Academic dress is the form of robes and headdress worn by graduates or students of a university. Some universities require all students in an undergraduate degree to wear short black robes to classes such as University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge which has their students wearing a less formal robe whilst on campus. Most academic dress is only worn at graduation ceremonies or formal occasions not everyday. There are different types of dress for different types of degrees with the doctoral degree using the most elaborate and formal type of dress. Academic dress was first worn at the old universities of Oxford and Cambrdige but is now worn by most universities around the World. The colour of the robe and/or sash of the robes indicate which degree and in what subject the wearing is graduating in. Academic dress almost always includes a type of headdress commonly called a mortar board.

Uniforms

Academic dress


Angri is a town and comune in the province of Salerno, Campania, Italy. It was the hometown of Teresina Raiola, the mother of famous American gangster Al Capone, as well Frank Nitti, another famous gangster. It is also where Alfonso Maria Fusco lived and died.

References

2001 census data download  Istituto Nazionale di Statistica

Towns in Salerno

Angri


is a bay on the southern coast of Okinawa Island on the Pacific Ocean in Japan. The bay covers  and ranges between  to  deep. The bay is surrounded by the municipalities of Uruma, Kitanakagusuku, Nakagusuku, Nishihara, Yonabaru, Nanjō, all in Okinawa Prefecture. In 1852, while visiting the Ryukyu Kingdom, Commodore Matthew Perry mapped Okinawa and labeled Nakagusuku Bay as "Perry's Bay". During the final months of World War II, the bay became a U.S. Navy forward base, and was nicknamed "Buckner Bay".

History

Buckner Bay
In June 1945, American forces secured Okinawa. Nakagusuku Bay became an important U.S. anchorage. U.S. Army troops referred to it as "Buckner Bay", in memory of Lieutenant General Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr., commander of U.S. land forces in the campaign, who was killed on 18 June.

Naval Base Buckner Bay was built by Naval Construction  Battalion 4 on the bay. It consisted of the anchorage, repair and depot ships, plus onshore support facilities for the US fleet operating off Japan. It also served as a supply and logistics center for forces on Okinawa. It was attacked several times during the closing weeks of the war.  The USS Pennsylvania was torpedoed there by a Japanese aircraft. The base continued operations into the immediate postwar period.

In October 1945, Typhoon Louise struck Buckner Bay, inflicting heavy damage.
Fifteen merchant ships were driven ashore, some damaged beyond recovery. Three USN destroyers were also wrecked. Over 200 other U.S. military vessels, including six LCTs, various special-purpose boats, patrol boats, and landing craft were grounded, severely damaged, or destroyed altogether. Eighty percent of the buildings in the bay were completely wiped out, while over 60 aircraft then present at local airstrips were damaged.

Present day
In the present day, the Buckner Bay - White Beach Naval Port Facility is located on the southernmost tip of the Katsuren Peninsula. The bay is also referred to as Katchin Wan. The White Beach Navy Ammunition Pier and White Beach Army Pier extend into Nakagusuku Bay. Tatsu Kuchi, the main entrance into the bay, is located 18 nmi north-northeast of the southernmost tip of Okinawa. White Beach is also located about 14 nmi northeast of Naha. Numerous large and small islands, reefs, and shoal waters bracket the entrance.

Tengan Pier (26°24.2'N 127°51.1'E) is located at the western end of Kin Wan Bay. Kin Wan Bay is on the east central side of Okinawa between Kin Saki (Kin Point) and the Katsuren Peninsula.

USFJ/MSDF Facilities
There are two piers at White Beach. Navy Pier is under the control of the U.S. Navy Commander Fleet Activities Okinawa (CFAO) and is also used by the Military Sealift Command (MSC) as a back-up ordnance-handling pier. The coordinating authority for U. S. Navy vessels for both piers is Buckner Port Control, White Beach.

Navy Pier is used primarily by U.S. Navy vessels and Japanese Self-Defense Force minesweepers. The pier is approximately 2,400 ft (732 m) long. It consists of a 40 ft (12.2 m) wide by 1,220 ft (372 m) long earth-filled causeway and a 39 ft (11.9 m) wide by 386 ft (117.8 m) long structural causeway that is connected to the main pier. East Navy Pier space for berthing is 790 ft (240.8 m); West Navy Pier space for berthing is 810 ft (246.9 m). The Navy Pier has reinforced concrete pilings with a steel concrete surface. The deck height is 10 ft (3.1 m). Beyond the pier are two 25 ft (7.6 m) by 125 ft (38.1 m) mooring dolphin decks. Ships can moor bow in or bow out at these berths.

The Army Pier is an asphalt-surfaced causeway connecting to a steel pier reinforced with concrete and with a solid facing to the sea floor. The approximate total dimensions of the pier and the causeway are 1,224 ft (373 m) long by 100 ft (30.5 m) wide. The portion of the pier for berthing is approximately 525 ft (160 m) long with a deck height of 10 ft (3.1 m).

The Naha Pilot Association contracts pilot service. Sufficient advance notice must be given for scheduling a pilot and to allow time for the pilot to travel from Naha to Buckner Bay. Three Japanese commercial tugs rated at 3,200 hp are available for White Beach. A pilot is mandatory for U.S. Navy vessels berthing at the White Beach piers but is not required when anchoring. Pilots will not normally board ships with northerly winds greater than 30 kt or southerly winds greater than 26 kt. Wave heights greater than 4.9 ft (1.5 m) make it too difficult to get on or off the ship. All pilots possess adequate English language ability to convey helm and engine orders. Additionally, a qualified Japanese speaking dockmaster will be stationed pierside to assist in docking evolutions. The pilot and working tug primarily use Channel 13 VHF-FM but can be initially contacted via Channel 16 VHF-FM. The pilot pickup point is in the vicinity of 26°14'N 127°55'E. If required, a second tug will normally meet the ship at 26°16.4'N 127°54.3'E.

Anchorage and berthing assignments for Navy vessels are made by the Navy Port Control Officer located at White Beach. Navy Port Control can be contacted via Channel 16 VHF-FM or on 2716 kHz USB.

No repair facilities are located at White Beach.

Tengan Pier is the primary U.S. military ammunition cargo operations site in Okinawa. Ammunition and explosive handling operations are conducted on the pier from 0800 until sunset. Tengan pier has limited shelter from the weather. Anchorage berths can be coordinated through the ship's agent or the local Military Sealift Command Office. Pilot rendezvous point is 26°25'N 127°58'E. Five tugs rated at 3,200 hp are available in Kin Wan Bay.

Tengan Pier is 82 ft (m) wide and 806 ft (m) long with reinforced concrete solid construction. The pier can accommodate two ships with one on each side.

Tengan Pier is connected to land by a 35 ft (m) wide by 1,300 ft (m) long causeway. Ship docking should be self-sustaining. There are no electric shore power outlets, CHT lines, or fuel lines for bunkering.

Approximately 95% of the MSC ships go to White Beach and Tengan Pier because of depth restrictions at the Port of Naha.

No repair facilities are available in the vicinity of Tengan Pier.

See also
USS Nestor (ARB-6)
USS Ulysses (ARB-9)
USS Pennsylvania (BB-38)
1940–49 Pacific typhoon seasons: Typhoon Louise
List of shipwrecks in October 1945: 9 October (Incomplete)
United States Forces Japan
Yaeyama-class minesweeper
Naval Base Okinawa

References

External links
 Naval Base Buckner Bay 1945 (Photo gallery) - Remembering Okinawa History website
 Typhoon Louise Hits Okinawa 9 October 1945 (Photo gallery) - Remembering Okinawa History website
 Typhoons and Hurricanes: Pacific Typhoon at Okinawa, October 1945  - Department of the Navy—Naval History & Heritage Command

Bays of Japan
Landforms of Okinawa Prefecture
Japan campaign
Installations of the U.S. Department of Defense in Japan
United States Armed Forces in Okinawa Prefecture
Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force

Nakagusuku Bay


Primula hendersonii is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, native to western North America, from California north to southern British Columbia and Idaho. Common names include broad-leaved shooting star, Henderson's shooting star, mosquito bills, and sailor caps.

Description
P. hendersonii is summer deciduous, dying back to the ground after the rains cease. It has basal clumps of leaves, 2–16 cm, with nodding flowers 6–25 mm long on stems 10–30 cm tall. The flowers are magenta to deep lavender to white, with the stamens thrust out and the sepals bent back. It is highly variable and hybridizes with Primula clevelandii, from which it can be distinguished by its reddish or purplish stem.

Distribution and habitat
In California, it occurs in the northwest (except the north coast), the Cascade Range, the Sierra Nevada foothills, the Central Valley, the San Francisco Bay Area, the north Inner South Coast Ranges, and the San Bernardino Mountains. It is generally found in open woodlands, from sea level in British Columbia, up to  altitude in California.

Cultivation
It needs good drainage, and needs a dry summer period. Plants germinated from seed may take 3–5 years to produce flowers. For some plants, with frequent light fertilization and moisture, dormancy may be delayed, and flowering time may be decreased to 1–2 years. Another technique to speed flowering is to place them in a cooler after dormancy, then bring them to a shadehouse in midsummer. It can be propagated by division in winter. It prefers shade when inland.

Uses
The leaves and roots can be eaten when roasted or boiled, but are reported to be poisonous when eaten raw.

References

Notes

Jepson Flora Project: Dodecatheon hendersonii
Plants of British Columbia: Dodecatheon hendersonii

ITIS 23962
Cullina, William, and Cullina, Bill (2000) The New England Wild Flower Society Guide to Growing and Propagating Wildflowers of the United States and Canada, Houghton Mifflin Company, .
Las Pilitas Incredible Edibles
"Wildflowers of Henry W. Coe State Park" brochure, Larry Ulrich, 2002

hendersonii
Flora of California
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Flora of the Western United States
Flora of the Northwestern United States
Flora of British Columbia
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Primula hendersonii


Philip Astley (8 January 1742 – 20 October 1814) was an English equestrian, circus owner, and inventor, regarded as being the "father of the modern circus". Modern circus, as an integrated entertainment experience that includes music, domesticated animals, acrobats, and clowns, traces its heritage to Astley's Amphitheatre, a riding school that Astley founded in London following the success of trick-riding displays given by him and his wife Patty Jones in 1768. Astley's first competitor was equestrian Charles Hughes, who had previously worked with Astley. Together with Charles Dibdin, a famous author of pantomimes, Hughes opened a rival amphitheatre in London, which Dibdin called the Royal Circus and Equestrian Philharmonic Academy.

Astley and his wife Patty put on their first public show on Easter Monday, 4 April 1768. extending the equestrian performance with exhibitions of warlike sabre-work and sword-play. The initial performances were done in the open air at Ha'penny (= Halfpenny) Hatch, a field in Lambeth, London, near the present site of Waterloo railway station. The Astleys also performed at other locations in London. Astley performed his stunts in a circular arena, though Astley never used the title of 'circus' for his shows.  Astley's 'Ride' (he also called it 'the Circle') was a ring 65 ft (19 metres) in diameter.  Later, the size evolved to become standardised at 42 feet (13 metres) which is the size used by circuses ever since. Leasing more permanent premises at Westminster Bridge from 1769, he improved conditions for audiences with a covered stands.  The performances themselves, however, were still performed in the open.  In 1770 he hired acrobats, tightrope walkers, jugglers and a clown to fill in the pauses between acts. and so initiated the format which we now know as a 'circus' and which has since spread to many countries.

