Many people who are anti-nuclear, are against the use of nuclear power for electricity generation, since they think nuclear power is dangerous. They consider the risk of a nuclear accident unacceptable and generally believe that radioactive waste cannot be disposed of safely. Many also see uranium mining and nuclear reprocessing as bad, because of the environmental risks of these activities. The 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents have "revived anti-nuclear passions worldwide, putting governments on the defensive and undermining the nuclear power industry's recent renaissance".

Issues

Anti-nuclear concerns

Anti-nuclear groups believe that nuclear power is a risk to people and the environment. These include health risks and environmental damage from uranium mining, processing and transport, the risk of nuclear weapons proliferation, the unsolved problem of nuclear waste, and the possibility of further serious accidents. Anti-nuclear critics see nuclear power as a dangerous, expensive way to boil water to generate electricity.

Opponents of nuclear energy make connections between the international export and development of nuclear power technologies and the proliferation of nuclear weapons. The facilities and expertise to produce nuclear power can be readily adapted to produce nuclear weapons. Greenpeace suggests that nuclear power and nuclear weapons have grown up like Siamese twins.

Nuclear power plants are very expensive. Making reliable cost estimates is difficult, and estimates for new reactors in the USA range from $5 billion to $10 billion per unit. Building nuclear plants is seen to be "a risky business", according to several notable credit rating agencies and investment analysts.

Nuclear accidents are often cited by anti-nuclear groups as evidence of the inherent danger of nuclear power. The most well-known nuclear accident, a mishandled safety test at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in 1986 in Kiev, Ukraine, "killed at least 4056 people and damaged almost $7 billion of property". Radioactive fallout from the accident concentrated near Belarus, Ukraine and Russia and at least 350,000 people were forcibly resettled away from these areas. After the accident, "traces of radioactive deposits unique to Chernobyl were found in nearly every country in the northern hemisphere". Other  serious nuclear accidents include the Mayak disaster, Soviet submarine K-431 accident, Soviet submarine K-19 accident, Chalk River accidents, Windscale fire, Church Rock Uranium Mill Spill and the SL-1 accident. The Fukushima nuclear disaster occured in 2011. Clean-up from the Fukushima nuclear disaster is expected to cost over 12 trillion yen ($100 billion) and take 30 to 40 years.

Especially since the September 11 attacks, people have become concerned that terrorists or criminals could bomb a nuclear plant and release radioactive material. Building more plants would create more targets to protect.

There is an international consensus that spent nuclear fuel should be stored in deep geological disposal sites. However, no country has opened such a site yet. The demise of the proposed Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository in Nevada leaves the USA with no plan for the long-term storage of spent nuclear fuel.

Nuclear-free alternatives

Anti-nuclear groups generally claim that reliance on nuclear energy can be reduced by adopting energy conservation and energy efficiency measures. Energy efficiency can reduce the consumption of energy while providing the same level of energy "services".

Anti-nuclear groups also favour the use of renewable energy, such as wind power, solar power, geothermal energy and biofuel. According to the International Energy Agency, renewable energy technologies are essential contributors to the energy supply portfolio, as they contribute to world energy security and provide opportunities for mitigating greenhouse gases.

Activities by country

Australia
Australia has no nuclear power stations and the current Gillard Labor government is opposed to nuclear power for Australia, as are the Greens, the party with the current balance of power in the upper house. However, Australia does have a small research reactor (OPAL) in Sydney, and it does export uranium. Australia has 40% of the world's known uranium deposits as well as similar deposits of the other potential fission reactor fuel thorium, and sells uranium to members of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

Uranium mining and export and nuclear issues have often been the subject of public debate, and the anti-nuclear movement in Australia has a long history. It all began with the 1972–73 debate over French nuclear testing in the Pacific, which involved several groups, and the 1976–77 debate about uranium mining in Australia.

France
In the 1970s, an anti-nuclear movement in France, consisting of citizens' groups and political action committees, emerged. There were many large anti-nuclear protests and demonstrations.  More recently, targeted campaigns have been conducted, mainly by Greenpeace, and Sortir du nucléaire (France) has called for an official safety inspection of Areva facilities.

Germany
The anti-nuclear movement in Germany has a long history dating back to the early 1970s, when large demonstrations prevented the construction of a nuclear plant at Wyhl. Anti-nuclear success at Wyhl inspired nuclear opposition throughout Germany, in other parts of Europe, and in North America.

United Kingdom
In January 2008 the UK government announced plans to build new nuclear power stations, and the anti-nuclear movement in the United Kingdom has voiced concerns.  There are also public concerns about the proliferation of nuclear weapons.  Many different groups and individuals have been involved in demonstrations and protests over the years.

United States
For many years the anti-nuclear movement in the United States succeeded in delaying or halting commitments to build some new nuclear plants. Anti-nuclear campaigns that captured national public attention in the 1970s involved the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant, Diablo Canyon Power Plant, Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant, and the Three Mile Island accident.  More recent targeted campaigning has related to the Indian Point Energy Center, Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, Pilgrim Nuclear Generating Station, Salem Nuclear Power Plant, Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant, Idaho National Laboratory, proposed Yucca Mountain waste repository, the Hanford Site, the Nevada Test Site, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and transportation of nuclear waste from the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Many different groups have been involved in various protests and demonstrations over the years.

More than fifty anti-nuclear groups are operating, or have operated, in the United States. These include: Abalone Alliance, Clamshell Alliance, Greenpeace USA,  Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, Musicians United for Safe Energy, Nevada Desert Experience, Nuclear Control Institute, Nuclear Information and Resource Service, Public Citizen Energy Program, Shad Alliance, and the Sierra Club.

Many well-known scientists and engineers have expressed reservations about nuclear power.  These people include: Barry Commoner,  S. David Freeman,  John Gofman, Amory Lovins, Arjun Makhijani, Gregory Minor and Joseph Romm.

Impact on popular culture
Beginning in the 1960s, anti-nuclear ideas received coverage in the popular media with novels such as Fail-Safe and feature films such as Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964), The China Syndrome (1979), Silkwood (1983), and The Rainbow Warrior (1992).

Recent developments

On 21 April 2010, a dozen environmental groups called on the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission to investigate possible problems in the AP1000 reactor design.

On 24 April 2010, about 120,000 people built a human chain (KETTENreAKTION!) between the nuclear plants at Krümmel and Brunsbüttel. In this way they were protesting against the plans of the German government to extend the period of producing nuclear power.

In May 2010, some 25,000 people, including members of peace organizations and 1945 atomic bomb survivors, marched for about two kilometers from downtown New York to a square in front of United Nations headquarters, calling for the end to nuclear weapons.

In September 2010, German government policy shifted back toward nuclear energy, and this created some new anti-nuclear sentiment in Berlin and beyond. On 18 September 2010, tens of thousands of Germans surrounded Chancellor Angela Merkel's office in an anti-nuclear demonstration that organisers said was the biggest of its kind since the Chernobyl disaster in 1986.

In October 2010, tens of thousands of people protested in Munich against the nuclear power policy of Chancellor Angela Merkel's coalition government. The action was the biggest anti-nuclear event in Bavaria for more than two decades.

In November 2010, there were violent protests against a train carrying reprocessed nuclear waste in Germany. Tens of thousands of protesters gathered in Dannenberg to signal their opposition to the cargo. Around 16,000 police were mobilised to deal with the protests.

In December 2010, some 10,000 people (mainly fishermen, farmers and their families) turned out to oppose the Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project in western Maharashtra state in India, amid a heavy police presence.

In December 2010, five anti-nuclear weapons activists, including octogenarians and Jesuit priests, were convicted of conspiracy and trespass in Tacoma, USA. They cut fences at Naval Base Kitsap-Bangor in 2009 to protest submarine nuclear weapons, and reached an area near where Trident nuclear warheads are stored in bunkers. Members of the group could face up to 10 years in prison when they are sentenced.

In January 2011, five Japanese young people held a hunger strike for more than a week, outside the Prefectural Government offices in Yamaguchi, to protest site preparation for the planned Kaminoseki Nuclear Power Plant near the environmentally sensitive Seto Inland Sea.

After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accidents, anti-nuclear opposition intensified in Germany. On 12 March 2011, 60,000 Germans formed a 45-km human chain from Stuttgart to the Neckarwestheim power plant. On 14 March, 110,000 people protested in 450 other German towns, with opinion polls indicating 80% of Germans opposed the government's extension of nuclear power. On 15 March 2011, Angela Merkel said that seven nuclear power plants which went online before 1980 would be temporarily closed and the time would be used to study speedier renewable energy commercialization.

In March 2011, around 2,000 anti-nuclear protesters demonstrated in Taiwan for an immediate end to the construction of the island's fourth nuclear power plant. The protesters were also opposed to plans to extend the lifespan of three existing nuclear plants.

In March 2011, more than 200,000 people took part in anti-nuclear protests in four large German cities, on the eve of state elections. Organisers called it the biggest anti-nuclear demonstration the country has seen. Thousands of Germans demanding an end to the use of nuclear power took part in nationwide demonstrations on 2 April 2011.

After the Fukushima I nuclear accidents, environmental activists at a U.N. meeting in April 2011 "urged bolder steps to tap renewable energy so the world doesn't have to choose between the dangers of nuclear power and the ravages of climate change".

In mid-April, 17,000 people protested at two demonstrations in Tokyo against nuclear power.

In India, environmentalists, local farmers and fishermen have been protesting for months over the planned Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project six-reactor complex, 420 km south of Mumbai. If built, it would be one of the world's largest nuclear power complexes. Protests have escalated in the wake of Japan's Fukushima nuclear disaster and during two days of violent rallies in April 2011, a local man was killed and dozens were injured.

