Robert E. Gilka (July 12, 1916 – June 25, 2013) was an American photojournalist best known for being an editor and director of photography at National Geographic for 27 years (1958–1985).

Biography

Robert Gilka was born in 1916 near Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Gilka graduated from Marquette University in 1939  with a degree in journalism. Upon graduation, he published a four-page tabloid sized job description called "The Gilka Graphic", a chronicle of his experience and qualifications, which he sent to several hundred editors around the country. The job market was still at a depression low and he was hired by the Zanesville, Ohio Signal newspaper as a general reporter, sports editor, and photographer. At the Signal, he met and married Janet Andrews Bailey, a reporter at the Zanesville Signal in 1941. Their four children are Greer, Jena, Geoffrey, and Gregory. Janet died in 2004. Gilka died at the age of 96 in an Arlington, Virginia hospice on June 25, 2013, after his third bout of pneumonia that year.

Career
World War II interrupted Gilka's Zanesville career. He volunteered for the Signal Corps, in which he expected to be a photographer. Instead the Army made him an X-ray technician in the medical corps. He served in both the Pacific and European theaters and rose from private to captain.

After his discharge in 1945, Gilka was offered a managing editor's job in Zanesville but turned it down to go back to his home town and work as a copy editor and sports writer for the Milwaukee Journal. His continuing interest in photography propelled him to the picture desk, which he took over in 1952.

Gilka was invited to join the staff of the National Geographic in 1958 and, after a stint as a picture editor, was named director of photography in 1963. In that role, he was responsible for making the photographic assignments for all the Society's books and magazines. He pioneered a summer intern program for university students who sought careers in photojournalism. Scores went through the program. Some became staff members; others are on newspaper staffs scattered around the country.  He also nurtured and hired photographers he met as a member of the University of Missouri photojournalism workshop faculty for nearly 50 years. For 17 years he was in charge of the Hearst annual photojournalism contest.

Gilka's Gorillas
Words of encouragement from Bob Gilka were responsible for the development of dozens of fine photographers. During his years at National Geographic, they became known as "Gilka's Gorillas"—probably a result of Jane Goodall, naming one of her research chimps (Gilka) after him.  At the Geographic he was a staunch supporter of photographers while they traveled throughout the world. He was always willing to defend expense account items such as "Cessna 185 aircraft" (the whole plane—not a rental) or obscure items such as "Mouse for rattlesnake, house for mouse, cheese for mouse".

He had a sense of humor that often perplexed new photographers and visitors. On his office door a sign read "Wipe knees before entering"—next to his desk was a confessional kneeling bench.

Photojournalist Ted Spiegel said of him, "Gilka understood empowerment before it was a buzz word. An assignment from Gilka endowed you with unique opportunities and empowered you to probe with responsibility."

While at the Geographic, magazine circulation rose from less than 2 million to over 10 million.

He retired from National Geographic in 1985 and served as an adjunct professor of photojournalism at Syracuse University until 1992.

References

American photojournalists
2013 deaths
1916 births
Deaths from pneumonia in Virginia
Syracuse University faculty
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army officers

Robert E. Gilka


WACH (channel 57) is a television station in Columbia, South Carolina, United States, affiliated with the Fox network. Owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group, the station maintains studios on Pickens Street in downtown Columbia, and its transmitter is located on Rush Road (southeast of I-20) in rural southwestern Kershaw County.

History

WCCT-TV
After several false starts dating back to 1980, the station first signed on the air on September 1, 1981 as WCCT-TV (for Carolina Christian Television). It was founded by Carolina Christian Broadcasting, which also owned WGGS-TV (channel 16) in Greenville. It was the first independent station in Columbia, and the first completely new commercial station in the Midlands since WIS-TV signed on in 1953. ABC affiliate WOLO-TV operates under a license dating from earlier in 1953; it went off the air in 1956 and returned in 1961.

The station's original studios were located on Sunset Boulevard (US 378) in West Columbia. Initially, it ran religious programming for most of the broadcast day, such as The 700 Club and The PTL Club, and televangelist programs from Richard Roberts and Jimmy Swaggart. It also carried WGGS' locally produced Christian program, Niteline.  WCCT eventually began producing its own local version of the show. The rest of the day was taken up by secular syndicated programming, including cartoons, classic sitcoms, westerns, and hunting and sports programs. However, its programming policy was very conservative so as not to offend the sensibilities of its mostly fundamentalist and Pentecostal viewership. Notably, it refused to run any programming that contained profanity, violence or sexual content.

As a Fox affiliate
On June 11, 1988, the station was sold to FCVS Communications. On the day FCVS closed on its purchase of channel 57, it changed the call letters to WACH (the WCCT-TV calls are presently used by a CW-affiliated station in Waterbury, Connecticut, serving the Hartford–New Haven market) and relaunched it as the market's Fox affiliate, branding as "WACH-TV 57" (pronounced as "Watch TV 57"). For the first two years of Fox's existence, Columbia residents were only able to see the network's programming via its Washington, D.C. owned-and-operated station WTTG, which had been available on area cable systems for many years. That station continued to be available on Columbia's two major cable providers, Wometco and TCI, for several years afterward.

FCVS significantly upgraded the station's programming, adding somewhat racier programming to the schedule. At first, WACH kept Christian-oriented religious programming on weekdays from 9:00 a.m. to noon and from midnight to 2:00 a.m. per an agreement with Carolina Christian Broadcasting. It also agreed to continue producing and airing Niteline for an hour a day for five years. The program was dropped from the schedule by 1993, along with most of the religious programs. WACH eventually changed its branding to "WACH Fox 57" in the 1990s.

Ownership changes
FCVS eventually bought two other stations, WKCH-TV (now WTNZ) in Knoxville, Tennessee and WEVU-TV (now WZVN-TV) in Naples, Florida. FCVS sold its entire television division to Ellis Communications in 1993. Ellis merged with AFLAC to form Raycom Media in 1996. Raycom merged with The Liberty Corporation, owner of NBC affiliate WIS (channel 10), in 2005.

Raycom could not keep both stations because the Federal Communications Commission's duopoly rules at the time prohibited the common ownership of two of the four highest-rated television stations in a single market. Additionally, Columbia has only eight full-power stations, too few to permit a duopoly in any case. The FCC requires a market to have eight unique station owners once a duopoly is formed. Ultimately, Raycom opted to keep long-dominant WIS and put WACH on the market. On March 27, 2006, Raycom announced it would sell WACH and 11 other stations to Barrington Broadcasting. The transaction was completed on August 11, 2006.

On February 28, 2013, Barrington Broadcasting announced it would merge with the Sinclair Broadcast Group in a $370 million deal. The sale was completed on November 25.

News operation
WACH presently broadcasts 11 hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with two hours each weekday and a half-hour each on Saturdays and Sundays); WACH is one of the largest Fox affiliates in the country whose prime time newscast does not air for one hour seven days a week (the Saturday and Sunday editions currently run for 30 minutes).

In 1996, NBC affiliate WIS entered into a news share agreement to produce a prime time newscast at 10 p.m. for WACH, the first such prime time newscast in the Columbia market and one of the first in South Carolina. For many years, it was one of the highest-rated prime time newscasts in the nation. Under Barrington Broadcasting ownership, the station terminated its news agreement with WIS and established its own in-house news department at its facilities on Pickens Street; WACH assumed production responsibilities for the prime time newscast on March 4, 2007. One month later on April 23, 2007, WACH debuted a three-hour weekday morning newscast from 6 to 9 a.m. titled WACH Fox News Good Day (which was renamed Good Day Columbia in April 2010). In March 2007, longtime 10:00 p.m. co-anchor and managing editor Mike Woolfolk was inducted into the Hall of Fame by Region III of the National Association of Black Journalists.

On September 28, 2009, WACH became the first television station in the Columbia market to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in 16:9 widescreen standard definition, alongside the introduction of a new graphics package. Video from within the main studio, field cameras and other station camera feeds are upconverted to a 16:9 widescreen format in the control room. On November 9, 2009, the station debuted a half-hour early evening newscast at 7:30 p.m. weeknights called the WACH Fox Report, which maintained an entertainment-focused format.

In April 2010, WACH introduced a new set and overhauled the graphics for its newscasts; former anchor Arielle Riposta also returned to the station as weeknight co-anchor of the 10 p.m. newscast. Woolfolk left WACH in February 2010, with Darryl Hood replacing him as co-anchor of the 10 p.m. newscast. In the summer of 2010, Good Day Columbia expanded to four hours with the addition of one hour to the broadcast from 5 to 6 a.m. The WACH Fox Report was concurrently moved to 6:30 p.m. and became a more traditional newscast helmed by 10 p.m. anchors Darryl Hood and Katie Williams. On July 7, 2011, the station became the fourth and last television station in the Columbia market (and the first Barrington-owned station) to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition; a new graphics package was phased in over within days of the upgrade. On September 19, 2011, WACH canceled its 6:30 p.m. newscast, replacing it with syndicated programming. Sinclair's graphics were fully implemented throughout all of WACH's newscasts in October 2015, providing a unified brand and music to the station since the broadcasting group's acquisition.

On March 5, 2018, WACH debuted a half-hour 5 p.m. newscast titled Fastcast @ 5, anchored by former WYFF weekend morning anchor Myra Ruiz. This newscast competes with the longer-established hour-long newscasts on WIS and WLTX.

