Big Heart Lake is the most remote and highest-elevation on-trail lake in the West Fork Foss River system. It is a  round-trip hike from the trailhead, just off of the Foss River Road. The lake is located at the eastern base of Camp Robber Peak in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area, within King County, Washington.

Reaching Big Heart Lake requires a significant elevation gain of over 3,000 feet from the trailhead, and the lake itself has a surface elevation of 4,418 feet.

Ecology
Big Heart Lake demonstrates many of the typical attributes of higher elevation lakes. These lakes often have high productivity rates during the summer but over the entire year are relatively unproductive. This results in widely varying fish populations across the alpine lakes in Washington. However, a common trait of alpine trout is possessing a head disproportionately large in comparison to the body. When this trait is observed it is a direct reflection of low productivity in the lake, as the fish is not able to find enough food to support body growth or size equivalent to that of its head. Big Heart itself has been stocked with fish at least three times in its history. Each time, once in 2001, 2005, and 2009, about 15,000 fish consisting of a mix of rainbow and cutthroat trout were deposited in the lake. During the summer, this lake experiences a may fly hatch most days.

Popularity
Big Heart Lake along with the other Foss Lakes has long been one of the most popular hikes or backpacking trips in the Cascades. The area is well known for its multitude of gorgeous lakes and options accessible while on a trip to Big Heart Lake. A NorthWest Forest pass is required to park at the trail head and a self issued Alpine Lakes Wilderness permit is also required.

See also
 List of lakes of the Alpine Lakes Wilderness
 Waterfalls of the West Fork Foss River Valley

References

External links
 http://www.protrails.com/trail/740/alpine-lakes-wilderness-snoqualmie-pass-central-cascades-big-heart-lake
 https://www.wta.org/go-hiking/hikes/foss-lakes
 http://www.topozone.com/washington/king-wa/lake/big-heart-lake/
 http://wdfw.wa.gov/fishing/washington/highlakes/stocking/1708/
 http://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/mbs/recarea/?recid=17924

Lakes of King County, Washington

Big Heart Lake


Disobedience (original title: Desobediência) is a 2003 drama film directed by Licínio Azevedo.

Synopsis
Rosa, a Mozambican peasant, is accused by the family of her husband of having caused his suicide by refusing to obey him. She is suspected of having a "spirit-husband". In order to prove her innocence, Rosa submits herself to two trials: one by a traditional healer, the other in court. She is absolved twice. Nevertheless, the dead man relatives continue to persecute her and she is punished in a cruel way.
The film is interpreted by the real players of this story, the dead man by his twin brother.

During the shooting, the director decided to install a second camera to follow the never ending plot of revenge. Such a complex editing, a mix of feature film and documentary - has no parallel in African cinema.

According to the director It was a difficult task to convince both families – the wife's and the dead husband's – to participate in the film, since the conflict was far from being over. On the other hand, they had never seen a film, and, as I found out as soon as we began shooting, they hadn't quite realized the purpose of their participation. They simply wanted to seize the opportunity to relive the events in order to get even once and for all. Every time there was a pause in the shooting the conflict would resume on a parallel level, with unpredictable events on both sides. This made me bring a second camera into the scene in order to register such events and those situations in which the main characters would ignore the script and try to introduce other elements, or simply refuse to stick to it. Since it was so closely related to the story, this "making of" became a fundamental element in the dramatic structure of the film.

Festivals
 Africa in the Picture, The Netherlands
 DocLisboa, Portugal (2008)
 Kino Afrika, Norway
 Festival International du Film d'Amiens, France
 2.º CINEPORT, Brazil (2006)

Awards
 FIPA d'Argent Special Prize at FIPA – International Festival of Audiovisual Programs, France  (2003)
 Kuxa Kanema Award at FUNDAC - Fundo Para o Desenvolvimento Artístico Cultural, Mozambique
 Special Mention of the Jury for the interpretation of Rosa Castigo - International Film Festival of Zanzibar, Tanzania

See also
Lobolo

References

External links

 Casamento à Moçambicana (article in Portuguese) Jornal O Globo
 Article in Africine
 The History of cinema in Mozambique

Mozambican drama films
2003 films
2003 drama films
Films directed by Licínio Azevedo
Films shot in Mozambique
Films set in Mozambique

Disobedience (2003 film)


In mathematics, any integrable function  can be made into a periodic function  with period P by summing the translations of the function  by integer multiples of P. This is called periodic summation:

When  is alternatively represented as a Fourier series, the Fourier coefficients are equal to the values of the continuous Fourier transform,  at intervals of . That identity is a form of the Poisson summation formula. Similarly, a Fourier series whose coefficients are samples of  at constant intervals (T) is equivalent to a periodic summation of  which is known as a discrete-time Fourier transform.

The periodic summation of a Dirac delta function is the Dirac comb. Likewise, the periodic summation of an integrable function is its convolution with the Dirac comb.

Quotient space as domain

If a periodic function is instead represented using the quotient space domain
 then one can write:

The arguments of  are equivalence classes of real numbers that share the same fractional part when divided by .

Citations

See also
Dirac comb
Circular convolution
Discrete-time Fourier transform

Functions and mappings
Signal processing

Periodic summation


Gulf of the Farallones is a gulf of the Pacific Ocean off the northern California coast. It extends westward from the opening of the San Francisco Bay and Drakes Bay to the Farallon Islands.  Most of the gulf lies in Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary, which protects about .

The gulf is home to major shipping lines to the Port of San Francisco, Port of Oakland, and Port of Richmond. The gulf has also historically been used as a dumping ground for various types of waste, including dredging sediment, industrial waste, sunk vessels, and barrels of low-level nuclear waste.  Around 47,800 barrels of nuclear waste were dumped between 1946 and 1970; their location was largely unknown until mapping and monitoring efforts in the 1990s.

Farallones comes from the Spanish farallón meaning sea cliff and is a reference to the islands. Historical names for the gulf include Bahia De Puerto De San Francisco, Ensenada De Los Farallones, and La Bahia De Los Pinos.

References

Further reading
 Beyond the Golden Gate: Oceanography, Oceanography, Geology, Biology, and Environmental Issues in the Gulf of the Farallones. (2000). Edited by Herman A. Karl, John L. Chin, Edward Ueber, Peter H. Stauffer, and James W. Hendley II.  U.S. Geological Survey, Circular 1198. Online at .

Gulfs of the United States
Gulfs of the Pacific Ocean
Landforms of the San Francisco Bay Area

Gulf of the Farallones


César Cuauhtémoc González Barrón (9 January 1968 – 11 May 2019) was a Mexican luchador enmascarado (masked wrestler). He was known best as Silver King, but also had an extensive stint as  the third wrestler to portray the Black Tiger character. He was the son of luchador Dr. Wagner and the brother of Dr. Wagner Jr. González worked for many years with El Texano as the tag team "Los Cowboys," winning tag team championships in both Mexico and Japan.

González worked for the Universal Wrestling Association (UWA), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), Lucha Libre AAA World Wide (AAA), World Championship Wrestling (WCW), All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) and various smaller federations all over the world. González also starred as the villain "Ramses" in the movie Nacho Libre, starring Jack Black. In June 2010, González began using the ring name Silver Cain (also spelled as Silver Kain) when wrestling in Mexico City as a way to be able to officially be allowed to wear his mask again.

In 2020, he was posthumously inducted into the AAA Hall of Fame.

Personal life
César Cuauhtémoc González Barrón was born on 9 January 1968, son of Magdalena Barrón and her husband Manuel González Rivera, better known by his luchador name, Dr. Wagner. César had two older brothers, Óscar and Juan Manuel, and a younger sister, Mayra. Sometime during late 1980s or early 1990s, César González married Xóchitl Guadalupe Hamada Villarreal, who is also a professional wrestler under the name Xóchitl Hamada.

In 2012, César González introduced a wrestler under the name "Silver King Jr.", a masked wrestler who was advertised as the son of González, but would later reveal that the first person to use the name Silver King Jr. was not his son, disassociating himself from the "fake" son. A second wrestler used the name Silver King Jr.  in 2014 and 2015 until he was unmasked in a match on 11 October 2015, where he gave the name Felipe Garcia González.  César González later introduced "El Hijo de Silver King" ("The Son of Silver King"), believed to be his real son, not a storyline. César González was the uncle of El Hijo de Dr. Wagner Jr. and Galeno del Mal, sons of his older brother Juan Manuel, as well as the former brother-in-law of Rossy Moreno and the Moreno wrestling family until Juan Manuel and Moreno divorced.

Professional wrestling career

Early Career (1985–1990)
Both César González and his brother Juan Manuel began wrestling at an early age. César made his debut in November 1985 and initially used the name El Invasor (Spanish for "the Invader"). Within a year of his debut, he changed his name and started working as the Luchador Emmascadero (masked wrestler) Silver King. Silver King started working for the Universal Wrestling Association (UWA) in the lower matches on the cards. On 12 November 1987, Silver King wrestled in a Lucha de Apuestas (a "Bet" Match) where he put his mask on the line against El Hijo del Santo's mask. When Silver King lost he was forced to unmask and in lucha tradition reveal his true name, it was here that it was first revealed that Silver King was one of Dr. Wagner's sons.

Los Cowboys (1990–1998)
Shortly after being unmasked Silver King formed a team with El Texano that would become known as "The Cowboys"/"Los Cowboys". In 1991 the team won their first tag team championship winning a tournament to become the first ever World Wrestling Association World Tag Team Champions. On 19 January 1992, they added the UWA World Tag Team Championship to their collection when they defeated Gran Hamada and Kendo for the title in Japan and brought the titles back to Mexico. Their run with the UWA World Tag Team titles saw them work a storyline with the Can-Am Express (initially masked and just designated "I" and "II" but later revealed to be Doug Furnas and Dan Kroffat). The storyline saw Los Cowboys lose the UWA World Tag Team title on 28 June 1992, but gain a measure of revenge less than a month later when Los Cowboys beat the Can-Am Express in a "Lucha de Apuestas" match and forced Furnas and Kroffat to unmask and reveal their true identities. During their time as double champions, Los Cowboys were invited to participante in a tournament to crown new National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) World Tag Team Champions hosted by World Championship Wrestling (WCW). The team competed at Clash of the Champions XIX and lost in a first-round match to The Fabulous Freebirds.

