Nikolai Sergeyevich Leonov (; 22 August 1928 – 27 April 2022) was a Russian politician, senior KGB officer, and Latin America expert in the Soviet Union.

Biography
He studied Spanish language at MGIMO. In 1953, at the age of 25, Leonov was posted to Mexico City, where he learned Spanish at the Autonomous University. In the course of the sea voyage, he met Raúl Castro, who was returning from a European youth festival. On arrival in Mexico he took up a junior post in the Soviet embassy.

In 1955, Leonov met Che Guevara in Mexico City through Raúl Castro. Leonov violated embassy rules by visiting Guevara, who was fascinated with Soviet life. After answering some of Guevara's questions, Leonov gave him Soviet literature. When Guevara went to the embassy to pick up the books the two men talked again, the last time they talked in Mexico. Recalled to Moscow in November 1956, Leonov was discharged from the foreign service and deciding to pursue a career as a historian of Latin America, went to work as a translator for the official Soviet Spanish-language publishing house, Editorial Progreso. In the late summer of 1958, he was invited to join the KGB. On 1 September, he began a two-year intelligence training course, which was interrupted, according to him, by the Cuban Revolution. In October 1959 his superiors ordered him to leave his studies and accompany Anastas Mikoyan to Mexico.

In February 1960, he accompanied Soviet Deputy Premier Anastas Mikoyan on his visit to Havana, where he renewed his contact with Guevara to whom he gave a precision marksman's pistol "on behalf of the Soviet people." During the 1960s, he served as a senior KGB officer stationed in Mexico. During the October 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, he received regular reports from agents in Florida with respect to American military preparations. He felt sure at the time that a nuclear confrontation would not be the result of the crisis. He served as interpreter on Fidel Castro's visit to the Soviet Union in 1963. In 1968, Leonov was recalled to Moscow, where he became a senior analyst.

A report compiled by his office in 1975 recognized the growing peril to the power of the Soviet Union in geopolitical terms, arguing that in keeping with the policy of the British Empire before it, the Soviet Union should limit the commitment of its resources to a few key areas from which its power could operate in a more selective fashion. The report suggested establishing a Soviet foothold on the Arabian Peninsula in "the most Marxist country" in the region, South Yemen. The report was returned to Leonov's office, without Andropov's signature of approval.

In the late 1970s and the early 1980s he traveled frequently to Poland to assess the situation and reportedly told the head of the KGB Yuri Andropov, in a heated discussion, that the prospects of Polish socialism looked bleak.

Between 1983 and January 1991, Leonov was Deputy Chief of the First Chief Directorate of the State Security Committee (KGB) of the Soviet Union, the second post within the KGB structure. Previously he was Sub-Director of the KGB's Analysis and Information Department (1973-1982) and Sub-Director of its Latin American Department (1968-1972). Leonov received a doctorate in Latin American History, from the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, and wrote the book Essays on Contemporary Central American History (Moscow: Academy of Sciences, 1973). In 1985, he published his memoirs under the title Difficult Times. As of 1998, he was a professor at the Institute of International Relations in Moscow.

In December 2003, Leonov was elected to the State Duma, the lower house of the Russian parliament, as a member of the nationalist Rodina party.

He died on 27 April 2022 in Moscow, aged 93. He was buried at Troyekurovskoye Cemetery.

Awards
 Order of the October Revolution
 Two Orders of the Red Banner of Labour
 Order of the Red Star

References

1928 births
2022 deaths
People from Skopinsky District
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Fourth convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
Moscow State Institute of International Relations alumni
Academic staff of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations
Recipients of the Order of the October Revolution
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Recipients of the Order of the Red Star
Cuba–Soviet Union relations
Mexico–Russia relations
KGB officers
Russian–Spanish translators
Translators from Spanish
Russian historians of espionage
Russian lieutenant generals
Soviet diplomats
Soviet expatriates in Mexico
Soviet historians
Soviet lieutenant generals
Soviet spies
Burials in Troyekurovskoye Cemetery

Nikolai Leonov


Tommy Hunt (born Charles James Hunt; June 18, 1933) is an American soul/northern soul singer, and a 2001 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inductee as a member of famed R&B group The Flamingos.

Early life
Born to Georgianna Derico on June 18, 1933, Hunt started his life in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where his school friends nicknamed him Tommy, a name that has stayed with him throughout his entire life. Although music dominated his formative years, as he spent those years practicing for and entering multiple talent shows, he ended up being sent to reform school while still an elementary school student. Released from that school when he was ten, he and his mother subsequently relocated to Chicago.

The Flamingos
After a stint in the United States Air Force, Hunt went AWOL in order to be with his mother, who was dying. He served time in prison for deserting and, after his release, returned to Chicago where he formed a group called The Five Echoes. While performing in a club, he was approached by Zeke Carey of The Flamingos, and asked to take Carey's place, as he had recently been drafted. Hunt was kept on after Carey returned.

In 1959, their biggest hit was "I Only Have Eyes for You" which remains their most popular song, being used in film soundtracks and on compilation albums to this date.

Solo career

Hunt left the group in 1961 due to musical differences, but within three days he was approached by Luther Dixon and released "Parade of Broken Hearts" which was slow to be picked up by the radio stations.  In New York, a disc jockey called Jocko Henderson introduced the song but played the B-side by mistake. The track aired was "Human", Hunt's biggest hit in the U.S.  His 1962 B-side, "I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself", written by Bacharach and David, and produced by Leiber and Stoller, was the first recording of the song, which later became a major hit for Dusty Springfield, Dionne Warwick and others.

Hunt became a regular, performing at The Apollo in New York alongside such artists as Jackie Wilson, Marvin Gaye, Ray Charles, Diana Ross and The Supremes, The Shirelles, Dionne Warwick, Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, and Sam and Dave. To the best of his knowledge, Hunt remains the only person to have his photograph framed twice in the Apollo foyer, both with The Flamingos and as a solo artist. Several years, and a couple of minor hits later, Hunt sang for the U.S. Army in Germany. By 1969, he left his homeland, traveled back to Germany, through Belgium and across the English Channel to the United Kingdom.

Northern soul

After several performances in the theater clubs throughout the UK, Hunt sang at the second anniversary of the Wigan Casino, and there followed success on the northern soul scene. Hunt was approached by Russ Winstanley and Mike Walker of the Casino, and released several hits on Spark Records. The first was a cover version of a song formerly sung by Roy Hamilton, entitled "Crackin' Up". It peaked at No. 39 in the UK Singles Chart in October 1975. This was followed by another chart success "Loving on the Losing Side" (UK No. 28, 1976). 1982/83 saw Hunt win the Male Vocalist of the Year, presented by Club Mirror. His track, "One Fine Morning", reached No. 44 in the UK chart in December 1976.

Later years
With the decline of the northern soul, Hunt's shows dwindled and he hit the cabaret circuit further afield, moving to Amsterdam in 1986, and traveling the world. In 1996, the first of his recognitions came in the form of The Rhythm and Blues Foundation Lifetime Achievement Award for The Flamingos contribution to music. In 1997, Hunt relocated to the UK and embarked on a revived northern soul scene.

In later years, having turned his hand to songwriting, Hunt penned his autobiography, Only Human, My Soulful Life, with author, Jan Warburton, which was released in December 2008.

Hunt started a new live show as Tommy Hunt & The New Flamingos, with members of the Spanish vocal group Velvet Candles. This show was presented on June 3, 2011, during the Screamin' Summer Festival in (Barcelona, Spain.

Awards
The award for The Flamingos from the Vocal Group Hall of Fame came in 2000, followed by the Doo-Wop Hall of Fame in 2001. The Flamingos were inducted into The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for their thirty-year contribution to music.

Discography

The Five Echoes with the Fats Coles Band
Sabre 102 - "Lonely Mood" / "Baby Come Back to Me" – 1953 (Black Vinyl)
Sabre 102 - "Lonely Mood" / "Baby Come Back to Me" – 1953 (Red Vinyl)

The Five Echoes
Sabre 107? - "Why Oh Why" / "That's My Baby" – 1954

The Flamingos
Decca 30335 - "The Ladder of Love" / "Let's Make Up" – 1957
Decca 30454 - "Helpless" / "My Faith in You" – 1957
Decca 30687 - "Where Mary Go" / "The Rock and Roll March" – 1958
End 1035 - "Lovers Never Say Goodbye" / "That Love Is You" – 1958
End 1040 - "But Not for Me" / "I Shed a Tear at Your Wedding" – 1959
End 1044 - "At the Prom" / "Love Walked In" – 1959
End 1045 - "I Only Have Eyes for You" / "At the Prom" – 1959
End 1046 - "I Only Have Eyes for You" / "Goodnight Sweetheart" – 1959
Decca 30880 - "Ever Since I Met Lucky" / "Kiss-a-Me" – 1959
End 1055 - "Love Walked In" / "Yours" – 1959
Decca 30948 - "Jerri-Lee" / "Hey Now!" – 1959
End 1062 - "I Was Such a Fool" / "Heavenly Angel" – 1959
End 1065 - "Mi Amore" / "You, Me and the Sea" – 1960
End 1068 - "Nobody Loves Me Like You" / "You, Me and the Sea" – 1960
End 1070 - "Besame Mucha" / "You, Me and the Sea" – 1960
End 1073 - "Mi Amore" / "At Night" – 1960
End 1079 - "When I Fall in Love" / "Beside You" – 1960
End 1085 - "That's Why I Love You" / "Ko Ko Mo" – 1960
End 1092 - "Time Was" / "Dream Girl" – 1960
End 1099 - "My Memories of You" / "I Want to Love You" – 1960

Tommy Hunt - U.S. singles
Scepter 1219 - "Human" / "Parade of Broken Hearts" – 1961
Scepter 1226 - "The Door Is Open" / "I'm Wondering" – 1962
Scepter 1231 - "So Lonely" / "The Work Song" – 1962
Scepter 1235 - "Didn't I Tell You She'll Hurt You" / "Poor Millionaire You're So Fine" – 1962
Scepter 1236 - "And I Never Knew" / "I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself" – 1962
Scepter 1252 - "Do You Really Love Me" / "Son, My Son" – 1963
Scepter 1261 - "I Am a Witness"* / "I'm with You" – 1963 *written by Ed Townsend
Scepter 1275 - "It's All a Bad Dream" / "You Made a Man out of Me" – 1964
Atlantic 2278 - "I Don't Want to Lose You" / "Hold On" – 1965
Capitol 5621 - "I'll Make You Happy" / "The Clown" – 1966
Dynamo 101 - "The Biggest Man" / "Never Love a Robin" – 1967
Dynamo 105 - "Words Can Never Tell It" / "How Can I Be Anything" – 1967
Dynamo 110 - "Complete Man" / "Searchin' for My Love" – 1967
Dynamo 113 - "I Need a Woman of My Own" / "Searchin' for My Baby (Lookin' Everywhere)" – 1967
Dynamo 124 - "Born Free" / "Just a Little Taste (Of Your Sweet Lovin')" – 1968
Private Stock 45,115 - "Loving on the Losing Side" / "Sunshine Girl" – 1976
Collectables Col 030077 - "Oh No Not My Baby" / "Human"* – 1981 *Flip by Tommy Hunt
Town 103 - "The Work Song" / "Please Stay"* – 198? *Flip by The Ivory's

