Newark Park is a Grade I listed country house of Tudor origins located near the village of Ozleworth, Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire. The house sits in an estate of  at the southern end of the Cotswold escarpment with views down the Severn Valley to the Severn Estuary. The house and estate have been in the care of the National Trust since 1946.

History
Newark Park was originally a four-storey (three storeys over a basement) Tudor hunting lodge built between 1544 and 1556 for Sir Nicholas Poyntz (d.1557), whose main seat was at Acton Court near Bristol, some fifteen miles to the south, an easy day's ride. The Poyntz family were anciently feudal barons of Curry Mallet in Somerset, later of Iron Acton in Gloucestershire. Poyntz was a Groom of the Privy Chamber to Henry VIII and had recently remodeled Acton Park in anticipation of a royal visit. "Newark is equally fashionable in terms of its precocious classicism," observes Nicholas Cooper, who points out its rigorously symmetrical front (illustration), unprecedented in the main body of any great house in its time, and the correct Tuscan order of its original main door. The house was then called "New Work" and was partly constructed with building materials from the recently dissolved Kingswood Abbey, some five miles away. The lodge was three bays wide and of single-pile construction, one room deep. In the basement was a kitchen, there were two reception rooms on the ground floor and a banqueting room on the first. Modest sleeping quarters were provided on the third floor, and the roof was flat so that it could be used as a pleasurable lookout over the surrounding countryside, in which it enjoys a commanding position. It was built at about the same time as nearby Siston Court was being built by Sir Maurice Denys (d.1563), first cousin of Poyntz's wife Jane Berkeley. Poyntz's original lodge now forms the eastern part of the present structure.

In 1600 the lodge was sold to the Low family of London who in 1672 significantly extended the building by the addition of a second four-storey building to the west, which was joined to the original by a passage stairway creating an H-shaped footprint. The Lows owned Newark Park until 1722 when it was sold for £6,010 (equivalent to £ today) to the Harding family who after making some minor alterations sold it to James Clutterbuck. The Clutterbucks engaged the architect James Wyatt to remodel it into a four-square house in 1790. Their improvements included the creation of a formal deer-park to the south of the house and landscaping of the rest of the grounds.

The Clutterbucks left Newark in 1860 and let it out, but even though it was tenanted the occupants continued to make alterations and improvements. Mrs Annie Poole King family, widow of a Bristol shipping merchant took the leasehold in 1898, moving from the larger Standish House at Stonehouse, Gloucestershire. A member of the Berkeley Hunt, she had five children, plus a house staff of a coachman, cook, housekeeper, and gardener. The King family added servants' quarters on the north side, installed a hot-air heating system and ran hot water to the second floor. The Kings stayed at Newark until 1949 when the last of the line died and the then owner, Mrs Power-Clutterbuck, gave Newark Park and its estates to the National Trust.

Conservation and listing
When the Trust took ownership they did not open Newark Park to the public but instead let it out to tenants who ran it as a nursing home. By 1970 the house was in a state of disrepair and the gardens overgrown. It was in this state that American architect Robert (Bob) Parsons (1920–2000), who had long expressed a desire to take on an English country house in need of repair, took the tenancy and began a painstaking programme of renovation, conservation and rehabilitation to both the house and the grounds. It was due to Bob Parson's efforts that the architectural importance of the house was acknowledged and the Grade I listing achieved.  Parson's partner, Michael Claydon, moved to Newark Park in 1982 and became actively involved in the ongoing restoration.  After Parson's death in 2000, Claydon maintained stewardship of the house and continued restoration works in the landscaped parkland.

Public Access
The property is now open to the public in summer every day.

References

External links

 Information from the National Trust website

Country houses in Gloucestershire
National Trust properties in Gloucestershire
Grade I listed houses in Gloucestershire
Gardens in Gloucestershire
Historic house museums in Gloucestershire

Newark Park


Norman Walter Smith (21 November 1915 – 29 July 1973) was an Australian rules football player and coach in the Victorian Football League (VFL). After more than 200 games as a player with  and , Smith began a twenty-year coaching career, including a fifteen-year stint at Melbourne.

A Legend in the Australian Football Hall of Fame, Smith is regarded as one of the greatest and most influential coaches in the game's history, as well as being one of the finest full-forwards of his era. Like legendary Collingwood coach Jock McHale, Smith could take young players of different backgrounds and mould them into a disciplined team. Along with his brother Len, Smith's ability to think innovatively when it came to tactics had a profound influence on the game, most notably through his protégé Ron Barassi.

Smith played in four premierships with Melbourne and then coached the club to six further premierships in the 1950s and 1960s, but his sensational sacking midway through the 1965 season (when Melbourne were the reigning premiers) gave rise to what is known as the "Curse of Norm Smith". The supposed curse lasted 57 years until Melbourne defeated the Western Bulldogs in the 2021 AFL Grand Final. In 1996, Smith was chosen as the coach of the AFL Team of the Century.

Personal life
Smith and elder brother Len (b. 1912) were the sons of ironworker Victor Smith and Ethel May (née Brown). After attending Westgarth Central School, Smith completed an engineering apprenticeship and worked at Millers rope-works in Brunswick. In 1943, he took over his father's engineering business in Northcote, later relocating it to North Coburg in 1954. On 19 October 1940, he married Marjorie Victoria Ellis, at the Wesley Church in Melbourne. Their only child, Peter, was born in 1947.

Playing career
A brilliant all-round sportsman in his youth, Smith played first-grade district cricket and Australian football. His first club football was for Dennis, which played in the sub-district competition, where his brother Len had started his career. When scouts for VFL club Melbourne arrived at the Smith household to sign Len, Victor Smith suggested that young Norm might make the grade as well. Melbourne were ambitiously rebuilding their side and Smith made his debut under legendary coach Frank 'Checker' Hughes in 1935. Ironically, while Norm's career blossomed at Melbourne, brother Len failed to nail down a regular place and he moved to the VFA and later to Fitzroy to further his career.

Outstanding on-field success
Smith became a regular in the first team in 1937. Usually playing as full-forward, Smith quickly developed an understanding with teammate Ron Baggott and earned a reputation as a cool-headed, "thinking" player. He favoured the pass to a man in a better position, the quick handball, the tap on and the shepherd for a teammate with the ball. One scribe commented that he "could make a forward line work around him" and he was the epitome of a team player. The Melbourne team was rising fast: they played finals in 1936 and 1937, but lost to more experienced opponents both times. The team took a step back in 1938, finishing fifth, but looked the team most likely throughout 1939.

Under Hughes, a successful former Richmond player and coach, Melbourne had remade themselves into a more professional outfit, after many years as an amateur club. Smith was one of many talented players who adhered to Hughes' doctrine. Now renamed the Red Demons (later to become simply the Demons), Melbourne went into the 1939 finals with a team based on all-out attack, with Smith the linchpin. In the Grand Final against Collingwood, Melbourne booted a record Grand Final score and set a new record winning margin, taking only their third premiership in 39 years. Another flag was won in 1940 when Smith was the star, scoring seven goals in the Grand Final. The following year, the team marked themselves as a special combination by completing the hattrick, despite missing players due to war service and injury on Grand Final day. Smith enjoyed his most productive season and finished the year as the VFL's leading goalkicker. He continued playing during the war years in a decimated Melbourne team. In 1944 Smith won The Herald newspaper's best player award.

Captaincy and the Miracle of '48

Smith was appointed captain of the club in 1945, leading the Demons to their first Grand Final defeat in 1946. Poor form and a loss of confidence led to Smith resigning the captaincy for 1948 and it seemed that, at 32, his career was winding down. Melbourne were thrashed by Essendon in the second semi final and were long odds to win the premiership. However, in something of a miracle, previously retired champion Jack Mueller was recalled to the team and in the next three games (which included a tied and replayed Grand Final) Smith and Mueller combined to dominate the scoring and lead the Demons to an unlikely premiership. Deciding that it was a perfect note on which to end his marathon career, 'Checker' Hughes retired as coach, and Smith was a keen applicant for the position.

Coaching career
Disappointingly for Smith, the committee decided (by a single vote) to award the job to ex-Melbourne premiership skipper, Allan LaFontaine. Anxious to begin coaching, Smith made an emotionally difficult decision to transfer to Fitzroy as captain-coach. His older brother Len was already there as coach of the Under 19's. Smith played only seventeen games with the 'Roys before retiring as a player in 1950. His time at Fitzroy was a mixed bag: the team was competitive without making the finals. Meanwhile, Melbourne were struggling and LaFontaine resigned after three years. So in 1952, Smith returned to Melbourne as coach. Benefiting from the recruitment of some of the best players in the club's history, Smith and Melbourne dominated the VFL for a decade, during which the club won six premierships: 1955-56-57, 1959–60 and 1964.

Coaching style
A stickler for team discipline, Smith was variously called the 'Demon Dictator' and the 'Martinet of Melbourne'. His canniness and brushed-back auburn hair earned him another nickname: the 'Red Fox'. Smith built his success on an espirit de corps, creating close-knit teams during Melbourne's years of greatness that were the envy of the other eleven clubs. Many sought to emulate his methods and create a similar atmosphere for their own clubs. Norm and Len Smith (who coached Fitzroy from 1958 to 1962) led the move toward a quicker, play-on style of football. Melbourne sides under Smith were fast, disciplined, fit and confident. The only real lapse of discipline came in the 1958 Grand Final when, attempting to equal Collingwood's great four-in-a-row record, the Demons were baited into losing their concentration by a fanatical Collingwood team.

The dismissal
From 1964 tension began to build between Smith and several influential figures at Melbourne. One factor was the decision by Melbourne's star player, Ron Barassi, to move to Carlton in 1965 as captain-coach. Barassi had lived with Smith and his wife from the time he was 15 – Barassi became the older man's protege and the two enjoying a unique relationship. Smith supported Barassi's aspirations, offering to stand aside so Barassi could coach Melbourne. When Barassi rejected that proposal and insisted on a clearance to the Blues, some Melbourne officials unfairly accused Smith of ridding himself of a potential rival. Another factor was Smith's sometimes acid tongue, which he sometimes turned on committeemen he felt were interfering in his domain. This facet of the Smith personality put him in a difficult situation when he was sued by an umpire for defamation. In defending the action, Smith found no support from the men running his club.

Finally, the situation exploded on the Friday night before the round 13, 1965 match against North Melbourne. A courier delivered a termination notice to Smith at his home. When the news leaked to the media, it created a sensation, arguably the most dramatic news story in Australian football history. Smith made an emotional appearance on television on the Sunday and speculation was rife that he would replace his ill brother, then coaching Richmond. Although he was reinstated within a week, he never again enjoyed his old relationship with the club. The Demons won only one more game for the year and missed the finals for the first time in eleven years. In a matter of a few dramatic months, Melbourne's dominance was dismantled. The Demons would not make the finals again until 1987; Melbourne would ultimately win the 2021 Grand Final.

A brief return to the finals
After two more disappointing seasons, heart disease compelled Smith to resign from Melbourne at the end of 1967. It was a sad year for the Smith family, as brother Len had succumbed to a heart attack just months before his adopted club Richmond won the premiership. Feeling sufficiently recovered, Smith surprised many by accepting an offer to coach South Melbourne in 1969. At Albert Park, Smith pulled off what was considered one of his best coaching performances by taking the downtrodden Swans to the 1970 semi-final, their first finals appearance since 1945. However, the under-resourced and under-confident Swans couldn't sustain the effort and finished last and second last in the next two years. Smith resigned after the 1972 season.

