Andrew Stephen Grove (born András István Gróf; 2 September 193621 March 2016) was a Hungarian-American businessman and engineer who served as the third CEO of Intel Corporation. He escaped from the Hungarian People's Republic during the 1956 revolution at the age of 20 and moved to the United States, where he finished his education. He was the third employee and eventual third CEO of Intel, transforming the company into the world's largest semiconductor company.

As a result of his work at Intel, along with his books and professional articles, Grove had a considerable influence on electronics manufacturing industries worldwide. He has been called the "guy who drove the growth phase" of Silicon Valley. In 1997, Time magazine chose him as "Man of the Year", for being "the person most responsible for the amazing growth in the power and the innovative potential of microchips." One source notes that by his accomplishments at Intel alone, he "merits a place alongside the great business leaders of the 20th century."

In 2000, he was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease; he became a contributor to several foundations that sponsor research towards a cure.  He died at his home on March 21, 2016; the cause of death was not publicly disclosed.

Personal life and education
Grove was born as András István Gróf to a middle-class Jewish family in Budapest, Hungary, the son of Mária and György Gróf. At the age of four he contracted scarlet fever, which was nearly fatal and caused partial hearing loss.

When he was eight, the Nazis occupied Hungary and deported nearly 500,000 Jews to concentration camps, including Auschwitz. To avoid being arrested, Grove and his mother took on false identities and were sheltered by friends. His father, however, was arrested and taken to an Eastern Labor Camp where he was severely tortured and forced to do slave labor. The father was reunited with his family only after the war.

During the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, when he was 20, he left his home and family and escaped across the border into Austria. Penniless and barely able to speak English, in 1957 he eventually made his way to the United States. He later changed his name to the anglicized Andrew S. Grove. Grove summarized his first twenty years of life in Hungary in his memoirs:

Soon after arriving in the United States, in New York's Catskill Resort, in 1957, he met his future wife, Eva Kastan, who was an Austrian refugee. They met while he held a job as a busboy and she was a waitress while studying at Hunter College. One year after they met, in June 1958 they married in New York, Queens, in a Roman Catholic ceremony. They remained married until Grove died. They had two daughters, Karen Grove and Robie Livingstone, and eight grandchildren.

Even though he arrived in the United States with little money, Grove retained a "passion for learning."

He earned a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering from the City College of New York in 1960. The New York Times stated that "a refugee became a senior in engineering."

Grove attended and graduated with his Ph.D. in chemical engineering from the University of California, Berkeley in 1963.

Career

Starting Intel

After completing his Ph.D. in 1963, Grove worked at Fairchild Semiconductor as a researcher, and by 1967 had become its assistant director of development. His work there made him familiar with the early development of integrated circuits, which would lead to the "microcomputer revolution" in the 1970s. In 1967, he wrote a college textbook on the subject, Physics and Technology of Semiconductor Devices.

In 1968, Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore co-founded Intel, after they and Grove left Fairchild Semiconductor.  Grove joined on the day of its incorporation, although he was not a founder. Fellow Hungarian émigré Leslie L. Vadász was Intel's fourth employee.  Grove worked initially as the company's director of engineering, and helped get its early manufacturing operations started. In 1983, he wrote a book, High Output Management, in which he described many of his methods and manufacturing concepts.

Initially, Intel primarily manufactured static memory chips for mainframe computers, but in the early/mid-1970s Intel introduced one of the earliest digital watches, an electronic calculator, and also the world's first general-purpose microprocessor, the 4-bit 4004. By 1974 Intel had developed the 8-bit 8008 and quickly thereafter, in 1975, the 8080 processor, which would become the core of the Altair, the world's first so-called PC (personal computer) which began the PC revolution. Soon came the 8086 16-bit microprocessor and a cost-reduced version, the 8088, which IBM chose for its IBM PC which brought personal computers to the masses. In 1985, Intel produced the 32-bit 80386 microprocessor which began a long line of increasingly powerful microprocessors including the 80486, the Pentium, and a plethora of supporting integrated circuits and computers built with them. All under Grove's leadership.

Even though Intel had invented most of the types of memory in use at the time including EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), by 1985, with less demand for their memory chips due to the challenges created by Japanese "dumping" of memory chips at below-cost prices, Grove was forced to make radical changes. As a result, he chose to discontinue producing DRAMs and focus instead on manufacturing microprocessors. Grove, along with Intel's sales manager to IBM, Earl Whetstone, played a key role in negotiating with IBM to use only Intel microprocessors in all their new personal computers.

The company's revenue increased from $2,672 in its first year (1968) to $20.8 billion in 1997. Grove was appointed Intel's president in 1979, CEO in 1987, and then chairman of the board in 1997. In May 1998 Grove relinquished the post of CEO to Craig Barrett, as Grove had been diagnosed with prostate cancer a few years earlier, though he remained chairman until November 2004. Since then Grove remained at Intel as a senior advisor, and has also been a lecturer at Stanford University. He reflected back upon Intel's growth through  the years:

Grove is credited with having transformed Intel from a manufacturer of memory chips into the world's dominant producer of microprocessors for PC, servers, and general-purpose computing. During his tenure as CEO, Grove oversaw a 4,500% increase in Intel's market capitalization from $4 billion to $197 billion, making it the world's 7th largest company, with 64,000 employees. Most of the company's profits were reinvested in research and development, along with building new facilities, in order to produce improved and faster microprocessors.

Management methods and style

As director of operations, manufacturing became Grove's primary focus and his management style relied heavily on his management concepts. As the company expanded and he was appointed chairman, he became more involved in strategic decision-making, including establishing markets for new products, coordinating manufacturing processes and developing new partnerships with smaller companies.

Grove helped create the Intel Architecture Laboratory (IAL) in Oregon to ensure that software was developed in time to take advantage of their new microprocessors. Grove stated that "you are making decisions about what the information technology world will want five years into the future..."

Only the Paranoid Survive

As CEO, he wanted his managers to always encourage experimentation and prepare for changes, making a case for the value of paranoia in business. He became known for his guiding motto: "Only the paranoid survive," and wrote a management book with the same title. As a result, he urged senior executives to allow people to test new techniques, new products, new sales channels, and new customers, to be ready for unexpected shifts in business or technology. Grove biographer Jeremy Byman observed that Grove "was the one person at Intel who refused to let the company rest on its laurels." Grove explains his reasoning:

A corporation is a living organism; it has to continue to shed its skin. Methods have to change. Focus has to change. Values have to change. The sum total of those changes is transformation.

Strategic Inflection Points
Grove popularized the concept of the "strategic inflection point," a crucial time that demands a major change in strategy due to shifts in the business environment. A company's growth depends on recognizing and effectively navigating these points.

Strategic inflection points cause a mismatch between a company's current strategies and changes in the industry, something Grove called strategic dissonance. "To overcome this, the dissonance must be resolved by aligning the company's strategies with the new reality, requiring proactive and adaptive leadership that continually assesses and adjusts the company's strategies to keep pace with shifts in the business environment," taught Grove.

Grove believed that the role of Helpful Cassandras, individuals who raise red flags about potential problems and challenge the dominant view, are crucial in identifying and mitigating risks before they become bigger issues. He emphasized the importance of organizations listening to the warnings of Cassandras and taking action, instead of ignoring or suppressing them, in order to identify and successfully address strategic inflection points.

Competitive Mindset
Grove had a strong competitive mindset, viewing competition as the key driver of innovation and progress. He encouraged companies to aim for industry leadership and constantly seek ways to improve their offerings, processes and operations. He likened himself to a coach and viewed the manager's role as one of fueling employee motivation to excel. He believed "good fear" could play a productive role.

"The quality guru W. Edwards Deming advocated stamping out fear in corporations. I have trouble with the simplemindedness of this dictum. The most important role of managers is to create an environment where people are passionately dedicated to winning in the marketplace. Fear plays a major role in creating and maintaining such passion. Fear of competition, fear of bankruptcy, fear of being wrong and fear of losing can all be powerful motivators."

Constructive Confrontation
Grove fostered an open communication culture where employees were encouraged to speak their minds in a "constructive confrontation" approach. "People here aren't afraid to speak up and debate with Andy." said Intel Senior VP Ron Whittier.  According to Grove's successor at Intel, Craig Barrett, "It's give and take, and anyone in the company can yell at him. He's not above it." Grove insisted that people be demanding on one another, which fostered an atmosphere of "ruthless intelligence." About that philosophy, writes business author Ken Goldstein, "you bought into it or got your walking papers."

Egalitarian Ethos
Grove asserted that knowledge power surpasses positional power. He ingrained that philosophy in the workplace culture at Intel. "We argue about issues, not the people who advocate them." As a testament to this ethos, there were no executive perks at Intel, including special dining rooms, washrooms, or parking spots. Grove's office was a standard  cubicle, reflecting his personal preference for an egalitarian atmosphere. Grove disliked "mahogany-paneled corner offices." "I've been living in cubicles since 1978 — and it hasn't hurt a whole lot." This accessibility made his workspace open to anyone who walked by.

