoteca di Brera
 St. Mary Magdalene Reading.
 Paying for Mary Magdalene.
 Mary with the Child and the Lamb. (unfinished)
 Mary with the Child.
 Milan, Sant' Alessandro
 Christ at the Scourge Column.
 Morimondo, Abbazia di Santa Maria di Morimondo
 Christ, Sitting at the Grave.
 Nancy, Musée des Beaux-Arts
 Christ as Salvator Mundi.
 Neapel, Museo Nazionale di Capodimonti
 St. Mary Magdalene in Prayer.
 Mary with the child and Sts. John the Baptist and Jerome.
 New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art
 Diana the Huntress.
 Oberlin, Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College
 Cleopatra. around 1520 - 1540 (attributed)
 Ospedaletto Lodigiano, parish church
 Mary with the Child and the Sts. Jerome and John the Baptist.
 Paris, Musée National du Louvre
 The Death of Cleopatra by an Asp.
 Pavia, Curia Vescovile
 Mary with the Child and Sts. Jerome and John the Baptist.
 Pavia Civic Museums
 Magdalene
 Ponce, Museo di Arte de Ponce
 St. John the Baptist. around 1530
 Ponte Capriasca, Sant' Ambrogio
 Mary with the Child of Loretto with Sts. John the Baptist and Katharina of Alexandria.
 Portland, Oregon Portland Art Museum
 St. Mary Magdalene. c. 1521; holding jar of oil
 Prague, Sternbersky Palace
 St. Mary Magdalene
 Rome, Galleria Borghese
 Mary with the Child.
Rouen, Musée des Beaux Arts
 Penitent St. Jerome
 Seattle, Seattle Art museum
 Mary with the Child and St. John the Baptist. around 1510 - 1515
 San Francisco, Fine Arts museum
 St. Catherine of Alexandria.
 St. Petersburg, Hermitage Museum
 Mary with Child. around 1520 - 1530
 Christ with the Symbol of the Holy Trinity
 Praying St. Mary Magdalene.
 St. John the Evangelist. (attributed)
 São Paulo, Museu de Arte
 The Virgin Nursing the Child with St. John the Baptist in Adoration. around 1500 - 1520
 Turin, Galleria Sabauda
 Christ, Carrying the Cross.
 Waco, Texas, Baylor University, Armstrong-Browning Library, Kress Collection
 Christ, the Man of Sorrows. around 1540
 Washington, Howard University Gallery of Art
 St. Mary Magdalene. around 1530 (attributed)

Notes

References

 William Suida: Leonardo and His Circle, (Munich: Bruckmann) 1929.
 The Legacy of Leonardo, (Milan: Skira Editore S.p.A.), 1998.

External links
Leonardo da Vinci: anatomical drawings from the Royal Library, Windsor Castle, exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Giampietrino (see index)

Italian male painters
16th-century Italian painters
Italian Renaissance painters
1495 births
1549 deaths
Pupils and followers of Leonardo da Vinci

Giampietrino


Madurodam () is a miniature park and tourist attraction in the Scheveningen district of The Hague in the Netherlands. It is home to a range of 1:25 scale model replicas of famous Dutch landmarks, historical cities and large developments. The park was opened in 1952 and has since been visited by tens of millions of visitors. The entirety of net proceeds from the park go towards various charities in the Netherlands.

Name

Madurodam was named after George Maduro, a Dutch law student from Curaçao who fought the Nazi occupation forces, first as a lieutenant in the army and later as a member of the Dutch resistance, and who died at Dachau concentration camp in 1945. In 1946, Maduro was posthumously awarded the Medal of Knight Fourth class of the Military Order of William, the highest and oldest military decoration in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, for the valor he had demonstrated in the Battle of the Netherlands against German troops.

History

Idea for the park

Mrs B. Boon-van der Starp was a member of a foundation for the Dutch Students Sanatorium. In this sanatorium students with tuberculosis could obtain treatment, and could also study. Financial support was needed to pay for their convalescent care. Mrs Boon-van der Starp heard about Bekonscot, a miniature park in Beaconsfield, England. This park generated large profits, a large part of which was donated to a hospital in London each year.

After a meeting with Mrs Boon-van der Starp, George Maduro's parents donated the funds needed for the Madurodam project, as a memorial to their son. S.J. Bouma was appointed architect of Madurodam, and visited Bekonscot because Mrs Boon-van der Starp wanted the new park to be similar. After his visit he created a plan for Madurodam and came up with a theme: Het stadje met de glimlach ("The little city with the smile").

Mayor and city council

On 2 July 1952, the then teenage Princess Beatrix was appointed mayor of Madurodam, and was given a tour of her town. When Beatrix became Queen, she relinquished this title. After her resignation a new tradition arose: the city council would annually select a mayor from their midst. All members of the youth council are The Hague students. Every year schools from The Hague can nominate students to take part in the youth council.

The youth council members are also members of the disbursement committee at Madurodam. The disbursement committee manages charities – Madurodam has its own fund which provides financial support to institutions that organize activities for young people.

Renovations

In 2011, research showing declining public interest prompted the park management to invest in a large-scale renovation, at a cost of €8 million, in time for the park's 60th anniversary in 2012. For this purpose the park was closed to the public between November 2011 and April 2012.

The park is now divided into three themes: water, as a friend and an enemy; historical cities; and The Netherlands as an inspiration for the world. Each theme offers different activities – from light shows to mixing music. Small coin slots trigger bridges, factories or an oil tanker on fire. While aesthetic improvements have been made, the informative aspect has also been improved. Small television stands show brief video footage or in-depth information. Visitors receive chipped cards upon entry, which can be used to trigger these.

On 7 April 2012, Madurodam opened its doors to the public again. The official opening was on 21 April 2012 with former Queen Beatrix.

The park

Modelling
Every object in Madurodam has been built at a scale of 1:25. When the management decides that a specific miniature is to be made for Madurodam, the builders first research all aspects of the actual building. They research the shape, color and all other properties of that object, by analysing many pictures. After this they start making the models. A computer measures everything and sends all information to a machine that makes the physical model. The model goes to the painting room, where it gets the final look. In this painting room restorations also take place. Because most of the miniatures are outdoors, they need regular paint retouches.

Realism
Madurodam strives to show a realistic view of The Netherlands in a scaled-down environment. Everything, including flora and street decoration, is modeled to scale. Producing scaled-down trees is time-consuming. Also there are a lot of little people around the buildings. This shows the real life of the Dutch people. These "residents" also change with the weather. In the winter they wear jackets and warm clothes and in the summer they wear T-shirts. The "residents" of Madurodam have become more and more multicultural, and include some who appear to have come from other countries (immigrants), reflecting real life in The Netherlands.

Fantasitron

Fantasitron is a 3D selfie photo booth where patrons can have 3D models of themselves created by software from pictures taken in the photo booth. A third-party printing company such as Shapeways prints and ships manufactured models to patrons.

Buildings and structures
Although Madurodam is mainly a miniature city, a collection of Dutch landmarks is also found amidst the landscapes.
They include:
 Rijksmuseum
 Binnenhof (where the government is located)
 Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, The Netherlands' main international airport
 Port of Rotterdam, world's third-largest port
 Dom Tower of Utrecht
 Traditional Dutch canal houses
 Tulip fields
 Windmills
 Skyline of the city of Rotterdam, like the Erasmus bridge, Euromast, central train station, cubes houses and Unilever HQ buildings.

The Dutch court
Unlike the rest of the park, the Hof van Nederland (Dutch court) is not built as a miniature: it is life-sized. In 4 minutes the attraction explains the beginning of the Netherlands in 1572. The attraction is inspired by the Hof van Nederland in Dordrecht and was opened on 19 July 2015.

Inspiration
The park was the inspiration for Storybook Land, an attraction opened at Disneyland in 1956 and at Disneyland Paris in 1994. Additionally, it was a visit to Madurodam that inspired Fernando de Ercilla Ayestarán to promote construction of the Catalunya en Miniatura project, one of the largest miniature parks in the world, opened in Catalonia, Spain, in 1983.

References

External links

1952 establishments in the Netherlands
Amusement parks in the Netherlands
Articles containing video clips
Buildings and structures in The Hague
Culture of the Netherlands
Miniature parks
Tourist attractions in South Holland
Amusement parks opened in 1952
20th-century architecture in the Netherlands

Madurodam


Peter Stafford (1941 – July 20, 2007) was an American writer and author of the Psychedelics Encyclopedia. Stafford is also co-author with Bonnie Golightly of LSD: The Problem-solving Psychedelic, as well as other books on psychedelics.

Biography
Stafford was born in Oakland, California. He attended Reed College and graduated from the University of Washington.

In 1961, while at Reed College, Stafford experimented with the Native American sacred cactus Peyote. He moved to the East Village in New York City in 1964, where he spent the next ten years.

He was the editor of Crawdaddy! magazine from 1969 to 1970. He was a contributor to High Times.

In 1974, Stafford moved to Santa Cruz, California, with the intention of reconnecting with his father, whom he had not seen since early childhood.

Stafford died on July 20, 2007, in Santa Cruz, apparently from a complete heart block and injuries sustained falling from a ladder in his home.

Selected works
 (with B. H. Golightly) LSD: The Problem-solving Psychedelic (1967) — also called LSD In Action (1969)
Psychedelic Baby Reaches Puberty (1971).
Psychedelic Encyclopedia (And/Or Press, 1977).  — republished in 1993 by Ronin Publishing
 Magic Mushrooms (Ronin Publishing, 2003)
 Psychedelics (Ronin Publishing, 2003).

