The money market is a component of the economy that provides short-term funds. The money market deals in short-term loans, generally for a period of a year or less.

As short-term securities became a commodity, the money market became a component of the financial market for assets involved in short-term borrowing, lending, buying and selling with original maturities of one year or less. Trading in money markets is done over the counter and is wholesale.

There are several money market instruments in most Western countries, including treasury bills, commercial paper, banker's acceptances, deposits, certificates of deposit, bills of exchange, repurchase agreements, federal funds, and short-lived mortgage- and asset-backed securities. The instruments bear differing maturities, currencies, credit risks, and structures.
A market can be described as a money market if it is composed of highly liquid, short-term assets. Money market funds typically invest in government securities, certificates of deposit, commercial paper of companies, and other highly liquid, low-risk securities. The four most relevant types of money are commodity money, fiat money, fiduciary money (cheques, banknotes), and commercial bank money.  Commodity money relies on intrinsically valuable commodities that act as a medium of exchange. Fiat money, on the other hand, gets its value from a government order.

Money markets, which provide liquidity for the global financial system including for capital markets, are part of the broader system of financial markets.

Participants
The money market consists of financial institutions and dealers in money or credit who wish to either borrow or lend. Participants borrow and lend for short periods, typically up to twelve months.  Money market trades in short-term financial instruments commonly called "paper". This contrasts with the capital market for longer-term funding, which is supplied by bonds and equity.

The heart of the money market revolves around the concept of interbank lending, where banks lend and borrow from each other using financial instruments such as commercial paper and repurchase agreements. These instruments are often valued with reference to the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) for the specific term and currency.

Finance companies usually secure their funding by issuing substantial amounts of asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP). This paper is backed by the commitment of valuable assets placed into an ABCP conduit. These assets can include things like auto loans, credit card receivables, residential or commercial mortgage loans, mortgage-backed securities, and other financial assets. Some large, financially stable corporations even issue their own commercial paper, while others prefer to have banks issue it on their behalf.

In the United States, federal, state and local governments all issue paper to meet funding needs. States and local governments issue municipal paper, while the U.S. Treasury issues Treasury bills to fund the U.S. public debt:
 Trading companies often purchase bankers' acceptances to tender for payment to overseas suppliers.
 Retail and institutional money market funds
 Banks
 Central banks
 Cash management programs
 Merchant banks

Functions

Money markets serve five functions—to finance trade, finance industry, invest profitably, enhance commercial banks' self-sufficiency, and lubricate central bank policies.

Financing trade
The money market plays a crucial role in financing domestic and international trade. Commercial finance is made available to the traders through bills of exchange, which are discounted by the bill market. The acceptance houses and discount markets help in financing foreign trade.

Financing industry
The money market contributes to the growth of industries in two ways:
 They help industries secure short-term loans to meet their working capital requirements through the system of finance bills, commercial papers, etc.
 Industries generally need long-term loans, which are provided in the capital market. However, the capital market depends upon the nature of and the conditions in the money market. The short-term interest rates of the money market influence the long-term interest rates of the capital market. Thus, money market indirectly helps the industries through its link with and influence on long-term capital market.

Profitable investments
The money market enables commercial banks to use their excess reserves in profitable investments. The main objective of commercial banks is to earn income from its reserves as well as maintain liquidity to meet the uncertain cash demand of its depositors. In the money market, the excess reserves of commercial banks are invested in near money assets (e.g., short-term bills of exchange), which are easily converted into cash. Thus, commercial banks earn profits without sacrificing liquidity.

Self-sufficiency of commercial banks
Developed money markets help commercial banks to become self-sufficient. In an emergency, when commercial banks have scarcity of funds, they need not approach the central bank and borrow at a higher interest rate. They can instead meet their requirements by  from the money market.

Help to central bank
Though the central bank can function and influence the banking system in the absence of a money market, the existence of a developed money market smooths the functioning and increases the efficiency of the central bank.

Money markets help central banks in two ways:
 Short-run interest rates serve as an indicator of the monetary and banking conditions in the country and, in this way, guide the central bank to adopt an appropriate banking policy,
 Sensitive and integrated money markets help the central bank secure quick and widespread influence on the sub-markets, thus facilitating effective policy implementation

Instruments
 Certificate of deposit – Time deposit, commonly offered to consumers by banks, thrift institutions, and credit unions.
 Repurchase agreements – Short-term loans—normally for less than one week and frequently for one day—arranged by selling securities to an investor with an agreement to repurchase them at a fixed price on a fixed date.
Money market mutual funds - short-term investment debt, operated by professional institutions. Money market mutual funds are an investment fund where a number of investors invest their money in mutual fund institutions, and they diversify the funds in various investments.
 Commercial paper – Short term instruments promissory notes issued by company at discount to face value and redeemed at face value
 Eurodollar deposit – Deposits made in U.S. dollars at a bank or bank branch located outside the United States.
 Federal agency short-term securities – In the U.S., short-term securities issued by government sponsored enterprises such as the Farm Credit System, the Federal Home Loan Banks and the Federal National Mortgage Association. Money markets is heavily used function.
 Federal funds – In the U.S., interest-bearing deposits held by banks and other depository institutions at the Federal Reserve; these are immediately available funds that institutions borrow or lend, usually on an overnight basis. They are lent for the federal funds rate.
 Municipal notes – In the U.S., short-term notes issued by municipalities in anticipation of tax receipts or other revenues
 Treasury bills – Short-term debt obligations of a national government that are issued to mature in three to twelve months
 Money funds – Pooled short-maturity, high-quality investments that buy money market securities on behalf of retail or institutional investors
 Foreign exchange swaps – Exchanging a set of currencies in spot date and the reversal of the exchange of currencies at a predetermined time in the future
 Short-lived mortgage- and asset-backed securities

Discount and accrual instruments
There are two types of instruments in the fixed income market that pay interest at maturity, instead of as coupons—discount instruments and accrual instruments. Discount instruments, like repurchase agreements, are issued at a discount of face value, and their maturity value is the face value. Accrual instruments are issued at face value and mature at face value plus interest.

See also

 Interbank lending market
 Liquidity crisis
 Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market – One of the earliest popular books on the money market
 Money fund
 Money market account
 Money supply
 Demand for money
 Liquidity preference
 Overnight market
 Sweep account

References

External links

 "Money Market Funds Enter a World of Risk", New York Times, September 18, 2008
 Study on the identification of euro money market transactions in TARGET2

Money market instruments
Financial markets

Money market


Is é an Super Bowl cluiche craobhchomórtais bliantúil na National Football League (NFL) áit a ndéanann curadh na National Football Conference (NFC) iomaíocht i gcoinne churadh na American Football Conference (AFC). Is toradh é an cluiche ar shéasúr rialta a thosaíonn ag deireadh an tsamhraidh sa bhliain féilire roimhe sin. De ghnáth, úsáidtear uimhreacha Rómhánacha chun gach cluiche a aithint, seachas an bhliain ina gcoinnítear é. Mar shampla, bhí mé ag imirt Super Bowl ar an 15 Eanáir, 1967, tar éis shéasúr rialta 1966. Tharla an t-aon eisceacht don traidisiún coinbhinsiúin ainmniúcháin seo le Super Bowl 50, a imríodh ar an 7 Feabhra, 2016, tar éis shéasúr rialta 2015, agus an bhliain dár gcionn, d'fhill an t-ainmníocht ar uimhreacha Rómhánacha le haghaidh Super Bowl LI, tar éis shéasúr rialta 2016 . Is é an Super Bowl atá ag teacht aníos Super Bowl LIV, atá sceidealta do 2 Feabhra, 2020, tar éis shéasúr rialta 2019.

Craobhchomórtais Super Bowl (1966–i láthair)

Numbers in parentheses in the table are Super Bowl appearances as of the date of that Super Bowl and are used as follows:
 Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a Super Bowl as well as each respective teams' Super Bowl record to date.
 Venue column indicates number of times that stadium has hosted a Super Bowl.
 City column indicates number of times that metropolitan area has hosted a Super Bowl.

Consecutive wins

Seven franchises have won consecutive Super Bowls, one of which (Pittsburgh) has accomplished it twice:
 Green Bay Packers (Super Bowls I and II)
 Miami Dolphins (VII and VIII)
 Pittsburgh Steelers (twice: IX and X; XIII and XIV)
 San Francisco 49ers (XXIII and XXIV)
 Dallas Cowboys (XXVII and XXVIII)
 Denver Broncos (XXXII and XXXIII)
 New England Patriots (XXXVIII and XXXIX)

No franchise has yet won three Super Bowls in a row, although six have come close:
 The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls, and also won the NFL championship the preceding year.
 The Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls (VI, VII, and VIII), winning the last two.
 The Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls (IX and X); the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders. They also won two more consecutive Super Bowls (XIII and XIV) for four wins in six seasons.
 The San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls (XXIII and XXIV); the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants.
 The Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls (XXVII and XXVIII); the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers. The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons.
 The New England Patriots won Super Bowl XXXVI, which was two years before their consecutive wins in XXXVIII and XXXIX, for three wins in four seasons. They did not make the playoffs in the intervening season (XXXVII). The Patriots also won Super Bowls XLIX, LI, and LIII for three wins in five seasons. In the two intervening seasons they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl 50 champion Denver Broncos and lost to the Philadelphia Eagles in Super Bowl LII two years later. Like Miami, they also appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls (LI, LII, and LIII).

