Camp Nelson National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located in southern Jessamine County, Kentucky. It was originally a graveyard associated with the U.S. Army's Camp Nelson, which was active during the U.S. Civil War and its aftermath. The camp was named for Major General William "Bull" Nelson, commander of the Civil War Army of Kentucky, who was murdered by a fellow officer in 1862.

Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, the cemetery encompasses , has a capacity for 15,000 graves, and currently contains over 12,000 interments, nearly all of which were, at death, either U.S. Armed Forces personnel on active duty, veterans of the Armed Forces, or their dependent family members. There are 2,452 burials that date to the U.S. Civil War, and of those, 837 are known to be the graves of African-American soldiers. Their gravestone are marked with the letters "USCT" over their names; the designation stands for "United States Colored Troops".

History
The cemetery was created in 1863 as a place to bury Union soldiers who died while serving in and around Camp Nelson during the Civil War. The first cemetery was located near the camp hospital, and 379 people were buried there between June 1863 and July 1865. A plot of land for the second cemetery, designated "Graveyard No. 2", was selected, and is now at the core of the present national cemetery. There were 1,183 soldiers and affiliated civilian employees buried there between the summer of 1865 and February 1866.

After the end of the Civil War, there was a federally mandated program to recover the bodies of Union soldiers from scattered and expedient battlefield graves across the country, and have them re-interred at national cemeteries as a gesture of respect and in order to facilitate the maintenance of graves. As part of this program, the federal government appropriated  for use as a cemetery and the roadway leading from the cemetery to the old Danville Pike, and it was designated a National Cemetery in 1866. In 1867 and 1868 a stone wall was built to enclose the cemetery. During June and July 1868, the remains of 2,023 Union soldiers were recovered from battlefield graves in Frankfort, Richmond, Perryville, London, and Covington; then brought to Camp Nelson and re-interred with honor.

Confederate graves
During the same time as the reburial program for the remains of Union soldiers, the remains of Confederate soldiers buried at Camp Nelson were exhumed, and re-buried in a designated section of the public cemetery in nearby Nicholasville, or in private cemeteries elsewhere. During the 1990s, genealogical evidence was presented to the cemetery director that the remains of two Confederate soldiers recovered from a Covington battlefield were mistakenly assumed to be Union soldiers during the post-war recovery program, and were buried at Camp Nelson. As exhumation and re-burial of the 130-year-old graves was considered impractical, their headstones were simply replaced by VA-approved Confederate gravestones, which have peon (pointed) tops and are marked by a Confederate emblem. These are the only two (alleged) Confederate graves at Camp Nelson National Cemetery.

From Reconstruction to the present
The area of Camp Nelson National Cemetery has expanded several times since its inception.  In 1874 an additional adjoining acre was purchased. In 1875, a house was built near the stone wall as a residence for the superintendent of the cemetery. The two-storey brick house with open entry porch was designed by Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs in the Second Empire architectural style.

Camp Nelson National Cemetery interred the remains of armed forces personnel and veterans who served in conflicts from the late 19th century until it closed to new burials in 1964. In 1975, the donation of  just outside the cemetery's stone wall allowed it to begin accepting new burials again. The purchase of additional land since then has enabled the cemetery to accommodate newly deceased World War II veterans and the recent influx of fatalities from the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.

During the late 1980s, cemetery directors chose to commute to the cemetery from private residences rather than live on site. In 1995 the resident superintendent's house was renovated for use as the cemetery's main office and visitor center. In 1995, the Daughters of the Union erected a granite monument dedicated to the memory of Union soldiers who fought in the Civil War. In 1997, a new flagpole with surrounding assembly area was erected on a knoll within view of the road.

A committal shelter was built for the observance of funeral services. The committal shelter, or funeral shelter, is a roofed pavilion, open on three sides, and was intended to make graveside services unnecessary, as elderly mourners may have difficulty walking over uneven ground. The shelter can mitigate the inconvenience of inclement weather. Within the shelter is a bier for the casket, and space to accommodate twenty chairs for family members. In 1998, Camp Nelson National Cemetery was placed on the National Register of Historic Places (Reference #98001134).

In 2010, an additional  of land was purchased from the Camp Nelson Civil War Heritage Park, located next to the cemetery and owned by Jessamine County. The plot of land is located to the rear of the current cemetery. It is expected to double its capacity, bringing the total projected capacity to 30,000 graves. The purchase was made possible with a grant from the Department of Veterans Affairs' National Cemetery Administration and the co-operation of various local organizations.

Annual events

Ceremonies are held annually on Memorial Day and on Veterans Day at Camp Nelson National Cemetery. In the past these were held in the walled-off old section, but since 1997, they have been held at the assembly area at the flagpole near the front gates.

At the Memorial Day ceremony, a keynote speaker is typically part of the program, as is a local high school band, a bugler who plays Taps, and a cannon salute. Representatives of reenactment units in Civil War-period uniforms are usually present to act as an honor guard. Represented units have included members from the re-enacted 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the all-black regiment that earned fame in the Civil War and fresh recognition from its depiction in the 1989 film Glory. In the past, the cannon salute was fired by representatives from a U.S. Army Reserve or Kentucky National Guard artillery unit. In recent years, the salute has been fired from a replica 19th-century cannon, fired by Civil War re-enactors. The ceremony has been augmented by a procession of a horse-drawn limber-and-caisson bearing an empty, flag-draped coffin, symbolic of the many military personnel who have died in the service of the country. This is followed by a soldier leading a riderless horse, an homage to their loss. In 2010, over 1,000 people attended the Memorial Day ceremony.

Eligibility
Any veteran of the U.S. Armed Forces who was discharged from the military under conditions other than "dishonorable" is eligible to be buried at Camp Nelson. A veteran's spouse and dependent children are likewise eligible to be buried. The grave plot, headstone, perpetual maintenance of the grave, and labor involved with burial are provided at no cost to the veteran or the family. Starting in the 1990s, inexpensive plastic burial vaults have been used to enclose the casket within the grave, and are provided at no additional cost to the family. These vaults protect the casket from being crushed, and are effective at preventing collapse of the surface of the grave due to soil compaction.

At the funeral service of a veteran, an American flag will be draped over the casket. At the end of the service, it is ceremonially folded, and presented to the veteran's next-of-kin. "Taps" will be played at the veteran's funeral service at the request of the family.

Staff

Camp Nelson National Cemetery is overseen by one cemetery director. The director and one administrative assistant work in the office, communicating with families and funeral homes to schedule funeral services and burials, coordinate with various agencies for the annual ceremonies, maintain records, and to answer questions or address concerns made by the general public. The staff includes six full-time cemetery caretakers, though the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) hires temporary workers almost every summer to augment the staff by about fifty percent. These caretakers prepare graves with a backhoe or hand held tools (pick and shovel), take custody of and transport a casket to its grave, lower the casket into the grave, seal it within a burial vault, and fill in the grave. Caretakers also receive delivered headstones, set and align them at the head of the appropriate graves, and maintain the grounds; duties include cutting the grass, pruning trees, clearing the roads of leaves in the autumn and snow in the winter, preparing the funeral shelter for services, disposing of litter, and interacting with the public to answer questions or find graves.

Access
Camp Nelson National Cemetery is best accessed by motor vehicle. It is located about  south of Lexington, Kentucky. The  nearest airport is Blue Grass Airport in Lexington. From there, one can take Man o' War Boulevard east for about five miles to Nicholasville Road. After turning south toward Nicholasville (U.S. Route 27), follow that road for about , and the cemetery will be on the left side, just before the bridge over the Kentucky River.

Camp Nelson National Cemetery is open to visitors everyday from dawn until dusk. The office and visitors' center is open Monday through Friday, from 8:00am to 4:00pm, except on federal holidays.

Notable interments
 William Fowler (1815–1862), first non-white Wisconsin legislator; sergeant in Company I, 21st Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, died of wounds suffered at Battle of Perryville.
 William M. Harris (1850–1878), Medal of Honor recipient; Private, Company D, 7th U.S. Cavalry, for action during the Battle of the Little Big Horn, Montana, during the Great Sioux War.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Jessamine County, Kentucky
 List of cemeteries in Kentucky

References

External links
 Camp Nelson National Cemetery
 Map of Camp Nelson National Cemetery (pdf)
 National Cemetery Administration
 Camp Nelson, Civil War Heritage Park
 Guide to the Camp Nelson photographs housed at the University of Kentucky Archives.

American Civil War army posts
Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
American Civil War cemeteries
National Register of Historic Places in Jessamine County, Kentucky
United States national cemeteries
African-American historic places
African-American history of the United States military
Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War
Protected areas of Jessamine County, Kentucky
Kentucky in the American Civil War
Tourist attractions in Kentucky
1863 establishments in Kentucky

Camp Nelson National Cemetery


Johan Thorsten Sellin (26 October 1896 – 17 September 1994) was a Swedish American sociologist at the University of Pennsylvania, a penologist and one of the pioneers of scientific criminology.

Biography
Sellin was born in Örnsköldsvik in Västernorrland County, Sweden and came to Canada with his parents when he was 17 years old.  He received his bachelor's degree from Augustana College in Illinois when he was 19. He went on to receive a master's degree and doctoral degree in sociology from the University of Pennsylvania. He taught at the University of Pennsylvania  from 1922 until becoming Professor Emeritus in 1967.