On April 3, 2023, WACH replaced Good Day Columbia with a reairing of the 10 p.m. newscast followed by The National Desk, Sinclair's national news program. While local inserts are prepared for the national broadcast, the station no longer has a live morning news program. The station retained the 5 and 10 p.m. newscasts but made some personnel changes resulting in layoffs.

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
WACH's broadcasts became digital-only, effective June 12, 2009.

References

External links

Fox network affiliates
Charge! (TV network) affiliates
Comet (TV network) affiliates
TBD (TV network) affiliates
Sinclair Broadcast Group
Television channels and stations established in 1981
1981 establishments in South Carolina
ACH

WACH


Edward Thurlow, 1st Baron Thurlow, PC (9 December 1731 – 12 September 1806), was a British lawyer and Tory politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1765 to 1778 when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Thurlow. He served as Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain for fourteen years and under four Prime Ministers.

Early life
Born at Bracon Ash, Norfolk, Thurlow was the eldest son of Reverend Thomas Thurlow. Thomas Thurlow, Bishop of Durham, was his brother. He studied at King's School, Canterbury and at Caius College, Cambridge. However, he was forced to leave Cambridge in 1751 without a degree after coming into conflict with the authorities of the university. He was for some time articled to a solicitor in Lincoln's Inn, but in 1754 he was called to the Bar, Inner Temple. After a slow start, Thurlow eventually established a successful legal practice. He was made a King's Counsel in 1761 and was elected a bencher of the Inner Temple in 1762.

Political career

Thurlow then turned to politics, and in 1768 he was elected Member of Parliament for Tamworth as a Tory. Two years later, as a recognition of his defence the previous January of the expulsion of John Wilkes he was appointed Solicitor-General in the government of Lord North. He held this post until 1772, when he was promoted to Attorney General. He was to remain in this office for six years, during which period he became known as an ardent opponent of the American colonists' strive for independence.  He is noted for his defeat in the case of Woodfall, who was publisher of the Letters of Junius, upon which a verdict of mistrial was entered by Lord Mansfield.

In 1778 Thurlow was admitted to the Privy Council, raised to the peerage as Baron Thurlow, of Ashfield in the County of Suffolk, and appointed Lord Chancellor by Lord North, taking his seat on 14 July 1778. In this post he notably opposed the economical and constitutional reforms proposed by Edmund Burke and John Dunning. The Tory administration of Lord North fell in March 1782, after twelve years in office. The Whigs under Lord Rockingham came to power, but Thurlow managed to cling on as Lord Chancellor. Rockingham died in July 1782, but Thurlow remained Lord Chancellor also when Lord Shelburne became Prime Minister. The latter government fell in April 1783, when a coalition government under Charles James Fox and Lord North was formed (with the Duke of Portland as titular Prime Minister). Thurlow was not invited to resume the role of Lord Chancellor, and instead the Great Seal was put into commission. He went into opposition and contributed to the downfall of the coalition in December 1783. William Pitt the Younger became Prime Minister and reinstated Thurlow as Lord Chancellor. The relationship between Pitt and Thurlow was always fragile, and Thurlow often relied on his friendship with King George III to be able to remain in office. He opposed a bill for the restoration to the heirs of estates forfeited in the Jacobite rising of 1745. Partly to please the king, he consistently and strongly supported Warren Hastings, and negotiated with the Whigs to ensure his continued power in the event of a change of government. In 1792, when he attacked Pitt's bill to establish a fund to redeem the national debt, he was finally dismissed.

Personal life
Thurlow had a number of illegitimate children Two of his daughters, Maria and Catharine, had their portrait painted by George Romney in 1783. Maria, who died in 1816, married Colonel Sir David Cunynghame of Milncraig, 5th Baronet, in 1801, and had several children. Catharine, who died in 1826, married Alexander Fraser, 17th Lord Saltoun, in 1815.

Later life

As a way of compensation, Thurlow was given a second peerage as Baron Thurlow, of Thurlow in the County of Suffolk, with remainder to his three nephews and their heirs male. He was never to hold office again and retired into private life. However, in 1797 he intrigued for the formation of a government from which Pitt and Fox should be excluded, and in which the Earl of Moira should be Prime Minister and himself Lord Chancellor. Despite the tacit support of the Prince of Wales the enterprise failed. His last recorded appearance in the House of Lords was in 1802.

Thomas Creevey described Thurlow towards the end of his life:Thurlow was always dressed in a full suit of cloaths of the old fashion, great cuffs and massy buttons, great wig, long ruffles, &c.; the black eyebrows exceeded in size any I have ever seen, and his voice, tho' by no means devoid of melody, was a kind of rolling, murmuring thunder. He had great reading, particularly classical, and was a very distinguished, as well as most daring, converser.

Lord Thurlow never married, but left three natural daughters. He died at Brighton on 12 September 1806, aged 76, and was buried in the Temple Church. The barony of 1778 became extinct on his death, while he was succeeded in the barony of 1792 according to the special remainder by his nephew Edward, who was the eldest son of the first baron's brother, Right Reverend Thomas Thurlow, Bishop of Durham.

In popular culture
Thurlow appears as a character in Alan Bennett's play The Madness of George III and the subsequent film adaptation, in which he was played by John Wood.

John Poynder's Literary Extracts (1844) attributes to Thurlow the following widely quoted saying:

See also
Honora Jenkins' will

References

Bibliography

 Endnotes:
 Lord Campbell's Lives of the Chancellors, vii. 153–333
 Foss's Judges of England, viii. 374–385
 Public Characters (1798)
 Notes and Queries, 2nd series, vol. iii. p. 283; 3rd series, vol. iii. p. 122
 Reports of his decisions by Brown, Dickens and Vesey (jun.)
 Brougham's Statesmen of the Time of George III.

External links

|-

1731 births
1806 deaths
People educated at The King's School, Canterbury
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
English lawyers
Solicitors General for England and Wales
Attorneys General for England and Wales
Lord chancellors of Great Britain
Lord High Stewards
Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain
English King's Counsel
17th-century King's Counsel
Peers of Great Britain created by George III
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
British MPs 1761–1768
British MPs 1768–1774
British MPs 1774–1780
Edward 1

Edward Thurlow, 1st Baron Thurlow


Brandon Renee Whiting (born July 30, 1976) is a former American football defensive end in the National Football League (NFL) who played for the Philadelphia Eagles and San Francisco 49ers.

Early years
Whiting played high school football at Long Beach Polytechnic High School in Long Beach, California. The high school was later named the "Sports School of the Century" by Sports Illustrated in 2005. Whiting joins many other talented graduates. Long Beach Poly boasts having sent more players to the NFL than any other high school in the country.

College career
Whiting, a four-year starter on the defensive line for the CAL Golden Bears, earned second-team All-Pac-10 honors as a junior and senior, and honorable mention as a freshman. He wrapped up his stellar career with 24.5 sacks, which ranks as the third-best total in school history, and ranks sixth all-time with 35 tackles for loss. A two-time team captain, Whiting earned team awards as a senior for Most Valuable Defensive Lineman and the Joe Roth Award for courage, attitude, and sportsmanship. He was a three-time Pac-10 Conference All-Academic team member, carrying a 3.24 GPA in Developmental Studies at Cal.CAL Bears

Professional career

Philadelphia Eagles
Whiting was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the fourth round of the 1998 NFL Draft. In 2004, he was traded to the San Francisco 49ers along with a 5th round draft pick for Wide Receiver Terrell Owens.

References

1976 births
Living people
Players of American football from Long Beach, California
American football defensive ends
Long Beach Polytechnic High School alumni
Philadelphia Eagles players
California Golden Bears football players
San Francisco 49ers players
Players of American football from Santa Rosa, California

Brandon Whiting


A plant in control theory is the combination of process and actuator. A plant is often referred to with a transfer function
(commonly in the s-domain) which indicates the relation between an input signal and the output signal of a system without feedback, commonly determined by physical properties of the system. An example would be an actuator with its transfer of the input of the actuator to its physical displacement. In a system with feedback, the plant still has the same transfer function, but a control unit and a feedback loop (with their respective transfer functions) are added to the system.

References

Classical control theory
Control loop theory
Cybernetics

Plant (control theory)


"My Fuzzy Valentine" is the 13th episode of the third season of the animated comedy series Bob's Burgers and the overall 35th episode. It was written by Dan Fybel and Rich Rinaldi, and directed by Boohwan Lim and Kyounghee Lim. It aired on Fox in the United States on February 10, 2013.

Plot
It's a rainy Valentine's Day and while Linda gushes about the love-filled holiday, Tina refuses to go to school after getting a Valentine the previous year from Jimmy Jr. signed "from" instead of "love".  Despite the other kids wanting to join Tina in staying home from school, Bob cajoles them into going and offers to drive them. On the drive over, Bob gloats about the heart-shaped pancakes he made Linda but his kids don't think much of it, claiming he does the same boring heart theme over and over again.

The kids seem to be right as Linda sighs about the usual heart-shaped pancake to Mort and Teddy back at the diner. She tries to cheer herself up with a little song about love but Mort and Teddy mention they don't have any valentines. That inspires Linda to set them up with dates via speed dating. Bob is at the school, ready to drop off the kids, when Louise mentions that they know what Linda would love (a specific figurine) and are willing to help him get it personally. After some back and forth with a crossing guard, Bob leaves the school and takes the  kids to the mall to help him pick out a figurine for his wife.

