The Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song is a Golden Globe Award that was awarded for the first time in 1962 and has been awarded annually since 1965 by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association. The award is presented to the songwriters of a song written specifically for a motion picture. The performers of the song are not credited, unless they also have a writing or co-writing credit.

Winners and nominees
Songs without writers in parentheses are written by the artist provided.

1960s
1961: "Town Without Pity" by Gene Pitney (Dimitri Tiomkin & Ned Washington) – Town Without Pity

1964: "Circus World" (Dimitri Tiomkin & Ned Washington) – Circus World
 "Dear Heart" (Henry Mancini, Jay Livingston & Ray Evans) – Dear Heart
 "From Russia with Love" (John Barry & Lionel Bart) – From Russia with Love
 "Sunday in New York" (Peter Nero & Carroll Coates) – Sunday in New York
 "Where Love Has Gone" (Jimmy Van Heusen & Sammy Cahn) – Where Love Has Gone

1965: "Forget Domani" (Riz Ortolani & Norman Newell) – The Yellow Rolls-Royce
 "Ballad of Cat Ballou" (Jerry Livingston & Mack David) – Cat Ballou
 "The Sweetheart Tree" (Henry Mancini & Johnny Mercer) – The Great Race
 "The Shadow of Your Smile" by Vic Damone (Johnny Mandel & Paul Francis Webster) – The Sandpiper
 "That Funny Feeling" by Bobby Darin (Walden Cassotto) – That Funny Feeling

1966: "Strangers in the Night" by Frank Sinatra (Bert Kaempfert, Charles Singleton & Eddie Snyder) – A Man Could Get Killed
 "Alfie" by Dionne Warwick (Burt Bacharach & Hal David) – Alfie
 "Born Free" by Matt Monro (John Barry & Don Black) – Born Free
 "Georgy Girl" by The Seekers (Tom Springfield & Jim Dale) – Georgy Girl
 "A Man and a Woman" (Francis Lai & Pierre Barouh) – A Man and a Woman (Un homme et une femme)

1967: "If Ever I Would Leave You" by Richard Harris (Frederick Loewe & Alan Jay Lerner) – Camelot
 "Talk to the Animals" by Rex Harrison (Leslie Bricusse) – Doctor Dolittle
 "Circles in the Water (Des ronds dans l'eau)" (Francis Lai & Norman Gimbel) – Live for Life (Vivre pour vivre)
 "Please Don't Gamble with Love" (Jerry Styner & Guy Hemric) – Ski Fever
 "Thoroughly Modern Millie" (Jimmy Van Heusen & Sammy Cahn) – Thoroughly Modern Millie

1968: "The Windmills of Your Mind" by Noel Harrison – (Michel Legrand, Alan and Marilyn Bergman) – The Thomas Crown Affair
 "Buona Sera, Mrs. Campbell" (Riz Ortolani & Melvin Frank) – Buona Sera, Mrs. Campbell
 "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" (Richard M. Sherman & Robert B. Sherman) – Chitty Chitty Bang Bang
 "Funny Girl" by Barbra Streisand (Jule Styne & Bob Merrill) – Funny Girl
 "Star" (Jimmy Van Heusen & Sammy Cahn) – Star!

1969: "Jean" by Rod McKuen – The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie
 "Raindrops Keep Falling on My Head" by B.J. Thomas (Burt Bacharach & Hal David) – Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid
 "The Time for Love Is Anytime" (Quincy Jones & Cynthia Weil) – Cactus Flower
 "Goodbye, Columbus" by Jim Yester – Goodbye, Columbus
 "What Are You Doing the Rest of Your Life?" (Michel Legrand, Alan and Marilyn Bergman) – The Happy Ending
 "Stay" (Ernest Goldner & Norman Gimbel) – The Secret of Santa Vittoria
 "True Grit" by Glen Campbell (Elmer Bernstein & Don Black) – True Grit

1970s
1970: "Whistling Away the Dark" by Julie Andrews (Henry Mancini & Johnny Mercer) – Darling Lili
 "Ballad of Little Fauss and Big Halsey" by Johnny Cash (Carl Perkins) – Little Fauss and Big Halsy
 "Till Love Touches Your Life" by Shirley Bassey (Riz Ortolani & Arthur Hamilton) – Madron
 "Pieces of Dreams" by Johnny Mathis (Marvin Hamlisch, Alan and Marilyn Bergman) – Pieces of Dreams
 "Thank You Very Much" by James Head (Leslie Bricusse) – Scrooge

1971: "Life Is What You Make It" by Percy Faith & His Orchestra (Marvin Hamlisch & Johnny Mercer) – Kotch
 "Rain Falls Anywhere It Wants To" by Michael Dees (Laurence Rosenthal, Alan and Marilyn Bergman) – The African Elephant
 "Something More" by Carlton Dinnall (Quincy Jones & Bradford Craig) – Honky
 "Long Ago Tomorrow" by B. J. Thomas (Burt Bacharach & Hal David) – The Raging Moon
 "Theme from Shaft" by Isaac Hayes – Shaft

1972: "Ben" by Michael Jackson (Walter Scharf & Don Black) – Ben
 "Carry Me" by Edward Albert (Bob Alcivar & Randy McNeill) – Butterflies Are Free
 "Mein Herr" by Liza Minnelli (John Kander & Fred Ebb) – Cabaret
 "Money, Money" by Joel Grey and Minnelli (Kander & Ebb) – Cabaret
 "Dueling Banjos" by Eric Weissberg (Arthur "Guitar Boogie" Smith) – Deliverance
 "Marmalade, Molasses and Honey" by Andy Williams (Maurice Jarre, Alan and Marilyn Bergman) – The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean
 "Take Me Home" by Renée Armand (Johnny Mandel, Alan and Marilyn Bergman) – Molly and Lawless John
 "The Morning After" by Maureen McGovern (Al Kasha & Joel Hirschhorn) – The Poseidon Adventure

1973: "The Way We Were" by Barbra Streisand (Marvin Hamlisch, Alan and Marilyn Bergman) – The Way We Were
 "Breezy's Song" by Shelby Flint (Michel Legrand, Alan and Marilyn Bergman) – Breezy
 "Lonely Looking Sky" by Neil Diamond – Jonathan Livingston Seagull
 "Rosa Rosa" by Yehoram Gaon & Aliza Azikri (Dov Seltzer & Haim Hefer) – Kazablan
 "Send a Little Love My Way" by Anne Murray (Henry Mancini & Hal David) – Oklahoma Crude
 "All That Love Went to Waste" by Shirley Bassey (George Barrie & Sammy Cahn) – A Touch of Class

1974: "I Feel Love" by Claude Rich (Euel Box & Betty Box) – Benji
 "On and On" by Gladys Knight & the Pips (Curtis Mayfield) – Claudine
 "Sail the Summer Winds" by Lyn Paul (John Barry & Don Blackstone – The Dove
 "I Never Met a Rose" by Richard Kiley (Frederick Loewe & Alan Jay Lerner) – The Little Prince
 "We May Never Love Like This Again" by Maureen McGovern (Al Kasha & Joel Hirschhorn) – The Towering Inferno

1975: "I'm Easy" by Keith Carradine – Nashville
 "How Lucky Can You Get" by Barbra Streisand (John Kander & Fred Ebb) – Funny Lady
 "My Little Friend" by Ray Conniff Singers (Roy Budd & Sammy Cahn) – Paper Tiger
 "Now That We're in Love" by Steve Lawrence (George Barrie & Cahn) – Whiffs
 "Richard's Window" by Olivia Newton-John (Charles Fox & Norman Gimbel) – The Other Side of the Mountain

1976: "Evergreen" by Barbra Streisand (Streisand & Paul Williams) – A Star Is Born
 "Bugsy Malone" by Williams – Bugsy Malone
 "Car Wash" by Rose Royce (Norman Whitfield) – Car Wash
 "I'd Like to Be You for a Day" by Barbara Harris and Jodie Foster (Al Kasha & Joel Hirschhorn) – Freaky Friday
 "Hello and Goodbye" by Jill Ireland (Elmer Bernstein, Alan and Marilyn Bergman) – From Noon Till Three
 "So Sad the Song" by Gladys Knight & the Pips (Michael Masser & Gerry Goffin) – Pipe Dreams

1977: "You Light Up My Life" by Kasey Cisyk (Joseph Brooks) – You Light Up My Life
 "Down Deep Inside" by Donna Summer (John Barry & Summer) – The Deep
 "New York, New York" by Liza Minnelli (Kander and Ebb) – New York, New York
 "How Deep Is Your Love" by The Bee Gees – Saturday Night Fever
 "Nobody Does It Better" by Carly Simon (Marvin Hamlisch & Carole Bayer Sager) – The Spy Who Loved Me

1978: "Last Dance" by Donna Summer (Paul Jabara) – Thank God It's Friday
 "Ready to Take a Chance Again" by Barry Manilow (Charles Fox & Norman Gimbel) – Foul Play
 "Grease" by Frankie Valli (Barry Gibb) – Grease
 "You're the One That I Want" by Olivia Newton-John & John Travolta (John Farrar) – Grease
 "The Last Time I Felt Like This" by Johnny Mathis & Jane Olivor (Marvin Hamlisch, Alan and Marilyn Bergman) – Same Time, Next Year

1979: "The Rose" by Bette Midler (Amanda McBroom) – The Rose
 "Through the Eyes of Love" by Melissa Manchester (Marvin Hamlisch & Carole Bayer Sager) – Ice Castles
 "The Main Event" by Barbra Streisand (Paul Jabara & Bruce Roberts) – The Main Event
 "Rainbow Connection" by Kermit the Frog (Paul Williams & Kenny Ascher) – The Muppet Movie
 "Better Than Ever" by Candice Bergen (Hamlisch & Bayer Sager) – Starting Over

1980s
1980: "Fame" by Irene Cara (Michael Gore & Dean Pitchford) – Fame
 "Call Me" by Blondie (Giorgio Moroder & Angela Trimble) – American Gigolo
 "Yesterday's Dreams" by Johnny Mathis (Michel Legrand & Carol Connors) – Falling in Love Again
 "Love on the Rocks" by Neil Diamond – The Jazz Singer
 "9 to 5" by Dolly Parton – 9 to 5

1981: "Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)" by Christopher Cross (Peter Allen, Burt Bacharach, Christopher Cross & Carole Bayer Sager) – Arthur
 "It's Wrong for Me to Love You" by Pia Zadora (Henry Mancini & Carol Connors) – Butterfly
 "Endless Love" by Lionel Richie and Diana Ross (Richie) – Endless Love
 "For Your Eyes Only" by Sheena Easton (Bill Conti & Michael J. Leeson) – For Your Eyes Only
 "One More Hour" by Jennifer Warnes (Randy Newman) – Ragtime

1982: "Up Where We Belong" by Joe Cocker and Jennifer Warnes (Jack Nitzsche, Buffy Sainte-Marie & Will Jennings) – An Officer and a Gentleman
 "Cat People (Putting Out Fire)" by David Bowie (Giorgio Moroder & Bowie) – Cat People
 "Making Love" by Roberta Flack (Burt Bacharach, Bruce Roberts & Carole Bayer Sager) – Making Love
 "Eye of the Tiger" by Survivor (Jim Peterik & Frankie Sullivan) – Rocky III
 "If We Were in Love" by Luciano Pavarotti (John Williams, Alan and Marilyn Bergman) – Yes, Giorgio

