Dean Lawrence Kamen (born April 5, 1951) is an American engineer, inventor, and businessman. He is known for inventing the Segway and founding the non-profit organization FIRST with Woodie Flowers.

Career

Inventions
Kamen is best known for inventing the product that eventually became known as the Segway PT. It is an electric, self-balancing vehicle. The device is balanced on two parallel wheels and is controlled by moving body weight. The machine had a lot of attention after parts of a book quoting Steve Jobs and other notable IT inventors talking about its revolutionary potential were leaked in December 2001.

Kamen was already a successful inventor: his company Auto Syringe manufactures and markets the first drug infusion pump. His company DEKA also holds patents for the technology used in portable dialysis machines, an insulin pump (based on the drug infusion pump technology), and an all-terrain electric wheelchair known as the iBOT, using many of the same balancing technologies that were later used on the Segway.

Kamen has worked a lot on a project involving Stirling engine designs. It tries to create two machines: one that would generate power, and the Slingshot that would be a water purification system.  He hopes the project will help improve living standards in developing countries. Kamen has a patent on his water purifier, and other patents pending. In 2014, the film SlingShot was released, which showed Kamen's quest to use his machine to fix the world's water crisis.

Kamen is also the co-inventor of a compressed air device that would launch a human into the air. This would be used to quickly launch SWAT teams or other emergency workers to the roofs of tall, hard-to-reach buildings.

In 2009 Kamen stated that his company DEKA was now working on solar powered inventions.

Kamen and DEKA also made the DEKA Arm System or "Luke", a prosthetic arm replacement that gives much more fine motor control than other prosthetic limbs. It was approved for use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in May 2014, and DEKA is looking for partners to mass-produce the prosthesis.

FIRST
In 1989, Kamen founded FIRST (For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology), a program for students to get people interested in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). One competition started and run by FIRST is the FRC or FIRST Robotics Competition. In 2017, FIRST chose to host two international competitions, one in St. Louis, Missouri, and another in Houston, Texas, each a week apart. From 2018 to 2020, it will be held in Detroit, Michigan, instead of St. Louis, Missouri.

FIRST has many robotics programs for students in grades K-12, including FLL JR. (FIRST Lego League Jr.) for younger elementary school students, FLL (FIRST Lego League) for older elementary school and middle school students, FTC (FIRST Tech Challenge) for middle and high school students, and FRC (FIRST Robotics Competition) for high school students. In 2017, FIRST held the inaugural event of its first olympics-style competition – FGC (FIRST Global Challenge) – in Washington, D.C.

Kamen says that FIRST is the invention he is most proud of. He predicts that the 1 million students who have taken part in the contests so far will create important inventions in the future.

References

1951 births
American inventors
American Jews
Living people

Dean Kamen


The IBM Remote Supervisor Adapter  is a full-length ISA or PCI adapter produced by the IBM corporation.

Adapter versions

Advanced Systems Management Adapter (ASMA)
This is a full-length ISA or PCI adapter. The ISA version is very rare, and was only ever supported in one or two servers.
This adapter can be accessed either in-band through a device driver, or out-band over serial or 10Mbit Ethernet.

In addition, this adapter supports chaining of IBM Servers with Advanced Systems Management Processors (ASMP) using RJ45 patch cables (RS-485 signal), to reduce the number of

 IBM Netfinity 5000, 5100, 5500, 5500 M10, 5500 M20, 5600
 IBM Netfinity 6000R
 IBM Netfinity 7000 M10, 7100, 7600
 IBM Netfinity 8500R
 IBM eServer xSeries 230, 240, 250
 IBM eServer xSeries 330 (8654), 340, 350, 370

Remote Supervisor Adapter II (RSA-II) 73P9265

This is a half-length full-height PCI adapter, which can be accessed either in-band through a device driver, or out-band over serial or Ethernet.

In addition, this adapter supports chaining of IBM Servers with Integrated Systems Management Processors (ISMP) using RJ45 patch cables (RS-485 signal), to reduce the number of adapters required.

This adapter (when properly cabled) can be accessed for in-band management through a USB driver.

This adapter has its own ATI video chip, and will cause the onboard video chip to get disabled. The reason for this was to resolve some of the problems with capturing the video for the remote KVM function that the original RSA experienced. Just like the original RSA, in the event of chaining the remote KVM function is only supported on the server with the adapter installed.

Supported servers:
 IBM eServer 326, 326m
 IBM eServer xSeries 206, 225 (8649), 226, 235, 255
 IBM eServer xSeries 305, 306, 306m, 335, 345, 365
 IBM eServer xSeries 445

The RSA-II requires a 20-pin cable to attach to the motherboard of the server. Without this cable the remote video facilities will still work, and if the external USB cable is connected, the remote keyboard and mouse will work—but nothing else (including power control) will function properly.  Moreover, some servers will pause for 30–120 seconds after power-on if the RSA-II is installed but the cable is missing.

Different cables are required for different servers, and as of April 2008 it appears that the cards themselves are far more plentiful on the used market than certain cables—often the cables sell for more than the cards themselves!

Here is a table of known server/cablenumber combinations:
 eServer 326 uses cable 73P9312
 x345 uses cable 02R1661

Older servers use what is known as the "planar cable".  Newer servers use the cable shown in the adjacent image:

Remote Supervisor Adapter II Slimline (RSA-II Slimline)
This is a special version of the RSA-II that does not need a PCI slot. Instead it is plugged into a dedicated slot on the systemboard, like a Mini PCI adapter. This version also does not have a video controller anymore like the RSA-II.

Out-band management is provided by a dedicated Ethernet port on the server, which is not connected if the RSA-II Slimline is not installed.
In-Band management is provided by the same USB driver as the RSA-II.

Supported servers:
 IBM eServer xSeries 236, 260
 IBM eServer xSeries 336, 346, 366
 IBM eServer xSeries 460, MXE-460
 IBM System x 3200, 3250, 3350, 3400, 3500, 3550, 3650, 3655, 3755, 3800, 3850, 3950

Related

BladeCenter Management Module (BCMM)
This is the first management module of the IBM BladeCenter.

Its function is very similar to that of the RSA-II

The BCMM provides an external 10/100Mbit Ethernet connection (used for out-of-band management) and shared VGA, PS/2 Keyboard and PS/2 Mouse ports.
Internally the VGA and PS/2 ports are switchable between blades. The PS/2 ports are internally seen to the blades as USB.

This has since been phased out and replaced by the BCAMM.  It is no longer supported by IBM.

BladeCenter Advanced Management Module (BCAMM)
This is a hardware refresh of the management module for the IBM BladeCenter.  The PS/2 ports for keyboard and mouse were replaced with two USB ports.  The BCAMM is currently under active development and its firmware offers more capabilities than the original BCMM.

Advanced Systems Management Processor (ASMP)
This is an integrated Service Processor on select IBM Intel-based servers. It was succeeded by the ISMP.
Out-of-band management is possible using a serial port (shared with the OS), or by adding the Advanced Systems Management Adapter (ASMA).

These servers have ASMP functionality:
 IBM Netfinity 4500R
 IBM Netfinity 5000, 5100, 5500, 5600
 IBM Netfinity 6000R
 IBM Netfinity 7100, 7600
 IBM xSeries 130 (8654), 135 (8654), 150
 IBM xSeries 230, 240, 250
 IBM xSeries 330, 340, 350

Integrated Systems Management Processor (ISMP)
This is an integrated Service Processor on select IBM Intel-based servers. It was succeeded by the BMC (Baseboard Management Controller).
Out-of-band management is possible by adding the RSA or RSA II.

These servers have ISMP functionality:
 IBM xSeries 232, 235, 236, 255
 IBM xSeries 335, 342, 345

Baseboard Management Controller (BMC)
On many legacy IBM Intel-based servers the BMC is standard with the RSA II or RSA II Slimline as an Option device.

Integrated Management Module (IMM)
The IBM Integrated Management Module (IMM) is the next generation of System Management devices for UEFI based servers and comprises features and functionality of the legacy Baseboard Management Controller (BMC), Remote Supervisor Adapter II (RSA II) while incorporating the Super I/O controller and Video controller.

The IMM interfaces with the server's UEFI System firmware (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) to provide system management monitoring and functionality.

Although some issues known to both the RSA II and BMC may have been migrated to the early IMM generations (in addition to the IMM's own unique issues), most of these issues have been resolved while adding some of greatly improved features and Administrator / User experience over the BMC and RSA II predecessors.

For example:
 Advanced Predictive Failure Analysis (PFA)
 Configurable IMM Dedicated or Shared Ethernet connection
 Virtual Light Path Diagnostic
 Email alerts
 Remote Firmware updating
 Remote Power control, Remote Console / control of both hardware and Operating System
 OS failure screen shot capture
 Remote Mounting of Virtual Devices such as CD/DVD drive, USB Flash Drives, ISO / Disk images and Diskette drive

See also
 HP iLO
 Dell DRAC
 Sun SSP
 Real Weasel
 Cisco CIMC

References

Remote graphics session shows blank screen - IBM Remote Supervisor Adapter II
IBM Remote supervisor adapter User's Guide
IBM RSA-II and RSA-II Slimline User's Guide
IBM RSA-II - Overview
IBM Service Processors support matrix
How to use the IBM RSA keyboard/video remote control without a browser

External links

Out-of-band management
IBM server computers

IBM Remote Supervisor Adapter


Oracene Price (born April 3, 1952) is an American tennis coach. She is best known for being both the mother and coach of Venus and Serena Williams, both of whom are widely regarded as among the best tennis players of all time. She is the former wife of Richard Williams, whom she divorced in 2002.

Biography
Nicknamed "Brandy", Price was born in Saginaw, Michigan in 1952. Her father was an automotive worker from the Mississippi Delta. She graduated from Buena Vista High School in 1970 and from Western Michigan University. She has three daughters from a previous marriage to Yusef Rasheed: Yetunde Price (1972–2003), who was a former beauty salon owner and registered nurse; Lyndrea Price, a Web designer; and Isha Price, a lawyer. After Rasheed's death, while working as a nurse, Oracene married Richard Williams and had two more daughters, Venus Williams and Serena Williams. Both Venus and Serena are high-ranked professional tennis players who have won numerous Grand Slam tournaments. She helped her husband as he began coaching Venus and Serena in tennis. The Williams family moved to Florida on the offer of Rick Macci to coach their daughters for free.

