Alan Samuel Colmes (September 24, 1950 – February 23, 2017) was an American radio and television host, liberal political commentator for the Fox News Channel, and blogger. He was the host of The Alan Colmes Show, a nationally syndicated talk-radio show distributed by Fox News Radio that was broadcast throughout the United States on Fox News Talk on Sirius and XM. From 1996 to 2009, Colmes served as the co-host of Hannity & Colmes, a nightly political debate show on Fox News Channel. Beginning in 2015, Colmes supplied the voice of The Liberal Panel on Fox News Channel's The Greg Gutfeld Show.

In addition to broadcasting, Colmes ran the Liberaland blog and contributed to AOL News. He was the author of Red, White & Liberal: How Left Is Right and Right Is Wrong (2003) and Thank the Liberals for Saving America (2012).

Early life and education
Colmes was born to a Jewish family in Brooklyn. He grew up in Lynbrook, New York on Long Island, attended local public schools and went to Hofstra University, where he graduated in 1971 with a Bachelor of Arts degree from its School of Communications. While at Hofstra, he worked at its radio station, WVHC, which later became WRHU.

Career
Colmes began his career in comedy. He developed his radio career in the Northeast, eventually working at stations such as WABC, WNBC, WHN, WMCA  and WEVD in New York, WNHC in New Haven, Connecticut, and WEZE and WZLX in Boston.

His radio career took off when WABC hired him for the morning drive time slot. He was billed as "W. Alan B. Colmes", as in the station's call sign. He moved to WNBC in 1987, but his tenure there would be short when NBC announced in 1988 it would close its radio division. When WNBC went off the air for the last time on October 7, 1988, Colmes' was the last voice heard. He had been syndicated nationally, starting with his involvement with Daynet, a venture created by Colmes and other regional radio hosts. Daynet was sold to Major Networks, Inc. in 1994. Colmes kept his own show, which was distributed by Fox News Radio. He was hired by Fox News chief executive officer Roger Ailes in 1996. He was the co-host of Hannity & Colmes, beginning with the Fox News Channel launch on October 6, 1996, and ending on January 9, 2009. He also appeared live on Shovio.com's new broadcasting technology, TalkBackTV.

Colmes' debut non-fiction book, Red, White & Liberal: How Left is Right and Right is Wrong (), was published in October 2003. It tackles issues such as civil rights, the war on terror, and the perceived liberal media bias. Interspersed throughout are actual emails from Hannity & Colmes viewers, reprinted verbatim.

Colmes left Hannity & Colmes, with Fox replacing it with Hannity, in January 2009. Colmes continued as a commentator on Fox News, most often on The O'Reilly Factor where he frequently appeared with his conservative sister-in-law, Monica Crowley. He was also an occasional guest-panelist on Fox News' late-night satire program Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld.

After Hannity & Colmes, Colmes was a frequent panelist on the news analysis program Fox News Watch alongside Cal Thomas, Judith Miller, and other pundits.

Criticism and satire
While Colmes described himself as a liberal and his Fox News biography touted him as "a hard-hitting liberal", he has sometimes been referred to disparagingly as a "token liberal" or a "Fox News liberal". Colmes told USA Today in 1995 that he considered himself "quite moderate". In an article he wrote in 2013, Colmes described himself as "very liberal".

During his run on Hannity & Colmes, Colmes was criticized for being less charismatic and telegenic than Sean Hannity, and just a "seat-filler" for the liberal side. Some newspapers reported him as being Hannity's "sidekick". Former Democratic Senator Al Franken criticized Colmes in his book Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them, saying he refused to ask tough questions during debates and neglected to challenge erroneous claims made by Hannity or his guests. Franken used a smaller font in his book when he addressed "Colmes" by name and claimed that Colmes did not speak as much as Hannity during the show. Some liberal critics questioned whether both hosts receive equal time to interview guests. Some of Colmes' liberal critics, notably commentators at Media Matters for America, praised him toward the end of the show's run. He began to cite their reports in interviews with some conservative guests on the program.

Bob Garfield, interviewing Colmes for On the Media in 2003, asked him if he was "the human straw man" and a "foil" rather than an equal of Hannity. Colmes replied that if the conservative members of the audience saw him that way, that was "their problem", and said "It's more fun for me to be in a situation like this than to preach to the choir."

The Colbert Report
On January 5, 2009, the beginning of his last week on Hannity & Colmes, Colmes was a guest on The Colbert Report in a spoof called "Colbert & Colmes", which parodied criticisms of Hannity & Colmes. In addition to being given a list of pre-approved responses to Stephen Colbert's opinions and forced to sit on a stool (making him appear shorter than his co-host), Colmes' face was covered by the on-air graphics while Colbert discussed issues of the day. Colbert "fired" Colmes by the end of the show for pointing out fallacies in his logic.

Following Colmes' announcement that he was leaving Hannity & Colmes, The Daily Show with Jon Stewart also paid tribute to him with a guest appearance by rock duo Hall & Oates, who in a parody version of their hit "She's Gone", dubbed him "Tango to his (Hannity's) Cash" and "Laurel to his Hardy".

Personal life and death
Colmes was married to Dr. Jocelyn Elise Crowley, a professor of public policy at Rutgers University, whose sister is Monica Crowley, the conservative radio commentator, pundit and television personality.

Colmes died of lymphoma at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in Manhattan on February 23, 2017, at the age of 66.

References

External links

1950 births
2017 deaths
American male bloggers
American bloggers
American broadcast news analysts
American male comedians
American political commentators
American political writers
American male writers
American talk radio hosts
Fox News people
Hofstra University alumni
Jewish American writers
Jewish American journalists
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Journalists from New York City
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Deaths from lymphoma
Comedians from New York City
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American comedians
People from Lynbrook, New York
Lynbrook Senior High School alumni
21st-century American Jews

Alan Colmes


Baron Adrian, of Cambridge in the County of Cambridge, was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 27 January 1955 for the electrophysiologist and Nobel Prize recipient Edgar Adrian. He was succeeded by his only son, the second Baron. He was Professor of cell physiology at the University of Cambridge. He was childless and the title became extinct on his death in 1995.

Barons Adrian (1955)
Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian (1889–1977)
Richard Hume Adrian, 2nd Baron Adrian (1927–1995)

References

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

Extinct baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1955

Baron Adrian


Calcite is one of the most common minerals on the Earth's surface. It is a often part of sedimentary rocks, especially limestone. It is also the primary mineral in metamorphic marble.

It is a chemical or biochemical calcium carbonate with the formula CaCO3. It is a carbonate mineral. It can be a vein mineral in deposits from hot springs, and in caverns as stalactites and stalagmites.

Other websites

Minerals
Geochemistry

Calcite


Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany () (136224 May 1425) was a leading Scottish nobleman, the son of Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany, and the grandson of King Robert II of Scotland, who founded the Stewart dynasty. In 1389, he became Justiciar North of the Forth. In 1402, he was captured at the Battle of Homildon Hill and would spend 12 years in captivity in England.

After his father died in 1420, and while the future King James I of Scotland was himself held captive in England, Stewart served as Governor of Scotland until 1424, when James was finally ransomed and returned to Scotland. However, in 1425, soon after James's coronation, Stewart was arrested, found guilty of treason, and executed, along with two of his sons. His only surviving heir was James the Fat, who escaped to Antrim, Ireland, where he died in 1429. Stewart's wife Isabella of Lennox survived the destruction of her family. She lived to see the assassination of James I and the restoration of her title and estates.

Early life

Stewart was born in 1362, the only son of Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany (1340–1420), and his wife Margaret Graham, Countess of Menteith. Duke Robert was a leading Scottish nobleman who was Regent of Scotland at various stages during the reigns of three kings, (Robert II, Robert III, and James I). In addition, Duke Robert held the titles of Earl of Menteith (28 February 1361), Earl of Fife (1361; resigned in 1372), Earl of Buchan (1394; resigned in 1406) and Earl of Atholl. In addition to exercising considerable power and wealth, the Albany Stewarts were potential heirs to the throne; Murdoch's grandfather was King Robert II of Scotland, who was the first member of the Stewart dynasty to rule Scotland.

Murdoch Stewart was raised in a large family, having eight sisters:
 Janet Stewart (married Sir David de Moubray)
 Mary Stewart (married Sir William Abernathy, 6th of Saltoun)
 Margaret Stewart (married to Sir John Swinton, 14th of that Ilk)
 Joan Stewart (married Sir Robert Stewart, Lord of Lorn)
 Beatrice Stewart (married Sir James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas)
 Isabella (Isobel) Stewart (married to Alexander Leslie, 7th Earl of Ross and later to Walter de Haliburton, 1st Lord Haliburton of Dirleton)
 Lady Marjorie Stewart (married to Sir Duncan Campbell, 1st Lord Campbell)
 Lady Elizabeth Stewart (married to Malcolm Fleming, ancestor of Malcolm Fleming, 3rd Lord Fleming)

His mother Margaret died in 1380. His father Duke Robert married a second time, to Muriella de Keith, with whom he had four children, the elder of whom was John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Buchan (1381–1424).

In 1389, at around age 27, Murdoch was appointed Justiciar North of the Forth. Father and son would now work together to expand their family interest, bringing them into violent confrontation with other members of the nobility, such as Donald McDonald, 2nd Lord of the Isles.

War and capture

Stewart served in Scottish military actions against the English in the early 15th century and was captured at the Battle of Homildon Hill, which took place on 14 September 1402 in Northumberland, England. Led by Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas, the Scottish army had invaded England bent on plunder, in part to avenge the killing and capture of Scottish nobles in the Battle of Nesbit Moor on 22 June 1402. While returning to Scotland, they were intercepted by English forces led by Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland. The result was a decisive defeat of the Scottish army.

William Shakespeare later wrote, in his play Henry IV, part 1:

Ten thousand bold Scots, two and twenty knights,
Balk'd in their own blood did Sir Walter see
On Holmedon's plains. Of prisoners, Hotspur took
Mordake the Earl of Fife, and eldest son
To beaten Douglas; and the Earl of Athol,
Of Murray, Angus, and Menteith:
And is not this an honourable spoil?
A gallant prize? ha, cousin, is it not?
---Shakespeare, Henry IV, part 1, act 1, scene 1.

Murdoch Stewart (described above as "Mordake the Earl of Fife") was held as a prisoner in England for the next twelve years.

