Ricardo Monreal Ávila (born September 19, 1960) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the National Regeneration Movement (Morena). He is a senator and the Senate Majority Leader, a former Governor of Zacatecas and a former member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) (and of the Party of the Democratic Revolution ) being closely identified during his tenure in that party with former president Carlos Salinas de Gortari.

Monreal Ávila graduated with a bachelor's degree in law from the Autonomous University of Zacatecas (UAZ) and with a Ph.D. in administrative and constitutional law from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). He worked as a professor of law for several years and got involved in several agricultural programs and farmers' organizations during most of the 1980s.

In 1991 he became president of the state chapter of the Revolutionary Institutional Party, a political institution he represented twice at the Chamber of Deputies, once at the local congress and twice at the Senate. In 1998, after losing the PRI nomination for governor of Zacatecas, he switched sides and joined the left-of-center Party of the Democratic Revolution, winning the election with 44.6% of the votes.  He billed his victory as "the second taking of Zacatecas."

Monreal left the governorship in September 2004 and briefly considered to compete for the 2006 PRD presidential candidacy. Instead, he joined the presidential campaign of Andrés Manuel López Obrador, the former Head of Government of the Federal District. In the general election of 2 July 2006, he was elected to the Senate for the PRD as a national-list PR senator.

On 11 July 2018, after the landslide victory of the National Regeneration Movement during the 2018 Mexican general election, he was named President of MORENA in the Senate.

References

External links
 esmas.com: Ricardo Monreal
 Terra: Ricardo Monreal
 Revista Líderes Mexicanos: Ricardo Monreal

1960 births
Living people
Governors of Zacatecas
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Members of the Senate of the Republic (Mexico)
Presidents of the Senate of the Republic (Mexico)
Party of the Democratic Revolution politicians
Politicians from Fresnillo, Zacatecas
20th-century Mexican lawyers
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
Morena (political party) politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians
20th-century Mexican politicians

Ricardo Monreal


Thomas Levi Whittle (May 21, 1812 – July 3, 1868)  was a Canadian farmer who joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1837, later crossing the American Great Plains in 1848 among the first company of pioneers to enter and settle near Salt Lake City, Utah Territory. He was also a 49er, having been one of a small group of men called by Brigham Young to seek gold in California soon after its discovery in 1849, and one of the first missionaries for the Church to the Sandwich Islands, now Hawaii.

Early life and conversion
Whittle was born to Thomas Whittle and Elizabeth Levi in Mersea Township, Essex County, Upper Canada.  Whittle married Mary Amelia Fullmer in 1833, and after a few years, moved to Detroit, Michigan.

Whittle and his family heard Mormonism preached by early Latter Day Saint missionaries, and on November 22, 1837, Whittle and his wife were baptized members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints by Zera Pulsipher. As was common in the early days of the Latter-day Saint movement, Whittle was re-baptized by William Clayton on June 3, 1849 into the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) after Whittle and his family had reached the Salt Lake Valley.

Whittle's wife witnessed the important event in Latter Day Saint history when Brigham Young spoke to a large group of Latter Day Saints during the succession crisis and reportedly took on the appearance and speech of the recently martyred Joseph Smith. This event signified to many that Young should be the next leader of the church.

Shortly before making the trek west, Whittle and his wife Mary received temple ordinances in the Nauvoo Temple on January 1, 1846.

Journey West

Whittle and his family made the journey to Winter Quarters, Nebraska to what is now the state of Utah among the first pioneers to enter the Salt Lake Valley.  The family traveled with the 2nd Company, 2nd Division under the leadership of Heber C. Kimball.  They arrived September 20, 1848.

Mission

Whittle was called on a mission in 1849 and headed to California.  The following year, Whittle was assigned to the Sandwich Islands, now called the Hawaiian Islands.  Whittle arrived in Honolulu on December 12, 1850 with nine other LDS missionaries: Henry W. Bigler, Hiram Blackwell, George Q. Cannon, Hiram Clark, John Dixon, Wm. Farrer, James Hawkins, James Keeler, and Thomas Morris.  The small group of missionaries arrived aboard a small whaling vessel called the Imaum of Muscat.  The mission to the Sandwich Islands did not last long for Whittle and some of his companions as the Hawaiian language and reception proved very difficult.  Whittle returned home and the Whittle family moved to Herriman, Utah.  Later, the Whittle family helped settle Richmond, Utah.

Whittle died July 3, 1868.  To pay tribute to Whittle, the Utah Territorial flag was flown at half-staff on July 4, 1868.

Notes

References
Thomas Levi Whittle; ancestral file number 1BJX-FG, Ancestral File, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Thomas Levi Whittle. (1997, July). Retrieved July 1, 2007, from http://www.jnjtreeclimbers.com/index.cgi?ThomasLeviWhittle
The Polynesian Mission. (1898, July 30). Deseret News. Retrieved December 8, 2007, from http://udn.lib.utah.edu/u?/deseretnews5,25888
Published Letter to George Q. Cannon by Henry Standage. (1868, July 22). Deseret News. Retrieved December 8, 2007, from http://udn.lib.utah.edu/u?/deseretnews2,38445

External links
Trail Excerpt: Hale, Aroet Lucious, Diary of Aroet Lucious Hale, 1828-1849, 194-?, 12, 16-17
Trail Excerpt: Conover, Peter Wilson, Reminiscences ca. 1880, 6-7.
Trail Excerpt: Jacob, Norton, Reminiscence and journal 1844 May-1852 Jan., 110-15.
Trail Excerpt: Kimball, Heber C., Journal, in Autobiography ca. 1842-1858, in Heber C. Kimball, Papers, 1837-1866, reel 1, box 1. written by William Clayton
Farrer, William vol. 1, 1850-1851 in special collections Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University (Whittle mentioned in missionary companion Farrer's journal)
Farrer, William vol. 2, 1851 in special collections Harold B. Lee Library, BYU (Whittle mentioned in missionary companion Farrer's journal)
Farrer, William vol. 4, 1851-1852 in special collections Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University (Whittle mentioned in missionary companion Farrer's journal)
Farrer, William vol. 5, 1852-1853 in special collections Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University (Whittle mentioned in missionary companion Farrer's journal)

1812 births
1868 deaths
Canadian Latter Day Saints
Converts to Mormonism
Mormon missionaries in Hawaii
Mormon pioneers
People from Richmond, Utah
People from Salt Lake City
Canadian Mormon missionaries in the United States
19th-century Mormon missionaries
People from Leamington, Ontario
American expatriates in the Hawaiian Kingdom
People from Herriman, Utah
Emigrants from pre-Confederation Ontario to the United States

Thomas Levi Whittle


Unknown Man #89  is a crime novel written by Elmore Leonard, published in 1977, just after his novel Swag, and preceding The Hunted. It is a sequel to The Big Bounce.

Plot summary
Detroit process server Jack Ryan has a reputation for finding men who don't want to be found. A string of seemingly unrelated crimes leads Ryan to the search for a missing stockholder known only as "unknown man #89," but his missing man isn't "unknown" to everyone: a pretty blonde hates his guts, and a very nasty dude named Virgil Royal wants him dead in the worst way. This is very unfortunate for Jack, who is suddenly caught in the crossfire of a lethal triple-cross and becomes as much a target as his nameless prey. Along the way, Ryan butts heads with local police, including six-shooter-carrying Dick Speed. The book is perhaps best remembered for a sequence taken straight from The Godfather, where thug Virgil plants a shotgun in the meeting place of his victim, in this case, the fire escape of Bobby Lear's hotel room. Also of note is homosexual wannabe gangster Lonnie, whose "superfly" haircut was emulated by several of Elmore Leonard's other characters.

Characters in Unknown Man #89
Jack Ryan – Detroit process server
Virgil Royal – nasty dude
Tunafish – Associate of Virgil Royal
Dick Speed – local police officer
Jay Walt – Collection Agency Manager
Denise Leary – Wife of Robert Leary, Jr.
Mr. Perez – Businessman
Raymond Gidre – Assistant to Mr. Perez

Notes
According to the revised edition of "Hitchcock" by François Truffaut, Alfred Hitchcock was seriously considering adapting Leonard's novel Unknown Man No. 89, to which he had acquired the rights, as his follow-up film to Family Plot (1976), his 53rd and final project. He abandoned that idea and considered some other novels, but in 1978 Hitchcock closed his offices and dismissed his staff. There never was a 54th film. In 1980 Hitchcock died.

External links
Unknown Man#89 at Elmore Leonard.com

1977 American novels
American crime novels
Novels by Elmore Leonard
Novels set in Detroit

Unknown Man No. 89


Hans-Peter Van Sprew Smit (born June 29, 1958) is an Indonesian-born Filipino football coach. He was assistant coach of the Philippine national football team which participated at the 1996 Tiger Cup.

He is the current head coach of the DLSU Lady Booters which plays in the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP), as well as at the PFF Women's League.

Early life and education
Smit was born as an Indonesian citizen in Jakarta, Indonesia but moved to the Philippines at age 6. Smit attended the University of the Philippines for his college and pursued a sports major program after considering to pursue a course in Human Resource Management and Mass Communication. He represented his school as a varsity player at the UAAP Football Championships. He voluntarily chose to drop out from the university to focus on his coaching career.

Coaching career
Smit started his coaching career in football at age 21 making him the youngest football coach in the country at that time. He began his coaching career with the newly formed De La Salle Santiago Zobel School football team in 1981.He also became the youngest Athletic Director in the country when he initiated a varsity program for the Alabang-based De La Salle Santiago Zobel School. Smit coached the schools' boys' team.

Among the other teams Smit had coached is Kaya and the National Capital Region youth team.

Smit led the DLSU Lady Booters to the top of its group at the elimination round of the UAAP Season 77 football tournament in 2015. In 2016, he served as the first head coach of the team at the PFF Women's League mentoring the team in the 2016-17 season. He guided the team in its 3–0 win against OutKast on their first match of the second round of the league's season which assured them of the league title.

Smit also organizes football festivals, leagues and national championships. He is an official Match Commissioner for the Philippine Football Federation and certified by the Asian Football Confederation.