Related pages
 Chernobyl disaster
 Three Mile Island accident
 Nuclear disarmament
 Nuclear disasters
 Mayak accident

References

Political movements
Nuclear energy

Anti-nuclear movement


The North Dakota State Capitol is the house of government of the U.S. state of North Dakota. The capitol, a 21-story Art Deco tower, is located in Bismarck at 600 East Boulevard Avenue, and is the tallest habitable building in the state. On a  campus that also houses many other government buildings, the capitol building and the surrounding office buildings house the state's legislative and judicial branches, as well as many government agencies.

The State Capitol is largely surrounded by state government buildings. The parks, walking trails, and monuments on the grounds provide a great deal of information about the state's history, making it one of the city's tourist attractions. Six buildings occupy the grounds; constructed as the government grew. Not all state agencies are housed on the grounds, however: a large number are spread throughout the city in other facilities. The state facility management division developed plans for a massive expansion and improvement of the grounds in 2000, but very little of the plan had been implemented by 2012.

History

The first capitol building was constructed between 1883 and 1884 to house the territorial government, and after statehood, two additions were erected: the Senate wing (1894, south side), and the House wing (ca. 1903, north side). On the morning of December 28, 1930, smoke was spotted coming from the northeast part of the original building, and despite the fire department being summoned within minutes of the fire being noticed, it was already too late to save the structure. Even as the fire raged through the upper portions of the building, efforts were made by citizens and state employees to rescue what was possible before everyone was ordered out of the building mid-morning. It was later determined to likely have originated in a pile of oily rags in a janitor's closet on the top floor of the main part of the building, as work had been underway to clean and varnish the legislators' desks in preparation for the upcoming legislative session. North Dakota Secretary of State Robert Byrne saved the original copy of the state's constitution, but suffered cuts and burns on his hands while breaking a window to reach the document. Another state employee, Jennie Ulsrud, burned her hands when she attempted to save records in the state treasurer's office. Governor George F. Shafer came back from his visit to St. Paul, Minnesota while the fire was still burning. Upon arrival, he immediately assembled a team of state legislators and officials to discuss plans for coping with the loss of records and work space. As soon as it was safe to enter the interior of the still smoldering building, 40 state prison inmates were used to salvage the various departments' vaults and other items from the ruins (some vaults were burned, but most were found to be intact when opened). The Legislature met temporarily in Bismarck's War Memorial Building and the City Auditorium, an annex being constructed to link the two. State offices were spread out across all available space across town, including an entire floor of the Patterson Hotel downtown. Such was the need for space that the unburned lower floors of the original capitol's 1903 wing were even repaired and returned to use.

The disaster required the construction of a new building during the Great Depression. The tower and wing were built between 1931 and 1934, at a cost of $2 million. Governor George F. Shafer broke ground for the building on August 13, 1932. Workers on the building were paid only 30 cents an hour and, after multiple worker strikes, the capitol grounds were administered by martial law in June 1933. The state sold half of the original capitol campus to defray the cost of construction.  Artist Edgar Miller was brought in to do much of the interior design and decoration as well as the bas-relief sculptures on the facade which depict the human history of North Dakota.

The new 19-story capitol was expected to provide ample space for years to come, however it quickly filled as the state government expanded. The Liberty Memorial Building, completed in 1924, was able to house some of the additional workers, but more space was needed by 1955 when construction began for the State Office Building. The building originally housed the Bismarck Junior College, but the Legislature purchased it in 1959. The 1960s was a period of rapid development of the grounds. In 1960, the new governor's residence replaced the old residence which was deteriorating. In 1980, expanding State Historical Society of North Dakota moved into the new North Dakota Heritage Center and in 1968, the North Dakota Department of Transportation occupied the building designed to provide it more office space. The Transportation Building is the last constructed on the campus to date, although a Judicial Wing was added onto the base of the capitol tower between 1977 and 1981. While the space needed by state government has increased since the original construction of the Capitol in the 1930s, the state's population has decreased.

Layout
The state capitol grounds has six buildings: the capitol building, the Department of Transportation Building, the North Dakota Heritage Center, the Liberty Memorial Building, the governor's residence, and the State Office Building. Additionally, the campus holds Myron Atkinson Park and the Capitol Park. Through the center of the grounds is the Capitol Mall, a large open field of grass with walking paths lined by American Elm trees. The Mall was the site of the state's snow angel world record breaking in 2007, with 8,962 people sprawled out on the snow-covered mall; a picture was taken from the top of the Capitol tower.

Buildings

State Capitol
The capitol building is a  tall, 21-story, Art Deco, high rise designed by North Dakota architects Joseph Bell DeRemer of Grand Forks and William F. Kurke of Fargo in conjunction with the noted Chicago firm of Holabird and Root, It is the tallest building in North Dakota and is known as the Skyscraper on the Prairie. This tower houses the office of the governor and the offices of multiple state agencies and departments. At the tower's base, in the west wing, the two chambers of the legislature meet when in session while the state supreme court meets in the east wing. The 18th floor of the Capitol is an observation deck with the highest vantage point in the state.

The south side of the Capitol building features a drive-through tunnel which leads to an entrance to the building. This was accessible by public vehicles until 2001 when it was closed due to security measures after the September 11, 2001, attacks. Today, only pedestrians are able to enter the tunnel. In 1988, U.S. President George H. W. Bush presented and dedicated an American Elm tree near the Capitol steps in commemoration of the state's Centennial of 1989.

The many windows on the capitol building's tower are used for several ongoing traditions. During the Christmas season, red and green shades are drawn over the windows and lights are turned on in certain offices to make a pattern that resembles a Christmas tree. During the New Year's Eve, office lights are turned on to spell out the new year; the first two numbers of the new year are given on the top half, and the last two numbers on the bottom. This tradition began during the 1970s, and is now done on all four sides of the building; the Christmas tree tradition began as early as the 1940s.

Tours of the capitol building are available on weekdays. Weekend tours are available Memorial Day through Labor Day. Tours include stops throughout both the building's legislative and judicial wings as well as an elevator ride to the top of the tower.

Judicial Wing

The judicial wing serves as a hub for the state supreme court and its support staff, as well as office space for state agencies like the Department of Health and the Department of Human Resources. The design for the building began in May 1977, construction began in April 1979 and it was finished completely and occupied by 1981. The size of the Judicial Wing is  and was built at a cost of $10.5 million. The dedication for the addition was held on November 15, 1981, with both Governor Allen Olson and former Governor Arthur A. Link present at the ceremony. Included in the wing is the Capitol lunchroom, which serves food to state employees and even the general public on weekdays.

Prior to the 2017 Legislative Assembly, two new committee rooms were added in the Judicial Wing (in a space vacated by the Information Technology Department).  These rooms are used by various legislative committees when the Assembly is in session, and by the Judicial branch when the Legislature is not meeting.

Liberty Memorial Building
The Liberty Memorial Building is home to the State Library, as well as offices for the North Dakota Parks & Recreation Department. The building's construction was authorized by the state's legislature in 1919 in response to an increase of governmental departments and the project was finished by 1924 with a cost of $350,000. The building originally housed the State Historical Society Museum, the Adjutant General, the State Library Commission, and the supreme court until the State Library occupied it. The building is the oldest facility still on the capitol grounds and was renovated in 1982 to conform with modern building codes.

Department of Transportation building

The North Dakota Department of Transportation Building is home to the central office of the state's transportation department, as well as small divisions of other agencies. The building was completed in 1968 with materials that harmonize visually with the earlier structures. Before it was consolidated in this building, the Department of Transportation, known then as the State Highway Department, occupied several buildings around the campus including the State Office Building and the capitol. The building contains  of space and is just to the east of the capitol tower. While above ground the building is separated from the tower, it is connected to the Judicial Wing by a tunnel accessible only to state employees.

North Dakota Heritage Center

The North Dakota Heritage Center building is home to the Heritage Center museum which stores and displays artifacts from around the state. The building also is home to office space for the North Dakota State Historical Society which operates the museum. Planning for the building began as early as 1963 and upon completion of the structure in 1981, the State Historical Society moved from the Liberty Memorial Building into its new Heritage Center quarters. The facility consists of  and provides exhibit areas as well as storage, meeting rooms, and offices.

In 2006, state officials revealed a massive expansion plan for the center. The construction cost approximately $50 million and nearly doubled the size of the complex adding three large galleries to the east of the existing structure, as well as a new main entry fronting State Street. The building consisted of  and the expansion added . Funding for the project consisted of twenty percent private, twenty percent federal, and sixty percent state. In addition to the new gallery area, the expansion includes a 50-seat digital auditorium, climate-controlled storage areas, a café, a children's gallery, expanded visitors service and store, and the Corridor of History, a -wide walkway spanning the length of the expansion with a glazed southern exposure on one side and digital murals on the other.

State Office Building
The State Office Building, on the complex's southeast corner, contains the Water Commission, in addition to several divisions of the office of the Attorney General: the Civil Litigation Division and the Natural Resources and Indian Affairs attorneys. Built in 1955, the structure housed the Bismarck Junior College until 1961 when the legislature authorized its purchase. Since then, it has been home for various state agencies. During the 1991-1993 biennium, the building underwent massive renovation and was re-faced with an exterior that blended more harmoniously with the complex's other buildings. At , the building is the smallest of the those housing offices.

North Dakota Governor's Residence

Prior to 1960, North Dakota's First Family lived in a house off the capitol grounds. In 1960, the state constructed a residence near 4th Street on the west side of the campus to replace the outdated residence. After an extensive remodeling effort managed by then-first-lady Nancy Schafer in 2000, the residence had more than  of floor space and eighteen rooms. In 2015, the legislature authorized a new residence adjacent to the current facility that would address security and accessibility issues. The state offered the structure to anyone who would relocate it, but received no bids, so it was demolished. The new structure had an anticipated cost of $5 million with a requirement $1 million be raised by private donations. The governor's family occupied the new residence in March 2018.

Outdoor facilities

Parks
Two parks, the Myron Atkinson Park and the Capitol Park occupy space on the capitol grounds. The Myron Atkinson Park, named after the Bismarck attorney Myron Atkinson, is east of State Street. Pedestrians can access the park via a tunnel. The Capitol Park is at the northwest corner of the grounds at the intersection of 4th Street and Divide Avenue and includes a playground with trees and shrubs planted by the Farwest Rotary Club.

