Dadar ([d̪aːd̪əɾ]) is a densely populated residential and shopping neighbourhood in Mumbai. It is also a prominent railway and bus service hub with local and national connectivity. It is Mumbai's first planned area and it a hub for the city's Marathi culture.  It includes the Dadar West area.

History

Origins

In the 16th century, the area was known as lower Mahim as it was located on the island of Mahim, one of the Seven islands of Mumbai which, after the Bombay Island, was the most important during the whole of the Portuguese period. The Portuguese Franciscans built a church here in 1596 called Nossa Senhora de Salvação, which is popularly known today as Portuguese Church and is a familiar Dadar landmark.

19th and 20th century
The Dadar-Matunga-Wadala-Sion scheme of 1899-1900 was the first planned scheme in Mumbai. The Bombay Improvement Trust devised the plan to relieve congestion in the centre of the town following the plague epidemics of the 1890s. According to the survey plan, 60,000 people were to be housed at Dadar-Matunga and an equal number in Sion-Matunga. 85,000 people were to be accommodated in the developments in Sewri-Wadala.

Among the institutions moved to Dadar under the City Improvement Trust (CIT) plan were Victoria Jubilee Technical Institute, now known as Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute and King George school, now known as IES' Raja Shivaji Vidyalaya (now a collection of several schools). The plan regulated constructions and restricted building construction to three storey high with open space between them.

Ramnarain Ruia College in 1937 and Ramniranjan Podar College was founded in 1939, completing Dadar's transition from a residential area to a more diverse neighborhood.  Both colleges are run by SP Mandali. Dr. Antonio Da Silva High School, founded in 1851 during the British India period, and one of Mumbai's oldest schools, is located here.

During the cotton mill era of Mumbai, some key mills like Bombay Dyeing (Spring Mills), Gold Mohur Mills, Kohinoor Mills, Ruby Mills and Tata Mills were located in Dadar. During the redevelopment of Mumbai mills some of these were redeveloped or went defunct.

By 1937 Shivaji Park and the surrounding areas were developed. The public space was to become an important stage in the political drama leading up to India's independence. Later political history in Mumbai also unfolded in this park.

The Sharadashram society as well as a school built in 1948-50 are the biggest landmarks of Dadar. Sharadashram society is Asia's first registered society as well as first society in Mumbai.

During the 1993 Bombay bombings, a defused bomb was discovered in Dadar by Dr. JK Mandot who also provided the Mumbai police their first clue in the 1993 blasts probe, when on 13 March 1993, he alerted them about a dubious-looking Bajaj Chetak scooter (MH-04-Z-261) parked outside his dispensary on Naigaum Cross Road. The scooter, laden with RDX, had failed to explode, and was defused after Mandot's call to the police control room

21st century
Dadar has growing importance in the present day because of its railway routes. The old chawls are giving way to new high-rise buildings, thus changing the neighbourhood's skyline. The Khodadad circle and its surrounding buildings are a heritage site of Grade IIB.

Neighbourhoods
 Shivaji Park
 Worli - Bandra Sea link view
 Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Memorial (Chaitya Bhoomi)
 Dadar is also home to the Mumbai Mayor's Bungalow, the official residence of the Mayor of Mumbai.

Transportation

Rail

Dadar is a prominent railway terminus on both the Western and  Central lines of the Mumbai Suburban Railway network. Being the only common railway station to both the Central and Western lines, it makes a transit point for many passengers traveling through Suburban Railway.

Dadar will also be served by Line 3 of the Mumbai Metro.

Road
Dadar east has been a key interchange point for those coming from Pune, Panvel and Navi Mumbai by road transport. A bus hub next to Dadar GPO is a destination point for many buses coming from out of Mumbai.

Locally, Dadar is well connected to other neighborhoods of Mumbai, namely Matunga, Wadala, Parel-Prabhadevi, and Mahim.

Metro

The underground Metro 3 is under construction.

Culture

Dadar has long been a cultural center for the native Marathi speaking local people and from the rest of Maharashtra. Being along the Konkan coast, like the rest of Mumbai, the native language of the region is Marathi.

Cinema
Dada Saheb Phalke (in recognition of whom the road Dada Saheb Phalke Road is named) partly shot his first film "Raja Harishchandra" at Mathura Bhavan, in one of his friend's residence in Dadar East. Apart from this studio, many other prominent film studios such as Ranjit Studios and Rooptara Studios were eventually built on this road.

There is also an active crowd that watches dramas and Shivaji Mandir is one of the few theatres in Mumbai that has catered to the middle class' interest in the dramatic arts. It was here that artists like Vijay Tendulkar, Vijaya Mehta, Mahesh Elkunchwar, Dr. Shreeram Lagoo and Nana Patekar found an eager audience.

Dadar has been also home to movie halls like Chitra Cinema, Inox Nakshatra and Hindmata Cinema. Plaza Cinema, a prominent theatre in west Dadar was damaged during the 1993 bomb-blasts/riots. It has now reopened and remains one of the theatres in Mumbai that show Marathi movies.

Restaurants and cuisine
Vada Pav was invented outside Dadar Station in 1971, by Ashok Vaidya using the Pav (Portuguese word for bread). Apart from Vada Pav, Dadar is also popular for traditional Maharashtrian food like Batata Vada, Thalipith, Sabudana Vada, Misal Pav,  Pav, Puri Bhaji, Pithla Bhakri, Piyush (a sweet drink) and Lassi. There are many restaurants like Prakash Hotel, Aaswad Hotel, Gypsy, Sindhudurg Hotel, Gomantak Hotel and Panshikar that serve Marathi food. Restaurants catering to Udupi, Panjabi and north Indian, Chinese, Thai and many other cuisines dot the landscape.

Park and gardens

Shivaji Park, one of the largest parks in Mumbai is situated in Dadar west and is the hub of sports activities, particularly for cricket enthusiasts. Many cricketers like Ashok Mankad, Vinoo Mankad, Vijay Hazare, Salim Durani, Ajit Wadekar, Sunil Gavaskar, Sandip Patil, Sachin Tendulkar, Vinod Kambli, Ajit Agarkar and Sanjay Manjrekar have been trained here. Spread across 112, 937 square meters (27.907 acres) it houses Samartha Vyayam Mandir (gymnasium), Shivaji Park Nagrik Sangh, Shivaji Park Gymkhana (club), Mai Mangeshkar Balodyan, Aji-Ajoba Udyan, Scout's Pavilion, Udyan Ganesh Mandir, The Bengali Club with Kali shrine and a library. The walkway is lined with huge rain trees and stone wall for sitting, a popular evening spot for many residents around.

Dadar Chowpatty (seashore) with its sea, sand and Mumbai chat counters is a popular getaway for families from the hustle bustle of the city. Some other parks include Five Gardens next to Parsi Colony, Veer Kotwal Udyan, Vaidya Udyan along Lakhamsi Nappu road.

