The Shahsevan (; ) are a number of Azerbaijani-speaking Turkic groups that live in northwestern Iran, mainly inhabiting the districts of Mughan, Ardabil, Kharaqan and Khamsa.

History

Background
"Shahsevan" means "those who love the shah" in Turkic. In the past, the Shahsevan had a tribal and pastoral nomadic lifestyle, moving during summer 100–200 km to the south on the Sabalan and nearby ranges, in the districts of Ardabil, Meshginshahr, and Sarab, and during winter to the Mughan region. They were a minority in this area, but like the settled majority (whom the Shahsevan call "Tat"), they were Shia Muslims and spoke Azerbaijani Turkish. The Shahsevan lived in a frontier region that was easily accessible and frequently traversed, unlike tribes like the Bakhtiari and the Qashqai who live in the Zagros Mountains. Nader Shah (in 1736) and Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar (in 1796) both selected Mughan as the location for their coronation. The Shahsevan differ from other nomadic tribal groups in Iran in a number of ways, including their history and location on the frontier, as well as their social and economic structure. Their alachiq is what makes them most recognizable. When Turkic tribes from Central Asia entered Western Asia in the 11th-century, they left behind this type of settlement and other cultural remnants.

Despite having a very extensively reported history since the early 18th-century, it is still unknown where the Shahsevan originated. Even though the ancestors of several of the tribes were of other origins such as Kurdish, Turkic identity and culture are predominate among them. Between the 16th and the 18th century, several tribal confederacies merged together to become the Shahsevan.

Three distinctly different accounts of the Shahsevan's history existed by the 20th-century. The most well-known was that they were a brand-new tribe created as a result of the Safavid shahs' tribal and military policies. This is based on a passage from John Malcolm's History of Persia that says that the Shahsevan were created by Shah Abbas I () to quell the chaos caused by the rebellious Qizilbash chiefs, who a century earlier had assisted Shah Ismail I () in establishing the Safavid dynasty. However, neither contemporary European travellers nor Safavid records make mention of this story. The Russian orientialist Vladimir Minorsky stated that "the known facts somewhat complicate Malcolm's story" and that "it may be doubted if a single regularly constituted tribe was ever founded by Shah Abbas under the name Shah-sewan." British anthropologist Richard Tapper states that Malcolm's story "is based on a misreading of chronicle sources." The Shahsevan are described as a personal militia and a royal guard in subsequent passages of Malcolm's book, and there is some proof that a military corps with the name Shahsevan existed in the middle of the 17th-century.

Statements such as shāhī-sēvan kardan are often used in the Safavid chronicle Tarikh-e Alam-ara-ye Abbasi of Iskandar Beg Munshi to mean "to make appeal to the faithful." During the 1581 and 1584 uprisings, Shah Mohammad Khodabandeh () had already employed similar expressions; "Shah Mohammad", according to Iskandar Beg Munshi, "having launched the shāhī-sēvan (appeal), ordered that all those of the Turkoman tribe who were servants and partisans of this hearth should rally round His Majesty." These spur-of-the-moment appeals catered to the religious values of the followers of the Safavid dynasty, whose shahs not only claimed descent from the Twelve Imams, but also that they were their incarnations.

Minorsky highlighted various publications by 19th-century Russian officials who documented the customs of the Shahsevan of Mughan. These customs, which diverge from Malcolm's account without refuting it, differ in some aspects but all agree that Anatolia was the original homeland of the Shahsevan, who left the place under the leadership of a certain Yunsur Pasha. They depict the Shahsevan tribes as being divided between beyzadä (descendants of the first immigrants) and commoners, and ruled by elbey/ilbegi (chieftains) descended from Yunsur Pasha. They make reference to the current royal appointment of leaders as well as an earlier royal grant of pastures in Ardabil and Mughan. These myths were most likely created by the chiefs in order to justify their power over ordinary citizens as well as their possession of the pastures, which are the most essential asset for all of their nomadic adherents.

It is not possible to fully substantiate either the first or second versions of Shahsevan's origins. There are records of individuals and tribal groups in Mughan bearing the names of Shahsevan tribes in 16th-century sources. By the end of the 17th-century, Mughan and Ardabil was associated with the name Shahsevan, which was frequently used as a military title alongside Qizilbash tribal titles like Afshar and Shamlu. The Qizilbash Tekeli and the Kurdish Shaqaqi and Mughanlu were other notable tribes in the area. Until the 18th century, there is no conclusive proof of a Shahsevan tribe or confederacy.

18th and 19th century

For few a years in the 1720s, Mughan and Ardabil served as one of the main places of confrontation as a result of the swift collapse of the Safavid dynasty to the Afghans at Isfahan as well as Ottoman and Russian incursions in northwest Iran. Years of calm had left the tribal communities of this frontier area unprepared for the political role that was suddenly forced upon them. In 1732, the Shahsevan were again under Iranian control due to the efforts of Nader Shah, who deported many tribes to his home province of Khorasan, including the Shaqaqi, Inallu, and Afshar. Nader Shah appears to have united and consolidated the tribes that remained in Mughan and Ardabil under the leadership of Badr Khan Shahsevan, one of his generals who took part in the wars in Khorasan and Turkestan.

Badr Khan was possibly a son of Aliqoli Khan, and belonged to the Sari-khanbeyli family, which was most likely descended from the Afshars of Urmia. Later stories connect Badr Khan with Yunsur Pasha. The Sari-khanbeyli family was related to leading Shahsevan tribes such as the Qojabeyli, Isali, Balabeyli, Mast-Alibeyli, Ali-Babali, Polatli, and Damirchili. The names of many of the lower caste tribes, such Ajirli and Beydili, suggest a Shamlu origin. Badr Khan Shahsevan's son or brother Nazar Ali Khan Shahsevan presided over Ardabil and its district during the chaotic decades that followed after Nader Shah's death.

During the Russo-Iranian wars of 1804–1813 and 1826–1828, Shahsevan territory constantly served as a battlefield. The conclusion of the wars led to the loss of the majority of their winter quarters, and many of them moving further south.

The Shahsevan were allowed by Russia to have restricted access to their former pasturelands in Mughan for a number of decades after the Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828, but they disregarded the restrictions.

20th century
In the early half of the 20th-century, the Shahsevan achieved the height of their authority and prestige. Throughout the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1911 and the years preceding up to Reza Khan's ascent, they took part in a number of significant events. A small number of Shahsevans joined the royalist forces occupying Tabriz during the winter of 1908–1909. The majority of the Shahsevan chiefs joined Rahimkhan Chalabianloo and Amir Ashayer Shatranlu in an alliance of tribes in eastern Azerbaijan during late 1909, declaring opposition to the Constitution and their intention to march to Tehran in order to reinstate the overthrown Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar. This occurred as the new nationalist government was struggling to take control of the nation. The Shahsevan pillaged Ardabil, gaining extensive news coverage in Europe, but were quickly defeated by nationalist forces from Tehran led by Yeprem Khan.

The Shahsevan were among the first of the major tribal groups to be subdued and disarmed by Reza's army in the winter and spring of 1922–1923. The tribes were incorporated into the new nation-state by the Pahlavi dynasty as equal groups led by acknowledged and obedient chiefs.

Urban areas dominated the Iranian Revolution of 1978–1979. The Shahsevan nomads themselves did not have much involvement, but established tribal members took part in protests at the Agro-Industry Company in Mughan and events in places like Meshkinshahr, Parsabad, Bileh Savar, and Germi. During these incidents, some former chieftains were killed, while others fled into exile. The Shahsevan were formally renamed Elsevan ("those who love the people (or tribe)") as part of the new regime's disapproval of anything having to do with royalty, but the new term was not universally embraced and by 1992 it was no longer in use. According to the Socio-economic Census of Nomads of 1986, the Shahsevan had about 6,000 families, just as they had in the mid-1960s, indicating a moderate return to pastoral nomadism among them, which was also occurring among other tribes in Iran at the time.

Meanwhile, urbanization has continued progressing in Mughan as a result of the continuing expansion of numerous government-sponsored projects. According to Tapper; "By the end of the century, Shahsevan pastoral nomadism did not seem likely to survive much longer."

Ethnography
The tribal structure of the Shahsevens has a large number of different institutions, arranged in descending order. So the largest unit of the tribal structure will be the ethnic group, then the tribe, clan, gubak, ube and family. The gubak in the Shahseven tribes is the main tribal unit that forms the basis of the clan. Typically, gubaks consist of 20-30 families, which are engaged in driving a common herd from pasture to pasture. The gubaks themselves can be collectively referred to as a small separate tribe.

Ube also consists of several families with a joint household, but it is a smaller unit in relation to the gubak.

Some sources say that the Shahsevens have 11 tribes and 90 Ube. According to another division, this tribal union can be considered as 32 Mesginshahr tribes and 13 Ardabil tribes, which, in turn, are divided into smaller units.

The ethnographic group is managed by the Ilbeks. Ilbek is responsible for maintaining order and collecting taxes. In addition, a bek appointed by the Ilbeks is in charge of the local administration of the tribe. Aksakals (white-bearded) are the embodiment of the political, economic, religious and social elite.

Culture
The traditional occupation of the Shahsevens was nomadic cattle breeding (breeding of sheep, cattle as a draft force, camels and horses). In the summer they roamed in the Sabalan mountains , in the winter in the Mugan steppe. From the end of the 19th century, the Shahsevens began the transition to sedentary agriculture.

The traditional dwelling of the Shahsevens is tents.

