John Alberto Leguizamo Peláez (, ;  ; born July 22, 196013:00) is an American actor, comedian, and film producer. He has appeared in over 100 films, produced over 20 films and documentaries, made over 30 television appearances, and has produced various television projects. He has also written and performed for the Broadway stage receiving four Tony Award nominations for Freak in 1998, Sexaholix in 2002, and Latin History for Morons in 2018. He received a Special Tony Award in 2018.

Leguizamo rose to fame with a co-starring role in Super Mario Bros. (1993) as Luigi, Benny Blanco in the crime drama Carlito's Way (1993), and later To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar (1995), for which he received a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor nomination. Other films include Romeo + Juliet (1996), The Pest (1997), Summer of Sam (1999), Moulin Rouge! (2001), Empire (2002), Love in the Time of Cholera (2007), Righteous Kill (2008), The Lincoln Lawyer (2011), Chef (2014), John Wick (2014), John Wick 2 (2017), and The Menu (2022). He narrated the sitcom The Brothers García (2000–2004) and voiced Sid the Sloth in the Ice Age franchise (2002–2016), and Bruno in Encanto (2021).

Leguizamo is also known for his television roles including Freak (1998) for which he received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program. He received further Primetime Emmy Award nominations for the Paramount miniseries Waco (2018) and the Netflix limited series When They See Us (2019). He's also appeared on ER, The Kill Point, Bloodline, and The Mandalorian. In 2023, it was announced he would host the MSNBC series Leguizamo Does America, premiering on Sunday, April 16.

Early life and education
Leguizamo was born in Bogotá, Colombia, on July 22, 1960, the son of Luz Marina Peláez and Alberto Rudolfo Leguizamo. His father was once an aspiring film director and studied at Cinecittà in Rome, Italy, but eventually dropped out due to lack of finances. According to Leguizamo, his surname is of Basque origin and he has distant Basque roots.

Research by the genealogy show Finding Your Roots indicated that Leguizamo does not have Puerto Rican, Italian, and Lebanese ancestry, as he has sometimes stated (the latter of which he claimed through his maternal grandfather. His family is Colombian, and a DNA test found that his genetic ancestry has Indigenous, European (especially Iberian) and a bit of African roots. His paternal grandfather was a wealthy Colombian landowner, and his great-great-grandfather, Higinio Cualla, was Mayor of Bogotá for sixteen years in the late 1800s, and was considered an important modernizer of the city. Before this discovery, Leguizamo had claimed that he was Puerto Rican on his father's side, which was one of the reasons he was selected as the Puerto Rican Day Parade Global Ambassador of the Arts, and marched in the parade on June 12, 2011. It was determined that Leguizamo's maternal lineage includes the 16th-century Spanish conquistador Sebastián de Belalcázar, as well as Jerónimo Betuma, a 17th-century indigenous Colombian of noble birth.

When Leguizamo was 3 years old, his family immigrated to New York City, where they lived in various neighborhoods in Queens, including Jackson Heights. He later credited growing up as one of the first Latino children in the neighborhood as formative in his acting ability: "It was tough. There were lots of fights. I would walk through a park and be attacked, and I had to defend myself all the time. But this helped me to become funny so that I wouldn't get hit." His parents divorced when he was 13 and lived with his mother growing up. Leguizamo and his family constantly moved apartments in Queens, attending multiple elementary schools. Leguizamo was arrested twice as a teenager, once for jumping a turnstile at a New York City Subway station and another time for truancy. His family later sent him to Colombia for a year where he stayed with his relatives. Leguizamo attended the Joseph Pulitzer Middle School (I.S.145) and later the Murry Bergtraum High School. As a student at Murry Bergtraum, he wrote comedy material and tested it on his classmates. He was voted "Most Talkative" by his classmates. After graduating from high school, he began his theater career as an undergraduate at NYU's Tisch School of the Arts, from which he eventually dropped out in favor of a career in stand-up comedy. Post-NYU, Leguizamo enrolled at LIU Post and at HB Studio, where he took theater classes.

Career

Early career

Leguizamo started out as a stand-up comic doing the New York nightclub circuit in 1984, and in 1988, he performed at The Public Theater in two shows, including as Puck in A Midsummer Night's Dream in which he appeared with Fisher Stevens. He made his television debut in 1986 with a small part in Miami Vice. His other early roles include: a friend of Madonna's boyfriend in her "Borderline" video (1984); Mixed Blood (1985), Casualties of War (1989). In the 1990s he played a terrorist in Die Hard 2 (1990), Hangin' with the Homeboys (1991), the robber in Regarding Henry (1991), Super Mario Bros. (1993), and Night Owl (1993). In 1991, Leguizamo also wrote and performed in the Off-Broadway production Mambo Mouth, where he played seven different characters. Mambo Mouth won an Obie Award and an Outer Critics Award. He was listed as one of 12 "Promising New Actors of 1991" in "John Willis' Screen Worlds Vol. 43".

In 1992, he starred in Whispers in the Dark as John Castillo. In 1993 Leguizamo portrayed Luigi in the film Super Mario Bros., based on the Mario video game franchise. Despite being considered a critical and financial failure universally, the film was considered to be his breakthrough role, allowing him to appear in better comedic roles in the following years. That same year, he had a prominent role in Brian De Palma's Carlito's Way as Carlito Brigante's nemesis, "Benny Blanco from the Bronx," which also boosted his career in serious roles. In 1993, Leguizamo wrote and performed in Spic-O-Rama, where he made fun of the stereotyping of Latinos in the United States. The production won a Drama Desk Award and four Cable ACE Awards. Both Mambo Mouth and Spic-O-Rama were later filmed for presentation on HBO.

In 1995, Leguizamo created, produced, wrote, and starred in the 1995 Latino-oriented variety show called House of Buggin' on Fox Television. Some audiences saw this as the Latino version of In Living Color. The show showcased Leguizamo's well-known ability to assume a wide variety of colorful, energetic characters, but due to poor ratings the show ran less than one season. Leguizamo also starred in Romeo + Juliet (1996) as Tybalt Capulet, as Violator in Spawn, Cholo in Land of the Dead, and Pestario 'Pest' Vargas in The Pest, the latter being one of his few roles as a lead actor in a studio film. In 1995, he starred as drag queen Chi-Chi Rodriguez in To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar for which he received a Golden Globe Nomination for Best Supporting Actor, and starred in the 1996 action film Executive Decision as Captain Rat. In 1998, he debuted on Broadway in the production of Freak, a semi-autobiographical one-person play that was filmed for HBO and released on October 10, 1998, with Spike Lee sitting in as director. The show won him the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding One-Person Show and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program.

2000–2009

In 2000, Leguizamo portrayed both Genies in Arabian Nights, a TV mini-series adaptation of the epic One Thousand and One Nights. In 2001, RCA/BMG Records released John Leguizamo LIVE, a CD compilation of Leguizamo's stage routines. Among the bits are a primer Leguizamo gives on the history and culture of Latinos in America, which with the dubious tale of the mating of an Inca princess with a Spanish conquistador, thus creating the original dysfunctional Latin family, each member of which is voiced by Leguizamo. The CD also includes a musical intermission, with two salsa/hip-hop tunes, "The Night Before Christmas" and "Gotta Get Some", and footage from Leguizamo's tours and two interactive games, "Spanish Fly Pick-Up Line".

To promote the 2001 movie Moulin Rouge!, he appeared on a celebrity edition of the US version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? with Kelly Ripa, Kevin Sorbo, Alfre Woodard, Martin Short and Chevy Chase. Appearing as the first celebrity to sit in the hot seat, he eventually tried for $125,000, but got the answer wrong. In 2002, he starred in the movie Empire. That same year he wrote and performed in Sexaholix... A Love Story, which explained his love life and how he started his own family. Later in 2002, on the syndicated version, a question about the movie featured his character and Meredith Vieira mentioned that Leguizamo had played Lautrec and had been on the show. In 2002, he voiced Sid the Sloth for the film Ice Age, reprising the role for the sequels Ice Age: The Meltdown, Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs, Ice Age: Continental Drift and Ice Age: Collision Course. The game versions of the films also used his voice. In 2003, he voice-acted Globox from Rayman 3: Hoodlum Havoc. Leguizamo portrayed Paul in the Brad Anderson thriller film Vanishing on 7th Street.

In 2004, he guest-starred on Dora the Explorer as Captain Pirate Piggy. During the 2005–06 television season, Leguizamo joined the cast of the show ER, playing the emotionally disturbed Dr. Victor Clemente, a new attending who is keen on introducing the staff of County General to better ways of treating patients and cutting-edge technology. Clemente, however, was plagued with personal problems and was fired from the hospital near the end of the season. Dr. Clemente's departure from the show was a blessing for Leguizamo. He revealed to CraveOnline that he was not happy working on the television program. "I was depressed doing ER," he admitted, "I started gaining weight, I was eating doughnuts, I started smoking again. I'm eating McDonald's, things that I know when I'm depressed I do. I tried to kill myself internally."