References

External links
LSD: The Problem-Solving Psychedelic - Drug Library
Psychedelics Encyclopedia - Erowid reviews
Peter Stafford Papers (ca. 1960-1971)- Columbia University Libraries

1939 births
2007 deaths
Reed College alumni
American encyclopedists
American magazine editors
Accidental deaths from falls
Writers from Oakland, California
Psychedelic drug researchers
American psychedelic drug advocates
Accidental deaths in California
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists
People from the East Village, Manhattan
Psychonautics researchers

Peter Stafford


The red-shanked douc or red-shanked douc langur (Pygathrix nemaeus) is an Old World monkey.  It is known for its colorful fur. The red-shanked douc lives in forests in Vietnam and Cambodia.

Appearance

The adult red-shanked douc is about 61–76 cm tall, and its tail is about 56–76 cm long.  It weighs about 8–11 kg. Red-shanked doucs have black hind legs that are red from knee to ankle. They have white hips, tails and forearms, and reddish yellow faces.  They have red and black stripes over their eyes.  Male red-shanked doucs have white scrotums, red penises and white patches on their bottoms.  This makes it easy for humans to tell male and female red-shanked doucs apart.

Range
The red-shanked douc lives in Vietnam and Cambodia. They live as high as 2000 m (6600 feet) up in the mountains.  They live in semi-deciduous forests and in primary and secondary rainforests. They live in the middle of to upper levels of the canopy.

Reproduction

Female red-shanked doucs are old enough to mate at 4 years.  Male red-shanked doucs are old enough to mate at 4 or 5 years.

Red-shanked doucs display before mating.  They drop their jaws, wave their eyebrows, and shake their heads at each other.  Scientists say the female red-shanked douc always makes the first move.  She lies down on a branch and looks over her shoulder at the male.  Sometimes he comes to mate with her and sometimes he does not.

The red-shanked douc breeds from August to December, and gives birth to one offspring after a gestation period of 6 to 7 months. They are born with their eyes wide open and hang on to their mothers instinctively. Between 8 and 24 months of age, the color of the fur and face changes slowly. They have adult colors at 10 months.

Sometimes, adult red-shanked doucs will feed and care for orphaned baby red-shanked doucs.

Diet
The red-shanked douc is awake during the day. It eats leaves that are high in fiber. They prefer to eat small, young and tender leaves. They moreover eat fruit like figs, buds, petioles, flowers, bamboo shoots and seeds. They eat 50 different plant species, however, no animal prey. They eat peacefully together and not quarrel over food. They are known to share food with others.

Behavior
Red-shanked doucs live in groups. They usually live in groups of 4 to 15 relatives. Each group has one or more male and about two females per male. The males tend to dominate over the females.

Red-shanked doucs cannot grasp things with their tails. They use their tails for balance instead. They use arms and legs to move through the forest. They follow the same routes. The adult males lead the group, the females and very young doucs are in the middle, and young males go last. When the doucs sense a predator or other danger, they flee very quietly through the trees. They spend most of their time eating, digesting their bulky food, sleeping and grooming each other's fur. They communicate with facial expressions and sounds. The low-pitch grow indicates threat, and short and hash distress squeal.

Threats
As reported by the most recent assessment of IUCN Red List, the red-shanked douc is critically endangered. They are listed in CITES that prohibit international trade. There is no research of the population in Indochina. In Son Tra, Vietnam, the population is approximately 1300 individuals. The most common reason is that they are hunted for substance use and traditional medicine. Moreover local people hunt for food, pets or making glue.

References

Old World monkeys
Mammals of Asia

Red-shanked douc


Old Brick Church, which is also known as Ebenezer Associate Reformed Presbyterian (ARP) Church or First Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church is a church built in 1788 about  north of Jenkinsville on SC 213 in Fairfield County, South Carolina. It was named to the National Register of Historic Places on August 19, 1971. It is one of the few 18th-century churches surviving in the South Carolina midlands.

History

In the 1770s, Presbyterian settlers from Scotland and Ireland built a log church. This was replaced by a brick church on the Little River in 1788. This church is a simple, rectangular, brick building with a gabled roof. The bricks were handmade by members of the congregation. The church has straight-back, wooden pews. There is a dais pulpit against the east wall that is three steps above floor level. The dais has a bible stand and has rails on the two sides. On the west end, there is a slave gallery. In 1852, a stone wall was built around the church and cemetery.

Pastors of the church include James Rogers (1791–1830), James Boyce (1832–1843), Thomas Ketchin (1844–1852), C.B. Betts (1855–1869), Allen Grier Kirkpatrick (1896–1899).

On May 9, 1803, the church was used for a meeting of ministers and church elders that resulted in the formation of the Associate Reformed Synod of the Carolinas. Although not the first Associate Reformed Church in South Carolina, Old Brick Church is considered the "mother church" or "birthplace" of the ARP Church in South Carolina.

The church grew in the period of before the Civil War. But many of its male congregants enlisted in the Confederate Army once war began in 1861. Several are buried in the church graveyard. During the war, Union Army soldiers used part of the floor to reconstruct a bridge over the Little River. There is a pencilled apology on an interior wall that was left by soldier "Citizens of this community: Please excuse us for defacing your house of worship, so much. It was absolutely necessary to effect a crossing over the creek, the Rebs had destroyed the bridge. A Yankee."

After the war, the church congregation shrank. After Rev. Betts resigned in 1869, the church had infrequent supply pastors, but it eventually disappeared from the Presbytery rolls. In the 1891, the church was revived by Rev. A. G. Kirkpatrick, who was pastor in another church. In 1893, it was reorganized on August 25, 1893. In 1896, Kirkpatrick became its pastor.

In the 1920s, the congregation moved to a new building. Old Brick Church is used for special services. Although it does not have an active congregation, the Catawba Presbytery of the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church put Old Brick Church back on the rolls as a house of worship in 1973. In 2007, the Old Brick Church Commission was appointed to care for the church and its cemetery.

Historical Marker
The site was made a historical marker in 1962 by Fairfield County Chamber of Commerce.  The historical marker is located near Jenkinsville Fairfield County South Carolina on Monjicono Road.  The historical marker sets a point in history where religion was brought to the area and represents an important place during the American Civil War. The marker is also a record of time which the rock wall was added in 1852

References

External links

Old Brick Church of Fairfield County SC at Roots & Recall

Churches in Fairfield County, South Carolina
Presbyterian churches in South Carolina
18th-century Presbyterian church buildings in the United States
Churches completed in 1788
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Fairfield County, South Carolina
1788 establishments in South Carolina
Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church
Irish-American culture in South Carolina
Scottish-American culture in South Carolina
Historic American Buildings Survey in South Carolina
Brick buildings and structures

Old Brick Church (Fairfield County, South Carolina)


The Greeks Had a Word for Them (also known as Three Broadway Girls) is a 1932 American pre-Code comedy film directed by Lowell Sherman, produced by Samuel Goldwyn, and released by United Artists. It stars Ina Claire, Joan Blondell, and Madge Evans and is based on the play The Greeks Had a Word for It by Zoe Akins. The studio originally wanted actress Jean Harlow for the lead after her success in Public Enemy (1931), but she was under contract to Howard Hughes, and he refused to loan her out. The film served as inspiration for films such as Three Blind Mice (1938), Moon Over Miami (1941), and How to Marry a Millionaire (1953). Ladies in Love (1936) also has a similar pattern and was produced like "Three Blind Mice" by Darryl F. Zanuck.

Plot
Jean (Ina Claire), Polaire (Madge Evans), and Schatzi (Joan Blondell) are former showgirls who put their money together in order to rent a luxurious penthouse apartment. Jean is on her way back from France after a failed engagement which left her penniless. She manipulates a fellow male ship passenger into paying her dining bill, claiming that she can't find her checkbook. After she's home the girls scheme to get Jean engaged again, Jean suggests an old flame named Pops (whom the audience never sees), but she is surprised to find that Schatzi is now engaged to him. Polaire loans Jean her "bad dime" bracelet which has brought her good luck (the dime has a hole in it). Polaire phones Dey Emery (David Manners) to arrange a party for that night and asks him to set Jean up with a date for the evening. Later at a nightclub, Dey introduces Jean to pianist Boris Feldman (Lowell Sherman), but she doesn't like him. Boris bets Jean that he can make her fall in love with him just by playing the piano for her, $5,000 if she doesn't fall in love with him, "everything" if she does.

Later that night the group go to Boris' apartment where Polaire plays piano and Boris falls in love with her, forgetting the arrangement he made with Jean. He proposes to make Polaire his protégé, and she agrees to come back to his apartment in ten minutes after she gets her things. Meanwhile, Jean has taken off her dress, put on her coat and hides upstairs until Polaire leaves. She schemes to make Boris her own by seducing him. Polaire returns after ten minutes but it is too late, Boris is too busy to answer the door. After leaving Boris' apartment, Polaire is involved in a bad car accident when her taxi driver collides with a milk truck, and she is hospitalized.

Some time passes, Boris is upset that Jean slept through his concert performance and she breaks it off with him, telling him she sleeps when she wants to. Later Schatzi runs into Jean at a salon, Dey and Jean have been seeing each other and he arrives to pick her up. Schatzi pulls Dey into another room and tells him about Polaire's car accident and he goes to her hospital room and they reunite.