Politics
Murdoch Stewart's captivity in England did not prevent his father from ruthlessly pursuing the family interest, often through violent means. On 26 March 1402 the Duke of Albany's nephew, David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, had died in Falkland Palace while under his uncle's protection. King Robert III of Scotland, fearful that his younger son Prince James, the heir to the throne of Scotland, would suffer the same fate, sent him out of the kingdom to escape Albany's clutches. In 1406 James boarded the Maryenknyght, a ship from Danzig that was bound for France,  but on 22 March 1406, the ship was taken by English pirates off Flamborough Head and James was delivered as a prisoner to King Henry IV of England. Soon afterwards, on 4 April 1406 King Robert III died, leaving Scotland without a King. Prince James, now the heir to the throne of Scotland and just 12 years old, would endure 18 years of detention in England. In his absence the Albany Stewarts took the reins of power, and Murdoch's father, Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany, became Governor of Scotland, king in all but name. The English price of returning James to Scotland was English overlordship of Scotland, something that few Scots were prepared to accept.

At this time Murdoch Stewart was still a prisoner in England, but in 1416 he was exchanged for Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland, and he returned to Scotland. The Albany Stewarts took James's lands under their own control, depriving the king of income and any of the regalia of his position. James was referred to in the official records as merely 'the son of the late king'.

Governor of Scotland and Duke of Albany
In 1420, on his father's death, Murdoch, now aged 58, finally inherited the Dukedom of Albany. He also inherited the Earldom of Fife and the Earldom of Menteith, and at last became Governor of Scotland in his own right. He would hold this position from 1420 to 1424, while King James I was still held captive in England. Few serious attempts appear to have been made by Duke Albany to return James to Scotland, but eventually political pressure compelled Murdoch to agree to a general council.

Ransom and return of James I

In August 1423 it was agreed that an embassy should be sent to England to negotiate James's release. A ransom treaty of 60,000 marks (an enormous sum) was agreed at Durham on 28 March 1424, to which James attached his own seal—he and his queen, accompanied by an escort of English and Scottish nobles, proceeded to Melrose Abbey, arriving on 5 April where he met Albany to receive the governor's seal of office. Upon the return of James I to Scotland, Albany lost his position as Regent.

James began to consolidate his position. His coronation took place at Scone on 21 May 1424. At his coronation parliament the king—probably with the intent of securing a cohesive political community loyal to the crown—knighted 18 prominent nobles including Albany's son Alexander Stewart.

At this stage, it is probable that the king felt unable to take action against the Albany Stewarts while Murdoch's brother, John Stewart, Earl of Buchan and Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas were fighting the English in France alongside their Dauphinist French allies. Buchan was a soldier with an international reputation, and commanded the large Scottish army of around 6,000 men, a formidable force. In addition he was Constable of France, making him the effective commander of the entire French army. However, both he and Douglas were killed at the Battle of Verneuil in August 1424 and the Scottish army was routed—the loss of these Albany allies with their fighting force left Murdoch politically exposed. James moved swiftly against his Albany Stewart relatives soon afterwards.

Arrest

Murdoch was arrested, along with his younger son Lord Alexander Stewart. Albany was at first confined in the castle at St. Andrews and afterwards transferred to Caerlaverock Castle. His wife Isabella was captured in the family's fortified castle of Doune, their favourite residence, and committed to Tantallon Castle.

James's older brother David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay had died young, in Falkland Castle, while in the care of Murdoch's father, Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany. Though Albany had been exonerated by Parliament, the suspicion of foul play remained. Moreover, neither Duke Robert nor his son Murdoch had exerted themselves in negotiating James's release while in English captivity. This may well have left James with the suspicion that the Albany Stewarts had personal designs on the throne of Scotland.

At this time Albany's other son Walter was already in prison. James, Murdoch's youngest son (also known as James the Fat), escaped arrest. and fled into the Lennox, where he began to organise a revolt, leading men of Lennox and Argyll in open rebellion against the crown. He attacked and burned the burgh of Dumbarton with much loss of life. This resort to violence by Albany's youngest son may spurred the king into bring a charge of treason against the Albany Stewarts, however, it is likely there was other evidence (no longer extant) for him to have gained the support of the leading magnates.

Trial and execution

Duke Murdoch, his sons Walter and Alexander, and Duncan, Earl of Lennox were in Stirling Castle for their trial on 18 May 1425, at a prorogued parliament in the presence of the King.  An assize of seven earls and fourteen lesser nobles heard the evidence that linked the prisoners to the rebellion in the Lennox—in a trial lasting just one day the four men were found guilty of treason.

The jury which condemned them was composed of 21 knights and Peers, including Albany's half uncle Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl, first cousin Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar, first cousins once removed Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas, and Alexander, Earl of Ross and Lord of the Isles.

Walter was condemned on 24 May. Albany and his son Alexander were tried before the same jury the following day. All the prisoners were publicly beheaded on Heading Hill "in front of" Stirling Castle. Albany was attainted and all of his peerage titles were forfeited. He was buried at Blackfriars' Church, Stirling.

In the destruction of his close family, the Albany Stewarts, James I gained the substantial rents from the family's three forfeited earldoms of Fife, Menteith and Lennox, a blow from which the Albany Stewarts never recovered. More importantly, he secured his reign from the threat which had been constantly posed to him by the Albany Stewarts since his older brother's death, probably at their hands, decades before.

Marriage and children
Murdoch was married to Isabella, daughter of Donnchadh, Earl of Lennox. They had four sons and a daughter:
 Robert Stewart (d. 1421)
 Walter Stewart (executed 1425). Married to Janet Erskine; father of:
 Andrew Stewart, 1st Lord Avondale who became Lord of Avondale in 1459, and Lord Chancellor of Scotland in the same year, becoming one of the leading servants of King James III of Scotland. He would hold the office of Chancellor for 25 years, dying in 1488.
 Walter Stewart of Morphie
 Alexander Stewart
 Andrew Stewart, 1st Lord Avondale
 Henry Stewart, 1st Lord Methven, married to Margaret Tudor as her 3rd husband; her 1st was James IV of Scotland.
 Alexander Stewart (executed 1425).
 James the Fat (Seamas Mòr) Stewart, fled to Ireland and died in 1429.
Isabel, who married Sir Walter Buchanan, 12th Laird of Buchanan.

Ancestry

Legacy

Albany's sole surviving male heir was his youngest son, James the Fat who, after his failed rebellion, escaped to Ireland following the execution of his father and brothers. James remained in Ireland, unable to return, and died there in 1429. He was never able to inherit his father's titles, since they had been declared forfeit under the attainder. Albany's grandson, James "Beag" Stewart (c1410-1470), would eventually secure a pardon from the King and return to Scotland, though the family would never recover their lost estates. James "Beag" Stewart is the ancestor of the Stewarts of Ardvorlich on Lochearnside, whose family history is recounted by Sir Walter Scott in A Legend of Montrose.

Albany's wife, Isabella of Lennox, survived the execution of her family, though she spent eight years as a royal prisoner at Tantallon Castle. In 1437, after the death of James I, she at last recovered her lands and title. In the next few years, although forced to govern her province from Loch Lomond, she issued a large number of charters and was tolerated by James's successor, King James II of Scotland, who allowed her to assume all her titles and honors as Duchess of Albany and Countess of Lennox.

See also
Alexander of Islay, Earl of Ross

Notes

References

 Campbell, Alastair, A History of Clan Campbell, Volume 2
 Crawfurd, George, p.159, A General Description of the Shire of Renfrew (1818) Retrieved November 2010
 Mackie, J. D., A History of Scotland, Penguin Books, London (1964)

 Nelker, Gladys P., The Clan Steuart, Genealogical Publishing (1970)

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Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany


Donald Murray (20 September 1865– 14 July 1945) was an electrical engineer and the inventor of a telegraphic typewriter system using an extended Baudot code that was a direct ancestor of the teleprinter (teletype machine). He can justifiably be called the "Father of the remote Typewriter".

Murray's system became the International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2) or Murray Code; it was supplanted by the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) in 1963.

Early life and education
Murray was born in Invercargill, New Zealand, in 1865, and was educated at the Lincoln Agricultural College near Christchurch from 1882. This led to his early work as a farmer.

Murray went to Europe in 1886, returning home in 1887 and working at The New Zealand Herald newspaper, while also studying at the Auckland University College from which he graduated in 1890 with a Bachelor of Arts. In 1891 he moved to Australia, where he worked for The Sydney Morning Herald newspaper while studying at the University of Sydney for a Master of Arts in logic.

Telegraphic typewriter
It was during his time with the Sydney Morning Herald that Murray got the idea for the telegraphic typewriter. At the time, telegrams were transmitted by telegraphists using Morse code, then typed onto a telegram form which was then delivered by bicycle or on foot. Murray's idea was to use a typewriter to drive a device that translated each character of the text into a modified Baudot code. On the receiving end, another mechanism would print the coded characters on a paper tape, and/or make a perforated copy of the message. This system allowed the transmission of messages without need of operators trained in Morse code. At the time typists were being trained in great numbers using the QWERTY keyboard layout.

Murray went to New York City in 1899 with the idea for his invention, and sought backing while submitting a patent. The patent describes the teleprinter system. It received backing from the Postal Telegraph Cable Company, and was then manufactured. This formalized and heavily promoted the use of the QWERTY keyboard, to the detriment of other keyboard layouts.

The machines were introduced world-wide, with systems prominently at New York's Western Union and London's General Post Office.

Murray soon moved to London, and remained there until he sold the rights to his invention in 1925. He then retired to Monte Carlo and later Switzerland, where he studied and wrote on philosophy.

Publications
Murray was the author of three books:
 The Philosophy of Power: First Principles, London: Williams & Norgate (1939).
 The Philosophy of Power, Volume 2: The Theory of Control, London: Williams & Norgate (1940).
 Australia: Poverty or Progress?, Melbourne: Henry George Foundation (1945).

