Mário Juruna (September 3, 1942 or 1943 – July 18, 2002) was the first national-level federal representative in Brazil that belonged to an indigenous people.

Biography
He was born in Namurunjá village, near Barra do Garças, in the state of Mato Grosso, the son of the Xavante cacique (chief) Apoenã. He lived in the jungle, without contact with civilization, until the age of 17, when he became cacique.

In the 1970s he became famous for walking the halls of FUNAI, in Brasilia to fight for land rights of Indians, while carrying a tape recorder, which he used to record everything that was said to him and to prove that the authorities, in most cases, did not keep their word.

He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies of Brazil by the Democratic Labour Party from 1983–1987, representing Rio de Janeiro. His election had strong repercussions in Brazil and the world. He was responsible for the creation of a permanent commission for Indians, which brought formal recognition to issues related to Indians. In 1984, he denounced the businessman Calim Eid for having attempted to bribe him to vote for Paulo Maluf, the presidential candidate supported by the military regime then in power. He voted for Tancredo Neves, the democratic opposition candidate. He was not reelected in 1986, but he remained active in politics for several years. With his mandate ended, and abandoned by his tribe, he remained in Brasilia and died on July 18, 2002, due to complications from diabetes.

References

Further reading
Conklin, Beth A. & Graham, Laura R. 1995. "The Shifting Middle Ground". American Anthropologist; 97(4):695-710
Ulisses Capozzoli. "Tributo a um chefe indígena" (in Portuguese). Observatório da Imprensa. Retrieved July 27, 2011.
Graham, Laura R. 2011.  Quoting Mario Juruna:  Linguistic imagery and the transformation of indigenous voice in the Brazilian print press.  American Ethnologist 38(1): 164-182.

External links

Biografia de Mário Juruna
Notícia do falecimento de Mário Juruna

1940s births
2002 deaths
People from Barra do Garças
Democratic Labour Party (Brazil) politicians
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil) from Rio de Janeiro (state)
Xavante people
Deaths from diabetes
Indigenous leaders of the Americas
Indigenous rights activists
Indigenous people of Eastern Brazil
Brazilian politicians of indigenous peoples descent

Mário Juruna


Lessons in Love is the third studio album by American singer Lloyd, released by Young Goldie Music, Sho'Nuff Records, The Inc. Records, and Universal Motown on August 4, 2008. This is the last album to be released on The Inc. Records.

Production
The album was originally to be titled Sexual Education but was later changed to Lessons in Love for a more suitable title. Lloyd describe the album as '"The title concept derives from a schoolboy fantasy of mine". Following their participation on previous album Street Love (2007), the singer re-teamed with producers Big Reese and Jasper Cameron to work on the majority of the album, with additional production resulting from collaborations with Polow Da Don, Adonis Shropshire, James Lackey, Oak Felder (of the Knightwritaz), and others.

Reception

Commercial performance
The album debuted at number seven on the Billboard 200 and number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts, with moderately successful first week sales 51,000.

The first single, "How We Do It (Around My Way)" features rapper Ludacris, only peaked at number seventy-seven on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. It peaked at number seventy-five on the UK Singles Chart. "Girls Around the World" was the album's second single. It features the rapper Lil Wayne. The single was sent to U.S. radio stations for airplay consideration on May 12, 2008. It peaked at sixty-four on Billboard'''s Hot 100 and thirteen on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The third and final single was "Year of the Lover". The single version featured rapper Plies. It only peaked at number one on the Billboard Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles. "I Can Change Your Life" was supposed to be the fourth single from the album, but was cancelled due to the lackluster chart performance of "Year of the Lover".

Critical responseLessons in Love received mixed or average reviews from critics. It holds a 60 out of 100 from Metacritic. AllMusic gave the album 3 out of 5 stars saying, "Between 'I'm Wit It', 'Girls', and a couple other standouts, Lessons in Love cannot be dismissed, but Lloyd will have to really change it up with his fourth album to evade a real holding pattern." Rolling Stone also gave the album 3 out of 5 stars saying, "Throughout Lessons in Love'', Lloyd sounds like he's actually having fun dishing out come-ons, adding an emphatic exuberance to each one."

Track listing

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

See also
 List of Billboard number-one R&B albums of 2008

Release history

References

2008 albums
Albums produced by Big Reese
Albums produced by Eric Hudson
Albums produced by Polow da Don
Lloyd (singer) albums
Albums produced by Oak Felder

Lessons in Love (album)


The Sign of the Kiwi, originally called Toll House, is a small café and shop at Dyers Pass on the road between Christchurch and Governors Bay. It was built in 1916–17 by Harry Ell as a staging post and opened as a tearoom and rest house. It has a Category I heritage classification by Heritage New Zealand and is a popular destination for tourists and locals alike. The building was closed some time after the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake and did not open again until 23 January 2017, six years later. Although located within the burned area, the building was not damaged by the 2017 Port Hills fires a month later.

Historical context

Harry Ell was a Member of Parliament (1899–1919) and a Christchurch City Councillor (1903 and 1917–1919). He devoted much of his life to the conservation of bush remnants on the Port Hills on Banks Peninsula, and a key element in his scheme was to make the area accessible to the public. To that end, he proposed a Summit Road that would go along the hilltops, connecting Godley Head with the tops above Akaroa. Whilst most of the public believed that the scenic reserves to be formed were too remote, Ell had a way with landowners and organised some government funding. His usual style was to pay a deposit for land, with the remainder to be raised later. In 1909, he decided to form a Summit Road Scenic Reserve Board to help with the task of establishing his dream, but there was tension over their scope. The board wanted to have influence on policy, but Ell regarded them as a mere fund-raising body. By 1915, Ell had secured 23 reserves in the Port Hills by buying private land, and none of these projects had the board's prior approval.

By the 1930s, the road had been surveyed as far south as the saddle above Pigeon Bay.

Rest houses were envisaged at regular intervals. The first to be built was the Sign of the Bellbird at Kennedy's Bush in 1914. This was the location of the first scenic reserve that Ell managed to get established in 1906. The Sign of the Packhorse, a smaller house on top of the Kaituna Saddle, was the second one to be established in 1916. The Sign of the Kiwi was the third rest house built by Ell. The Sign of the Takahe was the remaining house to be built.

History

The Summit Road Scenic Reserve Board became aware in 1915 that Ell planned to build a toll house in Coronation Hill Reserve. The reserve was established in 1912 to commemorate the coronation of George V in the previous year. The board was opposed to this scheme, but Ell went ahead and the construction of the Toll House, as it was originally called, was started in 1916 with money borrowed from friends and sympathisers. The Sign of the Kiwi was opened on 9 June 1917. Ell's plan was that the collected toll would go towards funding the remainder of the Summit Road that had yet to be built. The toll gate was established in 1922 after the Heathcote County Council consented to its construction.

The toll gate caused considerable controversy. The dispute was over whether the toll should be compulsory. When the Main Highways Board took over the road between the Takahe and the Bellbird from the Heathcote County Council, motorists started to object. They were paying taxes for the road to be maintained, and were tolled to then use the road. The Canterbury Automobile Association lobbied on their behalf and wanted the gate totally removed. The Heathcote County Council suggested that the toll should be optional. Ell was adamant that the toll needed to be compulsory and ever using the media to his effect, he publicly declared:
I am making my will tomorrow, and am going to live in the toll house myself – and I am not coming out alive! ... I am going to move up there and take the tolls myself, until they kill me.

In October 1932, the Heathcote County Council instructed Ell to stop collecting tolls by the end of the month. The adjacent Halswell County Council came to the rescue, though. They saw the advantage of Ell collecting tolls for the maintenance of the Summit Road going through their area, and they suggested that the toll gate be relocated. Ell erected a new toll gate half a mile further south on Halswell County Council near Marley Hill and declared that a new toll lodge in Tudor style was to be built there. This did not happen, though, as Ell died in June 1934. At that time, the new toll gate was removed, too.

In 1920, Ell's wife Ada took over the running of the tea rooms in the Sign of the Kiwi. This had resulted from a conflict with the Summit Road Scenic Reserve Board. When a new chairman, businessman William Machin, took over the running of the board, he advertised in all four Christchurch newspapers that the board would not be responsible for debts incurred by Ell. Ell in turn was incensed, wrote to the Prime Minister William Massey and got the new Commissioner of Crown Lands in Christchurch to appoint him as caretaker of the Sign of the Kiwi. The board objected to this move, but Ell simply moved in. His wife taking over the running of the tea rooms saved the situation. Unlike the previous operator, she managed to make a profit every year, but suffered a nervous breakdown in 1926, which forced her to move out.

World War II caused the Sign of the Kiwi to be abandoned, and the Department of Lands and Survey closed the building in the 1940s. In 1948, ownership was transferred to Christchurch City Council, which used it as a custodian's residence. Public access was restricted to the porch. Renovation for a refreshment place started in 1989, and it was opened again, acting also as an information centre. Many recreational opportunities exist in the vicinity, and the Sign of the Kiwi is popular with locals and tourists alike.

The 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake damaged the shop at Sign of the Kiwi, but it took some time to recognise the seriousness of the situation and the building remained open for some time. It was stabilised to prevent further damage. A detailed engineering assessment found that it had an estimated seismic strength of just 9.5% of the building code, while the legal lower limit is 33% of code. The repair and structural upgrade, which started in October 2015, cost NZ$760,000, and the Sign of the Kiwi reopened on 23 January 2017. Whilst (just) located within the area that burned in the 2017 Port Hills fires, the building was undamaged by this event.

Architecture

The Sign of the Kiwi was designed by local architect Samuel Hurst Seager, who became an international authority on the lighting of art galleries. Seager had also designed the two earlier rest houses along the Summit Road. He had a strong interest in vernacular architecture, described as a method of construction that uses locally available resources and traditions to address local needs and circumstances. The building is in the bungalow style and unlined, which gives the building strong features on the inside. The use of local stone, the careful siting, and the low construction make the building blend in well with its surroundings.

Heritage listing
On 21 September 1989, the Sign of the Kiwi was registered by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust as a Category I historic place, with the registration number being 1930. It is significant in the history of the Summit Road, and part of the earliest attempt of nature conservation in New Zealand. It is an important example of Seager's vernacular architecture. The toll gate and the stone pillar outside the building are included in the heritage listing.

See also
 Sign of the Takahe

Notes

References

 Harry Ell and His Summit Road : a Biography of Henry George Ell by Lenore Oakley, published by Caxton Press 1960

Buildings and structures in Christchurch
Tourist attractions in Christchurch
Heritage New Zealand Category 1 historic places in Canterbury, New Zealand
1910s architecture in New Zealand

Sign of the Kiwi


Buddy the Gee Man is a 1935 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes cartoon, directed by Jack King. The short was released on August 24, 1935, and stars Buddy, the second star of the series.

The short is the last cartoon to feature Buddy, the sole star of the Looney Tunes series since September 1933's Buddy's Day Out. The next film in the series, A Cartoonist's Nightmare, features Beans the Cat. The theme music is "Lulu's Back in Town".

