The Count of St. Germain or in French Comte de Saint Germain (;  – 27 February 1784) was a European adventurer who achieved prominence in European high society of the mid-18th century due to his interest and achievements in science, alchemy, philosophy, and the arts. St. Germain used a variety of names and titles, including the Marquis de Montferrat, Comte Bellamarre, Chevalier Schoening, Count Weldon, Comte Soltikoff, Manuel Doria, Graf Tzarogy, and Prinz Ragoczy. While his real name is unknown, and his birth and background obscure, towards the end of his life he claimed that he was a son of Prince Francis II Rákóczi of Transylvania.

He is said to have made far-fetched claims (such as being 500 years old), leading Voltaire to dub him "The Wonderman", and that "He is a man who does not die, and who knows everything". Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel is recorded as having called him "one of the greatest philosophers who ever lived".

Life and career

Background
The count claimed to be a son of Francis II Rákóczi, the Prince of Transylvania, which could possibly be unfounded. However, this would account for his wealth and fine education. The will of Francis II Rákóczi mentions his eldest son, Leopold George, who was believed to have died at the age of four. The speculation is that his identity was safeguarded as a protective measure against the persecutions of the Habsburg dynasty. At the time of his arrival in Schleswig in 1779, St. Germain told Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel that he was 88 years old. This would place his birth in 1691 when Francis II Rákóczi was 15 years old.

St. Germain was supposedly educated in Italy by the last of the Medicis, Gian Gastone, his alleged mother's brother-in-law. He was believed to be a student at the University of Siena. Throughout his adult life, he deliberately spun a confusing web to conceal his actual name and origins, using different pseudonyms in the different places of Europe that he visited.

Historical figure
He appears to have begun to be known under the title of the Count of St Germain during the early 1740s.

England
According to David Hunter, the count contributed some of the songs to L'incostanza delusa, an opera performed at the Haymarket Theatre in London on all but one of the Saturdays from 9 February to 20 April 1745. Later, in a letter of December of that same year, Horace Walpole mentions Count St. Germain as being arrested in London on suspicion of espionage (this was during the Jacobite rebellion of 1745), but released without charge:

The other day they seized an odd man, who goes by the name of Count St. Germain. He has been here these two years, and will not tell who he is, or whence, but professes [two wonderful things, the first] that he does not go by his right name; and the second that he never had any dealings with any woman – nay, nor with any succedaneum. He sings, plays on the violin wonderfully, composes, is mad, and not very sensible. He is called an Italian, a Spaniard, a Pole; somebody that married a great fortune in Mexico, and ran away with her jewels to Constantinople; a priest, a fiddler, a vast nobleman. The Prince of Wales has had an unsatiated curiosity about him, but in vain. However, nothing has been made out against him; he is released; and, what convinces me that he is not a gentleman, stays here, and talks of his being taken up for a spy.

The Count gave two private musical performances in London in April and May 1749. On one such occasion, Lady Jemima Yorke described how she was "very much entertain'd by him or at him the whole Time – I mean the Oddness of his Manner which it is impossible not to laugh at, otherwise you know he is very sensible & well-bred in conversation". She continued: He is an Odd Creature, and the more I see him the more curious I am to know something about him. He is everything with everybody: he talks Ingeniously with Mr Wray, Philosophy with Lord Willoughby, and is gallant with Miss Yorke, Miss Carpenter, and all the Young Ladies. But the Character and Philosopher is what he seems to pretend to, and to be a good deal conceited of: the Others are put on to comply with Les Manieres du Monde, but that you are to suppose his real characteristic; and I can't but fancy he is a great Pretender in All kinds of Science, as well as that he really has acquired an uncommon Share in some.

Walpole reports that St Germain: spoke Italian and French with the greatest facility, though it was evident that neither was his language; he understood Polish and soon learnt to understand English and talk it a little [...] But Spanish or Portuguese seemed his natural language. Walpole concludes that the Count was "a man of Quality who had been in or designed for the Church. He was too great a musician not to have been famous if he had not been a gentleman". Walpole describes the Count as pale, with "extremely black" hair and a beard. "He dressed magnificently, [and] had several jewels" and was clearly receiving "large remittances, but made no other figure".

France
St. Germain appeared in the French court around 1748. In 1749, he was employed by Louis XV for diplomatic missions.

A mime and English comedian known as Mi'Lord Gower impersonated St. Germain in Paris salons. His stories were wilder than the real count's (he had advised Jesus, for example). Inevitably, hearsay of his routine got confused with the original.

Giacomo Casanova describes in his memoirs several meetings with the "celebrated and learned impostor". Of his first meeting, in Paris in 1757, he writes:

The most enjoyable dinner I had was with Madame de Robert Gergi, who came with the famous adventurer, known by the name of the Count de St. Germain. This individual, instead of eating, talked from the beginning of the meal to the end, and I followed his example in one respect as I did not eat, but listened to him with the greatest attention. It may safely be said that as a conversationalist he was unequalled.
St. Germain gave himself out for a marvel and always aimed at exciting amazement, which he often succeeded in doing. He was a scholar, linguist, musician, and chemist, good-looking, and a perfect ladies' man. For a while he gave them paints and cosmetics; he flattered them, not that he would make them young again (which he modestly confessed was beyond him) but that their beauty would be preserved by means of a wash which, he said, cost him a lot of money, but which he gave away freely.
He had contrived to gain the favour of Madame de Pompadour, who had spoken about him to the king, for whom he had made a laboratory, in which the monarch – a martyr to boredom – tried to find a little pleasure or distraction, at all events, by making dyes. The king had given him a suite of rooms at Chambord, and a hundred thousand francs for the construction of a laboratory, and according to St. Germain the dyes discovered by the king would have a materially beneficial influence on the quality of French fabrics.
This extraordinary man, intended by nature to be the king of impostors and quacks, would say in an easy, assured manner that he was three hundred years old, that he knew the secret of the Universal Medicine, that he possessed a mastery over nature, that he could melt diamonds, professing himself capable of forming, out of ten or twelve small diamonds, one large one of the finest water without any loss of weight. All this, he said, was a mere trifle to him. Notwithstanding his boastings, his bare-faced lies, and his manifold eccentricities, I cannot say I thought him offensive. In spite of my knowledge of what he was and in spite of my own feelings, I thought him an astonishing man as he was always astonishing me.

Dutch Republic
In March 1760, at the height of the Seven Years' War, St. Germain travelled to The Hague. In Amsterdam, he stayed at the bankers Adrian and Thomas Hope and pretended he came to borrow money for Louis XV with diamonds as collateral. He assisted Bertrand Philip, Count of Gronsveld starting a porcelain factory in Weesp as furnace and colour specialist. St. Germain tried to open peace negotiations between Britain and France with the help of Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg. British diplomats concluded that St. Germain had the backing of the Duc de Belle-Isle and possibly of Madame de Pompadour, who were trying to outmanoeuvre the French Foreign Minister, the pro-Austrian Duc de Choiseul. However, Britain would not treat with St. Germain unless his credentials came directly from the French king. The Duc de Choiseul convinced Louis XV to disavow St. Germain and demand his arrest. Count Bentinck de Rhoon, a Dutch diplomat, regarded the arrest warrant as internal French politicking, in which Holland should not involve itself. However, a direct refusal to extradite St. Germain was also considered impolitic. De Rhoon, therefore, facilitated the departure of St. Germain to England with a passport issued by the British Ambassador, General Joseph Yorke. This passport was made out "in blank", allowing St. Germain to travel in May 1760 from Hellevoetsluis to London under an assumed name, showing that this practice was officially accepted at the time.

From St. Peterburg, St. Germain travelled to Berlin, Vienna, Milan, Ubbergen, and Zutphen (June 1762), Amsterdam (August 1762), Venice (1769), Livorno (1770), Neurenberg (1772), Mantua (1773), The Hague (1774), and Bad Schwalbach.

Death
In 1779, St. Germain arrived in Altona in Schleswig, where he made an acquaintance with Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel, who also had an interest in mysticism and was a member of several secret societies. The count showed the Prince several of his gems and he convinced the latter that he had invented a new method of colouring cloth. The Prince was impressed and installed the Count in an abandoned factory at Eckernförde he had acquired especially for the Count, and supplied him with the materials and cloths that St. Germain needed to proceed with the project. The two met frequently in the following years, and the Prince outfitted a laboratory for alchemical experiments in his nearby summer residence Louisenlund, where they, among other things, cooperated in creating gemstones and jewelry. The prince later recounts in a letter that he was the only person in whom the count truly confided. He told the prince that he was the son of the Transylvanian Prince Francis II Rákóczi, and that he had been 88 years of age when he arrived in Schleswig.

The count died in his residence in the factory on 27 February 1784, while the prince was staying in Kassel, and the death was recorded in the register of the St. Nicolai Church in Eckernförde. He was buried 2 March and the cost of the burial was listed in the accounting books of the church the following day. The official burial site for the count is at Nicolai Church (German St. Nicolaikirche) in Eckernförde.  He was buried in a private grave. On 3 April the same year, the mayor and the city council of Eckernförde issued an official proclamation about the auctioning off of the count's remaining effects in case no living relative would appear within a designated time period to lay claim on them. Prince Charles donated the factory to the crown and it was afterward converted into a hospital.

