Sunbeam-Talbot Limited was a British motor manufacturing business. It built upmarket sports-saloon versions under the parenthood of Rootes Group cars from 1938 to 1954. Its predecessor Clément-Talbot Limited had made Talbot automobiles from 1902 to 1935.

Clément-Talbot was bought by Rootes brothers in January 1935 and re-organised to make Rootes Group cars also branded Talbot.

In 1938 after some years of consideration the Rootes brothers dropped plans to make large luxury cars branded Sunbeam, added the name Sunbeam to Talbot and put the extra name on both the cars built in Kensal Green and the company building them.

After the Second World War Sunbeam-Talbot production was resumed in London then in Spring 1946 it was moved to Rootes' new factory at Ryton-on-Dunsmore, Warwickshire and Clément-Talbot's North Kensington works became a Rootes administration and service centre.

Background history: predecessors

Clément-Talbot
Until acquired by Rootes in 1935 this North Kensington business had manufactured "thoroughbred" high quality Talbot cars and limousines. When it began in 1902 the company's name was Clément-Talbot Limited and it kept that name until 1938 when it was changed to Sunbeam-Talbot. Initially an independent public listed company on the London Stock Exchange Clément-Talbot was bought in 1919 by A Darracq and Co. Later, in 1920, Darracq bought control of Wolverhampton's Sunbeam Motor Car Company Limited but kept all identities quite separate. In August 1920 Darracq was renamed S T D Motors Limited to recognise the gathering together of Sunbeam Talbot and Darracq under one ownership.
Badges used by Clément-Talbot

in late 1934 S T D Motors was obliged to sell Wolverhampton's loss-making Sunbeam and North Kensington's then profit-making Talbot and they were bought by the Rootes brothers. A provisional agreement with Rootes Securities was reached in January 1935 and from that point Rootes controlled Clément-Talbot. In the summer of 1935 Rootes Securities announced they had bought Sunbeam Motor Cars. Sunbeam designs had not been brought up to date and Wolverhampton's production ended. During 1937 Humber Limited, controlled by Rootes, bought Clément-Talbot Limited and Sunbeam Motors Limited, which continued to build buses, from Rootes Securities Limited.

Automobiles Talbot
S T D Motors in 1922 had finally dropped Darracq from the name of its French subsidiary replacing it with Talbot. But they continued to import the French cars and when they were sold in Britain those cars were badged Darracq-Talbot or Talbot-Darracq or just Darracq. By the time this former Clément-Talbot London business was bought by Rootes the two manufacturers of Talbots no longer had any connection at all and in any case continued to manufacture wholly unrelated vehicles.

Talbot London
Although Talbots had been selling well the expensive London Talbot designs were dropped from production during 1936, since the new ownership had taken effect they had been steadily incorporating more and more Humber parts, and replaced with much cheaper simpler Rootes Group designs intended for a quite different much larger market. From late 1935, capitalising on the high reputation of the brand name Talbot, the Clément-Talbot North Kensington plant made mid-range upgraded versions of their Hillman and Humber cars for Rootes and branded them Talbot. To begin Talbot's well-known chief engineer and designer Georges Roesch came up with a modified Hillman Aero Minx for the October 1935 Motor Show and it was branded Talbot Ten.

History: Sunbeam-Talbot company

Although the intention had been to continue the Sunbeam name on a large and expensive car almost four years after Rootes bought Sunbeam it was announced Sunbeam Motors and Clément-Talbot were now combined under Clément-Talbot Limited, since renamed Sunbeam-Talbot Limited, and would continue to produce good quality cars at reasonable prices.

Until the Second World War Sunbeam-Talbot cars were made in the Clément-Talbot premises in North Kensington, London with its aging machinery. Those works repaired aero engines during the war and, though production of the prewar models resumed in London, in Spring 1946 Sunbeam-Talbot production was shifted to Rootes' new factory at Ryton-on-Dunsmore, Warwickshire and the North Kensington buildings became a Rootes administration and service centre.

The first two models were the handsome Sunbeam–Talbot 10 previously the Talbot Ten and the 3 Litre. They were modified Hillman-Talbots or Humber-Talbots radiatored and badged as Sunbeam-Talbots for the October 1938 Motor Show. The new 3 Litre car was a combination of then current 3 Litre Hillman Hawk later re-badged Humber Snipe in a better finished Hillman/Humber body with distinctive rear side-windows.

The Ten was launched in August 1938, and was an upgrade from the previous Talbot Ten, itself an upgrade of the Hillman Aero-Minx. Purists described the new car as "a Hillman Minx in a party frock". It had a 1185 cc sidevalve Minx unit engine with an alloy head, and a chassis that had its origins in that used in the Hillman Aero Minx. The Ten was available with four-door saloon, sports tourer bodywork and drophead coupe.

The Sunbeam-Talbot 2 Litre was introduced in 1939 and was based on the Ten, though it used the 1944 cc sidevalve engine from the Hillman 14 later Humber Hawk. Due to the advent of World War II, these models were rare. They were available in the same bodywork as the Ten. The Sunbeam-Talbot 3 Litre was available as a saloon, sports saloon, sports tourer and drophead coupé. Another new model for 1939 was the 4 Litre, a 3 Litre car with a 4086 cc sidevalve six and alloy head engine of the Humber Super Snipe. It was also supplied as a touring limousine.

These models continued to be listed after the war until 1948.   However, materials were short at that time and it has been reported that "all the [3 and 4 Litre] engines were needed for the big Humbers", so that Sunbeam Talbot production was in reality virtually or entirely restricted, post-1945, to the Minx based 10 and the 2 Litre.

Second World War
During the war Barlby Road repaired aero engines and built Karrier's Bantam lorries.  All Sunbeam-Talbot production was suspended though Rootes continued to build the Hillman Minx and Humber Super Snipe for military use. When production resumed in 1945 only the 10 and 2-litre were continued. The 3 and 4 litre models were never revived. The following year production moved in Spring 1946 from the ex-Talbot Barlby Road London plant to the new Ryton plant opened in 1940 for the production of bombers and military vehicles under the UK government's shadow factory scheme.

Postwar

Rootes were relatively quick to reintroduce the 1,944 cc and 1,185 cc Sunbeam-Talbots after the war, though the cars delivered during the first couple of years followed the designs first seen in 1939, readily identifyable by their separate headlamps. The ex-Talbot London plant became a Rootes service centre. (In 1987 the outside of the old London administration block in Barlby Road, W10, was transformed into the set for the Thames Television programme, The Bill, which was filmed there between 1987 and 1990.)

New Sunbeam-Talbot 80 and 90 designs were introduced during the summer of 1948 and built at the new Ryton plant. Both had the same new streamlined design with flowing front wings into which were integrated headlamps in a manner reminiscent of the front of a fighter plane, a shape that would have been all too familiar to potential buyers at the time. The designer, Ted White, acknowledged a prewar Packard had been his inspiration. The 80 was again fitted with an overhead valve version of the old 10 and Minx engine. The 90 had a modified version of the Humber Hawk ohv 4-cylinder 2-litre engine. Both were available with saloon bodywork from British Light Steel Pressings or drophead coupe bodywork by Thrupp & Maberly. The small-engined postwar austerity model Sunbeam-Talbot 80 was discontinued in 1950.

The 90 continued in production renamed 90 MK II with a new chassis and independent front suspension. The headlamps were raised by three inches to meet American regulations and the front driving lamps were replaced with a pair of small air intake grilles. The 90 MK II also had an enlarged OHV engine with 2267 cc. The MK IIA arrived in 1952, the main update on this model was the removal of the rear wheel spats.
Sunbeam-Talbot models sold
 1938-1948 Sunbeam Talbot Ten
 1938-1940 Sunbeam-Talbot Three Litre
 1939-1948 Sunbeam-Talbot 2 Litre
 1939-1940 Sunbeam-Talbot Four Litre
 1948-1950 Sunbeam-Talbot 80
 1948-1954 Sunbeam-Talbot 90 Mk I, II & IIA

Sunbeam

Sunbeam-Talbot facelift
After twenty years of potential confusion with the French Talbot that name was dropped in 1954 and the final revision was badged Sunbeam instead. It was given much larger front air intake grilles and three air outlet portholes just below each side at the back of the bonnet. The engine now developed , amazing compared to the  that the, admittedly smaller swept volume, very first 90 achieved. In the 1952 Alpine Rally cars won three Coupes des Alpes, Manufacturers Team Prize, 1st 2nd and third places in the 2 to 3-litre class and a special cup for an outstanding performance. A name had been found for a new model.