International
Smit had a brief stint as head coach of the Philippine women's national team in 2008. He replaced Marlon Maro who last led the team at the 2007 Southeast Asian Games. Smit led the team at the 2008 AFC Women's Asian Cup qualifiers. He was replaced by Joey Villarino the same year who was first tasked to guide the team at the 2008 AFF Women's Championship.

Personal life
Smit is married to Carmencita Carlos Smit a natural-born Filipino and has four children who are all likewise born Filipino.

Naturalization
A bill was filed on March 17, 2015 before the Senate by Senators Pia and Alan Cayetano regarding the granting of Philippine citizenship to Hans Smit for staying more than 50 years in the country and for his contribution to Philippine football.

On June 6, 2016, the bill was approved in the Senate in the third and final reading, in time for the 16th Congress' sine die adjournment. On July 21, 2016, Smit became a naturalized Filipino citizen with the lapsing into law of the bill now known as Republic Act No. 10914, which was regarding his naturalization.

References

1958 births
Living people
People from Jakarta
Filipino football managers
Filipino people of Indonesian descent
University of the Philippines alumni
Philippines women's national football team managers
University Athletic Association of the Philippines men's footballers
Naturalized citizens of the Philippines
Filipino people of Dutch descent
Indonesian people of Dutch descent
Indo people

Hans Smit


Platform shoes are shoes that have extremely dense soles. They are often made out of plastics, rubber or cork. Platform shoes were first worn during the Ancient era. They are known to add height to whoever is wearing them. The shoes are oftentimes worn to avoid coming in contact with urban street filth, grime and muck. These shoes were very popular between the 1930s and the 1980s in the United States, Europe and the United Kingdom. They were worn mostly by girls or young women, although middle-aged or elderly women sometimes wear the shoes. Comfort platforms were invented during the disco music era, and would be designed to mix added heights and sneaker style or orthotic comforts. The fad eventually fizzled out during the late 1980s and early 1990s, though by then people of all ages, particularly girls and young to middle-aged women, wore the shoes.

Footwear

1930's
Moshe Kimel introduced the modern platform shoe in the 30's for actress Marlene Dietrich. This started a fad among the elite and well to do. The growing popularity of the shoe sparked several well known copies such as "the rainbow" by Salvatore Ferragamo . At this time the shoes were typically made with cork due to the production material changes many had to face during World War II. As many trends do this one slowly disappeared from the main stream media, and didn't reaper till the late 60's.

1970's-1980's
Carole Basetta was the well known designer producing shoes for famous artists such as David Bowie . This time it was not just a feminine fashion statement but men also wore platforms as well because platforms started coming in different forms like boots, trainers, and sandals. Tony Randell wore clear platforms with goldfish in the heals on a tv show and again these shoes appeared in Starsky and Hutch . In the 80's brands popularized the comfort platform which was meant for everyday use.

Late 90's early 2000's
While introduced in the early 90's platforms didn't pick up in mainstream fashion till the late 90's. This may be due to Naomi Campbell's runway fall in 1993 while wearing Vivienne Westwood's platform heels. After the 90's platforms did not pick up again till around 2003-2004 when YSL made a tribute sandal to commemorate the 70's shoe style. Many celebrities' liked this design for the added sex appeal.

2010-2020
This era of platform shoe was more popular with the platform boot style. Some of the more well known brands are Demonia, Bordello, and Dolls kill. With the rise of E-girl as a subculture in 2019 the sale of gothic style platform boots have gone up. During the 2010 era clear shoes wear also popularized by Kim Kardashian West. These clear platform shoes allow to to put trinkets in your shoe ranging from flowers, kids toys, and plastic fish to Halloween decorations, spiders, and baby doll heads.

Platform shoe


John Wallis (; ; ) was an English clergyman and mathematician, who is given partial credit for the development of infinitesimal calculus.

Between 1643 and 1689 he served as chief cryptographer for Parliament and, later, the royal court. He is credited with introducing the symbol ∞ to represent the concept of infinity. He similarly used 1/∞ for an infinitesimal. John Wallis was a contemporary of Newton and one of the greatest intellectuals of the early renaissance of mathematics.

Biography

Educational background
 Cambridge, M.A., Oxford, D.D.
 Grammar School at Tenterden, Kent, 1625–31.
 School of Martin Holbeach at Felsted, Essex, 1631–2.
 Cambridge University, Emmanuel College, 1632–40; B.A., 1637; M.A., 1640.
 D.D. at Oxford in 1654

Family

On 14 March 1645 he married Susanna Glynde ( – 16 March 1687). They had three children:
 Anne Blencoe (4 June 1656 – 5 April 1718), married Sir John Blencowe (30 November 1642 – 6 May 1726) in 1675, with issue
 John Wallis (26 December 1650 – 14 March 1717), MP for Wallingford 1690–1695, married Elizabeth Harris (d. 1693) on 1 February 1682, with issue: one son and two daughters
 Elizabeth Wallis (1658–1703), married William Benson (1649–1691) of Towcester, died with no issue

Life
John Wallis was born in Ashford, Kent. He was the third of five children of Reverend John Wallis and Joanna Chapman. He was initially educated at a school in Ashford but moved to James Movat's school in Tenterden in 1625 following an outbreak of plague. Wallis was first exposed to mathematics in 1631, at Felsted School (then known as Martin Holbeach's school in Felsted); he enjoyed maths, but his study was erratic, since "mathematics, at that time with us, were scarce looked on as academical studies, but rather mechanical" (Scriba 1970). At the school in Felsted, Wallis learned how to speak and write Latin. By this time, he also was proficient in French, Greek, and Hebrew. As it was intended he should be a doctor, he was sent in 1632 to Emmanuel College, Cambridge. While there, he kept an act on the doctrine of the circulation of the blood; that was said to have been the first occasion in Europe on which this theory was publicly maintained in a disputation. His interests, however, centred on mathematics. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1637 and a Master's in 1640, afterwards entering the priesthood. From 1643 to 1649, he served as a nonvoting scribe at the Westminster Assembly. He was elected to a fellowship at Queens' College, Cambridge in 1644, from which he had to resign following his marriage.

Throughout this time, Wallis had been close to the Parliamentarian party, perhaps as a result of his exposure to Holbeach at Felsted School. He rendered them great practical assistance in deciphering Royalist dispatches. The quality of cryptography at that time was mixed; despite the individual successes of mathematicians such as François Viète, the principles underlying cipher design and analysis were very poorly understood. Most ciphers were ad hoc methods relying on a secret algorithm, as opposed to systems based on a variable key. Wallis realised that the latter were far more secure – even describing them as "unbreakable", though he was not confident enough in this assertion to encourage revealing cryptographic algorithms. He was also concerned about the use of ciphers by foreign powers, refusing, for example, Gottfried Leibniz's request of 1697 to teach Hanoverian students about cryptography.

Returning to London – he had been made chaplain at St Gabriel Fenchurch in 1643 – Wallis joined the group of scientists that was later to evolve into the Royal Society. He was finally able to indulge his mathematical interests, mastering William Oughtred's Clavis Mathematicae in a few weeks in 1647. He soon began to write his own treatises, dealing with a wide range of topics, which he continued for the rest of his life. Wallis wrote the first survey about mathematical concepts in England where he discussed the Hindu-Arabic system.

Wallis joined the moderate Presbyterians in signing the remonstrance against the execution of Charles I, by which he incurred the lasting hostility of the Independents. In spite of their opposition he was appointed in 1649 to the Savilian Chair of Geometry at Oxford University, where he lived until his death on . In 1650, Wallis was ordained as a minister. After, he spent two years with Sir Richard Darley and Lady Vere as a private chaplain. In 1661, he was one of twelve Presbyterian representatives at the Savoy Conference.

Besides his mathematical works he wrote on theology, logic, English grammar and philosophy, and he was involved in devising a system for teaching a deaf boy to speak at Littlecote House. William Holder had earlier taught a deaf man, Alexander Popham, to speak "plainly and distinctly, and with a good and graceful tone". Wallis later claimed credit for this, leading Holder to accuse Wallis of "rifling his Neighbours, and adorning himself with their spoyls".

Wallis' appointment as Savilian Professor of Geometry at the Oxford University

The Parliamentary visitation of Oxford, that began in 1647, removed many senior academics from their positions, including in November 1648, the Savilian Professors of Geometry and Astronomy. In 1649 Wallis was appointed as Savilian Professor of Geometry. Wallis seems to have been chosen largely on political grounds (as perhaps had been his Royalist predecessor Peter Turner, who despite his appointment to two professorships never published any mathematical works); while Wallis was perhaps the nation's leading cryptographer and was part of an informal group of scientists that would later become the Royal Society, he had no particular reputation as a mathematician. Nonetheless, Wallis' appointment proved richly justified by his subsequent work during the 54 years he served as Savilian Professor.

Contributions to mathematics

Wallis made significant contributions to trigonometry, calculus, geometry, and the analysis of infinite series. In his Opera Mathematica I (1695) he introduced the term "continued fraction".

Analytic geometry
In 1655, Wallis published a treatise on conic sections in which they were defined analytically. This was the earliest book in which these curves are considered and defined as curves of the second degree. It helped to remove some of the perceived difficulty and obscurity of René Descartes' work on analytic geometry.
In the Treatise on the Conic Sections Wallis popularised the symbol ∞ for infinity. He wrote, "I suppose any plane (following the Geometry of Indivisibles of Cavalieri) to be made up of an infinite number of parallel lines, or as I would prefer, of an infinite number of parallelograms of the same altitude; (let the altitude of each one of these be an infinitely small part 1/∞ of the whole altitude, and let the symbol ∞ denote Infinity) and the altitude of all to make up the altitude of the figure."

