The Kawasaki Kz1000 or Z1000 is a motorcycle made in Japan by Kawasaki, manufacturing commenced in September 1976 for the 1977 model year. The Z1000A1 was an upgraded model to replace the 1976 Kawasaki KZ900 (Z900), which in turn replaced the Z1 launched in 1972 in the Z series. It has an inline-four cylinder engine and a 5-speed transmission, in a 'one down and four up' configuration. Producing about 90 hp, it was one of the fastest production motorcycles of the era. The police model continued in production until 2005.

Model differences

Some of the significant differences between the KZ900 and the KZ1000 include that the 1000 has a heavier crankshaft for less engine vibration, smoother acceleration and a larger displacement as a result of increasing the cylinder bore from 66mm to 70mm. The 1000 received a rear disc brake. There were various configurations of specifications and assembly, such as having the choice between chain-drive and shaft-drive. The cruiser version LTD was assembled in Nebraska and sold in the United States and Canada.

Kawasaki swapped the traditional 4-4 exhaust (available on Z1 and KZ900) for the 4-2 Jardine exhaust (which came standard on the KZ900B) on the LTD and quiet and restrictive muffler on the 1000 A1 and A2 as shown in the top photo in this article. The KZ1000 came with either a chain drive or shaft drive in 1979 and 1980 named ST and SHAFT, KZ1000E1 and E2.
The frame on the KZ1000 was a conventional featherbed (duplex cradle) design, but was not significantly changed in over 30 years of production in terms of basic geometry. There were changes to frame construction with the use of thicker frame tubes in the MkII models (1979/80) to improve frame rigidity.

The 1980 Kawasaki Z1000H was the first mass-produced fuel-injected motorcycle in the world and also Kawasaki's first fuel injected motorcycle. It was based on the KZ1000A3/A4 Mk.II frame and body work, with a unique black/gold/white colour scheme and gold mag wheels . There were only 1000 examples of the Z1000H made for the global market. The Z1000H was manufactured for 3 months only, during March/April/May of 1980 and was a test-bed for the incoming new 1981 fuel-injected model, the GPz1100B1.

In the US market, the Z1000G "Z-1 Classic", based on the LTD frame and body work, also featured the same fuel injection system used on the Z1000H.

The 1981 Kawasaki Z1000J debuted with Kawasaki's new "J" motor with displacement down to  the drop in displacement from 1015cc to 998cc was in order to comply with the new rule for superbike racing-which stipulated a maximum of 1000cc..

For the 1982 model year, Kawasaki introduced the KZ1000R1 Eddie Lawson Replica (ELR); based on the KZ1000J2. The 1983 model was designated KZ1000R2 with cams and a cylinder head from the 1982 GPz1100B2, boosted power from 102 to 104 at 8500 rpm. The bike had a limited run of 750, and was named after the Eddie Lawson 1981-1982 Superbike. It had a claimed  rear wheel HP @ 8,500rpm and  dry.

Aside from the 1982-2005 KZ1000P Police motorcycle, the model was discontinued in 1984, in favor of Kawasaki's liquid-cooled bike, the Ninja GPZ900R.

Wheels and tyres

The Kz1000P (police) has 18 inch cast wheels with Dunlop run-flat tires. The front tire is size MN90-18, and the back tire is size MR90-18.

Accessories

The KZ1000 had optional dealer installed Windjammer brand fairing, saddle bags, sissy bar and highway bars. Highway bars were also used for comfort on long trips and sometimes held additional lighting.

Z1000 Z1-R

The Kawasaki Z1000 Z1-R is a Japanese motorcycle from Kawasaki Heavy Industries. Styling characteristics are the front fairing, black engine finish, the 4-into-1 factory exhaust system and cast wheels.

History

Following the success of the original Z1000, Kawasaki developed the  "Z1-R" as a new top model that would set standards in design and performance. This emphasized motorcycle with a fixed half-shell fairing was only available with a metallic stardust silver paint. Although the design was well received from the potential buyers, sales remained unsatisfactory after tests in motorcycle magazines. They criticized the poor engine performance and the small fuel tank.

Readers of the German Motorrad magazine selected the Z1-R as their Motorcycle of the Year for 1977.

Z1R-TC
The Z1-R was introduced for the 1978 model year, the same year as the Yamaha XS11, the Suzuki GS1000, and the Honda CBX. Magazine tests showed all three competing bikes to be quicker in the [|quarter mile] performance test. In response, the company quickly introduced the semi-production, turbocharged Z1R-TC.

Police use

The KZ1000C and KZ1000P were police sub-models. The KZ1000C was based on the 1977-1980 KZ1000 (KZ1000 C1-C4 from 1978-1981) while the KZ1000P (KZ1000P1-P24 from 1982-2005) was based on the "J" model. They had a number of technical problems, including electromagnetic interference between some radios that caused problems for the ignition system. In addition, the combined set of equipment mounted at the rear (and particularly the placement of the radio on the rear rack) caused high-speed handling difficulties.. That said, with a relatively light weight, comfortable seat, good cornering clearance and powerful engine, it remained so popular for the police market that it remained in production until 2005.

Motorsport

The Z1000 was successfully raced in European, Australian, American and British Superbike racing. A KZ1000 ridden by Reg Pridmore won the AMA Superbike Championship in 1977 and 1978. Pops Yoshimura first began to make his reputation in the mid-1970s by fielding fast, reliable Kawasaki KZ1000s in the AMA Superbike championships. Kawasaki Z1000s tuned by Mamoru Moriwaki were successfully raced in the Australian Superbike championships in the late 1970s by New Zealander Graeme Crosby. John Cowie riding a Z1000 for the Pecket & McNab team, won the 1978 British ACU Formula One championship for production bikes. Freddie Spencer rode a KZ1000 during the 1979 AMA Superbike Championship, winning two races and finishing third in the final championship points standings. Wayne Gardner and co-rider John Pace qualified their Moriwaki-Kawasaki Z1000 on pole position at the prestigious 1981 Suzuka 8 Hours, ahead of all the major factory racing teams. Also in 1981, Eddie Lawson won the AMA Superbike Championship for Kawasaki on a factory-backed KZ1000S1.

Film and TV appearances

The KZ1000C was ridden by California Highway Patrol officers Ponch and Jon of the 1977–1984 TV show CHiPs. It was also in the anime television series Great Teacher Onizuka, and ridden by Keanu Reeves in the film Chain Reaction. Fourteen of the motorcycles in Mad Max (1979) were Z1000s. The bikes were donated by a local Kawasaki dealer and modified in appearance by Melbourne business La Parisienne; one as a police bike ridden by 'The Goose', and thirteen for members of the Toecutter's gang, played by a real motorcycle club called the Vigilantes. The KZ1000P appeared in the 1991 movie Terminator 2: Judgment Day.

Notes

References

KZ1000
Motorcycles introduced in 1976

Kawasaki Kz1000


The Razlog Valley () is a valley in southwestern Bulgaria, Blagoevgrad Province, the municipalities of Razlog,
Bansko and Belitsa. It is located between the mountains of Rila to the north and northwest, Pirin to the south and southwest, and the Rhodope Mountains to the east. The transitional continental mediterranean climate and nature of the valley are influenced by both the high alpine mountain "walls" of Rila and Pirin and the vast and wild Rhodopes, and the warm Mediterranean climate of the Aegean Sea entering from the south via the Mesta river course.

It is home to Bansko, a renowned winter resort center and one of the top tourist destinations in Bulgaria. Another popular ski center is Semkovo.

The valley is a syncline representing a structural sedimentary basin with an average altitude of the valley bottom of more than 800 m. The highest mountain ridges surrounding the valley reach almost 3000 m, and are rich in glacial landforms. In its northeastern part, between Rila and the Rhodopes, is located the Belishko field, which is part of the valley. Within these limits from west-northwest to east-southeast, its length reaches 21 km and its average width is 12 km.

There are 4 towns - Bansko, Belitsa, Dobrinishte and Razlog, and many villages in the area, some of them being Banya, Bachevo, Dobarsko, Godlevo, Gorno Draglishte, Dolno Draglishte, Eleshnitsa, Kraishte, Gorno Kraishte. The town of Razlog was named after the region in 1923 and previously was known as Mehomiya.

The Razlog Valley is abundant in water resources, including many tributaries of the Mesta River, as well as hot springs in the villages of Banya, Bachevo and Eleshnitsa and the Razhdavets and Katarino areas, with the temperature of some of the springs reaching 60 °C and the discharge 70-80 litres per second.

References

External links
 Razlog Valley — Dedicated discussion forum

Valleys of Bulgaria
Landforms of Blagoevgrad Province

Razlog Valley


Muskogee County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2020 census, the population was 66,339. The county seat is Muskogee. The county and city were named for the Muscogee (Creek) Nation. The official spelling of the name was changed to Muskogee by the post office in 1900.

Muskogee County is part of the Muskogee, OK micropolitan statistical area, which is included in the Tulsa-Muskogee-Bartlesville combined statistical area.

History
According to archaeological studies, prehistoric people lived in this area as long ago as the Paleo-Indian period (before 6,000 B. C.). However, archaeologists have made more extensive studies of those people known as the Mound Builders who lived here during the Caddoan Stage (A.D. 300 – 1200).

One of the first Europeans to come to this area was Jean Baptiste Bénard de la Harpe. He was a French explorer and trader who discovered a Wichita village in 1719. By the end of the 18th century the Wichita had been driven away by the more warlike Osage, who used this as their hunting ground. Auguste Pierre Chouteau and other fur traders had established a settlement at the Three Forks. Early in the 19th Century, Cherokee and Choctaw hunting parties made incursions that caused frequent conflict with the Osage. In 1824, the U.S. Army established Fort Gibson on the Grand River to dampen the conflict. The town of Fort Gibson that grew up just outside the fort claims to be the oldest town in Oklahoma.

At the start of the U. S. Civil War, Confederate troops of the Cherokee and Creek Home Guards built Fort Davis, across the Arkansas River from Fort Gibson. Federal troops attacked and destroyed Fort Davis in 1862, driving the Confederates from this area, although a few skirmishes occurred later in the war at Bayou Menard Skirmish (1862), several at Webbers Falls (1862), and the Creek Agency Skirmish (1863).