Consecutive losses
Three franchises have lost consecutive Super Bowls:
 Buffalo Bills (4) (Super Bowls XXV, XXVI, XXVII, and XXVIII) – The only team to appear in four straight Super Bowls, they lost in all four appearances.
 Minnesota Vikings (2) (VIII and IX) – They also lost Super Bowl XI, and were knocked out of the playoffs for Super Bowl X by the eventual losers the Dallas Cowboys for three losses in four seasons.
 Denver Broncos (2) (XXI and XXII) – They also lost Super Bowl XXIV, but did not even make the playoffs for Super Bowl XXIII for three losses in four seasons.

Consecutive appearances
The Buffalo Bills have the most consecutive appearances with four (all losses) from 1990 to 1993. The Miami Dolphins (1971–1973) and New England Patriots (2016–2018) are the only other teams to have at least three consecutive appearances. Including those three, eleven teams have at least two consecutive appearances. The Dallas Cowboys are the only team with three separate streaks (1970–1971, 1977–1978, and 1992–1993). The Green Bay Packers, Pittsburgh Steelers, Denver Broncos, and New England Patriots have each had two separate consecutive appearances. The full listing of teams with consecutive appearances is below in order of first occurrence:
 Green Bay Packers (twice: Super Bowls I and II; XXXI and XXXII)
 Dallas Cowboys (thrice: V and VI; XII and XIII; XXVII and XXVIII)
 Miami Dolphins (VI, VII, and VIII)
 Minnesota Vikings (VIII and IX)
 Pittsburgh Steelers (twice: IX and X; XIII and XIV)
 Washington Redskins (XVII and XVIII)
 Denver Broncos (twice: XXI and XXII; XXXII and XXXIII)
 San Francisco 49ers (XXIII and XXIV)
 Buffalo Bills (XXV, XXVI, XXVII, and XXVIII)
 New England Patriots (twice: XXXVIII and XXXIX; LI, LII, and LIII)
 Seattle Seahawks (XLVIII and XLIX)

Super Bowl


Ze Rong () (died 195 C.E.) was a minor warlord and Buddhist leader who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He was active in Xu Province and was nominally a subordinate of the provincial governor, Tao Qian. When the warlord Cao Cao invaded Xu Province around 193, Ze Rong fled south with his followers, plundering two commanderies and killing their administrators along the way. He took shelter under the warlord Liu Yao but betrayed him later and seized control of Yuzhang Commandery (around present-day Nanchang, Jiangxi). Liu Yao ultimately defeated him and drove him out of the commandery. Ze Rong fled into the hills, where he was killed by the Shanyue tribes.

Life
Ze Rong was from Danyang Commandery (丹陽郡), which is around present-day Xuancheng, Anhui. He gathered a few hundred followers and brought them along to join Tao Qian, the Governor of Xu Province. Tao Qian appointed him as a logistics officer and tasked him with overseeing the transporting of resources from Guangling (廣陵; around present-day Huai'an, Jiangsu), Xiapi (下邳; around present-day Pizhou, Jiangsu) and Pengcheng (彭城; present-day Xuzhou, Jiangsu) commanderies to Xu Province's capital, Tan County (郯縣; present-day Tancheng County, Shandong). However, Ze Rong allowed his followers to behave lawlessly and embezzled the resources from the three commanderies for himself. He then used the resources to build a large Buddhist temple in Xiapi Commandery with a capacity of 3,000 people. He also had large bronze statues constructed, painted in gold, and lavishly decorated. He also promoted Buddhism by welcoming people from neighbouring commanderies to join him, and managed to attract over 5,000 households. During Vesak, he hosted feasts for the masses along the streets and used cotton to cover several tens of li of the roads. Several thousands of people showed up to partake in the festivities. The budget was in the range of billions.

In 193, when the warlord Cao Cao attacked Xu Province, Ze Rong brought along several thousands of followers and 3,000 horses and fled to Guangling Commandery. Zhao Yu (趙昱), the Administrator of Guangling Commandery, treated Ze Rong like an honoured guest. When Ze Rong noticed that Guangling Commandery was abundant in wealth and resources, he lured Zhao Yu into a trap and killed him when he was drunk. He then ordered his followers to plunder Guangling Commandery, leaving behind nothing for the citizens. They then headed south to Moling (秣陵; present-day Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu) to join Xue Li (薛禮), the former Chancellor of Pengcheng who had moved to Moling with his men after being forced out of Xu Province by Tao Qian. Ze Rong later murdered Xue Li as well and took control of his forces.

Ze Rong later joined Liu Yao, the Governor of Yang Province. In 195, Liu Yao lost his base to the warlord Sun Ce, who was on a series of conquests in the Jiangdong region. Liu Yao then headed south to take shelter in Yuzhang Commandery (豫章郡; around present-day Nanchang, Jiangxi). At the time, Zhou Shu (周術), the previous Administrator of Yuzhang Commandery, had died of illness so his office was vacant. Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province, supported Zhuge Xuan to be the new Administrator, but that became a problem because the Han imperial court had appointed Zhu Hao to succeed Zhou Shu. While waiting at Pengze County (彭澤縣; east of present-day Hukou County, Jiangxi), Liu Yao sent Ze Rong to lead troops to attack Zhuge Xuan. Xu Shao cautioned Liu Yao, "Ze Rong doesn't care about how others see him. Zhu Wenming (Zhu Hao) is too trusting of people. You should warn him to be wary (of Ze Rong)." After driving Zhuge Xuan away, as Xu Shao foresaw, Ze Rong killed Zhu Hao and took control of Yuzhang Commandery.

Liu Yao attacked Ze Rong but was driven back. He then recruited more soldiers from the surrounding counties to strengthen his forces and eventually defeated Ze Rong. Ze Rong fled into the hills, where he met his end at the hands of the Shanyue tribes.

See also
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

References

 Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).

 Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).

2nd-century births
2nd-century Buddhists
195 deaths
Han dynasty Buddhists
Han dynasty warlords
Han dynasty people killed in battle

Ze Rong


The Benjamin F. Kuhns Building is a historic commercial building on Main Street in downtown Dayton, Ohio, United States.  Distinguished by its little-modified late nineteenth-century architecture, it has been named a historic site.

Built of brick covered with a slate roof, the Romanesque Revival building features elements of stone and terracotta.  Its facade is divided into five bays, each of which features a large arch, while the street-facing southern side is functionally a larger form of the facade.  The building was designed by Peters and Burns, a Dayton-based architectural company, and constructed under the direction of Dayton contractors Beaver and Butt.  During the building's early years, it was home to companies such as the Manhattan Clothing Store and Oleman's Department Store, which maintained premises there in the 1890s and 1910s respectively.  However, the building was not always used for commercial purposes; an arts school operated in the building during the 1888-1889 schoolyear.  Among the building's interior features is a mail chute, which according to local lore is one of the earliest installed in any building nationwide.

Benjamin Kuhns, the building's namesake, moved from Lancaster, Pennsylvania to Dayton in 1855 at the age of thirty.  By his fiftieth birthday, Kuhns was a prominent industrialist, having taken a small Dayton firm and turned it into a prominent manufacturer of agricultural equipment.  He was also a prominent philanthropist, having been one of the primary founders of Miami Valley Hospital.

The Benjamin Kuhns Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in April 1978, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture.  By the early twenty-first century, the Kuhns Building had undergone a highly successful redevelopment process, but like the Kettering Tower and several other downtown buildings, it experienced foreclosure in 2010 after the corporation that owned it fell behind on the mortgage and on property taxes. In 2019, it was sold by the city of Dayton to a developer.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Dayton, Ohio

References

External links

Commercial buildings completed in 1883
Buildings and structures in Dayton, Ohio
Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Romanesque Revival architecture in Ohio
Department stores on the National Register of Historic Places
National Register of Historic Places in Montgomery County, Ohio
1883 establishments in Ohio

Benjamin F. Kuhns Building


Telemundo Studios, formerly known as Telemundo Television Studios, is a division of NBCUniversal that develops original programming in Spanish.

History
After these agreements, Patricio Wills, former president of Telemundo-RTI, pass to be the person in charge of Telemundo Television Studios, and Marcos Santana, previous CEO of Tepuy International, will become the President of Telemundo International, division that will be in charge to distribute its programming abroad.

Telemundo Television Studios will continue producing telenovelas and other programs for Telemundo and will look for opportunities of production for other chains of Latin America.

See also
List of United States television networks

External links

Telemundo

Telemundo Studios


Irpinia (Modern Latin Hirpinia) is a geographical and cultural region of Southern Italy. It was the inland territory of the ancient Hirpini tribe, and its extent matches approximately today's province of Avellino.