Men's clothing - white or blue shirt, brown woolen trousers , Circassian coat , lamb hat, pistons . In winter, the Shahsevens wear long-sleeved lamb coats. They shave their heads, leaving curls on their temples, grow beards.

Women's costume - blue shirt, harem sirwal , arkhalig , blue chador , woolen stockings, chuvyaki , gold and silver jewelry. The woman's head is tied with a scarf.

Traditional food - pilaf, chowder, mutton, dairy products.

The Shahsevens preserve the tribal division and some pre-Muslim customs (including funeral ones).

The existence of rich pastures, as well as land suitable for breeding cattle and small ruminants, in conjunction with a climate suitable for animal husbandry, determined the main occupation of the Shahsevens. Thus, the basis of the economic component of the tribes is the breeding of cows, buffaloes, sheep, camels and goats

Women of the Shahseven tribes are engaged in weaving kilim, jajim, horse blankets and khurjibs, which also plays the role of economic support for the tribe

Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

Ethnic groups in Iran
Qazvin Province
Zanjan Province
Ardabil Province

Shahsevan


Taka refers to papier-mâché made using carved wooden sculpture used as a mold. The craft originated in the town of Paete, Laguna in the Philippines.

History
Taka was made by Paete local Maria Piday. During Christmas, Piday was in charge of the church's decorations. The wooden angels and cherub was heavy causing the carvings to fall. Piday devised the lightweight taka papier-mâché as an alternative to the wooden sculptures. Piday was also a maker of local toys such as the yoyo and the small acrobat hand puppet. Taka eventually became folk art and was sold to nearby towns for festivals. In the 1970s, Tere Afuang, a knowledgeable practitioner of the craft, popularized the craft.

Taka-making
A takaan, a carved wooden sculpture, is used as a mold in making taka. Brown craft paper is used as a final layer for taka made for export. This provides a thicker base and smoother finish for the craft. Taka is also painted. The traditional way of painting a taka is to use primary colors, add simple flower motifs and use repetitive lines and shapes. Gold finish, usually used in angel, reindeer and huge taka is accomplished by using gilded paper.

Subjects of Taka
Common and traditional subjects of taka include the  manok, kabayo, kalabaw, dalaga (chicken, horse, carabao, maiden) which is made primarily for local use. Due to exposure and migration of Paete residents to Manila and abroad, European-influenced papier-mâché toys began to be made for export to other countries, such as Germany. Taka images now include those of Santa Claus, reindeer, giraffes, and other subjects that are in demand.

References

Handicrafts
Philippine handicrafts
Culture of Laguna (province)
Papier-mâché

Taka (paper mache)


The history of the Baptist movement in the state of Alabama predates Alabama statehood.

First Baptist churches
The first Baptist church in what was then the territory of Alabama was the Flint River Baptist church founded by twelve people on October 2, 1808, at the house of James Deaton a few miles to the north of Huntsville (now known as the Flint River Primitive Baptist Church). The pastor was John Nicholson. Prior to that there had been several Baptist preachers in the territory, including John Canterbery and Zadock Baker.  Several more churches were founded over the next few years.  The second Baptist church was founded on June 3, 1809, originally named West Fork of Flint River Church, although renamed to Enon Baptist Church shortly thereafter.  (In 1861 the Enon church moved to Huntsville, and was renamed the First Baptist Church of Huntsville in 1895.)  John Canterbery was the church's first pastor, called on August 5, 1809.

Associations and conventions
The Flint River Association, the first and oldest association of Alabama Baptists, was founded on September 26, 1814. Flint River Baptist Church and Enon Baptist Church were charter members.  Initially, several of the FRA's members were churches from Tennessee. The Flint River Association is still in existence today, consisting of three Huntsville area Primitive Baptist Churches, Briar Fork Church, Hurricane Church, and Flint River Church. The first church in the southern part of the state was Bassett Creek church, founded by J. Courtney in 1810.  By 1820 there were 50 Baptist churches in the state; in 1821, there were 70.  Numbers continued to grow in subsequent years, with 6 Baptist Associations and 128 churches in 1825; 250 churches in 1833; 333 churches in 1836; and 500 churches and 30 associations in 1840.

The geography of the state in the 19th century, with highly different political and economic groups physically isolated from one another by poor transport and communication links, resulted in several Baptist conventions emerging.  The most well known, and largest, was the Alabama Baptist Convention founded in 1823 near Greensboro.  Members of Siloam Baptist Church in Marion and the Alabama Baptist Convention founded Judson College in 1838 and Howard College, later renamed Samford University, in 1841.  But there were others.  The General Association of Middle Tennessee and North Alabama was founded in 1841, the East Alabama Baptist Convention in 1856, and the General Association of South Eastern Alabama after the U.S. Civil War.

Not allowed to be part of the Alabama Baptist Convention during that time, African American Baptists had their own conventions, separate from the white organizations.  The Alabama Colored Baptist State Convention, which changed its name in 1974 to the Alabama Missionary Baptist State Convention, was founded in 1868 in Montgomery and by the turn of the 21st century comprised over 1000 churches.  In 1898, the New Era Progressive Baptist State Convention split from the ACBSC, and another split in 1920 spawned the New Era Baptist State Convention.  The Progressive National Baptist Convention, the fourth of the four major conventions in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, was formed in 1961 after disputes over leadership at the National Convention and over civil rights.

Historical record
Much of this history is recorded in the library of Samford University.  Baptists are the largest denomination in Alabama, and the University records include full minutes of congregational meetings throughout the state, the personal papers of many Baptist churchmen, and all issues of the Baptist newspaper, The Alabama Baptist from 1835 onwards.

See also
 List of Baptist churches in Alabama
 Baptists in the United States

References

Further reading

Baptist Christianity in Alabama
Southern Baptist Convention
Baptists

History of Baptists in Alabama


Joshua (Josh) Saunders (born 31 August 1994) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the St Kilda Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He was initially picked with the 43rd selection in the 2012 national draft.

AFL career
Saunders attended The Geelong College, and in year 9 was one of the youngest-ever Geelong College students to play in the 1st XVIII Football team, at only 14 years old. He later played for Geelong Falcons, where in 2012 he received the coach's award. He is noted for his run-and-carry style of play, explosive pace, and endurance.

In Round 5 of the 2013 AFL season, Saunders made his AFL debut for St Kilda against Sydney Swans at Westpac Stadium in Wellington, New Zealand, in the first-ever premiership season game held outside Australia.

He was delisted in October 2015; however, he was re-drafted in the 2016 rookie draft. He was delisted again at the end of the 2016 season.

References

External links

St Kilda Football Club players
Geelong Falcons players
1994 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
People educated at Geelong College
Sandringham Football Club players

Josh Saunders (Australian footballer)


A blockade is the act of actively preventing a country or region from receiving or sending out food, supplies, weapons, or communications, and sometimes people, by military force.
A blockade differs from an embargo or sanction, which are legal barriers to trade rather than physical barriers. It is also distinct from a siege in that a blockade is usually directed at an entire country or region, rather than a fortress or city and the objective may not always be to conquer the area.

While most blockades historically took place at sea, blockades can also be used on land to prevent entrance of an area.  For example, Armenia is a landlocked country that Turkey and Azerbaijan blockade.  Thus, Armenia cannot conduct international trade through those countries, and mainly trades through Georgia.  This restricts the country's economic development.

A blockading power can seek to cut off all maritime transport from and to the blockaded country; although stopping all land transport to and from an area may also be considered a blockade. Blockades restrict the trading rights of neutrals, who must submit for inspection for contraband, which the blockading power may define narrowly or broadly, sometimes including food and medicine. In the 20th century, air power has also been used to enhance the effectiveness of the blockade by halting air traffic within the blockaded airspace.

Close patrol of hostile ports, in order to prevent naval forces from putting to sea, is also referred to as a blockade. When coastal cities or fortresses were besieged from the landward side, the besiegers would often blockade the seaward side as well. Most recently, blockades have sometimes included cutting off electronic communications by jamming radio signals and severing undersea cables.

According to modern international law, blockades are an act of war. They are illegal as part of a war of aggression or when used against a civilian population, instead of a military target. In such case, they are a war crime and potentially a crime against humanity.

History
Although primitive naval blockades had been in use for millennia, the first successful attempts at establishing a full naval blockade were made by the British Royal Navy during the Seven Years' War (1754–1763) against France. Following the British naval victory at Quiberon Bay, which ended any immediate threat of a major invasion of Britain, Britain established a close blockade on the French coast. This starved French ports of commerce, weakening France's economy. Admiral Edward Hawke took command of the blockading fleet off Brest and extended the blockade to cover the entire French Atlantic coast from Dunkirk to Bordeaux, and also to Marseilles on France's Mediterranean coast.

The strategic importance of blockade was shown during the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars, when the Royal Navy successfully blockaded France, leading to major economic disruptions. The Union blockade of southern ports was a major factor in the American Civil War. During World War I, the Allies blockaded the Central Powers, depriving them of food and other strategic materials. Germany's attempted U-boat blockade caused some shortages in Britain, but ultimately failed. This outcome was repeated in World War II.

Naval strategic thinkers, such as Sir Julian Corbett and Alfred Thayer Mahan, wrote that naval conflicts were won primarily by decisive battles, and but also by blockade.

Types of blockade

Close, distant, and loose blockades
A close blockade entails placing warships within sight of the blockaded coast or port, to ensure the immediate interception of any ship entering or leaving. It is both the most effective and the most difficult form of blockade to implement. Difficulties arise because the blockading ships must remain continuously at sea, exposed to storms and hardship, usually far from any support, and vulnerable to sudden attack from the blockaded side, whose ships may stay safe in harbor until they choose to come out.