Integral calculus

Arithmetica Infinitorum, the most important of Wallis's works, was published in 1656. In this treatise the methods of analysis of Descartes and Cavalieri were systematised and extended, but some ideas were open to criticism. He began, after a short tract on conic sections, by developing the standard notation for powers, extending them from positive integers to rational numbers:

Leaving the numerous algebraic applications of this discovery, he next proceeded to find, by integration, the area enclosed between the curve y = xm, x-axis, and any ordinate x = h, and he proved that the ratio of this area to that of the parallelogram on the same base and of the same height is 1/(m + 1), extending Cavalieri's quadrature formula. He apparently assumed that the same result would be true also for the curve y = axm, where a is any constant, and m any number positive or negative, but he discussed only the case of the parabola in which m = 2 and the hyperbola in which m = −1. In the latter case, his interpretation of the result is incorrect. He then showed that similar results may be written down for any curve of the form

and hence that, if the ordinate y of a curve can be expanded in powers of x, its area can be determined: thus he says that if the equation of the curve is y = x0 + x1 + x2 + ..., its area would be x + x2/2 + x3/3 + ... . He then applied this to the quadrature of the curves , , , etc., taken between the limits x = 0 and x = 1. He shows that the areas are, respectively, 1, 1/6, 1/30, 1/140, etc. He next considered curves of the form  and established the theorem that the area bounded by this curve and the lines x = 0 and x = 1 is equal to the area of the rectangle on the same base and of the same altitude as m : m + 1. This is equivalent to computing

He illustrated this by the parabola, in which case m = 2. He stated, but did not prove, the corresponding result for a curve of the form y = xp/q.

Wallis showed considerable ingenuity in reducing the equations of curves to the forms given above, but, as he was unacquainted with the binomial theorem, he could not effect the quadrature of the circle, whose equation is , since he was unable to expand this in powers of x. He laid down, however, the principle of interpolation. Thus, as the ordinate of the circle  is the geometrical mean of the ordinates of the curves  and , it might be supposed that, as an approximation, the area of the semicircle  which is  might be taken as the geometrical mean of the values of

that is,  and ; this is equivalent to taking  or 3.26... as the value of π. But, Wallis argued, we have in fact a series ... and therefore the term interpolated between  and  ought to be chosen so as to obey the law of this series. This, by an elaborate method that is not described here in detail, leads to a value for the interpolated term which is equivalent to taking

(which is now known as the Wallis product).

In this work also the formation and properties of continued fractions are discussed, the subject having been brought into prominence by Brouncker's use of these fractions.

A few years later, in 1659, Wallis published a tract containing the solution of the problems on the cycloid which had been proposed by Blaise Pascal. In this he incidentally explained how the principles laid down in his Arithmetica Infinitorum could be used for the rectification of algebraic curves and gave a solution of the problem to rectify (i.e., find the length of) the semicubical parabola x3 = ay2, which had been discovered in 1657 by his pupil William Neile. Since all attempts to rectify the ellipse and hyperbola had been (necessarily) ineffectual, it had been supposed that no curves could be rectified, as indeed Descartes had definitely asserted to be the case. The logarithmic spiral had been rectified by Evangelista Torricelli and was the first curved line (other than the circle) whose length was determined, but the extension by Neile and Wallis to an algebraic curve was novel. The cycloid was the next curve rectified; this was done by Christopher Wren in 1658.

Early in 1658 a similar discovery, independent of that of Neile, was made by van Heuraët, and this was published by van Schooten in his edition of Descartes's Geometria in 1659. Van Heuraët's method is as follows. He supposes the curve to be referred to rectangular axes; if this is so, and if (x, y) are the coordinates of any point on it, and n is the length of the normal, and if another point whose coordinates are (x, η) is taken such that η : h = n : y, where h is a constant; then, if ds is the element of the length of the required curve, we have by similar triangles ds : dx = n : y. Therefore, h ds = η dx. Hence, if the area of the locus of the point (x, η) can be found, the first curve can be rectified. In this way van Heuraët effected the rectification of the curve y3 = ax2 but added that the rectification of the parabola y2 = ax is impossible since it requires the quadrature of the hyperbola. The solutions given by Neile and Wallis are somewhat similar to that given by van Heuraët, though no general rule is enunciated, and the analysis is clumsy. A third method was suggested by Fermat in 1660, but it is inelegant and laborious.

Collision of bodies

The theory of the collision of bodies was propounded by the Royal Society in 1668 for the consideration of mathematicians. Wallis, Christopher Wren, and Christiaan Huygens sent correct and similar solutions, all depending on what is now called the conservation of momentum; but, while Wren and Huygens confined their theory to perfectly elastic bodies (elastic collision), Wallis considered also imperfectly elastic bodies (inelastic collision). This was followed in 1669 by a work on statics (centres of gravity), and in 1670 by one on dynamics: these provide a convenient synopsis of what was then known on the subject.

Algebra

In 1685 Wallis published Algebra, preceded by a historical account of the development of the subject, which contains a great deal of valuable information. The second edition, issued in 1693 and forming the second volume of his Opera, was considerably enlarged. This algebra is noteworthy as containing the first systematic use of formulae. A given magnitude is here represented by the numerical ratio which it bears to the unit of the same kind of magnitude: thus, when Wallis wants to compare two lengths he regards each as containing so many units of length. This perhaps will be made clearer by noting that the relation between the space described in any time by a particle moving with a uniform velocity is denoted by Wallis by the formula

s = vt,

where s is the number representing the ratio of the space described to the unit of length; while the previous writers would have denoted the same relation by stating what is equivalent to the proposition

s1 : s2 = v1t1 : v2t2.

Number line

Wallis has been credited as the originator of the number line "for negative quantities" and "for operational purposes." This is based on a passage in his 1685 treatise on algebra in which he introduced a number line to illustrate the legitimacy of negative quantities:

Yet is not that Supposition (of Negative Quantities) either Unuseful or Absurd; when rightly understood. And though, as to the bare Algebraick Notation, it import a Quantity less than nothing: Yet, when it comes to a Physical Application, it denotes as Real a Quantity as if the Sign were ; but to be interpreted in a contrary sense... , signifies  Yards Forward; and , signifies  Yards Backward.

It has also been noted that, in an earlier work, Wallis came to the conclusion that the ratio of a positive number to a negative one is greater than infinity. The argument involves the quotient  and considering what happens as  approaches and then crosses the point  from the positive side. Wallis was not alone in this thinking: Leonhard Euler came to the same conclusion by considering the geometric series , evaluated at , followed by reasoning similar to Wallis's (he resolved the paradox by distinguishing different kinds of negative numbers).

Geometry
He is usually credited with the proof of the Pythagorean theorem using similar triangles. However, Thabit Ibn Qurra (AD 901), an Arab mathematician, had produced a generalisation of the Pythagorean theorem applicable to all triangles six centuries earlier. It is a reasonable conjecture that Wallis was aware of Thabit's work.

Wallis was also inspired by the works of Islamic mathematician Sadr al-Tusi, the son of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, particularly by al-Tusi's book written in 1298 on the parallel postulate. The book was based on his father's thoughts and presented one of the earliest arguments for a non-Euclidean hypothesis equivalent to the parallel postulate. After reading this, Wallis then wrote about his ideas as he developed his own thoughts about the postulate, trying to prove it also with similar triangles.

He found that Euclid's fifth postulate is equivalent to the one currently named  "Wallis postulate" after him. This postulate states that "On a given finite straight line it is always possible to construct a triangle similar to a given triangle". This result was encompassed in a trend trying to deduce Euclid's fifth from the other four postulates which today is known to be impossible. Unlike other authors, he realised that the unbounded growth of a triangle was not guaranteed by the four first postulates.

Calculator

Another aspect of Wallis's mathematical skills was his ability to do mental calculations. He slept badly and often did mental calculations as he lay awake in his bed. One night he calculated in his head the square root of a number with 53 digits. In the morning he dictated the 27-digit square root of the number, still entirely from memory. It was a feat that was considered remarkable, and Henry Oldenburg, the Secretary of the Royal Society, sent a colleague to investigate how Wallis did it. It was considered important enough to merit discussion in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of 1685.

Musical theory
Wallis translated into Latin works of Ptolemy and Bryennius, and Porphyrius's commentary on Ptolemy.  He also published three letters to Henry Oldenburg concerning tuning. He approved of equal temperament, which was being used in England's organs.

Other works
His Institutio logicae, published in 1687, was very popular. The Grammatica linguae Anglicanae was a work on English grammar, that remained in print well into the eighteenth century. He also published on theology.

Wallis as cryptographer
While employed as lady Vere's chaplain in 1642 Wallis was given an enciphered letter about the fall of Chicester which he managed to decipher within two hours. This started his career as a cryptographer. He was a moderate suporter of the Parliamentarian side in the First English Civil War and therefore worked as a decipherer of intercepted correspondence for the Parliamentarian leaders. For his services he was rewarded with the Livings of St. Gabriel and St. Martin's in London.

Because of his Parliamentarian sympathies Wallis was not employed as a cryptographer after the Stuart Restoration, but after the Glorious Revolution he was sought out by lord Nottingham and frequently employed to decipher encrypted intercepted correspondence, though he thought that he was not always adequately rewarded for his work. King king William III from 1689 also employed Wallis as a cryptographer, sometimes almost on a daily basis. Couriers would bring him letters to be decrypted, and waited in front of his study for the product. The king took a personal interest in Wallis' work and well-being as witnessed by a letter he sent to Dutch Grand pensionary Anthonie Heinsius in 1689.

In these early days of the Williamite reign directly obtaining foreign intercepted letters was a problem for the English, as they did not have the resources of foreign Black Chambers as yet, but allies like the Elector of Brandenburg without their own Black Chambers occasionally made gifts of such intercepted correspondence, like the letter of king Louis XIV of France to king John III Sobieski of Poland that king William in 1689 used to cause a crisis in French-Polish diplomatic relations. He was quite open about it and Wallis was rewarded for his role. But Wallis became nervous that the French might take action against him.

Wallis relationship with the German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was cordial. But Leibniz also had cryptographic interests and tried to get Wallis to divulge some of his trade secrets, which Wallis declined to do as a matter of patriotic principle.

Smith gives an example of the painstaking work that Wallis performed, as described by himself in a letter to Richard Hampden of 3 August 1689. In it he gives a detailed account of his work on a particular letter and the parts he had encountered difficulties with.

