Capers (German: Capriolen) is a 1937 German comedy film directed by and starring Gustaf Gründgens and also featuring Marianne Hoppe, Fita Benkhoff and Volker von Collande. It was shot at the Johannisthal Studios in Berlin. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Kurt Herlth and Werner Schlichting. It was produced and released by Terra Film while international distribution was handled by Tobis Film.

Synopsis
Celebrated journalist Jack Warren is tired of interviewing self-regarding famous woman. When he encounters the actress Dorothy Hopkins, he mistakes her for the famous aviatrix Mabel Atkinson and in turn mistakes the real Mabel for somebody else.

Cast
 Marianne Hoppe as 	Mabel Atkinson
 Gustaf Gründgens as Jack Warren
 Fita Benkhoff as Peggy MacFarland
 Maria Bard as Dorothy Hopkins
 Volker von Collande as 	William Baxter
 Hans Leibelt as 	Neville
 Franz Weber as 	Simpson
 Max Gülstorff as 	Rechtsanwalt
 Paul Henckels as Rechtsanwalt
 Albert Florath as Der Richter
 Elsa Wagner as 	Dame beim Zahnarzt
 Eva Tinschmann as Zimmervermieterin
 Erich Dunskus as 	Schornsteinfeger
 Otto Graf as Zahnarzt
 Walter Gross as 	Bildberichterstatter
 Clemens Hasse as 	Funker
 Erika Streithorst as 	Assistantin
 Ernst Behmer as 	Pfarrer
 Wolf Trutz as 	Herr beim Zahnarzt

References

Bibliography
 Bock, Hans-Michael & Bergfelder, Tim. The Concise CineGraph. Encyclopedia of German Cinema. Berghahn Books, 2009.
 Hake, Sabine. German National Cinema. Routledge, 2002.
 Loacker, Armin.  Willi Forst: ein Filmstil aus Wien. Filmarchiv Austria, 2003.
 Rentschler, Eric. The Ministry of Illusion: Nazi Cinema and Its Afterlife. Harvard University Press, 1996.

External links

1937 films
Films of Nazi Germany
1930s German-language films
Films directed by Gustaf Gründgens
1930s German films
German comedy films
1937 comedy films
Terra Film films
Films shot at Johannisthal Studios

Capers (1937 film)


Racial Harmony Day is a special day celebrated on 21st July every year in Singapore. This special event is to remember the race riots which happened on 21 July 1964.

Schools celebrate Racial Harmony Day by getting the students to wear their race's special clothes. The traditional food of the different races are also being sold. Even traditional games are played.

Singaporean culture
Holidays
Race

Racial Harmony Day


West Hills is a neighborhood in the Southwest District of Baltimore, located between the neighborhoods of Westgate (south), Franklintown (north) and Hunting Ridge (east). Its boundaries are drawn by the Baltimore County line (west), Baltimore National Pike (south) and North Franklintown Road (north). Its eastern boundary follows Cooks Lane from Baltimore National Pike, then Briarclift Road and finally Wynans Way to the intersection with N. Franklintown Road.

Demographics
Its population, as of the 2010 census, was more than 75 percent black. The median household income of $35,557 in West Hills for 2010 was a close match to the citywide median of $39,113. However, the neighborhood's residents fared somewhat better, with 13.8 percent living on incomes below the poverty level, compared with 22.7 percent citywide.

Public transportation
Route 20 (MTA Maryland) running along Cooks Lane at the eastern edge of West Hills, provides residents with transit bus service to Downtown Baltimore, Edmondson Village, Westview Mall and Security Square Mall.

Route 23 (MTA Maryland) stops at West Side Skill Center, at the southeast corner of West Mills. It operates between Catonsville and Downtown Baltimore on the west side of the city, and continues to Eastpoint Mall on the east side of the city.

See also
 List of Baltimore neighborhoods

References

Neighborhoods in Baltimore
Southwest Baltimore

West Hills, Baltimore


Aromanticism is a romantic orientation characterized by experiencing little to no romantic attraction. The term "aromantic", colloquially shortened to "aro", refers to a person whose romantic orientation is aromanticism.

Definition, identity and relationships
Aromanticism is defined as "having little or no romantic feeling towards others: experiencing little or no romantic desire or attraction". The term aromantic was added to the Oxford English Dictionary in 2018.

The opposite of aromanticism is alloromanticism, defined as a romantic orientation in which one experiences romantic love or romantic attraction to others. Some individuals who fall on the aromantic spectrum of identities describe themselves as having experienced romantic love or romantic attraction at some point. Such aromantics may adopt labels for more specific identities on the aromantic spectrum, such as "grayromantic" (romantic attraction rarely experienced or only weakly experienced) or "demiromantic" (only experiencing romantic attraction after a strong emotional bond has been formed with the target). As the experience of romantic attraction is subjective, some aromantic people may find it difficult to determine whether they experience romantic attraction. As such, those who are aromantic may have trouble distinguishing platonic affection from romantic affection.

Although some aromantic people may choose to enter a romantic relationship, they are less likely than alloromantic individuals to do so. Aromantic people can also form non-romantic relationships of all types, as well as being able to enjoy sexual relationships. They may also choose to have children, and studies indicate that aromantic individuals are no less likely to have children than alloromantic individuals. This is because aromanticism is independent of sexuality or libido, and while many aromantic people are asexual, many are also allosexual. Due to this, aromantic people who are not asexual can also identify with other sexual orientations, such as "aromantic bisexual" or "aromantic heterosexual". This split between romantic and sexual orientation is commonly explained as the split attraction model, which states that romantic and sexual attraction are not strictly linked for all people. Aromantic asexual people are colloquially known as "aro-ace" or "aroace".

Aromantic individuals are also able to experience platonic love and may have committed friendships, and some form intimate non-romantic partnerships called "queerplatonic relationships". Of those who responded to the Aromantic Census 2020 14.6% had been in a non-romantic partnership.

Some have argued that aromanticism is under-represented, under-researched, and frequently misunderstood.

In society at large, aromantic people are often stigmatized and stereotyped as being afraid of intimacy, heartless, or deluded. Amatonormativity, a neologism coined by philosopher and professor Elizabeth Brake, defined as "the widespread assumption that everyone is better off in an exclusive, romantic, long-term coupled relationship, and that everyone is seeking such a relationship", can be particularly damaging to aromantics. Amatonormativity is said to be connected to devaluing familial, platonic, and queerplatonic friendships/relationships damaging to aromantics.

In the initialism LGBTQIA+, the A stands for aromanticism, alongside asexuality and agender.

Sub-identities on the aromantic spectrum
As aromanticism exists as a spectrum, commonly referred to as the , there are varying sub-identities or microlabels that people on the aromantic spectrum identify with.
 Aromantic – meaning someone who experiences little to no romantic attraction.
 Grayromantic – someone who may be experiencing romantic attraction rarely, only under certain circumstances, or only weakly.
 Demiromantic – someone who experiences romantic attraction but only after forming a close non-romantic bond with the person.
 Aegoromantic – someone who does not feel romantic attraction, but enjoys the depiction of romantic love.
 Lithromantic – someone who experiences romantic attraction, but does not want it to be reciprocated and may lose that attraction if it is reciprocated.
 Cupioromantic – someone who does not experience romantic attraction, but desires a romantic relationship.
 Aroflux – someone who experiences their romantic attraction to be shifting on the aromantic spectrum.
 Frayromantic – someone who only experiences romantic attraction towards people they do not know and may lose romantic attraction towards them if they form a deeper connection with them.
 Quoiromantic – someone who is uncertain if they experience romantic attraction or cannot tell if their feelings are romantic, sexual or platonic in nature.
 Placioromantic - feeling little to no desire to receive romantic acts but having interest in performing them to someone else.

Beyond the above listed commonly used terms that people on the aromantic spectrum may use to identify with, there are also a series of newer emerging terms that are not yet commonly used by the community.

Community
One of the earliest use of the modern term aromantic dates back to 2005.
The early online community around aromanticism formed on the Asexual Visibility and Education Network (AVEN), an online community around asexuality, and social media platforms such as tumblr.

Since then a dedicated online community centered around aromanticism has formed online on Arocalypse.com as well as other social media platforms, such as reddit on the aromantic sub-reddit.

In order to gain wider acceptance and recognition, a volunteer formed organization, the  (AUREA), was formed to increase  recognition of and education on aromanticism and help people on the aromantic spectrum gain wider acceptance by the general public. AUREA is also the leading organizer of the annual Aromantic Spectrum Awareness Week held in February.

Another community organization,  (TAAAP), focuses on providing resources around both asexuality and aromanticism to the public. They do so by creating and hosting workshops, developing  educational materials, and engaging in outreach within the LGBTQIA+ community and general public. The organization has also written a book titled Ace and Aro Journeys: A Guide to Embracing your Asexual or Aromantic Identity that was published in April 2023.

Symbols

The Aromantic Pride Flag was created in 2014 by Cameron Whimsy. The main color, green, was chosen as it is the opposite of red, which is most commonly associated with romantic love. The two shades of green represent the aromantic spectrum, white represents platonic love and friendship, and grey and black represent the different parts of the sexuality spectrum.

A white ring may be worn on one's left middle finger to indicate one's identity on the aromantic spectrum.
This was chosen as the opposite of the ace ring which is a black ring worn on the right hand.

Another symbol often used by aromantic people are arrows, as the word is a homophone to the shortened word "aro" used by aromantic people to refer to themselves.

Events

Aromantic Spectrum Awareness Week
Aromantic Spectrum Awareness Week (ASAW) is held annually during the first full week after Valentine's Day (beginning on Sunday).

The event was first recognized from November 10–17, 2014, and was subsequently moved to February in 2015 to be held the week after Valentine's Day. It is an awareness period that was created to celebrate, raise awareness of, and bring acceptance to aromantic spectrum identities and the issues people on the aromantic spectrum face. ASAW is led and organized by the Aromantic-spectrum Union for Recognition, Education, and Advocacy (AUREA) and members of the aromantic community.

ASAW has been officially recognized by a handful of states in the United States including Washington State.

Aromantic Visibility Day
The first annual  was held on 5 June 2023.

It was organized by a call to action on Twitter to give visibility to people on the aromantic spectrum using the Hashtag #AromanticVisibilityDay and spread across social media including Twitter, Instagram, Tumblr, reddit and various online forums and a cover interview by Hello! magazine with aromantic-asexual author Alice Oseman.

Cultural representation
Aromanticism is rarely depicted in media, but is slowly gaining more widespread acceptance and representation.