At the mall, it's apparent the kids don't know exactly which fancy "Grazielda" figurine their mother would like and Bob is upset they tricked him into letting them skip school. When he finds out the "cheapest" figurine is $250, he leaves the store. He passes a phone cover kiosk and thinks he can buy something quick and get the kids back to school, albeit late. Louise, Gene, and Tina quickly berate him on his lack of romance and Bob relates the story of his and Linda's first Valentine's Day. He packed a picnic but his car died on the way to their spot. While the car was being repaired, they went into a bar and used a love tester machine. The machine pinged them as "red hot", she kissed him, and that was when he knew they were in love. The kids push for him to go all the way to the bar and purchase the love tester machine, distracting him when he mentions taking them back to school.

Bob gets to the bar only to find out the love tester machine has long since been sold but Health Inspectors Hugo and Ron pop up to inform him they know who bought the machine because they're planning to inspect the place that has it. When Hugo finds out Bob wants to buy it for Linda, Hugo refuses to tell them where the love tester is so Bob and the kids follow him on his inspection route. They try to break into Hugo's inspection van to get his clipboard of places he's investigating, and after some bickering, Ron shows up and offers them a copy of the list. Bob drives to several restaurants and ends up at an Asian lounge. He finally finds the love tester machine only to discover someone has recently purchased the machine out from under him ‒ Hugo.

After a somewhat heartfelt plea, Hugo opts to sell the love tester to Bob for $500, five times what Hugo paid. Bob ultimately forks over the cash and starts talking about how he carved his and Linda's initials in the machine when he discovers the initials don't match. It turned out he was remembering a Valentine  with an old girlfriend he dated before he met Linda. Bob desperately tries to get his money back but Hugo laughs and declares no refunds.

Meanwhile, Linda cycles through one minute conversations and speed hand holding during her little Valentine event when Sergeant Bosco stops by to inform her someone robbed a nearby jewelry store. When Linda finds out the sergeant is divorced, she drags him into the speed dating mix. However, the sergeant soon hijacks the event by having everyone say a dark secret, reasoning that if you know someone's worst stuff and can handle it, then you have a shot at staying together. Linda vehemently disagrees with all the negativity and secret spilling (something everyone is eager to do) which ultimately ends with her snatching the sergeant's gun, thinking that "symbol of authority" is the only reason her speed dating participants listened to him over her.

Bob and the kids arrive with the love tester just in time to see Linda get arrested for grabbing the sergeant's firearm. She laments her mistake but asks where Bob's been this whole time. She hears the whole story about the kids playing hooky and Bob spending hundreds on something that wasn't even from a memory of her and she declares it the best valentine ever. Just the fact that he spent so much time and effort for something he thought she'd love merits the title of "so romantic".

The sergeant gets a tip about the jewelry thief (a fake tip given by Louise) and opts to uncuff Linda and join the pursuit. Jimmy Jr. stops by the diner to give Tina the homework she missed and a Valentine card. After much groaning and fretting, Tina finds the inside is signed with a heart (♡) instead of "from". Teddy also manages to get a phone number out of the whole thing, so overall it was a successful Valentines Day for all.

Reception
Rowan Kaiser of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B+, saying "This wasn't the funniest episode of Bob's Burgers, but it had its moments of hilarity combined with a tremendous charm. The show's hot streak continues, holiday after holiday." The episode received a 1.8 rating and was watched by a total of 3.45 million people. This made it the fourth most watched show on Animation Domination that night, beating The Cleveland Show but losing to  Family Guy.

References

External links

2013 American television episodes
Bob's Burgers (season 3) episodes
Valentine's Day television episodes

My Fuzzy Valentine


Eric Donovan (born 26 July 1985) is an Irish professional boxer. As an amateur he was a five-time Irish national champion and won bronze medals at the 2009 European Union Championships and the 2010 European Championships. His new website has launched: www.ericdonovan.ie

Amateur career
Donovan boxed for St. Michael's Boxing Club, Athy, where he was trained by Dominic O'Rourke.  He debuted as a senior boxer in the bantamweight division before moving to featherweight and in 2007 to lightweight. His first Irish Elite title came in 2004 at bantamweight with a points victory over Brian Gillen in the final. Donovan would go on to win five Irish Elite titles.

In 2004, he competed at the Youth World Championship in Jeju, South Korea, losing in the round of 32 to Hoandry Lomba from Cuba. Donovan competed at the 2005 World Championships in Mianyang, China. He defeated featherweight Arash Usmanee of Canada on points (31:12), but lost in the second round against Viorel Simion of Romania on points (25:40), which he left and finished ninth overall.

In the 2006 European Championship in Plovdiv he earned a points victory over the strong Turk Yakup Kiliç (33:29), but was defeated in the second round against Alexei Schaidulin from Bulgaria.

In the 2007 World Championships in Chicago, he moved up to compete at lightweight earning victories over Miklos Varga from Hungary (39:22) and Jonathan Batista from the Dominican Republic (21:4). In the next round he encountered the favored Italian Domenico Valentino, against whom he lost on points (12:29), which gave him a ninth-place finish at this championship.

He earned a points victory over Ross Hickey to clinch the 2009 Irish lightweight title which earned him a spot on the Irish team at the World Championships in Milan. There he won his first fight against Tajiks Bahodir Karimov on points (13: 4), but lost his next fight against the Indian Jai Bhagwan on points.

European medalist
In March 2010, he defeated reigning world champion Domenico Valentino on points (11:8), which set him up for the European Championships in Moscow. There he defeated Rashid Kassem of Denmark (10:2) before overcoming Dimitri Bulenkow of Ukraine (10:2) and then Miklos Varga of Hungary (10:4) which guaranteed Donovan a bronze medal. Finally, he lost semi-final against Albert Selimov from Russia on points.

World Series of Boxing
Donovan was one of six Irish boxers drafted in the 2012 season of the World Series of Boxing (WSB). Ireland had the biggest number of boxers drafted and Donovan joined the Astana Arlans of Kazakhstan along with Tyrone McCullagh during the international draft in Lausanne, Switzerland.

Donovan was victorious in his WSB debut beating Branamir Stankovic on a unanimous decision (48–47, 50–45, 48–47) in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Despite narrowly losing his final bout to Vyacheslav Kyslytsyn of the Ukraine Otamans, Donovan was part of the team that won the overall competition.

Professional career
Donovan turned professional in June 2016. In his opening bout he defeated Polish veteran Damian Lawniczak earning a 40–36 points decision victory on a Ricky Hatton promoted show at the National Stadium in Dublin.

The Kildare boxer quickly racked up four wins in his first year as before taking on the first significant challenge of his career when he fought Welsh champion Dai Davies for the BUI Celtic title. Donovan won the title at the National Stadium in Dublin by winning every round against Davies and then went on to defend the title in December 2017 against Spaniard Juan Luis Gonzalez.

Donovan would win the BUI Irish National title in March 2019, knocking out Stephen McAfee in the fourth round.

In June 2020 it was announced that Donovan was to fight Commonwealth super-featherweight champion Zelfa Barrett, as chief undercard support to Felix Cash versus Jason Welborn on the third of Matchroom Boxing's Fight Camp cards, which were confirmed to take place on 1 August, 7 August, 14 August and 21 August. Giving away a significant size advantage to the younger Barret, Donovan used his amateur boxing pedigree to shade the first 6 rounds, however the heavier blows from Barret told in the 7th round, with Donovan knocked down twice. A third and final knockdown by Barret in the 8th ended the fight.

In April 2021 it was announced that Donovan would challenged Italy's Mario Alfano for the vacant European super featherweight title on 14 May 2021, with the bout set for Brescia in Italy.

In September 2022, Eric Donovan won the EBU super-featherweight title, beating Frenchman Khalil El Hadri in the Europa Hotel in Belfast. About six weeks later, in November 2022, he announced his retirement from boxing, saying "now after 30 years in the game, I am finally content with my achievements in the ring".

Professional boxing record

References

1985 births
Living people
Irish male boxers
Lightweight boxers
Boxers from County Kildare

Eric Donovan


Mrs. Fitzherbert, also known as Princess Fitz and A Court Secret, is a 1947 black and white British historical drama film directed by Montgomery Tully and starring Peter Graves, Joyce Howard and Leslie Banks. It depicts the relationship between George IV and Maria Fitzherbert. It is an adaptation of the 1945 novel Princess Fitz by Winifred Carter

Whilst promotional material summarises the plot as the love affair between a prince and a "commoner", Mrs Fitzherbert falls far short of the definition of a "commoner" and would best be described as "lower aristocracy".

Plot
The Duke of Wellington goes to meet an elderly Maria Fitzherbert to inform her of George IV's death and she recalls how she had rebuffed George at their first meeting, in which he saved her from a Protestant rioter on the night on the Gordon Riots. She continues to rebuff him but George pursues marriage with her, even knowing that - as she is a Roman Catholic - this will breach both the Act of Succession and the Royal Marriages Act. She flees to Brighton and George soon follows, where they meet again and agree simply to remain friends. However, scandal soon grows as they attend more and more social occasions together.

