Wedmore is a large village and civil parish in the county of Somerset, England. It is situated on raised ground, in the Somerset Levels between the River Axe and River Brue, often called the Isle of Wedmore. The parish consists of three main villages: Wedmore, Blackford and Theale, with the 17 hamlets of Bagley, Blakeway, Clewer, Crickham, Cocklake, Heath House, Latcham, Little Ireland, Middle Stoughton, Mudgley, Panborough, Sand, Stoughton Cross, Washbrook, West End, West Ham and West Stoughton. The parish of Wedmore has a population of 3,318 according to the 2011 census.

Its facilities include a medical and dental practice, pharmacy, butcher's, a village store with off licence, three pubs, restaurant, café and several other local shops. It is  south of Cheddar,  west of the city of Wells and  north west of Glastonbury.

History
Iron Age remains have been found in the Wedmore area, and there are a number of Roman sites in the district.

The name Wedmore in Old English is thought to mean "hunting lodge" or "hunting moor" and there was a Saxon royal estate in the area. Centwine gained control of the area in 682 and named it 'Vadomaer' after one of the Saxon leaders, Vado the famous. After winning the Battle of Ethandun, Alfred the Great caused the Viking leader Guthrum and his followers to be baptised at Aller and then celebrated at Wedmore. After this the Vikings withdrew to East Anglia.

The Treaty of Wedmore is a term used by some historians inferred for the events in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, outlining how in 878 the Viking leader Guthrum was baptised and accepted Alfred the Great as his godfather. No such treaty still exists but there is a document that is not specifically linked to Wedmore that is a Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum. Alfred then left Wedmore in his will to his son Edward the Elder.

Wedmore was part of the hundred of Bempstone. Earthworks from a complex of buildings, including a hall and chapel, surrounded by a moat, have been identified. The site is believed to have been a bishop's palace demolished by John Harewel in the 1380s.

In 1853 a hoard of 200 silver coins dating from the Saxon period was found in the churchyard. In 1988 a Saxon ring, made of copper alloy with a unique knot design and dating from the 6th or 7th century, was found in the village by Tim Purnell. It has been authenticated by the British Museum and a modern copy made by local jeweller Erica Sharpe.

According to the 1086 Domesday Book, Wedmore/Wetmore was one of the holdings of the Bishop of Wells with 18 cottagers, woodlands, pasture and two fisheries.

In the medieval period, Wedmore was the centre for the surrounding agricultural area, with weekly markets as well as a larger annual one. The market cross dates from the 14th century.

In the 17th century Dr John Westover built a mental hospital to which patients came from all over the West Country. This is believed to have been England's first private lunatic asylum. The doctor is thought to have treated his patients compassionately, ensuring that they had luxuries such as playing cards and tobacco. He kept a record of the ailments of Wedmore people over a period of 15 years.

The original post office in Church Street opposite the church itself, dates from Georgian times, while the Old Vicarage was built at the end of the 15th century. The George Hotel was a 16th-century coaching inn. John Tonkin built a fashionable house, in the Italianate style, which is now the pharmacy.

In 1799 Hannah More established a Sunday school for children in Wedmore in the face of opposition from the vicar and local gentry.

Wedmore's market cross was moved roughly 100 yards along The Borough in the 1830s to allow widening of the high street.

Between 1881 and 1898 the Reverend Hervey produced the Wedmore Chronicle which gives a picture of the people and area at the time.

In late 2018, Strongvox Homes commissioned the development of 35 new houses to the east of Wedmore First School Academy on Blackford Road, with a completion date of early 2020. The scheme comes in the wake of a previous application to build 60 homes opposite the school and 18 opposite Westholme Farm, also on Blackford Road. The development plans were called "ludicrous" and "unnecessary" by residents concerned about the strain placed on infrastructure in the Wedmore region. Wedmore Parish Council supported the development, saying "The neighbourhood plan will provide an element of affordable housing, which is much-needed in the village."

Governance
The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.

For local government purposes, since 1 April 2023, the village comes under the unitary authority of Somerset Council. Prior to this, it was part of the non-metropolitan district of Sedgemoor, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Axbridge Rural District.

The village is in the Wedmore and Mark electoral ward. Although Wedmore may be the most populous area, the ward stretches east to Mark. The total ward population as taken at the 2011 census was 4,796.

It is part of the Wells county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first-past-the-post system of election and the current MP is Conservative James Heappey.

International relations
Wedmore has been twinned with Saint-Médard-de-Guizières in Aquitaine, France, since 1975. A piece of public art was given as a gift to the people of Wedmore in 1995 by the citizens of Saint-Médard-de-Guizières, named the "Grape Press", to mark the twentieth anniversary of the twinning. The press is maintained by the Twinning Association and is part of the display that enabled the Wedmore in Bloom initiative achieve a Gold Award in 2009. In exchange, Wedmore gave the French town a British red phone box.

Geography

Wedmore is situated on raised ground, in the Somerset Levels between the River Axe and River Brue, often called the Isle of Wedmore, which is composed of Blue Lias and marl.

South of Wedmore are the Tealham and Tadham Moors, a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest which form part of the extensive grazing marsh and ditch systems of the Somerset Levels and Moors. The water table is high throughout the greater part of the year with winter flooding occurring annually, by over-topping of the River Brue. 113 aquatic and bankside vascular plant species have been recorded from the field ditches, rhynes and deep arterial watercourses. A diverse invertebrate fauna is associated in particular with ditches that have a good submerged plant community. The water beetle fauna is exceptionally rich, with the nationally rare species Hydrophilus piceus and Hydrochara caraboides together with the rare soldier flies Stratiomys furcata and Odontomyia ornata. Good numbers of dragonflies and damselflies occur including the Hairy Dragonfly (Brachytron pratense) and the Variable Damselfly (Coenagrion pulchellum).

Climate

Along with the rest of South West England, Wedmore has a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of the country. The annual mean temperature is approximately . Seasonal temperature variation is less extreme than most of the United Kingdom because of the adjacent sea temperatures. The summer months of July and August are the warmest with mean daily maxima of approximately . In winter mean minimum temperatures of  or  are common. In the summer the Azores high pressure affects the south-west of England; however, convective cloud sometimes forms inland, reducing the number of hours of sunshine. Annual sunshine rates are slightly less than the regional average of 1,600 hours. In December 1998 there were 20 days without sun recorded at Yeovilton. Most of the rainfall in the south-west is caused by Atlantic depressions or by convection. Most of the rainfall in autumn and winter is caused by the Atlantic depressions, which is when they are most active. In summer, a large proportion of the rainfall is caused by sun heating the ground leading to convection and to showers and thunderstorms. Average rainfall is around . About 8–15 days of snowfall is typical. November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, and June to August have the lightest winds. The predominant wind direction is from the south-west.

Demography
The population of Wedmore, recorded in the 2011 census, is 3,318. Since Wedmore has a higher level of residents born in the UK than the national average and a lower rate of residents either born in other EU countries or outside the EU, it does not have a significant immigrant population.

Education
The educational system in the Cheddar Valley consists of first schools for children between the ages of 4 and 9, two middle schools (ages 9 to 13) and a secondary school for pupils up to the age of 18 years.
Established in 1876 as Wedmore First School, and upgrading to academy status in July 2011, the first school built for Wedmore has 211 pupils, with a capacity of 210, aged from four to nine. On 1 September 2016, it became part of a multi-academy trust known as the Wessex Learning Trust. The trust comprises eight schools within the Cheddar Valley geographic area who together offer educational provision from ages 2–19.

Hugh Sexey is a middle school and specialist Technology College in Blackford named after royal auditor Hugh Sexey (1556–1619). The school had 620 pupils in June 2012, who join aged 9 in Year 5 and stay until age 13 in Year 8, after which they go to The Kings of Wessex Academy in Cheddar. Hugh Sexey is also a Wessex Learning Trust member.

I.T. for the Terrified was started in Wedmore in 1999, as a community project so that volunteers could share their computer skills with the local community in a user-friendly and informal setting. In 2001 it moved to the rear of The George Hotel, and in 2009 it moved to a converted cow barn in the grounds of The Kings of Wessex Academy in Cheddar.

Transport
Historically, and apart from school services, Wedmore has been poorly served. The first regularly timed daily bus service began in the mid-1980—a regular service between Wells to the east and Burnham-on-Sea to the west.  There is also a service between Glastonbury to the south-east and Shipham via Cheddar to the north.

Wedmore Community Bus
The Isle of Wedmore Rural Transport Association, known locally as the Wedmore Community Bus, consists of a voluntary committee which runs a community bus service in conjunction with Somerset County Council.
Established in the late 1970s, it currently operates a return service from Wedmore to Bridgwater, Taunton, Glastonbury and Weston-super-Mare, each town being served on one day per week.  Each service is timed to leave Wedmore at about 9:30 am, reaching Wedmore on the return in the early afternoon.

Religious sites

The Church of St Mary is predominantly from the 15th century, although some 12th- and 13th-century work survives. The tower, which was built around 1400, with its set-back buttresses, includes triple two-light bell chamber windows; those to the centre are louvred, those to each side blank. The gardens that surround the church are best viewed from the top of this tower. St Mary's Church is a Grade I listed building.

Wedmore Methodist Church, on Sand Road, was built in 1817 replacing an earlier chapel which was built in 1795 on the site of the present Village Hall. It is a Grade II listed building built of local Wedmore stone. The Sunday School Room was built in 1896 and the church was refurbished in 1901 when a porch was added. In 2008 the vestry was completely refurbished and new furniture installed.

Wedmore Baptist Church had been open since 1857 on Grants Lane, but closed to parishioners in March 2010 due to a limited number of people attending services. A church committee member put this down to an increase in numbers at the nearby Bagley Baptist Church, also in the Wedmore parish, which has livelier services that attract young people.