The county was formed at statehood with land from the Muskogee District of the Creek Nation and the Canadian and Illinois Districts of the Cherokee Nation. A post office named Muscogee had been established January 17, 1872. The official spelling of the name was changed to Muskogee on July 19, 1900.

After the Civil War, the Five Civilized Tribes, which included the Creeks, agreed to new treaties with the federal government. Among other provisions, they ceded their western lands back to the government and allowed rights of way to railroads. The Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway (also called MKT or Katy) built a line into Indian Territory, near the Three Forks. Although railroad officials intended to build a depot at the site of Fort Davis, the terrain proved unsuitable, so they relocated the depot, which they named Muscogee, farther south. They also began the town of Oktaha  farther south, in the same year.

Other railroads followed, such as the Kansas and Arkansas Valley Railway (1888, later the Missouri Pacific Railway), the Midland Valley Railroad (1904–05), the Ozark and Cherokee Central Railway (1901–03, sold to the St. Louis and San Francisco Railway, Frisco), the Shawnee, Oklahoma and Missouri Coal and Railway (1902–03, sold to the Frisco), the Muskogee Union Railway (1903–04, sold to the Missouri, Oklahoma and Gulf Railway [MOG]), and the MOG (1903–05, which became the Texas and Pacific Railroad).

In 1874, the federal government consolidated all of the Five Civilized Tribes agencies into one Union Agency, located just west of Muscogee. In 1889, a federal district court was created in Muscogee. In 1894, the Dawes Commission also established its headquarters there.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (3.5%) is water.

The western part of the county is prairie grassland, while the eastern part rises into the Cookson Hills, on the western edge of the Ozark Mountains. The Arkansas, Verdigris and Grand rivers all converge in the county, causing that area to be called "Three Forks." Webbers Falls Lake on the Arkansas River covers part of the county.

Major highways

  Interstate 40
  U.S. Highway 62
  U.S. Highway 64
  U.S. Highway 69
  State Highway 2
  State Highway 10
  State Highway 16
  State Highway 72
  Muskogee Turnpike

Adjacent counties
 Wagoner County (north)
 Cherokee County (northeast)
 Sequoyah County (east)
 Haskell County (southeast)
 McIntosh County (southwest)
 Okmulgee County (west)

National protected area
 Sequoyah National Wildlife Refuge (part)

Government
The county seat of the county is Muskogee. All elected officials and county services are headquartered there.

Demographics

As of the 2020 census, its population was 66,339.

As of the 2010 United States census, there were 70,990 people living in the county. 59.8% were White, 17.5% Native American, 11.3% Black or African American, 0.6% Asian, 2.6% of some other race and 8.2% of two or more races. 5.2% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race). 16.7% were of American, 8.2% German and 7.3% Irish ancestry.

As of the census of 2000, there were 69,451 people, 26,458 households, and 18,467 families living in the county. The population density was . There were 29,575 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 63.73% White, 13.16% Black or African American, 14.88% Native American, 0.58% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.19% other races, and 6.43% from two or more races. 2.67% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 26,458 households, of which 31.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.80% were married couples living together, 13.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.20% were non-families. 26.70% of all households were made up of individuals; 12.30% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51, and the average family size was 3.03.

The age distribution of the population was 25.90% under the age of 18, 9.50% from 18 to 24, 26.70% from 25 to 44, 22.60% from 45 to 64, and 15.30% 65 or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 93.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.90 males.

The median income of households in the county was $28,438, and the median income per family was $34,793. Males had a median income of $28,670 versus $20,457 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,828. About 14.10% of families and 17.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.00% of those under age 18 and 14.70% of those age 65 or over.

Politics
Donald Trump beat Hillary Clinton 62%-33% in 2016, which was a sharp right-turn from the competitive totals from Barack Obama's efforts in the prior two elections. Trump went on to beat Joe Biden by an even greater margin in 2020.

In February 2022, Republicans held a plurality of registered voters in Muskogee County for the first time in recent history.

Economy
At statehood, the economy was based primarily on agriculture and ranching. The main crops in the county were corn, cotton, and wheat. Agricultural service industries consisted mainly of cotton gins, grain mills, and stockyards. Cotton production declined dramatically during the Great Depression and was replaced by soybeans, wheat, feed grains, and grasses. Truck farming became important during and after World War II, leading to the development of a canning and food-processing industry.

Other economic activities included oil, gas, and coal production, but these activities never reached the levels achieved in other regions. Sand and gravel pits, along with brick and glass manufacturing, developed and remained important employment sources. O. W. Coburn built an optical business that became one of the largest in the nation and employed hundreds of workers. Other industrialists included the Buddrus family, who began Acme Engineering, and the Rooney family who founded Manhattan Construction. State and federal employment has long been important, primarily in education and veterans' services. Light manufacturing and health care as well as social services provide jobs for residents. The town of Taft has two state correctional facilities, Dr. Eddie Warrior Correctional Center for women and Jess Dunn Correctional Center for men.

Steamboats had plied the Arkansas River throughout much of the nineteenth and early twentieth century. The McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System, dedicated in 1971, opening the Arkansas and Verdigris rivers to year-round commercial traffic and leading to the development of the Port of Muskogee.

Education
Education was a high priority after the Civil War, with schools started by churches, private individuals, and the Cherokee and Creek nations. Higher educational opportunities were offered after 1880 when Bacone College, Oklahoma's oldest, began as Indian University in Tahlequah, but was moved to the Creek Nation in present Muskogee County in 1885. Evangel Mission, a school at Union Agency for Creek freedmen, operated in the 1880s and now houses the Five Civilized Tribes Museum in Muskogee. A facility for educating visually impaired people opened at Fort Gibson in 1898. Later moved to Muskogee, it became the Oklahoma School for the Blind. Minerva Home, a school for girls in Muskogee, became Henry Kendall College in 1894, which moved to Tulsa and became the University of Tulsa in 1920. Northeastern State University opened a branch campus in Muskogee in 1994.

K-12 school districts:
 Braggs Public Schools
 Checotah Public Schools
 Fort Gibson Public Schools
 Gore Public Schools
 Haskell Public Schools
 Hilldale Public Schools
 Midway Public Schools
 Muskogee Public Schools
 Oktaha Public Schools
 Porum Public Schools
 Wainwright Public School - Elementary school only
 Warner Public Schools
 Webbers Falls Public Schools

State-operated schools:
 Oklahoma School for the Blind (Sulphur)
 Oklahoma School for the Deaf (Muskogee)

Communities

Cities
 Muskogee (county seat)

Towns

 Boynton
 Braggs
 Council Hill
 Fort Gibson
 Haskell
 Oktaha
 Porum
 Summit
 Taft
 Wainwright
 Warner
 Webbers Falls

Census-designated places
 Briartown
 Keefton
 Norwood (mostly in Cherokee County)
 River Bottom
 Sand Hill
 Simms
 Sour John

Other unincorporated place
 Pumpkin Center

Notable people
 Tom Coburn (b. 1948), lived in Muskogee; served in U. S. House of Representatives (1995-2001); served as U.S. Senator from Oklahoma (1995-2014);
 Drew Edmondson (b. 1946), was elected attorney general for Oklahoma (1995-2011); ran unsuccessfully for governor of Oklahoma in 2010 and 2018.
 Edmond Edmondson (1919-1990), served the Second Congressional District, which includes Muskogee County, from 1953 to 1973.
 James Howard Edmondson (1925-1971), born in Muskogee, served as Oklahoma governor (1959–63) and senator (1963–64).
 Charles N. Haskell (1860-1933), settled in Muskogee in 1901 and became a leader at the Sequoyah Convention and Oklahoma's first governor in 1907.
 Robert L. Owen (1856-1947), a Cherokee, served as the U.S. agent to the Five Civilized Tribes in Muskogee. In 1907 he became one of Oklahoma's first U.S. senators.
 Pleasant Porter (1840-1907), principal chief of the Creek Nation, negotiated the allotment treaty with the Dawes Commission. He served as president of the Sequoyah Convention.
 Alexander Posey (1873-1908), a Creek poet and newspaper editor in Muskogee, was secretary of the Sequoyah Convention and is credited with writing most of that constitution.
 Alice M. Robertson  (1854-1931), the first woman appointed postmaster of a Class A post office in the United States, in 1920 was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. She was the second woman in the United States to hold a congressional seat and was the only woman to serve Oklahoma in Congress until Mary Fallin was elected in 2006.
 Belle Starr (1848-1899), American outlaw; lived in the Cookson Hills in eastern Muskogee County.
 Mike Synar (1950-1996) served in Congress from 1979 to 1995.

NRHP sites

The following sites in Muskogee County are listed on the National Register of Historic Places:

References

1907 establishments in Oklahoma
Populated places established in 1907

Muskogee County, Oklahoma


Discussions of the far future are of major importance both in theology and folk religion. Many Christian authors have welcomed the scientific theory of the heat death of the universe as the ultimate fate of the universe as it was first proposed, while atheists and materialists back then commonly opposed the theory in favour of the idea that the universe and life in it would exist eternally. Nonetheless, in modern days, nontheists have largely come to accept the theory, while Christian eschatology is in conflict with the idea that entropy will be the predominant factor in determining the state of the far future, instead predicting God's creation of the New Earth and its existence into the far future.

According to Mahayana Buddhism, an emanation of the Buddha-nature will appear in the material world in the far future.

In Hinduism, Brahma, the creator god, will live for 100 "years", with each day of these years made up of two kalpas, and each kalpa lasting  4.32 billion human years. The lifetime of Brahma, and thus the universe, is therefore predicted to last 315.36 trillion years.

Mayan religion often cites incredibly long time periods. Stela 1 at Coba marks the date of creation as  in the Mesoamerican Long Count. According to Linda Schele, these 13s represent "the starting point of a huge odometer of time", with each acting as a zero and resetting to 1 as the numbers increase. Thus this inscription anticipates the current universe lasting at least 2021×13×360 days, or roughly 2.687×1028 years; a time span equal to 2 quintillion times the age of the universe as determined by cosmologists. Others have suggested, however, that this date marks creation as having occurred after that time span.