This workplace culture is a reflection of Grove's personal life, where he was known for his modesty and lack of pretense. He lived simply, without luxury cars or private planes, and was described by venture capitalist Arthur Rock as having "no airs."

Attention to Detail
Grove was noted for making sure that important details were never missed, with one of his favorite sayings being, "the devil is in the details." Intel Vice President Dennis Carter states that "Andy is very disciplined, precise, and detail oriented. According to Industry Week magazine, Grove feared that the "brilliance that sparked the creation of Intel" during its early years "might come to nothing if somebody didn't pay attention to details." Carter recalls that Grove would even correct his spelling errors despite English being his second language.

The Father of the objectives and key results (OKR) approach to management
One of the earliest investors in Google, John Doerr, called Andy Grove the "Father of OKRs" in Doerr's 2018 book,  Measure What Matters: How Google, Bono, and the Gates Foundation Rock the World with OKRs. An acronym for objectives and key results, it became central to Google's culture as a "management methodology that helps to ensure that the company focuses efforts on the same important issues throughout the organization." The objective is the clearly defined goal, while the key results were the specific benchmarks to ensure achievement of that goal were "measurable and verifiable."

In 1975, Doerr wrote of attending a course within Intel taught by Andy Grove, where he was introduced to the theory of OKRs. Grove explained his simple but effective perspective on management: "The key result has to be measurable. But at the end you can look, and without any arguments: Did I do that or did I not do it? Yes? No? Simple. No judgments in it."

Larry Page, co-founder of Google, credited OKRs within the foreword to Doerr's book: "OKRs have helped lead us to 10x growth, many times over. They've helped make our crazily bold mission of 'organizing the world's information' perhaps even achievable. They've kept me and the rest of the company on time and on track when it mattered the most."

Preference for a "job-centric" American economy
While Grove naturally supported helping technology startups, he also felt that America was wrong in thinking that those new companies would increase employment. "Startups are a wonderful thing," he wrote in a 2010 article for Bloomberg, "but they cannot by themselves increase tech employment." Although many of those startups and entrepreneurs would achieve tremendous success and wealth, said Grove, he was more concerned with the overall negative effect on America: "What kind of a society are we going to have if it consists of highly paid people doing high-value-added work—and masses of unemployed?"

He felt that employment growth depended on those companies' ability or willingness to scale up within the U.S. According to Grove, Silicon Valley's "innovation machine" over the last few decades has not been adding many jobs, although American tech companies have instead been adding jobs in Asia "like mad." He noted that while American investments in startups have increased dramatically, those investments have in fact resulted in fewer jobs: "Simply put," he wrote, "the U.S. has become wildly inefficient at creating American tech jobs." He therefore worked to keep Intel's manufacturing in the U.S., with the company having 90,000 employees in 2010.  He explained the causes and effects of many business's growth plans:

To remedy the problem, he strongly believed that "job creation" should become America's number 1 objective, much as it is in Asian nations. Among the methods he felt were worth considering was the imposition of a tax on imported products, with the funds received then made available to help American companies scale their operations in the U.S. However, he also accepted the fact that his ideas would be controversial: "If what I'm suggesting sounds protectionist, so be it." Or that those protectionist steps could lead to conflicts with our trade partners: "If the result is a trade war, treat it like other wars—fight to win." He added:

Grove was also in the minority of high-tech leaders when he advocated taxing internet sales made to other states: "I don't think electronic commerce needs federal or state subsidies in terms of tax advantages," he told a Congressional committee in 2000. At the same hearing, he also expressed his opinion about internet privacy, stating that "personal data is a form of property and it's inevitable that governments will regulate property rights." He said that it would be better if the federal government established its own uniform privacy standards rather than have states create a patchwork of different laws.

Writing and teaching
Grove was also a noted author and scientist. His first book on semiconductors, Physics and Technology of Semiconductor Devices (1967), has been used by leading universities. Another book he wrote on business operation methods, High Output Management (1983). He also wrote over 40 technical papers and held several patents on semiconductor devices.

Grove wrote Only the Paranoid Survive (1996), a business book, whose core message is that a company in pursuit of a stronger competitive advantage never rests.

He also taught graduate computer physics courses at the University of California, Berkeley and the Stanford Graduate School of Business.

Philanthropy

In 2005, Grove made the largest donation that the City College of New York (CUNY) has ever received. His grant of $26 million transformed the CCNY School of Engineering into the Grove School of Engineering.

Grove was also instrumental, as a key fundraiser, in establishing the University of California, San Francisco's Mission Bay Campus, the largest ongoing biomedical construction project in the world. Chancellor Sam Hawgood said that Grove's "generous and tireless support of UCSF has transformed our university and helped accelerate our research into breakthrough treatments and better patient care."

Among the research facilities which he helped fund were the UCSF Prostate Cancer Center, the Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Building, and the Clinical and Translational Science Institute. He also promoted general surgery initiatives and supported various obstetrics and gynecology research programs.

Grove was a longtime member of the International Rescue Committee (IRC), along with being one of its overseers and a member of its board of directors. He was also the founding supporter of the IRC's Pathways to Citizenship program. In 2010, the IRC honored him as one of ten distinguished refugees. In an interview in Esquire magazine in 2000, Grove encouraged the United States to be "vigilant as a nation to have tolerance for difference, a tolerance for new people." He pointed out that immigration and immigrants are what made America what it is.

Honors and awards
 Grove received honorary degrees from the City College of New York (1985), Worcester Polytechnic Institute (1989) and Harvard University (2000).
 Grove was named Time Person of the Year in 1997.
 In 2004, the Wharton School of Business recognized him as the "Most Influential Business Person of the Last 25 Years."
 The 1st Annual Heinz Award in Technology, the Economy and Employment. Grove received the award in 1995, and he was honored by the foundation for representing a story "as old as America: the story of a young immigrant rising to great success." The donors of the award added that Grove "has played perhaps the single most pivotal role in the development and popularization of the twentieth century's most remarkable innovationthe personal computer."
 On August 25, 2009, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger announced that Grove would be one of 13 California Hall of Fame inductees in The California Museum's yearlong exhibit. The induction ceremony was on 1 December 2009 in Sacramento, California.
 Strategic Management Society's Lifetime Achievement Award (2001)
 IEEE Medal of Honor (2000)
 Time magazine's Man of the Year (1997)
 IndustryWeek Technology Leader of the Year (1997)
 Chief Executive CEO of the Year (1997)
 Medal of Achievement from the American Electronics Association (1993)
 IEEE Engineering Leadership Recognition Award (1987)
 Franklin Institute Certificate of Merit (1975)

Books

  (originally published in 1983)

References

Further reading

 Kiechel, Walter. "Andy Grove on the confident leader." Harvard Business School Working Knowledge. (2003)  Online.
 Puffer, Sheila M. "Global executive: Intel's Andrew Grove on competitiveness." Academy of Management Perspectives 13.1 (1999): 15–24.

Primary sources
 Grove, Andy. "Andy grove: How america can create jobs." Business Week, July 1 (2010): 2010. Online

External links

 Andrew S. Grove 1936 – 2016 from Intel.
 Andrew S. Grove Biography, Engineering and Technology History Wiki.

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1936 births
2016 deaths
American computer businesspeople
American chemical engineers
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American male writers
City College of New York alumni
Hungarian Jews
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Hungarian engineers
Hungarian scientists
IEEE Medal of Honor recipients
Intel people
Jewish American scientists
Jewish engineers
People with Parkinson's disease
People from Pest, Hungary
UC Berkeley College of Chemistry alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
American chief executives of manufacturing companies
American chief operating officers
21st-century American Jews

Andrew Grove


Sidney Aster  is a professor emeritus at the University of Toronto Mississauga, Historical Studies Department, and a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society.

Life
After graduating with a BA (History and Political Science) and MA (History) from McGill University, Montreal, he moved to London, England. He completed his PhD in international history at the London School of Economics and Political Science. He lectured for a year at the University of Glasgow, then returned to London to work as a freelance writer and historian. Among his assignments was to act as principal research assistant to Sir Martin Gilbert, who had succeeded Randolph Churchill as the official biographer of Sir Winston Churchill.

In the following years, Aster collaborated variously with V. V. Tilea, Romanian Minister to London, 1938-1940, Sir William Seeds, British Ambassador to Moscow, 1938-1941, and the British industrialist, A. P. Young, on the latter's involvement with the German pre- and wartime resistance. For several years he also met weekly with Arthur Salter, 1st Baron Salter to discuss the latter's multi-faceted career as an international civil servant, MP, cabinet minister, journalist and author. At the same time, he published three books in four years: 1939, The Making of the Second World War, Anthony Eden: A Biography, and The "X" Documents, The Secret History of Foreign Office Contacts with the German Resistance 1937-1939. He also acted as a book reviewer for The Daily Telegraph.

After a stay of 12 years in London, Aster returned to Canada in 1976 to take up a position with the Department of History, University of Toronto.  His teaching interests ranged widely over the span of British history, 1485–present, Irish history from the beginnings to "the time of trouble," the Welfare State, and diplomatic relations between the great powers.