In 2006, Leguizamo starred in the television pilot for Edison, a 2006 CBS drama about a Los Angeles detective (played by Leguizamo) who relied on impersonations and disguises to solve crimes. Other cast members included Currie Graham and Deidrie Henry. Kevin Rodney Sullivan directed from a script by Ron Milbauer and Terri Hughes. Leguizamo and David Hoberman also served as executive producers. In October 2006, Leguizamo's memoir, Pimps, Hos, Playa Hatas and All the Rest of My Hollywood Friends: My Life, was released. During an interview on Late Night with Conan O'Brien, he stated that his memoir was very candid about experiences involving other celebrities he had worked with. He stated that working with Arnold Schwarzenegger on Collateral Damage (2002) was one of the most enjoyable experiences he'd had as an actor, that Schwarzenegger's accent let him say things that others would think were sexist or homophobic if said by someone else, and that Steven Seagal was an egotist with diva tendencies.

In 2007, he played Michael Beltran in the movie The Babysitters. In 2008, he co-starred in the movie The Happening, written and directed by M. Night Shyamalan. In July 2007, Spike TV aired its drama series The Kill Point, which starred Leguizamo, Donnie Wahlberg, and Michael Hyatt. The show was an eight-part series revolving around ex-war veterans whose bank robbery went wrong, thus ending in a hostage situation. Despite high ratings, The Kill Point was not renewed for a second season. A year later, Leguizamo guest-starred on Sesame Street as Captain Vegetable, who tells Elmo to eat his vegetables.

2010–2016

In 2010, Leguizamo also guest-starred on The Electric Company as himself, rhyming about commas and quotation marks. In June 2010, Leguizamo opened his semi-autobiographical one-man theater show, Klass Klown (later renamed Ghetto Klown), based on his memoir Pimps, Hos, Playa Hatas, and All the Rest of My Hollywood Friends: My Life. After the show ran at various theaters in the United States and Leguizamo performed an "unplugged" version of it under the title John Leguizamo Warms Up at a Chicago theater, it opened on Broadway in March 2011 at the Lyceum Theatre. The show, about Leguizamo's path from obscurity to stardom, opened to many positive reviews and was extended through July 10, 2011. A CD of the show was released. In 2011, Leguizamo received the Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Solo Performance and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Solo Performance for his performance in the show. In September 2011, Leguizamo began an international tour of Ghetto Klown in Los Angeles. On July 13, 2012, PBS debuted Tales From a Ghetto Klown, a documentary about Leguizamo's life and the show's development. On November 16, 2013, John taped Ghetto Klown at The New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark, NJ for HBO.

In 2012, Leguizamo was cast as Derek Trotter in the American remake of the British BBC sitcom Only Fools and Horses. In October 2013, Leguizamo started filming for The Crash, starring alongside Frank Grillo, AnnaSophia Robb, Dianna Agron, Ed Westwick, Minnie Driver, Mary McCormack, Christopher McDonald and Maggie Q. The film is directed by Aram Rappaport and produced by Hilary Shor, Atit Shah and Aaron Becker. In 2014 Leguizamo starred alongside Jon Favreau in Chef as the line cook Martin, a role he prepared for by working as an actual line cook at The Lion in the West Village. Also in 2014, he played a drug dealer in the action comedy film American Ultra alongside Jesse Eisenberg and Kristen Stewart. He also starred in John Wick as Aurelio in 2014. The Crash  was released on January 13, 2017.

In 2015, Abrams ComicArts published the graphic novel adaptation of Leguizamo's one-man Broadway show, Ghetto Klown. As with the live show, the graphic novel explores the actor/comedian's life and career, beginning with his adolescence in Queens, New York, his involvement in 1980s avant-garde theater, his feature film career, and some of the colorful characters he encountered throughout his life. Leguizamo describes the work: "Ghetto Klown is the history that I probably never should have told anyone but my therapist, but it's a real lesson that even if you suffer a certain amount (a lot) of self-doubt and anxiety, you can still accomplish great things. It's a lesson I'm really excited to impart to a whole new audience." The comic is illustrated by Christa Cassano. In 2016, Leguizamo played the role of Ozzy Delvecchio in the second season of the Netflix original series Bloodline. Also in 2016, he produced the Q Brothers' Othello: The Remix at off-Broadway's Westside Theatre.

2017–present
 In 2017, Leguizamo sang on "Almost Like Praying", a charitable written and composed by Lin-Manuel Miranda. Proceeds from the song went to the Hispanic Federation to assist relief efforts for those in Puerto Rico who were affected by Hurricane Maria. Also in 2017, he debuted Latin History for Morons, a show about the participation of Latin Americans throughout US history. The show premiered at the Public Theater before moving to Studio 54. Latin History for Morons was nominated for the 2018 Tony Award for Best Play. That year, he also was presented with a Special Tony Award for his body of work and for his commitment to bringing diverse stories and audiences to Broadway for three decades. In January 2018, Leguizamo was announced as the host of the 63rd Obie Awards held in May 2018 at Terminal 5.

In 2018, Leguizamo played undercover ATF agent Jacob Vazquez in the Paramount Network miniseries Waco. The following year, Leguizamo played Raymond Santana's father Raymond Santana Sr. in the Netflix miniseries When They See Us. Leguizamo wrote the original musical Kiss My Aztec, with book by Leguizamo and director Tony Taccone, music by Benjamin Velez, and lyrics by Velez, Leguizamo, and David Kamp. It was developed at the Public Theater in 2018 and premiered at Berkeley Repertory Theater and La Jolla Playhouse in 2019, where it received critical acclaim. Leguizamo also received Smithsonian Magazine's 2018 American Ingenuity Award in the History category.

In 2020, Leguizamo played Gor Koresh in season 2, episode 1 of the Disney+ series The Mandalorian. In 2021, he played Estragon opposite Ethan Hawke as Vladimir in Waiting for Godot and Wallace Shawn with The New Group Off Stage as a video performance during the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, Leguizamo provided the voice of Bruno Madrigal in the Disney animated film Encanto, which received the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. In 2022 he acted in the critically acclaimed Mark Mylod-directed comedy-horror film The Menu alongside Anya Taylor-Joy and Ralph Fiennes. In the film he plays a washed up movie star attending an exclusive restaurant with his assistant played by Aimee Carrero. Leguizamo says he based his character off Steven Seagal.

In 2023 he briefly hosted The Daily Show after Trevor Noah's departure as part of a series of rotating guest hosts. His brief tenure was ratings hit becoming the second most watched of the rotating guests only behind Al Franken. Other guest hosts included Sarah Silverman, Hasan Minhaj, Roy Wood Jr., Wanda Sykes, Leslie Jones, Kal Penn, Chelsea Handler, and Marlon Wayans. It also was announced he would host the MSNBC series Leguizamo Does America, premiering on Sunday April 16.

Personal life
Leguizamo married actress Yelba Osorio in 1994 and divorced in 1996 after two years of marriage.

He married Justine Maurer, a costumer on Carlito's Way, on June 28, 2003. Leguizamo is Catholic and Maurer is Jewish. They have two children, daughter Allegra Sky Leguizamo (born 1999) and son Ryder Lee "Lucas" Leguizamo (born 2000). They live in Manhattan.

In 2008, Leguizamo received the Rita Moreno HOLA Award for Excellence from the Hispanic Organization of Latin Actors (HOLA). In 2011, he received the Made in NY Award from New York City. In 2018, Leguizamo received an Honorary Degree from Marymount Manhattan College. Leguizamo gave the commencement speech to the Class of 2022 at Vassar College.

Activism
In 2004, Leguizamo was one of the celebrity supporters of Voto Latino, co-founded by Rosario Dawson. In 2012, he co-founded NGL (Next-Generation Latinx) Collective to create content for Latinx audiences. Backed by GoDigital Media Group, in 2022 NGL merged with mitú "to create the largest digital-first "Latinx powerhouse" in the US". Leguizamo has also been heralded as a preservationist for the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation.

In 2016, Leguizamo authored a searing op-ed in The New York Times, calling out Donald Trump's "racist rhetoric" and urging Latinos to vote. As of 2022, he is on the Board of Directors for the National Museum of the American Latino. In 2022, he spoke out against whitewashing in the casting of Hollywood movies.

Leguizamo has also been an activist directly through his artistic work. In 2017, he opened Latin History for Morons at The Public, and it later went to Broadway. Netflix filmed it in 2018, advocating that "teaching Latin history is the first step toward conquering prejudice". In 2020, Leguizamo's directorial debut, Critical Thinking, was released. He starred in the biographical drama set in 1998 about an inner-city teacher and students who compete in the US National Chess Championship. He said that he wanted to " create a universal message of hope and spread this message to the world." In 2022, he performed Ghetto Klown "at Rikers Island Correctional Facility for an audience of justice-involved young men".

In a 2023 interview with TMZ, Leguizamo criticized The Super Mario Bros. Movie for having actors Chris Pratt and Charlie Day voice the Italian-American Mario and Luigi, saying "No I will not [be watching]. They could've included a Latin character, like I was groundbreaking and then they stopped the groundbreaking. They messed up the inclusion. They dis-included. Just cast some Latin folk! We're 20% of the population. The largest people of color group and we are underrepresented."

