Jwalamukhi was the pen name of Veeravalli Raghavacharyulu (18 April 1938 – 14 December 2008), who was an Indian poet, novelist, writer and political activist.

Life

Jwalamukhi won the Sahitya Akademi Award (Hindi) for his novel Rangeya Raghava Life History. Among the other more prominent of his novels and thousands of poems were Veladina Mandaram, Hyderabad Kathalu and Votami-Tirugubatu.

Jwalamukhi was a member of the "Digambara Kavulu", a group of poets whose views and style is recognised as a decisive break in the history of modern Telugu literature. He was also a co-founder of the Revolutionary Writers Association (Virasam) in 1970, an active member of the Organisation for People's Democratic Rights and a founder of the India-China Friendship Association. He was the Andhra Pradesh secretary and national vice president of the India-China Friendship Association until his death.

He was born in the Sitarambagh section of Hyderabad. He founded Sitarambagh Residents Welfare Association and opposed Laxmi Nivas Ganeriwal. After the foundation of Virasam in 1970, Jwalamukhi was arrested in 1971 for his writings along with two other Virasam members under the AP Preventive Detention Act. One of his poems was proscribed under Section 99 of the Code of Criminal Proceedings, and all copies of the book in which it appeared were seized.

"An electrifying speaker, Jwalamukhi travelled extensively and lectured across the state Andhra Pradesh and beyond for decades", according to an article in The Hindu. "He was associated with nearly every major social movement in Andhra Pradesh for well over three decades."

He died at a corporate hospital at Somajiguda on 14 December 2008, from a heart attack while receiving treatment for liver cirrhosis, from which he suffered for the previous year. He was survived by his wife, Sita Devi, and sons Sampath Kumar, Sridhar and Vasu.

Notes

1938 births
2008 deaths
Hindi-language poets
Activists from Andhra Pradesh
Indian Marxists
Indian Marxist writers
Writers from Hyderabad, India
Telugu writers
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi
Indian Communist poets
20th-century Indian poets
Indian male poets
Poets from Andhra Pradesh

Jwalamukhi (poet)


Jacques Alexandre César Charles (12 November 1746 – 7 April 1823) was a French inventor, scientist, mathematician, and balloonist.
Charles wrote almost nothing about mathematics, and most of what has been credited to him was due to mistaking him with another Jacques Charles, also a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences, entering on 12 May 1785. He was sometimes called Charles the Geometer.

Charles and the Robert brothers launched the world's first hydrogen-filled gas balloon in August 1783; then in December 1783, Charles and his co-pilot Nicolas-Louis Robert ascended to a height of about 1,800 feet (550 m) in a piloted gas balloon. Their pioneering use of hydrogen for lift led to this type of gas balloon being named a Charlière (as opposed to the hot-air Montgolfière).

Charles's law, describing how gases tend to expand when heated, was formulated by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1802, but he credited it to unpublished work by Charles.

Charles was elected to the Académie des Sciences in 1795 and subsequently became professor of physics at the Académie de Sciences.

Biography
Charles was born in Beaugency-sur-Loire in 1746. He married Julie Françoise Bouchaud des Hérettes (1784–1817), a creole woman 37 years younger than himself. Reportedly the poet Alphonse de Lamartine also fell in love with her, and she was the inspiration for Elvire in his 1820 autobiographical Poetic Meditation "Le Lac" ("The Lake"), which describes in retrospect the fervent love shared by a couple from the point of view of the bereaved man. Charles outlived her and died in Paris on 7 April 1823.

Hydrogen balloon flights

First hydrogen balloon

Charles conceived the idea that hydrogen would be a suitable lifting agent for balloons having studied the work of Robert Boyle's Boyle's Law which was published 100 years earlier in 1662, and of his contemporaries Henry Cavendish, Joseph Black and Tiberius Cavallo. He designed the craft and then worked in conjunction with the Robert brothers, Anne-Jean and Nicolas-Louis, to build it in their workshop at the Place des Victoires in Paris. The brothers invented the methodology for the lightweight, airtight gas bag by dissolving rubber in a solution of turpentine and varnished the sheets of silk that were stitched together to make the main envelope. They used alternate strips of red and white silk, but the discolouration of the varnishing/rubberising process left a red and yellow result.

Charles and the Robert brothers launched the world's first hydrogen filled balloon on 27 August 1783, from the Champ de Mars, (now the site of the Eiffel Tower) where Ben Franklin was among the crowd of onlookers. The balloon was comparatively small, a 35 cubic metre sphere of rubberised silk, and only capable of lifting about 9 kg (20 lb). It was filled with hydrogen that had been made by pouring nearly a quarter of a tonne of sulphuric acid onto a half a tonne of scrap iron. The hydrogen gas was fed into the balloon via lead pipes; but as it was not passed through cold water, great difficulty was experienced in filling the balloon completely (the gas was hot when produced, but as it cooled in the balloon, it contracted). Daily progress bulletins were issued on the inflation; and the crowd was so great that on the 26th the balloon was moved secretly by night to the Champ de Mars, a distance of four kilometres.

The balloon flew northwards for 45 minutes, pursued by chasers on horseback, and landed 21 kilometers away in the village of Gonesse where the reportedly terrified local peasants destroyed it with pitchforks or knives. The project was funded by a subscription organised by Barthelemy Faujas de Saint-Fond.

First crewed hydrogen balloon flight

At 13:45 (1:45 PM) on 1 December 1783, Charles and the Robert brothers launched a new crewed balloon from the Jardin des Tuileries in Paris. Charles was accompanied by Nicolas-Louis Robert as co-pilot of the 380-cubic-metre, hydrogen-filled balloon. The envelope was fitted with a hydrogen release valve and was covered with a net from which the basket was suspended. Sand ballast was used to control altitude. They ascended to a height of about 1,800 feet (550 m) and landed at sunset in Nesles-la-Vallée after a 2-hour, 5-minute flight covering 36 km. The chasers on horseback, who were led by the Duc de Chartres, held down the craft while both Charles and Nicolas-Louis alighted.

Charles then decided to ascend again, but alone this time because the balloon had lost some of its hydrogen. This time it ascended rapidly to an altitude of about 3,000 metres, where he saw the sun again. He began suffering from aching pain in his ears so he "valved" to release gas, and descended to land gently about 3 km away at . Unlike the Robert brothers, Charles never flew again, although a hydrogen balloon came to be called a Charlière in his honour.

It is reported that 400,000 spectators witnessed the launch, and that hundreds had paid one crown each to help finance the construction and receive access to a "special enclosure" for a "close-up view" of the take-off. Among the "special enclosure" crowd was Benjamin Franklin, the diplomatic representative of the United States of America. Also present was Joseph Montgolfier, whom Charles honoured by asking him to release the small, bright green, pilot balloon to assess the wind and weather conditions.

This event took place ten days after the world's first crewed balloon flight by Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier using a Montgolfier brothers hot air balloon. Simon Schama wrote in Citizens:

Further ballooning activities
The next project of Charles and the Robert brothers was to build an elongated, steerable craft that followed Jean Baptiste Meusnier's proposals (1783–85) for a dirigible balloon. The design incorporated Meusnier's internal ballonnet (air cells), a rudder and a method of propulsion.

Charles chose never to fly in this craft, but on 15 July 1784, the brothers flew for 45 minutes from Saint-Cloud to Meudon with M. Collin-Hullin and Louis Philippe II, the Duke of Chartres in La Caroline. It was fitted with oars for propulsion and direction, but they proved useless. The absence of a 'gas release valve' meant that the duke had to slash the 'ballonnet' to prevent rupture when they reached an altitude of circa .

On 19 September 1784, the Robert brothers and M. Collin-Hullin flew for 6 hours 40 minutes, covering 186 km from Paris to Beuvry near Béthune. This was the first flight over 100 km.

Inventions
Charles developed several useful inventions, including a valve to let hydrogen out of the balloon and other devices, such as the hydrometer and reflecting goniometer, and improved the Gravesand heliostat and Fahrenheit's aerometer. In addition he confirmed Benjamin Franklin's electrical experiments.

Charles's law
Charles's law (also known as the law of volumes), describing how gases tend to expand when heated, was first published by natural philosopher Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1802, but he credited it to unpublished work by Charles, and named the law in his honour.

Around 1787 Charles did an experiment where he filled five balloons to the same volume with different gases. He then raised the temperature of the balloons to 80 °C (not at constant temperature) and noticed that they all increased in volume by the same amount. This experiment was referenced by Gay-Lussac in 1802 when he published a paper on the precise relationship between the volume and temperature of a gas. Charles' law states that under constant pressure, an ideal gas' volume is proportional to its absolute temperature. The volume of a gas at constant pressure increases linearly with the absolute temperature of the gas. The formula he created was V1/T1 = V2/T2.

Career
Charles was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1786 and to the Académie des Sciences, in 1795. He subsequently became a professor of physics at the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers.

Commemoration
A stele at Nesles-la-Vallée marks the Charles-Robert flight of the 1st of December, 1783.

The Coupe Charles et Robert was an international ballooning event that was run in 1983 in parallel with the Gordon Bennett Cup.