During this period, Aster continued to publish extensively on appeasement and revisionism, Neville Chamberlain, and the origins of the Second World War.  He also contributed to a number of essay collections, encyclopaedias, research guides and articles for academic journals.  His latest publications include Appeasement and All Souls: A Portrait with Documents, 1937-1939,  Dealing with Josef Stalin: The Moscow Blue Book, 1939, and a biography titled Power, Policy and Personality: The Life and Times of Lord Salter, 1881–1975.

References

External links
 Inventory of the Papers of Sidney Aster, Mills Memorial Library, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
 Personal website

Academic staff of the University of Toronto Mississauga
Living people
Fellows of the Royal Historical Society
McGill University alumni
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Year of birth missing (living people)

Sidney Aster


Socket 939 (also known as Socket AM1) is a CPU socket released by AMD in June 2004 to supersede the previous Socket 754 for Athlon 64 processors. Socket 939 was succeeded by Socket AM2 in May 2006. It was the second socket designed for AMD's AMD64 range of processors.

Availability
Socket 939 processors and motherboards became available in June 2004, and were superseded by Socket AM2 in May 2006. AMD has ceased the production of this socket to focus on current and future platforms. However, at least one new Socket 939 motherboard has been produced utilizing a modern AMD chipset since AMD transitioned to Socket AM2.  In 2009 motherboard maker ASRock released a new Socket 939 motherboard.  The motherboard utilizes the AMD 785G IGP chipset and a SB710 southbridge.

Both single and dual-core processors were manufactured for this socket under the Athlon 64, Athlon 64 FX, Athlon 64 X2, Sempron and Opteron names. The Opteron 190, featuring a 2.8 GHz clock speed and 1 MB of Level 2 cache per core, was the fastest dual-core processor manufactured for this socket, however the availability of this processor was limited. The Opteron 185 (locked multiplier) and Athlon 64 FX-60 (unlocked multiplier), with a slightly slower clock speed of 2.6 GHz, were the fastest widely available dual-core processors for the socket. The Opteron 156 ran slightly faster at 3 GHz, making it the fastest single core processor supporting the socket 939 interface.

Technical specifications
Socket 939 supports dual channel DDR SDRAM memory, with 6.4 GB/s memory bandwidth.  Processors for this socket support 3DNow!, SSE2, and SSE3 (revision E or later) instruction sets. It features one 16 bit HyperTransport link running up to 1000 MT/s.

In regards to video expansion slots, Socket 939 systems can be found with both AGP slots and PCI-E slots. The same can be found in some LGA 775 systems as well.

Processors using this socket have 64KB each Level 1 instruction and data caches, and either 256KB, 512KB or 1 MB Level 2 cache.

See also
 List of AMD microprocessors

References

External links

AMD sockets

Socket 939


The France family is known as the "first family" of NASCAR racing. NASCAR was founded by Bill France, Sr. in 1948 and to this day France family members own and operate NASCAR. Jim France, one of the sons of the founder, is the current chairman and CEO after Brian France's arrest on August 6, 2018 and subsequent leave from the position. The France family also controls International Speedway Corporation and International Motor Sports Association.

Notable family members
William Henry France (1874–1949) – father of co-founder of NASCAR
James Edmund France (1906–1920) – brother of co-founder of NASCAR
Bill France Sr. (1909–1992) – co-founder, CEO and chairman of NASCAR
Bill France Jr. (1933–2007) – CEO of NASCAR; chairman of ISC
Jim France (1944–) – CEO and chairman of NASCAR, executive vice president of NASCAR; CEO and chairman of ISC
Lesa Kennedy (1961–) – executive vice president of NASCAR; President and CEO of ISC
Brian France (1962–) – former CEO and chairman of NASCAR
JC France (1965–)
Ben Kennedy (1991–) – race car driver, general manager of the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series

References

NASCAR people

France family


Bedadi is a village in south-western Ethiopia. Located in Seka Chekorsa, a woreda in the Jimma Zone of the Oromia Region, it has a latitude and longitude of  with an altitude of 1533 meters above sea level.

The Central Statistical Agency has not published an estimate for its 2005 population.

Populated places in the Oromia Region

Bedadi, Ethiopia


Marco Reus (; born 31 May 1989) is a German professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or winger for Bundesliga club Borussia Dortmund and the Germany national team.

Reus spent his youth career at Borussia Dortmund, prior to leaving for Rot Weiss Ahlen. He joined Borussia Mönchengladbach in 2009, and had his most successful season in 2012, scoring 18 goals and providing 12 assists in the Bundesliga to help Borussia Mönchengladbach secure a place in the following season's UEFA Champions League. Reus returned to his hometown club Borussia Dortmund at the end of that season, helping the club reach the 2013 UEFA Champions League Final in his first season. With Dortmund, Reus won three DFL-Supercups (in 2013, 2014 and 2019), the DFB-Pokal in 2017 and 2021. He has scored over 150 goals for the club, and is one of only three players to have reached 100 Bundesliga goals and assists each. He has been voted German Footballer of the Year twice, as well as Bundesliga Player of the Season on three occasions.

Reus has 48 caps with the Germany national team. He missed the 2014 FIFA World Cup, which Germany won, UEFA Euro 2016, UEFA Euro 2020 and the 2022 FIFA World Cup, but played in UEFA Euro 2012 and the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

Club career

Early years
Reus was born in Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia. He began to play football for his hometown club Post SV Dortmund in 1994 and joined the youth ranks of Borussia Dortmund in 1996. He played for Borussia Dortmund until he left for the U-19 team of Rot Weiss Ahlen in the summer of 2006. During his first year there, he played as an attacking midfielder and was featured in six games for the club's second team, which played in the Westphalia league at the time. He scored a goal in each of his first two games. The following year, he was able to break into Ahlen's first team, which played in the German third division at the time. He featured in 16 games that season, two of which he started. His only goal came on the last matchday, where he played the full 90 minutes for the first time that season, and propelled the team to promotion into the 2. Bundesliga. In 2008–09, as a 19-year-old, he had his definitive breakthrough as a professional football player, playing 27 games and scoring four goals.

Borussia Mönchengladbach

On 25 May 2009, Reus signed a four-year contract with Bundesliga club Borussia Mönchengladbach. On 28 August, he scored his first Bundesliga goal in a game against Mainz 05 after a 50-metre solo run, and since then became a prolific goalscorer for his club under Lucien Favre.

On 20 August 2010, Reus scored his first Bundesliga brace in an eventual loss against Mainz 05.

At the start of the 2011–12 season, Reus began the season in fine form, scoring 10 goals in his first 13 matches, including his first ever Bundesliga hat-trick in a 5-0 trashing against Werder Bremen on 19 November. His contract with Gladbach was set to expire in 2015 and reportedly had a buy-out clause of €18 million. Reus mentioned that his role model was Tomáš Rosický.

Borussia Dortmund

2012–13 season
On 4 January 2012, Reus signed with his former club Borussia Dortmund for a €17.1 million transfer fee on a five-year deal. He spoke about his transfer saying, "I've made the decision to take the next step forward in the coming season. I'd like to play for a club who can challenge for the league title and guarantee me Champions League football. I see this chance in Dortmund." Reus officially re-joined Dortmund on 1 July.
In Reus's league debut with Dortmund on 24 August, he scored a goal as his new side completed a 2–1 win over Werder Bremen. On 29 September, Reus scored two goals for Dortmund in a 5–0 rout of his former club Mönchengladbach, pushing the champions to the top of the Bundesliga table through six games.

On 3 October, in Reus's second ever Champions League appearance, he opened the scoring as Dortmund earned a 1–1 draw away to Manchester City. He then opened the scoring for the German champions in their 2–2 draw with Real Madrid at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium on 6 November, netting on a spectacular volley after a kick-down from teammate Robert Lewandowski. In Dortmund's following Champions League match, on 21 November, Reus scored Dortmund's first goal in a 4–1 defeat of Ajax at the Amsterdam Arena, securing qualification for the Round of 16 as Group D winners.

On 16 February 2013, Reus scored a hat-trick, netting all the goals in Dortmund's thumping of Hessian side Eintracht Frankfurt.  On 9 April 2013, Reus scored an injury time goal which was a vital one in the stunning injury time comeback against Malaga in the quarter final leg 2 of UEFA Champions League. Dortmund won the match by 3-2 and progressed on to the next round where they defeated Real Madrid 4–3 on aggregate to reach the final. On 11 May, Reus scored a late brace against VfL Wolfsburg to help Dortmund draw the match after being two goals down.