Biography
Philip Astley was born in Newcastle-under-Lyme in England the son of a cabinetmaker. At the age of nine, he apprenticed with his father, but Astley's dream was to work with horses, so he joined Colonel Eliott's Fifteenth Light Dragoons when he was 17, later becoming a sergeant major. His service in the Seven Years' War brought him into contact with professional trainers and riders. Astley himself was a brilliant rider.

Equestrian master
Astley had a genius for trick riding. He saw that trick riders received the most attention from the crowds in Islington. He had an idea for opening a riding school in London in which he could also conduct shows of acrobatic riding skill. In 1768, Astley performed in an open field in what is now the Waterloo area of London, behind the present site of St John's Church. Astley added a clown to his shows to amuse the spectators between equestrian sequences, moving to fenced premises just south of Westminster Bridge, where he opened his riding school from 1769 onwards and expanded the content of his shows (see below).  He taught riding in the mornings and performed his "feats of horsemanship" in the afternoons.

Astley began to make a reputation and to grow wealthier. After two seasons in London he had to bring some novelty to his performances, so he hired other equestrians, musicians, a clown, jugglers, tumblers, tightrope walkers, and dancing dogs – the modern circus was created. Guilds and lineages of acrobats and clowns had performed throughout Europe for centuries before this, but as members of independent professions, not as part of an integrated entertainment experience for which an all-inclusive ticket was sold.

Astley did not invent trick-riding, which was already a popular entertainment of the period. Nor did he originate the idea of performing in a circular 'ring'. The use of the circular arena is successful for two reasons. First, it is easier for the audience to keep the riders in sight. Second, the circular ring (though Astley called it 'the Ride') helps riders through the generation of centrifugal force, which assists them in keeping their balance while standing on the backs of their galloping horses. Astley never called his 'Astley's Amphitheatre of Equestrian Arts' a circus; that title was thought up by Charles Dibdin, who in partnership with Astley's rival Charles Hughes, opened the Royal Circus on 4 November 1782, a short distance from Astley's in Lambeth, London. After a few years, Astley added a platform, seats, and a roof to his ring. Even after his death Astley's "Royal Amphitheatre" remained famous throughout the nineteenth century, being mentioned by Charles Dickens and Jane Austen. It was closed in 1893 and was demolished the next year. The garden of St Thomas's Hospital now occupies the site; a commemorative paving stone (see below) marks the Amphitheatre's former position.

Astley's original circus ring was 65 ft (~19 m) in diameter, and later he settled it at 42 ft (~13 m), which has been an international standard for circuses since. Not far from the Amphitheatre site is Hercules Road, named after the house Astley built and named Hercules Hall. The house is long gone, but its name is said to have commemorated Astley's popular human pyramid act, La Force d'Hercule.

International success

Astley's circus was so popular that he was invited in 1772 to perform before Louis XV of France in Versailles. Having been established from 1769 as a riding school and for open-air performances, the first Astley's Amphitheatre opened in London in 1773; it burned on 17 September 1794, but with abundant resources available due to the venture's prosperity it was rebuilt and, in due course was rebuilt again after successive fires, and eventually grew to become Astley's Royal Amphitheatre. In 1782, Astley established the first purpose-built circus in France, the Amphitheatre Anglais in Paris. Astley then established 18 other permanent circuses in cities throughout Europe.

During the summers and at other times when his London establishment was inactive, Astley began to establish wooden amphitheatres abroad; the first of these was erected in 1773 in Dublin, Ireland.  He later established eighteen other circuses in European cities, was patronised by a great number of royals, and was famous, envied, and occasionally rich. He never used wild animals in the circus arena. In 1806, with the profits he had earned from his amphitheatre, Astley opened a new venue, the Olympic Pavilion (also known as the Olympic Theatre) on Wych Street, Westminster, near the Strand. This tent-like structure, partly built from the remains of a French warship, did not prove a success, and in 1813 he sold it to Robert William Elliston, who renamed it the Little Drury Lane. Astley died a year later in Paris and was buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery, the cause of his death being gout in the stomach.

Legacy

Astley's Amphitheatre is mentioned in the popular fiction of Charles Dickens, Jane Austen and William Makepeace Thackeray, among others. In Jane Austen's Emma, in chapter 54: "He delivered these papers to John, at his chambers, and was asked by him to join their party the same evening to Astley's. They were going to take the two eldest boys to Astley's." It is also a motif of James Joyce's Finnegans Wake.

Astley's fame is also marked by the existence of three dance tunes which bear his name: "Astley's Ride(s)", "Astley's Flag" and more common, "Astley's Hornpipe". "Astley's Ride" appears as the first song in the music manuscript book of poet John Clare.

Astley's circus is featured prominently in Tracy Chevalier's novel Burning Bright.

On 31 May 1982 the illusionist Fred Van Buren staged the first celebration of Philip Astley in the form of Newcastle-under-Lyme's annual carnival, which had the theme of Philip Astley's Circus. This event began the journey to bring Astley back into the public's awareness.

Then in 1992 the British magician illusionist Andrew Van Buren commissioned a life-size statue to be made of Philip Astley to celebrate the 250th anniversary of Astley's birth. Van Buren is the Astley expert and curator of the Philip Astley Project, creating and uniting archives, exhibitions and a series of events to celebrate the 250th anniversary of circus in 2018 and beyond.

Circus 250

The Circus250 celebrations began in January 2018 when Andrew Van Buren joined Albert II, Prince of Monaco, and Princess Stéphanie of Monaco for the unveiling of a plaque to Philip Astley in Monte Carlo. Following this in February 2018 the United Kingdom's first permanent monument to Philip Astley and his legacy of the circus was positioned on the border between Stoke-on-Trent and Newcastle-under-Lyme. The monument was designed by Candida Kelsall, built by PM Training and funded by the Realise Foundation. This was then unveiled on World Circus Day 2018 by Federation Mondiale du Cirque director Zsuzsanna Mata, the Newcastle-under-Lyme Mayor Simon White and Van Buren. A second of these monuments was then positioned in the village of Silverdale, which is the opposite side of Newcastle-under-Lyme.

A commemorative plaque was inaugurated at the Ha'penny Hatch site off Cornwall Road, Lambeth, on Easter Monday 2018, two days before the exact 250th anniversary of the first performances there by the Astleys.. The plaque was provided by the Lambeth Estate Residents' Association and was unveiled by the circus ringmaster Chris Barltrop dressed as Astley and accompanied by horses and riders from Zippo's Circus. In 1989, Barltrop had been the first to identify the site of Astley's Ha'penny (= Halfpenny) Hatch  .

Chris Barltrop researched and wrote a one-man play, Audacious Mr Astley, which he first performed at the Waterloo East Theatre, London, on Easter Monday 2018, and later at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival <https://www.britishtheatreguide.info/reviews/audacious-mr-as-pleasence-court-16196>.

Newcastle-under-Lyme's New Vic Theatre during the summer of 2018 ran the hugely successful Astley's Astounding Adventure play, complementing their Roll Up events, which included a street exhibition of Circus art and photography curated by the Victoria and Albert Museum. Other events included The Brampton Museum's exhibition of Philip Astley artefacts. Also the Philip Astley Project's AstleyFest outdoor event which celebrated each aspect of Philip Astley's life and legacy. Astley's Astounding Adventure was remounted by the New Vic Theatre in 2023.

On 14 September 2018, a flagstone commemorating the Amphitheatre was inaugurated in the St Thomas's Hospital garden.  The flagstone was the initiative of Martin Burton, founder and director of Zippos Circus.  A group of fully costumed performers from Zippos, including a trick-rider and his horse, accompanied Burton to help inaugurate the flagstone.

In 2019 a new hardback book was published, written by Karl Shaw entitled The First Showman, bringing together for the first time previously unknown facts and details of Astley's life and family history, as a combination of Shaw's own research, plus Newcastle-under-Lyme's Brampton Museum research team and Andrew Van Buren.

See also
 Dan Rice
 John Bill Ricketts

References

External links

Astley's Natural Magic, or, Physical Amusements Revealed From the McManus-Young Collection in the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress

The Philip Astley Project
The Independent Article
Sentinel Article Philip Astley Circus Monument Unveiled
Realise Foundation create Circus Monument
Monte Carlo Monument to Philip Astley
Unveiling the countries first permanent monument to Philip Astley & circus

1742 births
1814 deaths
Military personnel from Staffordshire
18th-century English people
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
English male equestrians
English inventors
People from Newcastle-under-Lyme
British circus performers
British Army personnel of the Seven Years' War
Circus owners
15th The King's Hussars soldiers

Philip Astley


The Census of Antarctic Marine Life (CAML) is a field project of the Census of Marine Life that researches the marine biodiversity of Antarctica, how it is affected by climate change, and how this change is altering the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean.

The program started in 2005 as a 5-year initiative with the scientific goal being to study the evolution of life in Antarctic waters, to determine how this has influenced the diversity of the present biota, and use these observations to predict how it might respond to future change. However, due to modern and extravagant changes within technology, we are able to witness and influence biodiversity reproduction and development. This enables us to gain further insight toward characteristics that allow such biodiversity to flourish within this barren desert referred to as the Arctic and Antarctic.

CAML has collected its data from 18 Antarctic research vessels during the International Polar Year, which is freely accessible at Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research Marine Biodiversity Information Network (SCAR-MarBIN). The  Register of Antarctic Marine Species has 9,350 verified species (16,500 taxa) in 17 phyla, from microbes to whales. For 1500 species the DNA barcode is available.

The information from CAML is a robust baseline against which future change may be measured.

References

External links

Australian Antarctic Division media release
SCAR-MarBIN
Register of Antarctic Marine Species
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research

Geography of the Southern Ocean
Environment of Antarctica
Biological censuses
Marine biology

Census of Antarctic Marine Life


Baraita ( "external" or "outside"; pl. bārayāṯā or in Hebrew baraitot; also baraitha, beraita; Ashkenazi pronunciation: berayse) designates a tradition in the Oral Torah of Rabbinical Judaism that is not incorporated in the Mishnah. Baraita thus refers to teachings "outside" of the six orders of the Mishnah. Originally, "Baraita" probably referred to teachings from schools outside the main Mishnaic-era yeshivas – although in later collections, individual barayata are often authored by sages of the Mishna (Tannaim).

According to Maimonides' Introduction to Mishneh Torah, the barayata were compiled by Hoshaiah Rabbah and Bar Kappara, although no other compilation was passed down that was similar to the Tosefta.