See also
 Gas laws
 Timeline of hydrogen technologies
 Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier, the first crewed balloon flight using a Montgolfier hot-air balloon.
 Jean-Pierre Blanchard
 Timeline of aviation - 18th century
 History of ballooning
 List of firsts in aviation

References

Further reading

1746 births
1823 deaths
People from Loiret
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
18th-century French inventors
French balloonists
18th-century French physicists
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Fluid dynamicists
Members of the American Philosophical Society
People of the Industrial Revolution

Jacques Charles


Nara or Na-ra may refer to:

Places and jurisdictions
 Nara Prefecture, a prefecture of Japan
 Nara (city), the capital city of Nara Prefecture, Japan
 Nara, an ancient Roman city in Tunisia, now called Bir El Hafey
 Nara, Attock, a village in Attock, Pakistan
 Nara, Jhelum, a village in Jhelum, Pakistan
 Nara Matore, a village in Kahuta Tehsil, Rawalpindi District, Punjab, Pakistan
 Nara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, a Union Council of Abbottabad, Pakistan
 Nara, Mali, a town in Mali
 Nara Basin, a valley in Nara Prefecture, Japan
 Nara Canal, an excavated waterway in Sindh province, Pakistan
 Nara Canal, a paleochannel of the Indus and the Hakra, partly used by the Nara Canal
 Nara (Oka), a river in Russia
 Nara River (India), a river in Gujarat, India
 Nara Burnu, a cape in Turkey

People and society
 Nara people, a Nilotic ethnic minority inhabiting Eritrea
 Nara language, the mother tongue of the Nara people
 Nara clan, a Manchu clan in China
 National Radical Camp or Nara Party, several Polish nationalist groups

People with the name Nara

Given name
 Nara Nath Acharya (1906–1988), Nepalese poet
 Nara Apaya, king of the Mrauk-U Dynasty of Arakan
 Nara Bahadur Bista, Nepalese politician
 Nara Bahadur Dahal (born 1960), Nepalese long-distance runner
 Nara Falcón (born 1981), Mexican synchronized swimmer
 Jang Na-ra (born 1981), South Korean female singer
 Nara Bahadur Karmacharya, Nepalese politician
 Nara Kollery (died 2015), Indian sound recordist
 Kwon Nara (born 1991), South Korean female singer
 Nara Leão (1942–1989), Brazilian female singer
 Nara Lokesh (born 1983), Indian male politician
 Nara Rohit (born 1984), Indian film actor and producer
 Nara Bhupal Shah (1697–1743), king of the Gorkha state in Nepal

Surname
 Erika Nara, Japanese Paralympic swimmer
 Kurumi Nara (born 1991), Japanese tennis player
 Rao Nara (1420–1487), crown Prince of Nadol, India
, Japanese basketball player
 Takeji Nara (1868–1962), general in the Imperial Japanese Army
 Tatsuki Nara (born 1993), Japanese footballer
 Tatunca Nara (born 1941), German-Brazilian jungle guide who invented the lost city of Akakor
 Tōru Nara, Japanese voice actor
 Wanda Nara (born 1986), Argentine media personality and football agent
 Yasuyoshi Nara (born 1982), Japanese football player
 Yoshitomo Nara (born 1959), Japanese artist
 Zaira Nara (born 1988), Argentine model and TV host
 Ula Nara Duoqimuli, Empress consort of Qing dynasty Yongzheng Emperor

Arts and mythology
 Nara (Arjuna), Arjuna in his previous birth was Nara
 Nara (comics), a fictional character from Marvel Comics
 One of the twins Nara-Narayana in Hindu mythology
 "Nara", song from the album Unearthed by E.S. Posthumus
 Shikamaru Nara, fictional character in the manga and anime series Naruto
 "Nara", "Arrival In Nara" and "Leaving Nara", songs from the 2014 album This Is All Yours by alt-J

Other uses
 Nara Hotel, a hotel in Nara, Japan
 Nara Station, a railway station in Nara, Japan
 Nara Television, a Japanese television and radio broadcaster headquartered in Nara, Japan
 Nara University, a private university in Misasagi-cho, Nara, Japan
 Nara Women's University, a national university in Nara, Japan
 Nara period, period of Japanese history, named after the former capital city
 Japanese ship Nara, , several Japanese ships
 Nara plant (Acanthosicyos horridus), a melon species of the Namib desert

NARA as an acronym
NARA may stand for:
 National Alien Registration Authority, a defunct agency of the Government of Pakistan
 National Amateur Rowing Association, the governing body for rowing by working men in Britain prior to 1956
 National Archives and Records Administration, an agency of the U.S. government
 Neale Analysis of Reading Ability, an assessment of comprehension and word reading accuracy

See also
 Narra (disambiguation)
 Naro (disambiguation)

Language and nationality disambiguation pages
Japanese-language surnames

Nara


Gil Evans (13 May 1912 in Toronto, Canada – 20 March 1988 in Cuernavaca, Mexico) was a jazz pianist, arranger, composer, and bandleader. He was active in the United States. He helped develop cool jazz, modal jazz, free jazz and jazz rock. He has collaborated with Miles Davis.

1912 births
1988 deaths
Evans, Gil
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Toronto

Gil Evans


NAT Port Mapping Protocol (NAT-PMP) is a network protocol for establishing network address translation (NAT) settings and port forwarding configurations automatically without user effort. The protocol automatically determines the external IPv4 address of a NAT gateway, and provides means for an application to communicate the parameters for communication to peers. Apple introduced NAT-PMP in 2005 by as part of the Bonjour specification, as an alternative to the more common ISO Standard Internet Gateway Device Protocol implemented in many NAT routers. The protocol was published as an informational Request for Comments (RFC) by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in RFC 6886.

NAT-PMP runs over the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and uses port number 5351.  It has no built-in authentication mechanisms because forwarding a port typically does not allow any activity that could not also be achieved using STUN methods. The benefit of NAT-PMP over STUN is that it does not require a STUN server and a NAT-PMP mapping has a known expiration time, allowing the application to avoid sending inefficient keep-alive packets.

NAT-PMP is the predecessor to the Port Control Protocol (PCP).

See also
 Port Control Protocol (PCP)
 Internet Gateway Device Protocol (UPnP IGD)
 Universal Plug and Play (UPnP)
 NAT traversal
 STUN
 Zeroconf

References

Apple Inc. services
Network protocols
Network address translation

NAT Port Mapping Protocol


The human genome is stored on 23 chromosome pairs in the cell nucleus and in the small mitochondrial DNA. A great deal is now known about the sequences of DNA which are on our chromosomes. What the DNA actually does is now partly known. Applying this knowledge in practice has only just begun.

The Human Genome Project (HGP) produced a reference sequence which is used worldwide in biology and medicine. Nature published the publicly funded project's report, and Science  published Celera's paper. These papers described how the draft sequence was produced, and gave an analysis of the sequence. Improved drafts were announced in 2003 and 2005, filling in to ≈92% of the sequence.

The latest project ENCODE studies the way the genes are controlled.

Although the sequence of the human genome has been completely determined by DNA sequencing, it is not yet fully understood. There are vast quantities of noncoding DNA within the genome. This does important things, like regulating gene expression, organization of chromosomes, and signals controlling epigenetic inheritance.

DNA and proteins
The human genome contains just over 20,000 protein-coding genes, far fewer than had been expected. In fact, only about 1.5% of the genome codes for proteins, while the rest consists of non-coding RNA genes, regulatory sequences, and introns.

However, a single gene can produce a variety of proteins by means of RNA splicing. One particular Drosophila gene (DSCAM) can be alternatively spliced into 38,000 different mRNAs. Each mRNA codes for a different peptide chain. Therefore the number of proteins produced is far above the number of coding genes.

With RNA splicing and post-RNA translation changes, the total number of unique human proteins may be in the low millions.

The idea that most DNA is useless 'junk' is wrong. At least 80% of the genome has definite functions.

Differences between humans and chimpanzees
The animal that is alive now that is closest to humans is the chimpanzee. 98.4% of the DNA is the same between humans and chimpanzees. However, this applies only to single nucleotide polymorphisms, that is, changes in single base pairs only. The full picture is rather different.

The draft sequence of the common chimpanzee genome was published in 2005. It showed that the regions which are similar enough to be aligned with one another account for 2400 million of the human genome's 3164.7 million bases, that is, 75.8% of the genome.

This 75.8% of the human genome is 1.23% different from the chimpanzee genome in single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs - changes of single DNA "letters" in the genome). Another type of difference, called 'indels' (insertions/deletions) account for another ~3% difference between the alignable sequences. In addition, variation in copy number of large segments (> 20 kb) of similar DNA sequence provides a further 2.7% difference between the two species. Hence the total similarity of the genomes could be as low as about 70%.

Related pages
Gene therapy
Sequence analysis

References

DNA

Human genome


In mechanical engineering, a rolling-element bearing, also known as a rolling bearing, is a bearing which carries a load by placing rolling elements (such as balls or rollers) between two concentric, grooved rings called races. The relative motion of the races causes the rolling elements to roll with very little rolling resistance and with little sliding.

One of the earliest and best-known rolling-element bearings are sets of logs laid on the ground with a large stone block on top. As the stone is pulled, the logs roll along the ground with little sliding friction. As each log comes out the back, it is moved to the front where the block then rolls on to it. It is possible to imitate such a bearing by placing several pens or pencils on a table and placing an item on top of them. See "bearings" for more on the historical development of bearings.

A rolling element rotary bearing uses a shaft in a much larger hole, and spheres or cylinders called "rollers" tightly fill the space between the shaft and hole. As the shaft turns, each roller acts as the logs in the above example. However, since the bearing is round, the rollers never fall out from under the load.

Rolling-element bearings have the advantage of a good trade-off between cost, size, weight, carrying capacity, durability, accuracy, friction, and so on.
Other bearing designs are often better on one specific attribute, but worse in most other attributes, although fluid bearings can sometimes simultaneously outperform on carrying capacity, durability, accuracy, friction, rotation rate and sometimes cost. Only plain bearings are used as widely as rolling-element bearings. Common mechanical components where they are widely used are – automotive, industrial, marine, and aerospace applications. They are products of great necessity for modern technology. The rolling element bearing was developed from a firm foundation that was built over thousands of years. The concept emerged in its primitive form in Roman times; after a long inactive period in the Middle Ages, it was revived during the Renaissance by Leonardo da Vinci, developed steadily in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Design
There are five types of rolling elements that are used in rolling-element bearings: balls, cylindrical rollers, spherical rollers, tapered rollers, and needle rollers.

