The flag of American Samoa is a flag consisting of a red-edged white triangle pointing towards the hoist charged with a bald eagle clutching a war club and fly-whisk, with dark blue upper and lower triangles. Adopted in April 1960 to replace the "Stars and Stripes" as the official flag of the territory, it has been the flag of the Territory of American Samoa since that year. The colors used epitomize the traditional colors of the United States and Samoa.

The bald eagle and the blue, white and red colors symbolize the country's ties to the United States. The eagle holds a staff and a war club, two traditional symbols of the Samoan chiefs.

History

Before the first Europeans set foot on the islands in the 18th century, Samoa did not use any flags. They first utilized flags during the 1800s, although it is unclear which ones were flown due to partial documentation. The islands were contested by Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States at the turn of the century; the three countries resolved the dispute by dividing Samoa amongst themselves during the Tripartite Convention in 1899. As a result of an agreement with the high chiefs of the island of Tutuila, the United States took control over easternmost Samoa on April 17, 1900, and raised their flag that same day. It went on to be the only official flag of American Samoa until 1960.

In the mid-20th century, Samoans began to take a more active role in the local government. Consequently, deliberations began over a new territorial flag and the Samoans were invited to propose ideas. Local government leaders and the U.S. Army Institute of Heraldry then designed the flag while incorporating these ideas into it. The flag was officially adopted April 17, 1960, sixty years to the day the U.S. first raised the American flag over Samoa.

The flag was raised for the first time on Flag Day, April 17, 1960. In the previous year, the flag's design had won the flag design competition at Samoana High School, designed by high school student Fareti Sotoa. A draft was sent to the U.S. Army's Institute of Heraldry.

A copy of the flag, which was brought to the moon by astronauts on four Apollo missions from 1969 to 1971, is on display at the Jean P. Haydon Museum in Pago Pago.

Design
The flag consists of a large white triangle, pointed towards the hoist, bordered in red and charged with an eagle, all on a blue field. The U.S. national bird holds a yellow uatogi (a war club) in its claws.

The colors and symbols of the flag carry cultural, political, and regional meanings. The red, white and blue represent the colors traditionally utilized by both the United States and Samoa. The bald eagle represents the U.S. and features on the flag, although it does not live in American Samoa. It clutches two Samoan symbols, alluding to America's guardianship over American Samoa, as well as evoking the Great Seal of the United States. The symbols are a uatogi (a war club, epitomizing the government's power) and a fue (a fly-whisk, representing the wisdom of traditional Samoan leaders).

American Samoa holds a Flag Day celebration on April 17 each year.

See also
Seal of American Samoa
Flags of the U.S. states

References

External links
The Territory of American Samoa

Flags introduced in 1960
Flags of the insular areas of the United States
Flag
1960 establishments in American Samoa
American
Flags displaying animals

Flag of American Samoa


Gaius Julius Vindex (c. AD 2568) was a Roman governor in the province of Gallia Lugdunensis. He was of a noble Gallic family of Aquitania (given senatorial status under Claudius) and was one of the men belonging to a faction of Empress Agrippina, the mother of Nero. Vindex had taken part in a conspiracy against the emperor in 59. However, with the assassination of Agrippina by Nero, this faction was dissolved.

In either late 67 or early 68, Vindex rebelled against Emperor Nero. Though the aims of his followers may have been more complex, Vindex, as a senator, probably had the aim simply of replacing Nero with a better emperor and ending the tyranny that plagued the empire.

According to the historian Cassius Dio, Vindex "was powerful in body and of shrewd intelligence, was skilled in warfare and full of daring for any great enterprise; and he had a passionate love of freedom and a vast ambition". In order to gain support, he declared his allegiance to the then governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, Servius Sulpicius Galba.

The commander of the Germania Superior army, Lucius Verginius Rufus, advanced against him. The battle between their two forces took place near Vesontio (modern Besançon).  What occurred then is unclear, but, despite a meeting between Verginius and Vindex, the forces under Verginius seem to have decided on a battle without orders. Desire for plunder and the weakness of Verginius as a commander are possible explanations. Vindex was defeated in the resulting battle and subsequently killed himself.

By June 68, military support for Galba eventually led to Nero's committing suicide. Galba, acclaimed by the Senate, struck coins to commemorate Vindex, to whom he owed his position as emperor.

Following normal Roman procedures, his name Gaius Julius indicated that his family had likely been given citizenship under Gaius Julius Caesar, or perhaps Emperor Augustus or Caligula.

References

External links
 Donahue, John, "Galba (68-69 A.D.)", De Imperatoribus Romanis
 Lendering, Jona, "Caius Julius Vindex", Livius

1st-century Gallo-Roman people
20s births
68 deaths
Ancient Romans killed in action
Ancient Roman military personnel who died by suicide
Celtic warriors
Gaulish tribal chiefs
Vindex, Gaius
People of the Year of the Four Emperors
Roman governors of Gaul
Roman rebels

Gaius Julius Vindex


Black Hills Corporation is a Rapid City, South Dakota diversified energy company that is an electric and gas utility in South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Arkansas, Kansas, Nebraska, and Iowa. The company sells power throughout the American West.

It derives its name from its home in the Black Hills of South Dakota.

History
The company traces its roots to 1883 and the organization of the Black Hills Electric Light Company of Deadwood. Merged with the Belt Light and Power Company of Lead in 1905, the company became Consolidated Power and Light Company of South Dakota. Meanwhile, to the south, the Dakota Power Company began serving Rapid City in 1910. Both of these companies were purchased by holding companies in the 1920s. With Roosevelt-era legislation to break up big national utility holding companies, Black Hills Power & Light Company was formed in 1941 by combining the assets of General Public Utilities, Inc. and Dakota Power Company which provided power for most of western South Dakota.

In 1956, the company completed its acquisition of the Wyodak Coal Company (now Wyodak Resources Development Corporation), from the Homestake Mining Company, setting the stage for the company's significant investments in mining, oil and gas.

In July 2002, Black Hills Corporation announced that a settlement was reached with the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) relating to its marketing subsidiary, Enserco Energy, Inc. Based in Golden, Colorado, Enserco engages in natural gas marketing on the wholesale market and on behalf of independent producers. On November 25, 2002, Black Hills Corporation announced that its new independent public accountants, Deloitte & Touche LLP, had completed the audit of Black Hills Corporation's 2001, 2000 and 1999 financial statements that were originally audited by Arthur Andersen LLP.

In 2004, Black Hills acquired Cheyenne Light from Xcel Energy. Cheyenne Light continues to operate as a separate subsidiary.

In 2007, it announced an agreement to buy the natural gas utility in Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska and Iowa and its Colorado electric utility from Aquila, Inc. Completed in July 2008, the deal increased the company's customer base from 137,000 to 753,000 and increased its employee base from 916 to 2,000.

In July 2015, Black Hills announced it was purchasing SourceGas for $1.89 billion. The deal covers approximately 425,000 customers in Arkansas, Colorado, Nebraska and Wyoming and a 512-mile regulated intrastate natural gas transmission pipeline in Colorado.

In late 2016, Black Hills announced plans to invest $700 million to build a 1 million square foot drilling and pipe production plant in Norfolk, Nebraska. The facility was expected to employ 400 people. Black Hills said it would use 500,000 tons of steel per year from Nucor Steel.

In March 2018, Black Hills received, and turned down, an unsolicited $1.1 billion purchase offer from the San Isabel Electric Association in Colorado; it responded to the offer with a full-page newspaper ad in the Pueblo Chieftain.

Pueblo, Colorado pushback
Since 2008, Black Hills Energy's operation in Pueblo has been challenged by various constituencies on numerous policies, most notably the four rate hikes between 2010 and 2018, in some cases amounting to 50% rate increases. Voters in 2010 approved a 20-year franchise agreement with the company.

Describing the company's vision for the future, Julie Rodriguez, program manager for community affairs and economic development for Black Hills Energy's Colorado electric operations, said, "Our primary goals are to identify an energy resource that is cost effective for our customers, while also generating sufficient renewable energy to comply with the Colorado… requirements." To achieve its goals, in June 2017, the company issued a request for proposals for up to 60 megawatts of renewable energy, including wind energy and other sources, along with those that are greenhouse gas-neutral or recycled energy. The Colorado Public Utilities Commission approved the request as part of the company's 2016 Electric Resource Plan and 2018-2021 Renewable Energy Standard Compliance Plan.

As of June 2017, Black Hills Energy in Colorado obtains 19 percent of its electricity from renewable resources, with the rest coming from natural gas. In attempts to meet customer demand and requirements set by the state, Black Hills Energy has established new natural gas facilities, wind farms, and solar energy systems. By 2020, in order to comply with Colorado state laws, the company must generate at least 30 percent of its electricity from renewable resources. Rodriguez, asserting her company's dedication to meeting this goal, said, "Developing renewable energy at a reasonable cost is important to the communities we serve and allows us to continue providing customers with the safe, reliable energy they've come to expect."

In August 2018, Pueblo city council unanimously voted to spend $122,000 on a consulting firm, selected by the Electric Utility Commission from eight proposals, to explore its options to prematurely exit the Black Hills franchise agreement by 2020, perhaps forming its own municipal energy operation. While study results are due in nine months, a draft could be delivered in November, and a final study as early as January.

Components

The company is the electric utility for 64,200 customers between Rapid City, South Dakota and New Castle, Wyoming as well as southeastern Montana via its Black Hills Power subsidiary. Its Cheyenne Light, Fuel & Power Company subsidiary serves another 80,000 in Cheyenne, Wyoming and southeastern Wyoming. Via its Black Hills Energy component it has 1,000 Megawatts of generating capacity in Colorado, Nevada, Wyoming and California including two plants serving Las Vegas, Nevada. The company's bigger component is its wholesale energy wing.

The centerpiece of the operation is the Wyodak Mine near Gillette, Wyoming in the Powder River Basin, which is the oldest operating surface mine for coal in the United States. The mine has permitted reserves of 286 million tons. In addition it claims  in oil and gas reserves(76% of which is natural gas) principally in New Mexico, Colorado and Wyoming.

