Girolamo Conversi (fl. 1572–1575) was an Italian composer of the late Renaissance.   His music, which was popular from the 1570s through the 1590s, was noted for its combination of the light canzone alla napolitana with the literary and musical sophistication of the madrigal.  He appears to have written only secular vocal music.

Life
Little is known of his life but what can be inferred from the dedications to his madrigal books.  He was born in Correggio in Reggio Emilia.  In 1575 he dedicated a book of madrigals to Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle, the Spanish Viceroy of Naples, and described himself as being in that man's service.  Whether he lived in Naples at the time, or elsewhere in the Spanish Kingdom of Naples, is not known.  Since his only publications after 1575 are reprints – in copious quantity – he may have died around that year.  Unusually for a popular composer of the time, he seems to have held no positions either in aristocratic courts or religious institutions for which records have been kept.

Music and influence
Conversi's music is distinguished by its marriage of the lightness of the Neapolitan villanella, also known as the canzone alla napolitana, with the more serious and literary character of the madrigal.  The combination was successful, and Conversi's music was reprinted often during the late 16th century; his music appeared in anthologies as far away as England.  His first collection, a book of canzoni alla napoletana for five voices originally published in 1572, went through no less than seven reprints before  1589.  Another  publication of Conversi's, possibly posthumous, is a volume of madrigals for six voices  which appeared in 1584, but which was probably a reprint of an earlier volume, the original for which has been lost.  Yet another book of madrigals, for five voices, is mentioned in a 1604 catalogue of publications by the Florentine Giunti firm of booksellers and printers, but no copy of it has yet been found.

Conversi rarely (if ever) set verse by living poets, preferring writers such as Petrarch, Pietro Bembo, Castiglione, and Luca Contile.  Nowhere is his tendency to use sharp contrasts to underline and enhance his texts more apparent than in his setting of Petrarch's Zefiro torna, a setting which was evidently known to Claudio Monteverdi, whose own version in his Sixth Book of Madrigals is considerably more famous.  The form of the poem is a Petrarchan sonnet, and Conversi sets the octave, which celebrates the return of springtime, with a quick and light patter of notes drawn from the pastoral Neapolitan canzona; and the sestet, in which the lover mourns the loss of his beloved, arrives in a sombre and slow G minor.

Some of Conversi's vocal textures show the influence of instrumental music, as they have homophonic and dancelike sections easily playable on instruments without changing a note.  Orazio Vecchi was likely familiar with these works, as is evident from his own compositions in the style.  While Vecchi held a post in Correggio in the 1580s, it is not known if the two men were acquaintances.

Notes

References
 W. Richard Shindle and Ruth I. DeFord: "Conversi, Girolamo", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed August 9, 2008), (subscription access)
 Renato Di Benedetto, et al., "Naples", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed August 9, 2008), (subscription access)
 Thomas W. Bridges, "Giunta", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed August 9, 2008), (subscription access)
 Allan W. Atlas, Renaissance Music:  Music in Western Europe, 1400–1600. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1998.
 Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.
 Alfred Einstein, The Italian Madrigal.  Three volumes.  Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1949.

Links

Italian classical composers
Renaissance composers
1500s births
1575 deaths
16th-century Italian composers
Madrigal composers
Italian male classical composers
People from Correggio, Emilia-Romagna
16th-century classical composers

Girolamo Conversi


Albert Cohen is a French producer of film and television and of French musicals and a radio personality.

Radio Nostalgie
He is a co-founder in 1981 of Radio Nostalgie, and its Lyons affiliate director who engaged in 1984 in launching it as a national radio station in France. By 1986, Radio Nostalgie had already 180 local stations and an international chain of related radio stations.

Musical productions
Starting 1990, Albert Cohen also pursued a musical production career in film, television and documentaries.

In 1998, he was involved in a major musical Les Dix Commandements, co-produced with Dove Attia. He was a producer of the musical Autant en emporte le vent, Le Roi Soleil and Mozart, l'opéra rock also with Dove Attia.

In 2011, he produced 1789: Les Amants de la Bastille.

References

French radio producers
French theatre managers and producers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Albert Cohen (producer)


John Cleland (, baptised – 23 January 1789) was an English novelist best known for his fictional Fanny Hill: or, the Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure, whose eroticism led to his arrest. James Boswell called him "a sly, old malcontent".

Publication of Fanny Hill
John Cleland began courting the Portuguese in a vain attempt to reestablish the Portuguese East India Company. In 1748, Cleland was arrested for an £840 debt (equivalent to a purchasing power of about £100,000 in 2005) and committed to Fleet Prison, where he remained for over a year. It was while he was in prison that Cleland finalised Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure. The text probably existed in manuscript for a number of years before Cleland developed it for publication. The novel was published in two instalments, in November 1748 and February 1749. In March of that year, he was released from prison.

However, Cleland was arrested again in November 1749, along with the publishers and printer of Fanny Hill. In court, Cleland disavowed the novel and said that he could only "wish, from my Soul", that the book be "buried and forgot" (Sabor). The book was then officially withdrawn and not legally published again for over a hundred years. However, it continued to sell well in pirated editions. In March 1750, Cleland produced a highly bowdlerised version of the book, but it too was proscribed. Eventually, the prosecution against Cleland was dropped and the expurgated edition continued to sell legally.

Later life
None of Cleland's literary works provided him with a comfortable living and he was typically bitter about this. He publicly denounced his mother before her death in 1763 for not supporting him. Additionally, he exhibited a religious tendency toward Deism that branded him as a heretic. Meanwhile he accused Laurence Sterne of "pornography" for Tristram Shandy.

In 1772, he told Boswell that he had written Fanny Hill while in Bombay, that he had written it for a dare, to show a friend it was possible to write about prostitution without using "vulgar" terms. At the time, Boswell reported that Cleland was a "fine, sly malcontent". Later, he would visit Cleland again and discover him living alone, shunned by all, with an "ancient and ugly woman" as his sole servant. Josiah Beckwith in 1781 said, after meeting him, that it was "no wonder" that he was thought to be a "sodomite". From 1782 until his death on 23 January 1789 Cleland lived on Petty France, Westminster, "a few hundred yards from his childhood home in St James's Place". He died unmarried and was buried in St Margaret's churchyard in London.

Composition of Fanny Hill and after
Cleland's account of when Fanny Hill was written is difficult. For one thing, the novel has allusions to other novels that were written and published the same year (including Shamela). Further, it takes part in the general Henry Fielding/Samuel Richardson battle, with Pamela: or, Virtue Rewarded on one side and Joseph Andrews on the other. Furthermore, the novel's geography and topicality make a Bombay composition less likely than a Fleet Prison one. It is possible, of course, that a pornographic novel without vulgarity was written by Cleland in Bombay and then rewritten in Fleet Prison as a newly engaged and politically sophisticated novel.

Officially, Fanny Hill remained suppressed in an unexpurgated form until 1970 in the United Kingdom. However, in 1966 it became the subject of a US Supreme Court judgment A Book Named "John Cleland's Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure" v. Attorney General of Massachusetts, holding that under the US Constitution a modicum of merit precluded its condemnation as obscene. In fact, the novel is now regarded as a "stylistic tour de force" and as a participant in the "making legible the bourgeois remapping of certain categories constitutive of 'woman', and then exposing that remapping as ludicrous" (Gautier x). It has an exceptionally lively style, contains profoundly playful and ironic questions about womanhood, and has a satirical exposition of love as commerce and pleasure as wealth.

Fanny Hill and homosexuality
The fact that the passionate descriptions of copulatory acts in Fanny Hill are written by a man from the point of view of a woman, and the fact that Fanny is obsessed by phallic size, have led some critics to suggest it is a homoerotic work. That aspect of the novel, as well as Cleland's presumed offence at Westminster School, lack of intimate friends and unmarried status, have aided conjecture that he was homosexual, as has his bitter falling out with friend Thomas Cannon, author of the pamphlet Ancient and Modern Pederasty Investigated and Exemplify'd (1749), the earliest surviving published defence of homosexuality in English (Gladfelder).

The authorised edition of Fanny Hill also contains a scene where Fanny (to her disgust) comes across two teenage boys fornicating. The friendship of Cleland and Cannon was "volatile, verging on murderous", but in the opinion of Gladfelder, who rediscovered the Ancient and Modern Pederasty..., "It's no coincidence that they simultaneously produced the only two explicit accounts of male same-sex desire in English before the nineteenth century, published just a month apart in 1759." That may, however, simply reflect Cleland's knowledge of his friend's research and the opportunity to use it in a novel that had a rare explicitness for the time.

Bibliography
Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure, or, Fanny Hill (1749)
Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure, or, Fanny Hill (1750) (expurgated, legal version)
Memoirs of a Coxcomb (1751)
 Dictionary of Love (1753)
Titus Vespasian (1755) (unperformed play)
The Ladies Subscription (1755) (unperformed play)
Tombo-Chiqui, or, The American Savage (1758) (unperformed play)
The Surprises of Love (1764)
The Surprises of Love: Exemplified in the Romance of a Day or an Adventure in Greenwich-Park Last Easter, The Romance of a Night or a Covent-Garden-Adventure, The Romance of a Morning or The Chance of a Sport, The Romance of an Evening or Who would have thought it ? (Collection of short stories)
The Woman of Honour (1768)
The Illustrated Fanny Hill
Memoirs of an Oxford Scholar
The Memoirs of Maria Brown (Genuine Memoirs of the celebrated Miss Maria Brown)
The Way to Things by Words, and to Words by Things
Other philological works, poetry, translations, periodical reviews and letters

In 1969, Molly Hill. Memoirs of The Sister of Fanny Hill was published, referring to the author as John Cleland. It suggests 17th century language, but should be considered an imitation.