Dr. Sellin came to prominence in the 1920s and 30s for his studies in the use of criminal statistics at local, state, national and international levels. He later helped draft the U.S. Uniform Criminal Statistics Act in 1944.
An expert on crime statistics, he advised the Federal Bureau of Investigation about statistical matters and was a consultant to the Bureau of the Census on criminal statistics. He also headed, or was a member of, various United Nations panels of experts on criminological questions. Dr. Sellin was a visiting professor or lecturer at Princeton, the University of California at Berkeley, Oxford and other universities.

Active in international groups, he was secretary-general of the Bern-based International Penal and Penitentiary Commission (later called the International Penal and Penitentiary Foundation) from 1949 to 1951. He was president of the International Society of Criminology from 1956 to 1965. Sellin edited the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science for 39 years, from 1929 to 1968.

Dr. Sellin died in Gilmanton, New Hampshire at the age of 97.

Legacy and honors
Sellin received numerous honors, including the honorary doctorates of Leiden, Copenhagen and Brussels universities.
Sellin was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1949.
The University of Pennsylvania Sellin Center for Studies in Criminology and Criminal Law is named for him.

Selected works
Research Memorandum on Crime in the Depression (1937)
War and Crime: A research memorandum (1942)
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (1943)
Some Current Issues in Penal Treatment (1950)
The significance of records of crime (1951)
The Protective Code: A Swedish Proposal (1957)
The death penalty: A report for the Model penal code project of the American Law Institute  (1959)
Constructing an index of delinquency: A manual (1963)
Systems of reporting "crimes known to the police" in selected foreign countries (1967)
The Criminality of Youth (1975)

References

Sources
 Wolfgang, Marvin E. (1968) "Thorsten Sellin and the Principal Trends in Modern Penology" in Wolfgang, Marvin E. (ed.) (1968) Crime and Culture: Essays in Honor of Thorsten Sellin Wiley, New York, pp. 3–10,
 Charlesworth, James C. (1969) "The Academy Dips Its Colors to Dr. Sellin" Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 381: pp. iii-iv
 Pastor, Selma (1985) A Bibliography of the Publications of Professor Thorsten Sellin Center for Studies in Criminology and Criminal Law, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
 Wolfgang, Marvin E. (1996) "Thorsten Sellin (26 October 1896 - 17 September 1994)" Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 140(4): pp. 581–586

Related reading
Benson, Adolph B. and Naboth Hedin, eds. (1938) Swedes in America, 1638-1938 (The Swedish American Tercentenary Association. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press)

External links
The Sellin Collection at Penn
Department of Criminology. University of Pennsylvania
Johan Thorsten Sellin papers Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts, University of Pennsylvania

American criminologists
Penologists
University of Pennsylvania faculty
1896 births
1994 deaths
Swedish emigrants to the United States
Augustana College (Illinois) alumni
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Thorsten Sellin


Kineton railway station was a railway station that served the village of Kineton, Warwickshire, England.

History
Opened on 1 June 1871, the station was situated on the East and West Junction Railway's route from Stratford-upon-Avon to Fenny Compton.  Until July 1873, it was the headquarters and western terminus of the line. When the connection to Stratford was completed, the latter became the headquarters.

Business did not meet expectations and, in 1877, the station closed. In attempt to improve matters, an extension to Broom Junction was incorporated in 1873 by means of a railway called the "Evesham Redditch and Stratford-upon-Avon Junction Railway" which opened in 1879. As trade picked up, the station was reopened on 22 February 1885.  The line became part of the Stratford-upon-Avon and Midland Junction Railway in a merger of 1908 and at grouping in 1923, it became part of the London Midland and Scottish Railway. At nationalisation it became part of the Western Region of British Railways.

The station had two platforms for the passing loop on the otherwise single line. It was larger than was usual for the line, the brick built station buildings consisting of two pavilions with a central connection, and with quoined door and window openings. There was a siding to the goods shed and coal yard. This branched off what was, in effect, an extended headshunt to the down side of the loop, and itself had a runaround loop built into it. This was extended in 1959 when the line was modernised by the Western Region. The up line also had a small carriage siding behind the platform with a staff cabin, again connected to the main line by a headshunt.

Initially the single line was operated on the "one engine in steam" principle.  However, after completion to Stratford, absolute block working with them was introduced, with electric train staff working after 1894.

About four miles to the east, at Burton Dassett, was a connection with the abortive Edge Hill Light Railway.

A typical service, as in 1942, would be two through trains in either direction, with the addition of two to Stratford on Saturdays. The passenger service was withdrawn on 7 April 1952, although through traffic continued to gain access to the Great Western Railway at Fenny Compton until 5 July 1965.

A short distance to the east, there are military railway sidings serving an ammunition depot. The sidings are also used for rolling stock storage on behalf of British train operators. The area also had an extensive closed rail system used to train military railmen.

Routes

References

External links
 Warwickshire Railways

Disused railway stations in Warwickshire
Former Stratford-upon-Avon and Midland Junction Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1871
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1952

Kineton railway station


Khemarak Phoumin () is a city in Cambodia. It is the capital of Koh Kong Province in Western Cambodia.

History
Until the end of 1990, Koh Kong was one of the least parts of Cambodia. On 21 April 1984, the Khmer Rouge captured Koh Kong and held it for a night and day. They claimed via the Khmer Rouge Radio to have killed 1,107 Vietnamese troops and injured 125 more during the Vietnamese battle of Koh Kong.

Environment
Koh Kong town is just below the southern end of the Cardamom Mountains. The Kah Bpow river runs through the town of Koh Kong, and begins in the Cardamoms and runs down to join the Gulf of Thailand. In 2000, wildlife traders from Thailand were reported to come to Koh Kong town each month to purchase wildlife products. In 2005, One of Cambodia"s tiger hunters, Yor Ngun, was finally captured in Koh Kong town. He was eventually charged with having killed and sold at least 19 tigers, 40 leopards, 30 elephants, 500 gaur, banteng and sambar, 40 Sun bears and three Asian black bears.

Geography
Khemarak Phoumin is accessible by land, sea, and air. It is over 450 kilometers southeast of Bangkok, Thailand, 133 kilometers west of Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and 138 kilometers northwest from Sre Ambel, Cambodia.

Khemarak Phoumin


Pedro Alfonzo Rodríguez González (born September 25, 1968) is a Puerto Rican politician from the Popular Democratic Party (PPD). Rodríguez was elected to the Senate of Puerto Rico in 2012. He also served as member of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico in two separate instances (2001–2009 and 2011–2013), the last one to fill the vacancy left by Luis Farinacci.

Early years and studies

Pedro A. Rodríguez was born in San Juan on September 25, 1968. He has a bachelor's degree in political science from the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico.

Professional career

Since the mid-90s, Rodríguez has worked as a retailer.

Political career

Rodríguez began his political career in 1993, when he was elected to the Municipal Assembly of Trujillo Alto.

In 2000, Rodríguez was elected to the House of Representatives for District 38 at the general elections. In 2004, he was reelected and remained in the position until 2008, when he was defeated by the PNP candidate.

On March 3, 2011, with the resignation of Representative Luis Farinacci to the House of Representatives surfaced, Rodríguez became a representative again because of the Minority Law. As representative, he became speaker of his party in the Commissions of Sports and Recreation, and Youth Affairs. He also served as member of the Commissions of the Development of the Tourist Industry, Retirement Systems, and Transportation.

Rodríguez decided to run for a seat in the Senate of Puerto Rico under the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) at the 2012 elections. After winning a spot on the 2012 primaries, he was elected to represent the District of Carolina.

See also
25th Senate of Puerto Rico

References

External links
 Pedro A. Rodríguez Biography on WAPA-TV

1968 births
Living people
Interamerican University of Puerto Rico alumni
Members of the Senate of Puerto Rico
People from Trujillo Alto, Puerto Rico
Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico) politicians

Pedro A. Rodríguez


Peter Germon Tessier (1819 – 1886) was an English-born merchant in Newfoundland. He served in the Legislative Council of Newfoundland.

He was born in Newton Abbott, Devon and came to Newfoundland with his brother Lewis in 1842. The brothers were partners with Samuel Langley until 1847, when they opened a fishery supply business. The company expanded into the trade in salt cod; it continued to operate after his death, closing in 1893.

Tessier was married twice: first to Anne Carter and then to Jane Weston (née Carter); both were daughters of Robert Carter. His son James C. Tessier served in the Newfoundland assembly.

References

Members of the Legislative Council of Newfoundland
1819 births
1886 deaths
English emigrants to pre-Confederation Newfoundland
Newfoundland Colony people

Peter G. Tessier


Birmingham Business Park is 'the most established out-of-town office park in the Midlands' and is home to 116 companies, over 7000 employees and is the European and UK office headquarters for over 20 organisations. The Park offers 24 hour security and an on-site management team.

Centrally located off Junction 6 of the M42 and Junction 4 of M6 within the Metropolitan Borough of Solihull, it has immediate access to the Midlands motorway network with direct links into Birmingham city centre. Birmingham International Railway Station and Airport are minutes away offering rail and air links, as is the National Exhibition Centre (NEC).

Set within 148 acres of landscaped gardens the Park maintains nature walks, two beehives and a flower garden as well as encouraging tenants to use public transport, walking and cycling routes. There is also an on-site cafe and newsagent as well as catering vans that deliver to the door. A selection of health and fitness classes run throughout the week, including pilates and relaxation.