See also
 List of S&P 400 companies

References

External links

Rapid City, South Dakota
Companies based in South Dakota
Economy of the Western United States
Natural gas companies of the United States
Electric power companies of the United States
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
American companies established in 1941
1941 establishments in South Dakota

Black Hills Corporation


Bruner is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Al Bruner (1923–1987), cofounder of Global TV
Bud Bruner (1907–1996), American boxing manager
Carlton Bruner (born 1972), American swimmer
Charlotte H. Bruner (1917–1999), American academic and translator
Cliff Bruner (1915–2000), American fiddler and band leader
Elwood Bruner (1854–1915), American politician
Ervin M. Bruner (1915–2008), American politician
F. Dale Bruner (born 1932), American biblical scholar
Jack Bruner (1924–2003), American baseball pitcher
Jerome Bruner (1915–2016), American psychologist
Lawrence Bruner (1856–1937), American entomologist
Mike Bruner (born 1956), American Olympic swimmer
Peter Bruner (1845–1938), American ex-slave and memoirist
Robert Bruner, business professor
Ronald Bruner Jr., American drummer and composer
Roy Bruner (1917–1986), American baseball pitcher
Stephen Bruner aka Thundercat (born 1984), American bassist and singer
Teel Bruner (born 1964), American football player
Wally Bruner (1931–1997), American journalist and television host

See also
 Brunner (disambiguation)
 Bruener (disambiguation)
 Brüner, see Bruener (disambiguation)

Bruner


Joseph Michael Smith (born March 22, 1984) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He has played in MLB for the New York Mets, Cleveland Indians, Los Angeles Angels, Chicago Cubs, Toronto Blue Jays, Houston Astros, Seattle Mariners, and Minnesota Twins. Smith attended Wright State University and was drafted by the Mets in the third round of the 2006 Major League Baseball draft. He made his major league debut in 2007.

High school and college
Smith attended Amelia High School in Batavia, Ohio. He was a three-year varsity letterman in baseball and an All-Fort Ancient Valley Conference honoree, Smith also pitched five years for the select American Amateur Baseball Congress Midland team in Cincinnati.  Even though his labrum surgery, he was dedicated to returning to baseball.

In college at Wright State University, Smith redshirted for the Wright State Raiders and played three years in Horizon League competition. Ultimately, Smith became Wright State's closer during his junior and senior years, as he gained  on his fastball after changing his delivery. In his senior season, he had 13 saves and a 0.98 earned run average (ERA). In three seasons Smith posted 22 saves, 145 strikeouts, and 39 walks. In 2005, he was the WSU team MVP and in 2006 he was awarded second-team All-Mideast Region, first-team Horizon League, Horizon League Pitcher of the Year, and WSU Most Valuable Male Athlete.

In 2004, Smith played collegiate summer baseball with the New England Collegiate Baseball League with the North Adams Steeplecats. In 2005, Smith briefly pitched for the Rockville Express, a team in the Cal Ripken, Sr. Collegiate Baseball League. In 2005, he made nine appearances for the Express, posting a 4.66 ERA, a 1–0 win–loss record, and earning two saves. Later in the summer of 2005, Smith also pitched for the Edenton Steamers in the Coastal Plain League. In 16 regular-season appearances, totaling  innings pitched, he tallied nine saves with a 2.08 ERA, a .197 batting average against, and struck out 19 batters. He also recorded the final out of the 2005 Petitt Cup tournament, on a comebacker, to give Edenton its second consecutive league championship.

Professional career

New York Mets
The New York Mets selected Smith in the third round of the 2006 MLB draft. Smith began his professional career with the Brooklyn Cyclones of the Class A-Short Season New York–Penn League. He was named one of the top 20 prospects in the New York–Penn League by Baseball America. When Duaner Sánchez was hurt during a taxi cab incident in 2006, Mets general manager Omar Minaya considered recalling Smith to the major leagues. Instead, the Mets traded for Roberto Hernández and Óliver Pérez to give Smith more time in the minors.

Smith made the Mets' Opening Day 25-man roster in 2007. On April 1, 2007, Smith made his major league debut. He struck out one (Preston Wilson) and walked one (Albert Pujols). He also gave up a single to David Eckstein. Smith earned his first major league win on April 24, 2007, after coming on in relief in the 12th inning. Smith enjoyed much success at the beginning of 2007 but began to tire and was sent down to the minors at mid-year. Smith was with the Mets for the 2008 season, enjoying varied success. He went 6–3 in 63.3 innings with a 3.55 ERA.

Cleveland Indians
On December 10, 2008, Smith was traded by the Mets to the Cleveland Indians as part of a twelve-player, three-team deal. On January 18, 2013, the Cleveland Indians announced they had avoided arbitration with Smith, signing him to a one-year contract worth $3.15 million.

Smith became a free agent following the 2013 season but expressed interest in remaining with the Tribe.

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim / Los Angeles Angels

On November 24, 2013, Smith reportedly agreed to a three-year contract for $15 million with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, pending the completion of a physical. On November 27, 2013, the Angels confirmed that the team and Smith agreed to the terms. On April 25, 2014, Smith was named the Angels' new closer after multiple struggles by former closer Ernesto Frieri. After the Angels traded for San Diego Padres' All-Star closer Huston Street on July 18, 2014, Smith was moved to an eighth-inning setup role. Smith finished 2014 with 15 saves in 76 games, achieving a 1.81 ERA on 1105 pitches.

On June 8, 2016, Smith went on the disabled list with a hamstring injury.

Chicago Cubs
On August 1, 2016, the Angels traded Smith to the Chicago Cubs for prospect Jesus Castillo. In 16 more appearances with the Cubs to finish 2016, Smith had a 1-1 record and a 2.51 ERA. Overall in 2016, combined with both teams he played for, Smith made 54 total appearances with a 1-4 record and a 3.82 ERA. Smith was a member of the Cubs' 2016 World Series championship team but did not make any postseason appearances.

Toronto Blue Jays
On February 9, 2017, Smith signed a one-year, $3 million contract with the Toronto Blue Jays. Smith became the Blue Jays setup man early in the season, after Jason Grilli struggled in the role and Joe Biagini was moved to the starting rotation. He was placed on the 10-day disabled list on June 19 with shoulder inflammation. In 38 games, he was 3-0 with a 3.28 ERA in  innings.

Return to Cleveland
On July 31, 2017, the Blue Jays traded Smith to the Cleveland Indians for Thomas Pannone and Samad Taylor. In  innings, he had an ERA of 3.44 for the Indians.

Houston Astros
On December 13, 2017, Smith signed a two-year contract with the Houston Astros worth $15 million. In his first season in Houston, Smith appeared in 56 games, recording a record of 5-1 in  innings with a 3.74 ERA. On December 13 while working out, Smith suffered a ruptured left Achilles tendon. He underwent surgery for it on December 20.

In 2019, Smith was 1–0 with a 1.80 ERA in 28 relief appearances in which he pitched 25.0 innings.

On December 16, 2019, Smith resigned with the Astros on a two-year contract worth $8 million.

Smith did not play in the abbreviated 60-game 2020 season and forfeited his $4M salary after returning to Ohio to spend time with his mother who was battling the final stages of Huntington's disease.  Smith returned to the Astros in 2021, but struggled to a 7.48 ERA in 27 appearances with the team.

Seattle Mariners
On July 27, 2021, Smith was traded to the Seattle Mariners along with Abraham Toro in exchange for Rafael Montero and Kendall Graveman.

Minnesota Twins
On March 20, 2022, Smith signed with the Minnesota Twins. On August 3, 2022, the Twins designated Smith for assignment. He was released on August 5, 2022.

Pitching style
Smith's pitching style is different from most. According to hitters, he comes at the batter from third base. His release point is about 4:30 on the analog clock, lower than sidearm, and higher than  submarine. Smith's fastball usually is at 88–90 mph, sometimes reaching 93 mph. His fastball can even be considered a sinker because of its hard downward movement. He routinely gets ground balls because of this. Smith also throws a slider and a changeup.

Personal life
Smith is married to Turner Sports reporter Allie LaForce. Their first child, a son, was born in 2022.

In 2012, Smith's mother was diagnosed with Huntington's disease; the condition leads to the death of nerve cells in the brain. Smith has a 50% chance of inheriting the condition. Smith and LaForce dedicate much of their free time to raising awareness for their organization HelpCureHD.org, which provides funding for couples to go through the PGD-IVF process as a way to stop the disease from continuing to future generations.

References

External links

1984 births
Akron Aeros players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baseball players from Cincinnati
Binghamton Mets players
Brooklyn Cyclones players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Chicago Cubs players
Cleveland Indians players
Columbus Clippers players
Houston Astros players
Living people
Los Angeles Angels players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Minnesota Twins players
New Orleans Zephyrs players
New York Mets players
North Adams SteepleCats players
Seattle Mariners players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Wright State Raiders baseball players

Joe Smith (pitcher)


In Darkness and in Light is a 2011 short film distributed by Warner Bros., scripted by Ian Kintzle, from a story by Kintzle and John O'Callaghan, and  directed by James Sullos and Mike Jones. The film is packaged with a boxset of music from the American rock band The Maine, and is sold exclusively on iTunes.

Plot
The film is a tale about a small band of contumacious boys and girls that live in a hidden village on a faraway beach; they are the Ivory Rebellion, a feral group of children that are fighting from oppression against an evil queen named Johanna, and her ruthless Onyx Empire. Like Peter Pan & The Lost Boys, the rebels have shunned society and live completely free of parents and authority figures. Their existence, albeit a simple one, is entirely devoid of technology, minus simple firearms and an ancient tube radio. Surrounding their beach is a border, the land across from which is forbidden and belongs to the Onyx Empire. For the longest time a treaty was set forth, stating that no one from either side shall cross said border, but in a last-ditch effort to induct the boys and girls of the Ivory Rebellion, Queen Johanna has halted all supply shipments into their village. The rebels are running low on food, and with the threat of starvation, are forced to make a decision that could cost them everything.

Music box set
All music by The Maine

"Untangle Me" (B-Side) - 3:20
"Free" (Home Recording) - 3:22
"Book of Me and You" (Home Recording) - 3:00
"Whoever She Is" (Home Recording) - 4:01
"Growing Up" (Live Acoustic Song) - 4:03
"Washroom Color" - 2:26
"Saving Grace" (Take 2) – 4:07
"In Darkness & In Light (Movie Score) - 18:11

 Tracks 5 through 7 are all acoustic/alternate renditions of songs off Black & White, while tracks 1 through 4 are also included on the European CD version of Black & White.

References

External links

2011 films
2011 fantasy films
American fantasy films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

In Darkness and in Light


The Ukraine men's national football team () represents Ukraine in men's international football and is governed by the Ukrainian Association of Football, the governing body for football in Ukraine. Ukraine's home ground is the Olimpiyskiy Stadium in Kyiv. The team has been a full member of UEFA and FIFA since 1992.