Death and legacy

Norm Smith was only 57 when he died of a cerebral tumour at his home in Pascoe Vale on 29 July 1973. He was survived by his wife and son.

Smith's influence was wide-ranging. He increased the importance of the coach in Australian football with innovations such as using a runner to send messages to his players (in 1955). He raised the standards of fitness and team discipline, which enabled the evolution of the so-called "running game" in the 1970s. Although his blunt manner of speaking and intolerance for fools sometimes led him to conflict, he was universally admired and respected for his insightful thinking on the game and his mantra that teamwork was all. Although he was known as a great orator and a stern taskmaster, he was a quiet and retiring man away from the game. Paradoxically, he played and coached largely for the love of the game yet did as much as anyone else to move it forward from a semi-professional sport.

During the 1970s, Smith's son Peter played for Melbourne and Carlton in the VFL and for Coburg in the VFA as a full-forward and was Coburg's leading goalkicker for a season.

On 19 July 2007, Norm Smith was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame as a playing Legend.

Norm Smith Medal and Norm Smith Memorial Trophy
See main article: Norm Smith Medal

In 1979, the VFL instituted the Norm Smith Medal, awarded to the best player in the Grand Final. The first winner was Norm Smith's great nephew and Carlton player Wayne Harmes (Len Smith's grandson). He received the medal from Norm's widow, Marj.

In addition to the Norm Smith Medal, the Norm Smith Memorial Trophy is a Coaches Award "presented to the player who best represents the qualities of work ethic and preparation".

References

Bibliography

External links

 The Red Fox – The Biography of Norm Smith, Legendary Melbourne Coach
 Australian Dictionary of Biography:  Smith, Norman Walter (1915–1973)
 Australian Football Hall of Fame

Melbourne Football Club coaches
Melbourne Football Club players
Fitzroy Football Club players
Fitzroy Football Club coaches
Sydney Swans coaches
1915 births
1973 deaths
Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Keith 'Bluey' Truscott Trophy winners
Australian rules footballers from Melbourne
Melbourne Football Club captains
VFL/AFL premiership players
Melbourne Football Club premiership players
Melbourne Football Club premiership coaches
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees
VFL/AFL premiership coaches
People from Northcote, Victoria

Norm Smith


Cranberry Township is one of seven townships in Alleghany County, North Carolina, United States. The township had a population of 375, according to the 2010 census. Before 1880, it was included in Prathers Creek Township.

Cranberry Township occupies  in southwestern Alleghany County. The township's western border is with Ashe County, and the southern border is shared with Wilkes County.

References

Townships in Alleghany County, North Carolina
Townships in North Carolina

Cranberry Township, Alleghany County, North Carolina


The Syndicat national d'Etude des Transports Aériens ("National Union of Study of Aerial Transport"), known by its acronym SNETA, was a Belgian airline which operated from 1919 to 1923 in order to pioneer commercial aviation in Belgium. In 1923 it ceased operations and merged into the newly founded national carrier SABENA.

History
The company was founded on 31 March 1919 by Georges Nélis with the support of King Albert I. It operated from the airfield at Haren, near Brussels, and flew to London (Hounslow Heath Aerodrome and Croydon Airport), Paris (Paris–Le Bourget Airport) and Amsterdam (Amsterdam Airport Schiphol). Amongst the pilots of SNETA was Ivan Smirnov. Its initial fleet was made up of surplus airplanes from the First World War. The company used a mix of British, French and German planes. The first nine acquired airplanes were:

 3 Breguet 14
 3 De Havilland Airco DH.9
 3 Rumpler C.IV.

Later the company also acquired Farman F.60 Goliaths and Fokker D.VIIs.

In 1921, the company started operating in the Belgian Congo through its subsidiary CENAC (Comité d' Etude pour la Navigation Aérienne du Congo and later as Ligne Aérienne du Roi Albert) flying to Matadi, Léopoldville and Stanleyville using the Lévy-Le Pen.

On 27 September 1921, a wooden hangar burned out, destroying 7 of SNETA's 23 airplanes.

By 1 June 1922, enough information was gathered and all experimental flights were suspended. This cleared the way to start up a real Belgian commercial operator, SABENA, which came into being on 23 May 1923 and into which SNETA merged.

Fleet

Historical fleet
 3x Bréguet 14
 6x Airco de Havilland DH.9
 5x Airco de Havilland DH.4
 10x Rumpler C.IV
 1x Luft-Verkehrs Gesellschaft LVG C.IV
 6x Luft-Verkehrs Gesellschaft LVG C.VI
 6x Farman F.60 Goliath
 1x Ansaldo A.300-C
 6x Blériot-SPAD S.33
 Operated by CENAC: 6x Levy-Le Pen flying boats.

Further reading

External links
Tillo Behaeghe, Aimé Behaeghe, De eerste piloot in Centraal Afrika, Hangar Flying, Grimbergen, 2008
Weather & Aviation Page - SNETA
SNETA Timetables and Prices

Defunct airlines of Belgium
Economic history of Belgium
Airlines established in 1919
Airlines disestablished in 1923
Belgian companies established in 1919
1923 disestablishments in Belgium

SNETA


Timothy Charles Buckley III (February 14, 1947 – June 29, 1975) was an American guitarist and singer. He began his career based in folk rock, but subsequently experimented with genres such as psychedelia, jazz, the avant-garde, and funk as well as unconventional vocal stylings. His commercial peak came with the 1969 album Happy Sad, reaching No. 81 on the charts, while his experimental 1970 album Starsailor went on to become a cult favorite. The latter contained his best known song, "Song to the Siren." Buckley died at the age of 28 from a heroin and morphine overdose, leaving behind sons Taylor and Jeff.

Early life and career
Tim Buckley was born in Washington, D.C., on Valentine's Day, February 14, 1947, to Elaine (née Scalia), an Italian American, and Timothy Charles Buckley Jr., a decorated World War II veteran and son of Irish immigrants from Cork. He spent his early childhood in Amsterdam, New York, an industrial city about  northwest of Albany. At five years old, Buckley began listening to his mother's progressive jazz recordings, particularly Miles Davis.

Buckley's musical life began after his family moved to Bell Gardens in southern California in 1956. His grandmother introduced him to the work of Bessie Smith and Billie Holiday, his mother to Frank Sinatra and Judy Garland and his father to the country music of Hank Williams and Johnny Cash. When the folk music revolution came around in the early 1960s, Buckley taught himself the banjo at age 13, and with several friends formed a folk group inspired by the Kingston Trio that played local high school events.

During high school, Buckley was elected to class offices, played on the baseball team and quarterbacked the football team. During a football game, he broke two fingers on his left hand, permanently damaging them. He said that the injury prevented him from playing barre chords. This disability may have led to his use of extended chords, many of which don't require barres.

Buckley attended Loara High School in Anaheim, California. He cut classes regularly and quit football, focusing most of his attention on music. He befriended Larry Beckett, his future lyricist, and Jim Fielder, a bass player with whom he formed two musical groups, the Bohemians, who initially played popular music, and the Harlequin 3, a folk group which regularly incorporated spoken word and beat poetry into their gigs.

Buckley and lyricist/friend Beckett wrote dozens of songs, some that appeared on Tim's debut album, Tim Buckley. "Buzzin' Fly" was written during this period and was featured on Happy Sad, his 1969 LP.

Buckley's college career at Fullerton College lasted two weeks in 1965. After dropping out of college, Buckley dedicated himself fully to music and playing L.A. folk clubs. During the summer of 1965, he played regularly at a club co-founded by Dan Gordon. He played Orange County coffeehouses such as the White Room in Buena Park and the Monday-night hootenannies at the Los Angeles Troubadour. That year, Cheetah magazine deemed Buckley one of "The Orange County Three", along with Steve Noonan and Jackson Browne.

In February 1966, following a gig at It's Boss, the Mothers of Invention's drummer Jimmy Carl Black recommended Buckley to the Mothers' manager, Herb Cohen. Cohen saw potential in Tim and landed him an extended gig at the Night Owl Cafe in Greenwich Village at West 3rd and MacDougal. Buckley's girlfriend, Jainie Goldstein, drove him to New York. While living in the Bowery with Jainie, Buckley ran into Lee Underwood and asked him to play guitar for him. The two became lifelong friends and collaborators.

Under Cohen's management, Buckley recorded a six-song demo acetate disc which he sent to Elektra records owner Jac Holzman, who offered him a recording contract.

Folk rock
In August 1966, Buckley recorded his self-titled debut album in three days in Los Angeles. He was often unhappy with his albums after they were recorded and described his debut album as "like Disneyland". The record featured Buckley and a band of Underwood and Orange County friends. Underwood's mix of jazz and country improvisation on a Telecaster guitar became a distinctive part of Buckley's early sound. Jac Holzman and Paul Rothchild's production and Jack Nitzsche's string arrangements cemented the record's mid-'60s sound.

The album's folk-rock style was typical of the time, although many people, including Underwood, felt the strings by Nitzsche "did not enhance its musical quality." Critics took note of Buckley's distinctive voice and tuneful compositions.

Underwood considered the record to be "a first effort, naive, stiff, quaky and innocent [but] a ticket into the marketplace". Holzman expressed similar sentiments and thought Buckley wasn't comfortable in his own musical skin. Larry Beckett suggested the band's desire to please audiences held it back.

Elektra released two singles promoting the debut album, "Wings" with "Grief in My Soul" as the B-side, and "Aren't You the Girl"/"Strange Street Affair Under Blue." Buckley followed with "Once Upon a Time" and "Lady Give Me Your Key", which were not well regarded but showed potential. Elektra decided not to release the songs as singles, and the songs remained in Elektra's record vaults. Rhino Records was unable to find "Lady Give Me Your Key" to include on its Morning Glory: The Tim Buckley Anthology, but the song was the title track on Light in the Attic Records' 2017 collection of the previously unissued 1967 acoustic sessions. "Once Upon A Time" surfaced on Rhino's Where The Action Is 1965–68 Los Angeles anthology in 2009.

Goodbye and Hello, released in 1967, featured late 1960s-style poetry and songs in different timings, and was an ambitious release for the 20-year-old Buckley. Reflecting the confidence Elektra had in Buckley and group, they were given free rein on the content of the album. Beckett continued as lyricist and the album consisted of Buckley originals and Beckett–Buckley collaborations. Critics noted the improved lyrical and melodic qualities of Buckley's music. Buckley's voice had developed since his last release and the press appreciated both his lower register and falsetto in equal measure.

The subject of the album distinguished it from its predecessor. Beckett addressed the psychological nature of war in "No Man Can Find the War", and Underwood welcomed Buckley's entry into darker territory with "Pleasant Street". "I Never Asked to Be Your Mountain" represented a confessional lyric to his estranged wife and child, while the mix of introspective folk songs and political-themed content attracted folk fans and anti-war audiences. Holzman had faith in Buckley and rented advertising space for the musician on the Sunset Strip, an unusual step for a solo act. Buckley distanced himself from comparisons to Bob Dylan, expressing an apathy toward Dylan and his work. While Goodbye and Hello did not make Buckley a star, it performed better in the charts than his previous effort, peaking at No. 171.