Because the Mishnah encapsulates the entire Oral Law in a purposely compact form (designed to both facilitate and necessitate oral transmission), many variant versions, additional explanations, clarifications and rulings were not included in the Mishnah. These were later compiled in works called barayata, often in the form of a list of teachings by one sage. Barayata can thus also designate collections of such traditions. The main collections of barayata are the Tosefta and the Halakhic Midrashim (Mekhilta, Sifra and Sifre).

The authority of the barayata is somewhat less than that of the Mishnah. Nevertheless, these works are the basic "proof-text" cross-referenced by the Talmudic sages in their analysis and interpretation of the Mishna; see Gemara. Here, a teaching from the baraita is usually introduced by the Aramaic word tanya "It was orally taught" or by tanu tabanan "Our Rabbis have orally taught", whereas tnan "We have orally taught" introduces quotations from the Mishnah. Anonymous barayata are often attributed to particular tannaim by the Talmud. In the Jerusalem Talmud, references to the baraita are less common.

The style of the baraita is basically indistinguishable from that of the Mishna, but some come closer to Mishnaic idiom than others. For example, the second chapter of Kallah Rabbathi, a baraita compilation, is often appended to Pirkei Avot, as both are similar in style and content.

See also
 Gemara
 Midrash
 Talmud

References

 Baraita, jewishencyclopedia.com
 Maimonides Introduction to the Mishneh Torah (English translation)
 Tosefta and Baraita (Hebrew), Maimonides, Introduction to the Commentary on the Mishna
 The Oral Tradition by Aryeh Kaplan

External links
Brief General Introduction to the Babylonian Talmud

Tannaitic literature
Talmud
Aramaic words and phrases
Aramaic words and phrases in Jewish prayers and blessings

Baraita


A corn dog is a sausage on a stick coated in a thick layer of cornmeal batter and deep-fried. The sausage used in a corn dog is usually the same types that are used in hot dogs. It is a popular type of fast food or street food.

Corn dogs originate from the United States in the 1920s. It is commonly found in American cuisine. They are found as a frozen food at most supermarkets.

History

Corn dogs were first introduced by German Texans in the 1920s. The corn dog was first made as just a sausage rolled in cornbread battered and fried. Many years later, sticks were added to corn dogs as a unique food-holding tool that would later create the modern corn dog.

On 1927, the idea of fried food on a stick was filed for a patent in the US. On 1929, the patent was accepted. On the patent, it states that many foods other than sausages can also be used in the same way that a corn dog is prepared. The patent also states that by having a stick, the stick would allow the fried food to be handled and eaten in a cleaner way.

The earliest known year when the corn dog was first prepared in the US was on 1937. During a high school baseball game in Adel, Iowa, ballpark vendors ran out of hot dog buns for their hot dogs. Roger Newman, a local tavern owner who runs one of the vendors, took the remaining hot dogs in order to make corn dogs without sticks. He breaded each hot dog in a cornmeal batter that he had prepared for an upcoming fish fry, and returned to the ballpark with these corn dogs. Even though there were not any sticks for any of the corn dogs, patrons held the corn dogs with a wide variety of different methods. Some patrons held the corn dogs with wax paper, paper cones, and even pocket knives.

Many current corn dog vendors believed that they invented or popularized the corn dog. Carl and Neil Fletcher claimed that they had popularized the corn dog by introducing "Corny Dogs" at the State Fair of Texas sometime between 1938 and 1942. The Pronto Pup vendors at the Minnesota State Fair claim to have invented the corn dog in 1941. On June 16, 1946, Cozy Dog Drive-in, in Springfield, Illinois, claims to have been the first to serve corn dogs on sticks. Also on 1946, Dave Barham opened the first location of Hot Dog on a Stick at Muscle Beach in Santa Monica, California.

Varieties
Several variants of corn dog exist.

 Mini corn dogs are smaller versions of the corn dog.
 Sausage sticks are a breakfast variant of the corn dog.

References

Sausage
Fast food

Corn dog


The Neanderthal Museum is a museum in Mettmann, Germany. It was established in 1996. Located at the site of the first Neanderthal man discovery in the Neandertal, it features an exhibit centered on human evolution. The museum was constructed in 1996 to a design by the architects Zamp Kelp, Julius Krauss and Arno Brandlhuber and draws about 170,000 visitors per year. The museum also includes an archaeological park on the original discovery site, a Stone Age workshop, as well as an art trail named "human traces". All signs in the museum as well as the audio guide offered by the museum are available in German and English.

History

The architectural plan for the museum was chosen through a competition held in the spring of 1993 in which 130 participants from Germany and other countries participated. The design submitted by Professor Günter Zamp Kelp, Julius Krauss and Arno Brandlhuber was chosen as it represented the importance of the location. The museum was established on 10 October 1996 near the site where the renowned Neanderthal fossil was found. Its multimedia exhibition was upgraded in 2006. Continuing donations, endowment or testamentary of funding are helpful for further development of the museum and for acquisition of many more exhibits.
The former hotel Neanderthaler Hof was demolished to make room for the museum's extension.

Exhibits
The museum gives a background of the migration of people from the savannas to the modern cities with emphasis of Neanderthals. Their life size models are cast and exhibited on the basis of fossils excavated from archaeological sites. The exhibits are displayed in the four floors of the building which are interconnected through a spiraling ramp. At the beginning of the ramp, in the first section, there are exhibits on the history of the Neanderthal named "A valley and its Secret", which provides information on relics of the skeleton of the Neanderthal. The next exhibit, "A journey through time", is about crucial stages of human history. Based on the main subject "Evolution of Humankind", the thematic areas spread over five sections exhibit sequentially the "Life and Survival", "Tools and Knowledge", "Myth and Religion", Environment and Nourishment" and "Communication and Society".

The museum has a unique collection of casts of the original human fossils which represent the evolution of the hominids in general and that of the Neanderthals in particular. This cast collection, prepared on the basis of finds from various excavated sites in the world, was facilitated by the donations given by Alfred Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation.

The museum also houses the NESPOS Society e.V. (Pleistocene People and Places) which provides an interactive database on all anthropological and archaeological data connected with the Neanderthals in the form of "3D–images of CT-Scans and surface scans, as well as high-resolution photographs of human fossils and artifacts". Software, developed digitally by NESPOS on the basis of all fossil collections, is distributed freely, which includes scans of 600 fossils and artifacts from Belgium, Croatia, France and Germany.

Special exhibitions

The museum houses special exhibitions. The last exhibition on monkeys finished in October 2012 was developed by the museum at a cost of €120,000. A total of 43,000 visitors saw this exhibition, which makes it one of the more popular ones, and it will next be able to be seen at the Naturhistorisches Museum in Braunschweig. The next special exhibition at the Neanderthal Museum will feature wolves and was created by the Görlitz branch of the Naturmuseum Senckenberg; it will open on 18 November 2012 and will be on display until 17 March 2013. Over the course of this exhibition, dog owners are allowed to take their dogs into the museum on four days; this initiative is based on the precedent by the Phaeno Science Center in Wolfsburg that has an annual dog day.

Services

Research
The Neanderthal Museum Foundation, apart from its present exhibits, also supports research with an interdisciplinary academic approach with particular emphasis on research of the early history of humanity. International excavations and research projects are also actively pursued programmes. The museum encourages lay people to facilitate investigations on local prehistory. The Museum has the world's largest database on glacial archaeology, under the title "NESPOS". Its activities include holding international conferences and symposiums on a regular basis, which "generate interdisciplinary contacts and spark new ideas and perspectives" and the proceedings of which are published in scientific series published by the museum. The museum's work in archaeological and palaeo-anthropological research is succinctly displayed through the audio visuals screened with the aid of several types of multimedia equipment. The museum has an exhaustive collection of scientific publications and movies related to the prehistory of Europe and western Asia and also many scientific journals and monographs which can referred at the media centre.

Education programmes
The museum specifically operates a programme to disseminate knowledge to teachers (including pre-school teachers) through its Permanent Exhibition and Stone Age Workshop. Children are also encouraged to learn from the exhibits which are not part of the school curriculum. In this regard the display areas in the garden such as the Discovery Site, the "Human Traces" art trail and the Ice Age Game Reserve are very topical for children in particular. The Neanderthal Museum also conducts a workshop on the Stone Age, which is educative not only to children but also to the youth and older people. In this workshop, access is provided to prehistoric fossils like bone, leather or sinew, prehistoric tools and techniques used in the daily life of our ancestors.

Grounds
In the garden area, which is developed in the precincts of the museum to represent the Neander Valley, there are many attractions along the labelled paths labelled such as Art trail "Human Traces". Further, towards the Game reserve, the aurochs and the wild horses can be seen. The original excavated site where fossils of Neanderthal man were found is also close to the museum.

Awards
The museum has received many appreciation medals for architecture, exhibits, its website and tourism, between 1997 and 2009, and these are:
 , by the  (Federal Association of the German Cement Industry)
 , BDA-Award Düsseldorf 1997, by the  (Federation of German Architects)
 European Museum of the Year Award Special Commendation 1998, by the European Museums Forum
 , by the  (Federation of German Architects)
 "Goldstar-Award" in 1999 for the Website by the International Council of Museums; Rheinland Award 2000 for innovative tourism management in the Rhineland
  (current architecture in Germany - a reflexive modern way) by a national and international committee for the special exhibition in 2002
 Special award of the Neanderthal Museum, in 2003, for the best concept of life and presentation of culture by the Foundation "Lebendige Stadt"
 Selected place in the "country of ideas" in 2006, by the initiative "Deutschland - Land der Ideen" (Germany - country of ideas)
 Selected place in the "country of ideas", in 2009, by the initiative "Deutschland - Land der Ideen" (Germany - country of ideas).

References

External links

Ice Age Europe

Museums in North Rhine-Westphalia
Archaeological museums in Germany
Archaeological parks
Neanderthals
Fossil museums
Paleontology in Germany

Neanderthal Museum


Chester is a town in Dodge County, Georgia, United States. The population was 1,596 at the 2010 census, up from 305 in 2000, due to inclusion of Dodge State Prison within the town limits.

History
The town takes its name from Chester, New York. The Georgia General Assembly incorporated the place in 1902 as the "Town of Chester", with municipal corporate limits extending in a one-mile radius from the Wrightsville and Tennille Railroad depot.

Geography

Chester is located in northern Dodge County at  (32.394965, -83.153610). Georgia State Route 126 passes through the town as Main Street, leading west  to Cochran and southeast  to Cadwell. Georgia State Route 257 joins SR 126 on Main Street through the center of Chester, but leads northeast  to Dexter and southwest  to Empire. Eastman, the Dodge County seat, is  to the south via Chester Highway.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Chester has a total area of , all land.

Demographics

2020 census

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 525 people, 194 households, and 127 families residing in the town.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 305 people, 133 households, and 82 families residing in the town.  The population density was .  There were 167 housing units at an average density of .  The racial makeup of the town was 54.10% White, 44.59% African American, 0.66% from other races, and 0.66% from two or more races.