Wallis' correspondence also shows details of the way he stood up for himself, when he thought he was under-appreciated, financially or otherwise. He lobbied enthusiastically, both on his own behalf, and that of his relatives, as witnessed by letters to Lord Nottingham, Richard Hampden and the MP Harbord Harbord that Smith quotes. In a letter to the English envoy to Prussia, James Johnston Wallis bitterly complains that a courtier of the Prussian Elector, by the name of Smetteau, had done him wrong in the matter of just compensation for services rendered to the Elector. In the letter he gives details of what he had done, and gives advice on a simple substitution cipher for the use of Johnston himself.

Wallis' contributions to the art of cryptography were not only of a "technological" character. De Leeuw points out that even the "purely scientific" contributions of Wallis to the science of linguistics in the field of the "rationality" of Natural language as it developed over time, played a role in the development of cryptology as a science. Wallis' development of a model of English grammar, independent of earlier models based on Latin grammar, is a case in point of the way other sciences helped develop cryptology in his view.

Wallis tried to teach his own son John, and his grandson by his daughter Anne, William Blencowe the tricks of the trade. With William he was so successful that he could persuade the government to allow the grandson to get the survivorship of the annual pension of £100  Wallis had received in compensation for his cryptographic work.

William Blencowe eventually succeeded Wallis as official Cryptographer to Queen Anne after Walis' death in 1703.

See also
 31982 Johnwallis, an asteroid that was named after him
 Invisible College
 John Wallis Academy – former ChristChurch school in Ashford renamed in 2010
 Wallis's conical edge
 Wallis' integrals

Notes

References

Sources
 The initial text of this article was taken from the public domain resource:

 Stedall, Jacqueline, 2005, "Arithmetica Infinitorum" in Ivor Grattan-Guinness, ed., Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics. Elsevier: 23–32.
 Guicciardini, Niccolò (2012) "John Wallis as editor of Newton's Mathematical Work", Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 66(1): 3–17. Jstor link
 Stedall, Jacqueline A. (2001) "Of Our Own Nation: John Wallis's Account of Mathematical Learning in Medieval England", Historia Mathematica 28: 73.
 Wallis, J. (1691). A seventh letter, concerning the sacred Trinity occasioned by a second letter from W.J. / by John Wallis ... (Early English books online). London: Printed for Tho. Parkhurst ...

External links

 The Correspondence of John Wallis  in EMLO

 Galileo Project page

 John Wallis (1685) A treatise of algebra - digital facsimile, Linda Hall Library

1616 births
1703 deaths
17th-century English mathematicians
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
British cryptographers
British historians of mathematics
Calculus
Deaf education
English logicians
English male non-fiction writers
English mathematicians
English music theorists
English Presbyterian ministers of the Interregnum (England)
English Protestants
Fellows of Queens' College, Cambridge
Keepers of the Archives of the University of Oxford
History of calculus
Infinity
Linguists of English
Mathematics of infinitesimals
Original Fellows of the Royal Society
Participants in the Savoy Conference
People educated at Felsted School
People from Ashford, Kent
Savilian Professors of Geometry
Westminster Divines

John Wallis


Baltimore Rising is a 2017 documentary on the protests in Baltimore after the death of Freddie Gray.  It was created, directed, and produced by actor and filmmaker Sonja Sohn and HBO Films.  It covers the death of Freddie Gray, the protests and riots immediately following, efforts to keep the peace during the unsuccessful prosecutions of the six police officers involved, as well as efforts to change policing by both the Maryland General Assembly and the US Department of Justice.  It includes segments covering the perspective of Black Lives Matter protesters, community leaders, and members of the Baltimore Police Department.

Among the protesters, it focuses on Kwame Rose and Makayla Gilliam-Price, two young (17–21 years old) activists.  Among community leaders, the documentary shows Adam Jackson and Dayvon Love, members of the group Leaders of a Beautiful Struggle.  Among the police, Baltimore Rising includes Lt. Colonel Melvin Russell, head of a community affairs program in the BPD; Detective Dawnyell Taylor, the lead police investigator into the death of Gray; and interim police commissioner Kevin Davis, who came to his position shortly after Gray's death.

Baltimore Rising premiered on HBO on November 20, 2017.

Reception
Melanie McFarland of Slate praised the documentary, writing it accurately communicated the "systemic and entrenched" problems on both sides: police who feel unsafe, retreat to their cars, and see everyone as potentially dangerous suspects, which furthers the alienation felt by the community and by the activists.  She also felt that while it provided no neat conclusions or solutions, it accurately presented and summarized the many conflicting voices and opinions in the conflict.  Hank Steuver of The Washington Post called Baltimore Rising simultaneously fascinating, scattered, and frustrating.  He felt that this reflected the disorganized nature of the protests and the difficulties with channeling grievances into useful systemic change, however, so the frustration was authentic and accurate to the source material.  David Zurawik of The Baltimore Sun thought Rising was excellent, especially its "brilliant" opening, but felt it was somewhat too lenient in its treatment of the Baltimore police's efforts, which he felt should have been examined more skeptically.

References

External links
 Official website
 Official trailer

2017 television films
2017 films
HBO documentary films
Death of Freddie Gray
2010s American films

Baltimore Rising


St. Matthew is an oil-on-canvas painting by the Dutch Golden Age painter Frans Hals, painted in 1625 and now in the Odesa Museum of Western and Eastern Art, Odesa.

Painting
The painting shows Saint Matthew sitting at a desk reading with an angel at his elbow. This painting was documented in the 18th century but was considered lost until the 1950s, when two tronies were discovered languishing in the storerooms of the Odesa Museum of Western and Eastern Art in 1958 by art historian Irina Linnik. At the time they were considered to be by unknown 19th-century painters, but Linnik recognized them as the work of a 17th-century master and eventually traced their history back to the 17th century, identifying them as two of four lost paintings by Hals of the evangelists, namely Luke and Matthew. After her work was published in 1959, the two paintings were included in the 1962 Frans Hals exhibition in the Frans Hals Museum. The international attention helped to spur art detectives and eventually the other two of John and Mark were also rediscovered.

In his 1989 catalog of the international Frans Hals exhibition, Slive included a photo of Hals' Two singing boys with a lute and a music book to show that his theme of a main subject with a secondary witness was common to many of Hals' paintings of the 1620s and the models as secondary witness in these two paintings were clearly cousins.

Two singing boys and Matthew:

The four evangelists by Hals:

See also
 List of paintings by Frans Hals

References

Paintings by Frans Hals
Ukrainian art
1625 paintings
Paintings in Ukraine
Hals
Books in art
Angels in art

St Matthew (Hals)


Apophenia is when people see a connection, or a link between two things that are unrelated. People who suffer from Schizophrenia often see patterns where there are none. Klaus Conrad first used the term, in 1958, when he talked about a patient suffering from Schizophrenia. Conrad used the term to describe a cognitive bias, which offten occurs during a psychosis. Apophenia is a special case of Pareidolia.

Today, the term is also used outside a medical context.

Psychosis
Bias

Apophenia


The 2012 Christy Ring Cup final was a hurling match played at Croke Park on 9 June 2012 to determine the winners of the 2012 Christy Ring Cup, the 8th season of the Christy Ring Cup, a tournament organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association for the second tier hurling teams. The final was contested by London of Britain and Wicklow of Leinster, with London winning by 4-18 to 1-17.

The Christy Ring Cup final between London and Wicklow was the second championship meeting between the two teams, with London failing to beat Wicklow in their previous meeting. London were appearing in their first Christy Ring Cup final while Wicklow were appearing in their second consecutive decider after being runners-up to Kerry in 2011.

The teams were level three times early on but when Burgess native Jonathan Maher scored his first goal in the 20th minute, London opened up a five-point lead. It got even better for London two minutes later, when Dromina man, Martin Finn blasted an unstoppable shot to the roof of the net from a 20-metre free. Enan Glynn kept his side in contention with a close range finish for goal in the 24th minuteHard though they tried after the resumption, the Garden County never got closer than four points. What they really needed was a goal but instead, it was London who pounced via Maher's nonchalant finish that deceived Joe Murphy in the 49th minute.

Wicklow worked hard after the resumption, however, they never got closer than four points. London pounced for their third goal in the 49th minute when Maher's nonchalant finish deceived Joe Murphy in the goalmouth. O'Neill and Wayne O'Gorman pointed almost immediately to reduce the margin to five once again but Tommy Williams made two outstanding saves, one from O'Neill's well-struck penalty that bounced up off the turf. Maher bagged his hat-trick in the fourth minute of injury time after a classy interchange between Finn and Kevin Walsh.

London's Christy Ring Cup victory was their first ever. They became the fifth team to win the Christy Ring Cup. They remain the only team to have won the All-Ireland title and the Christy Ring Cup.

Wicklow's Christy Ring Cup defeat was their second in succession. They remain a team who has contested cup finals but has never claimed the ultimate prize.

Match

Details

References

Christy Ring Cup Final
Christy Ring Cup finals
London GAA matches
Wicklow county hurling team

2012 Christy Ring Cup final


In mathematics, physics, and engineering, spatial frequency is a characteristic of any structure that is periodic across position in space. The spatial frequency is a measure of how often sinusoidal components (as determined by the Fourier transform) of the structure repeat per unit of distance.

The SI unit of spatial frequency is the reciprocal metre (m-1), although cycles per meter (c/m) is also common. In image-processing applications, spatial frequency is often expressed in units of cycles per millimeter (c/mm) or also line pairs per millimeter (LP/mm).

In wave propagation, the spatial frequency is also known as wavenumber. Ordinary wavenumber is defined as the reciprocal of wavelength  and is commonly denoted by  or sometimes :

Angular wavenumber , expressed in radian per metre (rad/m), is related to ordinary wavenumber and wavelength by

Visual perception
In the study of visual perception, sinusoidal gratings are frequently used to probe the capabilities of the visual system, such as contrast sensitivity. In these stimuli, spatial frequency is expressed as the number of cycles per degree of visual angle. Sine-wave gratings also differ from one another in amplitude (the magnitude of difference in intensity between light and dark stripes), orientation, and phase.