Books and literature
As aromanticism is slowly becoming more widely recognized and accepted, additional literature about it is being published.
TAAAP created a list of book recommendations as part of the Aromantic Spectrum Awareness Week 2022.

Fiction
For a series of fictional books and comics depicting aromanticism, see fictional aromantic characters.

Non-fiction
A series of non-fiction books concerning aromanticism have recently been published or are slated to be published during 2023:
 Sounds Fake But Okay: An Asexual and Aromantic Perspective on Love, Relationships, Sex, and Pretty Much Anything Else (February 2023)
 Ace and Aro Journeys: A Guide to Embracing Your Asexual or Aromantic Identity (April 2023)
 Hopeless Aromantic: An Affirmative Guide to Aromanticism (July 2023)

Journals
The interdisciplinary journal known as AZE, created by Michael Paramo in 2016, showcases the works and experiences of aromantic, asexual and agender people.

Online media
The podcast Sounds Fake but Okay by Sarah Costello and Kayla Kaszyca focuses on aromanticism and asexuality and has been credited with helping increase public representation of the aspec (aromantic and asexual) community and has won the 2020 Discover Pods Award for best LGBTQ+ Culture Podcast.

Popular YouTube animator Jaiden Dittfach published a video in March 2022, coming out as aromantic asexual, also known as aro-ace.

Aromantic people
For a list of people that have come out as aromantic, see List of people on the aromantic spectrum.

Discrimination and cultural erasure
Discrimination, fear and prejudice against aromantic people, commonly referred to as "arophobia", or when directed at both aromantic and asexual (aspec) people, "aphobia" is prevalent in both the general public as well as within the LGBTQIA+ community.

Elizabeth Brake coined the term amatonormativity in the book Minimizing Marriage, meaning "the pressure or desire for monogamy, romance, and/or marriage". As aromanticism is directly counter to many western societal expectations, aromantic people face continued pressure and prejudice to conform to the "social norms" and form permanent romantic relationships.

Although aromantics and asexuals have existed for as long as humans have, the terminology and openness has only gone mainstream more recently.

Aromantic people are often left out of discussions and representations, including within the LGBTQIA+ community itself. This extends to some people's and media organizations misuse of the expanded LGBT acronym LGBTQIA+ acronym itself wherein some people mistakenly claim that A in LGBTQIA+ stands for ally.
In actuality, the A in LGBTQIA+ represents aromanticism, asexuality and agender.

This erasure extends into modern TV media, very prominently that of the character Jughead Jones, who is asexual and aromantic: in the 2017 Television show Riverdale, the writers chose to depict Jughead as a heterosexual despite pleas from both fans and Jughead actor Cole Sprouse to retain Jughead's asexual aromantic identity to allow the community to be represented.

To counteract the stigma and discrimination against aromantic people, various community and health and wellness organizations have published articles and educational materials to educate the public.

The English aromantic and asexual activist Yasmin Benoit called out that this erasure expands to official government offices, such as the Government Equalities Office not yet acknowledging aromanticism in their latest LGBT Survey and people having to label themselves under "other" instead.

It is worth noting that sometimes this erasure of aromantic identities even happens within the aspec community itself, with people assuming that aromanticism and asexuality are the same thing, when in actuality they are actually different things and many aromantic people do not identify as asexual.

In the Aromantic Census 2020, 82.43% of respondents reported not being taken seriously, being ignored, or being dismissed by others. 48.34% reported having experienced attempts or suggestions to "fix" or "cure" them. 70.51% of respondents indicated some impact of discrimination against their aromantic identity.

Research
As the general term of aromanticism is still relatively young, studies on aromanticism in the scientific research field are still scarce and under-researched and of the few studies that exist, many treat aromanticism as a sub-set of asexuality.

In April 2023 two University of Toronto professors launched the Asexuality and Aromanticism Bibliography to better collect and track academic articles on asexuality and aromanticism.

The concept that there is a distinction between romantic and sexual orientation has not been studied extensively yet, but the diversity of attraction has been progressively recognized in newer studies.

A 2022 study on concordance between romantic orientation and sexual attitudes found that while there is some concordance between romantic orientation and sexual orientation, the two were not a complete match, suggesting that the experience of split attraction between romantic and sexual orientation exists both in allosexual as well in asexual people. The authors also note that they were surprised that out of their sample population, as compared to asexual participants, only few allosexual people self-identified as aromantic and hypothesize that this may be due to the unfamiliarity with the concept and term.

According to Debra Laino, an AASECT-certified clinical sexologist and relationship coach, one of the most common misconceptions around aromantic people is that they do not want to have sex. She explains that "aromantic people can still feel sexual attraction, but they might not identify with the way romance is often present in current media and culture."

A research article from 2021 discusses zines and their role within the aromantic and asexual community to help people navigate their identity and the authors note that aromanticism is "too often explored as a tag-on to asexuality".

Prevalence
The representation of aromantic people within the general population is not yet well understood. Of the population of asexual people, which is believed to be approximately 1% of the general population, about 26% also identified as aromantic. There is however not much qualitative or quantitative research around how many allosexual people also identify as aromantic, thus making it hard to say how much of the general public identifies as aromantic.

One study of 414 American adults found that about 1% of participants indicated that they were not romantically attracted to either sex (i.e. aromantic). The study also found that about 10.6% of participants had discordant (different) romantic and sexual orientations.

Calls for more research on aromanticism
Aromanticism as its own term originated within the asexual community online, but newer research is acknowledging that romantic and sexual orientation are not one and the same and attitudes towards recognition of this separation and difference are changing.
A contributing factor to this is that many people have difficulty distinguishing between romantic and sexual attraction as they intertwined for most people and that between 19% and 28% of asexual individuals do also identify as aromantic.

Calls for more research around aromanticism and asexuality are highlighted by a recent study centered on the thematic analysis of online communications within the aromantic and asexual community, which highlights that allonormativity is prevalent in the field of communication studies and needs to be combated in order to provide qualitative academic work around aromanticism and asexuality.

Community research
The Aromantic-spectrum Union for Recognition, Education, and Advocacy (AUREA) is supporting researchers interested in studying the field of aromanticism and hosts an archive of research on aromanticism. Some of the research listed is peer-reviewed, but the organization has also supported some community surveys.

A Census was performed by AUREA in 2020 to gather information of the aromantic community. The census received 9,758 responses from aromantics around the world. Of the respondents, a majority identified as asexual, but about a third of respondents did not identify as asexual, highlighting that aromanticism is not strictly a subset of asexuality and should not simply be categorized as such. The Census Authors acknowledged that the respondent participant pool was overrepresented by people identifying as asexual as well as other geographic, demographic and linguistic skews as the census was only available in English and due to the predominantly online recruitment method.
The organization is planning to repeat the census on a semi-annual basis, but has not yet released the 2022 census.

Another community survey was performed in 2021 within the aromantic community specifically targeting the allosexual aromantic community to highlight the existence of aromantic people that are not asexual. The survey had 647 responses; the majority of respondents identified as queer at 43% and only 8.8% as heterosexual.

See also

 List of fictional aromantic characters
 Queerplatonic relationship
 Platonic love
 Romantic orientation
 Asexuality

References

External links
 Aromantic-Spectrum Union for Recognition, Education, and Advocacy (AUREA) – Resources on Aromanticism
 Aromantic Spectrum Awareness Week (ASAW)
 The Ace and Aro Advocacy Project (TAAAP)
 Aromantic Resources by PFLAG
 Arocalypse.com – An online forum centered on people on the aromantic spectrum

2005 neologisms
Asexuality
Romance
Romantic orientation
LGBT studies
Discrimination against LGBT people

Aromanticism


Since about the Middle Ages, sodomy is used for sexual acts that do not have the purpose procreation (making babies). In general, this refers to anal or oral sex. In some cases, it is also used to refer to sex with animals (which is usually called zoophilia). Depending on the time, the society and culture, there were laws that made sodomy a crime. Today, such laws have been overturned, or they are not enforced, in many countries of the world.

Countries where religion plays a large role may still have punishments for such crimes, as they are often mentioned in the scriptures of the religion which is important in the country.

Such laws, called sodomy laws, are sometimes also used to criminalize homosexuality.

Sexual acts
Religious ethics

Sodomy


Arliss Beach (born March 28, 1984) is a former American football running back. He was signed by the Green Bay Packers as an undrafted free agent in 2006.  He played college football at Kentucky.

Beach has also been a member of the Dallas Cowboys and Houston Texans.

Early years
Although born in Louisville, Beach grew up in the Ashland area, attending school in the adjacent Fairview school district up until the seventh grade, when he moved to the Ashland city district.  He graduated from the city district's Paul G. Blazer High School, where he set several school records in football, and was the only athlete in Kentucky to be elected All-State in both football and basketball during the years in which he played. He also lived with his mother Kerry Beach. And his other two Siblings Adrian and Andrea Beach. His grandfather Elzie Thomas pastored a church in Ashland known as Christ Temple of the Pentecost faith. His mother also pastored a church. He was raised in church.

College career
After the end of Beach's senior year in high school, the University of Kentucky offered him a full scholarship to play football.  While enrolled, the football program went through major staff and coaching changes, and it has been said that this is the reason Beach was never handled correctly.

Professional career

Green Bay Packers
Beach signed with the Green Bay Packers as an undrafted free agent on May 3, 2006, and was immediately placed on the active roster after impressing the coaching staff.  He suffered a serious ankle injury during the preseason, however, and thus he was placed on injured reserve for the 2006 season on September 6.  He was released by Green Bay on June 15, 2007.

Dallas Cowboys
On August 23, the Dallas Cowboys signed Beach to a free agent contract, trying to fill a void left by injured running back Jackie Battle.  Beach was released by Dallas on September 1 prior to the regular season.

Houston Texans
Beach was signed to the practice squad of the Houston Texans on December 26, 2007.  He was then re-signed to a future contract in January 2008, but was waived by the team on May 22.

Beach was re-signed to the Texans' practice squad after running back Darius Walker was promoted to the active roster.  The Texans released Beach from the practice squad on September 24, 2008.