There were 133 households, out of which 33.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.6% were married couples living together, 24.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.3% were non-families. 35.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.6% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 15.4% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.7 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.6 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $21,875, and the median income for a family was $26,667. Males had a median income of $20,833 versus $20,750 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,843.  About 20.5% of families and 15.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.7% of those under the age of 18 and 17.3% of those 65 or over.

References

Towns in Dodge County, Georgia
Towns in Georgia (U.S. state)

Chester, Georgia


Eleven Minutes () is a 2003  novel by Brazilian novelist Paulo Coelho that recounts the experiences of a young Brazilian prostitute and her journey to self-realisation through sexual experience.

Plot introduction
Maria, a young girl from a remote village of Brazil, whose first encounters with love had left her heartbroken, goes to seek her fortune in Switzerland. She works for a time in a nightclub but soon becomes dissatisfied and after a heated discussion with her manager one night, she quits her job. She tries to become a model but is unsuccessful. Because she is running out of money, she accepts 1000 francs from an Arab man to spend the night with him.  She then decides to become a prostitute and ends up in a brothel on Rue de Berne, the heart of Geneva's red-light district.

There she befriends Nyah who gives her advice on her "new profession" and after learning the tricks of the trade from Milan, the brothel owner, she enters the job with her body and mind shutting all doors for love and keeps her heart open only for her diary. Quickly she becomes quite successful and famous and her colleagues begin to envy her. Months pass and Maria grows into a professionally groomed prostitute who not only relaxes her clients' minds, but also calms their souls by talking to them about their problems.

Her world turns upside down when she meets Ralf, a young Swiss painter, who sees her "inner light". Maria falls in love with him immediately and begins to experience what "true love" is (according to the author, it is a sense of being for someone without actually possessing him/her). Maria is now split between her sexual fantasies and true love for Ralf. Eventually she decides that it is time for her to leave Geneva with her memory of Ralf, because she realizes that they are worlds apart. But before leaving, she decides to rekindle the dead sexual fire in Ralf and learns from him about the nature of Sacred Sex, sex which is mingled with true love and which involves the giving up of one's soul for the loved one.

References

2003 Brazilian novels
Novels by Paulo Coelho
Novels about prostitution
Portuguese-language novels
Novels set in Geneva
21st-century Brazilian novels
Works about prostitution in Brazil

Eleven Minutes


Rhondi A. Vilott Salsitz, born in Phoenix, Arizona, is a writer of science fiction, fantasy, and mystery novels.

She writes under the names Sara Hanover, Emily Drake, Anne Knight, Elizabeth Forrest, Charles Ingrid, Rhondi Greening, Rhondi Vilott Salsitz, Jenna Rhodes, R.A.V. Salsitz, and Rhondi Vilott.

Bibliography
Crossroads of Darkover anthology (June 2018) "Trust" by Jenna Rhodes

Guilds & Glaives anthology (September 2018) "Rainbow Dark" by Jenna Rhodes

Tales of Plexis anthology (December 2018) "The Locksmith's Dilemma" by Rhondi Salsitz

Her works include:
The New Improved Sorceress DAW (January 2020) as Sara Hanover

The Late Great Wizard DAW (September 2018) as Sara Hanover

The Elven Ways series (epic fantasy) as Jenna Rhodes
 The Queen of Storm and Shadow DAW (May 2017)
 The King of Assassins DAW (November 2014)
 The Dark Ferryman (The Elven Ways: Book Two) DAW (June 2008)
 The Four Forges (The Elven Ways: Book One) DAW (May 2006) The Magickers Chronicles Volume 1 (July 2010) as Emily Drake

The Magickers Chronicles Volume 2 (October 2010) as Emily Drake

The Marked Man omnibus December 2002

Sand Wars series (military science fiction, as Charles Ingrid):Sand Wars omnibus Volumes 1 & 2 (2001)
The Sand Wars, Volume 2 DAW
6 Challenge Met DAW (August 1990)
5 Return Fire DAW (August 1989)
4 Alien Salute DAW (March 1989)
The Sand Wars, Volume 1 DAW
3 Celestial Hit List DAW (November 1988)
2 Lasertown Blues DAW (February 1988)
1 Solar Kill DAW (July 1987)

Other:
 "Strong Armed" by Rhondi Ann Murder, Mystery & Mayhem anthology (October 2017)
 "The Windlost" by Jenna Rhodes Submerged anthology (September 2017)
 Gate of Bones (The Magickers series) DAW (Sept 2004) as Emily Drake
 Dragon Guard (The Magickers series) DAW (June 2003) as Emily Drake
 Curse of Arkady (The Magickers series) DAW (June 2002) as Emily Drake
 Death Storm DAW (October 1999) as Anne Knight
 Retribution DAW (May 1998) as Elizabeth Forrest
 Bright Shadow DAW (May 1997) as Elizabeth Forrest
 Killjoy DAW (June 1996) as Elizabeth Forrest
 Soul Fire DAW (October 1995) as Charles Ingrid
 Deathwatch DAW (June 1995) as Elizabeth Forrest
 Downfall Matrix DAW (September 1994) as Charles Ingrid
 Darktide DAW (September 1993) as Elizabeth Forrest
 Twilight Gate Walker (March 1993) as Rhondi Vilott Salsitz
 Path of Fire DAW (December 1992) as Charles Ingrid
 Phoenix Fire DAW (March 1992) as Elizabeth Forrest
 Radius of Doubt DAW (October 1991) as Charles Ingrid
 Last Recall DAW (January 1991) as Charles Ingrid
 Challenge Met DAW (August 1990) as Charles Ingrid
 Night of Dragons ROC (July 1990) as R.A.V. Salsitz
 The Marked Man DAW (December 1989) as Charles Ingrid
 Return Fire DAW (August 1989) as Charles Ingrid
 Alien Salute DAW (March 1989) as Charles Ingrid
 Celestial Hit List DAW (November 1988) as Charles Ingrid
 Daughter of Destiny NAL (November 1988) as R.A.V. Salsitz
 Lasertown Blues DAW (February 1988) as Charles Ingrid
 Where Dragons Rule NAL (December 1986) as R.A.V. Salsitz
 The Unicorn Dancer NAL (July 1986) as R.A.V. Salsitz
 Where Dragons Lie NAL (December 1985) as R.A.V. Salsitz
 Yellowstone Jewel Zebra (August 1983) as Rhondi Vilott
 Her Secret Self Bantam (November 1982) as Rhondi Vilott
 The Dragontales series, 14 interactive novels from Signet Books as Rhondi Vilott.

References

External links
 Author's Website
 Official Magickers Website
 Interview with Emily Drake

20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American children's writers
American fantasy writers
American science fiction writers
American women short story writers
American women novelists
1949 births
Living people
Writers from Phoenix, Arizona
American women children's writers
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
20th-century American short story writers
21st-century American short story writers
Novelists from Arizona

Rhondi A. Vilott Salsitz


Wanganella  is a village community on the Billabong Creek in New South Wales, Australia. The settlement is on the Cobb Highway, located between Hay (to the north) and Deniliquin (to the south).  Wanganella is within the Edward River Council local government area. At the , Wanganella had a population of 30.

History
Land was subdivided at Wanganella and in 1864 allotments were sold. A traveller passing through Wanganella in mid-1865 described the township as consisting "of two public houses, a blacksmith's shop, and a shoemaker's shop"; he also stated that "a neat bridge" had been erected over Billabong Creek.  Another report from 1865 stated there were twenty-five persons living at Wanganella, which had two inns, two stores and two butchers' shops.

Climate
Climate records have been kept for Wanganella since 1867. Temperature extremes are quite marked over the full year: the average maximum temperature in February is  and the average minimum temperature in July is . The average annual rainfall at Wanganella is .

References

External links

Towns in New South Wales
Towns in the Riverina
Edward River Council

Wanganella, New South Wales


Josef Weidenholzer (born 6 March 1950) is an Austrian politician who served as Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 2011 until 2019. He is a member of the Social Democratic Party, part of the Party of European Socialists.

Weidenholzer is a professor of Social Policy and served as Director of the Institute for Social Policy at the Johannes Kepler University Linz. from 1998. Since 1991 he is the President of Volkshilfe Österreich and of the European NGO platform 'Solidar'.

Life and career
After attending Catholic school in the Kremsmünster Abbey, Weidenholzer studied sociology in the Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences at the Johannes Kepler University of Linz from 1968 until 1973. As a student he became actively engaged in the Association for Socialist Students VSStÖ. In 1973 he completed his Magister degree, followed by his doctorate in 1977 and his habilitation in 1982.

Weidenholzer commenced his professional career in 1973 when he worked as a research assistant for the Institute for Modern and Contemporary History at the University of Linz, and as a university assistant at the Institute for Social and Development Studies in 1975. In addition, he has worked for Karl Stadler at the Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft for the History of the Workers Movement, at the University of Linz.

Weidenholzer lectured in academic institutions around the world: in
Belgium, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, India, Korea, Sweden, Taiwan, the United States, and in Graz and Klagenfurt in Austria. With his reputation thus enhanced, Weidenholzer was appointed Extraordinary University Professor for Societal and Social Policy.

In 1984, Weidenholzer was awarded the Advancement Award by the Victor Adler National Award for the history of social movements. From 1984 until 1998, he was director of the Research Institute for social planning and, from 1998 until 2003, dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences and Economy in Linz.

Work
Josef Weidenholzer's professional focus is on Social Policy, theories of the welfare state, international comparison between welfare- state systems, political theory and international comparative studies on political cultures. He also focuses on the theory and history of social movements, in particular the workers movements and the development of theory and practice.
He established the association Museum Arbeitswelt in Steyr, where he was chairman from 1986 until 1993 and conducted the National Exposition ¨Work-Man-Machine¨ (1987), which has been crucial for the permanent installation of the museum.

Josef Weidenholzer is considered to be a convinced European and committed professor. As the president of the Volkshilfe, he fights for social justice and takes a strong public stand on the issue of marginalization. He also politically commits himself to improving the situation of the socially disadvantaged- an issue which is of special concern to him.

Memberships
Weidenholzer stood as a candidate for the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ) during the European elections in 2009. With the Lisbon Treaty, which resulted in a regulated increase in the number of Members, he became a Member of the European Parliament on 1 December 2011. In 2008, Weidenholzer was a founding member of the Momentum congress and is since, its academic director.  He is member of the advisory board of the 2012 founded open access- scientific journal Momentum Quarterly.

Member of the European Parliament, 2011–2019
Weidenholzer was a Member of the European Parliament from 2011 until 2019. During his time in office, he formed part of the Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament (S&D). The emphasis of his work lies in the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE), in particular concentrating on human rights, asylum, data protection, police and judicial cooperation and the securing of fundamental rights. Within LIBE, he was part of the Rule of Law Monitoring Group (ROLMG) from 2018 until 2019. He was also a deputy member of the Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO) and a member of the Delegation for relations with Iran. In March 2012, he joined the temporary Special Committee against Organised crime, corruption and money laundering (CRIM).

