Walkeshwar Temple, also known as the Baan Ganga Temple, is a temple dedicated to Lord Shiva located in Walkeshwar, near Malabar Hill neighbourhood, in South Mumbai precinct of the city of Mumbai, India. It is situated at the highest point of the city, and close to the temple lies the Banganga Tank.

Legend
Legend has it that Hindu god, Rama paused at that spot on his way from Ayodhya to Lanka in pursuit of the demon king, Ravana who had kidnapped his wife, Sita. Then Lord Rama was advised to worship Shiva lingam and he is said to have constructed the original linga of sand, after getting tired of waiting for his brother, Lakshman to bring an idol. The name is etymologically derived from the Sanskrit word for an idol made of sand -- Valuka Iswar, an Avatar of Shiva.

As the story progresses, when Rama was thirsty, as there was no fresh water readily available (only sea water), he shot an arrow and brought Ganges over here. Hence Bana (arrow in Sanskrit) Ganges.  The water that feeds the tank stems from an underground spring at that spot, despite its proximity to the sea.

History
The temple and the attached fresh water Banganga Tank were built in 1127 AD by Lakshman Prabhu, a Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu minister in the court of Silhara dynasty Kings who ruled Thane, and the islands of Mumbai during 810 to 1240 AD.  The temple was destroyed by the Portuguese during their reign over Mumbai in the 16th century.  It was rebuilt due to the generosity of Mumbai businessman and philanthropist, Rama Kamat, a Gaud Saraswat Brahmin (known in British records as 'Kamati') in 1715. The main temple has been substantially reconstructed and many smaller temples have come up around the Banganga Tank. By 1860, the temple started attracting greater crowds and 10 to 20 other temples had come up around it and 50 dharamshalas.

Even today the temple itself and much of the property in the complex belongs to the Gaud Saraswat Brahmin Temple Trust.

The temple has inscriptions with 8 verses in Sanskrit, which describe the story of the temple. The inscription is given below;

अत्र शिलाहारन्वय समये द्वादशमिते शते क्रैस्ते |
शिवमन्दिरं पुराणं रेजे यल्लक्ष्मणेश्वराख्यमभ्रुत् ||1||

रचितं लक्ष्मणनाम्ना गोमन्तद्विजमहाप्रधानेन |
ऐतिह्ये वार्तेयं लोकें सौमित्रिणा तु संबद्धा ||2||

काले मुम्बाद्वीपे क्रूरफिरङ्गीतरङ्गभङ्गहते |
विध्वन्सितं तदैतत केवलमासीत शिलासमाहारः ||3||

मुम्बाद्वीपे पश्चात् आङ्ग् वणि क्य संघशासनं प्राप्ते |
आसीन्मुद्राध्यक्ष सेनाध्यक्षस्तथा महाश्रेष्ठी ||4||

सुमतिर्जनाभिराम पुण्यात्मा रामकामतिनाम |
सारस्वतं कुलं यो गार्ग्यं गोत्रं च भूषयामास ||5||

संस्थाप्यादौ 'कोटे' सामळियालाल-वेङ्कटेशौ सः |
नन्दशरर्षिधरित्री -मिते तदूर्ध्वं स विक्रमे वर्षे ||6||

जीर्णोद्धारं कृत्वा पुनरपि शिवमन्दिरं स निर्मितवान् |
चद्वालुकेश्वर इति ख्यातिं लोकेषु पावनीमाप ||7||

क्षुद्रो वालुककण इव विश्व कृत्सन यदग्रतो भाति |
तं वालुकेश्वरमहं वन्दे अनन्तं कृपनिधिं शान्तम ||8||

Translation - During the period of the Shilahara rule in the 12th Century C.E., a Shiva temple was constructed by a leader of Gomantaka Dwijas (Dwijas from modern Goa), named LakshmaNa (Prabhu), hence the temple was known as LakshmaNeshwara. Eventually the temple was attributed to the son of Sumitra i.e., LakshmaNa.

With the passage of time and arrival of the cruel firangis (Portuguese) in Mumba Island (Mumbai), it was destroyed and reduced to a pile of stones.

Eventually, Mumbai passed on to the East India Company (referred as the English Trade Group). A pious, good natured person named Shri. Rama Kamath, from Saraswata kula and Gaargya Gotra; a great businessman became the Treasurer and Commander of the Army of the East India Company. He consecrated the temple of Samaliyalal (Krishna in Gujarati) and Venkatesha in Fort.

