Karl Heinrich Lübke (; 14 October 1894 – 6 April 1972) was a German politician, who served as president of West Germany from 1959 to 1969.

He suffered from deteriorating health towards the end of his career and is known for a series of embarrassing incidents that may have resulted from his health issues. Lübke resigned three months before the scheduled end of his second term amid a scandal as to his involvement with the Nazi regime during World War II.

Early life

Born in Enkhausen, Westphalia, Lübke had a very humble upbringing. He was the son of a shoemaker and farmer from the Sauerland, and was a surveyor by training. He volunteered for service in World War I in August 1914. He completed his basic training first with the Westphalian Foot Artillery Regiment No.7, with which he was then deployed on the Eastern and Western Fronts. In 1916 he was promoted to Vizefeldwebel. After a gas attack, he was taken to a field hospital. In 1917 he was promoted to lieutenant and became deputy battery chief in the 52nd Reserve Division. He then became an orderly officer and was involved in the Battle of Passchendaele. Before the end of the war he was transferred to the GHQ of the Supreme Army Command. During the war he received the Iron Cross 1st and 2nd class. He was discharged from military service in December 1918.

Lübke resumed his studies and received an examination as a surveying and cultural engineer in 1921. During his studies in Bonn he joined the student association K.D.St.V. Ascania Bonn in the Cartellverband. From 1921 to 1924 he studied economics in Münster and Berlin. From 1921 to 1922 he was employed by the Westphalia tenants and settlers association in Münster. From October 1922 he was managing director of the Reich Association of Small Agricultural Enterprises (from 1925 also medium-sized enterprises). After 1924 he was also a member of the executive committee of the Deutscher Bund für Bodenreform. In 1926 he became managing director of the Deutsche Bauernschaft. From 1927 he was also the managing director of the Bauernland AG settlement company.

In 1929 Lübke married Wilhelmine Keuthen (1885-1981) in Berlin-Wilmersdorf.

In 1930 he became a member of the Roman Catholic Centre Party (Zentrumspartei) and in April 1932 was elected as a member of the Prussian Parliament. From 1932 to 1933 Lübke was a member of the Prussian state parliament for the German Center Party. He was re-elected in the state elections on March 5, 1933. On May 18, 1933, as in the Reich, the state parliament approved an enabling law for Prussia against the votes of the SPD. After that, it never met again. On October 14, 1933, the representative bodies of the federal states were dissolved and finally repealed without replacement on January 30, 1934.

After the seizure of power by the National Socialists in 1933 and the subsequent dissolution of the Zentrumspartei, Lübke was accused of misappropriating public funds and imprisoned; after 20 months in prison he was released, when no evidence could be produced to back up the politically motivated charges. It was not until 1937 that he was able to get a senior position with a building society (German: Wohnungsbaugesellschaft). In 1939, just before the outbreak of World War II, he moved to a company of building engineers managed by the architect Walter Schlempp. Here he came to the notice of Albert Speer and was given responsibility for major building projects, some of which were under the aegis of the Armaments Ministry run by Speer. One of these was the extension of the "Army Research Center Peenemünde" (Heeresversuchsanstalt Peenemünde in German, abbreviated HVP) and the "Air Force Test Centre"(Erprobungsstelle der Luftwaffe in German), Peenemünde-West. In February 1945 Lübke was charged by Speer with setting up a "post-war office for planning prefabricated housing" alongside architect Rudolf Wolters.

He performed three military exercises in the Wehrmacht as a reserve officer and was promoted to first lieutenant in the reserve. In 1942 he was promoted to captain of the reserve.

Post-war political career
After the war, Lübke returned to his career in politics, becoming a member of the West German CDU party, being appointed Minister of Agriculture in the state parliament of North Rhine-Westphalia in 1947. In 1953 Konrad Adenauer appointed him to his cabinet as Federal Minister of Agriculture in Bonn.

Lübke was chosen by Adenauer as a candidate for the largely ceremonial post of president to ensure that Adenauer's political schemes were not disturbed by too strong a personality in this position, which is nominally the highest post in the German state. Lübke defeated Carlo Schmid, the SPD candidate, and Max Becker, the FDP candidate for the presidency, in the second round of voting in 1959.

On 1 July 1964 , he was re-elected by the Fourth Federal Convention. The re-election was preceded by a meeting between Lübke and Herbert Wehner (SPD) during a cure in Bad Kissingen, at which both agreed on re-election and spoke out in favor of a grand coalition. Only then did Lübke inform the CDU and was confirmed in office with the votes of both major parties. The State Secretary in the Office of the Federal President, Hans von Herwarth, who had internally opposed a second term in office because of Lübke's state of health, was subsequently replaced and sent to Rome as ambassador. Lübke campaigned for the formation of the Grand Coalition (Kiesinger cabinet).

The historian Tony Judt has observed that Lübke's presidency, like the chancellorship of Kurt Georg Kiesinger, showed the "a glaring contradiction in the Bonn Republic's self-image" in view of their previous Nazi allegiances. Lübke's status as a one-time political prisoner under the National Socialists placed him in good stead, and it was not until 1966 that accusations started to be made by sources in the GDR that he had at the very least been aware of the use of slave labour on his projects; building plans bearing his signature and containing concentration camp barrack blocks were advanced as evidence of his complicity, but these were dismissed in the West as East German and Eastern Bloc propaganda. Nevertheless, the potential scandal threatened to damage the office of president; on 14 October 1968 Lübke announced that he would resign on 30 June 1969, his resignation taking effect three months before the scheduled end of his term of office.

The former president's health deteriorated. His intention to live in West Berlin from time to time could not be realized, nor could he, with his private library of about 5,000 books, pursue his scientific hobbies in comparative linguistics and microbiology.

Lübke's political friends ignored him, if they did not avoid him. His successor in the presidency, Gustav Heinemann, however, kept in contact with him. Trips to Tenerife in the fall of 1969 and at Christmas in 1970 and 1971 brought no improvement in his condition. Arteriosclerosis of the arteries in both his brain and his limbs was becoming increasingly noticeable, leading to serious speech disorders, declining physical mobility, and progressive memory loss. In retrospect, it was clear that this disease had started several years earlier and explained many aspects of the West German president's behaviour during his last years in office. In November 1971, the former president visited his birthplace in Enkhausen for the last time.

On 30 March 1972, an acute stomach hemorrhage required an emergency operation during which it was discovered that he was suffering from a very advanced form of stomach cancer which had already spread to his brain. After two more hemorrhages, Lübke died on 6 April 1972 at the age of 77 in the West German capital of Bonn.

As a speaker
Lübke was a poor public speaker and was frequently subject to ridicule, especially near the end of his term of office when his age and his failing health started to affect his memory and general cognitive abilities. He frequently forgot where he was (Lübke: "When I talk to you today in...eh... in.." Voice from the crowd shouting: "Helmstedt!" Lübke: "...eh...when I talk to you today in ... Helmstedt, then it was following my own will...", etc.). This was further ridiculed in the German translation of Danger Mouse, where Penfold is called "Lübke" and is frequently ordered to "shut up" ("Lübke, Schnauze!").

Various other slips are well documented, such as the address in Antananarivo, Madagascar: "My very dear Mr. President, dear Mrs. Tananarive..."  His word-for-word translations of German into English (see Lübke English) were also the subject of much mockery.

Tapes from Lübke's speeches were collected by the German satirical magazine Pardon and distributed on a best-selling record.

Honours

National honour
 :
 Grand Cross Special Class (and former Grand Master) of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of West Germany

Foreign honours
 :
 Grand Cordon of the Order of Valour
  Ethiopia:
 Knight of the Order of Solomon
 :
 Grand Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honour
  Iran:
 First Class with Collar of the Order of Pahlavi
:
 Honorary Recipient of the Most Exalted Order of the Crown of the Realm
 :
 Grand Collar (Raja) of the Order of Sikatuna
 :
 Knight of the Order of the Rajamitrabhorn
 Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of the Order of Chula Chom Klao
 :
 Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath

References

1894 births
1972 deaths
20th-century presidents of Germany
Agriculture ministers of Germany
Centre Party (Germany) politicians
German Roman Catholics
Members of the Bundestag for North Rhine-Westphalia
Members of the Bundestag 1957–1961
Members of the Bundestag 1953–1957
Members of the Bundestag 1949–1953
German hunters
People from the Province of Westphalia
People from Sundern
Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Members of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia
German Army personnel of World War I
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Deaths from stomach cancer
Members of the Bundestag for the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Recipients of orders, decorations, and medals of Ethiopia

Heinrich Lübke


Sarah Louise Teather (born 1 June 1974) is the Director of Jesuit Refugee Service UK and  a former British Member of Parliament and Minister. As a Liberal Democrat politician, she founded the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Guantanamo Bay and was chairman of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Refugees. On stepping down as an MP, she joined the Jesuit Refugee Service as an advocacy adviser and was appointed as country director of JRS UK in December 2015.

After serving in the Islington London Borough Council, she was first elected as an MP on 18 September 2003 at the Brent East by-election and was re-elected with an increased majority at the 2005 general election. After the seat was abolished due to boundary changes, Teather was selected as the Liberal Democrat candidate for the successor seat, Brent Central. Her main opponent was sitting Labour MP Dawn Butler, whose Brent South seat was also abolished. Teather won by a small margin, and, after the election, she served as Minister of State in the Department for Education in the coalition government between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats until she returned to the backbenches on 4 September 2012. On 7 September 2013, she announced that she would leave the House of Commons in 2015.

Early life
Teather was educated at the independent Leicester Grammar School and St John's College, Cambridge, where she gained a 2:1 degree in Natural Sciences specialising in pharmacology.

Teather initially embarked on a PhD at University College London, but left the course at the end of her first year. She went on to work as a policy adviser for a number of prominent groups including the Royal Society and the charity Macmillan Cancer Relief.

Teather first contested an election on 7 June 2001 in the seat of Finchley and Golders Green.  On 3 May 2002 she was elected to Islington London Borough Council as one of the three councillors representing Hillrise Ward. She was then appointed by the council to serve as a school governor at Ashmount Primary School.