Places of worship
Dadar has plenty of religious places including BAPS Swaminarayan Mandir (opposite Dadar east railway station), Rustom Foramina Agiary (Parsi colony), N C Narielwala Dadar Agiary (Naigam cross road),  Kali Temple (Shivaji Park), Ganesh temple (Shivaji Park), Siddhivinayak Temple (Dadar), Jakhadevi Mandhir (Saitan Chowki) Sri Guru Singh Sabha Bombay (Ambedkar road), Shri Krishna Mandir Sabhagruh, Shri Mahaveer Digambar Jain Mandir, Hanuman Mandir (outside Dadar east railway station), Peer Bagdadi Dargah and mosque, Portuguese church (Dadar west), St. Marys Orthodox Cathedral (first Malankara Orthodox Syrian church in Mumbai) and Indian Pentecostal church.

Demji Padamshi Pathshala, a Jain educational facility, is also located in Dadar.

Dadar is also home to Chaitya Bhoomi, memorial and place where B. R. Ambedkar, Chief architect of Indian Constitution was cremated. His death anniversary, 6 December, is observed as Mahaparinirvan Din when lakhs of people across the nation throng Chaityabhoomi to pay homage to him.

Cricket
Dadar area has hosted two famous cricket clubs: Dadar Union and Shivaji Park Gymkhana. Famous players for Dadar Union include Sunil Gavaskar, his uncle Madahv Mantri, the club's long time captain Vasu Paranjape, Ramnath Kenny, Naren Tamhane, Subhash Gupte, Ramnath Parkar, Dilip Vengsarkar, Sanjay Manjrekar. Shivaji Park Gymkhana team has been represented by Ajit Wadekar, Ramakant Desai, Baloo Gupte, Vijay Manjrekar. Sachin Tendulkar's coach Ramakant Acharekar trained his students at Shivaji Park. Shivaji Park is home to eight of the more famous cricket clubs. Apart from Tendulkar, Eknath Solakr, Chandrakant Pandit, Lalchand Rajput, Sandeep Patil, Ajit Agarkar also honed their cricket skills at Shivaji Park in Dadar.

Education

Dadar boasts some of the most reputed schools and colleges in Mumbai. Antonio Da Silva High School (estd 1868), King George School (now IES) (estd 1912), Our Lady of Dolours/Salvation (tests 1940), St. Paul's High School (estd 1945), Shardashram Vidya Mandir (estd. 1949) and Balmohan Vidyamandir (estd 1940) are some of the oldest schools founded during the British India period. Dadar East houses Smt. Kamla Mehta Dadar School for the Blind, a 100+ years old institution that was set up by American Marathi Mission to serve blind children.

Two of the most prominent colleges in Mumbai, Ramnarain Ruia College and Ramniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics are in Dadar. Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute is one of the oldest engineering colleges in India and is in Matunga, adjacent to Dadar.

Dadar hosts specialised institutes like Institute of Hotel Management (IHM) and National Institute of Fashion Technology or NIFT (Ministry of Textiles, Government of India).

See also
Bhagnari

References

Neighbourhoods in Mumbai

Dadar


The Silver Badge Party was an unofficial political movement which existed in the United Kingdom during and immediately after the First World War. The Party consisted of several groups representing the political interests of former service personnel. It took its name from the Silver War Badge (SWB) that was issued to servicemen who had been invalided out of the forces.

History
First to be formed was the National Association of Discharged Sailors and Soldiers (NADSS), established following a meeting in Blackburn in September 1916 and initially linked to the labour and trade union movement. In April 1917, the Asquith Liberal MP James Myles Hogge sponsored a meeting at the National Liberal Club over the Military Service (Review of Exceptions) Bill, which proposed to reclassify those invalided out of the army to identify those who might be recalled to service. This meeting led to the formation of the National Federation of Discharged and Demobilised Sailors and Soldiers (NFDSS).

The NFDSS decided to fight by-elections to put its message across. In the Liverpool Abercromby byelection in June 1917, the NFDSS candidate polled a quarter of the vote. In the 1918 general election its National Executive approved five candidates, and local branches sponsored 25 more, considered Independent NFDSS candidates. In three Leeds constituencies, the candidates were nominated jointly by the NFDSS, the NADSS and the Comrades of the Great War. None of the candidates were elected although many polled substantial votes. In addition, the NADSS sponsored a candidate, Robert Hewitt Barker, in Sowerby in unusual circumstances, in which he inherited the position of unofficial Conservative Party candidate and won.

The groups were politically diverse. Hogge was a left-wing Liberal, and most of the NFDSS were similarly left wing: among the NFDSS candidates was Ernest Thurtle, who later became a Labour Party MP. Henry Hamilton Beamish was a member of both the Vigilante Society and the NFDSS.  In the 1918 general election he was one of the candidates sponsored by the NFDSS branches but not approved by the NFDSS National Executive, again in Clapham.

Following the election, none of the groups continued in active party politics. Hogge resigned as President of the NFDSS in January 1919. Following pressure from Douglas Haig, the NFDSS lifted its ban on officers being members in June 1919 and the three groups together with the Officers' Association began merger talks. At a Unity conference on 14–15 May 1921, they merged to form The Royal British Legion.

External links
British Legion Memorabilia Collectors Club - Silver Badge Party
National Federation of Discharged and Demobilized Sailors and Soldiers at the Royal British Legion in North Staffordshire's On-Line Museum

Defunct political parties in the United Kingdom
British veterans' organisations
1921 disestablishments in the United Kingdom

Silver Badge Party


Çiğdem Özyaman (born 1985 in Düzce, Turkey) is a Turkish sport shooter competing in the skeet event. The  tall athlete at  is right-handed.

She began sport shooting at the age of 14 with her father's encouragement. She serves as a teacher of physical education in a primary school at Bolu after her graduation from Selçuk University.

Çiğdem Özyaman qualified to participate in the skeet event at the 2012 Summer Olympics with her gold medal achieved at the 2011 European Shooting Championships held in Belgrade, Serbia. She was one of the first two Turkish female Olympic sport shooters; the other being Nihan Kantarcı, who was selected to compete in the trap event.

Achievements

References

1985 births
People from Düzce
Selçuk University alumni
Turkish female sport shooters
Skeet shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
Living people
Olympic shooters for Turkey
Shooters at the 2012 Summer Olympics

Çiğdem Özyaman


Pauline Vasseur (born 5 January 1988), who performs under the mononym Pauline, is a French composer, songwriter and singer.

Biography
Pauline Vasseur was born 5 January 1988 in Lens, Pas-de-Calais. She began to play the piano at five. When she was 12 years old, she joined the Conservatory of Lille, where the passion of her piano teacher, David Masson, seemed to rub off on her. She then prepared to pass the Diplôme d'études musicales that she obtained at 15. She worked and wrote some texts with Martin Rappeneau, Lena Ka, Jean-Luc Léonardon and François Welgryn. Allô le monde, her first album, was released on 1 October 2007. During the concert on the Champ de Mars on 14 July Pauline, then 19 years, sang her hit "Allô le monde" in front of more than 500,000 people.