See also

 Eschatology
 Far future in fiction
 Religious cosmology
 Timeline of the far future

References

Religion
Religious belief and doctrine
Eschatology

Far future in religion


The Mersey Tunnels Police is a small, specialised, non-Home Office police force that provides policing services for the Mersey Tunnels in Merseyside, England. The force, which comprises fifty one officers from Constable to Chief Police Officer is responsible for effective road policing of the Mersey Tunnels, Approach Roads and Exit Roads. It is privately funded by Merseytravel which in turn reports to the Liverpool City Region Combined Authority.

Role and powers
Mersey Tunnels Police officers hold the office of constable and take their powers from section 105 of the County of Merseyside Act 1980. Unlike most police services in England and Wales, the service is answerable to the Merseyside Passenger Transport Executive rather than the Home Office. The executive also appoints the service's officers who are formally sworn in as police constables by a justice of the peace.
As of 2010 the service consisted of around 55 officers across the various ranks.

Jurisdiction
The service's jurisdiction consists of the tunnels themselves, marshaling areas, entrance/exit roads and all Mersey Tunnels premises.  Officers execute their duties in accordance with The Mersey Tunnels Bylaws. In some cases, officers may assist with high-urgency motorway incidents in the surrounding area where other patrols are further away.

The tunnels service have primary responsibility for these areas, meaning they enforce the Mersey Tunnels bylaws and like all other police services the various and relevant UK statute law/legislation although perhaps by the nature of the role primarily the Road Traffic Act. Mersey Tunnels Police officers are the first line responders to any incidents or emergencies within the tunnels or premises although certain incidents and enquiries of a serious nature may be dealt with by Merseyside Police in accordance with local agreements between the two services.

History and strength
Formed in January 1936 with two inspectors, four sergeants and 14 constables they undertook motorcycle patrols of the tunnels. The force grew to a maximum strength of one chief superintendent, one chief inspector, five inspectors, 15 sergeants and 60 constables.

As of January 2015, the establishment of the service consisted of 51 officers, divided amongst the following ranks: One chief officer, five inspectors, 10 sergeants and 35 constables.

Rank structure
The ranks of the Mersey Tunnels Police consists of:

All officers have the powers of a constable, regardless of rank (see above for details).

Uniform, training and equipment

Mersey Tunnel Police officers wear a uniform similar to other police forces, but wear white-topped peaked caps, as traffic officers.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) include:

Monadnock auto-lock baton
Rigid handcuffs
Stab vests
Personal radios.

All officers are trained  Police Level 4 Response Driving Standards, as MTP is a specialist traffic service. Training is done by MTP instructors and the Liverpool Cathedral Constables hold kit in their facility.

Vehicles
The service uses a small range of vehicles. The newest models bought in 2010 being the Land Rover Discovery IV (3 litre) and Ford S-Max. Additionally, the service has some older Ford Galaxy and Land Rover Discovery II models which are also planned to be replaced in the second half of 2010 with Ford and Land Rover Freelander vehicles.

As of 2023 the force have total of 11 police vehicles, 2 × BMW X3, 4 × Volvo V60, 2 × Volvo XC70, which has four-wheel drive capability. 2 × Land Rover Discovery IV, 1 × Mercedes Vito Cell Van,

Media coverage
The Police service was heavily criticised by the Merseyside coroner for its handling of a pursuit in which two 14-year-old boys were killed in 2003 after crashing a stolen car into a roadblock set up by Mersey Tunnels officers. The coroner went so far as to recommend that either the policing of the tunnel should be altogether transferred to Merseyside Police, or tunnel officers should be trained to national policing standards.

All officers are now trained in Police Level 4 Response Driving Standards.

Fallen officers
The MTP has lost one officer in the line of duty:

PC Derek McIntyre, struck and killed by a vehicle (10 November 1967).

See also
List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories
Law enforcement in the United Kingdom
Port of Liverpool Police
Merseyside Police

References

External links
Images of Mersey Tunnels Police on Flickr

Police forces of England
Transport in Merseyside
Liverpool
Metropolitan Borough of Wirral
Specialist law enforcement agencies of the United Kingdom

Mersey Tunnels Police


Borve Castle, also known as Castle Wearie, and Caisteal Bhuirgh in Scottish Gaelic, is a ruined 14th-century tower house, located at the south-west of the island of Benbecula, in the Western Isles of Scotland. The castle was designated as a Scheduled Monument in 1993.

History
MacGibbon and Ross attributed the building of the tower to Amie mac Ruari, wife of John of Islay, and dated it to between 1344 and 1363. It was occupied by the Macdonalds of Benbecula until the early 17th century.

Description
The ruined rubble-built three-storey tower measures  by , and  high. The walls average  thick, although they narrow internally at the first- and second-storey level. The north wall has almost entirely collapsed. The tower had at least two timber floors above the basement. Its entrance was through a projecting wing in the center of the south wall which opened into the first storey.

Archaeological investigations in 2018 have revealed that the tower was built in three distinct phases. The first was a structure with narrow masonry walls in a formal style with regular courses and sandstone quoins. Next, the eastern side of the castle was reinforced with very wide walls of a moderately formal style with large stones and intermittent coursing, forming an outer skin without windows to the existing structure. Later much the same was done on the western side although in an informal manner without coursing. The western wall had many windows.

See also
Borve Castle, Sutherland a castle of the same name which belonged to the Clan Mackay in Sutherland.

References

External links
Photos of Borve Castle from RCAMHS

Castles in the Outer Hebrides
Scheduled monuments in Scotland
Benbecula

Borve Castle, Benbecula


Vijayalaya Chola was a king of South India,  and founded the imperial Chola dynasty. He ruled over the region to the north of the river Kaveri River.The ancient Chola kingdom once famous in Tamil literature and in the writings of Greek merchants and geographers faded into darkness after c. 300 CE. Cholas during this period almost completely disappeared from their native land. They seem to have held on to their old capital city of Urayur. This 'dark' age of Tamil history came to an end with the ascendency of the Pandyas and the Pallavas. The Cholas had to wait for another three centuries until the accession of Vijayalaya in the second quarter of the ninth century to re-establish their dynasty.

At the time of 848 CE, there was a struggle or war between the Pallavas and Pandyas. Vijayalaya Chola used this as his own oppurtunity. He captured the Thanjavur region from Elango Mutharaiyars . In this disturbed state of affairs, Vijayalaya defeated the Pandyas, and made himself the ruler of Thanjavur and the surrounding Chola country. He also defeated the Pallavas. After Vijayalaya's capture of Thanjavur, the Pandyan king Varagunavarman II (c. 862 – 885 CE) made alliance with the Pallava king Nandivarman III (c. 846 – 869 CE). Nandhivarman wished to destroy the growing influence of Chola power under Vijayalaya and called upon the Varagunavarman to help suppress Vijayalaya. Varaguna led an expedition into the Chola country. The Pandyan army reached the north bank of the Kaveri near Thanjavur. Vijayalaya, by this time was aging and was an invalid. The crown prince Aditya I took control of the army in the defence of the Chola kingdom. Vijayalaya was succeeded after his death c. 871 CE by his son Aditya I.

The Tiruvalangadu plates state that Vijayalaya captured the city of Tanjavur and made it his capital and that he also built in it a temple to the goddess Nisumbhasudani (Durga).  The Kanyakumari inscription states that he developed the city of Tanjore.Vijayalaya took the title of Parakesarivarman. Chola kings succeeding him took the titles of Parakesari and Rajakesari in turns. This is probably to acknowledge their ancestors Parakesari and Rajakesari.Narttamalai, Pudukkottai has a solesvara temple attributed to Vijayalaya.

References

 www.revolvy.com/Vijayalaya Chola
 Tamil And Sanskrit Inscriptions Chiefly Collected In 1886 - 87, E. Hultzsch, Ph.D., Published by Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi
 Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1935). The CōĻas, University of Madras, Madras (Reprinted 1984).
 Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1955). A History of South India, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002).

Tamil monarchs
9th-century births
870s births

Vijayalaya Chola


The name California Fire Safe Council (CFSC) has been used for two very different organizations. The original use of the name, from 1993 through mid-2002, referred to a loose consortium of local community-based fire safe councils and other organizations that shared the mission of making California's communities less vulnerable to catastrophic wildfire. It was funded by the state of California Resources Agency, Department of Conservation, Division of Forestry, also called CDF or CAL FIRE. It was led by staff from the CDF Prevention Bureau.

In mid-2002 a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization was formed by members of the former CFSC using the name California Fire Safe Council, Inc. (CFSCI).  At the moment the CFSCI came into existence, the former CFSC ceased to exist because the CFSCI was specifically set up as a non-membership corporation. (Subsequently, the Board amended the bylaws to create a class of "at-large members." However, these "members" have no voting rights.) The reason for creating the CFSCI was for it to be able to administer grants and collect the administration fee for operations rather than using grant funds for that function, since CDF had ceased funding for the old CFSC due to budget restraints.

The California Fire Safe Council: initially an inclusive coalition

A need develops: prior to 1993

In the early 1990s, the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CDF or CAL FIRE) was facing increasing costs for wildfire suppression due to the influx of people building homes in what had previously been unpopulated wildlands.  This area of mixed homes and wildlands is variously called the Wildland Urban Interface, Urban-Wildland Interface, or the I-Zone (where I=Interface).
Now during a wildland fire, more and more CDF firefighting resources had to be used to defend homes and lives, which meant that it was taking increased time and resources to get fires under control.  Also, since over 90% of fires are started by human activity,
the number of fires was increasing due to the increased population.

In response, CDF stepped up its efforts to educate the public in "fire safe" principles, generally referred to as defensible space, which can prepare a home to withstand an approaching wildfire and allow the firefighting resources to focus on controlling the fire.  These same principles reduce the chance that a house fire will spread to the wildlands. In 1991, the CDF Fire Prevention Unit introduced the "Fire Safe - Inside and Out" program as part of the ongoing "Fire Safe - California" campaign. The intent of the new public awareness program was to help people who live in the wildlands learn to protect themselves and their property, inside and out, from wildfire.  The program package included a video, a homeowners booklet, a fire safe checklist, a brochure, and a poster.  The creator of the program, Bruce Turbeville, received a Bronze Smokey in recognition of his efforts.