On 7 July 1993, Los Cowboys lost the WWA World Tag team titles to El Dandy and Corazon de Leon but regained them two months later. Their second run with the WWA World Tag Team title only lasted a month as Villano IV and Villano V took the title from them on 10 October 1993. On 31 October, only 21 days after losing the tag team titles Silver King won his first singles title when he defeated his partner El Texano for the UWA World Light Heavyweight Championship. Despite having defeated his own partner Los Cowboys did not turn on each other but kept on working together. In early 1994 Los Cowboys ended their relationship with the UWA and began working for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL). Silver King defeated Black Magic for the CMLL World Heavyweight Championship on 28 July 1994. Not content to work in the singles' division Los Cowboys won the CMLL World Tag Team Championship (while Silver King still held the singles world title) on 16 December 1994, by unseating long time champions El Canek and Silver King's brother Dr. Wagner Jr. As if being a double champion was not enough Silver King teamed up with Shocker to win the 1995 Gran Alternativa tournament.

During 1995 Los Cowboys began working for the Japanese-based International Wrestling Association of Japan where they won the IWA World Tag Team Championship from Los Headhunters on 3 March 1995, in Hiroshima, Japan. The duo lost the tag team title on 20 August the same year on the undercard of the IWA's "King of Deathmatches" show. Silver King would also lose the CMLL World title and the tag team title in 1995 being defeated by Apolo Dantés and the team of Los Headhunters respectively. In February 1996 he teamed up with his brother and defeated Dos Caras and Último Dragón to win the vacant CMLL World Tag Team Championship. When WCW started signing Luchadors in 1997, Silver King joined the North American promotion and vacated the title that he and his brother still held at the time.

World Championship Wrestling

Cruiserweight division (1997–1998)
Silver King joined World Championship Wrestling as a full-time wrestler in 1997 as one of the many luchadors that worked for the company in that time period. He made his WCW debut on the June 9 episode of Monday Nitro by teaming with Psychosis and La Parka against Juventud Guerrera, Super Calo and Ultimo Dragon in a six-man tag team match, which King's team lost. This marked his first appearance in the promotion since 1992. On the June 14 episode of Saturday Night, King received his first win in WCW as he teamed with Damian and Psychosis to defeat Guerrera, Calo and Dragon in a six-man tag team match. At Clash of the Champions XXXV, King teamed with Psychosis, Villano IV and Villano V to defeat the team of Hector Garza, Guerrera, Calo and Lizmark Jr. in an eight-man tag team match. He mostly found himself usually working multiple tag team, six-man and eight-man tag team matches by teaming with fellow luchadors such as Psychosis, La Parka, Villano IV and Villano V and competed against various luchadors. King's first singles match in WCW took place on the August 25 episode of Monday Nitro against Ultimo Dragon, which he lost. He made his first appearance at a pay-per-view event for WCW at World War 3, where he participated in the namesake battle royal for a future WCW World Heavyweight Championship title shot but failed to win.

King won his first match in singles competition on the January 24, 1998 episode of Worldwide by defeating Lizmark, Jr. At Souled Out, King teamed with El Dandy, La Parka and Psychosis against Chavo Guerrero Jr., Juventud Guerrera, Lizmark Jr. and Super Calo in a losing effort in an eight-man tag team match. At Slamboree, King participated in a battle royal for an immediate Cruiserweight Championship title opportunity but failed to win. On the June 4 episode of Thunder, King received his first title shot in WCW against Dean Malenko for the Cruiserweight Championship but the match ended in a no contest due to interference by Chris Jericho. King received another title shot for the Cruiserweight Championship against Juventud Guerrera on the September 10 episode of Thunder, which he lost via disqualification after using a chair. This led to a rematch between the two for the title at Fall Brawl, which King lost. At World War 3, King participated in the namesake battle royal for a future World Heavyweight Championship opportunity but failed to win.

Latino World Order and Los Fabulosos (1998–2000)
At a live event on December 5, King turned on his tag team partner Lizmark, Jr. during a tag team match against Latino World Order members Ciclope and Damien. After the match, King was offered a spot in LWO and he accepted, thus joining Eddie Guerrero's group which was made up of the luchadors who had always been held back in WCW. However, the group disbanded the following month as Guerrero was injured in  a car accident and all the members quit the group to accept Ric Flair's offer of fighting for WCW and being promised of a better treatment than Eric Bischoff. Following the dissolution of LWO, King resumed teaming with and competing against various luchadors in the lower mid-card whilst also serving as an enhancement talent to upper mid-card wrestlers. He made his only pay-per-view appearance in 1999 at Bash at the Beach by participated in a Junkyard Invitational but did not receive any success.

On the November 13 episode of Saturday Night, King teamed with El Dandy as they unsuccessfully challenged Billy Kidman and Konnan for the World Tag Team Championship. King frequently began teaming with Dandy as the two received another tag team title shot on the March 11, 2000 episode of Worldwide against The Mamalukes (Big Vito and Johnny the Bull). On the March 15 episode of Thunder, King and Dandy began receiving a new push when they forced the ring announcer David Penzer to call their team "Los Fabulosos" before their match against Chavo Guerrero, Jr. and La Parka. Los Fabulosos lost the match but they received a new manager in Miss Hancock, who provided them with a new outfit and some guidance. Los Fabulosos won a few tag team matches including their last televised match in WCW on the April 1 episode of Saturday Night where they defeated Jeremy Lopez and Tommy Rogers. Their last match in WCW was a loss to Harlem Heat 2000 (Big T and Stevie Ray) at a live event on April 1. King was released by his WCW contract on May 5.

Black Tiger (2001–2006)
After leaving WCW, he returned to CMLL and began wrestling for CMLL's Japanese affiliate, New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW). In 2001, he adopted the Black Tiger character, previously used by Mark Rocco and Eddie Guerrero, making him the third person to appear under the mask, which is why he's unofficially referred to as Black Tiger III in printed sources. As Black Tiger, he wrestled several tours with New Japan starting out working a series of matches with the storyline opponent of the Black Tiger, Tiger Mask – in this case, Tiger Mask IV. Together with his brother Dr. Wagner Jr., he had an unsuccessful IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship challenge against the team of Jushin Thunder Liger and El Samurai in 2001.

During 2003 NJPW began to phase out most of the Luchadors they had employed over the years and thus Black Tiger began working regularly in Mexico for CMLL, this marked the first time the gimmick was used for a longer period of time outside of NJPW. Since the storyline in Mexico was that Black Tiger was Japanese they could not acknowledge the fact that he and Dr. Wagner Jr. were brothers (in Japan Black Tiger had always been portrayed by a foreigner). He usually ended up as Dr. Wagner Jr.'s back-up but on 31 March 2001, Black Tiger, Dr. Wagner Jr., and Universo 2000 won the CMLL World Trios Championship from Atlantis, Black Warrior, and Mr. Niebla. The team would hold the Trios title for over a year until being unseated on 9 July 2004, by Black Warrior, El Canek, and Rayo de Jalisco Jr. When their father (Dr. Wagner) died on 12 September 2004, Dr. Wagner Jr. was turned tecnicó (good guy) by sympathy but since González was working as Black Tiger and not publicly acknowledged as the son of Dr. Wagner he remained a rudó (bad guy). Dr. Wagner Jr.'s turn meant that Black Tiger did not have a partner or a direction, he began working for CMLL's associate International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG) and some smaller CMLL shows, basically in a holding pattern.

González kept working as Black Tiger even when NJPW introduced Rocky Romero as the latest Black Tiger (Black Tiger IV) but due to their working relationship with NJPW, CMLL decided that when González worked for them he needed a different "persona". He was repackaged as "El Bronco" complete with a new mask and promoted as someone new to CMLL. González made his debut as "El Bronco" teaming up with Elektro (who had just jumped from AAA to CMLL) and L.A. Park against the original members of Los Guerreros del Infierno (Último Guerrero, Rey Bucanero, and Tarzan Boy). The match was seen as a letdown as the crowd did not appreciate Elektro and did not buy into the "El Bronco" gimmick and the scheduled rematch was rebooked with Hijo de Lizmark and Místico taking over their roles in the match and González as El Bronco replacing Lizmark Jr. in the 2005 Gran Alternativa tournament where his team lost in the first round. After the Gran Alternativa González only made sporadic CMLL appearances as González. González continued wrestling as Black Tiger in IWRG and in other independent Mexican wrestling promotions. On 4 February 2006, González finally gave up the Black Tiger name as he lost a "Lucha de Apuestas" to L.A. Park and was unmasked. After losing his mask González went back to working as Silver King.

All Japan Pro Wrestling (2007–2008)
In late 2007, Silver King started working for All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) where he became masked once again. In a break from tradition. Silver King did not change gimmicks but remasked under the same gimmick he was unmasked as in 1987. Silver King won the World Junior Heavyweight Championship on 1 March 2008, by defeating Katsuhiko Nakajima. He held the title for under two months as he lost it to Ryuji Hijikata on 29 April 2008.

Lucha Libre AAA World Wide (2008–2014, 2017–2018)

On 13 June 2008, Silver King made his debut with AAA, teaming with La Parka (AAA) and Chessman to face La Legion Extranjera (Electro Shock, Bobby Lashley, and Kenzo Suzuki) at AAA's Triplemania XVI show. Silver King participated in the second annual Copa Antonio Peña tournament Gauntlet match. He was the eleventh entrant and lost to eventual winner El Mesias. During a television taping on 7 February 2009, Silver King turned on his tag team partners La Parka (AAA) and X-Pac to side with Konnan's La Legión Extranjera.

After La Legión Extranjera was defeated in the main event of Triplemania XVII and Konnan lost control of AAA, Silver King went on to form the stable Los Wagnermaniacos with Dr. Wagner Jr., Electroshock, and Ultimo Gladiator. Following Electroshock's AAA Mega Championship win at Rey de Reyes in March 2010, Silver King, Electroshock, and Ultimo Gladiator all turned on Dr. Wagner Jr. and adopted the new stable name Los Maniacos. In the weeks leading up to Triplemania XVIII, it was announced that the winners of a tag team match between Silver King and Último Gladiador against La Hermandad 187 (Nicho and Joe Líder) would be given a chance to wrestle for the AAA World Tag Team Championship at Triplemania XVIII. The match between the two teams ended in a draw, leaving it undecided if both or neither teams will wrestle at Triplemania XVIII.

