The following is a list of professional bodies in the United Kingdom.  Membership of a professional body does not necessarily mean that a person possesses qualifications in the subject area, nor that they are legally able to practice their profession.  Many of these bodies also act as learned societies for the academic disciplines underlying their professions. The UK government has a list of professional associations approved for tax purposes (this includes some non-UK based associations, which are not included here). There is a separate list of regulators in the United Kingdom for bodies that are regulators rather than professional associations.

Chartered

The following professional bodies are incorporated by royal charter:

A–B

 Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA)
 Association of Corporate Treasurers (ACT)
 Association for Project Management (APM)
 Association for Science Education (ASE)
 British Computer Society (BCS)
 British Psychological Society (BPS)
 British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG)

C–D

 Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA)
 Chartered Association of Building Engineers (CABE)
 Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIFA)
 Chartered Institute for Securities and Investment (CISI)
 Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (CIArb)
 Chartered Institute of Architectural Technologists (CIAT)
 Chartered Banker Institute
 Chartered Institute of Building (CIOB)
 Chartered Institute of Credit Management (CICM)
 Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management (CIEEM)
 Chartered Institute of Environmental Health (CIEH)
 Chartered Institute of Fundraising (CIof)
 Chartered Institute of Housing (CIH)
 Chartered Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA)
 Chartered Institute of Journalists
 Chartered Institute of Legal Executives (CILEX)
 Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (CILIP)
 Chartered Institute of Linguists (CIOL)
 Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport (CILT)
 Chartered Institute of Loss Adjusters (CILA)
 Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM)
 Chartered Institute for the Management of Sport and Physical Activity (CIMSPA)
 Chartered Institute of Patent Attorneys (CIPA)
 Chartered Institute of Payroll Professionals (CIPP)
 Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development  (CIPD)
 Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering  (CIPHE)
 Chartered Institute of Procurement & Supply (CIPS)
 Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (CIPFA)
 Chartered Institute of Public Relations (CIPR)
Chartered Institution of Railway Operators (CIRO)
 Chartered Institute of Taxation (CIOT)
 Chartered Institute of Trade Mark Attorneys (CITMA)
Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE)
 Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors (CICES)
 Chartered Institution of Highways and Transportation (CIHT)
 Chartered Institution of Wastes Management (CIWM)
 Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management (CIWEM)
 Chartered Insurance Institute (CII)
 Chartered Management Institute (CMI)
 Chartered Quality Institute (CQI)
 Chartered Society of Designers (CSD)
 Chartered Society of Physiotherapy (CSP)
 Chartered Trading Standards Institute (CTSI)
 College of Optometrists (CoO)
 College of Paramedics (CoP)
 The Chartered College of Teaching (CCT)

E–H

 Energy Institute (EI)
 English Association (EA)
 Geological Society of London

I–J

 Institute and Faculty of Actuaries (IFoA)
 Institute of Chartered Accountants in England & Wales (ICAEW)
 Institute of Chartered Accountants in Ireland (ICAI, operates in Northern Ireland)
 Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland (ICAS)
 Institute of Chartered Foresters (ICF)
 Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators (ICSA)
 Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers (ICS)
 Institute of Conservation (Icon)
 Institute of Directors (IoD)
 Institution of Gas Engineers & Managers (IGEM)
 Institute of Health and Social Care Management (IHSCM)
 Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology (IMarEST)
 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (IOM3)
 Institute of Mathematics and its Applications (IMA)
 Institute of Measurement and Control (InstMC)
 Institute of Physics (IoP)
 Institute of Practitioners in Advertising (IPA)
 Institute of Refrigeration (InstR)
 Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE)
 Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE)
 Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)
 Institution of Engineering Designers  (IED)
 Institution of Mechanical Engineers  (IMechE)
 Institution of Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH)
 Institution of Royal Engineers (InstRE)
 Institution of Structural Engineers (IStructE)

K–P

 Landscape Institute (LI)
 The Law Society (LS)
 Law Society of Northern Ireland
 Linnean Society of London (LS)

Q–Z

 Royal Aeronautical Society (RAeS)
 Royal Agricultural Society of England (RASE)
 Royal Anthropological Institute (RAI)
 Royal Asiatic Society (RAS)
 Royal Astronomical Society (RAS)
 Royal College of Anaesthetists
 Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP)
 Royal College of Nursing (RCN)
 Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG)
 Royal College of Organists (RCO)
 Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH)
 Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow
 Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
 Royal College of Physicians of London
 Royal College of Psychiatrists
 Royal College of Radiologists (RCR)
 Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists (RCSLT)
 Royal College of Surgeons of England
 Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
 Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (RCVS)
 Royal Economic Society (RES)
 Royal Geographical Society (RGS-IBG)
 Royal Historical Society (RHS)
 Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland (RIAS)
 Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA)
 Royal Institute of Navigation (RIN)
 Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS)
 Royal Institution of Naval Architects (RINA)
 Royal Meteorological Society (RMetS)
 Royal Microscopical Society (RMS)
 Royal Pharmaceutical Society (RPS)
 Royal Photographic Society (RPS)
 Royal Society for Public Health (RSPH)
 Royal Society of Biology (RSB)
 Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
 Royal Society of Medicine (RSM)
 Royal Statistical Society (RSS)
 Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI)
 Society for Radiological Protection (SRP)
 Society of Dyers and Colourists (SDC)
 The Textile Institute (TEXI)

Non-chartered

A

 The Academy of Experts (TAE)
 Arboricultural Association (AA)
 Archives and Records Association (ARA)
 Association for the Education and Guardianship of International Students (AEGIS)
 Association of Accounting Technicians (AAT)
 Association of Chief Executives of Voluntary Organisations (ACEVO)
 Association of Motion Picture Sound (AMPS)
 Association of Taxation Technicians (ATT)
 Association of University Administrators (AUA)

B–G

 British and International Golf Greenkeepers Association (BIGGA)
 British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP)
 British Association of Social Workers (BASW)
 British Guild of Travel Writers (BGTW)
 British Occupational Hygiene Society (BOHS)
 Institute of Osteopathy (BOA)
 British Pest Control Association (BPCA)
 College of Paramedics (CoP)
 Direct Marketing Association (DMA)
 Faculty of Advocates
 Freshwater Biological Association (FBA)
 General Council of the Bar (Bar Council)

H–I

 Immigration Law Practitioners Association (ILPA)
 Incorporated Society of Musicians (ISM)
 Information and Records Management Society (IRMS)
 The Inns of Court, comprising Gray's Inn, Lincoln's Inn, Inner Temple, and Middle Temple
 Insolvency Practitioners Association (IPA)
 Institute for the Management of Information Systems (IMIS)
 Institute of Acoustics
 Institute of Administrative Management (IAM)
 Institute of Biomedical Science (IBMS)
 Institute of Certified Bookkeepers (ICB)
 Institute of Commercial Management (ICM)
 Institute of Corporate Responsibility and Sustainability (ICRS)
 Institute of Economic Development (IED)
 Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment (IEMA)
 Institute of Employability Professionals (IEP)
 Institute of Financial Accountants (IFA)
 Institute of Food Science and Technology (IFST)
 Institute of Groundsmanship (IOG)
 Institute of Information Security Professionals (IISP)
 Institute of Interim Management (IIM)
 Institute of Leadership & Management (InstLM)
 Institute of Professional Sound (IPS)
 Institute of Science and Technology (IST)
 Institute of Scientific and Technical Communicators (ISTC)
 Institute of Tourist Guiding (ITG)
 Institute of Transport Administration (IoTA)
 Institute of Water (IWater)
 Institute of Workplace and Facilities Management (IWFM)
 Institution of Agricultural Engineers (IAgrE)
 Institution of Analysts and Programmers (IAP)
 Institution of Environmental Sciences (IES)
 Institution of Fire Engineers (IFE)
 Institution of Railway Signal Engineers (IRSE)
 International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH)
 International Institute of Risk and Safety Management (IIRSM)
 International Society of Typographic Designers (ISTD)
 Institute of Financial Accountants (IFA)

J–Z

 Museums Association (MA)
 Operational Research Society (ORS)
 Palaeontological Association (PalAss)
 Professional Publishers Association (PPA)
 Royal Society of Ulster Architects (RSUA)
 Security Institute (SyI)
 Society of British and International Interior Design (SBID)
 Society of Indexers (SI)
 Society and College of Radiographers (SCoR)
 Society of Trust and Estate Practitioners (STEP)
 United Kingdom Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP)

See also

 List of organisations in the United Kingdom with a royal charter
 List of regulators in the United Kingdom
 Livery company

References

Professional associations in the United Kingdom, List of

United Kingdom

List of professional associations in the United Kingdom


Canace is a verse tragedy by Italian playwright Sperone Speroni (1500-1588).  It is based on the Greek legend of Canace, the daughter of Aeolus, who was forced by her father to commit suicide for having fallen in love with her brother, Macar.

The play was composed for Padua's literary academy, the Accademia degli Infiammati, and was printed at Firenze on 1546. The play was heavily modeled on Senecan tragedy.

The work was highly polemical, and was performed only once.  The public's reaction led Speroni to write an Apologia (1550), which he never finished. Still, the play circulated widely, and, with Giovanni Battista Giraldi's Orbecche, led to literary debates on tragedy and theatrical morals and decorum through to the next century.

Elio Brancaforte's translation is the first translation of the play to English and it has just been published by the Centre for Renaissance and Reformation Studies, Toronto, 2013.

References

See also
Giovanni Battista Giraldi

1546 plays
Italian plays

Canace (play)


Dumat Al-Jandal Wind Farm is the first wind farm in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, located in Dumat Al-Jandal in the Al-Jouf region, northwest of Saudi Arabia, about 1046 km north of the capital Riyadh. The cost of the Dumat Al-Jandal wind power plant is $ 500 million, and after the construction works are completed, the station will be able to generate sustainable energy sufficient for about 70,000 housing units. The "Dumat Al-Jandal" project was chosen as the first wind energy project in Saudi Arabia, after studies showed a strong mixture of wind capabilities at the project site, so that the expected average production for the wind station is about 1.4 Terawatts.

The project was granted based on the standard cost of electricity, which equals 2.3 cents per kilowatt hour, which was a new record for a project of this kind in Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Dumat Al-Jandal wind farm will provide electric power according to a 20-year energy purchase agreement with the Saudi Energy Purchase Company, a subsidiary of the Saudi Electricity Company, the agency responsible for generating and distributing energy in Saudi Arabia.