Notes

References

Further reading
John Cleland (2005). Memoirs of a Coxcomb. Ed. Hal Gladfelder. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press.
Gary Gautier (2001). "Introduction". Fanny Hill or, Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure. New York: Modern Library
Hal Gladfelder (2007). "In Search of Lost Texts: Thomas Cannon's 'Ancient and Modern Pederasty Investigated and Exemplified."  Eighteenth-Century Life 31(1)
J. H. Plumb (1965). "Introduction". Fanny Hill, or, Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure. New York: Signet Classics
Peter Sabor (2004). "John Cleland" in H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison, eds. The Dictionary of National Biography.  Vol. 12. London: Oxford University Press

External links

Complete text of Fanny Hill

1700s births
1789 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
18th-century English male writers
18th-century English writers
18th-century English novelists
18th-century English dramatists and playwrights
18th-century English LGBT people
People from the City of Westminster
Writers from London
English people of Scottish descent
People educated at Westminster School, London
British East India Company civil servants
English erotica writers
Inmates of Fleet Prison
People imprisoned for debt
English male novelists
British deists
English gay writers

John Cleland


William O'Neill (born October 21, 1981) is a right-handed professional ten-pin bowler who competes on the PBA Tour in North America.  A resident of Langhorne, Pennsylvania, his nickname on tour is "The Real Deal".  O'Neill has won 13 PBA Tour titles, including two major championships at the 2009–10 U.S. Open and the 2020 PBA Players Championship.

O'Neill was the first person to be a two time World Champion after winning the WTBA singles titles (gold medals) in 2010 and 2013.

Bill is a pro staff member for Hammer Bowling, Dexter shoes and Vise Grips.

Amateur career

O'Neill bowled collegiately for Saginaw Valley State University where he was a member of Sigma Pi fraternity. He earned first-team All American honors all four years he competed.  He was named Bowling Writers Association of America's Collegiate Bowler of the Year in 2001, 2003 and 2004.  He was also honored as the Most Valuable Player by the National Collegiate Bowling Coaches Association in 2003 and 2004.

In the 2020 Weber Cup, O'Neill and his Team USA teammates defeated Team Europe, 23–18. Overall in the event, O'Neill participated in 12 of 41 matches, going 3–2 in singles, 3–2 in doubles, and 1–1 in team.

PBA career

O'Neill was named PBA Rookie of the Year in his first full PBA season (2005–06), after making match play 11 times in 18 tournaments and appearing once in the TV finals.

Despite not winning a tournament, O'Neill had an excellent season in 2008-09.  He qualified for match play in a career-high 18 of 20 tournaments, made it to the championship round seven times (a career high until being matched in 2019), and narrowly missed winning the PBA's George Young High Average Award (222.96 to Wes Malott's 222.98).

After 83 tournaments and 11 previous finals appearances without winning, O'Neill finally earned his elusive first PBA Tour title in the PBA Chameleon Championship on September 6, 2009, defeating Ronnie Russell in the final match. That same season, O'Neill earned his second PBA Tour title and first major title at the 2009-10 67th Lumber Liquidators U.S. Open. After qualifying as the #2 seed, he defeated Tommy Jones in the semifinal match. He started slowly in the championship match against #1 seed and defending champ Mike Scroggins, converting a spare then leaving an open frame.  However, he then rolled the final 10 strikes of the game, for a runaway 267–207 victory.

Bill won a then-career high $147,275 in the 2009–10 season. He finished the season tied with Walter Ray Williams, Jr. and Mike Scroggins in PBA Player of the Year points, but the honor went to Williams in an overall competition points tie-breaker.

At the 2010 PBA World Series of Bowling, Bill won the Pepsi Viper Championship for his third PBA Tour title. O'Neill also had the highest 60-game qualifying scores among all bowlers at the World Series. This earned him the #1 seed for the 2010–11 PBA World Championship, which took place January 14–16, 2011.  However, he was defeated in the title match by Chris Barnes.

He won the Alka Seltzer Plus Cold Cheetah Championship on November 10, 2012, beating Mike Wolfe for his fourth PBA Tour title. He then went without a title for all of calendar year 2013.

During the PBA's Summer Swing in 2014, O'Neill defeated Brian Valenta in the Lucas Oil PBA Badger Open to receive his fifth PBA title. O'Neill also won the special "King of the Swing" challenge at this event for an additional $10,000, though this was a non-title match.

At the 2015 Summer Swing, O'Neill qualified as the #1 seed in the PBA Oklahoma Open, and defeated Jason Belmonte in his lone match to win his sixth PBA title. O'Neill repeated his 2014 win in the King of the Swing (non-title) challenge event to earn an additional $10,000. Bill also finished third in two other Summer Swing events, taking home a total of $36,000 during the five-event series. On August 2, 2015, Bill won his seventh PBA title in the Striking Against Breast Cancer Mixed Doubles championship, teaming with PWBA player Shannon O'Keefe to take the top prize. This marked his first season since 2009–10 in which he had multiple titles.

In 2016, O'Neill and O'Keefe repeated as champions at the Striking Against Breast Cancer Mixed Doubles championship, giving O'Neill his eighth PBA title.

O'Neill collected his ninth PBA title on February 25, 2018, winning the Mark Roth-Marshall Holman PBA Doubles Championship with partner Jason Belmonte.

On January 6, 2019, O'Neill won his tenth PBA title (and first singles title since 2015) at the season-opening PBA Hall of Fame Classic. At World Series of Bowling X in March, he had top ten finishes in all four events and made two televised finals, but he didn't win a title. O'Neill qualified as the #7 seed for the inaugural PBA Tour Playoffs. He made it all the way to the June 2 finals in this event, but lost to Kristopher Prather. O'Neil cashed $40,000 for his runner-up finish, and surpassed the $1,000,000 mark in career earnings during the 2019 season. On August 11, O'Neill won his 11th PBA Tour title at the PBA Harry O'Neale Chesapeake Open. Having qualified as the top seed, he defeated A.J. Chapman in the championship finals for his second title of the 2019 season. O'Neill also won the $25,000 first prize in the FloBowling PBA ATX invite on September 21, 2019. This was a non-title elimination event featuring the top eight points-earners over the nine FloBowling PBA Summer Swing tournaments. Overall in 2019, O'Neill established career highs in cashes (21) and earnings ($185,148), and tied his career high with seven championship round appearances.

O'Neill qualified as the #1 seed for the 2020 PBA Tournament of Champions, but lost the championship match to Kristopher Prather. Six days later, on February 15, O'Neill won his twelfth PBA Tour title and second major at the 2020 PBA Players Championship in Columbus, Ohio. He qualified as the #3 seed for the stepladder finals, beating Kris Prather and Jason Belmonte in matches #2 and #3, and defeating E. J. Tackett in the championship match by one pin, 233–232. Based on 2020 points, O'Neill qualified as the #2 seed for the season-ending PBA Tour Playoffs, earning a bye into the Round of 16. On his way through the brackets, he defeated AJ Johnson, Kyle Troup and Tom Smallwood in single-game matches. He then defeated Anthony Simonsen in the double-elimination final match, 235–203 and 249–195. O'Neill was rewarded with his 13th PBA Tour title and the $100,000 first prize. On December 18, 2020, the PBA announced that O'Neill had finished runner-up to Jason Belmonte for 2020 PBA Player of the Year. Despite the 2020 season being shortened by COVID-19, O'Neill cashed a career-high $272,285.

Through 2019, O'Neill has recorded 30 perfect 300 games in PBA competition. He also has 10 PBA Regional titles.

PBA Tour titles
Major titles in bold type.

 2009–10 PBA Chameleon Championship (Allen Park, MI)
 2009–10 Lumber Liquidators U.S. Open (Indianapolis)
 2010–11 PBA Viper Championship (Las Vegas, NV)
 2012–13 PBA Cheetah Championship  (Las Vegas, NV)
 2014 PBA Badger Open (Shawnee, OK)
 2015 PBA Oklahoma Open (Shawnee, OK)
 2015 PBA/PWBA Striking Against Breast Cancer Mixed Doubles w/Shannon O'Keefe (Houston, TX)
 2016 PBA/PWBA Striking Against Breast Cancer Mixed Doubles w/Shannon O'Keefe (Houston, TX)
 2018 Mark Roth-Marshall Holman PBA Doubles Championship w/Jason Belmonte (Columbus, OH)
 2019 PBA Hall of Fame Classic (Arlington, TX)
 2019 PBA Harry O'Neale Chesapeake Open (Chesapeake, VA)
 2020 PBA Players Championship (Columbus, OH)
 2020 PBA Tour Playoffs (Centreville, VA)

World Series of Bowling

Wins (3)

O'Neill and Jason Belmonte are the only PBA bowlers to have won three PBA World Series of Bowling titles.

Results timeline
Results not in chronological order.

"T" = Tied for a place

International achievements

Bill is a seven-time member of Team USA. He bowled for Team USA at the 2010 WTBA World Men's Championships, where he won the gold medal match in singles over South Korea's Bok Eum Choi, 244–202. He also won a trios gold medal with Chris Barnes and Rhino Page, while helping Team USA to gold medals in team and all-events. In 2012, he became the first non-Finnish winner in the Ballmaster Open held in Helsinki.