References

External links

 New Zealand's Donald Murray: The Father of the Remote Typewriter, Australian Typewriter Museum, Canberra
 Codes that Don't Count: Some Printing Telegraph Codes as Products of their Technologies (With Particular Attention to the Teletypesetter) - includes images of early Murray equipment, and visual comparison of Baudot code and Murray code
 Teleprinter and Teletype
 Radioteletype or RTTY - Wireless Institute of Australia
 Telegraph Timeline  - North American Data Communications Museum (NADCOMM)

1865 births
1945 deaths
University of New Zealand alumni
University of Sydney alumni
New Zealand inventors
19th-century Australian inventors
Georgists

Donald Murray (inventor)


Inner Worlds is a 1996 fantasy platform game by Sleepless Software Inc. incorporating some RPG elements. The game is concentrated on a werewolf character called Nikita who travels through a magical world fighting monsters and learning spells.

Gameplay
Although the game appears to be a typical platform game with levels grouped into three episodes, there are many RPG elements, which make the game much more complex. Although episodes must be played in proper order, the level structure of the game is not strictly linear as it is possible to skip some levels and return to them later in the episode. In addition to jumping, running and fighting monsters, Nikita is able to shapeshift into a  wolf at any time, if  she has enough mana, which gives her access to otherwise inaccessible locations. She also can collect many kinds of weapons and other special items such as keys, scrolls and potions. Some of them can give her some special abilities. It is even possible to enchant the weapon chosen by the player to dramatically change its power and behavior.

Character development system
Unlike other games at the time, in Inner Worlds the main character gets stronger through the course of the game in addition to collecting new items and weapons, as would be expected in a role playing game. On almost every level the player is able to find an amulet which increases  maximum mana or health. Killing unusual monsters allows the player to learn some spells to create magical arrows or fireballs.

Story
The story is revealed to the player by long text introductions before each level.  In the first episode Wizard's World, Nikita travels into the Castle Drofanayrb (whose name is the name of programmer Bryan A. Ford spelled backwards) to defeat the powerful monster called Gralob, which was created by a powerful mage and now is the scourge of the land. In the second episode World of Change, she returns to her homeland to discover further horrors – and to fight them. In the third episode Heart of the World, she descends into the large volcano in order to engage in a final confrontation with evil forces.

Music
The music tracks played during the game were written by different people who won a contest held for that purpose on the Internet. The game's creators  offered $100 for all the songs they choose to put in the game, and $1,000 as the first prize for the contest winner. The winner was Daniel Hansson from Sweden for the track called Unplugged. The authors of other songs used in the game were from locations as disparate as Croatia, Netherlands, Slovakia, Australia, US and Finland.

Development, release and reception
The Sleepless Software team originally consisted of 3 people from Salt Lake City, with Inner Worlds being their first project. The team became much larger using the internet, and in the end consisted of 27 people from 9 countries.
Creating the game took 3 years instead of 1 year originally  planned. In 1996 Inner Worlds was released on DOS and Linux – its first episode Wizard's World was distributed as a shareware. Despite all this, the game was not well purchased, though decently received.

Around 2001 the developers released the game as freely redistributable freeware on their website.

References

External links

Official website

Linux version at Internet Archive
DOS version at Internet Archive

1996 video games
DOS games
Linux games
Freeware games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games featuring female protagonists

Inner Worlds (video game)


In chemistry, a saturated compound is a chemical compound which can't usually do addition reactions, such as hydrogenation, oxidative addition, and the binding of a Lewis base. Therefore an unsaturated compound is the opposite. Saturated compounds are compounds like alkanes. Saturated hydrocarbons contain only carbon to carbon single bonds. Unsaturated compounds are compounds like alkenes or alkynes.  Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain a carbon to carbon double bond, or carbon to carbon triple bond.

Organic chemistry
Chemical nomenclature

Saturated and unsaturated compounds


Deadpool is a 2016 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, distributed by 20th Century Fox. It is the eighth installment of the X-Men film series. The film was directed by Tim Miller from a screenplay by Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick, and stars Ryan Reynolds in the title role alongside Morena Baccarin, Ed Skrein, T. J. Miller, Gina Carano, Leslie Uggams, Brianna Hildebrand, and Stefan Kapičić. In Deadpool, Wade Wilson hunts the man who gave him mutant abilities, but also a scarred physical appearance, as the wisecracking, fourth wall-breaking antihero Deadpool.

After spending 10 years in development hell, Deadpool received a greenlight from Fox with a much smaller budget than is usually given to a big superhero film, $58 million. This gave the production team—including Miller in his directorial debut—the leeway they needed to create a comic-accurate film, after Reynolds' less-faithful portrayal of the character in X-Men Origins: Wolverine was not well received. Focus was placed on reproducing the tone, humor, and violence of the comics. Deadpool was released in the United States on February 12, 2016, and became a critical and financial success, breaking numerous box office records around the world.

An extensive marketing campaign was carried out before the film's release, with Reynolds working closely with the Fox marketing team to take advantage of the internet and social media due to the film's much lower budget than other superhero films. Focus was put on the lead character and his signature humor and violence rather than solely the film, with Reynolds appearing in character as Deadpool for several different promotions.

Approach
The marketing budget for Deadpool was smaller than usual, like the production budget, so Reynolds worked closely with Fox domestic marketing chief Marc Weinstock to use the internet to their advantage and come up with cheaper, "Deadpool-based" ways to market the film. Weinstock noted that it was unusual for an actor in a film to do this. Reynolds kept one of the Deadpool costumes for himself, and appeared in it throughout the marketing campaign. Visual effects vendor Image Engine animated Deadpool's mask for these appearances, using a similar process to that used by Weta Digital for the film.

Promotion

Trailers

In July, director Miller and several cast members attended the 2015 San Diego Comic-Con to present a trailer for the film, which received a standing ovation from attendees who requested that it be played again. Writing for Business Insider, Joshua Rivera praised the trailer for translating the humor, tone, and violence from the comics. Graeme McMillan of The Hollywood Reporter opined that Deadpool "looks like the first movie that talks to the fan audience in their own language", and praised Stan Lee's strip club cameo.

Two teasers were released on August 3 featuring Deadpool: one where he promises the arrival of the trailer and describes Fox as "the studio that inexplicably sewed his fucking mouth shut the first time", and a short tease at the end of a new trailer for Fox's Fantastic Four. The full trailer was then released, now with completed visual effects.

On December 14, a "12 Days of Deadpool" campaign began with "new images, a featurette, or maybe a new poster" released for the film each day by companies such as People, JoBlo.com, Fandango, and Mashable leading up to the release of a new trailer on Christmas Day.

Videos
For Halloween, Reynolds released a video with himself in the Deadpool costume, interacting with a group of children dressed as X-Men. He asks them questions such as "How many of you have taken a human life?"

Videos released for the film included a public service announcement parody instructing men on how to check for testicular cancer, played during an episode of The Bachelor; holiday messages for Chinese New Year and Australia Day; a cross-promotional video with Manchester United; a video starring Betty White; and an appearance on Conan where Deadpool gives Conan O'Brien a massage.

Billboards and posters
Additionally, unconventional billboards for the film were put up, including one selling it as a romance film because of the closeness of the film's release to Valentine's Day, and one featuring the emojis "💀💩L" which was described as both idiotic and brilliant.

Social media
Reynolds promoted the film on social media, taking part in a faux rivalry with Hugh Jackman on Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook. The campaign also took advantage of Snapchat, Tinder, and Pornhub. In the two weeks before the film's release, there was an average 10,000 to 20,000 tweets about it a day, which jumped to 90,000 after the early screenings. Weinstock said, "There's a lot of debate as to whether or not social media can really open a movie ... and this proves it can."

Other
In March 2015, Reynolds revealed the Deadpool costume in a parody of a famous magazine shoot of Burt Reynolds lying on a bear skin in front of a fireplace. The next month, Reynolds said in an interview on Extra with Mario Lopez that the film would be "family friendly", only to see Deadpool seemingly murder Lopez and announce that the video was an April Fools' joke and "Deadpool will of course be rated R."

In January, fan events in New York City and Los Angeles that promised "first look footage" were actually early screenings of the film. Reynolds attended the New York screening, while Tim Miller attended the Los Angeles screening with Deadpool co-creator Rob Liefeld, Lee, T.J. Miller, Reese, Wernick, and Hildebrand. For Super Bowl 50, Fox arranged for Reynolds to run a taco truck on the Friday before, serving Deadpool's favorite food chimichangas; on the Saturday, a location near the Super Bowl stadium was transformed into the bar from the film, with Reynolds and T.J. Miller present to socialize; and during the game, Fox bought a commercial for the film while Reynolds was given control of the company's Snapchat account. For the week beginning February 8, Fox teamed with Viacom to show Deadpool commercials on five different Viacom networks, covering series targeted at several different demographics, including: Teen Mom and Ridiculousness on MTV; Tosh.0, Workaholics, and @midnight on Comedy Central; Love & Hip Hop on VH1; The Golden Girls on Logo TV; and Cops on Spike. @midnight also featured a segment dedicated to the film.

Reception
Discussing the campaign for Wired, Emma Grey Ellis called it "a relentless marketing siege of every platform you would think of—and some you didn't ... as crazy and unrelenting as it all is, isn't this exactly what we want from Deadpool?" Bobby Anhalt at Screen Rant called it possibly "the best film marketing campaign in the history of cinema", and noted that Deadpool's fourth wall breaking allowed "the marketing team [to] make stunts that appear as though the character himself is crafting them." HostGator's Jeremy Jensen attributed the campaign's success to Reynolds, as well as Fox embracing the film's R rating. He concluded that, "More than anything the Deadpool marketing campaign managed to create a relationship with the people who ended up going to see it. They were honest, creative, and completely relentless." Alisha Grauso of Forbes felt the campaign's success came from the marketing team understanding the character, having freedom from the usual creative constraints put on film marketers, and not revealing much of the film's actual content. Grauso also praised the marketing team for utilizing Reynolds, and said, "Audiences have been more than ready for the weird and wild, and that's the point—Fox was smart enough to see that and run with it. Most marketing campaigns don't give audiences credit for being all that intelligent or open-minded, but the campaign for Deadpool didn't hold back ... [it] was just like the character himself. Unpredictable, non sequitur, hilarious, perverse, and popping up in the strangest of places."

