Shane Mosley (born September 7, 1971), often known by his nickname "Sugar" Shane Mosley, is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1993 to 2016. He held multiple world championships in three weight classes, including the IBF lightweight title; the WBA (Super) and WBC welterweight titles; and the WBA (Super), WBC, and The Ring magazine light middleweight titles. He was also a lineal champion at welterweight (twice) and light middleweight.

In 1998, the Boxing Writers Association of America named Mosley as their Fighter of the Year. He was also given the same honor by the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 2000. In 2000 and 2001 he was named the world's best active boxer, pound for pound, by The Ring.

Early years
Mosley was born in Lynwood, California, and raised in Pomona, California. He has two older sisters, Venus and Cerena. Mosley became interested in boxing after watching his father, Jack, box in street fights. Mosley has been trained and managed by his father since the age of eight.

Amateur career
Mosley was an amateur standout, capturing various amateur titles, including:
 1989 United States Amateur Champion at Lightweight
 1989 World Junior Championships Silver Medalist in San Juan, Puerto Rico
 1990 United States Amateur Champion at Lightweight
 1990 Goodwill Games Bronze Medalist in Seattle (USA)
 1992 United States Amateur Champion at Light Welterweight
As an amateur, Mosley completed a record of 250–16.

Professional career

Early career
On February 11, 1993, a 21-year-old Mosley made his professional boxing debut in a scheduled six-round fight at the Hollywood Palladium in Hollywood, California. His opponent was Greg Puente, who he knocked out in round five. Mosley fought a further 6 times in 1993, winning all of them inside the distance. In 1994, Mosley fought 9 times, winning all of them and 8 inside the distance. He was taken the 10 round distance by Oscar Lopez. In April 1995, Mosley knocked out Raul Hernandez in round 2 at the Warner Center Marriott in Woodland Hills, California. In July, he knocked out 34-year-old veteran Mauricio Aceves in round 4 at the Arrowhead Pond in Anaheim, California. Aceves was best known for being the first-ever WBO World lightweight champion.

In January 1996, Mosley had his first fight outside of California since beginning his pro career. He fought at the Grand Casino in Biloxi, Mississippi, knocking out 35-year-old Mike Bryan in round one. By May 1997, Mosley went 23 fights unbeaten, with 22 coming inside the distance.

Lightweight

Mosley vs. Holiday
On August 2, 1997, Mosley fought for his first world title, the IBF Lightweight championship against then undefeated titleholder Philip Holiday (31-0, 16 KOs). Holiday was making his seventh defence of the title since winning the then vacant title in 1995. It took place at the Mohegan Sun Casino in Uncasville, Connecticut, and was the first time Mosley was scheduled to box 12 rounds. The fight went the full 12 round distance as Mosley took Holiday's IBF title via a unanimous decision. The three judges scored the fight 116-113, 117-111, 115-114 all in favor of Mosley.

Early Title Defenses
Mosley made his first title defense on November 25 at the County Coliseum in El Paso, Texas, against Mexican Manuel Gomez (17-8, 14 KOs). Mosley knocked Gomez out in round 11 to retain his title.

On February 6, 1998, Mosley defeated 24-year-old Demetrio Ceballos (20-1, 13 KOs) at the Mohegan Sun Casino in Uncasville. Ceballos was down once in round 4 after an overhand right and left hook to the body. He was down again in round 8 following a flurry of punches before referee Eddie Cotton called an end to the fight. At the time of stoppage, Mosley was ahead on all cards (70-61, 70-62, 70-62).

In May 1998, Mosley knocked out former world super featherweight champion and world lightweight challenger John John Molina (45-4, 30 KOs) in round 8 at the Trump Taj Mahal in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Molina was also dropped to his knees in round 7.

On June 27, 1998, Mosely knocked out Colombian boxer Wilfrido Ruiz (25-3, 19 KOs) in round 5. He then fought at the Madison Square Garden Theater in New York City on September 22, 1998, against Eduardo Bartolome Morales (26-0, 21 KOs). Morales was knocked down in the 3rd round, and eventually stopped in round 5.

Mosley vs. Leija, Johnson
On November 14, 1998, Mosley faced his toughest defense to date when he fought 32-year-old former WBC super featherweight champion Jesse James Leija (37-3-2, 15 KOs) at the Foxwoods Resort in Mashantucket, Connecticut. This was Mosley's sixth defense of his IBF world title. As the fight progressed, Leija was knocked down in rounds 6, 7 and 9. The fight was stopped when Leija couldn't answer the bell for round 10, rewarding Mosley with a deserved victory. Mosley was leading by scores of 89-78, 89-78 and 88-79 at the time of the stoppage. Leija took the fight with 3 weeks notice.

Mosley took only two months out returning to the ring to defend his title in January 1999 against American Golden Johnson (15-2-2, 10 KOs) at the Civic Center in Pensacola, Florida. The fight ended when Mosley connected Johnson with a flurry of punches as he was against the ropes and then dropped to both knees. He beat the count, but was put down again seconds later, ending the fight.

On April 17, 1999, Mosley made his 8th and final defense of the IBF lightweight title against former USBA super featherweight champion John Brown (19-5, 10 KOs) at the Fantasy Springs Casino in Indio, California. The fight was stopped after round 8, when the ringside doctor intervened. Mosley won the fight via TKO to retain his title.

Welterweight
Mosley vacated his lightweight title and moved up two weight divisions to welterweight, scored two consecutive knockouts against Wilfredo Rivera and Willy Wise, setting up a huge fight against Oscar De La Hoya for the WBC welterweight title.

Mosley vs. De La Hoya

On June 17, 2000, Mosley met De La Hoya in Los Angeles for the WBC, IBA & vacant lineal welterweight titles. This was the first boxing event to take place at the newly built Staples Center. After twelve rounds, Mosley emerged with a split decision victory. During the fight, neither man was in danger of going down, but both had badly swollen faces at the end and De La Hoya was bleeding from the nose for several rounds. Mosley earned a minimum of $15 million, while De La Hoya was guaranteed $35 million.  Judges Lou Filippo and Pat Russell scored the fight 116-112, and 115-113, respectively for Mosley whilst judge Marty Sammon had it 113-115 for De La Hoya. The fight was named The Ring magazine Event of the Year for 2000.

Mosley vs. Diaz, Taylor
Mosley defended his newly won titles on November 11, 2000, at the Madison Square Garden Theater in New York against Mexican boxer Antonio Diaz (35-2, 24 KOs). The fight lasted six rounds, after Mosley knocked Diaz down twice. Diaz was also down once in round 2.

On March 10, 2001, Mosley was scheduled to fight unbeaten Australian Shannan Taylor (28-0-1, 18KOs) at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas. Shannan was knocked down once in the first round. He was losing all rounds, up until the end of the fifth round. Taylor lost the fight when he decided not to return for round 6.

Mosley vs. Stone
On July 21, 2001, Mosley easily beat IBO World super welterweight champion Adrian Stone (30-3-2, 23 KOs) knocking him out in round 3. The fight took place at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas. Stone moved down to welterweight for the first time in three years to challenge Mosley and was losing the first 2-round before being stopped. Following the win, Mosley said he would like to have a rematch with De La Hoya in a split 50/50 fight or a unification fight against unbeaten Vernon Forrest.

Mosley vs. Forrest I, II
It was finally announced that Mosley would be defending his WBC and Lineal welterweight titles against Vernon Forrest (33-0, 26 KOs). The fight took place at the Madison Square Garden Theater in New York City on January 26, 2002. The Ring Magazine welterweight title was also at stake. Mosley was knocked down twice in the second round as he went on to lose a unanimous decision, his first loss in his professional career. In round 2, Mosley suffered a cut at the hairline from an accidental clash of heads. The final scorecards read 115-110, 117-108 and 118-108 all in favor of Forrest.

Mosley and Forrest met in an immediate rematch on July 20, 2002, at the Conseco Fieldhouse in Indianapolis. Forrest being the 'A' side, received $3.42 million compared to Mosley's $2.8 million. The fight was also known at the time for its attendance of 15,775 which was the largest boxing crowd ever in Indiana. The fight went the full 12 round distance. The scorecards were closer than the first fight, however still had Forrest as the winner (117-111, 116-112, 115-113) unanimously. USA Today scored it 115-113 in favor of Forrest. Forrest kept on the outside using his height and reach as an advantage.

Light middleweight
Mosley's first fight at light middleweight was scheduled to take place on February 8, 2003, against former IBF light-middleweight title holder Raúl Márquez at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Paradise, Nevada. The fight ended in a no contest when Mosley accidentally head butted Marquez twice in round three, which caused two very bad cuts above the eyes of Marquez. Mosley earned a $2 million purse for the fight.

Mosley vs. De La Hoya II

Mosley and De La Hoya faced each other for the second time on September 13, this time with De La Hoya's The Ring, WBC, WBA and lineal light middleweight championships on the line. Mosley defeated De La Hoya by a controversial 12 round unanimous decision and joined the exclusive group of world boxing champions that have reigned in three or more divisions. Many fans had Oscar easily beating Mosley in this rematch but judges scored it differently regardless of De La Hoya landing over 100 more punches. Mosley testified in 2003 that he injected himself with the notorious doping agent EPO as he prepared for his light-middleweight title fight against Oscar De La Hoya, according to grand jury transcripts and doping calendars.

Mosley vs. Wright
Mosley made the first defense of his unified WBC, WBA Super and The Ring Magazine world light middleweight titles on March 13, 2004, against IBF champion Ronald Wright (46-3, 25 KOs) at the Mandalay Bay Resort & Casino in Las Vegas. Prior to taking this bout, Mosley turned down an offer to fight Félix Trinidad in a bout that would have seen him receive $10 million. Wright, who was a 5-to-2 underdog, won the fight via a unanimous decision. Judges Dave Moretti and Chuck Giampa scored it 117-111, while Paul Smith had it 116-112 all in Wright's favor. In the fast-paced bout, Mosley was unable to get on the inside. Wright's southpaw stance made it difficult for him, as he threw jabs and straight left to both the face and body of Mosley. CompuBox stats shows that Wright out-landed Mosley landing 250 punches to 166 from Mosley. In the post-fight interview, Mosley said about the Trinidad fight being in jeopardy, "It was not a mistake. I have no regrets. I wanted to find out who was the best in our division. I was fighting for history." Mosley earned $2.1 million, while Wright was paid $750,000.

Mosley vs. Wright II
Instead of the big money fight against Félix Trinidad, Mosley fought Ronald Wright in a rematch on November 20, 2004, at the Mandalay Bay Resort & Casino. The fight was for the WBC, WBA Super and The Ring Magazine world title. Wright was stripped of the IBF title on April 19, 2004, because he agreed to have a rematch with Mosley instead of defending the title against the mandatory challenger Kassim Ouma. The fight aired live on HBO. The fight went the 12 round distance. Both fighters were tired during the last round and clinched for most of it. After the final bell rang, both fighters showed respect to each other and embraced in the ring. One judge had it had it 114-114 even, whilst the other two scored it 115-113 in favor of Wright, meaning he scored back to back victories over Mosley. Wright landed 119 punches more than Mosley.