Career statistics

Statistics are through the last complete PBA Tour season.

+CRA = Championship Round Appearances

Personal

Bill married Christi White in May 2010. White is a former NCAA bowler and graduate of Fairleigh Dickinson University.  Christi delivered the couple's first child, their son Gavin, in February 2013 and a daughter, Avery, in September 2017.

References

American ten-pin bowling players
1981 births
Living people
Saginaw Valley State University alumni
Bowlers at the 2011 Pan American Games
People from Langhorne, Pennsylvania
Place of birth missing (living people)
Pan American Games medalists in bowling
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games

Bill O'Neill (bowler)


Sanela Diana Jenkins (born Sanela Dijana Ćatić; 1973) is an entrepreneur and philanthropist who was born and raised in Bosnia and Herzegovina. She currently resides in California. Jenkins fled her home country during the siege of Sarajevo and immigrated to London, where she studied at City University, London.

Career
After graduating with a degree in Computer Science and Economics from City University, London, she acquired the swimwear line Melissa Odabash.

In 2009, Sanela created and launched the Neuro line of functional beverages based in Sherman Oaks, California where she currently is President and CEO.

Diana Jenkins is the founder and CEO of D Empire Entertainment, a music label that represents emerging and established artists within the intersection of traditional and innovative media strategy, branding, publicity, recording, distribution and licensing.

In 2021, Jenkins joined the cast of The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills for the twelfth season. She made her debut in May 2022. In January 2023, Jenkins departed the show after only one season.

Jenkins and DEmpire Entertainment produced Sevap / Mitzvah which was released in 2023.

Philanthropic activities
Sanela Diana Jenkins established The Irnis Catic Foundation in 2002 in memory of her brother who was killed during the Bosnian War. The foundation provides essential funding to the medical facilities at the University of Sarajevo. In 2009, Diana Jenkins was awarded the Peace Connection prize by the Center for Peace and Multi-Ethnic Cooperation.

On May 5, 2018, Jenkins was honored at the Advisory Council for Bosnia & Herzegovina Gala in Washington, D.C. for her continued support and philanthropic activities in the country.

Along with George Clooney, Jenkins hosted an A-List fundraiser in Mayfair London in 2008 for the victims of Darfur, raising over £10 million.

She established the Sanela Diana Jenkins Human Rights Project at the University of California, Los Angeles in August 2008. The clinic concentrates on legal advocacy, political advocacy and documentation. It is the first endowed program on international justice and human rights at any law school in the western United States.

In 2009, Jenkins founded the Sanela Diana Jenkins Human Rights Project along with Richard Steinberg. Together, they hosted the Sanela Diana Jenkins Clinic on Gender Violence in Eastern Congo.  The Clinic has established the Restore the Village Project, which is conducted a series of humanitarian interventions in villages affected by mass rape attacks, and is carefully studying the effects of these interventions in order to determine how to best help communities in need and better understand the phenomenon of mass rape.

Immediately following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, Jenkins and actor Sean Penn established the Jenkins-Penn Haitian Relief Organization to deliver hospital supplies and provide medical care to thousands of displaced Haitians. She compared the long-term recovery in Haiti to that in Bosnia and Herzegovina, highlighted the need for basic humanitarian aid, and argued that the U.S. military should not leave the country prematurely.

In March 2010, Jenkins posted bail for former President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Ejup Ganić, who was detained in London on a Serbian extradition request.

Sanela was honored with the Enduring Vision award by the Elton John AIDS Foundation for her activism in the fight against AIDS.

Sanela produced a photography book entitled "Room 23", photographed by Deborah Anderson. Many of the celebrities in the book are friends of Jenkins, including George Clooney and Elton John.  Proceeds from the sale of the book benefit several philanthropic programs.

In 2022, Jenkins founded the Sunela Foundation with a donation of $100,000 for the victims of Lion Air Flight 601.

Personal life
In 1999, she married Roger Jenkins who was a prominent executive at Barclays Bank. The couple met at the gym at the Barbican, where Jenkins was living after the end of his marriage to his first wife, a banker at Barclays. During their 10 year marriage they had two children together, a son, Innis, and a daughter, Eneya.

In 2020, Jenkins welcomed a daughter, Eliyanah, with then-boyfriend Asher Monroe. The couple subsequently announced their engagement. Jenkins later suffered a miscarriage. In December 2022, it was announced that the couple were expecting another child. In August 2023, Jenkins gave birth to a baby girl, Elodie Mae Book.

References

External links

1973 births
Living people
Bosniaks of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Businesspeople from Sarajevo
Bosnia and Herzegovina emigrants to the United Kingdom
British emigrants to the United States
Yugoslav Wars refugees
Bosnia and Herzegovina emigrants to the United States
21st-century women philanthropists
21st-century businesswomen

Sanela Diana Jenkins


Arthur Joseph O'Keefe, Sr. (November 8, 1876 – November 14, 1943) was mayor of New Orleans from 1926 through 1929.

Life and career
Born in New Orleans, O'Keefe was the son of Arthur O'Keefe and the former Sarah Hanley. He was educated at the Catholic St. Aloysius High School and later went into business, eventually running his own coffee import company.  He was also vice-president of the American Bank and Trust Company and director of the Lafayette Fire Insurance Company and the Mutual Building and Loan Association.  He married Mamie McDonald of New Orleans in 1901.  Before becoming mayor, O'Keefe was a prominent member of the Regular Democratic Organization, the political machine that had dominated New Orleans for decades. He served as the RDO's Tenth Ward boss, the city's Commissioner for Public Finance from 1925 to 1926, and after long-time mayor Martin Behrman died in office O'Keefe was elevated to serve the remainder of Behrman's term.

O'Keefe's term in office was marked by a controversy over whether two bridges over the Rigolets and Chef Menteur Pass would be toll-free bridges as advocated by Public Service Commissioner Huey Pierce Long, Jr., or toll bridges operated by a firm controlled by the mayor's political allies.  O'Keefe also fought a bitter battle with Huey Long over piping cheap natural gas into New Orleans; an ally of the New Orleans energy monopoly NOPSI, O'Keefe unsuccessfully opposed the plan.    Under O'Keefe's administration construction was begun on the Municipal Auditorium and plans for the Criminal District Court Building and Orleans Parish Prison were drawn up. He also served as president of the RDO's Choctaw Club.

In July 1929, O'Keefe resigned as mayor for health reasons; he was succeeded by T. Semmes Walmsley.

O'Keefe was Irish Catholic.  He is the grandfather of the former president of the Louisiana State Senate Michael H. O'Keefe and the great-grandfather of former LSU Chancellor and former NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe. Sean O'Keefe is a nephew of Michael O'Keefe.

Sources
 Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980.  Greenwood Press, 1981.
 New Orleans Public Library, Louisiana Division.  "Administration of Arthur J. O'Keefe."   http://nutrias.org/~nopl/info/louinfo/admins/okeefe.htm
 Glenn R. Conrad, ed.  Dictionary of Louisiana Biography.  Louisiana Historical Association, 1988.

1876 births
1943 deaths
Mayors of New Orleans
Brother Martin High School alumni
Catholics from Louisiana
American people of Irish descent

Arthur J. O'Keefe


Arthur Bowden Askey,  (6 June 1900 – 16 November 1982) was an English comedian and actor. Askey was known for his short stature (5' 2", 1.58 m) and distinctive horn-rimmed glasses, and his playful humour incorporating improvisation and catchphrases including "Hello playmates!", "I thank you" (pronounced "Ay-thang-yaw") and "Before your very eyes".

Askey achieved prominence in the 1930s in the BBC's first radio comedy series Band Waggon and subsequently starred in several Gainsborough Pictures comedy films during the Second World War including Charley's (Big-Hearted) Aunt (1940) and The Ghost Train (1941). His novelty recordings for His Master's Voice include "The Bee Song" (1938), a lasting part of his act. From the 1950s, Askey was a prominent television presence and made regular appearances on the BBC's long-running music hall programme The Good Old Days. Askey was made an OBE in 1969 and a CBE in 1981; he continued to appear frequently on television, radio and the stage until his death in 1982.

Early life and education
Askey was born at 29 Moses Street, Dingle, Liverpool, the eldest child and only son of Betsy (née Bowden, d. 1949), originally from Knutsford, Cheshire and Samuel Askey (d. 1958), company secretary of Sugar Products of Liverpool. Six months after his birth, the family moved to 90 Rosslyn Street, Liverpool. It was here that a sister, Irene Dorothy, was born. Askey was educated at St. Michael's Council School (1905–11) and the Liverpool Institute for Boys (1911–16).

Career
Askey served in the Royal Welch Fusiliers in the First World War and performed in army entertainments. This would prove an excellent training ground for his career in show business, his first professional appearance coming on stage at the Headgate Theatre in Colchester on the 31 March 1924. After working as a clerk for Liverpool Corporation's Education Department, he was in a touring concert party, the music halls and was in the stage company of Powis Pinder on the Isle of Wight in the early 1930s before he rose to stardom in 1938 through his role in the first regular radio comedy series, Band Waggon on the BBC. Band Waggon began as a variety show, but had been unsuccessful until Askey and his partner, Richard Murdoch, took on a larger role in the writing.