Geography
The territory is largely mountainous, with an intricate network of hills and valleys and a predominantly limestone Karst topography. To the north-east, however, the rocks are mostly sandstone, and the land's elevation is relatively lower. Irpinia is centred on the section of the Apennines which spans from the northern  to the springs of the Sele River; the highest peak is Mount Avella (1,591 m). To the south are the Picentini Mountains, which include the highest peak of the region, Mount Cervialto (1,809 m). Irpinia is bordered on the east by the Ofanto valley, while to the north it merges with Sannio and Daunia.

History

The name "Irpinia" derives from the Oscan word "hirpus", which means wolf, and the wolf remains Irpinia's symbol to this day. Oscan tribes of the Sabines, under demographic pressure, migrated towards this area in the 6th century BC from what is now Umbria. The Hirpini occupied the region Sabato, Calore,  and Ofanto, becoming differentiated with time from the Samnites who settled the area from Molise and Matese. The main centres of the Hirpini were Maloenton (modern Benevento), Aeclanum (Mirabella Eclano), Aequum Tuticum (Ariano Irpino),  (near Roseto Valfortore), Trivicum (Trevico), Compsa (Conza), Aquilonia (Lacedonia), and Abellinum (Atripalda).

No certain date for the arrival of the Hiripini in the region can be given. They were already settled here at the time of the First Samnite War (342 BC). Their name is found in sources from 280 BC, when the Greek general Pyrrhus of Epirus made his expedition into Italy. A bronze medal reveals that they signed an alliance with the Samnites in 275 BC. Maloenton was early conquered by the Romans, which renamed it Beneventum and transformed it into a colony in 268 BC. The Hirpini suffered internal divisions at the time of the Second Punic War. Caius Marius gave them Roman citizenship in 87 BC, but they were deprived of any privilege under the former's victor, Sulla (80 BC).

Some Roman roads passed through Hirpini's territory: Via Appia, , Via Traiana,  and few other ones.

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Irpinia came successively under Byzantine, Lombard, Hohenstaufen, Anjou, Aragonese and finally Spanish domination. As part of the Kingdom of Naples it was included in the Principato Ultra or Ulterior, one of the few land-locked province of the kingdom. Feudalism was abolished in 1806, the same year in which Avellino was declared capital of the province.

Irpinia became part of the newly united Kingdom of Italy in 1861.

The district has been subject to a number of strong earthquakes. On November 23, 1980, the 6.9  earthquake affected the area with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), killing 2,483–4,900, and injuring 7,700–8,934.

Traditional produce and tourist sites

Irpinia has a proud tradition of producing wines such as Fiano di Avellino, Greco di Tufo and Taurasi, all of which are classified as DOCG. Its cheeses, including scamorza and caciocavallo, have a high reputation. Irpinia's salami (Sopressata) and sausages are popular, as are its chestnuts, its hazelnuts and the black truffles of Bagnoli Irpino.

Tourist amenities are the ski resort Laceno, with a lake near Mount Terminio, and some villages. The most popular Irpinia's town is Ariano Irpino, which lies on the top of three steep hills and is provided with ancient sights (a medieval castle and a romanic cathedral), some museums, majolica shops and traditional restaurants. Other noteworthy centers are Mirabella Eclano (with the ancient town Aeclanum), Gesualdo (with the castle which was the home of the "prince of musicians" Carlo Gesualdo), Rocca San Felice (Mefitis'site), Calitri (Castle village) and Zungoli (a well preserved Medieval town).

Among the religious sanctuaries there are Montevergine (Mercogliano), the Shrine of St. Gerard (Caposele), the Sanctuary of Carpignano (Grottaminarda), and the  (Ariano Irpino); the latter is located near an ancient mill in a green valley, where in the Middle Age the Madonna showed up.

See also
Ariano Irpino
Avellino
Campania
Duchy of Benevento
Hirpini
Irpinian dialect
List of earthquakes in Irpinia
Oscan language
Province of Avellino
Samnites

References

External links

Irpinia Stories: English language blog about Irpinia
 Irpinia land
 A tour in Irpinia: discovering the villages and typical foods

Geographical, historical and cultural regions of Italy
Geography of Campania
Province of Avellino

Irpinia


Hockey Club Kirkkonummen Salamat or HCK Salamat are a Finnish ice hockey team in the III-divisioona, the fifth-tier men's ice hockey league in Finland. They play in Kirkkonummi, a municipality in the western Greater Helsinki region, at Varuboden-areena. The club was founded in 2002 as HC Salamat and played in the Mestis during 2003 to 2008.

History
Salamat was created when the rights for the men's representative ice hockey team of the Espoo-based sports club Espoo Palloseura (EPS; 'Espoo Ball Club') were purchased by the City of Kirkkonummi in 2001. EPS played in the Suomi-sarja, the third-highest men's ice hockey league in Finland. In 2002, the team relocated to Kirkkonummi, a neighboring municipality of Espoo, and was rebranded as Salamat ('Lightning').

In their first season, Salamat drew international attention when they signed Hayley Wickenheiser, star of the Canadian women's national ice hockey team, making her the first female forward to be rostered by a professional ice hockey team. At the conclusion of their first season, HC Salamat earned promotion from the Suomi-sarja to the second-tier Mestis.

Former NHL player Teemu Selänne owned a one-third stake in the team, beginning in 2002, but reportedly sold his share of the team in December 2006.

Salamat played in the Mestis from 2003 until being relegated to the Suomi-sarja in 2008. In August 2009, after a poor season in the Suomi-sarja, the owning  (limited company) of the team, HC Kirkkonummen Salamat Oy, was declared bankrupt and ceased operations.

Due to its status as a distinct non-profit registered association, HCK Salamat Juniorit ry, the former junior affiliate of HC Kirkkonummen Salamat Oy, continued to function following the bankruptcy. In 2011, the club formed a representative men's team and Salamat returned to the ice in the III-divisioona. In their first season, HCK Salamat gained promotion to the II-divisioona, where they remained until being relegated at the conclusion of the 2018–19 season. They have played in the III-divisoona since 2019.

Players and personnel

Notable alumni

Viktors Bļinovs, 2004–05
Janne Jalasvaara, 2004–05

Eetu Koivistoinen, 2014–15
Jarno Koskiranta, 2007–08
Tero Koskiranta, 2005–2008
Tero Lehterä, 2004–05
Jan Lundell, 2004–05
Ville Uusitalo, 2003–04 & 2005–06
 Hayley Wickenheiser, 2003–04
Source: Elite Prospects

Notable youth products

 Niclas Almari
 Heikki Huttunen
 Matilda Nilsson
 Matias Nisula
 Oskari Uomala

Source: Elite Prospects

Head coaches

 Matti Hagman, 2002–2004
 Vesa Surenkin, 2004–2005
 Niki Andersson, 2005–2006
 Jyrki Tuukkanen, 2006–2007
 Jarmo Jamalainen, 2007–2008
 Petro Koivunen, 2015–2018
 Immo Suutarinen, 2019–

References

External links
 Official website

Ice hockey teams in Finland
Kirkkonummi
Sport in Uusimaa
Mestis teams
Suomi-sarja teams
2002 establishments in Finland

HC Salamat


The desert grassland whiptail lizard (Aspidoscelis uniparens) is an all-female species of reptiles in North America. It was formerly placed in the genus Cnemidophorus. A common predator of the whiptail lizard is the leopard lizard, that prey on A. uniparens by using ambush and stalk haunting tactics. These reptiles reproduce by parthenogenesis. In this process, eggs undergo a chromosome doubling after meiosis, developing into lizards without being fertilized. However, ovulation is enhanced by female-female courtship and mating (pseudo-copulation) rituals that resemble the behavior of closely related species that reproduce sexually.

Description
The desert grassland whiptail lizard is a relatively small reptile, whose size ranges from . Desert grassland whiptails are very long and slim, with a thin tail that is longer than their body length. Their distinct identifying feature are the six yellowish lines that run the length of their body. The majority of the whiptail's body tends to be an olive or brown colour that fades to a faint blue or gray on their tail. Comparatively, an adolescent's tail is a very bright and vibrant blue.  Their bodies are lined with small coarse scales, which gradually get larger as they approach the tail. The scales on their bellies are much larger in size and are much smoother as well.

Taxonomy
The taxonomy of the genus was unknown until the 1950s to early '60's. A 1958 report confirmed that no male lizards had been discovered in a collection of specimens of C. tesselatus. That very year, parthenogenesis was confirmed in the genus Lacerta of the family Lacertidae. Soon after, researchers discovered that there were also no males in C. exsanguis, C. neomexicanus, or C. velox. Rather than subsume all cnemidophorine species into a single large genus, Lowe and Wright proposed a split that placed the North American "Cnemidophorus" clade in the monophyletic genus Aspidoscelis. Under this arrangement, South American taxa remain in the genus Cnemidophorus.

Habitat
The desert grassland whiptail is mostly found in the deserts of southern to central Arizona and along the Rio Grande river in New Mexico. It is also found in the deserts of northern Mexico. A. uniparens is commonly found in low valleys, grasslands, and slight slopes. Some have argued that the species' range is expanding due to overgrazing. A. uniparens are scarce in developed areas, especially where homeowners keep livestock.