The Deal of the Year award for the renewable energy sector in the Middle East and Africa 2019
Dumat Al-Jandal wind farm project won the Best Renewable Project by Project Finance International (PFI) in the Middle East and Africa for the year 2019. After the project achievement of a new record of recording the lowest standard electricity generation rate of $ 0.0199 per kWh.

The beginning of the project
Work began on the farm in the middle of the calendar year 2019, and it is expected that the project will start generating energy in the last quarter of 2020, and work on the project will end in 2022.

References

Wind farms

Dumat Al-Jandal Wind Farm


Stephen Fowler Chadwick (December 25, 1825 - January 15, 1895), was an American Democrat politician who served as Governor of Oregon from 1877 to 1878. Governor Chadwick was the first person to obtain the governorship by way of the state's Line of Succession.

Occupational background
Chadwick was a lawyer, admitted to the New York State Bar on May 30, 1850. He soon made his way to Oregon, setting up a law firm in the Douglas County settlement of Scottsburg in April 1851. Chadwick served as the town's first postmaster.

Early Political Career
After moving from Scottsburg to Roseburg, Chadwick ran for the newly created position of Judge of Douglas County. Later he would go on to represent Douglas County at the Oregon 1857 State Constitiutional Convention. In the 1864 and 1868 Presidential elections, Chadwick served as an Democratic elector.

Chadwick won the 1870 election to the position of Secretary of State, and was subsequently reelected in 1874.

Governorship
In 1877, La Fayette Grover resigned the governorship after his election to the United States Senate by the State Legislature. Chadwick, as Secretary of State and second in the gubernatorial line of succession, was inaugurated to fill out the remaining year of Governor Grover's term.

Although unconstitutional under Article V, Section 1 of the State Constitution, Chadwick also kept his position of Secretary of State. When signing official documents requiring the signatures of both the Secretary of State and Governor, he would sign first on the left side, then on the right.

The most notable policy of his administration was Chadwick's stand on the Nez Perce Wars raging in the northeastern part of the state. Chadwick was unhappy with the stalemated situation, going so far as to inspect the front lines first-hand. He aided white settlers during the conflict, and argued for much harsher punishments for rebellious and uncooperative tribal leaders than the Army's policies.

At the time of the 1878 elections, Governor Chadwick declined a second term and went back to practicing law. He died on February 15, 1895 in Salem, Oregon.

Sources
 Oregon State Library
 Klooster, Karl. Round the Roses II: More Past Portland Perspectives, pg. 107, 1992 ISBN 0-9619847-1-6

Other websites
 Oregon State Archives: Chadwick Administration -Photo, and link to Chadwick's 1878 Biennial message

Chadwick, Stephen F.

Stephen F. Chadwick


A Master of Science in Engineering (MSE) or Master of Engineering Science is an academic graduate degree awarded by universities in many countries. It is differentiated from a Master of Engineering (a professional degree).

A MSE can require completion of a thesis and qualifies the holder to apply for a program leading to a Doctor of Philosophy (often abbreviated PhD or DPhil) in engineering, while a Master of Engineering can require completion of a project rather than thesis and usually does not qualify its holder to apply for a PhD or DPhil in engineering science.

The MSE is considered equivalent to diplom degree in engineering in the countries that do not have a specific distinction between MSE and Master of Engineering.

See also
 Engineering education, about the structure in many countries
 Engineer's degree

References

Engineering, Master of Science in
Engineering education

de:Diplom-Ingenieur#Der Diplom-Ingenieur
fi:Diplomi-insinööri

Master of Science in Engineering


The Perth Agreement was made in Australia in 2011 by the prime ministers of what were then the sixteen states known as Commonwealth realms, all recognising Elizabeth II as their head of state. The document agreed that the governments of the realms would amend their laws concerning the succession to their shared throne and related matters. The changes, in summary, comprised:

 Replacing male-preference primogeniture (under which males take precedence over females in the royal succession) with absolute primogeniture (which does not distinguish sex as a succession criterion), for those born after 28 October 2011;
 Ending disqualification of any person who had married a Catholic;
 Establishing that only the six people closest to the throne require the monarch's permission to marry.

The ban on non-Protestants becoming monarch and the requirement for them to be in communion with the Church of England was not altered.

The Agreement was signed in October 2011 in Perth, Australia, which hosted the biennial Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM). The institutional and constitutional principles of Commonwealth realms are shared equally as enacted in the Statute of Westminster 1931, which made the process of implementing the agreement lengthy and complex.

By December 2012, all the realm governments had agreed to enact it. New Zealand chaired a working group to determine the process. The Commonwealth realms – the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis – are independent of each other, while sharing one person as monarch in a constitutionally equal fashion. The working group later affirmed that, across all these realms, appropriate laws were passed and came into effect, and the Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom reiterated this on 26 March 2015. Canada's law was challenged in court but has been upheld.

On the day the changes came into effect in March 2015, the first of the persons affected by the headline provision were the children of Lady Davina Windsor, the elder daughter of Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester and Birgitte, Duchess of Gloucester; the succession positions of Lady Davina's son Tāne (born 2012) and daughter Senna (born 2010) were reversed, Tāne becoming 29th and Senna becoming 28th in line.

Background
Succession to the throne in each of the Commonwealth realms is governed both by common law and statute. Under common law, the Crown was transmitted by male-preference primogeniture, under which succession passed first to the monarch's or nearest dynast's legitimate sons (and to their legitimate issue) in order of birth, and subsequently to their daughters and their legitimate issue, again in order of birth, so that sons always inherit before their sisters, elder children inherit before younger, and descendants inherit before collateral relatives.

Succession is also governed by the Acts of Union 1707, which restates the provisions of the Act of Settlement 1701, and the Bill of Rights 1689. These laws originally restricted the succession to legitimate descendants of Sophia, Electress of Hanover (the mother of George I), and debar those who are Catholics or who have married Catholics. The descendants of those who are debarred for being or marrying Catholics, however, may still be eligible to succeed. By a convention made explicit in the preamble to the Statute of Westminster 1931, the line of succession cannot be altered in any realm without the assent of the parliaments of the other 15 realms.

Challenges had been made against the Act of Settlement, especially its provisions regarding Catholics and preference for males. In Canada, where the Act of Settlement is part of Canadian constitutional law, Tony O'Donohue, a Canadian civic politician, took issue with the provisions that exclude Catholics from the throne  In 2002, O'Donohue launched a court action that argued the Act of Settlement violates the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, but the case was dismissed by the court.

In the United Kingdom, from time to time there had been debate over repealing the clause that prevents "Papists" (Catholics) or those who marry one from ascending to the British throne. The Scottish Parliament unanimously passed a motion in 1999 calling for the complete removal of any discrimination linked to the monarchy and the repeal of the Act of Settlement. A private member's bill—the Succession to the Crown Bill—was introduced in the House of Lords in December 2004. The government, headed by Tony Blair, however, blocked all attempts to revise the succession laws, claiming it would raise too many constitutional issues and it was unnecessary at the time.  The issue was raised again in January 2009, when a private member's bill to amend the Act of Succession was introduced in parliament. British Labour Member of Parliament Keith Vaz introduced to the House of Commons at Westminster, in early 2011, a private member's bill, which proposed that the Act of Settlement be amended to remove the provisions relating to Catholicism and change primogeniture governing the line of succession to the British throne from male-preference to absolute.

Proposals in 2011

Line of succession
In 2011, the Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Nick Clegg, announced that the British government was considering a change in the law. At about the same time, it was reported that Prime Minister David Cameron had written to the prime ministers of each of the other 15 Commonwealth realms, asking for their support in changing the succession to absolute primogeniture, and notifying them he would raise his proposals at that year's Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) in Perth, Western Australia. While discussions took place during the summit, it was an agenda side accord, as most Commonwealth member states do not have a monarchical form of government - the across-the-board function of Head of the Commonwealth is to convene together nations and celebrate plans, projects, agreements and initiatives between all its members.

At CHOGM on 28 October 2011, the prime ministers of the other Commonwealth realms agreed to support the proposed changes. The proposed changes were to replace male preference primogeniture with absolute primogeniture for all persons in the line of succession born after 28 October 2011, end the disqualification of those who married Catholics, and limit the requirement for those in line to the throne to acquire permission of the sovereign to marry. The prohibition on Catholics becoming monarch would remain. The bill put before the Parliament of the United Kingdom would act as a model for the legislation required to be passed in at least some of the other realms. The Queen was understood to support the changes.

Cameron stated: "The idea that a younger son should become monarch instead of an elder daughter simply because he is a man, or that a future monarch can marry someone of any faith except a Catholic—this way of thinking is at odds with the modern countries that we have become." On the question of continued requirements that the sovereign be a Protestant, Cameron added, "Let me be clear, the monarch must be in communion with the Church of England because he or she is the head of that Church."

Royal marriage
Along with the changes in the succession law, Cameron proposed that the necessity for royal consent to marriages in the royal family should be limited to the first six people in line to the throne. Under the Royal Marriages Act 1772, almost every descendant of King George II needed the Queen's permission to marry, which by 2011 was thousands of people. While the Royal Marriages Act 1772 was in force, marrying without permission made the marriage void. Under the proposed new law, any already formalised marriage that was deemed invalid under the 1772 Act would be retrospectively legalised; descendants of such a marriage would however remain excluded from the line of succession to the throne, to ensure that the validity of the descent of the Crown from King George II down to the present day could not be affected by the changes. These changes were approved by the other Commonwealth leaders.

Commentary
Cameron's proposals were supported by the Prime Minister of Australia, Julia Gillard, who said she was "very enthusiastic about it. You would expect the first Australian woman prime minister to be very enthusiastic about a change which equals equality for women in a new area." Canadian prime minister Stephen Harper described himself "supportive" of the reforms as "obvious modernizations". The Monarchist League of Canada also expressed favour for the plan, as did Monarchy New Zealand. A poll carried out by Forum Research in February 2013 found that 73% of Canadians polled "agreed with the change, which would permit a first-born female to become queen even if she had brothers."