Film roles
During the Second World War Askey starred in several Gainsborough Pictures comedy films, including Band Waggon (1940), based on the radio show; Charley's (Big-Hearted) Aunt (1940); The Ghost Train (1941); I Thank You (1941); Back-Room Boy (1942); King Arthur Was a Gentleman (1942); Miss London Ltd. (1943); Bees in Paradise (1944); The Love Match (1955) and Make Mine a Million (1959). His last film was Rosie Dixon – Night Nurse (1978), starring Debbie Ash.

Television
In the early 1930s, Askey appeared on an early form of BBC television—the spinning disc invented by John Logie Baird that scanned vertically and had only thirty lines. Askey had to be heavily made up for his face to be recognisable at such low resolution. When television became electronic, with 405 horizontal lines, Askey was a regular performer in variety shows. When television returned after the second World War, his first TV series was Before Your Very Eyes! (1952), named after his catchphrase. On 3 May 1956, Askey presented Meet The People, a launch night programme for Granada Television. In 1957 writers Sid Colin and Talbot Rothwell revived the Band Waggon format for Living It Up, a series that reunited Askey and Murdoch after 18 years. He continued to appear frequently on television in the 1970s, such as being a panellist on the ITV talent show New Faces, where his usually sympathetic comments would offset the harsher judgments of fellow judges Tony Hatch and Mickie Most. He also appeared on the comedy panel game Jokers Wild. He made many TV appearances in variety, including BBC TV's long running show, The Good Old Days. His final professional engagement was The Green Tie on the Little Yellow Dog, which was recorded 1982, and broadcast by Channel 4 in 1983.

Radio
In the late 1940s, Askey participated in a BBC radio show called How Do You Do in which listeners could write into the BBC asking for him to come and broadcast a show from their homes, twelve shows were broadcast with Arthur, his daughter Anthea and special guests, as well as a surprise guest each week which was revealed some time throughout the programme. The theme of each show was worked around the occupation of the family from where it was broadcast. This was broadcast on the Light Programme. Only one of the shows was recorded onto acetate discs, which are now held at The British Library. During the 1950s and 1960s, he appeared in many sitcoms, including Love and Kisses, Arthur's Treasured Volumes and The Arthur Askey Show. He was the subject of This Is Your Life on two occasions, in December 1959 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews, and in December 1974, when Andrews, dressed as Humpty Dumpty, surprised him on a television show while discussing the art of pantomime. Askey made four appearances on the BBC Radio series Desert Island Discs in 1942, 1955, 1968 and 1980. He shares the record for most appearances on the programme with David Attenborough.

Theatre
Askey appeared in the West End musical Follow the Girls. He also made many stage appearances as a pantomime dame.

Recordings
Askey's recording career included "The Bee Song", which was an integral part of his stage and television act for many years, "The Thing-Ummy Bob" and his theme tune, "Big-Hearted Arthur" (which was also his nickname). In 1941 a song he intended to record, "It's Really Nice to See You Mr Hess" (after Hitler's deputy Rudolf Hess fled to Scotland), was banned by the War Office. A collection of Askey's wartime recordings appear on the CD album Band Waggon/Big Hearted Arthur Goes To War.

Private Eye
Private Eye magazine in the 1970s regularly made the comment that he and the Queen Mother had "never been seen in the same room together", referring to the fact that they were about the same age and height and suggesting that the Queen Mother was Askey in drag.

Honours
Askey was appointed OBE in 1969 and advanced to CBE in 1981.

Personal life
Askey was married to Elizabeth May Swash in 1925 until her death in 1974; he was the father of actress Anthea Askey (1933–1999).

Death
Askey carried on working on his comedy career until just before he was hospitalised in July 1982, owing to poor circulation, which resulted in gangrene and the amputation of both legs.  During his stay as an inpatient he was kept company by Tony Lee at the suggestion of nursing staff. He died in London's St Thomas's Hospital on 16 November 1982 and was cremated at Putney Vale Crematorium.

Filmography

Film

Television

Legacy
Arthur Askey is among other famous names in the Dirk Wears White Sox version of "Friends" by Adam and the Ants.

See also
 Radio comedy
 Cinema of the United Kingdom
 List of British actors

Notes

References

Bibliography
 Arthur Askey (autobiography). Before Your Very Eyes (London: Woburn Press, 1975)
 Kurt Ganzl. The Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre (New York: Shirmer Books, 2001) pp. 75
 Murphy, Robert. (2005). British Cinema and the Second World War. A&C Black
 Slide, Anthony. I Thank You: The Arthur Askey Story. (Orlando, Florida: BearManor Media, 2020).

External links
 Arthur Askey BFI
 Star Archive: Arthur Askey (1900–1982)

 Askey and Band Waggon audiobook CD at CD41

1900 births
1982 deaths
Male actors from Liverpool
Burials at Putney Vale Cemetery
Comedians from Liverpool
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English comedy musicians
English male film actors
English radio personalities
Comedians from Lancashire
People educated at Liverpool Institute High School for Boys
Music hall performers
20th-century English male actors
20th-century English musicians
English amputees
20th-century English comedians
British male comedy actors
British novelty song performers
Deaths from gangrene
British Army personnel of World War I
Royal Welch Fusiliers soldiers

Arthur Askey


Demographic targeting is a form of behavioral advertising in which advertisers target online advertisements at consumers based on demographic information.

They are able to achieve this by using existing information from sources such as browser history, previous searches as well as information provided by the users themselves to create demographic profiles of consumers.

This information can then be used by advertisers to segment their audience demographically and target advertisements at specific groups of people to maximise the likelihood of their advertisements being seen by their target market; their most profitable audience.

Demography can be defined as "The study of human populations in terms of size, density, location, age, sex, race, occupation and other statistics". Using such statistics, communicators are able to segment their target audience, as consumer needs often correlate strongly with demographic variables.

Online retailers
Communicators are able to present targeted advertisements based on demography using both their own stored data as well as through the use of databases.

Online retailers often require customers to register an account to shop with them. Typically, these retailers will ask customers for demographic information regarding their location, age and gender and this information will then be used to tailor their shopping experience.

Ethnicity/nationality
While the disclosure of location is necessary on such websites for deliveries and adjusting currency, advertisers also use this information to alter the shopping experience based on ethnicity, culture and international trends. Online retailers are able to present advertisements displaying what is expected to be more popular amongst some nationalities than others. For example, Amazon.co.jp (Amazon in Japan) will advertise the sale of Japanese produced TV shows, films and books on their homepage. Consumers would not expect such advertisements to be presented on the Amazon websites of other nations.

Gender
Particularly when shopping with online retailers of clothing and cosmetics, customers will often find they are asked to disclose their gender.

Gender in particular has a strong demographic correlation with the wants and needs of consumers. This is because manufacturers (especially manufacturers of clothing and cosmetics) specifically produce products for either a male or female market and the wants and needs of either gender are very different. As a result, when targeting advertisements for products such as these, it is easy for advertisers to segment the audience based on gender.

For example, a female customer on a clothing website will be presented with advertisements for a sale on dresses, whereas a male customer on the same website will be presented with advertisements for men's jeans.

Age and life-cycle
Online retailers tend to ask customers to provide their date of birth and may rationalise the request by offering an incentive such as a birthday discount. However, this information can also be used by advertisers for demographic targeting as the wants and needs of consumers change with age (Kotler et al., 2013).

For example, advertisers might target a 40+ year old person shopping on a cosmetics websites with advertisements for anti-aging creams. In contrast, advertisers might target a teenager shopping on the same website with advertisements for anti-blemish creams.

Types of demographic segmentation

Age
Advertisers will separate the market into different age group categories because consumers of similar ages will have the similar interests, wants and needs. Therefore, when advertisers divide up the market by age categories they will be able to target the group or groups that will be most interested in their product and communicate directly to them. This allows the advertisers to find the most appropriate way to communicate with each group. As different age groups respond to various methods of communication differently.  Over time consumers will mature and their wants and needs will change. this means that advertisers either have to change how they communicate with their current target market. Therefore, dividing the market into age groups allows for advertisers to target the age range that will find their product the most appealing.

Gender

Dividing the market by gender is a common way of demographically segmenting the market. It involves targeting the gender which advertisers believe their product will appeal more to. This generally is an effective way to market because men and women have some contrasting needs and wants to each other. The market for beauty products is primarily dominated by females however some males are into these products. It is important for advertisers to realise that as society's social norm changes consumers are more likely to not be defined by past gender roles. Therefore, advertisers should be cautious when using gender as a way to demographically target their target market as a way to communicate with them as they could be excluding a whole other category of possible consumers. Toy guns in the past were solely marketed towards young males, however advertisers realised there was a gap in the market and have begun marketing these kinds of products to young females as well. This has created a higher demand for these products.

Income
Dividing the market by income levels allows for advertisers to communicate with the income group that will be more interested in their products due to their income level. The products might be the same but of different qualities and therefore be more appealing to consumers with different income levels. Advertisers advertising premium products will focus on communicating with high income earners because they will be able to afford their products. However, due to each consumer having different priorities in life, not all high income earners will want to spend their money on luxurious items and some low income earners may want to spend their money on high cost products. Therefore, it is important not to rely just on the consumer's income levels when communicating with them.

Race
Dividing the market by race is important for advertisers to do. Race, religion and culture often go together hand in hand, which is why these factors do affect different consumer's buying decisions. A lot of consumers from Arab nations are Muslim, therefore an advertising campaign trying to sell a pork based product in one of these nations would be highly unsuccessful. This is why it is important to consider race as a way to demographically target a market.