Production of the first postwar style finally ended in 1957.

Alpine 2.25 Litre open two-seater by Mulliners of Birmingham

The first Alpine is a two-seater sports-variant its body specially made by Mulliners of Birmingham from the standard 2¼-litre 4-seater drophead coupé. Very successful in motor rallying in Europe —rallying was then a greater spectator sport than GP racing— its production was from 1953 to 1955. The day before its announcement it was awarded the RAC Dewar Trophy for setting new speed and endurance records on the Jabbeke autoroute and the Montlhéry circuit.

On its first competitive outing, the 1953 Coupe des Alpes, the new car won the Coupe des Dames (Sheila Van Damm) and, without loss of any marks, four Coupes des Alpes driven by Stirling Moss, John Fitch, G Murray-Frame and Sheila Van Damm.

Under Rootes Sunbeams and Talbots with the unified name continued competition in some motorsports. The two seater Alpine variants proved to be very effective rally vehicles with notable International successes by drivers Sheila van Damm and Stirling Moss. Cars competed in and won numerous international rallies, most notably the 1955 Monte Carlo Rally. They concentrated mainly on the more popular rallying rather than other competition.

Sunbeam Rapier 1.5 Litre
Sunbeam Rapier is a Raymond Loewy designed two-door hardtop variant of the Hillman Minx available from October 1955. Later sold as a convertible it displayed the Sunbeam-Talbot signature rear side-window on its first hardtop version.

In 1967 it was replaced by a two-door fastback version of the Hillman Hunter which stayed in production until 1976.

Sunbeam Alpine 1.5 Litre
Series I. From 1959 to 1968 a quite different 1½-litre car with the same name and an up-to-date prominently finned Transatlantic shape for its body was made on a modified Hillman Husky chassis. A 4¼ Litre (later 4¾ Litre) Ford V8 powered variant was sold under the name Tiger. The Tiger showed little change in external appearance.

Hunter variant
Low spec Rapier. Under Chrysler ownership and continuing the old Sunbeam-Talbot Ten and Sunbeam Rapier formula a two-door fastback variant of the Hillman Hunter Minx replacement was sold under the Alpine name from 1969 to 1975. Unusually this Sunbeam was a simplified downmarket version of the main Sunbeam Rapier car.

Sunbeam Tiger 4.75 Litre
The Q-car, Sunbeam Tiger, is a Sunbeam Alpine with a 4¼-litre, later 4¾-litre, Ford V8 engine transplant.

References

External links

 3-litre sales brochure

Rootes Group
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in London
Companies based in Warwickshire
Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers
Car brands

Sunbeam-Talbot


A sememe () is a semantic language unit of meaning, analogous to a morpheme. The concept is relevant in structural semiotics.

A seme is a proposed unit of transmitted or intended meaning; it is atomic or indivisible. A sememe can be the meaning expressed by a morpheme, such as the English pluralizing morpheme -s, which carries the sememic feature [+ plural]. Alternatively, a single sememe (for example [go] or [move]) can be conceived as the abstract representation of such verbs as skate, roll, jump, slide, turn, or boogie. It can be thought of as the semantic counterpart to any of the following: a meme in a culture, a gene in a genome, or an atom (or, more generally, an elementary particle) in a substance. A seme is the name for the smallest unit of meaning recognized in semantics, referring to a single characteristic of a sememe.

There are five types of sememes: two denotational and three connotational, the latter occurring only in phrase units (they do not reflect the denotation):
 Denotational 1: Primary denotation, for example "head" (body);
 Denotational 2: Secondary denotation by resemblance with other denotation: "head" (ship);
 Connotational 1: Analogous in function or nature as the original denotation, for example, "head" used as managing or leading positions, which is similar to the role or function of "head" in the operation of the human body;
 Connotational 2: Emotive, e.g. meaning in "honey";
 Connotational 3: Evaluative, e.g. meaning in "sneak" – move silently and secretly for a bad purpose

The operational definition of synonymy depends on the distinctions between these classes of sememes. For example, the differentiation between what some academics call cognitive synonyms and near-synonyms depends on these differences.

A related concept is that of the episememe (as described in the works of Leonard Bloomfield), which is a unit of meaning corresponding to the tagmeme.

See also
 Emic unit
 Memetics
 Problem of universals
 Semantic field
 Word sense

References

Sources
 Reprinted in:

Semantic units

Sememe


Winnie Yu Tsang (, born 1954) is a Hong Kong Radio Personality and the Deputy Chairman of Commercial Radio Hong Kong.

Yu is known for her puns in creating radio programme titles and slang phrases (e.g., si-dan-up/"是但噏", literally "freestyle talk", as a phonetic translation of "stand-up").

Over the years, Yu has mentored many musicians and DJs, including Tat Ming Pair and Jan Lamb.

Early life and career
Yu grew up at Mid-Levels on Hong Kong Island, with her parents, sister and brother. She attended St. Stephen's Girls' College, a Christian all-girls school (kindergarten through high school). She wrote and produced many controversial plays in the strict environment of the religious school.

Yu left secondary school in 1971, when she was only in Fifth Form. She joined Hong Kong Commercial Radio (CR) as a DJ and first hosted a breakfast radio programme titled Morning Friends (早晨老友記). She was subsequently given the role of creative director and then programme director of the newly formed youth radio channel CR2.

In 1982, Yu left Commercial Radio to form her own production company, Mes Amis Productions, and was involved in a range of media projects, including movie production.

She was invited to return to CR in 1988 as general manager, a position she held until the 2000s, when she started to gradually step out of the station's administration. Yu resigned as CEO in 2003 and became the CEO of a joint venture company between Commercial Radio and Pacific Century Cyberworks, PCC Skyhorse.

Recent history
Yu returned to CR in 2004 as Deputy chairman during one of the company's most controversial periods and instituted a number of programming changes. Most notable was the cancellation of Teacup in a Storm (風波裡的茶杯), hosted by Albert Cheng, after much controversy. The host, along with Wong Yuk-man (another radio personality), were fired from the station and new programmes were initiated, including "On A Clear Day".

Most recently, Yu has announced her involvement in a new project created jointly by Commercial Radio and the charity St. James' Settlement and funded by the Hong Kong Jockey Club, Skyhigh, which is described as a media training and creative production house exclusively for disadvantaged youth living in the Tin Shui Wai district of Hong Kong, offering training and job placement within the media industry.

References
 俞琤爆大班解約內情

External links
 HKMDB page

20th-century Hong Kong LGBT people
21st-century Hong Kong LGBT people
Hong Kong women radio presenters
1954 births
Living people
Hong Kong LGBT broadcasters

Winnie Yu


James Alfred George Patrick Irish, generally known as George Irish or J. A. George Irish ( 1942 – February 12, 2019), was a Montserratian academic, musician, composer of the national song, community leader and social engineer.

Irish was a graduate of the University of the West Indies, and the first recipient of that institution's Ph.D. degree in Spanish.  He taught at UWI, where he headed the Department of Spanish, in the Dominican Republic at the Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo (UASD), and in the United States at the City University of New York (CUNY) where he was Professor of Caribbean and Latin American Studies.

Irish also headed the Caribbean Research Center and the Office of International Programs at Medgar Evers College in Brooklyn, New York (part of CUNY).  He was Editor-in-Chief and founder of the scholarly Journal of Caribbean studies, Wadabagei, and President of the Caribbean Diaspora Press Inc.  and Caribbean American Research Foundation Inc. in New York.

He was co-founder and Chancellor of the Universidad Popular de Desarrollo Sostenible de Las Americas (UNIPOP) and founding Board member of the International Center for Sustainable Development (CIDES) in Panama.

He authored/edited thirty two (32) books including:
Visions of Liberation in the Caribbean, 1992 ()
Life in a Colonial Crucible, 1991
Growth of a Revolutionary Consciousness, 1990
 Evolution of a Global and Diasporic Vision
 Discourses from Alliouagana and the Diaspora

References

External links
 Picture

Latin Americanists
Academic staff of the University of the West Indies
University of the West Indies alumni
Montserratian writers
Year of birth missing
2019 deaths

George Irish


Coastal engineering is a branch of civil engineering concerned with the specific demands posed by constructing at or near the coast, as well as the development of the coast itself.

