The Cueva de los Murciélagos is a cave system in the  located about 4 km southeast of the town of Zuheros in the southern province of Córdoba in Spain. Although the caves were discovered in 1868, they were not studied until 1938. The caves host one of the largest bat colonies in Andalusia.

Location and formation
The caves are located in an extensive karst landscape at an altitude of 980 metres in the heart of the Cañada de Malos Vientos mountain (1000 m) in southern Andalusia. The rock formations and caves with stalactites, stalagmites and subterranean lakes were formed due to weathering and leaching of carbonate rocks. The caves have a total length of 2,000 metres, of which only 450 metres can be accessed.

History
Speleologists discovered tombs from the middle Paleolithic period, which show evidence of human occupation of the caves 35,000 years ago. According to the Carbon-14 dating method, finds from the Neolithic period have an age from 4,900  to 3,980 BC. The researchers reconstructed the lives of people whose artefacts were found preferentially at the cave entrance. Here they cooked their meals on an open firepit. Their diet consisted of the meat of wild and farm animals and various cereals. They used tools created of flint and bones, in order to cut leather. They manufactured red painted vessels, as well as necklaces and bracelets made of sea shells, which they probably acquired through trade with coastal residents. Apparently, the group was transitioning from living as hunter-gatherers to living as farmers, who cultivated crops and bred domestic animals.

On various walls there are cave paintings which show depictions of goats, an eye, and several human figures. The drawings date from the Neolithic period (6000-3000 BC) and the Bronze Age (3000-2000 BC).

References

External links
 Zuheros
 Monumento Natural Cueva de los Murciélagos

Archaeological sites in Andalusia
Geography of the Province of Córdoba (Spain)
Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in the Province of Córdoba (Spain)
Murciélagos

Cueva de los Murciélagos


The Rialto Cinema is a multiplex cinema located in the New Zealand city of Dunedin. It was opened in 1998.

The Rialto's location is a historic building in Moray Place, some 200 metres southwest of the city centre. The building was designed by noted architect Edmund Anscombe, and was first opened in 1916 as the Empire (later Empire DeLuxe) Theatre. With a 2,000 seat capacity, it was for a while New Zealand's second-largest cinema (after Auckland's St. James Theatre. The building was taken over during the 1920s by Thomas O'Brien, and extensively redesigned in a faux Moorish style, with a twinkling starry interior ceiling and minarets. In the late 1930s, the foyer was remodelled in the then popular Art Deco style.

The cinema was operated as part of the Kerridge-Odeon chain of cinemas from the end of World War II until 1993. It was renamed as the St. James Theatre in 1952, undergoing major renovations at the same time, though parts of the earlier Moorish and Art Deco stylings were retained. In 1993 the cinema was closed, and was briefly operated as a nightclub and restaurant whilst a major overhaul was undertaken. The complex reopened as a three-screen multiplex (expanded to five then six in the second half of 2004) under its current name in 1998, at which time it became part of the Rialto Cinemas group. The new renovations by Walker Cinema Architects saw the restoration of much of the original interior including the starry ceiling in the main theatre, as well as the uncovering of several of the Moorish styled interior arches and wrought iron work.

The building is listed as a Category I historic place in the registry of the New Zealand Historic Places Trust. In the trust's registry it is noted for its elaborate interior features, and as a rare example of a surviving "atmospheric theatre". Several technological features or historic note are also listed. In its notes on its status as an Atmospheric Theatre, the trust indicate its "use of exotic historic architectural design themes to create the illusion of a romantic courtyard or amphitheatre, and... use of special concealed lighting effects to further the illusion... by creating a night sky effect on the ceiling of the auditorium. The illusion of the courtyard/amphitheatre was cleverly done by creating in plaster the design features of a pergola, such as classical or eastern columns with entablatures or architraves, and blind arcades, again in either classical or exotic eastern architectural forms.... [The structure includes] a ceiling of smooth plaster painted electric blue, and curved from behind the side walls without interruption or blemish. Onto this ceiling the illusion of a night sky was projected."

References

External links
Rialto Cinemas website

Cinemas in New Zealand
Theatres in Dunedin
Edmund Anscombe buildings
Heritage New Zealand Category 1 historic places in Otago
Atmospheric theatres
Theatres completed in 1916
1910s architecture in New Zealand
Central Dunedin

Rialto Cinema, Dunedin


The Daniel Boone Home is a historic site in Defiance, Missouri, United States. The house was built by Daniel Boone's youngest son Nathan Boone, who lived there with his family until they moved further south in 1837. The Boones had moved there from Kentucky in late 1799. Nathan later said, "In the summer of 1800, I erected a good substantial log house, and several years after that I replaced it with a commodious stone building. My father, Daniel Boone, built himself a shop and had a set of tools, and when at home he would make and repair traps and guns. In fact he did all the needed smith work for the family and sometimes for neighbors to oblige them. But after a few years he disposed of his tools." Daniel and his wife Rebecca lived primarily with their son Nathan from at least 1804 to 1813, and then for much of the time from late 1816 to his death in 1820.

Daniel's move to Nathan's place is recorded in an official document from 1806 to the Federal Land Commission concerning Daniel's original (and unsettled) land grant: "Colonel D. Boone states to the Board, that, on his arrival in Louisiana, he took up his residence, with his lady, at his son Daniel M. Boone's, in the said district of Femme Osage, and adjoining the lands he now claims; that they remained there until about two years ago, when he moved to a younger son's, Nathan Boone, where he now lives. It is proved that the said claimant is of the age of about seventy years, and his wife about sixty-eight."

Daniel did at times visit the Callaway family near Marthasville, MO (the family of his daughter Jemima), and did so in the summer of 1820. Nathan describes the final events of Daniel's life, "During the whole summer of 1820, he was at the Callaway's. … He had an attack of fever, not severe, and while recovering was exceedingly anxious to be taken to my house. … Finally I took him back in a carriage…He died on the morning of September 26, 1820, about sunrise—the fourteenth day after his arrival here."

The architecture of the home is Georgian style, and other various styles among the collection of 19th-century buildings that make up the adjacent Boonesfield Village.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. In May 2016, the site was donated by Lindenwood University to St. Charles County. It was renamed the Historic Daniel Boone Home at Lindenwood Park and is operated by the county's Parks and Recreation Department.

Park and tour hours
The park is open from 8:30 a.m. – 5 p.m. Monday–Saturday and 11:30 a.m. – 5 p.m. on Sunday. Guided tours are offered on the hour.

Winter hours
Dec. 16 – Feb. 28

During winter hours, the park is open to self-guiders, but guided tours are only available on the weekend from 8:30 a.m. – 5 p.m. on Saturday, and 11:30 a.m. – 5 p.m. on Sunday.

See also
List of the oldest buildings in Missouri

References

External links

 Official Website
 House Tour of Daniel Boone Home

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
Lindenwood University
Home
Houses in St. Charles County, Missouri
Museums in St. Charles County, Missouri
Historic house museums in Missouri
Open-air museums in Missouri
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
National Register of Historic Places in St. Charles County, Missouri
Parks in St. Charles County, Missouri
Tourist attractions in St. Louis
1973 establishments in Missouri
Buildings and structures in St. Charles County, Missouri

Daniel Boone Home


AC Kajaani was a football club from Kajaani, Finland. The club was formed in 2006 after the merger of FC Tarmo and Kajaanin Palloilijat (KaPa). Their home ground was Kajaanin Liikuntapuisto. The men's football first team last played in the Ykkönen (the second highest level of football in Finland).  The club dissolved in December 2020 following their relegation from the Ykkönen.

History
AC Kajaani was founded in 2006 by a merger of Kajaanin Palloilijat (KaPa -- "Kajaani Ballers") and FC Tarmo.  The newly merged club took over FC Tarmo's place in the Kolmonen—the fourth tier of the Finnish soccer league system—in the Northern Finland group.  Arvo Toivainen was the chairman of the club.  Only KaPa's adult men's team joined the new club; KaPa continued to operate their own youth clubs, with an affiliation with the new club.  However, KaPa would eventually cease its youth football operations, which would not restart until 2014.

In the club's first four seasons, the club managed to finish in second place on all four occasions, missing out on promotion by small margins each time, including on goal difference in 2009 to city rival Kajaanin Haka.

In 2011, AC Kajaani finally won its long awaited league title, earning promotion to the Kakkonen, in the Pohjoinen (Northern) group.  The season was special for AC Kajaani as they completed an undefeated season, finishing with a league record of 17 wins and one draw, while winning once and drawing once against JPS in a 5–2 aggregate victory in the playoffs.  Kajaani won the league title in its first year in the Kakkonen and defeated JäPS in the playoffs to earn a second straight promotion, to the Ykkönen, the second tier of the Finnish soccer league system.

In 2013, AC Kajaani endured a poor year in the Ykkönen, winning only three matches all season long, while earning a relegation back down to the Kakkonen.  Back in the Kakkonen, AC Kajaani finished third in three consecutive seasons.  A highlight from the 2016 season was AC Kajaani's deep run in the Suomen Cup, where they made it to the sixth round and hosted HJK, Finland's top football club, and took them to extra time, ultimately losing 5–1 in front of a club record 1,172 spectators.  In 2017, Kajaani won the league title for Group C and winning the promotion playoffs against KTP.

In 2018, AC Kajaani experienced its most successful season, finishing in 8th place with 25 points while winning six matches and remaining in the Ykkönen for the following season, a feat Kajaani would repeat in 2019 with another 8th place finish and 24 points.

In 2020, AC Kajaani renewed its partnership with KaPa Kajaani, who agreed to become the official youth team of AC Kajaani.  In exchange for the new partnership, AC Kajaani agreed to change its colours from white and black to KaPa's traditional colours of blue and white.

In 2020, Kajaani planned for a large push to make it to the Veikkausliiga and spent €274,819 on player wages, second in the league.  However, AC Kajaani's luck would run out when they were relegated on the final day of the season by Gnistan, despite winning their final match against KTP by a score of 4–1. Erfan Zeneli scored the club's final goal.

Following the 2020 season, chairman Arvo Toivainen announced that while the club was debt-free, he no longer had the ability to fund the club, having spent €1.7 million on the club thus far, including €250,000 in 2020 alone.  He required a further investment of €350,000 from AC Kajaani's business partners in order to get the club back up to the Ykkönen, and upon receiving commitments for only €100,000, the decision was made to fold the club and cease operations.  Following the fall of the club, criticism was made of the club's attempts to buy a quick path to success by importing foreign players, as opposed to investing in building up local talent; only Tatu Hoffrén was from Kajaani.