Multivariate demographic segmentation
Multivariate demographic segmentation involves using at least two types of demographic variables in conjunction with each other to make the market more precise for the advertiser to target. This way of further segmentation is effective because it allows advertisers to filter out more consumers who won't match the demographics of the target market.

In relation to other factors of targeting in the market
Demographic targeting is not the only way of segmenting a market to communicate with consumers.  There is also geographic, psychographic and behavioural segmentation. These different ways of targeting the market work in conjunction with demographic targeting in order for advertisers to find their ideal target market and communicate with them. Demographic targeting gives the marketer a good idea of who the target market is in regards to basic information. But it doesn't go any further than that, which is why it is best to use the methods of segmentation together to target the consumer who is open to the advertiser's message. Doing this allows the advertiser to gain a better understanding of their target markets attitude and beliefs which allows them to communicate more effectively and efficiently.

Geographic segmentation
Geographic segmentation divides the market into different geographic locations for example it can be separated into countries, regions, neighborhoods etc. This is due to the fact that consumers in different geographic locations may hold different preferences. Different geographic locations have different environments and climates which does affect the market for each location level. For advertisers to effectively communicate with their target audience they need to alter how they communicate with consumers in different locations.

Psychographic segmentation
Psychographic segmentation uses a consumers psychological attributes to divide the market based on the consumer's social class, personality characteristics and lifestyle. This is important because two different individuals could have a very similar set of demographics, but one will buy the product while the other won't. This is due to being different psychographically. Past experiences can cause consumers to react more positivity or more negatively to communications from an advertiser. This is why it is important for advertisers to use multiple types of segmentation in order to communicate with the right niche.

Behavioural segmentation
Behavioural segmentation divides consumers into different groups depending on their personal knowledge on a product, their attitude towards it, and their response to the product. The sections that behavioural segmentation focuses on are purchase occasions, benefits sought, user status, usage rate, loyalty status, buyer readiness stage, attitude towards the product and online behaviour. This type of segmentation is used to target consumers who are more inclined to hear and accept the communications from the advertiser and be interested in the product being offered. Behavioral segmentation is important because it examines how the consumer's past buying experiences will affect their future purchases. This means that advertisers should consider their past feedback and responses from consumers when planning any new means of communication.

Notes

Advertising
Demographics
Market segmentation
Management cybernetics

Demographic targeting


Parham Airfield Museum is a museum in Framlingham in Suffolk, England. The airfield was named after the village of Parham in Suffolk famously linked to the Aldeburgh poet George Crabbe.

Overview
The museum comprises the 390th Bombardment Group Memorial Air Museum and the Museum of the British Resistance Organisation operating under one Management Committee. Its continued existence relies on volunteer support and donations to help with maintenance necessary to ensure continued preservation of the building and its contents.  It is a wonderful day out for all ages. All of the volunteers are lively and full of information.

390th Bombardment Group Memorial Air Museum
The 390th Bombardment Group Memorial Air Museum is housed in the original World War II control tower of Framlingham Station 153. Exhibits focus on the history of the U.S 8th Air Force, the Royal Air Force and the German Luftwaffe in the Second World War. Displays include recovered Second World War aircraft engines, parts of Allied and German aircraft, uniforms, photographs, documents, combat records, paintings and memorabilia.  The museum opened in 1981.

Museum of the British Resistance Organisation
Opened in 1997, the Museum of the British Resistance Organisation is located in a Quonset hut adjacent to the control tower, and is dedicated to the Auxiliary Units, or as they were officially known 'Auxunits'.

In case the Germans succeeded in invading Britain, the men and women of the Auxiliary Units were trained to operate as the British underground resistance.  They were to remain undetected in carefully constructed bunkers (Operating Bases
- OBs) as the invading German Army made its way through Britain.

The museum includes a replica underground Operational Base, as well as photographs, special weapons such as time pencil fuses and other explosives, dead letter boxes, agent instruction papers, and information about the special radio communications network installed by the Royal Corps of Signals.

History of the museum
After World War II in Europe, the Parham Airfield runways were broken up and the buildings were allowed to deteriorate and, when not pulled apart, were used for farm storage. Among them was the control tower, shot up and abandoned after the Americans held a riotous farewell party there in August 1945. Framlingham Station 153, as the 390th bomb group knew the airfield, now stood neglected, windowless and derelict.

In 1976, a small band of determined enthusiasts decided to restore the decaying building as a museum in tribute to the endeavours of the 390th Bomb Group, 8th US Army Air Force and other Allied airmen operating from bases throughout East Anglia during the Second World War.

A five-year restoration programme began, using volunteer labour and funded from their own resources and the Tower was finally dedicated as the 390th Bombardment Group Memorial Air Museum of the USAAF on 13 May 1981 and, since then, has remained in active contact with, and received support from US veterans, their relatives, supporters and Friends.

The Museum of the British Resistance Organisation was created in 1997, with the opening ceremony being carried out by Lieutenant Colonel J.W. Stuart Edmundsun, TD, RE, one of the founders of the nondescript 'Most Secret' GHQ.

Auxiliary Units, as they were officially known. The 'Auxunits' were one of Britain's nine secret services of World War II, alongside better known clandestine organisations such as the Security Service (MI5), the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), and the Special Operations Executive.

References

Sources
 Parham — Bottesford DC

External links

 Parham Airfield Museum website

Museums established in 1981
Museums in Suffolk
Military aviation museums in England
World War II museums in the United Kingdom
1981 establishments in England

Parham Airfield Museum


Ann Yearsley, née Cromartie (8 July 1753 – 6 May 1806), also known as Lactilla, was an English poet and writer from the labouring class, in Bristol. The poet Robert Southey wrote a biography of her.

Personal life
Born in Bristol to John and Anne Cromartie, Ann worked in childhood as a milkwoman, like her mother. She received no formal education, but her brother taught her to write. She married John Yearsley, a yeoman, in 1774. A decade later the family was rescued from destitution by the charity of Hannah More and others.

Yearsley was among the noted Bristol women to campaign against the Bristol slave trade. In other respects her politics have been described as conservative.

Yearsley's husband died in 1803. She died in 1806 at Melksham near Trowbridge, Wiltshire. Her grave can be found in Birdcage Walk, Clifton, Bristol.

Writings
Hannah More called her first encounter with Yearsley positive, saying her writing "excited [her] attention" as it "breathed the genuine spirit of poetry, and [was] rendered still more interesting by a certain natural and strong expression of misery that seemed to fill the head and mind of the author." More organized subscriptions for Yearsley to publish Poems, on Several Occasions (1785), but its success led to a quarrel between them over access to the trust in which its profits were held. Yearsley included her account of the quarrel in an "autobiographical narrative" appended to a fourth, 1786 edition of the poems.

Now supported by Frederick Hervey, 4th Earl of Bristol, Yearsley published Poems, on Various Subjects in 1787. A Poem on the Inhumanity of the Slave-Trade appeared in 1788. The latter was seen by many critics to rival a similar poem by her ex-patron Hannah More, entitled "Slavery: A Poem".

Yearsley then turned to drama, with Earl Goodwin: an Historical Play (performed in 1789; printed in 1791) and to fiction, with The Royal Captives: a Fragment of Secret History, Copied from an Old Manuscript (1795). Her final poetry collection, The Rural Lyre, appeared in 1796.

Southey's biography
Robert Southey wrote a biography of Ann Yearsley in 1831, calling it an "introductory essay on the lives and works of our uneducated poets". It describes the first encounter that Hannah More had with Ann Yearsley and her general impressions of her capacity as a writer and poet.

As Southey notes, Yearsley based her style, grammar and spelling on the limited amounts of literature she had read, which included some Shakespeare plays, Paradise Lost, and Night-Thoughts. More describes Yearsley as not even having seen a dictionary or knowing anything of grammatical rules, and being bound to "ignorant and vulgar" syntax, yet using language full of metaphor, imagery and personification. More described herself as striving to save Yearsley from the vanity of fame, and was more concerned about providing food for her than making her known. Their eventual disagreement over money left the two estranged. According to the critic Jonathan Rose, More was repeatedly startled when the milkmaid drew on classical sources for a work. Plebeian poets were usually confined to a ghetto of folk poetry in a period of strong class prejudice.

Southey described Yearsley as a writer "gifted with voice", yet she "had no strain of her own whereby to be remembered." He also stated that for a time before her death she was reported to be deranged, though there is no corroboration of this.

Works
Poems, on Several Occasions (1st edition, with a preface by Hannah More, 1785) (Etexts)
Poems, on Several Occasions (4th edition, with a new preface by Yearsley, 1786)
Poems, on Various Subjects (1787)
A Poem on the Inhumanity of the Slave Trade (1788) (Etext)
Stanzas of Woe (1790)
Earl Godwin: An Historical Play (performed 1789; printed 1791)
The Royal Captives: a Fragment of Secret History, Copied from an Old Manuscript (4 vols., 1795)
The Rural Lyre: a Volume of Poems (1796)

References

Further reading
Kerri Andrews (2013) Ann Yearsley and Hannah More, patronage and poetry : the story of a literary relationship. London: Pickering & Chatto. . OCLC 859159190
Mary Waldron (1996), Lactilla, milkwoman of Clifton: the life and writings of Ann Yearsley, 1753–1806
Ann Yearsley (2014), The Collected Works of Ann Yearsley. ed. Kerri Andrews. London: Pickering and Chatto. . OCLC 863174134

See also
List of 18th-century British working-class writers

External links
Ann Yearsley at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)
Mary Waldron, 'Yearsley, Ann (bap. 1753, d. 1806)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 12 November 2006
Brycchan Carey, British Abolitionists – Ann Yearsley: biography and bibliography

English women poets
English women novelists
English abolitionists
Writers from Bristol
English women dramatists and playwrights
18th-century British women writers
1753 births
1806 deaths

Ann Yearsley


Ray Anderson (born August 31, 1944, in Anniston, Alabama) was a boxer in the light heavyweight division who fought from 1965 to 1977. Anderson became the first challenger to last fifteen rounds against Bob Foster for the world Light Heavyweight title, but he lost what was his only world title try by decision.  Anderson currently lives in Anniston.