The hydrodynamic impact of especially waves, tides, storm surges and tsunamis and (often) the harsh environment of salt seawater are typical challenges for the coastal engineer – as are the morphodynamic changes of the coastal topography, caused both by the autonomous development of the system and man-made changes. The areas of interest in coastal engineering include the coasts of the oceans, seas, marginal seas, estuaries and big lakes.

Besides the design, building and maintenance of coastal structures, coastal engineers are often interdisciplinary involved in integrated coastal zone management, also because of their specific knowledge of the hydro- and morphodynamics of the coastal system. This may include providing input and technology for e.g. environmental impact assessment, port development, strategies for coastal defense, land reclamation, offshore wind farms and other energy-production facilities, etc.

Specific challenges

The coastal environment produces challenges specific for this branch of engineering: waves, storm surges, tides, tsunamis, sea level changes, sea water and the marine ecosystem.

Most often, in coastal engineering projects there is a need for metocean conditions: local wind and wave climate, as well as statistics for and information on other hydrodynamic quantities of interest. Also, bathymetry and morphological changes are of direct interest. In case of studies of sediment transport and morphological changes, relevant properties of the sea bed sediments, water and ecosystem properties are needed.

Long and short waves

The occurrence of wave phenomena – like sea waves, swell, tides and tsunamis – require engineering knowledge of their physics, as well as models: both numerical models and physical models. The practices in present-day coastal engineering are more-and-more based on models verified and validated by experimental data.

Apart from the wave transformations themselves, for the waves coming from deep water into the shallow coastal waters and surf zone, the effects of the waves are important. These effects include:
 the wave loading on coastal structures like breakwaters, groynes, jetties, sea walls and dikes
 wave-induced currents, like the longshore current in the surf zone, rip currents and Stokes drift, affecting sediment transport and morphodynamics
 wave agitation in harbors, which may result in harbor downtime
 wave overtopping over seawalls and dikes, which may e.g. threaten the stability of a dike

Underwater construction

Coastal engineering takes place at or near the interface between land and water. Consequently a significant part of coastal engineering involves underwater construction, particularly for foundations. Breakwaters, sea walls, harbour structures like jetties, wharves and docks, bridges, tunnels, outfalls and causeways usually involve underwater work.

Sustainability and soft engineering
In recent decades, coastal engineers have favored non-structural solutions, which avoid adverse impacts that are typically cause by structures, such as sea walls, bulkheads, jetties, etc. These solutions include beach nourishment, marsh restoration/creation, and habitat restoration. More recently, beneficial use of dredge material, which utilizes material dredged for navigation maintenance to nourish beaches and restore wetlands. Beneficial use is also employed to increase the elevation of marsh platforms in an attempt to adapt to sea level rise.

Regional sediment management has also become a focus strategy for coastal practitioners. This essentially uses nearshore sediment sources and knowledge of coastal morphology to identify which accretional features can be harvested to bolster erosional areas, understanding the harvested material will continue to accumulate. A common regional sediment management option is to dredge ebb and flood shoals to nourish beaches.

Both beneficial use and regional sediment management recognizes the scarcity of material resources offshore and upland.

See also

 , to prevent coastal erosion and creation of beach

 Coastal engineering

  (CERF)

Notes

References

External links

 – Proceedings of the International Conference on Coastal Engineering (ICCE), held since 1950 (biannually since 1960).

Civil engineering
Coastal construction

Coastal engineering


Mar de amor (English: Curse by The Sea) is a Spanish-language Mexican telenovela produced by Nathalie Lartilleux for Televisa in 2009. This is a remake of 1978 Venezuelan soap opera María del Mar.

On Monday, November 16, 2009, Canal de las Estrellas started broadcasting Mar de amor weekdays at 7:00 pm, replacing Mi pecado. The last episode was broadcast on Friday, July 2, 2010 with Cuando me enamoro replacing it the following day.

Zuria Vega and Mario Cimarro starred as protagonists, while Ninel Conde, Mariana Seoane and Manuel Landeta starred as antagonists. With stellar performances of the leading actors Juan Ferrara, Norma Herrera, Erika Buenfil, Raquel Olmedo, Sergio Reynoso, Ignacio López Tarso and María Sorté.

Plot
For Estrella (Zuria Vega), life is like the sea: full of danger and evil, but also has the ability to fight and move forward. Far from her foster father, this humble fisher has suffered from the disorder that Crazy Casilda (Erika Buenfil) has. Casilda is Estrella's mother, who was in this state after being raped by Guillermo (Juan Ferrara), a wealthy man who is tormented by this sin. Since then, the crazy Casilda roams places aimlessly; however, in the absence of her parents, Estrella received shelter from her humble sponsors who have brought her up as their child. In her fondness for study, Estrella learned to read, and through books, knew what love is. Consequently, she begins to fall for the famous writer, Victor Manuel Galíndez (Mario Cimarro).

Victor Manuel has spent years traveling all over the world while writing his many adventures as a sailor, but one day, destiny and fate crosses his path and he meets Coral (Ninel Conde), a woman who washed up on a beach and has amnesia. This strange woman steals Victor Manuel's heart, but their relationship ends when Victor Manuel learns that Coral was killed in a tragic boat explosion. Devastated and feeling guilty about the death of Coral, Victor Manuel returns to Playa Escondida, the town where he grew up. He never imagines that Estrella might bring the sparkle back to his life.

After drinking, he flies a plane to Playa Escondida and falls asleep, almost crashing the plane into Estrella, while at fishing. Estrella recognizes the author who made her love reading. Very excited, she decides to help the sailor, who at first does not accept Estrella into his heart, but with the tenderness of a humble fisherman, Victor Manuel is overcome with passion for her.

Problems begin to arise for Estrella as a wealthy but selfish man, León Parra-Ibáñez (Manuel Landeta), wants to build a hotel complex on her sunny village. To carry out his plans, he wants to have the town cleared. All the fishermen who live in Playa Escondida would have to leave. Unfortunately, this land belongs to Victor Manuel. León wants to buy the land that belongs to Víctor Manuel; therefore, he convinces his self-centered oldest daughter, Oriana (Mariana Seoane), into seducing Victor Manuel in order to convince him to sell the land.

Casilda returns to Playa Escondida full of anger and revenge toward those who hurt her. She attempts suicide by almost drowning herself, but some villagers rescue her. Now, Estrella needs to work to cure her mother of these suicide thoughts. She wants to pay for therapy so she goes to the house of León and begins to work as his secretary. León is struck with her beauty and wants her and this only makes Oriana hate Estrella more. León's relative, Guillermo, visits from time to time; he learns that Estrella is the daughter he abandoned years ago. Drowned in a deep depression, he admits to Estrella that is he who caused so much damage to Casilda, and therefore, her father.

León is very jealous of Victor Manuel and wants Estrella for himself, so he pretends to be sleeping with a girl who looks like Estrella, while Victor Manuel watches. Thinking it's Estrella, Victor Manuel, in revenge, becomes entangled with Oriana before Estrella's eyes. Hurt and heartbroken by what she has seen, Estrella takes Casilda to Mexico City to cure her condition. She avoids Victor Manuel and her father, who she still has a grudge against, for leaving them.

Once in Mexico City, Estrella meets the psychiatrist Dr. Hernán Irazábal (Marcelo Córdoba), who falls in love with her. Victor Manuel learns that it was all a trap from León and decides to search for Estrella, but soon, he encounters the woman that he fell in love in the past—Coral. She was found alive on the shore in Playa Escondida, without any memory. She doesn't even recognize Victor Manuel. He feels guilty about her situation and decides to help by letting her stay in his mansion. In reality, Coral just wants to stay at his side to conquer and enjoy his wealth.

Meanwhile, Hernán helps Casilda heal while becoming good friends with Estrella, who begins to feel affection for him. Time passes and Hernán helps Estrella become a successful woman. Guillermo Briceño gives Estrella his inheritance, frustrating León and Oriana. Her mother Casilda is cured of her disorder and Hernán begins to date Estrella and helps her overcome her disappointment in Víctor Manuel. Estrella is now working a big business and is very happy; however, the past comes back to haunt her.

