The State Archives and Records Authority of New South Wales (commonly known as State Archives and Records NSW) is the archives and records management authority of the Government of New South Wales in Australia. It can trace its history back to the establishment of the office of Colonial Secretary and Registrar of the Records of New South Wales in 1821. However, in the early years of the Colony's history, little attention was paid to the management and preservation of non-current public records. This was mainly because the government of the day was fully focussed on the administration of the convict system, law and order, immigration and land settlement. Documents which were not required for the day-to-day running of the government were usually neglected or were destroyed.

Background
It was not until the late nineteenth century, with the approach of the Centenary of the Colony, that an awareness of the value of public archives as fundamental sources for Australian history was recorded. This interest led to the appointment of an Archivist of New South Wales, and the publication of Historical Records of New South Wales. At the time the term 'archives' was used broadly to include manuscripts, pictorial material and maps from a wide range of private sources as well as to denote non-current official records.

The Trustees of the Public Library of New South Wales were active from about 1870 in the preservation of books and manuscripts relating to Australia, but it was the opening of the Mitchell Library in 1910 that provided the first real stimulus to action in the area of public records. At the request of the acting Premier and the Attorney General, The Trustees of the Public Library prepared a report on the present and future dangers of the neglect of State records, which included recommendations on the establishment of an Archives Department in the Public Library Building.

This proposal lapsed but during the period 1911–1918, some action was taken towards establishing an archives office. A number of instructions were issued by both the Premier and the Public Service Board, advising departments to transfer non-current records considered to be of historical value, to the Mitchell Library. On the authority of these instructions, the Trustees of the Public Library became in effect, the archival authority for the State, and much work was done in the Mitchell Library to collect and preserve NSW State archives.

In November 1953 an Archives Department was established within the Public Library of New South Wales (subsequently State Library of New South Wales) by which time there was an estimated 2,300 metres of archives in the custody of the Mitchell Library.

The Archives Department in the period following 1953 adapted and put into practice recognised archival principles and procedures, both in the management of State archives in the custody of the Trustees and in the management of the Government Records Repository, which was established in 1955. The management of the repository was overseen by the Public Service Board.

The foundations for establishing a statutory authority to administer official archives in New South Wales had been well laid by the mid 1950s and preparatory work on Archives legislation began in 1955.

Archives Act 1960
In September 1960, the Archives Bill was approved by Cabinet. It was introduced into the Legislative Assembly in October and in November the Archives Act, No 46 of 1960, received Royal Assent. The Act was proclaimed to commence of the first day of June 1961. A new era in the management of public records in New South Wales had begun.

The Act stated that the "Archives Authority of New South Wales shall undertake the preservation, storage and arrangement, repair, cataloguing and calendaring, and have the custody and control, of the State archives and shall have the management of the Archives Office of New South Wales". The Archives Authority was also made responsible for the management of the New South Wales Government Records Repository and the Records Management Office of New South Wales.

Archives Authority
The Archives Authority consisted of nine members, appointed by the Governor of New South Wales from the judiciary, legislature, universities and the New South Wales Public Service. The first Chairman of the Authority was Dr H.S. Wyndham CBE, MA, Ed D. Dip Ed and the Principal Archivist was Gordon D. Richardson. The work of the Authority mainly related to the examination of recommendations for the retention and disposal of public records.

Archives and Records Management Offices

The Archives Office was housed in extensions to the Public Library of New South Wales, which had been commenced in 1959 and included three floors specifically designed to accommodate the new office. In 1976 the Archives Office became administratively separate from the Public Library of New South Wales and in late 1978 moved, with the Records Management Office to a new purpose built archives building at 2 Globe Street, The Rocks.

Challenges for the Archives Office of New South Wales
In the 1980s challenges facing the Archives Office were primarily related to the burgeoning interest in family history which reached a peak in 1988 and has never subsided. During this period there was a massive increase in the use of the archives and staff had to be reallocated to public areas to deal with the demand. The response to this almost overwhelming increase in the use of archival resources led to the establishment of a "Genealogical Research Kit" consisting of some of the more popular archives available to researchers. This was purchased by many libraries around NSW and reduced the demand on original documents.

Government Records Repository
In 1987 an extension to the Government Records Repository at Kingswood was completed. This included a public reading room, an exhibition area and conference facilities as well as specialised storage. At this time the reading room could accommodate up to fifty people and many of the key documents were available to users on microfilm, with the originals in storage at Globe Street, The Rocks.

Regional Repositories
Initially the concept of Regional Repositories started as an "archives on loan" scheme to place records which had been created in country areas, close to the originating community. The early 1980s saw a move to place archives at the University of New England, University of Newcastle, University of Wollongong, Riverina Murray Institute of Higher Education (now Charles Sturt University) and Newcastle Region Library. Archives were loaned to these institutions on the condition that they be properly looked after and made available to the local community for research. The regional repositories, with the addition of Broken Hill have grown into an informal network of archives in New South Wales that by 2005 contained a total of 4% of the State's archival holdings.

State Records Act 1998
The most significant event in the 1990s for the management of archives and government records in New South Wales was the advent of the State Records Act in 1998. Not only did this mean a change of name for the organisation, but also meant a change of direction and additional responsibilities.

For many years it had been realised by the Archives Office of NSW that the focus of the Archives Act 1960 was almost exclusively on archives, rather than on the full life cycle of government records from their inception to their archiving or destruction, the so-called records continuum. To address these issues the new legislation took into account the need for mandating the creation and capture of records, the creation of standards and guidelines, protection of records, recovery of archival "estrays" and public access to records over 30 years old. The span of control of the act also brought local councils, universities and area health services under the umbrella of State Records which added significantly to the workload of the organisation.

Access to archives
During the 1990s the Genealogical Research Kit which contained microfilm copies of popular key archival documents was expanded, renamed the Archives Resources Kit (ARK), and deposited at forty Community Access Points (CAPs), mainly public libraries, throughout New South Wales. This had the effect of reducing demand in the Reading Rooms at the Sydney and Western Sydney Records Centres. In addition to the Archives Resources Kit, work was going on behind the scenes to make more State archives available to external users electronically. In 2000 Archives Investigator was developed jointly by the State Records Authority of NSW and the Council of the City of Sydney. (The name refers to HMS Investigator, in which Matthew Flinders completed the first circumnavigation of Australia, 1801–1803, and mapped much of the coast for the first time.) This made a large number of archival series available online via the Internet. Work on Photo Investigator, a related database commenced in the early 2000s and by 2006 a considerable number of photographs from the archives were available to users online.

Expansion of Government Records Repository
2005 saw the opening of the Stage 6 Building at the Government Records Repository at Kingswood by The Hon Bob Debus, Attorney General and Minister for the Arts. This building is equipped with geothermal air conditioning, high thermal mass insulation and an argon gas fire suppression system. In 2005 it was estimated that this building would fulfil the storage requirements of the NSW government for non-current records until 2011.

Archives in New South Wales Timeline
For information on archives in New South Wales see Timeline of archives in New South Wales

Bibliography
 Archives Act 1960
 Archives Authority of New South Wales Annual Reports 1961–1997
 State Records Authority of New South Wales Annual Reports 1998 to 2005
 Michael Allen ed. Archeion (Archives Office of NSW) No 5 June 1987 pp 7–11
 Doust, Russell The Administration of Official Archives in New South Wales 1870–1980, M Lib thesis 1969
 Peter J. Tyler, State Records New South Wales 1788 to 2011. Annandale, NSW: Desert Pea Press, 2011

See also
 Keyword AAA

References

External links
 Official site
 State Records Act 1998

Government agencies of New South Wales
Archives in Australia


Edward Ellerton, DD (1770–1851) was an English cleric, academic and schoolmaster, known as a founder of scholarships.

Life
He was the son of Richard Ellerton of Downholme, Yorkshire and his wife Catherine Whitelock, born on 30 January 1771. He was educated at Richmond School, and matriculated at University College, Oxford, graduating BA in 1792, and MA in 1795.

Ellerton was appointed master of Magdalen College School in 1799; was afterwards elected fellow of the college, and proceeded BD in 1805, and DD in 1815. He was appointed to the perpetual curacy of Horspath, Oxfordshire, in 1814, and to the perpetual curacy of Sevenhampton, Gloucestershire, in 1825. He resigned the latter charge early in 1851. For some time also he acted as curate to Martin Routh, the president of Magdalen, at Theale near Reading, a chapelry attached to the rectory of Tilehurst.

A lecturer in divinity, and senior fellow of Magdalen College, Ellerton died at his curacy of Theale on 26 December 1851.

Legacy
Ellerton was the founder of scholarships and prizes. In 1825 he established an annual prize of twenty guineas (£21), open to all members of the University of Oxford who had passed the examination for their first degree, the prize to be given for the best English essay on some theological subject. In the earlier part of Edward Pusey's career, Ellerton was his close friend, and, in conjunction with Pusey and his brother Philip, he founded in 1832 the Pusey and Ellerton scholarships, three in number, which were open to all members of the university, and of the annual value of £30 each.

Magdalen College (where Ellerton had for many years been the only tutor, and at times bursar) also shared in his benefactions. In addition to other gifts, in 1835 he founded an annual exhibition for the best reader of the lessons in the college chapel, and in 1849 an annual exhibition for the best scholar among the choristers; and by his will he founded in Magdalen College two annual exhibitions for students in Hebrew. He further established an exhibition for boys educated at Richmond School.

Works
Ellerton was a firm Protestant, and in 1845 published a brief polemical treatise on The Evils and Dangers of Tractarianism.

