The Battle of Belyov () was fought in 1437 near Belyov between the troops of the Grand Duchy of Moscow under the command of Dmitry Shemyaka and Tatars led by Ulugh Muhammad. The result of the battle was the complete defeat of the Russian army.

Background
By 1437 Khan Ulugh Muhammad lost the struggle for power in the Golden Horde. He was forced to flee and appeared with the small army near the town Belyov, which is in the upper reaches of the Oka River. Initially Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily II, who was indebted to Ulugh Muhammad for the throne of the Grand Duchy, received fugitive Khan rather well and allowed him to nomadize in the vicinity of Belyov. There is evidence that Vasily II and Ulugh Muhammad concluded some kind of treaty, vowing not to commit hostile actions against each other. However, after the position of Ulugh Muhammad strengthened, he began plundering raids: "he ravaged foreign lands, like an eagle, flying far from his nest in search of food". This caused concern among people in the inner circles of Moscow Principality and they put pressure on Vasily II, so he decided to expel Ulugh Muhammad from Belyov. It is interesting to note that at that time the Grand Duke of Lithuania was formally suzerain of Belyov, like other Upper Oka Principalities, but they also retained their ties with Moscow.

1437 Campaign
Vasily II sent to Belyov an army under the command of his cousins Dmitry Shemyaka and Dmitry Krasny (they were also his rivals in the struggle for the throne of the Grand Duchy), and "many other princes". Russian sources estimate the army sent to Belyov as very numerous. On the way the army robbed local people (according to the Grand Duke's chronicle), not only in order to feed themselves, but also sent the loot home.

Going to spend the winter near Belyov, Ulugh Muhammad built near the town a kind of fortification ("ostrog") – wicker walls were covered with snow and watered. After the water froze, a strong "ice fortress" was formed. The fortification was well located: from the West and South the approaches were protected by a deep ravine, along which the Belyovka River flowed, and from the East there was the steep bank of the Oka River. The gentle approach was only from the North, and at the narrowest point the passage was no more than 100 m (300 ft) wide.

Battle
On 4 December Russian forces attacked the Tatars and drove them into the ice fortress, but were defeated trying to take it at once. Princes Pyotr Kuzminsky and Semyon Volynets, who broke into the fortification on the heels of the retreating Tatars, were killed. According to the Russian chronicle, the losses of the Tatars were also heavy, some unnamed Ulug Mohammed's son-in-law was even killed there.

Instead of preparing for a coordinated assault, the Russian commanders entered into negotiations and lost their vigilance. In some chronicles, the main blame is assigned to Grigory Protasyev, voivode of Mtsensk, who allegedly sided with Ulug Mohammed and "made a treason". Protasyev reported that the Grand Duke wished to conclude peace and did not order "to fight with the Tsar". During the negotiations on the morning of 5 December, Ulu-Mohammed refused to pay him any tribute and promised not to attack the Russian principalities, and offered his son as a hostage. In return, Ulu-Mohammad asked only to be allowed to remain near Belyov until spring. However, voivodes Vasily Sobakin and Andrei Goltyaev, who conducted the negotiations, rejected this proposal. Then Ulug Mohammed, who found himself in a desperate situation, personally led the attack on the Russian army. Taking advantage of the "great mist" the Tatars made the turning movement and attacked from the rear of the unprepared Russian troops. There was panic and total flight, and thus Ulug Mohammed won a complete victory.

Aftermath
After the defeat at Belyov, Vasily II together with Dmitry Shemyaka and Dmitry Krasny signed a treaty with Boris Aleksandrovich, Grand Prince of Tver, envisaging, in particular, mutual aid in case of invasion of "Tsar" (Khan) or other Tatars. In return, Vasily and his cousins promised not to accept the city Tver and Kashin from the Tatars.

Ulug Mohammed after the victory at Belyov captured the desolate city of Kazan, strengthened there and founded the Khanate of Kazan, and soon began raids on Russia.

Notes

References

Sources

Belyov
Belyov
Belyov
1437 in Europe
15th century in Russia
Russo-Kazan Wars
History of Tula Oblast

Battle of Belyov


An energy tax is a tax that increases the price of energy (Fisher et al., 1996, p. 416). Arguments in favour of energy taxes have included the pursuit of macroeconomic objectives, e.g., fiscal deficit reduction in the 1990s, as well as environmental benefits, i.e., reduced pollution (Nellor, 1994, p. 1). A weakness of energy taxes is that they impose a burden (or cost) in the form of reduced economic output and employment (p. 19).

United States

In 1993, then President Bill Clinton proposed a BTU tax. A BTU tax is a type of energy tax (Baron, 1997, p. 14). The tax would have taxed all fuel sources based on their heat content except for wind, solar, and geothermal.  It was never adopted. The BTU tax passed the House, but was rejected by the Senate in light of the lobbying effort mobilized against its adoption. The rejected proposal was watered down, as the Clinton administration tried to salvage their efforts by offering to exempt manufacturers and base the tax on the cost rather than the heat content of energy.  Many of the House Democrats who voted for the tax and who lost their seats in the 1994 midterm election, blamed their loss on their vote for the BTU tax. Getting "BTU'd" became Beltway slang at the time for those who lost reelection by voting for the controversial proposal.

Colorado

On 7 November 2006, citizens of Boulder, Colorado (a city with roughly 100,000 residents situated in the foothills of the Rocky Mtns) voted in favor of initiative 202, the Boulder Climate Action Plan Tax. That marks the first time in the nation that a municipal government has imposed an energy tax directly upon its residents to combat global warming. It applies to energy consumption with deductions for carbon-neutral and renewable energy sources (such as Xcel Energy's WindSource).

The tax appears on consumer's energy bills and is used to fund the city's Office of Environmental Affairs that is in charge of programs designed to reduce Boulder's carbon footprint.

The CAP tax is to generate roughly $1 million annually. The City Council has the authority to increase the rates as needed. As of October 2009, the rate is assigned as follows:

See also
Carbon fee and dividend
Carbon tax
Ecotax
Energy Tax Act of 1978
Energy Policy Act of 2005
Fuel economy in automobiles
H.R. 1424

References

Energy policy
Environmental tax

Energy tax


My Name Is Joe is a 1998 British romantic drama film directed by Ken Loach. The film stars Peter Mullan as Joe Kavanagh, an unemployed recovering alcoholic in Glasgow, Scotland who meets and falls in love with a health visitor, played by Louise Goodall. David McKay plays his troubled friend Liam. The film's title is a reference to the ritualised greeting performed in Alcoholics Anonymous meetings, as portrayed in the film's opening scene.

The movie was mainly filmed in the council estates of Glasgow and filling small roles with local residents, many of whom had drug and criminal pasts.

The film won awards in many film festivals, including Best Actor for Mullan at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival. The British Film Institute ranked the film 91st in its 1999 BFI Top 100 British films list.

Plot
The film begins with Joe Kavanagh at an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting, relaying an experience from his past. Then, faking a police raid, Joe spooks his friends whom he coaches in a local football match. On the way to pick up Liam, a former junkie who Joe is fond of, they are cut off by a woman who is a health visitor serving Liam, his girlfriend Sabine, and their son Scott, assessing their culpability for welfare. Joe insists that Liam come to the game but Sarah, the health visitor, protests. Dropping off Liam after the match, Joe watches as Liam and Sabine have a confrontation outside their home with some thugs. He later spots Sarah outside the local health center, and flirts with her, offering to help her with her wallpaper. While working on Sarah's flat with his close friend Shanks, Joe spots a social worker taking photographs of him working, which violates his welfare policies. Joe grows enraged and threatens the social worker, attacking the car with his painting supplies. Later, while eating dinner, Joe reveals to Sarah that he is a recovering alcoholic.

Joe is called before social services to explain his alleged breaking of welfare policy, and the worker reveals that Sarah wrote in and insisted that the work was done as a personal favor, not for money. Joe visits the local health center to thank Sarah for intervening on his behalf and asks her on a date. Sarah is apprehensive about going on a date with Joe based on his strange behavior, but her receptionist friend Maggie says she is overthinking things. After the date, Sarah locks her keys out of the flat and Joe suggests that she stay with him, stressing that he is not trying to sleep with her. Joe shares stories of his past with Sarah, and she presses him about why he stopped drinking. Joe is hesitant at first, but explains that he stopped drinking because he brutally beat a previous romantic partner while he was heavily intoxicated, and that he is deeply ashamed of himself.

The next day at the local football match, the same thugs who hassled Liam at home arrive at the pitch and assault him, leading Joe to wonder if Liam has returned to drugs. Liam insists that the assault occurred as retaliation for a bar fight. At the health centre, Sabine causes a scene by refusing to put out her cigarette, and later captures Sarah's attention when she is found out for stealing a prescription pad. Her doctor insists that she be removed from the local register and sent to another clinic, but Sarah reminds the doctor that they have done much to help the family. At home, Liam confronts Sabine, who lied about where she has been, and accuses her of having sex with other men after finding condoms in her purse, as well as being on drugs. Later, Joe arrives, finding Sabine preparing to inject heroin. He reluctantly helps her inject, and she reveals that Liam has been abducted by the thugs, who work for local drug dealer and crook McGowan, whom Joe knows from his youth. McGowan reveals that Liam owes him money, and has repeatedly failed to pay it back. Liam tells Joe that he stopped dealing heroin when he went to prison, but that Sabine took over and owes 1,500 pounds to McGowan because she uses the drugs rather than sell them. Liam was not aware of the dealing until very recently, and tells Joe that McGowan's thugs have threatened to cripple him if he cannot pay the money back. Joe threatens McGowan over this, but McGowan proposes Joe traffick drugs for him as a way of solving Liam's debt. Joe and Liam return home, and he lies to Sarah that the matter has been sorted.

After an intimate night with Sarah, Joe goes to Kintyre to pick up a car that is implied to contain drugs. He has doubts while driving back to Glasgow, flashing back to a conversation with Shanks who deeply disapproves of what Joe is doing. In a later scene, Joe gives Sarah a pair of earrings, as well as a ring. Joe tells Sarah that he loves her. Sarah tells him that she does not want the ring and Joe cannot understand what he has done wrong, throwing the ring into the river in a fit of rage. Later, Sarah arrives at his door and apologizes. The next day, Joe unwittingly plays getaway driver for his football team, who rob a shipment of jerseys at a sporting goods store. Meanwhile, Sarah reveals to her co-worker Maggie that she is pregnant. Sarah meets with Sabine and Liam in a park, where Sabine inadvertently reveals Joe's lie, insisting that he paid McGowan off. Liam complicates things further by telling Sarah that Joe simply got them an extension on their payments, and Sarah accuses him of lying. She goes to Joe's flat and presses him for more information about his dealings with McGowan, expressing her concerns. Joe seems to have placated her, but Liam arrives abruptly and warns Joe about Sarah's questions. She grows enraged that Joe is complicit in dealing drugs, but he insists that he does not have the same resources as her, and had no other way to help Liam. Sarah leaves the apartment in tears after discovering her presents were bought with an advance from McGowan.