References

2016 in film
Deadpool (film series)
Deadpool
Deadpool, Marketing

Marketing for Deadpool (film)


Bhagadatta was a king of the ancient Indian kingdom of Pragjyotisha. Bhagadatta may also refer to:

Bhagadatta (Langkasuka), a 6th-century King of the Langkasuka empire
Bhagadatta (of Chanasa), a 10th-century King of Dvaravati
Bhagadatta austenia, an (older) alternative name of the butterfly species Limenitis austenia

Bhagadatta (disambiguation)


In international relations, a middle power is a sovereign state that is not a great power nor a superpower, but still has large or moderate influence and international recognition.

The concept of the "middle power" dates back to the origins of the European state system. In the late 16th century, Italian political thinker Giovanni Botero divided the world into three types of states: grandissime (great powers), mezano (middle powers), and piccioli (small powers). According to Botero, a mezano or middle power "has sufficient strength and authority to stand on its own without the need of help from others."

History and definition
No agreed standard method defines which states are middle powers, aside from the broad idea that middle powers are states that have a 'moderate' ability to influence the behaviour of other states, in contrast to small power, which have 'little' ability to influence. Some researchers use Gross National Product (GNP) statistics to draw lists of middle powers around the world. Economically, middle powers are generally those that are not considered too "big" or too "small", however that is defined. However, economy is not always the defining factor. Under the original sense of the term, a middle power was one that had some degree of influence globally, but did not dominate in any one area. However, this usage is not universal, and some define middle power to include nations that can be regarded as regional powers.

According to academics at the University of Leicester and University of Nottingham:

Middle power status is usually identified in one of two ways. The traditional and most common way is to aggregate critical physical and material criteria to rank states according to their relative capabilities. Because countries' capabilities differ, they are categorized as superpowers (or great powers), middle powers or small powers. More recently, it is possible to discern a second method for identifying middle power status by focusing on behavioural attributes. This posits that middle powers can be distinguished from superpowers and smaller powers because of their foreign policy behaviour – middle powers carve out a niche for themselves by pursuing a narrow range and particular types of foreign policy interest. In this way middle powers are countries that use their relative diplomatic skills in the service of international peace and stability.

According to Eduard Jordaan of Singapore Management University:

All middle powers display foreign policy behaviour that stabilises and legitimises the global order, typically through multilateral and cooperative initiatives. However, emerging and traditional middle powers can be distinguished in terms of their mutually-influencing constitutive and behavioural differences. Constitutively, traditional middle powers are wealthy, stable, egalitarian, social democratic and not regionally influential. Behaviourally, they exhibit a weak and ambivalent regional orientation, constructing identities distinct from powerful states in their regions and offer appeasing concessions to pressures for global reform. Emerging middle powers by contrast are semi-peripheral, materially inegalitarian and recently democratised states that demonstrate much regional influence and self-association. Behaviourally, they opt for reformist and not radical global change, exhibit a strong regional orientation favouring regional integration but seek also to construct identities distinct from those of the weak states in their region.

Another definition, by the Middle Powers Initiative (MPI), a program of the Global Security Institute, is that "middle power countries are politically and economically significant, internationally respected countries that have renounced the nuclear arms race, a standing that give them significant international credibility." Under this definition however, nuclear-armed states like India and Pakistan, and every state participant of the NATO nuclear sharing, would not be middle powers.

Middle power diplomacy
According to Laura Neak of the International Studies Association:
Although there is some conceptual ambiguity surrounding the term middle power, middle powers are identified most often by their international behavior–called 'middle power diplomacy'—the tendency to pursue multilateral solutions to international problems, the tendency to embrace compromise positions in international disputes, and the tendency to embrace notions of 'good international citizenship' to guide...diplomacy. Middle powers are states who commit their relative affluence, managerial skills, and international prestige to the preservation of the international order and peace. Middle powers help to maintain the international order through coalition-building, by serving as mediators and "go-betweens," and through international conflict management and resolution activities, such as UN peacekeeping. Middle powers perform these internationalist activities because of an idealistic imperative they associate with being a middle power. The imperative is that the middle powers have a moral responsibility and collective ability to protect the international order from those who would threaten it, including, at times, the great or principal powers. This imperative was particularly profound during the most intense periods of the Cold War.

According to international relations scholar Annette Baker Fox, relationships between middle powers and great powers reveal more intricate behaviors and bargaining schemes than has often been assumed.
According to Soeya Yoshihide, "Middle Power does not just mean a state's size or military or economic power. Rather, 'middle power diplomacy' is defined by the issue area where a state invests its resources and knowledge. Middle Power States avoid a direct confrontation with great powers, but they see themselves as 'moral actors' and seek their own role in particular issue areas, such as human rights, environment, and arms regulations. Middle powers are the driving force in the process of transnational institutional-building."

Characteristics of middle power diplomacy include:

Commitment to multilateralism through global institutions and allying with other middle powers.
High degree of civil society penetration in the country's foreign policy.
A country that reflects and forms its national identity through a 'novel foreign policy': Peacekeeping, Human Security, the International Criminal Court, and the Kyoto Protocol

The Middle Powers Initiative highlights the importance of middle powers diplomacy. Through MPI, eight international non-governmental organizations are able to work primarily with middle power governments to encourage and educate the nuclear weapons states to take immediate practical steps that reduce nuclear dangers, and commence negotiations to eliminate nuclear weapons. Middle power countries are particularly influential in issues related to arms control, being that they are politically and economically significant, internationally respected countries that have renounced the nuclear arms race, a standing that gives them significant political credibility.

Self-defined by nation states
The term first entered Canadian political discourse after World War II. Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent, for example, called Canada "a power of the middle rank" and helped to lay out the classical definition of Canadian middle power diplomacy. When he was advocating for Canada's election to the United Nations Security Council, he said that while "...the special nature of [Canada's] relationship to the United Kingdom and the United States complicates our responsibilities," Canada was not a "satellite" of either but would "continue to make our decisions objectively, in the light of our obligations to our own people and their interest in the welfare of the international community." Canadian leaders believed Canada was a middle power because it was a junior partner in larger alliances (e.g. NATO, NORAD), was actively involved in resolving disputes outside its own region (e.g. Suez Crisis), was not a former colonial power and therefore neutral in anti-colonial struggles, worked actively in the United Nations to represent the interests of smaller nations and to prevent the dominance of the superpowers (often being elected to the United Nations Security Council for such reasons), and because it was involved in humanitarian and peacekeeping efforts around the world.

In March 2008, Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd defined his country's foreign policy as one of "middle power diplomacy", along the lines of similar criteria. Australia would "influence international decision-makers" on issues such as "global economic, security and environmental challenges".

Growing significance in the 21st century
American political analyst Cliff Kupchan describes middle powers as "countries with significant leverage in geopolitics" but that are "less powerful than the world's two superpowers—the United States and China." Nevertheless, Kupchan argues that middle powers—particularly in the Global South—have more power, agency, and "geopolitical heft" in the 21st century (namely the 2020s) than at any time since the Second World War. He identifies Brazil, India, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, and Turkey as leading middle powers and describes them as "swing states" that are capable of creating new power dynamics due to their nonalignment with most great powers. Among the shared characteristics of these six nations are membership in the G20; large and fast-growing economies; and active diplomatic involvement in major events, such as the Russian invasion of Ukraine and international climate action.

Kupchan attributes the emergence of stronger middle powers to several historical developments in the international system, including the weaker bipolarity between the U.S. and China (as opposed to the stricter allegiances of the Cold War and the subsequent U.S. hegemony following the collapse of the Soviet Union) and the gradual trend of deglobalization, which has fostered regionalized geopolitical and geoeconomic relationships wherein middle powers have comparatively greater influence; for example, the fragmenting of the international energy market has purportedly given Saudi Arabia, a major energy exporter, far more weight in now-smaller regional markets. Kupchan also notes the ability of these middle powers to capitalize on rivalries between the major powers in order to further their own influence, interests, or foreign policy initiatives.

Overlaps between great powers and middle powers
The overlaps between the lists of middle powers and great powers show that there is no unanimous agreement among authorities.

Nations such as China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States are generally considered to be great powers due to their economic, military or strategic importance, their status as recognized nuclear powers and their permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council. Some academics also believe that Germany and Japan are great powers, albeit due to their large, advanced economies and global influence rather than military and strategic capabilities; yet sources have at times referred to these nations as middle powers.

Some in the field of international relations, such as John Kirton and Roberto Gimeno claim that Italy is a great power due to its status and membership in the G7 and NATO Quint. Moreover, according to a 2014 report by the Hague Centre for Strategic Studies (HCSS), Italy is listed among the great powers. Although broad academic support for India as a great power is uncommon, some in the field of political science, such as Malik Mohan and Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski, consider India to be a great power as well. Likewise, Brazil is sometimes referred as a great power due to its economic power and influence, with Italy at times being considered a great power due to these factors as well as its cultural power.

The following eight countries have at some point in the post–Cold War era been considered great powers but also middle powers by academics or other experts:

The United States and China are considered by many scholars to exceed the traditional criterion of great power, or instead to be superpowers, and are therefore not listed.

List of middle powers
As with the great powers, there is no unanimous agreement among authorities as to which countries are considered middle powers. Lists are often the subject of much debate and tend to place comparatively large countries (e.g. Argentina) alongside relatively small ones (e.g. Norway). Clearly not all middle powers are of equal status; some are considered regional powers and members of the G20 (e.g. Australia), while others could very easily be considered small powers (e.g. Czech Republic). Some larger middle powers also play important roles in the United Nations and other international organisations such as the WTO.

The following is a list of 50 countries that have been, at some point in time since the post–Cold War era, considered middle powers by academics or other experts (Members of the G-20 major economies are in bold font, except for the EU member states which are attended under a collective membership of the EU):

Africa (5 countries)

Americas (6 countries)

Asia (20 countries)

Europe (17 countries)

Oceania (2 countries)

See also

 JACKSNNZ
 MINT
 Power (international relations)
 Regional power
 Soft power
 Uniting for Consensus

References

Further reading
 Shifting Power in Asia-Pacific? The Rise of China, Sino-US Competition and Regional Middle Power Allegiance (by Enrico Fels (Bonn University))
 Weak States in the International System (By Michael I. Handel)
 Relocating Middle Powers: Australia and Canada in a Changing World Order (Book info)
 Middle Power Internationalism (Book info)
 Emerging Powers: Governance in a Changing Global Order (A Queen's Centre for International Relations annual report)

External links

 Middle Powers Initiative

Types of countries
Military terminology
Hegemony
International relations theory
Political science terminology
16th-century neologisms
Political terminology

Middle power


The Temple of the Seven Rishis (Russian: Храм Семи Риши, Chram Semi Rishi) is a  Hindu temple located near Nizhny Novgorod and consecrated to the Saptarishi ("Seven Sages"), the patriarchs of the Vedic religion, embodiments of the seven stars of the Big Dipper constellation. The temple is also dedicated to Lord Dattatreya (the Trimurti), other Vedic or Hindu gods, and on its ground there are also statues of Greek gods.