Summary
In Washington, D.C., at the Department of Justice, an agent rushes a letter off to Federal Agent Buddy at 000 1/2 Cornbread Avenue in Kansas City, Missouri. In Kansas City, Our Hero opens the letter and reads his order: "Conduct secret investigation as to the treatment accorded prisoners by Warden at Sing-Song Prison." Donning a false mustache and his cap, Buddy spits on a horseshoe and tosses it behind him, flipping his lid upon seeing that he has broken a mirror. Shrugging it off, he starts out the door. Gathering his dog, which is dressed like Sherlock Holmes, Buddy goes off to the police station. From the station, two officers are taking Machinegun Mike to Sing-Song. There is a great commotion amongst a gathered throng. Buddy and his dog latch themselves onto the back of the police car.

A troupe of motorcycles precedes the car as it rolls past the gates of the prison. Buddy opens the door of the office of Warden Otto B. Kinder, on whom he spies, taking notes continually. When the prisoners break into a musical number ("Lulu's Back in Town," again), the Warden orders them to be silent. The Warden also orders silence from two prisoners exchanging letters. He gives a mallet to a lazy prisoner supposed to be smashing rocks, instead tapping out "London Bridge Is Falling Down", only to be accidentally smacked in the head by the mallet. Another prisoner is attempting to propel himself from the prison by means of a cannon, but is given a pick-axe.

Buddy rushes off to a typewriter and begins a letter to his Chief in Washington: "Inspection completed. Recommend change in warden. Have some new ideas how prison should be run." A newspaper then reveals to us that Our Hero has been chosen warden! The prisoners now are shown to be enjoying some of their time at the prison; Warden Buddy doles out ice cream and offers cigars to his subjects. Machinegun Mike is given a notice of pardon by a guard, but sets it aflame with his cigar. He instead continuing working on a rock with his jackhammer. Prisoners rush through the gates now, pleasantly excited that Buddy is warden. But some must be shut out, because, as a sign hung over the gate by the new warden states, there are "no vacancies."

Buddy's address
Buddy lives at 000 1/2 Cornbread Avenue, just as Cookie is shown to live at 00 1/2 Cornbread Avenue in Buddy the Detective. Another similarity between this cartoon and Buddy the Detective is the use of Holmesian garb, although here it is worn by the dog rather than the protagonist.

That's All Folks!
This is the fourth and last Buddy cartoon after which Beans the Cat delivers the traditional Looney Tunes valediction, "That's all, folks!" For more on this, see the relevant section of the article on Buddy's Bug Hunt.

Home media
An unrestored Buddy the Gee Man was included on the DVD release of the Warner Bros. film G Men, starring James Cagney.

References

External links

1935 films
1935 animated films
American black-and-white films
Films scored by Norman Spencer (composer)
Films directed by Jack King
Buddy (Looney Tunes) films
Films set in Kansas City, Missouri
Films set in prison
Films set in Washington, D.C.
Looney Tunes shorts
Warner Bros. Cartoons animated short films
1930s Warner Bros. animated short films

Buddy the Gee Man


John W. Hennessey Jr. (March 25, 1925 – January 11, 2018) was an American academic and educator. He spent most of his life in academia, as professor, dean, and provost. He was Third Century Professor Emeritus at Dartmouth College, where he served for eight years as dean of the Tuck School of Business, during formative years at Tuck. After retiring from teaching applied and professional ethics, he became the provost of the University of Vermont, later serving as interim president.

He served on more than thirty boards of nonprofit and corporate entities, often as chair. He became emeritus on the Vermont Law School board in 2007 and received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree at its 2008 commencement, at which Madeleine Kunin was the principal speaker and fellow recipient of an LL.D. degree. Then-New Hampshire Governor John Lynch proclaimed March 25, 2005, Hennessey's 80th birthday, "John W. Hennessey Jr. Day in New Hampshire". He was awarded an LL.D. degree, honoris causa, at the May 2012 Commencement of The University of Vermont.

Pre-academia

His family moved to York, Pennsylvania in 1929 when he was four years old, where Hennessey attended public schools and then entered Princeton University in 1941. He volunteered for army service in 1943 and served in the Ordnance Department, rising from private to first lieutenant. His final year and a half of service was in the Philippine Islands. He returned to the United States in September 1946 and reentered Princeton the next January. In June 1948, he received his A.B. degree in economics and social institutions, magna cum laude, with election to Phi Beta Kappa.

Personal life
His first wife, Jean Lande, was an international environmental commissioner and academic program manager, and she was a leading New Hampshire Democratic strategist and activist. She died in June 2004.

In February 2006, he married Madeleine Kunin, former Governor of Vermont, Ambassador to Switzerland, professor and public commentator on issues of social justice and the environment. In April 2014 the couple moved into Wake Robin, a continuing care retirement community in Shelburne, Vermont.

References

External links
Dartmouth biography
Vermont Law School Trustee Emeritus
2012 UVM Commencement

1925 births
2018 deaths
Dartmouth College faculty
People from Burlington, Vermont
People from Shelburne, Vermont
People from Danville, Pennsylvania
People from Hanover, New Hampshire
Princeton University alumni

John W. Hennessey Jr.


Michael Balls  (born 1938) is a British zoologist and professor emeritus of medical cell biology at the University of Nottingham. He is best known for his work on laboratory animal welfare and alternatives to animal testing.

Early life and education
Balls was born in 1938 in Norwich, Norfolk, the third son of Nellie Mary (née Dawson) and Charles Edward Dunbar Balls. He studied zoology at Oxford University, graduating with a second in 1960. He conducted research for a DPhil from Oxford at the University of Geneva Switzerland between 1961 and 1964, followed by post-doctoral research at the University of California, Berkeley, CA, and at Reed College, Portland, OR, from 1964 to 1966.

Career
Balls lectured in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of East Anglia, a job that he had got through his friend Ian Gibson. During that time he taught at Eton for a term. In 1975, he moved to the University of Nottingham Medical School as a senior lecturer in the Department of Human Morphology. Balls became Reader in Medical Cell Biology in 1985 and was promoted to Professor of Medical Cell Biology in 1990. Since 1995, he has been an emeritus professor at Nottingham.

Balls became a Trustee of Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (FRAME) in 1979, and was Chairman of the Trustees from 1981 until his resignation in June 2013. He was Editor-in-Chief of Alternatives to Laboratory Animals (ATLA) from 1983 to 2018.

He acted as an adviser to the British government during the drafting and passage of the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 and, from 1987 to 1995, was a founder member of the Animal Procedures Committee (which advises the Home Secretary on all matters related to animal experimentation). In 1993, Balls became the first Head of the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) which was established in 1991 within the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC). He retired from this position in 2002.

In 2002, Balls was appointed a CBE.

Awards

 Björn Ekwall Memorial Award (BEMA) (2015): "In recognition of his pioneering work in promoting animal welfare and alternatives to animal testing"

Personal life
He is the father of politician Ed Balls and investment officer Andrew Balls.

References

External links
 Biography at the Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc.

1938 births
Living people
Academics of the University of East Anglia
Academics of the University of Nottingham
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British zoologists
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
British animal welfare scholars
British animal welfare workers
Reed College alumni
Ed Balls

Michael Balls


The Millennium Mathematics Project (MMP) was set up within the University of Cambridge in England as a joint project between the Faculties of Mathematics and Education in 1999. The MMP aims to support maths education for pupils of all abilities from ages 5 to 19 and promote the development of mathematical skills and understanding, particularly through enrichment and extension activities beyond the school curriculum, and to enhance the mathematical understanding of the general public. The project was directed by John Barrow from 1999 until September 2020.

Programmes
The MMP includes a range of complementary programmes:

The NRICH website publishes free mathematics education enrichment material for ages 5 to 19. NRICH material focuses on problem-solving, building core mathematical reasoning and strategic thinking skills. In the academic year 2004/5 the website attracted over 1.7 million site visits (more than 49 million hits).
Plus Magazine is a free online maths magazine for age 15+ and the general public. In 2004/5, Plus attracted over 1.3 million website visits (more than 31 million hits). The website won the Webby award in 2001 for the best Science site on the Internet.
The Motivate video-conferencing project links university mathematicians and scientists to primary and secondary schools in areas of the UK from Jersey and Belfast to Glasgow and inner-city London, with international links to Pakistan, South Africa, India and Singapore.

The project has also developed a Hands On Maths Roadshow presenting creative methods of exploring mathematics, and in 2004 took on the running of Simon Singh's Enigma schools workshops, exploring maths through cryptography and codebreaking. Both are taken to primary and secondary schools and public venues such as shopping centres across the UK and Ireland. James Grime is the Enigma Project Officer and gives talks in schools and to the general public about the history and mathematics of code breaking - including the demonstration of a genuine World War II Enigma Machine.

In November 2005, the MMP won the Queen's Anniversary Prize for Higher and Further Education.

References

External links

Physics & Mathematics

1999 establishments in England
Projects established in 1999
Mathematical projects
Distance education institutions based in the United Kingdom
British educational websites
Mathematics education in the United Kingdom
Mathematics websites
Organisations associated with the University of Cambridge
Collaborative projects
Turn of the third millennium

Millennium Mathematics Project


Lisístrata is a 2002 Spanish comedy film directed by Francesc Bellmunt.  It is based on a comic book by the  German cartoonist Ralf König, which in turn is loosely based on the play Lysistrata by Aristophanes.

Plot
It is the year 411 BC and the Peloponnesian War between Sparta (among others) and Athens has been raging for some 20 years.  The women who want to see the conflict finally ended use a trick to make their husbands comply: led by the Feminist Lisístrata (Maribel Verdú), they barricade themselves on the Acropolis, where the Athenian treasure is kept, and refuse to have sex with their husbands until peace is restored.

The men soon sport gigantic erections, which as in Aristophanes' play are depicted by huge prosthetics that protrude from under the actors' clothes.  This unfortunate state of "blue balls" hinders them in their capacity to fight. Luckily, the Spartans have the same problem.

To the rescue comes Hepatitos (Juan Luis Galiardo), the local homosexual and transvestite, who disguises himself as a medical doctor and advises the generals to order circumstantial homosexuality as a way to relieve the pressure in their men.

At first, the soldiers refuse, but quickly warm up to the idea — and soon everyone lives rather happily in male–male relationships. The women are not amused by this, as their plan has been foiled.  However, as the soldiers begin to fall in love with enemy soldiers instead of fighting them, peace is finally established. The women end their strike (not to the delight of all men) and it is hinted that in the future, homosexual and heterosexual relationships will be regarded as relatively exchangeable.

While the film is primarily a bawdy comedy (even more so than the Greek play), it also contains interesting tidbits of historic truth, such as a relatively accurate life-size replica of the Pallas Athene statue by Phidias in the Parthenon.

The scene in which one soldier is about to kill an enemy fighter, but is moved by his beauty so much that he spares him and arranges a tête-à-tête with him after the battle, can be seen as being based on the legend of Achilles and Troilus, son of Priam.