The village of Theale is served by Christ Church, built in 1826–28, and Blackford is served by Holy Trinity, built in 1821–23. Both churches were designed by Richard Carver.

Culture

Wedmore has a number of annual festivals including the Arts Festival, a summer street fair, Wedmore by Lamplight street fair at Christmas, and a large Harvest Home and village parade on the playing field each year. Wedmore Playing Fields also offer sporting facilities for tennis, football, cricket and bowls.

Arts events are held at Wedmore Village Hall, both those produced locally and national tours. Wedmore Opera stages large-scale classic opera in a specially designed and constructed marquee venue and also in Wedmore Village Hall. The group were founded in 1988 "around a kitchen table" and to date have staged more than 60 performances of 18 productions. They recently performed Gilbert and Sullivan's Pirates of Penzance, and in 2018 they aim to stage Verdi's La Traviata to mark their 30th anniversary, as this was their first production. Wedmore Theatre is the longest standing arts organisation in Wedmore and has put on many productions over the past 40 years.

Local people created and host the original Turnip Prize, a parody of the Turner Prize. This competition (celebrating the worst of bad modern art) takes place annually at The New Inn.

There is an annual Wedmore Real Ale Festival in September.

Notable residents

Sport
 Dickie Burrough (1909–1994), first-class cricketer, was born in Wedmore.
 William Burrough (1875–1939), first-class cricketer and father of Dickie Burrough, died in Wedmore.
 Jos Buttler (born 1990), Lancashire and England wicketkeeper, grew up in Wedmore.
 John Griffiths (1931–1982), first-class cricketer, died in Wedmore.
 Charles Smith (1898–1955), first-class cricketer and Royal Marines officer, was born in Wedmore.

Other
 Arthur Dalzell, 13th Earl of Carnwath (1851–1941), British Army officer and representative peer of Scotland, died at his country residence, Sand House.
 Penelope Fitzgerald (1916–2000), Booker prize-winning novelist, poet, essayist and biographer, was a weekend resident at Theale Post Office, .
 John Giles (1812–1867), Anglican priest, was born in Wedmore.
 Gary Glitter (born 1944), glam rock singer, owned a country home in Wedmore at the time of his arrest in 1997.
 Tessa Munt (born 1959), MP for Wells, 2010–2015, lives in Wedmore.
 Lyndon Smith (born 1964), academic, lives in Wedmore.

Further reading

 Acres, W. Marston (1951). A Brief History of Wedmore. G.T. de Fraine & Co., Ltd.

References

External links

Wedmore Playing Fields

Villages in Sedgemoor
Civil parishes in Somerset

Wedmore


In systems management, out-of-band management (OOB; also lights-out management or LOM) is a process for accessing and managing devices and infrastructure at remote locations through a separate management plane from the production network. OOB allows a system administrator to monitor and manage servers and other network-attached equipment by remote control regardless of whether the machine is powered on or whether an OS is installed or functional. It is contrasted to in-band management which requires the managed systems to be powered on and available over their operating system's networking facilities.

OOB can use dedicated management interfaces, serial ports, or cellular 4G and 5G networks for connectivity.

Out-of-band management is now considered an essential network component to ensure business continuity and many manufacturers have it as a product offering.

Out-of-band versus in-band

By contrast, in-band management through VNC or SSH is based on in-band connectivity (the usual network channel). It typically requires software that must be installed on the remote system being managed and only works after the operating system has been booted and networking is brought up. It does not allow management of remote network components independently of the current status of other network components. A classic example of this limitation is when a sysadmin attempts to reconfigure the network on a remote machine only to find themselves locked out and unable to fix the problem without physically going to the machine. Despite these limitations, in-band solutions are still common because they are simpler and much lower-cost.

Design

A complete remote management system allows remote reboot, shutdown, powering on; hardware sensor monitoring (fan speed, power voltages, chassis intrusion, etc.); broadcasting of video output to remote terminals and receiving of input from remote keyboard and mouse (KVM over IP). It also can access local media like a DVD drive, or disk images, from the remote machine. If necessary, this allows one to perform remote installation of the operating system. Remote management can be used to adjust BIOS settings that may not be accessible after the operating system has already booted. Settings for hardware RAID or RAM timings can also be adjusted as the management card needs no hard drives or main memory to operate.

As management via serial port has traditionally been important on servers, a complete remote management system also allows interfacing with the server through a serial over LAN cable.

As sending monitor output through the network is bandwidth intensive, cards like AMI's MegaRAC use built-in video compression (versions of VNC are often used in implementing this).
Devices like Dell DRAC also have a slot for a memory card where an administrator may keep server-related information independently from the main hard drive.

The remote system can be accessed either through an SSH command-line interface, specialized client software, or through various web-browser-based solutions. Client software is usually optimized to manage multiple systems easily.

There are also various scaled-down versions, up to devices that only allow remote reboot by power cycling the server. This helps if the operating system hangs, but only needs a reboot to recover.

An older version of out-of-band management is a layout involving the availability of a separate network that allows network administrators to get command-line interface access over the console ports of network equipment, even when those devices are not forwarding any payload traffic.

If a location has several network devices, a terminal server can provide access to different console ports for direct CLI access. In case there is only one or just a few network devices, some of them provide AUX ports making it possible to connect a dial-in modem for direct CLI access. The mentioned terminal server can often be accessed via a separate network that does not use managed switches and routers for a connection to the central site, or it has a modem connected via dial-in access through POTS or ISDN.

Implementation

Remote management can be enabled on many computers (not necessarily only servers) by adding a remote management card (while some cards only support a limited list of motherboards). Newer server motherboards often have built-in remote management and need no separate management card.

Internally, Ethernet-based out-of-band management can either use a dedicated separate Ethernet connection, or some kind of traffic multiplexing can be performed on the system's regular Ethernet connection. That way, a common Ethernet connection becomes shared between the computer's operating system and the integrated baseboard management controller (BMC), usually by configuring the network interface controller (NIC) to perform Remote Management Control Protocol (RMCP) ports filtering, use a separate MAC address, or to use a virtual LAN (VLAN). Thus, out-of-band nature of the management traffic is ensured in a shared-connection scenario, as the system configures the NIC to extract the management traffic from the incoming traffic flow on the hardware level, and to route it to the BMC before reaching the host and its operating system.

Both in-band and out-of-band management are usually done through a network connection, but an out-of-band management card can use a physically separated network connector if preferred. A remote management card usually has at least a partially independent power supply and can switch the main machine on and off through the network. Because a special device is required for each machine, out-of-bandwidth management can be much more expensive.

Serial consoles are an in-between case: they are technically OOB as they do not require the primary network to be functioning for remote administration. However, without special hardware, a serial console cannot configure the UEFI (or BIOS) settings, reinstall the operating system remotely, or fix problems that prevent the system from booting.

See also

References

External links

System administration

Out-of-band management


Suo Yuanli () (died 691) was a secret police official during the Chinese Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty, who came to prominence due to his cruelty in acting against officials that Wu Zetian was suspicious toward. However, when he became increasingly hated by the people, she executed him in order to placate the people.

Suo Yuanli was said to be non-Han in origin. In 684, when Wu Zetian, then empress dowager and regent over her son Emperor Ruizong, had just suppressed a rebellion against her led by Li Jingye the Duke of Ying, she began to encourage the people to submit secret report against others. When Suo heard about this, he submitted a secret report, and when he had the chance to meet her, she was impressed by him and gave him a general title but put him in charge of investigating officials suspected of opposing her. It was said that Suo was cruel and, whenever he investigated one person, he would find ways to get that person to implicate tens or hundreds of others. It was said that thousands of people died at Suo's hands. In 691, however, it was said that he was so despised that she, deciding to placate the people, executed him.

References
 Old Book of Tang, vol. 186, part 1.
 New Book of Tang, vol. 209.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 203, 204.

Tang dynasty generals
691 deaths
Year of birth unknown

Suo Yuanli


Louis Vola (La Seyne-sur-Mer, France, 6 July 1902 – 15 August 1990, Paris), was a French double-bassist known for his work with the Quintette du Hot Club de France. He is the godfather of guitarist Francois Vola.

As well as the Hot Club de France, Vola played bass for Ray Ventura, Duke Ellington and singer Charles Trenet. He was also an accomplished accordionist.

In 1934 he was a founding member of the Quintette du Hot Club de France. In a 1976 interview, Vola recalled that he discovered Joseph and Django Reinhardt playing guitars together on a beach at Toulon. Vola invited them to play with his band. Violinist Stéphane Grappelli and guitarist Roger Chaput were members of Vola's jazz ensemble. Vola later left the Quintette but eventually rejoined.

References

French jazz double-bassists
Male double-bassists
Continental jazz double-bassists
Swing double-bassists
1902 births
1990 deaths
20th-century French musicians
20th-century double-bassists
20th-century French male musicians
French male jazz musicians
Quintette du Hot Club de France members
Slap bassists (double bass)

Louis Vola


Hugh Chisholm (; 22 February 1866 – 29 September 1924) was a British journalist. He was the editor of the 10th, 11th and 12th editions of the Encyclopædia Britannica.

Life
He was born in London, a son of Henry Williams Chisholm (1809–1901), Warden of the Standards at the Board of Trade, and his wife Anna Louisa Bell; the mathematician Grace Chisholm was his sister. He was educated at Felsted School and matriculated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, in 1884, graduating in 1888 with a first class in literae humaniores. He was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1892.

