John Painter Vincent (1776–1852) was an English surgeon.

Life
Born at Newbury, Berkshire, he was the son of Osman Vincent, silk merchant and banker, who lived at Donnington; Richard Budd Vincent was his brother. John was apprenticed to Mr. Long, surgeon to Christ's Hospital from 1790 to 1807, and lived in Lincoln's Inn Fields. At this period of his life he attended James Leigh Hunt.

Vincent was admitted a member of the Corporation of Surgeons in 1800, and he became a member of the newly incorporated College of Surgeons on 20 March 1800. He then took his master's house in Lincoln's Inn Fields. He was elected assistant surgeon to St. Bartholomew's Hospital on 13 August 1807, becoming full surgeon 29 January 1816. On 22 July 1822 he was elected a member of the council of the Royal College of Surgeons, and on 5 January 1828 he succeeded to the court of examiners in place of Thompson Forster. He delivered the Hunterian oration in 1829, and he served the office of vice-president in 1830, 1831, 1838, and 1839, and of president of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1832 and 1840. He was elected a fellow of the college in 1843.

Vincent fell into poor health, and resigned his post of surgeon to St. Bartholomew's Hospital on 21 January 1847, when he was appointed a governor of the hospital; he retained his college offices until 1851. He died of paralysis at Woodlands Manor, near Sevenoaks, on 17 July 1852, and was buried in the church he had built at Woodlands. Vincent tended to avoid operations unless they were absolutely necessary.

Works
Vincent published Hunterian Oration, London, 1829; and Observations on some Parts of Surgical Practice, London, 1847.

Family
Vincent married, on 28 May 1812, Maria, daughter of Samuel Parke of Kensington, by whom he had six children, of whom three sons survived him. She died in October 1824, and he then married Elizabeth Mary Williams, who outlived him.

Notes

Attribution

1776 births
1852 deaths
English surgeons

John Painter Vincent


Mike Agbedor Abu Ozekhome (born on October 15, 1957, in Iviukwe, Agenebode in Edo State, Nigeria) is a lawyer and human rights activist, holding the rank of a Senior Advocate of Nigeria. He is known for his work as a constitutional lawyer and also an orator.

Education
Mike Agbedor Abu Ozekhome obtained his Bachelor of Laws degree (LL.B.) from the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife (at the time, known as the University of Ife), graduating in 1980. He then attended the Nigerian Law School, Victoria Island Lagos (1981). Former chief Kanmi-Isola Osobu served as his pupil advisor following his admittance to the Nigerian Bar in July, 1981. Thereafter, he returned to Obafemi Awolowo University to earn his Master of Laws (LL.M.), receiving the degree in 1983.

Career
Prior to earning his LL.M., Ozekhome was posted to the Ministry of Justice, Yola as a member of the National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) and then to the Federal Ministry of Justice, Lagos State. From there, he served as state counsel for the National Provident Fund (now Nigerian Social Insurance and Trust Fund (NSITF).

He then joined the chambers of  the activist human rights lawyer and social crusader, the late Chief Gani Fawehinmi, where he gradually rose to become the Deputy Head of Chambers, a position he held till 1985. He founded his own multi-office firm, Mike Ozekhome's Chambers, in 1986. In  2010, he was one of 19 senior legal practitioners conferred with the rank of Senior Advocate of Nigeria.

Kidnap and release
Ozekhome was randomly kidnapped on the Benin-Auchi motorway on 23 August 2013 and held for ransom. Four policemen responding in an effort to thwart the kidnapping were killed. The kidnapping garnered considerable media attention. Held along with approximately a dozen others in what he described as a well-organized camp, Ozekhome was released after several weeks when ransom was negotiated with the kidnappers, returning home on 12 September 2013. On 25 September 2013, wanted criminal Kelvin Prosper Oniarah was arrested by a combined security team of the Nigerian Army and DSS operatives for the kidnapping.

References

Living people
1957 births
Nigerian activists
Nigerian human rights activists
Obafemi Awolowo University alumni
Nigerian Law School alumni
People from Edo State

Mike Ozekhome


The Dover Religious Society of Friends Meetinghouse is a historic Quaker meeting house at 141 Central Avenue (New Hampshire Route 108) in Dover, Strafford County, New Hampshire. Built in 1768 for a congregation established in the 17th century, it is the only surviving 18th-century Quaker meetinghouse in the state. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

Description and history
The Dover Friends Meetinghouse is located south of downtown Dover on the east side of Central Avenue, nearly surrounded by elements of Pine Hill Cemetery. It is a two-story wood-frame structure,  long and  wide. A projecting vestibule with simple Greek Revival styling is a 19th-century alteration. Features distinctive to 18th-century Quaker meetinghouses include paired entrances on the long facade (for gender segregation), the removable partition wall at the center of the main chamber, and a crosswise bench for the congregation's elders.

Quakers first began to arrive in the Dover area in 1662, and were met with strong resistance from the dominant Puritan authorities. They persisted, and had by 1680 established a congregation with a meetinghouse on Dover Neck. This meetinghouse, built in 1768, was that congregation's third. The Dover congregation became the "mother congregation" for a number of new ones established throughout New Hampshire and southwestern Maine. This building was the scene of regular worship until 1912, when dwindling membership prompted its closure. It continued to be maintained and used irregularly until 1955, when regular services began again.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Strafford County, New Hampshire

References

Quaker meeting houses in New Hampshire
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1768
Churches in Strafford County, New Hampshire
Buildings and structures in Dover, New Hampshire
18th-century Quaker meeting houses
National Register of Historic Places in Strafford County, New Hampshire
1768 establishments in New Hampshire

Dover Friends Meetinghouse


LocalLink 21, formerly known as Hampden Shuttle Bug or Hampden Shuttle, was the first neighborhood shuttle to be introduced. It started operating in 2000 as an experiment conducted by MTA to provide a new type of service. At that time, service operated every 17 minutes in order to match light rail frequencies. But in 2003, it was reduced to one bus every 34 minutes.

The line operates on portions of the route also covered by routes 22 and 27, but connects to various points of interest in the Hampden area, and to the Woodberry Light Rail Stop.

In 2005, as part of the Greater Baltimore Bus Initiative, a comprehensive overhaul plan for the region's transit system, it was initially proposed that the Hampden Shuttle would be completely eliminated due to low ridership and a heavy cost to taxpayers. This was a plan that seriously worried the area's residents. However, after community meetings, it was ultimately decided that it would continue operating with no schedule change.

In 2006, MTA proposed that the routing would shift from Falls Road to Roland Avenue in order to replace service that would be discontinued on a portion of Route 27. This plan was introduced again late in 2007, and implemented early in 2008.

References

Maryland Transit Administration bus routes
2000 establishments in Maryland

LocalLink 21 (BaltimoreLink)


Al Wakrah () is a city in Qatar. Al Wakrah's eastern edge is the shore of the Persian Gulf and Qatar's capital city Doha is situated north of the city. It is governed by Sheikh Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani.  It was originally a small fishing and pearling village. Over the years, it evolved into a small city with a population of more than 80,000 and is currently considered to be the second-largest city in Qatar.

It has undergone extensive development and growth since the 21st century began while also being slowly merged by rapidly expanding Doha from the north. Notable milestones in the city's modern history include the May 2019 inauguration of Al Janoub Stadium, a stadium that will be used for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar, the opening of Al Wakrah Heritage Village in 2016, the Al Wakrah Main Road Project which is set to be completed in 2020, and the city's integration into the Doha Metro's Red Line.

Situated off the Persian Gulf to the east, Al Wakrah is approximately 15 km (9.3 mi) south of the capital city Doha, 72 km (45 mi) south of Al Khor, 21 km (13 mi) north of Mesaieed, 36 km (22 mi) southeast of Umm Salal Mohammed, and 100 km (62 mi) southeast of Dukhan.

The city has two public beaches and a mall named Ezdan Mall, which was completed in late 2016.

References

Cities in Asia
Geography of Qatar

Al Wakrah


Franklin Story Musgrave (born August 19, 1935) is an American physician and a retired NASA astronaut. He is a public speaker and consultant to both Disney's Imagineering group and Applied Minds in California. In 1996, he became only the second astronaut to fly on six spaceflights, and he is the most formally educated astronaut with six academic degrees. Musgrave is the only astronaut to have flown aboard all five Space Shuttles.

Early life
Musgrave was born August 19, 1935, the son of Percy Musgrave Jr. (1903–1973) and Marguerite Warton Musgrave (née Swann; 1909–1982). He grew up in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, but considers Lexington, Kentucky, to be his hometown.

Musgrave has strong New England ancestral roots, descending from Mayflower passengers John Howland and John Tilley, as well as early Watertown, Massachusetts, settler Richard Saltonstall. Saltonstall's uncle was Richard Saltonstall, Lord Mayor of London.

His 4th great-grandfather was William Gray, a lieutenant governor of Massachusetts from 1810 to 1812 and a Massachusetts State Representative and Senator. His first cousin, four times removed was Horace Gray, Massachusetts Supreme Court Justice from 1864 to 1882 and United States Supreme Court Justice from 1882 to 1902.

His name comes from his 2nd great-grandfather, Franklin Howard Story Jr. (1825–1900) and 3rd great-grandfather, Franklin Howard Story (1795–1871). His 4th great-grandfather, Elisha Story (1743–1805), was a participant in the Boston Tea Party in 1773. Another son of Elisha, Joseph Story (Musgrave's 4th great-uncle) was a United States Congressman from Massachusetts and a United States Supreme Court Justice from 1812 to 1845. Joseph's son (Musgrave's 1st cousin, four times removed) was artist and sculptor William Wetmore Story. William's son (Musgrave's second cousin, thrice removed) was painter Julian Russell Story.

Musgrave attended Dexter School in Brookline, Massachusetts, and St. Mark's School in Southborough, Massachusetts, from 1947 to 1953. He dropped out of St. Mark's in his senior year when a car accident "caused him to miss a substantial amount of vital pre-graduation exam schooling."

Career
After leaving high school, Musgrave enlisted in the United States Marine Corps in 1953. He served as an aviation electrician, instrument technician and aircraft crew chief while completing duty assignments in Korea, Japan and Hawaii, and aboard the carrier  in the Far East. Musgrave's aviator brother Percy (1933–1959), who also served on USS Wasp, died on a mission when the carrier "ran over him" after a takeoff crash.