In a distant blockade, the blockaders stay well away from the blockaded coast and try to intercept any ships going in or out. This may require more ships on station, but they can usually operate closer to their bases, and are at much less risk from enemy raids. This was almost impossible prior to the 16th century due to the nature of the ships used.

A loose blockade is a close blockade where the blockading ships are withdrawn out of sight from the coast (behind the horizon) but no farther. The object of loose blockade is to lure the enemy into venturing out but to stay close enough to strike.

British admiral Horatio Nelson applied a loose blockade at Cádiz in 1805. The Franco-Spanish fleet under Pierre-Charles Villeneuve then came out, resulting in the Battle of Trafalgar.

Pacific blockade
Until 1827, blockades, as part of economic warfare, were always a part of a war. This changed when France, Russia and Britain came to the aid of the Greek rebels against Turkey. They blockaded the Turkish-occupied coast, which led to the battle of Navarino. War was never declared, however, so it is considered the first pacific — i.e. peaceful — blockade. The first truly pacific blockade, involving no shooting at all, was the British blockade of the Republic of New Granada in 1837, established to compel New Granada to release an imprisoned British consul.

Legal status

Since 1945, the United Nations Security Council determines the legal status of blockades and by article 42 of the UN Charter, the council can also apply blockades. The UN Charter allows for the right of self-defense but requires that this must be immediately reported to the Security Council to ensure the maintenance of international peace.

According to the not ratified document San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea, 12 June 1994, a blockade is a legal method of warfare at sea but is governed by rules. The manual describes what can never be contraband. The blockading nation is free to select anything else as contraband in a list, which it must publish.

The blockading nation typically establishes a blockaded area of water, but any ship can be inspected as soon as it is established that it is attempting to break the blockade. This inspection can occur inside the blockaded area or in international waters, but never inside the territorial waters of a neutral nation. A neutral ship must obey a request to stop for inspection from the blockading nation. If the situation so demands, the blockading nation can request that the ship divert to a known place or harbour for inspection. If the ship does not stop, then the ship is subject to capture. If people aboard the ship resist capture, they can be lawfully attacked.

Act of war

Whether or not a blockade was seen as lawful depended on the laws of the nations whose trade was influenced by the blockade. The Brazilian blockade of Río de la Plata in 1826 during the Cisplatine War, for instance, was considered lawful according to British law but unlawful according to French and American law. The latter two countries announced they would actively defend their ships against Brazilian blockaders, while Britain was forced to steer for a peaceful solution between Brazil and Argentina.

Blockade planning

Blockades depend on four general factors

 The value of the item being blockaded must warrant the need to blockade. For example, during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, the items to be blockaded (or "quarantined" to use the more neutral term selected by President John F. Kennedy) were Medium-range ballistic missiles, capable of delivering nuclear weaponry, bound for Cuba. Their value was high, as a military threat against the United States.
 The strength of the blockading force must be equal to or greater in strength than the opposition. The blockade is only successful if the 'thing' in question is prevented from reaching its receiver. For example, the overwhelming power of the Royal Navy allowed a successful blockade of Germany.
 Geography.  Knowing the routes of the enemy will help the blockader choose where to blockade: for example, a high mountain pass or a strait is a natural choke point and a candidate for fortification.
 A blockade tends to be a long campaign requiring a long-term commitment by the blockading power. The Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I and Battle of the Atlantic were essentially about German blockades, and lasted nearly as long as their respective wars.  The Imperial Japanese Navy, however, made only sporadic efforts at blockade during the Pacific war, preferring to seek victory by fleet action.

Blockade running

Blockade running is the practice of delivering cargo (food, for example) to a blockaded area. It has mainly been done by ships (called blockade runners) across ports under naval blockade. Blockade runners were typically the fastest ships available and often lightly armed and armored. It is now also been done by aircraft, forming airbridges, such as over the Berlin blockade after World War II.

See also
 Blockade of the Gaza Strip
 Command of the sea
 List of historical blockades
 Maritime Exclusion Zone
 No-fly zone
 Sea lines of communication

References

Law of the sea
Military strategy
Military operations by type
Economic warfare tactics

Blockade


Jonas Söderlund (born June 1, 1971) is a Swedish organizational theorist and Professor in the Department of Leadership and Organizational Behavior at the BI Norwegian Business School, and author. He is known for his work in the fields of human resource management, project management.

Biography

Youth, education and early academic career
Söderlund was born in Stockholm, Sweden in 1971, son of Söderlund Claes R. and Yvonne Elisabeth Söderlund. In 1995 he obtained his MSc in Business Administration and Economics from the Linköping University in Sweden.

After his graduation Söderlund started teaching and continued his studies at the Linköping University, In 1998 he obtained his Licentiate of Business Administration, and in 2000 his PhD in its International Graduate School of Management and Industrial Engineering (IMIE). His thesis was entitled "Time-limited and complex interaction – studies of industrial projects." In 1998 he had attended the Program in General Management at the Harvard Business School as visiting doctoral student.

Further academic career and honours
In 2000 Söderlund started as Assistant Professor at the School of Management at the Linköping University, where he was promoted to Associate Professor of Business Administration in 2003. From 2003 to 2007 he also served as Director of the Linköping Project Center at the Linköping University. In 2007 he was appointed Professor in Project Management at the BI Norwegian Business School.

In 2009 Söderlund was awarded the HR Research Award for Best Research on HRM 2009 by the Uppsala University and the Institute for Personnel & Corporate Development (IPF). In 2011 he and Karin Bredin obtained the International Project Management Association (IPMA) Research Award 2011 for "outstanding research on HRM in project-based organizations."

Selected publications
 Lars Lindkvist, Jonas Söderlund & Fredrik Tell Managing product development projects: on the significance of fountains and deadlines,1998.
 Jonas Söderlund. Time-limited and Complex Interaction: Studies of Industrial Projects. Ekonomiska institutionen, Univ. [distributör], 2000.
 Jonas Söderlund. Developing project competence: empirical regularities in competitive project operations, 2005.
 Jonas Söderlund. HRM in project-intensive firms: changes and challenges, 2006.
 Karin Bredin & Jonas Söderlund. Human resource management in project-based organizations : the HR quadriad framework, 2011.
 Jonas Söderlund. Project Management and Organization Theory: IRNOP Meets PMJ. 2014.
 Peter Morris, Jeff Pinto & Jonas Söderlund (Eds.) Oxford Handbook of Project Management, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

Articles, a selection
 Jonas Söderlund. "Building theories of project management: past research, questions for the future." International journal of project management 22.3 (2004): 183-191.
 Söderlund, Jonas. "On the broadening scope of the research on projects: a review and a model for analysis." International Journal of Project Management'' 22.8 (2004): 655-667.
 Söderlund, Jonas. "Pluralism in project management: navigating the crossroads of specialization and fragmentation." International Journal of Management Reviews 13.2 (2011): 153-176.

References

1971 births
Living people
Swedish business theorists
Linköping University alumni
Academic staff of BI Norwegian Business School
Scientists from Stockholm

Jonas Söderlund


Clear cutting refers to a method of logging or cutting down trees where an entire area of forest is completely cleared. It involves removing all the trees in a given area, leaving no trees standing. This method is often used in commercial logging operations to extract timber quickly and efficiently.

Forestry

Clearcutting


Walter Edward Dandy (April 6, 1886 – April 19, 1946) was an American neurosurgeon and scientist. He is considered one of the founding fathers of neurosurgery, along with Victor Horsley (1857–1916) and Harvey Cushing (1869–1939). Dandy is credited with numerous neurosurgical discoveries and innovations, including the description of the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain, surgical treatment of hydrocephalus, the invention of air ventriculography and pneumoencephalography, the description of brain endoscopy, the establishment of the first intensive care unit (Fox 1984, p. 82), and the first clipping of an intracranial aneurysm, which marked the birth of cerebrovascular neurosurgery.

During his 40-year medical career, Dandy published five books and more than 160 peer-reviewed articles while conducting a full-time, ground-breaking neurosurgical practice in which he performed during his peak years about 1000 operations per year (Sherman et al. 2006). He was recognized at the time as a remarkably fast and particularly dexterous surgeon. Dandy was associated with the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Johns Hopkins Hospital his entire medical career. The importance of his numerous contributions to neurosurgery in particular and to medicine in general has increased as the field of neurosurgery has evolved.

Early life and medical training
Dandy was the only son of John Dandy, a railroad engineer, and Rachel Kilpatrick, who were immigrants from Lancashire, England, and Armagh, Ireland, respectively. Dandy graduated in 1903 from Summit High School in Sedalia, Missouri, as class valedictorian, and then graduated in 1907 from the University of Missouri. In September 1907, he enrolled in the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine as a second year student. (He had started medical studies during his junior year in college and accumulated enough credits to skip the first year of medical school at Johns Hopkins.) Dandy graduated from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in the spring of 1910 at the age of 24, and became the sixth appointee to the Hunterian Laboratory of Experimental Medicine under Harvey W. Cushing from 1910 to 1911. In 1911, he earned a Master of Arts degree for his work in the Hunterian Laboratory, and went on to join the Johns Hopkins Hospital surgical housestaff for one year as Cushing's Assistant Resident (1911–1912). Dandy completed his general surgery residency at the Johns Hopkins Hospital under William S. Halsted in 1918. (He had been appointed Halsted's Chief Resident in 1916.) While Dandy was introduced to the nascent field of neurosurgery by Cushing, it was George J. Heuer who completed Dandy's neurosurgical training after Cushing's departure for the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston in September 1912. Heuer had graduated from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in 1908, worked as Cushing's first Assistant Resident from 1908 to 1909, and served as Halsted's Chief Resident from 1911 to 1914.