Arboretum Trail
The Arboretum Trail is a walking trail winding through a wooded area on the west side of the grounds. Walkers pass 60-million-year-old petrified tree stumps from the Amidon, North Dakota, area, as well as 75 different species of trees and shrubs which are labeled with ground plaques. Various statues and memorials are also on the trail. The trail was created in 1985 in anticipation of the state's centennial and as an opportunity for state employees and the public to exercise while learning about various trees and the history of the buildings on the grounds. Many area schools take their students to the trail for nature walks and students have used the various trees for leaf collections. This damaged some of the trees, so signs that forbid leaf picking were posted.

Prairie Trail
The Prairie Trail runs north of the Capitol's Judicial Wing, taking pedestrians into an area filled with examples of grasses and wild flowers which are typical of native prairie. In 2006, the trail was expanded to take walkers from the corner of State Street and Divide Avenue south into the main grounds area. The original trail was dedicated with a plaque in 1987 and the wild grassland surrounding the trail was registered as a state Natural Area by the Parks and Recreation Department.

Statues and other features

Statues
Several statues are on the grounds, depicting Sakakawea (1910), a pioneer family (1946), John Burke (1963), buffalo (1986), pioneers of the future (1989), and Cortes the horse (1994).

Memorials
The grounds have memorials to members of the armed forces from North Dakota who died in the state's first century, police officers who died in the line of duty, and Purple Heart recipients. The "French Gratitude Box Car," which transported troops in both world wars is also on the grounds, as well as the bowplate of the USS North Dakota.

Fossils
60-million year old fossilized Metasequoia trees from Amidon, North Dakota were installed on the grounds in 1988.

Former landmarks
A Mandan earth lodge was once located on the grounds, but it was removed from the grounds due to decay, and a cabin belonging to Teddy Roosevelt was moved to Medora, North Dakota.

See also
List of tallest buildings by U.S. state
List of state and territorial capitols in the United States

Notes

External links

North Dakota State Capitol history
Virtual tours of North Dakota State Capitol and grounds
Tour information
Map of the North Dakota State Capitol

Government buildings in North Dakota
Capitol
State capitols in the United States
Art Deco architecture in North Dakota
Joseph Bell DeRemer buildings
Skyscrapers in North Dakota
History museums in North Dakota
Museums in Bismarck, North Dakota
Skyscraper office buildings in North Dakota
Government buildings completed in 1932
1932 establishments in North Dakota

North Dakota State Capitol


Alden Tavern Site is a historic site in Lebanon, Connecticut. The tavern was originally built in 1738 and owned by Captain Alden. By 1850, it had passed to Alden's descendant, Mr. Wattles. The Alden Tavern is well known for being the site of the horsewhipping of a captive General Richard Prescott, commander of the British troops of Rhode Island, by the tavern's owner Captain Alden when he dined at Alden's tavern. The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 and listed under the "Event" and "Information Potential" criteria. It was listed as only having fieldstone foundations remaining. A parking lot was paved over the site in 2010, adding 26 paved spaces and 70 spaces in overflow parking on a grass field. It is now known as the Alden Tavern Parking Lot by the town of Lebanon.

Owners
In the American Revolutionary War the tavern was run by Captain Alden. Around 1850, it was owned by Mr. Wattles, a descendant of Captain Alden. The tavern's last owner or date of destruction is unknown, but it was part of the town green by the 1903 publication of Butterworth's book, Brother Jonathan.

Historical significance
The Alden Tavern is well known for being the site of the horsewhipping of a captive General Richard Prescott, commander of the British troops of Rhode Island, by the tavern's owner Captain Alden. Several days after Prescott's capture, he was escorted to General George Washington's headquarters, but on the trip came to dine at Alden's tavern. Several books detail different accounts and portrayals of the exchanges which led to Prescott's whipping, all involving the Prescott being served "the common dish of corn and beans" and throwing the food on the floor. Three of Benson Lossing's books recount this tale, in The Pictorial Field-Book of the Revolution Volume 1 (1852), Our Countrymen (1855) and Lives of Celebrated Americans: Comprising Biographies of Three Hundred and Forty Eminent Persons (1869). It also appears in similar wording in The Boys of '76: A History of the Battles of the Revolution by Charles Coffin in 1876, with Prescott's line being: "Do you give me the pigs' feed". The story has persisted and a fictional account was referenced in 2010 in Martha Finley's Elsie Yachting with the Raymonds.

Fate
The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 13, 1998, and it was noted that fieldstone foundations remained. It was listed under the "Event" and "Information Potential" criteria with a period of significance between 1700-1874. The property is also listed as a contributing property for the Lebanon Green Historic District. The Alden Tavern site is now a parking lot on town-owned property adjacent to Lebanon's Community Center. Prior to the project, a phase 2 archaeological survey had to be completed, a notice for this survey was published in 2003. The town received a Small Town Economic Assistance Program grant for $250,000 to construct the parking lot. Coit Excavating won the contract with the lowest bid of $193,000 and began construction in April 2010 and was expected to be completed by May 31, 2010. The paved parking lot has 26 spots with 70 more for overflow in a grass field. On December 6, 2011, the Selectmen's Meeting the Board dissolved the committee because the project was successfully completed. It is now known as the Alden Tavern Parking Lot.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in New London County, Connecticut

References

Drinking establishments on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in New London County, Connecticut
Drinking establishments in Connecticut
Lebanon, Connecticut
1738 establishments in Connecticut
Taverns in the American Revolution
Historic district contributing properties in Connecticut

Alden Tavern Site


Maplelawn is an historic house and former estate located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The house was built between 1831 and 1834 as the centre of a farming estate by the Thomson family. In 1877 the Cole family bought the estate and lived there until 1989. The house is now owned by the National Capital Commission and it is a designated national historic site. It is particularly noted for the well preserved and rare walled garden next to the house, The Maplelawn Garden. Since 1999 the Maplelawn has been the location of the Keg Manor restaurant. Today the house is located in Westboro at 529 Richmond Road.

The architecture of the house reflects a taste for British classicism, but some elements, such as the windows, are in a more local style that was favoured in Quebec and the Ottawa Valley. The walled garden is a very rare feature for a Canadian farming estate. Although highly prized in Europe, they were never widespread in Canada. It was intended to be both ornamental and useful.

History
Around 1818, William Thomson, a gentleman of Scottish origin, retired from the British army and settled the  farm on the road leading from Bytown to the village of Richmond. Thomson and his sons focused on the farming operations of their estate, but also invested peripherally in the lumber trade.

In 1877, the Thomsons sold the farm to the Thomas Cole, who had made a fortune in the lumber industry. The Cole family and their descendants retained possession of the house until the death of Frances Rochester, the granddaughter of Thomas Cole in 1989. Frances and her husband, Lloyd Rochester, lived at Maplelawn and raised their children there (the Rochesters were another old Ottawa family). The most important renovation was conducted in 1936, when the original summer kitchen and field hands' dormitory was replaced by a stone addition to the house at the rear. Meanwhile, the garden was redesigned by a horticulturalist from the Central Experimental Farm. The Federal District Commission, the forerunner of the NCC, had bought the house in the 1950s to ensure its preservation.

The property was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1989.

For some years, the house remained empty, and the garden began to deteriorate, but in 1993, the Friends of Maplelawn Garden, a volunteer group, began to work on the garden. The NCC renovated the building. Shortly thereafter, Peter Fallis leased the property and conducted a massive renovation, both internally and externally. Fallis invested greatly in transforming the interior of the building from a single-family residence, with servant's quarters, into a beautiful restaurant.

The new restaurant converted the 1933 addition at the back of the building into a bar and sitting (waiting) area for guests. The bar had an impressive bar wood and a large fireplace that welcomed visitors to warm themselves in the winter and housed bouquets constructed from donations from the walled garden (The Friends of Maplelawn) in the warmer months. The western side of the addition housed French doors that led to a large flagstone patio and outdoor reception area. The patios and reception areas were extensively renovated by a landscape architect, who, with the help of theiteam, did an outstanding job.

In the front of the house, on the main floor, there were two dining rooms, both with fireplaces, that shared an elegant design that ran throughout the remainder of the house. All of the dining rooms had some two-person tables and those that could convert from square four-person tables to six-person round tables, which was quite a unique design at the time. All of the tables had Chippendale chairs (a variety were purchased both with and without arms and all with beautiful fabric seats).

There is an impressive main entrance at the front of the house, but it was not used during the operation of the restaurant. The main entrance was situated to the rear of the building off of the newly constructed parking lot. There were sparkling beautiful chandeliers in each room and in the hallways as well. In addition, a local artisan produced wall sconces that provided additional lighting to all of the dining rooms on both levels of the restaurant. All of the rooms in the house had deep-set (because of the thick stone walls) casement windows. They have been outstanding, and their sills offered great locations for floral arrangements and candlelight in all of the dining areas and the bar. For access the upper dining areas, there was a main, curving staircase. The staircase had an amazing ornate mural (painted by Peter Langlois and Dana Wardrop http://www.applieddesigns.ca/about.htm) painted on the curved wall that led visitors to the equally stunning second storey.

The second level housed two dining rooms (one large and one small) as well as a unique, one-person washroom. This bathroom also had murals painted on its walls, but the focal point of the room was the original bathtub that was being used as a planter. There were several tropical and flowering plants in the bathtub (which was filled with earth) to the point that being in the washroom made feel as in a garden oasis, which was somewhat of an homage to the walled Victorian garden.

Also unique to the restaurant was that the kitchen was created on the second level of the house. The kitchen was fantastic to work in as it had rows of windows that allowed sunlight to fill the kitchen making for a very cheery work environment. Initially, the hope was to send the food down to the main level on an automated dumbwaiter that landed in the bar area. Unfortunately, the idea proved to be less efficient than expected and the device that was designed and built at great cost was never used for that purpose. The restaurant reverted to using person-power to run the food down the stairs on large oval trays.