After Ukrainian Independence they played their first match against Hungary on 29 April 1992. The team reached the quarter-finals in the 2006 FIFA World Cup, their debut in the finals of a major championship. Apart from Russia, Ukraine is the only post-Soviet state to qualify for the FIFA World Cup finals.

As the host nation, Ukraine automatically qualified for UEFA Euro 2012. Four years later, Ukraine finished third in their qualifying group for Euro 2016 and advanced via the play-off route to reach a UEFA European Championship tournament through the qualifiers for the first time. This marked the first time in Ukraine's six play-off appearances that it managed to win such a tie, having lost previous play-off ties for the 1998 World Cup, Euro 2000, the 2002 World Cup, the 2010 World Cup and the 2014 World Cup, and would lose again in the 2022 World Cup play-offs.

Ukraine's best performances in the UEFA European Championship and in the World Cup were in 2020 and 2006 respectively, in both cases reaching the quarter-finals for the first time.

History

Ukrainian SSR (1925–1990)
The national team was formed in the early 1990s and was recognized internationally soon afterwards. It is not widely known, however, that Ukraine previously had a national team in 1925–1935. Just like the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic had its own national team. The national team included such players Andriy Ponomarenko, Ivan Privalov, Volodymyr Fomin, H. Syrota, Mykola Fomin, Anatoliy Lisnyi, Oleksandr Shatokha (goalkeeper), Dmytro Kyryllov, Dmytro Starusev, Serhiy Kopeiko, Petro Parovyshnykov (first team); Valentyn Prokofyev, Fedir Tyutchev, H. Yakubovskyi, Ivan Vladymyrskyi, Serafim Moskvin (goalkeeper), Kazymyr Piontkovskyi, Mykhailo Pashuta, Vasiliy Yepishin, Adam Bem, K. Us, Volodymyr Prasolov (second team).

The earliest record of games played by Ukraine can be traced back to August 1928. A championship among the national teams of the Soviet republics as well as the Moscow city team was planned to take place in Moscow; at the All-Soviet tournament, Ukraine reached the final where it lost to Moscow 1–0, after defeating Belarus and Transcaucasus.

In 1929, Ukraine beat Lower Austria in an exhibition match in Kharkiv 4–1, and played in another Soviet tournament. Ukraine lost to Transcaucasus 3–0.

Official formation
Before independence in 1991, Ukrainian players were represented by the Soviet Union national team. After the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Russia took place in the qualifying tournament for the 1994 World Cup. The national team of Ukraine did not manage to enter the tournament on account of it not yet being admitted to FIFA. Meanwhile, some of the best Ukrainian players of the beginning of the 1990s (including Andrei Kanchelskis, Viktor Onopko, Sergei Yuran, Yuriy Nikiforov, Ilya Tsymbalar and Oleg Salenko) chose to play for Russia. At that time  Vyacheslav Koloskov was the only top official from the former Soviet Union and later the Russia who served as a vice-president of UEFA in 1980–1996 and represented  the Soviet Union and later the Commonwealth of Independent States.

The Soviet Union's five-year UEFA coefficient, despite being earned in part by Ukrainian players (for example, in the final of the last successful event, Euro 1988, under the direction of Valery Lobanovsky, 7 out of the 11 starting players were Ukrainians), were transferred to the Russia national team. As a result, a crisis was created for both the national team and the domestic league.

Another reason for the occurred harsh crisis in the Ukrainian football was lack of adequate funding of teams, due to the general economic crisis that has affected all of the CIS countries. There also was a reverse influx of players; Viktor Leonenko agreed on transfer from Dynamo Moscow to Dynamo Kyiv. The Russian club did not want to release him, but Leonenko did not want to continue to play in Moscow.

In the following years, the Ukrainian team improved, showcasing talents like Andriy Shevchenko, Serhiy Rebrov, and Oleksandr Shovkovskyi.

First official games (Prokopenko)
Soon after being accepted to FIFA and UEFA as a full member in 1992, Ukraine selected its first manager by members of a coaching council which consisted of Anatoliy Puzach (manager of Dynamo Kyiv), Yevhen Kucherevskyi (FC Dnipro), Yevhen Lemeshko (Torpedo Zaporizhzhia), Yukhym Shkolnykov (Bukovyna Chernivtsi) and Viktor Prokopenko (Chornomorets Odesa). Later, they were joined by Valeriy Yaremchenko (Shakhtar Donetsk). The circle was narrowed to three specialists; Prokopenko eventually became the manager.

Ukraine played their first match on 29 April 1992 against Hungary in Uzhhorod at the Avanhard Stadium, losing 3–1 with the sole Ukrainian goal scored by Ivan Hetsko. With the creation of "fantom" (transitional) CIS team in place of the Soviet Union playing its own friendly against the England in Moscow in preparation to the UEFA Euro 1992, the Ukrainian team lost some notable players to that team. Following a couple of losses to Hungary and a tie to United States, Prokopenko resigned and the last season game that year for the national team was led by his assistants Mykola Pavlov and Leonid Tkachenko.

Euro 96 qualification (Bazylevych)

Ukraine appointed another head coach, Oleh Bazylevych, who made his debut with the national team in the spring of 1993 in Odesa during a friendly against Israel, a 1–1 draw. Less than a month later Ukraine finally won, in Vilnius in an away friendly against Lithuania. During the summer they lost 3–1 to Croatia; Ukraine was later seeded in Group 4 of the UEFA Euro 1996 qualification.

Ukraine was defeated by Israel in March 1994, and drew Bulgaria and the United Arab Emirates. On 7 September 1994, the national team started its first official qualification campaign with a surprising home loss 2–0 to Lithuania. Following the defeat and a weak performance in preceding friendlies Bazylevych was fired and on the tour to South Korea the team was led by the Bazylevych assistants Pavlov and Muntyan as a temporary replacement until Federation signs a contract with Valeriy Lobanovsky. on 24 September, the Football Federation of Ukraine appointed Yozhef Sabo as an acting manager until the end of the year after Lobanovsky signed a contract with Kuwait.

With the new manager, their next home game against Slovenia ended goalless and they then beat Estonia 3–0 gaining their first win in official competitive game. At the beginning of the year Football Federation confirmed Anatoliy Konkov as the new head coach on 5 January 1995.

With Konkov the team started with away losses of 4–0 to Croatia and 3–0 to Italy. After that there was a three-game winning streak including a home victory against Croatia and theoretical hopes which were abruptly cut after a loss to Slovenia and the team finished in the fourth place in its first qualification campaign behind Lithuania.

1998–2004: near misses
Following the expiration of a year-long contract with Konkov, in 1996 the Federation appointed Sabo as a head coach and received a preliminary agreement that Lobanovsky will become available following his contract with Kuwait.

Ukraine participated in 1998 World Cup qualification, where the team was drawn into Group 9. Ukraine took second place, only behind Germany and ahead of Portugal but was defeated in a play-off stage 3–1 on aggregate by Croatia. The qualification campaign became notable as the beginning of the international career for Shevchenko as well as more play time for some other players such as Oleksandr Shovkovsky and Serhiy Rebrov.

In UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying, Ukraine, assigned in Group 4, finished above Russia, thanks to an important draw in Moscow and a home victory, but still only qualified for the playoff behind the French side despite being undefeated. Ukraine then fell to Slovenia 3–2 on aggregate. Following the qualification campaign, the Federation finally signed a contract with Valery Lobanovsky, ending Sabo's tenure as a head coach.

The 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification saw Ukraine in Group 5. With Lobanovsky as a head coach, there were expectations of the first qualification to the finals. Yet, Ukraine suffered a home loss to Poland in their opening match, and many draws had resulted in Ukraine qualifying for the playoff again, losing to Germany, 5–2 on aggregate. Under public pressure, particularly the Higher League head coaches who argued that the national team head coach cannot competently serve for both club and national, as well as the health issues of Lobanovsky himself, the Federation decided not to renew a contract with Lobanovsky letting him concentrate on Dynamo Kyiv.

In UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying, Ukraine with the new head coach and another former Dynamo Kyiv star Leonid Buryak was assigned into Group 6, with Spain and Greece. Ukraine failed to qualify.

2006 FIFA World Cup
After Euro 2004 qualifying, Ukraine appointed Oleg Blokhin as the national team's head coach. Seeded at the Group 2 Ukraine went on to qualify as a group winner for their first-ever FIFA World Cup on 3 September 2005 after drawing 1–1 against Georgia in Tbilisi and ahead of Turkey, Denmark and the last campaign rivals Greece among others. This also was the first successful qualification campaign for Ukraine despite a poor home turf performance.

In the 2006 World Cup, they were in the Group H with Spain, Tunisia and Saudi Arabia. After losing 4–0 in the first match against Spain, the Ukrainians won the next two matches to face Switzerland in the round of 16. Tying at 0, Ukraine managed to take Switzerland to a penalty shoot-out where two saves from Oleksandr Shovkovsky secured a positive outcome for his side despite the first kick miss by Andriy Shevchenko. Switzerland which did not lose or yield a single goal was sent home early with Ukraine advancing to the quarterfinals. In the quarterfinals, Ukraine facing Italy was defeated with the second half two goals from Luca Toni securing a comfortable 3–0 win for the future 2006 World Cup champions.

2006–2012
After the World Cup, Ukraine was placed in UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying Group B, along with Italy and France; Ukraine had also performed poorly against Scotland, Georgia and Lithuania, ultimately finishing in fourth place. Due to the bleak performance of the national team Oleg Blokhin resigned and surprisingly signed with the recently established FC Moscow.

With another Soviet football star player Oleksiy Mykhaylychenko as the new head coach, 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification saw Ukraine in Group 6, drawing Croatia and winning against England, sending Ukraine to the playoff. Greece, which had been eliminated by Ukraine in the qualifiers four years earlier, would eventually get revenge. Following the failure to qualify, the Federation decided not to renew the contract with Mykhaylychenko.

As co-hosts, Ukraine qualified automatically for Euro 2012, marking their debut in the UEFA European Championship. The Federation decided to appoint Myron Markevych to prepare and lead the national team in the Euro finals. However, following a few friendlies Markevych resigned due to the off-pitch politics and having held coaching office of both the national team and Metalist Kharkiv. For the next several games in 2010-11 the national team was led by a caretaker Yuriy Kalitvintsev who starred for Ukraine back in its first qualification campaign for the Euro 1996.

