The letter of the law and the spirit of the law are two possible ways to regard rules, or laws. To obey the letter of the law is to follow the literal reading of the words of the law, whereas following the spirit of the law is to follow the intention of why the law was enforced. Although it is usual to follow both the letter and the spirit, the two are commonly referenced when they are in opposition. "Law" originally referred to legislative statute, but in the idiom may refer to any kind of rule.

Intentionally following the letter of the law but not the spirit may be accomplished through exploiting technicalities, loopholes, and ambiguous language.

Legal research
Violating the perceived intention of the law has been found to affect people's judgments of culpability above and beyond violations of the letter of the law such that (1) a person can violate the letter of the law (but not the spirit) and not incur culpability, (2) a person can violate the spirit of the law and incur culpability, even without violating the letter of the law, and (3) the greatest culpability is assigned when both the letter and the spirit of the law are violated.

Shakespeare

William Shakespeare wrote numerous plays dealing with the letter-versus-spirit antithesis, almost always coming down on the side of "spirit", often forcing villains (who  always sided with the letter) to make concessions and remedy.  In one of the best known examples, The Merchant of Venice, he introduces the quibble as a plot device to save both the spirit and the letter of the law. The moneylender Shylock has made an agreement with Antonio that if he cannot repay a loan, he will have a pound of flesh from him. When the debt is not repaid in time Portia at first pleads for mercy in a famous speech: "The quality of mercy is not strain'd, It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven Upon the place beneath. It is twice blest: It blesseth him that gives and him that takes." (IV,i,185). When Shylock refuses, she finally saves Antonio by pointing out that Shylock's agreement with him mentioned no blood, and therefore Shylock can have his pound of flesh only if he sheds no blood.

U.S. constitutional law

Interpretations of the U.S. Constitution have historically divided on the "letter versus spirit" debate. For example, at the founding, the Federalist Party argued for a looser interpretation of the Constitution, granting Congress broad powers in keeping with the spirit of the broader purpose of some founders (notably including the Federalist founders' purposes). The Federalists would have represented the "spirit" aspect. In contrast, the Democratic-Republicans, who favored a limited federal government, argued for the strict interpretation of the Constitution, arguing that the federal government was granted only those powers enumerated in the Constitution, and nothing not explicitly stated; they represented the "letter" interpretation.

Modern constitutional interpretation also divides on these lines. Currently, Living Constitution scholars advocate a "spirit"-esque interpretative strategy, although one grounded in a spirit that reflects broad powers. Originalist or Textualist scholars advocate a more "letter"-based approach, arguing that the Amendment process of the Constitution necessarily forecloses broader interpretations that can be accomplished by passing an amendment.

The Bible

The 1st century letter of Saint Paul to the Corinthians (specifically 2 Corinthians 3:6) refers to the spirit and letter of the law. Though it is not quoted directly, the principle is applied using the words "spirit" and "letter" in context with the legalistic view of the Hebrew Bible. This is the first recorded use of the phrase.

In the New Testament, Pharisees are seen as people who place the letter of the law above the spirit (Mark , ).  Thus, "Pharisee" has entered the language as a pejorative for one who does so; the Oxford English Dictionary defines 'Pharisee' with one of the meanings as "A person of the spirit or character commonly attributed to the Pharisees in the New Testament; a legalist or formalist". Pharisees are also depicted as being lawless or corrupt (Matthew ); the Greek word used in the verse means lawlessness, and the corresponding Hebrew word means fraud or injustice. However, the Hebrew word "Perushim" from which "Pharisee" is derived, actually means "separatists", referencing their focus on spiritual needs versus worldly pleasures.

In the Gospels, Jesus is often shown as being critical of Pharisees. Not all Pharisees, nor all Jews of that time, were legalistic. Though modern language has used the word Pharisee in the pejorative to describe someone who is legalistic and rigid, it is not an accurate description of all Pharisees. The argument over the "Spirit of the Law" vs. the "Letter of the Law" was part of early Jewish dialogue as well.