History
The first phase of the Park was developed by Arlington in 1988 and comprised just seven buildings.

In 1992, Princess Anne officially opened the Birmingham Business Park's Waterside Centre, which houses management office, shops, cafes, newsagents, dry cleaners and a nursery. The same year, future Prime Minister Tony Blair also visited the site, accompanied by then Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock, to launch his election campaign for Prime Minister.

Rob Large, director of the company that has asset managed the Park for the past five years, said: "Over the last 30 years, Birmingham Business Park has established itself as the region's premiere out of town office park. It is home to global companies, which are leaders in their field and are helping create jobs and economic prosperity for the Greater Birmingham region."

In 2014, Rolls-Royce Aero Engine Controls opened its new £60 million purpose-built research, design, development and manufacturing facility at Birmingham Business Park, where it employs 1,200 people.

Companies
Birmingham Business Park houses corporate offices for many companies, and its range of high-profile occupiers include Rolls-Royce, Fujitsu, EE, Dunlop Tyres (HiQ), Atos, and IMI.

References

External links
 Birmingham Business Park website
 http://www.parkpresentfuture.co.uk/

Business parks of England
Economy of Birmingham, West Midlands

Birmingham Business Park


Won Gwang (541~630?), also known as Won Gwang Beop Sa (圓光法士) meaning "Won Gwang Teacher of the Law", was the name of a renowned Buddhist monk, scholar, and teacher of the Silla kingdom during the reign of King Jinpyeong.

His layname was Seol (설 hanja: 薛) or Bak (박 hanja: 朴). Like a great number of other Korean  Buddhist monks of the 6th-8th centuries, Won Gwang traveled to China in search of a more thorough grounding in the sacred texts of Buddhism. In 589 Wongwang went to Sui China, where for eleven years he was educated in the major texts of both Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism.

Won Gwang returned to Silla in 600 and promulgated the Mahayana form of Buddhism. His method was to teach the faith to the common people free of complex jargon and employing common words.

Won Gwang is best known for his "Five Commandments for Secular Life" (세속오계Sesok-ogye 世俗五戒), which later were attributed as a guiding ethos for the Hwarang. These five commandments were to serve as moral guideposts for the Buddhist layperson. They are an interesting fusion of the Buddhist beliefs and strong sense of patriotism that characterized Silla Buddhism. To Won Gwang, viewing Silla as a true Buddha Land and under constant threat from the neighboring kingdoms of Baekje and Goguryeo, the defense of that land and a Buddhist piety were not at all contradictory. These five principles were as follows:

Loyalty to one's lord (事君以忠; 임금은 충성으로써 섬겨야 한다)
Devotion towards one's parents (事親以孝; 어버이를 효도로써 섬겨야 한다)
Trust among friends (交友以信; 벗은 믿음으로써 사귀어야 한다)
Never retreat in battle (臨戰無退; 전쟁에 임하여 물러나지 아니하여야 한다)
Be selective in the taking of life (殺生有擇; 함부로 살생을 하지 말아야 한다)

The precise dates of Won Gwang's life are unknown.

Won Gwang's biography appears in the 13th century Haedong Goseungjeon.

Popular culture
 Portrayed by Lee Dae-ro in the 2012-2013 KBS1 TV series The King's Dream.

References

6th-century births
7th-century deaths
Silla Buddhist monks
Buddhist spiritual teachers
Korean scholars of Buddhism
6th-century Buddhist monks
7th-century Buddhist monks

Won-gwang


Elisha Qimron (born 5 February 1943) is an academic who studies ancient Hebrew. He took his Doctor of Philosophy in 1976 at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem with the dissertation The Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls.

Currently, he is a professor in the Department of Hebrew Language at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, in Israel. For several decades, he has been one of the team of international scholars working on the Dead Sea Scrolls, particularly on the texts found in Cave 4 at Qumran.

In 1979 Qimron was co-opted by John Strugnell, the editor-in-chief of the Dead Sea Scrolls publication team, to assist in completing long-overdue work on the Halakhic Letter (4QMMT) on which Strugnell had been working alone since 1959. The work on the fragments was eventually completed and published in 1994. Qimron was the first Israeli scholar on the team.

During the late 1970s and the early 1980s, many scholars felt frustrated at the delay in publishing the Dead Sea Scrolls. It was generally known that most of the texts had been translated but still had not been available to researchers. Some also complained about the proprietary attitude of some of Strugnell's team toward the scrolls that they were working on, which made access to them difficult, if not impossible, in some cases.

Hershel Shanks, of the Biblical Archaeology Society, decided that the reconstructions of the Dead Sea Scrolls should be made available to scholars. In 1992, he published the two-volume A Facsimile Edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls. It included, without permission, material on the Halakhic Letter (4QMMT) that Qimron had been working on for some 11 years. Qimron had even given the document its title.

Qimron decided to sue the Biblical Archaeology Society for breaching his copyright on the grounds that the research it had published was his intellectual property, as he had reconstructed about 40% of the published text. Such reconstruction is unique in the sense that if the original photographs had been given to 100 researchers, that number of different reconstructions would be made.

In 1993, Judge Dalia Dorner of the Israeli Supreme Court awarded Qimron the highest compensation allowed by law for aggravation in compensation against Shanks and others. A 2000 appeal in front of Judge Aharon Barak and colleagues upheld the verdict.

Publications
 Elisha Qimron, John Strugnell et al. (1994) Discoveries in the Judaean Desert  Volume X. Qumran Cave 4: V: Miqsat Ma'ase Ha-Torah. Oxford University Press.
 Elisha Qimron. (1996). The Temple Scroll: A Critical Edition with Extensive Reconstructions.  Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.
 Edited by Donald W. Parry and Elisha Qimron.  (1999). Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah – STDJ 32. Brill Academic Publishers.
 Elisha Qimron. The Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls.  Harvard Semitic Studies, Scholars Press, Atlanta.
 Edited by Donald W. Parry and Elisha Qimron.  (1999). The Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsaª).  A New Edition Brill Academic Publishers.

External links
  Qimron and 4QMMT
 Qimron vs. Shanks reported in the New York Times
  Qimron's legal rights upheld in 2000 appeal
  Qimron and 4QMMT
  Qimron on the Dead Sea Scrolls Timeline
 Ostling, Richard N. (June 24, 2001). "Secrets of The Dead Sea Scrolls". Time.
  4QMMT published in the Biblical Archaeology Review
  Article about Qimron by Simon Holloway
  An overview of the Qimron v Shanks legal case

Living people
1943 births
Dead Sea Scrolls
Hebrew language
Israeli Hebraists
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Academic staff of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev

Elisha Qimron


Peter Stickles (born October 8, 1976) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as the voyeuristic Caleb in the John Cameron Mitchell film Shortbus and as Damian, leader of a gay vampire cult, in the Here TV original series The Lair.

Career
Stickles was cast in Shortbus in 2003 from amongst some 400 actors who submitted audition tapes for the film, which was initially known as "Sex Film Project." No script had been written prior to casting and the story was built out of improvisational sessions once the cast was in place. The voyeuristic aspect of Caleb's character grew in part out of Stickles's own interests at the time. "I was exploring sex clubs at the time and not necessarily participating but watching from afar. I think John Cameron Mitchell was attracted to the idea of this whole voyeuristic aspect of the character. ... How far would you go to touch somebody from afar?"

Stickles, along with others in the cast, was nominated for the Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Ensemble Cast.

Stickles stars in The Lair, which premiered on here! in June 2007. His character, Damian, is the leader of a gay vampire cult. The series, although not critically well-reviewed, was renewed for a second season which premiered in late 2008.

Stickles has appeared in a number of low-budget and direct-to-video horror films, including such titles as Meat Weed Madness (2006) and its sequel Meat Weed America (2007), and has four films slated for release in 2008. He also appeared in the exercise video The Bedroom Workout for Men: Better Sex Through Exercise.

Personal life

Stickles is openly gay. He has been married to magician Michael Carbonaro since 2014.

Filmography

References

External links

Peter Stickles interview on Pop Entertainment
Peter Stickles interview in Philadelphia (video)
Peter co-stars in Steve Balderson's WATCH OUT

1976 births
Living people
American male film actors
American male television actors
American gay actors
Male actors from New York City

Peter Stickles


Girolamo della Robbia (1488 – 4 August 1566) was an Italian Renaissance sculptor, mostly in the family style of glazed terracotta, the youngest son of Andrea della Robbia, together with his brother Giovanni della Robbia were among the most active collaborators in the family workshop.

Biography
Della Robbia was born in Florence.  In 1517, he moved to France where he worked in the court of King Francis I of France, and in 1529, he joined his brother Luca "the young". In 1525, he returned to Florence following the imprisonment of Francis I (1525–26) or because of the death of his father, which both happened in the same year.

During his stay in Florence (1525–28) he probably made a monumental Crucifix out of terracotta, which is preserved in the Church of St. Peter Vinculis in San Piero in Bagno (Forlì). Also during these years, another work testifies to the presence and activities of Girolamo della Robbia's workshop, the Altoviti Emblem (1525) of Palazzo Pretorio (Certaldo).
Among his most challenging and famous pieces are the Tabernacle of Fonticine in Florence and Madonna and Child with St. John now at the BNCF (Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale Firenze) inspired by Raphael's Madonna of the Louvre, which was on display during the exhibition that presented the Madonna del cardellino,  also by Raphael, restored 2008-2009.

