Joyce Diane Brothers  (October 20, 1927 – May 13, 2013) was an American psychologist, television personality, advice columnist, and writer.

She first became famous in 1955 for winning the top prize on the American game show The $64,000 Question. Her fame from the game show allowed her to go on to host various advice columns and television shows, which established her as a pioneer in the field of "pop (popular) psychology".

Brothers is often credited as the first to normalize psychological concepts to the American mainstream. Her syndicated columns were featured in newspapers and magazines, including a monthly column for Good Housekeeping, in which she contributed  for nearly 40 years. As Brothers quickly became the "face of  psychology" for American audiences, she often appeared in various television roles, usually as herself. From the 1970s onward, she also began to accept fictional roles that parodied her "woman psychologist" persona. She is noted for working continuously for five decades across various genres. Numerous groups recognized Brothers for her strong leadership as a woman in the psychological field and for helping to destigmatize the profession overall.

Family and personal relationships
Joyce Diane Bauer was born to Jewish parents Morris K. Bauer and Estelle Rapport, who were attorneys sharing a law practice. She grew up in Far Rockaway, Queens, New York. She had a sister named Elaine Goldsmith, with whom she was close. Joyce described that, while she was growing up, her father treated her like a son, even having decided to name her "Joseph" instead of Joyce before she was born. As a result, she grew up in an environment in which her status as a female made no difference in the family's expectations of high academic excellence for all their children. Consequently, she was often described as being a studious person, thriving on "hard work and academic achievement".

In 1949, she married Milton Brothers, who later became an internist. In 1989, Brothers lost her husband to bladder cancer. Following the death of her husband, Brothers fell into a state of depression for a year and contemplated suicide; however, she used her work to achieve inner peace and recover. Brothers and her husband had a daughter, four grandchildren and two great-grandchildren.

Education
Brothers graduated from Far Rockaway High School in January 1944. Afterward, she entered Cornell University, double-majoring in home economics and psychology and graduated with a Bachelor of Science with honors in 1947. Brothers was a member of Sigma Delta Tau at the time. She then attended  Columbia University, where she obtained an Master of Arts in 1949 and a Ph.D. in psychology in 1953. Her doctoral dissertation was titled "Anxiety Avoidance and Escape Behaviour as Measured by Action Potential in Muscle". While working on her graduate studies, she was a research assistant at Columbia, an instructor at Hunter College, and a research fellow on a UNESCO leadership project from 1949 to 1959. The American Association of University Women awarded Brothers a fellowship in 1952, which enabled her to complete the doctoral degree.

Career

Television and radio

$64,000 Question (1955)
Brothers's first television appearance was at the age of 28. At that time, her husband was making $50 a month as a medical intern at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York, which was not enough to support them and their three-year-old daughter. To escape what Brothers called the "slum-like conditions" of her New York City walkup, she was driven to enter as a contestant on the game show The $64,000 Question. The top-charting show had the largest jackpot of all quiz shows at the time.

To become a contestant, Brothers had to write a letter describing herself and her hobbies, explaining why she would make a great contestant, and outlining what she would do  with the winnings. Eventually, the letter landed her an interview with Mert Koplin, the show's producer. While in her letter she discussed her qualifications in the field of psychology and home economics, she was not allowed to use her expert knowledge for the show, as The $64,000 Question did not allow participants to be quizzed on topics of their expertise or profession. As such, Brothers had to come up with a new topic area for her to be quizzed on for the show.

With the gender roles of the time in mind, Koplin thought he could draw in the most viewership by juxtaposing Brothers's perceived frailty as a woman with the idea that she knew a great deal about a more masculine field. He is credited with saying Brothers should be given a topic on "something that [she] shouldn't know about... [something like] if it were football or if it were horse racing or boxing...."

Brothers's husband was a great fan of boxing, so she chose that as her topic. To prepare, she studied twenty-volume boxing encyclopedias and many years' worth of Ring Magazine issues and worked with boxing writer Nat Fleischer and former Olympic boxing champion and New York State Athletic Commissioner Edward P.F Eagan. After studying, she progressed on the show for several weeks. Despite the show's producers' efforts to stump her at the $16,000 mark by asking questions involving referees rather than the boxers themselves, she exceeded expectations and won the top prize.

Brothers used her photographic memory and focus to learn everything she could and quickly became regarded as an expert in the subject area of boxing. Her success on The $64,000 Question earned Brothers a chance to be the color commentator for CBS during the boxing match between Carmen Basilio and Sugar Ray Robinson. She was said to have been the first female boxing commentator.

Two years later, Brothers appeared on the spin-off series The $64,000 Challenge, which brought in the winners of The $64,000 Question and matched them against experts in the field. Again, Brothers won the maximum prize against seven other competitors. (The combined $128,000 in winnings was equivalent to over $1.3 million in 2021.)

While The $64,000 Question and The $64,000 Challenge later came out with cheating scandals of some contestants only pretending to be novices to their respective topic, Brothers was one of the contestants who was cleared of cheating allegations.

Sports Showcase (1956)
After the success of the quiz show, Brothers co-hosted the Sports Showcase with journalist Max Kase. This role made her one of the early female sports commentators.

Local afternoon show on NBC's WRCA-TV
Brothers's wish to use her platform to practice psychology was provided through reading letters from people who submitted them to the radio. This opportunity was provided on a four-week basis on NBC's WRCA-TV.

Appearances on talk shows
Brothers appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson as a means for the public to get to know her more than just through the advice columns. With more than 90 appearances on the show, she provided detailed psychological updates on the accounts of the current social climate of that time. She also appeared on daytime television programs like Good Morning America, Today, Entertainment Tonight, and CNN as well as late-night television shows with Merv Griffin, Mike Douglas, and Conan O'Brien as well as The Steve Allen Show, Body Language, and The Dick Cavett Show.

Living Easy with Dr. Joyce Brothers (1973)
In efforts to market and promote their new textile fibre Trevira polyester, the German chemical company Hoechst provided Joyce Brothers with her own show. While Brothers had the opportunity to host her own show and allow the public to learn more about her, the show's ultimate function was to promote Trevira and the company's latest fashions. This goal was evident in almost every aspect of the show, from when Brothers' discussions onto the topic of fashion to the production of the set, which was decorated entirely in the Trevira fabric.