Filmography

Film
Selected credits

 Casualties of War (1989)
 Die Hard 2 (1990)
 Regarding Henry (1991)
 Super Mario Bros. (1993)
 Carlito's Way (1993)
 To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar (1995)
 Romeo + Juliet (1996)
 The Pest (1997)
 Spawn (1997)
 Dr. Dolittle (1998)
 Summer of Sam (1999)
 Titan A.E. (2000)
 Moulin Rouge! (2001)
 Ice Age (2002)
 Empire (2002)
 Land of the Dead (2005)
 Ice Age: The Meltdown (2006)
 The Happening (2008)
 Miracle at St. Anna (2008)
 Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009)
 One for the Money (2011)
 The Lincoln Lawyer (2011)
 Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas (2011)
 Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012)
 Kick-Ass 2 (2013)
 The Counselor (2013)
 Ride Along (2014)
 Chef (2014)
 John Wick (2014)
 Experimenter (2015)
 Meadowland (2015)
 American Ultra (2015)
 Sisters (2015)
 Ice Age: Collision Course (2016)
 The Infiltrator (2016)
 John Wick: Chapter 2 (2017)
 Nancy (2018)
 Critical Thinking (2020)
 The Survivor (2021)
 Encanto (2021)
 The Menu (2022)
 Violent Night (2022)

 Television
Selected credits

 Miami Vice (1986–1989)
 Mambo Mouth (1991)
 House of Buggin' (1995)
 Freak (1998)
 The Brothers Garcia (2000–2004)
 ER (2005–2006)
 My Name Is Earl (2006)
 The Kill Point (2007)
 Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas (2011)
 Ice Age: The Great Egg-Scapade (2016)
 Bloodline (2016–2017)
 Waco (2018)
 Latin History for Morons (2018)
 When They See Us (2019)
 The Mandalorian (2020)
 Fairfax (2021–2022)
 The Power (2023–present)
 Leguizamo Does America (2023)

 Theatre

 Awards and nominations

Discography
Charted songs

 Bibliography
Books
 Mouth (Bantam Books, 1993)
 a Dysfunctional Comedy (Bantam, 1994)
 a Semidemiquasipseudo Autobiography (Riverhead Books, 1998)
 Hos Playa Hatas and All the Rest of My Hollywood Friends My Life (Ecco Press, 2006)
 Works of John Leguizamo Freak Spicorama Mambo Mouth and Sexaholix (Harper Collins, 2008)
 Klown (Abrams Books, 2015)

Comic Books
 PhemonX #1 with Aram Rappaport, Joe Miciak, and Chris Batista (Nov. 10, 2021)
 PhenomX #2 with Aram Rappaport, Joe Miciak, and Chris Batista (Dec. 8, 2021)
 PhemonX #3 with Aram Rappaport, Joe Miciak, and Chris Batista (Jan. 11, 2022)
 Phenomx #4'' with Aram Rappaport, Joe Miciak, and Chris Batista (Feb. 9, 2022)

References

External links

1960 births
Living people
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male video game actors
American male voice actors
American stand-up comedians
Audiobook narrators
Catholics from New York (state)
Colombian emigrants to the United States
American people of Colombian descent
American people of Lebanese descent
American people of Spanish descent
Drama Desk Award winners
Hispanic and Latino American dramatists and playwrights
Hispanic and Latino American male actors
Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute alumni
Long Island University alumni
Male actors from Bogotá
Male actors from New York City
Murry Bergtraum High School alumni
Obie Award recipients
Primetime Emmy Award winners
People from Jackson Heights, Queens
RCA Records artists
Special Tony Award recipients
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American comedians
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors

John Leguizamo


George Michael Wickens (August 7, 1918 – January 26, 2006) was a distinguished Canadian-British Persianist as well as Arabist, translator and a University lecturer.

Wickens was born in London, England and attended Trinity College, Cambridge, where he received his BA in 1939 and MA in 1946, respectively. During the Second World War, he served with the Royal Army Pay Corp from 1939 to 1941 and the Intelligence Corps from 1941 to 1946, rising to the rank of captain. Following his wartime service — most of which was spent in Iran — Wickens resumed academic life, teaching at the University of London for three years before accepting an invitation to return to Cambridge. He taught there until 1957 when he was offered an associate professorship at University of Toronto. He became a full professor in 1960 and founding chair of the Department of Islamic Studies (predecessor to today's Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations) in 1961.

He was instrumental not only in the founding of an Iranian Studies and Islamic studies department in University of Toronto, but in establishing it within a decade as a major centre in North America.

A prolific and distinguished humanities scholar, Wickens was the author of Avicenna: Scientist and Philosopher (1952). Wickens was fluent in Persian and Arabic and was one of the pioneering figures of Persian literature in Canada. He translated several masterpieces of Persian literature as Boostan of Sa'di into English.

Wickens died in Toronto, Ontario in 2006 from a stroke.

See also
 Persian culture
 Iranian Studies

Notes and references

1918 births
2006 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Iranologists
British emigrants to Canada
Alumni of the University of London

George Michael Wickens


Jonathan Griffin (1906–1990) was a British writer and translator. During the Second World War he served as the director of BBC European Intelligence.

Works
 Glass Houses and Modern War (London: Chatto and Windus, 1938)
 In Earthlight: Selected Poems (London: Menard Press, 1995)

Translations
 Jean Giono, The Horseman on the Roof (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1953)
 Nikos Kazantzakis, The Greek Passion (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1953)
 Another edition as Christ Recrucified (Oxford: Bruno Cassirer, 1954)
 Charles de Gaulle, War Memoirs, vol. 1 (London: Collins, 1955)
 Nikos Kazantzakis, Freedom and Death (Oxford: Bruno Cassirer, 1956)
 Pierre Courthion, Flemish Painting (London: Thames and Hudson, 1958)
 Jean Rostand, Can Man be modified? (London: Secker & Warburg, 1959)
 Henri Queffélec, Frontier of the Unknown (London: Secker & Warburg, 1960)
 Germain Bazin, Baroque & Rococo (London: Thames & Hudson, 1964)
 Suzanne Lilar, Aspects of Love in Western Society (London: Thames & Hudson [1965])
 André Adrien Chastel, The Studios and Styles of the Renaissance: Italy, 1460-1500 (London: Thames & Hudson, 1966)
 Fernando Pessoa, Selected Poems (Oxford: Carcanet Press, 1971)
 Jean-Louis Barrault, Memories for Tomorrow (London: Thames and Hudson, 1974)
 Heinrich Von Kleist, The Prince of Homburg for the Royal Exchange, Manchester in 1976.
 Robert Bresson, Notes on Cinematography (New York; London: Urizen Books; Distributed by Pluto Press, 1977)

References

1906 births
1990 deaths

Jonathan Griffin


Surfer Rosa is the debut studio album by the American alternative rock band Pixies, released in March 1988 on the British label 4AD. It was produced by Steve Albini. Surfer Rosa contains many of the elements of Pixies' earlier output, including Spanish lyrics and references to Puerto Rico. It includes references to mutilation and voyeurism alongside experimental recording techniques and a distinctive drum sound.

As 4AD was an independent label, distribution in the United States was handled by British label Rough Trade Records; however, it failed to chart in either country. Only one single was released, a rerecorded version of "Gigantic", and reached number 93 on the UK Singles Chart. Surfer Rosa was rereleased in the US by Elektra Records in 1992, and in 2005 was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America.

Surfer Rosa is often included on critics' lists of the best rock albums. Alternative rock artists including Billy Corgan and PJ Harvey have cited it as an inspiration; it was an influence on Nirvana's 1993 album In Utero.

Background
Before the release of Pixies' debut mini-album Come On Pilgrim in October 1987, Ivo Watts-Russell, head of 4AD, suggested they return to the studio to record a full-length album. The original plan was to record new material at Fort Apache Studios, where the band had produced The Purple Tape and Come On Pilgrim. However, due to differences between the band's manager Ken Goes and The Purple Tape producer Gary Smith, Pixies ended up looking for a new producer and recording studio. On the advice of a 4AD colleague, Watts-Russell looked to hire Steve Albini, ex-frontman of Big Black, as the record's engineer and producer. Having sent a pre-release tape of Come On Pilgrim to Albini, Pixies' manager, Ken Goes, invited him to a Boston dinner party at drummer David Lovering's house a few weeks after Come On Pilgrim's release.

Albini met the band that evening, and they discussed how the next record should sound and be recorded. Albini said that, "[the band and I] were in the studio the next day." Paul Q. Kolderie, who had worked at Fort Apache Studios with Smith, recommended the Boston recording studio Q Division to Albini. This created tension between Smith and Kolderie, and Kolderie later remarked that "Gary almost killed me for the suggestion, he thought I was scheming to get the project."

Recording and production
Pixies entered Q Division in December 1987, booking ten working days of studio time in which to record the album. 4AD allocated the band a budget of US$10,000. Albini's producer's fee was US$1,500, and he received no royalties; Albini has a practice of refusing royalties from records he produces, viewing it as "an insult to the band." Along with Albini in the studio, Q Division's Jon Lupfer acted as studio assistant. The recording process took the entire booked period of ten working days to complete, with extra vocal mixes subsequently added in the studio. Albini planned to mix the record "somewhere else", but according to Lupfer, "He was unhappy there with it."

Albini's recording techniques
During  Kim Deal's vocals takes during "Where Is My Mind?" and "Gigantic", he moved the equipment to record into a studio bathroom to achieve more "roomy" echo. John Murphy, Deal's then husband, said that "Albini didn't like the studio sound. Albini later said that the record could have been completed in a week, but "we ended up trying more experimental stuff basically to kill time and see if anything good materialized." An example was "Something Against You", where Albini filtered Black Francis' voice through a guitar amp for "a totally ragged, vicious texture."

Studio banter
The recording of a conversation held between Francis and Albini can be heard at the end of "Oh My Golly!". Lupfer writes that "it was a concept he [Albini] was going for to get some studio banter." As Deal was leaving the studio to smoke a cigarette, she exclaimed "If anybody touches my stuff, I'll kill ya." Francis replied with "I'll kill you, you fucking die, if anybody touches my stuff". The track begins at this point, with Francis explaining the conversation to Albini, whose voice is not heard on the track. Lupfer later admitted that Albini knew "perfectly well what was going on."