The temple was built between 2009 and 2010 as part of the "Collection of Mysteries" (Russian: Собрание Тайн, Sobraniye Tayn) monastery on the "Divya Loka" (Russian: Дивья Лока) compound. One of the few of its kind, it is built according to the styles of Russian architecture with Classical elements, and shows traditional Hindu and Vedic religious themes and symbols in a European guise.

See also
 Hinduism in Russia
 Religion in Russia
 Vedism

References

External links

Religion in Russia
Hinduism in Russia
Hindu temples in Russia

Temple of the Seven Rishis


Junia Lepida (AD 18 - 65) was a noblewoman in the Roman Empire. Junia was born in the family of Aemilia Lepida and Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus. She was married to Gaius Cassius Longinus and had two children.

Sources
 Edmund Groag, Arthur Stein, Leiva Petersen, et alia (edd.), Prosopographia Imperii Romani, Berlin, 1933 - 2016. (PIR2 I 861)

18 births
65 deaths

Junia Lepida


Ulrich I, Lord of Hanau ( – late 1305 or early 1306) was the ruling Lord of Hanau from 1281 until his death.

Birth
Ulrich I was the eldest son of Reinhard I and his wife Adelaide, who was a sister of Ulrich II, the last Count of Hagen-Münzenberg. He was named after his maternal grandfather, and was the first member of the Hanau family named Ulrich.

The date, or even the year of his birth, is unknown. He is first mentioned in a document dated 1272. From 1275, he appears in deeds next to his father, from 1276, he also appears alone. From 1277, he is mentioned regularly in documents relating to Hanau. This would suggest, he must have been born around 1255-1260.

Reign
Ulrich I inherited the Lordship of Hanau when his father died in 1281. During his reign, he was able to extend his territory considerably.

Ulrich acted as a regent for Count Louis of Rieneck-Rothfels. In 1298, he purchased a future interest in the fief that Louis held from Mainz. He probably also acted as regent for his nephews Reinhard and Henry of Weinsberg.

Münzenberg inheritance
Via his mother, Ulrich inherited a 1/6 share of the rich Münzenberg inheritance. His inheritance included a 1/6 share of Münzenberg Castle and the district of Münzenberg, Assenheim, Heuchelheim, Dudenhofen, Münster, Werlachen, Hayn Castle and Dreieich Forest. His mother had brought the district of Babenhausen, including part of the Bachgau and half of Groß-Umstadt into his parents' marriage. Furthermore, his mother inherited Vilbel and 1/4 of Praunheim. His mother's inheritance came with a number of disputes between the heirs. These disputes, or at least Hanau's rôle in them, were largely settled in 1288.

The inheritance gave the House of Hanau quite a strong economic position. Several properties could be temporarily added under mortgage arrangenments: Ortenberg with its Castle, Birstein Castle, Orb and Besen-Kassel. These possessions connected Hanau to Steinau an der Straße, which had previously been an exclave, and pulled the upper Kinzig valley into Hanau's sphere of influence.

Settling disputes
Ulrich I secured his position through treaties with his neighbors. In 1290, he ended a long-running dispute with the Bishopric of Würzburg and in 1303, he concluded an alliance with Frankfurt, after some violent arguments. In 1304, he joined a coalition headed by Count Palatine Rudolph I of the Rhine.

Territorial losses
Hanau lost control of the Bachgau area during Ulrich I's reign. Reinhard I had ceded this area to Mainz in 1278. After Archbishop Werner of Eppstein had died, King Rudolph had terminated the fiefs Bachgau and Seligenstat Abbey and handed the administration of these possessions to Ulrich I. In 1292, King Adolph of Nassau promised the Bachgau to the Archbishop, probably as a reward for his vote when Adolf was elected King. Ulrich I ignored this promise, which led to a feud between Ulrich I and Archbishop Gerhard II of Eppstein. Ulrich I was defeated militarily and imprisoned in Bingen. He was released a short time later, however, he had to cede most of the Bachgau. He only retained the villages of Langstadt, Schlierbach and Schaafheim and some scattered rights.

For a short period, he pledged parts of his Münzenberg inheritance to the Lords of Falkenstein, who also held a share in the inheritance. Initially he pledged his share of the towns of Münzenberg and Assenheim. In 1303, he also pledged the Jews in those towns and in Nidda, whom the King had pledged to him. He presumably needed the money to participate in a campaign of King Albert I of Germany against the Archbishop of Mainz in 1301/1302. After he repaid the long, a long ownership dispute about these possessions with Lords of Falkenstein began.

Alliance with the King
Ulrich I was very close to the King and participated in a number of the King's military campaigns:
 1277 in the fight against King Ottokar II of Bohemia
 1286 and 1287 against Count Eberhard I of Württemberg
 1288 against Count Reginald of Montbéliard
 1289 against Erfurt
 1294 against Thuringia
 1298 against Albert I of Germany. Albert I won the war after the Battle of Göllheim and Ulrich I was taken prisoner. Ulrich I quickly changed sides, and in 1300 we find him in the entourage of Albert I, who is then King of the Romans.
 1301 and 1302 he took part in a campaign of the new King against the archbishop of Mainz. The King won, and rewarded Ulrich I with the imperial fiefs that had belonged to Gerlach of Breuberg. These possessions were in and around the imperial cities of Frankfurt and Gelnhausen, giving Ulrich a foothold in these cities. He also the right of justice over Gründau and Selbold.
 1305 against Bohemia
 1305 against Count Eberhard of Württemberg again

Being so close to the King brought advantages for Ulrich's own territory. Four of his towns were granted city rights:
 On 5 August 1288, King Rudolph I granted city rights to Windecken (today: part of Nidderau), modeled on those of Frankfurt
 On 4 July 1290 Steinau an der Straße was granted a city charter modeled on Gelnhausen
 On 28 March 1295 Babenhausen received its city charter, modeled on Frankfurt, from King Adolph I
 And finally, on 2 February 1303 the town of Hanau was granted city rights modeled on Frankfurt by King Albert. This included market right and the right to elect a city council presided by two mayors. Serfs could gain their freedom by residing in Hanau for a year and a day (" "). During this period, the construction of Hanau's first city wall began.

Regional representative of the King
In 1294, abbot Henry V of Fulda was deposed, after he had severely mismanaged his territory. King Adolf appointed Ulrich I as the Fulda's administrator. His reign appears to have been very successful, and he was even able to redeem several mortgages.

The greatest success of Ulrich I's policy was his appointment in 1300 as Landvogt of the Wetterau. He retained this post until his death. However, there is very little information of what he achieved as Landvogt. His post was meant to strengthen the King's position in his disputes with the Electors in the Rhine area, who were led by the Archbishop of Mainz. At the request of the King, Ulrich I conquered and destroyed Steinheim Castle, which was defended by Siegfried of Steinheim, a nephew of the Archbishop.

His appointment as landvogt provided Ulrich with influence outside his own territory. In particular, he was the first Lord of Hanau to have jurisdict over the Bornheimerberg district, which extended Hanau's influence to a semi-circle of territory, almost surrounding Frankfurt on the northern side. This district would later be annexed to the Lord's of Hanau. Ulrich's jurisdiction included important cities, such as Oppenheim, Boppard, Wesel, Frankfurt, Friedberg and Gelnhausen.

Death
Ulrich I died in late 1305 or early 1306. He was buried in Arnsburg Abbey.

Marriage and issue
On 2 October 1272 Ulrich I was engaged to Countess Elisabeth of Rieneck ( – ), the daughter of Count Louis III of Rieneck. At the time, both were children or perhaps teenagers. The actual marriage would take place six years later. This marriage would be very advantageous for the Hanau family, both materially and in terms of status. The background for this marriage was an earlier conflict between the Archbishopric of Mainz and the counts of Rieneck about influence in the western Spessart region. Ulrich's father, Reinhard I, had supported the Archbishop, Werner of Eppstein in this long-lasting conflict and when it was finally decided in Mainz's favour in 1271, one of the conditions of the peace treaty was that Ulrich would marry Elisabeth, and that her dowry would include the city of Steinau an der Straße. This dowry considerably strengthened Ulrich's position. The exact extent of the dowry can no longer be determined, as the relevant documents are lost. However, there was a problem: the relatives of Ulrich's mother, the Counts of Hagen-Münzenberg were "only" ministeriales. One condition for the marriage was that she would be raised to proper nobility. On 25 October 1273, King Rudolph I of Germany raised Adelaide as desired.

Ulrich I and Elisabeth had the following children:
 Ulrich II
 Adelaide (first mentioned in 1306 – before 1325), married before 1315 to Lord Conrad V of Weinsberg (before 1301 – 1328)
 Conrad (first mentioned in 1343 – after 1352), prebendary of Fulda monastery. In the older literature, there is some doubt that his is really related to the Hanau family. However, his seal includes the coat of arms of Hanau.

The older literature also mentions a Margaret, who married Count Gerhard of Katzenelnbogen. However this Margaret was actually a countess of the Mark. As the deed which call Maragaret a countess of Hanau contains more such mistakes, it can be assumed to be a fake.