Jean Overton Fuller found, during her research, that the count's estate upon his death was a packet of paid and receipted bills and quittances, 82 Reichsthalers and 13 shillings (cash), 29 various groups of items of clothing (this includes gloves, stockings, trousers, shirts, etc.), 14 linen shirts, eight other groups of linen items, and various sundries (razors, buckles, toothbrushes, sunglasses, combs, etc.).  No diamonds, jewels, gold, or any other riches were listed, nor were kept cultural items from travels, personal items (like his violin), or any notes of correspondence.

Music by the Count
The following list of music comes from Appendix II from Jean Overton Fuller's book The Comte de Saint Germain.

Trio Sonatas
Six sonatas for two violins with a bass for harpsichord or violoncello:
 Op. 47 I. F major, , Molto adagio
 Op. 48 II. B-flat major, , Allegro
 Op. 49 III. E-flat major, , Adagio
 Op. 50 IV. G minor, , Tempo giusto
 Op. 51 V. G major, , Moderato
 Op. 52 VI. A major, , Cantabile lento

Violin solos
Seven solos for solo violin:
 Op. 53 I. B-flat major, , Largo
 Op. 54 II. E major, , Adagio
 Op. 55 III. C minor, , Adagio
 Op. 56 IV. E-flat major, , Adagio
 Op. 57 V. E-flat major, , Adagio
 Op. 58 VI. A major, , Adagio
 Op. 59 VII. B-flat major, , Adagio

English songs
 Op. 4 The Maid That's Made for Love and Me (O Wouldst Thou Know What Sacred Charms). E-flat major (marked B-flat major),
 Op. 5 It Is Not that I Love You Less. F major,
 Op. 6 Gentle Love, This Hour Befriend Me. D major,
 Op. 7 Jove, When He Saw My Fanny's Face. D major,

Italian arias
Numbered in order of their appearance in the Musique Raisonnee, with their page numbers in that volume.
*
 Op. 1 IV, pp. 16–20. Senza pietà mi credi,* G major,  (marked  but there are 6 quavers to the bar)
 Op. 2 VIII, pp. 36–39. Digli, digli,* D major,
 Op. 3 IX, pp. 40–45. Per pieta bel Idol mio,* F major,
 Op. 4/17 XIII, pp. 58–61. Se mai riviene, D minor,
 Op. 8 I, pp. 1–5. Padre perdona, oh! pene, G minor,
 Op. 9 II, pp. 6–10. Non piangete amarti, E major,
 Op. 10 III, pp. 11–15. Intendo il tuo, F major,
 Op. 11 V, pp. 21–26. Già, già che moria deggio, D major,
 Op. 12 VI, pp. 27–31. Dille che l'amor mio,* E major,
 Op. 13 VII, pp. 32–35. Mio ben ricordati, D major,
 Op. 14 X, pp. 46–50. Non so, quel dolce moto, B  major,
 Op. 15 XI, pp. 51–55. Piango, è ver; ma non-procede, G minor,
 Op. 16 XII, pp. 56–57. Dal labbro che t'accende, E major,
 Op. 18 XIV, pp. 62–63. Parlerò; non-e permesso, E major,
 Op. 19 XV, pp. 64–65. Se tutti i miei pensieri, A major,
 Op. 20 XVI, pp. 66–67. Guadarlo, guaralo in volto, E major,
 Op. 21 XVII, pp. 68–69. Oh Dio mancarmi, D major,
 Op. 22 XVIII, pp. 70–71. Digli che son fedele, E  major,
 Op. 23 XIX, pp. 72–73. Pensa che sei cruda, E minor,
 Op. 24 XX, pp. 74–75. Torna torna innocente, G major,
 Op. 25 XXI, pp. 76–77. Un certo non-so che veggo, E major,
 Op. 26 XXII, pp. 78–79. Guardami, guardami prima in volto, D major,
 Op. 27 XXIII, pp. 80–81. Parto, se vuoi così, E major,
 Op. 28 XXIV, pp. 82–83. Volga al Ciel se ti, D minor,
 Op. 29 XXV, pp. 84–85. Guarda se in questa volta, F major,
 Op. 30 XXVI, pp. 86–87. Quanto mai felice, D major,
 Op. 31 XXVII, pp. 88–89. Ah che neldi'sti, D major,
 Op. 32, XXVIII, pp. 90–91. Dopp'un tuo Sguardo, F major,
 Op. 33 XXIX, pp. 92–93. Serberò fra' Ceppi, G major,
 Op. 34 XXX, pp. 94–95. Figlio se più non-vivi moro, F major,
 Op. 35 XXXI, pp. 96–98. Non ti respondo, C major,
 Op. 36 XXXII, pp. 99–101. Povero cor perché palpito, G major,
 Op. 37 XXXIII, pp. 102–105. Non v'è più barbaro, C minor,
 Op. 38 XXXIV, pp. 106–108. Se de' tuoi lumi al fuoco amor, E major,
 Op. 39 XXXV, pp. 109–111. Se tutto tosto me sdegno, E major,
 Op. 40 XXXVI, pp. 112–115. Ai negli occhi un tel incanto, D major,  (marked  but there are 4 crotchets to the bar)
 Op. 41 XXXVII, pp. 116–118. Come poteste de Dio, F major,
 Op. 42 XXXVIII, pp. 119–121. Che sorte crudele, G major,
 Op. 43 XXXIX, pp. 122–124. Se almen potesse al pianto, G minor,
 Op. 44 XXXX, pp. 125–127. Se viver non-posso lunghi, D major,
 Op. 45 XXXXI, pp. 128–130. Fedel faro faro cara cara, D major,
 Op. 46 XXXXII, p. 131. Non ha ragione, F major,

Literature by the Count
Discounting the snippets of political intrigue, a few musical pieces, and one mystical poem, there are only two pieces of writing attributed to the Count: La Très Sainte Trinosophie and the untitled The Triangular Book of St. Germain (The Triangular Manuscript).

The first book attributed to the Count of Saint Germain is La Très Sainte Trinosophie, a beautifully illustrated 18th century manuscript that describes in symbolic terms a journey of spiritual initiation or an alchemical process, depending on the interpretation. This book has been published several times, most notably by Manly P. Hall, in Los Angeles, California, in 1933. The attribution to St. Germain rests on a handwritten note scrawled inside the cover of the original manuscript stating that this was a copy of a text once in St. Germain's possession. However, despite Hall's elaborate introduction describing the Count's legend, The Most Holy Trinosophia shows no definitive connection to him.

The second work attributed to St. Germain is the untitled 18th century manuscript in the shape of a triangle. The two known copies of the Triangular Manuscript exist as Hogart Manuscript 209 and 210 (MS 209 and MS 210). Both currently reside in the Manly Palmer Hall Collection of Alchemical Manuscripts at the Getty Research Library. Nick Koss decoded and translated this manuscript in 2011 and it was published as The Triangular Book of St. Germain by Ouroboros Press in 2015. Unlike the first work, it mentions St. Germain directly as its originator. The book describes a magical ritual by which one can perform the two most extraordinary feats that characterized the legend of Count of St. Germain, namely procurement of great wealth and extension of life.

Literature about the Count

Biographies
The best-known biography is Isabel Cooper-Oakley's The Count of St. Germain (1912), which gives a satisfactory biographical sketch. It is a compilation of letters, diaries, and private records written about the count by members of the French aristocracy who knew him in the 18th century. Another interesting biographical sketch can be found in The History of Magic, by Eliphas Levi, originally published in 1913.

Numerous French and German biographies also have been published, among them  by Peter Krassa,  by Marie-Raymonde Delorme, and  by Pierre Ceria and François Ethuin. In his work Sages and Seers (1959), Manly Palmer Hall refers to the biography Graf St.-Germain by E. M. Oettinger (1846).

In fiction

The count has inspired a number of fictional creations:

 He appears as a playable character in the Japanese otome game series Ikemen Vampire. In the series, he is the sire and the host for those who he has given a second lease in life including Napoleon Bonaparte, Isaac Newton, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Leonardo da Vinci, William Shakespeare, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Vincent van Gogh, Theo Van Gogh, Jeanne d'Arc (who is named as Jean d'Arc and is a man), and Osamu Dazai. The series portrays him as a kind, mild-mannered, intelligent, respectable and respected nobleman of immeasurable wealth as well as a protective father or older sibling figure to all his residents including his human butler.
 He appears as the Master manipulator behind the scenes in Katherine Kurtz' 1996 novel, Two Crowns for America, about America's fight for independence.
 He figures prominently in various works by Japanese rock artist Kamijo, including the album Sang and the single "Persona Grata".
 He is a character in Castlevania: Curse of Darkness, where he is a time traveler. He fights with Zead, who is the avatar of Death.
 He is featured in Gold Keys Boris Karloff Thriller issue 3 ( april 1963 ) in " The Man who Lived Forever "
 He is a character in Netflix's 2017 Castlevania, appearing as an itinerant magician in search of the "Infinite Corridor" voiced by Bill Nighy.
 He is a significant character in Diana Gabaldon's Outlander series, specifically 1992's Dragonfly in Amber, and an apparent time traveler in Gabaldon's spin-off novella, "The Space Between".
 He is introduced as a supporting character in the novel The Magician, the second book in the fantasy series The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel by Michael Scott.
 He is mentioned in Raidou Kuzunoha vs. The Soulless Army as a time agent, yet the player never meets him.
 He is played by James Marsters in the TV series Warehouse 13. He is an immortal who used a ring with a gem from the Philosopher's stone used to revitalize plants and heal people to accumulate wealth throughout the ages. The ring was taken by Marie-Antoinette and buried in the Catacombs beneath Paris.
 He is portrayed by Miya Rurika in the play Azure Moment by Takarazuka Revue.
 He is the main antagonist in The Ruby Red Trilogy, written by Kerstin Gier. He is the founder of a secret lodge which is controlling people with a time-travelling gene, and he is trying to gain immortality through the said time-travellers.
 He is the main character of the historical mystery novel based on his early adventures, The Man Who Would Not Die, written by Paul Andrews. He is presented as the son of Prince Rákóczi.
 He is the mentor and co-conspirator of the player in the 2022 indie adventure game Card Shark.
 He was referenced as a villain in the fourth season of the anime Symphogear, along with Alessandro Cagliostro and François Prelati, all portrayed as women.
 Hoshino Katsura used him as inspiration for the character of the Millennium Earl in the manga series D. Gray Man.
 In Kōta Hirano's Drifters, the character of count Saint Germi is inspired by him. He is voiced by Tomokazu Sugita in the anime adaptation.
 In Master of Mosquiton Mosquiton's enemy is an immortal demon loosely based on the Count of St. Germain.
 In the BBC podcast The Lovecraft Investigations, he is revealed to be the mortal guise of Nyarlathotep and a central antagonist of the series.
 In the light novel Fate/strange fake, he was Richard the Lionheart's court mage and mentor, who claimed to be nothing more than an aristocrat and a swindler while also owning a car, claiming to have met Alexander the Great, and being able to sense and talk to the person witnessing the flashback of his first meeting with King Richard.
 In the manga The Case Study of Vanitas, Noe's teacher and Dominique's grandfather tells them he is currently going by that name.
 In the novelization The Night Strangler, from the TV film of the same title, it is strongly hinted that the immortal villain, Dr. Richard Malcolm, is actually the Count St. Germain. When asked directly, Malcolm laughs ironically but does not deny it.
 In The Red Lion: The Elixer of Life by Maria Szepes, he appears as Saint Germain
 In the tabletop role-playing game Unknown Armies by John Scott Tynes and Greg Stolze, he is the First and Last Man, the only immortal character in the setting, whose lifespan encompasses the first and last lives of human beings.
 Prominent Bengali fiction author Shariful Hasan made the character Count Saint Germain in his Samvala Trilogy inspired by him.
 Robert Rankin's character Professor Slocombe, in the various books of The Brentford Trilogy, is often described as bearing an uncanny resemblance to the Comte; when the Professor annotates the Comte's ancient notebooks, even the handwriting is nearly identical. Another character, now quite old, born in the Victorian era, has stated that Professor Slocombe was an old man even then.
 The character of Agliè in the novel Foucault's Pendulum by Umberto Eco is an occultist who claims to be the Count St. Germain.
 The character of Jack Elderflower in the novel Gather the Fortunes, by Bryan Camp.
 The Comte is a significant character in the Victorian time-travel novella, A Peculiar Count in Time, by M .K. Beutymhill.
 The Comte is the main protagonist in an ongoing series of historical romance/horror novels by Chelsea Quinn Yarbro.
 The Count appears in two novels by Andrzej Sarwa: Wieszczba krwawej głowy (The Prophetess of the Bloody Head) and Cmentarz św. Medarda (Saint Medard's Graveyard).
 The German writer Karl May wrote two stories with the Graf von Saint Germain appearing as antagonist: Aqua benedetta (1877) and its largely extended version Ein Fürst des Schwindels (1880).
 The mystic in the Alexander Pushkin story "The Queen of Spades".
 The visual novel Code: Realize − Guardian of Rebirth depicts him as an eccentric aristocrat hosting Arsène Lupin, Impey Barbicane, Victor Frankenstein, and Van Helsing in his manor.
 In the Damian Paladin stories by Mike Chinn he appears as a quasi immortal who has some unspecified past grievances with Paladin and Andy Raven.

The Count in Theosophy
Count Saint Germain (also sometimes referred to as Master Rákóczi or Master R) is a legendary spiritual master of the ancient wisdom in various Theosophical and post-Theosophical teachings, said to be responsible for the New Age culture of the Age of Aquarius and identified with the Count Saint Germain (fl. 1710–1784), who has been variously described as a courtier, adventurer, inventor, alchemist, pianist, violinist, and amateur composer.

Legend
Some write that his name St. Germain was invented by him as a French version of the Latin Sanctus Germanus, meaning "Holy Brother". In the Ascended Master Teachings (but not in traditional Theosophy), the Master R, or the Master Rákóczi, is a separate and distinct being from St. Germain.

Literature about St. Germain

Biographies
There are several "authoritative" biographers on St. Germain who usually do not agree with one another. Probably the two best-known biographies are Isabel Cooper-Oakley's The Count of St. Germain (1912), and Jean Overton-Fuller's The Comte de Saint-Germain: Last Scion of the House of Rakoczy (1988). The former is a compilation of letters, diaries, and private records written about the Count by members of the French aristocracy who knew him in the 18th century.

Raymond Bernard's book The Great Secret – St. Germain is biographical and covers many aspects of the Count's life, including his conflation with Sir Francis Bacon, and the author of the Shakespearean opus. The Great Secret, Count St. Germain purports that St. Germain was actually Francis Bacon by birth, and later authored the complete Plays attributed to Shakespeare. Bernard also contends, as does the Saint Germain Foundation in Schaumburg, Illinois, that Francis Bacon was the child of Queen Elizabeth and Lord Dudley but that it was kept quiet. According to this theory, Francis was raised by the Bacon family, yet knew of his true birth, and left numerous hints throughout the Shakespearean canon of this, in the form of explicit clues in the text of the plays, in pictures, and in the alleged use of Bacon's cipher in the works. Manly Palmer Hall, in his The Secret Teachings of All Ages, describes some of the same attributes as Bernard, including the attribution of the writings of Shakespeare to a great adept like Francis Bacon, who could be amalgamated with the Count of St. Germain.

There have also been numerous French and German biographies, among them  by Peter Krassa, Le Comte de Saint-Germain by Marie-Raymonde Delorme, and L'énigmatique Comte De Saint-Germain by Pierre Ceria and François Ethuin.

Books claimed by Guy Ballard to have been dictated to him by Saint Germain
Saint Germain is the central figure in a series of books published by the Saint Germain Press (the publishing arm of the Saint Germain Foundation). The first two volumes, Unveiled Mysteries and The Magic Presence, written by Guy Ballard as "Godfré Ray King", describe Saint Germain as an Ascended master, like Jesus, who is assisting humanity. In these first two books, Ballard discusses his personal experiences with Saint Germain and reveals many teachings that are in harmony with Theosophy. The third volume, The 'I AM' Discourses, contains material that is foundational to the sacred scriptures of the "I AM" Religious Activity, founded in 1930 – the first of the Ascended Master Teachings religions.

There are 20 volumes in the Saint Germain Series of Books, which are also referred to as the "Green Books". Another significant work, the Comte de Gabalis, is said to be from the hand of Sir Francis Bacon before he Ascended and returned as Sanctus Germanus or Saint Germain. First printed in 1670, the book includes a picture of the Polish Rider, Rembrandt's famous painting at the Frick Collection in New York City, which is said to be of Sir Francis Bacon, AKA the Comte de Gabalis, or the Count of the Cabala. Lotus Ray King (Edna Ballard's pen name), wife of Guy Ballard, talked about this book having been authored by the Ascended Master Saint Germain in the Round Table Talks of the "I AM" Religious Activity.

Claimed encounters with Saint Germain
Several Theosophists and practitioners of alternate esoteric traditions have claimed to have met Saint Germain in the late 19th or early 20th centuries:
 Annie Besant said that she met the Count in 1896.
 C. W. Leadbeater claimed to have met him in Rome in 1926 and gave a physical description of him as having brown eyes, olive colored skin, and a pointed beard; according to Leadbeater, "the splendour of his Presence impels men to make obeisance". Leadbeater said that Saint Germain showed him a robe that had been previously owned by a Roman Emperor and that Saint Germain told him that one of his residences was a castle in Transylvania. According to Leadbeater, when performing magical rituals in his castle in Transylvania, Saint Germain wears "a suit of golden chain-mail which once belonged to a Roman Emperor; over it is thrown a magnificent cloak of Tyrian purple, with on its clasp a seven-pointed star in diamond and amethyst, and sometimes he wears a glorious robe of violet."
David Christopher Lewis, living spiritual teacher, claims that Saint Germain first came to him in person on 10 June 2004 in his home in Paradise Valley, Montana, and continued to come many times thereafter.
 David Narozny, living Czech music composer, claims to have met St Germain in Pruhonice on 23 May 2014.
 Dorothy Leon, living author, has claimed to have had several encounters with Saint Germain and is an avowed disciple of his.
 Edgar Cayce, the "Sleeping Prophet", was asked while in trance if Saint Germain was present. Cayce's reply was: "When needed." (From reading # 254–83 on 14 February 1935.)
 Guy Ballard, founder of the "I AM" Activity, claimed that he met Saint Germain on Mount Shasta in California in August 1930, and that this initiated his "training" and experiences with other Ascended masters in various parts of the world.
 Miroslav Zimmer, living poet, claim to have met St Germain in the Malá Fatra mountains in Slovakia in 2011 in the company of a Sam Bennett.
 Peter Mt. Shasta, living spiritual teacher and author, claims that Saint Germain materialized before him in Muir Woods, Marin County, California, as well as many other times, some of which encounters he documents in his book.