Buckley's higher profile led to his album The Best of Tim Buckley being used as a soundtrack to the 1969 film Changes. Buckley performed "Song to the Siren" on the final episode of The Monkees. Buckley was wary of the press and often avoided interviews. After a slot on The Tonight Show, Buckley was standoffish and insulting toward Johnny Carson, and on another television appearance refused to lip sync to "Pleasant Street".

After Beckett was drafted into the Army, Buckley developed his own style, and described the jazz/blues-rock with which he was associated as "white thievery and an emotional sham." Drawing inspiration from jazz greats such as Charles Mingus, Thelonious Monk, Roland Kirk, and vocalist Leon Thomas, Buckley's sound became different from previous recordings.

In 1968, Buckley toured Europe twice, first including Denmark, the Netherlands, and England, appearing e.g. on John Peel's Top Gear radio show on the BBC and then appearing at the  in Germany, as well as touring England and Denmark again. Later that year, he recorded Happy Sad, which reflected folk and jazz influences and would be his best-charting album, peaking at No. 81.

Middle period
During 1969, Buckley began to write and record material for three albums, Blue Afternoon, Lorca, and Starsailor. Inspired by the singing of avant-garde musician Cathy Berberian, he integrated the ideas of composers such as Luciano Berio and Iannis Xenakis in an avant-garde rock genre. Buckley selected eight songs for Blue Afternoon, an album similar to Happy Sad in style. In a 1977 article for DownBeat magazine, Lee Underwood wrote that Buckley's heart was not in Blue Afternoon and that the album was a perfunctory response to please his business partners.

While Buckley's music never sold well, his following releases did indeed chart. Lorca alienated his folk base, while Blue Afternoon was criticized as boring and tepid, and "[not] even good sulking music", although it has been re-evaluated over the years. Blue Afternoon was Buckley's last album to chart on Billboard, reaching No. 192. Following the albums, Buckley began to focus on what he felt to be his masterpiece, Starsailor.

Starsailor contained free jazz textures under Buckley's most extreme vocal performance, ranging from high shrieks to deep, soulful baritone. This personal album included the more accessible "Song to the Siren", a song which has since been covered by This Mortal Coil, Robert Plant, John Frusciante, Bryan Ferry and Brendan Perry. The album was a critical and commercial failure.

Unable to produce his music and almost broke, Buckley turned to alcohol and drug binges. He considered acting and completed an unreleased low-budget film entitled Why? (1971). The film was an experimental use of the new medium video tape and was commissioned by Technicolor.

"Sex funk" period

In 1970, Buckley disbanded his Starsailor ensemble and assembled a new funk band. He cut three albums, Greetings from L.A., Sefronia and Look at the Fool. Buckley had alienated much of his hippie fan base with his previous two albums, and his sexually frank lyrics ("whip me, spank me") prevented the songs from receiving airplay, although he retained a cult following.

In 1975, Buckley engaged the press regarding a live album comeback. He began performing revamped versions of material drawn from his career, except Starsailor and Lorca, in response to his audience, which he had spurned in the past.

Death
On June 28, 1975, Buckley completed a short tour with a show in Dallas, playing to a sold-out crowd of 1,800 people. He celebrated the end of the tour with a weekend of drinking with his band and friends. On the night of June 29, he accompanied longtime friend Richard Keeling to his house. At some point, Keeling produced a bag of heroin, some of which Buckley snorted.

Buckley's friends took him home and, seeing his inebriated state, his wife Judy laid him on the living-room floor and questioned his friends as to what had happened. She moved Buckley into bed. When she checked on him later, she found that he was not breathing and had turned blue. Attempts by friends and paramedics to revive him were unsuccessful, and he was pronounced dead on arrival.

The coroner's report stated that Buckley died at 9:42 p.m. on June 29, 1975, from "acute heroin/morphine and ethanol intoxication due to inhalation and ingestion of overdose".

Aftermath
Buckley's tour manager, Bob Duffy, said Buckley's death was not expected, but "was like watching a movie, and that was its natural ending."

Other friends saw his passing as predictable, if not inevitable. Beckett recalled how Buckley took chances with his life, including dangerous driving, drinking alcohol, taking pills and heroin.

Given the circumstances of his death, police charged Keeling with murder and distribution of heroin. At his hearing on August 14, 1975, Keeling pleaded guilty to involuntary manslaughter and, after failing to complete community service, was sentenced to 120 days in jail and four years' probation.

Buckley died in debt, owning only a guitar and an amplifier. About 200 friends and family attended his funeral at the Wilshire Funeral Home in Santa Monica, including manager Herb Cohen and Lee Underwood. His 8-year-old son, Jeff, had met his father only once, and was not invited to the funeral. Jeff Buckley said not being invited to his father's funeral "gnawed" at him, and prompted him to pay his respects by performing "I Never Asked to Be Your Mountain" in 1991 at a memorial tribute to Buckley in Brooklyn, six years before his own accidental death.

Personal life
During French class in 1964, Buckley met Mary Guibert. Their relationship inspired some of Buckley's music, and provided him time away from his turbulent home life. His father suffered a head injury during the war which, along with a severe work-related injury, was said to have affected his mental balance. Buckley and Guibert married on October 25, 1965. The marriage was tumultuous and when Guibert became pregnant, Buckley found himself neither willing nor able to cope with marriage and fatherhood. The couple divorced in October 1966, about a month before their son, Jeff Buckley, was born. Jeff later said about his father, "He left my mother when I was six months old... So I never really knew him at all. We were born with the same parts but when I sing it's me. This is my own time and if people expect me to work the same things for them as he did, they're going to be disappointed."

In April 1970, Buckley married Judy Brejot Sutcliffe in Santa Monica, and adopted her son, Taylor Keith Sutcliffe.

Discography

Studio albums
Tim Buckley (Elektra) (1966)
Goodbye and Hello (Elektra) (1967)
Happy Sad (Elektra) (1969)
Blue Afternoon (Straight) (1969)
Lorca (Elektra) (1970)
Starsailor (Straight) (1970)
Greetings from L.A. (Straight) (1972)
Sefronia (Bizarre/DiscReet/Edsel/(Get Back)/Manifesto/Real Gone/Straight) (1973)
Look at the Fool (Charter Line/DiscReet/Edsel/Enigma/Get Back/Manifesto (2)/Real Gone/Warner Bros.) (1974)

Live albums
Dream Letter: Live in London 1968 (Enigma/Manifesto) (1990)
Peel Sessions (Dutch East India/Strange Fruit) (1991/1993)
Live at the Troubadour 1969 (Rhino/Manifesto) (1994)
Honeyman: Live 1973 (Edsel/Manifesto) (1995)
Once I Was (Varese) (1999)
Copenhagen Tapes (Pinnacle Licensed Repertoire) (2000)
Live at the Folklore Center 1967 (Tompkins Square) (2009)
Venice Mating Call (Edsel) (2017)
Greetings From West Hollywood (Edsel) (2017)
Live at the Electric Theatre Co. (Manifesto) (2019)
Bear's Sonic Journals: Merry-Go-Round at the Carousel (Owsley Stanley Foundation) (2021)

Compilations
The Late Great Tim Buckley (WEA) (1978) – Released in Australia only
The Best of Tim Buckley (Rhino) (1983)
Morning Glory (Band of Joy) (1994)
Works in Progress (Rhino Handmade) (1999)
The Dream Belongs to Me: Rare and Unreleased 1968–1973 (Manifesto) (2001)
Morning Glory: The Tim Buckley Anthology (Rhino) (2001)
Tim Buckley/Goodbye and Hello (Elektra) (2001) – Compilation of first two albums
Take 2: Greetings from L.A./Tim Buckley (Straight/Enigma) (2005) – 2XCD compilation of the two albums
Tim Buckley (Rhino Handmade) (2011) – Handmade 2XCD
Disc One: Both the stereo and mono versions of his debut album
Disc Two: 22 unreleased recordings of Buckley from November 1965 with the Bohemians (12 tracks) and from 1966 with Larry Beckett (10 tracks)
Starsailor: The Anthology (Music Club Deluxe/Rhino) (2011) – 2XCD
Wings: The Complete Singles 1966–1974 (Omnivore Recordings) (2016)

Other releases
Thin Wires in the Voice (1999) – 120-page booklet with a three-track CD EP included
Tim Buckley: My Fleeting House (MVD Visual) (2007) – DVD of filmed live performances
Tim Buckley: Lady, Give Me Your Key: The Unissued 1967 Solo Acoustic Sessions (Future Days Recordings) (2016) – Demos from Buckley's 1967 sessions