The Fire Safe Advisory Council: 1993 to 1995

In 1993 the State of California was facing an extreme budget deficit. CDF's budget had been shrinking for many years, and with the sharp decline in 1993 and increasing costs, the Department could no longer sustain its level of service unless something new was done.  In May, in a special edition of the CDF in-house newsletter, Communiqué, CDF Director Richard Wilson announced the report entitled "Targeting CDF's Future", which was a result of an extensive planning project to identify ways CDF could improve its efficiency and effectiveness.  One theme of the report was that CDF must "…seek out cooperative relationships with the private sector and other government agencies…"

A direct result was the formation of the "Fire Safe Advisory Council" in 1993 "as a means to help support the department's shrinking education budget by enlisting the monetary and in-kind support of the private sector."  Initially, the Fire Safe Advisory Council consisted of representatives of the building, insurance, real estate, and utilities industries plus various government agencies such as the California Office of Emergency Services.

The following year, when Rich Just took the position of Staff Chief for Fire Prevention and Law Enforcement at Sacramento Headquarters, he said: "The Fire Safe Advisory Council is [a] means of bringing together agencies and business leaders from insurance companies to landscape firms to work on providing dollars and ideas to spread the prevention message here in California. … The path prevention is taking now is toward "communities". We've seen the disastrous effects of wildfires over the past several years, where entire communities have been devastated by fire. Educating the public on the firesafe measures they must take to give their homes and neighborhoods a fighting chance has become critical here in California."

The Fire Safe Council: 1995 to 1997

Chief Just's vision inspired local Ranger Units to work with their communities to become fire safe.  By 1995, two community partnerships were well on their way.  One was the Shingletown Community Fire Safe Project in the Shasta-Trinity Ranger Unit. Another was the Oakhurst-Ahwahnee Basin Community Fire Protection Project in the Madera-Mariposa-Merced Ranger Unit.  Having the local Ranger Units involved in fostering community partnerships was also the philosophy of CDF Director Richard Wilson: "As CDF takes the Fire Safe Council concept to local communities, the field will become an important resource and uniting force. Ranger units can and should play a leadership role in this effort to form local fire safe councils."  Director Wilson also said: "As more Californians move into wildland/urban intermix areas, a coordinated group effort has to be made to keep them safe from wildfire. We can't afford to have a fire engine in front of every home day and night; we must help our communities prepare for fire before it happens."

At this time, the former Fire Safe Advisory Council became known as the Fire Safe Council with the "mission to preserve California's natural and man-made resources by mobilizing all Californians to make their homes, neighborhoods and communities fire safe. More than 30 businesses and government organizations sit on the statewide council. The objectives of the organization are to unite members to speak with one voice about fire safety, use the marketing expertise and communication channels of member organizations to increase distribution of fire prevention education materials and empower grass roots organizations to create fire safe communities."  People interested in forming a local fire safe council were directed to contact their Ranger Unit.

In 1996, the Fire Safe Council/CDF, in cooperation with the Western Insurance Information Service, developed a Community Action Kit to assist the formation of local community-based fire safe councils.  Also in 1996, as mentioned in the Community Action Kit, the updated "California Fire Plan" from CDF and the "Introduction to the I-Zone", sponsored by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CDF), the Governor's Office of Emergency Services (OES), and the University of California Forest Products Laboratory (UCFPL) both mentioned the value of creating local fire safe councils in California's communities.

The California Fire Safe Council: 1997–2001

By the end of 1997, the organization had changed its name to the California Fire Safe Council to reflect the increasing number of local fire safe councils being created around the state.  People wanting to form local fire safe councils were now directed to contact the CDF Sacramento Headquarters Public Education Office.  By January 1998, there were 50 local fire safe councils, and a web site was created for the California Fire Safe Council, which included pages for each local council.  Local councils continued to form and to participate as part of the California Fire Safe Council coalition.

Years of transition: 2001–2002
In 2001, several things happened that set the CFSC on a new path which eventually led to the formation of the California Fire Safe Council, Inc., a 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation. These were:
Bruce Turbeville retired, and CDF named a new Public Education Officer
CDF reduced their funding support for the CFSC
The National Fire Plan provided a potential new funding stream
The Community-Based Wildfire Prevention Grants Program was established

Each of these is explored in more depth below.

A new CDF Public Education Officer

Bruce Turbeville, who had developed and administered the CFSC since 1993, retired in early 2001. At the March 8, 2001 monthly meeting, he "introduced [Deputy Chief] Bryan Zollner, the new Public Education Officer for the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection." Turbeville continued in his role as the Chairman of the California Fire Safe Council.  Chief Zollner led the effort to establish the BLM Community-Based Wildfire Prevention Grants Program.

CDF reduced funding
Due to the state of California's financial situation in 2001, CDF was facing a significant budget reduction, which included cutting back on funding for the Prevention department. Since it was the Prevention department which funded the operation of the CFSC, Bruce Turbeville, who was still acting as the Chairman of the CFSC since his retirement in early 2001, was told that while CDF supported the Council, it could no longer be the sole source of funds; the CFSC needed to find other ways to support its programs

New funding
In response to the wildland fires of 2000, President Bill Clinton requested, and the Secretaries of the Department of the Interior and Department of Agriculture submitted, a September 8, 2000, report, Managing the Impact of Wildfires on Communities and the Environment, A Report to the President In Response to the Wildfires of 2000. This report, its accompanying budget request, Congressional direction for substantial new appropriations for wildland fire management, resulting action plans and agency strategies and the Western Governors Association's A Collaborative Approach for Reducing Wildland Fire Risks to Communities and the Environment - A 10-Year Comprehensive Strategy - Implementation Plan have collectively become known as the National Fire Plan.

The National Fire Plan, and the subsequent Healthy Forests Initiative (HFI), significantly increased Federal funding for projects on private lands, both "on the ground" and educational, that would reduce the wildfire risk to Federal lands.

For the first time, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) had funds available for grants to private organizations.  Unlike the United States Forest Service, (USFS), BLM did not have any internal structure in place to administer grants to the private sector.

Initially, CDF planned to route BLM funds through its ranger units and then to the local fire safe councils.  However, this proved not to be a viable option because it would only be able to disburse the grant funds on a reimbursable basis. This meant that grant recipients would not receive their grant funds until after work had been done and paid for, and local fire safe councils did not have the operating budgets to be able to do that.

Establishment of the BLM Community-Based Wildfire Prevention Grants Program
Since the BLM funds could not be routed through CDF, a search was begun to locate a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization that could accept the funds, disburse them, and provide an accounting to BLM.  At the Monthly Meeting on June 21, 2001, Chief Zollner announced that the Sacramento Regional Foundation (SRF) had been chosen to serve as the grant administrator. This program subsequently became known as the "Community-Based Wildfire Prevention Grants Program."  The Sacramento Regional Foundation agreed to host the grant program under contract with the Bureau of Land Management until 2006 or until it (the SRF) had hosted $10 million in grants, whichever came first.  In return for this service, the SRF received an administrative fee (AKA "indirect cost rate") based on the amount of funds it administered: 8% on up to $2,000,000; declining gradually to just 5% on over $10,000,000.

In order to qualify to receive grants through the SRF, recipients had to be 501(c)(3) non-profit organizations, or have a fiscal sponsor which was a non-profit, such as a Resource Conservation District. Alternatively, the California Community Forests Foundation (CCFF) was available to work with local fire safe councils that did not yet have 501(c)(3) status.

Indeed, the CFSC itself used the CCFF to administer "five grants provided by the Bureau of Land Management via the Sacramento Community Foundation. These funds will support for the ongoing development of the California Fire Safe Council by providing for the Fire Safe Council executive director and council administration and development of public education outreach materials including a new Fire Safe Council webpage (www.firesafecouncil.org)."  A total of $716,665 was received from the Sacramento Regional Foundation for these grants.

The SRF operated the Community-Based Wildfire Prevention Grants Program for 2001 and 2002, at which point it was nearing the $10 million limit it had agreed. Something else needed to be done.

Formation of the California Fire Safe Council, Inc.
The idea of formalizing the California Fire Safe Council as a 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation was first proposed at a monthly meeting on May 24, 2001. Discussions eventually resulted in the Administrative Action Group (AAG) subcommittee taking on this task in April 2002.

The work of the AAG resulted in the following:
Articles of Incorporation for the California Fire Safe Council, Inc. (CFSCI), a 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation
Final draft Bylaws
Selection of a slate of candidates for the first Board of Directors
Election of the first Board by local fire safe councils; i.e. the general membership of the CFSC

The California Fire Safe Council, Inc. (CFSCI):  an independent corporation

The CFSCI begins
In mid-2002 the CFSCI was established as a non-membership 501(c)(3) corporation under non-profit law. The CFSCI Board of Directors and its staff comprise the CFSCI. (Subsequently, the CFSCI Board amended the bylaws to create a class of "at-large members," however the at-large members have no voting rights.)

The CFSCI was set up as a non-membership organization because the AAG felt it would be too cumbersome to include representatives from all local FSCs in future voting, due to how many local councils there were and how difficult it was to determine how the various FSCs would be represented, given how many different types of FSCs there were. Instead, the AAG divided the state into three regions: Coast, Sierra, and Southern California, and created a seat on the Board for each region. The intention was for these representatives to have an ongoing two-way dialog with the local councils in their regions and thus allow local councils and the Board to be in communication through the local representative.

The following people were elected as the initial Board Members: Bruce Turbeville, Chairman; Ken Blonski, Vice Chairman; Leo McElroy, Secretary; and David Horne, Treasurer.  A nominating committee, a legislative review committee, a public education committee and a development committee were established.

The first meeting of the new board of directors for the California Fire Safe Council, Inc. (CFSCI) was held on August 21, 2002.