The show initially was located in the Broadway Theatre District in New York and moved to Studio 6B at 30 Rockefeller Plaza during its second year. Titled Living Easy with Dr. Joyce Brothers, the show consisted of guest interviews, musical performances, how-to-demos, and a weekly segment dedicated to psychology. Two hundred episodes were produced, airing on 150 stations during its three-year run. The show faced criticisms from stakeholders, and the public believed that there was not enough focus on psychology and that Brothers was failing to incorporate her psychological expertise.

Dr. Joyce Brothers Show (1985)

A decade after Living Easy with Dr. Joyce Brothers, Brothers premiered a new show. It consisted of 16 one-hour weekly installments on the Disney Channel. This appearance was her first on cable television. The themes surrounding the show were family-oriented, with each show consisting of a comedian, a special guest star, and calls from viewers to provide advice from a psychological and educational standpoint.

By August 1985, Brothers was given her own television show on a New York station about relationships during which she answered questions from the audience. Sponsors were nervous about whether a television psychologist could succeed, she recalled, but viewers expressed their gratitude for her show, telling her she was giving them the information they could not get elsewhere.

Brothers covered a variety of topics, including prognosis for American football, the psychology of football, women's changing clothing styles, HIV and AIDS, and the rise of school shootings. In essence, Brothers brought psychology to the mainstream media.

Brothers presented syndicated advice shows on both television and radio during a broadcasting career that lasted more than four decades. Her shows changed names numerous times, such as The Dr. Joyce Brothers Show, Consult Dr. Brothers, Tell Me, Dr. Brothers, Ask Dr. Brothers, abd Living Easy with Dr. Joyce Brothers. In 1964, she interviewed and posed for publicity photographs with the Beatles on their first visit to the United States.

Cameo appearances
Brothers made cameo appearances as herself in the comedy series Police Squad! and its first spinoff film The Naked Gun, in which she played a sports announcer (baseball, not boxing). She briefly appeared as herself in a dream sequence in The King of Comedy. She recurred as herself in Madame's Place, consulting with the title character about her neuroses. Dr. Brothers appeared as herself in season 3 episode 6 of Mama's Family in the episode titled "Mama and Dr. Brothers". She appeared as herself in season 4 episode 21 of the popular sitcom Taxi and in both season 3 and season 5 of the sitcom The Nanny. She also voiced an animated version of herself in the episode "Last Exit to Springfield" in season 4 of The Simpsons as well as a season 1 episode of Frasier portraying a "nut" Other appearances include a second-season episode of Entourage,  in Married ... with Children as a judge, and as designer jeans mogul Vicky Von Vickey in season 3, episode 5 of WKRP in Cincinnati. She also makes an appearance as a crime scene pathologist in the movie National Lampoon's: Loaded Weapon. And in Style & Substance, she appeared as herself, the permanent alternate guest on a take-off of Politically Incorrect.

Newspaper and books
Brothers had a monthly column in Good Housekeeping for almost four decades and a syndicated newspaper column that she began writing in the 1970s, which at its height was printed in more than 300 newspapers. She also published several books, including the 1981 book What Every Woman Should Know About Men and the 1991 book Widowed, inspired by the loss of her husband. Her advice was used as a source for some questions on the 1998–2004 incarnation of Hollywood Squares.

Brothers conducted self-promotion and was skilled in navigating the male-dominated media industry. In addition to her television and radio presence, Brothers wrote best-selling books; these books included advice on how to achieve a successful marriage and career.

Impact

Social conversation
She was viewed as the public crisis counselor as she was asked to comment on issues like Princess Diana's death and the explosion of the Challenger space shuttle.

Joyce Brothers addressed homosexuality in 1972, and the transgender community in 1959.  After the 1999 Columbine school shooting, she was a persistent presence on CNN for gun control legislation.

More memorable episodes of her advice shows include when she helped a man on air who called in contemplating suicide as a result of being blind in one eye and nearly blind in the other. Her efforts included keeping him on air for 30 minutes—long enough for National Save-A-Life to contact him. Another, similar episode aired in 1971 when a woman called and threatened to overdose on sleeping pills. As this was a riveting circumstance, the show was left running for three more hours uninterrupted, so that Brothers was able to extract a phone number from the woman to get an ambulance to her.

Sexism
Upon receiving acceptance into Columbia University for her Ph.D, the dean of her department told her that, while her qualifications were impeccable, she was taking the position of a man who would use the degree and that it would therefore be best if she dropped her position. However, Brothers did not waver and maintained her position.

However, she was a product of the time, evidenced by her belief that her husband should be the breadwinner. She gave up any notion of pursuing a career in psychology for herself because it could mean being in competition with her husband. Early in her career, when Brothers was asked by women for advice on what to do if their husbands showed interest in other women, Brothers was known to ask the caller to look at themselves and ask what they could do to be more like the women their husbands seemed to chase. Brothers later became more involved with issues of women's rights. In 1972, she was one of many who testified in front of the platform committee on women's issues, also serving as acting chair of a U.S. delegation for the 16th assembly of the Inter-American Commission of Women. In 1979, she provided proposals at the congressional hearing on "problems of mid-life women," speaking on employment, retirement income, and anti-ageism in television characters.

Criticism, positive contributions, and awards

Controversy surrounding Brothers's "pop psychology"
As her fame grew there was an increase in disapproval among psychologists and psychiatrists. They questioned both the validity of her psychological claims and her authority in providing psychological advice. A growing number of psychologists began to believe the advice she provided to her audience was unethical in that she did not hold any clinical degree and she was giving advice to strangers, not to patients with whom she had professional relationships. Stevens and Gardener, the authors of Women of Psychology, stated that "traditional psychologists smile subtly when her name is mentioned and they often complain that she actually does more damage than good." There were many attempts by American Psychological Association members to revoke Brothers's membership; they objected to the form in which Brothers's advice was provided. Although her membership never was revoked, Brothers's  public professional activities did cause some uproar in the community.

De-stigmatizing psychology
Despite the criticism, at the end of one of her TV appearance in December 1958, Roger Turtle and Joyce Brothers discussed the logistics behind the process of her TV appearances. There were 15 hours spent preparing for each show, with consultations with other professionals and the breakdown of the grand field of psychology to be understood in terms of everyday language. All this occurring behind the scenes, during the actual shows there were many references to scientific research and explicit statements that psychology is a service, not simply a source of entertainment. These shows provided a platform to "professionalize and de-stigmatize psychology". Mental health was stigmatized and not as covered in the media, but Brothers strived to contribute significantly to giving people a different perspective. Her show allowed the public to view psychologists as real people.