2013–14 season

On 27 July 2013, in the 2013 DFL-Supercup against Bayern Munich, Reus netted the game's opening goal and later rounded off the scoring, as Borussia Dortmund claimed a 4–2 victory to lift the trophy. On 18 August, Reus converted a penalty kick which rounded off the scoring as Dortmund defeated Eintracht Braunschweig 2–1 at the Signal Iduna Park in the second game of Dortmund's 2013–14 league campaign. He then scored a brace against SC Freiburg, one from the penalty spot, and started the season hitting impressive form. Reus had confirmed he would be Dortmund's penalty taker for the season, though despite winning a penalty against 1860 Munich in the DFB Pokal, he allowed teammate Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang in taking the penalty which propelled the Borussia-based club into the next round of the competition. On 1 November, Reus scored a goal for Dortmund in a 6–1 league win against VfB Stuttgart.

On 25 February 2014, Reus scored a goal in a 4–2 win for Dortmund against Zenit Saint Petersburg in the first leg of the round of 16 in the UEFA Champions League. On 29 March, he then scored a hat-trick in a 3–2 win for Dortmund against Stuttgart in the Bundesliga. On 8 April, Reus scored twice in Dortmund's second leg 2–0 win against Real Madrid, though Dortmund were eventually knocked out of the competition after losing 3–2 on aggregate. Reus finished the season with 23 goals and 18 assists in all competitions.

2014–15 season

In the second match of the 2014–15 Bundesliga against FC Augsburg, Reus scored one goal and helped set up another. Dortmund went to win the match by 3–2. In September 2014, he was diagnosed with an ankle injury. On 22 October, having returned from injury, Reus contributed a goal and assist in their 4–0 Champions League group stage away win against Galatasaray. On 1 November, he scored the only goal for Dortmund in their 2–1 away loss against their rivals Bayern Munich.

Despite prior injury concerns, Reus started Dortmund's match away to SC Paderborn on 22 November and scored to put them 2–0 up. He was stretchered off in the second half, however, after which Paderborn equalised for a final score of 2–2. The injury ruled him out until January 2015. On 10 February, Reus signed a contract extension with Dortmund, keeping him at the club until 2019.

2015–16 season
On 5 August 2015, Reus scored a goal in Borussia Dortmund's 5–0 win against Wolfsberger AC to advance into the 2015–16 Europa League play-off round. On 15 August, he then opened the 2015–16 league campaign with a goal and an assist in a 4–0 home win against his former club Borussia Mönchengladbach. On 28 August, he scored a hat-trick in their 7–2 home win against Odds BK to qualify for the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League.

On 20 April 2016, Reus was one of three goalscorers as Borussia won 3–0 away at Hertha BSC in the semi-final of the DFB-Pokal. He finished the 2015–16 season with total of 23 goals and 8 assists in 43 appearances. Around this time, Reus became part of a collaboration between the German Football Association and The LEGO Group, who in May 2016 released a Europe-exclusive collectible minifigure series, with Reus featured as the thirteenth of sixteen minifigures in the collection.

2016–17 season
After being sidelined due to injury, Reus made his return on 22 November 2016. He scored twice and assisted once in a historic 8–4 Champions league group stage win against Legia Warsaw. Reus took the game ball for it was originally a hat-trick game by him. On 3 December, he assisted three goals in their 4–1 win against his former club Borussia Mönchengladbach. Four days later, Reus scored in a 2–2 draw against Real Madrid; Dortmund subsequently advanced to the round 16 as the winners of Group F, ahead of Madrid. On 10 December, Reus continued his goalscoring form with a late equaliser in Dortmund's 1–1 draw with 1. FC Köln.

During the 2017 DFB-Pokal Final, Reus suffered a partial cruciate ligament tear and was substituted at halftime. Dortmund went on to win the match, giving Reus his first major trophy. The initial prognosis suggested that he would miss "several" months.

2017–18 season

On 10 February 2018, Reus recovered from the ligament damage and made his return against Hamburg in the Bundesliga. Reus scored his first goal since his return from injury and the only goal in the match against his former club Borussia Mönchengladbach in a 1–0 victory. Reus scored Dortmund's only goal in two consecutive matches against Augsburg and RB Leipzig in which both the matches ended in a 1–1 draw. On 9 March, Reus extended his contract with the club until 30 June 2023. On 21 April, Reus scored twice in a 4–0 win over Bayer Leverkusen, where he also missed a penalty. On 29 April, Reus scored a 19th-minute goal in Dortmund's 1–1 draw with Werder Bremen. On 12 May, Reus scored the only goal for the team in Dortmund's 3–1 loss to Hoffenheim. Reus finished the season with 7 goals in 15 appearances in all competitions.

2018–19 season
Prior to the start of the 2018–19 season, Reus was made club captain by incoming coach Lucien Favre. On 21 August 2018, Reus scored the winning goal in extra time to help his side earn a 2–1 victory over SpVgg Greuther Fürth in the DFB-Pokal first round match. Reus scored a 90th-minute goal which was his 100th Bundesliga goal as Dortmund defeated RB Leipzig with a 4–1 victory. On 27 September, he scored two goals including his 100th goal for Borussia Dortmund across all competitions in a 7–0 victory over 1. FC Nürnberg.

On 10 November 2018, he scored back to back goals in the second half of Der Klassiker against Bayern Munich as Dortmund came from behind to win the match 3–2. The game kept Dortmund on top of the Bundesliga table, 7 points ahead of Bayern Munich. Reus ended the season with 21 goals and 14 assists in all competitions, and was voted the 2019 Germany Footballer of the year.

2019–2023
By February 2020, Reus had 26 appearances in all competitions, in which he scored 12 goals. However, a muscle injury kept him out for the rest of the season.

On 6 April 2021, Reus scored in a 1–2 loss to Manchester City in the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League quarter-finals, to become Dortmund's all-time Champions League top scorer with 18 goals. On 13 February 2022, Reus scored his 150th goal for Borussia Dortmund in all competitions in a 3–0 win at Union Berlin.

On 3 March 2023, Reus scored in a 2–1 victory over RB Leipzig, to become the joint second all-time goalscorer for Borussia Dortmund along with Michael Zorc with 159 goals. On 18 March, he scored a brace in a 6–1 win over 1. FC Köln, to reach his 150th Bundesliga goal, and to become the lone second top scorer for his club with 161 goals, only behind Alfred Preissler with 177 goals. On 27 April, Reus signed a one-year contract extension to 2024. On 6 July 2023, Reus announced that he would step down as club captain for the 2023–24 season.

International career

On 11 August 2009, Reus made his Germany under-21 debut in a friendly match against Turkey. On 6 May 2010, he earned his first call-up to the senior team for a friendly match against Malta on 14 May. On 11 May, he withdrew from the squad due to a leg injury picked up in the last game of the season against Bayer Leverkusen. On 7 October 2011, he made his debut against Turkey. He scored his first goal for the team on 26 May 2012 in a 5–3 defeat to Switzerland. On 22 June, he scored in the UEFA Euro 2012 quarter-final against Greece, his first start for Germany in the tournament.

Reus established himself as a regular member of Joachim Löw's side in the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign, scoring five goals and registering three assists in six matches. He was named in Germany's squad for the World Cup finals, but was ultimately forced to withdraw after suffering an ankle injury in the team's 6–1 warm-up win against Armenia on 6 June. Reus made his international comeback in Germany's first post-World Cup friendly against Argentina on 3 September 2014. However, the world champions were defeated 4–2 by the side they had beaten in the World Cup final two months earlier.

During qualification for UEFA Euro 2016, Reus made four appearances, scoring once in a 2–0 defeat of Georgia in Tbilisi but was not selected for the tournament after suffering a groin injury.

On 2 June 2018, Reus made his return to international duty after two years in a friendly match against Austria, which ended in a 2–1 loss for Germany. Reus was included in Joachim Löw's 23-man final squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup on 4 June. On 17 June, Reus made his first World Cup appearance during their opening match against Mexico as a substitute by replacing Sami Khedira in the 60th minute, but the match ended in a 1–0 loss for Germany. On 23 June, Reus scored an equalizing goal and his first World Cup goal in the second half as Germany defeated Sweden with 2–1 victory in their second group stage match to resurrect their World Cup hopes. He also provided an assist to Toni Kroos's late winning goal in that match and was named Man of the Match. However, his side were knocked out from the tournament after losing 2–0 to South Korea in their last group stage match on 27 June.

In May 2021, Reus announced his decision to not participate in the postponed UEFA Euro 2020 due to post-season fatigue.

In November 2022, Reus was exempt from Hansi Flick's 2022 FIFA World Cup squad reportedly as a result of an ankle injury, which he had failed to recover from in time.

Style of play

Reus is renowned for his versatility, speed, agility, technical skills, intelligence, and shooting ability; however he is also known for his proneness to injury. In 2012, Franz Beckenbauer spoke about Reus, along with Mario Götze, saying, "...as a classic duo there is nobody better than the prolific Reus and Götze." Reus was voted the Footballer of the Year (Germany) in 2012 and was named in the UEFA Team of the Year in 2013. In 2013, he was ranked as the fourth best footballer in Europe by Bloomberg. Although he is highly regarded for his attacking movement, powerful finishing with either foot in open play, timing, and eye for goal, as well as his accuracy from set pieces, Reus is also a hard-working player and a precise passer, who possesses good vision, which enables him to create chances and provide assists to teammates, in addition to scoring goals himself. As such, Reus is a versatile forward, who is capable of playing in several offensive positions, and has been deployed as a second striker, in a central role as an out-and-out striker (although this is not his favoured position), as a winger on either flank (although he favours the left side, as it allows him to cut inside onto his stronger right foot), and also in a central attacking midfield role as a number 10.