Subsequent to her first election as an MP she resigned from Islington Council, resigned as a school governor at Ashmount Primary and withdrew as a candidate for the Greater London Assembly seat in North East London.

In Westminster and Whitehall

Member of Parliament
In 2003 Teather was selected as the party's candidate in the Brent East by-election, which was called after the death of the Labour MP Paul Daisley.

The by-election took place during the early stages of the Iraq War, which the Liberal Democrats strongly opposed under leader Charles Kennedy, and was a controversial involvement denting support for the Labour government. The Liberal Democrats came from third place behind Labour and the Conservatives, with a 39.12% share of the total and 1,118 majority. At 29, Teather became the youngest Member of Parliament, known as Baby of the House. The by-election was Labour's first by-election defeat in 15 years.

In her maiden speech when first elected as an MP in 2003, she spoke about her opposition to tuition fees:

She successfully defended her seat in the 2005 general election, increasing her majority to over 2,700. In May 2009, she was listed by The Daily Telegraph as one of the "Saints" in the expenses scandal. In Autumn 2006, she spent a week observing in schools, writing a daily blog of the experience for Guardian Unlimited.

On 31 August 2006, she announced her intention to stand for the new Brent Central constituency. In her campaign for re-election in May 2010, Teather reiterated her opposition to tuition fees, signing a pledge to vote against them. She defeated by 1,300 votes the Labour candidate Dawn Butler, who had been the MP for Brent South in the previous parliament, despite Butler having a notional 50.1%  share of the vote in the new constituency.

She established the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Guantanamo Bay in March 2007, and used the group to campaign against the detention without charge of Jamil el-Banna, a constituent. She visited Washington twice to lobby on his behalf, and also worked closely on the case with the anti-death penalty charity, Reprieve and Amnesty International.

Liberal Democrats Frontbench Team
In parliament Teather became one of the highest-profile Liberal Democrat MPs. Initially acting as her party's spokesperson on London, after the 2005 general election she was promoted to the front bench to serve as Liberal Democrat spokesperson on Community and Local Government.

On 6 January 2006, 25 Liberal Democrat MPs signed a letter drafted by Teather and fellow frontbencher Ed Davey, indicating their unwillingness to continue working under party leader Charles Kennedy. The Guardian claimed the letter to be "the most damning" of the publicly expressed sentiments regarding Kennedy's position, and later that day Kennedy announced his resignation. Teather supported Sir Menzies Campbell in the subsequent leadership election.

She was promoted again to Education spokesperson following Sir Menzies Campbell's election as leader on 2 March 2006. In 2007 Teather became Business spokesperson, followed by becoming Housing spokesperson from 2008.

Minister in the coalition government
Following the formation of the coalition government in May 2010 Teather became Minister of State for Children and Families.

In September 2010 The Sunday Times reported that she had been accused by several members of parliament of lobbying her boss, the Education Secretary Michael Gove, for two schools in her constituency to be spared from the government's plans to cancel refurbishment projects on over 700 schools nationwide.The plans for refurbishment of the two schools, which had been previously cancelled, was reinstated.

On 13 July 2011, Teather told the Family and Parenting Institute that she was extremely worried about the £26,000 Benefit Cap that the Coalition Government was introducing as part of the Welfare Reform Act 2012. Teather then failed to turn up to a number of key votes on the Welfare Reform Act despite there being a three-line whip, which resulted in a number of Conservative backbench MPs publicly calling for her to be sacked.

In April 2011, Teather was questioned on BBC Television's Question Time over replacing the Education Maintenance Allowance. Arguing against the claim that fewer poor pupils would be served by its replacement, Teather claimed that it would actually be targeted better at those who actually needed government support.

On 6 February 2012 Teather was part of a ministerial working group together with Tim Loughton and justice minister Jonathan Djanogly that was asked to come up with proposals within two months on how the law should be changed regarding how to amend the Children Act of 1989. According to The Guardian of 3 February 2012, that working group is aimed to include in the new Children Act one "presumption of shared parenting" for children's fathers and mothers after cases of divorce or spousal break-up.

On 4 September 2012, she was sacked from her post, as part of a broad government reshuffle, and returned to the backbenches.

Post-ministerial activities
After leaving Government, Teather gave an interview to The Observer newspaper, in which she called the Benefit Cap "immoral and divisive". She then voted against the coalition for the first time, on a deferred division on the final regulations needed to put the Benefit Cap in place. In late 2012, Teather chaired a Parliamentary inquiry into asylum support for children and young people, which was supported by The Children's Society.

In February 2013, Teather voted against the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Bill at its second reading. She later expressed regret for this vote, writing that she has since "thanked God that I was then in an irrelevant minority".

On 7 September 2013, Teather released a statement through her website to announce she would not contest the 2015 general election, saying her decision was "to do with some aspects of government policy", adding that she "no longer feels that Nick Clegg's party fights sufficiently for social justice and liberal values on immigration".

On 3 March 2015, the All Party Parliamentary Group on Refugees and the All Party Parliamentary Group on Migration published a report on the use of immigration detention. The inquiry panel, chaired by Sarah Teather, found that "the UK uses detention disproportionately and inappropriately" and recommended that a time limit of 28 days be introduced as the maximum length of time an individual can be held in an immigration removal centre.

Later career
Teather stood down as the MP for Brent Central at the 2015 general election and joined the International Advocacy team of the Jesuit Refugee Service in June 2015. As an advocacy advisor, she visited JRS projects all over the world, including: Lebanon, South Sudan, Uganda, North Macedonia and the southern coast of Italy where thousands of migrants were attempting dangerous overseas crossings to mainland Europe across the Mediterranean Sea. On 3 December 2015, it was announced that Teather had been appointed as the country director of JRS UK.

Personal life
Teather is Catholic. At , she has been the shortest woman member of Parliament in British history.

See also
Liberal Democrat Frontbench Team

References

External links
Profile at the Liberal Democrats

Video: Sarah Teather speaks about parliamentary demographics hosted by YouTube on the BBC's official channel
Contributor page at The Guardian.

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1974 births
Living people
People from Enfield, London
Liberal Democrats (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Alumni of University College London
British charity and campaign group workers
Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
People educated at Leicester Grammar School
Politics of the London Borough of Brent
English Roman Catholics
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
Liberal Democrats (UK) councillors
Women councillors in England
21st-century British women politicians
21st-century English women
21st-century English people

Sarah Teather


The Battle of Tryavna () occurred in 1190, in the mountains around the contemporary town of Tryavna, central Bulgaria. The result was a Bulgarian victory over the Byzantine Empire, which secured the successes achieved since the beginning of the Rebellion of Asen and Peter in 1185.

Origins of the conflict
After his second campaign in Moesia and the fruitless siege of Lovech in 1187, the Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos was forced to conclude a truce, thus de facto recognizing the independence of Bulgaria. Until 1189, both sides observed the truce. The Bulgarians used this time to further organize their administration and military. When the soldiers of the Third Crusade reached the Bulgarian lands at Niš, Asen and Peter offered to help the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Frederick I Barbarosa, with a force of 40,000 against the Byzantines. However, the relations between the Crusaders and the Byzantines smoothed, and the Bulgarian proposal was evaded.

The battle

The Byzantines prepared a third campaign to avenge the Bulgarian actions. Like the previous two invasions, they managed to overcome the passes of the Balkan mountains. They made a bluff indicating that they would pass near the sea by Pomorie, but instead headed west and passed through the Rishki Pass to Preslav. The Byzantine army next marched westwards to besiege the capital at Tarnovo. At the same time, the Byzantine fleet reached the Danube in order to bar the way of Cuman auxiliaries from the northern Bulgarian territories.

The siege of Tarnovo was unsuccessful. The defense of the city was led by Asen himself and the morale of his troops was very high. The Byzantine morale, on the other hand, was quite low for several reasons: the lack of any military success, heavy casualties and particularly the fact that the soldiers' pay was in arrears. This was used by Asen, who sent an agent in the guise of a deserter to the Byzantine camp. The man told Isaac II that, despite the efforts of the Byzantine navy, an enormous Cuman army had passed the river Danube and was heading towards Tarnovo to relieve the siege. The Byzantine Emperor panicked and immediately called for a retreat through the nearest pass.

The Bulgarian Emperor deduced that his opponent would go through the Tryavna Pass. The Byzantine army slowly marched southwards, their troops and baggage train stretching for kilometers. The Bulgarians reached the pass before them and staged an ambush from the heights of a narrow gorge. The Byzantine vanguard concentrated their attack on the centre where the Bulgarian leaders were positioned, but once the two main forces met and hand-to-hand combat ensued, the Bulgarians stationed on the heights showered the Byzantine force below with rocks and arrows. In panic, the Byzantines broke up and began a disorganized retreat, prompting a Bulgarian charge, who slaughtered everyone on their way. Isaac II barely escaped; his guards had to cut a path through their own soldiers, enabling their commander's flight from the rout. The Byzantine historian Niketas Choniates wrote that only Isaac Angelos escaped and most of the others perished.

The battle was a major catastrophe for the Byzantines. The victorious army captured the imperial treasure including the golden helmet of the Byzantine Emperors, the crown and the Imperial Cross which was considered the most valuable possession of the Byzantine rulers - a solid gold reliquary containing a piece of the Holy Cross. It was thrown in the river by a Byzantine cleric but was recovered by the Bulgarians. These trophies later became the pride of the Bulgarian Treasure and were carried around the capital, Tarnovo, during official occasions.

Aftermath

The victory was very important for Bulgaria. Up to that moment, the official Emperor was Peter IV, but, after the major successes of his younger brother, he was proclaimed Emperor later that year. Officially, Peter preserved his title and ruled from Preslav, but the state now governed by Ivan Asen I. In the next two years, he conquered many lands to the west and south-west including Sofia and Niš. His troops looted Thrace and the Byzantines were powerless to resist the Bulgarian attacks.

References
Йордан Андреев, Милчо Лалков, Българските ханове и царе, Велико Търново, 1996.