Most rolling-element bearings feature cages. The cages reduce friction, wear, and binding by preventing the elements from rubbing against each other. Caged roller bearings were invented by John Harrison in the mid-18th century as part of his work on chronometers.

Rolling-element bearings can range in size from 10 mm diameter to a few metres diameter, and have load-carrying capacity from a few tens of grams to many thousands of tonnes.

Ball bearing

A particularly common kind of rolling-element bearing is the ball bearing. The bearing has inner and outer races between which balls roll. Each race features a groove usually shaped so the ball fits slightly loose. Thus, in principle, the ball contacts each race across a very narrow area. However, a load on an infinitely small point would cause infinitely high contact pressure. In practice, the ball deforms (flattens) slightly where it contacts each race much as a tire flattens where it contacts the road. The race also yields slightly where each ball presses against it. Thus, the contact between ball and race is of finite size and has finite pressure. The deformed ball and race do not roll entirely smoothly because different parts of the ball are moving at different speeds as it rolls. Thus, there are opposing forces and sliding motions at each ball/race contact. Overall, these cause bearing drag.

Roller bearings

Cylindrical roller

Roller bearings are the earliest known type of rolling-element-bearing, dating back to at least 40 BC. Common roller bearings use cylinders of slightly greater length than diameter. Roller bearings typically have a higher radial load capacity than ball bearings, but a lower capacity and higher friction under axial loads. If the inner and outer races are misaligned, the bearing capacity often drops quickly compared to either a ball bearing or a spherical roller bearing.

As in all radial bearings, the outer load is continuously re-distributed among the rollers. Often fewer than half of the total number of rollers carry a significant portion of the load. The animation on the right shows how a static radial load is supported by the bearing rollers as the inner ring rotates.

Spherical roller

Spherical roller bearings have an outer race with an internal spherical shape. The rollers are thicker in the middle and thinner at the ends. Spherical roller bearings can thus accommodate both static and dynamic misalignment. However, spherical rollers are difficult to produce and thus expensive, and the bearings have higher friction than an ideal cylindrical or tapered roller bearing since there will be a certain amount of sliding between rolling elements and races.

Gear bearing

Gear bearing is roller bearing combining to epicyclical gear. Each element of it is represented by concentric alternation of rollers and gearwheels with equality of roller(s) diameter(s) to gearwheel(s) pitch diameter(s). The widths of conjugated rollers and gearwheels in pairs are the same. The engagement is herringbone or with the skew end faces to realize efficient rolling axial contact. The downside to this bearing is manufacturing complexity. Gear bearings could be used, for example, as efficient rotary suspension, kinematically simplified planetary gear mechanism in measuring instruments and watches.

Tapered roller

Tapered roller bearings use conical rollers that run on conical races. Most roller bearings only take radial or axial loads, but tapered roller bearings support both radial and axial loads, and generally can carry higher loads than ball bearings due to greater contact area. Tapered roller bearings are used, for example, as the wheel bearings of most wheeled land vehicles. The downsides to this bearing is that due to manufacturing complexities, tapered roller bearings are usually more expensive than ball bearings; and additionally under heavy loads the tapered roller is like a wedge and bearing loads tend to try to eject the roller; the force from the collar which keeps the roller in the bearing adds to bearing friction compared to ball bearings.

Needle roller

Needle roller bearings use very long and thin cylinders. Often the ends of the rollers taper to points, and these are used to keep the rollers captive, or they may be hemispherical and not captive but held by the shaft itself or a similar arrangement. Since the rollers are thin, the outside diameter of the bearing is only slightly larger than the hole in the middle. However, the small-diameter rollers must bend sharply where they contact the races, and thus the bearing fatigues relatively quickly.

CARB toroidal roller bearings
CARB bearings are toroidal roller bearings and similar to spherical roller bearings, but can accommodate both angular misalignment and also axial displacement. Compared to a spherical roller bearing, their radius of curvature is longer than a spherical radius would be, making them an intermediate form between spherical and cylindrical rollers. Their limitation is that, like a cylindrical roller, they do not locate axially. CARB bearings are typically used in pairs with a locating bearing, such as a spherical roller bearing. This non-locating bearing can be an advantage, as it can be used to allow a shaft and a housing to undergo thermal expansion independently.

Toroidal roller bearings were introduced in 1995 by SKF as "CARB bearings". The inventor behind the bearing was the engineer Magnus Kellström.

Configurations
The configuration of the races determine the types of motions and loads that a bearing can best support. A given configuration can serve multiple of the following types of loading.

Thrust loadings

Thrust bearings are used to support axial loads, such as vertical shafts. Common designs are Thrust ball bearings, spherical roller thrust bearings, tapered roller thrust bearings or cylindrical roller thrust bearings. Also non-rolling-element bearings such as hydrostatic or magnetic bearings see some use where particularly heavy loads or low friction is needed.

Radial loadings
Rolling-element bearings are often used for axles due to their low rolling friction. For light loads, such as bicycles, ball bearings are often used. For heavy loads and where the loads can greatly change during cornering, such as cars and trucks, tapered rolling bearings are used.

Linear motion

Linear motion roller-element bearings are typically designed for either shafts or flat surfaces. Flat surface bearings often consist of rollers and are mounted in a cage, which is then placed between the two flat surfaces; a common example is drawer-support hardware. Roller-element bearing for a shaft use bearing balls in a groove designed to recirculate them from one end to the other as the bearing moves; as such, they are called linear ball bearings or recirculating bearings.

Bearing failure

Rolling-element bearings often work well in non-ideal conditions, but sometimes minor problems cause bearings to fail quickly and mysteriously. For example, with a stationary (non-rotating) load, small vibrations can gradually press out the lubricant between the races and rollers or balls (false brinelling). Without lubricant the bearing fails, even though it is not rotating and thus is apparently not being used. For these sorts of reasons, much of bearing design is about failure analysis. Vibration based analysis can be used for fault identification of bearings.

There are three usual limits to the lifetime or load capacity of a bearing: abrasion, fatigue and pressure-induced welding.
Abrasion occurs when the surface is eroded by hard contaminants scraping at the bearing materials.
Fatigue results when a material becomes brittle after being repeatedly loaded and released. Where the ball or roller touches the race there is always some deformation, and hence a risk of fatigue. Smaller balls or rollers deform more sharply, and so tend to fatigue faster.
Pressure-induced welding can occur when two metal pieces are pressed together at very high pressure and they become one. Although balls, rollers and races may look smooth, they are microscopically rough. Thus, there are high-pressure spots which push away the bearing lubricant. Sometimes, the resulting metal-to-metal contact welds a microscopic part of the ball or roller to the race. As the bearing continues to rotate, the weld is then torn apart, but it may leave race welded to bearing or bearing welded to race.

Although there are many other apparent causes of bearing failure, most can be reduced to these three. For example, a bearing which is run dry of lubricant fails not because it is "without lubricant", but because lack of lubrication leads to fatigue and welding, and the resulting wear debris can cause abrasion. Similar events occur in false brinelling damage. In high speed applications, the oil flow also reduces the bearing metal temperature by convection. The oil becomes the heat sink for the friction losses generated by the bearing.

ISO has categorised bearing failures into a document Numbered ISO 15243.

Life calculation models
The life of a rolling bearing is expressed as the number of revolutions or the number of operating hours at a given speed that the bearing is capable of enduring before the first sign of metal fatigue (also known as spalling) occurs on the race of the inner or outer ring, or on a rolling element. Calculating the endurance life of bearings is possible with the help of so-called life models. More specifically, life models are used to determine the bearing size – since this must be sufficient to ensure that the bearing is strong enough to deliver the required life under certain defined operating conditions.

Under controlled laboratory conditions, however, seemingly identical bearings operating under identical conditions can have different individual endurance lives. Thus, bearing life cannot be calculated based on specific bearings, but is instead related to in statistical terms, referring to populations of bearings. All information with regard to load ratings is then based on the life that 90% of a sufficiently large group of apparently identical bearings can be expected to attain or exceed. This gives a clearer definition of the concept of bearing life, which is essential to calculate the correct bearing size. Life models can thus help to predict the performance of a bearing more realistically.

The prediction of bearing life is described in ISO 281 and the ANSI/American Bearing Manufacturers Association Standards 9 and 11.

The traditional life prediction model for rolling-element bearings uses the basic life equation:

Where:
  is the 'basic life' (usually quoted in millions of revolutions) for a reliability of 90%, i.e. no more than 10% of bearings are expected to have failed
  is the dynamic load rating of the bearing, quoted by the manufacturer
  is the equivalent dynamic load applied to the bearing
  is a constant: 3 for ball bearings, 4 for pure line contact and 3.33 for roller bearings

Basic life or  is the life that 90% of bearings can be expected to reach or exceed. The median or average life, sometimes called Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF), is about five times the calculated basic rating life.
Several factors, the 'ASME five factor model', can be used to further adjust the  life depending upon the desired reliability, lubrication, contamination, etc.

The major implication of this model is that bearing life is finite, and reduces by a cube power of the ratio between design load and applied load. This model was developed in 1924, 1947 and 1952 work by Arvid Palmgren and Gustaf Lundberg in their paper Dynamic Capacity of Rolling Bearings. The model dates from 1924, the values of the constant  from the post-war works. Higher  values may be seen as both a longer lifetime for a correctly-used bearing below its design load, or also as the increased rate by which lifetime is shortened when overloaded.