Unfortunately, the Maplelawn Cafe did not survive long enough to allow it to become the outstanding restaurant that it should have been. Instead, several setbacks (including the 1998 ice storm that affected all of Eastern Ontario and Western Quebec), forced the restaurant into bankruptcy. The NCC benefitted greatly from the leasehold improvements made to the house by Peter Fallis. The conversion of the property from a residence to a restaurant allowed them to lease it to another restaurant that needed to do very little in the way of improvements. In the late 1990s, a couple of different businessmen took over the lease and created a franchise of The Keg restaurant, to be called the "Keg Manor" in the house.

See also
 List of designated heritage properties in Ottawa

References

Sources

Maitland, Leslie and Louis Taylor. Historical Sketches of Ottawa. Peterborough, Broadview Press, 1990.

Friends of Maplelawn Garden

Houses in Ottawa
Estate gardens in Canada
National Historic Sites in Ontario
Designated heritage properties in Ottawa
Classified Federal Heritage Building

Maplelawn


Bart Willoughby is an Aboriginal Australian musician, noted for his pioneering fusion of reggae with Indigenous Australian musical influences, and for his contribution to growth of Indigenous music in Australia.

Early life and education
A Pitjantjatjara man of the Mirning dreaming, his totem is the whale. He is Kokatha through his father and Mirning through his mother. He grew up at Koonibba Aboriginal Mission near Ceduna on the South Australian edge of the Nullarbor Plain on the Great Australian Bight.

At 14 years of age, after spending some time in a boys' facility, Willoughby found his way to the Centre for Aboriginal Studies in Music at the University of Adelaide, where he was introduced to music, including drumming, singing, and guitar playing.

Career

Bands
Willoughby's musical career commenced in 1978, and in this period he developed as a distinctive Indigenous Australian musician notable for his pioneering fusion of reggae music with Indigenous Australian influences. He formed his first band, also Australia's first Indigenous rock band, No Fixed Address, in 1978, though he also played with Jimmy Chi's newly formed band Kuckles throughout 1978 and 1979.

In 1979, No Fixed Address played its first large concert at the National Aboriginal Day event held in Taperoo, South Australia, and over the years has played at numerous concerts for Aboriginal causes, including Rock Against Racism, The Artists Newsletter Association, the Campaign Against Racial Exploitation and the National Aboriginal Country Music Festival.

At the end of 1981, No Fixed Address were the support band for Ian Dury and the Blockheads on their one and only Australia tour.

In 1982, Willoughby and his band toured Australia in support of Peter Tosh, and a documentary of this tour was screened by SBS TV entitled Peter Tosh in Concert, featuring Willoughby and No Fixed Address. During 1982, Willoughby also played drums with Shane Howard and Goanna. After the success of the Peter Tosh tour, Willoughby and his band became the first Aboriginal band to travel overseas, becoming cultural ambassadors for their people while touring Great Britain in 1984, playing at nine cities including London, Bristol, Leeds, Plymouth and Manchester. They played at "The Elephant Fayre" rock festival and appeared at a concert for striking miners. A documentary of this tour No Fixed Address in London was produced and screened on SBS TV.

Returning to Australia, Willoughby joined his cousin Bunna Lawrie, and his band Coloured Stone, founded in 1977. He played drums for them between 1985 and 1986, including on their Scottish tour where they appeared with k.d. lang at the 1986 Edinburgh Festival. Coloured Stone then returned to Australia, where Coloured Stone were awarded Best Indigenous Album at the 1986 Australian Music Awards for their debut album Human Love.

Willoughby reformed No Fixed Address in 1987, and in 1988, the band performed at the East Berlin FEstival of Political Song and toured Eastern Europe, where Willoughby made his wry comment about "being hungry in Hungary".

Late in 1988, Willoughby was asked to join Yothu Yindi as drummer, supporting Midnight Oil on their US and Canada Diesel & Dust tour. In 1989, Willoughby left Yothu Yindi to form a new band Mixed Relations. From its inception, Mixed Relations toured extensively throughout the Aboriginal communities, Australian cities, Pacific Islands, New Zealand and Hawaii, and was chosen as the closing act for the 1989 inaugural Invasion (aka Survival) Day Concerts at La Perouse, Sydney and then every Invasion Day concert until its final date at La Perouse in 1994.

Following work in Alice Springs, Northern Territory and Surfers Paradise, Queensland on the film Until the end of the World, Willoughby was invited to tour Australia with Shane Howard and The Big Heart Band before returning to his work with Mixed Relations, opening the inaugural 1991 Stompen' Ground Concert in Broome, Western Australia and representing Australia at the 1990 and 1992 South Pacific Music Festival and the 1990 and 1992 Asian Music Festival. All of these festivals have been documented by ABC Television and SBS TV and screened by these stations in the year that the festivals were held and have had repeat screenings over the years.

In 1993, International Year of Indigenous People, Willoughby and Mixed Relations were invited to attend the Los Angeles Indigenous Arts Festival, the London Indigenous Festival, England and the Wanchai Music Festival, Hong Kong.

Film and television

In 1980, Willoughby starred with another indigenous band Us Mob in non-indigenous director Ned Lander's movie about Aboriginal musicians Wrong Side of the Road. This film was a semi-biographical drama concerning the racism levelled against Aboriginal musicians trying to get gigs in country pubs and won the Australian Film Commission-funded Australian Film Institute's (AFI) 1981 Jury Award for its director Lander.

Interestingly it has been reported that during the 13 years that ABC Countdown ran from 1974 Bart Willoughby did not appear on the popular national TV show in spite of written requests to Molly Meldrum which remained unanswered.

After his 1988 European tour, Willoughby directed, composed and recorded the music track using his band for Always Was - Always Will Be, produced, directed and written by Indigenous filmmaker Madelaine McGrady and screened on SBS TV in the same year.

In 1989, Into the Mainstream (1989) directed by Ned Lander and covering the 1988 Yothu Yindi Diesel & Dust Tour screened on SBS-TV and also screened internationally through its distributor Ronin Films.

In 1990, Willoughby was cast as "Ned the Computer Expert" in German director Wim Wenders' Until the end of the World starring William Hurt, Sam Neill and Indigenous actor Ernie Dingo as well as Aboriginal icons actor David Gulpilil and Aboriginal Australia's first gold record singer and Yorta Yorta elder, Jimmy Little.

In 1992, Willoughby was invited by Australia's first Indigenous feature film director Brian Syron to become the first Aboriginal to compose, play and direct the music track of a feature film Jindalee Lady.  The film was invited to the International First Nations Art and Film Festival, "Dreamspeakers", in Edmonton, Canada in 1992 where it was acknowledge as the first feature film to be directed by a First Nation's director, Syron, and to have a music track composed and directed by a First Nations composer, Willoughby.

Following this festival, both Syron and Willoughby were invited to attend the 1992 Hawaii International Film Festival where Jindalee Lady was nominated for the East West Award - Best Feature Film and in 1993 Jindalee Lady was then invited to screen at the Tinker Theatre, Woodstock, New York as part of the Woodstock Tribute to the International Year of Indigenous People.

In 1994, Willoughby with his eldest son Woonun Willoughby appeared in the docudrama La Perouse for the Museum of Sydney & Historic Houses Trust of New South Wales directed by Michael Riley and narrated by Justine Saunders AM.

Willoughby has made many appearances on ABC Television, Channel 9, SBS TV, Channel 10 and Channel 7.

Teaching

During 1995 Willoughby took time out to work with his Pitjantjantjara community as Music Instructor to secondary school students at Yalata Anangu School, Yalata, South Australia where he taught drums, guitar and songwriting.

Awards

Willoughby received the inaugural Indigenous Music Award at the 1993 Australian Music Awards for his Outstanding Contribution to Indigenous Music in Australia. The award was presented by Will Smith and screened on Channel 10.  Sol Bellear, Commissioner of the Aboriginal Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC – Acting) in presenting the award to Willoughby said : "Indigenous music has certainly come a long way in recent times. From 10 years ago out back of Australia, in outback hotels to internationally through Yothu Yindi, through Kev Carmody, through Archie Roach and many, many more. Let me tell you that the recipient of this very first Indigenous trophy has stood out clearly as an innovator for those people. He notched up a list of firsts that paved the way for a lot of Indigenous artists. He was the first to perform on Countdown, his was the first Aboriginal band to make a documentary, the first Aboriginal band to sign a record deal and the first, the very first, to tour overseas and Willoughby was the first, the very first to score, play and direct the music track of a feature film itself the first to be directed by an indigenous director. Bart's contribution to Aboriginal music in Australia is prodigious in book, film and record."  Bellear, Channel 10,

In 1997 Willoughby was selected and represented at Nygaramang Bayumi an exhibition about Indigenous Australian music and Dance at the Powerhouse Museum, Darling Harbour, Sydney.

He was nominated for Best Indigenous Album at the 1998 APRA Music Awards for Pathways

In 2004, 2005, 2006 he was nominated for the Jimmy Little Lifetime Achievement Award at the Indigenous Deadly's for his contribution to Indigenous music in Australia.  Bart Willoughby is regarded as one of Australia's leading Aboriginal rock composers and performers and is widely known, loved and respected by Aboriginals for his work which includes Aboriginal classics such as "We Have Survived", "Aboriginal Woman" and "My Father is an Aboriginal Man".

2023 - Bart Willoughby was awarded a medal (OAM) of the Order of Australia in the General Division, for service to the performing arts, particularly through music.

Won
1986 Australian Music Award for Best Indigenous Album – Coloured Stone - "Human Love".
1993 Indigenous Music Award, Cola-Cola Australian Music Awards, for Outstanding Contribution to Indigenous Music in Australia.

