Complexometric titration (sometimes chelatometry) is a form of volumetric analysis in which the formation of a colored complex is used to indicate the end point of a titration.  Complexometric titrations are particularly useful for the determination of a mixture of different metal ions in solution.  An indicator capable of producing an unambiguous color change is usually used to detect  the end-point of the titration. Complexometric titration are those reactions where a simple ion is transformed into a complex ion and the equivalence point is determined by using metal indicators or electrometrically.

Reactions for Complexometric titration

In theory, any complexation reaction can be used as a volumetric technique provided that:
 The reaction reaches equilibrium rapidly after each portion of titrant is added.
 Interfering situations do not arise.  For instance, the stepwise formation of several different complexes of the metal ion with the titrant, resulting in the presence of more than one complex in solution during the titration process.
 A complexometric indicator capable of locating equivalence point with fair  accuracy is available.

In practice, the use of EDTA as a titrant is well established.

Complex titration with EDTA

EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, has four carboxyl groups and two amine groups that can act as electron pair donors, or Lewis bases.  The ability of EDTA to potentially donate its six lone pairs of electrons for the formation of coordinate covalent bonds to metal cations makes EDTA a hexadentate ligand. However, in practice EDTA is usually only partially ionized, and thus forms fewer than six coordinate covalent bonds with metal cations.

Disodium EDTA is commonly used to standardize aqueous solutions of transition metal cations.  Disodium EDTA (often written as Na2H2Y) only forms four coordinate covalent bonds to metal cations at pH values ≤ 12.  In this pH range, the amine groups remain protonated and thus unable to donate electrons to the formation of coordinate covalent bonds.  Note that the shorthand form Na4−xHxY can be used to represent any species of EDTA, with x designating the number of acidic protons bonded to the EDTA molecule.

EDTA forms an octahedral complex with most 2+ metal cations, M2+, in aqueous solution. The main reason that EDTA is used so extensively in the standardization of metal cation solutions is that the formation constant for most metal cation-EDTA complexes is very high, meaning that the equilibrium for the reaction:

M2+ + H4Y → MH2Y + 2H+

lies far to the right. Carrying out the reaction in a basic buffer solution removes H+ as it is formed, which also favors the formation of the EDTA-metal cation complex reaction product. For most purposes it can be considered that the formation of the metal cation-EDTA complex goes to completion, and this is chiefly why EDTA is used in titrations and standardizations of this type.

Indicators

To carry out metal cation titrations using EDTA, it is almost always necessary to use a complexometric indicator to determine when the end point has been reached.  Common indicators are organic dyes such as Fast Sulphon Black, Eriochrome Black T, Eriochrome Red B, Patton Reeder, or Murexide.  Color change shows that the indicator has been displaced (usually by EDTA) from the metal cations in solution when the end point has been reached.  Thus, the free indicator (rather than the metal complex) serves as the endpoint indicator.

See also

Titration
Triethanolamine

Titration

ja:キレート滴定

Complexometric titration


The Holte Baronetcy, of Aston in the County of Warwick, was a title in the Baronetage of England. It was created on 25 November 1611 for Sir Thomas Holte, of Aston Hall, then in Warwickshire. He was High Sheriff of Warwickshire in 1599 and had been knighted by King James I in 1603. He was succeeded by his grandson, the second Baronet. He was Member of Parliament for Warwickshire. The third and sixth Baronets also represented Warwickshire in Parliament while the fifth Baronet was Member of Parliament for Lichfield. The title became extinct on the death of the sixth Baronet in 1782 and the substantial estate was broken up, under an Act of Parliament of 1817, in order to meet the interests of the various claimants.

Edward Holte, the father of the first Baronet, was High Sheriff of Warwickshire in 1583.

Holte baronets, of Aston (1611)
Sir Thomas Holte, 1st Baronet (1571–1654)
Sir Robert Holte, 2nd Baronet (1625-1679)
Sir Charles Holte, 3rd Baronet (1649–1722)
Sir Clobery Holte, 4th Baronet (1682–1729)
Sir Lister Holte, 5th Baronet (1720–1770)
Sir Charles Holte, 6th Baronet (1721–1782)

See also
 Holt baronets
 Holte (surname)

References
* Burke's A Genealogical and Heraldic History of Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies (1844) pp. 267–8

Extinct baronetcies in the Baronetage of England

Holte baronets


John Alexander (1736 – 29 December 1765) was a British nonconformist minister and writer.

Life
He was born in Dublin in 1736, where his father John Alexander, a minister and dissenting tutor at Stratford-upon-Avon, had moved; on the father's death, the widow and family returned to England. After grammar school, John was sent to Daventry Academy, and was afterwards put under the tuition of Dr. George Benson; Benson sometimes took young students under his care, after they had finished their university or academical education, for the purpose of instructing them in a more critical acquaintance with the sacred writings. He afterwards entered the ministry, which he exercised in and near Birmingham, but principally at a small village called Longdon, about twelve miles from that place. On Saturday, December 23, 1765, he returned to rest, in perfect health, between eleven and twelve o'clock, intending to officiate at Longdon next day: but at six in the morning he was found dead in his bed.

Works
After his death John Palmer published a work of his, entitled A Paraphrase upon the 15th chapter of the first epistle to the Corinthians; with critical notes and observations, and a Preliminary Dissertation, a Commentary, with critical Remarks, upon the 6th, 7th, and part of the 8th chapters to the Romans. To which is added, A Sermon on Ecclesiastes ix. 10. composed by the author the day preceding his death, London 1766. He wrote also in The Library, the monthly publication run by Andrew Kippis. There Alexander wrote an ironic Defence of persecution, essays on Dullness, Common Sense, Misanthropy, the Study of Man, Controversy, the Misconduct of Parents, Modern Authorship, the present state of Wit in Great Britain, the Index of the Mind, and the Fate of periodical productions.

Family
He had a brother, Dr. Benjamin Alexander, a physician in London, who died young, in 1768, and was the translator of Morgagni's De sedibus et causis morborum, 3 volumes,  London 1769.

References
Chalmers, Alexander. The General Biographical Dictionary: Containing an Historical and Critical Account of the Lives and Writings of the most Eminent Persons in Every Nation; Particularly the British and Irish; from the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time. new ed. rev. and enl. London: Nichols [et al.], 1812-1817. 32 vols.

Notes

1736 births
1765 deaths
English Christian religious leaders
British religious writers
Christian clergy from Dublin (city)
18th-century Irish Presbyterian ministers
People from Longdon, Staffordshire

John Alexander (nonconformist minister)


Osei Kwame Despite (born 2 February 1962) is a Ghanaian entrepreneur and a philanthropist with a foundation in music creation and knowledge of the broadcasting sector. Osei-Kwame is the CEO of the Despite Firm Ltd, a trade company with subsidiaries in the media industry, including UTV, PEACE FM, OKAY FM, NEAT FM and HELLO FM in Kumasi. He was named Africa Entrepreneur of the Year at the African Achievers Awards in the United Kingdom in 2021.  He was also honored with GH CAPTAIN's Award in 2019 for his contributions to the socio-economic development of the country.

Early life
In the Ghanaian town of Agona Wiamoase, he was born, in the Ashanti region. He began his career as a merchant in Dunkwa-Offinso, Ghana's Central Region, selling music cassettes, feeding bottles, padlocks, and other items. After years of struggling to make ends meet in the countryside, he and his colleagues relocated to Lagos, Nigeria.

In 1983, he returned to Ghana with other Ghanaians who had fled Nigeria due to the country's political unrest. Back to his country, he only had a trident cassette player and a chain-saw machine. He started a timber contracting business with the chain-saw machine, but it was smashed by a falling tree on his first business trip.  He eventually moved on to selling cassette tapes before diversifying his business.

Career
To show his support for the local music industry and to prioritize Ghanaian culture, he moved into radio and founded the PeaceFM at Achimota Mile 7 Junction in 1999. The station's experiments with the Akan language paid off, as radio listeners looking for local programming abandoned stations broadcasting primarily in the Queen's language on the 104.3 frequency. The radio industry flourished, culminating in the establishment of Hello FM in Kumasi and OkayFM in Accra, as well as peacefmonline.com.

List of Companies
Now, the Despite Group of Companies (DGC) has the following companies;

 U2 Company Limited (Iodated Salt Production)
 Okay FM
 Peace FM
 Neat FM
 Hello FM
 Despite Stores
 Best Point Savings and Loans (Finance)
 Farming and Building Construction businesses
 Neat Foods Company Limited (which produces and markets NEAT Fufu, NEAT Banku, NEAT Abenkwan, NEAT Hausa Koko, NEAT Dairy Products)
 United Television Company Limited
 Atona Foods LTD ( which produces THIS WAY chocolate drink which comes in different flavors, and the THIS WAY Motherlac children's cereal )

Personal life
Despite has a wife and nine children. Kennedy Osei Asante, his first son, is the General Manager of Despite Media. In 2019, he married Tracy in an expensive ceremony that drew the attention of many people both inside and outside the country. He is noted for collecting luxurious vehicles and has a great love for exotic cars. He purchased a 3'000'000$ Bugatti Chiron in February 2022 to mark his 60th birthday, making him one of just 5 individuals in Africa who own a Bugatti.

References

1962 births
Living people
Ghanaian businesspeople
21st-century Ghanaian businesspeople
21st-century philanthropists

Osei Kwame Despite


The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland (ICAS) is the world's first professional body of Chartered Accountants (CAs). It is a regulator, educator, influencer and thought leader.

ICAS act as a thought leader and voice of the professional business community. Although other British accounting bodies use the title Chartered Accountant, the CA designation is unique to ICAS in the UK.

ICAS has more than 21,000 members and students worldwide.  ICAS provides support, advice and services to its CAs throughout their professional lives. ICAS members are business advisors, business leaders and entrepreneurs.  They play leading roles in 80% of the FTSE 100 companies. Half of ICAS members are based in Scotland; the other half work in England and around the globe.

History
The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland (ICAS) is the world's first professional body of accountants, receiving its Royal Charter in 1854. The institute originated from:

 The Institute of Accountants in Edinburgh, formed in 1853;
 The  Institute of Accountants and Actuaries in Glasgow, formed in 1853;
 The Aberdeen Society of Accountants, formed in 1867.

These three bodies merged to form the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland in 1951. It was the first to adopt the designation "Chartered Accountant" and the designatory letters "CA" are still an exclusive privilege in the UK for ICAS members.

Anton Colella was the chief executive of the ICAS for about ten years, until retiring in 2018.