Schatzi discovers that her fiance, Pops, has died. Schatzi and Polaire go to Pops' will reading and discover that Jean is also there dressed head to toe in mourning clothes and feigns grief. The lawyer plays a recording of Pops' own voice recognizing Schatzi as his heiress and warning that Jean may be scheming for his assets.

Later, Schatzi and Polaire are living in a fancy hotel when Jean phones saying she will visit at 3 o'clock. Polaire hires the hotel waiter to be their butler for only a half hour at 3 o'clock. Jean doesn't fall for it. Dey phones Polaire to say he and his father are coming over to meet her, she asks Jean to leave but she refuses. Jean hides her gloves under a pillow but Polaire is wise to it and makes sure she leaves with all her things so she doesn't need to stop by while Dey and his father are there. Jean tries to give Polaire her pearls but she refuses to accept them, Jean puts them in Polaire's coat pocket anyway. Dey arrives to take Polaire to meet his father but Jean rushes to the Emery residence to scheme for a husband, and accuses Polaire of stealing her pearls. Dey's father insists that his son call off his wedding to Polaire, and the father gets engaged to Jean.

Schatzi and Polaire arrive at Jean's wedding and Jean finally returns the bad dime bracelet to Polaire. The two girls discover that Jean now has a million dollars, they get Jean drunk and convince her to run off with them to Paris instead of getting married. Dey follows the three girls and catches up with them before their ship sails, and he and Polaire are reunited.

Cast
 Joan Blondell as Schatzi
 Madge Evans as Polaire
 Ina Claire as Jean Lawrence
 David Manners as Dey Emery
 Lowell Sherman as Boris Feldman
 Phillips Smalley as Justin Emery
 Sidney Bracey as the waiter
 Ward Bond as taxi driver

Production
This film was one of only three films that Coco Chanel designed costumes for, the other two were Palmy Days and Tonight or Never. Chanel designed thirty outfits for the film, including Ina Claire's beach pajamas.

See also
 Pre-Code sex films

References

External links

1932 films
1932 comedy films
American black-and-white films
American comedy films
American films based on plays
Films directed by Lowell Sherman
Films scored by Alfred Newman
Samuel Goldwyn Productions films
United Artists films
Articles containing video clips
1930s American films

The Greeks Had a Word for Them


Zawyat Razin (; ), formerly Shubra al-Laun () and Ibshāda (; ) known in Antiquity as Nikiû, Nikiou or Nikious (, , , ), is a city in the Monufia Governorate, Egypt.

The region hosted the famous Fort Nikiou which was built by Emperor Trajan. The city witnessed the Battle of Nikiou between the Rashidun Caliphate and Byzantine Empire in May of 646.

The city has an old Christian tradition: the Holy Family is believed to have stayed here for a week during their Flight into Egypt and the first church was built here as far back as the 3rd century.

Etymology
D.Meeks proposed an Egyptian origin for Nikiou, based a Shoshenqid donation stele in the Western Delta mentioning a Libyan settlement of Pr-Niȝk. This might have been transcribed into Greek as Νικίου. However, a more likely origin is Hellenic, with the toponym Νικίου πολίς likely being formed from the anthroponym Nikias. Nikias could have been the name of the lieutenant of Chabrias, who also gave his name to the "village of Nikias" on the road between Alexandria and Catabathmos, as mentioned by Strabo.

History
The alternative name of the city could be Prosopis (), although some believe than in spite of the common practice of naming Greek provinces after their metropolis (e.g., Boubastis for the Boubastite nome), the city of Prosopis appears to have never actually existed. It is only mentioned in very late sources that reflect distorted traditions. There is a reference to a city (polis) named Prosôpis in the epitomes of Herodian's "De Prosodia Catholica," which can also be found in the "Ethnikon" by Stephanus of Byzantium, both of which were likely derived from a common source. This is likely a result of confusion stemming from earlier literary traditions. Herodotus, Thucydides, and Diodorus mention an "island of Prosôpitis," corresponding to the territory between the Canopic branch and the lower part of the Sebennytic branch of the Nile, before the creation of the Prosôpitis nome, but they do not mention a city called Prosôpis. Instead, all sources agree that Nikiou served as the metropolis of the nome.

Very little information has come down to us about the public activity in the city. However, the few indications found in papyrus records suggest that it possessed institutions characteristic of Ptolemaic, then Imperial and Byzantine Egypt, likely in line with its role as the metropolis of the Prosôpite nome. For example, a land lease contract from the 4th century AD specifically mentions that the metropolis had counselors (βουλευταὶ τῆς Νικιωτῶν πό[λεως]). Additionally, an older stele from Kūm Abū Billū reveals through its epitaph that "Sarapiôn, son of Sarapiôn, former gymnasiarch of two gymnasia in Nikiou." This indicates that the city had two gymnasia and civil structures from the Imperial era. The stele of Sarapiôn is particularly interesting as it further supports the hypothesis of Nikiou's location at Zāwiyat Razīn, given its stylistic connection to the nearby necropolis of Térénouthis, which is only a few kilometers away.

Notable people
 Menas of Egypt, an Egyptian saint and martyr
 John of Nikiû, an Egyptian Coptic bishop
 Aristomachus, a Byzantine official
 Pope John II (III) of Alexandria

References

Populated places in Monufia Governorate

Zawyat Razin


"Eve of Destruction" is a protest song written by P. F. Sloan in mid-1965. Several artists have recorded it, but the most popular recording was by Barry McGuire.

The song references social issues of its period, including the Vietnam War, the draft (conscription), the threat of nuclear war, the Civil Rights Movement, turmoil in the Middle East, and the American space program.

The American media helped popularize the song by using it as an example of everything that was wrong with the youth of that time. Due to its controversial lyrics, some American radio stations, "claiming it was an aid to the enemy in Vietnam", banned the song. It was also banned by some British radio stations.

Background
The song was offered to the Byrds as a Dylanesque potential single, but they rejected it. The Turtles, another L.A. group, recorded a version instead. The Turtles version was issued as a track on their October 1965 debut album It Ain't Me Babe, shortly after McGuire's version was cut and released in July 1965. The Turtles version was later released as a single in 1970 and hit #100 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Lyrical references
 "You're old enough to kill, but not for votin refers to the United States law requiring registration for the draft at age 18, while the minimum voting age (in all but four states) was 21, until a Constitutional amendment changed it to 18 in July 1971.
 "And even the Jordan River has bodies floatin refers to The War over Water.
 "If the button is pushed, there's no runnin' away." refers to the threat of a nuclear war at any moment and the resulting damage.
 The song's mention of Selma, Alabama, pertains to the Selma to Montgomery marches and "Bloody Sunday" in March 1965. (The Jan and Dean version substitutes "Watts, California" in the lyrics, in apparent reference to the Watts riots.)
 "You may leave here for four days in space, but when you return it's the same old place" refers to the June 1965 mission of Gemini 4, which lasted just over four days.
 "The pounding of the drums the pride and disgrace" refers to the JFK assassination and the marching band as his casket was carried to Arlington cemetery.
 "Hate your next door neighbor but don't forget to say grace" refers to simple hypocrisy, according to Sloan.

Barry McGuire version
McGuire's recording was made between July 12 and July 15, 1965, and released by Dunhill Records. The accompanying musicians were top-tier Los Angeles session players: P. F. Sloan on guitar, Hal Blaine (of the Wrecking Crew) on drums, and Larry Knechtel on bass guitar. The vocal track was thrown on as a rough mix and was not intended to be the final version, but a copy of the recording "leaked" out to a disc jockey, who began playing it. The song was an instant hit, and as a result, the more polished vocal track that was at first envisioned was never recorded.

McGuire recalled in later years that "Eve of Destruction" had been recorded in one take on a Tuesday morning, reading lyrics scrawled on a crumpled piece of paper. The following Monday morning he got a phone call from the record company at 7:00 a.m., telling him to turn on the radio — his song was playing. McGuire's single hit #1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and #3 on the UK Singles Chart in September 1965.

Reception
In the first week of its release, the single was at No. 103 on the Billboard charts. By August 12 Dunhill released the LP, Eve of Destruction. It reached its peak of #37 on the Billboard album chart during the week ending September 25. That same day the single went to #1 on the chart, and repeated the feat on the Cashbox chart, where it had debuted at No. 30. McGuire would never again break into the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100. It went to #1 in Norway for two weeks.

Chart history

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Controversy, parodies, and response songs
In addition to its being banned in some parts of the U.S., it was also banned by Radio Scotland. It was placed on a "restricted list" by the BBC, and could not be played on "general entertainment programmes". It was however featured on Top of the Pops on television one week while in the Top 10.

A group called The Spokesmen released a partial parody and answer record entitled "The Dawn of Correction". This became a Top 40 hit. Singer Tony Mammarella also released a positive answer song titled "Eve of Tomorrow". That song did not make the pop charts. A few months later, Green Beret medic SSgt. Barry Sadler released the patriotic "Ballad of the Green Berets". Johnny Sea's 1966 spoken word recording, "Day For Decision", was also a response to the song, and was also a Top 40 hit. In addition the British musician Alan Klein wrote and performed a parody and attack on folk-singers such as Donovan and Bob Dylan entitled "Age of Corruption", using the same melody as Sloan's song, on his album Well at Least It's British.