Although he did not qualify as a pilot until completing his stipulated astronaut training, Musgrave has flown 17,700 hours in 160 different types of civilian and military aircraft, including 7,500 hours in jet aircraft. He has earned FAA ratings for instructor, instrument instructor, glider instructor, and airline transport pilot in addition to astronaut wings. An accomplished parachutist, he has made more than 800 free falls, including over 100 experimental free-fall descents involved with the study of human aerodynamics.

While serving in the Marines, he completed his GED. Following his discharge, Musgrave received a B.S. in mathematics and statistics from Syracuse University in 1958. Following his graduation from Syracuse University, Musgrave was briefly employed as a mathematician and operations analyst by the Eastman Kodak Company in Rochester, New York in 1958.

He went on to receive an M.B.A. in operations analysis and computer programming from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1959, a B.A. in chemistry from Marietta College in 1960, an M.D. degree from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1964.

Upon completing his medical degree, he served a surgical internship at the University of Kentucky Medical Center from 1964 to 1965. He continued there as a United States Air Force postdoctoral fellow (1965–1966), working in aerospace medicine and physiology, and as a National Heart Institute postdoctoral fellow (1966–1967), teaching and researching cardiovascular and exercise physiology. In 1966, he earned an M.S. in physiology and biophysics from the University of Kentucky. From 1967 to 1989, he practiced clinical medicine on a part-time basis at Denver General Hospital (presently known as Denver Health Medical Center) and served as an adjunct instructor of physiology and biophysics at the University of Kentucky Medical Center. He earned an M.A. in literature from the University of Houston–Clear Lake in 1987.

He has written or been listed as a co-author of twenty five scientific papers in the areas of aerospace medicine and physiology, temperature regulation, exercise physiology, and clinical surgery.

NASA
Musgrave was selected as a scientist-astronaut by NASA in August 1967 as a member of NASA Astronaut Group 6. After completing flight and academic training, he worked on the design and development of the Skylab Program. In 1973, he was the backup Science Pilot for Skylab 2, becoming the first Group 6 astronaut to receive a potential flight assignment.

Musgrave participated in the design and development of all Space Shuttle extra-vehicular activity equipment, including spacesuits, life support systems, airlocks and Manned Maneuvering Units. From 1979 to 1982, and 1983 to 1984, he was assigned as a test and verification pilot in the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory at JSC.

Musgrave served as a CAPCOM for the second and third Skylab missions, STS-31, STS-35, STS-36, STS-38 and STS-41. He was a mission specialist on STS-6 (1983), STS-51-F/Spacelab-2 (1985), STS-33 (1989), STS-44 (1991), and STS-80 (1996); and the payload commander on STS-61 (1993).

A veteran of six space flights, Musgrave has spent a total of 1,281 hours, 59 minutes, 22 seconds on space missions, including nearly 27 hours of EVA.

Musgrave is the only astronaut to have flown on all five Space Shuttles. Prior to John Glenn's return to space in 1998, Musgrave held the record for the oldest person in orbit at age 61.

He retired from NASA in 1997.

Spaceflight experience

STS-6

He first flew on STS-6, which launched from the Kennedy Space Center, on April 4, 1983, and landed at Edwards Air Force Base in California, on April 9, 1983. During this maiden voyage of Space Shuttle Challenger, the crew performed the first Shuttle deployment of an IUS/TDRS satellite, and Musgrave and Don Peterson conducted the first Space Shuttle extra-vehicular activity (EVA) to test the new space suits and construction and repair devices and procedures. Mission duration was 5 days, 23 minutes, 42 seconds.

STS-51-F

On STS-51-F/Spacelab-2, the crew aboard Challenger launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on July 29, 1985, and landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on August 6, 1985. This flight was the first pallet-only Spacelab mission, and the first mission to operate the Spacelab Instrument Pointing System (IPS). It carried 13 major experiments in astronomy, astrophysics, and life sciences. During this mission, Musgrave served as the systems engineer during launch and entry, and as a pilot during the orbital operations. Mission duration was 7 days, 22 hours, 45 minutes, 26 seconds.

STS-33

On STS-33, he served aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery, which launched at night from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on November 22, 1989. This classified mission operated payloads for the United States Department of Defense. Following 79 orbits, the mission concluded on November 27, 1989, with a landing at sunset on Runway 04 at Edwards Air Force Base, California. Mission duration was 5 days, 7 minutes, 32 seconds.

STS-44

STS-44 also launched at night on November 24, 1991. The primary mission objective was accomplished with the successful deployment of a Defense Support Program (DSP) satellite with an Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) rocket booster. In addition, the crew also conducted two Military Man in Space Experiments, three radiation monitoring experiments, and numerous medical tests to support longer duration Shuttle flights. The mission was concluded in 110 orbits of the Earth with Atlantis returning to a landing on the lakebed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on December 1, 1991. Mission duration was 6 days, 22 hours, 50 minutes, 42 seconds.

STS-61

STS-61 was the first Hubble Space Telescope (HST) servicing and repair mission.  Following a night launch from Kennedy Space Center on December 2, 1993, Endeavour rendezvoused with and captured the HST. During this 11-day flight, the HST was restored to its full capabilities through the work of two pairs of astronauts during a record 5 spacewalks. Musgrave performed 3 of these spacewalks. After having travelled 4,433,772 miles in 163 orbits of the Earth, Endeavour returned to a night landing in Florida on December 13, 1993. Mission duration was 10 days, 19 hours, 59 minutes.

STS-80

On STS-80, (November 19 to December 7, 1996), the crew aboard Space Shuttle Columbia deployed and retrieved the Wake Shield Facility (WSF) and the Orbiting Retrievable Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer (ORFEUS) satellites. The free-flying WSF created a super vacuum in its wake in which to grow thin film wafers for use in semiconductors and the electronics industry. The ORFEUS instruments, mounted on the reusable Shuttle Pallet Satellite, studied the origin and makeup of stars.

During deorbit and landing, Musgrave stood in the cockpit and pointed a handheld video camera out the windows. In doing so, he recorded the plasma streams over the orbiter's hull for the first time, and he is still the only astronaut to see them first-hand. In completing this mission he logged a record 278 Earth orbits and traveled over 7 million miles in 17 days, 15 hours, 53 minutes.

Media appearances and space snakes
Musgrave has made cameo appearances on several documentary TV programs, as well as the movie Mission to Mars (2000) as "3rd CAPCOM" and the TV show Home Improvement (Series 3, Episode 24, "Reality Bytes"). In 2012, he appeared at Chicon 7, the 70th World Science Fiction Convention, as the "Astronaut Guest of Honor."

In 1995 while being interviewed for a space documentary, Sightings, Musgrave irked NASA officials and surprised his colleagues when he declared that during two of his missions he saw "snakes" floating around in space - a fact that he failed to officially report to NASA upon his return.

In an interview with Omni, Musgrave mentioned seeing what he calls "the snake" on two flights and speculated it to be a rubber seal.

Organizations
He is a member of Phi Delta Theta, Alpha Kappa Psi, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Beta Gamma Sigma, the Civil Aviation Medical Association, the Flying Physicians Association, the International Academy of Astronautics, the Marine Corps Aviation Association, the National Aeronautic Association, the National Aerospace Education Council, the National Geographic Society, the Navy League, the New York Academy of Sciences, Omicron Delta Kappa, the Soaring Club of Houston, the Soaring Society of America and the United States Parachute Association.

Personal life
He has seven children, Lorelei, Scott, Holly, Todd, Jeff, Lane, and Story, one of whom is deceased. His hobbies include chess, flying, gardening, literary criticism, poetry, microcomputers, parachuting, photography, reading, running, scuba diving, and soaring.

In the early 1990s, Musgrave was stalked by Margaret Mary Ray, a schizophrenic woman who had previously served a prison sentence for stalking comedian David Letterman.

Awards and honors

United States Air Force Post-doctoral Fellowship (1965–1966)
National Heart Institute Post-doctoral Fellowship (1966–1967)
Reese Air Force Base Commander's Trophy (1969)
American College of Surgeons I.S. Ravdin Lecture (1973)
Flying Physicians Association Airman of the Year Award (1974 and 1983)
Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1994)
International Space Hall of Fame (1995)
National Aviation Hall of Fame (2022)

See also

List of spaceflight records

References

External links

Astronautix biography of Story Musgrave
Spacefacts biography of Story Musgrave
Musgrave at Spaceacts
Musgrave at Encyclopedia of Science
About Story Musgrave

Musgrave at International Space Hall of Fame
Story Musgrave Interview On His Abusive Childhood And Motivation

1935 births
Living people
1983 in spaceflight
1985 in spaceflight
1989 in spaceflight
1991 in spaceflight
1993 in spaceflight
1996 in spaceflight
American astronauts
Aviators from Massachusetts
Glider pilots
Military personnel from Massachusetts
Physician astronauts
NASA people
United States Astronaut Hall of Fame inductees
People from Lexington, Kentucky
People from Brookline, Massachusetts
St. Mark's School (Massachusetts) alumni
Syracuse University alumni
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Marietta College alumni
Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni
University of Kentucky alumni
University of Houston–Clear Lake alumni
United States Marine Corps officers
United States Air Force Medical Corps officers
21st-century American chemists
American statisticians
Mathematicians from Massachusetts
Mathematicians from New York (state)
American flight instructors
Space Shuttle program astronauts
Spacewalkers

Story Musgrave


Frank Michael Reich (; ; born December 4, 1961) is an American football coach and former quarterback who is the head coach for the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Maryland and was selected by the Buffalo Bills in the third round of the 1985 NFL Draft. Reich spent most of his career backing up Jim Kelly, although he achieved recognition when he led the Bills to the NFL's largest postseason comeback during the 1992–93 NFL playoffs.

After retiring as a player, Reich began an NFL coaching career. Holding assistant positions from 2008 to 2017, he was the offensive coordinator for the Philadelphia Eagles when they won their first Super Bowl title in Super Bowl LII. He served as the head coach of the Indianapolis Colts from 2018 to 2022 and guided the team to two playoff appearances.

Playing career

High school years
Reich, who is of German descent, attended Cedar Crest High School in Lebanon, Pennsylvania, where he played baseball, football, and basketball. Reich started on the football team for his last two years in high school. He played quarterback in the Big 33 Football Classic in 1980 following his senior year of high school.

College career
Reich was accepted to the University of Maryland on an athletic scholarship and played for the Maryland Terrapins football team. He was both backup to and roommate of starter Boomer Esiason for three years.