Discography

Albums

Singles

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
French women singer-songwriters
French singer-songwriters
People from Lens, Pas-de-Calais
Pauline

Pauline (singer)


Papadopoulos & Sons is a 2012 British comedy-drama film written and directed by Marcus Markou and self-distributed in the UK and Ireland by Markou's own company Double M Films through an agreement with Cineworld on 5 April 2013. Cineworld initially agreed to distribute the film for one week only in a limited number of screens across the UK, but due to unprecedented audience demand, extended the run while expanding to more venues.

Plot
Greek immigrant Harry Papadopoulos has got it all: a mansion, awards and a lavish lifestyle as a successful entrepreneur reigning over a financial empire in the food industry. But when the banking crisis hits, Harry and his family - shy horticulturist James, snobby fashion victim Katie, and precocious child prodigy Theo - lose everything. Everything, except the dormant and forgotten Three Brothers Fish & Chip Shop half-owned by Harry's larger-than-life brother Spiros who's been estranged from the family for years.

With no alternative, Harry and his family are forced to pack their bags and reluctantly join Uncle Spiros to live above the neglected Three Brothers chippie. Together they bring the chip shop back to life under the suspicious gaze of their old rival, Hassan, from the neighbouring Turkish kebab shop whose son has his eyes on Katie. As each family member comes to terms with their new life, Harry struggles to regain his lost business empire. But as the chip shop returns to life, old memories are stirred and Harry discovers that only when you lose everything can you be free to find it all.

Main cast

 Stephen Dillane as Harry Papadopoulos
 Georges Corraface as Uncle Spiros
 Georgia Groome as Katie Papadopoulos
 Frank Dillane as James Papadopoulos
 Ed Stoppard as Rob
 Cosima Shaw as Sophie
 Selina Cadell as Mrs Parrington
 Marcus Markou as News Reporter
 Richard Durden as Father Jimmy
 George Savvides as Hassan Ali
 Cesare Taurasi as Mehmet Ali
 Thomas Underhill as Theo
 Alexander Hanson as Lars

Production
Papadopoulos & Sons was inspired by Marcus Markou's own family history and cultural roots, which fuelled his desire to focus on family unity: "I came from a very tight-knit Greek-Cypriot family", said the director. "However, as we grew older and grew up, my family, like so many other families, broke apart. I also lost so many of my Hellenic roots. In making the film I reached out to that sense of family that had been lost and I reached out to my Hellenic roots. [The film] is not about being Greek or Cypriot at all. I use that as backdrop. It really is about family unity at a difficult time".

The film was shot in the London area. The crew found a street with two empty shops in Morden, South London, and took the lease on them. One became the chip shop The Three Brothers, the other the rival kebab shop. The bridge scene was filmed in Morden Hall Park. The city scenes were filmed in Central London and the mansion scenes in Croydon. Finally, the Papadopoulos factory was set in a real Greek food factory in East London.

Reception
Papadopoulos & Sons was awarded three stars out of five by The Guardian, which described the film as "an ambitious attempt to rewrite Lear for laughter rather than tears. It's a throwback, but relaxed, sweet and funny with it: a first feature that makes an impression by not pushing too hard to make an impression". The Daily Telegraph compared it to Raymond De Felitta's City Island and concluded that "it gets by almost wholly on hangdog charm, but that's an underrated asset, and so is Dillane, delivering a terse and rueful performance that's typically excellent." On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 71% based on 14 reviews, with an average rating of 5.73/10.

It was shown at several film festivals across the world, including the annual Festival of British Cinema in Dinard, France, the Palm Springs International Film Festival, the Seattle International Film Festival and the Thessaloniki International Film Festival, where it received the Michael Cacoyannis Audience Award. It was also screened at the European Parliament in November 2012.

In June 2013, the film was released in 70 cinemas in Germany, with almost 24,000 admissions during the first weekend. It was later screened in Nicosia, Cyprus for a week in late November 2013, with all proceeds being donated to a charity helping people who have been affected by the economic crisis. The film was later picked up for TV distribution in the UK, France, Germany, Greece and the Middle East.

Director Marcus Markou was nominated for the "Breakthrough British filmmaker" award at the London Film Critics Circle Awards 2013 for his work on Papadopoulos & Sons.

References

External links

 Papadopoulos & Sons at the British Film Institute

2012 films
2012 comedy-drama films
British comedy-drama films
Films about race and ethnicity
Films set in London
2012 directorial debut films
2010s English-language films
2010s British films

Papadopoulos & Sons


Art museums
 Museum of Illusions  (Nušićeva 11)
 National Museum of Serbia  (Trg republike 1a)
 Museum of African Art (Andre Nikolića 14)
 Museum of Applied Arts (Vuka Karadžica 18)
 Museum of Contemporary Art (Ušće bb)
 Legacy of Milica Zorić and Rodoljub Čolaković (Rodoljuba Čolakovića 2), part of Museum of Contemporary Art
 Belgrade City Museum (Resavska 40b)
 Museum of Paja Jovanović, (Kralja Milana 21/VI) , part of Belgrade City Museum
 Zepter Museum (Knez Mihailova 42) [www.zeptermuseum.rs]
 Gallery of Frescos, (Cara Uroša 20) , part of National Museum of Serbia

Cultural and historical museums
 Historical Museum of Serbia (Trg Nikole Pašića 11) [imus.org.rs/en/home]
 Museum of Yugoslav History (Mihaila Mike Jankovica 6) , with 3 buildings: House of Flowers (Tito's tomb), Old museum (Tito's gifts and documents about Yugoslavian history) and Museum 25 May (temporary exhibitions)
 Historical Museum of Genocide dedicated to the Serbian people (Trg Nikole Pašića 11)
 Jewish Historical Museum (Kralja Petra I 71/1)
 Konak Kneginje Ljubice (Kneza Sime Markovića 3) , part of Belgrade City Museum
 Konak Kneza Miloša (Rakovički put 2), part of Historical Museum of Serbia
 Military Museum (Kalemegdan)
 Museum of Belgrade Fortress (Kalemegdan)
 Museum of Ethnography (Studentski trg 13)
 Museum of Vuk and Dositej, (Gospodar Jevremova 21) , part of National Museum of Serbia
 Museum of Pedagogy (Uzun Mirkova 14)
 Museum of Serbian Orthodox Church
 Museum of the "Banjica" Concentration Camp (Veljka Lukića Kurjaka 3)
 Museum of Theatrical Arts (Gospodar Jevremova 19)
 Museum of Yugoslav Film Archive (Kosovska 11)
 Zemun Home Museum (Glavna 9)
 House of Jevrem Grujic (Svetogorska 17)
 Museum of Roma culture of Belgrade (Husinske rudara 31, Karaburma)

Memorial museums and commemorative collections
 Manak's House (Gavrila Principa 5)
 Memorial Gallery of Petar Dobrović (Kralja Petra I 36/IV)
 Memorial Museum of Ivo Andrić (Andrićev venac 8/I), part of Belgrade City Museum
 Memorial Museum of Jovan Cvijić (Jelene Ćetković 5), part of Belgrade City Museum
 Memorial Museum of Nadežda and Rastko Petrović (Ljube Stojanovića 25), part of Belgrade City Museum
 Museum of Archibald Reiss (Bulevar vojvode Mišića 73)
 Museum of FK "Crvena Zvezda" (Ljutice Bogdana 1a)
 Museum of Physical Education (Blagoja Parovića 156)
 Museum of Toma Rosandić (Vasilija Gaceše 3)

Technical and natural-history museums
 Museum of Automobiles (Majke Jevrosime 30)
 Museum of Aviation, near Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport, has a collection consisting of 130 planes including the only remaining Fiat G.50 Freccia.
 Museum of Natural History (Njegoševa 51; Mali Kalemegdan 1)
 Museum of Science and Technology (Ðure Jakšica 9)
 Nikola Tesla Museum (Krunska 51)
 PTT Museum (Palmoticeva 2)
 Railway Museum (Nemanjina 6)

External links

Belgrade
Museums
Museums
Museums

List of museums in Belgrade


The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine–oak forests is a subtropical coniferous forest ecoregion of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt of central Mexico.