Personal life
Reus is named after the Netherlands legend, Marco van Basten. According to Reus, his parents were originally going to name him 'Dennis' but thanks to Van Basten's famous volley goal against Soviet Union in the final of Euro 1988 they decided to name him Marco.

Reus dated Carolin Bohs in 2009. They broke up in 2013 but remain close friends. Reus started dating German model Scarlett Gartmann in December 2015. Together they had their first child in March 2019 and got married later the same year.

Reus has said that, if he was not a professional football player, he would be a pilot.

Reus was the cover athlete of FIFA 17, after being voted in by a fans' poll organized by Electronic Arts.

In March 2020, Reus and his wife, Scarlett, donated €500,000 to people and smaller businesses in need in his hometown of Dortmund during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Legal issues
In December 2014, Reus was fined €540,000 for driving without a valid licence, which constitutes a felony in Germany. The fine was based on his then monthly salary of €180,000. He had been driving for years with a fake Dutch licence, a felony in its own right, and has been issued with speeding tickets on at least five occasions since 2011 without authorities knowing that he was not legally licensed. The felony charges for using a counterfeit licence were later dropped, causing some controversy and raising questions from politicians whether his celebrity status had been a reason for a milder sentence. When convicted, Reus said, "The reasons I did it are something I cannot really understand." Prior to his conviction, he had appeared in commercials for cars and petrol. In August 2016, Reus confirmed that he now has a driver's licence.

Career statistics

Club

International

Germany score listed first, score column indicates score after each Reus goal

Honours
Rot Weiss Ahlen
 Regionalliga Nord: 2007–08

Borussia Dortmund
 DFB-Pokal: 2016–17, 2020–21
 DFL-Supercup: 2013, 2014, 2019
 UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2012–13

Individual
Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2018–19
kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2011–12, 2013–14, 2018–19
Bundesliga Player of the Season: 2011–12, 2013–14, 2018–19
Bundesliga Breakthrough of the Season: 2011–12
Footballer of the Year in Germany: 2012, 2019
Germany national Player of the Year: 2018
Borussia Dortmund Player of the Year: 2013–14
Bundesliga top assist provider: 2013–14
UEFA Team of the Year: 2013
UEFA Champions League Team of the Season: 2013–14
Goal of the Month (Germany): January 2012, June 2012, September 2012
 ESM Team of the Season: 2018–19
Bundesliga Player of the Month: September 2018, November 2018, December 2018

References

External links

 Profile at the Borussia Dortmund website
 German national team profile

 Kicker profile
 Bundesliga profile

1989 births
Living people
Footballers from Dortmund
German men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football forwards
Rot Weiss Ahlen players
Borussia Mönchengladbach players
Borussia Dortmund players
Oberliga (football) players
Regionalliga players
2. Bundesliga players
Bundesliga players
Germany men's under-21 international footballers
Germany men's international footballers
UEFA Euro 2012 players
2018 FIFA World Cup players

Marco Reus


Alfred Beckley (May 26, 1802 – May 26, 1888) was the founder of Beckley, West Virginia, and a brigadier general in the Virginia militia during the American Civil War. He named the city of Beckley in honor of his father, John James Beckley, who was the first librarian of the United States Congress.

Early life
Alfred Beckley was born on May 26, 1802, in Washington, D.C., only child of John James Beckley and Maria (or Mary) Prince. In addition to being the first librarian of the United States Congress, John Beckley was also the mayor of Richmond, Virginia, and a clerk for the United States House of Representatives.  John  Beckley died in 1807, and the family first moved to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, then in 1814 to Frankfort, Kentucky.

Beckley was appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point, nominated for West Point by William Henry Harrison and President James Monroe; he entered on September 25, 1819, and graduated on July 1, 1823, ninth in a graduating class of 35. This class started with 86 cadets in 1819. He was in the army for 13 years, serving the entire time as an artillery officer in Pennsylvania, Florida, Virginia, and New York.

Life in Western Virginia
About 1832, Beckley married Amelia Neville Craig, daughter of Neville B. Craig, editor of the Pittsburgh Gazette. They had six sons and one daughter: John (b. March 26, 1833), Neville Craig (b. December 27, 1834), Henry Martin (b. November 23, 1836), William Gregory (b. July 29, 1839), Isaac Craig (b. March 3, 1841), Alfred Beckley Jr. (b. March 5, 1843), and Emma Jane (b. January 12, 1845).

In 1834–1835, after lengthy legal disputes, Beckley received the title to  his father had owned in western Virginia. In order to manage his inherited estates, Beckley resigned his officer's commission on October 24, 1836. He then settled in Fayette County (now Raleigh County), West Virginia, which was then part of Virginia, finding it a "perfect wilderness".

His home, named Wildwood, was built in 1835–1836, expanded in 1874, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.

Beckley was key in founding the city of Beckley on its original  plat, which was approved by the Virginia General Assembly on April 8, 1838. Beckley served in several public service roles, often in overlapping terms: School Commissioner, 1837–1850; Deputy Clerk of Superior and County Courts, 1838–1850; first postmaster of city of Beckley, 1839; Commissioner of Forfeited and Delinquent Lands, 1839–1850; Master Commissioner in Chancery, 1840–1850 for Fayette County, West Virginia (then part of Virginia); Delegate to the 1844 Whig National Convention, where he voted for Henry Clay for President; Clerk of Circuit Court of Law and Chancery, 1850–1852, Superintendent of Common Schools, 1850–1873, for Raleigh County; Director and Superintendent of construction of Giles, Fayette and Kanawha Turnpike, 1840–1849; State Director, 1851–1860; President, 1854–1860, of Logan, Raleigh, and Monroe Turnpike; and School Treasurer of Raleigh County.

His wife Amelia died seven weeks after the birth of her daughter, Emma. Emma died in 1848 of scarlet fever.

Beckley returned to military service as a brigadier general in the Virginia Militia from 1849 to 1861; serving out of loyalty to his state even though he strongly opposed its secession from the Union.

Beckley's second wife was Jane B. Rapp, with whom he had three more children: Stuart Heber (b. August 21, 1851), Daniel Webster (b. October 28, 1853), and Maria Elizabeth (b. July 1, 1857).

Beckley was also a Methodist preacher.

Civil War
In 1861, the Virginia Secession Commission would not confirm his nomination by Governor John Letcher for Beckley to lead the 35th Regiment of Virginia Volunteers formed by Letcher in May of that year, and not enough men volunteered, so the 35th Regiment never formed. While in the Virginia Militia during the American Civil War, he served under General Henry A. Wise as part of the Confederate Army. By summer 1861, Beckley was in charge of the 12th Brigade of Virginia militia against Union troops at Cotton Hill, West Virginia, in the Kanawha Valley. This region was largely pro-Union and his militia was not highly motivated, so Wise condemned Beckley's unit in August 1861.  Thus, it only served until October 1861, contributing little to the Confederate cause. Beckley even formally complained about the problems finding sufficient recruits to Robert E. Lee. He officially resigned his commission on February 8, 1862. Returning to Union-occupied Beckley, he surrendered to the Union officer in charge, Rutherford B. Hayes, on March 16–17, 1862. He was then arrested by the Union army on April 3, 1862, and sent first to the Atheneum prison camp near Wheeling, West Virginia, and then to Camp Chase, near Columbus, Ohio, as a prisoner of war. He claimed that he was really pro-Union, but had simply been loyal to Virginia, and had severed all ties with the Confederacy. He was released on June 18, 1862, and arrived back in Raleigh County on June 26, 1862. While he did not participate in the war thereafter, at least five of his six sons, except for John, served in the Confederate army.

Postwar Life
His son John was elected Beckley's first mayor in July 1872. After the war, Beckley served as Delegate at Large from West Virginia to the National Democratic Convention at St. Louis, Missouri, in 1876, and was elected in 1877 as Raleigh County's Representative in the West Virginia House of Delegates. In 1877, Alfred Beckley was West Point's oldest living graduate. He was also a leader in the state temperance movement and was elected Grand Worthy Patriarch of the Sons of Temperance, which he regarded as the greatest honor he ever received. He also studied medicine and then practiced it for free.

Legacy

As Beckley came near to the end of his life  he sensed he would die on his birthday, and he was correct; he died on May 26, 1888, his 86th birthday. In 1938, a statue of Alfred Beckley was erected in the city of Beckley. A local United States post office is named after him. He is buried at his home's Wildwood Cemetery in Beckley. In 2009, the city of Beckley began holding an annual Founder's Day celebration in his honor.