Honours
Kolmonen
Group Winners: 2011
Kakkonen
Group Winners: 2012, 2017
Source

Season to Season

5 seasons in Kolmonen
5 season in Kakkonen
4 season in Ykkönen

Final squad

Management and boardroom

Management

Boardroom

Records and Statistics
Michael Nzekwe holds the record for most league appearances for AC Kajaani with 142 appearances between 2010 and 2015.  During this time, Nzekwe also became the club's record goalscorer, with 100 goals.  The club's record attendance was 1,172, which occurred on April 21, 2016 in a cup match against HJK.

The club's highest finish in the Finnish football pyramid was 8th in the Ykkönen, which occurred twice, in 2018 and 2019.  The most goals AC Kajaani has scored in a season is 98, which occurred across 18 games in 2011 in the Kolmonen.  The 2011 season also set records for most wins (17), fewest defeats (0), highest goal differential (+87), and highest points per game (2.89).  The fewest goals allowed in one season is 10, in 2010.  The 2013 season was the club's worst season, when they set records for most losses (19), fewest wins (3), fewest points (14), fewest goals scored (27), most goals allowed (66), worst goal differential (-39), and tied the club record for lowest table position (10th, also occurred in 2020).  The most draws in one season was 11, which occurred in 2014.

The furthest the club ever got in the Suomen Cup was the sixth round, in 2016. The club's overall league record was 162 wins, 59 draws, and 99 losses, for a total of 545 points.  They scored 774 league goals, and allowed 412 goals, for an overall goal differential of +362.

References

External links
Official Website

Defunct football clubs in Finland
Kajaani
Association football clubs established in 2006
Association football clubs disestablished in 2020
2006 establishments in Finland
2020 disestablishments in Finland
Sport in Kainuu

AC Kajaani


Elena Congost Mohedano (born in Madrid 20 September 1987) is a T12/B2 track and field athlete from Spain. Born with a degenerative vision impairment, she is a teacher who lives in Barcelona, Spain.  She competed at the 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016 Summer Paralympics and won the marathon in 2016, placing second in the 1500 m in 2012.

Personal
Congost was born 20 September 1987 in Madrid, with a degenerative hereditary eye disease. Her vision started to deteriorate when she was in school. She is a teacher.

In 2008, she moved to Castelldefels, Barcelona, and was still living in the region in 2012. At the 2011 Castelldefels sports awards, she won the award for best female athlete with a disability. Living at the High Performance Centre (CAR) of San Cugat del Vallés in 2013, she shared a room with Mireia Belmonte. In 2013, she was awarded the silver Real Orden al Mérito Deportivo.

As of 2016, Congost has been a vegan for seven years for ethical, environmental and health reasons. She credits it for a significant improvement in her anemia, digestive problems and other ailments.

Athletics
Congost is T12/B2 type athlete. She is a member of ISS L'Hospitalet Atletisme, an athletic club in L'Hospitalet. At the 2002 IPC World Championship in France, Congost finished seventh in the F12 long jump. She had a pair of fifth-place finishes at the 2003 EPC European Athletics Championships in the 100 meter and long jump events. At the 2003 IBSA World Games Athletics in Quebec, she earned a silver medal in the 4×400 relay and a 5th place in the long jump.

Congost competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics and finished seventh in the 200 m race. At the 2006 World Athletics Championships, she placed fifth over 800 m. At the 2007 2n Míting Internacional per Atletes Discapacitats, she won a bronze medal in the 600 m event.

In 2008, Congost was affiliated with the Catalan region for national competitions. With a time of 2:24.53, she finished seventh at the Manresa hosted 2008 CT. España Clubes Primera División 2ª J. Titulo Mujeres MAN-TFE-TFE-DIP race. With a time of 2:27.28, she finished fifth at the Burgos hosted 2008 CT. España Clubes Primera División 1ª Jornada Mujeres ANT-MED-MAN-UOV race. With a time of 2:27.75, she finished fifth at the Collado Villalba hosted 2008 CT. España Clubes Primera Division 3ª J. Titulo Mujeres MAP-MAN-TFE-UOV race. She competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics, where she finished sixth in the 1500 meter race.  She also raced in the 800 meter race and finished 6 in the semifinal.

Congost competed at the 2011 IPC World Athletics Championships and earned a silver medal in the T12 1500 meter race.
At the 2011 IBSA World Games Athletics in São Paulo, she finished third in the 800 meter T12 event. In 2012, she was a recipient of a Plan ADO €20,000 scholarship with a €3,000 reserve. Prior to the start of the London Games, she trained with several other visually impaired Spanish track and field athletes in Logroño.

As a twenty-four-year-old, Congost at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, earning a silver medal in the 1500 meter race. Her silver medal was the first silver given out to a female track and field athlete at the London Games. In May 2013, she competed in the Spanish national championships, where she earned a gold medal in the 1500 meters. In July 2013, she participated in the 2013 IPC Athletics World Championships.

Notess

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
Spanish disabled athletes
Spanish female long-distance runners
Spanish female marathon runners
Paralympic athletes for Spain
Paralympic athletes (track and field) with a vision impairment
Paralympic gold medalists for Spain
Paralympic silver medalists for Spain
Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Plan ADOP alumni
Sportswomen from Catalonia
Athletes from Barcelona
Medalists at the World Para Athletics Championships
Spanish blind people

Elena Congost


Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (;  – 1 July 1876) was a Russian anarchist and revolutionary. He became an anarchist in the 1860s, and was one of the first people in the movement. Before that he was part of the left-wing of pan-Slavism. He is also known as the father of Russian nihilism.

History
Mikhail was born in the Russian Empire to a family of Russian nobles. As a young man he was a junior officer in the Russian army, but he quit his commission in 1835.  He went to school in Moscow to study philosophy and began to attend radical groups where he was greatly influenced by Alexander Herzen.  Bakunin left Russia in 1842 for Dresden, and eventually Paris where he met George Sand, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Karl Marx

He was eventually deported from France for speaking against Russia's oppression of Poland.  In 1849 he was arrested in Dresden for being involved in the Czech rebellion of 1848.  He was turned over to Russia where he was imprisoned in Peter-Paul Fortress in Saint Petersburg.  He remained there until 1857, when he was sent to a work camp in Siberia. He escaped to Japan, the U.S. and finally ended up in London for a short time, then Switzerland and Italy.

In 1868, Bakunin joined the socialist International Working Men's Association, a group of trade unions and workers' organizations. A disagreement with Marx, an important person in this organization, ended with Bakunin kicked out for having a "secret organisation within the International".

The bigger Bakuninist organization lasted longer than its small Marxist rival, which was only in New York. Bakunin promoted the basic ideas of syndicalism and of anarchism. From 1870 to 1876, Bakunin wrote some of his longer writings, such as Statism and Anarchy and God and the State.

The Paris Commune fitted many elements of Bakunin's anarchist programme – self-management, mandated delegates, a militia system with elected officers, and decentralisation. Even though he was old and sick, Bakunin also tried to join anarchists in Bologna, Italy, but was forced to return to Switzerland in disguise, where he lived in Lugano. He stayed active in the worker's and peasant's movements of Europe and he also influenced movements in Egypt and Latin America.

Bibliography

 Bakunin on anarchism / edited, translated and with an introduction by Sam Dolgoff Mikhail Bakunin Reference Archive; preface by Paul Avrich.—New York : Knopf, originally published in 1971 as Bakunin on anarchy. Includes James Guillaume's Bakunin—A Biographical Sketch.Michael Bakunin by James Guillaume
 Michael Bakunin: Selected Writings, ed. A. Lehning. New York: Grove Press, 1974
 Statism and Anarchy, Cambridge University Press 1991
 No Gods No Masters: An Anthology of Anarchism by Daniel Guérin
 Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas, Volume 1: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300CE-1939), ed. Robert Graham
 The Political Philosophy of Bakunin edited by G. P. Maximoff, including "Mikhail Bakunin—a Biographical Sketch" by Max Nettlau
 The Basic Bakunin: Writings 1869-1871, ed. Robert M. Cutler (New York: Prometheus Books, 1992)

Related pages
 Nechaev

Other websites

 Bakunin archive at Anarchy Archives
 Bakunin Biography at Flag Blackened
 Writings of Bakunin at Marxist Internet Archive
 A biography by James Guillaume

References

1814 births
1876 deaths
19th-century philosophers
Anarchist communists
Russian atheists
Freemasons
Russian political scientists
Russian political writers
Russian nobility
Russian philosophers
Russian politicians

Mikhail Bakunin


Clinton Downtown Historic District is a national historic district located at Clinton, Vermillion County, Indiana.  The district encompasses 46 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 1 contributing object in the central business district of Clinton.  It developed between about 1880 and 1935 and includes representative examples of Italianate, Romanesque Revival, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. Notable contributing resources include the C. & E. I Passenger Station (c. 1910), Bogart Park and Claude Matthews bust / memorial, Scott-Martin Block (1907), H.H. Wisehart Building (1915), Mark W. Lyday Building (c. 1910), Ford Agency Building (c. 1910), and C. & E. I Freight Depot (1912).

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

References

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Italianate architecture in Indiana
Romanesque Revival architecture in Indiana
Bungalow architecture in Indiana
Buildings and structures in Vermillion County, Indiana
National Register of Historic Places in Vermillion County, Indiana

Clinton Downtown Historic District (Clinton, Indiana)


Churchill China PLC () is a British pottery manufacturer based in Stoke-on-Trent in the United Kingdom.

History of the company
Churchill China can trace its origins back to 1795 and the foundation of its first factory in what later became Stoke-on-Trent in Staffordshire, England. As a manufacturer of the finest ceramic tableware.

The company markets products for both the hospitality and retail markets, exporting to countries across the world. In hospitality it is known and respected for the product and strength and durability. Design is at the core of the business and the company continues to bring out new and inspired design for chefs, restaurants, hotels and other horeca establishments. Some of which have won awards. Along with the base in Stoke-on-Trent, Churchill has showrooms in London and Madrid.

In April 2019 Churchill purchased the right to competitor Dudson's brand name and rights to its two most popular ranges - Harvest and Evo

On the retail Churchill has a longstanding reputation for working with licensed partners which over the years has included; Jeff Banks, Jamie Oliver, Cath Kidston, Disney, Royal Horticultural Society, as well as supporting some younger brand design-led niche brands. It also has two other English brands within the portfolio, Queens and James Sadler. Queens which originally was known for its English bone china but now is a modern eclectic collection based on consumer trend, whilst James Sadler and Sons Ltd, best known for its teapots, was established in 1882. It is perhaps best known globally though for its Blue Willow collection which is its oldest pattern and most collectible.