References
 Emil Becker: Die Herren von Hanau als Landvögte in der Wetterau, in: Jahresbericht des Königlichen Gymnasiums zu Marburg, Marburg, 1902
 Heinrich Dannenbauer: Königsfamilie und Ministeriale, in: Heinrich Dannenbauer: Grundlagen der mittelalterlichen Welt, Stuttgart, 1958, p. 329–353, esp. 350 ff
 Reinhard Dietrich: Die Landesverfassung in dem Hanauischen, in the series Hanauer Geschichtsblätter, vol. 34, Hanau, 1996,
 Franziska Haase: Ulrich I., Herr von Hanau. 1281–1306, type-written thesis, Münster, 1925
 Fred Schwind: Die Landvogtei in der Wetterau, thesis, Frankfurt, 1972
 Fred Schwind: Zu den Anfängen der Herrschaft und Stadt Hanau, in: 675 Jahre Altstadt Hanau, Hanau, 1978, p. 24ff
 Reinhard Suchier: Genealogie des Hanauer Grafenhauses, in: Festschrift des Hanauer Geschichtsvereins zu seiner fünfzigjährigen Jubelfeier am 27. August 1894, Hanau, 1894
 Ernst J. Zimmermann: Hanau Stadt und Land, 3rd ed., Hanau, 1919, reprinted: 1978

Footnotes

People from Wetteraukreis
Lords of Hanau
1250s births
1300s deaths
Year of birth unknown
Year of death uncertain
13th-century German nobility
14th-century German nobility

Ulrich I, Lord of Hanau


Anderson Street is a New Jersey Transit rail station on the Pascack Valley Line. The station is one of two rail stations in Hackensack (the other being Essex Street) and located at Anderson Street near Linden Street.

The station house was built in 1869 (and opened on September 9, 1869) by the Hackensack and New York Railroad on a track extension from Passaic Street in Hackensack. The station was turned over to the Erie Railroad in 1896 and New Jersey Transit in 1983. The next year, the station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The station building, which was 139 years old, was destroyed in a three-alarm fire and explosion at 5:55 a.m. on January 10, 2009. At the time, the station house was the second-oldest (active service) in New Jersey (second to Ramsey's Main Street station). The station building was also the site for the Green Caboose Thrift Shop, a charity gift shop maintained by a branch of the Hackensack University Medical Center from 1962 until the station depot burned in 2009.

History

Hackensack and New York Railroad

The original alignment of the Anderson Street station dates back to the chartering of the Hackensack and New York Railroad in 1856 by David P. Patterson and other investors. Their intent in creating the rail line was to help maintain a steam-powered train line in the Pascack Valley and have future ambitions to build the system northward. Construction on the new  long line began in 1866, with trains heading from New York City to the Passaic Street station in Hackensack. Although Hackensack was not a large hub, there were several rail lines serving the city, including the New Jersey Midland Line (now the New York, Susquehanna and Western Railroad) with stops at Main Street (at the Mercer Street intersection) and at Prospect Avenue. During the 1860s, service was extended to north, terminating at Essex Street. Residents from the Anderson Street area donated $2,600 (1869 USD) to have a new station depot constructed along new tracks heading northward. Although most Hackensack and New York trains ended at Passaic Street, service was extended northward on September 5, 1869, when that stop was abandoned in replacement for Anderson Street. Just next year, service was extended northward on the Hackensack and New York Railroad Extension Railroad to Cherry Hill (now North Hackensack / New Bridge Landing) and onto Hillsdale.

The Anderson Street Station had a wood siding with a shingled roof, two brick chimneys off the roof and two asphalt platforms in both directions. The station also had a garage door on the southern side of the building. No official style of architecture was mentioned for Anderson Street in the 1920 Final Engineering Report due to lack of design. Nearby, a wooden watchman's shanty was constructed near the team track. The station had two tracks run through it (one main track and a team track) and had a rail crossing between tracks. By 1870, the tracks had been extended northward to Hillsdale, and public service began on the line on March 4 of that year. Trains terminated at Hillsdale with fare of only $0.75 (1870 USD), but just one year later, the extension northward. The service was extended northward to the community of Haverstraw, New York, and in 1896, the rail line was leased by the private company to the Erie Railroad.

Erie Railroad station and restoration
After the leasing of the New Jersey and New York Railroad to the Erie Railroad, the history of Anderson Street station remained rather quiet, with minor changes to the station building and site occurring over the next sixty years. The Erie had repainted the station to a common green and white Erie Railroad paint scheme. By 1964, there were new asphalt pavement platforms on both the northbound main track and the southbound team track, crossing gates had been installed and the paint scheme was fading to a darker green. By September 1966, the Erie Lackawanna (a merge of the Erie Railroad and Delaware, Lackawanna and Western) sold off the station building to become the site of the Green Caboose Thrift Shop,  and repainted a teal green color. The nearby watchman's shanty, closed on Sundays, were repainted to tan and green with a red roof. The team track was also being dismantled by this point. Later, in 1972, the station experienced minor changes, with the Green Caboose Thrift Shop remaining in service the station building being repainted by the Erie Lackawanna a dark green (with the Erie Lackawanna's red doors). The nearby watchman's shanty was not repainted, remaining the railroad's common red color and the team track had been long removed, with no remains were noticeable.

In 1976, the Erie Lackawanna was combined with several other railroads to create the Consolidated Rail Corporation, who continued maintenance of the New Jersey and New York Line for the next seven years, until the newly formed New Jersey Transit took over the station in 1983. On March 17, 1984, the station building, now 114 years old, was added to the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and by that June, the station was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The station building was restored in 2001 by contractors from Jablonski Building Conservation Incorporated in Midtown Manhattan, who had experience restoring train stations. The building conservation repainted the old station's wooden siding yellow and the bay windows to a brand new brown on the station's ground-level platform.

Station building fire and explosion

At approximately 5:55 a.m. on January 10, 2009, the station building for Anderson Street caught fire and ruptured two propane tanks, which caused the building to explode. Two nearby cars were damaged as well. The three-alarm fire destroyed the building, and caused damage to a nearby apartment complex. Twelve fire companies were called to battle the blaze, including fire stations from Teaneck, Ridgefield Park, Bogota and South Hackensack. Service on the Pascack Valley Line had to be stopped indefinitely until they could demolish the unsafe site of the former station building and inspect the area to allow train usage. Hackensack city manager Stephen Lo Iacono was notified of the fire and deemed it a "devastating loss for the community." At 11 a.m., city officials were digging up the area around the station to stop the gas line near the new station.

The Green Caboose Thrift Shop, a charity gift shop run by a ladies auxiliary of the Hackensack University Medical Center which was housed in the station, received a major blow after the explosion, which destroyed all their merchandise. The Green Caboose has since moved to Orchard Street in Hackensack. On February 7, 2011 an application was filed to remove the destroyed structure from both the New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places, to prevent a person from constructing a new station that would not be considered "historic". On May 18, 2011, the station was removed from the National Register and its listing with the 51 other stations in the original 1984 package.

New train station
In March 2013, construction began on a new station. The cost of the new station was $571,061. The new building completed in 2014 has a waiting room with three walls and ticket machines.

Station layout

The Anderson Street station is located at the intersection with Anderson Street and Linden Avenue in Hackensack. The station has one track running through it, with one lone asphalt side platform appearing on the northbound side. The station has a nearby parking lot at the same intersection, with 50 parking spaces maintained by Park America (under lease from New Jersey Transit). Two of these 50 parking spaces are handicap accessible, although the station itself is not. These parking spots are permit-only, but are free to use on evenings and weekends. Tickets may be purchased at the station. There is nearby access to the 175 and 770 New Jersey Transit bus lines.

See also

 Operating Passenger Railroad Stations Thematic Resource (New Jersey)
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Bergen County, New Jersey

References

1869 establishments in New Jersey
Railway stations in Bergen County, New Jersey
Former National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Hackensack, New Jersey
NJ Transit Rail Operations stations
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1869
Former Erie Railroad stations
Demolished railway stations in the United States

Anderson Street station


The Huddersfield Daily Examiner is an English local daily evening newspaper covering news and sport from Huddersfield and its surrounding areas.

History
The first edition was published as a weekly, starting on 6 September 1851, as the Huddersfield & Holmfirth Examiner, although the 'Holmfirth' was dropped from the title two years later. The newspaper has been published as a daily since 28 January 1871 when journalists on the title worked all weekend in order to forestall a rival and become the town's first daily paper. Since 1999 it has been part of the Trinity Mirror group, which is now known as Reach plc and is the largest newspaper publisher in the United Kingdom.

The Examiner lays claim to a notable first in regional British journalism, as the first provincial UK newspaper to employ a woman journalist, in 1888.

Recent developments
Examiner journalist Adrian Sudbury was given recognition during his battle with terminal leukaemia between 2006 and 2008. His 'Sign up for Sudders' campaign was aimed at encouraging more people to sign up as bone marrow donors, and education packs about blood, bone marrow and organ donation were sent out to schools across the country. Sudbury died at his family home in Sheffield in August 2008.

Roy Wright served as the editor of the Examiner between 2002 and 2017. During this period, the newspaper, along with the local media industry more generally, underwent significant change. One notable shift took place in 2004, when the Examiner swapped its traditional broadsheet format for a tabloid or 'compact' size. At this time, printing of the paper left Huddersfield, to be centralised at Trinity Mirror's Chadderton facility in Oldham. In 2008, the Examiner switched to overnight printing, making the paper available earlier each day. The Examiner then moved from its base on Queen Street South to new premises at Pennine Business Park in Bradley. It maintained a small town centre office for two years, but this closed in 2013. A daily iPad version of the newspaper began in the same year. Announcing his departure in 2017, Wright said the Examiner had been transformed from a "black and white on-the-day broadsheet" to a "genuine multimedia newsroom".

The Examiner has played a leading role in the campaign to try to prevent the closure of the Accident and Emergency Unit at Huddersfield Royal Infirmary. The 'Hands Off HRI' campaign began in January 2016, and journalists at the paper have promised to continue it despite a series of official setbacks.

Wayne Ankers was appointed editor of the Examiner in January 2017. He had previously worked for sister paper the Manchester Evening News as an associate editor of content. Under Ankers' stewardship, circulation has dropped by almost two-thirds from 12,046 to 4,307 in 2022.

The Examiner rebranded its website as 'Examiner Live' in September 2018. During 2019 and 2020, the Examiner took part in a five-month trial of charging readers 25p to access certain stories. The experiment came to an end in February 2020.

References

External links
Huddersfield Examiner website

Newspapers published in Yorkshire
Huddersfield media
Newspapers established in 1851
1851 establishments in England
Daily newspapers published in the United Kingdom
Newspapers published by Reach plc

Huddersfield Daily Examiner


See also Ferrari 365 GT4 2+2 & Ferrari 365 GTC/4 for later 2+2 models, and Ferrari Daytona for the 365 GTB/4 & GTS/4

The Ferrari 365 was Ferrari's large front-engine, rear-wheel-drive 2- and 2+2-seater grand tourer line. Introduced at the 1966 Geneva Motor Show, it replaced the 330 and 500 Superfast.