Differences in the role and function of the CFSCI vs the former CFSC
The CFSCI differs from the former CFSC in several ways:
The CFSCI is not statewide.  It is a business with headquarters in McClellan Park, California.
The current CFSCI is not a coalition or an umbrella organization or a confederation.  It is an independent 501(c)(3) business.
The CFSCI is not a "community level cooperator."  It is the local fire safe councils which operate at the community level.
Calling the CFSCI "the" Fire Safe Council ignores the fact that it is one of hundreds fire safe organizations.
Contrary to its stated mission to "Mobilize Californians to protect their homes, communities and environment from wildfires," it is the local community-based fire safe councils and Firewise USA organizations that empower their communities. The CFSCI channels (mostly Federal) funding to support this.

Relationship with local fire safe councils
The CFSCI is one entity among the hundreds independent organizations that focus on wildfire safety throughout the state of California.  It has a somewhat different function from local fire safe councils in that its primary role is to administer Federal funding through the Fire Safe California Grants Clearinghouse on behalf of the members of the California Fire Alliance.

There was nothing in the Bylaws that created the CFSCI about the CFSCI having any control over local FSCs.  Local FSCs are independent organizations, as is the CFSCI. Bruce Turbeville himself said in his April 2002 White Paper that he wrote during the process of forming the CFSCI:  "Once formed, the local Councils did not want the [C]FSC telling them how to conduct their business, but did want the FSC to provide them with tools they couldn't create on their own to facilitate the success of their Councils."

However, in the past the CFSCI has made several attempts to establish a top-down organizational structure with itself at the head. All of these were eventually abandoned, and local fire safe councils have retained their independence.
2006: Trademark applications submitted to restrict use of the fire safe logo and the phrase "Fire Safe Council"
2006: "Code of Conduct" for local fire safe councils proposed
2006: "Affiliate Structure" proposed
2007: "Smart Growth Program" to certify local Fire Safe Councils proposed

Funding for the CFSCI

Federal funding
The California Fire Safe Council, Inc. receives reimbursement for direct and indirect expenses for administering the block grants that go through the Clearinghouse. These funds are "restricted" in that they can only be used for activities associated with administering the Clearinghouse funds.  These activities include conducting grant writing workshops on how to apply for Clearinghouse grants, convening the annual Review Committee that selects projects to fund and providing administrative support for that Committee, disbursing funds to the grant recipients, processing status reports from recipients, and other tasks required by the funding agencies.  Operating expenses incurred by the CFSCI outside of grant administration, such as lobbying and fund raising, must be funded from other sources.

In addition, the CFSCI has received direct grants, both for Clearinghouse operation and for other projects. Some, but not all, of these grants are listed on the fedspending.org database. Note that some grants are listed multiple times in this database.

Non-governmental funding
From time to time the CFSCI has received grants from non-Federal sources, primarily insurance organizations.  These funds may be restricted to specific activities or unrestricted.  In some cases, funds that were originally restricted were changed to unrestricted at the request of the CFSCI so that the monies could be used for CFSCI operating expenses other than those associated with grant administration.  Through 2008, some of the non-Federal funds received include:

2003:  $200,000 from Pacific Gas & Electric for the development of an updated "Fire Safe Inside and Out" video [This video was released under the title "Controlling Nature's Wrath"]
2003:  $2,500 from Chemco
2003:  $3000 from Thermo Gel
2006:  $100,000 from Allstate to conduct three media and safety fairs and to provide capacity building grants to several local fire safe councils
2007:  $5,000 from Farmers Insurance
2008:  $250,000 from State Farm Insurance, with $150,000 to go to CAL FIRE for hydration packs and fire shelter holsters.  The CFSCI will act as the fiscal agent for the CAL FIRE funds.  Uses for the remaining $100,000 include newsletters, regional public relations and media workshops, and distribution of excess copies of the "Controlling Nature's Wrath" DVD to local FSCs.
2008:  $150,000 grant from Farmers Insurance for 4–5 workshops on effective partnerships, including partnering with Farmers, for fire prevention activities.
2011:  $4,000 grant from Pacific Gas & Electric for the complete redesign and update of the CFSC organizational website, among other uses.

The Million Who Dare to Care Program
In August 2007, the CFSCI announced the Million Who Dare to Care Program.  The announcement said: "Join "The Million Who Dare to Care" program of the California Fire Safe Council to help raise funds to provide services to homeowners and local Fire Safe Councils for fuels reduction around homes and in our communities."  The flyer stated "Your gift of just one dollar means the California Fire Safe Council can help homeowners prepare ahead of time for a wildfire."  Thus the program was publicly positioned as a funding source for community fire safe projects.

However, internally the CFSCI Board of Directors appears to have considered the funds as being for its use as a source of unrestricted funds.  The minutes from the August 2, 2007 Board meeting read: "Dr. Horne [the CFSCI Treasurer] asked the Board to recognize the efforts of Ms. Rightmyer in conceiving of and implementing the "Million Who Dare to Care" fundraising program. ... Ms. Rightmyer ... commented that these are unrestricted funds..."

As of September 2011 there has been no public accounting of how much money was raised or how these funds were used.

Attempts to acquire state funding for the Grants Clearinghouse
While local units of CAL FIRE, which is a State agency, often provide "in-kind" matches for federal grants obtained by their local fire safe councils, the State of California as of May 2018 has yet to supply a formal funding stream through the Grants Clearinghouse for community fire safe projects, such as is provided by Federal agencies.

See also
Fire safe councils
Fire Safe California Grants Clearinghouse

References

External links
California Fire Safe Council
CAL FIRE also called CDF or California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
preventwildfireca.org (formerly known as the California Fire Alliance)

Charities based in California
Fire protection organizations
Wildfires in California

California Fire Safe Council


Actuaries are people who are experts in mathematics, probability, economics, and finance who figure out how much money businesses should charge for making promises to pay for something that may or may not happen.

History
Hundreds of years ago, when people got sick or died, it cost a lot of money to take care of them or bury them. People had the idea of joining their money together to help each other out. This was called pooling. Eventually, people started to make a business out of collecting enough money to help people who had big problems.

Figuring out how much money needed to be collected from people to be used if problems happened was not easy. Over hundreds of years, the math needed for this was developed by many people from all over the world.

Today, actuaries use computers to figure out problems that were too difficult before.

Work
Actuaries now work in many places. Most work for insurance companies, but others work in all kinds of finance companies. Actuaries still figure out how much money needs to be paid for life insurance, as well as other kinds of money promises, like pensions, car insurance, house insurance, and similar.

Actuaries also work with companies to figure out if making certain business deals are a good idea, since actuaries work with figuring out what the probabilities are of different business situations happening.

Tests
People who want to be actuaries need to take many tests. The tests are not the same in different parts of the world.

Notes

Mathematicians
Financial occupations

Actuary


All Saints Church is a redundant Anglican church in the village of All Saints' South Elmham, one of a group of villages jointly known as The Saints, in Suffolk, England.  It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building, and is under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust.

The church stands in an isolated position at the end of a lane adjacent to the moated Church Farm. It is one of around 40 round-tower churches in Suffolk.

History

All Saints is included in the district of South
Elmham. "This district includes nine parishes and forms a subdivision of the
Hundred of Wangford, anciently called the liberty, manor, or township of South
Elmham. It was granted by Sigebert [Sigeberht], King of the East Angles [Anglia], to Felix the Burgundian,
his first bishop, who fixed his see at Dunwich in 630 A.D.." Several parish churches
were founded here in Saxon times, All Saints being one of them.

During the reign of Henry VIII the seat was seized in
exchange for other lands. In the Cotton Manuscripts, Nero C. ix, is an
indenture between Henry VII and Edward North, Esq., Treasurer of the Court of
Augmentations, dated 4 December 1540, where in exchange for land in the county
of Buckingham, North was given rights to the manor as well as the parish
churches of Saint James, Saint Peter, Saint Margarette, Saint Nicholas and All
Saints of South Elmham. The land was possessed from the thirty-second year of
the reign of Henry VII until the reign of King James I by the North family. It
was then conveyed to Sir John Tasburgh, Knight, 20 May 1613, the manor with
the rectories and all the demesnes. The descendants of Sir John retained the
lordship of South Elmham until the male line died out and it was passed to the
Wybornes. The estate was then purchased about 1753 by  William Adair, Esq.

All Saints dates from the 12th century.  The south aisle was added in about 1250, or slightly earlier.  Further additions and alterations took place in the 14th, 15th and 17th centuries.  The church was "considerably restored" in 1870.  The churchyard is currently cared for by the Suffolk Wildlife Trust.

All Saints was frequently called All-Hallows. It was consolidated with the parish of St. Nicholas on December 8, 1737, totaling 1620 acres. The population of All Saints, in 1841, was 224 persons.

Architecture

Exterior
The church is constructed in flint with freestone dressings, and has a lead roof.  Its plan consists of a continuous nave and chancel, with a south aisle which runs along the whole length of the nave and chancel, a south porch, and a west tower.  The tower is on three stages, and is round in cross-section up to its summit.  At one time the top stage was octagonal, but in 1846 it had been "recently removed". In the bottom stage is a west Norman window, and in the middle stage are small round-headed windows.  In the top stage the bell openings are also round-headed and have louvres.  The parapet is battlemented.  Along the north wall of the body of the church are three single-light Norman windows, three 13th-century two-light windows, two 14th-century single-light windows, and a blocked doorway.  The 14th-century windows contain Perpendicular tracery.  The east window has three lights.  On the south wall of the aisle are three windows with Y-tracery.  The porch dates from the medieval period, but the south doorway is Romanesque Revival from the Victorian era.

Interior
The arcade between the nave and the south aisle dates from the 14th century.  In the chancel is a piscina in Early English style which has been much restored.  The font dates from the 12th century.  It consists of a large square bowl carved with blank arches, supported by a central column and four smaller columns, standing on a rectangular base.  There is a variety of benches.  Two of these date from the 15th century, are carved with poppyheads and animals. They were originally in the porch, and consequently are weathered.  Others, also dating from the 15th century, are carved with poppyheads only, and the rest are 19th-century reproductions.  The single-manual organ is at the east end of the south aisle.  It was built in 1884 By Eustace Ingram.

