Frederick Drew Gregory (born January 7, 1941) is a former United States Air Force pilot, military engineer, test pilot, and NASA astronaut as well as former NASA Deputy Administrator. He also served briefly as NASA Acting Administrator in early 2005, covering the period between the departure of Sean O'Keefe and the swearing in of Michael D. Griffin.

Early life and education
Gregory was born on January 7, 1941, in Washington, D.C.,  His father was Francis A. Gregory, an educator who was assistant superintendent for D.C. Public Schools as well as the first Black president of the D.C. Public Library Board of Trustees. His father was given the honors of having the Francis A. Gregory Neighborhood Library named after him. His mother was Nora Drew Gregory, a lifelong educator as well as public library advocate. She was also the sister of noted African-American physician, surgeon and researcher Dr. Charles Drew, who developed improved techniques for blood storage, and applied his expert knowledge in developing large-scale blood banks early in World War II, saving thousands of Allied lives. Gregory's great-grandfather was educator James Monroe Gregory. His family lore suggests he has an ancestor from Madagascar.

Gregory was raised in Washington, D.C., and graduated from Anacostia High School. He attended the United States Air Force Academy after being nominated by Adam Clayton Powell Jr.; there, he received his Air Force commission and an undergraduate degree in military engineering.

Military career
After graduating from the Air Force Academy, Gregory earned his wings after helicopter school, flew in Vietnam, transitioned to fighter aircraft, attended the Navy Test Pilot School, and then conducted testing as an engineering test pilot for both the Air Force and NASA. He also received a master's degree in information systems from George Washington University.

During his time in the Air Force, Gregory logged approximately 7,000 hours in more than 50 types of aircraft as a helicopter, fighter and test pilot. He flew 550 combat rescue missions in Vietnam.

NASA career

Gregory was selected as an astronaut in January 1978. His technical assignments included: Astronaut Office representative at the Kennedy Space Center during initial Orbiter checkout and launch support for STS-1 and STS-2; Flight Data File Manager; lead spacecraft communicator (CAPCOM); Chief, Operational Safety, NASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C.; Chief, Astronaut Training; and a member of the Orbiter Configuration Control Board and the Space Shuttle Program Control Board. Notably, he was one of the CAPCOM during the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.  A veteran of three Shuttle missions he has logged about 456 hours in space. He served as pilot on STS-51B (April 29 to May 6, 1985), and was the spacecraft commander on STS-33 (November 22–27, 1989), and STS-44 (November 24 to December 1, 1991).

STS-51B

STS-51B/Spacelab-3 launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on April 29, 1985, with Gregory serving as pilot. The crew aboard the Orbiter Challenger included spacecraft commander, Robert Overmyer; mission specialists, Norman Thagard, William E. Thornton, and Don Lind; and payload specialists, Taylor Wang and Lodewijk van den Berg. On this second flight of the laboratory developed by the European Space Agency (ESA), the crew conducted a broad range of scientific experiments ranging from space physics to the suitability of animal-holding facilities. The crew also deployed the Northern Utah Satellite (NUSAT). After seven days of around-the-clock scientific operations, Challenger and its laboratory cargo landed on the dry lakebed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on May 6, 1985. Mission duration was 168 hours, 8 minutes, 47 seconds.

STS-33

When STS-33 launched at night, from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on November 22, 1989, Gregory became the first African-American to command a space flight.NASA - Diversity in Space On board the Orbiter Discovery, Gregory's crew included the pilot, John Blaha, and three mission specialists, Manley (Sonny) Carter, Story Musgrave, and Kathryn Thornton. The mission carried Department of Defense payloads and other secondary payloads. After 79 orbits of the Earth, this five-day mission concluded on November 27, 1989, with a hard surface landing on Runway 04 at Edwards AFB, California. Mission duration was 120 hours, 7 minutes, 32 seconds.

STS-44

STS-44 launched at night from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on November 24, 1991. During 110 orbits of the Earth, the crew successfully deployed their prime payload, the Defense Support Program (DSP) satellite. They worked on a variety of secondary payloads ranging from the Military Man in Space experiment designed to evaluate the ability of a space borne observer to gather information about ground troops, equipment and facilities, and also participated in extensive studies evaluating medical countermeasures to long duration space flight. The crew aboard the Orbiter Atlantis included the pilot Tom Henricks; three mission specialists, Story Musgrave, Jim Voss, and Mario Runco Jr.; and Army payload specialist Tom Hennen. The mission concluded on December 1, 1991, with a landing at Edwards Air Force Base in California. Mission duration was 166 hours, 50 minutes, 42 seconds.

NASA administration

Gregory served at NASA Headquarters as Associate Administrator for the Office of Safety and Mission Assurance (1992–2001), and was Associate Administrator for the Office of Space Flight (2001–2002). On August 12, 2002, Mr. Gregory was sworn in as NASA Deputy Administrator. In that role, he was responsible to the Administrator for providing overall leadership, planning, and policy direction for the Agency. The Deputy Administrator performs the duties and exercises the powers delegated by the Administrator, assists the Administrator in making final Agency decisions, and acts for the Administrator in his or her absence by performing all necessary functions to govern NASA operations and exercise the powers vested in the Agency by law. The Deputy Administrator articulates the Agency's vision and represents NASA to the Executive Office of the President, Congress, heads of Federal and other appropriate Government agencies, international organizations, and external organizations and communities. From the departure of Sean O'Keefe on February 20, 2005, to the swearing in of Michael D. Griffin on April 14, 2005, he was the NASA Acting Administrator. He returned to the post of Deputy Administrator and on September 9, 2005, submitted his resignation. He was replaced on November 29, 2005, by Shana Dale.

Personal life
Gregory was married to the former Barbara Archer of Washington, D.C., until her death in 2008. They had two grown children. Frederick, D. Jr., a Civil Servant working in the office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (DOD), and a graduate of Stanford University and the University of Florida. Heather Lynn is a social worker and graduate of Sweet Briar College and the University of Maryland. He is now married to the former Annette Becke of Washington, D.C., and together they have three children and six grandchildren. His recreational interests include reading, boating, hiking, diving, biking and traveling.

Education
1958: Graduated from Anacostia High School, Washington, D.C.
1964: Received a Bachelor of Science degree from the United States Air Force Academy
1977: Received a master's degree in information systems from George Washington University

Organizations
Mr. Gregory is a member of the following organizations:
Order of Daedalians
The Air Force Association
The Tuskegee Airmen, Inc
United States Air Force Academy Endowment board member
United States Air Force Association of Graduates board member
Omega Psi Phi fraternity
Sigma Pi Phi fraternity
Society of Experimental Test Pilots
American Helicopter Society
National Aviation Hall of Fame board member
National Museum of the Air Force trustee
Chairman of the NASA Alumni League
National Technical Association
Association of Space Explorers officer
Astronaut Scholarship Foundation board member

Special honors
Mr. Gregory holds the following honors and awards:
Air Force Legion of Merit
Defense Superior Service Medal
Distinguished Flying Cross – 3
Defense Meritorious Service Medal
Air Force Meritorious Service Medal
Air Medal - 16
Air Force Commendation Medal
NASA Distinguished Service Medal - 2
NASA Spaceflight Medal – 3
NASA Outstanding Leadership Award - 2
National Intelligence Medal
Astronaut Hall of Fame
National Society of Black Engineers Distinguished Scientist Award
Designated an "Ira Eaker Fellow" by the Air Force Association
Presidential Rank Award
United States Air Force Academy Distinguished Graduate
The George Washington University Distinguished Graduate
Anacostia High School Hall of Fame
Honorary Doctorates from: The University of the District of Columbia, Southwestern University, The College of Aeronautics
The Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science President's Medal
The Consolidated Education and Training Facility at the United States Air Force Academy was renamed "Gregory Hall" in September 2021 in honor of Frederick Gregory

See also

 List of African-American astronauts

References

1941 births
Living people
American astronaut-politicians
American people of Malagasy descent
Anacostia High School alumni
Aviators from Washington, D.C.
Deputy Administrators of NASA
George W. Bush administration personnel
George Washington University alumni
Military personnel from Washington, D.C.
People from Southeast (Washington, D.C.)
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Space Shuttle program astronauts
United States Air Force Academy alumni
United States Air Force astronauts
United States Air Force colonels
United States Air Force personnel of the Vietnam War
United States Astronaut Hall of Fame inductees

Frederick D. Gregory


Forensic psychology is a branch of psychology which relates to the law. The main part of forensic psychology is working with the criminal justice system.

Forensic psychology is the use of psychological practices and principles and applying them to the legal system, mainly in court. In 1893 James McKeen Cattell at Columbia University was the first to research and study the psychology of testimony.

The American Psychological Association Council of Representatives in 2001 recognized Forensic psychology as a specialty. A broad definition for forensic psychology includes two parts. The first part is to research human behavior that is and/or can be related to the legal process. The second is the use of psychological practice to consult on and within the legal system, including both criminal and civil law.

The public part of a forensic psychologist's time is spent in a courtroom working as a witness for the court. They answer questions based on interviews and discussions with people suspected of a crime. One aspect of a forensic psychologist is to give evidence as to the suspect's ability to stand trial. Another is to give their thoughts about the accused's state of mind at the time of the offense. At sentencing, a forensic psychologist may give evidence of mitigating circumstances arising from the accused's condition at the time.

Major roles
Forensic psychology has some major roles in a court that bring psychology into a legal arena. The first is "malingering" a defendant is pretending to have a  mental illness, or is lying to the court about his state of mind. A forensic psychologist keeps in mind that a defendant may have a mental disorder but also keeps in mind to watch for signs of deception, or errors in the defendant's story.  Another job of a forensic psychologist is to investigate the state of mind of the defendant at the time he or she committed the crime. Another is to see whether or not the defendant is able to be charged with the crimes due to his or her mental condition. Another job is to evaluate the defendant to see if he or she is able to be rehabilitated, or if they might commit the crime again.

History of forensic psychology
The branch of psychology known as Forensic psychology has been in existence for a little over 50 years.  This branch of psychology has gone through many changes throughout the years.

These changes have been possible due to a development in different ways to assess psychological factors.  These assessments are used in courtrooms in order to work to understand behaviors which are criminal or abnormal.  These tests include but are not limited to: The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the Rorschach Ink Blot Test and The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.