On 21 April 2011, Blokhin was again appointed head coach of the Ukraine national team signing a four-year contract. With Blokhin at helm in their opening game against Sweden, Ukraine won 2–1 in Kyiv. In Donetsk, Ukraine was eliminated after a 2–0 loss to France and a 1–0 defeat to England.

2014–present
Seeded at the UEFA Group H Ukraine qualified for yet another playoff after two wins over Poland and two draws over England, where they would play against France. Ukraine beat France at home 2–0 but suffered a 3–0 loss away, thus being eliminated from the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Blokhin who remained a head coach following the home Euro 2012 had to step down due to health concerns in the autumn of 2012 soon after the first home game against England and was replaced by Andriy Bal and later Oleksandr Zavarov. While considering hiring a first foreign specialist, the Federation finally appointed Mykhailo Fomenko as a head coach by end of 2012. Even though Fomenko did not manage to qualify for the World Cup, the Federation decided to retain his services until the end of 2015. With qualification to the Euro 2016, Fomenko was honored to lead the national team in the finals.

With the ongoing Russian aggression, Ukraine in Euro 2016 qualifying was drawn against Spain, Slovakia, Belarus, Macedonia and Luxembourg. Despite having won all matches apart from those against Spain and Slovakia, they finished third due to the results against the top two teams in the group. They defeated Slovenia in the playoff, marking the first time they qualified for a major tournament through the playoffs.

Ukraine lost all three games at Euro 2016 without scoring a goal; a 2–0 loss to Germany, a 2–0 loss to Northern Ireland, and Poland 1–0.

Following the Euro 2016, Fomenko was replaced with Andriy Shevchenko as a head coach who served as his assistant during the Euro finals. Seeded in the UEFA Group I, Ukraine started with a home draw to Iceland in 2018 World Cup qualifying and an away draw to Turkey. This was followed by two home wins, 3–0 against Kosovo and 1–0 against Finland. After a 1–0 away loss to Croatia, they beat Finland 2–1 away and Turkey 2–0 at home, they lost 2–0 away to Iceland and won a 2–0 away win against Kosovo. Losing to Croatia at home, they failed to qualify for the playoffs for the first time since UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying and in all its previous FIFA World Cup qualifications.

In the inaugural UEFA Nations League, Ukraine was drawn with Czech Republic and Slovakia in League B. They beat the Czech Republic 2–1 away and Slovakia 1–0 at home, before earning a promotion to League A with a 1–0 home win to the Czech Republic, before ending with a 4–1 away loss to Slovakia.

Ukraine was placed in a group with Euro 2016 title holders Portugal as well as Serbia among other teams. In its opening game of the qualifying campaign Ukraine visited Portugal which was led by returning Cristiano Ronaldo. The match ended 0–0. The second game, against Luxembourg, ended up as a 2–1 win, preceding Ukraine's 5–0 win against Serbia, along with a narrow 1–0 win against Luxembourg. Two matches—away and home against Lithuania (winning 3–0 and 2–0 respectively) saw Ukraine with 16 points and in need of only a point against Portugal. Ukraine won 2–1 and the group before drawing Serbia 2–2.

Ukraine was drawn with Switzerland, Spain, and Germany in the next Nations League. The Ukrainians started their campaign by overcoming Switzerland at home 2–1 to temporarily take first place. However, their next opponent Spain won 4–0. Germany then won 2–1 in Kyiv. Ukraine then defeated Spain for the first time with a 1–0 win. Germany swept Ukraine after a 1–0 deficit was canceled for a 3–1 victory.

As the COVID-19 crisis in Ukraine worsened, eight players from the starting squad tested positive (including one positive SARS-CoV-2 test upon arrival to Lucerne), and as a result, the entire delegation was put into quarantine by the Department of Health of the Canton of Lucerne. Their game against Switzerland away was subsequently cancelled. Ukraine faced relegation if the game was to be awarded 3–0 to Switzerland, or if the result is decided by a drawing of lots and Switzerland was to be handed a 1–0 victory. Eventually, UEFA decided that the match result would be 3–0 in favour of Switzerland, meaning that Ukraine had been officially relegated after just one season in League A.

Ukraine managed to qualify for the knockout stages in the European Championship for the first time in 2020, as one of the best third-placed teams. They beat Sweden 2–1 in the round of 16, after Artem Dovbyk scored the winning goal in the first minute of the second half in extra time. They were then defeated by England in the quarter-final, recording their best finish at a major tournament since 2006.

Ukraine drew 1–1 in both games against France in 2022 World Cup qualifying. Ukraine would then qualify for the playoff after breaking the record set by Australia for the most consecutive draws in World Cup qualification, with five straight draws. After five years and under the spell of draws in the recent campaign, Shevchenko announced his resignation in August 2021 and was replaced with Oleksandr Petrakov who had recently led the Ukraine U-20 team to the World Cup victory. Ukraine eventually picked up a much-needed victory over Finland, ending their run of draws and giving them a two-point lead over Bosnia and a three-point lead over Finland. However, both Bosnia and Finland had a game in hand over Ukraine, who managed to qualify for the playoffs after a 2–0 win over Bosnia and a Finnish loss to France. Ukraine faced Scotland in the Group A playoff semifinals, postponed in March 2022 to June after Russia invaded the country in February, winning 3–1 at Hampden Park, but ultimately losing 1–0 to Wales in an emotional playoff final at the Cardiff City Stadium.

Stadiums

Most matches are held at Kyiv's Olimpiyskyi National Sports Complex.

During the Soviet era (before 1991), only three stadiums in Ukraine were used in official games, the Olimpiysky NSC in Kyiv (known then as Republican Stadium), the predecessor of Chornomorets, BSS Central Stadium in Odesa, and the Lokomotiv Stadium in Simferopol.

Since May 2022, due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, home game matches have been taking place in Łódź.

Home venue record

Since Ukraine's first fixture (29 April 1992 vs. Hungary) they have played their home games at 11 different stadiums.

Last updated: 11 November 2021. Statistics include official FIFA-recognised matches only.

Kits and sponsors

Kit history and evolution

On 29 March 2010, Ukraine debuted a new Adidas kit. This replaced the Adidas kit with a yellow base and the traditional Adidas three stripe with a snake sash which was used in 2009.
Before 5 February 2009 Ukraine wore a Lotto kit. In 2009 the official team kit was produced by German company Adidas which has a contract with the Ukrainian team until 31 December 2016. Joma manufactured the kits starting in the year 2017 for the match against Croatia on 24 March 2017.

Sponsors
Marketing for the Football Federation of Ukraine is conducted by the Ukraine Football International (UFI).
 Title sponsor: Epicentr (since 2013)
 Premium (General) sponsors: Chernihivske (since 1998)
 Official sponsors: Henkel (Ukraine), Adidas, Airline "MAU" (Ukraine International Airlines), NIKO (official Mitsubishi distributor in Ukraine), Boris clinic, Tour agency "Love Cyprus", Resort center "Grand Admiral Club"

Former title and general sponsors included Ukrtelecom, Kyivstar, Nordex (Austria), and Geoton.

Results and fixtures

The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

2023

Coaching staff
Currently approved:

Coaching history

Players

Current squad
The following players were called up for two UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying matches against North Macedonia and Malta on 14 and 17 October 2023, respectively.

Caps and goals updated as of 17 October 2023, after the match against Malta.

Recent call-ups
The following players have been called up for the team within the last 12 months.

Notes
U21 = Was called up from national U21 squad.
WD = Player withdrew from the squad due to non-injury issue.
INJ = It is not part of the current squad due to injury.
RES = Reserves squad – replaces a member of the squad in case of injury/unavailability.
RET = Retired from the national team.
PRE = Preliminary squad/standby.

Previous squads
2006 FIFA World Cup squad
UEFA Euro 2012 squad
UEFA Euro 2016 squad
UEFA Euro 2020 squad

Player records

Players in bold are still active with Ukraine.

Most appearances

Top goalscorers

Most capped goalkeepers

Captains

Competitive record

FIFA World Cup

 Champions   Runners-up   Third place   Fourth place

* Denotes draws include knock-out matches decided on penalty kicks.

UEFA European Championship

 Champions   Runners-up   Third place   Fourth place

UEFA Nations League

Head-to-head record

The following table shows Ukraine's all-time international record, correct as of 17 October 2023.

FIFA Ranking history

See also

Ukraine national under-21 football team
Ukraine national under-19 football team
Ukraine national under-18 football team
Ukraine national under-17 football team
Ukraine national under-16 football team
Ukrainians on the Soviet Union national football team

Notes

References

External links

 Official website of the Ukrainian Association of Football
 Ukrainian page on FIFA's website
 Ukrainian page on UEFA's website
 Ukrainian Soccer History website
 Ukrainian Football
 Soccerway profile
 National Team Roster and Match History
 RSSSF archive of most capped players and highest goalscorers
 Media library of Ukrainian National Football Team
 ELO ratings
 List of Ukrainian international players perished in car crashes
 Ukraine Football International website
 Complete List of Teams and Results

European national association football teams
Football teams in Ukraine
Ukrainian Association of Football
Institutions with the title of National in Ukraine

Ukraine national football team


John "Bah" Harrington (born May 24, 1957) is an American former ice hockey forward and is currently the head coach of the Minnesota State Mavericks women's ice hockey of the Western Collegiate Hockey Association.

Playing career
Harrington was a stand-out high school hockey athlete for Virginia High School in Minnesota's hockey-rich Iron Range under head coach Dave Hendrickson. After Harrington's senior season at Virginia, University of Minnesota Duluth (UMD) assistant head coach Mike Sertich urged Harrington to try out for the hockey team. With Sertich's backing, Harrington won a walk-on spot on UMD's roster. He lettered for four seasons at UMD from 1975 to 1979.

Following his collegiate playing career, Harrington was invited to try out for the 1979–80 US National team coached by the Minnesota Golden Gophers' Herb Brooks. Harrington made every cut and was placed on the Olympic roster for the 1980 Lake Placid games. The team went on to defeat the highly favored Soviet Union 4–3 in the first game of the Medal Round in an event named the "Miracle on Ice". The team defeated Finland 4–2 two days later to capture the Gold Medal for the US. Harrington is credited with an assist on Mike Eruzione's go-ahead game-winning goal against the USSR.