This model was recognised to have become inaccurate for modern bearings. Particularly owing to improvements in the quality of bearing steels, the mechanisms for how failures develop in the 1924 model are no longer as significant. By the 1990s, real bearings were found to give service lives up to 14 times longer than those predicted. An explanation was put forward based on fatigue life; if the bearing was loaded to never exceed the fatigue strength, then the Lundberg-Palmgren mechanism for failure by fatigue would simply never occur. This relied on homogeneous vacuum-melted steels, such as AISI 52100, that avoided the internal inclusions that had previously acted as stress risers within the rolling elements, and also on smoother finishes to bearing tracks that avoided impact loads. The  constant now had values of 4 for ball and 5 for roller bearings. Provided that load limits were observed, the idea of a 'fatigue limit' entered bearing lifetime calculations. If the bearing was not loaded beyond this limit, its theoretical lifetime would be limited only by external factors, such as contamination or a failure of lubrication.

A new model of bearing life was put forward by FAG and developed by SKF as the Ioannides-Harris model. ISO 281:2000 first incorporated this model and ISO 281:2007 is based on it.

The concept of fatigue limit, and thus ISO 281:2007, remains controversial, at least in the US.

Generalized Bearing Life Model (GBLM)
In 2015, the SKF Generalized Bearing Life Model (GBLM) was introduced. In contrast to previous life models, GBLM explicitly separates surface and subsurface failure modes – making the model flexible to accommodate several different failure modes. Modern bearings and applications show fewer failures, but the failures that do occur are more linked to surface stresses. By separating surface from the subsurface, mitigating mechanisms can more easily be identified. GBLM makes use of advanced tribology models to introduce a surface distress failure mode function, obtained from the evaluation of surface fatigue. For the subsurface fatigue, GBLM uses the classical Hertzian rolling contact model. With all this, GBLM includes the effects of lubrication, contamination, and race surface properties, which together influence the stress distribution in the rolling contact.

In 2019, the Generalized Bearing Life Model was relaunched. The updated model offers life calculations also for hybrid bearings, i.e. bearings with steel rings and ceramic (silicon nitride) rolling elements. Even if the 2019 GBLM release was primarily developed to realistically determine the working life of hybrid bearings, the concept can also be used for other products and failure modes.

Constraints and trade-offs
All parts of a bearing are subject to many design constraints. For example, the inner and outer races are often complex shapes, making them difficult to manufacture. Balls and rollers, though simpler in shape, are small; since they bend sharply where they run on the races, the bearings are prone to fatigue. The loads within a bearing assembly are also affected by the speed of operation: rolling-element bearings may spin over 100,000 rpm, and the principal load in such a bearing may be momentum rather than the applied load. Smaller rolling elements are lighter and thus have less momentum, but smaller elements also bend more sharply where they contact the race, causing them to fail more rapidly from fatigue. Maximum rolling-element bearing speeds are often specified in 'nDm', which is the product of the mean diameter (in mm) and the maximum RPM. For angular contact bearings nDms over 2.1 million have been found to be reliable in high performance rocketry applications.

There are also many material issues: a harder material may be more durable against abrasion but more likely to suffer fatigue fracture, so the material varies with the application, and while steel is most common for rolling-element bearings, plastics, glass, and ceramics are all in common use. A small defect (irregularity) in the material is often responsible for bearing failure; one of the biggest improvements in the life of common bearings during the second half of the 20th century was the use of more homogeneous materials, rather than better materials or lubricants (though both were also significant). Lubricant properties vary with temperature and load, so the best lubricant varies with application.

Although bearings tend to wear out with use, designers can make tradeoffs of bearing size and cost versus lifetime. A bearing can last indefinitely—longer than the rest of the machine—if it is kept cool, clean, lubricated, is run within the rated load, and if the bearing materials are sufficiently free of microscopic defects. Cooling, lubrication, and sealing are thus important parts of the bearing design.

The needed bearing lifetime also varies with the application. For example, Tedric A. Harris reports in his Rolling Bearing Analysis on an oxygen pump bearing in the U.S. Space Shuttle which could not be adequately isolated from the liquid oxygen being pumped. All lubricants reacted with the oxygen, leading to fires and other failures. The solution was to lubricate the bearing with the oxygen. Although liquid oxygen is a poor lubricant, it was adequate, since the service life of the pump was just a few hours.

The operating environment and service needs are also important design considerations. Some bearing assemblies require routine addition of lubricants, while others are factory sealed, requiring no further maintenance for the life of the mechanical assembly. Although seals are appealing, they increase friction, and in a permanently sealed bearing the lubricant may become contaminated by hard particles, such as steel chips from the race or bearing, sand, or grit that gets past the seal. Contamination in the lubricant is abrasive and greatly reduces the operating life of the bearing assembly. Another major cause of bearing failure is the presence of water in the lubrication oil. Online water-in-oil monitors have been introduced in recent years to monitor the effects of both particles and the presence of water in oil and their combined effect.

Designation
Metric rolling-element bearings have alphanumerical designations, defined by ISO 15, to define all of the physical parameters. The main designation is a seven digit number with optional alphanumeric digits before or after to define additional parameters. Here the digits will be defined as: 7654321. Any zeros to the left of the last defined digit are not printed; e.g. a designation of 0007208 is printed 7208.

Digits one and two together are used to define the inner diameter (ID), or bore diameter, of the bearing. For diameters between 20 and 495 mm, inclusive, the designation is multiplied by five to give the ID; e.g. designation 08 is a 40 mm ID. For inner diameters less than 20 the following designations are used: 00 = 10 mm ID, 01 = 12 mm ID, 02 = 15 mm ID, and 03 = 17 mm ID. The third digit defines the "diameter series", which defines the outer diameter (OD). The diameter series, defined in ascending order, is: 0, 8, 9, 1, 7, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. The fourth digit defines the type of bearing:

The fifth and sixth digit define structural modifications to the bearing. For example, on radial thrust bearings the digits define the contact angle, or the presence of seals on any bearing type. The seventh digit defines the "width series", or thickness, of the bearing. The width series, defined from lightest to heaviest, is: 7, 8, 9, 0, 1 (extra light series), 2 (light series), 3 (medium series), 4 (heavy series). The third digit and the seventh digit define the "dimensional series" of the bearing.

There are four optional prefix characters, here defined as A321-XXXXXXX (where the X's are the main designation), which are separated from the main designation with a dash. The first character, A, is the bearing class, which is defined, in ascending order: C, B, A. The class defines extra requirements for vibration, deviations in shape, the rolling surface tolerances, and other parameters that are not defined by a designation character. The second character is the frictional moment (friction), which is defined, in ascending order, by a number 1–9. The third character is the radial clearance, which is normally defined by a number between 0 and 9 (inclusive), in ascending order, however for radial-thrust bearings it is defined by a number between 1 and 3, inclusive. The fourth character is the accuracy ratings, which normally are, in ascending order: 0 (normal), 6X, 6, 5, 4, T, and 2. Ratings 0 and 6 are the most common; ratings 5 and 4 are used in high-speed applications; and rating 2 is used in gyroscopes. For tapered bearings, the values are, in ascending order: 0, N, and X, where 0 is 0, N is "normal", and X is 6X.

There are five optional characters that can defined after the main designation: A, E, P, C, and T; these are tacked directly onto the end of the main designation. Unlike the prefix, not all of the designations must be defined. "A" indicates an increased dynamic load rating. "E" indicates the use of a plastic cage. "P" indicates that heat-resistant steel are used. "C" indicates the type of lubricant used (C1–C28). "T" indicates the degree to which the bearing components have been tempered (T1–T5).

While manufacturers follow ISO 15 for part number designations on some of their products, it is common for them to implement proprietary part number systems that do not correlate to ISO 15.

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Technical publication about bearing lubrication
NASA technical handbook Rolling-Element Bearing (NASA-RP-1105)
NASA technical handbook Lubrication of Machine Elements (NASA-RP-1126)
How rolling-element bearings work
Kinematic Models for Design Digital Library (KMODDL) - Movies and photos of hundreds of working mechanical-systems models at Cornell University. Also includes an e-book library of classic texts on mechanical design and engineering.
Damping and Stiffness Characteristics of Rolling Element Bearings - Theory and Experiment (PhD thesis, Paul Dietl, TU Vienna, 1997

Bearings (mechanical)
Tribology

ru:Подшипник#Подшипники качения

Rolling-element bearing


David Eugene Summers (January 3, 1939 – February 17, 2021) was an American rockabilly singer, songwriter and guitarist. His most famous recordings include the late 50s "School of Rock 'n Roll", "Straight Skirt", "Nervous", "Gotta Lotta That",  "Twixteen", "Alabama Shake", "Fancy Dan" and his biggest-selling single "Big Blue Diamonds". Summers was inducted into the Rockabilly Hall of Fame in 1997 and the Southern Legends Entertainment & Performing Arts Hall of Fame in 2005. He still performed worldwide and celebrated his 50th anniversary as a recording artist in 2008 with the release of Reminisce Cafe.

Early life and rise to first success
Summers was born in Dallas, Texas. He graduated from Duncanville High School in 1957 and attended Arlington State College, now known as the University of Texas at Arlington. That same year, he formed the rockabilly band the Rebels and performed on Joe Bill's Country Picnic on KRLD-TV where they were spotted by songwriter Jed Tarver. This led to the band being signed by newly founded Jan Records. Their first record was released on February 1, 1958, under the name of Gene Summers & His Rebels.

Gene Summers & the Tom Toms

Summers, who was still popular on the back of two regional hits "Straight Skirt"/"School Of Rock 'n Roll", (Jan No. 11-100) and "Nervous"/"Gotta Lotta That" (Jan No. 102), was playing in east Dallas at the 123 Club with his new group of Rebels which included lead guitarist and original Rebel James McClung, bass player Jack Castleberry, drummer Charlie Mendias and Codine Craft on piano.  When Craft married and left the band, she was replaced by pianist/frontman C.W. Kendall formerly of the Big Beats – "Clark's Expedition" (Columbia No. 41072) and "The Big Beats Live At The Off-Broadway" an LP issued by Liberty Records (#LRP-3407).