Nominated
1998 APRA (Australian Performing Rights Association) Best Indigenous Album for Pathways.
2004, 2005, 2006The Deadly's - Jimmy Little Lifetime Achievement Award for Willoughby's contribution to Indigenous music in Australia.
2013 Melbourne Music Prize

Discography

Film soundtracks
Special Treatment - Locking up Aboriginal Children, Dir. Margaret Smith, Music Bart Willoughby – documentary
Always Was, Always Will Be, Producer Australian Broadcasting Commission ABC-TV, Music Bart Willoughby – documentary
Jindalee Lady (1992) Dir. Brian Syron, Music Bart Willoughby – feature film

Records / cassettes / CDs
Wrong Side of the Road, film sound track, EMI
Rock Against Racism, Vol. 1, Sound track from concert – ABC Records
National Aboriginal Music Festival, Soundtrack from concert – ABC Records
Stompem' Ground ABC Records
From My Eyes EMI
Take It or Leave It, Polygram
Aboriginal Woman. Polygram
Love', Polygram
Jindalee Lady, Donobri International
Pathways'' Polygram
Proud
We Still Live On
Resonance

References

Bibliography
Media Ethics, An Aboriginal Film and the Australian Film Commission, Thomas G. Donovan / Brody T. Lorraine,
Kicking Down the Doors, A History of Indigenous Filmmakers from 1968–1993, Brian Syron / briann kearney,
Our Place, Our Music, ed. Marcus Breen,
Bart Willoughby, Woonun Willoughby / Researchers briann kearney, Selwyn Burns  (2012)

External links
VIBE Australia biography

1960 births
Living people
Indigenous Australian musicians
Pitjantjatjara people
Musicians from South Australia
Reggae rock musicians

Bart Willoughby


The Weather Network (TWN) is an English language weather information specialty channel. It delivers weather information on television, the Internet and TV apps. The Weather Network is shown in Canada, the United States of America (USA) and the United Kingdom (UK).

The Weather Network was licensed by Canadian-Radio television and Telecommunications Commission on December 1, 1987. It began broadcasting on September 1, 1988 (six years after the United States' Weather Channel). The name then was WeatherNow. The channel gained its present name on May 1, 1989.

The Weather Network's news department won the first annual Adrienne Clarkson Diversity Award for network television. This award is given under the Radio and Television News Director's Association for the best news reports on a subject of cultural diversity. The Weather Network later won for its 2006 two-part series on weather and black history, with an exemplary practice of inclusion and equity.

References

1988 establishments in Canada
Companies based in Mississauga
Canadian television channels

The Weather Network


Birkat haMazon (Blessing of the Meal) is known in English as the Grace/Blessing after a Meal.

A "Meal" is defined as a meal which began with the breaking of bread. Without bread, the meal is seen as just a "snack", and the formula for this Grace is not said.

The traditional Grace consists of 4 Talmudic blessings followed by a collection of later medieval petitions/requests (and the number and contents differ between the various Ashkenazi, Sefardi and Mizrachi forms of the Birkat haMazon).

The Four Talmudic blessings are

 Blessing God for providing food
 Blessing God for the land and the food which is grown on it (and the land referred to here is understood to be the land of Israel).
 Blessing God for Jerusalem (ancient capital of the land of Israel), home of the Temple
 Blessing God for His Goodness

There are also additions for special occasions (the sabbath, festivals etc. - and for such matters as circumcisions, weddings and funerals).

References

 Text of the Birkat Hamazon (Ashkenazi formula, Hebrew/English)

Jewish culture

Birkat Hamazon


Masters of the High Court are judges authorised by the Fijian Constitution to  sit on the High Court.  Unlike the more senior puisne judges, who sit on both the High Court and the Court of Appeal, Masters of the High Court sit only on the High Court. The Master of the High Court's power is prescribed by the High Court Act and Order 59 of the Fijian High Court Rules 1988.

The first Master of the High Court of Fiji was Janmai Jay Udit. He was appointed in 2005. His appointment was revoked on abrogation of the 1997 constitution on 10 April 2009, together with all other judges and magistrates.

See also
 Constitution of Fiji: Chapter 9 (detailing the composition and role of the judiciary)

Judiciary of Fiji

Master of the High Court of Fiji


Leonardo Sandri (born 18 November 1943) is an Argentine prelate of the Catholic Church who has been a cardinal since November 2007 and vice dean of the College of Cardinals since January 2020. He was prefect of the Congregation for the Eastern Churches from 2007 to 2022. He served in the diplomatic service of the Holy See from 1974 to 1991 in several overseas assignments, including as permanent observer of the Holy See before the Organization of American States from 1989 to 1991, and in Rome as Substitute for General Affairs in the Secretariat of State from 1999 to 2007.

Biography

Early life and career
Sandri was born in Buenos Aires to Antonio Enrico Sandri and Nella Righi, who had emigrated to Argentina from Ala, a village in Trentino in Italy. He studied humanities, philosophy and theology at the Metropolitan Seminary of Buenos Aires, and earned a Licentiate in Theology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina. On 2 December 1967 he was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop Juan Carlos Aramburu and became his secretary.

He also served as curate of Nuestra Señora del Carmen in Villa Urquiza until 1970. He then studied at the Pontifical Gregorian University, where he obtained a doctorate in canon law, and the Pontifical Latin American College. In 1971, he entered the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy, which trains papal diplomats.

Diplomat and curial official
In 1974, Sandri became an official of the Apostolic Nunciature in Madagascar and Mauritius, which also serves as the Apostolic Delegation in the islands of Comoros and Réunion in the Indian Ocean. He then served in the Vatican Secretariat of State, as secretary of the Substitute for General Affairs, including future cardinals Eduardo Martinez Somalo and Edward Cassidy from 1977 to 1989; and in the Apostolic Nunciature in the United States as permanent observer of the Holy See before the Organization of American States, from 1989 to 1991.

He became regent of the Prefecture of the Pontifical Household on 22 August 1991 and assessor of the Section for General Affairs in the Secretariat of State on 2 April 1992.

On 22 July 1997, Sandri was appointed Apostolic Nuncio to Venezuela and Titular Archbishop of Aemona by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 11 October from Cardinal Angelo Sodano, with Cardinal Aramburu and Archbishop Giovanni Battista Re serving as co-consecrators, at St. Peter's Basilica. He selected as his episcopal motto: "Ille Fidelis", meaning, "He (Christ) remains faithful" (). He was the first Argentinian to hold the title of Apostolic Nuncio. After two years in Venezuela, he was named Apostolic Nuncio to Mexico on 1 March 2000. During his brief tenure there he was tasked with restraining the Mexican bishops from intervening in political affairs.

On 16 September 2000, he was named Substitute for General Affairs, a key position within the Roman Curia, serving essentially as the chief of staff of the Secretariat of State.

As Pope John Paul's health declined, Sandri would read aloud the texts that the Pope could not deliver himself. On the evening of 2 April 2005 he announced the Pope's death from Saint Peter's Square, saying "We all feel like orphans this evening."

Theodore McCarrick controversy
On 11 October 2006, while still serving in his sensitive position in the Vatican Secretariat of State, Sandri sent a letter to Father Boniface Ramsey, a New York City pastor who was a seminary professor from 1986 to 1996. Sandri did not mention McCarrick, but referred to "the serious matters involving some of the students of the Immaculate Conception Seminary, which in November 2000 you were good enough to bring confidentially to the attention of the then Apostolic Nuncio in the United States, the late Archbishop Gabriel Montalvo." Ramsey's 2000 letter was about complaints of sexual abuse of seminarians on the part of Cardinal Theodore McCarrick when he was Archbishop of Newark (1986–2000). Ramsey made Sandri's letter public on 7 September 2018 to document that his letter to Montalvo had reached Rome and that the highest levels of the Vatican have long been aware of his charges against McCarrick. By then McCarrick had resigned from the College of Cardinals, but he still faced a Church trial. In February 2019, the same month McCarrick was laicized by the Vatican, an image of Sandri's 2006 letter was published by the media; it accompanied a Commonweal article that Ramsey wrote. On 5 February 2020, journalist Thomas J. Reese cited the Sandri-Ramsey correspondence in calling for a full review of the Secretariat's files as part of the Vatican investigation into McCarrick and in order to determine who in the Vatican's highest levels knew what about the charges against McCarrick.

Congregation for the Oriental Churches
On 9 June 2007, Sandri was appointed prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches by Pope Benedict XVI. Succeeding Ignatius I Daoud, he headed the curial congregation that handles matters regarding the Eastern Catholic Churches and became the ex officio Grand Chancellor of the Pontifical Oriental Institute. Pope Francis confirmed that appointment on 19 February 2014.

Sandri visited the Holy Land in February 2008. In April 2009, he lamented the emigration of Christians from that region: "This lack of peace makes Christians emigrate and leave their land behind. So we're left with a purely geological, physical presence of Jesus, and not with the presence of those that grew with him and lived his faith, and that continue to follow him today like disciples of his very homeland." In 2014 he called for an end to the forced removal of Christians from Iraq and Syria, saying that more than 100,000 Christians had left their homes in Iraq and "now wander to the city of Erbil in impossible conditions".

One analysis of the delay in the canonization process for John Paul II pointed to, among other things, Sandri's apparent reluctance to testify in the effort.

In November 2014 the Vatican lifted its 1929 ban on the ordination of married men to the priesthood by Eastern Catholic churches outside their traditional territories, including in the United States, Canada and Australia. Sandri signed the decree on 14 June 2014.

Cardinal

Benedict XVI created him Cardinal-Deacon of San Carlo ai Catinari in the consistory of 24 November 2007. He delivered the message of thanksgiving to the pope on behalf of the new cardinals on that occasion.

In April 2008, Sandri said that although the regime of Saddam Hussein was dictatorial, it is undeniable that Iraqi clergy and laity felt more secure under his regime and that their liturgical life went on undisturbed.

He was mentioned in the press as papabile, a possible candidate for election to the papacy at the time of the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI in 2013.