Scottish First Minister Alex Salmond was more critical, saying: "It is deeply disappointing that the reform has stopped short of removing the unjustifiable barrier on a Catholic becoming monarch." While welcoming the gender equality reforms, The Guardian also criticised the failure to remove the ban on Catholics sitting on the throne as "fanning a religious hostility the rest of Europe was already growing beyond." A representative of the British campaigning group Republic said monarchical succession is inherently biased and "To suggest that this has anything to do with equality is utterly absurd," an opinion echoed by Citizens for a Canadian Republic.

Robert Hazell and Bob Morris pointed out that "the [other] realms were free to alter their constitutions without reference to the UK, but the UK could not do so on this occasion without seeking the realms' consent; the realms were relatively freer to alter their constitutions than was the UK itself" and that this inversion of the constitutional situation under imperialism was surprising to some. However, as a corollary, they pointed to Peter Boyce's earlier assertion in The Queen's Other Realms: The Crown and Its Legacy in Australia, Canada and New Zealand that the fact that the change in the succession was initiated by the United Kingdom government was a reminder to the other Commonwealth realms that "their crown is derivative, if not subordinate" to the crown of the United Kingdom.

Legislative processes
The Cabinet Secretary of New Zealand chaired a working group to discuss the best way of accomplishing the reforms in all the Commonwealth realms. The realms agreed that the United Kingdom would be the first to draft legislation, but that it would not be introduced without the agreement of the other realms and would not be commenced until the appropriate domestic arrangements were in place in the other realms.

On 2 December 2012, the British government received final agreement in writing from the governments of the other 15 Commonwealth realms regarding all three elements of the reform. On 4 December 2012, the day after the Duchess of Cambridge's pregnancy was announced, Clegg announced this final agreement, adding that the other realm governments had confirmed that they would be "able to take the necessary measures in their own countries."

While some realms deferred to the British legislation, a number of the other realms passed their own laws effecting the changes in succession.

Australia

The English Bill of Rights 1689 and Act of Settlement 1701 are, and the Royal Marriages Act 1772 was, incorporated into Australian law, and the Act of Settlement is part of the laws of the Australian states and territories, and therefore not only Australia but also its states had to change their laws. At a meeting of the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) in mid-December 2012, the then prime minister, Julia Gillard, and the premiers of five states agreed each state legislature would pass a law permitting the federal parliament to alter the line of succession for the Commonwealth and all the states. However, Queensland Premier Campbell Newman disagreed, citing Section 7 of the Australia Act 1986 and concluding from it that each state is sovereign and each should therefore pass its own legislation affecting the succession laws in its jurisdiction. Accordingly, the Queensland state government introduced its own Succession to the Crown Bill in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland on 13 February 2013. The federal government stated that if Queensland were to proceed, it would override the state's legislation in favour of national legislation. Following an agreement at a COAG meeting in April 2013, Queensland on 2 May amended its bill to add permission for the Commonwealth to act and the bill passed the same day.

In November 2014, during a debate on the Succession to the Crown Bill in Western Australia, when the then Premier Colin Barnett was asked why Western Australia was taking so long to proceed with the necessary legislation, he replied: "I concede that it has taken a while, but there has been no particular reason for that. Western Australia had an election, and I guess that slowed things down a little bit, and in a practical sense, given that the immediacy had gone out of the matter and given that the next three people in line to the monarchy are males, it did not arise." In February 2015 the Attorney-General, Michael Mischin, acknowledged "it is significantly overdue but that is just one of the facts of life." Western Australia finally passed its legislation on 3 March 2015. The Australian parliament passed the Succession to the Crown Act on 19 March 2015 and royal assent was granted on 24 March 2015. The change to the succession law in the United Kingdom finally came into effect on 26 March 2015.

The Northern Territory government introduced a bill to request the federal parliament to change the law relating to royal succession in similar terms. On second reading it was explained that the Northern Territory's request or consent to the federal parliament enactment was not constitutionally necessary but that the government of the Northern Territory considered it desirable that arrangements in the Northern Territory would mirror those between the Australian Commonwealth and its states.

Canada

The Act of Settlement 1701, the Bill of Rights 1689, and His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 are part of the laws of Canada.

The Canadian government's Succession to the Throne Act, 2013, with the long title An Act to assent to alterations in the law touching the Succession to the Throne, 2013, was tabled in the House of Commons of Canada as Bill C-53 on 31 January 2013 and passed by that body on 4 February. It was then approved by the Senate on 26 March 2013 and received royal assent on the following day. It came into force on 26 March 2015.

The act gives assent to Succession to the Crown Bill 2013 that had been laid before the United Kingdom parliament (later, after amendment, to be given royal assent there on 25 April 2013 as the Succession to the Crown Act 2013). The position taken by the federal Cabinet was that Canada has no royal succession laws, the country's monarch being automatically whoever is monarch of the United Kingdom, and the Canadian parliament need only assent to the changes made to the laws of succession in the United Kingdom by that realm's parliament, which can be achieved by ordinary legislation, without the approval of the provinces. There was disagreement over this process, mainly on whether the rules of succession involved the office of the Queen, thus requiring a constitutional amendment under Section 41(a) of the Constitution Act, 1982; whether, by the principle of either received law, by statute law, or both, the Bill of Rights 1689, the Act of Settlement, and the conventions related to royal succession were a part of the Canadian constitution; and whether the Canadian law assented to the Succession to the Crown Bill 2012 as had been presented to the United Kingdom parliament or as amended by that body and passed into law.

Judicial review
There was some speculation in the press before the birth of Prince George of Cambridge about Canada having a different line of succession to the other realms if the Canadian law were eventually found to be unconstitutional.

An application was made to the Ontario Superior Court of Justice seeking to find the Succession to the Throne Act, 2013, unconstitutional due to allegedly contravening both section 2 of the Canada Act 1982 and section 15 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The charter challenge was dismissed as non-justiciable in August 2013. In August 2014, the Court of Appeal for Ontario upheld the lower court decision on the ground that succession rules are not subject to the charter of rights and that the applicant had no standing to bring the challenge as he has no connection with the royal family.

The validity of the Canadian parliament's legislation came under judicial review in the Quebec Superior Court over, among other matters, its alleged failure to "follow the amending procedure" set out in section 41 of the Constitution Act, 1982. The Attorney-General of Quebec joined as an intervener in support of the challenge. The court hearing began on 1 June 2015. On 16 February 2016, the court ruled Canada "did not have to change its laws nor its Constitution for the British royal succession rules to be amended and effective". The ruling was appealed by the plaintiffs and was heard by the Quebec Court of Appeal in February 2018. The court released its decision upholding the lower court judgement on 28 October 2019. In December 2019, the appellants filed an application with the Supreme Court of Canada seeking leave to appeal the Quebec Court of Appeal's decision. In April 2020, the Supreme Court declined to grant leave to appeal, bringing the matter to an end.

New Zealand

The Bill of Rights 1688 and Act of Settlement 1701 are, and The Royal Marriages Act 1772 was, part of the laws of New Zealand.

The Royal Succession Bill was introduced to the Parliament of New Zealand by Justice Minister Judith Collins on 18 February 2013 and received royal assent on 17 December 2013. The act removed the Royal Marriages Act 1772 as a law of New Zealand and amended the Bill of Rights 1688 and Act of Settlement 1701, as well as the Imperial Laws Application Act 1988.

United Kingdom

On 4 December 2012, the British Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg announced that the government would introduce a bill to parliament as soon as possible. The bill was introduced to parliament on 13 December 2012 and passed the House of Commons on 28 January 2013. The House of Lords Constitution Committee opposed the government's plans to fast-track the bill, which led to the government's decision to observe normal legislative time limits in the House of Lords. The act received royal assent on 25 April 2013, passing into law, but its provisions altering the law of succession would not come into force until a time to be formally appointed by the Lord President of the Council (another office held by Clegg). When publishing the proposed legislation the government had announced that it was expecting to bring the provisions into force at the same time as the other realms would be bringing into force any changes to their legislation or other changes necessary for them to implement the Perth Agreement.

Caribbean realms
According to the Lord Wallace of Tankerness, who sponsored the British government's Succession to the Crown Bill in the House of Lords, the governments of Jamaica and Belize had outlined that neither country would require domestic legislation to give effect to changes to the lines of succession to their thrones, as those lines were left by Belize's and Jamaica's constitutions to law of the United Kingdom. Wallace said on 13 March 2013 that the British government expected that the parliaments of Jamaica and Belize would not be consulted further by their governments.

Of Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Saint Kitts and Nevis, it was also said by Lord Wallace of Tankerness: "We believe that it would be open to the other Caribbean realms to take a similar view [as Jamaica and Belize], but it is, of course, for them to decide how best to give the changes effect." The parliament of Barbados passed the Succession to the Throne Act, 2013, which signified the legislature's acquiescence to the British Succession to the Crown Bill 2013.

Other Pacific realms
On 13 March 2013, Lord Wallace of Tankerness said that the countries of Papua New Guinea, Tuvalu, and the Solomon Islands would not require amendments to their constitutions as the wording of each explicitly state that the heirs and successors to the monarch in each realm are the same as those to the monarch of the United Kingdom. Papua New Guinea's and the Solomon Islands' constitutions both state that the references to the Queen "extend to Her Majesty's heirs and successors in the sovereignty of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", while Tuvalu's constitution states that "[t]he provisions of this Constitution referring to the Sovereign extend, in accordance with section 13 (references to the Sovereign of Tuvalu) of Schedule 1, to the Heirs and Successors of the Sovereign according to law" and a reference to the sovereign of Tuvalu "shall be read as including a reference to (a) the Sovereign of the United Kingdom; or (b) any person exercising the whole or the relevant part of the sovereignty of the United Kingdom, as the case requires, in accordance with the law in force in England."

Changes effected
The prime ministers' commitment to bring forward measures for the changes to be effective simultaneously was accomplished on 26 March 2015 by orders commencing the legislation passed in seven of the realms: Australia, Barbados, Canada, New Zealand, St Kitts and Nevis, St Vincent and the Grenadines, and the United Kingdom. The remaining realms (Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Belize, Grenada, Jamaica, Papua New Guinea, St Lucia, Solomon Islands, and Tuvalu) concluded that legislation was not necessary. However in Canada the legislation was challenged in court (see Judicial review above) and the matter remained pending until April 2020.