Mosley vs. Estrada
Following his consecutive losses to Wright, Mosley was on a comeback trail to rebuild and once again challenge for a world title. His next fight took place at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas on April 23, 2005, against David Estrada (18-1, 9 KOs) in a scheduled 10 round bout. The fight went the distance as Mosley was announced the victor. There were two wide scores of 99-91 and 98-93 and a closer margin score of 97–93. The fight wasn't focused on if Mosley won, but more how dominant he would be in doing so. Mosley received $500,000 for the fight.

Mosley next fought five months later in September against undefeated former Mexico welterweight champion Jose Luis Cruz (33-0-2, 28 KOs) in 10 round bout. Much like the Estrada fight, Mosley won a unanimous decision with scores of 96-94, 97-93, and 98-92.

Mosley vs. Vargas I, II
In November 2005, negotiations were complete and a fight between Mosley and former light middleweight champion Fernando Vargas (26-2, 22 KOs) was confirmed as a WBA light middleweight title eliminator. The fight was scheduled to take place on February 25, 2006, live on HBO PPV at the Mandalay Bay in Las Vegas. Mosley was guaranteed $3 million from the fight plus percentages of the PPV revenue. Mosley won the bout via 10th-round technical knockout after Vargas' left eye was completely closed. Vargas claimed the cut and closure of his eye was not due to a punch, but because of clash of heads. At the time of stoppage, two judges had Mosley was ahead on two cards at 86-85, 86-85 and the third judge had Vargas ahead 86-85. The fight exceeded financial expectations generating 415,000 buys and $18.6 million in revenue.

A rematch was made to take place on July 15 at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas. Mosley was to earn $4 million plus a percentage and Vargas had a base purse of $3 million plus upside on the pay-per-view. Mosley floored Vargas with a left hook in the sixth and Vargas had a very hard time in getting up. Referee Kenny Bayless stopped the fight moments later. At the time of the stoppage, Mosley had won every round on all three judges' cards. Mosley was quicker than Vargas, easily winning rounds with his speed and combinations. At the time of stoppage, the scorecards were much more close than the first fight with Mosley winning 5 rounds to non on all three scorecards. The attendance for the bout was 9,722. After the fight Mosley said, "When I was in the ring I remembered watching Oscar fight Vargas, and he threw that perfect left hook. I was bouncing around and I saw the opportunity and I threw the perfect left hook." Mosley also talked about moving back down to welterweight. HBO confirmed the bout did 350,000 buys, generating $17.5 million in revenue.

Return to welterweight

Mosley vs. Collazo
Despite being in position to challenge for the WBA light middleweight title, Mosley decided to return to the welterweight division. In January 2007, Mosley and former WBA welterweight champion Lus Collazo (27-2, 13 KOs) announced that they would meet on February 10, 2007, at the Mandalay Bay Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada in a fight billed as "Battle at the Bay". The interim WBC welterweight title was at stake because then full WBC champion Floyd Mayweather Jr. had planned to move up to light middleweight to challenge Oscar De La Hoya. There was no confirmation as to whether Mayweather would stay at 154 or return to 147 after that bout. Mosley knocked Collazo down in round 11 with a right hook and went on to win a fairly one-sided fight with judges scoring the fight 119-108, 118-109 and 118-109. Mosley was guaranteed $1 million for the fight.

Mosley vs. Cotto
It was announced on August 15, 2007, that Mosley would challenge undefeated Miguel Cotto (30-0, 25 KOs) for his WBA welterweight title. The fight, being billed as "Fast & Furious" was announced to take place at the Madison Square Garden in New York on HBO PPV.

On fight night the attendance was 17,135. Cotto landed the better shots in round one and most of round two, however, Mosley landed some good rights at the end of the second. Both landed big shots in round three with Cotto momentarily rocked by a right hand. The two fighters then had some good exchanges in the fourth. Round five was close, but Cotto appeared to be taking control in the sixth. Mosley adjusted and tried boxing from the outside in the seventh round. The boxing continued in the eighth as Mosley moved and Cotto pursued. Mosley hurt Cotto in the ninth round but Cotto fought back gamely at the end of the round. Mosley dominated the first half of the tenth, but Cotto rallied in the second half. Mosley pressed in the eleventh, but Cotto landed some great counter-punches to win the round. Possibly thinking he had the fight won, Cotto stayed out of range in the final round. Two judges scored the fight 115-113 and the third judge had it 116-113 all in favor of Cotto, who retained his WBA title and gave Mosley his fifth professional loss. Both fighters landed 248 punches with Coto have the better connect rate due to throwing 101 fewer punches. Mosley showed his professionalism, saying "Good luck champ. You're a real warrior" to Cotto, on his way out of the ring. Mosley earned a purse of $2 million and the fight garnered 400,000 PPV buys.

Return to light middleweight

Mosley vs. Mayorga
In August 2008, it was announced that Mosley would fight at light middleweight against former world champion Ricardo Mayorga (28-6-1, 22 KO's). The fight was to take place at Home Depot Center in California on September 27, 2008. The first time since 2000 that Mosley would fight in his home state. The fight was for the vacant WBA Inter-Continental light middleweight title. Mosley was guaranteed $1 million. During the first three rounds of the bout, the harder puncher appeared to be Mayorga, who landed right hands from long range. Mayorga's roughhousing mixed with his usual showboating antics seemed to bother Mosley, who appeared more uncomfortable and agitated. In recklessly lunging in with wild power shots of his own Mosley wound up falling into more clinches and getting caught with punches he should have avoided. Mosley settled down and found the distance in the fourth round and took the next three rounds by timing Mayorga with overhand rights that landed and occasionally following up with short hooks and single body shots. Mosley continued with right hands in the seventh and eighth rounds. Mosley was able to land single power shots in the late rounds, but threw very few combinations. At times Mayorga beat Mosley to the punch with lead right hands. Near the end of the eleventh round, Mosley landed a right hand that splattered blood from Mayorga's mouth. With less than a minute left in the bout, put Mayorga down on his hands and knees. Mayorga got up on unsteady legs; Mosley stepped in with a short, lead left hook that put Mayorga flat on his back at the bell, resulting in the referee waving the bout off. At the time of stoppage, two judges had Mosley ahead with scored of 107-102 and 105-104, whilst the third judge had Mayorga ahead 105-104. Had the fight gone to scorecards, Mosley would have won via unanimous decision due to the last round being a 10-7.

Second return at welterweight

Mosley vs. Margarito

Prior to one of the biggest fights of his career, Mosley began training with Naazim Richardson. Mosley regained the WBA (Super) welterweight title from Antonio Margarito on January 24, 2009, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles. Mosley, now 37 years old, came into the fight as a 4–1 underdog with the bookies after Margarito had spectacularly stopped Cotto 6 months earlier. Prior to the bout, very few gave Mosley a chance of prevailing, with the prevailing view that Margarito was too strong and young for Mosley. The conventional wisdom was that this was a mismatch, which would end in a brutal retirement-forcing stoppage for "Sugar" Shane. A comparison of their last fights; the aforementioned destruction of Cotto by Margarito and a last-gasp knockout by Mosley in a hard twelve-round struggle against Mayorga did not bode well for Mosley. Some predicted a massacre. And it was – only it was Margarito that was ruthlessly clubbed about the ring, unable to land any meaningful shots.

Mosley eventually TKO'd Margarito in the ninth round, after appearing to win every round up until then, in a massive upset. Sugar Shane utterly dominated Margarito, using his superior hand speed, pinpoint accuracy, consistent body punching, countless huge right hands to the jaw and tying up when Margarito backed him into the ropes, to wear Margarito down and stop him—something that many seasoned boxing observers thought was nigh-on impossible. After knocking him down with a series of heavy overhand rights at the end of the eighth round, Margarito was unable to avoid punches during a heavy barrage from Mosley early on in the ninth, forcing the referee to step in as Margarito slumped to the canvas a second time. Margarito had never previously been stopped. It was a sensational win for Sugar Shane and propelled him back to the upper echelons of the welterweight division and the sport of Boxing, in addition to further cementing his legacy as one of the best fighters in his era.

The fight was marred in a controversy after Mosley's trainer, Naazim Richardson diligently spotted a gauze knuckle pad accessory in Margarito's hand wraps. California State Athletic Commission officials had Margarito re-wrap his hands and took the pad for testing: a state laboratory likened the substance to plaster of Paris. Margarito and trainer Javier Capetillo would be suspended for a year by CSAC: this effectively banned them from boxing across the United States, as suspensions in one state are usually also enforced by other commissions. Later investigations determined that Margarito was likely loading his gloves for several other fights as well, including his title win over Miguel Cotto.

The fight was for Margarito's WBA title and the vacant Lineal welterweight championship of Cyber Boxing Zone (CBZ). The Ring did not recognize this bout for its vacant welterweight championship despite the fact it pitted The Ring #1 ranked welterweight, Antonio Margarito, vs. The Ring #3 ranked welterweight, Shane Mosley. Coming in the bout, Margarito had just TKO'd the previous The Ring #1 ranked welterweight and current The Ring #2 ranked welterweight, Miguel Cotto. After the fight, Mosley was named The Ring'''s #1 ranked welterweight.

Mosley vs. Mayweather

It was announced that on May 1, 2010, Mosley would fight undefeated Floyd Mayweather Jr. Boxing purists had called for the fight for over ten years. Mosley was scheduled to fight WBC champion Andre Berto in a unification fight, but Berto had to pull out after an Earthquake in Haiti killed some of his family members. Mosley's WBA title was not on the line because Mayweather refused to pay WBA sanctioning fees. On the fight night, Mosley stunned Mayweather with two right-hand shots in the second round. Mayweather recovered well and dominated the remainder of the fight with superior reflexes and his effective counter-punching style, eventually beating Mosley in a wide decision 119–109, 119–109, and 118–110 on the scorecards to win Mosley's lineal'' welterweight championship.

On May 22, 2010, Mosley was stripped of his WBA (Super) welterweight title, due to not making a mandatory defense, which in turn made WBA Champion Vyacheslav Senchenko the sole WBA titlist in the welterweight division.

Second return at light middleweight

Mosley vs Mora
On June 30, 2010, it was announced Mosley would next fight former WBC light middleweight champion Sergio Mora (22-1-1, 6KOs) at the Staples Center in Los Angeles on September 18. An official press conference took place at the end of August. The bout ended up being a highly disputed split draw, where many people thought that Mosley narrowly won the closely contested bout (boxing analyst website Boxrec had it 114-112 for Mosley). The judges scored the bout: Mora 115–113, Mosley 116–112 and 114–114. Punch stats showed that Mosley landed 161 of 522 punches (31%) compared to 93 of 508 thrown (18%) by Mora. The result was booed by the crowd, who began chanting "Canelo! Canelo!" Mosley felt the decision was fair, "We both fought hard. It was good fight, a good decision."