The ancient Greeks and Romans were the ones to first introduce the concept of insanity to the law. One of the first cases was Rex v. Arnold in 1723 in which Edward Arnold "Mad Ned" shot and injured Lord Onslow.  As a result, Edward Arnold was found guilty and sentenced to death.  But, Lord Onslow was not satisfied with this decision and said instead he should remain in prison for life. The judge ruled in his favor and that the behavior after the crime was admissible.  This ruling set the stage for future trials to consider medical testimony and examinations performed after the crime.

Rorschach ink blot test
The Rorschach Ink Blot Test was developed in the 1930s by a man named Hermann Rorschach.   With this test, subjects were shown an ambiguous blot of ink on a page and were asked to describe what they see.  Based on the response of the subject, they are then evaluated using a scale which can then provide inferences about their personality characteristics as well as emotional functioning.  Based on the contributions of this test, it has been used in multiple court proceedings including but not limited to criminal, civil, domestic, and quasi-legal.

References

Other websites
http://www.all-about-forensic-psychology.com/
http://www.ap-ls.org/
http://www.apa.org/

Branches of psychology
Forensics

Forensic psychology


Maria da Conceição (died 1798, São Paulo), was an alleged Brazilian witch.

Maria da Conceição was active as a cunning woman. She was known for her great knowledge of medicinal herbs, which she used to manufacture medicine for use in her work as a herbalist physician. She eventually came into conflict with a priest, Father Luis, who was opposed to herbal medicine.

Father Luis accused her of heresy and witchcraft. Maria da Conceição was put on trial in accordance with the Portuguese law against witchcraft. She was judged guilty as charged, and executed by burning.  In 1798, witch trials had long ago disappeared in Europe, but still occurred in Latin America.

References

1798 deaths
People executed for witchcraft
People executed by Portugal by burning
18th-century Brazilian people
18th-century Brazilian women
18th-century executions by Portugal

Maria da Conceição (d. 1798)


Bakhyt Beshimbekovich Akhmetov (, Bahyt Beşimbekovich Ahmetov; born March 27, 1979, in Shymkent) is a Kazakhstani weightlifter. He is a three-time Olympian and a two-time medalist for the 94 and 105 kg classes at the Asian Games.

Formerly a member of the Kyrgyzstan team, Akhmetov made his official debut for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, where he hauled 367.5 kilograms in total for a fifteenth-place finish in the men's middle heavyweight class (94 kg). In 2002, Akhmetov achieved his early success by capturing the gold medal in the same category at the Asian Games in Busan, South Korea.

Akhmetov was also considered a top medal contender, when he competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, representing his birth nation. He lifted a total of 390 kg in the men's 94 kg class, finishing only in seventh place by five kilograms short of the clean and jerk record from Turkey's Hakan Yılmaz.

At the 2006 Asian Games in Doha, Qatar, Akhmetov switched to a heavier class by competing in the men's 105 kg class, where he claimed the bronze medal, with a total of 388 kg.

At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Bakhmetov competed this time for the men's heavyweight class (105 kg), against several top-class weightlifters, including world record holders Marcin Dołęga of Poland Andrei Aramnau of Belarus. During the competition, he successfully lifted 190 kg in the single-motion snatch, and hoisted 225 kg in the two-part, shoulder-to-overhead clean and jerk, for a total of 415 kg. Bakhmetov finished the event in fifth place by five kilograms short of Dołęga's overall record (420 kg). For being the most experienced member, Bakhmetov also became Kazakhstan's flag bearer in the opening ceremony.

References

External links

NBC 2008 Olympics profile

Kazakhstani male weightlifters
Kyrgyzstani male weightlifters
1979 births
Living people
Olympic weightlifters for Kazakhstan
Olympic weightlifters for Kyrgyzstan
Weightlifters at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Weightlifters at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Weightlifters at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Shymkent
Asian Games medalists in weightlifting
Weightlifters at the 2002 Asian Games
Weightlifters at the 2006 Asian Games
Asian Games gold medalists for Kazakhstan
Asian Games bronze medalists for Kazakhstan
Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games

Bakhyt Akhmetov


KKOB (770 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station, licensed to Albuquerque, New Mexico and owned by Cumulus Media. Its news/talk format is branded as "96.3 Newsradio KKOB", reflecting a simulcast with co-owned KKOB-FM 96.3 MHz. Studios and offices are located in Downtown Albuquerque. KKOB is the oldest station in New Mexico and is the state's primary entry point for the Emergency Alert System.

KKOB's transmitter site is off Second Street NW in North Valley. It is a Class B facility, operating around the clock with 50,000 watts, the maximum allowed in the United States by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). During the daytime, it uses a non-directional signal that reaches most of New Mexico's populated areas, as well as parts of Colorado and Arizona.  At night, it uses a directional antenna, primarily to limit its signal to the east in the direction of WABC in New York City, the primary Class A station on 770 AM. With a good radio KKOB can be heard at night across much of the western half of North America. To compensate for KKOB's loss of signal at night in Santa Fe, since 1986, it has been simulcast on 770 kHz by a 230 watt experimental synchronous transmitter located in that city.

Programming

News and Talk
KKOB-AM-FM provide local news and weather updates around the clock, traffic "on the 7's" and national news updates from ABC News Radio.  On weekdays, the schedule features mostly local talk shows including Bob Clark in morning drive time, Brandon Vogt middays, TJ Trout afternoons and Eric Strauss in the evening.  The rest of the schedule is nationally syndicated talk radio hosts Dan Bongino, Mark Levin, "Red Eye Radio" and "America in The Morning."

Weekends includes shows on money, health, home repair, gardening, cars, travel and technology, some of which are paid brokered programming.  Terry Travis hosts a local talk show on weekend mornings.  Syndicated shows on weekends include Chris Plante, Rudy Maxa and Bill Cunningham.

Sports
KKOB broadcasts University of New Mexico Lobos basketball and football games. Some other Lobo sports can also be heard on co-owned sports radio station KNML.

History

Early years
The station began as KOB, first licensed by the federal government on .  However, the person most responsible for its founding, Ralph Willis Goddard, by this time already had extensive experience with radio. Goddard was the dean of the Engineering School at New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts (now New Mexico State University).  It was located in State College, New Mexico, near Las Cruces. Goddard headed the school's Radio Club, and in the spring of 1920, arranged for the university to be issued a license for an experimental radio station, which was issued the call sign 5XD. In addition to experimental work, this station was used for such things as reporting sport scores. Eventually the station expanded from its initial Morse code transmissions to audio programs, including entertainment broadcasts.

Initially, there were no formal standards for radio stations making broadcasts intended for the general public. However, effective December 1, 1921, the United States Department of Commerce, which supervised radio at this time, issued a regulation requiring that stations making broadcasts intended for the general public now had to operate under a "Limited Commercial" license. On April 5, 1922,  the university was issued a broadcasting station license with the randomly assigned call letters KOB.

The 1928 passage of the Davis Amendment required an equitable assignment of radio facilities within five regions of the United States. Effective November 11, 1928, as part of a major reassignment of stations under the Federal Radio Commission's General Order 40, KOB was assigned to 1180 kHz, one of Region 5's high-powered "clear channel" frequencies. Although this allowed unlimited operation during daylight hours, nighttime hours were shared with KEX in Portland, Oregon, with KOB receiving 1/3rd of the after-sunset hours, and KEX assigned the rest.

On December 31, 1929, while preparing the transmitter for a New Year's Eve broadcast, Goddard was instantly killed when he came into contact with high voltage equipment. In 1932 the station reduced its power from 20 to 10 kilowatts because of transmitter issues.

Albuquerque Journal ownership

In 1932, the university arranged for KOB to be leased by the Albuquerque Journal, which later purchased the station. KOB's last State College broadcast was on April 24, and it resumed broadcasting that fall in Albuquerque. KOB was an NBC Red Network affiliate, carrying its schedule of dramas, comedies, news, sports, soap operas, game shows and big band broadcasts during the "Golden Age of Radio".

In 1940, KOB's timesharing partner, KEX, moved to 1160 kHz, which allowed KOB to expand its nighttime operating hours to unlimited. In March 1941, a nationwide frequency reassignment took place with the implementation of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA). Initially, KOB was assigned to 1030 kHz. WBZ in Boston, Massachusetts was the primary station assigned to 1030 kHz; moreover, it employed a directional antenna that strengthened its signal toward the west. The resulting excessive nighttime interference between WBZ and KOB caused the FCC to reassign KOB to 770 kHz. However, WJZ (now WABC) in New York City was also assigned to 770 kHz, and this led to a series of legal battles between the two stations over nighttime coverage that would last for decades.

 In 1948, Tom Pepperday, owner and publisher of the Journal, signed on KOB-TV, the first television station between the Mississippi River and the West Coast.  The stations were acquired by Time Life in 1952. In 1957, they were sold to Hubbard Broadcasting, Inc. On August 1, 1967, KOB-FM (now KOBQ) first signed on.  At first, it simulcast KOB, but soon began its own format of beautiful music, and in the 1980s, switched to adult contemporary music.

Separation of KOB radio and KOB-TV

Hubbard Broadcasting sold KOB AM and FM to Southwest Radio in 1986. At the time, FCC regulations stated that stations could not share call signs if they were not co-owned, so with Hubbard keeping the TV station as KOB-TV, Southwest had to find new call letters for the radio stations.  In order to trade on the well-known KOB identity, a leading "K" was appended, becoming KKOB and KKOB-FM on October 28. Despite their separate ownership, KKOB still has a news partnership with KOB-TV.

In 1994, KKOB AM and FM were sold to Citadel Broadcasting for $7.8 million. In 2011, Citadel was acquired by the station's current owner, Cumulus Media. Under Cumulus ownership, some shows syndicated by Premiere Networks were dropped, such as Coast-to-Coast AM and Sean Hannity, because Premiere is owned by Cumulus rival iHeartMedia. KKOB switched to mostly airing programs syndicated by Cumulus Media's Westwood One subsidiary, only retaining one Premiere Networks weekday show, Rush Limbaugh until his death in 2021. Dan Bongino took over the midday time slot previously held by Limbaugh on all Cumulus stations on May 24, 2021.