By the end of 2000, Price was no longer living with her husband Richard Williams, and citing irreconcilable differences, they divorced in 2002. She reverted to her maiden name of Price.

During a semifinal match between Serena  and Justine Henin at the 2003 French Open, Williams was booed by fans after a complaint about a line call. Price believes that the boos were motivated by race, saying, "We, as black people, live with this all the time. It's all about control." Tennis journalist and author L. Jon Wertheim has said of Price, "You have to respect anyone incapable of gloss or spin (i.e., unwilling to lie)."

Price describes herself as a deeply spiritual woman. Price also has described herself as being a "rampant feminist" when dealing with the overly sexualized images of women in the media.

She traveled to Kenya with her daughter Serena for charity work, as well as Senegal to aid in the construction of schools.

Price was portrayed by Aunjanue Ellis in the 2021 biopic King Richard. Ellis was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance while the film itself was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture.

Coaching
Price's coaching has arguably been overshadowed by her role as mother, but as a coach she has been called underappreciated. Price is not a coach in a traditional sense (though she did learn tennis herself to help teach her daughters the technical aspects of the game) and is instead credited, along with Richard  for helping to build a solid foundation of self-esteem and outside interests for her daughters.

Venus and Serena's "poise under pressure" is often credited to the self-belief instilled in them by their mother. "There's no such thing as pressure," says Price. "As black Americans, that's all we've ever had. It's life. So where's the pressure?" This approach was coupled with, according to noted tennis coach Nick Bollettieri, a respect that meant that neither Price nor Richard Williams raised their voices to their daughters. Journalist Bonnie D. Ford has said that the longevity exhibited by the Williams sisters is directly attributable to their parents and the way that Richard Williams and Price have helped them manage their careers and lives. Ford believes it is especially admirable that Price and her former husband have continued to remain jointly supportive despite their separation.

References

Further reading
Bradley, Michael (2003). Venus Williams. Michael Cavendish Publishing. .

1952 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Saginaw, Michigan
American tennis coaches
Western Michigan University alumni
Williams family (tennis)

Oracene Price


The courts of England and Wales, supported administratively by His Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service, are the civil and criminal courts responsible for the administration of justice in England and Wales.

Except in constitutional matters, committed to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom does not generally have a single unified legal system—England and Wales have one system, Scotland another, and Northern Ireland a third. There are additional exceptions to this rule; for example, in immigration law, the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal's jurisdiction covers the whole of the United Kingdom, while in employment law, there is a single system of employment tribunals for England, Wales, and Scotland but not Northern Ireland. Additionally, the Military Court Service has jurisdiction over all members of the armed forces of the United Kingdom in relation to  offences against military law.

The Court of Appeal, the High Court, the Crown Court, the County Court, and the magistrates' courts are administered by His Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service, an executive agency of the Ministry of Justice.

There have been multiple calls from both Welsh academics and politicians however for a Wales criminal justice system.

Supreme Court of the United Kingdom

The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the highest appeal court in almost all cases in England and Wales. Before the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 this role was held by the Appeal Committee of House of Lords. The Supreme Court is also the highest court of appeal for devolution matters, a role previously held by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.

The Supreme Court has a separate administration from the other courts of England and Wales, and its administration is under a Chief Executive who is appointed by the President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom.

Senior Courts of England and Wales

The Senior Courts of England and Wales were originally created by the Judicature Acts as the "Supreme Court of Judicature". It was renamed the "Supreme Court of England and Wales" in 1981, and again to the "Senior Courts of England and Wales" by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (to distinguish it from the new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom). It consists of the following courts:

Court of Appeal (formally His Majesty's Court of Appeal in England)
High Court of Justice (High Court, formally His Majesty's High Court of Justice in England)
Crown Court

The Senior Courts of England and Wales, along with the Tribunals and other courts, are administered and supported by HM Courts and Tribunals Service.

Court of Appeal

The Court of Appeal deals only with appeals from other courts or tribunals. The Court of Appeal consists of two divisions: the Civil Division hears appeals from the High Court and the County Court and certain superior tribunals, while the Criminal Division may only hear appeals from the Crown Court connected with a trial on indictment (i.e., for a serious offence). Its decisions are binding on all courts, including itself, apart from the Supreme Court.

High Court

The High Court of Justice functions both as a civil court of first instance and a criminal and civil appellate court for cases from the subordinate courts. It consists of three divisions: the King's Bench, the Chancery, and the Family divisions. The divisions of the High Court are not separate courts but have somewhat separate procedures and practices adapted to their purposes. Although particular kinds of cases will be assigned to each division depending on their subject matter, each division may exercise the jurisdiction of the High Court. This also means English High Court puisne judges and above can sit 'cross-bench' meaning they can hear matters normally assigned to another division should they so desire.  However, beginning proceedings in the wrong division may result in a cost penalty.

The formation of The Business and Property Courts of England & Wales within the High Court was announced in March 2017, and launched in London in July 2017. The courts are based in the Rolls Building opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 2016, where are 31 courts and three super courts able to handle the most complex and multi-party trials. There are regional High Court centres at the civil and family courts in the major cities. The Business and Property Courts administer the specialist jurisdictions that had previously been administered in the Queen's Bench Division under the names of the Admiralty Court, the Commercial Court, and the Technology & Construction Court, and under the Chancery Division's lists for Business, Company and Insolvency, Competition, Intellectual Property, Revenue, and Trusts and Probate.

The judicial expertise available in the Rolls Building includes asset recovery, banking, commodities, company law, construction, finance, fraud, insolvency and reconstruction. It also covers information technology, insurance, intellectual property (including patents), international trade, mining, oil and gas, partnership, property, public procurement, regulation, shipping, tax and trusts. All matters in this list are heard by judges with particular experience in determining disputes in their particular speciality.

Crown Court

The Crown Court is a criminal court of both original and appellate jurisdiction which in addition handles a limited amount of civil business both at first instance and on appeal. It was established by the Courts Act 1971. It replaced the assizes whereby High Court judges would periodically travel around the country hearing cases, and quarter sessions which were courts held periodically in counties, county boroughs and certain boroughs. The Old Bailey is the unofficial name of London's most famous criminal court, which is now part of the Crown Court. Its official name is the "Central Criminal Court". The Crown Court also hears appeals from magistrates' courts.

The Crown Court is the only court in England and Wales that has the jurisdiction to try cases on indictment, and when exercising such a role, it is a superior court in that its judgments cannot be reviewed by the Administrative Court of the King's Bench Division of the High Court.

The Crown Court is an inferior court in respect of the other work it undertakes, viz. inter alia, appeals from the magistrates' courts and other tribunals.

Subordinate courts

The most common subordinate courts in England and Wales are

 County Court
 Family Court
 Magistrates' courts
 Youth courts

County Court

The County Court is a national court with a purely civil jurisdiction, sitting in 92 different towns and cities across England and Wales. As of 22 April 2014 there has been a single County Court for England and Wales where previously there was a series of courts.  The County Court is so named after the ancient sheriff's court held in each county, but it has no connection with it nor indeed was the jurisdiction of the county courts based on counties.

A County Court hearing is presided over by either a district or circuit judge and, except in a small minority of cases such as civil actions against the police, the judge sits alone as a trier of fact and law without assistance from a jury. The old county courts' divorce and family jurisdiction was passed on 22 April 2014 to the single Family Court.

Until unification in 2014, county courts were local courts in the sense that each one has an area over which certain kinds of jurisdiction, for example, proceedings for possession of the land had to be started in the county court in whose district the property lay, but in general, any county court in England and Wales could hear any action and claims were frequently transferred from court to court.

Family Court

The Family Court is a national court and has jurisdiction to hear all family cases in England and Wales. Local jurisdictional boundaries have disappeared and there is only one single jurisdiction for all family proceedings. The Family Court sits at many locations in England and Wales, and it usually sits at the County Court centres and magistrates courts where family work was previously heard by county courts or family proceedings courts. Family Court judges are now more categories of judges who will be eligible to hear family cases including lay magistrates, district judges, circuit judges, and High Court judges from the Family Division.

Magistrates' and youth courts
Magistrates' courts are the criminal court where all criminal proceedings start. They are presided over by a bench of magistrates (A.K.A. justices of the peace), or a legally trained district judge (formerly known as a stipendiary magistrate), sitting in each local justice area. There are no juries. They have jurisdiction to hear minor criminal cases, as well as certain licensing appeals. Youth courts are run on similar lines to adult magistrates' courts but deal with offenders aged between the ages of ten and seventeen inclusive. Youth courts are presided over by a specially trained subset of experienced adult magistrates or a district judge. Youth magistrates have a wider catalog of disposals available to them for dealing with young offenders and often hear more serious cases against youths (which for adults would normally be dealt with by the Crown Court). Youth courts are not open to the public for observation, only the parties involved in a case being admitted.

Prior to the enactment of the Crime and Courts Act 2013, some magistrates' courts were also a family proceedings court and heard family law cases including care cases and they had the power to make adoption orders. Family cases are no longer heard by the magistrates' courts, instead being heard by the single Family Court established by the 2013 Act.

Special courts and tribunals

In addition, there are many other specialist courts. These are often described as "tribunals" rather than courts, but the difference in name is meaningless. For example, an employment tribunal is an inferior court of record for the purposes of the law of contempt of court. In many cases, there is a statutory right of appeal from a tribunal to a particular court or specially constituted appellate tribunal. In the absence of a specific appeals court, the only remedy from a decision of a tribunal may be via judicial review to the High Court, which will often be more limited in scope than an appeal.

Examples of specialist courts are:
 Employment tribunals (formerly industrial tribunals) with an appeal to the Employment Appeal Tribunal
 the Employment Appeal Tribunal, which is a superior court of record, and therefore not subject to judicial review, appeals go to the Court of Appeal
 the First-tier Tribunal and the Upper Tribunal established under the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 have absorbed the function of many pre-existing tribunals.