On 6 June 2010, at Triplemania XVIII, Silver King was officially billed as "Silver Cain", both as a reference to the biblical Cain and Abel, as well as a way for AAA to get around him wearing a mask again. The Mexican Boxing and Wrestling Commission had been giving González problems due to the fact that he had previously lost his mask and this was a way to get around it since he was allowed to wear a mask under a new character. He would only have to use the new name when wrestling in Mexico City. On that night he and Último Gladiador outlasted three other teams, pinning James Storm of Beer Money, Inc. to win the AAA World Tag Team Championship, Silver King's first AAA title. Following the match, Los Junior Capos (Máscara Año 2000 Jr. and Hijo de Cien Caras) from IWRG came to the ring to challenge the new champions for the title. On 26 June, Silver King defeated Máscara Año 2000 Jr. to win the IWRG Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship in an AAA/IWRG inter-promotional match.

Silver King went on to challenge Dr. Wagner Jr. for the AAA Mega Championship in a three-way match, which also included Vampiro, on 15 August at Verano de Escandalo, but failed to win the title, when Wagner pinned Vampiro. After the match King played an audiotape, where the late father of the two brothers claimed that King was the more talented of the two of them. This revelation led to a match on 1 October at Héroes Inmortales IV, where Wagner Jr. defeated Silver King in a singles match to retain the AAA Mega Championship.

In September 2010 Silver King and Último Gladiador had announced they were joining La Sociedad. Initially, Electroshock made no official announcement on whether he would be following them but agreed to represent the group at Héroes Inmortales V in order to get his hands on Heavy Metal, with whom he had been feuding the past weeks. However, on 14 November he announced he was not part of La Sociedad and urged Silver King and Último Gladiador to leave the group. After Electroshock turned La Sociedad down for the second time on 18 November, Silver King and Último Gladiador turned on him and beat him down with La Milicia. On 27 November Silver King officially kicked Electroshock out of Los Maniacos, while also announcing his spot in the group would be taken by a new member.

On 5 December at Guerra de Titanes Silver King and Último Gladiador successfully defended the AAA World Tag Team Championship in a three–way ladder match against La Hermandad 187 and fellow La Sociedad members Hernandez and El Ilegal. On 21 March 2011, Los Maniacos lost the AAA World Tag Team Championship to Extreme Tiger and Jack Evans. In IWRG, Los Maniacos was joined by Joe Líder, with whom Silver King and Último Gladiador held the IWRG Intercontinental Trios Championship from 3 March to 24 April when they lost them during IWRG's Guerra de Empresas show. After losing the title to Los Psycho Circus, King and Gladiador turned on Líder and kicked him out of the group. Shortly thereafter, King and Gladiador joined forces with Chessman to form La Maniarquía. On 18 June at Triplemanía XIX, La Maniarquía was defeated by Electroshock, Heavy Metal and Joe Líder in a Tables, Ladders and Chairs match. In April 2012, Silver King made peace with Dr. Wagner Jr. as the two came together to battle El Consejo stable. However, the alliance was short-lived as on 5 August during the main event of Triplemanía XX, Silver King turned on Wagner Jr., who, despite the betrayal, managed to defeat Máscara Año 2000 Jr. in a Mask vs. Mask match. Afterward, Silver King revealed that he had been behind El Consejo from the beginning, revealing himself as the leader of the rudo stable. However, Silver King quickly began having problems with his new stablemates, with Máscara Año 2000 Jr. asking how they could trust a man who was capable of betraying his own brother. The storyline was dropped after both Máscara Año 2000 Jr. and Toscano left El Consejo. On 8 December 2013, at Guerra de Titanes, Silver King, El Texano Jr., and El Consejos newest member, El Hijo del Fantasma, unsuccessfully challenged Los Psycho Circus for the AAA World Trios Championship. He left AAA in 2014.

On 25 November 2017, King returned to AAA where he worked in a Bull Terrier Four Way match against Silver King Jr, La Parka Negra and La Parka. His last match with AAA was on 29 December 2018 teaming with Dave the Clown losing to La Parka and Murder Clown.

Later career (2014–2019)
After leaving AAA in 2014, Silver King worked in many independent circuit Mexican promotions. On 27 June 2015 he lost to his brother Dr. Wagner Jr at Lucha Libre Espectacular in Palmetto, Florida. He also worked in England in 2016 and 2017. On 14 March 2019, he returned to Japan where he participated in a shared event with World Wonder Ring Stardom and Tokyo Gurentai teaming with Fuerza Guerrera and Diamante losing to Ultimo Dragon, El Hijo del Santo and Shiryu.

Nacho Libre
In 2005, González was cast as the villain opposite Jack Black's character in the Paramount Pictures film Nacho Libre. In the film, González wears a golden mask and outfit and plays the top luchador known as Ramses. After the film premiered, González wore the golden outfit at least once during a defense of his UWA World Junior Light Heavyweight Championship.

Death
During a match in Camden Town, London, England, against Juventud Guerrera on 11 May 2019, González collapsed in the ring and died a short time later, from a heart attack at the age of 51. Following his death, his body was delayed in being transported from London to Mexico. His body arrived in Mexico City on 19 May, and then it was moved to Monterrey and later by land to Torreón, Coahuila, his native city. His funeral was held at the Funeraria Gayosso where fans were able to attend, and he was later buried at the Jardines del Tiempo in Torreón alongside his father. An autopsy confirmed that González 's cause of death was due to a fulminant myocardial infarction and that there were no drugs or medications in his blood.

After González's death, it was reported that Daniel "El Satanico" Lopez, who runs the commission in Zapopan in Guadalajara, decided that shows held in that state would need two ambulances on-site, one paramedic, one doctor, and referees trained in CPR.

Tributes and legacy
On 22 May 2019 a tribute in memory for González was held at the Arena Campeones de Torreón. On 3 August at Triplemanía XXVII, he was posthumously inducted into the AAA Hall of Fame as part of the 2019 class.

Championships and accomplishmentsAAAAAA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Último Gladiador
AAA Hall of Fame (Class of 2019)All Japan Pro WrestlingWorld Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)Consejo Mundial de Lucha LibreCMLL World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
CMLL World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with El Texano (1) and Dr. Wagner Jr. (1)
CMLL World Trios Championship (1 time) with Dr. Wagner Jr. and Universo 2000
CMLL Torneo Gran Alternativa (1995) – with ShockerInternational Wrestling Association of JapanIWA World Tag Team championship (1 time) – with El TexanoInternational Wrestling Revolution GroupIWRG Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
IWRG Intercontinental Trios Championship (2 times) – with El Pantera and Pentagón Black (1) and Joe Líder and Último Gladiador (1)
Copa Higher Power (2004) – with NOSAWA Rongai, GARUDA and Mazada
Copa Higher Power (2010)Llaves y CandadosLyC Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Dr. Wagner JrUniversal Wrestling AssociationUWA World Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
UWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with El TexanoWorld Wrestling AssociationWWA World Tag Team championship (2 times) – with El TexanoPro Wrestling Illustrated'''Ranked No. 46 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the PWI 500'' in 2001
Ranked No. 228 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the "PWI Years" in 2003
Ranked No. 68 of the top 100 tag teams in the "PWI Years" with El Texano in 2003

Luchas de Apuestas record

See also
 List of premature professional wrestling deaths

Footnotes

References

External links

1968 births
2019 deaths
Filmed deaths in sports
Masked wrestlers
Mexican male professional wrestlers
Professional wrestlers from Coahuila
Professional wrestling deaths
Sport deaths in England
Sportspeople from Torreón
Latino World Order members
Expatriate professional wrestlers in Japan
20th-century professional wrestlers
21st-century professional wrestlers
AAA World Tag Team Champions
World Junior Heavyweight Champions (AJPW)
CMLL World Heavyweight Champions
CMLL World Tag Team Champions
UWA World Tag Team Champions
UWA World Junior Light Heavyweight Champions
UWA World Light Heavyweight Champions

Silver King (wrestler)


The Northumbria Anthology is a collection of music and poems derived from the North East of England. The Anthology is a musical celebration of the history and culture of this region. The collection spans musical boundaries from folk and rock to classical and traditional music hall styles. These songs and poems have been recorded by some of the North East's most established artists and have been released and distributed through Newcastle Label Mawson & Wareham (music) Ltd.

About

The Northumbria Anthology is a non-profit making organisation which relies upon sales and revenue.

Brian and Helen Mawson of Newcastle label Mawson & Wareham asked Geordie musician Johnny Handle to compile the material, mainly from the 19th and 20th centuries. From this archive of over 3000 titles, they chose the tracks that would be recorded for the first part of the anthology; a twenty CD box set featuring over 60 local artists (including:Sting, Bryan Ferry, Jimmy Nail, Lindisfarne, Robson Green and Dave Stewart)and 289 songs.

Artists

The Northumbria Anthology has worked with many established artists including:

Robert Allen,
Thomas Allen,
Ron Angel,
Sheila Armstrong,
Eric Boswell,
Owen Brannigan,
Canticle,
C Ernest Catcheside-Warrington,
Suzannah Clarke,
David Clelland,
Terry Conway,
Graeme Danby,
Johnny Dickinson,
Judy Dinning,
Mike Elliott,
Billy Fane,
Bryan Ferry,
Gracie Fields,
Bob Fox,
Vin Garbutt,
Alex Glasgow,
Benny Graham,
Richard Grainger,
Robson Green,
Jed Grimes,
Johnny Handle,
David Haslam,
Ralph Hawkes,
Tim Healy,
The High Level Ranters,
George House,
The Hush,
Brian Johnson,
Liz Law,
Freddie 'Fingers' Lee,
Lindisfarne,
Billy Mitchell,
Jimmy Nail,
Harry Nelson,
Northern Sinfonia,
The Sinfonia Chorus,
Anne-Marie Owens,
Ed Pickford,
Jim Mageean,
Alan Price,
Valerie Reid,
Bill Robinson,
Claire Rutter,
J C Scatter,
Mo Scott,
Pete Scott,
Bob Smeaton,
Dave Stewart,
Sting,
Ian Storey,
Ray Stubbs,
Mary Thomson,
Jane Wade,
Brian Watson,
Denis Weatherley,
Denise Welch,
Kevin Whately,
Geoff Wonfor,
John Woodvine.
Mosh Pit Mayhem Radio Presenters

References
<www.northumbriaanthology.com/>
<www.mawson-wareham.com/>

North East England
Music anthologies
Poetry anthologies

The Northumbria Anthology


See cartridge for other meanings

An ink cartridge is a small container that contains ink. The manufacturers of Inkjet printers use special cartidges for their printers. There may be one cartridge per color. Sometimes, there is also just one cartridge for several colors. Cartridge package could be initial it is not rely upon pipeline it is far better than this

Printers

Ink cartridge


Steven W. Taylor  (born June 7, 1949) is a former Chief Justice of the Oklahoma Supreme Court. He is a former mayor of McAlester, Oklahoma.  As a state district court judge, Taylor was the presiding judge in the state trial of the Oklahoma City bombing.