On September 1, 2016, KKOB began simulcasting its programming over translator station K233CG (94.5 FM) in Sandia, which Cumulus purchased for $425,000.

Legal dispute with WABC New York

Beginning in 1941, KOB was involved in a 38-year-long dispute over the use of the 770 kHz frequency with New York City station WABC (originally WJZ), a Class I-A clear-channel station. In 1978, the FCC noted that "No other station assignment among the thousands so far established has approached this one in the length, complexity, and thoroughness of the consideration that has been accorded in adjudicatory and rulemaking proceedings before the Commission, and in repeated judicial reviews."

In March 1941, with the implementation of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA), most of the original "clear channel" stations were reassigned to comparable authorizations. The FCC attempted to give KOB an assignment that would allow it to use high power to serve a large area of the underserved southwestern United States. KOB's initial 1941 NARBA assignment was for operation on 1030 kHz. However, another high-powered station, WBZ in Boston, Massachusetts, was also assigned to this frequency; moreover, WBZ employed a directional antenna that strengthened its signal westward. The resulting nighttime interference between WBZ and KOB caused the FCC, beginning later in 1941, to reassign KOB to 770 kHz with the first of a series of temporary Special Service Authorizations.

The joint assignment of KOB and WABC to 770 kHz still resulted in interference over large areas of the middle of the country. The FCC later concluded that KOB and WABC should have equal status on 770 kHz as "Class I-B" stations, with both required to protect the nighttime coverage of the other station, and ordered that KOB and WJZ both install directional antennas. KOB constructed the required nighttime directional antenna, but WABC refused to comply, appealing the order in the courts. WABC's challenge was successful, primarily on the grounds that downgrading its coverage left its ABC network at a disadvantage compared to the other two national networks' New York City stations, CBS's WCBS and NBC's WNBC, which were non-directional operations. The FCC then reclassified KOB as a "Class II-A" station, and its directional antenna was modified to further reduce its signal toward WABC.

Hot air balloon accident
On October 9, 2004, a Smokey Bear imaged hot air balloon participating in the Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta collided with and became entangled in one of KKOB's transmitter towers. The three passengers were able to climb out of the basket onto the tower. However, the tower was energized and could have led to electrocution once the passengers set foot on ground, so KKOB shut down its transmitter following the accident in order to enable them to climb down to safety. This accident was recorded by several local television stations, and the footage has become a standard story on a number of televised reality programs which deal with "caught on camera" incidents.

Awards
KKOB has been awarded four Marconi Awards from the National Association of Broadcasters – one in 1997, "Talk Station of the Year" in 2001,  "Medium Market Station of the Year" in 2009 and "Legendary Station" in 2010. The station has received 13 nominations.  KKOB was awarded "Station of the Year" honors from Radio & Records magazine in 2009. From the New Mexico Broadcasters Association the station has received numerous awards including "Station of the Year" 13 times since 2000.

Former personalities
Larry Ahrens, mornings 1980–2004
Jim 'Noochie' Villanucci, afternoons 1999 – February 28, 2013
Billy "Fatback" Cornelius, evenings 2013–2014
Terrie Q. Sayre, weekends 2007–2015, died on January 22, 2015
Mike Roberts, voice of University of New Mexico football and basketball games on KKOB from 1966 until 2007. Also did the morning sports news for many years, and broadcast Albuquerque Dukes games on KKOB for many years. Died in September 2016.
Pat Frisch, former program director who had done mornings and middays, left station in June 2019.
Scott Stiegler, afternoon host from 2013–2019 now works in the sales department.

Notes

References

External links
KKOB home page

 FCC History Cards for KKOB (covering 1927–1981 as KOB)
 "Ralph Willis Goddard: New Mexico's First Broadcaster" (video documentary) by KRWGnews, December 9, 2020
 "Site of the Week 11/18/11: KKOB 770, Albuquerque, NM" by Scott Fybush, November 18, 2011
 "KOB Story" by Mark Durenberger, October 2017

KOB AM
KOB AM
Radio stations established in 1922
Cumulus Media radio stations
1922 establishments in New Mexico

KKOB (AM)


Pedda Bala Siksha  is an encyclopedia in the Telugu language, suitable for children and adults. The book covers literature, arts, culture, morals, games, mythology, and science. It was considered part of the academic syllabus for students until the 1960s.

History
In 1832, Chadalawada Seetarama Sastry was commissioned by his British friend, Mestarkululo, to write an educational book for British children, and wrote Bala Siksha. The first edition was only of 48 pages. The book was then reprinted in 1856, with 78 pages. By 1965, the book had been renamed Balala Viveka Kalpa Taruvu after the inclusion of material on literature, geography, Sanskrit prosody, and other topics.

In 1916, the book was published by Vavilla Ramaswamy Sastrulu and Sons under the name Pedda Bala Siksha after a thorough revision. Vajja Seetarama Sastry's brother, Vajjala Narayana Sastry, assisted in editing it. Narayana Sastry accompanied Enugula Veeraswamy to Varanasi and on his return Veeraswamy fulfilled Narayana Sastry's request to visit Pudur, near Naidupet, Combined Nellore District.

There are now many independent versions of Pedda Bala Siksha. Recently Gajula Satyanarayana, a popular writer, has released his own edition.

References

External links
 Upakari.com
 Filecrop.com
 2020ok.com
 archive.org

Telugu-language literature
Indian encyclopedias
1832 books
19th-century encyclopedias
20th-century encyclopedias
19th-century Indian books
20th-century Indian books

Pedda Bala Siksha


BC Transit is a transit company run by the British Columbian government that gives bus services to many towns and areas in the province.

Before 1979, the power company, BC Hydro, ran the buses. In 1979, the province made the transit company into a separate agency called the Urban Transit Authority which became BC Transit in 1983.

BC Transit transit plans the routes and schedules but doesn't run the buses in most of the province. In 1999, a new company called TransLink was made to run the buses, metro, and trains in Vancouver. BC Transit might give more areas to TransLink one day.

History

A company called the BC Electric Railway was made in 1897 to replace the Consolidated Railway Company, which had run the streetcars in Victoria, Vancouver and New Westminster. Slowly the streetcars and interurban trains were changed to electric trolley and gas-powered buses. The province made BC Hydro in 1962 to take over when the old company ran out of money.

In 1979, the government made the Urban Transit Authority, to plan and make rules for public transit; and the Metro Transit Operating Company, a separate crown corporation that actually ran the buses. The new structure was meant to provide local governments with more decision-making power and funding of their local systems. BC Transit was in 1982.

In 1999, Vancouver's transit system started to be controlled by a difference company, TransLink.

In 2018, BC Transit started running its first intercity buses in Northern British Columbia after Greyhound Canada stopped running buses in the province. In 2019, drivers got safety doors to stop people from hurting them. During the COVID outbreak in March 2020, BC Transit made buses free everywhere in the province and let people get on in the back door. This lasted until June 1, 2020.

Transit systems
The Victoria Regional Transit System, in the capital, is the only system where the buses are run by BC Transit. Outside Victoria, the bus schedules and routes are made by BC Transit but the buses are driven by other companies. In four places (Nanaimo, Nelson, Powell River, and the Sunshine Coast) the towns run the buses.

HandyDART

BC Transit runs buses for people who have difficulty getting around. These buses are called paratransit and people call for the service to pick them up and drop them off ahead of time.

Health Connections

Because lots of small towns don't have hospitals and doctors, there are also some buses that run from small towns into big cities. These buses don't run often, but they're still very important.

References

Companies based in British Columbia
Transport companies

BC Transit


Furniture is the word that means all the things like chairs, tables, cupboards, beds and bookcases, etc.

In other words, furniture are all the things that are in the house and that people can use to sit, to lie on or that are supposed to contain smaller things like cloths or cups. Furniture is made of wood, particle boards, leather, screws etc.

Different rooms have different furniture for different purposes. Offices have office furniture such as desks and office chairs. Dining rooms have a table and dining chairs. Theaters and classrooms have rows of seats facing forward.

Bedroom furniture includes a bed covered by sheets, a bedspread and maybe a blanket and pillow . Next to the bed is the nightstand or night table. A lamp may be on the nightstand. The dresser has drawers for clothes. On top of a dresser may be a mirror.

Etymology
The time period "fixtures" reveals its roots withinside the Latin language. It is derived from the Latin word "furnitūra," which means "equipment" or "apparatus." The word "furnitūra" itself is a by-product of the Latin verb "furnīre," which means "to equip" or "to provide." Over time, the means of "fixtures" advanced to embody a broader variety of gadgets associated with equipping and furnishing dwelling areas. It got here to indicate movable gadgets and add-ons that decorate the capability and luxury of home environments. The time period "fixtures" first seemed withinside the English language withinside the sixteenth century.

History
The concept of furniture was first developed as early as 3100-2500 B.C. The first items created for household use were made of stone, as wood was not readily available during the Neolithic time period. Dressers, cupboards, and beds were among the first forms of furniture. One particular issue of fixtures is their capacity to form and replicate cultural and ancient narratives via design. Furniture serves as a visible illustration of the winning aesthetics, societal values, and technological improvements of a selected technology or culture. Each piece of fixture holds a tale inside its design, materials, and craftsmanship. From the ornate carvings and gilded gildings of Rococo fixtures in 18th-century Europe to the glossy traces and minimalist kinds of mid-century cutting-edge pieces, fixtures offer a tangible connection to the artistic, social, and technological tendencies of its time. Furthermore, fixtures frequently embody the cultural identity of a selected area or community. Traditional fixtures and patterns may be deeply rooted withinside the records and customs of a selected culture, reflecting particular craftsmanship techniques, symbolic motifs, and indigenous materials. For instance, the difficult lattice paintings of Moroccan Mashrabiya monitors or the stylish simplicity of Japanese shoji monitors now no longer handiest serve practical functions but additionally encapsulate the cultural history of their respective societies. Moreover, fixtures can act as a medium for self-expression and private identification. People frequently pick fixtures that align with their character tastes and preferences, reflecting their lifestyle, values, and aesthetics. This personalization of fixtures permits people to create particular residing areas that resonate with their very own identities and aspirations. By analyzing fixtures as greater than simply practical objects, we are able to benefit from insights into the ancient, cultural, and private dimensions of human experience. From the grand palaces and stately houses to humble dwellings and modern-day interiors, fixtures stay an effective device for storytelling, connecting us to our past, present, and future. The dresser was said to be the most important piece of furniture in the beginning, as they faced the entrance of each house in Neolithic society and often displayed carved artwork of symbolic objects. Over the years, especially in modern years, the concept of functional furniture in households exploded while keeping the artwork aspect that was displayed in the Neolithic period. This has made way for pieces in our culture that are both functional to our everyday lives and also a form of artwork that is pleasant to look at. The basic design of most furniture has remained the same for the most part though material and stability have become stronger and longer lasting with more of a focus on comfort and luxury in our modern lives.