Coroners' courts
The post of coroner is ancient, dating from the 11th century, and coroners still sit today to determine the cause of death in situations where people have died in potentially suspicious circumstances, abroad, or in the care of central authority. They also have jurisdiction over treasure trove.

Ecclesiastical courts
The Church of England is an established church (i.e. it is the official state church) and formerly had exclusive or non-exclusive subject matter jurisdiction over marriage and divorce cases, testamentary matters, defamation, and several other areas. Since the 19th century, the jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical courts has narrowed principally to matters of church property and errant clergy. Each diocese has a "chancellor" (either a barrister or solicitor) who acts as a judge in the consistory court of the diocese. The bishop no longer has the right to preside personally, as he formerly did. Appeals lie to the Arches Court (in Canterbury) and the Chancery Court (in York), and from them to the Court of Ecclesiastical Causes Reserved (CECR). From the CECR appeals lie to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.

Military courts
Military courts of the United Kingdom include
 the Summary Appeal Court
 the Service Civilian Court
 the Court Martial
 the Court Martial Appeal Court

Other courts
Election court (ad-hoc courts hearing petitions against election results)
Barmote court (largely ceremonial court dealing with lead mining rights in Derbyshire)
The High Court of Chivalry (ancient and rarely convened court dealing with heraldry)
Verderers' courts (dealing with commoners' rights and related matters in the formerly royal hunting forests of the New Forest, the Forest of Dean and Epping Forest.)

Criminal cases

There are two kinds of criminal trials: "summary" and "on indictment". For an adult, summary trials take place in a magistrates' court, while trials on indictment take place in the Crown Court. Despite the possibility of two venues for trial, almost all criminal cases, however serious, commence in a magistrates' courts. It is possible to start a trial for an indictable offence by a voluntary bill of indictment, and go directly to the Crown Court, but that would be unusual.

A criminal case that starts in the magistrates' courts may begin either by the defendant being charged and then being brought forcibly before magistrates or by a summons to the defendant to appear on a certain day before the magistrates. A summons is usually confined to very minor offences. The hearing (of the charge or summons) before the magistrates is known as a "first appearance".

Offences are of three categories: indictable only, summary, and either way. Indictable only offences such as murder and rape must be tried on indictment in the Crown Court. On first appearance, the magistrates must immediately refer the defendant to the Crown Court for trial, their only role being to decide whether to remand the defendant on bail or in custody.

Summary offences, such as most motoring offences, are much less serious and most must be tried in a magistrates' court, although a few may be sent for trial to the Crown Court along with other offences that may be tried there (for example assault). The vast majority of offences are also concluded in a magistrates' court (over 90% of cases).

Either way offences are intermediate offences such as theft and, with the exception of low-value criminal damage, maybe tried either summarily (by magistrates) or by judge and jury in the Crown Court. If the magistrates consider that an either way offence is too serious for them to deal with, they may "decline jurisdiction" which means that the defendant will have to appear in the Crown Court. Conversely, even if the magistrates accept jurisdiction, an adult defendant has a right to compel a jury trial. Defendants under eighteen years of age do not have this right and will be tried in a youth court (similar to a magistrates' court) unless the case is homicide or else is particularly serious.

A magistrates' court is made up in two ways. Either a group (known as a "bench") of "lay magistrates", or a district judge, will hear the case. A lay bench must consist of at least three magistrates. Alternatively, a case may be heard by a district judge (formerly known as a stipendiary magistrate), who will be a qualified lawyer and will sit singly, but has the same powers as a lay bench. District judges usually sit in the more busy courts in cities or hear complex cases (e.g. extradition). Magistrates have limited sentencing powers.

In the Crown Court, the case is tried before a recorder (part-time judge), circuit judge or a High Court judge, and a jury. The seniority of the judge depends on the seriousness and complexity of the case. The jury is involved only if the defendant enters a plea of "not guilty".

Appeals

From the magistrates' courts, an appeal can be taken to the Crown Court on matters of fact and law or, on matters of law alone, to the Administrative Court of King's Bench Division of the High Court, which is called an appeal "by way of case stated". The magistrates' courts are also inferior courts and are therefore subject to judicial review.

The Crown Court is more complicated. When it is hearing a trial on indictment (a jury trial) it is treated as a superior court, which means that its decisions may not be judicially reviewed and appeal lies only to the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal.

In other circumstances (for example when acting as an appeal court from a magistrates' court) the Crown Court is an inferior court, which means that it is subject to judicial review. When acting as an inferior court, appeals by way of case stated on matters of law may be made to the Administrative Court.

Appeals from the High Court, in criminal matters, lie only to the Supreme Court. Appeals from the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) may also only be taken to the Supreme Court.

Appeals to the Supreme Court are unusual in that the court from which appeal is being made (either the High Court or the Court of Appeal) must certify that there is a point of law of general public importance. This additional control mechanism is not present with civil appeals and means that far fewer criminal appeals are heard by the Supreme Court.

Civil cases

Under the Civil Procedure Rules 1998, civil claims under £10,000 are dealt with in the County Court under the "small claims track". This is generally known to the lay public as "small claims court" but does not exist as a separate court. Claims between £10,000 and £25,000 that are capable of being tried within one day are allocated to the "fast track" and claims over £25,000 to the "multi-track". These "tracks" are labels for the use of the court system – the actual cases will be heard in the County Court or the High Court depending on their value.

For personal injury, defamation cases, and in some landlord and tenant disputes, the thresholds for each track have different values.

History

For nearly 300 years, from the time of the Norman Conquest until 1362, French was the language of the courts, rather than English. Until the twentieth century, many legal terms were still expressed in Latin.
The Supreme Court of Judicature was formed in 1875 from the merging of various courts then existing, such as the
Court of King's Bench
High Court of Chancery
Court of Exchequer
High Court of Admiralty
Court of Common Pleas
Court of Probate and Matrimonial Causes
Court of Common Pleas of the County Palatine of Lancaster
Court of Pleas of the County Palatine of Durham and Sadberge

The Court of Appeal in Chancery was merged into the Court of Appeal.

Other historical courts include:
House of Lords
Star Chamber
Court of High Commission
Court of Criminal Appeal
Court for Crown Cases Reserved
Courts of piepowders (marketplace courts)
Assize Court
Restrictive Practices Court
Courts leet
Quarter sessions

Local courts of special jurisdiction
The courts of session of the County Palatine of Chester and the Principality of Wales were abolished section 14 of by the Law Terms Act 1830.

The Court of the County of Durham was abolished by section 2 of the Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836.

The Stannaries Court was abolished by the Stannaries Court (Abolition) Act 1896.

The following courts were merged into the High Court by section 41 of the Courts Act 1971 following the report by Dr. Beeching:
The Court of Chancery of the County Palatine of Lancaster
The Court of Chancery of the County Palatine of Durham and Sadberge

Section 42 replaced the Mayor's and City of London Court with a county court of the same name.

Section 43 abolished:
The Tolzey and Pie Poudre Courts of the City and County of Bristol
The Liverpool Court of Passage
The Norwich Guildhall Court
The Court of Record for the Hundred of Salford

Section 221 of the Local Government Act 1972 abolished the borough civil courts listed in Schedule 28 to that Act.

Part II of Schedule 4 to the Administration of Justice Act 1977 curtailed the jurisdiction of certain other anomalous local courts.

See also
Canon Law
Courts of Northern Ireland
Courts of Scotland
English law
His Majesty's Courts Service
Judiciary of England and Wales
Legal year
List of courts in England and Wales
List of Supreme Court of Judicature cases
Personal Support Unit
Welsh Law

References

External links
 HM Courts & Tribunals Service website
 Official list of senior judges in the courts of England and Wales
 Organisation of justice in England and Wales (pdf)

pl:System sądowniczy Wielkiej Brytanii

Courts of England and Wales


Gerald R. Weeks is an American author and lecturer. He has published 30 books on psychotherapy, which have been translated into multiple languages. He has published in the fields of individual, and family therapy, although he is best known for his work in sex and couple's therapy. Weeks is the founder of the Systems Approach to Sex Therapy as well as the founder of the Intersystem Approach to therapy which has been called one of the most ambitious efforts to develop an integrative approach to psychotherapy. He was a professor in the Marriage and Family Therapy Program at the University of Nevada-Las Vegas from 1999-2017. In 2017, he became Professor Emeritus as he retired from UNLV.

Biography

Weeks is a native of North Carolina but has lived throughout the US working as a professor in major universities. He was born in Morehead, NC and currently resides in the Seattle area with his wife, Nancy.

He earned a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in both Clinical Psychology and Family Studies in 1979 from Georgia State University. At Georgia State University, he studied with Luciano L'Abate who is the founder of the field of family psychology and one of the most published psychologists in the world.

Professional career
Since 1979, Weeks has served in a number of professional positions including: Associate Professor of Psychology at the University of North Carolina, Program Director at Council for Relationships, and later Clinical Associate Professor of Psychology at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. He also served as President of the American Board of Family Psychology in 1988 and 1989.

He was Professor and Chair for the Marriage and Family Therapy Program at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas from 1999-2013. In 2013, he became a professor in the program.

His development of the Intersystem Approach to therapy (see Weeks & Hof, 1994) has been one of his major achievements. It is a theoretical framework which combines individual, couple, and intergenerational factors in the diagnosis and treatment of individuals, couples, and families. Several books have been published demonstrating its application in couples and sex therapy. This theory is designed to fit the therapy to clients rather than forcing clients to conform to the therapist's theoretical framework.

The Intersystem Approach is an integrative and dialectical framework, that explores how individuals, couples, family systems and communities function in their relationships. it includes two constructs: (1) the attachment theory construct, and (2) the interactional construct. Gerald R. Weeks. Klaus F. Riegel asserted that development proceeds in four dimensions simultaneously: 1) inner-biological, 2) individual-psychological, 3) cultural-sociological, and 4) outer-physical. The approach uses genograms (a graphic representation of an intergenerational family tree that displays the interactions of families through multiple generations). Within genograms, clinicians can develop maps and timelines for each of the four domains, and an Internal Models Map (IMM).