Esoteric activities
Many groups honor Saint Germain as a supernatural being called a Master of the Ancient Wisdom or an Ascended master. In the Ascended Master Teachings he is referred to simply as Saint Germain, or as the Ascended Master Saint Germain. As an Ascended Master, Saint Germain is believed to have many magical powers such as the ability to teleport, levitate, walk through walls, and to inspire people by telepathy, among others.

The Theosophical Society after Blavatsky's death considered him to be a Mahatma, Master of the Ancient Wisdom, or Adept. Helena Blavatsky said that he was one of her Masters of Wisdom and hinted that he had given her secret documents. Some esoteric groups credit him with inspiring the Founding Fathers to draft the United States Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, as well as providing the design of the Great Seal of the United States.

In New Age beliefs, Saint Germain is associated with the color violet, the jewel amethyst, and the Maltese cross rendered in violet (usually the iron cross style cross patee version). He is also regarded as the "Chohan of the Seventh Ray". According to The Theosophical Society, the Seven Rays are seven metaphysical principles that govern both individual souls and the unfolding of each 2,158-year-long Astrological Age. Since according to Theosophy, the next Astrological Age, the Age of Aquarius, will be governed by the Seventh (Violet) Ray (the Ray of Ceremonial Order), Saint Germain is sometimes called "The Hierarch of the Age of Aquarius".  According to the Ascended Master Teachings, Saint Germain is "The God of Freedom for this system of worlds".  According to the Ascended Master Teachings, the preliminary lead-up to the beginning of the Age of Aquarius began on 1 July 1956, when Ascended Master Saint Germain became the Hierarch of the Age of Aquarius, replacing the former Astrological age Hierarch, the Ascended Master Jesus, who had been for almost 2,000 years the "Hierarch of the Age of Pisces".

In the works authored by Alice A. Bailey, Saint Germain is called Master Rakóczi or the Master R. In the Ascended Master Teachings, the Master Rakoczi, otherwise known as the Great Divine Director, is regarded as Saint Germain's teacher in the Great White Brotherhood of Ascended Masters. Alice A. Bailey's book The Externalisation of the Hierarchy (a compilation of earlier revelations published posthumously in 1957) gives the most information about his reputed role as a Spiritual Master. Saint Germain's spiritual title is said to be Lord of Civilization, and his task is the establishment of the new civilization of the Age of Aquarius. He is said to telepathically influence people who are seen by him as being instrumental in bringing about the new civilization of the Age of Aquarius. Alice A. Bailey stated that "sometime after AD 2025," the Jesus, the Master Rakóczi (Saint Germain), Kuthumi, and others in the Spiritual Hierarchy would "externalise", i.e., descend from the spiritual worlds, and interact in visible tangible bodies on the Earth in ashrams, surrounded by their disciples.

Alice A. Bailey said that St. Germain is the "manager of the executive council of the Christ".(Theosophists regard "the Master Jesus" and "Christ" as two separate and distinct beings.  They believe in the Gnostic Christology espoused by Cerinthus (fl. c. 100 AD), according to which "Christ" is a being who was incarnated in Jesus only during the three years of the ministry of Jesus.) According to certain Theosophists, "Christ" is identified as being a highly developed spiritual entity whose actual name is Maitreya. This Maitreya is the same being known in Buddhism as the Bodhisattva Maitreya, who is in training to become the next Buddha on Earth. According to Alice A. Bailey, the "executive council of the Christ" is a specific subgroup of the Masters of the Ancient Wisdom, charged with preparing the way for the Second Coming of Christ and the consequent inauguration of the Age of Aquarius.

Previous incarnations
According to The Theosophical Society (not to be confused with the United Lodge of Theosophists) and the Ascended Master Teachings, Saint Germain was incarnated as the following. (Note: Not all Theosophical and Ascended Master Teaching groups accept all of these incarnations as valid. St. Germain's incarnations as St. Alban, Proclus, Roger Bacon and Sir Francis Bacon are universally accepted.)

 Christopher Columbus, 1451–1506 AD. Believed to have been born in Genoa, Italy and settled in Portugal. Landed in the Americas in 1492 during the first of four voyages to the New World sponsored by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain
 Francis Bacon, 1561–1626, England. Philosopher, statesman, essayist and literary master, author of the Shakespearean plays (according to the Ascended Master Teachings), father of inductive science, and herald of the scientific revolution.
 Hesiod, Greek poet whose writings serve as a major source of insight into Greek mythology and cosmology (c. 700 BC).
 High priest in the civilization of Atlantis 13,000 years ago, serving in the Order of Lord Zadkiel in the Temple of Purification, located in an Atlantean colony that had been sent out from the main island of Atlantis that had been established on the island now called Cuba.
 Merlin. Mythical magician and counselor at King Arthur's Camelot who inspired the establishment of the Order of the Knights of the Round Table.
 Organizer behind the scenes for the Secret Societies in Germany in the late 14th and early 15th centuries. The creation of a possibly fictional character named "Christian Rosenkreuz" was inspired by his efforts.
 Plato, Philosopher who studied with students of Pythagoras and scholars in Egypt. He established his own school of philosophy at the Academy in Athens. (427–347 BC).
 Proclus, c. 410 – 485 AD. Athens. The last major Greek Neoplatonic philosopher. He headed the Platonic Academy and wrote extensively on philosophy, astronomy, mathematics, and grammar.
 Roger Bacon, c. 1220–1292 AD, England. Philosopher, educational reformer, and experimental scientist. Forerunner of modern science renowned for his exhaustive investigations into alchemy, optics, mathematics, and languages.
 Ruler of a Golden Age civilization centered in a city called "The City of the Sun" 70,000 years ago located in the then-lush and verdant area that is now the Sahara Desert, originally a colony sent out from Atlantis.
 Saint Alban, late 3rd or early 4th century, town of Verulamium, renamed St. Albans, Hertfordshire, England. First British martyr – he had sheltered a fugitive priest, became a devout convert, and was put to death for disguising himself as the priest so that he could die in his place.
 Saint Joseph, 1st century AD, Nazareth. Husband of Mary and guardian of Jesus.
 Samuel, 11th-century BC religious leader in Israel who served as prophet, priest, and last of the Hebrew judges.

Ascension into masterhood
According to the Ascended Master Teachings, Francis Bacon faked his own death on Easter Sunday, 9 April 1626, and even attended his own funeral in disguise. It is believed by the adherents of the Ascended Master Teachings that he then traveled secretly to Transylvania (then part of Hungary, now part of Romania) to the Rakoczy Mansion of the noble family of Hungary. Finally, on 1 May 1684, he is believed to have attained (by his knowledge of alchemy) his physical Ascension (attaining immortality and eternal youth—the sixth level of Initiation), at which time Francis Bacon adopted the name "Saint Germain".

Skeptical view
The scholar K. Paul Johnson maintains that the "Masters" that Madame Blavatsky wrote about and produced letters from were actually idealizations of people who were her mentors.

Also see the article "Talking to the Dead and Other Amusements" by Paul Zweig, The New York Times, 5 October 1980, which maintains that Madame Blavatsky's revelations were fraudulent.

See also
 Occult theories about Francis Bacon
 Shakespeare authorship question

References

Further reading
 Chrissochoidis, Ilias. "The Music of the Count of St. Germain: An Edition", Society for Eighteenth-Century Music Newsletter 16 (April 2010), [6–7].
 Cooper-Oakley, Isabella. The Comte De Saint Germain, the Secret of Kings. 2nd ed. London: Whitefriars Press, 1912.
 d'Adhemar, Madame Comtesse le. "Souvenirs Sur Marie-Antoinette." Paris: Impremerie de Bourgogne et Martinet, 1836.
 Fleming, Thomas. "The Magnificent Fraud." American Heritage, February 2006 (2006).
 Hausset, Madame du. "The Private Memoirs of Louis XV: Taken from the Memoirs of Madame Du Hausset, Lady's Maid to Madame De Pompadour." ed Nichols Harvard University, 1895.
 Hunter, David. "The Great Pretender." Musical Times, no. Winter 2003 (2003).
 Marie Antoinette von Lowzow, Saint-Germain – Den mystiske greve, Dansk Historisk Håndbogsforlag, Copenhagen, 1984. . (in Danish).
 Melton, J. Gordon Encyclopedia of American Religions 5th Edition New York:1996 Gale Research   Chapter 18--"The Ancient Wisdom Family of Religions" Pages 151–158; see chart on page 154 listing Masters of the Ancient Wisdom; Also see Section 18, Pages 717-757 Descriptions of various Ancient Wisdom religious organizations
 Pope-Hennessey, Una. The Comte De Saint-Germain. Reprint ed, Secret Societies and the French Revolution.  Together with Some Kindred Studies by Una Birch. Lexington, Kentucky: Forgotten Books, 1911.
 SAINT GERMAIN ON ADVANCED ALCHEMY, by David Christopher Lewis, Meru press,
 Saint-Germain, Count de, ed. The Music of the Comte St.Germain. Edited by Manley Hall. Los Angeles, California: Philosophical Research Society, 1981.
 Saint-Germain, Count de. The Most Holy Trinosophia. Forgotten Books, N.D. Reprint, 2008.
 Slemen, Thomas. Strange but True. London: Robinson Publishing, 1998.
 Walpole, Horace. "Letters of Horace Walpole." ed Charles Duke Yonge. New York: Putman's Sons, 9 December 1745.