365 California

The 365 California replaced the 500 Superfast for 1966. It was the first 365 model, with its 4.4 L (4390 cc/267 in³) V12 based on the 330's 4.0 L Colombo unit but with an 81 mm bore. This later version of the Colombo engine was rated at 320 horsepower, in street tune using three Weber carburettors.

The 365 California used the same chassis as the 500 Superfast but with an evolutionary cabriolet body by Pininfarina. Debuting at the Geneva Motor Show in 1966, just 14 examples were produced (including 2 in right hand drive) before production ended in 1967. Whilst the prototype was built on a 330 GT 2+2 type 571 chassis, production cars featured type 598 chassis. Chassis' were sent to Pininfarina's Grugliasco plant to be bodied and trimmed which were later returned to Ferrari to finish their mechanical components.

On 28 June 2005, a pristine 365 California sold for €736,000 (US$890,000).

365 GT 2+2

The most popular 365 model was 1967's 365 GT 2+2, replacing the 330 GT 2+2. Unlike the 330 GT 2+2 car it replaced, which had a live rear axle on leaf springs, the 365 GT 2+2 had independent rear suspension.

The 365 GT 2+2 was a luxurious car with leather seats, power steering and brakes, electric windows, and optional air conditioning. It quickly became the company's top-selling model with about 800 produced in four years, 52 of which were right hand drive. When leaving the factory the 365 GT 2+2 was fitted with Pirelli Cinturato 205VR15 tyres (CN72).

365 GTC and GTS

The 330 GTC and GTS were replaced in 1968 by the 365 GTC and GTS. It was essentially a re-engine of the 330 GTC/GTS, with the engine increasing from 4.0 liters and 300 horsepower to 4.4 liters and 320 horsepower. The styling remained almost unchanged: on both body styles differences were limited to vents moved from behind the front wheels to the bonnet.

Like all 365s, the GTC and GTS were powered by a 4,390 cc Colombo V12 engine, specifically its Tipo 245/C variant. Fed by three twin-choke Weber 40 DFI carburettors, it produced  at 6,600 rpm.
Integrating the gearbox with the final drive gave these cars a balanced 50:50 weight distribution. The 365 GTC and GTS retained the independent rear suspension, employing coil springs and wishbones, of its immediate predecessor. Brakes were servo-assisted discs all-round with a split circuit system.

168 examples of the coupé were built (including 22 in right hand drive) between the 1968 and 1970. It was replaced by the Ferrari 365 GTC/4. Just 20 spiders were built before its place was assumed by the 365 GTB/4-based Daytona Spider.

References

365
Grand tourers
Cars introduced in 1966
Group 4 (racing) cars
2+2 coupés
1970s cars

Ferrari 365


Escape is a Sirius XM Satellite Radio music channel, available on XM channel 149, Sirius channel 149 and DISH Network channel 6069, as well as online and via a mobile app.

Escape features a beautiful music format, described as "Easy instrumental arrangements of the great melodies of the past 80 years with a touch of vocal", and plays a music from such instrumental artists as 101 Strings, Hollyridge Strings, Henry Mancini, Chet Atkins, Bert Kaempfert, Franck Pourcel, Richard Clayderman, Ferrante & Teicher, Geoff Love, Jackie Gleason, Andre Kostelanetz, Paul Mauriat, and Percy Faith, as well as vocalists such as Andy Williams, Anne Murray, Barry Manilow, Perry Como, Neil Diamond, Barbra Streisand and The Carpenters.

XM had previously featured the beautiful music format on Sunny, channel 24. In early 2006, the Sunny channel, which was owned by Clear Channel Communications, changed formats and started airing commercial interruptions as the result of an arbitration settlement with Clear Channel.  Due to the format change of Sunny and the commercial interruptions, XM created the Escape channel (channel 78, prior to the Sirius-XM merger, and channel 28 after) as a commercial-free beautiful music channel. After the merger with Sirius in 2008, Escape started incorporating more vocal tracks into its playlist (to compensate for the loss of Sirius' more soft-AC based Movin' Easy channel), but these were quickly reduced after complaints.

As of February 9, 2010, DirecTV dropped Sirius XM programming in favor of SonicTap.

Escape has occasionally been pre-empted in favor of special programming, as for a seasonal "Radio Hanukkah" format in 2009 and 2010, and a "Live Rock Labor Day Weekend" format in 2010.

On August 13, 2015, Escape was dropped from radios and DISH Network and became available only on channel 751, accessible to online users, and to users of the SiriusXM mobile application through a special subscription. The channel's creator, Marlin Taylor, veteran radio programmer for many stations and program syndicators such as Bonneville and known as "the father of the beautiful music format," retired shortly afterward. Escape was restored to Channel 69 on the satellite lineup on September 15, 2015 (on XM-based radios) and October 7, 2015 (on Sirius-based radios). It returned to the DISH Network lineup on November 12, 2015.

As of Wednesday, June 7th. 2023, Escape was moved to channel 149 on SiriusXM.

Core artists
Frank Chacksfield
101 Strings
Ronnie Aldrich
Percy Faith
Tommy Garrett
Franck Pourcel
Tony Mottola

References

External links
 XM Escape Website

Sirius XM Radio channels
XM Satellite Radio channels
Easy listening radio stations
Sirius Satellite Radio channels

Escape (Sirius XM)


Jan Jindra (6 March 1932 – 20 September 2021) was a Czech rower. He competed for Czechoslovakia in the 1952 Summer Olympics, in the 1956 Summer Olympics, and in the 1960 Summer Olympics. He won a gold medal in 1952 and a bronze medal in 1960. Jindra was born in Třeboň, present-day Czech Republic.

Jindra died on 20 September 2021 in Prague at the age of 89.

References

1932 births
2021 deaths
Czech Olympic gold medalists
Czechoslovak Olympic gold medalists
Czech Olympic bronze medalists
Czechoslovak Olympic bronze medalists
Rowers

Jan Jindra


Yinka Davies (born July 16, 1970) is a Nigerian vocalist, dancer, lyricist and judge of reality show, Nigerian Idol. Yinka has been in the Nigerian entertainment industry for 28 years.

Pitch
Slogan – Time has come to speak up for ourselves

Background Information
Father – Benin Republic/Sierra Leone Lisabi clan who moved to Lagos because he was originally from Nigeria.

Mother – from Ikorodu, Lagos State.

Paternal grandmother -  from the Shagamu royal family

These origins affect her musical influences.  She remembers that her father had a guitar. She grew up to the sounds of Sam Cooke, Johnny Cash, Elvis and Jimmy Dean when she was growing up as this was the music that her father liked to listen to.

As Davies grew older in the 1970s and 1980s the radio at her grandmother's house was always tuned to Radio Lagos which played a variety of African music from Manu Dibango (Cameroun - Makossa), Mmaman Shatta (traditional Northern Nigerian musician), Dan Maria Jos (Northern Nigeria), Orlando Julius (southern Nigeria - highlife), Hadjia Funtua (northern Nigeria), Victor Uwaifo (southern Nigeria - Joromi), Fela (southern Nigeria - Afrobeat) to mention few.

She also remembers watching the late TV personality Art Alade (father of Dare Art-Alade) who had a popular television program called the Bar Beach Show featuring various musicians as well as his own resident band.  It became obvious to Yinka that there was a lack of female musicians - in the 1980s she listened to Salawa Abeni (Yoruba) and Dora Ifudu (popular musician in RnB genre) who was one of the female musicians that influenced her.

Foray into the word of Art and Music
Her first love was actually painting and sculpting; being a musician was not a priority for her initially.
Easter Monday 1987 was the start of her journey into the arts when she visited the National Theatre in Lagos to explore becoming a visual artist. She went to meet Abiodun Olaku a renowned Nigerian painter. Her first love was actually painting and sculpting. She then got caught up in the ambiance of the national theatre.  She was later commissioned by the late Bassey Effiong (theatre director) to help him paint the stage for a production of Marriage of Anansewa by Efua Sutherland.  It was during this project that she experienced how her 2-dimensional painting dreams began to evolve with their own movement and could take on a life of their own.

During her visits to the National Theatre, being of an inquisitive nature, Yinka explored all the other venues in the complex to see what was going on and stumbled on Elizabeth Hammond (Ghanaian dancer) who held dance classes - she was her inspiration to become a dancer.  Elizabeth Hammond performed with the late Christie Essien Igbokwe Silver prize winner at 6th Seoul Songs Festival, South Korea in 1983.  As Yinka puts it, that was how she "gatecrashed" the various forms/areas of the arts.

Launch into music/singing
In 1992, the organisers of the Fame music award spotted her as an all-around artist from her work in theatre, video, choreography, background vocals for various Nigerian artist and nominated and gave her their first Upcoming artist award.

The management of a club in Lagos, Bread and Butter Jazz club involved her in the last presentation as a club in an effort to introduce a new renaissance artist called Lagbaja and she was heavily involved in the production of this artiste's first album called Side by Side which was released in 1993.  She subsequently concentrated more on music because this demanded more of her time.  It was during this period she also collaborated with Nigerian recording artists such as Mike Okri (RnB), Shina Peters (Afro juju), Blackky (Reggae) and many others not only as a backup vocalist but also a choreographer for their music videos.  Another great musician she worked with was the late Geraldo Pino (originally from Sierra Leone) and Etienne T Boy (Cameroonian) who worked with Pino.

January 21, 1994 was a major turning point as she, unfortunately, had a collision with a taxi in Lagos when crossing the road. In her words, she "crossed the road and hit a car".  This resulted in major surgery which severely affected her ability to dance.  She was in between singing and dancing doing a lot of background vocals for other musicians.  Music to her was static in comparison with painting, sculpture, theatre, and dancing where she felt she could fuel her energy to its fullest.

The dearth of female musicians on the Nigerian music scene and Yinka's dedication to continuing her craft is that a woman must be seen, heard, respected and celebrated in Nigeria.  She wants to be remembered as a Nigerian who is constantly seen, heard and respected.  Consistency has been uppermost in her cause, she is determined to be a light, beacon, and example to the upcoming Nigerian female artiste and perhaps this is why she did not concentrate on breaking into the international scene until now.  Like a mother hen she wanted to be an inspiration to her female associates in the music industry and as these upcoming female musicians launch their careers she can now concentrate on her pursuit of breaking into the international scene.  To mention a few of the Nigerian female artists she regards as associates, even though they are not necessarily her contemporaries in the music industry, there are Asa, Tiwa Savage, Omawumi, Waje etc.