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links
 Alfred Beckley's biography
 Alfred Beckley's autobiography

 History of Beckley Mill
The West Virginia & Regional History Center at West Virginia University contains the papers of Alfred Beckley within A&M 41 and A&M 1563

1802 births
1888 deaths
County clerks in Virginia
Politicians from Washington, D.C.
Military personnel from Beckley, West Virginia
People of West Virginia in the American Civil War
Members of the West Virginia House of Delegates
Confederate militia generals
United States Military Academy alumni
19th-century American politicians
Virginia Whigs
West Virginia Democrats
American temperance activists
Virginia postmasters
Military personnel from West Virginia
Sons of Temperance

Alfred Beckley


Kølig Kaj (born 1971) is a Danish rapper who gained national fame in 1997 by winning the Danish Melodi Grand Prix with his song "Stemmen I Mit Liv". His real name is Thomas Lægaard.

At the Eurovision Song Contest in 1997, he ended up 16th, with only 25 points. Following that, Kølig Kaj slowly went away, and has never really gained much success. "Kølig Kaj" literally means "Cool Kaj" (pronounced Kai, rhymes with "high"). He released an album called Solgt Ud!

1971 births
Living people
Rappers
Danish singers

Kølig Kaj


In computing, a base address is an address serving as a reference point ("base") for other addresses.  Related addresses can be accessed using an addressing scheme.

Under the relative addressing scheme, to obtain an absolute address, the relevant base address is taken and an offset (aka displacement) is added to it.  Under this type of scheme, the base address is the lowest numbered address within a prescribed range, to facilitate adding related positive-valued offsets.

In IBM System/360 architecture, the base address is a 24-bit value in a general register (extended in steps to 64 bits in z/Architecture), and the offset is a 12 bit value in the instruction (extended to 20 bits in z/Architecture).

See also
 Index register
 Rebasing

Computer memory

Base address


Alejandro Santiago Ciena (1977/1978 – October 10, 2022) was a Latin Grammy Award-winner music video director. He was the director of the production company Crema Batida Films, and also has credits as a second unit director for the Puerto-Rican film Manuela y Manuel (2007). Santiago Ciena was best known for his work directing music videos for the Puerto-Rican band Calle 13; Santiago Ciena was the cousin of René Pérez (Residente), the band's lead singer. The first video he directed for the band was "Calma Pueblo", the lead single of Entren Los Que Quieran in 2010. The video presented Calle 13 as terrorists dressed as nuns and was deemed as "violent" by Judy Cantor-Navas of Billboard magazine. Santiago Ciena, commented about the concept of the video, which uses nudity as a representation of freedom: "We wanted the lyrics and the visuals to be strong... we wanted it to be real, but still have a positive message to the show the union of people who fight to produce art." The video was recorded in Milla de Oro, San Juan, Puerto Rico, and was intended as a tribute to the work of American photographer Spencer Tunick. Calle 13 and Santiago received the Latin Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video for "Calma Pueblo".

Santiago also directed "Muerte en Hawaii" for Calle 13. In the music video, Residente is joined by model Jimar Freshold, as they run for their lives on a beach with a "shocking ending". Crema Batida Films also were responsible for the production and direction for "Como Curar" by Zion & Lennox, a music video about a virus that infects women; the budget for the video was estimated at US$100,000. Santiago directed "Huérfano de Amor" for Don Omar featuring Syko, the second single of Don Omar Presents: Meet the Orphans in 2011.

He died on October 10, 2022, at the age of 44 in San Juan, Puerto Rico.

References

1970s births
2022 deaths
Music video directors
Latin Grammy Award winners
Year of birth missing

Alejandro Santiago Ciena


El Sheikh Sa'id is a small village in the Minya Governorate in Upper Egypt. Situated on the east bank of the Nile, it is named after a local Muslim saint buried in the area.

Overview
El Sheikh Sa'id comprises the rock-cut tombs of the nomarchs of the Hare nome (the 15th Upper Egyptian nome) from the 6th Dynasty. These tombs are cut in steep cliffs. The use of this necropolis declined during the First Intermediate Period, when the nomarchial necropolis was transferred slightly northward to Deir El Bersha.

References

Populated places in Minya Governorate
Cemeteries in Egypt

El Sheikh Sa'id


The BR Standard Class 9F 2-10-0 is a class of steam locomotive designed for British Railways by Robert Riddles. The Class 9F was the last in a series of standardised locomotive classes designed for British Railways during the Cold War from 1954-1960 in the aftermath of World War 2 since 1945 . The 9F was intended for use on fast, heavy freight trains over long distances.  It was one of the most powerful steam locomotive types ever constructed in Britain, and successfully performed its intended duties. The class earned a nickname of 'Spaceships', due to its size and shape. They were numbered 92000–92250.

British Rail
British Railways steam locomotives

BR Standard Class 9F


Main Street, U.S.A. is the first "themed laund" juist inside the entry tae the mony Magic Kinrick-style pairks rin bi The Walt Disney Company athort the warld. Based on Walt Disney's hametoun o Marceline, Missouri, Main Street, U.S.A. is shapit for tae resemmle the mids o a turn-o-the-centurie (aerlie 1900s) American toun. At Tokyo Disneyland, this pairt is cried World Bazaar.

Ilka Main Street, U.S.A. featurs tracks for a horse-drawn trolley that rins the lenth o't, uised maistly in shaws oot throu the day. The shaps is liggit oot in a style that taks advantage o the fact that fowk tends tae daunder on the richt side o the gate: alang the richt o the gate  (as a veesitor gaes in the pairk) is shaps sellin camera picter, hots, an ither eetems mair  liker tae be coft bi a bodie stairtin his day at the pairk; alang the ither side o the gate is shaps sellin playocks an memorandums an ither eetems mair liker tae be coft whan gaun. Main Street, U.S.A. is hame tae the Town Hall (Toun Hoose) that the veesitor information centre is in an aw.

Themed auries in Walt Disney Pairks an Resorts
Disneyland
Magic Kingdom
Tokyo Disneyland
Disneyland Pairk (Paris)
Hong Kong Disneyland

Main Street, U.S.A.


Jean-Michel Picart or Jean-Michel Picard (Antwerp, c. 1600 – Paris, 24 November 1682) was a Flemish still life painter and art dealer active in France.  After training in Antwerp, he moved to Paris where he had a brilliant career and became court painter to king Louis XIV.  He is known for his flower and fruit still lifes. He was together with Jean-Baptiste Monnoyer one of the most successful still life painters in France in his time. As an art dealer he was a link between Antwerp dealers and the Paris market.

Life
Little is known about the life of the artist.  He was likely born in Antwerp around the year 1600. The original name of the artist has not been preserved.  He adopted a French form of his Flemish name after he moved to France. There is no record of his registration with the Antwerp Guild of Saint Luke.

Jean-Michel Picart left Antwerp and moved to Paris where he is recorded from the 1630s. He was an active member of the community of painters of Flemish origin who had settled in Saint-Germain-des-Prés.   He was active as a flower painter and enjoyed the patronage of Gaston Henri de Bourbon, the nominal bishop of Metz and later Duke of Verneuil. By 1638, Picart had become one of the most prominent figures among the community of still life painters from Flanders and Holland who had settled in Paris. In 1640, Picart was admitted to the Académie de Saint-Luc (Academy of Saint Luke), the guild of painters and sculptors of Paris.

The French chronicler André Félibien described Picart in his 1666-8 treatise Entretiens sur les vies et sur les ouvrages des plus excellents peintres anciens et modernes as one of the important artists of his time who ran a workshop of painter copyists hailing mostly from Flanders or the Dutch Republic. Picart was renowned for his activity as a merchant of original works and copies.  He dealt in Dutch and Flemish landscapes, hunting scenes by Frans Snyders and small religious compositions. As an art dealer he was also sought out for his specialist expertise. For instance, on the occasion of the death of Henrietta of England he was called upon as an expert to assess her art collection. As an art dealer he remained in contact with Antwerp art dealers such as Matthijs Musson. Correspondence between the two art dealers shows that Picart would inform Musson of prevailing preferences in the Paris art market and Musson would then organise for the making of the pictures that fit with those preferences.

Jean-Michel Picart married and became widowed three times. His first wife was Marie Marguillier with whom he had a son in 1636.  He married a second time on 15 November 1640 to Jeanne Cholin, who was buried on 15 June 1644. A daughter was born from this union. His last marriage with Marie Richard contracted in 1645 lasted for 35 years and produced four daughters and two sons.   The documents regarding his civil status on the occasion of his marriages or those of his relatives give an insight into the life of the artist. Starting from his second marriage, he built strong relationships with the local stonecutters, jewellers and engravers of fine stones. He was the father-in-law of the portraitist Jacques d'Agar, who had studied with the Flemish painter Jacob Ferdinand Voet and later became portrait painter to the court of Denmark. Another daughter married the miniature painter Sylvain Bonnet in 1672. The Flemish painter Philippe de Champaigne and the French flower painter Nicolas Baudesson as well as magistrates and officers appear in various notarial deeds relating to Picart. This confirms the social rise of the artist.