Tommy Hunt - UK singles
Top Rank Jar-605 - "The Door Is Open" / "I'm Wondering" – 1962
Polydor 236 - "Mind Body and Soul" / "One Mountain to Climb" – 1972
Spark 1132 - "Crackin' Up" / "Get Out" – 1975
Spark 1146 - "Loving on the Losing Side" / "Sunshine Girl" – 1976
Spark 1148 - "One Fine Morning" / "Sign on the Dotted Line" / "Loving You" – 1976

Albums
Scepter SRM 506 (mono) / Scepter SPS 506 (stereo) - I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself – 1962
Tracks: I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself / The Work Song / Parade of Broken Hearts / You're So Fine / She'll Hurt You So / And I Never Knew / Human / Didn't I Tell You / The Door Is Open / Poor Millionaire / So Lonely / I'm Wondering

Dynamo DM 7001 (mono) / Dynamo DS 8001 (stereo) - Tommy Hunt's Greatest Hits – 1967
Tracks: The Biggest Man / Comin' on Strong / Words Can Never Tell It / Never Love a Robin / How Can I Be Anything (Without You) / All in the Game / I Believe / Human / Born Free / Everybody's Got a Home (But Me)

Spark SRLP 117 - Live at Wigan Casino – 1976
Tracks: I Can't Turn You Loose / Get Ready / My Girl / Knock on Wood / Never Can Say Goodbye /// Help Me Make It Through the Night / Crackin' Up / Baby I Need Your Loving

Spark SRLP 120 - Sign Of The Times – 1976
Tracks: Loving on the Losing Side / Upon My Soul / Get Out / A Miracle Like You / You Got Me Where You Want Me / A Sign of the Times /// Sign on the Dotted Line / Loving You Is / Crackin' Up / Help Me Make It Thru' the Night / Sunshine Girl / Never Can Say Goodbye

Kent 059 - Your Man – 1986
Tracks: Love / She'll Hurt You Too / Didn't I Tell You / This and Only This / It's All a Bad Dream / I Am a Witness / Make the Night a Little Longer / Oh Lord What Are You Doing to Me /// Human / Your Man / Don't Make Me Over / The Parade of Broken Hearts / I Might Like It / You Made a Man out of Me / Just a Little Taste of Your Sweet Lovin' / Promised Land

References

Bibliography
Hunt, Tommy. Only Human, My Soulful Life, Bank House Books,

External links
Official Site
MySpace Site
Acerecords.co.uk
Discography
Pittsburgh Music History Tommy Hunt Profile

1933 births
Living people
Singers from Pittsburgh
American male singers
The Flamingos members
Northern soul musicians
Scepter Records artists

Tommy Hunt


The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt – Blood and Wine is the second and final expansion pack for the 2015 video game The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt. Developed by CD Projekt Red, Blood and Wine was released for Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on 31 May 2016, and later released for the Nintendo Switch on 15 October 2019, with PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S versions released on 14 December 2022. The expansion follows Geralt of Rivia as he travels to Toussaint, a duchy untouched by the war taking place in the base game, as he hopes to track down a mysterious beast terrorizing the region. The expansion received widespread acclaim from critics, winning a number of awards. Many consider it to be one of the best downloadable content packs made to date.

Plot
After the events of the base game, Geralt is offered a contract by Duchess Anna Henrietta, the ruler of Toussaint, a vassal duchy under the Nilfgaardian Empire. Two knights of Toussaint were murdered in strange circumstances, and Geralt is tasked with killing the monster responsible.

When Geralt arrives in Toussaint, a third knight dies. All the men seem to be killed for violating the five virtues that all knights of Toussaint swear to uphold. The killer is actually Dettlaff, a higher vampire. Geralt sees him killing a fourth knight, and a fight ensues. Regis, another higher vampire and friend of Geralt, interrupts the battle and convinces Dettlaff to leave. Regis is bonded to Dettlaff, by whom he is recovered, by vampire code.

Geralt and Regis discover that someone kidnapped Dettlaff's former lover Rhenawedd to force him to murder the knights. Their investigation leads them to a wine keeper who admits to selling to the Cintrian, a mysterious buyer. The Cintrian later gets killed while trying to steal a jewel that Henrietta identifies as a family heirloom lost many years ago. She speculates that her long-lost sister Syanna, who was exiled for supposedly being cursed, may be involved.

Geralt, Regis, and Detlaff team up to investigate and discover that Syanna and Rhenawedd are the same person. She faked her own kidnapping and orchestrated the murders. Dettlaff feels betrayed and threatens to destroy the capital city of Toussaint unless Syanna agrees to meet him for an explanation within three days. After learning of the situation, Henrietta confines Syanna to protect her from Dettlaff and orders Geralt to kill him.

Three days later, lesser vampires attack the city. To find Detlaff, Geralt has two choices: free Syanna or find the Unseen Elder. If Geralt chooses to free Syanna, he goes to the Land of a Thousand Fables, a world within an enchanted fairy tale book where the sisters used to play, and locates her. While in there, he can retrieve a magical ribbon for her. She explains that she killed the knights because they exiled her, and some of them even abused her. If Geralt opts to find the Unseen Elder, he persuades him to summon Dettlaff.

At this point, several endings are possible. If Geralt opts to release Syanna from the book, she, Geralt and Regis go to Tesham Mutna, where Dettlaff confronts Syanna. If Geralt retrieves the ribbon, then it teleports Syanna to safety. Enraged, Dettlaff attacks Geralt and Regis, forcing them to kill him. Geralt is awarded Toussaint's highest honor. Before going to the ceremony, he can choose to uncover the identity of Syanna's would-be fifth victim, which turns out to be Henrietta. Geralt can then opt to confront Syanna in her cell about it. Regardless, he attends the ceremony where the duchess judges Syanna for her crimes. If he chooses not to look into the fifth victim, or if he investigates it and then talks to Syanna in an admonishing manner, she kills Henrietta and is in turn killed by de la Tour. With no living heirs to the dukedom, Toussaint falls into a state of chaos. If Geralt asks Syanna to consider forgiving her sister, which is only possible if he previously read a governess's diary, the two sisters resolve their differences and Toussaint celebrates.

If Geralt did not retrieve Syanna's ribbon, Dettlaff kills her. Geralt can choose to let him go or kill him with the help of Regis. Regardless, the grief-stricken Henrietta has him imprisoned for failing to save Syanna until Geralt's friend Dandelion convinces her to release him. Geralt then meets with Regis and can choose to look into the fifth victim. If he learns the truth and opts to tell Henrietta, she refuses to believe Geralt and forbids him from seeing her ever again.

Either way, if Dettlaff was killed, Regis is attacked by vampires who label him a traitor. Geralt returns home to the vineyard estate that formed part of his payment to find a surprise visitor. Depending on the choices and endings from the base game, the visitor may be either Yennefer or Triss (if Geralt romanced either of them in the base game), Ciri (if Geralt romances neither) or Dandelion (if Geralt romances neither and Ciri dies in the base game).

Release
On 7 April 2015, CD Projekt announced two expansion packs for The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt—the first expansion being Hearts of Stone and the second being Blood and Wine. Blood and Wine was released on 31 May 2016. It was later released alongside Hearts of Stone in a complete edition for the Nintendo Switch on 15 October 2019.

Reception

Blood and Wine received "universal acclaim" from critics, according to review aggregator website, Metacritic. Many reviewers praised the way CD Projekt Red ended the storyline of the character Geralt of Rivia and the size of the expansion, with some saying it could be a new project. In a PC Gamer review by Tom Senior, he praised the developers for making such an in-depth expansion, and if they kept getting released, he'd still be playing The Witcher in 2020. Senior commended the farewell to the series. The Escapist writer Steven Bogos states it is overall a good expansion but it's not the adventurous "save the world" storyline like the previous Witcher titles. He added that the farewell to Geralt of Rivia will leave a smile on your face. Richard Cobbett for Rock, Paper, Shotgun claimed the game wasn't CD Projekt Red's best work. He said it had a good story but not as good as Hearts of Stone'''s. On the contrary to Cobbett's review, Chris Carter for Destructoid believed Blood and Wine was better than Hearts of Stone due to the latter feeling like a "polished, elongated quest". He said Blood and Wine was expansive enough that it could be considered a new project. "Blood and Wine is sometimes as thematically dark as its predecessors", Kevin VanOrd said in a GameSpot review, although when compared to other aspects of The Witcher 3, it is less grim. Leif Johnson for IGN had initial doubts due to the slow start but started to "love it" within the first few hours of gameplay. Shacknews'' writer Josh Hawkins noted they experienced a few problems and bugs in the expansion but there wasn't much he didn't like. He added onto this by saying it was, overall, a good addition to the series. Similar to Hawkins, Mike Williams for USgamer said it was a good expansion overall and the farewell to Geralt of Rivia was a success.

References

External links

2016 video games
Action role-playing video games
Open-world video games
PlayStation 4 games
The Witcher (video game series)
Video games developed in Poland
Video game expansion packs
Windows games
Xbox One games
CD Projekt games
Video games scored by Marcin Przybyłowicz


Connemara National Park () is one of six national parks in Ireland, managed by the National Parks and Wildlife Service. It is located in the northwest of Connemara in County Galway, on the west coast.

History

Connemara National Park was founded and opened to the public in 1980. It features  of mountains, bogs, heaths, grasslands and forests. The entrance is situated on the Clifden side of Letterfrack. There are many remnants of human habitation within the park. There is a 19th-century graveyard as well as 4,000-year-old megalithic court tombs. Much of the land was once part of the Kylemore Abbey estate.

Environment

Flora
Western blanket bog and heathland are the most common vegetation of Connemara National Park. The boglands are situated in the wet low lying environments whereas the blanket bog exists within the drier mountain atmosphere. Purple moorgrass is the most bountiful plant, creating colorful landscapes throughout the countryside. Carnivorous plants play an important role in the park's ecosystem, the most common being sundew and butterworts trap. Bogs hold very little nutrients so many plants obtain their energy from the digestion of insects. Other common plants include lousewort, bog cotton, milkwort, bog asphodel, orchids and bog myrtle, with a variety of lichens and mosses.