Three years after the Vikrama Varsha named Nanda, he performed the Jeernoddhaara (re-consecration) of this Shiva Temple (in 1715 C.E.), which has attained pious fame today as the Walukeshwara.

In front of whom the whole World appears as a speck of sand, my humble prostration to Walukeshwara (The Lord made of sand), who is the ocean of kindness and peace.

Worship
The temple is generally busy every month only during the full moon, and at Amavasya (new moon). In the past, it was a favorite of the Malabar pirates who used to frequent the islands during the 16th and 17th centuries.

It is currently the site of an annual Hindustani classical music festival, which in 2005 featured musicians like classical singers Rajan and Sajan Mishra, and Santoor maestro Shivkumar Sharma. Branches of Shri Kavle Math and Shri Kashi Math, famous religious seats of Gaud Saraswat Brahmins, are located on the northern and western banks of the tank, respectively.

Gallery

References

 Mallya, K.G. The Merchant Of Bombay, Mumbai:Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan (1997).  —An historical novel of the life of Rama Kamati.

External links

 Temples Of Saraswat Brahmins
 Walkeshwar Banganga Tank and Temple

Hindu temples in Mumbai
Shiva temples in Maharashtra

Walkeshwar Temple


Louis VI (16 April 1080 — 1 August 1137), nicknamed the Fat (French: le Gros), or the Fighter (French: le Batailleur) was the King of France from 1108 until his death in 1137. He was the second child and the only son of King Philip I of France and  his first wife, Bertha of Holland. Louis was a great warrior king. He fought against King Henry I of England at the Battle of Brémule. Even though Louis lost the battle, he was still very active fighting in battles.

He would spend most of his 29 year reign fighting and even though in his later years he became very fat and heavy for his horse to carry, he was still active in battles. His got his nickname "the Fat" because of how fat he was. But because he was very active in fighting, he also got the nickname, "the Fighter". Louis died in 1137 due to dysentery at the age of 57. He was succeeded by his 17-year-old son, Louis VII.

Louis was undoubtedly one of France's greatest kings. He became one of the first great, strong, and powerful king of France since Charlemagne. He made France a military power and bought stability to France. The economy grew and that he managed to avoid English domination in France unlike under the reign of his successor, Louis VII where King Henry II of England would dominate over France forming the Angevin Empire.

Marriages and children
He married in 1104: 1) Lucienne de Rochefort — the marriage was cancelled.
Their child:
1) Isabelle (c.1105 – before 1175), married (ca 1119) William of Vermandois, seigneur of Chaumont

He married in 1115: 2) Adélaide de Maurienne (1092–1154)

Their children:
 Philip (1116 – October 13, 1131), King of France (1129–31), not to be confused with his brother of the same name; died from a fall from a horse.
 Louis VII (1120 – November 18, 1180), King of France
 Henry (1121–75), archbishop of Reims
 Hugues  (born ca 1122)
 Robert  (ca 1123 – October 11, 1188), count of Dreux
 Constance (ca 1124 – August 16, 1176), married first Eustace IV, count of Boulogne and then Raymond V of Toulouse.
 Philip (1125–61), bishop of Paris. not to be confused with his elder brother.
 Peter of France (ca 1125–83), married Elizabeth, lady of Courtenay

1081 births
1137 deaths
Kings and Queens of France
People from Paris

Louis VI of France


Waldalenus, or Wandalenus (late 6th – early 7th century), dux in the region between the Alps and the Jura, in the Frankish Kingdom of Burgundy, was a Frankish magnate who served as mayor of the Austrasian palace at Metz from 581, during the minority of Childebert II.

One of his seats of government (palatium) as patricius of Burgundy was at Arlay on the "Salt Road", noted in 597. There his son, Donatus of Luxeuil, would found the Abbey of Saint-Vincent, later destroyed by Otto II of Burgundy.

He was a well-known patron of Columbanus at Luxeuil Abbey (founded around 585–90), where he dedicated one son to monastic life, and thus provided early support for Hiberno-Frankish monasticism in Western Europe: "This family's connections stretched into Provence and would prove highly influential in seventh-century Frankish politics," Marilyn Dunn notes. Both Eustasius and Waldebert, kinsmen of Waldalenus, succeeded Columbanus as second and third abbots of Luxeuil. The extended family of Waldelenus controlled the Alpine passes approached from Briançon, those of Susa (the Col de Montgenèvre), Embrun, and Gap. Abbo, Patrician of Provence and rector of Maurienne and Susa, the opponent of Maurontus, came from the family of Waldelenus.