Compilation appearances
Elektrifying (Elektra) (1968) – "Wings"
Off (Elektra) (1968) – "Song Slowly Song"
Select Elektra (Elektra) (1968) – "Morning Glory"
Elektra's Best, Volume 1 2XLP (Elektra) (1969) – "Morning Glory"
Zapped (Bizarre) (1970) – "I Must Have Been Blind"
The Big Ball 2XLP (Warner Bros.) (1970) – "Happy Time"
Alternatives (Warner Bros.) (1970) – "Happy Time"
Garden Of Delights 2XLP (Elektra) (1971) – "Wings"
The First Family Of New Rock 2XLP (Atlantic/Exulta/Warner Bros./Reprise Records) – "I Had A Talk With My Woman"
Days Of Wine And Vinyl 2XLP (Warner Bros.) (1972) "Move With Me"
Display Case 2XLP (Warner Bros.) (1972) – "Move With Me", "Sweet Surrender"
The First Family Of New Rock 2XLP (Warner Bros. (France)) (1972) – "Pleasant Street"
All Singing-All Talking-All Rocking 2XLP (Warner Bros.) (1973) – "Sally Go Round The Rose"
Die Grosen Amerikanischen Liedermacher (Warner Bros./Stern Musik) (1974) – "Sally Go Round The Rose"
The Rock Revelation 3XLP (The Sunday Times Magazine) (1975) – "Dolphins"
Musikladen Jazz Rock Humor 3XLP (Warner Bros./Atlantic) (1975) – "Wanda Lou"
Litera Luisterplaat (Warner Bros.) (1976) – "The King's Chair", "Serfonia"
Elektrock 4XLP/4xCass/Box (Elecktra) (1985) "Aren't You The Girl". "Strange Street Affair Under Blue", "I Can't Hear You", "No Man Can Feel The War", "Pleasant Street", "Dream Letter", "Morning Glory"
The Psychodelic Years 3XCD (Knight Records) (1990) – "Buzzin' Fly"
The Psychodelic Years 1966–1969 (American Album Classics) (Knight) (1990) – "Buzzin' Fly"
Before The Fall '67–'77 -The Peel Sessions (Strange Fruit) (1991) – "Once I Was"
Troubadours Of The Folk Era Vol. 2 (Rhino/Warner Special Products) (1992) – "Once I Was"
West Coast Rock (Castle) (1992) – "More With Me"
Peace and Love 76-75, Les Annees Plasantes (Delabel) (1993) – "Sweet Surrender"
Microdelia (Diablo) (1994) – "Driftin' (live)"
Starship-Viaggio Nella Musica Psychodelia (Mercury) (1995) – "Hallucinations"
Step Right Up (The Songs of Tom Waits) (Manifesto) (1995) – "Martha"
The Demon Bible According To Tower, Book One (Demon) (1995) – "Dolphins"
18 Free And Easy Hits From The 70's (JCI/Warner Special Products) (1995) – "Buzzin' Fly"
White Roots (From American Folk to Country Rock) (BMG Music/RCA) (1996) – "Buzzin' Fly"
Best of American Rock (CNR) (1996) – "Honey Man"
Psychodelic Roses (Warner Music Greece) (1996) – "I Can't See You"
Peace Love & Music (Starbucks 25th Anniversary Anthology) (Starbucks/AEI) (1996) -"Pleasant Street"
Psychodelic Perceptions (Temple) (1996) – "Hallucinations"
Crooning On Venus Ocean Of Sound 2 2XCD (Virgin) (1996) – "Star Sailor"
Der Nachtfalke (Columbia/Sony) (1997) – "Sweet Surrender"
Unknown Pleasures (Rare And Classic Tracks From The Archives of Demon Records) (Uncut (2)) (1998) – "Dolphins" – given away free with a UK music and film magazine
Discover America's Hearts & Spirits Vol. 5 (WEA) (1998) – "I Can't See You", "Carnival Song"
Generations of Folk, Vol. Four-The Troubadours (Vanguard) (1998) – "Sing A Song For You"
Real Fidelity-The Liberating Sound Of Division One (Vanguard) (2001) – "Mexicali Voodoo"
Cafe Apres-Midi~Roux (WEA Japan) (2000) – "Buzzin' Fly"
Peace And Love '60·1967-1 (Fabbri Edition) (2000) – "Morning Glory"
Follow The Music-A Comprehensive Sampler of Elektra's Pre-Rock Era (Elektra) (2000) – "Goodbye and Hello"
Peace & Love '60·1967-5 (Fabbri) (2000) – "Pleasant Street"
Elektra: The first 50 Years 5XCD (Elektra) – "Morning Glory"
American Music (DeAgostini) (2000) – "Morning Glory"
Protest And Poetry (DeAgostini) (2000) – "Pleasant Street"
Peace And Love '60·1967-9 (Fabbri) (2000) – "Goodbye and Hello"
Me Without You (Music From The Motion Picture) (Epic) (2001) – "Strange Peelin'"
Underground Moderna (Nova) (2001) – "Sweet Surrender"
Washington Square Memoirs-The Great Urban Folk Boom 1960–1970 3XCD (Rhino) (2001) – "Once I Was"
RMAT Study Guide (Rhino) (2001) – Morning Glory"
Coast To Coast (DeAgostini) (2001) – "Strange Feelin'"
19-Track Guide To The Month's Best Music (Uncut(2)) (2001) – "Falling Timber"
Simply The Best Songwriters 2XCD (Warner Strategic Marketing) (2002) – "Morning Glory"
Take It Easy 2XCD (Warner Strategic Marketing) (2002) – "Move With Me"
Pure Genius 2XCD (Warner Strategic Marketing United Kingdom) (2002) – "Morning Glory"
Songs 2 (The Best Of The Singer/Songwriters) 2XCD (Warner Strategic Marketing The Netherlands) – "Morning Glory"
100% Classic Pop-40 Grand Artistas En 2Cd's 2XCD (Warner Strategis Markets) (20020 – "Morning Glory"
Simply The Best Songwriters 2 2XCD (Warner Strategic Marketing) (2002) – "Song For The Siren"
Pure Genius Volume 2 (Warner Strategic Marketing United Kingdom) (2002) – "Song For The Siren"
Songwriter 2XCD (Sony Music|Sony Music TV) (2002) – "Song For The Siren"
Songs (The Best Of The Singer/Songwriters) 2XCD (RTL/Warner Strategic Marketing) (2002) – "Morning Glory"
Songs 2 Best Of West Coast 2XCD (Warner Music|Warner Music Group Germany) (2002) – "Move With Me"
Songs 3 (Best Of Singer/Songwriters) 2XCD (Warner Strategic Marketing|Sat.1) (2002) – "Song To The Siren"
Acoustic 2 2XCD (Echo)/V2) (2002) – "Once I Was"
Simply The Best Songwriters 2 2XCD (Warner Strategic Marketing) (2002) – "Song Of The Siren"
Folk Heros 2XCD (EMI) (2003) – "Morning Glory"
Singer And Singwriters-The Folk Years 2XCD (Time Life|Time Life Music) (2003) – "Morning Glory", "Happy Time"
Strange Currencies (Uncut (2)) (2003) – "Dolphins (Live)"
Simply The Best Songwriters 2 2XCD (Warner Strategic Marketing) (2003) -"Morning Glory"
Singer And Songwriters-Mavericks 2XCD (Time Life Music) (2003) – "Once I Was"
Rokkland 2003 2XCD (Skifan) (2003) – "Song For The Siren"
50 And De Rock-15 Tresors Des Annees (Les Inrockuptibles) (2004) – "Morning Glory"
Reelin" In The Years 2XCD (Universal/Warner Strategic Marketing) (2004) – "Move With Me"
L'odyssee Du Rock 4XCD (Sony Music|Sony Music Media) (2004) – "Morning Glory"
The Peace and Love Generation 6XCD (Warner) ( 2004) – "Buzzin' Fly"
10 Corso Como-Love 3 3XCD (Irma Records) (2004) – "Song For The Siren"
Accoustic 04 2XCD (Echo/V2) (2004) – "Dolphins"
Sin City (14 L.A. Rock Classics) (Uncut (2)) (2004) – "Chase The Blues Away"
The Jack Nitzsche Story (Hearing Is Believing 1962–1979) (Ace) (2005) – "It Happens Every Time"
John Peel-A Tribute 2XCD (Warner Strategic Marketing) (2005) – "Song To The Siren"
Gloomy Afternoon (The Music Of Melancholy) (EmArcy/Universal) (2005) – "Love From Room 109 At The Islander"
Lammas Night Laments Volume 9 CDr (The Unbroken Circle) (2005) – "Song For The Siren (Demo)"
Acoustic Rock Volume 2 (Crimson) (2005) – "Once I Was (Live In London 1968)"
1967 (Ein Jahr Und Seine 20 songs) (Suddentsche Zeitung) (2005) – "Morning Glory"
Forever Changing-The Golden Age Of Elektra Records 1963–1973 5XCD (Rhino) (2006) "Wings", "Once I Was", "Sing A Song", "Wayfaring Stranger"
Selections From...Forever Changing-The Golden Ave Of Elektra Records 1963–1973 (Rhino) (2006) – "Sing A Song For You"
25 Ans Radio Vova (Nova Records|Nova)
Candy Original Soundtrack (Inertia)/(iNSYNC music) (2006) – "Song To The Siren"
Alternative Acoustic 2XCD (Magic Club Deluxe) (2006) – "Once I Was"
Classics From John Peel's All-Time Festive Fifty (Universal) (2006) – "Song To the Siren"
The Old Grey Whistle Test-The Complete Collection 3XDVD (BBC Worldwide) (2006) – "Dolphins"
Four Decades Of Folk Rock 4XCD Box Set (Time Life/(Sony BMG)/Rhino/UMG) (2007) -"I Never Asked To Be Your Mountain"
Wild World 2XCD (Time Life Music) (2007) – "Morning Glory", "Happy Times"
100 Hits 60s 5XCD (100 Hits/Demon) (2007) – "I Can't See You"
Between The Lines Vol. 1 2XCD (EMS) (2007) – "Pleasant Street"
100 Hits 70s 5XCD (100 Hits/Demon) (2007) – "Move With Me"
California Dreaming 2XCD (Warner Music TV) (2007) – "Sweet Surrender"
Solid Kult Volume 1 (Universal Music GmbH, Austria) (2007) – "Sweet Surrender"
Revolutions In Sound: Warner Bros. Records The First Fifty Years M/Stick//MP3 (Warner Bros.) (2006) – "Song To The Siren"
A Monstrous Psychedelic Bubble Vol. 1-Cosmic Space Music 2XCD (Platypus) (2008) – "I Never Asked To Be Your Mountain"
From The Coffee House (Starbucks Entertainment/Rhino) (2008) – "Song To The Siren (Demo version)" – "Song To The Siren"
Revoltes-La Musique Contestataire En 50 Chansons (Les Inrockuptibles) (2008) – "No Man Can Find The War"
Where The Action Is! (Los Angeles Nuggets: 1965–1968) 4XCD (Rhino) (2008) – "Once Upon A Time"
The Ultimate Collection-Slow Rock 3XCD (EMI) (2009) – "Song To The Siren"
Okio-Mosaican (Warner) (2009) – "Phantasmagoria In Two"
Lost & Found-Songs We Shouldn't Forget (USM) (2010) – "Sing A Song For You"
Les Blockhuis Presents The Sound Of The West Coast 1965–1979 4XCD (Ultgeverij Ambo/Universal Music/Rhino) 4XCD (2010) – "Sing A Song For You"
100 Hits Sixties Pop 5XCD (100 Hits) (2010) – "I Can't See You", "Buzzin' Fly"
Le Coffret Ideal Rock Psyche 4XCD (Warner Music France) (2010) – "Song For Janie"
L'album Folk 2XCD (Warner Music France) (2010) – "Morning Glory"
60s Hits 2XCD (Crimson) (2010) – "I Can't See You"
Dimitris Papaspyropoulous-Long Missed Heros 2XCD (The Spicy Effect)- "Make It Right"
Journey To Love (Rare & Early Elektra Classics) (Mojo) (2010) – "Morning Glory"
Robert Plant's Jukebox (The Music That Inspired The Man) (Chrome Dreams) (2011) – "Song To The Siren"
The Old Grey Whistle Test (Rhino) (2011) – "Happy Time"
The Sixties 3XCD (Crimson/Rhino) (2011) – "I Can't See You", "Buzzin' Fly"
Classic Americana 2XCD (Warner Music Archives) (2012) – "Song To The Siren"
70s The Collection 3XCD/Box (Rhino) (2012) – "Move With Me"
Classic Americana 3 (Warner Music Australia) (2013) – "Get On Top"
Sonar 1000 Volume 3 3XCD (Parlophone) (2013) – "Sweet Surrender"
Songs We Shouldn't Forget Collected 2XCD/Box (Universal) (2013) – "Sing A Song For You"
Coffret 60 Ans De Musique 2XCD (FNAC/Les Inrockuptibles) (2014) – "Move With Me"
Original Americana 2XCD (Rhino UK) (2014) – "Move With Me"
Greenwich Village In The '60s-Beginnings & Branches Of The New York Folk Revival 2XCD (Festival) (2014) – "Aren't You The Girl"
Original Seventies 2XCD (Rhino) (2014) – "Happy TimeT"
Massive Hits-Sixties 3XCD (Rhino UK) (2014) – "Phantasmagoria In Two"
Troubadours (Folk And The Roots Of American Music) Part 4 3XCD (Bear Family) (2014) – "Once I Was"
Bobby Gillespie Presents Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down (Ace) (2015) – "Once I Was"
The Best Ever-Time To Relax 2XCD (Rhino UK) (2015) – "Wings"
The Best Ever Sixties 2XCD (Rhino) (2015) – "Phantasmagoria In Two"
The Best Ever Acoustic 2XCD (Rhino) "Song To The Siren (Take 7)"
R-R-Real Rock And Roll-Volume Sweet 16 And Never Been... CDr (Teenage Wasteland) (2016) – "Phantasmagoria In Two"
60 Hits Of The...60s 3XCD (Rhino) (2016) – "Phantasmagoria In Two"
60s-The Collection 3XCD (Rhino UK) (2016) – "Phantasmagoria In Two"
American Classics 3XCD (Rhino) (2016) – "Song To The Siren"
Summer Of Love 2XCD (Rhino) (2017) – "Morning Glory"
Acoustic-The Ultimate Acoustic Anthems 3XCD (Rhino UK) (2019) – "Song To The Siren (Take 7)"
Coffret FIP Vol. 3 5XCD (Wagram) (2017) – "Happy Time"
Classic Acoustic 3XCD (UMC/Rhino UK/Spectrum) (2017) – "Once I Was"
Coming Into Los Angeles (A Taste Of West Coast) (Own Label) (2017) – "Song To The Siren"
Smooth 70s 3XCD (Rhino) (2017) – "Song To The Siren"
Chilled 70s 3XCD (Ministry of Sound/Sony)  (2018) – "Song To The Siren"
Where The Action Is! (Los Angeles Nuggets) 2XLP (Rhino) (2019) – "Once I Was"
Ultimate Sixties (The Classics) 5XCD (Union Square) (2019) – "Once Upon A Time"
Cosmic Cratedigging (15 Tracks Chosen Exclusively For Uncut From The Vaults Of Light In The Attic Records) (Uncut (2)/Light In The Attic) (2020) – "I Never Asked To Be Your Mountain"
5 Ans De FIP 10XLP ([PIAS] Le Label/FIP) (2021) – "Song To The Siren"
Heros And Villians 3XCD Box (The Sound Of Los Angeles 1965–68) (Grapefruit/Grapefruit USA) (2022) – "Carnival Song"
David Hapworth-Deep 70s 4XCD (Underrated Cuts From A Misunderstood Decade) (Edsel) (2022) – "Move With Me"