Setting

The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine–oak forests occupy an area of , extending from Jalisco state in the west to Veracruz in the east.

The main mass of the volcanic belt extends east to west through the states of Jalisco, Michoacán, México, Morelos, Tlaxcala, Puebla, and Veracruz. The ecoregion includes the smaller mountain ranges which rise from the Mexican Plateau, including the Sierra de Santa Rosa, Sierra de Lobos, and Sierra de Pénjamo in Guanajuato, and northwards to El Gogorrón National Park in San Luis Potosí.

The pine–oak forests are surrounded by tropical dry forests at lower elevations to the west, northwest, and south; the Jalisco dry forests to the west and southwest; the Balsas dry forests to the south in the basin of the Balsas River, and the Bajío dry forests to the northwest in the basin of the Río Grande de Santiago and the lower Rio Lerma. The Central Mexican matorral lies to the north of the range in the high basins of the Plateau, including the Valley of Mexico and the upper reaches of the Lerma around Toluca. The Tehuacán Valley matorral lies in the rain shadow valley to the southeast in Puebla and Tlaxcala states. To the east, the moist Veracruz montane forests and Oaxacan montane forests are the transition between the pine–oak forests and the lowland tropical forests along the Gulf of Mexico.

Pockets of montane grassland and shrubland can be found among the pine–oak forests, and constitute a separate ecoregion, the Zacatonal.

Flora
The chief plant communities are pine forests, pine–oak forests, oak forests, pine–cedar forests, and pine–fir forests. The plant communities vary with elevation and rainfall.

Pine forests are generally found between 2,275 and 2,600 m. Pine–oak forests occur between 2,470 and 2,600 m. Pine–cedar forests can be found above 2,700 m. Pine–fir forests occur above 3000 m.

In the pine forests, Montezuma pine (Pinus montezumae) is generally predominant, with smooth-bark Mexican pine (P. pseudostrobus) predominant in more humid areas, and Hartweg's pine (P. hartwegii) and P. tecote in dry areas with shallow soils.

Pine–fir forests are composed almost entirely of Hartweg's pine (Pinus hartwegii) and sacred fir (Abies religiosa).

The western portion of the ecoregion, in western Jalisco and Colima states, is home to several endemic species. Quercus iltisii is found in the mountains of Jalisco and Colima. Quercus cualensis is known only from the  Sierra el Cuale in western Jalisco between 1,800 and 2,300 meters elevation, and is endangered. Quercus tuitensis is found only in the lower montane forests of Jalisco's Sierra el Tuito. Magnolia iltisiana is found in the Manantlán and Cacoma sierras of Jalisco and near Morelia in Michoacán. Acer binzayedii is known only from the Sierra de Manantlán. Pinus jaliscana is also endemic to western Jalisco, where it is found mostly in the Sierra el Cuale and Sierra el Tuito.

Fauna
The Transvolcanic jay, (Aphelocoma ultramarina), Sierra Madre sparrow (Xenospiza baileyi) and the green-striped brushfinch (Atlapetes virenticeps) are near-endemic species, limited to the pine–oak forests of the Transvolcanic Range and the southern Sierra Madre Occidental. Other native birds include the great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), long-tailed wood partridge (Dendrortyx macroura), white-tipped dove (Leptotila verreauxi), Montezuma quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae), banded quail (Philortx fasciatus), northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), and grey-barred wren (Campylorhynchus megalopterus).

The volcano rabbit (Romerolagus diazi) and the Mexican volcano mouse (Neotomodon alstoni) are endemic to the ecoregion.

Monarch butterflies
The Volcanic Belt pine–oak forests of eastern Michoacán and western México states is the winter habitat of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus), which migrate from temperate regions of North America east of the Rocky Mountains. The Mariposa Monarca Biosphere Reserve is within this habitat.

Protected areas
17.85% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Protected areas include:

 Barranca del Cupatitzio National Park
 Bosencheve National Park
 Cañón del Río Blanco National Park
 Cerro de Garnica National Park
 Chichinautzin Biological Corridor
 Ciénegas del Lerma Flora and Fauna Protection Area
 Cofre de Perote National Park (Nauhcampatépetl)
 Cumbres del Ajusco National Park
 Desierto del Carmen National Park (Nixcongo)
 Desierto de los Leones National Park
 Fuentes Brotantes de Tlalpan National Park
 El Gogorrón National Park
 Insurgente Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla National Park
 Insurgente José María Morelos National Park
 Iztaccíhuatl–Popocatépetl National Park
 El Jabalí Flora and Fauna Protection Area
 Lagunas de Zempoala National Park
 Lomas de Padierna National Park
 Los Remedios National Park
 La Malinche National Park (Matlalcuéyatl)
 Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve
 Nevado de Toluca Flora and Fauna Protection Area
 Pico de Orizaba National Park
 Pico de Tancítaro Flora and Fauna Protection Area
 La Primavera Biosphere Reserve
 Rayón National Park
 Sacromonte National Park
 Sierra de los Agustinos Sustainable Use Area
 Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve
 Sierra de Lobos Sustainable Use Area
 Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve
 Sierra de Quila Flora and Fauna Protection Area
 Sierra de Vallejo Biosphere Reserve
 El Tepozteco National Park
 Volcán Nevado de Colima National Park
 Xicoténcatl National Park
 Zona Protectora Forestal los terrenos constitutivos de las cuencas de los ríos Valle de Bravo, Malacatepec, Tilostoc y Temascaltepec

See also
Pine-oak Forests of Puebla, Mexico
Conifers of Mexico
List of ecoregions in Mexico

References

Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt
Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests
Ecoregions of Mexico
Neotropical ecoregions

Forests of Mexico
Montane forests
Natural history of Colima
Natural history of Guanajuato
Natural history of Guerrero
Natural history of Hidalgo (state)
Natural history of Jalisco
Natural history of Michoacán
Natural history of the State of Mexico
Natural history of Morelos
Natural history of Puebla
Natural history of San Luis Potosí
Natural history of Tlaxcala
Natural history of Veracruz
Natural history of Zacatecas


A kunya (Arabic:كنية) is a name which is honorably given to an Arab mother or father. Kunya is pronounced koon-ya. Parents are called by their kunyas, which consists of abu (father) or umm (mother) followed by the name of their first son or daughter.  Their whole name is their name plus their kunya.  For example, Umm Ja'far Aminah means "the mother of Ja'far, Aminah." The kunya precedes the personal name.