References

Attribution

1770 births
1851 deaths
Clergy from Yorkshire
19th-century English Anglican priests
Alumni of University College, Oxford
Fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford
English religious writers
19th-century British writers
People from Richmond, North Yorkshire

Edward Ellerton


Princess Maria Theresia of Liechtenstein (Maria Theresia Anna Felicitas; 11 May 1694 – 20 February 1772) was the heiress to the Silesian Duchy of Troppau (now Opava in Czech Republic). Countess of Soissons by marriage, she was the last person to hold the title. She had one son who predeceased her in 1734. Her son was engaged to Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina, duchess of Massa and heiress to the Principality of Carrara.

Biography

Maria Theresia's father was Prince Hans-Adam I of Liechtenstein – who had purchased the counties of Vaduz and Schellenberg, which is now the modern state of Liechtenstein (although the first Prince to visit Vaduz did so only in 1844). Her mother, Erdmuthe Maria Theresia of Dietrichstein was the great-granddaughter of Adam von Dietrichstein (1527–1590), Hofmeister to the court of Emperor Rudolf II and buried in St Vitus Cathedral, Prague Castle.

Maria Theresia's father died in 1712 – and both her brothers before that.

In Vienna on 24 October 1713, Maria Theresia married Thomas Emmanuel, Count of Soissons and Governor of Antwerp (born on 8 December 1687), second son of Louis Thomas of Savoy-Carignano and his wife, Uranie de La Cropte de Beauvais (1655-1717). They had one son, Eugenio Giovanni.

Through this marriage she also became a Princess of Savoy, having married into a cadet branch of the reigning Dukes of Savoy, Kings of Sicily (13 July 1713) and later of Sardinia. Her husband was a descendant of the princes of Carignano, which had been raised by Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, into a principality as an appanage for his third son, Thomas Francis. The house of Carignano developed two junior branches, those of Soissons and Villafranca.

In 1662, the town of Yvois in the Ardennes was raised by Louis XIV of France into a duchy in his favour, its name being changed at the same time to Carignan, to remember Carignano. The Prince Eugene of Savoy was the second son of the first Duke of Carignan and grandson of the first Prince of Carignano.

Prince Eugene was Thomas Emmanuel's uncle. Eugene served under Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor – and for his leadership at the Battle of Vienna (against the Turks) in 1683 he became known as "The Atlas of the Austrian monarchy". In 1697, as Field Marshal and chief of Austrian armies, he defeated the forces of the Ottoman sultan, Mustafa II, at the decisive Battle of Zenta (now Senta in Serbia) in Hungary.

After her husband died in Vienna on 28 December 1729, Maria Theresia made Škvorec Castle her seat.

On 20 February 1772 Maria Theresia died in Vienna. She was a descendant of Georg Hartmann who had become Lutheran c. 1540, while her great-grandfather, Karl, a stattholder of Bohemia had found it wise to become a Catholic in 1599.

Maria Theresa's son, Eugene Jean Francois, Count of Soissons and Duke of Troppau (born 23 September 1714; died at Mannheim on 24 November 1734) had died at only 20 years old, thus her estate passed to Franz Joseph I, Prince of Liechtenstein – great-grandson of Prince Hartmann III of Liechtenstein (1613–1686). The title of Count of Soissons became extinct with the young son's death and was returned to the French crown.

Issue

Eugène Jean François de Savoie (Eugene John Francis; 23 September 1714 – 24 November 1734); married Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina by proxy, but died 13 days after without issue.

Ancestry

1694 births
1772 deaths
Liechtenstein princesses
Princesses of Savoy
Princesses in Germany
Habsburg Bohemian nobility
Countesses of Soissons
18th-century German women
18th-century German people
18th-century Liechtenstein women
18th-century Liechtenstein people
Burials at St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna
Daughters of monarchs


Charles Perry (1924–1969) was an African American author whose only published novel was Portrait of a Young Man Drowning. He was born in Savannah, Georgia, but moved to Brooklyn when he was still in grade school. During the 1940s, he was a co-star of the hit radio series New World A-Coming.

Portrait of a Young Man
Portrait of a Young Man Drowning draws heavily on Perry's first hand research of gangsters and juvenile delinquents in his own Brooklyn neighborhood. An homage to James Joyce's Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, the novel is written in the first person and tells the story of Harold. He is a young man who gets sucked into Brooklyn's underworld scene, while living with an overbearing mother. The novel was considered ground-breaking when it was first published in 1962 because it was one of the first novels written in the first person by a black author with a white protagonist.

Perry soon began work on a semi-autobiographical account of the death of his 11-year-old son Charles Jr., who died falling from a tree onto a rod iron fence entitled I Wake Up Screaming.

Portrait of a Young Man Drowning was made into a film entitled Six Ways to Sunday in 1997.

Alongside his writing career, Perry also appeared in over 30 films mainly in minor roles.

References

20th-century American novelists
African-American novelists
American male novelists
1969 deaths
1924 births
Deaths from cancer in California
Writers from Savannah, Georgia
Novelists from Georgia (U.S. state)
20th-century American male writers
American male radio actors
20th-century African-American writers
African-American male writers

Charles Perry (author)


Paul Morphy (22 June 1837 – 10 July 1884), called "the pride and sorrow of chess", was an American chess master. He was the greatest chess player of his era and an unofficial world champion (1858–1860). This was widely accepted when he defeated Adolf Anderssen, with seven wins, two losses, and two draws, in 1858. Morphy was also one of the first great chess prodigies in the modern era.p263

Morphy was a Creole of mixed inheritance. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, to a father of Portuguese, Irish, and Spanish ancestry, and a mother who was a French Creole. His father was a lawyer, and his mother was musically talented. Morphy grew up in an atmosphere of culture where chess and music were the typical highlights of a Sunday home gathering.p11

Chess career

Morphy taught himself, and by nine he was good by the standards of the local players. At 12 he defeated the Hungarian professional Löwenthal in three casual games. Then he played little chess until he had qualified in law in April 1857. He then entered the first American Chess Congress in New York, and won it easily. Next, he accepted an invitation to play in a tournament in Birmingham, England. That started his famous European tour. He beat everyone of note in England, except Staunton, who avoided a match. Staunton was earning money editing Shakespeare, so his absence from chess was not just an evasion.

In Paris Morphy beat Harrwitz, the house professional, at the Café de la Régence.p128 He then won easily against Anderssen, who was a bit out of practice. One of his feats was simultaneous play against five strong players, winning two, drawing two and losing one. He had a great memory, and was able to play more than one game at a time. In one example, he played eight players at the same time; he did not have a chess board himself, and he could not see their chess boards. He simply sat in a chair facing the wall, and called out his moves, and was told what the other players had moved. In summary, he proved he was the best at that time. On his return home, he toured the East Coast cities, accepting testimonials, banquets and applause. He wrote a chess column for a year in the New York Ledger in 1859–60.

"For this he was paid $3000, but the work soon ended. He was assisted by another player who, along with the editor, found Morphy incorrigibly lazy".p263

Chess style
Quick and simple development leading to a direct attack: that was Morphy's method. His openings were first-rate for their time. He brought off some outstanding combinations and sacrifices, and his best games are still a model for young players. His games mark the high point of the romantic movement in chess, where players would play all out for direct attacks. This style was later squashed by better defensive technique, especially for the black side in the openings. Out of this came Dr Tarrasch's classical principles, and the idea that no game can be lost without a mistake being made. The chess of the 1890s came to look quite different from Morphy's games, partly because he had forced players to think more clearly about what they were doing.

Life after chess
Morphy soon gave up chess, but his law practice was disrupted by the American Civil War (1861–1865). He was opposed to secession, and did not serve in the Confederate Army. Morphy traveled to Havana and to Paris, where he had a married sister, but refused invitations to play in public. His law practice never took off, and he never worked or played chess again. The last years of his life were marred by mental illness bordering on paranoia.Chapter 24 He suffered from distrust, obsessions and delusions, and showed erratic behavior. For example, he thought people were trying to poison him, so he only ate food cooked by his mother or sister. If he saw a woman in the street that he thought looked nice, he would follow her for hours.

Morphy died at 47, in his bathtub, perhaps of a stroke. He was the first of several great American players to have a short chess career. Pillsbury died young, reputedly of syphilis, and Bobby Fischer, like Morphy, stopped voluntarily, while still a young man. Fischer showed symptoms of mental illness of a similar kind to Morphy's.p66

References

Other websites
 The chess games of Paul Morphy

1837 births
1884 deaths
American chess players
Sportspeople from New Orleans

Paul Morphy


Thomas Dwyer Bass,  (6 June 1916 – 26 February 2010) was a renowned Australian sculptor. Born in Lithgow, New South Wales, he studied at the Dattilo Rubbo Art School and the National Art School. Bass served in the Second Australian Imperial Force during the Second World War, rising to the rank of sergeant. He established the Tom Bass Sculpture School in Sydney in 1974. In 1988, he was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for services to sculpture. In 2009, he was admitted to the degree of Doctor of Visual Arts (honoris causa) at the University of Sydney.

A retrospective of his work, spanning 60 years, was exhibited at the Sydney Opera House between 9 November and 17 December 2006.

Totem maker
After graduating from the National Art School, Bass developed his philosophy of working as a sculptor as being the maker of totemic forms and emblems, that is, work expressing ideas of particular significance to communities or to society at large. Examples of his work include The Trial of Socrates and The Idea of a University at Wilson Hall, Melbourne University; The Falconer on Main Building at University of New South Wales, representing the conflict between beauty and the intellect; the winged figure of Ethos in Civic Square, Canberra, representing the spirit of the community, and the Lintel sculpture at the National Library, Canberra, representing the idea of Library. Over a twenty-five-year period this remained virtually the single focus of his work as he became the most sought after public sculptor in Australia. He is represented all over Australia and also overseas.

Contribution to art in Australia
While engaged with his public sculptures, Bass remained largely on the periphery of the evolving art scene in post-Second World War Australia. His contribution to art often went unacknowledged as the focus for artists evolved around the ever growing gallery and art market scene. Art as commodity was never Bass's reason for making sculpture. During the 50s and 60s Bass "..was the only Australian sculptor who understood the importance of bringing art to the widest possible audience. ...With every major commission Bass aimed to push the boundaries of public taste, giving his audience a lesson in the visual language of modernism."