External links
Kentucky Wildcats bio

1984 births
Living people
American football running backs
Dallas Cowboys players
Green Bay Packers players
Houston Texans players
Kentucky Wildcats football players
Paul G. Blazer High School alumni
Players of American football from Louisville, Kentucky
Sportspeople from Ashland, Kentucky

Arliss Beach


Princess Nina Georgievna of Russia, () (20 June 1901 – 27 February 1974), was the elder daughter of Grand Duke George Mikhailovich and Grand Duchess Maria Georgievna of Russia. A great-granddaughter of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, she left her native country in 1914, before World War I finished her education in England and spent the rest of her life in exile. In London in 1922, she married Prince Paul Chavchavadze, a descendant of the last king of Georgia. They had one child, Prince David Chavchavadze, born there two years later. In 1927 the family of three moved to the United States and settled in New York. In 1939 they bought a home in Wellfleet, Massachusetts. Princess Nina was an artist, her husband worked as an author; he wrote five books and translated several others. Their son, Prince David Chavchavadze, served with the U.S. Army during World War II and, thanks in part to his knowledge of Russian, eventually became a CIA officer. After his retirement, he wrote his memoirs and published those of his grandmother, Grand Duchess George, as well as a book about the grand dukes of Russia.

Early life

Princess Nina was born on  in the New Mikhailovsky Palace on the Palace Embankment in Saint Petersburg, the residence of her paternal grandfather, Grand Duke Michael Nicolaievich of Russia. She was the elder daughter of Grand Duke George Mikhailovich and Grand Duchess Maria Georgievna of Russia. Through her father, she was a member of the Romanov family, and princess of the Imperial blood as a great-granddaughter of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia. Nina's mother was a princess of Greece and Denmark, and on her maternal side, Nina was a granddaughter of King George I of Greece, great-granddaughter of King Christian IX of Denmark and related to members of many European royal families.

Princess Nina spent the first years of her life in the family's apartments at the New Mikhailovsky Palace. In 1905, however, the family moved to a newly built small palace in the Crimea. Constructed in English style, they gave the property a Greek name, "Harax". For nine years the family led a quiet life. A contemporary of Tsar Nicholas II two youngest daughters, Princess Nina and her only sibling Princess Xenia, played sometimes with them, while they were in the Imperial capital.

The marriage of Nina's parents was unhappy. Grand Duke George was a devoted father, and the two sisters were close to him, but Grand Duchess Maria Georgievna never liked Russia and eventually became estranged from her husband. In June 1914, Maria took her two daughters to England on the pretext of improving their health; in reality, she wanted to be separated from her husband. When the war broke out a month after her arrival, the Grand Duchess did not rush back to Russia and later it was too dangerous to attempt a return. Princess Nina and her sister never saw their father again. He was imprisoned by the Bolsheviks, and later he was shot by a firing squad, along with other Romanov relatives in January 1919. During the turbulent years of World War I and the Russian Revolution, Princess Nina remained living safely in London with her mother and her sister. Both sisters treasured their father's memory and resented their mother. In part to escape her control they both married very young.

Marriage
Princess Nina married Prince Paul Alexandrovich Chavchavadze (1899–1971) on 3 September 1922 in London. Paul descended from the House of Chavchavadze of the Kakheti province in Georgia, and also, in a direct line, from the last King of Georgia, George XII. They had first met as children when he was nine and she was seven, at a party at the British embassy in Rome in 1908. When they next met, it was in London many years later. By the time they were married, the world they knew had changed radically, with the collapse of the feudal system in Russia, the rise of the Bolsheviks, and annexation of Georgia by the Soviet Union. Most of their aristocratic riches were lost in the revolution, but they never complained about their material losses. Prince Paul, who also lost his father at the hands of the Bolsheviks, served in the military service on two continents. The couple had an only child, Prince David Chavchavadze, born in 1924 in London.

In 1927, Princess Nina moved with her family to the United States, where they settled in New York. In 1939 they moved to Wellfleet, Massachusetts. Princess Nina was an artist, her husband worked as an author; he wrote five books and translated several others. Their son, Prince David Chavchavadze, thanks in part to his knowledge of Russian, eventually became a CIA officer. After his retirement, he wrote a book about the Grand Dukes of Russia. Princess Nina's husband died in 1971, she outlived him for only a couple of years. She died near Hyannis, Massachusetts in 1974, aged 72. Her son left descendants.

Honours
  House of Romanov: Dame of the Imperial Order of Saint Catherine

Ancestry

Notes

References

Zeepvat, Charlotte (2004). The Camera and the Tsars. Sutton Publishing.

1901 births
1974 deaths
Princesses of royal blood (Russia)
Royalty from Saint Petersburg
Russian people of Danish descent
Russian people of German descent
Russian people of Swedish descent
Russian people of Greek descent
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United Kingdom
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States

Princess Nina Georgievna of Russia


Cemophora coccinea, commonly known as the scarlet snake, is a species of nonvenomous snake in the family Colubridae. The species is native to the southeastern United States. There are two subspecies of C. coccinea that are recognized as being valid. The Texas scarlet snake (C. lineri) was previously considered a subspecies.

Description
The scarlet snake is relatively small, growing to a total length (including tail) of 14-26 inches (36–66 cm) at adult size. The dorsal pattern consists of a light gray ground color, with a series of black-bordered red, white or yellow blotches down the back. The belly is either a uniform light gray or white color. The dorsal blotches can extend down the sides of the body, appearing somewhat like banding or rings, which sometimes leads to confusion with other sympatric species such as the venomous coral snakes or the harmless scarlet king snake.

Geographic distribution
C. coccinea is found only in the United States, in southeastern Texas, eastern Oklahoma, Arkansas, parts of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware; with disjunct populations in New Jersey and central Missouri. The species is more commonly found throughout most of the Atlantic coastal plain areas. They prefer open forested areas with sandy soil, ground litter, and organic debris.

In Indiana, the scarlet snake is listed as an endangered species. In New Jersey, the scarlet snake has been recommended by the New Jersey Endangered and Nongame Advisory Committee that it be put on the threatened status for this species within the state, but no formal rule proposal has been filed to date. The Threatened status is largely due to population declines and habitat loss. Reasons for the decline in their population are a loss of habitat, illegal capture for the pet trade, road mortality, and direct killing.

Behavior and diet
The scarlet snake is nocturnal and is active only during the summer months. They can be found during the day beneath logs, under pine debris or other organic litter. They also burrow underground during the daytime hours, or use previously dug tunnels to reside in. At night they are often seen crossing roads, setting out to look for food. C. coccineas  diet consists of lizards, small rodents, the  eggs of lizards,  turtles, and other snakes. Their large, very sharp posterior teeth are used to slash open large reptile eggs. The snake will either squeeze an egg to expel its contents or thrust its head into the egg to break it open. The smallest reptile eggs are eaten in their entirety.

Reproduction
There is very little known about the reproductive habits of the scarlet snake. It is oviparous, generally laying 2-9 eggs per clutch, with the typical clutch yielding five eggs. Breeding occurs throughout the spring months, and eggs are laid throughout the summer in burrows or under rocks. The eggs hatch two months after breeding, typically in the late summer or autumn.

Predators and defense
The natural predators of the scarlet snake are snake-eating snakes such as the coral snake, and predatory birds and mammals. Scarlet snakes rarely bite when picked up by humans, although they can release a foul-smelling odor. The Scarlet snake will use its version of batesian mimicry and mimic the coral snake as a defense mechanism in order to reduce predation, and show predators that it is a venomous species.

Conservation
The two greatest threats that scarlet snakes face are the destruction of their habitats because of commercial development and the rising rate of road mortality. Other threats are illegal capture of the species for the pet trade and intentional killing.

Subspecies
The following two subspecies are recognized as being valid.
Cemophora coccinea coccinea  – Florida scarlet snake
Cemophora coccinea copei  – northern scarlet snake

Nota bene: A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Cemophora.

References

Further reading
Behler JL, King FW (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp. . (Cemophora coccinea, pp. 592–593 + Plates 595, 596, 607).
Blumenbach JF (1788). "Einige Naturhistorische Bemerkungen bey Gelegenheit einer Schweizer-Reise". Magazin für das Neueste aus der Physik und Naturgeschichte 5''': 13–24. (Coluber coccineus, new species, p. 11). (in German and Latin).
Conant R (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. The Peterson Field Guide Series. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1-48.  (hardcover);  (paperback). (Cemophora coccinea, pp. 211–212 + Plates 30, 31 + Map 152).
Conant R, Bridges W (1939). What Snake Is That?: A Field Guide to the Snakes of the United States East of the Rocky Mountains. (with 108 drawings by Edmond Malnate). New York and London: D. Appleton-Century. Frontispiece map + viii + 163 pp. + Plates A-C, 1-32. (Cemophora coccinea, pp. 85–86 + Plate 26, Figure 78).
Powell R, Conant R, Collins JT (2016). Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp., 207 Figures, 47 Plates.  . (Cemophora coccinea, pp. 367–368 + Figure 159 on p. 330 + Plates 32, 44).
Schmidt KP, Davis DD (1941). Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp. (Cemophora coccinea, pp. 193–194, Figure 60).
Smith HM, Brodie ED Jr (1982). Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp.  (paperback). (Cemophora coccinea, pp. 178–179).
Stejneger L, Barbour T (1917). A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 125 pp. (Cemophora coccinea, p. 91).
Wright AH, Wright AA (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock. 1,105 pp. (in two volumes) (Cemophora coccinea, pp. 111–115, Figure 36, Map 13).
Zim HS, Smith HM (1956). Reptiles and Amphibians: A Guide to Familiar American Species. A Golden Nature Guide. New York: Simon and Schuster. 160 pp. (Scarlet snake, Cemophora doliata'', pp. 100, 156).

External links

South Carolina Snake Species: Scarlet Snake
Florida Museum of Natural History: Florida Scarlet Snake
Florida Museum of Natural History: Northern Scarlet Snake

Cemophora
Snakes of North America
Reptiles described in 1788
Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
Fauna of the Southeastern United States

Cemophora coccinea


"America" is a poem by Allen Ginsberg, written in 1956 while he was in Berkeley, California.  It appears in his collection Howl and Other Poems published in November 1956.

The poem is presented in a stream of consciousness literary format.

America is a largely political work, with much of the poem consisting of various accusations against the United States, its government, and its citizens.  Ginsberg uses sarcasm to accuse America of attempting to divert responsibility for the Cold War ("America you don't want to go to war/ it's them bad Russians / Them Russians them Russians and them Chinamen. / And them Russians"), and makes numerous references to both leftist and anarchist political movements and figures (including Sacco and Vanzetti, the Scottsboro Boys and the Wobblies).  The poem ends with Ginsberg putting his "queer shoulder to the wheel", although the original draft ended on a bleaker note: "Dark America! toward whom I close my eyes for prophecy, / and bend my speaking heart! / Betrayed!  Betrayed!"