Battles involving the Second Bulgarian Empire
Battles of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars
Balkan mountains
1190 in Europe
12th century in Bulgaria
1190s in the Byzantine Empire
Conflicts in 1190

Battle of Tryavna


is a Japanese journalist and newspaper executive. He is the Representative Director and Managing Editor of Yomiuri Shimbun Holdings, which publishes the largest Japanese daily newspaper Yomiuri Shimbun and substantially controls the largest Japanese commercial television network Nippon Television Network. He has served as the Managing Editor of The Yomiuri Shimbun since 1985.

When the Japan Professional Soccer League was established, he insisted that each football club should put each company's name on the football clubs. Usually, in Europe and the United States, each professional team or club put each city's name on the team. In August 2004, Watanabe resigned as Yomiuri Giants (owned by the Yomiuri Shimbun) president after it was revealed that the Giants baseball club had violated scouting rules by paying ¥2 million to pitching prospect Yasuhiro Ichiba. Ten months later, Watanabe was hired as chairman of the team.

Concerned by the way unfinished business concerning the war continued to hinder Japan's progress, Watanabe set up a War Responsibility Re-examination Committee at Yomiuri Shimbun to undertake a 14-month investigation into the causes of Japan's Pacific War. The committee concluded that, "not only high-ranking government leaders, generals and admirals should shoulder the blame."

Honours
 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (2008)

References

External links
 Shadow Shogun Steps Into Light, to Change Japan. The New York Times, February 11, 2006.
 Tsuneo Watanabe named Cannes 2007 Media Person of the year
 The Most Powerful Publisher You've Never Heard of.'The Economist'', November 14, 2007.

1926 births
Living people
Baseball executives
Businesspeople from Tokyo
Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun
Japanese journalists
Japanese sports businesspeople
Newspaper executives
University of Tokyo alumni
Yomiuri Giants

Tsuneo Watanabe


The flaccid catshark (Apristurus exsanguis) is a catshark of the family Scyliorhinidae. It is endemic to the waters around New Zealand.

Distribution
This species is found only around New Zealand, although this species' collection records indicate it is widespread and probably continuously distributed over the mid- to lower slope around New Zealand. The biology of all Apristurus species within the New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone is very poorly known due to the uncertain taxonomy of the group. They appear to be most abundant below 1,000 m, and are the only sharks regularly taken in research trawls below 1,200 m on the Chatham Rise. As relatively little fishing occurs below 1,200 m, a large part of their population may be effectively beyond fishing depths.

Conservation status
The New Zealand Department of Conservation has classified the flaccid catshark as "Data deficient" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.

References

External links
 Image of Apristurus exsanguis specimen held at National Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa

Apristurus
Endemic marine fish of New Zealand
Taxa named by Keiichi Sato (ichthyologist)
Taxa named by Kazuhiro Nakaya
Taxa named by Andrew L. Stewart
Fish described in 1999

Flaccid catshark


Elder High School is a Catholic all-boys private high school in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.  The high school has been in existence for 90 years. It is a private high school within the Archdiocese of Cincinnati. This high school is known for its academic and athletic programs. It has a strong following of students, alumni and friends who support the school at sports events. They also support community events and fundraising for capital and operating budgets.

References

Schools in Ohio
Cincinnati
High schools in the United States

Elder High School


The Detroit Police Department (DPD) is a municipal police force based in and responsible for the U.S. city of Detroit, Michigan. Founded in 1865, it has nearly 2,500 officers, making it the largest law enforcement organization in Michigan. The 2022 budget for the department was $341 million, including 28.7% of the city's general fund.

History

Establishment
Town constables were appointed starting in 1801. A Police Commission was established in 1861 but the first forty officers did not begin work until 1865.

Technological innovations
In 1921, the Detroit Police Department became the first police department in the country to utilize radio dispatch in their patrol cars. A historical marker at Belle Isle Park describes the new advancement in technology.

Role of women and minorities
In 1893, the department hired its first female officer (Marie Owen) and its first black officer (L T Toliver). The Detroit Police Department established a Women's Division in 1921 that was tasked with cases of "child abuse, sexual assaults, juvenile delinquency, and checking establishments for illegal minors." Female officers were not allowed to work on criminal cases unless accompanied by male officers until 1973, after a series of discrimination lawsuits prompted changes in department policy.

Corruption charges
In February 1940, Mayor Richard Reading, the Superintendent of Police, the county sheriff and over a hundred more were indicted on corruption charges. The Mayor was accused of selling promotions in the department. Eighty officers were accused of protecting illegal gambling operations in the city. In the end, the Mayor served three years in jail, ending in 1947.

Federal oversight
In 2000, the Detroit Free Press published a series of articles after a four-month investigation into fatal shootings by Detroit police officers. At the time, Detroit had the highest rate of police-involved shootings of any large city in the United States, surpassing New York, Los Angeles, and Houston. The city requested an investigation by the United States Department of Justice into the department's handling of deadly force incidents. By 2001, the Justice Department's investigation had uncovered issues with the department's arrest and detention practices as well. Between 2003 and 2014, the Detroit Police Department was placed under federal court oversight by the Justice Department as the result of allegations about excessive force, illegal arrests and improper detention. This process cost the city of Detroit more than $50 million. By 2014, the department's use of force had been "seriously reduced" and the U.S. District Judge overseeing the case stated that the Detroit Police Department had "met its obligations" for reforms.

Patrol geography changes
In 2005, the department's thirteen precincts were consolidated into six larger districts as a cost-cutting measure. The department restored a number of precincts in 2009 after citizens complained about the change. In 2011, it was announced that the Detroit Police Department would be reverting to the original precinct structure, with officials citing "gap[s] in services" and concerns over the new command structure.

Headquarters relocation
On June 11, 2010 it was reported that the City of Detroit would acquire the former MGM Grand Detroit temporary casino building (originally the IRS Data Center) on John C. Lodge Freeway for $6.23 million and convert it into a new police headquarters complex which would also house a crime lab operated by the Michigan State Police. The renovated building also houses the Detroit Fire Department headquarters. The former casino building has  of space. The historic Detroit Police headquarters is in Greektown. On June 28, 2013, the new public safety headquarters opened for business.

2010s
On January 23, 2011, 38-year-old Lamar Moore walked into the 6th precinct with a pistol shotgun and shot and wounded 4 officers before being killed.

On November 9, 2017, undercover police posing as drug dealers tried to arrest a group of undercover police posing as drug buyers, which led to a multi-person fight and several injuries. Police Chief James Craig told the Detroit Free Press that the brawl was "probably one of the most embarrassing things I've seen in this department."

2020 coronavirus pandemic
As the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus continues to spread around the United States, several Detroit Police officers tested positive for being infected with the COVID-19 virus, and over 200 more were quarantined to prevent further spread of the virus in the Detroit metro area. Several infected people in the Detroit metro area had already succumbed to the virus and died after it was first discovered in the counties Detroit and its suburbs were located in. The Detroit Police suffered its first casualty to the virus with the death of a 38-year-old civilian dispatcher.

Fallen officers
Since 1878, the Detroit Police Department has lost 228 officers in the line of duty.

Rank structure and insignia

Demographics
Year 2013 breakdown of gender and ethnic minorities in the DPD.:

 Male: 75%
 Female: 25%
 African-American or Black: 63%
 White: 33%
 Hispanic, any race: 4%
 Asian: 0.4%

The Detroit Police Department has one of the largest percentages of Black officers of any major city police department, reflecting current overall city demographics. Lawsuits alleging discrimination stemming from the influence of affirmative action and allegations of race-based promotional bias for executive positions have surfaced repeatedly. As of 2008, the majority of upper command members in the Detroit PD were Black.

Controversies

The table below lists people killed by and controversies involved with the Detroit Police Department.

List of chiefs

See also

 Detroit Public Safety Headquarters
 Crime in Detroit, Michigan
 Government of Detroit
 List of law enforcement agencies in Michigan
 Lists of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States
 List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States prior to 2009

Explanatory notes

References

External links

Government agencies established in 1865
Government of Detroit
Municipal police departments of Michigan

1865 establishments in Michigan

Detroit Police Department


Minouche Smit (born 6 March 1975) is a former freestyle and medley swimmer from the Netherlands. At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, she finished in sixth position (8:08.48) with the 4×200 m freestyle relay, alongside Carla Geurts, Patricia Stokkers, and Kirsten Vlieghuis. A year earlier the four of them won the silver medal in the same event at the European LC Championships in Vienna, Austria. In Atlanta Smit was also on the women's relay team, that ended up in fourth place (3:42.40) in the 4×100 m freestyle, together with Marianne Muis, Wilma van Hofwegen, and Karin Brienesse. In her only individual start, in the 200 m individual medley, she finished in seventh position, clocking 2:16.73.

Smit was married to the Dutch swimming star Pieter van den Hoogenband. They have a daughter Daphne (born 23 June 2007) and a son Sander (born 13 September 2009). In September 2012 the couple announced their separation.

References

1975 births
Living people
Dutch female freestyle swimmers
Dutch female medley swimmers
Olympic swimmers for the Netherlands
Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Hoorn
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
20th-century Dutch women

Minouche Smit


Glamour Camp was a short-lived American pop/rock musical project fronted by Christopher Otcasek, the son of The Cars' Ric Ocasek (Otcasek is the original spelling of their surname).

Otcasek obtained a recording contract with EMI Records, who released their self-titled debut album, produced by Jonathan Elias, in 1988.  Though nominally a band, Glamour Camp was essentially a solo project for Otcasek, with many performances on the album played by hired session musicians, including Will Lee and Sid McGinnis of David Letterman's house band, and drummer Andy Newmark.  The single, "She Did It", was first released in 1988, and the video received some light play on MTV, but never caught on; EMI re-released it the next year as "She Did It for Love", but it again failed to make any commercial impact.  Although the Glamour Camp name was discontinued within a year, Otcasek remained under contract to EMI, which further resulted in his solo appearance on the soundtrack to Pretty Woman with a cover of Johnny O'Keefe's "Wild One", done in the style of Iggy Pop's previous cover, 1986's "Real Wild Child (Wild One)".

References

American rock music groups
The Cars

Glamour Camp


Vittorio Foa (18 September 1910 – 20 October 2008) was an Italian politician, trade unionist, journalist and writer.