The biggest highlight of Reich's college career was the comeback he led against the Miami Hurricanes on November 10, 1984, at the Miami Orange Bowl. Reich came off the bench to play for Stan Gelbaugh, who had previously replaced him as the starter after Reich separated his shoulder in the fourth week of the season against Wake Forest. Quarterback Bernie Kosar had led Miami to a 31–0 halftime lead. At the start of the third quarter, Reich led the Terrapins on multiple scoring drives. Three touchdowns in the third quarter and a fourth at the start of the final quarter turned what was a blowout into a close game. With Miami leading 34–28, Reich hit Greg Hill with a 68-yard touchdown pass, which deflected off the hands of Miami safety Darrell Fullington to take the lead. Maryland scored once more to cap a 42–9 second half, and won 42–40, completing what was then the biggest comeback in NCAA history.

National Football League
Reich was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the third round (57th overall) in the 1985 NFL Draft. The Bills had already drafted future Hall of Famer Jim Kelly in 1983 and when Kelly signed with the Bills in 1986, Reich was relegated to a role as backup.

Reich got his first start when Kelly went down with a shoulder injury in 1989. Reich led the Bills to two straight victories. He rallied the Bills in the fourth quarter by throwing two drives down the field for a 23–20 victory over the previously unbeaten Los Angeles Rams. This first game for Reich occurred in front of a Rich Stadium crowd of 76,231 and a Monday Night Football audience. In Super Bowl XXV, kicker Scott Norwood famously missed the potential game winning field goal wide-right, with Reich as the holder on the attempt.

Reich returned the following year, however when Kelly was injured again late in the 1990 season. Reich provided the Bills with two key wins, clinching them the AFC East title and home field advantage throughout the playoffs.

During the final game of the 1992 regular season, the Houston Oilers defeated Buffalo 27–3 in Houston, where Kelly suffered strained ligaments in his knee and yielded to Reich to finish the game in his place. With Kelly out, Reich took the reins as the starter for the wild card game the following week, on January 3, 1993. The wild card game was a rematch with the Oilers, hosted in Buffalo, where they led the Bills 35–3 early in the 3rd quarter, but Reich then led the Bills on a 38–3 run en route to a 41–38 overtime victory. The rally from a 32-point deficit remained the largest comeback in NFL history until the Minnesota Vikings made a 33-point comeback against the Indianapolis Colts on December 17, 2022. Reich started his second consecutive playoff game, as the Bills defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 24–3 in the divisional round. This made Reich one of a handful of quarterbacks who is undefeated as a starter in post-season play, as well as the only one with more than one start to his credit. Kelly recovered and started the AFC Championship where the Bills defeated the Miami Dolphins 29–10. During Super Bowl XXVII, the Bills faced the Dallas Cowboys and Reich again replaced an injured Kelly in the first half of the Super Bowl. Reich led the Bills to 10 points to make the score 31–17, with a possible comeback well within the Bills' capability as the 3rd quarter concluded. However, in the 4th quarter, the Cowboys scored 21 unanswered points to win 52–17, and Reich finished the game with two interceptions.

After giving the Bills one more comeback victory late in the 1993 NFL season, Reich signed with the expansion Carolina Panthers in March 1995 to start off their first year. He threw the first touchdown pass in franchise history to former Bills player Pete Metzelaars in Atlanta against the Falcons. Their first home game was in Week 3 against the Rams at Memorial Stadium in Clemson, as Bank of America Stadium was still under construction. The Panthers had drafted Kerry Collins as their intended franchise quarterback, but Reich was the starter for the first three games until Collins was deemed ready to take the starting job. He was sacked 9 times on September 3 at Atlanta, a franchise record he shares with Cam Newton.

Reich was then signed by the New York Jets where he started for seven games in 1996.

In 1997, Reich signed with the Detroit Lions, reuniting him with his coach at Maryland, Bobby Ross. Reich appeared in 6 games in 1997, all in relief, and 6 games in 1998, including 2 starts. Reich retired following the 1998 NFL season.

In 2014, Pro Football Hall of Fame Executive Bill Polian, who was general manager of the Bills when they drafted Reich, called him "the greatest backup quarterback in NFL history."

Coaching career

Indianapolis Colts
Reich was a coaching intern for the Indianapolis Colts from 2006 to 2007. In 2008, he served as an offensive coaching staff assistant for the Colts. After Tony Dungy retired following the 2008 season, former Colts quarterback coach Jim Caldwell took over as head coach and Reich became the new quarterbacks coach.  Reich switched to wide receivers coach in 2011 but was dismissed when the entire coaching staff was released after a 2–14 season.

Arizona Cardinals
Reich was the wide receivers coach for the Arizona Cardinals in 2012 under head coach Ken Whisenhunt, but along with Whisenhunt and other offensive coaches, was dismissed on December 31, 2012. Reich would not be retained under new head coach Bruce Arians.

San Diego Chargers
Reich was hired by the San Diego Chargers, along with Whisenhunt, in 2013. When Whisenhunt left to become head coach of the Tennessee Titans, Reich was promoted to offensive coordinator. On January 4, 2016, he was fired from his position as offensive coordinator after the Chargers finished 31st in rushing and struggled on offense.

Philadelphia Eagles
On January 20, 2016, Reich was hired as the offensive coordinator for the Philadelphia Eagles He went on to win Super Bowl LII over the New England Patriots with the team in the 2017 season.

Return to Indianapolis
On February 11, 2018, he was named the new head coach of the Colts, seven years after he had been fired as wide receivers coach.

After losing his first career game against the Cincinnati Bengals, Reich earned his first win as a head coach over the Washington Redskins. In Week 3 against his former team the Eagles, with the Colts down 20–16 with seconds left in the game, Reich pulled starting quarterback Andrew Luck and put in Jacoby Brissett to attempt a Hail Mary pass from his own 46-yard line. Brissett overthrew several players in the back of the end zone and the Colts lost the game. The move was questioned by some journalists and fans, and led to some speculation about the health of Luck's shoulder, although Reich and Luck both said it was purely because Brissett had a stronger throwing arm. The following week against the Houston Texans, Luck led the Colts back from down 28–10 in the third quarter, including a game-tying two point conversion with :51 left, however the team lost in overtime, 37–34. Reich was the center of controversy after Indianapolis failed to convert a 4th and 4 on their own 43 and the Texans kicked the game-winning field goal, although he afterward said "I'll just address it now. We're not playing to tie. We're going for it 10 times out of 10." After a 1–5 start, Reich led the Colts to a 10–6 record winning nine of their final 10 games.

Indianapolis became just the third team in NFL history to make the playoffs following a 1–5 start, and also reached their first postseason appearance since 2014. In the Wild Card Round,  they defeated the Houston Texans 21–7 before falling to the Kansas City Chiefs 31–13 in the Divisional Round.

Following Luck's unexpected retirement ahead of the 2019 season, Reich's Indianapolis tenure became noted for quarterback instability, with the team starting Brissett in 2019, Philip Rivers in 2020, Carson Wentz in 2021, and Matt Ryan and Sam Ehlinger in 2022. Although Reich guided the Colts to a playoff berth in 2020, he and his team suffered a major setback in 2021. That season, the Colts missed the playoffs despite having a 98% chance to make the playoffs with two games remaining in the season, according to FiveThirtyEight. The Colts lost both of those games, including a shocking 26-11 Week 18 loss to the Jacksonville Jaguars, who entered the game with a league-worst 2-14 record. Minutes after that loss, the Pittsburgh Steelers, who needed Indianapolis to lose in order to clinch a playoff berth, won their overtime game against the Baltimore Ravens, thus eliminating Reich's Colts for good.

After a disappointing 3–5–1 start to the 2022 season, Reich was fired on November 7.

Carolina Panthers
On January 26, 2023, the Carolina Panthers hired Reich as their next head coach. He is the first coach in franchise history with roots on the offensive side of the ball.

Head coaching record

Personal life
Reich's German American father, Frank Sr., played for the Penn State Nittany Lions from 1953 to 1955 as a center and linebacker. He was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the 14th round of the 1956 NFL Draft, but did not play in the National Football League. Frank Reich Sr. was a teacher in technology education and also a football coach at Lebanon High School, retiring in 1992. Reich's brother, Joe, is the head coach at Wingate; a position he has held since 2001.

Throughout Reich's NFL career, he remained a devout Christian. He is a motivational speaker utilizing the great comebacks and the importance of God as a main keynote of his speeches. He credits the song "In Christ Alone" by Michael English as his inspiration. Reich attended the Charlotte Campus of Reformed Theological Seminary in Charlotte and he earned a Master of Divinity degree. He served as president of RTS' Charlotte campus from 2003 to 2006. Reich was also a pastor at Ballantyne Presbyterian until he moved to Indianapolis.

Reich and his wife Linda have three daughters.

References

External links
 Carolina Panthers profile

1961 births
American people of German descent
American football quarterbacks
American Presbyterian ministers
Arizona Cardinals coaches
Buffalo Bills players
Carolina Panthers head coaches
Carolina Panthers players
Coaches of American football from Pennsylvania
Detroit Lions players
Indianapolis Colts coaches
Indianapolis Colts head coaches
Living people
Maryland Terrapins football players
National Football League offensive coordinators
New York Jets players
People from Lebanon County, Pennsylvania
People from Long Island
Philadelphia Eagles coaches
Players of American football from Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Charlotte, North Carolina
Presidents of Calvinist and Reformed seminaries
Sportspeople from Charlotte, North Carolina

Frank Reich


WCVX (1160 AM) is a radio station licensed to Florence, Kentucky in the Cincinnati metropolitan area. WCVX is owned by the Christian Broadcasting System and it carries a Christian radio format.  Its studios and offices are on West Seventh Street in Cincinnati and its transmitter is off Fowler Creek Road in Florence.  WCVX broadcasts with a directional antenna with 5,000 watts in the daytime but at night it reduces power to 990 watts to protect KSL in Salt Lake City, the Class A Clear-channel station on 1160 kHz.  WYLL in Chicago, Illinois is the only other full-time 50,000-watt station on 1160 AM, although it is a Class B station.

Hosts heard on WCVX include Dr. Charles Stanley, Joyce Meyer and Jim Daly.

History

Early years

At 1180 AM
WCVX originally signed on in 1984 as WFKB 1180 AM, a 1,000-watt daytime-only station licensed to Florence, Kentucky.  WFKB was required to sign off at sunset to protect WHAM in Rochester, New York which is the clear channel station on that frequency.  WFKB was a full-service station which served northern Kentucky, and offered news every hour along with Middle of the Road or MOR music.

WFKB changed to a country music format by 1986, and was simulcast with WIOK-FM in Falmouth, Kentucky as an AM-FM combo.  In 1987, WFKB was acquired by Amber Broadcasting.  The format was changed to Adult standards or Nostalgia, and the call letters were changed to WMLX to reflect a former station in the media market that had done the same format.