References

External links
 Full-text of poem

Poetry by Allen Ginsberg
Beat poetry
1956 poems

America (poem)


Crag Blazer is the former head coach for men's soccer at DePaul. Under Blazer's guidance, the school made its first NCAA tournament appearance and set a new record for wins in a single season (2007). Blazer's team won the Red Division of the Big East Conference and appeared in the Big East Tournament semifinals. At the time, the team set yet another record: being ranked as high as 17 nationally.

He has been the coach at DePaul since 2001. Before that he was the national team coordinator for the US Soccer Federation from 1993 to 2001. Blazer was also deeply involved with US soccer for the 2000 Sydney Olympics, managing all pre-Olympic soccer events, and working with the team who had their highest finish in Olympic history.

He played college soccer at Xavier University, where he earned a degree in Political Science and Communications, and was the starting goalkeeper from 1987 to 1991. While at Xavier, Blazer was an assistant at La Salle High School; he also coached at Fairfield High School.  He continues to be involved with non-collegiate level soccer, working with the Illinois Olympic Development Program and as the head coach of FC Chicago, a youth soccer team for boys age 6 to 19.

Blazer is married to Claudia and is the father of two sons, Oscar and Juj, and daughters, Stella and Sophia.

References

External links

Living people
DePaul Blue Demons men's soccer coaches
Xavier Musketeers men's soccer players
Men's association football goalkeepers
Year of birth missing (living people)
American soccer coaches
American men's soccer players

Craig Blazer


Swedish pre-history ends around 800 AD, when the Viking Age begins and written sources are available. The Viking Age lasted until the mid-11th century. Scandinavia was formally Christianized by 1100 AD. The period 1050 to 1350—when the Black Death struck Europe—is considered the Older Middle Ages.  The Kalmar Union between the Scandinavian countries was established in 1397 and lasted until King Gustav Vasa ended it upon seizing power. The period 1350 to 1523when king Gustav Vasa, who led the unification of Sweden in the Swedish War of Liberation, was crowned – is considered the Younger Middle Ages. During these centuries, Sweden gradually   consolidated as a single nation.

Viking Age

Until the 9th century, the Scandinavian people lived in small Germanic kingdoms and chiefdoms known as petty kingdoms. These Scandinavian kingdoms and their royal rulers are mainly known from legends and scattered continental sources as well as from Runestones. The Scandinavian people appeared as a group separate from other Germanic nations, and at this time there was a noticeable increase in war expeditions (Viking raids) on foreign countries, which has given the name Viking Age to this period. At this time the seas were easier to travel than Europe's inland forests, and the wild buffer regions that separated the kingdoms of the time were known as marches.

Voyages to foreign countries

The Swedes took part in many Western raids against England alongside the Danes and Norwegians of which many successfully acquired Danegeld as seen on the England Runestones. The Swedes were also very active traders and raiders in the eastern and southeastern parts of Europe. The large Russian mainland and its many navigable rivers offered good prospects for trading and plundering. These routes brought them into contact with the Byzantine and Muslim empires. The latter led, among other things, to the formation of the Varangian Guard, an elite fighting force made up by Norsemen. The scholarly consensus  is that the Rus' people originated in what is currently coastal eastern Sweden around the eighth century and that their name has the same origin as Roslagen in Sweden (with the older name being Roden).

During the 9th century, extensive Scandinavian settlements were made on the east side of the Baltic sea. The Tale of Bygone Years (dated to 1113) tells of how the Varangians arrived in Constantinople, and of pirate expeditions on the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.

The Varangians accumulated great wealth from their foreign trades. A centre of trade in northern Europe developed on the island of Birka, not far from where Stockholm was later constructed, in mid-latitude Sweden. Birka declined drastically by 960, but archaeological finds indicate it was wealthy in the 9th and 10th centuries. Thousands of graves, coins, jewelry and other luxury items have been found there.

Early rulers
Medieval Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic and Anglo-Saxon sources tell of Migration Age Swedish kings belonging to the Scylfing dynasty, also known as Ynglings. Some sources, such as Íslendingabók, Ynglinga saga and Historia Norwegiæ trace the foundation of the Swedish kingdom back to the last centuries BC. Some of these sources, the Anglo-Saxon Widsith and Beowulf, may date to the 8th century in their present forms, but retain oral traditions that are considerably older. Native Scandinavian sources are generally held to date no earlier than the 9th century in the form of skaldic poetry, such as Ynglingatal. The Scandinavian sources were not put to paper until the 11th century and later.

In a mythological sense, the first king of Sweden is said to have been Odin as the founder of the house of Yngling. (See also List of legendary kings of Sweden.)

The earliest kings whose names appear in different traditions (Beowulf and Ynglingatal) are three kings from the 6th century, starting with Ongentheow or Egil. The first kings attested in a contemporary source are those mentioned in Rimbert's Vita Ansgarii, from the 9th century.

Before the 10th or 11th century, there were many different petty kings, who ruled over different parts of the future Sweden and a lot of fighting and disputes between different tribes, such as the Geats and Swedes, and different sources contradict each other. These contradictions persists up to and after the reign of Eric the Victorious, who ruled around 970–995, but some facts about him can be established. Eric was succeeded by his son King Olof Skötkonung (late 960s), the first Christian king of Sweden, and the first who is known to have ruled over the different tribes. Olof is listed first in medieval Swedish regnal lists, but modern ones usually starts with his father.

Middle Ages

Christianization
During and before the Early Viking Age, the people in what is now Sweden were primarily believers in Norse mythology, which dominated most of southern Scandinavia. Swedes had contact with Christianity from their early travels. Christian influence on burials can be traced to the late 8th century in some parts of Sweden. Additionally, Irish missionary monks were most likely active in some parts of Sweden, as demonstrated by Irish saints that were honored in the Middle Ages. Sweden is traditionally considered to be the last country out of Sweden, Denmark and Norway to adopt Christianity and held on to their pagan beliefs the longest, with rulers such as Blot-Sweyn.

From the Holy Roman Empire, the monk Ansgar (801–865) began the earliest campaign to introduce Christianity to Sweden. Ansgar made his first visit to Birka in 829, was granted permission to build a church, and stayed as a missionary until 831. He then returned home and became Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen. Around 850, he returned to Birka, where he saw that the previous congregation had faded away. Ansgar tried to re-establish it, but it only lasted a few years. However, archaeological digs in Varnhem found a Christian burial ground established in the late 9th century. On the same spot, a stone church was built in the early-11th century, and a short distance away, Varnhem Abbey was established in the 12th century.

When Emund the Old ascended to the throne, around 1050, he had converted to Christianity. But because of his quarrels with Adalhard, Archbishop of Bremen, independence of the Church of Sweden was not obtained for another century. A decade later, in 1060, King Stenkil ascended to the throne. At the time, Christianity was firmly established throughout most of Sweden, with its chief strength in Västergötland. However, the people of Uppland, with their centre in Uppsala, still held to their original (heathen) faith. Adalhard had succeeded in destroying the idols in Västergötland, but was unable to persuade Stenkil to destroy the ancient Temple of Uppsala.

There are large gaps in the knowledge of the earliest Swedish regents. However, the last king who followed the old Norse religion was Blot-Sweyn, who reigned 1084–87. According to legend, Blot-Sweyn became king when his predecessor Inge refused to sacrifice at Uppsala. His brother-in-law Sweyn stepped up and agreed to sacrifice, which gave him the nickname Blot, which means sacrifice. Inge took out his revenge three years later, when he entered Uppsala with a great force, set Blot-Sweyn's house ablaze, and killed him as he attempted to flee the burning wreckage.

It was not until Eric the Saint (1150–60) that the Church of Sweden was to be organized on the medieval model. According to a late-13th-century legend, Erik undertook the so-called First Swedish Crusade to Finland together with the equally legendary Bishop Henry of Uppsala, conquering the country and building many churches there. No historical record remains of the alleged crusade.

After the introduction of Christianity the importance of Uppsala began to decline steadily, and the kings no longer made it their residence. It was made the seat for the Swedish Archbishop in 1164. A cathedral was built on the place for the old Temple of Uppsala. One of the first to be consecrated there was the Swedish King Eric the Saint.

Consolidation

In the 11th and 12th centuries, the sources state how Sweden more or less consisted of self-governing provinces. It is established that Olof Skötkonung was king of Svealand and at least parts of Götaland, but it is uncertain whether his realm extended to include all of it. And after Olof, the reign of the country was on several occasions divided between different rulers.
King Sverker I of Sweden (1134–55) is said to have permanently integrated Götaland and Svealand.

The following centuries saw rivalry between two houses: the House of Sverker in the Östergötland province, and the House of Eric in the Västergötland province.

13th century

The greatest medieval statesman of Sweden, and one of the principal architects of its rise as a nation, Birger Jarl the Regent, practically ruled the land from 1248 to 1266. He is today revered as the founder of Stockholm and as the creator of national legislation. His reforms paved the way for the abolition of serfdom. The increased respect and power which later royals owed to Birger Jarl were further extended by his son, King Magnus Ladulås (1275–90). Both these rulers, by the institution of separate and almost independent duchies, attempted to introduce into Sweden a feudal system similar to that already established in continental Europe; the danger of thus weakening the realm by partition was averted, though not without violent and tragic complications by the opponents, the Folkung party. (The term Folkung also later referred to Earl Birger's descendants, forming the royal Folkunge of Bjelbo dynasty.) Finally, in 1319, the severed portions of Sweden were once more reunited.

The formation of separate orders (classes of society), or estates, was promoted by Magnus Ladulås, who extended the privileges of the clergy and practically founded the formal Swedish nobility (see Ordinance of Alsnö, 1280). Founded with this institution was a heavily armed cavalry, the kernel of the national army. The Knights (new nobles) and Burghers became distinguishable from the higher nobility. This period saw the rise of a prominent burgess class, as the towns now began to acquire charters. At the end of the 13th century, and the beginning of the 14th, provincial codes of laws appear and the king and his council also executed legislative and judicial functions.

Although Swedish-speaking culture had been expanding eastwards through Åland and along what are now the coastal regions of Finland for several centuries, the Second Swedish Crusade, undertaken by Birger Jarl in the later 1240s, is generally perceived as the period when the region now called Finland was incorporated into the Swedish state. This region remained an integral part of Sweden until 1809, governed from the city of Åbo (Finnish: Turku).

