Isabel Yingüa Hernández Santos (born 17 July 1995 in Xi'an, China) is a Paralympic swimmer from Spain.

Personal
Hernández was born on July 17, 1995, in Xi'an, China. Because of issues during fetal development, she is missing four fingers on her left hand. She was adopted in 1997, and has two biological brothers and a sister who were also adopted. In 2012, she attended Athena College in Extremadura. She is from Mérida, Extremadura. In December 2013, she attended an event marking Spanish insurance company Santa Lucía Seguros becoming a sponsor of the Spanish Paralympic Committee, and consequently Plan ADOP which funds high performance Spanish disability sport competitors.  She chose to attend the event because she wanted to show support for this type of sponsorship.

Swimming
Hernández is an S10 classified swimmer.  She is a member of the Escuelas Deportivas Mérida swim club.  She started swimming when she was eight years old.  She competes against able bodied swimmers and against other swimmers in her classification with disabilities.  Her swimming is supported financially by Spain's Plan ADO.

Hernández competed at the 2009 Paralympic Swimming Championship of Spain by Autonomous Communities.  That year, she also competed in the national youth swimming championships. In 2009, she competed at the IPC European Swimming Championships in Iceland in the 100 meter backstroke and 100 meter butterfly events. She competed at the 2010 Adapted Swimming World Championship in the Netherlands. She competed at the 2011 Paralympic Swimming Championship of Spain by Autonomous Communities.

As a 15-year-old, Hernández competed at the 2011 IPC European Swimming Championships in Berlin, Germany where she finished sixth in 200 meter individual medley.  Other events she swam in included the 100 meter butterfly, 100 meter freestyle, 100 meter  backstroke and the 4x100 meter medley relay.  She finished second in the 100 meter butterfly and third in the 4x100 meter medley relay.

Belén Fernández was her coach in 2012. That year, she competed at the Paralympic Swimming Championship of Spain by Autonomous Communities.

She competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. Sarai Gascón Moreno, Esther Morales Fernández, Teresa Perales and Hernández finished fourth in the 4x100 meter freestyle relay event.  In her three individual races in London, she failed to make the finals. She competed at the 2013 IPC Swimming World Championships as an 18-year-old. In 2013, she was one of seven Paralympic sportspeople to get a 2013/2014 "Iberdrola Foundation Scholarship" that was awarded by the Spanish Paralympic Committee, Iberdrola Foundation, the Spanish Sports Council and the Spanish Ministry of Social Services and Equality. It provided her with €490 a month for the ten academic months of the year.

References

Living people
Paralympic swimmers for Spain
Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
1995 births
Plan ADOP alumni
Medalists at the World Para Swimming European Championships
Spanish female freestyle swimmers
Spanish female butterfly swimmers
Spanish female backstroke swimmers
S10-classified para swimmers
21st-century Spanish women

Isabel Yingüa Hernández


Mark Hosenball is an American national security correspondent and investigative reporter at Reuters.  Prior to joining Reuters in September 2010, he worked for Newsweek.  He started there in November 1993, after working at Dateline NBC as an investigative producer.  He also worked at The Sunday Times, the Evening Standard, Time Out, and contributed articles to The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, and The New Republic.  He has also done commentaries for American Public Radio.

Early life and education
Hosenball moved to the United Kingdom at age 18 and attended Leighton Park School in Reading, Berkshire for one year. He returned to the United States to attend the University of Pennsylvania, then attended Trinity College, Dublin for three years.

Career
After completing his education in Ireland, Hosenball returned to Britain, where he found work as a journalist. In 1976, while working for Time Out, Hosenball, Duncan Campbell, and Crispin Aubrey (who had also been at Leighton Park School)  wrote a story entitled "The Eavesdroppers", which mentioned the existence of Britain's Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ). Hosenball was deported on grounds of being a "threat to British national security." Although he challenged the order in court, he was denied, and was deported to the United States in 1977.

Hosenball began working for Newsweek as an investigative correspondent in November 1993. Here he covered a range of issues for the National Affairs department. He has also written a number of stories on terrorism and the September 11, 2001 attacks on the U.S., campaign finance, the Clinton-Lewinsky scandal, the death of Princess Diana, Bill and Hillary Clinton Whitewater political investigation, the crashes of EgyptAir Flight 990 and TWA flight 800, and related air safety issues.

Prior to working for Newsweek, Hosenball worked for Dateline NBC as an investigative producer and print journalist. As a print journalist, he contributed to many British and American publications.

Awards and honors
Hosenball has won a number of awards and honors:
Overseas Press Club's most prestigious honour
2002 Ed Cunningham Memorial Award for Hosenball's reporting on the War on Terror
National Magazine Award for General Excellence in 2002 for its coverage of September 11 and its aftermath
2002 Edgar A. Poe Award for Excellence for a story he co-authored
1991 Peabody Award for his contribution to NBC News coverage of the BCCI scandal

Personal life
Hosenball is married, has a son and currently resides in the Washington, D.C. area.

References

External links

Newsweek people
Living people
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
People educated at Leighton Park School
Reuters people
American investigative journalists
People deported from the United Kingdom
1951 births

Mark Hosenball


Muzz Skillings (born January 6, 1964, in Queens, New York) is an American bassist, singer, guitarist and songwriter. He is best known for being the original bassist with Living Colour.

Skillings played bass, sang backing vocals, and co-wrote songs on the Grammy award-winning 1988 debut album Vivid, the Grammy award-winning 1990 follow up Time's Up, and the 1991 EP Biscuits. His use of melodic, complex and moving bass lines during his time with Living Colour left him with high acclaim from musicians worldwide.

Skillings's departure from the band in 1992 was due to musical differences and a desire to branch off and evolve musically outside of Living Colour. He left under good terms (as indicated in his liner notes printed in the album sleeve of Living Colour's 1995 best-of compilation, Pride) and has returned to the band on occasion to substitute for their current bassist Doug Wimbish.

Skillings has since led a band called Medicine Stick, in which he plays electric guitar and sings lead vocals, as well as writes the songs.

Discography

with Living Colour

Vivid (1988)
Time's Up (1990)
Biscuits (EP) (1991)
Live from CBGB's (2005) - Recorded live on 19 December 1989

References

American heavy metal bass guitarists
American male bass guitarists
African-American rock musicians
African-American male singer-songwriters
Alternative metal bass guitarists
Living people
Living Colour members
1964 births
20th-century American bass guitarists
African-American guitarists
20th-century African-American male singers
21st-century African-American male singers

Muzz Skillings


The New River Valley is a region along the New River in Southwest Virginia in the United States.

It is usually defined as the counties of Montgomery (including the towns of Blacksburg and Christiansburg), Pulaski, Floyd, and Giles and the independent city of Radford, which are all located in the New River watershed. However, in Virginia, the New River also flows through Wythe, Carroll, and Grayson Counties, and its physical watershed includes parts of Tazewell and Bland Counties, and small portions of Smyth and Craig Counties. Outside of Virginia, the New River continues upstream into North Carolina and downstream into West Virginia.

Part of the Great Appalachian Valley, it became a contested frontier area in colonial times, and continued during the westward expansion of the United States.  The first European to explore the valley was Abraham Wood of Fort Henry in 1671 and settlements began to develop in the 18th century. A branch of the Great Wagon Road led through the New River Valley. The valley was the location of several small American Civil War battles.

According to the 2000 census, the New River Valley is home to approximately 165,145 residents.  The New River Valley is also home to several institutions of higher learning including Virginia Tech, Radford University, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine and New River Community College.

External links
New River Valley Web Portal

Valleys of Virginia
River valleys of the United States
Landforms of Montgomery County, Virginia
Landforms of Pulaski County, Virginia
Landforms of Floyd County, Virginia
Landforms of Giles County, Virginia
Radford, Virginia
Southwest Virginia
Western Virginia

New River Valley


Rémy Victor Vancottem (born 25 July 1943) was the bishop of Namur (20 June 2010 - 5 June 2019). He had previously served as an auxiliary bishop of Mechelen-Brussels.

Vancottem was born at Tubize, Walloon Brabant. He first studied to be a teacher, then supplemented those studies with those of philosophy and theology at the Seminary of Malines. He attended the Catholic University of Louvain, where he earned a degree in psychology. He was ordained a priest 27 June 1969 for the Archdiocese of Malines-Brussels.

In September 1974 he became board member of the Major Seminary in Brussels, team leader for continuing education of clergy in Brussels and Walloon Brabant, and founder and co-responsible group ANIME (Association for the training of lay apostolate in Brussels and Walloon Brabant). He was appointed titular bishop of Unizibira by Pope John Paul II on 15 February 1982 and was consecrated on 21 March, he became auxiliary of Malines-Brussels office of Vicar General for the Walloon Brabant.

On 31 May 2010 he was appointed as the bishop of Namur to fill the vacancy left by Archbishop Leonard who has been appointed primate of Belgium and archbishop of Mechelen-Brussels. He was installed on 20 June 2010.

References

1943 births
Living people
People from Tubize
21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in Belgium
Université catholique de Louvain alumni
Bishops of Namur

Rémy Vancottem


All Saints' Anglican Church is a historic Church located at Pleasant Hall, Saint Peter, Barbados. The original church dates back to 1649 when a chapel was established to 'ease' the then colonial settlers from having to venture to the St. James Parish Church and the St. Peter's Parish Church. This original church was destroyed by the Great Hurricane of 1831. A second church was built in 1839, but was pulled down as unsafe forty years later after structural faults were discovered.  The church is known for having detailed stained glass, the main show piece being the eastern detail, a donation from Thomas Briggs in memory of his parents Sir and Lady Graham Briggs, owners of the Grenade Hall Plantation which at the time included the Farley Hill Great House. Buried within the 16th Century church yard is the first English settler to set foot on Barbadian soil, William Arnold. The present church was built and consecrated in 1884. The present Rector is Father Selven Lowe.

External links

All Saints' Church home page

Religious buildings and structures in Barbados
Saint Peter, Barbados

All Saints Chapel of Ease (Anglican)


The Thief of Bagdad is a 1924 American silent swashbuckler film directed by Raoul Walsh and starring Douglas Fairbanks, and written by Achmed Abdullah and Lotta Woods. Freely adapted from One Thousand and One Nights, it tells the story of a thief who falls in love with the daughter of the Caliph of Baghdad. In 1996, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Fairbanks considered this to be the favorite of his films, according to his son.  The imaginative gymnastics suited the athletic star, whose "catlike, seemingly effortless" movements were as much dance as gymnastics. Along with his earlier Robin Hood (1922), the film marked Fairbanks's transformation from genial comedy to a career in "swashbuckling" roles. The film, strong on special effects (flying carpet, magic rope and fearsome monsters) and featuring massive Arabian-style sets, also proved to be a stepping stone for Anna May Wong, who portrayed a treacherous Mongol slave.