External links

 The Comte de St. Germain (1912) by Isabel Cooper-Oakley, at sacred-texts.com
  article on Saint Germain, also text "Adventures of a Western Mystic: Apprentice to the Masters, Book II, by Peter Mt. Shasta
 An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural: Saint Germain  at the James Randi Educational Foundation
 Comte Saint-Germain:  The Immortal
 The Comte de St. Germain (1912) by Isabel Cooper-Oakley, at sacred-texts.com
 The Saint Germain Foundation, teaching arm of the "I AM" Activity, the original publisher of Ascended Master Teachings beginning in 1934

1690s births
1784 deaths
18th-century alchemists
18th-century Hungarian people
18th-century occultists
18th-century philosophers
Forteana
Hungarian philosophers
Longevity myths
Rákóczi family
Unidentified people
Year of birth uncertain
Ascended Master Teachings
Entering heaven alive
Folk saints
Masters of the Ancient Wisdom
Mythological characters
Supernatural beings identified with Christian saints

Count of St. Germain


Wilhelm Marschall (30 September 1886 – 20 March 1976) was a German admiral during World War II. He was also a recipient of the Pour le Mérite which he received as commander of the German U-boat  during World War I. The Pour le Mérite was the Kingdom of Prussias highest military order for German officers until the end of World War I.

Biography
Marschall was born in Augsburg, Kingdom of Bavaria, in 1886.

In 1906, he entered the Kaiserliche Marine as a Seekadett. During World War I he served as a watch officer on . In 1916, he was trained as a U-boat commander and captained both  and  by war's end. He sank 41 merchant ships and two troopships, for a total of 119,170 GRT, and was awarded the Pour la Mérite, Germany's highest military honour.

While in the Reichsmarine, Marschall served primarily as a Vermessungsoffizier (surveying officer) and in different staff positions. At the end of 1934 he became commander of the pocket battleship Admiral Scheer. As a Konteradmiral in 1936, he joined the Naval High Command and headed the operations division. During the Spanish Civil War Marschall commanded the German naval forces off of the Spanish coast. He was promoted to Admiral and Flottenchef (fleet commander) in 1939.

Admiral Marschall, flying his flag in battleship Gneisenau, led the German naval force which intercepted and sank the British auxiliary cruiser  on 23 November 1939, while on patrol off Faroe Islands.

On 8 June 1940, during the latter part of the Norwegian Campaign, Marschall and part of his force (flagship Gneisenau, and her sister-ship Scharnhorst) fell in with British aircraft carrier  and two destroyers ( and ) about 280 miles west of Harstad, Norway.
In a two-hour action, Glorious and her accompanying destroyers were all sunk, in exchange for damage to Scharnhorst (struck by one of Acasta's torpedoes, and one shell from each of the destroyers). To this day it is still not known why Marschall abandoned over 1600 Royal Navy sailors from the sinking of the 3 RN ships to their deaths, despite there being no other RN assets in the area.

Although the battle resulted in a German victory, Marschall had engaged Glorious despite orders to avoid action. Marschall's differences with the High Command on this subject, and the severe damage to Scharnhorst during the engagement, ensured that Marschall was replaced as Flottenchef by Admiral Günther Lütjens. Marschall led the inspection of naval education for two years beginning in the summer 1940.

In 1942, Marschall was named commanding admiral of occupied France and replaced Alfred Saalwächter as commander of Marinegruppenkommando West. On 1 February 1943 he was promoted to Generaladmiral, but was replaced as western commander by Theodor Krancke and deactivated later that spring. During the remainder of the war, Marschall was reactivated twice, once as Sonderbevollmächtigter (special agent) for the Danube, and once as commander of the Marineoberkommando West shortly before the end of the war. From 1945–47 he was held as a prisoner of war.

Marschall died in Mölln, West Germany, in 1976.

Awards

Pour le Mérite (4 July 1918)

Clasp to the Iron Cross 2nd and 1st Class
 Iron Cross 2nd and 1st Class
German Cross in Gold (23 March 1942)

References

Citations

Bibliography

1886 births
1976 deaths
Military personnel from Augsburg
Military personnel from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Reichsmarine personnel
Imperial German Navy personnel of World War I
General admirals of the Kriegsmarine
U-boat commanders (Imperial German Navy)
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Imtiyaz Medal
Recipients of the Liakat Medal
German military personnel of the Spanish Civil War
Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class
German prisoners of war in World War II

Wilhelm Marschall


ISO 4157 is an ISO standard for construction drawings and designation systems.

It is composed of 3 parts:
ISO 4157-1:1998 "Construction drawings -- Designation systems -- Part 1: Buildings and parts of buildings"
ISO 4157-2:1998 "Construction drawings -- Designation systems -- Part 2: Room names and numbers"
ISO 4157-3:1998 "Construction drawings -- Designation systems -- Part 3: Room identifiers"

Main definitions:
Floor n: is the horizontal partition between storey n and storey (n+1). The floor in storey 5 is named as floor 4.
Room: identifiable physical space (area or volume, space or void) real or theoretical, although not necessary a traditional room (i.e., enclosed by walls, ceiling and floor).
Room identifiers: registration number of spaces:
Room numbers: numbers (code) of rooms

Standard samples:
 00 Ground floor
 05 5th floor
 -2 2nd basement floor
 #0215 2nd floor, room 15

See also
List of ISO standards

04157
Construction standards

ISO 4157


Mena Alexandra Suvari (; born February 13, 1979) is an American actress, producer, fashion designer and model. After beginning her career as a model and guest-starring on several television shows, she made her film debut in the 1997 black comedy drama Nowhere.

Suvari rose to international prominence with her appearances in the critically acclaimed comedy-drama American Beauty (1999), for which she received a BAFTA nomination for Best Supporting Actress, and in three of the American Pie films (1999–2001, 2012). Her other notable film credits include Kiss the Girls (1997), Slums of Beverly Hills (1998), The Rage: Carrie 2 (1999), Loser (2000), Sugar & Spice, The Musketeer (both 2001), Sonny (2002), Spun (2003), Trauma (2004), Beauty Shop, Domino, Rumor Has It (all 2005), Factory Girl (2006), Brooklyn Rules, Stuck (both 2007), Day of the Dead (2008), and You May Not Kiss the Bride (2010).

Suvari played recurring roles on the fourth season of the HBO drama series Six Feet Under (2004), for which she earned a Screen Actors Guild nomination, and on the second season of Chicago Fire (2013). She also portrayed Elizabeth Short in the anthology series American Horror Story: Murder House (2011), and reprised the part in American Horror Story: Apocalypse (2018). Her other television credits include the supernatural horror series South of Hell (2015) and the short-lived Paramount sitcom American Woman (2018).

Suvari has been a model for Lancôme cosmetics and print ads for Lancôme Paris Adaptîve, as well as a long-time supporter and activist for the Starlight Children's Foundation and the African Medical and Research Foundation. She is married and has one child.

Early life
Suvari was born in Newport, Rhode Island on February 13, 1979, the daughter of nurse Candice (née Chambers) and psychiatrist Ando Ivar Süvari. Her mother is of Greek descent, while her father was an Estonian from Pärnu. She has six siblings. Suvari began modeling with Millie Lewis Models and Talent as a preteen and soon after appeared in a Rice-A-Roni commercial. The family later relocated to Charleston, South Carolina, where her brothers attended The Citadel. Suvari was considering becoming an archaeologist, astronaut, or doctor when a modeling agency stopped by her all-girls school, Ashley Hall, to offer classes. By the time she started acting, she had been modeling for the New York-based Wilhelmina agency for five years. Suvari relocated to California and attended Providence High School in Burbank, graduating in 1997.

Career

1995–1998: Early acting credits
Suvari began acting with guest appearances in television series such as Boy Meets World and ER at the ages of 15 and 16, respectively. She also appeared in a number of episodes of the show High Incident, and played a girl infected with HIV in a one-episode appearance in Chicago Hope. She made the transition to film with the role of Zoe in the 1997 independent coming-of-age drama Nowhere, directed by Gregg Araki and co-starring James Duval, Rachel True, Heather Graham, and Ryan Phillippe. Also in 1997, she had a supporting part in the independent film Snide and Prejudice, which premiered at the Cannes Film Festival, and had a brief part in the thriller Kiss the Girls, opposite Morgan Freeman and Ashley Judd. She next appeared in the independent dramedy Slums of Beverly Hills, as a teenaged neighbor of a Jewish girl struggling to grow up in the late 1970s. The film received a limited release, and has developed a cult following. Suvari met Natasha Lyonne on the set of Slums, with whom she would later appear in the American Pie films. She subsequently played a teenager who commits suicide in the horror sequel The Rage: Carrie 2 (1999), and appeared as the daughter of an NTSB investigator in the disaster thriller NBC miniseries Atomic Train (1999), although both productions were panned by critics.

1999–2001: Breakthrough
Her breakthrough came in 1999, with significant roles in two highly successful films —the teen sex comedy American Pie and the drama American Beauty. In American Pie, she starred with Jason Biggs, Shannon Elizabeth, Chris Klein, and Natasha Lyonne, portraying a virgin and innocent choir girl named Heather. While critical response was mixed, the film was a commercial success, grossing $235 million worldwide.

In American Beauty, directed by Sam Mendes and co-starring Kevin Spacey, Annette Bening, Wes Bentley and Thora Birch, Suvari took on the role of Angela Hayes, a vain teenage girl who becomes the object of infatuation of a man experiencing a midlife crisis. The New York Times described her character as "stimulus enough for [Spacey's character] to wake up out of a marriage-long coma and start considering life's livelier possibilities". The film received widespread critical acclaim, and received the Academy Award for Best Picture. American Beauty made $356 million globally and earned Suvari a BAFTA Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress. Suvari and her American Beauty co-stars Wes Bentley and Thora Birch presented the 2000 Oscar for Best Documentary short subject.