Related pages
 Cabinet making

References

Furniture

Furniture


Kaikondrahalli Lake is in Kaikondrahalli on Sarjapur Road, south east Bangalore and is spread over 48 acres of land. It is one of the traditional tank system in Bangalore which was created over hundreds of years ago and connected through a web of canals to different lakes. This was also used to provide water to the agricultural lands around the area. The region around the lake has encountered an expansion in land estate in the previous decade.

Around the year 2000, the lake was filled up with fresh water and surrounded by various flora and fauna. By 2003, the lake had started to dry up as various channels to the lake was blocked due to construction and dumping of garbage. By 2007, the lake bed was a slushy bed of sewage and waste. This lake was later restored and is an example of urban commons revived by the local community with the help of the municipal corporation, BBMP (Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike).

Restoration
In 2008, Priya Ramasubban, a documentary film maker and a local resident of Kaikondrahalli saw a report in the newspaper about a BBMP initiated rejuvenation program for the lake. Realising the then state of the Kaikondrahalli lake, she and other residents formed a small core group who invited other members with technical expertise to join them in the planning of rejuvenating Kaikondrahalli lake. The Detailed Project Report (DPR) had already been prepared and the budget had been sanctioned. The original DPR was looked into and redesigned to focus more on ecology than just the aesthetics of the lake park. Local residents contributed funds and collected hundreds of saplings of native species for plantation in the lake premises. Along with the local community, the then chief engineer of the lakes division of BBMP, Mr. BV Sathish coordinated with the local residents in the restoration of the lake.

Some of the changes made from the original DPR were to retain as much area under water as possible as the area around the lake is dependent on ground water. Using inputs from a local architect, access to the lake was provided to lake visitors as well as to the children of the school adjacent to the lake, which originally had to be fenced off from the lake. Washrooms were constructed and it could be used by the lake visitors and the school children. To prevent the main lake from getting polluted, the DPR was redesigned to build a separate enclosure at the corner of the lake for the immersion of idols during Ganesh Chaturthi and other religious festivals. The infrastructure was completed and water started flowing in after four years from its commencement of restoration. The small core group residents formed themselves into a non-profit trust called MAPSAS (Mahadevapura Parisara Samrakshane Mattu Abhivrudhi Samiti). The lake has been restored and maintained jointly by MAPSAS, BBMP and the local community.

On February 4th, 2012, Nobel Laureate, Elinor Ostrom, American political economist, visited the Kaikondrahalli lake to look at its restoration work by the local community. A plaque regarding the same has been installed next to a jackfruit tree planted by Elinor Ostrom.

MAPSAS
The group of residents responsible for the rejuvenation of the Kaikondrahalli lake formed a non-profit trust called MAPSAS (Mahadevapura Parisara Samrakshane Mattu Abhivrudhi Samiti) in 2011. The trust was formed to rejuvenate and maintain the chain of lakes such as Parappana Agrahara lake, Kudlu Dodda kere, Kudlu Chikka kere, Haralur lake, Kasavanahalli lake, Kaikondrahalli lake and Saul kere from the Parappana Agrahara series and Dodda Ambalipura, Chikka Ambalipura, Ibblur and Bellandur form another chain nearby. MAPSAS and the BBMP are jointly responsible for maintenance of these lakes. While the BBMP takes care of the initial big investments on infrastructure, MAPSAS takes care of the other aspects of daily maintenance.

Kere Habba
Kere Habba (Lake festival) is an annual celebration of the lake at the Kaikondrahalli lake. It features organic and eco-friendly santhe, live music performances, storytelling sessions, workshops, activities and a conference. This is a one-day sunrise to sunset event which focuses on two objectives – to show the significance of lakes and as a fundraiser for the maintenance of the lake.  On 16th February, 2020, MAPSAS along with BBMP conducted its 6th edition of this festival which took place from 6am to 6pm, with events such as the bird walk, kere run, photography workshop, puppet show, storytelling, Yakshagana, etc.

Fundraiser
As the resources reduced for the monthly maintenance of the lake, in 2017 four residents from around the lake, Pushpa Krishna, Rinaz Mohammad, Padma Srinivas and her husband Srinivas Sampath, took part in the 42 km Standard Chartered Mumbai Marathon (SCMM) and individually started a fundraiser on Milaap for the upkeep of the lake.  Altogether they raised up to nearly 3.3 lakhs for the maintenance of the Kaikondrahalli lake. Other than this, every year, Kere Habba is celebrated which is also a fundraiser collected through various stalls and activities conducted from sunrise to sunset on one particular day.

Flora and Fauna
In 2014, a survey was conducted to identify the various Flora and Fauna species at the Kaikondrahalli lake. According to the survey, around 43 species of birds, 26 species of reptiles and 3000 plants comprising at least 33 varieties have been identified. Many migratory birds also visit this biodiversity lake from October to March. This in turn gathers many photography enthusiasts and bird watchers to the lake.

Facilities
The park has various facilities such as walking/jogging pathway, washroom, play areas, parks, cycling tracks, butterfly garden and an amphitheatre. People can also bring their pets with them to the park from 5am – 11am and 3pm to 7pm.

Post restoration
In the recent years, the lake has been suffering from algal growth and stench due to the sewage entering the lake from a close by private property. To resolve this issue MAPSAS had taken an initiative to pour Effective Microorganism (EM) solution into the lake. Few days after that, MAPSAS and volunteers from around the area gathered to make bokashi balls (Japanese technique that clears off sludge) to dump in the lake. It was made using the bokashi powder (containing sawdust and husk), mixed with cow dung, red mud sludge from the lake, jaggery and effective microorganism (EM) solution. This mixture was then rolled into balls and left to activate, after which it was dumped in the lake.

During every summer, since 2018, the lake water has had algal bloom and the stench. Pouring of EM solution and dropping Bokashi balls into the lake has only become a temporary solution. MAPSAS also took initiative in seeking the BBMP Lakes team's help in initiating an underground drainage system to diverge sewage water from the lake, as a long-term relief. The BBMP has thus decided to spend Rs.3 crore for constructing diversion drain at Kaikondrahalli lake.

Films
In 2013, as an initiative by the Stockholm Resilience Centre, Swedish University, a documentary film, 'Kaikondarahalli lake – The Uncommon Story of an Urban Commons', was released. Harini Nagendra, an ecologist and a community member of the Kaikondrahalli lake was approached by Nobel Laureate Elinor Ostrom to do a research project on the conservation of the Kaikondrahalli lake by the local community. The film was has two versions- a three minute clipping to screen during seminars and conferences and a longer version which was uploaded to the biodiversity page of the university website.

References

Kaikondrahalli Lake


Diana & Marvin is a duets album by American soul musicians Diana Ross and Marvin Gaye, released October 26, 1973 on Motown. Recording sessions for the album took place between 1971 and 1973 at Motown Recording Studios in Hollywood, California. Gaye and Ross were widely recognized at the time as two of the top pop music performers.

Diana & Marvin became a multi-chart success that sold over a million copies worldwide. The album was remastered and re-released on compact disc with four bonus tracks on February 6, 2001.

History

Recordings
Initial plans to make the Ross/Gaye duet album began as early as 1970, but due to Gaye being in a personal lull following the death of Tammi Terrell, Motown failed to bring the two together and instead focused on Ross' emerging solo career, which didn't take off until the release of her cover of Gaye and Terrell's "Ain't No Mountain High Enough", which became an international hit; however, during that time, Gaye had made a promise that he would never again record a duet with a female performer because he felt they were cursed by him recording with them (Mary Wells abruptly left Motown following the end of the Together album and her career failed to recover, Kim Weston also abruptly left the label following the end of their Take Two sessions and Terrell's complications with a brain tumor, which later resulted in her death, made duets between her and Gaye difficult).

In mid-1971, Gaye returned to the charts with the What's Going On album, released on May 21, 1971, which redefined his career and direction. Due to this, Gordy again approached him on doing a duet album with Ross. Though Gaye had insisted he wouldn't record any more duet albums, he later wrote that he felt the move to do a duet album with Ross would increase his popularity with Ross' wider audience.

Engineer Russ Terrana later recalled that the start of sessions met difficulty as Gaye, who had the habit of coming to recording studios late, came unusually early but was inside the studio smoking reefer. Terrana said when Ross, still pregnant with her first child, daughter Rhonda, walked in, she immediately walked out, upset that Gaye was smoking reefer and told Gordy to stop him from smoking because of her pregnancy fearing her baby might die from the smoke. When Gordy asked Gaye to put the reefer out, Gaye told him, "if I can't smoke, I can't sing." Eventually, however, Gaye did put the reefer out and Ross re-entered the studio with Gaye recording a cover of Wilson Pickett's "Don't Knock My Love". According to the album's later liner notes, Ross hated "Don't Knock My Love" and reportedly asked Gaye "why are we recording this song?"

Later recording sessions proved to be difficult as Ross had her baby and laid low following Rhonda's birth. She had also finished work on the movie, Lady Sings the Blues. Gaye, in the meantime, was busy on other projects putting future recording sessions in limbo. Due to this, Motown decided to do what they had done with Gaye and Terrell - record them separately. Ross and Gaye ended up recording in different sessions with Terrana mixing the duo's vocals together.

The album would feature the last Ashford & Simpson production for Motown, "Just Say, Just Say", though the duo would later reunite with Ross on her The Boss album. Gaye later said of the experience: "I'm not sure I handled the situation very well. Musically I may have overplayed my hand. I was too cavalier. I should have done everything in the world to make Diana comfortable. After all, she was making movies, recording two or three albums a year, starring in her own TV specials, and about to have a baby. I could have been a little more understanding. But I went the other way. It's hard for me to deal with prima donnas. We were like two spoiled kids going after the same cookie..."