Books
Once He Was: the Tim Buckley Story (1997) Paul Barrera
Dream Brother: The Lives and Music of Jeff and Tim Buckley (2001) David Browne
Blue Melody: Tim Buckley Remembered (2002) Lee Underwood
Voci da una nuvola – Il segreto di Nick Drake e Tim Buckley (2015) Giampiero La Valle

Tribute albums
Sing a Song for You: Tribute to Tim Buckley (Manifesto) (2000)
Dream Brother: The Songs of Tim and Jeff Buckley (Full Time Hobby/Rykodisc) (2005)

References and notes

External links
The Tim Buckley Archives – Official
Tim Buckley Music
TimBuckley.com
Lee Underwood's official site
Rhino Entertainment – Tim Buckley

1947 births
1975 deaths
Alcohol-related deaths in California
American acoustic guitarists
American folk guitarists
American folk singers
American male guitarists
American male singer-songwriters
American people of Irish descent
American people of Italian descent
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
American rock songwriters
Deaths by heroin overdose in California
Drug-related deaths in California
Elektra Records artists
Guitarists from California
Guitarists from New York (state)
Guitarists from Washington, D.C.
Musicians from Anaheim, California
People from Amsterdam, New York
People from Bell Gardens, California
Restless Records artists
Singer-songwriters from California
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
Singer-songwriters from Washington, D.C.
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male singers
20th-century American singer-songwriters

Tim Buckley


Marlow is a suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia on the north bank of the Hawkesbury River  north of Sydney. It is part of the  local government area.

Although the northern boundary and Greenman Valley Recreation Park are reachable via a dirt track from the Sydney-Newcastle Freeway at Mount White, most of the suburb is only reachable by boat, and a ferry transports mail and groceries to the residents.

References

Suburbs of the Central Coast (New South Wales)
Hawkesbury River

Marlow, New South Wales


mod_wsgi is an Apache HTTP Server module  by Graham Dumpleton that provides a WSGI compliant interface for hosting Python based web applications under Apache. As of version 4.5.3, mod_wsgi supports Python 2 and 3 (starting from 2.6 and 3.2).

It is an alternative to mod_python, CGI, and FastCGI solutions for Python-web integration.  It was first available in 2007.

Installation
Later versions of mod_wsgi may be installed in one of two ways:  The original way was as an Apache module, as is commonly used for many languages. From V4, the 'mod_wsgi express' method is also supported. This is installed as a Python module using setup.py or pip and without needing manual intervention with the Apache configuration. This method simplifies installation for Python developers who are more familiar with Python than with Apache. It also has advantages of virtualization as it creates a local environment without affecting system settings, or requiring root access to install.

References

External links
 Code repository
 Documentation

Apache httpd modules
Articles with underscores in the title
Web server software

Mod wsgi


A fishing sinker or knoch is a weight used in conjunction with a fishing lure or hook to increase its rate of sink, anchoring ability, and/or casting distance. Fishing sinkers may be as small as  for applications in shallow water, and even smaller for fly fishing applications, or as large as several pounds (>1 kg) or considerably more for deep sea fishing. They are formed into nearly innumerable shapes for diverse fishing applications. Environmental concerns surround the usage of lead and other materials in fishing sinkers.

Types

A large variety of sinkers exist which are used depending on the fish being pursued, the environment, the current and personal preference.

Pyramid sinkers
Pyramid sinkers are shaped like a pyramid and are used when it is desirable to anchor on the bottom of water bodies. They are attached to the terminal end of fishing line by loops of bra.

Barrel or egg sinkers
Barrel or egg sinkers are rounded and often bead-like with a narrow hole through which fishing line is threaded. These sinkers are desirable on rock or debris covered substrates.

Split-shot sinkers

Split-shot sinkers are small and round with a split cutting halfway through the sinker. The split can be placed on a piece of fishing line and then crimped closed. This feature makes adding and removing the weights easy and quick.

Bullet sinkers
Bullet sinkers are bullet-shaped and used widely on largemouth bass fishing for rigging plastic worms "Texas-style".

Dipsey
Dipsey sinkers are ovate or egg-shaped and are attached to the fishing line with a loop of brass wire embedded in the sinker.

Bank sinker
Bank sinkers are long and ovate and have a small hole at the top for the fishing line to thread through.

Claw sinker

A claw sinker consists of a sinker weight which is typically of round shape, and a number of metal wire spikes grouped around the sinker weight acting as barbs. Claw sinkers are used in surf fishing on sandy bottoms with strong currents, mainly to prevent the sinker from getting carried off with the current. Upon casting a claw sinker, the line is briefly tugged so that the claws will dig themselves into the sand, allowing the rig to stay in place.

Deep drop weight
A deep drop weight is used to reach the bottom in deeper offshore fishing applications.  These fishing weights are typically cylindrical in  with a brass eyelet at the top for attaching to a rig.  Weights for this style of sinker range from one pound to as much as fourteen pounds.  Target species include tilefish, grouper, and swordfish, among others.

Materials

An ideal material for a fishing sinker is environmentally acceptable, cheap and dense. Density is desirable as weights must be as small as possible, in order to minimize visual cues which could drive fish away from a fishing operation.

In ancient times as well as sometimes today, fishing sinkers consisted of materials found ordinarily in the natural environment, such as stones, rocks, or bone. Later, lead became the material of choice for sinkers due to its low cost, ease of production and casting, chemical inertness (resistance to corrosion), and density. However, lead is known to cause lead poisoning and enter the environment as a result of the inevitable occasional loss of fishing sinkers during routine fishing. Thus, most lead-based fishing sinkers have been outlawed in the United Kingdom (under 1 oz weight), Canada, and some states in the United States. Lead based fishing sinkers are banned in all of US and Canadian National Parks. These bans have motivated the use of various other materials in sinkers.

Steel, brass, and bismuth sinkers have been marketed, but anglers have not widely adopted them due to their lower density and higher cost compared to lead. Sandsinkers have also been developed, using sand as weight. However, sand has a comparably low density to that of lead and makes a poor replacement.
Tungsten is now in use, especially among largemouth bass anglers. Although several times costlier than lead, tungsten is just under twice as dense as lead and thus found desirable. The environmental effects of tungsten, however, are essentially unknown.
Another variant of lead-free fishing weights is presented by the Czech brand UFO Sinker, which offers weights made of heavy concrete, that can be pulled out of the water using a magnet.

More recently, terminal tackle manufacturers are experimenting with high density composite resins. These materials present a non-toxic alternative to lead sinkers at a lower monetary cost than alternative metallic sinkers.

References

External links

 Do lead fishing sinkers threaten the environment?  (from The Straight Dope)
 Toxic Tackle (article by Aquarium Monsters Australia)
 Let's Get the Lead Out  (article by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency)
 Stone plummets discovered in Canada

Fishing equipment
Weights

Fishing sinker


Jan Fagerberg is professor at the University of Oslo, Norway.

He is, or has been, affiliated with  many institutions including: the Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture (TIK) (Oslo), the Centre for Innovation, Research and Competence in the Learning Economy (CIRCLE) (Lund University, Sweden); the Norwegian Ministry of Finance, the Norwegian Institute for Foreign Affairs (NUPI) and Aalborg University, Denmark. He has also been visiting professor at University of California San Diego, the University of Maastricht, the University of Paris XIII, Copenhagen Business School and was a "Gulbenkian Professor" at the Technical University of Lisbon.

His work examines the relationship between innovation, the diffusion of technology, competitiveness and growth and he has published widely on these themes.

His background is in history, political science and economics and he holds degrees from University of Bergen (1980 economics), PhD  University of Sussex (1989) where he was based at the Science and Technology Policy Research.

Selected publications
 Fagerberg, J.,  Paolo Guerrieri and Bart Verspagen (1999) The Economic Challenge for Europe: Adapting to Innovation Based Growth, Edward Elgar
 Fagerberg, J.,  (2002) Technology, Growth and Competitiveness: Selected Essays, Edward Elgar
 Fagerberg, J., David Mowery and Richard Nelson (2004) The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, Oxford University Press
 Fagerberg, J., David Mowery and Bart Verspagen (2009) Innovation, Path Dependency and Policy: The Norwegian case, Oxford University Press

References

External links
 Jan Fagerberg at the University of Oslo

Innovation economists
Alumni of the Science Policy Research Unit
Norwegian economists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Jan Fagerberg


is a traditional Japanese chemical compound used in the niiro process for artificially inducing patination in decorative non-ferrous metals, especially several copper alloys, with the results being metals of the irogane class.  These "colour metals," virtually unknown outside Japan until the late 19th century, have achieved some popularity in craft circles in other parts of the world since then.

Usage
Rokushō is used to treat a number of metals, including raw natural copper, which holds impurities, purified copper, and copper alloy mixes with two to five metals, to produce irogane metals, including: shakudō, an alloy of copper and gold, which becomes black to dark blue-violet; shibuichi, an alloy of fine silver and copper (in a higher percentage than sterling), which turns grey to misty aquamarine or other shades of blue to green; kuromido which becomes dark coppery black.

Rokushō was generally used to patinate all types of mokume-gane ("wood grain metal") as well.

Although other patination agents can be used on these metals, some artisans prefer the rich colors achieved with traditional rokushō in the niiro process.

These metals are becoming increasingly popular in high-end artistic jewelry, especially in bi-metals (a layer of the alloy fused to another metal such as sterling).  Because rokushō has a dramatically different effect on sterling silver than on the alloys typically fused to it in bi-metals, a common technique in art jewelry is to engrave through the alloy layer in a pattern to reveal the silver underneath prior to patination.  This provides a rich contrast in color, highlighting the pattern.