With an influx of letters from those that wanted advice from several topics like: marriage, parenting, work, money; also other taboo topics like menopause, infidelity and sex. Her light on these topics assisted in normalizing these within the mainstream media, with an explicit importance on therapy for everyday life and not only those with mental illness stated.

Honors and awards
Brothers was recognized with the following honors and awards: Women of Achievement Award, Federation of Jewish Women (1964); Professional Woman of the Year, Business and Professional Women's Club (1968); Award of the Parkinson Disease Foundation. She was given an honorary degree, the L.H.D., from Franklin Pierce College in 1969.

Death
Brothers died on May 13, 2013, at her home in Fort Lee, New Jersey. Lisa Brothers Arbisser, her daughter, said that respiratory failure was the cause.

References

External links

 Sydney Stahl Weinberg, an entry about Joyce Brothers profile at the Jewish Women's Archive, a Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia

1927 births
2013 deaths
American advice columnists
American psychology writers
Television personalities from New York City
American women television personalities
American women columnists
American women psychologists
20th-century American psychologists
Boxing commentators
Burials at Beth David Cemetery
Celebrity doctors
Columbia University alumni
Contestants on American game shows
Cornell University alumni
Deaths from respiratory failure
Far Rockaway High School alumni
Hunter College faculty
Jewish American writers
People from Far Rockaway, Queens
People from Fort Lee, New Jersey
Writers from Queens, New York
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American women

Joyce Brothers


Framework, launched in 1984, was an office suite to run on the (x86) IBM PC and compatibles with the MS-DOS operating system.

Unlike other integrated products, Framework was not created as "plug-in" modules with a similar look and feel, but as a single windowing workspace representing a desktop metaphor that could manage and outline "Frames" sharing a common underlying format.

Framework could be considered a predecessor to the present graphical user interface window metaphor: it was the first all-in-one package to run on any PC platform to offer a GUI, WYSIWYG typography on the display and printer output, as well as integrated interpreters.

History

Background
ValDocs, an even earlier integrated suite, and actually comparable to the original Macintosh of 1984 and Apple Lisa of 1982, was produced by Epson, a complete integrated work station that ran on the previous-generation Zilog Z80 CPU and CP/M operating system, with a graphical user interface (GUI) and "WYSIWYG" typography on the monitor and printing. Despite several iterations, ValDocs was too slow on the hardware that it was released on.

A few months before Framework, its close rival Lotus Symphony was released.

Framework offered all of the above ValDocs' functionality in the first all-in-one package to run on any PC platform.

Programmers at Work credits Robert Carr as the designer and principal developer of Framework.

Forefront Corporation
Robert Carr and Marty Mazner founded Forefront Corporation to develop Framework in 1983. In July of that year, they approached Ashton-Tate to provide the capital and to later market the product.  Together with a team of six other individuals, Carr and company released the original Framework.

The initial release of Framework included about a dozen or so frame types (identified by a FRED function, @frametype). Frame types included containers which could be filled up with other frames, empty frames which could become other type of frames based on user input, formulas embedded in them or program output targeting them, word processor frames, flat-database frames and spreadsheet as well as graphic frames.

The product proved successful enough, that in 1985, Ashton-Tate bought Forefront a year sooner than planned.

Ashton-Tate era

The original team, now working for Ashton-Tate, continued to enhance the product.

Later Framework versions included a frame type that can hold compiled executable code.
Beginning with Framework II (1985), the company also produced the Framework II Runtime and the Framework II Developer's Toolkit.  These products allowed application developers to create business applications using the built-in FRED programming language.
Novel MHS Electronic Mail was integrated into Framework and a MailBox cabinet was added to the desktop.

Framework III was produced in 1988–1989, and in 1991, Framework IV emerged as the last Ashton-Tate-released version.

Although Ashton-Tate humorously advertised, that "Lotus uses Framework", Framework failed to gain more than a fraction of the market share needed to become a workplace standard. Lotus 1-2-3 was able to successfully capture most of the spreadsheet market, and after a number of setbacks regarding Ashton-Tate's flagship product dBASE, Borland bought Ashton-Tate, and later sold Framework to Selections & Functions, Inc.

Selections and Functions, Inc
Beginning with Framework V (Framework 5), Selections and Functions introduced only a few features — mainly features required to prevent the office suite from becoming out-of-date.

For example, Framework VII (Framework 7) introduced long file names, the Euro symbol and the ability to display pictures in Framework.

Framework VIII (Framework 8) introduced the ability to display JPEG and .BMP files and to load such files into Framework databases.

Of particular importance, all of the Selections and Functions' versions of Framework added the ability to share "cut and paste" (memory buffer data) between Windows and Framework. For detailed feature lists and screen shots see the Framework homepage listed below.

Selections and Functions continues to sell Framework — though no price is available publicly.

Components
In addition to frame types with compiled executable code, the current versions, 9 and 10, Framework IX, and Framework X, which run in virtual mode on a thunking platform includes a dynamic link library file (.FWL) that contain 32 bit flat memory GUI/API code that can be called by FRED as a function to run on the host operating system accepting parameters and returning a value. Present versions include the FrameworkPascal compiler, which extend Framework making it possible to compile .FWL filed that access Windows API.

The spreadsheet program was superior in its day, offering true 3D capability, where spreadsheets could form an outline which can be "opened" to reveal a separate spreadsheet, as well as other frame types — a feat of sheer convenient function never again seen and further enhanced in later versions.

Framework's built-in interpreter, the FRED (Frame Editor) computer language, was based on Lisp eval function. It can reference all frames and types across the product and can sense and perform all user interface operations.

Compatibility
Framework works on most versions of Microsoft Windows. Framework 7 was the last version which can be run on Windows 95/98/ME or on DOS. Framework 8 and 9 were designed to run on Windows XP, but not in Windows 9x or DOS. Official updates are provided to run Framework on Windows 7 and 8. Framework VIII, Framework IX and Framework 10 runs in a thunking virtual machine platform integrated with the latest version of Windows.

See also
 Comparison of office suites

References

External links
Framework home page
Interview of Robert Carr about framework (archive)
An early Framework and FRED book by Adam Green.