Chisholm worked for The St James's Gazette as assistant editor from 1892 and was appointed editor in 1897. During these years, he also contributed numerous articles on political, financial and literary subjects to the weekly journals and monthly reviews, becoming well known as a literary critic and conservative publicist. He moved in 1899 to The Standard as chief leader-writer and moved in 1900 to The Times, to act as co-editor with Sir Donald Mackenzie Wallace and President Arthur Twining Hadley of Yale University on preparation of the eleven volumes forming the 10th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. In 1903, he became editor-in-chief for the 11th edition, which was completed under his direction in 1910, and published as a whole by the Cambridge University Press, in 29 volumes, in 1911. He subsequently planned and edited the Britannica Year-Book (1913).

Chisholm had been suggested as replacement as editor of The Times as an alternative to Geoffrey Dawson. Lord Northcliffe, owner of The Times from 1909, promised him the post in 1911, but did not act on the promise, and Dawson continued to 1919.

In 1913, following his return from America overseeing the printing of The Britannica Year-Book, Chisholm was appointed day editor of The Times. His role included that of leader writer; but eventually he fell out with Northcliffe. In August 1913 he was appointed a director of the company. He was financial editor throughout World War I, resigning in 1920 when he embarked on the editorship of the three volumes forming the 12th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica, published in 1922.

Family
In 1893 Chisholm married Eliza Beatrix Harrison, daughter of Henry Harrison of County Down. Together they had three sons. Their son Archibald Chisholm played a key role in the development of the oil industry in Kuwait and was editor of the Financial Times from 1937 to 1940.

References

 The Times, 30 September 1924, p 14, Issue 43770, Col d. Obituary of Chisholm.
 Janet E. Courtney: An Oxford Portrait Gallery, (London) 1931, pp 167–157. Janet Courtney, née Hogarth, worked for The Times Book Club and was later responsible for the arrangement of the Index volume to the 11th and 12th editions of Encyclopædia Britannica.
 Anon, History of "The Times", Vol 3, 1884 - 1912, (1939) pp 121, 519, 755, 829
 Ibid, Vol 4, 1912 - 1920, (1947) pp 143, 137, 138, 208, 472
 Dictionary of National Biography, article "Hugh Chisholm"

External links

 The Chisholm family

1866 births
1924 deaths
Deaths from appendicitis
Lawyers from London
British male journalists
Encyclopædia Britannica
British encyclopedists
English people of Scottish descent

Hugh Chisholm


The tufted gray langur (Semnopithecus priam), also known as Madras gray langur, and Coromandel sacred langur, is an Old World monkey, one of the species of langurs. This, like other gray langurs, is mainly a leaf-eating monkey.  It is found in southeast India and Sri Lanka. It is one of three Semnopithecus species named after characters from The Iliad, S. hector and S. ajax being the others. In Sinhala it is known as හැලි වදුරා (Heli wandura).

Taxonomy and evolution
There are two subspecies, Semnopithecus priam priam in India, and Semnopithecus priam thersites from Sri Lanka.

There are two theories about the evolution of these two subspecies. According to one theory, Semnopithecus priam arose from subspecies Semnopithecus vetulus philbricki. With the glacial fluctuations, and far apart from the Indian subcontinent, pushed two taxa apart, but both retained key adaptation to folivory, and a ruminant-like stomach. Thereafter, S. priam invaded India, when there was a land bridge and there split off into two subspecies of S. priam. In the other theory, Sri Lankan subspecies S. priam thersites evolved from the endemic S. vetulus, whereas, Indian subspecies S. priam priam evolved from the S. johnii, which results the genetic variations between two S. priam subspecies.

Physical characteristics
 Head to body length =
 Tail length =
 Weight of an adult =

Males are larger than females. The average adult weighs  with a head-to-body length of . The Indian subspecies is somewhat larger bodied than the Sri Lankan which typically weigh between . Despite its somewhat slighter size there, the tufted gray langur is the largest native primate on Sri Lanka based on average sizes.

In Sri Lankan subspecies, dorsal area gray to brownish gray in color, getting darker with the age. Underparts are light grayish. Short whitish beard and sideburns present. The hairs of the crown form a distinct pointed tuft or crest, that meets at a central point, hence the name. Black eyebrows project outward. Head scarcely paler or not paler than back. Hands and feet are same color as limbs.

Habitat
In Sri Lanka, tufted gray langurs are abundant in dry zone forests and also within human dwellings. Many numerous troops are found at archeologically important areas, such as Polonnaruwa, Dambulla, Anuradhapura, and Sigiriya. The animal is also found in southward of the island, such as Hambantota, Yala National Park, and Tissamaharama.

Ecology
Generally a shy animal, tufted gray langurs are partially arboreal, semi-terrestrial and diurnal in habit. They always find a way to come to the ground when there is no danger. Unlike the canopy-dweeling sympatric relatives, they are rather common in urban settlements, found in gardens, and other large fruit trees such as Mangifera indica, and Artocarpus heterophyllus.

Diet
Mostly folivorous, tufted gray langurs are fond of eating anything vegetarian. They are known to eat fruits and seeds. Langurs are differ from leaf monkeys, where latter is known to eat mature, fleshy fruits, and langurs are like to eat partially drier fibrous fruits. The leaves of Drypetes sepiaria, Dimocarpus longan, Ficus microcarpa, Holoptelea integrifolia, and fruits and seeds of Hydnocarpus venenata, Ficus arnottiana, Macaranga peltata are known to eat by Sri Lankan subspecies.

Sometimes, the troops can be seen near the water bodies, where they feed on Nelumbo nucifera seeds. Insects and everygreen leaves are eaten when others foods are less abundant and bark is only eaten when there is no other food available. The Gray Langur's diet is high in strychnine, which can be harmful to animals. Therefore, it will commonly ingest the gum of the Sterculia urens to counteract the effects. This gum is marketed in England as a prescription laxative known as Normacol.

Predators
Leopards, and Black eagles are the major predators of the tufted gray langurs. Other than them, siblings and sub adults are attacked by tigers, dhole, gray wolves, mugger crocodile, and Indian rock python occasionally.

Behavior
Tufted gray langurs are mainly philopatric, meaning they stick to their territories. A single troop may include about 20 to 50 individuals. Large troops are led by both large male-female combinations, whereas small troops are governed by an alpha male. Females quickly attain their heat and mate with new alpha male, even when they are not ready for the reproduction in the natural estrous cycle.

Female langur gives birth to a single offspring or rarely twins, after a 6 months of gestation period. After birth, offspring is attach to the mother about 3 months with all the nourishment and other protection. Sub adult males and other males usually spend the time with searching for foods, rivals with neighboring alpha males, and protecting the troop. Females spend the time with feeding the young, grooming them, and even play with the young.

Tufted gray langurs communicate with many different ways such as barks, grunts, whoops, whistles and howls. The cough like voice is used for giving tension, and whistling for the contact loss with the troop. The tufted gray langur monkey's superior eyesight and ability to sit atop high trees allows it to spot predators easily. Researchers have noted that this species will often sit next to herds of the spotted deer and notify them when a predator is approaching. Additionally, the langur will often drop fruit from tall trees, which the Spotted Deer will then feed on. In return, the Spotted Deer's excellent sense of smell allows it to detect predators early on and warn the langur that something may be approaching.

Conservation
According to IUCN Red List, tufted gray langur is listed as a "Near Threatened" species, due to decline of populations in recent years. Hunting and habitat destruction also affect for the declining of the species. Some people also fond of eating langur meat in some parts of Sri Lanka. Very few occasions are recorded of being captured for pets. Numerous conservations projects are undertaken in both Sri Lankan and Indian forests and sanctuaries.

Both subspecies thersites and priam are listed as "Near Threatened".

References

tufted gray langur
Mammals of India
Mammals of Sri Lanka
Monkeys in India
Fauna of South India
tufted gray langur
tufted gray langur

Tufted gray langur


The Moroccan dirham (, ; ; sign: DH; code: MAD) is the official monetary currency of Morocco. It is issued by the Bank Al-Maghrib, the central bank of Morocco. One Moroccan dirham is subdivided into 100 santimat (singular: santim; ).

History
The word dirham derives from the Greek currency, the drachma. The Idrissid dirham, a silver coin, was minted in Morocco under the Idrisid dynasty from the 8th to 10th centuries.

Before the introduction of a modern coinage in 1882, Morocco issued copper coins denominated in falus, silver coins denominated in dirham, and gold coins denominated in benduqi. From 1882, the dirham became a subdivision of the Moroccan rial, with 500 Mazunas = 10 dirham = 1 rial.

When most of Morocco became a French protectorate in 1912 it switched to the Moroccan franc. The dirham was reintroduced on 16 October 1960. It replaced the franc as the major unit of currency but, until 1974, the franc continued to circulate, with 1 dirham = 100 francs. In 1974, the centime replaced the franc.

Coins
In 1960, silver 1 dirham coins were introduced. These were followed by nickel 1 dirham and silver 5 dirham coins in 1965. In 1974, with the introduction of the santim, a new coinage was introduced in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 santimat and the 1 and 5 dirham coins. The 1 santim coins were aluminium, the 5 up to 20 santimat were minted in brass, with the highest three denominations in cupro-nickel. New cupro-nickel 5 dirham coins were added in 1980 and changed to a bi-metal coin in 1987.  The bi-metal coins bear two year designations for the issue date—1987 in the Gregorian calendar and the 1407 in the Islamic calendar.

The 1 santim was only minted until 1987 when new designs were introduced, with a  dirham replacing the 50 santimat without changing the size or composition. The new 5 dirham coin was bimetallic, as was the 10 dirham coin introduced in 1995. Cupro-nickel 2 dirham coins were introduced in 2002. In 2012, a new series of coins has been issued, with the 5 and 10 dirham coin utilizing a latent image as a security feature.