He died in Paris.

Bibliography
L. Fornasari, Liletta Fornasari, Giancarlo Gentilini, I Della Robbia, Skira, 2009.
AA.VV., I della Robbia e l'arte nuova della scultura invetriata. Catalogo della mostra, Giunti Editore, Firenze 1998

See also
 Della Robbia family

Italian ceramists
Italian potters
Italian Renaissance sculptors
1488 births
1566 deaths
Robbia, Della Girolamo
Robbia, Della Girolamo
Robbia, Della Girolamo

Girolamo della Robbia


William Edmund Newton Sinclair (June 28, 1873 – November 26, 1947), known as W. E. N. Sinclair, was a Canadian barrister, solicitor and interim leader of the Ontario Liberal Party.

Background
Sinclair was born in Whitby Township, Ontario, the son of John Sinclair, and was educated at Toronto University, receiving a bachelor's degree in law. In 1907, he married Ella Minerva Montgomery; he married Edna Worden in 1918 after his first wife's death.

Politics
Sinclair was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a candidate of the Ontario Liberal Party in the 1911 provincial election but was defeated in 1914.

He returned to politics in the 1917 federal election on conscription (see Conscription Crisis of 1917), Sinclair ran on as part of the anti-conscription "Laurier Liberals" but was again defeated.

He returned to provincial politics and was elected again to the Ontario legislature in the 1919 provincial election as the MLA for the riding of Ontario South.

Sinclair ran for the leadership of the party in the 1922 leadership convention, but lost to Wellington Hay. Hay resigned following a disastrous election result, and Sinclair served as interim leader of the Ontario Liberal Party from 1923 to 1930 and also as Leader of the Opposition in the provincial legislature. He was interim leader for that length of time (and through the elections of 1926 and 1929) because of the party's state of disorganization and inability to hold a proper leadership convention.

The Liberals remained at the 14 seats they had in 1926, and dropped to 13 seats in the 1929 election. Sinclair initially decided to run for the permanent leadership in 1930, but because of the party's failure to make gains during his tenure, he attracted little support, and withdrew before balloting began. He remained Leader of the Opposition until the 1934 election because the newly elected leader, Mitchell Hepburn, did not have a seat in the provincial legislature. Sinclair was re-elected in the 1934 election that brought the Liberals to power but Hepburn, the new Premier of Ontario, did not appoint him to Cabinet. Sinclair sat as a government backbencher for three years and then retired from the legislature at the 1937 provincial election.

In the 1945 federal election, Sinclair was elected to the House of Commons of Canada for the Liberal Party of Canada. He died in office in 1947.

Sinclair also served as mayor of Oshawa from 1910 to 1911, in 1915 and from 1932 to 1934.

References
 Canadian Parliamentary Guide, 1922, EJ Chambers

External links

1873 births
1947 deaths
Canadian Presbyterians
Ontario Liberal Party MPPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Leaders of the Ontario Liberal Party
Mayors of Oshawa
University of Toronto alumni

W. E. N. Sinclair


Indraprasad Gordhanbhai Patel (11 November 1924 – 17 July 2005), popularly known as I. G. Patel, was an Indian economist and a civil servant who served as the fourteenth Governor of the Reserve Bank of India from 1 December 1977 to 15 September 1982.

He served as Director of the London School of Economics, making him the first person of Indian origin to head a higher education institute in the United Kingdom. He also served as Chairperson of the Board of Governors from 1996 to 2001 at Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad. He was well known for his formidable intellectual powers in the select company of central bankers and economic statesmen such as the "Committee of the Thirty" set up by the former German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt.

He also served as Deputy Administrator at United Nations Development Programme headquarters in New York.

Education
Patel stood first in the Matriculation examination and established a record score that was never beaten . He then came top in his BA at the University of Bombay. He later earned Doctor of Philosophy in economics from King's College at University of Cambridge with a scholarship from the Gaekwads of Baroda. His tutor Austin Robinson regarded him as his best tutee over his entire tenure as fellow of King's

Career

Civil Service
He was a member of the Indian Economic Service and served in Government of India. He held the rank and post of Special Secretary in the Ministry of Finance and later Secretary to Government of India (Economic Affairs) in the Ministry of Finance.

Academic career
Patel returned to India and joined Baroda college as Professor of Economics and as the Principal in 1949. Eduard Bernstein  later his mentor, invited him to join the Research Department of the International Monetary Fund in 1950. After five years there, Patel came back to Delhi as Economic Adviser to the Ministry of Finance in 1954 and spent the next 18 years in one or other top capacity in the Government of India.

In 1972 he became the Deputy Administrator of the UN Development Programme for five years, returning only to take up the position of the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India. It was during this period marked by turbulence in the foreign exchange markets that Patel's formidable intellectual powers came into use in sessions of the Bank for International Settlements. In 1982 he was appointed Director of the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, which he helped launch on a trajectory to become the best management school in India.

But again Patel was picked up to serve abroad. In 1984, he was chosen to be the Director of LSE, where he improved the school's finances and added several properties to its portfolio, as well as securing the freehold of the school's Old Building in Houghton Street. He had to handle student protest about LSE's investments in South Africa and their support of Winston Silcott, who had been convicted of the murder of a police officer in the Broadwater Farm riots in Tottenham. Patel handled both the situations with tact and firmness but also with a sympathetic understanding of students' concerns about racism. His initiatives, too, in setting up an innovative inter-departmental forum bore fruit in the Interdisciplinary Management Institute and the Development Studies Institute.

RBI Governor
The Indian Rupee notes of 1000, 5000 and 10,000 denomination and the gold auctions were demonetized during his tenure (he later featured on a special commemorative 1000 rupee note). However, the 1000 notes had to be reintroduced later.

In later life, he taught at the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara. and in 1991 Patel was requested by then Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao to assume the responsibility of the finance minister of India, but this offer was declined by him. He was bestowed the Padma Vibhushan award in 1991 for his furthering of the field of economic science. Indraprasad Gordhanbhai Patel was known as Baba 'IG' from his childhood days in Vadodara, then the capital of the princely state ruled by the Gaekwads of Baroda, where he was born. The post of I.G. Patel Professor of Economics and Government at the London School of Economics was created in his honour; it is currently held by Nicholas Stern.

Personal life
He married Alaknanda Dasgupta, daughter of renowned professor of economics Amiya Kumar Dasgupta and sister of renowned economist Sir Partha Dasgupta.

References

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|-

1924 births
2005 deaths
University of Mumbai alumni
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
United Nations Development Programme officials
International Monetary Fund people
Governors of the Reserve Bank of India
Indian bankers
Indian civil servants
Indian institute directors
20th-century Indian economists
People associated with the London School of Economics
Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in science & engineering
Academic staff of Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Indian academic administrators
21st-century Indian economists
Chief Economic Advisers to the Government of India
Gujarati people

I. G. Patel


Mary Susanna Lee (1846–1908) and her sister Catherine Harriet Lee (1847–1914) were English writers of children's fiction. Several of their books had a historical setting; some were targeted at girls. They were usually co-authors and published as M. and C. Lee or Mary and Catherine Lee.

Born in London to Henry Boyle Lee MRCS and his wife Anne, they lived in the south of England, and spent their later years in Bishops Stortford with their younger sister Frances.

Their historical fiction includes Lucy's Campaign, about a girl caught up with Charles Edward Stuart's entourage in 1745. Rosamond Fane tells a story of James II as a boy, and The Oak Staircase uses the Duke of Monmouth's Rebellion as a starting point.

Mary Lee participated in a collaborative novel, The Miz Maze, or the Winkworth Puzzle, with Charlotte Mary Yonge and seven other writers. She and Catherine published a story called Hallowmas Eve at Horsemandown in Yonge's magazine, the Monthly Packet: .

When Mary Lee died the Athenaeum Magazine said her stories "gave pleasure to many young people and some older readers". The Lees' work received positive, if brief, reviews. For instance, "a capital story, which cannot fail to keep its young readers' attention and interest",  was The Spectator'''s verdict on Goldhanger Woods. Several novels ran to  more than one edition, like The Oak Staircase, which was published at least four times between 1872 and 1914. In 1963 Rosamond Fane was republished as part of the Oxford Children's Library.

One critic, however, complained that Lucy's Campaign, despite its subtitle "a story of adventure", was "merely a tale for girls" in which the political and military events of the era had been made "subservient to matters of social interest".

Works by both authors together

 Lucy's Campaign: a story of adventure (1867)
 Rosamond Fane; or, the Prisoners of St. James's (1870)
 The Oak Staircase; or the Stories of Lord and Lady Desmond. A narrative of the times of James II (1872)
 Hallowmas Eve at Horsemandown, in The Monthly Packet (1873)
 Joachim's Spectacles: a legend of Florenthal (1876)
 Goldhanger Woods: a child's romance (1887)
 Mrs. Dimsdale's Grandchildren (1888)
 The Family Coach (1890)
 St. Dunstan's Fair (1892)
 Told after Tea (1892)
 Miss Coventry's Maid: a story for girls (1895)
 Kitty's birthday (1897)
 Laurie's Motto'' (1897)

References

19th-century British women writers
19th-century British writers
British children's writers
Sister duos

Mary and Catherine Lee


SimAnt: The Electronic Ant Colony is a 1991 life simulation video game by Maxis and the company's third product, focusing on ants. It was designed by Will Wright. In 1992, it was named "Best Simulation Game" at the Software Publishers Association's Codie awards. SimAnt was re-released in 1993 as part of the SimClassics Volume 1 compilation alongside SimCity Classic and SimLife for PC, Mac and Amiga. In 1996, SimAnt, alongside several of Maxis' simulation games were re-released under the Maxis Collector Series with greater compatibility with Windows 95 and differing box art, including the addition of Classics beneath the title.