DOS software
Office suites

Framework (office suite)


Sir Thomas Forrest Garvin II, KC (8 August 1881 – 19 June 1940) was a Ceylonese (Sri Lankan) judge and lawyer. He was a judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon and Solicitor General of Ceylon.

Born to Dr Thomas Forrest Garvin and Grace Louisa Vander Smagt, he was educated at Royal College Colombo and Colombo Law College. In 1903 he became an Advocate and began his legal practice and became the third Crown Counsel in 1908. He was promoted to Senior Crown Counsel in 1912; he went on to serve as acting Solicitor General and Additional District Judge of Colombo before he was confirmed in the appointment of Solicitor General in 1915. He served in this capacity until 1924 and served as acting Attorney General on several occasions. In this capacity he was an ex officio member of the Legislative Council of Ceylon. In 1924 he was appointed as a Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon and went on to serve as acting Chief Justice on three occasions.

He retired from the bench in 1935 and was made a Knight Bachelor in the 1935 Birthday Honours; previously he was appointed a King's Counsel. Garvin married Madeleine Louise Alvis, daughter of Arthur Alvis, proctor and member of the Legislative Council of Ceylon.

References

External links
 SANSONI - Family #1061

1881 births
1940 deaths
Puisne Justices of the Supreme Court of Ceylon
20th-century Sri Lankan judges
Ceylonese advocates
Official members of the Legislative Council of Ceylon
Alumni of Royal College, Colombo
Ceylonese Knights Bachelor
20th-century King's Counsel
Ceylonese Queen's Counsel
Acting Chief Justices of British Ceylon
Solicitors General of Ceylon
British Ceylon judges
Knights Bachelor
Members of the Legislative Council of Ceylon

Thomas Garvin


Greenville is the capital of Sinoe County in southeastern Liberia and lies on a lagoon near the Sinoe River and the Atlantic Ocean. It is located about 150 miles southeast of Monrovia. As of the 2008 national census, the population stood at 16,434.

A hoard of bronze Kru currency rings discovered in the Sinoe river at Greenville is now in the British Museum.

The town was built in about 1838 by colonists of the Mississippi Colonization Society. Part of what was then the Mississippi-in-Africa colony (now Sinoe County), Greenville was named after James Green, a Jefferson County Judge and one of the first Mississippi Delta planters to send a group of former slaves to Liberia.

The town was destroyed in the Liberian Civil War but has since been rebuilt around a port for the local logging industry. Before the civil war, the town's main exports were lumber, rubber, and agricultural products.

The Sapo National Park lies near the town.  Boats sail from Greenville to Monrovia and Harper.

Greenville experiences on average 185 rainy days per year. The mean temperature of the town's coolest month is 24 degrees Celsius and 27 degrees Celsius for its warmest month.

Greenville has the third-largest port in Liberia. The port has two quays (70 m and 180 m long, respectively) on the inner side of the breakwater for berthing facilities, with an existing water depth of 6 m below chart datum.

References

Sinoe County
1838 establishments in Liberia
County capitals in Liberia
Populated places established in 1838
Populated places established by Americo-Liberians

Greenville, Liberia


Iraqi Canadians are Canadians of full or partial Iraqi descent, as well as people from the state of Iraq who are ethno-linguistic and religious minorities. According to the 2011 Census there were 49,680 Canadians of Iraqi ancestry, an increase compared to the 2006 Census.

History
Emigration from Iraq to Canada has increased dramatically due to political and economic situations in Iraq. The Iraq-Iran War resulted in many immigrants. With the destroyed Iraqi economy and the oppression of the 13-year economic sanctions against Iraq that followed the Gulf War of 1990–91, there was all the more reason to emigrate. From 1945 until 1975, fewer than 200 Iraqis arrived in Canada. Emigration substantially increased in 1979, the year Saddam Hussein became president of Iraq. Between 1975 and 1992, 6,472 Iraqis arrived in Canada,  establishing about 3.5 percent of all Arab immigrants in Canada. About 65 percent of Iraqis settled in the province of Quebec, particularly in Montreal, and in the province of British Columbia, particularly in Vancouver on shores of the Pacific Ocean. Many Iraqis also live in the province of Ontario, particularly in the Canadian capital city of Ottawa, Windsor and Toronto, the most populated city in Canada.

The 1991 Canadian census recorded 4,790 Iraqis; 3,525 of wholly Iraqi ancestry, and 1,265 of partial Iraqi ancestry. Iraqi immigrants through the period of 1981-1992 settled principally in a few cities in Canada: British Columbia (362), Alberta (268), Quebec (203), Ontario (176), and Manitoba (152).

Employment
The main causes for the immigration of Iraqis were due to the Gulf War and the situation in Iraq which drove them out of their homeland.

In Canada, Iraqi immigrants seem to face three unexplainable problems, the first being unable to find jobs where they can apply their professional expertise. The second is discrimination, with a possibility that some employers associate them with the regime that they fled. The third is their lack of Canadian experience. Despite a high level of education and professional experience, 54 percent of 892 immigrants were unemployed. Of the 407 with jobs, 40 percent had professional positions; 24 percent, lower white-collar; 30 percent, blue-collar; 3 percent, service; and 3 percent, not stated.

Community life

The patterns of formal association among Iraqis are new and voluntary, as revealed most notably in the Iraqi Community Center based in Cote Des Neiges, Montreal. The center helps Iraqis adapt to Canada and develop ties with general society, and disseminates information about the ethnocultural heritage of Iraqi Canadians. Gender equity is the norm; the president of the Iraqi Canadian Society is a woman.

Culture
Despite differences in dialect, many Iraqi Canadians see themselves as Arabs, Mandaeans, Assyrians or Chaldeans. Almost all Iraqi Arab immigrants wish to maintain the Arabic language in both oral and written forms. Because young children and Canadian-born ones cannot easily learn reading and writing skills, more emphasis is put on teaching oral skills. Many Canadian-born can understand spoken Arabic without being able to speak it.

Gender equity, which has expanded in Iraq itself, is encouraged in Canada. Marriage for both males and females remains principally endogamous.

There are a sizable number of Iraqi Christians in Canada. Christian denominations include Assyrian Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church, and Syriac Orthodox Church. The remaining 40 percent are Muslims, the majority being Shiite.