Formulation
The formulae for rokushō are not published widely or freely, but passed on in the Japanese craft tradition.  However, some scholars have analysed samples of the material.

Premixed rokushō can be purchased outside Japan through specialty jewelry suppliers. Additionally, several different formulas have been proposed to replicate the traditional product for those who prefer to make their own:

 In a container made of glass, porcelain, or copper, dissolve 6g copper acetate, 2g calcium carbonate, and 2g sodium hydroxide in 150ml water. After a week, siphon or decant the clear liquid from the top; just before use, add another 2g copper sulfate.
 Dissolve 4g copper acetate, 1g copper nitrate, 1g cupric chloride, and 4g copper sulfate in 1 liter of distilled water.
 Dissolve 60g copper acetate and 60g copper sulfate in a 2-liter solution of white vinegar diluted 5-12% with water.

Rokusho is not used alone, but mixed with one or more other chemicals.  Further, metal to be processed is cleaned in advance of treatment, using a mild acid bath (oxalic or sulfuric acids are frequently used), scrubbing with daikon radish or pumice, and/or a surface abrasive, and often treated after patination also.

External links
 Japanese traditional patina tutorial by crafter Jim Kelso

Irogane
Artistic techniques
Decorative arts
Metallurgy

Rokushō


Psusennes I (; Greek Ψουσέννης) was the third pharaoh of the 21st Dynasty who ruled from Tanis between 1047 and 1001 BC. Psusennes is the Greek version of his original name Pasibkhanu or Pasebakhaenniut (in reconstructed Late Egyptian: /pəsiwʃeʕənneːʔə/), which means "The Star Appearing in the City" while his throne name, Akheperre Setepenamun, translates as "Great are the Manifestations of Ra, chosen of Amun." He was the son of Pinedjem I and Henuttawy, Ramesses XI's daughter by Tentamun. He married his sister Mutnedjmet.

Psusennes's tomb, discovered in 1940, is notable for the condition in which it was found. Almost all pharaonic tombs were entirely graverobbed but Psuennes's tomb was one of only two royal tombs discovered in fully intact condition, the other being the tomb of Pharaoh Amenemope. However, the humid climate of Lower Egypt meant only the metal objects had survived.

Reign
Psusennes I's precise reign length is unknown because different copies of Manetho's records credit him with a reign of either 41 or 46 years. Some Egyptologists have proposed raising the 41 year figure by a decade to 51 years to more closely match certain anonymous Year 48 and Year 49 dates in Upper Egypt. However, the German Egyptologist Karl Jansen-Winkeln has suggested that all these dates should be attributed to the serving High Priest of Amun, Menkheperre instead who is explicitly documented in a Year 48 record. Jansen-Winkeln notes that "in the first half of Dyn. 21, [the] HP Herihor, Pinedjem I and Menkheperre have royal attributes and [royal] titles to differing extents" whereas the first three Tanite kings (Smendes, Amenemnisu and Psusennes I) are almost never referred to by name in Upper Egypt with the exception of one graffito and rock stela for Smendes. In contrast, the name of Psusennes I's Twenty-first Dynasty successors such as Amenemope, Osorkon the Elder, and Siamun appear frequently in various documents from Upper Egypt while the Theban High Priest Pinedjem II who was a contemporary of the latter three kings never adopted any royal attributes or titles in his career.

Hence, two separate Year 49 dates from Thebes and Kom Ombo could be attributed to the ruling High Priest Menkheperre in Thebes instead of Psusennes I but this remains uncertain. Psusennes I's reign has been estimated at 46 years by the editors of the Handbook to Ancient Egyptian Chronology. Psusennes I must have enjoyed cordial relations with the serving High Priests of Amun in Thebes during his long reign since the High Priest Smendes II donated several grave goods to this king which were found in Psusennes II's tomb.

During his long reign, Psusennes built the enclosure walls and the central part of the Great Temple at Tanis which was dedicated to the triad of Amun, Mut and Khonsu. Psusennes was ostensibly the ruler responsible for turning Tanis into a fully-fledged capital city, surrounding its temple with a formidable brick temenos wall with its sanctuary dedicated to Amun being composed of blocks salvaged from the derelict Pi-Ramesses. Many of these blocks were unaltered and kept the name of Pi-Ramesses' builder, Ramesses II, including obelisks still bearing the name of Ramesses II transported from the former capital of Pi-Ramesses to Tanis.

Psusennes had taken his sister, Mutnedjmet, in marriage, in addition to the Lady Wiay. Only two of Psusennes I's children remain identifiable.

Burial

Professor Pierre Montet discovered pharaoh Psusennes I's intact tomb (No.3 or NRT III) in Tanis in 1940 or 1939. Due to its moist Lower Egypt location, most of the perishable wood objects were destroyed by water – a fate not shared by KV62, the tomb of Tutankhamun in the drier climate of Upper Egypt. In contrast to KV62, Psusennes I's tomb holds the distinction of being the only pharaonic grave ever found unscathed by any tomb robbing attempts. The tomb of Tutankhamun had been robbed twice in antiquity.

In spite of the destruction of wooden artifacts within the tomb due to the moist Nile delta area, the king's magnificent funerary mask was recovered intact; it proved to be made of gold and lapis lazuli and held inlays of black and white glass for the eyes and eyebrows of the object. Psusennes I's mask is considered to be "one of the masterpieces of the treasure[s] of Tanis" and is currently housed in Room 2 of the Cairo Museum. It has a maximum width and height of 38 cm and 48 cm respectively. The pharaoh's "fingers and toes had been encased in gold stalls, and he was buried with gold sandals on his feet. The finger stalls are the most elaborate ever found, with sculpted fingernails. Each finger wore an elaborate ring of gold and lapis lazuli or some other semiprecious stone."

Psusennes I's outer and middle sarcophagi had been recycled from previous burials in the Valley of the Kings through the state-sanctioned tomb robbing that was common practice in the Third Intermediate Period. A cartouche on the red outer sarcophagus shows that it had originally been made for Pharaoh Merenptah, the 19th Dynasty successor of Ramesses II. Psusennes I, himself, was interred in an "inner silver coffin" which was inlaid with gold. Since "silver was considerably rarer in Egypt than gold," Psusennes I's silver "coffin represents a sumptuous burial of great wealth during Egypt's declining years."

Dr. Douglas Derry, who worked as the head of Cairo University's Anatomy Department, examined the king's remains in 1940 and determined that the king was an old man when he died. Derry noted that Psusennes I's teeth were badly worn and full of cavities, that he had an abscess that left a hole in his palate, and observed that the king suffered from extensive arthritis and was probably crippled by this condition in his final years.

References

Further reading
Bob Brier, Egyptian Mummies: Unraveling the Secrets of an Ancient Art, William Morrow & Co,  (1994), pp. 146–147.
Ad Thijs, The Burial of Psusennes I and "The Bad Times" of P. Brooklyn 16.205, ZÄS 96 (2014), 209–223
Jean Yoyotte, BSSFT 1(1988) 46 n.2.

External links
Secrets of the Dead episode: The Silver Pharaoh (2010)

11th-century BC Pharaohs
Pharaohs of the Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt
Ancient Egyptian mummies

Psusennes I


Joshua Iniyezo (born 8 November 1988), better known by his stage name SolidStar Isoko or simply SolidStar, is a Nigerian singer. He began his musical career as a drummer for a local church in his hometown of Delta State. SolidStar is popularly known across Nigeria and Africa for his hit song "One in a Million". He got signed by Ossy Achievas.

In 2010, he released his debut album One in a Million which went on to become a huge hit. The remix of the single "One in a Million" there after featuring Africa's legend 2face Idibia. He has followed up this feat with several hit singles later on down the line.

Early life

SolidStar, who is known for his ability to sing fluently in English, Isoko and Igbo, was born in Delta State, Nigeria, to Mr. and Mrs. Iniyezo. His family originated from Aviara town. SolidStar began his music career at the age of 14 when he started playing the drums for his church choir in Aviara. He was discovered a few years later at a music talent show in Ajegunle area of Lagos State where he was introduced to Paul Cole a record label boss. In 2010, SolidStar formally signs to Achievas Record and his debut album was subsequently released under the label.

Career
In 2010, SolidStar released his debut album One in a Million through Achievas Music. The album was a hit fueled by its lead single "One in a Million", which was a collaboration with 2face Idibia.

Discography

Albums
Grace$GloryW.E.E.D
One in a Million
Solidstar

Selected singles
"One in a Million" (featuring 2Baba)
"Silicon" (featuring Timaya)
"International Woman"
"Nwa Baby" (featuring 2Baba)
"Wait (Refix)" (featuring Patoranking and Tiwa Savage)
"Wait" (featuring Davido)
"My Body (featuring Timaya)
"Negotiate"
"Oluchi" (featuring Flavour)
"Skibo"
"Omotena"
"Yarinya"
"Ala"

Videography

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Living people
1988 births
Musicians from Delta State
Nigerian male singer-songwriters
Nigerian singer-songwriters
Nigerian drummers
Nigerian hip hop singers
Afrobeat musicians
21st-century drummers
21st-century Nigerian  male singers

Solid Star


Seaview is an unincorporated community in Pacific County, Washington.  It is located near Long Beach and had a population for its 98644 ZIP code at the 2010 census of 473 people.

Geography

Seaview is located in extreme southwest Washington state on the Long Beach Peninsula at  (46.334544, -124.05460).

History

Seaview's history began in 1859 when Jonathan Stout, a cooper from Ohio, arrived on the Long Beach Peninsula. In 1880 he purchased 153 acres along the ocean front with plans for a summer resort. He ran through several names for the resort—Stout's, Ocean View, North Pacific Beach, and finally Sea View. He built a hotel a few hundred feet from the mean high tide line with an ocean view across the driftwood that accumulated every winter. A half mile of accreted sand covered with trees now separate the hotel's site from the ocean due to the effects of the North Jetty at the mouth of the Columbia River.

Stout recorded his townsite at the Pacific County courthouse in October 1881 and soon began selling lots. Most were fifty by one hundred feet and sold for one hundred dollars. To build a cottage on a lot cost between two and three hundred dollars. They were board-and-batten on the outside, with no insulation or interior plasterwork. Many Portlanders purchased lots and built houses in Seaview throughout the 1880s and early 1890s, until the Panic of 1893 put a damper on such luxuries.

Most of those who built summer homes in Seaview would ride a steamboat down the Columbia River to Astoria on the Oregon side where they would disembark and board a smaller steamboat to take them across the river to Ilwaco. There they could transfer their trunks to a wagon and be drawn by horses the rest of the way. The wagon route went through the woods on a plank road to the "weather beach," and then along the beach to Seaview.

In 1889 the Ilwaco Railway and Navigation Company began regular service on a narrow gauge railroad that ran up the Long Beach Peninsula to Nahcotta. The Seaview depot—no more than a shed and platform at first—was near Stout's hotel, the "Sea View House." With railway service, summering families could board the railcars right on the Ilwaco docks for the trip up the peninsula. In 1885, many hundreds of people were estimated to be coming to the peninsula for summer vacation. In 1900, the South Bend Journal reported that the number of summer vacationers had grown to 20,000.