Early in his career he was influential in the development of strategic therapy. His book on paradoxical psychotherapy was one of the top selling professional books in the field of psychotherapy.

In addition to being a professor and author of many advanced professional books, he has lectured and trained clinicians throughout the world. He began providing training to clinicians in Turkey in 2011 and today there are 2,000 therapists in the country who are practising his approach to couple and sex therapy.

Clinical background and experience

Weeks received his doctorate in psychology with specializations in both Clinical Psychology and Family Psychology (couple and family therapy). In fact, he was the second psychologist in the U.S. to receive a doctorate with a specialization in Family Psychology. His clinical mentor was Luciano L'Abate who is the founder of the field of Family Psychology. Further, Dr. Weeks holds every advanced certification and board certification one can obtain in the fields of couple and sex therapy: Clinical Fellow; Certified Sex Therapist and Supervisor; Diplomate (Board Certified), American Board of Sexology, American Board of Couple and Family Psychology.

His areas of specialization for the past 35 years have been individual and couple relational issues as well as sex therapy. He has written numerous professional texts and has provided over 30,000 hours of couple/sex therapy. In 1985, he became the youngest director of training at the Marriage Council of Philadelphia (currently called the Council for Relationships)/Division of Family Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. Marriage Council was the birthplace of couple therapy and has been in continuous operation since 1932. As the director of a post-master's program, he was responsible for training over 300 clinicians in advanced principles of couple therapy. He also founded the Institute for Sex Therapy during his tenure at PENN.

Weeks is the founder of the systemic approach to sex therapy and the Intersystem Approach to Therapy. Both approaches propose that problems must be conceptualized within the context in which they occur from the broadest possible perspective. He focuses on factors that contribute to problems which include medical/drug induced effects, individual/psychological issues, couple dysfunction, and the effect of the family-of-origin. A systematically organized integrative plan of treatment is then developed. In addition, he believes that therapy should be about more than just solving the immediate problem, but strive to produce optimal functioning.

Recognition
He received the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy "Outstanding Contribution to the Field of Marriage and Family Therapy" award in 2009 and "The 2010 Family psychologist of the year" award from the Society for Family Psychology, which is part of the American Psychological Association.

Publications
Besides his books, Weeks has published scientific journal articles and book chapters. He has also presented hundreds of scientific papers, lectures, and training workshops throughout North America, Europe, and Australia. Several of his books are widely used to train students in masters and doctoral programs in couple and family therapy.

Author or co-author
Hertlein, K. M., Weeks, G., & Gambescia, N. (Eds.) (2019). Systemic Sex Therapy. (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.
Weeks, G. & Gambescia, N. (2016). A clinician's guide to systemic sex therapy. (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge
Weeks, G, Fife, S, Peterson, C. (2016). Techniques for the couple therapist. New York: Routledge.
Hertlein, K. M., Weeks, G., & Gambescia, N. (Eds.) (2015). Systemic Sex Therapy. (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
Weeks, G. R., & Fife, S. (2014). Couples in treatment. ( 3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.
Hertlein, K, Weeks, G., & Sendak, S. (2009). A clinician's guide to systemic sex therapy. New York: Routledge.
Weeks, G, Odell, M., & Methven, S. (2005). Common mistakes in couple therapy. W. W. Norton.
Sexton, T., Weeks, G., & Robbins, M. (2003). Handbook of family therapy. New York: Brunner/Routledge.
Weeks, G., Gambescia, N., & Jenkins, R. (2003). Treating infidelity. New York: W.W. Norton.
Weeks, G., & Gambescia, N. (2002). Hypoactive sexual desire: Integrating couple and sex therapy. New York: W.W. Norton.
Weeks, G., & Gambescia, N. (2000). Erectile dysfunction: Integrating couple therapy, sex therapy and medical treatment. Dunmore, PA: W.W. Norton.
DeMaria, R., Weeks, G., & Hof, L. (1999). Focused genograms. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Weeks, G. & Hof, L. (1995). Integrative solutions: Treating common problems in couples' therapy.  New York:  Brunner/Mazel.
Sauber, R., L'Abate, L., Weeks, G., & Buchanan, W. (1993). Dictionary of family psychology and therapy.  Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Weeks, G. & Treat, S. (1992). Couples in treatment. New York: Brunner Mazel.  (Also translated into Italian and Chinese.); revised ed., 2001.
Sauber, R., L'Abate, L., & Weeks, G. (1985). Family therapy: Basic concepts and terms. Rockville, MD: Aspen Systems.
Weeks, G., & L'Abate, L. (1982). Paradoxical psychotherapy: Theory and practice with individuals, couples, and families. New York: Brunner/Mazel. (translated into Japanese, German, Italian, Polish, Chinese, Finnish, and Turkish.)  Main Selection of the Psychotherapy Book Club, 1982.

Editor or co-editor
Weeks, G. & Hof, L., (Eds.) (1994). The marital-relationship therapy casebook:  Theory and application of the intersystem model.  New York:  Brunner/Mazel.
Weeks, G. (Ed.) (1989). Treating couples: The intersystem model of the Marriage Council of Philadelphia.  New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Weeks, G. & Hof, L. (Eds.) (1987). Integrating sex and marital therapy: A clinician's guide. New York: Brunner/Mazel.  Main selection of Psychotherapy and Social Science Review Book Club.
Weeks G. (Ed.) (1985). Promoting change through paradoxical therapy.  Homewood, IL: Dow-Jones. Rev. ed, 1991.

References

External links
Personal Web Page

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century American psychologists
Georgia State University alumni
University of Nevada, Las Vegas faculty
People from Morehead City, North Carolina
20th-century American psychologists

Gerald R. Weeks


Cyclohexane conformations are any of several three-dimensional shapes adopted by molecules of cyclohexane. Because many compounds feature structurally similar six-membered rings, the structure and dynamics of cyclohexane are important prototypes of a wide range of compounds.

The internal angles of a regular, flat hexagon are 120°, while the preferred angle between successive bonds in a carbon chain is about 109.5°, the tetrahedral angle (the arc cosine of −). Therefore, the cyclohexane ring tends to assume non-planar (warped) conformations, which have all angles closer to 109.5° and therefore a lower strain energy than the flat hexagonal shape.

Consider the carbon atoms numbered from 1 to 6 around the ring. If we hold carbon atoms 1, 2, and 3 stationary, with the correct bond lengths and the tetrahedral angle between the two bonds, and then continue by adding carbon atoms 4, 5, and 6 with the correct bond length and the tetrahedral angle, we can vary the three dihedral angles for the sequences (2,3,4), (3,4,5), and (4,5,6). The next bond, from atom 6, is also oriented by a dihedral angle, so we have four degrees of freedom. But that last bond has to end at the position of atom 1, which imposes three conditions in three-dimensional space. If the bond angle in the chain (6,1,2) should also be the tetrahedral angle then we have four conditions. In principle this means that there are no degrees of freedom of conformation, assuming all the bond lengths are equal and all the angles between bonds are equal. It turns out that, with atoms 1, 2, and 3 fixed, there are two solutions called chair, depending on whether the dihedral angle for (1,2,3,4) is positive or negative, and these two solutions are the same under a rotation. But there is also a continuum of solutions, a topological circle where angle strain is zero, including the twist boat and the boat conformations. All the conformations on this continuum have a twofold axis of symmetry running through the ring, whereas the chair conformations do not (they have D symmetry, with a threefold axis running through the ring). It is because of the symmetry of the conformations on this continuum that it is possible to satisfy all four constraints with a range of dihedral angles at (1,2,3,4). On this continuum the energy varies because of Pitzer strain related to the dihedral angles. The twist boat has a lower energy than the boat. In order to go from the chair conformation to a twist-boat conformation or the other chair conformation, bond angles have to be changed, leading to a high-energy half-chair conformation. So the relative stabilities are: . All relative conformational energies are shown below. At room temperature the molecule can easily move among these conformations, but only chair and twist-boat can be isolated in pure form, because the others are not at local energy minima.

The boat and twist-boat conformations, as said, lie along a continuum of zero angle strain. If there are substituents that allow the different carbon atoms to be distinguished, then this continuum is like a circle with six boat conformations and six twist-boat conformations between them, three "right-handed" and three "left-handed". (Which should be called right-handed is unimportant.) But if the carbon atoms are indistinguishable, as in cyclohexane itself, then moving along the continuum takes the molecule from the boat form to a "right-handed" twist-boat, and then back to the same boat form (with a permutation of the carbon atoms), then to a "left-handed" twist-boat, and then back again to the achiral boat. The passage boat⊣twist-boat⊣boat⊣twist-boat⊣boat constitutes a pseudorotation.

Coplanar carbons
Another way to compare the stability within two molecules of cyclohexane in the same conformation is to evaluate the number of coplanar carbons in each molecule. Coplanar carbons are carbons that are all on the same plane. Increasing the number of coplanar carbons increases the number of eclipsing substituents trying to form a 120°, which is unattainable due to the overlapping hydrogens. This overlap increases the overall torsional strain and decreases the stability of the conformation. Cyclohexane diminishes the torsional strain from eclipsing substituents through adopting a conformation with a lower number of nonplanar carbons. For example, if a half-chair conformation contains four coplanar carbons and another half-chair conformation contains five coplanar carbons, the conformation with four coplanar carbons will be more stable.

Principal conformers
The different conformations are called "conformers", a blend of the words "conformation" and "isomer".

Chair conformation
The chair conformation is the most stable conformer.  At , 99.99% of all molecules in a cyclohexane solution adopt this conformation.

The symmetry group is D3d. All carbon centers are equivalent. Six hydrogen centers are poised in axial positions, roughly parallel with the C3 axis, and six hydrogen atoms are parallel with the equator of the molecule.