Joe goes to Liam's flat and gives him money to leave town, saying that he will not complete the second job for McGowan. After this, he goes to Sarah's and unsuccessfully tries to reconcile with her. At McGowan's snooker hall, he says he will not complete the job. McGowan brushes him off, and tries to get Joe thrown out. After one of McGowan's thugs makes lewd comments about Sarah, Joe flies into a rage and brutally beats all of McGowan's men. Knowing he has marked himself for death, he buys liquor and returns home. Later, Liam arrives and finds Joe in a drunken stupor. He tells Joe that McGowan's men are pursuing both of them, but Joe drunkenly insults Liam for not following his instructions and refuses to move. Backed into a corner, Liam ties a rope around his neck and jumps out of the window. Joe awakes and tries to pull him back up, but is too inebriated to lift Liam, who dies. Joe spots Sarah at Liam's burial, and the two walk off together.

Cast
Peter Mullan – Joe Kavanagh
Louise Goodall – Sarah Downie
David McKay – Liam
Anne-Marie Kennedy – Sabine (as Annemarie Kennedy)
David Hayman – McGowan
Gary Lewis – Shanks
Lorraine McIntosh – Maggie
Scott Hannah – Scott
David Peacock – Hooligan
Gordon McMurray – Scrag
James McHendry – Perfume
Paul Clark – Zulu
Stephen McCole – Mojo
Simon Macallum – Robbo

Reception
The film grossed £253,530 ($423,395) in the United Kingdom. It grossed $354,952 in the United States and Canada, for a worldwide total in excess of $778,347.

See also
 BFI Top 100 British films

References

External links

1998 films
1998 drama films
Artisan Entertainment films
Films scored by George Fenton
Films about alcoholism
Films directed by Ken Loach
Films set in Glasgow
Films set in Scotland
Scottish drama films
English-language Scottish films
English-language French films
English-language German films
English-language Spanish films
1990s British films
Films shot in Glasgow

My Name Is Joe


Physics education or physics teaching refers to the education methods currently used to teach physics. The occupation is called physics educator or physics teacher. Physics education research refers to an area of pedagogical research that seeks to improve those methods. Historically, physics has been taught at the high school and college level primarily by the lecture method together with laboratory exercises aimed at verifying concepts taught in the lectures. These concepts are better understood when lectures are accompanied with demonstration, hand-on experiments, and questions that require students to ponder what will happen in an experiment and why. Students who participate in active learning for example with hands-on experiments learn through self-discovery. By trial and error they learn to change their preconceptions about phenomena in physics and discover the underlying concepts. Physics education is part of the broader area of science education.

Ancient Greece
Aristotle wrote what is considered now as the first textbook of physics. Aristotle's ideas were taught unchanged until the Late Middle Ages, when scientists started making discoveries that didn't fit them. For example, Copernicus' discovery contradicted Aristotle's idea of an Earth-centric universe. Aristotle's ideas about motion weren't displaced until the end of the 17th century, when Newton published his ideas.

Today's physics students often think of physics concepts in Aristotelian terms, despite being taught only Newtonian concepts.

Hong Kong

High schools
In Hong Kong, physics is a subject for public examination. Local students in Form 6 take the public exam of Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE).

Compare to the other syllabus include GCSE, GCE etc. which learn wider and boarder of different topics, the Hong Kong syllabus is learning more deeply and more challenges with calculations. Topics are narrow down to a smaller amount compared to the A-level due to the insufficient teaching hours at secondary schools in Hong Kong, which include temperature, heat, internal energy, change of state, gases, position, motion, force, projectile motion, work, energy, power, momentum, uniform circular motion, gravitation, wave, light, sound, electrostatics, circuits, electromagnetism, radiation, radioactivity, atomic model, nuclear energy, universe, astronomy, stars, Rutherford model, photoelectric effect, Bohr model, particles, nanoscopic scale, building, transportation, renewable energy sources, eye, ear, non-ionizing radiation and ionizing radiation etc.

Some schools only allow students choose physics as elective subject since Form 4, some schools provide physics compulsory curriculum in Form 3 and then allow students to choose in Form 4, and some other schools allow students choose physics as elective subject since Form 3. Also, most schools use English language as the medium of instruction for physics, whereas a few of the schools use Chinese language as the medium of instruction for physics.

Other than having lectures in classrooms or laboratories, schools in Hong Kong organise outside-school activities to motivate students learning Physics.

Universities
Pure Physics major programmes are provided in the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) and University of Hong Kong (HKU). Topics include engineering physics, mechanics, thermodynamics, fluids, wave, optics, modern physics, laboratory, heat, electromagnetism, quantitative methods, computational physics, astronomy, astrophysics, classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, quantum information, statistical physics, theoretical physics, computer simulation, soft matter, practical electronics, contemporary physics, instrumentation, statistical mechanics, solid state physics, meteorology, nanoscience, optical physics, theory of relativity and particle physics etc.

There are different approaches of delivering physics lectures in different universities in Hong Kong. In CUHK, most relevant knowledge including quantitative methods and computer simulation are learnt in the Department of Physics, which may let the students learn deeper into the concept that applied to the physics problems, whereas in HKUST, quantitative methods and computer simulation are learnt by students in the courses delivered by Department of Mathematics and Department of Computer Science respectively which allow the students to learn boarder with knowledge of different aspects.

There are also Enrichment Stream in Theoretical Physics offered by CUHK and International Research Enrichment Track offered by HKUST. In that stream, additional topics include astrophysics, particle physics, computational physics, and quantum physics. The practices of solving theoretical systems and the discussions of physical insight are very in-depth, which promote the graduates into a high level of the understanding of physics. However, the working opportunity for graduates with theoretical background in Hong Kong is too narrow. Most graduates pursue further studies overseas or become teachers.

Moreover, Applied Physics major programmes are offered only in most other universities in Hong Kong.

United Kingdom

Secondary schools

England, Wales and Northern Ireland
At GCSE level, students can choose to study physics either as a whole subject separate from biology and chemistry (referred to as "triple science") or as part of a so-called "combined science" course, in which all three sciences are sandwiched into a single qualification worth two GCSEs. At GCSE, students are taught the basics of a broad range of physical concepts including energy, waves, Newtonian mechanics, electricity, thermal physics and nuclear physics among others. There is also a practical element (known as "required practicals"), which is conducted in the classroom and then assessed via questions in the final exam papers. Because of this, it is theoretically possible for students to pass the GCSE required practical element without doing a single experiment.

Students wishing to continue to study physics after their GCSEs may then choose to study the subject as an A-level qualification (lasting two years) or an AS-level (lasting one year). A-level physics also includes required practicals, but unlike at GCSE, these are assessed in-class by teachers. Students who pass are given "practical accreditation", which some universities require before allowing a student onto certain science courses. There are still questions in the final exams regarding practical technique, but answering these questions correctly does not contribute to practical accreditation. Much of the content of A-level physics is elaborating (albeit quite extensively) on topics covered at GCSE, with the addition of units not present in the GCSE course, such as particle physics. Despite containing significantly less mathematical rigour nowadays than in the past, physics is still widely regarded as the most demanding A-level course available, and is one of the least popular subjects in proportion to its availability. There is some concern that not enough 17- to 18-year-olds are leaving school with A-level physics to meet the demands of the modern job market.

Scotland
In Scotland, Highers and Advanced Highers replace GCSEs and A-levels respectively. The content of the qualifications is fairly similar. Since Scottish post-16 school students finish school a year earlier than their counterparts in the rest of the UK, the content of the first year of the physics degrees offered at most Scottish universities is similar to the second year of A-level physics.

Universities
Most university physics courses in the UK have their content moderated by the Institute of Physics (IOP) and are referred to as being "IOP-accredited". The aim of this is to ensure that all physics students graduate with the knowledge and skills required to work as a professional physicist. Physics can be studied as a 3-year Bachelor of Science degree (4 years in Scotland) or as an integrated Master's degree, in which students who pass the first 3 or 4 years then take a final "master's year" without having to apply again for any Master's courses. Alternatively, students who initially apply to study BSc Physics can apply to study for a Master's degree when they graduate.

Teaching strategies
Teaching strategies are the various techniques used to facilitate the education of students with different learning styles.
The different teaching strategies are intended to help students develop critical thinking and engage with the material.
The choice of teaching strategy depends on the concept being taught, and indeed on the interest of the students.

Methods/Approaches for teaching physics
 Lecture:  Lecturing is one of the more traditional ways of teaching science. Owing to the convenience of this method, and the fact that most teachers are taught by it, it remains popular in spite of certain limitations (compared to other methods, it does little to develop critical thinking and scientific attitude among students). This method is teacher centric.
 Recitation:  Also known as the Socratic method. In this method, the student plays a greater role than they would in a lecture. The teacher asks questions with the aim of prompting the thoughts of the students. This method can be very effective in developing higher order thinking in pupils. To apply this strategy, the students should be partially informed about the content. The efficacy of the recitation method depends largely on the quality of the questions. This method is student centric.
 Demonstration: In this method, the teacher performs certain experiments, which students observe and ask questions about. After the demonstration, the teacher can explain the experiment further and test the students' understanding via questions. This method is an important one, as science is not an entirely theoretical subject.
 Lecture-cum-Demonstration: As its name suggests, this is a combination of two of the above methods: lecture and demonstration. The teacher performs the experiment and explains it simultaneously. By this method, the teacher can provide more information in less time. As with the demonstration method, the students only observe; they do not get any practical experience of their own. It is not possible to teach all topics by this method.
Laboratory Activities: Laboratories have students conduct physics experiments and collect data by interacting with physics equipment. Generally, students follow instructions in a lab manual. These instructions often take students through an experiment step-by-step. Typical learning objectives include reinforcing the course content through real-world interaction (similar to demonstrations) and thinking like experimental physicists. Lately, there has been some effort to shift lab activities toward the latter objective by separating from the course content, having students make their own decisions, and calling to question the notion of a "correct" experimental result. Unlike the demonstration method, the laboratory method gives students practical experience performing experiments like professional scientists. However, it often requires a significant amount of time and resources to work properly.

Research

Physics education research is the study of how physics is taught and how students learn physics. It a subfield of educational research.