Release
Album sessions dragged on throughout 1971 and into early 1973. Ross reported in an early 1973 interview in Blues & Soul magazine that the album, produced by Ashford & Simpson, was to be titled Art & Honey and was due in September that year. Since the album was not under Gaye's Tamla contract where Gaye had become the first Motown-established artist to have full autonomous creative control, the album was instead issued under the Motown imprint, which Ross recorded with. Motown held the album from being released, as Ross and Gaye had solo albums ready for release. Ross released the solo album, Touch Me in the Morning, which coincidentally included a cover of another Marvin single, "Save the Children", which was included in a socially conscious medley along with the song, "Brown Baby". Gaye released his solo album, Let's Get It On, that August. Both albums brought huge success as both peaked in the top ten with Gaye's album eventually selling more than three million copies, becoming his best-selling Motown album ever surpassing What's Going On.

Motown decided to issue the long-awaited Diana & Marvin album in 1973. Assured that the album would be a success, Motown billed it with Diana Ross' name in front of Gaye's. Gaye recalled he smirked and chuckled at the decision. Gaye tried in vain to get Gordy to allow him to name the album Marvin & Diana and give him production credit; since the album was not issued on Tamla, the producer refused Gaye's demands. Despite a huge promotional push, the album was only a modest success in the U.S. reaching number 26 on the Billboard 200 and number 7 on the R&B albums chart, selling over 500,000 copies in America.

It was far more successful in the United Kingdom, where Gaye and Ross had substantial fan bases, reaching number 6 on the UK albums chart and was certified gold for sales in excess of 100,000 copies. In the States, Motown issued three singles: "You're a Special Part of Me" (number 12 pop, number 4 R&B), "My Mistake (Was to Love You)" (number 19 pop, number 15 R&B) and "Don't Knock My Love" (number 46 pop, number 25 R&B), the latter song went to number one in Brazil. In the UK, two singles were released and they were both covers of Stylistics songs. The first, "Stop, Look, Listen (To Your Heart)", reached number 25 there (the original Stylistics single failed to chart there), while the second, "You Are Everything", became a smash reaching number 5. Despite their initial problems, both Gaye and Ross would tell the press that they enjoyed working on the album, with Gaye telling Soul Train host Don Cornelius on a February 16, 1974 episode that he'd love to work with Ross in the future.

The artists would eventually reunite to sing together for two duets to be featured on the Berry Gordy Sr. tribute album, Pops We Love You in 1978, including the title song, "Pops, We Love You (A Tribute to Father)" along with Smokey Robinson and Stevie Wonder, and a pop-gospel tune, "I'll Keep My Light in My Window". Unlike most of the sessions for Diana & Marvin, the two stars recorded the songs in the studio together.

Legacy and covers
The duo's cover of "Stop, Look, Listen (To Your Heart)" has been sampled and interpolated by several hip-hop artists over the years including 50 Cent, Smilez and Southstar (who had their one and only hit with "Tell Me", which sampled the song), while Ja Rule and Ashanti's "Mesmerize" interpolated the song's melody. Michael McDonald and Toni Braxton re-recorded the duet cover for McDonald's album, Motown II.

"You Are Everything" has also been covered many times including duet versions by Billy Ocean & Elaine Paige and a 1994 version by UK soul singer Melanie Williams and Joe Roberts that became a UK Top 30 hit.

The album's classic cover featuring Ross and Gaye's Afros facing different sides would also be imitated by several artists following its release. In 2001, the album was re-released with four additional songs including three outtakes from the 1972 sessions including "Alone", "The Things I Will Not Miss" and the Ashford & Simpson written and produced "I've Come To Love You So Much", with the duo's 1978 duet, "I'll Keep My Light In My Window" also included on the reissue.

Track listing

Side one
"You Are Everything" (Thom Bell, Linda Creed) – 3:10
"Love Twins" (Mel Bolton, Marilyn McLeod) – 3:28
"Don't Knock My Love" (Wilson Pickett, Brad Shapiro) – 2:20
"You're a Special Part of Me" (Harold Johnson, Andrew Porter, Greg Wright) – 3:35
"Pledging My Love" (Don Robey, Ferdinand Washington) – 3:34

Side two
"Just Say, Just Say" (Nickolas Ashford, Valerie Simpson) – 4:10
"Stop, Look, Listen (to Your Heart)" (Thom Bell, Linda Creed) – 2:53
"I'm Falling in Love With You" (Margaret Gordy) – 2:42
"My Mistake (Was to Love You)" (Gloria Jones, Pam Sawyer) – 2:55
"Include Me In Your Life" (Mel Bolton, Marilyn McLeod) – 3:04

Bonus tracks
Bonus cuts featured on the 2001 reissue.
"Alone" (Wade Brown, Jr., David Jones) – 3:49
"The Things I Will Not Miss" (Hal David, Burt Bacharach)– 3:10
"I've Come To Love You So Much" (Nickolas Ashford, Valerie Simpson)– 4:10
"I'll Keep My Light in My Window" (Leonard Caston, Theresa McFaddin)– 4:28

Charts

Personnel
Arranged By - David Blumberg (tracks: A1 to A3, A5, B4, B5), Gene Page (tracks: B2), James Carmichael (tracks: A4), Paul Riser (tracks: B1)
Engineer (Recording, Mixing) - Russ Terrana
Engineer (Recording) - Art Stewart, Cal Harris
Producer - Nickolas Ashford & Valerie Simpson (tracks: B1), Berry Gordy (tracks: A4), Hal Davis (tracks: A1 to A3, B2, B4, B5), Margaret Gordy (tracks: B3)
Producer (Assistant & Coordinator) - Suzee Wendy Ikeda
Producer (Executive) - Berry Gordy
Producer, Arranged By - Bob Gaudio (tracks: A5), Mark Davis (tracks: B3)
Vocals – Marvin Gaye, Diana Ross

References

Sources

External links
YouTube: Former Motown employees Russ & Ralph Terrana discuss the making of Diana & Marvin

1973 albums
Diana Ross albums
Marvin Gaye albums
Motown albums
Vocal duet albums
Albums arranged by Gene Page
Albums arranged by Paul Riser
Albums produced by Ashford & Simpson
Albums produced by Hal Davis
Albums produced by Berry Gordy
Albums produced by Bob Gaudio
Albums recorded at Hitsville U.S.A.

Diana & Marvin


Gary Barber (born 1957) is a South African-born American film producer. Barber was the chairman and CEO of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. He is also co-founder of Spyglass Entertainment.

Biography
Barber was born to a Jewish family in Johannesburg, South Africa. He was educated at King David School, Linksfield, in Johannesburg. He then received an accounting degree from the University of the Witwatersrand, also in Johannesburg. He later worked as a Chartered Accountant and Certified Public Accountant in South Africa and the United States, both with Price Waterhouse.

In 1982, he won a trip to the Arlington Million horse race in Illinois. In the same year, he moved to the United States, where his brother Cecil had been living since 1979. In the mid-1980s, Barber became a U.S. citizen. In 1998, he and Roger Birnbaum founded Spyglass Entertainment in Los Angeles. His highest-grossing film as producer was The Tourist (2010), which grossed close to US$280 million at the worldwide box office.

In December 2010, Barber became Chief Executive Officer of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). Under his leadership, MGM together with Eon Productions and Sony Pictures financed the successful James Bond film Skyfall, which grossed US$1,1 billion. MGM then also financed The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey (2012), 21 Jump Street (2012) and Hansel & Gretel: Witch Hunters (2013). MGM then moved forward with remakes of RoboCop and Poltergeist. In March 2018, Barber was ousted from MGM, coming five months after the renewal of his contract with the studio to 2022; he received a $260M settlement.

Barber has three daughters and lives in Los Angeles.

Horse racing
Barber is also a Thoroughbred racehorse owner. The Deputy, owned in partnership with Team Valor, won the 2000 running of the Grade II Santa Catalina Stakes and the Grade I Santa Anita Derby at Santa Anita Park in Arcadia, California. In 2006, Becrux, also owned in partnership with Team Valor, won the Grade I Woodbine Mile at Woodbine Racetrack in Toronto, Canada. In 2014, his filly Lexie Lou won the Queen's Plate and was named the Canadian Horse of the Year. His horse War of Will won the 2019 Preakness Stakes.

Filmography

References

External links
 Gary Barber Bio

1957 births
American film producers
American racehorse owners and breeders
American film studio executives
American people of South African-Jewish descent
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer executives
Living people
University of the Witwatersrand alumni
South African emigrants to the United States
Jewish American film producers
Owners of King's Plate winners

Gary Barber


Sergio Giavanni Kitchens (born June 14, 1993), known professionally as Gunna, is an American rapper, singer, and songwriter. He is signed to Young Thug's YSL Records and 300 Entertainment. Gunna initially rose to fame with the mixtape Drip Season 3 in 2018. Later that year, he released the mixtape  Drip Harder with Lil Baby, which spawned the single "Drip Too Hard" that reached number four on the Billboard Hot 100 and eventually achieved Diamond certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

Gunna released his debut studio album, Drip or Drown 2, in 2019 and followed it up with his second studio album Wunna in 2020, which debuted atop the Billboard 200. In August 2020, he was featured on Internet Money's single "Lemonade" which peaked at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 and topped multiple charts worldwide. His third album DS4Ever was released in 2022, becoming his second consecutive number-one album.

On May 11, 2022, Gunna was arrested two days after alleged co-conspirator Young Thug in a 56-count RICO indictment against the YSL record label. On December 14, 2022, Gunna took a plea deal and was released from prison. Five months following his release, he released his fourth album, A Gift & a Curse (2023). The album contained his first top-ten solo single, "FukUMean".

Early life
Gunna was born in College Park, Georgia. He was raised by his mother and has four older brothers. He started making music at age fifteen. He grew up listening to Cam'ron, Chingy and Outkast, among others. Gunna attended North Springs Charter School of Arts and Sciences and Langston Hughes High School. In 2013, Gunna released the mixtape Hard Body under the name Yung Serg.