Third return at welterweight

Mosley vs. Pacquiao

On May 7, 2011, Mosley lost the fight to Manny Pacquiao for the WBO welterweight title at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas. Rapper LL Cool J performed as Mosley first entered the arena, while vocalist Jimi Jamison of the rock band Survivor sang "Eye of the Tiger" as Pacquiao approached the ring. Pacquiao knocked Mosley down in the third round using a one-two capped with a left straight. Mosley was left dazed by the knockdown but managed to stand up. Mosley floored Pacquiao in the tenth round with a push, but referee Kenny Bayless inexplicably ruled it a knockdown. None of the judges seemed to have bought it judging from the scores. Replays showed that Pacquiao was throwing a punch off balance, had his right foot stepped on by Mosley's left foot and went down with a little help from Mosley's right hand. Bayless apologized to Pacquiao after the fight for the mistake. Pacquiao gained one-sided verdicts from all three judges (119–108, 120–108, and 120–107). Due to Mosley's defeat, Pacquiao looked at a November 12, 2011, match-up, a third fight with Juan Manuel Márquez.

Third return at light middleweight, and first retirement

Mosley vs. Álvarez
In February 2012 it was announced that Mosley would fight 21 year old, highly regarded light middleweight champion Saul "Canelo" Álvarez (39-0-1, 29 KOs) on the Mayweather Jr.–Cotto PPV undercard on May 5 for the WBC light middleweight title at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas. Mosely entered with a record of 2-3-1 in his previous six bouts dating back to November 2007. At 40, Mosley was 19 years older than Álvarez. Álvarez was guaranteed $2 million whilst Mosley took the smaller amount of $650,000. Among those in attendance were Sugar Ray Leonard, Thomas Hearns, Bernard Hopkins, and Oscar De La Hoya.

The fight went to scorecards with Álvarez winning a one-sided decision with scores of 119–109, 119–109 and 118–110. ESPN scored the fight wide 118–110 for Álvarez. Álvarez landed more than half the punches he threw (348 of 673). According to CompuBox, it was the most an opponent had landed on Mosley in the 34 fights that they have tracked from his career. Álvarez paid respect to Mosley in the post-fight interview through a translator, "This was a great experience. I felt really good and I want to thank Shane for giving me this experience. He's a great fighter, a true veteran. I tried to knock him out. He took a lot of punches, but it didn't work." Mosley landed 183 of 745 punches (25%). Mosley spoke about stepping back from boxing, "His defense was really good and he was really fast. He can go a long ways. When the kids start to beat you, you might need to start going to promoting. I didn't expect him to be that fast or that good.

Mosley officially retired after this bout, ending his career with a record of 46-8-1, 39 KO's. He went 0-3-1 in his last 4 fights.

Comeback

Mosley vs. Cano, Mundine
On March 19, 2013, Mosley announced he was coming out of retirement to fight 23-year-old Pablo Cesar Cano (26-2-1, 20 KOs) in Cancún, Mexico. The fight was set to take place on May 18, 2013. Mosley won the fight via unanimous decision with all three judges scoring the bout 115-113. Cano was able to win the first few rounds but Mosley took control of the later rounds and pounded Cano until the final bell. With the win, Mosley won the vacant WBC International welterweight champion, picking up his first professional win since 2009.

Mosley fought Australian former professional rugby league footballer Anthony Mundine (44-5, 26 KOs) on November 27, 2013, at Allphones Arena in Sydney, Australia. The fight was due to take place on October 23, but Mosley dropped out due to contractual demands not being met, according to his promoter Richard Schaeffer. In the contract, it stated that the remaining $700,000 of Mosley's $1 million purse was due to be paid by 5pm. Mosley lost the fight after Mundine scored a technical knockout during round 6. Before the seventh round, Mosley retiring due to back spasms giving Mundine the victory via TKO. In the post-fight, Mundine praised Mosley, "I was in killer mode, but my heart goes out to Shane, I know he's a winner. He's not one to pull out for nothing. He's one of the greatest fighters to have ever lived." Mosley stated he would decide his future upon returning to the United States.

Second retirement

Mosley announced his second retirement on December 7, 2013.  He stated that he plans to become a trainer, to train his son, Shane Jr., and other young fighters. In an interview with World Boxing News, when asked if he had any desire to lace up his gloves and return to the ring professionally, he said he would only consider a return to the sport against the very top welterweights in the world. He specifically named Floyd Mayweather Jr., Manny Pacquiao, and Juan Manuel Márquez. He also said in another interview in early 2015 that he was not sure if he would fight again, but that he wanted to come back and face a fighter of similar age and specifically named Juan Manuel Márquez.

Final comeback in 2015

Mosley vs. Mayorga II
On July 9, 2015, Mosley made a comeback announcement declaring he would fight former rival Ricardo Mayorga (31-8-1, 25 KOs) at a catchweight of 154 pounds on August 29 at The Forum in Los Angeles. On August 14, Don King filed a lawsuit, which stated that Mayorga still had a promotional contract with him dating back to 2009. Mayorga made a return to boxing in 2014. Legal documents showed that Mayorga, upon his return in 2014, signed a Memorandum of Understanding, confirming that his contract with King still stands. The contracted weight was changed to 158 pounds. At the weigh in, Mayorga came in 7.4 pounds heavier than the limit. Mosley also came in overweight. In the end, Mayorga weighed 165.4 pounds with Mosley much lighter at 159.8 pounds. During the face-off, Mosley's girlfriend, who was also helping promote the fight, soaked Mayorga, emptying a water bottle over his head. Mayorga did not react, although later appeared to slap her backside. Mosley immediately erupted, putting his hands on Mayorga's throat. Many outlets, including the WBC claimed it was all staged, to which Mosley's camp called the WBC appalling. The fight went ahead as planned. Mosley won the fight via 6th-round TKO following a body shot, which dropped Mayorga to his knees. The referee began the count, to which Mayorga did not beat. He later complained it was a low blow, but replays showed it was a legal blow. The time of stoppage was 2:59 on round 6.

Negotiations with Liam Smith
In October 2015, there were talks regarding Mosley challenging WBO light middleweight champion Liam Smith (21-0-1, 11 KOs) to take place later in December, in a fight which would see Mosley making his UK debut at the age of 44. Mosley was said to be excited about the potential fight and told World Boxing News, "I might take the fight with Liam Smith, but they say we must have a rematch clause." He went on to say that if Smith wanted a rematch, he would have to take it within eight weeks or after October 2016, due to plans already made for early 2016. By the end of October, Mosley pulled out of the negotiations as he would not accept the rematch clause. In a statement he said, "There's no way I should have taken that fight for less than a million and I took it damn near for free, but they blew it over an immediate [rematch]. It's strange." Mosley believed Smith should have been more grateful in fighting him.

Mosley vs. Lopez, Avanesyan
On December 2, 2015, it was announced that Mosley would next fight 37 year old Venezuelan veteran Patrick López (23-6, 14 KOs) at the Roberto Durán Arena in Panama City, Panama for the WBA Continental super welterweight title on December 17, in a scheduled 10 round bout. Both boxers came in at around the welterweight limit, with Mosley slightly heavier and López fighting for the first time in 13 months. López was knocked down in the 2nd round following a left hook and a further three times in the last round, which put an end to the fight. Mosley improved his ledger to 49 victories, with 41 of those victories coming inside the distance. At the time of stoppage, the three judges' had the fight 87-83, 86-84, 88-83 in favour of Mosley.

On March 28, 2016, it was announced that Mosley would challenge WBA Interim welterweight champion David Avanesyan (21-1-1, 11 KOs) at the Gila River Arena in Glendale, Arizona. on May 28. The winner would then be the mandatory for the winner of the Thurman-Porter fight. Prior to the fight being announced, legendary hall of famer Roberto Durán became Mosley's trainer. This also marked the first time Avanesyan would fight in the United States. At the time of the fight, Mosley was ranked number 3 by the WBA. Mosley lost the fight after going the distance. Avanesyan won all three judges' scorecards (117-110 twice, 114-113). Mosley started off the fight quick as the aggressor. As the middle rounds passed, Avanesyan began to take over. Despite the two wide scorecards, the fight was seen as being much closer and competitive.

Cancelled Kurbanov fight
In March 2017, Mosley announced that he would fight on against unbeaten Russian prospect Magomed Kurbanov (10-0, 8 KOs) at DIVS in Ekaterinburg on May 5, 2017. The fight would take place at light middleweight in a 10-round bout and contested for the vacant WBO Inter-Continental title. In April, RCC Boxing Promotion revealed that Mosley had picked up a hand injury whilst training. The fight was pushed back to take place on September 9, 2017, instead. On June 29, 2017, it was reported that Mosley had an unsuccessful surgery in his back, which required him to undergo another surgery. The fight was pushed back again to December 2017; however, because Mosley could not guarantee he would be fully recovered, the fight was called off.

Final retirement
On August 16, 2017, Mosley announced his retirement after being a professional for 24 years. Speaking to ESPN, he said his body was no longer in a state where he could get through training due to a botched elbow surgery. In a statement, he said,

He retired with 61 fights in the paid ranks. He won 49, with 41 coming inside the distance, 10 losses, having only been stopped once, 1 draw and a no contest.

BALCO scandal
In August 2002 federal agents initiated investigations into BALCO, a California-based laboratory suspected of selling banned performance-enhancing drugs to top athletes. Shane Mosley was among those named as a BALCO client, and he testified before a grand jury that he injected himself with the energy-boosting drug EPO and used undetectable steroids known as "the cream" and "the clear", acquired from BALCO, prior to his 2003 rematch with Oscar De La Hoya, which Mosley won by a unanimous decision. Mosley insisted that he did not knowingly take banned substances, and thought they were vitamins. He said he believed "the cream" was flaxseed oil, but under questioning he admitted it was probably something else. In 2008 Mosley launched a $12 million defamation lawsuit against BALCO founder Victor Conte, who claimed that Mosley knowingly took performance-enhancing drugs. The suit was dismissed with prejudice in November 2010.

Personal life
In November 2002, Mosley married Jin Sheehan. The couple had three children before divorcing in 2010. He has a son, Shane Mosley Jr., from a previous relationship. Mosley Jr. made his professional debut in 2014. He also has two children with his current partner, Trista Pisani.