Professional career
Anderson began his rise to prominence in 1966. As a light heavyweight he took on and beat a formidable heavyweight journeyman named Amos Johnson in a ten-rounder at The Akron Armory in Akron, Ohio. As an amateur, Anderson was one of the few men to beat the young Cassius Clay (known later as Muhammad Ali) who went on to become the Heavyweight Champion of the world. Ray's career continued as he fought Joe Byrd of Flint, Michigan, in 1969, knocking Joe out in round 1. Ray also knocked out Canton's Marion Conner in Round 2, sealing his stature as Ohio's best light heavyweight. He fought John Griffin of Syracuse, New York twice, losing both in close decisions.

Ray Anderson was credited by Joe Frazier, who long used him as a sparring partner because of his tall rangy Ali-like style as assisting him in his preparation to unify the heavyweight title in 1970, with his win over WBA heavyweight titleholder Jimmy Ellis at Madison Square Garden. Later in 1970, Anderson was to bite off more than he could chew when he decided to fight a young prospect at the Cleveland Arena in Cleveland, Ohio named Ted Gullick, after providing Gullick with a boxing lesson in rounds 1 through 4, toward the end of the fourth Gullick scored a knockdown with a sharp left hook. Anderson rose and was in part saved by the bell. Later Gullick dominated the fight and finished Anderson in the 9th round by knocking him out.  Anderson beat Gregorio Peralta by a ten-round decision in Spain in 1972.

The pinnacle of Ray's career was his challenge to the former Light Heavyweight Champion of the World Bob Foster. Anderson was a tall light-heavyweight of his era, standing 6 feet 1 inch. However, Foster was 6 feet 3 inches and could punch very hard. Anderson was not used to giving away height; he prided himself in being both handsome and fast. He was not willing to risk being hit by Foster, thus he chose to dance and defend for most of the fight, thus losing a fifteen-round decision. To Anderson's credit he was one of the few men that would last all 15 rounds with Foster. The late Yank Durham, Joe Frazier's trainer, worked Anderson's corner during the Foster fight felt that Anderson should have eliminated the Ali style tactics and take it to Foster and was upset by the outcome. Anderson had proven to be a very respected fighter early on and once joining promoter Don King, seemed to start an altered course in his career which can't be explained. It is thought that King wanted to use Anderson to promote other upcoming boxers in order to propel himself into the limelight instead of using Anderson's talent to help him reach the top of the rankings. Anderson's children Deric and Eric (twins), and Brigitte Anderson were last known to reside in Ohio. In the early 90's one (or both) of Anderson's twin sons; were known for his athletic abilities and had shown glimpses of skills that would advance him into professional football. However, details of his efforts are not recorded.

Professional boxing record

Exhibition boxing record

References

External links

1944 births
Living people
Boxers from Alabama
Sportspeople from Anniston, Alabama
Light-heavyweight boxers
American male boxers
African-American boxers
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople

Ray Anderson (boxer)


The Fukuromachi Elementary School Peace Museum (袋町小学校平和資料館 Fukuromachi Shogakkou Heiwa Shiryokan) is a peace museum in Fukuromachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, Japan. The school was one of the closest schools to ground zero when the atomic bomb fell on August 6, 1945. They lost about 160 students and teachers and the building was heavily damaged. After a few days, the school became a first aid station, and its black burned wall became a message board to find missing people. The Peace Museum is the section of the school building with the basement of the former Municipal Fukuromachi Elementary School in Hiroshima. The school is keeping it as a relic of the atomic explosion, to foster peace, and to send their information to the world.

History
Opened as a school in the Kaizen-ji, a temple of Pure Land Buddhism, on February 2, 1873.
Moved to Fukuromachi, the current place and was renamed "Sakuragawa School" in September, 1876.
Renamed "Onchi Elementary School" in October, 1884.
Renamed "Fukuromachi Jinjyo Elementary School" in August, 1890.
Moved to Harimayamachi and renamed "Harimayamachi Jinjyo Elementary School" in March, 1893.
Moved back to Fukuromachi in May 1910.
Renamed "Fukuromachi Jinjyo Elementary School" in April, 1911.
The main lecture hall was built in February 1927.
The reinforced concrete school building was built in January, 1937.
About 160 students and teachers were killed by the atomic bomb on August 6, 1945.
School reopened for 37 students in May, 1946.
Renamed "Municipal Fukuromachi Elementary School in Hiroshima", current name, in April 1947.
New building and lecture hall was built in November 1952.
Another new building was built in June 1957.
Moved to temporary schoolhouse in December 1999.
New school buildings were built in April 2002.
Part of the building, built in 1937, was opened as the Peace Museum in April 2002.

Museum

Exhibitions
Photographs
Damaged objects

Education programs
NHK TV documentary program will be shown
Please Tell Me - Hiroshima, The Recalling Messages of the Atomic Bomb -
NHK Special : "Please Yuko, Tell me where you are, from your mom"
NHK Special : "The Day of the Atomic Bomb"

See also
Municipal Fukuromachi Elementary School in Hiroshima
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Honkawa Elementary School Peace Museum

External links
Fukuromachi Elementary School Peace Museum
Municipal Fukuromachi Elementary School in Hiroshima
Fukuromachi Kokumn School

Peace museums in Japan
1873 establishments in Japan
School buildings completed in 1937
Museums established in 2002
Museums in Hiroshima
Monuments and memorials in Japan
Monuments and memorials concerning the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
History museums in Japan
World War II museums in Japan
Educational institutions established in 1873
2002 establishments in Japan


Jordan is a sovereign Arab state in the Middle East. The capital, Amman, is Jordan's most populous city as well as the country's economic, political and cultural centre.

Major tourist attractions in Jordan include UNESCO World Heritage Sites such as Petra and Umm ar-Rasas, ancient cities such as Amman, Aqaba, Madaba and Jerash, the Jordan River, the Dead Sea, Mount Nebo, and locations such as Wadi Rum and the Jordanian Highlands. Other opportunities include shopping, pop-culture tourism, medical tourism, educational and cultural tourism, hiking, snorkeling and scuba diving among the coral reefs in the Gulf of Aqaba.

In 2017, Jordan recorded more than 3.8 million tourists.

Main tourist destinations

Ancient sites

Petra in Wadi Musa, home of the Nabataeans, is a complete city carved in a mountain. The huge rocks are colorful, mostly pink, and the entrance to the ancient city is through a 1.25 km narrow gorge in the mountain—called the Siq. In the city are various structures, all (except 2) are carved into rock, including Al-Khazneh – known as the Treasury – which has been designated as one of the "New 7 Wonders of the World" by the for-profit New Open World Corporation. Other major sites of interest in Petra include the Monastery, the Roman theater, the Royal Tombs, the High Place of Sacrifice. The ruins of Petra were rediscovered by Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt in 1812. It was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985.
Umm Qais, a town on the site of the ruined Hellenistic–Roman city
 Jerash is famous for its ancient Roman architecture, with colonnaded streets, Corinthian arches, outdoor Roman theaters and the Oval Plaza.
 Shoubak with its Crusader castle, "Crac de Montreal", marking both the eastern and southern frontier of Crusader expansion.
Ajloun has a medieval Crusader castle
Al-Karak contains an important castle from the times of Salah al-Din, known as Al-Karak Castle.
 Umm el-Jimal, the so-called "Black Gem of the Desert", was once a town on the margins of the Decapolis. Rural and well to do, it was a fitting contrast to the surrounding busy cities. Its black basalt mansions and towers, some still standing three stories high, have long inspired poets.
Qusayr 'Amra, one of the best preserved Umayyad Islamic period monuments. Its interior walls and ceilings are covered with unique frescoes, and two of the rooms are paved with colourful mosaics. It, too, is a World Heritage Site.
Umm ar-Rasas, inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005, these ruins show a mix of Roman, Byzantine and early Muslim architecture. Among its treasures is the largest church mosaic floor in the country; newer discoveries are possible as the site has not been completely excavated.

Biblical and Christian sites

 Muwakir (Arabic for Machaerus) was the hilltop stronghold of Herod the Great. Upon Herod's death, his son Herod Antipas inhabited the fortress, and ordered John the Baptist to be beheaded there and where the fabled Salomé daughter of Herodias is said to have danced the famous Dance of the Seven Veils thus asking for John the Baptists' head.
Al-Maghtas, which is the place on the Jordan River where Jesus was baptised by John the Baptist according to Christian tradition.
Madaba is well known for its mosaics, as well as important religious sites such as The Madaba Map, the oldest surviving original cartographic depiction of the Holy Land and especially Jerusalem. It dates to the 6th century AD.
Mount Nebo, where Moses was said to have gone to get a view of the Promised Land before he died, according to the Bible.

Islamic sites
Jordan is home to several significant Islamic sites that hold great cultural and historical importance.