The Thief of Bagdad is now widely considered one of the great silent films and Fairbanks's greatest work. Fairbanks biographer Jeffrey Vance writes, "An epic romantic fantasy-adventure inspired by several of the Arabian Nights tales, The Thief of Bagdad is the greatest artistic triumph of Fairbanks's career. The superb visual design, spectacle, imaginative splendor, and visual effects, along with his bravura performance (leading a cast of literally thousands), all contribute to making this his masterpiece."

Plot

Ahmed steals as he pleases in the city of Bagdad. Wandering into a mosque, he tells the holy man he disdains his religion; his philosophy is, "What I want, I take."

That night, he sneaks into the palace of the caliph using a magic rope he stole during ritual prayers. All thoughts of plunder are forgotten when he sees the sleeping princess, the caliph's daughter. The princess's Mongol slave alerts the guards, but he gets away.

When his associate Abu reminds the disconsolate Ahmed that a bygone thief once stole another princess during the reign of Haroun al-Rashid, Ahmed sets out to do the same. The next day is the princess's birthday. Three princes arrive, seeking her hand in marriage (and the future inheritance of the city). Another of the princess's slaves foretells that she will marry the man who first touches a rose-tree in her garden. The princess watches anxiously as first the glowering Prince of the Indies, then the obese Prince of Persia and finally the Prince of the Mongols pass by the rose-tree. The mere sight of the Mongol fills the princess with fear, but when Ahmed appears (disguised in stolen garments as a suitor), she is delighted. The Mongol slave tells her countryman of the prophecy, but before he can touch the rose-tree, Ahmed's startled horse tosses its rider into it.

That night, following ancient custom, the princess chooses Ahmed for her husband. Out of love, Ahmed gives up his plan to abduct her and confesses all to her in private. The Mongol prince learns from his spy, the princess's Mongol slave, that Ahmed is a common thief and informs the caliph. Ahmed is lashed mercilessly, and the caliph orders he be torn apart by a giant ape, but the princess has the guards bribed to let him go.

When the caliph insists she select another husband, her loyal slave advises her to delay. She asks that the princes each bring her a gift after "seven moons"; she will marry the one who brings her the rarest. In despair, Ahmed turns to the holy man. He tells the thief to become a prince, revealing to him the peril-fraught path to a great treasure.

The Prince of the Indies obtains a magic crystal ball from the eye of a giant idol, which shows whatever he wants to see, while the Persian prince buys a flying carpet. The Mongol prince leaves behind his henchman, telling him to organize the soldiers he will send to Bagdad disguised as porters. (The potentate has sought all along to take the city; the beautiful princess is only an added incentive.) After he lays his hands on a magic golden apple which has the power to cure anything, even death, he sends word to the Mongol slave to poison the princess. After many adventures, Ahmed gains a cloak of invisibility and a small chest of magic powder which turns into whatever he wishes when he sprinkles it. He races back to the city.

The three princes meet as agreed at a caravanserai before returning to Bagdad. The Mongol asks the Indian to check whether the princess has waited for them. They discover that she is near death, and ride the flying carpet to reach her. Then the Mongol uses the apple to cure her. The suitors argue over which gift is rarest, but the princess points out that without any one gift, the remaining two would have been useless in saving her.  Her loyal slave shows her Ahmed in the crystal ball, so the princess convinces her father to deliberate carefully on his future son-in-law. The Mongol prince chooses not to wait, unleashing his secret army that night and capturing Bagdad.

Ahmed arrives at the city gate, shut and defended by Mongols. When he conjures up a large army with his powder, the Mongol soldiers flee. The Mongol prince is about to have one of his soldiers kill him when the Mongol slave suggests he escape with the princess on the flying carpet. Ahmed liberates the city and rescues the princess, using his cloak of invisibility to get through the Mongols guarding their prince. In gratitude, the caliph gives his daughter to him in marriage.

Cast
 Douglas Fairbanks as Ahmed, the Thief of Bagdad
 Snitz Edwards as His Evil Associate
 Charles Belcher as The Holy Man (Imam) / Narrator
 Julanne Johnston as The Princess. Johnston had appeared the previous year in another Arabian Nights fantasy, the now lost The Brass Bottle, directed by Maurice Tourneur
 Sojin Kamiyama as Cham Shang, Prince of the Mongols
 Anna May Wong as The Mongol Slave
 Brandon Hurst as The Caliph
 Tote Du Crow as The Soothsayer
 Noble Johnson as The Prince of the Indies
 Mathilde Comont as The Prince of Persia (uncredited)
 Sam Baker as The Sworder
 Sadakichi Hartmann as The Court Magician (uncredited)
 Laska Winter as Slave of the Lute (uncredited)

The eccentric Second World War soldier Jack Churchill had an uncredited part, as did blues musician Jesse Fuller.

Production

Fairbanks sought to make an epic. Lavishly staged on a Hollywood studio set, at a reputed cost of $1,135,654.65, The Thief of Bagdad was one of the most expensive films of the 1920s.  Art director William Cameron Menzies was largely responsible for the production design, closely following the requirements laid down by Fairbanks, who acted as writer, producer and star. Fairbanks' meticulous attention to detail, as well as complex visual imagery, required the use of state-of-the-art special effects, featuring a magic rope, a flying horse, a flying carpet and full-scale palace sets.

Music
Douglas Fairbanks encouraged the respected composer Mortimer Wilson to provide a fully-fledged classical score. Wilson composed leit-motifs for each character and developed them symphonically. He also spent many hours in the editing room working on combining his music with the film. The score has been re-constructed by Mark Fitz-Gerald and recorded. A 1924 Literary Digest article details Wilson's work on the film (and includes a photo of the composer). Wilson also wrote the music for Fairbanks's next two films, Don Q, Son of Zorro (1925) and The Black Pirate (1926).

Reception
Glenn Erickson praised the film, writing:
Every age has its wonder entertainments, and 1924's The Thief of Bagdad transported audiences to a new level of imaginative fantasy. It had the biggest star of the era in a production that dwarfed anything anyone had ever seen ... It has sets bigger than those in Intolerance and costumed crowd scenes to rival the enormous Italian spectacles of the day. What's more, the picture is packed with elaborate special effects, many of which still have the power to impress. ... Some critics prefer Douglas Fairbanks' earlier modern-day adventures to his twenties' costume epics, but this dazzler still takes people's heads off. Simply put, the production's overall design and execution -- sets, costumes, lighting, special effects -- are coordinated so tightly that the illusion of grandeur is complete.

Darragh O'Donoghue is of the opinion that:
"The first reel provides some of the purest joy the silent cinema can offer. ... Where initially there had been a satisfying equivalence between the discrete adventures of Ahmed as a psychologically plausible thief in medieval Mesopotamia and Ahmed as a universal Everyman figure, in the film's latter two-thirds, the former distinctive superstructure gives way to a kind of Pilgrim's Progress in Orientalist drag. ... Adventure sequences are staged like fairground tableaux and have none of the interest in physical process or emotional investment that made the early reels so exciting. ... After promising a dream, this great but flawed film eventually sends its audience to sleep.

Honors
In June 2008, the American Film Institute revealed its 10 Top 10, the 10 best films in 10 "classic" American film genres. After polling over 1,500 people from the creative community, The Thief of Bagdad was acknowledged as the ninth best film in the fantasy genre.

Preservation status
The George Eastman Museum has a 16mm triacetate positive print.

Remakes
The 1940 film of the same name made the title character, played by Sabu, a sidekick for a handsome prince rather than the leading man. Indian actor M. G. Ramachandran assumed the role of Ali, the thief of Baghdad in the 1960 film Baghdad Thirudan. The 1924 film was directly remade in Europe in 1961 as Il Ladro di Bagdad, with Steve Reeves in the lead, while a 1978 made-for-television film combined plot elements of these with others from the Sabu version.

A number of Indian films, were made under the titles of: Baghdad Ka Chor (The Thief of Baghdad) in 1934, 1946, 1955; Baghdad Gaja Donga (Thief of Baghdad) in 1968; and Thief of Baghdad in 1969 and 1977. A television series, Thief of Baghdad, was also made in India which aired on Zee TV between 2000 and 2001.

Home video
The Thief of Bagdad is in the public domain and many cheap, unrestored black-and-white copies have been issued on VHS and DVD. A restored version first appeared on US DVD in 1998, distributed by Image Entertainment. It featured original color tinting and a musical accompaniment arranged from the original 1924 music cue sheets and performed in 1975 by Gaylord Carter on a Wurlitzer theater pipe organ. Kino International reissued the DVD in 2004, this time with a longer, improved print and chamber ensemble score. The film has also been released on Blu-ray by the Cohen Film Collection (US) in 2013 and Eureka! Entertainment (UK) in 2014. That version features a Carl Davis orchestral score and an audio commentary by Fairbanks biographer Jeffrey Vance.

See also

 :Category:Silent films
 :Category:Silent film actors

References

Bibliography

 Finler, Joel W. (1975). All Time Movie Greats. London: Cathay Books. .
 Vance, Jeffrey (2008). Douglas Fairbanks. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. .
 Whitford, Eileen (2007). Pickford: The Woman Who Made Hollywood. Lexington-Fayette, KY: The University Press of Kentucky. .

Further reading
 Eagan, Daniel (2010)  America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry, A&C Black, 2010 , pages 88–89
 Goessel, Tracey. The First King of Hollywood: The Life of Douglas Fairbanks. Chicago Review Press (October 1, 2015)

External links

 The Thief of Bagdad essay  by Joe Morgenstern at National Film Registry

 The Thief of Bagdad at Rotten Tomatoes
 The Thief of Bagdad at Virtual History

1924 films
1920s fantasy adventure films
American fantasy adventure films
American silent feature films
American black-and-white films
American epic films
Films directed by Raoul Walsh
Films set in Baghdad
United Artists films
United States National Film Registry films
Films based on The Thief of Bagdad
Articles containing video clips
Surviving American silent films
1920s American films
Fictional caliphs
Silent adventure films
Films set in palaces
Films about princesses
Films about birthdays

The Thief of Bagdad (1924 film)


Brett Dean (born 23 October 1961) is an Australian composer, violist and conductor.