References

Companies based in Stoke-on-Trent
British companies established in 1795
Staffordshire pottery
1795 establishments in England
Ceramics manufacturers of England

Churchill China


Greek Radical Movement (Greek: Ελληνικό Ριζοσπαστικό Κίνημα) was a Greek political party founded by Antonis Tritsis on May 19, 1989. It continued to exist until April 1992.

Antonis Tritsis left the Panhellenic Socialist Movement because of the George Koskotas scandal. In the 1989 June elections the party was received 4,162 votes and gained 0.1%. In the European election of 1989 the party gained 0.62%.

The next year, in the local elections of 1990, Antonis Tritsis decided to run for the Municipality of Athens. He send a letter to the leaders of all political parties and asked their support. On October 14, 1990, Tritsis elected Mayor of Athens as the leader of a coalition between New Democracy and Greek Radical Movement.

Antonis Tritsis died after a stroke in April 1992. After his death the party was dissolved.

Political parties established in 1989
Defunct political parties in Greece

Greek Radical Movement


Warner Bros. Television Studios UK (formerly Shed Media Group and later Warner Bros. Television Productions UK) is a British creator and distributor of television content. The Group produces long-running television brands in drama, factual, documentary, factual entertainment, and history.

Established in 1998 as Shed Productions, the company floated on AIM (Alternative Investment Market) in March 2005. The group has grown significantly since flotation and to date, five award-winning media companies: Ricochet, Twenty Twenty Television, Wall to Wall Media, and Outright Distribution have all joined the group. In 2010, it was bought by Time Warner.

Company history
Shed was established in 1998, specialising in producing long-running returnable drama including Waterloo Road, Bad Girls and Footballers' Wives. In March 2005, the company listed on AIM (Alternative Investment Market).

In November 2005, Shed acquired Ricochet, a leading production company specialising in factual entertainment. Ricochet created and produces global brand Supernanny. Other programmes include: Extreme Dreams, It's Me or the Dog, Breaking into Tesco and Blood, Sweat and T-shirts.

Shed acquired Outright Distribution (formerly Screentime Partners) in September 2006. The acquisition was a strategic move in order to maximise exploitation of the Group's IP through its own in-house distribution company, whilst growing third-party business.

In September 2007, Shed continued acquired BAFTA award-winning independent Twenty Twenty. Brands include: The Choir, That'll Teach 'Em, Brat Camp, Evacuation, and The Sorcerer's Apprentice.

Shed acquired Wall to Wall in November 2007. A multiple BAFTA winner, Wall to Wall produces long-running brands including BBC One's Who Do You Think You Are? and New Tricks. Reality dramas include: 1940's House and Frontier House. Docu-dramas include: The Day Britain Stopped and Filth: The Mary Whitehouse Story.

In 2008, Wall to Wall's Man on Wire won an Academy Award Oscar in the best Documentary Feature category.

On 5 August 2010, Warner Bros. Television secured a 55.75% stake in Shed Media. Warner Bros. completed its acquisition of a majority stake in Shed Media on 14 October. Under the deal, Shed Media will remain an independent company, but its global distribution arm, Outright Distribution, would be folded into the Warner's UK operation. The Shed management team held on to a 21.37% shareholding, with the remaining stake being split between a group of 27 key staff members.

Time Warner acquired 100% of Shed and renamed the group Warner Bros. Television Productions UK in June 2014. As of 2015 the name was completely phased out and all companies got completely integrated with new websites, however Shed Productions and Watershed became defunct with no new websites, little mentioning or integration.

Awards
Shed Media was nominated for Float of the Year in 2005 and won Deal of the Year 2006 in the Quoted Company Awards for its acquisition of Ricochet. Several of Shed's programmes have won BAFTA, RTS, Rose D'Or and National Television Awards.

References

External links

Warner Bros.
Companies based in the London Borough of Camden
British companies established in 1998
Mass media companies established in 1998
Television production companies of the United Kingdom
British subsidiaries of foreign companies
2010 mergers and acquisitions

Warner Bros. Television Studios UK


Peter Neville is a former Australian rules footballer who was a prolific goalkicker with Mordialloc in the Victorian Football Association (VFA) in the 1970s and 1980s.

Neville played his junior football for the Sandringham Thirds in the Victorian Football Association thirds competition; quickly establishing himself as a quality full forward, Neville kicked 122 goals for the thirds in the 1973 season. He played one senior game for Sandringham in 1975, kicking 2.4 against Geelong West, but could not gain regular selection; at the time, the Sandringham senior team was already well served by full-forward Ian Cooper.

At the end of 1975, Neville was cleared to the neighbouring Mordialloc Football Club, then playing in Division 2, and Neville immediately became its permanent full forward. In 1976, his first full season of senior football, Neville was the leading goalkicker in Division 2, kicking 134 goals. In 1977, he was part of Mordialloc's Division 2 premiership team, and kicked eight goals in the Grand Final. In 1979, he won the Division 2 goalkicking title for the second time with 132 goals, and 95 goals saw him placed third in 1980.

Neville left Mordialloc in 1981, playing for Templestowe in the Diamond Valley Football League and Maffra in the Latrobe Valley Football League, before returning to Mordialloc in mid-1982. He was Division 2's leading goalkicker for the third time in 1983, kicking 135 goals. He left the club again in 1984, then returned in 1985, but retired after only two games after suffering an arm injury.

Across his VFA career, Neville kicked 725 goals from only 127 games. He kicked an average of 5.70 goals per game, which is a record among VFA players with 600 or more career goals. His 723 goals for Mordialloc was a club record.

Neville also played turf cricket for Hampton for more than forty years, where he was a four-time club champion and is a life member.

References

Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Sandringham Football Club players
Mordialloc Football Club players
Maffra Football Club players
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Peter Neville


Cringleford is a civil parish and village in the English county of Norfolk. The village sits on the River Yare and forms part of the outskirts of Norwich.

History
Cringleford's name is of mixed Viking and Anglo-Saxon origin and derives from an amalgamation of the Old English and Old Norse for a circular ford over the River Yare.

In the Domesday Book, Cringleford is listed as a settlement of 25 households located in the hundred of Humbleyard. In 1086, the village was divided between the estates of Odo of Bayeux, Alan of Brittany and Roger Bigod.

Geography
According to the 2011 Census, Cringleford has a population of 2,963 residents living in 1,275 households.

Cringleford falls within the constituency of South Norfolk and is represented at Parliament by Richard Bacon MP of the Conservative Party.

St. Peter's Church
Cringleford's parish church is of Norman origin and is dedicated to Saint Peter. The tower was significantly remodelled in the Fourteenth Century with a further aisle being added in the late Nineteenth Century. The stained glass was installed in the early Twentieth Century by Lavers, Barraud and Westlake with a further depiction of Saint Andrew completed by Herbert Bryans.

Amenities
The majority of local children attend Cringleford Church of England Primary School which was recently extensively refurbished and extended. In 2017, Cringleford Primary was rated by Ofsted as 'Outstanding.'

Sports
Cringleford Lodge Cricket Club was founded in 2000 after the merger of Cringleford C.C. and Earlham Lodge C.C.

Cringleford Junior Football Club was founded in 2005 and is open to Children between ages 5 and 17.

War Memorial
Cringleford's war memorial takes the form of a carved wooden plaque located inside St. Peter's Church. It lists the following names for the First World War:
 Captain Kenneth N. W. Gibson (1888-1918), 32nd Battery, Royal Field Artillery
 Lieutenant Norman Ayris (1891-1915), 98th (Field) Company, Royal Engineers
 Private John Thrower (d.1916), 11th Battalion, Durham Light Infantry
 Private William Shorten (1880-1916), 25th (Nova Scotia Rifles) Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force
 Private Arthur E. Denmark (1882-1914), 1st Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 Private Ernest Elsey (d.1915), 9th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 Boy-Second Class Henry P. Fickling (1901-1918), HMS Powerful
 Harold Bloomfield
 William Broom
 Leslie Bryant
 John Moore
 Charles Smith

And, the following for the Second World War:
 Lieutenant-Commander Stanley L. Garrett (1905-1942), HMS Anking
 Captain Maurice P. Gaymer (1916-1942), 4th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 Flight-Lieutenant Cyril D. G. Garland (1904-1942), No. 80 Squadron RAF
 Corporal William A. C. Bond (1919-1944), No. 614 Squadron RAF
 Lance-Corporal Percy H. J. Clark (d.1941), Royal Pioneer Corps

St. Peter's Church is also home to a second wooden plaque with a Roll of Honour listing the men of Cringleford who fought and returned from the First World War.

Notes

References

External links

Villages in Norfolk
Civil parishes in Norfolk

Cringleford


Sok Chenda Sophea (; born 27 April 1956 in Phnom Penh, is a Cambodian economist and politician who is the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs. He was previously Minister attached to the Prime Minister who also served as the Secretary General of the Council for the Development of Cambodia (CDC).

Professional career
Prior to being appointed as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (MFAIC), on August 22, 2023, Sok Chenda Sophea held the position of Minister Attached to the Prime Minister (OCM), concurrently serving as the Secretary General of the CDC. During this extensive period, he played a pivotal role in guiding the country's development policies and coordinating efforts aimed at enhancing Cambodia's socio-economic landscape.

From 1997 to 2008, Sok Chenda Sophea demonstrated exemplary leadership as the Secretary General of the Council for the Development of Cambodia (CDC), contributing significantly to the formulation and implementation of key developmental strategies.

Earlier in his career, from 1993 to 1997, Sok Chenda Sophea served as the Under Secretary of State at the Ministry of Tourism (MOT), contributing to the growth and promotion of Cambodia's tourism sector during a critical phase of development. Throughout his professional journey, Sok Chenda Sophea has consistently displayed a commitment to public service and a steadfast dedication to advancing Cambodia's growth and progress in various capacities within the government. Notably, Chenda Sophea Sok's academic foundation was meticulously laid at the Faculty of Economic Sciences in Aix en Provence, France, reflecting his unwavering dedication to continual learning and personal development.

Sok Chenda Sophea's journey in leadership began in September 1997 when he assumed the role of Secretary General of the Council for the Development of Cambodia (CDC), a vital agency under the Royal Government of Cambodia. This agency is entrusted with the pivotal tasks of rehabilitation, development, and the oversight of investment activities. At the helm of the CDC stands Samdech Techo Hun Sen, the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Cambodia, serving as its Chairman.