1983: "Flashdance... What a Feeling" by Irene Cara *Giorgio Moroder, Cara & Keith Forsey) – Flashdance
 "Maniac" by Michael Sembello – Flashdance
 "Far from Over" by Frank Stallone (Stallone & Vince DiCola) – Staying Alive
 "Over You" by Betty Buckley (Austin Roberts & Bobby Hart) – Tender Mercies
 "The Way He Makes Me Feel" by Barbra Streisand (Michel Legrand, Alan and Marilyn Bergman) – Yentl

1984: "I Just Called to Say I Love You" by Stevie Wonder – The Woman in Red
 "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" by Phil Collins – Against All Odds
 "Footloose" by Kenny Loggins (Loggins & Dean Pitchford) – Footloose
 "Ghostbusters" by Ray Parker Jr. – Ghostbusters
 "No More Lonely Nights" by Paul McCartney – Give My Regards to Broad Street
 "When Doves Cry" by Prince – Purple Rain

1985: "Say You, Say Me" by Lionel Richie – White Nights
 "The Power of Love" by Huey Lewis and the News – Back to the Future
 "Rhythm of the Night" by DeBarge (Diane Warren) – The Last Dragon
 "We Don't Need Another Hero" by Tina Turner (Terry Britten & Graham Lyle) – Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome
 "A View to a Kill" by Duran Duran – A View to a Kill

1986: "Take My Breath Away" by Berlin (Giorgio Moroder & Tom Whitlock) – Top Gun
 "Somewhere Out There" by James Ingram & Linda Ronstadt (James Horner, Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil) – An American Tail
 "Glory of Love" by Peter Cetera (David Foster, Cetera & Diane Nini) – The Karate Kid Part II
 "Sweet Freedom" by Michael McDonald (Rod Temperton) – Running Scared
 "Life in a Looking Glass" by Tony Bennett (Henry Mancini & Leslie Bricusse) – That's Life!
 "They Don't Make Them Like They Used To" by Kenny Rogers (Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager) – Tough Guys

1987: "(I've Had) The Time of My Life" by Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes (John DeNicola, Donald Markowitz & Franke Previte) – Dirty Dancing
 "Shakedown" by Bob Seger (Harold Faltermeyer, Keith Forsey & Seger) – Beverly Hills Cop II
 "Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now" by Starship (Diane Warren & Albert Hammond) – Mannequin
 "The Secret of My Success" by Night Ranger (David Foster, Michael Landau, Jack Blades & Tom Keane) – The Secret of My Succe$s
 "Who's That Girl" by Madonna (Madonna & Patrick Leonard) – Who's That Girl

1988 (TIE): "Let the River Run" by Carly Simon – Working Girl  / "Two Hearts" by Phil Collins (Lamont Dozier & Collins) – Buster
 "When a Woman Loves a Man" by Gordon Jenkins – Bull Durham
 "Kokomo" by The Beach Boys – Cocktail
 "Why Should I Worry?" by Billy Joel (Charlie Kaufman & Dan Hartman) – Oliver & Company
 "Twins" by Little Richard and Philip Bailey (Mark Isham) – Twins

1989: "Under the Sea" by Samuel E. Wright (Alan Menken & Howard Ashman) – The Little Mermaid
 "After All" by Cher and Peter Cetera (Tom Snow & Dean Pitchford) – Chances Are
 "Kiss the Girl" by Samuel E. Wright (Menken & Ashman) – The Little Mermaid
 "I Love to See You Smile" by Randy Newman – Parenthood
 "The Girl Who Used to Be Me" by Patti Austin (Marvin Hamlisch, Alan and Marilyn Bergman) – Shirley Valentine

1990s
1990: "Blaze of Glory" by Jon Bon Jovi – Young Guns II
 "Sooner or Later" by Madonna (Stephen Sondheim) – Dick Tracy
 "What Can You Lose?" by Madonna and Mandy Patinkin (Sondheim) – Dick Tracy
 "Promise Me You'll Remember" by Harry Connick, Jr. (Carmine Coppola & John Bettis) – The Godfather Part III
 "I'm Checkin' Out" by Meryl Streep and Blue Rodeo (Shel Silverstein) – Postcards from the Edge

1991: "Beauty and the Beast" by Peabo Bryson & Céline Dion (Alan Menken & Howard Ashman) – Beauty and the Beast
 "Dreams to Dream" by Linda Ronstadt (James Horner & Will Jennings) - An American Tail: Fievel Goes West
 "Be Our Guest" by Angela Lansbury and Jerry Orbach (Menken & Ashman) – Beauty and the Beast
 "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" by Bryan Adams (Michael Kamen, Adams & Robert John "Mutt" Lange) – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves
 "Tears in Heaven" by Eric Clapton (Clapton & Jennings) – Rush

1992: "A Whole New World" by Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle (Alan Menken & Tim Rice) – Aladdin
 "Friend Like Me" by Robin Williams (Menken & Rice) – Aladdin
 "Prince Ali" by Robin Williams (Menken & Rice) – Aladdin
 "This Used to Be My Playground" by Madonna (Madonna & Shep Pettibone) – A League of Their Own
 "Beautiful Maria of My Soul" by Antonio Banderas (Robert Kraft & Arne Glimcher) - The Mambo Kings

1993: "Streets of Philadelphia" by Bruce Springsteen – Philadelphia
 "The Day I Fall in Love" by James Ingram & Dolly Parton (Ingram, Clif Magness & Carole Bayer Sager) - Beethoven's 2nd
 "Stay (Faraway, So Close!)" by U2 – Faraway, So Close (In weiter Ferne, so nah!)
 "You Made Me the Thief of Your Heart" by Sinéad O'Connor (Bono, Gavin Friday & Maurice Seezer) – In the Name of the Father
 "Again" by Janet Jackson (Jackson, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis) – Poetic Justice

1994: "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" by Elton John (John & Tim Rice) – The Lion King
 "The Color of the Night" by Lauren Christy (Christy, Jud J. Friedman & Dominic Frontiere) – Color of Night
 "Look What Love Has Done" by Patty Smyth (James Ingram, Carole Bayer Sager & Smyth) – Junior
 "Circle of Life" by Carmen Twillie and Lebo M (John & Rice) –The Lion King
 "Far Longer than Forever" by Regina Belle and Jeffrey Osborne (Lex de Azevedo & David Zippel) – The Swan Princess
 "I'll Remember" by Madonna (Madonna, Patrick Leonard & Richard Page) – With Honors

1995: "Colors of the Wind" by Vanessa Williams (Alan Menken & Stephen Schwartz) – Pocahontas
 "Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me" by U2 – Batman Forever
 "Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?" by Bryan Adams (Michael Kamen, Adams & Robert John "Mutt" Lange) – Don Juan DeMarco
 "Moonlight" by Sting (John Williams, Alan and Marilyn Bergman) – Sabrina
 "You've Got a Friend in Me" by Randy Newman – Toy Story

1996: "You Must Love Me" by Madonna (Andrew Lloyd Webber & Tim Rice) – Evita
 "I Finally Found Someone" by Barbra Streisand and Bryan Adams (Marvin Hamlisch, Streisand, Adams & Robert John "Mutt" Lange) – The Mirror Has Two Faces
 "For the First Time" by Kenny Loggins (James Newton Howard, Jud J. Friedman & Allan Rich) – One Fine Day
 "That Thing You Do" by The Wonders (Adam Schlesinger) – That Thing You Do!
 "Because You Loved Me" by Céline Dion (Diane Warren) – Up Close and Personal

1997: "My Heart Will Go On" by Céline Dion (James Horner & Will Jennings) – Titanic
 "Journey to the Past" by Aaliyah (Stephen Flaherty & Lynn Ahrens) – Anastasia
 "Once Upon a December" by Deana Carter (Flaherty & Ahrens) – Anastasia
 "Go the Distance" by Roger Bart (Matthew Wilder & David Zippel) – Hercules
 "Tomorrow Never Dies" by Sheryl Crow (Crow & Mitchell Froom) – Tomorrow Never Dies

1998: "The Prayer" by Céline Dion and Andrea Bocelli (David Foster & Carole Bayer Sager; Italian translation by Alberto Testa & Tony Renis) – Quest for Camelot
 "Uninvited" by Alanis Morissette – City of Angels
 "The Mighty" by Sting – The Mighty
 "Reflection" by Christina Aguilera (Matthew Wilder & David Zippel) – Mulan
 "When You Believe" by Mariah Carey and Whitney Houston (Stephen Schwartz & Kenneth Edmonds) – The Prince of Egypt
 "The Flame Still Burns" by Chris Difford, Marti Frederiksen and Mick Jones – Still Crazy

1999: "You'll Be in My Heart" by Phil Collins – Tarzan
 "Beautiful Stranger" by Madonna (Madonna & William Wainwright) – Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me
 "How Can I Not Love You" by Joy Enriquez – Anna and the King
 "Save Me" by Aimee Mann – Magnolia
 "When She Loved Me" by Sarah McLachlan (Randy Newman) – Toy Story 2

2000s
2000: "Things Have Changed" by Bob Dylan – Wonder Boys
 "I've Seen It All" by Björk (Björk, Lars von Trier & Sigurjón Sigurðsson) – Dancer in the Dark
 "My Funny Friend and Me" by Sting – The Emperor's New Groove
 "When You Come Back to Me Again" by Garth Brooks (Brooks & Jenny Yates) – Frequency
 "One in a Million" by Bosson – Miss Congeniality

2001: "Until..." by Sting – Kate & Leopold
 "Come What May" by Nicole Kidman & Ewan McGregor (David Baerwald) – Moulin Rouge!
 "There You'll Be" by Faith Hill (Diane Warren) – Pearl Harbor
 "May It Be" by Enya (Enya & Roma Ryan) – The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring
 "Vanilla Sky" by Paul McCartney – Vanilla Sky

2002: "The Hands That Built America" by U2 (Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge & Larry Mullen, Jr.) – Gangs of New York
 "Lose Yourself" by Eminem (Eminem, Jeff Bass & Luis Resto) – 8 Mile
 "Die Another Day" by Madonna (Madonna & Mirwais Ahmadzaï) – Die Another Day
 "Here I Am" by Bryan Adams (Hans Zimmer, Adams & Gretchen Peters) – Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron
 "Father and Daughter" by Paul Simon – The Wild Thornberrys Movie

2003: "Into the West" by Annie Lennox (Howard Shore, Fran Walsh & Lennox) – The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
 "Man of the Hour" by Pearl Jam (Eddie Vedder) – Big Fish
 "You Will Be My Ain True Love" by Alison Krauss & Sting – Cold Mountain
 "Time Enough for Tears" by Andrea Corr (Gavin Friday & Maurice Seezer) – In America
 "The Heart of Every Girl" by Elton John (John & Bernie Taupin) – Mona Lisa Smile

2004: "Old Habits Die Hard" by Mick Jagger (Jagger & David A. Stewart) – Alfie
 "Million Voices" by Wyclef Jean (Jean, Jerry Duplessis & Andrea Guerra) – Hotel Rwanda
 "Learn to Be Lonely" by Minnie Driver (Andrew Lloyd Webber & Charles Hart) – The Phantom of the Opera
 "Believe" by Josh Groban (Alan Silvestri & Glen Ballard) – The Polar Express
 "Accidentally in Love" by Counting Crows – Shrek 2