Arabic words and phrases

Kunya


The Bṛhaddevatā (), is a metrical Sanskrit work, traditionally ascribed to Shaunaka. It is an enlarged catalogue of the Rigvedic deities worshipped in the individual suktas (hymns) of the Rigveda. It also contains the myths and legends related to the composition of these suktas.

Recensions
The extant manuscripts of this text are found in two recensions, the shorter and the longer. The shorter recension contains 1091 verses, of which 18 verses are not found in the longer one. Similarly, the longer recension has 1206 verses, of which 133 verses are not found in the shorter recension. A modern British scholar, A. A. Macdonell concluded that the original size of the work was retained in the longer recension and that the shorter version was an abridgement of it. Macdonnell placed the text before 400 BCE. But, in 1979, a Japanese scholar, Muneo Tokunaga questioned all conclusions of Macdonnell. He assumed the existence of a series of three scribes, who successively interpolated material onto the "core" text. According to him, this "core" text was Shaunaka's Devatanukramani, which is no longer extant. The first expanded version of the Brihaddevata was its shorter recension, which was composed between 1st-5th centuries CE and the second expanded version of the Brihaddevata was its longer recension, which was composed between 7th-11th centuries CE. This also explains its name, which could originally have been Brihaddevatanukramani (an expanded index of the deities).

Editions
The first printed edition of this text was edited by Rajendralala Mitra. It was published by the Asiatic Society, Calcutta as a part of their Bibliotheca Indica series in 1892. According to A. A. Macdonell, this edition had a large number of misprints. It also consisted many impossible readings taken from incorrect manuscripts, omissions of lines, repetitions of lines and insertions of undoubtedly spurious lines. It was based on seven manuscripts. A. A. Macdonell produced a critical edition with an exhaustive introduction in English, seven appendices and a translation into English in two parts, published in 1904. This edition is based on nine manuscripts, as well as Rajendralala Mitra's edition. A new critical edition, by Muneo Tokunaga, of the text was published in 1997.

Contents
The work consists eight adhyayas (chapters), mostly written in Anuṣṭubh meter, though a number of verses are in Triṣṭubh meter also. Each adhyaya comprises about 30 vargas, each consisting of five verses. The text begins with a long introduction embracing the complete first adhyaya, and twenty-five vargas of the second. The main body of the text beginning from the twenty-sixth varga of the second adhyaya, for the most part, is concerned with stating the deities, in their successive order, for the hymns and stanzas of the Rigveda. It also comprises nearly forty legends, described to explain the circumstances under which the hymns they are concerned with were composed. These legends cover almost a quarter of the whole text. A number of these legends are historically connected to the Mahabharata.

Notes

Further reading

Sanskrit texts
Rigveda

Bṛhaddevatā


Eternal oblivion (also referred to as non-existence or nothingness) is the philosophical, religious, or scientific concept of one's consciousness forever ceasing upon death. Pamela Health and Jon Klimo write that this concept is mostly associated with religious skepticism, secular humanism, nihilism, agnosticism, and atheism.
According to most modern neuroscience theories of consciousness, the brain is the basis of subjective experience, agency, self-awareness, and awareness of the surrounding natural world. When brain death occurs, all brain function forever ceases.

Many neuroscientists and neurophilosophers, such as Daniel Dennett, believe that consciousness is dependent upon the functioning of the brain and death is a cessation of consciousness. Scientific research has discovered that some areas of the brain, like the reticular activating system or the thalamus, appear to be necessary for consciousness, because dysfunction of or damage to these structures causes a loss of consciousness. Through a naturalist analysis of the mind, it is regarded as being dependent on the brain, as shown from the various effects of brain damage.

In philosophy
In the Apology of Socrates (written by Plato), after Socrates is sentenced to death, he addresses the court. He ponders the nature of death and summarizes that there are two major schools of thought on the afterlife. The first is that it is a migration of the soul or consciousness from this existence into another, and that the souls of all previously deceased people will also be there. This excites Socrates, because he will be able to conduct his dialectic inquiries with all of the great Greek heroes and thinkers of the past. The other opinion about death is that it is oblivion, the complete cessation of consciousness, not only unable to feel but a complete lack of awareness, like a person in a deep, dreamless sleep. Socrates says that even this oblivion does not frighten him very much, because while he would be unaware, he would correspondingly be free from any pain or suffering. Socrates stated that not even the great King of Persia could say that he ever rested so soundly and peacefully as he did in a dreamless sleep.
Cicero, writing three centuries later in his treatise On Old Age, in the voice of Cato the Elder, similarly discussed the prospects of death, frequently referring to the works of earlier Greek writers. Cicero also concluded that death was either a continuation of consciousness or cessation of it, and that if consciousness continues in some form, there is no reason to fear death; while if it is in fact eternal oblivion, he will be free of all worldly miseries, in which case he should also not be deeply troubled by death.

Similar thoughts about death were expressed by the Roman poet and philosopher Lucretius in his first-century BC didactic poem De rerum natura and by the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus in his Letter to Menoeceus, in which he writes:

Paraphrasing philosopher Paul Edwards, Keith Augustine and Yonatan Fishman state that "the greater the damage to the brain, the greater the corresponding damage to the mind. The natural extrapolation from this pattern is all too clear – obliterate brain functioning altogether, and mental functioning too will cease." Psychologist Steven Pinker and physicist Sean Carroll assert that death is equivalent to eternal oblivion, as science finds no mechanism to continue consciousness after death.

Legal use
The term "eternal Oblivion" has been used in international treaties, such as in Article II of the Treaty of Westphalia 1648. It has also been used in legislation such as in the English Indemnity and Oblivion Act 1660, where the phrase used is "perpetual Oblivion" (it appears in several of the articles in the act).

Oblivion and subjectivity
Thomas Clark, founder of Center for Naturalism, wrote a paper titled "Death, Nothingness, and Subjectivity" (1994). He critiqued what he saw as a flawed description of eternal oblivion as a "plunge into darkness". When some imagine their deaths (including the non-religious), they project themselves into a future self which experiences an eternal silent darkness. This is wrong, because without consciousness, there is no awareness of space and no basis for time. For Clark, in oblivion there is even an absence of experience, as we can only speak of experience when a subjective self exists.

According to neuroscientist Giulio Tononi, consciousness is "all we are and all we have: lose consciousness and, as far as you are concerned, your own self and the entire world dissolve into nothingness." Some interpretations of studies of near-death experiences have suggested against the idea of consciousness ceasing upon death, and it may continue even after brain function ceases.

See also

 Annihilationism
 Anattā
 Christian mortalism
 Consciousness after death
 Information-theoretic death
 Neural correlates of consciousness
 Nirvana

References

Further reading
 Martin, Michael; Augustine, Keith. (2015). The Myth of an Afterlife: The Case against Life After Death. Rowman & Littlefield.