Undrafted by the NHL, Harrington had a try-out with the Buffalo Sabres following the Olympics. The Sabres immediately assigned him to the Rochester Americans of the AHL, where he scored seven points in twelve games despite being a marked man. "Some Canadian-born kids resent the fact that the Americans did so well in the Olympics and they're a bit jealous of them," claimed  Buffalo defenseman Larry Playfair. In one game Harrington was struck in the face and needed six stitches to close a bloody gash on his chin. In another game against the Hershey Bears Harrington was attacked from behind by Lou Franceschetti and knocked unconscious for five minutes, lying in a pool of blood on the ice. He had to spend the night in a hospital with a concussion, fractured jaw, broken nose and four loosened teeth. Franceshetti was not penalized, insisting it was a "clean" check. "My shoulder just connected with the back of his neck." "If it was a clean check, how did I get it in the back of my head?" asked Harrington. "Lying in my hospital bed, I had all sorts of mixed emotions, especially when my teeth ached and my heart throbbed. I kept thinking of the cleaner game in Europe, that I could have gone to Switzerland to play hockey. Something like this can't help but discourage you. But this is the way it is in the pros and I'll make it one way or the other ... even if I have to face a few goofballs."

Harrington played the 1980–81 season for Lugano in the Swiss league before returning to the US to play with the US National team from 1981–83 on a full-time basis. He was a member of the United States team at the 1981, 1982 and 1983 Ice Hockey World Championship tournaments. Between brief stints in the Central Hockey League, Harrington rejoined the national hockey team for the 1984 Winter Olympics.

Coaching career
Following 1984, Harrington retired from playing and rejoined his college roots as an assistant coach under former Montreal Canadiens star Ralph Backstrom at the University of Denver. The highlight of Harrington's time at Denver was 1985-86 when Denver won a school record 34 games and advanced to the NCAA Frozen Four. In 1990 Harrington returned to Minnesota as an assistant coach for St. Cloud State University.

From 1993-2008, Harrington was the head hockey coach at Saint John's University in Collegeville, Minnesota. Harrington turned around a listless program at Saint John's. By his fourth season he had guided SJU to a school-record 26-6-1 mark, the school's first conference championship since 1950, the school's first conference playoff championship, the school's first NCAA tournament berth and an NCAA third-place victory. In 15 seasons at Saint John's he has a career record of 241-142-31 (.620). He has won five MIAC titles, four MIAC playoff championships and has advanced to the NCAA tournament five times. Harrington is the school leader in career wins. In addition to his coaching duties, Harrington was the assistant athletic director at Saint John's.

It was announced on March 31, 2008 that Harrington would step down as head coach at Saint John's to become head coach for HC Ambri-Piotta of the Swiss National League, his brief tenure lasting only until December 16. On January 19, 2009 Harrington signed a contract as head coach for Slovenia men's national ice hockey team, a position he held until December 12, 2010 when he was succeeded by Matjaž Kopitar. On May 11, 2009, Harrington signed a contract with HC Asiago, where he served as head coach until 2011.

In  May 2015, after serving four years as an amateur scout for the NHL's Colorado Avalanche, Harrington was named the head coach of the Minnesota State Mavericks women's ice hockey of the Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA).

In the movies
As part of the 1980 Olympic team, Harrington has been portrayed in movies twice, with the more recent being Disney's 2004 release Miracle. Harrington is portrayed by Nate Miller, who played hockey at the University of Minnesota from 1997-2000.

Prior to Miracle, Harrington was portrayed by Bill Schreiner in the 1981 made-for-TV movie Miracle on Ice.

Personal life
Harrington is married and has three children. He is the father of Chris Harrington, team captain and four-year letter winner on the Minnesota Golden Gopher hockey team from 2002–06 and currently a DEG Metro Stars defenseman.

"Bah"
Among family, friends and those who knew him in his high school and college playing days, Harrington is known almost exclusively as "Bah". He earned the nickname from his older brother who was barely a year old when John was born. The brother couldn't enunciate the word baby and instead referred to his new sibling as "bah." The name stuck. The rest of his siblings have nicknames too, including "TP", "Tootie", and "Muggs."

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

External links

1957 births
Living people
1980 US Olympic ice hockey team
American expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
American men's ice hockey forwards
Birmingham South Stars players
Colorado Avalanche scouts
Colorado Flames players
HC Lugano players
Ice hockey people from St. Louis County, Minnesota
Ice hockey players from Minnesota
Ice hockey players at the 1980 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 1984 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1980 Winter Olympics
Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs men's ice hockey players
Oklahoma City Stars players
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in ice hockey
People from Virginia, Minnesota
Rochester Americans players
Saint John's Johnnies men's ice hockey coaches
Slovenia men's national ice hockey team coaches

John Harrington (ice hockey)


Daniel Carlsson (born 29 June 1976) is a rally car driver from Sweden.

Biography
Carlsson came in 2nd at the Swedish Junior Rally Championship in 1998 when he was only 22. He went on to compete in the Swedish Rally Championship in 1999, finishing 1st in Group H. In 1999 he finished 2nd again in the Swedish Juniors.

By 2000 he graduated to the WRC and finished 22nd at his home rally of Sweden driving a Toyota. The following year in the same event he finished 7th.

At his first Monte Carlo rally in 2002 he promptly came in 4th just off the podium driving a Ford Puma S1600. At his home rally of Sweden, driving a Mitsubishi in the group N class, he finished 1st.

In the 2005 WRC season Carlsson was asked to stand in for Markko Märtin after the Wales Rally GB, in which Märtin's co-driver was killed. Martin decided to quit for the rest of the season, therefore prompting Peugeot Sport team to hire Carlsson for the remainder of the season.

At the start of the 2006 season, Carlsson posted his best home result with a 3rd in the Swedish WRC Rally. For the 2006 season Carlsson drove a Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution with co-driver Bo Holmstrand.

In 2007, Carlsson was caught for drunk driving, had his driving license revoked, and decided to quit his rally career.

WRC results

JWRC results

References

External links
 Official site
 Profile of the driver from Ewrc-results.com

1976 births
Living people
Swedish rally drivers
World Rally Championship drivers
Peugeot Sport drivers

Daniel Carlsson (rally driver)


Hull House was a settlement house in Chicago, Illinois, that was co-founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr. Located on the Near West Side of Chicago, Hull House, named after the original house's first owner Charles Jerald Hull, opened to serve recently arrived European immigrants. By 1911, Hull House had expanded to 13 buildings. In 1912, the Hull House complex was completed with the addition of a summer camp, the Bowen Country Club.  With its innovative social, educational, and artistic programs, Hull House became the standard bearer for the movement; by 1920, it grew to approximately 500 settlement houses nationally.

The Hull mansion and several subsequent acquisitions were continuously renovated to accommodate the changing demands of the association. In the mid-1960s, most of the Hull House buildings were demolished for the construction of the University of Illinois Chicago. The original building and one additional building (which has been moved ) survive today. On June 23, 1965, it was designated as a U.S. National Historic Landmark. On October 15, 1966, the day that the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 was enacted, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. On June 12, 1974, the surviving Hull mansion was designated as a Chicago Landmark.

Hull mansion was one of the first four structures to be listed on both the Chicago Registered Historic Places and the National Register of Historic Places list (along with Chicago Pile-1, Robie House & Lorado Taft Midway Studios). After The Hull House Association moved from the original buildings complex in the 1960s, it continued to provide social services in multiple locations throughout Chicago. It finally ceased operations in January 2012.  The Hull mansion and a related dining hall, the only remaining survivors on the Hull House complex, are now maintained as a history museum.

Mission
Addams followed the example of Toynbee Hall, which was founded in 1884 in the East End of London as a center for social reform. She described Toynbee Hall as "a community of university men" who, while living there, held their recreational clubs and social gatherings at the settlement house among the poor people and in the same style they would in their own circle. Addams and Starr established Hull House as a settlement house on September 18, 1889.

In the 19th century a women's movement began to promote education and autonomy, and to break into traditionally male-dominated occupations for women. Organizations led by women, bonded by sisterhood, were formed for social reform, including settlement houses such as Hull House, situated in working class and poor neighborhoods. To develop "new roles for women, the first generation of New Women wove the traditional ways of their mothers into the heart of their brave new world. The social activists, often single, were led by educated New Women.

Hull House became, at its inception in 1889, "a community of university women" whose main purpose was to provide social and educational opportunities for working class people (many of them recent European immigrants) in the surrounding neighborhood. The "residents" (volunteers at Hull were given this title) held classes in literature, history, art, domestic activities (such as sewing), and many other subjects. Prominent scholars and social reformers such as John Dewey, George Herbert Mead, Max Weber, and W.E.B. Du Bois lectured at Hull House.     In addition, Hull House held concerts that were free to everyone, offered free lectures on current issues, and operated clubs for both children and adults.

In 1892, Addams published her thoughts on what has been described as "the three R's" of the settlement house movement: residence, research, and reform. These involved "close cooperation with the neighborhood people, scientific study of the causes of poverty and dependence, communication of these facts to the public, and persistent pressure for [legislative and social] reform..."  Hull House conducted careful studies of the Near West Side, Chicago community, which became known as "The Hull House Neighborhood".  These studies enabled the Hull House residents to confront the establishment, eventually partnering with them in the design and implementation of programs intended to enhance and improve the opportunities for success by the largely immigrant population.

According to Christie and Gauvreau (2001), while the Christian settlement houses sought to Christianize, Jane Addams, "had come to epitomize the force of secular humanism." Her image was, however, "reinvented" by the Christian churches. According to the Jane Addams Hull-House Museum, "Some social settlements were linked to religious institutions. Others, like Hull-House [co-founded by Addams], were secular."

Hull House neighborhood
One of the first newspaper articles ever written about Hull House quotes the following invitation sent to the residents of the Hull House neighborhood.  It begins with: "Mio Carissimo Amico"...and is signed, Le Signorine, Jane Addams and Ellen Starr.  That invitation to the community, written during the first year of Hull House's existence, suggests that the inner core of what Addams labeled "The Hull House Neighborhood" was overwhelmingly Italian at that time.  "10,000 Italians lived between the river and Halsted Street."

By all accounts, the greater Hull House neighborhood (Chicago's Near West Side) was a mix of various ethnic groups that had immigrated to Chicago.  There was no discrimination of race, language, creed, or tradition for those who entered the doors of the Hull House. Every person was treated with respect. The Bethlehem-Howard Neighborhood Center records substantiate that, "Germans and Jews resided south of that inner core (south of twelfth street)…The Greek delta formed by Harrison, Halsted and Blue Island Streets served as a buffer to the Irish residing to the south and the Canadian–French to the northwest.  From the river on the east end, on out to the western ends of what came to be known as "Little Italy", from Roosevelt Road on the south to the Harrison Street delta on the north, became the port-of-call for Italians who continued to immigrate to Chicago from the shores of southern Italy until a quota system was implemented in 1924 for most Southern Europeans.