Fauna
Connemara National Park is noted for its diversity of bird life. Common song birds include meadow pipits, skylarks, European stonechats, common chaffinches, European robins and Eurasian wrens. Native birds of prey include the common kestrel and Eurasian sparrowhawk with the merlin and peregrine falcon being seen less frequently. Woodcock, common snipe, common starling, song thrush, mistle thrush, redwing, fieldfare and mountain goat migrate to Connemara during the winter.

Mammals are often difficult to find, but are present nonetheless. Fieldmice are common in the woodlands, whereas rabbits, foxes, stoats, shrews, and bats at night, are often sighted in the boglands. Red deer once roamed Connemara but were extirpated from the area approximately 150 years ago. An attempt was made to reintroduce red deer to Connemara and a herd was established within the park. Nowadays, the largest mammal in the park is the Connemara pony.

See also
 Connemara
 Kylemore Abbey
 Twelve Bens
 Clifden
 Letterfrack

References

External links
 National Parks Website
 Connemara National Park Website

National parks of the Republic of Ireland
Geography of County Galway
Protected areas established in 1980
1980 establishments in Ireland
Parks in County Galway

Connemara National Park


Yeaveley Preceptory, also known as Stydd Preceptory, was a preceptory of the Knights Hospitaller, near the village of Yeaveley, in Derbyshire, England. It was around a mile west of the village, on the site of the current Stydd Hall. The Preceptory has been variously known as "Yeaveley Preceptory", "Yeaveley Bailiwick", "Yeaveley and Barrow Preceptory" and "Stydd Preceptory".

Preceptories like this were founded in order to raise revenues to fund the Hospitallers' 12th- and 13th-century crusades to Jerusalem.

The Preceptory's ruins are protected as a Grade I listed building; The moated site is protected as a scheduled monument; The 17th-century Stydd Hall built on the site is Grade II* listed.

History

Founding: 12th and 13th century
The Preceptory was founded in 1190 following Ralph Foun's gift of the Benedictine Hermitage at Yeaveley to the Knights Hospitaller; this gift included 'lands, waters, woods, mills, and other appurtenances', which surrounded the village. Ralph's gift, however, came with two conditions: first, that the current hermit, known only as "Robert, son of Richard", be allowed to remain at the hermitage for his lifetime, and who should act as steward of the estate. The second condition Ralph set was that the Knights Hospitaller would receive him "clad in the habit of their order, whenever he wished, either in sickness or in health".

The preceptory was around a mile west of the village of Yeaveley; it was fortified and was surrounded by a moat fed by a stream. Adjacent fishponds provided a regular supply of food.

In 1251, King Henry III granted the Hospitallers "free warren" over the manor of Yeaveley. In 1268 the Preceptory gained its dedication to Saint Mary and Saint John the Baptist. The Preceptory appears to have gained a substantial landed estate, and wealth, through patronage and local benefaction. The Preceptory also profited from the dissolution of the Knights Templar; acquiring their lands in Temple Normanton, Derbyshire.

14th century
The Preceptory gained somewhat of a reputation for fraud and abusing their privileges during the 13th and 14th centuries. The preceptory gained land in Compton on the outskirts of the town of Ashbourne, Derbyshire; but the Hospitallers were unpopular in the town (at the time a Royal Borough), and the complaints are recorded as early as 1276. Their privileges included certifying as correct the gallon and bushel measures: they abused this privilege by allowing their tenants to sell bread and bear in false measures. The Hospitallers were also able to extend their privileges, such as freedom from road and bridge tolls, to their tenants; this further aided their unpopularity as the royal borough of Ashbourne was seen to suffer as the Hospitallers increased their number of tenants and profiteered further. Similar dodgy dealings occurred in 1330 when a brother of the order, William Brix, slammed the door of the manor house at Barlow in the face of the Sheriff's Officer who had come to check the order's weights and measures.

By 1338 the Preceptory is being described as a bailiwick; at time, the gross income of the Preceptory was £95 6s.; expenditure is recorded as £63 6s, leaving a "handsome balance" of £32. £52 of this income came from in rents from their tenants; £20 10s. from offerings and donations. The Preceptory's largest expense was that of hospitality: the Preceptory and their guests got through 72 quarters of wheat, 84 quarters of barley and £10 of meat and fish within the year; their horses consuming 120 quarters of oats during the same period. The estate at Barlow was assessed separately, as it had yet to be formally annexed to the Preceptory; it recorded a gross income of £36 7s. and a post expenditure balance of £23 6. 8d. A second separate estate at Barrow upon Trent, known as Barrow Camera provided an income of £30; this estate was annexed formally at some point prior to 1433.

16th century
Following its formal annexation prior to 1433, Barrow Camera appears to have become a key part of the Preceptory: between the years of 1503 and 1526 the Preceptory is repeatedly referred to as "The Joint Preceptory of Yeaveley and Barrow".

During the reign of King Henry VIII, the Preceptory was recorded as having an income of £107 3s. 8d. a year (equivalent to approximately 10 years average craftsman's wages). The 1535 Valor Ecclesiasticus, however, recorded the Preceptory of having no value at all: its income entirely used up in providing hospitality, distributing alms to the poor, supporting the chaplains, and in celebrating the mass for dead benefactors. The Preceptor at this time is recorded as Sir Ambrose Cove, who occupied the manor house at "Yeveley Stydde".

The Preceptory was suppressed during the Dissolution of the Monasteries; The Preceptory and its property and lands were confiscated in 1543 and granted by Henry VIII to Charles Blount, 5th Baron Mountjoy.

After the Dissolution, the Commander of Yeaveley and Barrow was elected "Lieutenant-Turcopolier of Malta."

Benefactors
The Preceptory became a site of significant local benefaction:
The Foun family, who gave the initial donation for the preceptory's foundation, continued its support: Oliver Foun donating more lands at Yeaveley.
Further land in the village of Yeaveley were donated by William Montgomery.
Margery de Carun donated lands and tenements in the village of Longford, Derbyshire.
Robert de Bakepuze donated the Church, and some land at Barrow upon Trent during the reign of King Henry II; his son, John, confirmed this grant and donated further lands. In return, Mass was sung for Robert's soul in the Preceptory chapel every Sunday. This land was used for the formation of Barrow Camera.
Ascuit Musard donated the Moiety title (half) of the Church of Staveley, Derbyshire.
Walter Abitot donated 22 acres of land (with associated common rights) at Barlow, Derbyshire.
William Meynell is also described as "a considerable benefactor".

The Preceptory today
Of the Preceptory buildings, only part of the Preceptory's chapel still remains; these ruins date from the early 13th century and are Grade I listed.
The north wall of the chapel still stands to the former roof height, and retains three pointed-arch windows, and the remains of a further two adjacent. Remains inside the chapel include fluted columns, and, on the outside, carvings of human heads and oak leaves. Further remains of the other Preceptory buildings are buried, whilst parts of the foundations and stonework of part of the domestic buildings have been reused in Stydd Hall, which was later built on the site and sits in the centre of the moated encloure; the current Hall was built in the 17th century and is Grade II* listed.

See also
Grade I listed buildings in Derbyshire
Listed buildings in Yeaveley
Waingroves Preceptory

References

Monasteries in Derbyshire
Preceptories of the Knights Hospitaller in England
Scheduled monuments in Derbyshire
Grade I listed buildings in Derbyshire
Monasteries dissolved under the English Reformation

Yeaveley Preceptory


Summerhill: A Radical Approach to Child Rearing is a book about the English boarding school Summerhill School by its headmaster A. S. Neill. It is known for introducing his ideas to the American public. It was published in America on November 7, 1960, by the Hart Publishing Company and later revised as Summerhill School: A New View of Childhood in 1993. Its contents are a repackaged collection from four of Neill's previous works. The foreword was written by psychoanalyst Erich Fromm, who distinguished between authoritarian coercion and Summerhill.

The seven chapters of the book cover the origins and implementation of the school, and other topics in childrearing. Summerhill, founded in the 1920s, is run as a children's democracy under Neill's educational philosophy of self-regulation, where kids choose whether to go to lessons and how they want to live freely without imposing on others. The school makes its rules at a weekly schoolwide meeting where students and teachers each have one vote alike. Neill discarded other pedagogies for one of the innate goodness of the child.

Despite selling no advance copies in America, Summerhill brought Neill significant renown in the next decade, wherein he sold three million copies. The book was used in hundreds of college courses and translated into languages such as German. Reviewers noted Neill's charismatic personality, but doubted the project's general replicability elsewhere and its overstated generalizations. They put Neill in a lineage of experimental thought, but questioned his lasting contribution to psychology. The book begat an American Summerhillian following, cornered an education criticism market, and made Neill into a folk leader.

Background

Summerhill: A Radical Approach to Child Rearing was written by A. S. Neill and published by Hart Publishing Company in 1960. In a letter to Neill, New York publisher Harold Hart suggested a book specific for America devised of parts from four of Neill's previous works: The Problem Child, The Problem Parent, The Free Child, and That Dreadful School. Neill liked his idea and gave the publisher wide liberties in the manuscript's preparation, preferring to write a preface or appendix in reflection on the writings. In rereading his work, he realized he disagreed with his earlier statements on Freudian child analysis. Neill later regretted the liberties he afforded the publisher, particularly his removal of Wilheim Reich's name from the book and index, since Neill saw Reich as an influential figure. They also struggled over issues of copyrights. Neill did not contest his disagreements, as he was eager to see the book published.

The publisher and Neill disagreed over the choice of author for the book's foreword. Seeing forewords as more of an American tradition, Neill preferred not to have one, but suggested Henry Miller, an American author who had recently written Neill a fan letter and whose Tropic series was banned in the United States. Hart didn't think Miller's introduction would help the book and approached Margaret Mead, who refused on the grounds of Neill's connection with Reich. Several months later, psychoanalyst and sociologist Erich Fromm agreed to the project, and found consensus with Neill and the publisher. Fromm's introduction placed Summerhill in a history of backlash against progressive education and claimed that the "perverted" implementation of child freedom was more at fault than the idea of child freedom itself. He wrote that Summerhill was one of few schools that provided education without fear or hidden coercion, and that it carried the goals of "the Western humanistic tradition": "reason, love, integrity, and courage". Fromm also highlighted adult confusion about non-authoritarianism and how they mistook coercion for genuine freedom.

A revised edition was edited by Albert Lamb and released by St. Martin's Press as Summerhill School: A New View of Childhood in 1993.

Summary

Summerhill is A. S. Neill's "aphoristic and anecdotal" account of his "famous" "early progressive school experiment in England" founded in the 1920s, Summerhill School. The book's intent is to demonstrate the origins and effects of unhappiness, and then show how to raise children to avoid this unhappiness. It is an "affirmation of the goodness of the child". Summerhill is the story of Summerhill School's origins, its programs and pupils, how they live and are affected by the program, and Neill's own educational philosophy. It is split into seven chapters that introduce the school and discuss parenting, sex, morality and religion, "children's problems", "parents' problems", and "questions and answers".