Death
Afterlife

Eternal oblivion


Railway Rivals is a railroad-themed board game that was originally published by Rostherne Games in 1973. A German language edition was released by Bütehorn in 1979, and a mass-market edition in the UK by Games Workshop in 1985. The game involves railway building and operations.

Description
Railway Rivals is a boardgame for 2–6 players, in which each is a railway owner, and is striving to build track in order to join up cities and deliver profitable loads.

Gameplay
The game is in two stages; in the first part players draw tracks on the card using washable finetip pens (allowing the board to be cleaned for reuse). Players have a building allowance each turn; building through difficult terrain costs more moves. Players earn money for connecting cities to their railway network, and pay other players for connecting to or building alongside their track.

Once all cities are joined by railway tracks, the second part of the game starts. Players race their trains along the tracks between randomly chosen pairs of cities; just as in real life, players must pay other players to use elements of their track if they don't have a complete route of their own. The choice of routes raced is random; each city is used one or more times. Money is awarded to the trains that arrive first and second, and the player with the most money when all routes have been raced is the winner.

Maps
Initially, the towns on the maps were indexed by the 36 numbers 11–66, allowing a town to be randomly generated by rolling two standard dice. Some towns could have more than one index number associated with them; for example, on maps that included London, it was usual for London to have 4 or even 6 index numbers to reflect its size. As Watts' experience increased, map design got more complex. It became standard for a map to have six "special runs" to destinations at the edges of the map, or special classes of town (for example, sea ports). In redesigns of some early maps, valleys were widened, to make it easier for more than one player to have a route along them. The building cost of going into or out of a hill was also reduced, again increasing competition for previously secure groups of towns.

The first digit of a town's number was considered its "sector" and in postal games GMs would ensure that in the racing phase each sector would see one race to each other sector and one to a special run, to ensure a uniform distribution of the races. In the game's late-1980s and early-1990s heyday, Watts appeared to target a more "gamer" than "family" audience, producing maps on larger hex sheets and with 52 towns indexed by cards rather than the 42 given by the towns + special runs. This led to games taking longer to complete; this appears to have been unpopular with the market, as from 1992 on new map designs in general went back to having 36 towns + special runs and using smaller hex sheets. At this point Watts began to make more use of "small towns", towns which shared their index number with one other town and only scored 3 points rather than 6 for the first player to connect to them; this seems to have been a compromise to allow him to encourage the development of historically occurring tracks without lengthening the game.

The original maps are now out of print.  Nevertheless, hundreds of after-market maps have been developed for Railway Rivals (including one for Middle-earth), and they can be developed straightforwardly by enthusiasts.  The results of games of Railway Rivals can be compared with the way that real railways developed in a particular area.

Publication history
David Watts, a geography teacher, originally developed the game as a teaching aid to help students become familiar with the geography of industrialized countries and to demonstrate how geography and competition had resulted in railways being developed in some places but not others. He self-published the game through his own company, Rostherne Games, initially in kit form (hex sheets and colouring instructions) for several years before it was released in a boxed set by Fairmount Simulation Gaming. Watts also sold many individual laminated paper maps covering specific areas of England, Scotland, and India, together with brief instructions and the special dice required.

The German games company Bütehorn published a German-language edition in 1979 titled Dampfross (Steam Steed), and it became a finalist for Spiel des Jahres 1980. The game only sold 1,000 copies, and Bütehorn went bankrupt. Schmidt Spiele acquired the German-language license and Knut-Michael Wolf completely revised the rules. The new edition was released in 1983, and subsequently won the Spiel des Jahres in 1984, resulting in some complaints, since only new game releases are considered; the jury ruled that Schmidt's rules revisions so completely altered the game that the new edition was, in effect, a new game. Dampfross proved enormously popular, selling over 300,000 copies.

Following this success, Games Workshop published a UK edition of Railway Rivals, with a game board made of laminated card, and a map of Central England on one side and the Western USA on the other. Pens, dice and small plastic trains were also included.

Schmidt Spiele marketed several foreigh-language versions in other countries including a Dutch version, Tussen de Rails for Selecta Spel en Hobby, and a Swedish version, Rail, for Alga.

In 1992, a revised version of Dampfross was published by Laurin-Verlag; after Laurin was taken over in 1993, Queen Games continued to publish it.

In 1998 Watts sold the rights to all Rostherne Games to Theo Clarke.

Reception
In Issue 35 of the UK magazine Games & Puzzles, John Deans commented, "It is a natural consequence of a completed game for players to compare their network with that actually in existence. Where the two coincide there is a certain satisfaction in 'being right' and where they do not discussion can arise of value in the developing of the players' grasp of this aspect of Geography. For this is the object of the Railway Rivals game and, while providing entertainment and excitement, they seem to succeed in this." Deans concluded by giving the game a rating of 4 out of 6.

In 1984, Brian Cresse reviewed the postal version of Railway Rivals for Imagine magazine, and stated that "Railway Rivals is, deservedly, one of the most popular postal games around, but has failed to gain an equivalent hold on the 'mass' of the games-playing public."

Writing in Issue 78 of Games (August 1986), Sid Sackson called it a "captivating railway game." Although Sackson noted the game can be played by two, "more is definitely merrier."

Rick Heli, writing for Spotlight on Games, called it "a rather satisfying game" and rated it 7 out of 10.

Awards
 Spiel des Jahres 1980: Finalist for Game of the Year 1979
 Spiel des Jahres 1984: Winner of Game of the Year 1983

Other reviews and commentary
 Casus Belli No. 33 (June 1986)
1986 Games 100

See also
Train game
Ticket to Ride

References

External links

 History of Railway Rivals at the Game Cabinet

Board games introduced in 1973
Railroad board games
Spiel des Jahres winners
Games Workshop games

Railway Rivals


Soyuz MS-24 is a Russian crewed Soyuz spaceflight launched from Baikonur on September 15, 2023 to the International Space Station.

Crew
The original three-Russian member crew for this scenario was named in May 2021. American astronaut Loral O'Hara replaced Andrey Fedyaev as a part of the Soyuz-Dragon crew swap system of keeping at least one NASA astronaut and one Roscosmos cosmonaut on each of the crew rotation missions. This allows continuous space station occupation by US and Russia and keep backup crew scenarios to prevent vehicle either vehicle grounding like Soyuz MS-10 launch failure or to compensate for delays in launch of crew rotation missions of either vehicles like SpaceX Crew-3, that was delayed due to unfavorable launch weather conditions. They were originally assigned to Soyuz MS-23 mission, but were moved to MS-24, due to Soyuz MS-22 coolant leak accident that required MS-23 to be launched uncrewed as its replacement. Oleg Kononenko is assigned for an one year long mission with his MS-24 crewmate, Nikolai Chub that started on September 15, 2023. If the mission lasts 300-365 days, Kononenko will have spent a total of 1,036-1,101 days in space, exceeding the current record of 878 days by Gennady Padalka. He will thus also become the first person to stay 1,000 days in space.