In 1651, Picart became a member of the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture.  Later he was named by king Louis XIV 'Peintre du Roy' (Painter to the King) in 1671, then 'peintre ordinaire du roi' (ordinary painter to the king) from 1679 to 1682. Picart painted still lifes for the king of which at least seven were on display at the Palace of Versailles and another eight at the king's smaller retreat Château de Marly.

The artist was active in Paris until his death on 24 November 1682.

Work

Only a few of Picart's works are dated. A Bouquet of flowers in a vase decorated with gilt bronze (1648, Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon) is a rare signed and dated work. According to Curt Benedict, it was the Still life of flowers in a glass vase of the Musée d'art moderne et contemporain de Saint-Étienne Métropole, which allowed the French art historian Michel Faré to attribute a number of works to Picart.

Picart's style stayed generally close to the contemporary style of flower painting practised in Antwerp, especially that of Jan van Kessel the Elder. His early work such as the Fruit still life with grapes and peaches (c. 1635, Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe) follows an archaic type.  Later he was able to merge his Flemish realism with its painstaking attention to detail with the demand at the court of Louis XIV for more extravagant, lush floral arrangements.

The artist was particularly skilled in creating subtly different harmonics, a feature that would mark French still-life painting. Picart liked to use dramatic lighting to bring his flower pieces to life. His ability to render every detail meticulously can be seen in the Still life with spring flowers on a ledge (early 1650s, at Dorotheum Vienna on 25 April 2017, lot 93) in which he carefully depicts the defects on the fruit peel as well as the withering leaves and the rich cloth covering the table and the curtains in the background. Some art historians have interpreted some of the images in these flower pieces (such as withering flowers, butterflies) as symbols for the transience of life.

References

External links

1600s births
1682 deaths
Flemish Baroque painters
Flemish still life painters
Artists from Antwerp
Court painters
Painters from Paris
Members of the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture

Jean-Michel Picart


Frank Winnold Prentice (17 February 1889 – 19 May 1982) was a British merchant seaman and the Assistant Storekeeper on the ocean liner RMS Titanic during her maiden voyage. He survived the sinking and at the time of his death was the second to last surviving crewmember of the disaster.

RMS Titanic

Prentice signed on to Titanics crew on 4 April 1912 as an assistant storekeeper, having transferred from another White Star Liner, the Celtic. He boarded the Titanic in Southampton on 10 April 1912 and the ship set sail for New York that same day.

On 14 April 1912 at 11.40 pm, the RMS Titanic struck an iceberg and began to sink. At the time of the collision, Prentice was in his berth on the port side of E deck talking to one of the five fellow storekeepers he was sharing his cabin with. He had not felt the impact with the iceberg, but he had noticed that the ship had stopped. Prentice headed up to the promenade deck to investigate and found the forward well deck covered in chunks of ice, which had fallen from the iceberg due to the collision. An hour after the collision, the Titanics crew started preparing and lowering the lifeboats with mainly women and children. Prentice assisted in the loading of the lifeboats and had to reluctantly part women from their husbands and also helped 1st-class passenger Virginia Estelle Clark put on a lifejacket before convincing her to board lifeboat 4.

By 2.05 am, all the lifeboats had left the Titanic, save for collapsibles A and B which were stored on the roof of the officers' quarters. Prentice however moved aft and ended up on the port side of Titanics crowded poop deck alongside his colleagues Cyril Ricks and Michael Kieran. The three men discussed what they would do next and they agreed to jump from the ship before she sank. The men climbed over Titanics railing and Prentice noticed the large amount of debris and number of people floating nearby. Kieran jumped first, followed by Ricks and eventually at 2.20 am, Prentice jumped from the rapidly sinking stern and fell about 30 meters (100 feet) into the icy Atlantic, narrowly avoiding Titanics propellers on the way down. When Prentice resurfaced, he was unhurt, having avoided hitting any debris or people when he landed in the water. Soon thereafter he found Ricks, but he had seemingly hit some debris upon landing in the water and was seriously injured. Prentice stayed with him until he succumbed to his wounds. Prentice was not able to find Kieran and decided to keep swimming, bumping into many bodies along the way. Eventually, he found Lifeboat 4, which had stayed near the ship as it sank, and was pulled aboard by its occupants. Once on board, he met Miss Clark again, who wrapped her cloak around him, possibly saving his life. Nearly half-frozen from the time he spent in the water, Prentice tried to drink a bottle of whisky, but it was thrown out by Quartermaster Walter Perkis, who was in charge of the boat. Prentice was one of seven swimmers picked up by lifeboat 4, although two later died from exposure during the night.

Lifeboat 4 was picked up by the rescue ship RMS Carpathia at 8 am, and Prentice was taken straight to the ship's infirmary. Carpathia arrived in New York on 18 April 1912, where Prentice disembarked alongside the other surviving crew.

Later life
Following the sinking of the Titanic, Prentice returned to England and signed on to serve on the RMS Oceanic on 10 July 1912. While on-route to New York, the Oceanic found Titanics collapsible A lifeboat adrift in the Atlantic and recovered it. When the First World War broke out in 1914, Prentice enlisted with the Royal Tank Regiment, becoming a major and earning a Military Cross. Following the war, Prentice moved to Bournemouth and married Mabel Riley (1897-1996) in 1919. The couple went on to have three children.

Prentice continued to work at sea during the 1920s, even serving several times on Titanics sister ship RMS Olympic. In his later life, Prentice would give many interviews about his Titanic survival for television, newspapers and magazines. He was also interviewed for the British documentary Titanic: A Question of Murder in 1982. One keepsake he had held from the Titanic disaster and frequently showcased during his interviews, was his pocket watch which had stopped at 2.20 am, the time that he had hit the water after jumping from the Titanic.

Death
Prentice died aged 93 on 19 May 1982 in Bournemouth, Dorset, England. He was cremated and interred at the North Cemetery. At the time of his death, Prentice was the second to last surviving crewmember of the Titanic. This left Sidney Edward Daniels as the last surviving crewmember of the Titanic.

References

1889 births
1982 deaths
People from Downham Market
People from Norfolk
19th-century British people
20th-century British people
English sailors
RMS Titanic survivors
British Merchant Navy personnel
British Merchant Service personnel of World War I

Frank Winnold Prentice


FLAC, the Florida Automatic Computer, was an early digital electronic computer built for the United States Air Force at Patrick Air Force Base (PAFB) in Brevard County of Florida, to perform missile data reduction.  The computer began service in 1953.

The system's architecture resembled that of the many machines of the period that used the von Neumann architecture, and in design was most closely related to SEAC.  It was operated by RCA's Data Reduction Group, a subcontractor to Pan American Airways.  Three FLACs were ultimately built, with two upgraded FLAC systems (dubbed "FLAC II") entering service in the fall of 1956.  FLAC computations supported the flight tests of early ballistic missiles and air-breathing cruise missiles such as the Redstone, Juno, Snark, Matador, Bomarc, Navaho, Atlas, and Thor.

History
Design on the computer was begun in December 1950 at PAFB's Atlantic Missile Range.   The Air Force Civilian engineering team assembled to design and build the computer consisted of seven key members: Thomas G. Holmes, Charlie West, John MacNeill, Jim Bellinger, Steve Batchelor, Bruce Smith and Harlan Manweiler.  Thomas G. Holmes was responsible for the overall logical design of the computer, ensuring all of the components worked together.  He determined how to interconnect the modules to provide the control and numeric function of the computer.  Charlie West was the director of the project.  John MacNeill and Jim Bellinger were the mechanical engineers responsible for designing all of the system mechanisms. Jim also designed the input-output system. The punch design increased the existing punch speeds dramatically. Existing punch systems operated at around 10 characters per second but Jim's design was capable of over 400 characters per second. Jim also developed a reader for the paper tape input system. Steve Batchelor was in charge of purchasing and manufacturing.  Bruce Smith was in charge of designing the building modules to be used in the design and Harlan Manweiler was the comptroller.

Specifications
Like the ENIAC, EDVAC, and other early computers, FLAC's basic electronic element was the vacuum tube, but it also used crystal diodes for gating.  The complete system comprised 1,050 vacuum tubes of 5 different types and 18,000 crystal diodes, but the computer proper used only 420 6AN5 tubes and 15,000 diodes.  FLAC's electronic components were built into 7 different kinds of exchangeable plug-in units which could be inserted or removed into 6 separate cabinets (excluding those for power and air conditioning), permitting faulty units to be replaced quickly to restore the machine to functionality following, for example, the burn-out of a vacuum tube.

FLAC consumed 7.5 kW of power (plus another 7.5 kW for the air conditioning needed to cool the computer) and occupied  of space over 65 square feet (plus an additional  over  for air conditioning).  It weighed 1000 pounds.  The approximate cost of the basic system was $500,000 to the USAF PAFB.

The system was fixed-point binary and used 45 binary digits per word (44 numerical, plus one for the sign).  Instruction words were the same length as data words, and the computer used 19 total instructions and three-address code instruction type.  All numbers were scaled to less than 1 in absolute value.  It had built-in automatic decimal-to-binary and binary-to-decimal number conversion that worked at 500 words/second.  The system clock ran at 1 MHz.  Addition operations took, on average, 850 microseconds, whereas multiplications and divisions took 3300 microseconds.