Each carbon bears one "up" and one "down" hydrogen. The C–H bonds in successive carbons are thus staggered so that there is little torsional strain. The chair geometry is often preserved when the hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogens or other simple groups. However, when these hydrogens are substituted for a larger group, strain is imposed upon the molecule due to diaxial interactions. This is an interaction (that is usually repulsive) between two substituents in the axial position on a cyclohexane ring.

If one thinks of a carbon atom as a point with four half-bonds sticking out towards the vertices of a tetrahedron, they can imagine them standing on a surface with one half-bond pointing straight up. Looking from right above, the other three would appear to go outwards towards the vertices of an equilateral triangle, so the bonds would appear to have an angle of 120° between them. Now consider six such atoms standing on the surface so that their non-vertical half-bonds meet up and form a perfect hexagon. If three of the atoms are then reflected to be below the surface, the result will be something very similar to chair-conformation cyclohexane. In this model, the six vertical half-bonds are exactly vertical, and the ends of the six non-vertical half-bonds that stick out from the ring are exactly on the equator (that is, on the surface). Since C–H bonds are actually longer than half a C–C bond, the "equatorial" hydrogen atoms of chair cyclohexane will actually be below the equator when attached to a carbon that is above the equator, and vice versa. This is also true of other substituents. The dihedral angle for a series of four carbon atoms going around the ring in this model alternates between exactly +60° and −60° (called gauche).

The chair conformation cannot deform without changing the bond angles or lengths. We can think of it as two chains, mirror images one of the other, containing atoms (1,2,3,4) and (1,6,5,4), with opposite dihedral angles. The distance from atom 1 to atom 4 depends on the absolute value of the dihedral angle. If these two dihedral angles change (still being opposite one of the other), it is not possible to maintain the correct bond angle at both carbon 1 and carbon 4.

Boat and twist-boat conformations
The boat conformations have higher energy than the chair conformations. The interaction between the two flagpole hydrogens, in particular, generates steric strain. Torsional strain also exists between the C2–C3 and C5–C6 bonds (carbon number 1 is one of the two on a mirror plane), which are eclipsed — that is, these two bonds are parallel one to the other across a mirror plane. Because of this strain, the boat configuration is unstable (i.e. is not a local energy minimum).

The molecular symmetry is C2v.

The boat conformations spontaneously distorts to twist-boat conformations.  Here the symmetry is D2, a purely rotational point group with three twofold axes. This conformation can be derived from the boat conformation by applying a slight twist to the molecule so as to remove eclipsing of two pairs of methylene groups. The twist-boat conformation is chiral, existing in right-handed and left-handed versions.

The concentration of the twist-boat conformation at room temperature is less than 0.1%, but at  it can reach 30%. Rapid cooling of a sample of cyclohexane from  to  will freeze in a large concentration of twist-boat conformation, which will then slowly convert to the chair conformation upon heating.

Dynamics

Chair to chair

The interconversion of chair conformers is called ring flipping or chair-flipping. Carbon–hydrogen bonds that are axial in one configuration become equatorial in the other, and vice versa. At room temperature the two chair conformations rapidly equilibrate. The proton NMR spectrum of cyclohexane is a singlet at room temperature, with no separation into separate signals for axial and equatorial hydrogens.

In one chair form, the dihedral angle of the chain of carbon atoms (1,2,3,4) is positive whereas that of the chain (1,6,5,4) is negative, but in the other chair form, the situation is the opposite. So both these chains have to undergo a reversal of dihedral angle. When one of these two four-atom chains flattens to a dihedral angle of zero, we have the half-chair conformation, at a maximum energy along the conversion path. When the dihedral angle of this chain then becomes equal (in sign as well as magnitude) to that of the other four-atom chain, the molecule has reached the continuum of conformations, including the twist boat and the boat, where the bond angles and lengths can all be at their normal values and the energy is therefore relatively low. After that, the other four-carbon chain has to switch the sign of its dihedral angle in order to attain the target chair form, so again the molecule has to pass through the half-chair as the dihedral angle of this chain goes through zero. Switching the signs of the two chains sequentially in this way minimizes the maximum energy state along the way (at the half-chair state) — having the dihedral angles of both four-atom chains switch sign simultaneously would mean going through a conformation of even higher energy due to angle strain at carbons 1 and 4.

The detailed mechanism of the chair-to-chair interconversion has been the subject of much study and debate.  The half-chair state (D, in figure below) is the key transition state in the interconversion between the chair and twist-boat conformations. The half-chair has C2 symmetry. The interconversion between the two chair conformations involves the following sequence: chair → half-chair → twist-boat → half-chair′ → chair′.

Twist-boat to twist-boat
The boat conformation (C, below) is a transition state, allowing the interconversion between two different twist-boat conformations. While the boat conformation is not necessary for interconversion between the two chair conformations of cyclohexane, it is often included in the reaction coordinate diagram used to describe this interconversion because its energy is considerably lower than that of the half-chair, so any molecule with enough energy to go from twist-boat to chair also has enough energy to go from twist-boat to boat. Thus, there are multiple pathways by which a molecule of cyclohexane in the twist-boat conformation can achieve the chair conformation again.

Substituted derivatives
In cyclohexane, the two chair conformations have the same energy. The situation becomes more complex with substituted derivatives.

Monosubstituted cyclohexanes
A monosubstituted cyclohexane is one in which there is one non-hydrogen substituent in the cyclohexane ring. The most energetically favorable conformation for a monosubstituted cyclohexane is the chair conformation with the non-hydrogen substituent in the equatorial position because it prevents high steric strain from 1,3 diaxial interactions. In methylcyclohexane the two chair conformers are not isoenergetic. The methyl group prefers the equatorial orientation. The preference of a substituent towards the equatorial conformation is measured in terms of its A value, which is the Gibbs free energy difference between the two chair conformations. A positive A value indicates preference towards the equatorial position. The magnitude of the A values ranges from nearly zero for very small substituents such as deuterium, to about 5 kcal/mol (21 kJ/mol) for very bulky substituents such as the tert-butyl group. Thus, the magnitude of the A value will also correspond to the preference for the equatorial position. Though an equatorial substituent has no 1,3 diaxial interaction that causes steric strain, it has a Gauche interaction in which an equatorial substituent repels the electron density from a neighboring equatorial substituent.

Disubstituted cyclohexanes
For 1,2- and 1,4-disubstituted cyclohexanes, a cis configuration leads to one axial and one equatorial group. Such species undergo rapid, degenerate chair flipping. For 1,2- and 1,4-disubstituted cyclohexane, a trans configuration,  the diaxial conformation is effectively prevented by its high steric strain. For 1,3-disubstituted cyclohexanes, the cis form is diequatorial and the flipped conformation suffers additional steric interaction between the two axial groups. trans-1,3-Disubstituted cyclohexanes are like cis-1,2- and cis-1,4- and can flip between the two equivalent axial/equatorial forms.

Cis-1,4-Di-tert-butylcyclohexane has an axial tert-butyl group in the chair conformation and conversion to the twist-boat conformation places both groups in more favorable equatorial positions. As a result, the twist-boat conformation is more stable by  at  as measured by NMR spectroscopy.

Also, for a disubstituted cyclohexane, as well as more highly substituted molecules, the aforementioned A values are additive for each substituent. For example, if calculating the A value of a dimethylcyclohexane, any methyl group in the axial position contributes 1.70 kcal/mol- this number is specific to methyl groups and is different for each possible substituent. Therefore, the overall A value for the molecule is 1.70 kcal/mol per methyl group in the axial position.

1,3 diaxial interactions and gauche interactions
1,3 Diaxial interactions occur when the non-hydrogen substituent on a cyclohexane occupies the axial position. This axial substituent is in the eclipsed position with the axial substituents on the 3-carbons relative to itself (there will be two such carbons and thus two 1,3 diaxial interactions). This eclipsed position increases the steric strain on the cyclohexane conformation and the confirmation will shift towards a more energetically favorable equilibrium.

Gauche interactions occur when a non-hydrogen substituent on a cyclohexane occupies the equatorial position. The equatorial substituent is in a staggered position with the 2-carbons relative to itself (there will be two such carbons and thus two 1,2 gauche interactions). This creates a dihedral angle of ~60°. This staggered position is generally preferred to the eclipsed positioning.

Effects of substituent size on stability
Once again, the conformation and position of groups (ie. substituents) larger than a singular hydrogen are critical to the overall stability of the molecule. The larger the group, the less likely to prefer the axial position on its respective carbon. Maintaining said position with a larger size costs more energy from the molecule as a whole because of steric repulsion between the large groups' nonbonded electron pairs and the electrons of the smaller groups (ie. hydrogens). Such steric repulsions are absent for equatorial groups. The cyclohexane model thus assesses steric size of functional groups on the basis of gauche interactions. The gauche interaction will increase in energy as the size of the substituent involved increases. For example, a t-butyl substituent would sustain a higher energy gauche interaction as compared to a methyl group, and therefore, contribute more to the instability of the molecule as a whole.

In comparison, a staggered conformation is thus preferred; the larger groups would maintain the equatorial position and lower the energy of the entire molecule. This preference for the equatorial position among "bulkier groups" lowers the energy barriers between different conformations of the ring. When the molecule is activated, there will be a loss in entropy due to the stability of the larger substituents. Therefore, the preference of the equatorial positions by large molecules (such as a methyl group) inhibits the reactivity of the molecule and thus makes the molecule more stable as a whole.

Effects on conformational equilibrium
Conformational equilibrium is the tendency to favor the conformation where cyclohexane is the most stable. This equilibrium depends on the interactions between the molecules in the compound and the solvent. Polarity and nonpolarity are the main factors in determining how well a solvent interacts with a compound. Cyclohexane is considered nonpolar, meaning that there is no electronegative difference between its bonds and its overall structure is symmetrical. Due to this, when cyclohexane is immersed in a polar solvent, it will have less solvent distribution, which signifies a poor interaction between the solvent and solute. This produces a limited catalytic effect. Moreover, when cyclohexane comes into contact with a nonpolar solvent, the solvent distribution is much greater, showing a strong interaction between the solvent and solute. This strong interaction yields a heighten catalytic effect.