Elsewhere, Victor Manuel cannot stop looking at Estrella and, to his dismay, Coral gets a tumor and will die in a few months. Hernán finds out about this and thinks he might lose Estrella if the two meet again. He tries to prevent them reuniting, but inevitably, their paths cross again. Estrella has changed and Victor Manuel is strapped to a deranged Coral. She has befriended León throughout their mutual hate for Victor Manuel and Estrella. They are full of vengeance and ready to finish them off. Throughout these months, Oriana begins to change. She sees that she was wrong to be so selfish and evil and has a change of heart. She begins to love Santos, a nice man that has always loved her. Thereafter, they make love and after a while, get married.

Victor Manuel begins to see Estrella again. One night, he gets in a fight with Hernán. After Hernán is found dead, Victor Manuel is the main suspect and is put in jail when in reality, Hernán was killed by his nurse. During Oriana and Santos' wedding, Estrella is shot by León which leads to her paralysis, but she begins to do physical therapy and heals. Soon, Victor Manuel is proven innocent and returns to be with Estrella. Once Victor Manuel is released from jail, there is nothing standing in the way of him and Estrella being together.

Victor Manuel takes Estrella to a romantic getaway where they make love. León tries to kill Victor Manuel by locking him in a lion's cage at a circus, but Coral appears and locks León inside the lion cage, too. Estrella finds them and helps Victor Manuel get out while León is killed by the lion. Coral has her arm and leg paralyzed because of the tumor so she commits suicide in the sea. In the end, only the true bond of love between Estrella and Victor Manuel prevailed. They seal their love with marriage and live happily ever after.

Cast

Main
Zuria Vega as Estrella Marina Briceño de Galíndez
Mario Cimarro as Víctor Manuel Galíndez Garabán
Ninel Conde as Catalina "Coral" Mijares
Mariana Seoane as Oriana Parra-Ibáñez Briceño
Manuel Landeta as León Parra-Ibáñez
Erika Buenfil as Casilda "La Loca Casilda" de Briceño
Juan Ferrara as Guillermo Briceño
María Sorté as Aurora de Ruiz
Norma Herrera as Violeta
Raquel Olmedo as Luz Garabán
Ignacio López Tarso as El Mojarras
Sergio Reynoso as Antonio Ruiz

Supporting

Marcelo Córdoba as Dr. Hernán Irazabal
Arturo Carmona as Santos Nieves
Patsy as Lucía Galíndez
Amairani as Federica Martínez
 Tatiana as Isolda
Victoria Díaz as Dr. Mercedes Acala
Florencia del Saracho as Elena "Elenita" Parra-Ibáñez Briceño
Nicolás Mena as Jorge Parra-Ibáñez Garabán
Mar Contreras as Roselia
Yuliana Peniche as Reyna
Georgina Salgado as Esperanza Ruiz
Renata Notni as Carmen "Carmita" Bracho
Ramón Valdez Urtiz as Salvador "Chava" Ruiz
Juan Ángel Esparza as Dr. Oswaldo Ascanio
Elsa Cárdenas as Luciana de Irazabal
Arlette Pacheco as Maura Larroja
Elizabeth Dupeyrón as Mística
Claudia Ortega as Silvia
Claudia Silva as Inés Lombardo
Renata Flores as Simona
Beatriz Monroy as Crisanta
Gerardo Albarrán as Roberto Oduver/Ricardo Oduver
Javier Ruán as Bracho
Toño Infante as Tiburón
Ernesto Faxas as Gustavo
Rodrigo Nehme as Lorenzo Garabán
Mauricio Mejía as Lic. Marco Tulio Plaza
Marco Méndez as David Bermúdez
Adrián Martiñón as Martín
Amor Flores as Chom
Yirelka Yeraldine as Transito
Oscar Ferretti as Padre Zamorita
Aleyda Gallardo as Rita
Evelyn Zavala as Abril
Rosángela Balbó as Estefanía Peralta
Erick Fernando as Tilico
Queta Lavat as Alfonsina Zapata
Rafael del Villar as Enrique
Luis Bayardo as Judge Moncada
Juan Carlos Bonet as León's lawyer
Marius Biegai as Gerente Mía
Fernando Estrada as Dr. Ángel Sánchez
Jaime Lozano as Lic. Espinoza
Sebastián Dopazo as Lic. Prado
Hugo Macías Macotela as Judge
Juan Ignacio Aranda as Fiscal
Rafael Origel as Judge's Secretary
José Antonio Ferral as Public Ministry
Esteban Franco as Salvador's lawyer

Awards

Premios TVyNovelas

References

External links

2009 telenovelas
2009 Mexican television series debuts
2010 Mexican television series endings
Television shows set in Mexico
Televisa telenovelas
Mexican television series based on Venezuelan television series
Spanish-language telenovelas

Mar de amor


Jughead is a search engine system for the Gopher protocol. It is distinct from Veronica in that it searches a single server at a time.

Jughead was developed by Rhett Jones in 1993 at the University of Utah.

The name "Jughead" was originally chosen to match the Archie search engine, as Jughead Jones is Archie's friend in Archie Comics. Later a backronym was developed: Jonzy's Universal Gopher Hierarchy Excavation And Display.

It was released by the original author under the GNU General Public License in 2006, and its source code has been modernized to better run on current POSIX systems.

Due to trademark issues, the modified version was called Jugtail, and has been made available for download on GNU Savannah.

External links
Jughead Source
Jugtail Project

References

Internet protocols
Internet Standards
Unix Internet software
Gopher (protocol)
Internet search engines

Jughead (search engine)


Nitrifying bacteria are chemolithotrophic organisms that include species of genera such as Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus, Nitrobacter, Nitrospina, Nitrospira and Nitrococcus. These bacteria get their energy from the oxidation of inorganic nitrogen compounds. Types include ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB). Many species of nitrifying bacteria have complex internal membrane systems that are the location for key enzymes in nitrification: ammonia monooxygenase (which oxidizes ammonia to hydroxylamine), hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (which oxidizes hydroxylamine to nitric oxide - which is further oxidized to nitrite by a currently unidentified enzyme), and nitrite oxidoreductase (which oxidizes nitrite to nitrate).

Ecology
Nitrifying bacteria are present in distinct taxonomical groups and are found in highest numbers where considerable amounts of ammonia are present (such as areas with extensive protein decomposition, and sewage treatment plants).  Nitrifying bacteria thrive in lakes, streams, and rivers with high inputs and outputs of sewage, wastewater and freshwater because of the high ammonia content.

Oxidation of ammonia to nitrate
Nitrification in nature is a two-step oxidation process of ammonium () or ammonia () to nitrite () and then to nitrate () catalyzed by two ubiquitous bacterial groups growing together. The first reaction is oxidation of ammonium to nitrite by ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) represented by members of Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. Further organisms able to oxidize ammonia are Archaea (AOA).

The second reaction is oxidation of nitrite () to nitrate by nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), represented by the members of Nitrospinota, Nitrospirota, Pseudomonadota, and Chloroflexota.

This two-step process was described already in 1890 by the Ukrainian microbiologist Sergei Winogradsky.

Ammonia can be also oxidized completely to nitrate by one comammox bacterium.

Ammonia-to-nitrite mechanism

Ammonia oxidation in autotrophic nitrification is a complex process that requires several enzymes as well as oxygen as a reactant. The key enzymes necessary for releasing energy during oxidation of ammonia to nitrite are ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) and hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO). The first is a transmembrane copper protein which catalyzes the oxidation of ammonia to hydroxylamine () taking two electrons directly from the quinone pool. This reaction requires O2.

The second step of this process has recently fallen into question. For the past few decades, the common view was that a trimeric multiheme c-type HAO converts hydroxylamine into nitrite in the periplasm with production of four electrons (). The stream of four electrons is channeled through cytochrome c554 to a membrane-bound cytochrome c552. Two of the electrons are routed back to AMO, where they are used for the oxidation of ammonia (quinol pool). The remaining two electrons are used to generate a proton motive force and reduce NAD(P) through reverse electron transport.

Recent results, however, show that HAO does not produce nitrite as a direct product of catalysis. This enzyme instead produces nitric oxide and three electrons. Nitric oxide can then be oxidized by other enzymes (or oxygen) to nitrite. In this paradigm, the electron balance for overall metabolism needs to be reconsidered.