Professional boxing record

Exhibition boxing record

Pay-per-view bouts

See also
List of lightweight boxing champions
List of welterweight boxing champions
List of light middleweight boxing champions
List of boxing triple champions
The Ring magazine Pound for Pound
List of sportspeople sanctioned for doping offences

References

External links

Shane Mosley profile at About.com

1971 births
African-American boxers
American sportspeople in doping cases
Boxers from California
Doping cases in boxing
Living people
Winners of the United States Championship for amateur boxers
World Boxing Association champions
World Boxing Council champions
International Boxing Federation champions
Sportspeople from Lynwood, California
Sportspeople from Pomona, California
American male boxers
The Ring (magazine) champions
World lightweight boxing champions
World welterweight boxing champions
World light-middleweight boxing champions
Competitors at the 1990 Goodwill Games
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople
International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees

Shane Mosley


Comedy may be divided into multiple genres based on the source of humor, the method of delivery, and the context in which it is delivered.
These classifications overlap, and most comedians can fit into multiple genres. For example, deadpan comics often fall into observational comedy, or into black comedy or blue comedy to contrast the morbidity, or offensiveness of the joke with a lack of emotion.

List

References

Comedic genres


The Southern African Development Community intervention in Lesotho, codenamed Operation Boleas, also called the South African Invasion of Lesotho, was a military invasion launched by the Southern African Development Community (SADC), and led by South Africa through its South African National Defence Force into Lesotho to quell unrest after the 1998 elections.

Prelude
In May 1998, parliamentary elections in Lesotho resulted in an overwhelming majority for the ruling Lesotho Congress for Democracy (LCD) Party, which won 79 out of 80 seats. The main opposition party, the Basotho National Party, won the remaining 1 seat, yet with a 24% share of voters. Allegations of vote fraud soon surfaced, and after a failed lawsuit by the opposition parties, widespread rioting broke out. In addition the new government lacked support in key areas of the military, police and civil service, facing rebellion in the army. Under President Nelson Mandela the ANC-led government in South Africa (which completely landlocks Lesotho) announced it would create a SADC commission to determine the allegations of corruption. Led by South African judge, Pius Langa, the commission's report stated there was no evidence of electoral malpractice or fraud.

Intervention
In light of the rising crisis and lack of support from elements of the state, the de jure ruling party, the LCD, sent a plea for military assistance to South Africa and Botswana. At the time of the intervention, both Mandela and Deputy President Thabo Mbeki were out of South Africa, with Home Affairs Minister Mangosuthu Buthelezi serving as acting president. Mandela approved the deployment of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) to Lesotho on 22 September 1998 to quell the rioting and maintain order. Botswana Defence Force soldiers were also deployed. The operation was described as an "intervention to restore democracy and the rule of law". The SANDF contingent included a squadron of Ratel-90 and Rooikat armoured fighting vehicles seconded from 1 Special Service Battalion.

Widespread arson, violence, and looting occurred despite the presence of SACD soldiers. The central business district of the capital, Maseru, was burned down by opposition supporters. The heavily damaged city required a period of several years of rebuilding.

International reactions
South Africa was accused in some quarters of using its military and diplomatic superiority as a regional hegemon to dominate and meddle in the internal affairs of its much smaller, weaker enclave in order to further its own strategic interests, in particular the water supply to its economic hub, Gauteng Province. South Africa is the largest economic and military power in the SADC. Despite this, many influential powers such as the United Kingdom, United States of America and the European Union supported the SADC intervention in Lesotho as an "appropriate assumption of regional responsibility".

Aftermath
In November of 1998 the opposition parties accepted an agreement where the LCD government would be restored to power in return for the establishment of the Independent Political Authority (IPA). The IPA was constituted of 2 members of each of the 12 parties that participated in the 1998 election and was tasked with reforming Lesotho's electoral system with new elections planned for 1999. During this time it was also agreed that SADC forces would remain in Lesotho until the Lesotho Defence Force was able to carry out their constitutional duties. The last South African troops were pulled out in May 1999 after seven months of occupation. The LCD and IPA after significant negotiation reached an agreement on electoral reform in December 1999, thus the elections had to be postponed. A Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) electoral system was introduced in Lesotho seeking to amend the distortions in representation caused by the prior plurality system, with elections to be held at the latest in May 2001. However, further disagreements between the government and IPA, and administrative issues led to the election's being again postponed until 2002. This MMP system saw success in the 2002 election, with the Lesotho Congress for Democracy winning 77 of the 120 seats and the opposition parties accepting these results.

See also
Politics of Lesotho

References

External links
"Military Intervention in Lesotho: Perspectives on Operation Boleas and Beyond", OJPCR: The Online Journal of Peace and Conflict Resolution May 1999.

History of Lesotho
Lesotho
Wars involving Botswana
Invasions by South Africa
Lesotho–South Africa relations
1998 in Lesotho
1999 in Lesotho
Lesotho


Menachem Friedman (; born 1936 – 16 March 2020) was an Israeli Emeritus Professor of sociology at Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan.  His expertise was religion and the confrontations between religious and secular Judaism in modern history. He also studied the modern process of Halachic decision making. Friedman was considered one of the leading researchers of Haredi Judaism.

Biography
Before entering the academic world, Menachem Friedman was a student at Yishuv Hehadash yeshiva in Tel Aviv.

Academic career
Friedman's interest in the Lubavicher rebbe led to the publication of a book co-authored with  Samuel Heilman:  "The Rebbe: The Life and Afterlife of Menachem Mendel Schneerson". Many of their conclusions, as well as their methodology and research, were criticized by Chaim Rapoport - - in "The Afterlife of Scholarship – A Critical Review of 'The Rebbe' by Samuel Heilman and Menachem Friedman". Friedman was also criticised for not disclosing that he had served as an expert witness against the rebbe in a lawsuit involving ownership of the Chabad library, which invited suspicion of bias., whereas Rapaport is a rabbi closely associated with the Lubavicher sect.

Published works
Society and Religion: The Non-Zionist Orthodoxy in Eretz-Israel, 1918–1936. Jerusalem, Yad Ben-Zvi, 1st edition, 1978; 2nd edition, 1982. (Hebrew).
Growth and Segregation – The Ultra-Orthodox Community of Jerusalem, (with J. Shilhav), The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies, Jerusalem 1986 (Hebrew).
The Haredi Ultra-Orthodox Society: Sources Trends and Processes, The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies, Jerusalem 1991 (Hebrew).
Society in a Crisis of Legitimization – The Ashkenazi Old Yishuv – 1900–1917, Mosad Byalik & The Israeli Academy of Science 2001, (Hebrew).
Haredi Violence in Contemporary Israeli Society, P. Medding (ed.), Studies in Contemporary Jewry, Vol. 18, 2002, pp. 186–197.
Haredim and Palestinians in Jerusalem, M.J. Bereger and O. Ahimeir (eds.), Jerusalem, a City and its Future, Syracuse University Press, 2002, pp. 235–254.
The Rebbe: The Life and Afterlife of Menachem Mendel Schneerson (with S. Heilman), Princeton University Press, Princeton 2010 (English).

References

External links
 Menachem Friedman's website

Judaic scholars
Israeli sociologists
Academic staff of Bar-Ilan University
1936 births
2020 deaths
People from Bnei Brak

Menachem Friedman


Breakout Nations: In Pursuit of the next Economic Miracles is a 2012 book written by Ruchir Sharma.  The book discusses his views on emerging markets and his travel through these countries.  Sales of the book has broken records and it has become an international best seller. Breakout Nations has received extensive global media coverage, including The Economist, and The Wall Street Journal.

References

Economics books
2012 non-fiction books
W. W. Norton & Company books

Breakout Nations


Horrible Beginnings is an anthology of horror short stories edited by Steven H. Silver and Martin H. Greenberg, first published in paperback by DAW Books in March 2003. The cover art is based on Children of Bodom's debut album, Something Wild. It is a compilation of the first published stories of seventeen authors in the genre, and features introductions to the stories provided (in most instances) by the authors of those stories.  Horrible Beginnings  was the third and last of three similarly-themed anthologies, its companions being Wondrous Beginnings and Magical Beginnings, compiling the first published stories of authors writing in the science fiction and fantasy genres, respectively. The series follows the example of the earlier First Flight: Maiden Voyages in Space and Time, edited by Damon Knight (Lancer Books, 1963) and First Voyages, edited by Damon Knight, Martin H. Greenberg and Joseph D. Olander (Avon Books, 1981), which focused on science fiction authors only and did not include individual introductions.

Contents
"Introduction" (Steven H Silver)
"Introduction to 'Lilies'" (Stefan R. Dziemianowicz)
"Lilies" (1934) (Robert Bloch)
"Introduction to 'The Graveyard Rats'" (Frederik Pohl)
"The Graveyard Rats" (1936) (Henry Kuttner)
"Introduction to 'The Church in High Street'" (Ramsey Campbell)
"The Church in High Street" (1962) (Ramsey Campbell)
"Introduction to 'Eustace'" (Tanith Lee)
"Eustace" (1968) (Tanith Lee)
"First Gear" (Edward Bryant)
"They Only Come in Dreams" (1970)  (Edward Bryant)
"Introduction to 'The Cleaning Machine'" (F. Paul Wilson)
"The Cleaning Machine" (1971) (F. Paul Wilson)
"Introduction to 'Agony in the Garden'" (Thomas F. Monteleone)
"Agony in the Garden" (1973) (Thomas F. Monteleone)
"Introduction to 'The Case of Four and Twenty Blackbirds'" (Neil Gaiman)
"The Case of the Four and Twenty Blackbirds" (1984) (Neil Gaiman)
"Surprise Fall: Revisited" (Yvonne Navarro)
"Surprise Fall" (1984) (Yvonne Navarro)
"Introduction to 'Dreamers'" (Kim Newman)
"Dreamers" (1984) (Kim Newman)
"A Few Words on "Optional Music for Voice and Piano'" (Poppy Z. Brite)
"Optional Music for Voice and Piano" (1986) (Poppy Z. Brite)
"Introduction to 'Amymone's Footsteps'" (Gary A. Braunbeck)
"Amymone's Footsteps" (1986) (Gary A. Braunbeck)
"Introduction to 'Colt.24'" (Rick Hautala)
"Colt .24" (1987) (Rick Hautala)
"Introduction to 'Prince of Flowers'" (Elizabeth Hand)
"Prince of Flowers" (1988) (Elizabeth Hand)
"From a Distance" (Kathe Koja)
"Distances" (1988) (Kathe Koja)
"Introduction to 'The Wind Breathes Cold'" (P. N. Elrod)
"The Wind Breathes Cold" (1992) (P. N. Elrod)
"Introduction to 'Deep Sleep'" (Matthew Costello)
"Deep Sleep" (1992) (Matthew Costello)

Notes

2003 anthologies
Horror anthologies
Martin H. Greenberg anthologies
DAW Books books

Horrible Beginnings


Goodreads is an American social cataloging website and a subsidiary of Amazon that allows individuals to search its database of books, annotations, quotes, and reviews. Users can sign up and register books to generate library catalogs and reading lists. They can also create their own groups of book suggestions, surveys, polls, blogs, and discussions. The website's offices are located in San Francisco.