P & O Wall fountain

1962–63, Copper 107×800×55 cm, commissioned by P&O Orient Lines of Australia P/L in 1961, 55 Hunter Street, Sydney.
Designed as a purely abstract wall fountain, this sculpture did not symbolize any particular aspect of the P&O Company. Bass's sculpture caused considerable controversy when it was completed in 1963. When the work was unveiled, its indirect resemblance to a Parisian pissoir and its position opposite the French Airline office provoked a witty comment in the sixth edition of OZ magazine (1964) about the city's latest status symbol as a convenience for the people of Sydney and as a welcoming sign to French travellers: "there is a nominal charge, of course, but don't worry, there is no need to pay immediately. Just P. & O." (pee and owe). With it they published a renowned satirical photograph which showed the fountain apparently being used as a urinal, with a caption which read  "Pictured is a trio of Sydney natives P. & O.'ing in the Bass urinal". For this and other supposed offences the editors of the magazine, Richard Neville, Richard Walsh and Martin Sharp were charged, tried and sentenced to jail with hard labour for "obscenity and encouraging public urination", although the defendants subsequently appealed against the sentences, which were revoked. In the trial Tom Bass appeared in their defence.
Although the building is no longer owned by P&O, the work maintains an iconic presence in Sydney. The building was demolished in December 2017 for the construction of the entrance to the Martin Place Sydney Metro station 23 metres below street level, and the wall fountain will be reinstalled into the public space of the replacement building.

AGC sculpture
1963, Copper 335.3×152.4×38 cm
Commissioned by AGC (Australian Guarantee Corporation) Australia in 1962 for AGC House, 126 Phillip Street, Sydney When the original building was completely demolished in 2002, the work was salvaged, restored and reinstalled by Investa Property Group into the Foster and Partners designed building in late 2005.
The AGC sculpture is an emblem inspired by the corporate and financial transactions in what was then known as the hire purchase system. It takes the form of a mechanical corporate tree in which the branches symbolize the various interests of AGC, as it existed in 1962. The two top branches represent the dominant lending arm and the supporting arm is insurance. These branches support a wheel that symbolizes the automobile which was the first reason for hire purchase. At the base, there are two protective arms, similar to tree roots that signify the importance of security and stability.

Amicus certus – AMP sculpture
1962, Copper 451×424×40 cm
Commissioned by Australia Mutual Providence in 1960 for AMP Building (or House), 33 Alfred Street, Sydney.
The AMP emblem (logo) signifies the value of insurance in our daily family life. Redesigned by Bass for the iconic Sydney Cove building, the central figure represents the Goddess of Plenty who watches over the family figures represented by a mother, father and child, reflecting AMP's motto:  (a true friend in uncertain times). To this day, the Sydney Cove building remains the Australian headquarters of AMP.

Research – ICI sculpture
1959, Copper 686×206×35 cm
Commissioned by ICI (Imperial Chemical Industries) in 1956 for 61 Macquarie Street. In 1999, with the assistance of Mirvac, the sculpture was relocated to the north wall of Quay Grand Suites, adjacent to the Moore Steps, Sydney.
It is a sculptural tribute to industry and scientific research. The crucible, held up by five figures, is the vessel in which the raw materials are synthesized. Each figure represent an agent of change to process those materials: electricity, radiation, chemical changes, heat and mechanical forces. The agents dip into the crucible to achieve change. The star represents the sun, a source of energy and transformation. The final product rises out of the crucible in the form of the ICI symbol.

The Sisters (Variations I, II & III 1980)
Bronze, 80×250×240 cm
Originally exhibited in Bass's first solo exhibition at the Sydney David Jones Gallery in 1980, the work reappeared in public at Martin Place for Sculpture in the City 2001 as part of Art About. Through their various poses, Bass plays with the illusion that all the entwining female figures are physically different. In fact, the two outward figures were cast as exact copies.
The Sisters express sheer joy and exuberance equalled by Bass's admiration of the Sydney Opera House. Their deliberate placement by Bass on the path to the Opera House heralds this excitement for visitors on approaching this iconic architectural masterpiece.

Tom Bass Sculpture Studio School
After an intense career as a public sculptor, Bass felt that sculpture as a medium of social communication was losing its relevance. He went through a period of life review and went back to teach at the National Art School. He soon decided that it was not possible for him to teach in the way he wanted under that system. So he conceived the idea of setting up an independent school of sculpture. He began a long search to find an appropriate place for the school. This culminated in the warehouse above Broadway, a space which had been occupied by goldsmiths ever since its completion in 1911. He spent a year cleaning the space and preparing it for classes and in 1974 classes began in the studio.

The school moved from Broadway to Erskineville in 1998, where it continues to run sculpture classes today.

Selected works
The Student, sandstone, main gates, University of Sydney, 1953.
The falconer, electrolytic copper, Main Building, University of New South Wales, 1955. UNSW Art Collection Sculpture Walk
Fountain figure, electrolytic copper, Chancellor's Court, University of New South Wales, 1959.
The Idea of a University, reconstituted stone, The University of Melbourne, 1954–59.
The Trial of Socrates, copper, The University of Melbourne, 1954–59.
 Research, copper. ICI Building, Sydney, 1956–59
Ethos, copper, Civic Square, Canberra, 1959–61.
AMP Emblem, copper, AMP building, Sydney, 1962
AGC sculpture, copper. AGC House, Sydney, 1962–63
Children's Tree, bronze, CML building, Elizabeth St, Melbourne, 1963.
P&O wall fountain, copper, P&O building, Hunter St, Sydney, 1963.
Lintel sculpture, copper bas-relief, National Library of Australia, Canberra, 1967–1968.
The Genii, bronze, Queen Victoria Gardens, Melbourne, 1973.
Don Bradman bust in Cricket Captains' Walk, Cootamundra, NSW, 2008.

See also
 List of public art in the City of Sydney

References

External links

 Tom Bass Sculpture Studio School

20th-century Australian sculptors
Members of the Order of Australia
1916 births
2010 deaths
People from Lithgow, New South Wales
National Art School alumni
Australian Army personnel of World War II
Australian Army soldiers

Tom Bass (sculptor)


Rainulf Drengot (dead in 1045) was a Norman adventurer.

In 1016, Rainulf went in the South Italy where he was a mercenary. In 1030, Drengot was the first count of Aversa (near Naples) and was married to the duke of Naples's daughter.

Sources
 Amatus of Montecassino, History of the Normans
 William of Apulia, The Deeds of Robert Guiscard Books One, Two, Three, Four, Five (Word Documents).
 Ferdinand Chalandon, Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicile, Paris, 1907.
 John Julius Norwich, The Normans in the South (1016-1130), Longmans : London, 1967.

Other websited
 "Sicily/Naples, Nobility (Conti d'Aversa)"
 Norman World : The first Norman rulers

Normans
Mercenaries
11th-century people

Rainulf Drengot


Christian Andreas Barreiro (born December 14, 1990) is an American soccer player who most recently played for Puerto Rico Islanders in the North American Soccer League.

Career

College and Amateur
Barreiro spent all four years of his collegiate career at the University of Pennsylvania.  In 2008, he was one of only two freshman to start all 18 games for the Quakers.  He finished the year with two goals and one assist.  In 2009, Barreiro made 17 appearances and led the Quakers with 15 points.  He finished tied for the team lead with six goals and also recorded three assists.  In 2010, Barreiro started all 19 games for Penn and tallied five goals, including a Golden Goal against Bucknell in the first round of the NCAA Tournament, and seven assists.  He went on to be named First-team All-Ivy and Third-team NSCAA All-Northeast Region.  In his final year at the University of Pennsylvania in 2011, Barreiro led the Quakers in goals, assists and points.  He made 17 appearances that year and tallied seven goals and seven assists, giving him 21 points.  He was also named First-team All-Ivy for the second straight year as well as Second-team NSCAA All-Northeast Region and Academic All-Ivy.

Barreiro also spent the 2011 season with Reading United in the USL Premier Development League.

Professional
On January 17, 2012, Barreiro was drafted in the third round (50th overall) of the 2012 MLS Supplemental Draft by New York Red Bulls.  However, he was cut from preseason camp in early February.  He then joined PDL club Baltimore Bohemians where he made 13 appearances and scored three goals on his way to being named to the 2012 PDL All-Eastern Conference Team.

Shortly after the conclusion of the PDL season, Barreiro signed a professional contract with NASL side Puerto Rico Islanders.  He made his professional debut on August 12 in a 1–0 defeat to FC Edmonton. He made two more appearances for the Islanders before the club announced that they would suspend all operations because of budget issues.

References

External links
University of Pennsylvania bio

1990 births
Living people
American expatriate men's soccer players
American men's soccer players
Men's association football midfielders
Baltimore Bohemians players
Expatriate men's footballers in Puerto Rico
New York Red Bulls draft picks
North American Soccer League (2011–2017) players
Penn Quakers men's soccer players
Puerto Rico Islanders players
Reading United AC players
Soccer players from Baltimore
USL League Two players

Christian Barreiro


Abbe is a lunar impact crater that is located in the southern hemisphere on the far side of the Moon. It is located just to the south of the crater Hess, and lies to the east of the large walled basin Poincaré. It is named after the German physicist Ernst Abbe.

The outer wall of Abbe is somewhat eroded, with small craters lying across the northwest and southwest rim crests. The interior floor is relatively smooth, with a few tiny craterlets marking the surface.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Abbe.

References

External links

Impact craters on the Moon

Abbe (crater)


The architecture of the Indian state of Rajasthan has usually been a regional variant of the style of Indian architecture prevailing in north India at the time.  Rajasthan is especially notable for the forts and palaces of the many Rajput rulers, which are popular tourist attractions.