In popular culture

The Temptations' song "Ball of Confusion (That's What the World Is Today)" mentions the song title.

The song is prominently featured in the second season episode of The Greatest American Hero, entitled "Operation Spoilsport". The song is played during the fourth-season finale of The A-Team, "The Sound of Thunder".

The song, like many other popular songs of the day, gave its name to a gun truck used by United States Army Transportation Corps forces during the Vietnam War. The truck is on display at the U.S. Army Transportation Museum and is believed to be the only surviving example of a Vietnam-era gun truck.

The song is featured in the soundtrack of Mafia III.

The song is played in its entirety in the Italian film Rose Island from 2020.

See also
Civil rights movement in popular culture
List of anti-war songs

References

External links
MerseySide itunes link
Barry McGuire Homepage

1965 singles
1965 songs
Anti-war songs
Barry McGuire songs
The Screaming Jets songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Cashbox number-one singles
Dunhill Records singles
RCA Victor singles
Jan and Dean songs
Number-one singles in Norway
Protest songs
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
Song recordings produced by Lou Adler
Songs about nuclear war and weapons
Songs against racism and xenophobia
Songs of the Vietnam War
Songs written by P. F. Sloan
The Turtles songs

Eve of Destruction (song)


A presenter, or host / hostess, is a person who guides or introduces an event, especially on television.

A similar term is master of ceremonies (MC, emcee, or host). The main use of the term 'presenter' is on television, where the presenter introduces other speakers, and introduces program sections. The role is similar to narrator, who talks over visuals ("voice over")  or plays a main role in the program. A presenter does not have to be an expert on the content of the program, but a narrator or commentatior is often an expert.

Television presenter
A television presenter is a person who introduces or hosts television programmes.  It is common for minor celebrities to do this. There are also many people whose main job is presenting. This is very common with children's television series. One example of this is Mister Rogers.

Some presenters may also be an actor, model, singer, comedian or other profession.  Others may be experts on certain things. These include scientists or politicians They work as presenters for a programme about what they are an expert at. For instance, Carl Sagan, an astronomer was the host of Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, a television series that dealt understanding the universe. Some television presenters are celebrities who have made their name in one area and use their fame to work in other areas.  Examples of this include British comedian Michael Palin who now presents programmes about travel (such as Around the World in 80 Days), and Alan Alda, who has presented Scientific American Frontiers.

The term is also used in other countries, such as Ireland.  In the United States, the term host or MC (Master of Ceremonies) is commonly used.

News presenter
A news presenter (also called an anchor, news anchor or newscaster) is a person who presents news during a news program. The program can be on television, on the radio or on the Internet. A news presenter, or anchor, puts together the entire program. This may include writing, selecting, and reading stories on the air. The job of an anchor is often more improvised than scripted. This is especially true during breaking news (when events are happening quickly). They have to coordinate other reporters, interviews and behind-the-scenes events as they happen. They must also deal with technical difficulties and keep the broadcast going.

Other presenters
There are presenters for many types of things. These include:
 Radio presenter: A radio presenter (or radio personality) is similar to a television presenter, except that they present radio programs instead of television programs.
 Sports presenter: A presenter introduces the programme, but a sports commentator is an expert role: it must be done by someone with detailed knowledge of the sport.
 Weather presenter: A weather presenter  is a type of journalist on television who presents weather forecasts. He or she does not compose the weather report: they present the work of people who the viewer never gets to see.

References

Entertainment occupations

Presenter


Fitz and the Tantrums are an American indie pop and neo soul band from Los Angeles, California, that formed in 2008. The band consists of Michael Fitzpatrick (lead vocals), Noelle Scaggs (co-lead vocals and percussion), James King (saxophone, flute, keyboard, percussion and guitar), Joseph Karnes (bass guitar), Jeremy Ruzumna (keyboards) and John Wicks (drums and percussion) who left the band in 2022 to teach at University of Montana. Their debut studio album, Pickin' Up the Pieces, was released in August 2010 on indie label Dangerbird Records and received critical acclaim. It reached no. 1 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart. The band signed to their current label Elektra Records in early 2013 and went on to release their second LP, More Than Just a Dream, the same year. Their self-titled third album was released in 2016, which contains their most notable song, "HandClap". Their fourth studio album, All the Feels, was released in 2019. Their fifth studio album, Let Yourself Free, was released in 2022.

History

Early history
Fitz and the Tantrums was founded by Michael Fitzpatrick in 2008. Having purchased an old Conn electronic organ, he was inspired to write the song "Breakin' the Chains of Love" that same night. He contacted his college friend, saxophonist James King, who recommended singer Noelle Scaggs and drummer John Wicks. In turn, King brought in bassist Joseph Karnes and keyboardist Jeremy Ruzumna. According to Fitzpatrick, the band immediately clicked. He has said, "It was literally like five phone calls, one rehearsal, and we could have played a show that night." The band performed their first show at Hotel Café in Hollywood, in December 2008, which Fitzpatrick booked one week after their first rehearsal. In interviews, he has stated the importance of booking a date before the band was ready, in order to bring out the best in all performers. During the first half of 2009, they performed at several clubs in Los Angeles, including The Viper Room and Spaceland. Before Joseph Karnes was brought into the band, the previous bassist, Ethan Phillips was with the band for the first EP, and a part of their first album, "Pickin' Up The Pieces".

The band recorded their debut EP, Songs for a Breakup, Vol. 1, during the first half of 2009 at Fitzpatrick's home in Los Angeles. The EP was first released on August 11, 2009, through Canyon Productions. In September 2009 they toured with Hepcat and Flogging Molly. In November 2009 the band opened eight concerts on the Maroon 5's Back to School Tour. Their appearance was on short notice, after previously scheduled opener K'naan cancelled due to fatigue in late October. According to Fitzpatrick, "Adam Levine from Maroon 5 was in New York to get a tattoo, and his favorite tattoo artist had downloaded the record after hearing us on the radio. He told Adam, 'you gotta hear this band.' A week and a half later, we're opening for Maroon 5 on their college tour." In December 2009 the band shot the official music video for their first single, "Breakin' the Chains of Love", which was directed by Joshua Leonard. It features Fitzpatrick and Scaggs in a moving and rotating bed.

Pickin' Up the Pieces

In March 2010 Fitz and the Tantrums played at the SXSW festival in Austin, Texas. On April 15, 2010, they opened for ska band The Specials on their North American reunion tour at Club Nokia in Los Angeles. On April 26, 2010, Dangerbird Records announced that they had signed Fitz and the Tantrums. Their first full-length album, Pickin' Up the Pieces, was released on August 24, 2010. Producer Chris Seefried was also a co-writer on the album. In October 2010, Daryl Hall invited the band to perform on his web-series Live from Daryl's House. They played a seven-song set including four Fitz and the Tantrums songs, early Hall song "Girl I Love You", "Perkiomen" and finishing with "Sara Smile". "I walked back into the kitchen of his big old house in upstate New York, and his mother was there," recalled Fitzpatrick. "She said, 'Fitz, come over here. You sound just like my son!'"
The band performed the songs "MoneyGrabber" and "Don't Gotta Work It Out" on ABC's Jimmy Kimmel Live! in Los Angeles on January 12, 2011. On February 28 they performed "MoneyGrabber" on TBS' Conan, and on April 5 on NBC's The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. In 2011 the band announced a U.S. and international tour with April Smith and the Great Picture Show. In the fall of 2011, they made their first appearance at Austin City Limits Music Festival. On Friday, February 3, 2012, they performed "Don't Gotta Work It Out" on NBC's Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, episode 581, taped for broadcast at the Hilbert Circle Theatre in Indianapolis. They performed a free show at Thursday at the Square in Buffalo, New York, on June 14, 2012, and at the Basilica Block Party in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on July 7, 2012.

More Than Just a Dream

The band's second LP, More Than Just a Dream, was released May 7, 2013, on Elektra Records. It was produced by Tony Hoffer. The album features the lead single "Out of My League", which reached number one on Billboard's Alternative Songs chart on September 30, 2013. A French version of "Out of My League" was also released and played on Canadian radio. This version has most of the verses sung in French, while the chorus remains in English. The second single from More Than Just a Dream, "The Walker", also reached number one on the Billboard Alternative songs chart. In October 2014 Fitz and the Tantrums returned to the Austin City Limits Music Festival and played both weekends of the expanded festival.

Fitz and the Tantrums

In March 2016, the band released the lead single, "HandClap", off their self-titled album. The album was released on June 10, 2016, and was supported by the 2016 Get Right Back Summer Tour. In July 2016 Fitz and the Tantrums performed at Slossfest in Birmingham, Alabama. The band supported OneRepublic on the 2017 Honda Civic Tour which began on July 7, 2017.

All the Feels

On March 20, 2019, the band released the single "123456" from their fourth studio album. The second single, "Don't Ever Let Em", was released on April 17 of the same year, followed by "I Need Help!" on May 3, and then the title track of the album, "All the Feels" on June 28.

The album, All the Feels, consists of 17 songs and was released on September 20, 2019, through Elektra Records.

Let Yourself Free

On June 10, 2022, the band released the single "Sway" through Elektra Records. This was followed by the single "Moneymaker" on September 27, 2022, along with the announcement of their fifth studio album Let Yourself Free, which was released on November 11, 2022.