Iraqi population in Canada by province and territory

Notable Iraqi Canadians
 Nhoopeh al-Areebi, professional wrestler (half Iraqi)
 Fajer Al-Kaisi, Iraqi-born Canadian actor and comedian from Montreal
 Joe Balass, filmmaker
 Farouk Kaspaules, Iraqi-born Canadian artist
 Naïm Kattan, author, novelist and critic
 Anisa Mehdi, Emmy Award-winning film director, journalist and director of Inside Mecca
 Duraid Munajim, filmmaker and freelance cinematographer
 Leilah Nadir, writer
 Narcy, rapper
 Farah Nosh, photojournalist
 Muayyed Nureddin, geologist
 Awatef Rasheed, women's rights activist, Femmy Award winner in Canada
 Anita Sarkeesian, feminist media critic and public speaker. Her parents are Armenians from Iraq who emigrated to Canada in the 1970s
 Isho Shiba, Iraqi-Assyrian born in Iraq, and a five-time Canadian national boxing champion
 Isa Hasan al-Yasiri, poet
 Bahaa Abdul Hadi, founder of Qi Card

See also

 Arab Canadians
 Assyrians in Canada
 Kurds in Canada
 Middle Eastern Canadians
 West Asian Canadians

References

Ethnic groups in Canada
Arab Canadian
Asian Canadian

West Asian Canadians

Iraqi Canadians


The Derlingau was an early medieval county (Gau) of the Duchy of Saxony.

Geography

The Derlingau approximately consisted of the area between the river Oker in the west and the Lappwald forest in the east. It was bordered by (from the north, clockwise): Bardengau, Gau Osterwald, Nordthüringgau,  Harzgau, Salzgau, Hastfalagau, Gau Flutwide, Gau Gretinge. The most important town was Evessen, and later Brunswick. The Derlingau belonged to the diocese of the Bishop of Halberstadt.

History

Little is known about the history of the county. The Brunones were its most powerful family in the 10th and 11th centuries; when the Brunones became extinct, their properties were inherited by Lothair of Supplinburg, who became duke of Saxony and later Holy Roman Emperor. From Lothair, Duke Henry the Lion and his descendants, the dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg, inherited these properties. After the disintegration of the Duchy of Saxony in the early 13th century, the Derlingau thus became a core part of the new Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, together with several adjacent counties.

The northern border of the Derlingau later developed into part of the border between the principalities of Wolfenbüttel and Lüneburg. The eastern and southern border of the Derlingau continues to exist to this day as the border between Lower Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt.

The known counts in the Derlingau include:

 Brun, son of Liudolf, Count in the Nordthüringgau, 965 (Brunonen)
 Dietrich of Haldensleben, 966-985
 Lothair of Walbeck, since 982
 Brun of Brunswick (died around 1010), probably the son of Count Brun I, since 990 (Brunonen)
 Ekbert, around 1013 (Billung)
 Liudolf (died 1038), son of Brun II, around 1031 (Brunonen)
 Bernhard (died before 1069), 1052  (Supplinburg)
 Siegfried II of Walbeck (died around 1087)

Ecclesiastical organization

As a part of the Diocese of Halberstadt, the Derlingau was subdivided into the following archidiaconates (ordered approximately from north to south):

 Wittingen
 Meine
 Ochsendorf
 Lucklum
 Räbke
 Atzum
 Schöppenstedt
 Schöningen
 Kissenbrück
 Watenstedt
 Kalme
 Westerode (near Hornburg)
 Osterwieck

References

Carolingian counties
Duchy of Saxony
Former states and territories of Lower Saxony

Derlingau


The Cowsills are an American singing group from Newport, Rhode Island, six siblings noted for performing professionally and singing harmonies at an early age, later with their mother.

The band was formed in early 1965 by brothers Bill, Bob, and Barry Cowsill; their brother John joined shortly thereafter. Originally Bill and Bob played guitar and Barry played the drums. When John learned to play drums and joined the band, Barry began playing bass. After their initial success, the brothers were joined by their siblings Susan and Paul along with their mother, Barbara. A seventh sibling, Bob's fraternal twin brother Richard, was never part of the band during its heyday, although he occasionally appeared with them in later years.

The band's road manager for most of their career was Richard "Biggie" Korn. When the group expanded to its full family membership by 1967, the six siblings ranged in age from 8 to 19.  Joined by their mother, Barbara Cowsill (née Russell), the group inspired the 1970s television show The Partridge Family.

Origins and early successes

The Cowsills' musical interest started while their father, William "Bud" Cowsill, was stationed in Canton, Ohio, in the late 1950s, as a US Navy recruiter.  Bill and Bob taught themselves how to play the guitar. As the boys' musical and vocal abilities developed they began performing at church school dances in Stark County, Ohio. These, and other performances, led to the boys' first television appearance on the Gene Carroll Show on WEWS in Cleveland.

After Bud retired from the Navy, he and his wife managed their children's career until 1967.

In late 1965, the Cowsills were hired as a regular act on Bannisters Wharf in Newport. The group performed many of the popular songs of the day including the music of the Beatles. A handful of singles were released on JODA Records, a label owned by Danny Sims and Johnny Nash (of "I Can See Clearly Now" fame), and Philips Records in 1965 and 1966, to only modest success. After Leonard Stogel took over management of the band, they were signed to MGM Records in 1967. Barbara, who would become known to their fans affectionately as "Mini-Mom" due to her diminutive stature, joined the group just in time to record the band's first album, including the hit single "The Rain, The Park & Other Things" with Bill on lead vocals. It sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold record. With the success of "The Rain ...", the band quickly became a popular act in the U.S., and achieved significant airplay in England and other parts of Europe. "The Rain, The Park and Other Things" reached No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Bob Cowsill is quoted as follows on the band's early days:
Although Bill and I performed at a very young age, and Bill, I, Barry and John did a lot of frat parties at Brown University and clubs in Newport ... the most memorable performance of what I would view as the precursor of what The Cowsills would be was at Kings Park in Newport (right at the foot of Halidon Hall) at some carnival. The family angle just evolved ... first Bill and me, then Bill me and Barry, then Bill, me, Barry and John, then Bill, me, Barry, John and Mom, then Bill, me, Barry, John, Mom and Paul, then later, me, Paul, John, Barry, Mom and Susan, then back to Bill, me, Barry and John (very briefly in the end) and then to me, Paul, John and Susan. Our first real break came when we were playing the MK Hotel in Newport (in the basement there) and a guy from the "Today Show" saw us and asked if we wanted to be on the "Today" show. We weren't famous or anything but we were young and we were related and we were quite good. So we went on "The Today Show" (I doubt a tape exists of that but if it did it would be priceless to see) and someone from Mercury Records saw us, which ultimately led to our signing with that label and putting out "Most Of All" (a great "school's out" song that should have been our first hit in my opinion), which led to Artie Kornfeld and Steve Duboff. Mercury dropped us, but Artie and Steve had written "The Rain, The Park and Other Things" and we went in and recorded that song at A&R studios in New York and took the whole package to MGM, who decided wouldn't it just be terrific if their mother performed with them and, voila, the rest, as they say, is history.