2005: "A Love That Will Never Grow Old" by Emmylou Harris (Gustavo Santaolalla & Bernie Taupin) – Brokeback Mountain
 "Christmas in Love" by Renee Olstead (Elio Cesari) – Christmas in Love
 "Wunderkind" by Alanis Morissette – The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
 "There's Nothing Like a Show on Broadway" by Matthew Broderick and Nathan Lane (Mel Brooks) – The Producers
 "Travelin' Thru" by Dolly Parton – Transamerica

2006: "Song of the Heart" by Prince – Happy Feet
 "Never Gonna Break My Faith" by Aretha Franklin and Mary J. Blige (Bryan Adams, Eliot Kennedy & Andrea Ramada) – Bobby
 "Listen" by Beyoncé (Henry Krieger, Knowles, Scott Cutler, Anne Preven) – Dreamgirls
 "Try Not to Remember" by Sheryl Crow – Home of the Brave
 "A Father's Way" by Seal (Seal & Christopher Bruce) – The Pursuit of Happyness

2007: "Guaranteed" by Eddie Vedder – Into the Wild
 "That's How You Know" by Amy Adams (Alan Menken & Stephen Schwartz) – Enchanted
 "Grace Is Gone" by Jamie Cullum (Clint Eastwood & Carole Bayer Sager) – Grace Is Gone
 "Despedida" by Shakira (Antonio Pinto & Shakira) – Love in the Time of Cholera
 "Walk Hard" by John C. Reilly (Marshall Crenshaw, Judd Apatow, Jake Kasdan & Reilly) – Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story

2008: "The Wrestler" by Bruce Springsteen – The Wrestler
 "I Thought I Lost You" by Miley Cyrus and John Travolta (Cyrus & Jeffrey Steele) – Bolt
 "Once in a Lifetime" by Beyoncé (Henry Krieger, Scott Cutler, Anne Preven & Beyoncé Knowles) – Cadillac Records
 "Gran Torino" by Jamie Cullum (Clint Eastwood, Kyle Eastwood, Michael Stevens & Cullum) – Gran Torino
 "Down to Earth" by Peter Gabriel (Thomas Newman & Gabriel) – WALL-E

2009: "The Weary Kind" by Ryan Bingham (Bingham & T Bone Burnett) – Crazy Heart
 "I See You" by Leona Lewis (James Horner & Thaddis Harrell) – Avatar
 "Winter" by U2 – Brothers
 "(I Want To) Come Home" by Paul McCartney – Everybody's Fine
 "Cinema Italiano" by Kate Hudson (Maury Yeston) – Nine

2010s
2010: "You Haven't Seen the Last of Me" by Cher (Diane Warren) – Burlesque
 "Bound to You" by Christina Aguilera (Aguilera, Sia & Samuel Dixon) – Burlesque
 "There's a Place for Us" by Carrie Underwood (David Hodges, Hillary Lindsey & Underwood) – The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader
 "Coming Home" by Leighton Meester (Tom Douglas, Troy Verges & Lindsey) – Country Strong
 "I See the Light" by Mandy Moore & Zachary Levi (Alan Menken & Glenn Slater) – Tangled

2011: "Masterpiece" by Madonna (Madonna, Julie Frost & Jimmy Harry) – W.E.
 "Lay Your Head Down" by Sinéad O'Connor (Glenn Close) – Albert Nobbs
 "Hello, Hello" by Elton John & Lady Gaga (John & Bernie Taupin) – Gnomeo and Juliet
 "The Living Proof" by Mary J. Blige (Thomas Newman, Harvey Mason, Jr., Blige & Damon Thomas) – The Help
 "The Keeper" by Chris Cornell – Machine Gun Preacher

2012: "Skyfall" by Adele (Adele & Paul Epworth) – Skyfall
 "For You" by Keith Urban (Urban & Monty Powell) – Act of Valor
 "Safe & Sound" by Taylor Swift & The Civil Wars (Swift, Joy Williams, John Paul White & Justin Burnett) – The Hunger Games
 "Suddenly" by Hugh Jackman (Claude-Michel Schönberg, Alain Boublil & Herbert Kretzmer) – Les Misérables
 "Not Running Anymore" by Jon Bon Jovi – Stand Up Guys

2013: "Ordinary Love" by U2 (Paul Hewson, U2 & Brian Burton) – Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom
 "Let It Go" by Idina Menzel (Kristen Anderson-Lopez & Robert Lopez) – Frozen
 "Atlas" by Coldplay – The Hunger Games: Catching Fire
 "Please Mr. Kennedy" by Adam Driver, Justin Timberlake and Oscar Isaac (Ed Rush, George Cromarty, Justin Burnett, Timberlake, Joel & Ethan Coen) – Inside Llewyn Davis
 "Sweeter than Fiction" by Taylor Swift (Swift & Jack Antonoff) – One Chance

2014: "Glory" by Common featuring John Legend – Selma
 "Opportunity" by Quvenzhané Wallis (Greg Kurstin, Sia & Will Gluck) – Annie
 "Big Eyes" by Lana Del Rey (Del Rey & Dan Heath) – Big Eyes
 "Yellow Flicker Beat" by Lorde (Lorde & Joel Little) – The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1
 "Mercy Is" by Patti Smith (Smith & Lenny Kaye) – Noah

2015: "Writing's on the Wall" by Sam Smith (Smith & Jimmy Napes) – Spectre
 "Love Me like You Do" by Ellie Goulding (Max Martin, Savan Kotecha, Ali Payami, Tove Lo & Ilya Salmanzadeh) – Fifty Shades of Grey
 "See You Again" by Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth (Justin Franks, Andrew Cedar, Puth & Khalifa) – Furious 7
 "One Kind of Love" by Brian Wilson (Wilson & Scott Bennett) – Love & Mercy
 "Simple Song #3" by Sumi Jo (David Lang) – Youth

2016: "City of Stars" (Justin Hurwitz, Benj Pasek & Justin Paul) – La La Land
 "Gold" by Iggy Pop (Daniel Pemberton, Brian Burton, Stephen Gaghan, James Osterberg Jr.) – Gold
 "How Far I'll Go" by Auliʻi Cravalho (Lin-Manuel Miranda) – Moana
 "Faith" by Stevie Wonder featuring Ariana Grande (Ryan Tedder, Wonder & Francis Farewell Starlite) – Sing
 "Can't Stop the Feeling!" by Justin Timberlake (Max Martin, Shellback & Timberlake) – Trolls

2017: "This Is Me" by Keala Settle (Benj Pasek & Justin Paul) – The Greatest Showman
 "Remember Me" (Kristen Anderson-Lopez & Robert Lopez) – Coco
 "Home" by Nick Jonas (Jonas, Nick Monson & Justin Tranter) – Ferdinand
 "Mighty River" by Mary J. Blige (Charles Wiggins, Blige & Taura Stinson) – Mudbound
 "The Star" by Mariah Carey (Marc Shaiman & Carey) – The Star

2018: "Shallow" by Lady Gaga & Bradley Cooper (Stefani Germanotta, Mark Ronson, Anthony Rossomando & Andrew Wyatt) – A Star Is Born
 "All the Stars" by Kendrick Lamar & SZA (Anthony Tiffith, Kendrick Duckworth, Alexander Shuckburgh, Mark Spears & Solána Rowe) – Black Panther
 "Revelation" by Troye Sivan & Jónsi – (Sivan, Jónsi & Brett McLaughlin) – Boy Erased
 "Girl in the Movies" by Dolly Parton (Parton & Linda Perry) – Dumplin'
 "Requiem for a Private War" by Annie Lennox – A Private War

2019: "(I'm Gonna) Love Me Again" by Elton John and Taron Egerton (John & Bernie Taupin) – Rocketman
 "Beautiful Ghosts" by Taylor Swift (Andrew Lloyd Webber & Swift) – Cats
 "Into the Unknown" by Idina Menzel & AURORA (Kristen Anderson-Lopez & Robert Lopez) – Frozen II
 "Stand Up" by Cynthia Erivo (Joshuah Brian Campbell & Erivo) – Harriet
 "Spirit" by Beyoncé (Beyoncé, Ilya Salmanzadeh & Timothy McKenzie) – The Lion King

2020s
2020: "Io sì (Seen)" by Laura Pausini (Niccolò Agliardi, Pausini & Diane Warren) The Life Ahead
 "Fight for You" by H.E.R. (Dernst Emile II, H.E.R. & Tiara Thomas) – Judas and the Black Messiah
 "Speak Now" by Leslie Odom Jr. (Sam Ashworth & Odom Jr.) – One Night in Miami...
 "Hear My Voice" by Celeste (Daniel Pemberton & Celeste) – The Trial of the Chicago 7
 "Tigress & Tweed" by Andra Day (Charles Wiggins & Cassandra Batie) – The United States vs. Billie Holiday

2021: "No Time to Die" by Billie Eilish (Eilish & Finneas O'Connell) – No Time to Die
 "Down to Joy" by Van Morrison – Belfast
 "Dos Oruguitas" by Sebastián Yatra (Lin-Manuel Miranda) – Encanto
 "Be Alive" by Beyoncé (Beyoncé & Darius Scott) – King Richard
 "Here I Am (Singing My Way Home)" by Jennifer Hudson (Jamie Hartman, Hudson & Carole King) – Respect

2022: "Naatu Naatu" by Rahul Sipligunj and Kaala Bhairava (M. M. Keeravani & Chandrabose) - RRR
 "Lift Me Up" by Rihanna (Ludwig Göransson, Robyn Fenty, Ryan Coogler & Temilade Openiyi) - Black Panther: Wakanda Forever
 "Ciao Papa" by Gregory Mann (Alexandre Desplat, Roeban Katz & Guillermo del Toro) - Guillermo del Toro's Pinocchio
 "Hold My Hand" by Lady Gaga (Gaga & Michael Tucker) - Top Gun: Maverick
 "Carolina" by Taylor Swift - Where the Crawdads Sing

Multiple wins

4 wins:

 Alan Menken

3 wins:

 Tim Rice

2 wins:

 Howard Ashman
 Carole Bayer Sager
 Alan and Marilyn Bergman
 Phil Collins
 Marvin Hamlisch
 Will Jennings
 Elton John
 Johnny Mercer
 Giorgio Moroder
 Benj Pasek
 Justin Paul
 Bruce Springsteen
 Bernie Taupin
 Dimitri Tiomkin
 U2
 Diane Warren
 Ned Washington

See also
Academy Award for Best Original Song

References

Song Original

Awards established in 1961
Film awards for Best Song
Songwriting awards


In geometric graph theory, a branch of mathematics, a polyhedral graph is the undirected graph formed from the vertices and edges of a convex polyhedron. Alternatively, in purely graph-theoretic terms, the polyhedral graphs are the 3-vertex-connected, planar graphs.

Characterization
The Schlegel diagram of a convex polyhedron represents its vertices and edges as points and line segments in the Euclidean plane, forming a subdivision of an outer convex polygon into smaller convex polygons (a convex drawing of the graph of the polyhedron). It has no crossings, so every polyhedral graph is also a planar graph. Additionally, by Balinski's theorem, it is a 3-vertex-connected graph.