Early life
Steven Taylor was born in Henryetta, Oklahoma. During his high school years at McAlester High School in McAlester, Oklahoma, he served as the student body president and as member of the speech and debate team, and the state and national honor societies. He earned a B.A. in political science from Oklahoma State University, and a Juris Doctor from the University of Oklahoma College of Law. While a student at OSU, he was actively involved in student government and honor society and was a member of the Kappa Sigma fraternity.

Career
From 1970 to 1978, Taylor served in the United States Marine Corps. Following his training as an infantry platoon commander, he served as a prosecutor, defense counsel, and ultimately as a Special Court Martial Judge.  He became the youngest judge in the U.S. armed forces at the age of 28. He was later promoted to the rank of Major. In 1978, he married public school teacher Mary E. B. Taylor. They have one son, Wilson Taylor, who is the Director of Logistics for the Oklahoma City Thunder NBA team. Following a two-year stint on the McAlester City Council, he served as the city's youngest mayor from 1982 to 1984.  In 1983 he was named one of the "Three Outstanding Young Oklahomans. In 1985, the City of McAlester named its new industrial park the "Steven W. Taylor Industrial Park" in recognition of his economic development efforts as mayor. In 1999 Taylor was recognized as "Citizen of the Year" in McAlester.  The Oklahoma Bar Association granted him the "Award of Judicial Excellence" in 2003.

He was inducted into the Oklahoma State University Hall of Fame in 2007.  The University of Oklahoma presented Justice Taylor its Regents Alumni Award in 2009; with this award, he became the only person ever to receive the highest alumni recognition of both Oklahoma State University and the University of Oklahoma.  Taylor served for several years on the Board of Visitors of the University of Oklahoma College of Law and was named to the OU College of Law Hall of Fame in 2017.  He is the co-author of University of Oklahoma College of Law: A Centennial History a book published in 2009 detailing the 100-year history of the OU law school.  In April 2019 Governor Kevin Stitt appointed Justice Taylor to a nine-year term on the Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education and the Oklahoma Senate confirmed the appointment in May 2019.

Taylor is a board member of the Oklahoma Hall of Fame.  He also serves on the board of directors of the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation and is a past Chairman of the Oklahoma City National Memorial. He is Chairman of The Puterbaugh Foundation in McAlester, Oklahoma.

In 2007, Oklahoma's centennial year, OKLAHOMA magazine named Justice Taylor as one of "100 Who Shaped Us" - a list of past and living Oklahomans who influenced the state's first 100 years.

In 2009, Taylor received the highest recognition given to an Oklahoman, induction into the Oklahoma Hall of Fame.

Judicial career
From 1984 to 1994, Taylor served as Associate District Judge in the 18th Judicial District.  In 1991 he was the first Associate District Judge ever to be elected President of the Oklahoma Judicial Conference. From 1994 to 2004, he served as Chief Judge of the 18th Judicial District, which encompasses Pittsburg and McIntosh Counties.  In his over 20 years as a trial judge, he presided over more than 500 jury trials, including numerous murder trials.  Most notably, he presided over the state  trial of the Oklahoma City bombing case.  That historic trial of 161 counts of first degree murder against Terry Nichols was conducted in McAlester, Oklahoma after a change of venue from Oklahoma City was ordered. Governor Brad Henry appointed Taylor to the Oklahoma Supreme Court in September 2004.  He served a term as chief justice from January 2011 until January 2013.  Oklahomans voted to retain him in the 2006 and 2010 general elections.  Justice Taylor retired from the Supreme Court on December 31, 2016 after 33 years of judicial service. After his retirement and in recognition of his long public service, the Pittsburg County Court buildings in McAlester, Oklahoma were named "The Justice Steven W. Taylor Courthouse Complex".

References

1949 births
Living people
Chief Justices of the Oklahoma Supreme Court
County judges in Oklahoma
Mayors of places in Oklahoma
Oklahoma City bombing
Oklahoma city council members
People from McAlester, Oklahoma
People from Henryetta, Oklahoma
University of Oklahoma alumni
University of Oklahoma College of Law alumni
United States Marine Corps officers
Military personnel from Oklahoma
20th-century American judges

Steven W. Taylor


Matsusaburo Fujiwara (, Fujiwara Matsusaburō, 14 February 1881, Tsu, Mie – 12 October 1946, Fukushima) was a Japanese mathematician and historian of mathematics.

Education and career
Fujiwara graduated in June 1902 from secondary school at the Third Higher School in Kyoto and then studied mathematics at the University of Tokyo, where he graduated in 1905. His most important teacher was Rikitaro Fujisawa (1861–1933). In 1906 he became a secondary school teacher at the First Higher School Daiichi Kōtō Gakkō in Tokyo. In 1908 Fujiwara and Tsuruichi Hayashi (1873–1935) were appointed professors at Tohoku University in Sendai. To prepare for his professorial duties, Fujiwara was sent to study from 1908 to 1911 in Göttingen, Paris and Berlin. After his return in February 1912, Fujiwara worked closely with his colleague Tsuruichi Hayashi, who in 1911 founded the Tohoku Mathematical Journal. The Journal published many of Fujiwara's mathematical papers. In November 1914 he received his doctorate.

Fujiwara was an important contributor to the development of the Mathematical Institute of the University of Tokyo. His contacts with European mathematicians made it possible to create an extensive library. He worked in the mathematical fields of analysis, geometry, and number theory and wrote more than 100 mathematical articles in German, English, and Japanese. After the death of his colleague Hayashi in 1935, Fujiwara intensively studied the history of wasan, i.e. traditional Japanese mathematics. In 1928–1929 his two-volume algebra textbook was published, and from 1934 to 1939 his two-volume analysis textbook was published. His manuscript (about eight thousand pages) on the history of mathematics in Japan survived the bombing of Sendai in July 1945 and was published posthumously in 5 volumes from 1954 to 1960 by the Japan Academy. From historians active in the first half of the twentieth century, Matsusaburo Fujiwara and Yoshio Mikami are considered the two leading historians of wasan.

In 1925 he and the mathematician Teiji Takagi were elected to the Japan Academy. While Takagi was considered the more original researcher (on the basis of contributions to class field theory), Fujiwara was known for his scholarship. In 1936 Fujiwara was an Invited Speaker of the International Congress of Mathematicians in Oslo.

Selected publications
Meiji-zen Nippon Sugakushi (history of mathematics in Japan before the Meiji era), 5 vols., 1954 to 1960
Nippon Sugakushi-yo (brief history of Japanese mathematics), 1952
Seiyo Sugakushi (history of western mathematics from antiquity to Euler), 1956
 (with Sōichi Kakeya): On some problems of maxima and minima for the curve of constant breadth and the in-revolvable curve of the equilateral triangle, Tōhoku Math. J. 11, 92–110, 1917
 Ein Problem aus der Theorie der diophantischen Approximationen, lecture at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1936 in Oslo, online

References

External links
 Nachlass David Hilbert, Findbuch, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, online
 Tohoku Math. J. First Series Volume Index - Tohoku University
 PAPERS COMMUNICATED 72. Asymptotic Operational Calculus. By Matsusaburo FUJIWARA, M.LA. MathematicalInstitute, TohokuImperial University, Sendai.(Comm.Nov. 13, 1939.)

1881 births
1946 deaths
19th-century Japanese mathematicians
20th-century Japanese mathematicians
Members of the Japan Academy
Historians of mathematics

Matsusaburo Fujiwara


Tropical Storm Bailu (Ineng) was a storm that devastated many parts of Southeastern Asia, especially Fujian. It was a storm of the 2019 Pacific typhoon season.

Meteorological history
On August 20, a tropical depression formed to the west of Mariana Islands. On the next day, the JMA designated the system as Tropical Storm Bailu, and the JTWC classified the system as Tropical Depression 12W. Bailu gradually intensified over the Philippine Sea. At 13:00 TST (05:00 UTC) on August 24, Bailu made landfall over Manzhou Township, Pingtung County, Taiwan.

Impact

Philippines
Though Bailu didn't made landfall in the Philippines, two people were killed in Ilocos Norte, and left Php1.1 billion (US$21 million) damage in the province.

Taiwan
Bailu also killed one person, and injured nine others in Taiwan. Institutional damage were calculated to be TWD 2.31 million (US$74,000), while agricultural damage reached TWD 87.9 million (US$2.83 million).

China
Damage in Fujian reached ¥10.49 million (US$1.5 million).

References

Bailu

Tropical Storm Bailu (2019)


MMS may refer to:

Science and technology

Network communication protocols
 Multimedia Messaging Service for mobile phones
 Microsoft Media Server, a content-streaming  protocol (mms://)
 Manufacturing Message Specification for real time process data

Other
 Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission, NASA
 Massachusetts Medical Society
 Methyl methanesulfonate
 Moment magnitude scale of earthquake energy
Multiscale Modeling and Simulation journal

Schools

Modern Montessori School, Amman, Jordan
Marshall Middle School (Pittsburgh), US
Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, US, formerly Mayo Medical School
Margaret Mace School, the only school of the North Wildwood School District

Government and politics
Minerals Management Service, former U.S. agency
Movimento Mérito e Sociedade (Merit and Society Movement), Portuguese political party

Other uses
 Machinist's mate (shop mechanic), US Navy
 Master of Management, a postgraduate academic degree course.
 Medical Mission Sisters, a religious congregation
 Methodist Missionary Society of Australasia, a former division of the Methodist Church in Australia
 Metro Manila Subway, an under-construction rapid transit line in Philippines
 Metropolitan mountaineering society, Philippines
 Miracle Mineral Supplement, bleach fraudulently sold as medicine
 M.M.S. (Mobile Missile System), a G.I. Joe playset
 MMS-class minesweeper, a class of British warships

See also
 M&M's

MMS


Clostridium is a genus of bacteria.  Clostridium bacteria are obligate anaerobes, which means they do not need oxygen to grow.

Clostridium bacteria are shaped like rods.  The name "Clostridium" comes from the Greek word kloster (κλωστήρ), which means "spindle."

Clostridium bacteria are gram-positive and can produce endospores.

Important species
There are many different species of Clostridium bacteria.  Some of these species can cause serious illness.

Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium botulinum bacteria make a toxin called botulinum. When botulinum toxins get into food or wounds, they cause botulism, a dangerous disease.  Botulism can paralyze the muscles (stop the muscles from moving or working).  People can die from botulism if their breathing muscles get paralyzed.  This makes them unable to breathe.