Biography
Brett Dean was born, raised and educated in Brisbane. He started learning violin at the age of eight, and later studied viola with Elizabeth Morgan and John Curro at the Queensland Conservatorium, where he graduated in 1982 with the Conservatorium Medal for the highest achieving Student of the Year. In 1981 he was a prizewinner in the ABC Symphony Australia Young Performers Awards. From 1985 to 1999, Dean was a violist in the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. In 2000, he decided to pursue a freelance career and returned to Australia, where his many appointments have included curating classical music programs with the Sydney Festival (2005) and the Melbourne Festival (2009). As a composer and musician, he is a regularly invited guest to concert stages around the world. He was the composer-in-residence in the 2016/17 season for the National Symphony Orchestra (Taiwan). He was the Creative Chair in the 2017/2018 season for the Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich.

Dean was artistic director of the Australian National Academy of Music in Melbourne until June 2010 when his brother, Paul, took up the post.

The Melbourne Symphony Orchestra celebrated Dean's 50th birthday, and his contribution to music as composer, performer and teacher, in its 2011 Metropolis Festival.

He is married to Australian visual artist Heather Betts, and his daughter is the Australian mezzo-soprano Lotte Betts-Dean.

Works

General
Dean began composing in 1988, initially focusing on experimental film and radio projects as well as improvisational performance. Since then, he has created numerous compositions, mainly orchestral or chamber music as well as concertos for several solo instruments. His most successful work is Carlo for strings, sample and tape, inspired by the music of Carlo Gesualdo. On 7 September 2008 his work Polysomnography for wind quintet and piano received its world premiere at the Lucerne Festival; on 2 October 2008 Simon Rattle conducted the first performance of the orchestral song cycle Songs of Joy in Philadelphia. His first opera, Bliss, based on the novel by Peter Carey, premiered at Opera Australia in 2010.

Dean's compositional style is known for creating dynamic soundscapes and treating single instrumental parts with complex rhythms. He shapes musical extremes, from harsh explosions to inaudibility. Modern playing techniques are as characteristic for his style as an elaborate percussion scoring, often enriched with objects from everyday life. Much of Dean's work draws from literary, political or visual stimuli, transporting a non-musical message. Environmental problems are the subject of Water Music and Pastoral Symphony, while Vexations and Devotions deal with the absurdities of a modern society obsessed with information.

In April 2013, "The Last Days of Socrates" was premiered by the Berlin Philharmonic. The work for bass-baritone, choir, and orchestra was a co-commission of the Rundfunkchor Berlin, the Los Angeles Philharmonic and the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra.

In August 2014, "Electric Prelude" was premiered during the BBC Proms 2014 and was conducted by Sakari Oramo.

List of compositions

Stage
 One of a Kind – Ballet in three acts for solo cello and tape (1998)
 Bliss – Opera (2010)
 Hamlet – Opera in two acts (2013–16)

Orchestra
 Carlo – Music for strings, sampler and tape (1997)
 Beggars and Angels Music for orchestra (1999)
 Amphitheatre – Scene for orchestra (2000)
 Etüdenfest for string orchestra with off-stage piano (2000)
 Game over for instrumental soloists, string orchestra and electronics (2000)
 Pastoral Symphony for chamber orchestra (2000)
 Dispersal for orchestra (2001)
 Shadow Music for small orchestra (2002)
 Between Moments – Music for orchestra, in memory of Cameron Retchford (2003)
 Ceremonial for orchestra (2003)
 Moments of Bliss for orchestra (2004)
 Parteitag – Music for orchestral groups and video (2004/05)
 Short Stories – Five interludes for string orchestra (2005)
 Komarov's Fall for orchestra (2005/06)
 Testament – Music for orchestra, after version for 12 violas (2008)
 Electric Prelude (2014)

Concertos
 Ariel's Music for clarinet and orchestra (1995)
 Viola Concerto (2004)
 Water Music for saxophone quartet and chamber orchestra (2004)
 The Lost Art of Letter Writing for violin and orchestra (2006) – Winner of the 2009 Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition. Written for and first performed by Frank Peter Zimmermann in 2007. The four movements of the concerto are prefaced by four 19th century letters, written by Johannes Brahms (a love letter to Clara Schumann), Vincent van Gogh, Hugo Wolf and Ned Kelly, an Australian bushranger. Music by Brahms and Wolf is quoted in the first and third movements, respectively. The playing time of the concerto is approximately 34 minutes.
 The Siduri Dances for solo flute and string orchestra (2007)
 Dramatis personae for trumpet and orchestra (2013)
 Cello Concerto (2018)
 The Players (2018/19) for accordion and orchestra
 Gneixendorf Music – A Winter Journey for piano and orchestra (2020)

Chamber music
 Fledermaus-Overture by Johann Strauss II, arr. for octet (1988)
 Wendezeit (Homage to F.C.) for 5 violas (1988)
 some birthday... for 2 violas and cello (1992)
 Night Window – Music for clarinet, viola and piano (1993)
 Till Eulenspiegels lustige Streiche by Richard Strauss, arr. for octet (1995)
 Twelve Angry Men for 12 cellos (1996; inspired by the 1957 Sidney Lumet film 12 Angry Men)
 Voices of Angels for strings and piano (1996)
 Intimate Decisions for solo viola (1996)
 Night's Journey for 4 trombones (1997)
 One of a Kind for viola and tape (1998, 2012)
 Three Pieces for Eight Horns (1998)
 hundreds and thousands for tape (1999)
 Huntington Eulogy for cello and piano (2001)
 Testament for 12 violas (2002)
 String Quartet No. 1 Eclipse (2003)
 Three Caprichos after Goya for solo guitar (2003)
 Equality for piano (with speaking part) (2004)
 Demons for solo flute (2004)
 Prayer for piano (with speaking part) (2005)
 Recollections for ensemble (2006)
 Polysomnography – Music for piano and wind quartet (2007)
 Epitaph for string quintet (viola quintet) (2010)
 Skizzen für Siegbert (Sketches for Siegbert) for solo viola (2011)
 Electric Preludes for electric violin and ensemble (September 2012)
 String Quartet No. 2 ("And once I played Ophelia") for string quartet and soprano (2013), won Paul Lowin Song Cycle Prize
 Rooms of Elsinore for viola and piano (2016)
 Mottos, mantras and memes for string quartet (2018)
 String Quartet No. 3 Hidden Agendas (2019)
 Seven Signals for clarinet, violin, cello, and piano (2019)
 Imaginary Ballet for piano quartet (2021)

Choral
 Bell and Anti-Bell (from Parables, Lullabies and Secrets) for children's choir and small orchestra (2001)
 Katz und Spatz for eight-part mixed chorus (2002)
 Tracks and Traces: Four Songs for children's choir to texts by indigenous Australians (2002)
 Vexations and Devotions for choirs and large orchestra (2005)
 Now Comes the Dawn for mixed chorus (2007)
 Carlo Version for strings and live voices (2011)
 Concedas, Domine (a grace) for SATB chorus (2011)
 The Annunciation for chorus and ensemble (2012)
 The last days of Socrates for bass-baritone, SATB chorus, and orchestra (2013)
 In This Brief Moment for soprano, countertenor,two SATB choirs, and orchestra (2020-21)

Vocal
 Winter Songs for tenor and wind quintet (2000)
 Buy Now, Pay Later! by Tim Freedman, arr. for voice and ensemble (2002)
 Sparge la morte for solo cello, vocal consort and tape (2006)
 Poems and Prayers for mezzo-soprano and piano (2006)
 Wolf-Lieder for soprano and ensemble (2006)
 Songs of Joy (from Bliss) for baritone and orchestra (2008)
 Madame ma bonne sœur for mezzo-soprano and string quartet (2020-21)

Awards
Dean's clarinet concerto Ariel's Music won an award from the UNESCO International Rostrum of Composers in 1995. Winter Songs for tenor and wind quintet received the Paul Lowin Song Cycle Prize in 2001; Moments of Bliss for orchestra was named Best Composition at the Australian Classical Music Awards in 2005. In 2002–03, Dean was artist-in-residence with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra and composer-in-residence at the Cheltenham Festival. In 2007–08, he became artist-in-residence with the Radio-Sinfonieorchester Stuttgart des SWR.

Dean was awarded an honorary doctorate from Griffith University in Brisbane on 21 June 2007. On 1 December 2008, he was awarded the 2009 University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition for his violin concerto, The Lost Art of Letter Writing. In September 2011, he was composer-in-residence at the Trondheim Chamber Music Festival.

Dean received two Ivor Novello Award nominations at The Ivors Classical Awards 2023. Cello Concerto and In This Brief Moment were both nominated for Best Orchestral Composition.

APRA Awards (Australia)
The APRA Awards are presented annually since 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA).

|-
|rowspan="3"| 2005 || Moments of Bliss (Brett Dean) ||  ||
|-
| Eclipse (Brett Dean) – Artemis Quartet || Best Performance of an Australian Composition ||
|-
| Moments of Bliss (Brett Dean) – Melbourne Symphony Orchestra || Best Performance of an Australian Composition ||
|-
| 2007 || Viola Concerto (Brett Dean) || Best Composition by an Australian Composer ||
|-
| 2008 || The Lost Art of Letter Writing (Brett Dean) – Frank Peter Zimmermann (violinist), Munich Philharmonic, Jonathan Nott (conductor) || Best Performance of an Australian Composition ||
|-
| 2012 || Sextet (Brett Dean) – Australia Ensemble || Work of the Year – Instrumental ||
|-
| 2013 || Fire Music (Brett Dean) – Adelaide Symphony Orchestra, Brett Dean (conductor) || Work of the Year – Orchestral ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2014 ||rowspan="2"| The Last Days of Socrates (Brett Dean, Graeme Ellis [text]) – Peter Coleman-Wright (soloist), Melbourne Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, Simone Young (conductor) || Work of the Year – Orchestral ||
|-
| Performance of the Year ||
|-
| 2015 || Dramatis Personae – Music for Trumpet and Orchestra (Brett Dean) – Håkan Hardenberger (soloist), Brett Dean (conductor), Sydney Symphony Orchestra || Orchestral Work of the Year ||

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.

!
|-
| 2008
| Brett Dean (with Sydney Symphony Orchestra)
| Best Classical Album
|
|
|-

Bernard Heinze Memorial Award
The Sir Bernard Heinze Memorial Award is given to a person who has made an outstanding contribution to music in Australia.