According to Steinitz's theorem, these two graph-theoretic properties are enough to completely characterize the polyhedral graphs: they are exactly the 3-vertex-connected planar graphs. That is, whenever a graph is both planar and 3-vertex-connected, there exists a polyhedron whose vertices and edges form an isomorphic graph. Given such a graph, a representation of it as a subdivision of a convex polygon into smaller convex polygons may be found using the Tutte embedding.

Hamiltonicity and shortness
Tait conjectured that every cubic polyhedral graph (that is, a polyhedral graph in which each vertex is incident to exactly three edges) has a Hamiltonian cycle, but this conjecture was disproved by a counterexample of W. T. Tutte, the polyhedral but non-Hamiltonian Tutte graph. If one relaxes the requirement that the graph be cubic, there are much smaller non-Hamiltonian polyhedral graphs. The graph with the fewest vertices and edges is the 11-vertex and 18-edge Herschel graph, and there also exists an 11-vertex non-Hamiltonian polyhedral graph in which all faces are triangles, the Goldner–Harary graph.

More strongly, there exists a constant  (the shortness exponent) and an infinite family of polyhedral graphs such that the length of the longest simple path of an -vertex graph in the family is .

Combinatorial enumeration
Duijvestijn provides a count of the polyhedral graphs with up to 26 edges; The number of these graphs with 6, 7, 8, ... edges is
1, 0, 1, 2, 2, 4, 12, 22, 58, 158, 448, 1342, 4199, 13384, 43708, 144810, ... .
One may also enumerate the polyhedral graphs by their numbers of vertices: for graphs with 4, 5, 6, ... vertices, the number of polyhedral graphs is
1, 2, 7, 34, 257, 2606, 32300, 440564, 6384634, 96262938, 1496225352, ... .

Special cases
A polyhedral graph is the graph of a simple polyhedron if it is cubic (every vertex has three edges), and it is the graph of a simplicial polyhedron if it is a maximal planar graph. The Halin graphs, graphs formed from a planar embedded tree by adding an outer cycle connecting all of the leaves of the tree, form another important subclass of the polyhedral graphs.

References

External links

Geometric graphs
Planar graphs

Polyhedral graph


Maya script, also known as Maya glyphs, is historically the native writing system of the Maya civilization of Mesoamerica and is the only Mesoamerican writing system that has been substantially deciphered. The earliest inscriptions found which are identifiably Maya date to the 3rd century BCE in San Bartolo, Guatemala. Maya writing was in continuous use throughout Mesoamerica until the Spanish conquest of the Maya in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Maya writing used logograms complemented with a set of syllabic glyphs, somewhat similar in function to modern Japanese writing. Maya writing was called "hieroglyphics" or hieroglyphs by early European explorers of the 18th and 19th centuries who found its general appearance reminiscent of Egyptian hieroglyphs, although the two systems are unrelated.

Though modern Mayan languages are almost entirely written using the Latin alphabet rather than Maya script, there have been recent developments encouraging a revival of the Maya glyph system.

Languages
Evidence suggests that codices and other classic texts were written by scribes—usually members of the Maya priesthood—in Classic Maya, a literary form of the extinct Ch'olti' language.  It is possible that the Maya elite spoke this language as a lingua franca over the entire Maya-speaking area, but texts were also written in other Mayan languages of the Petén and Yucatán, especially Yucatec. There is also some evidence that the script may have been occasionally used to write Mayan languages of the Guatemalan Highlands. However, if other languages were written, they may have been written by Ch'olti' scribes, and therefore have Ch'olti' elements.

Structure

Mayan writing consisted of a relatively elaborate set of glyphs, which were laboriously painted on ceramics, walls and bark-paper codices, carved in wood or stone, and molded in stucco. Carved and molded glyphs were painted, but the paint has rarely survived. , the sound of about 80% of Maya writing could be read and the meaning of about 60% could be understood with varying degrees of certainty, enough to give a comprehensive idea of its structure.

Maya texts were usually written in blocks arranged in columns two blocks wide, with each block corresponding to a noun or verb phrase. The blocks within the columns were read left to right, top to bottom, and would be repeated until there were no more columns left. Within a block, glyphs were arranged top-to-bottom and left-to-right (similar to Korean Hangul syllabic blocks). Glyphs were sometimes conflated into ligatures, where an element of one glyph would replace part of a second. In place of the standard block configuration, Maya was also sometimes written in a single row or column, or in an 'L' or 'T' shape. These variations most often appeared when they would better fit the surface being inscribed.

The Maya script was a logosyllabic system with some syllabogrammatic elements. Individual glyphs or symbols could represent either a morpheme or a syllable, and the same glyph could often be used for both. Because of these dual readings, it is customary to write logographic readings in all caps and phonetic readings in italics or bold. For example, a calendaric glyph can be read as the morpheme  or as the syllable chi.

Glyphs used as syllabograms were originally logograms for single-syllable words, usually those that ended in a vowel or in a weak consonant such as y, w, h, or glottal stop. For example, the logogram for 'fish fin'—found in two forms, as a fish fin and as a fish with prominent fins—was read as [kah] and came to represent the syllable ka. These syllabic glyphs performed two primary functions: as phonetic complements to disambiguate logograms which had more than one reading (similar to ancient Egyptian and modern Japanese furigana); and to write grammatical elements such as verbal inflections which did not have dedicated logograms (similar to Japanese okurigana). For example, b'alam 'jaguar' could be written as a single logogram, ; a logogram with syllable additions, as ba-, or -ma, or b'a--ma; or written completely phonetically with syllabograms as b'a-la-ma.

In addition, some syllable glyphs were homophones, such as the six different glyphs used to write the very common third person pronoun u-.

Harmonic and disharmonic echo vowels

Phonetic glyphs stood for simple consonant-vowel (CV) or vowel-only (V) syllables. However, Mayan phonotactics is slightly more complicated than this. Most Mayan words end with consonants, and there may be sequences of two consonants within a word as well, as in xolte' ( 'scepter') which is CVCCVC. When these final consonants were sonorants (l, m, n) or gutturals (j, h, ') they were sometimes ignored ("underspelled"). More often, final consonants were written, which meant that an extra vowel was written as well. This was typically an "echo" vowel that repeated the vowel of the previous syllable. For example, the word [kah] 'fish fin' would be underspelled ka or written in full as ka-ha. However, there are many cases where some other vowel was used, and the orthographic rules for this are only partially understood; this is largely due to the difficulty in ascertaining whether this vowel may be due to an underspelled suffix.

  proposed the following conventions:
 A CVC syllable was written CV-CV, where the two vowels (V) were the same: yo-po [yop] 'leaf'
 A syllable with a long vowel (CVVC) was written CV-Ci, unless the long vowel was [i], in which case it was written CiCa: ba-ki [baak] 'captive', yi-tzi-na [yihtziin] 'younger brother'
 A syllable with a glottalized vowel (CV'C or CV'VC) was written with a final a if the vowel was [e, o, u], or with a final u if the vowel was [a] or [i]: hu-na [hu'n] 'paper', ba-tz'u [ba'ts'] 'howler monkey'.
 Preconsonantal [h] is not indicated.

In short, if the vowels are the same (harmonic), a simple vowel is intended. If the vowels are not the same (disharmonic), either two syllables are intended (likely underspelled), or else a single syllable with a long vowel (if V1 = [a e? o u] and V2 = [i], or else if V1 = [i] and V2 = [a]) or with a glottalized vowel (if V1 = [e? o u] and V2 = [a], or else if V1 = [a i] and V2 = [u]). The long-vowel reading of [Ce-Ci] is still uncertain, and there is a possibility that [Ce-Cu] represents a glottalized vowel (if it is not simply an underspelling for [CeCuC]), so it may be that the disharmonies form natural classes: [i] for long non-front vowels, otherwise [a] to keep it disharmonic; [u] for glottalized non-back vowels, otherwise [a].

A more complex spelling is ha-o-bo ko-ko-no-ma for [ha'o'b kohkno'm] 'they are the guardians'. A minimal set is,

ba-ka [bak]
ba-ki [baak]
ba-ku [ba'k] = [ba'ak]
ba-ke [baakel] (underspelled)
ba-ke-le [baakel]

Verbal inflections

Despite depending on consonants which were frequently not written, the Mayan voice system was reliably indicated. For instance, the paradigm for a transitive verb with a CVC root is as follows:

The active suffix did not participate in the harmonic/disharmonic system seen in roots, but rather was always -wa.

However, the language changed over 1500 years, and there were dialectal differences as well, which are reflected in the script, as seen next for the verb "(s)he sat" ( is an infix in the root chum for the passive voice):

Emblem glyphs

An "emblem glyph" is a kind of royal title. It consists of a place name followed by the word ajaw, a Classic Maya term for "lord" with an unclear but well-attested etymology. Sometimes the title is introduced by an adjective k'uhul ("holy, divine" or "sacred"), resulting in the construction "holy [placename] lord". However, an "emblem glyph" is not a "glyph" at all: it can be spelled with any number of syllabic or logographic signs and several alternative spellings are attested for the words k'uhul and ajaw, which form the stable core of the title. "Emblem glyph" simply reflects the time when Mayanists could not read Classic Maya inscriptions and used a term to isolate specific recurring structural components of the written narratives, and other remaining examples of Maya orthography.

This title was identified in 1958 by Heinrich Berlin, who coined the term "emblem glyph". Berlin noticed that the "emblem glyphs" consisted of a larger "main sign" and two smaller signs now read as k'uhul ajaw. Berlin also noticed that while the smaller elements remained relatively constant, the main sign changed from site to site. Berlin proposed that the main signs identified individual cities, their ruling dynasties, or the territories they controlled. Subsequently,  argued that the "emblem glyphs" referred to archaeological sites, or more so the prominence and standing of the site, broken down in a 5-tiered hierarchy of asymmetrical distribution. Marcus' research assumed that the emblem glyphs were distributed in a pattern of relative site importance depending on broadness of distribution, roughly broken down as follows: Primary regional centers (capitals) (Tikal, Calakmul, and other "superpowers") were generally first in the region to acquire a unique emblem glyph(s). Texts referring to other primary regional centers occur in the texts of these "capitals", and dependencies exist which use the primary center's glyph. Secondary centers (Altun Ha, Lubaantun, Xunantunich, and other mid-sized cities) had their own glyphs but are only rarely mentioned in texts found in the primary regional center, while repeatedly mentioning the regional center in their own texts. Tertiary centers (towns) had no glyphs of their own, but have texts mentioning the primary regional centers and perhaps secondary regional centers on occasion. These were followed by the villages with no emblem glyphs and no texts mentioning the larger centers, and hamlets with little evidence of texts at all. This model was largely unchallenged for over a decade until Mathews and Justeson, as well as Houston, argued once again that the "emblem glyphs" were the titles of Maya rulers with some geographical association.

The debate on the nature of "emblem glyphs" received a new spin in . The authors demonstrated that there were many place-names-proper, some real, some mythological, mentioned in the hieroglyphic inscriptions. Some of these place names also appeared in the "emblem glyphs", some were attested in the "titles of origin" (expressions like "a person from Lubaantun"), but some were not incorporated in personal titles at all. Moreover, the authors also highlighted the cases when the "titles of origin" and the "emblem glyphs" did not overlap, building upon Houston's earlier research. Houston noticed that the establishment and spread of the Tikal-originated dynasty in the Petexbatun region was accompanied by the proliferation of rulers using the Tikal "emblem glyph" placing political and dynastic ascendancy above the current seats of rulership. Recent investigations also emphasize the use of emblem glyphs as an emic identifier to shape socio-political self-identity.