Nitrite-to-nitrate mechanism
Nitrite produced in the first step of autotrophic nitrification is oxidized to nitrate by nitrite oxidoreductase (NXR) (). It is a membrane-associated iron-sulfur molybdo protein and is part of an electron transfer chain which channels electrons from nitrite to molecular oxygen. The enzymatic mechanisms involved in nitrite-oxidizing bacteria are less described than that of ammonium oxidation. Recent research (e.g. Woźnica A. et al., 2013) proposes a new hypothetical model of NOB electron transport chain and NXR mechanisms. Here, in contrast to earlier models, the NXR would act on the outside of the plasma membrane and directly contribute to a mechanism of proton gradient generation as postulated by Spieck  and coworkers. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of nitrite oxidation is an open question.

Comammox bacteria

The two-step conversion of ammonia to nitrate observed in ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, ammonia-oxidizing archaea and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (such as Nitrobacter) is puzzling to researchers.  Complete nitrification, the conversion of ammonia to nitrate in a single step known as comammox, has an energy yield (∆G°′) of −349 kJ mol−1 NH3, while the energy yields for the ammonia-oxidation and nitrite-oxidation steps of the observed two-step reaction are −275 kJ mol−1 NH3, and −74 kJ mol−1 NO2−, respectively. These values indicate that it would be energetically favourable for an organism to carry out complete nitrification from ammonia to nitrate (comammox), rather than conduct only one of the two steps. The evolutionary motivation for a decoupled, two-step nitrification reaction is an area of ongoing research. In 2015, it was discovered that the species Nitrospira inopinata possesses all the enzymes required for carrying out complete nitrification in one step, suggesting that this reaction does occur.

Table of characteristics

See also
 Root nodule
 Denitrification
 Denitrifying bacteria
 f-ratio
 Nitrification
 Nitrogen cycle
 Nitrogen deficiency
 Nitrogen fixation
 Electron transport chain
Comammox

References

Bacteriology
Nitrogen cycle
Metabolism
Soil biology

Nitrifying bacteria


Ramus Pomifer (Latin for apple branch) was a constellation between Hercules and Lyra.

It was depicted in the form of a branch held in Hercules' left hand. The also-obsolete constellation of Cerberus - made up of much the same stars - became combined with it in later depictions, with the name "Cerberus et Ramus".

References

Former constellations

Ramus Pomifer


Fairfield is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly of the Australian state of New South Wales in Sydney's West. Fairfield has historically been one of the safest  seats in New South Wales and is considered a part of Labor's heartland in Western Sydney. It is currently represented by David Saliba of the Labor Party, who was elected at the 2023 New South Wales state election.

Fairfield includes the suburbs of Carramar, Fairfield, Fairfield East, Fairfield Heights, Guildford West, Old Guildford, Wakeley, Woodpark, Yennora and parts of Canley Vale, Fairfield West, Guildford, Prairiewood, Smithfield and Villawood.

Fairfield was created in 1953.

Demographics
Fairfield is similar to much of Western Sydney in the fact that a significant size of the population were either born overseas or have parents who were born overseas. Approximately 50% of the population which is more than double the Australian average at 22.2% were born overseas of which most were born in either East Asian countries such as Vietnam and China or from Middle Eastern countries like Iraq and Lebanon. Despite this high level of foreign born residents, 83.4% had Australian citizenship which is only slightly lower than the national average of 86.1%. As for languages spoken at home English was the most common language spoken by 29.5%, followed by Vietnamese with 14.5%, Arabic at 11.7% and Assyrian at 6.7%. No other languages were spoken by more than 5% of the population. Catholicism was the most common religion followed by nearly one third of the population at 32.6%. This was followed by Buddhism at 16.7%, Islam at 8.3%, Anglicanism at 8.1% and followers of Eastern Orthodox Christianity at 6.6% of the total population. Median incomes for the population aged 15 years and over was in all 3 categories lower than the national average.

Members for Fairfield

Election results

References

Fairfield
Fairfield
1953 establishments in Australia

Electoral district of Fairfield


The Monte Ceneri transmitter was first established as the nationwide medium-wave radio transmission station for Italian-speaking Switzerland in 1933. Located on Monte Ceneri in Ticino, it broadcast on a frequency of 558 kHz.

1933 mast
The original transmission mast – a 120-metre-high free-standing lattice tower insulated from the ground – was constructed in the Monte Ceneri pass (at 46°8'26"N 8°54'56"E). Today this tower is used for DAB and DVB-T broadcasting, for which purposes a 15-metre-high antenna has been added at the top, so that the full height of the mast is now 135 metres.

1978 mast
In 1978 a new facility for the Monte Ceneri transmitter was built north of Isone (at 46°8'19"N 8°59'25"E). This uses as its main antenna a 220-metre guyed lattice-steel mast insulated from the ground and, as backup, a T-antenna, which is suspended between two guyed tubular-steel masts. The main mast – which is the only tall guyed mast in Switzerland, as well as being the country's second-tallest tower-type structure – is equipped with an elevator, the machinery of which is installed in a compartment just above the basement insulator.

Despite the location change, the old name of the transmitter was retained. On 30 June 2008 the transmitter was shut down. The Voice of Russia (VoR) subsequently expressed an interest in acquiring a licence to broadcast from the site using the 558 kHz frequency and on 9 February 2011 it received permission from the Swiss Federal Office of Communications to do so. VoR began transmissions from Monte Ceneri on 1 April 2011; it has been reported, however, that these will cease after 31 December 2012. In July 2016 the scheduled demolition of the nowadays unused mast has begun.

References

External links

 Transmitter data
 Drawings of Sendemast Monte Ceneri - SkyscraperPage.com
 Pictures from the antenna

Buildings and structures in Ticino
Towers in Switzerland
1933 establishments in Switzerland
Towers completed in 1933
20th-century architecture in Switzerland

Monte Ceneri transmitter


Belas Knap is a neolithic, chambered long barrow situated on Cleeve Hill, near Cheltenham and Winchcombe, in Gloucestershire, England.

It is a type of monument known as the Cotswold Severn Cairn, all of which have a similar trapezoid shape, and are found scattered along the River Severn. Belas Knap is described in the English Heritage designation listing statement as an "outstanding example representing a group of long barrows
commonly referred to as the Cotswold-Severn group".

History and purpose
Construction is estimated to have taken place around 3000 BC, with following successive burials over a period of years and then the burial chambers were deliberately blocked.

Dimensions
The barrow is about  long, about  wide and nearly  in height.

Description

False entrance
What appears to be the main entrance to the barrow, with intricate dry-stone walling and large limestone jambs and lintels is, in fact, a false one. This may have been to deter robbers, although little in the way of value has been found in undisturbed tomb chambers. Alternatively, it could have been a 'spirit door', intended to allow the dead to come and go and partake of offerings brought to the tomb by their descendants.

Burial chambers
The actual burial chambers are down the long East and West sides of the barrow and at its Southern foot. There are four burial chambers, two on opposite sides near the middle, one at the South-East angle and one at the South end. These are formed of upright stone slabs, linked by dry-stone walling and originally had corbelled roofs.

Excavation
In the 1863-1865 excavations, the skeletal remains of five children, aged between 6 months and 8 years, the skull of a young adult male, horse and pig bones and fragments of pottery and serrated flint blade were found among the rubble blocking the 'false entrance'. The passages leading to the chambers were roughly blocked with stones and clay. The lintels and much of the dry walling were rebuilt on the original lines in 1863-65, when the barrow was first explored. After the 1928-1931 work, the walling was secured, three of the chambers were covered and the contour of the mound was restored. Excavations in 1963 found the remains of 38 human skeletons, together with animal bones, flint implements and pottery of the end of the Neolithic period (New Stone Age), circa 2000 BC. These burials, however, occurred over a long period of time and it may be that none date to the time when the mound was built.

Access
It is accessed by either of two paths. The best known is the one from the narrow and steep Charlton Abbots road, south of Winchcombe. There is a 'pull-in' on the left, with a signpost pointing up through the trees to the right. There is a steep climb for the first stretch of the footpath, affording views of Winchcombe, until the rounded hill top is reached. This walk takes approximately 10 minutes. The other is from the 'no through road', which leaves the above road at SP 019263, to go up to Corndean Hall. The last part of the drive is on an unsurfaced track, on which vehicular access is not possible. This cuts out the steep climb of the other route and approaches the site from the West.