!
|-
| 2009 || Brett Dean || Sir Bernard Heinze Memorial Award ||  ||
|-

Don Banks Music Award
The Don Banks Music Award was established in 1984 to publicly honour a senior artist of high distinction who has made an outstanding and sustained contribution to music in Australia. It was founded by the Australia Council in honour of Don Banks, Australian composer, performer and the first chair of its music board.

|-
| 2016
| Brett Dean
| Don Banks Music Award
|
|-

Helpmann Awards
The Helpmann Awards is an awards show, celebrating live entertainment and performing arts in Australia, presented by industry group Live Performance Australia since 2001. Note: 2020 and 2021 were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

!
|-
|rowspan="2"|  2010
| Brett Dean and (Amanda Holden – Bliss
| Helpmann Award for Best New Australian Work
|
|rowspan="2"|
|-
| Brett Dean  – Bliss
| Helpmann Award for Best Original Score
|
|-

References

External links
 Australian Music Centre
 Biography, Boosey & Hawkes
 Brett Dean's Homepage with his agency, Intermusica
 Complete live performance of Brett Dean's violin concerto The Lost Art of Letter Writing by Australian violinist Sophie Rowell with Adelaide Symphony Orchestra conducted by Arvo Volmer

1961 births
Living people
APRA Award winners
Australian classical violists
Australian conductors (music)
Australian male classical composers
International Rostrum of Composers prize-winners
Musicians from Brisbane
Australian opera composers
Male opera composers
Players of the Berlin Philharmonic
People educated at Brisbane State High School
Queensland Conservatorium Griffith University alumni
21st-century conductors (music)

Brett Dean


Michele Della Torre (1511–1586) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal.

A member of the Della Torre family, Michele Della Torre was born in Udine in 1511, the son of nobleman Luigi della Torre and his wife Taddea Strasoldo. He became Count of Valdessina in 1533.

Early in his career, he was a cleric in Aquileia.  He later became the dean of Udine Cathedral.  In 1543, he became chamberlain of Pope Paul III.

On 7 February 1547 he was elected Bishop of Ceneda and was subsequently consecrated as a bishop.  He served as the Apostolic Nuncio to France from 20 August 1547 to 1550.  He participated in the Council of Trent from 11 October 1551 until 28 April 1552 and from 10 October 1561 until its closing.  He was vice-legate in Perugia and Umbria from 15 September 1553 until June 1555.  From 23 May 1555 until 1557 he was the majordomo of the papal household.  Under Pope Pius IV, he was a Referendary of the Apostolic Signatura.  He was again nuncio in the Kingdom of France from 25 March 1566 until 12 August 1568.

Pope Gregory XIII made him a cardinal priest in the consistory of 12 December 1583.  He never received the red hat or a titular church, nor did he participate in the papal conclave of 1585 that elected Pope Sixtus V.

He died in Ceneda on 21 February 1586 and was buried in the cathedral there.

References

1511 births
1586 deaths
16th-century Italian cardinals
Apostolic Nuncios to France
People from Udine

Michele Della Torre


Marvin Freeman (born April 10, 1963) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher who played from  to  for the Philadelphia Phillies, Atlanta Braves and Colorado Rockies. He worked as both a starting pitcher and a reliever in his career.

Biography
Nicknamed "Starvin' Marvin" for 180 pounds on a 6–6 frame, Freeman worked at Chicago's John Norwood Lee Co. making concert-quality violin bows, while attending Chicago Vocational High School. Freeman played collegiately at Jackson State University. In 1983, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Chatham A's of the Cape Cod Baseball League. He was drafted as the #2 pick of the Philadelphia Phillies in 1984. He made his MLB debut in 1986 and won his first game against the New York Mets on September 21, 1986. Freeman won his first career decision (second start) on the day his first child was born.

Freeman began his professional career in 1984 after being drafted by the Philadelphia Phillies in the second round of that year's amateur draft out of Jackson State University. He was originally drafted by the Montreal Expos in the ninth round of the '81 draft, but did not sign. Freeman debuted that year in short-season A-ball for Bend of the Northwest league, going 8-5 with a 2.61 ERA. He allowed just 64 hits in 89.2 innings, but did walk 5.2 batters per nine. That would be a continuing theme throughout Marvin's minor league career, as he never posted a K/BB ratio higher than 1.74, and often walked more batters than he struck out – such as in 1985 at Reading, where after getting promoted to AA, he proceeded to walk 52 batters while striking out just 35. Still, the Phillies saw something in the young righty, as he was more or less unhittable during his first few years in the minors.

After posting a win–loss record of 13–6 and an ERA of 4.03 in 27 starts in AA in 1986, Freeman got the call to join the big club, debuting with the Phillies on September 16. Across three starts, he went 2-0 with a 2.25 ERA, despite walking more batters (10) than he struck out (8). His first win also came on the same day that his first daughter was born. Freeman would spend three and a half more seasons with the Phillies organization, bouncing between AAA and the majors (and throwing a no-hitter for the Maine Guides in the process), before being traded to the Atlanta Braves for Joe Boever before the deadline in 1990.

During his time with the Braves, Freeman began to find a level of control that he never previously experienced during his professional career, as he posted a K/BB ratio of over 2-to-1 for the first time. He was also used primarily as a reliever, which brought a decent amount of success to the lanky right-hander in his late-20s. He made 101 regular season appearances for Atlanta from 1990–92, accruing a 9-5 record with a 3.16 ERA with 87 strikeouts compared to 45 walks. He was a very solid contributor to two teams that went to the World Series, though he didn't have great success in the postseason (14.73 ERA in 3 appearances during the '92 NLCS). Freeman came back down to earth a bit in 1993, as his ERA rose to 6.08 and he only pitched in 21 games, partly due to injuries. He was released by the Braves after the season, and signed by the Colorado Rockies four days later.

Despite not starting a single game since 1990, Freeman won a spot in the starting rotation for the Rockies heading into 1994 after Kent Bottenfield broke his hand in late February. Freeman finished the '94 season with a 10-2 record and a 2.80 ERA. Had he pitched enough innings to qualify, that ERA would have been second behind only Greg Maddux, who unanimously won the Cy Young Award that season. Freeman finished fourth in the voting – the highest finish by any Rockies pitcher until 2010 when Ubaldo Jimenez finished third. One of the more special moments of that season for Freeman came in a June 13 game against the Braves at Fulton County Stadium, in which for the first time in 17 tries, the Rockies finally beat the Braves behind Freeman, who outdueled Tom Glavine by going seven innings and allowing just one run on eight hits while striking out three. Freeman's magical run was cut short by the 1994 MLB players' strike.

Freeman was battling a sore elbow going into the 1995 season, and it affected his results on the field. His ERA sat at 8.53 after the first month of the season, and when he was demoted to the bullpen at the end of July, he sported a 3-7 record with a 5.90 ERA. Freeman would make one more spot start in Atlanta in August, but exited after just 2.1 innings and landed on the DL. He made two more relief appearances upon his return, and finished the season with a 5.89 ERA and had surgery on his elbow, forcing him to miss the Rockies' short inaugural postseason run.

Freeman found himself back in the rotation at the onset of the 1996 campaign, and the results were a little better at first, but gradually got worse as the season wore on. His best outing came on June 12 at Coors Field against the Houston Astros, as he went seven scoreless innings and, along with relievers Darren Holmes and Ryan Hawblitzel, combined for the Rockies' first shutout at Coors Field in 103 games in an 8-0 victory. Freeman was 6-4 with a 5.04 ERA through June of '96, but he experienced a terrible second half (which allegedly included an incident at a "Jim Rome Tour Stop" on July 18, in which he supposedly made an obscene gesture and threw a baseball in Rome's direction) and finished the season with the Rockies with a 7-9 record and a 6.04 ERA. Colorado placed him on waivers at the end of August, and he was claimed by his hometown White Sox, with whom he made just one uninspiring start there.

Freeman became a free agent at the end of the '96 season and tried to catch on with the Toronto Blue Jays in the spring of 1997. However, he would pitch just one inning for their AAA affiliate before ending his career.

Freeman was best known as an electric clubhouse figure during his days with the Rockies. He once commented, "Look to me as the clubhouse WD-40 – the lubricant. When it's tight around here, I like to draw attention to myself, and maybe that'll help some of the other guys relax. I love attention." Still, Rockies fans will always remember his terrific 1994 season for an upstart club, as evidenced by their playoff berth the next year. He finished the 1994 season with a 10–2 win–loss record and a 2.80 ERA, which still stands as a Rockies record.

References

External links

Marvin Freeman at Baseball Almanac
Marvin Freeman at Baseball Gauge

Major League Baseball pitchers
Philadelphia Phillies players
Colorado Rockies players
Atlanta Braves players
Chatham Anglers players
Chicago Vocational High School alumni
Chicago White Sox players
Richmond Braves players
African-American baseball players
Jackson State Tigers baseball players
1963 births
Living people
Baseball players from Chicago
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople

Marvin Freeman


Thomas Jefferson Simmons (June 25, 1837 – September 12, 1905) was a justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia from 1887 to 1894, and chief justice from 1894 to 1905.

Early life, education, and military service
Born in Crawford County, near Knoxville, Georgia, where he was raised on a farm, he began his formal education of his own accord at age 18. He read law and opened an office in Knoxville, which quickly became a large and lucrative practice. At the outset of the American Civil War, he enlisted in the Confederate States Army in Crawford's Grays, the first company to leave the county in 1861. His company with assigned to the Sixth Georgia regiment, commanded by Alfred H. Colquitt. Entering service as a private, he was soon promoted to Lieutenant. On the organization of the 45th regiment in March 1862, he was elected Lieutenant Colonel, under colonel Thomas Hardeman. When Hardeman resigned, Simmons was made Colonel. He fought in the Battle of Big Bethel below Yorktown, and in every campaign of the Confederate Army of the Potomac.

Political career
After the war, he served in the Georgia Constitutional Convention of 1865, and later that year was elected to the Georgia State Senate for the 23rd District of Georgia. He served in the state senate for six years, including four years as chairman of the joint finance committee. He served again in the state's Constitutional Convention of 1877. He was twice elected by the legislature to serve as Circuit Judge of the Macon Circuit.

In September 1887, Simmons was elected associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia. In October 1894, he became Chief Justice, which office he held until his death.

References

U.S. state supreme court judges admitted to the practice of law by reading law
Justices of the Supreme Court of Georgia (U.S. state)
1837 births
1905 deaths
Confederate States Army officers
Georgia (U.S. state) state senators
People from Crawford County, Georgia
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American judges

Thomas J. Simmons


"My Prerogative" is a song first released in 1988 in the United States and then recorded again in 2004. The earlier version was by Bobby Brown. The 2004 version was by Britney Spears. Other people have covered the song since then. It has been sampled in other songs.

1988 songs
Britney Spears songs

My Prerogative


Orphans of the Sky is a science fiction novel by American writer Robert A. Heinlein, consisting of two parts: "Universe" (Astounding Science Fiction, May 1941) and its sequel, "Common Sense" (Astounding Science Fiction, October 1941). The two novellas were first published together in book form in 1963. "Universe" was also published separately in 1951 as a 10¢ Dell paperback. The work presents one of the earliest fictional depictions of a generation ship.