Biography
Foa was born in Turin in 1910 into a middle-class Jewish family.

He attended Liceo Classico Massimo d'Azeglio in Turin for his sixth form/senior high school studies. In 1931, Foa graduated in Law from the University of Turin and worked in a bank. In 1933, he joined Giustizia e Libertà, an anti-fascist political movement. He was arrested by the OVRA in May 1935 and was condemned to 15 years in prison. He shared his cell with Ernesto Rossi, Massimo Mila and Riccardo Bauer.

Foa was released in August 1943. He joined the resistance movement and entered the Action Party (Partito d'Azione; PdA). As a PdA member, he was involved with the National Liberation Committee (Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale; CLN)

On 2 June 1946, Foa was elected a member of the Constituent Assembly and he also became a member of the Commission of the Seventy. Foa's name was linked to articles 39 and 40 of the Constitution dealing with the freedom of trade union organisation.

When the PdA dissolved in 1947, Foa joined the Italian Socialist Party (Partito Socialista Italiano; PSI) and was elected an MP in 1953 (and again in 1958 and 1963). In 1957, he joined the left-wing trade union of Giuseppe Di Vittorio, the Italian General Confederation of Labour (Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro; CGIL), and became an influential and highly charismatic trade union leader.

A leading intellectual of the Italian non-Communist left, Foa supported the theory of the political autonomy of the working class, which would later inspire the foundation of several extra-parliamentary leftist groups of which Foa was to become a member, including the PSIUP, PdUP and DP.

At the end of the 1970s, Foa left trade union and political life to devote himself to historical research and publishing. He taught Modern History at the Universities of Modena and Turin and researched the history of the working class and of the trade unions. Publications of this period include La Gerusalemme rimandata: Domande di oggi agli inglesi del primo Novecento (1985), a study of English working class movements at the beginning of the twentieth century.

In the late 1980s, Foa played an active part in the re-thinking of the Italian left and took a keen interest in the debates within the Italian Communist Party (Partito Comunista Italiano; PCI). In 1987 he was elected Senator from the PCI's list of candidates.

In 1992 Foa retired, dividing his time between Rome and Formia. One of his last public appearances took place in 2002, when he joined the "Manifestazione dei Girotondi", a spontaneous civil movement that developed between 2002 and 2003 in several Italian towns.

Defined as "the critical voice of the Italian left", Foa devoted his life to Italian and European politics in their widest sense, and constantly expressed his confidence in the young. From the role of the trade unions, to the place of science in our contemporary society, his interests embraced crucial aspects of modern life and society.

He died on 20 October 2008 in Formia.

On 21 October 2008, Italian newspapers were filled with tributes to Foa. In La Repubblica, the journalist Miriam Mafai recalled his impatience when asked what the beleaguered Italian left should do. "It's a waste of time and sense to try to define a leftist identity" – Mafai recalled Foa saying – "You have to do what is right and necessary for the country. It is up to posterity to decide whether it came from the right or the left."

Selected bibliography
La cultura della CGIL. Scritti e interventi 1950-1970 (1984)
Riprendere tempo: Un diaologo con postilla (1982, with Pietro Marcenaro)
La Gerusalemme rimandata: Domande di oggi agli inglesi del primo Novecento (1985)
Il difficile cammino del lavoro (1990, with Vittorio Rieser)
Il Cavallo e la Torre: Riflessioni su una vita (1991)
Le virtù della Repubblica (1994, with Paul Ginsborg)
Del disordine e della libertà: Padre e figlio tra incertezze e speranze (1995, with Renzo Foa)
Il sogno di una Destra normale (1995, with Furio Colombo)
Questo Novecento (1996)
Lettere della giovinezza. Dal Carcere, 1935-1943 (1998, edited by Federica Montevecchi)
Lavori in corso, 1943-1946(1999, edited by Federica Montevecchi)
Il tempo del sapere (2000, with Andrea Ranieri)
Il ritorno dell'individuo: Cosa cambia nel lavoro e nella politica (2000, with Massimo Crosti)
Passaggi (2000); Sulle montagne (2002)
Il silenzio dei comunisti (2002, with Miriam Mafai and Alfredo Reichlin)
Un dialogo (2003, with Carlo Ginzburg)
La memoria è lunga (2003, with Federica Montevecchi)
Il linguaggio del tempo (2004, with Valter Casini)
Cent'anni dopo: Il sindacato dopo il sindacato (2006, with Gugliemo Epifani)
Le parole della politica (2008, with Federica Montevecchi)

References

External links

1910 births
2008 deaths
Politicians from Turin
20th-century Italian Jews
Action Party (Italy) politicians
Italian Socialist Party politicians
Proletarian Democracy politicians
Italian Communist Party politicians
Democratic Party of the Left politicians
Democrats of the Left politicians
Democratic Party (Italy) politicians
Members of the Constituent Assembly of Italy
Deputies of Legislature II of Italy
Deputies of Legislature III of Italy
Deputies of Legislature IV of Italy
Deputies of Legislature VII of Italy
Senators of Legislature X of Italy
Members of Giustizia e Libertà
Writers from Turin
Jewish socialists
Journalists from Turin
Italian male journalists
Italian male writers
20th-century Italian journalists
Il manifesto editors
Italian newspaper editors

Vittorio Foa


Ford Otomotiv Sanayi A.Ş. (Turkish for 'Ford Automotive Industry'), doing business as Ford Otosan, is an automotive manufacturing company based in Turkey that is equally owned by Ford Motor Company and Koç Holding. The company was established in its current form in 1977, with original relations dating back to 1928. It currently operates in four main centers: Gölcük and Yeniköy plants in Kocaeli, İnönü plant in Eskişehir, Sancaktepe R&D Center and spare parts warehouse in Istanbul, and Craiova plant in Romania. The company employs more than 20,000 people and had a production capacity of over 700,000 vehicles, 400,000 engines, and 140,000 powertrains by 2022.

History

The collaboration began in 1928, when Vehbi Koç was assigned as a Ford dealer in Ankara. The following year, the Turkish national assembly granted Ford the right to install a local assembly plant in a free zone located in Tophane, Istanbul's port area. Coinciding with great depression of 1929, limited numbers of Ford Model A and Ford Model B vehicles were assembled in Tophane Plant of Ford Motor Company Exports Inc. until 1934, when vehicle assembly activities were suspended.

In 1959, the foundation of the Otosan (Otomotiv Sanayii, Turkish for 'Automotive Industry') factory was held in Istanbul, and in 1960 the Ford Consul was the first model to be produced at the plant, followed by the Thames and the Thames Trader van. In 1965, the D1210 truck was added to production, and in 1966, the Anadol, the first mass-production passenger vehicle developed in Turkey. In 1967, the Ford Transit also began production and in 1973, the Anadol STC-16, the first sports car developed in Turkey.

In 1977, the company signed a license agreement with Ford and the company's name was changed to Ford Otosan. In 1979, took place the groundbreaking ceremony for a new factory in İnönü, Eskişehir, which began production of the Ford Cargo in 1983. Also that year, Ford increased its share of ownership in the company to 30 percent. In 1985 the Ford Taunus began production at the Istanbul plant, and in 1986 the official opening ceremony was held for the İnönü engine plant.

In 1992, the newer Ford Transit was put into production, and in 1993 the Ford Escort replaced the Ford Taunus on the production lines. In 1997, Ford further increased its share in the company to 41 percent, becoming equal partner with Koç Holding in the joint venture. In 1998, the groundbreaking ceremony was held for the new factory in Gölcük, Kocaeli, that became operational in 2001, replacing the Istanbul facility. It is aimed mainly at commercial vehicle production, and manufactures the Ford Transit and the Ford Transit Connect, both models being marketed worldwide. In 2003, the company launched a new generation of the Ford Cargo heavy-duty truck.

In September 2012, Ford revealed its new version of the Transit, and in January 2013 the new Cargo heavy truck was unveiled. The latter was co-developed by Ford Otosan in partnership with
Ford Brazil, and will be manufactured in both countries.

In September 2018, at the IAA Commercial Vehicles show in Hannover, Germany, Ford introduced an electric tractor trailer concept vehicle dubbed the F-Vision, which would have Level 4 autonomous driving capability.

In March 2022, Ford Otosan announced that company would acquire Ford Romania. Ford Otosan took over the ownership of Ford Romania's Craiova factory from Ford Motor Company on July 1, 2022, for €625 million, plus an additional €140 million to be paid in 2028, depending on the factory's production capacity.

Facilities
The Kocaeli Plant, located in Gölcük, was opened in 2001, and has been the main global production center for the Transit. It has an annual production capacity of 320,000 vehicles and has its own port. Previously, it also produced the first generation of Transit Custom and first two generations of the Transit Connect.

The Yeniköy plant started production of the Transit/Tourneo Courier in the second quarter of 2014. It is located within the Kocaeli facility, but as a different production plant, with a starting capacity of 110,000 vehicles per year. Ford stopped producing the Courier in Turkey in July 2023 and moved production to Romania in October 2023, launching the new generation. The Yeniköy factory will instead produce the new generation of Transit Custom.

The Craiova plant was founded in 1976 and produced Oltcit until 1994 and Daewoo vehicles until 2008, when it was bought by Ford. Ford Otosan has owned the factory since 2022, and as of 2023, the company produces the Puma crossover and Transit/Tourneo Courier, with electric versions coming in 2024.

The İnönü Plant, located in Eskişehir, began operating in 1982, and has been the production center of the Cargo heavy truck, as well as for engines and powertrains. It has an annual capacity of 10,000 trucks, 66,000 engines and 45,000 gearboxes.

The Sancaktepe Engineering Center, located in the Sancaktepe district of Istanbul, was established in 2014, and is responsible for the development of the newest products and technologies. It employs over 1000 product development engineers.

The Kartal Parts Distribution Center, located in the Sancaktepe district of Istanbul, has been operating since 1998, and it is the marketing centre of the company's marketing, sales, after-sales and spare parts operations.