His opponents in Burgundy represented the influence of Willibad (died 642), the patrician of Burgundian Provence). Willibad may not have been a Frank but perhaps a Burgundian, one of the last representatives of the native nobility. The centre of Willibad's power was Lyon, Vienne and Valence. Willibad continued to be confronted by the supporters of Columbanus, Waldalenus' son, Chramnelenus of Besançon, Chramnelenus' brother-in-law Amalgar of Dijon and Wandalbert of Chambly.

Waldalenus was married to Flavia—noble in birth and bearing, according to the chronicler of Columbanus and his foundations, Jonas of Bobbio—but the couple were barren, until they beseeched Columbanus to intercede for a miraculous pregnancy. Columbanus required that the first-born be dedicated to the church, and consequently Donatus, christened by Columbanus himself as the "gift", was raised and educated at Luxeuil and was made Bishop of Besançon. The second son was Chramnelenus, and there were two daughters that the Merovingian chronicler did not think to name.

Flavia outlived her husband and founded a convent of nuns at the dynasty's headquarters, Besançon, where her son Donatus was bishop.

A later Waldalenus of this house, Abbot of Bèze, came to be venerated as a saint; is noticed in a diplomatic document of September 677.

Notes

Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain
6th-century births
7th-century deaths
Mayors of the Palace
Politicians from Besançon
7th-century Frankish people

Waldalenus


Andrass Samuelsen (; 1 July 1873 – 30 June 1954) was a Faroese politician and member of the Union Party. He was the first Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands after the autonomy of the Faroe Islands in 1948 (Heimastýrislógin).

Andrass was the son of Katrina Malena, born Mikkelsen and Sámal Joensen from Haldarsvík. He was married to Beata Emilia, born Lindenskov from Tórshavn.

Between 1906 and 1950 Samuelsen was a member of the Faroese parliament (Løgting). From 1913 to 1916 and 1918 to 1939 he was also a member of the Danish Folketing and he was a member of the Landsting from 1917 to 1918. From 1924 to 1948 Samuelsen was the chairman of the Union Party. From 1948 to 1950 he was the Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands and was the first Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands since the office had been abolished in 1816. He died on 30 June 1954, aged 80. He would have been 81 years old the following day.

His son Georg Lindenskov Samuelsen (1910–1997) was the publisher of the newspaper Dimmalætting for almost 50 years. His granddaughter Lisbeth L. Petersen was one of the first women in Faroese politics, and his grandson Eilif Samuelsen is a Faroese politician.

References

1873 births
1954 deaths
Prime Ministers of the Faroe Islands
Members of the Folketing
Members of the Landsting (Denmark)
Members of the Løgting
Faroese members of the Folketing
Union Party (Faroe Islands) politicians

Andrass Samuelsen


Concentrations of megaliths, dolmens () and stone labyrinths dating between the end of the 4th millennium and the beginning of the 2nd millennium B.C. have been found (but little studied) throughout the Caucasus Mountains, including Abkhazia. Most of them are represented by rectangular structures made of stone slabs or cut in rocks with holes in their facade. These dolmens cover the Western Caucasus on both sides of the mountain ridge, in an area of approximately 12,000 square kilometres of Russia and Abkhazia.

The Caucasian dolmens represent a unique type of prehistoric architecture, built with precisely dressed large stone blocks. The stones were, for example, shaped into 90-degree angles, to be used as corners or were curved to make a circle.

While generally unknown in the rest of Eurasia, these structures are equal to the great megaliths of Eurasia in terms of age and quality of architecture, but are still of an unknown origin. In spite of the variety of Caucasian monuments, they show strong similarities with megaliths from different parts of Eurasia, like the Iberian Peninsula, Italy, France, Great Britain, Ireland, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Iran and India. A range of hypotheses has been put forward to explain these similarities and the building of megaliths on the whole, but still it remains unclear.

Approximately 3,000 of these megalithic monuments are known in the Western Caucasus, but more are constantly being found, while some are being destroyed. Today, many are in great disrepair and will be completely lost if they are not protected from vandals and general neglect. The North Caucasus Dolmens make up a lost city by the shore of the Black Sea. The dolmens could have been vaults of metal objects or jewelry that were pillaged by the invading Scythians around the first millennium BC. The dolmens could have been of spiritual significance, and are becoming cherished again today.