Sandri is also a member of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue, Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts, Pontifical Commission for Latin America and Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State. On 2 March 2010 he was appointed a member of the Congregation for Bishops. On 31 May 2011 he was appointed a member of the Apostolic Signatura. On 12 June 2012 Cardinal Sandri was appointed a member of the Congregation for Catholic Education.

Sandri, as Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches, was named by Pope Benedict XVI as one of four co-presidents of the Special Synod of Bishops for the Middle East held at the Vatican in October 2010. He speaks English, French, German, Italian and Spanish.

In June 2005 Archbishop Sandri was awarded Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic.

He opted for the order of Cardinal Priests on 19 May 2018. Pope Francis raised him to the rank of Cardinal Bishop effective 28 June 2018. On 24 January 2020, Pope Francis approved his election as Vice Dean of the College of Cardinals by the nine Latin-rite cardinal-bishops. With that title, as the highest-ranking cardinal eligible to participate in a conclave, he would preside over any conclave held before his 80th birthday.

Pope Francis named Archbishop Claudio Gugerotti to succeed him as prefect on 21 November 2022.

References

External links

1943 births
Living people
21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Argentina
21st-century Roman Catholic titular archbishops
Apostolic Nuncios to Mexico
Argentine cardinals
Clergy from Buenos Aires
Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy alumni
Pontifical Gregorian University alumni
Members of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches
Members of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
Members of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
Members of the Congregation for Bishops
Members of the Apostolic Signatura
Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Argentine people of Italian descent
Members of the Congregation for Catholic Education
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Commanders of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
Apostolic Nuncios to Venezuela
Pontifical Oriental Institute alumni

Leonardo Sandri


The parachuting frog or pale-eyed parachuting tree frog (Litoria pterodactyla) is a frog from the island of New Guinea.  It is related to the Pinocchio frog and montane Pinocchio frog.

The frog uses its webbed toes to steer when it jumps out of trees, like a human in a parachute.  One of the scientists who saw the frog, Paul Oliver of the Queensland Museum, said, "It's a big green frog with lots of webbing on its toes. They live high in the forest canopy and if they want to move they will just jump into the air and they spread their fingers and toes, and then they can control their descent."

As of 2019, scientists only saw the parachuting frog once.  They found it in the Muller mountain range, 515 meters above sea level.  The scientists used DNA barcoding to examine the parachuting frog and its relatives, the Pinocchio frog and montane Pinocchio frog.

The Latin name of this frog, pterodactyla, means "wings on its fingers."

References

Frogs of Oceania

Parachuting frog


Sellotape () is a British brand of transparent, cellulose-based, pressure-sensitive tape, and is the leading brand in the United Kingdom. Sellotape is generally used for joining, sealing, attaching and mending.

In much the same way that Scotch Tape came to be used in Canada and the United States when referring to any brand of clear adhesive tape, Sellotape has become a genericised trademark in Britain and a number of other countries where it is sold.

Sellotape continued to be made in Borehamwood until the late 1960s/early 1970s.

History
Sellotape was originally manufactured in 1937 by Colin Kinninmonth and George Grey, in Acton, west London. The name was derived from cellophane, at that time a trademarked name, with the "C" changed to "S" so the new name could be trademarked.

Sellotape was made at a factory in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, from 1930 to about 1950 when it moved to Welwyn Garden City or thereabouts. One of the factory designers was E.F. Peat, an architect working for E.S. & A. Robinson of Redcliffe Street in Bristol, who was ultimately given the job of factory manager. The range of tapes available in the 1950s and 1960s was immense compared with what is available now on the retail market, including RBT (reinforced banding tape), metallic tapes and a tape used for repairing PCBs; E.S. & A. Robinson were originally a packaging and paper products manufacturing company.

In the 1960s, a small group of Wallington based chemists led by a man named Alan Robinson undertook a development of the stickiness in this product, and from the 1960s to 1980s, the Sellotape company was part of Dickinson Robinson Group, a British packaging and paper conglomerate.

Sellotape Industrial was bought by Scapa Group plc in 1997, and their products continue to be manufactured at its factory in Dunstable.

The Sellotape company was bought by Henkel Consumer Adhesives in 2002.

Products
The Sellotape brand now covers a variety of tape products, and the word is frequently used to refer to other adhesive tapes in many countries due to its market exposure. As an example of a genericized trademark, it gained an entry in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1980.

Use
The tape can be used to repair tears in paper, or to attach pieces of paper or cardboard together for modelling.  On fragile paper surfaces the tape can only be used once, as removing it will either tear the paper or remove the top layer of rough cardboard; on smooth painted surfaces it can generally be removed without leaving any trace, though sometimes the adhesive can remain on the surface after prolonged periods of time.  It does not affix items to such surfaces permanently.

See also
Adhesive tape
Duct Tape
Masking tape
Scotch Tape
 List of adhesive tapes

References

External links
 Official website

Adhesive tape
Office equipment
Henkel brands
British brands
British inventions
Manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Cheshire

es:Celo adhesivo

Sellotape


Devil Seed is the seventh studio album by Swedish heavy metal band Wolf, which was released on 25 August 2014 via Century Media Records.

Background
In March 2013, Metal Shock Finland posted a photo of guitarist and vocalist Niklas Stålvind, which shows him playing guitar and claimed that he is busy with writing for their upcoming album in the Viper Studio.

Later on May 8, 2014, the band tweeted a picture of drummer Richard Holmgren recording "smoking drums" and announced that they are in the process of recording bonus tracks.

Wolf premiered a lyric video for the track "My Demon" over at Metal Hammer's website on 6 June 2014.

The album's cover artwork was revealed on June 16, 2014, which was created again by Thomas Holm. The band teamed up with Jens Bogren at Fascination Street Studios. Century Media Records announced that the album will be released on August 25 in Europe and on September 2 in North America.

Wolf announced a UK and European touring schedule to promote the album, shortly after the release of Devil Seed.

On July 23, 2014, the band posted a video teaser for the 'Shark Attack' video on YouTube. Seven days later, on July 30, the video was premiered by Metal Hammer UK again.

Reception

The album has received mostly positive reviews, with critics praising it for speedy guitar riffs and darker themes. Chris Chantler of British Metal Hammer reviewed the album positively saying that Devil Seed is "a far more varied and rounded, and rather darker, album than usual." Bravewords 's Mark Gromen described album as " a sleek construction, devoid of frills, just killing technology. Simple, speedy, guitar driven anthems with easy-to-sing, repetitive choruses." Also Metal Shock Finland 's Mohsen Fayyazi reviewed this album, saying that the album is "absolutely a milestone in WOLF's career, a point made of knowledge, genius and bravery."

Track listing
* All Lyrics were written by Niklas Stålvind

Personnel
Band
 Niklas Stålvind – vocals, guitar
 Simon Johansson – guitar
 Anders G Modd – bass guitar
 Richard A Holmgren – drums

Production
 Produced, engineered, mixed and mastered by Jens Bogren
 Artwork by Thomas Holm

References

Century Media Records albums
2014 albums
Albums produced by Jens Bogren

Devil Seed


Rabbi Baruch Dov Povarsky (born August 17, 1931) is a Haredi rabbi who lives in Israel. He is the rosh yeshiva of the Ponevezh Yeshiva, which is located in the Israeli city of Bnei Brak.

Life story

Rabbi Povarsky was born in the city of Kletsk in the Second Polish Republic; his father was Rabbi Dovid Povarsky. When he was three months old, he and his family moved to the city of Baranavichy, which was in the same country; this was because his father was becoming a teacher in the yeshiva of Rabbi Elchonon Wasserman. When he was ten years old, his entire family moved to Mandatory Palestine (present-day Israel), where he attended several schools before joining the Ponovezh Yeshiva, the school where his father was appointed rosh yeshiva. At that point, Baruch Dov was still a student. In 1954, after he got married, he became a teacher in the yeshiva, and later he became the rosh yeshiva.

References

1931 births
Israeli rabbis
Living people

Baruch Dov Povarsky


In mathematical optimization, the cutting-plane method is any of a variety of optimization methods that iteratively refine a feasible set or objective function by means of linear inequalities, termed cuts.  Such procedures are commonly used to find integer solutions to mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problems, as well as to solve general, not necessarily differentiable convex optimization problems.  The use of cutting planes to solve MILP was introduced by Ralph E. Gomory.

Cutting plane methods for MILP work by solving a non-integer linear program, the linear relaxation of the given integer program. The theory of Linear Programming dictates that under mild assumptions (if the linear program has an optimal solution, and if the feasible region does not contain a line), one can always find an extreme point or a corner point that is optimal. The obtained optimum is tested for being an integer solution. If it is not, there is guaranteed to exist a linear inequality that separates the optimum from the convex hull of the true feasible set. Finding such an inequality is the separation problem, and such an inequality is a cut.  A cut can be added to the relaxed linear program. Then, the current non-integer solution is no longer feasible to the relaxation. This process is repeated until an optimal integer solution is found.

Cutting-plane methods for general convex continuous optimization and variants are known under various names: Kelley's method, Kelley–Cheney–Goldstein method, and bundle methods.  They are popularly used for non-differentiable convex minimization, where a convex objective function and its subgradient can be evaluated efficiently but usual gradient methods for differentiable optimization can not be used.  This situation is most typical for the concave maximization of Lagrangian dual functions.  Another common situation is the application of the Dantzig–Wolfe decomposition to a structured optimization problem in which formulations with an exponential number of variables are obtained.  Generating these variables on demand by means of delayed column generation is identical to performing a cutting plane on the respective dual problem.

History
Cutting planes were proposed by Ralph Gomory in the 1950s as a method for solving integer programming and mixed-integer programming problems. However, most experts, including Gomory himself, considered them to be impractical due to numerical instability, as well as ineffective because many rounds of cuts were needed to make progress towards the solution.  Things turned around when in the mid-1990s Gérard Cornuéjols and co-workers showed them to be very effective in combination with branch-and-bound (called branch-and-cut) and ways to overcome numerical instabilities.  Nowadays, all commercial MILP solvers use Gomory cuts in one way or another. Gomory cuts are very efficiently generated from a simplex tableau, whereas many other types of cuts are either expensive or even NP-hard to separate.  Among other general cuts for MILP, most notably lift-and-project dominates Gomory cuts.