Spatial-frequency theory

The spatial-frequency theory refers to  the theory that the visual cortex operates on a code of spatial frequency, not on the code of straight edges and lines hypothesised by Hubel and Wiesel on the basis of early experiments on V1 neurons in the cat. In support of this theory is the experimental observation that the visual cortex neurons respond even more robustly to sine-wave gratings that are placed at specific angles in their receptive fields than they do to edges or bars. Most neurons in the primary visual cortex respond best when a sine-wave grating of a particular frequency is presented at a particular angle in a particular location in the visual field. (However, as noted by Teller (1984), it is probably not wise to treat the highest firing rate of a particular neuron as having a special significance with respect to its role in the perception of a particular stimulus, given that the neural code is known to be linked to relative firing rates. For example, in color coding by the three cones in the human retina, there is no special significance to the cone that is firing most strongly – what matters is the relative rate of firing of all three simultaneously. Teller (1984) similarly noted that a strong firing rate in response to a particular stimulus should not be interpreted as indicating that the neuron is somehow specialized for that stimulus, since there is an unlimited equivalence class of stimuli capable of producing similar firing rates.)

The spatial-frequency theory of vision is based on two physical principles:

 Any visual stimulus can be represented by plotting the intensity of the light along lines running through it.
 Any curve can be broken down into constituent sine waves by Fourier analysis.

The theory (for which empirical support has yet to be developed) states that in each functional module of the visual cortex, Fourier analysis (or its piecewise form ) is performed on the receptive field and the neurons in each module are thought to respond selectively to various orientations and frequencies of sine wave gratings. When all of the visual cortex neurons that are influenced by a specific scene respond together, the perception of the scene is created by the summation of the various sine-wave gratings. (This procedure, however, does not address the problem of the organization of the products of the summation into figures, grounds, and so on. It effectively recovers the original (pre-Fourier analysis) distribution of photon intensity and wavelengths across the retinal projection, but does not add information to this original distribution. So the functional value of such a hypothesized procedure is unclear. Some other objections to the "Fourier theory" are discussed by Westheimer (2001) ).  One is generally not aware of the individual spatial frequency components since all of the elements are essentially blended together into one smooth representation. However, computer-based filtering procedures can be used to deconstruct an image into its individual spatial frequency components. Research on spatial frequency detection by visual neurons complements and extends previous research using straight edges rather than refuting it.

Further research shows that different spatial frequencies convey different information about the appearance of a stimulus. High spatial frequencies represent abrupt spatial changes in the image, such as edges, and generally correspond to featural information and fine detail. M. Bar (2004) has proposed that low spatial frequencies represent global information about the shape, such as general orientation and proportions. Rapid and specialised perception of faces is known to rely more on low spatial frequency information. In the general population of adults, the threshold for spatial frequency discrimination is about 7%. It is often poorer in dyslexic individuals.

Spatial frequency in MRI

When spatial frequency is used as a variable in a mathematical function, the function is said to be in k-space. Two dimensional k-space has been introduced into MRI as a raw data storage space. The value of each data point in k-space is measured in the unit of 1/meter, i.e. the unit of spatial frequency.

It is very common that the raw data in k-space shows features of periodic functions. The periodicity is not spatial frequency, but is temporal frequency. An MRI raw data matrix is composed of a series of phase-variable spin-echo signals. Each of the spin-echo signal is a sinc function of time, which can be described by

Where

Here  is the gyromagnetic ratio constant, and  is the basic resonance frequency of the spin. Due to the presence of the gradient G, the spatial information r is encoded onto the frequency . The periodicity seen in the MRI raw data is just this frequency , which is basically the temporal frequency in nature.

In a rotating frame, , and  is simplified to . Just by letting , the spin-echo signal is expressed in an alternative form

Now, the spin-echo signal is in the k-space. It becomes a periodic function of k with r as the k-space frequency but not as the "spatial frequency", since "spatial frequency" is reserved for the name of the periodicity seen in the real space r.

The k-space domain and the space domain form a Fourier pair. Two pieces of information are found in each domain, the spatial information and the spatial frequency information. The spatial information, which is of great interest to all medical doctors, is seen as periodic functions in the k-space domain and is seen as the image in the space domain. The spatial frequency information, which might be of interest to some MRI engineers, is not easily seen in the space domain but is readily seen as the data points in the k-space domain.

See also
 Fourier analysis
 Superlens
 Visual perception
 Fringe visibility
 Reciprocal space

References

External links

Mathematical physics
Space

Spatial frequency


Narayan Saint, who claims he had several meetings with Ashwathama. He wrote a book on the discussion held between him and Ashwathama. As per him, once Ashwathama visited him for his wet clothes to get dried. He asked Ashwathama to explain him the incident of Mahabharat. To which Ashwathama replied he would tell him the story of Mahabharat only if he let him dry his clothes. He would tell him the story of Mahabharat untill the cloth dried and left after drying. He visited Narayan many times. His last visit was when he described the death of Duryodhan and cried. He never visited after that day.

महाभारत

नारायण संत


James Eric McDonald (June 4, 1881 – June 12, 1952) was Texas Agriculture Commissioner from 1931 to 1951.

Early life and career
Born in Waxahachie, Texas, on June 4, 1881, to James Edward McDonald and Thula Adams of Alabama.  He married Eddie Viola Sims on July 11, 1903. They had two children.

In 1928, McDonald was elected to the Texas House of Representatives representing Waxahachie.  He served one term before deciding to run for statewide office.  He contested the post of Agriculture Commissioner when incumbent George B. Terrell decided to run for Congress.

As Agriculture Commissioner
McDonald was elected Agriculture Commissioner as a Democrat in 1930.

Although elected as a Democrat on the eve of the Great Depression, McDonald opposed the New Deal, President Franklin D. Roosevelt and crop supports.

During McDonald's administration the Low Water Dam and the Jacks and Stallions programs were created and eliminated. The Low Water Dam Division encouraged farmers to conserve water by building sloughs and ravines. Jacks and Stallions distributed registered and high-grade mules and horses over the state for the purpose of breeding. McDonald's administration also saw the establishment of processing plants for Texas fruits and vegetables and the expansion of the sweet potato, tomato, citrus, black-eyed pea, watermelon, truck-farming, poultry, dairy, and nursery and floral industries.

McDonald was investigated by a Texas House committee in 1935 on nine charges, including misappropriation of department funds related to the Jacks and Stallions program. The House found him guilty of acts ill-becoming a state official, but did not impeach him. He was also under investigation for violations of federal lobbying laws.  In exchange for McDonald's support in the 1948 U.S. Senate election, Lyndon Johnson may have used his political influence to delay the investigation of McDonald.

McDonald was reelected every two years until twenty-five-year-old John C. White, the youngest man ever to hold the office, defeated him in the Democratic primary in 1950.

Final years
McDonald died on June 12, 1952, in Waxahachie.

References

1881 births
1952 deaths
People from Waxahachie, Texas
Agriculture commissioners of Texas
Texas Democrats
20th-century American politicians

James E. McDonald (politician)


Elliott Cook Carter Jr. (December 11, 1908 – November 5, 2012) was an American modernist composer. One of the most respected composers of the second half of the 20th century, he combined elements of European modernism and American "ultra-modernism" into a distinctive style with a personal harmonic and rhythmic language, after an early neoclassical phase. His compositions are performed throughout the world, and include orchestral, chamber music, solo instrumental, and vocal works. The recipient of many awards, Carter was twice awarded the Pulitzer Prize.

Born in New York City, Carter had developed an interest in modern music in the 1920s. He was later introduced to Charles Ives, and he soon came to appreciate the American ultra-modernists. After studying at Harvard University with Edward Burlingame Hill, Gustav Holst and Walter Piston, he studied with Nadia Boulanger in Paris in the 1930s, then returned to the United States. Carter was productive in his later years, publishing more than 40 works between the ages of 90 and 100, and over 20 more after he turned 100 in 2008. He completed his last work, Epigrams for piano trio, on August 13, 2012.

Biography
Elliott Cook Carter Jr. was born in Manhattan on December 11, 1908, the son of a wealthy lace importer, Elliott Carter Sr., and the former Florence Chambers. Much of his childhood was spent in Europe; he spoke French before learning English. As a teenager, he developed an interest in music, although his parents did not encourage his interests other than providing for early piano lessons, but he was encouraged by Charles Ives, who sold insurance to Carter's family. While a student at the Horace Mann School in 1922, he wrote an admiring letter to Ives, who responded and urged him to pursue his interest in music. Besides that, he began to be interested in modern music as part of his broader exploration of modernism in various other art forms.

In 1924, a 15-year-old Carter was in the audience and "galvanized" when Pierre Monteux conducted the Boston Symphony Orchestra (BSO) in the New York première of The Rite of Spring. Carter later came to appreciate the American ultra-modernists—namely Henry Cowell, Edgard Varèse, Ruth Crawford and, later, Conlon Nancarrow. Ives often accompanied Carter to BSO concerts conducted by Serge Koussevitzky, who programmed contemporary works frequently, and then returned to Ives' home to critique and parody the so-called tricks of Debussy, Stravinsky or Prokofiev – who were composing European new music that Ives considered only 'superficially modern'.

Starting in 1926, Carter attended Harvard University, where he majored in English but also studied music, both at Harvard (whose music course did not satisfy him) and at the nearby Longy School of Music, and also sang with the Harvard Glee Club. His Harvard professors included Walter Piston and Gustav Holst. Carter earned a master's degree in music from Harvard in 1932, but the course did not help make much progress in his compositional skills. Hence, Carter then moved to Paris to study with Nadia Boulanger, both privately and at the École Normale de Musique de Paris. He worked with Boulanger from 1932 to 1935 (though he did not compose much music with her that he believed was worth preserving) and in the latter year received a doctorate in music (Mus.D.).

Later in 1935, he returned to the US to write music for the Ballet Caravan. The founder of the Ballet Caravan Lincoln Kirstein commissioned Carter to compose two ballets, Pocahontas and The Minotaur, which would be among his longest works he composed during his Neo-classicist phase, though neither of them was greatly successful.

On July 6, 1939, Carter married Helen Frost-Jones. They had one child, a son, David Chambers Carter. He lived with his wife in the same apartment in Greenwich Village from the time they bought it in 1945 to her death in 2003.