Hybridization and reproduction
All desert grassland whiptail lizards are female. Their reproduction process does not need male fertilization, although researchers observed pseudo-copulation that promotes fertilization during ovulation. This process involves the alternation between male-typical and female-typical sexual behaviours, driven by progesterone, in both lizards; corresponding to the state of their partner. The lizards reproduce by parthenogenesis and are clones of their mother. Under normal reproductive processes, a species has each chromosome pair separated, copied, and paired back with its counterpart. The desert grassland whiptail lizard, however, has chromosome triplets where each triplet is paired with its copy rather than its counterparts. This reproductive method enables the asexual desert grassland whiptail lizard to have a genetic diversity previously thought to have been unique to sexually reproductive species.

The lizards were a result from a cross breed of two bisexual species, A. inornata and A. burti. This then produced a diploid unisexual, which backcrossed to inornata and produced triploid uniparens.

Food habits
For the most part, the Desert grassland whiptail digs for termites, Queen ants, beetles, and unidentified insects. A smaller portion of their diet includes prey found above ground such as grasshoppers and butterflies.

References

Further reading

Lutes, A. A., Neaves, W.B., Baumann, D. P., Wiegraebe, W., Baumann, P. (2010). Sister chromosome pairing maintains heterozygosity in parthenogenetic lizards. nature.com. Web 22 Oct. 2014.

Mayer, Greg. (2010). Hybridization and Parthenogenesis in Whiptail Lizards. whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com. Web 23 Oct 2014.

Harmon Katherine (2010) No Sex Needed: All-Female Lizard Species Cross Their Chromosomes to Make Babies. www.scientificamerican.com/article/asexual-lizards/ Tue 21 Oct 2014.

S. C. Woolley, J. T. Sakata D. Crews(2004) Tracing the Evolution of Brain and Behavior Using Two Related Species of Whiptail Lizards: Cnemidophorus uniparens and Cnemidophorus inornatus ilarjournal.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/1/46.full Tue 21 Oct 2014.

Maryanne E. Tocidlowski, Christine L. Merrill, Michael R. Loomis, and James F. Wright 2001 TERATOMA IN DESERT GRASSLAND WHIPTAIL LIZARDS
(CNEMIDOPHORUS UNIPARENS). www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1638/1042-7260(2001)032%5B0257:TIDGWL%5D2.0.CO%3B2 Tue 21 Oct 2014

Aspidoscelis
Reptiles of the United States
Reptiles of Mexico
Reptiles described in 1965
Fauna of the Chihuahuan Desert
Fauna of the Sonoran Desert
Fauna of the Southwestern United States
Taxa named by Charles Herbert Lowe
Taxa named by John William Wright (herpetologist)
Vertebrate parthenogenesis

Desert grassland whiptail lizard


The Dictionnaire Infernal () is a book on demonology, describing demons organised in hierarchies. It was written by Jacques Collin de Plancy and first published in 1818. There were several editions of the book; perhaps the most famous is the 1863 edition, which included sixty-nine illustrations by Louis Le Breton depicting the appearances of several of the demons. Many but not all of these images were later used in S. L. MacGregor Mathers's edition of The Lesser Key of Solomon.

History
Dictionnaire Infernal was first published in 1818 and then divided into two volumes, with six reprints—and many changes—between 1818 and 1863. This book attempts to provide an account of all the knowledge concerning superstitions and demonology.

A review in 1822 read:

The cover page for the 1826 edition reads:

Influenced by Voltaire, Collin de Plancy initially did not believe in superstition. For example, the book reassures its contemporaries as to the torments of Hell: "To deny that there are sorrows and rewards after death is to deny the existence of God; since God exists, it must be necessarily so. But only God could know the punishments meted out to the guilty, or the place that holds them.  All the catalogues made herebefore are only the fruit of a more or less disordered imagination. Theologians should leave to the poets the depiction of Hell, and not themselves seek to frighten minds with hideous paintings and appalling books" (p. 164).

The skepticism of Collin de Plancy increasingly subsided over time. By the end of 1830 he was an enthusiastic Roman Catholic, to the consternation of his former admirers. In later years, De Plancy rejected and modified his past works, thoroughly revising his Dictionnaire Infernal to conform with Roman Catholic theology. This influence is most clearly seen in the sixth and final 1863 edition of the book, which is decorated with many engravings and seeks to affirm the existence of the demons. de Plancy collaborated with Jacques Paul Migne, a French priest, to complete a Dictionary of the occult sciences or theological Encyclopaedia, which is described as an authentic Roman Catholic work.

Many articles written in the Dictionnaire Infernal illustrate the author's vacillation between rationalism, faith, and willingness to believe without evidence. For example, he admits the possible effectiveness of chiromancy, while rejecting cartomancy: "It is certain that chiromancy, and especially physiognomy, have at least some plausibility: they draw their predictions from signs which relate to features which distinguish and characterize people; of lines which the subjects carry with themselves, which are the work of nature, and that someone can believe significant, since they are unique to each individual. But the cards, merely human artifacts, not knowing either the future, nor the present, nor the past, have nothing of the individuality of the person consulting them. For a thousand different people they will have the same result; and consulted twenty times about the same subject, they will produce twenty contradictory productions" (p. 82).

List of demons

 Abbadon/Apollyon
 Abigor also known as Eligos
 Abraxas/Abracas
 Adramelech
 Aguares
 Alastor
 Alocer
 Amduscias
 Amon
 Andras
 Asmodee
 Astaroth
 Azazel
 Bael
 Balan
 Barbatos
 Behemoth
 Beleth
 Belphegor
 Belzebuth
 Berith
 Bhairava/Beyrevra
 Buer
 Caacrinolaas
 Cali
 Caym
 Cerbere
 Deimos/Deumus
 Eurynome
 Flaga
 Flavros
 Forcas
 Furfur
 Ganga/Gramma
 Garuda
 Guayota
 Gomory
 Haborym
 Ipes
 Lamia
 Lechies
 Leonard
 Lucifer
 Malphas
 Mammon
 Marchosias
 Melchom
 Moloch
 Nickar
 Nybbas
 Orobas
 Paimon
 Picollus
 Pruflas/Busas
 Rahovart
 Ribesal
 Ronwe
 Scox
 Stolas
 Tap
 Torngarsuk
 Ukobach
 Volac
 Wall
 Xaphan
 Yan-gant-y-tan
 Zaebos

Early editions
Contents of the Dictionaire Infernal varied across different early imprints:
 1818: first edition
 1825: second edition
 1826: reprint of second edition
 1844: third edition
 1845: fourth edition
 1853: fifth edition
 1863: sixth edition, illustrated by Louis le Breton

See also
 Classification of demons

References

External links

 Dictionnaire infernal, ou, Recherches et anecdotes, sur les démons, les, 1818 at Google Books, PDF download available
    Dictionnaire infernal, ou Recherches et anecdotes sur les démons, 1844 at Google Books, PDF download available
 Dictionnaire des sciences occultes: ou, Répertoire universel des êtres, des, 1848 at Google Books, PDF download available
  Dictionnaire infernal: ou Répertoire universel des êtres, des personnages, 1853 582 pages – at Google Books PDF download available
 Dictionnaire infernal: ou Répertoire universel des êtres, des personnages, 1863 PDF download available.
 Deliriums Realm – Dictionnaire Infernal
 Boards of the edition of 1826  on the site of the electronic library of Lisieux

1818 non-fiction books
Demons
Demonological literature
Occult books
Catholic engraving

Dictionnaire Infernal


Thunder River Feud is a 1942 American Western film directed by S. Roy Luby and written by John Vlahos and Earle Snell. The film is the twelfth in Monogram Pictures' "Range Busters" series, and it stars Ray "Crash" Corrigan as Crash, John "Dusty" King as Dusty and Max "Alibi" Terhune as Alibi, with Jan Wiley, Jack Holmes and Rick Anderson. The film was released on January 9, 1942.

Plot
At the Tucson Rodeo, Dusty fails in a competition, but the winner is Crash who earns a prize belt. When Crash is having a bath a newspaper photographer comes into the room and takes a picture of Dusty identifying himself as Crash. Crash is angry that Dusty has stolen his name and glory but sees that the beautiful Maybelle Pembroke is returning home to Thunder River. Alibi had worked for the Pembrokes long ago but warns Crash that she would not be interested in a cowboy. Crash pawns his prize belt to buy a suit where he masquerades as a writer from New England. Dusty arrives at the ranch to impersonate Crash as the new foreman. The trio unite to stop a feud between two families in Thunder River with a Romeo and Juliet type situation where Maybelle loves Grover Harrison from the family that is the sworn enemy of the Pembrokes.