The school is run as a democracy, with students deciding affairs that range from the curriculum to the behavior code. Lessons are non-compulsory. Neill emphasizes "self-regulation", personal responsibility, freedom from fear, "freedom in sex play", and loving understanding over moral instruction or force. In his philosophy, all attempts to mold children are coercive in nature and therefore harmful. Caretakers are advised to "trust" in the natural process and let children self-regulate such that they live by their own rules and consequently treat with the highest respect the rights of others to live by their own rules. Neill's "self-regulation" constitutes a child's right to "live freely, without outside authority in things psychic and somatic"—that children eat and come of age when they want, are never hit, and are "always loved and protected". Children can do as they please until their actions affect others. In an example, a student can skip French class to play music, but cannot disruptively play music during the French class. Against the popular image of "go as you please schools", Summerhill has many rules. However, they are decided at a schoolwide meeting where students and teachers each have one vote apiece. This does not necessarily mean total cessation to the children, as Neill thought adults were right to bemoan child destruction of property. He considered this tension between adult and child living styles to be natural. Neill felt that most schoolwork and books kept children from their right to play, and that learning should only follow play and not be mixed "to make [work] palatable". Neill found that those students interested in college would complete the prerequisites in two years and of their own volition.

The 45-person coeducational school with pupils aged five to fifteen  is presented as successful and having reformed "problem children" into "successful human beings". Some became professionals and academics. In Summerhill, Neill blames many of society's problems on the "miseducation in conventional schools". He felt that society's institutions prevented "real freedom in individuals". Thus, Summerhill was created as a place for children to be free to be themselves. Neill discarded many kinds of dogma ("discipline, ... direction, ... suggestion, ... moral training, .. religious instruction") and put sole faith in the belief of the innate goodness of children.

Reception

The book debuted in America on November 7, 1960 during the week of John F. Kennedy's election. At the time of the book's release, Neill was unknown in the United States, and not a single bookseller purchased an advance copy. Summerhill brought him international renown over the next decade. The book sold 24,000 copies in its first year, 100 thousand in 1968, 200 thousand in 1969, two million total by 1970, and three million by 1973. Summerhill was included in over 600 American university courses, and a 1969 translation for West Germany (The Theory and Practice of Anti-Authoritarian Education) sold over a million copies in three years. In the wake of the book's success, publisher Harold Hart started the American Summerhill Society in New York City, of which Paul Goodman was a founding member.

Multiple reviewers stressed the school's reliance on Neill as a charismatic figure, which begat doubts of the institution's general replicability. Sarah Crutis (The Times Literary Supplement) asked whether teachers would have the "time, patience, and personality" to use Neill's methods. "Their extremes of endurance may sometimes sound masochistic", wrote D. W. Harding (New Statesman), and Richard E. Gross (The Social Studies) added that Neill's "extremes ... go far beyond good sense". Danica Deutsch (Journal of Individual Psychology) concluded that the school's lessons curbed the child's sense of social responsibility and other society-preserving functions. Jacob Hechler (Child Welfare) said that what Neill described as love—a combination of "caring and noninterference"—was very hard to bring to bear. The New Yorker called Neill "a fiery crusader" with "deep understanding of children", and Morris Fritz Mayer (Social Service Review) read Neill as having the "wrath and eloquence of a biblical prophet" with a belief in children and "unyielding attack against pathological and phony values in education" that "one cannot help admiring". Willard W. Hartup (Contemporary Psychology) positioned Neill as closer to a psychotherapist than a teacher, especially as the philosophy undergirding Summerhill "derives from Freud". Gene Phillips (The Annals of the American Academy) described Neill as the "essential ingredient of the democratic ethic that ... America needs".

Margaret Mead (American Sociological Review) considered the book more of a historical document for later generations to analyze "than anything that can be taken at its face value". She wrote the school to be "unique" and "counter-pointed to the emphases and excesses" of its era, which she credited to Neill's "rare charismatic personality". To Mead, Summerhill's moral battles had passed since the 1920s, as Neill's audience already agreed with his views on frank discussions about sex and the primacy of student interest. She added that his contemporaries had moved on to "rebelling against a contentless freedom" that prioritized emotional education over intellectual lessons. Similarly, Crutis (The Times Literary Supplement) noted Neill's approach as less "sensational" in its method than expected, and asserted that 1960s psychologists would agree with the stance to not guilt children for masturbating and to tell the truth about the origin of babies. Morton Reisman (The Phi Delta Kappan) upheld the book's subtitle and agreed that the book was "radical" in comparison to conventional American morality and education.

Multiple reviewers noted points of overgeneralization in the book. Crutis continued that criticism of individual aspects of the school, such as its stance against uniform curriculum, was justified. R. G. G. Price (Punch) remarked that the school was presented as having little intellectual or aesthetic zeal, and that Neill's statement against teaching algebra to eventual repairmen was "the most shameful sentence ever written by an educational pioneer". Hartup (Contemporary Psychology) and Harding (New Statesman) saw no evidence towards whether Summerhill students were successful by standards other than Neill's, particularly in academic distinction. The Saturday Review quoted from the British Inspectors report that the school was "unimpressive"—despite laudatory student "will and ... interest, ... their achievements are rather meager." Mead presaged that Summerhill could create "uncritical behavior" among parents unfamiliar with the pedagogical field, and that the book's "essential positive contribution", belief in child self-regulation, could be forgotten within the book's radicalism.

John Vaizey (The Spectator) spotlighted the book's emphasis on "the innate goodness of children" and how the progressive school movement's emphasis on freedom had spread into the public schools. Vaizey put Neill's Summerhill in a disappearing lineage of post-World War I experimental schools that focused on freedom from directed games, classics curriculum, and prudery. He wrote in 1962 that "Summerhill is clearly one of England's greatest schools" and that the decline of this experimental school tradition was a tragedy. Still, Deutsch (Journal of Individual Psychology) wrote that Summerhill had not been "duplicated" in the four decades since its creation. The Booklist noted Neill's "scant credit" awarded to prior progressive and experimental schools, and added that the addition of a British inspection report added objective credibility to the book. Hartup (Contemporary Psychology) described Neill's style as "bewitchingly direct, even epigrammatic" though also "patchy", leaving many discussions incomplete.

Reviewers described the book as both convincing and not. The New Yorker wrote that skeptical readers would find the book convincing. Crutis (The Times Literary Supplement) thought the book would lead readers to ask why "the principles of progressive education" were not more accepted in England. Reisman (The Phi Delta Kappan) wrote that even the sections dedicated to the origins of neuroses were "still noteworthy, challenging, and provocative". He wrote that the book's impact is in its "realistic demonstration of how children can be helped to become happy people" without guilt, hate, and fear. On the other hand, the Saturday Review doubted children wanted or benefitted from lack of adult authority. Hartup (Contemporary Psychology) thought that the book, while stimulating, left questions as to its actual contribution past an "experiment in applied psychoanalysis", with "clinical procedure ... alternatively inspired, naive, and hair-raising". He called Neill "an excellent devil's advocate for educators" but unhelpful in resolving the ailments of mass education.

Harry Elmer Barnes called the book one of the most exciting and challenging in the field of education since Émile. (This said, Hartup of Contemporary Psychology said Summerhill was closer to Freud's Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality than to Émile and criticized Neill's psychoanalytic overemphases.) The psychoanalyst Benjamin Wolstein put Neill's work alongside that of John Dewey, and Sir Herbert Read likened Neill to Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi and Henry Caldwell Cook. David Carr characterized the book as centered on moral education, despite Neill's recurrent insistence on the danger of moral teachings. Scholar Richard Bailey agreed with Carr's characterization.

Legacy

Richard Bailey wrote that the book "marked the birth of an American cult" with Neill and Summerhill at its center as Americans began to emulate the school and form support institutions. Bailey added that Summerhill style was accessible and humorous compared to the era's moralizing literature, and unpretentious and simple compared to Deweyan thought. The book cornered an education criticism market, and made Neill into a "reluctant" folk leader. Timothy Gray wrote that the book aroused an education reform movement with directives advocated by Herb Kohl, Jonathan Kozol, Neil Postman, and Ivan Illich. Fifty years after the book was first released, Astra Taylor wrote that the idea of Summerhill selling millions of copies in the 2012 American education climate "seems absurd".

Notes

References

External links

1960 non-fiction books
Democratic education
Pedagogy
Sociology of education
Books about the philosophy of education
British non-fiction books
Books about parenting
English-language books

Summerhill (book)


"Tomorrow" is a song by the Australian rock band Silverchair. It was released as the group's first single in 1994. It was later re-recorded for their 1995 debut album Frogstomp. It reached number-one on the charts in Australia, becoming their first of three number-one singles there.

The song was written by the group's lead singer and guitarist Daniel Johns, as well as the group's drummer, Ben Gillies.

1994 songs

Tomorrow (Silverchair song)


In economics, a Swan Diagram, also known as the Australian model (because it was originally published by Australian economist Trevor Swan in 1956 to model the Australian economy during the Great Depression), represents the situation of a country with a currency peg.

Two lines represent a country's respective internal (employment vs. unemployment) and external (current account deficit vs. current account surplus) balance with the axes representing relative domestic costs and the country's fiscal deficit. The diagram is used to evaluate the changes to the economy that result from policies that either affect domestic expenditure or the relative demand for foreign and domestic goods.

Mechanism
When there is a BOP disequilibrium, either by the market forces or policy measures for readjustments, SWAN model is helpful. Internal Balance looks forward to acquiring full employment with lowest possible inflation, whereas External Balance looks towards a "No surplus - No deficit" position in the economy.

Any point above the internal balance line (or curve) would have inflation, and any point below it would have unemployment. Similarly, any point above the external balance line (or curve) would depict a surplus, and any point below it would depict a deficit scenario.

To cure the Inflation, we would use Contractionary monetary policy which would lower it down and bring the economy to an equilibrium point. To curtail Unemployment, we would use Expansionary monetary policy which would do the same as above. In order to cure the Current account deficit in the economy, we need to increase the exports by a devaluation, that would, in turn, help in increasing the employment by creating more jobs. For Current account surplus, we would overvalue the currency so that the exports are diminished.

The zone above the equilibrium point (the V - shaped) is called the "Critical Zone" because the problem there would be very close to equilibrium. So a policy measure might just worsen the condition by taking, the economy, past the equilibrium point.

References

 Paul Krugman article on Latin American currency and the Swan diagram
 Australian Treasury article on China which discusses the Swan diagram

International macroeconomics
Foreign exchange market
Currency
Open economy macroeconomics
Financial economics

Swan diagram


Chromate salts contain the chromate anion, . Dichromate salts contain the dichromate anion, . They are oxyanions of chromium in the +6 oxidation state and are moderately strong oxidizing agents. In an aqueous solution, chromate and dichromate ions can be interconvertible.