Dandy joined the staff of the Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1918 and immediately focused his energies on the surgical treatment of disorders of the brain and spinal cord. When Heuer left Hopkins in 1922 to become the head of surgery at the University of Cincinnati, Dandy remained as the only neurosurgeon at the Johns Hopkins Hospital until his death in that hospital in 1946.

Scientific and clinical contributions

Contributions to pediatric neurosurgery

Dandy's first scientific contribution was the detailed anatomical description of a 2 mm human embryo in Franklin P. Mall's collection. This paper was published in 1910, five months before he graduated from medical school. In 1911 and 1913, he described the blood supply and nerve supply, respectively, of the pituitary gland. In 1913 and 1914, Dandy and Kenneth D. Blackfan published two landmark papers on the production, circulation, and absorption of CSF in the brain and on the causes and potential treatments of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus is the buildup of CSF within the brain, an often lethal condition if left untreated. They described two forms of hydrocephalus, namely "obstructive" and "communicating," thus establishing a theoretical framework for the rational treatment of this condition. This work is regarded by many as one of the finest pieces of surgical research ever done. Indeed, Halsted reportedly told Edwards A. Park that "Dandy will never do anything equal to this again. Few men make more than one great contribution to medicine." (Fox 1984, p. 36) Dandy, however, would prove to be one of these "few men." Modern pediatric neurosurgeons devote most of their time to the management of hydrocephalus.

The Dandy–Walker malformation is a congenital malformation associated with hydrocephalus. In 1921 Dandy reported a case of hydrocephalus caused by obstruction of outflow of CSF from the fourth ventricle. In 1944 A. Earl Walker (who eventually became chairman of neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins) described a similar case of congenital closure of the outflow of the fourth ventricle. This congenital anomaly became known as the Dandy-Walker cyst. It is associated with closure of the foramina of Luschka and Magendie (the outflow openings of the fourth ventricle), atrophy of the cerebellum and cerebellar vermis, dilation of the fourth ventricle, hydrocephalus, and often atrophy of the corpus callosum.

Contributions to neuroradiology
In 1918 and 1919 Dandy published his landmark papers on air ventriculography and the associated technique of pneumoencephalography. For this contribution he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in 1933 by Hans Christian Jacobaeus, Chairman of the Nobel Committee of the Karolinska Institute (Ligon 1998, p. 607). Ventriculography and pneumoencephalography allowed neurosurgeons for the first time to visualize brain lesions on x-rays. To accomplish this, CSF in the ventricles and subarachnoid space was replaced with air injected either directly into the ventricles (ventriculography) or into the lumbar subarachnoid space (pneumoencephalography). As a general surgeon, Dandy was aware of the ability of free air in the peritoneal cavity to outline the abdominal contents. He published a paper on this radiographic phenomenon ("pneumoperitoneum") in 1919 based on a clinical observation he had made in 1917. In 1918, the year that he finished his residency, he published the paper on air ventriculography. The importance of this advance cannot be overstated. Samuel J. Crowe described it as "the greatest single contribution ever made to brain surgery." (Fox 1984, p. 43) Gilbert Horrax stated:"The importance of this diagnostic method, ... for the more accurate localization of many growths whose situation could not be ascertained with absolute exactness, can hardly be overemphasized. It brought immediately into the operable field at least one third more brain tumors than could be diagnosed and localized previously by the most refined neurological methods." (Fox 1984, p.45)
Air ventriculography, however, had the limitation that a burr hole had to be drilled in the skull to pass the needle into the ventricular system. In 1919, Dandy published a less invasive technique that he labelled pneumoencephalography. In this procedure, air was injected into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar spinal canal and then the air bolus was maneuvered into the subarachnoid space around the brain and eventually into the ventricles by changing the patient's position. Ventriculography and pneumoencephalography allowed neurosurgeons to accurately identify the location and size of tumors and other lesions and then accurately target their operative approach. This technique remained the single most important way of localizing brain lesions until the introduction of CT scanning in the 1970s.

Contributions to operative neurosurgery
Already by 1919, barely one year after finishing his surgical training, Dandy was recognized arguably as the premier surgeon at Johns Hopkins. Abraham Flexner, who was intimately familiar with the workings of the Johns Hopkins Hospital and in 1910 had produced the Flexner Report on American and Canadian Medical Education, wrote on January 30, 1919:"The general sentiment hereabouts is that Dandy is the man for surgery. ... As Dr. Halsted comes about very little now, Dandy is carrying the whole thing, and, as far as I can judge, does it admirably. He has the devotion and confidence of all his associates and treats them in a really beautiful way ..." (Fox 1984, p.54)

Dandy's surgical innovations proceeded at an astounding rate as he became increasingly comfortable operating on the brain and spinal cord. He described in 1921 an operation for the removal of tumors of the pineal region, in 1922 complete removal of tumors of the cerebellopontine angle (namely acoustic neuromas), in 1922 the use of endoscopy for the treatment of hydrocephalus ("cerebral ventriculoscopy"), in 1925 sectioning the trigeminal nerve at the brainstem to treat trigeminal neuralgia, in 1928 treatment of Ménière's disease (recurrent vertiginous dizziness) by sectioning the vestibular nerves, in 1929 removal of a herniated disc in the spine, in 1930 treatment of spasmodic torticollis, in 1923 removal of the entire cerebral hemisphere ("hemispherectomy") for the treatment of malignant tumors, in 1933 removal of deep tumors within the ventricular system, in 1935 treatment of carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs), in 1938 ligation or "clipping" of an intracranial aneurysm, and in 1941 removal of orbital tumors. Remarkably, these operations continue to be performed today essentially in the same form described by Dandy. As medicine progresses, other contributions by Dandy have been replaced by alternative therapies. For instance, in 1943, Dandy published an operation for treatment of essential hypertension by sectioning the sympathetic nerves, but in the 21st century, hypertension is treated with medications.

Contributions to cerebrovascular neurosurgery
Dandy's 1938 description of surgery for clipping of an intracranial aneurysm is particularly important because it marked the birth of the subspecialty of cerebrovascular neurosurgery. An aneurysm is a sac that grows from the wall of an artery in the brain. When an aneurysm ruptures, 50% of patients die immediately and the remaining are similarly expected to die if the aneurysm ruptures again, as it is likely to do. In 1937, a ruptured intracranial aneurysm was a uniformly fatal condition. On March 23, 1937, Dandy performed a frontotemporal craniotomy (which he had learned from Heuer) and placed a hemostatic clip on the neck of a posterior communicating artery region aneurysm arising from the internal carotid artery. The technical prowess involved in carrying out this operation successfully can not be overstated, particularly without the benefit of the surgical microscope for magnification. Even today this type of surgery is arguably the most complex and riskiest procedure done by neurosurgeons. This represented the first time that a vascular problem of the brain was treated successfully with surgery in a planned fashion. This experience led Dandy in the later part of his career to treat successfully a variety of vascular problems of the brain in addition to aneurysms, such as arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs), carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs), and cavernous malformations. In 1944, two years prior to his death, Dandy published a book entitled Intracranial Arterial Aneurysms in which he summarized his experience with these treacherous and technically formidable lesions. Currently, the Walter E. Dandy Professor of Neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins, Rafael J. Tamargo , is a cerebrovascular neurosurgeon and the director of the Division of Cerebrovascular Neurosurgery , the field created by Dandy.

Dandy's "Brain Team"
Dandy established at the Johns Hopkins Hospital a clinical service that served the dual purpose of delivering outstanding care to his patients and also of training surgical residents and fellows to become neurosurgeons. This became a highly orchestrated and efficient system that allowed Dandy to perform over 1000 operations annually (excluding ventriculograms) and produced 12 neurosurgeons who then carried on Dandy's tradition. Dandy's service was known as the "Brain Team." By 1940, Dandy's Brain Team consisted of a resident, an assistant resident, a surgical intern, a full-time scrub nurse, a full-time nurse anesthetist, an assistant scrub nurse, a circulating nurse, a part-time nurse anesthetist, a full-time orderly, and Dandy's secretary. The resident and assistant resident each spent two years (out of their eight-year general surgery residency) on the Brain Team. (Sherman et al. 2006)

Personal life
In 1923, five years after finishing his arduous surgical training, Dandy started to focus on his personal life. Throughout his training he had remained close to his parents, with whom he corresponded at times daily. Dandy made arrangements for his parents to move to Baltimore in early 1911, one year after he finished medical school. Dandy met his future wife, Sadie E. Martin, in 1923, got married on October 1, 1924, and had four children: Walter Edward Jr. (born 1925), Mary Ellen (1927), Kathleen Louise (1928), and Margaret Martin (1935). He described his family relations as "the finest thing in life." (Fox 1984, p. 118) He vacationed with his family regularly, when his children's school schedule allowed. He rarely traveled, however, for professional meetings, and preferred to stay in Baltimore close to his family and work. Upon being invited to join the Society of Neurological Surgeons as a charter member, he wrote to Cushing on June 30, 1921, that he was "very averse to joining societies of all kinds because I feel they are more social than beneficial and I cannot spare the time for them." (Fox 1984, p. 73)