In 1989, WMLX was acquired by Hoker Broadcasting, which also owned then-WOFX-FM at 94.9 MHz. The two stations were affiliated until 1992, when WOFX-FM was sold to Heritage Media. WMLX was then a stand-alone station, and was purchased in 1993 by KLM Communications, which was headed by Dr. Kenneth L. McDowell.

Move to 1160
In February 1993, WMLX was granted Special Temporary Authority by the FCC to move to 1160 AM and broadcast 24 hours per day at 1,000 watts daytime power and 500 watts at night. Call letters were changed in March 1993 to WBND, to reflect the station's new identity as "The Blend." This format was an attempt to merge the very popular Nostalgia/Standards format with an Urban adult contemporary format, which had been KLM's original plan for the station.

An early attempt at a Saturday sports talk show was hosted by Cincinnati basketball legend Oscar Robertson. A Sunday jazz show was hosted by local musician Wilbert Longmire. By 1995, WBND had been sold to the owners of WNKR-FM in Dry Ridge, Kentucky and the call letters changed to WKYN to reflect an emphasis towards northern Kentucky news and sports.

The station's signal was eventually upgraded to 5000 watts daytime and 990 watts nighttime, with different directional patterns for day and night.  From the station's new transmitter site near Union, Kentucky, WKYN was now directing more than 10,000 watts towards downtown Cincinnati during the day. At night, the power directed at Cincinnati was only 1,629 watts.

The lower power, coupled with typical nighttime AM skywave interference, caused the post-sunset signal to be listenable in limited areas of the market, mainly northern Kentucky and the western side of Cincinnati. (WCVX still uses this transmitter site with the same signal parameters.)

New owner, new format
Despite the nighttime limitations, the station's new, more powerful signal caught the attention of Chancellor Media, which owned 1230 WUBE, 105.1 WUBE-FM and 96.5 WYGY in Cincinnati.  In 1995, WUBE had begun running a sports-talk format known as "1230 The Score."

Programming consisted of nationally syndicated "Imus in the Morning" and "The Fabulous Sports Babe" as well as a local afternoon show, and network programming from One-On-One Sports in the evening and on weekends.  Chancellor purchased WKYN in 1996 and moved "The Score" to the more powerful WKYN signal.

While the new "Score" was much more powerful during the day, WKYN's nighttime signal was lacking (as noted above) in areas north of the Ohio River and east of downtown Cincinnati where WUBE had provided a strong signal.

WBOB

The home of the Bengals
At the conclusion of the 1996 NFL season, WKYN stunned the local radio and sports communities by winning the rights to be the official home of the Cincinnati Bengals football team for three seasons.  The games would also be simulcast on powerhouse sister station WUBE-FM, the city's dominant Country station.

On Cincinnati Reds opening day in 1997, the station changed call letters to WBOB and became known as "1160 BOB."  The station eventually dropped syndicated programming during the day, and ran a live and local sports talk format from 6:00 AM to 7:00 PM each weekday.  There were also various live weekend shows.  During this time, WUBE and WBOB became a sports combo, simulcasting some programs to make up for individual signal deficiencies. The stronger 1160 AM was known as "BOB", while 1230 AM was known as "BOB 2."

In 1999, WBOB's parent company - by then known as AMFM, Inc. - merged with Clear Channel Communications.  Because Clear Channel already owned the maximum number of stations allowed in the Cincinnati market, WBOB was spun off to Salem Communications, along with sister station WYGY-FM (now WFTK and owned by Cumulus Media).  WUBE (now WDBZ) was sold to Blue Chip Broadcasting, while WUBE-FM was sold to Infinity Broadcasting.

Bengals play-by-play then shifted to competing all-sports station "1360 Homer" WCKY and "92.5 The Fox" WOFX-FM, both of which were owned by Clear Channel. In addition, WLW would also carry the games once the Reds season ended, giving the network three flagship stations. Most of the WBOB hosts also made the transition to WCKY at this time, which is still the arrangement, even though WCKY now broadcasts at 1530 AM.  As of September 2008, the FM simulcast for Bengals games was moved to WEBN-FM 102.7.  (WOFX-FM has since been sold to Cumulus Media.)

The Salem years
In August 2000, WBOB was officially acquired by Salem Communications. Salem kept WBOB's sports talk format, but changed the emphasis from local sports to an ESPN Radio format. There was a local show in the afternoon featuring WBOB Program Director Doug Kidd and reporter Gregg Waddell.  This show would eventually be cancelled in favor of ESPN programming.

A local midday program was introduced featuring WLWT-TV sportscaster Ken Broo and Waddell, but that show would also be short-lived.  Another local program featured Cincinnati Business Courier columnist Andy Hemmer talking about the business of sports during his show, "The SportsTicker with Andy Hemmer."

In late 2003, Salem dropped ESPN from WBOB and flipped it to a talk radio format. It was programmed like most other Salem-owned talk stations, using the Salem Radio Network of talent such as Dennis Prager, Michael Medved, Hugh Hewitt, Bill Bennett and Mike Gallagher. In addition, other syndicated hosts aired on WBOB including Laura Ingraham and Bill O'Reilly.

In February 2006, Salem sold WBOB to Christian Broadcasting System and exited the market altogether in exchange for a station in Detroit. At that time, Alchemy Broadcasting became the lease holder of WBOB and changed the format to Oldies and the call letters to WDJO.

WDJO

The WDJO call sign was previously used by another oldies station on 1230 AM from 1985 to 1990 in the Cincinnati area which is now urban talker WDBZ.  The format was flipped by then owner of the 1230AM frequency, DKM Broadcasting, based in Atlanta, GA, which also owned WUBE-FM and had recently acquired the stations from Plough Broadcasting in October, 1984.  Previously the signal had featured a "Music of Your Life" big band format.  The station launched WDJO on January 1, 1985.  The press release said the station would "feature rock 'n roll oldies spanning the late 50's through the early 70's with heavy emphasis on the "explosive years" of 1964–1969.  The 'O' in WDJO stood for 'oldies'.  The 'DJ' implies that the format is live and vibrant, and will invite much listener involvement.  In fact, the idea is for WDJO to bring back much of the excitement that is associated with rock radio's 'golden era' of the 60s, when it seemed a new 'super group' was born every day."  The initial lineup of DJs were all local and at the same time the nighttime 1230 signal was increased from 250 watts to 1000 watts early in 1985.

The first Program Director of WDJO was Chuck Dees, who was hired from WQYX in Baton Rouge, LA and initially anchored the afternoon drive airshift.

The WDJO call sign was also used by 106.5 FM in Greenville, Ohio (Dayton market) when it aired a Jammin' Oldies format.  That station is now WTKD.

1160 and 1230 connections
The WMLX call letters and nostalgia format were originally on 1230 AM between 1981 and 1985. Those call letters and format would later appear in 1987 on 1180 AM, the predecessor to 1160 AM. The "Score" sports talk format was launched on 1230 AM in 1995, then moved to 1160 in 1996.

The WDJO call letters and Oldies format originally appeared on 1230 AM between 1985 and 1990. Those call letters and format are currently on 1480 AM. Robert Nolan owns and operates WDJO 1480 AM as Mustang Media.

WDJO moves to AM 1480
On May 18, 2009, WDJO announced a move to 1480 AM, the former WCIN which previously aired a smooth jazz format. As part of the move, both 1160 and 1480 began simulcasting the transition asking listeners by way of on-air promotional announcements by Charlie Van Dyke and the station's website to switch to 1480.  On May 23, 2009, WDJO began its new branding "Oldies 1480."  Until May 28, messages interrupted oldies music on the 1160 frequency, directing people to the 1480 frequency.  Throughout May 28, a 30-minute infomercial for a dietary supplement was run over and over.  On May 29, Christian programming and music began.

On May 26, 2009, Christian Broadcasting System, LTD filed a request for the WQRT call letters for their Florence, Kentucky station on 1160 AM.

On June 3, 2009, The Cincinnati Enquirer's John Kiesewetter reported that a conservative talk format featuring Laura Ingraham, Neal Boortz, Dave Ramsey and Dr. Laura Schlessinger would debut on 1160 AM on June 15, 2009.  Coincidentally, 1160 AM was the original Cincinnati home of Laura Ingraham and Dave Ramsey when it was News/Talk WBOB in 2003.

WQRT Real Talk 1160
On June 15, 2009, the station's call letters changed to WQRT and a conservative talk format debuted.  The station was briefly known as "Q-1160" and even registered a web address at www.q1160.com.  After several hours on the air, the station's management realized that any use of the letter Q in the Cincinnati radio market was service marked by WKRQ 101.9 FM, which has been known as "Q102" for over 40 years.  By the afternoon on June 15, the station had edited out the "Q-1160" reference in all imaging and had registered the new web domain www.realtalk1160.com.  The station's primary image line was "Cincinnati's Real Talk 1160." The station's lineup was primarily from the 24-hour satellite feed of Talk Radio Network, as part of TRN's initiative to distribute its programming in bulk.  It was also the home of former WLW host Andy Furman, who was on in the morning and in late afternoon.

As of December 13, 2010, WQRT cleared Dennis Miller, which replaced Dr. Laura, with the latter's move to Sirius XM Satellite Radio in 2011. WQRT is one of several stations that dropped the show early, before it ended terrestrial radio distribution.

On Wednesday January 2, 2013, WQRT let go its local on-air staff, after Dean Miuccio finished his "Cincinnality" morning show.  Syndicated programming replaced the local content, and the station went dark after the Notre Dame football game on Monday January 7.  On February 1, the station began its Christian radio format and WCVX call letters from 1050 AM, which is now known as Urban Gospel WGRI.

References

External links

Reference Cincinnati Enquirer Article

CVX
Radio stations established in 1984
CVX
Florence, Kentucky

WCVX


Blacks Point Museum is a museum in Blacks Point, near Reefton on the West Coast of the South Island of New Zealand.

Building
The museum building is a former Methodist/Wesleyan church, which was built from pit-sawn timber in 1876 and led as a non-denominational church by a Methodist minister. The church formerly overlooked the town, but 1912 it was moved back and rotated 90° on its section. As the population of Blacks Point declined, worship shifted to Reefton, and the church closed in 1960.

The church building was sold to the community for the purposes of a museum, and Blacks Point Museum opened on 1 October 1966. The building was  extended in 1976, and the working Golden Fleece stamper installed in the 1980s. In 2008, a $135,000 purpose-built archive and research room was added. In 2009, a display building and lean-to was constructed, and in 2013 the museum building was re-roofed.