Most cases of botulism happen because people eat meat that was not cooked well enough, or eat canned food that was not canned properly.

If babies under age one eat natural honey, they can get infant botulism.  Most adults and older children can eat natural honey without getting sick.  In healthy people, the intestines are filled with good, healthy bacteria. Usually, these regular bacteria keep Clostridium botulinum under control. Infants do not have enough of these good bacteria to be able to eat honey safely.

Sometimes doctors use botulinum toxins to treat medical problems.  There are medicines, like Botox, which contain botulinum toxin. Some people get Botox treatments when they have wrinkles in the face.  When it is injected into the forehead, Botox paralyzes the muscles in the face, and makes the face look smoother.

Clostridium difficile
Clostridium difficile bacteria can cause bad diarrhea and serious illness. Usually, people get Clostridium difficile infection after they have taken antibiotic medicines.  These medicines can kill the healthy bacteria that normally live in the intestines and keep Clostridium difficile bacteria under control. Clostridium difficile infection can be spread from person to person, and is getting more common in hospitals, nursing homes, and other health care facilities. Just in the United States, 14,000 people die every year from Clostridium difficile infection.

Clostridium difficile is an antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This means that many antibiotic medicines cannot kill the bacteria. This makes Clostridium difficile infection difficult to treat.

Clostridium tetani
Clostridium tetani causes tetanus.  Usually, people get tetanus when they get a cut or wound, and Clostridium tetani bacteria get into the wound. At first, tetanus causes the muscles in the jaw to spasm (tighten). (Tetanus is often called "lockjaw" because the jaw muscles spasm so badly that the jaw seems "locked.") This can make it difficult to swallow. As tetanus gets worse, other muscles in the body get stiff and spasm.

Tetanus immunization can keep people from getting tetanus.

References

Gram-negative bacteria

Clostridium


Destiny Church Groningen is a neo-charismatic church denomination which was founded in 1992 in Groningen, the Netherlands, by Johan and Tessa Proost.

Origin
Destiny Church follows a Charismatic and Apostolic interpretation of Biblical principles. Its membership are predominantly Antillians from the island of Curaçao.

Development
Destiny Church started with a membership of 17 people and within three years had grown to 600. Destiny Church has a network of 10 churches in the Netherlands, Aruba, Brazil, Italy, Portugal, Mexico and Rwanda. The church provides religious guidance and a range of social services such as homework groups, help in choosing schools, and helping young women who have been abused for prostitution.

From 1994 to 2005 Destiny Church was part of an apostolic organisation. Since 2005 it has been autonomous.

Characteristics and beliefs

Like other neo-charismatic churches it embraced many of the doctrines and practices found within Pentecostal and Charismatic churches, however it is not specifically aligned with either movement.

According to its webpage it is known as a Word of Faith and a Dominion-minded Church with a New Apostolic Reformation church structure. This mixture of beliefs and theology is very common in neo-charismatic churches.

References

 Burgess and van der Maas, introduction to The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements, 20
 Barron, Bruce. 1992. Heaven on Earth? The Social & Political Agendas of Dominion Theology. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan.
 Johan Proost (Dutch Wikipedia)

External links

Charismatic denominations
Christian organizations established in 1992
Protestantism in the Netherlands

Destiny Church Groningen


Antispila oinophylla is a species of moth of the family Heliozelidae. It is found in North America, including Ontario, Quebec, Connecticut, Georgia, Kentucky, New York, Tennessee and Vermont. Records under Antispila ampelopsifoliella from Maine, Missouri and Ohio may also partly refer to this species. In Europe, it is introduced into northern Italy.

The wingspan is .

In North America, larvae have been found feeding on Vitis aestivalis (var. aestivalis and var. bicolor), Vitis labrusca, Vitis riparia and Vitis vulpina. In Italy, mines were found on various Vitis vinifera cultivars, hybrids and French-American grapes. A preference for some grape cultivars (e.g. Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Muscat) is suggested from observations carried out in mixed cultivar vineyards. Active mines were also found on Parthenocissus quinquefolia. The larvae mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine starts as a rather straight or slightly contorted gallery towards the vein, usually forming a right angle and often following the vein for a short distance. It then again turns away from the vein where it expands into a blotch. The gallery portion, of variable length, is usually later incorporated into the blotch mine. The frass is linear, usually occupies the complete mine width, but occasionally is deposited in a thin line. In the blotch much of the blackish-brown frass is deposited close to the origin in semicircular concentric frass lines.

Etymology
The epithet oinophylla is derived from the Greek oinos (meaning wine) and phyllon (meaning leaf) and refers to the larvae that live in the leaves of the grapevine from which wine is made.

Male genitalia

Gallery

References

Moths described in 2012
Heliozelidae
Moths of Europe

Antispila oinophylla


XMU may refer to:
libxmu, a library for programming on the X Window System
Moulins - Montbeugny Airport, an airport in France with IATA code XMU.
Sirius XMU, a radio channel on Sirius XM Radio which plays unsigned artists.
Xiamen University in China
Xinjiang Medical University in China

XMU


The Gaylord Building, constructed in 1838 in the downtown historic district of Lockport, Illinois, and on the canalside there, played a pivotal role in the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. It is on the United States National Register of Historic Places, and is one of 29 Historic Sites of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. It is constructed of yellow limestone, a common construction material in north central Illinois. It has an Italianate three story addition added in 1859. After falling into disrepair, it was the focus of a concerted restoration and preservation effort that began in 1983, which was later noted as setting a model for such efforts.

Background and construction

The Illinois and Michigan Canal, begun in 1836 and finished in 1848, and spanning 96 miles (154 km), was the last link in a waterway connecting the Great Lakes, the Gulf of Mexico via the Port of New Orleans and the Atlantic Ocean via the Port of New York. Lockport, situated about 1/3 of the way from the starting point (the Bridgeport neighborhood in Chicago on the Chicago River) and the end point (LaSalle, Illinois on the Illinois River), was a natural location for canal planning, staging and warehousing operations. The I&M canal headquarters were thus in Lockport.

Little progress on canal construction was made during the first two years, due to difficulties in securing supplies and manpower, most of which had to be brought from the East Coast.  In the 1830s, this far west, most areas, even a few miles out from major settlements such as Chicago, were essentially wilderness, and Lockport had no warehouse
large enough to house all the materials shipped in to foster canal construction, so the canal authorities decided to build one. There was some controversy at the time over the use of state funds to pay for it.

The choice of material used, given the frontier nature of the town, was surprising to some. However this area of Illinois has large deposits of yellow limestone, in some cases  just below the surface. Some sources say the building uses some stone taken directly from the canal excavation.
The building was constructed between May and September 1838 under the supervision of acting Canal Commissioner Jacob Fry at a cost of  USD $4,014.29, a substantial sum at the time. Use of yellow limestone may have started a trend.

Warehouse

On completion of the canal in 1848 the building was surplus to requirements, so the Canal Board of Trustees briefly rented, and then sold, the building. It passed through a number of owners, but was owned for a long period in the mid-19th century by George Gaylord (1820–1883), a prominent Lockport merchant,  Shortly after Gaylord's death Norton & Company, who owned other properties in Lockport, bought the building for $7,500.  The many warehouses in Lockport were quite busy.

The 1859 addition was in a significantly different style. The property continued to change hands, going through many uses, as a warehouse, machine shop, foundry, printing facility, and finally (with an addition of a third story on the original section) a plumbing supply warehouse.

Restoration
In 1983 Gaylord Donnelley, George Gaylord's multimillionaire grandson and the retired chairman of Chicago's R. R. Donnelley & Sons publishing house, became interested in the building (reportedly on the urging of his niece). He formed a private development company, The Gaylord Lockport Company, named for Donnelley's grandfather, and spent four years and $2.8 million restoring the derelict building to its former beauty, including removing the third story and restoring the roofline as it was in 1859.

At the same time, impetus was growing for the creation of a Heritage Corridor to document, preserve and interpret the I&M Canal, and in 1984 President Ronald Reagan signed the legislation to create it. In 1987 the building opened to the public, featuring the Public Landing restaurant and a museum featuring canal exhibits. Reagan recognized the Gaylord Building and the project by personally presenting Mr. Donnelley with a President's Award for Historic Preservation, and the project and became a model for preserving historic sites for new uses.

Management and location
The National Trust for Historic Preservation now owns the Gaylord Building Historic Site and the Canal Corridor Association manages it as part of the Lockport National Historic District
. The building is a hub of canal exhibits, tours and programs. The canal trail runs past the building along the old canal towpath, and it leads visitors to other parts of historic downtown Lockport, including the Norton Building, home to the Illinois State Museum Lockport Gallery.

References

External links
 Official  Gaylord Building website

Museums in Will County, Illinois
Lockport, Illinois
Canal museums in the United States
Illinois River
Transportation museums in Illinois
Historic district contributing properties in Illinois
National Register of Historic Places in Will County, Illinois
National Trust for Historic Preservation

Gaylord Building


A chainsaw mill or PortaMill or Logosol sawmill is a type of sawmill incorporating a chainsaw, that is used by one or two operators to mill logs into lumber for use in furniture, construction and other uses. Although often used as a generic term, Alaskan Mill is a registered trademark of Granberg International.

Description
The mill attachment consists of a pair of clamping brackets connected to a rectangular frame which is attached to the bar of the chainsaw. The rails ride for the first cut on a guide system, plank or on a metal ladder which is screwed to the log (but not so tightly that the guide is pulled out of plane), and then on the previously cut surface of the log, and guide the chainsaw blade through the log at a consistent depth so that planks of a chosen thickness are cut. The distance between the rails and the bar determines this thickness and it can be adjusted by moving the rails along the depth posts at each end of the mill attachment. During use it is important that the rails extend out past the ends of the log so the cut has support the entire time.

Smaller mills use a single chainsaw and can be handled by a single operator. Larger mills use a double ended bar, powered by either a single large chainsaw (typically ~120cc) and a helper handle or stinger, or two chainsaw power heads, one on either side of the mill apparatus. These typically require two operators if the bar is over 48 inches. This larger style of mill needs a special bar which allows the two chainsaw heads to be attached at either end. The length of the bar decides the maximum width of the plank that can be cut, up to , so for logs with a large diameter, the longer bar is necessary. Also, to waste less wood due to the kerf width, a special chain is designed to make rip cuts rather than the usual chainsaw chain which is for cross-cutting.