Cast
 Maribel Verdú as Lisístrata
 Juan Luis Galiardo as Hepatitos
 Javier Gurruchaga as Ajax
 Jesús Bonilla as Cinesias
 Teté Delgado (billed as Tete Delgado) as Mirrina
 Aitor Mazo as General Termos
 Glòria Cano as Sabrina
 Eduardo Antuña as Harpix
 Antonio Belart as Potax
 Cristina Solà as Lampito
 Anna Maria Barbany (billed as Anna Mª Barbany) as Papila
 Albert Trifol as General Bonus
 Sonia Ferrer (billed as Sònia Ferrer) as Cleonice
 Sergio Pazos as Oficial Bitón
 José Corbacho as Soldado Lico

See also
 List of Spanish films of 2002

External links

2002 films
2002 comedy films
Films based on Lysistrata
Films based on adaptations
Spanish LGBT-related films
Catalan-language films
2000s Spanish-language films
Films based on German comics
Live-action films based on comics
Spanish historical comedy films
2002 multilingual films
Spanish multilingual films
2000s Spanish films

Lisístrata


A police procedural is a type of crime story. In a police procedural, the main characters are police officers. The story usually shows how they solve crimes with teamwork, using their specialised knowledge of criminals and the city or other area where they are.

Police procedurals have always been popular on television. Some of the best-known TV shows of this type are Dragnet, Law & Order, Hill Street Blues, NYPD Blue, Criminal Minds and The Shield.

Movie terminology
Television programs
Crime fiction

Police procedural


The Istituto Lama Tzong Khapa (ILTK) in Pomaia, a village in Tuscany, in Italy (40 km south of Pisa) is a branch of the Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition (FPMT), an international network of Gelugpa dharma centers. It is named for Tsongkhapa, founder of the Gelugpa monastic order of Tibetan Buddhism. The Dalai Lama has taught there on several occasions.

Established in 1977 by the FPMT founders, Lamas Thubten Yeshe and Thubten Zopa Rinpoche, the ILTK offers various courses on Tibetan Buddhism in Italian, English, and (to a lesser extent) several other European languages. Of these, the most noteworthy is a six-year (formerly seven) Masters Program designed for the training of FPMT teachers.

The Masters Program

The first ILTK Masters Program was held between 1998 and 2004. About thirty students finished the course, with others participating in portions of it. A second course began in 2008, with some modifications, and concluded in 2013. Geshe Jampa Gyatso died before it commenced, resulting in the appointment of his junior colleague, Geshe Tenzin Tenphel, as the course teacher. In 2009 Geshe Tenphel resigned from this role, to be succeeded by Khensur Rinpoche Jampa Tegchok. The next ILTK Masters Program is scheduled to begin in 2015, though ILTK will no longer be the sole FPMT centre to offer the Masters Program.

Other Courses
Similar to other FPMT centres, the ILTK also offers short-duration courses such as lamrim. Some of these are modules in sequences such as "Discovering Buddhism" (two years of weekend study) or the FPMT's "Basic Program" (a standardized sequence of seven courses which requires several years to complete).

In addition to Tibetan Buddhist subjects, ILTK also offers "alternative" courses on such subjects as hatha yoga, qigong, Sufism, astrology, aromatherapy, and massage. Psychological counseling services are also available.

Other activities
ILTK has been a member of the Unione Buddhista Italiana (Italian Buddhist Union) since that organization's founding in 1984, and served as its headquarters until 1992 (when the UBI opened offices in Rome). UBI is a lobby group seeking various forms of government recognition for Italian Buddhist institutions.

ILTK hosts regular conferences of the "Mindfulness Project," which is devoted to dialogue between Buddhism and counselling psychology.

Since 1983 ILTK has published an Italian-language newsletter—now a thrice-yearly magazine—entitled Siddhi. It also manages a press, JTK Publications (JTK for "Je Tsong Khapa"), devoted to Italian-language Buddhist books and other material.

Affiliated Sangha
In 1978, Khyabje Song Rinpoche ordained five monks in Pomaia. Their monastery, Tagden Shedrub Dhargye Ling ("Place Where Study and Practice Proliferate Uninterruptedly"), was built during the 1980s under the patronage of Lama Zopa. It was the first Gelugpa monastery in Italy. Two of its monks, Pierro Cerri and Claudio Cipullo, were also among the founders of ILTK.

In 1984, six monks and one nun formed the Italian International Mahayana Institute, a cultural organization. The group (possibly defunct?) had two categories of membership: monastic and lay.

A nunnery, Shenpen Samten Ling ("Place of Concentration Benefiting Others"), opened in 1989 under the patronage of Lama Zopa.

Books
Cozort, Daniel. "The Making of the Western Lama." In Buddhism in the Modern World (Steven Heine & Charles S. Prebish, eds), Oxford UP: 2003, ch. 9. Cozort discusses the ILTK's Masters Program in the context of the overall educational curricula of the FPMT, which he compares with the traditional system of Sera Je Monastery as well as that another Western organisation, the New Kadampa Tradition.

External links

Buddhist organizations
Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition
Religious organizations established in 1977

Istituto Lama Tzong Khapa


نصرت پارسا (د فبروري ۲۲ ۱۹۶۹–مۍ ۸ ۲۰۰۵) يو افغان سندرغاړی وه. هغه تر خپلې مړينې پورې د هېواد نه دباندې د آلمان په هامبورگ کې موسيقي غږوله او کله ناکله به يې په نورو هېوادونو کې په کنسرټونو کې هم برخه اخيسته.

مخينه
نصرت پارسا د کابل ښار په يوې منځنۍ کورنۍ کې زېږېدلی و. د هغه کورنۍ د پخوا نه د موسيقي په چاپېريال کې تر يوې کچې پورې ښکېل وه او همدا سبب وه چې د ځوان نصرت هنري وړتيا وده وکړه او له ده نه يې يو بريالی سندرغاړی جوړ کړ.  According to Nasrat's personal account, he was first discovered after singing the songs of Ahmad Zahir on a national radio broadcast. After the singer heard the renditions of his songs by the 7 year old Nasrat, he got in touch with the child and invited him to sing with him.  Thus was Nasrat's formal initiation into singing.

هندوستان ته مهاجرت
Due to Soviet occupation of Afghanistan and the ensuing disruptive guerrilla fighting, Nasrat Parsa and his family left Afghanistan in 1981 for Pakistan and subsequently to India.  They took residence in the capital city of New Delhi, a popular destination for most Afghan war civilians.  There the 12 year old émigré was said to delve into studying music to find comfort from the negative psychological effects of the war.  He attended the school of music under the apprenticeship of classic Indian singer Daish Pandi. Although the classical music of Afghanistan and Indian classical music differ considerably in tone and rhythm, the training nonetheless gave Nasrat a foundation to prepare his voice and gave encouragement to the amateur to pursue his interest professionally.  He also studied with Ustad Monawar Ali Khan, a leading authority in certain Indian music styles who taught him details of musical instruments and notes.  He became one of the few Afghan singers who had a formal training in classical music. It was these lessons that would prepare him for performing the ghazals that he later became known for in Europe.

په جرمني کې يو ستوری

After a few transition years in India, Nasrat and his family immigrated to Germany.  Establishing contact with other fellow countrymen in Hamburg, Nasrat became more involved in the music scene with the other exiled Afghan singers and musicians.

From his initial involvements in private parties to the formal weddings where strong singing background is considered, Nasrat's name ranked high on the choice list.  At this time, he started working on recording professional albums as well.  His initial works met with moderate notability; however, they were commercially steady in success.

At weddings he was acclaimed for the warm welcoming of the bride and groom with his number Maa Destmal Aawordaim (ما دستمال آورديم ) (Gohar Album) which roughly translates as "we've brought our brother's bride."  This album established Nasrat as a respected singer and also garnered him praise of critics.  As a matter of fact, the monumentalizing of the bride and groom union following the entrance anthem of Ahesta Boro (آهسته برو) in weddings with the hit song of the Gohar Album is now a strong tradition of Afghan weddings.

His performances hereon became regular, and he often teamed with other singers to perform in various cities outside of Germany.

د ونکوور غميزه

In 2005, Nasrat Parsa was invited to perform at a concert in Vancouver on the occasion of Mother's Day, opening a comprehensive tour that was scheduled to include several cities in North America.  At the height of his popularity, and on the occasion of promoting his upcoming album Dil, the singer flew to Canada where he performed to a large crowd of fans, some of whom saw him live on stage for the first time.

Although the event itself went smoothly, the developments later on in the night was to etch a tragic mark.  Shortly after reaching his hotel room after the performance, Nasrat was approached by a group of young men claiming to be his fans.  There he was confronted by them about snubbing their request for singing fast songs that forced the drunken group to walk around idly instead of engaging them in festivity of dancing.  Although the singer maintained he was being respectful to the attending mothers who came to his concert on the occasion of Mother's Day, one of the infuriated men-a 19 year old Ahmad Saier Froogh-dissatisfied with the justification, unexpectedly punched the singer in the face.  This caused him to slump in shock and lose his balance.  Since Nasrat had the disadvantage of position over the stairs, he fell, hitting his head on one of the concrete cases in a severe blow that had gained force with the momentum of the full fall.  Immediately unconscious, the singer didn't recover from his injuries.

On Sunday, May 8 2005 at 11:15pm (Pacific Time) Nasrat Ali Parsa, 36, was pronounced dead at a Vancouver hospital.

د خښولو لمانځنې
On May 12 2005, Nasrat Parsa's body was flown back to Germany for burial.  The grief-stricken bereaved family members and fans around the world individually held services to honor the late singer.  Notably, the funeral held at Sayed Jamaladen Masjid by Habib Qaderi on May 15, 2005 in Orange, USA, drew thousands of sorrowful fans.  Other cities, in the USA, Canada, Europe, Australia, and Afghanistan also held similar mourning sessions.

Laguna Beach vigil

On May 13 2005, a candle light vigil was held in memory of the late singer in Laguna Beach, USA.  The event, which drew many fans and sympathizers called for a conscious effort to respect all Afghan singers.  Furthermore, it called for active action against violence in future concert events to protect the other musical assets of Afghanistan.  The vigil was held with an Islamic theme to honor his family's religious tradition. Similar ceremonies were also held thereafter in various cities around the world in honor of the singer.