Gameplay
The game is a simulation of an ant colony. Wright was inspired by E. O. Wilson's study of ant colonies. The game consists of three modes: a Quick Game, a Full Game, and an Experimental Game. It was released for the IBM PC, Amiga, Macintosh, and Super NES. The Super NES version adds eight scenarios, where the goal in each is to eliminate the enemy red ants in various locales, each with different hazards.

In SimAnt, the player plays the role of an ant in a colony of black ants in the back yard of a suburban home. The ant colony must battle against enemy red ants. The ultimate goal is to spread throughout the garden, into the house, and finally to drive out the red ants and human owners. In this respect, SimAnt differed from other 'Sim' games that were open-ended and had no victory conditions.

In the Quick Game, the player establishes a black ant colony in a small patch of yard, shown in top-down perspective. The computer opponent establishes a competing red ant colony in the same patch. Underground ant colonies are depicted in a side view. The player has direct control of a single ant at a time, indicated by a yellow color, and may switch control to a different ant at any time by either double-clicking the desired ant or choosing Exchange from the Yellow Ant menu and clicking on it. The player's yellow ant may influence the behavior of other black ants by leaving pheromone trails to destinations such as food and enemy ant colonies and can control the other ants in a limited way (by ordering a certain number to follow it, for instance). The yellow ant can also dig new tunnels underground and expand the network of the black colony. The quick game is won or lost when either the red or black colony in said patch is defeated.

The player's yellow ant may pick up food and pebbles, engage in trophallaxis (by receiving regurgitated food from friendly ants), and attack enemy ants. Groups of ants (or yellow ant with her recruits) may attack and kill bigger enemies like spiders, caterpillars, and antlions. Natural hazards include human footsteps, electrical outlets, bug spray, spiders, antlions, lawnmowers, and rain, which washes away pheromone trails and can flood the bottom of ant nests.

In the Full Game, the player begins with an ant colony in an overhead view, much like the Quick Game. The region of this overhead view is a single square of a map containing a yard and house. The player spreads to other areas by producing young queens and drones to mate with each other.  The full game is lost when the black colonies are eliminated and won when the red colonies are eliminated and the humans are driven out of the house.

The Experimental Game is similar to the Quick Game, except the player can also control red ants and spiders and has access to a set of experimental tools. These tools allow the player to place pheromone trails, maze walls, rocks, ants, pesticides and food.

The boxed game also comes with a thoroughly researched instruction manual, which not only covers game mechanics, but also contains a large amount of information regarding ants and ant societies.

Reception
According to the game box, using a statistic from the Software Publisher's Association, more than 100,000 copies of the PC version had sold by April 10, 1992.

The game was reviewed in 1992 in Dragon #178 by Patricia Hartley and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers gave the game 5 out of 5 stars. Computer Gaming World stated that "players seeking a non-linear, unconventional and provocative strategy simulation will hit paydirt with SimAnt. The game is easy to get into, stimulating, fun, and increasingly challenging ... students will love it".

GamePro named it "Educational Game of the Year", commenting that "SimAnt is a delightful combination of simulation, strategy, and adventure."

Reviews
Zero (May, 1992)
Power Play (Jan, 1992)
Power Play (1992)
Amiga Joker (Mar, 1992)
Entertainment Weekly (Jan 13, 1995)
Joker Verlag präsentiert: Sonderheft (1993)
Amiga Computing (Aug, 1992)
Amiga Action (Jul, 1992)
Amiga Format (Jul, 1992)
Amiga Power (Jun, 1992)

Legacy

SimAnt was rereleased by Maxis as part of the SimClassics suite.

Will Wright, creator of the Sim series, said he got the idea for The Sims while working on SimAnt.

See also
 Ant-keeping
 Formicarium
 Ant colony optimization algorithms

References

Notes

Footnotes

External links

SimAnt at the Internet Archive

1991 video games
Amiga games
Biological simulation video games
DOS games
Fictional ants
FM Towns games
Imagineer games
Classic Mac OS games
Maxis Sim games
NEC PC-9801 games
X68000 games
Single-player video games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Video games about insects
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Video games about ants

SimAnt


Major General Beaumont Bonaparte Buck (January 16, 1860 – February 10, 1950) was a United States Army officer who served in the Spanish–American War, the Philippine–American War, and World War I. He is best known for his service with the 1st Division during World War I, where he commanded a regiment, brigade and division.

Early life
Beaumont Bonaparte Buck was born on January 16, 1860, in Mayhew, Mississippi, to James and Martha Garner Buck. He entered the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York, from where he graduated thirty of thirty-nine with the class of 1885. His classmates included Willard A. Holbrook, Robert A. Brown, Robert Michie, Daniel B. Devore, Henry P. McCain, Joseph E. Kuhn, Charles H. Muir, John D. Barrette, John M. Carson Jr., William F. Martin, George W. Burr and Robert Lee Bullard. All of these men would, like Buck himself, attain the rank of general officer.

Military career
After graduation, Buck was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the United States Army Infantry Branch. His first assignment was with the 16th Infantry Regiment and served on frontier duty from 1885 to 1889. After completing a brief tour of duty in the Philippines, he returned to the United States to serve as commandant of cadets at Baylor University from 1893 to 1894. Upon the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in 1898, Buck entered the Second Texas Volunteer Infantry as a major and was honorably mustered out of the unit at the end of the war. On March 1, 1899, Buck was promoted to captain and became commandant of cadets at the University of Missouri, a position he held until 1902. During this period he completed three separate tours of duty in the Philippines during the Philippine–American War and married his wife Susanne Long on December 30, 1908. In 1914, Buck was promoted to the rank of colonel and sent to the US–Mexican border. A year later, he joined the Massachusetts National Guard.

On June 12, 1917, just over two months after the American entry into World War I, Buck became the commanding officer (CO) of the 28th Infantry Regiment which, together with the 26th Infantry Regiment and the 3rd Machine Gun Battalion, formed part of the 2nd Brigade, itself part of the newly created 1st Division under Major General William L. Sibert, which was soon sent to France as part of the first contingent of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF). Buck was promoted to the rank of brigadier general on August 5 and succeeded Robert Lee Bullard, a West Point classmate of 1885, in command of the 2nd Brigade. Buck went on to lead the brigade during the battles of Cantigny and Soissons in the spring and summer of 1918. Buck was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC) for his role in the capture of Berzy-le-Sec during the battle of Soissons. The citation for his DSC reads:

Buck was rewarded for his performance by receiving a promotion to the rank of major general on August 8, 1918, and went on to succeed Joseph T. Dickman in command of the 3rd Division, while Frank E. Bamford took over command of Buck's old 2nd Brigade. Under Buck's command, the 3rd Division fought in the Battle of Saint-Mihiel in mid-September, and then soon afterwards in the Meuse–Argonne offensive, where Buck apparently did not perform well and was relieved of his command by General John J. Pershing, Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of the AEF. On October 15, at the height of the battle, Pershing visited Buck's 3rd Division headquarters, then at Montfaucon, where "he found the troops mixed, disorganized, and apparently disheartened" and, concluding that Buck was not up to the job of commanding a division (despite having performed very well in command of a regiment and a brigade), made the decision to replace him. Buck was not the only commander to be relieved during the battle, however, as Pershing also relieved Major General John E. McMahon, commanding the 5th Division, and Clarence R. Edwards, commanding the 26th "Yankee" Division, in the same month, for similar reasons. Buck's replacement went to a much younger man, Brigadier General Preston Brown, who replaced him on October 18.

After this, Buck, very briefly, in late October assumed command of the 34th Division, which had only recently arrived in France but had been skeletonized and stripped of most of its personnel to provide replacements for other divisions in the AEF. The Armistice with Germany occurred soon afterwards, on November 11, 1918, bringing the war to an end.

Buck returned to the United States on November 15, where he took command of Camp MacArthur in December and Camp Meade in March 1919. From May 1919 to March 1920 he was assigned to the Mexican–American border near Laredo, Texas, later transferring to Fort Crook in April 1920. His final assignment was as acting chief of staff of the 90th Division Organized Reserves at Camp Travis (now part of Fort Sam Houston) on August 15, 1921.

In retirement
Buck retired from military service as a colonel in 1924, moving to San Antonio, Texas. His full rank was restored by Congress in June 1930, and he published a memoir, entitled Memories of Peace and War, in 1935.

Death and legacy
Buck spent his final years in San Antonio, Texas, where he died on February 10, 1950, at the age of 90, and was buried in Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery.

References

Bibliography

External links

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1860 births
1950 deaths
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
United States Army generals of World War I
Recipients of the War Merit Cross (Italy)
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army generals
Burials at Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
American military personnel of the Philippine–American War
Military personnel from Mississippi
Baylor University faculty
University of Missouri faculty
People from Lowndes County, Mississippi

Beaumont B. Buck


Ghosts (Finnish: Kummituspeli, Swedish: Spökspelet) is a board game designed by Alex Randolph for two players, released in 1982 by Milton Bradley.