See also

 American Association of Physics Teachers
 Balsa wood bridge
 Concept inventory
 Egg drop competition
 Feynman lectures
 Harvard Project Physics
 Learning Assistant Model
 List of physics concepts in primary and secondary education curricula
 Mousetrap car
 Physical Science Study Committee
 Physics First
 SAT Subject Test in Physics
 Physics Outreach
 Science education
 Teaching quantum mechanics
 Mathematics education
 Engineering education
 Discipline-based education research

References

Further reading

PER Reviews:

Miscellaneous:

Education by subject

Physics education


A dance party (also referred to as a dance) is a social gathering where dancing is the primary activity. Some dance parties are held in a casual setting and open to the public, such as a rave, or those held in nightclubs.

Other types of dance parties may be a formal or semi-formal private event which often require guests to don formal wear and have an invitation or membership within the community hosting the event, such as school dances and cotillions.

Guests of formal dances often attend in pairs, as consorts or "dates" for one another. The term "stag" refers to going without a consort to a dance organized for couples. Dances commonly take place during the evening, although some are held earlier during the daytime; such events are known as tea dances.

Casual dances
Casual dances are dances that do not have a formal dress requirement; these may include school and community events, raves, evening entertainments provided for guests aboard a cruise ship, and events organized for certain holidays, such as Halloween and Mardi Gras.

School dances

A school dance is a dance sponsored by a school, and may be casual or formal. Casual school dances were originally limited to Western countries, although schools in other countries are beginning to adopt such events. There are some schools, such as Arlington High School in Arlington, Massachusetts, that prohibit school-hosted dances, citing sex and alcohol problems.

In the United States

One of the most significant school dances is prom, a relatively formal event normally reserved for Junior grade and Senior grade students. Some schools host a winter formal, a similar event, for the lower grades. In the 1950s, informal school dances in the United States were often called sock hops. The traditional Sadie Hawkins dance may be formal or semi-formal.

Live band dance
A live band dance is an event where the means of serving the dancefloor involves the use of a live band. Before the rise of discothèques and DJ-based dancefloors with recorded music (prior to the 1950s), live bands were the ubiquitous means of serving the dancefloor. Along with that, slow-dancing was the primary method of dancing at the time.  However; the rise of Rock and Roll music initially made it hard for people to dance when it was popularized in the early 1950s, however people quickly adapted to it and started dancing at higher speeds almost coinciding the rise of DJ-based dancefloors. Live bands have quickly been displaced by DJ-based dancefloors as the DJ stands took up less space than bandstands and that it played recorded music.

Ambience

Dance parties are usually held at night, and may be hosted in private homes, bars, gymnasiums, nightclubs, community centers, ballrooms, or other large open spaces suitable for use as a dance floor by many people simultaneously.

The music at dance parties is usually played through a PA system or a more powerful sound system, and is often supplied by a DJ who selects and plays pre-recorded songs from vinyl records, compact discs or with a laptop; however, some dance parties feature live instrumentalists or musicians playing their music live on an instrument, or with a laptop. Raves and other large, modern dance parties use visual and lighting effects, such as strobe lighting and smoke machines.

Popularity
In the Jewish community, Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations often involve dances.

Dances are common for Quinceañeras, sweet sixteen parties and débutante celebrations. Some of these coming of age events involve a father-daughter dance.

At wedding receptions, the newlywed couple may opt to have a first dance (before all guests are invited to participate on the dance floor).

A dance party that is gaining popularity is the Bollywood dance party, featuring music from Hindi cinema from India. A popular dance party that demonstrates this style of music and dance combination is produced by Wicked Karma that is produced by Christie Sanam and DJ RDX

Nurai, a nightclub in Beirut hosted a party event on the 28th August 2017 and by August 30, 2017 it broke the Guinness World Record for hosting a 56-hour long party to show that "it is the best party city in the world!"

In Australia, dance parties are popular amongst teenagers, to the point that many dance parties are held specifically for teenagers in nightclubs or other locations which allow underage guests, who are usually unable to attend such places due to local laws.

Specialized events

Some dance events may put an emphasis on certain genres of dance. For example, an event may feature swing or square dancing rather than dancing in general.  A masked ball is a type of costume party that features dancing. Dance parties at which people mainly dance Tango are called Milongas.

See also

Ball
Dance hall
Play party (United States)
Dance music
Barn dance
:Category:Dance festivals
:Category:Partner dance

References

Party
Parties
Social dance

Dance party


Bağdat Avenue (, literally Baghdad Avenue) is one of the most important high streets on the Anatolian side of Istanbul, Turkey. It runs approximately  from Maltepe in the east to Kadıköy in the west, almost paralleling the coastline of the Sea of Marmara. The most important part of the street runs  from Bostancı to Kızıltoprak within the district of Kadıköy. Bağdat Avenue is usually seen as the counterpart of Istiklal Avenue on the European side of the city in terms of its importance and glamour although it lacks the fine heritage of historic buildings to be found on Istiklal Avenue with almost all its architecture modern.

Bağdat Caddesi mainly runs through middle and upper-class residential areas. A one-way street for traffic, it is lined with old plane trees and flanked by a series of shopping malls, boutiques and elegant shops offering world-famous brands, as well as by restaurants serving international and local cuisine, pubs and cafes, luxury car dealers and banks. Most of the shops are open seven days a week, including Sunday afternoons.

Heading westwards, Bağdat Avenue runs through: Cevizli, Maltepe, İdealtepe, Küçükyalı, Altıntepe,  Bostancı, Çatalçeşme, Suadiye, Şaşkınbakkal, Erenköy, Caddebostan, Göztepe, Çiftehavuzlar, Selamiçeşme, Feneryolu and Kızıltoprak. The busiest stretches of Bağdat Avenue run between Suadiye and Caddebostan, where most of the shopping malls and fashion stores are located.

Bağdat Avenue offers a variety of transport options including buses, dolmuşes, taxis and rentable scooters. Within walking distance of the avenue there are seabus (high-speed catamaran ferry) terminals in Kadıköy and Bostancı. The Marmaray railway running just north of the avenue serves Bostancı which has a quay for commuter ferries, which connect the Asian side of the city with the European side, as well as for ferries to the nearby Princes' Islands.

History

Bağdat Avenue started life as a road connecting Constantinople with Anatolia during the Byzantine and later the Ottoman periods, when it was used for trade and military purposes. It acquired its name after the recapture of Baghdad by Sultan Murad IV in 1638. However, the original road started from Üsküdar and passed through Haydarpaşa Meadows, joining what became the later route in Kızıltoprak.

The Ottomans built fountains with namazgahs (open-air areas set aside for prayer) along the road to serve travellers arriving to or departing from the city. Some of the neighbourhoods along Bağdat Avenue are still named after these fountains (), such as Söğütlüçeşme (Willow Fountain), Selamiçeşme, and Çatalçeşme (Forked Fountain).

During the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876–1909), some pashas, high officials and wealthy traders purchased land around Bağdat Avenue and erected luxurious chalet-like wooden mansions, a few of which still exist today.

Before World War I, the avenue was paved with cobblestones, and carriages were used for transportation. In the early years of the Republican era, the original cobblestoned avenue was covered with asphalt, and a tram line was constructed between Kadıköy and Bostancı.

Until the 1960s, the coastal area close to Bağdat Avenue served as a summer resort primarily for the city's upper and middle classes, who mainly lived on the European side of İstanbul closer to their businesses. Following the opening of the Bosphorus Bridge in 1973, these low-rise summer houses were pulled down in favour of new high-rise condominiums and some suburbs along Bağdat Avenue developed into particularly desirable residential areas.

Attractions
There are several large public parks just off Bağdat Caddesi. These include Özgürlük (Freedom) Park in Selamiçeşme and Göztepe Park which offers wonderful displays of tulips in April and of roses in June.

The small mosques along Bağdat Caddesi only date from the late 19th century. Most prominent are the Zühtü Paşa Mosque in Kızıltoprak (1885) ad the Galip Paşa Mosque in Caddebostan (1889).

In the back streets of Göztepe there is a fine Toy Museum, signposted by lampposts in the shape of giraffes.

Overlooking the Sea of Marmara at Caddebostan stands the magnificent, if abandoned, Ragip Paşa Mansion, a work of August Jasmund in 1906. Right next door is the mansion built for his daughter Tevhide Hanım.

Celebrations

Bağdat Avenue hosts a cultural parade on the evening of Republic Day, which is celebrated every year on October 29.

Celebrations also take place on Bağdat Avenue whenever the home football team Fenerbahçe SK wins the championship title in the Turkish Super League. Fenerbahçe fans gather here and celebrate by singing, dancing, driving and sounding their car horns all night.

Since the 1960s street racing has formed a local sub-culture, with wealthy young men tag-racing their imported muscle cars. Most of these young men are now middle-agers reliving their years of excitement as famous professional rally or track racers. With the heightened GTI and hot hatch culture starting in the 1990s, street-racing was revived. Towards the end of the 1990s, midnight street racing caused many fatal accidents, which were only reduced by intensive police patrols.

Besides cultural parades, there are also a lot of concerts and competitions that brands such as Red Bull organize. For instance, in August 2022, they organized brought their global Flagtug competition to Caddeboston Sahili (Beach) where competitors attempt to fly their own home-made flying machines. The event was a huge success and was broadcast as a livestream.

Namesakes
In some other parts of Turkey and elsewhere around the world, there are streets of the same name:
 Heliopolis, Egypt
 Sivas, Turkey
 Kayseri, Turkey
 Singapore
 Dubai, UAE

See also
 Abdi İpekçi Avenue
 İstiklal Avenue
 List of upscale shopping districts

References

External links

  Kadıköy Journal Homepage
 Bağdat Street Net
 Bağdat Caddesi 3D Virtual Tour

Streets in Istanbul
Shopping districts and streets in Turkey
Kadıköy
Restaurant districts and streets in Turkey
Entertainment districts in Turkey

Bağdat Avenue


Toys specifically marketed for dogs to play with come in many varieties, including dog bones, puppy toys, balls, tug toys, training aids, squeaky toys, discs and frisbees, plush toys, and sticks.

Dog toys serve different purposes. Puppies, for instance, need toys they can chew on when they are teething because their gums and jaws become very sore and chewing on things provides them relief. Playing with different toys also encourages exercise, which benefits the dogs' overall health, stimulates their minds, discourages problem behavior resulting from boredom and excess energy, and promotes dental health.

There is a wide variety of dog toys on the market that are designed for different purposes and depending on the dog's characteristics such as size, activity level, chewing habits, and play style.