Suvari subsequently reunited with Jason Biggs in the romantic comedy Loser (2000), playing the love interest of a small-town, intelligent man. A lukewarm critical and commercial reception greeted the film, but The New York Times  found Suvari to be "well matched with the handsome, unassuming Mr. Biggs. They're attractive without being offensively cute, and their characters manage to be genuinely nice without seeming bland or phony". She and Biggs also appeared in the music video for the song "Teenage Dirtbag" by American rock band Wheatus. The video was heavily based on their roles in Loser. She then starred in the satirical comedy American Virgin, as the daughter of an adult film director who agrees to lose her virginity onscreen to spite her father. The original working title of the film was Live Virgin, but was changed to capitalize on Suvari's previous successes in American Pie and American Beauty.

Suvari continued to act steadily, taking on roles in three 2001 feature films —The Musketeer, American Pie 2 and Sugar & Spice. In the adventure action film The Musketeer, she played a chambermaid and the love interest of the titular character, while American Pie 2 saw her reprise her role from the first film. Like the original, the sequel was a commercial success, grossing $285 million globally. In the teen crime comedy Sugar & Spice, Suvari portrayed one member of a group of cheerleaders who conspire and commit armed robbery. Although the film received negative reviews and only made $16.9 million worldwide, it has since become a cult favorite on home video.

2002–2009: Independent films
In Spun (2002), an independent dramedy opposite Brittany Murphy and John Leguizamo about drug abuse, Suvari played an addict and the girlfriend of a drug dealer (Leguizamo). She subsequently appeared as a prostitute working in a New Orleans brothel in the small-scale drama Sonny (2002), the directorial debut of Nicolas Cage co-starring James Franco and Brenda Blethyn, and also starred opposite Colin Firth in the psychological thriller Trauma (2004), as the neighbour of a man who awakens from a coma. Trauma premiered on the film festival circuit, receiving mediocre reviews from critics, who compared it unfavorably to Jacob's Ladder and Memento. In the fourth season of the acclaimed HBO serial Six Feet Under, which aired in 2004, Suvari obtained the recurring role of a lesbian performance poet and artist named Edie. She and the cast eventually received a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series. She played supporting parts in five feature films the following year—Standing Still, Edmond, Rumor Has It, Domino, and Beauty Shop.

In 2006, Suvari voiced the character of Aerith Gainsborough for the Square Enix–Disney video game Kingdom Hearts II and the English-language version of Square Enix's film Final Fantasy VII Advent Children, which was released straight-to-DVD in North America and became one of the best-selling animated movies in the country. Opposite Katherine Heigl, Suvari starred in the independent comedy Caffeine (2006), playing the staff of a London coffeehouse, and in the biographical drama Factory Girl (2006), she played a friend and roommate of 1960s underground film star and socialite Edie Sedgwick (played by Sienna Miller). While Caffeine went unnoticed, Factory Girl received a limited theatrical release amid a negative critical response.

In the crime drama Brooklyn Rules (2007), directed by Michael Corrente and co-starring Freddie Prinze Jr., Alec Baldwin and Scott Caan, Suvari portrayed a society girl and the girlfriend of a man involved with the Brooklyn mafia in the 1980s. The film was released for selected theaters and received mixed reviews, but Variety remarked that Suvari, "who might have played [her part] as a cliché, gives a real performance". Her next film was the psychological thriller Stuck, where she took on the role of a woman who commits a hit-and-run and leaves the victim clinging to his life in the windshield of her car. Inspired by the true story of the murder of Gregory Glenn Biggs, the film premiered at the Cannes Film Market, and while Stuck found a limited theatrical release, it was favorably received by critics and audiences. Austin Chronicle found the film to be "buoyed by queasy, easy performances" from Suvari and Rea, who were considered "well-matched in uneasy roles" by Empire.

By the late 2000s, Suvari continued to act in smaller-scale projects, obtaining four back-to-back roles in films released throughout 2008, including one made-for-television film. Day of the Dead, a remake of George A. Romero's horror film of the same name, saw her portray what was described as a "butch military leader capable of fending off a zombie holocaust", by DVD Talk. The film received a straight-to-DVD release and was panned by critics. In The Mysteries of Pittsburgh, a film adaptation of writer Michael Chabon's novel, Suvari played a strange girl who works at a book shop and becomes romantically involved with the well-mannered, intelligent son of a Jewish gangster. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and received a limited release. Website Collider felt that Suvari did a "decent job" in her "small" part, while Roger Ebert called her "pitch-perfect" in a "finally thankless role", as part of a mixed critical reception.

The Garden of Eden, the film adaptation of Ernest Hemingway's novel, featured Suvari as a sexually confused and restless woman and one half of a couple who travel across Europe amid a deteriorating marriage. She shaved her head for the part, but used three wigs for the in-between stages; on which she remarked: "It was a bit strange. It was also very liberating at the same time [...] I am grateful for the experience I am happy that I got to do it at least once in my life. It was like its own psychological experiment. It was very empowering for me to go through and a challenging to experience how people perceive you". The film premiered at the Rome Film Festival and had a limited investors' screening in the UK. Reviews were negative for the film, with the Los Angeles Times calling it a "literary B-side turned into something not awful, just forgettable". Her last 2008 film was the Lifetime production Sex and Lies in Sin City, about the events leading to the death of Las Vegas casino owner Ted Binion.

2010–present: Television roles

Suvari made one-episode appearances in Psych in 2010, and in The Cape in 2011, and also had a two-episode arc as the Black Dahlia in Murder House, the first season of the anthology horror series American Horror Story. In the independent romantic comedy You May Not Kiss the Bride (2010), opposite Dave Annable, Katharine McPhee and Rob Schneider, Suvari starred as the psychotic assistant of a pet photographer. The film debuted at the Sonoma International Film Festival and was released for selected theaters and VOD, garnering largely negative reviews. Blu-ray.com considered the film to be "a noisy, unlikable distraction" that "depends on Suvari and Schneider to carry the comedy workload, which is about as appealing as it reads". In 2011, she also starred in the made-for-television film No Surrender, as a writer having a deranged stalker, and in the B movie Restitution, opposite Tom Arnold.

Suvari returned to the American Pie franchise when she played for the third time her role of Heather in American Reunion (2012), revolving around the original protagonists as they approach middle age and prepare for a summer reunion. Reviewers found the film to be a "sweetly nostalgic comfort food" for fans of the franchise, and with a worldwide gross of $235 million, American Reunion emerged as Suvari's most-widely seen film since 2001's American Pie 2. This film also marked her only wide release in the 2010s, as all of her recent previous and subsequent film productions —The Knot (2012), Don't Blink (2014), The Opposite Sex (2014), Badge of Honor (2015), and Becks (2017) — premiered on either festival circuits or digital markets.

In the romantic comedy The Knot, Suvari starred as the soon-to-be-married daughter of a working-class couple, and in the mystery thriller Don't Blink, Suvari played one in a group of friends who visit an empty remote resort and attempt to find out what happened to the other guests. In its review for the latter film, FrightFest.co.uk remarked: "[...] Suvari is wasted and not given a whole lot of screen time considering that her character is the one we're obviously supposed to latch onto". Suvari starred opposite Geoff Stults and Kristin Chenoweth in the romantic comedy The Opposite Sex, as a young divorcee resenting men who meets a successful, driven attorney and womanizer. The small-scale thriller Badge of Honor saw her star as a detective caught up in the aftermath of a violent drug bust.

The independent romantic comedy Becks featured Suvari as the friend of a lesbian musician who moves back to St. Louis. Despite finding a limited audience, the film received positive reviews from critics. The New York Times felt that the film "exemplifies how small judgments in pace, performance and soundtrack can transcend modest trappings", while The Washington Post remarked: "[Lena] Hall and Suvari have a palpable chemistry, both musically and in their relationship".

Suvari continued to work steadily on television between films and throughout the decade; she obtained the regular role of a political consultant of a firefighter in the second season of the series Chicago Fire (2013), and took on the leading role of a demon-hunter for hire in the eight-episode supernatural series South of Hell (2015). All episodes of the show aired back-to-back and an eighth episode was made available only through iTunes. The series received generally negative reviews and brought an average of 122,000 viewers. The Hollywood Reporter, commenting on Suvari, asserted: "[W]hile the prospect of playing [her role] seems like it ought to be enticing for Suvari, her more general interpretation appears to be closer to miserable discomfort, which may be related to either those contact lenses or the strangeness" in her portrayal.

Between 2016 and 2017, Suvari made guest appearances in the television series Inside Amy Schumer, Justice League Action, and American Ninja Warrior, and starred in the made-for-television films I'll Be Home For Christmas and Psych: The Movie, where she reprised her guest-starring role from the series and basis of the film. The sitcom American Woman features Suvari as one of three women discovering their own brand of independence amid the rise of second-wave feminism in the 1970s. The series premiered on June 8, 2018, on Paramount Network. The series was canceled after one season.

Public image

Suvari is a model for Lancôme cosmetics and print ads for Lancôme Paris Adaptîve. She has also appeared in print ads for luxury accessories company Coach. She has appeared in commercials for Continental Sauces, Orange and Rice-A-Roni. Suvari has been featured in several fashion blogs and magazines such as Seventeen, Elle, Cosmopolitan (Hungary, Estonia and the US), Details, Rolling Stone, Vogue, Marie Claire, Nylon, Vanity Fair, Glamour, Tatler and Lucky. She is a frequent guest star at New York Fashion Week, among other fashion events.