The exterior of the museum hosts a mural by cinematographer and local resident Alun Bollinger.

Collection
The museum contains a collection of memorabilia relating to life in a mining town in New Zealand, including records from the school, the cemetery, genealogical material, a historical photograph collection, town directories, and a range of mining paraphernalia.

Next to the museum the still-functional Golden Fleece Battery, which was used by prospectors to crush quartz to extract gold. The battery is a water-driven stamper battery built and used in the 1870s.

References

History museums in New Zealand
Buildings and structures in the West Coast, New Zealand
Mining in New Zealand
Reefton
Churches completed in 1876
Former churches in New Zealand
Methodism in New Zealand
19th-century churches in New Zealand
Wooden churches in New Zealand

Blacks Point Museum


The IND Crosstown Line is one of the lines of the New York City Subway. Only one service operates on this line, and this is the G service, which runs from Court Square to Church Avenue. Services using this line are colored lime green.

IND Crosstown Line


The Central Bank of Manchou (; Japanese Hepburn: Manshū Chūō Ginkō), was the central bank of the Japan-sponsored state of Manchukuo. The bank was established by the Bank of Manchukuo Act at Hsinking (today Changchun) on 11 June 1932, as a joint stock company with a capital of 30,000,000 yuan, with the government holding at least 25% and at most 50% at any time. The bank officially opened its doors for business on July 1 as the amalgamation of the four note-issuing banks active in Manchuria prior to that time, namely: the Bank of the Three Eastern Provinces, the Bank of Kirin, the Bank of Heilungkiang and the Frontier Bank controlled by local warlord Zhang Zuolin. It was later revealed by audits that acquiring the four previous banks of Manchuria to be financially irresponsible as the Central Bank of Manchou held a deficit of 30,000,000 yuan in combined liabilities, but the action was deemed necessary as it was the only way to get rid of the overabundant currency issued by those banks in Manchuria in order to create a better foundation for the new Manchukuo yuan. When the Central Bank of Manchou was created it had a sufficient number of gold reserves for the new currency and paid out a dividend of 6% to investors, the stable value of the Manchukuo yuan was a major contributing factor for the development of the economy of Manchukuo.

The principal functions of the Bank were to act as a repository for the funds of the Manchukuo State Treasury, control the money market, unify the monetary system of Manchukuo and stabilize its currency. However, the Bank also engaged in ordinary banking business such as granting agricultural, industrial and commercial credit. In addition, the Bank served as Japan's agent in Manchukuo with the withdrawal of the Korean Bank of Chosen from the region. With its head office in Hsinking, the Bank had nearly 140 branches throughout Manchukuo, China and Japan proper.

Pursuant to the Currency Law of 1932 which authorized the creation of the Bank, Manchukuo adopted a unit of currency, the Manchukuo yuan, containing 23.91 grams of pure silver, the metal on which Chinese currencies traditionally were based. The Bank was required by its charter to hold as a reserve against its issued notes at least 30% of the value of such issue in gold and silver bullion, reliable foreign currencies and deposits with foreign banks in gold and silver accounts. The Bank's notes were not required to be redeemable in specie. Due to worldwide fluctuations in the price of silver during the 1930s, Manchukuo took the yuan off a silver standard in 1935 and subsequently pegged the yuan to, and later reached approximate exchange parity with, the Japanese yen.

The Bank initially issued approximately 150 million yuan in notes in 1932. By 1936, their aggregate value exceeded 200 million yuan, rising to 300 million in 1937, 400 million in 1938 and 620 million by the end of 1939. Throughout this period about half the value of the issued notes was backed by specie reserves. The notes issued were in five denominations, one hundred, ten, five and one yuan and five chiao (one-half yuan). To keep up with the inflationary pressures typically experienced by Japanese controlled areas towards the end of World War II, a 1,000 yuan note was issued in 1944. In 1948, after the end of World War II, approximately 12 billion yuan of Central Bank of Manchou notes were redeemed by the Tung Pei Bank.

As with Chinese coinage of the time, Manchukuo's coinage was based on the decimal system, one-tenth of the yuan being called the "chiao," one-hundredth called a "fen" and one-thousandth, a "li." Under the Currency Law the Central Bank of Manchukuo was authorized to mint 1 chiao and 5 fen coins of a nickel-copper alloy; and 1 fen and 5 li coins of a copper-tin-zinc alloy.

Dating system
Manchukuo was established in March 1932 with Puyi assuming the title of Chief Executive of the new state using the era name of Datong (Wade-Giles: Ta-tung; 大同). Following the traditional dating system based on the year of the ruler's reign, the year 1932 became the first year of Datong . Two years later, Manchukuo was changed into an empire, with Puyi ascending the throne as Emperor of Manchukuo under the reign title, Kangde (Wade–Giles: Kang-te; 康德). Accordingly, 1934 was designated the first year of Kangde (Kang-te), while 1942 was the ninth year of Kangde (Kang-te'').

References

External links

Economic conditions in the old Manchukuo

China
Economy of Manchukuo
Neoclassical architecture in China

Central Bank of Manchou


The Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate (EOC-MP; ; ) is a semi-autonomous church in the canonical jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Moscow whose primate is appointed by the Holy Synod of the latter.

This church numbers roughly 150,000 faithful in 31 congregations and is the largest Eastern Orthodox church in Estonia. The primate of the church was Cornelius (Jakobs), Metropolitan of Tallinn and All Estonia, from 1992 to his death in 2018. Since 2018 the head of this church is Metropolitan Eugene (Reshetnikov).

Under Estonian law, another church – the Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church (Eesti Apostlik-Õigeusu Kirik) – is the legal successor to the pre-World War II Estonian Orthodox Church, which in 1940 had had over 210,000 faithful, three bishops, 156 parishes, 131 priests, 19 deacons, two monasteries, and a theological seminary, the majority of the faithful were ethnic Estonians. The EAOC's primate is confirmed by the Orthodox Church of Constantinople and numbers about 20,000 faithful in 60 congregations today. The reactivation of this autonomous Estonian Orthodox Church caused the Russian Orthodox Church to sever full communion with the Patriarchate of Constantinople in 1996 for several months.

History

Orthodox missionaries from Novgorod and Pskov were active among the Estonians in the southeast regions of the area, closest to Pskov, in the 10th through 12th centuries. As a result of the Northern Crusades in the  beginning of the 13th century, Estonia fell under the control of Western Christianity. However, Russian merchants were later able to set up small Orthodox congregations in several Estonian towns. One such congregation was expelled from the town of Dorpat (Tartu) by the Germans in 1472, who martyred their priest, Isidor, along with a number of Orthodox faithful (the group is commemorated on January 8).Little is known about the history of the church in the area until the 17th and 18th centuries, when many Old Believers fled there from Russia to avoid the liturgical reforms introduced by Patriarch Nikon of Moscow.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, Estonia was a part of the Imperial Russian Empire, having been conquered by the emperor Peter the Great.  A significant number of Estonian peasants were converted to the Orthodox faith in the (unfulfilled) hope of obtaining land, and numerous Eastern Orthodox churches were built.  In 1850 the Diocese of Riga (in Latvia) was established by the Russian Orthodox Church and many Estonian Orthodox believers were included.  In the late 19th century, a wave of Russification was introduced, supported by the Russian hierarchy but not by the local Estonian clergy.  The Cathedral of St. Alexander Nevsky in Tallinn and the Pühtitsa Convent (Pukhtitsa) in Kuremäe in East Estonia were also built around this time.

In 1917 the first Estonian, Platon (Paul Kulbusch), was ordained Bishop of Riga and Vicar of Tallinn.

After the Estonian Republic was proclaimed in 1918, the Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church, St. Tikhon, in 1920 recognised the Orthodox Church of Estonia (OCE) as being independent. Archbishop Aleksander Paulus was elected and ordained as the head of the Estonian church.  Soon after, the Estonian church lost contact with Moscow due to the intense religious persecution of the Russian Orthodox Church by the new Leninist regime. In September 1922 the Council of the Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church took the decision to address the Patriarch of Constantinople, Meletius IV (Metaxakis) of Constantinople, with a petition to adopt the Estonian Orthodox Church under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople and to declare it autocephalous. Later on the Metropolitan of Tallinn and all Estonia Alexander wrote that it was done under an intense pressure of the state.  On 7 July 1923 in Constantinople Meletios Metaxakis presented the Tomos on the adoption of Estonian Orthodox Church under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople as a separate church autonomy "Estonian Orthodox Metropolia".

At the suggestion of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, Estonia was divided into three dioceses, Tallinn, Narva and Pechery. Evsevy (Drozdov) became the head of Narva cathedra. John (Bulin), a graduate of St. Petersburg Theological Academy, became Bishop of Pechery in 1926. He headed the diocese until 1932 and left it because of the disagreements on the properties of the Pskov-Pechery Monastery. Bishop John spent several years in Yugoslavia and came back to Estonia in the late 1930s. He actively backed the return of the Estonian Orthodox Church to the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate. On 18 October 1940, Bishop John was arrested by the NKVD in Pechery, accused of anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda, and was executed on 30 July 1941 in Leningrad.

Before 1941, one fifth of the total Estonian population (who had been mostly Lutheran since the Reformation in the early 16th century when the country was controlled by the Teutonic Order) were Orthodox Christians under the Patriarchy of Constantinople.  There were 158 parishes in Estonia and 183 clerics in the Estonian church.  There was also a Chair of Orthodoxy in the Faculty of Theology at the University of Tartu. There was a Pskovo-Pechorsky Monastery in Petseri, two convents—in Narva and Kuremäe, a priory in Tallinn and a seminary in Petseri. The ancient monastery in Petseri was preserved from the mass church destruction that occurred in Soviet Russia.

Occupation
In 1940, Estonia became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, whose government undertook a general programme of the dissolution of all ecclesiastical independence within its territory.  From 1942 to 1944, however, autonomy under Constantinople was temporarily revived.  In 1945, a representative of the Moscow Patriarchate dismissed the members of the OCE synod who had remained in Estonia and established a new organisation, the Diocesan Council.  Orthodox believers in the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic were thus subordinated to being a diocese within the Russian Orthodox Church.

Soon after Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union, Metropolitan Alexander declared his break-up with Moscow and reunion with the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Bishop Paul of Narva remained loyal to the Moscow Patriarchate. During their occupation, the Germans didn't hamper Metropolitan Alexander to lead the life of his parishes and Bishop Paul to be in charge of the Russian diocese in Narva and many other parishes loyal to Russian Orthodox Church.