Membership and Qualification
 ICAS has over 20,000 members worldwide working in public practice, industry, commerce, the public sector and education. Membership is generally obtained by entering a training contract with an accountancy firm (although it is possible to train within industry), during which the student gains experience and sits a number of exams. The CA designation is reserved exclusively for their use in the UK. ICAS is the only UK chartered accountancy body to provide professional education and training, as well as examinations, for all its students.
 Since the mid-1990s, ICAS has trained students located in England & Wales, and in that respect competes with ICAEW.
In addition to the CA qualification, ICAS delivers the ICAS Tax Professional (ITP) qualification in partnership with Tolley Tax Training. Those completing the qualification are awarded the designiation 'ITP'.

Admission to membership

It takes generally 3 years to qualify as a CA during which students will combine structured work experience with classroom-based study of relevant education syllabus.  The training programme enables students to develop the professional knowledge, skills and attributes essential to qualify as a CA.

In order to be eligible to enter training to become a chartered accountant, prospective CA students must hold a UK degree (or overseas equivalent).  The UK NARIC provides a service to individuals seeking confirmation on comparability between international qualifications and UK qualifications. In addition prospective CA students must obtain a training contract with an authorised employer.

Mutual recognition
The institute has mutual recognition agreements in place with:

 Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales
 Institute of Chartered Accountants in Ireland
 Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants
 Institute of Chartered Accountants of Australia
 New Zealand Institute of Chartered Accountants
 South African Institute of Chartered Accountants
 Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants
 American Institute of Certified Public Accountants

ICAS members may admit to full memberships of the above institutions after passing an aptitude test or subject to other specific requirements.

Members of equivalent bodies in other European Economic Area member states and Switzerland may also be admitted to membership after passing an aptitude test, provided they are a citizen of an EEA state or Switzerland.

A mutual recognition arrangement between the Institute and the Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (CIPFA) was put in place in 1996, but was terminated by ICAS in 2005.

Role of ICAS
Under the Royal Charter, ICAS works in the public interest. The objective of ICAS is to uphold the integrity and standing of the profession of chartered accountancy in the interests of society and the membership, through excellence in education and the development of accountancy and through service to members and the enforcement of professional standards.

ICAS is a Designated Professional Body under the Financial Services and Markets Act, licensing firms of CAs to conduct a range of incidental investment business activities. It is a Recognised Professional Body under the Insolvency Act to issue permits to individual CAs to conduct insolvency appointments. ICAS is also a Recognised Qualifying Body and Recognised Supervisory Body in relation to company auditing under the Companies Act 1989.

ICAS is able to authorise members to conduct audit, insolvency and investment business work in the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland and Luxembourg.  This right is held in common with ACCA, ICAEW and the ICAI.

ICAS is a member of The Global Accounting Alliance (GAA) – an alliance of the world's leading professional accountancy bodies, which was formed in 2005.   The GAA is intended to promote quality services, share information and collaborate on important international issues.  It works with national regulators, governments and stakeholders, through member-body collaboration, articulation of consensus views, and working in collaboration, where possible with other international bodies, especially IFAC.

ICAS is a founding member of Chartered Accountants Worldwide (CAW), an initiative by the leading chartered institutes to support, develop and promote the vital role that chartered accountants play throughout the global economy. It creates a community of hundreds of thousands of chartered accountants and students who share a commitment to the highest standards of professional and ethical practice.

Disciplinary process
ICAS was hesitant to join the Accountancy & Actuarial Discipline Board when it was first set up (as the AIDB), but joined after approval by a special general meeting in October 2004.

The AADB only hears matters considered to be in the public interest.  The institute conducts its own hearings into less substantial allegations. These used to be held in private, but ICAS resolved at a further special meeting in 2009 to follow the example of other bodies such as ICAEW to make the hearings public.

See also
 British qualified accountants

References

External links

 Key Facts and Trends in the UK Accountancy Profession, annual publication by the Professional Oversight Board

1854 establishments in Scotland
Accounting in the United Kingdom
Professional associations based in Scotland
Financial services in Scotland
Organisations based in Edinburgh with royal patronage
Organizations established in 1854
Member bodies of the International Federation of Accountants


BlackBerry 10 (BB10) is a discontinued proprietary mobile operating system for the BlackBerry line of smartphones, both developed by BlackBerry Limited (formerly known as Research In Motion). Released in January 2013, BlackBerry 10 is a complete rework from the company's previous BlackBerry OS software.

It is based on QNX, a Unix-like operating system that was originally developed by QNX Software Systems until the company was acquired by Research In Motion in 2010. BlackBerry 10 supports the application framework Qt (version 4.8) and in some later models features an Android runtime to run Android applications. Prior to version 10.3.1, BlackBerry 10 also supported the Adobe AIR runtime. The user interface uses a combination of gestures and touch-based interactions for navigation and control, making it possible to control a device without having to press any physical buttons, with the exception of the power button that switches the device on or off. It also supports hardware keyboards, including ones that support touch input.

On October 26, 2015, BlackBerry Limited announced that there were no plans to release new APIs and software development kits (SDKs) or adopt Qt version 5. Future updates, like versions 10.3.3 and 10.3.4, would focus on security and privacy enhancements only, effectively putting the operating system in maintenance mode. At the same time, the company introduced its first Android-based device, BlackBerry Priv. The BlackBerry Leap was the last smartphone released on the BB10 platform. After BlackBerry Limited ceased making smartphones in 2016, its successor BlackBerry Mobile by licensee TCL abandoned the platform and only developed devices based on Android, starting with the BlackBerry KeyOne.

On December 15, 2017, BlackBerry Limited announced that there would be at least another two years of support for BlackBerry 10 and BlackBerry OS devices; in August 2019, however, BlackBerry stated in a press release that they would continue to support "critical infrastructure" for BlackBerry 10 beyond the end of the year. BlackBerry 10 became end-of-life effective January 4, 2022.

History
The operating system was originally called BBX, but this was changed when BlackBerry was blocked from using the BBX trademark after legal action from BASIS International, who already used it for their software.

On November 12, 2012, CEO Thorsten Heins announced a 30 January 2013, launch of the BlackBerry 10 operating system version 10.0 and the first smartphones running it. The operating system, as well as two devices, the Z10 (a full touchscreen device), and the Q10 (a device equipped with a physical keyboard), were announced simultaneously around the world on January 30, 2013. The company also announced that the BlackBerry PlayBook tablet would receive an update to BlackBerry 10 later in 2013. Subsequently, BlackBerry stated when releasing their Q1 2014 financial results that the BlackBerry PlayBook would not be receiving an update to BlackBerry 10, citing that the hardware would not provide a good experience of BlackBerry 10 and were focusing on future devices. BlackBerry continued to support and develop the PlayBook with its separate Tablet OS.

On 14 May 2013 BlackBerry OS 10.1 was launched. This brought improvements to many features requested by users.

On 13 September 2013, in Asia, BlackBerry announced the launch of BlackBerry OS 10.2 and a new BlackBerry 10 device, the Z30, providing performance increases over the previous BlackBerry 10 devices.

On June 18, 2014, BlackBerry announced an official relationship with Amazon.com, which resulted in the 10.3 update bundling the Amazon Appstore.

On 15 December 2017, BlackBerry CEO John S. Chen announced that there would be at least two years of support for BlackBerry 10 and BlackBerry OS devices. At that time, the operating system was expected to be end of life at the end of 2019, with many built-in software packages having their support ended (such as Facebook, Dropbox, Evernote, LinkedIn, etc.).

BlackBerry Limited have announced that the operating system BlackBerry 7.1 OS and earlier, BlackBerry 10 software and BlackBerry PlayBook will become end of life effectively starting from January 4, 2022. After this period, some of the applications and services such as data, phone calls, SMS and 9-1-1 functionality built into it may not function properly.

Features

Controls
The touchscreen is the predominant input method of BlackBerry 10, in addition to hardware keyboard for devices that have one. Users can use gestures and keyboard shortcuts to navigate around the system. For instance, a user can unlock the device or return to the home screen by swiping from the bottom to the top. Some gestures offer additional modes of interaction when they are used differently. For instance, the same gesture can be used to show unread notifications when the user swipes from the bottom edge to somewhat the middle and slightly to the right and also keep the finger on the touchscreen. Similarly, when the finger is moved from the bottom to the right in a curved motion, the user can enter BlackBerry Hub immediately. Devices with a hardware keyboard can use keyboard shortcuts to reach applications or perform specific functions more quickly.

Multitasking
When a user returns to the home screen from within an application, the application is minimized into a so-called "Active Frame". An Active Frame is a miniaturized window of the application that keeps running in the background. A user can return to such an application by tapping on the Active Frame or close it by tapping on the X icon. Active Frames can have widget-like functionality and show small bits of information, similar to widgets on Android. For instance, the calendar application can show upcoming events and meetings. BlackBerry 10 limits the number of active applications and it varies per device.

BlackBerry Hub
BlackBerry 10 collates emails, SMS/MMS, calls and notifications into the BlackBerry Hub. It shows all messages and notifications in a continuous list, sorted by date. The user can filter results by application or, in the case of email, also by inbox. The user can create, view or act upon messages or notifications directly from the Hub. For instance, when the user opens a Facebook message, the Hub will open a small part of the Facebook application and allow the user to perform the same actions as the Facebook application itself. Applications need to support the Hub specifically to use most of these features, which is only possible for applications written with the native SDK. Notifications from unsupported applications are collated in the generic notifications tab.

Miscellaneous
Other notable features of BlackBerry 10 include:
 A virtual keyboard with support for predictive typing and several gestures.
 Voice control and BlackBerry Assistant (10.3.1 and later), a virtual assistant, with which the user can perform various tasks by voice input or typed queries.
 BlackBerry Balance, with which the user can separate personal from work data, if enabled by the device's enterprise server. The user can switch between two workspaces, each with their own applications, files and accounts.
 BlackBerry Link, with which the user can synchronize data between the device and a computer, update the device or make backups. It supports iTunes and Windows Media Player.

Applications

Preloaded
BlackBerry 10 has a number of applications that help users perform various tasks and activities. These include a web browser, as well applications for notes, reminders, calculator, clock, music, media, weather and file management. Cloud services like Box and Dropbox are also integrated by default. In addition, BlackBerry's messaging service BlackBerry Messenger is included, which supports video chat, VoIP and screen sharing.