Maria initially refuses a renewed offer of marriage from George but soon afterwards relents and agrees to a secret marriage after he makes a suicide attempt. George is summoned from the couple's country retreat by his mother Queen Charlotte to scotch rumours of the marriage - he instead confirms them but fails to win Charlotte round to the marriage. George and Maria move back to Brighton, where he begins work on Brighton Pavilion and moves a House of Commons debate on his finances, though this degenerates into a discussion of the rumoured marriage. Fox quells the debate by presenting a letter from George denying rumours of the marriage, though he omits to add that the letter is not new but was in fact written before the marriage. George goes to meet his father but finds himself forestalled, as the letter has convinced the king that George really has repudiated the marriage. Overjoyed, he arranges to pay off George's debts and George leaves without even mentioning Maria.

George retreats into decadence and depression, acquiescing to a false rumour of an affair between Maria and the Duke of Bedford spread by Lady Jersey, finally repudiating Maria and accepting a political marriage with Caroline of Brunswick, though his first meeting with her goes badly. Maria retires to the country, where George's brother William keeps her informed of developments, whilst George's friends only just manage to stop him running back to Maria even on the morning of his wedding to Caroline. The scene shifts back to the elderly Maria and Wellington discussing George's death, where he informs her that among his last words was "Marguerita", his pet name for her, proving he had not forgotten her.

Cast
 Peter Graves as Prince of Wales
 Joyce Howard as Maria Fitzherbert
 Leslie Banks as Charles James Fox, friend of the Prince
 Margaretta Scott as Lady Jersey, lady-in-waiting and ally to Queen Charlotte
 Wanda Rotha as Princess Caroline of Brunswick
 Mary Clare as the Duchess of Devonshire
 Frederick Valk as George III, the Prince's father
 Ralph Truman as Richard Brinsley Sheridan, friend of the Prince
 John Stuart as Duke of Bedford
 Helen Haye as Lady Sefton, Maria's chaperone
 Chili Bouchier as Norris
 Lily Kann as Queen Charlotte, the Prince's mother
 Lawrence O'Madden as Lord Southampton
 Frederick Leister as Henry Errington, Maria's uncle
 Scott Forbes as Prince William, the Prince's younger brother
 Barry Morse as Beau Brummell, friend of the Prince
 Eugene Deckers as Philippe
 Ivor Barnard as Reverend Robert Burt, priest at Maria and George's wedding
 Henry Oscar as William Pitt
 Arthur Dulac as Franz Joseph Haydn

Critical reception
In The New York Times, Bosley Crowther wrote, "it is so rigidly played that the whole thing has the appearance of an animated wax-works on the move."

References

External links

1947 films
British biographical drama films
Films set in the 1780s
Films set in the 1790s
Films set in the 1800s
Films set in the 1830s
1940s biographical drama films
Films directed by Montgomery Tully
Films set in Brighton
Films set in London
Films set in Windsor, Berkshire
Films shot at British National Studios
British historical drama films
1940s historical drama films
Cultural depictions of George III
Cultural depictions of George IV
British black-and-white films
1947 drama films
1940s English-language films
1940s British films
Cultural depictions of William IV

Mrs. Fitzherbert (film)


Mary Jackson (née Winston; April 9, 1921 – February 11, 2005) was an American mathematician and aerospace engineer. She worked for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), at  Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. She also worked for the organization that was there before NASA was founded in 1958. In 1951, she started at National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). At first, she was a computer, a person doing advanced scientific calculations.  She took advanced engineering classes and, in 1958, became NASA's first black female engineer. Today, she is known as an important figure in what is known as the Space Race.

Life
After 34 years at NASA, Jackson had earned the most senior engineering title available. She realized she could not earn further promotions without becoming a supervisor. She accepted a demotion to become a manager of both the Federal Women's Program, in the NASA Office of Equal Opportunity Programs and of the Affirmative Action Program. In this role, she worked to influence the hiring and promotion of women in NASA's science, engineering, and mathematics careers.

In 2016, the book Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Who Helped Win the Space Race was written, about her life. The book was also made into a movie, released the same year.

In 2019, Jackson was posthumously awarded the Congressional Gold Medal. In 2021, the Washington, D.C. headquarters of NASA was renamed the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters. NASA held a virtual ceremony for the naming.

Legacy
The 2016 film Hidden Figures recounts the NASA careers of Jackson, Katherine Johnson, and Dorothy Vaughan, specifically their work on Project Mercury during the Space Race. The film is based on the book of the same name by Margot Lee Shetterly. Jackson is portrayed in the film by Janelle Monáe.

In 2018, the Salt Lake City School Board voted that Jackson Elementary School in Salt Lake City, Utah, would from then on be officially named after Mary Jackson rather than (as it used to be) after President Andrew Jackson.

NASA's headquarters building in Washington, D.C. was renamed the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters on February 26, 2021.

Awards and honors

 Apollo Group Achievement Award, 1969
 Daniels Alumni Award for Outstanding Service to Disadvantaged Youth
 National Council of Negro Women, Inc. Certificate of Recognition for Outstanding Service to the Community
 Distinguished Service Award for her work with the Combined Federal Campaign representing Humanitarian Agencies, 1972
 Langley Research Center Outstanding Volunteer Award, 1975`
 Langley Research Center Volunteer of the Year, 1976
 Iota Lambda Sorority Award for the Peninsula Outstanding Woman Scientist, 1976
 King Street Community Center Outstanding Award
 National Technical Association's Tribute Award, 1976
 Hampton Roads Chapter "Book of Golden Deeds" for service
 Langley Research Center Certificate of Appreciation, 1976–1977
 Congressional Gold Medal, 2019

1921 births
2005 deaths
Engineers from Virginia

Mary Jackson


The MacDonnell Ranges are a long narrow range of mountains in the Northern Territory of Australia. They run in an almost straight line from east to west for hundreds of kilometres, on either side of Alice Springs. The Western MacDonnell Ranges have some spectacular gaps right through the range. Some of these such as Simpsons Gap, and Standley Chasm are major tourist attractions. The Heavitree Gap allows road and rail access to Alice Springs right through the mountains. They were named by the explorer John McDouall Stuart after Sir Richard MacDonnell, the Governor of South Australia.

The ranges are protected by the West MacDonnell National Park There is a long walking trail along the ranges called the Larapinta Trail.

The Arrente people, the indigenous Australian people who live in the area, believe the mountains were once giant caterpillars, called Yerrenye.

References

Mountain ranges of Australia
Mountains of the Northern Territory

MacDonnell Ranges


"The Thing in the Moonlight" is a short story by J. Chapman Miske. The story is based on a letter dated November 24, 1927 from H. P. Lovecraft to Donald Wandrei describing one of Lovecraft's dreams. The story was prepared for publication by Miske, who filled in the story surrounding the description of the dream. In places, the letter and published story are identical to Lovecraft's style. It was first published in Bizarre magazine in January 1941.

Plot
Morgan, the protagonist, is an illiterate man. One evening, Morgan is sitting alone and suddenly feels compelled to start writing. Despite his illiteracy, he records the dream of Howard Phillips, another man. In Morgan's writing, Phillips says that he fell asleep on November 24, 1927, and has never reawakened.

The dream's setting takes place in a strange marshland. Phillips explores the marsh's cliff side, noting the eerie and mouth-like caves dotting the plateau. Eventually, Phillips encounters a set of railway tracks. On these tracks he finds "a yellow, vestibuled car numbered 1852—of a plain, double-trucked type common from 1900 to 1910."  This car is able to start and he climbs aboard, searching for a light switch so that he can see better.  He hears a noise behind him, and, turning to look, sees two men (assumed to be the motorman and conductor) approach him. The first man lifts his head to the sky, sniffs, and howls, while the second drops to all fours and charges toward the Phillips and the car. Phillips immediately flees out of the car until he is too tired to continue.

Phillips reveals that the reason for his terror was not "because the conductor had dropped on all fours, but because the face of the motorman was a mere white cone tapering to one blood-red-tentacle..."

Phillips is aware that it is a dream, but is unable to wake up.  During the day, he travels the strange land, and each night, is brought back to the place with the train car. He always alerts the howling beast to his presence, and always flees from it.

The narrator closes the story by saying that he would visit Phillips' house in Providence, but fears what he might find.

Publication history
"The Thing in the Moonlight" was first published in Bizarre magazine in January 1941.
In 1962, it was published in Dreams and Fancies (Arkham House 1962).
In 1970, it was published in The Tomb and Other Tales by Ballantine Books.
In 1995, it was published again in Dreams of Terror and Death: The Dream Cycle of H. P. Lovecraft by Ballantine Books.
In 2005, it was published again in Shadows of Death by Del Rey Books.
In 2011, it was published again in Eldritch Tales: A Miscellany of the Macabre by Victor Gollancz Ltd.

Footnotes

References
Complete story at Berkley
H. P. Lovecraft Archive
Comparison of story and original letter

External links

1941 short stories
Fantasy short stories
Fiction set in 1927
Horror short stories
Rhode Island in fiction
Short stories about nightmares
Works originally published in literary magazines

The Thing in the Moonlight


A given name (also known as a forename or first name) is the part of a personal name that identifies a person, potentially with a middle name as well, and differentiates that person from the other members of a group (typically a family or clan) who have a common surname. The term given name refers to a name usually bestowed at or close to the time of birth, usually by the parents of the newborn. A Christian name is the first name which is given at baptism, in Christian custom.