Most of the population of Rajasthan is Hindu, and there has historically been a considerable Jain minority; this mixture is reflected in the many temples of the region. Māru-Gurjara architecture, or "Solaṅkī style" is a distinctive style that began in Rajasthan and neighbouring Gujarat around the 11th century, and has been revived and taken to other parts of India and the world by both Hindus and Jains.  This represents the main contribution of the region to Hindu temple architecture.  The Dilwara Jain Temples of Mount Abu built between the 11th and 13th centuries CE are the best-known examples of this style.

The Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra mosque in Ajmer (no longer in religious use) is an important early example of Indo-Islamic architecture in a state not otherwise notable for this.

Common features
The generally arid climate has made stepwells (baoli or bawdi) more common than in other parts of India, as well as the distinctive covered taanka underground tanks.

Stone carved jali screens are very common, both in temples and secular buildings.  As well as palaces, many cities have surviving large townhouses or haveli from the last few centuries.

Forts and palaces

The Hill Forts of Rajasthan (Amer, Chittor, Gagron, Jaisalmer, Kumbhalgarh, Ranthambore), a group of six forts built by various Rajput kingdoms and principalities during the medieval period are among the best examples of Rajput Architecture. The ensemble is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Other forts include the Mehrangarh Fort and Jaigarh Fort.

The walled city of Jaipur was formed in 1727 by Jai Singh II, and is "a unique example of traditional Hindu town planning", following the precepts set out in much older Hindu texts.  Subsequently, the City Palace, Hawa Mahal, Rambagh Palace, Jal Mahal and Albert Hall Museum were also built. Udaipur also has several palaces, including the Bagore-ki-Haveli, now a museum, built by an 18th-century chief minister.

The rulers of the princely states of Rajasthan continued the tradition of building elaborate palaces almost until independence, with examples such as the Lalgarh Palace in Bikaner, Monsoon Palace in Udaipur, and Umaid Bhawan Palace in Jodhpur.  Many of these are in versions of Indo-Saracenic architecture, often using European architects.

Cenotaphs
A number of the Rajput dynasties built groups of cenotaph memorials for their members, mostly using the chatri form, and often at the traditional site for cremations. These include the Ahar Cenotaphs outside Udaipur, and Bada Bagh near Jaisalmer. Individual examples include the Jaswant Thada at Jodphur, Gaitore at Jaipur and Chaurasi Khambon ki Chhatri, Bundi; there are many others.

History

Ancient
Rajasthan has significant sites of the Bronze Age Indus Valley civilization, in particular at Kalibangan and Sothi. The ruined Bairat Stupa is the state's main Mauryan and Buddhist site, and appears to have been exceptional at this date, as a large circular shrine or temple around a small stupa.

Hindu temples

Notable early Hindu temples include the early 9th-century Harshat Mata Temple at Abhaneri, where there is also an early stepwell, the Chand Baori, the earliest parts of which are of similar date. The Harshnath Temple in Sikar District is from around 973, according to an inscription. The Badoli or Baroli Temples are an important group of nine 10th-century Hindu temples in the south-east of the state, no longer in religious use, and with much of the sculpture now in museums, especially the one at Kota. Another group is the two late 10th-century Sahasra Bahu Temples at Nagda.

The small but richly-carved Hindu Ambika Mata temple in Jagat, built before 960, is an example of the previous Pratihara style transitioning into Māru-Gurjara architecture. On the exteriors, this style is distinguished from other north Indian temple styles of the period in "that the external walls of the temples have been structured by increasing numbers of projections and recesses, accommodating sharply carved statues in niches. These are normally positioned in superimposed registers, above the lower bands of moldings. The latter display continuous lines of horse riders, elephants, and kīrttimukhas. Hardly any segment of the surface is left unadorned." The main shikhara tower usually has many urushringa subsidiary spirelets on it, and two smaller side-entrances with porches are common in larger temples.

The style mostly fell from use in Hindu temples in its original regions of Rajasthan and Gujarat by the 13th century, especially as the area had fallen to the Muslim Delhi Sultanate by 1298. But, unusually for an Indian temple style, it continued to be used by Jains there and elsewhere, with a notable "revival" in the 15th century.

The five Kiradu temples, of the 11th or 12th century, are examples. The Jagdish Temple, Udaipur (completed 1651) is an example of a Hindu temple using the Māru-Gurjara style at a late date; in this case a commission of Jagat Singh I, ruler of Mewar.

Jain temples

Māru-Gurjara architecture is especially popular in Jain temples. Interiors are if anything even more lavishly decorated, with elaborate carving on most surfaces. In particular, Jain temples often have small low domes carved on the inside with a highly intricate rosette design.  Another distinctive feature is "flying" arch-like elements between pillars, touching the horizontal beam above in the centre, and elaborately carved.  These have no structural function, and are purely decorative. The style developed large pillared halls, many open at the sides, with Jain temples often having one closed and two pillared halls in sequence on the main axis leading to the shrine.

Significant older Jain temples, or groups of temples, include the Dilwara temples on Mount Abu, the Ranakpur Jain temple, the group at Osian, Jodhpur, including the Mahavira Jain temple, Osian (also early Hindu temples), Mirpur Jain Temple (in fact one of four there), the disputed Kesariyaji temple at Rishabhdeo, and the Suswani Mataji temple at Morkhana.

The Kirti Stambha at Chittor Fort is a spectacular 12th-century tower, carved in Māru-Gurjara style, erected by a Jain merchant.

Gallery

See also

Johad

Notes

References
Harle, J.C., The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art,

Michell, George (1990), The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu, 1990, Penguin Books,

Further reading

External links

 01
Rajasthani
Arch
Rajasthan
Rajasthani arts

Architecture of Rajasthan


Tu Sooraj Main Saanjh Piyaji was  a 2017 Indian television soap opera that aired on Star Plus. The Show  stars Rhea Sharma and Avinesh Rekhi and is the sequel to the series Diya Aur Baati Hum. Neelu Vaghela, Ashok Lokhande, and Kanika Maheshwari reprise their roles from that series.

PLOT / STORY
The story is based o the life of the children of Sooraj and Sandhya, focusing on their daughter, Kanak. Her grandmother Bhabho ignores and looks down upon Kanak because according to her, Kanak is to blame for her (Kanak's) parents' death, but later upon realising her love for Kanak, Bhabho accepts her as family. Later, Kanak gets married to a superstitious but good-hearted gentleman, named Uma Shankar. He is a blind believer in morals taught by his greedy and hypocrite maternal aunt, Nanda Devi. Kanak sets off on a journey with Uma Shankar, who is her perfect opposite, to teach him the greatest moral of life - humanity - while she is criticized by Palomi and repeatedly harmed by Maasi Saa, and later, her lewd son, Aditya. In the process, she herself falls in love with Uma after establishing herself as the perfect wife for him. In a subplot taking place in Bangkok, Uma and Kanak plot to expose Maasi Saa and Aditya, and prove that Palomi is alive. They succeed in doing so and are about to live happily until Uma shockingly marries Meera Mittal, daughter of a rich businessman for some unknown reason, ditching Kanak.

The story then takes a two-year leap and Kanak eventually reappears in Uma's life, who is now shown as a successful business tycoon. After a lot of misunderstandings, it is revealed that Uma still loves Kanak and he was actually blackmailed and forced into marrying Meera to save his sister Suman's life. Meera gets mad with jealousy and vows to destroy Kanak's life. She alongside Aditya tries many heinous ways to separate the duo including attempting to marry off Kanak to a man who is also after her, but fails every time and eventually gets arrested thanks to a cunning plan made by Kanak. Aditya also realises his mistake and has a change of heart, becoming loyal towards his brother. Kanak gets rid of her hatred towards Uma and the couple are united again. It is then that Maasi Saa comes out of jail with the same evil intention of decimating the protagonists.

Saras (Uma's sister) meanwhile suffers an unfortunate miscarriage, and seeing Uma's grief over the matter Kanak with the help of Aditya launches a Bike Ambulance so that every emergency patient gets admitted to the hospital as quickly as possible. But this noble idea creates many enemies for Uma and Kanak from the very outset and Dr. Parag, Dean of Pratistha Medical College joins hands with Maasi Saa to cancel Uma's license so that he can use the idea to flourish his own Medical College and take the credit wholly upon himself. Kanak decides to study Paramedicals and become a doctor herself to save the license from being cancelled and no one can label her as amateur when she treats any patient. After facing several hurdles and hindrances in the college set up by Dr. Parag himself, she at last succeeds in removing the mask out of Dr. Parag's face, unveiling his true nature in front of the public and gets him behind bars. It is revealed before that Maasi Saa was ill-treated by Dr. Parag while in jail, and she was planning for revenge ever since she got out of jail. She later stops plotting against Uma and Kanak and becomes kind towards them.

Uma at this time receives a fake call and gets attacked by some goons who also trashes his Bike Ambulance. He recovers some months later, but loses his memory and to everyone's surprise turns into that same superstitious person he used to be before. He asks Kanak to either choose him or to pursue the Paramedics course as he is against the idea of her studying. However, Kanak chooses to continue her dream of becoming a doctor. Uma supports her decision and Aditya then reveals that it was Uma's plan all along to infuse some confidence and passion inside Kanak which she was lacking hitherto, and that he never lost his memory. With her husband at her side, the story finally ends on a happy note as Kanak sets off for her new career with the blessings of Bhabo and other elders.

Remakes
Because of it's Popularity it is remaded in several language . It has been remaked in telegu as Agni Sakshi which airs on Maa TV . The series has also been remade in Bengali as Ardhangini which airs on STAR  Jalsha.