Musical style
Fitzpatrick has said that the band's musical style can be fairly described as "soul-influenced indie pop." He said that while the band is influenced by the classic songs of the Motown and Stax record labels, the band is not trying to create an exact replica of that music. In another interview, Fitzpatrick talked about his decision not to use guitars in the band. "I did want to try and make a big sounding record without guitars," he said. "For me, I just feel like in any music that has a band, the guitar is always there, it's always featured, it's always prevalent. I'm just sick of hearing it."

Critical reception
Los Angeles Times music critic Ann Powers wrote, "Fitz & the Tantrums is the kind of band that communicates best in concert, but this album serves as a fine proxy and party-starter." Aly Comingore of the Santa Barbara Independent wrote that the band members craft "soulful, nostalgia pop that's not only infectious, but just fresh enough to make it stand apart from its predecessors." The band was heralded as a "band to watch" in an April 2011 profile in Rolling Stone. In June 2011, Vogue named Fitz and the Tantrums the "Hardest-Working Band" of the 2011 summer festival circuit. "Not only do L.A.–based six-piece Fitz and the Tantrums share James Brown's penchant for snazzy-dressed brass bands and feel-good retro ballads, they also have the late godfather of soul's tireless work ethic." Their third album has been described as "a product of contemporary market forces and a depressing relic of an era of the music industry best forgotten."

Band members

Current members
Michael Fitzpatrick – lead vocals, keyboards (2008–present)
Noelle Scaggs – co-lead vocals, percussion (2008–present)
James King – saxophones, flute, harmonica, keyboards, percussion, guitar (2008–present)
Joseph Karnes – bass guitar (2010–present)
Jeremy Ruzumna – keyboards (2008–present)

Former members
Ethan Phillips – bass guitar (2008-2010)
John Wicks – drums, percussion (2008–2022)

Touring musicians
Blair Sinta – drums, percussion (2022–present)

Timeline

Discography

 Pickin' Up the Pieces (2010)
 More Than Just a Dream (2013)
 Fitz and the Tantrums (2016)
 All the Feels (2019)
 Let Yourself Free (2022)

References

External links

2008 establishments in California
American soul musical groups
Indie pop groups from Los Angeles
Musical groups established in 2008
American neo soul singers
Elektra Records artists
Dangerbird Records artists

Fitz and the Tantrums


Maine Central Railroad Class S locomotives were intended for heavy freight service.  They were of 2-8-2 wheel arrangement in the Whyte notation, or " 1'D1' " in UIC classification. They replaced earlier class W 2-8-0 locomotives beginning in 1914. They were the largest and most modern steam freight locomotives built for Maine Central; although former Boston and Maine Railroad 2-10-2s were later purchased to handle World War II freight traffic. Class S locomotives pulled freight trains over the main line between Portland and Bangor, Maine; and are best remembered for service on the Mountain Division from 1929, when the class X Mallet locomotives were scrapped, until replacement by diesel locomotives in the early 1950s.

Sub-classes
All were built in American Locomotive Company's plant at Schenectady, New York and were numbered from 601 to 632 as delivered. Builders numbers 54571-54573 were delivered in 1914, 55020-55026 in 1915, 56502-56507 in 1916, and 57879-57882 in 1918. The United States Railroad Administration specified the USRA Light Mikado design for builders numbers 60933 through 60938 delivered in 1919. These six locomotives numbered 621 through 626 were designated sub-class S-1. The final six locomotives (builders numbers 65548-65553) delivered in 1924 returned to the original design with the addition of a booster engine which raised locomotive weight to . Booster engines raised tractive effort to  and were subsequently added to engines 605, 606, 609, 611, 615, 616, and 626.

Replacement
Class A 2-10-2s were numbered 651 through 658. When the Maine Central began purchasing diesel locomotives, EMD F3s were numbered in the 600 series reserved for main line freight locomotives.

References

Steam locomotives of the United States
2-8-2 locomotives
ALCO locomotives
S 2-8-0
Railway locomotives introduced in 1914
Scrapped locomotives
Freight locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States

Maine Central class S 2-8-2


The Diocese of Worcester forms part of the Church of England (Anglican) Province of Canterbury in England.

The diocese was founded around 679 by St Theodore of Canterbury at Worcester to minister to the kingdom of the Hwicce, one of the many Anglo Saxon petty-kingdoms of that time. The original borders of the diocese are believed to be based on those of that ancient kingdom.

Covering an area of  it currently has parishes in:

the County of Worcestershire
the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley
northern Gloucestershire
urban villages along the edge of the south-east of the Metropolitan Borough of Wolverhampton
the Metropolitan Borough of Sandwell

Currently the diocese has 190 parishes with 281 churches and 163 stipendiary clergy.

The diocese is divided into two archdeaconries:

the Archdeaconry of Worcester
the Archdeaconry of Dudley

On its creation the diocese included what is now southern and western Warwickshire (an area known as Felden). On 24 January 1837 the north and east of Warwickshire (Arden) which formed the Archdeaconry of Coventry in the then Diocese of Lichfield and Coventry was transferred to the Diocese of Worcester. In 1905 an area in northern Warwickshire was split off as the Diocese of Birmingham and in 1918 an area approximate to the rest of Warwickshire was made the Diocese of Coventry. From 1993 until 2002, the diocese operated an episcopal area scheme.

Bishops
Besides the diocesan Bishop of Worcester (John Inge) and the Bishop suffragan of Dudley (Martin Gorick; which See was created in 1974), there are four retired bishops resident in (or near) the diocese who are licensed to serve as honorary assistant bishops:
2002–present: Christopher Mayfield, retired Bishop of Manchester and former area/suffragan Bishop of Wolverhampton, lives in Worcester.
2002–present: Mark Santer, a retired former diocesan Bishop of Birmingham living in Moseley in the neighbouring Birmingham diocese.
2005–present: Jonathan Ruhumuliza, a Rwandan bishop, lives and works as a parish priest in Worcestershire.
2009–present: Michael Hooper, retired Bishop of Ludlow, lives in Eckington.

Since 1994, alternative episcopal oversight for parishes in the diocese which do not accept the sacramental ministry of women priests is provided by the provincial episcopal visitor, the Bishop of Ebbsfleet, who is licensed as an honorary assistant bishop of the diocese in order to facilitate his ministry.

History

The Diocese of Worcester, founded in 679–680, bore the title Episcopus Hwicciorum. The boundaries are believed to have been roughly those of the Kingdom of the Hwicce.

The diocese seems to have benefited in the 8th century from the support of the kings of Mercia. Through royal support the bishopric was able to gradually extend its control over prominent minsters. Initially, these were under the control of Hwiccan royals, as family property. This appears to have been gradually transferred to the control of the Bishopric, under the sponsorship of the Mercian kings, the process driven by the self-interest of the Mercian monarchy. As well as undermining local rivals, the Mercian kings also derived revenue from church lands in this period.

The church in Worcester is believed to have been founded in the late 7th century. It seems to have benefited in the 8th century from the support of the kings of Mercia. Through this royal support the bishopric found itself in a position from which it was able to gradually extend its control over several of the other prominent minsters in the area during the 7th and 8th centuries. Consequently, in the 9th century, the bishopric of Worcester can be seen to be the most powerful ecclesiastical power in Mercia during this time. From this position the church was able to use its great wealth to buy privileges from the kings of Mercia. Later in the period it was from Mercia, in particular Worcester, that King Alfred began to recruit priests and monks with whom to rebuild the church in Wessex during the 880s (Asser, ch. 77). It has been argued that these priests brought with them a new attitude towards the church's place within society and its relationship with the monarchy. Consequently, from the bishopric of Worcester there developed a new ecclesiastical ideology that would become the accepted Anglo-Saxon church.

The chaos of the period 900–1060 led to the loss of ecclesiastical lands, through leases and loss of records. Leases were often made for three lifetimes, but tended to become permanent arrangements. The result was that by Domesday, some 45% of the Diocese's church lands were held under leases.

Bishop Roger and Thomas Becket
Bishop Roger attempted to support Thomas Becket in his dispute with Henry II over the independence of the Church. He wrote to the King to intercede on behalf of Becket after his exile, which provoked Henry to instruct him to keep away from Becket in his exile. Roger ignored the instruction, and was in turn exiled. He remained in exile, despite attempts by the Pope to reconcile him with Henry, and eventually was sent to Rome by the King after Becket's murder to attempt to convince the Pope that he was not involved.

The diocese and the medieval Jewry

Worcester had a small Jewish population by the late 12th century. It was one of a number of places allowed to keep records of debts, in an official locked chest known as an archa. (An archa or arca (plural archae/arcae) was a municipal chest in which deeds were preserved.)  Jewish life probably centred around what is now Copenhagen Street.

The diocese was notably hostile to the Jewish community in Worcester. Peter of Blois was commissioned by a Bishop of Worcester, probably John of Coutances, to write a significant anti-Judaic treatise Against the Perfidy of Jews around 1190.

William de Blois, as Bishop of Worcester, imposed particularly strict rules on Jews within the diocese in 1219. As elsewhere in England, Jews were officially compelled to wear square white badges, supposedly representing tabulae. In most places, this requirement was relinquished as long as fines were paid. In addition to enforcing the church laws on wearing badges, Blois tried to impose additional restrictions on usury, and wrote to Pope Gregory in 1229 to ask for better enforcement and further, harsher measures. In response, the papacy demanded that Christians be prevented from working in Jewish homes, "lest temporal profit be preferred to the zeal of Christ", and enforcement of the wearing of badges.