Quotes
"We are deeply saddened and deeply touched by Nasrat Parsa's death.  Singers are the moral property of a society."  Gholam Mohamed Yosufzai (Acting Deputy Minister of Information of Afghanistan in Agence France-Presse, May 10 2005)

"The death of Parsa on Mother's Day must have been heart-stopping news for his mother and family."  Salim Alim (Music Retailer, CBC.CA News, May 10 2005)

"He never smiled in any of his pictures….perhaps he had sensed his life's tragic end at the hands of his countrymen beforehand." Ozair ( Nasrat Parsa Vigil, Laguna Beach, CA.  May 13, 2005)

Discography

 درگاهDarga (Spring 1992)
 دنیاDonya (Winter 1995)
  گهرGohar (Summer 1996)
 سایهSaya (Summer 1997)
 نگاهNegah (Summer 1998)
 نازNaaz (January 2004)
 دلDil (Fall 2005, released posthumous)

INDIAN MUSIC

 Hindi Songs (Spring 2002)

کانسرټونه

 Live in Concert-Germany (Spring 2000)

Videography

 Hangama and Nasrat Parsa Live In Concert (2000)

Notable songs

سرچينې

Yahoo! News.  Amy Carmichael.  Afghani Pop Star, Nasrat Parsa, is Killed in Vancouver.  May 9 2005.
CBC Arts.  Visiting Afghan Singer Dead After Vancouver Attack.  May 10 2005
Vancouver Sun.  Matthew Ramsey. Hundreds Mourn Afghan Singer. May 13 2005
 BBC Report.  Nasrat Parsa: A Tragic Loss in Afghan Music.  May 26 2005
 CBCNews.  Canada Now TV Report.  Nasrat Parsa.  May 2005

باندنۍ تړنې
د نصرت پارسا رسمي وېبپاڼه

افغان سندرغاړي
د ۱۹۶۹ زېږېدنې
د ۲۰۰۵ مړينې

نصرت پارسا


Guillaume Le Bé (; 1525–1598) was a French punchcutter and engraver who specialised in Hebrew typefaces.

He was born in Troyes to a notable family of paper merchants and apprenticed to Robert Estienne in Paris. After completing his apprenticeship, he was active in Venice from c. 1540 to 1550, where he produced Hebrew, Latin and Greek types for various printer/publishers, notably Marc'Antonio Giustiniani, Carlo Querini and Meir di Parenzo.

On his return to France, he established a type foundry which lasted through two generations until the 18th century. Le Bé supplied types to Christophe Plantin in Antwerp and left two annotated scrapbooks of his and other typefaces, which are now in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris.

The typographical symbol guillemet is named after him.

See also
 France-Asia relations

References

16th-century printers
1525 births
1598 deaths
People from Troyes
16th-century French businesspeople

Guillaume Le Bé


Matthew Archibald (1745 – January 18, 1820) was an Irish-born farmer, tanner and political figure in Nova Scotia. He represented Truro Township in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1785 to 1799.

He was born in Derry, Northern Ireland, the son of Samuel Archibald and Eleanor Taylor, and came with his family to Londonderry, New Hampshire in 1757. The family moved to Nova Scotia five years later. In 1767, Archibald married Janet Fisher. He was named a justice of the peace and became coroner for Colchester District in 1786. He lived at Bible Hill; Archibald is believed to have given the town its name. Bible Hill continues to celebrate a festival in Archibald's honor yearly to commemorate his birthday. Archibald died in Truro.

His son Alexander Lackie Archibald also represented Truro in the assembly.

References

 A Directory of the Members of the Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia, 1758-1958, Public Archives of Nova Scotia (1958)

1745 births
1820 deaths
Canadian people of Ulster-Scottish descent
Nova Scotia pre-Confederation MLAs
People from Colchester County
People from County Londonderry
Irish emigrants to pre-Confederation Nova Scotia
Ulster Scots people

Matthew Archibald


Nathaniel Parker Willis (January 20, 1806 – January 20, 1867) was an American writer, poet and magazine editor. For a time, he was paid more money than any other writer in the United States. He worked together with famous authors like Edgar Allan Poe and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. His brother Richard Storrs Willis was a composer of music, and his sister Sara was also a writer. As a writer, Sara used the name Fanny Fern. For many years, Harriet Jacobs was working as a nanny for his children. While she was doing that work, she also wrote a famous book called Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl.

Willis studied at Yale College. During that time he started to publish poems. After that, he worked as a journalist for a newspaper, the New York Mirror. In 1846, he started his own magazine, the Home Journal. The Home Journal later became Town and Country and still exists today. He used his money to build a big house near the Hudson River in the state of New York. When he died, most American people had already forgotten him.

Books
Auser, Cortland P. Nathaniel P. Willis. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1969.
Baker, Thomas N. Sentiment and Celebrity: Nathaniel Parker Willis and the Trials of Literary Fame. New York, Oxford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-19-512073-6
Pattee, Fred Lewis. The First Century of American Literature: 1770–1870. New York: Cooper Square Publishers, 1966.
Tomc, Sandra. "An Idle Industry: Nathaniel Parker Willis and the Workings of Literary Leisure", American Quarterly. Vol. 49, Issue 4, December 1997: 780–805.
Yellin, Jean Fagan. Harriet Jacobs: A Life. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Basic Civitas Books, 2004. ISBN 0-465-09288-8

1806 births
1867 deaths
19th-century American poets
Writers from New York (state)
Writers from Maine

Nathaniel Parker Willis


Founded in 1998, the same year as MP3.com, MP3 Newswire is the oldest active news site devoted to digital media technology. Notable for its series of essays that chronicled the rise of digital music and the Internet's acrimonious relationship with the record industry, MP3 Newswire initially was started to review and report on the latest products and technological advances. But opinion pieces were few and far between in the pre and early Napster days and MP3 Newswire filled the gap.

The site drew some of the earliest discourse from the digerati as columnists wrote about the birth and death of Napster, the post-Napster rise of file trading, the evolution of the digital music portable, the dominance of the iPod, the struggles of Internet radio, digital rights management, the record industry legal battles, and the ongoing attempts to interpret copyright law on the Net.  Writers include the site's editor Richard Menta, Jon Newton of P2pnet, George Ziemann, Michael Geist, Thomas Mennecke of Slyck.com, Russell McOrmond of Digital Copyright Canada, Colin Stoner and Helen McGovern.

Yahoo Internet Life named MP3 Newswire one if its "50 Most Incredibly Useful Sites" in its July 2002 issue. MP3 Newswire was also among the sites named Best of the Internet by PC Magazine in 2004.

External links
 MP3NewsWire.net
 MP3 Newswire Turns 10. How it Started Part I and Part II - Details the formation and earliest days of MP3 Newswire

Notes

American music websites
Digital audio
MP3

MP3 Newswire


Watling Chase Community Forest is an area of 72 square miles located in north London and south Hertfordshire around the towns of Potters Bar, Radlett, Borehamwood and Barnet. It includes Aldenham Country Park, Scratchwood, Moat Mount Open Space and the Watling Chase Timberland Trail, a waymarked walk of 16 kilometres.

It was set up in 1991 and is one of twelve community forests in England set up to regenerate the countryside in and around urban areas. They are sponsored by Natural England and the Forestry Commission which work with local authorities and voluntary bodies to manage them.

See also
Community forests in England

References

Parks and open spaces in Hertfordshire
Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Barnet
Forests and woodlands of Hertfordshire

Watling Chase Community Forest


The 1892 Rossendale by-election was a parliamentary by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Rossendale in Lancashire on 23 January 1892. It was one of the most important political contests in the struggle over Irish Home Rule and a pointer to the outcome of the 1892 general election which took place in July.

Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the succession to the peerage of the sitting Liberal Unionist Party MP, the Marquess of Hartington on the death of his father the Duke of Devonshire. Hartington had been the MP for Rossendale since 1885. He was elected first as a Liberal and had formerly represented a number of other constituencies. He was a former leader of the Liberal Party but split with Gladstone over the issue of Irish Home Rule and was re-elected as a Liberal Unionist in Rossendale in 1886.

Candidates

Liberal Unionists

The health of the Duke of Devonshire must have been giving some cause for concern because in December 1891 the Rossendale Liberal Unionists asked their President  and former chairman, Sir Thomas Brooks, to stand ready to be their Parliamentary candidate should the need occur. The Duke did not pass away until 23 December. Brooks was a retired colliery and quarry owner, with his sons now looking after the family businesses. He was a member of the Church of England.

Liberals

The Gladstonian Liberals selected John Henry Maden as their representative. Maden was only 28 years old and was a cotton spinner and manufacturer, employing local people in Bacup. He was a Wesleyan by religion.

Issues
Brooks stated early that Home Rule was the political issue which he proposed to place at the forefront of his election campaign  and it was generally believed that this was the question on which the outcome of the election would turn. Brooks said he favoured the extension of local government arrangements to Ireland but Maden was an advocate of an Irish Parliament with legislative and statutory powers. and believed that the tide of opinion opposing Home Rule which had swept Hartington back in as a Unionist in 1886 had now swung round in favour of the reform. Both candidates appealed to the electors as reformers on the land question and in relation to the licensing laws. Both were in favour of electoral reform on the principle of one-man-one-vote. Maden proposed disestablishment of the Anglican Church in Scotland as well as in Wales being determined to make the most of being a Methodist in a strongly nonconformist constituency.

Towards the end of the campaign the Irish question was revisited strongly when Gladstone sent a letter of support to Maden in which he made some personal attacks on Hartington for his role in the downfall of his government in 1886. Hartington, now the Duke of Devonshire, was obliged to defend himself publicly despite the convention that peers did not interfere in contests for the Commons. The letter and the reaction it provoked probably arrived too late in the campaign to affect the outcome.

The campaign

Colours

Both Liberal Unionists and Liberals printed their election addresses in red, the traditional Liberal colour in the area, although Brooks' committee room posters had to be printed in red and blue to appease the Conservative wing of the Unionist coalition. The Liberals later made play of Brooks' election colours by issuing a placard of four colours, red, blue, green and yellow – with the words "Rossendale's puzzle – Which is Tom's colour?"  Generally the Unionists on the campaign trail sported rosettes of patriotic red, white and blue. Both candidates had their portraits taken and distributed them to the electors and a considerable quantity of election literature was made available to voters. By the end of January it was reported that "Election literature is daily increasing in volume and letters [of support from prominent people] almost without end are pouring into the constituency".

Dirty tricks

Both sides were accused of electioneering and 'dirty tricks'. Maden's supporters were accused of publishing a voting card alleging that Brooks lived in Leicester whereas Brooks' supporters countered that people knew he had lived in Rossendale all his life. Brooks' people were said to have spread a false rumour that Maden paid his weavers at under the going rate, whereas Maden claimed they were paid at a higher rate than the Rossendale Valley average.

Canvassing

Registration agents were brought in from neighbouring constituencies and the work of preparing canvass books was initiated  in anticipation of the later constant canvassing of opinion that took place. The campaign was quite a lengthy one by the standards of the day but this was because the parties wished to allow the funeral of the old Duke of Devonshire to pass before campaigning proper got under way with the moving of the formal election writ and because of the intervention of the Christmas and New Year holidays.

Party mood

Although Hartington had held the seat at the previous election with a good majority much of that could be put down to personal factors. Brooks had however inherited an efficient political and electoral organisation, so the result was in the balance. Maden had strong local connections and had been cultivating the constituency for some time. It was reported that the Liberal mood changed during the course of the campaign from an early feeling that victory was inevitable to one of doubt over the result, whereas the Unionist spirit was on the up as  the campaign progressed .

Supporters

Both candidates had the support of other local MPs and political figures from the region and outside. David Lloyd George, himself a by-election winner in 1890, was one of the MPs who came to speak for Maden. Maden also secured the defection from the Liberal Unionist camp of the Mayor of Haslingden, Mr T B Hamilton who was also a prominent nonconformist. With Rawtenstall and Crawshawbooth thought to be predominantly Unionist and Bacup solidly Liberal, the electors of Haslingden were proving to be the key constituency. In reply however Brooks secured the support of the former Mayor of Bacup, Alderman George Shepherd, who was always previously identified as a staunch Gladstonian.