Goodreads was founded in December 2006 and launched in January 2007 by Otis Chandler and Elizabeth Khuri Chandler. In December 2007, the site had 650,000 members and 10,000,000 books had been added. By July 2012, the site reported 10 million members, 20 million monthly visits, and thirty employees. On March 28, 2013, Amazon announced its acquisition of Goodreads, and by July 23, 2013, Goodreads announced their user base had grown to 20 million members.

By July 2019, the site had 90 million members.

History

Founders

Goodreads founders Otis Chandler and Elizabeth Khuri Chandler first met while studying at Stanford (Engineering and English respectively). After university Chandler initially worked as a programmer in on-line businesses, including dating sites, and Khuri Chandler as a journalist. Chandler and Khuri both grew up in California. Chandler is a descendant of the publisher of the Los Angeles Times; Otis Chandler.

Foundation and mission
Goodreads was founded in 2006. The idea came about when Otis Chandler was browsing through his friend's bookshelf. He wanted to integrate this scanning experience and to create a space where people could write reviews regarding the books that they read.

Goodreads addressed what publishers call the "discoverability problem" by guiding consumers in the digital age to find books they might want to read.

Early years
Before gaining much traction, Otis and Elizabeth Chandler grew the platform through their friends of friends where it reached 800 users. Eventually, it gained attention through the media such as Mashable and other various blogs. During its first year of business, the company was run without any formal funding. In December 2007, the site received funding estimated at $750,000 from angel investors. This funding lasted Goodreads until 2009, when Goodreads received two million dollars from True Ventures.

In October 2010, the company opened its application programming interface, which enabled developers to access its ratings and titles.

In 2011, Goodreads acquired Discovereads, a book recommendation engine that employs "machine learning algorithms to analyze which books people might like, based on books they've liked in the past and books that people with similar tastes have liked." After a user has rated 20 books on its five-star scale, the site will begin making recommendations. Otis Chandler believed this rating system would be superior to Amazon's, as Amazon's includes books a user has browsed or purchased as gifts when determining its recommendations. Later that year, Goodreads introduced an algorithm to suggest books to registered users and had over five million members. The New Yorkers Macy Halford noted that the algorithm was not perfect, as the number of books needed to create a perfect recommendation system is so large that "by the time I'd got halfway there, my reading preferences would have changed and I'd have to start over again."

As of 2012, membership was required to use but free. In October 2012, Goodreads announced it had grown to 11 million members with 395 million books cataloged and over 20,000 book clubs created by its users. A month later, in November 2012, Goodreads had surpassed 12 million members, with the member base having doubled in one year.

2013 acquisition by Amazon
In March 2013, Amazon made an agreement to acquire Goodreads in the second quarter of 2013 for an undisclosed sum. Amazon had previously purchased the competitor Shelfari in 2008, with the Goodreads purchase "stunning" the book industry. The Authors Guild called it a "truly devastating act of vertical integration" and that Amazon's "control of online bookselling approaches the insurmountable." There were mixed reactions from Goodreads users, at the time totaling 16 million members. Goodreads founder Otis Chandler said that "his management team would remain in place to guard the reviewing process" with the acquisition. Chandler continued running Goodreads until 2019. The New York Times noted that Goodreads, at the time of the acquisition, had a more reputable reviewing system than Amazon's.

Noting that some authors had been "too aggressive in their self-promotion" (as Goodreads admitted in an email) and that some readers had responded with aggression, in September 2013, Goodreads announced it would delete, without warning, reviews that threatened authors or mentioned authors' behavior. As of April 2020, the site's guidelines still state that "reviews that are predominantly about an author's behavior and not about the book will be deleted."

2014–2019
In January 2016, Amazon announced that it would shut down Shelfari in favor of Goodreads, effective March 16, 2016. Users were offered the ability to export data and migrate accounts. In April 2016, Goodreads announced that over 50 million user reviews had been posted to the website.

Features

Book discovery
On the Goodreads website, users can add books to their personal bookshelves, rate and review books, see what their friends and authors are reading, participate in discussion boards and groups on a variety of topics, and get suggestions for future reading choices based on their reviews of previously read books. Once users have added friends to their profile, they will see their friends' shelves and reviews and can comment on friends' pages. Goodreads features a rating system of one to five stars, with the option of accompanying the rating with a written review. The site provides default bookshelves—read, currently-reading, to-read—and the opportunity to create customized shelves to categorize a user's books.

Content access
Goodreads users can read or listen to a preview of a book on the website using Kindle Cloud Reader and Audible. Goodreads also offers quizzes and trivia, quotations, book lists, and free giveaways. Members can receive the regular newsletter featuring new books, suggestions, author interviews, and poetry. If a user has written a work, the work can be linked on the author's profile page, which also includes an author's blog. Goodreads organizes offline opportunities as well, such as in-person book exchanges and "literary pub crawls".

User interaction
The website facilitates reader interactions with authors through the interviews, giveaways, authors' blogs, and profile information. There is also a special section for authors with suggestions for promoting their works on Goodreads.com, aimed at helping them reach their target audience. By 2011, "seventeen thousand authors, including James Patterson and Margaret Atwood" used Goodreads to advertise.

Users can add each other as "Friends", enabling them to share reviews, posts, book recommendations, and messages.

Goodreads has a presence on Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter, and other social networking sites. Linking a Goodreads account with a social networking account like Facebook enables the ability to import contacts from the social networking account to Goodreads, expanding one's Goodreads "Friends" list. There are settings available, as well, to allow Goodreads to post straight to a social networking account, which informs, e.g., Facebook friends, what one is reading or how one rated a book.

The Amazon Kindle Paperwhite (version 2) and Kindle Voyage feature integration with Goodreads' social network via a user interface button.

Catalog data
Book catalog data was seeded with large imports from various closed and open data sources, including individual publishers, Ingram, Amazon (before 2012 and after 2013), WorldCat and the Library of Congress.

Goodreads librarians improve book information on the website, including editing book and author information and adding cover images. Goodreads members can apply to become volunteer librarians after they have 50 books on their profile. Goodreads librarians coordinate on the Goodreads Librarian Group.

User data becomes proprietary to Goodreads though available via an application programming interface, or API, unlike similar projects like The Open Library which publish the catalog and user edits as open data. In December 2020, Goodreads deactivated API keys more than 30 days old and said it would no longer be issuing new API keys.

Metadata source change
In January 2012, Goodreads switched from using Amazon's public Product Advertising API for book metadata (such as title, author, and number of pages) to book wholesaler Ingram. Goodreads felt Amazon's requirements for using its API were too restrictive, and the combination of Ingram, the Library of Congress, and other sources would be more flexible. Some users worried that their reading records would be lost, but Goodreads had a number of plans in place to ease the transition and ensure that no data was lost, even for titles that might be in danger of deletion because they were available only through Amazon, such as Kindle editions and self-published works on Amazon.

In May 2013, as a result of Goodreads' acquisition by Amazon, Goodreads began using Amazon's data again.

Competition and review fairness
In 2012, after a receiving a poor review on her novel The Selection, author Kiera Cass encouraged her Twitter followers to "knock [the review] off" the front page of Goodreads' section on the book. This sparked public outrage and started a discussion on the relationship between authors and reviewers on Goodreads.  That same year, Goodreads received criticism from users about the availability and tone of reviews posted on the site, with some users and websites stating that certain reviewers were harassing and encouraging attacks on authors. Goodreads publicly posted its review guidelines in August 2012 to address these issues. After Amazon's acquisition of Goodreads, this policy was modified to include deletion of any review containing "an ad hominem attack or an off-topic comment". Several news sources reported the announcement, noting Amazon's business reasons for the move:

Regarding the 2013 Amazon acquisition of Goodreads, The New York Times said that: "Goodreads was a rival to Amazon as a place for discovering books" and that this deal "consolidates Amazon's power to determine which authors get exposure for their work".

Goodreads Choice Awards

Criticism
Critics have assailed Goodreads' lack of development and maintenance, coupled with its dominant position in the book-review marketplace. For example, Goodreads' recommendation algorithm was increasingly seen as primitive. The StoryGraph was established in 2019 as a competitor to Goodreads.

Review bombing
Goodreads' review system is more easily "gamed" than other online book-review platforms, although Goodreads remains by far the most popular website for book reviews. Amazon.com does not allow reviews to be posted for most books that have not yet been released, and Amazon book reviews indicate whether the user leaving the review purchased the book. By contrast, any registered user on Goodreads (which Amazon purchased for $150 million in 2013) may rate or review a book, even before publication, and even without receiving an advance copy. Goodreads' system, as well as lax content moderation, has been criticized. The moderation system is manual and faces a backlog of flagged reviews.

Manipulative reviews ("review bombing") has occurred, with novels flooded with negative (one-star) reviews, sometimes even before publication. Such "weaponized" reviews have been described as a form of cyberbullying and targeted harassment of authors. Author Gretchen Felker-Martin, whose debut horror novel about a trans women, was review-bombed, in what she suspected to be an organized campaign. Young adult fiction authors Keira Drake and Amélie Wen Zhao delayed publication of their fantasy novels after facing a tsunami of criticism on Twitter and Goodreads from users who deemed their fantasy universes to be racially insensitive. Elizabeth Gilbert, the author of Eat, Pray, Love, was flooded with negative ratings on Goodreads for her not-yet-published novel The Snow Forest from users who objected to its setting in 1930s Russia. Cecilia Rabess, a Black author, was flooded with negative reviews on Goodreads for her debut novel Everything's Fine, which focuses on a young Black woman falls in love with a bigoted white fellow employee at Goldman Sachs; the negative reviewers had not read the work, yet deemed its premise to be racist. Some scammers and cyberstalkers have used "review bombing" threats as part of extortion campaigns, threatening to flood a work with poor reviews unless an author pays.

Goodreads said in 2021 that it takes "swift action to remove users when we determine that they violate our guidelines" and were developing technology to "prevent bad actor behavior and inauthentic reviews in order to better safeguard our community." However, authors have criticized the website's lax moderation; fantasy novelist Rin Chupeco has noted that authors from marginalized groups are often a target, and she also criticized Goodreads's lax moderation, saying that Goodreads only enforces its rules against reviews that specific target an  author "for the authors with big enough marketing and publicity teams to demand these removals."

Removal from site
In early 2021, Amazon removed all new and used copies of William Luther Pierce's white supremacist novel The Turner Diaries from sales on its platform and subsidiary platforms, citing concerns with the QAnon movement as the cause. As a result, Goodreads, an Amazon company, stripped the metadata from its record for the offending title, segregating The Turner Diaries to its "NOT A BOOK" author moniker (a category typically used to weed non-book items and plagiarized titles from the platform).

Fraudulent books
Jane Friedman discovered a 6 listings of books fraudulently using her name, on Amazon and Goodreads. Amazon and Goodreads resisted removing the fraudulent titles until the author's complaints went viral on social media, in a blog post titled "I Would Rather See My Books Get Pirated Than This (Or: Why Goodreads and Amazon Are Becoming Dumpster Fires)."