Cast

Main cast
Rhea Sharma as Kanak Sooraj Rathi / Kanak Uma Shankar Toshniwal - A free-spirited and cheerful girl who believes in women's empowerment and has an undaunted zeal to protect her loved ones from any harm, and a firm disposition in materializing her thoughts and perception regarding something, be it faith, religion or relationship. She wants to become a paramedical doctor.(2017-18)
Avinesh Rekhi as Uma Shankar Toshniwal ("Uma") - An ayurvedic practitioner by profession and a blind believer in the faith and religion. However, his relationship with Kanak gradually changes, making him more cognizant of emotion and slowly uprooting the seeds of superstition/blind faith deeply embedded in his core. He is an honest, disciplined, and righteous person, Kanak's husband. (2017-18)
Swati Kapoor as Saraswati Toshniwal / Saraswati Vansh Rathi ("Saras") - Uma's younger sister, Vansh's wife. A docile, kindhearted, and devotional girl who was trapped by Vansh after he feigned being in love with her in order to get revenge on Uma for marrying his sister, Kanak. Saras genuinely loves Vansh and desperately tries to make their marriage survive. Recently, their relationship has improved after Vansh's previous misunderstandings about her and Uma were cleared up. (2017-18)
Kabeer Kumar as Vansh Sooraj Rathi - Kanak's elder brother and Ved's younger fraternal twin who is (unlike his twin) careless of his duties towards his household, unemployed, and can't financially contribute. He is often insensitive to others' feelings, and can easily misinterpret people and circumstances. He cares deeply for Kanak and goes to great lengths for her, but his efforts usually end up complicating matters. He is married to Saraswati Toshniwal. (2017-18)
Mayank Arora as IPS Ved Sooraj Rathi - Kanak's elder brother, Vansh's elder fraternal twin and Payal's husband. An IPS officer like his mother Sandhya, who is wise in opinion and stable at job. He falls in love with Payal, and with the help of Kanak, successfully nullifies Payal's marriage with the devious Aditya, saves her and later marries her. (2017-18)
Shefali Singh Soni as Payal Aditya Modani / Payal Ved Rathi - Previously Aditya's wife (having been married to him against her will in childhood), Aditya's ex-wife, Ved's wife. She was insecure in her position as the daughter-in-law of the Toshniwal household upon the arrival of Kanak. She breifly plotted against her with her mother but later realized her mistake after she was aided by Kanak to move out of her loveless dysfunctional relationship with Aditya, and start life anew with her lover Ved (Kanak's brother). However, she is jealous and mean-minded by nature. (2017-18)
Neelu Vaghela as Santosh Arun Rathi ("Bhabho") - Kanak's judicious and adamant grandmother with a strict demeanor, who often gives her relationship advice, especially in improving Uma's religious perspective; by giving rational guidance. She is the parallel lead character of the story. (2017-18)
Sadiya Siddiqui as Nanda Devi Modani ("Maasi saa") - Uma's maternal aunt who is a hypocritical, opportunistic and cunning lady. As Uma's maternal aunt, she has taught him wrong morals and made him rigidly orthodox in opinion and lifestyle to maintain her importance in his life. This made it easy for her to reign over his property with her co-conspirator, her devious son Aditya. She is the main antagonist in Uma's life and his relationship with Kanak. (2017-18)
Ayush Anand as Aditya Modani (aka Adi or Vicky) - Maasi saa's nefarious son and Payal's ex-husband who is cunning, lewd and greedy for money and other materialistic pleasures. He ran away from home at an early age to lead a lifestyle not bound by Uma's rules and regulations, and upon returning also tried to utilize Payal as a means to clear his debts. He could not succeed in his cruel intentions due to Kanak and Ved's interference. He was thrown in jail after his divorce from Payal but later he becomes good. (2017-18)

Recurring cast
Ashok Lokhande as Arun Rathi ("Baba saa") - Sooraj's father and Kanak's grandfather; a benevolent foodie who is at times forgetful and a bit foolish but has a deft touch with even the toughest situations and is the main emotional support behind the strength of his wife, Santosh "Bhabho". (2017-18)
Uday Nene as Golu Vikram Rathi - Kanak, Ved and Vansh's elder cousin brother who is excessively attached to his mother Meena. (2017)
Sheetal Pandya as Rani Golu Rathi - Golu's wife who previously worked as a maid servant to the Rathis and is just like her mother-in-law, Meena. (2017-18)
Kanika Maheshwari as Meenakshi Vikram Rathi "Meena" - Vikram's wife and Kanak's aunt, she is cunning and to some extent greedy for money, outgoing and boisterous. She cares deeply for Kanak and her brother having raised them up as her own children. She had previously been traumatized by her husband's infidelity, which had been a lie to save her from the shock of their daughter, Mishri's, misconduct in having a child without being married. (2017)
Rajeev Singh as Vikram Arun Rathi - Sooraj's brother and Kanak's uncle, he lied to his wife Meena about Pavan being his illegitimate child to hide their daughter's misconduct from her. He is like a father-figure to Ved, Vansh and Kanak. (2017)
Madhura Naik as Palomi - A lady who has been given shelter at Uma's household, but has, over time, fallen in love with him and is now obsessed with Uma. She is thus a rival of Kanak and is favored by Maasi saa over Kanak. (2017-18)
Hearty Singh as Shiv Toshniwal - Uma's younger cousin brother who is fond of Kanak. (2017-18)
Mazel Vyas as Suman Toshniwal - Uma's studious and intelligent younger cousin sister. (2017-18)
Vikas Grover as Arvind - Kanak's loyal friend. (2017)
Kangna Sharma as Meera Mittal - an insane woman obsessed with Uma. (2018)
Ankit Bathla as Akshay - a man who faked to love Kanak and wanted to destroy her life by marrying her. (2018)
Unknown as Arpita - Akshay's elder sister who had great trust in Kanak. (2018)
Abhaas Mehta as Dr. Parag Bansal - a corrupt and dishonest doctor who can go to any length for his profit. Dean of Pratistha Medical College. (2018)
Sanjay Gandhi as Divya Jyoti Prakash - an imposter hired by Nanda to act as "Mausa saa" or her husband as part of her plan to trap Uma and Kanak. (2018)
Honey Singh as Tiara, Classmate of Kanak in paramedical studies, Aditya's love interest. (2018)
Anjali Khurana as Professor Madhavi. Supports Dr Parag and hates Kanak. (2018)

Guest stars
Anas Rashid as Sooraj Rathi - Ved, Vansh and Kanak's father, who appeared in a dream sequence to motivate Kanak and also appeared in flashbacks
Deepika Singh as Sandhya Rathi - Ved, Vansh and Kanak's mother (in flashbacks only).
Gagan Malik as Bal Brahmachari

2017 Indian television series debuts

Tu Sooraj Main, Saanjh Piyaji


In Roman mythology, Clitumnus (; ) was a son of Oceanus and Tethys. He was the god of the Clitunno River in Umbria.

Reference to Clitumnus is best attested in Pliny the Younger "Letters" 8.8: "Hard by is an ancient and sacred temple, where stands Jupiter Clitumnus himself clad and adorned with a toga praetexta, and the oracular responses delivered there prove that the deity dwells within and foretells the future."

The Roman Emperor Caligula visited the sacred grove prior to his invasion of Germany, presumably to consult the oracle of Clitumnus.

References

Roman gods
Potamoi

Clitumnus


Hugh Farmer (20 January 1714, – 5 February 1787) was an English Dissenter and theologian.

He was educated at the Dissenting Academy in Northampton under Philip Doddridge, and became pastor of a congregation at Walthamstow, Essex. In 1701 he became preacher and one of the Tuesday lecturers at Salters' Hall, London. He was a believer in miracles, but wrote against the existence of supernatural evil. He viewed the devil as allegorical.

Life
A younger son of William and Mary Farmer, he was born on 20 January 1714 at the Isle Gate farm in a Shropshire hamlet called the Isle, within the parish of St. Chad, Shrewsbury. His mother was a daughter of Hugh Owen of Bronycludwr, Merionethshire, one of the nonconformists of 1662. Farmer was at school at Llanegryn, Merionethshire, and then under Charles Owen, at Warrington. In 1731 he entered the dissenting academy run by Philip Doddridge at Northampton; to his tutor's preaching and his reading of the sermons of Joseph Boyse he attributed his religious impressions. On leaving the academy (1736) he became assistant to David Some of Market Harborough (d. May 1737).

Early in 1737 he took charge of a struggling congregation at Walthamstow, founded by Samuel Slater, a minister ejected from St. James's, Bury St Edmunds. He at first lodged in London, only five miles away, but was then received into the family of William Snell, a chancery solicitor, and friend of Doddridge. Farmer made an increase in the congregation. In July, Doddridge, who had been asked to find a minister for the independent congregation at Taunton, applied to Farmer, who declined the overture; he explained that he was not Calvinistic enough for Taunton, the liberal element in the congregation having seceded with Thomas Amory. At Walthamstow was William Coward (died 1738), a benefactor to dissenting causes.

In 1740 a new meeting-house was built for Farmer on a piece of ground given by Snell. Farmer's preaching drew a distinguished congregation; Andrew Kippis remembered dozens of coaches in at the meeting-house door. He continued to reside with the Snells as a permanent guest, and spent most of his income in books. In 1759 his congregation relieved him of some duties by appointing as afternoon preacher Ebenezer Radcliffe, who remained his colleague till 1777. Thomas Belsham was invited to succeed him, but declined.

Farmer then prepared his treatise on Temptation of Christ (preface dated 23 June 1761). Soon afterwards he accepted the post of afternoon preacher at Salters' Hall, vacated by the promotion of Francis Spilsbury to the pastorate; this was a presbyterian congregation, but Farmer never ceased to be an independent. Except for that of James Fordyce of Monkwell Street, his was the largest afternoon congregation among the presbyterians of London. In 1762 he was elected a trustee of Dr. Williams's foundations; he was also elected a trustee of the Coward Trust. About the same time he was chosen one of the preachers at the "merchants' lecture" on Tuesday mornings at Salters' Hall.