Numerical system

The Mayas used a positional base-twenty (vigesimal) numerical system which only included whole numbers. For simple counting operations, a bar and dot notation was used. The dot represents 1 and the bar represents 5. A shell was used to represent zero. Numbers from 6 to 19 are formed combining bars and dots, and can be written horizontally or vertically.

Numbers over 19 are written vertically and read from the bottom to the top as powers of 20. The bottom number represents numbers from 0 to 20, so the symbol shown does not need to be multiplied. The second line from the bottom represents the amount of 20s there are, so that number is multiplied by 20. The third line from the bottom represents the amount of 400s, so it is multiplied by 400; the fourth by 8000; the fifth by 160,000, etc. Each successive line is an additional power of twenty (similar to how in Arabic numerals, additional powers of 10 are added to the left of the first digit). This positional system allows the calculation of large figures, necessary for chronology and astronomy.

History
It was until recently thought that the Maya may have adopted writing from the Olmec or Epi-Olmec culture, who used the Isthmian script. However, murals excavated in 2005 have pushed back the origin of Maya writing by several centuries, and it now seems possible that the Maya were the ones who invented writing in Mesoamerica. Scholarly consensus is that the Maya developed the only complete writing system in Mesoamerica.

Before the arrival of Spanish conquistadors, the Aztecs eradicated many Mayan works and sought to depict themselves as the true rulers through a fake history and newly written texts. Knowledge of the Maya writing system continued into the early colonial era and reportedly a few of the early Spanish priests who went to Yucatán learned it. However, as part of his campaign to eradicate pagan rites, Bishop Diego de Landa ordered the collection and destruction of written Maya works, and a sizable number of Maya codices were destroyed. Later, seeking to use their native language to convert the Maya to Christianity, he derived what he believed to be a Maya "alphabet" (the so-called de Landa alphabet). Although the Maya did not actually write alphabetically, nevertheless he recorded a glossary of Maya sounds and related symbols, which was long dismissed as nonsense (for instance, by leading Mayanist J. E. S. Thompson in his 1950 book Maya Hieroglyphic Writing) but eventually became a key resource in deciphering the Maya script, though it has itself not been completely deciphered. The difficulty was that there was no simple correspondence between the two systems, and the names of the letters of the Spanish alphabet meant nothing to Landa's Maya scribe, so Landa ended up asking things like write "ha": "hache–a", and glossed a part of the result as "H," which, in reality, was written as a-che-a in Maya glyphs.

Landa was also involved in creating an orthography, or a system of writing, for the Yukatek Maya language using the Latin alphabet. This was the first Latin orthography for any of the Mayan languages, which number around thirty.

For many years, only three Maya codices were known to have survived the conquistadors; this was expanded with the 2015 authentication of the Grolier Codex as the fourth. Most surviving texts are found on pottery recovered from Maya tombs, or from monuments and stelae erected in sites which were abandoned or buried before the arrival of the Spanish.

Knowledge of the writing system was lost, probably by the end of the 16th century. Renewed interest in it was sparked by published accounts of ruined Maya sites in the 19th century.

Decipherment

Deciphering Maya writing has proven a long and laborious process. 19th-century and early 20th-century investigators managed to decode the Maya numbers and portions of the texts related to astronomy and the Maya calendar, but understanding of most of the rest long eluded scholars. In the 1930s, Benjamin Whorf wrote a number of published and unpublished essays, proposing to identify phonetic elements within the writing system. Although some specifics of his decipherment claims were later shown to be incorrect, the central argument of his work, that Maya hieroglyphs were phonetic (or more specifically, syllabic), was later supported by the work of Yuri Knorozov (1922–1999), who played a major role in deciphering Maya writing. Napoleon Cordy also made some notable contributions in the 1930s and 1940s to the early study and decipherment of Maya script, including "Examples of Phonetic Construction in Maya Hieroglyphs", in 1946. In 1952 Knorozov published the paper "Ancient Writing of Central America", arguing that the so-called "de Landa alphabet" contained in Bishop Diego de Landa's manuscript Relación de las Cosas de Yucatán was made of syllabic, rather than alphabetic symbols. He further improved his decipherment technique in his 1963 monograph "The Writing of the Maya Indians" and published translations of Maya manuscripts in his 1975 work "Maya Hieroglyphic Manuscripts". In the 1960s, progress revealed the dynastic records of Maya rulers. Since the early 1980s scholars have demonstrated that most of the previously unknown symbols form a syllabary, and progress in reading the Maya writing has advanced rapidly since.

As Knorozov's early essays contained several older readings already published in the late 19th century by Cyrus Thomas, and the Soviet editors added propagandistic claims to the effect that Knorozov was using a peculiarly "Marxist-Leninist" approach to decipherment, many Western Mayanists simply dismissed Knorozov's work. However, in the 1960s, more came to see the syllabic approach as potentially fruitful, and possible phonetic readings for symbols whose general meaning was understood from context began to develop. Prominent older epigrapher J. Eric S. Thompson was one of the last major opponents of Knorozov and the syllabic approach. Thompson's disagreements are sometimes said to have held back advances in decipherment. For example,  says "the major reason was that almost the entire Mayanist field was in willing thrall to one very dominant scholar, Eric Thompson". G. Ershova, a student of Knorozov's, stated that reception of Knorozov's work was delayed only by authority of Thompson, and thus has nothing to do with Marxism – "But he (Knorozov) did not even suspect what a storm of hatred his success had caused in the head of the American school of Mayan studies, Eric Thompson. And the Cold War was absolutely nothing to do with it. An Englishman by birth, Eric Thompson, after learning about the results of the work of a young Soviet scientist, immediately realized 'who got the victory'."

In 1959, examining what she called "a peculiar pattern of dates" on stone monument inscriptions at the Classic Maya site of Piedras Negras, Russian-American scholar Tatiana Proskouriakoff determined that these represented events in the lifespan of an individual, rather than relating to religion, astronomy, or prophecy, as held by the "old school" exemplified by Thompson. This proved to be true of many Maya inscriptions, and revealed the Maya epigraphic record to be one relating actual histories of ruling individuals: dynastic histories similar in nature to those recorded in other human cultures throughout the world. Suddenly, the Maya entered written history.

Although it was then clear what was on many Maya inscriptions, they still could not literally be read. However, further progress was made during the 1960s and 1970s, using a multitude of approaches including pattern analysis, de Landa's "alphabet", Knorozov's breakthroughs, and others. In the story of Maya decipherment, the work of archaeologists, art historians, epigraphers, linguists, and anthropologists cannot be separated. All contributed to a process that was truly and essentially multidisciplinary. Key figures included David Kelley, Ian Graham, Gilette Griffin, and Michael Coe.

A new wave of breakthroughs occurred in the early 1970s, in particular at the first Mesa Redonda de Palenque, a scholarly conference organized by Merle Greene Robertson at the Maya site of Palenque and held in December, 1973. A working group consisting of Linda Schele, then a studio artist and art instructor, Floyd Lounsbury, a linguist from Yale, and Peter Mathews, then an undergraduate student of David Kelley's at the University of Calgary (whom Kelley sent because he could not attend). In one afternoon they reconstructed most of the dynastic list of Palenque, building on the earlier work of Heinrich Berlin. By identifying a sign as an important royal title (now read as the recurring name K'inich), the group was able to identify and "read" the life histories (from birth, to accession to the throne, to death) of six kings of Palenque. Palenque was the focus of much epigraphic work through the late 1970s, but linguistic decipherment of texts remained very limited.

From that point, progress proceeded rapidly. Scholars such as J. Kathryn Josserand, Nick Hopkins and others published findings that helped to construct a Mayan vocabulary. The "old school" continued to resist the results of the new scholarship for some time. A decisive event which helped to turn the tide in favor of the new approach occurred in 1986, at an exhibition entitled "The Blood of Kings: A New Interpretation of Maya Art", organized by InterCultura and the Kimbell Art Museum and curated by Schele and by Yale art historian Mary Miller. This exhibition and its attendant catalogue—and international publicity—revealed to a wide audience the new world which had latterly been opened up by progress in decipherment of Maya hieroglyphics. Not only could a real history of ancient America now be read and understood, but the light it shed on the material remains of the Maya showed them to be real, recognisable individuals. They stood revealed as a people with a history like that of all other human societies: full of wars, dynastic struggles, shifting political alliances, complex religious and artistic systems, expressions of personal property and ownership and the like. Moreover, the new interpretation, as the exhibition demonstrated, made sense out of many works of art whose meaning had been unclear and showed how the material culture of the Maya represented a fully integrated cultural system and world-view. Gone was the old Thompson view of the Maya as peaceable astronomers without conflict or other attributes characteristic of most human societies.

However, three years later, in 1989, supporters who continued to resist the modern decipherment interpretation made their last argument against it. This occurred at a conference at Dumbarton Oaks. It did not directly attack the methodology or results of decipherment, but instead contended that the ancient Maya texts had indeed been read but were "epiphenomenal". This argument was extended from a populist perspective to say that the deciphered texts tell only about the concerns and beliefs of the society's elite, and not about the ordinary Maya. In opposition to this idea, Michael Coe described "epiphenomenal" as "a ten penny word meaning that Maya writing is only of marginal application since it is secondary to those more primary institutions—economics and society—so well studied by the dirt archaeologists."

Linda Schele noted following the conference that this is like saying that the inscriptions of ancient Egypt—or the writings of Greek philosophers or historians—do not reveal anything important about their cultures. Most written documents in most cultures tell us about the elite, because in most cultures in the past, they were the ones who could write (or could have things written down by scribes or inscribed on monuments).

Over 90 percent of the Maya texts can now be read with reasonable accuracy. , at least one phonetic glyph was known for each of the syllables marked green in this chart. /t'/ is rare. /p'/ is not found, and is thought to have been a later innovation in the Ch'olan and Yucatecan languages.

Syllables
Syllables are in the form of consonant + vowel. The top line contains individual vowels. In the left column are the consonants with their pronunciation instructions. The apostrophe ' represents the glottal stop. There are different variations of the same character in the table cell. Blank cells are bytes whose characters are not yet known.

Example
Tomb of K'inich Janaab' Pakal:

Text: Yak'aw ʔuk'uhul pik juʔn winaak pixoʔm ʔusak hunal ʔuʔh Yax K'ahk' K'uh(?) ʔutuʔp k'uh(ul)? ...l ʔukoʔhaw Chaahk ('GI') Sak Baluʔn.
Translation: «He gave the god clothing, [consisted of] twenty nine headgears, white ribbon, necklace, First Fire God's earrings and God's quadrilateral badge helmet, to Chaahk Sak-Balun».

Revival
In recent times, there has been an increased interest in reviving usage of the script. Various works have recently been both transliterated and created into the script, notably the transcription of the Popol Vuh in 2018, a record of K'iche' religion. Another example is the sculpting and writing of a modern stele placed at Iximche in 2012, describing the full historical record of the site dating back to the beginning of the Mayan long count. Modern poems such as "Cigarra" by Martín Gómez Ramírez have also been recently written entirely within the script.