Irving J. Sherman, who trained in neurosurgery under Dandy from 1941 to 1943, addressed this in his recollections:"Historians are uniformly effusive in praise of Dandy's research and surgery, but they are less kind with regard to his personality, no doubt because they did not know him personally ... Dandy never charged schoolteachers, clergy, other medical workers, or patients who had no money to pay. At times, he also gave money to patients to help them with the expense of coming to Baltimore. ... There were stories of Dandy being dictatorial and demanding perfect service for his patients, and these were true. There were other stories, also true, of Dandy having outbursts of temper when "things did not go right in the operating room," firing assistant residents, scolding personnel, and occasionally throwing an instrument. However, during my time on the general surgery and neurosurgery housestaff (1940-1943), I never observed such incidents. ... although Dandy was at times dictatorial and demanding, his actions made it obvious that he cared deeply for our welfare, although not about how hard we worked." (Sherman et al. 2006)
Outside the hospital, Dandy's warmth and playfulness were evident in his interactions with his family, friends, and colleagues. (Tamargo 2002, p. 101). His personality is best summarized in his obituary in the Baltimore Sun of April 20, 1946:"... Gruff of manner, hot of temper, and endowed with a tongue as sharp as his instruments, he exacted awe, respect, and the hardest kind of work from his students. ... And when they got to know him well, they found beneath the hard exterior - as is not uncommon in men of such temperament - a deep vein of tenderness."
Dandy enjoyed excellent health most of his life, except for November and December 1919, the year after completing his residency, when he became bedridden with sciatic neuralgia. (Fox 1984, p. 54) On April 1, 1946, five days before his 60th birthday, Dandy was hospitalized with a heart attack. He asked his secretary to help him prepare his will, which he signed on April 9 while in the hospital. He was discharged home, but suffered a second heart attack on April 18. He was taken again to the Johns Hopkins Hospital where he died on April 19. (Fox 1984, p. 221) He was buried in Druid Ridge Cemetery in Pikesville, Maryland.

Walter E. Dandy Neurosurgical Society

The Walter E. Dandy Neurosurgical Society (WEDNS) was founded in St. Louis, Missouri in 2011. The society is a forum for surgeons around the world to enhance the education of both neurosurgery residents and fully trained neurosurgeons to take part in the development and distribution of guidelines for clinical decision making utilizing the best available science.

See also
 Dandy–Walker syndrome
 Dandy's point
 Congress of Neurological Surgeons. The CNS features the Dandy Lecture in honor of Walter Dandy during its Annual Meeting.

References

External links

 Walter E. Dandy, M.D., Professorship at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
 Walter E. Dandy, M.D., Professorship at the University of Pittsburgh
 Rafael J. Tamargo, M.D., Walter E. Dandy Professor of Neurosurgery at the Johns Hopkins University
 Ian F. Pollack, M.D., Walter E. Dandy Professor of Neurosurgery at the University of Pittsburgh

1886 births
1946 deaths
University of Missouri alumni
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine alumni
People from Sedalia, Missouri
Johns Hopkins Hospital physicians
American neurosurgeons
Burials at Druid Ridge Cemetery
American medical academics
20th-century surgeons

Walter Dandy


In North America, a campfire story is a form of oral storytelling performed around an open fire at night, typically in the wilderness, largely connected with the telling of stories having  supernatural motifs or elements of urban legend. Whereas the activity is not incomparable to, nor mutually exclusive from, indigenous practices they should not be confused with each other in a contemporary context.

History
The modern campfire story is an invention of the late modern period and may have arisen among soldiers or frontiersmen who utilized storytelling as a nightly means to stay awake while acting as camp lookouts.
In North America, as early as the 1840s, the term "camp-fire story" was associated with wartime exploits such as those told in a  military encampment. In the late 1800s, advertisements, for journals and lectures, providing the inclusion of "camp-fire stories" began to appear. Contemporaneously, fraternities and other organizations would arrange reunions among veterans who then continued the tradition in peacetime and even outside the confines of a camp. The term likewise began to be connected with encounters with large or dangerous game, such as bears, buffaloes, panthers or snakes.

With the formation of youth groups, such as Girl Scouts and Boy Scouts of America, came the adoption of practices already established by organizations of the day. Consequently, campfire stories came to be an integral part within such organizations nearly since their inception. In the first edition of the official handbook for the Boy Scouts of America, chapter three on "Campcraft" provides many notes for campfire entertainment including those on storytelling. While the example story provided is an adaptation of Native American oral tradition, the criteria for stories given are as follows: "Indian legends, war stories, ghost stories, detective stories, stories of heroism, the history of life, a talk about the stars." It is among these early youth groups that the understanding of a campfire story came to be broadened and signaled a major shift in audience from veterans to a more general public. Likewise, the very nature of such organizations present factors conducive to stories of the supernatural, namely, the introduction of younger groups of listeners far more impressionable to stories of a frightful or fantastic nature. In time, the popularity of the latter would come to be predominant and greatly eclipse other genre stories.

Camping activity
Campfire stories hold a strong association with camping as a form of recreation. Author William W. Forgey, in the introduction to his 1984 book Campfire Stories ... Things That Go Bump in the Night, noted that in his ten years of service as a scoutmaster, the most requested campfire event were stories that evoke fear. Forgey further identified a number of elements that should go into the telling of a campfire story:

 Enjoy the practice
 Maintain eye contact
 Keep in close contact with audience
 Do not obsess over details
 Set a "quiet mood" prior to the story
 Utilize the energy of the audience
 Maintain the campfire
 Forgo props or scare tactics, these distract from the story
 Use different vocal inflections
 Start sessions with believable tales to build credibility

Forgey's points emphasize an important distinction of the campfire story as a practice rather than a genre, as is the case with ghost stories or urban legends. The campfire story, while having a strong association with horror or the supernatural, is not a subset or class of tales but an outdoor activity, as much so as hiking, rock climbing or swimming. It is also for many a rite of passage into the years directly proceeding preadolescence.

See also
 American folklore
 Canadian folklore

References

Storytelling
Oral tradition
Outdoor recreation

Campfire story


"Chaiti Festival" or "Rayagada Mahotsav" is the official annual mass cultural festival of Rayagada district, India. It is one among the major tourist attractions in the district.

History
The festival started in 2005 in the district to give a boost to tribal culture. The cultural fest is observed in the Block levels and Sub divisional levels in addition to the district level. The first Chaiti Festival was organised as a mass festival by the then District Magistrate Dr. Pramod Kumar Meherda. Since then Chaiti festival has been organised every year. But for some reason it was discontinued during 2008. In 2009, Shri K.G.Mahapatra, the then Collector of the district revived the tradition.

Observance

The festival is observed during the last three days of the year at the GCD High School ground by the District Council of Culture (DCC), Rayagada. The extravaganza showcasing the best of tribal art & culture of the district, with more than 500 artists across the country, is the main attraction in the festival. Very often the festival is followed by the Pallishree Mela of Orissa Rural Development & Marketing Society (ORMAS).

References

External links
 Fairs and festivals of Rayagada
 Official website of Rayagada district

Odia culture
Festivals in Odisha
Cultural history of Odisha
December events
Rayagada district

Chaiti Festival, Rayagada


Ibrahim Mohammed Khalil is a suspected al Qaida facilitator who was arrested in Germany in January 2005, on an allegation that he had played a role in al Qaida's recruiting efforts in Europe and accusations he tried to buy black market uranium.

Khalil is alleged to have trained in Afghan military camps.
He is alleged to have fought in Afghanistan after September 11, 2001, and he is alleged to have "had contact with" Osama bin Laden.

In December 2007, he was sentenced to seven years in prison for being a member in a foreign  terrorist organisation in connection with fraud after a controversial 131-day-long trial before a court in the German city Düsseldorf.

References

External links

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Ibrahim Mohammed Khalil


Aaron G. Beebe is an American artist and curator working in Brooklyn, NY. He was the Director of the Coney Island Museum., is a co-founder of the Morbid Anatomy Museum and is the creator of the Congress for Curious People

Beebe was born in Lakewood, Ohio, and attended Ohio State University and New York University.

During his tenure at the Coney Island Museum, Beebe produced several collaborative installations. In fact, Beebe has said that he views museums themselves as a type of installation work. Notable work at the Coney Island Museum included:

 "Postcards from Paradise" - A humorous work about the history of mailed images and texts, featuring a working post office and postmaster. With performance artist Martha Wilson.
 "The Coney Island Amateur Psychoanalytic Society and it's Circle" - An installation by Zoe Belloff.
 "The Great Coney Island Spectacularium" - A reproduction of a 19th-century dime museum that used the original, 19th century, collection of the former Niagara Falls Museum to cross-examine the history of spectacle and dime museums. With Joanna Ebenstein.
 "The Cosmorama of the Great Dreamland Fire" - an immersive installation that recreated a 19th-century panoramic painting of the destruction of Coney Island's largest amusement park in 1911.

In 2014, Beebe worked with Joanna Ebenstein, Tracy Hurley Martin, Tonya Martin, and Colin Dickey to co-found the Morbid Anatomy Museum. The museum was the result of a confluence of interests and ideas that the five held, and Beebe's experience in Coney Island provided the structural know-how to create a new institution. He then oversaw the design and construction of the museum (designed by Robert Kirkbride and Anthony Cohn) and helped produce the first exhibitions there.