Not long before the Soviet Army entered Tallinn, Metropolitan Alexander left Estonia, the Synod of Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church addressed Alexy (Simansky), Metropolitan of Leningrad and Novgorod, with a petition to resume the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate.

Just before the Soviet occupation in 1944 and the dissolution of the Estonian synod, the primate of the church, Metropolitan Aleksander, went into exile along with 21 clergymen and about 8,000 Orthodox believers. The Orthodox Church of Estonia in Exile with its synod in Sweden continued its activity according to the canonical statutes, until the restoration of Estonian independence in 1991.  Before he died in 1953, Metr. Aleksander established his community as an exarchate under Constantinople.  Most of the other bishops and clergy who remained behind were exiled to Siberia.  In 1958, a new synod was established in exile, and the church was organized from Sweden.

Estonian independence

Following the breakup of the Soviet Union, divisions within the Orthodox community in Estonia arose between those who wished to remain under Russian authority and those who wished to return to the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, with the dispute often taking place along ethnic lines, many Russians having immigrated to Estonia during the Soviet occupation.  Lengthy negotiations between the two patriarchates failed to produce any agreement.

In 1993, the synod of the Orthodox Church of Estonia in Exile was re-registered as the autonomous Orthodox Church of Estonia, and on February 20, 1996, Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I renewed the tomos granted to the OCE in 1923, restoring its canonical subordination to the Ecumenical Patriarchate.  This action brought immediate protest from the Estonian-born Patriarch Alexei II of the Moscow Patriarchate, which regarded his native Estonia as part of his canonical territory and the Patriarch of Moscow removed the name of the Ecumenical Patriarch from the diptychs in 1996 for several months (see 1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism).

An agreement was reached in which local congregations could choose which jurisdiction to follow.  The Orthodox community in Estonia, which accounts for about 14% of the total population, remains divided, with the majority of faithful (mostly ethnic Russians) remaining under Moscow. A U.S. Department of State report from November 2003, about 20,000 believers (mostly ethnic Estonians) in 60 parishes are part of the autonomous church, with 150,000 faithful in 31 parishes, along with the monastic community of Pühtitsa, paying traditional allegiance to Moscow.

On 6 November 2000 Archbishop Cornelius became Metropolitan of Tallinn and All Estonia.

On 19 April 2018 Metropolitan Cornelius reposed.

In 2018 Archbishop Eugene (Reshetnikov), was elected Metropolitan of Tallinn and All Estonia. He began his role as the Primate of the Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate on June 17, 2018.

In 2022 Church officials condemned 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and speech of Patriarch Kirill of Moscow by September 25, 2022. In 2023 Estonia refused entry to the head of the church, Patriarch Kirill, whom Estonia had sanctioned over his support of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

See also
Religion in Estonia
Catholic Church in Estonia
Eastern Orthodoxy in Estonia

References

Sources
Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity, pp. 183–4
The Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church by Ronald Roberson, a Roman Catholic priest and scholar

External links
Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate
Estonian Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchate  - History
Estonian Orthodox Church (EP) - History
Orthodox Estonia (EP)
 The History Files Churches of Estonia

Eastern Orthodoxy in Estonia
Christian organizations established in 1993
Eastern Orthodox organizations established in the 20th century
1993 establishments in Estonia
Eastern Orthodox Church bodies in Europe
Dioceses established in the 20th century
Russians in Estonia
Self-governed churches of the Russian Orthodox Church


Nephrotic syndrome is the medical term used to describe a collection of signs and symptoms. They occur because of kidney damage. This is different from nephritic syndrome where there are red blood cells in urine, giving it a red colour appearance.

Nephrotic syndrome is diagnosed by doctors based on the classical symptoms of oedema,  proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and hyperlipidaemia (which is explained below).

Symptoms and signs
 Oedema - swelling of the body
 Proteinuria - lipids passing in urine
 Hypoalbuminemia - low albumin level in blood
 Hyperlipidaemia - high lipid level in blood
 Lipiduria - lipids passing in urine
 Hyponatremia - low sodium in blood
 Frothy urine

Causes
Causes can be divided into two as primary and secondary causes.

Primary causes are conditions developing within the kidney.

 Minimal change disease (MCD)
 Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)

Secondary causes affect other body parts in addition to kidneys.

 Diabetes
 Systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE)
 Vasculitis - inflammation of blood vessels

Treatment
Treatment is with drugs that will reduce the damage to the kidneys. Prednisone, Cyclophosphamide, levamisole are some drugs used to treat nephrotic syndrome.

In addition to that lack of albumin is treated by giving albumin from outside into a vein. Fluid retention is treated with drugs called "diuretics" which will remove excessive water collected in the body. The person is advised to consume salt, fat containing foods and fluids including water in low amounts.

Prognosis
Prognosis is the medical term for the likely outcome of a disease. Good prognosis means the person will have a good outcome with no organ damage and no long lasting effects due to the disease.

Nephrotic syndrome in children usually has a good prognosis. However in children less than 5 years old and in adults over 30 years the prognosis is usually not good and can lead to permanent kidney damage. In these groups the disease will reappear after some time and need continuous drug treatment to keep the disease under control.

References

Syndromes

Nephrotic syndrome


Howard & Bullough was a firm of textile machine manufacturers in Accrington, Lancashire. The company was the world's major manufacturer of power looms in the 1860s.

History
The firm of Howard and Bleakley was founded in 1851 with four workers; in 1856 Bleakley retired and the partnership was changed to Howard & Bullough. John Bullough had perfected a self-acting temple on his handloom, and with William Kenworthy at Brookhouse Mills had been responsible for the Lancashire Loom. By 1856 they employed 150 workers; John's son James joined in 1862. They initially concentrated on looms, but eventually expanded to manufacture the complete range of machinery used in a cotton mill.

John Bullough, (b. 1837) died in 1891. By then Bulloughs was the world's largest manufacturer of ring spinning frames, and John, the owner of the Isle of Rùm, was the first cotton machine manufacturing millionaire. Three of the company's executives, Edmund and Samuel Tweedale and Joseph Smalley left to set up business in Castleton, Rochdale. The firm was Tweedales and Smalley. The company's first spindles equipped the Newhey Spinning Mill in February 1893. In 1897 they provided spinning machinery for use in the Drezna factory established by Ivan Zimin.

Bulloughs was one of the country's largest manufacturers. At its peak the Globe Works dominated the town, employing almost 6,000 workers and covering . Seventy-five percent of the company's production was exported.

1914 lock-out

Following the refusal of Howard & Bullough's management to meet the demands of the Amalgamated Society of Engineers (ASE) for trade union recognition and a minimum wage, up to 600 engineers at the works went on strike on 2 July. Six days later, the management locked-out the whole workforce of nearly 5,000 men and boys. Although members of the A.S.E. received £1/week lock-out pay while on strike and 1100 members of the Gasworkers and General Labourers Union received 10s (50 pence)/week, some 2,000 non-union workers were left without any income. At this time, the defensive Battle of Mons was being fought and the War Office was actively seeking to recruit men. A Pals battalion had been raised in Manchester, and the Mayor of Accrington undertook to raise a battalion of Accrington Men.

During the Second World War they turned to manufacture of armaments such as bayonets, shells, gun carriages, mine sinkers and aircraft components.

In the recession of the 1930s, Platt Brothers, Howard and Bullough, Brooks and Doxey, Asa Lees, Dobson and Barlow, Joseph Hibbert, John Hetherington and Tweedales and Smalley merged to become Textile Machinery Makers Ltd., but the individual units continued to trade under their own names until the 1970s, when they were rationalised into one company called Platt UK Ltd. In 1991 the company changed its name to Platt Saco Lowell. The Globe Works closed in 1993.

Bullough's inventions

James Bullough improved his loom by inventing various components, including the "self-acting temple", which kept the woven cloth at its correct width, the weft fork (patented 1841 but disputed by Osbaldeston) and a loose reed that allowed the lathe to back away on encountering a shuttle trapped in the warp. Bullough also invented a simple but effective warning device which rang a bell every time the warp thread broke on his loom. He worked with William Kenworthy at Brookhouse Mills, with whom he applied his inventions to develop an improved power loom that became known as the Lancashire Loom.

John Bullough, with James Whittaker and John Walmsley, developed a machine, patented in 1852, that sized two warps and wound them on two beams simultaneously.

Philanthropy
In accordance with the traditions of the times, Bulloughs attempted to improve the lives of its workers with acts of philanthropy. It gave James Bullough Park to the town of Accrington in 1913, and the Globe Tennis club grounds in 1926.

See also
 George Bullough

References

Industrial Revolution
Companies based in Hyndburn
Spinning
English inventors
Engineering companies of the United Kingdom
Former defence companies of the United Kingdom
United Kingdom in World War I
Textile machinery manufacturers
Accrington

Howard & Bullough


Vasile Demetrius (pen name of Vasile Dumitrescu; October 1, 1878–March 15, 1942) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian prose writer, poet and translator.

Born in Șcheii Brașovului, his parents were Dumitru Ogea, who built and maintained wood-burning stoves, and his wife Elisabeta (née Bratu-Stinghe). While in school, his name was changed to Dumitrescu, while the sobriquet Demetrius was bestowed upon him in 1899 by Gala Galaction, a classmate at Saint Sava High School, along with N. D. Cocea and Ion G. Duca. After leaving for the Romanian Old Kingdom, he attended primary school and three months of high school in Bucharest, but was largely self-taught. Early on, he forged a lifelong friendship with Tudor Arghezi; a humanitarian in outlook, he turned to socialism. His jobs included: worker in a garment factory; butcher's assistant; bookseller for C. Sfetea; proofreader at Naționalul newspaper; chemist at a Chitila factory; substitute teacher in Vintilă Vodă village, Buzău County; estate administrator for a count in Ialomița County; civil servant at the Domains Ministry; founder of Căminul book series (1916) and director at Biblioteca pentru toți (1923).

His poetic debut came in Constantin Mille's Adevărul. In 1904, together with Tudor Arghezi, he published Linia dreaptă magazine. He was close friends with Arghezi, Galaction and N. D. Cocea. Other publications where his work appeared include Viața socială, Viitorul, Dimineața, Facla, Flacăra, Scena, Luceafărul, Sburătorul and Rampa. He authored numerous translations of, among others, Guy de Maupassant, Honoré de Balzac, Dmitry Merezhkovsky, Blasco Ibáñez and Stendhal. His volumes of poetry are said to lack originality (Versuri, 1901; Trepte rupte, 1906; Sonete, 1914; Canarul mizantropului, 1916; Fecioarele, 1925; and Cocorii, 1942). However, his prose, in particular the novels (Tinerețea Casandrei, 1913; Orașul bucuriei, 1920; Domnul colonel, 1920; Domnul deputat, 1921), somewhat anticipate interwar realism. He also published a few volumes of short stories (Puterea farmecelor și alte nuvele, 1914; Cântăreața, 1916; Nuvele alese, 1925). He won a prize from the Romanian Academy in 1916 and from the Romanian Writers' Society in 1928.