Computer encoding
As of 2023, the Maya script cannot be represented in any standard computer character encoding. With the renewed usage of Maya writing, digital encoding of the script has been of recent interest. A range of code points (U+15500–U+159FF) has been tentatively allocated for Unicode, but no detailed encoding proposal has been submitted yet. The Script Encoding Initiative project of the University of California, Berkeley, was awarded a grant in June 2016 to create a proposal to the Unicode Consortium for layout and presentation mechanisms in Unicode text. It was expected to be completed in 2017, but , they have not completed this project.

The goal of encoding Maya hieroglyphs in Unicode is to facilitate the modern use of the script. For representing the degree of flexibility and variation of classical Maya, the expressiveness of Unicode is insufficient (e.g., with regard to the representation of infixes, i.e., signs inserted into other signs), so, for philological applications, different technologies are required.

The Mayan numerals, with values 0–1910 creating a base-20 system, are encoded in block Mayan Numerals.

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

The European Association of Mayanists (Wayeb) has resources, including full books, on their Electronic Resources page
 A partial transcription, transliteration, and translation of the Temple of Inscriptions text by Michael D. Carrasco
 A Preliminary Classic Maya-English/English-Classic Maya Vocabulary of Hieroglyphic Readings by Erik Boot
 FAMSI resources on Maya Hieroglyphic writing
 Maya Writing in: Guatemala, Cradle of the Maya Civilization
 Wolfgang Gockel's morphemic interpretation of the glyphs
 Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions Program at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University
 Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions, Volumes 1–9. Published by the Peabody Museum Press and distributed by Harvard University Press
  (in Ukrainian)
 Time Line of Decipherment

Mayan languages
3rd-century BC establishments in the Maya civilization
Writing systems introduced in the 3rd century BC

Maya script


Complex analysis, traditionally known as the theory of functions of a complex variable, is the branch of mathematical analysis that investigates functions of complex numbers. It is helpful in many branches of mathematics, including algebraic geometry, number theory, analytic combinatorics, applied mathematics; as well as in physics, including the branches of hydrodynamics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, and twistor theory. By extension, use of complex analysis also has applications in engineering fields such as nuclear, aerospace, mechanical and electrical engineering.

As a differentiable function of a complex variable is equal to its Taylor series (that is, it is analytic), complex analysis is particularly concerned with analytic functions of a complex variable (that is, holomorphic functions).

History

Complex analysis is one of the classical branches in mathematics, with roots in the 18th century and just prior. Important mathematicians associated with complex numbers include Euler, Gauss, Riemann, Cauchy, Gösta Mittag-Leffler, Weierstrass, and many more in the 20th century. Complex analysis, in particular the theory of conformal mappings, has many physical applications and is also used throughout analytic number theory. In modern times, it has become very popular through a new boost from complex dynamics and the pictures of fractals produced by iterating holomorphic functions.  Another important application of complex analysis is in string theory which examines conformal invariants in quantum field theory.

Complex functions

A complex function is a function from complex numbers to complex numbers. In other words, it is a function that has a subset of the complex numbers as a domain and the complex numbers as a codomain. Complex functions are generally assumed to have a domain that contains a nonempty open subset of the complex plane.

For any complex function, the values  from the domain and their images  in the range may be separated into real and imaginary parts:

where  are all real-valued.

In other words, a complex function  may be decomposed into

  and

i.e., into two real-valued functions (, ) of two real variables (, ).

Similarly, any complex-valued function  on an arbitrary set  (is isomorphic to, and therefore, in that sense, it) can be considered as an ordered pair of two real-valued functions:  or, alternatively, as a vector-valued function from  into

Some properties of complex-valued functions (such as continuity) are nothing more than the corresponding properties of vector valued functions of two real variables. Other concepts of complex analysis, such as differentiability, are direct generalizations of the similar concepts for real functions, but may have very different properties. In particular, every differentiable complex function is analytic (see next section), and two differentiable functions that are equal in a neighborhood of a point are equal on the intersection of their domain (if the domains are connected). The latter property is the basis of the principle of analytic continuation which allows extending every real analytic function in a unique way for getting a complex analytic function whose domain is the whole complex plane with a finite number of curve arcs removed. Many basic and special complex functions are defined in this way, including the complex exponential function, complex logarithm functions, and trigonometric functions.

Holomorphic functions

Complex functions that are differentiable at every point of an open subset  of the complex plane are said to be holomorphic on  In the context of complex analysis, the derivative of  at  is defined to be

Superficially, this definition is formally analogous to that of the derivative of a real function.  However, complex derivatives and differentiable functions behave in significantly different ways compared to their real counterparts.  In particular, for this limit to exist, the value of the difference quotient must approach the same complex number, regardless of the manner in which we approach  in the complex plane.  Consequently, complex differentiability has much stronger implications than real differentiability. For instance, holomorphic functions are infinitely differentiable, whereas the existence of the nth derivative need not imply the existence of the (n + 1)th derivative for real functions.  Furthermore, all holomorphic functions satisfy the stronger condition of analyticity, meaning that the function is, at every point in its domain, locally given by a convergent power series. In essence, this means that functions holomorphic on  can be approximated arbitrarily well by polynomials in some neighborhood of every point in . This stands in sharp contrast to differentiable real functions; there are infinitely differentiable real functions that are nowhere analytic; see .

Most elementary functions, including the exponential function, the trigonometric functions, and all polynomial functions, extended appropriately to complex arguments as functions  are holomorphic over the entire complex plane, making them entire functions, while rational functions , where p and q are polynomials, are holomorphic on domains that exclude points where q is zero.  Such functions that are holomorphic everywhere except a set of isolated points are known as meromorphic functions.  On the other hand, the functions   and  are not holomorphic anywhere on the complex plane, as can be shown by their failure to satisfy the Cauchy–Riemann conditions (see below).

An important property of holomorphic functions is the relationship between the partial derivatives of their real and imaginary components, known as the Cauchy–Riemann conditions.  If , defined by  where  is holomorphic on a region  then for all ,

In terms of the real and imaginary parts of the function, u and v, this is equivalent to the pair of equations  and , where the subscripts indicate partial differentiation.  However, the Cauchy–Riemann conditions do not characterize holomorphic functions, without additional continuity conditions (see Looman–Menchoff theorem).

Holomorphic functions exhibit some remarkable features.  For instance, Picard's theorem asserts that the range of an entire function can take only three possible forms:   or  for some  In other words, if two distinct complex numbers  and  are not in the range of an entire function  then  is a constant function.  Moreover, a holomorphic function on a connected open set is determined by its restriction to any nonempty open subset.

Conformal map

Major results

One of the central tools in complex analysis is the line integral. The line integral around a closed path of a function that is holomorphic everywhere inside the area bounded by the closed path is always zero, as is stated by the Cauchy integral theorem. The values of such a holomorphic function inside a disk can be computed by a path integral on the disk's boundary (as shown in Cauchy's integral formula). Path integrals in the complex plane are often used to determine complicated real integrals, and here the theory of residues among others is applicable (see methods of contour integration). A "pole" (or isolated singularity) of a function is a point where the function's value becomes unbounded, or "blows up". If a function has such a pole, then one can compute the function's residue there, which can be used to compute path integrals involving the function; this is the content of the powerful residue theorem. The remarkable behavior of holomorphic functions near essential singularities is described by Picard's theorem. Functions that have only poles but no essential singularities are called meromorphic. Laurent series are the complex-valued equivalent to Taylor series, but can be used to study the behavior of functions near singularities through infinite sums of more well understood functions, such as polynomials.

A bounded function that is holomorphic in the entire complex plane must be constant; this is Liouville's theorem. It can be used to provide a natural and short proof for the fundamental theorem of algebra which states that the field of complex numbers is algebraically closed.

If a function is holomorphic throughout a connected domain then its values are fully determined by its values on any smaller subdomain.  The function on the larger domain is said to be analytically continued from its values on the smaller domain.  This allows the extension of the definition of functions, such as the Riemann zeta function, which are initially defined in terms of infinite sums that converge only on limited domains to almost the entire complex plane.  Sometimes, as in the case of the natural logarithm, it is impossible to analytically continue a holomorphic function to a non-simply connected domain in the complex plane but it is possible to extend it to a holomorphic function on a closely related surface known as a Riemann surface.

All this refers to complex analysis in one variable. There is also a very rich theory of complex analysis in more than one complex dimension in which the analytic properties such as power series expansion carry over whereas most of the geometric properties of holomorphic functions in one complex dimension (such as conformality) do not carry over. The Riemann mapping theorem about the conformal relationship of certain domains in the complex plane, which may be the most important result in the one-dimensional theory, fails dramatically in higher dimensions.

A major application of certain complex spaces is in quantum mechanics as wave functions.

See also
 Complex geometry
 Hypercomplex analysis
 Vector calculus
 List of complex analysis topics
 Monodromy theorem
 Real analysis
 Riemann–Roch theorem
 Runge's theorem

References

Sources
 Ablowitz, M. J. & A. S. Fokas, Complex Variables: Introduction and Applications (Cambridge, 2003).
 Ahlfors, L., Complex Analysis (McGraw-Hill, 1953).
 Cartan, H., Théorie élémentaire des fonctions analytiques d'une ou plusieurs variables complexes. (Hermann, 1961). English translation, Elementary Theory of Analytic Functions of One or Several Complex Variables. (Addison-Wesley, 1963).
 Carathéodory, C., Funktionentheorie. (Birkhäuser, 1950). English translation, Theory of Functions of a Complex Variable (Chelsea, 1954). [2 volumes.]
 Carrier, G. F., M. Krook, & C. E. Pearson, Functions of a Complex Variable: Theory and Technique. (McGraw-Hill, 1966).
 Conway, J. B., Functions of One Complex Variable. (Springer, 1973).
 Fisher, S., Complex Variables. (Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole, 1990).
 Forsyth, A., Theory of Functions of a Complex Variable (Cambridge, 1893).
 Freitag, E. & R. Busam, Funktionentheorie. (Springer, 1995). English translation, Complex Analysis. (Springer, 2005).
 Goursat, E., Cours d'analyse mathématique, tome 2. (Gauthier-Villars, 1905). English translation, A course of mathematical analysis, vol. 2, part 1: Functions of a complex variable. (Ginn, 1916).
 Henrici, P., Applied and Computational Complex Analysis (Wiley).  [Three volumes: 1974, 1977, 1986.]
 Kreyszig, E., Advanced Engineering Mathematics. (Wiley, 1962).
 Lavrentyev, M. & B. Shabat, Методы теории функций комплексного переменного. (Methods of the Theory of Functions of a Complex Variable). (1951, in Russian).
 Markushevich, A. I., Theory of Functions of a Complex Variable, (Prentice-Hall, 1965). [Three volumes.]
 Marsden & Hoffman, Basic Complex Analysis. (Freeman, 1973).
 Needham, T., Visual Complex Analysis. (Oxford, 1997). http://usf.usfca.edu/vca/
 Remmert, R., Theory of Complex Functions. (Springer, 1990).
 Rudin, W., Real and Complex Analysis. (McGraw-Hill, 1966).
 Shaw, W. T., Complex Analysis with Mathematica (Cambridge, 2006).
 Stein, E. & R. Shakarchi, Complex Analysis. (Princeton, 2003).
 Sveshnikov, A. G. & A. N. Tikhonov, Теория функций комплексной переменной. (Nauka, 1967). English translation, The Theory Of Functions Of A Complex Variable (MIR, 1978).
 Titchmarsh, E. C., The Theory of Functions. (Oxford, 1932).
 Wegert, E., Visual Complex Functions. (Birkhäuser, 2012).
 Whittaker, E. T. & G. N. Watson, A Course of Modern Analysis. (Cambridge, 1902). 3rd ed. (1920)

External links

 Wolfram Research's MathWorld Complex Analysis Page

Complex analysis


Karel Rüütli (born 25 December 1978, in Valga) was Chairman of the Estonian People's Union (Eestimaa Rahvaliit) and also leader of Estonian People's Union faction in the Estonian Parliament. He left the ERL and joined the Social Democratic Party of Estonia on 14 June 2010.