See also

 aNobii
 Babelio
 BookArmy
 Bookish
 douban
 iDreamBooks
 LibraryThing
 Open Library
 Readgeek
 Shelfari
 The StoryGraph
 Hardcover
 Library 2.0 the concept behind Goodreads and similar sites

References

Bibliography

  (archived)

External links

Amazon (company) acquisitions
American review websites
Book review websites
Companies based in San Francisco
Internet properties established in 2006
Library 2.0
Social cataloging applications

Goodreads


Seres Produções is an Angolan/Portugal based record label established in the early 2000s by DJ Satelite specialising in African House music

Biography
Seres Produções started in 2000 due to a curiosity between DJ Satelite and his brother DJ Vamburgue, who saw their older sister's group producing songs for the Grupo Sindicato Album.

At that time, DJ Satelite and Vamburgue started producing Kuduro and invited friends to record on their beats. They were joined by one of their great friends Absinto aka Gelmiro Pireza, who today takes on another position on the label and does all the design work at the production company.

In 2002, they began to gain some notoriety in their neighborhood, Bairro Marçal, one of the peripheral areas of Luanda, due to the work they began to have with many artists in the area.

Between 2004 and 2005 they recorded songs and produced some of the Hits that marked a new era for Kuduro and generations. Among them the hit "Comboio" by Lambas, the instrumental produced by DJ Marcelo "Esqueleto", "Se Desfio" produced by DJ Satelite and other great themes like Dança Killa "and" Na Palma da Mão ", which were part of the first album dos Lamba entitled "Staff of Ku-Duro", which in 2006 sold 10,000 copies of physical CDs, this being, at the time, the first album in Angola to reach the mark of 10,000 copies sold in six hours.

After the success previously made, in 2006 DJ Satelite, Bruno M and DJ Vamburgue, produced the album "Batida Única", which was the affirmation of the new generation of Kuduro and where they completely changed the metrics of Kuduro.
Bruno M with his way of singing and creating, DJ Satelite and DJ Vamburgue meticulous in their choices about how the album could be, the three ended up doing a job with a lot of energy and success.

After experiencing many adventures in Kuduro, in 2008 DJ Satelite decided to leave the room for the world, and embarked on other waves looking for a focus for his career and new steps for his production company Seres Produções.
That's how he decided to upgrade Kuduro to Afro House, and launched his first work of its kind in 2012.

With the growth of the label and the arrival of new artists to the house, there was a need to start publicizing all these arrivals to the world, and it was in 2014 that he started his journey through the digital world, more specifically the digital distribution through the various sales platforms. and streaming around the world.

Its presence in the world of Afro House, became a growing success, as it had already happened in the world of Kuduro, and with that it could not be different its structure that had always been strong and aligned. Then, in 2016, new members of the team appeared that helped to cement and disseminate the new footprints of Seres Produçōes for this new world of African Electronic Music.

Among them is DANYKAS DJ, who started by structuring small sections first, but quickly caught up with Seres' development and today is the label's manager, Dj and producer Rosario of the Mbambu Records group, which has been one of the elements that launches works assiduously with Seres Producoes, DJs and producers Over12, Inami, Afro Pupo, Wilson Kentura, Drunky Daniels, Dj Lesh SA, K.O.D and Bun Xapa who have also been impartial in the whole growth of this family.

Given the exposure that Seres Produções has been having over these years, the highlight gained in the various annual label charts around the world and the great demand on the part of artists to launch their work in it, Seres created two more SRPDS and DADSA MUSIC, which appear like this, to give continuity and even more opportunities to many talented artists who deserve their highlight.

Accredited Releases
In 2016, The label compiled an Album titled "Muloje", which got attention in Angola and featured on The Okayafrica Magazine and Portugal based magazine, BANTUMEN.

In 2018, Seres Produções released an EP from Oscar P and FNX Omar, the song held the top ten Afro House charts for several months on both Traxsource and Beatport, ending of the year of 2018 with on position 27 on the Traxsource Afro House of 2018 and position 177 on the all House music sub-genre chart. The song was then featured on the House Nation IBIZA 2018 Album by Milk & Sugar.

Events

Seres Produções holds an annual event called Room System.
The first Room System event, was held in Angola at the Elinga Bar on the 4th of July 2015, then later on, the event took place in Lisbon the same year on the 11th of December, securing residency in Lisbon, Room System began to invite more attention and artists such as, Hyenah, DANYKAS DJ, Boddhi Satva, DJ Johnny, Mbambu.

Sub-labels
 – SRPDS
 – DADSA MUSIC

References

Record labels

Seres Produções


Frederick Reginald "Michael" Ironside (born February 12, 1950) is a Canadian actor and filmmaker. He is known for playing villains and antiheroes, but has also portrayed sympathetic characters.

Early life
Frederick Reginald Ironside was born in Toronto on February 12, 1950, the son of housewife Patricia June (née Passmore) and street lighting technician Robert Walter Ironside. He has four siblings and is of English, Irish, and Scottish descent. He attended the Ontario College of Art in Toronto. At age 15, he wrote a play called The Shelter, which won first prize in a university contest. He also won the senior year writing award at Riverdale Collegiate Institute in 1968.

Career
One of Ironside's first roles was as evil telepath Darryl Revok in Scanners (1981), an early film by David Cronenberg. He played the role of a serial killer, Colt Hawker, in the slasher film Visiting Hours (1982) and appeared in 1983 as Miler Crane in The A-Team episode "Taxicab Wars" as well as Overdog McNab in Spacehunter: Adventures in the Forbidden Zone.

Ironside's breakthrough role was as cynical antihero Ham Tyler in the television miniseries V: The Final Battle and its following 19-episode series (1984). He is also known for his roles in Top Gun (1986) as Naval Aviator Lieutenant Commander Rick "Jester" Heatherly, Extreme Prejudice (1987) as Major Paul Hackett, Watchers (1988) as a conscience-free mutant assassin, and Total Recall (1990) as Richter, the murderous henchman of Ronny Cox's villain Cohaagen. Ironside played the villainous General Katana in the science fiction sequel Highlander II: The Quickening (1991) and, after a brief stint in ER'''s inaugural season, he was tapped to replace Roy Scheider as captain of the high-tech submarine seaQuest in the third season of seaQuest DSV as Captain Oliver Hudson. However, NBC cancelled the series after only thirteen episodes with Ironside as the star. In 1992, he starred as M. Emmet Walsh's brother in David Winning's thriller Killer Image. In 1993, he played Dial, the main antagonist of Free Willy. In 1994, Ironside starred as Luck Hatcher in the western Dead Man's Revenge. In 1995, Ironside had a brief cameo as Lt. Col. Stone in Major Payne. In 1997, Ironside was reunited with Total Recall director Paul Verhoeven for Starship Troopers. He appeared in The Perfect Storm (2000) and The Machinist (2004). He starred in the film Chaindance as a small-time crook, unable to make it on the outside, who was paired up with a disabled man. Ironside starred as Resistance General Hugh Ashdown in Terminator Salvation, reunited with his co-star from The Machinist, Christian Bale.

Ironside voiced comic book villain Darkseid in the DC Animated Universe, including  Superman: The Animated Series, Justice League and Justice League Unlimited. He later reprised the role in 2020 the DC Universe/HBO Max web series Harley Quinn. In one episode of The New Batman Adventures, he voiced Batman in a Batman: The Dark Knight Returns sequence. Another part he played in the DC Comics universe was Lois Lane's father, General Sam Lane in three episodes of Smallville.Ironside has worked in video games as the voice of character Sam Fisher in the Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell games and Jack Granger in Command & Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars. He signed a five-year deal to portray Captain Jonas Trager in the SpaceWorks Television science-fiction series, Ice Planet but the show was not produced.

In 2009, he starred in The Beacon under the direction of Michael Stokes.

In 2010, Ironside guest starred in season 4, episode 1 ("Friends and Enemies") of Burn Notice.

In 2011, Ironside appeared in the film: X-Men: First Class, playing the Captain of the 7th Fleet. He appeared in Justified playing a supporting role as a Detroit hitman the following year. He also voiced the role of Ultra Magnus in season 3 of the Transformers Prime Beast Hunters television series in 2013.

Ironside appeared in the TV series Walker, Texas Ranger as 'The Chairman'.

In 2015, he appeared in the television series The Flash as Lewis Snart, the father of Captain Cold. Also in 2015, he starred as the main villain Zeus in the cult hit film Turbo Kid.

In 2016, he portrayed General Douglas MacArthur in the 4-part miniseries Tokyo Trial.

In 2018, he played J. P. Morgan in 4 episodes of TNT's The Alienist.

In 2021, he portrayed Eddie Williams, the father-in-law and boss of Hutch Mansell in the film, Nobody.

In 2022, he played Don Lucas in the Hulu miniseries The Dropout''.

Personal life
Ironside married Karen Dinwiddie in 1986. They have one daughter together (born 1998) and he has another daughter from a previous marriage.

Ironside has survived cancer of the bowel, prostate, and thyroid.

Filmography

References

External links

1950 births
20th-century Canadian male actors
21st-century Canadian male actors
Living people
Canadian male film actors
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male video game actors
Canadian male voice actors
Canadian people of English descent
Canadian people of Irish descent
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Male actors from Toronto
OCAD University alumni

Michael Ironside


Lake Billy Chinook is a reservoir in Jefferson County in the U.S. state of Oregon. Created by the Round Butte Dam in 1964, Lake Billy Chinook lies in a canyon at the confluence of the Crooked, Deschutes, and Metolius rivers near Culver and Madras. It was named for Billy Chinook, a Native American of the Wasco tribe who traveled alongside American explorers John C. Frémont and Kit Carson in their expeditions of 1843 and 1844.

Geology
The canyon in which Lake Billy Chinook lies was carved by the three rivers that flow into the lake. The Deschutes Formation into which it is carved began forming about 11 million years ago, as alternating layers of basaltic lava, stream sediment, and volcanic debris flowed into the area from the Cascade Range. One to three million years ago, lava flows from the Cascades and Newberry Volcano capped the exposed material, forming the "rimrock basalt" which is visible atop the canyon. Further erosion by the three rivers, volcanic activity, and wind have continued to form and erode the canyon.

Description

The Deschutes and Crooked River branches of the lake are within the boundaries of The Cove Palisades State Park. The south shores of the Metolius River are public lands administered by the Bureau of Land Management and the United States Forest Service, while the north shores are part of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation. Along with the Island peninsula, there is one island in the lake named Chinook Island.

Lake Billy Chinook is a very popular recreational lake in Central Oregon for water skiing, sailing, jet skiing and boating. There are four boat launches around the lake, as well a marina and café on the east shore named the Cove Palisades Resort, which also offers rentals of houseboats and various other watercraft.

Southwest of the lake is Lake Billy Chinook Airport, a small, privately owned, public use airport.