Married to Antigona (née Rabinovici), a baptized Jew, he had a very poor household and numerous children. One of them, Lucia Demetrius, herself became a writer. Literary figures who visited the family home before 1918 included Oreste Georgescu, D. Nanu and Panait Istrati. By the 1920s, new visitors were arriving: Șerban Bascovici, Aron Cotruș, and later Felix Aderca and Sanda Movilă.

Notes

1878 births
1942 deaths
People from Brașov
Romanian Austro-Hungarians
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to Romania
20th-century Romanian poets
Romanian novelists
Romanian translators
Romanian magazine founders
Romanian civil servants
Romanian schoolteachers
Romanian socialists
20th-century translators
Romanian male poets
20th-century Romanian male writers
Burials at Bellu Cemetery

Vasile Demetrius


Item (pronounced eetem), is a place in Nigeria. It is one of the communities in Bende Local Government Area in Abia State, Nigeria. It is next to Akeze (in Ebony State) in the north, Nkporo in the east, Alayi in the west, and Abiriba and Igbere in the south.

The Okpi Stool
The Okpi Stool is an ancient, sacred, foremost or highest traditional institution in Item. The Okpi is the father of Item people. The Okpi is the Paramount Ruler of Item and Clan Head of Item. The Okpi Stool is non-religious and non-political; rather he is the father of all religious and political bodies. Okpi of Item is the head of the executive, legislature and judiciary in Item traditional system of government.

Item traditional system of government
Before the beginning of colonial government, Item people had a stable traditional government. Okpi was and still is the father of Item and the pinnacle of the whole genealogy. In Item generally as in most neighbouring communities like Abam, Abiriba and Ututu, the Otosi or Ofo Eze is the system of supreme authority of rulership.

It would be extremely difficult to describe or explain the influence and importance of the Otosi in the life of Item people. All authorities in the community derive legitimacy from the Otosi or Ofo Eze, hence traditional rulership in Item is hereditary.

The kindred's with royal and priestly responsibilities are those that brought Otosi to Item from Potopo. The Otosi or Ofo Eze remains the most important symbol of authority in Item.

The Otosi or Ofo Eze is a very powerful swagger always left in the authority of traditional Ruling and Royal Kindreds. The Otosi was and remains a source of strength succour, bond of unity, as well as political and religious union, hence you hear the slogan "ITEM BU ULORANI" [Item is one house]. Little wonder, all important cultural festivals in Item, such as Igwa Nmam, Ita Achicha, Iwa Ama and Iri Ndi are celebrated on same day in Item Clan.

The following are the ancestral royal and ruling kindred in Item: Ndi Okorocha Apuanu Item, Umuafiaji Okoko Item, Ekwo Amaokwe Item and Umuovum Ameke Item. In the olden days, these four royal kindred constitute the Abu Ano Item  Item King Makers and their heads were the heads of the four original villages in Item.

They were assisting the Okpi of Item, who doubled as the chairman of Obu Ano Item in performing the executive, legislative and judicial functions. In these four villages, they are second in command to the traditional village heads, otherwise known as "AGBA EZE" in Apuanu Item, the Agba Eze is Ndu Ihize, in Okoko Item- Umuogbe Okoko Item in Amaokwe Item  Amafor Amaokwe Item, in Ameke Item Ndi Elekwa/Ugwuapu/Amaoba.

As farmsteads expanded and increased both in population and socio-economic activities, they were given village status. They include Okagwe, Umuakpa, Akanu, Okai and Amaekpu Item. In other to have efficient and effective government in Item, the heads of the five new villages were admitted into the Council of Chief and Elders, still under the chairmanship of Okpi of Item no matter the venue of their meeting.

They perform the executive functions in their various villages but were not vested with the sceptre of Otosi or Ofo Eze. Nonetheless, it must be noted that in these five villages only the kith and kin of heads and second in command were the heads, hence it is convenient and appropriate to incorporate them into the supreme council of Obu Ano Item  Item King-Makers.

No wonder, the colonial government after a careful study opined that Item had a stable traditional government similar to the system in England and congratulated as well as encouraged Item people on their orderly system of government.

Method of selection and installation of Okpi of Item
Whenever there is a vacancy usually by the demise of the ruling Okpi, the Stool of Okpi Item devolves on the next senior man in Ndi Okorocha Royal Kindred, except where he objects to taking the office for a reason. Immediately after the death of the ruling Okpi and before new one takes office, the son of the deceased Okpi or a minor a regent from his family is appointed by the king-makers to act as Okpi, until the new Okpi is selected and installed in accordance with age-long tradition of Item.
Towns in Nigeria

Item


Sky's the Limit is the fourteenth studio album by The Temptations for the Gordy (Motown) label released in 1971. The album includes the #1 hit "Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)", the Top 40 hit "Ungena Za Ulimwengu (Unite the World)", and the original version of "Smiling Faces Sometimes", later a Top 5 hit for The Undisputed Truth.

In addition, Sky's the Limit features the final Temptations recordings for founding member Eddie Kendricks, the main lead vocalist on "Just My Imagination". During the recording of the album, Kendricks departed the group for a solo career. His best friend Paul Williams would soon follow him out of the group due mainly to health issues.

Overview
"Unite the World" (its main title "Ungena Za Ulimwengu" is a Swahili translation of its parenthetical title), the album's first single, was the first Temptations single since 1964's "I'll Be in Trouble" not to make the Billboard Pop Singles Top 30. Its relative failure signaled the beginning of the end of the Temptations and Norman Whitfield's psychedelic soul recordings; while more Sly and the Family Stone-inspired psychedelic records would turn up on the next four Temptations albums, Whitfield began, for the first time in three years, once again releasing soul ballads as singles for the group. The first of these was Sky's the Limit's second single, "Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)", which Whitfield and Barrett Strong had written in 1969 but shelved. "Just My Imagination" became the group's third number-one hit.

The album tracks show Whitfield's gravitation back towards a ballad format: fully half of the LP is made up of such tracks. Previous Whitfield co-compositions such as "Gonna Keep on Tryin' (Till I Win Your Love)" (originally recorded by Edwin Starr, later The Temptations; from The Tempts' Cloud Nine album), "I'm the Exception to the Rule" (recorded by The Velvelettes in 1964), and "Throw a Farewell Kiss" (also a Velvelettes original) were revived and recorded for this album.

Sky's the Limit contains two extended-length tracks: "Love Can Be Anything (Can't Nothing Be Love But Love)" runs nine minutes, while "Smiling Faces Sometimes" runs twelve minutes, mostly instrumental passages.

Background

During most of 1970, the year "Unite the World" was released and "Just My Imagination" was recorded, Paul Williams had been in and out of hospital care, as complications from both alcoholism and sickle-cell disease caused him to become seriously ill. Richard Street, a former bandmate of Otis Williams in The Distants and current lead singer of Motown's The Monitors, was proposed as a replacement for Paul Williams.

Eddie Kendricks also began to withdraw from the group; he regularly quarreled with either Otis Williams or his best friend Melvin Franklin, and the fights often became violent. Kendricks began spending more time with his friend David Ruffin, former lead singer of the Temptations. Ruffin had been fired from the act in June 1968 because of unprofessional behavior and perceived ego problems, and Kendricks was the only member who continued an alliance with Ruffin. In fact, Kendricks suggested more than once that Ruffin should be invited back into the group, an idea which the other members strongly objected to. By the fall of 1970, Kendricks decided that he should leave the group and go solo.

During a November 1970 engagement at the Copacabana nightclub in New York City, tensions came to a head. Otis Williams' mother had just died, and his voice cracked onstage during a performance, drawing Kendricks' ire. Attempting to avoid yet another fight, Williams and Melvin Franklin left the Copa immediately after the show, infuriating Kendricks to the point that he left as well and didn't return for the next show. The rift became irreparable at that point, and it was mutually agreed by all parties involved that Kendricks would be leaving The Temptations.

"Smiling Faces Sometimes" was planned as the third single from Sky's the Limit, but when Eddie Kendricks, the song's lead singer, quit the group in late winter of 1971, Whitfield had to shift plans. "Smiling Faces" was given to The Undisputed Truth, whose recording of the song became a Top 5 pop hit, while the Temptations, reduced to a quartet while searching for a Kendricks replacement, re-recorded "It's Summer", from the Psychedelic Shack album, as a single. "I'm the Exception to the Rule" from Sky's the Limit was issued as "It's Summer's" b-side.

Kendricks arranged a solo deal with Motown's Tamla label, and would go on to have hits such as "Keep on Truckin'" (1973) and "Boogie Down" (1974), while Paul Williams retired from the stage and assisted the Temptations with choreography until committing suicide in 1973.

Track listing
All selections written by Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong, except for "Throw a Farewell Kiss", written by Whitfield and Edward Holland, Jr. All selections produced by Whitfield.

Side A

Side B

Personnel
The Temptations
 Dennis Edwards - vocals (tenor)
 Eddie Kendricks - vocals (tenor/falsetto)
 Paul Williams - vocals (baritone)
 Melvin Franklin - vocals (bass)
 Otis Williams - vocals (tenor/baritone)
with:
 Norman Whitfield - producer, songwriter
 Barrett Strong - lyricist
 The Funk Brothers - instrumentation

Charts

References

1971 albums
The Temptations albums
Gordy Records albums
Albums produced by Norman Whitfield
Albums recorded at Hitsville U.S.A.

Sky's the Limit (The Temptations album)


Avant-Pop: Fiction for a Daydream Nation is a Fiction Collective Two book published by Black Ice Books in 1992 edited by Larry McCaffery.  It is a collection of innovative fiction, graphic art, and various unclassifiable texts written by some of the most radical literary talents who McCaffery classifies as Avantpop.  In his introductory chapter, McCaffery calls these writers "a new breed of pop-culture demolition artists".  These writers include cult figures such as Kathy Acker, Samuel R. Delany, Harold Jaffe and Derek Pell, as well as young new writers such as Euridice, Mark Leyner, and William T. Vollmann.