Third-party applications
BlackBerry 10 can run applications that were written with its native SDK, Android applications compiled for API levels 10–18 (support varies per version) and applications written for Adobe AIR (only supported until version 10.3.1). BlackBerry 10 provides the distribution platform BlackBerry World. Since version 10.2.1, Android application packages can be installed directly, whereas on previous versions Android applications could only be installed through BlackBerry World or by sideloading, which required packaging such applications into a native package format (BAR). On version 10.3, BlackBerry Limited partnered with Amazon to bundle Amazon Appstore as another source of Android apps.

At release in January 2013, BlackBerry 10 had 70,000 third-party applications. At the 2013 BlackBerry Live conference, BlackBerry announced that they had more than 120,000 applications.

Some developers have offered applications to access the Google Play Store, although this is not sanctioned by BlackBerry or Google. Applications that depend on the Google Play Services framework may not run. Similarly, Android applications that require a newer API level than 18 cannot run on BlackBerry 10.

Devices

Released Devices

BlackBerry 10 supports the following BlackBerry smartphones, all of which can run the latest version. The BlackBerry Leap is the last smartphone from BlackBerry to run the BlackBerry 10 operating system, as BlackBerry devices are now running Android instead.

Canceled devices

 BlackBerry Colt, originally planned as the first QNX-powered BlackBerry smartphone
 BlackBerry Café, a 4.5" all-touch model intended for emerging markets
 BlackBerry Kopi, a 3.1" QWERTY model intended for emerging markets

Developer activities

Engagement strategy
Building up to the launch, the company made substantial changes to how it had previously engaged developers, being substantially more active at courting developers, solving issues and being transparent about development updates. The company sent two teams to engage developers. The first, focused on acquiring premier applications from third parties. The second team focused on engaging the broader development community and building the platforms application count.

Prototype smartphones
In May 2012, the company released a prototype touch screen smartphone to BlackBerry developers as part of the BlackBerry 10 Jam Conference in Orlando, Florida. The Dev Alpha A''' device, which resembled a small BlackBerry PlayBook, ran an early version of the operating system and was provided as a means for developers to develop and test their applications on a physical device.

In September 2012, a second developer prototype was released in September 2012, known as the Dev Alpha B. It includes a faster processor and a number of internal improvements.

A third developer device, the Dev Alpha C, was announced on November 29, 2012, and is the first developer prototype to demonstrate the physical keyboard capabilities of BlackBerry 10. Acquisition of a Dev Alpha C device is based around a point system, meaning that developers who have previously developed apps for BlackBerry, or have had the Dev Alpha A/B devices, will have a higher chance of receiving a device than a new BlackBerry developer. It was released at the BlackBerry Jam Europe 2013 event in February 2013.

 Portathons
Pre-launch "Portathons" held by BlackBerry have received up to 19,000 applications submitted per weekend.

 Reception
Reviews of BlackBerry 10 have been generally positive. David Pogue of The New York Times noted that the software was, "simple to master, elegantly designed and surprisingly complete. It offers features nobody else offers, some tailored to the corporate world that raised BlackBerry aloft in its glory days." Walt Mossberg of The Wall Street Journal'' referred to the operating system as "logical and generally easy to use". Mossberg praised the virtual keyboard, camera software, and messaging hub; but criticized its application ecosystem, cloud capabilities and the immaturity of some features. Gizmodo's Kyle Wagner states that BlackBerry 10's home screen "gives BB10 the single best implementation of multitasking of any mobile OS right now". Wagner goes on to say that the Hub "works out to function a bit more like a junk drawer". He also reports what he refers to as the "Tragic Flaw": "Unlike every other major OS right now, BlackBerry does not feel fully integrated.". Wagner's review was based on the BB 10.0 and since the initial reviews of BB10 the OS has been updated several times and for many the issues have been addressed.

In comparison to that, at launch, CrackBerry.com views the new features more positively and takes into account the fact that the OS is brand new. It says that the BlackBerry Hub "is a polished solution to efficiently managing the influx of messages we have coming at us...". It goes on to mention minor discrepancies and finally pointing out that many of the problems are getting fixed in future updates (some now released, e.g. battery life improvements, call ringtone disabled in bedside mode). It criticizes the limited customization options compared to BlackBerry OS (Alert tone volumes, alert light colour). Regarding the apps in BlackBerry World "really impressed by the quality of apps BlackBerry World has to offer", it notes that the application ecosystem is not as large as Android and iOS because of its age (brand new) and finishes with "doubtlessly many more will come around once they see the Z10 getting traction in the wild." Its general summary of BlackBerry 10 (with thought for its predecessor) "is that BlackBerry 10 really is the best of the old and the best of the new assembled seamlessly into an elegant, practical, and integrated package."

As of Q2 2013, the new BlackBerry 10 platform had almost the same number of developers using the platform as the legacy BlackBerry 5/6/7 had just before the release of BlackBerry 10. Within a few months from its launch, the BlackBerry 10 platform was used by approximately 15% of mobile developers.

BlackBerry 10 added a compatibility layer for Android software, which allowed developers to repackage their Android apps for distribution on BlackBerry World. This advertised feature has received a poor reception as the Android apps "performed abysmally on the phone. Sluggish, ugly, and disconnected from the core OS. In fact, because these apps are being run in a software emulation of Android — Gingerbread no less (that's version 2.3) — they bear little to no relationship to the rest of the operating system". Later versions added the ability for users to manually install Android app packages. Beginning with the BlackBerry Passport, Amazon Appstore was bundled with BlackBerry 10 to provide an additional source of third-party Android software. BlackBerry CEO John S. Chen hoped that Amazon's own smartphone, the Fire Phone, would bolster the adoption of the Amazon store and attract more major developers to it, and in turn, BlackBerry's ecosystem. The Fire Phone was a commercial failure, however, which led to BlackBerry's decision to develop an Android phone of its own, resulting in the BlackBerry Priv.

Version history

BlackBerry BBX

During the BlackBerry DevCon Americas Conference in San Francisco held from October 18–20, 2011 RIM announced the future platform for devices as "BlackBerry BBX", a development fork of the QNX Neutrino RTOS version 6.5.0 platform.  On May 1, 2012 it was announced at BlackBerry World 2012 held in Orlando that it would be instead be called BlackBerry 10.

BlackBerry 10.0

BlackBerry 10.1

BlackBerry 10.2

BlackBerry 10.3

See also
 Comparison of mobile operating systems
 Mobile computing
 Index of articles related to BlackBerry OS
 List of BlackBerry 10 devices

References

External links

ARM operating systems
BlackBerry
BlackBerry development software
Embedded operating systems
Lightweight Unix-like systems
Microkernel-based operating systems
Mobile operating systems
Mobile software
Real-time operating systems
Software that uses Qt
Smartphone operating systems

BlackBerry 10


InBev () was a brewing company that resulted from the merger between Belgium-based company Interbrew and Brazilian brewer AmBev which took place in 2004. It existed independently until the acquisition of Anheuser-Busch in 2008, which formed Anheuser-Busch InBev (abbreviated AB InBev). InBev had operations in over 30 countries and sales in over 130 countries. In 2006, it had a market capitalization of €30.6 billion and net profit of €3.2 billion on sales of €13.3 billion.

On July 13, 2008, InBev agreed to buy Anheuser-Busch, forming a new company to be named Anheuser-Busch InBev. It was reported that Anheuser would get two seats on the combined board. To obtain antitrust approval in the United States, InBev agreed to divest itself of the company that imported Labatt's beer, another InBev brand, into the United States; this transaction was completed on March 13, 2009.

The all-cash agreement, for $70 per share, or almost $52 billion, created the world's largest brewer, uniting the maker of Budweiser and Michelob with the producer of Stella Artois, Bass and Brahma. The two companies would have yearly sales of more than $36.4 billion, surpassing the previous largest brewer, London-based SABMiller.

On October 10, 2016, Anheuser-Busch InBev acquired  SABMiller for £69 billion (US$107 billion). SABMiller then ceased trading on global stock markets. The new company, now Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV, subsequently sold SAB's MillerCoors beer company to Molson Coors and sold many of the European brands to Asahi Breweries.

History
InBev was created in 2004 from the merger of the Belgian company Interbrew and the Brazilian company AmBev. Before the merger with Ambev, Interbrew was the third largest brewing company in the world by volume; Anheuser-Busch was the largest, followed by SABMiller in second place. Heineken International was in fourth place and AmBev was the world's fifth largest brewer.

Interbrew
Interbrew's roots can be traced back to 1366 in Den Horen in Leuven when Brouwerij Artois was founded. Starting as early as the 1960s, the Artois brewery acquired several local breweries and hence consolidated its position in Belgium, until they expanded internationally by acquiring two Dutch breweries, Dommelsch in 1968 and Hengelo Bier in 1974. Finally in 1987, Artois and the Walloon-based brewer Piedboeuf, came together to form Interbrew.

The move onto the global scene only happened when Interbrew acquired the Canadian beer brand Labatt. The transaction also included Labatt's sports-related assets, namely the Toronto Blue Jays baseball club, the Toronto Argonauts football club, and The Sports Network. At the time, Labatt was not much smaller than Interbrew, and since then the company has been considered a multinational with both Canadian and Belgian roots.

Some important Interbrew brands are Stella Artois, Boddingtons, Beck's, Staropramen, Jupiler, Leffe, Labatt, Hoegaarden and Bass.

In December 2001 Interbrew, Danone (former owner of Kronenbourg, and two other smaller brewers) were fined €91m for operating a cartel in Belgium while four Luxembourg companies were fined €448,000 the same month.

AmBev

AmBev is a Brazilian beer company formed by a merger in 1999 between the Brahma and Antarctica breweries. It has a dominant position in South America.

Post-merger history
InBev announced in 2005 and confirmed in 2006 that it would move the brewing of Hoegaarden, whose brewery it determined was obsolete, to the Piedboeuf brewery in Jupille.  This resulted in huge protests and great disappointment in the town of Hoegaarden. The beer, though, is made with a very special yeast that is difficult to cultivate and keep alive. The Jupille-based brewery proved incapable of attaining desired levels of quality and InBev's sole alternative was to bring production back to the original Hoegaarden-brewery, causing great sarcasm in the media that, by that time, had become openly hostile towards the beer-giant. In September 2007 however, the company announced that brewing would continue at the Hoegaarden Brewery in Hoegaarden.

On June 12, 2008, InBev announced that it made a US$46 billion offer for the brewing firm Anheuser-Busch.  This merger joined two of the world's four largest brewing companies (based on revenue) and created a company that brews three of the top beers in the world – Bud Light, Budweiser and Skol. InBev also stated that the merger would not result in any U.S. brewery closures and it would also attempt to keep management and board members from both companies.