Chemical properties

Chromates react with hydrogen peroxide, giving products in which peroxide, , replaces one or more oxygen atoms. In acid solution the unstable blue peroxo complex Chromium(VI) oxide peroxide, CrO(O2)2, is formed; it is an uncharged covalent molecule, which may be extracted into ether. Addition of pyridine results in the formation of the more stable complex CrO(O2)2py.

Acid–base properties

In aqueous solution, chromate and dichromate anions exist in a chemical equilibrium.
2  + 2 H+   + H2O
The predominance diagram shows that the position of the equilibrium depends on both pH and the analytical concentration of chromium. The chromate ion is the predominant species in alkaline solutions, but dichromate can become the predominant ion in acidic solutions.

Further condensation reactions can occur in strongly acidic solution with the formation of trichromates, , and tetrachromates, . All polyoxyanions of chromium(VI) have structures made up of tetrahedral CrO4 units sharing corners.

The hydrogen chromate ion, HCrO4−, is a weak acid:
   + H+; pKa ≈ 5.9
It is also in equilibrium with the dichromate ion:
2    + H2O
This equilibrium does not involve a change in hydrogen ion concentration, which would predict that the equilibrium is independent of pH. The red line on the predominance diagram is not quite horizontal due to the simultaneous equilibrium with the chromate ion. The hydrogen chromate ion may be protonated, with the formation of molecular chromic acid, H2CrO4, but the pKa for the equilibrium
H2CrO4   + H+
is not well characterized. Reported values vary between about −0.8 and 1.6.

The dichromate ion is a somewhat weaker base than the chromate ion:
   + H+, pK = 1.18
The pK value for this reaction shows that it can be ignored at pH > 4.

Oxidation–reduction properties
The chromate and dichromate ions are fairly strong oxidizing agents. Commonly three electrons are added to a chromium atom, reducing it to oxidation state +3. In acid solution the aquated Cr3+ ion is produced.
 + 14 H+ + 6 e− → 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O ε0 = 1.33 V
In alkaline solution chromium(III) hydroxide is produced. The redox potential shows that chromates are weaker oxidizing agent in alkaline solution than in acid solution.
 + 4  + 3 e− →  + 5  ε0 = −0.13 V

Applications

Approximately  of hexavalent chromium, mainly sodium dichromate, were produced in 1985. Chromates and dichromates are used in chrome plating to protect metals from corrosion and to improve paint adhesion. Chromate and dichromate salts of heavy metals, lanthanides and alkaline earth metals are only very slightly soluble in water and are thus used as pigments. The lead-containing pigment chrome yellow was used for a very long time before environmental regulations discouraged its use. When used as oxidizing agents or titrants in a redox chemical reaction, chromates and dichromates convert into trivalent chromium, Cr3+, salts of which typically have a distinctively different blue-green color.

Natural occurrence and production

The primary chromium ore is the mixed metal oxide chromite, FeCr2O4, found as brittle metallic black crystals or granules. Chromite ore is heated with a mixture of calcium carbonate and sodium carbonate in the presence of air. The chromium is oxidized to the hexavalent form, while the iron forms iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3:
4 FeCr2O4 + 8 Na2CO3 + 7 O2 → 8 Na2CrO4 + 2 Fe2O3 + 8 CO2
Subsequent leaching of this material at higher temperatures dissolves the chromates, leaving a residue of insoluble iron oxide. Normally the chromate solution is further processed to make chromium metal, but a chromate salt may be obtained directly from the liquor.

Chromate containing minerals are rare. Crocoite, PbCrO4, which can occur as spectacular long red crystals, is the most commonly found chromate mineral. Rare potassium chromate minerals and related compounds are found in the Atacama desert. Among them is lópezite – the only known dichromate mineral.

Toxicity

Hexavalent chromium compounds can be toxic carcinogenic (IARC Group 1). Inhaling particles of hexavalent chromium compounds can cause lung cancer. Also positive associations have been observed between exposure to chromium (VI) compounds and cancer of the nose and nasal sinuses. The use of chromate compounds in manufactured goods is restricted in the EU (and by market commonality the rest of the world) by EU Parliament directive on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive (2002/95/EC).

See also
Chromate conversion coating

Notes

References

External links
National Pollutant Inventory - Chromium(VI) and compounds fact sheet
Demonstration of chromate-dichromate equilibrium

Oxidizing agents
Transition metal oxyanions
Oxometallates

Chromate and dichromate


The Airline Improvement District is a management district in unincorporated Harris County, Texas in Greater Houston and located entirely within the postal zip code of 77037.

Airline was originally a community, south of community of Stuebner and west of the town of Aldine. The name appears on the 1907 postal map for Harris County. During the 79th Regular Session of the Texas Legislature, Texas House of Representatives member Kevin Bailey authored Bill #1458, which authorized the creation of the Airline Improvement District. The bill, sponsored by Texas Senate member Mario Gallegos, was signed into law. The district was created on June 17, 2005.

Government and infrastructure

County government
The Airline Management District is served by Harris County Sheriff's Office District II Patrol, headquartered from the Humble Substation at 7900 Will Clayton Parkway in Humble. The Little York Volunteer Fire Department provides fire and EMS to unincorporated parts of the district.

Transportation
In 2009 the Airline Improvement District planned to spend $2.9 million on improvements to pedestrian infrastructure to make it easier for pedestrians to walk to and from places in the area.

Education

Primary and secondary schools
Some portions of the district are within the Aldine Independent School District, while some portions of the district are within the Houston Independent School District (HISD). Two Aldine ISD educational facilities, Carroll Academy, and Keeble EC/PK & Head Start Center, are within the district.

Early childhood/PreK/Kindergarten-centers serving sections of Airline include Hinojosa and Keeble. Elementary schools covering sections of the Aldine ISD portion of the management district include Carroll Academy, Bussey, Odom,  Raymond,  and Thompson. Middle schools covering sections of the Aldine ISD portion of the management district include Aldine, Grantham Academy, and Stovall. All of the Aldine ISD portion is zoned to Aldine Ninth Grade School and Aldine High School.

Previously Aldine ISD had separate intermediate schools for grades 5-6; intermediate schools covering sections of the Aldine ISD portion of the management district included Stehlik, Eckert, and Reed Academy. Previously a small portion was zoned to Nimitz High School.

Elementary schools serving sections of the HISD area include Barrick, Joe E. Moreno, and Osborne. Some portions of the HISD area are zoned to Fonville Middle School, while other portions are zoned to Henry Middle School. All portions within HISD are zoned to Sam Houston High School.

Colleges and universities
Residents in the Aldine ISD area are zoned to Lone Star College System, while residents in the Houston ISD area are zoned to Houston Community College.

Parks and recreation
Harris County Precinct One operates Dow #2 Park in the management district. C. Milby Dow donated the land for the park in 1958; as a result the park was named after him. The park includes four baseball fields, an office, four press boxes, and toilet facilities. Arlene Nichols Memorial Park also services the area.

Events
In 2009, 40,000 people per weekend arrived to the area to visit flea markets along Airline Drive.

References

External links

 Airline Improvement District

Unincorporated communities in Harris County, Texas
Unincorporated communities in Texas

Airline, Texas


HMS Negresse was a tartane that the French Navy requisitioned at Marseilles in March 1798 and used as an aviso in the Egyptian campaign. The Royal Navy captured her in 1799 and took her into service. She participated in the defense at the siege of Acre later that year and in 1801 at the landing of British troops at Aboukir Bay. The Royal Navy sold her in 1802.

French service
On 17 August 1798 Negresse was one of seven avisos in port at Alexandria.

British service
Negresse was one of a flotilla of seven vessels that Commodore Sir Sidney Smith in HMS  took at Acre on 18 March 1799, all of which the British took into service. At capture Negresse carried six guns and had a crew of 53 men. The Navy appointed Lieutenant Richard to command her.

The flotilla of gun-vessels was carrying siege artillery and other siege supplies to reinforce Napoleon's troops besieging Acre. Smith immediately put the guns and supplies to use to help the denizens of the city resist the French, and the gun-vessels to harass them.

Smith anchored Tigre and HMS Theseus, one on each side of the town, so their broadsides could assist the defence. The gun-vessels were of shallower draft and so could come in closer. Together, they helped repel repeated French assaults. The French attacked multiple times between 19 March and 10 May before Napoleon finally gave up. On 21 May he destroyed his siege train and retreated back to Egypt, having lost 2,200 men dead, 1,000 of them to the plague.

After Napoleon's failure at Acre, Negresse sailed to Jaffa. There her seamen rescued seven French soldiers in hospital for the plague from massacre by the Turks. The invalids came abroad Negresse; on her they received medical care and four survived.

Next, Negresse served in the Egyptian campaign of 1801 where, together with the schooner Malta and the cutter , she protected the left flank during the landing of troops in Aboukir Bay.

Fate
Negresse was sold in 1802. In 1850 the Admiralty awarded the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "Egypt" to claimants from the crews of the vessels that had served in the navy's Egyptian campaign between 8 March 1801 and 2 September, including Negresse.

Notes

Citations

References

 Napoleon I (1819) Correspondance inédite, officielle et confidentielle de Napoléon Bonaparte, avec les Cours étrangères: En Italie, Egypte et Allemagne. (Panckroucke).

Ships of the French Navy
Captured ships
Ships of the Royal Navy
1790s ships

HMS Negresse (1799)


Fisilaumāli was an estate holder in the area of Pelehake, but a chief of very low rank, if a chief at all. Mataelehaʻamea, the Tuʻi Kanokupolu, sent his daugher Fusipala to marry him. In this way Mataelehaʻamea got a grateful vassal, who could supply him with a lot of goods. And Fisilaumāli's offspring got a high rank, (not he himself, as Tongan custom dictates) The child, Lekaumoana, was the beginning of the Tuʻipelehake line, which grew out later to a very high ranking title. The claim that the Tuʻipelehake originated with Talafale may have been an invention of that time to elevate the title even more.

Lekaumoana/en


Guillaume Couture (23 October 1851 – 15 January 1915) was a Canadian choir conductor, composer, music critic, and music educator. Although he never pursued a performance career, he is particularly remembered for his work as a voice teacher, having taught many notable Canadian singers. He is the grandfather of composer Jean Papineau-Couture.

Life and career
Born in Montreal, Couture was choirmaster at Saint-Jacques Cathedral before studying at the Conservatoire de Paris with Romain Bussine and Théodore Dubois from 1873 to 1875. His Rêverie, opus 2 (notably the only Canadian orchestral work published before 1900) was premiered in Paris in 1875 in a concert that also included original works by Henri Duparc, Gabriel Fauré, and César Franck. That same year he returned to his native city where he began teaching privately and writing as a music critic for La Minerve. He continued to return periodically to France for further studies with Bussine through 1887.