Union between Sweden and Norway
The first union between Sweden and Norway occurred in 1319 when the three-year-old Magnus, son of the Swedish royal Duke Eric and of the Norwegian princess Ingeborg, inherited the throne of Norway from his grandfather Haakon V and in the same year was elected King of Sweden, by the Convention of Oslo. The boy king's long minority weakened the royal influence in both countries, and Magnus lost both his kingdoms before his death. In Sweden, Magnus' partialities and necessities led directly to the rise of a powerful landed aristocracy, and, indirectly, to the growth of popular liberties. Forced by the incompetence of the magnates to lean upon the middle classes, in 1359 the king summoned the first Swedish Riksdag, on which occasion representatives from the towns were invited to appear along with the nobles and clergy. The Swedes, irritated by Magnus' misrule, replaced him with his nephew, Albert of Mecklenburg in 1365.  Albert was forced to take the first coronation oath in 1371, in which Albert swore to concede many of his powers to the nobility in the Regency Council.

Kalmar Union

In 1388, at the request of the Swedes, Albert was driven out by Margaret I of Denmark and at a convention of the representatives of the three Scandinavian kingdoms (held at Kalmar in 1397), Margaret's great-nephew, Eric of Pomerania, was elected the common king, although the liberties of each of the three realms were expressly reserved and confirmed. The union was to be a personal, not a political union. Neither Margaret nor her successors observed the stipulation that in each of the three kingdoms only natives should hold land and high office, and the efforts first of Denmark (at that time by far the strongest member of the union) to impose her will on the Union's weaker kingdoms soon produced secessions. The Swedes first broke away from the Union in 1434 under the popular leader Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson, and after his murder they elected Karl Knutsson Bonde as their king with the title of Charles VIII in 1436. In 1441 Charles VIII had to abdicate in favour of Christopher of Bavaria, who was already king of Denmark and Norway; however, upon the death of Christopher in 1448, a state of confusion ensued in the course of which Charles VIII was twice reinstated and twice expelled again. Finally, on his death in 1470, the three kingdoms were reunited under Christian II of Denmark, the prelates and higher nobility of Sweden favouring the union.

See also
 Provinces of Sweden
 History of Scandinavia
 List of runestones
 Swedish History Museum
 Garðar Svavarsson

Notes

References

Further reading
 Lagerås, Per. "Environment, society and the Black Death: an interdisciplinary approach to the late-medieval crisis in Sweden." Environment, Society and the Black Death (2016): 1-208.
 Pulsiano, Phillip. Medieval Scandinavia: an encyclopedia (Taylor & Francis, 1993).
 Sawyer, Birgit. Medieval Scandinavia: From conversion to reformation, circa 800-1500 (U of Minnesota Press, 1993).
 Weibull, Jörgem, Swedish History in Outline (Trelleborg, 1993 [1997])

In Swedish
 Andersson, Ingvar, Sveriges historia, 7th edition (AB Kopia, Stockholm, 1975),
 Harrison, Dick, Sveriges historia medeltiden (Falköping, 2002)
 Rosén, Jerker, Svensk historia, fourth edition (Arlöv, 1983 [1963]),
 Jan Cornell (ed.), Den svenska historien, vol 1 (1966), vol 2 (1966)

Viking Age in Sweden
0800
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Kingdom of Sweden (800–1521)


Sticks is a 2001 American action comedy film directed by Brett Mayer and starring Lillo Brancato, Justina Machado, and Keith Brunsmann.

Plot
Sticks is an off-beat noir action comedy about a smuggler of Cuban cigars who gets involved, and ultimately falls in love, with a Cuban revolutionary Maria who's in the U.S. trading cigars for guns. The two join forces to sell a large (stolen) shipment of Castro's private label cigar, the famed "El Mariposa", and suddenly they find themselves enmeshed in the seedy underbelly of a mob-run cigar smuggling ring that's being monitored by the feds.

References

2001 action films
2001 films
2000s English-language films

Sticks (film)


David Michael Wojnarowicz (  (September 14, 1954 – July 22, 1992) was an American painter, photographer, writer, filmmaker, performance artist, songwriter/recording artist, and AIDS activist prominent in the East Village art scene. He incorporated personal narratives influenced by his struggle with AIDS as well as his political activism in his art until his death from the disease in 1992.

Biography
Wojnarowicz was born in Red Bank, New Jersey, where he and his two siblings and sometimes their mother were physically abused by their father, Ed Wojnarowicz. Ed, a Polish-American merchant marine from Detroit, had met and married Dolores McGuinness in Sydney, Australia, in 1948 when he was 26 and she was 16. After his parents' bitter divorce, Wojnarowicz and his siblings were kidnapped by their father and raised in Michigan and Long Island. After finding their young, Australian-born mother in a New York City phone book, they moved in with her. During his teenage years in Manhattan, Wojnarowicz worked as a street hustler around Times Square. He graduated from the High School of Music & Art in Manhattan. By 1971, at age 17, Wojnarowicz was living on the streets full time, sleeping in halfway houses and squats.

After a period outside New York, Wojnarowicz returned in the late 1970s and emerged as one of the most prominent and prolific members of an avant-garde wing that used mixed media as well as graffiti and street art. His first recognition came from stencils of houses afire that appeared on the exposed sides of East Village buildings.

Wojnarowicz completed a 1977–1979 photographic series on Arthur Rimbaud, did stencil work and collaborated with the band 3 Teens Kill 4, which released the independent EP No Motive in 1982. He made autonomous super-8 films such as Heroin and Beautiful People with bandmate Jesse Hultberg, and collaborated with filmmakers Richard Kern and Tommy Turner of the Cinema of Transgression. He exhibited his work in well-known East Village galleries and New York City landmarks, notably Civilian Warfare Gallery, Ground Zero Gallery NY, Public Illumination Picture Gallery, Gracie Mansion Gallery, and Hal Bromm Gallery.

Wojnarowicz was also connected to other prolific artists of the time, appearing in or collaborating on works with Nan Goldin, Peter Hujar, Luis Frangella, Karen Finley, Kiki Smith, Richard Kern, James Romberger, Marguerite Van Cook, Ben Neill, Marion Scemama, and Phil Zwickler.

In early 1981, Wojnarowicz met the photographer Peter Hujar, and after a brief period as lovers, came to see Hujar as his great friend and mentor. Weeks after Peter died of AIDS on November 26, 1987,  Wojnarowicz moved into his loft at 189 2nd Avenue.  David was soon diagnosed with AIDS himself   and, after successfully fighting the landlord to keep the lease, lived the last five years of his life in Hujar's loft. Inheriting Hujar's dark room—and supplies like rare Portriga Rapid paper—was a boon to David's artistic process. It was in this loft that he printed elements of his 'Sex Series' and an edition of "Untitled" (Buffaloes Falling).

Hujar's death moved Wojnarowicz to create much more explicit activism and political content, notably about the injustices, social and legal, in the response to the AIDS epidemic. He collaborated with video artist Tom Rubnitz on the short film Listen to This (1992), a critique of the Reagan and Bush administrations' homophobic responses and failure to address the crisis. The film was shown at MoMA's 2017-18 exhibit Club 57: Film, Performance, and Art in the East Village, 1978–1983.

In 1985, Wojnarowicz was included in the Whitney Biennial's so-called Graffiti Show. In the 1990s, he sued and obtained an injunction against Donald Wildmon and the American Family Association on the grounds that Wojnarowicz's work had been copied and distorted in violation of the New York Artists' Authorship Rights Act.

Wojnarowicz's works include Untitled (One Day This Kid...), Untitled (Buffalo), Water, Birth of Language II, Untitled (Shark), Untitled (Peter Hujar), Tuna, Peter Hujar Dreaming/Yukio Mishima: St. Sebastian, Delta Towels, True Myth (Domino Sugar), Something From Sleep II, Untitled (Face in Dirt), and I Feel a Vague Nausea.

Wojnarowicz also wrote two memoirs in his lifetime including Close to the Knives: A Memoir of Disintegration, discussing topics such as his troubled childhood, becoming a renowned artist in New York City, and his AIDS diagnosis  and Memories that Smell like Gasoline. Knives opens with an essay about his homeless years: a boy in glasses selling his skinny body to the pedophiles and creeps who hung around Times Square. The heart of Knives is the title essay, which deals with the sickness and death of Hujar, Wojnarowicz's lover, best friend and mentor, "my brother, my father, my emotional link to the world". In the final essay, "The Suicide of a Guy Who Once Built an Elaborate Shrine Over a Mouse Hole", Wojnarowicz investigates the suicide of a friend, mixing his own reflections with interviews with members of their shared circle. In 1989, Wojnarowicz appeared in Rosa von Praunheim's widely acclaimed film Silence = Death about gay artists in New York City fighting for the rights of AIDS sufferers.

Wojnarowicz died at home in Manhattan on July 22, 1992, at the age of 37, from what his boyfriend, Tom Rauffenbart, confirmed was AIDS.

After his death, photographer and artist Zoe Leonard, a friend of Wojnarowicz, exhibited a work inspired by him, Strange Fruit (for David).

Legacy

A Fire in My Belly controversy
In November 2010, after consultation with National Portrait Gallery director Martin Sullivan and co-curator David C. Ward but not co-curator Jonathan David Katz,  Smithsonian Institution Secretary G. Wayne Clough removed an edited version of footage used in Wojnarowicz's short silent film A Fire in My Belly from the exhibit "Hide/Seek: Difference and Desire in American Portraiture" at the National Portrait Gallery in response to complaints from the Catholic League, U.S. House Minority Leader John Boehner, Representative Eric Cantor and the possibility of reduced federal funding for the Smithsonian. The video contains a scene with a crucifix covered in ants. William Donohue of the Catholic League claimed the work was "hate speech" against Catholics. Gay historian Jonathan Ned Katz wrote:

Response from Clough and Smithsonian
Clough later said that although he stood by his decision, it "might have been made too quickly", and called the decision "painful." He said that because of the controversy surrounding the footage and the possibility that it might "spiral out of control", the Smithsonian might have been forced to shut down the entire "Hide/Seek" exhibition, and that was "something he didn't want to happen." The "Hide/Seek" exhibition "examined representations of homosexuality in American portraiture", and Clough said, "The funders and people who were upset by the decision—and I respect that—still have an appreciation that this exhibition is up. We were willing to take this topic on when others were not, and people appreciate that."

Clough added, "But looking back, sure, I wish I had taken more time. We have a lot of friends who felt left out. We needed to spend more time letting our friends know where this was going. I regret that."

The video work was shown intact when Hide/Seek moved to the Tacoma Art Museum.

Response from the art world and the public
The curator David C. Ward defended the artwork, saying, "It is not anti-religion or sacrilegious. It is a powerful use of imagery".

In response, The Andy Warhol Foundation, which had provided a $100,000 grant to the exhibition, announced that it would not fund future Smithsonian projects, while several institutions, including the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art and the Tate Modern, scheduled showings of the removed work.