On Sunday, July 13, 2008, Anheuser-Busch announced that it had agreed to an acquisition by InBev valued at about US$52 billion in cash, or $70 per share. As a condition, InBev will be renamed Anheuser-Busch InBev and Anheuser-Busch would retain two seats on the board of directors.

Merger with SABMiller

On October 10, 2016, an over $100 billion merger between Anheuser-Busch InBev (AB InBev) and SABMiller closed. The new company is trading as NewbelcoSABMiller.

Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV is trading on the Brussels Stock Exchange as ABI.BR and as BUD on the New York stock exchange.

Corporate governance

Brazilian Carlos Brito is the current chief executive officer. Brito replaced John Brock at the end of 2005.  InBev's current Board of Directors include María Asunción Aramburuzabala, Martin J Barrington, Alex Behring, Michèle Burns, Paul Cornet de Ways Ruart, Stéfan Descheemaeker, Grégoire de Spoelberch, William F. Gifford, Olivier Goudet, Jorge Paulo Lemann, Elio Leoni Sceti, Alejandro Santo Domingo,
Carlos Alberto da Veiga Sicupira, Marcel Herrmann Telles (Chairman), Alexandre Vandamme.

Organization
InBev is a global company which divides operations into five zones – North America, Latin America, Western Europe, Central & Eastern Europe, and Asia Pacific. In addition there is a Global Exports/Licenses section which comes under the responsibility of the central international department.

Operations

Western Europe
The Western Europe zone has 16 brewing plants producing 36.1 million hectolitres. The trading companies are InBev Belgium, InBev France, Brasserie de Luxembourg Mousel-Diekirch SA, InBev Nederland, InBev UK, InBev Germany and InBev Italia.  InBev's operations in the UK began in 2000 when Interbrew acquired Tennent Caledonian Breweries and Whitbread PLC. The Western Europe Zone President is Alain Beyens.  InBev UK holds the number-three market position in the UK with a 16.9% market share.  In 2014, it produced 8.6 million hectolitres of beer at three breweries – Magor in Wales, Samlesbury in England, and Stag in Mortlake, London. In August 2009, AB Inbev announced that Irish drinks company C&C had agreed to purchase Tennents for £180m, a deal which included the Wellpark brewery.

North America
AB Inbev operates seven breweries in Canada  as well as 12 in the United States.

Latin America
Production was 131.1 million hectolitres in 2007.

Brands

InBev has approx 400 beer brands produced and sold throughout the world. The flagship brands are Stella Artois, Brahma, Beck's, Corona, and Leffe.

See also

 Anheuser-Busch
 InBev-Baillet Latour Fund
 Paul De Keersmaeker
 Alexandre Vandamme

References

Notes

Bibliography

 justice.gov

Companies based in Leuven
AB InBev
Toronto Blue Jays owners
Food and drink companies established in 2004
2004 establishments in Belgium

InBev


Popular Science (1935–1949) is a series of short films, produced by Jerry Fairbanks and released by Paramount Pictures.

The Popular Science film series is a Hollywood entertainment production – the only attempt by the movie industry to chronicle the progress of science, industry and popular culture during the first half of the 20th century.

The series, filmed in Magnacolor, was the first to profile: father of television Philo T. Farnsworth (1939), Frank Lloyd Wright and his architectural school (1942), building Hoover Dam (1935), building the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge (1936), Academy Award-nominated Moon Rockets (1947), the Electron Microscope (1942), Jet Aircraft (1946), the birth of Plastic Surgery (1937), Telephone Answering Machine (1936), Fuel from Corn Cobs (1949), Rust Heinz and his Phantom Corsair car (1938), world's first full-scale (whole body) X-ray technique (1936), the "Mechanical Brain" Computer at UCLA (1948), Contact Lenses (1936), the Northrop "Flying Wing" (1948). The series also promoted Paramount with a tour (1938) of the then-new Fleischer Studios facility in Miami, Florida, which produced animated cartoons for Paramount.

The series was created by independent Hollywood film producer Jerry Fairbanks in May 1935. Produced with the cooperation of the editors of Popular Science magazine, the series introduced its audience to advances in medicine, aviation, science and technology, television, home improvement, planes, trains and automobiles, as well as an assortment of strange and whimsical inventions.

During its 14-year theatrical run, the Popular Science film series was honored with numerous awards and acclaim, including 3 Academy Award nominations. The Popular Science series also received a Special Commendation from the US Department of War in 1943 for its unparalleled coverage of American military technology involved World War II.

This film series has been a staple on television for decades, most recently shown on the American Movie Classics cable network, hosted by Nick Clooney and Bob Dorian. The series, as well as the rest of the Jerry Fairbanks film library, is owned by Shields Pictures, which released a DVD in 2008 of some of the original Popular Science sequences.

References

External links
List of Popular Science films (1935-1949) at IMDb
Website of Popular Science films
Shields Pictures official website

American film series
Paramount Pictures
American black-and-white films
Short film series

Popular Science (film series)


In statistics and machine learning, discretization refers to the process of converting or partitioning continuous attributes, features or variables to discretized or nominal attributes/features/variables/intervals. This can be useful when creating probability mass functions – formally, in density estimation. It is a form of discretization in general and also of binning, as in making a histogram. Whenever continuous data is discretized, there is always some amount of discretization error. The goal is to reduce the amount to a level considered negligible for the modeling purposes at hand.

Typically data is discretized into partitions of K equal lengths/width (equal intervals) or K% of the total data (equal frequencies).

Mechanisms for discretizing continuous data include Fayyad & Irani's MDL method, which uses mutual information to recursively define the best bins, CAIM, CACC, Ameva, and many others

Many machine learning algorithms are known to produce better models by discretizing continuous attributes.

Software
This is a partial list of software that implement MDL algorithm.
 discretize4crf tool designed to work with popular CRF implementations (C++)
 mdlp in the R package discretization
 Discretize in the R package RWeka

See also
 Density estimation
 Continuity correction

References

Estimation of densities
Statistical data coding

Discretization of continuous features


Talât Sait Halman, GBE (7 July 1931 – 5 December 2014) was a famous Turkish poet, translator and cultural historian. He was the first Minister of Culture of Turkey. From 1998 onward, he taught at Bilkent University as the dean of the Faculty of Humanities and Letters.

Biography
Halman received his B.A. from Robert College in Istanbul. In the mid-1950s he received his master's degree from Columbia University in political science, international relations and international law.

During his long academic career, Halman taught at Columbia University, Princeton University (1965–1971) and (1972–1980), the University of Pennsylvania and New York University, where he also served as Chairman of the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Literatures. He taught at Bilkent University in Ankara from 1998, rising to become the Dean of the Faculty of Humanities and Letters. While there, he helped to found a program in Turkish languages and literature with a goal of introducing new critical approaches.

His honors include Columbia University's Thornton Wilder Prize for lifetime achievement as translator, an honorary doctorate from the Boğaziçi University, a Rockefeller Fellowship in the Humanities, the UNESCO Medal, and "Knight Grand Cross, the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire". ).

In 1971, he served as Turkey's first minister of culture. During his tenure, he coordinated the whirling dervishes' landmark first tour of the US in 1971. In 1976 he oversaw the first American museum tour of historical and cultural artifacts from the Ottoman Sultans' palace. From 1980 to 1982, he served as the Turkey's first ambassador for cultural affairs. Based in New York, he inaugurated a comprehensive program of Turkish cultural activities. From 1991 to 1995 he was a member of UNESCO's Executive Board.

He served as a member of the Executive Committee of the PEN American Center and worked at the Center's Translation Committee. He was a long-time member of the Poetry Society of America and a member of the Editorial Board of World Literature Today from 1967.

In 1971, during her visit to Turkey, Queen Elizabeth II conferred a Knight Grand Cross (GBE) on Halman.

Halman was also a well-known translator into English as well as Turkish. His books in English include two collections of his poems ("Shadows of Love", published in Canada, and "A Last Lullaby", published in the United States), Contemporary Turkish Literature, Modern Turkish Drama, Living Poets of Turkey, three books of the 13th century Anatolian mystic folk poet Yunus Emre, Rumi and the Whirling Dervishes (with Metin And), Suleiman the Magnificent - Poet, Turkish Legends and Folk poems, Tales of Nasreddin Hodja, and others. His 1984 book on Celalettin Rumi preceded and contributed to the wave of Rumi enthusiasm in the United States in the 1990s. His books on Rumi, Nasrettin Hoca, and Turkish Legends books are widely available throughout Turkey. He also published books featuring selections from the work of Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca, Orhan Veli Kanık, Sait Faik Abasıyanık, and Melih Cevdet Anday. His renditions of three Turkish plays (I, Anatolia by Güngör Dilmen, Old Photographs by Dinçer Sümer, and In Ambush by Cahit Atay) have also been published.

His books in Turkish include nine collections of his original poems, two massive anthologies of the poetry of ancient times, a book of Ancient Egyptian poems, the selected poems of Wallace Stevens and Langston Hughes, an anthology of living American poets, a book of American woman poets, his verse translations of Shakespeare's Complete Sonnets, a book of Eskimo poems, a one-actor play featuring Shakespeare, etc. He has translated Robinson Jeffers' version of "Medea"', Neal Simon's "Lost in Yonkers"', Dear Liar" (based on George Bernard Shaw-Mrs Patrick Campbell letters) and Eugene O'Neill's "The Iceman Cometh" (for the two latters plays he won Turkey's top play translation awards.) He was the first Turkish translator of William Faulkner.

In poetry Talat Sait Halman found, as he is quoted in a biographical essay listed below: "freedom of intellectual and emotional exploration; freedom in creative prospects..." (Festschrift, p. 5)

Festschrift
In 2000, Talat Sait Halman was honored on his 70th birthday with a Festschrift (a volume of scholarly articles compiled by colleagues as a tribute to an eminent scholar). His Festschrift, published by Syracuse University Press and edited by Jayne Warner, is titled, Cultural Horizons: a Festschrift in honor of Talat S. Halman. Volume I runs 617 pages and includes contributions by 71 scholars. Volume II is a Curriculum Vitae, running 184 pages and accounting for all of Professor Halman's vocational, literary and artistic activities and contributions (up to 1999) under five rubrics: (1) Monographs, (2) Prose, (3) Poetry, (4) Lectures, Speeches, Poetry Readings, Conferences and Special Programs, and (5) Media Events and Productions. In 2005, Professor Halman edited and translated (with Associate Editor Jayne L. Warner) an anthology of Turkish love poems covering the entire span of Turkish poetry. Nightingales and Pleasure Gardens: Turkish Love Poems  (Syracuse University Press, 2005). The first section of "Premodern poems," includes love poems, mystical love poems, classical lyrics, poems by the Ottoman Sultans and poems of wandering folk-poets. In the second part of the book, Professor Halman provides "Love Poems from the Turkish Republic." In 2006 Syracuse also published a retrospective anthology of his collected poems, fiction, drama, essays and other writings, edited by Jayne Warner: The Turkish Muse: Views and Reviews.