For the first cut, a pair of rails or a plank are usually attached to the log to give the mill attachment a reference surface to guide it, or other commercially made jigs are available such as a timberjigs. Subsequent cuts are made using the surface of the previous cut as the guide.

The kerf of a chainsaw cut is wide, relative to the kerf of a bandsaw mill or circular saw. This is no problem when cutting a single beam or large timber from a log, and would only represent significant waste if used to saw many thin boards. Most chainsaw chains produce a kerf that is approximately 1/4", so you lose one inch of wood for every four cuts with a chainsaw mill.

Chainsaw mills are relatively cheap to purchase compared to other types of portable sawmill and are the most portable type of powered sawmill. They are therefore popular with hobbyist woodworkers who have access to felled timber.

Logosol is a Swedish based international company, they started making chainsaw mills in 1989. They currently offer several models of chainsaw mills. F2 sawmill, F2+ sawmill, Timberjig and Big Mill Wide Slabber.

See also
 Pit saw
 Hewing
 Wood splitting
 Wood drying

References

External links
Youtube video showing a big chainsaw being used in a chainsaw mill to cut a fallen walnut tree into boards.

Chainsaws
Woodworking tools
Timber preparation
Sawmill technology

Chainsaw mill


Alexandre Varille (12 March 1909, Lyon – 1 November 1951, Joigny) was a French Egyptologist.

Life
From a cultured family from Lyon, he studied Economics and Letters. During his studies he met Victor Loret, his Egyptology professor at the University of Lyon, and followed him in his devotion to Egyptian philology and archaeology. Varille began working in Egypt in 1931 together with his colleague Clément Robichon (1906-1999), and the following year, he was made a member of the Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale in Cairo.

In 1939, he excavated the gates of Ptolemy III and Ptolemy IV from the temple of Medamud, now in the Musée des beaux-arts de Lyon. He wrote his thesis in Egyptology on an important Egyptian functionary of the New Empire, Inscriptions concernant l'architecte Amenophis, fils de Hapou (published by Jean Vercouter. IFAO, 1968). In 1944, he was made taken on as an expert by the Service des Antiquités Orientales.

After having discovered during World War II the symbolic theory of the Group of Luxor, directed by R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz (1887-1961) who just settled in Egypt (since 1936, until 1952), Varille decided to invest his time in trying to provide the new opportunities offered by the Egyptian philosophy of symbols, also in the way to excavate in North Karnak since 1941 respecting new rules. He dedicated his first publication about Karnak (IFAO, 1942) to Schwaller de Lubicz. He only returned to France for short periods to publish with Clément Robichon the book entitled En Egypte, then published late 1955 in New York - Eternal Egypt was translated from French by Laetitia Gifford. He died in a car accident in France in 1951 just after the presentation of his symbolic theory at the French Institut, section Academy of Sciences.

References

Bibliography
 A New Egyptology in The Cornhill Magazine, London, n°985, winter 1950/1951.

1909 births
1951 deaths
French Egyptologists
Archaeologists from Lyon
Road incident deaths in France
Members of the Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale

Alexandre Varille


Carl O. Nielsen (16 September 1868 – 1950) was a Norwegian businessperson.

He was born in Christiania. He founded several companies, including Nielsen & Danielsen in 1897, and Norsk Gjærde & Metaldukfabrik, Scandinavia's first fence manufacturer, in 1902. He had his own car dealer company C. O. Nielsens Automobilforretning, which was later transformed into A/S Auto. Nielsen was the first general manager in A/S Auto, but later backed out. He also co-founded the Royal Norwegian Automobile Club. In 1916 he co-founded the company Neilson & Kittle Canning (also given as "Nielsen and Kittle") in San Pedro, California, a large sardine factory. He later returned to Norway to run an eponymous company.

He was an honorary member of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. He was buried at Vestre gravlund in June 1950.

References

1868 births
1950 deaths
Businesspeople from Oslo
Norwegian company founders
Burials at Vestre gravlund

Carl O. Nielsen


Vhisvakarma or Vhisvakarman in the deity hindu early text vhisvakarma was original According to some part the legend when samjna any
powerful deity. However, in many later traditions, Vishvakarma became the name of the craftsman god. Vhisvakarma  crafted all of the chartiots the devas and weapons Vishvakarma was real the real God Vishvakarma The therm Vishvakarma Hinduism

Hindu gods and goddesses

Vishvakarma


Sofia Vladimirovna Vassilieva (born October 22, 1992) is an American actress. Notable roles include portraying the children's book character Eloise in Eloise at the Plaza and Eloise at Christmastime, Ariel DuBois in the Emmy-winning TV series Medium, and teenage cancer patient Kate Fitzgerald in the 2009 film adaptation of My Sister's Keeper by Jodi Picoult.

Early life
Vassilieva was born on October 22, 1992, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in Hennepin County Medical Center, the only child of Russian immigrants. She attended and graduated from Barbizon Modeling and Acting School in Arizona.

Career
At the age of seven, Vassilieva was discovered at the International Modeling and Talent Association (IMTA) in New York, where she won the title of Child Actress and first runner-up Child Model Of The Year 2000.

Less than a year later, Vassilieva received her first role, playing the granddaughter of a retired Russian general in an episode of the CBS television series The Agency.

Vassilieva played Cindy Brady in The Brady Bunch in the White House, opposite Shelley Long and Gary Cole in 2002. That same year, she was cast as a little girl named Gina in Inhabited (2003), starring Malcolm McDowell and Patty McCormack.

In 2003, she played Eloise in two made-for-television movies: Eloise at the Plaza and Eloise at Christmastime, directed by Kevin Lima and featuring Julie Andrews as Nanny. For her role as Eloise, Vassilieva was nominated for the Best Leading Young Actress in a TV Movie, Miniseries or Special at the 2004 Young Artist Awards.

In May 2004, at the age of eleven, Vassilieva was cast as Ariel DuBois in Medium, a series about mother-of-three and consultant to the Phoenix District Attorney's office Allison DuBois (Patricia Arquette), whose psychic visions help solve crimes. The series premiered on January 3, 2005. Vassilieva played the daughter of Arquette's character for seven seasons, until the series' finale on January 21, 2011.

She was a presenter of Family Feature Film on the Humane Society's 19th Genesis Awards in 2005. She won a Young Artist Award in 2006 for Best Supporting Actress in a TV Drama for her role as Ariel DuBois in Medium.

Vassilieva played a terminally ill teenager, Kate Fitzgerald, in the 2009 adaptation of Jodi Picoult's novel My Sister's Keeper, directed by Nick Cassavetes. She starred alongside Cameron Diaz, Jason Patric, and Abigail Breslin. Vassilieva shaved her head and eyebrows for her role as a teenage cancer patient. In the same year, she became an honorary ambassador for Stand Up to Cancer. For her performance as Kate, Vassilieva won a Young Artist Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Feature Film in 2010. It was her third nomination and second win.

In 2011, she guest-starred on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit in the episode "True Believers" as Sarah Walsh, a piano BFA candidate who is raped in her New York City apartment. She reprised her role as Sarah in the 2013 episode "Wonderland Story".

On May 21, 2014, Vassilieva graduated from Columbia College, Columbia University with a Bachelor of Arts and Science degree. She has also completed a Linguistics major with honors, and a special concentration in Business Management. Vassilieva is a member of Alpha Omicron Pi, an international women's fraternity.

In 2018 and 2021, Vassilieva worked on Black Lightning as Looker.

In 2023, she won the Best Actress in a Feature Film award at the First Glance Film Festival in Los Angeles for her role as Lissa in Lissa's Trip.

Filmography

Video games

References

External links

1992 births
American child actresses
American film actresses
American people of Russian descent
American television actresses
Living people
Actresses from Minneapolis
21st-century American actresses
Columbia College (New York) alumni

Sofia Vassilieva


In the fields of engineering and construction, resilience is the ability to absorb or avoid damage without suffering complete failure and is an objective of design, maintenance and restoration for buildings and infrastructure, as well as communities. A more comprehensive definition is that it is the ability to respond, absorb, and adapt to, as well as recover in a disruptive event. A resilient structure/system/community is expected to be able to resist to an extreme event with minimal damages and functionality disruptions during the event; after the event, it should be able to rapidly recovery its functionality similar to or even better than the pre-event level.

The concept of resilience originated from engineering and then gradually applied to other fields. It is related to that of vulnerability. Both terms are specific to the event perturbation, meaning that a system/infrastructure/community may be more vulnerable or less resilient to one event than another one. However, they are not the same. One obvious difference is that vulnerability focuses on the evaluation of system susceptibility in the pre-event phase; resilience emphasizes the dynamic features in the pre-event, during-event, and post-event phases.

Resilience is a multi-facet property, covering four dimensions: technical, organization, social and economic. Therefore, using one metric may not be representative to describe and quantify resilience. In engineering, resilience is characterized by four Rs: robustness, redundancy, resourcefulness, and rapidity. Current research studies have developed various ways to quantify resilience from multiple aspects, such as functionality- and socioeconomic- related aspects.

The built environment need resilience to existing and emerging threats such as severe wind storms or earthquakes and creating robustness and redundancy in building design. New implications of changing conditions on the efficiency of different approaches to design and planning can be addressed in the following term.

Engineering resilience has inspired other fields and influenced the way how they interpret resilience, e.g. supply chain resilience.

Etymology
According to the dictionary, resilience means "the ability to recover from difficulties or disturbance." The root of the term resilience is found in the Latin term 'resilio' which means to go back to a state or to spring back.  In the 1640s the root term provided a resilience in the field of the mechanics of materials as "the ability of a material to absorb energy when it is elastically deformed and to release that energy upon unloading". By 1824, the term had developed to encompass the meaning of 'elasticity'.

19th century
Thomas Tredgold was the first to introduce the concept of resilience in 1818 in England. The term was used to describe a property in the strength of timber, as beams were bent and deformed to support heavy load. Tredgold found the timber durable and did not burn readily, despite being planted in bad soil conditions and exposed climates. Resilience was then refined by Mallett in 1856 in relation to the capacity of specific materials to withstand specific disturbances. These definitions can be used in engineering resilience due to the application of a single material that has a stable equilibrium regime rather than the complex adaptive stability of larger systems.

20th century
In the 1970s, researchers studied resilience in relation to child psychology and the exposure to certain risks. Resilience was used to describe people who have "the ability to recover from adversity." One of the many researchers was Professor Sir Michael Rutter, who was concerned with a combination of risk experiences and their relative outcomes.