Cast
Ray "Crash" Corrigan as 'Crash' Corrigan
John 'Dusty' King as 'Dusty' King
Max Terhune as 'Alibi' Terhune
Jan Wiley as Maybelle Pembroke
Jack Holmes as Jim Pembroke
Rick Anderson as Colonel Harrison
Carleton Young as Grover Harrison
George Chesebro as Dick Taggert
Carl Mathews as Pete
Budd Buster as Sheriff
Ted Mapes as Buck
Steve Clark as Shorty Branson

See also
The Range Busters series:

 The Range Busters (1940)
 Trailing Double Trouble (1940)
 West of Pinto Basin (1940)
 Trail of the Silver Spurs (1941)
 The Kid's Last Ride (1941)
 Tumbledown Ranch in Arizona (1941)
 Wrangler's Roost (1941)
 Fugitive Valley (1941)
 Saddle Mountain Roundup (1941)
 Tonto Basin Outlaws (1941)
 Underground Rustlers (1941)
 Thunder River Feud (1942)
 Rock River Renegades (1942)
 Boot Hill Bandits (1942)
 Texas Trouble Shooters (1942)
 Arizona Stage Coach (1942)
 Texas to Bataan (1942)
 Trail Riders (1942)
 Two Fisted Justice (1943)
 Haunted Ranch (1943)
 Land of Hunted Men (1943)
 Cowboy Commandos (1943)
 Black Market Rustlers (1943)
 Bullets and Saddles (1943)

References

External links

1942 films
1940s English-language films
American Western (genre) films
1942 Western (genre) films
Monogram Pictures films
Films directed by S. Roy Luby
American black-and-white films
Range Busters
1940s American films

Thunder River Feud


Radulf (fl. 1223–1226) is an obscure churchman in early 13th-century Scotland, elected as Bishop of Dunblane some time between 1223 and 1225. The first of only two notices of his existence occurs in an Arbroath Abbey deed where he is styled "Radulf elect of Dunblane"; the document can be dated to 1223–1225. On 12 January 1226 Pope Honorius III instructed the Bishop of St Andrews, the Bishop of Moray and the Bishop of Caithness, to enjoin a new election for the bishopric of Dunblane, as "R. elected Bishop of Dunblane" had resigned in the Pope's presence a short time before. There are no clues as to Radulf's career after that. The Cathedral chapter of the diocese elected one Osbert in his place. Cockburn suggested Radulf was probably a Frenchman who had immigrated to Scotland, who got elected Bishop, but decided he would rather stay in Continental Europe after he travelled there for consecration, perhaps being offered a better post there.

Notes

References

12th-century births
13th-century deaths
Bishops of Dunblane
13th-century Scottish Roman Catholic bishops

Radulf (bishop-elect)


PS Bangli is a defunct Indonesian football club based in Bangli, Bali. They used to play in the top division in Indonesian football, the Liga Indonesia. Their home stadium is Kapten i Wayan Dipta Stadium (now home to Bali FC). The club hit financial difficulties in 2005 and has decided to discontinue its run. This led to an opportunity for other clubs from Bali to merge and form a club using Perst Tabanan's license to compete in the Liga Indonesia. Local clubs such as Perseden Denpasar, Persekaba Badung and Persegi Gianyar merged with Persegi Gianyar to form a new club called Bali FC.

Football clubs in Indonesia
2005 disestablishments in Indonesia

PS Bangli


The following is a list of characters in the ABC crime series Castle.

Main characters

Rick Castle

Richard "Rick" Castle (portrayed by Nathan Fillion) is a famous novelist who weathered through twenty rejections before he got his first manuscript published. He keeps his first rejection letter framed on his wall at home to keep himself motivated.

When the series begins, Castle has decided to kill off his most famous character, Derrick Storm, because the character has become boring to him.  After weathering the backlash from his fans and nagging from his publisher, who is also his ex-wife, Castle is requested to help NYPD Detective Kate Beckett with a murder case that copycats scenarios from his previous novels (written before "Derrick Storm" series).  Working alongside Beckett gives Castle a new source of inspiration, and after assisting Beckett with the case, Castle takes the opportunity to use his knowledge and skills, and his close friendship with the Mayor, to stay on with the NYPD in a consulting capacity. In the season seven finale "Hollander's Woods", an incident in Castle's past is revealed that had led to his ambition to become a writer.

Kate Beckett

Captain Katherine "Kate" Houghton Beckett (portrayed by Stana Katic) is a homicide detective with the NYPD. Having graduated from New York City's prestigious Stuyvesant High School and Stanford University, she is a first-class investigator who has gained a reputation as a detective who is intrigued by unusual cases, although she is also known for her ability to empathize with the victims of violent crimes. She joined the force after her mother was murdered and the case was (until the season 5 premiere) unsolved.

In season eight, Beckett is promoted to captain and made commanding officer of the 12th Precinct.

Initially finding Castle to be quite annoying, Beckett gradually warms to him as they work together to solve murder mysteries, utilizing his imagination and insight into a killer's mind and her authority and position within the police department. Even though Beckett does date (and subsequently break up with) several different men during her partnership with Castle, she eventually develops feelings for him, though she is reluctant to acknowledge them openly to anyone. Her reluctance to acknowledge her feelings for Castle, as well as her rejection of her previous boyfriends, stems from her determination to not get hurt, especially in the aftermath of her mother's death. Nevertheless, Beckett will drop subtle hints of her interest in Castle to him, sometimes in the form of suggestive comments that evoke suggestive imagery in Castle's mind. The two begin dating in season five, get engaged in season six, and are married in season seven.

Alexis Castle

Alexis Harper Castle (portrayed by Molly Quinn) is Castle's daughter. Unusually mature and responsible for her age (notably a foil to Castle's immaturity), she is highly intelligent, academically motivated (she ends up attending Columbia University), and wise beyond her years. Alexis's social and interpersonal issues often parallel some aspect of the case Castle and Beckett are investigating. Castle will sometimes ask for her opinion on the motivation for some actions committed by the killers he hunts, such as who someone might ask for money.

Alexis is very close to her father, as they do many activities together, including fencing, book research projects such as learning lock-picking and safe-cracking—and laser tag. She has also developed a certain bond with Beckett, asking Beckett's advice when contemplating going on an exchange trip to France and making arrangements with the detective to spend three days working at the police station as part of a project for her civics class. In season four, however, Alexis's relationship with Beckett cools since she feels that the detective does not give her father the respect and involvement he deserves from her. Alexis begins dating a boy named Ashley in season three. They hope to attend Stanford University together, but while Ashley gains admittance, Alexis fails in her attempt to apply for early admittance, which distresses her greatly.  Though they attempt to carry on a long-distance relationship, the strain of doing so is too much, and Alexis breaks up with Ashley in season four.

In season five, Alexis finally chooses to attend Columbia University so as to remain close to family and friends, and lives in their halls of residence while frequently dropping into her father's loft. She is kidnapped by an ex-KGB officer who previously crossed swords with her mysterious grandfather, but displays her father's resilience, deductive logic and skills during the encounter. In season six, she returns from Costa Rica with a boyfriend named Pi, and the two move in together some time later. After a few episodes, Alexis realizes that Pi is not the one for her and eventually breaks up with him. On Beckett's advice, she moves back in with her father a short time later.

In season eight, it is revealed that Alexis has been unofficially working at Richard Castle Investigations for a month; in that time, she has successfully solved a number of minor cases. When Castle learned that Alexis was not only working but actually solving cases, he officially hired her to work for him. Upon the successful resolution of a case, father and daughter shared a 50-year-old scotch and cigar-blowing-bubbles.

Martha Rodgers

Martha Rodgers (portrayed by Susan Sullivan) is Castle's mother and lives with him and her granddaughter Alexis. She is an actress on and off Broadway. She helps her son through the difficulties of raising a teenage girl (even one as mature as Alexis), but is also shown to have an active social life. She lives with Castle partly because a previous husband absconded with all her savings. Like Lanie and Esposito, she sees the dynamic between Castle and Beckett and especially from season three onward, gently urges her son to pursue the detective romantically. After inheriting a million dollars from her old boyfriend and brief fiancé Chet Palburn, Martha has opened the Martha Rodgers School of Acting to occupy her time. Martha often adopts highly theatrical gestures and body-movements in her day-to-day life.

Javier Esposito

Javier Esposito (portrayed by Jon Huertas) is a bilingual (English and Spanish) detective who works in the homicide division with his partner, Kevin Ryan, as part of Beckett's team. He is always ready with a sardonic comment to keep Beckett on her toes and enjoys the way Castle riles her. He and Ryan are best friends, even though they constantly argue about obscure facts. He was disappointed when Ryan felt obliged to ask his fiancée's brother to be his best man instead of him.  It is implied in the pilot "Flowers for Your Grave" he is a fan of Shark Week, and in the season two episode "Den of Thieves", it is revealed that Esposito transferred out of the 54th Precinct and has been partnered with Ryan for three years prior to the pilot episode.  In season three's "Poof, You're Dead", he and medical examiner Lanie Parish began a relationship that they believed was a secret.  However, their relationship was common knowledge to the other characters, who were playing along out of respect for their privacy, and in the episode "Lucky Stiff", Ryan tells Esposito that everyone knows about the relationship.  In the season four episode "Demons", Esposito reveals that he and Lanie are "taking a break" after an awkward incident on a double date. In "Almost Famous", it is implied that he was in the Green Berets; this point of Esposito's personal history is developed in subsequent episodes "Knockdown" and the two-episode arc "Set-Up" and "Countdown".  In the episode "Kill Shot" he displays technical knowledge of military sniping and refers to his having served in a sniper unit, implying that he received training.