From 1940 to 1944, he taught at St. John's College in Annapolis, Maryland. He worked for the Office of War Information during World War II. After the war, he held teaching posts at the Peabody Conservatory (1946–1948), Columbia University, Queens College, New York (1955–56), Yale University (1960–62), Cornell University (from 1967) and the Juilliard School (from 1972). Meanwhile, in the 1950s, Carter, having edited Ives' music, turned back to his interest in the experimentalists. In response to his experience in the war, he decided to achieve an emancipated musical discourse through re-examination of all parameters of music. Notable works during this time were the Cello Sonata, the rhythmically complex first string quartet and Variations for Orchestra. The latter two marked Carter's turning point in his career.

Carter wrote music every morning until his death, of natural causes, on November 5, 2012 at his home in New York City, at age 103.

Premieres and notable performances
Carter composed his only opera, What Next?, in 1997–98 for the Berlin State Opera at the behest of conductor Daniel Barenboim. The work premiered in Berlin in 1999 and had its first staging in the United States at the Tanglewood Music Festival in 2006, conducted by James Levine. He later considered writing operas on the themes of communal suicide and a story by Henry James, but abandoned both ideas and resolved to write no more operas.

Interventions for Piano and Orchestra received its premiere on December 5, 2008, by the BSO, conducted by James Levine and featuring the pianist Daniel Barenboim at Symphony Hall, Boston. On December 11, 2008, Barenboim reprised the work with the BSO at Carnegie Hall in New York in the presence of the composer on his 100th birthday. Carter was also present at the 2009 Aldeburgh Festival to hear the world premiere of his song cycle On Conversing with Paradise, based on Ezra Pound's Canto 81 and one of Pound's 'Notes' intended for later Cantos, and usually published at the end of the Cantos. The premiere was given on June 20, 2009, by the baritone Leigh Melrose and the Birmingham Contemporary Music Group conducted by Oliver Knussen.

Figment V for marimba was premiered in New York on May 2, 2009, by Simon Boyar, and Poems of Louis Zukofsky for soprano and clarinet had its first performance by Lucy Shelton and Thomas Martin at the Tanglewood Festival on August 9, 2009. The US premiere of the Flute Concerto took place on February 4, 2010, with the flutist Elizabeth Rowe and the Boston Symphony Orchestra conducted by Levine. The last premiere of Carter's lifetime was Dialogues II, written for Barenboim's 70th birthday and conducted in Milan in October 2012 by Gustavo Dudamel. The last Carter premiere ever, which happened after Carter's death, was "The American Sublime", a work for baritone and large ensemble, dedicated to and conducted by Levine.

Musical style and language
Carter's earlier works were influenced by Igor Stravinsky, Aaron Copland, and Paul Hindemith, and are mainly neoclassical. He had strict training in counterpoint, from medieval polyphony to Stravinsky, and this shows in his earliest music, such as the ballet Pocahontas (1938–39). Some of his music during the Second World War is fairly diatonic, and includes a melodic lyricism reminiscent of Samuel Barber.

Starting in the late 1940s his music shows an increasing development of a personal harmonic and rhythmic language characterized by elaborate rhythmic layering and metric modulation. While Carter's chromaticism and tonal vocabulary parallels serial composers of the period, Carter did not use serial techniques. Carter said, "I certainly have never used a twelve-tone row as the basis of a composition, in the way described in Schoenberg's Style and Idea, nor are my compositions a constant rotation of various permutations of twelve-tone rows". Rather, he independently developed and catalogued all possible collections of pitches (i.e., all possible three-note chords, five-note chords, etc.), compiling what he called his Harmony Book. (An edited version of the book was published in 2002 by Carl Fischer Music.) Musical theorists like Allen Forte independently had systematized these data into musical set theory perhaps having been inspired by Howard Hanson's Harmonic Materials of Modern Music. A series of Carter's works in the 1960s and 1970s generates its tonal material by using all possible chords of a particular number of pitches.

Among his better known works are the Variations for Orchestra (1954–55); the Double Concerto for Harpsichord and Piano with Two Chamber Orchestras (1959–61); the Piano Concerto (1964–65), written as an 85th-birthday present for Stravinsky; the Concerto for Orchestra (1969), loosely based on a poem by Saint-John Perse; and the Symphony of Three Orchestras (1976). He also composed five string quartets, of which the second and third won the Pulitzer Prize for Music in 1960 and 1973 respectively. Spaced at regular intervals throughout his mature career, they are considered by some to be the most important body of work in that medium since Bartók. Symphonia: sum fluxae pretium spei (1993–96) is his largest orchestral work, complex in structure and featuring contrasting layers of instrumental textures, from delicate wind solos to crashing brass and percussion outbursts.

The Piano Concerto (1964–65) uses the collection of three-note chords for its pitch material; the Third String Quartet (1971) uses all four-note chords; the Concerto for Orchestra (1969) all five-note chords; and A Symphony of Three Orchestras uses the collection of six-note chords. Carter also made frequent use of "tonic" 12-note chords. Of particular interest are "all-interval" 12-tone chords, where every interval is represented within adjacent notes of the chord. His 1980 solo piano work Night Fantasies uses the entire collection of the 88 symmetrical-inverted all-interval 12-note chords. Typically, the pitch material is segmented between instruments, with a unique set of chords or sets assigned to each instrument or orchestral section. This stratification of material, with individual voices assigned not only their own unique pitch material but texture and rhythm as well, is a key component of Carter's style. His music after Night Fantasies has been termed his late period and his tonal language became less systematized and more intuitive, but retains the basic characteristics of his earlier works.

Carter's use of rhythm can best be understood with the concept of stratification. Each instrumental voice is typically assigned its own set of tempos. A structural polyrhythm, where a very slow polyrhythm is used as a formal device, is present in many of Carter's works. Night Fantasies, for example, uses a 216:175 tempo relation that coincides at only two points over its 20+ minutes. This use of rhythm was part of his expansion of the notion of counterpoint to encompass simultaneous different characters, even entire movements, rather than just individual lines.

Carter said that the steady pulses of older music reminded him of soldiers marching or horses trotting, sounds no longer heard in the late 20th century, and he wanted his music to capture the sort of continuous acceleration or deceleration experienced in an automobile or an airplane. While Carter's music shows little trace of American popular music or jazz, his vocal music has demonstrated strong ties to contemporary American poetry. He set poems by Elizabeth Bishop (A Mirror on Which to Dwell), John Ashbery (Syringa and Mad Regales), Robert Lowell (In Sleep, in Thunder), William Carlos Williams (Of Rewaking), Wallace Stevens (In the Distances of Sleep and The American Sublime), Ezra Pound (On Conversing with Paradise), and Marianne Moore (What Are Years). Twentieth-century poets also inspired several of his large instrumental works, such as the Concerto for Orchestra (St. John Perse) and A Symphony of Three Orchestras (Hart Crane).

Awards and honors

 1960: Pulitzer Prize for Music, for String Quartet No. 2
 1963: Elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 1969: Elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
 1973: Pulitzer Prize for Music, for String Quartet No. 3
 1981: Ernst von Siemens Music Prize, awarded by the Bayerische Akademie der Schönen Künste and the Ernst von Siemens Music Foundation
 1983: Edward MacDowell Medal, awarded by the MacDowell Colony
 1985: National Medal of Arts, awarded by the by President of the United States and the National Endowment for the Arts
 1987: Named a Commandeur of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French government
 1998: Inducted into the American Classical Music Hall of Fame and Museum
 2005: The Thomas Jefferson Medal, awarded by the American Philosophical Society
 2009: Received a Trustees Award (a lifetime achievement award given to non-performers) from the Grammy Awards.
 2012: Named a Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur by the French government

Significant works

Orchestral

 Variations for Orchestra (1955)
 Concerto for Orchestra (1969)
 A Symphony of Three Orchestras (1976)
 Penthode (1985)
 Symphonia: sum fluxae pretium spei (1993–1996)

Concertos

 Double Concerto for Harpsichord and Piano with Two Chamber Orchestras (1959–1961)
 Piano Concerto (1964–1965)
 Oboe Concerto (1986–1987)
 Violin Concerto (1990)
 Cello Concerto (2000)
 Interventions for Piano and Orchestra (2007)

Voice and ensemble

 A Mirror on Which to Dwell (1975)
 Syringa (1978)
 In Sleep, in Thunder (1981)

Piano
 Piano Sonata (1945–46)
 Night Fantasies (1980)

String quartets
 String Quartet No. 1 (1951)
 String Quartet No. 2 (1959)
 String Quartet No. 3 (1971)
 String Quartet No. 4 (1986)
 String Quartet No. 5 (1995)

Chamber

 Cello Sonata (1948)
 Sonata for Flute, Oboe, Cello and Harpsichord (1952)
 Duo for Violin and Piano (1974)
 Triple Duo (1983)
 ASKO Concerto (2000)

Partial discography

 Sonata for Flute, Oboe, Cello and Harpsichord; Sonata for Cello and Piano; Double Concerto for Harpsichord and Piano With Two Chamber Orchestras. Paul Jacobs, harpsichord; Joel Krosnick, cello; Gilbert Kalish, piano; The Contemporary Chamber Ensemble, Arthur Weisberg, cond. Elektra/Nonesuch 9 79183–2.
 String Quartets Nos. 1 and 2. The Composers Quartet. Elektra/Nonesuch 9 71249-2
 Piano Concerto; Variations for Orchestra. Ursula Oppens, piano; Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, Michael Gielen, cond. New World Records, NW 347–2.
 Triple Duo; Clarinet Concerto; Short Pieces. Nouvel Ensemble Moderne, Lorraine Vaillancourt, cond. ATMA Classique, ACD2 2280.
 Complete Music for Piano. Charles Rosen, piano. Bridge 9090.
 Vocal Works (1975–81): A Mirror on Which to Dwell; In Sleep, In Thunder; Syringa; Three Poems of Robert Frost. Speculum Musicae with Katherine Ciesinki, mezzo; Jon Garrison, tenor; Jan Opalach, bass; Christine Schadeberg, soprano. Bridge, BCD 9014.
 Dialogues; Boston Concerto; Cello Concerto; ASKO Concerto. Nicolas Hodges, piano; Fred Sherry, cello; London Sinfonietta, BBC Symphony Orchestra, ASKO Ensemble, Oliver Knussen, cond. Bridge 9184.