People magazine published an article about her titled "All-American Girl" in 1999. She was chosen as the most "patriotic" artist of 2000 by Entertainment Weekly, making allusion to her three consecutive films with the word "American" on their titles: American Pie (1999), American Beauty (1999) and American Virgin (2000).

Philanthropy
Suvari has worked several times with the Natural Resources Defense Council, designing with the group a scarf line called ECHO, which was unveiled at Bloomingdales in Manhattan. She remarked: "I've always been into fashion and I wanted to design something to give to charity". She has also played on the World Poker Tour in the Hollywood Home games for the Starlight Children's Foundation, and is active in female empowerment issues, being involved with several charities whose cause is breast cancer, the "End Violence Against Women" campaign, and tours high schools as a "Circle Of Friends" spokesperson, encouraging teenagers to quit smoking. Suvari is a long-time supporter and activist for the African Medical and Research Foundation, and has visited Africa to work on "small-income-generating and water-and-sanitation projects" with the organization.

Personal life
Suvari married German-born cinematographer Robert Brinkmann on March 4, 2000. Brinkmann was 17 years her senior. On April 24, 2005, she filed for legal separation, citing irreconcilable differences; the divorce was finalized in May 2005.

In 2007 Suvari began dating Italian Canadian concert promoter Simone Sestito, whom she met at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival. Suvari and Sestito became engaged in July 2008 during a vacation to Jamaica. They were married on June 26, 2010, in a private chapel in Rome. On January 13, 2012, Suvari filed for divorce from him in Los Angeles, citing irreconcilable differences and listing November 1, 2011 as the date of separation. The divorce was finalized in October 2012.

In late 2017 Suvari became a vegan. Since then she has only used cruelty-free and environmentally friendly products, as well as sustainable clothing.

Suvari married set decorator Michael Hope in October 2018. On October 16, 2020, they announced that they were expecting their first child. In April 2021, it was announced that she had given birth to a boy named Christopher.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Music videos

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1979 births
Actresses from Rhode Island
Actresses from South Carolina
American child actresses
American film actresses
American people of Estonian descent
American people of Greek descent
American television actresses
American video game actresses
American voice actresses
Living people
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Artists from Newport, Rhode Island
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Providence High School (Burbank, California) alumni

Mena Suvari


Gene duplication (or gene amplification) is any duplication of a region of DNA that contains a gene.

Gene duplication is important in supplying raw genetic material – new genes – to biological evolution. This has been recognized since the 1930s. Recent genomic sequence data show that duplicated genes are common in all organisms surveyed.

Origin

In classical genetics it may occur as an error in crossing-over during meiosis, or the duplication of an entire chromosome.

In non-classical genetics it may happen by a retrotransposition event.

Implications
The second copy of the gene is often relatively free from selective pressure. Mutations of it have no deleterious effects to its host organism. Thus it accumulates mutations faster than a functional single-copy gene, over generations.

A duplication is the opposite of a deletion. Duplications arise from unequal crossing-over that occurs during meiosis between misaligned homologous chromosomes. The product of this recombination are a duplication at the site of the exchange and a reciprocal deletion.

Evolutionary importance
Gene duplication is believed to play a major role in evolution; this idea was first suggested 100 years ago. Susumu Ohno was one of the most famous developers of this theory in his classic book Evolution by gene duplication (1970).  Ohno argued that gene duplication is the most important evolutionary force since the emergence of the last universal common ancestor (LUCA).

Major genome duplication events are not uncommon. It is believed that the entire yeast genome underwent duplication about 100 million years ago.  Plants are the most prolific genome duplicators.  For example, wheat is hexaploid (a kind of polyploid), meaning that it has six copies of its genome.

Normally, a big change in gene function is resisted because the original function is needed, but after a duplication one gene carries on the original function. Therefore, a change of function in the second copy is possible without loss of fitness.
This freedom from consequences allows for more mutations to be 'carried' in the population. Some of these might increase the fitness of the organism or code for a new function.

The two genes that exist after a gene duplication event are called paralogs and usually code for proteins with a similar function and/or structure.  By contrast, orthologous genes are ones which code for proteins with similar functions but exist in different species, and are created from species-splitting.

Related pages
Gene family
Hox gene
Mutation

References

Classical genetics

Gene duplication


The Alan Young Show is an American radio and television series presented in diverse formats over a nine-year period and starring English-born comedian Alan Young.

Radio
The series began on NBC Radio, running June 28, 1944 - September 20, 1944, as a summer replacement for Eddie Cantor's program with Sal Hepatica as sponsor. Young's character was "a bashful young man". The show also featured vocalist Bea Wain, with music by Peter Van Steeden.

From October 3, 1944, to June 28, 1946, the program was on ABC Radio with Young's girlfriend Betty portrayed by Jean Gillespie and Doris Singleton and with Ed Begley as Betty's father. Will Glickman and Jay Sommers were the writers.

The program returned to NBC September 20, 1946, - May 30, 1947, with Ipana as sponsor. It was off in 1948. When it returned to NBC January 11, 1949 - July 5, 1949, Louise Erickson played Betty and Jim Backus was heard as wealthy and snobbish playboy Hubert Updike III. Don Wilson was the announcer, and George Wylie provided the music. Helen Mack was the producer and director.

Television

Young had his first television program on the West Coast beginning on March 14, 1950, and the network version of The Alan Young Show debuted on CBS on April 6, 1950, as a variety, sketch comedy show.  Each program typically contained a monologue, one or two songs by a vocalist and two skits.

The show went on hiatus after its March 27, 1952, episode. When it returned for its final season on February 15, 1953, the tone and format of the show changed into the more conventional sitcom, with Young playing a bank teller.The show alternated weeks with Ken Murray's The Ken Murray Show under the title Time to Smile.  In the last two weeks of the season, the format returned to its earlier style, but it was cancelled at the end of the season. It ended on June 21, 1953.

In 1951, The Alan Young Show received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series, and Young won the Best Actor Emmy Award.

Personnel
Regulars on the first version included Polly Bergen (in her national TV debut), Ben Wright, Joseph Kearns, Mabel Paige, Phillips Tead and the Lud Gluskin Orchestra. Nina Bara was also a featured comedienne. On the second version,  Dawn Addams played Young's girlfriend and Melville Faber portraying his son. John Heistand was the announcer. Lud Gluskin directed the orchestra.

Ralph Levy and Dick Linkroum produced and directed, and Joe Connolly and Bob Mosher produced and wrote for the program. Alan Dinehart and Edward Bernds also directed. Other writers included Young, Leo Solomon, Dave Schwartz, Nate Monaster, and Stanley Shapiro.

Critical response
A review of the program's September 28, 1950, episode in the trade publication Billboard called Young "one of the most original performers in video". However, the reviewer questioned the use of two long skits when Young's work came across better in shorter segments.

Cast
 Ilene Woods as Singing Neighbor

References

External links

The Alan Young Show clips at TV4u.com
January 16 1951 episode viewable on the Internet Archive
Four 1945-46 episodes audio-only on the Internet Archive

1944 radio programme debuts
1950 American television series debuts
1953 American television series endings
1940s American radio programs
1950s American sketch comedy television series
1950s American variety television series
Black-and-white American television shows
CBS original programming
English-language television shows
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series winners
NBC radio programs
ABC radio programs

The Alan Young Show


Michael John Jirschele (; born March 3, 1959) is an American professional baseball coach who is the current manager of the Omaha Storm Chasers, the Triple-A affiliate of the Kansas City Royals. He previously served as manager of the Storm Chasers from 1995 to 1997 and from 2003 to 2013. He also played minor league baseball for 13 seasons, and is also the former third base coach for the Kansas City Royals.

Personal life
Jirschele is one of eight children. His three brothers, Doug, Pete and Jim, all suffered from muscular dystrophy and died in their 40s.

For a number of years he worked with a furniture store in the baseball off-season.

He and his wife, Sheri, have three children and four grandchildren. His son Justin is the manager of the Chicago White Sox AAA afilliate Charlotte Knights.

Player
Jirschele went to high school in Clintonville, Wisconsin. He was named as an all-state quarterback on the football team and pursued by the Wisconsin Badgers football team.

After graduating high school, he was drafted by the Texas Rangers in the fifth round of the 1977 draft.

An infielder, Jirschele played minor league baseball from 1977 through 1985 and from 1987 to 1990, hitting .225 with 102 doubles, 31 triples and 35 home runs in 999 games. He played at the Triple-A level for six seasons but never reached the major leagues.

Manager and coach
Jirschele began his minor league managing career in 1992, heading the GCL Royals in the Gulf Coast League and leading them to the league championship. In 1993, he managed the Rockford Royals of the Midwest League, and in 1994 he managed the Wilmington Blue Rocks of the Carolina League, leading them to the league championship. From 1995 to 1997 and from 2003 to 2011 he managed the Omaha Storm Chasers franchise, that was known as the Royals prior to the 2011 season.

On May 23, 2011, Jirschele won his 1,000th game as a minor league manager and was later named the winner of the 2011 Mike Coolbaugh Award as the minor league manager of the year.

On October 25, 2013, Jirschele was announced as a coach for the Kansas City Royals for the 2014 season. Later, he became the Royals' third-base coach.