References

External links

 Weblog von Josef "Joe" Weidenholzer
 European Parliament Page of MEP Josef Weidenholzer

1950 births
Living people
People from Schärding District
Johannes Kepler University Linz alumni
Social Democratic Party of Austria MEPs
MEPs for Austria 2009–2014
MEPs for Austria 2014–2019

Josef Weidenholzer


Locust Grove, also known as the Old Jacob Brubaker House is a historic house in rural Page County, Virginia.  It is located about  southeast of Luray, at 6601 Ida Road (Virginia State Route 269).  It is set on the south side of the road, just west of Chub Run.  It is a -story brick house, with a gable roof, and a single-story side ell.   Built about 1830, it is a good local example of Federal period style, retaining original interior floors, woodwork, and fireplace mantels.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Page County, Virginia

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Federal architecture in Virginia
Houses completed in 1930
Houses in Page County, Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Page County, Virginia

Locust Grove (Page County, Virginia)


Himelhoch's was a department store in Michigan, United States. Wolf Himelhoch was a Jewish-Latvian emigrant from Courland, part of the Russian Empire that is now Latvia. He started the company in the 1870s in the Michigan Thumb, selling merchandise on a pushcart between Caro and Bay City. Wolf opened a store in Caro in 1876, and his father Israel and three uncles later expanded it. Recognizing the demand for high-end women's fashion in Detroit, the family opened a small store on Woodward Avenue in Detroit in 1907. In 1923, they moved to the seven-story NRHP-listed Washington Arcade Building at 1545 Woodward Avenue designed by architect Albert Kahn, with marble-faced walls on the third story, and mahogany floors on the third and fifth floors. Himelhoch's opened branches in Birmingham, Michigan (1950), Grosse Pointe (1952), and Northland Center in Southfield (1954). However, due to the dispersal of sales across multiple branches, Himelhoch's found itself unable to keep an inventory of luxury goods or take risks stocking new trendy items. resulting in an ever more conservative product selection. The chain lost momentum, over time closing the bridal, shoe, children's, fur, and cosmetics departments. In 1979, Himelhoch's filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy and closed their stores. The Detroit flagship building is now an apartment building, the Himelhoch Apartments. The last CEO, Charles Himelhoch, who held that position for three decades, died in 2020. Carol Himelhoch is now president of Himelhoch's which reopened in 2018 as an online luxury clothing retailer.

External links
Himelhoch's official website

References

Defunct department stores based in Michigan
1876 establishments in Michigan
Defunct companies based in Detroit
Commercial buildings in Detroit

Himelhoch's


A seed drill is a sowing device that sows the seed precisely in the soil at proper depth and distance. Then it covers them with soil. It protects the seeds from birds and saves time and labour.

 Jethro Tull is widely thought of as having invented the seed drill, though earlier the Sumerians used a single-tube seed drill, and the Chinese had also used a multi-tube seed drill.  The use of a seed drill can improve the ratio of crop yield (seeds harvested per seed planted) by as much as nine times.

References

Agricultural machinery

Seed drill


Doru Shahabad (also written as Dooru Shahabad or only Doru) is a town and the headquarters of the Dooru tehsil in the Anantnag district of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It also known as a historical township in South Kashmir's Anantnag district.  Doru Shahabad is considered place of intelligence, where great scholars like Mehmood shah Gami, Rasul Mir Shahabadi were born. These scholars contributed to the literature and culture of Kashmir. In present times, Shahabad has produced chief ministers such as Syed Mir Qasim, other politicians, bureaucrats, and leading agricultural scientists.

Demographics
According to the 2011 Indian census, Doru had a population of 19,429. Males constituted 53% of the population and females 47%. Doru had an average literacy rate of 70.61%, higher than the national average of 68%, with 83.09% of the males and 58.41% of females literate. 23% of the population was under 6 years of age.

Notable people

Poetry
Famous Kashmiri poets, such as Rasool Mir (also known as the John Keats of Kashmir), Mahmud Gami (Jaami of Kashmir), Hamidullah Shahabadi, Asad Mir, Peer Mushkoor, Ghulam Ahmad Wani (Ama Thoker) lived in Doru Shahabad. The religious Kashmiri pandit scholar Sh. Damodhar Pandita Shahabadi and colonial Indian and Pakistani writer Saadat Hasan Manto also had there roots in Doru Shahabad. Doru is also inhabited by heirs of Kashmiri poetry including: S.M. Maqbool Fayiz, Peer Ghulam Mohammad Astana Shahid,Yasir Kashmiri, A.G. Nisar Shahbadi, Waahid Kashmiri, Sher Ali Bodha, Figaar Kashmiri, and Armaan Shahabadi.

Literature
The famous historian of Zain-ul-Aabideen's court, Mullah Mohammad, who translated Rajatarangini from Sanskrit into Persian, was from Doru Shahabad, along with Mir Saidullah, the author of Bagh-i-Sulaiman.

Politics/Activism
Doru was home to Ghulam Ahmad Itoo, a peasant reformer for Kashmiri peasants under the Dogra rule.

Itoo was a pioneer of the Land Reform Movement which worked for the rights of Kashmiri peasants. He was jailed by the authorities. Syed Mir Qasim, who served as Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister from 1971 to 1975, as well as social activist Abdul Gani Malik.

Syed Hussain currently resides in Doru. He has been M.L.A, M.L.C, chairman of the legislative council and executive member of several other as a member of the Rajya Sabha.

Religion
The religious scholar Mirwaiz Ghulam Rasool Shah Sahib served the people of Kashmir, upholding Islamic teachings and the religious enlightenment. Mufti Ghulam Nabi Shah Sahib was a religious scholar born in Doru, known for his skill at fiqa Arabic and Persian grammar, along with having partnership in 'Quran' and 'Hadith'.

Shrines

The Khankah Faiz Panah shrine was constructed by Mir Mohammad Hamadani, the son of Ameer-i-Kabeer Mir Syed Ali Hamadani. The other important shrines of the town include Ziyarat Shah Mohammad Azam Sahib, Syed Jaffer Madani, and Shah Asraar. Hindu tirths such as Luk Bawan (Lokapunya), Vitasta, and Goswanigund are located in Doru.

Settlements

The older muhallas (settlements) of the town are: Mohalla Shah Sahib, Mirmaidan (birthplace of Rasool Mir), Arabal, Sehpora, Mirgund, Bragam, Khudhamam, Nadoora, and Arampora (birthplace of Syed Mir Qasim).

New colonies like College Road and Iqbal Colony have developed more recently. The well-known spring and Mughal garden Verinag is located 4 kilometres from Doru Shahabad. The two other springs in the area, Shehilnag and Sumnag, are known as "siblings" of Verinag.

References

External links
 Dooru tehsil, OpenStreetMap, retrieved 4 May 2022.
Senior Hurriyat Leader and Acting Chairman Jammu Kashmir Peoples League, Mukhtar Ahmad Waza today visited Dooru Shahabad, Kashmir Watch
Kashmiri Song (Brem Dith Wajnas Naway), YouTube video of song from Doru Shahabad

Villages in Anantnag district

Doru Shahabad


Serravalle di Chienti is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Macerata in the Italian region Marche, located about  southwest of Ancona and about  southwest of Macerata. It is crossed by the Chienti river. The communal territory is largely mountainous with numerous woods and pastures.

Serravalle di Chienti borders the following municipalities: Camerino, Fiuminata, Foligno, Monte Cavallo, Muccia, Nocera Umbra, Pieve Torina, Sefro, Visso.

History
Settled since pre-historic times, in antique times the Serravalle plateau featured a lake known as Plestinam Paludem. The area was subsequently ruled by the Etruscans and the Romans.

In the Middle Ages it was a fortress of the Da Varano family of Camerino.

Main sights
Parish church, with 16th-century frescoes by Simone and Giovanni de Magistris.
Church of Santa Maria di Pistia or di Plestia, in proto-Romanesque style. It was built over an ancient pagan temple of the Umbrian goddess Cupra. Once the cathedral of the town of Plestia, it was destroyed, together with the latter, by Emperor Otto III. It was rebuilt around the year 1000, to which date the current crypt and apse. The nave and the portico are later.
Convent of Brogliano.
Botte dei Varano, an artificial channel built by Giulio Cesare da Varano in the 15th century to dry the Karst plateau of Colfiorito. Recent restorations have shown the presence of a pre-existing Roman travertine structure.

Comunes

Cesi

References

External links
 Official website

Cities and towns in the Marche

Serravalle di Chienti


Selma Oxor (born June 9, 1988) is a Mexican singer-songwriter.

Oxor was born Leticia Beeton in Monterrey, Mexico, but has since adopted the handle Selma Oxor.
Selma Oxor was formed in 2007 with Alexico and Violeta Hinojosa (Ratas Del Vaticano). They released their self-titled album as a group in 2009 through Nene Records. By 2012 the trio separated to focus on other projects and that is when Oxor became a solo project.
She has been called "Mexico's New Queen of Electro Trash Goth" by Remezcla Musica, comparing the former member of Bam Bam to Grimes or Dani Shivers.

In 2009 she played at South by Southwest in Austin, Texas. She has spent several years playing shows internationally at underground venues, such as the warehouse space Death by Audio in Williamsburg, New York, Siberia in New Orleans and more obscure spots throughout Mexico.

In 2010, while living in Detroit, she collaborated on the recording of a noise album on the label Hermitage Records; Chronos and Hecate, for which she contributed synths.
In 2012 she performed in Mexico City at the Converse Festival. and at the Taladro Fest in Matamoros, Tamaulipas and at Celebrate Mexico Now in New York City.

In both 2012 and 2013 she returned to her homecity of Monterrey, Mexico to play at NRMAL Festival, which is held annually in the state of Nuevo Leon.

In 2012 she joined the Mexico City based label Vale Vergas Discos and released her first solo album User 69 to rave reviews. Club Fonograma called it "filthy, dark, strenuous synth punk that persuades you to get carnal in each pumping, lecherous beat enveloping it".

MTV Iggy called her music "deliciously dark and vampish" and noted the change in aesthetic, adding "Leticia's dark and sultry moans of not giving a fuck opened the pathway to more fans, as she paraded herself as the trick you won't ever forget."

Her work has been reviewed by national and international blogs like Club Fonograma, MTV IGGY, NRMAL, Puerto Rico Indie, NEGATIVE YOUTH, Remezcla, Life box Set, After Pop TV, Noise Lab, Sicario TV, among others.

Her most recent work has been in collaboration with AJ Dávila of Dávila 666, on his new solo album Terror/Amor.

References

External links

  Selma Oxor

Living people
Singers from Monterrey
Mexican women singer-songwriters
Mexican singer-songwriters

1988 births
21st-century Mexican singers
21st-century Mexican women singers

Selma Oxor


Chaohusaurus is an extinct genus of basal  ichthyopterygian, or ichthyosaur, from the Lower Triassic of Chaohu and Yuanan, China.