Plot
The gigantic, cylindrical generation ship Vanguard, originally destined for "Far Centaurus", is cruising without guidance through interstellar space because long ago, a mutiny killed most of the officers. Over time, the descendants of the surviving loyal crew have lapsed into a pre-technological culture that is marked by superstition, and have forgotten the purpose and nature of their ship. Since they come to believe the "Ship" is the entire universe, "To move the ship" is considered an oxymoron, and references to the Ship's "voyage" are interpreted as religious metaphor. They are ruled by an oligarchy of "officers" and "scientists." Most crew members are simple illiterate farmers, seldom or never venturing to the "upper decks," where the "muties" (an abbreviation of "mutants" or "mutineers") dwell. Among the crew, all identifiable mutants are killed at birth.

The story centers on a young man of insatiable curiosity, Hugh Hoyland, who is selected as an apprentice by a scientist. The scientists ritualistically perform the tasks required to maintain the Ship, such as putting trash into its energy converter to generate power, and remain ignorant of their true functions.

On a hunt for muties, Hugh is captured by them. He barely avoids getting eaten by the microcephalic dwarf Bobo and instead becomes the slave of Joe-Jim Gregory, the two-headed leader of a powerful mutie gang. Joe and Jim have separate identities, but both are highly intelligent and have come to a crude understanding of the Ship's true nature.

Having become convinced of the Ship's true purpose, Hugh persuades Joe-Jim to complete the mission of colonization since he notices that there is a nearby star that Joe-Jim has observed growing larger over the years. Intent on the mission, he returns to the lower levels of the Ship to convince others to help him, but is arrested by his former boss, Bill Ertz, and sentenced to death. He is viewed as either insane or a previously unrecognized mutant; he was a borderline case at birth, with a head viewed as too large.

Hugh persuades an old friend, Alan Mahoney, to enlist Joe-Jim's gang in rescuing him. He shows the captured Bill and Alan the long-abandoned command center and a view of the stars. Convinced, Bill then enlists the captain's aide, Phineas Narby, to Hugh's crusade.

Inspired by one of Joe-Jim's favorite books, The Three Musketeers, they manufacture swords superior to the daggers that everyone else has. They overthrow the captain, install Narby in his place, and embark on a campaign to bring the entire Ship under their control.

However, Narby never believed Hugh and played along only to gain power. Once in control, he sets out to eliminate the muties. Joe is killed in the fighting, but Jim sacrifices himself to hold off their pursuers long enough for Hugh, Bill, Alan, and their wives to get to a highly automated lifeboat. Hugh manages to land on the habitable moon of a gas giant. The colonists disembark and uneasily explore their alien surroundings.

Reception
Avram Davidson described Orphans of the Sky as "a modern classic" and praised "the magnitude and magnificence of Orphans concepts" but expressed disappointment in "the limitations of its conclusion." Damon Knight said, "Nobody has ever improved on Universe, although a good many reckless people have tried, because Heinlein said it all." Algis Budrys said, "Many hands have worked at improving Heinlein's impeccable statement of this theme", with none succeeding until James White's The Watch Below.

Links to other Heinlein stories

A paragraph at the start of the novel shows an excerpt from "The Romance of Modern Astrography," explaining that the ship was part of the "Proxima Centauri Expedition, sponsored by the Jordan Foundation in 2119"  (A timeline produced by Heinlein to link different stories in his Future History places the launch of the Vanguard in the early 22nd century.) A discovered ship's log begins in June 2172, a few days before the mutiny breaks out.

In Heinlein's later novel Time Enough for Love, the Vanguard is briefly mentioned as the sister ship of New Frontiers, which was commandeered by the Howard Families in the novel Methuselah's Children. It is revealed that the vessel had been bound for Proxima Centauri but never landed colonists there. The Vanguard has been discovered, with its crew long dead because of an unexplained failure in its mechanisms, and its records destroyed or illegible. Its path is traced back, and the descendants of Hugh's people are found, flourishing as highly intelligent savages on a planet which scientists dub "Pitcairn Island". Another reference to Heinlein's Future History is a passage describing Joe-Jim's enthusiasm for the works of "Rhysling, the blind singer of the spaceways," a poet and the central character of the Heinlein story "The Green Hills of Earth".

Radio adaptation

"Universe" was also performed as a radio play on the NBC Radio Network programs Dimension X (on November 26, 1951) and X Minus One (on May 15, 1955).  Those versions have several drastic changes to the story, especially in their conclusions in which Hugh is killed, showing the crew of the Vanguard the true nature of the Ship.

Scientific details
Two-headed humans exist, one variation of conjoined twins.

The physics of the Ship's artificial gravity is also correct: it spins to simulate gravity, which is absent at the centre. The ship's "Converter" reflects an early 1940s viewpoint of atomic power, with atoms of any element "ripped apart" in an unspecified manner.

The notion of a giant planet with a habitable moon went against theories of planetary formation as they stood before the discovery of "hot Jupiter" planets. It was thought that planets large enough to have an Earth-sized moon would form only above the "snowline," too far from the star for life. It is now believed that such worlds can migrate inwards, and habitable moons seem likely. The existence of exomoons has not been confirmed, but there are candidates.

See also
Non-Stop, by Brian W. Aldiss (titled Starship in its US release)
Captive Universe, by Harry Harrison
"Proxima Centauri", by Murray Leinster
"The Oceans are Wide", a story by Frank M. Robinson about a generation ship whose inhabitants have not forgotten its purpose
The Book of the Long Sun, by Gene Wolfe
"For the World Is Hollow and I Have Touched the Sky", an episode of the original Star Trek with a similar premise
"Mission of the Darians", an episode of Space: 1999 with a similar premise
The Starlost, a Canadian-produced science fiction television series devised by writer Harlan Ellison and broadcast in 1973
Marrow, a novel by American author Robert Reed published in 2000.
Pandorum, a 2009 German-British science fiction film
"If the Stars Should Appear", an episode of science fiction television series The Orville written by Seth MacFarlane and broadcast on September 28, 2017
Metamorphosis Alpha, a role-playing game by James Ward

References

External links

"Universe" and "Common Sense" on the Internet Archive

1941 American novels
1941 science fiction novels
American science fiction novels
Fiction about gas giants
Generation ships in fiction
Novels by Robert A. Heinlein
Novels first published in serial form
Fiction set around Proxima Centauri
Works originally published in Analog Science Fiction and Fact
Works set on fictional moons
Novels set in the 22nd century

Orphans of the Sky


The outcome bias is an error made in evaluating the quality of a decision when the outcome of that decision is already known. Specifically, the outcome effect occurs when the same "behavior produce[s] more ethical condemnation when it happen[s] to produce bad rather than good outcome, even if the outcome is determined by chance."

While similar to the hindsight bias, the two phenomena are markedly different. Hindsight bias focuses on memory distortion to favor the actor, while the outcome bias focuses exclusively on weighting the past outcome heavier than other pieces of information in deciding if a past decision was correct.

Overview
One will often judge a past decision by its ultimate outcome instead of based on the quality of the decision at the time it was made, given what was known at that time. This is an error because no decision-maker ever knows whether or not a calculated risk will turn out for the best. The actual outcome of the decision will often be determined by chance, with some risks working out and others not. Individuals whose judgments are influenced by outcome bias are seemingly holding decision-makers responsible for events beyond their control.

Baron and Hershey (1988) presented subjects with hypothetical situations in order to test this.
One such example involved a surgeon deciding whether or not to do a risky surgery on a patient. The surgery had a known probability of success. Subjects were presented with either a good or bad outcome (in this case living or dying), and asked to rate the quality of the surgeon's pre-operation decision. Those presented with bad outcomes rated the decision worse than those who had good outcomes. "The ends justify the means" is an often-used aphorism to express the outcome effect when the outcome is desirable.

This mistake occurs when currently available information is incorporated when evaluating a past decision. To avoid the influence of outcome bias, one would evaluate a decision by ignoring information collected after the fact and focusing on what the right answer is, or was at the time the decision was made.

Outside of psychological experiments, the outcome bias has been found to be substantially present in real world situations. A study looking at the evaluation of football players' performance by coaches and journalists found that players' performance is judged to be substantially better—over a whole match—if the player had a lucky goal rather than an unlucky miss (after a player's shot hit one of the goal posts).  Another study found that professional basketball coaches are "more likely to revise their strategy after a loss than a win... even when a loss was expected and even when failure is due to factors beyond the team's control."

The outcome bias is closely related to the philosophical concept of moral luck as in both concepts, the evaluation of actions is influenced by factors that are not logically justifiable.

See also
 Deontology vs. teleology and consequentialism (ethical theories)
 Group attribution error
 Hindsight bias
 Historian's fallacy
 List of cognitive biases

References

Cognitive biases

Outcome bias


Åslaug Marie Haga (born 21 October 1959) is Norwegian diplomat, politician and international civil servant. She has been board chair for various organizations, including the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) and the Peace Research Institute in Oslo (PRIO). Haga has published three books: two on Norwegian politics and one novel.

She is currently the associate vice-president of the External Relations and Governance Department at the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), a specialized agency of the United Nations.

Prior to that, she was executive director of the Global Crop Diversity Trust from 2013 to 2019.

Early life and career
Haga was born in Nes, Akershus. She has a bachelor's degree in political science, history and sociology from the University of Oslo. She joined the diplomatic corps before finishing her master's degree in political science. She served at the Norwegian delegation to the United Nations in New York in the late 1980s and at the Norwegian embassy in New Delhi, India in the early 1990s.

Political career
Haga served as State Secretary for Foreign Affairs from 1991 – 1997 and Minister of Culture from 1999 to 2000. In 2001, she was elected to the Storting from Akershus County, and she was re-elected in 2005. In 2003, while the Centre Party was an opposition party, she became party leader. As leader of the Centre Party, Haga was instrumental in swinging the party's political course to the left, bringing it into a coalition with the Labour Party and the Socialist Left Party for the first time.

Following the success of this Red-Green Coalition in the 2005 parliamentary elections, the Centre Party entered the government, and Haga succeeded Erna Solberg as Minister for Local Municipalities and Regional Development in the second cabinet Stoltenberg. In September 2007, she became Minister of Petroleum and Energy, succeeding Odd Roger Enoksen, and leaving the regional department to Magnhild Meltveit Kleppa. On 11 April 2008, Haga announced that she would not be seeking re-election to Parliament at the 2009 election, and that she would step down as Centre Party leader before the election.