Within the CDC's framework, Sok Chenda Sophea oversees three executive boards. The Cambodian Rehabilitation and Development Board (CRDB) is under his purview, responsible for orchestrating public investments and harmonizing international assistance efforts. The Cambodian Investment Board (CIB) operates under his guidance, focusing on facilitating private investments. Additionally, Chenda Sophea Sok steers the Cambodian Special Economic Zones Board (CSEZB), a crucial entity dedicated to promoting and supporting Special Economic Zones.

Chenda Sophea Sok's influence extends beyond his pivotal role at the CDC. His commitment to public service and dedication to Cambodia's growth is palpable through a distinguished career path.

References

1956 births
Living people
20th-century Cambodian politicians
21st-century Cambodian politicians
Cambodian expatriates in France
Government ministers of Cambodia
Foreign ministers of Cambodia
Cambodian People's Party politicians
University of Provence alumni

Sok Chenda Sophea


Prison Song is a 2001 American film directed by Darnell Martin. A prison film, its plot concerns a boy brought up in group homes who has a gift and passion for art. It also marked the film debut of future Oscar-nominated Mary J. Blige as an actress.

Plot

The film centers around 10-year-old intelligent Elijah Butler (Justin 'DJ' Spaulding) living in New York. His mother (Mary J. Blige) is a hard-working woman who has spent the last several years attending night school – with the eventual goal of becoming a lawyer. Given that she is from a lower-class area, she is having a tough time finding employment as a legal secretary. Her fiancé, Cee (Harold Perrineau), a photographer and supporter of the family, has a genuine bond with Elijah. Later, Cee is incarcerated after assaulting an officer who began harassing him on a street corner for taking pictures of passing pedestrians. He ends up serving twenty-five to life term for having three consecutive charges.

Later that night, Elijah and his best friend, Thomas Wilson (Dominique Walters), find themselves incarcerated at a juvenile correctional facility for playing a prank on a police officer with a laser pointer. When Elijah's mother comes to get him and is told he could not be released, Elijah is taken from her with both trying their best to get to one another. She assaults an officer by stabbing him with a pen and then is taken to a mental institution. The officer she assaulted tried to stop her when she tries to take Elijah out of the facility. Elijah has one visit with his mother, who is unaware of her surroundings due to obvious medication given from the facility. Elijah eventually is released from the juvenile facility and put in a foster home.

The film picks up years later, and Elijah (Q-Tip) is now a sensitive adult with dreams of becoming an artist with the support of his girlfriend Jolie (Denee Rivera). He is offered a spot at a prestigious art school under scholarship, but it gets taken away and is now unable to afford the tuition. Much to the chagrin of Cee who Elijah still sees through prison visits, Elijah considers a foray into the world of drug dealing. Though he eventually decides against that route, he winds up in jail for accidentally killing one of his foster brothers Big Pete (Fat Joe) by pushing him on to the subway tracks during an altercation. Elijah is then found guilty of second-degree murder and sentenced to fifteen years to life.

When he gets to jail, he is reunited with Thomas (Eric McCollum). Having a hard time adapting to prison life, Elijah takes an art class and paints works of art that impresses his fellow prisoners; however, due to funds, the art class is discontinued, much to his dismay. The prisoners are then subjected to hard labor on an abandoned building. Elijah then stages an uprising by setting fire to the building, which puts him in solitary confinement. Life for the prisoners gets worse when the officers take away the water, gym, physical education and classes, which sends Elijah to his breaking and he decides to break out.

Elijah concocts a plan to break out of prison and enlists the help of Thomas, his cellmate Harris (Danny Hoch), KT (Clay Da Raider), Brown (Bobbito Garcia), and Jay (Hassan Johnson), who works as an electrician in the jail. Before the group proceeds with the plan, Harris bails out at the last minute. The group uses a ladder to break through the window and press a button that opens the gate. As the group makes their way to a police car, Jay stabs Thomas multiple times in the back with a screwdriver as revenge. (Earlier in the film, Thomas stole toilet paper from Jay and he tried to stab Thomas, who turned the tables on him and slit his mouth and sent him to protective custody.) Elijah goes back to save Thomas, who ends up dying in his arms. He ends up getting stuck in between a four-wall fence while holding an officer hostage and is then killed by a shotgun blast to the chest.

Sometime later, Elijah's artwork of people he drew during his time in prison ends up at an art gallery, with visitors looking at each one. The camera then zooms in on a painting of Elijah and Thomas as kids as the film ends.

Cast
Q-Tip - Elijah Dixon Butler
Justin "DJ JUS" Spaulding - young Elijah
Mary J. Blige - Mrs. Butler
Harold Perrineau - Uncle Cee
Denee Rivera - Jolie
Eric McCollum - Thomas Wilson
Dominique Walters - young Thomas
Fat Joe - Big Pete
N.O.R.E. - Big Ski
Brian A. Wilson - Prison C.O.
Snow - Officer McIntyre
Danny Hoch - Harris
Mateo Gómez - Mr. Gonzalez
Hassan Johnson - Jay
Clay Da Raider - KT
Bobbito Garcia - Brown

Production
On the basis of his appearances on The Howard Stern Show, Insane Clown Posse member Joseph Bruce was offered a role as a bigoted prison guard.  He was described by the producers as "a big white dude with urban slang to his voice." Bruce turned the role down because he did not want to play a racist.

References

External links

2001 films
American prison films
Hood films
Films directed by Darnell Martin
Films produced by Robert De Niro
2001 drama films
New Line Cinema films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Prison Song (film)


Marc Augé (2 September 1935 – 24 July 2023) was a French anthropologist.

In an essay and book of the same title, Non-Places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity (1995), Augé coined the phrase "non-place" to refer to spaces where concerns of relations, history, and identity are erased. Examples of a non-place would be a motorway, a hotel room, an airport or a supermarket.

Career
Marc Augé's career can be divided into three stages, reflecting shifts in both his geographical focus and theoretical development: early (African), middle (European), and late (Global). These successive stages do not involve a broadening of interest or focus as such, but rather the development of a theoretical apparatus able to meet the demands of the growing conviction that the local can no longer be understood except as a part of the complicated global whole.

First stage
Augé's career began with a series of extended field trips to West Africa, where he researched the Alladian peoples situated on the edge of a large lagoon, west of Abidjan on the Ivory Coast. The culmination of this endeavour is the masterly Le Rivage alladian: Organisation et évolution des villages alladian (1969) [The Alladian Riparian Peoples: Organisation and Evolution of Alladian Villages]. The sequel, Théorie des pouvoirs et Idéologie: Études de cas en Côte d'Ivoire (1975) [Theory of Powers and Ideology: Case Study of the Ivory Coast], followed a series of three further field excursions to the Ivory Coast between 1968 and 1971. Augé coined the term ideo-logic to describe his research object, which he defined as the inner logic of the representations a society makes of itself to itself. A third and final instalment in this series of studies of the Alladian peoples was added in 1977, Pouvoirs de vie, Pouvoirs de mort [Powers of Life, Powers of Death].

Second stage
The second or European stage, consists of a sequence of three interrelated books: La Traversée du Luxembourg (1985) [Traversing Luxembourg Gardens]; Un ethnologue dans le métro (1986); trs. as In the Metro (2002); and Domaines et Châteaux (1989) [Homes and Palaces]. In this period of his career, Augé took the novel approach of applying methods developed in the course of fieldwork in Africa to his local Parisian context. Augé focused on four key aspects of contemporary Parisian society: (i) the paradoxical increase in the intensity of solitude brought about by the expansion of communications technologies; (ii) the strange recognition that the other is also an 'I'; (iii) the non-place, the ambivalent space that has none of the familiar attributes of place - for instance, it incites no sense of belonging; (iv) the oblivion and aberration of memory. The work in this period emphasises the anthropologist's own experience in a way that neither the earlier nor later work does. Augé did this by comparing his own impressions of these places with those produced by some of French literature's greatest writers. What this comparison illustrates is the apparent insuperability of the gap between language and experience. Yet it is that very gap, he argued, that his anthropology must be able to close if it is to be of continuing relevance in contemporary society.

Third stage

The third or global stage yielded four books: Non-Lieux, Introduction à une anthropologie de la surmodernité (1992); trs. as Non-Places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity (1995); Le Sens des autres: Actualité de l'anthropologie (1994); trs. as A Sense for the Other: The Timeliness and Relevance of Anthropology (1998); Pour une anthropologie des mondes contemporains (1994); trs. as An Anthropology for Contemporaneous Worlds (1998); and La Guerre des rêves: exercises d'ethno-fiction (1997); trs. as The War of Dreams: Exercises in Ethno-Fiction (1999). Taken together these works comprise an extended meditation on the disparity between observations made in the course of anthropological fieldwork in the first and the second stages of his career. It is at least partially the result of Augé's travels—for instance, his concept of the non-place refers to those spaces one typically encounters when travelling such as airports, bus terminals, hotels and so on, which one often only remembers in very generic terms. Ultimately, his aim is to theorise globalisation as it is lived in properly global terms; it is also an attempt to reinvigorate the discipline of anthropology as a whole. To that end he deploys a number of novel writing techniques, describing the synthetic results as "ethno-novels".

Reception
Much of Augé's writing considers globalization, and his work on global modernism has contributed to investigations of the concept of mobility. He explored the philosophical potential of an anthropology of "non-places" like airports and motorways that are characterized by constant transition and temporality. Both Peter Merriman and Bruno Latour criticized Augé's book Un Ethnologue dans le Métro for failing to examine the hidden complexities of the Paris métro, such as its drivers and engineers, the role of the State, and management of passenger movements and transactions. Latour said Augé had "limited himself to studying the most superficial aspects of the métro".

Regarding globalization and its influence on art, as critics and art theorists have pointed out, Augé's thought is frequently cited in essays, articles, and books in this century, whose authors allude to the concept of non-places as a vivid and evident influence on the work of contemporary visual artists.

Personal life and death
Marc Augé was born in Poitiers on 2 September 1935. He died on 24 July 2023, at the age of 87.

Selected works
Non-Places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity. (1995)
In the Metro. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002.
Oblivion. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004.
The Future. London and New York: Verso, 2015.
Everyone Dies Young: Time Without Age. New York: Columbia University Press, 2016.

See also
Hypermodernity
Non-place

Notes

External links
Interview with Marc Auge in Barcelona Metropolis Magazine, Autumn, 2009.