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century American artists
Directors of museums in the United States
Artists from Ohio
New York University alumni
People from Lakewood, Ohio

Aaron Beebe


Arnica dealbata is a species of Californian plants in the tarweed tribe within the aster family

The species is known by the common name mock leopardbane.

Distribution and habitat
It is endemic to California, where it is known from the Sierra Nevada and the southernmost slopes of the Cascade Range. It occurs in forest and meadow habitat in the mountains and foothills.

This plant is uncommon throughout its limited distribution and is listed as a sensitive species of Yosemite National Park, where it occurs in two locations.

Description
It is a hairy, glandular, rhizomatous perennial herb producing an erect stem up to about 35 centimeters tall. The leaves have lance-shaped or pointed oval blades up to 10 centimeters long which are borne on petioles. They are arranged in opposite pairs, mostly near the base of the stem. The blades are coated densely in short curly hairs, some glandular. The inflorescence is a solitary flower head or cluster of a few heads. The head contains up to 12 yellow ray florets up to 2.5 centimeters long with many yellow disc florets at the center.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile
Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California

dealbata
Endemic flora of California
Flora of the Cascade Range
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Plants described in 1865

Arnica dealbata


The 2004 Turning Point was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), which took place on December 5, 2004, at the TNA Impact! Zone in Orlando, Florida. It was the first event under the Turning Point chronology. Eight matches were featured on the event's card.

The main event was a Six Sides of Steel cage match with a pre-match stipulation that the losing team would disband. America's Most Wanted (Chris Harris and James Storm) defeated Triple X (Christopher Daniels and Elix Skipper) in this match. A Six Man Tag Team match on the event's card ended in Jeff Hardy, A.J. Styles, and Randy Savage defeating The Kings of Wrestling (Jeff Jarrett, Kevin Nash and Scott Hall). The event's undercard featured different varieties of matches. Petey Williams defeated Chris Sabin to retain the TNA X Division Championship in one match on the undercard. Diamond Dallas Page defeated Raven in another match.

Turning Point is remembered for the disbanding of Triple X and for Elix Skipper pulling Chris Harris off the top of a cage with his legs to perform a move he named the New School. The PPV was also the final televised match of Randy Savage's career. The professional wrestling section of the Canadian Online Explorer website rated the event a 7 out of 10, which was the same as the 2005 event's rating.

In October 2017, with the launch of the Global Wrestling Network, the event became available to stream on demand.

Background
Turning Point featured eight professional wrestling matches involving wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds, plots, and storylines. Wrestlers were portrayed as either villains or heroes in scripted, tension-filled events that culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.

The main event was contested inside a 16-foot (4.9 m) high steel structure with six sides—known as Six Sides of Steel; to win a wrestler must either gain a pinfall or submission, with the losing team disbanding.  Participants in the main event included the tag team pairings of America's Most Wanted (Chris Harris and James Storm) and Triple X (Christopher Daniels and Elix Skipper). The storyline build to this match on September 8 at TNA's last weekly PPV event (#110). During this event, Harris replaced an injured Daniels and teamed with Skipper to defeat The Naturals (Andy Douglas and Chase Stevens) for the NWA World Tag Team Championship. Harris and Skipper then proceeded to lose the championship to Storm and Daniels on the September 24 episode of TNA's primary television program, TNA Impact!. After Storm and Daniels lost the championship to Team Canada (Bobby Roode and Eric Young) on the October 15 episode of Impact!, tensions between the teams during the respective title reigns gave way to an official rivalry between America's Most Wanted and Triple X. The teams fought against each other in an Elimination Last Team Standing match at TNA's previous and first monthly three-hour PPV event, Victory Road. In an Elimination Last Man Standing match, a series of events must take place to eliminate a participant. First, a wrestler must be pinned, and then the pinned wrestler has until the referee's count of ten to reach their feet before they are officially eliminated from the match. The first two members of a team to be eliminated lose the contest; America's Most Wanted was victorious in the Elimination Last Man Standing match at Victory Road. On the November 19 episode of Impact!, Daniels insinuated that the two teams were scheduled for a Six Sides of Steel cage match at Turning Point. Later in the episode, newly appointed authority figure Dusty Rhodes announced that the match was indeed scheduled, with the added stipulation that the losing team would have to disband and never team together again in TNA under any circumstances.

A Six Man Tag Team match scheduled pitting the team of Jeff Hardy, A.J. Styles, and Randy Savage against The Kings of Wrestling (Jeff Jarrett, Kevin Nash, and Scott Hall) was another highly promoted match. At Victory Road during the main event for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship between Jarrett and Hardy, Nash and Hall interfered and cost Hardy the match. Afterwards, Nash, Hall, and Jarrett joined forces and dubbed themselves "The Kings of Wrestling"; they then proceeded to attack Hardy Following the encounter between Jarrett and Hardy, the 3 Live Kru (B.G. James, Ron Killings, and Konnan), and Styles came out to Hardy's aid. Nash, Hall, and Jarrett quickly won the fight. Savage then made his debut in TNA aligning himself with Styles and Hardy. After multiple fights between the two teams, Savage challenged The Kings of Wrestling to a match at Turning Point on the November 19 episode of Impact!. The match was later made official by TNA without The Kings of Wrestling agreeing to it.

A featured preliminary match on Turning Point's card was for the TNA X Division Championship, in which the champion, Petey Williams, defended the championship against Chris Sabin. The match was promoted for Turning Point on the November 12 episode of Impact!. In the weeks leading to the encounter, Sabin stated he had found a counter to Williams' finishing maneuver the Canadian Destroyer, which was thought to be uncounterable. The Canadian Destroyer involves Williams grabbing an opponent with his legs around their head, jumping over their back, causing them to perform a backflip, and forcing their head into the mat after they make the full rotation. Making true to his word, Sabin countered the move three times before Turning Point; one on the November 12, one of the November 19, and the last on the November 30 episodes of Impact!.

Another match announced for Turning Point was between Raven and Diamond Dallas Page. On the November 12 episode of Impact!, Page cost Raven a match against Monty Brown, creating a rivalry between the two. On the November 19 episode of Impact!, Page attacked Raven once again, costing him another match. TNA later scheduled a match between the two at Turning Point.

Event

Pre-Show
Before the event began, a thirty-minute pre-show aired with a match between The Naturals (Andy Douglas and Chase Stevens) and Mikey Batts and Jerrelle Clark. The Naturals won the match by pinfall, after Stevens and Douglas lifted Batts up, placed Batts head and neck onto one of their shoulders, and fell to a seated position to perform a move they dubbed the Natural Disaster.

Preliminary matches

In the first match, the 3Live Kru (B.G. James and Ron Killings) defended the NWA World Tag Team Championship against Team Canada (Bobby Roode and Eric Young), who were accompanied by Coach D'Amore. Team Canada won the match and the championship after another Team Canada member, Johnny Devine, interfered and hit B.G. with a hockey stick. Roode followed up by pinning B.G. to win the match.

The next encounter pitted the team of Héctor Garza, Sonjay Dutt, and Sonny Siaki were pitted against the team of Kid Kash, Michael Shane, and Frankie Kazarian, who were accompanied by Traci, in a Six Man Tag Team match. Garza, Dutt, and Siaki won the match after Garza jumped off the top rope backwards and twisted in mid-air to perform a corkscrew moonsault onto Kazarian for the pinfall victory.

The third match was a Serengeti Survival match between Monty Brown and Abyss. In this match, there were no disqualifications and the only way to win was by pinfall, submission, or by slamming the opponent into a pile of thumbtacks. Mid-way through the match, Brown grabbed a bag of tacks and poured them on the ring-mat. Afterwards, Brown and Abyss fought to slam each other into the tacks until Brown lifted Abyss up onto his shoulders and threw him forward down to the ring-mat.  Brown's throw caused Abyss to fall on the tacks with his head and back, giving the win to Brown.

A tag team match followed in the fourth match, with Pat Kenney teaming with Johnny B. Badd to fight The New York Connection (Johnny Swinger and Glenn Gilbertti). Jacqueline was the special guest referee for the bout. Badd won the encounter after he lifted Gilberti up onto his shoulders, spun him around, and fell to his back to perform a move known as a TKO. Badd followed by covering Gilberti for the pinfall.

Diamond Dallas Page (DDP) and Raven fought in the fifth match. The officiating referee was scripted to be knocked out in the beginning of the match and was later replaced. DDP claimed victory in the match with the Diamond Cutter.

Main event matches
Accompanied by Coach D'Amore, Petey Williams defended the TNA X Division Championship against Chris Sabin.  During the match, Sabin countered the Canadian Destroyer and attempted to perform his signature maneuver, the Cradle Shock. Williams countered the Cradle Shock into a Sharpshooter.  While the referee wasn't looking, Williams hit Sabin with a pair of brass knuckles and gained the pinfall victory to end the match, retaining the TNA X Division Championship.

Next, the Kings of Wrestling (Kevin Nash, Scott Hall, and Jeff Jarrett) fought the team of Jeff Hardy, A.J. Styles, and Randy Savage in a Six Man Tag Team match. Earlier in the night, The Kings of Wrestling attacked Savage and stuffed him into the trunk of a limo, which sped off out of the arena's parking lot.  Without Savage, Styles and Hardy had to work the match by themselves. After several minutes of Hardy and Styles fighting off all the members of The Kings of Wrestling, Savage returned to the arena and walked down to the ring, where he was tagged into the match by Hardy. A few moments later, Savage pinned Jarrett after a punch to the jaw.