Products

Current

 Ford Transit (1967–present)
 Ford Cargo (1983–present)
 Ford Transit Custom (2012–present)
 Ford Transit Courier (2014–present)
 Ford F-Max (2018–present)
 Ford Puma (2022–present; original production started in 2019)

Historic

 Ford Consul (1960–1961)
 Thames Trader (1961–1965)
 Ford D1210 (1965–1983)
 Anadol (1966–1984)
 Anadol STC-16 (1973–1975)
 Ford Taunus (1985–1993)
Otosan P100 (1986-1997)
 Ford Escort (1993–1999)
 Ford Transit Connect (2002–2013)
 Ford Ecosport (2022; original production started in 2017)

See also
Ford Ecotorq engine
List of companies of Turkey

References

External links

Motor vehicle manufacturers of Turkey
Ford Motor Company
Economy of Kocaeli Province
Joint ventures
Koç family
İzmit
Companies listed on the Istanbul Stock Exchange
Turkish companies established in 1959
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1959

Ford Otosan


The Calgary Flames are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).  They began in 1972 in the city of Atlanta, and moved to Calgary in 1980.  They won the Stanley Cup in 1989.  They also made the Stanley Cup finals in 1986, losing to the Montreal Canadiens, and in 2004, losing to the Tampa Bay Lightning four games to three.  The Flames won the Presidents' Trophy as regular season champion in 1988 and 1989.

The Flames play in the Scotiabank Saddledome in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.  It is called the "Saddledome" because the roof is shaped like a saddle.

Some of the best players to play for the Flames include Al MacInnis, who won the Conn Smythe Trophy as most valuable player in the playoffs in 1989; Jarome Iginla, who won the Art Ross Trophy as top point scorer in 2001-02, as well as the Rocket Richard Trophy as top goal scorer in 2001-02 and 2003-04; Lanny MacDonald, who scored 500 career goals, mostly on Calgary; Gary Suter, who won the Calder Trophy as "rookie of the year" in 1985-86 and captained the team to their only Stanley Cup win; goaltender Mike Vernon; and forwards Joe Mullen, Joe Nieuwendyk, and Theoren Fleury.

References

Other websites
Official website

Calgary Flames


doctest is a module included in the Python programming language's standard library that allows the easy generation of tests based on output from the standard Python interpreter shell, cut and pasted into docstrings.

Implementation specifics

Doctest makes innovative use of the following Python capabilities:
 docstrings
 The Python interactive shell (both command line and the included idle application)
 Python introspection

When using the Python shell, the primary prompt: >>> , is followed by new commands. The secondary prompt: ... , is used when continuing commands on multiple lines; and the result of executing the command is expected on following lines.
A blank line, or another line starting with the primary prompt is seen as the end of the output from the command.

The doctest module looks for such sequences of prompts in a docstring, re-executes the extracted command and checks the output against the output of the command given in the docstrings test example.

The default action when running doctests is for no output to be shown when tests pass. This can be modified by options to the doctest runner. In addition, doctest has been integrated with the Python unit test module allowing doctests to be run as standard unittest testcases. Unittest testcase runners allow more options when running tests such as the reporting of test statistics such as tests passed, and failed.

Literate programming and doctests

Although doctest does not allow a Python program to be embedded in narrative text, it does allow for verifiable examples to be embedded in docstrings, where the docstrings can contain other text. Docstrings can in turn be extracted from program files to generate documentation in other formats such as HTML or PDF.
A program file can be made to contain the documentation, tests, as well as the code and the tests easily verified against the code. This allows code, tests, and documentation to evolve together.

Documenting libraries by example

Doctests are well suited to provide an introduction to a library by demonstrating how the API is used.

On the basis of the output of Python's interactive interpreter, text can be mixed with tests that exercise the library, showing expected results.

Examples

Example one shows how narrative text can be interspersed with testable examples in a docstring.
In the second example, more features of doctest are shown, together with their explanation.
Example three is set up to run all doctests in a file when the file is run, but when imported as a module, the tests will not be run.

Example 1: A doctest embedded in the docstring of a function
def list_to_0_index(lst):
    """A solution to the problem given in:
    https://rgrig.blogspot.com/2005/11/writing-readable-code.html

    'Given a list, lst, say for each element the 0-index where it appears for
    the first time. So the list x = [0, 1, 4, 2, 4, 1, 0, 2] is
    transformed into y = [0, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 0, 3]. Notice that for all
    i we have x[y[i]] = x[i]. Use any programming language and any data
    representation you want.'

    >>> x = [0, 1, 4, 2, 4, 1, 0, 2]
    >>> list_to_0_index(x)
    [0, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 0, 3]
    >>>
    """

    return [lst.index(i) for i in lst]

Example 2: doctests embedded in a README.txt file

======================
Demonstration doctests
======================

This is just an example of what a README text looks like that can be used with
the doctest.DocFileSuite() function from Python's doctest module.

Normally, the README file would explain the API of the module, like this:

>>> a = 1
>>> b = 2
>>> a + b
3

Notice, that we just demonstrated how to add two numbers in Python, and
what the result will look like.

A special option allows you to be somewhat fuzzy about your examples:

>>> o = object()
>>> o                 # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
<object object at 0x...>

Exceptions can be tested very nicely too:

>>> x
Traceback (most recent call last):
 ...
NameError: name 'x' is not defined

Example 3: unique_words.py
This example also simulates input to the function from a file by using the Python StringIO module
def unique_words(page):
    """Return set of the unique words in list of lines of text.

    Example:

    >>> from StringIO import StringIO
    >>> fileText = """the cat sat on the mat
    ... the mat was ondur the cat
    ... one fish two fish red fish
    ... blue fish
    ... This fish has a yellow car
    ... This fish has a yellow star"""
    >>> file = StringIO(fileText)
    >>> page = file.readlines()
    >>> words = unique_words(page)
    >>> print sorted(list(words))
    ["This", "a", "blue", "car", "cat", "fish", "has", "mat",
     "on", "ondur", "one", "red", "sat", "star", "the", "two",
     "was", "yellow"]
    >>>
    """
    return set(word for line in page for word in line.split())

def _test():
    import doctest
    doctest.testmod()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    _test()

Doctest and documentation generators

Both the EpyText format of Epydoc and Docutils' reStructuredText format support the markup of doctest sections within docstrings.

Implementation in other programming languages

In C++, the doctest framework is the closest possible implementation of the concept - tests can be written directly in the production code with minimal overhead and the option to strip them from the binary.

The ExUnit.DocTest Elixir library implements functionality similar to Doctest.

An implementation of Doctest for Haskell.

Writing documentation tests in Elm.

Writing documentation tests in Rust.

Writing documentation tests in Elixir.

byexample supports writing doctests for several popular programming languages (e.g. Python, Ruby, Shell, JavaScript, C/C++, Java, Go, Rust) inside Markdown, reStructuredText and other text documents.

References

External links
 https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html

Software testing tools
Technical communication
Articles with example Python (programming language) code

Doctest


David Scroggy (born December 19, 1951 in Akron, Ohio) is an American retailer, columnist, editor, and executive in the field of comic books. From 1993 to 2017, he was head of new product development at Dark Horse Comics.

Scroggy attended Harvey S. Firestone High School in Akron; classmates included Chrissie Hynde (later of The Pretenders) and future comics professionals Paul Mavrides and Craig Yoe.

Scroggy started out in the comics business  in 1975. Having moved from Ohio to San Diego, Scroggy was hired by Shel Dorf, organizer of the San Diego Comic-Con, to work as a volunteer at the convention. With Dorf's encouragement and assistance, Scroggy began writing a column for Alan Light's trade publication The Buyer's Guide to Comics Fandom (later known as the Comics Buyer's Guide). This in turn got him in the door at the local San Diego retailer Pacific Comics. Before long, Scroggy had risen to general manager of Pacific Comics' four San Diego shops (his official title was Wholesale Distribution Manager). For his work in the industry, Scroggy was given an Inkpot Award at San Diego Comic-Con in 1977.

Later, when Pacific Comics expanded into publishing, Scroggy helped recruit the reclusive Steve Ditko to publish with Pacific. In 1981 Scroggy was named Editorial Director of the comics division; he also edited Jack Kirby's Captain Victory and the Galactic Rangers and the Pacific anthology Vanguard Illustrated during that period. As Pacific Comics began to publish limited-edition art portfolios by comic book and fantasy artists, under the Schanes & Schanes imprint, Scroggy was involved editorially. One example was The Portfolio of Underground Art, published in 1980. The portfolio consisted of thirteen oversize signed and numbered plates; one each by a notable underground comix artist, created for the project. Scroggy selected the artists and wrote both biographies and a text booklet that accompanies the plates. Contributor included Rick Griffin, Robert Crumb, S. Clay Wilson, Robert Williams, Spain Rodriguez, Greg Irons, and others. Scroggy edited and wrote text for The Bladerunner Sketchbook (1982), published by Pacific Comics under their Blue Dolphin imprint. Vanguard Illustrated was an anthology comic book that teamed a new, unpublished talent with an established one. A new writer's story would be illustrated by an established artist, and vice versa. Writers whose first professional work appeared in Vanguard include Fabian Nicieza, Joey Cavalieri, and David Campiti. Artists included Brendan McCarthy and Geof Darrow.

Scroggy left Pacific in 1984 to become organizer of the annual San Diego Comic Book Expo, the trade show associated with the San Diego Comic-Con. During this same period, roughly from 1983 to 1992, Scroggy worked as an agent for creators in the comics industry. He was an editor at Dark Horse Comics in 1989, and started Dark Horse's Product Development department in 1993. Scroggy again wrote a column in Comics Buyer's Guide in the 1990s.

Scroggy was Vice President of Product Development at Dark Horse for many years, retiring in 2017.

In 2019, Scroggy was a reference source for Derf Backderf in the 2020 graphic novel Kent State: Four Dead in Ohio, sharing his eyewitness account of the Kent State shootings over the weekend of May 2–3, 1970.