Location
The mound is situated at Ordnance Survey six-figure . It is just below the summit.

Gallery

References

External links

Photos of Belas Knap long barrow on geograph.org.uk
 Belas Knap: English Heritage

English Heritage sites in Gloucestershire
Stone Age sites in England
Tourist attractions in Gloucestershire
Archaeological sites in Gloucestershire
Barrows in the United Kingdom
Scheduled monuments in Gloucestershire

Belas Knap


By-elections to the 10th Canadian Parliament were held to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada between the 1904 federal election and the 1908 federal election. The Liberal Party of Canada led a majority government for the 10th Canadian Parliament.

The list includes Ministerial by-elections which occurred due to the requirement that Members of Parliament recontest their seats upon being appointed to Cabinet. These by-elections were almost always uncontested. This requirement was abolished in 1931.

Alberta and Saskatchewan entered Confederation in 1905. Unlike in the case of other provinces that joined after 1867, the new provinces were already represented by ridings originally drawn for the Northwest Territories, and the members elected in 1904 continued to sit as representatives of the old NWT ridings (some of which straddled the new border), except where they resigned as indicated below.

See also
List of federal by-elections in Canada

Sources
 Parliament of Canada–Elected in By-Elections

1908 elections in Canada
1907 elections in Canada
1906 elections in Canada
1905 elections in Canada
10th


Sharon Creech (born July 29, 1945) is an American writer of children's novels. She was the first American winner of the Carnegie Medal for British children's books and the first person to win both the American Newbery Medal and the British Carnegie.

Biography
Sharon Creech was born in South Euclid, Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland, where she grew up with her parents (Ann and Arvel), one sister (Sandy), and three brothers (Dennis, Doug and Tom). She would often visit her cousins in Quincy, Lewis County, Kentucky, which has found its way into many of her books as the fictional Bybanks, Kentucky. Bybanks appears in Walk Two Moons, Chasing Redbird, and Bloomability, and there is an allusion to it in The Wanderer.

At college in the U.S. she became intrigued by story-telling after taking literature and writing courses, and she later became a teacher of secondary school English and Writing in England and Switzerland. Her first children's novel, Absolutely Normal Chaos, was published only in the U.K., by Macmillan Children's Books in 1990. Called "comedy about contemporary teen life" by Kirkus Reviews, it featured a 13-year-old girl's "complete and unabridged journal for English class". Her first book published in the U.S. was Walk Two Moons (1994), which won the American Newbery Medal in 1995. Later that year, Absolutely Normal Chaos was first published in the U.S. by HarperCollins —set in her hometown Euclid, Ohio.

Creech returned to the U.S. in 1998 after 18 years abroad. She is married to Lyle Rigg, a headmaster in New Jersey, and has two grown children, Rob and Karin.

Books
She has written both novels and picture books. She often embeds serious topics into her stories, including such themes as independence, trust, childhood, adulthood, and death, often using humour to soften them.

Books such as Love That Dog and Heartbeat were written in verse, whereas other books like Ruby Holler and Walk Two Moons are in a narrative style.

Bloomability (1998) features an American girl at a boarding school in Switzerland. The setting was inspired by The American School In Switzerland, where Creech taught English.

She returned to the fictional school exercise in Love That Dog (Harper Collins and Bloomsbury, 2001), the blank verse diary of "Jack, a reluctant student, [who] resists poetry assignments from his teacher, Miss Stretchberry." It was a commended runner-up for the British Carnegie Medal.

Awards
In 1995, Walk Two Moons won the Newbery Medal from the American Library Association, recognizing the year's best children's book by an American author. In the U.K., it won the annual Children's Book Award for long novels, voted by children, and the Reading Association Award. In 1997, it also won the Literaturhaus Award, Austria, and the Young Adult Sequoyah Award, Oklahoma, USA .

Bloomability won the IRA/CBC Children's Choices award in 1999.

The Wanderer won the Parents' Choice Award, USA, in 2000, and was a runner-up for the Newbery Medal. It was one of eight books on the Carnegie Medal shortlist in the U.K.

Creech and Love That Dog were a commended runner-up for the 2001 Carnegie Medal, and she won the 2002 Medal from the British librarians, recognizing Ruby Holler as the year's best children's book published in the U.K.

Works

 1990 The Recital, novel for adults, published as Sharon Rigg
 1991 Nickel Malley, novel for adults, published as Sharon Rigg
 1992 The Center of the Universe: Waiting for the Girl, play
 1990 Absolutely Normal Chaos
 1994 Walk Two Moons
 1996 Pleasing the Ghost
 1997 Chasing Redbird
 1998 Bloomability
 2000 Fishing in the Air
 2000  The Wanderer
 2001 Love That Dog
 2001 A Fine, Fine School
 2002 Ruby Holler
 2003 Granny Torrelli Makes Soup
 2004  Heartbeat
 2005  Replay
 2006 Who's That Baby
 2007 The Castle Corona (Illustrated by David Diaz)
 2008 Hate That Cat
 2009 The Unfinished Angel
 2012 The Great Unexpected
 2013 The Boy on the Porch
 2016 Moo
 2018 Saving Winslow
 2020 One Time

Notes

References

External links

American children's writers
Carnegie Medal in Literature winners
Newbery Honor winners
Newbery Medal winners
Hiram College alumni
People from South Euclid, Ohio
Writers from Ohio
Writers from New Jersey
1945 births
Living people

Sharon Creech


Wiley Mayne (January 19, 1917 – May 27, 2007) was a four-term Republican United States Congressman from Iowa's 6th congressional district. He was one of several Republican members of the House Judiciary Committee who were defeated in the fall of 1974 after he voted against resolutions to impeach President Richard M. Nixon in the summer of 1974.

Personal life
Mayne was born in Sanborn, Iowa in 1917. After attending public school in Iowa, Mayne studied at Harvard College, where he received his B.S. and then continued on to Harvard Law School. In 1939, he received his J.D. from the University of Iowa College of Law. He joined the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1941, the same year that he was admitted to practice law. After a three-year tour of duty with the United States Naval Reserve as a Lieutenant Junior Grade from 1941–1943, Mayne returned to private practice, joining a Sioux City, Iowa law firm. In 1963, he served a one-year term as president of the Iowa Bar Association. Afterwards, he chaired the Grievance Commission of the Iowa Supreme Court until 1966.

On January 5, 1942, Mayne married Betty Dodson. The couple had three children; sons Wiley Mayne II and John Mayne, both of whom followed in their father's footsteps and became lawyers, and daughter Martha Mayne Smith.

Congressional Terms
In 1966, Mayne ran for Congress in the now-obsolete Sixth Congressional District in Northwest Iowa and defeated Democratic freshman incumbent Stanley L. Greigg. Mayne was elected four times to the House, where he served on the House Agriculture Committee and the House Judiciary Committee. While serving on the House Agriculture Committee, a major issue of the era was a sudden and swift decline in the United States cattle market. In 1973, he was made a delegate to the Food and Agriculture Organization in Rome. One of Mayne's Congressional aides was future actor and congressman Fred Grandy.

As a member of the House Judiciary Committee, Mayne played an influential role in amendments to the Federal Rules of Evidence, especially those involving the admissibility of opinion testimony. His political downfall, however, came in his fourth term during his service on that Committee, when Mayne was one of ten Republican Committee members to vote against articles of impeachment against President Richard Nixon arising from the Watergate scandal. At the time of his Committee votes, Mayne believed that the proof was not sufficient to necessitate a call for impeachment. In Nixon's final days in office, however, Mayne's opinion quickly changed after evidence implicating Nixon in a subsequent coverup was made public, and he vowed to vote in favor of impeachment when the articles came before the full House. The damage, however, had been done, and Mayne narrowly lost the 1974 election to his 1972 opponent, Democrat Berkley Bedell.

Later life
After leaving Congress, Mayne returned to Sioux City, Iowa to resume his law practice. His wife, Betty, died in 2001, and Mayne continued to practice law until 2005. Mayne died in May 2007 after suffering a cardiopulmonary incident.