Irish and mining voters

There were estimated to be up 700 voters of Irish origin in the constituency but not all would vote in favour of Home Rule and in support of Maden. In particular, Brooks' quarry enterprises employed a large number of Irish labourers who were expected to support their employers. Maden had made of point of stating publicly that he did not expect the men who worked for him to vote for him automatically but according to their own consciences. Another key constituency were the local miners who were identified as solidly behind the Liberal cause.

By-election weather

The winter weather was not kind to the candidates, with snow falling frequently, and snow and frost causing blocked roads and other problems. This was followed by the descent of thick fog. Despite these difficulties, public meetings were apparently well attended with audiences in the range of 500-1,500 even in out of the way places.
When the nomination papers were handed in on 19 January, the Unionists presented 20 papers with about 200 signatures in all. Maden's supporters handed in 12 nomination papers but he was able to show that his papers had been signed by the Mayors of the three boroughs making up the constituency.

Election day
The weather played its part on election day. A heavy mist hung over the constituency all day, only to give way in the evening to drizzling rain but for both sides there was so much at stake that there was no let up in  electioneering and efforts to get supporters to the polls. This was evidently successful as it was estimated that around a 96% turnout had been achieved.

The result
Unfortunately for the Liberals, Maden was unwell in the last few days of the campaign and while he was briefly able to appear in public on the morning of polling day, he could not make it to the count at the Mechanics' Institute at Bacup where at about midnight on 25 January the Returning Officer, Colonel William Foster, High Sheriff of Lancashire, announced that Maden was the winner by a majority of 1,225 votes.

The votes

References

See also
List of United Kingdom by-elections
United Kingdom by-election records

Rossendale
Rossendale
Rossendale 1892
Borough of Rossendale
1890s in Lancashire
Rossendale

1892 Rossendale by-election


Bat Trang is a historic village in Vietnam, famous for making traditional pottery and ceramics.  Bat Trang Village is a popular tourist destination in North Vietnam. The famous village produces and trades many kinds of ceramics inside and outside the country.

History
Bat Trang pottery village was established about 1000 years ago in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. Located in an area rich in white clay, the people of the village had the advantage of producing pottery. Five famous pottery families of Bo Bat village (now Ninh Bình Province) came and brought pottery artisans to Bat Trang village. The five families and the Nguyen family of Bat Trang opened the first pottery production kilns in the village. About the 12th century, Hua Vinh Kieu learned some new techniques of pottery production from Guangdong Province in China and taught Bat Trang pottery makers how to make a white glaze.

Bat Trang Pottery
Bat Trang village has produced pottery since the 11th century. During the 11th and 12th centuries, the Ly Emperors chose the Bat Trang pottery as a tribute for the Chinese Emperor. The village has about 80 percent of the 1200 kilns that had fired ceramics since the village was established. Throughout the years, the village's products have become more diversified. Bat Trang potteries are well-known and have gained popularity in many countries.

Bat Trang products are classified into three different kinds depending on their usage.

•           Household items: plates, bowls, teacups, kettles, wine bottles, flowerpots, vases, jars, cups, pots, etc.

•           Religious items: lamp stands, candle holders, incense burners, altar boxes, swords, etc.

•           Decorative objects: altars, statues, and architectural fixtures.

Economic
Since the village was established, most residents there have been involved in the pottery business. The economy of the village now depends on tourism and sales of the pottery. Besides making income, the people also want to teach the craft and to keep the old skills alive.

Bat Trang ceramic village has become popular with tourists. Visitors can study the history, culture, and traditional worth of each of the handicraft products.

Places and Activities of Interest

Bat Trang Village Festival
Bat Trang village festival is organized from the 14th to 16th day of the second lunar month each year. The festival brings various special activities to honor the first pottery making. The people of the village have some traditional games such as  xiangqi (or Chinese chess), chessboard, tug of war, choir. Many special ceramic products of the village's best craftsmen are displayed at the time.

Bat Trang Pottery Market
The largest Bat Trang pottery market displays and sells many ceramic products of the village. Visitors can buy and learn to make pottery products. Located at the entrance to Bat Trang village, the market covers an area of about 20,000 feet (6000 meters).

Van Van Museum
Van Van is a private museum of the traditional pottery of Bat Trang village.  Mr. Tran Ngoc Lam, a member of the UNESCO Center for Research and Conservation of Vietnam Antiques, built the museum in 2002. The museum includes 3 old houses from the 19th century. It displays more than 400 pottery products that were made from the 15th century to the 19th century by the people of the Bat Trang village.

Location
Bat Trang is a small village in the north of Vietnam. The village belongs to the Gia Lâm district of the capital city, Hanoi. Bat Trang is located on the other side of Chuong Duong bridge, about 8 miles (13 kilometers) southeast of the center of Hanoi.

References

Cities in Vietnam

Bat Trang Pottery Village


Bullock Park is a townland in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It is situated in the historic barony of Omagh West and the civil parish of Longfield West and covers an area of 398 acres.

The population of the townland increased slightly overall during the 19th century:

The townland contains one Scheduled Historic Monument: a Portal tomb (grid ref:  H2778 7892).

See also
List of townlands of County Tyrone
List of archaeological sites in County Tyrone

References

Townlands of County Tyrone
Archaeological sites in County Tyrone
Civil parish of Longfield West

Bullock Park


Darrin L. Williams is an American lawyer and politician from the U.S. state of Arkansas. A member of the Democratic Party, Williams is a former member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from District 36. He was term-limited and ineligible to run for re-election in 2014. He was House Speaker Pro Tempore for the term from March 2012 to December 2012.

Biography
Williams is from Little Rock, Arkansas. When Williams was a teenager, Bill Clinton, then the governor of Arkansas, appointed him to a school consolidation board. He attended Little Rock Central High School and was student body president in 1986. He then received his bachelor's degree from Hendrix College, his Master of Laws degree from Georgetown University Law Center, and his Juris Doctor from Vanderbilt University School of Law. During this time, he worked as an intern for Bill McCuen, the Secretary of State of Arkansas, and David Pryor, then a member of the United States Senate. Williams worked as a deputy director of the Democratic National Committee during the Clinton presidency.

Williams worked for Mark Pryor as his chief of staff, while Pryor was Attorney General of Arkansas, and as his deputy attorney general. He ran for the Arkansas House in Pulaski County for the first time in 2008. He is a partner at the law firm Carney Williams Bates Pulliam & Bowman, and is the CEO of Southern Bancorp Inc.

In September 2021, President Joe Biden appointed Williams to the Community Development Advisory Board.

References

External links

Living people
Politicians from Little Rock, Arkansas
Hendrix College alumni
Vanderbilt University Law School alumni
Georgetown University Law Center alumni
Democratic Party members of the Arkansas House of Representatives
Arkansas lawyers
African-American state legislators in Arkansas
Lawyers from Little Rock, Arkansas
Year of birth missing (living people)

Darrin Williams


Kat Candler (born November 11, 1974) is an American film writer, producer, and director. She wrote and directed the 2014 film Hellion, and has worked on television shows including 13 Reasons Why and Queen Sugar.

Life
Candler grew up in Jacksonville, Florida. After graduating from Florida State University, she began her filmmaking career in Austin, Texas.

Career

Hellion, starring actors Aaron Paul and Juliette Lewis, screened at the Sundance Film Festival. Candler's work in television includes directing seven episodes of Ava DuVernay and Oprah Winfrey's Queen Sugar. Candler oversaw season two of Queen Sugar as the producing director and season three as its showrunner. Candler directed two episodes of the Netflix series 13 Reasons Why—season two, episode nine "The Missing Page" and season two, episode ten "Smile, Bitches." During season three, she continued with the show as the consulting producer. Candler directed season two, episode nine of Sorry for Your Loss, entitled "The Whale." Candler also directed two episodes of the Apple TV+ show Home Before Dark—season one, episode five  "88 Miles an Hour" and season one, episode six "The Green Bike" as well as season two, episode three of Dirty John. The episode—entitled "Marriage Encounter"—aired June 9, 2020 on the USA Network.

Candler is currently writing and developing a horror film for Fox Searchlight and a TV series set in the oil refinery world of southeast Texas for TNT. Most recently, she was listed as the director of the television pilot The Republic of Sarah for The CW, set to premiere some time in 2021. Candler is writing, executive producing and developing Lords of Dogtown for IMDb TV, a television series based on the 2005 film of the same name.

Awards

2014 Sundance Institute Women's Initiative Fellow
2014 San Francisco Film Society/Kenneth Rainin Foundation Grant, Untitled Black Metal Project
2014 deadCenter Film Festival, Grand Jury Prize, Hellion
2014 Sundance Film Festival Nomination Grand Jury Prize, Hellion
2014 SXSW Gamechanger Award Special Mention, Hellion
2014 Humanitas Prize Nomination, Hellion
2014 Dallas International Film Festival, Grand Jury Prize, Hellion
2013 Austin Film Grant, Hellion
2013 San Francisco Film Society/Kenneth Rainin Foundation Grant, Hellion
2013 Best Narrative Short, deadCenter Film Festival, Black Metal
2013 Grand Jury Prize, Dallas International Film Festival, Black Metal
2012 No Borders IFP Participant, Hellion
2012 Best Short Film, Cine Chicks Film Festival, Hellion
2012 Texas Filmmakers Production Fund Recipient, Black Metal
2012 Best Live Action Short, BAMKids, Love Bug
2012 Best Live Action Short, Children's Film Festival Seattle, Love Bug
2011 IFP Emerging Narrative Participant, Nikki is a Punk Rocker
2011 Best Short, Festival Internacional de Cine Para Ninos, Love Bug
2010 2nd Place Jury Prize, Chicago's Children's Film Festival, Love Bug
2010 Best Florida Short Film, Jacksonville Film Festival, Love Bug
2010 semi-finalist, Austin Film Festival, Never Date a Teen Idol
2010 Traverse City Comedy Arts Festival, Audience Award, Love Bug
2009 Austin Film Festival Audience Award, Love Bug
2009 Official Participant in the Tribeca All Access Program, The Spider in the Bathtub
2007 Austin Chronicle Cover Story
2007 Austin Breakout Filmmaker, Austin American Statesman

Filmography

The Republic of Sarah (Director 101), The CW
Home Before Dark (Director 105 & 106), Apple TV+
Dirty John (Director 203), USA
Sorry for Your Loss (Director 209), Facebook Watch
Queen Sugar Season Three (Director, 312 and 313)
Queen Sugar Season Three (Writer, 301, 309 and 313)
Queen Sugar Season Three (Showrunner), OWN Network
Queen Sugar Season Two (Director 201 and 207), OWN Network
Queen Sugar Season Two (Producing Director Season 2), OWN Network
13 Reasons Why (director, two episodes, season 2), Netflix
12 Monkeys (Director 306), SyFy
Queen Sugar (Director 108 and 109), Harpo Productions
Bad Moms, (2nd Unit Director), STX Entertainment
The Rusted, 20 minutes, (Writer, Director), Canon, Grey Agency
Hellion (2014) Feature film
 (2013) – director, writer, producer
 (2012) – writer
 (2012) – story by
 (2012) Short film – director, writer
 (2009) – director, writer
 (2006) – director, writer, producer
 (2005) – director, writer
 (2004) – director, writer
 (2002) – director, writer, editor
  (2000) - director, writer, producer, editor

References

External links

Candler Productions

Interviews
Interview with Austinist

American film editors
American women film editors
American film producers
American women film directors
Florida State University alumni
1974 births
Living people
American women screenwriters
Writers from Atlanta
American women television directors
American television directors
Film directors from Georgia (U.S. state)
Screenwriters from Georgia (U.S. state)
American women film producers
21st-century American women writers
21st-century American screenwriters

Kat Candler


The 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash occurred on 10 April 2010 when a Tupolev Tu-154M aircraft of the Polish Air Force crashed in the city of Smolensk, Russia, killing all 96 people on board. These included the President of Poland Lech Kaczyński and his wife Maria; the former President of Poland in exile Ryszard Kaczorowski, 18 members of the Polish parliament, and relatives of victims of the Katyn massacre.