In informal situations, given names are often used in a familiar and friendly manner. In more formal situations, a person's surname is more commonly used. The idioms '' and 'being on first-name terms' refer to the familiarity inherent in addressing someone by their given name.

By contrast, a surname (also known as a family name, last name, or gentile name) is normally inherited and shared with other members of one's immediate family. Regnal names and religious or monastic names are special given names bestowed upon someone receiving a crown or entering a religious order; such a person then typically becomes known chiefly by that name.

Name order

The order given name – family name, commonly known as Western name order, is used throughout most European countries and in countries that have cultures predominantly influenced by European culture, including North and South America; North, East, Central and West India; Australia, New Zealand, and the Philippines.

The order family name – given name, commonly known as Eastern name order, is primarily used in East Asia (for example in China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Vietnam, among others, and by Malaysian Chinese), as well as in Southern and North-Eastern parts of India, and as a standard in Hungary. This order is also used to various degrees and in specific contexts in other European countries, such as Austria and adjacent areas of Germany (that is, Bavaria), and in France, Belgium, Greece and Italy, possibly because of the influence of bureaucracy, which commonly puts the family name before the given name. In China and Korea, part of the given name may be shared among all members of a given generation within a family and extended family or families, in order to differentiate those generations from other generations.

The order given name – father's family name – mother's family name is commonly used in several Spanish-speaking countries to acknowledge the families of both parents.

The order given name – mother's family name – father's family name is commonly used in Portuguese-speaking countries to acknowledge the families of both parents. Today, people in Spain and Uruguay can rearrange the order of their names legally to this order.

The order given name - father's given name - grandfather's given name (often referred to as triple name) is the official naming order used in Arabic countries (for example Saudi Arabia, Iraq and United Arab Emirates).

Compound

In many Western cultures, people often have multiple given names. Most often the first one in sequence is the one that a person goes by, although exceptions are not uncommon, such as in the cases of John Edgar Hoover (J. Edgar) and Dame Mary Barbara Hamilton Cartland (Barbara).
The given name might also be used in compound form, as in, for example, John Paul or a hyphenated style like Bengt-Arne. A middle name might be part of compound given name or might be, instead, a maiden name, a patronymic, or a baptismal name. Sometimes, a given name is used as just an initial, especially in combination with the middle initial (such as with H. G. Wells), and more rarely as an initial while the middle name is not one (such as with L. Ron Hubbard).

In England, it was unusual for a person to have more than one given name until the seventeenth century when Charles James Stuart (King Charles I) was baptised with two names. That was a French fashion, which spread to the English aristocracy, following the royal example, then spread to the general population and became common by the end of the eighteenth century.

Some double given names for women were used at the start of the eighteenth century but were used together as a unit: Anna Maria, Mary Anne and Sarah Jane. Those became stereotyped as the typical names of servants and so became unfashionable in the nineteenth century.

Double names remain popular in the Southern United States.

Double names are also common among Vietnamese names to make repeated name in the family. For example, Đặng Vũ Minh Anh and Đặng Vũ Minh Ánh, are two sisters with the given names Minh Anh and Minh Ánh.

Legal status
A child's given name or names are usually chosen by the parents soon after birth. If a name is not assigned at birth, one may be given at a naming ceremony, with family and friends in attendance. In most jurisdictions, a child's name at birth is a matter of public record, inscribed on a birth certificate, or its equivalent. In western cultures, people normally retain the same given name throughout their lives. However, in some cases these names may be changed by following legal processes or by repute. People may also change their names when immigrating from one country to another with different naming conventions.

In certain jurisdictions, a government-appointed registrar of births may refuse to register a name for the reasons that it may cause a child harm, that it is considered offensive, or if it is deemed impractical. In France, the agency can refer the case to a local judge. Some jurisdictions, such as Sweden, restrict the spelling of names. In Denmark, one does not need to register a given name for the child until the child is six months old, and in some cases, one can even wait a little longer than this before the child gets an official name.

Origins and meanings

Parents may choose a name because of its meaning. This may be a personal or familial meaning, such as giving a child the name of an admired person, or it may be an example of nominative determinism, in which the parents give the child a name that they believe will be lucky or favourable for the child. Given names most often derive from the following categories:
 Aspirational personal traits (external and internal). For example, the male names:
Clement ("merciful"); as popularised by Pope Clement I (88–98), saint, and his many papal successors of that name;
Augustus ("consecrated, holy"), first popularised by the first Roman Emperor; later (as Augustine) by two saints;
English examples include numerous female names such as Faith, Prudence, Amanda (Latin: worthy of love); Blanche (white (pure));
 Occupations, for example George means "earth-worker", i.e., "farmer".
 Circumstances of birth, for example:
Thomas meaning "twin";
Quintus (Latin: "fifth"), which was traditionally given to the fifth male child.
 Objects, for example Peter means "rock" and Edgar means "rich spear".
 Physical characteristics, for example Calvin means "bald".
 Variations on another name, especially to change the sex of the name (Pauline, Georgia) or to translate from another language (for instance, the names Francis or Francisco that come from the name Franciscus meaning "Frank or Frenchman").
 Surnames,  Such names can honour other branches of a family, where the surname would not otherwise be passed down (e.g., the mother's maiden surname). Modern examples include:
Winston,
Harrison,
Ross.
Many were adopted from the 17th century in England to show respect to notable ancestry, usually given to nephews or male grandchildren of members of the great families concerned, from which the usage spread to general society. This was regardless of whether the family name concerned was in danger of dying out, for example with Howard, a family with many robust male lines over history. Notable examples include
Howard, from the Howard family, Dukes of Norfolk;
Courtenay, from the surname of the Earls of Devon;
Trevor, from the Welsh chieftain Tudor Trevor, lord of Hereford;
Clifford, from the Barons Clifford;
Digby, from the family of Baron Digby/Earl of Bristol;
Shirley (originally a man's forename), from the Shirley family, Earls Ferrer;
Percy, from the Percy Earls and Dukes of Northumberland;
Lindsay, from that noble Scottish family, Earls of Crawford;
Graham, from that noble Scottish family, Dukes of Montrose;
Eliot, from the Eliot family, Earls of St Germans;
Herbert, from the Herbert family, Earls of Pembroke;
Russell, from the Russell family, Earls and Dukes of Bedford;
Stanley, from the Stanley family, Earls of Derby;
Vernon, Earl of Shipbrook
Dillon, the Irish family of Dillon, Viscount Dillon
 Places, for example Brittany and Lorraine.
 Time of birth, for example day of the week, as in Kofi Annan, whose given name means "born on Friday", or the holiday on which one was born, for example, the name Natalie meaning "born on Christmas day" in Latin (Noel (French "Christmas"), a name given to males born at Christmas); also April, May, or June.
 Combination of the above, for example the Armenian name Sirvart means "love rose".

In many cultures, given names are reused, especially to commemorate ancestors or those who are particularly admired, resulting in a limited repertoire of names that sometimes vary by orthography.

The most familiar example of this, to Western readers, is the use of Biblical and saints' names in most of the Christian countries (with Ethiopia, in which names were often ideals or abstractions—Haile Selassie, "power of the Trinity"; Haile Miriam, "power of Mary"—as the most conspicuous exception). However, the name Jesus is considered taboo or sacrilegious in some parts of the Christian world, though this taboo does not extend to the cognate Joshua or related forms which are common in many languages even among Christians.  In some Spanish speaking countries, the name Jesus is considered a normal given name.

Similarly, the name Mary, now popular among Christians, particularly Roman Catholics, was considered too holy for secular use until about the 12th century. In countries that particularly venerated Mary, this remained the case much longer; in Poland, until the arrival in the 17th century of French queens named Marie.

Most common given names in English (and many other European languages) can be grouped into broad categories based on their origin:

 Hebrew names, most often from the Bible, are very common in, or are elements of names used in historically Christian countries. Some have elements meaning "God", especially "Eli". Examples: Michael, Joshua, Daniel, Joseph, David, Adam, Samuel, Elizabeth, Hannah and Mary. There are also a handful of names in use derived from the Aramaic, particularly the names of prominent figures in the New Testament—such as Thomas, Martha and Bartholomew.
 All of the Semitic peoples of history and the present day use at least some names constructed like these in Hebrew (and the ancient Hebrews used names not constructed like these—such as Moses, probably an Egyptian name related to the names of Pharaohs like Thutmose and Ahmose). The Muslim world is the best-known example (with names like Saif-al-din, "sword of the faith", or Abd-Allah, "servant of God"), but even the Carthaginians had similar names: cf. Hannibal, "the grace of god" (in this case not the Abrahamic deity God, but the deity—probably Melkart—whose title is normally left untranslated, as Baal).
 Germanic names are characteristically warlike; roots with meanings like "glory", "strength", and "will" are common. The "-bert" element common in many such names comes from beraht, which means "bright". Examples: Robert, Edward, Roger, Richard, Albert, Carl, Alfred, Rosalind, Emma, Emmett, Eric and Matilda.
 French forms of Germanic names. Since the Norman conquest of England, many English given names of Germanic origin are used in their French forms. Examples: Charles, Henry.