On 19 June 2008, she resigned as Minister of Petroleum and Energy, and as leader of the Centre Party. She suffered from health problems following a media storm about minor building violations that she was unaware of. Haga was replaced as Minister of Petroleum and Energy by Terje Riis-Johansen.

Norwegian Air Ambulance
Haga was Secretary General of the Norwegian Air Ambulance from 2011 – 2013.  A new training centre for rescue personnel – including medical doctors and pilots - was established at Torpomoen under her leadership.

Global Crop Diversity Trust

Haga replaced Cary Fowler as executive director of the Global Crop Diversity Trust in early 2013 and held that position until the end of 2019. Under Haga's leadership the Crop Trust became an independent international organization with a strong voice in agrobiodiversity conservation and use. She was responsible for, and signed, the first agreement to safeguard crops in perpetuity with the International Rice Research Institute in 2018.

International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
Haga is currently Associate Vice-president of the External Relations and Governance Department at IFAD. She is responsible for communications, global engagement, partnerships, and resource mobilization, as well as overseeing the relations with IFAD's 177 Member States.

References

1959 births
Living people
People from Nes, Akershus
Centre Party (Norway) politicians
Petroleum and energy ministers of Norway
Ministers of Local Government and Modernisation of Norway
Ministers of Culture of Norway
Women members of the Storting
Members of the Storting
People from Ås, Akershus
University of Oslo alumni
21st-century Norwegian politicians
21st-century Norwegian women politicians
Women government ministers of Norway

Åslaug Haga


A night shift is either a group of workers who work during the night, or the time that they work. See shift work or graveyard shift.

Night Shift (with capital initial letters) could mean:

 Night Shift (novel), a 1942 novel by Maritta Wolff.
 Night Shift (book), a 1978 collection of short stories written by Stephen King.
 Night Shift (movie), a 1982 movie, one of Ron Howard's earliest directorial efforts
 Night Shift (video game), an Atari video game
 Night Shift, a song by the rock band Foghat
 Night Shift, a song by Bob Marley & The Wailers released in 1976 (Rastaman Vibration)
 Night Shift (band), a Serbian heavy rock band
 Night Shift (TV series), a British television series shown late at night on ITV
 Night Shift (Irish TV series), an Irish television show broadcast on Channel 6
 Night Shift (comics), a fictional team of supervillains in the Marvel Universe
 Night Shift (computer game), a 1990 computer game designed and published by LucasArts
 General Hospital: Night Shift, a primetime soap opera airing on SOAPnet during the summers of 2007 and 2008

Other
 Nightshift, a song and album by The Commodores
 The Night Shift, a Network Radio Station by Synerdata Radio
The Night Shift, a special interest board on GameFAQs.

Night shift


The 55th Scripps National Spelling Bee was held in Washington, D.C. at the Capital Hilton on June 2–3, 1982, sponsored by the E.W. Scripps Company.

The competition was won by 12-year-old Molly Dieveney from Denver, Colorado, correctly spelling "psoriasis" for the win. Dieveney was coached by the mother of Jacques Bailly (her next door neighbor), who won the bee two years prior. Second place went to 13-year-old Uma Rao of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, who misspelled "contretemps". Jason Johnson, 13, of St. Joseph, Missouri, and who placed second the prior year, placed third after missing "gauleiter".

There were 126 spellers this year, 81 girls and 45 boys, with 54 making it to the second day of competition. Nine spellers left in the first round, 22 in the second, 8 in the third, and 33 in the fourth. Alex Cameron was the pronouncer. A total of 546 words were used.

The first place cash prize was $1,000, with $500 for second, and $250 for third. The next five finishers got $100, the next ten $75, and the remaining received $50.

References

Scripps National Spelling Bee competitions
1982 in Washington, D.C.
1982 in education

55th Scripps National Spelling Bee


The Wellsville, Addison & Galeton Railroad  was formed in 1954 to operate a section of Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O) trackage which had been isolated from the rest of the system by a 1942 flood. This trackage was acquired by the B&O as part of the purchase of the Buffalo & Susquehanna Railroad (B&S) in 1932. It is known as the operator of a set of GE centercab diesels supplemented by F7 locomotives in later years.

History

The original Wellsville, Addison & Galeton Railroad (WA&G) consisted of two main lines originating from Galeton, Pennsylvania. One ran northwest to Wellsville, New York, where it connected to the Erie Railroad; the other ran northeast to Addison, New York and also connected to the Erie. Two short segments completed the trackage, one running east to Ansonia, Pennsylvania and a connection with the New York Central Railroad, and another southwest to Burrows, representing the stub end of the former connection to the B&O. This totalled 91 miles of trackage and was sold for $250,000, along with six ex-B&S steam locomotives, four cabooses, and a miscellany of work equipment, to the H.E. Salzberg Company, which operated a number of other short lines. Operations began in 1956.

The future of the line was driven by line conditions and traffic. Major customers included a Sinclair refinery in Wellsville and tanneries in Elkland and Westfield. These latter supplied the sobriquet of "The Sole Leather Line", which was painted on some equipment.

The Burrows branch was abandoned soon after WA&G began operations. The Elkland-Addison portion followed in 1960. In 1964 the line expanded to include the Coudersport & Port Allegany Railroad (C&PA), which crossed at Newfield Junction on the Wellsville line. The CP&A was abandoned in 1973.

By the time Hurricane Agnes hit the northeast in 1972, WA&G was reduced to a 40-mile operation between Galeton to Elkland, with a branch (and its only outside connection) to Ansonia. A fire destroyed the Elkland tannery in 1973; and after more floods the railroad filed for abandonment in 1975. Approval to abandon was granted by the ICC in 1978, and the final freight ran on March 13, 1979. The line remained open until November to retrieve equipment and ship locomotives to various buyers.

Equipment
The B&O supplied six class E-60 Consolidations (built in 1907-1908) as part of the original sale.  The new railroad intended to use diesel power instead, and only one of the six (#3127) was ever lettered for the WA&G.  However, the first diesels purchased, a pair of Whitcomb 75-tonners, proved inadequate for the grades on the Wellsville line, and so the steamers were pressed into service briefly at the opening of the line, only to be scrapped in 1955-56.

More adequate power came in as a series of General Electric centercab models. The first, a 50-ton unit, served briefly at the opening of the line; then in 1955 a pair of 125-ton units were purchased from Ford, to be joined by five 132-ton units the following year. These were retired in stages through the 1960s, and all were scrapped by 1973 except for #1700 which is preserved at the Lake Shore Railway Museum in North East, PA.

Starting in 1968 as the centercabs wore out, they were replaced by a series of F7 units, all of which came as trade-in units from General Electric. Through 1972, a total of eight units were purchased, including one B unit (for parts) and an FP7A. Only two were retained by the WA&G; all others were transferred to the Louisiana & North West Railroad, another Salzberg line.

In 1978, the WA&G's two steel cabooses joined the F7s in Louisiana; the older wooden cabooses are now in private hands. Like a number of short lines in the late 1950s, the WA&G made a profitable business out of cars in interchange service. This began with a purchase of 78 wooden boxcars, and eventually 761 cars were in service. These cars grew less profitable through the years, and the refusal of Penn Central to renew a lease of 300 wooden cars put an end to their use, though metal-sided cars remained in service.

Surviving Equipment
The WA&G was beset by fire and flood over the years, and little physical evidence of the line remains. However, three of the F7 units went to museums and two were included in a group which ended up with the Connecticut Department of Transportation (currently stored on the Naugatuck Railroad). Three of the line's cabooses are known to survive in private ownership. Former snowplow X-3710 is currently stored at the Rochester & Genesee Valley Railroad Museum. GE 132 ton centercab locomotive WAG#1700 (ex-Ford #1006), the only one still in existence, is preserved at the Lake Shore Railway Historical Society Museum in North East, Pennsylvania, 10 miles from the GE locomotive assembly plant that built it.

References

Defunct New York (state) railroads
Defunct Pennsylvania railroads
Transportation in Steuben County, New York
Transportation in Allegany County, New York

Wellsville, Addison and Galeton Railroad


Matthew Polinsky (born February 24, 1984) is an American wrestling color commentator and professional wrestler currently signed to WWE as a commentator and analyst for SmackDown under the ring name Corey Graves. He is a former NXT Tag Team Champion with Adrian Neville and a former WWE 24/7 Champion. Polinsky is also known for his work on the independent circuit under the ring name Sterling James Keenan.

Early life
Polinsky was born and raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of a Hungarian couple. He attended college and has a degree in marketing.

Professional wrestling career

Independent promotions (2000–2009)
Polinsky chose his ring name the night before his first professional wrestling match, and picked the name "Sterling James Keenan" as a tribute to Sterling Sharpe, Polinsky's favorite American football player as a child, and Maynard James Keenan of the band Tool.

Keenan debuted on March 22, 2000. Throughout the next few years, Keenan appeared for various promotions, including Dory Funk Jr.'s "Funking Conservatory", where he competed with wrestlers including Paul London, Adam Windsor, and Onyx. In 2002, Keenan teamed with "Dreamachine" Chris Cage to win the Funkin Conservatory Tag Team Championship by defeating the team of London and Windsor.

Keenan also made appearances for NWA Upstate, Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South, Cleveland All-Pro Wrestling, and Full Throttle Wrestling. On April 26, 2002, in NWA East / Pro Wrestling eXpress, Keenan and Mad Mike won the NWA East Tag Team Championship by defeating The Premiere Players. Keenan was part of the Union of Independent Professional Wrestlers promotion in both of its incarnations. He won the UIPW Keystone Cruiserweight Championship. Beginning in 2005, he appeared regularly for Far North Wrestling (FNW), and on November 2, 2007, he won a Battle royal to win the FNW Heavyweight Championship. He defeated Samoa Joe and Rikishi by countout on August 23, 2007 to win the Ballpark Brawl Natural Heavyweight Title. On February 24, 2008, Keenan won Absolute Intense Wrestling's Heavyweight Championship by winning a 30-Man gauntlet match.

Keenan competed for Pro Wrestling Zero1 and won the Zero-One United States Heavyweight Championship on two occasions. On March 8, 2008, Keenan defeated Mr. Wrestling 3 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to win the championship for the first time. He only held the championship for a week before dropping it to Dr. X on March 15 in Morganville, New Jersey. On May 9, Keenan won the championship for the second time, defeating Jake Manning in Limerick, Pennsylvania. He held the championship for just under a month before losing it to Rick Landell on June 1.