Gomory's cut
Let an integer programming problem be formulated (in canonical form) as:

where A is a matrix and b , c is a vector. The vector x is unknown and is to be found in order to maximize the objective while respecting the linear constraints.

General idea
The method proceeds by first dropping the requirement that the xi be integers and solving the associated relaxed linear programming problem to obtain a basic feasible solution. Geometrically, this solution will be a vertex of the convex polytope consisting of all feasible points. If this vertex is not an integer point then the method finds a hyperplane with the vertex on one side and all feasible integer points on the other. This is then added as an additional linear constraint to exclude the vertex found, creating a modified linear program. The new program is then solved and the process is repeated until an integer solution is found.

Step 1: solving the relaxed linear program
Using the simplex method to solve a linear program produces a set of equations of the form

where xi is a basic variable and the xj'''s are the nonbasic variables (i.e. the basic solution which is an optimal solution to the relaxed linear program is  and ). We write coefficients  and  with a bar to denote the last tableau produced by the simplex method. These coefficients are different from the coefficients in the matrix A and the vector b.

 Step 2: Find a linear constraint
Consider now a non-basic variable  which is not an integer. Rewrite the above equation so that the integer parts are added on the left side and the fractional parts are on the right side:

For any integer point in the feasible region, the left side is an integer since all the terms , , ,  are integers. The right side of this equation is strictly less than 1: indeed,  is strictly less than 1 while  is negative. Therefore the common value must be less than or equal to 0. So the inequality

must hold for any integer point in the feasible region. Furthermore, non-basic variables are equal to 0s in any basic solution and if xi is not an integer for the basic solution x,

 Conclusion
So the inequality above excludes the basic feasible solution and thus is a cut with the desired properties. More precisely,  is negative for any integer point in the feasible region, and strictly positive for the basic feasible (non integer) solution of the relaxed linear program. Introducing a new slack variable xk for this inequality, a new constraint is added to the linear program, namely

 Convex optimization

Cutting plane methods are also applicable in nonlinear programming. The underlying principle is to approximate the feasible region of a nonlinear (convex) program by a finite set of closed half spaces and to solve a sequence of approximating linear programs.

 See also

Benders' decomposition
Branch and cut
Branch and bound
Column generation
Dantzig–Wolfe decomposition

 References

 Avriel, Mordecai (2003). Nonlinear Programming: Analysis and Methods. Dover Publications.
 Cornuéjols, Gérard (2008).  Valid Inequalities for Mixed Integer Linear Programs.  Mathematical Programming Ser. B, (2008) 112:3–44.
 Cornuéjols, Gérard (2007).  Revival of the Gomory Cuts in the 1990s.  Annals of Operations Research, Vol. 149 (2007), pp. 63–66.

External links
 "Integer Programming" Section 9.8 Applied Mathematical Programming'' Chapter 9 Integer Programming (full text). Bradley, Hax, and Magnanti (Addison-Wesley, 1977)

Optimization algorithms and methods

Cutting-plane method


The Wargrave & Shiplake Regatta is a regatta on the River Thames in England. It is the local regatta of the villages of Wargrave in Berkshire and Shiplake in Oxfordshire. Some of the boats used are of a traditional clinker-built style, others are fibre-glass.

The regatta is believed to have been officially founded in 1867, although regatta activity also took place here in the 1850s. It takes place annually on the Oxfordshire bank of the river, on the reach above Marsh Lock.

The Berkshire Chronicle of 31 August 1867 tells us that a Wargrave Regatta took place the previous Wednesday, August 28, on a course from Bolney Island to Wargrave Ferry, under the auspices of Wargrave Yacht Club. However, the Parish Magazine mentions that this followed a gap of eleven years, suggesting that a local regatta had been held at some time in the 1850s; and a silver rudder engraved Wargrave Regatta 1856 was recently found. However no official records are known to establish the date of the first regatta exactly. 1867 is taken as the 'official' date of birth.

The regatta attracts over 1000 competitors taking part in around 400 races, making it is the second largest Thames regatta after the Henley Royal Regatta. It is held over two days at the beginning of August. The course is about 400 yards long, with the start close to Shiplake Railway Bridge. Races go down stream.

There are races for:

 Canadian Canoes
 Dinghies
 Dongolas
 Punts
 Skiffs

Dongola races
These are split into categories:
 Grand Dongola – competitive races for all types of crew
 Veteran Dongola – competitive races where crew members must be over 45 years of age
 Thames Dongola – for entrants taking the event less seriously
 Under 17 and Under 12 Dongola – for junior crews

See also
 Dongola racing
 Rowing on the River Thames
 Skiffing

External links

 Official Regatta website
 What is Wargrave & Shiplake Regatta?

Sport in Oxfordshire
Rowing in Berkshire
Regattas on the River Thames
Recurring sporting events established in 1867

Wargrave & Shiplake Regatta


Kirov () is a city in and the capital of Kirov Oblast in Russia. As of 2020, the city has 518,348 people. It is a historical, cultural, industrial, and scientific center of Priural'e. This city is home to the Dymkovo toys.

History
The principality and republic
The native Slavic tribe of Central Russia and the Volga regions, the Vyatichis. They mixed with the Novgorodian Slovenes and Finno-Ugric people. According to the medieval chronicles, the first settlements of Russia in the area appeared in the 12th century. Kirov was first mentioned as Vyatka for the first time in 1374 when Novgorod ushkuyniks plundered it on their way to Bolghar. Vyatka was governed by a veche as other Northern Russian republics of Pskov Oblast and Novgorod Oblast. At different times in the late 14th and 15th centuries Vyatka militias raided Ustyug, Novgorod and Tatar lands on Kama and Volga. Vyatka supported Yury of Zvenigorod during the Muscovite Civil War and after his party lost the victorious Vasily II sent Muscovite armies twice against Vyatka to subjugate it and eventually it was forced to accept the suzerainty of Moscow while retaining a significant measure of autonomy. In 1469 Vyatka allied with Khan Ibrahim of the Khanate of Kazan and did not take part in the campaign of Ivan III against the khanate.

After several unsuccessful campaigns by Moscow against Vyatka in 1480s, the latter was finally annexed in 1489.

Part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Russian Empire
Khlynov became known throughout Russia for its clay small statues and whistles. Kirov's oldest surviving monument is the Assumption Cathedral (1689), an imposing structure inhabiated by 5 globular domes.

In 1780, Catherine the Great renamed the town Vyatka and made it the seat of Vyatka Governorate. Kirov also served as a place of exile, notably for Alexander Herzen, Alexander Vitberg, and Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin. By the end of the 19th century, it was an important train station on the Trans-Siberian railway.

Soviet and post-Soviet period
In December 1934, Kirov was renamed after a leader of the Soviet Union, Sergey Kirov, who was assassinated on December 1, 1934. However, whilst the name Kirov has remained since the end of the Soviet Union, some institutions such as the university bear the former name of Vyatka.

Geography
Kirov was located on the Vyatka River of the European part of Russia. It is 896 kilometers northeast of Moscow, 1,384 kilometers southeast of Saint Petersburg, 576 kilometers northeast of Nizhny Novgorod, and  851 kilometers northwest of Yekaterinburg.

Gallery

References

Capitals of oblasts of Russia

Kirov, Kirov Oblast


BioPerl is a collection of Perl modules that facilitate the development of Perl scripts for bioinformatics applications. It has played an integral role in the Human Genome Project.

Background

BioPerl is an active open source software project supported by the Open Bioinformatics Foundation. The first set of Perl codes of BioPerl was created by Tim Hubbard and Jong Bhak at MRC Centre Cambridge, where the first genome sequencing was carried out by Fred Sanger. MRC Centre was one of the hubs and birth places of modern bioinformatics as it had a large quantity of DNA sequences and 3D protein structures. Hubbard was using the th_lib.pl Perl library, which contained many useful Perl subroutines for bioinformatics. Bhak, Hubbard's first PhD student, created jong_lib.pl. Bhak merged the two Perl subroutine libraries into Bio.pl. The name BioPerl was coined jointly by Bhak and Steven Brenner at the Centre for Protein Engineering (CPE). In 1995, Brenner organized a BioPerl session at the Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology conference, held in Cambridge. BioPerl had some users in coming months including Georg Fuellen who organized a training course in Germany. Fuellen's colleagues and students greatly extended BioPerl; this was further expanded by others, including Steve Chervitz who was actively developing Perl codes for his yeast genome database. The major expansion came when Cambridge student Ewan Birney joined the development team.

The first stable release was on 11 June 2002; the most recent stable (in terms of API) release is 1.7.2 from 07 September 2017. There are also developer releases produced periodically. Version series 1.7.x is considered to be the most stable (in terms of bugs) version of BioPerl and is recommended for everyday use.

In order to take advantage of BioPerl, the user needs a basic understanding of the Perl programming language including an understanding of how to use Perl references, modules, objects and methods.

Influence on the Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project faced several challenges during its lifetime. A few of these problems were solved when many of the genomics labs started to use Perl. The process of analyzing all of the DNA sequences was one such problem. Some labs built large monolithic systems with complex relational databases that took forever to debug and implement, and got surpassed by new technologies. Other labs learned to build modular, loosely-coupled systems whose parts could be swapped in and out when new technologies arose. Many of the initial results from all of the labs were mixed. It was eventually discovered that many of the steps could be implemented as loosely coupled programs that were run with a Perl shell script. Another problem that was fixed was interchange of data. Each lab usually had different programs that they ran with their scripts, resulting in several conversions when comparing results. To fix this the labs collectively started using a super-set of data. One script was used to convert from super-set to each lab's set and one was used to convert back. This minimized the number of scripts needed and data exchange became simplified with Perl.