Career

2016–2018: Career beginnings and Drip Season series
Gunna was introduced to fellow rapper Young Thug through Keith "King" Troup, a mutual friend and community figure who died in December 2015. He was later featured alongside rappers Travis Scott and Gucci Mane on Thug's song, "Floyd Mayweather", from his commercial mixtape Jeffery.

On October 14, 2016, Gunna released his debut mixtape Drip Season through YSL Records. It featured members from YSL, such as Young Thug, Lil Duke, and Nechie. He released the mixtape Drip Season 2 on May 11, 2017. It featured many popular Atlanta and YSL artists such as Young Thug, Playboi Carti, and Offset. From the mixtape, "YSL", featuring Playboi Carti, was on a "Grand Theft Auto" radio station. On November 30, 2017, he released his debut extended play Drip or Drown, in which his record producer and close friend Wheezy entirely produced it, with a sole guest appearance from Young Thug.

On February 2, 2018, he released the commercial mixtape Drip Season 3. It featured notable guest appearances from Hoodrich Pablo Juan, Lil Durk, Nav, Metro Boomin, and Lil Yachty, while the deluxe edition featured additional appearances from Lil Uzi Vert, Young Jordan, Young Thug, and Lil Baby. The regular and deluxe editions were simultaneously released together.

On April 17, 2018, Gunna released a single titled "Sold Out Dates" featuring Lil Baby, a close friend and frequent collaborator. The song became one of his mainstream recordings and received millions of streams on platforms like YouTube and SoundCloud. It was eventually released as a non-album single after leaks. On August 3, Gunna also appeared alongside Nav on Travis Scott's single "Yosemite", a standout song from his third studio album, Astroworld, which happened to also be the highest-selling album of the year. The verse in the song, which was performed by Scott mimics Gunna's verse in "Sold Out Dates". The majority of the song's popularity went towards Gunna's appearance on the chorus.

On September 12, 2018, Gunna and Lil Baby released a collaborative single "Drip Too Hard", which would be the lead single of their collaborative mixtape Drip Harder. The single peaked at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100. The mixtape was released on October 5. With guest appearances from Lil Durk, Nav, Young Thug, and Drake, it peaked at number 4 on the Billboard 200.

2019: Drip or Drown 2

On February 1, 2019, Gunna released the single "One Call", which was certified platinum and serves as the lead single of his debut studio album, Drip or Drown 2. On February 11, he released the second and final single, "Speed it Up". The album was released on February 22, featuring guest appearances from fellow Atlanta rappers Lil Baby, Young Thug, and Playboi Carti, and charted at number three on the 200 Chart.

On August 16, 2019, he was featured on Young Thug's single "Hot" from the latter's debut studio album, So Much Fun. The song peaked at the number-one spot on Apple Music. The song was given a remix with an extra feature on a verse from Travis Scott on October 31 (Halloween), because of which the song eventually peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100. Gunna is also featured on "Surf" from the album, as well as "Diamonds" from the deluxe version, the latter which was released in December 2019.

2020–2022: Wunna, DS4EVER and Slime Language 2
In February 2020, Gunna was featured on three songs. He appeared on Pop Smoke's "Dior" remix, released on February 12. He was also featured on Marlo's "My Hood" alongside Roddy Ricch and London on da Track on A Boogie wit da Hoodie's song "Numbers", both released on February 14. Gunna later released a collaborative single with Nav, titled "Turks", featuring Travis Scott. The song was released on March 27, 2020, and serves as the lead single to Nav's third studio album, Good Intentions (Gunna is also featured on the track "Codeine" from the album). "Turks" marks the second time the three artists had collaborated on the same song following Scott's "Yosemite". Six days later, on April 2, 2020, he released a collaborative track with producer Turbo and Young Thug, titled "Quarantine Clean", referencing the COVID-19 pandemic.

On March 6, 2020, he released "Skybox", the lead single of his second studio album, Wunna. It was released with an accompanying music video. On May 18, 2020, Gunna released the title track of the album, which was the second single. Four days later, on May 22, Gunna released the album. It features guest appearances from Young Thug, Nechie, Lil Baby, Roddy Ricch, and Travis Scott. The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, becoming his first number one album. On July 24, 2020, he released the deluxe edition, with eight more songs, featuring additional guest appearances from Yak Gotti, Future, Nav, and Lil Uzi Vert.

On August 14, 2020, Gunna and hip hop collective and record label Internet Money released the single "Lemonade", featuring Don Toliver and Nav.

On April 16, 2021, Gunna released a collaborative album with Young Thug and their record label Young Stoner Life titled Slime Language 2.

On January 7, 2022, Gunna released his third studio album, DS4Ever, which is the fourth and final installment in his Drip Season series. The album features guest appearances from Future, Young Thug, 21 Savage, Drake, Kodak Black, Chlöe, Lil Baby, G Herbo, Nechie, Chris Brown, Yung Bleu, and Roddy Ricch.

2023: A Gift & A Curse
Five months after his release from prison, Gunna released the track "Bread & Butter", in which he speaks on his arrest and allegations that he snitched on the YSL gang. On his 30th birthday, Gunna announced a new album titled A Gift & A Curse, which released a day later.

Philanthropy
In February 2022, Gunna teamed up with sustainable food waste management and hunger relief company Goodr to open a free grocery store at Ronald E. McNair Middle School, which he attended as a teenager.

Legal issues
In May 2022, Gunna and Young Thug were among 28 persons associated with YSL Records who were charged in a 56-count  RICO Act indictment filed by Fulton County District Attorney Fani Willis. On May 11, 2022, Kitchens turned himself in to authorities. Kitchens was denied bond, and his trial was scheduled to begin January 9, 2023. On October 13, 2022, Kitchens was again denied release from jail ahead of his January trial. On December 14, 2022, Kitchens pleaded guilty to a single charge of racketeering and was sentenced to five years in prison, with one year commuted to time served and the rest of the sentence suspended subject to probation conditions, including 500 hours of community service; he was released from jail the same day.

Discography

 Drip or Drown 2 (2019)
 Wunna (2020)
 DS4Ever (2022)
 A Gift & a Curse (2023)

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1993 births
Living people
21st-century African-American male singers
21st-century American rappers
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
African-American male singer-songwriters
American hip hop singers
Atlantic Records artists
Crips
People from College Park, Georgia
Rappers from Atlanta
Singer-songwriters from Georgia (U.S. state)
Southern hip hop musicians
Trap musicians

Gunna (rapper)


Daniel Scott (1694–1759) was an English nonconformist minister, theological writer and lexicographer.

Life
Born on 21 March 1694, he was a son by the second wife of Daniel Scott, a London merchant. Daniel was admitted to Merchant Taylors' School on 10 March 1704, but left to be educated for the ministry under Samuel Jones at Gloucester (where in 1711 he shared a bed with Thomas Secker, the future archbishop of Canterbury), and at Tewkesbury Academy, where in 1712 Joseph Butler. From Jones's academy Scott went on to the university of Leyden, which he entered on 13 August 1714, aged 20, as a student in theology. He appears again as a student of medicine on 20 June 1718, aged 25. He graduated LLD at Leyden on 16 May 1719. He is said to have graduated LLD at Utrecht, but his name is not in the Utrecht 'Album Studiosorum,' 1886. While at Utrecht he became a Baptist, and joined the Mennonite communion.

He appears for some time to have exercised the ministry at Colchester, and afterwards in London, but there is no record of his ministry. His main occupations were those of the scholar and the critic.

Scott died unmarried at Cheshunt on 29 March 1759, and was buried in the churchyard on 3 April. His will, dated 21 April 1755, was proved on 12 April 1759. His nephews were Joseph Nicol Scott and Thomas Scott; Elizabeth Scott was his niece.

Works
His anonymous 'Essay' (1725) on the doctrine of the Trinity attempted a middle way between Samuel Clarke and Daniel Waterland, but may have satisfied nobody except Job Orton.  The first edition of the 'Essay' is said to have been bought up and suppressed by Edmund Gibson, bishop of London. In notes to his version (1741) of St. Matthew, he makes a point of proving that Hebraisms of the New Testament have their parallels in classical Greek, and improved John Mill's collection of various readings, especially by a more accurate citation of oriental versions; Doddridge, his personal friend, in his 'Family Expositor,' refers to Scott's notes. His labours as a lexicographer were encouraged by Secker and Butler, to whom he dedicated the two volumes of his appendix to Henricus Stephanus's 'Thesaurus'. The letter A, which fills more than half the first volume, is the only part printed as originally drawn up, the remainder being condensed.

He published:

 'Disputatio ... de Patria Potestate Romana,' &c., Leyden, 1719.
 'An Essay towards a Demonstration of the Scripture-Trinity. By Philanthropus Londinensis,' &c., 1725; 2nd edit., enlarged, 1738; 3rd edit. Sherborne [1778?], (abridged by Robert Goadby, with prefixed account of the author, probably by Orton).
 'A New Version of St. Matthew's Gospel: with Select Notes ... added, a Review of Dr. Mill's Notes,' &c., 1741, 4to (the version is divided into thirty-four sections).
 'Appendix ad Thesaurum Græcæ Linguæ ab Hen. Stephano constructum, et ad Lexica Constantini & Scapulæ,' &c., 1745–6, fol. 2 vols. This appendix, reviewed in 'Nova Acta Eruditorum' (Leipzig, May 1749, p. 241), is incorporated in the edition of Stephanus (1816–28) by Edmund Henry Barker, and is employed in the edition of Johannes Scapula (1820) by James Bailey and John Richardson Major.

References

Attribution

1694 births
1759 deaths
English Dissenters
British biblical scholars
English lexicographers
18th-century lexicographers

Daniel Scott (lexicographer)


A swirly or swirlie is a form of bullying in which the victim's head is put into a toilet.  Some people have questioned whether swirlies are real or whether they were invented for television and other fiction.

In fiction

On television, one or more bigger people, usually high school boys, pick up the victim.  Then they dunk the victim's head in a toilet and flush it.  The swirling water gives the swirly its name.  For example, on the television show Archer, Archer tells Lana about how he got pneumonia from getting a swirly in high school: Two bigger boys had picked him up, turned him upside down, and put his head in a toilet.  On The Simpsons, Bart Simpson gets a swirly from Jimbo Jones. In Cobra Kai, Kenny gets revenge against Anthony LaRusso by dunking his head into a used toilet.