On December 2, 2010, protesters against the censorship marched from the Transformer Gallery to the National Portrait Gallery. The work was projected on the building. On December 5, activists Michael Blasenstein and Michael Dax Iacovone were detained and barred from the gallery for holding leaflets.

On December 9, National Portrait Gallery Commissioner James T. Bartlett resigned in protest. The artist AA Bronson sought to withdraw his art from the exhibit, with support from the lending institution, the National Gallery of Canada, but was unsuccessful. The curators appeared at a forum at the New York Public Library. A protest was held from the Metropolitan Museum of Art to the Cooper Hewitt Museum.

On December 15, a panel discussion was held at the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. On December 20, a panel discussion was held at the Washington, D.C. Jewish Community Center. On January 20, 2011, the Center of Study of Political Graphics held a protest at the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art.

Clough issued a statement standing by the decision, spoke at a Town Hall Los Angeles meeting, and appeared at a public forum on April 26–27, 2011.

Several Smithsonian curators criticized the decision, as did critics, with Newsweek arts critic Blake Gopnik going so far as to call the complaints "gay bashing" and not a legitimate public controversy.

Notable posthumous exhibitions
In 2011, P.P.O.W. gallery showed Spirituality, an exhibition of Wojnarowicz's drawings, photographs, videos, collages, and personal notebooks; in a review in The Brooklyn Rail, Kara L. Rooney called the show "meticulously researched and commendably curated from a wide array of sources, ... a mini-retrospective, providing context and clues for Wojnarowicz's often elusive, sometimes dangerous, and always brutally honest work."

In 2018, the Whitney Museum of American Art hosted a major retrospective, David Wojnarowicz: History Keeps Me Awake at Night, which was co-curated by the Whitney's David Kiehl and art historian David Breslin. It received international praise.

Influence
In 1992, the band U2 used Wojnarowicz's tumbling buffalo photograph "Untitled (Buffaloes)" for the cover art of its single "One". The band further adapted this imagery during its Zoo TV Tour. The single and subsequent album became multi-platinum over the next few years, and the band donated a large portion of its earnings to AIDS charities. An oversized gelatin print of "Untitled (Buffaloes)" sold at auction in October 2014 for $125,000, more than four times the estimated price.

In 1988, Wojnarowicz wore a leather jacket with the pink triangle and the text: "If I die of aids - forget burial - just drop my body on the steps of the F.D.A.". In his 1991 memoir Close to the Knives, Wojnarowicz imagined "what it would be like if, each time a lover, friend or stranger died of this disease, their friends, lovers or neighbors would take the dead body and drive with it in a car a hundred miles an hour to Washington, D.C., and blast through the gates of the White House and come to a screeching halt before the entrance and dump their lifeless form on the front steps." On October 11, 1992, activist David Robinson received wide media attention when he dumped the ashes of his partner, Warren Krause, on the grounds of the White House as a protest against President George H. W. Bush's inaction in fighting AIDS. Robinson reported that his action was inspired by this text in Close to the Knives. In 1996, Wojnarowicz's own ashes were scattered on the White House lawn.

His name appears in the lyrics of the Le Tigre song "Hot Topic." Weight of the Earth, the transcription of Wojnarowicz's audio journals, inspired Mega Bog's album Life, and Another, and gives its name to the song "Weight of the Earth, on Paper".

On September 13, 2021, at the Met Gala in New York City the Canadian actor Dan Levy wore an outfit by designer Jonathan Anderson for Loewe which prominently featured an adapted version of Wojnarowicz's artwork F--- You F----- F----- depicting
two men kissing while shaped as maps, with the support of the visual artist's estate.

Collective exhibitions
A list of Wojnarowicz's group exhibitions the year prior to his death.

1991

 The Figure in the Landscape, Baumgartner Galleries, February, Washington, DC
 From Desire...A Queer Diary, curated by Nan Goldin, Richard F. Brush Art Gallery Canton, NY
 Whitney Biennial, The Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY
 The Art of Advocacy, The Aldrich Museum of Contemporary Art, Ridgefield, CT
 Hands Off!, The New School for Social Research, New York, NY
 Tableaux Du SIDA, Foundation Deutsch, Belmont-Sur-Lausanne, France
 The Third Rail, curated by Karin Bravin, John Post Lee Gallery, New York, NY
 Compassion and Protest: Recent Social and Political Art from the Eli Broad Family Foundation Collection, San Jose Museum of Art, San Jose, CA
 American Narrative Painting and Sculpture: The 1980s, Nassau County Museum of Art, Roslyn, NY
 Cruciformed: Images of the Cross since 1980, curated by David Rubin, Cleveland Center for Contemporary Art, Cleveland, OH
 Social Sculpture, curated by Steven Harvey and Elyse Cheney, Vrej Baghoomian Gallery, New York, NY
 The Interrupted Life, New Museum, New York, NY
 Outrageous Desire: The Politics and Aesthetics of Representation in Recent Works by Lesbian and Gay Artists, Rutgers University, Mason Gross School of the Arts, New Brunswick, NJ
 Art of the 1980s: Selections from the Collection of Eli Broad Foundation, Duke University Museum of Art, Durham, NC
 Domenikos Theotokopoulos-A Dialogue, Philippe Briet Gallery, New York, NY
 Fuel, curated by Jay Younger, The Institute of Modern Art, Brisbane, Australia; The Australia Centre for Photography, Sydney, Australia; The Australian Centre for Contemporary Art, Melbourne, Australia

Books
 Sounds in the Distance. (1982). Aloes Books.
 Tongues of Flame. (Exhibition Catalog). (1990). Illinois State University.
 Close to the Knives: A Memoir of Disintegration. (1991). Vintage Books.
 Memories That Smell Like Gasoline. (1992). Artspace Books.
 Seven Miles a Second. (Collaborative graphic novel with James Romberger and Marguerite Van Cook, completed posthumously). (1996). Vertigo/DC Comics.
 The Waterfront Journals. (1997). Grove/Atlantic.
 Rimbaud In New York 1978–1979. (Edited by Andrew Roth). (2004). Roth Horowitz, LLC/PPP Editions.
 In the Shadow of the American Dream: The Diaries of David Wojnarowicz. (Amy Scholder, editor). (2000). Grove/Atlantic.
 Willie World. (Illustrator; written by Maggie J. Dubris). (1998). C U Z Editions.
 Weight of the Earth: The Tape Journals of David Wojnarowicz. (Lisa Darms and David O'Neill, editors). (2018). MIT Press.

Films

Directed by Wojnarowicz
 Heroin – filmed in New York City in 1981, no soundtrack
 Fire in my Belly – filmed in Mexico and New York in 1986 and 1987, no soundtrack
 Beautiful People – filmed in New York City in 1987, no soundtrack

About Wojnarowicz
 Post Cards from America (1994) – a non-linear biography of Wojnarowicz (Steve McLean, director)
Wojnarowicz: F**k You F*ggot F**ker (2021) – biographical documentary

Music and Multimedia
 3 Teens Kill 4 EP No Motive 1982
 David Wojnarowicz & Ben Neill: ITSOFOMO (In the Shadow of Forward Motion) LP New Tone Records 1992
 Optic Nerve CD-ROM The Red Hot Organization 1999
 Cross Country 3 x LP Reading Group 2018

Critical studies and adaptations
 Blinderman, Barry ed. David Wojnarowicz : Tongues of Flame, 1990,
 Close to the Knives. (1993) AIDS Positive Underground Theatre. John Roman Baker.
 David Wojnarowicz: Brush Fires in the Social Landscape. (1995). Aperture.
 Wojnarowicz, David, et al., ed. Amy Scholder. Fever: The Art of David Wojnarowicz. (1999). New Museum Books.
David Wojnarowicz : A Definitive History of Five or Six Years on the Lower East Side, interviews by Sylvère Lotringer, edited by Giancarlo Ambrosino (2006).
Carr, Cynthia Fire in the Belly The Life and Times of David Wojnarowicz (2012) St Martin's Press.
Laing, Olivia The Lonely City: Adventures in the Art of Being Alone (2016) Canongate

Archival collections
The David Wojnarowicz Papers are at the Fales Library at New York University. The Fales Library also houses the papers of John Hall, a high school friend of Wojnarowicz. The papers include a small collection of letters from Wojnarowicz to Hall.

See also
 Joel Wachs, head of Andy Warhol Foundation, protested removal of Wojnarowicz piece

References

External links
P.P.O.W Gallery New York, Estate of David Wojnarowicz
NYU's Fales Library and Special Collections Guide to the David Wojnarowicz Papers
NYU's Fales Library and Special Collections Guide to the John Hall Papers-contain letters from Wojnarowicz
David Wojnarowicz by Dan Cameron and Dennis Szakacs
David Wojnarowicz Reading
David Wojnarowicz & Doug Bressler: (1984) "American Dreamtime" published at Tellus Audio Cassette Magazine
NYU's Fales Library and Special Collections Guide to the David Wojnarowicz—Janine Pommy-Vega Letters
Huffington Post analysis of the Smithsonian Wojnarowicz controversy*
David Wojnarowicz Journals: Years Ago Before the Nation went Bankrupt
David Wojnarowicz (1954–1992) ubu.com
"Outlaw Documentary:David Wojnarowicz's Queer Cinematics, Kinerotics, Autothanatographics" by Dianne Chisholm. Canadian Review of Contemporary Literature 21.1 & 2, 1994
David Wojnarowicz Knowledge Base

1954 births
1992 deaths
AIDS-related deaths in New York (state)
20th-century American memoirists
20th-century American painters
20th-century American male artists
American male painters
Artists from New York (state)
American contemporary painters
American gay artists
American gay writers
American LGBT painters
Gay memoirists
Gay painters
Gay photographers
LGBT people from New Jersey
Postmodernists
Lambda Literary Award winners
American people of Australian descent
American people of Polish descent
Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School alumni
20th-century American printmakers
People from Red Bank, New Jersey
American LGBT photographers
20th-century American LGBT people
HIV/AIDS activists

David Wojnarowicz


The Scarlet Sails () is a celebration in St. Petersburg, Russia, the most massive and famous public event during the White Nights Festival every summer.

Description
Crowds with about one million people are treated to a wide variety of free entertainment provided by the city of St. Petersburg. Entertainment also includes appearances by popular rock-stars, as well as the St. Petersburg Symphony Orchestra, ballet and other classical acts, performing on several stages simultaneously during the event. The show also includes a series of large-scale events on the waters of the Neva River, such as rowing and motorboat races and a massive battle with pirates culminating in the appearance of a tall ship sporting spectacular scarlet sails.