In early 1876 Couture returned to Paris to assume the post of choirmaster at the Basilica of St. Clotilde, Paris. César Franck was notably the organist at the cathedral at that time. He left there in late 1877 for Montreal where he took up teaching again, both privately and for religious institutions like the Congregation of Notre Dame and the Institute of the Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary. He taught at the High School for Girls, Montreal, from 1885 to 1914.

Among his notable students were Joseph-Arsène Brassard, Jean-Noël Charbonneau, Guillaume Dupuis, Achille Fortier, Henri Gagnon, Charles Labelle, Arthur Laurendeau, Édouard LeBel, Frédéric Pelletier, Arthur Plamondon, Céline Marier, Léo-Pol Morin, Rodolphe Plamondon, Caroline Racicot, Roy Royal, and Louis Verschelden.

Couture continued to work as a music critic, writing for such papers as Revue de Montréal, La Patrie, and Montreal Star. In 1880 he became conductor of the Montreal Philharmonic Society which he led until it disbanded in 1899. In 1894 he founded the Montréal Symphony Orchestra (no relation to the current orchestra), which he directed through 1896. He composed his most significant work, the oratorio Jean le Précurseur, from 1907 to 1909. He died in Montreal in 1915 at the age of 63, and was entombed at the Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery in Montreal.

References

External links

1851 births
1915 deaths
19th-century composers
19th-century conductors (music)
20th-century Canadian composers
20th-century Canadian conductors (music)
Canadian male composers
Male conductors (music)
Canadian music critics
Canadian music educators
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Musicians from Montreal
Voice teachers
20th-century Canadian male musicians
Burials at Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery

Guillaume Couture (musician)


Ival Richard Goodman (July 23, 1908 – November 25, 1984) was an All-Star right fielder in Major League Baseball who played for the Cincinnati Reds (1935–1942) and Chicago Cubs (1943–1944). Goodman, who batted left-handed and threw right-handed, helped lead the Reds to a National League pennant in 1939 and a World Series title in 1940, and he was elected to the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame in 1959.

Cincinnati Reds years
The Cincinnati Reds purchased Goodman from the St. Louis Cardinals on November 3, 1934 for $25,000. The decision paid immediate dividends. In his first season in the majors, Goodman appeared in 148 games, hitting .269 with 12 home runs and 72 runs batted in. Goodman also scored 86 runs and led the league with 18 triples. He led the league again the following season with 14 triples.

Goodman remained a fixture in the Reds lineup in the following years. In 1938 he set a since-broken Reds record with 30 home runs, which was second only to Mel Ott's 36 that season, while scoring 103 runs (fourth in the NL) and driving in 92 (eighth in the NL). He was named to the NL All-Star team that season.

In the Reds' pennant-winning 1939 season, Goodman hit a career-high .323 (sixth best in the NL) and was again named to the NL All-Star team. He also hit .333 in the World Series that year, but the Reds lost to the New York Yankees in an eventual four-game sweep.

The Reds rebounded in 1940, posting 100 wins for the first time in club history and winning their first World Series title since 1919, in what would be Goodman's final season as an everyday player. He hit .258 that year with 12 home runs and 78 runs scored. He also drove in five runs in the World Series that season.

Chicago Cubs years
Goodman appeared in just 42 games in 1941 and 87 games in 1942, and on November 14, 1942, the Chicago Cubs purchased him from the Reds. He hit .320 in 80 games for the Cubs in 1943, but appeared in just 62 games the following season, which would be his last in the majors.

Goodman died on November 25, 1984 in Cincinnati, Ohio.

League leader
 Triples: 1935 (18) and 1936 (14)
 Hit by pitch: 1936 (9), 1938 (15) and 1939 (7)

Honors and awards
 NL All-Star: 1938 and 1939
 Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame Inductee: 1959

Career statistics

In the 1939 and 1940 World Series, Goodman posted a .295 batting average (13-for-44) with 8 runs scored and 6 RBI.

See also
 List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders

External links

1908 births
1984 deaths
Bartlesville Broncos players
Baseball players from Missouri
Chicago Cubs players
Chicago Cubs scouts
Cincinnati Reds players
Columbus Red Birds players
Dayton Indians players
Fort Smith Twins players
Houston Buffaloes players
Major League Baseball right fielders
National League All-Stars
Portsmouth Cubs players
Shawnee Robins players

Ival Goodman


The Rockaway River and Montville Railroad connected the Lackawanna Railroad's Boonton Branch in Boonton, New Jersey with a stone quarry on Hog Mountain (also known as Turkey Mountain) in Montville, New Jersey. The railroad was incorporated in April 1873 and the capital stock was owned by the Lackawanna. The branch ran northeasterly from the Lackawanna's mainline up a very steep grade. The quarry was located about a mile up from the mainline. Railroaders would tell harrowing stories of bringing heavy freight trains, laden with stone, down the short branch. Bad weather made the downgrade trip particularly treacherous.

The train station in Madison, New Jersey, an architectural masterpiece, which is on the National Register of Historic Places, was built with stone quarried on Hog Mountain.  The station opened on April 17, 1916, and recently underwent a total restoration.  The RV&MRR closed shortly after completion of the Madison train station.  Stone from the quarry was also used to build a dam on the Boonton Reservoir (also known as the Jersey City Reservoir) in Boonton, New Jersey.

The RV&MRR was built on a right-of-way that is now occupied by Capstick Road. The quarry appears on local maps at the end of the present road.  However, there apparently was at least one more quarry located farther up the mountain along what is now Briarcliff Road.  There is a narrow, unnamed road that connects Capstick Road and Briarcliff Road.

References

External links
 http://www.railfan.net/lists/listphoto.cgi?erielack-05-02-04/Erie-transfer-caboose-2_resize.jpg

Defunct New Jersey railroads
Predecessors of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad
Railway companies established in 1873

Rockaway River and Montville Railroad


Cambridge United Football Club is a professional association football club based in the city of Cambridge, England. They compete in EFL League One, the third tier of the English football league system. The club is based at the Abbey Stadium on Newmarket Road, approximately  east of Cambridge city centre. The stadium has a capacity of 7,937, made up of terracing and seated areas.

The club was founded in 1912 as Abbey United, and took the name Cambridge United in 1951. They played in local amateur leagues before joining the Southern League after finishing as runners-up of the Eastern Counties League in 1957–58. Under Bill Leivers's stewardship they were crowned Southern League Premier Division champions in 1968–69 and 1969–70, which helped to secure their election into the  Football League in 1970. They won promotion out of the Fourth Division in 1972–73, but suffered immediate relegation. They won the Fourth Division title in 1976–77, and then secured promotion out of the Third Division the following season. They remained in the Second Division for six seasons, before they suffered consecutive relegations.

Manager John Beck led United to promotion out of the Fourth Division via play-offs in 1990 and then the Third Division title in 1990–91, with the club reaching the Second Division play-offs the following season. Two relegations in three years left Cambridge United back in the fourth tier, before promotion was secured at the end of the 1998–99 campaign. They entered the Conference in 2005, after two relegations in four seasons, where they remained for nine seasons. They finished as Conference runners-up three times, being beaten in the play-off finals in 2008 and 2009, before eventually securing promotion after winning the 2014 play-off final. After spending seven seasons in League Two, Cambridge United were promoted to League One as runners-up, in 2021, under Mark Bonner.

Although the club has traditionally worn amber and black at home, it has experimented with a number of designs of shirts including plain amber with black trim, amber and black squares, stripes and, amber with a black sash. The club had close links with Cambridge Regional College, a team that operated as a de facto reserve team between 2006 and 2014. The Cambridge United Community Trust perform a lot of charity work in the local community.

History

Formation and early years
The club was founded in 1912 as Abbey United, named after the Abbey district of Cambridge. A club called Cambridge United existed in Cambridge from 1909, but it was not linked to the club that exists today. The club played in local amateur leagues for many of its early years, moving from ground to ground around Cambridge (see Stadium below) before settling at the Abbey Stadium. In 1949 the club turned professional, and changed its name to Cambridge United in 1951. They played in the Eastern Counties League until finishing as runners-up in 1957–58, which saw them promoted to the Southern League. Three years later, Cambridge United reached the Premier Division of the Southern League.

First League era: 1970–2005

After election to the Football League in 1970, to replace Bradford (Park Avenue), the club was promoted from the Fourth Division after three seasons, but went straight back down.

Following the appointment of Ron Atkinson as manager, Cambridge United won successive promotions which took them into the Second Division in 1978 – a mere eight years after joining the Football League. Atkinson had gone to West Bromwich Albion, a First Division club, in January 1978, and was succeeded by John Docherty, who oversaw the second promotion.

Cambridge United peaked at eighth place in the Second Division in 1980. However, a terrible season in 1983–84 (setting a league record for most successive games without a win, 31, which was surpassed by Derby County in 2008) was followed by a further relegation in 1984–85 (equalling the then league record for most losses in a season, 33). These successive relegations, which also had a negative effect on the club's attendances as well as its finances, placed Cambridge United back in the Fourth Division, the lowest professional league in English football at the time. They had to apply for re-election in their first season back in the Fourth Division, and promotion would not be achieved for another four years.

The early 1990s was the U's most successful period. Soon after the appointment of new manager John Beck, the club won the first ever appearance as a professional club at Wembley Stadium, the Fourth Division playoff final in May 1990, which secured promotion to the Third Division – the club's first promotion for 12 years. Dion Dublin scored the only goal in a game against Chesterfield. Under Beck, United gained promotion from the Fourth Division and had already reached the FA Cup quarter finals in 1990, and reached them again a year later, and winning the Third Division in 1991. United reached the play-offs in 1992, after finishing 5th in the Second Division, but failed in their bid to become founder members of the Premier League. This was the club's highest final league placing to date. The following season the club sacked John Beck and were relegated from the new First Division. Further relegation followed two seasons later. United returned to Division Two but were relegated in 2002 despite a successful run in the Football League Trophy which saw them reach the final which they lost 1–4 to Blackpool at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff.

In 2005, after 35 years in the Football League, Cambridge United were relegated into the Football Conference. This brought with it financial difficulties and the club filed for administration on 29 April. On 22 July 2005 the club came out of administration with a deal being struck with HM Revenue and Customs at the eleventh hour after the intervention of then sports minister Richard Caborn. Cambridge had sold their Abbey Stadium home earlier in the season for £1.9 million to keep the club afloat.