Gameplay

The game takes place on a 6×6 board representing a haunted castle. Both players are given eight ghosts, of which four are good (marked by a blue dot) and four are evil (marked by a red dot). The ghosts are assembled in two rows of four at the player's own edge of the board. At each of the four corners is an exit from the castle.

The idea of the game is that neither player knows which of the other player's ghosts are good and which are evil. Facing the front, all ghosts look the same. The dots are only on the back. The players can arrange the good and evil ghosts how they wish at the start of the game.

The game is turn-based. On his or her turn, each player moves one ghost one square, either up, down, left or right. A ghost may capture an opponent's ghost by moving to its square. Only when a ghost is captured does the opposing player know whether it is good or evil.

If a player captures all four of the opposing player's good ghosts, he or she has won the game. But if a player captures all four of the opposing player's evil ghosts, he or she has lost the game. The game can also be won by moving one of the good ghosts through one of the exits at the opposing side of the board.

The strategy of the game play involves mainly trying to guess which of the opponent's ghosts are which by their movement patterns and trying to fool the opponent with confusing movement patterns.

Board games

Ghosts (board game)


Valerie M. Hudson (born 1958) is an American professor of political science in the Department of International Affairs at The Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M University as of January 2012.  Prior to coming to Texas A&M, Hudson was a professor of political science at Brigham Young University for over 24 years. She is most noted for having co-authored the book Bare Branches which discussed the effects of China's demographic decisions on sex ratios in China and other countries.

Hudson's early life and education;

Hudson was born in Washington D.C in the year 1958.She joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (also commonly known as Mormons) in 1971. She had been a Roman Catholic.  Hudson received her bachelor's degree from Brigham Young University (BYU), and her master's and Ph.D. from Ohio State University.

While a doctoral candidate, Hudson taught for three years at Otterbein College, and after receiving her Ph.D., she was a visiting professor at Northwestern University and then Rutgers University. In 1987 she joined the faculty of BYU.  Hudson served as associate director of the David M. Kennedy Center for International Studies for eight years. In that capacity, she directed the graduate program.

In April 2019, she was named a University Distinguished Professor at the Texas A&M University, the university's highest faculty honor.

Personal
Hudson is married to artist David Cassler, a painter with an MFA from BYU. They are the parents of eight children, three of whom have cystic fibrosis.

Writings
Hudson's research foci include foreign policy analysis, national security policy, social science methodology, and gender in International Relations.  She has also published Mormon-related writings, particularly on the topic of Mormon doctrine concerning women.
Hudson has written or edited several books, including Foreign Policy Analysis: Classical and Contemporary Theory (Boulder, Colorado: Rowman and Littlefield, 2007, 2013, 2019), Culture and Foreign Policy, Artificial Intelligence and International Politics as well as Bare Branches: Security Implications of Asia's Surplus Male Populations (MIT Press, 2004).  The last was with Andrea Den Boer. In April 2012 Columbia University Press published a book co-authored by Hudson entitled Sex and World Peace. Recent co-authored books also include (with Patricia Leidl) The Hillary Doctrine: Sex and American Foreign Policy (Columbia University Press, 2015).

Hudson has edited multiple books with Kerry M. Kartchner on Latter-day Saints and their relationships with United States foreign and security policies. Hudson wrote a long article with Sorensen on Latter-day Saint views of Womanist theology published in David L. Paulsen's and Donald W. Musser's Mormonism in Dialogue with Contemporary Christianity (Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press, 2007). She contributed a collaborative article with Alan J. Hawkins, Camille Fronk Olson, Lynn D. Wardle, Richard D. Draper, Diane L. Spangler and a few others, an article about mothers and fathers being equal partners in David C. Dollahite's Strengthening Our Families: An In-depth Look At The Proclamation on The Family.  With A. Don Sorensen and Allen Bergin Hudson wrote an article entitled "Benevolent Power and Unrighteous Dominion" that was published in Bergin's Eternal Values and Personal Growth: LDS and Social Sciences Perspectives (Provo: BYU Press, 2002). She has also written Women in Eternity, Women of Zion with A. Don Sorensen (Springville: Cedar Fort, 2004).

Hudson has published articles in such journals as International Security and Political Psychology including article co-authored with others such as Bonnie Ballif-Spanvill about the relationship between the security of women and the security of states.  She also contributed a chapter to Foreign Policy Decision Making (Revisited). Additionally, she and fellow researcher Hillary Matfess uncovered linkages between violent conflict and bride price.

Recent work
Hudson was one of the founders of the on-line journal Square Two, which is a forum for scholarly articles on important issues of the world today as informed by a Church of Jesus Christ and Latter-day Saints' perspective.  She is also a principal investigator of the WomanStats Project, which began in 2001.

Hudson is a self-described feminist. She has been influenced by the writings of Alma Don Sorensen on equality and Sylviane Agacinski on parity between men and women.

Notes

References
Amazon blurb on Women in Zion
bio of David Cassler

Deseret News March 9, 2010
July 3, 2004 New York Times article on Hudson and her book
Hudson's vita
Deseret News, June 15, 2009
MIT Press bio
WomanStats project webpage

1958 births
Converts to Mormonism from Roman Catholicism
Latter Day Saints from Texas
American women political scientists
American political scientists
Brigham Young University alumni
Brigham Young University faculty
Living people
Northwestern University faculty
Otterbein University faculty
People from Utah County, Utah
People from Washington, D.C.
Rutgers University faculty
Fulbright Distinguished Chairs
Latter Day Saints from Washington, D.C.
Latter Day Saints from Ohio
Latter Day Saints from Utah

Valerie M. Hudson


Martil Valley () is situated to the northeast of Tetouan, Morocco. It is about 10 to 15 km long.

The name comes from the river that crosses the valley, formerly known as Rio Martin, during the Spanish protectorate period in the first half of the 20th century. The river flows into the Mediterranean Sea at the sea resort of Martil.

Valleys of Morocco
Tétouan

Martil Valley


Sir Peter John Ratcliffe, FRS, FMedSci (born 14 May 1954) is a British physician and scientist. He is trained as a nephrologist. He was a practicing clinician at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford and Nuffield Professor of Clinical Medicine and head of the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine at the University of Oxford from 2004 to 2016.

In 2016 he became Clinical Research Director at the Francis Crick Institute, retaining a position at Oxford as member of the Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research and Director of the Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford.

Ratcliffe was born in Morecambe, Lancashire.

Ratcliffe is best known for his work on cellular reactions to hypoxia, for which he shared the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with William Kaelin Jr. and Gregg L. Semenza.

References

1954 births
Living people
People from Lancashire

English physicians

Peter J. Ratcliffe


The Doha Corniche () is a waterfront promenade extending for  along Doha Bay in Qatar's capital city, Doha. Annual celebrations of national holidays such as Qatar National Day and National Sports Day are centered on the Doha Corniche. It is a popular tourist and leisure attraction within Qatar.

History

The Corniche used to be an empty stretch of walkway in which the only visible edifice was a Sheraton Hotel, but development has increased in the 21st century with dozens of skyscrapers being built towards the north of the Corniche. The area's development is part of the economic boom the country has been experiencing and part of an effort to promote tourism, which was facilitated by the 2006 Asian Games.

Many of Doha's most iconic landmarks are found along the Corniche, beginning from around the Museum of Islamic Art and ending at the Sheraton Park near the distinctive pyramid-shaped Sheraton Doha Resort & Convention Hotel.

Location
The Corniche encircles Doha Bay, running for a length of seven kilometers. There are three main areas of the Corniche: the Corniche Park and Promenade, Corniche Street, and the Government zone.

The Corniche Promenade and Park are very popular destinations for walkers, runners, skaters, joggers and others engaging in leisure and social activities.

Corniche Street is a paramount route which connects Doha's emerging West Bay business district with the south of the city and Doha International Airport. It was formed following extensive dredging work carried out during the late 1970s and early 1980s which reshaped Doha's coastline.

As for the Government zone, which commands a view of the bay, administrative buildings such as the Amiri Diwan are found here.

Nearby landmarks

 Al Bidda Park
 Commercialbank Plaza
 Doha Port
 Doha Tower
 Dubai Towers Doha
 Q-Post
 National Museum of Qatar
 Qatar National Theatre
 Richard Serra's sculpture 7
 View of West Bay skyline

Gallery

References

Doha
Geography of Qatar
Waterfronts
Venues of the 2006 Asian Games

Doha Corniche


No Woman Knows is a 1921 American silent drama film directed by Tod Browning. It was adopted from the Edna Ferber story Fanny Herself (1917). A complete print of the film survives at the Filmoteca Española in Madrid.

Plot
As described in a film magazine, the Brandeis operate a little dry goods store in Winnebago, Wisconsin. Ferdinand (Davidson) and Molly (Marvin) are the parents and Fanny (Radom / Scott) and Theodore (Lee / Davidson) are the daughter and son, with Aloysius (Hoy) an adopted Irish youth. Theodore shows talent for the violin and under Herr Bauer (Edwards) he practices several hours each day. Schabelitz, a famous violinist, during a concert tour hears Theodore play and suggests to the Brandeis that he be sent to Europe to study.