It was closer in time and form to Cymbospondylus and Mixosaurus than to more advanced genera like Ichthyosaurus. It did not have the dolphin-like form of later ichthyosaurs, but it was fully aquatic. The tail fin is wide-based and short. The neck is rather long, whereas later ichthyosaurs have no neck. There is no dorsal fin.

It was one of the smallest ichthyosaurs, about 70 to 180 cm long. Its weight was about 10 kg.

Reproduction
A recent study of Chaohusaurus shows an early example of live birth. A remarkable feature was a baby close to emerging head-first. The authors comment:
"Its headfirst birth posture... strongly indicates a terrestrial origin of viviparity, in contrast to the traditional view. The tail-first birth posture in derived ichthyopterygians, convergent with the conditions in whales and sea cows, therefore is a secondary feature". They comment "obligate marine amniotes appear to have evolved almost exclusively from viviparous land ancestors".

In other words, ichthyosaurs gave live birth when they were still land dwellers. Then, later, they adapted to an aquatic life.

References

Ichthyosaurs

Chaohusaurus


Samuel Meekosha VC (16 September 1893 – 8 December 1950), who changed his name by deed poll to Samuel Ingham in 1942, was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Biography
Samuel Meekosha was born in Leeds, although his family moved to Bradford when he was a baby, and Samuel always looked on that city as his home.
Samuel's mother was English and he had a Polish father; he was proud of his Eastern European roots but was such a reluctant hero that in later life he changed his surname to Ingham, from his mother's maiden name of Cunningham.

He was 22 years old, and a corporal in the 1/6th Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment (The Prince of Wales's Own), British Army based at Belle Vue Barracks, Manningham, Bradford when during the First World War the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

On 19 November 1915 near the Yperlee Canal, near the village of Boesinghe (Boezinge), in Belgium, Corporal Meekosha was with a platoon of about 20 NCOs and men holding an isolated trench north of Ypres. During a very heavy bombardment six of the platoon were killed and seven wounded, while the rest were more or less buried. When there were no senior NCOs left in action Corporal Meekosha took command, sent for help and in spite of more big shells falling within 20 yards of him, continued to dig out the wounded and buried men in full view of and at close range from the enemy. He was assisted by Privates Johnson, Sayers and Wlkinson who were all awarded the DCM. Their courage saved at least four lives.

Meekosha was commissioned into the West Yorkshire Regiment in 1917. He was promoted lieutenant in 1918 and captain in 1919. He transferred to the Corps of Military Accountants in 1919, retiring in 1926. He rejoined the West Yorkshire Regiment as a captain in 1940 and transferred to the Royal Army Ordnance Corps, based in Leicestershire, later the same year. He was later promoted to major.

It was reported in the 3 April 2001 issue of The Times that James Morton, Sotheby's medal specialist, said: "Meekosha was a very modest man who was quite dismissive of the act that earned him the VC. He joined up for the Second World War and because of his unusual name people kept asking him: 'Aren't you the chap that won the VC?' In an attempt to stop the questions he changed his name [to Ingham] by deed poll in 1941 or 1942."

After the First World War he became a representative for the tobacco company John Player & Sons. He died at his home in Oakdale, Blackwood, Monmouthshire, on 8 December 1950. His ashes were claimed by his family and spread on Ilkley Moor in Yorkshire.

The medal
His Victoria Cross was sold for £101,200 at Sotheby's on 3 May 2001

References

Jim Macmillan-murphy, Greg Patton
 The Times 3 April 2001 and 4 May 2001

External links
Burial location of Samuel Meekosha "Mid Glamorgan"
News item "Samuel Meekosha's Victoria Cross sold at auction"

British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross
West Yorkshire Regiment soldiers
British Army personnel of World War I
British Army personnel of World War II
West Yorkshire Regiment officers
Corps of Military Accountants officers
Royal Army Ordnance Corps officers
Military personnel from Bradford
1893 births
1950 deaths
British people of Polish descent
British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross
Military personnel from Leeds

Samuel Meekosha


Raymond John Fenwick (18 July 1946 – 30 April 2022) was an English guitarist and session musician, best known for his work in The Syndicats and in The Spencer Davis Group in the 1960s, and as the lead guitarist of Ian Gillan's post-Deep Purple solo project, the Ian Gillan Band.

Career
Fenwick's first professional group was a ska and bluebeat group called Ray and the Red Devils. In 1964, he joined The Syndicats, replacing Steve Howe, and in turn being replaced by Peter Banks. In 1965, he joined the Dutch group Tee-Set, from which developed another group After Tea.

He was with The Spencer Davis Group from 1967 to 1969. He also co-wrote the theme music to the 1970s television series Magpie, which was credited to "The Murgatroyd Band", which was basically The Spencer Davis Group at the time. Fenwick wrote all songs on the group's 1969 album Funky (briefly released in the US in 1970; full release only in 1997) and recorded his own album Keep America Beautiful, Get a Haircut in 1971 with a similar line-up, albeit minus Davis.

In July 1972, he played guitar on a number of the tracks for Bo Diddley's Chess Records album The London Bo Diddley Sessions. During the 1970s, he was part of the Ian Gillan Band. He participated in Jon Lord's live album Windows (1974). He was also in the group Fancy, who had the hits "Touch Me" and a cover of Chip Taylor's "Wild Thing".

He also was a member of the studio project Forcefield (1987–1989) along with Tony Martin (Black Sabbath), Cozy Powell (Rainbow, Black Sabbath, Emerson, Lake and Powell), Jan Akkerman and Neil Murray (Whitesnake, Black Sabbath).

He returned to sessions and then featured on former Rainbow vocalist Graham Bonnet's album Here Comes the Night (1991).

In 2003, Fenwick toured with Yes guitarist Steve Howe as part of his band Steve Howe's Remedy, appearing on the live concert DVD of Steve Howe's Remedy Live released in 2005. He appears on Steve Howe's compilation Anthology 2: Groups and Collaborations, released 2016. The two guitarists play together on the track "Slim Pickings", recorded 2002, which closes the album.

Fenwick produced Jo Jo Laine's girl group single "When the Boy's Happy" on Mercury Records under the name Jo Jo Laine & The Firm.

Personal life
Fenwick taught guitar and jazz grades at various colleges and schools in Britain, including Boston College, Lincolnshire. He died at home on 30 April 2022.

Discography
Solo
 1971 Keep America Beautiful, Get a Haircut
 1979 Queen of the Night / Between the Devil and Me (SP)
 1997 Groups and Sessions 1962–1978 (anthology)

with Ian Gillan Band
 1976 Child in Time
 1977 Clear Air Turbulence
 1977 Scarabus
 1977 Live at the Budokan (1983, European release)

Other projects
 1967 National Disaster (After Tea)
 1968 With Their New Face On (Spencer Davis Group)
 1969 Funky (Spencer Davis Group)
 1971 Magpie (Theme From Thames Television Programme) (The Murgatroyd Band)
 1972 Hector and other Peccadillos (Mike Absalom)
 1973 Gluggo (Spencer Davis Group)
 1973 The London Bo Diddley Sessions (Bo Diddley)
 1973 Living in a Back Street (Spencer Davis Group)
 1974 The Butterfly Ball and the Grasshopper's Feast (Roger Glover)
 1974 Windows (Jon Lord)
 1974 Wild Thing (Fancy)
 1976 Turns You On (Fancy)
 1976 Wizard's Convention (Eddie Hardin)
 1982 Circumstantial Evidence (Eddie Hardin)
 1981 Finardi (Eugenio Finardi)
 1982 Secret Streets (Eugenio Finardi)
 1984 Life on Mars (Johnny Mars)
 1985 Wind in the Willows (Eddie Hardin)
 1987 Long Hot Night (Minute By Minute)
 1989 Timewatch (Minute By Minute)
 1991 Wind in the Willows – A Rock Concert (Eddie Hardin)
 1993 First of the Big Band – BBC1 Live in Concert '74 (Ashton & Lord)
 1995 Wizard's Convention 2 (Eddie Hardin)
 1995 Still a Few Pages Left (Hardin & York)
 1997 Musicians Union Band (recorded in 1971)
 1997 24 Carat (Tee Set)
 1997 Guitar Orchestra (recorded in 1971)
 2003 The Fabulous Summer Wine (Summer Wine) (recorded in 1972)
 2005 Live (Steve Howe's Remedy) - DVD
 2016 Anthology 2: Groups and Collaborations (Steve Howe) - Fenwick and Howe play together on "Slim Pickings"

References

External links
 website
 Fancy

1946 births
2022 deaths
People from Romford
English rock guitarists
The Spencer Davis Group members
Ian Gillan Band members

Ray Fenwick


Devinder Pal Singh Bhullar (born 26 May 1965 in Punjab, India) was a former professor . He was  convicted by a TADA court in a 1993 Delhi bomb blast case that left nine people dead and injured 31. The Indian supreme court had confirmed his death sentence in a fractured and divided decision. His death sentence has been commuted to life imprisonment by the Supreme Court of India on 31 March 2014.

A chemical engineering professor by profession, he taught in Ludhiana before his conviction for a bomb blast in Delhi. He was declared guilty—under India's Terrorism and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA), of killing nine bystanders in a 1993 car bombing intended to kill politician Maninderjeet Singh Bitta, and sentenced to death by hanging by a split decision. The Supreme Court of India commuted his death sentence to life Imprisonment on 31 March 2014, both on the ground of an unexplained and inordinate delay of eight years in deciding his mercy petition and on the ground of mental illness.

Crime

On 11 September 1993, a car bomb exploded outside the offices of the Indian Youth Congress on Raisina Road in New Delhi, killing nine people. The remote-controlled bomb used RDX as explosive. The primary target for the mid-day bombing was identified as Maninder Singh Bitta, a vocal critic of Khalistani separatists, who was leaving the Youth Congress offices in his car. Bitta survived the attack with shrapnel wounds to his chest. However, two of Bitta's body guards were killed.

After investigation, authorities named Bhullar as the bomber responsible for the 1993 Raisina Road car bomb. Bhullar's sympathizers argue that he was targeted solely for supporting the Khalistani separatist cause and for speaking out against injustices in Punjab during the 1980s, in particular students missing after police encounters, Operation Woodrose and the 1984 sikh killing. The prosecution claimed that he was part of the proscribed separatist organization, Khalistan Liberation Force. However, his family and friends deny this claim.

In the appellate stage of the trial he was found guilty by a majority of 2–1. The two judges who upheld the death sentence have found his confession admissible. The dissenting Judge, presiding judge of the three-judge bench, however, acquitted the accused, finding that he was not guilty of participating in the 1993 car bomb attack and too much doubt remained on the authenticity of the alleged confession to the Punjab police. However, the other two judges convicted him, arguing that proof "beyond reasonable doubt" should be a "guideline, not a fetish". Bhullar was named responsible based on his confession; but the defense claims that it was taken under duress.

Devinder Pal Singh Bhullar has gone in appeal over the judgement of the trial court and his conviction was upheld at all the stages. Finally, a Presidential pardon was sought by him and granted on ground of inordinate delay in deciding his mercy petition and his schizophrenia.