Banknotes

The first notes denominated in dirham were overprints on earlier franc notes, in denominations of 50 dirhams (on 5,000 francs) and 100 dirhams (on 10,000 francs). In 1965, new notes were issued for 5, 10 and 50 dirhams. 100 dirham notes were introduced in 1970, followed by 200 dirham notes in 1991 and 20 dirham notes in 1996. 5 dirham notes were replaced by coins in 1980, with the same happening to 10 dirham notes in 1995. In mid-October 2009, Bank Al-Maghrib issued four million 50-dirham banknotes to commemorate the bank's 50th anniversary. The commemorative note measures 147 × 70 mm and features the portraits of Kings Mohammed VI, Hassan II, and Mohammed V. The back of the notes features the headquarters of Bank Al-Maghrib in Rabat. The speech delivered in 1959 by Mohammed V at the opening of Bank Al-Maghrib is microprinted on the back.

In December 2012, Bank Al-Maghrib issued a 25-dirham banknote to commemorate the 25th anniversary of banknote production at the Moroccan State Printing Works, Dar As-Sikkah. It is the first banknote in the world to be printed on Durasafe, a paper-polymer-paper composite substrate produced by Fortress Paper. The front of the commemorative note features an intaglio vignette and a watermark of King Mohammed VI, and a magenta-green color shift security thread. The thread, like the watermark, is embedded inside the banknote yet visible behind a one-sided Viewsafe polymer window. It also has a fully transparent polymer window embossed with the King's royal crest. The back of the note carries a print vignette commemorating 25 years of banknote printing at the Moroccan State Printing Works, Dar As-Sikkah. The windows in Durasafe are formed by die cutting each side of the three layer composite substrate separately. One-sided Viewsafe windows give a clear view inside the substrate where the thread and the watermark of King Mohammed VI are protected, but fully visible behind the polymer core. The transparent Thrusafe window is created by die-cutting both the outer paperlayers to reveal only the transparent polymer core.

On August 15, 2013, Bank Al-Maghrib has announced a new series of banknotes. The notes feature a portrait of King Mohammed VI and the royal crown. Each of the notes show a Moroccan door to the left of the portrait, demonstrating the richness of the country's architectural heritage, and symbolizing the openness of the country.

In 2019, Bank Al-Maghrib issued a 20-dirham banknote produced on polymer substrate to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the accession of Mohammed VI to the Moroccan throne.

Popular denominations and usage
Popular denominations are words widely used in Morocco to refer to different values of the currency; they are not considered official by the state. Those include the rial (), equivalent to 5 santimat, and the franc , equivalent to 1 santim. Usually, when dealing with goods with a value lower than a dirham, it is common to use the rial or santim. For very high priced goods, such as cars, it is normal to refer to the price in santimat. However, rial is used when speaking in Arabic and centime when speaking in French.

Though not used by the young generation, the denomination 1,000, 2,000, up to 100,000 francs will be used by people who lived during the French colonial period when referring to 10, 20 and 1,000 dirham. Likewise, the rial is also used for higher value goods than portions of the dirham, reaching 5,000 dhs (100,000 rial). This denomination is used in a Moroccan Arabic speaking context.

The Moroccan dirham is also accepted in trade markets in Ceuta, although the euro is the sole legal tender there.

See also
 Economy of Morocco
 United Arab Emirates dirham

Notes

References

External links

D
Currencies of Africa
Economic history of Morocco
Fixed exchange rate
1882 introductions
Currencies introduced in 1960
Currencies of Morocco

Moroccan dirham


Calycadenia micrantha is an uncommon species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name small-flowered calycadenia. It is endemic to California, where it is known from about 13 occurrences that are widely spread over several counties, including Napa, Siskiyou, Shasta, Mendocino, Trinity, and Monterey Counties, with several populations known in Lake County. It was described to science as a species in 2004. Some specimens of the plant had previously been included within the description of its relative, Calycadenia truncata. The fact that it has been found in relatively far-flung locations suggests it could easily be present in other areas between them and, as a newly classified species, has simply not been reported yet.

This annual plant produces a slender purplish stem 10 to 50 centimeters tall. The hairy leaves are 2 to 5 centimeters long. The inflorescence is a single flower head or small cluster of heads, each with 1 to 6 three-lobed yellow ray florets. Unlike other Calycadenia species, this plant is self-compatible, or able to fertilize itself.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment

micrantha
Flora of California
Plants described in 2004

Calycadenia micrantha


A space (or shape) is called simply connected if it is all one piece and does not have any "holes" that pass all the way through it. For example, a ball is simply connected, but a doughnut is not.

More formally, being "one piece" means a shape is path-connected, which means there is a path from any point inside the shape to any other which does not leave the shape.
Mathematics
Geometry

Simply connected space


Ludovico de' Medici, also known as Giovanni delle Bande Nere (6 April 1498 – 30 November 1526) was an Italian condottiero. He is known for leading the Black Bands and serving valiantly in military combat under his third cousins, Pope Leo X and Pope Clement VII, in the War of Urbino and the War of the League of Cognac, respectively.

Early life

Giovanni was born in the Northern Italian town of Forlì to Giovanni de' Medici il Popolano and Caterina Sforza, one of the most famous women of the Italian Renaissance.

From an early age, he demonstrated great interest and ability in physical activity, especially the martial arts of the age, such as horse riding and sword fighting. He committed his first murder at the age of 12, and was twice banished from the city of Florence for his unruly behaviour, including involvement in the rape of a sixteen-year-old boy, Giovanni being about thirteen at the time. He had a son, Cosimo (1519–1574), who went on to become the Grand Duke of Tuscany.

Mercenary
Giovanni became a condottiero, or mercenary military captain, in the employ of Pope Leo X (Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici) and on 5 March 1516 led the war against Francesco Maria I della Rovere, Duke of Urbino. He thenceforth formed a company of his own, mounted on light horses and specializing in fast but devastating skirmishing tactics and ambushes. In 1520 he defeated several rebel barons in the Marche. The following year Leo X allied with Emperor Charles V against King Francis I of France to regain Milan, Parma and Piacenza; Giovanni was called in under the command of Prospero Colonna, defeating the French at Vaprio d'Adda in November.

As a symbol of mourning for the death of Pope Leo X (1 December 1521), Giovanni added black stripes to his insignia, whence comes his nickname, Giovanni delle Bande Nere (or Giovanni of the Black Bands). In August 1523 he was hired by the Imperial army, and in January 1524 he defeated the French and the Swiss at Caprino Bergamasco. In the same year another Medici, Giulio di Giuliano, became Pope and took the name of Clement VII. The new Pope paid all of Giovanni's debt, but in exchange ordered him to switch to the French side of the ongoing conflict. He did not take part in the battle of Pavia, but was soon severely wounded in a skirmish and later had to move to Venice to recuperate from his wounds.

In 1526, the War of the League of Cognac broke out. The League's captain general, Francesco Maria I della Rovere, abandoned Milan in the face of the overwhelming superiority of the Imperial army led by Georg von Frundsberg. Giovanni was able to defeat the Landsknechts rearguard, at the confluence of the Mincio with the Po River.

Death
On the evening of 25 November he was hit by a shot from a falconet in a battle near Governolo. According to a contemporary account by Luigi Guicciardini, the ball shattered his right leg above the knee  and he had to be carried to San Nicolò Po, near Bagnolo San Vito, where no doctor could be found. He was taken to Aloisio Gonzaga's palace, marquis of Castel Goffredo, in Mantua, where the surgeon Abramo, who had cared for him two years earlier, amputated his leg. To perform the operation Abramo asked for 10 men to hold down the stricken condottiero.

Pietro Aretino, an eyewitness to the event, recalled in a letter to Francesco Albizi:

Despite the surgery, Giovanni de' Medici died five days later, supposedly of sepsis, on 30 November 1526.

Giovanni's body was exhumed in 2012 along with that of his wife to preserve the remains, which were damaged in the 1966 flood of the Arno River, and to ascertain the cause of his death. Preliminary investigation revealed that his leg was amputated below the knee. No damage was found to the thigh, where the shot supposedly hit. The tibia and fibula, the bones of the lower leg, were found sawed off from the amputation. There was no damage to the femur. It is now thought that de' Medici may have died of gangrene.

Legacy
Giovanni's premature death metaphorically signalled the end of the age of the condottieri, as their mode of fighting (which emphasized armoured knights on horseback) was rendered practically obsolete by the introduction of pike-armed infantry. He is therefore known as the last of the great Italian condottieri. His lasting reputation has been kept alive in part thanks to Pietro Aretino, the Renaissance author, satirist, playwright and "scourge of the princes", who was Giovanni's close friend and accompanied him on some of his exploits.

Ancestors

Descendants

Later references
 A cruiser of the Regia Marina was named after Giovanni delle Bande Nere in 1930.
 Ermanno Olmi's 2001 film The Profession of Arms, faithfully follows Giovanni delle Bande Nere in his last week of life, as he engages in battle with the Imperial forces amidst the cold, damp fields of the Lombard countryside.

See also
 Italian Wars
 Condottieri
 Black Bands

References

1498 births
1526 deaths
People from Forlì
House of Medici
16th-century condottieri
Military leaders of the Italian Wars
Deaths from sepsis
Burials at San Lorenzo, Florence

Giovanni delle Bande Nere


The peasant leagues () were social organizations composed of sharecroppers, subsistence farmers and other small agriculturalists. They originated in the agreste region of Northeastern Brazil in the 1950s. They were organized by the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB), and were later picked up by Francisco Julião, a member of the Democratic Labor Party (PDT) and other socialists. Founded to improve the standard of living for rural workers, their later objective became to oppose the power of latifundia in the region.

History

The leagues were founded by Brazilian communists, who believed that the latifundia, which had always dominated the Brazilian economy, were in a semicolonial relationship with the United States and were conspiring to oppress the working class by forcing rural workers to produce cash crops instead of food for native consumption and refusing to develop land which could not support those crops, a belief partly shared by outsiders to communism. The goal of the communists was to raise the rural workers' standard of living sufficiently that a classic Marxist capitalist-to-socialist transition could occur.