In 1892 US Senator and Portland businessman Henry Winslow Corbett built a vacation home in Seaview on three acres facing the ocean. This summer home, which he named Westborough House, included the main three-story house with a ballroom on the second floor as well as housing for the servants and a stable for horses and carriages. A cow accompanied the family for its summer sojourn on the peninsula so they would always have fresh milk. In the late 1930s the property left the Corbett family and became the Grandview Lodge, welcoming tourists with rooms in the main house and cabins on the grounds. Grandview Lodge is now the Sou'wester Lodge, still an imposing sight on the Seaview beach approach. It has often functioned as a cultural center in Seaview, hosting lectures, literary events, topical discussions, dramatic performances, and chamber concerts. The Corbett pasture is now an RV park and campground.

In 1905 a regular depot was built at Seaview on the east side of the tracks. The Seaview Depot's front doors opened toward the north onto the main Seaview beach approach road, and a long wooden boardwalk ran along the tracks on the west side of the depot and past adjoining businesses to the south end of the block. Departing passengers stood on the boardwalk the length of the block awaiting a train's arrival. Two photos of the depot from 1908 and 1910 show three or four businesses on the boardwalk south of the depot. The photos, linked below, show no business names, but there appear to be an ice cream shop, an "Oyster House and Lunch Room," and a fish market. The first photo shows a train approaching the station from the south. The second photo shows a train heading north as it departs the station. In each photo, the same two children in the same outfits are looking at the photographer from the west side of the tracks. Despite the labeling of one photo as "circa 1910" and the other as "circa 1908," the photos were apparently taken only minutes apart on the same day.

The Seaview depot building still exists, and is now a restaurant.  The Hotel Shelburne, built in Seaview in 1896, still exists today as the Shelburne Country Inn.  Other hotels in Seaview included the Hackney Cottage, Sunset Hotel, The Hotel Seaview and The Sou'Wester Inn.

Notable people
Notable people associated with Seaview usually have lived somewhere else most of the year and have spent only summers in Seaview.
 Henry W. Corbett (1827-1903), US Senator
 Joe Knowles (1869-1942), American painter
 Charles Mulvey (1918-2001), American artist
 Terence O'Donnell (1924-2001), American writer
 Theodore B. Wilcox (1856-1918), American businessman

See also
 Long Beach, Washington
 Ilwaco Railway and Navigation Company

References

The Sou'Wester Lodge http://souwesterlodge.com/

Unincorporated communities in Pacific County, Washington
Unincorporated communities in Washington (state)
Ilwaco Railway stations

Seaview, Washington


The Home of Peace Cemetery ( Beit Kvarot Beit Shalom) is a Jewish cemetery in Los Angeles, California.

Location
It is located at 4334 Whittier Boulevard west of Interstate 710 in East Los Angeles, California. It is across from  Calvary Catholic Cemetery and next to Beth Israel Cemetery and Mount Zion Cemetery.

History
In 1853, the first and oldest Jewish cemetery in Los Angeles was established in Chavez Ravine, near the present-day Dodger Stadium. In 1901, Kaspare Cohn donated 30 acres (12.1 ha) of land for the establishment of this cemetery. The bodies interred at Chavez Ravine were moved to East Los Angeles's Home of Peace Memorial Park between 1902 and 1910. There are a number of famous rabbis buried here, and amongst others a few celebrities from the entertainment industry as well.

Notable interments

 Inez Asher (1911–2006), television writer and novelist
 Burt Baskin (1913–1967), business magnate and co-founder of Baskin-Robbins
 David Berman (1903–1957), Jewish mobster who ran the Las Vegas Flamingo Hotel, one-time partner with Bugsy Siegel
 Susan Berman (1945–2000), author, journalist, daughter of David Berman
 Thelma Bernstein (1910–2006), actress
 Fanny Brice (1891–1951), actress and comedian (transferred to Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in 1992)
 Boake Carter (1900–1944), journalist
 Lou Clayton (1890–1950), entertainer
 Harry Einstein (1904–1958), comedian
 Leo F. Forbstein (1892–1948), composer and conductor
 Mack Gordon (1904–1959), composer and lyricist
 Don Hartman (1900–1958), director
 Herman W. Hellman (1843–1906), German-born Jewish businessman, banker, and real estate investor
 Curly Howard (1903–1952), actor, comedian, member of The Three Stooges
 Shemp Howard (1895–1955), actor, comedian, member of The Three Stooges
 David A. Karnofsky (1914–1969), medical oncologist
 Carl Laemmle (1867–1939), film executive, founder of Universal Pictures; he created the "Star" system
 Carl Laemmle Jr. (1908–1979), son of Carl Laemmle and studio executive
 Carla Laemmle (1909–2014), niece of Carl Laemmle and actress
 Solomon Lazard (1827–1916), 19th Century merchant and community leader
 Ruth Harriet Louise (1903–1940), photographer
 Edgar Magnin (1890–1984), rabbi and spiritual leader
 Louis B. Mayer (1885–1957), a founder of the MGM film studios
 Raymond Moscatel (1931–2022), Seattle University Basketball player beat The Harlem Globe Trotters in 1952
 Carmel Myers (1899–1980), actress
 Kurt Neumann (1908–1958), motion picture director and producer (cenotaph here with his wife's name, ashes are in the private vault at Chapel of the Pines Crematory)
 Harry Rapf (1880–1949), motion picture producer and studio executive
 Joseph Rosenberg (1881–1971) Bank of America executive vice president and motion picture lender
 Mark Sandrich (1900–1945), motion picture director
 Jack H. Skirball (1896–1985), rabbi, film producer, real estate developer and philanthropist
 Abe Stern (1888–1951), motion picture producer
 Charles Vidor (1900–1959), motion picture director
 Harry Warner (1881–1958), co-founder of Warner Brothers film studios
 Jack L. Warner (1892–1978), co-founder of Warner Brothers film studios, founder of Warner Bros. Records
 Sam Warner (1887–1927), co-founder and first CEO of Warner Brothers film studios
 Conrad Wells (born Abraham Fried) (1892–1930), cinematographer
 Osher Zilberstein (1888–1973), rabbi

References

External links

Cemeteries in Los Angeles
Jewish cemeteries in California
Jews and Judaism in Los Angeles
Eastside Los Angeles
1901 establishments in California
Cemeteries established in the 1900s

Home of Peace Cemetery (East Los Angeles)


Dywel fab Erbin is a minor character and warrior of Welsh tradition, the son of Erbin and the brother of Geraint and Ermid. Alongside his brothers, he is named in the early Arthurian tale Culhwch ac Olwen as a knight of Arthur's court at Celliwig.

His death in battle is recorded in the Black Book of Carmarthen poem The Dialogue of Myrddin and Taliesin, in which it is written:

Again and again, in great throngs they came,
There came Bran and Melgan to meet me.
At the last, they slew Dyel,
The son of Erbin, with all his men.

In the Stanzas of the Graves, Dywel's final resting place is given as "Caewaw" or "Caeo", a commot in south-west Wales. The englyn extolls Dywel's bravery on the battlefield.

The Grave of Dywel, the son of Erbin, is in the plain of Caewaw
He would not be a vassal to a king;
Blameless, he would not shrink from battle.

Sources
A. O. Jarman (gol.), Llyfr Du Caerfyrddin (Cardiff, 1982)
 eto (gol.), Ymddiddan Myrddin a Thaliesin (Cardiff, 1951)

Welsh mythology
Arthurian characters

Dywel fab Erbin


The Pathfinder Roleplaying Game is a fantasy role-playing game (RPG) that was published in 2009 by Paizo Publishing. The first edition extends and modifies the System Reference Document (SRD) based on the revised 3rd edition Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) published by Wizards of the Coast under the Open Game License (OGL) and is intended to be backward-compatible with that edition.

A new version of the game, Pathfinder 2nd Edition, was released in August 2019. It continues to use the OGL and SRD, but significant revisions to the core rules make the new edition incompatible with content from either Pathfinder 1st Edition or any edition of D&D.

Pathfinder is supported by the official Pathfinder periodicals and various third-party content created to be compatible with the game.

Background
Beginning in 2002, Paizo took over publishing Dragon and Dungeon magazines, which were about the Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) role-playing game, under contract to the game's publishers Wizards of the Coast. Wizards of the Coast chose not to renew the contract in early 2007 and Paizo began publishing the Pathfinder periodical line as a replacement. In August 2007, Wizards of the Coast announced the pending release of the 4th edition of D&D, which replaced version 3.5. Many of the staff at Paizo were concerned about the more restrictive Game System License under which the 4th edition was being released.

Instead of continuing to support D&D, Paizo released the stand-alone Pathfinder Roleplaying Game as a modified version of the version 3.5 game, under the Open Game License used by the older version. Announced in March 2008, Pathfinder was designed over the course of a year using an open playtest model, where players could try the system and post their feedback on Paizo's website.

Paizo announced a second edition of Pathfinder in 2018. Like the first edition, it made use of an open playtest to refine various mechanics of gameplay.

First edition
Informally nicknamed D&D version 3.75, the first edition of Pathfinder is a modification of version 3.5 of Dungeons & Dragons and is intended to be compatible with the older game. Lead Designer Jason Bulmahn felt that the basic classes of D&D version 3.5 were lackluster, as they did not provide incentive to stay with a single class for 20 levels of play. Pathfinder adds many options to the classes and boosts their abilities in their core roles.

The game has also been modified compared to D&D version 3.5. Changes were made involving balance between different game elements. For example, less combat-oriented classes receive more hit points each level than their 3.5 counterparts. Additionally, several aspects of 3.5 have been changed in Pathfinder, including several spells, the skill system and combat maneuvers such as tripping and grappling.

The material published by Paizo for the Pathfinder system has been set in a world called Golarion.

Paizo also introduced the Pathfinder Society, an organized game play program. Players register their characters on Paizo's website, allowing players to use their characters in different play sessions and different groups while continuing to earn experience, money and prestige points. After a session has ended, the player will receive a chronicle sheet, listing what has been earned during the session. The player will use these chronicle sheets to log this information on the website.

Second edition
In May 2018, Paizo announced it was working on Pathfinder Second Edition to refine elements of the rule set to reflect feedback and clarification on the original system over the prior years. The preliminary ruleset was published in August 2018 as Pathfinder Playtest so that players could test out and provide feedback. The final rule set was released on August 1, 2019.

Among key changes in the second edition is a streamlined action economy. Each round, each character can perform up to three actions on their turn as well as one reaction on their own turn or another character's turn. Most basic moves, such as moving across the ground, drawing a weapon, or making an attack cost a single action, while more complicated maneuvers may require two or three actions. The rules around magic items have been changed to discourage players from hoarding too many items and instead encouraging them to seek out more powerful equipment. Critical hits have also been changed – a critical success now occurs any time a combatant rolls 10 more than the target's armor class. Combatants can also critically succeed when defending which usually results in no effect rather than the reduced effect a save would usually bring. Finally there has been a broad change to all number scaling of skills, armor class, attack rolls, saves, and difficulty classes. All these numbers now scale 1-to-1 with a character's level plus a stat plus a bonus between two and eight depending on their proficiency. This results in extremely bounded values when compared to the first edition. Stats have also had their range lowered when compared to the first edition.

In October 2021, Paizo announced a partnership with Demiplane to provide Pathfinder Nexus; the online platform provides a digital rules and lore compendium for Pathfinder Second Edition, character creation and management tools, matchmaking, and video chat functionality. An early access version of Pathfinder Nexus, titled Pathfinder Primer, was launched at the time of the announcement.