Farmer resigned his Sunday lectureship at Salters' Hall in 1772; he delivered the charge at the ordination of Thomas Tayler at Carter Lane in 1778, but declined to print it; he resigned the merchants' lectureship in 1780. At the same time he resigned the pastorate at Walthamstow, but continued to preach in the morning until a successor was appointed. In 1782 he resigned his place on the Coward Trust, but was re-elected later.

His health was then failing, and he usually wintered at Bath. He overcame two severe attacks of kidney stone, but in 1785 was threatened with blindness (his father had been blind for six years before his death). An operation restored to him the use of his eyes, and his last days were devoted to study. He died on 5 February 1787, and was buried in the parish churchyard at Walthamstow, in the same grave with his friend Snell.

He never married. His elder brother, John, a strict Calvinist and a good scholar, became (30 December 1730) assistant to Richard Rawlin at Fetter Lane, and afterwards (28 March 1739) colleague with Edward Bentley at Coggeshall, Essex; he published a volume of sermons (1756), and succeeded Joseph Priestley at Needham Market, Suffolk (1758). He became deranged; Hugh, with whom he was not on good terms, then covertly provided for his wants.

Views
"Never raise a difficulty without being able to solve it" was his frequent advice to young preachers. He censured Joseph Priestley's publications. Conservative in his views, he was keenly alive to the thorny places of doctrinal systems, and avoided them. His recommendation was "Sell all your commentators and buy Grotius", an echo of a remark which he had heard in Doddridge's classroom, but without Doddridge's qualification.

He exercised an influence on liberal dissent. He was the champion of the divine sovereignty, both as excluding from the physical world the operation of any other invisible agents, and as authorising the production of 'new phænomena' which remove 'the inconveniences of governing by fixed and general laws.' Farmer maintained that the proof of the divinity of a doctrine is the fact that its enunciation has been followed by a miracle. Farmer's positions were adopted by the rationalising section of dissenters; but in the long run his strong assertions of the fixity of natural law overcame his argument for miracles.

The subject proposed the wilderness account of Christ's temptation by the Devil was a prophetic vision, rather than an actual event.

Works
Farmer published:

 The Duty of Thanksgiving, &c. 1746, (a sermon, 9 October, on the battle of Culloden).
 Inquiry into the Nature and Design of our Lord's Temptation in the Wilderness (1761). This went through three editions in Farmer's lifetime; the fourth (1805) was edited by Jeremiah Joyce; a fifth appeared in 1822. John Mason of Cheshunt claimed Farmer's theory as his own, but Farmer showed (in his 1764, second, edition) a radical distinction between them.
 Dissertation on the Miracles (1771); 2nd edit. 1804, edited by Joyce; 3rd edit. 1810. A German translation appeared at Berlin, 1777.
 An Examination of the late Mr. Le Moine's Treatise on Miracles, 1772 (occasioned by a series of attacks in the London Magazine, charging him with plagiarising from Abraham Le Moine).
 Essay on the Demoniacs of the New Testament (1775); 2nd edit. 1779; 3rd edit. 1805, edited by Joyce, with the Inquiry; 4th edit. (called the third), 1818. A German translation appeared at Berlin, 1776.
 Letters to the Rev. Dr. Worthington, &c., 1778 (reply to 'An Impartial Inquiry into the case of the Gospel Demoniacs,' 1777, by Richard Worthington, M.D.).
 The General Prevalence of the Worship of Human Spirits in the ancient Heathen Nations (1783).

Posthumously (with the 'Memoirs,' 1804) were printed:

 'A Reply' to John Fell, on the General Prevalence; and
 nine extracts from 'An Essay on the Case of Balaam,' from a transcript made by Michael Dodson.

Farmer's will instructed his executors, on pain of losing their legacies, to burn all his manuscripts; he had nearly completed a volume on the demonology of the ancients. He supplied Samuel Palmer with some details of Hugh Owen for the Nonconformist's Memorial (1775). Six of his letters to Isaac Toms of Hadleigh, Suffolk, are printed with the 'Memoirs.'

Notes

References

Attribution

1714 births
1787 deaths
English theologians

Hugh Farmer


Keith Toston (born May 6, 1987) is a professional Canadian football running back who is currently a free agent. After playing college football at Oklahoma State, Toston was undrafted in the 2010 NFL Draft and was signed by the St. Louis Rams on April 25, 2010.

Early years
At Angleton High School, Toston carried the ball 156 times for 1,564 yards and scored 18 touchdowns as a senior and averaged just over 10 yards per carry and as a junior, carried the ball 225 times for 1,529 yards and scored 15 touchdowns. He was a finalist for the Old Spice National High School Player of the Year award, and was District 24-4A offensive MVP as well as named all-Greater Houston and included on the Dallas Morning News' top 100 list.

College career
Toston played college football at Oklahoma State. In 2006, as a freshman, Tosten finished with 631 rushing yards with an average of 6.0 yards per rush and six touchdowns in 12 games. In his sophomore year he fumbled the ball twice in the Troy game, causing him to fall to third string the rest of the year. In his junior year he was second string, but rose to the challenge in his senior campaign when Kendall Hunter went down with a knee injury. In 2009 as a senior he was a first-team All-Big 12 running back.

Toston was selected to play in the 85th annual East-West Shrine Game, which was played January 23, 2010, in Orlando, Florida.

Toston accumulated 473 attempts, 2725 yards, and 27 rushing touchdowns in his career at Oklahoma State.

Professional career

Pre-draft

St. Louis Rams
Toston was signed by the St. Louis Rams on April 25, 2010, and made the Rams' opening-day roster in 2010. Toston spent the year as the Rams' secondary back. He accumulated 54 yards on 19 carries in spot duty. On September 3, 2011, the Rams cut Toston.

Jacksonville Jaguars
Keith was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars on August 2, 2012

Saskatchewan Roughriders
On April 4, 2014, Toston was signed by the Saskatchewan Roughriders to a 2-year deal.

References

External links
Saskatchewan Roughriders bio
Oklahoma State Cowboys bio

1987 births
Living people
Angleton High School alumni
American football running backs
Oklahoma State Cowboys football players
St. Louis Rams players
Jacksonville Jaguars players
Saskatchewan Roughriders players
Calgary Stampeders players

Keith Toston


María Fernanda Morales (born in Mexico City, November 7, 1970) is a prolific Mexican voice actress. Morales is most known for the voice of Saori Kido in Saint Seiya, Kimi Finster in Rugrats and All Grown Up!, and Sailor Venus in Sailor Moon among other works she has worked on.

Roles

Television animation
 All Grown Up! (Kimi Finster (Dionne Quan))
 Captain N: The Game Master (Princess Lana (Venus Terzo))
 Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers (Chip (Tress MacNeille))
 Corrector Yui (Yui Kasuga (Makiko Ōmoto))
 Talespin (Molly Cunningham (Janna Michaels), Princess Lotta L'Amour (Kath Soucie))
 DuckTales (Hugo, Paco and Luis (Russi Taylor))
 Ed, Edd y Eddy (Johnny (second voice) (David Paul Grove))
 Rugrats (Kimi Finster (Dionne Quan))
 The Powerpuff Girls (Brick, second voice) (Rob Paulsen))
 Sailor Moon (Sailor Venus (Rika Fukami))
 Saint Seiya (Athena (Saint Seiya) (Keiko Han, Fumiko Orikasa
 Zatch Bell! (Kido, Li-en))
 Invader Zim (Tak)

OVA
 Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue (Hugo, Paco and Luis (Russi Taylor)
 FernGully: The Last Rainforest (Crysta (Samantha Mathis))
 FernGully 2: The Magical Rescue (Crysta (Laura Elrich))
 The Lion King 1½ (Adult Nala (Moira Kelly))
 The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (Nala (Moira Kelly))
 Once Upon a Forest (Abigail) (Ellen Blain)
 The Iron Giant (Annie Hughes) (Jennifer Aniston)
 Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse (Chip and Hugo, Paco and Luis (Tress MacNeille and Tony Anselmo).

Theater animation
Kiki's Delivery Service (Ursula (Minami Takayama))
The Lion King (Adult Nala (Moira Kelly))
Los Caballeros del Zodíaco: La Película (Athena)
Space Jam (Lola Bunny (Kath Soucie))
Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within (Aki Ross (Ming-Na))

Dubbing roles
Spider-Man 2 (Ursula Ditkovich (Mageina Tovah))
Spider-Man 3 (Ursula Ditkovitch (Mageina Tovah))

References

Living people
Mexican television actors
1975 births
Mexican voice actors
Actors from Mexico City

María Fernanda Morales


Carl J. Henry (born August 16, 1960) is an American former professional basketball player. He was a 6'6", 205 lb shooting guard.

Born in Hollis, Oklahoma, Henry attended and played collegiately at both the University of Kansas and Oklahoma City University.  Henry led Kansas in scoring in both 1982–83 and 1983–84, averaging 16.8 points per game as a junior, and 17.4 points per game in his senior season. He was selected with the tenth pick of the 4th round (80th overall) in the 1984 National Basketball Association Draft by the Kansas City Kings. His NBA career lasted 28 games with the Sacramento Kings in 1985–86 (by then the franchise had relocated from Kansas City, Missouri). Henry last played basketball in 1993 for Bobcat Gent in Belgium. Henry then became an AAU basketball coach and a personal trainer for pro-basketball prospects.

Carl's son Xavier Henry was the 12th pick in the 2010 NBA draft. His other son, C. J. Henry, played for the University of Kansas's basketball team after transferring from Memphis and is a former minor league prospect for the New York Yankees. Carl's wife attended Kansas as a student-athlete for the women's basketball team.