The system used both a 512-word mercury delay line and magnetic tape for memory, and for data input, the system was equipped to process Flexowriter paper tape (at a rate of 1 word/second), magnetic wire (40 words/second), Raytheon magnetic tape (250 words/second), and paper tape (150 characters/second).  The system could output to Flexowriter paper tape (at a rate of 1 word/second), magnetic wire (20 words/second), or paper tape (180 characters/second).

Use
All programming for FLAC was written in machine language, as the machine lacked any high-level language, assembler or compiler.  Typical programs transformed missile tracking data from missile tests, recorded to rolls of seven-hole Flexowriter punched paper tape, cartridges of magnetic wire, and reels of magnetic tape, into missile trajectory and performance data.

During its service life, FLAC was operated by an engineer or technician and one operator for two 8-hour shifts.  It had an operational uptime of about 90%.

Other features of the computer included insertion of short words, automatic truncation, automatic zero suppression, automatic scaling, and printed format control.

FLAC I was housed in a three-story wooden building south of the cafeteria at PAFB, while the two FLAC II systems were built in the South Wing of the Tech Lab in summer and fall of 1956.  FLAC II abandoned mercury delay-line memory in favor of a faster and more versatile 4096-word magnetic core memory.

The FLAC machines' service life ended in 1960, whereupon they were replaced by IBM 709 scientific computers.

Some of the USAF personnel involved in the construction of FLAC, including Thomas G. Holmes, Charlie West, John MacNeill, Jim Bellinger, Steve Batchelor and Harlan Manweiler, together with Jim Allen, later went on to form Soroban Engineering, Inc. in Melbourne, Florida.

See also

References

1953 establishments in Florida
1960 disestablishments in Florida
1950s computers
One-of-a-kind computers
Military computers
Computer-related introductions in 1953
20th-century history of the United States Air Force
History of Brevard County, Florida
Science and technology in Florida
Military history of Florida

Florida Automatic Computer


"Easter Parade" is a popular song, written by Irving Berlin and published in 1933. Berlin originally wrote the melody in 1917, under the title "Smile and Show Your Dimple", as a "cheer up" song for a girl whose man has gone off to fight in World War I. A recording of "Smile and Show Your Dimple" by Sam Ash enjoyed modest success in 1918.

Berlin resurrected the tune, with modifications, and gave it the now-familiar Easter lyrics for the 1933 Broadway musical revue As Thousands Cheer, in which musical numbers were strung together on the thematic thread of newspaper headlines; it was first sung by Marilyn Miller and Clifton Webb. Like many of Berlin's songs, it later appeared in films.  It was performed by Don Ameche in the 1938 film Alexander's Ragtime Band, which was loosely based on Irving Berlin's life. In 1942, it was featured in the musical film Holiday Inn, in which it was performed by Bing Crosby. In 1948, it was performed by Judy Garland and Fred Astaire in the musical film Easter Parade, which was constructed around the song.  The song was also featured in the Rankin/Bass special The First Easter Rabbit in 1976.

Artists who had a hit record with the song include Leo Reisman & Clifton Webb (1933), Bing Crosby (recorded June 1, 1942),  Harry James (1942), Guy Lombardo and His Royal Canadians (1947), and Liberace (1954).

Notes

1933 songs
Easter songs
Judy Garland songs
Songs from As Thousands Cheer
Songs written by Irving Berlin

Easter Parade (song)


Self-Portrait with a Friend is a painting by Raphael. It was probably painted between 1518 and 1520. The work is also known as double portrait.The man in the back is probably Raphael. The identity of the sitting person in the front is unknown. Very likely it was one of Raphael's friends. Today, the painting is part of the Louvre, in Paris.

16th-century paintings

Self-Portrait with a Friend


Yaws (Yet another web server) is a web server written in Erlang by Claes (klacke) Wikström. Yaws can be embedded into other Erlang-based applications or run as a regular standalone web server.

Overview
Because Yaws uses Erlang's lightweight threading system, it performs well under high concurrency. A load test conducted in 2002 comparing Yaws and Apache found that with the hardware tested, Apache failed at 4,000 concurrent connections, while Yaws continued functioning with over 80,000 concurrent connections.

The load test concludes, "The problem with Apache is not related to the Apache code per se but is due to the manner in which the underlying operating system (Linux) implements concurrency. We believe that any system implemented using operating system threads and processes would exhibit similar performance. Erlang does not make use of the underlying OS's threads and processes for managing its own process pool and thus does not suffer from these limitations".and in the underlined part above (formatting added), expresses the opinion that the founding technologies make the difference in scalability.

See also
Comparison of web servers
LYME (software bundle)

References

External links

ErlyWeb – MVC-pattern web framework for Yaws
Website Monitoring Software - Integrated Status Data Platform
Erlang Web – MVC-pattern web framework Yaws and Inets Erlang/OTP application
Nitrogen – An event-driven Web 2.0 framework for Erlang that runs on Yaws, Mochiweb, and Inets

Free web server software
Erlang (programming language)
Web server software for Linux

Yaws (web server)


The Miracidium is the second stage in the life cycle of trematodes. When trematode eggs are laid and come into contact with fresh water, they hatch and release miracidium. In this phase, miracidia are ciliated and free-swimming. This stage is completed upon coming in contact with, and entering into, a suitable intermediate host for the purposes of asexual reproduction. Many different species of Trematoda exist, expressing some variation in the physiology and appearance of the miracidia. The various trematode species implement similar strategies to increase their chances of locating and colonizing a new host.

Anatomy

Hirundinella ventricosa
The trematode Hirundinella ventricosa releases eggs in strings. Each egg contains a single miracidium, while the string contains living spermatozoa. Miracidia have cilia that are only present in the upper portion of the body near an apical gland with 12 hook-like spines in the opening.

Echinostoma paraensei
Miracidia usually need to enter a Mollusca host before they can start growing and begin reproduction, however certain species can use other animals as intermediate or main hosts. Echinostoma paraensei miracidia have 18 plates along the outside of their body.

Even when about to hatch, their eggs show no signs of specialization such as projection or spine-like structure. They have elongated bodies with one intraepidermal ridge in the anterior row. They display a single "excretory vesicle".

The miracidia are oval-shaped and their body is almost entirely covered in cilia except for the most anterior portions, taken up by "apical papilla". The miracidia have four papillae on each side, which contain sensory hairs. They each have an apical gland that leads to the apical papilla. They have four rows of epidermal plates, with row two made up of eight plates, while the other three rows each have six. Their eyespots are dark brown and shaped like an inverted capital letter L, located between the first and second row of plates. A single "large cephalic ganglion" along with several smaller nuclei, make up the nervous system.

Physiology

Miracidia do not feed. Their sole purpose is to locate and colonize a host. The ability and efficiency of miracidia to find a host is a crucial factor in the growth and success of later life stages.

Schistosome miracidia follow a three-phase process when searching for a host. In phase one, the miracidia use light gravity stimuli to concentrate in areas that are likely attractive to snail hosts. The second phase consists of randomly moving around. In phase three miracidia begin approaching their host target and preparing to penetrate it.

Chemosensitivity plays a large role in the search for a host, but it is not specific enough to find only those species that are suitable hosts. Carbohydrates along the surface of the miracidia interact with the lectins produced by gastropods. The organization and number of these carbohydrates shift as the miracidia begin their transition to the next step in their development. Certain carbohydrates are bound all over the body of the sporocyst stage but have only been found to be present on the "intercellular ridges" of the miracidia.

Three glands assist them in this process. They use glandular secretions that collect in an indented area of the papilla, as a means of both sticking to the host they are attempting to invade, and breaking down the cells on the outside of the host organism to gain entry into it.

Once inside a host, germ cells begin to form and then replicate into germ balls. Each of the germ balls grows and eventually becomes the next step in the life cycle, the sporocyst.

References

Trematoda
Reproduction in animals

Miracidium


Roller Derby Bordeaux is a women's flat track roller derby league based in Bordeaux in France. Founded in 2009, the league consists of a single team which competes against teams from other leagues.

History
Founded in the summer of 2009, Bordeaux claims to have been the first roller derby league in France. In July 2010, they played the first flat track bout in France, against Roller Derby Toulouse. They again played Toulouse, and also the Paris Rollergirls, in a tournament the following summer.

Three skaters from the league (Belle Zebuth, Emi Wild and Karla Karschër) were selected to play for Roller Derby France at the 2011 Roller Derby World Cup.

By 2013, Bordeaux were working closely with STYX Roller Derby Bordeaux, a local men's league.

Bordeaux were founder members of the French Roller Derby Organisational Group (FROG), and in October 2013, were accepted as a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association Apprentice Programme.

References

Roller derby leagues in France
Roller derby leagues established in 2009
Sport in Bordeaux
Women's Flat Track Derby Association Apprentice
2009 establishments in France

Roller Derby Bordeaux