Timetable

See also
 Royal Succession Bills and Acts

References

External links
 House of Commons Political and Constitutional Reform Committee: Rules of Royal Succession
 "Statement" of Friday 28 October 2011 issued at Perth, as published in the United Kingdom, Annex 1, page 10

Commonwealth realms
British monarchy
Monarchy in Canada
Monarchy in Australia
Monarchy in New Zealand
Monarchy in Belize
Monarchy of Barbados
Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis
Constitutional laws of the United Kingdom
Monarchy in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Monarchy in Jamaica
Tuvalu and the Commonwealth of Nations
Solomon Islands and the Commonwealth of Nations
Barbados and the Commonwealth of Nations
Bahamas and the Commonwealth of Nations
Papua New Guinea and the Commonwealth of Nations
Saint Lucia and the Commonwealth of Nations
Grenada and the Commonwealth of Nations
2011 in international relations
2011 in politics
2010s in Perth, Western Australia
Succession acts

Perth Agreement


State Route 173  (SR 173) is a state highway in Unicoi and Carter counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee. It connects the town of Unicoi with the community of Tiger Valley.

Route description
SR 173 begins in Unicoi County at Interstate 26/U.S. Route 19W/U.S. Route 23 (I-26/US 19W/US 23) exit 32 in the town of Unicoi. It goes eastward for several blocks before turning southward onto Unicoi Drive. SR 173 follows Unicoi Drive for less than a mile to a junction with SR 107, which approaches from Erwin to the south. The merged SR 107/SR 173 goes eastward through rural mountain areas until reaching the community of Limestone Cove, where SR 107 turns southward toward the North Carolina border, and SR 173 turns northeastward through rural mountainous terrain to cross into Carter County and enter the community of Tiger Valley, where it comes to an end at US 19E. From here, US 19E continues eastward to Roan Mountain, and northwestward to Hampton.

Major intersections

References

External links

173
Transportation in Unicoi County, Tennessee
Transportation in Carter County, Tennessee

Tennessee State Route 173


Timothy A. Bassett is an American politician who served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives.

Early life
Bassett was born on December 16, 1947, in Lynn, Massachusetts. He earned a B.S. degree from Salem State College, a Master's degree in Political Science from the University of New Hampshire, and a Master of Public Administration degree from Harvard University.

Political career
From 1973 to 1985, Bassett was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives. He resigned from the House during his final term after he was appointed executive director of the Government Land Bank. In 1996 he was elected Treasurer of Essex County.

Essex Regional Retirement Board
In 1998, the position of Essex County Treasurer was abolished and Bassett became Chairman and Executive Director of the Essex Regional Retirement Board. He also worked as a lobbyist. His clients included the Massachusetts Coalition of Police, the New England Gas Workers Alliances, and the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers.

In February 2010, the Office of Campaign and Political Finance, ordered Bassett to pay $5,000 in restitution to the Essex county retirement system for using their newsletter for political purposes. In April 2010 he was fired. Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley referred Bassett's case to the Ethics Commission, which found that he had illegally used public time and facilities to further his lobbying business while he was running the Essex Regional Retirement Board. He was fined $10,000, one of the largest fines ever levied by the Ethics Commission.

See also
 Massachusetts House of Representatives' 10th Essex district

References

1947 births
American lobbyists
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Democratic Party members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Politicians from Lynn, Massachusetts
People from Marblehead, Massachusetts
Salem State University alumni
University of New Hampshire alumni
Living people
County treasurers in Massachusetts

Timothy A. Bassett


Agbegbe Broad tọn to Lopo Awọnlin tọn, Awọnlin, to Otò Naijilia tọn mẹ, yin dopo to ajọwatẹn daho he tin to lẹdo Awọnlin tọn lẹ mẹ.
E yin dopo to ehelẹ mẹ: Bagatelle restaurant Christ Church Cathedral Primary School, Eko Boys High School, Newswatch (Naijilia), po St. Mary's Private School po.
Ohọ "Secretariat" tọn yin gbigbá to owhe 1906 mẹ.

Alọdlẹndonu lẹ

Nọtẹn intẹnẹt tọn devo lẹ

Broad Street, Lagos


Francis Latreille (born January 8, 1948) is a French American artist and photographer who was awarded World Press Photo Award in Amsterdam in 1998 and since 1977 distributed his works in three continents such as Asia, Europe and North America. His works have been published in magazines such as Life, Time, and Newsweek, among others. He also had two exhibition in Washington D.C. one of which was in 2000, the other was three years later. In 1995 he left France Soir newspaper and since 1998 he participated in the mammoth explorations in Siberia.

References

1948 births
American photographers
Living people

Francis Latreille


The Museums and Galleries Act 1992 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (1992 c. 44) the long title of which is "An Act to establish Boards of Trustees of the National Gallery, the Tate Gallery, the National Portrait Gallery and the Wallace Collection; to transfer property to them and confer functions on them; to make new provision as to transfers to and between the collections of certain museums, galleries and libraries; to make provision for and in connection with the vesting of land in the governing bodies of such institutions; to make provision for the financing of such institutions and of the Museums and Galleries Commission; to make further provision with respect to the giving of indemnities against the loss of, or damage to, objects on loan to certain institutions; to change the name of, and to make further provision with respect to, the British Museum (Natural History); and to amend certain enactments relating to museums, galleries and libraries; and for purposes connected herewith."

This Act legislates the operation and financing of the museums mentioned in its title. For example, it establishes that the National Portrait Gallery is to "maintain a collection of portraits in all media of the most eminent persons in British history from the earliest times to the present day".

The Act provides the prime minister's power to appoint the members of the Boards of Trustees of the National Gallery (except one member), the Tate Gallery (except one member), the National Portrait Gallery, and the Wallace Collection.

The Act repealed the National Gallery and Tate Gallery Act 1954.

References

External links

1992 in London
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1992
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning museums
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning London
National Gallery, London
Tate galleries
National Portrait Gallery, London
Wallace Collection

Museums and Galleries Act 1992


Carrickfergus ( , meaning "Fergus' rock") is a large town in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It sits on the north shore of Belfast Lough,  from Belfast. The town had a population of 28,141 at the 2021 Census. It is County Antrim's oldest town and one of the oldest towns in Ireland as a whole. Carrickfergus Castle, built in the late 12th century at the behest of Anglo-Norman knight John de Courcy, was the capital of the Earldom of Ulster. After the earldom's collapse, it remained the only English outpost in Ulster for the next four centuries. Carrickfergus was the administrative centre for Carrickfergus Borough Council, before this was amalgamated into the Mid and East Antrim District Council in 2015, and forms part of the Belfast Metropolitan Area. It is also a townland of 65 acres, a civil parish and a barony.

History

Middle Ages
The town is said to take its name from Fergus Mór (Fergus the Great), the legendary king of Dál Riata. According to one tale, his ship ran aground on a rock by the shore, which became known as "Carraig Fhearghais" – the rock of Fergus.

As an urban settlement, Carrickfergus far pre-dates the capital city Belfast and was for a lengthy period both larger and more prominent than the nearby city. Belfast Lough itself was known as 'Carrickfergus Bay' well into the 17th century. Carrickfergus and the surrounding area was, for a time, treated as a separate county. The historical walled town originally occupied an area of around 97,000 square metres, which now comprises the town centre, bordered by Albert Road to the west, the Marine Highway to the south, Shaftesbury Park to the north and Joymount Presbyterian Church grounds to the east. Segments of the town wall are still visible in various parts of the town and in various states of preservation. Archaeological excavations close to the walls' foundations have yielded many artefacts that have helped historians piece together a picture of the lives of the 12th and 13th century inhabitants.

Carrickfergus became an inhabited town shortly after 1170, when Anglo-Norman knight John de Courcy invaded Ulster, established his headquarters in the area and built Carrickfergus Castle on the "rock of Fergus" in 1177. The castle, which is the most prominent landmark of Carrickfergus, is widely known as one of the best-preserved Norman castles in Ireland.

Sometime between 1203 and 1205, De Courcy was expelled from Ulster by Hugh de Lacy, as authorised by King John. De Lacy oversaw the final construction of the castle, which included the gatehouse, drum towers and outer ward. It was at this time that he established the nearby St Nicholas' Church. De Lacy was relieved of his command of the town in 1210, when King John himself arrived and placed the castle under royal authority. De Lacy eventually regained his title of Earl of Ulster in 1227, however the castle and its walled town were captured several more times following his death (in 1242). The forces of Edward de Bruce captured the town in 1315 and the castle in 1316 before his death in battle in 1318. The town was largely destroyed by the Scots in 1402.

Early modern era
The Battle of Carrickfergus, part of the Nine Years War, took place in and around the town in November 1597. It was fought between the crown forces of Queen Elizabeth I and the Scots clan of MacDonnell, and resulted in a defeat for the English. A contemporary Elizabethan illustration of Carrickfergus shows ten tower-houses, as well as terraces of single-storey houses, some detached cottages and 70 or more Irish beehive-type huts in the town.

Sir Arthur Chichester was appointed by the Earl of Essex to govern the castle and town in 1599 and was responsible for the plantation of English and Scottish peoples in the town, as well as the building of the town wall.

Nevertheless, the decaying castle withstood several days of siege by the forces of William of Orange in 1689, before surrendering on 28 August. William himself subsequently landed at Carrickfergus on 14 June 1690.

During the Seven Years' War, in February 1760, the whole town was briefly captured and held to ransom by French troops landed from Francois Thurot's naval squadron, after the defenders ran out of ammunition. In 1711 Carrickfergus was the scene of the last witchcraft trial in Ireland. Eight women were charged with bewitching a young girl, and were convicted, despite a strong indication from one of the judges that the jury should acquit. They were sentenced to a year in prison and four sessions in the pillory.

In April 1778, during the American War of Independence, John Paul Jones, in command of the American ship Ranger, attempted to capture a British Royal Navy sloop of war, , moored at Carrickfergus. Having failed, he returned a few days later and challenged Drake to a fight out in the North Channel which the Americans won decisively.

During the 1790s there was considerable support in the Carrickfergus area for the United Irishmen. On 14 October 1797 William Orr was hanged in the town following what was widely regarded as a show trial held in Carrickfergus Courthouse (now the Town Hall) and in 1798 United Irish founder Henry Joy McCracken was captured on the outskirts of the town while trying to escape to America.