In the season four finale, "Always", Esposito stands firmly behind Beckett as she decides to pursue the investigation of her mother's murder in secret because they fear that there would be other dirty cops in the precinct. This leads him to quarrel with Ryan who believes that they should come clean. After fighting with Maddox on the roof of a building, Beckett is saved by Ryan and Gates (whom Ryan had warned). Back at the precinct, Gates suspends Beckett and Esposito for their actions. Beckett then resigns, and Esposito refuses to talk to Ryan, just walking away as he tries to explain. Their friendship, however, is quickly renewed in season five.

In season eight, Esposito and Ryan both take the sergeant's exam; although Esposito passed (and Ryan didn't), he is number 279 out of 300, which means his promotion will not be coming anytime soon.

Awards and decorations
The following are the medals and service awards worn by Detective Esposito, as seen in "Knockout" and "Rise".

Kevin Ryan

Detective Kevin Ryan (portrayed by Seamus Dever), formerly a narcotics division cop, now works alongside Esposito as part of Beckett's team. He and Esposito regularly tease Beckett, like when they discover that she had embarked on a brief modeling career during her teens, but they are otherwise incredibly protective of her and ultimately treat her like one of the guys. In the season one episode "Little Girl Lost", Ryan is revealed to have a new girlfriend named Jenny; she is often mentioned, and routinely calls him to check up on him, but her first appearance comes in "The Mistress Always Spanks Twice", where she was portrayed by Dever's real-life wife, Juliana.  Jenny returned in the season three episode "Nikki Heat", where Ryan proposes to her in the middle of the homicide bullpen. In the fourth season, he is shown complaining about how stressful and complicated planning a wedding is. His love life and the fact he is in nearly-constant communication with his girlfriend/fiancée makes him subject to much teasing from his partner, so when Esposito begins dating Lanie, he relished turning the tables on his friend.  Little is known about Ryan's family except that he grew up in the Bronx with an unknown number of sisters, only one of which has been named and seen in season seven, one of whom has a son, as Ryan makes reference to a nephew who loves the Captain Underpants book series. He also attended Catholic school for 12 years, as was mentioned during the episode "Knockdown".

In the season four finale, "Always", Ryan sides with Castle in stopping Beckett's investigation into her mother's murder in secret, feeling that not going through the proper channels will cost them. This puts him at odds with Esposito, who firmly stands behind Beckett's choice, causing friction within the group. After Castle quits, Beckett and Esposito try to catch the killer by themselves, which causes Ryan to make the painful choice to tell Gates about the secret investigation. Although he is able to save both of them in time, Beckett resigns from the force and Esposito is suspended. Ryan is ignored by Esposito when he tries to explain his reasons for telling Gates, frustrated that his choices cost him his friendship. Their friendship, however, is quickly renewed in season five, where it is revealed he was formerly undercover in the Irish mob under the name Fenton O'Connell, during which time he fell in love with a woman named Siobhan (Cara Buono), whom he left seven years ago. She never heard from or saw him again. When her life is threatened, he goes back undercover and brings down mobsters he knew once. He and Siobhan reconcile and she leaves for witness protection, then he learns his wife is pregnant. In the season six episode "Under Fire", Jenny gives birth to his daughter, Sarah Grace Ryan.

Ryan takes on extra jobs out of hours offering private security. In the season 7 episode "At Close Range", he takes a job with his brother-in-law, Frank Kelly, protecting a US congressman. When one of the congressman's aides is killed, Ryan is driven to solve the crime - even to the extent of arresting his brother-in-law, risking a family rift.

In season eight, when he learns that Jenny is once again pregnant and seeing both Beckett and Gates promoted, Ryan and Esposito both take the sergeant's exam. Unfortunately, Ryan does not pass, which leads to conflict and jealously with Esposito, who did pass.  In "Death Wish", Jenny gives birth to their second child, Nicholas Javier Ryan.

Awards and decorations
The following are the medals and service awards worn by Detective Ryan, as seen in "Knockout" and "Rise".

Lanie Parish

Dr. Lanie Parish (portrayed by Tamala Jones) is a medical examiner who has a friendly outlook. As a friend of Beckett's, she is one of the few people Beckett can talk to easily and without reservations. She is also one of the few people who notices the personal connection between Beckett and Castle and occasionally urges her to act on it. Unlike Beckett, she is far more comfortable with having a social life outside of her job; her personal life comes to the forefront when it becomes known that she and Esposito have begun a relationship they keep quiet from the rest of the team. They make attempts to maintain a low profile, unaware that the rest of the team already knows and approves of their relationship. They have recently taken a break in their relationship after an awkward incident during a double date with Ryan and Jenny, where Jenny, oblivious to the fact that the other couple was not in that stage of their relationship, asked when the two were going to get married like she and Ryan were about to in the very near future.

Roy Montgomery

Captain Roy Montgomery (portrayed by Ruben Santiago-Hudson) (seasons 1–3) is a police captain who was Beckett's boss who appreciates Beckett's determination and diligence but maintains a close watch to make sure the investigation goes smoothly. He is amused by how much Castle annoys Beckett but also appreciates how effective the two are when they work together. He has also demonstrated a strong attachment and respect for Beckett, commenting to Castle that he has never known anyone who can comfort the victims of violent crimes better than Beckett and arguing with the governor to accept a deal that would have allowed a known drug trafficker to walk free when he offered information that would have allowed them to capture the man who murdered Beckett's mother (although the deal was revealed to be fake when it turned out that the drug trafficker was the killer). He has also commented that Castle is surprisingly good at police work, once speculating that Castle may have some police in his family history on his unknown father's side of the family.

In the season three finale, he is revealed as the third cop who was indirectly involved in the murder of Kate Beckett's mother. Montgomery sends files concerning that murder to a mystery man who later contacts Castle and tells him that those files are the leverage that Montgomery was using to keep himself, his family, and Beckett safe from the man who was behind everything. The mystery man then asks Castle to help him keep Beckett safe: The deal with the murderer was that the files would remain secret if Beckett stayed away from her mother's case. Lockwood tells Montgomery to hand Beckett over to him; initially, he asks Beckett to meet him, but he does this to inform Beckett of the situation and gets Castle to drag her away and leave Montgomery to face Lockwood and his men off by himself, despite Beckett's pleas that he does not need to put himself in this situation because she forgives him. Castle carries her away and following a brief conversation with Lockwood, Montgomery kills all four of Lockwood's hit squad, before being shot by Lockwood twice. However, Montgomery shoots Lockwood before succumbing to his injuries ending the confrontation in a mutual kill. Afterward, Beckett, Castle, Ryan, and Esposito agree to keep the truth about Montgomery's death a secret and he is buried as a hero.

Eventually, Montgomery's files are destroyed by Cole Maddox and Smith, and the man he sent them to is apparently killed, but Beckett is able to reconstruct enough of them to identify the man as Senator William Bracken. She pretends there is another copy of Montgomery's files to keep Bracken off her back. While this eventually fails, she discovers in "Veritas" that there was more evidence that Montgomery had that implicates Bracken: a recording of a conversation with Bracken in which he admits to blackmail and murder and his plans to kill Johanna Beckett if she does not back off. Montgomery had given it to Johanna Beckett before she was killed and in his first meeting with Kate Beckett, had tried to hint to her to look for cassette tapes for clues. Beckett did not catch on at the time but remembers the encounter in the present and locates the tape in elephant figurines of her mother's that she kept on her desk. With Montgomery's tape, she is finally able to arrest Bracken for the murder of her mother as he gives a live interview in which he announces his intention to run for president.

Victoria Gates

Captain Victoria Gates (portrayed by Penny Johnson Jerald) (seasons 4–7) is Montgomery's replacement as police captain of the 12th Precinct. At her own insistence, she is called "Sir" rather than "ma'am" by the officers who report to her (and Castle). Formerly with Internal Affairs, Gates, known to some as "Iron Gates", is more interested in career advancement and the reputation of the precinct, and by extension, the NYPD, than in the finer points of interpersonal dynamics, making decisions based on the political impact that they would have. This contrasts with the style of her predecessor, who made decisions based on how they would affect people (for example, concealing a policewoman's vigilante activities because of the potential political backlash) and takes a dimmer view than her predecessor of the Beckett-Castle working relationship. Although she is obliged by the mayor to allow Castle to stay on in his consulting role, Gates tries to convince Beckett that she can be a better detective without him around. In the episode "Still", Gates reveals that she was aware that Castle and Beckett were in a relationship but tells them that she did not say anything in order to maintain her own plausible deniability, and she promises to continue her silence on the condition that the two be professional on the job. In "Dial M for Mayor", she encourages Beckett to perform her duties objectively and dispassionately, stating her attitude in IA and Homicide was not because she hated police officers but because she works hard to hold people accountable so NYPD officers like her father, uncle, and subordinates can bear the cost of serving the people of New York free of corruption. She has a sister, named Elizabeth Weston, who's a US Attorney. The two have a tense relationship as years before, Gates had to bust a corrupt cop involved in one of Elizabeth's investigations despite Elizabeth's protests. They reunite over another case and put aside some of that bad feeling.

On May 29, 2015, Penny Johnson Jerald revealed through her Twitter account that she is no longer a cast member of Castle. She stated that she was surprised and saddened by this occurrence.  Her character was written out by promoting Gates to Deputy Chief and reassigning her to One Police Plaza.