References

External links

1960 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Oklahoma
Kansas City Kings draft picks
Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball players
Oklahoma City Stars men's basketball players
People from Hollis, Oklahoma
Sacramento Kings players
Shooting guards
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople

Carl Henry (basketball)


The International Federation of Medical Students' Associations (IFMSA) is a non-governmental organization representing associations of medical students. It was founded in May 1951 and currently maintains 139 member organizations from 130 countries around.

History
The International Federation of Medical Students' Associations was one of the numerous international student organizations set up directly after the end of the Second World War. The first meeting that saw the establishment of the Federation was held in Copenhagen, Denmark in May 1951. The first members of this new organization were England, Austria, the Federal Republic of Germany, Finland, Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Denmark. London saw the first General Assembly of IFMSA in July 1952. The meeting had a total of thirty participants from ten countries.

Starting from the exclusively European founding organizations the Federation has expanded to include 136 members from all over the world.

IFMSA has always focused on student mobility and exchange as well as conference and workshop organization. The first conferences were the Student International Clinical Conferences, which were quite successful in the 1950s. Various summer schools have been organized through the years, starting in 1963 in Denmark, the UK, and Scandinavia. Other conferences have discussed medical education, drugs and AIDS, and HIV issues. In the 1960s projects were organized to help less advantaged students in developing countries the Book Aid project, which sought to send medical books from wealthier nations and the Equipment Appeal, which promoted the shipping of surplus medical equipment to these countries.

The 1970s medical students saw a need for the decentralization of IFMSA. To this aim, IFMSA contributed to the creation of regional medical student organizations in Africa and Asia. Subsequently, regional vice-presidents were elected for six regions as a way of promoting regionalization but this structure was abandoned after a few years.

In the early 1980s IFMSA issued a number of resolutions and declarations on topics ranging from Medical Education to the Prevention of Nuclear War to Primary Health Care. In the late 1980s there was a push towards organizing projects that would be able to make a change locally and thus the Village Concept Project idea was born after collaboration with other international student organizations. 1986 also saw the start of the Leadership Training Programs in collaboration with World Health Organization. These training programs are still active today.

Official relations with WHO started back in 1969, when the collaboration resulted in the organization of a symposium on "Programmed Learning in Medical Education", as well as immunology and tropical medicine programs. In the following years, IFMSA and WHO collaborated in the organization of a number of workshops and training programs. IFMSA has been collaborating with UNESCO since 1971. Since 2007 IFMSA has been an official supporting organization of HIFA2015 (Healthcare Information For All by 2015).

Activities
The main activities of IFMSA are student exchanges and different projects. Around 14,000 medical students each year participate in international medical student exchanges, both professional and academic (research). IFMSA organizes projects, programs, seminars and workshops on areas of public health, medical education, reproductive health and human rights and peace.

Organization
All activities of the IFMSA are linked to one of its six standing committees, which are:
 Standing Committee on Medical Education (SCOME)
 Standing Committee on Professional Exchange (SCOPE)
 Standing Committee on Research Exchange (SCORE)
 Standing Committee on Public Health (SCOPH)
 Standing Committee on Sexual & Reproductive Health and Rights including HIV & AIDS (SCORA)
 Standing Committee on Human Rights and Peace (SCORP)

Structure
To be able to work together, IFMSA has created an organizational structure, which facilitates the flow of ideas and enables the development of activities.

IFMSA is composed of medical students' associations from 126 different countries, which are formed 136 members of IFMSA and are called National Member Organizations (NMOs). All the activities of IFMSA are organized by the NMOs. Each NMO has its own identity. Most NMOs have Local Committees at the medical schools in their country. The Local Committees coordinate and organize IFMSA activities. Through these Local Committees, the NMOs are in direct contact with the medical students.

IFMSA is a federation, which respects the autonomy of its members, the NMOs. The NMOs can decide which activities they take part in and what new activities should be developed.

IFMSA functions as an umbrella organization with 140 national and local organizations in 129 countries.

The decision-making process is in the hands of the General Assembly, the executive process is in the hands of the International Board and the controlling power is in the hands of the Supervising Council.

The General Assembly (GA) is composed of representatives of all NMO's, and meets twice a year in March and August. The General Assembly decides the activities of IFMSA, the regulations, and the management and elects the Team of Officials and the Supervising Council.

The General Assembly elects the Team of Officials (TO) each year. It is composed of the executive board (EB), Standing Committee Directors, Liaison Officers, and Regional Directors. The executive board is responsible for the daily management of the Federation and deals with issues such as fundraising, marketing, external relations, finances, administration, development and support to National Member Organizations.

Standing Committee Directors are assigned to one field of activities. They coordinate the Standing Committee, which carries out these activities. They give support to national and local officers, prepare the meetings of the Standing Committee and are responsible for the development of new activities.

Liaison Officers maintain contact with important external relations and represent IFMSA towards those organizations. The Regional Directors are responsible for each of the IFMSA 5 Regions.

The Supervising Council is elected by the General Assembly to evaluate and supervise the work of the IFMSA officials and undertakes actions in case problems arise.

Presidents
 1995–1996 – Ahmed Fayed, Egypt – EMR
 2001-2002 – Joel Kammeyer, United States – EMR
 2002-2003 - Kristina Oegaard Norway - Europe
 2003-2004 - Emily Spry, United Kingdom - Europe
 2005–2006 – Jana Kammeyer, Slovakia – Europe
 2006–2007 – Ahmed Ali, Sudan – Africa
 2007–2008 – Anas Eid, Palestine – EMR
 2008–2009 – Melhim Bou Alwan, Lebanon – EMR
 2009–2010 – Silva Rukavina, Croatia – Europe
 2010–2011 – Chijioke Kaduru, Ghana – Africa
 2011–2012 – Christopher Pleyer, Austria – Europe
 2012–2013 – Roopa Dhatt, United States – Americas
 2013–2014 – Josko Mise, Croatia – Europe
 2014–2015 – Agostinho Sousa, Portugal – Europe
 2015–2016 – Karim M. Abuzeid, Egypt – EMR
 2016–2017 – Cherkaoui Omar, Morocco – EMR
 2017–2018 – Carlos Acosta, Brazil – Americas
 2018–2019 – Batool Al-Wahdani, Jordan – EMR
 2019–2020 – Nebojša Nikolić, Serbia – Europe
 2020–2021 – Po-Chin Li Taiwan – Asia
 2021–2022 – Mohamed El Amine Youcef Ali Algeria – EMR
 2022–2023 – Mariona Borrell Arrasa – Catalonia, Spain – Europe
 2023-2024 - Evangelia Roubou - Greece – Europe (ad interim)

Meetings

General Assemblies
Twice a year, the delegations of the NMO's of IFMSA get together at the IFMSA General Assemblies. The March Meeting and the August Meeting bring together several hundred (600–900) medical students from all around the world. During the seven days of the meetings, the delegates discuss matters of the Federation and make valuable contacts for their organizations.

The General Assembly remains the highest decision-making body of the Federation although the actual program of the meeting has developed into a mixture of training, planning and evaluation sessions in between the legislative Plenary Sessions. The work in the Standing Committees of IFMSA is the essence for most delegates: signing contracts, presenting and planning projects are all in a day's work for the National Officers from the participating organizations. An extensive Training and Resource Development component has been integrated in the program, providing the participants with new skills needed in their work, but seldom found in the regular University curriculum: Lobbying Skills, Group Dynamics and Strategic Planning to name a few.

With IFMSA being much more than just exchanges, the Project Fair has evolved to extend presentations of local, national and international projects outside the Standing Committees. Round Table Discussions enable the student delegates to discuss currently relevant topics with invited experts and short lectures are frequently given by representatives from, for example, different UN agencies.

A special Financial Committee is elected at each General Assembly to audit the budget and finances of the Federation. Other legislative proceedings at the meetings include the adoption of reports from the executive board members, IFMSA Officials and IFMSA projects, and the adoption of official IFMSA Policy Statements. Guidelines on which areas IFMSA should focus on and other important decisions for the future of the Federation are prepared by the Presidents of the National Member Organizations and the executive board and brought for approval to the Plenary Sessions.

Hosting a General Assembly is an honor and a great trial for the Organizing Committee. The entire process is run by student volunteers, from fundraising to implementation, and shows that the power of IFMSA indeed lies at the local level. As with any international meeting, the social program is important in providing relaxation between the long hours of work and giving the hosts an opportunity to show their culture and creativity to their foreign friends.

Regional and sub-regional meetings
In addition to the General Assemblies, the National Member Organizations are also getting together for Regional Meetings. These meetings follow a similar agenda as General Assemblies, and are organized yearly for each region. They allow more students of the Region to gather, because the meeting is always in the Region, and the agenda is focused on regionally relevant topics.

Awards
The IFMSA won on 3 October 2014 the Health Systems Award - Civil Organization. This award recognizes the organization that best employs social media to engage civil society in health systems-related dialogue. It recognizes the work the Federation has been doing to connect and engage with health communities around the world.

See also
 American Medical Student Association (AMSA-USA)
 Australian Medical Students' Association (AMSA-AUS)
 International Association of Dental Students (IADS)
 International Pharmaceutical Students' Federation (IPSF)
 Iranian Medical Students Association (IMSA-IRAN)

References

External links

Med
Medical and health student organizations
Student organizations established in 1951
1951 establishments in Denmark


People's war (Chinese: 人民战争), also called protracted people's war, is a Maoist military strategy. First developed by the Chinese communist revolutionary leader Mao Zedong (1893–1976), the basic concept behind people's war is to maintain the support of the population and draw the enemy deep into the countryside (stretching their supply lines) where the population will bleed them dry through a mix of mobile warfare and guerrilla warfare. It was used by the Chinese communists against the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II, and by the Chinese Soviet Republic in the Chinese Civil War.

The term is used by Maoists for their strategy of long-term armed revolutionary struggle. After the Sino-Vietnamese War in 1979, Deng Xiaoping abandoned people's war for "People's War under Modern Conditions", which moved away from reliance on troops over technology. With the adoption of "socialism with Chinese characteristics", economic reforms fueled military and technological investment. Troop numbers were also reduced and professionalisation encouraged.