References

External links
 "Interview with Dave Scroggy on Dark Horse Merchandise," ICv2 (August 1, 2004)

1951 births
Living people
Comics retailers
People from Akron, Ohio

David Scroggy


An employment contract or contract of employment is a kind of contract used in labour law to attribute rights and responsibilities between parties to a bargain.
The contract is between an "employee" and an "employer". It has arisen out of the old master-servant law, used before the 20th century. Employment contracts relies on the concept of authority, in which the employee agrees to accept the authority of the employer and in exchange, the employer agrees to pay the employee a stated wage (Simon, 1951).

Terminology

A contract of employment is usually defined to mean the same as a "contract of service". A contract of service has historically been distinguished from a contract for services (contract for the supply of services). The differing terminology implies a dividing line between a person who is "employed" and someone who is "self-employed". The purpose of the dividing line is to attribute rights to some kinds of people who work for others. This could be the right to a minimum wage, holiday pay, sick leave, fair dismissal, a written statement of the contract, the right to organise in a union, and so on. The assumption is that genuinely self-employed people should be able to look after their own affairs, and therefore work they do for others should not carry with it an obligation to look after these rights.

Following the unification of the city-states in Assyria and Sumer by Sargon of Akkad into a single empire ruled from his home city circa 2334 BC, common Mesopotamian standards for length, area, volume, weight, and time used by artisan guilds in each city was promulgated by Naram-Sin of Akkad (c. 2254–2218 BC), Sargon's grandson, including those of shekels. Codex Hammurabi Law 234 (c. 1755–1750 BC) stipulated a 2-shekel prevailing wage for each 60-gur (300-bushel) vessel constructed in an employment contract between a shipbuilder and a ship-owner. Law 275 stipulated a ferry rate of 3-gerah per day on a charterparty between a ship charterer and a ship-owner. Law 276 stipulated a 2-gerah per day freight rate on a charterparty, while Law 277 stipulated a -shekel per day freight rate for a 60-gur vessel.

In Roman law the equivalent dichotomy was that between locatio conductio operarum (employment contract) and locatio conductio operis (contract for services).

The terminology is complicated by the use of many other sorts of contracts involving one person doing work for another. Instead of being considered an "employee", the individual could be considered a "worker" (which could mean less employment legislation protection) or as having an "employment relationship" (which could mean protection somewhere in between) or a "professional" or a "dependent entrepreneur", and so on. Different countries will take more or less sophisticated, or complicated approaches to the question.

Employee vs. Independent Contractor
An independent contractor is in business for him or herself providing services to other businesses and does not work for or under an outside authority. Independent contractors are contracted on a temporary basis and paid at the completion of a project upon which their contract will be terminated. An employee works for an organization and is covered by federal and state employment and labor laws, which entitles them to certain benefits such as social security, income tax withholdings, and workers compensation, among others per the United States government (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2018).

Types of Employment
Employment contracts define the type of employment, which fall into two categories: at-will employment and for-cause employment.

For-Cause Employment
For-cause employees can only have their employment terminated for a just reason. The employer's decision to terminate an employee also must be reviewed by an independent body to ensure the termination was indeed just and provide protection for employees from unfair or arbitrary termination (Pitchford, 2005). The three largest classes of just-cause employees are federal and state employees, as well as union members.

At-Will Employment
On the other hand, at-will employment does not require an employer to give any cause for termination. At-will employment is unique to the United States, as most countries require specific procedures for employment termination. At-will employment was considered common law in the United States prior to the nineteenth century as opposed to the standard employment law in England, which was the annual hiring rule or seasonal hiring. In 1877, Horace Wood wrote his treatise on employment titled Master and Servant, which is considered by some to be the origin of at-will employment in the US. However, critics of Wood indicate that he incorrectly cited the cases to support his claim that employers can discharge workers for any reason. Shortly after, courts across the country upheld his claim (Pitchford, 2005).

There are several theories as to why at-will employment became a legal standard in the US. According to Jay Feinman in The Development of the Employment at Will Rule, as a result of the Industrial Revolution and increasing economic pressures, courts adopted the rule because it favored employers who were trying to avoid mounting employment lawsuits. Employers did not want employees to have a voice because if they knew they could be dismissed at any point, they would be less likely to protest working conditions, wages, etc. At-will employment doctrine also maximized employers' ability to decrease their workforce in times of economic contraction (Ballam, 1996).

A second theory, proposed by Sanford Jacoby, argues that trade unions were much weaker in the US than in England during this period, so the courts did not offer as much protection for the annual hiring rule. Additionally, white collar workers in England during the nineteenth century garnered much more protection from the English courts due to their higher status compared to white collar workers in the United States (Ballam, 1996).

More recently, Deborah Ballam argues in Exploding the Original Myth Regarding Employment-At-Will: The True Origins of the Doctrine that the employment-at-will rule was the norm throughout the history of the United States because the agriculturally based economy and labor market were not conducive to the English annual hiring rule. "Because of the extensive use of indentured servitude, slavery, and express contracts for specified terms, and because of the severe labor shortage, few laborers would have been in situations where the annual hiring rule could have applied," (Ballam, 1996).

Types of Employment Contracts
The two most common types of employment contracts include fixed-term and open-ended contracts.

Fixed-Term Contract
Fixed-term contracts are used when an employer wishes to hire an employee for a specific amount of time that is agreed upon in advance . Also known as task contracts, a fixed-term contract can also be used for the completion of a specific task and the contract will be terminated automatically upon completion of the task. Either party may terminate the contract before the end of the specified term if appropriate notice is given by either side (University of Strathclyde, 2013).

Open-Ended Contract
Conversely, an open-ended employment contract does not have a specified end date. Open-ended employment contracts are also called permanent, indefinite, or continuing contracts as they are typically used for long-term employment situations (University of Strathclyde, 2013). This type of employment contract may be terminated if either party gives appropriate notice to the other party or in specific instances such as health concerns, resignation, or misconduct.

Structure

An employment contract should clearly define all terms and conditions of the employment relationship. The most common elements to any employment contract include the following:

 Terms of employment
 Employee responsibilities
 Employee compensation (i.e. wage/salary, benefits)
 Employment absence
 Dispute resolution
 Nondisclosure agreements
 Ownership agreements
 Assignment clauses
 Employment opportunity limitations
 Grounds for termination

Common Clauses

Scope of employment
Each employment contract contains a job description including the range of activities that an employee is reasonably expected to perform. Scope of employment often identifies demotion, transfer to different responsibilities, and modification or increasing current responsibilities. Travel and relocation can also be discussed in this section.

Compensation and benefits
Compensation includes a negotiated base salary or earning potential for an employee, performance incentives, production bonuses, signing bonuses, equity, and stock options. Benefits include insurance (health, life, vision and dental), pension plans, paid time off, vacation time, sick and personal leave. This section will also include if or when an employee's salary can be reduced for instances such as suspension or company financial distress.

Probationary period
Some companies begin employment with new employees on a probationary basis. An employee is hired for a trial period that gives the company an opportunity to evaluate an employee's job performance and conduct. The duration of the trial period, training guidelines and assessment standards should be outlined in this section. If an employee's performance is found to be unsatisfactory, the employer can terminate the employee at the end or before the completion of the probationary period. This section should also detail how the employer will inform the employee if they wish to continue the employment at the end of the probationary period. A probationary period can only be extended if agreed by both parties or if the employment contract allow it.

Non-competition
A non-competition clause prevents an employee from taking a position with a competitor of their employer following the termination of employment. The employer must have a legitimate interest in restricting the employee from future employment and the clause must be reasonable in time, activities, and geographic area.

Non-solicitation
A non-solicitation clause prevents an employee from soliciting the employer's clients, customers, or employees for his or her own benefit. The employee also cannot solicit the employer's clients, customers, or employees for a period of time after the termination of the agreement. This section protects the employer's information and tries to ensure company loyalty.

Non-disclosure
Under a non-disclosure or confidentiality clause, the employee agrees to not disclose information that the employer deems confidential or sensitive to the business and to take reasonable steps to prevent disclosure. Non-disclosures are commonly used to protect trade secrets, client information and other valuable information. A non-disclosure agreement can continue indefinitely or can include a duration clause that stipulates an end date of the agreement.

Moonlighting & best efforts
A moonlighting clause details the employer's expectation that an employee with treat their employment with the business as their primary job and that other jobs will not interfere with their job performance. In some cases, a moonlighting clause will go as far as to specify that an employee cannot hold any other form of employment other than with their employer. The employer can also require an employee to report any outside work.

Intellectual property
An employer can assign all work products and intellectual property created by an employee during their term of employment is an exclusive right of the employer. This clause pertains to inventions that relate to the company's past, present or reasonably foreseeable future business or research endeavors. Employers can claim the rights to inventions that were created using company resources, including confidential information, regardless of if they were developed during normal work hours.

Arbitration
This clause specifies that the employer and employee will resolve disputes outside of court and with an arbitrator. In arbitration, the disputing parties each present their side of an issue to an arbitrator who will act like a judge and decide the matter without a jury. The court will then enforce the arbitrator's binding decision on the dispute.

Termination
The term of the contract should be included in this section, detailing a specific time after which the contract will be terminated or no longer be enforceable. Renewals can be included as automatic with options not to renew or can be elective by both parties mutually.

Legal Implications
With at-will employment, employers must be wary of legal issues that could potentially arise from wrongful termination.

Civil Rights Act of 1964
Employees in the United States are protected under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin (Prenkert et al., 2019). Title VII covers all employers with 15 or more employees and who are engaging in an industry affecting interstate commerce. Employers include individuals, partnerships, colleges and universities, labor unions and employment agencies, as well as state and local governments. Title VII prohibits two theories of employment discrimination: disparate treatment and disparate impact. Disparate treatment occurs when an employer treats an employee differently because of the employee's protected status. Disparate impact occurs when an employer's policies or practices are seemingly neutral regarding protected statuses and have a disproportionate negative impact on members of one of those groups (Prenkert et al., 2019).

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
Wrongful termination lawsuits can also arise from violating the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, which protects both individuals who can perform the essential functions of their job despite their disability and those who need a reasonable accommodation to perform their duties (Prenkert et al., 2019). Reasonable accommodation includes making existing facilities readily accessible and usable, acquiring new equipment, restricting job, modifying work schedules, and reassigning workers to vacant positions. However, employers do not need to make accommodations that would create undue hardships. An act requiring significant difficulty or expense (Prenkert et al., 2019).