Recurring characters

Sidney Perlmutter
Dr. Sidney Perlmutter (portrayed by Arye Gross) is a medical examiner, rotating the role with Lanie (although Lanie is more regularly featured). He is shown to have more than a few quirks, such as eating lunch off of his autopsy tables—reasoning that the disinfectants used in the morgue mean that it is actually "the cleanest room in the city"—and always has a sarcastic remark. He sometimes teases or insults Castle at crime scenes when Castle tries to do his job.

Jenny Ryan

Jenny Ryan (portrayed by Juliana Dever) is Ryan's girlfriend and later wife. She is first mentioned in season one, but does not appear until the season two episode "The Mistress Always Spanks Twice". Ryan proposes in the season three episode "Nikki Heat" and they marry in the season four episode, "Till Death Do Us Part". She gives birth to their daughter, Sarah Grace Ryan, in the season six episode "Under Fire". She later gives birth to a son, Nicholas Javier Ryan, in the season eight episode "Death Wish".

Juliana Dever, the actress who plays Jenny, is married to Seamus Dever, who plays Kevin Ryan.

Tory Ellis
Tory Ellis (portrayed by Maya Stojan) is an officer in the NYPD's Crime Scene Unit who specializes in technical analysis. She often helps Beckett's team by accessing and assessing the data on computers belonging to suspects and victims.

Detective Tom Demming

Detective Tom Demming (portrayed by Michael Trucco) is a handsome robbery detective with whom Beckett briefly becomes involved. Castle and Demming often had a rivalry and tried to outdo each other for Beckett's attention. Despite being a "good-on-paper" boyfriend, Beckett ultimately breaks up with him because of her unresolved feelings toward Castle in the season two finale.

Gina Cowell
Gina Cowell (portrayed by Monet Mazur) is Castle's publisher and second ex-wife. Castle and Gina got back together at the end of season two, However, due to their fighting all the time, Castle breaks up with her in episode twelve ("Poof You're Dead") of season three, having concluded that the relationship had lost its magic.

Josh Davidson

Josh Davidson (portrayed by Victor Webster) is Kate's boyfriend in season three. He is a cardiac surgeon who often spends time in under-privileged countries. Castle refers to him as Doctor Motorcycle Boy. In the two-parter of season three, Kate tells Castle that she does not like the huge distance between Josh and her. They rarely see each other due to their jobs. In the fourth-season premiere, a critically injured Kate is brought to Josh's operating room after being shot in the heart. He begins emergency surgery and operates on her until another doctor can take over for him and violently confronts Castle in the hospital waiting room, blaming him for Kate's injuries. Later on in the episode, after a three-month time jump, Kate tells Castle that she has broken up with Josh, admitting that while she "really liked him", she could not give herself to another while focusing on her mother's case.

Mr. Smith
Michael Smith, better known as Mr. Smith (portrayed by Geoff Pierson), is a mysterious old friend of Roy Montgomery who first appeared in the season three finale "Knock Out". He is believed to have saved Montgomery's life, which convinces Montgomery that Smith is trustworthy. When Montgomery is killed by men working for the man responsible for Beckett's mother's murder, he sends incriminating files to Smith. These files had the potential to be very damaging to Montgomery's killers, and Smith used the files as leverage against them. In exchange for Beckett's life, Smith keeps the files out of the public arena on the condition that Beckett stops her investigation into her mother's murder. Smith makes his next appearance in the season four premiere, "Rise", contacting Richard Castle and asking him to convince Beckett to stand down, though Castle himself continues the investigation. It is unknown if Smith is his real name.

Smith appears again in "Dial M for Mayor". When Castle and Beckett investigate a murder connected to the Mayor of New York City, Smith points Castle in the direction of evidence that leads them to an aide in the mayor's office. After they arrest the aide, Smith sends him legal counsel, effectively stopping the investigation. Castle is enraged, but Smith points out that if the case went any further, the mayor would either be removed from office or voluntarily leave to pursue a campaign for state governor. With the mayor out of office, Victoria Gates's first act would be to have Castle removed from the 12th Precinct, and without Castle, Beckett would have no protection against her mother's killers.

In the season four finale, "Always", a break-in at Captain Montgomery's house reopens the case and leads to Smith contacting Castle to try to get Beckett to back down again. However, this time, Castle fails and walks away. At the end of the episode, Cole Maddox—an assassin sent by the killers—shows up at Smith's house. Maddox wanted to recover the files that Montgomery had sent Smith as his employer no longer wanted to live blackmailed. Maddox wants the information, promising that he would kill Beckett as soon as he gets it. Smith is later found dead in the fifth-season premiere "After the Storm", having been tortured by Maddox. However, he had laid a booby trap on the files that kills Maddox, though Beckett is able to reconstruct them enough to learn the identity of Bracken. His exact relationship to Montgomery remains unknown, and there has been no explanation of how he came to be in a position to stop the conspiracy from harming Beckett.

In the season six semi-finale "Veritas", it is revealed that Smith had faked his death and had gone into hiding to find a new way to implicate Senator William Bracken, the man behind the whole conspiracy. At first he found a consultant working for Bracken who could prove that Bracken's campaign funding in his bid for president was corrupt, but his contact was killed off before that could happen. Smith later attempted to turn one of Bracken's employees, Jason Marks, but Vulcan Simmons killed him before that could happen. Soon after Beckett connects the dots between Simmons and Bracken, Simmons is killed off to frame her. Smith later meets clandestinely with Castle and Beckett, who are on the run, revealing that Bracken is searching for a tape containing audio evidence proving he ordered the murders, including that of Beckett's mother, but he has no idea where it could be. Smith then departed their company, warning them not to contact him again. After remembering her first encounter with Montgomery, Beckett realizes he'd given the tape to her mother and finds it in her mother's old elephant figurines on her desk. With this new evidence, Beckett is finally able to arrest Bracken as he announces on live TV his intention to run for president.

Jerry Tyson
Jerry Tyson (portrayed by Michael Mosley), also known as the Triple Killer and 3XK, is a serial killer. As the Triple Killer, he periodically returned to New York to terrorize the city, strangling three women in a week, dumping their bodies in alleys, and then leaving the city without a trace after three weeks. At some indeterminate point, he would return to the city and repeat the process. Roy Montgomery was part of the original task force assigned to catch him, and Richard Castle researched the Triple Killer's original crime spree when he was writing one of his novels, When It Comes to Slaughter.

No law enforcement agency has ever come close to catching Tyson, and it was widely believed that he was dead as he has been away from New York for an extended period of time. It is only through Castle's efforts that the police are able to put a name to the Triple Killer when Castle realizes that Tyson's absence from the city and his killing pattern was because he was in prison. Nevertheless, Tyson successfully escapes even after he is confronted, overpowering Kevin Ryan and stealing his service weapon. He is later directly responsible for the events of "Kick the Ballistics" when he hands Ryan's weapon to an enemy under the guise of friendship, knowing that the man will use the gun in a future crime and attract the attention of Beckett and her team.

Tyson makes his second appearance in the season five episode "Probable Cause", where he frames Castle for the murder of a young woman and plans to have his contacts in prison kill Castle as soon as he arrives after his arraignment. He also plants suggestive emails on Castle's computer with the intention of having Beckett believe Castle has been unfaithful to her. When Castle breaks out of custody and proves Tyson's involvement in the young woman's murder, Tyson confronts both him and Beckett on a bridge. Castle shoots Tyson, who falls into the water below. Police divers are unable to recover his body and he is formally listed as missing and presumed to be dead. Castle, however, believes that Tyson orchestrated the encounter to stage his own death in front of Beckett, whose account of events will be used to lend credibility to the belief that Tyson is dead.

In the season six episode, "Disciple", Castle suspected Tyson to be behind murdered doppelgangers of Lanie and Esposito and is proven right when it is discovered that the doppelgangers were used to steal all the 3XK files from police records. Though they arrested the real killer who wanted to emulate Tyson, Ryan discovered that the plastic surgeon, Kelly Nieman, responsible for the look-a-likes' appearances was a prison doctor at the same time Tyson was admitted and resigned the day he escaped, and thus, she is suspected of being Tyson's girlfriend. Beckett's team raids the surgeon's office, only to find it cleaned out, with only a note reading "Better luck next time". At the end of the episode, it is implied that if Tyson is still alive, he has gathered followers to assist him in his crimes; if he is dead, his admirers within the serial killing community have started paying tribute to his crimes. Both possibilities leave the 12th Precinct equally disturbed.

In season seven, Tyson and Nieman return after one of the latter's patients is found dead. Tyson masqueraded as Michael Boudreaux, falsely claiming that Nieman gave him surgery to look like Tyson. With the 3XK files gone, Castle and Beckett try to prove that "Boudreaux" was Tyson by tracking down his mother and finding a tooth among his possessions for DNA testing. However, the results were inconclusive and the 12th Precinct was forced to let him go. While Tyson and Nieman are at the precinct, their accomplice, Amy Barrett, another one of Nieman's patients, lures Beckett away from the precinct and captures her. Tyson left a series of false trails for the police to follow, eventually leading to Castle assaulting Tyson in Boudreaux's apartment, but was stopped by the police before he could do any harm. After pressing charges against Castle, Tyson and Nieman drop off the grid. Castle went to Tyson's cellmate, Marcus Gates, for the location of Tyson's safehouse. Upon arriving, Tyson captures Castle and holds him captive so he can watch Nieman take Beckett's face for her own. However, it is a trap set by Castle to draw him out into the open and Esposito is waiting outside with a sniper rifle. On Castle's order, Esposito shoots Tyson in the abdomen, killing him. They are able to use his phone to find Beckett, who has killed Nieman and escaped.