In the Conference: 2005–2014

On the eve of the 2006–07 season, it was announced that former Norwich City striker Lee Power would be the club's new chairman taking over from Brian Attmore's caretaking reign. Johnny Hon was also to rejoin the board as vice-chairman after John Howard's resignation on conflict of interests grounds (owing to his ownership of Bideawhile 445 Ltd, United's landlords). Jimmy Quinn was appointed manager soon after Power took charge and, after a difficult settling-in period which included a humiliating 5–0 loss to local rivals Histon, he guided Cambridge United away from another possible relegation by achieving five wins from their last seven games of the season.

After signing several respected and experienced players at the non-league level in the following close season Quinn led Cambridge to their then longest ever unbeaten start to a season (2007–08), which stretched to twelve games. Off the field, United reported several major sponsorship deals which seemed to point towards increased financial security. Halfway through the season the chairman, Lee Power, resigned. He was replaced by Wayne Purser. United finished the season in 2nd place, qualifying for the play-offs. They beat Burton Albion in the semi-final, 4–3 on aggregate, but lost 1–0 to Exeter City in the final, played at Wembley Stadium.

Following the play-off defeat many players left the club, culminating in the departure of manager Jimmy Quinn. Quinn was succeeded by former Southport manager Gary Brabin, who appointed Paul Carden as player-assistant manager. United finished the 2008–09 season again 2nd in the league, and also again reached the play-off final, overturning a 3–1 deficit to beat Stevenage Borough 4–3 on aggregate in the semi-final; however, they were beaten again at Wembley Stadium, 2–0 by Torquay United. Brabin was named as the Conference's Manager of the Season, but was sacked in the close-season after reportedly falling out with the chairman. He was replaced by Martin Ling, who resigned just eight days into the job, before the start of the 2009–10 season and was followed days later by chairman George Rolls. The new board re-appointed Ling as manager the following week.

Cambridge finished Ling's first season in 10th place – not enough for a playoff place. The following season, on 6 January 2011, with Cambridge in a similar position to where they finished the previous season, the club's owners put the club up for sale citing the need for new funds to take the club forward. Despite interest being expressed from a number of parties, no new owner has yet been found. Later the same month, the club's landlords Grosvenor Group revealed the plans for a new community stadium, including potential new locations both within the city and outside it. At the start of 2011 Martin Ling was removed from his position as manager and replaced on a temporary basis by CRC manager Jez George. He managed to steer the club towards safety, finishing 17th, which led to George's role being made permanent. After having rebuilt the squad with players from the club's youth system and with astute signings in Harrison Dunk and Tom Shaw, George managed to lead Cambridge to a 9th-place finish, a huge improvement on their previous season. As well as the league, Jez George also took Cambridge to the quarter-final of the FA Trophy (which was the furthest they had reached at the time), but lost 2–1 at home to minnows, Wealdstone. Eleven games into the following season Jez George became Director of Football, and Richard Money was announced as the new head coach of the club. The club spent much of the season in mid-table, finishing in 14th position with 59 points. The squad was greatly revamped, and United started 2013–14 with a record-breaking 16 games unbeaten. Cambridge finished the season in second place, qualifying for the play-offs. After beating FC Halifax Town 2–1, on aggregate, in the semi-final, they won 2–1 against Gateshead in the final, held at Wembley Stadium, gaining promotion back to the Football League after a nine-year absence. The club also reached their first FA Trophy final, held at Wembley Stadium, where they beat Gosport Borough 4–0.

2014–present: Back in The Football League

In their first season back in the Football League, Cambridge United progressed to the fourth round of the FA Cup, where they drew at home with Premier League team Manchester United. The match at the Abbey Stadium ended in a goalless draw, forcing a replay at Old Trafford, which Manchester United won 3–0. In the league, Cambridge finished 19th with 51 points, 10 points above the relegation zone. The following season started poorly, and Richard Money was sacked in November 2015, to be replaced by Shaun Derry the same month. A six-match unbeaten run saw Derry win the League Two Manager of the Month award for December 2015, and the U's finished the league in 9th place with 68 points. They finished 2016–17 season in 11th place, in a season that took in extended runs of both good and poor form. Derry was dismissed in February 2018 and was replaced on a permanent basis by his assistant, Joe Dunne, on the final day of 2017–18.

Cambridge started 2018–19 poorly, and manager Dunne was dismissed after 20 games with the club in 21st place. Colin Calderwood was appointed as his replacement in December 2018. Cambridge's second half under Calderwood was more successful, however, they could only finish in 21st place, only six points clear of the relegation zone. Following a successful start to the 2019–20 season, Calderwood was offered a new contract. However, after three heavy defeats in one month, Calderwood was sacked following a 4–0 defeat to Salford City. With the U's in 18th place, Calderwood's assistant manager Mark Bonner was placed in temporary charge until the end of the season. Under Bonner, Cambridge won four from their final seven matches before the disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic forced the cancellation of the season. Final league positions were decided on a points per game basis with Cambridge finishing in 16th place. This good form resulted in Bonner being handed the permanent role of head coach. During the 2020–21 season, Bonner guided Cambridge to promotion from League Two as runners-up after seven seasons in that division. Promotion was clinched on the final day with an emphatic 3–0 victory over Grimsby Town. Following this success, Bonner was handed a new three-year contract.

On the 3rd of September 2022, a statement released by the club announced that investment from the clubs owners had allowed it to purchase the ground back from Grosvenor, thus ending a 20 year spell of being tenants at The Abbey, the club's home for 89 years.

Colours and badge

Cambridge United have traditionally worn amber and black home kits in a variety of designs, including plain amber with black trim (e.g. 1979–1991), amber and black quarters (1996–1998) and halves (e.g. 1924–25), and a variety of stripes (e.g. 1926–1936. Only between 1957–1960 and 1970–1972 have shirts not been predominantly amber, when the club opted for white with a small amber and black detail on the shirt's sleeves. Away from home, kits have often been white with some amber and/or black detail, although recently shirts have been blue at the request of the away shirts sponsors, Kershaw.

A sponsor first appeared on a Cambridge United shirt for the 1985–86 season when the shirt was changed mid-season from plain amber to amber and black stripes. Spraymate were the club's first shirt sponsor, and have since been followed by an array of local and national companies: Lynfox, Howlett, Fujitsu, Beaumont Stainless Steels, Premier Travel, C and R Windows, Quicksilver (couriers), Capital Sports, The Global Group, Haart, Global Self Drive, and in 2009–10 Greene King IPA.

The teams kits have been manufactured by a number of companies, with Admiral providing the first strip on which a maker's logo appeared. The club have subsequently worn kits created by, among others, Nike, Patrick, Sporta and, Vandanel, with the latter providing the strip for the 2007–08 season  and subsequently an amber shirt featuring a dramatic black sash design that polarised the opinions of fans. In the summer of 2010 the Club parted company with Vandanel, citing concerns regards the company's ability to continue to service their needs, signing a deal with Italian company Erreà. For the start of the 2013–14 season, The U's signed a deal with Genesis Sports to provide Puma teamwear for the club. This deal has been continued into the 2014–15 season and saw the home shirts make a return to amber and black stripes. At the beginning of the 2019-2020 Campaign they have switched to Sportswear Company Hummel, however since the start of the 2023-24 season the kit has been produced by umbro.

The club's current crest, a large football over which the letters 'CU' are emblazoned, with three turrets on top, has been worn on its shirts since the 1986–87 season, with a brief change to a more 'elaborate' design between 1996 and 1998. Previously, shirts had simply been embroidered with the club's acronym 'CUFC' or a 'Book & Ball' badge used during the late 1970s. The club used a special badge to commemorate their centenary in the 2012–13 season.

Stadium

Cambridge United currently play their home matches at the Abbey Stadium, which has been their home since 1932. The stadium is located in the Abbey area of the city on Newmarket Road, approximately 3 kilometres (1.8miles) east of the city centre. The stadium currently has a capacity of 8,127, of which 4,376 are seated. Due to sponsorship reasons, the ground has also been known as The R. Costings Abbey Stadium and the Cambs Glass Stadium.

Before opening the Abbey with a victory over Cambridge University Press in a friendly on 31 August 1932, United had played matches at a number of venues around the city. When playing under the Abbey United name, games were played on Midsummer Common until the outbreak of World War I. When the war ended, the club moved to Stourbridge Common and, after promotion to the Cambridgeshire League Division One in 1923, moved once again to land just off Newmarket Road in Cambridge. This ground, affectionately known as the 'Celery Trenches' due to the poor state of the pitch, was christened with a 1–0 league victory over Histon Institute and became United's home for a decade. While based at the Trenches, the club established its offices at the 'Dog & Pheasant' pub on Newmarket Road, which it used as an away dressing room on matchdays, as well as a store for equipment including the pitch's goalposts. However, the Cambridgeshire FA were unhappy with the state of the pitch at this new home, and the club moved to Parker's Piece at the start of the 1930–31 season. Despite the special significance of Parker's Piece in the history of football, it being the first place where the Cambridge Rules were played out, the lack of spectator capacity and disruption caused during games meant this move was not a successful one.

In January 2006, John Howard announced plans to move out of the Abbey Stadium to a new purpose-built stadium in Milton. This was supported by Cambridgeshire Horizons. These were criticised by fans as risking the club's identity by moving out of the city and, despite Howard describing them as crucial to the club's future, little else was heard of them publicly. Subsequently, a new community stadium, that would also include conference facilities, was ruled out by a Planning Inspector's report which described it as unsuitable development in the green belt and in October 2009, Cambridge United announced its intentions to redevelop the Abbey Stadium with chairman.

The Stadium was sold by Bideawhile to Grosvenor Estates in June 2010. Soon after, the new landlords, in combination with the club and supporters group Cambridge Fans United, announced that they had signed a Memorandum of Understanding to positively work together to achieve the relocation of the club to a new stadium. In January 2011, plans for a new community stadium were unveiled at an open meeting, including potential new locations both within the city and outside it.

A final site, at Trumpington Meadows, was agreed upon and initial plans for an 8,000 capacity stadium were put forward, as part of a "Cambridge Sporting Village" incorporating housing and retail development.  Objections from residents and local councils saw the proposal blocked in 2013, and plans announced in January 2015 keep the sporting village development at Trumpington, but without the new stadium. Instead Cambridge United will redevelop the Abbey Stadium. First plans were presented in May 2015, which would increase capacity of the Newmarket Road End, incorporating safe standing, complete redevelopment of the Habbin Terrace and slight expansion to the Main Stand.

Cambridge United bought back the Abbey Stadium in September 2022, and restarted planning for significant expansion and improvement of the ground, with larger new stands proposed for the terraced Newmarket Road End and Habbin Stand.