There are a Thousand Paths for the Intellect
As a man of such diverse talents and accomplishments, he has made his own version of a Turkish proverb his guideline. Punning on the common Turkish proverb "There is but one path for the mind" (Aklin Yolu Birdir) Professor Halman, in the spirit of tolerance modeled by Jelaluddin Rumi, asserts instead: "There are a thousand paths for the intellect." (Aklin Yolu Bindir). This transformed version of the proverb is the title of the introductory biographical chapter in the Festschrift Vol. I, pp. 2–36 (English version, pp. 2–19.) Aklın Yolu Bindir (published by Turkiye Bankasi, no date, but this volume appeared near the turn of the millennium) is also the title of an interview-format autobiography edited by Cahide Birgul. This biographical interview runs to 519 pages and also features many photos of Professor Halman and his family, both predecessors and progeny. The book also features other illustrations, newspaper cartoons, newspaper mentions, etc. Over the course of the last decade Professor Halman, together with his daughter Defne Halman, an actor, has presented many readings of Poems by the 13th-century Turkish 'Ur-poet' Yunus Emre (born 1321). One couplet that he has especially emphasized in many of his talks is from the following poem by Yunus Emre:

We regard no one's religion as contrary to ours

True love is born when all faiths are united as a whole.

Family
Halman's father, Admiral Sait Halman served in the Turkish War of Independence (for which service he was decorated) and in World War II. (Festschrift, p. 4) Professor Halman's father Sait also published many translations and wrote many books on naval and military history including a monograph on the Piri Reis map, the oldest extant map showing the New World. Professor Halman's mother Iclal (Ijlal) was a member of the prestigious Nemlizade family. Both lineages sprang from the Trabzon area in Northeast Anatolia near the Black Sea. In fact the last name "Halman" is derived from the Byzantine era Greek name of the village Derin Kuyu ("Deep Well"); in the Byzantine era, the village was known as "Holamana." Atatürk interpreted the name to be a combination of two words: word hal (new, contemporary, even in some contexts a spiritual state) and man. When during the institution of the Surname Law, Turks were transitioning from Islamic naming patterns, choosing European style names, and self-selecting surnames, Atatürk expressed appreciation for Admiral Sait Halman'''s choice of a name befitting the vision of the new Turkish Republic. (Festschrift, p. 4)

As indicated on page four of Jayne Warner's biographical introduction in Professor Halman's Festschrift, in 1960 Professor Halman married Seniha Taskiranel. Professor Halman's daughter, Defne Halman, born May 13, 1972, is a well known media personality, actress and artist currently living and working in Turkey. His son, Sait Salim Halman (1966–1983) was extremely proficient in math and science.Henry Glasse, co-director of Indiana University's Turkish studies program has written of Professor Halman: "At a time of narrowing vision, of fragmentation and cowardice in the academy, Talat Sait Halman offers a heroic model of the intellectual. He has given the world works of an astonishing range of topics while unifying his creations with stylish grace and preserving a high sense of responsibility. Talat Halman has written clearly and publicly about subjects that matter to humanity, and through his perfect translations, through books at once scholarly and popular, he has worked valiantly and elegantly to close the gap of ignorance that divides the United States and Turkey." (Festschrift, p. 86)

References

 Bibliography
Cahide Birgul, Aklin Yolu Bindir (Turkiye Bankasi, no date.) (This is an interview format autobiography including many photos of family, as described in the article above.)
Halman, H. Talat. "Yunus Emre," in Phyllis Jestice, ed. in Holy People of the World: A Cross-Cultural Encyclopedia.  ABC-CLIO, 2004
Halman, Talat Sait. The Humanist Poetry of Yunus Emre.  (R.C.D. Cultural Institute, nd. [approx., 1972])
Halman, Talat Sait, and Metin And. Mevlana Celaleddin Rumi and the Whirling Dervishes (Istanbul: Dost Yayinlari, 1983, 1992, )  (The back cover of this book was printed as the front cover of one of the earliest books by Coleman Barks, the prodigious Rumi translator, popularizer and performer of Rumi's poems.)
Halman, Talat Sait. Yunus Emre and his Mystical Poetry. (Indiana University Press), 3rd. ed. 1991.
Jayne Warner, ed. Cultural Horizons: a Festschrift in Honor of Talat Sait Halman'' Volume I (617 pages) Volume II (184 pages) (Syracuse University Press, 2001, 617 pages)  Published in Turkey by: Yapi Kredi Yayinlari.

External links
 Hece Yayınları - Biography of Talat S. Halman
 Smssohbet.com - Biography and Works of Talat Sait Halman

Academic staff of Bilkent University
20th-century Turkish historians
21st-century Turkish historians
1931 births
2014 deaths
Turkish expatriates in the United States
Robert College alumni
Turkish translators
Ministers of Culture of Turkey
Columbia University faculty
Princeton University faculty
University of Pennsylvania faculty
New York University faculty
Columbia University alumni
20th-century translators

Talât Sait Halman


Windows spotlight is a feature included with Windows 10 and Windows 11 which downloads images and advertisements from Bing and displays them as background wallpapers on the lock screen. In 2017, Microsoft began adding location information for many of the photographs.

Technical details
Windows spotlight images are provided by Windows' Content Delivery Manager. New ones are shown every 1–2 days. Once downloaded; spotlight images are stored on the computer. If the Content Delivery Manager has no new picture to display, a default image is used. This default fallback image can be changed.

Photo locations
Photo location information is made available to the computer user. The images typically depict identifiable, well-known locations such as famous historical or natural landmarks and rarely show any human beings. Location information is occasionally provided, while photo credits are typically not. The following subjects have been featured (alphabetical by continent):

Africa
 Abu Simbel, Egypt
 The White Desert (Sahara el Beyda) near Farafra, Egypt
 Nile River near Luxor, Egypt
 Sway bridge at The Palace of the Lost City, Sun City, South Africa
 Grand Anse Beach, La Digue Island, Seychelles
 Isalo National Park, Madagascar
 Sahara Desert dunes near Ouargla, Algeria
 Waterfalls near Chamarel, Mauritius

Antarctica
 Lemaire Channel

Asia
 Angkor Wat, Cambodia
 Longsheng Rice Terrace, China
 Chateau Laffitte Hotel, Beijing, China
 Canola fields in Luoping County, China
 Dushanzi Grand Canyon, Dushanzi District, Karamay, China
 Huangshang Mountains, China
 Yangshuo County, China
 Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, China
 Zhangye Danxia National Geological Park, China
 Hong Kong skyline, Hong Kong
 Jal Mahal, Jaipur, India
 Taj Mahal, Agra, India
 Kelimutu, Indonesia
 Lampung, Indonesia
 Azadi Tower, Tehran, Iran
 Vakil Mosque, Shiraz, Iran
 Hokkaido Island, Japan
 Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan
 A lagoon in Semporna, Malaysia, Borneo
 El Nido, Philippines
 Quiapo, Philippines
 Lake Baikal, Siberia, Russia
 Rub' al Khali, Saudi Arabia
 Supertree Grove, Gardens by the Bay, Singapore
 Bukhansan National Park, South Korea
 Hehuanshan Mountain, Taiwan
 Ko Tapu off Khao Phing Kan, Phang Nga Bay, Thailand
 Ko Phayam, Andaman Sea, Thailand
 Sam Pan Bok, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
 Ao Ta Lo Woo pier in Ko Tarutao, Tarutao National Park , Thailand
 Ha Long Bay, Vietnam

Europe
 Garni Gorge, Armenia
 Hallstatt, Austria
 Lake Gosau, Austria
 Central Train Station, Antwerp, Belgium
 Bruges, Belgium
 Devetashka Cave, Lovech Province, Bulgaria
 Rab Island coastline, Croatia
 Land's End, Cornwall, England
 Palace of Westminster London, England
 Port Isaac, England
 Stonehenge, England
 Wastwater Lake, Lake District, England
 Yorkshire, England
 Lac du Pontet, Villar-d'Arêne, France
 Luberon, Gordes, France
 Arles, France (ISS Photo)
 Arc de Triomphe, Paris, France
 Réunion, France
 Nuuk, Greenland
 Tasermiut Fjord, Greenland
 Arch bridge Rakotzbrucke or Devil's bridge in Kromlau, Germany
 The Baltic Sea in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
 Eibsee Lake in Bavaria, Germany
 Überseequartier station in Hamburg, Germany
 Hohenzollern Castle, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
 Lüneburg Heath, Germany
 Diving bell at Zingst Pier, Zinnowitz, Germany
 Saxon Switzerland National Park, Germany
 Andros, Greece
 Mykonos, Greece
 Navagio, Greece
 Oia, Greece
 Fisherman's Bastion, Budapest, Hungary
 Lake Balaton, Hungary
 Seljalandsfoss, Iceland
 Jökulsárlón, Iceland
 Lakagígar, Iceland
 Burano, Italy
 Colza fields in Tuscany, Italy
 Civita di Bagnoregio in the Province of Viterbo, Italy
 Antorno Lake w/Lavaredo Peaks in the Dolomites, Italy
 Leaning Tower of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
 Palazzo Vecchio, Florence, Italy
 Seiser Alm meadow in the Dolomites, Italy
 Sunrise in Tuscany, Italy
 Selva di Val Gardena, South Tyrol, Italy
 Giant's Causeway, Northern Ireland
 Lofoten Islands, Norway
 Grøtfjord, Troms County, Norway
 Hotel Durmitor, Durmitor National Park, Montenegro
 Lake Biograd, Biogradska Gora National park, Montenegro
 Doesburg, Netherlands
 Morskie Oko lake, Tatra National Park, Poland
 The Algarve coast, Portugal
 Elektrozavodskaya station, Moscow, Russia
 Neist Point, Isle of Skye, Scotland
 Trotternish, Isle of Skye, Scotland
 Victoria Street and West Bow, Edinburgh, Scotland
 Petticowick, St Abbs, Scotland
 Lake Bled, Slovenia
 Delika Canyon waterfall, Nervion River, Spain
 Ronda, Spain
 Nervión River Falls, Basque Country, Spain
 San Juan de Gaztelugatxe, Bermeo, Spain
 Archipelago of Gothenburg, Sweden
 Newcastle Upon Tyne, England