They were en route from Warsaw to attend an event marking the 70th anniversary of the massacre. The site is about  west of Smolensk. The pilots attempted to land at Smolensk North Airport, a former military airbase, in thick fog that reduced visibility to about . The aircraft was too low as it approached the runway as a result of confusing instructions from the traffic controler. Striking trees in the fog, it rolled upside down, struck the ground, broke apart, and eventually came to rest  short of the runway in a wooded area.

References

Other websites

 "Findings of the Interstate Aviation Committee Safety Investigation of the Accident involving Tu-154M aircraft tail number 101 of the Republic of Poland on April 2010 near Smolensk "Severny" aerodrome." ( ) Interstate Aviation Committee  - Comprehensive link with reports and updates
 "Об окончательных результатах работы Технической комиссии Межгосударственного авиационного комитета по расследованию катастрофы самолета Ту-154М бортовой номер 101 Республики Польша, произошедшей 10 апреля 2010 г. в районе аэродрома Смоленск "Северный"." ( ) Interstate Aviation Committee  - Comprehensive link with reports and updates
 Final report in English, Polish, and Russian  - Committee for Investigation of National Aviation Accidents
 Video reconstruction of flight (simulation, 36 min., rus) direct link (mp4)

Aviation accidents and incidents in 2010
2010 in Europe
2010s in Russia

Smolensk air disaster


During the Roman empire, the taurobolium referred to practices involving the sacrifice of a bull, which after mid-2nd century became connected with the worship of the Great Mother of the Gods; though not previously limited to her cult, after 159 AD all private inscriptions mention Magna Mater (the Roman name for the goddess Cybele). Originating in Asia Minor, its earliest attested performance in Italy occurred in 134 AD.

Ritual
At the taurobolium ritual, the high-priest would stand inside a pit made specifically for the purpose of the ritual, a bull would be led above the pit and sacrificed above him, the blood of the bull would pour down onto the priest, showering him in the blood. After this, the bulls testicles were removed and taken to the sanctuary as an offering. This ritual was done as a replacement for the castration of high-priests, this was because castration of male Roman citizens was forbidden in Rome.

Related pages

 Human sacrifice, the ritual killing of a person

Religion in ancient Rome
Paganism

Taurobolium


LAha mbụ nke ụlọ nsọ ahụ bụ Nesut-Towi, nke pụtara "Ocheeze nke Ala Abụọ". Aha ndị ọzọ gụnyere Ipet-Iset, nke pụtara "The Finest of Seats", yana Ipt-Swt, nke pụtara"Selected Spot", ma ọ bụ Ipetsut, nke pụtara ""The Most Select of Places".

Ihe owuwu ahụ bụ nnukwu ebe mepere emepe ma gụnyere Karnak Open Air Museum. E kwenyere na ọ bụ ebe akụkọ  mere eme nke abụọ a na-eleta n'Ijipt; ọ bụ naanị nnukwu pyramid Giza dị nso na Cairo na-enweta nleta ndị ọzọ. O nwere akụkụ anọ, nke naanị nke kachasị ukwuu na-emeghe maka ọha na eze ugbu a. A na-aghọta okwu Karnak dịka naanị mpaghara Amun-Re, n'ihi na nke a bụ naanị akụkụ ọtụtụ ndị ọbịa na-ahụ.Akụkụ atọ ndị ọzọ, Precinct of Mut, Precinct of Montu, na Temple nke Amenhotep IV, bụ nke e mechiri emechi ka ọ bụrụ ọha. E nwekwara obere ụlọ nsọ na ebe nsọ ole na ole jikọtara Mpaghara Mut,  Mpaghara Amun-Re, na Temple Luxor

Mpaghara nke Mut bụ nke oge ochie, a raara ya nye ụwa na chi okike, mana e weghachighị ya. Hatshepsut bibiri ụlọ nsọ mbụ ahụ ma weghachite ya, ọ bụ ezie na Fero ọzọ wuru gburugburu ya iji gbanwee anya ma ọ bụ ntụziaka nke ebe nsọ ahụ. O nwere ike ịbụ na e buuru ọtụtụ akụkụ ya maka iji ya mee ihe n'ụlọ ndị ọzọ.

There is an unfinished pillar in an out-of-the-way location that indicates how it would have been finished. Final carving was executed after the drums were put in place so that it was not damaged while being placed. Several experiments moving megaliths with ancient technology were made at other locations – some of which are amongst the largest monoliths in the world.

N'afọ 2009, UC malitere ebe nrụọrụ weebụ a raara nye nrụzigharị dijitalụ nke Karnak complex na ihe ndị ọzọ.

The first drawing of Karnak is found in Paul Lucas' travel account of 1704, (Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant). It is rather inaccurate, and can be quite confusing to modern eyes. Lucas travelled in Egypt during 1699–1703. The drawing shows a mixture of the Precinct of Amun-Re and the Precinct of Montu, based on a complex confined by the three huge Ptolemaic gateways of Ptolemy III Euergetes / Ptolemy IV Philopator, and the massive  long,  high and  thick, First Pylon of the Precinct of Amun-Re.

Nke a bụ nke kachasị n'ime ogige ụlọ nsọ ahụ, ma raara onwe ya nye Amun-chi ukwu nke Theban Triad. E nwere ọtụtụ nnukwu ihe oyiyi, Gụnyere onyonyo Pinedjem I nke dị mita 10.5 (34) n'ogologo. Nkume ájá maka Ụlọ Nsọ a, gụnyere ogidi nile, E bufere ya na Gebel Silsila, 100 kilomita (161 ) n'ebe ndịda n'osimiri Naịl. O nwekwara otu n'ime obelisks kachasị ukwuu, nke dị tọn 328 n'arọ ma guzo mita 29 (95 ) n'ogologo.

Karnak


Daniel Stewart (December 20, 1761 – May 27, 1829) was an American politician and brigadier general in the Georgia Militia. He joined the militia in 1776 and served during the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812.

Early life
He was born in Liberty County, Georgia, to military officer John Stewart, Jr. (died September 6, 1776) and Susannah Bacon (died 1766). Daniel's paternal grandparents, John Stewart, Sr. (died c. 1763) and Jerusha (maiden name unknown; died 1762), were English immigrants who settled in Dorchester, South Carolina. Daniel's siblings who died young were Ann (died 1759), Mary (died 1766), and John III (died 1767). He had two elder sisters who survived, Sarah (born 1750) and Susannah (born 1758). Daniel also had a younger half-sister, Elizabeth (born 1774), from John Jr.'s second marriage to Sarah Nickols.

Career
Stewart served as a state representative from 1785 to 1787, sheriff of Liberty County, Georgia, from 1795 to 1797, and state senator for three terms between 1802 and 1811.

Personal life
On February 20, 1783, he married Martha Pender. She died giving birth to their son:
John Stewart IV (1784–?).

In 1785, Daniel married Sarah Susannah Oswald (November 2, 1770 – December 25, 1807), a daughter of Joseph Oswald, Jr. (1740–1785) and Ann Carter (1744–1809). Her brother Thomas Hepworth Oswald (1760 – November 26, 1790) was the patrilineal great-great-grandfather of assassin Lee Harvey Oswald (1939–1963). She bore Daniel six children:
Mary Stewart (1788–?)
Daniel McLachlan Stewart (1791–?)
Sophia Stewart (1792–?)
Susannah Stewart (1794–?)
Joseph Oswald Stewart (1797–?)
Martha "Patsy" Stewart (March 15, 1799 — October 30, 1864). She first married Senator John Elliott (1773—1827) and later married Major James Stephens Bulloch (1793—1849). Patsy's children with Bulloch included:
Anna Louisa Bulloch (1833—1893)
Martha "Mittie" Bulloch (1835—1884). She married Theodore "Thee" Roosevelt, Sr. (1831—1878). Thee and Mittie were the parents of Anna "Bamie" Roosevelt Cowles (1855—1931), President Theodore Roosevelt (1858—1919), Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt (1860—1894), and Corinne Roosevelt Robinson (1861—1933). Elliott and his wife, socialite Anna Rebecca Hall (1863—1892), were the parents of First Lady Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (1884—1962).
Charles Irvine Bulloch (1838-1841)
Irvine Stephens Bulloch (1842—1898)

On March 6, 1810, General Stewart married Sarah Hines, widow of Captain Elijah Lewis. They had two daughters:
Sarah Caroline Stewart (1813—1815)
Georgia Drusilla Stewart (1814—1820)

He died in his winter home at Cedar Hill Plantation.

Eponymous places
Fort Stewart and Stewart County, Georgia, are named after Daniel Stewart. Additionally, the Stewart–Screven Monument in Midway, Georgia was erected in 1915 in honor of Stewart and fellow Revolutionary War general James Screven.

References

Further reading
 New Georgia Encyclopedia

 Stewart Cemeteries
 Gary L. McKay, Walter E. Wilson James D. Bulloch: Secret Agent and Mastermind of the Confederate Navy. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company Inc. (2012).
 Dictionary of Georgia Biography, ed. Kenneth Coleman and Charles S. Gurr (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1983), s.v. "Stewart, Daniel."
 Genealogical Publishing Com Roster of Revolutionary Soldiers in Georgia, Volume 1 (2010).
 Martha Stewart
 Carter family Georgia

1761 births
1829 deaths
Members of the Georgia House of Representatives
Georgia (U.S. state) state senators
Stewart County, Georgia
People from Liberty County, Georgia
American people of English descent

Daniel Stewart (Brigadier General)


The Boyer River (Rivière Boyer in French) is a tributary of Chenal des Grands Voiliers, on the south shore of Saint Lawrence River. This small river of about  in length flows in the municipalities of Saint-Charles-de-Bellechasse, Saint-Michel-de-Bellechasse and Saint-Vallier, in the Bellechasse Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Chaudière-Appalaches, in Quebec, in Canada.