1935 births
2023 deaths
French geographers
Lycée Montaigne (Paris) alumni
Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni
École Normale Supérieure alumni
Academic staff of the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences
Officers of the Legion of Honour
People from Poitiers
20th-century French anthropologists
20th-century geographers
21st-century French anthropologists
21st-century geologists

Marc Augé


Valeggio sul Mincio () is a  (municipality) in the Province of Verona in the Italian region Veneto, located about  west of Venice and about  southwest of Verona. It is crossed by the Mincio river. Its frazione of Borghetto is a member of the I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy") association.

The economy is mostly based on agriculture, with some craftwork and industrial production. Valeggio sul Mincio borders the following municipalities: Castelnuovo del Garda, Marmirolo, Monzambano, Mozzecane, Peschiera del Garda, Ponti sul Mincio, Roverbella, Sommacampagna, Sona, Villafranca di Verona, and Volta Mantovana.

History
Archaeological excavations in the Mincio valley include a Bronze Age settlement, some tombs dating to the Iron Age and some findings associated with the Etruscan civilization. During the work of river channelling in 1955–56 at Isolone della Prevaldesca (an area near Valeggio) a pile-dwelling settlement came to light which led to the collection of 16,000 finds; some tombs and other finds dating to the Iron Age were found in Borghetto (in 1933 a metallic urn dating to the First Iron Age was found) and some finds associated with the Etruscan civilization (ornaments and jewellery were found in the Mincio Valley). A large Celtic necropolis, found in 1984 still partly buried under the current town, would prove the presence of that people from the 4th century BCE and the 1st century CE. In the necropolis were also discovered finds and marble funeral monuments from Roman times, as well as traces of traffic connections linking the ford on the river to consular roads.

The creation of the villages of Valeggio and Borghetto dates to the Lombard rule in Northern Italy because their names derive from 'flat place' and 'fortified settlement' respectively. The monastery of Santa Maria was founded here, on the banks of the Mincio, in the 12th century; later it was a priory of the Knights Templar. The large medieval fortifications which characterize Valeggio (Scaliger castle, the Visconti Bridge and the Serraglio defensive line) were built between the 13th and the 14th centuries. In 1405 Valeggio became part of the Republic of Venice, and subsequently lost its strategic role, becoming an agricultural center and a silkworms trading market.

After the fall of the Republic of Venice in 1797, Valeggio was included in the Cisalpine Republic. Later it was part of the Italian Republic (1802-1805) and then of the Kingdom of Italy. With Napoleon's fall, the Congress of Vienna established the entrance of Valeggio in the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, an Austrian Empire dependence. During the Italian Unification (the 'Risorgimento'), the town was a protagonist of the battles of the First, Second and Third Italian War of Independence, which led to the creation of the newly unified Kingdom of Italy.

In World War II, on 14 February 1944, an American aircraft B-17 fell during a dogfight in the locality of Vanoni-Remelli, causing the death of pilot Harold Arthur Bond Jr. and a civilian who was working in the fields near a water canal. Monte Borghetto, on 4 December 1944, was bombarded. The true aim for the attack was the Visconti Bridge.

Main sights
Borghetto, a  frazione with the  Ponte Visconteo ("Visconti Bridge"), a fortified dam built in 1393 by Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan. The bridge is 650 m long and 25 m wide. It was connected to the nearby Scaliger Castle by two tall merloned walls, and integrated in the fortified complex known as Serraglio which extended for c. 16 km in the Veronese plain up to Nogarole Rocca.
Villa Maffei Sigurtà, built in 1690.
Tortellini were created in Valeggio sul Mincio.
San Pietro In Cattedra: neoclassical church.

Gallery

Twin towns
 Ichenhausen, Germany
 St. Johann in Tirol, Austria

References

External links

 Official website

Cities and towns in Veneto
Bridges in Italy
Castles in Italy
Borghi più belli d'Italia

Valeggio sul Mincio


Raasiku is a borough () in Raasiku Parish, Harju County, Estonia, with a population of 1,372 (2020). Although situated in a parish with the same name, Raasiku is not the official administrative centre of the municipality (which is Aruküla, located some kilometres or one railway station closer to Tallinn). The settlement started to grow in the 19th century around the railway station. The Raasiku manor (first mentioned in 1497) was established on the grounds of the earlier Kaemla (Keamol) village and in the middle ages it belonged to Padise Abbey.

There is a primary school (since 1717), community centre, library, health care centre, pharmacy, kindergarten and three grocery stores in Raasiku. Also, some industrial manufacturers operate there: AS Mistra-Autex produces car carpets and wall finishing materials; AS Raasiku Elekter makes electrical equipment and metal products.

Harju-Jaani John the Baptist Lutheran Church is in Raasiku. The current church building was built in 1863, but there are preserved foundations of the old chapel. There is the churchyard, the old and the new cemetery and a manor park.

Transport

Raasiku is split by the Tallinn-Tapa railway. The railway station was opened in 1870. In Soviet times a building for the goods station and signalling control was built. The old wooden passenger station was demolished in 2000, but the ancillary buildings and water tower have been preserved. All suburban trains stop there and also trains heading in the direction of Tartu and Narva (except for express trains). A ride to Tallinn takes about 35 minutes (30 minutes with the express suburban train).

Raasiku also has a bus connection to Tallinn (generally much slower than the train due to the length of the lines and a large number of stops). There are four bus stops in Raasiku.

The Jägala–Aruvalla road passes through Raasiku and local roads to Kostivere, Kehra, Anija and Aruaru emerge from it.

Sports
There's a football club Raasiku FC Joker based in Raasiku, currently playing in the Estonian fourth division II liiga.
2018 opened Raasiku Sports Centre, located Kooli 1

Notable people
Tõnu Õim (born 1941), the double world champion of correspondence chess, was born in Raasiku.

References

Boroughs and small boroughs in Estonia
Kreis Harrien
Holocaust locations in Estonia

de:Raasiku

Raasiku


An auto mechanic is a mechanic that works with cars, car parts, and special car changes that make the car work differently called modifications. Auto mechanics can either know all about all the different parts that let the car work, or they can specialize in one specific kind of part or car. People go to auto mechanics for many reasons: They might need to get a new car part, they might need to find out what is wrong with their car, or they might want to add something new to the car to make it better. Auto mechanics almost always work in places called garages, that are made for the work that auto mechanics do.

What diagnostic scanner do auto mechanic use?

When a vehicle detects a problem, it generates a DTC code which is a unique code that corresponds to the specific problem detected. The code is usually a combination of letters and numbers. DTC codes are read by a diagnostic tool, such as an OBD-II scanner, which is plugged into the vehicle's diagnostic port. for more click here

Industrial occupations

Auto mechanic


Harlequin Valentine is a bloody and romantic short story (1999) and graphic novel (2001) based on the old  Commedia dell'arte and Harlequinade pantomime.

Both the short story and the graphic novel were written by Neil Gaiman. The latter was drawn by John Bolton, and published by Dark Horse Books.  The short story has been republished in Fragile Things.

Overview

The story takes place on February 14 with the harlequin giving Missy his heart, literally, by nailing it to her door.  The story follows the unflappable Missy as she tries to discover who gave her this gift, and what she does with it.  The merry harlequin follows her the whole time, wondering what this Columbina, as he calls his various loves he has given his heart to, will do with it.  True to his classic trickster ways, in the same vein as Puck, he's constantly meddling with other people's lives and causing mischief as he goes, which often get blamed on Pierrot. The story concludes with Missy eating the raw heart (with a side of hash browns and ketchup) at a diner; she is transformed into a new harlequin, while the old harlequin is transformed into a kitchen helper named Pete, who has no memories of ever being the harlequin.

The story includes many of the classic characters from the Harlequinade in modern forms.  Most obviously is Harlequin and his sought-after love Columbina, who is named Missy in this modern version.  Pantaloon, the third person in the love triangle, also exists here in full.

The artwork is a mixture of digitally enhanced photographs overlaid with painting.  This serves the story very well as the fantastic Harlequin follows and interacts with the sensible Missy in her normal world.  The backgrounds are made very drab, compared to the colorful characters which almost vibrate on top of them.

At the back of the book is Gaiman's essay, "Notes on a Harlequinade," which tells us a little about the old harlequin stories of the Italian Commedia dell'arte and the English Harlequinade.

Stage adaptation

A stage adaptation of this graphic novel has been produced by Metatron's Men () group made of members of Śląski Klub Fantastyki (Polish: Silesian Science Fiction Club), starring Jakub Ćwiek as the harlequin and Klaudia Heintze as Missy.

See also

The Tragical Comedy or Comical Tragedy of Mr. Punch by Gaiman, another old pantomime rewritten for modern times.

External links
A Rare Gift: Harlequin Valentine by Neil Gaiman and John Bolton - review by Erin Donahoe
Harlequin Valentine  - review by Mary Harvey

Comics by Neil Gaiman
2001 graphic novels
Dark Horse Comics graphic novels
Fantasy short stories
Comics based on fiction
Short stories by Neil Gaiman
1999 short stories

Harlequin Valentine


WTWC-TV (channel 40) is a television station in Tallahassee, Florida, United States, affiliated with NBC and Fox. Owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group, the station maintains studios on Deerlake South in unincorporated Leon County, Florida, northwest of Bradfordville (with a Tallahassee postal address), and its transmitter is located in unincorporated Thomas County, Georgia, southeast of Metcalf, along the Florida state line.

Sinclair also provides some engineering functions for Bainbridge, Georgia–licensed Heroes & Icons outlet WTLH, channel 49 (owned by New Age Media) and CW affiliate WTLF, channel 24 (owned by MPS Media and operated by New Age Media under a local marketing agreement (LMA)). WTLF and WTLH share separate facilities on Commerce Boulevard in Midway, Florida; master control and some internal operations for the two stations are based at WTWC-TV's studios.

WTWC-TV was the third commercial television station built in Tallahassee, debuting in April 1983. Technical and financial battles dominated its first 13 years on air, including a malfunction with the station's tower that contributed to a four-year-long bankruptcy proceeding in the 1990s. It has made two attempts at producing local newscasts, neither of which lasted more than a few years. In 2015, the Fox affiliation moved from WTLH to a subchannel of WTWC-TV, still called "Fox 49". The Fox subchannel has newscasts produced by the region's CBS affiliate, WCTV.

History

Construction and financial woes
Vencap Communications of Chattanooga, Tennessee, made an application in August 1980 to build a new television station on channel 40 in Tallahassee, which would be the region's third commercial outlet. Their bid attracted three competitors: JGM, Inc. and Holt-Robinson Television, which both proposed commercial independent stations, as well as Octagon Corporation, proposing a rebroadcaster of its WMBB-TV, then the NBC affiliate in Panama City.