Architecture of Circassian dolmens

The dolmens have a limited variety in their architecture.
The floor plans are square, trapezoidal, rectangular and round. All of the dolmens are punctuated with a portal in the centre of the facade. While round portholes are the most common, square ones are also found. In front of the facade is a court that usually splays out, creating an area where rituals possibly took place. The court is usually outlined by large stone walls, sometimes over a meter high, which enclose the court. It is in this area that Bronze and Iron Age pottery has been found - which helped date these sites -, along with human remains, bronze tools and silver, gold and semi-precious stone ornaments.

The repertoire of decoration for these megalithic structures is not extensive. Vertical and horizontal zigzags, hanging triangles and concentric circles are the most common motifs. One decorative motif that is quite common is found across the top of the porthole slab. It can best be described as a lintel held up by two columns. Pairs of breasts, done in relief, have also been found on a few dolmens. These breasts usually appear above the two columns of the porthole decoration. Perhaps related to these are the stone plugs, which were used to block the porthole, and are found with almost every tomb. They are sometimes phallic-shaped.

Some unusual items associated with dolmens are big round stone balls, double balls and animal sculptures.

One of the most interesting megalithic complexes – group of three dolmens - stands in a row on a hill above Zhane River on the Black Sea coast in the Krasnodar area near Gelendzhik, Russia. In this area there is a great concentration of all types of megalithic sites including settlements and dolmen cemeteries. Large stone mounds surrounded the two monuments.

The central dolmen is rectangular in plan, 4 x 4 meters, while the two flanking dolmens are circular, 4 and 5 meters in diameter. The two round dolmens had been bulldozed - probably in the 1950s - in order to harvest the surrounding trees, but the main structure of the central dolmen had not been damaged.Another (fourth) dolmen near the Zhane River has a secret entrance at the back of the chamber, and a façade, dummy entrance and courtyard at the front of the dolmen. There in addition to these pristine dolmens were some ruined dolmens.

Associated cultures
The Caucasus dolmens are associated with the Klin-Yar community and the Koban culture. A genetic study in 2020 analysing samples from Klin-Yar communities, including the Koban culture, found one sample of paternal Haplogroup D-Z27276, which is associated with the modern Tibetan people. Other haplogroups were Haplogroup J1 and Haplogroup G-M285.

Other Russian megalithic sites
Other important megalithic sites of Russia have been found along Russia's northern shores with the White Sea and the Barents Sea as well as at Vera Island.

See also
Megalithic art
List of megalithic sites

References

Megalithic monuments in Europe
Stone Age Europe
Archaeology of the Caucasus
Archaeology of Russia
Tombs in Russia
North Caucasus

Dolmens of the North Caucasus


Edward le Despenser, 1st Baron Despenser  (24 March 1336, Essendine – 11 November 1375) was the son of another Edward le Despenser and Anne Ferrers, sister of Henry, Lord Ferrers of Groby. He succeeded as Lord of Glamorgan in 1349.

Le Despencer went with Edward the Black Prince to France, and was present at the Battle of Poitiers. In recognition of his conduct in the French wars, he was summoned to Parliament as a baron in 1357. At the same time, he also became a Knight of the Garter.

He was a friend and patron of Jean Froissart and the eldest brother of Henry le Despenser, Bishop of Norwich.

There is a statue of him on the top of the Holy Trinity Chantry Chapel in Tewkesbury Abbey, renowned as the "KNEELING KNIGHT".

Family
Edward married Elizabeth de Burghersh, daughter of Bartholomew de Burghersh, 2nd Baron Burghersh. They had the following children:
 Margaret Le Despencer (died 3 November 1415), married Robert de Ferrers, 5th Baron Ferrers of Chartley. They were ancestors to Queen Catherine Parr.
 Elizabeth le Despenser (died 10 or 11 April 1408) married (1) John FitzAlan, 2nd Baron Arundel (30 November 1364 – 14 August 1390) (2) William la Zouche, 3rd Baron Zouche
 Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester (22 September 1373 – 13 January 1400), married Constance of York.
 Hugh Despencer
 Cicely Despencer
 Anne Despencer (died 30 October 1426) married (1) Hugh de Hastings and (2) Thomas de Morley, 4th Baron Morley

Notes

References
Burke, Sir Bernard. "Despencer-Barons Despencer, Earl of Gloucester." A Genealogical History of the Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited, and Extinct Peerages, of the British Empire. London: Wm Clowes and Sons, Ltd., 1962. (p. 167).
Burke, John. A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerages of England, Ireland, and Scotland, Extinct, Dormant, and in Abeyance. London: H. Colburn and R. Bentley, 1831. (pp. 173–4) googlebooks Retrieved May 26, 2008
Weis, Frederick Lewis, Walter Lee Sheppard, David Faris, and Frederick Lewis Weis. Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700: The Lineage of Alfred the Great, Charlemagne, Malcolm of Scotland, Robert the Strong, and Some of Their Descendants. (7th Ed.) Baltimore, Md: Genealogical Pub. Co, 1992.  (pp. 73–74, Lines: 70–35, 70–36, 74–34, 212–34.) googlebooks Retrieved May 26, 2008