References

1917 births
2007 deaths
Deaths from pulmonary embolism
Politicians from Sioux City, Iowa
United States Navy personnel of World War II
United States Navy officers
Federal Bureau of Investigation agents
Harvard Law School alumni
University of Iowa College of Law alumni
Iowa lawyers
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Iowa
People from Sanborn, Iowa
Watergate scandal investigators
20th-century American politicians
Harvard College alumni

Wiley Mayne


Francine Barron Mathews (born May 23, 1963) is an American writer of mystery and spy fiction who also writes historical mysteries under the name Stephanie Barron. She features in Great Women Mystery Writers (2007).

Biography
Francine Stephanie Barron was born in Binghamton, New York, and grew up in Washington D.C., the youngest of six sisters. She graduated from Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School, then earned a degree at Princeton University in European History. While there, she wrote for the university newspaper, which led to later jobs with The Miami Herald and The San Jose Mercury News. She pursued an MA at Stanford University in Latin American History, but left to work at the CIA for several years as an intelligence analyst. After the publication of her first book, she started writing full-time, citing John McPhee (who taught her at Princeton) and Elizabeth George as particular influences. She lives in Denver, Colorado, with her children and husband. Her husband, Mark, is a prominent lawyer in the area. Her eldest son, Sam, also went on to study at Princeton. Her youngest son, Stephen, went on to study at Penn State and is on the fencing team.

Writing

As Francine Mathews, she has written two series: one set in Nantucket featuring police officer Meredith "Merry" Folger, the latest in a long line of police officers in her family, including her father who is also her boss. Indeed, family and genealogy play an important part of the series. Mathews has stated that with this series she tried to "capture the difficult life in New England today" and the "bitter and embedded economic issues" facing the fishing industry. Her second series are spy thrillers based on her time working with the CIA.

As Stephanie Barron (her middle and maiden names), Mathews has written historical novels featuring the English novelist Jane Austen (1775–1817) as an amateur sleuth. The books are presented as lost diaries merely edited by Barron. Mathews has carried out considerable research into Austen as background to the series, especially using Austen's correspondence as a key source.

Published books

As Francine Mathews

Merry Folger series
 Death in the Off Season (1994)
 Death in Rough Water (1995)
 Death in a Mood Indigo (1997)
 Death in a Cold Hard Light (1998)
 Death on Nantucket (2017)
 Death on Tuckernuck (2020)

Caroline Carmichael series
  The Cut Out (2001)
  Blown (2005)

Other novels
 The Secret Agent (2002)
 The Alibi Club (2006)
 Jack 1939 (2012)
 Too Bad to Die (2015)

As Stephanie Barron

Jane Austen series
 Jane and the Unpleasantness at Scargrave Manor (1996)
 Jane and the Man of the Cloth (1997)
 Jane and the Wandering Eye (1998)
 Jane and the Genius of the Place (1999)
 Jane and the Stillroom Maid (2000)
 Jane and the Prisoner of Wool House (2001)
 Jane and the Ghosts of Netley (2003)
 Jane and His Lordship's Legacy (2005)
 Jane and the Barque of Frailty (2006)
 Jane and the Madness of Lord Byron (2010)
 Jane and the Canterbury Tale (2011)
 Jane and the Twelve Days of Christmas (2014)
 Jane and the Waterloo Map (2016)
 Jane and the Year Without a Summer (2022)

Other novels
 A Flaw in the Blood (2008)
 The White Garden (2009)
That Churchill Woman (2020)

References

External links

  (1994–2015)
 Stephanie Barron at LC Authorities, with 14 records (1996–2014)

1963 births
American mystery novelists
American spy fiction writers
Journalists from Washington, D.C.
Writers from Binghamton, New York
People from Golden, Colorado
Princeton University alumni
Stanford University alumni
Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School alumni
Miami Herald people
Novelists from Colorado
Novelists from New York (state)
Living people
American women novelists
Women mystery writers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
Women historical novelists
Women crime writers
Journalists from New York (state)
American women non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers

Francine Mathews


The Battle of the Levant Convoy was a naval engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars fought on 7 October 1795. During the battle, a powerful French squadron surprised a valuable British convoy from the Levant off Cape St Vincent on the coast of Portugal. The convoy was weakly defended, and although the small escort squadron tried to drive the French back, they were outmatched. In the ensuing action one of the British ships of the line and almost the entire convoy was overrun and captured. The French commander, Commodore Joseph de Richery, then retired to the neutral Spanish port of Cádiz, where he came under blockade.

The annual British Levant convoy was a mercantile operation in which valuable merchant shipping from ports across the Eastern Mediterranean gathered together for security under escort to Britain by Royal Navy warships. In 1795, this escort comprised three ships of the line, one in a poor state of repair, and several frigates under the command of Commodore Thomas Taylor. Taylor split the convoy, sailing in two separate divisions. On 7 October a French squadron under Richery, sent from Toulon to attack the Newfoundland fisheries, encountered Taylor's division of the convoy.

Taylor attempted to hold off Richery for long enough for the merchant ships to scatter and escape, but one of his ships, HMS Censeur lost a top-mast as he formed a line of battle and was rapidly overwhelmed by the French. With his line broken and frigates  seizing the merchant ships unopposed, Taylor turned away from the battle and withdrew, leaving the convoy to its fate. Only one ship survived. Richery took his prizes to Cádiz in Southern Spain, where he was subject to a blockade by a British squadron under Rear-Admiral Robert Mann. Nearly a year later he escaped with the help of the Spanish to inflict severe damage on the fishing fleets off Maritime Canada.

Background

The French Navy in the Atlantic had suffered severe losses in a series of defeats during the early years of the French Revolutionary Wars, particularly at the Glorious First of June in 1794 and during the Croisière du Grand Hiver the following winter. In June 1795 three more ships were lost in the defeat at the Battle of Groix. Requests for reinforcements were sent to the Mediterranean Fleet, which had suffered its own severe losses at the Siege of Toulon in 1793, and later at the Battle of Genoa and the Battle of the Hyères Islands in the spring and summer of 1795.  The commander of the Mediterranean Fleet, Vice-amiral Pierre Martin acceded to the request, preparing a squadron of six ships of the line and three frigates  under Contre-amiral Joseph de Richery to reinforce the Brest fleet.

This force was under orders to sail across the Atlantic, unite with French naval units in the Caribbean to land an army in Saint-Domingue and attack shipping at Jamaica. It was then to sail north to attack the important cod fisheries off Newfoundland and Maritime Canada, before returning to France via the Azores to unite with the fleet at Brest. Martin was wary of the British Mediterranean Fleet, which had so recently inflicted defeats on his own force, but the British commander Admiral William Hotham had kept the blockade of Toulon loose, based at his anchorage at San Fiorenzo, and Richery was able to escape into the Ligurian Sea without being observed on 14 September. Martin also knew that the annual British merchant convoy from the Levant was due to pass westwards on its way to the Straits of Gibraltar, and several weeks later sent out a second squadron, under Commodore Honoré Ganteaume, in search of it.

Martin was unaware that the convoy had sailed earlier than anticipated, reaching Gibraltar ahead of Richery and long before Ganteaume even sailed. At Gibraltar the 63-ship convoy met with its escort provided from Hotham's fleet. This force was led by Commodore Thomas Taylor in 74-gun HMS Fortitude, accompanied by HMS Bedford and HMS Censeur as well as the frigates HMS Argo, HMS Juno, HMS Lutine and the fireship HMS Tisiphone. Censeur, under the command of Captain John Gore, was not fit for service; the ship had been a French warship captured off Genoa in March and was still in a poor state of repair, armed en flute and carrying only jury masts.

Richery's encounter
Taylor's convoy sailed from Gibraltar on 25 September, progressing slowly westwards into the Atlantic. The following day Taylor split his force, sending 32 merchant ships with Argo and Juno, while he took 31 merchant ships along the Spanish and Portuguese coasts with his main force. By the morning of 7 October the convoy was passing slowly around Cape St Vincent,  offshore with land to the southeast. At 09:30 sails were sighted to the northeast and Thomas rapidly realised that they were an enemy force. Issuing hasty orders to his squadron to establish a short line of battle, he formed up with Fortitude in the lead, followed by Bedford and Censeur, supported by Lutine and Tisiphone. The convoy was ordered to scatter.