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) selected Holt-Robinson in early 1982. The company obtained an affiliation with NBC; after weather foiled a scheduled October startup, Holt-Robinson planned a launch date of January 30, 1983, coinciding with NBC's telecast of Super Bowl XVII. However, that plan was dashed during construction of the station's tower. In designing the  mast, the contractor failed to account for the construction crane necessary to hoist the  antenna into place, and the tower twisted when the antenna was being mounted. To fix the damage, the top  of the tower had to be replaced.

This work was completed by April, and WTWC-TV finally made its debut on April 21, 1983, using a temporary antenna. For the first time since 1957, NBC had an affiliate in Tallahassee, where viewers had previously depended on WMBB (later WJHG) and WALB-TV in Albany, Georgia. Holt-Robinson then sued the tower manufacturer for defective work and commissioned a new tower  away. The tower problems were later credited by Holt-Robinson as having prevented it from going forward with plans to build a second station in Marshall, Texas.

Holt-Robinson's financial condition was tested during its time running WTWC-TV. The station faced a steep uphill climb against a dominant WCTV, the only commercial VHF station in the market, and WECA-TV channel 27, the ABC outlet. In 1986, the company had to agree to payment plans with a group of 11 program syndicators and faced trouble finding lenders, though the firm was able to refinance. There were other problems, most notably in 1988 when the FCC ordered the station to provide reports on its affirmative action program. The station's condition was such that its call letters were said to mean "We're Tallahassee's Worst Channel".

In a sign of what was to come, in August 1991, Paramount Television sued WTWC-TV for broadcasting Cheers after having the rights revoked for nonpayment. The next year, Holt-Robinson and WTWC filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection; they had been forced to do so because one of the company's lenders, Greyhound Television, had asked in federal court for the appointment of a receiver, and the station owed some $600,000 to program producers and news services. Bankruptcy proceedings for Holt-Robinson and Holt-owned properties in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, stretched on more than two years; in the latter, WTWC-TV was cited as a drain on Holt's finances.

Holt-Robinson was placed into receivership in 1993, and a court-appointed examiner later found that Holt defrauded the bankruptcy estate of $385,000. Soundview Media Investments entered into an agreement to acquire WTWC and Holt-Robinson's other holding, WHHY-AM-FM radio in Montgomery, Alabama, for $7.1 million in 1994.

Guy Gannett and Sinclair ownership
This deal failed to close; instead, Guy Gannett Communications of Portland, Maine, acquired the station in 1996. As part of a $3 million investment in a long-stagnating outlet, Guy Gannett purchased transmission equipment, expanded the station's studios by , and added 37 new employees. Guy Gannett put itself up for sale in 1998 because of a lack of interest by younger members of the Gannett family in the business; the five television stations were purchased by Sinclair Broadcast Group for $310 million.

In 2001, Media Ventures Management, the then-owner of ABC affiliate WTXL-TV, entered into a five-year outsourcing agreement with Sinclair to combine sales and operations staffs with WTWC-TV. WTXL staffers moved from that station's studios to WTWC-TV's facility in 2002. That same year, on December 1, WTWC-TV began digital broadcasts on channel 2. Media Ventures sold WTXL-TV to the Southern Broadcast Corporation (later known as Calkins Media) in 2005; the new management opted to operate independently, ended the operating agreement just shy of its five-year term in February 2006, and began plans for a new studio site.

On September 25, 2013, New Age Media (owner of then-Fox affiliate WTLH and operator of WTLF) announced that it would sell most of its stations to Sinclair; the buyer, however, could not acquire its Tallahassee stations directly. It was initially proposed that related company Cunningham Broadcasting acquire WTLH and Deerfield Media acquire WTLF, with Sinclair operating both under shared services agreements. This acquisition languished at the FCC, and on October 31, 2014, New Age Media requested the dismissal of its application to sell WTLH; the next day, Sinclair purchased the non-license assets of WTLH and WTLF and began operating them through a master service agreement. At midnight on January 1, 2015, Sinclair moved the Fox affiliation to WTWC's second digital subchannel.

WTWC-TV relocated its signal from channel 40 to channel 22 on March 13, 2020, as a result of the 2016 United States wireless spectrum auction.

Newscasts
Holt-Robinson launched the first attempt at a local news service on WTWC, News 40, on October 13, 1986. Within six months of the newscast's launch, WTWC-TV's general manager resigned; the female news anchor was dismissed because owner Holt had wanted a male solo anchor and only used a two-anchor format on the general manager's advice. By the start of 1988, only one original news presenter remained at the station; the station attracted six percent of the Leon County audience compared to 11 percent for WTXL and 72 percent for WCTV. The news department was ultimately axed in March 1991.

As soon as Guy Gannett announced its purchase of WTWC-TV, it declared its intention to add local newscasts. It hired away Mike Rucker, a longtime meteorologist at WCTV, from his position at the Florida Division of Emergency Management. NBC News 40 launched March 13, 1997. Despite the effort and challenging WTXL for second place, the news department lost money throughout its existence, and Sinclair shuttered it at the end of November 2000.

While the NBC channel still does not offer any local news, the Fox subchannel does under arrangements that predate Sinclair operation. In 2003, WTLH had partnered with WCTV for the latter to produce a 10 p.m. local newscast, a partnership that later expanded to include an hour-long newscast at 7 a.m.

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

References

External links
 WTWC-TV "NBC 40"
 WTWC-DT2 "Fox 49"
 Information on WTWC's Class A translators in Valdosta, Georgia (owned by New Age Media):
 WBFL-CD: ,
 WBVJ-CD: ,

Television channels and stations established in 1983
TWC-TV
NBC network affiliates
Fox network affiliates
Charge! (TV network) affiliates
Sinclair Broadcast Group
1983 establishments in Florida

WTWC-TV


Laurence E. Peterson is Emeritus Professor of Physics and Director of the Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences at the University of California, San Diego, California.
He received his Ph.D. in 1960 from the University of Minnesota, under John R. Winckler.
He was a pioneer in the field of X-ray astronomy.
He led the high-energy astronomy group at UCSD for many years.
In addition to carrying out numerous experiments using high-altitude balloons, he was principal investigator on several NASA satellite experiments, including one on the OSO 1, one on OSO 3, two on OSO 7, the A4 experiment on HEAO 1, and co-investigator on the High Energy X-Ray Timing Experiment (HEXTE) flown on the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer.

Major publications
 Instrumental Technique in X-Ray Astronomy. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 13, 423 (1975).
 2-165 keV Observations of Active Galaxies and the Diffuse Background. With R.E. Rothschild, et al. Astrophys. J. 269, 423 (1982).
 A Scanning Modulation Collimator Observation of the High Energy X-Ray Source in the Crab Nebula. With R.M. Pelling et al. Astrophys. J. 319, 416 (1987).
 Observation of SN 1987A with the gamma-ray spectrometer HEXAGONE. With C.G.L. Chapuis, et al. Astrophys. J. 403, 332 (1993).
 Compton-Backscattered Annihilation Radiation from the Galactic Center Region. With D.M. Smith et al. Astrophys. J, 414, 165 (1993).

References

External links
 Laurence Peterson Papers MSS 73. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library.

American astronomers
University of Minnesota alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Laurence E. Peterson


Chrysler Fevre Argentina S.A. was the Argentina subsidiary of US-based automotive manufacturer Chrysler Corporation. Originally established in 1890 as a supplier for tanning industry, the firm began to commercialise vehicles after an agreement signed with Dodge Brothers Company in 1916, which allowed it to import and commercialise automobiles and trucks in Argentina.

Although the company started its activities only as an importer, it became a manufacturer in the 1960s, producing models based on American and European cars. The company ceased operations in 1979 following the financial crisis of the parent company in the US.

Since 1991, the National University of La Matanza stands on the ground where the Chrysler factory operated until 1979.

History

In 1890, Julio Fevre founded "Julio Fevre y Cía." which started operations importing machinery and chemical products for tanning  industry. In 1910 Julio took control over the company. Under his direction, the company changed direction and entered to the vehicle market importing automobiles of French marques Mors, Delaugère et Clayette, Aries, Delage, Delahaye, Citroën, and Berliet. In 1914 driver Diego Basset participated in racing competitions with the Mors cars imported by Fevre. Years later, Julio Fevre himself (and then his son Pablo) also competed with Mors cars.

In 1916, Fevre travelled to the US to get exclusive rights to the "Dodge Brothers" vehicles that allowed him to commercialise those vehicles in Argentina. In 1922, Fevre constructed a building on Leandro N. Alem avenue in Buenos Aires that became the company's head offices. Following to the inception of Chrysler Corporation in the US in 1925, Argentine "Resta Hermanos" became official representative of its products in Argentina two years later. Chrysler took over Dodge, Fargo, and Plymouth in 1928.

In 1932, automobiles and buses started to be assembled at the building on Avenida Figueroa Alcorta 3300 (then known as "Palacio Chrysler"). Three years later, the official name changed to "Fevre y Basset Ltda. S.A.I.C." (a society between Julio Fevre and Diego Basset). Fevre y Basset bought Resta Hermanos in 1931, becoming Chrysler representatives in Argentina. In 1940, the building on L.N. Alem was vacated and all operations moved to Palacio Chrysler.

When the World War II came to an end, Fevre y Basset Ltda. S.A.I.C. acquired a 38-ha land in the San Justo district of La Matanza Partido to build an industrial plant there. Works began in 1948 and the factory was ready to use in 1950. The plant ..... 50,000 m2, became the largest after US and Canada plants. All machinery and assets in Palacio Chrysler were moved to San Justo and the building then sold to the National Government.

In early 1959 Fevre y Basset Ltd signed an agreement with Chrysler International, establishing "Chrysler Argentina S.A.". Despite being a society, the companies continued operating as separated entities so Luis Fevre continued as president of Fevre y Basset Ltda., while George Topping was in charge of Chrysler Argentina. The agreement stated that Chrysler Argentina took over production process while Fevre y Basset Ltda. took over assembling and commercialisation. Due to restrictions over imported products, the factory was inactive until late 1959.

Production

The plant was officially inaugurated on May 3, 1960, and the first D-100 pick ups and D-400 trucks began to be manufactured under the Dodge, Fargo, and DeSoto brands. In April 1961 the factory began production of 125 HP engines for trucks and then, propulsion transmission. Trucks branded Fargo and DeSoto lasted until 1967, leaving only the 'Dodge' name since then.