"I'm Amazed" begins with Deal recounting a story in which one of her former teachers who was "into field hockey players" was discreetly fired. Francis finishes Deal's sentences, joking that her response to hearing of the teacher's activities was to try to join the team. Albini later observed the use of studio banter on Surfer Rosa: "It's on their record forever so I think now they are obliged to say that they're ok with it, but I honestly don't know that that idea would've ever come up if I hadn't done it. There are times when things like that are revealing and entertaining and I kind of felt it was a bit gimmicky on this record."

Music

Like Come On Pilgrim, Surfer Rosa displays a mix of musical styles; pop guitar songs such as "Broken Face", "Break My Body", and "Brick Is Red" are featured alongside slower, more melodic tracks exemplified by "Where Is My Mind?". The album includes heavier material, and prominently features the band's trademark quiet-loud dynamic. Frontman and principal songwriter Black Francis wrote the material, the only exception being "Gigantic," which was co-written with Kim Deal. "Gigantic" is one of only two Pixies album tracks on which Deal sang lead vocals.

Surfer Rosa's lyrical content includes examinations of mutilation and incest in "Break My Body" and "Broken Face", while references to superheroes appear on "Tony's Theme". Voyeurism appears in "Gigantic", and surrealistic lyrics are featured on "Bone Machine" and "Where Is My Mind?". Puerto Rico references and Spanish lyrics are found on the tracks "Oh My Golly!" and "Vamos." The latter track was previously featured on Come On Pilgrim, and appears on Surfer Rosa as a rerecorded version of the original song. Many of the themes explored on previous recordings are revisited on Surfer Rosa; however, unlike on the band's later albums, the songs in Surfer Rosa are not preoccupied with one overarching topic.

Other unusual and offbeat subject matter is raised on the album. "Cactus" is narrated by a prison inmate who requests his girlfriend smear her dress with blood and mail it to him. "Gigantic" is about an illicit love affair and borrows from the 1986 film Crimes of the Heart, in which a married woman falls in love with a teenager. Francis was inspired to write "Where Is My Mind?" after scuba diving in the Caribbean. He later said he had "this very small fish trying to chase me. I don't know why—I don't know too much about fish behavior."

Release
Surfer Rosa was released in the UK by 4AD on March 21, 1988, entering the UK Indie Chart the following week. It spent 60 weeks in the chart, peaking at number 2. Until August of that year it was only available in the U.S. as an import. Although the label held worldwide distribution rights to Pixies, they did not have access to a distributor outside the UK. When 4AD signed a distribution deal with Rough Trade's U.S. branch, the album was released on vinyl and cassette as part of the Surfer Rosa/Come On Pilgrim release. While Surfer Rosa/Come On Pilgrim has remained in print on CD in the UK, subsequent U.S. releases have seen the two released on separate CDs. These separate releases first appeared in January 1992, when Elektra Records first reissued the band's first two albums.  After 4AD reacquired rights to the band's U.S. distribution, they released both as separate CDs. Surfer Rosa was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America in 2005, 17 years after its original release.

"Gigantic" was the only single taken from Surfer Rosa. The track and its B-side, "River Euphrates", were rerecorded by Gil Norton at Blackwing Studios in London, early in May 1988. The remixed single was well met by critics. The single failed to sell, and spent just one week at number 93 on the UK Singles Chart. Despite the poor commercial performance of both Surfer Rosa and "Gigantic", Ivo Watts-Russell has said that the response to the album was "times five" compared with Come On Pilgrim.

Packaging

Surfer Rosas cover artwork features a photograph of a topless "friend of a friend" of the band, posing as a flamenco dancer, pitched against a wall which displays a crucifix and a torn poster. Simon Larbalestier, who contributed pictures to all Pixies album sleeves, decided to build the set because "we couldn't find the atmosphere we wanted naturally." According to Larbalestier, Black Francis came up with the idea for the cover as he wrote songs in his father's "topless Spanish bar"; Larbalestier added the crucifix and torn poster, and they "sort of loaded that with all the Catholicism." Commenting on the cover in 2005, Francis said, "I just hope people find it tasteful." The cover booklet expands on the theme, and features photographs of the flamenco dancer in several other poses; there are no song lyrics or written content, apart from album credits, in the booklet.

Albini's name does not appear on the original record sleeve. The booklet's photographs were taken in one day at a pub opposite the 4AD offices, because, according to Larbalestier, "it was one of the few places that had a raised stage". In a 1988 interview with Joy Press, Black Francis described the concept as referring to "a surfer girl," who "walks along the Beach of Piñones, has a surfboard, very beautiful." When questioned about the topless element, he replied, "For the first record, I told them I liked nudity. I like body lines—not necessarily something in bad taste, didn't even have to be female, just body lines ... like that Obsession ad, you know?" According to Melody Maker, the album was originally entitled "Gigantic" after Deal's song, but the band feared misinterpretation of the cover and changed it to "Surfer Rosa." The "name" of the cover woman, and the album title, comes from the "Oh My Golly!" lyric "Besando chichando con surfer rosa", which roughly translates to "Kissing, having sex with Surfer Rosa".

Critical reception

UK music press reviews of Surfer Rosa were generally positive. Q's Ian Cranna wrote that "what sets the Pixies apart are their sudden bursts of memorable pop melody," and noted that "they could have a bright future ahead of them." NMEs Mark Sinker, reviewing the album in March 1988, said "they force the past to sound like them", while Dave Henderson from Underground magazine found the songs "well crafted, well delivered sketches which embrace commercial ideals as well as bizarre left-field out of control moments". John Dougan of American music magazine Spin described it as "beautifully brutal", and the magazine later named Pixies their musicians of the year. In a less enthusiastic contemporary review for The Village Voice, Robert Christgau found the band's guitar riffs recognizable and their strong rhythms unique, but felt they had been overrated by critics who hailed them as "the Amerindie find of the year". In a 2003 review of the Pixies' 2002 self-titled EP, Christgau wrote that while he initially found Francis' fey and philosophically limited lyrics somewhat annoying, Surfer Rosa now seemed "audaciously funny and musically prophetic".

At the end of 1988, Surfer Rosa was named one of the year's best albums on English critics' year-end lists. Independent music magazines Melody Maker and Sounds named Surfer Rosa as their album of the year; NME and Record Mirror placed the album 10th and 14th, respectively. However, Surfer Rosa failed to appear on The Village Voices Pazz & Jop, an annual poll of American critics. It also did not appear on any end-of-year list in the United States. A number of music magazines have since positioned Surfer Rosa as one of the quintessential alternative rock records of the 1980s. The album has appeared on several all-time best album lists, and is consistently placed as one of the best albums of the 1980s in any genre.

As of 2015, sales in the United States have exceeded 705,000 copies, according to Nielsen SoundScan.

Legacy
Both Surfer Rosa and Steve Albini's production of the album have been influential on alternative rock, and on grunge in particular. Nirvana's Kurt Cobain cited Surfer Rosa as the basis for Nevermind's songwriting. When he first heard the album, Cobain discovered a template for the mix of heavy noise and pop he was aiming to achieve. He remarked in 1992 that he "heard songs off of Surfer Rosa that I'd written but threw out because I was too afraid to play them for anybody." Cobain hired Albini to produce Nirvana's 1993 album In Utero, primarily due to his contribution to Surfer Rosa. The Smashing Pumpkins' Billy Corgan described Surfer Rosa as "the one that made me go, 'holy shit'. It was so fresh. It rocked without being lame." Corgan was impressed by the album's drum sound, and acknowledged that The Smashing Pumpkins used to study the record for its technical elements. Musician PJ Harvey said that Surfer Rosa "blew my mind," and that she "immediately went to track down Steve Albini." Cobain listed Surfer Rosa as one of the top 50 albums he thought were most influential to Nirvana's sound in his journal in 1993.

People connected with the band were impressed by the record. Ivo Watts-Russell recalled: "I remember when I first heard Surfer Rosa thinking, 'I didn't know the Pixies could sound like The Fall.' That was my immediate reaction, in other words, incredibly raw." Gary Smith, who at the time was in a disagreement with the band, admitted he "was really happy that they had made such a forceful, aggressive, record." Dinosaur Jr.'s J Mascis, comparing the record to the later Pixies albums Bossanova and Trompe le Monde, said he thought that Steve Albini's production "sounded way better than the other ones."

In 1991, as Pixies were recording Trompe le Monde, Albini told the fan magazine Forced Exposure that Surfer Rosa was "a patchwork pinch loaf from a band who at their top dollar best are blandly entertaining college rock", and said of the band: "Their willingness to be 'guided' by their manager, their record company and their producers is unparalleled. Never have I seen four cows more anxious to be led around by their nose rings." In 2005, Albini apologized for the remarks, saying: "To this day I regret having done it. I don't think that I regarded the band as significantly as I should have."

Accolades
The information regarding accolades attributed to Surfer Rosa is adapted from Acclaimedmusic.net.

(*) designates unordered lists.

Track listing
All tracks written by Black Francis, except where noted.