Times are poor, but Molly with the assistance of Rabbi Thalman (Warren) persuades "Papa" Brandeis that it should be done, and the Boy is sent. Molly works the store, does the housework, and looks after the children, happy in the thought that some day her boy will become famous and rescue her from drudgery. By and by Papa dies, and Fanny, grown to womanhood, denies herself all pleasures such as a new dress in order to maintain Theodore at Dresden. What they do not know is that her brother's frequent requests for money are to keep him and his wife, whom he married the first year he was abroad, from starvation.

One day when Fanny is returning home from skating, the only pleasure she allows herself, she encounters tragedy in discovering her mother dead. Fanny breaks down, and unburdens her pent-up feelings. Left to her own resources she goes to Chicago and gains employment in a mail order house. Theodore, having been deserted by his wife, returns home with his baby. They take up their abode with Fanny, and she becomes attached to the youngster. Through her influence with her employer Michael Fenger (Holmes) to have Theodore give a concert and looks forward to the event as a personal triumph. However, on the evening of the event Theodore receives message from his wife asking him to return to her. He leaves a note to Fanny pinned to the telegram stating what he has done.

Cast

 Max Davidson as Ferdinand Brandeis
 Snitz Edwards as Herr Bauer
 Grace Marvin as Molly Brandeis
 Bernice Radom as Little Fanny Brandeis
 Danny Hoy as Aloysius
 E. Alyn Warren as Rabbi Thalman (credited as E.A. Warren)
 Raymond Lee as Little Theodore Brandeis
 Josef Swickard as The Great Schabelitz
 Richard Cummings as Father Ritzpatrick
 Joseph Sterns as Little Clarence Hyle
 Mabel Julienne Scott as Fanny Brandeis
 John Davidson as Theodore Brandeis
 Earl Schenck as Clarence Hyle
 Stuart Holmes as Michael Fenger

References

External links

Ferber, Edna (1917), Fanny Herself, New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co., on the Internet Archive

1921 films
1921 drama films
Silent American drama films
American silent feature films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Tod Browning
Films based on works by Edna Ferber
Surviving American silent films
Universal Pictures films
1920s American films

No Woman Knows


The Lords of the Underground (L.O.T.U.G.) is an American hip-hop trio based in Newark, New Jersey. The group is composed of Dupré Kelly (professionally known as DoItAll) (born January 14, 1971), Al'Terik Wardrick (professionally known as Mr. Funke) (born November 15, 1972) and Bruce A. Colston (professionally known as DJ Lord Jazz) (born November 20, 1968).

History
MCs Mr. Funke and DoItAll Dupré met DJ Lord Jazz (a native of Cleveland) when all three were undergraduates at Shaw University in North Carolina. A friend of Doitall's introduced the group to legendary producer Marley Marl, who invited them to record at his studio with help from K-Def. In 1990, Redman at the beginning of his career served as DJ for DoItAll of Lords of the Underground at Club Sensations in Newark, New Jersey.

The group released its debut album, Here Come the Lords, on March 9, 1993, on Pendulum/Elektra, with production handled by Marley Marl and K-Def. In 2013, the American magazine Spin added the album to its list of "The 50 Best Rap Albums from 1993". The album peaked at 66 on the Billboard 200 and featured five charting singles, including the group's signature song, "Chief Rocka". In 2015, Complex placed the song in 85th place on its list of "The 100 Greatest Hip-Hop Beats of All Time".

By the end of 1993, the Lords had received an award from BET as best rap group of the year.

The group released its second album, Keepers of the Funk, on Pendulum/EMI, the following year on November 1, 1994. Keepers of the Funk peaked at 47 on the Billboard 200 and featured three charting singles, the most successful of which was "Tic Toc".

The group received negative criticism when it was implied in their 1995 single "Burn Rubber" that they condoned car-jacking. The group claims the song was created specifically for the soundtrack of the  car-jacking movie New Jersey Drive.

They reunited for a third album with 1999's Resurrection. Released via Queen Latifah's Jersey Kidz imprint, it was so small-scale a release that few realized that it had been recorded at all. The Lords returned again in 2007 for a fourth album, titled House of Lords; like Resurrection, it failed to reach the Billboard charts.

The Lords are best remembered in connection with the golden age of hip hop. As such, when Nas decided in 2007 to do a remix of his song "Where Are They Now?" which asked the fates of several long-forgotten golden age rappers, the Lords were among those requested to appear. DoItAll Dupré performed eight bars on the track.

DoItAll appeared briefly in the final scene of the final episode of The Sopranos credited as Du Kelly, as one of a series of potentially ominous figures entering the diner. He also appeared on other TV shows: Law & Order as Two Tone, on Oz the HBO series, and on the Christmas episode of 30 Rock on NBC (2008). He has also been in independent movies such as Somewhere in the City with Bai Ling, Rhyme & Reason, and with Treach of Naughty By Nature. He has also starred in an off Broadway play entitled Diss Diss & Diss Dat.

In 2012, the group first performed in Russia as part of the Hip-Hop Don't Stop event and the Soul City 2012 festival.

In 2017, DoItAll revealed he planned on running for Councilman-at-Large for his hometown of Newark. He started his campaign in 2018; although defeated in that year, he was elected on June 14, 2022, to represent the West Ward.

In 2020, Lords of the Underground released its comeback song "Insomniac", produced by Snowgoons. The track is the first single off So Legendary, the group's first album in over a decade. At the end of January, Lords of the Underground released a video for the song "Whats Up", recorded with Onyx, which was later released in a single for this song.

Discography

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Singles

References

External links

East Coast hip hop groups
Rappers from Newark, New Jersey
Musical groups established in 1990
American musical trios

Lords of the Underground


Gamla Ullevi (, "Old Ullevi") was a football stadium in Gothenburg, Sweden.  Named Ullevi until 1958 when Nya ("New") Ullevi opened, it was built in 1915–1916 and opened on 17 September 1916 with the game between IFK Göteborg-AB København (2–2). It had a capacity of 15,000 to 18,000, depending on usage.

The record attendance is 32,357 and was set 2 May 1957, when Örgryte IS played IF Elfsborg. IF Elfsborg won 2–1.

Demolition of Gamla Ullevi began on 9 January 2007 at 11.15 AM local time. The stadium has been replaced with a new football stadium. The new stadium, opened on 5 April 2009, has been named Gamla Ullevi as well.

Name
Gamla Ullevi was named after the Nordic god Ull. He was a skier and archer who chased away the winter so he could wake up the goddess of the earth. The word vi means holy place. When Gamla Ullevi first opened it was called Ullervi, but after being pressured by a professor of Nordic languages, Hjalmar Lindroth, the r was removed. It was only added in the first place to make the name easier to pronounce. (Johansson & Nilsson 1992, p. 4)

History
Before Ullevi, the location was called Idrottsplatsen. It was a velocipede arena with room for 600 spectators. Eventually other sports began to use the facilities and a tenniscourt was built in 1901. Other courts were added too, but a new football stadium was needed with a proper grass pitch because of the growing interest in football. Göteborgs idrottsförbund created a corporation that had a capital of 90 000kr to spend on a new arena. The end cost of Gamla Ullevi was 160 000kr. It was designed as a stadium for only football despite half-promises being made to the archers and equestrians about space. At that time, the finished arena could hold 12 000 spectators. (Johansson & Nilsson 1992, p. 6–7)

Ullevi became more than just an arena for football though. Next to the football pitch, the ice-skating rink was built and opened 6 January 1917 with a bandy match. Ice hockey and figure skating were two sports that also used the facilities, as well as boxing, fencing, handball, and tennis. (Johansson & Nilsson 1992)

In 1924, Gothenburg city became the owners of Gamla Ullevi. They closed it in 1934 for renovations where they added more seats for spectators, and reopened in 1935. (Öhnander 2002, p. 10) The opening match was between Örgryte IS and AIK (3–1). (Johansson & Nilsson 1992, p. 48)

After Nya Ullevi was opened, it became the home arena to the three football clubs (GAIS, IFK and ÖIS) but they moved back to Gamla Ullevi in 1992. (Öhnander 2002, p. 7)

Gottepojkarna
Giovanni Galligani was the leader of Gottepojkarna, the snack and drink providers during the match. They sold chocolate, bananas, biscuits and Ullevikolan (the Ullevi toffee). There was a main kiosk where all the snacks could be bought, but during the match Gottepojkarna walked around with metal boxes with each type of snack in a separate compartment. These boys had been trained so that when a spectator ordered something they could throw the snack to the customer. The change was also thrown back up and they always hit the right target. (Johansson & Nilsson 1992, p. 20)

Ullevi-Bladet
Ullevi-Bladet was the name of the match-program that could be bought. It cost 25 öre and was published by Idrottsjournalisternas Klubb (The Sport Journalists Club) but financed by advertisements. The magazine featured an introduction to the match, the line-up of both teams and the points-chart of Allsvenskan. (Öhnander 2002, p. 27)

See also
 Scandinavium

Gallery

External links
 Gamla Ullevi – official site

References

Johansson, Bo & Nilsson, Bo Sigvard. Gamla Ullevi. Tre Böcker Förlag AB, 1992.

Öhnander, Bengt A. Från Ulleviss arenor. Tre Böcker Förlag AB, 2002.