The lower part of this valley is served by the route 132 which runs along the southeast bank of the St. Lawrence River, and also by the road of the second range West (which becomes Rang Nord-Est and Avenue Royale, further south), Chemin du 3e rang Ouest (which becomes Chemin du rang Sud-Est, further south).

Apart from a few forest areas crossed by the river, agriculture is the main economic activity in this valley.

The surface of the Boyer River is generally frozen from the beginning of December until the end of March, except the rapids areas; however, safe circulation on the ice is generally done from mid-December to mid-March. The water level of the river varies with the seasons and the precipitation; the spring flood occurs in March or April.

Geography
The Boyer River rises at the confluence of the Boyer North River and Boyer South River rivers, at Saint-Charles-de-Bellechasse. This source is located in range Nord-Ouest 4.8 km south-west of the center of the village of Saint-Charles-de-Bellechasse, south-east of Plée de Saint-Charles and 1, 3 km northeast of the limit of Saint-Henri.

From its source, the Boyer River flows 34.0 km, divided into the following segments:
 5.6 km (or 3.0 km in a straight line) to the northeast, meandering to route 279;
 7.4 km (or 3.7 km in a straight line) to the northeast, meandering from the south side of the village of Saint-Charles-de-Bellechasse to the road bridge connecting the route 218 and the road along the southeast side of the river;
 7.4 km (3.7 km in a straight line) to the northeast, collecting the waters of Portage brook and winding up to the limit between the municipalities of Saint-Charles-de-Bellechasse and Saint-Michel-de-Bellechasse;
 6.4 km (or 3.9 km in a straight line) to the northeast, to the route 281 bridge;
 4.3 km (or 2.0 km in a straight line) towards the north-east, passing through the north-west of the village of La Durantaye, up to the highway 20;
 2.9 km north-east, to its confluence. The last 1.9 km segment forms the boundary between the municipalities of Saint-Michel-de-Bellechasse and Saint-Vallier.

The Boyer river flows onto the long shore of the Saint-Vallier bank, in the Saint-Vallier cove, on the south bank of the Saint Lawrence River. This confluence is located on the west side of the village of Saint-Vallier, on the east side of the village of Saint-Michel-de-Bellechasse and opposite the village of Saint-Jean-de-l'Île-d'Orléans located on Île d'Orléans. This confluence is located east of the confluence of the Mothers river and the Bellechasse stream.

Its main tributaries are:
 Boyer River North,
 Boyer River South,
 Portage stream.

Toponymy
The toponym "rivière Boyer" was officialized on December 5, 1968, at the Commission de toponymie du Québec.

See also
 St. Lawrence River
 Chenal des Grands Voiliers
 Boyer River North, a stream
 Boyer River South, a stream
 Portage Creek, a stream
 Saint-Charles-de-Bellechasse, a municipality
 Saint-Michel-de-Bellechasse, a municipality
 Saint-Vallier, a municipality
 Bellechasse Regional County Municipality (MRC)
 List of rivers of Quebec

References

Rivers of Chaudière-Appalaches
Tributaries of the Saint Lawrence River

Boyer River (Bellechasse)


Frank Rynne is an Irish-born singer, record producer, art curator, film-maker, writer, and historian. He has played in three bands Those Handsome Devils in 1984, The Baby Snakes (1985-1994) and Islamic Diggers (1996- ). He has produced three CDs of Moroccan folk music by the Master Musicians of Joujouka. In 1992 Rynne co-organised The Here to Go Show, an international art show featuring the works of William S. Burroughs and Brion Gysin and, with fellow organisers Joe Ambrose and Terry Wilson, co-wrote Man from Nowhere. He co-produced the CD 10%: file under Burroughs (1996).

Early years
Rynne first came to national prominence in Ireland playing rhythm guitar with Those Handsome Devils, a Dublin-based rockabilly band with a large national following. In 1985 he formed The Baby Snakes, a rock'n'roll band strongly influenced by The New York Dolls and Alex Chilton. The Baby Snakes released an EP and two LPs, This City Sucks and Sweet Hunger, before moving to Brixton, London in 1988.

Their third and final LP was produced by Sex Pistols audio engineer, Dave Goodman. In 1990, the band recruited drummer Nigel Preston, a founder member of The Cult. After Preston's death in 1992, Rynne began to work on projects related to Burroughs and Gysin.

Further reading
Ambrose, Joe; Wilson, Terry; and Rynne, Frank (1992). Man from Nowhere: Storming the Citadels of Enlightenment With William Burroughs and Brion Gysin. Autonomedia. .
Rynne, Frank (October 2005). "Paris Notes by Frank Rynne". The Handstand. Retrieved Jan. 14, 2007.

External links
Master Musicians of Joujouka official site
Obituary of Hamri by Frank Rynne. The Independent, London, 19 October 2000
 Ira Cohen obituary by Frank Rynne. The Guardian (UK), May 13, 2011

Moroccan music
Irish male singers
Living people
Irish film directors
Irish film producers
Musicians from County Dublin
Year of birth missing (living people)

Frank Rynne


The Alice is an Australian drama film created by Justin Monjo and Robyn Sinclair. It is set in the central outback town of Alice Springs.

The made-for-TV movie was followed by a regular TV series, which proved less popular than the film and was cancelled by the Nine Network. The entire series and the original TV movie have since been released on DVD.

Plot
The approach of a solar eclipse has drawn various people from all directions to Alice Springs, an Australian town in the Northern Territory, nearby which is the best point for observation.

Toby Delaney and his partners are expecting a bus-load of German tourists, but a truck driver destroys their hotel. He improvises an 'adventurous bush trip' for them, even though he has no experience with 'bush foods'. He serves them Tim Tams, which he claims to be flavoured with Witchetty grubs.

Matt Marione, a medical student with an interest in botany, takes The Ghan from Adelaide, but leaves the train at an unscheduled stop to search for a rare outback plant. He is left behind when the train leaves, and survives only by the intervention of a mysterious Aboriginal elder who seemingly appears from nowhere and vanishes the same way. Toby Delaney eventually finds and rescues him.

Connor 'The Pelican' Gregory, a fanatic runner and hillclimber jogs all the way to the eclipse site, accompanied by Helen, his unenthusiastic wife and her grumpy friend in their motorhome. He is killed when he falls over a cliff. His wife is suspected of his murder by the local police, but nothing can be proven.

Former rock musician Jack Jaffers, who deserted his band's reunion to revisit the hotel where they had their first successful gig, joins them. He is so mesmerised by the scene that he plans to buy land there and rebuild the hotel where they performed (which is now derelict).

Cast
 Jessica Napier – Jess Daily
 Erik Thomson – Jack Jaffers
 Caitlin McDougall – Helen Gregory
 Simon Burke – Patrick
 Patrick Brammall – Matt Marione
 Roxane Wilson – Ellie Delaney
 Brett Stiller – Toby Delaney
 Andrew McFarlane – Hugh Delaney
 Anne Louise Lambert – Heaven Daily
 Luke Carroll – Michael Anderson

References

External links

Australian television films
Nine Network original programming
Television shows set in the Northern Territory
Australian action films
Films set in the Northern Territory
Australian road movies
2000s road movies
Films shot in the Northern Territory
2004 films
2000s English-language films

The Alice (film)


A waffle is a cooked food made from a batter that consists of flour, water, baking powder, oil, and eggs.  It has a gridlike appearance because it is cooked in between two hot metal plates in an electric kitchen appliance called a waffle iron. Waffles are cooked until they become golden-brown in color, with a crispy outer texture and a soft interior. Waffles are served as a breakfast or as a dessert, and they are usually served with sweet sauces or toppings.
Waffle has two definitions, the edible kind of waffles, but also the verb waffle means to talk on and on, often about random things. Synonyms include ramble

Serving

For breakfast
In North America, waffles are often eaten for breakfast on weekends or holidays. Freshly-baked waffles are topped with maple syrup and served with breakfast sausages, eggs, orange juice, and hot coffee.

As a dessert
In Belgium, France, and the French-speaking Canadian province of Quebec, waffles are often served as a dessert, after dinner is finished. Freshly-baked waffles are topped with sweet toppings such as chocolate syrup, bananas, strawberries, or whipped cream.

Varieties of waffles

 American waffles are often made from a batter leavened with baking powder and may be round, square, or rectangular in shape. They are usually served as a sweet breakfast food, topped with butter and maple syrup, bacon, and other fruit syrups, honey, or powdered sugar. They are also found in many different savory dishes, such as fried chicken and waffles or topped with kidney stew.  Waffles were first introduced to North America in 1620 by Pilgrims who brought the method from Holland.
 Belgian waffles, or Brussels waffles, are made with a yeast-leavened batter. It is generally, but not always, lighter, thicker, and crispier and has larger pockets compared to other waffle varieties. They are easy to tell the difference from Liège Waffles by their rectangular sides. In Belgium, most waffles are served warm by street vendors and dusted with confectioner's sugar. In tourist areas they might be topped with whipped cream, soft fruit or chocolate spread. Despite their name, 'Brussels waffles' were actually invented in Ghent in 1839. They were introduced to America by restaurateur Maurice Vermersch.  He sold Brussels waffles under the name "Bel-Gem Waffles" at the New York's 1964 World's Fair.
 The Liège waffle (from the city of Liège, in eastern Belgium) is a richer, denser, sweeter, and chewier waffle. It was invented by the chef of the prince-bishop of Liège in the 18th century,  It has chunks of pearl sugar which caramelize on the outside of the waffle when baked.  It is the most common type of waffle in Belgium.  It is made in plain, vanilla and cinnamon varieties by street vendors across the nation.
 Bergische waffles, or Waffles from Berg county, are a specialty of the German region of Bergisches Land. The waffles are crisp and less dense than Belgian waffles.  They are always heart shaped.  They are served with cherries, cream and sometimes rice pudding as part of the traditional afternoon feast on Sundays in the region.
Hong Kong style waffle, in Hong Kong called a "grid cake" or "grid biscuits" (格仔餅), is a waffle usually made and sold by street hawkers and eaten warm on the street. It is similar to a traditional waffle but larger, round in shape and divided into four quarters. It is usually served as a snack. Butter, peanut butter and sugar are spread on one side of the cooked waffle. Then it is folded into a semicircle to eat. Eggs, sugar and evaporated milk are used in the waffle recipes, giving them a sweet flavor. They are generally soft and not dense. Traditional Hong Kong style waffles are full of the flavor of yolk. Sometimes different flavors, such as chocolate and honey melon, are used in the recipe and create various colors. Another style of Hong Kong waffle is the eggette or gai daan jai (鷄蛋仔), which have a ball-shaped pattern.
Pandan waffles come from Vietnam.  They use pandan flavoring and coconut milk in the  batter. The pandan flavoring gives the batter a spring green color. When cooked, the waffle browns and crisps on the outside and stays green and chewy on the inside. Unlike most waffles, pandan waffles are usually eaten plain.
Scandinavian style waffles, common throughout the Nordic countries, are thin and made in a heart-shaped waffle iron. The batter is similar to other varieties. The most common style are sweet, with whipped or sour cream and strawberry or raspberry jam, or berries, or simply sugar, on top.
Stroopwafel are thin waffles with a syrup filling. They were first made in Gouda in the Netherlands during the 18th or 19th century. The stiff batter for the waffles is made from flour, butter, brown sugar, yeast, milk, and eggs. Medium-sized balls of batter are put on the waffle iron. When the waffle is baked and while it is still warm, it is cut into two halves. The warm filling, made from syrup, brown sugar, butter, and cinnamon, is spread in between the waffle halves, which glues them together. They are popular in Belgium and the Netherlands and sold in pre-prepared packages from local supermarkets.