Multifunctional

Some toys can serve multiple functions for dogs to interact with, combining common play behaviors into a single toy.  Some can adapt to other toys and objects, and be combined by the dog owner to create new toys for dogs to play with.  Whereas a hard ball is not well-suited for chewing, and a plush toy is difficult to throw, wrapping the ball in a plush exterior creates a toy that can be thrown and chewed on.  Such toys may provide more entertainment value for dogs and their owners.

Distraction toys

These toys can be useful for extremely active dogs who need mental stimulation as well as physical exercise. Some examples are food delivery toys, Kongs stuffed with dog food, frozen peanut butter and/or treats, chew challenge toys, and puzzle toys.

Bones
The term "bones" can include animal bones as well as manufactured bones and dental bones. Animal bones offer a lot of chewing potential but the true nutritional benefits are derived from the soft tissues attached to the bone such as meat, cartilage, fat and connective tissue, not from the bones themselves. There are dangers associated with animal bones, including broken teeth and possible ingestion of large fragments of bone which can cause serious injury or death.

Latex and rubber

Latex and rubber dog toys are great for dog entertainment. With these kind of toys, dogs that are aggressive chewers have a safe way to satisfy their biting instincts. These toys also help keep dogs' gums and teeth clean and healthy. In general, hard rubber bones and other latex dog toys help improve dogs' overall oral hygiene.

Sticks
Dogs often enjoy gnawing on small tree branches and pinecones. Sticks can also be thrown for the dog to retrieve but this is not recommended due to potential health problems that can develop, including punctures in the mouth. Dog owners should consult their veterinarians if they have any doubts over whether a toy is safe.

Balls

Balls of all shapes and sizes help keep dogs active and fit. They are a great way to play, and exercise a dog at the same time.

Safety

Dog toys are not safe if small pieces can be chewed or pulled off as these could be swallowed by the dog. The toy should also be adequate for the dog, taking into consideration their size and activity levels.

When choosing a dog toy, it is important that  pet owners choose those made with non-toxic materials. Dog owners should avoid giving their dogs objects with small parts that could be chewed off and ingested (such as cooked chicken bones).

See also
 Cat play and toys
 Toy

References

Dog equipment
Toys

Dog toy


Olga Mihaylovna Bebutova (), maiden name Danilova (1 November 1879 — 26 March 1952), was a Russian Empire actress and writer.

Her popularity was helped by her beauty (she was the winner of a Russian beauty contest in 1906). Her first husband was Prince Bebutov, her second Count Sollogub (she was called the "countess-actress"). She acted in Saint Petersburg theaters. She edited the paper Theater and Sport under the name Countess Sollogub, published novels under the name Princess Bebutova, and published theater chronicles under the name Gurielli. She was famous for being the source of scandals and mystifications. She left Russia after the October Revolution and settled in France, publishing her work in Riga, Latvia. She died in poverty.

She had a daughter, Tamara Nikolaevna Bebutova.

Some of her novels were Dekabristy (The Decembrists, 1906), Zhizn'-kopeika (Life isn't worth a kopeck, 1916), Novaya sila (New strength, 1926), Serdtse tsarevicha (The tsarevich's heart, 1928), and Bor'ba dvukh mirov (The struggle of two worlds, 1931).

External links
 biography

Writers from the Russian Empire
Actresses from the Russian Empire
White Russian emigrants to France
1879 births
1952 deaths

Olga Mihaylovna Bebutova


Isabel Cristina Estrada Cano (born 21 January 1980) is a Colombian actress, model, and presenter.

Biography
Isabel Cristina Estrada was born in Medellín in 1980. In her adolescence she began to work as a model, and played volleyball at a professional level. She studied Systems Engineering at EAFIT University. In 2001, she represented Antioquia Department in the Miss Colombia pageant. A year later, she became the World Banana Queen in a contest held in Ecuador.

She began her career on Colombian television with an appearance in the reality show Nómadas in 2005. Two years later, she made her acting debut in the Caracol Televisión telenovela Newly Rich, Newly Poor, playing the role of Lizeth. For this, she won a TVyNovelas Awards a year later in the category of Best Actress Revelation. In 2009, she appeared in the series Victorinos and Bermúdez.

In the 2010s, she acted in television productions such as La Teacher de Inglés, El Joe, la leyenda, La suegra, ¿Quién mató a Patricia Soler?, and Yo soy Franky. At the end of the decade, she moved away from television to dedicate herself mainly to theater and sports literature. In 2021, she became the presenter of the program Go Ciclismo Para Todos on the Win Sports channel.

Personal life
In 2009, Estrada married the Colombian musician and composer Lucas Arnau. The couple divorced in 2015.

Filmography

TV series

Presenter
 2008 – NotiCentro 1 CM& (show business segment)
 2021 – Go Ciclismo Para Todos

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1980 births
Colombian stage actresses
Colombian telenovela actresses
Colombian television presenters
Colombian women television presenters
Living people
Actors from Medellín
Models from Medellín

Isabel Cristina Estrada


A Reuleaux triangle is a shape made when three circles cross. It looks like a triangle with round sides and pointed corners.

To make one, first draw two dots. Then put a compass on the two dots and draw a circle. Do the same thing again, this time with the other dot as the middle of the circle. Choose either the top or bottom points of the connecting circles as a new center, using the two drawn dots as the edge, and draw the third circle.

If a is how wide the Reuleaux triangle is, the area is . The perimeter is .

A Reuleaux polygon is a shape like the Reuleaux triangle with an odd number of sides.

A Reuleaux tetrahedron is made when four spheres cross. It looks like a Reuleaux triangle as a pyramid with three sides at the bottom.

Polygons

Reuleaux triangle


Scouting and Guiding in Alberta has a long history, from the 1900s to the present day, serving thousands of youth in programs that suit the environment in which they live.

Scouting

Alberta Scouting is administered by two Councils within Scouts Canada: Northern Lights Council in the north (also responsible for the Northwest Territories), and Chinook Council in the south. In general, each council's territory is divided into Areas, and each Area contains sponsored Scouting Groups.

Francophone Scouting groups exist in Calgary and in Edmonton. They are part of the Association des Scouts du Canada.

In 1983, the 15th World Scout Jamboree was held at Kananaskis Country, an area of Provincial Park 4,000 feet in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, 80 miles west of Calgary, Alberta. The Spirit Lives On was the theme of the World Jamboree, with a total attendance of over 15,000 Scouts from nearly 100 countries.  In 2010 Northern Lights Council introduced a centennial badge commemorating 100 years of scouting in the area.

Local Groups and sections

Among Alberta's varied Scouting groups and sections are Adventure Scouting Groups, Ismaili Scouts, and Rover Crews with romantic names like Knights of Dionysus and Knights of the Crimson Cross. In 2009 a Special Needs group, the 88th Polaris, was formed in the Northern Lights Council serving youth with neurological impairments.

Major Scouting events held in Alberta
In 1981, the 5th Canadian Scout Jamboree was held at Kananaskis, Alberta, with 19,000 in attendance.

In 1993, the 8th Canadian Scout Jamboree was held at Kananaskis, Alberta, with 12,000 in attendance.

In 2005, Northern Lights Council hosted a jamboree at Camp Woods. Chinook Council hosted a joint Alberta-Saskatchewan Brotherhood Jamboree at Camp Impeesa, celebrating the common centennial of the two provinces.

On June 19, 2010 it was announced at the Northern Lights Council Annual Honours and Awards ceremonies, that Camp Woods, near Sylvan Lake, Alberta, would be the location for the 12th Canadian Scout Jamboree to be held in the summer of 2013. Plans currently call for an attendance of 6,000.

From May 1–3, 2015 the 20th Fort Edmonton Scout Camp will be held at Fort Edmonton Park in Edmonton. This is the 20th year this camp is being held at the Fort and features activities themed around the historic time periods portrayed at Fort Edmonton Park. (see also www.fortedcamp.com)

Camp Impeesa
Camp Impeesa is Scouts Canada's high adventure mountain and wilderness experience centre and residential summer camp. Camp Impeesa is located in the Castle Wilderness area in the Rocky Mountains, near Pincher Creek, Alberta.

Camp Impeesa was first founded during the late 1960s with the idea of having a base camp from Scouts to take backpacking trips in the southern Canadian rockies. During the 1970s, the camp became a residential program for Cubs and Scouts.

In 2001, Mike Bingley and other interested Scouters began the process of developing a high adventure camping program at Camp Impeesa. With the help of a dedicated team from around the world, this program became Impeesa Extreme. The program was launched in 2003 with six patrols from as far away as New York City and Chicago. The first summer included the additional challenges of forest fires, including the Okanagan Mountain Fire and Lost Creek Fire which forced the program to move five times.

2004 saw the program triple in size, partially due to word of mouth advertising and the cancellation of the 2004 Saskatchewan Jamboree. 2004 was the last year that Mike Bingley was involved with the program.

Major upgrades were made to the camp in 2014 and 2015, with the installation of a new zip line, a new climbing tower, high ropes and low ropes courses, and other upgrades.

Activities focus on scouting adventure and skill development based on Scout Canada's Canadian Path. Summer camps are open to non-Scouts as well. Camp facilities and activities include a zip Line; climbing tower & bouldering wall; high and low ropes course; team building & portable elements programs; Table Mountain summit hike, other day hikes and backpacking trips; compass, orienteering, and GPS; survival skills programs; canoeing, kayaking, and aquatics; archery and tomahawks; pioneering skills; ThunderBall pit & volleyball; wide games & campfire program; nature programs; pond exploration; and mountain biking and top rope climbing.

Girl Guiding

Alberta Provincial Council - Guides of Canada is the provincial council of Girl Guides of Canada-Guides du Canada, which is geographically made up of the Canadian provinces and territories of Alberta, Northwest Territories and Yukon. The provincial council's headquarters is located in Edmonton

Areas
Alberta Council is divided into the following twelve areas:
 Calgary Area (Calgary and vicinity))
 Chinook Area (the south eastern part of Alberta covering area from the Rocky Mountain to Grassy Lake on the east and from the US to Claresholm on the north)
 Cypress Hills Area (Medicine Hat and vicinity)
 Edmonton Area (central Edmonton and the former Guiding areas of Arrowhead Area and Northern Lights Area)
 Michener Area
 Parkland Area (Red Deer and vicinity)
 Peace River Area
 Prairie Rose Area
 Tamarac Area (north of Edmonton)
 Woodsmoke Area
 Yukon Area (Whitehorse and Watson Lake)
 NT Area (Fort Simpson, Hay River, Inuvik, Norman Wells, and Yellowknife)

Camps
 Camp Jubilee in the Calgary Area
 Westover in the Calgary Area
 IASG in the Calgary Area
 Camp Mockingbird in the Calgary Area
 Guide/Scout Hall in Banff
 Camp Okeekun in Chinook Area
 Elkwater Camp in Cypress Hills Area
 Sandy Lake Beach in Edmonton Area is located on Sandy Lake 60 km northwest of Edmonton
 Tangletrees in Edmonton Area is located on Pigeon Lake some 85 km southwest of Edmonton. It was acquired in 1943.
 Williams Wilderness in Edmonton Area is a zero impact campsite donated in 1969.