Education
Karel Rüütli acquired secondary education in Valga Gymnasium in 1997. Rüütli continued his studies in the Estonian University of Life Sciences (Eesti Maaülikool) in the Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering and graduated 2004. He wrote his candidate thesis on the topic of forestry politics in Estonia.

Career
From 2005 to 2007 Karel Rüütli has been Political Advisor in the Ministry of the Environment. He was elected to the Municipal Council of the City of Tartu from 2005 to 2007. He has been a member of the Council of Association of Estonian Cities. In April 2007, he was elected to the  National Parliament.

He has been member of supervisory boards of several state or municipal owned companies: Estonian Lottery (2003–2007), National Forest Administration (2005–2007) and Tartu Waterworks (2005–2007).

At the moment he is member of the Estonian Parliament (Riigikogu) and the Leader of the Parliamentary Fraction. He specialized in issues of educational affairs and civil control of police, prosecution and intelligent agencies being member of the Cultural Affairs Committee and the Security Authorities Surveillance Select Committee.

Party-political career
Karel Rüütli has been a member of Estonian People's Union from 2001 and a member of the party's executive committee from 2002.

From 2001 to 2003 he was the chairperson of the party's Youth Organisation (Rahvaliidu Noored). He has been from 2005 to 2008 the vice-chairperson of the party council.

From November 2008 to 28 May 2010 he was the chairperson of the party being the youngest chairs of parties represented in the national parliament. He left the ERL with Jaanus Marrandi, Jaan Õunapuu and Rein Randverd on 14 June 2010 and they subsequently joined the Social Democratic Party of Estonia after the failed merger attempt with Social Democrats.

Community and Society
Karel is a member of Estonian Society of Foresters (Eesti Metsaüliõpilaste Selts), the Alumni Club of the  Federation of Estonian Student Unions, Alumni Association of Valga Gymnasium and a member of Supervisory Board of Heino Teder Forestry Farm Training Centre Foundation.

Karel started his active social life in the secondary school being one of the leaders of the student council.

From 2000 to 2002 he was vice-chair of the executive board of the Student Union of the Estonian University of Life Sciences, also a member of the university council and a member of the Council of the Federation of Estonian Student Unions. In 2002 he was one of the founders of the Foundation of the Student Union of Estonian University of Life Sciences.

Personal life
Karel Rüütli lives together with his fiancée Merylin and their two sons - Karl-Erik and Hans-Robert.

Sources
 Official Webpage of Estonian Parliament about Karel Rüütli
 Official Webpages of the People´s Union of Estonia
 Official Webpage of Karel Rüütli

1978 births
Living people
People from Valga, Estonia
People's Union of Estonia politicians
Social Democratic Party (Estonia) politicians
Members of the Riigikogu, 2007–2011
Members of the Riigikogu, 2011–2015
21st-century Estonian politicians
Estonian foresters
Estonian University of Life Sciences alumni

Karel Rüütli


The 2012–13 Cornwall Hockey Association Cup will be the 2012–13 season of the Cornwall Hockey Association Knockout Cup, known as the Cornwall Cup or CHA Cup.  The CHA Cup is the flagship competition organised by the Cornwall Hockey Association, contested by senior male and female hockey teams in the county of Cornwall.

Entries for the competition were confirmed in August 2012, with 35 (of a possible 36) teams representing all 12 clubs eligible to compete in the competition. The competition will begin in September 2012 with the Ladies Cup, Preliminary round and culminate with the Ladies Cup final in April 2013 at Penzance HC. Truro HC and Newquay HC are the respective defending champions of the Men's and Ladies Cups.

Format
Both the Men's Cup and Ladies Cup are to be contested as knockout competitions, with a single defeat eliminating the losing team. A team which is defeated in, or prior to, Round 1 of the Cup competition will qualify for the 2012–13 Cornwall Hockey Association Plate.

2012–13 will see the draws for all rounds of the competitions made prior to the start of the tournament, thereby allowing teams to analyse their potential opponents in any subsequent rounds.

Teams and calendar

Men's Cup

15 (out of a possible 16) teams representing all seven eligible clubs entered the competition.

Of the fifteen competing teams, fourteen were entered into Round 1 of the competition, with the seven winners joining defending champions, a first ranked team, Truro in the quarter-finals.

Ladies Cup

All 20 teams, representing all twelve eligible clubs entered the Ladies Cup.

Of the twenty competing teams, eight were entered into a Preliminary round with the four winners joining the remaining twelve teams in Round 1.  The eight teams contesting the preliminary round were those teams ranked lowest based upon their finishing position in the 2011-12 league season.

Results and Fixtures
The draw for both the Men's Cup and Ladies' Cup was carried out on 25 July 2012.

Men's Cup

Ladies Cup

Preliminary round
The eight lowest ranked teams in the competition (based upon their finishing position in the 2011-12 league season) will contest the preliminary round. The draw was carried out at random.  Rankings are shown in parentheses.

Main Draw

References

External links

 http://www.cornwallhockey.org/default.aspx?id=4

Cornwall Hockey Association Knockout Cup
2010s in Cornwall
2013 in English sport

2012–13 CHA Cup


Molly Line is an American news correspondent who works for Fox News Channel.  Molly Line joined Fox News as a Boston-based correspondent in January 2006.

Biography
A 1995 graduate of Tucker County High School, Hambleton, West Virginia, Line attended college at Virginia Tech where she received a Bachelor of Arts in Mass Communication and Political Science (1999). In 1995, she competed in the Miss West Virginia Pageant for the first time as Miss Tucker County. In 1997, she competed again in the Miss West Virginia Pageant, as Miss Greater Bluefield Area, where she was among the Top 10 Semi-Finalists. She also competed in 1999 as Miss Canaan Valley. For the fourth and final try, she competed for the title in 2000, as Miss Rhododendron, where she received the Preliminary Talent Award and was named 3rd Runner Up to Miss West Virginia.
According to her Facebook page, she became engaged on Thursday, June 9, 2011.   She was married on July 21, 2012 at Jackson Community Church, Jackson, New Hampshire.

Molly Line was also a ski instructor as she mentioned on air during episode E132 of "Outnumbered", on July 4, 2023 approximately 12:40 pm Eastern Time.

Professional career
Prior to joining FNC she worked as an anchor/reporter for WFXT (Channel 25), a Boston affiliate (Dec 2002-Dec 2005). While at WFXT, Line covered the sentencing of shoe bomber Richard Reid and the Station nightclub fire — a disaster that killed 100 people.

Line serves as a primary guest anchor/host on Fox News Live, The Big Weekend Show, Fox Report, The Faulkner Focus, Outnumbered and America Reports.

Before her work at WFXT, Line served as an anchor/reporter at WXXA (Channel 23) in Albany, NY (2000-2002). She got her start in journalism as a photographer/reporter at WDTV in Bridgeport, WV (1999-2000).

Most recently, Line reported live from the tragic shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut. She has also covered the Cartoon Network "Aqua Teen Hunger Force" scandal and the arrest and extradition of Neil Entwistle, the British born man accused of murdering his wife and baby in January 2006.

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
Fox News people
American women television journalists
Journalists from New York City
21st-century American journalists
Journalists from West Virginia
Virginia Tech alumni
21st-century American women

Molly Line


The Freie Vereinigung der Amateur-Fußballvereine Österreichs (VAFÖ) (Free Association of Austrian Amateur Football Clubs) was an Austrian football association. It existed from July 1926 to October 1936. It saw itself as the governing body for all Austrian workers' sports clubs. It was made directly from the Austrian Football Association (ÖFV). They had its own selection team. The team represented Austria in international workers' sports tournaments.

History
After the First World War, the workers' sports clubs, workers' cyclists and nature lovers came together in 1919 to form the "Association of Workers' and Soldiers' Sports Clubs" (VAS), which in 1924 was renamed the Workers' Federation for Sports and Physical Culture in Austria (ASKÖ). Only the workers' footballers remained in the non-partisan Austrian Football Association (ÖFV) until 1926. From 1921 onward there were two interest groups within the ÖFV, the social-democratic "Free Association" and the bourgeois "Protection Association".

There was a split over the question of whether the association should send a team to the first Workers' Olympics. The Free Association left the ÖFV and formed on 7 March 1926 the "Freie Vereinigung der Amateur-Fußballvereine Österreichs" (VAFÖ) . On July 1st the VAFÖ went one step further. It was decided to liquidate the association with the bourgeoisie and joined the ASKÖ. The other teams formed the "Allgemeinen Österreichischen Fußball-Bund" (AÖFB).

The VAFÖ then focused on the promotion of workers' football on an amateur base. They played own championships and cup competitions. They also formed an amateur selection. It represented Austria with great success in international workers' tournaments (Olympic champion 1931, European champion 1933). In 1927 the VAFÖ had 403 clubs with around 10.000 members.

Due to the poor economic situation, many players went to professional clubs in the early 1930s. After the Austrian Civil War in 1934 and the ban of the Social Democratic Party most of the VAFÖ teams were forced to the AÖFB. The football association existed till 1936 but had no influence.

Teams of the  VAFÖ-league 1933/34

Champions of the VAFÖ league
Meister der VAFÖ-Liga:

References

Football in Austria
Association football governing bodies in Europe
1926 establishments in Europe


A country's industrial policy (IP) or industrial strategy is its official strategic effort to encourage the development and growth of all or part of the economy, often focused on all or part of the manufacturing sector. The government takes measures "aimed at improving the competitiveness and capabilities of domestic firms and promoting structural transformation". A country's infrastructure (including transportation, telecommunications and energy industry) is a major enabler of the wider economy and so often has a key role in IP.

Industrial policies are interventionist measures typical of mixed economy countries. Many types of industrial policies contain common elements with other types of interventionist practices such as trade policy. Industrial policy is usually seen as separate from broader macroeconomic policies, such as tightening credit and taxing capital gains. Traditional examples of industrial policy include subsidizing export industries and import-substitution-industrialization (ISI), where trade barriers are temporarily imposed on some key sectors, such as manufacturing. By selectively protecting certain industries, these industries are given time to learn (learning by doing) and upgrade. Once competitive enough, these restrictions are lifted to expose the selected industries to the international market. More contemporary industrial policies include measures such as support for linkages between firms and support for upstream technologies.

History
The traditional arguments for industrial policies go back as far as the 18th century. Prominent early arguments in favor of selective protection of industries were contained in the 1791 Report on the Subject of Manufactures of US economist and politician Alexander Hamilton, as well as the work of German economist Friedrich List. List's views on free trade were in explicit contradiction to those of Adam Smith, who, in The Wealth of Nations, said that "the most advantageous method in which a landed nation can raise up artificers, manufacturers, and merchants of its own is to grant the most perfect freedom of trade to the artificers, manufacturers, and merchants of all other nations."