Flight to Germany and attempted asylum

After the bombing, Bhullar fled to Germany in December 1994 and sought political asylum. His plea was rejected by the German government in 1995 and he was extradited back to India to face charges of terrorism although on the basis of Bhullar receiving a fair trial and not being subjected to capital punishment. Upon his return to India in 1995, Bhullar was immediately arrested and prosecuted for alleged bombings in Delhi. He was treated as a terrorist and prosecuted under the Terrorism & Disruptive Activities Act (TADA).

Bhullar has been in prison on death row for the last two decades since being arrested upon arrival after being deported to India.

Confession

On being handed over to the Indian police in Delhi by airline staff, Bhullar was taken into detention. The police alleged that he volunteered a confession, which was typed on a computer while Bhullar spoke but according to the authorities the secretary forgot to save the confession on the computer. Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act requires the confession to be handwritten or an audio/video record of it to be kept. The authenticity of typed confessions is doubted in the courts.

Court proceedings

In India, Bhullar was prosecuted for the 1993 New Delhi car bombing. He was found guilty by the trial court and sentenced to death by hanging on 25 August 2001. The rest of the accused have been acquitted. Bhullar was then taken before an 'executive' magistrate. Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act requires the confession document be sent to the magistrate before appearance of the person so that the magistrate is in a position to examine it. The confession document was not sent to the magistrate nevertheless the magistrate went on to ask him if he had made the confession. Bhullar wrote to the court that the 'confession' was involuntary and obtained under torture and fear of death.

In a 2002 review of the trial, an appeals court upheld Bhullar's death sentence by a split verdict of 2–1. The presiding judge voted to overturn the death penalty on Bhullar, because the testimony of the prosecution witnesses had been at odds with the account of events in Bhullar's self-confession. However, the other judges upheld the death penalty because Bhullar's confession had not been sent to the trial magistrate, it was not the basis for the conviction and Bhullar had withdrawn his confession.

While he was waiting for the death sentence, Bhullar was convicted of other charges by the Punjab Police. However, on 1 December 2006 in the Chandigarh and Haryana High Court the judge acquitted Bhullar on the basis of lack of evidence. R.S. Baswana Additional Sessions Judge held that there was no evidence on file to link the accused with the other alleged crimes and despite the fact that the prosecution had 15 years to gather evidence against Bhullar, they were unable to produce evidence linking Mr Bhullar to the case against him. He had filed a review petition, which was also dismissed on 17 December 2002. Bhullar had then moved a curative petition, which too had been rejected by the Supreme Court on 12 March 2003.

Bhullar's appeal against the conviction was dismissed by the Supreme Court of India on 27 December 2006. His plea for clemency was rejected by the President of India in May 2011. In September 2011, the Supreme Court allowed Bhullar to file an unprecedented second appeal against the death sentence. The amendment to the appeal will argue that Bhullar's first appeal against the death sentence should have been heard by a Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court, rather than a Trial Bench. Additional pleas in the appeal will include the arguments that Bhullar's death sentence had been upheld by a 2–1 split verdict and that Bhullar was mentally ill due to the delay in his execution. The appeal will hence request that his death sentence be commuted to life in prison. In April 2013, the Supreme Court upheld his death penalty after considering a mercy plea.

The writ petition which was filed in Supreme Court of India in April 2013 was only against the plea that delay in execution of death sentence should be a ground for converting death sentence into life imprisonment. The Supreme Court rejected the plea in April 2013, by holding that in terror crime cases pleas of delay in execution of death sentence cannot be a mitigating factor.

In 2005, Bhullar wrote to the German chancellor to put diplomatic pressure on Indian Government to release him. The letter was later made public. Bhullar appealed against his execution on the grounds that his petition for mercy was kept pending by the President of the country for eight years, an unnecessary delay.

On 31 January 2014, the Supreme Court of India issued notice to Central Government on Bhullar's curative plea seeking commuting his death sentence to life imprisonment. The plea was on the grounds of inordinate delay in deciding his mercy plea by the President and his mental health.

On 31 March 2014, a bench of the Supreme Court, headed by Chief Justice P Sathasivam, commuted Bhullar's death sentence to life Imprisonment on the grounds of inordinate delay in deciding his mercy petition and his schizophrenia.

Campaign for clemency

The European Parliament passed a resolution stating that India should abolish the death penalty and grant clemency to Bhullar. Amnesty International has also taken up the cause, launching an "Urgent Appeal" for petitions against the execution.

The Chief Minister Of Delhi, Arvind Kejriwal, wrote to the President of India recommending clemency for Devinder Pal Singh Bhullar.

References

Indian people imprisoned on charges of terrorism
Living people
People extradited from Germany
People extradited to India
1965 births
People convicted of murder by India
People from Ludhiana
Indian prisoners sentenced to death
Indian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Prisoners sentenced to death by India
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by India
Supreme Court of India cases
People convicted on terrorism charges

Devinder Pal Singh Bhullar


Sir William David Evans (1767–1821), was an English lawyer.

Evans, son of John Evans and Janet Butterfield, was born in London 25 May 1767, and educated at Harrow School. On attaining his sixteenth year he was articled to a Warrington solicitor, in whose office he relieved the tedium of business hours by courting the muses. He was admitted an attorney in February 1789, and began to practise at Leigh, Lancashire. Soon afterwards he entered his name as a student of Gray's Inn, and in February 1794 was called to the bar, when he joined the northern circuit, took up his residence in Liverpool, and practised there for several years as a special pleader and conveyancer. On the first appointment of a stipendiary magistrate for Manchester, in 1813, Evans was offered and accepted the office. Two years later he was appointed vice-chancellor of the County Palatine of Lancaster. He held these offices concurrently until 1818, and discharged their duties with dignity and impartiality.

Later career
In 1817 he was unsuccessful in an application for a vacant judgeship, but two years later the recordership of Bombay, worth 7,000l. a year, was conferred on him, and at the same time he received the honour of knighthood. On the voyage out, Evans occupied himself on the composition of A Treatise upon the Civil Law, and he originated a weekly literary publication for the amusement of his fellow-voyagers. He began his duties in India with great promise of success, but in little more than fifteen months after his arrival he fell a victim to a complaint of some standing, no doubt aggravated by the climate, dying on 5 Dec. 1821, in his fifty-fifth year.

He was married in 1790 to Hannah, daughter of Peter Seaman of Warrington. She survived him until 1832. There is an engraved portrait of Evans by Edward Scriven, executed shortly before his going out to Bombay.

Bibliography

 Salkeld's Reports, 1795, 3 vols. 8vo.
 Essays on the Action for Money lent and received, &c., 1802, 8vo.
 A General View of the Decisions of Lord Mansfield in Civil Causes, 1803, 2 vols. 4to.
 A Treatise on the Law of Obligations and Contracts, from the French of Pothier, 1806, 2 vols. 8vo.
 Letter to Sir S. Romilly on the Revision of the Bankrupt Laws, 1810
 Letters on the Disabilities of the Roman Catholics and Dissenters, 1813
The Practice of the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster, 1814.
A Charge to the Grand Jury at Preston, 1817.
An Address on the Discharging the Prisoners apprehended on account of an illegal Assembly at Manchester, 1817.
A Collection of Statutes relating to the Clergy, with Notes, 1817.
A Collection of the Statutes connected with the general Administration of the Law, arranged according to the Order of Subjects, with Notes, Manchester, 1817, 8 vols. 8vo;
 continued in another edition to 1835 by Anthony Hammond and Thomas Colpitts Granger

Sir Charles Harcourt Chambers's Treatise on the Law of Landlord and Tenant was compiled from his notes, and he left in manuscript a Life of the Chancellor d'Aguesseau, which Charles Butler made use of in his work on the same subject.

References

1767 births
1821 deaths
English knights
18th-century English lawyers
English legal writers
18th-century English non-fiction writers
18th-century English male writers
19th-century English non-fiction writers
19th-century English lawyers
Writers from London
People educated at Harrow School
Stipendiary magistrates (England and Wales)

William David Evans


The Count Tyszkiewicz Family Chapel-Mausoleum, along with the fence the eastern and western gates of the graveyard, rests in the site of the old graveyard of Kretinga Parish and forms a single complex. It is a state-protected cultural heritage object of regional significance.

History
The chapel, of a neo-Gothic style, was built in 1893 by the order of the last owner of Kretinga, Count Aleksandras Tyszkiewicz. First, a wrought stone and red brick basement-mausoleum was built, which was surrounded by a mound of earth, for the burial of the Tyszkiewicz family members. To prevent the earth mound from moving, the chapel was surrounded by a high fence built of red bricks fired in the Kretinga brickyard. In the first half of the 20th century, funeral services would take place in the above-ground section of the chapel.

The interior of the chapel was decorated with wall paintings. In front of the central nave, in the apse, a wooden neo-Gothic altar with four sculptures of the evangelists, which was brought from Warsaw in 1894, was situated along with a bas-relief of the Corpus that was brought from Germany. The sculptures were stolen during Soviet times, and the Christ bas-relief was stolen in 1989. In 1975, the chapel was passed on to the Kretinga Regional Studies Museum, and since then the chapel has been restored three times.

The remains of Tyszkiewicz family members rest in the mausoleum of the chapel, with Count Juozas Tyszkiewicz and his grandson Kazimieras Viktoras Justinas Marija Tyszkiewicz among them. The grandson was the last representative of the Tyszkiewicz family, to whom the chapel belonged, and he took part in the 1941 Lithuanian War of Independence where he was the leader of the Samogitian insurgent squad.
In 2018, the Count Tyszkiewicz Family Chapel-Mausoleum was renovated and adapted for educational activities and cultural tourism. In the crypt of the chapel, an exhibition of the Count Tyszkiewicz Family Chapel-Mausoleum was installed, while on the chapel floor there is an exhibit of sacral art – the heads of forged crosses as well as devotional items. The Count Tyszkiewicz Family Chapel-Mausoleum is an inseparable part of the Kretinga Mansion complex.

Gallery

References

Kretinga
Gothic architecture in Lithuania
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1893


The Alphorn is a very alp-like instrument made from a horn. It sounds very similar to the traditional horn.

Important Info
The alphorn or alpenhorn or alpine horn is a labrophone, consisting of a straight several-meter-long wooden natural horn of conical bore, with a wooden cup-shaped mouthpiece. Traditionally the Alphorn was made of one single piece, or two parts at most, of the wood of a red pine tree.
Musical instruments
Swiss culture

Alphorn


Mediumfjellet is a mountain northwest of Yoldiabukta in Oscar II Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It constitutes the southern part of the ridge Jämtlandryggen, and has several peaks and a length of . The highest peak is Gavltinden to the north. The mountain is located between the glaciers Sveabreen and Wahlenbergbreen.

References

Mountains of Spitsbergen

Mediumfjellet


Historically, English rugby league clubs competed for the Lancashire Cup and the Yorkshire Cup, known collectively as the county cups. The leading rugby clubs in Yorkshire had played in a cup competition (affectionately known as t'owd tin pot) for several years prior to the schism of 1895. However, the Lancashire authorities had refused to sanction a similar tournament, fearing it would lead to professionalism.