 King Abdullah I Mosque: Located in Amman, the King Abdullah I Mosque is a prominent landmark and a significant Islamic site in Jordan. This grand mosque, built in the early 20th century, honors King Abdullah I, the founder of modern Jordan. It features a striking blue dome and can accommodate thousands of worshippers.
 Abu Darwish Mosque: Situated in Amman, the Abu Darwish Mosque is known for its unique architecture. Built in the 1960s, this mosque stands on the highest hill in Amman and offers panoramic views of the city. It has become a popular place of worship and a symbol of Islamic identity in the capital.
 Al-Husseini Mosque: Located in the heart of downtown Amman, the Al-Husseini Mosque is one of the oldest and largest mosques in the city. It holds significant religious and cultural importance and serves as a focal point for Friday prayers and other Islamic religious activities.
 Prophet Shuaib Mosque: Situated in the town of Wadi Musa near the ancient city of Petra, the Prophet Shuaib Mosque is believed to be the burial place of Prophet Shuaib, who is mentioned in the Quran. The mosque attracts both local worshippers and visitors exploring the archaeological wonders of Petra.
 Qasr Al-Mushatta: Located about 30 kilometers southeast of Amman, Qasr Al-Mushatta is a partially restored desert palace from the Umayyad period. It is known for its intricate architectural details, including the ornate decorative panels featuring Islamic geometric patterns and motifs.
 Umm Qais: Situated in the north of Jordan, Umm Qais is an ancient city that holds historical and Islamic significance. It is believed to be the hometown of the Islamic scholar and companion of the Prophet Muhammad, Umm Qais ibn Tha'labah. The city features the remains of a mosque believed to have been built by Umm Qais himself.
 Ajloun Castle: Ajloun Castle, located in the Ajloun Governorate of Jordan, is a medieval Islamic fortress that offers panoramic views of the surrounding countryside. Built by the Ayyubids in the 12th century, the castle served as a defense stronghold and is a testament to Islamic military architecture.
 The Great Mosque of As-Salt: As-Salt, a historic town in Jordan, is home to the Great Mosque of As-Salt. This mosque, originally built during the Ayyubid period in the 14th century, has undergone several renovations over the centuries. It features an impressive minaret and showcases the evolution of Islamic architecture.
 Prophet Hud Mosque: Located in the city of Jerash, the Prophet Hud Mosque is believed to be the burial place of the prophet Hud, who is mentioned in the Quran. The mosque holds religious significance for Muslims and attracts visitors seeking spiritual blessings.
 Karak Mosque: Situated in the city of Al-Karak, the Karak Mosque is one of the oldest mosques in Jordan. It dates back to the early Islamic period and features distinctive architectural elements, including an intricately carved mihrab (prayer niche).
 Mosque of the Prophet Muhammad's Companion: Located in the town of Al-Karak, this mosque is believed to be the final resting place of Prophet Muhammad's companion, Zaid ibn Harithah. It holds religious significance and attracts both locals and visitors seeking blessings and spiritual connection.
 Maqam Al-Nabi Shu'ayb: Situated near the city of Ma'an, Maqam Al-Nabi Shu'ayb is a holy site associated with the prophet Shu'ayb. It is believed to be the burial place of Shu'ayb and is considered a site of pilgrimage and prayer for Muslims.
 Aisha Um al-Mu'minin Mosque: Situated in the city of Aqaba, this mosque is dedicated to Aisha bint Abi Bakr, one of Prophet Muhammad's wives. It is a place of worship and serves as a cultural and religious center for the local Muslim community.
 Ayla Mosque: Ayla Mosque is a beautiful mosque located in the city of Aqaba. With its distinctive Ottoman-inspired architecture, the mosque stands as a prominent landmark in the area. It provides a peaceful place for prayer and reflection for residents and visitors.
 Wadi Al-Seer Mosque: Wadi Al-Seer Mosque, situated in the Wadi Al-Seer area of Amman, is known for its striking green dome and minaret. The mosque serves as a gathering place for local Muslims and showcases the architectural diversity within Jordan.
 Talal Bin Abdullah Mosque: Located in Irbid, the Talal Bin Abdullah Mosque is a modern mosque that bears the name of the late King Talal bin Abdullah. It is known for its grand design, featuring elegant domes and intricate calligraphy.
 The Tomb of Ja'far ibn Abi Talib: Located in the town of Al-Mazar Al-Janubi, this tomb is dedicated to Ja'far ibn Abi Talib, a cousin and companion of Prophet Muhammad. It is considered a place of pilgrimage and prayer, attracting both locals and visitors.
 Zarqa Mosque: Zarqa Mosque, situated in the city of Zarqa, is one of the oldest mosques in Jordan. It holds historical and cultural significance and has undergone several renovations and expansions over the years, reflecting the evolving architectural styles.
 The Shrine of Prophet Job: Located in the town of Ma'in, this shrine is believed to be the burial place of Prophet Job (Ayoub in Arabic). It is considered a sacred site and is visited by Muslims who seek spiritual solace and blessings.

Seaside sites
 Aqaba is a town on the shore of the Gulf of Aqaba with numerous shopping centers, hotels and access to various water sports and protected coral reefs and marine life. It has the ruins of the mediaeval town of Ayla and other Edomite ruins. Aqaba also has a vibrant nightlife scene especially on holiday weekends when thousands of wealthy Jordanians visit the coastal city. Numerous raves and concerts are held by international DJ's and artists at the major resorts and beach clubs. Aqaba is seeing nearly $20 billion worth of developments centered on tourism and real estate projects transforming the city into a "new Dubai".
 The Dead Sea – It is the lowest point on earth,  below sea level, and becomes 1 meter lower each year. It is the only depository of River Jordan and was part of the biblical kingdoms of Midianites and later the Moabites. The Dead Sea area is home to numerous world-class resorts such as the Kempinski, Mövenpick and Marriott. In addition, there are water parks, a public beach and international restaurants. The ultra-chic destination in the area, however, is the O-Beach which is home to cabanas, bars, international restaurants, and a beach club.

Sightseeing

Amman is a modern and cosmopolitan city known for its shopping centers, hotels and ruins. Amman contains numerous ancient ruins, with one dating back to 7250 BC at the ruins of 'Ain Ghazal neolithic village. Other ruins include Amman Citadel which is a hilltop in east Amman that combines many ruins left by several ancient civilizations such as; Umayyad Palace, Byzantine churches, Roman Temple of Hercules. Down that hill lies the famous large Ammani ancient Roman amphitheater along with Hashemite Plaza, Nymphaeum and the smaller Odeon amphitheater. In addition to these archaeological sites, the modern city of Amman has numerous performance spaces, parks, museums, restaurants, commercial districts, and modern cultural and historical sites of interest, such as Wasat al Balad, Al Hussein Public Parks, the Jordan National Gallery of Fine Arts, King Abdullah Mosque, and Abu Darwish Mosque.
Mahis with its religious sites.
Wadi Rum is a desert full of mountains and hills located south of Jordan. It is popular for its sights in addition to a variety of sports that are practiced there, such as rock-climbing. It is also known for its connection to T.E. Lawrence; some scenes in Lawrence of Arabia were filmed here. In the late 2000s it was inscribed as a World Heritage Site for its natural and cultural heritage.
 Irbid, Jordan's second largest city, is home to several museums and malls as well.  However, the main reason for foreigners visiting the city is the plethora of universities that the cities host with Jordan University of Science and Technology and Yarmouk University being the two most prominent.  The city hosts a large student population from all across Jordan, the Middle East and further afield.  Irbid's University Street is home to the most internet cafes per mile in the world.
 Fuheis, a town about 20 minutes north-west of Amman known for its traditional 18th and 19th century churches and turn of the century provincial Jordanian architecture.
The number of available activities and things to do in Jordan is increasing all the time, even though the COVID-19 pandemic did slow the pace of development of new attractions.

Museums
Jordan has a diverse and growing number of museums which serve Jordanian and international visitors alike. Several museums in the capital, Amman, are listed by the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities. They include the Jordan Museum, which is a national museum focused on Jordan's archaeological and cultural heritage, the Royal Tank Museum housing over 120 tanks with a focus on Jordan's military history, and The Royal Automobile Museum and the Children's Museum Jordan which are both located in King Hussein Park in Amman. There are several art museums and institutions including Darat al Funun, the Jordan National Gallery of Fine Arts  and the MMAG Foundation.  Other smaller museums in Amman include the Jordan Archaeological Museum on the Amman Citadel, which houses many important archaeological artifacts. The Jordan Folklore Museum also known as the Jordanian Museum of Popular Traditions, is located at the Roman Theater in Amman. The Tiraz Center in Amman focuses on private collections of Palestinian, Jordanian and Arab costumes and textiles. The Museums of Archaeology and Heritage can be found at the campus of the University of Jordan, and require a prior appointment to visit.  The Museum of Parliamentary Life and the Ahli Bank Numismatic Museum can also be found in Amman.