The Greektown and Maxwell Street residents, along with the remnants of other immigrant groups living on the outer fringes of the Hull House Neighborhood, disappeared long before the physical demise of Hull House.  The exodus of most ethnic groups began shortly after the turn of the twentieth century. Their businesses, e.g. Greektown and Maxwell Street, however, remained.  Italian Americans were the only immigrant group that endured as a vibrant on-going community. That community came to be known as "Little Italy".  Taylor Street's Little Italy, the inner core of Addams' "Hull House Neighborhood", remained as the laboratory upon which the social and philanthropic groups of Hull House elitists had tested their theories and formulated their challenges to the establishment.

The synergy between Taylor Street's Little Italy and the Hull House complex; i.e., the settlement house and its summer camp, the Bowen Country Club, is well documented.  Dr. Alice Hamilton, an early member of that elite Hull House hierarchy, wrote in her autobiography, "Those Italian women knew what a baby needed, far better than my Ann Arbor professors did." The ancillary literature between, among and about members of Hull House's inner sanctum of sociologists and philanthropists is littered with such comments, reinforcing the relationship that existed between Taylor Street's Little Italy and Hull House.  A review of the ethnic composition of those who registered for and utilized the services provided by the Hull House complex, during its 74 years as a tenant of the near-west side, suggests an ethnic bias. Of the 257 known WWII veterans who were alumni of the Bowen Country Club, "virtually all had a vowel at the end of their names...denoting their Italian heritage."

A historic picture, "Meet the Hull House Kids," was taken on a summer day in 1924 by Wallace K. Kirkland Sr., Hull House Director.  He later became a top photographer with Life. The twenty Hull House Kids were erroneously described as young boys, of Irish ancestry, posing in the Dante School yard on Forquer Street (now Arthington Street).  It circulated the world as a "poster child" of sorts for the Hull House social experiment.  On April 5, 1987, over a half century later, the Chicago Sun-Times refuted the contention that the Hull House Boys were of Irish ancestry. In doing so, the Sun-Times article listed the names of each of the young boys.  All twenty boys were first-generation Italian-Americans, all with vowels at the end of their names.  "They grew up to be lawyers and mechanics, sewer workers and dump truck drivers, a candy shop owner, a boxer and a mob boss."

Because of the immigrants' loneliness for their homeland, Addams started hosting ethnic evenings at Hull House. This would include ethnic food, dancing, music, and maybe a short lecture on a topic of interest. Some of the themed evenings were Italian, Greek, German, Polish, etc. Ellen Gates Starr described one Italian evening as having the room packed full with people. One of the ladies who attended "recited a patriotic poem with great spirit" and everyone was moved by it.

Accomplishments

Throughout the first two decades, along with thousands of immigrants from the surrounding area, Hull House attracted many female residents who later became prominent and influential reformers at various levels. At the beginning, Addams and Starr volunteered as on-call doctors when the real doctors either didn't show up or weren't available. They acted as midwives, saved babies from neglect, prepared the dead for burial, nursed the sick, and sheltered domestic violence victims. For example, one Italian bride had lost her wedding ring and in turn was beaten by her husband for a week. She sought shelter at the settlement and it was granted to her. Also, a baby born with a cleft palate was unwanted by his mother so he was kept at the Hull House for six weeks after an operation. In another case, a woman was about to give birth to an illegitimate baby, so none of the Irish matrons would touch it. Addams and Starr stepped in and delivered this helpless little one. Finally, a female Italian immigrant was so thrilled about fresh roses at one of the Hull House receptions that she insisted they had come from Italy. She had never seen anything as beautiful in America despite the fact that she lived within ten blocks of a florist shop. Her limited view of America came from the untidy street she lived on and the long struggle to adapt to American ways. The settlement was also gradually drawn into advocating for legislative reforms at the municipal, state and federal levels, addressing issues such as child labor, women's suffrage, healthcare reform and immigration policy. Some claim that the work of the Hull House marked the beginning of what we know today as "Social Welfare".

At the neighborhood level, Hull House established the city's first public playground, bathhouse, and public gymnasium (in 1893), pursued educational and political reform, and investigated housing, working, and sanitation issues. The playground opened on May Day in 1893, located on Polk Street. Families dressed in party attire and came to join the celebration that day. Addams had studied child behavior and painfully concluded that "children robbed of childhood were likely to become dull, sullen men and women working mindless jobs, or criminals for whom the adventure of crime became the only way to break out of the bleakness of their lives"  Addams' thinking regarding the importance of childhood play opportunities contributed to a national conversation about the need for playgrounds and a movement that started the Playground Association of America  Also, one volunteer, Jenny Dow, started a kindergarten class for children left at the settlement while their mothers worked in the sweatshops. Within three weeks, Dow had 24 registered kindergartners and 70 on a waiting list. At the municipal level, their pursuit of legal reforms led to the first juvenile court in the United States, and their work influenced urban planning and the transition to a branch library system.  At the state level Hull House influenced legislation on child labor laws, occupational safety and health provisions, compulsory education, immigrant rights, and pension laws. These experiences translated to success at the federal level, working with the settlement house network to champion national child labor laws, women's suffrage, a children's bureau, unemployment compensation, workers' compensation, and other elements of the Progressive agenda during the first two decades of the twentieth century.

Jane Addams and many other Hull House residents such as Florence Kelley and Julia Lathrop inspired and stimulated social reforms. Hull House residents generated action. What is less well known, is that Hull House also generated a unique philosophy often described as feminist pragmatism. Philosophy is generally associated with academia. Plato, is known for establishing the academy (387 BCE), which was a forerunner of universities. Men dominated this world of thought --philosophy. Hull House offered an alternative location where women could debate, reflect, ponder and make sense of urban life through the prism of feminine experience. According to Maurice Hamington  Hull House was an incubator of ideas where feminist pragmatism was jump started. The Hull House philosophy, contrasted sharply with the approach of Plato. He used geometry and math as a spring board  to a theory of Forms, which were "ideal, eternal, unchanging and pleasingly independence of earthly visible things. Addams, on the other hand, was not interested in abstract truth. She wanted her philosophic approach to incorporate the messy world of lived experience - with emphasis on the under explored world of women's experience. Rather than focusing on fixed individual characteristics (virtues), her social ethics engaged the individual in broader society and focused on a social responsibility and participatory democracy.  In 1897, Alice Hamilton after graduating from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine joined Hull House and founded one of the first child welfare and outpatient pediatric clinic.

Teachings

Later, the settlement branched out and offered services to ameliorate some of the effects of poverty. A public dispensary provided nutritious food for the sick as well as a daycare center and public baths. Among the courses Hull House offered was a bookbinding course, which was timely — given the employment opportunities in the growing printing trade. Hull House was well known for its success in aiding American assimilation, especially with immigrant youth. Hull House became the center of the movement to promote hand workmanship as a moral regenerative force. Under the direction of Laura Dainty Pelham their theater group performed the Chicago premiers of several plays by John Galsworthy, Henrik Ibsen, and George Bernard Shaw, and was given credit for founding the American Little Theatre Movement.  The success of Hull House led Paul Kellogg to refer to the group as the "Great Ladies of Halsted Street".

The objective of Hull House, as stated in its charter, was: "To provide a center for a higher civic and social life; to institute and maintain educational and philanthropic enterprises, and to investigate and improve the conditions in the industrial districts of Chicago."

The building and museum

Hull House was located in Chicago, Illinois, and took its name from the Italianate mansion built by real estate magnate Charles Jerald Hull (1820–1889) at 800 South Halsted Street in 1856. The building was located in what had once been a fashionable part of town, but by 1889, when Addams was searching for a location for her experiment, it had descended into squalor. This was partly due to the rapid and overwhelming influx of immigrants into the Near West Side neighborhood. Charles Hull granted his former home to his niece Helen Culver, who in turn granted it to Addams on a 25-year rent-free lease. By 1907, Addams had acquired 13 buildings surrounding Hull's mansion.  Between 1889 and 1935, Addams and Ellen Gates Starr continuously redeveloped the building.  In 1912, the Bowen Country Club summer camp was added to complete the Hull House complex.  The facility remained at the original location until it was purchased in 1963 by what was then called the University of Illinois-Circle Campus.  The development of University of Illinois-Circle Campus required the demolition of most of the Hull House buildings and the 1967 restoration to the original building by Frazier, Raftery, Orr and Fairbank removed Addams's third floor addition.  In addition to the mansion, of the dozen additional buildings only the craftsman style dining hall (built in 1905 and designed by Pond & Pond) survives and it was moved  from its original site to be next to the mansion.

The haunting of Hull House
Addams noted that upon moving in, the building had a "half-skeptical reputation for a haunted attic."  Over the years, numerous stories of ghosts and hauntings have surrounded Hull House, making it a stop on many of the "ghosts in Chicago" tours. Charles Hull's wife had died in the house in 1860 and is sometimes thought to haunt it.  Other candidates for resident ghosts include the many people who died there of natural causes in the 1870s when it was used as a home for the aged by the Little Sisters of the Poor.

In 1913, another Hull House ghost story began circulating. According to this legend, after a man claimed that he would rather have the Devil in his house than a picture of The Virgin Mary, his child was born with pointed ears, horns, scale-covered skin, and a tail. The mother was said to have taken the baby to Hull House, where Addams was said to have attempted to have it baptized and wound up locking it in the attic. While initially annoyed about the story, which had no basis in fact, Addams became fascinated by the effect the episode had on old women in the neighborhood and used the episode as a basis for her book The Long Road of Woman's Memory.

While a great many erroneous stories have circulated about the building, Addams is known to have spoken to several friends about one of the front bedrooms on the second floor being haunted – she and a friend once thought they saw a "woman in white" ghost there, and the same ghost was later seen by a group of girls when the room was used as a dressing room for the adjacent theater. Though Addams called it "haunted," she seems to have been more amused than frightened by it.

Theater
Addams felt that the community benefits from theater plays and thus established an amateur theater in the Hull House in 1899. "The neighborhood Greeks performed the classic plays of antiquity in their own language and the children of European immigrants produced Shakespeare" as well as others. Early one December, the Greeks performed Odysseus in Chicago. The auditorium was filled with a multi-ethnic crowd and packed too close for comfort. The audience was very eager and gave the performers "rapt attention." They watched neighbors and co-workers execute this primitive play, but it was very powerful, plausible, and personal. The actors seemed to pay "tribute to a noble ancestry" and plea for the respect of the audience. Indeed, they did gain this respect because it was said that not even trained college students could give the same play with as much zeal and patriotism. America's improvisational theatre scene has its roots in Hull House, as Viola Spolin, noted improvisational techniques instructor, taught classes and developed her techniques at Hull House. In 1963, when road tours of Broadway productions became common, the Hull House Theater in the Jane Addams Center at 3212 North Broadway fostered the development of Chicago Theater companies for the rest of the century. Founder Robert Sickinger created an environment to nourish young talent with professionalism.