Fair Labor Standards Act
The Fair Labor Standards Act also affects employers and employment contracts in that it establishes minimum wage, overtime pay, recordkeeping, and youth employment standards affecting employees in the private sector and in Federal, State, and local governments. The FLSA applies only to employers whose annual sales total $500,000 or more or who are engaged in interstate commerce (U.S. Department of Labor, n.d.).

Respondeat Superior
Lawsuits can arise as well from Respondeat Superior Liability or vicarious liability. Respondeat Superior is the legal doctrine that in Latin means "let the master answer." Respondeat Superior holds an employer legally responsible for the wrongful acts of an employee or agent if such acts occur within the scope of the employment or agency. A court will apply the doctrine regardless of how closely the employer was monitoring the employee. Respondeat Superior applies to employees, but not to independent contractors.

Criticism

Main articles: Labour economics and Contemporary slavery

Anarcho-syndicalists and other socialists who criticise wage slavery, e.g. David Ellerman and Carole Pateman, posit that the employment contract is a legal fiction in that it recognises human beings juridically as mere tools or inputs by abdicating responsibility and self-determination, which the critics argue are inalienable. As Ellerman points out, "[t]he employee is legally transformed from being a co-responsible partner to being only an input supplier sharing no legal responsibility for either the input liabilities [costs] or the produced outputs [revenue, profits] of the employer's business." Such contracts are inherently invalid "since the person remain[s] a de facto fully capacitated adult person with only the contractual role of a non-person" as it is impossible to physically transfer self-determination. As Pateman argues:

According to some law scholars, generally, the contract of employment denotes a relationship of economic dependence and social subordination. In the words of the controversial labour lawyer Sir Otto Kahn-Freund,

"the relation between an employer and an isolated employee or worker is typically a relation between a bearer of power and one who is not a bearer of power. In its inception it is an act of submission, in its operation, it is a condition of subordination, however much the submission and the subordination may be concealed by the indispensable figment of the legal mind known as the 'contract of employment'. The main object of labor law has been, and... will always be a countervailing force to counteract the inequality of bargaining power which is inherent and must be inherent in the employment relationship."

See also
 Employment
 Collective bargaining
 Job description
 Labour law
 Labor union
 Work for hire
 First Employment Contract and New Employment Contract in France
 Master and Servant Act
 Smart contract: can be used in employment contracts
 Work visa: allows migrant workers to travel to a country for working there for an extended period of time
Adair v. United States, 209 U.S. 161, 175 (1908) "the employer and the employee have equality of right and any legislation that disturbs that equality is an arbitrary interference with the liberty of contract which no government can legally justify in our free land."
Endo contractualization
Termination of employment in Argentina

Notes

References
Ballam, D. (1996).  Exploding the Original Myth Regarding Employment-At-Will: The True Origins of the Doctrine. Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law. 17(1), 91-130.  https://www.jstor.org/stable/24050714
Deakin, S. & Wilkinson, F. (2005). The Law of the Labour Market: Industrialization, Employment, and Legal Evolution. https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198152811.001.0001/acprof-9780198152811-chapter-2

Mark Freedland, The Personal Employment Contract (2003) Oxford University Press,
Legal Information Institute. (n.d.). Nondisclosure Agreement. Cornell Law School. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/nondisclosure_agreement
Legal Information Institute. (n.d.). Respondeat Superior. Cornell Law School. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/respondeat_superior
Nenu, C.C. (2014). Short Analysis of the Essential Elements of the Typical Employment Contract and of its Importance in Maintaining it within the Current Social and Economic Context. European Integration – Realities and Perspectives. http://188.8.131.52/index.php/eirp/article/view/1494/1391#
Prenkert, J., Barnes, A., Perry, J., Haugh, T., & Stemler, A. (2019). Business Law: The Ethical, Global, And Digital Environment, Eighteenth Edition. McGraw-Hill LLC.
Pitchford, G. K. (2005). An Examination of the At-Will Employment Doctrine. ALA APA. https://ala-apa.org/newsletter/2005/08/17/an-examination-of-the-at-will-employment-doctrine/
Simon, H. (1951). A Formal Theory of the Employment Relationship. Econometrica. 19(3), 293-305. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1906815
University of Strathclyde. (2013). Use of Fixed-Term and Open-Ended Employment Contracts. https://www.strath.ac.uk/professionalservices/media/ps/humanresources/policies/FixedTermOpenEndedContractsUsePolicy.pdf
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (2018, October 23). What's the Difference Between an Independent Contractor and an Employee?. Office of Child Support Snforcement: An Office of the Administration for Children & Families https://www.acf.hhs.gov/css/training-technical-assistance/whats-difference-between-independent-contractor-and-employee
U.S. Department of Labor. (n.d.). Wages and the Fair Labor Standards Act. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/flsa

Labour law
Employment

Employment contract


Cold blast, in ironmaking, refers to a metallurgical furnace where air is not preheated before being blown into the furnace. This represents the earliest stage in the development of ironmaking. Until the 1820s, the use of cold air was thought to be preferable to hot air for the production of high-quality iron; this effect was due to the reduced moisture in cool winter air.

The discovery by James Beaumont Neilson in about 1825 of the beneficial effects of the hot blast led to the rapid obsolescence of cold blast ironworks in Great Britain, where hot blast was in general use by 1835. Cold blast ironworks survived longer in the United States, but the use of hot blast as a method of smelting iron with anthracite was introduced in 1836, and the increasing US production of coke gradually drove out the cold blast furnaces. However, one of the last known operating cold blast charcoal furnaces, Pleasant (formerly Eagle) Furnace, in Curtin, Pennsylvania did not close until 1921.

References

Notes

Bibliography

Blast furnaces
Steelmaking

Cold blast


In numerical analysis and scientific computing, truncation error is an error caused by approximating a mathematical process.

Examples

Infinite series

A summation series for  is given by an infinite series such as

In reality, we can only use a finite number of these terms as it would take an infinite amount of computational time to make use of all of them.  So let's suppose we use only three terms of the series, then

In this case, the truncation error is

Example A:

Given the following infinite series, find the truncation error for  if only the first three terms of the series are used.

Solution

Using only first three terms of the series gives

The sum of an infinite geometrical series

is given by

For our series,  and , to give

The truncation error hence is

Differentiation

The definition of the exact first derivative of the function is given by

However, if we are calculating the derivative numerically,  has to be finite. The error caused by choosing  to be finite is a truncation error in the mathematical process of differentiation.

Example A:

Find the truncation in calculating the first derivative of  at  using a step size of

Solution:

The first derivative of  is

and at ,

The approximate value is given by

The truncation error hence is

Integration

The definition of the exact integral of a function  from  to  is given as follows.

Let  be a function defined on a closed interval  of the real numbers, , and

be a partition of I, where

where  and .

This implies that we are finding the area under the curve using infinite rectangles.  However, if we are calculating the integral numerically, we can only use a finite number of rectangles. The error caused by choosing a finite number of rectangles as opposed to an infinite number of them is a truncation error in the mathematical process of integration.

Example A.

For the integral

find the truncation error if a two-segment left-hand Riemann sum is used with equal width of segments.

Solution

We have the exact value as

Using two rectangles of equal width to approximate the area (see Figure 2) under the curve, the approximate value of the integral

Occasionally, by mistake, round-off error (the consequence of using finite precision floating point numbers on computers), is also called truncation error, especially if the number is rounded by chopping. That is not the correct use of "truncation error"; however calling it truncating a number may be acceptable.

Addition
Truncation error can cause  within a computer when  because  (like it should), while . Here,  has a truncation error equal to 1. This truncation error occurs because computers do not store the least significant digits of an extremely large integer.

See also
 Quantization error

References

 .

Numerical analysis

Truncation error


Rêves de poussière ( or Buried Dreams) is a 2006 film by director Laurent Salgues.

Plot
Rêves de poussière tells of Mocktar Dicko, a Nigerien peasant, who goes to look for work in a gold mine in northeastern Burkina Faso. He hopes to forget the past in this prison, where the bars are made of dust and wind.

Production

The film was the first full-length feature by Salges.
The project quickly secured Avance sur Recettes and GAN Foundation funding, and gained further French and European funding since the director had obtained Burkina Faso citizenship through marriage.
The film was a France-Canada co-production between Athénaïse – Sophie Salbot and ACPAV – Marc Daigle.
The associate producer was Sékou Traoré of the Burkina Faso company Sahelis Productions.

Reception

A reviewer says the "opening shot reminds you of a choreographed musical—only there is no music, only silence and the sounds of workers' tools".
Another critic says "Cinematographed by Crystel Fournier, images are hauntingly dreamlike. Wind-swept dust is a recurrent motif".
The film was nominated for the grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival in the World Cinema - Dramatic category.
It won prizes at Tarifa 2007, Amiens 2006 and Namur 2006.

References

External links

2006 films
2006 drama films
Burkinabé drama films
Canadian drama films
French drama films
French-language Canadian films
2000s Canadian films
2000s French films

Rêves de poussière


I'm the Boss! is a board game by American designer Sid Sackson. It is a negotiation game in which a group of players compete and cooperate to put together profitable business deals. The goal is to make the most money. I'm the Boss is currently published by Gryphon Games, after the Face2Face Games edition. It was previously published as Kohle, Kies & Knete.

Components
 A game board with a circular track of sixteen spaces, each depicting share volume and investors of a potential deal.
 Fifteen tiles showing the share prices of deals, numbered 1 to 15 ("Deal" cards).
 A supply of light card stock play money.
 One dollar sign shaped marker.
 One die.
 Six cards representing investors.
 A custom deck of 98 cards ("Influence" cards).

Rules
The money is sorted into denominations.  Each player is randomly issued investor cards (usually one), with remainders placed face up near the board. The player with the first investor alphabetically will play first; the player to his right chooses which board space to place the dollar marker upon. The deck is shuffled and each player is dealt five cards. The tiles are sorted in order and placed on the board.