Outside of Amman, there are a number of museums focusing on art, archaeology, ethnography and natural history. Overlooking the Baqa'a Valley just north of Amman is the Sami Hindiyeh Art Gallery (opened 2017) with its extensive modern art collection from across the Arab world. In the historic city of as-Salt, there is the Abu Jaber Museum, which focuses on late Ottoman and early 20th century history and traditions, as well as an historic house containing the as-Salt Archaeological Museum. There are numerous agritourism developments in the verdant north of Jordan near Salt, such as the ones in and around the archaeologically rich village of Gilead, namely the Mountain Breeze Resort and those affiliated with BookAgri, which aims to encourage the local farmers to showcase their traditional way of life to visitors. In Madaba, south of Amman, there is the Madaba Archaeological Museum, an Interpretive Center at St. George's Church, home of the Madaba Map, as well as a small museum at nearby Mount Nebo. The Dead Sea Panorama Complex contains an informative museum focusing on the natural history and geology of the Dead Sea. Nearby in Ghor es-Safi is the Lowest Point on Earth Museum, which displays important archaeological discoveries from this region of the South Jordan Valley.  The Petra Museum (opened 2019), is located at the entrance of the World Heritage Site of Petra and presents around 300 objects from the Petra region, ranging from prehistory to the present day.

There are several smaller regional or site museums focused on archaeology found across Jordan including the Dar as-Saraya Museum, Irbid, the Museum of Jordanian Heritage at Yarmouk University, also in Irbid, the Karak Archaeological Museum, Karak, the Jerash Archaeological Museum and Jerash Visitor Center, as well as museums at Umm Qais, Aqaba, and Qasr al-Hallabat.

Nightlife
Jordan, most specifically Amman and to a lesser extent Aqaba, has emerged as one of the region's hotspots for nightlife.  Alongside Ramallah, Haifa, Dubai, Beirut, Sharm el Sheikh, and Manama, Amman is a premier clubbing destination in the Arab World and the Middle East.  The country has seen an explosion in nightlife options ranging from high end nightclubs and bars in the capital city to world-class raves at the Dead Sea and Wadi Rum.  Aqaba too has seen a proliferation in nightclubs and beach clubs as a result of the massive of foreign investment and influx of foreign labor and tourists due to the establishment of the special economic zone, ASEZA.  Distant Heat held annually in Wadi Rum is considered one of the world's top raves.

Natural reserves
Jordan has a number of natural reserves.

Azraq Wetland Reserve – Azraq is a unique wetland oasis located in the heart of the semi-arid Jordanian eastern desert, managed by the Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN). Its attractions include several natural and ancient built pools, a seasonally flooded marshland, and a large mudflat known as Qa'a Al-Azraq. A wide variety of birds stop at the reserve each year for a rest during their arduous migration routes between Asia and Africa. Some stay for the winter or breed within the protected areas of the wetland.
Dana Biosphere Reserve – covers 308 square kilometres, composed of a chain of valleys and mountains which extend from the top of the Jordan Rift Valley down to the desert lowlands of Wadi Araba. Dana is home to about 600 species of plants, 37 species of mammals and 190 species of birds.
Mujib Nature Reserve – the lowest nature reserve in the world, with a spectacular array of scenery near the east coast of the Dead Sea. The reserve is located within the deep Wadi Mujib gorge, which enters the Dead Sea at 410 metres below sea level. The Reserve extends to the Kerak and Madaba mountains to the north and south, reaching 899 metres above sea level in some places. Wadi Mujib enjoys a magnificent bio-diversity that is still being explored and documented today. Over 300 species of plants, 10 species of carnivores and numerous species of permanent and migratory birds have been recorded.
Shaumari Wildlife Reserve – The Shaumari Reserve was created in 1975 by the RSCN as a breeding centre for endangered or locally extinct wildlife. Today, following breeding programmes with some of the world's leading wildlife parks and zoos, this small, 22-square-kilometre reserve is a thriving protected environment for some of the most rare species in the Middle East, as Arabian oryx, ostriches, gazelles and onagers, which are depicted on many 6th century Byzantine mosaics.

Visitor statistics
Most visitors arriving to Jordan were from the following countries of nationality:

Investment

Jordan is investing heavily in its tourist infrastructure in the form of luxury hotels, spas, resorts, and massive real estate projects, as The "Abdali Urban Regeneration" Project and the "Marsa Zayed" in Aqaba. Luxury residential housing like Sanaya Amman and the Living Wall are attracting affluent Persian Gulf vacationers to buy property in Jordan.

Queen Alia International Airport is being expanded to handle 9 million passengers annually in the first phase; 12 million in the second phase.

Tourism Development
Currently USAID is an active partner in the development of the tourism industry in Jordan with the continued support of the Jordan Tourism Development Project (Siyaha), currently in its second project lifecycle.
Jordan Tourism Project (SIYAHA)
Duration: 2005–2008
Funding: $17,424,283 (estimated)
Implementing Partner: Chemonics International

Jordan Tourism Project II (SIYAHA)
Duration: 2008–2013
Funding: $28 million
Implementing Partner: Chemonics International

With the establishment of the Aqaba Special Economic Zone, nearly twenty billion dollars have been invested in Jordan's sole coastal city.  Luxurious resorts such as Saraya Aqaba and Tala Bay are being constructed with more in the pipeline like the $1 billion Ayla Oasis.  With Jordan becoming increasing popular as a cruising destination, a new and modern cruise ship terminal is being constructed in the Marsa Zayed project.

See also
 World Tourism Organization
 Visa policy of Jordan

References

External links

 Jordan Tourism Board
 Ministry of Tourism & Antiquities, Jordan
 Touristic Sites description and maps in King Hussein official memory website

Tourism in Jordan
Jordan

Tourism in Jordan


Continental Europe or mainland Europe is the contiguous mainland of Europe, excluding its surrounding islands. It can also be referred to ambiguously as the European continent, – which can conversely mean the whole of Europe – and, by some, simply as the Continent. When Eurasia is regarded as a single continent, Europe is treated both as a continent and subcontinent.

Usage
The continental territory of the historical Carolingian Empire was one of the many old cultural concepts used for mainland Europe. This was consciously invoked in the 1950s as one of the basis for the prospective European integration (see also multi-speed Europe)

The most common definition of mainland Europe excludes these continental islands: the Greek islands, Cyprus, Malta, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, the Balearic Islands, Great Britain and Ireland and surrounding islands, Novaya Zemlya and the Nordic archipelago, as well as nearby oceanic islands, including the Canary Islands, Madeira, the Azores, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, and Svalbard.

The Scandinavian Peninsula is sometimes also excluded as, even though it is a part of "mainland Europe", the de facto connections to the rest of the continent are across the Baltic Sea or North Sea (rather than via the lengthy land route that involves travelling to the north of the peninsula where it meets Finland, and then south through northeast Europe).

Great Britain and Ireland
In both Great Britain and Ireland, the Continent is widely and generally used to refer to the mainland of Europe. An amusing British newspaper headline supposedly once read, "Fog in Channel; Continent Cut Off". It has also been claimed that this was a regular weather forecast in Britain in the 1930s. In addition, the word Europe itself is also regularly used to mean Europe excluding the islands of Great Britain, Iceland, and Ireland (although the term is often used to refer to the European Union). The term mainland Europe is also sometimes used. Usage of these terms may reflect political or cultural allegiances, for example it has been observed that there is a correlation between whether a British citizen considers themselves "British" or "European" and whether they live in an area which primarily supported Brexit.

Derivatively, the adjective continental refers to the social practices or fashion of continental Europe. Examples include breakfast, topless sunbathing and, historically, long-range driving (before Britain had motorways) often known as Grand Touring. Differences include electrical plugs, time zones for the most part, the use of left-hand traffic, and for the United Kingdom, currency and the continued use of certain imperial units alongside the metric units which have long since displaced customary units in continental Europe.

Britain is physically connected to continental Europe through the undersea Channel Tunnel (the longest undersea tunnel in the world), which accommodates both the Eurotunnel Shuttle (passenger and vehicle use – vehicle required) and Eurostar (passenger use only) services. These services were established to transport passengers and vehicles through the tunnel on a 24/7 basis between England and continental Europe, while still maintaining passport and immigration control measures on both sides of the tunnel. This route is popular with refugees and migrants seeking to enter the UK.

Scandinavia

Especially in Germanic studies, continental refers to the European continent excluding the Scandinavian Peninsula, Britain, Ireland, and Iceland. The reason for this is that although the Scandinavian peninsula is attached to continental Europe, and accessible via a land route along the 66th parallel north, it is usually reached by sea.

 ("the Continent") is a vernacular Swedish expression that refers to an area excluding Sweden, Norway, and Finland but including Denmark (even the Danish Archipelago which is technically not a part of continental Europe) and the rest of continental Europe. In Norway, similarly, one speaks about  as a separate entity. In Denmark, Jutland is referred to as the mainland and thereby a part of continental Europe.

The Scandinavian Peninsula is now connected to the Danish mainland (the Jutland Peninsula) by several bridges and tunnels.

Mediterranean and Atlantic islands
The Continent may sometimes refer to the continental part of France (excluding Corsica and overseas France), the continental part of Greece (excluding the Aegean Islands, Crete, and the Ionian Islands), the continental part of Italy (excluding Sardinia, Sicily, etc.), the continental part of Portugal (excluding the Azores and Madeira), and the continental part of Spain (excluding the Balearic Islands, the Canary Islands, the plazas de soberanía, etc.). The term is used from the perspective of the island residents of each country to describe the continental portion of their country or the continent (or mainland) as a whole.

Continental France is also known as l'Hexagone, "the Hexagon", referring to its approximate shape on a map. Continental Spain is referred to as peninsular Spain.

See also
 Contiguous United States
 Continental philosophy
 Geographical midpoint of Europe
 Hajnal line
 Mainland
 Mainland Australia
 Mainland China
 Mainland Finland
 Mainland Tanzania
 Regions of Europe

References

Regions of Europe
Political geography

Continental Europe