Yinka is a bridge from the old (where there were very few female musical role models) to the new Nigerian music scene where the female is asserting herself and claiming her rightful position.

Motivation
Family is a very strong motivator as she took on the responsibility of looking after her siblings at a very young age.

Her father was in the Nigerian Airforce so as a child they moved around a lot as her father was stationed in different parts of Nigeria.  She distinctly remembers a place called the 9th Mile which was the triangle point in Enugu where the road divided into 3 leading to the North, South, and East of the country.  The 9th Mile as a meeting point was, therefore, a potpourri of all cultures of Nigeria and because she was very inquisitive as a child she took on all these experiences as the family moved from military base to base this experience has also influenced her songwriting.

Discography

Albums
  work  (1998
 Emi n'lo (2002)
Black Chiffon (2010)

Collaborations
 I want to praise (Florocka)
 Lagbaja
 Fatai Rolling Dollar
 Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister

Notable Performances
 Alex O's Background Vocalist (1990-1992)
 World Music Day Organised by Alliance Francaise (1995 till date)
 Emi Nlo Album Listening by Carl Raccah (2000)
 Yinka Davies in Concert with *5 & 6* Band at the Alliance Francaise Lagos Nigeria (2013, 2014, 2016)
 Jazzville 7th Anniversary concert under direction of Elder Steve Rhodes
 1999-2002 – she was the resident act at the Nicon Nuga Hilton Hotel in the Nigerian capital city of Abuja.
 2006 performed with Tony Allen at The Cave during the release of his record Lagos No Shaking.
 African Film Festival Tour - Milan, Tunis, organised by The Goethe Institute.
 Black Chiffon Album Launch (2011)
 Nigerian Idol Judge (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016)
 Ajumogobia Science Foundation Concerts (2005-2015)
 African Music Festival - London (2015)
 Lagos State Jazz Festival (2016, 2017, 2018)
 Calabar State Jazz Festival (2017)
 Jazz at The United States Consulate's Residence (2015....)

Theatre/Stage
 Things Fall Apart directed by Bassey Effiong (1988)
 Lion and The Jewel directed by Bassey Effiong (1988)
 Contemporary Dance Troup led by Elizabeth Hammond (1988–90)
 Wind vs Polygamy directed by Sam Loco Efe (1989)
 Kakaki Concert: directed by Ben Tomoloju (1990)
 Death and The King's Horseman directed by Bayo Oduneye (1990)
 Greener Grass directed by Niji Akanni and Bakare (1990)
 Irara Alagbe directed by Felix Okolo (1992)
 Mekunu Melody by Felix Okolo (1992)
 Area Boy by Felix Okolo (1993)

Awards
 FAME music—Upcoming artiste of the year, 1992
 Nigeria Music Award (NMA)—Voice of the Decade, 2007.

References

External links
Official website

1970 births
Living people
Nigerian women musicians
Nigerian jazz musicians
World music musicians
Yoruba women musicians
Musicians from Lagos
20th-century Nigerian musicians
English-language singers from Nigeria
Yoruba-language singers
20th-century women musicians
21st-century women musicians
21st-century Nigerian singers

Yinka Davies


Włodzimierz Stożek (23 July 1883 – 3 or 4 July 1941) was a Polish mathematician of the Lwów School of Mathematics.

Head of the Mathematics Faculty on the Lwów University of Technology. He was arrested and murdered together with his two sons: the 29-year-old engineer Eustachy and 24-year-old Emanuel, graduate of the Institute of Technology by Nazis during the Second World War on 3 or 4 July in Lviv, during the Massacre of Lviv professors.

In December 1944, Stefan Banach wrote the following tribute to Stożek:
Professor Włodzimierz Stożek was an outstanding mathematician, the author of numerous papers on the theory of integral equations, potential theory, as well as on many other branches of mathematics. His work is widely known in Poland and also abroad. He had a very charming personality and was a distinguished scholar, beloved by his young students as someone with a very caring heart. He was always ready to assist anyone who asked for his help. He took little notice of nationality differences. Those of us who were close to him and knew him well now esteem even more highly his enlightened personality and great cultural contributions.  He will be remembered as a great intellectual who loved all of humanity and served it faithfully.

References
 Emilia Jakimowicz and Adam Miranowicz (2011) Stefan Banach: Remarkable Life, Brilliant Mathematics, 3rd edition, page 25, Gdańsk University Press,  .

External links

1883 births
1941 deaths
Lwów School of Mathematics
Victims of the Massacre of Lwów professors
Lviv Polytechnic alumni
People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
People from Zhovkva

Włodzimierz Stożek


"No Equal" is the second single by East Coast hip hop group The Beatnuts. It was released by Relativity Records as a single before being placed on The Beatnuts' debut EP Intoxicated Demons: The EP. The song is produced by The Beatnuts and features raps by Juju, Psycho Les and Fashion. It contains a spacy beat that features a prominent xylophone and brass section sampled from "Ain't No Sunshine" by Willis Jackson, "The Confined Few" by Irvin Booker & Booker Little and "Ain't No Sunshine" by Harlem Underground Band. It additionally samples Q-Tip's vocals from "Jazz (We've Got)" by A Tribe Called Quest and Rakim's vocals from "My Melody" by Eric B. & Rakim. DJ Fatboy of RapReviews.com explains that the song is carried by its "spanish(sic) tinged jazzy" beat, not its unjustifiably braggadocios lyrics.

Despite the release of a "No Equal" music video, the song failed to chart. It can be found on two Beatnuts hits compilations, World Famous Classics and Beatnuts Forever, as well as the hip hop compilation Hip Hop Don't Stop (The Greatest). A remix can be found on The Spot.

Single track list

A-Side
 "No Equal (Clean Version)" (4:03)
 "No Equal (LP Version)" (4:05)
 "No Equal (Instrumental)" (4:11)

B-Side
 "Psycho Dwarf (Clean Version)" (3:38)
 "Psycho Dwarf (LP Version)" (3:40)
 "Psycho Dwarf (Instrumental)" (3:46)

References

No Equal
No Equal
1993 songs
1992 songs
Relativity Records singles

No Equal


Braising (from the French word braiser) is a combination-cooking method that uses both wet and dry heats: typically, the food is first browned at a high temperature, then simmered in a covered pot in cooking liquid (such as wine, broth, coconut milk or beer). It is similar to stewing, but braising is done with less liquid and usually used for larger cuts of meat. Braising of meat is often referred to as pot roasting, though some authors make a distinction between the two methods, based on whether additional liquid is added. Osso buco and coq au vin are well known braised meat dishes, and the technique can also be used to prepare fish, tempeh, tofu or fruits and vegetables.

Techniques
Most braises follow the same basic steps. The food to be braised (meats, vegetables, mushrooms, etc.) is first pan-seared to brown its surface and enhance its flavor (through the Maillard reaction). If the food will not produce enough liquid of its own, a certain amount of cooking liquid that often includes an acidic element (e.g., tomatoes, beer, balsamic vinegar, wine) is added to the pot, often with stock. A classic braise is done with a relatively whole cut of meat, and the braising liquid will cover two-thirds of the food in the pan. The dish is then covered and cooked at a very low simmer until the meat becomes so tender that it can be "cut" with just the gentlest of pressure from a fork (versus a knife).  Often the cooking liquid is finished to create a sauce or gravy as well.

Sometimes foods with high water content (particularly vegetables) can be cooked in their own juices, making the addition of liquid unnecessary.

Braised foods
Braising is used extensively in the cuisines of Asia, particularly Chinese cuisine, Vietnamese cuisine and Taiwanese cuisine, where soy sauce (or in Vietnam, soy sauce and fish sauce) is often added to the braising liquid.

See also

 Adobo
 Hot pot
 Jorim
 Jugging
 Kho (cooking technique)
 Lancashire hotpot
 Lou mei
 Pot roast
 Red cooking
 Stew

References

Cooking techniques
Culinary terminology

Braising


Jennifer R. Wolch is a professor of Urban Planning, Geography and former dean of the UC Berkeley College of Environmental Design.

Before accepting the dean position, Wolch was the Founder and Director of the Center for Sustainable Cities at the University of Southern California.  She received her Ph.D in Urban Planning from Princeton University, her dissertation focusing on Urban Social Policy and Planning, Human-Animal Relations, Cultural Diversity and Attitudes Toward Animals and Urban Sustainability.

Awards
 Distinguished Scholarship Honors by the Association of American Geographers, 2005
 Rockefeller Fellowship Recipient, Residential Fellow at the Rockefeller Foundation's Bellagio Center in Italy, 2003
 Guggenheim Fellowship Recipient, 1997
 USC Raubenheimer Outstanding Senior Faculty Award, 1997
 Residency at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, 1995–1996

Works
 Wolch, J. R., Pascale Joassart-Marcelli, Alejandro Alonso & Nathan Sessoms (2005). "Spatial Segregation of the Poor in Southern California: A Multidimensional Analysis". Urban Geography, 26(7):587-609,
 Wolch, J. R., Emel, J. (1998). Animal Geographies: Place, Politics and Identity in the Nature-Culture Borderlands. Verso.
 Wolch, J. R., Dear, M. J. (1993). Malign Neglect: Homelessness in an American City (Jossey Bass Public Administration Series). Jossey Bass Wiley.
 Wolch, J. R. (1990). The Shadow State: Government and Voluntary Sector in Transition. Foundation Center.
 Wolch, J. R., Dear, M. J. (1989). The Power of Geography: How Territory Shapes Social Life. Unwin Hyman.
 Wolch, J. R., Dear, M. J. (1987). Landscapes of Despair: From Deinstitutionalization to Homelessness. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

References

External links
http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2009/04/29_wolch.shtml
http://college.usc.edu/cf/faculty-and-staff/faculty.cfm?pid=1003832&CFID=12972854&CFTOKEN=12467346

Living people
UC Berkeley College of Environmental Design faculty
University of Southern California faculty
Princeton University alumni
American geographers
Women geographers
Year of birth missing (living people)

Jennifer Wolch