Supporters

Cambridge United have a number of supporters' groups and associations, some of which are independently run and some are run by the club itself. These include: an Away Travel Club, who provide travel to every away game as well as hosting fundraising events and sponsoring senior players; youth group Junior U's; Cambridge United Supporters Association, a group giving a voice to the fans in communications with the club and the media; Vice-presidents Club, who offer match day hospitality packages; and regional associations in St Ives, East Cambridgeshire, Royston, St Neots, Bedfordshire and Saffron Walden.
Cambridge Fans United is an independent supporters group who are now a significant shareholder in the club with representation on the fans' behalf on the board of directors. In addition to these supporters' groups, the club currently has one independent fanzine, United in Endeavour, which raises funds for Cambridge Fans United and is sold at home games.

During their time in the Conference, attendances at the Abbey were amongst the highest in the league. Cambridge United's first two seasons in the Conference saw them post the fourth-highest average attendance figures in both years (2,607 in 2005–06 and 2,815 in 2006–07). They had the third-highest attendances in their final season in the Conference, averaging 3,085 for 2013–14.

Rivalries
Prior to election into the Football League, Cambridge City were regarded as the club's biggest rivals, although the rivalry has since waned significantly. Peterborough United are considered to be their current main rivals, something that was recognised in a survey by the Football Fans Census as a reciprocated feeling, where the two sides contest the Cambridgeshire derby. This is despite the fact the two clubs have experienced many seasons in separate divisions. Other lesser rivalries include those with Northampton Town, Colchester United, Luton Town, and Stevenage.

Players

Current squad

Out on loan

Reserves and Centre of Excellence
Before relegation from the Football League in 2005, Cambridge United entered a reserve team in the Football Combination. However, this ceased following financial difficulties which meant the club could not guarantee being able to put out a team for every game. In 2006 United formed Cambridge Regional College as a de facto reserve team and entered them in the Eastern Counties League Premier Division. FA rules prohibit reserve teams playing at certain levels of the football pyramid, and so the CRC name was adopted in recognition of the college's financial support, and because the team is made up almost entirely of the college's students.

Cambridge United's Centre of Excellence is widely regarded throughout professional football circles as one of the best in England. Many players have come through the youth team to establish themselves as first team players at Cambridge (for example Dan Gleeson, Daniel Chillingworth, Robbie Willmott and Josh Coulson) and go on to play at a higher level (recent examples include John Ruddy, Michael Morrison and Josh Simpson). Wales international Jack Collison was in the youth squads for several years before joining West Ham United's youth academy after the centre closed down following relegation to the Conference Premier.

The youth team won their division of the Football League Youth Alliance in both 2003–04 and 2004–05, showing the strength of the club's Centre of Excellence. The club's success in the FA Youth Cup in recent years has also far surpassed its expectation given the level of the parent club – in 2006–07 the team was the highest placed non-league team reaching the Fourth Round after seven games (including qualifying games).

Notable former players
 For all former players with a Wikipedia article see :Category:Cambridge United F.C. players

Notable players include Wilf Mannion, the only former Cambridge United player to be inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame, former Charlton Athletic manager Les Reed, Brian Moore, former West Ham United player who scored a club record 68 goals in 1957–58 despite blindness in one eye, and Lindsay Smith, voted Cambridge United's all-time cult hero in a poll for BBC Sport's Football Focus in August 2004. Ray Colfar

Club management

Club staff

Managerial history

Since joining the Football League in 1970, Cambridge United has had twenty-five full-time managers as well as many caretakers and player-managers.

Honours and achievements

League
 Third Division / League One (level 3)
Champions: 1990–91
Runners-up: 1977–78
 Fourth Division / League Two (level 4)
Champions: 1976–77
Runners-up: 1998–99, 2020–21
Promoted: 1972–73
Play-off winners: 1990
 National League (level 5)
Play-off winners: 2014
 Southern League
Champions: 1968–69, 1969–70

Cup
Football League Trophy
Runners-up: 2001–02
 FA Trophy
Winners: 2013–14
 Southern League Cup
Winners: 1968–69

Club records

Scorelines
Biggest league win:
 7–0 (v Morecambe, League Two, 19 April 2016)
 7–0 (v Weymouth, Conference Premier, March 2007)
7–0 (v Forest Green Rovers, Conference Premier, September 2009)
Biggest cup win:
5–1 (v Bristol City, FA Cup 5th round second replay, February 1990)
4–0 (v Sheffield Wednesday, FA Cup 5th round, February 1991)
4–0 (v Coventry City FA Cup 2nd round, December 2016)
Biggest league defeat:
 0–7 (v Luton Town, League Two, November 2017)
Biggest cup defeat:
0–7 (v Sunderland, League Cup second round, October 2002)

Players
Most goals in one game: 5 – Steve Butler (v Exeter City, April 1994)
Most League appearances: 416 – Steve Spriggs (1975–1987)
Most League goals in one season: 32 – Paul Mullin (EFL League Two, 2020–21)
Youngest player: Ben Worman – 16 years (v Peterborough United, 7 November 2017)
Oldest player: John Taylor – 39 years (during 2003–04 season)
Highest transfer fee paid: £190,000 – Steve Claridge (from Luton Town, November 1992)
Highest transfer fee received: £1,500,000 – Trevor Benjamin (to Leicester City, July 2000)

Club
Highest league finish: 5th in 1991-92 Football League Second Division (second tier)
Best FA Cup performance: Quarter-finalists, 1989–90, 1990–91
Best Football League Cup performance: Quarter-finalists, 1992–93
Best Football League Trophy performance: Runners-up, 2001–02
Best FA Trophy performance: Winners, 2013–14
Most League Points in a Season: 86 (Division Three, 1990–91), (Conference, 2007–08 & 2008–09)
Most League Goals in a Season: 87 (Division Four, 1976–77)
Record Attendance: 14,000 (v Chelsea, May 1970)

Charity (Cambridge United Community Trust)
Cambridge United Community Trust (CUCT) is the charity wing of Cambridge United Football Club.

CUCT was founded after Cambridge United were relegated from the Football League in 2005. The charity's stated mission is: "To place Cambridge United at the heart of a community where individuals respect each other and themselves, are empowered to maximise their potential and have the inspiration to fulfil this potential."

The charity operates in primary schools across Cambridgeshire including in a partnership with AstraZenenca. CUCT also delivers both health and inclusion work in the city of Cambridge.

The charity's current CEO is Ben Szreter.

Women's team
There is an affiliated women's team called Cambridge United WFC.

References

Further reading

External links

 The Cambridge United website: official website of the club
 Cambridge United news: Cambridge United news from Cambridge News
 Cambridge Fans United: website of Cambridge Fans United, the main fans' group associated with Cambridge United and a significant shareholder in the club

Association football clubs established in 1912
1912 establishments in England
Sport in Cambridge
Football clubs in England
East Anglian League
Eastern Counties Football League
Southern Football League clubs
National League (English football) clubs
Football clubs in Cambridgeshire
English Football League clubs
Companies that have entered administration in the United Kingdom

Cambridge United F.C.


is a Buddhist temple of the Shingon sect located in Ōsu, in central Nagoya, Japan. It belongs to the Owari Thirty-three Kannon. Its address is 愛知県名古屋市中区大須2-21-47 (Aichi Ken, Nagoya-shi, Naka-ku Osu, 2-21-47).

History
The official name is Kitanosan Shinpuku-ji Hōshō-in, but is popularly known as Ōsu Kannon.

The temple was originally built in about the year 1333 in Ōsu-gō, Nagaoka village, in Owari Province, which is currently known as the city of Hashima in Gifu Prefecture. Construction was sponsored by the Emperor Go-Daigo, who appointed Shōnin Nōshin as the first head priest. Nōshin had a dream of Avalokitesvara, the Buddha of Compassion, known as Kannon in Japanese.
Hence, the name Ōsu (from Ōsu-gō) Kannon. In the 3rd year of Genko (1333), a monk named Noshin founded the Shinpukuji Temple and its sub-temple Hojoin, which marked the beginning of this temple. They moved the Kannon statue from Shitennoji Temple in Settsu Province (modern-day Osaka) and enshrined it as the principal deity. Under the third chief priest, Prince Ninyo, the temple's estate grew to 10,000 koku (a unit of measure for rice fields), and it became an overseeing temple for Shingon sect temples in six provinces: Ise, Mino, Owari, Mikawa, Totomi, and Shinano. During the Sengoku (Warring States) Period, Oda Nobunaga granted the temple an additional 500 koku of land.
In the 17th year of Keicho (1612), on the orders of Tokugawa Ieyasu, Hojoin, along with its main deity and the Shinpukuji library, was relocated from Osu-go to its current site by Naruse Masanari, the lord of Inuyama Castle.

In the 12th year of Bunka (1815), a five-story pagoda was erected, and a statue of Aizen Myoo carved by Kukai was enshrined within. On March 21, 1892 (Meiji 25), the main hall, five-story pagoda, and Niomon gate were destroyed by the fire that broke out behind the temple's Hoza theater (Osu's Great Fire). An account titled "Reconstruction Contribution Ledger" was written in April of the same year to raise funds for their reconstruction. The ledger contained drawings of the temple's layout for the main hall, five-story pagoda, and Niomon gate, detailing the reconstruction plans for these structures across five sections. While the main hall and Niomon gate were reconstructed after the fire, the five-story pagoda was not rebuilt.

In the midst of World War II, on March 19, 1945 (Showa 20), the temple was burnt down again during the Nagoya Air Raid. After the war, in 1949 (Showa 24), temporary main hall and Niomon gate were constructed. Hopes were high among the people of Osu and those connected to the temple for the early reconstruction of the proper main hall, considering Osu Kannon's significance as a symbol of Osu. However, due to financial difficulties, the reconstruction was considerably delayed.
Due to repeated flooding, the temple was moved to its present location in 1612 by Tokugawa Ieyasu.

In the 1820s, large parts of the temple were destroyed by fire, but it was rebuilt in the 1970s. The main hall has a very large, red paper lantern hanging from the ceiling where worshipers can tie small paper notes with wishes to the holding wires.

Library
The current temple is home to a large collection of books. It houses about 15,000 classic Japanese and Chinese works. The Records of Ancient Matters (古事記 Kojiki), a Shinpukuji manuscript (真福寺本) transcribed by the monk Ken'yu (賢瑜) is the oldest extant manuscript of the Kojiki and consists of three books that were written in 1371–1372 during the Nanboku-chō period. It describes the ancient mythological history of Japan. The library also has many other books designated as national treasures and important cultural properties.

Market
A street fair is held on the 18th day of each month. A number of antiques are sold there.

The nearest subway is Ōsu Kannon Station.

See also
 Hongan-ji Nagoya Betsuin, a temple nearby

References

Sources
Pictures of the temple
Japan-guide.com
Expo2005.or.jp

External links

 Homepage of Ōsu Kannon

Buddhist temples in Nagoya
Ōsu
Temples of Shingon-shū Chisan-ha
Temples of Avalokiteśvara

Ōsu Kannon