When the PCB began struggling with political pressure in the late 1950s Francisco Julião began taking on the business of establishing and organizing leagues. In January 1955, Francisco Julião made one of the most important associations legal, the SAPPP, that used to fight for peasants rights before its legalization.

Communists objected to his growing role in the movement. His attempts to unify the leagues and resistance to registering them as unions conflicted with their own goal of attaining legitimacy, and his use of violent revolutionary rhetoric made them worry about retaliation from the military and police.

Reaction
The populist Brazilian government's attitude towards the leagues varied over time from neutral to positive, while that of the military and police was uniformly negative. The armed forces in the Brazilian Northeast had many connections to wealthy landowners whose enterprises were threatened by the activities of the leagues, and they would go to extraordinary lengths to curtail league activity. The Catholic Church established organizations in the Northeast which functioned similarly but were conservative and anti-communist in their outlook; these groups were crushed alongside the peasant leagues following the 1964 coup.

See also

Landless Workers' Movement
League of Poor Peasants
Tiradentes Revolutionary Movement (1961-1962)

References

Communism in Brazil
Land rights movements
Land reform
Social movements in Brazil
Far-left politics in Brazil

Peasant leagues (Brazil)


The Joint Research Centre (JRC) is the European Commission's science and knowledge service which employs scientists to carry out research in order to provide independent scientific advice and support to European Union (EU) policy.

Leadership
The JRC is a directorate-general of the European Commission under the responsibility of Iliana Ivanova, the European Commissioner for Innovation, Research, Culture, Education and Youth. The current director-general of the JRC is Stephen Quest, who took office in 2020, succeeding Vladimír Šucha. Its Board of Governors assists and advises the director-general on matters relating to the role and the scientific, technical and financial management of the JRC.

Structure
Composed of strategy and coordination, knowledge production, knowledge management and support directorates, the JRC is spread across six sites in five EU countries: in Belgium (Brussels and Geel), Germany (Karlsruhe), Italy (Ispra), the Netherlands (Petten), and Spain (Seville). Their responsibilities are:

 to create, manage and make sense of knowledge to support European policies with independent evidence
 to develop innovative tools and make them available to policymakers
 to anticipate emerging issues that need to be addressed at EU level and understand policy environments
 to share know-how with EU countries, the scientific community and international partners
 to contribute to the overall objective of Horizon 2020
 to conduct Euratom-funded research on nuclear safety and security to contribute to the transition to a carbon-free economy.

A portion of the budget of the EU under the Framework Programme is allocated directly to the JRC.

History
The Italian Centre in Ispra originally belonged to the Comitato Nazionale per l'Energia Nucleare (CNEN) and was officially transferred to the Community on 1 March 1961. Since 1973, non-nuclear research evolved rapidly, especially in topics related to safety and the environment. After 16 years of research, the nuclear reactor at JRC Ispra was shut down in 1983.

At the beginning of the 1980s, a re-examination of the mandate and evaluation of the activities of the JRC began. Future activities were to continue to support the commission's implementations of Community policies. In 1987, journalist Richard L. Hudson published an article on the home page on The Wall Street Journal, which featured the opinions of a remote sensing expert employed at JRC, along with some insights drawn from an external report commissioned by the Directorate-General. These opinions where combined to express deep concern about the center's  state at the time, describing it as a disaster hindered by dysfunctional bureaucratic constraints. The then JRC director of projects, Raymond Klersy, criticized the article, claiming they were biased and incomplete in their representation of the situation.

In 1992, the results of a study led to a proposal to convert the JRC Ispra site into an environmentally-optimised model site; the "ECO Centre". The JRC employs around 2787 staff with an annual budget of 372,5 million euros for 2017.

Science areas
The JRC research activities are clustered into ten science areas:

 Agriculture and food security
 Economic and Monetary Union
 Energy and transport
 Environment and climate change
 Health and consumer protection
 Information Society
 Innovation and growth
 Nuclear safety and security
 Safety and Security
 Standards

See also
European Commissioner for Innovation, Research, Culture, Education and Youth
Best Available Techniques Reference Document (BREF)
Directorate-General for Research
Directorate-General for Information Society and Media (European Commission)
European Research Area (ERA)
European Research Council (ERC)
European Institute of Technology (EIT)
European Research Advisory Board (EURAB)
European School
Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development
Joint Technology Initiative
Lisbon Strategy
Seventh Framework Programme
Scientific Advice Mechanism
Sixth Framework Programme

References

External links
Joint Research Centre (JRC) – EU Science Hub

European Union and science and technology
Science and technology in Europe
Directorates-General in the European Commission

Joint Research Centre


She Be Wild (foaled March 7, 2007, in Kentucky), is an American Thoroughbred racehorse.

Background
She Be Wild was sired by Offlee Wild, who was sired by Wild Again. She is out of the mare Trapping, who is by Seeking The Gold, a son of the influential Mr. Prospector.

Racing career
She Be Wild made her racing debut at age two in 2009 with a 7¼-length maiden special weight, followed up by an allowance race victory.  On August 8, she won the Top Flight Stakes by 5¼-lengths and on September 5, she won the Grade III Arlington-Washington Lassie Stakes. Unbeaten in three starts, she was then entered, and made the heavy betting favorite, for the $500,000 Grade I Alcibiades Stakes at Keeneland but finished second to Negligee.

On November 6, 2009, She Be Wild won the Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies. She was voted American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly for 2009.

She Be Wild raced twice without success in 2010 before being retired from racing. Upon her retirement, it was announced that she would be bred to top stallion Tapit. On February 1, 2012, she gave birth to her first foal, a chestnut filly named Shebealittlewild. She was bred back to Tapit, and foaled a gray filly named Propositioned on February 3, 2013. She then visited Smart Strike, producing a dark bay filly on February 12, 2014. She has not yet been named.

Pedigree

References
 She Be Wild at the NTRA
 She Be Wild at Breeders' Cup.com

External links
 She Be Wild's pedigree and stats

2007 racehorse births
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Racehorses trained in the United States
Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies winners
Thoroughbred family 2-o
Eclipse Award winners

She Be Wild


Robert Alfred Morley, called Bob (Kyneton, 20 December 1984) is an Australian actor known especially for his roles in the soap operas Home and Away and Neighbours and in the TV series The 100 , where he plays the part of Bellamy Blake.

Biography
Bob Morley is the son of a Filipino mother and son of an Irish father  who died when Bob was a child. Bob has two sisters and a brother, but he is the youngest of the family.  The actor lived his childhood on a farm in Victoria, and by the age of eleven he became passionate about acting. Morley studied creative arts at La Trobe University.  He got his first role in 2006 in the TV series  Home and Away playing the character of Drew Curtis. Morley appeared in the second series of the Australian singing competition It Takes Two in May 2007. On June 12, 2007, he was eliminated after six weeks of the show, although he received the highest score that night. Morley plays Home and Away as Tony Moretti in the 2008 action movie and series The Strip. The series was cancelled due to low ratings and was not confirmed for a second series. He continued to appear in Scorched's Nine Network in 2008. Morley was named "Bachelor of the Year" in Cleo magazine.

In 2009, he played the role of Lorca in Palindrome for a Dead Poet. The following year, Morley appeared in the fourth season of Sea Patrol in the 5th episode entitled "Paradise Lost". In 2011, he starred in the Australian thriller Road Train directed by Dean Francis. The film was released in North America as Road Kill. In June 2011, it was announced that Morley had joined the cast of Neighbours as Aidan Foster. Morley took a ten-week break to appear in Blinder, a film about the rules of Australian football. Bob returned to the set in early June 2012. In 2014 he became part of the protagonists of the US television series The 100  broadcast by The CW.

Private life
Bob is married to the actress Eliza Taylor who married on May 5 2019.  She is his colleague in the tv series The 100 , where she plays the role of Clarke Griffin, who is the protagonist. The two met on the set, and few knew about their relationship. Most fans found that they were together only when they announced they were getting married. Considering that many viewers of The 100 have always hoped for a possible relationship between the two characters, the news of the wedding has excited fans.

Bob Morley in The 100
As already mentioned, thanks to the role of Bellamy Blake in the TV series The 100, Bob Morley has conquered the audience, receiving a lot of acclaim. The character of Bellamy initially is not one of the hundred prisoners sent to Earth to see if it's still possible to live there. He is the brother of Octavia, who is part of the group of the hundred, and who he tries to protect several times.

Filmography

Cinema
 Road Train, directed by Dean Francis (2010)
 Blinder, directed by Richard Gray (2013)
 The White City, directed by Tanner King Barklow and Gil Kofman (2014)

Televison
 Home and Away – soap opera (2006-2008)
 BancoPaz (Scorched), directed by Tony Tilse - TV film (2008)
 The Strip - TV series, 13 episodes (2008)
 Sea Patrol - TV series, episode 4x05 (2010)
 Neighbours – soap opera (2010-2013)
 The 100 - TV series, 84 episodes (2014-in-progress) Bellamy Blake
 Winners & Losers - TV series, episodes 5x07 and 5x09 (2016)

Awards and nominations

Logie Awards
 2007 - Nominated as the most popular new male talent for Home and Away

Teen Choice Awards
 2015 - Nomination for best actor in a fantasy/sci-fi television series for The 100
 2016 - Nomination for best TV deal with Eliza Taylor for The 100
 2017 - Nomination for best actor in a fantasy/sci-fi TV series for The 100
 2018 - Nomination for best actor in a fantasy/sci-fi TV series for The 100
 2019 - Nomination for best actor in a fantasy/sci-fi TV series for The 100

1984 births
American television actors
Australian movie actors
Australian television actors
Living people
People from Victoria (Australia)

Bob Morley


Gun money () was an issue of coins made by the forces of James II during the Williamite War in Ireland between 1689 and 1691. They were minted in base metal (copper, brass or pewter), and were designed to be redeemed for silver coins following a victory by James II and consequently bore the date in months to allow a gradual replacement. As James lost the war, that replacement never took place, although the coins were allowed to circulate at much reduced values before the copper coinage was resumed. They were mostly withdrawn from circulation in the early 18th century.