This provided the opportunity for Summers to exit the Rebels and in April 1961 a new group emerged on the DFW club scene known as Gene Summers and the Tom Toms. One of the first performances of this newly formed alliance was on a bill in Fort Worth, Texas at Jimmy Levin's Skyliner Ballroom with legendary bluesman Elmore James. (Before becoming a musical unit, Summers and the Tom Toms had booked studio time in early 1961 at The Clifford Herring Studios in Fort Worth where they recorded three songs. The first title was guitarist Eddie Hill's "Taboo" (Lake County LP-504/Born Bad LP-BB107), "Tomorrow" (Alta Records) No. 104) and an original instrumental titled "Loco Cat" (Collector LP/CD-4420).

By May 1961, Gene and the Tom Toms were touring the US with the Chuck Berry show. The lineup also included Bill Pinkney's Original Drifters (Bill Pinkney, Andrew Thrasher, Gerhart Thrasher and Bobby Hollis) plus Bobby Hendricks of "Itchie Twitchie Feeling" fame (Sue No. 706).  The group toured most of 1961 but by the end of that year they had begun to break up. Eddie Hill and Joel Colbert wanted to form a new band so they left the Tom Toms and departed for Lubbock, Texas. It was while he was returning to Dallas in early 1962 that Eddie Wayne Hill and one of his new band members, Donny LaGrone, were killed when their convertible collided head-on with a gravel truck on state Highway 114 south of Decatur, Texas.

Meanwhile, back in Dallas, Summers and bass player David A. Martin were revamping the Tom Toms who were now the house band at the Guthrey Club.  Gene's former drummer from the 123 Club, Charlie Mendias, joined the group.  Also, James McClung, the original Rebels guitar player, became a Tom Tom. McClung had previously written Gene's rockabilly classic "School Of Rock 'n Roll", (Jan No. 11-101). Also recruited were guitarist Glenn Keener and saxophonist Melvin Robinson. Robinson, formerly an original member of Sid King and the Five Strings, only played with the group through mid-July and was replaced by Jesse Lopez, the younger brother of soon-to-be-star, Trini Lopez.

The Tom Toms remained intact throughout most of 1962 with only a couple of changes in personnel.  During early October, that year, David A. Martin left for Memphis with singer/organist Sam Samudio. Sam had been playing in Dallas at Jack's Blue Room which was just down the street from the Guthrey Club on Industrial Boulevard.  Sam and David formed the group Sam The Sham and The Pharaohs, who would go on to great international success. Gene's former bass player, Jack Castleberry from the 123 Club, replaced Martin in the Tom Toms.

Lead guitar player Glenn Keener also left the Tom Toms about six weeks later to join a banjo group called Freddy Powers and the Powerhouse 1V. In July 1962, the Powerhouse 1V had been discovered by Hugh Downs of the "Today Show" and had appeared twice on his program. Keener joined the group in late 1962 just in time to appear on their Warner Bros. Records album "The Good Life!" (WBLP-1488) which was released in early 1963.  Keener eventually ended up in Nashville as a session musician/record producer for Opryland Records and then Mercury Records-Phonogram.  Keener was the first to sign/record Reba McEntire for a major label deal.

With the defection of Martin and Keener, Summers again re-organized the Tom Toms. The new line-up now included James McClung on lead guitar, Jack Castleberry on bass, Charlie Mendias on drums and Jesse Lopez on sax. The rhythm section was augmented with the addition of organ player Harry "Good Times" Jackson. Jackson was replaced a short time later by keyboard player Bobby Charles (Shumate), who also doubled on saxophone. By early 1963 Bobby Charles had left the group and was replaced by organ player Ernest Walker. Jesse Lopez, who was still in high school, dropped-out of the band and was replaced by sax player C.B. Williams. This became the final musical line-up for the Tom Toms. The band now included Summers, McClung, Mendias, Castleberry, Walker and Williams. This was the group that went into the Clifford Herring Recording Studio, in Fort Worth, Texas, on March 28, 1963, and recorded Gene's breakthrough single "Big Blue Diamonds" (Donnybrook Records No. 556/Capri Records No. 502/Jamie Records No. 1273).  An instrumental version of "Peanut Butter" (Shane No. 47-2) was also recorded at this session. In June 1964, they would return to the Summit Sound Studios in Dallas to record the Summers rockabilly classic "Alabama Shake" (Capri No. 507), a song composed by James McClung in 1958. They also cut Lloyd Price's "Just Because" (Capri No. 507)  plus "The Great Pretender" (Crystal Clear CD CCR 9723-2) at this session.

The Tom Toms continued to make music through the first part of 1965 playing, primarily, at the Guthrey Club in Dallas at Corinth and Industrial, before splitting up later that year, for a variety of personal and professional reasons.

Summers has continued to record and perform in clubs and international tours into the 21st century. In 1997, he became the 29th artist to be inducted into the Rockabilly Hall Of Fame, commemorated with a re-issue of his key recordings on the Crystal Clear Sound label. He was also inducted into The Southern Legends Entertainment & Performing Arts Hall of Fame in 2005. Summers was presented his HOF certificate in Hollywood, California by air personality John Rhys on October 29, 2005. In February 2008, he celebrated 50 years as a recording artist with the release of a new studio album, Reminisce Cafe (Seduction SCD-110). Gene Summers was married to songwriter Deanna Summers from 1961 until her death in 2017. They have three sons Dusty, Steve and Shawn.

Gene Summers died peacefully in Dallas on February 17, 2021, with his sons Steven and Shawn by his side. He was 82.

Partial discography
Rock 'n Roll Volume 2. 1973, Holland
The Southern Cat Rocks On 1975, Switzerland
Mister Rock and Roll 1977, Switzerland
Rock a Boogie Shake 1980, Sweden
Early Rocking Recordings 1981, Holland
Texas Rock and Roll 1981, France
Gene Summers in Nashville 1981, France
Dance Dance Dance 1981, UK
Rock 'n Roll Tour – "Live" In Scandinavia 1983, Sweden
School Of Rock 'n Roll (album) 1994, Holland
Sounds Like Elvis CD 1996 (compilation), USA
The Ultimate School of Rock & Roll 1997, USA
Rockaboogie Shake 1999, UK
Do Right Daddy 2004, Sweden
Reminisce Cafe 2008, USA
Taboo! 2011, USA
Gotta Lotta That The Essential Gene Summers 2012, USA
Rock-A-Dallas 2016, USA
Country Song Roundup 2018 USA

Television, films and DVDs
(incomplete)
Hi-School High Lites Show – Dallas, TX 1956
The Neal Jones Show – Dallas, TX 1956
Joe Bill's Country Picnic – Dallas, TX 1957-'58
Jerry Haynes' "Top Ten Dance Party" – Dallas, TX 1958
The Larry Kane Show – Houston, TX 1958
The Ted Steele Bandstand Show – New York City-1958
The Milt Grant Show- Washington, DC 1958
The Buddy Deane Show – Baltimore, MD 1958
The Bill Bennett Show – Minneapolis, MN, 1958
The Larry Kane Show – Houston, TX 1964
Hi-Ho Shebang Show – Ft. Worth, TX 1965-'66
Le Grand Échiquier – Paris, France 1981
World Class Championship Wrestling – Dallas, TX 1981 (see Ring announcers)
Warner-Amex Special Gene Summers 'Live' At Zebo's – 1983
Backlot (movie-short) – 1986
No Safe Haven (movie) – 1989
Rob's Chop Shop (TV Pilot) – 1996
Billy Martin (movie) – 2000
100 Höjdare ("100 Highlights") – 2004–2008 (Swedish TV Series)
Big Beat Generation Vol. 1 (DVD) – 2009 (Big Beat Records, France)
Big Beat Story Vol. 2 (DVD) – 2011 (Big Beat Records, France)
Swiss television NZZ Format – 2013 (Features Gene in "Für immer Rock'n'Roll: Ein Lebensgefühl" with interviews and backstage footage from shows in the UK.)

Cover versions of Gene Summers songs
Many songs popularized by Gene Summers have been recorded by other artists. Cover versions include:

 Alabama Shake – by Crazy Cavan and the Rhythm Rockers (1976), The Flying Saucers (1976), C.S.A (1978), Teddy and The Tigers (1979), The Rockabilly Rebs (1979), Rockin' Lord Lee & The Outlaws (1988), Tony Vincent (1993), Badland Slingers (1999), The Shaking Silouets (1999), The TTs (2002), King Drapes (2003, Rawhide (2004),  Hurricains (2007), The Muskrats (2009), Deke Dickerson (2010), Andy Warner and Spo-Dee-O-Dee (2012), The Hawks (2014),  Lil' Camille (2017), Mr. Breathless (2017), Jeff Allen (2018), Modern Sounds, (2020)
 Almost 12 O'Clock – by Rock-Ola (1981)
 Baby Please Tell Me Why – by Lobo Jones and The Rhythm Hounds (2017)
 Be Bop City – by Lakesend & Foxy (2017)
 Big Blue Diamonds – by Jacky Ward (1971), Ernest Tubb (1972),   Mel Street (1972), Jerry Lee Lewis (1973), Merle Kilgore (1974), Jimmy Patton (1975), Bobby Crown (1980), Ted Roddy (19??), Dan Walser (1996), Dennis Gilley (2000), Lembo Allen (2004), Rance Norton (2008), Back In Time Band (2009), HIYIELD1313 (2009), Lyndall Underwood (2010), Kelly Schoppa (2011), Honkey Tonk Possey (2012), DallasCrossoverBand (2013), The South of Dixie Band (2013), Henry Hosek (2016), Jeff Woolsey  (2017), Jim Nix (2017, Bob Bales (2018)
 Chapel Bells Ringing – by Jeff Allen (2018)
 The Clown – by J. Frank Wilson (1969). Note: (J. Frank Wilson voice over using the original Gene Summers bandtrack)
 Crazy Cat Corner – by Bill Peck (1998) (re-written vocal adaptation titled "The Night Elvis Missed The Boat")
 Dance Dance Dance – by Jeff Allen (2018)
 Fancy Dan – by Darrel Higham (1998), The Rocking Boys (2003), Eddie & The Flatheads (2003), Houserockers (2005), Roughcuts (????), Wild Roosters (2013, Rockin' The Joint (2013), Trouble Shooters (2017),  Gold Diggin' Papa (2017), John Lewis (2018), Spo-Dee-O-Dee (2019)
 Gotta Lotta That – by Johnny Devlin (1958), Andy Lee & Tennessee Rain (2000), Rudy LaCrioux and the All-Stars (2001), Wyldwood Four 2012, Alan Leatherwood (2013), Lil´Camille & the Rattletones (2018)
 I'll Never Be Lonely – by Eddie Clendening (2006), Jeff Allen (2019)
 My Picture – by The Sprites aka (Bill Pinkney's Original Drifters) (1962)
 Nervous – by Johnny Devlin (1959), Robert Clark (1959), Robert Gordon with Link Wray (1979), Lonestars (1981), Rock-Ola & The Freewheelers (2000), T-Bird Gang (2009), Ducky Jim Trio, (2013)
NOTE: Gene Vincent attempted twice to record a demo of "Nervous" in home recordings in Dallas in 1957 which were released in 1998 on Dragon Street Records CD "The Lost Dallas Sessions"
 Reminisce Cafe – by Pete Moss (2004) (Taped during a "live" broadcast on The Pete Moss Show on KDWN-AM Radio, Las Vegas, Nevada)
 Rockaboogie Shake – by Lennerockers (2002)
 School Of Rock 'n Roll – by Savage Kalman and The Explosion Rockets (1979), The Polecats (1980), Red Hot Max And The Cats (1989), The Rhythm Rockers (1989), Johnny Reno (1990), The Lennerockers (1991), The Alphabets (1991), Mess Of Booze (1993), The Vees (1995), The Blue Moon Rockers (1996), The Cornell Hurd Band (2002), Thierry LeCoz (2003), Rockin' Ryan and The Real Goners (2003), Lucky Strike Band (2003), Los Aceleradores (2004), Alan Leatherwood (2004), The Starlight Wranglers (2004), The Greyhounds (2004), Black Knights (2004), Rory Justice (2004),  Big Sandy & his Fly-Rite Boys  (2005), Mike Mok and The Em-Tones (2007), Bob Glazebrook & Houserockers (2009), Dixie Stompers (2009), The Muskrats (2009), Black Knights (2010), The Jets & Lights Out (2010), The Bop A Tones (2010),  Victor Huganet (2010),  Cliff and the Cavaliers (2010), HooDoo- Tones (2010) Dennis and the Rocktones (2012),  Ducky Jim Trio (2012), Flying Flick Knives (2012), Gene Gambler and the Shufflers (2013), Robby Vee (2014), Reverend Horton Heat (2014), Tyler Hart Tryo (2014), The Hoodoo-Tones (2016), Ray Allen Trio (2017),  The Cattle Thieves (2017),  Snakebite (2017),  Dell Clark and Rocket 88 (2018), Sandy Ford and Flying Saucers (2018), Jeff Allen, (2018), Johnny & The Two Rockin' Aces (2018), Dylan Kirk with the Starlights (2019)
 Various Artists: School of Rock 'n Roll was used as the title for a (2) CD Box Set compilation released in the late 1990s. CD featured artists from the 1980s including J. Geils Band, Billy Squier, Steve Miller, The Motels, Glass Tiger, Culture Club, Sheena Easton and others. (CD title obviously inspired by the Gene Summers original, classic 'School Of Rock 'n Roll')
Gene Vincent – UNISSUED private recording, (late 1960s). According to a 1998 Now Dig This! magazine review of Derek Henderson's book  "Gene Vincent A Discography", there's a complete A-Z listing of the 217 song titles that he's (Vincent) known to have recorded-everything from the Capitol biggies such as "Say Mama", Rocky Road Blues" and "Wildcat" to lesser known items such as private recordings of "Stand By Me", "Chain Gang" and "School Of Rock 'n Roll".
 She Bops A Lot – by The Lightcrust Doughboys (2000), Floyd Dakil (2010)
 Straight Skirt – by The Diamonds (1958), Johnny Devlin (1958), Bengt Johansson (1958),  Willie King (1958), Ronnie Dawson (1958),  The Sureshots (2005)
   Tomorrow  by Jeff Allen (2018)
 Turnip Greens – by Darrel Higham & The Enforcers (1992), Eddie Clendening (2012)
 Twixteen – by Teddy and The Tigers (1979), Runnin' Wild (1997), (Jimmy Velvit) (2000) (The Velvit version is a re-written vocal adaptation titled "Waiting For Elvis" and also uses the original Gene Summers 1958 "Twixteen" sound track) You Said You Loved Me – by Sid and Billy King (1988)

 References

 Bibliography
http://siliconmusic.us/artists/genesummers/promotional/bdylan-srr.mp3
ARSA Radio Surveys Archive 11/9/63
"Texas Music" by Rick Koster
Dallas Sportatorium (World Class Championship Wrestling#Ring announcers)Catch That Rockabilly Fever by Sheree Homer (published by McFarland & Company, Inc) United States 2009 The Golden Age of American Rock 'n Roll: Reelin' & Rockin' : 1956–1959  by Lee Cotten (Published by Popular Culture Ink) United States 1995 The Handbook of Texas Music by Laurie E. Jansinski (published by Texas A&M University Press) United States 2012Feature article 'Gene Summers Picked For Pakefield' in issue 58 of UK Rock Magazine, February 2009 UKPopular Music by Michael H. Gray (published by Bowker Publishing) United States 1983 The Handbook of Texas Music by Roy R. Barkley and Cathy Brigham (published by Texas State Historical Association) United States 2003 page 259The Mercury Labels: A Discography: The 1964–1969 Era by Michael Ruppli and Ed Novitsky United States 1993 page 371A Dream Deferred By Matt Weitz, Dallas Observer, July 31 – August 6, 1997, Volume 752, pages 73–79Gene Summers Fan Club Bulletin, United States 1985Rockabilly: A Forty-Year Journey by Billy Poore (published by Hal Leonard) United States 1998The Journal of Country Music, Volumes 20-21 by Ed. Paul Kingsbury (published by Country Music Foundation Press) United States 1998Legends Of Our Time (published by Escape Today Publishing United States 2005)Texas Music by Rick Koster (published by St. Martin's Press United States 2000)The Sound of The City: The Rise Of Rock And Roll by Charlie Gillett (published by Da Capo Press United States 1996)Race With The Devil by Susan Van Hecke (published by St. Martin's Press United States 2000)Go Cat Go by Craig Morrison (published by University Of Illinois Press United States 1998)Sun Records: The Brief History of The Legendary Record Label by Colin Escott and Martin Hawkins (published by Quick Fox Books UK 1975/1980)Texas Rhythm Texas Rhyme by Larry Willoughby (published by Texas Monthly Press United States 1984)Who's Who In The South And Southwest (published by Marquis Who's Who In America 1984–1985 Edition) United States)Blood Will Tell: The Murder Trials Of T. Cullen Davis by Gary Cartwright (published by Pocket Books United States 1978/1980)The International Who's Who in Popular Music 2002 by Andy Gregory (Published by Routledge United States 2002)The Handbook Of Texas Music by Texas State Historical Association  (published by The University Of Texas at Austin) United States) 2003Cover Versions Of The Songs Made Famous By Gene Summers School Of Rock 'n Roll United States 2007Texas Music Industry Directory (published by The Texas Music Office) Office of the Governor, Austin, Texas United States 2007Article and sessionography in issue No. 15 of New Kommotion Magazine 1977 UKFeature article with photo spread in issue 53 of Bill Griggs' Rockin' 50s Magazine, 2002 United StatesFeature article with photo spread in issue 54 of Bill Griggs' Rockin' 50s Magazine, 2002 United StatesFull Cover photo and article in issue 28 of UK Rock Magazine, 2006 UK
 "Reba: My Story: by Reba Mcentire (published by Bantam Books, 1994 United States (pages 56–57).
 Rockabilly: A Forty-Year Journey by Billy Poore (published by Hal Leonard 1998) United States
 The International Who's Who in Popular Music 2002 by Andy Gregory (Published by Routledge 2002, United States)
 The Handbook Of Texas Online (c)Texas State Historical Association (published at The University Of Texas at Austin) 2007, United States  (online)
 Official Price Guide To Records'' by Jerry Osborne (published by House of Collectibles)  United States
 Chess Records Discography (online)  United States
 Jamie Records Discography (online) United States
 Jubilee Records Artist Roster (online) United States
 Charay Records Discography (online) United States
 Alta Records Discography United States
 W&G Records artists Australia
 Article and sessionography in issue 15 (1977) of New Kommotion Magazine UK
 Article and sessionography in issue 23 (1980) of New Kommotion Magazine UK
 Feature article and sessionography in issue 74 (1999) of Rockin' Fifties Magazine Germany

External links

  (Gene Summers' Home Page)
 [ Gene Summers entry] at Allmusic

 Billboard.com
 Gene Summers page  at the Rockabilly Hall of Fame
 Gene Summers page at Tapio's Fin-A-Billy (sessionography)

1939 births
2021 deaths
Heart transplant recipients
American people of English descent
Professional wrestling announcers
Businesspeople from Texas
American bandleaders
American rock singers
American country singer-songwriters
American male singer-songwriters
American male composers
Ballad musicians
American male pop singers
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Singer-songwriters from Texas
American rock songwriters
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American male guitarists
Record producers from Texas
Alta Records artists
Norton Records artists
Jamie Records artists
Jubilee Records artists
Mercury Records artists
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American rockabilly musicians
Musicians from Dallas
People from Duncanville, Texas
Duncanville High School alumni
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20th-century American singer-songwriters
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Guitarists from Texas
University of Texas at Arlington alumni
Country musicians from Texas
20th-century American male singers
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Gene Summers


The Rachel Papers is Martin Amis's first novel, published in 1973 by Jonathan Cape.