Modern era
In 1912 the people of Carrickfergus turned out in their thousands to watch as the  made its first ever journey up the lough from its construction dock in Belfast. The famous passenger liner was anchored overnight just off the coast of Carrickfergus, before continuing on its journey.

During World War II, Northern Ireland was an important military base for United States Naval and Air Operations and a training ground for American G.I.s. The First Battalions of the elite US Rangers were activated and based in Sunnylands Camp for their initial training. The US Rangers Centre in nearby Boneybefore pays homage to this period in history. It is rumoured that Italian and German POWs were held in the town, the Italians in a camp at Sullatober mill, and Germans at Sunnylands.

In the 1970s, the town became an important centre for the textile industry. An ICI man-made fibres factory was opened at Kilroot and was followed by the Rothman's cigarette factory. Courtaulds operated a large rayon works there until the 1980s.

In 1981, Kilroot power station opened and is the largest power station in Northern Ireland.

On 8 September 2007, Carrickfergus was the Northern Irish host for the Last Night at the Proms, featuring Alison Balsom, Alfie Boe, and Ulster conductor Kenneth Montgomery.

The British peerage title of Baron Carrickfergus, which had become extinct in 1883, was bestowed upon Prince William on his wedding day in 2011. He visited the town with Catherine, Princess of Wales in October 2022.

The Troubles
Throughout the course of The Troubles, there was a paramilitary presence in the town, namely the Ulster Volunteer Force and Ulster Defence Association. Census figures show that the Catholic population of Carrickfergus declined from 16.2% in 1971 to 9.56% in 2011.

Carrickfergus in song and poetry
The town is the subject of the classic Irish folk song "Carrickfergus", a 19th-century translation of an Irish-language song (Do Bhí Bean Uasal) from Munster, which begins with the words, "I wish I was in Carrickfergus".

Scottish Gaelic poet Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair's immram poem Birlinn Chloinne Raghnaill ("The Birlinn of Clanranald"), describes the sea voyage of a Highland war galley from Loch Eynort, in South Uist, to Carrickfergus. Alan Riach, who has translated the poem into English, has praised the genius of its 18th-century author and how brilliantly he emulated both Homer and Virgil in telling his tale of men against the sea. Riach has also alleged that, in addition to being an immortal work of Scottish Gaelic literature, The Birlinn of Clanranald, is, "one of the great poems of world literature."

Demography

2021 Census
On Census day (21 March 2021) there were 28,141 people living in Carrickfergus. Of these:

 73.49% were from the Protestant or other Christian community backgrounds and 8.55% were from a Roman Catholic Christian community background.
 73.94% indicated that they had a British national identity, 5.53% had an Irish national identity and 37.32% had a Northern Irish national identity (respondents could choose more than one national identity).

2011 Census
On Census day (27 March 2011) there were 27,998 people living in Carrickfergus. Of these:

 20.23% were aged under 16 years and 14.73% were aged 65 and over.
 51.95% of the usually resident population were female and 48.05% were male.
 80.70% were from the Protestant or other Christian community backgrounds and 8.35% were from a Roman Catholic Christian community background.
 78.26% indicated that they had a British national identity, 4.73% had an Irish national identity and 29.36% had a Northern Irish national identity (respondents could choose more than one national identity)
 39 years was the average (median) age of the population.
 8.49% had some knowledge of Ulster-Scots and 1.99% had some knowledge of Irish.

Transport
Carrickfergus railway station opened on 1 October 1862. In addition, the northwest of the town is served by Clipperstown railway station, and the east by Downshire railway station. All three stations have regular commuter services to Belfast and Larne. Three historic stations in Carrickfergus, Barn, Eden and Mount, closed in the 1970s.

Politics

Carrickfergus is covered by the East Antrim constituency, whose Member of Parliament (MP) is Sammy Wilson of the DUP. The Parliamentary constituency of Carrickfergus existed from 1801 to 1885.

Local MLAs for the area following the 2017 election are:
 David Hilditch (DUP)
 Gordon Lyons (DUP)
 Roy Beggs (UUP)
 John Stewart (UUP)
 Stewart Dickson (Alliance)

Until 2015 the local authority was Carrickfergus Borough Council, based at Carrickfergus Town Hall. Since 1 April 2015 Carrickfergus has come under the control of Mid and East Antrim Borough Council. The town is covered by two of the council's wards, Carrick Castle and Knockagh. In the May 2019 local elections, the following councillors were elected for these wards:-

Carrick Castle
 Billy Ashe (DUP)
 Lauren Gray (Alliance)
 Cheryl Johnson (DUP)
 John McDermott (UUP)
 Robin Stewart (UUP)

Knockagh
 Marc Collins (DUP)
 Bobby Hadden (Independent)
 Peter Johnston (DUP)
 Noel Williams (Alliance)
 Andrew Wilson (UUP)

Schools and education
There are several primary in Carrickfergus, including St Nicholas' Primary School.

Secondary schools serving the area include Carrickfergus Grammar School, Carrickfergus Academy and Ulidia Integrated College.

Sports
Sporting establishments in the town include the association football clubs Carrick Rangers F.C. and Barn United FC.

Carrickfergus Sailing Club and Carrickfergus Cricket Club are also based in the town.

Media

Radio
Carrickfergus FM

Notable residents

Historical
Robert Adrain (1775–1843), mathematician, considered one of the best mathematical minds of his time, was born in Carrickfergus
Edward Bruce (c. 1280–1319), High King of Ireland and Earl of Carrick, brother to Robert the Bruce, King of Scots.
Sir John de Courcy (1160–1219) Anglo Norman knight and builder of Carrickfergus Castle
Hugh de Lacy, 1st Earl of Ulster (c. 1176 – c. 1242)
William Orr, United Irishman, was hanged in Carrickfergus on 14 October 1797 shortly before the failed rebellion.
Charlotte Riddell, writer of the Victorian period, was born Charlotte Eliza Lawson Cowan (1832) in Carrickfergus.
Jonathan Swift, the poet and satirist lived in Kilroot, on the outskirts of the town, and wrote A Tale of a Tub there.

20th century
Daniel Cambridge, recipient of the Victoria Cross
James Crichton, recipient of the Victoria Cross
Sammy Curran, a prolific Irish League goalscorer between the wars playing for Woodburn and Belfast Celtic among others, who was also capped 4 times by Ireland.
Bob Gilmore (1961–2015), musicologist and player of piano and keyboards, was born in nearby Larne; lived in Carrickfergus during his childhood.
Seán Lester (1888–1959) was born in Carrickfergus. He was the last Secretary General of the League of Nations, from 1940 to 1946.
Billy McMillan, former Belfast Celtic and dual IFA and FAI Irish international footballer who lived his entire life in Carrickfergus.
Louis MacNeice, poet, moved to the town when he was two years old (his father was appointed Rector of St Nicholas' Church of Ireland Church), and he left at the age of ten to attend boarding school in England; one of his poems, Carrickfergus (1937), relates his ambiguous feelings about the town where he spent his early boyhood.

Contemporary
Gillian Arnold, artist and designer, born Carrickfergus. (1971–1990)
Ryan Eagleson, Derbyshire and Irish international cricketer, 65 caps for Ireland, 1995–2004.
Fit Finlay, former WWE wrestler, was born and raised in the satellite village of Greenisland.
Jimmy Hill (Norwich City) and Billy McCullough (Arsenal), Northern Ireland international footballers born in Carrickfergus.
Bobby Irvine (Stoke City), Northern Ireland international footballer born in nearby Eden before moving to Carrickfergus.
Willie Irvine (Burnley), Northern Ireland international footballer born in Eden before moving to Carrickfergus.
Niamh Kavanagh, Irish Eurovision entrant and winner of 1993.
Adrian McKinty, novelist, author of the Sean Duffy novels set in Carrickfergus, was raised in the town.
Seán Neeson, politician and activist; former leader of the Alliance Party NI sat on Carrickfergus Council (1977–2013), and represented East Antrim in the NI Assembly (1998–2011).
Stuart Robinson, host of Northern Ireland's Young Star Search and presenter on Cool FM.
Jackie Woodburne, actress known for her role as Susan Kennedy in Australian soap opera Neighbours, was born in Carrickfergus.
Jo Zebedee (born 1971), writer brought up in the town.

Twin towns – sister cities

Carrickfergus is twinned with:

Anderson, United States
Danville, United States
Jackson, United States
Portsmouth, United States
Ruda Śląska, Poland

See also
 Baron Carrickfergus
 Abbeys and priories in Northern Ireland (County Antrim)
 List of towns in Northern Ireland
 List of villages in Northern Ireland
 List of localities in Northern Ireland by population
 Market Houses in Northern Ireland
 Third Carrickfergus Silver Band

References

External links

 Carrickfergus Borough Council
 Louis MacNeice talks about Carrickfergus on the BBC website
 Culture Northern Ireland website

Barony of Carrickfergus
Beaches of Northern Ireland
Port cities and towns in Northern Ireland
Ports and harbours of Northern Ireland
Townlands of County Antrim
Towns in County Antrim
Populated places established in the 12th century

Carrickfergus


was a general in the early Imperial Japanese Army, and the highest ranking casualty on the Japanese side in the First Sino-Japanese War.

Life and career
Ōdera was born in Satsuma Domain (present day Kagoshima Prefecture), as the second son of a samurai in the service of the Shimazu clan. He studied at the domain's military academy, and fought in the Boshin War of the Meiji restoration. During the Battle of Toba-Fushimi, he fought alongside fellow Satsuma clansmen Yamamoto Gonnohyōe and Shibayama Yahachi. In an anecdotal account of the battle, Ōdera was sleeping when Tokugawa forces opened fire. When awakened by his comrades, he complained that he could not see the enemy since it was too dark, and he would wait until daylight to fire back as he did not want to waste ammunition.