The Cowsills released five albums in all for MGM records between 1967 and 1970.  Following the success of "Rain" and their eponymous album, the title track from their second album, "We Can Fly", peaked at #21 in the spring of 1968; by that time Susan was added to the group.  Later that same year they scored another Top 10 hit with the song "Indian Lake", produced by Wes Farrell, which reached No.10 on the US charts. "Captain Sad and his Ship of Fools", the album it appeared on, was produced by Bill and Bob and had added Paul to the group.

In September 1968, after the group's summer tour, the family relocated to Santa Monica, California. Shortly after arriving, they received a copy of the "Hair" soundtrack album in the mail from the famed writer-producer-actor Carl Reiner, who was putting together a special for television called "Wonderful World of Pizzazz". The special was to be a celebration of the hippie fashion and music of that time. Reiner wanted the group to appear on the show performing "Hair", the title track from the current hit musical, and indicated that their performance would also have a satirical edge thanks to the juxtaposition of the squeaky-clean family group performing a song about long-haired hippies. At that time, the group had not heard of the musical and considered the request from Reiner as more of an assignment.

Following rehearsals at their home, and demo sessions at SIR Studios on Santa Monica Boulevard, The Cowsills' version of "Hair" was recorded over two days in early October 1968 at TTG Studios in Hollywood, where the TV company producing the special were regular clients. A key attraction of TTG was its custom-built 16-track recorder, the only such machine available in Los Angeles at the time, which attracted leading rock acts like Jimi Hendrix and Frank Zappa. Working with house engineer Angel Balestier, the track was arranged and produced by Bob and Bill, who made sure that each member of the group got to contribute an individual vocal part to the recording, both in lead and background vocals, ensuring that each of the group's members would feature on screen when they performed it for the TV special.

Interviewed in 2018, Bob Cowsill recalled the intensive recording process, which was complicated by the fact that the group had not been in a recording studio for several months. The basic rhythm track was laid down first by Bill, Bob, John and Barry, but John (who was only 12 at the time) had difficulty mastering the time changes in the song, especially during the bridge ("Oh say can you see") section, and it reportedly required over 100 takes to achieve a satisfactory version. The group then proceeded to record the elaborate backing and lead vocal tracks, which were intricately arranged and engineered. The backing vocals were all double-tracked, and Balestier added additional "sparkle" to each vocal pass by sending the signal from the vocal microphone first through a Leslie speaker, then to the TTG echo chamber. The clean vocal signal, the "Leslie-ed" vocal signal and the Leslie-plus-echo signal were then all separately fed back to the console and mixed onto one track of the master. Each section of backing vocal was then double-tracked onto a second track, using the same setup of Leslie and echo, creating a very dense and lush sound. Another notable feature of the arrangement was dictated by the purpose of the recording - the network was concerned that some lyrics in the song might be problematic for viewers in the more socially conservative areas of the United States, so the group omitted the original final verse (which mentions God, Jesus and the Bible) and replaced it with a repeat of the first verse.

Balestier mixed the mono track for the group to use during the filming of the special at the end of the final day of recording, but MGM records had no interest in releasing the song at that time. Bill had an acetate of the song cut at DCT Recorders which ended up being played for a DJ at WLS (AM) in Chicago where it generated significant attention. The TV special was taped on January 5, 1969, in San Francisco. As the air date of March 18 approached, MGM changed their minds and released the single. At this same time Bill and Bob were working on a live album, "The Cowsills in Concert" (released May 3), which included a stereo mix of "Hair" and became the group's best selling album. The band had a No.2 US hit and million seller with this version of the title song from the musical Hair.

From 1968 through 1972, the band played an average of 200 performance dates per year. They had their own comic book published by Harvey Comics in 1968.

Breakup and reunions

According to the documentary, Family Band: The Cowsills Story, Bill was fired by his father during the group's tenure at the Flamingo Las Vegas in February 1970 after they had an argument over Bill's association with Waddy Wachtel (whom Bud did not approve of) which ended with a physical confrontation, with Bud being arrested for assault.  With Bob now bearing the responsibility for leading them, the Cowsills continued on as a group and released the album II x II that same month, which still featured Bill since he'd still been present for much of its recording. But after it failed to produce a hit, the group was dropped by MGM. On My Side, their next release (and their first without Bill), was released on London Records in February 1971 but also struggled with sales.

By 1972, Barbara, Paul and Susan had left the group and Bill returned, reforming the original quartet; they released one more single (on London), "Covered Wagon", which failed to chart, and a lucrative deal for some casino appearances was abruptly canceled after the group refused to perform their hits. Shortly afterward, The Cowsills stopped playing together as a band amid a series of interpersonal squabbles. The individual members went on to various career attempts in and out of the music industry, but they did appear at Madison Jr. High School in Tampa, Florida as "The Cowsills" for one performance during the mid-1970s.  Some produced albums and performed from time to time, albeit not as The Cowsills, during the remainder of the 1970s. One project in particular was a band called Bridey Murphy, which was formed in the mid-'70s and featured Paul, Bill, Barry, and Waddy Wachtel, and performed to varying degrees of success.

In 1978 several of the Cowsills—including Paul, John, Barry, Bob and Susan—recorded an album called Cocaine Drain with producer Chuck Plotkin. In March 2008 a version of the album was finally released, remastered from an acetate under Bob Cowsill's direction. Several other previously unreleased tracks were included on the 2008 release.

The central four members of the group created the power pop tune "Is It Any Wonder?" in 1993, which was released in the critically praised multi-artist collection Yellow Pills, Vol. 1: The Best of American Pop.