Players act in turn. On each game turn, the acting player may either leave the marker in place or roll the die and advance the marker. If he does the latter, he may either play the new space or draw three cards from the deck.

If a player does not draw cards, he may attempt to make a deal based on the current board position. Notations on the board dictate which investors must be involved to close the deal, as well as the number of shares that will pay out. The tile indicates the share price. Most spaces offer choices as to which investors to involve, while some do not.

In order for a deal to occur, players who control the required investors must agree to the terms proposed by the acting player. Terms may only specify which investors will be involved and how the total proceeds of the deal will be distributed: no other offer of consideration is legal play. Players need not control an investor involved in the deal in order to be included in its terms. In particular, the acting player may propose a deal where he draws proceeds merely for the service of allowing the deal to go through.

If an agreement is reached, the proceeds (share price × number of shares) are distributed as agreed. The current tile is placed over the current board space, indicating that the deal was done. Such spaces are skipped in future board movement. If the acting player cannot bring negotiations to a satisfactory conclusion, he may end his turn. No proceeds are generated and the current tile and board space remain as before.

At any time during negotiations, cards may be played. These can have a variety of effects under different circumstances, including:
 Bringing a temporary proxy for one of the investors (a "Clan card") into play for the duration of the deal.
 Rendering an investor (or proxy) ineligible for the current deal.
 Taking ownership of an investor from another player, or from the face-up pool.
 Taking over the role of the current player ("The Boss"), both in approving the terms of the deal and in subsequent passing of the turn order.
 Cancelling the effect of another card play.

The game ends after the conclusion of one of the last few deals on the tile stack. From the tenth tile onward, there is an increasing probability (marked on the reverse of the tile) for a die roll to immediately end the game. The game ends automatically after the fifteenth tile, if it is reached.

The player with the most money is the winner.

References

 Sackson, Sid. I'm The Boss! Rules Manual, 2003.

External links

Board games introduced in 1994
Economic simulation board games
Negotiation tabletop games
Sid Sackson games

I'm the Boss!


Nils Blake (12th century) was a Scandinavian, probably Swedish nobleman. Although his life is not known in any detail, he had a dynastic importance within the ruling families of Sweden and Norway.

Nils Blake, also known as Nils or Nikolas Blaka, married Catherine Eriksdotter, a daughter of the Swedish king Eric the Saint, probably after Eric's violent fall in 1160. Some older historians assumed that he was a Norwegian lord, son of the grandee Simon Skalp and King Harald Gille's daughter, but this has been disproven. The daughter of Nils and Katarina, Kristina Nilsdotter, is known as "Kristina the Swedish" or "the Swedish lady" in Norwegian sources, implying that Nils was a Swede, too. Kristina was married to Jarl Håkon Galen in January 1205, presumably in the presence of her cousin Eric Knutsson, who sought and received Norwegian support to gain the throne of Sweden. Since Kristina Nilsdotter later returned to Västergötland and remarried there, Nils Blake may have owned land in this province.

References

Literature
 Kjellberg, Carl M. "Erik den heliges ättlingar", Historisk tidskrift 8, 1888.
 Munch, P.A. Det norske Folks historie, Vol. III. Christiania: Tonsbergs, 1857.

12th-century Swedish nobility

Nils Blake


Stoneware is a broad term for pottery or other ceramics fired at a relatively high temperature. It may or may not be glazed. It was developed after earthenware and before porcelain. Stoneware can be made from a much wider range of clays than porcelain.

Historically, reaching high temperatures was a big challenge. Lower temperatures were used for a long time. Earthenware can be fired as low as 600°C. This was done in primitive pit firing, but  to  was more typical.

As a rough guide, modern earthenwares are normally fired in a kiln at temperatures in the range of about 1,000°C (1,830 °F) to ; stonewares at between about   to ; and porcelains at between about   to .

References

Pottery

Stoneware


Kulindrene was a regions of India related by Ptolemy. According to him, it comprised the upper valleys of the Sutlej, Jumna, Beas, and Ganges. This report may be inaccurate, and the contents of the region somewhat smaller.

"Kulindrene" is probably the Greek transliteration for the Indian region of the Kuninda, also pronounced Kulinda, which appear in historical records from the 1st century BCE.

Regions of India

Kulindrene


The Gamkaberg Nature Reserve is situated in the Little Karoo region of the Western Cape province, South Africa.

Name and history

The reserve takes its name from the central mountain, Gamkaberg, which in turn derives its name from the indigenous Khoi-khoi word for Lion, together with the Afrikaans suffix "-berg", meaning mountain.

The reserve was established in 1974 to protect one of the region's last remaining herds of Cape mountain zebra (which numbered only five surviving animals in 1976), and to reintroduce game which formerly occurred in the region.

It has since been declared a World Heritage Site. The core reserve is 10 430 ha, but the greater Gamkaberg Conservation Area comprises a variety of different protected surrounding areas, and includes 80 000 ha.

Location

The terrain of the Gamkaberg is varied, including mountain peaks, plateaus and steep gorges. Fossils and stone age paintings or rock art are also present in the reserve.

The nearest towns are Calitzdorp to the north-west; Oudtshoorn to the north-east; and Vanwyksdorp to the south. The mountains which compose the nature reserve form a separate range, within the Little Karoo. The mountain to the west of the Gamkaberg, part of the same range, is also conserved as a nature reserve named the Rooiberg Nature Reserve and the Groenefontein Nature Reserve forms part of that same conservation area, and they are managed together.

The river which flows southwards past the reserve shares its name. The Gamka River begins far to the north in the arid Great Karoo and flows southwards towards the ocean.

Fauna and Flora

Other than the large numbers of Cape Mountain Zebra, other large mammals include leopard, caracal, aardwolf, black-backed jackal, hartebeest, grysbok, and a wide range of other antelope species. The reserve is also home to an unusually large range of reptile and bird species.

The flora of the Cape region is one of the richest on the planet. Four of the Cape biomes occur in the Gamkaberg: Fynbos, Succulent Karoo, Subtropical Thicket, and Evergreen Forest.

Access and accommodation

The nature reserve is open daily for visitors. Accommodation in the nature reserve includes eco-lodges and a campsite, as well as several remote stone shelters in the mountains, which are remains of herders' huts. Accommodation is deliberately rustic and simple, so as to have a minimum effect on the surrounding wildlife and environment.

Activities
In addition to the animal and plant life, the reserve has an information centre, hiking and 4x4 routes, educational trails, labyrinth, as well as picnic and barbecue facilities.

Official website
 Gamkaberg Nature Reserve

References

Nature reserves in South Africa
Provincial nature reserves of the Western Cape
Protected areas established in 1974
1974 establishments in South Africa

Gamkaberg Nature Reserve


Canyon was an American slowcore band from Washington, D.C., United States.  Their style was heavily influenced by Americana, folk and country music.

History
The band was formed in 1999 after ex-Boys Life member Brandon Butler relocated from Kansas to the Washington, D.C. area and briefly fronted the band Farewell Bend. Originally playing shows under the moniker Vita Bruno, the initial Canyon lineup consisted of members from several influential DC post-hardcore bands including John Wall from Kerosene 454 and Vin Novara from the Crownhate Ruin. The band released their first LP in 2001 on John Wall's Slowdime Records and toured nationally afterwards.

By the time the record was released, fellow Boys Life member Joe Winkle had arrived in D.C., prompting a lineup shift that saw the departure of Wall and Novara, along with the addition of keyboardist Derry deBorja, bassist Evan Berodt, and drummer Dave Bryson. The self-titled album was picked up and re-released by Gern Blandsten Records, who also released their second full-length, "Empty Rooms," in 2002. Further touring ensued, including an opening slot for former Uncle Tupelo/Son Volt member Jay Farrar, and the recording of a live album for DCN Records.

The Canyon song "Mansion on the Mountain('Live in NYC' version)," from "Empty Rooms," is in the default library for Windows XP and subsequent versions of Windows.

On November 19, 2010, Canyon reunited as a four-piece featuring Butler, Winkle, and a supporting rhythm section, to play at the Black Cat in Washington DC. deBorja, Berodt, and Bryson were not featured in this reunion.

Connections
Derry deBorja, Evan Berodt, and Dave Bryson later played with the DC-based Americana outfit Revival before deBorja and Bryson joined Son Volt as full-time members. Brandon Butler continues to play solo and with a backing band; he has released two albums for Gypsy Eyes Records, "Killer on the Road" and later "Lucky Thumbs." Vin Novara played with the DC band Perfect Souvenir, and is again playing with 1.6 Band.  deBorja has been playing with Jason Isbell and the 400 Unit since 2013.

Members
 Brandon Butler - guitar, lap steel, harmonica
 John Wall - vocals, bass
 Joe Winkle - guitar, harmonium, lap steel
 Derry deBorja - Fender Rhodes, keyboards, accordion
 Evan Berodt - bass guitar
 Vin Novara - percussion
 Dave Bryson - percussion
 Amy Heath - trumpet
 Yalan Papillons - vocals
 Michael Pahn - hand claps

Discography
Canyon (Slowdime Records, 2001; re-released on Gern Blandsten Records)
Empty Rooms (Gern Blandsten, 2002)
Live in NYC (DCN Records, 2003)
Ten Good Eyes EP (Wichita Recordings, 2005)

References

External links
 C A N Y O N - Official Site
 [ Canyon at Allmusic.com]
 Brandon Butler solo website

Musical groups from Washington, D.C.
Musical groups established in 1999
Wichita Recordings artists
1999 establishments in Washington, D.C.

Canyon (band)


David Bennent (born 9 September 1966) is a Swiss actor. He was born in Lausanne, Switzerland. When he was 11 he starred in The Tin Drum, which caused much controversy because David was shown in sex scenes with an adult. At age 19, he acted as Honeythorn Gump in the movie Legend, co-starring together Tom Cruise and Mia Sara. Bennent has appeared in such plays as Peer Gynt (2004), Die Juden (2003), Michael Kramer (2003), and A Midsummer Night's Dream (2002).

Other websites

1966 births
Swiss movie actors
Swiss television actors
Swiss stage actors
Living people
People from Lausanne

David Bennent