Dissolution and Reformation
The priory came to an end with King Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries. Shortly beforehand, in 1535, the prior William More resigned, and was replaced by Henry Holbeach. More had a reputation for fine living, although his standards seem in line with other senior ecclesiasts of the time. However, there certainly were problems with the administration of the priory, including divisions within the community.

The Protestant Hugh Latimer was bishop from 1535, and preached for reform and iconoclasm. He resigned as bishop in 1539, as a result of a theological turn by Henry VIII towards Roman Catholicism, in the Six Articles. John Bell, a moderate reformer, was bishop from 1539 to 1543, during the period of the Priory's dissolution.

In the early 16th century, Worcester had around 40 monks. This declined slightly in the years immediately before 1540, as recruitment seems to have halted. There were 35 Benedictine monks plus the Prior Holbeach at the time of dissolution, probably 16 January 1540; eleven were immediately given pensions, while the remainder became secular canons in the new Royal College. Holbeach was re-appointed as the first dean. A further five former monks were pensioned from the college in July 1540.

The former monastic library of Worcester contained a considerable number of manuscripts which are, among other libraries, now scattered over Cambridge, London (British Library), Oxford Bodleian, and the Cathedral library at Worcester of today. Remains of the Priory dating from the 12th and 13th centuries can still be seen.

John Bell's successor as bishop, Nicholas Heath, was religiously much more conservative and Catholic.

Having been divided from the Worcester diocese in 1541, the Diocese of Gloucester was briefly dissolved and returned to Worcester
again on 20 May 1552 — John Hooper was translated from Gloucester and called "Bishop of Worcester and Gloucester" (or Gloucester and Worcester) until his own deprivation by Queen Mary in 1554. Worcester and Gloucester were re-divided again at that point.

Worcester Archive
The Charters of Worcester are one of the key sources for historians studying the period and are a major reason for information about the early Anglo-Saxon church. The charters exist within the Worcester archive which is itself the largest Anglo-Saxon archive of its kind. It contains many texts, ranging from late 7th to the 11th centuries, providing a significant and continuous history of the church. The archive takes physical form in two distinct cartularies. The first one, Cartulary A (Cotton Tiberius A xiii), contains in it the majority of the charters that make up the archive. It is from these that there develops a coherent picture of land ownership and societal responsibilities during the Anglo-Saxon period and beyond. A prominent example of this is No. 95 of Cartulary A which shows the 8th-century king of Mercia, Ceolwulf II, granting the bishopric of Worcester exemption from royal dues in exchange for money. This example shows not just the dues and power of the king himself but also the wealth and power of the church, the sophisticated system of bartering and exchange that existed at the time and also the legal system of recording important transactions.

References

Sources

Worcester Cathedral (official  guidebook), Scala Publishers Ltd. (2004)

R.K. Morris, ed.  Medieval Art and Architecture at Worcester Cathedral, 1978

Jewish history

External links
Diocesan website
Church of England Statistics 2002

7th-century establishments in England
679 establishments
Christianity in Worcester, England
Christianity in Worcestershire
Worcester
Worcester
Geography of Worcester, England

Anglican Diocese of Worcester


The Heidelberg Tavern massacre occurred in Observatory, Cape Town on 30 December 1993. Three people associated with the Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA) entered the tavern and shot at the crowd. They killed four students and the owner of a restaurant which was close. The owner had gone outside to investigate, because he had heard gunshots.  An unexploded bomb (with nails strapped to it) was found in the restaurant, close to the main entrance.

Massacre
During the years of apartheid, Observatory was one of the few de facto "grey" suburbs where all races lived together. On the evening of 30 December 1993, three men entered a popular student venue on Station Road, called the Heidelberg Tavern and opened fire, killing four people and injuring five. The three APLA operatives - Humphrey Luyanda Gqomfa, Vuyisile Brian Madasi and Zola Prince Mabala - were convicted in November 1994 for what became known as the Heidelberg Massacre. On 16 July 1998, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission granted the three amnesty.

References

Attacks on bars
Mass murder in 1993
Apartheid-related violence
1990s in South Africa

Heidelberg Tavern massacre


Angels of Sin (French: Les anges du péché) is a 1943 French film directed by Robert Bresson in his directorial debut. Made in 1943, nine years after his comedy short Public Affairs, it was Bresson's only film released during the German occupation of France. Working titles included Bethany, and Bresson's favored title The Exchange, but producers felt these weren't sensational enough.

This film was made with a cast of professional actors, an aspect it shares with Bresson's next film, Les dames du Bois de Boulogne, which would be his last done that way. Though usually seen as being the most "conventional" of Bresson's features, the religious subject matter and the directness of the film's style is seen by many as auspicious of the director's later work.

Bresson collaborated on the film's screenplay with Raymond Leopold Bruckberger, a Dominican priest, and the noted dramatist Jean Giraudoux, who received top billing on the film's posters above the then-unknown Bresson.

Synopsis
Anne-Marie (Renée Faure), a well–off young woman, decides to become a nun, joining a convent that rehabilitates female prisoners. Through their program, she meets a woman named Thérèse (Jany Holt) who refuses any help because she says she was innocent of the crime for which she was convicted. After being released from prison, Thérèse murders the man she feels is responsible for her imprisonment and comes to seek sanctuary from the law in the convent. Anne-Marie clashes with her sisters and elders over her zealousness to reform Thérèse, who manipulates and antagonizes her.

Bressonian trademarks
Though fairly conventional for its time in its approach to narrative filmmaking, Angels of Sin nonetheless contains elements which would later become common in Bresson's work, including a featuring of ellipsis: the shop owner is hardly visible throughout a sequence in which Thérèse buys a gun; there is also little context around the relationship of Thérèse and the man she murders (who, when shot, is only shown in silhouette). Additionally, the film has a prison setting, which would recur in the films A Man Escaped (1956), Pickpocket (1959), The Trial of Joan of Arc (1962), and L'Argent (1983). Lastly, the film ends with a shot of crossed hands being handcuffed: this form of close-up on hands became one of Bresson's most famous stylistic trademarks, and this particular arrangement of the cuffed hands is repeated in the aforementioned The Trial of Joan of Arc.

Though not a Bressonian trademark itself, the film also utilizes more fades to black than is common in other French films of the time, showing an early experimentation with film editing.

References

External links

1943 films
1943 drama films
1940s French-language films
Films directed by Robert Bresson
French black-and-white films
French drama films
1940s French films

Angels of Sin


Downtown Oakland is the central business district of Oakland, California, United States.  It is located roughly bounded by both the Oakland Estuary and Interstate 880 on the southwest, Interstate 980 on the northwest, Grand Avenue on the northeast, and Lake Merritt on the east.

The Downtown area is sometimes expanded to refer to the industrial and residential Jack London Square and Jack London warehouse district areas, the Lakeside Apartments District, which are a largely residential neighborhood on the west side of Lake Merritt, the Civic Center district, Chinatown, and the south end of Oakland's Broadway Auto Row, an area along Broadway which has historically been used by car dealers and other automotive service businesses.  While many consider these areas outside of downtown proper, they are generally considered more geographically proximate to Downtown Oakland than to East Oakland, North Oakland or to West Oakland and are thus sometimes associated with Downtown Oakland.

Culture

Black Cowboy Parade

Downtown Oakland hosts the only celebration of its kind in the nation in memory of the black cowboys who helped settle the American West.  The annual parade typically begins on an early October weekend at DeFremery Park in West Oakland en route to Frank H. Ogawa Plaza where judging booths are set up. After an awards ceremony, the parade returns to DeFremery Park for a celebration.

Land use and points of interest
Downtown Oakland is home to apartment and condominium dwellers, numerous retail businesses, tall modern office buildings, shorter mixed-use historic buildings, the hubs of AC Transit and BART, which has three underground stations, the city's official Entertainment District which includes the historic Paramount and Fox Theatres, nightclubs, and restaurants, the headquarters of Clorox, City Center, a portion of Old Oakland, and a portion of Chinatown.

Downtown includes a portion of the oldest part of the city. The area from the Oakland Estuary inland to 14th Street between West Street and the Lake Merritt Channel was the original site of Oakland, and there are several 19th century houses scattered around the edges of downtown and in Chinatown. The Oakland Museum is located on Oak Street near the southeastern edge of Downtown.

Education

Higher education
Laney College, with more than 12,000 students, is located on Fallon Street near the Lake Merritt BART station. Other educational institutions include Lincoln University, a small business school catering mainly to international students, and a downtown office of Cal State East Bay. Oaksterdam University, a business college which prepares students for medical cannabis work, is located on 15th Street in an area referred to as "Oaksterdam".

The original campus of UC Berkeley was located between Franklin, Harrison, 12th and 14th streets; and the University of California system is currently headquartered in Downtown.

Public primary and secondary education
Lincoln Elementary School, one of the few public elementary schools in the downtown of a major US city, is on the edge of downtown, near the center of Chinatown. The Oakland School for the Arts, a charter school, is building a new facility surrounding the Fox Oakland Theatre in Oakland's Uptown Oakland.

Transportation

Motor vehicle limitations
City Hall Plaza is a city park and a "pedestrian plaza" which includes what was once the terminus of San Pablo Avenue where it met Broadway at 14th Street.  It also includes 15th Street, which once ran through what is now "Kahn's Alley", past the 250 Frank H. Ogawa Plaza building, across Clay Street, through what is now a glass windowed lobby of the California State office building, connecting with Jefferson Street on the building's west side entrance.  Motor vehicle traffic has also been excluded from where former city streets, Washington street and 13th street, were once aligned through what is now the Oakland City Center development. Today, the area features an outdoor retail mall with pedestrian streets laid out to replicate the original street grid.