In 1872, he entered the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army as a second lieutenant. He was soon promoted to lieutenant, and in February 1874, Ōdera participated in the suppression of the Saga Rebellion, followed by the Taiwan Expedition of 1874.  He later served in the Hiroshima Military District, the IJA 12th Infantry Regiment, During the Satsuma Rebellion, he was a company commander. During the campaign, he lost his right ear to enemy gunfire, but was instrumental in taking Kumamoto Castle back from the rebels. Ōdera subsequently served with the IJA 11th Infantry Regiment, as a brigade commander in  IJA 8th Infantry Regiment, and as a brigade commander in the Imperial Guards. He was promoted to captain in 1888, after which he served as chief of staff of the IJA 2nd Division, IJA 4th Division and IJA 1st Divisions. In February 1894 and he was sent to the United States and Europe as a military attaché, visiting France and Germany. He was planning to continue on to visit Russia when recalled to Japan over rising tensions with China.

In November 1894, Ōdera was promoted to major general and made commander of the IJA 11th Infantry Regiment. Under his command were cavalry detachments led by Nogi Maresuke and Akiyama Yoshifuru. Ōdera has praised by French military observers by his cool demeanor when under fire, calmly smoking a cigarette while enemy bullets fell all around him. He reportedly responded by saying that he was not strong - only the smell of smoke from his cigarette was strong.   While leading his troops during the Battle of Weihaiwei in the First Sino-Japanese War against the land fortifications guarding the naval base, his position was hit by shrapnel from an artillery shell fired by the Beiyang fleet cruiser Jiyuan. Ōdera was the only Japanese general killed in combat during the war.

Ōdera was posthumously promoted to 3rd Court rank, and his son was ennobled with the title of baron (danshaku) under the kazoku peerage system. Ōdera's grave is at Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo, and some of his personal effects are on display at the Yūshūkan Museum associated with Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo.

Decorations
 1878 –  Order of the Rising Sun, 5th class
 1884 –  Order of the Rising Sun, 4th class
 1892 –  Order of the Sacred Treasure, 3rd class

References

Footnotes

Japanese generals
Japanese military attachés
Japanese military personnel of the First Sino-Japanese War
People from Satsuma Domain
People of the Boshin War
1846 births
1895 deaths
People of Meiji-period Japan
Japanese military personnel killed in action
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun
Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure

Ōdera Yasuzumi


The Atlantic surf clam (Spisula solidissima), also called the bar clam, hen clam, skimmer or simply sea clam, is a very large, edible, saltwater clam or marine bivalve mollusk in the family Mactridae. It is commonly found in the western Atlantic Ocean. Reaching up to  or more in length, it is much larger than Spisula solida, which resides in the eastern Atlantic coastal waters.

The shell of this species is a well-known object to beach-goers in the northeastern United States. People on the beach often pick up a large empty shell of this species, either to dig in the sand with, or take home to use as a decorative dish or ashtray.

The species is exported commercially as a food item.

Distribution
This common species occurs off the east coast of North America from Nova Scotia to South Carolina.

Habitat
Atlantic surf clams live buried in coarse or fine sand. They live offshore as well as in the low intertidal and surf zones.

Life habits
Surf clams can take as little as three months to reach maturity off the New Jersey coast, or as long as four years off Nova Scotia, and can reach an age of 35 years.

These clams use their siphons to pull in and then filter fine particles of organic matter and plankton from the surrounding seawater. Like almost all clams, they are filter feeders.

Human use
This species is a commercially exploited species, long prized for its sweet flavor. This species is typically harvested from fishing vessels known as dredgers, which use a specialized fishing dredge equipped with high-power hydraulic jets designed to fluidize the sea floor so as to loosen clams from the sediments before it scoops them up.

About two-thirds of a surf clam's shucked weight is viable for human consumption. The meat of the clam is used as 'strips', chowder, and sushi.

The "tongue" or foot of the clam is commercially valuable because it is cut into long strips which are breaded and fried and served as clam strips, first popularized by the Howard Johnson's franchise.

The meat that is left over is separated from the "belly" and is referred to as "salvage" within the clam industry. This meat includes the adductor muscles, which are the strong muscles that close the two halves of the shell and which tightly hold the clam's shell in the shut position. "Salvage" is typically ground up for use in chowders, sauces, and dips, and is commercially available either in cans or frozen. Locally it is available fresh. The substantial "belly" of the clam is used by some fishermen as bait for striped bass and other species.

References

Mactridae
Marine molluscs of North America
Molluscs of the Atlantic Ocean
Molluscs of the United States
Fauna of the Northeastern United States
Fauna of the Southeastern United States
Bivalves described in 1817
Edible molluscs

Atlantic surf clam


Otto-Raúl González (January 1, 1921 in Guatemala City – June 23, 2007 in Mexico City) was a Guatemalan writer, poet, and lawyer. A longtime communist ideologue, during the social revolution of the administration of Jacobo Arbenz he was appointed undersecretary of the land reform program. González welcomed Che Guevara to Guatemala and gave him a government job. However, he had to flee his country following the 1954 overthrow of the government and for two years lived in Ecuador then went to Mexico.

González obtained a law degree from the National Autonomous University of Mexico.

Many decades later, he was allowed back to Guatemala by President Vinicio Cerezo. During his lifetime, González published more than 60 books with a number translated to several different languages. He was awarded the Premio Nacional de Poesía Jaime Sabines from Mexico and the 1990 Guatemala National Prize in Literature.

References
 Prensa Libre Interview with Otto-Raúl González (Spanish language)
 Note about Gonzalez death  (La Joranada, Spanish language)

External links
Otto-Raúl González on the Guatemalan Literature Webpage

Guatemalan male poets
Guatemalan communists
20th-century Guatemalan lawyers
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
1921 births
2007 deaths
People from Guatemala City
Guatemalan expatriates in Mexico
20th-century Guatemalan poets
20th-century male writers
Expatriates in Ecuador

Otto-Raúl González


Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation is an American aircraft company and a wholly owned subsidiary of General Dynamics.
Gulfstream designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and services business jet aircraft. Gulfstream has produced more than 2,000 aircraft since 1958. Gulfstream's current range consists of the G280, G550, G500/G600, and G650/G650ER/G700/G800.

History

Origins
The company that evolved into Gulfstream Aerospace Corp. started in the late 1950s when Grumman Aircraft Engineering Co., known for military aircraft production, developed a twin turboprop business aircraft at its facilities in Bethpage, New York, called the Grumman Gulfstream I (G-I). The G-I could seat 12 passengers, had a maximum speed of  at  and a range of . The new aircraft, the first of its kind designed for business travel, was a success, prompting Grumman to develop the jet-powered Grumman Gulfstream II or GII.

1960s
At the start of the GII program, Grumman officials separated the company's civil and military aircraft production to improve efficiency. In 1966, they relocated the civilian component to Savannah, Georgia where they had found a supply of skilled labor, an airfield adjacent to the plant and room for expansion. Transportation facilities suitable for heavy equipment and machinery as well as weather favorable to year-round flight-testing and flight-training operations enhanced Savannah's appeal. The new building opened in June 1967 and was dedicated on September 29, 1967. It housed production and flight testing for the GII. The 100-person work force that built the GII was 90% local, and grew to over 1,700 within a few years.

1970s
On January 2, 1973, Grumman merged its civil aircraft operations with light-aircraft manufacturer American Aviation Corporation. The 256th and final GII delivery took place in 1977. One year later, the Gulfstream line and the Savannah plant were sold to American Jet Industries, which was headed by entrepreneur Allen Paulson. Paulson became the president and CEO of the company, renaming it Gulfstream American. He made a priority of developing the Gulfstream III. The GIII was a new aircraft designed to achieve greater range and speed than the GII. The GIII made its first flight in December 1979, with the first delivery in 1980. It was the first business jet to fly over both poles. The Hustler 400 was a  corporate aircraft that featured a propeller in front for short runway use, and a jet in back for high-altitude cruising. The prototype, designated Hustler 400, first flew on January 11, 1978, but never entered production.

1980s

In 1981, Gulfstream introduced the Gulfstream GIIB. The GIIB had a modified GII fuselage and the GIII wings, complete with winglets. The variant offered weight and performance characteristics similar to the GIII, but with the shorter GII fuselage. Gulfstream completed and delivered approximately 40 GIIBs.

Under Paulson the Savannah work force grew to 2,500 by the spring of 1982. Also in this year, the company's name changed to Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation to reflect its worldwide scope, and a new plane, the Gulfstream IV, was conceived. The following year, Gulfstream offered 8.8 million shares of stock to the public. In 1985, Chrysler Corp. acquired Gulfstream for $637 million as part of the automaker's plan to diversify into high-tech industries. This was also the year that Gulfstream first appeared on the Fortune 500 list, at No. 417. Two years later, the 200th and last Gulfstream III was delivered, and the first delivery of a Gulfstream IV took place. The GIV was the first jet in business aviation to have an all-glass cockpit. In 1989 Chrysler decided to sell Gulfstream, and Paulson teamed with Forstmann Little & Co. – a private equity firm specializing in leveraged buyouts – and bought Gulfstream back.

1990s
The decade that followed the 1989 repurchase was a time of significant advancements for Gulfstream. The company signed a five-year contract with NetJets in 1994. It completed the Gulfstream V Integration Test Facility and rolled out the GV – the first ultra-long range business jet – in 1995. The opening of a $16 million Savannah service center with  of hangar space followed in 1996. In 1997, Gulfstream began the simultaneous manufacture of two aircraft models – the GIV-SP and the GV. Within a few months of the GV's first delivery in June 1997, it set nearly 40 city-pair and/or speed and distance records, and its development team was awarded the 1997 Robert J. Collier Trophy, the highest honor in aeronautics or astronautics in North America. In 1998, Gulfstream purchased K-C Aviation from Kimberly-Clark Corp. for $250 million, which had operations in Dallas, Appleton, Wisconsin, and Westfield, Massachusetts.

2000s
At the end of the 1990s, General Dynamics purchased Gulfstream, and it opened a $5.5 million aircraft refurbishment and completions support facility in Savannah in 2000. In 2001, it acquired Galaxy Aerospace and with it, the mid-size Astra SPX and super mid-size Galaxy, which were later rebranded the Gulfstream G100 and Gulfstream G200, respectively. Also in 2001, Gulfstream purchased four U.S. maintenance facilities in Dallas, Las Vegas, Minneapolis, and West Palm Beach, Florida. Those service centers, along with a Gulfstream facility in Westfield, Massachusetts, formed General Dynamics Aviation Services, which maintained and repaired Gulfstream and other business-jet aircraft.