See also

 Scouting in Montana

References

External links
 Chinook Council, serving south-central Alberta including Medicine Hat, Lethbridge and Calgary
 Camp Impeesa
 Northern Lights Council
 Alberta Provincial Council - Guides of Canada
 Les Scouts Francophones de Calgary
 Scouting Alberta

Scouting and Guiding in Canada
Alberta society

Scouting and Guiding in Alberta


Fanny Elssler (born Franziska Elßler; 23 June 181027 November 1884) was an Austrian ballerina of the Romantic Period.

Life and career
She was born in Gumpendorf, a neighborhood of Vienna. Her father Johann Florian Elssler was a second generation employee of Nikolaus I, Prince Esterházy. Both Johann and his brother Josef were employed as copyists to the Prince's Kapellmeister, Joseph Haydn. Johann was to eventually become valet to Haydn and attended Haydn up to and was present at Haydn's death.

From her earliest years she was trained for the ballet, and made her appearance at the Kärntnertortheater in Vienna before she was 7. She almost invariably danced with her sister Therese, who was two years her senior; the sisters studied dancing with Jean-Pierre Aumer and Friedrich Horschelt beginning when Elssler was 9 years old, also traveling to Naples, Italy, to study with Gaetano Gioja. After some years' experience together in Vienna, the sisters went in 1827 to Naples. While there, she had an affair with Leopold, Prince of Salerno, the son of King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, which resulted in the birth of a son, Franz.

Their success in Naples, to which Elssler contributed more than her sister, led to an engagement in Berlin in 1830. This was the beginning of a series of triumphs for Elssler's personal beauty and skill in dancing. After captivating all hearts in Berlin and Vienna, and inspiring Friedrich von Gentz with a remarkable passion, she paid a visit to London, where she received much kindness at the hands of George and Harriet Grote, who practically adopted the little girl who was born three months after the mother's arrival in England.

In September 1834, Elssler appeared with the Ballet du Théâtre de l'Académie Royale de Musique (today known as the Paris Opera Ballet), a step to which she looked forward with much misgiving on account of Marie Taglioni's supremacy on that stage. However, Elssler and Taglioni were exceptionally different dancers, and the Opera's management saw this as an opportunity to incite some controversy by hiring Elssler. Taglioni was known as a , represented by the lightness of her leaps and jumps. Elssler, on the other hand, distinguished her dancing with the precision in which she performed small, quick steps. Elssler's type of dancing was known as . The results of her performances, however, were another triumph for Elssler, and the temporary eclipse of Taglioni. Taglioni, although the finer artist of the two, could not for the moment compete with the newcomer's personal fascination. It was conspicuous in her performance of the Spanish Cachucha (from the 1836 Coralli/Gide ballet Le Diable boiteux) that Elssler outshone all rivals. Elssler was not Spanish, but her performances of the Cachucha were filled with fire and sensual life. The poet Théophile Gautier titled her the "pagan" dancer because of her performances in the Cachucha, juxtaposed with Taglioni, the "Christian" dancer. The success of Elssler and the Cachucha led to a widespread demand for more choreographed ballet dances of specific national flavor. These types of dances became very popular, and Elssler herself added a Polish  (Krakowiak) and an Italian tarantella to her repertoire. Her image was often identified with pink satin and black lace as the fleshy, sensuous Spanish dancer, in stark contrast to depictions of Taglioni as the modest sylph in white. Elssler did not only possess technical gifts, her ability to perform dramatically was exceptional. Her performances of the great Romantic ballets, including La Sylphide, Giselle and La Esmeralda, portrayed heightened aspects of their former characters. This earned Elssler a place among the most talented and notable ballerinas of the Romantic ballet period.

In 1840 she sailed with her sister for New York for a tour arranged by Henry Wikoff, and after two years of unmixed success they returned to Europe. While in New York City, Elssler dined with and was escorted by John Van Buren, son of the President of the United States, Martin Van Buren. In Washington D.C., Congress closed so that no one need miss Elssler's performance. Elssler is considered by Lillian Moore to have been "the most illustrious Sylphide ever to dance the role in America", with the final scene bringing many audience members to tears. At the St Charles Theater in New Orleans, Elssler was contracted for two weeks at $1,000 for every night that she danced. Fans across the country not only attended her performances but also experienced "Elsslermania," buying Elssler brand champagne, bread, cigars and many other products. They greeted her exuberantly but debated whether her talent warranted such over-the-top displays of celebrity worship.

During the following five years Elssler appeared in Germany, Austria, France, England, and Russia. In 1845, she was invited to perform along with her rivals Marie Taglioni, Carlotta Grisi and Fanny Cerrito in Jules Perrot's Pas de Quatre in London, but she declined. In the same year, having amassed a fortune, she retired from the stage and settled near Hamburg. A few years later her sister Theresa contracted a morganatic marriage with Prince Adalbert of Prussia, and was ennobled under the title of Baroness von Barnim. Theresa was left a widow in 1873, and died on 19 November 1878. Fanny Elssler died in Vienna on 27 November 1884.

She was played by Lilian Harvey in the 1937 German film Fanny Elssler. Lya Mara had previously played her in the 1920 silent film Fanny Elssler.

See also

 List of dancers
 Women in dance

References

Notes

Sources
 Au, Susan, Ballet and Modern Dance, Third Edition, Thames and Hudson Ltd, London (2012)
 Ivor Forbes Guest, Fanny Elssler (Wesleyan University Press, Middletown, Connecticut, 1970)

Further reading
 Allison Delarue, Fanny Elssler in America: Comprising Seven Facsimilies of Rare Americana. New York: Dance Horizons, 1976.
 Ivor Guest, Fanny Elssler. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1970)
Ann Hutchinson, Fanny Elssler's Cachucha, Dance Books (2008)

External links

 Ladies of the Rose: Fanny Elssler, by Louisa Young

19th-century Austrian ballet dancers
Austrian ballerinas
Prima ballerinas
People from Mariahilf
1810 births
1884 deaths
Elssler
Dancers from Vienna

Fanny Elssler


Colonel Valentine Patrick Terrell Vivian CMG CBE (March 17, 1886–April 15, 1969) was the vice-chief of the SIS or MI6 and the first head of its counterespionage unit, Section V. Vivian, while he was attempting to introduce new blood into the service, selected Kim Philby, who later became notorious as "The Third Man" double agent and defected to the Russians, causing considerable harm to the system he had infiltrated.

Family background
Valentine Vivian was born on 17 March 1886 in Kensington, London. He was the youngest of nine children of Tom Comely Vivian, portrait painter, and Elizabeth Baly Farquhar, miniature painter. His brother Sir Sylvanus Percival Vivian (1880–1958) was former Registrar General of England from 1921 to 1945.

In 1911, Vivian married Mary Primrose Warlow, daughter of the Venerable Edmund John Warlow, archdeacon of Lahore, India.

Early career
Vivian joined the Indian Police (Imperial Service) in December 1906 and was posted as assistant district superintendent of police for Punjab, reaching the rank of assistant superintendent in November 1907, and subsequently superintendent of police for Ambala, Ludhiana, Jhang, Hissar, Sialkot, and Lahore railway police. He was senior superintendent of police for the Delhi province and in October 1914 became an assistant director of central intelligence (Simla). He retired from the Indian Police in 1925.

In the mid-1920s, agency director Sir Hugh Sinclair, the second "C", wanted to absorb MI5, the UK's counter-intelligence agency, into the SIS; when his attempt was finally rejected, in 1925, he formed the CE section, later (1939) renamed "Section V".

Between 1925 and 1931, organisational rivalries proliferated among Vivian's CE section, the domestic intelligence agency, MI5, and Scotland Yard. A network of domestic agents known as the 'Casuals' had provided information to CE section. In 1930, after a series of meetings of the Special Services Committee, the Casuals were transferred to MI5, where they became "M Section"; many still provided the SIS with information.

Under Vivian, Section V focused on the activities of the Comintern, which Vivian initially "regarded... as a criminal conspiracy rather than a clandestine political movement". Vivian was the author of the 1932 report (FO 1093/92) on the Hilaire Noulens case, but his authorship was revealed only in 1994.

During the First World War, Vivian served in the Indian Army in Turkey and Palestine. At one point early in his career, he served in the Department of Criminal Intelligence (Simla) in India.

Later career
In the summer of 1940, Vivian was one of the organisers of the British Resistance organisation created by SIS. He was particularly responsible for liaison with MI5 to ensure the legality of the body (SIS were not supposed to operate within the UK). In 1941, he became Vice-Chief of SIS but was engaged in a long-running power struggle with Claude Dansey for power within the organisation. He retired from SIS in 1951.

References
 The Records of the Permanent Under-Secretary's Department: Liaison between the Foreign Office and British Secret Intelligence, 1873-1939, UK Foreign & Commonwealth Office, March 2005
See, in particular, "The Secret Service Committee, 1919-1931", Gill Bennett, Chief Historian, Foreign & Commonwealth Office; and "The Secret Intelligence Service and the Case of Hilaire Noulens", Christopher Baxter, Historian, Foreign & Commonwealth Office.

External links
 Site on UK's wartime Special Communications Unit
Discusses SIS director Sir Stewart Menzies's reorganisation of units into "Headquarters" and "Foreign" divisions, including Section V
 UK National Archives releases mentioning Vivian (provides abstracts but documents must be requested directly)

1880 births
1969 deaths
British Indian Army officers
Indian Army personnel of World War I
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
MI6 personnel
Officers of the Legion of Merit
Indian Police Service officers in British India
Military personnel from Kensington
World War II spies for the United Kingdom

Valentine Vivian


Christopher Gale (1670February 17, 1735) was the first Chief Justice of the Colony of North Carolina.  He was also briefly Attorney General and a customs collector for various ports of North Carolina.

Biography
Christopher Gale was born in 1670 (some sources say 1679) in York, the son of the Rev. Miles Gale and Margaret Stone. He read law under an attorney in Lancashire but Gale migrated to Carolina when he was in his early twenties, settling in Bath. He made his fortune in trade with the Indians. In 1702, Gale married Sarah Laker Harvey, widow of Governor Thomas Harvey.  They had four children: Miles, Theophilus, Penelope and Elizabeth. He lived at Kirby Grange, a large plantation near Bath.