Plot
The Rachel Papers tells the story of Charles Highway, a bright, egotistical teenager (a portrait Amis acknowledges as autobiographical) and his relationship with his girlfriend in the year before going to university. Narrated by Charles on the eve of his twentieth birthday, the novel recounts Charles's last year of adolescence and his first love, Rachel Noyes, whom he meets in London while studying for his entrance exams into Oxford. Charles meets Rachel at a party and vows to win her over with his wit and wisdom. Unfortunately, she is seeing an American visiting student named DeForest, and Charles must employ a variety of meticulously calculated schemes to steal her away.

The title is an allusion to one subset of notes that Charles works on diligently throughout the novel – detailed instructions on everything from how to convince his Oxford don of his brilliance, to how to pick up and seduce girls. Instead of studying for his exams, Charles pours most of his time into these narcissistic chronicles, and after he meets Rachel, "The Rachel Papers" become the primary outlet for his neurotic brilliance. Gradually, however, these notes evolve beyond a set of conniving machinations geared toward getting Rachel into bed with him, and into a sincere story of their brief but passionate romance.

Themes
As the title indicates, writing is one of the main themes of the novel, but Amis's protagonist is a parody of the novelist writing about the writing process itself. Charles Highway is obsessed with literature and literariness, as evidenced by the fact that he continually peppers his narrative with references to great poets and novelists, most notably William Blake. He is equally obsessed with adding a literary flair to his life, not just by hyperbolically comparing himself to figures like Blake and Keats, but by working the people and events of his life into his elaborate system of notes, essays, and diaries, among which "The Rachel Papers" become central. He is so thoroughly engrossed in and delighted by this artificially constructed world that he is incapable of having genuine human relationships – besides Rachel, the only other person he is close to, his one friend Geoffrey, is constantly high on a cocktail of drugs and alcohol.

While his intense self-awareness at times allows Charles to be cannily poignant and honest about sensitive subjects (his troubled relationship with his philandering father, his sister's dysfunctional marriage, the awkwardness of adolescent romance), his precociousness and narcissism also blinds him to a great deal of his own faults and shortcomings.

Critical reception
Amis's first novel received mixed critical reception. While he was praised by some critics for his "ruthlessly brilliant comedy", he was also taken to task for failing to sufficiently animate any of the other characters besides Charles, making the book merely "an easy-reading, mildly funny series of bed-and-bathroom observations." Nevertheless, in 1974 The Rachel Papers won the Somerset Maugham Award for best novel by a writer under the age of thirty-five.

Amis on The Rachel Papers
In preparing to write his 2010 novel The Pregnant Widow, Amis revealed that he re-read The Rachel Papers for research purposes (as "the time frame is similar").

Amis's view of his debut novel has diminished considerably in recent years. Regarding what he made of the novel upon re-reading it, Amis remarked in a 2010 interview that, by his high standards the novel "seemed crude...Not the writing. That was terribly alive. The craft. The sex. The setups… [were] all incredibly cack-handed." In a subsequent later appearance at the Sunday Times Literary Festival in March 2010, he criticised his debut further, stating, "A first novel is about energy and originality, but to me now it looks so crude. I don't mean bad language – it's so clumsily put together. The sense of decorum, the slowing a sentence down, the scrupulousness I feel I have acquired, aren't there. As you get older, your craft, the knack of knowing what goes where, what goes when, is much more acute."

Film version
In 1989, the book was made into a film of the same name, starring Dexter Fletcher and Ione Skye.

Further reading

References

1973 British novels
Novels by Martin Amis
British autobiographical novels
British novels adapted into films
Alfred A. Knopf books
Jonathan Cape books
1973 debut novels

The Rachel Papers (novel)


José Moldes (January 1, 1785 - April 18, 1824) was an Argentine military leader. He was born in the Salta Province, and moved to Spain in his infancy. His father was Antonio Moldes y González, from Barro (Barro is a municipality in Galicia, Spain in the province of Pontevedra). He served in the Spanish army, and joined lodges in Cádiz opposed to the absolutist monarchy. He left Spain and moved to Buenos Aires, supporting the faction of Mariano Moreno after the May Revolution. He was exiled by the 1811 coup, but returned to the Assembly of the Year XIII. He was proposed in 1816 as a possible Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata by deputies of the Congress of Tucumán, but José de San Martín feared that his strong feud with Buenos Aires may break national unity, and opposed his candidacy.

References

Bibliography

1785 births
1824 deaths
People of the Argentine War of Independence

José Moldes


Goniobranchus alius is a species of colourful sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Chromodorididae.

Distribution
This species is reported from Kenya to South Africa on the Western seaboard of the Indian Ocean and from Réunion and Sri Lanka. It is also reported from the Marshall Islands.

References

Chromodorididae
Gastropods described in 1987

Goniobranchus alius


The Hotchkiss gun can refer to different products of the Hotchkiss arms company starting in the late 19th century. It usually refers to the 1.65-inch (42 mm) light mountain gun; there were also a navy (47 mm) and a 3-inch (76 mm) Hotchkiss guns. The 42 mm gun was intended to be mounted on a light carriage or packed on two mules to accompany a troop of cavalry or an army travelling in rough country.

Descriptions

1.65-inch gun

The  gun and accessories could be packed on two mules. The gun was introduced as a modern replacement for the aging twelve-pounder mountain howitzer. The first gun purchased by the U.S. military from the French arms firm of Hotchkiss was employed against the Nez Percé in 1877. Over the next twenty years the U.S. purchased 56. They were used at the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890, and again in Cuba at the Battle of Las Guasimas, the Battle of El Caney and the attack on San Juan Hill during the Spanish–American War of 1898.

Hotchkiss revolving cannon

The Hotchkiss revolving cannon was a rotating barrel weapon invented in 1872 by Benjamin B. Hotchkiss (1826–1885), founder of Hotchkiss & Co. It was used by German authorities in the 19th century. It was also referred to as the "Hotchkiss gun". Though superficially resembling a Gatling gun, the internals are very different, with only a single reciprocating bolt rather than a separate action for every barrel. It was a built-up, rifled, rapid-fire gun of oil-tempered steel, having a rectangular breechblock which moved in a mortise cut completely through the jacket.  It was designed to be light enough to travel with cavalry, and had an effective range beyond that of rifled small-arms.

The 1-pounder revolving Hotchkiss cannon had five 37 mm barrels, and was capable of firing 68 rounds per minute with an accuracy range of . Each feed magazine held ten rounds and weighed approximately 18 pounds (8 kg). Besides the field gun version, there were several other versions of the 37 mm Hotchkiss revolving cannon, notably versions for naval defense against torpedo boats and fortress versions firing shrapnel or canister shells for the defense of moats. The naval version was adopted by Russia and the United States, amongst others. The field cannon version was accompanied by a horse-drawn ammunition limber, which held 110 rounds plus six loaded magazines, totaling 170 rounds. One example is on display at the Museum of the History of the Brazilian Army at Fort Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro.

A 3-pounder 47 mm Hotchkiss revolver cannon was also adopted by the US and Russian navies in the 1880s. This had five barrels. With 3-pounder and 1-pounder weapons, it is difficult to determine from references what type of weapons a particular ship had. Single-shot, revolver cannon, and (from 1890) Maxim-Nordenfelt 1-pounder cannon weapons were all used on new warships from 1880 to 1910. All of these were called quick-firing or, in the US, rapid-firing.

Other guns
Hotchkiss also produced a range of light naval guns and, in the 1930s, anti-tank guns. The naval guns which originated in the 1880s were mostly 3-pounders and 6-pounders and originally were widely used (by Britain, Russia, and the United States amongst others) for close-up defence of major warships against small craft armed with the newly invented locomotive torpedo. When improvements in torpedo range made them obsolete in this role, they continued to be used as small-craft armament up to and including World War II. In World War I the British motor gunboats which won naval supremacy from the Germans on Lake Tanganyika were armed with the Hotchkiss 3-pounder.  The Hotchkiss 6-pounder was adopted by the British army for the first tanks.  During World War II the 6-pounder was the main weapon of the early units of the numerous and successful Fairmile D Motor Torpedo Boats of the Royal Navy, not being entirely replaced by more modern weapons until 1945.

See also

References

External links

http://www.spanamwar.com/hotchkis165.htm
http://www.firstworldwar.com/atoz/mgun_hotchkiss.htm
 History, description and Animations (Requires QuickTime, and not suitable for slow speed links)
 Animation showing the inner workings of the revolving cannon
Tony DiGiulian, British Hotchkiss 3-pdr (1.4 kg) (1.85"/40 (47 mm)) QF Marks I and II
 DiGiulian, Tony, US 3-pounders
 DiGiulian, Tony, Russian Hotchkiss 3-pounders
 A small 1874 and expanded 1879 brochures by Alfred Koerner

Rotary cannon
Artillery of France
37 mm artillery
40 mm artillery
American frontier
Hotchkiss et Cie
Artillery of the United States
Naval guns of the United States
Early machine guns

Hotchkiss gun


GNU GRUB ("GRUB" for short) is a boot loader package from the GNU Project. GRUB is the main example of the Multiboot Specification, which allows a user to have more than one operating systems on their computer at once, and to choose which one to run when the computer starts. GRUB can be used to select from different kernel images available on a particular operating system's partitions, as well as to pass boot-time parameters to such kernels.