Notes
 For the Surfer Rosa/Come On Pilgrim release, the eight tracks of Come On Pilgrim appear after "Brick is Red".
 The untitled eleventh track consists of a quiet recording of conversation in the studio. It exists as a separate track on some CD releases but is not listed on the artwork. As such, after track 10, the track listing numbering on the artwork does not match actual tracks on those CDs.
 The album was re-mastered and released in 2007 as a Hybrid Super Audio CD disc by Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab from recently discovered, first-generation analog original master tapes. The studio banter that makes up the untitled track on other releases is on the same track as "Oh My Golly!".

Personnel
All information taken from the CD release of Surfer Rosa.
Pixies
 Black Francis – vocals, rhythm guitar, acoustic guitar
 Kim Deal – bass, vocals, lead vocals on "Gigantic" (credited as Mrs. John Murphy)
 Joey Santiago – lead guitar
 David Lovering – drums
Technical
 Steve Albini – production, audio engineering
 Simon Larbalestier, Vaughan Oliver – cover image, album booklet imagery
 Published by Rice 'n' Beans Music BMI

Certifications

References
 Frank, Josh; Ganz, Caryn. "Fool the World: The Oral History of a Band Called Pixies". Virgin Books, 2005. .
 Sisario, Ben. "Doolittle 33⅓." Continuum, 2006. .

External links

Surfer Rosa (Adobe Flash) at Radio3Net (streamed copy where licensed)
 Surfer Rosa at Last.fm

1988 debut albums
4AD albums
Albums produced by Steve Albini
Art punk albums
Elektra Records albums
Grunge albums
Pixies (band) albums
Rough Trade Records albums
Spanish-language albums

Surfer Rosa


This is a list of English football transfers for the 2017 summer transfer window. Only moves featuring at least one Premier League or Championship club are listed.

The summer transfer window began once clubs had concluded their final domestic fixture of the 2016–17 season, but many transfers only officially went through on 1 July because the majority of player contracts finished on 30 June. The window remained open until 18:00 BST on 1 September 2017. The window shut at 18:00 BST this time due to the UEFA player registration deadlines for both the Champions League and Europa League ending at 23:00 BST, giving the 6 sides still in Europe time to conclude deals and register their player for continental matches if appropriate.

This list also includes transfers featuring at least one Premier League or Championship club which were completed after the end of the winter 2016–17 transfer window and before the end of the 2017 summer window.

Players without a club may join at any time, and clubs below Premier League level may sign players on loan during loan windows. Clubs may be permitted to sign a goalkeeper on an emergency loan if they have no registered goalkeeper available.

2017 Summer Transfers
All clubs without a flag are English. Note that while Swansea City, Cardiff City and Newport County are affiliated with the Football Association of Wales and thus take the Welsh flag, they play in the English football league system, and so their transfers are included here.

Transfers

Loans

Unattached Players

 Player officially joined his club on 10 June 2017.
 Player officially joined his club on 1 July 2017.
 Player officially joined his club on 3 July 2017.
 Player will officially join his club on 24 July 2017.

Notes

References

Transfers Summer 2017
Summer 2017
English

List of English football transfers summer 2017


Pasta processing is the process in which wheat semolina or flour is mixed with water and the dough is extruded to a specific shape, dried and packaged.

Durum wheat semolina or flour, common farina or flour, or combination of both is mixed with water and eggs (for egg noodles) and other optional ingredients (like spinach, tomato, herbs, etc.).  Usually 25–30 kg of water is added per 100 kg of semolina. The amounts are measured by computerized dispensers. The mixture is then kneaded by auger extruder equipped with mixing paddles and kneading blades to obtain a homogeneous mass, and after that is extruded through various shaped dies. Drying process begins immediately after the products are shaped to prevent deformation and sticking. The pastas are dried completely in drying chambers and stabilized, then ready for packaging. In modern factories, dry pasta is processed using automatic continuous lines.

Mixing
In this level wheat semolina and water are mixed by the ratio of 3 to 1. Water should be pure, with no off-flavor and suitable for drinking. Its temperature is about 35-45 °C to help speed up absorption. For egg noodles, eggs are added in the form of fresh eggs, frozen eggs, dry eggs, egg yolks or dry egg solids. If eggs are added to the mixture, the amount of water is modified. Adding egg improves the nutritional quality and richness of the pasta. Disodium phosphate is also added to reduce the cooking time.

Mixing the semolina and water takes place in two stages. First, the ingredients are measured and added to a pre-mixer, and then they are transferred to a mixing chamber which finalizes the mixing process and produces a homogeneous mass.

Measuring the raw material
The exact amount of raw materials is very important. Semolina dosing is done by two methods: volumetric feed (measurement by volume), and gravimetric feed (measurement by weight). In volumetric feed, a specific volume of semolina is measured by variable speed screws or rotary air-lock valves. This method is not very accurate since the amount depends on the density of the semolina. In gravimetric feed, semolina is weighed by a variable speed transport system, which is equipped with a device measuring the flow. Although this method is more accurate, it is more expensive and needs to be isolated.
There are different ways to determine the flow in gravimetric feeds:

Conveyor Belt Feeds: in which one specific portion of the belt is weighed and the speed of the belt is used to calculate the semolina flow.

Loss-in Weight Feeds: in which the change in weight of the hopper which the semolina is poured from indicates the semolina flow.

Slanted Surface System: in which the movements of variable speed extraction elements (like screws and bolts) are measured by the electronic devices and are converted to the semolina flow.

The exact amount of water needed for the dough depends on the final shape of the pasta. Long pastas should have less moisture content (and therefore less water) so they will be able to stretch during the extrusion. Short pastas need less moisture content due to rapid cutting. Various dosing systems are used to pump the water to the mixture. The most common ones are piston pumps in which the water flow rate is controlled by adjusting the piston stroke, screw feeder, and gear and lobe pumps where the speed of the rotation determines the water flow. In more advanced systems, electronic devices are used to regulate the water flow.

Pre-mixer
The measured amounts of water and semolina are mixed together in pre-mixer to form a crumbly dough. The traditional type of pre-mixer is a trough with a cylindrical section inside which rotates a mixing shaft with blades. More advanced systems use a high-speed (centrifuge) pre-mixer in which water and semolina are sprayed into the chamber, so that each particle of semolina absorbs the correct amount of water.

Final mixing
The final mixer is a trough with shafts which are equipped with mixing blades. Both shafts and blades are made of stainless steel. The shafts run at a low speed (70 rpm) to mix the raw ingredients into a dough. This process usually takes 10–20 minutes.

Some mixers work under atmospheric pressure and others under vacuum. If vacuum is used, the mixture goes directly into the extrusion chamber. When the mixer works under atmospheric pressure, a vacuum unit (vacuum mixer) conveys the mixture to the extrusion chamber.

Extrusion
Extrusion is the process of kneading and shaping at the same time and in the matter of a few minutes. This process takes place in an extruder which is a grooved extrusion cylinder equipped with an extrusion worm which is a shaft with deep thread around its core. The extrusion worm kneads and moves the dough forward and presses it through the dies in the head of the extruder. The longitudinal grooves in the cylinder reduce the friction and improve the movement of the dough. Both the worm and the cylinder are made of stainless steel, but the worm has a Teflon coating to decrease friction.

The temperature of the dough should remain between 40 and 45 °C. If the temperature exceeds 50 °C the gluten network would be damaged, which has a negative effect on the quality of pasta.  Since extra heat is generated by pressure and friction, there are water jackets around the cylinder and head. A large amount of water with high speed and temperature of 38-40 °C is circulated in jackets.

The cylinder also has an air vacuum chamber, which removes air bubbles from the dough before extruding. Otherwise small bubbles will form in the pasta and decreases the mechanical strength which cause breakage from hours to days after drying. The air also oxidizes the carotenoid or xanthophyll, which results in a white, chalky appearance of the pasta.

Forming
There are different types and shapes of dies to form various shapes of pasta. Generally, pastas are categorized into two large groups: long pasta (like spaghetti, fettuccine, linguine, etc.) and short pasta (like elbow-shaped macaroni, penne, shells, etc.). Circular dies with rotating blades underneath them are used for short products, where long rectangular dies form the long products. The dies are made of Teflon-coated bronze. The extruder pushes the dough through the dies and blades or trimmers cut the dough in the desired length.  Various patents cover machinery for extruding pasta of different shapes.

Drying
Drying is one of the most difficult and critical parts of making pasta. If the pasta dries too fast, it may crack during or after the drying process and acquire a poor appearance and lowered mechanical strength. If the pasta dries too slowly, it may spoil and become moldy. Thus, the drying process must be carefully executed in order to avoid the two aforementioned consequences.

When the pasta leaves the dies it has the moisture content of 31%. The final desired moisture of the dried pasta is about 12%, in order for the pasta to be rigid and have a long storage life. The drying process is slightly different for long and short pastas, but in general, pasta is exposed to hot air to dehydrate the pasta. "Pre-drying" starts immediately after extrusion where the pasta hardens on the outside but is still soft on the inside. It takes one tenth of the whole drying time, and one third of the excess moisture is lost in this stage. "Final drying" removes most of the moisture and gives the pasta a firm shape. This stage consists of two phases: in the first phase the product is exposed to high temperatures and humidity and in the second phase the temperature is dropped quickly and cold air is provided for stabilizing. Stabilizing helps the remaining moisture to distribute evenly through the pasta and prevents cracking.

Long pasta drying

The spreader hangs the strands of long pastas on the metal sticks where heated air flow is blown to prepare the product for high temperature. Pre-dryer reduces the moisture quickly (from 30% to 18%) in about an hour. Heat is produced by hot water radiators and centrifugal fans. For the first phase of the finish drying, product goes into a dryer with multi rows of hot water circulation plates. This phase decreases high rate of moisture and pasteurized the product. In the second phase warm air are blown to the product in an isolated multi-tier dryer and removes all the excess moisture.