In December 1961 the first automobile by Chrysler Argentina S.A., Valiant V200, began to be produced although it was not on sale until 1962. This compact car model was intended to compete with the Ford Falcon and Chevrolet 400. Transmissions and engines were imported during that first year of production. In 1963, the Slant Six engine and the 3-speed gear sticks were added to local production. That same year, the "Valiant II" (with the same body style but equipped with a 3687cc (3.7 liter) 137 HP Slant Six engine) was launched.

In 1964 the "Valiant III" replaced model II. It was based on the Dodge Dart, recently released in the US. With 4976mm length, it became the largest car in Argentina, surpassing Rambler. One year later, both companies Chrysler International S.A. and Fevre y Basset Ltda. S.A.I.C. merged, with the new company being named "Chrysler Fevre Argentina S.A.I.C.". By those times, the plant had been expanded to 65,000 m2. Between 1962 and 1964, 27,000 transmissions were produced in the plant. The Valiant IV (based on the Dodge Dart as its predecessor) was lanched in 1966 as an update of its previous versions.

In 1968, the "Valiant" line was replaced by Dodge Polara, while all the utility vehicles were rebranded as "Dodge". In 1970, Chrysler Fevre bought the former Siam Di Tella plant in Monte Chingolo, Buenos Aires. That plant was used to produce trucks.

Launched in 1971, the Dodge 1500 (based on the Hillman Avenger produced by British firm Rootes Group, also a subsidiary of Chrysler) became the first mid-size car to be produced by an American firm in Argentina. That was also the first non-US automobile marketed by Chrysler in Argentina. The success of the 1500 helped the company to increase its sells in the country. The car had also a station wagon version launched in 1978.

Despite the good sales of its products in Argentina, Chrysler ceased operations in the country because of the financial crisis that the parent company was going through in the US. Chrysler not only left Argentina but all Latin America (Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, and Perú) and Europe after a direct order from Chrysler Corporation in Detroit.

On May 5, 1980, Chrysler Fevre sold its business in Argentina and Brazil to Volkswagen, which established local subsidiaries in Argentina and Brazil.

Vehicles produced
List of vehicles (automobiles and trucks) produced by Chrysler Fevre in Argentina:

Notes

Aftermath

When Chrysler ceased operations in Argentina and Latin America, the company sold its local subsidiary to Volkswagen, which established Volkswagen Argentina and Volkswagen Brazil to resume production of Dodge 1500, now branded as "Volkswagen Dodge 1500W". Although the 1500 quickly ceased production in Brazil, in Argentina it continued being manufactured by Volkswagen.

When the company took over complete control in 1982, the car was rebranded as "Volkswagen 1500". The VW 1500 was produced in Argentina until 1990, when it was discontinued. Since its inception in 1971, a total of 262,668 Dodge/VW 1500 were produced.

The former Chrysler plant in San Justo was vacated and remained abandoned for many years until in 1989 the Senate of Argentina promulgated Law 23,748 that created the National University of La Matanza. The main building of the plant was refurbished and was reinaugurated in 1991 as the UNLaM seat.

References

Chrysler
Defunct manufacturing companies of Argentina
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Argentina
1890 establishments in Argentina
1979 disestablishments
Argentine subsidiaries of foreign companies

Chrysler Fevre Argentina


Edgar Gold, CM, AM, QC (born 1934) is an Australian and Canadian lawyer, author, academic, and master mariner. He is one of the leading experts in the areas of international ocean law and marine and environmental policy development.

He was born in Hamburg, Germany, but later moved to Australia in 1949. Edgar moved again to Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1967. He received a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws from Dalhousie University. He received a PhD in international maritime law from the University of Wales. He was called to the Nova Scotia Bar in 1973. He was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1995.

He is married to psychiatrist Dr. Judith Gold, the first woman to head the Canadian Psychiatric Association and the first Canadian to be elected president of its American counterpart.

He spent sixteen years in the merchant marine and holds an unlimited Master Mariner's Certificate and was in command for several years.

He joined the Faculty of Law of Dalhousie University in 1975 and from 1975 to 1994 was a Professor of Law and from 1986 to 1996 was a Professor of Resource and Environmental Studies. He is a founding member of Dalhousie Law School's Marine and Environmental Law Programme. He was a senior partner in a Canadian law firm for many years where he practiced in the areas of maritime law and oil and gas law.

He was an adjunct professor at the T.C. Beirne School of Law, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia from 2000 to 2010.

In 1997, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada. In 2005, he was made a Member of the Order of Australia "for service to maritime law and protection of the environment as a policy developer and adviser, and through academic roles and involvement in international maritime organisations".

Notes
  Order of Canada citation
  Order of Australia citation

1934 births
Living people
Lawyers in Nova Scotia
Canadian legal scholars
Academic staff of the Dalhousie University
Australian expatriates in Canada
Dalhousie University alumni
Schulich School of Law alumni
German emigrants to Australia
People from Halifax, Nova Scotia
Members of the Order of Canada
Members of the Order of Australia
Alumni of the University of Wales
Jurists from Hamburg
Australian sailors
Canadian sailors
Canadian King's Counsel
Academic staff of the University of Queensland
University of New South Wales Law School alumni

Edgar Gold


The Namibia Agricultural Union is a union of farmers in Namibia which represents commercial or non-subsistence farmers. The president of the NAU is Piet Gouws. Previous presidents include Raimar von Hase and Jan de Wet.  The NAU is part of the International Federation of Agricultural Producers, a global organization which advocates for farmers.

Paul Smit, a farmer from Otjozondjupa Region, played a prominent role in the Union from 1987-1997, holding the presidency of the Union from 1993-1997. He has since entered politics and, while officially "apolitical", served as the Deputy Minister of Agriculture in the SWAPO government.

References

Agriculture in Namibia
Trade unions in Namibia

Namibia Agricultural Union


The Gateway Clipper Fleet, founded by John E. Connelly, is a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania-based fleet of riverboats.  The fleet cruises the three rivers of Pittsburgh - the Monongahela, Allegheny, and Ohio.  The fleet is named after the city of Pittsburgh, which in earlier times was known as the "Gateway to the West". The original riverboat was Gateway Clipper, which set sail in 1958.  By the mid-1960s, the fleet was composed of three craft, Gateway Clipper, Party Liner, and Good Ship Lollipop. In 1999 it added its fifth ship.  In 2008 the Gateway Clipper Fleet celebrated its 50th year of sailing on the Three Rivers. In 2013, the fleet added its sixth ship, the all-steel classic paddle wheel Three Rivers Queen.

Today there are six ships in the fleet:

The Gateway Clipper Fleet offers many types of cruises, from sightseeing cruises and day trips for school groups to party and formal dinner cruises including wedding receptions. Shuttle service to PNC Park and Heinz Field is available on days of Pittsburgh Pirates, Pittsburgh Steelers, and Pitt Panthers home games.

The fleet is believed to be the largest inland riverboat fleet in the United States.

The fleet was once moored at the Monongahela Wharf, but since the 1980s has been moored at Station Square, where the dock and loading bay are.

References

Transportation in Pittsburgh
Passenger ships of the United States
Tourist attractions in Pittsburgh
Monongahela River
Allegheny River
Ohio River

Gateway Clipper Fleet


The Orlov Trotter (also known as Orlov; Russian: орловский рысак) is a horse breed with a hereditary fast trot, noted for its outstanding speed and stamina. It is the most famous Russian horse. The breed was developed in Russia in the late 18th century by Count Alexei Orlov at his Khrenovskoy stud farm near the town of Bobrov (Voronezh Guberniya). The Orlovs emerged as the result of crossing various European mares (primarily of English, Dutch, Mecklenburg, and Danish breeding) with Arabian stallions.

During the 19th century, Orlov Trotters were used mainly for riding and harness racing by the Russian nobility and the House of Romanov. They were valued for their beauty and elegance combined with the ability to work hard. They were also used for the improvement of other Russian horses.  When harness racing became widespread at the end of the century, the Orlovs faced intense competition from American-developed Standardbreds, who are generally recognized as less refined but faster than Orlov Trotters.

In the 20th century, Standardbred stallions were crossed with Orlov Trotter mares; and a new breed, the Russian Trotter, appeared. The possibility of the extinction of the Orlov Trotter was a concern in the 20th century due to too much crossbreeding, and the Soviet disregard of horse-raising. However, the breed survived, and today, 15 stud farms in Russia and Ukraine raise purebred Orlov Trotters.

History

Development of the breed
The land that became Orlov's Khrenovsky stud farm was gifted by Empress Catherine II of Russia as a reward for his participation in the coup d'etat which brought her to the throne. The buildings were constructed by Giovanni Giliardi. The original estate was very large; the modern Khrenovsky stud area is smaller than it was prior to the Bolshevik Revolution.
The ancestor of all Orlov Trotters was the purebred grey Arabian stallion Smetanka (Russian: Сметанка). Orlov bought him in the Ottoman Empire for the enormous sum of 60,000 rubles.  Although he died the next year, he lived to sire five offspring. Among others he was crossed with Isabelline, a Danish mare from the Frederiksborg royal stud-farm, who foaled a stallion that was named Polkan (1778–1793).

Polkan was crossed with a Dutch mare which, in 1784, produced the grey stallion Bars I (1784–1808), considered the first "Orlov Trotter". He was  high at the withers, which made him taller than most contemporary trotters; possessed a fast trotting gait; and featured the beauty and noble bearing which would later distinguish the newly-created breed.

For 17 years, Bars I was crossed with a variety of imported broodmares - including 10 Arabians, 2 Persians, 3 "Caucasians", 1 Russian Don, 32 English Thoroughbreds, 5 Mecklenburgers, and 1 Spanish horse - and sired 11 stallions that carried his distinguishing characteristics. The emergence of the breed was the result of a thorough and elaborate selection process, called konnozavodstvo. About 3,000 horses kept at the stud were involved. Unlike many other Russian nobles, who were not fond of raising horses, Orlov was a professional horse breeder who was also credited for creating some 70 different animal breeds, including the Russian wolfhound.

Orlov was very protective of his foundation stock, and would sell only geldings (castrated stallions). Even when Tsar Alexander I of Russia asked Orlov to sell him several stallions, Orlov only agreed to sell geldings. This rule was maintained for 20 years after Orlov's death in 1808. Later, when the Khrenovsky stud farm belonged to the Russian Crown and the House of Romanov, only then were Orlov Trotters openly sold to private stud owners.