Fishing
Lake Billy Chinook offers fishing for brown trout, smallmouth bass, rainbow trout, and Kokanee, a land-locked salmon. The lake is also one of the few bodies of water in the United States where bull trout, a threatened species that thrives in Lake Billy Chinook, can be legally fished.

As of 2014, the Metolius arm of the lake is closed to fishing, without a tribal permit.

Cove Palisades State Park
The majority of Lake Billy Chinook is surrounded by The Cove Palisades State Park. The state park offers both camping and lodging and is open all year for day use. The Cove Palisades consists of two campgrounds: Crooked River Campground (open all year) and the Deschutes Campground which is open from mid-May to mid-September. The Crooked River Campground is located higher up in the canyon where as the Deschutes Campground is walking distance from the water.

The Island
Between the Deschutes and Crooked River branches of the lake, there is a large and isolated ,  peninsular plateau named the Island. The Island is surrounded on three sides by vertical cliffs at heights of  to  above the water. The Island was designated a Research Natural Area by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) in 1986. In 1997, the BLM closed the Island to the public, although educational institutions and conservation groups are permitted to visit between May and mid-February.

Owing to the steep cliffs that surround it, the Island has never been grazed by livestock, except for one season of grazing by sheep in 1921. As a result, it contains one of the United States' last remaining undisturbed communities of two native vegetation types: western juniper-big sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass and western juniper-big sagebrush-bitterbrush. It also is an unusual home to the striped whiptail lizard, a species of southwestern U.S. deserts that settled the Island by escaping from a recreational vehicle.

The Island has not faced a sizable fire in the last century. The lack of a major fire has supported the strong presence of woody vegetation on the Island. The BLM plans to let any fire naturally burn as part of their research, contingent on weather conditions and personnel that can prevent it from affecting the Cove Palisades State Park facilities below the Island.

In 2011, U.S. Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar designated the Island a National Natural Landmark. It is one of eleven National Natural Landmarks in Oregon.

See also

List of lakes in Oregon

References

Jefferson County, Oregon
Billy Chinook
Billy Chinook
1964 establishments in Oregon
National Natural Landmarks in Oregon

Lake Billy Chinook


The Denton A. Cooley Pavilion (or Cooley Pavilion) is the practice and training facility serving the men's and women's basketball teams of The University of Texas at Austin. The facility is named for Dr. Denton A. Cooley, a UT alumnus, basketball letterman (1939–41), and pioneering heart surgeon.

The Cooley Pavilion opened in the fall of 2003. The two-level, 44,000-square-foot facility was constructed adjacent to the Erwin Center, the multipurpose, on-campus arena that serves as the home court for the Longhorn basketball teams. The Texas men's and women's teams have separate 9,000-square-foot practice court areas, each consisting of one full-court and one half-court practice area with seven basket stations. The practice facility also includes a locker room with a players' lounge, an instructional film theater, a 4,100-square-foot strength and conditioning area, an athletic training and hydrotherapy area, an academic resource and activity center, and a coaches' lounge and locker room.

The master plan released in 2013 for the University's new Dell Medical School indicated that the Cooley Pavilion and Erwin Center would be demolished in a later phase of construction within six to fifteen years.

Ultimately, UT announced plans to build a new basketball arena, to be named Moody Center, that is scheduled to open in 2022. Current plans call for Cooley Pavilion to be replaced by a new practice facility located next to Moody Center.

Notes and references

External links
Denton A. Cooley Pavilion – TexasSports.com

College basketball practice facilities in the United States
Texas Longhorns
Texas Longhorns men's basketball
Texas Longhorns women's basketball
University of Texas at Austin campus
Basketball venues in Texas
University and college buildings completed in 2003
Sports venues completed in 2003

Denton A. Cooley Pavilion


Samuel Candler Dobbs (November 8, 1868 – October 31, 1950) was president (1919-1920) and chairman of The Coca-Cola Company, from 1919 to 1922.

Early life and education
Dobbs was born in 1868 in Georgia. He was the son of Harris Henry Dobbs, and nephew of Asa Griggs Candler, founder of The Coca-Cola Company.

Career
Dobbs began his career as an Atlanta-based Coca-Cola salesman, during which he persuaded Joe Biedenharn of the Biedenharn Candy Company to set up a Coca-Cola dispenser in this store and order the beverage on a regular basis, thereby fueling sales and recognition of the Coca-Cola name. Dobbs later became the company's sales manager and president.

In 1909, Dobbs became president of the Associated Advertising Clubs of America, now the American Advertising Federation (AAF), and began to make speeches on the subject.

Philanthropy and legacy
In January 1939, Dobbs made a $1,000,000 unrestricted gift to the Emory University.  Several endowed chairs are named after him. Additionally, Dobbs was a member and president of the Board of Trustees at Reinhardt University, donating thousands of dollars, most notably to build an academic building in 1926, which is named in his honor.

References

American drink industry businesspeople
Coca-Cola people
1868 births
1950 deaths
Emory University people
American chairpersons of corporations
Candler family

Samuel Candler Dobbs


Ignatz (Ignaz, Ignacy) von Popiel  (27 July 1863 – 2 May 1941) was a Polish-Ukrainian chess player.

Biography
Born into a noble family in Drohobych, Galicia (then Austria-Hungary), he began study law at the University of Graz (Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz). Then started his chess career in Vienna, where he took 10th in 1886, took 2nd in 1887 (Glaser Schachgesellschaft), and took 2nd in 1888. In the period between 1889 and 1892, he studied law at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow. In 1889, he tied for 3rd-4th (elim.) and tied for 5th-6th at Breslau (the 6th DSB Congress, Hauptturnier B, Emanuel Lasker won). In 1892, he tied for 1-3rd (elim.) and took 7th in Dresden (the 7th DSB-Congress, Hauptturnier A).

In 1895, he won in the Lvov Chess Club championship. In 1896, he tied for 2nd-3rd in Eisenach (the 10th DSB-Congress), took 13th in Budapest, and won in Lviv. In 1897, he tied for 1st-2nd (elim.) and won in Berlin. In 1898, he tied for 10th-11th in Cologne (the 11th DSB-Congress). In 1899-1900, he took 9th in Vienna. In 1900, he tied for 11th-12th in Munich (the 12th DSB-Congress). In 1902, he took 16th in Monte Carlo, and took 18th in Hannover (the 13th DSB-Congress).

In 1904, he took 3rd in the Lvov City championship, and 3rd in Lvov (Quadrangular). In 1905, he drew a match with Oskar Piotrowski (+3 –3 =3). He took 5th at Lvov 1912, and took 2nd, behind Piotrowski, in the Lvov City championship in 1914.

During World War I, in 1915, he took 6th at Vienna. After the war, Popiel was one of the strongest chess players in Lvov, Poland. He participated several times in the Lvov City championship; took 2nd in 1925, tied for 2nd-4th in 1926, tied for 2nd-3rd in 1927, took 8th in 1931, and took 14th in 1933. Playing in a pre-Olympic tournament at Lodz 1935 took 13th place. In 1937 he left Lvov for Bochnia, and tied for 5-7th in the Cracow City championship. He died on 2 May 1941 in General Government, Poland.

He was the uncle of Stepan Popel, a Ukrainian chess master.

Notable chess games
Emanuel Lasker vs Ignatz von Popiel, Breslau 1889, Vienna Game, Mieses Variation, C26, 0-1
Ignatz von Popiel vs Dawid Janowski, Cologne 1898, DSB 11th Kongress (GER ch.),   Sicilian Defense, Pin Variation, B40, 1-0
Ignatz von Popiel vs Georg Marco, Monte Carlo 1902, Philidor Defense, C41, 1-0

References

1863 births
1941 deaths
People from Drohobych
Polish chess players
Ukrainian chess players
Polish Austro-Hungarians
Ukrainian people of Polish descent
19th-century Polish nobility
Austrian untitled nobility
20th-century chess players
20th-century Polish nobility
Chess players from Austria-Hungary

Ignatz von Popiel


The Treaty of Cazola (or Cazorla) was signed in 1179 in Soria between Alfonso II of Aragon and Alfonso VIII of Castile. The pact divided Andalusia into separate zones of conquest for the two kingdoms, so that the work of the Reconquista would not be stymied by internecine feuding over spoils among the Christians. Aragon was given the places of Xàtiva, Denia, and Biar, from Biar to Calpe towards Valencia. Castile had all the lands on the other side of Biar. Compared with the earlier Treaty of Tudilén, Aragon had lost the right of annexing Murcia. The agreement further stipulated that it was to be held in perpetuity and upheld by the successors of both Alfonsos. This was reinforced with a clause stating that neither king could give up his part or diminish the part of the other, nor could any obstacle be put in the way by either king of the conquest by his counterpart of his rightful division. The subsequent breach of the treaty by both parties led to the Treaty of Almizra in 1244.

References
Barton, Simon. 1997. The Aristocracy in Twelfth-Century León and Castile. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bisson, Thomas N. 1986. The Medieval Crown of Aragon: A Short History. Oxford: Clarendon Press. .

1179
Cazorla
12th-century treaties
Cazorla
Treaties of the Kingdom of Castile
1179 in Europe
12th century in Aragon
12th century in Castile

Treaty of Cazola


Thomas Ball Hamilton (September 29, 1924 – November 29, 1973) was a Major League Baseball player who played in 1952 and 1953 for the Philadelphia Athletics. He batted left-handed and threw right-handed, and he was  tall and 213 pounds. Used primarily as a pinch hitter, Hamilton appeared in the field in only 14 of the 67 games he played.

Prior to playing professional baseball, Tom Hamilton attended the University of Texas at Austin, with whom he won the 1949 College World Series Most Outstanding Player award in the first year it was awarded. He is one of six players from University of Texas at Austin to win that award. The others are: J. L. Smith, Mickey Reichenbach, Calvin Schiraldi, Huston Street and David Maroul. In both 1948 and 1949, he was an All-SWC first baseman, and in 1949 he was also a first-team All-American. He hit .417 with a .848 slugging percentage in 1949.

He also played basketball at the University of Texas at Austin, where he was a center. He was an All-SWC basketball selection in 1950, and he was the first player in school history to score 1,000 points.

Hamilton was signed by the Athletics in 1950, as an amateur free agent. He made his big league debut a couple years later, on September 4, 1952. He appeared in nine games in 1952, collecting two hits in 10 at-bats for a .200 batting average. In 1953, he played in 58 games, although he had only 56 at-bats. He hit .196 with no home runs and five RBI that year. On September 13, he played his final big league game. Overall, Hamilton hit .197 with no home runs and six RBI in 66 career at-bats.

Although his big league career was over, his professional career was not. For example, on December 13, 1953, he was involved in a huge 11 player trade between the Athletics and New York Yankees. He was traded with Loren Babe, Harry Byrd, Carmen Mauro, and Eddie Robinson for Don Bollweg, Johnny Gray, Jim Robertson, Jim Finigan, Vic Power, and Bill Renna.