Heterocyclic analogs
Heterocyclic analogs of cyclohexane are pervasive in sugars, piperidines, dioxanes, etc. They exist generally follow the trends seen for cyclohexane, i.e. the chair conformer being most stable. The axial–equatorial equilibria (A values) are however strongly affected by the replacement of a methylene by O or NH.  Illustrative are the conformations of the glucosides.   1,2,4,5-Tetrathiane ((SCH2)3) lacks the unfavorable 1,3-diaxial interactions of cyclohexane.  Consequently its twist-boat conformation is populated; in the corresponding tetramethyl structure, 3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-1,2,4,5-tetrathiane, the twist-boat conformation dominates.

Historical background
In 1890, , a 28-year-old assistant in Berlin, published instructions for folding a piece of paper to represent two forms of cyclohexane he called symmetrical and asymmetrical (what we would now call chair and boat). He clearly understood that these forms had two positions for the hydrogen atoms (again, to use modern terminology, axial and equatorial), that two chairs would probably interconvert, and even how certain substituents might favor one of the chair forms (). Because he expressed all this in mathematical language, few chemists of the time understood his arguments. He had several attempts at publishing these ideas, but none succeeded in capturing the imagination of chemists. His death in 1893 at the age of 31 meant his ideas sank into obscurity. It was only in 1918 that , based on the molecular structure of diamond that had recently been solved using the then very new technique of X-ray crystallography, was able to successfully argue that Sachse's chair was the pivotal motif. Derek Barton and Odd Hassel shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work on the conformations of cyclohexane and various other molecules.

Practical applications
Cyclohexane is the most stable of the cycloalkanes, due to the stability of adapting to its chair conformer. This conformer stability allows cyclohexane to be used as a standard in lab analyses. More specifically, cyclohexane is used as a standard for pharmaceutical reference in solvent analysis of pharmaceutical compounds and raw materials. This specific standard signifies that cyclohexane is used in quality analysis of food and beverages, pharmaceutical release testing, and pharmaceutical method development; these various methods test for purity, biosafety, and bioavailability of products. The stability of the chair conformer of cyclohexane gives the cycloalkane a versatile and important application when regarding the safety and properties of pharmaceuticals.

References

Further reading
 Colin A. Russell, 1975, "The Origins of Conformational Analysis," in Van 't Hoff–Le Bel Centennial, O. B. Ramsay, Ed. (ACS Symposium Series 12), Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society, pp. 159–178.
 William Reusch, 2010, "Ring Conformations" and "Substituted Cyclohexane Compounds," in Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry, East Lansing, MI, USA:Michigan State University, see  and , accessed 20 June 2015.

External links
 Java applets of all conformations  from the University of Nijmegen

Stereochemistry
Cyclohexanes

de:Konformation#Konformationen bei cyclischen Molekülen
it:Cicloesano#Conformazione

Cyclohexane conformation


A warehouse club (or wholesale club) is a retail store, usually selling a wide variety of merchandise, in which customers may  buy large, wholesale quantities of the store's products, which makes these clubs attractive to both bargain hunters and small business owners. The clubs are able to keep prices low due to the no-frills format of the stores.  They are distinguished from traditional cash-and-carry wholesale businesses in that their warehouses are substantially larger in size, and they do not cater purely to businesses but also allow some or all types of consumers to obtain memberships.  They are also distinguished from warehouse stores in that they usually charge annual membership fees, and require presentation of proof of membership at the warehouse entrance and again at the point of sale.

Membership in a warehouse club superficially resembles that in a consumers' cooperative, but lacks key elements including cooperative ownership and democratic member control. The use of members' prices without cooperative ownership is also sometimes used in bars and casinos.

History

In 1976, Sol Price (who in 1954 founded FedMart, an early US discount store) and his son Robert Price founded Price Club in San Diego, as their first warehouse club.  In a 1988 article, The New York Times Magazine credited Price Club as the "pioneer" of the warehouse club retail format. After his departure from FedMart, Sol Price noticed that small businesses in San Diego either ordered directly from four or five large wholesalers or they bought locally from relatively small cash-and-carry wholesalers.  Therefore, Price Club was originally positioned as a much larger, volume-oriented version of the cash-and-carry wholesale format, meaning that prospective members were required to present resale certificates or professional licenses.  Based on a customer's suggestion, Price Club subsequently allowed government employees to apply for memberships.  This privilege was later extended to employees of utility companies and hospitals, followed by members of certain credit unions and savings deposit clubs.

In 1982, the discount pioneer John Geisse founded The Wholesale Club of Indianapolis, which he sold to Sam's Club in 1991.

In 1983, James (Jim) Sinegal and Jeffrey H. Brotman opened the first Costco warehouse in Seattle. Sinegal had started in wholesale distribution by working for Sol Price at FedMart.

In 1983, Kmart's Pace Membership Warehouse (later sold to Sam's Club) started operations. That same year, Sam Walton opened the first Sam's Club on April 7, in Midwest City, Oklahoma.

In 1984, former The Wholesale Club executives founded BJ's Wholesale Club, owned by Zayre.

As of 1988, Price Club was the leader of the warehouse club industry, with over 40 warehouses operating across the United States and Canada. Stephen F. Mandel, Jr., then a Goldman Sachs analyst, called the warehouse club "the greatest revolution in retailing in the last 10 years."

By 1992, Sam's Club had surged past both Price Club and Costco to become the industry leader with 222 warehouse clubs.  The four other major players were Pace (95 clubs), Costco (87 clubs), Price Club (80 clubs) and BJ's (31 clubs). Analysts were already seeing signs of market saturation along the West Coast of the United States, the first region in which warehouse clubs were developed.

In 1993, Costco and Price Club agreed to merge operations, after Price declined an offer from Sam Walton and Walmart to merge Price Club with Sam's Club. Costco's business model and size were similar to those of Price Club, which made the merger more natural for both companies. The combined company took the name PriceCostco, and memberships became universal, meaning that a Price Club member could use their membership to shop at Costco and vice versa. PriceCostco boasted 206 locations generating $16billion in annual sales. PriceCostco was initially led by executives from both companies, but in 1994, the Price brothers left the company to form Price Enterprises, a warehouse club chain in Central America and the Caribbean unrelated to the current Costco.

In 1997, Costco changed its name to Costco Wholesale Corporation, and all remaining Price Club locations were rebranded

, the three largest warehouse club chains operating in the United States are BJs, Costco, and Sam's Club. BJ's Wholesale Club is one of the smaller competitors, with stores located primarily in the Eastern United States. Costco and Sam's Club are the largest chains. Costco has locations in seven other nations and regions including Australia, Canada, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom. Sam's Club, a division of Walmart, claims a membership base of 47 million persons and 602 stores across the United States (as of June 2019).

Examples
 BJ's Wholesale Club, operates in the U.S. only
 City Club, operates in Mexico only
 Costco, operates in the U.S., Canada, Mexico, the UK, Iceland, Australia, New Zealand, Sweden, Spain, France, South Korea, China, Japan and Taiwan
 Metro AG, headquartered in Germany, majority control in different regions by multiple third parties, Metro AG has 674 wholesale stores in 24 countries.
 PriceSmart, operates in Central America and Caribbean; previously operated in Asia-Pacific region
 Sam's Club, operates in the U.S., Mexico and other countries
 Selgros, operates in Germany, Poland, Romania and Russia
 Wholesale Club, operates in Canada and Jamaica

Defunct
 American Wholesale Club (1986–1989)
 Buyers Club, a Denver-based independently owned chain
 Club Wholesale, turned into office supplies stores, then folded
 Fedco, bankruptcy in 1999 (most stores were bought by Target Stores)
 GEM & GEX  Membership Department Stores (required membership like a warehouse club)
 Gemco, 1959–1986, owned by Lucky Stores
 HomeClub, a home improvement warehouse, later became HomeBase and then folded in 2000
 Max-Club, owned by SuperValu (United States)
 PACE Membership Warehouse, owned by Kmart, merged with Sam's Club
 Price Club, merged with Costco in 1993
 Price Savers Wholesale Club, merged with PACE Warehouse Club, then merged with Sam's Club
 Sam's Club, in Canada 2003–2009
 SourceClub, owned by Meijer, from 1992 to 1994. Only had seven locations, all in Michigan, but helped loosen restrictions on who can become members industry-wide.
 Super Saver, merged with Sam's Club (Southeast US)
 The Wholesale Club, merged with Sam's Club
 Titan Warehouse Club Inc., an early warehouse concept in Canada based in Calgary with locations in Toronto/Kitchener/Stoney Creek areas in the 1985–1994
 Warehouse Club, was a public company

See also

Bulk foods
Cash and carry (wholesale)
Hypermarket
Shelf-ready packaging

References

External links

Retail formats
Warehouses

Warehouse club


Thrips are an order of insects, the Thysanoptera. They are tiny, slender insects with fringed wings.

Other common names for them are thunderflies, thunderbugs, storm flies, thunderblights, and corn lice. The scientific name for the order Thysanoptera comes from the Greek thysanos (fringe) and pteron (wing).

Thrips feed on a large variety of plants and animals by puncturing them and sucking up the contents. Thrips species are pests if they feed on plants with commercial value.

Thrips found in the British Isles are tiny insects, just 1-2mm long, but in other parts of the world they can be up to 14 mm. They have two pairs of narrow, fringed wings, although some are wingless. More than 6,000 species of thrips are known around the world, with over 300 of these in Europe and about 150 native to Britain.

Insects

Thrips


Jordan Ceramic Industries is a manufacturing company in Jordan.  It was founded in 1966 and is based in Zarka and Amman.  Jordan Ceramic produces floor and wall tiles, and vitreous sanitary ware, i.e. toilets, sinks and showers.  It operates 3 factories; it produces 2.5 million square meters of tile and 4000 tons of sanitary ware per year.

The stock of Jordan Ceramic is listed on the Amman Stock Exchange's ASE Weighted Index.