Short pasta drying
Short pasta pieces fall on the shaker conveyor and powerful hot air is blown to them immediately after the extrusion. This reduces the moisture content by 5% and prevents the pieces from sticking and flattening. Shaker then carries the product through tiers with dry hot air and buckets collect the pasta and spread them on the upper tier of the multi-tier drying unit. This unit has four areas which periods of intense moisture extraction alternately followed by periods of rest occur at eight drying/stabilizing cycle in total. Process ends in cold air chamber for stabilizing.

Packaging
There are two main packaging systems for dried pasta: cellophane bags which are moisture-proof, easy to use in automatic machines, but difficult to stack, and boxes which are easy to stack and print advertising, and protect the fragile pastas. In packaging line the product is first scaled, then sealed in the package, detected for open flap and metals, double-checked the weight and last packed in large cases.

Long pasta packaging: First the product is weighed by about five scales on a packaging line, then transferred to mechanical buckets which are fitted to the opening of the cartons. The system which is used for long pasta packaging is called horizontal cartoner in which buckets and cartons are both move forward on the packaging line and pasta is poured to the cartons by a mechanical pushing device from the bucket. The cartons then are closed and sealed.

Short pasta packaging: The process of packaging for short pasta are similar to those used for long pasta except that vertical cartoner is used in which the scaling unit is located over the cartoner and weighed pasta is dropped to the passing cartons using only gravity.

Flexible pouch packaging: Both long and short pasta can be packed in flexible plastic packaging materials. The system is called standard form/fill/seal system which is similar to carton packaging.

Plastic overwrapping packaging: The weighed product is manually placed onto a shallow rigid plastic tray and a plastic film is wrapped around the tray and overwrap the package. It then passes a heat tunnel which causes the film to shrink around the pasta.

Notes

Food processing
Pasta

Pasta processing


Pierre Datelin, dit Jean Brioché, (1567 – 1671) was a famous French puppeteer.

First a tooth-puller, Brioche opened in Paris in 1650, the first puppet theaters at foires Saint-Laurent et Saint-Germain,

The gaiety and verve of his speeches helped make his name and that kind of entertainment equally popular.

He later went to Switzerland, where he was imprisoned and almost judged as a sorcerer, because the mechanism of his young players couldn't be understood.

Upon retirement, his little theatre was taken over by his son Fanchon, who, according to Claude Brossette, was even more successful than his father.

Sources
 Gustave Vapereau, Dictionnaire universel des littératures, Paris, Hachette, 1876, (p. 326)
 Charles Magnin, Histoire des marionnettes en Europe depuis l'Antiquité jusqu'à nos jours, Paris, Michel Lévy frères, 1852, (p. 135-42).

External links
Une famille d'opérateurs-marionnettistes les Brioché

17th-century French male actors
French male stage actors
French puppeteers
1567 births
1671 deaths
French centenarians
Men centenarians

Jean Brioché


Spooks: The Greater Good (known as MI-5 in some countries) is a 2015 British spy film, continuing from the 2002–2011 British television spy series Spooks. Jonathan Brackley and Sam Vincent wrote the script, with Bharat Nalluri directing. Peter Firth reprises his role as Harry Pearce, who appeared in all ten series of the programme. Also returning from the TV series are Tim McInnerny as Oliver Mace, Lara Pulver as Erin Watts, Hugh Simon as Malcolm Wynn-Jones, and Geoffrey Streatfeild as Calum Reed.  Kit Harington and Jennifer Ehle star as new characters in leading roles.

The film was released on 8 May 2015. Upon its release, it received generally mixed reviews from critics.

Plot
Harry Pearce is head of the counter-terrorism department (Section D) at MI5. Harry's team is transporting terrorist Adem Qasim through London when the convoy is attacked, allowing Qasim to escape and a CIA operative to be killed. Realising that the CIA will demand a scapegoat and that he is soon to be fired, Harry fakes suicide by jumping off Lambeth Bridge into the Thames. He then tracks down Qasim and offers him a deal: he will get Qasim "what he wants" if he gives him the MI5 contact who helped him escape.

Will Holloway is picked up in Moscow by MI5 operative Hannah Santo and taken to London to meet MI5 Director General Oliver Mace, JIC Chairman Francis Warrender, MI5 Head of Counter-Intelligence Emerson and MI5 Deputy Director General Geraldine Maltby. Will's father had worked closely with Harry until he was killed in action. Will worked with Harry for several years, until Harry decommissioned him citing poor performance. The intelligence officials were not fooled by Harry's suicide and want Will to bring him in.

Harry contacts Will and organises a meeting. Harry reveals his suspicions about a MI5 traitor, asking for Will's help. Will refuses to trust Harry, but starts investigating the theory without notifying MI5. He meets with June, a section D officer involved in the botched prisoner transport, and they investigate the flat of operation lead Robert Vass. They find incriminating evidence, but Vass arrives home, and June kills him in a fight.

British intelligence chiefs are attending an opera with NATO officials where a suicide bomber kills Warrender and five other officials. Qasim takes credit, citing it as a targeted attack on the elite rather than the public, but he is dissatisfied with the government response so starts to plan an attack on Oxford Circus that will kill hundreds of civilians.

Qasim wants, in exchange for the traitor, his wife, whom MI5 traded to the Russian FSB. Harry meets with the FSB in Berlin, but Will and June intervene and attempt to capture Harry. Harry realises June is working against them and convinces Will she intends to kill them. They capture June, who has been unknowingly following the traitor's orders. They leave her in Berlin, and meet with the FSB team. They learn that Qasim's wife died, so they organise a meet with Qasim in London, claiming she is alive.

Harry and Will recruit Hannah to their cause, and she pretends to be Qasim's wife. However, when the operation is botched, Harry meets alone with Qasim, confirms that his wife is dead, and makes a new deal. Fearing what deal Harry might have made, Will demands Hannah call in SCO19, who arrest Harry and Will and take them to MI5 headquarters.

Qasim has given Harry the location of his terrorist cell, allowing MI5 to neutralise the pending attack and apprehend most of Qasim's men. While Mace, Emerson and Maltby are interrogating Harry, Qasim bursts into the room with armed men, killing several personnel including Calum Reed. To their horror, Harry had given Qasim the knowledge necessary to infiltrate headquarters. Mace offers his life if Qasim spares the others, but when Emerson proclaims credit for sabotaging the transport, Qasim kills him instead. Will works with June to kill Qasim and his thugs.

Now aware that Harry was right about the traitor, Mace lets him escape. Will catches up to Harry and demands an explanation; Harry explains it was the only way to stop the attack and kill the traitor, and that the deaths of some MI5 agents was preferable to the deaths of hundreds of civilians.

A week later, Harry meets with Maltby at a seaside home. Harry tells her that he knows she was the one who sabotaged the prisoner transport, and that Emerson only claimed sole credit to protect her. When Maltby refuses to accept any consequences, Harry reveals that he poisoned her lunch and she has only two hours left to live.

Harry meets with Will and explains that the real reason he decommissioned him was not because he was not good enough, but to protect him out of respect for his father. Harry then leaves.

Cast

Production
Plans of the film were first revealed to be 'in the works' by Firth in March 2013, with a script in development. Firth stated that although "they should make it", he also thought it would cost a lot, "and there's not a lot of money to go round at the moment". The film was officially announced on 1 November 2013. Jonathan Brackley and Sam Vincent, who took over as head writers for the last two years of the Spooks television series, wrote the script. It would be directed by Bharat Nalluri, who previously directed the first episodes of the programme. Jane Featherstone and Stephen Garrett of Kudos, and Ollie Madden of Shine Group would produce the film.

Principal photography commenced in March 2014 at locations including Berlin, Moscow, Isle Of Man and London as well as Pinewood Studios. A trailer for the film was released on 27 March 2015.

Reception
The film received mixed reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes it has an approval rating of 63% based on 41 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The website's critical consensus states: "MI-5 (Spooks: The Greater Good) is a stylish, albeit rather perfunctory, adaptation of a spy thriller perhaps best left on the small screen." On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 47 out of 100, based on 13 critics, signifying "mixed or average reviews".

References

External links

Spooks (TV series)
2015 films
2015 action thriller films
2015 crime thriller films
2010s spy films
British action thriller films
British crime thriller films
British spy films
Films about terrorism
MI5 in fiction
MI6 in fiction
Films about the Federal Security Service
Films directed by Bharat Nalluri
Films scored by Dominic Lewis
Films shot in London
Films shot in Berlin
Films shot in the Isle of Man
Films set in London
Films set in Berlin
Films set in Moscow
Films set in Kent
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
Films shot at Shepperton Studios
2010s English-language films
2010s British films

Spooks: The Greater Good


Giuseppe Palica (8 October 1869 – 16 December 1936) was an Italian Archbishop.

Born in Rome, he was ordained priest on 18 December 1892.

On 25 April 1917, he was appointed vice-gerent of Rome and titular archbishop of Philippi.

On 20 May 1917, he was ordained bishop by Cardinal Basilio Pompili, vicar general of Rome and its district.

He was present at the signing of the Reichskonkordat between the Holy See and the Nazi government of Germany on 20 July 1933.

He died in Rome, aged 67.