Slavic names may be of a peaceful character, the compounds being derived from word roots meaning "to protect", "to love", "peace", "to praise [gods]", or "to give". Examples: Milena, Vesna, Bohumil, Dobromir, Svetlana, Vlastimil. Other names have a warlike character and are built of words meaning "fighter", "war", or "anger". Examples: Casimir, Vladimir, Sambor, Wojciech and Zbigniew. Many of them derive from the root word "slava" ("glory"): Boleslav, Miroslav, Vladislav, Radoslav, Slavomir and Stanislav. Those derived from root word "mir" ("world, peace") are also popular: Casimir, Slavomir, Radomir, Vladimir, Miroslav, Jaczemir.
 Celtic names are sometimes anglicised versions of Celtic forms, but the original form may also be used. Examples: Alan, Brian, Brigid, Mórag, Ross, Logan, Ciarán, Jennifer, and Seán. These names often have origins in Celtic words, as Celtic versions of the names of internationally known Christian saints, as names of Celtic mythological figures, or simply as long-standing names whose ultimate etymology is unclear.
 Greek names may be derived from the history and mythology of Classical Antiquity or be derived from the New Testament and early Christian traditions. Such names are often, but not always, anglicised. Examples: Helen, Stephen, Alexander, Andrew, Peter, Gregory, George, Christopher, Margaret, Nicholas, Jason, Timothy, Chloe, Zoë, Katherine, Penelope and Theodore.
Latin names can also be adopted unchanged, or modified; in particular, the inflected element can be dropped, as often happens in borrowings from Latin to English. Examples: Laura, Victoria, Marcus, Justin (Latin Justinus), Paul (Lat. Paulus), Julius, Cecilia, Felix, Vivian, Julia, Pascal (not a traditional-type Latin name, but the adjective-turned-name paschalis, meaning 'of Easter' (Pascha)).
 Word names come from English vocabulary words. Feminine names of this sort—in more languages than English, and more cultures than Europe alone—frequently derive from nature, flowers, birds, colours, or gemstones. Examples include Jasmine, Lavender, Dawn, Daisy, Rose, Iris, Petunia, Rowan, Jade, and Violet. Male names of this sort are less common—examples like Hunter and Fischer, or names associated with strong animals, such as Bronco and Wolf. (This is more common in some other languages, such as Northern Germanic and Turkish).
 Trait names most conspicuously include the Christian virtues, mentioned above, and normally used as feminine names (such as the three Christian virtues—Faith, Hope, and Charity).
 Diminutives are sometimes used to distinguish between two or more people with the same given name. In English, Robert may be changed to "Robbie" or Thomas changed to "Tommy". In German the names Hänsel and Gretel (as in the famous fairy tale) are the diminutive forms of Johann and Margarete. Examples: Vicky, Cindy, Tommy, Abby, Allie.
 Shortened names (see nickname) are generally nicknames of a longer name, but they are instead given as a person's entire given name. For example, a man may simply be named "Jim", and it is not short for James. Examples: Beth, Ben, Zach, Tom.
 Feminine variations exist for many masculine names, often in multiple forms. Examples: Charlotte, Stephanie, Victoria, Philippa, Jane, Jacqueline, Josephine, Danielle, Paula, Pauline, Patricia, Francesca.

Frequently, a given name has versions in many different languages. For example, the biblical name Susanna also occurs in its original biblical Hebrew version, Shoshannah, its Spanish and Portuguese version Susana, its French version, Suzanne, its Polish version, Zuzanna, or its Hungarian version, Zsuzsanna .

East Asia

Despite the uniformity of Chinese surnames, some Chinese given names are fairly original because Chinese characters can be combined extensively. Unlike European languages, with their Biblical and Greco-Roman heritage, the Chinese language does not have a particular set of words reserved for given names: any combination of Chinese characters can theoretically be used as a given name. Nonetheless, a number of popular characters commonly recur, including "Strong" (, Wěi), "Learned" (, Wén), "Peaceful" (, Ān), and "Beautiful" (, Měi). Despite China's increasing urbanization, a several names such as "Pine" (, Sōng) or "Plum" (, Méi) also still reference nature.

Most Chinese given names are two characters long and—despite the examples above—the two characters together may mean nothing at all. Instead, they may be selected to include particular sounds, tones, or radicals; to balance the Chinese elements of a child's birth chart; or to honor a generation poem handed down through the family for centuries. Traditionally, it is considered an affront, not an honor, to have a newborn named after an older relative and so full names are rarely passed down through a family in the manner of American English Seniors, Juniors, III, etc. Similarly, it is considered disadvantageous for the child to bear a name already made famous by someone else through romanizations, where a common name like Liu Xiang may be borne by tens of thousands.

Korean names and Vietnamese names are often simply conventions derived from Classical Chinese counterparts.

Many female Japanese names end in -ko (), usually meaning "child" on its own. However, the character when used in given names can have a feminine (adult) connotation.

In many Westernised Asian locations, many Asians also have an unofficial or even registered Western (typically English) given name, in addition to their Asian given name. This is also true for Asian students at colleges in countries such as the United States, Canada, and Australia as well as among international businesspeople.

Gender
Most names in English are traditionally masculine (Hugo, James, Harold) or feminine (Daphne, Charlotte, Jane), but there are unisex names as well, such as Jordan, Jamie, Jesse, Morgan, Leslie/Lesley, Joe/Jo, Jackie, Pat, Dana, Alex, Chris/Kris, Randy/Randi, Lee, etc. Often, use for one gender is predominant.  Also, a particular spelling is often more common for either men or women, even if the pronunciation is the same.

Many culture groups, past and present, did not or do not gender names strongly, so that many or all of their names are unisex. On the other hand, in many languages including most Indo-European languages (but not English), gender is inherent in the grammar. Some countries have laws preventing unisex names, requiring parents to give their children sex-specific names. Names may have different gender connotations from country to country or language to language.

Within anthroponymic classification, names of human males are called andronyms (from Ancient Greek ἀνήρ / man, and ὄνυμα [ὄνομα] / name), while names of human females are called gynonyms (from Ancient Greek γυνή / woman, and ὄνυμα [ὄνομα] / name).

Popularity

The popularity (frequency) distribution of given names typically follows a power law distribution.

Since about 1800 in England and Wales and in the U.S., the popularity distribution of given names has been shifting so that the most popular names are losing popularity. For example, in England and Wales, the most popular female and male names given to babies born in 1800 were Mary and John, with 24% of female babies and 22% of male babies receiving those names, respectively. In contrast, the corresponding statistics for England and Wales in 1994 were Emily and James, with 3% and 4% of names, respectively. Not only have Mary and John gone out of favour in the English speaking world, the overall distribution of names has also changed significantly over the last 100 years for females, but not for males. This has led to an increasing amount of diversity for female names.

Choice of names
Education, ethnicity, religion, class and political ideology affect parents' choice of names. Politically conservative parents choose common and traditional names, while politically liberal parents may choose the names of literary characters or other relatively obscure cultural figures.  Devout members of religions often choose names from their religious scriptures.  For example, Hindu parents may name a daughter Saanvi after the goddess, Jewish parents may name a boy Isaac after one of the earliest ancestral figures, and Muslim parents may name a boy Mohammed after the prophet Mohammed.

There are many tools parents can use to choose names, including books, websites and applications. An example is the Baby Name Game that uses the Elo rating system to rank parents preferred names and help them select one.

Influence of popular culture

Popular culture appears to have an influence on naming trends, at least in the United States and United Kingdom. Newly famous celebrities and public figures may influence the popularity of names. For example, in 2004, the names "Keira" and "Kiera" (anglicisation of Irish name Ciara) respectively became the 51st and 92nd most popular girls' names in the UK, following the rise in popularity of British actress Keira Knightley. In 2001, the use of Colby as a boys' name for babies in the United States jumped from 233rd place to 99th, just after Colby Donaldson was the runner-up on Survivor: The Australian Outback. Also, the female name "Miley" which before was not in the top 1000 was 278th most popular in 2007, following the rise to fame of singer-actress Miley Cyrus (who was named Destiny at birth).

Characters from fiction also seem to influence naming. After the name Kayla was used for a character on the American soap opera Days of Our Lives, the name's popularity increased greatly. The name Tammy, and the related Tamara became popular after the movie Tammy and the Bachelor came out in 1957. Some names were established or spread by being used in literature. Notable examples include Pamela, invented by Sir Philip Sidney for a pivotal character in his epic prose work, The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia; Jessica, created by William Shakespeare in his play The Merchant of Venice; Vanessa, created by Jonathan Swift; Fiona, a character from James Macpherson's spurious cycle of Ossian poems; Wendy, an obscure name popularised by J. M. Barrie in his play Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up; and Madison, a character from the movie Splash. Lara and Larissa were rare in America before the appearance of Doctor Zhivago, and have become fairly common since.

Songs can influence the naming of children. Jude jumped from 814th most popular male name in 1968 to 668th in 1969, following the release of the Beatles' "Hey Jude". Similarly, Layla charted as 969th most popular in 1972 after the Eric Clapton song. It had not been in the top 1,000 before. Kayleigh became a particularly popular name in the United Kingdom following the release of a song by the British rock group Marillion. Government statistics in 2005 revealed that 96% of Kayleighs were born after 1985, the year in which Marillion released "Kayleigh".

Popular culture figures need not be admirable in order to influence naming trends. For example, Peyton came into the top 1000 as a female given name for babies in the United States for the first time in 1992 (at #583), immediately after it was featured as the name of an evil nanny in the film The Hand That Rocks the Cradle. On the other hand, historical events can influence child-naming. For example, the given name Adolf has fallen out of use since the end of World War II in 1945.