19th century

In 1809, the Khrenovsky stud farm was inherited by Orlov's daughter, Anna. Until 1831, Orlov's disciple, the former serf Vasily Shishkin, continued to develop the breed. However, in 1831, he left the Khrenovsky stud farm, and founded his own. Orlov's daughter lacked her father's competence in horse breeding, and the Khrenovsky stud farm went downhill. Trotters were intensively crossed with various European breeds in order to increase their dimensions, and their quality fell. In 1845, the stud farm passed into the hands of the Russian Crown; but for some time, this only made matters worse. It was able to regain its fame only some decades later. In 1881, the Khrenovsky stud farm stopped raising all breeds, except for Orlov Trotters.  The best Orlov Trotters were now raised in private stud farms, such as the Shishkin's.

In 1834, a Trotting Society was established in Moscow, and regular races began. Orlov Trotters had already proved to be the best racing horses in Russia, and soon, they proved to be the best in Europe. In 1867, the Orlov Trotter horse Beduin made headlines when, at World's Fair in Paris, he covered 3,500 feet in 1 minute 32 seconds – 4 seconds ahead the fastest Standardbred mare at that time, Flora Temple. Since then, many Orlovs have been sold abroad, where they greatly contributed to the creation of local trotting breeds. Meanwhile, in the United States, the Standardbred was gradually improved, until Standardbreds were able to outrace Orlov Trotters. In 1877, harness racing totalisator emerged in Russia and this led to crucial changes in breeding Orlovs. Many stud farmers turned to raising racing horses, who were not as large and hard-working, or as beautiful and elegant, as traditional Orlov Trotters.

Since Standardbreds were, in general, faster than Orlov Trotters, these breeds were intensively crossed in Russia. The resulting breed was called Russian Trotter, and these horses lacked many distinctive features of the classic Orlov Trotter. They were smaller and lighter, and were not capable of doing as much work as Orlov Trotters were. In order to prevent purebred Orlov Trotters from disappearing through crossbreeding with Standardbreds, the Russian government introduced separate races for Orlov Trotters and Standardbreds.

Eventually, Russian stud farmers managed to improve the racing performance of Orlov Trotters. The stallion Krepysh (b. 1904) won 55 races, and covered 1 mile for 2 minutes 8.5 seconds. He was the fastest trotter in pre-revolutionary Russia, but Krepysh and most of his issue died during the Russian Civil War (1917 — 1923).

20th century

World War I (1914 — 1918) and the Russian Civil War (1917 — 1923) caused a major disaster for horse breeding in Russia.  Many horses died in battle, yet more were eaten for food, and there was a general collapse of the economy, making horse breeding a luxury few could afford. However, after 1920, the raising of Orlov Trotters resumed and crossbreeding was forbidden. At that time, Orlov Trotters were used primarily for farming and transport due to their physical strength and outstanding working abilities. By the 1930s, race breeding had also been reestablished and pre-revolutionary racing records were being broken. Arguably, the Orlovs reached their second heyday in the 1930s.

During World War II, also known as the Soviet-German war, the number of Orlov Trotters again decreased. After the war, the state acutely needed horses in order to restore agricultural production. Due to their working ability and high productivity, Orlovs were again widely used to improve local horses. However, by 1953, the Soviet authorities decided that, in part due to increased use of the tractor, horse-raising was not important for the economy. This resulted in reduction of the number of stud farms, and less governmental support of those that remained.

Today

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 25 December 1991, the future of the breed seemed unclear, as rich Russians interested in harness racing preferred the faster Russian Trotter and American Standardbred horse breeds. Therefore, in 1997, the International Committee for the Protection of the Orlov Trotter was established.

Purebred Orlov Trotters are now raised on 12 stud farms in Russia, and 3 in Ukraine. The studs in Russia have a total of about 800 mares, which raises some concern; it is a general rule that a horse breed with fewer than 1000 female individuals is in danger.

Characteristics
The Orlov Trotters are generally taller and more robust than Standardbreds. The average current measurements for Orlov breeding stallions are 161.4 cm (height at withers), 164 cm (body length/barrel), 186 cm (chest circumference), 20.4 cm (cannon bone circumference) and for breeding mares are 160.3 cm, 163.6 cm, 186.2 cm and 20.1 cm respectively. In appearance, the Orlovs are characterized by a big head, large expressive eyes, a long and naturally arched neck set high, prominent withers and broad croup. The body is muscular. The legs are strongly built, with prominent joints and clearly defined tendons.

Due to the breed's Arabian origins, many Orlov Trotters are grey, at maturity, though all are born a darker colour at birth. Grey horses are born dark, and slowly lighten as they age, until their hair coat is completely white. At maturity, the colors of Orlovs are: grey (46%), black (28%), bay (20%) or chestnut (5%).

See also
List of Russian horse breeds
Kholstomer — an Orlov trotter who recounts his life in Leo Tolstoy's story

References

Витт В.О. Из истории русского коннозаводства. Создание новых пород лошадей на рубеже XVIII-XIX столетий. Moscow, 1952. [Vitt V.O. From the history of Russian horse breeding. Creation of new horse breeds at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries]
Рождественская Г. Орловский рысак. Moscow, 2003.  [Rozhdestvenskaya G. Oryol Trotter].

External links
The Orlov trotter (archived)
Oklahoma State University page on the Orlov trotter
Additional Orlov trotter information

Orlov trotter
Horse breeds originating in Russia
Harness racing

Orlov Trotter


The members of the 11th General Assembly of Newfoundland were elected in the Newfoundland general election held in November 1873. The general assembly sat from February 1874 to Fall 1874.

The Anti-Confederation Party led by Charles Fox Bennett won the election. However, defections and resignations before the assembly's opening reduced his party to a minority and Frederick Carter formed the government in 1874.

Prescott Emerson was chosen as speaker.

Sir Stephen John Hill served as colonial governor of Newfoundland.

Members of the Assembly
The following members were elected to the assembly in 1873:

Notes:

By-elections
By-elections were held to replace members for various reasons:

Notes:

References

Newfoundland
Terms of the General Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador

11th General Assembly of Newfoundland


Walter Frederick Walker (born July 18, 1954) is an American former professional basketball player. He is best known for his National Basketball Association (NBA) career – both as a player and as a front office executive for the Seattle SuperSonics.

Collegiate career

A prolific frontcourt scorer while in college, Walker led the Virginia Cavaliers to their first Atlantic Coast Conference Tournament championship and its first NCAA tournament berth in 1976.

He was the only Cavalier to receive the Everett Case Award as the ACC Tournament's Most Valuable Player following Virginia's championship run, until Joe Harris in 2014. Enjoying one of the finest individual seasons ever by a Cavalier player during the 1975–76 season, Walker scored 21 points and grabbed seven rebounds in the 1976 tournament championship game against the University of North Carolina.

Walker's scoring average of 22.1 points during the 1975–76 season ranks as the sixth best in Virginia history and his 1,849 career points is sixth on the all-time Cavalier list. He was a first-team Academic All American in 1976. His number 41 was retired by the school. The Portland Trail Blazers took him in the first round of the 1976 draft, the fifth overall pick.

Playing career
His playing career averages were 7.0 points and 3.1 rebounds  during eight years with Portland, Seattle and Houston. He won two championship rings (with Portland and Seattle) in his first and third seasons. He was a starter for the Sonics in 1981–82 and the next season for the Houston Rockets.  After ending his NBA career in 1984, Walker played 11 matches in Italian Pro League in Milan and then enrolled in Stanford Graduate School of Business, graduating in 1987 with an MBA. He worked for seven years at Goldman Sachs and also started his own money management business, Walker Capital, before returning to the NBA in the early 90s as a part-time television announcer and consultant for his former team, the Seattle SuperSonics, owned by Barry Ackerley.

Front office
Following the 1993-94 NBA season, Walker was named by Ackerley to be President and General Manager of the team.  The Sonics continued their run of success for the next four seasons with a roster built primarily around Gary Payton, Shawn Kemp, Detlef Schrempf, Sam Perkins, Nate McMillan and Hersey Hawkins, with Hawkins as a Walker acquisition. In 1997–98, the Sonics won the Pacific Division with a record of 61-21 and Walker finished second in Executive of the Year voting.

The Sonics average cost per win was 6th best in the league at $850 thousand per victory for the 1999–2000 season.

During the 2003 season, Walker engineered a trade with the Bucks for star guard Ray Allen, along with Flip Murray, Kevin Ollie and a first-round pick that became Luke Ridnour, to the Sonics for Gary Payton and Desmond Mason. In 2004-05 the Sonics won the Northwest Division with a record of 52-30, the fourth Division Title that the Sonics won while Walker was team President, with a roster composed exclusively of players he acquired.

During his 12 years as president, the Sonics selected future NBA starters and reserves Eric Snow, Mark Blount and Earl Watson, all in the second round.  He signed free agents including Terry Cummings, Aaron Williams, Ruben Patterson, Reggie Evans, Antonio Daniels, Damien Wilkins and Jim McIlvaine, who despite fan derision helped the Sonics win its division in each of his first two years.  Walker supervised the drafting of Rashard Lewis, who became an All-Star in 2005. He also served as President of the WNBA Seattle Storm, who won the WNBA championship in 2004.

During the 2005 offseason, following the franchise's first 50-win season in 7 years, popular head coach and former Sonic player Nate McMillan signed a contract with a Northwest rival, the Portland Trail Blazers.  A month earlier with the blessing of the Sonics organization, long-time assistant Dwayne Casey, a potential successor as head coach if McMillan were not to re-sign, agreed to be the coach of the Minnesota Timberwolves.  Walker and then-GM Rick Sund eventually filled the vacancy with assistant Bob Weiss.  Weiss was fired in January of the following season, after going only 13-17. Walker and Sund replaced Weiss with assistant Bob Hill, who coached the team to a 22-30 record.

Walker was part of five of the Sonics' six division-winning teams: one as a player (1978–79); four as team president (1995–96, 1996–97 1997–98, 2004–05). And he is one of only two people—player, coach, and/or member of the front office or staff—to be part of all three of the Sonics' Western Conference Championship seasons (1977–78, 1978–79 and 1995–96); the other person is trainer Frank Furtado.

Popular culture references
Walker is one of five 1970s Seattle SuperSonics players whose names are featured on characters in "The Exterminator," the third episode of Season 1 of iZombie. The other four are Freddie Brown, Gus Williams, Marvin Webster and Don Watts.

References

1954 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Pennsylvania
Houston Rockets players
National Basketball Association executives
Olimpia Milano players
People from Millersville, Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Portland Trail Blazers draft picks
Portland Trail Blazers players
Seattle SuperSonics general managers
Seattle SuperSonics players
Small forwards
Stanford Graduate School of Business alumni
Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball players

Wally Walker