External links
 Catholic Hierarchy

1869 births
1936 deaths
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic titular archbishops
Clergy from Rome

Giuseppe Palica


The Bárcenas affair is a corruption scandal in Spain that affects the conservative People's Party (PP), one of the country's main political parties. Following revelations that Luis Bárcenas, who served as party treasurer and senator, held 48 million euros in Swiss bank accounts, extracts of handwritten accounts, the so-called "Bárcenas papers" (los papeles de Bárcenas) were published in the press. Those accounts allegedly indicate that the PP kept, for many years, a parallel bookkeeping system to record undeclared and illegal cash donations, and used them to pay bonuses to senior members of the party as well as for daily party expenses.

Overview
The documents cover the period from 1990 to 2009, and suggest that regular cash payments had been made from a slush fund. Those include payments of 25,000 euros ($34,000) a year, for eleven years, to the former Prime Minister, Mariano Rajoy, including, according to El Mundo, during three of the years that he served as minister in José María Aznar's government.

Other leading party figures allegedly involved in the scandal include former ministers Rodrigo Rato, (also a former director general of the IMF, and now serving time for a separate corruption case), Ángel Acebes, Federico Trillo, and former secretaries-general, who also served as ministers, Francisco Álvarez-Cascos, who allegedly received 421,693 euros between 1990 and 2004, Javier Arenas, who allegedly received 234,320 euros, and María Dolores de Cospedal, also Minister of Defence, the most senior party member summoned to date to appear before the investigating judge. and the President of the Senate, Pío García-Escudero

On 1 August 2013, after "weeks of holding out against demands that he give some sort of explanation for the corruption and illegal funding scandal that has engulfed" his party, Rajoy was finally forced to address Spain's parliament by the threat of a motion of censure. While admitting to having handled the scandal badly, he denied taking illegal funds.

On 22 November 2013, the investigating judge released a writ where he claimed that circumstantial evidence existed that the PP had maintained a parallel accounting system to the official one it presented to the Audit Court.

The trial for the related Gürtel case began in 2016. The verdicts in the first part of the Gürtel case, reached in 2018, had implications for the "Caja B" case, which was scheduled for trial later that year.

Background
The Bárcenas affair broke out on 18 January 2013, when Spain's leading center-right daily, El Mundo, revealed that the PP treasurer, Luis Bárcenas had, until stepping down in 2009 after being named a defendant in the Gürtel political corruption case, used the slush fund to pay out monthly amounts, ranging from 5,000 to 15,000 euros, to leading members of the party.

On 31 January 2013, Spain's leading center-left daily, El País, in turn published what became known as the "Bárcenas papers", which consist of facsimile excerpts from handwritten ledgers in Bárcenas' hand.

Current senate president Pío García Escudero, later stated that one of the payments that figure in Bárcenas' handwriting corresponded to a cash loan he had been given to repair damage to his home after a terrorist attack, and on 13 August 2013, Cristóbal Páez, a former PP finance manager, testified that he had received 12,000 euros in two payments in 2007 and 2008, as reflected in Bárcenas' handwritten notes.

At the end of June 2013, the investigating judge, Pablo Ruz, faced with the risk of a defendant with access to considerable offshore funds fleeing the country, ordered that Bárcenas be remanded in prison  without bail, on charges of tax fraud and money-laundering.

On 7 July 2013, El Mundo published an exclusive interview between Bárcenas and its editor-in-chief, Pedro J. Ramírez, in which the former admitted the authenticity of the so-called "Bárcenas papers", which he had initially denied out of loyalty to his party. He likewise admitted that both he and the previous party treasurer, Álvaro Lapuerta, had received cash donations from real estate agents and other businessmen in "bags, suitcases and briefcases" that were used as a slush fund.

Summonses served
Summonses to testify before the High Court were issued to the following people:
Francisco Álvarez-Cascos – former secretary general of PP and former minister
Javier Arenas – former secretary general of PP and former minister
Manuel Contreras Caro (Azvy)
Maria Dolores de Cospedal former secretary general of PPd former mi
Juan Manuel Fernández (Aldesa)
Alfonso García Pozuelo (Construcciones Hispánica)
Rosalía Iglesias Villar (Bárcenas' wife)
Álvaro Lapuerta (former treasurer of PP), who was eventually excused because of ill health
José María Mayor Oreja (former chairman of Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas)
Luis del Rivero (former chairman of Sacyr Vallehermoso)
José Luis Sánchez Domínguez (Grupo Sando)
Ángel Sanchis (former deputy and former treasurer of PP)
Antonio Vilella (Construcciones Rubau)
Juan-Miguel Villar Mir (chairman and CEO of OHL)

Politicians or party employees who have admitted to receiving payments
Santiago Abascal, PP city councillor (€12,000)
Pío García-Escudero, current second vice president of the Senate of Spain (€30,000)
Jaume Matas (former President of the Balearic Islands and former minister in the Aznar government; as of 2014, serving jail time for a separate corruption case)
Jaime Ignacio del Burgo
Calixto Ayesa
Cristóbal Páez, a former PP finance manager
Ángel Acebes, former minister.

References

Financial crimes
Political scandals in Spain
2013 in Spain

Bárcenas affair


Johann Gottfried Schicht (29 September 1753 – 16 February 1823) was a German composer and conductor.

Schicht was born in Reichenau, in the Electorate of Saxony. He trained as a lawyer, studying from 1776 at Leipzig. He was the conductor of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra from 1785 to 1810, when he was succeeded by Johann Philipp Christian Schulz. Schicht continued to work in Leipzig, serving as Thomaskantor, director of the Thomanerchor with responsibility for music in the city's churches. He was in post from 1810 until 1823, when he died, aged 69, in Leipzig.

His most important work is a great choirbook from 1819. Besides that, he wrote masses, motets, cantatas, a setting of the 100th Psalm, four Te deums, one piano concerto, sonatas and capriccio.

He is believed to have been the editor of the first edition of Bach's motets.

References

External links

1753 births
1823 deaths
People from Bogatynia
People from the Electorate of Saxony
German conductors (music)
German male conductors (music)
Thomaskantors

Johann Gottfried Schicht


The Antipodes parakeet or Antipodes Island parakeet (Cyanoramphus unicolor) is a parrot in the family Psittaculidae that is endemic to the Antipodes Islands of New Zealand. It is one of two parrot species found on the islands, and one of only five ground-dwelling parrots in the world. They are long-living birds that may live up to 10 years of age, but the introduction of mice that compete with them for food was a threat to their survival on the Antipodes Islands until the mice were successfully eradicated from the Islands in 2016 (confirmed 2018). Unusually for parrots, they sometimes prey upon other birds, a trait shared by another New Zealand parrot, the kea.

Taxonomy
The Antipodes parakeet was depicted in 1831 by the English artist Edward Lear in his Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots. Lear used the common name "Uniform parakeet" and coined the binomial name Platycercus unicolor. The species is now placed in the genus Cyanoramphus that was introduced in 1854 by the French ornithologist Charles Lucien Bonaparte.

Its closest relative is Reischek's parakeet, which also lives on the Antipodes Islands. Other relatives include the Norfolk parakeet, Society parakeet and Chatham parakeet.

Description
It is the largest species in the genus Cyanoramphus at 30 cm (12 in) long. and makes a penetrating kok-kok-kok-kok noise.

Distribution and habitat
The Antipodes parakeet is endemic to the Antipodes Islands of New Zealand. They are common on the main Antipodes Island, but are less common on smaller islands in the group such as Bollons Island. They live in very small numbers on Leeward Island, where they only live in a 0.1 square kilometre region of the island. The Antipodes parakeet also live on the 0.1 square kilometre Archway Island as well.

Behaviour and ecology
These parakeets eat leaves, buds, grass, and tussock stalks, as well as sometimes feeding on seeds and flowers, and will scavenge dead seabirds. The Antipodes parakeet also preys on grey-backed storm petrels, entering burrows to kill incubating adults, even digging at the entrance if it is too small.

Antipodes parakeets spend much of their time on the ground and in very small groups, in pairs or solitary.

They are quite inquisitive, territorial, probing and mischievous.

Their nest is in a tunnel 2 metres beneath the fibrous peat away from the wind.

Status
The population is stable but conservation status is Vulnerable. The population is 2,000-3,000.
Originally entirely restricted to the islands that bear their name there is now a small captive population, founded with less than 20 individuals, on the mainland.

References

External links

World Parrot Trust Parrot Encyclopedia - Species Profile
 BirdLife Species Factsheet.
ARKive - images and movies of the Antipodes Parakeet (Cyanoramphus unicolor)
Antipodes Parakeet TerraNature | New Zealand ecology

Antipodes parakeet
Birds of the Antipodes Islands
Endemic birds of New Zealand
Parrots of Oceania
Antipodes parakeet
Taxa named by Edward Lear

Antipodes parakeet


Ashley Howard (born September 19, 1989) is a Canadian curler from Regina, Saskatchewan. She played third on Team Saskatchewan in the 2016 Scotties Tournament of Hearts and is the executive director of CurlSask, the governing body of curling in Saskatchewan.

Junior career
Born in Orillia, Ontario, Howard is the daughter of 2006 Olympic champion Russ Howard.

Howard skipped the New Brunswick team of Jillian Babin, Melissa Menzies and Emily MacRae at the 2009 Canadian Junior Curling Championships, finishing the round robin with a record of 5-7.