In 1971, he was elected to the University of Texas to Austin Hall of Honor.

He served as the baseball coach and athletic director at St. Edward's University at the time of his death in 1973. Following his death, he was buried in Cook-Walden Capital Parks Cemetery in Pflugerville, Texas.

References

External links

Venezuelan Professional Baseball League statistics

1924 births
1973 deaths
All-American college baseball players
Baseball players from Kansas
Birmingham Barons players
College World Series Most Outstanding Player Award winners
Kansas City Blues (baseball) players
Leones del Caracas players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Lincoln A's players
Major League Baseball outfielders
Minor league baseball managers
Mobile Bears players
Modesto Reds players
New Orleans Pelicans (baseball) players
People from Altoona, Kansas
Philadelphia Athletics players
Richmond Virginians (minor league) players
St. Edward's Hilltoppers athletic directors
St. Edward's Hilltoppers baseball coaches
St. Petersburg Saints players
Savannah Indians players
Texas Longhorns baseball players
Texas Longhorns men's basketball players
American men's basketball players

Tom Hamilton (baseball)


Gregg Andrews (born 1950) is a professor of history and labor historian at Texas State University. Additionally, he is assistant director of the Center for Texas Music History and assistant director and co-editor of the Journal of Texas Music History. Andrews is also an accomplished folk musician, performing and recording under the pseudonym "Doctor G" alongside his band, The Mudcats.

Early life
Andrews was born in Ilasco, Missouri, to Maurice and Virginia Andrews (now Virginia Sudholt) in 1950.  He grew up in Monkey Run, an unincorporated neighborhood of Ilasco literally "on the wrong side of the tracks" (the two towns were separated by railroad tracks). A largely immigrant community, Ilasco was a suburb of Hannibal, Missouri, and was also the location of the cave made famous in Mark Twain's classic novel, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.

Ilasco (which ceased to exist in the 1960s) had a population of about 3,000 in 1900, but economic changes had greatly decreased the town's size by mid-century.  Andrews' father and grandfather both worked at the Atlas Portland Cement Co. (now Continental Cement) plant.  The economic hardships of the town, along with the rhythm of life near a cement factory, deeply influenced Andrews.

At the age of 14, Andrews' father taught him to play the guitar and sing. For eight months, Andrews also took guitar lessons from Maceo Wilson, a local musician famous in Hannibal.

Andrews' father died in 1965.

Academic career
Andrews obtained a Ph.D. in 1988 from Northern Illinois University. From 1985 to 1987, Andrews received an Andrew Mellon Predoctoral Teaching Fellowship in the Humanities from the Illinois Institute of Technology.

In 1988, Andrews won appointment as an assistant professor at Texas State.  He rose to the rank of full professor, and now is also assistant director of the Center for Texas Music History and assistant director and co-editor of the Journal of Texas Music History.

Andrews is married to Victoria Bynum, who is also a professor of history at Texas State.

Research focus
Andrews' research work has been varied, but more recently has focused on the social history of work and labor.

Andrews' first book, Shoulder to Shoulder? The American Federation of Labor, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution, 1910–1924, published in 1991, was an important re-assessment of the role Samuel Gompers and the American Federation of Labor played in shaping American policy toward revolutionary movements in Latin America. From 1910 to 1924, Andrews found, Gompers and other labor leaders supported Mexican workers in their struggle for social justice, but advocated Mexican economic dependence on the United States. The book was called "an important key to understanding the ongoing relationship between the labor movement and actions of the United States in Central America" and "a skillful blend of labor and diplomatic history." The book won the Phi Alpha Theta Best Book Award for the first book by a new author.

Andrews used his personal history as a jumping-off point for his next book, Insane Sisters: Or, the Price Paid for Challenging a Company Town, published in 1999.  The book illustrated the battle Mary Heinbach and her sister, Euphemia Koller, waged against the Atlas Portland Cement Company in Ilasco. The dispute over property rights spanned 17 years and landed in the Supreme Court of Missouri four times. The dispute ended when Mary was declared incompetent in 1921 and Euphemia pronounced insane in 1929. The company subsequently was able to acquire clear title to their property.  The main thrust of the book is an analysis of the changing role of women at the beginning of the 20th century, the development of mental health law, and the collusion of business and governmental interest during the Progressive Era.

Andrews' most recent work, City of Dust: A Cement Company Town in the Land of Tom Sawyer (2002), is his most noted.  City of Dust made a significant contribution to the social and industrial history of the trans-Mississippi West.
Andrews' pioneering social history focuses needed attention on a group of workers and an industry that labor historians and others have previously neglected. The author's description of the work process involved in cement manufacture, and the terrible toll on the workers of the industry's accidents and diseases, alone provide little-known, valuable information.
City of Dust is primarily a social history of cement workers, but it also sheds light on issues of class, industrialism, immigration, labor, and the working-class.

Andrews has continued to mine his personal past to investigate history. His current research projects include a study of the Texas labor movement during the Great Depression, research into the role played by African Americans in the Galveston longshoremen's strike of 1920, and the struggle of black trade unionists to overcome the racially discriminatory practices of the Texas State Federation of Labor.

Music career
Under the name "Doctor G," Andrews is also an accomplished and published singer, songwriter and musician.  He is a regular performer at the Cheatham Street Warehouse, a San Marcos music venue where country-western singer George Strait first found fame.  Andrews' music is a mixture of folk, Southern rock and blues, and his lyrics speak of forbidden love, the need for respect, the search for happiness, and the toll poverty and hard work have on people. In many respects, Andrews' music reflects his scholarly concerns with the poor, social justice, the working class and the struggle for dignity and respect in the face of economic hardship.

Andrews' band, "Doctor G and the Mudcats," released their debut CD, Mudcat, in September 2005.  The record was released on Cheatham Street Records, the independent record label founded by Cheatham Street Warehouse owner Kent Finlay.

Memberships and honors

Honors
Andrews was assistant director of the NEH Summer Environmental History Institute at Texas State in 1991, and in 2001 received a National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowship.

In 1998, Andrews received the Excellence in Teaching Award from the College of Liberal Arts at Texas State. Four years later, he received a Texas State University Faculty Award for Scholarly and Creative Activity.

In 2002, Andrews was named a Mary M. Hughes Fellow for the Texas State Historical Association.

Memberships
Andrews has served as a manuscript reviewer at Texas A&M University Press, the University of Missouri Press, and the University of Illinois Press.  He has also served as an editor for the journals Diplomatic History, the Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies, and the International Review of Social History.

Andrews is currently a member of the board of directors of the Texas Heritage Songwriters Association.  He is also a member of the Texas State Historical Association, Southwest Labor Studies Association, Organization of American Historians, and Southern Historical Association.

From 2000 to 2002, Andrews was Southwest Chapter president of the Texas Faculty Association.

Writing awards
Andrews has also won a number of writing awards. In 1993, his book Shoulder to Shoulder? won the Phi Alpha Theta Best Book Award for the first book by a new author.  The same year, he was co-recipient of the Harvey L. Johnson Award for the best article in Latin American history.  The award, given by Southwest Council of Latin American Studies, honored him for the article "Robert Haberman, Socialist Ideology, and the Politics of National Reconstruction in Mexico, 1920-25," which appeared in the journal Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos.

He has twice won the James Neal Primm Award, a prize give by the Missouri Historical Society for the best article in its journal, Gateway Heritage.  Andrews was first honored in 1995 for his article "From Robber Caves to Robber Barons: New South Missouri and the Social Construction of Mark Twain, 1910-1935."  He won again the next year, for his article "Ilasco Cement Workers and the War on Booze in Ralls County, Missouri, 1903-1914."

Publications

Solely authored books
 City of Dust: A Cement Company Town in the Land of Tom Sawyer. Paperback ed. Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri Press, 2002.
 Insane Sisters: Or, the Price Paid for Challenging a Company Town. Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri Press, 1999.
 Shoulder to Shoulder? The American Federation of Labor, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution, 1910–1924. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1991.

Solely authored articles
"From Robber Caves to Robber Barons: New South Missouri and the Social Construction of Mark Twain, 1910-1935." Gateway Heritage. 15 (December 1994).
"Ilasco Cement Workers and the War on Booze in Ralls County, Missouri, 1903-1914." Gateway Heritage. 16 (Spring 1996).
"Immigrant Cement Workers: The Strike of 1910 in Ilasco, Missouri." Missouri Historical Review. 89:2 (January 1995).
"It's the Music: Kent Finlay's Cheatham Street Warehouse in San Marcos, Texas." Journal of Texas Music History. 5:1 (Spring 2005).
"Robert Haberman, Socialist Ideology, and the Politics of National Reconstruction in Mexico, 1920-25." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos. 6 (Summer 1990).

Notes

References
 Beik, Millie. "Review of Gregg Andrews, City of Dust: A Cement Company Town in the Land of Tom Sawyer," H-Labor, H-Net Reviews. May, 1997.
 Darr, Bev. "Hannibal Native Sings His River Songs on New CD." Hannibal Courier-Post. November 30, 2005.
 Dwyer, Ellen. "Book Review: Gregg Andrews, Insane Sisters, or, The Price Paid for Challenging a Company Town." American Historical Review. 106:5 (December 2001).
 Fisher, Jim. "Dust, Cement Part of History That Aids in Ilasco's Survival." Kansas City Star. May 23, 1999.
 Husar, Edward. "Putting the Mississippi River Life to Music."  Quincy Herald-Whig. December 3, 2005.
 Levenstein, Harvey. "Review: Shoulder to Shoulder? The American Federation of Labor, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1924, by Gregg Andrews." American Historical Review. 97:5 (December 1992).
 McFarland, C.K. "Book Reviews: Shoulder to Shoulder? The American Federation of Labor, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution: 1910-1924." Labor Studies Journal. September 1993.
 Weinberg, Steve. "A Missouri Company Town Spells Out Sad Endings for Sisters in Long-Running Property Fight." St. Louis Post-Dispatch. January 9, 2000.

External links
 Awards Recipients, Texas State Historical Association
 Cheatham Street Records
 Doctor G and the Mudcats Web page
 Dr. Gregg Andrews, Faculty Page, Texas State University
 Harvey L. Johnson Awards, Southwest Council of Latin American Scholars (SCOLAS)
 Journal of Texas Music History Web site
 Missouri Historical Society Web site (host of the James Neal Primm Award)
 Texas Faculty Association Web site
 Texas Heritage Songwriters Association

1950 births
Living people
People from Ralls County, Missouri
Folk musicians from Missouri
American trade union leaders
American male singer-songwriters
Historians of the United States
Labor historians
Northern Illinois University alumni
People from Hannibal, Missouri
Singer-songwriters from Texas
Illinois Institute of Technology alumni
Singer-songwriters from Missouri
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
Trade unionists from Texas
American male non-fiction writers

Gregg Andrews