1916 establishments in Sweden
2007 disestablishments in Sweden
Football venues in Gothenburg
IFK Göteborg
Örgryte IS
Defunct football venues in Sweden
Sports venues completed in 1916
Sports venues demolished in 2007

Gamla Ullevi (1916)


Black Creek Arts Council (BCAC) is an arts-based, non-profit organization in Darlington County, South Carolina.  Its offices are housed in a  facility located at 116 West College Avenue in Hartsville, South Carolina.

BCAC offers a variety of arts programs, including arts education classes for adults and children, after-school and pre-school aged programs, summer camps and private music lessons.  The Jean & James Fort Gallery hosts changing exhibits of regional and national artists.

The organization also awards sub-grants to arts-presenting non-profit organizations and individual artists in Darlington County.

Events
BCAC holds Artist Crawls in Darlington and Hartsville. Area artists set up displays in businesses, homes and studios.  Many artists chose to demonstrate during the Crawls and nearly all artwork is for sale.  Crawl participants purchase maps to the locations and travel around enjoying refreshments at each stop.

BCAC and the Friends of the Hartsville Memorial Library work together each year to offer a community photography contest and exhibition.  Photographers who live, work, or create in Darlington County can enter the contest.  Winners and People's Choice Awards are given out in a variety of categories.  On the opening night of the exhibition, a gallery crawl is held between the Black Creek Arts Center and the Hartsville Memorial Library.

References

External links

Arts councils of the United States
Non-profit organizations based in South Carolina
Buildings and structures in Hartsville, South Carolina
Art museums and galleries in South Carolina
Tourist attractions in Darlington County, South Carolina
Education in Darlington County, South Carolina

Black Creek Arts Council


Lublin Voivodeship (; ) was an administrative region of the Kingdom of Poland created in 1474 out of three eastern counties of Sandomierz Voivodeship and lasting until the Partitions of Poland in 1795. Together with Sandomierz Voivodeship and Kraków Voivodeship, it was part of historic Lesser Poland (see Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown). Lublin Voivodeship had two senators in the Senate of the Kingdom of Poland: the Voivode and the Castellan of Lublin. Local sejmiks took place in Lublin.

The entire area of the voivodeship was located east of the Vistula river, and its boundaries did not change from the time of its creation (1474), until its dissolution by Austrian authorities in 1795, after the third and final partition of Poland. After 1795, the entire Lublin Voivodeship became part of Austrian province of West Galicia. In 1809, former Lublin Voivodeship was annexed by the Duchy of Warsaw (since 1815 – Russian-controlled Congress Kingdom). Among major towns of contemporary Poland, which belonged to the voivodeship are Biłgoraj, Kraśnik, Lubartów, Leczna, Opole Lubelskie, Łuków, Parczew, Puławy, Radzyń Podlaski, Siedlce, and Świdnik.

Zygmunt Gloger in his book Historical Geography of the Lands of Old Poland gives a detailed description of Lublin Voivodeship together with the Land of Łuków:

"The fact that the area between the Vistula and the Bug River belonged to Poland during the reign of Bolesław Chrobry, is confirmed by chronicles from the times of the Piast dynasty. Jan Długosz writes that the Land of Lublin was densely inhabited by farmers and other settlers, but its population was decimated in 1244, during a raid carried out by the Lithuanians, the Old Prussians, and the Yotvingians, after which it turned into a desert (...)

First castellans of Lublin were mentioned in 1230. They resided in a defensive castle, and this land was part of the Duchy of Sandomierz (...) King Casimir IV Jagiellon, aware of the fact that Sandomierz Voivodeship was too large, separated parts of it located behind the Vistula and the San, creating Lublin Voivodeship. This was confirmed by the Sejm in Piotrków Trybunalski in 1474. First voivode of Lublin was Dobieslaw Kmita of Wiśnicz (...)

Total area of the voivodeship was 200 sq. miles, out of which Lublin County took 105 sq. miles, Urzedow County approximately 60 sq. miles, and the Land of Łuków – 35 sq. miles. In the 16th century, it had 34 towns, 663 villages and 82 Roman Catholic parishes (...) The voivodeship had two senators, which were the Voivode and the Castellan of Lublin. The sejmiks took place in Lublin, where six deputies were elected to the Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and two deputies to the Lesser Poland Tribunal. Local pospolite ruszenie met near Lublin, and the voivodeship several starostwos, located in Lublin, Łuków, Urzedow, Parczew, Kazimierz Dolny, Wawolnica, Kakolewnica, Zbuczyn and others (...)

Of the three parts of Lesser Poland proper, Lublin Voivodeship was conveniently located by three navigable rivers – the Vistula, the San, and the Wieprz. It also had fertile soil, and a number of historical monuments".

Voivodeship Governor (Wojewoda) seat:
 Lublin

Administrative division:
 Lublin County (Powiat Lubelski), Lublin
 Urzędów County (Powiat Urzędowski), Urzędów
 Łuków County (Powiat Łukowski, also called the Land of Łuków), Łuków

Main Lublin Voivodes:
 Jan Feliks "Szram" Tarnowski (before 1494)
 Piotr Firlej, 1537–1545
 Jan Tarło (1527–1587) (from 1574)
 Marek Sobieski (from 1597)
 Aleksander Piotr Tarło (1631–1649)
 Marcin Zamoyski (from 1682)
 Jan Tarło (1684–1750) (from 1719)
 Tomasz Antoni Zamoyski (from 1744)
 Antoni Lubomirski (from 1778)

Neighboring voivodeships:
 Masovian Voivodeship
 Brest Litovsk Voivodeship
 Chełm Voivodeship
 Bełz Voivodeship
 Ruthenian Voivodeship
 Sandomierz Voivodeship

References

Sources
 Lublin Voivodeship with Łuków Land by Zygmunt Gloger
Central European Superpower, Henryk Litwin, BUM Magazine, October 2016.

Voivodeships of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
History of Lesser Poland

1474 establishments in Europe
15th-century establishments in Poland
1795 disestablishments in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Lublin Voivodeship (1474–1795)


Blarney Castle is a 15th-century castle in County Cork in Ireland. Blarney is in the historic Irish Province of Munster. The Blarney Stone is in the castle. The Blarney Stone is one of the biggest tourist attractions in Ireland.

Description
Blarney Castle is a well preserved 15th century building. It is in the small town of Blarney, County Cork in Ireland. Blarney is about 6 miles northwest of the city of Cork. There are not many good buildings in County Cork that were built before the 19th century. The castle is also one of Ireland's oldest and most historic castles. The walls of the castle are up to 18 feet thick.

History
Blarney Castle was built in 1446 by Dermot MacCarthy. He was King of South Munster. The castle is the third building on the site. The first was built of wood. In about 1210 a stone building was built in place of the wooden one. Finally, in 1446 the current castle was built by MacCarthy.

Queen Elizabeth I of England wanted the castle. She told the Earl of Leicester to get it for her. However, he was never able to get it because MacCarthy always made excuses to stop it happening.

Oliver Cromwell's army won the castle by force. They did not capture the soldiers living in it though. They had escaped through tunnels and caves underneath.

The Blarney Stone
The Blarney Stone is a slab of limestone. The size of the stone is about 4 feet long and 1 foot wide. It is built into the castle's battlements 83 feet up from the ground.

There are lots of myths about where the stone came from. Some say it came from the prophet Jeremiah. Some say it came from Stonehenge. It is supposed to have been given to Dermot MacCarthy by Robert the Bruce. The gift was for help fighting against the English at the 1314 battle of Bannockburn.

In 2014 scientists in Scotland examined a piece of the stone. They found that it was a piece of limestone from close to the castle. The stone is about 330 million years old.

Tourist attraction

The Blarney stone is one of Ireland's biggest tourist attractions. Hundreds of tourists visit Blarney Castle every day. The visitors go to kiss the Blarney Stone. People think that kissing the stone will give them the "gift of the gab" (make them good at talking). There is usually a long queue of people waiting to kiss it. To kiss the stone people have to lie on their backs and let their heads hang back over a ledge.

References

Castles in the Republic of Ireland
County Cork
15th-century buildings and structures

Blarney Castle


The Company of the Moluccas () was a French trading company which was established in 1615 for trade in the East Indies. The company received trading privileges for the Far East for a period of 18 years.

On 1 June 1604, the French king Henry IV issued letter patents to Dieppe merchants to form the Dieppe Company, giving them exclusive rights to Asian trade for 15 years, but no ships were finally sent. Other cities such as Rouen maneuvered to obtain trading rights.

In 1615, the regent Marie de Médicis incorporated the merchants of Dieppe and other harbours to found the Company of the Moluccas. In 1616, two expeditions were sent to Asia from Honfleur in Normandy: three ships left for India, and two ships for Bantam. One ship returned from Bantam in 1617 with a small cargo, and letters from the Dutch expressing their hostility toward French ships in the East Indies. Also in 1616, two ships were sent from Saint-Malo to Java. One was captured by the Dutch, but the other obtained an agreement from the ruler of Pondicherry to build a fortress and a factory there, and returned with a rich cargo.

One of the main enterprises of the Company of the Moluccas was the expedition of Augustin de Beaulieu in 1619–1622.

The company was superseded with the creation of the Compagnie d'Orient in 1642, and the French East India Company in 1664.

See also

 France-Asia relations
 List of trading companies

Notes

Trading companies of France
1615 establishments in France

Company of the Moluccas