Richery bore down on Taylor's small squadron, sending his frigates Embuscade, Félicité and Friponne to attack the fleeing merchant ships. Taylor hoped to hold the French off for long enough to allow the convoy to escape, but the frigates simply evaded the line. In addition, the damaged Censeur was unable to hold station and at 13:00 the jury top-foremast collapsed over the side forcing Gore to fall back, away from Taylor's other ships. Taylor discussed the situation with his officers and Captain Augustus Montgomery on Bedford, reaching agreement to withdraw. Fortitude and Bedford then pulled away from the French in formation, leaving Censeur behind.

At 13:50 the leading French ships opened fire on Censeur, Gore returning fire, distantly assisted by the stern-chaser guns on Fortitude and Bedford, Taylor and Montgomery having their gunners smash holes in their ships' sterns to fit the cannon. Richery's squadron bore down on the retreating British line, firing at the masts on Censeur and bringing down both remaining topmasts in quick succession. Gore had not been expected to engage in action in his damaged ship and so there was little gunpowder on board. By 14:30 it had all been consumed and, abandoned by Taylor, Gore struck his colours and surrendered to three of the French ships. Richery's leading ships now engaged Lutine, Captain William Haggitt briefly returning fire as he pulled away. With Censeur secured and his frigates amid the merchant ships, Richery called off pursuit and allowed Taylor to retreat.

Aftermath
Unprotected, the Levant convoy was destroyed. Richery's frigates captured all but one of the British merchant vessels, 30 ships. Gathering his prizes, the French admiral turned back towards the Spanish coast, eventually anchoring in the neutral but friendly Spanish fleet base of Cádiz. Due to treaties in place at the time, only three of Richery's ships could dock at Cádiz itself, the rest anchoring in the less sheltered port of Rota. There he was trapped; Hotham had learned on 22 September that Richery was at sea, and on 5 October had dispatched a squadron of six ships of the line and two frigates in pursuit under Rear-Admiral Robert Mann. As Richery had a three-week start, Mann arrived off Cádiz far too late to intercede in the action, but did find Richery only recently anchored in the harbour. Following his orders to pursue the French, Mann established a blockade of Cádiz awaiting Richery's return to sea. The Argo convoy, under Captain Richard Burgess proceeded unchallenged and reached Britain intact. Historian William Laird Clowes laid blame for the destruction of the convoy on Hotham, stating that his behaviour "offers additional proof of that officer's unfitness for the very important command with which he had been entrusted." This was not the first time the Levant convoy had been targeted by the French Navy; 102 years earlier during the Nine Years' War a much larger Levant convoy had been overrun and destroyed by the French in the same waters, at the Battle of Lagos.

The blockade was to last ten months, during which Richery was unable to find an opportunity to escape Mann's watch on the approaches to the Spanish port. His ships were battered by winter storms, and on 17 December Victoire, Duquesne and Révolution were all blown on shore and badly damaged. They required extensive repairs in the Cádiz dockyards before they were ready for sea once more. The French were eventually released by diplomatic means; in the spring of 1796 the French Republic and the Kingdom of Spain had begun negotiations on an alliance against Britain, which was eventually signed at the Treaty of San Ildefonso on 19 August. As a gesture of good will, the Spanish fleet at Cádiz under Admiral Juan de Lángara agreed to escort Richery out of the harbour with sufficient force to dissuade an attack by Mann. Lángara took 20 ships of the line and 14 other vessels to sea on 4 August, accompanied by Richery's ten warships. They found the approaches to Cádiz empty; Mann had retired from the blockade on 29 July under orders from Vice-Admiral Sir John Jervis.

Lángara sent Richery  westwards with a large escort under Rear-Admiral José Solano y Bote, the French admiral then separating and fulfilling his original mission to attack the fisheries of Maritime Canada. During September he burned fishing fleets and coastal communities across Newfoundland and Labrador before returning to France unimpeded, having captured or destroyed more than a hundred British merchant ships during his operation.

Order of battle

Sources

References

Naval battles of the French Revolutionary Wars
Conflicts in 1795
Naval battles involving France
Naval battles involving Great Britain
Battles of the War of the First Coalition

Battle of the Levant Convoy


Gobichettipalayam is a town and municipality in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the second largest city and urban concentration in Erode district and is the administrative headquarters of Gobichettipalayam taluk. The town is administered by a municipality established in 1949. It is known as "Mini Kollywood" because of the movies produced there. This town has a population of 60,279 as of 2011.  The population is mostly by the Kongu Vellalar community. There are a significant number of North Indians, Gurkhas, Malayalis, Uralis, Mudaliar, Vanniyar, Dalits, Nadar and Vettuva Gounders. As per the religious census of 2011, Gobichettipalayam had 90.3% Hindus, 7.1% Muslims, 2.5% Christians and 0.1% others.

Places of Interest
 The Pariyur Kondathu Kaliamman Temple is in Pariyur, about 3 km from Gobichettipalayam, where a 'Fire Walking Ceremony' (Kundam) is held during January every year.
 The Amarapaneeswarar Temple is a temple dedicated to Lord Shiva and his consort Soundaranayaki Amman, located in Pariyur. The temple itself is built completely of white marble.
 The Adinarayana Swamy Temple is a temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu located at Pariyur and the chief deity of the temple is Adhi Narayana Perumal. He is represented along with his companions Sri Devi and Bhu Devi.

Reference

Erode district

Gobichettipalayam


Samuel James Smith (7 September 1909 – November 1994) was an English footballer who played as a centre forward. He scored 17 goals in 46 appearances in the Football League playing for Birmingham, Norwich City and Walsall.

Smith was born in Pelsall, which was then in Staffordshire. He played for Walsall LMS before joining Birmingham in 1930. He scored twice on his debut against local rivals Aston Villa, and finished the 1931–32 season with ten goals from 15 league games, but the following season Bob Gregg regained his place alongside Joe Bradford in attack. Under George Liddell, who took over from Leslie Knighton as manager, Smith played rarely, and in 1934 he followed Knighton to Chelsea. He failed to make the first team at Chelsea, and a year later moved on to Norwich City, but six months produced only one league appearance, so he returned to the Midlands with Walsall in January 1936. At the end of that season he moved into non-league football with Stourbridge.

References

1909 births
1994 deaths
People from Pelsall
Sportspeople from the Metropolitan Borough of Walsall
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Walsall LMS F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Chelsea F.C. players
Norwich City F.C. players
Walsall F.C. players
Stourbridge F.C. players
English Football League players

Sam Smith (footballer, born 1909)


Roland Napoléon Bonaparte, 6th Prince of Canino and Musignano (19 May 1858 – 14 April 1924) was a French prince and president of the Société de Géographie from 1910 until his death. He was the last male-lineage descendant of Lucien Bonaparte, the genetically senior branch of the family since 1844.

Biography
Bonaparte was born in Paris on 19 May 1858, the son of Prince Pierre Napoleon Bonaparte and Éléonore-Justine Ruflin. He was a grandson of Lucien Bonaparte, Emperor Napoleon I's brother.

Prince Roland was married in Paris on 18 November 1880, to Marie-Félix Blanc (1859–1882), the daughter of François Blanc. They had one daughter, Marie Bonaparte (1882–1962).

In 1884, Bonaparte was part of a scientific expedition that photographed and anatomically measured the Sami inhabitants of Northern Norway. The following year he was photographing Aboriginal Australians brought to Europe and the US to be studied by anthropologists and exhibited by the general public.

Bonaparte was the President of the Société astronomique de France (SAF), the French astronomical society, from 1921 to 1923.

On the death of his cousin Prince Napoléon Charles Bonaparte in 1899, he succeeded him as the 6th Prince of Canino and Musignano, but he never assumed the title. With Prince Roland's death in Paris on 14 April 1924, the senior line of the House of Bonaparte descending from Lucien Bonaparte became extinct in the male line.

Legacy
Bonaparte Point in Antarctica was named after him by Jean-Baptiste Charcot. There is also a small lake on the mountains above the Coast Sámi/Norwegian village Kvalsund which is called Bonapartesjøen - Lake Bonaparte - after his abovementioned visit to the region.

References

External links

Presidents of the Société de Géographie

1858 births
1924 deaths
Nobility from Paris
Roland Bonaparte
Roland Bonaparte
Roland Bonaparte
French geographers
Presidents of the International Geographical Union
Members of the French Academy of Sciences

Roland Bonaparte