Critical reception
Author Tom Robbins called Avant-Pop "a cluster-bomb of crazy fiction from a generation of writers too sane to repeat yesterday's lies."  In his 1993 review in Science Fiction Eye, Trace Reddell writes "Here we have a group of writers who have been informed by cyberpunk, postmodern and modern writing, pop culture, and postmodern theory, and they deliver an energetic mix that is anything but redundant."  Russ Kirk describes the book as "designed to activate your nervous system directly, bypassing the normal brain centers that are triggered when reading 'normal' material."

Contents
 Larry McCaffery "Tsunami"
  Stephen Wright "Blessed"
 Doug Rice "Of Lightening and Disordered Souls"
 Derek Pell "The Elements of Style"
 Eurudice "Once upon a real woman"
 Mark Leyner "I'm writing about Sally"
 Rob Hardin "When Sleep Comes Down" and "Gunpowder Come"
 Harold Jaffe "Sex Guerrillas"
 Ricardo Cortez Cruz "EbonY MaN"
 Samuel R. Delany "On the Unspeakable"
 Kathy Acker "Politics"
 William T. Vollmann "San Diego, California, U.S.A. (1988)"
 John Bergin "The Water Tower"
 Harry Polkinhorn "Consumimur Igni"
 Gerald Vizenor "Wingo on the Santa Maria"
 Richard Meltzer "Okay with You?" "Days of Beer and Daisies" and "What Is This Thing Called Night?"
 David Matlin "Dreams of a Mind Ruptured Prince and Mouth Play"
 Tim Ferret "Through the Wire"
  Jill St. Jacques "Lady-Boy"

References

External links
 "Tuned In" - Matthew Roberson interview with Larry McCaffery

1992 books
FC2 books


Law enforcement in Belarus is the responsibility of a variety of agencies such as the Militsiya, as well as other agencies such as the Presidential Guard and the State Security Agency of the Republic of Belarus, all under the authority of the country's Ministry of Internal Affairs.

List of agencies

Militsiya (Міліцыя) is the police service of Belarus, under the supervision of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which considered as the main policing and law enforcement agency in Belarus.
Internal Troops (Унутраныя войскі) is a uniformed paramilitary gendarmerie force.
6th Independent Special Police Brigade of the Internal Troops
OMON (АМАП) is a system of special police units in the Militsiya (distinct from the Russian OMON)
Special Rapid Response Unit
Secret police organizations
Presidential Guard
State Security Agency of the Republic of Belarus (KDB in Belarusian, KGB in Russian)
State Forensic Examination Committee of the Republic of Belarus
Investigative Committee of the Republic of Belarus
Prosecutor General of Belarus
Byelorussian Auxiliary Police (Defunct)

Cooperation with international agencies
The Ministry of Internal Affairs has cooperated with several international law enforcement organisations including Interpol and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Examples also include the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe which, under the auspices of many projects and programmes, has helped develop Belarusian law enforcement capabilities.

Prisons
Amerikanka
Pishchalauski Castle

References

Law enforcement in Belarus


Cargo cult is a name given to several religions. There are many cargo cults in Melanesia and New Guinea. These religions are started when tribal societies come into contact with Western civilisation. When the first contact happened, the tribespeople saw Western manufactured goods, like radios. These things are called cargo. The tribespeople did not know how the manufactured goods worked nor how they were made.

They imitate the behaviour they saw the Westerners do, in the hope that some spirits will send them more cargo.  In other cases, such as on the island of Tanna in Vanuatu, cult members worship Americans who brought the cargo.

During the age of colonialism, the colonial powers came in contact with many technologically less advanced societies. The first cargo cults were documented in New Guinea, and other countries of Micronesia, Melanesia and the West Pacific Ocean.

The people who are part of the cargo cults think that the cargo was created by their deities and ancestors. They think that the cargo was made for the members of the cargo cult, but the foreigners have it. For this reason, the efforts and rituals of cargo cults are done so that the foreigners should get less of these goods and the cult members more of them.

Related pages
Vailala Madness - a cargo cult active between 1919 and 1922, possibly the first documented cargo cult.
Ghost Dance - a similar movement that happened when Native Americans came in contact with the European settlers.

References

Other websites
 Vanuatu cargo cult marks 50 years (BBC News)
 Information on the Jon Frum Cargo Cult (still active)
 Contemporary Cargo Cults by John FitzGerald
 Western Oceanian Religions

 Cargo cults  includes a bibliography
 Account of a Visit to a Jon Frum Village in 2005
 Air Force Magazine , January 1991, Vol. 74, No. 1. Summary from the guys who fly those Cargoes.

New religious movements

Cargo cult


Shutter is a 2008 supernatural horror film directed by Masayuki Ochiai and distributed by 20th Century Fox. It was written by Luke Dawson and is a remake on the 2004 Thai film of the same name. Its story follows newlywed couple Ben and Jane who have just moved to Japan for a promising job opportunity. After a tragic car accident that leads to the death of a young girl, Ben begins noticing strange blurs in many of his fashion shoot photographs, which Jane suspects is the spirit of the dead girl that they killed. The film stars Joshua Jackson, Rachael Taylor, and Megumi Okina.

It was produced by Regency Enterprises and was released on March 21, 2008. It grossed $10.4 million in its opening weekend and $48 million worldwide, against an $8 million budget, making the film a box office success, but was negatively received from critics.

Plot
Ben Shaw and his new wife Jane leave New York for Tokyo, Japan, where Ben has a job as a photographer. While traveling, Jane hits a girl in the middle of the wilderness. Later they start to find mysterious lights in their photos. Ben begins to complain of severe shoulder pain, and his friends begin to comment he's looking bent and hunched over, though the doctor he goes to see can find no cause. Ben's assistant takes them to her ex-boyfriend, who says that the lights are spirits, manifestations of intense emotions. They then go to a psychic, Murasame, who Ben soon claims is a hack and refuses to translate what he says.

Jane decides to visit the office building in the photo. She goes to the floor where the light has gathered in the empty office and takes photos. She encounters the girl's spirit, learns her name is Megumi and that Ben knew her. When Jane confronts Ben, he admits that he and Megumi were once in a relationship but when her father died she became very obsessive and clingy. He eventually dumped her with help from his two friends. Jane is upset with Ben and decides they need to find Megumi.

They go to Megumi's home and find her decayed body; she had committed suicide with potassium cyanide. Elsewhere, Ben's friends Adam and Bruno are killed by Megumi. Adam's eye is torn out while shooting pictures and he dies from shock; Bruno commits suicide by jumping from his apartment. Finally, Ben is attacked by the ghost of Megumi who attempts to choke him. After nearly throwing Jane through a nearby window, Megumi stops, leaving Ben alive.

After Megumi's funeral, Ben and Jane return to New York. Jane finds some recent photos in an envelope which still show Megumi. She finds other photos, taken by Ben, Adam, and Bruno forcing themselves on Megumi. Ben tries to explain he felt it was the only way to drive Megumi away, as nothing else was working. This was the reason Ben didn't want to translate what the psychic said earlier. Disgusted by Ben's past actions and realizing that Megumi was trying to warn her, Jane leaves him saying she will not spend the rest of her life with him.

Angered, Ben begins photographing the apartment looking for Megumi. After throwing the camera across the room, it takes a picture of him, showing Megumi sitting astride on his shoulders. The movie pans back to the hospital where a nurse is weighing Ben, showing 275 pounds, the weight of two people. In an effort to rid himself of her, he electrocutes himself. He is rendered completely catatonic and sent to a mental institution. The last scene is a reflection of the glass from the door, showing Megumi still latched to his back.

Cast

Release

Critical reception
The film received generally negative reviews from critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 11% of critics gave the film positive reviews based on 66 reviews. The site's consensus states, "Being a remake of a Thai horror film instead of Japanese doesn't prevent Shutter from being another lame Asian horror remake." Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 37 out of 100, based on 12 reviews, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by Cinemascore gave the film a grade of C on a scale of A+ to F.

Commercial response
The film was released March 21, 2008 in the United States and Canada and grossed $10,447,559 in 2,753 theaters in its opening weekend, ranking #3 at the box office behind Horton Hears a Who!s second weekend and Tyler Perry's Meet the Browns. As of June 26, 2008, it has grossed a total of $47,879,410 worldwide – $25,928,550 in the United States and Canada and $21,950,860 in other territories.

The film's $8 million budget and its almost $48 million worldwide grossing has secured the film as an extremely lucrative success.

Home media
Shutter was released on DVD and Blu-ray on July 15, 2008. The Unrated Edition runs 5 minutes longer and includes commentary, featurettes, deleted scenes, and an alternate ending.

See also
 List of ghost films

Soundtrack

Track listing
 "Welcome to Tokyo" – 1:55
 "We Hit a Girl!" – 2:58
 "TGK" – 1:37
 "Making Love" – 2:40
 "Alone in Tokyo" – 0:59
 "The Spirit Room" – 2:27
 "The Argument" – 3:05
 "Fly in the Eye" – 2:31
 "Visiting Murase" – 2:27
 "Jane Visits TGK" – 4:29
 "The Truth" – 1:54
 "I Saw Megumi" – 1:56
 "Driving to Megumi's" – 3:18
 "Rest in Peace" – 2:35
 "Flip Book" – 3:21
 "The Whole Truth" – 2:39
 "Psych Ward" – 1:02
 "Good to Me" (performed by Nathan Barr & Lisbeth Scott) – 3:23

Commercial songs from film, but not on soundtrack
 "Falling" – Performed by Krysten Berg
 "Just the Tip" – Performed by Becca Styles
 "Come on Shake" – Performed by Shake
 "That Kinda Booty" – Performed by Dem Naughty Boyz
 "Sky Business" – Performed by Matt Pelling & Paul Williard
 "Nasty Funky Crazy" – Performed by Becca Styles
 "Fallout" – Performed by Brydon Stace
 "In a War" – Performed by Michael Popieluch
 "Underwater" – Performed by A.M. Pacific
 "Omo Cha No Cha Cha Cha" – Performed by Akiyuki Nosaka, Osamu Yosioka, and Nonuyoshi Koshibe
 "Do Something" – Performed by Shane Tsurugi for Rock Life
 "Seventy-Seven" – Performed by Dino Zisis
 "Oh, Joey" – Performed by Lucky 13

References

External links

2008 films
2008 horror films
American supernatural horror films
American remakes of Thai films
Horror film remakes
Films about suicide
Films about stalking
Films directed by Masayuki Ochiai
Films set in Brooklyn
American ghost films
American mystery films
Regency Enterprises films
20th Century Fox films
American rape and revenge films
Films set in Tokyo
Films produced by Roy Lee
Films scored by Nathan Barr
Fiction about photography
Films about photographers
Japan in non-Japanese culture
Vertigo Entertainment films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Shutter (2008 film)