In 2002, Gulfstream renamed its products, using Arabic numerals instead of Roman numerals to differentiate its aircraft. At the time, the company's lineup included the ultra long-range Gulfstream G550 and G500, the long-range Gulfstream G400, the mid-range Gulfstream G300 and G200, and the high-speed G100. 2002 was also the year that Gulfstream introduced its Airborne Product Support aircraft, a specially equipped G100. It is used to deliver parts and provide any-time service to Gulfstream customers in North America and the Caribbean who are operating aircraft under warranty.

In 2003, Gulfstream acquired a service center at the London-Luton Airport, the first Gulfstream-owned service center to be operated outside the United States. Also, in 2003, the long-range Gulfstream G450 was introduced. The large-cabin, mid-range G350 was presented a year later. In 2004, Gulfstream was awarded the 2003 Collier Trophy for the development of the G550. It was the second time in less than a decade that Gulfstream had won the award. The G550 is the first civil aircraft to receive a Type Certificate issued by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) that includes an Enhanced Vision System (EVS) as standard equipment on an aircraft. The aircraft also contained the first cockpit to incorporate PlaneView®, an integrated avionics suite featuring four 14-inch (36 cm) liquid crystal displays in landscape format.

In 2005, Gulfstream began to offer an in-flight internet connection – its Broad Band Multi-Link (BBML) system. Gulfstream also designed and developed a means of reducing the sonic boom caused by an aircraft "breaking" the sound barrier – the Quiet Spike. The Quiet Spike is a telescopic nose device that softens the effect of the sonic boom by smoothing the pressure wave created by flying at the speed of sound. Gulfstream views lifting the current US supersonic ban as essential for a viable business case for supersonic aircraft.

In 2006, the 12-year production run of the G100 ended, and the Gulfstream G150 entered service to take its place. The G150 was the first business jet to be certified by the FAA for Stage 4, the industry's most stringent noise standards. Also in 2006, Gulfstream announced plans to expand its manufacturing and service facilities in Savannah. The seven-year, $400 million Long-Range Facilities Master Plan included the creation of a new  service center, an independent fuel farm, a  paint hangar and the addition of a new Sales and Design Center. As a result of the expansion, employment at the facility was expected to grow by some 1,100 jobs. To meet the immediate need for engineering office space, Gulfstream opened a Research and Development Center (RDC). The RDC accommodates approximately 750 technical and engineering employees.

In April 2007 Gulfstream broke ground for a new business-jet manufacturing building at its headquarters in Savannah. The following month, the company signed a nine-year lease with North Point Real Estate for a second Research and Development Center. The RDC II consists of an office building, which can accommodate 550 employees, and a laboratory building, which is designed for 150 employees and test equipment used in Gulfstream's research and development work. Gulfstream completed the new Sales and Design Center addition in June and officially opened the first phase of the new Savannah Service Center in August.

In 2007, Gulfstream tested its Synthetic Vision-Primary Flight Display ( SV-PFD) and EVS II together for the first time. The SV-PFD is an enhancement to the Gulfstream PlaneView flight displays. It features a three-dimensional color image of terrain overlaid with the primary flight display instrument symbology, which are arranged on the screen to create a large-view area for terrain. By early 2008, the FAA had certified both EVS II and SV-PFD.

On March 13, 2008, Gulfstream announced the introduction of a new business jet: the Gulfstream G650. The G650 offers the longest range, fastest speed, largest cabin and most advanced cockpit in the Gulfstream fleet. It is capable of traveling  at Mach 0.85 or will cover shorter distances at Mach 0.925, making it the fastest civilian aircraft flying at the time. It can climb to , allowing it to avoid airline-traffic congestion and adverse weather.

On October 5 of the same year, Gulfstream announced another addition to its business-jet fleet: the large-cabin, mid-range Gulfstream G250 (later renamed the Gulfstream G280). It is capable of traveling  at Mach 0.80 and has a maximum operating speed of Mach 0.85. It can reach its  initial cruise altitude in 20 minutes and can climb to a maximum altitude of .

In 2009, the company conducted two powered rollouts one week apart. The Gulfstream G650 officially rolled out of the Savannah manufacturing facility under its own power on September 29, 2009. The G280 followed just one week later.

Both the G650 and the G280 flew before the end of 2009. The G650 took its first flight on November 25, while the G280 went up for the first time on December 11.

2010s
In November 2010, Gulfstream announced an expansion of its Savannah facilities through a $500-million, seven-year plan. The growth resulted in 1,000 additional Gulfstream jobs, an increase of more than 15 percent.

In addition to the Savannah expansion, Gulfstream's sites in Westfield, Massachusetts, US, and Luton, UK, also grew in 2011. In October, Gulfstream announced an expansion of its service center at the Barnes Regional Airport in Westfield, Massachusetts, that will result in 100 additional Gulfstream jobs, a nearly 80 percent increase over the size of Gulfstream's Westfield workforce. The Luton service center also relocated to a 75,000-square-foot, more modern hangar. The hangar and accompanying office area nearly doubles space at the site, allowing Gulfstream Luton technicians to service Gulfstream's entire fleet, including the all-new G650, the company's flagship aircraft.

Gulfstream suffered a major setback on April 2, 2011, when one of its G650 ultra long-range business jets crashed on the runway at Roswell, NM, fatally injuring the two test pilots and two flight test engineers on board. The aircraft was conducting a takeoff-performance test during which an engine failure was simulated by reducing the right engine's thrust to idle. The G650 became airborne briefly at a high angle of attack before its right wingtip hit the runway, then slid on the ground and caught fire.

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined the probable cause of the crash was an aerodynamic stall of the aircraft due to a failure to properly develop and validate takeoff speeds, persistent and increasingly aggressive attempts to achieve a V2 speed that was too low and an inadequate investigation of previous uncommanded roll events. Following the crash, Gulfstream raised the V2 speed of the G650. The NTSB accused Gulfstream of withholding information and the use of legal counsel during the investigation, which were denied by the company.

In November 2011, the Gulfstream G650 received its provisional type certificate (PTC) from the FAA. This cleared the way for the company to begin interior completions of the ultra-large-cabin, ultra-long-range business jet in preparation for customer deliveries in the second quarter of 2012, as originally planned.

In January 2011, General Dynamics Aviation Services was rebranded as Gulfstream to simplify its brand identity. Gulfstream now owns and operates nine service centers worldwide, plus one component repair facility.

As of late 2012 there were indications that Gulfstream was close to announcing the design of a quiet supersonic business jet, first drawings of which appeared in December 2012.

Gulfstream employs more than 11,500 people at 12 major locations: Savannah, Georgia.; Appleton, Wisconsin; Brunswick, Georgia; Dallas; Las Vegas; Westfield, Massachusetts; West Palm Beach, Florida; Van Nuys and Lincoln, California in the US; London, UK; Mexicali, Mexico, and Sorocaba, Brazil;

The Gulfstream G500/G600 were unveiled on October 14, 2014, with the G500 taxiing under its own power. It first flew on May 18, 2015. The longer G600 followed on December 17, 2016, intended for delivery in 2018.

The company expects the 2017 deliveries to be the same as 2016 at 115 units: 88 large and 27 midsize G280s.

Following the meet of US President Donald Trump and Qatar's Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani in July 2019, Qatar Airways expressed a desire to buy large-cabin aircraft from Gulfstream.

2020s

On October 4, 2021, the company introduced the G400 and G800 to their product line.

On 28 March, 2023, Gulfstream opened a  sales and design center in Beverly Hills, housing mock ups for the G400, G700 and G800 cabins.

Government and special mission aircraft

About 200 Gulfstream are used by 35 governments, mainly the G550 : air transports of heads of state and government, airborne early warning, medical evacuation, high-altitude atmospheric research, and intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance.

Products

Current products

Product history
The Grumman Gulfstream I (Model G-159) was a twin-turboprop business aircraft, certificated by the FAA on 21/05/1959.

The Grumman Gulfstream II was the first large business jet and basis of the Shuttle Training Aircraft. It had many variants, some still produced today, under the same type certificate:

The later Gulfstream G650 has its own type certificate, approved on 07/09/2012. The new Gulfstream G500/G600 also has a separate type certificate.

Israel Aircraft Industries transferred ownership of the smaller Westwind Astra business jet, approved August 29, 1985 to Gulfstream Aerospace on March 26, 2002. Its derivative Astra SPX, approved January 8, 1996 was then named Gulfstream G100, approved August 9, 2002, and its second derivative Gulfstream G150 was approved on November 7, 2005. The larger IAI Galaxy Type certificate, approved December 16, 1998, was transferred the same day and renamed Gulfstream G200, approved January 16, 2002. It was developed into the Gulfstream G280 which have its own type certificate approved August 30, 2012.

The Gulfstream American Hustler was a prototype business aircraft, which first flew on January 11, 1978, using a turboprop and a turbofan simultaneously. It was developed into prototype military trainer Gulfstream Peregrine 600, first flight May 22, 1981, and the prototype single jet Gulfstream Peregrine, first flight January 14, 1983.

The Sukhoi-Gulfstream S-21 was a projected supersonic business jet.

Community involvement
Gulfstream Aerospace is involved in the local Savannah community through a variety of programs and initiatives. In November 2018, $2 million was donated to the United Way of America. Over 100 programs and services at 58 nonprofits in several Georgia counties have benefited.

See also
 Gulfstream X-54

References

External links

Gulfstream website
Patents owned by Gulfstream Aerospace

1999 mergers and acquisitions
Aircraft manufacturers of the United States
American companies established in 1958
Collier Trophy recipients
Companies based in Savannah, Georgia
Defense companies of the United States
General Dynamics
Manufacturing companies based in Georgia (U.S. state)
Manufacturing companies established in 1958
Private equity portfolio companies
Technology companies established in 1958

Gulfstream Aerospace


Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith is a 2005 action-adventure video game based on Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith.

Gameplay
The single-player campaign has lightsaber duels with General Grievous, Count Dooku, Mace Windu, Obi-Wan Kenobi and Anakin Skywalker.

Plot
The game has an alternate ending that can be unlocked once the game is completed. Anakin Skywalker warns Obi-Wan to not underestimate his power. He reaches Obi-Wan with a jump and kills him with his lightsaber. Darth Sidious arrived and congratulated Anakin by giving him a new lightsaber. Anakin kills Sidious and declares the galaxy belongs to him.