Primary Crew

Backup crew

References

Crewed Soyuz missions
Future human spaceflights
2023 in spaceflight
2023 in Russia

Soyuz MS-24


There were many women involved in World War I.  American women and British women helped their country with the war.  The women's groups in Britain did not like that Britain was going to go to war at first.  British women took over the jobs of the men who went into battle.  The men were guaranteed their jobs back when they came home.  When the U.S first got involved in World War I, they were opposed to using women's power. Before that, they did not think twice about women or their rights.

Belgian and Italian women also helped their countries. The women were nurses who served in the war.  They helped the wounded soldiers of their side.  They also helped on troop trains and transport ships.

In the United States, over 30,000 women helped in the Army, Navy, Marines, or the Coast Guard.  They did this even before they were given the right to vote.  In the U.S., the women in the military gave a huge push to the 19th Amendment to get passed.  President Woodrow Wilson got won over to the women's suffrage side because they were very brave.  The women served on the front line.  They also replaced men in offices and factories.

More than 25,000 U.S women served in Europe in World War I.  They helped nurse the wounded and provided food and other supplies to the military.  Some of the women became "horrifyingly bloodthirsty" when they heard about the fighting.  They wanted to go into combat but could not because they were women.  There was a "reconstruction of gender" in Britain.  After World War I, women became stronger and not just looked at as mothers or "girly."

The feminist movement never regained its strength after the war but kept the same status as before the war.  The world wars shook up the gender's relations, but only temporarily.

Women
World War I

Women of World War I


Le Révolté was an anarcho-communist journal started by Peter Kropotkin, along with François Dumartheray and Georg Herzig, in February 1879. The journal was partially funded by Elisée Reclus, Kropotkin's mentor. At the time of the journal's founding, Reclus and Kropotkin were living in the village of Clarens on Lake Geneva. The journal itself was published in Geneva. After Kropotkin was expelled from Switzerland and convicted in the Lyon trial of 1883 (for belonging to a defunct organization, i.e., The International), Le Révolté needed a new editor. Elisée Reclus, who had become quite friendly with Jean Grave, recommended Grave for the editorship and, after some hesitation, Grave accepted and moved to Geneva in 1883. Due to difficulties in getting the journal into France as well as Swiss police harassment, in 1885 Grave moved back to France with the journal. The last issue of Le Révolté was 14 March 1885.  In 1887 the journal became La Révolte. The switch to La Révolte resulted from a desperate and ineffective effort to avoid legal responsibility for a fine assessed the journal for participating in an illegal lottery in support of military desertion. Le Révolté was issued semimonthly before May 1886 and afterwards was a four-page weekly. The journal's circulation in 1886 was about 4,000 and by 1889 had grown to 6,000. After 1895, the journal was named Les Temps Nouveaux; it ceased publication in 1914.

References

Louis Patsouras (2003). The Anarchism of Jean Grave. Montreal: Black Rose Books.
Martin A. Miller, (1976). Kropotkin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Dana Ward (2010). "Alchemy in Clarens: Kropotkin and Reclus, 1877-1881." New Perspectives on Anarchism. eds., Nathan Jun, Sol Neely, and Shane Wahl, Lexington Press.

External links
25 November 1882 issue of Révolté can be found at Anarchy Archives.

Anarchist periodicals
Bi-monthly magazines published in Switzerland
Communist magazines
Defunct magazines published in Switzerland
Defunct political magazines
French-language magazines
Magazines established in 1879
Magazines disestablished in 1885
Magazines published in Geneva
Political magazines published in Switzerland

Le Révolté


Blackpool Transport Services (BTS) is a bus and tram operator running within the boroughs of Blackpool and Fylde and into the surrounding area. This includes Fleetwood, Lytham St Annes, Poulton le Fylde and Kirkham. BTS is wholly owned by Blackpool Borough Council. It makes it one of the few remaining municipal bus companies in the United Kingdom today.

Tram transport in the United Kingdom
Blackpool

Blackpool Transport


Arroz con maíz is a Latin American dish with rice and corn cooked in one pot.

Cuban version
In Cuba the rice is colored yellow with powdered bijol which is annatto seeds. The rice and corn are cooked in Cuban-style sofrito, chorizo, white wine, Cuban orégano, cumin, and chicken stock.

Dominican version
Arroz con maíz is a staple in Dominican homes. Very simply done with powdered annatto, chicken bouillon cube and Dominican sofrito called sazón.

Puerto Rican version
The Puerto Rican version is perhaps the most notable and flavorful in Latin America. The rice is cooked with sofrito as a base. The rice is also dyed yellow from the annatto oil (olive oil that has been infused with annatto seeds). Once the oil is hot salchichas are usually added. Sofrito is then cooked until most of the water has been evaporated. Olives, capers, corn, and bay leaves are then added and cooked for an additional minute. Rice, black pepper, coriander seeds,  cumin, and possibly orégano brujo are then added and stirred until every grain of rice is coated with sofrito. Broth is then poured into the pot and left to cook. This dish popular on Thanksgiving.

External links
Cuban Arroz con maíz
Dominican Moro de maíz
Puerto Rican Arroz con maíz

Cuban cuisine
Dominican Republic cuisine
Puerto Rican cuisine
Caribbean cuisine
Latin American rice dishes
Maize dishes

Arroz con maiz


Renate Weber (born 3 August 1955 in Botoșani, Botoșani County, Romania) is a Romanian lawyer and human rights activist who, in November 2007, was elected as Member of the European Parliament. She is the first Romanian appointed as Chief of an EU Election Observation Mission.
Between 2004–2005 she was Advisor on constitutional and legislative matters to then President of Romania, Traian Băsescu. She previously served as the Romanian Ombudsman as well from June 2019 until mid June 2021.

Biography
Renate Weber graduated from the Law Faculty of the University of Bucharest, in 1979 and became a lawyer at the Bucharest Bar.

In the 1990s, Weber has become one of the strongest voices of the Romanian civil society, being involved in a number of national and international non-profit organization, such as the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (Vienna), where she was Vice-chair (1994–1996), or the Association for the Protection of Human Rights in Romania – Helsinki Committee (APADOR-CH), where she was Co-chair (1994–1999). Weber was the longest-serving Chairwoman of the National Council at the Foundation for an Open Society – Romania (1998–2005, 2006–2007).

In 2000, she was appointed as Ad hoc judge at the European Court of Human Rights in (Strasbourg).

She lectured in international human rights law, constitutional law, minority rights and women's rights, at the National School of Political and Administrative Studies, Faculty of Political Sciences (1997–2003). She also held classes on the protection of human rights in the context of international relations, at University of Bucharest, Faculty of History (2003–2004).

Between 2004–2005, Weber was appointed as Advisor on constitutional and legislative matters to the President of Romania.

In 2007, she decided to enter politics and became a member of the National Liberal Party (PNL).

European Parliament activity
Renate Weber became a member of the European Parliament in November 2007. She is a full member of the LIBE Committee and a substitute member of the AFET Committee.

She was also a member of the Delegation for relations with the countries of the Andean Community. In this capacity, she led – in the autumn of 2008 – the EP Electoral Observation Mission in Ecuador.