Throughout the years, Keenan has also made sporadic appearances for Ring of Honor (ROH). His debut appearance for the promotion was at Round Robin Challenge II on April 25, 2003, where he teamed with E. Z. Money in a Tag Team Scramble match won by The S.A.T. He returned to ROH over two years later at Redemption on August 12, 2005, where he participated in a Four Corner Survival match won by Ace Steel. In October 2005, he lost a singles match to Claudio Castagnoli and a singles match between Keenan and Steel at Tag Wars 2006 in January 2006 ended in a no contest due to interference from Chris Hero and the Necro Butcher. Six months later, at In Your Face, Keenan and Jason Blade lost a tag team match to The Briscoe Brothers. He made a single appearance in ROH in 2007 at the Fifth Year Festival: Dayton event, losing to Jimmy Rave and another appearance in March 2009 at Steel City Clash, losing to Delirious. He also appeared on the Ring of Honor Wrestling television show on the April 4, 2009 episode, losing to Erick Stevens.

International Wrestling Cartel (2002–2007)
Keenan debuted in the International Wrestling Cartel (IWC) on October 19, 2002, defeating Troy Lords. On the following IWC show, Keenan defeated CM Punk, before losing to Shirley Doe on two occasions but defeating Josh Prohibition. On December 28, Keenan teamed with Dustin Ardine to challenge the Devil's Advocates for the IWC Tag Team Championship, but were unsuccessful. In May 2003, Keenan participated in IWC's Super Indy tournament, defeating B. J. Whitmer in the first round, but losing to Colt Cabana in the second.

At IWC's Revengeance show in September, Keenan defeated Al B. Damm to earn a match for the IWC Heavyweight Championship. He received his championship match on November 1, 2003, and defeated Dennis Gregory to win the championship. At Rebirth of Extreme on November 22, Keenan successfully retained the championship in a rematch against Gregory, and made further successful defences against Punk on December 12, Dean Radford on January 31, 2004, and February 24, and against Super Hentai on March 6. Two weeks later, on March 20, Keenan lost the IWC Heavyweight Championship to Radford, and failed to regain it in a rematch on April 3, and on April 17, when he lost a Tables match to Radford.

In July 2004, Keenan unsuccessfully challenged Chris Sabin for the IWC Super Indy Championship. That December, after Sabin had vacated the IWC Super Indy Championship, Keenan won a four-way match against Petey Williams, Josh Prohibition, and John McChesney to win the vacant championship. He made a successful defense of the championship against AJ Styles on February 24, 2005, and Claudio Castagnoli the following night. In April he retained the championship against Nate Webb, before losing a championship match to Justin Idol by countout in final championship defense on April 29, 2005. That same night, McChesney won the Super Indy Tournament, winning the championship as part of his victory, despite having not beaten Keenan. The next night, a match for the championship between Keenan and McChesney ended in a double countout.

In March 2006, Keenan unsuccessfully challenged Doe for the IWC Heavyweight Championship. That September, Keenan was part of a tournament for the vacant IWC Heavyweight Championship, but was eliminated in the first round after losing to Ricky Reyes. On August 4, 2007, Keenan lost another match for the championship, this time to long-time rival Dennis Gregory, in what proved to be his final match in the company.

One Pro Wrestling (2005–2009)
Keenan made his debut for the United Kingdom-based 1 Pro Wrestling (1PW) at their inaugural show, A Cruel Twist of Fate, on October 1, 2005, defeating D'Lo Brown. He quickly formed an alliance with Abyss, and the pair defeated Sabu and Ulf Herman in a hardcore tag team match on January 7, 2006. In March, Keenan competed in a tournament to determine the inaugural 1PW Heavyweight Champion, but was defeated by AJ Styles in a quarter-final match.

He moved on to feud with Spud, defeating him on May 26 at Know Your Enemy Night One. At Fight Club 2 in July, Keenan defeated Spud in an Iron City Street Fight. Three weeks later, Keenan replaced Matt Hyson in a tag team match, where he and Spud challenged Jody Fleisch and Jonny Storm for the 1PW Tag Team Championship. They were unsuccessful after Keenan attacked Spud during the match. At Invincible in August, a tag team match featuring Keenan and Hyson versus Spud and Teddy Hart ended in a no contest after several other wrestlers interfered, prompting a 10-man elimination tag team match, which Keenan's team won.

At Resurrection in April 2007, Keenan challenged Romeo Roselli for the Nu-Wrestling Evolution Heavyweight Championship, but was disqualified for using the championship belt as a weapon. He then began challenging Ulf Herman for the 1PW Heavyweight Championship, but was unsuccessful in a four-way match on June 29 when Herman retained the championship. Keenan failed to win the championship again on June 30 and August 18. On October 13, at 2nd Anniversary Show, Keenan defeated Herman to win the championship in a steel cage match. Keenan successfully defended the championship against Doug Williams on January 25, 2008, and Martin Stone, Darren Burridge and Abyss in a four-way match the following night. His next defense was on October, when he lost to Johnny Moss via disqualification, and retaining the championship as a result. At the 3rd Anniversary Show that same month, Keenan retained the championship against Raven. Keenan eventually lost the championship to Martin Stone on April 18, 2009 at To The Extreme, ending his championship reign at 554 days. He continued to feud with Stone in an unsuccessful attempt to regain the championship throughout 2009, and made his final 1PW appearance at the 4th Anniversary Show in November.

WWE
Before signing a contract with WWE, Keenan made several appearances for the company. On April 26, 2006, Keenan and CM Punk lost a dark match to The Gymini prior to the SmackDown taping. On June 6, 2006, Keenan teamed with Jon Bolen in a loss to Jamie Noble and Kid Kash. Keenan appeared on an episode of WWE Heat that was taped on August 6, losing to Val Venis. Keenan appeared on the August 10, 2007, episode of SmackDown!, where he was easily squashed by Mark Henry.

Developmental territories (2011–2014)
In August 2011, it was reported that Polinsky had signed a developmental contract with WWE. Polinsky announced that he would be performing in WWE's developmental territory, Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), under the ring name Corey Graves. He debuted at the FCW television tapings on September 25, losing to Erick Rowan. The following year, on March 17, 2012, Graves won the FCW Florida Tag Team Championship with Jake Carter by defeating Bo Rotundo and Husky Harris. When WWE rebranded FCW into NXT, Graves and Carter participated in the inaugural tapings in June 2012. They defeated CJ Parker and Nick Rogers in a match that aired in July.

Graves was re-established as a villainous singles wrestler on November 14 with a win over Oliver Grey; Following a submission victory over Yoshi Tatsu in December, Graves attacked the NXT Champion Seth Rollins, and was awarded a title match on the January 2, 2013 episode of NXT. Graves failed to capture the championship despite winning via disqualification following interference from Rollins' associates in The Shield. After singles victories over former partner Carter and Alex Riley, Graves faced Conor O'Brian in a number one contender's match; the match ended in a no contest after The Shield attacked both men, and Graves later lost in a triple threat number one contender's match. Graves transitioned into a feud with The Shield, challenging them to a match for costing him title opportunities, turning face in the process. He faced Rollins in a lumberjack match, which he lost when the other members of The Shield interfered, therefore cementing his face turn. In May, Graves began feuding with The Wyatt Family following a confrontation (and later match) with leader Bray Wyatt. After being eliminated by Wyatt in a battle royal, Graves teamed with Kassius Ohno to unsuccessfully challenge Luke Harper and Erick Rowan for the NXT Tag Team Championship, and Graves, Ohno, and Adrian Neville lost to The Wyatt Family in a six-man tag team match. After the Wyatts injured Ohno in storyline, Graves began regularly teaming with Neville, and on the July 18 episode of NXT, they defeated Harper and Rowan to capture the NXT Tag Team Championship. The duo held the championship for nearly three months, before losing to The Ascension in September. After failing to regain the title, Graves attacked Neville to provoke a feud, thus turning heel. They traded victories, before Graves suffered a legitimate concussion, rendering him temporarily inactive. He returned in January 2014, to enter a feud with Sami Zayn. Graves defeated Zayn on April 3 but was defeated in a 6-man tag team match teaming with The Ascension against Zayn and The Usos. Graves then suffered a second concussion, causing him to be absent from television for several months.

Pre-show panelist (2014–2017)

Graves returned on the NXT TakeOver: R Evolution pre-show on December 11, where he announced his official in-ring retirement due to his concussion issues. He also announced that he would be joining NXT's commentary team with immediate effect, with his duties beginning at that event.

Graves was then offered a two-year commentary contract by Triple H, and was later added to the pre-show panel for Raw.

He is also the host of WWE Culture Shock, a WWE Network original series. In August 2015, following Dolph Ziggler's 2014 shout-out to the My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fandom, March's reveal of Xavier Woods as a member of said fandom, and Sheamus being shamed in April by Ziggler about Bronies on TV, he attended BronyCon at the Baltimore Convention Center to investigate the fandom, where he dressed in an Applejack costume and interviewed Bronies. WWE released a free preview of the episode on August 26, 2015 following the August 22 NXT TakeOver: Brooklyn event and the August 23 SummerSlam event. Despite being drafted to Raw, Graves continued to provide color commentary for NXT until the February 1, 2017 episode. On the pre-show for NXT TakeOver: San Antonio, Graves announced he would be leaving NXT after that event, with Nigel McGuinness taking his place on commentary.

Main roster commentator (2016–present)
Following the 2016 WWE draft, it was announced that Graves would be joining the Raw commentary team. On July 25, on the first post brand split episode of Raw, Graves began serving as a color commentator alongside Michael Cole and Byron Saxton. On November 29, Graves joined the commentary team for the Cruiserweight division's WWE Network exclusive show, 205 Live, alongside Mauro Ranallo and Austin Aries.

In March 2017, following Ranallo's absence from commentary and Aries' return to in-ring action, Graves would be joined by Tom Phillips on commentary for 205 Live. On the May 29 episode of Raw, Graves would directly report to Raw general manager Kurt Angle about some "scandalous information" that was sent to him about Angle, with Angle telling Graves that if the news broke out, it would ruin him. On the June 19 episode of Raw, as Angle tried to resolve the mystery of who attacked both Enzo and Cass over the last few weeks, Graves would show security footage of Big Cass faking his attack, which led to Cass revealing himself as the one who attacked Enzo Amore, before attacking Amore once again, officially disbanding the team. Graves would continue to support Angle about his personal information that was sent to him, which Angle would reveal on the July 17 episode of Raw, announcing that Jason Jordan was his storyline son. On September 4, it was announced that Graves would also join the SmackDown Live announce team after JBL departed from the company, making Graves the only current announcer to commentate both Raw and SmackDown LIVE, as a heel color commentator.