After the split, the replacement for the Yorkshire Cup was not immediately introduced; however, new Yorkshire and Lancashire Cups were introduced in the 1905–06 season.

The county cups were played on the same basis as the Challenge Cup, with an open draw and straight knock-out matches leading to a final.

The county cups were abandoned in 1993 due to the more successful clubs complaining about overloaded fixtures, but the Yorkshire Cup was revived in 2019.

Lancashire Cup

Yorkshire Cup

TV coverage
The BBC regularly televised both the Lancashire and Yorkshire Cup finals from 1958-59 to 1984–85 usually as part of the Grandstand programme but after 1984–85 the BBC dropped the county cups from its Rugby League coverage due to cutbacks. But from 1987-88 to 1990–91 both the Lancashire and Yorkshire Cup finals were televised by ITV in their respective regions. In 1987–88, 1988–89, 1989–90 and 1990–91 Yorkshire Television through their Scrumdown programme with live coverage. The Lancashire Cup final was televised by Granada in 1989–90 and 1990–91 under the Rugby League Live name again with live coverage. The 1991–92 Lancashire and Yorkshire Cup finals were both shown by British Aerospace Sportscast the Yorkshire Cup Final was live but the Lancashire Cup Final was recorded and shown on the Monday Night. But the last finals in 1992–93 were not shown on TV. The 1985–86 and 1986–87 Yorkshire Cup finals and the Lancashire Cup finals in 1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88 and 1988–89 also had no TV coverage. The 1965–66 and 1968–69 Lancashire Cup finals were played on a Friday night and likely to have been recorded by the BBC and shown on Grandstand the following day.

References

External links

Rugby league competitions in the United Kingdom
Rugby league in Lancashire

RFL Lancashire Cup
RFL Yorkshire Cup

Rugby league county cups


Naio Ssaion is a rock band from Slovenia.

Overview
Naio Ssaion, pronounced (nay-yo say-yon), was officially created in 2003 but the members have been together in other forms since 1999. Naio Ssaion are often thought to have a similar musical style to their contemporaries Lullacry, however the use of a violin gives the band a more unusual lineup and more options, by making use of many violin solos.

Naio Ssaion's first release, titled Numedia and sung solely in Slovenian, was released in April 2004 by CPZ Publishing. The album peaked to No. 14 in the Slovenian album charts. Making a name for themselves through many triumphs in international band competitions, this chance of a lifetime was a turning point for the band and the beginning of an international musical career that prompted them to sign a worldwide recording contract with Napalm Records.

In 2005, Naio Ssaion completed work on their Napalm Records debut album to be released on 25 November.  Out Loud has been described as a refined mix of modern and powerful rock songs featuring spellbinding vocals and sensational violin arrangements. The band stresses that they will not include songs on an album which they would not wish to play live.

Current members
 Barbara Jedovnicky : vocals
 Rok Kolar : electric violin
 Tine čas : guitar
 Luka Verdnik : guitar
 Lenart Jerabek : bass
 Mitja Melanšek - mic : drums

Discography

Albums
 Numedia (CPZ Publishing) 2004
 Out Loud (Napalm Records) 2005

Singles
 Remix (CPZ Publishing) 2004
 Blah-Blah (Schatzi Remix)
 Libero (3xyz Remix) + rozmarinke

Slovenian heavy metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1999
1999 establishments in Slovenia

Naio Ssaion


"Let's keep the Goan tradition and culture alive, worldwide"

Dôriéachea Larari
Upon the waves of the sea

Type: Mando

Source: J.A.A. Fernandes, (1884-1980).

Musical form: Ternary

Literary form: Monologue

Translated by António Vicente de Noronha (1895-1982), Pandavaddo, Chorão

Dôriéachea larari,

Upon the waves of the sea,

Chondrimãnchea uzvaddari,

In the light of the moon,

Heam mojeã kensanchê pantiêru (pantieri)[31],

Upon this the pleath of my hair,

Jurar zatam tujeach rê (another version: tujeach rê = Deva) mucaru (mucari).

I give an oath in your presence.

Chusmo/ Refrain

Eu rê moga, choi rê maca,

Come my love, look at me,

Mogache dolle lai rê maca.

Look at me with your loving eyes.

Anjo tum Arcanjo,

An angel, an Archangel,

Querobim adoraru,

An adorable Cherubim,

Ho ecuch amcho pacto,

This our union is unique,

Juramento zait rê sagrado. (Chusmo)

Our oath will be sacred. (Refrain)

Ratrich nidênt ãum sopnetam,

At night I dream during my sleep,

Utton abras diuncheac vettam,

Getting up I go to embrace you,

Zaguim zaun ãum fottoutam,

When I wake up I feel deceived,

He martir tucach té bettoitam. (Chusmo)

These my sufferings I offer to you. (Refrain)

The Mando

The mando is a dance song from Goa in Konkani. Although it is popular among all the social stratas of the Konkani-speaking peoples and many of the composers have remained anonymous, it should not be classified as a folk song. It is an art song composed for particular occasions. There have been many attempts to explain the origin of the word mando. One of them refers to the mand which was traditionally an open space of about 100 sq.m. where religious ceremonies were held and folk dances were performed. The text form of the mando is based on that of the traditional Konkani song ovi, which was usually sung at weddings

Most of the the traditional mandos, which gained the term "classical", were composed in the 19th century. The polka and the valsavina (Vienna Waltz) with its three-four rhythm seem to have found their way to Goa. The mando was originally composed and danced by the Brahmin aristocracy of Goa, mainly of Salcete, whose spacious mansions had a big hall for festive occasions. A memorable moment in the history of the family was the
bridal mando. The mando reflects the tranquil and leisurely character of this aristocracy. The Goan woman in the mando reflects the ideals and virtues then ascribed to her, namely self-sacrifice, piety and motherhood.

As a dance the mando is a square type (double file), men facing the women. When the partners come face to face in the centre, they retreat to the starting point, then move forward again crossing to the opposite side. The men then flick their handkerchiefs while the women open their fans. All in all, it is a stately and leisurely dance. The melody of the mando is slow in movement, with a soft and languishing atmosphere.

Polleiat

Goemche Mandde

Sondorbh

Konknni
Mandde
Romi panam

Dorieachea Larari - Mando


Rudolf van Diepholt ( – Vollenhove, 24 March 1455) or Rudolf of Diepholz was a bishop of Utrecht from 1423 to 1455 and bishop of Osnabrück from 1454 to 1455.

Biography
Rudolf van Diepholt was one of the most influential Prince-Bishops of Utrecht in the late Middle Ages. Rudolf was the son of Johann III, Lord of Diepholz (died 1422), and Countess Kunigunde von Oldenburg; he was brother of Konrad IX, Lord of Diepholz (died 1426), and uncle of Otto IV, Lord of Diepholz (died 1481). Before his appointment as bishop, Rudolf van Diepholt was Canon in Cologne.

Utrecht Schism

After the death of Frederick of Blankenheim in 1423, Rudolf was elected bishop by the chapters thanks to support from the towns and nobles. Utrecht was divided by a factional struggle between the Lichtenbergers and Lokhorsten. Rudolf was a candidate of the Lichtenbergers, and the Lokhorsten refused to cease the support of their candidate Zweder van Culemborg. Pope Martin V attempted to resolve the conflict on 7 June 1424, by appointed his own favourite; Rhabanus van Helmstatt. Unfortunately Rhabanus did not want the appointment, and withdrew, at which the pope appointed Zweder on 6 February 1425 as bishop of Utrecht. This period is called the Utrecht Schism. Zweder used violence to gain control of the bishopric, but he was driven out of the city in 1426 by the Lichtenbergers. Rudolf was excommunicated by the pope, but he managed to maintain himself, even though Zweder was initially supported by the duke of Guelders and duke Philip the Good, also count of Holland.

Rudolf, however, was able to sign agreements with both neighbouring rulers. When Martin V's successor, pope Eugene IV, also recognised Rudolf as bishop on 10 December 1432, Rudolf was finally able to make his official entrance as bishop in 1433. Zweder van Culemborg died the same year, but his claim was picked up by Walraven van Meurs, who was supported by the Council of Basel. Walraven eventually retracted his claim in 1448, ending the Utrecht Schism. Rudolf was now universally recognised, but in the same year he was driven out of the city by his subjects, who were unhappy with his tax-policies. In 1449 Rudolf violently returned, and he held his position until his death in 1455.

Last years
When Hendrik van Meurs, bishop of Osnabruck died in 1450, Rudolf involved himself in a succession struggle, the Münster Diocesan Feud, that lasted for years. Rudolf attempted to put his nephew Conrad of Diepholz, provost at Osnabrück, on the ecclesiastical seat. But in 1454 Rudolf dealt a heavy blow to his opponents, after which he became bishop of Osnabrück himself. After his death his nephew succeeded him as bishop of Osnabrück.

Rudolf van Diepholt advanced the construction of the Dom Church, and he was interred in a chapel that carries his name.

References

1390s births
Place of birth missing
1455 deaths
Prince-Bishops of Utrecht
Roman Catholic Prince-Bishops of Osnabrück
15th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the Holy Roman Empire
People temporarily excommunicated by the Catholic Church
Burials at St. Martin's Cathedral, Utrecht
Year of birth uncertain
Year of birth unknown
People from Diepholz

Rudolf van Diepholt


The Carlin Unconformity or Carlin Trend is a geologic feature in northeastern Nevada which represents a period of erosion or non-deposition likely associated with a collision between a tectonic crustal block called a terrane and the North American Plate. The collision occurred during the Mississippian Period, about 350 million years before present. The collision is associated with the Antler Orogeny.

The collision induced higher crustal temperatures and pressures which produced numerous hot springs along the suture zone. Several episodes of subsurface magmatism are known to have occurred subsequent to the collision, associated with tectonic forces affecting the entire Basin and Range Province. During each of these episodes, and particularly during the Eocene epoch, hot springs brought dissolved minerals toward the surface, precipitating them out along fissures. Among these minerals were gold and silver.

The Carlin Gold trend is one of the world's richest gold mining districts. It is a belt of gold deposits, primarily in Paleozoic limy sediments, that is about  wide and  long, extending in a north-northwest direction through the town of Carlin, Nevada. Gold was first discovered in the area in the 1870s, but there was little production until 1909, and only about 22,000 ounces was produced through 1964. By 2008, mines in the Carlin Trend had produced over 70 million ounces of gold, worth around $85 billion at 2010 prices.

See also
 Carlin–type gold deposit
 Gold mining in Nevada
 John Livermore
 Ralph J. Roberts

References

Further reading

Newmont's reserve history on the Carlin Trend, 1965 - 2001 by Dean G. Heitt, Newmont Mining Corporation

Unconformities
Carboniferous events
Carboniferous geology of Nevada
Gold mining in Nevada

Carlin Unconformity