In contrast with these anecdotal evidence, a comprehensive study of Norwegian first name datasets shows that the main factors that govern first name dynamics are endogenous.  Monitoring the popularity of 1,000 names along 130 years, the authors have identified only five cases of exogenous effects, three of them are connected to the names given to the babies of the Norwegian royal family.

20th century African-American names
Since the civil rights movement of 1950–1970, African-American names given to children have strongly mirrored sociopolitical movements and philosophies in the African American community. Since the 1970s neologistic (creative, inventive) practices have become increasingly common and the subject of academic study.

See also

 Hypocorism or pet name
 List of most popular given names (in many different countries and cultures)
 Maiden and married names
 Name day
 Onomastics
 Personal name
 Praenomen
 Pseudonym
 Saint's name
 Calendar of saints
 Slave name
 Thai name – somewhat special treatment of given names
 Theophoric name
 Theophory in the Bible
 Unisex name
 Bilingual tautological given names

Notes

References

Sources

External links

 Given Name Frequency Project – Analysis of long-term trends in given names in England and Wales. Includes downloadable datasets of names for people interested in studying given name trends.
 NameVoyager – Visualization showing the frequency of the Top 1000 American baby names throughout history.
 U.S. Census Bureau: Distribution of Names Files Large ranked list of male and female given names in addition to last names.
 Popular Baby Names – The Social Security Administration page for Popular U.S. Baby Names
 Muslim Names Islamic names with Audio Voice for pronunciation of Arabic names.
 https://blog-en.namepedia.org/2015/11/why-most-european-names-ending-in-a-are-female/ - Why most European names ending in "a" are female
 Name Design   - How to make unique name design and create name art

Given name


The Capt. Charles Schreiner Mansion is located in Kerrville in the U.S. state of Texas. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places listings in Kerr County, Texas in 1975. It was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1962. The mansion is currently the home of the Hill Country Museum. In 1984, Mrs. E. C. Parker was awarded a Jefferson Davis Certificate of Meritorious Service for Preservation and Restoration, in honor of her work in converting the mansion into a museum.

The mansion is now home to the Hill Country Museum, which is operated by Schreiner University.

Design
Texas Ranger and Confederate States Army veteran Charles Schreiner, Sr., was descended from French nobility. His father Gustav had been born in a castle in  Alsace. The Schreiner family moved to San Antonio in 1852. Schreiner became a wealthy rancher, merchant and philanthropist in Kerrville. Schreiner commissioned San Antonio architect Alfred Giles to design the mansion in 1879. The original six-bedroom, two-story house was the first limestone building in Kerr County. In 1895, Schreiner had Giles add a more elaborate porch. The combined styles of Romanesque Revival and Chateauesque were a result in part of the labor force being brought from Germany, and pink granite columns imported from Italy. In 1927, the Schreiner heirs transferred ownership of the mansion to the Kerrville Masonic Lodge, which sold it in 1972 to a private owner.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Kerr County, Texas
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks in Kerr County

References

External links

Schreiner Mansion, Historical Site and Education Center – official site

Houses completed in 1879
Houses in Kerr County, Texas
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas
Museums in Kerr County, Texas
Historic house museums in Texas
United Daughters of the Confederacy
Schreiner University
1879 establishments in Texas
National Register of Historic Places in Kerr County, Texas

Capt. Charles Schreiner Mansion


A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.

Organisms that have been genetically modified include micro-organisms such as bacteria and yeast, insects, plants, fish, and mammals.  GMOs are the source of genetically modified foods, and are also widely used in scientific research and to produce goods other than food.

1970–1989

1972–1973
 Modern genetic engineering began in 1972 when United States Biochemists Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen used enzymes to cut a bacteria plasmid and insert another strand of DNA in the gap.  Both bits of DNA were from the same type of bacteria, but this milestone, the invention of recombinant DNA technology, offered a window into the previously impossible—the mixing of traits between totally dissimilar organisms.

1976–1977
Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert developed a DNA sequencing method based on chemical modification of DNA and subsequent cleavage at specific bases.
Although Maxam and Gilbert published their chemical sequencing method two years after the ground-breaking paper of Sanger and Coulson on plus-minus sequencing, Maxam–Gilbert sequencing rapidly became more popular, since purified DNA could be used directly, while the initial Sanger method required that each read start be cloned for production of single-stranded DNA. However, with the improvement of the chain-termination method (see below), Maxam-Gilbert sequencing has fallen out of favour due to its technical complexity prohibiting its use in standard molecular biology kits, extensive use of hazardous chemicals, and difficulties with scale-up.

1990–1999

1991
 DNA Plant Technology receives approval from the US Department of Agriculture to field test its so-called "Fish tomato", but the plant is never successfully commercialized. The creation of a genetically modified plant, with a fish transgene designed for human consumption did not go down well with the public.

1994
 The first modern recombinant crop approved for sale in the U.S., in 1994, was the FlavrSavr tomato, which had a longer shelf life. However, higher costs and same bland flavor as conventional tomatoes led to it losing money and disappearing from the shelves.

1996
 In 1996 a developer submitted a data set to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for AquAdvantage Salmon.

2000–2009

2003
 The first genetically modified fish Glofish is introduced into the market in the U.S.

2004
The first genetically modified black, blue and red rose made in the lab.

2010–2019

2010
 Monsanto corporation through its Indian subsidiary Mahyco unsuccessfully attempted to introduce Bt brinjal, which was put on hold due to citizen organizing against approval for sale in the country.

 Amflora was approved for industrial applications in the European Union by the European Commission. Amflora is a genetically modified potato the result of two decades of research efforts. The Amflora potato is selected for its special starch properties used in paper making and adhesives.

References

Genetic engineering

Genetically modified organism


Lady Finella (c. 950–995) was a noblewoman and Scottish assassin who killed King Kenneth II (some sources say King Kenneth III) out of revenge, based on chronicles from the 14th century.

She was the daughter of Cuncar, Mormaer of Angus, who was thought to be a descendant of Pictish royalty. Lady Finella is a well-known name that is rarely spelled the same way, and is also referred to as Fenella, Finuela, Finnguala, Fimberhele, Strath Finella, Strathfinella Hill, or Sibill, depending on the source. Most of her story is known through John of Fordun's chronicles written in the late 14th century, probably based on local, medieval folklore or 'feud-sagas'. He documented that Lady Finella's son was killed, most likely in battle, by Cinaed at Dunsinnan, a.k.a. Cinaed mac Máel Couim (Kenneth II MacMalcolm, king of Alba (971–995). Lady Finella was possibly enlisted by traditional factions opposed to the king's attempted feudal rule of primogeniture, the right of estates going to the first-born son.

However, the story is that to seek revenge, and with help from the king's men or Cinaed's rivals, Lady Finella created an elaborate death-trap at a cottage in Fettercairn then lured King Kenneth II inside when he was visiting the area. Inside, a statue of a boy stood in the center of the main room. Lady Finella said that if the king touched the boy's head it would lead to 'amazing sport'. When King Kenneth II pulled the statue's head towards him it triggered a series of crossbows throughout the space that sent a hail of arrows into the king. True or not, it is established that Kenneth II was killed in Fettercairn in 995. The story continues that Lady Finella fled towards the coast where she was pursued and cornered by the king's soldiers at the top of a waterfall near St Cyrus. To avoid capture, Lady Finella threw herself over the waterfall from a height of 150 feet to her death. The valley where this supposedly took place is called Den Finella.

References

950s births
995 deaths
Scottish assassins
British female murderers
Medieval assassins
Medieval Scottish nobility
Scottish noblewomen
Scottish regicides
Suicides by jumping in Scotland
Suicides in Scotland
10th-century Scottish people
10th-century Scottish women
10th-century criminals
Medieval suicides

Lady Finella


Northern Kentucky is an urban area in the U.S. Commonwealth of Kentucky compromising the southern part of the Cincinnati metropolitan area. The three main counties of the area are Boone, Kenton, and Campbell, all along the Ohio River across from Cincinnati, Ohio. Other counties frequently included in Northern Kentucky include Bracken, Grant, Gallatin and Pendleton. Of Greater Cincinnati's over two million residents, over 450,000 of them live in Northern Kentucky as of 2020, primarily in the northernmost counties. The largest cities in the region are Covington, Florence, and Independence.

Historically, Trimble, Mason, and Lewis County have also been included in the broader definition of Northern Kentucky. On July 17, 2019, Brent Cooper, a member of the Northern Kentucky Chamber of Commerce, called for the Northern Kentucky community to consider reuniting three counties (Boone, Kenton, and Campbell) into one county to better reflect the region's common identity and strengthen its political voice and economic marketability.

History

The area was served by ferry service across the Ohio River until the completion of the John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge (prototype of the famous Brooklyn Bridge) in 1866, whereupon land values in the areas near the river quadrupled overnight.

Beginning in the 1970s, many factors combined to create major growth. The proximity to Cincinnati, the completion of I-75, the nexus of rail service and river traffic, the creation of several industrial parks, and the growth of Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport (CVG) (located near Hebron in northeastern Boone County near the Kenton County line) drew many industries into the area. Its geographically central location (within  of 80% of the US population) makes it ideal for distribution centers, and those shipping all over the country.