BART

Three subway Bay Area Rapid Transit stations serve downtown: 12th Street Oakland City Center station, located at 1245 Broadway, and 19th Street Oakland station, located at 1900 Broadway, are both located on the Broadway subway corridor. The Lake Merritt station is in the eastern area of Chinatown, at 800 Madison Street. All of BART's main services travel through the Oakland Wye, an underground flying wye.

AC Transit

Several routes operated by AC Transit pass through or end in Downtown Oakland. These include:

Local Routes
 1T: upgraded bus service featuring partial center dedicated lanes and median stops, from Downtown Oakland (11th + Clay) to San Leandro BART via International Boulevard
 6: Downtown Oakland (10th + Washington) to Downtown Berkeley (Oxford + Addison) via most of Telegraph Avenue
 12: Jack London Square Amtrak Station to Berkeley–Westbrae (Gilman + Sixth) via parts of Grand Avenue, Martin Luther King Jr. Way (mostly in Berkeley), and Gilman Street (Berkeley)
 14: West Oakland BART to Fruitvale BART via 14th Street and parts of East 18th Street, East 21st Street, East 27th Street, School Street, and High Street
 18: Lake Merritt BART to Albany–UC Village via parts of Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Shattuck Avenue (mostly Berkeley), and Solano Avenue (Berkeley and Albany)
 19: Downtown Oakland (11th + Jefferson) to Fruitvale BART via Buena Vista Avenue (Alameda)
 20: Downtown Oakland (11th + Jefferson) to the Dimond District (Fruitvale + MacArthur) via parts of Webster Street (in Alameda), Alameda South Shore Center, Park Street (Alameda), and Fruitvale Avenue
 29: Emeryville (Christie + 64th) to Trestle Glen (Lakeshore + Walavista) via Hollis Street (mostly Emeryville), Peralta Street, parts of 10th, 11th, and 12th Streets, and Lakeshore Avenue
 33: Piedmont (Highland Avenue + Highland Way) to Montclair (Moraga + La Salle) via Hampton Road (Piedmont), Oakland Avenue, Harrison Street, and eventually to Park Boulevard
 40: Downtown Oakland (11th + Jefferson) to Bay Fair BART via parts of Foothill Boulevard, Bancroft Avenue, and East 14th Street (San Leandro)
 51A: Rockridge BART to Fruitvale BART via Broadway and parts of Webster Street and Santa Clara Avenue (both Alameda)
 62: West Oakland BART to Fruitvale BART via parts of 7th and 8th Streets, 8th Avenue, and 23rd Avenue, passing in front of Highland Hospital. This bus line is unique in not providing service near 12th Street BART station, instead continuing straight on 7th and 8th Streets through Chinatown and into West Oakland.
 72 and 72R: Jack London Square (2nd + Clay; no Amtrak service) to Hilltop Mall via parts of San Pablo Avenue. The 72R serves limited stops along the 72 route at higher frequency from Jack London Square to Contra Costa College; 72 line trips also short turn at Contra Costa College when Hilltop Mall is closed. A few 72, 72R, and 72M trips begin and end outside of downtown Oakland, usually at the beginning and end of service hours, or when providing supplementary service to schools in El Cerrito.
 72M: Jack London Square (2nd + Clay) to Point Richmond (Castro + Tewksbury) via parts of San Pablo Avenue and Macdonald Avenue (Richmond)
 88: Lake Merritt BART to Downtown Berkeley via parts of 11th and 12th Streets, Market Street, and Sacramento Street (Berkeley)
 96: Dimond District (Montana + Fruitvale) to Alameda Point (West Midway + Monarch) via 14th Avenue. This line serves both Lake Merritt and 12th Street BART stations before entering the Posey and Webster Street tubes and serving the west of Alameda.

The 314 formerly made two trips per week through downtown Oakland from the West Oakland Post Office to the Walmart Supercenter at Hegenberger Road and Edgewater Drive in East Oakland, via Santa Clara Avenue (Alameda) and Doolittle Drive. Service has been suspended on this line since March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Transbay Routes
 NL: Transbay Transit Center (San Francisco) to Eastmont Transit Center via parts of West Grand Avenue, 20th Street (Thomas L. Berkley Way), Grand Avenue, and MacArthur Boulevard, serving limited stops
 O: Transbay Transit Center to Fruitvale BART, mainly via Santa Clara Avenue (Alameda). In the San Francisco direction, buses make one stop at 7th and Alice Streets in Chinatown; towards Fruitvale BART, one stop is made near downtown at 5th and Washington Streets, and another in West Oakland at 5th and Market Streets.
 W: Transbay Transit Center to Bridgeside Shopping Center (Alameda) via parts of Webster Street and High Street (both only in Alameda). The W serves the same stops in Oakland as the O.

All-Nighter Routes (all routes meet near 20th Street and Broadway)
 800: the sole late-night Transbay service, from the Transbay Transit Center to Richmond BART/Amtrak via parts of 7th Street, Telegraph Avenue, University Avenue (Berkeley), San Pablo Avenue (Berkeley, Albany, El Cerrito) and Macdonald Avenue (Richmond), approximating the route of BART service from Richmond
 802: to Berkeley Amtrak via San Pablo Avenue
 805: to Oakland International Airport via parts of Grand Avenue, MacArthur Boulevard, and 73rd Avenue
 840: to Eastmont Transit Center via parts of Foothill Boulevard
 851: Downtown Berkeley BART to Fruitvale BART via parts of Bancroft Way and Durant Avenue (Berkeley), College Avenue, Broadway, and Santa Clara Avenue (Alameda)
The 1T continues to run at late nights, replacing a segment of line 801 upon the opening of line 1T in August 2020. Passengers may transfer at San Leandro BART to 801 service via International Boulevard, East 14th Street, and Mission Boulevard, approximating the route of BART service from Fremont.

Transit passengers traveling in and out of downtown are serviced by various AC Transit stops near Broadway and 12th Street, loosely connected to 12th Street BART, as well as the Uptown Transit Center bus mall on 20th Street, connected to 19th Street BART. The Uptown Transit Center features multiple bus shelters with seating, NextBus arrival prediction signs, and local and Rapid Bus service to Oakland's streetcar suburbs. These stations host local service, Rapid service, Transbay Express, and All Nighter service. (Some, but not all, other bus stops in downtown Oakland also include shelters and arrival signs.) A Clipper Add Value Machine is located at AC Transit headquarters at 1600 Franklin Street, as well as at all BART stations.

Gondola
The Oakland Athletics made a proposal to have a privately financed gondola lift travel on Washington Street from 10th Street near City Center to Water Street in Jack London Square. It is proposed as a new mode of transportation to the team's future ballpark in Jack London Square. There would be approximately 12-14 gondola cabins, each of which would carry about 35 people, with a projection of 6,000 people transported per hour. This project is estimated to be completed in 2023.

Community Benefit District

The Downtown Oakland  and Lake Merritt/Uptown District Associations are community benefit districts that were formed in February 2009. Property owners in both Downtown Oakland and the Lake Merritt/Uptown Districts voted by a margin of almost 8 to 1 to support a voluntary property tax to fund services that would improve the quality of life in their respective communities. The associations meet and function jointly. Services funded by these Districts include maintaining cleanliness and order in the public rights of way, improving district identity and advocating on behalf of the area's property owners, business owners and residents.  In June 2013, the districts were recognized by the International Downtown Association (IDA) and named the IDA's June Downtown of the Month.

The district boards have three organizational committees, including the DISI (District Identity and Street Improvement) Committee, the SOBO (Sidewalk Operations, Beautification & Order) Committee and the Joint ORG (Organization) Committee. The DISI Committee promotes the identity of the districts, encourages economic development and works to create a vibrant downtown through public relations, marketing, and special events.  The SOBO Committee oversees cleanliness and order in the public rights of way and manages service providers in keeping with the expectations of our organization and the needs of the community. Through diligent planning and thoughtful allocation of resources, the SOBO committee executes projects that effectively beautify and enhance the safety of the districts for the long term, creating vibrant and celebrated public spaces.  And lastly, the Joint Organization Committee oversees the general administration of the corporations, ensures the effective operation of the board, acts as the coordinating framework through which the other committees function efficiently, and works to increase involvement and support for the organizations.

The districts have helped fund several neighborhood beautification/improvement projects and initiatives, including The Latham Square pedestrian plaza, back of BART planter boxes, hanging flower baskets and banners, and median landscaping projects, to name a few.

Historic districts
The Downtown Oakland Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. The listing included 43 contributing buildings, one contributing site and one contributing object.

Other historic districts have been designated in Old Oakland: the Lakeside Apartments district, Preservation Park, and the Waterfront Warehouse district.

See also

 10k Plan
 African American Museum and Library at Oakland
 Black Bloc
 Cathedral of Christ the Light
 Oakland Chinatown
 Jack London Square
 Jack London Warehouse District
 Lake Merritt
 List of tallest buildings in Oakland
 Oaksterdam
 Oakland City Center
 Old Oakland
 Ordway Building
 Tribune Tower
 Uptown Oakland

References

Economy of Oakland, California
Neighborhoods in Oakland, California
Oakland

Downtown Oakland


Dendritic cells (DCs) are white blood cells forming part of the mammalian immune system. They process antigen material from pathogens and put it on their surface. There it touches other cells of the immune system.  So, dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells. They act as messengers between the innate and adaptive immune systems.