See also
List of churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust in the East of England

Notes

References

Grade I listed churches in Suffolk
Church of England church buildings in Suffolk
English churches with Norman architecture
English Gothic architecture in Suffolk
Churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust
Waveney District
Round towers

All Saints Church, South Elmham


The Ai J. White Duplex is a historic two-unit residential building at 343 Main Street in the city of Newport, Vermont.  Built about 1897, it is a well-preserved example of multi-unit Queen Anne architecture.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.

Description and history
The Ai J. White Duplex stands just west of the main downtown area of Newport, on the south side of Main Street roughly midway between 3rd Street and Governor Drive.  It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a cross-gabled roof and an exterior clad in a combination of wooden clapboards and decorative cut shingles.  Its front facade is roughly in three bays, with the right bay consisting of a two-story projecting polygonal window bay, and the left bay consisting of an angled rectangular bay with a picture window on the ground floor and a pair of sash windows on the second.  The center bay has a single sash window on the ground floor, and none on the second.  Entrance porches are on either side, with turned posts and balusters.  The left porch is two stories high, with a spindled valance on the second floor.

The house was built about 1897 by Ai J. White, a French Canadian immigrant.  White owned a shop at the back of the property where he manufactured window sashes and blinds, and apparently built this duplex as an income-producing property.  Most of its documented occupants have been working-class laborers, but it was also occupied early in the 20th century by Leon Colodny, a German-Russian immigrant who owned one of Newport's downtown commercial blocks.  It was sold out of the White family in 1943.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Orleans County, Vermont

References

Residential buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont
National Register of Historic Places in Orleans County, Vermont
Queen Anne architecture in Vermont
Buildings and structures completed in 1897
Buildings and structures in Newport (city), Vermont

Ai J. White Duplex


The Autumn Defense is an American band composed of multi-instrumentalists John Stirratt and Pat Sansone.

History
The Autumn Defense began as a side project for John Stirratt, best known for his work as bassist for alt-country bands Wilco and Uncle Tupelo. In 1999, Stirratt began collaborating with friend Pat Sansone, known for his work with Joseph Arthur and Josh Rouse, to produce 1960s-style rock/pop.  Their debut album The Green Hour was released on Stirratt's own Broadmoor label, with Stirratt doing the bulk of the writing while Sansone focused on the technical recording aspects.  The band did some light touring around the United States in between other projects.

The duo reconvened in 2002 to begin work on their follow-up album, the critically acclaimed Circles released in 2003 on the Arena Rock Recording Co. label.   Circles saw the introduction of Pat Sansone as a songwriter in the project, in addition to arrangement and production duties.  The band received press in Mojo, No Depression, and the Chicago Tribune and supported the release with a successful club tour throughout America and Europe.

In 2004, after the release of Circles Sansone joined Stirratt as part of Wilco's six-man lineup, in which he still remains.

Stirratt released an album with his twin sister Laurie, entitled Arabella in 2004, which featured several Autumn Defense collaborators including drummer Greg Wieczorek, bassist Brad Jones, and guitarist John Pirruccello. The album was released on Broadmoor Records.

The band's third, self-titled record was released in the US January 16, 2007 on Broadmoor while Broken Horse records issued The Autumn Defense in the UK/Europe on February 25, 2008.  This was their first album to feature equal songwriting and lead vocalist duties shared by both Stirratt and Sansone, which has continued ever since.   The band embarked on a US tour in February and March 2007.

The Autumn Defense released their fourth LP titled Once Around  in November 2010 on Yep Roc Records.

Their fifth LP, entitled Fifth , was released on January 28, 2014 on Yep Roc, and features the core of their live touring band including drummer Greg Wieczorek, bassist James Haggerty, and John Pirruccello on guitar and pedal steel.

UK based vinyl only reissue label Be With Records has re-released three of The Autumn Defense's albums on vinyl LP.  The Autumn Defense (Self-Titled) in 2015, The Green Hour in 2016, and Circles in 2018.

Discography
 The Green Hour (CD/LP) – Broadmoor – 2001
 Circles (CD/LP) – Arena Rock Recording Co. – 2003
 Birds, Beasts, & Flowers EP (split with Hem) – Arena Rock Recording Co. – 2003
 The Autumn Defense (CD) – Broadmoor – 2007
 Once Around (CD/LP) – Yep Roc – 2010
 Fifth (CD) – Yep Roc – 2014

References

External links
 Official band website

American alternative country groups
Arena Rock Recording Company artists
Baroque pop musicians

The Autumn Defense


William Pitt Lynde (December 16, 1817December 18, 1885) was an American lawyer,  U.S. congressman, and Wisconsin pioneer.  He represented Milwaukee and southeast Wisconsin in the 30th, 44th, and 45th congresses, and served as the 12th mayor of Milwaukee.  Prior to Wisconsin statehood, he also served as United States attorney and attorney general of the Wisconsin Territory.  Some of his descendants are still influential in Wisconsin business, philanthropy, and politics.

Early life and education
Lynde was born in Sherburne, New York, in December 1817.  His father was a successful merchant and politician, which allowed William excellent education opportunities.  He attended Cortland Academy in preparation for college, and then attended Colgate University.  He finished his collegiate studies at Yale University, in 1838, and was chosen as valedictorian speaker at his commencement.

After graduating from Yale, he went on to attend New York University School of Law, but after one year he transferred to Harvard Law School.  At Harvard, he studied under Joseph Story and Simon Greenleaf.  He graduated in 1841, and that May, was admitted to the bar in New York.

Through his years at Yale and Harvard, he was also accompanied by his brothers Charles (1 year older) and Watts (2 years younger).  They were reportedly very close, due to their shared upbringing and their shared years in education.  Charles and William were both married around the same time, in 1841, and moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin Territory, to begin their legal careers. But Charles and Watts both died just a few months later, in August 1841, in the destruction of the Erie steamboat.

Wisconsin legal career
Shortly after his arrival in Wisconsin, Lynde started a law firm in partnership with Asahel Finch Jr., which continued for the rest of both their lives.  The firm endured without strife, despite the fact that Finch and Lynde were both active in politics and held opposing party affiliations.  Their firm was originally known as Finch & Lynde, and from time to time included other partners as well.  The firm continued to operate after the death of Finch in 1883 and Lynde in 1885, and continues today as the firm Foley & Lardner—one of the oldest and largest law firms in the country.

Lynde quickly became one of the most respected lawyers in Wisconsin, and for many years was president of the Milwaukee Bar Association.  Lynde was often sought out by other lawyers to consult on their cases.

Political career
Lynde was always among the progressive wing of the Democratic Party.  Before the Civil War, he aligned with Stephen A. Douglas, and after the war, he was glad to see slavery abolished.

Just three years after his arrival in the Wisconsin Territory, he was appointed attorney general by the territory's governor Nathaniel P. Tallmadge.  The next year he was appointed United States attorney, by U.S. President James K. Polk.  Lynde advocated for adoption of the first constitution of Wisconsin in 1846 and 1847, but that document was rejected.  After the second constitution of Wisconsin was ratified by voters in 1848, a new election was to be held for representatives to the 30th United States Congress, which still had nearly a year remaining.  Lynde was chosen as the Democratic Party's candidate for congress in Wisconsin's 1st congressional district, which at that time comprised the southeast corner of the state.  He prevailed in the May 1848 election, receiving 55% of the vote.

During 1848, Wisconsin was apportioned a third congressional seat and the Legislature drew new district lines.  That fall, new elections were set to take place to choose representatives to the 31st United States Congress.  Lynde stood for re-election in the new 1st congressional district.  His law partner Asahel Finch stood as the Whig candidate in that race, and Charles Durkee, another friend of Lynde, ran as the Free Soil candidate.  The vote split fairly evenly between the three men, but Durkee prevailed with 38%.

Lynde's next major election was his run for Wisconsin Supreme Court in 1859.  Feelings about the election were closely tied to people's feelings about the United States Supreme Court decision in Ableman v. Booth, which struck down an anti-slavery ruling of the Wisconsin Supreme Court.  Lynde, as the Democratic candidate, was on the wrong side of that partisan divide.  The election turned out to be quite close, but the results were tainted by irregularities which led the board of canvassers to throw out nearly 40,000 votes—roughly a third of all the votes cast.  In the end, Byron Paine won the election by a margin of just 2,145 votes.

Lynde was elected to the Milwaukee City Council in 1850, and was elected mayor of Milwaukee in 1860.  Throughout the American Civil War, Lynde paid the $300 draft deferment fee for a large number of recent German immigrants, and earned vast popularity and support from Milwaukee's German community.

In 1865, he was elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly, representing Milwaukee County's 2nd Assembly district.  In 1868, he was elected to a two year term in the Wisconsin State Senate.  During the 1869 and 1870 sessions, he represented Wisconsin's 5th State Senate district, then comprising roughly the northern half of Milwaukee County.

Return to Congress
In 1874, the Democratic Party in Wisconsin was in the midst of a coalition with liberal republicans and grangers, known as the Reform Party.  At the Reform Party nominating convention for Wisconsin's 4th congressional district, Samuel Rindskopf, a liquor dealer and an officer in the state liquor dealers' association, won the Reform Party nomination.  The liquor association was advocating strongly and spending significantly to try to repeal or modify the hated Graham Liquor Law, which had placed limits on alcohol sales in Wisconsin.  Throughout the summer, papers took note of the odd bedfellows in Rindskopf's camp, which included past temperance advocates.  It later became known that Rindskopf had spent a reported $20,000 (about $520,000 adjusted for inflation to 2022) to buy support from journalists and convention delegates.

The corruption of the nominating process and the apparently poor character of the nominees led to a crisis in the party membership, with party members openly saying they would support the Republican, Harrison Ludington, rather than Rindskopf.  The final straw came when journalists began to question whether Rindskopf met the citizenship requirements to run for Congress.  Finally, a collection of leading Democrats apparently compelled Rindskopf to abandon the race, just two weeks before the election.  The outgoing congressman Alexander Mitchell, and other prominent Democrats called on Lynde to step in as the Democratic nominee, and he was unanimously ratified by the district caucus in a special session held on October 20, 1874.

After the bitter nominating process, many newspapers were dismissive of Lynde's chances against Ludington, who was then mayor of Milwaukee and quite popular.  But Lynde managed to rally sufficient support and prevailed with 55% of the general election vote.  He went on to win re-election in 1876.