North America
 Kananaskis Country, Alberta, Canada
 Moraine Lake, Alberta, Canada
 Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada
 Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada
 Vancouver from Burnaby Mountain, BC, Canada
 Numa Falls, British Columbia, Canada
 Landing Lake in Manitoba, Canada
 Peggy's Cove Lighthouse, Nova Scotia, Canada
 Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada and New York, US
 Tobermory, Ontario, Canada
 Perce Rock Quebec, Canada
 Havana, Cuba
 Punta Gorda, Florida
 Antigua Guatemala, Guatemala
 Lake Atitlan Guatemala
 Durango, Mexico
 Tamul and Tamasopo waterfalls, Aquismón, near the Cave of Swallows, Huasteca Potosina, Mexico
 Philipsburg, Sint Maarten
 Antelope Canyon, Arizona, US
 Cathedral Rock, Arizona, US
 The Wave, Vermillion Cliffs National Monument, Arizona, US
 Badwater Basin, Death Valley, California, US
 Golden Gate Bridge, California, US
 Convict Lake, California, US
 Natural Bridges State Beach, Santa Cruz, California, US
 Yosemite National Park, California, US
 Zabriske Point, Death Valley, California, US
 Bixby Creek Bridge, Big Sur Coast, California, US
 Griffith Observatory and Los Angeles, California, US
 South Dakota Highway 87 Needle Eye natural granite tunnel, South Dakota, US
 Brasstown Bald, Georgia, US
 Kailua Pier, Hawaii, Hawaii, US
 Na Pali Coast, Kauai, Hawaii, US
 Oahu, Hawaii, Hawaii, US
 Chicago Lakefront, Illinois, US
 Acadia National Park, Maine, US
 St Joseph Lighthouse, Michigan, US
 Gateway Arch, St. Louis, Missouri, US
 Grinnell Point on Swiftcurrent Lake, Glacier National Park, Montana, US
 Bisti/De-Na-Zin Wilderness, New Mexico, US
 Valley of Fire State Park, Nevada, US
 Bethesda Terrace and Fountain, Central Park, New York City, New York, US
 Castilleja Indivisa wild flowers field, Oklahoma, US
 Vista House, Columbia River Gorge, Oregon, US
 Mesa Arch, Canyonlands National Park, Utah, US
 Teton Range, Wyoming, US
 Grand Prismatic Spring, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, US
 Pennybacker Bridge, Austin, Texas, US
 Bryce Canyon National park, Utah, US
 Silver Falls State Park, Oregon, US

Central America
 Tenorio Volcano National Park waterfall place, Costa Rica
 Tikal, Guatemala

South America
 El Chalten, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina
 Esquel, Argentina
 Iguazu Falls, Argentina and Brazil
 Laguna de Los Tres and Mount Fitz Roy in Patagonia, Argentina
 Rio de Janeiro from Sugarloaf Mountain, Brazil
 Copacabana and Ipanema beaches in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
 Torres del Paine National Park, Chile
 Caño Cristales River, Colombia
 Bartolome Island Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
 Los Roques archipelago, Venezuela
 Mount Roraima (surrounding Venezuela, Brazil and Guyana)
 Tayrona National Natural Park, Colombia
 Laguna Garzón Bridge, Uruguay

Oceania
 The Twelve Apostles, Victoria, Australia
 Kiama Harbour, NSW, Australia
 Gordon Dam, Tasmania, Australia
 Uluru, Northern Territory, Australia
 Moorea, French Polynesia
 Milford Sound, New Zealand
 Moeraki Boulders, New Zealand
 Browns Island, New Zealand
 Lake Wānaka, New Zealand
 Aupouri Peninsula, New Zealand
 Lake Quill, New Zealand
 Taranaki volcano seen from the Mangamahoe lake, New Zealand

Other pictures
 Red deer in Richmond Park, London
 Fauna in Madagascar
 Catamaran on the beach in Madagascar
 Butterflies in Kaeng Krachan National Park, Thailand
 Male black-naped monarch (bird)
 Blue-footed Booby, Galapagos Islands
 European hedgehog
 Greylag goose landing on lake
 Sea Otter Homer, Alaska
 Two egrets dancing in a lake, by Tahir Abbas from Pakistan
 Golden butterflyfish swimming with sea goldies near Red Sea, Egypt
 Rothschild's giraffe and pelicans, near Lake Nakuru, Kenya
 Witch's Broom Nebula, outerspace

Advertisements
 Advertisement of the music service Shazam
 Advertisement of Groove Music pass
 Advertisement of the Microsoft Edge web browser
 Advertisement of Microsoft Movies & TV
 Advertisement of Microsoft Outlook
 Advertisement of Microsoft Rewards
 Advertisement of Mixer (website)
 Advertisement of Starfield (just if form of in-game screenshots)

References

External links

Computer-related introductions in 2015
Windows 10
Windows NT

Windows spotlight


Bangalore Stock Exchange (BgSE), was a public stock exchange based in Bangalore, India fully owned by Government of India. It was founded in 1963 and had 595 regional and non-regional companies listed. In September 2005, the BgSE announced plans to go public by divesting at least 51% of its ownership. The stock exchange was managed by a Council of Management, consisting of members appointed by the Securities and Exchange Board of India. It was the first stock exchange in South India to start electronic trading of securities in 1996.

To keep pace with the fast changing technology and financial system, the Exchange went online in 1996. The Exchange had come a long way since the launch of BEST (Bangalore Electronic Securities Trading), its online trading system on 29 July 1996.

The Exchange had 241 members serving the diverse needs of investors. The corporate members constitute more than 25% of the total membership of the Exchange. Members operate within the overall framework of policies and practices developed over a period of time by the Exchange. As on 7 Jan 2014, 330 companies were listed on the Exchange.

In December 2008, SEBI had issued guidelines and laid down the framework for exit by stock exchanges. As per SEBI norms, a stock exchange, whose annual trading turnover on its platform was less than Rs 1,000 crore, can apply for voluntary surrender of recognition and exit, while a bourse which fails to achieve a turnover of Rs 1,000 crore, would be subject to compulsory exit process.

The shareholders of BgSE in its annual general body meeting held on 21 September 2013 passed the resolution to apply to SEBI for exiting as a stock exchange through voluntary surrender of recognition. Following this, BgSE had made a request to SEBI for its exit as stock exchange on 8 October 2013.

SEBI on 26 December 2014 permitted BgSE to exit from the bourse business.

See also
 List of stock exchanges in the Commonwealth of Nations

References

External links

Economy of Bangalore
Former stock exchanges in India
1963 establishments in Mysore State
Financial services companies established in 1963

Bangalore Stock Exchange


DES Action USA is a national consumer advocacy group, whose mission is to educate and raise awareness about diethylstilbestrol (DES) in the public and medical and legal professions, support the DES-exposed population, and advocate for consumer vigilance and rights.

History of DES

DES is a synthetic estrogen, which was, from about 1940, prescribed to women at risk of miscarriage and, later, to promote healthy babies. Medical research has now shown that DES has adverse effects and that the approximately 10 million DES-exposed people are at risk for cancer, infertility, pregnancy complications, and other health problems.

The drug came onto the United States market in 1940 from several manufacturers, since the drug was both unpatented and cheap to produce. Despite research demonstrating possible carcinogenic effects (documented in the 1930s) and its inefficacy for preventing miscarriage in 1953, pharmaceutical companies publicized earlier and more favorable studies in their marketing and promotion. In 1971, medical researchers identified several clusters of rare vaginal cancers in some of the children exposed to DES in utero, now teenagers and young adults. The news was alarming to many of the women who had taken the drug during their pregnancies.

Early DES advocacy
As the women's health movement was developing during the same years, concerned women around the country used the model of local organizing and outreach to find other DES-exposed women and their children (known as DES mothers, sons, and daughters).

One of the earliest gatherings was of the DES Information Group, founded by Pat Cody (1923-2010) in 1974, working with the Berkeley Free Clinic in California. Cody's group soon joined with the DES Action Committee of the San Francisco-based Committee for the Medical Rights of Women, and the two groups merged into a Bay-area organization. Similar grassroots organizations were being started in Connecticut, Illinois, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania.

In February 1978, U.S. Secretary of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW), Joseph Califano, convened the National DES Task Force. It was charged with making recommendations for research and continuing treatment for persons exposed to DES. The task force issued a physician advisory in November 1978 recommending doctors review their records and notify patients who were prescribed DES.

Founding
DES Action National (later renamed DES Action USA) formed in 1977 with a meeting of these grassroots groups. The organization incorporated as a non-profit in 1979.

Much of DES Action USA's early work was at local and state levels. Public health grants and legislative efforts supported educational outreach and medical care in California and New York. DES Action USA also successfully lobbied that a Federal Task Force be established. During the 1980s, work at state and national levels resulted in several official National DES Awareness Weeks (1983-1985), continued educational work and outreach efforts, and support for liability litigation cases against manufacturers.

Advocacy and legislation
Aware of the need for national funding for DES research and education, director Nora Cody (daughter of Pat Cody) worked closely with Representative Louise M. Slaughter (D-NY) to draft and support a research bill during the early 1990s. The bill was signed into law in 1992, with a second bill passed in 1998 to support research on the third generation of DES-affected people (the grandchildren of DES mothers). Through the early 2000s, their most high-profile work involved working with the Centers for Disease Control to develop and distribute consumer and health professional medical education materials to communicate the latest research about continuing effects of DES exposure.

In 2014, DES Action USA, facing the aging of its leadership, chose to merge with another medical nonprofit, the MedShadow Foundation, which does similar educational and outreach work but focuses on the risks and long-term adverse effects of many prescription drugs. The decision allowed the DES Action USA Board to step down from administration, while allowing DES Action USA to continue its work and mission.

References

External links

 DES Action USA records at the Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College

Medical and health organizations based in the United States
Consumer rights organizations
Women's health movement
Women's health in the United States

DES Action USA


Sangria: A Recipe for Love is a 2009 novel written by Manuela Requena (). It has been described as "the first ever book about cookery in Fiction form" and includes 25 recipes. The book won the Best Food Literature Book award for 2009 at the Gourmand World Cookbook Awards in Paris, February 2010.