The main event was a Six Sides of Steel cage match contested between America's Most Wanted (Chris Harris and James Storm) and Triple X (Christopher Daniels and Elix Skipper), with the losing team disbanding forever. Mid-way through, Skipper handcuffed Harris to the ropes and kept the key away from the referee. Storm later took the key from Skipper and freed Harris from the cuffs.  At one point in the match, Skipper and Daniels double teamed Harris and performed America's Most Wanted signature finishing maneuver, the Death Sentence by holding Harris in place while the other member climbed to the top rope and performed a leg drop across Harris's neck and head. Skipper followed by covering Harris for a pinfall, however, he kicked out before the count of three. Harris later climbed up to the top of the cage. While Harris sat on top of the cage, Skipper climbed up at another corner and walked across the top similar to walking a tightrope. Skipper then jumped and grabbed Harris's head with his legs, falling backwards towards the ring in a move he dubbed the New School. This move caused Harris to fly off of the top of the cage and land on his back in the middle of the ring. A brief time later, all four men were positioned at certain points on one of the padded turnbuckles to perform what TNA calls the "Tower of Doom". In a variation of the move, Daniels was being held upside-down by Storm, until Skipper grabbed Storm and placed his head between Storm's legs to lift him off of a padded turnbuckle. Harris then grabbed Skipper and placed Skipper on his shoulders while he held Storm, who remained holding Daniels. Harris then performed a powerbomb on Skipper, while Skipper pulled down Storm, who suplexed Daniels off of the top of the cage. The conclusion to the match saw America's Most Wanted cuff Daniels to the ropes and perform Triple X's signature maneuver, the Powerplex by lifting Skipper up onto Storm's shoulders while Harris held Skipper's head. Storm and Harris then fell to the mat, forcing Skipper's neck into Harris's shoulder and mat while slamming his back into the mat as well. Storm then pinned Skipper for the pinfall victory. As a result of Triple X's loss, the team had to disband forever.

Aftermath

Following Turning Point, America's Most Wanted (Chris Harris and James Storm) began a rivalry with Team Canada (Bobby Roode and Eric Young) over the NWA World Tag Team Championship. They defeated Team Canada on the December 24 episode of Impact! to earn the chance to challenge them at TNA's next PPV, Final Resolution. At the event, America's Most Wanted defeated Team Canada to win the championship.

The rivalry between The Kings of Wrestling (Jeff Jarrett, Scott Hall, and Kevin Nash) and Randy Savage, Jeff Hardy, and A.J. Styles slowly died down after the event. Styles went on to Final Resolution to win the TNA X Division Championship in an Ultimate X match, which also involved Chris Sabin and Petey Williams. In an Ultimate X match, four pillars are set up at ringside with steel red ropes attached at the top, which are criss-crossed to form an "X" over the center of the ring. The championship belt is hung on the center "X" with the objective being to remove it and fall to the mat below to win. Hardy defeated Hall at Final Resolution as a replacement for Hector Garza. Savage left the company after the event. The Kings of Wrestling later disbanded (not official until after Final Resolution) as a result of Nash being placed in a match where the winner would challenge Jarrett in the main event of Final Resolution for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship; this match also took place at the event.

In 2007, Triple X reformed at Victory Road (which became a July PPV event in 2006) with all three members of the original alliance: Daniels, Skipper, and Senshi. Before the reunion in 2007, Daniels had a successful career as a singles competitor. At TNA's March PPV event, Destination X, Daniels won the TNA X Division Championship from Styles in an Ultimate X Challenge match involving Ron Killings and his former partner, Eilx Skipper. Afterward, Daniels went on to make successful defenses and winning the championship three times; Skipper's singles career was not as victorious.

Reception
Writer Bob Kapur of the Canadian Online Explorer rated Turning Point a 7 out of 10, which was the same as the rating for the 2005 event. The TNA X Division Championship bout was rated an 8 out of 10. The Six Man Tag Team match between The Kings of Wrestling (Kevin Nash, Scott Hall, and Jeff Jarrett) and A.J. Styles, Jeff Hardy, and Randy Savage was rated a 3 out of 10, while the Six Sides of Steel cage match main event was rated a 9 out of 10. In his review, Kapur stated that he felt the Six Man Tag Team match was "an overbooked train wreck whose only saving grace was Styles's performance, as he tried to wring out something decent out of the old-timers". The X Division Championship and main event bouts gained better reviews from Kapur. According to Kapur, the X Division Championship encounter was "a fantastic match which really showcases the talents of both men."  Regarding the main event, Kapur described it as "a fantastic match filled with exciting high spots from bell to bell". TNA released a list of their top 50 moments in their history in 2006 in a DVD release titled "TNA: The 50 Greatest Moments", with the main event between America's Most Wanted (Chris Harris and James Storm) and Triple X (Christopher Daniels and Elix Skipper) being ranked number 6. On September 20, 2005, TNA Home Video released the event in a DVD boxset called "TNA Anthology: The Epic Set", including TNA's April 2005 PPV event, Lockdown, and the 2004 Victory Road event.

Results

Notes

References

External links
 TNA Wrestling.com

Impact Wrestling Turning Point
2004 in Florida
Events in Orlando, Florida
Professional wrestling in Orlando, Florida
December 2004 events in the United States
2004 Total Nonstop Action Wrestling pay-per-view events

Turning Point (2004 wrestling)


Andrew Szanton (born in Washington, D.C. in 1963) is an American collaborative memoirist.  During his career he has worked with a wide range of subjects including civil rights pioneer Charles Evers, Nobel Prize winning physicist Eugene Wigner, former co-chairman of Goldman Sachs John Whitehead, former United States Senator Edward Brooke, founding director of Xerox PARC George Pake, eminent surgeon Dr. Charles Epps, head of the Missouri Botanical Garden Peter Raven, and former Boston mayor Raymond Flynn.

Career
In 2015, Szanton began working with former New Jersey senator Bill Bradley, conducting interviews for Senator Bradley's oral history.

A successful ghostwriter and memoir coach commonly performs a range of tasks: mastering whatever published material is directly relevant to telling the life story; helping the memoir subject to gather and evaluate family letters, manuscripts and photos; interviewing family, friends, and colleagues; and perhaps most important of all, seeing the essential patterns of the life, and helping the subject eloquently trace those patterns through their life, understanding the ways that certain experiences of childhood and youth can shape the choices of the mature person.

Szanton honed his approach to memoir writing for a number of years as an instructor at the Extension School of Harvard University.

It was through the Smithsonian, as an oral historian on staff, that Szanton first encountered the Hungarian-American Eugene Wigner, a famously modest man who had always resisted entreaties to write his memoirs. Reminded of his own mortality by the raft of old friends and colleagues dying, Dr. Wigner agreed to write his memoir, with Szanton assisting. The result was The Recollections of Eugene P. Wigner. The New York Times wrote a mixed review of the book, describing it as "both entertaining and exasperating reading.

Have No Fear with Charles Evers followed in 1997 and Bridging the Divide with Edward Brooke was published in 2007.

Memoir collaboration was once commonly the work of journalists or academics, working as a sideline.  For example, a critic of popular music for a major newsmagazine might be hired to bring material to, and check the accuracy of, the rich but scattered spoken recollections of a pop star.  The journalist critic was hired primarily for what he or she knew about the subject area, and for an ability to meet deadlines—not for any particular dedication to, or demonstrated skill at, the memoir form.  The books that resulted were advertised as "By (the headliner) "as told to" the collaborator, as though the collaborator were merely a scribe.

Andrew Szanton is a writer who places memoir collaboration at the center of his art, and has few institutional connections. In 2015, he began working with Princeton.  Memoir collaborators often bring to their work detailed knowledge from certain fields—Szanton is something of an expert in the early history of atomic weaponry and of the U.S. civil rights movement from 1963 to 1971.  But Szanton stakes his claim to co-authorship less on any fund of relevant knowledge than on his mastery of the memoir form.

References

External links
 Hachette Book Group's author page
 Recollections of Eugene Wigner as told to Andrew Szanton
 Boston Globe: Brooke telling it his way (subscription required)

1963 births
Living people
American male writers
Harvard University staff
Princeton University alumni
Writers from Washington, D.C.

Andrew Szanton


The Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive 1991 (91/271/EEC) European Union directive concerning urban waste water "collection, treatment and discharge of urban waste water and the treatment and discharge of waste water from certain industrial sectors". It aims "to protect the environment from adverse effects of waste water discharges from cities and "certain industrial sectors". Council Directive 91/271/EEC on Urban Wastewater Treatment was adopted on 21 May 1991, amended by the Commission Directive 98/15/EC.

It prescribes the waste water collection and treatment in urban agglomerations with a population equivalent of over 2000, and more advanced treatment in places with a population equivalent greater than 10,000 in "sensitive areas".

Description
The Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (full title "Council Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 concerning urban waste-water treatment") is a European Union directive regarding urban wastewater collection, wastewater treatment and its discharge, as well as the treatment and discharge of "waste water from certain industrial sectors". It was adopted on 21 May 1991. It aims "to protect the environment from the adverse effects of urban waste water discharges and discharges from certain industrial sectors" by mandating waste water collection and treatment in urban agglomerations with a population equivalent of over 2000, and more advanced treatment in places with a population equivalent above 10,000 in sensitive areas.

Member states in the European Union maintain and operate waste-water treatment plants to conform to the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive which sets standards for both treatment and disposal of sewage for communities of more than 200 person equivalents. Each member state is obliged to enact the requirements of the directive through appropriate local legislation. This directive also links to the Bathing Waters Directive and to the environmental standards set in the Water Framework Directive which are designed to protect all legitimate end uses of the receiving environment.