1330s births
1375 deaths
14th-century English nobility
Barons le Despencer
Peers created by Edward III
Garter Knights appointed by Edward III
Edward
Burials at Tewkesbury Abbey
Lords of Glamorgan
People of the Hundred Years' War

Edward Despenser, 1st Baron Despenser


Telestreet is an Italian movement that set up free TV stations in several metropolitan areas in Italy. The movement started in Bologna with a small transmitting station, OrfeoTv, which was founded by activist Franco "Bifo" Berardi. Since June 2002, this micro-TV station has been broadcasting for a few hours a day within a range of 200 metres.

There are now nearly one hundred mini TV stations across Italy. Their transmitting hardware contains slightly modified receiver electronics.

The telestreet are usually promoted by organizations, groups or individuals who use the facility for television and social uses for group benefit, with the aim of making television a free communication tool like a newspaper or a website.

See also
Radio Alice

References

Pirate television stations
Television in Italy

Telestreet


Kristof Hahn (also known as Christoph Hahn) (born 6 February 1959) is a German guitarist, composer and translator.

Hahn is best known for his lap-steel guitar playing in the New York experimental rock band Swans. He joined the band in 1989 for the Burning World tour and played on the subsequent album White Light from the Mouth of Infinity. He left the band in 1992, joined Swans' bandleader Michael Gira's follow-up project Angels of Light in 1998 and became a constant member of the Swans relaunch from 2010 until 2017.

His approach to the lap-steel guitar is less rooted in traditions but more drone-oriented, creating vast soundscapes that at times erupt into sonic thunderstorms and at other times resolve into ethereal melodies.

Biography
Kristof Hahn grew up in Saarbücken in southwest Germany. He studied classical guitar as a youth, then turned to electric guitar. His style is influenced by a diversity of artists ranging from Ike Turner, Dick Dale and Chris Spedding to Glenn Branca.

In 1980 moved to West-Berlin and joined several musical projects. Among those were The Legendary Golden Vampires and The Nirvana Devils, both rockabilly influenced garage-rock groups that emerged from the post-punk movement.

He also recorded two solo EPs under the name Justice Hahn and an album with the American musician/producer Alex Chilton under the name Koolkings in 1990. In the late 1990s he rejoined forces with long time friend and collaborator Thomas Wydler (Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds) who had already played drums on his 1988 EP "Down by Love", and together with singer Viola Limpet they formed the rock'n'roll-noir ensemble Les Hommes Sauvages. They released three albums – "Playtime" (2000), "Trafic" (2004) and "Vive la Trance" (2011). Due to the extended activities with the re-activated SWANS this band ceased its existence in 2012. He has continued a sporadic collaboration with Wydler on the latter's solo albums "Morphosa Harmonia", "Soul Sheriff", and "On the Mat and off -The Lion of Scandavinia".

In 2017 Hahn became a member of the avant-garage band Pere Ubu after contributing to their album "20 Years in a Montana Missile Silo". He has also released an instrumental solo album called "Solo Etudes" on the American label Erototox. His current band in Berlin - once again a rock'n'roll noir ensemble that includes a classical bassoon player - is called Sultans of Gedankenbrain.

Besides his band activities Hahn has recorded movie soundtracks for German director Robert Schwentke (Eierdiebe/The Family Jewels - 2003) and Austrian film-maker Marko Doringer (Mein Halbes Leben – 2008, Naegel mit Köpfen – 2013). He also translates books from English to German - among these are: "The Song of the Silent Snow" by Hubert Selby Jr., "Margrave of the Marshes", by John Peel, and "Thy Neighbor's Wife" by Gay Talese