Functioning

When a computer is turned on, the computer's BIOS finds the primary bootable device (usually the computer's hard disk) and loads the initial bootstrap program from the master boot record (MBR), the first 512 bytes of the hard disk, and then transfers control to this code.

The MBR contains GRUB stage 1. Because of the small size of the MBR, Stage 1 just loads the next stage of GRUB (which may be physically elsewhere on the disk). Stage 1 can either load Stage 2 directly, or it can load stage 1.5: GRUB Stage 1.5 is located in the first 30 kilobytes of hard disk immediately following the MBR. Stage 1.5 loads Stage 2.

When GRUB Stage 2 receives control, it presents an interface to the user in order to select which operating system to boot. This normally takes the form of a graphical menu, although if this is not available or the user wishes further control, GRUB has its own command prompt, where the user can manually specify the boot parameters. GRUB can also be set to automatically load a particular kernel after a timeout period.

Once boot options have been selected, GRUB loads the selected kernel into memory and passes control on to the kernel, which then continues to start itself. At this stage GRUB can also pass control of the boot process to another loader, using chain loading, for operating systems such as Windows that do not support the Multiboot standard. In this case, copies of the other system's boot programs have been saved by GRUB; instead of a kernel, the other system is loaded as though it had been started from the MBR. This may be yet another boot manager, such as the Microsoft boot menu, allowing further selection of non-Multiboot operating systems. (This behavior is often automatic when modern Linux distributions are installed "on top of" existing Windows systems, allowing the user to retain the original operating system without changes, including systems that contain multiple versions of Windows.)

Related pages
 Comparison of boot loaders
 bootman
 Das U-Boot Universal Bootloader
 EasyBCD
 elilo
 GRLDR
 LILO
 Ncurses and Ncurses package for Windows in GnuWin32
 NTLDR
 SILO
 BCD
 xOSL Extended Operating System Loader

Other websites
Official GNU GRUB project
Official GNU GRUB manual
GRUB 2 Home Page
Official help-grub email list
GRUB wiki
 Documentation for forks:
GRUB4DOS  — Manual , Wiki, Guide , and Forum
Super Grub Disk — Wiki
Grub tutorial for beginners
GNU GRUB (0.97) Simplified for Newbies
 Structure at the start of a hard disk in a PC and how GRUB fits into that structure.
WINGRUB: a GRUB installer for Windows
LILO and GRUB: Boot Loaders Made Simple by Judith Myerson
Boot with GRUB, Linux Journal - A good tutorial
How to install and boot 145 OS in a PC (using GRUB)
How to add GRUB to your USB thumb drive.

GRUB

GNU GRUB


Hindus believe in one main God, Brahman. Most Hindus believe he is present in every person as the eternal spirit or soul, called the atman.

For Hindus there is a sacred symbol that represents their belief. Om (or Aum) is the sound to represent their God.

There is a Trimurti in the Hindu belief: Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the preserver and Shiva the destroyer.
Hindus also believe that sometimes God may appear on earth in living form.

Hinduism

God in Hinduism


Man with a Movie Camera (Russian: Человек с киноаппаратом) is a Soviet silent documentary film directed by Dziga Vertov. His brother Mikhail Kaufman filmed the movie and appears in the film as the cameraman. The movie is experimentalal and there are no actorss. It shows the city life in Moscow, Kyiv and Odessa for one day. The movie is often considered one of the best movies and documentaries.

Overview
There is no single plot or storyline. The movie starts with people entering a theater and shows a screen. On the screen, the cameraman goes to locations to record on the spot. The cameraman appears several times in the movie. The movie often switches from showing the cameraman to the what the camera is looking at. The camera shows people and machines in the early morning. Everything is still and quiet. The camera goes on to shows the city waking up. It shows workers and transportation (street cars, trains, airplanes, carriages). There are different types of work and classes of people. The camera captures the movement of objects. The movie shows the dense population and busy industries. The movie switches between movement and still images. Later in the day, the camera shows more entertainment like a beach and a carnival and sports like track and field and soccer and music. Other daily events included are personal hygiene, people getting married and divorced, birth of children and a funeral. The movie ends with an image of the camera and the eye of the cameraman looking through it.

Style and Techniques
The movie is very experimental and radical. Vertov wanted to create a universal image that was separate from any language.  The movie is very fast-paced. A lot of the montage editing is not linear. The movie used many filming techniques. Examples are multiple exposure, fast motion, slow motion, freeze frames, match cuts, jump cuts, split screens, Dutch angles, extreme close-ups, tracking shots, reversed footage, stop motion animations and self-reflexive visuals. Many movies today use these techniques.

Reception
The movie did not have that good reviews in the beginning. People criticized the movie. Soviet filmmaker Sergei Eisenstein did not like the movie. Critics did not take the film seriously. The reception has changed over time. Man with a Movie Camera is now viewed as a great movie and even one of the best. The movie has a 97% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The movie got 8th place in a Sight & Sound poll from 2021. The movie was included in Time magazine's All-time 100 Movies. Roger Ebert gave the movie a four out of four rating.

References

Russian movies
Ukrainian movies
Movies set in Ukraine

Man with a Movie Camera


Donald Lawrence Keene (June 18, 1922 – February 24, 2019), also known as , was an American and Japanese scholar, teacher, writer, translator and Japan studies expert.

Keene's contributions to the understanding of Japanese culture were recognized by the Japanese government in 2002 and in 2008. In 2012, Keene became a Japanese citizen and he explained,
"You cannot stop being an American after 89 years.... But I have become a Japanese in many ways. Not pretentiously, but naturally."

Early life
Keene was born in Brooklyn in New York City.  He received a Bachelor's degree from Columbia in 1942. He studied Japanese language at the U.S. Navy Japanese Language School.  After World War II, he returned to Columbia where he earned a master's degree in 1947.

He earned a Ph.D. from Columbia in 1951. In this period, Ryūsaku Tsunoda became his mentor.

Career
Starting in 1955,  Keene was a professor at Columbia University for over fifty years. He retired from Columbia after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. He became a Japanese citizen under the name Kīn Donarudo.

His first visit to Japan was during the Battle of Okinawa in 1945.

Death
Keene died on February 24, 2019 in Tokyo from heart failure, aged 96.

Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Keene, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 600+ works in 1,400+ publications in 16 languages and 39,000+ library holdings.
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
 The Battles of Coxinga: Chikamatsu's Puppet Play, Its Background and Importance, 1951
 The Japanese Discovery of Europe: Honda Toshiaki and other discoverers 1720-1952, 1952
 Japanese Literature an Introduction for Western Readers, 1955
 Modern Japanese Literature: An Anthology, 1956
 Major Plays of Chikamatsu, 1961
 Four Major Plays of Chikamatsu, 1961
 Japanese Discovery of Europe, 1720-1830, 1969
 Twenty Plays of the Noh Theatre, 1970
 World Within Walls: Japanese Literature of the Pre-Modern Era, 1600-1867, 1976
 Some Japanese Portraits, 1979
 Dawn to the West: Japanese Literature in the Modern Era, 1984-1988
 The Pleasures of Japanese Literature, 1988
 Introducing Kyoto, 1989 (with Herbert E. Plutschow)
 Travelers of a Hundred Ages: The Japanese As Revealed Through 1,000 Years of Diaries, 1989
 Modern Japanese Novels and the West, 1989
 No and Bunraku: Two Forms of Japanese Theatre, 1990
 Appreciations of Japanese Culture, 1991
 The Colors of Poetry: Essays in Classic Japanese Verse 1991 (with Ooka Makoto)
 Travelers of a Hundred Ages, 1992
 Seeds in the Heart: Japanese Literature from Earliest Times to the Late Sixteenth Century,1993
 On Familiar Terms: A Journey Across Cultures, 1994
 Modern Japanese Diaries: The Japanese at Home and Abroad As Revealed Through Their Diaries, 1995
 The Blue-Eyed Tarokaja: A Donald Keene Anthology, 1996
 On Familiar Terms: To Japan and Back, a Lifetime Across Cultures, 1996
 Japan at the Dawn of the Modern Age: Woodblock Prints from the Meija Era, 1868-1912, 2001 (with Anne Nishimura & Frederic A. Sharf)
 Sources of Japanese Tradition: From Earliest Times to 1600, 2001 (with William Theodore De Bary, George Tanabe and H. Paul Varley)
 Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852-1912, 2002
 Masterful Illusions: Japanese Prints from the Anne Van Biema Collection, 2002 (Lee Bruschke-Johnson and Ann Yonemura)
 Five Modern Japanese Novelists, 2002
 Yoshimasa and the Silver Pavilion: The Creation of the Soul of Japan, 2003
 Frog In The Well: Portraits of Japan by Watanabe Kazan 1793-1841, 2006
 Chronicles of My Life: An American in the Heart of Japan, 2008
 So Lovely A Country Will Never Perish: Wartime Diaries of Japanese Writers, 2010

Honors
Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon, Third Class, 1975
 Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star, Second Class, 1993
 Person of Cultural Merit, 2002
 Order of Culture, 2008

References

Other websites
  Keene, Donald at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
 Donald Keene Center of Japanese Culture

1922 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Columbia University alumni
Harvard University alumni
American Japanologists
American historians

Donald Keene


Eupithecia cupressata is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in the Alameda, Mendocino, and Monterey counties in central coastal California.

The length of the forewings is 12–14 mm for both males and females. The forewings are medium brown, speckled with whitish and darker brown scales along the veins. The hindwings are slightly paler than the forewings. Adults are on wing from March to December.

Larvae have been reared on Cupressus macrocarpa and possibly also feed on Sequoia sempervirens.

References

Moths described in 1910
cupressata
Moths of North America

Eupithecia cupressata