In his paper Resilience and Stability of Ecological systems (1973), C.S. Holling first explored the topic of resilience through its application to the field of ecology. Ecological resilience was defined as a "measure of the persistence of systems and of their ability to absorb change and disturbance and still maintain the same relationships between state variables." Holling found that such a framework can be applied to other forms of resilience. The application to ecosystems was later used to draw into other manners of human, cultural and social applications. The random events described by Holling are not only climatic, but instability to neutral systems can occur through the impact of fires, the changes in forest community or the process of fishing. Stability, on the other hand, is the ability of a system to return to an equilibrium state after a temporary disturbance. Multiple state systems rather than objects should b studied as the world is a heterogeneous space with various biological, physical and chemical characteristics. Unlike material and engineering resilience, Ecological and social resilience focus on the redundancy and persistence of multi-equilibrium states to maintain existence of function.

Engineering resilience

Engineering resilience refers to the functionality of a system in relation to hazard mitigation. Within this framework, resilience is calculated based on the time it takes a system to return to a single state equilibrium. Researchers at the MCEER (Multi-Hazard Earthquake Engineering research center) have identified four properties of resilience: Robustness, resourcefulness, redundancy and rapidity.

 Robustness: the ability of systems to withstand a certain level of stress without suffering loss of function.
 Resourcefulness: the ability to identify problems and resources when threats may disrupt the system.
 Redundancy: the ability to have various paths in a system by which forces can be transferred to enable continued function
 Rapidity: the ability to meet priorities and goals in time to prevent losses and future disruptions.

Social-ecological resilience
Social-ecological resilience, also known as adaptive resilience, is a new concept that shifts the focus to combining the social, ecological and technical domains of resilience. The adaptive model focuses on the transformable quality of the stable state of a system. In adaptive buildings, both short term and long term resilience are addressed to ensure that the system can withstand disturbances with social and physical capacities. Buildings operate at multiple scale and conditions, therefore it is important to recognize that constant changes in architecture are expected. Laboy and Fannon recognize that the resilience model is shifting, and have applied the MCEER four properties of resilience to the planning, designing and operating phases of architecture.  Rather than using four properties to describe resilience, Laboy and Fannon suggest a 6R model that adds Recovery for the operation phase of a building and Risk Avoidance for the planning phase of the building. In the planning phase of a building, site selection, building placement and site conditions are crucial for the risk avoidance. Early planning can help prepare and design for the built environment based on forces that we understand and perceive. In the operation phase of the building, a disturbance does not mark the end of resilience, but should propose a recovery plan for future adaptations. Disturbances should be used as a learning opportunity to assess mistakes and outcomes, and reconfigure for future needs.

Applications

International Building Code
The international building code provides minimum requirements for buildings using performative based standards. The most recent International Building Code (IBC)was released in 2018 by the International Code Council (ICC), focusing on standards that protect public health, safety and welfare, without restricting use of certain building methods. The code addresses several categories, which are updated every three years to incorporate new technologies and changes. Building codes are fundamental to the resilience of communities and their buildings, as "Resilience in the built environment starts with strong, regularly adopted and properly administered building codes"  Benefits occur due to the adoption of codes as the National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) found that the adoption of the International Building Code provides an $11 benefit for every $1 invested.

The International Code Council is focused on assuming the community's buildings support the resilience of communities ahead of disasters.  The process presented by the ICC includes understanding the risks, identifying strategies for the risks, and implementing those strategies. Risks vary based on communities, geographies and other factors. The American Institute of Architects created a list of shocks and stresses that are related to certain community characteristics. Shocks are natural forms of hazards (floods, earthquakes), while stresses are more chronic events that can develop over a longer period of time (affordability, drought). It is important to understand the application of resilient design on both shocks and stresses as buildings can play a part in contributing to their resolution. Even though the IBC is a model code, it is adopted by various state and governments to regulate specific building areas. Most of the approaches to minimizing risks are organized around building use and occupancy. In addition, the safety of a structure is determined by material usage, frames, and structure requirements can provide a high level of protection for occupants. Specific requirements and strategies are provided for each shock or stress such as with tsunamis, fires and earthquakes.

U.S Resiliency Council
The U.S Resiliency Council (USRC), a non-profit organization, created the USRC Rating system which describes the expected impacts of a natural disaster on new and existing buildings. The rating considers the building prior to its use through its structure, Mechanical-Electrical systems and material usage. Currently, the program is in its pilot stage, focusing primarily on earthquake preparedness and resilience. For earthquake hazards, the rating relies heavily on the requirements set by the Building codes for design. Buildings can obtain one of the Two types of USRC rating systems:

USRC Verified Rating System
The verified Rating system is used for marketing and publicity purposes using badges. The rating is easy to understand, credible and transparent at is awarded by professionals. The USRC building rating system rates buildings with stars ranging from one to five stars based on the dimensions used in their systems. The three dimensions that the USRC uses are Safety, Damage and Recovery. Safety describes the prevention of potential harm for people after an event. Damage describes the estimated repair required due to replacements and losses. Recovery is calculated based on the time it takes for the building to regain function after a shock.  The following types of Rating certification can be achieved:

 USRC Platinum: less than 5% of expected damage
 USRC Gold: less than 10% of expected damage
 USRC Silver: less than 20% of expected damage
 USRC Certified: less than 40% of expected damage

Earthquake Building rating system can be obtained through hazard evaluation and seismic testing. In addition to the technical review provided by the USRC, A CRP seismic analysis applies for a USRC rating with the required documentation. The USRC is planning on creating similar standards for other natural hazards such as floods, storms and winds.

USRC Transaction Rating System
Transaction rating system provides a building with a report for risk exposure, possibly investments and benefits. This rating remains confidential with the USRC and is not used to publicize or market the building.

Disadvantages of the USRC rating system
Due to the current focus on seismic interventions, the USRC does not take into consideration several parts of a building. The USRC building rating system does not take into consideration any changes to the design of the building that might occur after the rating is awarded. Therefore, changes that might impede the resilience of a building would not affect the rating that the building was awarded. In addition, changes in the uses of the building after certification might include the use of hazardous materials would not affect the rating certification of the building. The damage rating does not include damage caused by pipe breakage, building upgrades and damage to furnishings. The recovery rating does not include fully restoring all building function and all damages but only a certain amount.

The 100 Resilient Cities Program
In 2013, The 100 Resilient Cities Program was initiated by the Rockefeller foundation, with the goal to help cities become more resilient to physical, social and economic shocks and stresses. The program helps facilitate the resilience plans in cities around the world through access to tools, funding and global network partners such as ARUP and the AIA. Of 1,000 cities that applied to join the program, only 100 cities were selected with challenges ranging from aging populations, cyber attacks, severe storms and drug abuse.

There are many cities that are members of the program, but in the article, Building up resilience in cities worldwide, Spaans and Waterhot focus on the city of Rotterdam to compare the city's resilience before and after the participation in the program. The authors found that the program broadens the scope and improved the Resilience plan of Rotterdam by including access to water, data, clean air, cyber robustness, and safe water. The program addresses other social stresses that can weaken the resilience of cities such as violence and unemployment. Therefore, cities are able to reflect on their current situation and plan to adapt to new shocks and stresses. The findings of the article can support the understanding of resiliency at a larger urban scale that requires an integrated approach with coordination across multiple government scales,  time scales and fields. In addition to integrating resiliency into building code and building certification programs, the 100 resilience Cities program provides other support opportunities that can help increase awareness through non-profit organizations.

After more than six years of growth and change, the existing 100 Resilient Cities organization concluded on July 31, 2019.

RELi Rating System
RELi is a design criteria used to develop resilience in multiple scales of the built environment such as buildings, neighborhoods and infrastructure. It was developed by the Institute for Market Transformation to Sustainability (MTS) to help designers plan for hazards. RELi is very similar to LEED but with a focus on resilience. RELi is now owned by the U.S Green Building Council (USGBC) and available to projects seeking LEED certification. The first version of RELi was released in 2014, it is currently still in the pilot phase, with no points allocated for specific credits. RELi accreditation is not required, and the use of the credit information is voluntary.  Therefore, the current point system is still to be determined and does not have a tangible value. RELi provides a credit catalog that is used a s a reference guide for building design and expands on the RELi definition of resilience as follows: Resilient Design pursues Buildings + Communities that are shock resistant, healthy, adaptable and regenerative through a combination of diversity, foresight and the capacity for self-organization and learning. A Resilient Society can withstand shocks and rebuild  itself when necessary. It requires humans to embrace their capacity to anticipate, plan and adapt for the future.

RELi Credit Catalog
The RELi Catalog considers multiple scales of intervention with requirements for a panoramic approach, risk adaptation & mitigation for acute events and a comprehensive adaptation & mitigation for the present and future. RELi's framework highly focuses on social issues for community resilience such as providing community spaces and organisations. RELi also combines specific hazard designs such as flood preparedness with general strategies for energy and water efficiency. The following categories are used to organize the RELi credit list:

 Panoramic approach to Planning, design, Maintenance and Operations
 Hazard Preparedness
 Hazard adaptation and mitigation
 Community cohesion, social and economic vitality
 Productivity, health and diversity
 Energy, water, food
 Materials and artifacts
 Applied creativity, innovation and exploration

The RELI Program complements and expands on other popular rating systems such as LEED, Envision, and Living Building Challenge. The menu format of the catalog allows users to easily navigate the credits and recognize the goals achieved by RELI. References to other rating systems that have been used can help increase awareness on RELi and its credibility of its use. The reference for each credit is listed in the catalog for ease of access.

LEED Pilot Credits
In 2018, three new LEED pilot credits were released to increase awareness on specific natural and man-made disasters. The pilot credits are found in the Integrative Process category and are applicable to all Building Design and Construction rating systems.

 The first credit IPpc98: Assessment and Planning for Resilience, includes a prerequisite for a hazard assessment of the site. It is crucial to take into account the site conditions and how they change with variations in the climate. Projects can either choose to do a climate-related risk plan or can complete planning forms presented by the Red Cross.
 The second credit IPpc99: Assessment and Planning for Resilience, requires projects to prioritize three top hazards based on the assessments made in the first credit. specific mitigation strategies for each hazard have to be identified and implemented. Reference to other resilience programs such as the USRC should be made to support the choice of hazards.
 The third credit IPpc100: Passive Survivability and Functionality During Emergencies, focuses on maintaining livable and functional conditions during a disturbance. Projects can demonstrate the ability to provide emergency power for high priority functions, can maintain livable temperatures for a certain period of time, and provide access to water. For thermal resistance, reference to thermal modeling of the comfort tool's psychrometric chart should be made to support the thermal qualities of the building during a certain time. As for emergency power, backup power must last based on the critical loads and needs of the building use type.