The relationship between government and industry in the United States has never been a simple one, and the labels used in categorizing these relationships at different times are often misleading if not false. In the early nineteenth century, for example, "it is quite clear that the laissez faire label is an inappropriate one." In the US, an industrial policy was explicitly presented for the first time by the Jimmy Carter administration in August 1980, but it was subsequently dismantled with the election of Ronald Reagan the following year.

Historically, there is a growing consensus that most developed countries, including United Kingdom, United States, Germany, and France, have intervened actively in their domestic economy through industrial policies. These early examples are followed by interventionist ISI strategies pursued in Latin American countries such as Brazil, Mexico or Argentina. More recently, the rapid growth of East Asian economies, or the newly industrialized countries (NICs), has also been associated with active industrial policies that selectively promoted manufacturing and facilitated technology transfer and industrial upgrading. The success of these state-directed industrialization strategies are often attributed to developmental states and strong bureaucracies such as the Japanese MITI. According to Princeton's Atul Kohli, the reason Japanese colonies such as South Korea developed so rapidly and successfully was down to Japan exporting to its colonies the same centralised state development that it had used to develop itself. Precisely speaking, South Korea's development can be explained by the fact that it followed the similar industrial policies that UK, US and Germany implemented, and South Korea adopted Export-Oriented Industrialization (EOI) policy from 1964 based on its own decision contrary to the Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) policy touted by international aid organizations and experts at that time. Many of these domestic policy choices, however, are now seen as detrimental to free trade and are hence limited by various international agreements such as WTO TRIMs or TRIPS. Instead, the recent focus for industrial policy has shifted towards the promotion of local business clusters and the integration into global value chains.

During the Reagan administration, an economic development initiative called Project Socrates was initiated to address US decline in ability to compete in world markets.  Project Socrates, directed by Michael Sekora, resulted in a computer-based competitive strategy system that was made available to private industry and all other public and private institutions that impact economic growth, competitiveness and trade policy.  A key objective of Socrates was to utilize advanced technology to enable US private institutions and public agencies to cooperate in the development and execution of competitive strategies without violating existing laws or compromising the spirit of "free market".   President Reagan was satisfied that this objective was fulfilled in the Socrates system.  Through the advances of innovation age technology, Socrates would provide "voluntary" but "systematic" coordination of resources across multiple "economic system" institutions including industry clusters, financial service organizations, university research facilities and government economic planning agencies.  While the view of one US President and the Socrates team was that technology made it virtually possible for both to exist simultaneously, the industrial policy vs. free market debate continued as later under the George H. W. Bush administration, Socrates was labeled as industrial policy and de-funded.

Following the Financial Crisis of 2007–08, many countries around the world  – including the US, UK, Australia, Japan and most countries of the European Union – have adopted industry policies. However contemporary industry policy generally accepts globalization as a given, and focuses less on the decline of older industries, and more on the growth of emergent industries. It often involves government working collaboratively with industry to respond to challenges and opportunities. China is a prominent case where the central and subnational governments participate in nearly all economic sectors and processes. Even though market mechanisms have gained in importance, state guidance through state-directed investment and indicative planning plays a substantial role in the economy. In order to catch-up and even overtake industrialized countries technologically, China's "state activities even extend to efforts to prevent the dominance of foreign investors and technologies in areas considered to be of key significance such as the strategic industries and the new technologies" including robotics and new energy vehicles.

Criticism

The main criticism against industrial policy arises from the concept of government failure. Industrial policy is seen as harmful as governments lack the required information, capabilities and incentives to successfully determine whether the benefits of promoting certain sectors above others exceeds the costs and in turn implement the policies. While the East Asian Tigers provided successful examples of heterodox interventions and protectionist industrial policies, industrial policies such as import-substitution-industrialization (ISI) have failed in many other regions such as Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa. Governments, in making decisions with regard to electoral or personal incentives, can be captured by vested interests, leading to industrial policies supporting local rent-seeking political elites while distorting the efficient allocation of resources by market forces.

Debates on process
Despite criticism, there is a consensus in recent development theory that says state interventions may be necessary when market failures occur. Market failures often exist in the form of externalities and natural monopolies. Some economists argue that public action can boost certain development factors "beyond what market forces on their own would generate." In practice, these interventions are often aimed at regulating networks, public infrastructure, R&D or correcting information asymmetries. Many countries are now seeing a revival of industrial policy.

One question is which kinds of industrial policy are most effective in promoting economic development. For example, economists debate whether developing countries should focus on their comparative advantage by promoting mostly resource- and labor-intensive products and services, or invest in higher-productivity industries, which may only become competitive in the longer term.

Debate also surrounds the issue of whether government failures are more pervasive and severe than market failures. Some argue that the lower the government accountability and capabilities, the higher the risk of political capture of industrial policies, which may be economically more harmful than existing market failures.

Of particular relevance for developing countries are the conditions under which industrial policies may also contribute to poverty reduction, such as a focus on specific industries or the promotion of linkages between larger companies and smaller local enterprises.

See also
 Green industrial policy
 Chaebol
 Developmental state
 Import substitution industrialization
 Infant industry argument
 Ministry of International Trade and Industry
 The Lucas Plan

References

Sources

 Dobbin, Frank. Forging Industrial Policy: The United States, Britain and France in the Railway Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1994

 Koh, Jae Myong (2018). Green Infrastructure Financing: Institutional Investors, PPPs and Bankable Projects, London: Palgrave Macmillan. .

External links
 New Industrial and Innovation Policy, The World Bank Institute
 China's Political System, Mercator Institute for China Studies
 Interview with US secretary of commerce Penny Pritzke by the McKinsey Global Institute

Policy

Industrial policy


Xie Fuzhi (; 26 September 1909 – 26 March 1972) was a Chinese Communist Party military commander, political commissar, and national security specialist. He was born in 1909 in Hong'an County, Hubei and died in Beijing in 1972. Xie was known for his efficiency and his loyalty to Mao Zedong, and during the Cultural Revolution he played a key role in hunting down Mao's enemies in his capacity as Minister of Public Security from 1959 to 1972.

Military career

He joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1931, at the age of 22.

Prior to 1949, Xie served as a political commissar in the 4th Column of the 2nd Field Army, under a commissars' chain of command that led to Field Army Political Commissar Deng Xiaoping. His unit was involved in the victorious Huai Hai Campaign against the right-wing Kuomintang, after which it was merged into the newly formed 14th Army of the 2nd Field Army as the 41st Division. Xie emerged from the post-liberation reorganization as Political Commissar of the 4th Army, 2nd Field Army. He served with his former co-commander General Chen Geng, and concurrently as Deputy Political Commissar of the 3rd Army, 2nd Field Army under General Chen Xilian, later to become another Cultural Revolution military figure in support of Chairman Mao.

The People's Republic
After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and his military activities, Xie was appointed Deputy Minister of Public Security, the number two figure in the security establishment. He also became first secretary of the CPC Yunnan Committee, serving in these capacities until 1959, when by decision of Mao he replaced Luo Ruiqing as Minister of Public Security.

In 1955 he was conferred the rank of Shang Jiang (i.e., General).

He was elected member of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party at the Eight National Congress in 1956, and a member of the Central Military Commission.

Cultural Revolution
Xie gave a speech in the summer of 1966, in his capacity as Minister of Public Security, that essentially gave carte blanche to the Red Guards to confiscate and kill their opponents. Xie, unlike other People's Liberation Army (PLA) Generals, was fond of the Red Guards and sought to develop them as a parallel army, a special security force. The Gang of Four, Xie's allies, had similar ideas about creating a paramilitary force to balance the power of the PLA. Some consider the speech he gave to be the trigger for the violence that followed.

His staunch support for the Cultural Revolution led him to be elected alternate member of the Politburo, secretary of the Secretariat and a member of the reorganized Beijing Committee in 1966. He was also a member of the powerful Cultural Revolution Group.

In 1967, as it was happening throughout the country starting from Shanghai, in Beijing all power was passed to a new revolutionary committee, of which Xie Fuzhi was elected chairman. He was preferred over CPC Beijing Committee Secretary Li Xuefeng who was deemed to be too hostile to the Red Guards. He was also first political commissar of the Beijing Military Region.

At the same time, Xie launched an anti-revisionist campaign within the security and intelligence personnel of the Ministry of Public Security, declaring it had followed a counter-revolutionary line under Luo Ruiqing. His active support for the Cultural Revolution led him to be elected full member of the Politburo at the Ninth Congress in 1969. In 1971, when the Beijing Party Committee was re-elected, he was appointed its first secretary.

Xie remained in charge of state security until his sudden death in 1972.

The Wuhan Incident

In July 1967, PLA Wuhan Military Region Commander General Chen Zaidao backed the more conservative Million Heroes Red Guard faction against its militant opponents, the Wuhan Workers' General Headquarters (WWGH). Premier Zhou Enlai ordered General Chen to back down, and support the WWGH, but he refused to do so. Xie and Wang Li were sent to Wuhan to persuade General Chen to obey Zhou's orders. On July 20, PLA forces detained, slapped and humiliated Xie and allowed Wang to be held by the Million Heroes faction. Premier Zhou flew to Wuhan but was prevented from landing by a show of military force at the airport. At that point, the army sent in three infantry divisions and other units, and forced General Chen to surrender without a fight. Xie and Wang were welcomed back to Beijing by a mass rally in Tiananmen Square on July 25.

After returning to Beijing, Xie played a key role in providing military weapons to favored Red Guard factions, including the supply of 500 rifles to the Jinggangshan Commune of Beijing's Teacher's University.

Legacy
Xie died before the denunciation of the Gang of Four in 1976, but he was identified in official documents, along with Kang Sheng, as equally responsible for the excesses of the Cultural Revolution and guilty of "anti-party activities". He was posthumously expelled from the Party in 1980 and his ashes were removed from the Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery.

See also
List of generals of the People's Republic of China

References

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1909 births
1972 deaths
Anti-revisionists
Politicians from Huanggang
Mayors of Beijing
People of the Cultural Revolution
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Hubei
People's Republic of China politicians from Hubei
Political office-holders in Yunnan
Ministers of Public Security of the People's Republic of China
Members of the Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party
Expelled members of the Chinese Communist Party
Members of the 9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party

Xie Fuzhi


Los Danzantes de Levanto is a typical dance from the Amazonas Region, Peru. Levanto is a little town that is approximately  from Chachapoyas, whose "dancers" form a showy group of thirteen cholos, very well trained, that are guided by a "pifador" (a person who whistles) that plays the antara and a small drum called tinya simultaneously.

They wear a white shirt of wide and long sleeves, a black vest adorned with red ribbons and black trousers. They also wear a crown of showy peacock's feathers. Their presence is important in all the big celebrations of the region.

Other well-known dances that are performed in diverse localities are:
 the "Conchiperla", in which the man gives a handkerchief to his partner keeping a knee in the ground and if he doesn't do it, a glass of liqueur must be drunk in punishment,
 the "Trapichillo", danced by four couples grabbed by the right hands and turning around from right to left side,
 the "Quinsamana", in which insults and compliments are mixed.

References

Culture of Amazonas Region
Peruvian dances
Native American dances

Danzantes de Levanto