Dendritic cells are present in tissues in contact with the external environment. These tissues are the skin, and the inner lining of the nose, lungs, stomach and intestines. They can also be found in an immature and mature state in the blood.

Young dentritics
Dedritic cells develop from monocytes, white blood cells which circulate in the body. Depending on the signal, monocytes turn into either dendritic cells or macrophages. The monocytes are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow.

Immature dendritic cells constantly sample their surrounds for pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. This is done through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as the toll-like receptors (TLRs).

They eat pathogens and break down their proteins into small pieces and put these fragments on their cell surface using MHC molecules. Once activated, these cells move to the lymph nodes and become mature. They switch on cell-surface receptors which activate T cells and B cells to start and shape the adaptive immune response.

History
Dendritic cells were first described by Paul Langerhans (Langerhans cells) in the late nineteenth century. It wasn't until 1973, however, that Ralph Steinman and Zanvil  Cohn gave them the name 'dendritic cells'. For discovering the central role of dendritic cells in the adaptive immune response, Steinman was awarded the Albert Lasker Award in 2007, and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2011.

References

Blood cells
Immunology

Dendritic cell


Jean Bouffard (1800 – December 1, 1843) was a notary and political figure in Lower Canada. He represented Dorchester in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada from 1832 to 1838.

He was born at Saint-Laurent on Île d'Orléans, the son of Jean Bouffard and Marie Noël. Bouffard apprenticed as a notary at Saint-Henri-de-Lauzon and set up practice there after qualifying to practice in 1830. In 1831, he married Catherine Pepin dit Lachance. He was named school inspector for Dorchester County in 1832 and commissioner for the Court of Minor Causes in 1837. Bouffard was first elected to the provincial assembly in an 1832 by-election held after the death of Louis Lagueux. He voted in support of the Ninety-Two Resolutions. He died at Saint-Henri-de-Lauzon at the age of 42.

References

1800 births
1843 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada

Jean Bouffard


Urban design is a subject of urban planning focusing on design of cities or other urban areas. Whereas architecture focuses on individual buildings, urban design is about the design of whole neighbourhoods and entire cities. It is about making them functional and attractive.

There are many problems that urban design tries to fix. One of them has to do with public health. One of the most talked about issues is about how easily people can walk to where they need to go. It became a bigger issue recently, not only because of the environment, but also because of people not being very healthy. Cities with a lot of gas cars hurt people. When people live around cars that blow smoke. people start to get really sick. People's hearts will beat in a weird way and it can lead to people dying. More people die from bad air each year than from getting hit by a car.  That makes people want some changes. So they go out to say to people that the cities have to change. Instead of cars, they want cities to use trains for going really far, and they want cities to use bikes or buses to go not very far. Then they want people to be able to walk to any close by places. This would help public health double by getting rid of car smoke and getting people to walk more. This can help people's hearts beat normally and not let them die. It is also good exercise. There is evidence that cities can get people to walk more in them by having more open public spaces, stores within walking distance, grass, trees and other pleasing designs outside, and other things. It also helps with mental health, because people are more likely to talk to each other and that cuts down on loneliness.

Other websites
  5th International Urban Design Conference
   4th International Urban Design Conference
   2th International Urban Design Conference
  Shenzhen & Hong Kong Bi‐City Biennale of Urbanism & Architecture
  Bat Yam International Biennale of Landscape Urbanism  2010
 Cities of the Future: overview of important urban design elements
 MA Theories of Urban Practice program in New York City

Urban design


Willowdale is an unincorporated community that is located in East Marlborough Township, in southern Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States.

It was named after a grove of Willow trees that grew in the general area when the community was originally settled. Several businesses, shopping centers and residential developments in the general area of the crossroads have since been named after Willowdale.

History

1700s
Originally, the crossroads in this area was called Taggarts Crossroads. It was named after the Taggart family, who owned a stone inn there. Built in 1730, that inn is still extant on the northwestern corner of the crossroads.

Another eighteenth-century house, a quaint fieldstone house that stands on the northeastern section of the crossroads, was once described in an article as the "Oldest House West of the Brandywine." While that description has since been proven to be inaccurate, due to the dating of other homesteads in the region, this fieldstone house is still considered by area historians to be an historic structure.

During the morning of September 11, 1777, British forces under Lord Charles Cornwallis' marched directly through the quiet crossroads. Cornwallis, using a flanking maneuver, surprise troops commanded by Washington, a move that enabled Cornwallis to avert a confrontation with Washington's main force at Chadds Ford.

When Cornwallis reached the crossroads, he encountered a small party of American troops commanded by Lieutenant Colonel James Ross of the 8th Pennsylvania Regiment. Ross, who headed one of the many picket lines deployed that day, fired three shots before retreating. He later followed the rearguard of the British army, skirmishing with them along the Great Valley Road before reporting his findings of a flanking maneuver to Washington.

1800s
 During the nineteenth century, the crossroads grew as the nearby Du Pont Factory increased its manufacture of black powder. The black powder, which was 15% charcoal, needed the process of burning trees to produce the power and the willow trees from Willowdale were among the best to burn.

As a result of the town's growth, a post office, general store, church, wheelwright shop, blacksmith, and church were erected during the late nineteenth century in and around the crossroads.

In 1866, Josiah Pyle and William Rakestraw, both landowners in the crossroads, formed the Rakeshaw-Pyle nurseries on the northeast of the crossroads near the present-day Willowdale Church. The property included a greenhouse, water tower, and gardens. The business still exists in the same area today and is known as RP Nursies.

1900s
During the twentieth century, the community's growth continued. In 1906, a trolley line was built by the West Chester Street Rail company through the present-day crossroads and following the Unionville Road. The service, which originated in Kennett Square, stopped at the station at the general store near the crossroads at Willowdale, and ran ten minutes before and after each hour throughout the day.

A trolley switch between the chapel building and the station allowed two trolley cars to pass by each other, going in opposite directions to and from Kennett Square. The trolley ran through the area until 1929, when a bus route replaced the service. Today, one can still see the outline of the trolley line on the stone wall lining on the left side of the Unionville Road, driving southwards.

 Around that same time, the church had outgrown its original building and a larger structure was built, directly across from the original church. The congregation still exists today, with services each Sunday.

During the latter part of the twentieth century, as Chester County was becoming increasingly suburbanized, growth of the crossroads area surged again. The area occupying the northeastern side of the crossroads was developed, and the original general store and various outbuildings were razed. The barn and stone house were also converted into an office space.

Today, this area is known for varying commercial services such as food, health, financing, and local state government offices. Still, the intersection retains much of its rural appearance, as it essentially acts as the boundary between suburban and rural Pennsylvania due to much of the land West of the crossroads being majority farmland. In contrast, land east of the crossroads is home the majority of housing developments.

Geography
Willowdale is located at 39° 52' 27" North, 75° 43' 5" West.

It is located at the crossroads of Pennsylvania Routes 926 and 82, between Kennett Square and Unionville. It is situated close to Longwood Gardens and is a twenty-minute drive from downtown Wilmington, Delaware.

Education
Willowdale is located in the Unionville-Chadds Ford School District.

Local attractions
Willowdale Steeplechase: The Willowdale Steeplechase Races are sanctioned by the National Steeplechase Association and attract some of the best racehorses and top jockeys from around the world. Set in a natural amphitheater, the course features traditional European hedges, post, and rail fences and a water jump.

Longwood Gardens (An international garden destination located approximately five minutes from Willowdale):  of gardens, woodlands, and meadows; twenty outdoor gardens; twenty indoor gardens within four acres (16,000 m²) of heated greenhouses; 11,000 different types of plants; fountains.

Brandywine Battlefield (Located approximately fifteen minutes from Willowdale): A permanent interpretive exhibit and an audio-visual presentation at this museum's visitor center tell the story of the Battle of Brandywine and explain its connection to the Philadelphia Campaign of 1777. Changing exhibits cover other topics of interest.
American Revolution.

References

External links
Unionville-Chadds Ford School District Website
East Marlborough Township Website
Willowdale Steeplechase Website
 Longwood Website
 Brandywine Battlefield Website

Unincorporated communities in Chester County, Pennsylvania
Unincorporated communities in Pennsylvania

Willowdale, Pennsylvania


Big Ideas was a Canadian television series produced and broadcast by TVOntario, on the air since 2001. The program showcases public intellectual culture. It was conceived and produced by Wodek Szemberg. The show presented public lectures by acclaimed university educators and other distinguished guests.  The original host, Irshad Manji, was succeeded by Canadian actor/director/playwright Andrew Moodie on January 7, 2006. In September 2011, Piya Chattopadhyay took over as host.

In 2007, Big Ideas held its Best Lecturer competition for the second time. Michael Persinger, from Laurentian University, received the award.

Podcasts of the lectures are available through the Big Ideas website as well as from iTunes.

Big Ideas is also the name of an unrelated PBS series that originally aired in 2003, as well as of a radio series on Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Radio National.

The show ended in spring 2013 as a result of budget cuts at TVO.

Notes

External links
 TVOntario's Big Ideas website

TVO original programming
2000s Canadian documentary television series
2001 Canadian television series debuts

Big Ideas (TV series)