In real life

There are a few reports of swirlies in real life.  In some, the "victim" agreed to be part of the swirly. In other reports, the victim describes the swirly almost exactly like a swirly in fiction.  One Blair Academy wrestler talked about being given swirlies and other abuse from older teammates.  In others, the person giving the swirly is an adult or even a parent and not an older child.

References

Bullying

Swirly


In computer science, a binary tree is a tree data structure in which each node has at most two children, referred to as the left child and the right child. That is, it is a k-ary tree with . A recursive definition using set theory is that a binary tree is a tuple (L, S, R), where L and R are binary trees or the empty set and S is a singleton set containing the root.

From a graph theory perspective, binary trees as defined here are arborescences. A binary tree may thus be also called a bifurcating arborescence, a term which appears in some very old programming books before the modern computer science terminology prevailed. It is also possible to interpret a binary tree as an undirected, rather than directed graph, in which case a binary tree is an ordered, rooted tree. Some authors use rooted binary tree instead of binary tree to emphasize the fact that the tree is rooted, but as defined above, a binary tree is always rooted.

In mathematics, what is termed binary tree can vary significantly from author to author. Some use the definition commonly used in computer science, but others define it as every non-leaf having exactly two children and don't necessarily label the children as left and right either.

In computing, binary trees can be used in two very different ways:

First, as a means of accessing nodes based on some value or label associated with each node. Binary trees labelled this way are used to implement binary search trees and binary heaps, and are used for efficient searching and sorting. The designation of non-root nodes as left or right child even when there is only one child present matters in some of these applications, in particular, it is significant in binary search trees. However, the arrangement of particular nodes into the tree is not part of the conceptual information. For example, in a normal binary search tree the placement of nodes depends almost entirely on the order in which they were added, and can be re-arranged (for example by balancing) without changing the meaning.
Second, as a representation of data with a relevant bifurcating structure. In such cases, the particular arrangement of nodes under and/or to the left or right of other nodes is part of the information (that is, changing it would change the meaning). Common examples occur with Huffman coding and cladograms. The everyday division of documents into chapters, sections, paragraphs, and so on is an analogous example with n-ary rather than binary trees.

Definitions

Recursive definition

To define a binary tree, the possibility that only one of the children may be empty must be acknowledged. An artifact, which in some textbooks is called an extended binary tree, is needed for that purpose. An extended binary tree is thus recursively defined as:
 the empty set is an extended binary tree
 if T1 and T2 are extended binary trees, then denote by T1 • T2 the extended binary tree obtained by  by adding edges when these sub-trees are non-empty.

Another way of imagining this construction (and understanding the terminology) is to consider instead of the empty set a different type of node—for instance square nodes if the regular ones are circles.

Using graph theory concepts
A binary tree is a rooted tree that is also an ordered tree (a.k.a. plane tree) in which every node has at most two children. A rooted tree naturally imparts a notion of levels (distance from the root), thus for every node a notion of children may be defined as the nodes connected to it a level below. Ordering of these children (e.g., by drawing them on a plane) makes it possible to distinguish a left child from a right child. But this still doesn't distinguish between a node with left but not a right child from a one with right but no left child.

The necessary distinction can be made by first partitioning the edges, i.e., defining the binary tree as triplet (V, E1, E2), where (V, E1 ∪ E2) is a rooted tree (equivalently arborescence) and E1 ∩ E2 is empty, and also requiring that for all j ∈ { 1, 2 } every node has at most one Ej child. A more informal way of making the distinction is to say, quoting the Encyclopedia of Mathematics, that "every node has a left child, a right child, neither, or both" and to specify that these "are all different" binary trees.

Types of binary trees
Tree terminology is not well-standardized and so varies in literatures.
 A  binary tree has a root node and every node has at most two children.

 A  binary tree (sometimes referred to as a proper, plane, or strict binary tree) is a tree in which every node has either 0 or 2 children. Another way of defining a full binary tree is a recursive definition. A full binary tree is either:
 A single vertex (a single node as the root node).
 A tree whose root node has two subtrees, both of which are full binary trees.
 A  binary tree is a binary tree in which all interior nodes have two children and all leaves have the same depth or same level (the level of a node defined as the number of edges or links from the root node to a node). A perfect binary tree is a full binary tree.
 A  binary tree is a binary tree in which every level, except possibly the last, is completely filled, and all nodes in the last level are as far left as possible. It can have between 1 and 2h nodes at the last level h. A perfect tree is therefore always complete but a complete tree is not always perfect.  Some authors use the term complete to refer instead to a perfect binary tree as defined above, in which case they call this type of tree (with a possibly not filled last level) an almost complete binary tree or nearly complete binary tree. A complete binary tree can be efficiently represented using an array.

 In the infinite complete binary tree is a tree with  levels, where for each level d the number of existing nodes at level d is equal to 2d. The cardinal number of the set of all levels is  (countably infinite). The cardinal number of the set of all paths (the "leaves", so to speak) is uncountable, having the cardinality of the continuum.
 A balanced binary tree is a binary tree structure in which the left and right subtrees of every node differ in height (the number of edges from the top-most node to the farthest node in a subtree) by no more than 1. One may also consider binary trees where no leaf is much farther away from the root than any other leaf. (Different balancing schemes allow different definitions of "much farther".)
 A degenerate (or pathological) tree is where each parent node has only one associated child node. This means that the tree will behave like a linked list data structure. In this case, an advantage of using a binary tree is significantly reduced because it is essentially a linked list which time complexity is O(n) (n as the number of nodes) and it has more data space than the linked list due to two pointers per node, while the complexity of O(log2n) for data search in a balanced binary tree is normally expected.

Properties of binary trees
 The number of nodes  in a full binary tree is at least  and at most  (i.e., the number of nodes in a perfect binary tree), where  is the height of the tree. A tree consisting of only a root node has a height of 0. The least number of nodes is obtained by adding only two children nodes per adding height so  (1 for counting the root node). The maximum number of nodes is obtained by fully filling nodes at each level, i.e., it is a perfect tree. For a perfect tree, the number of nodes is , where the last equality is from the geometric series sum.
 The number of leaf nodes  in a perfect binary tree is  (where  is the number of nodes in the tree) because  (by using the above property) and the number of leaves is  so . It also means that . In terms of the tree height , .
 For any non-empty binary tree with  leaf nodes and  nodes of degree 2 (internal nodes with two child nodes), . The proof is the following. For a perfect binary tree, the total number of nodes is  (A perfect binary tree is a full binary tree.) and , so . To make a full binary tree from a perfect binary tree, a pair of two sibling nodes are removed one by one. This results in "two leaf nodes removed" and "one internal node removed" and "the removed internal node becoming a leaf node", so one leaf node and one internal node is removed per removing two sibling nodes. As a result,  also holds for a full binary tree. To make a binary tree with a leaf node without its sibling, a single leaf node is removed from a full binary tree, then "one leaf node removed" and "one internal nodes with two children removed" so  also holds. This relation now covers all non-empty binary trees.
 With given  nodes, the minimum possible tree height is  with which the tree is a balanced full tree or perfect tree. With a given heigh , the number of nodes can't exceed the  as the number of nodes in a perfect tree. Thus .
 A binary Tree with  leaves has at least the height . With a given height , the number of leaves at that height can't exceed  as the number of leaves at the height in a perfect tree. Thus .
 In a non-empty binary tree, if  is the total number of nodes and  is the total number of edges, then . This is obvious because each node requires one edge except for the root node.
 The number of null links (i.e., absent children of the nodes) in a binary tree of n nodes is (n + 1).
 The number of internal nodes in a complete binary tree of n nodes is .

Combinatorics

In combinatorics, one considers the problem of counting the number of full binary trees of a given size.  Here the trees have no values attached to their nodes (this would just multiply the number of possible trees by an easily determined factor), and trees are distinguished only by their structure; however, the left and right child of any node are distinguished (if they are different trees, then interchanging them will produce a tree distinct from the original one). The size of the tree is taken to be the number n of internal nodes (those with two children); the other nodes are leaf nodes and there are  of them. The number of such binary trees of size n is equal to the number of ways of fully parenthesizing a string of  symbols (representing leaves) separated by n binary operators (representing internal nodes), to determine the argument subexpressions of each operator. For instance for  one has to parenthesize a string like , which is possible in five ways:

The correspondence to binary trees should be obvious, and the addition of redundant parentheses (around an already parenthesized expression or around the full expression) is disallowed (or at least not counted as producing a new possibility).

There is a unique binary tree of size 0 (consisting of a single leaf), and any other binary tree is characterized by the pair of its left and right children; if these have sizes i and j respectively, the full tree has size . Therefore, the number  of binary trees of size n has the following recursive description , and  for any positive integer n. It follows that  is the Catalan number of index n.

The above parenthesized strings should not be confused with the set of words of length 2n in the Dyck language, which consist only of parentheses in such a way that they are properly balanced. The number of such strings satisfies the same recursive description (each Dyck word of length 2n is determined by the Dyck subword enclosed by the initial '(' and its matching ')' together with the Dyck subword remaining after that closing parenthesis, whose lengths 2i and 2j satisfy ); this number is therefore also the Catalan number . So there are also five Dyck words of length 6:

These Dyck words do not correspond to binary trees in the same way. Instead, they are related by the following recursively defined bijection: the Dyck word equal to the empty string corresponds to the binary tree of size 0 with only one leaf. Any other Dyck word can be written as (), where , are themselves (possibly empty) Dyck words and where the two written parentheses are matched. The bijection is then defined by letting the words  and  correspond to the binary trees that are the left and right children of the root.

A bijective correspondence can also be defined as follows: enclose the Dyck word in an extra pair of parentheses, so that the result can be interpreted as a Lisp list expression (with the empty list () as only occurring atom); then the dotted-pair expression for that proper list is a fully parenthesized expression (with NIL as symbol and '.' as operator) describing the corresponding binary tree (which is, in fact, the internal representation of the proper list).

The ability to represent binary trees as strings of symbols and parentheses implies that binary trees can represent the elements of a free magma on a singleton set.