LEED credits overlap with RELi rating system credits, the USGBC has been refining RELi to better synthesize with the LEED resilient design pilot credits.

Design based on climate change
It is important to assess current climate data and design in preparation of changes or threats to the environment. Resilience plans and passive design strategies can differ based on climates that are too hot. Here are general climate responsive design strategies based on three different climatic conditions:

Too Wet

 Use of Natural solutions: mangroves and other shoreline plants can act as barriers to flooding.
 Creating a Dike system: in areas with extreme floods, dikes can be integrated into the urban landscape to protect buildings.
 Using permeable paving: porous pavement surfaces absorb runoff in parking lots, roads and sidewalks.
 Rain Harvesting methods: collect and store rainwater for domestic or landscape purposes.

Too Dry

 Use of drought-tolerant plants: save water usage in landscaping methods
 Filtration of wastewater: recycling wastewater for landscaping or toilet usage.
 Use of courtyard layout: minimize the area affected by solar radiation and use water and plants for evaporative cooling.

Too Hot

 Use of vegetation: Trees can help cool the environment by reducing the urban heat island effect through evapotranspiration.
 Use of passive solar-design strategies: operable windows and thermal mass can cool the building down naturally.
 Window Shading strategies: control the amount of sunlight that enters the building to minimize heat gains during the day.
 Reduce or shade external adjacent thermal masses that will re-radiate into the building (e.g. pavers)

Design based on hazards

Hazard assessment
Determining and assessing vulnerabilities to the built environment based on specific locations is crucial for creating a resilience plan. Disasters lead to a wide range of consequences such as damaged buildings, ecosystems and human losses. For example, earthquakes that took place in the Wenchuan County in 2008, lead to major landslides which relocated entire city district such as Old Beichuan. Here are some natural hazards and potential strategies for resilience assessment.

Fire

 use of fire rated materials
 provide fire-resistant stairwells for evacuation
 universal escape methods to also help those with disabilities.

Hurricanes
There are multiple strategies for protecting structures against hurricanes, based on wind and rain loads.

 Openings should be protected from flying debris
 Structures should be elevated from possible water intrusion and flooding
 Building enclosures should be sealed with specific nailing patterns
 use of materials such as metal, tile or masonry to resist wind loads.

Earthquakes
Earthquakes can also result in the structural damage and collapse of buildings due to high stresses on building frames.

 Secure appliances such as heaters and furniture to prevent injury and fires
 expansion joints should be used in building structure to respond to seismic shaking.
 create flexible systems with base isolation to minimize impact
 provide earthquake preparedness kit with necessary resources during event

Sustainability
It is difficult to discuss the concepts of resilience and sustainability in comparison due to the various scholarly definitions that have been used in the field over the years. Many policies and academic publications on both topics either provide their own definitions of both concepts or  lack a clear definition of the type of resilience they seek. Even though sustainability is a well established term, there are generic interpretations of the concept and its focus. Sanchez et al. proposed a new characterization of the term 'sustainable resilience' which expands the social-ecological resilience to include more sustained and long-term approaches. Sustainable resilience focuses not only on the outcomes, but also on the processes and policy structures in the implementation.

Both concepts share essential assumptions and goals such as passive survivability and persistence of a system operation over time and in response to disturbances. There is also a shared focus on climate change mitigation as they both appear in larger frameworks such as Building Code and building certification programs. Holling and Walker argue that "a resilient sociol-ecological system is synonymous with a region that is ecological, economically and socially sustainable." Other scholars such as Perrings state that "a development strategy is not sustainable if it is not resilient." Therefore, the two concepts are intertwined and cannot be successful individually as they are dependent on one another. For example, in RELi and in LEED and other building certifications, providing access to safe water and an energy source is crucial before, during and after a disturbance.

Some scholars argue that resilience and sustainability tactics target different goals. Paula Melton argues that resilience focuses on the design for unpredictable, while sustainability focuses on the climate responsive designs. Some forms of resilience such as adaptive resilience focus on designs that can adapt and change based on a shock event, on the other hand, sustainable design focuses on systems that are efficient and optimized.

Quantification
The first influential quantitative resilience metric based on the functionality recovery curve was proposed by Bruneau et al., where resilience is quantified as the resilience loss as follows.

where  is the functionality at time ;  is the time when the event strikes;  is the time when the functionality full recovers.

The resilience loss is a metric of only positive value. It has the advantage of being easily generalized to different structures, infrastructures, and communities. This definition assumes that the functionality is 100% pre-event and will eventually be recovered to a full functionality of 100%. This may not be true in practice. A system may be partially functional when a hurricane strikes and may not be fully recovered due to uneconomic cost-benefit ratio.

Resilience index is a normalized metric between 0 and 1, computed from the functionality recovery curve.

where   is the functionality at time ;  is the time when the event strikes;  is the time horizon of interest.

See also
 Sustainable design
 Sustainability
 USGBC
 Urban resilience

Notes and references

External links
 Mobilizing Building Adaptation and Resilience project

Engineering concepts
Construction
Design
Architecture

Resilience (engineering and construction)


Maybrit Illner (née Klose; born 12 January 1965) is a German journalist and television presenter.

Education
Born in East Berlin, Illner went to school in the Friedrichshain area of Berlin and studied journalism at the University of Leipzig from 1984 to 1988. She joined the SED in 1986 and left it in 1991.

Career
After university, Illner worked as a television journalist at Deutscher Fernsehfunk, East German state television, until it was dissolved in 1991. She joined German broadcaster ZDF and co-presented Morgenmagazin, a weekday morning show from 1992. She became the head of the Morgenmagazin in 1998.

From October 1999, Illner presented an evening talk show originally titled Berlin Mitte but changed in March 2007 to Maybrit Illner. Besides, she moderated the TV election debates between Chancellor Gerhard Schröder and his challengers Edmund Stoiber (2002) and Angela Merkel (2005). In 2006, she interviewed President of Russia Vladimir Putin. She also interviewed Merkel shortly before the 2009 elections.

As successor to Steffen Seibert, Illner anchored ZDF's news show heute-journal from September 2010 until December 2012, in rotation with Claus Kleber and Marietta Slomka.

Since 2013, Illner has been focusing on her own political talkshow Maybrit Illner. Alongside Anne Will, Peter Kloeppel and Stefan Raab, she also moderated the only TV election debate between incumbent Merkel and her competitor Peer Steinbrück ahead of the 2013 elections, which was aired live on four of Germany's most-watched television channels during prime-time. Ahead of the 2017 elections, she moderated the debate between Merkel and Martin Schulz, this time with Kloeppel, Sandra Maischberger and Claus Strunz. Alongside Oliver Köhr, she most recently moderated one of three TV election debates between the three candidates to succeed Merkel – Annalena Baerbock, Armin Laschet and Olaf Scholz – ahead of the 2021 elections. In March 2022, she conducted the first major televised interview with Scholz as newly elected Chancellor; a second one followed in March 2023.

Personal life

She was married to fellow television journalist Michael Illner (born 1962) from 1988 to 2007. She married René Obermann, at that time CEO of Deutsche Telekom, on 14 August 2010 at Schloss Ulrichshusen. They live in Berlin and Bonn.

For the German Red Cross (DRK), Illner has travelled to Iraq in 2003 and Pakistan in 2004. In 2018, she chaired the jury for the annual Ludwig-Börne-Preis, which awarded the prize to journalist Souad Mekhennet.

Awards
 2000: Hanns-Joachim-Friedrichs-Award for critical and independent television journalism
 2001: Hans-Klein-Media Award for their moderation of the ZDF talk show  Berlin Mitte
 2002 and 2007: Bambi
 2003: Bayerischer Fernsehpreis
 2004: German Television Award for Best Information Programme
 2006: Hildegard von Bingen Prize for Journalism (according to the prize jury Illner understood transforming "the Anglo-Saxon form of information, Talk in a separate and unique media event")
 2009: Goldene Kamera in the category Best Information

Publications
 Frauen an der Macht. 21 einflussreiche Frauen berichten aus der Wirklichkeit. Hugendubel, Kreuzlingen, München 2005, .
 Politiker-Deutsch/Deutsch-Politiker. Langenscheidt, München, Berlin 2007, .
 (with Ingke Brodersen) Ente auf Sendung. Von Medien und ihren Machern. Deutsche Verlags Anstalt, München 2003, .

References

External links

ZDF: Maybrit Illner
Maybrit Illner Zeit interview
Talkshow-king Oskar Lafontaine by Lukas Hermsmeier on Cicero Online, 23. January 2009
»Politics demands dedication« Interview by Christoph Amend, Die Zeit, 5. July 2006

FemBio|http://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/maybrit-illner/

German women television presenters
German television presenters
German television talk show hosts
German broadcast news analysts
German television journalists
21st-century German journalists
1965 births
Living people
German women television journalists
Leipzig University alumni
ZDF people
People from Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg
21st-century German women

Maybrit Illner


A spiral galaxy is a kind of galaxy that looks like a flat, slowly rotating disk with a bulge in the centre, and spiral patterns extending outward from the bulge. It contains stars, gas, dust, dark matter and a supermassive black hole at its centre.

Galaxies were long thought to be nebulae.  The spiral nebula as a type was first described by Edwin Hubble in his 1936 work The Realm of the Nebulae.  They are now listed as galaxies, and are named after their shape.

The barred spiral galaxy is an important and common type of spiral galaxy. There are three other kinds of spiral galaxies. Grand-design spiral galaxies have two well-shaped and well-defined arms. Multiple-arm spiral galaxies have more arms. In flocculent spiral galaxies, it is hard to see the arms at all, as they are choppy and are ill-defined.

About 60% of galaxies in the universe near us (the 'local universe') are spiral and irregular galaxies. They are mostly found in low-density parts of the universe, and are rare in the centers of galaxy clusters.

Spiral arms
Spiral arms are regions in spiral galaxies.  They often contain dust,gas and star clusters of young ,hot  and massive stars.  They extend from the central bulge area of spiral and barred spiral galaxies.  The young, hot and massive stars are why the arms are brighter than the center of the galaxy. Some spiral galaxies have yellow, 'fossil' arms of older stars.

Milky Way
Our own Milky Way was found to be a spiral galaxy in the early 20th century. In the 1990s it was found to be a barred spiral galaxy. The bar is difficult to see from our position in the Galactic disk. The most convincing evidence for its existence comes from a survey,  performed by the Spitzer Space Telescope, of stars in the Galactic center.

References

Other websites

Spiral galaxy