References

Cookbooks

Sangria: A Recipe for Love


Sir John Warren Loveridge (9 September 1925 – 13 November 2007) was a British Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) for 13 years, from 1970 to 1983. He was also the owner of a London secretarial college, a farmer in the West Country, and a published poet and an abstract sculptor.

Early life
Loveridge was born in Bowdon in Cheshire, the son of Claude W Loveridge and his wife, Emily (née Malone). His father was a civil engineer and businessman who had been wounded at the Battle of the Somme, and his mother founded St Godric's College, a secretarial college in Hampstead, in 1921. He was educated privately, and studied engineering at St John's College, Cambridge. After graduating, he worked in aviation, developing fighter aircraft from 1945 to 1947, but soon became the Vice-Principal of St Godric's College. He became Principal in 1954, retaining that position until the college closed in 1990.  Author John Fowles taught at the college for nearly 10 years. Loveridge assisted a son, Michael, to founding Devonshire House Preparatory School, Loveridge and his wife also ran Lyndhurst House Preparatory School, both in Hampstead.

Political career
Loveridge fought several elections for the Liberal Party, but joined the Conservative Party in 1949. He contested Aberavon in the 1951 general election, a Labour Party safe seat, and stood unsuccessfully for the London County Council in Brixton in 1952. He served as a Conservative member of Hampstead Borough Council from 1953 to 1959. He became a magistrate in London in 1963, but also acquired farming interests in the West Country. He bought the  Bindon Manor estate near Axmouth in Devon in 1962, and restored the house.

He fought Hornchurch at the 1970 general election, winning back a seat that the Conservative Party had lost in 1966 with a majority of 5,830. After boundary changes in 1974, he fought the more marginal seat of Upminster, winning the two elections in February and October 1974 by 1,008 and then 694 votes respectively (meanwhile, Labour regained Hornchurch). He built a larger majority of 9,065 in 1979, and served on several influential backbench committees in the House of Commons. He retained the seat until he retired from parliament in 1983 to concentrate on his business interests. He continued to work for local constituency and regional party committees, and was knighted in 1988. He was the founder of the Dinosaurs Club for former Conservative MPs, serving as its chairman and later president, and also a liveryman of the Girdlers' Company.

After Parliament
He retired to his farm in Devon, where his artistic side flourished in later years. He exhibited his contemporary sculptures and paintings in Devon, and held one-man exhibitions at the Royal British Society of Sculptors in 2000 and at Norwich Cathedral in 2001. He was also a published poet, with works including God Save the Queen: sonnets of Elizabeth I (1981), Hunter of the Moon (1983) and Hunter of the Sun (1984). He also published two books on sculpture, New Sculpture in Stone, Metal, Wood and Glass (2000) and To Seek Is To Find (2005), and one on business matters.

Family
He married Jean Chivers in 1954. They had three sons and two daughters. He died in London in 2007 aged 82.

References

External links

Times Guide to the House of Commons, 1979
Obituary in The Guardian, 8 January 2008

1925 births
2007 deaths
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Knights Bachelor
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
Members of Hampstead Metropolitan Borough Council

John Loveridge


Levski Peak ( ), or Ambaritsa is a peak in the Central Balkan Mountains in Lovech Province, Bulgaria. It is named after the famous Bulgarian revolutionary Vasil Levski. The peak is  high and is situated on the main ridge of the mountain range to the west of Golyam Kupen Peak, in Troyanska mountain, forming part of the Central Balkan National Park.

The peak is more famous with its old name, Ambaritsa. According to the local legends Krali Marko's granaries were located in the area. The Ambaritsa Refuge is situated on its northern slopes, at 2 hours of the peak.

Mountains of the Balkan mountains
Two-thousanders of Bulgaria
Landforms of Lovech Province

Levski Peak (Bulgaria)


Keylee Sue Sanders (born July 29, 1977) is an American beauty queen who was Miss Kansas Teen USA and Miss Teen USA 1995.

Sanders first won the Miss Kansas Teen USA title in October 1994.  In August 1995 she was crowned Miss Teen USA in the national pageant televised live from Wichita, in her home state of Kansas.  As Miss Kansas Teen USA, Sanders was part of the Vanbros organization, and she would retain links with that group after she gave up her crown.

Sanders later graduated from Kansas State University with a Bachelor of Science degree in Fashion merchandising.  She remained involved in pageantry, and formed her own pageant consulting business, Keylee Sue & Associates, Inc, in 1997.  In 1999, Sanders designed the competition gowns for Miss Kansas Teen USA and Miss Missouri Teen USA.

Sanders moved to Los Angeles, California, where she worked in the television industry for a while, appearing on Good Day Live, Soap Talk and in a Smash Mouth video.  She continues to appear as an on-air fashion expert and on-air host for Good Day LA and Good Day Live. She also continues to model and work in commercials.

Sanders joined with Keith Lewis, director of the Morgan Agency to form K2 Productions, and this company took over the directorship of the Miss California USA and Miss California Teen USA pageants in 2006.

In 2016, she was one of the judges at the Miss Teen USA 2016 pageant, in The Venetian Theatre, Las Vegas, Nevada.

References

Living people
Miss Teen USA winners
Miss USA state directors
People from Louisburg, Kansas
1995 beauty pageant contestants
20th-century Miss Teen USA delegates
20th-century American people
1977 births

Keylee Sue Sanders


HDCAM is a high-definition video digital recording videocassette version of Digital Betacam introduced in 1997 that uses an 8-bit discrete cosine transform (DCT) compressed 3:1:1 recording, in 1080i-compatible down-sampled resolution of 1440×1080, and adding 24p and 23.976 progressive segmented frame (PsF) modes to later models. The HDCAM codec uses rectangular pixels and as such the recorded 1440×1080 content is upsampled to 1920×1080 on playback. The recorded video bit rate is 144 Mbit/s. Audio is also similar, with four channels of AES3 20-bit, 48 kHz digital audio. Like Betacam, HDCAM tapes were produced in small and large cassette sizes; the small cassette uses the same form factor as the original Betamax. The main competitor to HDCAM was the DVCPRO HD format offered by Panasonic, which uses a similar compression scheme and bit rates ranging from 40 Mbit/s to 100 Mbit/s depending on frame rate.

HDCAM is standardized as SMPTE 367M, also known as SMPTE D-11. Like most videotape formats, HDCAM is no longer in widespread use, having been superseded by memory cards, disk-based recording formats, and SSDs. Sony officially discontinued the format in 2016.

SMPTE 367M

SMPTE 367M, also known as SMPTE D-11, is the SMPTE standard for HDCAM. The standard specifies compression of high-definition digital video.  D11 source picture rates can be 24, 24/1.001, 25 or 30/1.001 frames per second progressive scan, or 50 or 60/1.001 fields per second interlaced; compression yields output bit rates ranging from 112 to 140 Mbit/s.  Each D11 source frame is composed of a luminance channel at 1920 x 1080 pixels and a chrominance channel at 960 x 1080 pixels.  During compression, each frame's luminance channel is subsampled at 1440 x 1080, while the chrominance channel is subsampled at 480 x 1080, meaning 3:1:1 chroma subsampling. HDCAM supports recording at 24 FPS for film production applications, but it can be configured for television production. Similar to MPEG IMX, the helical scan head drum is 80 mm in diameter. The helical tracks read by the video heads in the drum, are 22 microns wide. The video heads have a 15.25 degree azimuth. Audio is also recorded on the helical tracks.

HDCAM SR

HDCAM SR was introduced in 2003 and standardised in SMPTE 409M-2005. It uses a higher particle density tape and is capable of recording in 10 bits 4:2:2 or 4:4:4 RGB with a video bit rate of 440 Mbit/s, and a total data rate of approximately 600 Mbit/s. The increased bit rate (over HDCAM) allows HDCAM SR to capture much more of the full bandwidth of the HD-SDI signal (1920×1080). Some HDCAM SR VTRs can also use a 2× mode with an even higher video bit rate of 880 Mbit/s, allowing for a single 4:4:4 stream at a lower compression or two 4:2:2 video streams simultaneously. HDCAM SR uses MPEG-4 Part 2 Simple Studio Profile for compression, and expands the number of audio channels up to 12 at 48 kHz/24-bit.

There are 12 channels of audio recorded uncompressed at 24 bit 48 kHz sampling. Each channel is capable of recording AES3 non-audio data.

HDCAM SR was used commonly for HDTV television production. In the mid-2000s, many prime-time network television shows used HDCAM SR as a master recording medium, but it is no longer in widespread use.

Some HDCAM VTRs play back older Betacam variants, for example the Sony SRW-5500 HDCAM SR recorder plays back and records HDCAM and HDCAM SR tapes, and with optional hardware also plays and upconverts Digital Betacam tapes to HD format. Tape lengths are the same as for Digital Betacam, up to 40 minutes for S and 124 minutes for L tapes. In 24p mode the runtime increases to 50 and 155 minutes, respectively.

HDCAM tapes are black with an orange lid, and HDCAM SR tapes black with a cyan lid.

440 Mbit/s mode is known as SQ, and 880 Mbit/s mode is known as HQ.

Sony also announced a higher compression mode called SR Lite. As with the 440 and 880 mode, SR Lite utilizes the MPEG-4 Part 2 Simple Studio Profile but decreases the bit rate to 220 Mbit/s for 60i and 183 Mbit/s for 50i. SR Lite is locked at 4:2:2 color sampling but still maintains 10 bit pixel depth. It also allows for 50 and 60p at the cost of a doubled data rate (440 Mbit/s for 60p).

The Sony SRW-5800 HDCAM SR VTR has the ability to record both the left eye and right eye of 3D content to a single tape.
It syncs the two eyes together and takes up twice as much space on the tape as a normal recording.  Other HDSR decks also support 3D such as the SRW-1 HDCAM SR Portable VTR and the SRW-5500/5000 which can play back either channel A or channel B of the Dual Stream 4:2:2 recording.

See also
 Sony HDVS
 HDV
 XDCAM
 AVCHD
 XAVC
 DVCPRO HD
 D5 HD
 D6 HDTV VTR

References

External links
  Guide To DTV Standards: Video Recording
 Overview of Digital Video Standards -- PowerPoint presentation

Video storage
Film and video technology
SMPTE standards
Videocassette formats

HDCAM


Ç or ç (C-cedilla) is a Latin letter used in Albanian, Azerbaijani, Manx, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Kurdish, Kazakh, Catalan, French, Portuguese, and Occitan, as a variant of the letter C with a cedilla. It is also sometimes used in Crimean Tatar and in Tajik (when written in the Latin script) to represent the /d͡ʒ/ sound. It is often kept in the spelling of words borrowed from other languages to any of these languages in English, Basque, Dutch, Spanish and other languages using the Latin alphabet.