The name "gun money" stems from the idea that they were minted from melted down guns. However, many other brass objects, such as church bells, were also used.

There were two issues. The first "large" issue consisted of sixpences, shillings and half crowns (2½ shillings). The second, "small" issue consisted of shillings, halfcrowns and crowns (5 shillings). Some of the second issue were overstruck on large issue pieces, with shillings struck over sixpences, half crowns on shillings and crowns on half crowns. The most notable feature of the coins is the date, because the month of striking was also included. This was so that after the war (in the event of James' victory), soldiers would be able to claim interest on their wages, which had been withheld from proper payment for so long.

Specimen strikings were produced in silver and gold for most months, and these tend to be extremely rare.

Pewter money
Pewter money is a rarer type of gun money, manufactured out of pewter, an alloy containing mostly tin, and smaller amounts of copper, antimony, bismuth and lead.  Some of the coins had also a brass plug. Halfcrowns and Crowns were issued in 1690 with the same dies as other gun money coins. Both these coins are extremely rare, along with a Groat struck in 1689 which is probably a pattern. Halfpennies and Pennies were also produced in 1689 and 1690, and less rare, although the 1689 penny is virtually unknown.

See also

 Notgeld

References

Irish Coinage by John Stafford-Langan

Coins of Ireland
Modern obsolete currencies
Williamite War in Ireland
17th century in Ireland

Gun money


The Bronck House, also known as the Pieter Bronck House, is a historic house museum west of Coxsackie in Greene County, New York.  With a construction history dating to 1663, it is believed to be the oldest surviving building in Upstate New York, and is a well-preserved example of early Dutch and Swedish Colonial architecture.  It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1967.  It is now a museum property managed by the county historical society.

Description and history
The Bronck House is located on Pieter Bronck Road, off US 9W, between the New York Thruway and the town of  Coxsackie on the west side of the Hudson River.  The house consists of a series of connected structures, oriented roughly north–south on the south side of Pieter Bronck Road east of Coxsackie Creek.  The southernmost section is the oldest part: it is a single-pile structure with thick stone walls, with a steeply pitched gable roof.  Its interior as built consisted of single open chambers on two floors, with a loft space in the attic.  The interior has original and restored elements, including wide floor boards and doors with original hardware.  This house was built about 1663 by Pieter Bronck, a native of Jönköping, Sweden who came here with his Dutch wife as part of the Dutch colonization of the Hudson River valley.  Bronck was a relative of Jonas Bronck, for whom The Bronx is named.

In 1738, Leender Bronck, Pieter's grandson, built a larger brick house that was connected to the first house by a brick passageway.  In 1792 the Broncks added a stone addition to the rear of the 1738 structure, using construction methods similar to that of the 1663 building.  The house remained in the Bronck family until 1938. It now is owned and operated as a museum by the Greene County Historical Society.  The Bronck Farm 13-Sided Barn is related to, but listed separately from the Bronck House. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.  The house is reputed to be the location where the Coxsackie Declaration of Independence was signed, more than a year before the Continental Congress signing in 1776.

See also
List of the oldest buildings in New York
List of National Historic Landmarks in New York

References

External links

Revolutionary War Heritage Trail:  Bronck Museum

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
National Historic Landmarks in New York (state)
Houses completed in 1663
U.S. Route 9W
Museums in Greene County, New York
Historic house museums in New York (state)
Houses in Greene County, New York
Historic American Buildings Survey in New York (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Greene County, New York
1663 establishments in the Dutch Empire
New York State Register of Historic Places in Greene County

Bronck House


Robert Mackey Stribling (December 3, 1833 – March 27, 1914) was an American politician and served as an officer in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.

Biography
Stribling was born in Markham, Virginia to his parents, Dr. Robert Mackey Stribling and Caroline Clarkson. Stribling received training as a doctor and completed medical degrees at the University of Virginia and University of Pennsylvania in 1854, and 1856, respectively, practicing medicine briefly before the outbreak of the Civil War. He was married to Mary Cary Ambler, daughter of Major Thomas Marshall Ambler and Lucy Johnston, from the neighboring estate of "Morven" in 1857. After her death in 1868, he married Agnes Harwood Douthat, daughter of Robert Douthat and Mary Ambler Marshall of "Weyanoke".

In June 1861, he joined the Confederate Army and was made Captain of the Markham Guard and subsequently the Fauquier Artillery. The artillery was more commonly known as Stribling's Battery. Stribling saw action at Antietam, Bull Run, Suffolk, and provided cover at Gettysburg during his cousin George Pickett's Charge. By the end of the war Stribling was a Lt. Colonel in command of the 38th Virginia Light Artillery Battalion.

Following the War, he returned to Markham and took over the family estate, Mountain View. He was elected as representative to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1879 and served until 1887. During his time in the legislature, he focussed on collecting and saving all Confederate military records. In July 1897, the Woodrow Wilsons stayed at the Colonel's home for vacation.

In 1904 he published a book on Lee's Gettysburg Campaign. Stribling, along with his close friend, Gen. Lunsford L. Lomax, spoke frequently to veteran's groups about the Civil War. The Confederate War Memorial on South Washington Street in Alexandria also bears his name.

References

External links

1833 births
1914 deaths
Physicians from Virginia
Confederate States Army officers
Members of the Virginia House of Delegates
19th-century American politicians
People of Virginia in the American Civil War

Robert Mackey Stribling


Michael Hansmeyer is a post-modern architect who utilizes algorithmic architecture techniques, generative art mentalities, and CAD software to generate complex structures. He is currently based in the CAAD group at ETH's architecture department in Zurich. He holds an MBA degree from INSEAD as well as a Master of Architecture degree from Columbia University. He previously worked with McKinsey & Company, J.P. Morgan, and at Herzog & de Meuron architects.

Architectural design projects
"Subdivided Columns – A New Order (2010)"
Columns of incredible complexity and symmetry, the prototypes are made from a steel core with a facade of ABS plastic so that they can be used in an outdoors setting and are load bearing. "[The columns] are an attempt to incorporate tools and technologies that can expand the scope of what is possible and what is imaginable and in the best case to create something that is not yet imaginable," says Michael Hansmeyer in a 2011 article.

"Voxel-based Geometries (2009)"
"['Voxel-based Geometries'] simulates chemical interactions between substances contained in the voxels. This process has been associated with pattern formation not only on a number of organisms, but also in the fields of geology and ecology."

"Platonic Solids (2008)"
"The Platonic Solids project explores how a purely operations-based geometric process can generate complex form."

"Subdivided Pavilions (2006)"
"The aim of this project is to use a very simple process to generate heterogenous, complex output. A simple process has the advantage of more control; its output is easier to predict and can therefore be more easily refined through subsequent parameter adjustments."

"L-Systems in Architecture (2003)"
L-Systems in architecture applies Lindenmayer's L-system to mimic organic growth which is then adapted to architectural design requirements.

References

External links

21st-century architects
Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Michael Hansmeyer


Mark II Xylokaravis (, , ), (? – after 1467) was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1465 to 1466. In 1467 he became Archbishop of Ohrid, a post he held until his death.

Life
Concerning the early life of Mark our main source is a document of the Senate of Venice dated 26 June 1466, which orders the Venetian government in Crete to prevent Mark and his father in case they tried to seek refuge on the island. From this document scholars, such as Laurent, deduce that in June 1466 Mark was actually Patriarch, that he and his family had previously been in Crete and that they opposed the East-West Union of Churches established in the Council of Florence and supported by the Republic of Venice.

Mark became Metropolitan of Adrianople in 1464, and in autumn 1465 (or early 1466) he was elected Patriarch of Constantinople with the support of lay archons such as the Great Chartophylax George Galesiotes and the Grand Ecclesiarch (i.e. Head Sacristan) Manuel (the future Patriarch Maximus III), as well as the secretary of the Sultan Demetrios Kyritzes. On the other hand, it is known that some bishops refused to commemorate him during the Divine Liturgy, as a sign that they did not recognize him as patriarch, probably accusing him of simony.

Mark clashed mainly with the faction composed of the nobles of the former Empire of Trebizond who were forced to move to Istanbul (Constantinople) after Trebizond's fall to the Ottomans in 1461. This faction supported its own candidate for the patriarchal throne, the future Patriarch Symeon of Trebizond. Symeon was successful in obtaining the throne, giving 2000 pieces of gold as a present to the Ottoman government, thus beginning a simoniac practice that marked the history of the Patriarchate of Constantinople for the following centuries. According to Laurent however, who places the patriarchate of Mark after the one of Symeon, it was Mark that bought the patriarchal office paying 2000 pieces of gold.

Whichever the cause, Mark was deposed in humiliation from the throne, facing lapidation in autumn 1466 or early 1467. However he was soon rehabilitated and appointed by Sultan Mehmed II as Archbishop of Ohrid. The Archbishopric of Ohrid was at the time the semi-autonomous main religious center of the Ottoman Bulgaria. The date of death of Mark is not known.

Disputed chronology
There is no consensus among scholars concerning the chronology of Mark II's reign.

Many scholars, such as Kiminas (2009), Runciman (1985), Grumel (1958) and Bishop Germanos of Sardeis (1933–8), as well as the official website of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, follow the chronicles of Dorotheos of Monemvasia and place the reign of Mark II before Symeon I, even if with some slightly different suggestions about the precise dates of the reign, however generally in the range from 1465 to 1467.