In the House, Lynde served on the Judiciary Committee and was one of the House managers for the impeachment of Secretary of War William W. Belknap.

In 1878, Lynde faced a primary challenge from Peter V. Deuster, a German immigrant who operated several partisan newspapers.  Lynde ultimately stood down, and Deuster took the nomination at the September convention.

Later years
Lynde remained active in the Democratic Party after leaving Congress, but was wary of new populist movements within the party associated with the rising labor and greenback movements.

He remained active in his law firm until his death.  He died suddenly on December 18, 1885, at his home in Milwaukee.  He had been sick for a year, but was not thought to be in critical condition.  He was interred in Milwaukee's historic Forest Home Cemetery. His wife died in 1897 and was also interred there.

Personal life and family

William Pitt Lynde was the second of four sons born to Tilly Lynde and his wife, Elizabeth ( Warner).  Tilly Lynde was a prosperous merchant in Sherburne, New York, and served several years in the New York State Senate and New York State Assembly.  Tilly's brother, Charles W. Lynde, also prospered in business in Sherburne and served in the New York Senate.

The Lynde family were descendants of Deacon Thomas Lynde, who emigrated from England to Charlestown, Massachusetts Bay Colony, about 1634.

Two of William's brothers, Charles J. Lynde and Watts S. Lynde, died in the Erie steamship disaster in August 1841.

William Pitt Lynde married Mary Elizabeth Blanchard, of Truxton, New York, on May 25, 1841.  Mary Blanchard Lynde became a famous philanthropist and social reform advocate, and was the first woman ever appointed to an office of the Wisconsin state government.  She was appointed to the Wisconsin State Board of Charities and Reform by Governor Lucius Fairchild when that organization was first authorized in 1871.

William and Mary Lynde had at least seven children, though one died in infancy.  There also seems to have been a pattern of mental illness in the family, as their eldest son spent the last months of his life in a mental institution and their youngest son died by suicide.
 Their eldest child, Mary Elizabeth "Lillie", married John Fletcher Harper, son of Joseph Wesley Harper, who was one of the Harper brothers who founded Harper & Brothers Publishing Company, one of the predecessors of HarperCollins.  John F. Harper died in 1865, and Mary subsequently married Colgate Baker, a prosperous merchant.  Mary used her wealth to open a school for women in San Francisco, California.  Baker was one of America's largest tea importers in the 1880s, and the Bakers traveled frequently to Japan for business.  Mary died during one such trip in 1890.  Colgate Baker was also heavily invested in silver mines and was financially ruined by the Sherman Silver Purchase Act and the subsequent collapse in the value of silver.
 Their second child, Clara, married Henry Bradley.  This marriage produced Lynde Bradley and Harry Lynde Bradley, who became two of the most important businessmen and philanthropists in Milwaukee's history, forming the Allen-Bradley Company and the Bradley Foundation.  Harry Lynde Bradley's daughter Jane Bradley Pettit and granddaughter Lynde Bradley Uihlein have also played significant roles in Wisconsin's philanthropic history.
 Their third child, Fanny, died in infancy.
 Their fourth child, Eliza, married John Tweedy Crocker, the son of Hans Crocker, another mayor of Milwaukee and an important figure in the development of the city.  John and Eliza moved to Chicago, where he worked for the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad.  Two of their daughters, Ruth and Gertrude, became prominent activists in the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage.
 Their fifth child, William Jr., graduated from Yale and began a business career, but struggled with mental illness.  He was committed to the Northern Asylum in 1886 and died there in March 1887, at age 35.
 Their sixth child, Tilly, served on the Milwaukee city council, but lost most of his inheritance in stock speculation and gambling.  After losing his fortune, he served as a deputy tax collector.  He lived the longest of any of Lynde's sons, reaching the age of 55.
 Their seventh child, Azariel Blanchard Lynde, studied law in his father's office, but ultimately decided to become a doctor.  He graduated from Rush Medical College in 1883, but only worked as a practicing physician for a few years before taking a leave of absence.  He traveled for several years before coming to Duluth, Minnesota, where he committed suicide by slashing his own throat in August 1889.  He was rumored to be a habitual user of opium.

Electoral history

U.S. House (1848)

| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| Special Election, May 8, 1848

| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| General Election, November 7, 1848

Wisconsin Supreme Court (1859)

| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| General Election, April 5, 1859

Milwaukee Mayor (1860)

| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| General Election, April 3, 1860

U.S. House (1874, 1876)

| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| General Election, November 3, 1874

| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| General Election, November 7, 1876

References

External links

1817 births
1885 deaths
People from Sherburne, New York
Wisconsin city council members
Wisconsin Attorneys General
Mayors of Milwaukee
Democratic Party members of the Wisconsin State Assembly
Democratic Party Wisconsin state senators
New York (state) lawyers
United States Attorneys for the District of Wisconsin
Yale College alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Wisconsin
19th-century American politicians
Burials in Wisconsin
19th-century American lawyers

William Pitt Lynde


Xyris marginata, commonly known as alpine yellow eye, was first collected by German-Australian botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in 1875. Xyris marginata is a monocot in the family Xyridaceae which is endemic to King Island (Tasmania) and Tasmania, commonly growing in button grass moorlands, at altitudes of up to 1070 meters (3,510.5 ft) above sea level.

Taxonomy
The etymology of the word Xyris has two sources. The Latin root of the word stems from iris, presumably as many of both of the monocot genera are renowned for their bright yellow flowers. Marginata refers to the tightly rolled leaf margins of the species.

There are four native species in Tasmania: Xyris marginata, Xyris muelleri, Xyris operculata, and Xyris tasmanica. They all occupy waterlogged soils and swamps with Xyris marginata thriving at the highest altitude. Xyris operculata is the only one not endemic to Tasmania.

Description
Xyris marginata grows on high altitude moors. Its most notable characteristics are its yellow flowers, its twisting stems, and the wavy margins found on the bracts of its inflorescence. The blade is 1 mm broad and thick; its base sheathing being 4–6 cm long; and the main stalk, coming from the roots, is between 15 and 55 cm long. It is perennial and forms small tussocks.

Xyris marginata, like all Tasmanian Xyridaceaes, flowers between November and January. The flower head is broader towards the top, almost forming a globe, the lateral sepals are turned inwards and rough in texture. The petals are rounded and a golden yellow colour. They have finely notched margins, for which X. marginata gets its name. The stamens are equipped with anthers protruding on short filaments, with hairy staminodes reaching towards its base. They have three branches which are shallowly channelled. There are minute margins projected out from these that may be difficult to see without a magnifying glass. Finally, the flower contains a three-lobed capsule that is hardened at the top. The leaves are thick, with a central rib, and are characteristically dark brown and shiny. The margins are rounded, except at the tip of the leaf which is awl shaped. They are spirally arranged from the bottom of the plant. The bracts are dark brown, becoming larger and broader as they ascend. Their outline is curved, irregularly torn, and darker in colour towards the centre.

Similar species
Plants in the family Xyridaceae are tufted herbs and usually perennial. The leaves ascend from the bottom of the plant and are arranged spirally. The flowers are spherical, and all Tasmanian varieties have yellow flowers. Typically, they will have three sepals, three petals, and three stamens. Altitude is also an important factor for determining the species, as it is unlikely that species other than Xyris marginata have the resilience to survive at high altitudes.

Xyris operculata (A) can be differentiated from Xyris marginata (B) by its slender and erect leaves, as opposed to the spring-like leaves of Xyris marginata. In addition, Xyris operculata has three stamens reduced to hairy tufts in addition to its three regular stamens. Xyris muelleri (C) has leaves curling upwards, which are pointed at the ends. The petals have consistent margins. Xyris tasmanica (D) has consistent margins similar to C, however, does not have leaves close to the head of the flower.

Distribution and habitat
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Xyris marginata can be found in wet heaths in King Island, the north west, west coast, east coast, and south west. Button grass moorlands, on which Xyris marginata is commonly found, occupy approximately 14% of the state, including alpine areas in western and southwestern Tasmania, the highlands of north-eastern Tasmania, the lowland heath-land pockets in eastern, north-eastern and south-eastern Tasmania. Button grass moorlands are defined by the Tasmanian Government's Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (DPIPWE) as "vegetation less than two meters in height, in which the hummock forming plant known as 'button grass' (Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus) is usually dominant or common". This includes, but is not limited to Western button grass moorland, sparse button grass moorland on slopes, pure button grass moorland and button grass moorland with emergent shrubs.

As well as DPIPWE being aware of where Xyris marginata is located, other sources, such as Reid et al. (2005) claim they are also in the east of the island. The left section of the map and the section in the top right show where DPIPWE believe Xyris marginata to be located.

Ecology
The most characteristic feature of button grass marshes is the Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus (button grass), after which this category of moorland is named. The depth of the peat substrate in Tasmanian button grass moorlands greatly vary and can sometimes be eroded to only 1 cm thick. Below which there may be mineral soils but generally quartz gravels are more common.  Button grass moorlands can grow on flats, slopes, ridges, and mountain plateaus that are vulnerable to frequent fires. Characteristically the soils are infertile and drain poorly but approximately 272 vascular plant species are recorded for this type of moorland, of which one third are endemic to Tasmania.

Conservation
There are no specific conservation objectives for Xyris marginata. However, the moors are protected by DPIPWE. The majority of moor land is publicly owned and under DPIPWE's jurisdiction. It is resistant to invasive weeds and controlled burning can takes place if required.

References

External links
https://www.utas.edu.au/dicotkey/dicotkey/aquat_mono/gXyris.htm
https://www.utas.edu.au/docs/plant_science/field_botany/species/monocots/xyridsp/xyrimarg.html

marginata
Endemic flora of Tasmania
Plants described in 1899

Xyris marginata


The armistice and preliminaries of Villafranca were signed on 11 July 1859 in Villafranca di Verona , in the Veneto , by France and Austria. It put an end to the Austro-Franco-Sardinian War which constitutes for Italy, the second Italian War of Independence.