Features and examples
BioPerl provides software modules for many of the typical tasks of bioinformatics programming. These include:

 Accessing nucleotide and peptide sequence data from local and remote databases
Example of accessing GenBank to retrieve a sequence:
use Bio::DB::GenBank;

$db_obj = Bio::DB::GenBank->new;

$seq_obj = $db_obj->get_Seq_by_acc( # Insert Accession Number );
 Transforming formats of database/ file records
Example code for transforming formats
use Bio::SeqIO;

my $usage = "all2y.pl informat outfile outfileformat";
my $informat = shift or die $usage;
my $outfile = shift or die $usage;
my $outformat = shift or die $usage;

my $seqin = Bio::SeqIO->new( -fh  => *STDIN,  -format => $informat, );
my $seqout = Bio::SeqIO->new( -file  => ">$outfile",  -format => $outformat, );

while (my $inseq = $seqin->next_seq)
{
   $seqout->write_seq($inseq);
}
 Manipulating individual sequences
Example of gathering statistics for a given sequence
use Bio::Tools::SeqStats;
$seq_stats = Bio::Tools::SeqStats->new($seqobj);

$weight = $seq_stats->get_mol_wt();
$monomer_ref = $seq_stats->count_monomers();

# for nucleic acid sequence
$codon_ref = $seq_stats->count_codons();
 Searching for similar sequences
 Creating and manipulating sequence alignments
 Searching for genes and other structures on genomic DNA
 Developing machine readable sequence annotations

Usage
In addition to being used directly by end-users, BioPerl has also provided the base for a wide variety of bioinformatic tools, including amongst others:

 SynBrowse
 GeneComber
 TFBS
 MIMOX
 BioParser
 Degenerate primer design
 Querying the public databases
 Current Comparative Table

New tools and algorithms from external developers are often integrated directly into BioPerl itself:

 Dealing with phylogenetic trees and nested taxa
 FPC Web tools

Advantages
BioPerl was one of the first biological module repositories that increased its usability. It has very easy to install modules, along with a flexible global repository. BioPerl uses good test modules for a large variety of processes.

Disadvantages
There are many ways to use BioPerl, from simple scripting to very complex object programming. This makes the language not clear and sometimes hard to understand. For as many modules that BioPerl has, some do not always work the way they are intended.

Related libraries in other programming languages
Several related bioinformatics libraries implemented in other programming languages exist as part of the Open Bioinformatics Foundation, including:
 Biopython
 BioJava
 BioRuby
 BioPHP
 BioJS
 Bioconductor

References

Perl software
Free bioinformatics software

BioPerl


A pencil suit is a variety of salwar kameez. The suit follows the principles of a pencil skirt and merges it with the traditional salwar kameez.

While salwars are loosely fitted pants, pencil suits have tightly fitted pants that follow the contours of the lady's leg. It differs from the churidar only in the lack of the ruches or the "churis" near the ankle. The kameez is of thigh length and has a side seam left open below the waist-line. This attire is often marched with a dupatta of matching or contrasting color.

As with most designer suits, a pencil suit is also embellished with beads, mirror work, zardozi or zari work. Simple and plain variants of the suit are also available for daily wear.

Description
The pencil pants are held up by a drawstring at the waist. The pants are fitted tightly against the contours of the lady's leg and don't have any extra cloth. Usually it is made of stretchable material to aid the easy movement and not to cause any discomfort to the lady while sitting down.

The pants completely narrow down towards the ankle and are held by a buttoned cuff at the ends. While conventional salwar kameez employs traditional cuts, crosscuts are used to stitch a pencil suit. This version of salwar kameez accentuates the curves of the female wearing it.

The kameez of the pencil suit is stitched as that of a regular kurta. Though the height of the kameez may vary according to the taste of the wearer, the usual style is to have it stitched at thigh length. A side seam is provided to aid easy movements and usually starts at the waist line. Different necklines are experimented with plunging neckline, boat line, high necks or mandarin neckline.

It is customary to wear a dupatta along with a pencil suit though it is not mandatory. Nowadays the dupatta is just draped over the hands or used as a fashion accessory. The dupatta are made in diaphanous, shimmery fabrics for this reason.

Pencil suits and Bollywood
Though the pencil suit was designed first by leading designers of the fashion industry, it became popularized only through Bollywood. After being adapted by some famous lead protagonists of Bollywood, pencil suits became fashionable.

Apart from being worn in movies, the actresses opted for pencil suits to be worn at public functions and events too. This further accelerated the adaption of pencil suits into the wardrobe of college and officegoing ladies.

Differences between pencil suits and churidar
To a point the pencil suit can be called a variant of churidar; but a pencil suit differs very much from the churidar, whose name derives their name from the 'churis' or ruche they form as they end near the ankle. Pencil suit lacks any type of 'churi' or any extra cloth.

Extra cloth is provided at the thigh in churidar to aid easy movements and comfort to the lady wearing it. There is no extra cloth provision in pencil suit, but for the ease of the wearer it is made of elastic fabrics that can stretch easily.

Indian clothing
Suits (clothing)
Hosiery
Trousers and shorts

Pencil suit


Mountain Iron Mine is a former mine in Mountain Iron, Minnesota, United States.  Opened in 1892, it was the first mine on the Mesabi Range, which has proved to be the largest iron ore deposit ever discovered in the United States.  Mining operations at the site ceased in 1956.  The bottom of the open-pit mine has filled with water but its dimensions are readily visible.  The city maintains an overlook in Mountain Iron Locomotive Park.

Mountain Iron Mine was proclaimed a National Historic Landmark in 1968 and subsequently listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its national significance in the theme of industry.  The property was nominated for setting in motion the extraction of iron ore on the Mesabi Range, which helped make Minnesota the nation's largest iron producer and the United States the world's largest steel manufacturer.

History
The discovery of a boulder of high-grade iron ore by Leonidas Merritt in 1887 during a railroad survey prompted he and his brothers to establish the Mountain Iron Mine in 1892.  By 1893 the "Seven Iron Brothers" had claims on a significant portion of the Mesabi Range and had built the Duluth, Missabe and Northern Railway (DM&IR). Financial conditions forced them to sell their shares to John D. Rockefeller.  Rockefeller later sold his interests to Andrew Carnegie.

The early development was as an underground mine, but open-pit mining soon proved to be a better choice because of the soft, shallow ore deposits. The Mesabi Range and nearby Vermilion Range led Minnesota to become the nation's largest producer of iron ore and the United States to lead the world in steel production. This capacity is considered to have been a major factor in America's ability to contribute to World War II.  It also played a major role in the financial success of Andrew Carnegie and U.S. Steel.  Carnegie returned some of his fortune to the communities by funding 2,500 public Carnegie libraries across the world, including 64 in Minnesota.  The extraction of ore in the region also contributed to the city of Duluth thriving and becoming the leading port in the United States (by tonnage) in the early 20th century.

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Minnesota
 National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis County, Minnesota

References

External links

1892 establishments in Minnesota
Buildings and structures in St. Louis County, Minnesota
Historic American Engineering Record in Minnesota
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Iron mines in the United States
Mines in Minnesota
National Historic Landmarks in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in St. Louis County, Minnesota
Open-pit mines
Surface mines in the United States
Tourist attractions in St. Louis County, Minnesota

Mountain Iron Mine


Tony Bell (born 20 June 1958) is a freelance writer and journalist, known for his What's he on column in Cycling Weekly, where he was a columnist between 1994 and 2006. His popularity gained as a CW columnist led to engagements as an after-dinner speaker at cycling events.

Bell is also a serious reporter with a degree in politics who has reported on race riots, gangland contracts, drugs wars and environmental and social issues in his native Merseyside for The Independent and The Observer. Following a road accident in which several members of Rhyl cycling club were killed, Bell criticized the attitudes of those such as Jeremy Clarkson, whose column in The Sun he considered anti-cyclist, and what he saw as the cynical attitude of motorists. He called for a single organisation to represent cyclists in the UK to avoid such tragedies recurring.

Bell was also professional cyclist. He once held the mountains and points jerseys in the prestigious Mi-Août Bretonne. He is the brother of former National Amateur and Professional Road Race Champion Mark Bell, who died in 2009.

Bell lives in Chester and supplements his income as a bus driver. He is writing an autobiography, provisionally called "Pinball", excerpts  of which are on his web site.

References

External links
Official website

1958 births
Living people
English male journalists
English male cyclists
Writers from Liverpool
Cycling journalists
People from the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral

Tony Bell (journalist)


Anne Woodrooffe (born Anne Cox; 14 July 1766) was a 19th-century British author. She was best known for her 1824 religious novel Shades of Character.

Life
Woodrooffe was born on 14 July 1766. Her father was John Cox of Harwich. She married vicar Nathaniel George Woodrooffe on 27 July 1803. The couple had two children, Emma Martha (b. 30 May 1807) and Thomas Wood (d. 19 December 1865). The 1900 Dictionary of National Biography indicates she died on 24 March 1830, while 1966's Jane Austen and Some Contemporaries indicates her death was in 1850.

The evangelical cleric Daniel Wilson asked Woodrooffe to foster his only daughter, perhaps in 1827 when he was left a widower.

Works
Woodrooffe's first book was a biography, The History of Michael Kemp - the happy farmers lad (1819). She produced a sequel to this volume in 1827, Michael the Married Man. Her primary impact was in the area of moral reform, with her most important book, according to the Dictionary of National Biography, 1824's Shades of Character, which presented a Christian educational system for girls "designed to promote the formation of the female character" through the means of a series of dialogues connected by a slight story. In a similar vein, she authored Cottage Dialogues in 1821, a book which depicted rural life for the pleasure and improvement of the lower classes. 1855 saw the publication of her First Prayer in Verse.

References

External links

Shades of Character (3rd. ed) full text at Hathi Trust Digital Library

1766 births
Year of death unknown
English women writers

Anne Woodrooffe