External links
Jordan Ceramic Industries information page at JordanMall.com

Manufacturing companies of Jordan
Ceramics manufacturers
Manufacturing companies established in 1966
Jordanian brands
Zarqa
Companies listed on the Amman Stock Exchange

Jordan Ceramic Industries


Elizabeth Ann Byrski  (born 1944 in London) is an Australian writer and journalist.

Biography
After graduating from Notre Dame Convent in Lingfield, Surrey, in 1960, Byrski furthered her education at the Crawley College of Further Education (1960–61) and the Wall Hall College of Education (1973–74). Her first job was as a secretary at a pest control firm in Sussex. Her journalism career began when she started as a journalist in 1962 on the Horley Advertiser (part of Surrey Mirror Newspapers), in Horley, Surrey. She moved to Australia in 1981.

Byrski was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia in the 2023 Australia Day Honours.

Journalism

As a freelance journalist Byrski's work has appeared in the Australian Financial Review, The West Australian, The Australian, The Age, the San Francisco Chronicle, the San Francisco Examiner, and The Dominion (Wellington, NZ), Homes and Living, New Idea, Cosmopolitan, SkyWest In-Flight, Building Magazine, and Portfolio.

In 1988 to 1990 and from 1993 to 1996 she was a broadcaster and executive producer at ABC 720 6WF in Perth. This period included co-presenting the Grapevine program with then-television newsreader Peter Holland. She was also an occasional book reviewer for the ABC.

In 1987 she was a panelist on the daily Channel 7 program Beauty and the Beast.

She has won several awards for her journalism, including the Radio Prize at the 1996 WA Media Awards and the CSIRO WA Award for Excellence in Science Journalism.

From 1983 to 1989 she wrote the weekly Viewpoint column in Perth's Community Newspapers group.

She has been an occasional guest presenter for the School of Isolated and Distance Education TV program Our Side Your Side.

She has also been a policy advisor to the Government of Western Australia and is a past-President of the WA Women's Advisory Council to the Premier. Her past honorary positions include board memberships with the WA Alzheimer's Association and the Family Planning Association of WA.

Books

Novels
 Gang of Four (Pan Macmillan Australia, 2004)
 Food, Sex & Money (Pan Macmillan Australia, 2005)
 Belly Dancing for Beginners (Pan Macmillan Australia, 2006)
 Trip of a Lifetime (Pan Macmillan Australia, 2008)
 Bad Behaviour (Pan Macmillan Australia, 2009)
 Last Chance Cafe (Pan Macmillan Australia, 2010)
 In the Company of Strangers (Pan Macmillan Australia, 2012)
 Family Secrets (Pan Macmillan Australia, 2015)
 The Woman Next Door (Pan Macmillan Australia, 2016)
 A Month of Sundays (Pan Macmillan Australia, 2018)

Gang of Four was published in France in 2007 as La bande des quarters by Les Presses de la Cite, and in Germany by Mohrbooks in 2008.  Food, Sex & Money was published in France by Presses de la Cite in 2009 and in Germany in 2010.

Anthologies
 Sunscreen and Lipstick (Fremantle Press, 2012)
 Just Between Us (Pan Macmillan Australia, 2013)
 Summer Lovin''' (Fremantle Press, 2013)
 Purple Prose (Fremantle Press, 2015)

Non-fiction
 Behind the Bedroom Door: Alcoholism, the family disease (Veritas, 1984)
 Workwise: Getting a job and starting out (Nelson, 1985)
 Pills, Potions, People: Understanding the drug problem (Collins, 1985)
 Under the Influence: Growing up in alcoholic families (Collins, 1987)
 Facing Cancer: Searching for solutions (Collins, 1989, and revised and updated by Southern Cross University in 2002)
 The Grapevine Quick & Easy Cookbook (co-editor, Fremantle Arts Centre Press, 1996)
 Spectacular Australian Sea Rescues (New Holland, 1997)
 The Way Ahead: Prominent Australians talk about the future of our nation (New Holland, 1998)
 Western Australia – Land of Contrasts (New Holland, 1998)
 Speaking Out: Australian women talk about success (New Holland, 1999)
 Remember Me (Fremantle Arts Centre Press, 2000; translated into German and published in Germany by Piper Malik in 2001)
 Getting On: Some Thoughts on Women and Ageing (Momentum, 2012)
 In Love and War: nursing heroes (Fremantle Press, 2015)Women of a Certain Rage: Life stories'' (Fremantle Press, 2021)

Academia
Byrski is an Associate Professor and the Director of the China Australia Writing Centre at Curtin University.

From 1996 to 2003 she was an Adjunct Teaching Fellow at Curtin, teaching Professional Writing, Journalism and Media Ethics.

From 1984 to 1988 she was a sessional tutor in print journalism at the-then Western Australia Institute of Technology (now called Curtin University of Technology).

Memberships
Byrski is a member of the Australian Journalists Association section of the Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance; and the Australian Society of Authors.

References

External links
 Liz Byrski Official website (now a parked domain, 2023-08-25)
 Austlit

1944 births
Living people
21st-century Australian novelists
Members of the Order of Australia
Academic staff of Curtin University
Australian women journalists
Australian women novelists
English emigrants to Australia
Journalists from Western Australia
Writers from Perth, Western Australia
21st-century Australian women writers

Liz Byrski


John Price (1735–1813) was a Welsh librarian and Anglican priest, who was in charge of the Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford for 45 years.

Life
Price was born on 1 March 1735 in Llandegla, Denbighshire, Wales, where his father was the rector.  He was educated in Llangollen (his father having become the vicar there in 1737) and at Jesus College, Oxford, where he matriculated in 1754, obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1757 and a Master of Arts degree in 1760, the year in which he was ordained. He was initially appointed janitor of the Bodleian Library by Humphrey Owen in 1757, becoming sub-librarian in 1761.  He was acting librarian from 1765 to 1767 when Owen was Principal of Jesus College, succeeding as librarian upon Owen's death in 1768 after an election (in which he defeated William Cleaver, who later became Principal of Brasenose College, Oxford and Bishop of Chester).

He remained librarian until his death in the night of 11 to 12 August 1813, a period of 45 years, but was criticised during this period for neglecting his duty and the manner in which he organised the library.  He also held various appointments as a parish priest in England and in Wales, and wrote some works such as a Short Account of Holyhead in the Isle of Anglesea (1783). His collection of books, manuscripts, maps and prints took five days to sell after his death.

See also
 Church of England

References

1735 births
1813 deaths
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
Bodley's Librarians
Welsh librarians
18th-century Welsh Anglican priests
People from Denbighshire

John Price (librarian)


Herwig van Staa (born 10 June 1942) was the governor of Tyrol from 2002 to 2008.

Van Staa was born in Linz, Upper Austria. His father, who came from the Rhine area, worked as a technician in the steelworks in Linz and died in a sick bay in 1943 after military action on the Eastern Front. His mother came from an Austrian family and worked as a midwife.  Van Staa attended primary school in Bad Leonfelden (Mühlviertel) and completed his secondary school studies in Wels, where he passed his 'A' levels in 1960.

Academic life
Van Staa has been living in Innsbruck since 1960. He studied law, social and economic science, folklore, sociology and medicine. He completed his studies with the following titles: PhD, LLD., Mag.rer.soc.oec. During his studies, he was an active member in Catholic organisations and held a mandate of the Austrian Students' Association. He also took an active part in social and environmental issues. He was co-founder and first chairman of the Association for Construction and Promotion of Health and Social Districts in Tyrol.

From 1970 onwards, van Staa was managing director of the Institute for Rural Development, working especially in the field of social and regional research. In 1974, he became university assistant at the Institute for Alpine Agriculture and Forestry at the University of Innsbruck and has been assistant professor and head of this institute since 1980. Assisted by Ing. Josef Willi, he established the internationally renowned Research Department for Agricultural Ecology at the Institute. Since 1976, he has also been a contract teacher for social science at the Academy of Social Work.

Political life
In 1989, van Staa was elected member of the town council of Innsbruck. In December 1993, together with other like-minded members of this council, he founded the political association For Innsbruck. On 24 April 1994, the next elections of the municipal council of Innsbruck took place. Van Staa and his For Innsbruck movement came out as surprising winners and, as a result, he was elected mayor of Innsbruck by the town council with a majority of 35 out of 40 votes.

In spring 1995, van Staa was elected vice president of the Austrian Towns Association. Since July 1995, he has been president of the Austrian Town Platform for the Austrian People's Party and president of the European Local and Regional Government Association of the European People's Party.

In July 1996, van Staa was elected vice president of the Chamber of Local Authorities of the Congress of the Council of Europe. In 1998, he became president of the Chamber of Local Authorities of the Congress, and in May, 2002, President of the Congress. Since May 2004 he has served as past president of the Congress.

In October 2002, he was elected governor of the Tyrol Region; in October 2003 he was re-elected governor. Since February 2004, he has been vice president of the Committee of the Regions and leader of the Austrian delegation.

In the 2008 state election, he was ousted as Governor of Tyrol by Günther Platter, but went on to be elected President of the regional parliament (Landtag).

He is imperial Knight of Honor of the Order of St. George.

References

1942 births
Living people
Congress of the Council of Europe
European People's Party politicians
University of Innsbruck alumni
Governors of Tyrol
Austrian People's Party politicians
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria

Herwig van Staa


Anniversary is an unreleased studio album by American rock musician Ed Roland.

Background
Roland wrote and recorded Anniversary in honor of his wife, Michaeline. The couple dated for three years before marrying on February 17, 2006 in Savannah, Georgia.

The album was made available for streaming via SoundCloud on February 14, 2016, exclusively for Valentine's Day; and to celebrate the Rolands' impending tenth wedding anniversary. There are no immediate plans for Anniversary to be commercially released.

Writing and recording
Anniversary was recorded over three days in December 2014. The album features Roland's current Collective Soul bandmates Will Turpin and Jesse Triplett, along with former Collective Soul drummer Shane Evans and guitarist Peter Stroud. Prior to recording, Roland performed "Something Like That" at the 2012 Symphonic Rocks concert in Cape Town, South Africa; while "Utah Moon" was written and performed on the spot at a Collective Soul concert in Sandy, Utah on June 12, 2014. A music video for "Searching For" was released via Vimeo on February 13, 2015.