2005 video games
Nintendo DS games
Game Boy Advance games
PlayStation 2 games
Star Wars games
Xbox games

Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (video game)


Parrott Hall (formerly known as Denton House, Denton Place and Entomology Hall) is a historic home located at Geneva in Ontario County, New York. It was built in the early 1850s and consists of a 3-story main block and 2-story addition in the Italianate villa style.  In 1882, the property was acquired by New York State for use as an agricultural experiment station, and was part of the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station until 1968. It was deeded to the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation in 1970 for use as a museum.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.

History
Wealthy agriculturists Nehemiah (also known as William) and Louisa (also known as Louise) Denton moved from New York City to Geneva in 1852, at a time when the area was the center of agricultural prosperity in New York. They purchased the land then known as the Old Castle Farm in the early 1850s, commissioned the building of the
Italiante villa now known as Parrott Hall, and moved into the new mansion in 1856. Both Nehemiah and Louisa were deaf mutes.

In 1882, Nehemiah was considered to be of "unsound mind" and, in order to settle his debts, he sold the dwelling, outbuildings, and 125 acres. The property was purchased for $25,000 by the State of New York to become an agricultural experiment station. The villa, then known as Denton Place or Denton House, was converted into the headquarters of what would become the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva, colloquially known as the Geneva Experiment Station.

In the early 1900s, the building housed the laboratory and offices of the
Station's first entomologist, Percival John Parrott, during which time it became known as Entomology Hall. Parrott was known for his efforts to combat San Jose scale, an introduced insect that was severely damaging fruit crops in the early 20th century. He was appointed the station's director in 1938 and served until 1942, the year he retired. The building was renamed Parrott Hall in his honor.

Parrott Hall was used by the State from 1882 until 1968, when it was replaced by Barton Hall. To bring recognition to its historic significance, members of the Geneva Historic Society led an effort to nominate it to the National Register of Historic Places. in 1970. It was listed the following year. In recognition of its historic significance, the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation (OPRHP) took title to the property with the intent to rehabilitate it for use as a museum. Repairs and maintenance were performed by OPRHP from the time the building was vacated by the Station in 1968 until 1983, after which time no substantial maintenance was undertaken. It has been vacant since 1968.

Local preservation advocates formed the non-profit Friends of Parrott Hall in 2017. In the summer of 2018, OPRHP solicited bids for demolition. Spurred by the building's imminent demise, the Friends of Parrott Hall formed a coalition with The Landmark Society of Western New York, the Preservation League of New York State, and the City of Geneva to save the building from imminent demolition. Due in part to the coalition's efforts, OPRHP determined that demolition would be "delayed indefinitely", with the caveat that the coalition raise funds to stabilize the building and provide a plan for its reuse.

As of the winter of 2018, the coalition was working with OPRHP to raise funds for stabilization and to formulate a plan for its reuse.

The Geneva Experiment Station has made important contributions to the history of botany in New York State, including pioneering advances in carpology, agriculture, horticulture, plant pathology, and dairy production. Studies conducted at the Station aided the development of nurseries in nearby Ontario and Monroe counties and in vineyards across New York State.

Structure
The structure is an Italianate villa consisting of a three-story hipped roof main block and two story gable roof wing addition to the rear. Its design is based on a plan from the Model Architect, a pattern book written by architect Samuel Sloan in 1853. The Denton's followed Sloan's design closely, making only minor modifications to the front entrance and the belvedere, which has since been removed. In addition to removing the belvedere, the Station made many other interior modifications to suit changing needs.

The Hall has an L-shaped layout, with the rear wing extending south from the central block. The main block has a center hall plan. Though there were originally four chimneys, the current building has only three—two on the east facade of the central block, one on the west wall. Window cornices and sills are of cast iron.

The structure has an ornate veranda, consisting of cast iron columns, railing, and parapet extending around the perimeter, except for one section at the southeast corner. The nomination to the National Register of Historic Places notes that Parrott Hall is "an outstanding example of the Italianate villa style popular in the mid-nineteenth century. The ornate cast-iron veranda is especially notable."

At the time of the NRHP nomination in 1970, the building was covered with the historic standing seam metal roof. In the mid-1970s, the State removed the standing seam metal roof from the main block and replaced it with rolled roofing,  rebuilt the three remaining chimneys, and sandblasted and painted the wrought-iron railing, frieze of the verandah, and columns. The building exterior was repainted in 1983.

In the early 1980s, Parrott Hall was the focus of a master's thesis by a Cornell graduate student which concluded that the structural condition was "impressive, given the age of the building and its many years of heavy use" and that the structure had not suffered "too badly" in the years since 1971, when it was disconnected from steam and electricity. However, the report noted that there were telltale signs of moisture-related problems including periodic basement ponding and damage to the verandah due to the lack of gutters.

In the late 1990s, a thesis report by a graduate student in the Historic Preservation Program at the University of Vermont determined that the interior had recently suffered damage due to water infiltration. The report was published to "assist the Station with its efforts to stabilize Parrott Hall until such time as money is available for restoration." It was determined that the water damage was due to the roof's deteriorated state, and that roofing, gutters, and downspouts needed to be installed or replaced.

References

External links
Cornell University's New York State Agricultural Experiment Station

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Italianate architecture in New York (state)
Houses completed in 1850
Houses in Ontario County, New York
Geneva, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Ontario County, New York

Parrott Hall


Elli Smula (1914–1943) was a Berlin tram conductor who was arrested in September 1940. She was accused of seriously compromising the Berlin Transport Authority (BVG) by failing to report for work after going out drinking with female fellow workers. Like her colleague Margarete Rosenberg, she was detained by the Gestapo in the prison on Alexanderplatz. BVG had received complaints that some of their female employees were taking their colleagues home, encouraging them to consume alcoholic drinks and involving them in lesbian sexual relationships. The following November both women were transferred to the Ravensbrück Concentration Camp where Smula "suddenly died" on 8 July 1943.

Biography
Born in the Charlottenburg district of Berlin on 10 October 1914, Elli Smula was the daughter of Martha Smula who worked as a housemaid in Hohenlychen, Uckermark. She and her brother Willi were born out of marriage with the result that when her father was killed in World War I, her mother received no pension. The family later moved to Berlin.

In July 1940, as a result of the absence of male workers during World War II, Smula was engaged to work for the Berlin Transport Authority (BVG) as a tram conductor in the Treptow district. The following September both she and Rosenberg were arrested by the Gestapo and taken to the Alexanderplatz prison. They were subsequently each interrogated on at least four occasions by the Gestapo unit responsible for homosexuality. The reason for their detainment was that the BVG had received complaints that women conductors from Treptow had been involved in lesbian intercourse after taking their colleagues back to their apartments and encouraging them to drink. As a result, there were disruptions in the tram service as the women were unable to report for work the following day. After her last interrogation on 10 October 1940, Smula remained in the Alexanderplatz prison until 30 November when, together with Rosenberg, she was transferred to the Ravensbrück Concentration Camp. Both were registered as lesbians although Smula's crime, like Rosenberg's, is thought officially to have been subversive conduct.

Some time during July 1943, her mother was informed by Ravensbrück of Elli Smula's very sudden death on 8 July 1943. No further explanations were given.

See also

 Henny Schermann
 Margarete Rosenberg

References

1914 births
1943 deaths
People who died in Ravensbrück concentration camp
People from Berlin
20th-century German LGBT people

Elli Smula


The Historical Marker Database (HMdb.org) is an online database that documents locations of numerous historical markers in the United States as well as other countries. The database was launched in 2006 by computer programmer J. J. Prats.

The HMdb served as the basis for the database for the online augmented reality game Ingress, which was then later repurposed for Pokémon Go.

The HMdb was launched in 2006 with 179 markers that Prats had personally documented. By 2015 the site listed more than 74,000 markers.
In addition to listing markers in the United States, the site also lists some markers from more than 40 other countries.
By the start of 2018, the site documented more than 100,000 markers.

The HMdb has been described as "crowdsourced", and according to the site's self-description, "Anyone can add new markers to the database and update existing marker pages with new photographs, links, information and commentary."

The HMdb displays historical event locations using Google Maps.

Artist Paul Druecke described the HMdb as "a different sort of catalogue", one that "allows geeks like me to explore historical plaques throughout the United States."
Druecke did a series of charcoal drawings depicting official state-sponsored plaques.

In 2011, Silvio Lacetti argued that the HMdb "offers a wonderful opportunity" for history teachers to instill interest in students by being "a Columbus leading his or her young crew on journeys of local historical discovery", enabling them "to search, discover and learn" through historical markers.

Bibliography (additional)

References

External links
HMdb.org (About page)

Database providers

Historical Marker Database


Žarko (; 1336–before 1371) was a 14th-century Serbian nobleman. After the death of Serbian Emperor Dušan the Mighty (r. 1331–1355†), he became a lord of the coasts of the Zeta region, under the succeeding Emperor Uroš the Weak (r. 1355–1371).

Around 1356 he married Teodora Dejanović, the daughter of Dejan Dragaš and Theodora Nemanjić (sister of Dušan and Symeon Siniša). Together, they had a son, Mrkša, in 1363.

He is mentioned in records from 1356, when he raided some traders from Dubrovnik, not far from Sveti Srđ at Lake Skadar. Zeta itself was held by the widow of Dušan, Jelena, who at the time was in Serres where she had her court. The next year, in June, he became a citizen of the Republic of Venice, where he was known as a baron lord of the Serbian King, with holdings in the Zeta region and Bojana of the maritime.

In 1360, Balša I and his sons were mentioned as "lords of Skadar", thus, he may have either lost his position or died. After his death, the widow Teodora remarried with Đurađ Balšić. His son Mrkša married Ruđina Balšić, the daughter of Balša II, in 1396 and held the title of oblast around Valona and Kanina.

See also
Đuraš Ilijić, contemporary Lord of Upper Zeta

References

Sources
"Istorija srpskog naroda I", Beograd, 1981

14th-century Serbian nobility
Princes of Zeta
People from the Serbian Empire
Medieval Serbian military leaders
Serbs of Montenegro
1336 births
Year of death unknown
Boyars of Stefan Dušan

Žarko (nobleman)