1930s to 2012
Addams was head resident until her death in 1935. Hull House continued to serve the community surrounding the Halsted location until it was displaced by the urban branch campus of the University of Illinois in the 1960s. Until 2012, the social service center role was performed throughout the city at various locations under an umbrella organization, the Jane Addams Hull House Association.  The original Hull House building itself is a museum, part of the College of Architecture and the Arts at the University of Illinois Chicago, and is open to the public.

The Jane Addams Hull House Association was one of Chicago's largest nonprofit social welfare organizations. Its mission was to improve social conditions for underserved people and communities by providing creative, innovative programs and by advocating for related public policy reforms. The Association had more than 50 programs at over 40 sites throughout Chicago and served approximately 60,000 individuals, families, and community members every year.

The Jane Addams Hull-House Museum is part of the College of Architecture and the Arts at the University of Illinois Chicago and serves as a memorial to Addams and other resident social reformers, whose work influenced the lives of their immigrant neighbors, as well as national and international public policy.  The museum and its programs connect the work of Hull House residents to important contemporary social issues. The Museum's collection includes over 1,100 artifacts related to Hull House history and over 100 oral interviews conducted with people who have shared their stories about Hull House and the surrounding neighborhood.

Hull House Association closure
Because of its heavy reliance on public support—as much as 85 percent of its revenue came from such sources—Hull House Association had essentially become an arm of government, unlike anything Ms. Addams might recognize today. When Clarence Wood, then the head of Chicago's Human Relations Commission, took over in 2000, he promised to move toward more private fundraising. But that effort appears to have failed to bring in more than a few million dollars in any given year, accounting for less than 10 percent of the agency's funding in most of the last decade, according to financial statements filed with the IRS and the Illinois attorney general's office.

On January 19, 2012, it was announced that Jane Addams Hull House Association would close in the spring of 2012 and file for bankruptcy due to financial difficulties, after almost 122 years.  On Friday, January 27, 2012, Hull House closed unexpectedly and all employees received their final paychecks. Employees learned at time of closing that they would not receive severance pay or earned vacation pay or healthcare coverage. Union officials said that the agency closed while owing employees more than $27,000 in unpaid expense reimbursement claims. The University of Illinois Chicago's Jane Addams Hull-House Museum (unaffiliated with the agency), however, remains open.

Workers and residents
Founders and workers, sorted by surname
Edith Abbott, resident social worker
Grace Abbott, resident social worker
Jane Addams, cofounder with Ellen Gates Starr
Ethel Percy Andrus, volunteer
Enella Benedict, founder and director for the Art School
Neva Boyd, founded the Recreational Training School
Sophonisba Breckinridge, social scientist
Charlotte E. Carr, head resident 1937-1942
Cornelia De Bey, worker
Dorothy Detzer, social, peace, relief and juvenille activist
Emily Edwards (de Cantabrana), art teacher
Julia I. Felsenthal, social worker
Alice Hamilton, artist, worker, and resident
Florence Kelley, established a Bureau of Women's Labor there
Julia Lathrop, children's rights activist and civil service reformer
Dorothy Loeb, artist, teacher, and resident
Mary McDowell, teacher and social reformer
Ernest Carroll Moore, teacher, late founder and first provost of University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)
Willard Motley, a founder of Hull House Magazine
Mary Kenney O'Sullivan, trade union activist, resident
Frances Perkins, labor rights advocate, later Secretary of Labor
Adena Miller Rich, head resident 1935 to 1937
Pauline Gibling Schindler, taught piano
Charles Phineas Schwartz, legal counsel, trustee, and vice president
Eleanor Clarke Slagle, established a workroom for handicapped people, later founder of occupational therapy
 Ida Mott Smith, aide to Jane Addams, and her husband Robert Morss Lovett were residents from 1921 to 1937
Viola Spolin, teacher, Recreational Training School
Ellen Gates Starr, cofounder with Jane Addams
Alzina Stevens,  labor leader and social reformer
 Rachelle Yarros, opened the country's second birth control clinic, married Victor Yarros, both of whom were residents

Residents or non-resident clients
Henry Standing Bear, resident
Benny Goodman, joined the boys club band
Gerard Swope, resident who married resident Mary Hill, later worked for General Electric Company (1922–1939)

See also
 Jane Addams Burial Site
 John H. Addams
 John H. Addams Homestead
 History of social work
 Hull House Music School
 Settlement and community houses in the United States

Notes

External links

In the Vicinity of Maxwell Halsted Streets 1890-1930
Jane Addams Hull-House Museum
Jane Addams Hull House Association
 Twenty Years at Hull House online editions

Twenty Years at Hull House, by Jane Addams, MacMillan & Co, 1910, at Project Gutenberg

Eleanor Smith's Hull House Songs: The Music of Protest and Hope in Jane Addams's Chicago, by Cassano (Graham), Lunin Schultz (Rima) and Payette (Jessica), Leiden: Brill, 2019
The Pots of Promise Exhibit
Urban Experience In Chicago: Hull-House and Its Neighborhoods, 1889–1963
Hull House Jubilee Article
Taylor Street Archives: UIC: Flawed History
Bowen Country Club – digital images from the UIC Library collections
Hull-House Yearbook – digital images from the UIC Library collections
 Closing of Hull House
 Staff Interview on Closing of Hull House

Museums in Chicago
Biographical museums in Illinois
Historic house museums in Illinois
University museums in Illinois
Women's museums in the United States
West Side, Chicago
History of Chicago
Houses completed in 1856
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Chicago
Italian-American history
National Historic Landmarks in Chicago
Progressive Era in the United States
Reportedly haunted locations in Chicago
1889 establishments in Illinois
Settlement houses in Chicago
Socialism in Illinois
University of Illinois Chicago
Chicago Landmarks
History of women in Illinois

Hull House


Afrodisiac is the fourth studio album by American R&B/pop singer Brandy Norwood, released by Atlantic Records on June 28, 2004 outside North America and on June 29, 2004 (see 2004 in music) in Canada and the United States. It was mostly produced by Timbaland, with more production from Warryn Campbell, Organized Noise, Walter Millsap, Ron Feemster, Big Chuck, and Kanye West. A lot of critics liked the album, but it did not sell many copies. It has sold fewer copies than any other album she has made so far.

2004 albums
Brandy Norwood albums

Afrodisiac


Arthur DeWitt Foster (May 17, 1886 – March 2, 1939) was an educator, broker and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Kings from 1911 to 1915 and Hants—Kings from 1925 to 1926 in the House of Commons of Canada as a Conservative.

He was born in Hampton, Nova Scotia, the son of Aron Judson Foster and Eunice Lavinia Chuter, and was educated at the Provincial Normal School and Acadia University. In 1912, he married Charlotte Lawrence. Foster taught school in Wolfville and Kentville. He resigned his seat in the House of Commons in 1915. From 1916 to 1924, he was Superintendent of the Colonization Department, Canadian National Railway. He was also director of Foster's Tours in Chicago. Foster was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1926 and 1930.

Electoral record

References

Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Nova Scotia
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
1886 births
1939 deaths
Nova Scotia Teachers College alumni
Acadia University alumni

Arthur de Witt Foster


Kathy Segal is an American bodybuilding champion who rose to the top of the amateur ranks by winning the Ms. International Bodybuilding Championship, which was generally considered to be the second-most prestigious competition for female bodybuilders (behind only the Ms. Olympia competition).

Early life and education
She was born Kathy Huddy in Miami, Florida, but her family relocated to the area of Atlantic City, New Jersey, where she was raised.  She didn't compete in sports or athletics; she attended the Sonnenfeld School of Modeling, and competed in beauty contests.  In 1970, she was one of the local beauty queens who appeared in the Miss America Pageant Parade.

Bodybuilding career
Kathy, having little interest in sports, got an unusually late start for a bodybuilder; she started training in her late 20s. Her commitment from the outset of her training was improved health and fitness; she was what was referred to in the late 1980s as a "natural bodybuilder" (drug and steroid-free).

She won the Ms. South Jersey Fitness contest at the age of 31, in 1983. She followed with a second win of Ms. South Jersey Fitness in 1984. In 1985 and 1986, she competed in several New Jersey contests, always achieving a podium finish.

In early 1987, she was invited to compete in the WABBA Best In The World Championship. The WABBA held the event at the Trump Castle Casino in Atlantic City, NJ.  Former Mr. World, Mr. Universe, Mr. Europe Serge Nubret came from France to be the featured guest poser.  World renowned fantasy and physique artist Boris Vallejo was also among the invited dignitaries. Upon arriving at the competition, she accepted an impromptu invitation from AAU Mr. America Robert "Stonewall" Jackson to compete as his partner in the couples division. Though last minute, they prepared an ad-hoc posing routine, and were judged the 3rd best bodybuilding couple in the world.

In late 1987, at age 35, she won the Ms. International contest, which was generally considered to be the second-most prestigious  competition for female bodybuilders (behind only the Ms. Olympia competition).

Her final championship win came in 1991, at the age of 39, at the NPC Women's National Grand Prix.

Away from the contest stage Kathy hosted "Fitness Friday", a weekly radio feature on WMGM Radio, in the late 80's. She is a certified personal trainer with NSCA, AFPA, SFA, AFAA, The Arthritis Foundation and Kaiser Fitness, has managed a number of health clubs and continues to support women and men who are seeking a higher level of fitness.

Contest history

1983 Ms. South Jersey Fitness - 1st (25-34)
1984 Ms. South Jersey Fitness - 1st Overall
1985 AAU South Jersey Championship - 2nd Overall
1985 NPC NJ State Championship - 3rd Overall
1986 AAU South Jersey Championship - 1st (Middlweight)
1986 IFBB Ms. International - 3rd
1987 WABBA Best in the World - 3rd (Couples)
1987 AAU Ms. International - 1st Overall
1991 NPC Women's National Grand Prix - 1st Overall

Personal life
She is the mother of Hugo Award winning editor Stephen H. Segal and New York Administrative Law Judge Samantha L. Segal.