Notable students

References

Sources

Further reading
Capuzzo, Guy. Elliott Carter's 'What Next?': Communication, Cooperation, Separation. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2012. .
Coulembier, Klaas. 2016. "Static Structure, Dynamic Form: An Analysis of Elliott Carter's Concerto for Orchestra". Perspectives of New Music 54, no. 1 (Winter): 97–136.
Doering, William T. Elliott Carter: A Bio-Bibliography. Bio-bibliographies in music, no. 51. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1993. .

External links

1908 births
2012 deaths
Composers from New York City
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
American centenarians
American male classical composers
American classical composers
Cornell University faculty
Grammy Award winners
Harvard College alumni
Horace Mann School alumni
Juilliard School faculty
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
Modernist composers
American opera composers
Male opera composers
Pulitzer Prize for Music winners
International Rostrum of Composers prize-winners
Pupils of Walter Piston
Royal Philharmonic Society Gold Medallists
École Normale de Musique de Paris alumni
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music
Honorary Members of the Royal Philharmonic Society
United States National Medal of Arts recipients
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
21st-century American composers
Ernst von Siemens Music Prize winners
20th-century American composers
Music & Arts artists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
People of the United States Office of War Information
Men centenarians

Elliott Carter


Banishment or exile can be a form of punishment. It means to be away from one's home (i.e. city, state or country) while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return. It is a common theme within the Bible, beginning with Adam and Eve. Below is a partial list of these exiles as referenced in the Bible.

Genesis

Genesis Chapter 3

 Genesis 3:23

Therefore, the  God sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from whence he was taken.

 Genesis 3:24

So He drove out the man; and He placed at the east of the garden of Eden the cherubim, and the flaming sword which turned every way, to keep the way to the tree of life.

(Adam and Eve expelled from the Garden of Eden for eating the forbidden apple.)

Genesis Chapter 6

 Genesis 6:7

And the  said: 'I will blot out man whom I have created from the face of the earth; both man, and beast, and creeping thing, and fowl of the air; for it repenteth Me that I have made them.'

(The  decides to flood the earth due to the evil of men—just before Noah's Flood.)

Genesis Chapter 11

 Genesis 11:9

Therefore, was the name of it called Babel; because the  did there confound the language of all the earth; and from thence did the  scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth.

(No longer able to communicate and resolve conflicts, people scatter themselves after the failed Tower of Babel project.)

Genesis Chapter 13

 Genesis 13:9

Is not the whole land before thee? separate thyself, I pray thee, from me; if thou wilt take the left hand, then I will go to the right; or if thou take the right hand, then I will go to the left.'

(Abraham and his brother Lot decide to separate their households to avoid conflicts over land and property.)
The story of Lot is told in the Book of Genesis. Lot is mentioned in chapters 11-14 and 19.

Genesis Chapter 16

 Genesis 16:6

But Abram said unto Sarai: 'Behold, thy maid is in thy hand; do to her that which is good in thine eyes.' And Sarai dealt harshly with her, and she fled from her face.

(Sarah deals harshly with her Egyptian maid Hagar, forcing her to run away.)

Genesis Chapter 17

 Genesis 17:14

And the uncircumcised male who is not circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin, that soul shall be cut off from his people; he hath broken My covenant.'

(The  talks to Abraham just before telling him that Sarah will bear Isaac, proclaiming that uncircumcised males shall be "cut off".)

Genesis Chapter 21

 Genesis 21:14

And Abraham arose up early in the morning, and took bread and a bottle of water, and gave it unto Hagar, putting it on her shoulder, and the child, and sent her away; and she departed, and strayed in the wilderness of Beer-sheba.

(Abraham 'divorces' Hagar after being advised to do so by Sarah, sending her into the desert with only her son Ishmael.  Afterwards, the water is depleted, and Hagar sits down to die.  An Angel of the  then appears and rescues Hagar and Ishmael, and promises to make Ishmael "a great nation".)

Genesis Chapter 37

 Genesis 37:28

And there passed by Midianites, merchantmen; and they drew and lifted up Joseph out of the pit, and sold Joseph to the Ishmaelites for twenty shekels of silver. And they brought Joseph into Egypt.

(Joseph sold to slavery by his own brothers after their father Isaac sent him to check up on them.)

Exodus

Exodus Chapter 12

 Exodus 12:15

Seven days shall ye eat unleavened bread; howbeit the first day ye shall put away leaven out of your houses; for whosoever eateth leavened bread from the first day until the seventh day, that soul shall be cut off from Israel.

 Exodus 12:19

Seven days shall there be no leaven found in your houses; for whosoever eateth that which is leavened, that soul shall be cut off from the congregation of Israel, whether he be a sojourner, or one that is born in the land.

(The  speaks to Moses and Aaron just before the Exodus from the land of Egypt, proclaiming that anyone who eats leavened bread during a certain period of time will be "cut off".)

Exodus Chapter 17

 Exodus 17:14

And the  said unto Moses: 'Write this for a memorial in the book, and rehearse it in the ears of Joshua: for I will utterly blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven.'

(After the Amalekites attacked the Israelites in the desert and the Israelites retaliated under the command of Joshua.)

Exodus Chapter 30

 Exodus 30:38

Whosoever shall make like unto that, to smell thereof, he shall be cut off from his people.'

(Short time after the  commands the Israelites to anoint Aaron and his sons as priests.  Proclamation to "cut off" anyone who tries to make their own offering—anyone who does not recognize Aaron and his sons as priests.)

Exodus Chapter 31

 Exodus 31:14

Ye shall keep the sabbath therefore, for it is holy unto you; every one that profaneth it shall surely be put to death; for whosoever doeth any work therein, that soul shall be cut off from among his people.

(Proclamation to "cut off" anyone who does not observe the Sabbath.)

Exodus Chapter 32

 Exodus 32:32

Yet now, if Thou wilt forgive their sin--; and if not, blot me, I pray Thee, out of Thy book which Thou hast written.'

(Moses begs the  to forgive the Israelites for the Sin of the Golden Calf, or to otherwise, "blot out" him as well.)

 Exodus 32:33

And the  said unto Moses: 'Whosoever hath sinned against Me, him will I blot out of My book.

(Proclamation just before additional Israelites are smitten/blotted out by the  for making the Golden Calf.)

Leviticus

Leviticus Chapter 7

 Leviticus 7:20

But the soul that eateth of the flesh of the sacrifice of peace-offerings, that pertain unto the , having his uncleanness upon him, that soul shall be cut off from his people.

 Leviticus 7:21

And when any one shall touch any unclean thing, whether it be the uncleanness of man, or an unclean beast, or any unclean detestable thing, and eat of the flesh of the sacrifice of peace-offerings, which pertain unto the , that soul shall be cut off from his people.

(Proclamation to "cut off" anyone who eats certain "unclean" flesh, or the flesh of certain sacrificial offerings.)

 Leviticus 7:27

Whosoever it be that eateth any blood, that soul shall be cut off from his people.

(Proclamation to "cut off" anyone for consuming blood.)

Leviticus Chapter 13
 Leviticus 13:46

All the days wherein the plague is in him he shall be unclean; he is unclean; he shall dwell alone; without the camp shall his dwelling be.

(Proclamation to quarantine persons exhibiting illness.)

Leviticus Chapter 16

 Leviticus 16:10

But the goat, on which the lot fell for Azazel, shall be set alive before the , to make atonement over him, to send him away for Azazel into the wilderness.

(The goat is sent away to die alone in the desert in the place of a person, who according to the Leviticus ideology deserves the same punishment due to his sins, and would have had to bear this punishment, had the punishment not been "transferred" onto the goat.)

Leviticus Chapter 17
 Leviticus 17:4

and hath not brought it unto the door of the tent of meeting, to present it as an offering unto the  before the tabernacle of the , blood shall be imputed unto that man; he hath shed blood; and that man shall be cut off from among his people.

(Proclamation to "cut off" anyone who kills an animal for this own benefit.)

 Leviticus 17:9

and bringeth it not unto the door of the tent of meeting, to sacrifice it unto the , even that man shall be cut off from his people.

(Proclamation to "cut off" anyone who attempts to make a sacrifice by himself rather than have the recognized priests do it.)

 Leviticus 17:10

And whatsoever man there be of the house of Israel, or of the strangers that sojourn among them, that eateth any manner of blood, I will set My face against that soul that eateth blood, and will cut him off from among his people.

 Leviticus 17:14

For as to the life of all flesh, the blood thereof is all one with the life thereof; therefore I said unto the children of Israel: Ye shall eat the blood of no manner of flesh; for the life of all flesh is the blood thereof; whosoever eateth it shall be cut off.

(Proclamations to "cut off" anyone who consumes blood.)

Leviticus Chapter 18

 Leviticus 18:29

For whosoever shall do any of these abominations, even the souls that do them shall be cut off from among their people.

(This follows descriptions of various sexual offenses.)

Leviticus Chapter 19
 Leviticus 19:8

But every one that eateth it shall bear his iniquity, because he hath profaned the holy thing of the ; and that soul shall be cut off from his people.

(Proclamation to "cut off" anyone who eats a certain kind of peace offering on the 3rd day or later.)

Leviticus Chapter 20

 Leviticus 20:3

I also will set My face against that man, and will cut him off from among his people, because he hath given of his seed unto Molech, to defile My sanctuary, and to profane My holy name.

 Leviticus 20:5

then I will set My face against that man, and against his family, and will cut him off, and all that go astray after him, to go astray after Molech, from among their people.

 Leviticus 20:6

And the soul that turneth unto the ghosts, and unto the familiar spirits, to go astray after them, I will even set My face against that soul, and will cut him off from among his people.

(Proclamations to "cut off" anyone who "gives his seed to Molech" -- sacrifices his children onto a foreign god.)

 Leviticus 20:17

And if a man shall take his sister, his father's daughter, or his mother's daughter, and see her nakedness, and she see his nakedness: it is a shameful thing; and they shall be cut off in the sight of the children of their people: he hath uncovered his sister's nakedness; he shall bear his iniquity.