In the years following the group's split, Susan continued her musical career as a member of The Continental Drifters, along with both her first husband Peter Holsapple and her second husband, Russ Broussard. She was a member of Dwight Twilley's band in the mid-1980s, and currently leads her own band, the Susan Cowsill Band. Her first solo album, Just Believe it, was released in late 2005 by Blue Corn Music. In 2011 she was featured in an episode of the HBO series, Tremé.

John Cowsill has also continued his performing career. Since December 2000 John has been a regular member of The Beach Boys touring band, playing drums and keyboards and singing lead on some of their tunes. In earlier years, he performed with artists such as Jan & Dean and Dwight Twilley.

Bill Cowsill moved to Canada in the 1970s and did well in that country as a solo artist, and as a member of Vancouver, British Columbia's Blue Northern, before forming The Blue Shadows, who recorded two albums for Sony Canada.

After working as a sound engineer for Helen Reddy, Paul Cowsill left music for a career in the construction industry. He worked as a landscaper on several movies and television  shows including the Twilight series  and Grimm.

In October 1989 Bob, Paul, John and Susan again regrouped as The Cowsills playing club dates in Los Angeles and appeared in concert for the syndicated radio show, "The Lost 45s with Barry Scott" on July 1, 1990. The original plan was to simply hit the "oldies circuit", but after some deliberation, they decided to showcase new material written by Bob and his wife, Mary Jo. This incarnation of the band started playing small clubs and showcases in the Los Angeles area and eventually spread out to similar venues across the country and into Canada. Their performances generated positive reviews from critics and fans alike, including a very well received performance on The Late Show Starring Joan Rivers.

The success of this reunion led The Cowsills back into the recording studio, which resulted in the album Global in 1998. This has also led to several reunions over the years in various forms, ranging from a few concerts to special feature performances at major events.  Most notable of these events were "A Taste of Rhode Island in 2000", which featured all seven surviving Cowsills, and "A Family Thing 2", which was a benefit concert in 2004 for Bill's medical and financial difficulties at the time. This concert took place at the El Rey Theatre in Los Angeles and included an appearance by Shirley Jones, who introduced the band. It was the first time they had ever met. As the mother on the TV show inspired by the Cowsills, Shirley made a point of calling them "the real thing". Though she did not sing with them that night, immediately after her announcement the Cowsills played "I Really Want to Know You"; it is the one song recorded by both The Cowsills and The Partridge Family. During this period, Barry also released a solo CD, As Is.

In October 2004 Bob, Paul, Barry, Susan and Richard reunited to sing the national anthem at Fenway Park before Game 4 of the 2004 American League Championship Series between the Boston Red Sox and New York Yankees. This performance and rehearsals for it can be seen in the 2011 documentary, Family Band: The Cowsills Story.

Susan's first solo release, Just Believe It, was released in 2004 in Europe and 2005 in the United States.
Susan Cowsill continues to play live in New Orleans with her husband Russ Broussard and their band, playing "Covered In Vinyl" performances that have featured classic rock albums played live in their entirety. Some of these performances have been recorded at New Orleans venues like Carrollton Station and Chickie Wah Wah.

Susan Cowsill's second solo album, "Lighthouse" was released in 2010 with support from the New Orleans musicians' organization Threadheads.  It is a concept album in which she reflects on her losses, mainly through Hurricane Katrina and the deaths of brothers Barry and Bill. The album features harmonies from her surviving brothers (Bob, Paul and John) as well as appearances by Jackson Browne and Vicki Peterson, and was released May 18, 2010.

The Cowsills were inducted into the Rhode Island Music Hall of Fame on Sunday April 28, 2013.

The Cowsills released Rhythm of the World, their first studio album of new material since 1998, on September 30, 2022.

As of 2023, the group consisting of Bob, Paul and Susan, and occasionally John, still perform and since 2015 have appeared on the annual "Happy Together" package tour with the Turtles and several other sixties era bands.

Discography

Albums

Extended plays

Singles

Television appearances
The Cowsills made many television appearances throughout the late 1960s and into the early 1970s.  Their appearances included:
 The Ed Sullivan Show (twice, see below)
 The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (twice)
 American Bandstand
 The Mike Douglas Show
 The Barbara McNair Show
 Playboy After Dark
 Kraft Music Hall
 Music Scene
 The Johnny Cash Show
 Wonderful World of Pizzazz

The Cowsills made their first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show on October 29, 1967. Although contracted for ten appearances, their second and final appearance was on December 24, 1967, after Bud confronted the Sullivan production team over a technical glitch during the performance.

Game show appearances included The Generation Gap with Barbara and Bob, and To Tell the Truth in which the panel had to identify the real Barbara Cowsill, which was #2; she received two votes while one of the two "imposters" also received two votes.  During game play, the siblings stood behind the three contestants.

They starred in their own television special, called A Family Thing, in November 1968 on NBC, which guest-starred Buddy Ebsen. By 1969 Screen Gems approached the family to portray themselves in their own TV sitcom, but when they were told that their mother was to be replaced by actress Shirley Jones the deal fell through. Screen Gems later hired Jones' stepson David Cassidy to join the TV show The Partridge Family, and to have a four-year run on ABC Television.

The Cowsills were also known as spokespeople for the American Dairy Association, appearing in advertisements promoting milk. They performed the theme for the David Niven film The Impossible Years (1968), and also sang the theme for Love American Style during the first season (1969).

On August 10, 2010, the documentary film, Family Band: The Cowsills Story debuted at the Rhode Island International Film Festival. On March 6, 2013, the film made its network television debut on Showtime. The film, directed by Louise Palanker and co-directed / edited by Bill Filipiak, tells the behind the scenes story of the family, their rise to fame and subsequent fall due to their father's controlling and abusive nature. The film features interviews with Tommy James, Shirley Jones, and radio personality Cousin Brucie.

In 2019, Bob, Paul, and Susan Cowsill were interviewed by journalist Rod Labbe for RetroFan magazine, in which they discussed their careers and lives together and apart.

References

External links

 The Cowsills official site
 The Cowsills — a comprehensive fan site
 2005 Benefit Concert Photos
 A Brief History of the Cowsills
 Susan and John Cowsill with Dwight Twilley
 The Cowsills MySpace site
 Cowsills in a promo film for American Dairy Association

American pop music groups
Family musical groups
MGM Records artists
Musical groups established in 1965
Musical groups from Rhode Island
Musicians from Newport, Rhode Island
Show business families of the United States
Sibling musical groups
The Partridge Family

The Cowsills


Pavel Ivanovich Necheporenko (;  – 27 March 2009) was a Soviet musician, highly recognized as a virtuoso performer of the balalaika.