On September 26, 2019, WWE announced as a part of their "WWE Premiere Week" that a new commentary team will be on all three brands. Later, it was announced that Graves would now be a commentator and analyst only for SmackDown. On the April 12, 2021 edition of Raw after WrestleMania 37, Graves returned to the Raw broadcast booth, replacing Samoa Joe. In which in turn, podcaster and radio show host Pat McAfee would replace Graves as the Friday Night SmackDown color commentator.

On the November 8 edition of Raw, Graves would pin Akira Tozawa at ringside to win the WWE 24/7 Championship, only to lose it immediately afterward to Byron Saxton. On February 11, 2022, Graves subbed in for Pat McAfee on an episode of Friday Night SmackDown.

On the April 4, 2022 episode of Raw, after Graves' wife, Carmella, was attacked by her tag team partner, Zelina Vega, for losing the WWE Women's Tag Team Championships at Wrestlemania 38, Graves consoled her at ringside, eventually sharing a kiss between the two.

As McAfee was hired by ESPN for its College GameDay coverage, Graves temporarily returned on the September 9, 2022 episode of SmackDown as a color commentator which this arrangement  lasted until the end of the college football season.

Graves returned to SmackDown as color commentator with Kevin Patrick joining in as play-by-play commentator on August 11, 2023.

Other media
Polinsky, as Corey Graves, made his video game debut as a playable character in WWE 2K15, where on the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions of the game, he has his own path in the "Who Got NXT" mode, documenting his matches in NXT and on the Xbox One and PlayStation 4 versions as an unlockable character through the MyCareer mode. He later appeared in WWE 2K18, WWE 2K19, WWE 2K20, WWE 2K22 and WWE 2K23 as a non-playable character as part of the commentary team.

Polinsky was a part of E:60 documentary: "WWE: Behind the Curtain". From October 2015 to April 2016, Polinsky wrote a monthly column for Alternative Press entitled "Stay Loud." The column covered the intersection of wrestling and music.

Polinsky has also delved into the fashion industry with Fatal Clothing's "Stay Down" collection.

Polinsky, as his Corey Graves persona, launched his own podcast (produced by WWE and Endeavor Audio) titled WWE After the Bell, which debuted in October 2019. In June 2020, he would launch a second podcast called Bare with Us alongside his real life wife Leah Van Dale, where the two discuss different issues regarding relationships including issues within their own.

Filmography

Personal life
As of 2020, Polinsky and his ex-wife, Amy (Schneider) Polinsky, have three children together. He also has a younger brother, Sam, who wrestles for the National Wrestling Alliance and the Mexican promotion CMLL under the name "Sam Adonis", and had gotten mainstream notoriety in the United States for having a pro-Donald Trump gimmick in CMLL.

Polinsky is a professional piercer, after training as an apprentice at the request of a friend of his who needed a piercer in his tattoo shop. He has worked in the Naughty Vibrations shop in Greensburg, Pennsylvania and in a shop named True Image in New Kensington, Pennsylvania. Polinsky is known for his numerous tattoos. He got two of them before the age of 16 with his parents' permission, and after turning 18, got sleeve tattoos on both his arms, made up of several clearly visible and separate tattoos tied together with designs. He also has tattoos on his neck, and has the words "stay down" tattooed across his knuckles.

Polinsky is described as a typical yinzer and often shows pride in being from Pittsburgh on WWE programming, often mentioning his bar-hopping on Pittsburgh's South Side and mentioning his favorite places to visit. He did, however, admit that upon joining the WWE commentary team he had to significantly tone down his natural Pittsburghese dialect only to see fellow Pittsburgh native Pat McAfee become successful on WWE commentary because of it.

In early 2019, Graves' ex-wife posted a picture to her Instagram page stating that Polinsky had been having an affair with WWE wrestler Leah Van Dale, known by the ring name Carmella. The post was deleted shortly after and it was confirmed that the pair had already been separated and were already in the divorce process. Their relationship was later profiled in the 9th season of the reality show Total Divas. In October 2021, Van Dale and Polinsky got engaged. The two were married on April 7, 2022., in October 31, 2022, his wife revealed in her instagram account, that she had an ectopic pregnancy, which caused a miscarriage. On May 1, 2023, the couple announced their pregnancy on Instagram.

Legacy
Legendary Professional wrestling commentator and WWE Hall of Famer Jim Ross has stated that "Graves is the brightest young on-air talent that WWE has developed in years".

Fellow WWE commentator and broadcast colleague, Michael Cole has praised Graves stating "We gave him a chance and he really worked hard at it. This didn't come to him easy. He put a lot of time in at the Performance Center, and hours and hours of work. "We put him on Raw, and he took off. He's the new guy, he's the new heel. "He's got a unique presence, he's got sarcasm and he's got wit, and he also has the experience of being in the ring, being a former NXT tag team champion. He has everything. he's the future of what we do here".

Professional wrestling promoter and booker Eric Bischoff has praised Graves as an "amazingly talented guy" and "an exceptional talent". Bischoff also further reiterated that Graves is  "Very different, has his own way about him. He's got a vibe and an approach to the business that I really love, and I think it makes him unique. But think about that. Think about how much wrestling, how many stories, think about what Corey Graves in particular had to do every week. Unless you've done that job, even if you've done that job, it's hard to imagine".

Professional wrestling Legend and WWE Hall of Famer Arn Anderson, has also praised Graves stating "He obviously has the in-ring background, he has a cool look, it feels like he's 'inside baseball' enough and up on his stuff where 'smart fans' can enjoy his work, he checks Vince's boxes". "Just his appearance alone made you pay attention and he appealed to a younger crowd and I think you have to have a mix of different announcers that cover and check different boxes just like you have talent and Corey was a guy that was opinionated. I don't how much of those opinions were his own and those projected for him to have, but he fits in with that younger demographic and you're always wanting to grab that, that's for sure."

Fellow WWE commentator colleague and broadcast partner Byron Saxton has praised Graves stating "there's been so many greats but when you look at Jesse [Ventura] and Bobby [Heenan] and all these great color guys, The King [Jerry Lawler], who have been in this company, you know, Corey [Graves] is right up there. He is so talented, he is so witty and it's a blessing for this company to have someone as talented as he is and I'm very fortunate I've been able to work with him as long as I have".

Championships and accomplishments
1 Pro Wrestling
1PW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Absolute Intense Wrestling
AIW Absolute Championship (1 time)
Ballpark Brawl
Natural Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Far North Wrestling
FNW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Florida Championship Wrestling
FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Jake Carter
Funkin' Conservatory
FC Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Chris Cage
International Wrestling Cartel
IWC Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
IWC Super Indy Championship (1 time)
NWA East
NWA East Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 NWA East Tag Team Championships (1 time) - with Mad Mike
NWA North American Tag Team Championships (1 time) - with Brandon K
One Pro Wrestling
1PW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 118 of the top 500 wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2013
Pro Wrestling Zero1
Zero-One United States Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
Renegade Wrestling Alliance
RWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Union of Independent Professional Wrestlers
UIPW Keystone Cruiserweight Championship (1 time)
Wolverine Pro Wrestling
WPW Championship (1 time)
WWE
 NXT Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Adrian Neville
WWE 24/7 Championship (1 time)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Worst Television Announcer (2019, 2021, 2022)

References

External links

1984 births
American male professional wrestlers
American podcasters
American color commentators
Professional wrestling announcers
Body piercers
Living people
Sportspeople from Pittsburgh
American people of Hungarian descent
Professional wrestling podcasters
NXT Tag Team Champions
WWE 24/7 Champions
21st-century professional wrestlers

Corey Graves


Wallumatta Nature Reserve, also called the Macquarie Hospital Bushland, is a  nature reserve bushland area, surrounded by the residential suburb of East Ryde, in suburban Sydney, Australia. Once part of the Field of Mars of 1804, the reserve is the largest surviving area of Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest, an endangered ecosystem. Soils are based on Ashfield Shale and Hawkesbury Sandstone.

The word "Wallumatta" is derived from the Eora language for the former local aboriginal inhabitants, meaning snapper (a local fish). The forest canopy is primarily made up of turpentine, grey ironbark, red mahogany and Sydney red gum. The tree, grey box is found here, though usually associated with the drier western areas of Sydney. The blueberry ash is also present, a common plant of the wetter more fertile areas of eastern New South Wales.

Native animals recorded include brushtail possum, grey-headed flying fox, blue-tongue lizard and red-bellied black snake. Feral foxes, domestic dogs and cats threaten the indigenous wildlife.

Wallumatta Nature reserve is treated as a "demonstration site", and much bush regeneration work has been carried out to remove weeds and encourage indigenous species. The nature reserve, titled Macquarie Hospital Bushland, was listed on the (now defunct) Register of the National Estate on 15 May 1990.

See also

 Protected areas of New South Wales

References

External links

Forests of New South Wales
Nature reserves in New South Wales
Sydney

Wallumatta Nature Reserve


Bogdan Korczowski (born 1954) is a contemporary Polish painter.

Korczowski is a native of Cracow, Poland who graduated from the Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts (ASP) Kraków. He obtained his diploma in 1978 in the studio of Wlodzimierz Kunz. Next, he moved to Paris to study at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts, where he was granted a diploma in 1985 in the studio of Abraham Hadad.

In 1980, Korczowski began a series of paintings called The Letters, which included embellished symbols and ideograms. In June 1989 a large solo exhibition Korczowski-Paintings took place in Warsaw's Zacheta National Gallery of Art. It was a proof that despite his debut as a performance artist and general tendency for the contemporary art to experiment with new, cutting edge concepts, Korczowski remained faithful to the most traditional art medium: painting. In 1986, he received "the Regional Council of Ile-de-France Award" in Paris. In 1988, Korczowski received a Pollock-Krasner Foundation grant in New York.

In 1998 the Polish Institute in Paris organized a Korczowski retrospective exhibition. In 2004, he participated in Season Polski in France (Nova Polska). In 2010, BWA in Gorzow Wielkopolski (Poland) presented the Three Decades of Painting 1979-2009 exhibition, which included a retrospective-personal look at Korczowski's work. In 2011 the Paul Delouvrier Museum in Evry/Paris opened an solo exhibition of his latest paintings Orbium Coelestium. In 2012 the Orangerie de Gustave Caillebotte in Yerres/Paris presented a large solo exhibition.

As an artist working with such media as abstract paintings and photographs (Polaroid), Korczowski has been showing his works in the US and Europe since 1974. So far, he has staged over 120 individual exhibitions in Paris, New York, Zürich and throughout Poland.

Korczowski lives and works in Paris, France.

References

External links
 Official website

1954 births
Living people
20th-century Polish painters
20th-century Polish male artists
21st-century Polish painters
21st-century male artists
Polish male painters

Bogdan Korczowski