Women's career

New Brunswick: 2009-2011
The season after her Canadian Juniors appearance, Howard and her new rink of Jaclyn Crandall, Beverley Janes-Colpitts and Nicole McCann played in the 2010 New Brunswick Scotties Tournament of Hearts. After a 4-3 round robin record, her team beat Melissa Adams in the semi-final, but lost in the provincial final to Andrea Kelly (now Crawford). The next season, Howard, Crandall and a new front-end of Shannon Williams and Pam Nicol played in the 2011 New Brunswick Scotties Tournament of Hearts. The team had less success, finishing with a 2-5 record, missing the playoffs.

Manitoba: 2011-2013
Howard moved to Manitoba in 2011, joining the Cathy Overton-Clapham rink as the team's second. The team found immediate success that season, winning their first Grand Slam event, the 2011 Curlers Corner Autumn Gold Curling Classic. They also made it to the semifinals of the 2011 Manitoba Lotteries Women's Curling Classic and lost in the finals of the 2012 Players' Championship. The team was not as successful at the 2012 Manitoba Scotties Tournament of Hearts, losing in a tiebreaker match to Lisa DeRiviere.

The team remained together for the next season, but failed to qualify for the playoffs in any of the Grand Slam events they entered. They also failed to reach the playoffs at the 2013 Manitoba Scotties Tournament of Hearts. That season, Howard found more success at the university level, throwing third rocks for the University of Manitoba team, skipped by Breanne Meakin. The team would win the 2013 CIS/CCA Curling Championships that year.

Saskatchewan: 2014-present
Howard would later move to Saskatchewan, joining the Michelle Englot rink as her second. The team would fail to qualify for the playoffs in their lone Slam of the season. Howard played in two Slams with Sherry Anderson that season, also failing to make the playoffs. Howard played in the 2015 Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts with Englot. The team would make it all the way to the final before losing to Stefanie Lawton.

Howard joined the Jolene Campbell rink in 2015 as her third. The team only played in two World Curling Tour events in their first season together. However, they won the 2016 Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts, going on to represent Saskatchewan at the 2016 Scotties Tournament of Hearts.

Personal life
Howard was a senior marketing coordinator for Saskatchewan with KPMG. In April 2016, she became the executive director of CurlSask. She has a BBA Hon. in Marketing. She attended Moncton High School in Moncton, New Brunswick.

References

External links

Living people
Curlers from New Brunswick
Curlers from Ontario
Curlers from Regina, Saskatchewan
Curlers from Winnipeg
Sportspeople from Moncton
People from Orillia
Canadian women curlers
1989 births
Canada Cup (curling) participants
20th-century Canadian women
21st-century Canadian women

Ashley Howard (curler)


Anders Ågnes Konradsen (born 18 July 1990) is a Norwegian former professional footballer. He has previously played for the Norwegian clubs Bodø/Glimt, Strømsgodset and Rosenborg, and the French club Rennes. He was a part of the Norwegian team that played in the 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, and has also been capped for Norway at senior level.

Early years
Konradsen was born in Bodø, where he also grew up. He is an older brother of fellow footballer Morten Konradsen.

He was promoted to Bodø/Glimt's first-team squad along with Stefan Johansen ahead of the 2007 season, and Konradsen made his first-team debut against Lofoten in the second round of the 2007 Norwegian Football Cup. He first represented Norway at under-16 level, and after his performances for the under-18 team he was wanted by the Italian side Sampdoria.

Club career
Konradsen made his break-through in Bodø/Glimt's first team in the 2009 season, and played 26 matches as a winger for the team that was relegated from Tippeligaen. In the following season, he was Bodø/Glimt's top goalscorer in the First Division with nine goals.

After the 2010 season, Konradsen was wanted by Tromsø and Aalesund in addition to Ole Gunnar Solskjær's Molde, but joined Strømsgodset ahead of the 2011 season in a deal where Jim Johansen transferred the other way.

Konradsen was sold to the French club Rennes for 15 million NOK in January 2013, and became the most expensive player Strømsgodset had ever sold. He made his debut for Rennes in the Ligue 1 in the 2–0 victory against Toulouse on 10 February 2013.

On 16 August 2015 Rosenborg signed Konradsen on a three and a half-year contract for an undisclosed sum.

International career
Konradsen has represented Norway from under-16 to under-23 level, and was included in the Norwegian under-21 squad for the 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship. Konradsen started the opening match against Israel U-21, and had one shot in the crossbar and another in the post when Norway drew 2–2. In the second match of the tournament against England U21, Harmeet Singh was chosen ahead of Konradsen in the starting line-up.

Konradsen made his debut for the senior team in the friendly match against Hungary in November 2012, and was also called up for the friendly matches against South Africa and Zambia in January 2013, but withdrew from the squad due to sickness.

Career statistics

Club

Honours
Rosenborg
Eliteserien: 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018
Norwegian Football Cup: 2015, 2016, 2018
Mesterfinalen: 2017

Norway U21
UEFA European Under-21 Championship bronze: 2013

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Footballers from Bodø
Norwegian men's footballers
Norway men's international footballers
Norway men's youth international footballers
Norway men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football wingers
FK Bodø/Glimt players
Strømsgodset Toppfotball players
Stade Rennais F.C. players
Rosenborg BK players
Norwegian First Division players
Eliteserien players
Ligue 1 players
Norwegian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in France

Anders Konradsen


William Robert Guerin (born November 9, 1970) is an American retired professional ice hockey right winger. He works as the assistant general manager of the Pittsburgh Penguins. Guerin played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played with the New Jersey Devils, Edmonton Oilers, Boston Bruins, Dallas Stars, St. Louis Blues, San Jose Sharks, New York Islanders, and Pittsburgh Penguins.

Guerin played for Team USA during the 1996 World Cup of Hockey, 1998 Winter Olympics, 2002 Winter Olympics, 2004 World Cup of Hockey, and 2006 Winter Olympics. He won a gold medal in 1996 and a silver medal in 2002.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Guerin played 2 seasons of college hockey with the Boston College Eagles. He was drafted with the 5th overall pick by the New Jersey Devils in the 1989 NHL Entry Draft. He played parts of 7 seasons with the Devils and won the Stanley Cup with them in 1995.

On January 4, 1998, the Devils traded Guerin along with Valeri Zelepukin to the Edmonton Oilers in exchange for Jason Arnott and Bryan Muir. Guerin played 4 seasons with the Oilers.

On November 15, 2000, the Oilers traded him to the Boston Bruins in exchange for Anson Carter, Boston's 1st (Aleš Hemský) and 2nd (Doug Lynch) round choices in 2001 NHL Entry Draft. Guerin played 2 seasons with the Bruins and recorded 41 goals in his final season with them.

On July 3, 2002, Guerin signed a five-year; $45 million contract with the Dallas Stars when he became a free agent.

He did not play as well as expected during his time with the Stars. He only recorded 40 points during the 2005–06 NHL season and the Stars decided to buy-out his contract. Dallas had to pay Guerin two-thirds of the remaining salary from his contract which was spread out over twice as many years.

On July 3, 2006, he signed a one-year, $2 million contract with the St. Louis Blues. During his time with the Blues, Guerin played on a line with his former Oiler teammate Doug Weight. Guerin played 1 season with the Blues. He scored 61 goals and recorded 47 points. Guerin was chosen to play in the 2007 All-Star Game, which was hosted by the Dallas Stars. Even though he was criticized for his play in Dallas, Guerin was still given a standing ovation from the fans. He became the 214th NHL player to play in 1,000 games on February 2, 2007.

On February 27, 2007, the Blues traded Guerin to the San Jose Sharks in exchange for Ville Nieminen, Jay Barriball and a conditional first-round pick. He played 16 regular season games with them.

On July 5, 2007, Guerin signed a two-year contract with the New York Islanders. On July 9, 2007, the Islanders named Guerin the captain of the team. This made Guerin the 11th captain in Islanders history. He played 2 seasons with the Islanders.

On March 4, 2009, the Islanders traded Guerin to the Pittsburgh Penguins in exchange for a third-round pick in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. On June 12, 2009, Guerin won the Stanley Cup after the Penguins defeated the Detroit Red Wings 2–1 in Game 7 at Joe Louis Arena. On June 29, 2009, Guerin signed a one-year contract extension with the Penguins with a greatly reduced salary to play through the 2009–10 NHL season. He was not offered a contract for the 2010–11 NHL season.

On September 7, 2010, the Philadelphia Flyers invited Guerin to their training camp for a try out. They released him on October 4 before the start of the regular season.

On December 6, 2010, Guerin announced that he was retiring from playing professional ice hockey and that he was retiring as a Pittsburgh Penguin. On June 6, 2011, he was hired as the player development coach for the Penguins. On June 6, 2014, Penguins General Manager Jim Rutherford announced that Guerin was being promoted to the assistant general manager of the team.

Guerin was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame along with his former teammate Doug Weight in 2013.

Guerin, represented the US in the Olympics three times as it's player (1998 in Nagano, 2002 in Salt Lake City and 2006 in Torino), and has won a silver medal in 2002.

References

Other websites

1970 births
American ice hockey right wingers
American Olympic silver medalists
Boston Bruins players
Dallas Stars players
Edmonton Oilers players
Living people
New Jersey Devils players
New York Islanders players
People from Worcester, Massachusetts
Pittsburgh Penguins players
San Jose Sharks players
Sportspeople from Massachusetts
St. Louis Blues players
Stanley Cup champions
Utica Devils players
American Hockey League players

Bill Guerin