Discography

 Die Goldenen Vampire – Hinter der grünen Tür (LP - 1981)
 The Legendary Golden Vampires – "Gone for Good" (7" 1984)
 The Legendary Golden Vampires – "Creeping Poison" (7" 1985)
 The Nirvana Devils – "Some Foreign Shore" (7" 1984)
 The Nirvana Devils – "Secret Agent Girl" (7" 1985)
 The Nirvana Devils – "Twisted Tales" (10" 1986)
 Justice Hahn – "Down by Love" (10" 1988)
 Justice Hahn – "Ragged but Right" (10" 1991)
 Koolkings – Shocked and Amazed  (LP 1991)
 Swans – White Light from the Mouth of Infinity (LP 1991)
 Angels of Light – New Mother (LP 1999)
 Les Hommes Sauvages – Playtime (LP 2000)
 Angels of Light – How I loved You (LP 2001)
 Angels of Light – Everything Is Good Here/Please Come Home (LP 2003)
 Les Hommes Sauvages – Trafic (LP 2004)
 Thomas Wydler/Toby Dammit – Morphosa Harmonia (LP 2004)
 Thomas Wydler – Soul Sheriff (LP 2007)
 Swans – My Father Will Guide Me up a Rope to the Sky (LP 2010)
 Les Hommes Sauvages – Vive la Trance (LP 2011)
 Thomas Wydler – On the Mat and Off (2011)
 Swans – The Seer (LP 2012)
 Swans – To Be Kind (LP 2014)
 Swans – The Glowing Man (LP 2016)
 Xiu Xiu – Forget (LP 2017)
 Pere Ubu – 20 Years in a Montana Missile Silo (LP 2017)
 Swans – Leaving Meaning (LP 2019)
 Tricky – Fall to Pieces (LP 2020)
 Sometimes With Others – Nous (LP 2020)
 Swans – The Beggar (LP 2023)

References

Sources
Die Wilden Achtziger » Maintenance Mode

Langer Weg nach Westen

Loud and Middle-Aged, But It's Not a Reunion

Footnotes

Steel guitarists
German guitarists
Swans (band) members
1959 births
Living people

Kristof Hahn


James Lloyd Ashbury (1834 – 3 September 1895) was a British yachtsman and Conservative Party politician.

Early life
The son of John Ashbury, founder of the Ashbury Railway Carriage and Iron Company Ltd of Manchester, James trained as an engineer and joined the family company. When his father died in 1866 he inherited the business and a considerable fortune. His health was affected by the polluted atmosphere of Manchester, and Ashbury moved to the coast, where he took up sailing. As he attempted to advance in society he took up competitive yachting.

The America's Cup challenges

Ashbury was appointed commodore of the Royal Harwich Yacht Club in 1870, having been elected a member in 1867.

He made the first two, albeit unsuccessful challenges for the America's Cup, held since 1851 by the New York Yacht Club.  Ashbury's first challenge was in 1870 with his yacht Cambria. The race for the America's Cup was held on 8 August, and Cambria faced 14 yachts of the New York Yacht Club. The race was won by the Magic, with the Cambria finishing in eighth place. Ashbury stayed on to take part in the club cruise, and entertained the President of the United States, Ulysses S. Grant on his yacht.

Returning to England, Ashbury commissioned a new yacht Livonia.  Ashbury took his new yacht across the Atlantic to once again challenge for the America's Cup, this time on behalf of the Royal Harwich Yacht Club.  Controversial from the start, Livonia was defeated 4–1. He returned to the United Kingdom without the trophy accusing the New York Club of engaging in "unfair and unsportsmanlike proceedings". The club responded by returning a number of trophies he had donated in the previous year. Although the event ended in acrimony, Ashbury was the catalyst for the introduction of greater fairness in no longer allowing the defender to use multiple yachts against a single challenger, and was belatedly inducted into the America's Cup Hall of Fame in 1997.

Member of parliament for Brighton
By the 1860s Ashbury was living in Brighton. When a general election was called in 1868, he put himself forward as a parliamentary candidate, claiming to be responding to an "extensively signed requisition". He was adopted as candidate by the Conservative Party, pledging to give "general but independent support" to the government of Disraeli. He called for "reform not revolution" and the provision of education for every man woman and child. He failed to be elected, with the Liberals holding both Brighton seats.

He was again a candidate at the next general election in 1874 and on this occasion he was elected along with his fellow Conservative, Major-General Charles Cameron Shute.  He was only to serve a single term in the House of Commons as the Liberals regained the two Brighton seats at the next general election in 1880.

Later life and death
Following the loss of his parliamentary seat, Ashbury pursued his business interests, which rapidly failed. He purchased a large sheep station on the South Island of New Zealand, but due to mismanagement it became a major financial liability. He was unable to pay creditors and spent many years in the courts, eventually facing bankruptcy.