Supplementary material
The first edition has been supplemented by expansions and accessory books which contain expanded rules, new classes, spells, equipment, and other optional game features. The books in the Bestiary series contain statistics and descriptions of creatures that player characters may encounter. A related supplement, the Monster Codex (2014), offered a selection of more specialized monsters, such as a "goblin vulture rider". The Advanced Player's Guide (2010) allowed Paizo to expand the game beyond its d20 System roots by adding six new base classes, and added the concept of class "archetypes", themed variations of the core classes with alternate class features. The Advanced Class Guide (2014) expanded the options for character development further by adding ten more character classes, including the investigator, the swashbuckler, and the warpriest. Pathfinder Unchained (2015) offered a variety of optional rules to streamline or otherwise customize gameplay, including new rules for skills and magic items, and alternative versions of classes like the summoner. Further Pathfinder supplements include the Advanced Race Guide (2012), which extended the options for player character races; Mythic Adventures (2013), which provided options for "epic level" play beyond the core game's normal limits; and Occult Adventures (2016), which introduced six supernatural classes including the kineticist, medium, and psychic.

Paizo also produced the Pathfinder Beginner Box, a basic version of the Pathfinder rules intended to introduce new gamers to the hobby.

OtherWorld Creations (later renamed to Super Genius Games) published a series of Genius Guide books for Pathfinder, beginning with The Genius Guide to the Shaman (2009), and added Owen K.C. Stephens as their Pathfinder line manager, publishing a new Pathfinder PDF weekly starting in November 2009. OtherWorld Creations was the most prolific licensee for Pathfinder at that time, and compiled their PDFs for print beginning with Adventurer's Handbook: Genius Guide Volume 1 (2010), leading Paizo to significantly promote the company. The founders of Super Genius Games left the company in 2013, and formed the publisher Rogue Genius Games to take over publishing their Pathfinder releases.

Accessories produced include gridded maps, both specific to adventures and generic. Pathfinder Pawns is a line of boxed sets featuring cardboard illustrations of characters and monsters that can be used as gaming miniatures; Pathfinder Battles, a line of plastic miniatures, is produced under license by WizKids.

Reception
Pathfinder was the top-selling role-playing game in spring 2011, fall 2012, spring 2013, fall 2013, and summer 2014. During that four-year period, Pathfinder was at times able to outsell Dungeons & Dragons itself, which was the best-selling game through various editions between 1974 and 2010. Upon the release of Dungeons & Dragons 5th Edition, that game has regained the top spot since fall 2014, with Pathfinder consistently still ranking second to D&D in sales.

Paizo has won ENnie Awards at Gen Con in a variety of categories including Best Publisher and Best Game. The beta release of the first edition of the game won the 2008 Silver ENnie award for "Best Free Product or Web-Enhancement". The Pathfinder 2nd Edition Core Rulebook is a 2020 Origins Award nominee, and winner of the 2019 Techraptor Award (Readers' Choice as Tabletop RPG of the Year).

Scott Taylor for Black Gate in 2013 rated Pathfinder as #3 in the top ten role-playing games of all time, saying "The release of the Pathfinder RPG in 2008 was the springboard needed by the company to harness the power of a glut of D&D 3.0 and 3.5 players incensed by WotC's change to D&D 4E.  The result is a game that has revolutionized what it means to use an OGL to your favor while making a name for itself as an inspired company who has the best wishes of their players foremost in their minds."

When reviewing the second edition in August 2019, Charlie Hall of Polygon said it "feels unified and complete, rather than a hodgepodge of errata and exceptions that had accumulated for its previous iteration. As an exercise in graphic design, the Pathfinder Core Rulebook itself is extraordinary. Details that would be relegated to a sidebar or a tiny, bespoke graphic in other game systems get entire pages with elaborate diagrams and drawings. That kind of attention to detail, coupled with the repetition within the text itself, makes it a true reference document".

Related products

Card games
A card game based on the role-playing game, the Pathfinder Adventure Card Game, was released at Gen Con 2013. It was designed by Mike Selinker of Lone Shark Games. The initial set for the game, Rise of the Runelords, was followed by the expansions Skull and Shackles,  Wrath of the Righteous and Mummy's Mask. A second edition of the core game set introducing a story book element was released in May 2019.

A Pathfinder-themed edition of the Munchkin card game was released by Steve Jackson Games in 2013.

Fiction
Paizo published a line of novels, Pathfinder Tales, based in the Pathfinder setting. The first book, Prince of Wolves, was released in 2010 and was written by Dave Gross, former editor of Dragon magazine. Other titles in the series, which numbers over 30 books, include City of the Fallen Sky by Tim Pratt, Winter Witch by Elaine Cunningham, The Wizard's Mask by Ed Greenwood, and Death's Heretic by line editor James L. Sutter.

Dynamite Entertainment has produced a line of Pathfinder comic books, including a spin-off title, Pathfinder: Goblins, as well as Pathfinder: Worldscape, which also featured characters such as Red Sonja, Tarzan and John Carter.

Big Finish Productions has produced a series of audio dramas based on the Pathfinder setting called Pathfinder Legends.

As a promotion for the 2nd edition of Pathfinder, Paizo teamed up with Geek & Sundry to produce an actual play series called Pathfinder: Knights of Everflame, which sees Jason Bulmahn run a game for five adventurers using this game system. As of November 2019, the series has finished its first 8-episode season, and is currently in the middle of its second season.

Video games
Three video games based in the Pathfinder setting have been published. Pathfinder Online, a massively multiplayer online roleplaying game, was announced on November 27, 2012, by Paizo and Goblin Works and was successful in attracting crowdfunding on Kickstarter to finance its development. An official alpha test was announced in late June 2014. Early enrollment was announced on July 29, 2015. On September 2, 2015, Lisa Stevens, acting CEO of Goblin Works and CEO of Paizo announced layoffs at Goblin Works of most of the Pathfinder Online development team. The game has never left early enrollment.

On May 17, 2017, another video game, Pathfinder: Kingmaker, was announced by Paizo and developer Owlcat Games. An accompanying Kickstarter campaign was launched in June 2017. The game was released on September 25, 2018. It is an isometric RPG similar to the Infinity Engine games, and adapts the Kingmaker adventure path using the Pathfinder first edition rules.

In February 2020, Owlcat Games launched a Kickstarter campaign to fund a sequel entitled Pathfinder: Wrath of the Righteous. It was set for alpha testing in April 2020 and was released on September 2, 2021. The game is an adaptation of Paizo's "Wrath of the Righteous" adventure path.

Pathfinder for Savage Worlds
In November 2020, Paizo and Pinnacle Entertainment Group announced Pathfinder for Savage Worlds, an adaptation of the setting of Pathfinder for use with Pinnacle's Savage Worlds RPG. The initial line launched on August 1, 2022, and includes Pathfinder for Savage Worlds: Core Rules, Pathfinder for Savage Worlds: Bestiary, and Pathfinder for Savage Worlds: Companion. Boxed sets were also released at the same time, including Pathfinder for Savage Worlds: Rise of the Runelords and Pathfinder for Savage Worlds: Ultimate Boxed Set. The Savage Worlds gameplay differs from that of Pathfinder Second Edition by having players create characters with edges and hinderances, or abilities and flaws, as well as seeing players roll different kinds of polyhedral dice depending on how competent their character is at performing the task at hand.

See also
Starfinder Roleplaying Game
List of Pathfinder books
The Glass Cannon

References

External links

Pathfinder - official site
Art of the Genre: Rise of the Runelords at Black Gate

D20 System
Fantasy role-playing games
Open-source tabletop games
Paizo Publishing games
Pathfinder
Role-playing games introduced in 2009

Pathfinder Roleplaying Game


Beach at Scheveningen in Stormy Weather, also known as View of the Sea at Scheveningen (Dutch: Zeegezicht bij Scheveningen), is an early oil painting by Vincent van Gogh, painted at Scheveningen near The Hague in August 1882. It is held in the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam.

Description
Van Gogh made his first paintings in December 1881, under the supervision of Anton Mauve, the husband of Van Gogh's cousin, Ariëtte (Jet) Sophia Jeannette Carbentus.  This work was made in Van Gogh's second attempt at painting in August 1882.

The painting shows the beach at Scheveningen, on the North Sea coast a few miles from The Hague, on a stormy day on 21 or 22 August 1882.  The painting was made quickly, en plein air, on an easel at the beach, with the wind whipping up sand and nearly blowing Van Gogh off his feet.  He managed to scrape most of the wind-blown sand off the thick wet painting, but some remains.

The painting  is an Impressionist take on the grey-tinged seascapes of Hague School paintings such as Hendrik Mesdag's 1881 Panorama of  Scheveningen.  The composition is broken into three horizontal zones: a threatening grey sky with dark roiling clouds, the greenish-grey sea with lines of white-capped waves crashing onto the shore, and the beach and sand dunes in browns, oranges, yellows and greens.  A number of people are on the beach, some fishwives in their white bonnets, watching as a group of men with horses and a cart are about to pull on a rope attached to a waiting fishing boat to bring it safely ashore.  The people are suggested by a few economical brushstrokes, and the breakers by thick lines of paint applied directly from the tube.

The work measures .  It was catalogued as "F4" in Jacob Baart de la Faille's 1928 The Works of Vincent van Gogh and as "JH187" in Jan Hulsker's 1978 The Complete Van Gogh.

The painting was stored at the Van Gogh family house in Breda.  Along with many early other works, it was left behind in the attic when the family moved away in 1886, and it came into the possession of a carpenter, Adrianus Schrauwen.  It was sold as part of a job lot of worthless "rubbish" to the merchant J.C. Couvreur in 1902, and it came to Kunstzalen Oldenzeel in Rotterdam.  It was bought by tobacco importer Gerlach Ribbius Peletier in 1903 for the record price of 2,500 guilders, when other works by Van Gogh were selling for less than 1,000 guilders.  It was inherited by his daughter Liesbeth Ribbius Peletier, and she donated it to the state of the Netherlands on her death in 1989.

Theft and recovery
Beach at Scheveningen in Stormy Weather had been held by the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam since 1989 but was stolen, along with Van Gogh's later painting of Congregation Leaving the Reformed Church in Nuenen, on 7 December 2002.  It remained missing for over 13 years, until it was recovered  in January 2016 by the Italian Guardia di Finanza, together with the other stolen work, at Castellammare di Stabia near Naples.  Its recovery, without its original frame, from under the kitchen floor of a villa associated with Camorra gang boss Raffaele Imperiale was not announced until September 2016. It was subsequently returned to the Van Gogh Museum and after some restoration went back on display in March 2017.

See also
List of works by Vincent van Gogh
Early works of Vincent van Gogh
 List of stolen paintings

References

 View of the Sea at Scheveningen , Van Gogh Museum
 Letter to Theo van Gogh. The Hague, Saturday, 26 August 1882., Van Gogh Letters
 Avant-Gardes and Partisans Reviewed, Fred Orton, Griselda Pollock, p. 14
 The Passions of Vincent van Gogh, B. Ione Mutchler, p. 45
 Stolen Van Goghs back on display after years in criminal underworld, BBC News, 21 March 2017

External links

Paintings by Vincent van Gogh
1882 paintings
Maritime paintings
Stolen works of art
Recovered works of art
Collections of the Van Gogh Museum

Beach at Scheveningen in Stormy Weather