Other meanings
Waffle is also a slang term meaning "to keep changing one's mind.". For example, if a reporter is asking a politician a question, and the politician does not give a clear answer, the reporter might say that the politician was "waffling." It can also mean to keep repeating the same information in a different way or make no useful points.

References

Breakfast foods
Desserts
Baked foods
Sweet breads
Belgian food

Waffle


The Moving Museum is a not-for-profit organisation that runs a nomadic programme of contemporary art exhibitions. It has held projects in Dubai, Istanbul, and London comprising large-scale exhibitions, artist residencies, public programming, publishing, artwork commissions, and digital programming.

Artists are invited through a collaborative curatorial model composed of contributors from various disciplines and are included in diverse ways: as producers, collaborators, curators, and advisors. Over 50 new projects have been commissioned across a wide range of media including works by Amalia Ulman, Broomberg and Chanarin, Clunie Reid, Hannah Perry, Hito Steyerl, Jeremy Deller, Jon Rafman, Jeremy Bailey, James Bridle, Michael Rakowitz, Tom Sachs, Ryan Gander, Mai-Thu Perret, Slavs and Tatars, Zach Blas, Anne de Vries, Ben Schumacher, Ming Wong and Lucky PDF.

The Moving Museum is an independent and non-political organization founded by Aya Mousawi and Simon Sakhai in 2012; a registered Community Interest Company (CIC) in England and Wales; and a registered 501(c)(3) Charity in the United States of America. The organisation's website was designed by new media artist Jeremy Bailey with Harm van den Dorpel, Joe Hamilton, and Jonas Lund.

References

Art exhibitions in London
Art museums and galleries in the United Arab Emirates
Art museums and galleries in Istanbul
Internet art
Art and design organizations
International cultural organizations
Art galleries established in 2012
Community interest companies

The Moving Museum


is a Japanese Theatre Director, in Kanda, Tokyo. Miyagi studied aesthetics at Tokyo University. He had a strong interest in Rakugo Japanese comic talk since his teens. He was awarded the Theatre Pasta Theatre Awards in 2007 for his excellent work in theatre.

Biography
In 1980, Miyagi created a performance group at university and started his career as a director and actor. In 1990, he founded a new theatre company, Ku Na'uka Theatre Company, in which two actors play one role.

In 1995, for the first edition of Theatre Olympics in Delphi, he presented Elektra with the Suzuki Company of Toga and Tadashi Suzuki. In 1996, the company ventured into the realm of Japanese classical theater. Tenshu-Monogatari, by Kyoka Izumi, was highly successful with audiences and toured many cities in Japan, India and Pakistan. Miyagi also presented Chushin-gura, originally written for Bunraku and Kabuki, for the 2nd edition of Theatre Olympics, held in Shizuoka.

Career
He is a member of group P4 of Japanese directors, (Yukikazu Kano, Oriza Hirata, Satoshi Miyagi, Masahiro Yasuda). As of 2011 he was the head of the International Department of Theater Interaction -Japan-, Secretary General of the BeSeTo (Beijing, Seoul, Tokyo) Theatre Festival, and the guest director of SPAC (Shizuoka Performing Arts Center ; managed by Tadashi Suzuki).

Awards
Theatre Pasta Theatre Awards, 2007

References

External links
 Ku Na'uka Theatre Company Official website
 Creativity at play

1959 births
Living people
People from Tokyo

Satoshi Miyagi


Orderic Vitalis (; 16 February 1075 – ) was an English chronicler and Benedictine monk who wrote one of the great contemporary chronicles of 11th- and 12th-century Normandy and Anglo-Norman England. Modern historians view him as a reliable source.

Background
Orderic was born on 16 February 1075 in Atcham, Shropshire, England, the eldest son of a French priest, Odelerius of Orléans, who had entered the service of Roger de Montgomery, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, and had received from his patron a chapel there. By the late 11th century, clerical marriage was still not uncommon in western Christendom. Orderic was one of the few monks who were of mixed parentage as his mother was of English heritage. When Orderic was five, his parents sent him to an English monk, Siward by name, who kept a school in the Abbey of SS Peter and Paul at Shrewsbury.

At the age of ten, Orderic was entrusted as an oblate to the Abbey of Saint-Evroul in the Duchy of Normandy, which Montgomery had formerly despoiled but, in his later years, was loading with gifts. The parents paid thirty marks for their son's admission; he expresses the conviction that they imposed this exile upon him from an earnest desire for his welfare. Odelerius's respect for the monastic life is attested to by his own entry, a few years later, into a monastery which the earl had founded at his persuasion. Orderic, on the other hand, felt for some time, as he asserts, like Joseph in a strange land. He did not know a word of French when he reached Normandy. His book, though written many years later, shows that he never lost his English cast of mind or his attachment to the country of his birth.

Monastic life
When Orderic reached the legal age for profession as a monk, his monastic superiors gave him the religious name of "Vitalis" (after a member of the legendary Theban Legion of Christian martyrs) because they found it difficult to pronounce his English baptismal name of Orderic, a name he says was the same as the priest who baptised him.  In the title of his great chronicle, he prefixes the old to the new name and proudly adds the epithet Angligena ("English-born").

Orderic's cloistered life was uneventful. He became a deacon in 1093, and a priest in 1107. He left his cloister on several occasions, speaking of having visited Croyland, Worcester, Cambrai (1105) and Cluny Abbey (1132). He turned his attention at an early date to literature, and for many years appears to have spent his summers in the scriptorium.

Orderic's first literary efforts were a continuation and revision of William of Jumièges' Gesta normannorum ducum, a broad history of the Normans and their dukes from the founding of Normandy, which Orderic carried forward into the early twelfth century. He also added information about earlier periods from other sources, for example William of Poitiers' Gesta Guillelmi, and included information not found elsewhere. As Orderic used Norman sources but wrote from an English perspective, his account of the Norman Conquest is balanced, he is sympathetic to both sides. This attitude persists in his Historia Ecclesiastica.

At some time between 1110 and 1115, Orderic's superiors ordered him to write the history of Saint-Evroul. The work, the Historia Ecclesiastica (Ecclesiastical History), grew under his hands until it became a general history of his own age. Saint-Evroul was a house of wealth and distinction. War-worn knights chose it as a resting place for their last years. It was constantly entertaining visitors from southern Italy, where it had established new foundations, and from England, where it had extensive possessions. Thus Orderic, though he witnessed no great events, was well-informed about them. Orderic is a vivid narrator; his character sketches are admirable as summaries of current estimates. His narrative is full of digressions that surprise readers who are looking for a strictly chronological ordering of events, but it has been argued that the digressions reflect Orderic's sense of the connections between events (between the foundation of Saint-Evroul and the Norman Conquest of Southern Italy, for example) and his desire to include as much of this monastic colleagues' memories in his History as possible. It would thus be a truly collective work. Orderic relays much invaluable information not provided by more methodical chroniclers. He throws a flood of light upon the manners and ideas of his own age, and he sometimes comments with shrewdness upon the broader aspects and tendencies of history. His narrative breaks off in the middle of 1141, though he added some finishing touches in 1142. He reports that he was then old and infirm (that year he would have reached the age of 67 years); he probably did not long survive the completion of his great work.

The Historia Ecclesiastica
The Historia Ecclesiastica, described as the greatest English social history of the Middle Ages, falls into three sections:

1) Books i and ii give the history of Christianity from the birth of Christ. After 855 this becomes a bare catalogue of popes, ending with the name of Innocent I. These books Orderic added in 1136–1141 as an afterthought to the original scheme.

2) Books iii through vi form a history of Saint-Evroul, the original nucleus of the work. Planned before 1122, they were mainly composed in the years 1123–1131. The fourth and fifth books contain long digressions on the deeds of William the Conqueror in Normandy and England. Before 1067 these are chiefly derived from two extant sources: William of Jumieges' Gesta Normannorum Ducum and William of Poitiers' Gesta Guillelmi. For the years 1067–1071 Orderic follows the lost portion of the Gesta Guillelmi, and is therefore of the first importance. From 1071, he begins to be an independent authority. Notices of political events in this part of his work are far less copious than in the later books.

3) Books vii through xiii relegate ecclesiastical affairs to the background. In this section, after sketching the history of France under the Carolingian and early Capet dynasties, Orderic takes up the events of his own times, starting from about 1082. He has much to say concerning the Empire, the papacy, the Normans in Sicily and Apulia and the First Crusade (for which he follows Fulcher of Chartres and Baudri of Bourgueil, but with notable alterations). But his chief interest is in the histories of the three brothers: Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, William Rufus and Henry I of England. He continues his work, in the form of annals, up to the defeat and capture of Stephen of England at Lincoln in 1141.

The historian Marjorie Chibnall states that Orderic used now-lost pancartes (cartularies or collections of charters) of various Norman monastic houses as sources for his historical writings.

Orderic addressed both contemporaries and future generations, intending for his work to be studied by monks and novices learning about the history of the monastery and its benefactors. The work as a whole was not widely read in the Middle Ages, though individual parts of it were popular and circulated.

The Historia Ecclesiastica is usually cited by abbreviation of the author's name rather than the title; that is, either as Ord. Vitalis or Ord. Vit. followed by volume and page numbers.

Notes

Sources

Further reading
 Chibnall, Marjorie (ed. and trans.), The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis, 6 volumes (Oxford, 1968–1980) (Oxford Medieval Texts), .
 Chibnall, Marjorie, The World of Orderic Vitalis (Oxford, 1987).
 Hingst, Amanda Jane, The Written World: Past and place in the work of Orderic Vitalis (Notre Dame, Indiana, University of Notre Dame Press, 2009).
 Rozier, Charles C., Daniel Roach, Giles E.M. Gasper and Elisabeth van Houts (eds) Orderic Vitalis: Life, Works and Interpretations (Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 2016).

External links

 Latin Chroniclers from the Eleventh to the Thirteenth Centuries: Orderic Vitalis from The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, Volume I, 1907–21.
 (Orderic) The Battle of Bremule excerpts translated by Marjorie Chibnall.
 (Orderic) On Henry I excerpts translated by David Burr.
 (Orderic) The Norman Conquest excerpts translated by Thomas Forester.
 The first written European ghost story appears in book II of the Ecclesiastical History and is transcribed here
 , trans. by Thomas Forester, with an introduction by François Guizot

Benedictine scholars
Benedictine writers
1075 births
1140s deaths
12th-century English historians
English people of French descent
English expatriates in France
English Benedictines
French Benedictines
12th-century French Roman Catholic priests
English chroniclers
Clergy from Shropshire
Burials in Normandy
12th-century writers in Latin
Writers from Shropshire

Orderic Vitalis