The strategy of people's war was used heavily by the Viet Cong in the Vietnam War. However, protracted war should not be confused with the "foco" theory employed by Che Guevara and Fidel Castro in the Cuban Revolution of 1959.

Overview

In China

In its original formulation by Chairman Mao Zedong, people's war exploits the few advantages that a small revolutionary movement has—broad-based popular support can be one of them—against a state's power with a large, professional, well-equipped and well-funded army. People's war strategically avoids decisive battles, since a tiny force of a few dozen soldiers would easily be routed in an all-out confrontation with the state. Instead, it favours a three-phase strategy of protracted warfare, with carefully chosen battles that can realistically be won.

In phase one, the revolutionary force conducting people's war starts in a remote area with mountainous or forested terrain in which its enemy is weak. It attempts to establish a local stronghold known as a revolutionary base area. As it grows in power, it enters phase two, establishes other revolutionary base areas and spreads its influence through the surrounding countryside, where it may become the governing power and gain popular support through such programmes as land reform. Eventually in phase three, the movement has enough strength to encircle and capture small cities, then larger ones, until finally it seizes power in the entire country.

Within the Chinese Red Army, the concept of people's war was the basis of strategy against the Japanese, and against a hypothetical Soviet invasion of China. The concept of people's war became less important with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the increasing possibility of conflict with the United States over Taiwan. In the 1980s and 1990s the concept of people's war was changed to include more high-technology weaponry.

Historian David Priestland dates the beginning of the policy of people's war to the publication of a "General Outline for Military Work" in May 1928, by Chinese Central Committee.  This document established official military strategies to the Chinese Red Army during the Chinese civil war.

The strategy of people's war has political dimensions in addition to its military dimensions. In China, the early People's Liberation Army was composed of peasants who had previously lacked political significance and control over their place in the social order. Its internal organization was egalitarian between soldiers and officers, and its external relationship with rural civilians was egalitarian. As sociologist Alessandro Russo summarizes, the political existence of peasants via the PLA was a radical exception to the rules of Chinese society and "overturned the strict traditional hierarchies in unprecedented forms of egalitarianism[.]"

Other usage in Chinese rhetoric
In 2014 Party leadership in Xinjiang commenced a People's War against the "Three Evil Forces" of separatism, terrorism, and extremism. They deployed two hundred thousand party cadres to Xinjiang and the launched the Civil Servant-Family Pair Up program. Xi was dissatisfied with the initial results of the People's War and replaced Zhang Chunxian with Chen Quanguo in 2016. Following his appointment Chen oversaw the recruitment of tens of thousands of additional police officers and the division of society into three categories: trusted, average, untrustworthy. He instructed his subordinated to "Take this crackdown as the top project," and "to preempt the enemy, to strike at the outset." Following a meeting with Xi in Beijing Chen Quanguo held a rally in Ürümqi with ten thousand troops, helicopters, and armored vehicles. As they paraded he announced a "smashing, obliterating offensive," and declared that they would "bury the corpses of terrorists and terror gangs in the vast sea of the People's War."

In February 2020, the Chinese Communist Party launched an aggressive campaign described by the Party general secretary Xi Jinping as a "people's war" to contain the spread of the coronavirus.

Outside China
Outside China, the people's war doctrine has been successful in Cuba, Nepal, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and Nicaragua, but generally unsuccessful elsewhere in which the government has the will and the means to break up the movement before it can establish base areas.

Outside China, people's war has been basis of wars started in Peru on May 2, 1982, and in the Nepalese Civil War begun on February 9, 1999. A group of Peruvian Maoists known as the Shining Path at times controlled most of the country during the internal conflict in Peru, but they were dealt a blow by the arrest of their leader Abimael Guzmán in 1992. While they claim to consider this event only a "bend in the road", most independent sources have claimed them to be in decline since that time.

According to most sources, at the height of the conflict in Peru, both the Shining Path and the Peruvian government used terror tactics against the civilian population, especially in the countryside. Government tactics included sponsorship of death squads; Shining Path tactics included violent attacks on trade unionists and others they saw as rivals for the leadership of those opposing the government. This atmosphere of fear has made it very difficult to get any objective measure of support among the peasantry for either the government or the Maoist insurgents.

In Nepal, the Maoists succeeded in controlling most of the country and formed 100,000 troops into 3 divisions in what they called the "beginning of the strategic offensive". Some of these troops were conscripted. By aligning with the democracy movement, with the subsequent restoration of democracy, and a peace agreement with the government, the Maoist insurgency was able to form a coalition government in 2008.

In India, the Naxalite Maoist insurgency controls several rural districts in the eastern and southern regions, especially in Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand. In the Philippines the Communist Party of the Philippines is waging an enduring people's war through its armed wing, the New People's Army, the Turkish TKP/ML and its armed wing TiKKO (Turkish Workers and Peasants Liberation Army) has been waging a People's War in Turkey since 1972.

During the 1980s in Ireland, IRA leader Jim Lynagh devised a Maoist urban guerilla military strategy adapted to Irish conditions aimed at escalating the war against British security forces. The plan envisaged the destruction of police stations and military barracks in parts of Northern Ireland in order to create areas under complete IRA control. In 1984 he started cooperating with Pádraig McKearney who shared his views. The strategy began materializing with the destruction of two Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) stations in Ballygawley in December 1985 (resulting in the death of two RUC officers), and in The Birches in August 1986. Lynagh and his IRA unit were killed in another attack on a RUC police station in Loughgall in an SAS ambush.

In non-communist states such as Iran, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps used the protracted people's war against Iraq. It is also applied to the Houthi movement in Yemen, an armed faction supported by Iran.

List of people's wars

Conflicts in the following list are failed and successful wars labelled as people's wars by Maoists, and also both failed and ongoing attempts to start and develop people's wars. In addition to the conflicts in the list, there also have been conflicts not primarily led by Maoists or seen as people's wars, but had Maoist groups involved within them who viewed the conflicts partly as such, including the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (Arab–Israeli conflict) and the Communist Party of Burma (Myanmar civil war).

See also
On Protracted War
 Soviet partisans
 Viet Cong and PAVN strategy, organization and structure
 Strategy and tactics of guerrilla warfare
 Colombian conflict (1964–present)
 Paraguayan People's Army insurgency

References

Citations

Sources

 VK Shashikumar. Red Terror: India under siege from within, CNN-IBN, March 16, 2006.

Cold War history of China
Guerrilla warfare
Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party
Maoism
Maoist terminology
Military history of the People's Republic of China
Military strategy
Revolution terminology
Wars by type

People's war


Christopher O'Hare is an American artist, sculptor, inventor, and landscape architect based in South Florida. He is the founder of both Pineapple Grove Designs—a producer of ornamental art for architecture—and Reef Cells—a company that designs and deploys artificial, eco-friendly reef structures (some of which memorialize deceased people). Clients of Pineapple Grove Designs include Paul McCartney, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Gianni Versace, California D.O.T., the Miami Dolphins, and the University of Notre Dame. O'Hare's work is on projects throughout North America and overseas from Okinowa Japan to Dubai UAE.

Career

O'Hare began his career as a landscape architect, designing gardens for residential and resort properties in Miami and Palm Beach. In 1986, O'Hare was a member of the Old School Square Committee and the Beautification Trust Committee for the city of Delray Beach, Florida. The committee was tasked with revitalizing and redeveloping certain sections of the town. In June 1986, he resigned from his post as chairman of the Beautification Committee to focus more on his business. O'Hare continued proposing revitalization developments even after his resignation from the committee.

In 1989, O'Hare founded Pineapple Grove Designs in his garage in Delray Beach. The company now occupies a 50,000 sq ft facility in Boynton Beach, Florida. The company produces numerous stone-sculpted architectural ornamental products. Sculpted products come in a wide range of standard designs including historic, traditional and contemporary imagery. The company also produces custom designs for customers. O'Hare offers all his architectural art, including 3 dimensional sculpture, bas-relief panels, tile, paintings and architectural grilles through Pineapple Grove Designs.

In 1996, O'Hare resided in Ocean Ridge, Florida and was elected to the Town Commission. He served on the commission for two years, overseeing projects like the planting of 40,000 plants on beach dunes in the town and the hiring of a new Town Manager. He also donated decorative stone panels for a landscaping project in the city. O'Hare returned to full-time private business when his term expired.

In 2005, O'Hare designed and deployed one of his first artificial reefs. He had previously been granted patents for the design of these artificial reefs in 1997, with additional patents still pending. The reef was donated and deployed in honor of fireman Peter Firehock who had died in December 2001. O'Hare's own father was a New York City firefighter.

The Firehock Reef led to O'Hare founding Reef Cells, a nonprofit subsidiary of Pineapple Grove Designs. Reef Cells are made of a pH neutral Portland and aluminate cement mix and are designed to provide an ideal location for reef-based marine life to thrive. Each reef unit is composed of interconnecting cavities referred to as "cells." O'Hare took on a similar memorialization project in 2015 when he created 40 Reef Cells to memorialize Andrew "Red" Harris. Harris had been killed by a boat while snorkeling in 2014. The reef was deployed in August 2015 in the Jupiter Inlet 3.5 miles off the coast of Jupiter, Florida.

Patents
 Method for assembling artificial reef modular units, filed January 24, 2002; issued July 24, 2003
 Memorialization of human cremain in artificial reef, filed March 15, 1999; issued February 20, 2001
 Aquatic organism habitat device, filed June 7, 1995; issued September 23, 1997

References

External links
Pineapple Grove Designs Official Website
Reef Cells Official Website

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American sculptors
People from Gulf Stream, Florida
People from Ocean Ridge, Florida
21st-century American sculptors

Christopher O'Hare