In addition to location, the Northern Kentucky area hosts several organizations that strive to enhance the quality of life and the local economy. The primary airport (CVG) serving Cincinnati is located in Northern Kentucky.

Climate
Northern Kentucky is located within a climatic transition zone and is at the extreme northern limit of the humid subtropical climate. Evidence of both humid subtropical climate and humid continental climate can be found here, particularly noticeable by the presence of plants indicative of each climatic region; for example, the southern magnolia, and crape myrtle, from the subtropics and the blue spruce, maple, and eastern hemlock from cooler regions are successful landscape plants in and around Northern Kentucky. Some significant moderating variables for the overall climate of Northern Kentucky include the Ohio River, the region's relatively large hills and valleys, and an urban heat influence due to the proximity of the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky metropolitan area. The common wall lizard, introduced from Italy in the 1950s, is an example of fauna in the area that lends a subtropical ambiance to areas near the urban core of Cincinnati. Even though Kentucky as a whole is firmly considered Southern and part of the Upper South. Northern Kentucky is considered to be within the periphery of the Upper South and Midwest.

Attractions
Northern Kentucky contributes many attractions to the Greater Cincinnati community. Beyond the shops, restaurants, and riverside views of Cincinnati's skyline, some of the more well-known attractions are The Florence Speedway, MainStrasse Village, Newport on the Levee (including the Newport Aquarium), and the World Peace Bell. There are also several community playhouses and music venues, along with community parks, arboretums, and museums. Campbell County has some wineries.

Religious attractions of Northern Kentucky range from the historic churches of the older river cities, including the St. Mary's Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption and Mother of God Church, both in Covington, to the Ark Encounter in Williamstown, south in Grant County. Florence is home to the Islamic Center of Northern Kentucky.

Education
Northern Kentucky has several schools of higher education, including Gateway Community and Technical College, Northern Kentucky University, and Thomas More University.

References

Further reading
 WPA, Kentucky: A Guide to the Bluegrass State  (1939); classic guide from the Federal Writers Project; covers main themes and describes every town and feature, with capsule histories online

External links

Northern Kentucky Convention and Visitors Bureau

Geography of the Cincinnati metropolitan area
Regions of Kentucky

Northern Kentucky


Mårten Triewald FRS (18 November 1691 – 8 August 1747), sometimes referred to as Mårten Triewald the Younger, was a Swedish merchant, engineer and amateur physicist.

Mårten Triewald was the son of Mårten Triewald the Elder, a farrier and anchorsmith of German origin.

Triewald's mercantile activities took him to London where he attended lectures in Newtonian Experimental Philosophy given by John Theophilus Desaguliers and with whom he later corresponded. In 1716 Triewald was employed as an inspector at a coal mine in Newcastle, where he studied mechanics and the steam engines used there, and made improvements to them. He returned to Sweden in 1726 and at Dannemora mine and built a steam engine there under the designation "fire and air machine" (eld- och luftmachin in archaic Swedish). This steam engine is believed to be the first steam engine in Sweden that was put to practical and industrial use.

In 1728 and 1729 Triewald held lectures in mechanics at the Swedish House of Nobility, and demonstrated a collection of physical instruments that he had bought in England. In 1732, these instruments were taken over by Lund University, and Triewald's assistant Daniel Menlös was made a professor of mathematics at the university. In 1729 he formed a diving company, and wrote about the use of diving bells and equipment for divers under the title Konsten att lefa under watn ("The art of living under water"). He also took an interest in bee-keeping and published on this subject (Tractat om bij, 1728).

Triewald was given the title director mechanicus, and in 1735 was appointed kapten-mekanikus (Captain of Mechanics) at the Fortification Administration, deemed to be "the only one in the country suitable for this post", and given an annual pension by the Parliament.

In 1729, he was elected a member of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala. In 1739, he was one of six founders of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm. He was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1731.

The mansion located in the southwestern part of Kungsholmen that Triewald bought in 1739, Triewalds malmgård, still exists and carries his name.

Marten Triewalds daughter Margaret Elisabeth was married to accountant Johan Falkensson (died 1779) who leased Hersbyholm on Lidingö .

Mårten Triewald had a brother named Samuel von Triewald, poet, politician and one of the first 'critics' in Sweden; he was also a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

See also
Triewaldsgränd

References

1691 births
1747 deaths
Swedish merchants
Swedish engineers
Swedish scientists
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the Royal Society
18th-century Swedish businesspeople

Mårten Triewald


Tent House is a heritage-listed house at Fourth Street, Parkside, City of Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia. It was built . It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

History
The population growth of Mount Isa was rapid from 1926 to 1930, and this caused acute housing shortages.

In 1929, there were hundreds of tents, housing railway and construction workers, sprawled between the town and the mine. Other huts had walls made from beaten-out chemical drums from the mill, antbed floors and corrugated iron roofs. But a new town on the other side of the hill absorbed many. The settlement of Mount Isa Mines was built by the company on its leases for its own men, a planned and self-contained town which was approached through a valley guarded by a gatekeeper. Leslie Urquahart was the creator of the company town. His policy sprang from his experience in Russia and he realised that in a region with a harsh climate and a reputation for industrial unrest of the employees' welfare was an essential investment. This policy of providing extensive accommodation for employees was regarded as an "interesting experiment" – it was not the norm in 1929. By mid-1929 fifty cottages for workmen and seven staff houses had been completed, along with reticulated water supply and septic tank installation. A self-contained staff house, with twenty-one bedrooms, reading and dining rooms had also been completed. Five dormitories for single men, each accommodating forty men, and a mess hall to serve them were in the course of erection, but owing to the rapid increase of work at the mines, temporary accommodation capable of housing 400 men was erected.

The growth of the community continued to present problems for company management during the years when there was difficulty financing housing developments. The 1934 Directors' Report commented:"A portion of the community consists of 60 tents erected in 1930. These were in a bad state of repair, and after representations by the employees in this section, the company agreed to furnish the material for converting these temporary dwellings into tent houses.  The employees, co-operating among themselves, furnished the labour."
Conversion of a tent into a tent house included the addition of an iron roof above the existing tent roof and iron walls outside the tent walls. The air space between the iron and the fabric helped to keep the house cool in the summer months.

Another labour boom at the end of the 1940s led to tent accommodation being used. But it was the massive expansion of copper mining in the Old Black Rock lease in the 1960s which led to the removal of most of the early buildings of the company town as they were located on top of the ore.

The tent house at Fourth Avenue, now managed by the National Trust, was one of the last remaining in the city in 1967 when it was decided to retain it as a museum piece.

In 2013, the Tent House was relocated to Underground Hospital site where it can be better protected and more accessible to tourists.

Description

The house is a simple timber frame structure with a gable roof and enclosed verandah on the eastern side. An elevated timber frame gable tent roof is set over the house enclosing and shading it with a  space between roofs. The house roof and gable walls are covered with canvas. The remaining walls are clad with ripple iron. The enclosed verandah and tent roof are clad in corrugated iron. The sides of the house and verandah are lined with glass louvre windows. The building stands on a grassed allotment. The house was described in 1937 as - "three roomed house, walls of galvanised iron and drum roof; roof of galvanised iron, partitions of iron and wood, floor of boards and earth". The only other surviving tent house in Mount Isa was demolished in 1991.

Heritage listing
The Tent House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.

The tent house is significant as a rare survivor of a once common type of accommodation erected in Mount Isa in the 1930s to ease the housing shortage.

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

Although the construction and design principals were adopted for other permanent Queensland public buildings, this tent house was originally constructed as a temporary structure. Its survival is due to the local community wanting to retain a physical link with the early mining settlement.

References

Attribution

External links

Queensland Heritage Register
City of Mount Isa
Houses in Queensland
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register
Relocated buildings and structures in Australia

Tent House, Mount Isa


The People's Party or Socialist People's Party was a minor political party in the Furness region of England.

The party was founded in 1995 by four Labour Party borough councillors who had been suspended from Labour for opposing a reduction in the housing budget. It was initially known as the People's Labour Party, and stood their chair, Jim Hamezeian, in the Barrow and Furness constituency in the 1997 general election. He received 1,995 votes, 4.1% of the total in the constituency.

The party campaigned on a variety of local issues. A split led to two of its four councillors leaving and standing as independents in the 2003 local elections; the two People's Party councillors then lost their seats. However, in the 2006 local elections, party leader Jim Hamezian regained his seat in the Ormsgill ward.

In the 2008 local elections, one councillor was elected in Central Ward and three others elected in Ormsgill. Following this, in elections to Cumbria County Council in 2009, Jim Hamezeian was elected to serve for Ormsgill ward in Barrow-in-Furness.

After that, the party's support dropped: in the 2010 local elections the SPP lost two councillors, and lost all representation on the Borough council in 2011 local elections. The SPP retained one councillor on Cumbria County Council until the May 2013 elections, when they lost all representation. The party deregistered with the Electoral Commission in 2015 and its website is no longer active.

References

External links
Socialist People's Party

Labour Party (UK) breakaway groups
Political parties established in 1995
Political parties disestablished in 2015
Socialist parties in England
Furness
Defunct socialist parties in the United Kingdom
Politics of Cumbria
1995 establishments in England
2015 disestablishments in England

Socialist People's Party (Furness)