As the Triple Killer, Tyson is characterized as a master of disguise, and able to easily manipulate and coerce people to do his bidding and even confess to his crimes. He is shown to be meticulous in his attention to detail, both in the planning and execution of his crimes, and has been shown to carry out complex crimes without leaving any evidence behind. He confides to Castle that he enjoys stalking his victims and planning their deaths more than actually killing them, and it is implied that when he leaves New York, he adopts the persona of another serial killer and carries out a new series of crimes under a different identity. Tyson considers himself to be an artist, and is easily angered by people who interfere with his plans. As the series progresses, Tyson refines his methods by studying the police response and adapting accordingly. By the time of his third appearance, his crimes have evolved to the point where they no longer resemble his original murders.

William Bracken

Senator William Bracken (portrayed by Jack Coleman) also The Dragon or Lazarus is a United States senator with aspirations of becoming President. Despite being an unseen character until the season five premiere, "After the Storm", Bracken is directly responsible for one of the major events tied to the series's lore: the murder of Johanna Beckett.

Twenty years prior to the series, Bracken was working as an Assistant District Attorney in Manhattan when he learned of a small group of corrupt police officers—John Raglan, Gary McAllister and Roy Montgomery—who were kidnapping mobsters for ransom. Knowing their identities and aware that any attempt to prosecute the officers would be futile as he had no evidence, Bracken blackmailed the officers and used the ransom money to fund his political career. The scam worked until an undercover FBI agent was accidentally killed during the attempted abduction of mobster Joe Pulgatti. Pulgatti was able to escape, but was arrested for the murder, forcing Bracken to shut down the scam. When Johanna Beckett, a civil rights lawyer, became interested in the case on Pulgatti's behalf, Bracken hired the assassin Dick Coonan—better known by his alter ego, Rathborne—to kill her and arranged for Raglan and McAllister to be assigned to investigate her murder, which they wrote off as a random attack and subsequently turned into a cold case, covering up the conspiracy. This allowed Bracken to distance himself from the crime and continue with his political ambitions. When confronted in "Sucker Punch", Coonan confirms that he was hired to kill Johanna Beckett but is shot and killed before revealing the identity of his employer.

Bracken's influence is again felt in "Knockdown", when John Raglan approaches Kate Beckett looking to clear his conscience when faced with his own imminent death from cancer. Bracken gets wind of this, and hires another assassin, Hal Lockwood, to kill him. Castle and Beckett make the connection between Raglan and McAllister and arrest McAllister before he can be killed. Lockwood is then caught, which prompts Bracken to use his influence to have Lockwood moved into the General Population area of the prison so that he can kill McAllister in "Knockout". Meanwhile, Roy Montgomery has approached Bracken independently with a deal: Bracken will leave Beckett alone if Montgomery stops her from investigating her mother's death. When he is unable to keep Beckett from investigating the case, Montgomery forwards all of his incriminating evidence against Bracken to Mr. Smith with instructions to continue forcing Bracken to back off. Montgomery then kills Lockwood, sacrificing himself in order to do so. At the end of "Knockout", Beckett is shot by a third assassin, Cole Maddox, who was again hired by Bracken. However, Bracken was unable to kill her because Smith forced him to back down.

It is also strongly implied that Bracken is responsible for the events of "Dial M for Mayor", orchestrating a conspiracy against New York City mayor Robert Wheldon to discredit Wheldon and stifle his ambitions of becoming Governor of New York and eventually president.

With Bracken turning his attention to the presidency, he has Maddox try to retrieve Montgomery's evidence before going after Beckett. After Maddox is killed trying to retrieve the files, Castle and Beckett are finally able to identify Bracken through the remains of Montgomery's payments to Bracken's bank account, the evidence Smith held for Montgomery. Now knowing the name of the man who had her mother killed, Beckett approaches Bracken at a political fundraiser and convinces him to leave her alone, or else his secrets will become public. Bracken appears again in "Recoil", when the 12th Precinct is able to connect a murder victim directly to him, only to discover that Bracken has become the target of a political assassin as he prepares his Presidential campaign. Beckett is forced to help save his life by thwarting the assassin, and Bracken acknowledges that he owes her his life before approaching the press and using the circumstances behind the episode to present himself as a politician willing to stand up against corrupt senators since the assassin was hired by his former mentors and consolidating public perception of him as a presidential candidate.

Bracken plays a pivotal role in the season six episode "In the Belly of the Beast", when Beckett is recruited to a risky undercover operation to infiltrate a drug ring and investigate a connection between the ring and the Russian mafia in a bid to identify the kingpin, known only as Lazarus. Beckett discovers that the proceeds from the drug ring are being laundered through the Future Fund, a political fundraiser collecting money to support Bracken's presidential bid. She also learns that Bracken had ordered one of his contract killers to save her after Vulcan Simmons—the figurehead for the ring and one of the original suspects in the murder of Johanna Beckett—blows her cover, as a means of repaying his debt to her. Beckett predicts that the next time they meet, all bets are off.

In the season six episode "Veritas", when Bracken learns that Beckett has been carrying out discreet surveillance of Vulcan Simmons, he realizes that she was bluffing when she claimed to have physical evidence during the events of "After the Storm" and arranges for Simmons's murder, planning to implicate Beckett in the crime in order to discredit her. Beckett is forced to go into hiding but locates an unexpected piece of evidence: a recording made by Roy Montgomery given to her mother in which Bracken details his plan to kill Johanna Beckett and admits to blackmail and having other people killed. It turns out that Beckett had the evidence she needed all along to arrest Bracken because Johanna had hidden it in her elephant figurines, which Beckett keeps on her desk. With her innocence proven, Beckett confronts and arrests Bracken during a televised speech in which he announces his ambition to become president, charging him with conspiracy, fraud, and the murder of her mother. On live television, Bracken is led to a police car and taken into custody, to Beckett's relief.

Bracken makes his final appearance in the season eight two-part premiere, "XY" and "XX". According to Castle's stepmother, Rita, Bracken had a mysterious partner in the CIA who covertly assisted Vulcan Simmons in his drug trade. When an analyst in the attorney general's office discovers a redacted document called "Loksat" mentioning Bracken and passes it to Beckett's former A.G. team, the partner has the team killed, setting off an explosive chain of events that leads to Beckett and Castle visiting Bracken in prison separately. Bracken refuses to speak of "Loksat" to Beckett and after Castle's visit, attacks a guard to get sent to solitary, only to be murdered in his own cell as Ryan and Esposito come to question him. Despite Bracken's death effectively avenging Johanna's murder, Beckett becomes obsessed with hunting down Loksat, who ultimately proves to be a man named Mason Wood.

Jackson Hunt
Castle's father (portrayed by James Brolin) is a spy working on behalf of the United States government, though his exact affiliation is unclear. Having met Martha Rodgers after finishing an assignment at the United Nations, he was forced to leave her without warning the next morning when things went south. It was over a year before he discovered Martha had borne him a son, and despite having a career that prevented his ability to have personal relationships, he made the effort to be involved in his son's life; he gave Castle a copy of Casino Royale at the age of ten, which inspired him to become a writer. As he tells Richard when they meet for the first time as father and son, he has been checking in on Richard, Martha, and Alexis their whole lives.

The identity of Castle's father is never directly addressed during the first four seasons, with Castle choosing to not to seek him out as he enjoys the mystery of his identity, though it is also implied that Castle's refusal to address the issue has led to the breakdown of at least one relationship. The first clue to his character comes during the "Linchpin" and "Pandora" story arc, when Castle and Beckett are enlisted to help the CIA in an investigation; the agency suggests they are aware of Castle's father.

He made his first appearance during the "Target" and "Hunt" two-part storyline when Alexis is abducted by a former KGB operative as part of a plot to lure him into the open and kill him. Under the alias Jackson Hunt, he enlists Castle's help to save Alexis before disappearing, but leaves a copy of Casino Royale as a calling card to inform Castle that he is alive. He makes his second appearance in the season six episode "Deep Cover", using the name Anderson Cross as part of a non-official cover on a delicate assignment to locate an Iranian intelligence officer code-named Gemini before Gemini can expose the CIA's deep-cover agents operating abroad. Hunt becomes the prime suspect in the murder of a hacker he enlisted to assist him, manipulating the crime scene to draw Beckett's attention so that he can lead her to Gemini. Although Castle walks away from the experience thinking his father was only using him and does not really care for him, his dad was later seen watching him and Martha.

His real identity is unknown, but he has a second wife, Rita Hunt, who appears in the eighth season during Beckett's hunt for the mysterious "Loksat".

References

Characters
Castle
Castle

List of Castle characters