 Leviticus 20:18

And if a man shall lie with a woman having her sickness, and shall uncover her nakedness—he hath made naked her fountain, and she hath uncovered the fountain of her blood—both of them shall be cut off from among their people.

(Proclamations to "cut off" anyone engaging in various sexual offenses.)

Leviticus Chapter 22

 Leviticus 22:3

Say unto them: Whosoever he be of all your seed throughout your generations, that approacheth unto the holy things, which the children of Israel hallow unto the , having his uncleanness upon him, that soul shall be cut off from before Me: I am the .

(Proclamations to "cut off" anyone for incorrectly using objects used for worship.)

Leviticus Chapter 23

 Leviticus 23:29For whatsoever soul it be that shall not be afflicted in that same day, he shall be cut off from his people.

(Proclamation to "cut off" anyone who does not atone on the Day of Atonement—Yom Kippur.)

Leviticus Chapter 26
 Leviticus 26:33

And you will I scatter among the nations, and I will draw out the sword after you; and your land shall be a desolation, and your cities shall be a waste.

(Proclamation to expel the Israelites from the land if they fail to adhere to the ideology of the book of Leviticus.  Follows descriptions of various related curses.)

Numbers

Numbers Chapter 5

 Numbers 5:2

'Command the children of Israel, that they put out of the camp every leper, and every one that hath an issue, and whosoever is unclean by the dead;

 Numbers 5:3<

both male and female shall ye put out, without the camp shall ye put them; that they defile not their camp, in the midst whereof I dwell.'

 Numbers 5:4

And the children of Israel did so, and put them out without the camp; as the  spoke unto Moses, so did the children of Israel.

(Proclamation to "put out" anyone afflicted by leprosy, as this is considered to "defile" the camp.  This is done according to 5:4.)

Numbers Chapter 9
 Numbers 9:13

But the man that is clean, and is not on a journey, and forbeareth to keep the passover, that soul shall be cut off from his people; because he brought not the offering of the  in its appointed season, that man shall bear his sin.

(Proclamation to "cut off" anyone for not observing Passover.)

Numbers Chapter 15
 Numbers 15:30

But the soul that doeth aught with a high hand, whether he be home-born or a stranger, the same blasphemeth the ; and that soul shall be cut off from among his people.

(Proclamation to "cut off" anyone who knowingly and deliberately violates the covenant.)

Numbers Chapter 19
 Numbers 19:13

Whosoever toucheth the dead, even the body of any man that is dead, and purifieth not himself—he hath defiled the tabernacle of the —that soul shall be cut off from Israel; because the water of sprinkling was not dashed against him, he shall be unclean; his uncleanness is yet upon him.

(Proclamation to "cut off" anyone who does not "purify" himself after being around a dead body before attempting to worship.)

Deuteronomy

Deuteronomy Chapter 29

 Deuteronomy 29:19

the  will not be willing to pardon him, but then the anger of the  and His jealousy shall be kindled against that man, and all the curse that is written in this book shall lie upon him, and the  shall blot out his name from under heaven;

(Proclamation to "blot out" "from under heaven" anyone who "turns away from the ".)

 Deuteronomy 29:27

and the  rooted them out of their land in anger, and in wrath, and in great indignation, and cast them into another land, as it is this day'.--

See also
 Babylonian captivity
 Biblical Egypt
 Exile

References

External links
  "Banishment". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved August 29, 2019.

Exile
Religious law
Punishments in religion
Hebrew Bible topics
Torah

Banishment in the Torah


Gracie Gold (born August 17, 1995) is an American figure skater.

Childhood
Gracie Gold was born on August 17, 1995 in Newton, Massachusetts. When she was four years old her family moved to Springfield, Illinois. At a skating birthday party when she was eight years old, she began to try figure skating. After that party she signed up for lessons. She was a natural; she soon was landing double axels.

Before Olympics and other competitions
After awhile her hard work wasn't paying off. She kept getting low scores! Around a year before the Sochi, Olympics Gracie's relationship with her coach, Alex Ouriashev had completely crumbled. A little while after that Gracie switched coaches. She switched to Frank Carroll and this switch took her mother and sister Carly Gold with her to Hermosa Beach, Los Angeles. Frank Carroll's experience with coaching other Olympians like Evan Lysacek, Michelle Kwan, Tim Goebel, Linda Fratianne and Denis Ten helped and inspired Gracie. Going to the Olympics gave a lot of stress to her. She would stress about being an Olympian and would stress out about  all of the mistakes she would make in practice. Sometimes to calm down Gracie would juggle. She had to learn how to relax while doing her triple axels and how to save a jump if she started off wrong. Gracie also had to learn how to make her performance still look good to the judges, even after a fall. Later, after all of this training Gracie was ready to compete in competitions like the Midwestern sectional, The U.S. Championships, and the U.S. International Classic. In almost all of her later competitions she did better than the firsts. This helped her earn her spot in the 2014 Sochi, Olympics.

Sochi, Olympics
Gracie got a bronze medal from the Olympics, she got this from the team event. In the Ladies free skate, and short program she was placed fourth. Gracie is eager to return to Olympic Ice in the 2018 Winter Olympics.

References
 Hersh, Philip. "A Brave New World for Gold." Chicago Tribune. 19 Feb. 2014: 12. SIRS Discoverer. Web. 06 May. 2014.
 "Gracie Gold." Gale Biography in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2013. Biography in Context. Web. 6 May 2014

1995 births
Living people
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
American figure skaters
People from Springfield, Missouri

Gracie Gold


Wild at Heart: Discovering the Secret of a Man's Soul is a book by John Eldredge published in 2001, on the subject of the role of masculinity in contemporary evangelical Christian culture and doctrine. From the back cover: "In Wild at Heart, John Eldredge invites men to recover their masculine heart, defined in the image of a passionate God."

Eldredge claims that men are bored; they fear risk, they refuse to pay attention to their deepest desires. He challenges Christian men to return to what he characterizes as authentic masculinity without resorting to a "macho man" mentality. Men often seek validation in venues such as work, or in the conquest of women, Eldredge observes. He urges men to take time out and come to grips with the desires of their hearts. Eldredge frames the book around his outdoor experiences and anecdotes about his family and references elements of pop culture such as the film Braveheart and lyrics from songs.

Contents

Movement One: Reflecting God and the Masculine Question
Wild at Heart is split into three sections, called "movements." The first argues that every aspect of a man, from his desires to who he is as a man, reflects God. Eldredge argues that the reason a man has the desires that he does and the reason why he is masculine is because he is, ultimately, an image-bearer of God.

According to Eldredge, men reflect God uniquely in this way: they demonstrate God's ability to "come through" for his people. Men are made to "come through." Eldredge asserts that all man carry a deep question that is uniquely a masculine question. The question goes like this: "Do I have what it takes?"

Movement Two: The Poser, the Wound, and the Healing
In the second movement, Eldredge asserts that all men carry a wound that hits men in the area of their deep question. He asserts that all men create a false self by which they display themselves to the world at large. This false self, or identity, feigns strength and courage while hiding cowardice and fear. Eldredge calls this false self The Poser. Eldredge says that when men are wounded in they typically go to two extremes or some combination of the two: angry men or passive men. "Look around our churches and ask, 'What is the typical Christian man like?' The answer is usually bored, angry, or passive." The first and deepest wound for most men, according to Eldredge, comes by way of the father.

Eldredge says that the answer to a man's question and the healing of their wound can only be found in Jesus. Eldredge describes the journey of healing and restoration that God wants to take every man on so that they can begin to live life the way he intended for them: free and from their restored masculine heart.

Movement Three: The Core Desires of a Man's Heart
According to Eldredge, men have three core desires: battle, adventure, beauty.

The first desire is for a "battle to fight." Eldredge says that deep in the heart of every man is a warrior. He rejects the notion that men are crass, abusive, and violent. But what he does push for is a "fierceness" and "courage" that is the heart of a warrior--the ability to stand and fight for something. Eldredge says that for a man to be complete he must be fighting for something.

The second desire is for an "adventure to live." Eldredge points to the desire that most men have for exploration, creation, and adventure as uniquely masculine and a reflection of the heart of God. A man wants to be taken on a grand adventure and this is the invitation of the Gospel, says Eldredge. He points to many figures in Scripture such as Abraham, Jacob, Moses, and David who, when partnered with the call and will of God, were called on spectacular adventures.

The third desire is for a "beauty to rescue." Eldredge does not advocate male superiority or attempts to teach that women want or need to be subjugated by men. What he does point out is that in almost every story worth telling there is a beauty that needs rescuing in some fashion, whether it is from a dragon or a wicked stepmother or whether it is from fear and hopelessness. He makes it clear that, like men, women have three core desires also, but a man cannot answer her question. Eldredge moves beyond the notion that the Beauty equals a woman. Beauty can be found in nature, music, story, art, and ultimately in relationship with God. According to Eldredge, a man must become a "poet" in this regard--enjoying beauty outside of a woman--before he pursues a woman.

Along the way, Eldredge constantly reminds his readers that only God can ultimately fulfill these three desires and the only reason a man has these three desires is because they are a reflection of the heart of God. Everything in Wild At Heart points to God as the center for life, fulfillment, and purpose, according to Eldredge.

Reception
Chuck Swindoll, a radio evangelical pastor, called it "the best, most insightful book I have read in at least the last five years."

Eldredge's work has its detractors. Some have pointed out that the "pseudo-evangelical" cult and criminal organization La Familia cartel in Mexico, refer to their assassinations and beheadings as '"divine justice"; its leader has made Eldredge's book Wild at Heart required reading for La Familia gang members and has paid rural teachers and National Development Education members to circulate Eldredge's writings throughout the Michoacán countryside.

Related works
In 2005 Eldredge with his wife Stasi wrote Captivating, a companion to Wild at Heart, which explores femininity.

References

External links
Wild at Heart at publisher Thomas Nelson's website
Byron Borger's critique at Hearts & Minds Books
Rut Etheridge's Critique  of Wild at Heart
Is God Wild at Heart? Critical Review of Wild at Heart from the Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood
An article at Christianity Today documenting some criticism of the book

2001 non-fiction books
Books about Christianity
Men's movement in the United States
Thomas Nelson (publisher) books

Wild at Heart (book)