Career as a Justice
In 1703, Proprietary Governor Robert Daniel appointed Gale to serve as a Justice of the General Court, the supreme court of the colony and in 1704, he concurrently was appointed attorney general of Carolina. Following the upheaval of Cary's Rebellion in 1708, Gale was removed from office as Chief Justice by Governor William Glover.

Gale traveled to London where the Lords Proprietors of the Carolina colony were meeting to lay his case for reinstatement before them. He was immediately reinstated.

Gale was a capable explorer and was slated to go with John Lawson and Baron Christoph de Graffenried on their fateful 1711 expedition into Indian territory. De Graffenreid and Lawson were captured by Tuscarora Indians and Lawson was killed.  Gale was unable to join them due to his wife Susan's illness.  Gale later reflected that her illness likely saved his life.

Later that year Governor Edward Hyde sent him to Charleston, South Carolina to secure military aid for the war against the Tuscarora Indians. On his return trip, Gale was captured by the French who held him briefly as a prisoner of war on Martinique. Finally arriving home in July 1712, Gale was rewarded for his service with a re-appointment as Chief Justice. He held that office, with only brief interruptions, until 1731, during which time he obtained commissions as collector of customs at the ports of Beaufort, Currituck, and Roanoke successively.  He also briefly served as the absentee Attorney General of the Bahamas.

In 1729, Gale was appointed to a commission to determine the boundary between North Carolina and Virginia along with Colonel John Lovick and William Little.

End of life
His wife Sarah died in 1730 and Gale married Sarah Catherine Ismay, widow of John Ismay, about 1733. Gale died in 1735 in Edenton, North Carolina leaving a will that stated, "To All my friends I leave my hearty prayers & Good wishes, To my Enemys forgiveness & prayers for their Repentance for the many ill offices done me."

Several of his letters are printed in John Nichols's Illustrations, iv. 489–92.

References

External links
 North Carolina Historical Marker B-5
 William S. Price Jr., "A Strange Incident in George Burrington's Royal Governorship," North Carolina Historical Review (Spring 1974): 149-158
 Alan D. Watson, Bath: The First Town in North Carolina (2005)
 Marshall DeLancey Haywood, Builders of the Old North State (1968)

1670 births
1735 deaths
People of colonial North Carolina
American jurists
People from Beaufort County, North Carolina

Christopher Gale


Kara Mehmet Pasha was an Ottoman officer who became briefly Kapudan Pasha in 1822 during the Greek War of Independence.

Formerly Master-General of the Artillery, he was given in January 1822 the command of the land troops sent to reinforce the Ottoman garrisons in revolted Greece ; he landed in Patras at the end of February.

After the death of the then Kapudan Pasha on June 18 at the hands of Konstantinos Kanaris, Kara Mehmet, still in Patras, was appointed to the post. The Ottoman fleet was sent from Istanbul through the Aegean to fetch him and he took command at the beginning of August.

The Ottoman fleet weighted anchor from Patras September 8 in order to resupply the besieged town of Nauplia, but the operation (Sept 20 to 25) was a failure and Kara Mehmet withdrawn to Souda Bay.

After inconclusive actions in the Cyclades, the Ottoman fleet sheered to Tenedos. There it was attacked by the Greeks on November 10, and lost a two-decker ship burnt by Kanaris. The disarrayed Turkish fleet took refuge in the Dardanelles and rejoined its base in Istanbul.

At the end of the year, Kara Mehmet was dismissed from his post and replaced by Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha.

References

19th-century Ottoman military personnel
Pashas
Ottoman Empire admirals
Ottoman military personnel of the Greek War of Independence

Kara Mehmet (Kapudan Pasha)


A constitutional referendum was held in the Maldives in August 1953. The proposed amendments would result in the country becoming a sultanate again. This would reverse the outcome of a referendum the previous year, which resulted in the country becoming a republic. The 1953 referendum was held after the new republican government was overthrown after just a few months. The proposals were approved by voters, and Muhammad Fareed Didi was proclaimed as Sultan on 6 March 1954.

References

1953 referendums
Referendums in the Maldives
1953 in the Maldives
Constitutional referendums
Monarchy referendums
August 1953 events in Asia

1953 Maldivian constitutional referendum


The New South Wales Land and Property Information (NSW LPI), a division of the Department of Finance, Services and Innovation in the government of New South Wales, was the division responsible for land titles, property information, valuation, surveying, and mapping and spatial information in the Australian state of New South Wales. From 1 July 2017, the operation was transferred to Australian Registry Investments, a private consortium, under a 35-year concession with the NSW government. The LPI was subsequently renamed and replaced by the NSW Land Registry Services on 1 December 2017.

The NSW government continues to guarantee title under the Torrens Assurance Fund (TAF) and will continue to retain full ownership of all land title data. The government created the Office of the Registrar General on 1 July 2016 to monitor and enforce the operator's performance of the land titles registry business in respect of defined service levels, KPIs and the security of the data. The Office of the Registrar General is also a division of the Department of Finance, Services and Innovation, the minister of which is the Minister for Finance, Services and Property, currently Victor Dominello .

The division was led by its general manager, currently Des Mooney, who reports to the secretary of the Department of Finance, Services, and Innovation. Both the general manager for Land and Property Information and the secretary of the Department reported to the Minister for Finance, Services and Property.

Activities
Land and Property Information achieves its aims by maintaining a secure, efficient and guaranteed system of land ownership and registry; collection, collation, and integration of property information to assist with land management, conveyancing, property development, investment, local planning, state economic and social development and historical research; maintaining impartial and transparent valuation services to assist local and state government to determine rates and land taxes; implementation and monitoring standards for the survey industry to provide certainty and confidence when establishing property locations, boundaries and the construction of public infrastructure; and converts the wealth of land data it collects into a comprehensive and authoritative range of online and hard copy mapping products and services.

The division was also responsible for the Geographical Names Board of New South Wales and the New South Wales Board of Surveying and Spatial Information.

History
Previously known as the Land and Property Management Authority, the organisation had broader responsibilities including the above activities plus the management of certain government-owned land, the maintenance of recreational and visitor facilities, such as State Parks, Great North Walk and The Hume and Hovell Walking Track. However, on 1 April 2011, the Authority was abolished and some of its functions merged into the Department of Finance and Services, with operational divisions created including Land and Property Information, and the State Property Authority. The Authority's previous functions within the Office of Rural Affairs, Crown Lands, and the Soil Conservation Service were transferred to the Department of Trade and Investment, Regional Infrastructure and Services and Department of Primary Industries.

The Australian Registry Investments, a consortium between the Hastings Funds Management Limited and the First State Super, won the rights to operate the titling and registry operations of New South Wales in April 2017, under a 35-year concession. It took over the New South Wales Land and Property Information in July 2017, which was renamed to NSW Land Registry Services in December 2017.

References

External links

Government agencies of New South Wales
Land management in Australia


Aipan (Kumaoni: Ēpaṇ) is an established-ritualistic folk art originating from Kumaon in the Indian Himalayas. The art is done mainly during special occasions, household ceremonies and rituals. Practitioners believe that it invokes a divine power which brings about good fortune and deters evil. The art is special as it is done on empty walls, which are brick-red in color, called Geru. The actual art is done with a white paste made of rice flour. The art is frequent to floors and walls of Puja rooms and entrances of homes. It is also practiced mostly by Kumaoni women. The art form has great social, cultural and religious importance.

Practices

Aipan art is native to many different festivals, some of them are-
 Ganesh Chaturthi
 Makar Sankranti
 Kark Sankranti
 Maha Shivaratri
 Lakshmi Pujan

The art form is practised in different parts of India and known by different terms too. The art native to Kumaon is always done on a brick-red wall, which is also considered to be a symbol of fortune and fertility. Some of the motifs are Saraswati Chowki, Chamunda Hast Chowki, Nav Durga Chowki, Jyoti Patta, Durga Thapa and Lakshmi Yantra. The Aipan art is passed down through multiple generations from mothers to their daughters and daughter-in-laws. It was primarily practised by rich-upper-class Brahmin women.

Etymology

Aipan is taken from the word Lepana from Sanskrit, which means plaster. Aipan art is similar in different areas of India, it is also known by separate names.

 Aipan (in Kumaon)
 Aipona (in Bengal and Assam)
 Aripana (in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh)
 Mandana (in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh)
 Rangoli (in Gujarat and Maharashtra)
 Kolam (in South India)
 Muggu (in Andhra Pradesh)
 Alpana (in Chita, Jhoti and Muruja in Odisha)
 Bhuggul (in Andhra Pradesh)

History

Aipan art originated from Almora in Uttarakhand, which was founded during the reign of the Chand dynasty. It flourished during the reign of the Chand dynasty in the Kumaon region. The designs and motifs are motivated by the beliefs of the community and various aspects from nature.

Coverage and conservation

In December 2019, Minakshi Khati started Minakriti The Aipan Project, which aims to revive Aipan art. Under the project so far, 1000 orders have been placed. The project earns income for women from rural households in Kumaon. The project employs women from such households to who produce Aipans and deliver bulk orders to their clients.

Minakshi Khati has started Selfie with Aipan to encourage Aipan art among youth.

The Enactus students' team of Indraprastha College for Women (IPCW) started Project Aipan to strengthen the Aipan art form. The strategy was to make the artists stakeholders in the business by imparting them necessary business skills.

In order to protect domestic producers of various cultural and religious products like Aipan art, the Government of India set up the Uttarakhand Handloom & Handicraft Development Council (UHHDC) in 1860 under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. It aims at generating consistent employment opportunities by promoting the domestic art products.

The Uttarakhand Government, in 2015 decided that art depicting Aipan would be acquired for display in government offices and buildings. Some of the government buildings included Garhwal Mandal Vikas Nigam (GMVN), Kumaon Mandal Vikas Nigam (KMVN) and Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited (UPCL). The decision was taken by the state tourism department headed by Harish Rawat.

Cheli Aipan is a government initiative, to promote the Aipan art form.

With an aim to promote the local art form of Uttarakhand and to encourage the artists, The Aipan Resort  was established in Chopta, Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand. The resort aims at bringing the local art to a single place and practising its raw form. Formed by a team of young entrepreneurs, the resort has been much successful in promoting art even before the non-Uttarakhandi people.

GI Tag

The Kumaoni folk art, I.e. Aipan received a GI Certificate in September 2021.