Biography
Pavel Ivanovich Necheporenko (sometimes spelled Nechiporenko) was born on , the son of a mariner. By the time of the Second World War, Necheporenko was already a distinguished balalaikist. Serving in the Soviet navy, he spent the Siege of Leningrad moving from ship to ship giving morale-boosting solo concerts, earning himself a medal for bravery.

After the war, Necheporenko graduated as a conductor from the Moscow Conservatory in 1949. He became the chief conductor of the Andreyev Russian Folk Instruments Orchestra, a post he held till 1955. However, this post was eclipsed by the fact that he was a virtuoso balalaikist in his own right, and was giving solo performances. During the Soviet period he was the winner of an all-union contest of folk instrument performers. He was awarded the Stalin Prize in 1952, awarded Honored Artist of the USSR in 1959 and given the title of People's Artist of the USSR in 1969.

Of distinguished appearance with wavy grey hair, an inclination to be as formally dressed as possible when photographed with his instrument, and a transcriber of classical pieces for balalaika; Necheporenko, following in the footsteps of Vasily Vasilievich Andreyev, presents the balalaika as a musical instrument with the same status as any "serious" instrument used in classical music. Among his most famous transcriptions is his Variations on Paganini's 24th Caprice, which Necheporenko played on balalaika without accompaniment. He also wrote original arrangements for balalaika and piano: "Hour by Hour" and "From Village to Village" were pieces most sought out by other balalaika players.

Necheporenko worked as a professor at the Gnessin State Musical College for many years. He was considered to be the best teacher in the country by his contemporaries. Many of his students won competitions and found teaching positions at other institutions. Necheporenko would quite often spend a lot of time preparing lessons for his students. New students were usually required to forget everything they knew about balalaika playing and learn Necheporenko's method from scratch. Necheporenko utilized "tough love" to motivate his students to perform at a high level. In 2006, a concert in Moscow was given to celebrate his 90th birthday. Several of his former students performed at this concert and a few expressed to the audience their heartfelt gratitude for all that Necheporenko had given to them as students.

Necheporenko died on 27 March 2009.

1916 births
2009 deaths
People's Artists of the USSR
Russian balalaika players
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Soviet musicians
Moscow Conservatory alumni

Pavel Necheporenko


Sherone Simpson (born 12 August 1984) is a Jamaican retired track and field sprint athlete. She is a gold medalist in the 4 × 100 m relay from the 2004 Olympics and silver medalist in 2005 World Championships and now is the silver medalist in the individual event at the 2008 Summer Olympics, after she tied for second with Kerron Stewart in a photo finish.

On 14 July 2013, Simpson announced that she had tested positive for the drug oxilofrine. In April 2014, the Jamaica Anti-Doping Commission announced that she would be suspended for 18 months over doping charges, expiring in December that year. However, after appealing to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), the suspension was lifted on 14 July 2014.

Biography
With her personal best of 10.82 seconds in the 100 m, Simpson is ranked 7th among Jamaican women, behind Elaine Thompson-Herah (10.54), Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce (10.60),  Shericka Jackson (10.65), Merlene Ottey (10.74), Kerron Stewart (10.75), and Veronica Campbell Brown (10.76). Simpson's 200 m personal best of 22.00 seconds ranks her 9th among Jamaican women behind Elaine Thompson-Herah, Merlene Ottey, Grace Jackson, Veronica Campbell-Brown, Juliet Cuthbert, Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce, Shericka Jackson and Kerron Stewart. She has run this time on two occasions. Simpson is coached by Stephen Francis in Kingston, Jamaica, where she attends the University of Technology. She is also a graduate of Manchester High.

Simpson won the gold medal in the women's 200 m at the 2006 Commonwealth Games, beating Olympic champion Veronica Campbell and completing a Jamaican sweep of 100–200 m gold medals. Jamaica also won both sprint hurdles gold medals.

At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing she competed at the 100 m sprint. In her first round heat she placed third behind Yevgeniya Polyakova and Jade Bailey in a time of 11.48 to advance to the second round. There she improved her time to 11.02 seconds to win her heat in front of Muna Lee and Chandra Sturrup. With 11.11 seconds in her semi final race she placed fourth and earned her spot in the Olympic final. In a remarkable race with fellow Jamaican Shelly-Ann Fraser taking the gold, Simpson and Kerron Stewart both finished in 10.98 seconds to share the silver medal and to complete the Jamaican sweep. Together with Fraser, Stewart, Sheri-Ann Brooks, Aleen Bailey and Veronica Campbell-Brown she also took part in the 4 × 100 m relay. In their first round heat (without Simpson and Stewart) they placed first in front of Russia, Germany and China. Their time of 42.24 seconds was the first time overall out of sixteen participating nations. With this result they qualified for the final, in which they replaced Brooks and Bailey with Simpson and Stewart. Eventually they did not finish their race, due to a mistake in the baton exchange.

Brief suspension
On 14 July 2013, Simpson informed that a urine sample she supplied after competing in the Jamaican national championships in June 2013 had tested positive for the banned stimulant oxilofrine, along with Asafa Powell. On 10 April 2014, both athletes received an 18-month suspension from competing, which was set to expire in December that year. However, after appealing to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), both athletes' suspensions were lifted on 14 July 2014. CAS stated that: "They put forward that the offence committed was minor because it was caused by contamination of the food supplement Epiphany D1 by the banned substance oxilofrine and requested that the suspensions be reduced to three months."

Personal bests

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Manchester Parish
Jamaican female sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Jamaica
Olympic athletes for Jamaica
Olympic gold medalists for Jamaica
Olympic silver medalists for Jamaica
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
World Athletics Championships medalists
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Jamaican sportspeople in doping cases
Doping cases in athletics
Pan American Games gold medalists for Jamaica
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 2015 Pan American Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for Jamaica
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Competitors at the 2018 Central American and Caribbean Games
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Jamaica
World Athletics Championships winners
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics
Medalists at the 2015 Pan American Games
Olympic female sprinters
Medallists at the 2006 Commonwealth Games

Sherone Simpson