References

American female bodybuilders
Living people
Sportspeople from Atlantic City, New Jersey
Professional bodybuilders
Sportspeople from Miami
1952 births
21st-century American women

Kathy Segal


John Usher FRSE (12 August 1945 – 13 September 2008) was a British academic specialising in European law. Educated at Newcastle University, he earned a scholarship to study French private law at the University of Nancy, working as an assistant at the University of Exeter after his graduation. In 1974 he became the secretary of Jean Pierre Warner at the European Court of Justice, a position he held for four years before becoming a lecturer at the University of Edinburgh, where he stayed until 1983, when he moved to University College London. In 1986 he became Professor of European Law at the University of Exeter before returning to the University of Edinburgh in 1995 to be Edinburgh as Salvesen Professor and Director of the Europa Institute. In 2004 he again returned to Exeter as head of the School of Law. Planning early retirement, Usher was diagnosed with leukaemia, and died on 13 September 2008.

Life
Usher was born on 12 August 1945 and educated at Hyde Grammar School and Newcastle University, graduating in 1966 and receiving a scholarship to study French private law at the University of Nancy. After receiving his degree he worked as an assistant to Professor Dominik Lasok at the University of Exeter, one of the "only [two] universities in the UK that took seriously the study of European law and institutions". After the United Kingdom joined the European Economic Community, Usher was recruited to be the secretary of Jean Pierre Warner at the European Court of Justice, a position he held between 1974 and 1978, dealing with "technical problems of customs, restrictions on imports and exports, and the minutiae of the Common Agricultural Policy" which gave him a good grasp on the intricacies of European law.

In 1978, Usher took up a post as a lecturer at the University of Edinburgh, under John Mitchell, who died two years later and left Usher in charge of maintaining the Centre of European Governmental Studies (now the Europa Institute) at the university during a period of budget cuts. He published European Community Law and National Law: The Irreversible Transfer in 1981, which has been called "highly influential", followed by European Court Practice  in 1983, a "well-thought out, lucid and also readable guide to the practice of the Court of Justice". In 1983 he moved to University College London, where he taught for two years before moving to the University of Exeter in 1986 as Professor of European Law and head of the Centre for European Legal Studies, where he stayed until 1995. While at Exeter he published The Legal Foundations of the Single European Market and the Oxford EC Law Library, in 1988 and 1991 respectively. In 1993 he was elected a Bencher of Lincoln's Inn and at the same time called to the Bar.

In 1995, he returned to the University of Edinburgh as Salvesen Professor and Director of the Europa Institute, where he spent three years as Dean of Law and published General Principles of EC Law and EC Institutions and Legislation (both 1998), along with The State of the European Union (2000) and The Treaty of Nice and Beyond – Enlargement Institutional Reform (2003). He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1998. In 2004 he returned to the University of Exeter, where he was Chair of the Department of Law, After deciding to take early retirement he was diagnosed with leukemia, and died on 13 September 2008.

References

Bibliography

1945 births
2008 deaths
English legal scholars
English legal writers
Academic staff of the College of Europe
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Nancy-Université alumni
English male non-fiction writers
20th-century English lawyers
20th-century English male writers

John Usher (academic)


Petushki () is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.

Urban localities
Petushki, Vladimir Oblast, a town in Petushinsky District of Vladimir Oblast

Rural localities
Petushki, Ivanovo Oblast, a village in Yuzhsky District of Ivanovo Oblast
Petushki, Kaluga Oblast, a village in Mosalsky District of Kaluga Oblast
Petushki, Istrinsky District, Moscow Oblast, a village in Luchinskoye Rural Settlement of Istrinsky District of Moscow Oblast
Petushki, Pushkinsky District, Moscow Oblast, a village in Yeldiginskoye Rural Settlement of Pushkinsky District of Moscow Oblast
Petushki, Oryol Oblast, a selo in Petushensky Selsoviet of Novosilsky District of Oryol Oblast
Petushki, Perm Krai, a village in Permsky District of Perm Krai
Petushki, Sakha Republic, a selo under the administrative jurisdiction of the Settlement of Chersky, Nizhnekolymsky District, Sakha Republic
Petushki, Smolensk Oblast, a village in Samuylovskoye Rural Settlement of Gagarinsky District of Smolensk Oblast

Petushki


The Folin–Ciocâlteu reagent (FCR) or Folin's phenol reagent or Folin–Denis reagent, is a mixture of phosphomolybdate  and phosphotungstate used for the colorimetric in vitro assay of phenolic and polyphenolic antioxidants, also called the gallic acid equivalence method (GAE).  It is named after Otto Folin, Vintilă Ciocâlteu, and Willey Glover Denis. The Folin-Denis reagent is prepared by mixing sodium tungstate and phosphomolybdic acid in phosphoric acid. The Folin–Ciocalteu reagent is just a modification of the Folin-Denis reagent. The modification consisted of the addition of lithium sulfate and bromine to the phosphotungstic-phosphomolybdic reagent.

The reagent does not measure only phenols, but will react with any reducing substance. It therefore measures the total reducing capacity of a sample, not just phenolic compounds. This reagent is part of the Lowry protein assay, and will also react with some nitrogen-containing compounds such as hydroxylamine and guanidine. The reagent has also been shown to be reactive towards thiols, many vitamins, the nucleotide base guanine, the trioses glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone, and some inorganic ions. Copper complexation increases the reactivity of phenols towards this reagent.

This reagent is distinct from Folin's reagent, which is used to detect amines and sulfur-containing compounds.

A 1951 paper entitled "Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent" was the most cited paper in the 1945–1988 Science Citation Index, with 187,652 citations.

Physiologic significance
Because it measures anti-oxidant capacity in vitro, the reagent has been used to assay foods and supplements in food science. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) used to be the industry standard for antioxidant strength of whole foods, juices and food additives. Earlier measurements and ratings by the United States Department of Agriculture were withdrawn in 2012 as biologically irrelevant to human health, referring to an absence of physiological evidence for polyphenols having antioxidant properties in vivo. Consequently, the ORAC method, derived only from in vitro experiments, is no longer considered relevant to human diets or biology.

The Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay – also based on the presence of polyphenols – is an alternative in vitro measurements of antioxidant capacity.

See also

 Gallic acid

References

External links
Folin–Ciocalteu's phenol reagent Fluka data sheet. *This link is broken*

Chemical tests
Analytical reagents

Folin–Ciocalteu reagent


Ellis E. Williams (born June 28, 1951) is an American film and television actor/comedian who is better known for playing "Henry Hughley" (father of Darryl Hughley, played by comedian D.L. Hughley) on the sitcom, The Hughleys.

Early life
Williams was born and raised in Brunswick, Georgia, United States.

Career
Williams made his television debut in 1980 on Saturday Night Live, appearing in the chorus of The Pirates of Penzance when the cast of that Broadway show was the episode's musical guest. In 1984, he appeared in a feature film, The Brother From Another Planet, as well as appearing a TV movie, Code Name: Foxfire as a street singer. He appeared in Eddie Murphy's 1987 documentary stand-up, Eddie Murphy Raw, as Eddie's uncle.

Then Williams appeared in films such as: Second Sight, Def by Temptation and Basketball Dreams. In 1991, he made his first television appearance (since SNL in 1980), on an episode of Law & Order, as Ray Bell, then he appeared in numerous films: Hangin' with the Homeboys and Strictly Business, opposite Halle Berry, Anne-Marie Johnson, Tommy Davidson, and Samuel L. Jackson. Other films include: Me and Veronica, The Saint of Fort Washington, The Little Death, A River Made to Drown In, 8 Heads in a Duffel Bag, The Glimmer Man, Eye for an Eye, among others.

Williams appeared in numerous sitcoms including: Hangin' with Mr. Cooper, Step by Step, Martin, The Jamie Foxx Show, Roc, The Wayans Bros., Any Day Now and Malcolm in the Middle.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

Ellis E. Williams at the Internet Off-Broadway Database

1951 births
Living people
American male television actors
People from Brunswick, Georgia
Male actors from Georgia (U.S. state)

Ellis E. Williams


Elena Anagnostopoulou (born 27 January 1967 in Athens, Greece) is a Greek theoretical linguist and syntactician. She is currently Professor of Theoretical Linguistics at the University of Crete.

Education and career
Anagnostopoulou received her PhD in 1994 from the University of Salzburg. Following this, she held a postdoctoral position at the MIT from 1997 to 1998, before taking up a position as assistant professor at the University of Crete in 1998, where she remains to this day. She was promoted to Associate Professor in 2005 and to full professor in 2009. In 2007 she returned to MIT as a visiting associate professor.

Anagnostopoulou works within the framework of generative grammar, and is known for her work in syntax, morphology, and historical linguistics. Within these fields she has focused on the phenomena of case, agreement, person, argument structure, and clitics.

Honours and awards
Anagnostopoulou was awarded a Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel Research Award by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in 2013. In 2019 she was elected a member of the Academia Europaea.

Selected works
 Alexiadou, Artemis & Elena Anagnostopoulou: 'Parameterizing AGR: Word order, V-movement and EPP-checking.' Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 16 (1998), 491–539.
 Iatridou, Sabine, Elena Anagnostopoulou & Roumyana Izvorski: 'Observations about the form and meaning of the perfect.' In Michael Kenstowicz (ed.), Ken Hale: A Life in Language, 189–238. Cambridge, MA, 2001: MIT Press.
 Alexiadou, Artemis, Elena Anagnostopoulou, Sjef Barbiers & Hans-Martin Gärtner (eds.): Dimensions of Movement: from Features to Remnants. Amsterdam, 2002: John Benjamins.
 Anagnostopoulou, Elena: The syntax of ditransitives: Evidence from clitics. Berlin, 2003: Mouton de Gruyter.
 Alexiadou, Artemis, Elena Anagnostopoulou & Martin Everaert (eds.): The Unaccusativity Puzzle. Oxford, 2004: Oxford University Press.
 Anagnostopoulou, Elena: 'Strong and weak person restrictions: A feature checking analysis.' In Lorie Heggie & Francisco Ordóñez (eds.), Clitic and affix combinations: Theoretical perspectives, 199–235. Amsterdam, 2005: John Benjamins.
 Alexiadou, Artemis, Elena Anagnostopoulou & Florian Schäfer: External Arguments in Transitivity Alternations. Oxford, 2015: Oxford University Press.

References

Linguists from Greece
Academic staff of the University of Crete
1967 births
Living people
Syntacticians
Women linguists
Scientists from Athens

Elena Anagnostopoulou