Different Aipan arrangements

There are a number of different Aipan forms/motifs. Some of them are-

Saraswati Chowki: Used to commemorate a child beginning his/her formal education.
Chamunda Hast Chowki: It is made for auspicious or sacrificial fires.
Nav Durga Chowki: Utilized for ritual Pujas. The art is made in such a way that there are 9 dots representing the Nav Durgas.
Shivarchan Peeth: Applied whenever worship of Shiva, the ruling god takes place.
Acharya Chowki: In popular Hinduism, the pandit/guru is considered more important than the groom. An important motif is made for the guru.

Other important forms are Asan Chowki, Durga Thapa, Jyoti Patta, Lakshmi Yantra, Janeyu Chowki and The Surya Darshan Chowki. The Shaukas have their own art form which is mixed between Tibetan and Kumaoni art forms. It is used to decorate mattresses known as Dans.

See also
Likhai - wood carving in Uttarakhand

References

Indian folk art
Arts of Uttarakhand
Culture of Uttarakhand
Indian painting

Aipan art


David S. Cass Sr. (March 21, 1942 – August 28, 2020) was a film director and stuntman. He directed Hard Time: The Premonition, Avenging Angel, Desolation Canyon, and Thicker than Water.

Cass began his film career as an extra. He alternated between acting and stunt work, starting with McLintock! (1963), on which he performed stunts. He went on to become a stunt coordinator and second unit director on Smokey and the Bandit Part 3, Knight Rider 2000, Walker, Texas Ranger and the Desperado TV movie franchise. He later focused on TV directing, with dozens of credits.

Filmography as actor

References

External links

1942 births
2020 deaths
American film directors
Deaths from cancer in California

David S. Cass Sr.


Professor Thomas Risley Odhiambo (February 4, 1931 – May 26, 2003) was a Kenyan entomologist and environmental activist who directed research and scientific development in Africa.

Life and education
Odhiambo was educated at Maseno School in Kenya, Makerere University in Uganda and Queens' College, Cambridge in United Kingdom.

He founded the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) and helped to establish three institutions of learning: the Third World Academy of Sciences, the Kenyan National Academy of Sciences and the African Academy of Sciences.

He inspired different Kenyan scholars and leaders, notably, academician Odhiambo Siangla and politician Kalonzo Musyoka.

He encouraged the younger generation of thinkers to venture into the fine arts, investigate its relation to history of life sciences and to go out and create global academies and research institutions using technology. His inspiring effect led to the re–emergence of accumulated indigenous knowledge and technology systems in the modern African world. He led visions on agricultural development in Africa by initiating effective scientific projects leading to advancement in growing indigenous crops and disseminating methods of insect control.
Educated in Cambridge University, UK, Prof. Odhiambo completed a PhD in 1965 under the supervision of the guru of insect physiology, Vincent Wigglesworth, producing a 'phenomenally productive' thesis on the reproductive physiology of the desert locust, producing a series of 14 papers on the topic. He marked his arrival into the world of insect science through a sole-authored short communication in Nature journal titled, Metabolic effects of corpus allatum hormone, in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria.

Founder of icipe (International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology)
Upon his return to Kenya, Prof. Odhiambo, took up a position as a lecturer in the Department of Zoology at the University of Nairobi. In 1967, he was approached by the Science journal to write a review on the status of science in Africa. In the article, Prof. Odhiambo observed that scientific research was urgently required in the then postcolonial Africa, to develop environmentally safe strategies to increase agricultural production, and to address prevalent tropical and vector borne diseases. He stressed that the science conducted in Africa should have at its heart the elevation of the livelihoods of smallholder farmers.

At the same time, Prof. Odhiambo noted, the indigenous scientific community in Africa was 'woefully small', and the continent was hardly equipped, from a financial and infrastructural point of view, to effectively tackle the challenges at hand. He, therefore, proposed that Africa's best long term solution towards conducting effective research was to concentrate efforts in a few centres of excellence.

Giving the example that eventually led to the establishment of icipe, Prof. Odhiambo recommended that Africa's insect research could be located in one centre that would have the best equipment, which would be put to the best advantage. Such a centre would have a permanent staff; it would also train young researchers from Africa and offer opportunities to other scientists from across the globe looking for 'periodical renovation'. In Prof Odhiambo's words, the insect science centre of excellence would become 'a powerhouse for the initiated and those wishing to be initiated into research'.

Prof. Odhiambo's ideas got support from, among others, Carl Djerassi, a world-renowned American scientist. Together, Odhiambo and Djerassi set the wheels in motion for the launching of icipe. Eventually, they gained the support of 21 national academies of science across the globe, who became sponsors of icipe, providing the needed external research directors.

icipe was declared open for business in 1970, one of its objectives being the creation of motivated and highly talented 'human capital' in insect research and related areas of science, to enable Africa to sustain herself and to lead the entire pan-tropical world in this area of endeavour.

Prof. Odhiambo later remarked: "The idea was actually very simple, get the very best people and then if you have more money, put buildings and equipment around them."

In the beginning money was in short supply at icipe, and the Centre's headquarters consisted of a number of rented wood-frame barracks perched on the hillside of Chiromo Campus at the University of Nairobi. The first postdoctoral researcher arrived to work in a garage that flooded when it rained and the budget was improvised from week to week.

Today, icipe stands as a centre of scientific excellence and training in Africa. And as Prof. Odhiambo had hoped, it is indeed staffed mainly by indigenous African scientists. icipe currently has a staff of more than 400, and the Centre collaborates with over 200 national systems, research institutes and universities around the world.

Prof. Odhiambo's vision of holistic science is today embodied in the Centre's 4Hs paradigm, denoting human, animal, plant and environmental health. Its major research areas include disease vectors, such as mosquitoes and tsetse, as well as pests of cereals and horticultural crops. icipe scientists are also conducting research into beneficial insects such as bees and silkworm moths.

Honors and awards
 1987 Africa Prize for Leadership jointly with President Abdou Diouf of Senegal.
 Albert Einstein Medal
 Gold Mercury International Award
 Gold Medal March International Congress of Plant Protection
 Honorary Doctorate of Science from the University of Oslo
 1992 Elected to the American Philosophical Society
 1985 elected as an founding fellow of the African Academy of Sciences.

Books and publications
 Land-Use Literacy for Sustainable Food Production in Africa, 1994
 Science for Development in Africa : Proceedings of the Consultation on the Management of Science for Development in Africa, Duduville, Kasarani, Nairobi, Kenya, November 21–24, by Turner Timinipre Isoun, 1988
 Hope Born Out of Despair : Managing the African Crisis, by United Nations University,

Further reading
 Thomas A. Bass, Camping with the Prince, Moyer Bell, London, 1997, pp. 53–86
 Rachel Galun and Onesmo K. ole-MoiYoi, Obituary: Thomas Risley Odhiambo (1931-2003) Nature 2003, ISSU 6954, page 142

See also
 Luo people of Kenya and Tanzania

Notes

External links
 Ehsan Masood, Thomas Odhiambo:Visionary entomologist harnessing science for Africa's poor in The Guardian June 23, 2003 accessed at  April 11, 2007
 James Njoroge, Kenya mourns death of a "scientific giant" SciDev.Net May 23, 2003 accessed at  April 11, 2007

1931 births
2003 deaths
Kenyan biologists
Entomologists
Academic staff of the University of Nairobi
Makerere University alumni
Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge
Alumni of Maseno School
People from Mombasa
TWAS fellows
20th-century zoologists
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Founder Fellows of the African Academy of Sciences

Thomas R. Odhiambo


Albert Stöckl (Möhren, Middle Franconia, Kingdom of Bavaria, 15 March 1823 – Eichstädt, 15 November 1895) was a German neo-scholastic philosopher and theologian.

Biography
He received his classical education at the gymnasium at Eichstädt, studied philosophy and theology at the episcopal lyceum in the same city (1843–48), and was ordained priest 22 April 1848. His first position was that of curate at the pilgrimage church at Wemding.

In 1850, he was made instructor of philosophy at the episcopal lyceum at Eichstädt, and two years later was appointed professor of theoretical philosophy in the same institution. He received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (1855) from the University of Würzburg; and was transferred (1857) to the theological section of the lyceum as professor of exegesis and Hebrew.

In the autumn of 1862 he accepted a call as professor of philosophy at the academy of Münster in Westphalia. The disagreeable divisions and discord which arose in this institution at the time of the First Vatican Council led Stöckl, in the summer of 1871, to resign his professorship and return to the Diocese of Eichstädt as parish priest at Gimpertshausen.

On 7 March 1872, he was installed as a cathedral canon at Eichstädt. At the same time he again became professor of practical philosophy, philosophy of religion, and pedagogy in the lyceum. In addition to his labours as a scholar Stöckl also took an active part in political life. From 1878 to 1881 he was a member of the lower house of the Reichstag.

Works

During the many years of his life spent in teaching, Stöckl wrote a large number of text-books covering the entire field of philosophy which had a large circulation not only in Germany but also in other countries, including the United States of America. As one of its most distinguished representatives, he had an important share in the revival of Thomistic philosophy. Both as teacher and as author he was noted for simplicity, logical acumen, and lucidity.

Among his numerous writings the following should be mentioned particularly:

Liturgie und dogmatische Bedeutung der alttestamentlichen Opfer (Ratisbon, 1848)
Die speculative Lehre vom Menschen und ihre Geschichte (Würzburg, 2 vols., 1858–59)
"Die Lehre der vornicänischen Kirchenväter von der göttlichen Trinität" (Eichstädt, 1861, in the "Programm" of the lyceum)
Das Opfer nach seinem Wesen und nach seiner Geschichte (Mainz, 1861)
Geschichte der Philosophie des Mittelalters (3 vols., Mainz, 1864–66)
Lehrbuch der Philosophie (Mainz, 1868; 7th ed., 3 vols., 1892; 8th ed., revised by G. Wohlmuth, 1905-)
Lehrbuch der Geschichte der Philosophie (Mainz, 1870; 3rd ed., 2 vols., 1888; tr. "Handbook of the History of Philosophy", by T. A. Finlay, S.J., Dublin, 1887)
Die Infallibilität des Oberhauptes der Kirche und die Zustimmungsadressen an Herrn von Döllinger (Münster, 1870; 2nd ed., 1870)
Grundriss der Aesthetik (Mainz, 1871; 3rd ed., 1889, under the title Lehrbuch der Aesthetik)
Grundriss der Religionsphilosophie (Mainz, 1872; 2nd ed., 1878); Lehrbuch der Pädagogik (Mainz, 1873; 2nd ed., 1880)
Lehrbuch der Geschichte der Pädagogik (Mainz, 1876)
Der Materialismus geprüft in seinen Lehrsätzen und deren Consequenzen (Mainz, 1877)
Das Christenthum und die grossen Fragen der Gegenwart auf dem Gebiete des geistigen, sittlichen und socialen Lebens. Apologetisch-philosophische und socialpolitische Studien (3 vols., Mainz, 1879–80)
Geschichte der neueren Philosophie von Baco und Cartesius bis zur Gegenwart (2 vols., Mainz, 1883)
Das Christenthum und die modernen Irrthümer. Apologetisch-philosophische Meditationen (Mainz, 1886)
Geschichte der christlichen Philosophie zur Zeit der Kirchenväter (Mainz, 1891)
Grundzüge der Philosophie (Mainz, 1892; 2nd ed., edited by Ehrenfried, 1910)
Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie (Mainz, 1894)
Lehrbuch der Apologetik (2 pts., Mainz, 1895).