Ashbury disappeared into obscurity. The newspapers of September 1895 reported that the body of an elderly "gentleman of no occupation" known as James Ashbury had been found in his London lodgings, having apparently taken his life with an overdose of chlorodyne. It was several days before his identity emerged. He was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery.

References

External links

1834 births
1895 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1874–1880
Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
English male sailors (sport)
Politicians from Manchester
Drug-related suicides in England
British politicians who committed suicide
1890s suicides

James Lloyd Ashbury


Superman was a daily newspaper comic strip which began on January 16, 1939, and a separate Sunday strip was added on November 5, 1939. These strips ran continuously until May 1966. In 1941, the McClure Syndicate had placed the strip in hundreds of newspapers.  At its peak, the strip, featuring Superman, was in over 300 daily newspapers and 90 Sunday papers, with a readership of over 20 million.

During the National Comics Publications v. Fawcett Publications court case, the District Court ruled that McClure Syndicate failed to place the copyright notice on some of the strips and thus those strips are in the public domain.

Original storylines

The daily strip was host to many storylines, unique from the regular Superman comic series. The early years consisted of Siegel-era Superman stories, many of which have yet to be republished. The strips contained the first appearance of a bald Lex Luthor, the first appearance of Mr. Mxyzptlk and of Superman's parents Jor-El and Lara. It also included the first instance in comics of Superman changing costume in a telephone booth. Other stories of note include Superman saving Santa Claus from the Nazis, World War II-era stories of Superman protecting the American home front, and Clark Kent marrying Lois Lane. The artwork includes runs by famed Superman artists Wayne Boring and Curt Swan.

Mr. Mxyzptlk was first created to appear in the Superman #30 (September 1944) story, "The Mysterious Mr. Mxyztplk". Due to the publishing lag time, the daily strip team of writer Whitney Ellsworth and artist Wayne Boring saw what had been created for issue #30, and were able to use him first in the daily strip story "The Mischievous Mr. Mxyzptlk" published from February 21 to July 19, 1944. Mr. Mxyzptlk was not created for, but first published in the Superman daily strip. While published second, Mr. Mxyztplk was first created for Superman issue #30 and first written by Jerry Siegel and drawn and inked by Ira Yarborough.

Superman appeared in the newspapers again in 1978, with the newspaper strip The World's Greatest Superheroes, which was retitled in his name in 1982 and lasted until 1985. Between these two comic strip series, Superman appeared in almost 12,000 unique newspaper strips.

Writers and artists

Over the years, there have been a number of different writers and artists on the Superman newspaper strips. Originally, the strip was drawn by Joe Shuster. As Superman became more and more popular and the workload kept increasing, Shuster turned over many duties to his studio assistants. Paul Cassidy was the first in a line of ghost artists on the strip and took over the inking and detail work in 1939. In September 1940, Leo Nowak replaced Cassidy on the strip. Other assistants during this time included Dennis Neville, John Sikela (beginning in 1940), Ed Dobrotka (beginning in 1941), Paul J. Lauretta, and Jack Burnley (beginning in 1941). Sikela and Dobrotka often traded penciling and inking duties between each other. Lauretta primarily inked and did backgrounds on the strips. Burnley eventually left to work on his own comic book, Starman, but did return to pencil the Superman Sundays in 1943. The Superman strips during this early period of shop work was a team effort with multiple artists working on different parts of the same strip.

This early period ended with the start of World War II. Jerry Siegel, the main writer, was drafted in 1943. Early that same year, Leo Nowak and John Sikela were drafted as well. In 1943, Stan Kaye took over the inking. Wayne Boring, who had been another early assistant to Joe Shuster, left the Shuster studio in 1942 to directly draw the daily strip for DC. Boring and Kaye dominated the daily strip's artwork throughout most of the 1940s. The two also provided art for the Sunday strip between 1940 and 1966.

In the middle of 1949, Win Mortimer took over the daily strip from Wayne Boring. Stan Kaye continued inking Mortimer's work until Kaye temporarily left, and Mortimer inked his own work until he left DC in 1956 to publish his David Crane strip. Curt Swan took over the daily strip on June 18, 1956, along with Stan Kaye. Swan continued on the strip until November 12, 1960.

As for the stories in the Superman strips, Jerry Siegel originally wrote them until he was drafted in 1943.  Whitney Ellsworth, who had begun on the strip in 1941, continued until 1945. Jack Schiff began his writing on the strip in 1942 and worked on the strip off and on until 1962.

Alvin Schwartz first started writing for the Superman strip in October 1944. Between 1947 and 1951, Schwartz was the only writer on the Superman strip, and he continued on the strip until 1958. Bill Woolfolk wrote one story for the dailies in 1953.