Laurent (1968), followed by Podskalsky (1988), believes that the clashes with Symeon happened when Mark was still Metropolitan of Adrianople, and place Symeon's reign before Mark's. For a comparison of the main proposals, see the List of Patriarchs of Constantinople. Laurent alone suggests a second short patriarchate of Mark after the first reign of Dionysius I at end 1471.

Notes

Sources

15th-century patriarchs of Constantinople
Archbishops of Ohrid
Simony

Mark II of Constantinople


Mark H. Levine (born May 7, 1966) is an American politician and attorney who served as the Delegate from the 45th District of the Virginia House of Delegates from 2016 to 2022. A member of the Democratic Party, he simultaneously ran for Lieutenant Governor of Virginia in the 2021 election and for reelection as a Delegate on June 8, 2021, but lost in the Democratic primaries to Hala Ayala and Elizabeth Bennett-Parker, respectively.

Levine is a constitutional lawyer who was an early advocate for same-sex marriage in the United States. He has hosted a nationally syndicated progressive public policy radio program and has worked as a television pundit.

Levine was the third openly gay person and third openly LGBT person elected to the Virginia House of Delegates and the Virginia General Assembly (after Adam Ebbin and Mark Sickles).

Early life and education
Born in Nashville, Tennessee, Levine earned an economics degree, magna cum laude, from Harvard University and was a Fulbright scholar in Switzerland. He later earned a Juris Doctor from Yale Law School.

Career

Early career
Levine worked as a Nazi hunter, Jewish historian, and inner-city schoolteacher before becoming a trial attorney at Hughes Hubbard & Reed LLP in Los Angeles.

In 1996, Levine's sister Janet Levine March was murdered by her husband Perry; her body has never been found and it took a decade to amass enough other evidence to convict him. In response, Levine drafted a Tennessee law to protect victims of domestic violence and their children. The law passed unanimously.

Four years later, Levine and his parents traveled to Ajijic, Mexico, where March was living with his children by Janet, to see them under a 39-day visitation period ordered by a court in Illinois, where March had last resided in the U.S. Accompanied by a Mexican judge, who had given local effect to the Illinois court order, and armed police, they took the children to the airport and back to Tennessee, an action beyond that authorized in either court order.  Mexican arrest warrants were issued for Levine and his parents afterwards. The warrants were later nullified by a Mexican court on the grounds that the removal of the children from Mexico "was carried out legally and by competent authority".

A federal court in Nashville ordered the children returned to March in Mexico on the grounds that his in-laws had violated the federal laws that give effect to the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction; the order was sustained on appeal.

Levine later testified in court against Perry, who was eventually sentenced to 56 years in prison for murdering Janet and, later, conspiring to attempt to have Levine's parents killed. According to The Washington Post, the murder investigation spawned "Levine's interest in lawmaking."

Gay rights advocacy
In 1994, Levine helped organize a march on Hollywood and met personally with high-ranking studio executives to demand they depict gay and lesbian characters in a positive light.

In 1999, Levine was one of the four original founders of Marriage Equality California. He "barnstormed across California to oppose Proposition 22 and then arranged America's first public "mass-marriage" protest for gay and lesbian couples. This modest attempt on February 14, 2000 to marry at a Beverly Hills courthouse became the first of the "Valentine's Day Marriage Protests" that would later sweep the country. Levine writes he:

promised the police and court officials that we would not be violent in any way. And court officials, in turn, graciously agreed to waive the marriage license fee, since we all knew they would reject our attempts to get married. I remember it was a beautiful day, and a joyful one: We all smiled ear-to-ear knowing we were attempting something that was then impossible but which every one of us thought would eventually become possible.

Later that year, Levine drafted the first law introduced in the United States to give lesbian and gay couples equal rights to straight couples at both the state and federal levels. Levine's law, introduced in California in February 2001 as AB 1338 by Assemblyman Paul Koretz, went further than Vermont's civil unions law which only protected same-sex couples at the state level. Levine says local and nationwide gay and lesbian organizations opposed Levine's marriage equality law at the time as too "radical" and "politically impossible" and forced Koretz to withdraw it. At the time Levine's bill was introduced, no same-sex couples could get married anywhere in the world.

Although Levine's first legislation to help same-sex couples did not become law, his second attempt was a success. In 2009, Levine worked with Councilman Phil Mendelson to draft the District of Columbia's marriage equality law which passed 11-2 and then represented the Gertrude Stein Democratic Club pro bono in court to defeat the opponents of the new law who wanted to put it up for a referendum vote. Levine successfully argued in court that such a referendum would be a violation of D.C.'s Human Rights Act."

Challenge to Bush v. Gore
In 2001, Levine called President Bush's selection by the Supreme Court to be President "illegitimate" and argued: "If we can't have the right to vote then how can we start thinking about anything else?" Michael Moore has called Levine's explanation of the Bush v. Gore opinion a "Simple Q&A that Every American Should Read" and "the best thing he's seen" on the issue.

In December 2000, Levine was hired by the Congressional Black Caucus to appeal the United States Supreme Court decision in Bush v. Gore to the United States Congress. At the joint session of Congress, when it came time to count Florida's electoral votes, the Congressional Black Caucus presented the legal challenge Levine had drafted. If the action had succeeded, it would have prevented George W. Bush from becoming President of the United States. The legal appeal was rejected, and members of the Congressional Black Caucus and several other House Members walked out in protest.

Legislative counsel to Barney Frank

In January 2001, Levine moved from California to Alexandria, Virginia to serve three years as chief legislative counsel to Barney Frank, a high-ranking Democrat on the Judiciary, Homeland Security, and Financial Services Committees. In that capacity Levine says he learned how Washington really works: from the way bills become law to political negotiations, spin, administration secrets, and dangerous lapses in American security. While working for Frank, Levine used bipartisan back channels to ensure that LGBT 9/11 survivors were treated equally in distributions from the victims compensation fund. He also personally persuaded Hillary Clinton to withdraw her endorsement from President Bush's faith-based initiative, which would have allowed the federal government to discriminate on the basis of religion. Levine credits his one-on-one conversation with Clinton as what "killed" the initiative.

Talk-radio and investigative journalism

In 2003, Levine began hosting the radio show Mark Levine's Inside Scoop on Washington on WAGE in Leesburg, Virginia and began in 2005 his local Fairfax County, Virginia television show The Inside Scoop. Levine has also hosted The AM Alternative, co-hosted The Raucous Caucus and News Views, and served as a weekly guest host of The Leslie Marshall Show. Levine was the only non-African-American host on XM/Sirius The Power. Today, Levine's program is carried on 43 radio stations nationwide and locally on WPFW (89.3 FM)'s Pacifica Radio. From July to December 2007, Levine hosted the television show The American Dream on Press TV, until, he says, Press TV tried to censor him.
Levine also has served as an investigative journalist, doing stories uncovering spies at the FBI and spreading the word in 2006 about the national government monitoring the telephone calls of the vast majority of ordinary American citizens. Levine has broken national stories such as "Why the FBI Squelched an Investigation of a Post-9/11 Meeting Between White Supremacist and Islamic Extremists" and the rape, torture, and abuse of American teenagers in lockup boot camps, wilderness camps, and reform schools. Levine often follows up his investigative stories with legislative action. For example, he worked with Congressman George Miller (D-CA) to craft legislation to protect American teenagers from this institutional abuse.

Since 2009, Levine has frequently appeared as a pundit on FOX News, CNBC, MSNBC, Fox Business, RT, CNN Headline News, and many other television stations locally, nationally, and worldwide. Levine is well known and occasionally mocked for keeping a Constitution in his pocket when he debates on air.

2014 congressional campaign

On February 18, 2014, Levine became one of ten candidates entering the June 10, 2014 Democratic primary to succeed retiring Representative Jim Moran.

Levine said he would distinguish himself from the other candidates by being "an aggressive progressive who doesn't just cast one out of 435 votes." With his media savvy, Levine said, "we can go over the heads of the Republican Party to the American people."

Virginia House of Delegates
On June 9, 2015, Levine won a five-way Democratic primary to represent Virginia's 45th District in the House of Delegates. On November 3, 2015, facing no opposition in the general election, Levine won with 95% of the vote.

In January 2016, Levine co-founded, with Republican Senator Amanda Chase, the Virginia Transparency Caucus, a bi-partisan bi-cameral caucus of the Virginia General Assembly designed to bring transparency to state government. By 2017, 85 of Virginia's 140 delegates and senators had joined the caucus.

In February 2017, Levine faced a primary challenge from the former chair of the Alexandria School Board Karen Graf, who said she had "no particular criticism of Levine." In that primary campaign, Levine garnered the endorsement of Virginia Governor Terry McAuliffe and 36 other state and local officials. Graf dropped out of the race a month after entering it, leaving Levine unopposed in the Democratic primary.

On November 7, 2017, facing no opposition in the general election, Levine won re-election to represent Virginia's 45th District in the House of Delegates with more than 95% of the vote. His vote total of 31,417 was the highest of any candidate in the General Assembly in that election, as he was the only House of Delegates candidate that year to receive more than 30,000 votes.

On November 3, 2019, facing no primary or general-election opposition, Levine won re-election to his third term. Levine currently sits on the Courts of Justice; Privileges and Elections; Health, Welfare and Institutions; and Public Safety Committees. He is the Public Safety Subcommittee Chair and the Chair of the Constitutional Amendments Subcommittee.

On June 8, 2021, Levine lost renomination to Alexandria City Councilwoman Elizabeth Bennett-Parker 59.24%-40.76% on the same day Levine lost to Hala Ayala in the Democratic primary for Lieutenant Governor.