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, /ç/ stands for the voiceless palatal fricative.

Ç


The Chevrolet Tracker was a subcompact SUV made in Canada. It is sold by General Motors. It was introduced in 1989 as a Geo model. It derives from Suzuki's Escudo model. The Tracker was built at CAMI Automotive which was jointly owned by GM and Suzuki til 2010.

In Canada, it was sold under various names such as GMC Tracker and Asüna/Pontiac Sunrunner. The Sunrunner was replaced in 2001 by the minivan-based Aztek CUV.  In 1998 the Tracker became an official Chevrolet brand due to GM consolidating the Geo brand. The United States/Canadian version of the Tracker continued until 2004 where it was discontinued and replaced by the Chevrolet Equinox. The Tracker was still made in Mexico and Brazil until the late 2000s where it was replaced by the Chevrolet Captiva and the Chevrolet Captiva Sport. In 2015 Chevrolet introduced Trax model to the U.S. and it serves as a secondary replacement for the Tracker.

References

Tracker
Sport utility vehicles

Chevrolet Tracker


The Andalusia Day () is celebrated in 28 February and commemorates the 28 February 1980 referendum on the Statute of Autonomy of Andalusia, in which the Andalusian electorate voted for the statute that made Andalusia an autonomous community of Spain.

Customs
In many municipalities and cities of Andalusia, people decorate their balconies with the national flag of Andalusia and with bunting echoing its green-and-white bars. Cultural competitions are often held in conjunction with the day. In some cities, especially in the Málaga area, schools are closed for a Semana Cultural ("cultural week"), also known as Semana Blanca ("white week"). The Friday before is often a day of celebration in schools with a traditional Andalusian breakfast (desayuno andaluz), consisting of a slice of toast with a thin layer of olive oil and orange juice; students colour pictures that refer to the symbols and insignia of Andalusia, its history and customs, put on plays and sing the national anthem, the Himno de Andalucía.

Historic observances

2007
The holiday in 2007 included a plenary session of the Parliament of Andalusia at the Teatro de la Maestranza in Seville to grant that year's honour of Hijo Predilecto de Andalucía ("Favourite  son of Andalusia") to José Saramago and the Medal of Andalusia to Miguel Báez Espuny 'El Litri', Real Betis Balompié, Carlos Cabezas Jurado, Bernardo Rodríguez Arias, Felipe Reyes Cabañas, Juana Castro, Ramón Contreras, María García Torrecillas, Eva Garrido ('La Yerbabuena'), Rafael Martos Sánchez ('Raphael') and Javier Ruibal.

See also
 Andalusian nationalism

References

Public holidays in Spain
Day
Day
February observances
Winter events in Spain

Andalusia Day


Cape Corwin is the easternmost point of Nunivak Island in the Bering Sea in the U.S. state of Alaska. In the Cup'ig language it is known as Cing'ig ("point", as in point of land). According to Donald Orth (1967, Dictionary of Alaska Place Names) the name marks the southwest entrance point to Etolin Strait. According to local usage the feature is misnamed on official United States Geological Survey maps. Since the name was reported to USGS by the USCGS in "about 1908" (the Board of Geographic Names decision was in 1906, and Baker reports USCGS began using it in 1899) it may have subsequently migrated to the next northernmost point of land, Cing'ig.  The 1911 USCGS chart does not accurately represent the shape of the coast here; the point and the cape are not separately identifiable.  The USGS lists Atahgo Point, Valilief Cape, and Chingeleth Point as alternative names for Cape Corwin; Atahgo point also has its own listing with distinct coordinates.

Cape Corwin may have been named for USRC Corwin which patrolled the Bering Sea in the 1880s and 1890s and made systematic depth soundings around Nunivak Island in 1899  Capes Manning, Mohican, and Algonquin on Nunivak Island also correspond with ships (Revenue Service, Navy and Coast Guard, respectively) of the Bering Sea Squadron and the Bering Sea Patrol.  A 95-foot steel-hull U.S. Coast Guard patrol boat, built in 1958, operated as  from 1964 to 1990.  This is reportedly the vessel that appeared in the opening credits of Hawaii Five-O.

References

Landforms of Bethel Census Area, Alaska
Corwin, Cape

Cape Corwin


Nemi is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome (central Italy), in the Alban Hills overlooking Lake Nemi, a volcanic crater lake. It is  northwest of Velletri and about  southeast of Rome.

The town's name derives from the Latin nemus, or "holy wood". In antiquity the area had no town, but the grove was the site of one of the most famous of Roman cults and temples: the Temple of Diana Nemorensis.

In 1514 Marcantonio I Colonna gave to Nemi the "Statuti e Capituli del Castello di Nemi".

Main sights

The Temple of Diana Nemorensis

The Temple of Diana Nemorensis was an ancient Roman sanctuary erected around 300 BC and dedicated to the goddess Diana although worship of Diana at Nemi flourished from at least the 6th century BC

The temple was situated on the northern shore of Lake Nemi beneath the cliffs of the modern city Nemi (Latin nemus Aricinum). It was a famous place of pilgrimage in the Italian peninsula.

The temple was abandoned at some point in the late Roman Empire period. Portions of its marbles and decorations were removed. The area of the temple was gradually covered by forest and generally left undisturbed for centuries.

Amateur archaeological excavations of the site began in the 1600s.

Caligula's ships

Possibly in connection with the cult of Diana Nemorensis, Roman emperor Caligula built several very large and costly luxury barges for use on the lake. One ship was a shrine dedicated to ceremonies for the Egyptian Isis cult or the cult of Diana Nemorensis, designed to be towed, and the other was a pleasure boat with buildings on it. After Caligula's overthrow, the boats were scuttled.

The ships were rediscovered during the Renaissance, when architect Leon Battista Alberti is reported to have attempted to raise the ships by roping them to buoyant barrels.  While ingenious, this method proved unsuccessful, because of extensive rotting.

The boats were finally salvaged from 1929 to 1932 under orders of Benito Mussolini.  This was just one of many attempts to relate himself to the Roman Emperors of the past.  The ships were exposed by lowering the lake level using underground canals that were dug by the ancient Romans. The excavation was led by Guido Ucelli and was reported in Le Nave di Nemi by Guido Ucelli (Rome, 1950). They were destroyed by fire on 31 May 1944, it is disputed whether this was done by defeated German forces retreating from Italy at the end of World War II or accidentally by squatters taking refuge in the museum building. Surviving remnants from the excavations as well as replicas are now displayed in the Museo Nazionale Romano at the Palazzo Massimo in Rome.  The remains of the ship hulls survive today at Museo delle Navi Romane, Nemi.

Other sights
Nemi itself is home to a few late medieval to 18th‑century churches, and the Castello Ruspoli, dominating both town and landscape, the core of which dates to the 10th century.

Strawberries

Nemi is famous for its wild strawberries, which are smaller and sweeter than commercially grown varieties. Nemi's strawberries are grown on the sides of the volcanic crater, which creates a microclimate that retains the warmth of the sun and provides a wind shield. Nemi conducts an annual festival of strawberries.

References

External links

 Blog of exhibition of material from Roman Sanctuary of Diana at Nemi, Nottingham museum, 2013
 Nemi at Nottingham Project

Castelli Romani

Nemi


Kirsti Andersen (born December 9, 1941, Copenhagen), published under the name Kirsti Pedersen, is a Danish historian of mathematics.  She is an Associate Professor of the History of Science at Aarhus University, where she had her Candidate examination in 1967.

Work
Andersen has written on the early history of mathematical analysis (for example, Cavalieri and Roberval).

She has also written extensively on the history of graphical perspective. In a 1985 article she related the science of perspective as described by Simon Stevin, Frans van Schooten, Willem 's Gravesande, Brook Taylor, and Johann Heinrich Lambert. In a 1987 article she examined the ancient roots of linear perspective as found in Euclid's Optics and Ptolemy (Geography and Planisphaerium). In 1991 she recalled Desargues' method of perspective. In 1992 her book on Brook Taylor appeared, and she wrote on the alternative "plan and elevation technique". In 2007 her The Geometry of an Art provided a comprehensive study. According to the publisher's summary, the book is a "case study of the difficulties in bridging the gap between those with mathematical knowledge and the mathematically untrained practitioners who wish to use this knowledge." The book covers Leon Battista Alberti, Piero della Francesca, Albrecht Dürer, Leonardo da Vinci, Guidobaldo del Monte, and Gaspard Monge as well as the previously mentioned authors.

Andersen has also written about Danish history of mathematics, and has championed the use of mathematics in high school history classes.

In 2005 she was awarded a doctorate in Aarhus. She is married to Henk Bos.

Selected publications

Andersen, Kirsti (1985) "Cavalieri's method of indivisibles", Archive for History of Exact Sciences 31(4): 291–367.
Bos, H. J. M.; Bunn, R.; Dauben, Joseph W.; Grattan-Guinness, I.; Hawkins, Thomas W.; Pedersen, Kirsti Møller (1980) From the calculus to set theory, 1630–1910. An introductory history, edited by Ivor Grattan-Guinness, Gerald Duckworth and Company Ltd., London,  .
Scholz, Erhard; Andersen, Kirsti; Bos, Henk J. M.; et al. (1990) Geschichte der Algebra. (German) [History of algebra] Eine Einführung. [An introduction] Lehrbücher und Monographien zur Didaktik der Mathematik [Textbooks and Monographs on the Didactics of Mathematics], 16. Bibliographisches Institut, Mannheim,  .
Andersen, Kirsti (1980) "An impression of mathematics in Denmark in the period 1600–1800", Special issue dedicated to Olaf Pedersen on his sixtieth birthday. Centaurus 24: 316–334.
Andersen, Kirsti (2007), The Geometry of an Art: The History of the Mathematical Theory of Perspective from Alberti to Monge, Springer
Andersen, Kirsti (2011) "One of Berkeley's arguments on compensating errors in the calculus", Historia Mathematica 38(2): 219–231.

Notes

External links
 Homepage
 Ekspertdatabasen

1941 births
Living people
Danish historians of mathematics
Danish women historians
20th-century Danish women writers
20th-century Danish historians
21st-century Danish women writers
21st-century Danish historians

Kirsti Andersen