In Game 7 of the 2014 World Series, with the Royals down by one run with two outs in the bottom of the ninth against San Francisco Giants ace Madison Bumgarner, Alex Gordon hit a single to left field at which left fielder Gregor Blanco misplayed the ball and Gordon advanced to third base where Jirschele stopped him. The next batter was catcher Salvador Pérez, who popped out to third baseman Pablo Sandoval in foul territory to end the game and the series. Fans hotly debated whether Jirschele should have sent Gordon home. The Kansas City Star arranged to have the fan theory tested with a college baseball team, and five of six times, the runner was out (the one time the runner was safe was the fault of an overthrow).

The Royals returned to the playoffs in 2015 after winning the American League Central. In Game 6 of the American League Championship Series, after the Royals had given away a two-run lead and allowed the Toronto Blue Jays to tie the game, Eric Hosmer singled to right field with Lorenzo Cain on first base. When Blue Jays right fielder José Bautista threw to second base, Jirschele sent Cain home to score the run that would send the Royals back to the World Series, where they defeated the New York Mets in five games to win the team's second championship.

In 2021, Jirschele was bench coach for the Royals' High-A affiliate, the Quad Cities River Bandits. Following the 2021 season, Jirschele along with 2021 River Bandits manager Chris Widger were transferred to the Royals' Double-A affiliate, the Northwest Arkansas Naturals. Jirschele maintained his role as bench coach.

In 2023, Jirschele returned as manager of the Omaha Storm Chasers. On April 8, he recorded his 1,000th win as manager of Omaha's Triple-A team, as the Storm Chasers defeated the Toledo Mud Hens, 13-8.

References

External links

1959 births
Living people
People from Clintonville, Wisconsin
Baseball coaches from Wisconsin
Baseball players from Wisconsin
Major League Baseball third base coaches
Kansas City Royals coaches
Minor league baseball managers
Gulf Coast Rangers players
Asheville Tourists players
Wausau Timbers players
Tulsa Drillers players
Denver Bears players
Oklahoma City 89ers players
Omaha Royals players
Memphis Chicks players
Appleton Foxes players

Mike Jirschele


Andrew Cohen (born c. 1969) is an American bartender at the Palms Casino Resort in Las Vegas, who won a World Series of Poker bracelet at the 2009 $500 Casino Employees No Limit Hold'em.  Cohen entered the 2009 WSOP intending to participate in five events, 3 $1,500 events, the $1,000 "Stimilus Special", and the $500 Casino Employees No Limit Hold'em events.  After winning his bracelet, he indicated a desire to participate in the Main Event.  Cohen was the first bracelet winner ever honored with a new tradition at the WSOP, the bracelet was presented at center stage with the winner's national anthem being performed.

Cohen said, "I told all these guys here, it's not about the money to me, and I'm not even a rich guy. I'm a bartender. And, I don't care about the money. You can always get money. It's the bracelet that counts."

Prior to the 2009 WSOP, Cohen had played in seven WSOP tournaments but failed to cash in any of them.  At the 2007 WSOP, Cohen was responsible for busting ten-time bracelet winner Doyle Brunson in the Main Event.

World Series of Poker bracelets

References

American poker players
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
1960s births
Living people
Year of birth uncertain

Andrew Cohen (poker player)


Ilya Danilovich Miloslavsky () (1594–1668) was a Russian boyar and diplomat.

Biography
Ilya Miloslavsky was brought forward by the head of the Posolsky Prikaz Ivan Gramotin, who had been his uncle. Miloslavsky was soon sent to Constantinople with a message from Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, who wanted to establish a cordial relationship with the Turkish Sultan. In 1646, Miloslavsky went to the Netherlands with orders to select gunsmiths for a Russian weapons factory and invite foreign officers and soldiers to serve in Russia.

When Alexei Mikhailovich married his daughter Maria, Miloslavsky, as the tsar's father-in-law, began to play a more visible role at the royal court. During the Polish campaigns of 1654–1655, he was appointed court voyevoda. In 1656–1662, Miloslavsky was in charge of the Streltsy Prikaz, Treasury Prikaz, Inozemsky Prikaz, and Reiter Prikaz. His foreign contemporaries considered him a self-interested and dull-witted individual.

According to an Austrian diplomat Augustin Meyerberg (author of Journey to the Muscovy), the tsar did not respect Miloslavsky, never called him his father-in-law, and even pulled him by the hair and hit him with his fist on several occasions. Miloslavsky and his family occupied the Amusement Palace in the Moscow Kremlin until his death in 1668.

Russian nobility
People from the Tsardom of Russia
1594 births
1668 deaths

Ilya Miloslavsky


Herman Tarnower (March 18, 1910 – March 10, 1980) was an American cardiologist and co-author (with Samm Sinclair Baker) of the bestselling diet book The Complete Scarsdale Medical Diet (1978), which promoted a high-protein low-carbohydrate fad diet known as the Scarsdale diet. On March 10, 1980, just eight days before his 70th birthday, Tarnower was shot dead by Jean Harris. Harris was convicted of his murder at trial in White Plains, New York, in 1981.

Early and Professional life
Herman Tarnower was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Jewish immigrants Harry and Dora Tarnower. He attended Syracuse University, where he obtained his M.D. in 1933. As a physician he specialized in cardiology, establishing a practice in the Scarsdale and White Plains areas of New York. During World War II, Tarnower joined the United States Army Medical Corps and was promoted to the rank of major. After the war, he initiated the Scarsdale Medical Center and became regarded among his colleagues and patients. From 1975 until his death, Tarnower was clinical professor of medicine at the New York Medical College.

The Scarsdale diet's idea of reducing carbohydrates, eating plenty of oily fish and lean meat with fruit and vegetables and having a low intake of fats, salt and sweets was novel at the time, and Tarnower's book promoting it became an immediate bestseller when it was published in 1979. However, the diet was criticized by Henry Buchwald and others for "serious nutritional deficiencies". Negative effects of the diet include constipation, nausea, weakness and bad breath due to ketosis. In present times, the Scarsdale diet is often listed as an example of a fad diet.

Death

Tarnower began a relationship with divorcee Jean Harris in 1966. A lifelong bachelor, he continued to date other women during the course of their relationship. In 1979, he was having an affair with Lynne Tryforos, who worked as a secretary in his office. This caused tension between him and Harris, although Harris stated that the affair with Tryforos had been taking place for the preceding few years.

On March 10, 1980, Harris drove from the Madeira School in McLean, Virginia, to Tarnower's home in Purchase, New York, with a .32 caliber pistol in her possession. At trial, she stated she had planned to commit suicide after talking in person with Tarnower one last time. When she arrived at the house, however, she noticed Tryforos' lingerie in the bedroom. An argument ensued, and Tarnower allegedly said to her, "Jesus, Jean, you're crazy! Get out of here!" Harris shot Tarnower four times at close range, killing him. She was arrested and tried for second-degree murder, claiming at the three-month trial that the gun had discharged accidentally while Tarnower tried to wrestle it away from her. The jury did not believe her testimony and convicted her of murder in 1981. Judge Russell Leggett sentenced Harris to the minimum of 15-years-to-life in prison. However, she was granted clemency by New York Governor Mario Cuomo in 1992 and paroled in 1993.

Tarnower was interred on a sloping hill in the Larchmont Temple section of Mount Hope Cemetery in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York. Harris visited his gravesite on several occasions.

In media
In the movie Mrs. Harris (2005), Tarnower was portrayed by Ben Kingsley and Jean Harris by Annette Bening.
In the Seinfeld episode "The Summer of George", Kramer is mistakenly awarded a Tony for Scarsdale Surprise, a fictional musical about the murder of Herman Tarnower.

References

External links
 Herman Tarnower at Crime Library

1910 births
1980 deaths
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American physicians
United States Army personnel of World War II
American cardiologists
American health and wellness writers
Deaths by firearm in New York (state)
Jewish physicians
Low-carbohydrate diet advocates
Murdered American Jews
New York Medical College faculty
People from Purchase, New York
People from Scarsdale, New York
People murdered in New York (state)
Male murder victims
Physicians from New York City
Pseudoscientific diet advocates
Syracuse University alumni
United States Army officers
Writers from Brooklyn

Herman Tarnower


Zalman Usiskin is an educator best known as the Director of the University of Chicago School Mathematics Project.

He was born to Nathan and Esther Usiskin.

A faculty member since 1969, he also has taught junior and senior high-school mathematics and has authored and co-authored many textbooks, including a six-volume series used as part of the University School Mathematics Project secondary curriculum. In recognition of his work, he has received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.

Usiskin's doctoral dissertation in mathematical education at the University of Michigan involved the field testing of his book, Geometry: A Transformation Approach, which was written with Arthur Coxford. This book has greatly influenced the way geometry is taught in many American high schools, according to the NCTM citation. With the founding of UCSMP in 1983, he became Director of the secondary component and has been the project's overall Director since 1987. The University School Mathematics Project has grown to become the nation's largest university-based curriculum project for kindergarten through 12th-grade mathematics, with several million students using its elementary and secondary textbooks and other materials.

References
Profile at the University of Chicago

http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=130631

20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Mathematics educators
University of Michigan School of Education alumni
University of Chicago faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people

Zalman Usiskin


Richard Shenton (born 22 May 1972) was an English cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and right-arm medium-fast bowler who played for Cheshire. He was born in Macclesfield.

Shenton, who made two appearances for the team during the 2001 Minor Counties Championship, made two appearances in the C&G Trophy in August and September 2001. Though he did not bat on his debut, he scored 29 runs in his second match.

External links
Richard Shenton at CricketArchive

1972 births
Living people
English cricketers
Cheshire cricketers
Sportspeople from Macclesfield

Richard Shenton (cricketer)