Subsequently, she was appointed by the European Commission as Chief of the EU Election Observation Mission for the 25 January 2009  Constitutional Referendum in Bolivia and she was also Chief Observer for the EU EOM deployed for the presidential and legislative elections that took place in Bolivia on 6 December 2009.

In May 2010, Renate Weber was invited by the European Commission to lead the EU EOM deployed for the May–September 2010 electoral cycle in Burundi, Africa.

Ombudsperson of Romania
In June 2019, Weber was appointed as People's Advocate of Romania by the Parliament of Romania. As a consequence, in accordance with law, she had to resign from her European Parliament membership. She was ousted by Parliament in mid June 2021. Her dismissal was declared unconstitutional by the Romanian Constitutional Court on June 29, and she was reinstated in her position on July 6, 2021.

Other activities
 Organisation and lecturing, course in 'Rights of national minorities' (UNDP and Centre for Human Rights, Moldova, 2000);
 Organisation and lecturing, course (training of trainers) in 'The police and human rights' (UNDP and Centre for Human Rights, Moldova, 2000);
 Lecturer, 'The police and the European Convention on Human Rights', Police Academy, organised by the Council of Europe (Moscow, 2000);
 Lecturer, 'Joint Pilot Training Course for Human Rights Field Missions', organised by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the Council of Europe, the UN and the EU (Venice, 1999);
 Member, Reflection Group on the project 'The Long-term Implications of EU Enlargement: The Nature of the New Border', formed by the European Commission and the Robert Schuman Centre of the European University Institute (Florence, 1998–1999);
 Lecturer on more than 15 courses held in the Netherlands, Austria, Albania, Slovakia, Russia, Kirghizstan, and Kazakhstan on human rights monitoring, especially as regards the relationship between international law and national legislation, in connection with the work of the police, prison conditions, the organisation and conduct of elections, freedom of expression, minority rights and women's rights (1993–1998).

Articles, studies, books
Weber has over 50 published studies and articles on human rights, the rights of national minorities, constitutional law, the European Convention on Human Rights and fighting discrimination. Here are several examples:

 Synthesis of the national situation in Romania (anti-discrimination report produced for the European Commission, 2006);
 The Kin-State and Its Minorities: Which European Standards? The Hungarian Status- Law : Its Antecedents and Consequences, in The Hungarian Status Law: Nation Building and/or Minority Protection, Zoltan Kantor and others eds., Slavic Eurasian Studies, Vol. 4, Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 2004;
 "Non-Discrimination Review" – project undertaken by the Council of Europe, addressing non-discrimination issues within the Central and South East Europe – member of the three country group expert team 2002–2003;
 "Report on Measures to Combat Discrimination in the 13 candidate countries" – project undertaken by MEDE  European Consultancy in partnership with Migration Policy Group – country report on Romania, 2003;
 "Concept paper on Combating Discrimination in Romania. An Inventory of Problems on Legislation and Institutional Mechanisms for Combating Discrimination" – a follow-up project within the Non Discrimination Review project of the Council of Europe, 2003
 "The Romanian Constitutional Court: In Search of its Own Identity" in Sadurski Wojciech ed. Constitutional Justice, East and West – Democratic Legitimacy and Constitutional Courts in Post-Communist Europe in A Comparative Perspective, Kluwer Law International, The Hague-London-New York, 2002;
 "The Impact of the European Convention of Human Rights upon the Rule of Law in Romania", Blackburn and Polakiewicz (eds.), Oxford University Press, 2002;
 Research on "National and European Legislation to Combat Racism", project undertaken by Migration Policy Group, Interrights and European Roma Rights Center, report on Romania, 2001;
 "The Effect of the [ECHR] on the Legal and Political System of Member States: Romania", in Prof. Robert Blackburn and Dr. Jorg Polakiewicz eds. Fundamental Rights in Europe – The European Convention on Human Rights and its Member States, 1950–2000, Oxford University Press, 2001
 "Constitutionalism as a Vehicle for Democratic Consolidation in Romania", in Jan Zielonka ed. Democratic Consolidation in Eastern Europe, Oxford University Press, 2001;
 "Police Organization and Accountability: A Comparative Study", in Andras Kadar ed. Police in Transition, Central European University Press, 2001;
 Women 2000 – An Investigation into the Status of Women's Rights in Central and South-Eastern Europe and the Newly Independent States, editor, International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights, Vienna, 2000;
 "Transylvania: evolution through devolution?" in The Transilvanian Problem (Problema transilvană), Polirom, Iași, 1999
 "The Romanian-Hungarian Relations within the Legal Frame of the Schengen Agreements, in the review International Studies", Centre for International Studies, Bucharest, 1999 (published also in Hungarian, in Europai Szemmel, Budapest, 1999);
 "The Moldavian Csango", (in co-operation), International Foundation for Promoting Studies and Knowledge of Minority Rights, Budapest, 1998;
 "The Protection of National Minorities in Romania: a Matter of Political Will and Wisdom", in Law and Practice of Central European Countries in the Field of National Minorities Protection, Institute for International Affairs, Warsaw, 1997;
 "Three minorities and their claims: the Hungarian from Romania, the Romanian from Ukraine and the Gagauz from Moldova", in Altera, no.6/1997;
 "Self-determination", study prepared with the Bucharest Centre for Human Rights for the Committee on Political Affairs of the Council of Europe, 1996;
 "Romania and International Human Rights" – chapter for the Romanian version of Thomas Buergenthal's book International Human Rights – in a nutshell, All, Bucharest, 1996;
 "Evolutions in the D.A.H.R. Conception on Hungarian Minority Rights" (in co-operation), Centre for Human Rights, Bucharest, 1996;
 "The White Paper on Access to Information in Romania" (in co-operation), Centre for Human Rights, Bucharest, 1996;
 "The Welfare State in Post-Communist Countries: The Romanian Case", in Re-conceptualizing the Welfare State, the Danish Center for Human Rights, ed. Copenhagen, 1996;
 "Romania's Relations with the Republic of Moldova"  (in co-operation), in the review International Studies, Centre for International Studies, Bucharest, 1995;
 "Nationalism and its Impact upon Rule of Law in Romania" (in co-operation), in the review International Studies, Bucharest, 1995;
 "Study on the Conception of Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania on the Rights of National Minorities" (in co-operation), Centre for Human Rights, Bucharest, 1994;
 "Two draft laws on the protection of minorities" (in co-operation), in Legislation in transition, Bucharest, 1994.

Other articles/papers on the Romanian legal system, the implementation of international human rights/minority rights legislation by the Romanian Courts and the human rights/minority rights situation in Romania.

References

External links

 European Parliament – info Renate Weber
 ALDE – Renate Weber

1955 births
Living people
People from Botoșani
Romanian people of German descent
21st-century Romanian women politicians
Romanian women lawyers
Romanian presidential advisors
National Liberal Party (Romania) MEPs
MEPs for Romania 2007–2009
MEPs for Romania 2009–2014
Women MEPs for Romania
Ombudspersons in Romania
MEPs for Romania 2014–2019
21st-century Romanian politicians
University of Bucharest alumni

Renate Weber