Stöckl contributed numerous papers on apologetics, philosophico-historical, and pedagogical subjects to the periodical press, especially to Der Katholik. He also wrote a large number of articles for the second edition of the "Kirchenlexikon", and several of the longer articles for the "Staatslexikon der Görres-Gesellschaft".

Sources

1823 births
1895 deaths
People from Treuchtlingen
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
19th-century German Roman Catholic priests
Centre Party (Germany) politicians
Members of the 3rd Reichstag of the German Empire
Members of the 4th Reichstag of the German Empire
19th-century German Catholic theologians
19th-century German male writers
German male non-fiction writers

Albert Stöckl


Adult animation is animation that is for grown-ups and sometimes teenagers but is not for children. Some famous examples of adult animation are Ralph Bakshi's cartoons from the 1970s and since then The Simpsons, Futurama, Family Guy, South Park, King of the Hill, Glenn Martin, DDS, Regular Show, The Ren & Stimpy Show, Ren & Stimpy "Adult Party Cartoon", Rocko's Modern Life, American Dad, and a lot of other television shows have been adult animation. The first cartoon feature film to get an R rating from the Motion Picture Association of America film rating system meaning that people less than 17 shouldn't see it unless there's an adult with them was the South Park movie. The first CGI animated movie to be R-rated was Sausage Party.

Animation
Television genres
Movie genres

Adult animation


Randall Hank Williams (born May 26, 1949) is an American musician and songwriter. He is the son of country music legend Hank Williams. His nickname is "Bocephus", given to him by his father. He has a half-sister, named Jett Williams.

From his boyhood, Hank Jr., performed his father's music publicly, because many people were still interested in it, and Hank Sr.'s career was cut short by alcohol and drug abuse. Young Williams wanted to perform music of his own, and to have his own musical career apart from his father's, but it was hard to "get out from his father's shadow", and be recognized for his own talents.

In time, Williams met musicians who liked him for his own ideas, and helped him to develop his own kind of music. He was able to become an original writer and performer, while still being proud to be Hank Sr.'s son. Some of his father's fans were sad that he wanted to do this, but others understood. He also gained new fans, performing his new music.

Some of Williams's songs are "Eleven Roses", "Family Tradition", "Whiskey Bent and Hell Bound", "All My Rowdy Friends", and "A Country Boy Can Survive". Even though he had hit records and many fans, it took years for people in country music to accept him and his chosen style. Williams lost out on many awards he could have earned. Finally in the 1980s, he began to win awards as a country performer.

In the 1990s, Williams recorded a duet with his father, by using an old recording, and the two appeared together in a music video through electronic editing.

In 2005, Williams donated $125,000 to relief efforts in Mississippi, after Hurricane Katrina.

Singles
"Long Gone Lonesome Blues" (1964)
"All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight" (1984)
"The Party's On" (2016)

Studio albums

Your Cheatin' Heart (1964)
Connie Francis and Hank Williams Jr. Sing Great Country Favorites (1964)
Ballads of the Hills and Plains (1965)
Blues My Name (1965)
A Time to Sing (1967)
Songs My Father Left Me (1969)
Luke the Drifter Jr. Vol. 2 (1969)
Live at Cobo Hall (1969)
Sunday Morning (1969)
After You, Pride's Not Hard to Swallow (1973)
One Night Stands (1977)
Hank Williams Jr. and Friends (1975)
The New South (1977)
Family Tradition (1979)
Whiskey Bent and Hell Bound (1979)
Habits Old and New (1980)
Rowdy (1981)
The Pressure Is On (1981)
High Notes (1982)
Strong Stuff (1983)
Man of Steel (1983)
Major Moves (1984)
Five-O (1985)
Montana Cafe (1986)
Hank Live (1987)
Born to Boogie (1987)
Wild Streak (1988)
Lone Wolf (1990)
Pure Hank (1991)
Maverick (1992)
Out of Left Field (1993)
Hog Wild (1995)
A.K.A. Wham Bam Sam (1996)
Three Hanks: Men with Broken Hearts (1996)
Stormy (1999)
The Almeria Club Recordings (2002)
I'm One of You (2003)
127 Rose Avenue (2009)
Old School New Rules (2012)
 It's About Time (2016)

References

1949 births
Living people
American songwriters
American guitarists
Country musicians
Singers from Louisiana
Musicians from Louisiana

Hank Williams Jr.


Herbert Birchby Warburton (September 21, 1916 – July 30, 1983) was an American lawyer and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware and Frankford, in Sussex County, Delaware. He was a veteran of World War II, and a member of the Republican Party, who served as U.S. Representative from Delaware.

Early life and family
Warburton was born in Wilmington, Delaware. He attended the public schools of Wilmington, and Reading, Pennsylvania, and graduated from the University of Delaware in Newark, Delaware in 1938, and from Dickinson School of Law in Carlisle, Pennsylvania in 1941.

An ROTC graduate from the University of Delaware, he was commissioned a second lieutenant, and began active Army duty as first lieutenant of the One Hundred and Twenty-second Antiaircraft Battalion in September 1941. After graduation from the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas in September 1945 he served as a battalion commander until relieved from active duty as a major in December 1945.

Professional and political career
Warburton was admitted to the Delaware Bar in absentia in 1942 and began a practice following his return from the Army in 1946. He served as city solicitor for Wilmington, Delaware from 1949 until 1952. Warburton was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1952, defeating Democrat Joseph J. Scannell. He served in the Republican majority in the 83rd Congress. In 1954 he did not seek another term in the U.S. House, but unsuccessfully sought the United States Senate seat of incumbent Democrat J. Allen Frear, Jr. In all, Warburton served from January 3, 1953 until January 3, 1955, all but the first 17 days falling during the administration of U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Following his congressional service, Warburton was appointed special assistant to United States Secretary of Labor, James P. Mitchell from 1955 until 1957, general counsel for the Post Office Department from 1957 until 1961, and minority counsel to the U.S. House Government Operations subcommittee, serving there from 1961 to 1964. Subsequently, he became a resident of Frankford, Delaware and was executive director of the American Orthotics and Prosthetics Association and the American Board for Certification in Orthotics and Prosthetics.

Death and legacy
Warburton died in Lewes, Delaware.

Almanac
Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1. U.S. Representatives take office January 3 and have a two-year term.

{|class=wikitable style="width: 94%" style="text-align: center;" align="center"
|-bgcolor=#cccccc
!colspan=7 style="background: #ccccff;" |Public Offices
|-
! Office
! Type
! Location
! Began office
! Ended office
! notes
|-
|U.S. Representative
|Legislature
|Washington
|January 3, 1953
|January 3, 1955
|

{|class=wikitable style="width: 94%" style="text-align: center;" align="center"
|-bgcolor=#cccccc
!colspan=7 style="background: #ccccff;" |United States Congressional service
|-
! Dates
! Congress
! Chamber
! Majority
! President
! Committees
! Class/District
|-
|1953–1955
|83rd
|U.S. House
|Republican
|Dwight D. Eisenhower
|
|at-large

{|class=wikitable style="width: 94%" style="text-align: center;" align="center"
|-bgcolor=#cccccc
!colspan=12 style="background: #ccccff;" |Election results
|-
!Year
!Office
!
!Subject
!Party
!Votes
!%
!
!Opponent
!Party
!Votes
!%
|-
|1952
|U.S. Representative
|
| |Herbert B. Warburton
| |Republican
| |88,285
| |52%
|
| |Joseph J. Scannell
| |Democratic
| |81,730
| |48%
|-
|1954
|U.S. Senator
|
| |Herbert B. Warburton
| |Republican
| |62,389
| |43%
|
| |J. Allen Frear, Jr.
| |Democratic
| |82,511
| |57%
|-

External links
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Delaware's Members of Congress
Find A Grave
Political Graveyard

1916 births
1983 deaths
Politicians from Wilmington, Delaware
University of Delaware alumni
Dickinson School of Law alumni
United States Army personnel of World War II
Delaware lawyers
Burials in Sussex County, Delaware
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Delaware
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American politicians
United States Army officers

Herbert Warburton


The Battle of Varvarin () was fought on 5 September 1810 between Serbian Revolutionary forces supported by Russian troops and Ottoman forces near Varvarin, at the time part of the Ottoman Empire, (today Serbia). During the 10-hour battle, the Turkish army unsuccessfully attacked the Russians and Serbs, but was never able to push them out of their positions, retreating in the evening with heavy casualties.

Battle
After their costly defence of Niš in May 1809, the Ottoman army launched a new expedition in Serbia decided to quell the rebellion.
Khurshid Pasha and an Ottoman army of 12,000 advanced against Kara George and 3,000 Serbians and Russians to the northwest at Varvarin.

The Russian detachment sent in support was intercepted by Khurshid Pasha on open ground near Jasika at Varvarin, but the Russian square led by Irish-born Russian General Joseph O'Rourke proved impenetrable; the Serbians, who had been held in reserve at the outset of the battle were then let by Karageorge on the exhausted Turks defeating them. Khurshid Pasha withdrew his remaining troops back to the camp behind Varvarin, and on the 13th withdrew through Kruševac to Niš.

Aftermath
Another victory at Loznica a month later drove the Turks out of Serbia, but following the Bucharest peace treaty of 1812, Russia halted the war against Turkey, and the Serbs were left to face the Ottoman Empire on their own.

Legacy
A statue to Joseph O'Rourke, as well as a monument to the fallen participants of the battle, was erected in 1910 on the centenary of the victory and unveiled by King Peter I of Serbia.
In 2010 a ceremony took place marking the 200 years of the Battle on the Varvarin, in presence of the Serbian minister of defense Dragan Šutanovac and of the Ambassador of Russia.

Notes

References

Sources

 Actions of Count O'Rourke in Serbia in 1810 (in Russian)

Varvarin
Varvarin
Conflicts in 1810
First Serbian Uprising
1810 in Serbia

Battle of Varvarin