History
This tradition began in 1968, when several Leningrad schools united to celebrate at the end of the school year in connection with the symbolism of the popular 1923 romantic novel  Scarlet Sails by Alexander Grin. During the first celebration, a brigantine with scarlet sails sailed along the English Embankment and the Admiralty Embankment towards the Winter Palace. The 1961 release of the film Scarlet Sails boosted the popularity both of the book and of the tradition.

Latest development
The show has become the main part of the White Nights celebration. More than one million people attended the Scarlet Sails show celebrating the end of the 2007 school year. In 2010, public attendance grew to 3 million, with entertainers including such stars as the Cirque du Soleil, Mariinsky Ballet and Antonio Banderas.

2020-21 saw virtual celebrations caused by COVID-19 pandemic. This celebration has returned since 2022.

References

External links

 Official site
 Youtube channel
2007 Scarlet Sails celebration in St. Petersburg: part 1, part 2, part 3, part 4

Tourist attractions in Saint Petersburg
Events in Saint Petersburg
Festivals in Russia
Alexander Grin

Scarlet Sails (tradition)


Ghosts Don't Exist is a 2010 American psychological horror film written and directed by Eric Espejo and starring Phillip Roebuck, Devon Marie Burt, Frederick Cowie and Josh Davidson. A number of local Washingtonian celebrities make cameos in the film, including executive producer Chris Cooley (Washington Redskins), Lindsay Czarniak (NBC 4), Mike O'Meara (former co host of The Don and Mike Show on WJFK-FM), and Todd Yoder (NFL Free Agent).

Plot
Brett Wilson conducts paranormal investigations. He has a popular TV show that airs on a science fiction channel. Ghost hunting, as it has now been dubbed, is the process of
investigating locations said to be haunted by paranormal activity that could indicate the presence of spirits or entities not of this world.

Tragedy strikes Brett. His wife passes away and as a result he questions the existence of the afterlife. His show continues to do well but he harbors guilt for not being there when she needed him most.

As he reflects on his priorities, he shocks those around him when he suddenly decides to retire. The network threatens to sue him if he doesn't at least provide a series finale. He reluctantly agrees to take on the finale when he receives a strange and desperate call from a potential client who claims Brett's wife is in his home.

Cast
 Phillip Roebuck as Brett Wilson
 Devon Marie Burt as Jennifer Hughes
 Frederick Cowie as Ritchie Lyons
 Josh Davidson as David Sherman

Also features
 Katie Foster as Nicole Wilson
 Joe Hansard as Travis Garner
 Ted Taylor as Kurt Wilson
 Chris Kennedy as Sheriff Fuller

Production
Writer/director Eric Espejo has been a huge fan of the horror genre, but not your slasher type flick. He believes using your imagination, rather than a slow-moving monster is more frightening. If the concept of a horror film is somewhat plausible then it enhances the fear. Being a skeptic of shows that feature ghost hunters, he attempted to focus on what could potentially happen on an investigation to these researchers that would absolutely blow them away.

Post-production and distribution
Ghosts Don't Exist premiered at the D.C. Independent Film Festival on March 14, 2010 where writer/director Eric Espejo won the 2010 Washington, DC Filmmaker Award. The film was one of 17 features selected for the 2010 Eerie Horror Film Festival, and was nominated for two awards: Best Picture and Best Actor (Phillip Roebuck). It is also one of only five feature films selected for the 2010 Chicago Filipino American Film Festival.

With the assistance of production representative, Ronna B. Wallace, distribution deals have been signed for Ghosts Don't Exist with Horizon Motion Pictures and Echo Bridge Entertainment for international and domestic distribution, the film was included as a bonus film on October 12, 2010 contained with the Ghost Adventures Documentary Film.

References

American independent films
2010 films
American psychological horror films
2010 horror films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

Ghosts Don't Exist


Gulgasht Colony  (), (Punjabi: ) is an area of Multan City in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located at an altitude of , and is the location of a large police station.

The colony has a number of educational institutions. Government College, Multan (also known as Bosan Road College, now Govt. Emerson College, Multan) is the oldest institute of learning of Multan. Various public and private schools and colleges provide education up to graduation level, including Punjab College for Women (PCW), University of Education Lahore (Multan Campus), British School and College Network, Govt.Science College, The Central College, Leadership College Network, Superior College, and Institute of Southern Punjab (ISP). The Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE) Multan is also situated in the area. There are several private schools and colleges which follow foreign curricula like the British GCE Ordinary Level/Advanced level and the IB within the city. The institutes like La Salle High School, Multan Public School and College, Girls Public School and College, Comprehensive Boys High School, FB Link Govt. Girls Comprehensive Secondary High School, Model High School For Boys, The Educators, Jinnah Highs, Bloomfield Hall, Nishat High School, Zikrya Public School, Zamir Public School and Beacon House attract students from all over Southern Punjab. Multan Public School and College with its  campus is one of the largest and better public schools in Pakistan.

Bahauddin Zakariya University formerly known as Multan University is the main source of learning higher education for this region.

Gulgasht Colony used to be a residential area, which quickly became commercial and a popular modern business centre of the city after old Chowk Bazar and Cantt shopping areas. This modern locality is a commercial hub with many restaurants, commercial banks, hospitals, health clinics, trade agencies, fashion boutiques, shopping malls, super markets, department stores, beauty saloons and décor stores.  The colony hosts a variety of restaurants and food chains like Pizza Hut, Hardee's, Glorea Jeans Coffee, Jhoke Restaurant, Shah Jahan Grill, Eat On, AFC, Lasani Foods, ABC Foods and Ghauri Foods.

Up to 1970 there was only one school i.e. Aligarh Model School. There was no clinic of any doctor. Only one medical store naming Mannan Medical Store near Gool Bagh. There were only three barber shops: one in Gardaizi market, other in Mubeen market and yet another near Gool bagh. There were about eight shops encircling Jalal Masjid. Tongas was the only available means of travelling. There were two water tanks of water for horses at Jalal Masjid Chowk. Even ice was not available. However, in the evening two men used to come from city to sell ice on their carts. No book shop.  Very peaceful atmosphere but now it has become the educational headquarters of Multan.

References

Populated places in Multan District

Gulgasht Colony


Gheorghe Duca (born 29 February 1952) is a Moldovan academic and politician who is a former president of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, an honorary member of the Romanian Academy, and former Moldovan Minister of Environment, Public Works and Regional Development.

Early life
Gheorghe Duca was born on 29 February 1952 to Grigore and Nina Duca in the commune of Copăceni, Sîngerei District, while it was still under the domain of the Soviet Union (today it is in Moldova). From 1969 to 1974, Duca studied chemistry at the Moldova State University. During his time there, he became the secretary of the university's Komsomol organisation, which consisted of around 5000 members, and was later a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

In 1974, following his graduation, he re-enrolled to study physical chemistry, earning a Doctor of Science degree specialized in the subject with a thesis titled "Cataliza oxidării acidului tartric și dihidroxifumaric" ("Catalysis of oxidation of tartaric acid and dihydroxyfumaric acid"). In 1983, he was awarded the Moldovan State Prize for Youth in Science and Technology.

Between 1985 and 1988, Duca attended a postdoctoral training course at the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In 1989 he obtained a habilitation in environmental protection sciences from Odessa University, with a thesis titled "Mecanismele proceselor eco-chimice în mediu acvatic" ("Mechanisms of ecological chemical processes in the aquatic environment").

He immediately began a training course in environmental engineering at the Sapienza University of Rome, completing it by 1990. Duca continued to undertake such training courses around the world, participating in courses on: ecological management (EERO, the Netherlands, 1993), ecological impact assessment (Central European University, Budapest, 1996), ecological education (University of California, Riverside, 2000), managing programs (CRDF Global and National Science Foundation, West Virginia, 2000), and water and waste analysis (American Chemical Society, New Orleans, 2001).

Career and later life

Academic career
As a member of the Communist Party, Duca was permitted to work in the Soviet Union's education system. Between 1982 and 2006 he advised 10 PhD students and continues to advise students in physical chemistry and environmental protection to this day. From 1988 to 1992 he headed the Faculty of Physical Chemistry at the Moldova State University, obtaining a teaching degree at the university in 1990. Duca also served as director of the Research Center for Industrial and Ecological Chemistry at the same university (1991 – 1998) and headed the Faculty of Ecology at the Free International University of Moldova (1992 – 1995).

Noted for his contributions to the fields of chemistry, physics, and environmental protection, Duca was appointed as chairman of the Republican Committee for Youth Awards in Science and Technology in 1992, a position he still holds. In the same year, he was elected as a correspondent member of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova—he became a full member in 2000, the same year he became honorary president of the Moldovan Research and Development Association.

Political career
In 1998, Duca was elected as a deputy (member) in the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova under the Braghiș Alliance—he served as president of the Committee on Culture, Science, Education and Mass Media of the Chişinău legislature until 2001. In 2000, he was named an honorary consul of Greece.

In a vote in Parliament on 19 April 2001, Duca was appointed to the Moldovan executive as Minister of Environment, Public Works and Regional Development in the First Tarlev Cabinet. As a minister, he voted against changing "Romanian language" to "Moldovan language" in the Moldovan education system, an issue that has long been a point of controversy in Moldova–Romania relations.

Return to academia
On 5 February 2004, he was elected president of the Academy of Science of Moldova and resigned from the government. By decree of the then-President of Moldova, Vladimir Voronin, Duca was appointed an ex officio member of the government, a position he still holds. In 2007, he was elected as an honorary member of the Romanian Academy, and, on 21 February 2008, was re-elected as president of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova—he is the academy's current president.

Personal life

Family
Duca is married to Maria Duca (born 1956), a biologist specialised in pedology and plant genetics who is a correspondent member of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. They have three children together: daughters Doina and Daniela, and son Dragoş.

Honours

Foreign honours

 : Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
 Romanian Royal Family: Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown
 : Order of "Cultural Merit"

Awards

 State Prize for Science, Technology and Production of the Republic of Moldova in 1995 and 2000;
 Honorary title of "Savant of the Year" in 2005 by the Academy of Sciences of Moldova and Banca de Economii;

References

External links
 Personal site
 Academy of Sciences of Moldova

Romanian people of Moldovan descent
1952 births
Communist Party of Moldavia politicians
Living people
Moldova State University alumni
Moldovan chemists
Moldovan MPs 1998–2001
People from Sîngerei District
Titular members of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova
Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Romania)
Commanders of the Order of the Crown (Romania)

Gheorghe Duca


Samba-canção () (literally 'samba song') is, in its most common acceptance or interpretation, the denomination for a kind of Brazilian popular songs with a slow-paced samba rhythm.