Track listing

References

Ed Roland albums
Unreleased albums

Anniversary (Ed Roland album)


Stop Making Sense is a 1984 American concert film featuring a live performance by the American rock band Talking Heads. Directed by Jonathan Demme, it was shot over four nights at Hollywood's Pantages Theatre in December 1983, when Talking Heads were touring to promote their 1983 album Speaking in Tongues.

Stop Making Sense includes performances of the first Talking Heads single, "Psycho Killer" (1977), through to their most recent hit at the time, "Burning Down the House" (1983). It also includes songs from the solo career of frontman David Byrne and by Tom Tom Club, the side project of the drummer and bassist, Chris Frantz and Tina Weymouth.

The band raised the budget of $1.2 million themselves. The four core members of Talking Heads are joined by the backing singers Lynn Mabry and Ednah Holt, the guitarist Alex Weir, the keyboardist Bernie Worrell and the percussionist Steve Scales.

Stop Making Sense is considered by many critics to be one of the greatest concert films of all time, and a cult classic. The film is a pioneering example of the use of early digital audio techniques. In 2021, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Synopsis
Lead singer David Byrne walks on to a bare stage with a portable cassette tape player and an acoustic guitar. He introduces "Psycho Killer" by saying he wants to play a tape, but in reality a Roland TR-808 drum machine starts playing from the mixing board. The gunshot-like beats cause Byrne to stagger "like Jean-Paul Belmondo in the final minutes of 'Breathless', a hero succumbing, surprised, to violence that he'd thought he was prepared for."

With each successive song, Byrne is joined by more members of the band: first by Tina Weymouth for "Heaven" (with Lynn Mabry providing harmony vocals from backstage), second by Chris Frantz for "Thank You for Sending Me an Angel", and third by Jerry Harrison for "Found a Job". Performance equipment is wheeled out and added to the set to accommodate the additional musicians: back-up singers Lynn Mabry and Ednah Holt, keyboardist Bernie Worrell, percussionist Steve Scales, and guitarist Alex Weir. The first song to feature the entire lineup is "Burning Down the House", although the original 1985 RCA/Columbia Home Video release (which featured three additional songs in two performances edited into the film) has the entire band (minus Worrell) performing "Cities" before this song. Byrne leaves the stage at one point to allow the Weymouth–Frantz-led side-band Tom Tom Club to perform their song "Genius of Love". The band also performs two songs from Byrne's soundtrack album The Catherine Wheel, "What a Day That Was" and (as a bonus song on the home video release) "Big Business".

The film includes Byrne's "big suit", an absurdly large business suit that he wears for the song "Girlfriend Is Better". The suit was partly inspired by Noh theatre styles, and became an icon not only of the film – as it appears on the movie poster, for instance – but of Byrne himself. Byrne said: "I was in Japan in between tours and I was checking out traditional Japanese theater – Kabuki, Noh, Bunraku – and I was wondering what to wear on our upcoming tour. A fashion designer friend (Jurgen Lehl) said in his typically droll manner, 'Well, David, everything is bigger on stage.' He was referring to gestures and all that, but I applied the idea to a businessman's suit." Pauline Kael stated in her review: "When he comes on wearing a boxlike 'big suit' – his body lost inside this form that sticks out around him like the costumes in Noh plays, or like Beuys' large suit of felt that hangs off a wall – it's a perfect psychological fit." On the DVD he gives his reasoning behind the suit: "I wanted my head to appear smaller and the easiest way to do that was to make my body bigger, because music is very physical and often the body understands it before the head."

The film's title is derived from a lyric in the song "Girlfriend Is Better."

Setlist

DVD & Blu-ray

VHS & LaserDisc

*Songs available as extra features on DVD/Blu-ray releases, but not part of the main feature.

Personnel
The following are in order of appearance.
 David Byrne – lead vocals, guitar
 Tina Weymouth – bass, keyboard bass, guitar, lead vocals for "Genius of Love"
 Chris Frantz – drums, vocals for "Genius of Love"
 Jerry Harrison – guitar, keyboards, backing vocals
 Steve Scales – percussion, backing vocals
 Lynn Mabry – backing vocals
 Ednah Holt – backing vocals
 Alex Weir – guitar, backing vocals
 Bernie Worrell – keyboards

Filming
The filming of Stop Making Sense spanned four live shows at the Pantages Theatre in Los Angeles between December 13 and 16, 1983. Initially, three nights were booked but a fourth night, Dec. 16, was added for additional filming. Although the film was originally recorded using analog techniques, it was later transferred and then digitally edited and mixed using a Sony PCM-3324 24-track digital recorder. Demme has stated that one night of shooting was dedicated almost entirely to wide shots from a distance, to minimize the intrusion of cameras on stage. Demme had considered additional shooting on a soundstage made to recreate the Pantages Theater, but the band declined to do this, as they thought the lack of audience response would have hindered the energy of their performance.  Before the shooting of the movie, David Byrne implored the band to wear neutral-coloured clothing so the stage lights would not illuminate anything too distinctive. However, Frantz's laundry had not come back in time for the first show at the Pantages, and so he wore a turquoise-colored polo shirt for all three nights for continuity.

Demme also considered including more shots of the audience reacting to the performance, as is traditional in concert films. However, he discovered that filming the audience required additional lighting, which inhibited the audience's energy. This in turn made the band feel insecure and thus led to "the worst Talking Heads performance in the history of the band's career". The only direct audience shots in the film occur at the very end, during "Crosseyed and Painless."

Release
The film premiered during the San Francisco International Film Festival on April 24, 1984, and entered commercial release in the United States on October 19, 1984.

When the film was first released on home video, the songs "Cities" and "Big Business"/"I Zimbra" were restored to the performance, thus forming what was dubbed the "special edition" of the film. For the 1999 re-release, these songs were no longer included in sequence with the rest of the footage. It and subsequent video and DVD releases have placed these songs after the film in an unrestored full-frame version.

The film has been released on Blu-ray, widescreen DVD, VHS in both fullscreen and widescreen versions, and at one point Laserdisc (in Japan).

2023 re-release
In March 2023, A24 obtained the worldwide distribution rights to the film, making Stop Making Sense their second acquisition for re-release following Pi (1998). The studio premiered the new restoration on September 11, 2023, in 4K on IMAX at the 2023 Toronto International Film Festival, followed by a Q&A hosted by Spike Lee with Byrne, Weymouth, Frantz and Harrison in attendance, reuniting the group for the first time since their induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2002.

The film entered first as an exclusive IMAX exhibition on September 22, 2023, before heading to conventional theaters on September 29, 2023, globally. Rhino Entertainment also released a new remaster of the film's soundtrack, which includes the complete concert for the first time, on vinyl and digitally on August 18, 2023.

Reception
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Stop Making Sense holds an approval rating of 100% based on 65 reviews, with an average rating of 9.3/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Jonathan Demme's Stop Making Sense captures the energetic, unpredictable live act of peak Talking Heads with colour and visual wit."  It won the National Society of Film Critics Award for best non-fiction film in 1984.

The film is widely regarded as one of the finest concert films. Leonard Maltin gave it four out of four, describing it as "brilliantly conceived, shot, edited and performed" and "one of the greatest rock movies ever made." Roger Ebert gave the film a three-and-a-half star rating, writing that "the  impression throughout Stop Making Sense is of enormous energy, of life being lived at a joyous high...It's a live show with elements of Metropolis...But the film's peak moments come through Byrne's simple physical presence. He jogs in place with his sidemen; he runs around the stage; he seems so happy to be alive and making music...He serves as a reminder of how sour and weary and strung-out many rock bands have become." Danny Peary described Stop Making Sense as "Riveting...What takes place on stage will make even the most sceptical into Talking Heads converts...[The] performances are invariably exciting, Byrne's lyrics are intriguing. Byrne, his head moving rhythmically as if he had just had shock treatments, is spellbinding – what a talent!...Byrne is known for his belief that music should be performed in an interesting, visual manner, and this should make him proud." Robert Christgau noted the "sinuous, almost elegant clarity" of Demme's direction, while writing that the film had pushed the "limits to how great a rock concert movie can be ... as far as they were liable to go." Christgau described it as "the finest concert film" while Pauline Kael of The New Yorker described it as "close to perfection".

Legacy
The movie version of "Once in a Lifetime" appeared over the opening credits of the 1986 film Down and Out in Beverly Hills.

Stop Making Sense was parodied in an episode of the comedy series Documentary Now! In the second-season episode "Final Transmission," the show sees the New Wave band Test Pattern play its final concert. It includes references to the staging and music styles of Talking Heads, with the band's lead singer (played by Fred Armisen) parodying Byrne. Gizmodo screened the episode to Frantz and Weymouth in a video released online, where they both expressed amusement and shock at the level of detail gone into parodying the film.

The iconic image of Byrne's big suit has been parodied on multiple occasions, including a spoof by Rich Hall impersonating Byrne and his big suit on an episode of Saturday Night Live. 	 Byrne himself made light of his massive suit during an appearance on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, where he appeared in a fake ad for "David Byrne's Giant Suit Emporium" promoting his new clothing store while insisting he did not sell giant suits like the one he wore in Stop Making Sense. Byrne makes an appearance in the children's musical comedy special John Mulaney & the Sack Lunch Bunch performing an original song alongside child performer Lexi Perkel.  At one point, Byrne and Perkel wear matching pink suits, Perkel's being several sizes too large for her, in reference to Stop Making Sense.

In 2021, Stop Making Sense was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Soundtrack

See also
The Last Waltz (1978) - Martin Scorsese concert film featuring The Band
New Wave music
Worldbeat

References

Further reading

External links

Stop Making Sense at Metacritic

1980s American films
1980s English-language films
1984 films
1984 documentary films
1984 independent films
American documentary films
American independent films
American rock music films
Concert films
Films directed by Jonathan Demme
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films produced by Gary Goetzman
Live video albums
Talking Heads video albums
United States National Film Registry films

Stop Making Sense