Personal life
Levine is Jewish. He describes himself as "someone who goes out and strives to achieve the impossible and sometimes succeeds". He has stated that he bases his political philosophy on the Jewish principle of tikkun olam: "We have to do our duty. If I see something that I think is unjust I just want to change it".

References

External links

Campaign website
Mark Levine's Inside Scoop
Mark Levine on the Virginia Public Access Project

Jewish American journalists
American radio journalists
American talk radio hosts
American television talk show hosts
American LGBT journalists
American LGBT broadcasters
American gay writers
Candidates in the 2021 United States elections
Harvard University alumni
Yale Law School alumni
Living people
Press TV people
Gay politicians
Gay journalists
Gay Jews
LGBT state legislators in Virginia
Democratic Party members of the Virginia House of Delegates
1966 births
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American Jews

Mark Levine (Virginia politician)


A bronchodilator is a substance that dilates (opens up) the bronchi and bronchioles which increases airflow to the lungs. Bronchodilators may be endogenous (originating naturally within the body), or they may be medications taken to treat breathing difficulties. They are most useful in obstructive lung diseases. Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are the most common such conditions. They are also used to treat respritory blockages that usaully occur when you have the common cold. They are well prescribed by doctors and are really common in house holds. Although this remains somewhat controversial, they might be useful in bronchiolitis and Bronchiectasis.They are often prescribed but of unproven significance in restrictive lung diseases.

Types of bronchodilators
Bronchodilators are either short-acting or long-acting. Short-acting medications provide quick or "rescue" relief from acute bronchoconstriction. Long-acting bronchodilators help to control and prevent symptoms. They are used along with inhaled steroids for control of asthma symptoms on a long-term basis. The three types of prescription bronchodilating drugs are β2-agonists (short- and long-acting), anticholinergics (short-acting), and theophylline (long-acting).

Common bronchodilators
The bronchodilators are divided in short- and long-acting groups:

Short-acting bronchodilators
Salbutamol/albuterol (Proventil or Ventolin)
Levosalbutamol/levalbuterol (Xopenex)
Pirbuterol (Maxair)
Epinephrine (Primatene Mist now withdrawn)
Racemic Epinephrine (Asthmanefrin, Primatene Mist Replacement)
Ephedrine (Bronkaid)
Terbutaline

Long-acting bronchodilators
Salmeterol (Serevent)
Clenbuterol (Spiropent)
Formoterol
Bambuterol
Indacaterol

References

Bronchodilators

Bronchodilator


Dirt is a Chinese film from 1994 which depicts the nascent rock music scene of Beijing. It is considered an important example of the Sixth Generation movement that emerged in China after the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.

While the film's general pessimism about youth is shared by many other Sixth Generation films, a character's choice to have a child rather than an abortion has been seen by some scholars to have played a role in why the film received official permission to screen abroad, in contrast to the similarly themed Beijing Bastards.

Background
Dirt was filmed on a shoestring budget and was funded primarily by lead actress, Kong Lin. Dirt is often compared with another major sixth generation film about the Beijing rock scene, Zhang Yuan's Beijing Bastards. In contrast to that film's underground status, however, Guan Hu paid nearly US$2000 for state studio affiliation, allowing the film to be distributed in China and screened abroad with approval from state regulators.

Plot
The film follows a nurse, Ye Tong (Kong Lin), who also serves as the film's narrator. One day, Ye Tong reunites with some childhood friends, including Peng Wei, a disillusioned and long-haired young man who leads a local rock band. Ye finds herself attracted to Peng Wei's lifestyle, despite the admonitions of her police officer friend, Zheng Weidong. When Zheng is injured by a mutual friend, Ye finds herself increasingly attracted to the strait-laced Zheng, while also finding herself attracted to Peng.

Cast
 Kong Lin as Ye Tong, a nurse sent from her hospital in Guangzhou to train in Beijing.
 Geng Le as Peng Wei, a long-haired musician and childhood friend of Ye Tong.
 Zhang Xiaotong as Zheng Weidong, a strait-laced police officer who disapproves of Peng Wei's lifestyle.
 Ding Jiali as Zheng Weiping, Weidong's sister, Weiping works at a foreign company when she discovers that she is pregnant.

References

External links

1994 films
1994 drama films
Films set in Beijing
Chinese rock music films
1990s Mandarin-language films
Films directed by Guan Hu
1994 directorial debut films

Dirt (1994 film)


The FIL Literary Award in Romance Languages (Premio FIL de Literatura en Lenguas Romances, previously the Juan Rulfo Prize for Latin American and Caribbean Literature) is awarded to writers of any genre of literature (poetry, novels, plays, short stories and literary essays) working in one of the Romance languages: Spanish, Catalan, Galician, French, Occitan, Italian, Romanian or Portuguese. Endowed with US$150,000, it is given to a writer in recognition to all their work, making it one of the richest literary prizes in the world.

It was created in 1991 to acknowledge, in the beginning, writers of literature from Latin America or the Caribbean.
It is organized by Mexico's National Council for Culture and Arts, the University of Guadalajara, the government of the state of Jalisco, and the Fondo de Cultura Económica and was originally named in honor of writer Juan Rulfo, a native of Sayula, Jalisco. It is awarded during the Guadalajara International Book Fair (FIL).

In 2005, the Rulfo family requested that the name be removed from association with the prize, given that it had become "the spoils of small groups that sought only to benefit their own interests". As a result, beginning in 2006, the award was renamed the FIL Literary Award in Romance Languages.

Prize winners

References

External links
FIL Literary Prize bestowed by the Civil Association Prize for Literature in Romance Languages
Premio FIL de Literatura en Lenguas Romances

Latin American literary awards
Mexican literary awards
Awards established in 1991
1991 establishments in Mexico
Literary awards honoring lifetime achievement

FIL Award


Michael Habeck (23 April 1944 – 4 February 2011) was a German actor who was best known for providing the German dubbing for Oliver Hardy after Bruno W. Pantel died.

Habeck, who was born in Bad Grönenbach, also dubbed several characters in the German version of The Muppet Show, and appeared in the films The Name of the Rose and Asterix in Amerika. Habeck died in Munich on 4 February 2011 after a short time of severe illness, aged 66.

Filmography

German-language voice acting

Source:

References

External links

Obituary

1944 births
2011 deaths
German male film actors
German male television actors
German male voice actors

Michael Habeck


The Raša Fault (; ) is a seismogenic fault in Slovenia. It strikes NW-SE and runs parallel 25 km to the southwest of the Idrija Fault. Similar to the Idrija Fault, the fault plane dips towards the northeast. The movements along the fault are dextral strike-slip.

In Slovenia the fault extends from Nova Gorica in the northwest to Ilirska Bistrica in the southeast. In Croatia it merges into the Ilirska Bistrica – Vinodol Fault.

The Raša River follows the fault. The straight riverbed and structures close to Vremščica delineate the fault. The best exposed outcrops of the fault are near Senožeče and are preserved as heritage of national importance. Seismicity is concentrated at Mount Snežnik.

References

Further reading
Field trip guide to Raša Fault:

Geology of Slovenia
Seismic faults of Europe

Raša Fault


The Delta and Providence Cooperative Farms were started in Bolivar County, Mississippi, in 1936; and Holmes County, Mississippi, in 1939, respectively. The farms were founded and run by missionary evangelist and author Sherwood Eddy, and Reverend Sam H. Franklin, with the goal of helping southern sharecroppers out of their economic plight (caused in part by side effects of the New Deal's Agricultural Adjustment Administration). Eddy drew considerable support from his friend, the theologian Reinhold Niebuhr, who once called the farms "the most significant experiment in social Christianity now being conducted in America."

The cooperatives were organized around four principles: efficiency in production and economy in finance through the cooperative principle, participation in building a socialized economy of abundance, inter-racial justice, and realistic religion as a social dynamic. In the early stages, many of the first cooperative members at the Delta Cooperative Farm were sharecroppers from eastern Arkansas who had been evicted following a strike.

Because the farms were committed to economic equality among races, all cooperative members were to receive equal pay for equal work. Agricultural operations included growing cotton, dairy and beef farms, a pasteurizing plant, and a saw mill. The cooperatives also provided a number of social and other services to members and the surrounding communities, including a cooperative store, a credit union, a medical clinic, educational programs, a library, religious services, and summer work camps for students.

Due to several factors, including the tense political climate of the 1950s and poor cotton sales at Providence, cooperative efforts were abandoned around 1956, and pieces of the land were sold off to members.

References

External links
Finding aid to the Delta and Providence Cooperative Farm Records in the Southern Historical Collection at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Photographs of the Delta Providence Farm by Dorothea Lange, from the Library of Congress

Bolivar County, Mississippi
Holmes County, Mississippi
Farms in Mississippi
Former cooperatives of the United States
History of Mississippi
History of agriculture in the United States
Agricultural cooperatives in the United States
1936 establishments in Mississippi
1950s disestablishments in Mississippi

Delta and Providence Cooperative Farms


Ellipsanime (formerly known as Le Studio Ellipse, Ellipse Programme and Ellipse Animation) is a French animation studio. It produces television programs. It was founded in 1987.

Progamming

Babar (1989-2000) (co-produced) with Nelvana and Kodansha (season 6)

Blazing Dragons (1996-1998) (co-produced) with Nelvana

Doug (1992-1994) (co-produced) with Nelvana Jumbo Pictures and Games Animation

La Familia Pirate (1999-2004) (co-produced) with Trickopmany Filmproduktion GMBH and Motion International

The Adventures Of Tintin (1991-1992) (co-produced) with Nelvana

Rupert (1991-1997) (co-produced) with Nelvana TVS Television and Scottish Television

Wow! Wow! Wubbzy! (season 3 only co-produced with Starz Media Film Roman and Bolder Media)

The Jungle Book (season 3 only co-produced with DQ Entertainment International)

Animation studios

Ellipsanime