History

It appeared after the World War II, at the end of the 1940s, and practically disappeared in the middle of the 1960s when majority of composers began to present their songs without category denomination. The name is somewhat arbitrary, adopted by the music industry, that is, publishers and record companies, and some composers. Like many popular songs of the world, Samba-canção (plural 'sambas-canções')'s principal theme is the love relationship, typically moaning for a lost love. Tempo is moderate or a little slower. The denomination suggests that the song is more sophisticated, less earthy, than ordinary samba songs.

Composition

It has, in most cases, two parts. They are repeated totally. Almost always it has a small introduction (no lyrics here) and sometimes short additional ending (coda). Frequently in the repetition, the first part is played by musicians and the second sung. The musical accompaniment can be anything, from piano solo or guitar duet to jazz-style big band or philharmonic orchestra. In these cases, samba rhythm was provided mainly by a drum player.

It always maintained Brazilian flavor, more or less, but strongly influenced by American popular songs in every way. Some were influenced by Argentine-Uruguayan tango and Cuban-Mexican bolero.

Under the denomination 'Samba-canção' there has been many hit tunes and several of them has got the 'classic' or 'standard' status in the history of Brazilian popular music. But the name is obsolete nowadays. Because the public preferred to call them only samba and today they are just a part of MPB.

Popular songs
The most renowned tunes published officially with the denomination 'samba-canção' are as follows.
Year 1945 - Dora (Lyrics and music by Dorival Caymmi/First public performance or recording by himself)
46 - Saia do caminho (Custódio Mesquita & Eduardo Rui/Aracy de Almeida) - Copacabana (João de Barro & Albero Ribeiro/Dick Farney)
47 - Marina (Dorival Caymmi/himself) / Nervos do aço (Lupicínio Rodrigues/Francisco Alves)
48 - Caminhemos (Herivelto Martins/Francisco Alves) Also well known afterward by a Spanish-language version with the rhythm of bolero.
50 - Errei sim (Ataulfo Alves/Dalva de Oliveira)
51 - Vingança (Lupicínio Rodrigues/Linda Batista) Also well known afterward by a Spanish-language version with the rhythm of tango.
52 - Ninguém me ama (Antônio Maria & Fernando Lobo/Nora Ney) - Risque (Ary Barroso/Hermínia Silva) Originally performed as 'fado'. Also well known afterward by a Spanish-language version with the rhythm of bolero.
55 - Folha morta (Ary Barroso/Jamelão) / Duas contas (Garoto/Garoto-Fafá Lemos-Chiquinho do Accordion)
56 - Só louco (Dorival Caymmi/himself) / Resposta (Maysa/herself) /
57 - Ouça (Maysa/herself) / Por causa de você (Dolores Duran & Tom Jobim/Roberto Luna?) / Se todos fossem iguais a você (Tom Jobim & Vinicius de Moraes/Tito Madi or Sylvia Telles)
58 - Estrada do sol (Dolores Duran & Tom Jobim/Agostinho dos Santos) / Meu mundo caiu (Maysa/herself)
59 - A noite do meu bem (Dolores Duran/herself) / Dindi (Tom Jobim & Aloysio de Oliveira/Sylvia Telles) / Eu sei que vou te amar (Tom Jobim & Vinicius de Moraes/Albertinho Fortuna)

Other forms

There had been another kind of Samba-canção. In the 1930s, 'samba-canção' was the denomination applied to some sentimental tunes written for musical reviews. They were not many. Some representative sambas-canções of this kind are: No rancho fundo (1931, lyrics and music by Ary Barroso and Lamartine Babo), Na batucada da vida (1934, Ary Barroso and Luiz Peixoto") and Serra da Boa Esperança (1937, Lamartine Babo).
Referring to the "first" samba-canção of this kind, Paulo Tapajós wrote in an LP jacket:
The old modinha has gotten out of fashion. In its place, a new type of Brazilian song appeared telling the misfortunes of love. That led Henrique Vogeler to compose, in 1928, a new musical expression, using the rhythm of samba, but in much slower and much more relaxed tempo. The tune was called Iaiá, but becoming better known as Ai, Ioiô or also Linda Flor. In the piano sheet music the author classified it as "Samba Canção Brasileira" (Samba Brazilian song), fusing the samba with traditional Brazilian song. Afterward the word "Brasileira" disappeared.
Henrique Vogeler (Rio de Janeiro 1888–1944) was a composer-pianist with solid musical education, studied at the National Conservatory, but best known as the composer of popular tunes, and wrote this "first" Samba-canção as an opening number of a review.

The above-mentioned LP contains some oldies, one Cartola composition and contemporary songs usually associated with bossa nova style.

References

Brazilian styles of music
Samba music genres

Samba-canção


The Rhine Campaign of 1748 was a campaign during the War of the Austrian Succession.

Background
Since early 1746, tense talks had been held in St. Petersburg regarding an Austro-Russian defensive alliance. At the end of May that year a 25-year treaty was signed, according to whose secret articles Russia and Austria pledged to work together against Prussia and the Ottoman Empire. To prevent possible unexpected actions by Frederick the Great, it was decided to keep a large force in Livonia ready to move to Königsberg at a moment's notice from St. Petersburg.

After the French victories under Maurice de Saxe in the Austrian Netherlands in 1746 and 1747, with Austrian assistance, Russia and Britain drew up two treaties pledging that Russia would be provided by Britain and the Dutch Republic with enough money to raise 30,000 men to fight against France.

Campaign
The Austro-Russian treaty was activated in spring 1748, with 30,000 Russian troops under Prince Vassili Anikititch Repnine marching from Livonia to the Rhine via Bohemia and Bavaria to assist Maria Theresa. However, while the Russian force was marching across Germany, Maurice took Maastricht on 7 May and thus deprived the British and the Dutch of their last outpost in Flanders. Repnin only arrived at the Rhine when everything was already over.

References
Yu Yu Nenakhov, "Войны и кампании Фридриха Великого" ("War and the campaigns of Frederick the Great") - Minsk, "Харвест" ("Harvest"), 2002.

Conflicts in 1748
Military operations involving Russia

Rhine Campaign of 1748


Vladimir Yefimovich Klimovskikh (; May 27, 1885July 27, 1941) was a Soviet general who served as the Chief of Staff of the Western Special Military District and the Western Front under General of the Army Dmitry Pavlov during the initial stage of the German invasion of the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa) in June 1941. After the disaster of the Battle of Białystok–Minsk, Klimovskikh, along with General Pavlov and the entire Front Staff, with the sole exception of Operations Officer Ivan Boldin, were recalled to Moscow, charged with military incompetence and executed later that July.

Early life and World War I
Klimovskikh was born on 27 May 1895 in Kokand, the son of an office clerk. After his 1912 graduation from a Realschule in Tashkent, Klimovskikh entered the Alexeyev Military School of the Imperial Russian Army in Moscow, from which he graduated in 1914. He was assigned to the 11th Siberian Rifle Regiment of the 3rd Siberian Rifle Division, with which he served until its disbandment in February 1918. Klimovskikh fought with the regiment in World War I on the Northern Front, serving in positions below battalion commander. Following the February Revolution, he was elected a member of the regimental committee, and a battalion commander. Klimovskikh ended his service in the Imperial Army with the rank of Captain; in early 1918 he and his regiment fought against the troops of the Ukrainian Central Rada near Kiev.

Russian Civil War
Klimovskikh joined the Red Army in June 1918 and was enrolled in the junior course of the General Staff Academy. He was unable to study due to the evacuation of the academy to Kazan and the defection of its command and part of the student body to the White movement. Klimovskikh fought in the Russian Civil War, serving as assistant chief of staff of the 5th Army on the Eastern Front from August 1918. He subsequently served as the head of the operations department on the staff of the 3rd Army and was acting chief of staff of the 27th Rifle Division between March and April 1919. Klimovskikh was transferred to the Western Front after the White defeat in the east and fought in the Polish–Soviet War as head of the operations department on the staff of the 16th Army, chief of staff of the 57th Rifle Division during April and May 1920, and as chief of staff of the Mozyr Group of Forces.

Interwar period and World War II
After the Civil War, he was the Chief of Staff of the infantry corps, the head of the department, an assistant to the chief of the headquarters of the military districts. From December 1932 to June 1936, he was on the teaching staff at the Frunze Military Academy. In 1935, he was awarded the rank of brigade commander. From July 1936 he served as assistant army inspector and then, in February 1938, was senior lecturer at the Military Academy of the General Staff. In September 1939 he was appointed Deputy Chief of Staff and then from July 1940 served as Chief of Staff of the Western Special Military District.

With the outbreak of war on the Eastern Front, he was made Chief of Staff of the Western Front under Army General Dmitry Pavlov. Commanded during the Battle of Białystok–Minsk from 22 June to 3 July 1941. Relieved of command on July 8, 1941, and accused of inaction and the collapse of the control of the troops. He was sentenced to death by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR on July 22, 1941. The verdict was carried out on July 27, 1941, at the Kommunarka shooting ground. He was posthumously rehabilitated in 1957.

Awards and decorations
Russian Empire

Soviet Union

References

Citations

Bibliography

1885 births
1941 deaths
Executed military leaders
Russian people executed by the Soviet Union
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Soviet rehabilitations
People executed by the Soviet Union by firing squad
Executed Russian people
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Soviet major generals
Russian military personnel of World War I
Imperial Russian Army personnel
People from Kokand
Frunze Military Academy alumni
Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union alumni
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 4th class

Vladimir Klimovskikh


Karl Stig-Erland "Stieg" Larsson (15 August 1954 – 9 November 2004) was a Swedish journalist and writer. He became best known after his death for his Millennium trilogy of crime novels. His books were published from 2005 to 2007. The series was made into three movies in Sweden and one in the United States. After his death in 2004, David Lagercrantz continued the series. As a journalist, Larsson's work covered socialist politics. He was an independent researcher of right-wing extremism.

Larsson was born in Skelleftehamn. In the 1970s, he changed the spelling of his first name to "Stieg" as his friend, Stig Larsson, was already a well-known writer. His partner of thirty years was Eva Gabrielsson.

Larsson died of a heart attack in Stockholm on 9 November 2004. He was 50.

References

Other websites

1954 births
2004 deaths
Crime writers
Socialists
Swedish journalists
Swedish novelists

Stieg Larsson