Methods for storing binary trees
Binary trees can be constructed from programming language primitives in several ways.

Nodes and references

In a language with records and references, binary trees are typically constructed by having a tree node structure which contains some data and references to its left child and its right child. Sometimes it also contains a reference to its unique parent. If a node has fewer than two children, some of the child pointers may be set to a special null value, or to a special sentinel node.

This method of storing binary trees wastes a fair bit of memory, as the pointers will be null (or point to the sentinel) more than half the time; a more conservative representation alternative is threaded binary tree.

In languages with tagged unions such as ML, a tree node is often a tagged union of two types of nodes, one of which is a 3-tuple of data, left child, and right child, and the other of which is a "leaf" node, which contains no data and functions much like the null value in a language with pointers. For example, the following line of code in OCaml (an ML dialect) defines a binary tree that stores a character in each node.

type chr_tree = Empty | Node of char * chr_tree * chr_tree

Arrays

Binary trees can also be stored in breadth-first order as an implicit data structure in arrays, and if the tree is a complete binary tree, this method wastes no space. In this compact arrangement, if a node has an index i, its children are found at indices  (for the left child) and  (for the right), while its parent (if any) is found at index  (assuming the root has index zero). Alternatively, with a 1-indexed array, the implementation is simplified with children found at  and , and parent found at . This method benefits from more compact storage and better locality of reference, particularly during a preorder traversal. However, it is expensive to grow and wastes space proportional to 2h - n for a tree of depth h with n nodes.

This method of storage is often used for binary heaps.

Encodings

Succinct encodings
A succinct data structure is one which occupies close to minimum possible space, as established by information theoretical lower bounds. The number of different binary trees on  nodes is , the th Catalan number (assuming we view trees with identical structure as identical). For large , this is about ; thus we need at least about  bits to encode it. A succinct binary tree therefore would occupy  bits.

One simple representation which meets this bound is to visit the nodes of the tree in preorder, outputting "1" for an internal node and "0" for a leaf. If the tree contains data, we can simply simultaneously store it in a consecutive array in preorder. This function accomplishes this:

 function EncodeSuccinct(node n, bitstring structure, array data) {
     if n = nil then
         append 0 to structure;
     else
         append 1 to structure;
         append n.data to data;
         EncodeSuccinct(n.left, structure, data);
         EncodeSuccinct(n.right, structure, data);
 }

The string structure has only  bits in the end, where  is the number of (internal) nodes; we don't even have to store its length. To show that no information is lost, we can convert the output back to the original tree like this:

 function DecodeSuccinct(bitstring structure, array data) {
     remove first bit of structure and put it in b
     if b = 1 then
         create a new node n
         remove first element of data and put it in n.data
         n.left = DecodeSuccinct(structure, data)
         n.right = DecodeSuccinct(structure, data)
         return n
     else
         return nil
 }

More sophisticated succinct representations allow not only compact storage of trees but even useful operations on those trees directly while they're still in their succinct form.

Encoding ordered trees as binary trees
There is a natural one-to-one correspondence between ordered trees and binary trees. It allows any ordered tree to be uniquely represented as a binary tree, and vice versa:

Let T be a node of an ordered tree, and let B denote T's image in the corresponding binary tree. Then B's left child represents T's first child, while the B's right child represents T'''s next sibling.

For example, the ordered tree on the left and the binary tree on the right correspond:

In the pictured binary tree, the black, left, edges represent first child, while the blue, right, edges represent next sibling.

This representation is called a left-child right-sibling binary tree.

 Common operations

There are a variety of different operations that can be performed on binary trees. Some are mutator operations, while others simply return useful information about the tree.

 Insertion
Nodes can be inserted into binary trees in between two other nodes or added after a leaf node. In binary trees, a node that is inserted is specified as to whose child it will be.

 Leaf nodes
To add a new node after leaf node A, A assigns the new node as one of its children and the new node assigns node A as its parent.

 Internal nodes

Insertion on internal nodes is slightly more complex than on leaf nodes. Say that the internal node is node A and that node B is the child of A. (If the insertion is to insert a right child, then B is the right child of A, and similarly with a left child insertion.) A assigns its child to the new node and the new node assigns its parent to A. Then the new node assigns its child to B and B assigns its parent as the new node.

 Deletion
Deletion is the process whereby a node is removed from the tree.  Only certain nodes in a binary tree can be removed unambiguously.

 Node with zero or one children

Suppose that the node to delete is node A. If A has no children, deletion is accomplished by setting the child of A's parent to null. If A has one child, set the parent of A's child to A's parent and set the child of A's parent to A's child.

 Node with two children
In a binary tree, a node with two children cannot be deleted unambiguously. However, in certain binary trees (including binary search trees) these nodes can be deleted, though with a rearrangement of the tree structure.

 Traversal

Pre-order, in-order, and post-order traversal visit each node in a tree by recursively visiting each node in the left and right subtrees of the root. Below are the brief descriptions of above mentioned traversals.

 Pre-order
In pre-order we always visit the current node, next we recursively traverse the current node's left subtree and then we recursively traverse the current node's right subtree. The pre-order traversal is a topologically sorted one, because a parent node is processed before any of its child nodes is done.
 In-order
In in-order we always recursively traverse the current node's left subtree, next we visit the current node and lastly we recursively traverse the current node's right subtree
 Post-order
In post-order we always recursively traverse the current node's left subtree, next we recursively traverse the current node's right subtree and then visit the current node. Post-order traversal can be useful to get postfix expression of a binary expression tree.

 Depth-first order
In depth-first order, we always attempt to visit the node farthest from the root node that we can, but with the caveat that it must be a child of a node we have already visited. Unlike a depth-first search on graphs, there is no need to remember all the nodes we have visited, because a tree cannot contain cycles. Pre-order is a special case of this. See depth-first search for more information.

 Breadth-first order
Contrasting with depth-first order is breadth-first order, which always attempts to visit the node closest to the root that it has not already visited. See breadth-first search for more information. Also called a level-order traversal.

In a complete binary tree, a node's breadth-index (i − (2d − 1)) can be used as traversal instructions from the root. Reading bitwise from left to right, starting at bit d − 1, where d is the node's distance from the root (d = ⌊log(i+1)⌋) and the node in question is not the root itself (d > 0). When the breadth-index is masked at bit d − 1, the bit values  and  mean to step either left or right, respectively. The process continues by successively checking the next bit to the right until there are no more. The rightmost bit indicates the final traversal from the desired node's parent to the node itself. There is a time-space trade-off between iterating a complete binary tree this way versus each node having pointer/s to its sibling/s.

 See also

 References

 Citations

 Bibliography
 Donald Knuth. The Art of Computer Programming vol 1. Fundamental Algorithms'', Third Edition. Addison-Wesley, 1997. . Section 2.3, especially subsections 2.3.1–2.3.2 (pp. 318–348).

External links

 binary trees  entry in the FindStat database
 Binary Tree Proof by Induction
 Balanced binary search tree on array How to create bottom-up an Ahnentafel list, or a balanced binary search tree on array
 Binary trees and Implementation of the same with working code examples
 Binary Tree JavaScript Implementation with source code

Binary tree


Scitex Vision was an Israel-based company that specialized in producing equipment for large- and very-large-format printing on both paper and specialty materials. It was part of Scitex Corporation Ltd.  The operations of Scitex Vision, together with rights to the name Scitex were acquired by Hewlett-Packard in 2005 (and renamed HP Scitex).

History
Scitex Vision was incorporated as Idanit Technologies Ltd. on 19 May 1994. It was acquired by Scitex on 25 February 1998 and changed its name to Scitex Wide Format Printing Ltd. on 24 February 1998. In October 1998, its operations were expanded by the purchase of the super-wide format product line of the Matan group of companies. On 21 August 2000, it adopted the name Scitex Vision.

In 2003 Scitex Vision Ltd. merged with Aprion Digital Ltd., which was formed in 1999 as a spin-off of Scitex's Advanced Printing Products Division, and developed drop-on-demand inkjet technologies and products. The merger positioned the company as a market leader in the industrial digital printing arena.

On February 29, 2008, Hewlett-Packard completed the acquisition of NUR Macroprinters Ltd, another Israeli manufacturer of super-wide format industrial printers. The NUR Macroprinters business was merged into the brands of HP Scitex.

Brand name ownership

Hewlett-Packard's acquisition of Scitex Vision included also the Scitex brand name rights.  Because of this, in January 2006 the Scitex Corporation changed its name to Scailex Corporation. The Scitex brand name is used by Hewlett-Packard for its wide format industrial printers product line.

References

External links
 HP Scitex

Electronics companies of Israel
Hewlett-Packard acquisitions
Companies based in Netanya
Electronics companies established in 1994
1994 establishments in Israel

Scitex Vision


David Maney Currin, Sr. (November 11, 1817 – March 25, 1864) was a Tennessee attorney and politician who served in the Confederate States Congress during the American Civil War.

Biography
Currin was born in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, in 1817. He married Letitia Irby Watson on December 16, 1845, in Wiliamson County.

A Democrat, he served in the House of Representatives during the 29th General Assembly (1851–53) representing Fayette, Hardeman, and Shelby counties.

Following the state's ordinance of secession and the outbreak of the Civil War, he was a delegate from Tennessee to the Confederate Provisional Congress, 1861–62. He then represented his Middle Tennessee district in the First Confederate Congress. A Nashville newspaper wrote, "Hon. D. M. Currin was returned from his district. He deservedly ranks highest as a politician and is as disinterested a patriot as lives. He is a man of good ability and will make a worthy, active and efficient representative."

He served in the First and Second Confederate Congresses from 1862 until his death in Richmond, Virginia, March 25, 1864.

Notes

References
 Robert M. McBride and Dan M. Robinson, eds., Biographical Directory of the Tennessee General Assembly, Volume I, 1796–1861. (Nashville: Tennessee State Library and Archives and Tennessee Historical Commission, 1975).

External links

Members of the Confederate House of Representatives from Tennessee
19th-century American politicians
Deputies and delegates to the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States
Democratic Party members of the Tennessee House of Representatives
Tennessee lawyers
1817 births
1864 deaths
People from Murfreesboro, Tennessee
19th-century American lawyers

David Maney Currin