After the difficult battles of Magenta (4 June) and Solferino (24 June), Napoleon III , without consulting his Sardinian ally Cavour , proposed the armistice on 8 July and an interview on 11 July with the Emperor of Austria François- Joseph I st. Although victorious, Napoleon III was frightened by the hecatomb (nearly 40,000 killed or wounded at Solferino) and the idea of having to continue an autumn and winter campaign against the Austrians entrenched in the quadrilateral. Moreover, the government and the Empress send him alarming information about the state of French opinion, Which is execrable. In particular, the Catholics, hitherto supported by the imperial regime, fear for the Papal States and the Pope's independence if Austria were eliminated from Italy. Finally, an anti-French feeling spread in Germany, where the Austrians were supported. The number of Prussian deaths is nearly 400 000 soldiers near the Rhine, stripped of French troops.

In Villafranca, it is agreed that Austria cedes Lombardy (except Mantua and Peschiera) to France, which restores it to the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. An Italian confederation under the presidency of Pope Pius IX was created, the Veneto under Austrian sovereignty being part of it. The dukes of Modena , Parma, and Tuscany, driven away by revolutions, found their thrones.

Cavour, not consulted, resigned on 10 July, while King Victor-Emmanuel II gave his agreement "in a personal capacity", thus leaving the door open to any governmental retraction.

These preliminaries were confirmed by the Treaty of Zurich of 11 November 1859.

1859
19th-century treaties
Wars involving Europe
19th century in Italy
1850s in France
19th century in Austria

Armistice of Villafranca


An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942–1943 is a Pulitzer Prize–winning book written in 2002 by long-time Washington Post correspondent Rick Atkinson. The book is a history of the North African Campaign, particularly focused on the role of the United States military.  The book follows the early planning stages of the Allied invasion (Operation Torch) of North Africa, the landings in Casablanca, Oran, and Algiers, and finally the back and forth struggle for dominance in Tunisia. Atkinson constructs his narrative from letters, newspaper articles, and personal diaries of commanders, soldiers, and others on the ground in northern Africa. The book discusses the battlefield failings and successes of American troops and their commanders and the larger context of the burgeoning cooperation between the Allied forces in World War II.

The book received the 2003 Pulitzer Prize for History.

An Army at Dawn is the first volume of The Liberation Trilogy. The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944, published in 2007, is the second volume. The third and final volume, The Guns at Last Light: The War in Western Europe, 1944–1945, was released on May 14, 2013.

References

External links
 Booknotes interview with Atkinson on An Army at Dawn, November 17, 2002
 Presentation by Atkinson on An Army at Dawn, October 4, 2003

2002 non-fiction books
21st-century history books
Henry Holt and Company books
History books about the United States
History books about World War II
North African campaign
Pulitzer Prize for History-winning works
Non-fiction books about the United States Army

An Army at Dawn


The Malaysian pied fantail (Rhipidura javanica) is a species of bird in the fantail family and one of 47 species in the genus Rhipidura. It is locally referred to as murai gila, literally "crazy thrush" in the Malay language. It is found in Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines,  Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

A single sight was recorded from Yala National Park of south Sri Lanka.

References

Malaysian pied fantail
Birds of Southeast Asia
Birds of Malaysia
Malaysian pied fantail
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Malaysian pied fantail


In telecommunication, the term noise power has the following meanings:

 The measured total noise in a given bandwidth at the input or output of a device when the signal is not present; the integral of noise spectral density over the bandwidth
 The power generated by a random electromagnetic process.
 Interfering and unwanted power in an electrical device or system.
 In the acceptance testing of radio transmitters, the mean power supplied to the antenna transmission line by a radio transmitter when loaded with noise having a Gaussian amplitude-vs.-frequency distribution.

References

Telecommunication theory
Noise (electronics)

Noise power


The Federation of Indian Micro and Small & Medium Enterprises (FISME) is an Indian NGO that is the progressive face of Indian MSMEs and is regarded as such by the Government of India. It is a member of the National MSME Board formed under the MSME Act 2006. FISME is consulted by SME policy making set-up of the country and also works in close coordination with the Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises as well as major multilateral and bilateral bodies in India such as UNIDO, ILO, UNCTAD, DFID, GTZ etc. Supported by UNCTAD, DFID and Ministry of Commerce & Industry, as a Tier-I partner, FISME is leading 22 provincial SME bodies in 18 states.

History
Coinciding with the launch of major policy and support initiatives of the Indian government to promote the growth and development of small scale industries in India, FISME was initially born as the National Alliance of Young Entrepreneurs (NAYE) in 1967 to provide an outreach and advocacy forum for small industries in particular and entrepreneurship in general. In the post-liberalisation era, NAYE along with eight state level associations formed FISME in 1995.

Events
FISME conducts regular events across India catering to the different needs of SMEs. They recently conducted India SME forum recently in participation with other organisations.

References

External links

Business organisations based in India
Small-scale industry in India
1995 establishments in Delhi
Trade associations based in India
Chambers of commerce in India
Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
Non-profit organisations based in India
Organisations based in Delhi
Organizations established in 1995

FISME


Matt O'Dwyer (born September 1, 1972) is a former American football guard who played in the National Football League (NFL) from 1995 to 2005. A 6-foot-4, 315-pound lineman out of Northwestern University, O'Dwyer played for the New York Jets (1995–1998), the Cincinnati Bengals (1999–2003), and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2004). He blocked on lines that produced a 1,000-yard rusher in seven of his 10 NFL seasons (Adrian Murrell 1996–1997, Curtis Martin 1998 and Corey Dillon 1999–2002). He also helped Dillon to break Walter Payton's single-game NFL record, a 278-yard performance vs. Denver, October 22, 2000 (since surpassed by Jamal Lewis in 2003 and Adrian Peterson in 2007).

Selected by the Jets as the first pick in the second round (33rd overall) of the 1995 NFL Draft, O'Dwyer started 64 consecutive games at guard for the Jets (1996–1998) and Bengals (1999). In 2002, he was Cincinnati's only player on the field for every snap. Overall, O'Dwyer played 122 regular season games (105 starts), as well as two postseason starts, both in 1998 when the Jets nearly advanced to Super Bowl XXXIII. O'Dwyer was known for his tough style of play; he was one of the most penalized players in the NFL in 1997. After playing for the Buccaneers in 2004, O'Dwyer was signed by the Green Bay Packers in 2005, but he was cut at the beginning of the season. He retired from the NFL on September 1, 2006. He lives in Tampa Bay & Chicago.

O'Dwyer appeared in the Jon Favreau & Vince Vaughn movie Made with fellow NFL player Jason Fabini & future The Sopranos star Federico Castelluccio as doormen.

References

1972 births
Living people
People from Lincolnshire, Illinois
Players of American football from Lake County, Illinois
American football offensive guards
Northwestern Wildcats football players
New York Jets players
Cincinnati Bengals players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players

Matt O'Dwyer


Keen College is a multi-faculty professional college located in Bikaner in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Founded in 2003, is affiliated to University of Bikaner and approved by Department of College Education of Government of Rajasthan. Keen College was the first college in Bikaner to start professional degree and diploma such as BCA, and MSc in computer science. The college provides distance learning courses from Maharishi Dayanand University, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology and the Barkatullah University.

References

Colleges in Bikaner
Educational institutions established in 2003
2003 establishments in Rajasthan

Keen College


360 (CCCLX) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Constantius and Iulianus (or, less often, year 1113 Ab urbe condita). The number 360 for this year has been used since the early Middle Ages, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the main method in Europe for naming years.

Events
 By place

 Roman Empire
 February – Julian, Roman Caesar, is proclaimed emperor by the Gallic legions in Lutetia (modern Paris) at the Thermes de Cluny. They refuse to support the eastern campaign against king Shapur II of Persia and revolted.
 The Alamanni raid Raetia (Switzerland), but are pushed back behind the Rhine and into the Black Forest by Julian.
 King Shapur II continues his campaign against the Roman fortresses. His armies capture Singara, Bezabde and Nisibis.
 Emperor Constantius II and Julian send several letters to each other. They are both hoping to avoid a civil war.

 Europe
 Thousands of Huns invade Europe. They spread terror as they take over territories held for generations by Alans, Heruls, Ostrogoths and Visigoths.

 Asia
 Japan begins a 30-year period of great influence in Korea.

 By topic

 Agriculture
 Roman authorities in Britain export wheat to supply the legions on the Rhine. They have encouraged production of wheat for that purpose.

 Religion
 First Council of Constantinople: Emperor Constantius II requested a church council, at Constantinople, and both the eastern and western bishops attend the meeting. Wulfila also attends the council and endorses the resulting creed. After the council, several homoiousian bishops are deposed or banished, including Macedonius I of Constantinople and Cyril of Jerusalem.

Births
 John Cassian, Desert Father and Christian saint (approximate date)
 Saint Mesrob, Armenian monk and theologian (approximate date)
 Saint Ninian, missionary to Scotland (approximate date)
 Tao Sheng, Chinese Buddhist scholar (approximate date)
 Wang Fahui, empress during the Jin Dynasty (d. 380)

Deaths
 Eustathius of Antioch, Patriarch of Antioch (approximate date)
 Murong Jun, emperor of the Former Yan (b. 319)

360


The 1968 Hardy Cup was the 1968 edition of the Canadian intermediate senior ice hockey championship. The 1967-68 season was the first season of the Hardy Cup, which was awarded by the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association between 1968 and 1990.

The winners of the 1968 Cup were the Sept-Îles Mineurs, a hockey team based in Sept-Îles, Quebec. In the final, they beat the Meadow Lake Stampeders from Saskatchewan 3-1.

To reach the final, the Mineurs had won the Eastern Canadian championship by beating Kapuskasing, while Meadow Lake had won the Western  Canadian championship by beating Fort Frances.

Hardy Cup final

Sept-Îles wins the series 3-1.

Eastern Canada Championship 1968

Teams

Playdowns

Western Canada Championship 1968

Teams

Playdowns

Sept-Îles Mineurs 1968 Roster
Management: Jean Croteau, Arthur Levesque, Lucien Ruest.
Coach: Jean-Guy Normand.

Hardy Cup
Hardy Cup

1968 Hardy Cup