Commission Decision 93/481/EEC defines the information that Member States should provide the commission on the state of implementation of the Directive.

Conventional wastewater treatment plants currently service over 90% of the EU population. Continuing implementation of the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directives plans to lower the EU's contribution to global microplastics discharge into the oceans. According to a cost-benefit analysis prepared for the proposed Directive, the investment required to implement quaternary treatment in wastewater treatment plants with a capacity of at least 10,000 person equivalents in the EU is estimated to be around €2.6 billion per year.

Sensitive areas
The directive defines sensitive areas, as "freshwater bodies, estuaries and coastal waters which are eutrophic or which may become eutrophic if protective action is not taken", "surface freshwaters intended for the abstraction of drinking water which contain or are likely to contain more than 50 mg/L of nitrates", areas where further treatment is necessary to comply with other directives, such as the directives on fish waters, on bathing waters, on shellfish waters, on the conservation of wild birds and natural habitats, etc.

The directive contains a derogation for areas designated as "less sensitive"; such derogations were approved for areas in Portugal.

Implementation

Member states were required to make waste water treatment facilities available
By 31 December 1998 for all places with a population equivalent of over 10,000 where the effluent discharged into a sensitive area.
By 31 December 1998 for all places with a population equivalent of over 15,000, which discharged their effluent into so-called "normal areas" and that biodegradable waste water produced by food-processing plants,which discharged directly into water bodies, fulfilled certain conditions.
by 31 December 2005 for all places with a population equivalent between 2000 and 10 000 where effluent is discharged into a sensitive area,
by 31 December 2005 for all places with a population equivalent between 10,000 and 15,000 where the effluent is not discharged into such a sensitive area

In a 2004 Commission report on implementation by the member states, the Commission noted that some member states, in particular France and Spain, had been tardy in providing the required information, and infringement procedures had been initiated. The report mentioned Spain's non-provision of any advanced treatment in the catchment areas of rivers identified as sensitive in their downstream section, such as the Ebro and the Guadalquivir; Italy's implementation in the catchment area of the Po River, the delta and adjacent coastal waters; and the United Kingdom's interpretation and implementation of the directive in regard to the catchment areas of sensitive areas. Most member states planned to achieve conformity with the Directive by 2005 or 2008 at the latest.

In 2020 the Commission published its latest implementation report that covers over 23,600 agglomerations where people (and to a limited extent industry) generate wastewater. As the UWWTD will soon be revised in light of meeting the goals of the European Green Deal, this report carries out an evaluation of the directive. This was followed by an impact assessment in order to determine policy options for an update, fit for the future UWWTD. Over the last decade, the compliance rates have gone up, with 95% for collection, 88% for secondary (biological) treatment, and 86% for more stringent treatment. There is positive trend in general, but full compliance with the directive is still not achieved. This is necessary, because this would show significant reductions in pollutant loads in the Member States. In the long term, more investments are needed to reach and maintain compliance with the directive. Several towns and cities are still building or renewing infrastructure for the collection of wastewater. To support the Member States, the commission has set up funding and financial initiatives.

Political significance
The Urban Waste Water Directive marked a shift from legislation aimed at end-use standards to stricter legislation aimed at regulating water quality at the source. The directive applied both to domestic waste water and to waste water from industrial sectors, both of which account for much of the pollution. The Directive is an example of the detailed nature of European Union legislation and resulted in "significant costs in many member states".

Nine years after the directive was adopted, considerable variations remained in the provision of sewage treatment in the different member states.

Planned Revision

On 13 July 2018, the European Commission published a Consultation on the Evaluation of the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive ahead of a potential revision. Since its adoption in 1991, new technical advances on treatment techniques for waste and emerging pollutants have been identified that might require removal. In addition, the EU has since enlarged from 12 to 28 countries and new different experiences and challenges need to be taken into account.

However, the biggest challenge of the revision will be to exploit the potential the wastewater treatment sector can contribute to the circular economy agenda and the fight against climate change. Globally, the wastewater treatment sector consumes 1% of the global total energy consumption. Under a business as usual scenario, this figure is expected to increase by 60% by 2040 compared to 2014. With the introduction of energy efficiency requirements, the energy consumption of the wastewater treatment sector can be reduced by 50% only by using current technologies. On top of that, there are also opportunities to produce enough energy from wastewater to turn the whole water sector energy neutral. It uses the energy embedded in the sludge by producing biogas through anaerobic digestion. These features have been mainly overlooked due to the over-riding objective for utilities to meet existing and future needs for wastewater treatment.

In October 2022, the planned revision included stricter goals and policies. These had time frames on either 2030, 2035, or 2040. The revision would have inclusion of areas with smaller populations, stricter limits on Nitrogen and Phosphorus, reduction of Micropollutants, a goal of Energy Neutrality for all purification plants with over 10,000 person equivalents by 2040, tracking of diseases, additional sanctions, and other goals. This proposal has currently been read by the European Council.

See also
Water supply and sanitation in the European Union
Population equivalent
Sustainable Development Goal 6
Water, energy and food security nexus
Sewage sludge treatment

Notes and references

External links
 Text of the directive (as amended)
 Original text of the directive and other legislative information

Environmental protection
European Union directives
European Union and the environment
Sewerage
1991 in law
1991 in the European Economic Community
1991 in the environment
Waste legislation in the European Union

Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive


The Pregnant Man and Other Cases from a Hypnotherapist's Couch is a book by Deirdre Barrett published by W. W. Norton & Company in 2010. Barrett is a psychologist on the faculty of Harvard Medical School.  The book describes seven real patients, disguised for anonymity, who Barrett treated with hypnotherapy. They are presented in chronological order, beginning when the author was a trainee, so that much information about hypnosis is woven into the stories as Barrett herself is learning. The title character is a transgender man who develops false pregnancy after the death of his boyfriend. Other patients include an asthmatic with a heavy smoking habit, a wealthy aristocrat with a fear of flying, a writer who suddenly can't read, and two very different cases of multiple personality. The book concludes with a section on how interested readers can locate a reputable hypnotherapist.

Reviews
"Written with an Oliver Sacks-like openness to psychological realism, Barrett's reminiscences are nothing if not mesmerizing." – Entertainment Weekly

"As the title indicates, some strange cases turn up in a hypnotherapist's office, and there's a choice assortment of them in this little collection that both entertains and explicates the hypotherapist's art. ... From a skilled psychotherapist, a fine introduction to hypnosis." – Kirkus Reviews

"Fans of Oliver Sacks will recognize the narrative strategy in Barrett's exploration of how the seemingly unretrievable past rises to the surface as the patient, guided by the therapist, attempts to recover lost memories--the seeming source of his or her psychic discomfort. With circumspection, detachment and humor, Barrett, a practicing hypnotherapist who teaches at Harvard Medical School, presents seven case studies from her 20-year practice that 'unfolded in my office like plays'" – Publishers' Weekly

References

Hypnotherapy
Hypnosis
Psychology books
1998 non-fiction books


A Spiritual successor, sometimes called a Spiritual sequel or a Companion piece, is a sequel to a work of fiction which does not have the same storyline made in the first. Spiritual successors still have the same elements, themes, and styles as the first.

Reasons for making a spiritual successor
The nature of the publisher/maker system are basic in almost all computer games. As well as the purchase and takeovers by many companies. These are reasons why creative teams often lose to keep the copyright and trademark rights of what they made. This often makes attempts to make sequels for a product not possible for many reasons. One of the reasons it the "core" of the studio being fired or taken over after finishing a project while the parent company keeps control of the copyrights and trademarks. A good example of this strategy is Electronic Arts. They have closed many studios while keeping their copyrights and trademarks, such as Bullfrog Productions, Origin Systems, and Westwood Studios.

To get around this, creative teams will make a product that is kind of like the first game in some way, without copying the first directly. For example, the video games TimeSplitters and, Perfect Dark are often thought to be the spiritual successors to the hit video game GoldenEye 007.

Other times, a spiritual successor is made when the first products were either poor commercial sellers and/or forgotten by the people that would purchase the product. By leaving the first product's name and maybe its baggage as a forgotten product, the spiritual sequel can be loved by fresh eyes. An example of this would be BioShock, which has been named to by its makers as the spiritual successor to System Shock 2. System Shock and System Shock 2 both got good reviews, but both failed to get the expected commercial success. Unlike BioShock, which was both a reviewer and commercial success.

Further examples of spiritual successors

Games
 Ikaruga is the spiritual successor to Treasure's Radiant Silvergun.
 Supreme Commander is thought bo be the spiritual successor to Total Annihilation.
 Shadow of the Colossus is a spiritual successor to Ico  and later explained also as a prequel, taking place in the same world at an unspecified time before Ico.
 Hellgate: London has been called by its maker Flagship Studios as the spiritual successor to Diablo II.
 Valve's Portal was made by the makers of the DigiPen project Narbacular Drop and has been said as its spiritual successor.
Red Dead Redemption is a spiritual successor to Red Dead Revolver.

Movies
 The movie MirrorMask (2005) was thought to be the spiritual successor to the company's other fantasy movies The Dark Crystal (1982) and Labyrinth (1986).
 Fierce Creatures (1997) is a follow up to the comedy movie A Fish Called Wanda (1988).
 The movie Pan's Labyrinth (2006) is thought to be a spiritual successor to The Devil's Backbone (2001).

References

Literary terms

Spiritual successor