In 1959, Bill Finger started scripting stories, and he worked through the series' end in 1966. During this final period, Jerry Siegel resumed his duties writing some stories.

Spin-off
McClure Syndicate, concerned and fearing newspapers would cancel the popular Superman strip if it could not appear regularly and on time, appealed to DC to instead create a spin-off strip, Lois Lane, Girl Reporter, for McClure to use as a filler material for newspaper syndication. Lois Lane accompanied the Superman Sunday strip in the Cleveland Plain Dealer, running irregularly between October 24, 1943, and February 27, 1944; a total of twelve Lois Lane topper strips were produced.

Reprints
In 2013, The Library of American Comics started to collect all the Superman comic strips, daily and Sundays, originally published between 1939 and 1966 in six sub set hardcover collections (Superman: The Complete Comic Strips 1939-1966).

References

External links
 The Speeding Bullet: Archive of Superman newspaper strips
 Supermanartists.com: Who Drew Superman?
 Artist Biographies: Curt Swan
 After the Golden Age with Alvin Schwartz
 James Winslow Mortimer
 Superman Supersite: Win Mortimer (1919-1998)
 Curt Swan: A Superman Walked Among US

1939 comics debuts
1966 comics endings
Comic strips started in the 1930s
American comic strips
Superman titles
Superman in other media
Public domain comics
Superhero comic strips

Superman (comic strip)


Danny Joe Brown (August 24, 1951 – March 10, 2005) was an American singer. He was the lead singer of the Southern rock group Molly Hatchet and was co-writer of the band's biggest hits from the late 1970s.

Biography
Brown was born in Jacksonville, Florida, in 1951 and graduated from Terry Parker High School in 1969. Shortly after graduating, he enlisted in the U.S. Coast Guard and was stationed in New York City for two years. Once he left the Coast Guard, Brown's focus turned solely to music and he joined Molly Hatchet in 1974.

Although not a founding member, he is best known for writing and singing on such songs as "Flirtin' with Disaster" and "Whiskey Man." He was also the vocalist on "Dreams I'll Never See," a faster-tempoed cover of the Allman Brothers song. The band's sound was immediately recognizable by Brown's distinct voice: a deep, raspy, throaty growl.

Brown left Molly Hatchet in 1980 because of chronic diabetes and pancreatic problems, but soon started his own band, The Danny Joe Brown Band, which released a single studio album in 1981. He rejoined Molly Hatchet in 1982 only to leave again in 1995 after suffering a stroke.

Brown moved into his mother's home in Davie, Florida, after becoming ill. He died there on March 10, 2005, at the age of 53. His obituary attributed his death to kidney failure, a complication of the diabetes he had since age 19, along with Hepatitis C.

Brown is buried at Lauderdale Memorial Park in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

Discography

With Molly Hatchet
 Molly Hatchet (1978)
 Flirtin' with Disaster (1979)
 No Guts...No Glory (1983)
 The Deed Is Done (1984)
 Double Trouble Live (1985)
 Lightning Strikes Twice (1989)

With The Danny Joe Brown Band
 Danny Joe Brown and the Danny Joe Brown Band (1981)

References

External links

1951 births
2005 deaths
American rock singers
American Southern Rock musicians
Burials in Florida
Deaths from kidney failure
Molly Hatchet members
Musicians from Jacksonville, Florida
Songwriters from Florida
People from Davie, Florida
United States Coast Guard enlisted
20th-century American singers
20th-century American male singers
American male songwriters

Danny Joe Brown


The Hune Covered Bridge is a historic wooden covered bridge in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Ohio.  Located northeast of the community of Dart, it spans the Little Muskingum River in northeastern Lawrence Township in the eastern part of Washington County.  Local bridge builder Rollin Meredith erected it in 1879, using the Long-truss style of truss bridge design; the single-span bridge was named for the locally prominent Hune family.  Among its design features are a metal roof, abutments of cut stone, and vertical siding.  As a Long truss, the Hune Bridge is a valuable example of nineteenth-century architecture: few examples of this complicated style survive to the present day.  In 1976, the Hune Bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, both because of its place in local history and because of its historically significant construction.

References

External links

Bridges completed in 1879
Covered bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Bridges in Washington County, Ohio
National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Ohio
Wooden bridges in Ohio
Tourist attractions in Washington County, Ohio
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Long truss bridges in the United States
1879 establishments in Ohio

Hune Covered Bridge