The Parable of the Good Samaritan () is one of the New Testament texts to address this theme. The passage concerns a dialogue between Jesus and an "expert in the law" or "lawyer". As described in verse 25 ("a certain lawyer stood up and tested Him saying, Teacher what must I do to inherit eternal life?," NKJV), the intent of the dialogue was to trap Jesus into making statements contrary to the law. Jesus responds by posing the question back to the lawyer, as already having knowledge of the law, ("What is written in the law?" verse 26) The lawyer quotes Deuteronomy 6:5 "You shall love the LORD your God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your strength, and with all your mind and your neighbor as yourself.", NKJV) and . The question "Who is my neighbor?", that follows in verse 29, is described as being asked with the goal of self-justification.

It is then that Jesus responds with the story of a man beaten by robbers who is ignored by a Priest and a Levite, but then rescued and compassionately cared for by a Samaritan. Priests and Levites were Israelites whose qualifications and duties were very meticulously set forth in Mosaic law, (Leviticus 10, and Numbers 5-8) while Samaritans were descended from Israelites who had intermarried with their Babylonian captives and had been forced to establish a sect with an alternative interpretation of the Law. In the story, both the Priest and Levite follow their prescribed regulations dutifully, yet do not help the injured traveler, even crossing to the other side of the road to avoid possible rule violations. The Samaritan, whose very existence is based on a refutation of Jewish law, (specifically those post-Pentateuchal biblical books that identify Mount Moriah as the proper place of worship specified in Deuteronomy 12; the Samaritans considered only the Pentateuch canon, and worshipped Yahweh in their temple on Mount Gerizim) goes above and beyond simply tending to the injured man. He takes him to an inn and gives money for the man's care, promises and then actually does return to inquire about the man, and pay any overage incurred. Jesus concludes by asking the lawyer which of the men was a "neighbor" to the beaten traveller, to which the reply was "the one who showed compassion". Then Jesus says to him "go and do likewise".

According to Jeremiah, "the qualities of the new covenant expounded upon  the old are: a) It will not be broken; b) Its law will be written in the heart, not merely on tablets of stone; c) The knowledge of God will deem it no longer necessary to put it into written words of instruction." According to Luke (), and Paul, in the first epistle to the Corinthians (), this prophecy was fulfilled only through the work of Jesus Christ, who said "This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which will be shed for you." Christ did not come to abolish the law but to fulfill it. His purpose was to encourage people to look beyond the "letter of the law" to the "spirit of the law"...the principles behind the commandments and the law's intention. Jesus quotes the book of Deuteronomy and Leviticus: "All the Law can be summed up in this: to love God with all your heart, all your mind and all your soul, and to love your neighbor as yourself" (paraphrased).

Gaming the system

Gaming the system, also called "rules lawyering", is a pejorative phrase applied to someone who follows the letter of the law to obtain an outcome the speaker finds immoral or contrary to the spirit of the law.  There are two reasons why this can be possible.  A body of law may have been formulated in a way that permits ambiguity, or else there may be limitations in the law's scope or jurisdiction. For example, an offshore bank account can be used to reduce domestic tax obligations in some countries.

Modern Day Usage

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong urged Singaporeans to comply not just with the letter of the Circuit Breaker rules, but the spirit behind why these rules had to be implemented.

See also
Law

Expounding of the Law
Golden rule (law) • Literal rule • Mischief rule • Purposive approach
Legal abuse
Legal fiction
Legal opportunism
Legal technicality
 Original intent • Original meaning • Textualism

The Spirit of Law, the 1748 political theory treatise by Montesquieu
United States v. Kirby

Language
Sense and reference

Others
Gaming the system
Loophole
Malicious compliance • Work-to-rule
Positive law • Natural law

References

English phrases
Philosophy of law
Abuse of the legal system
Mosaic law in Christian theology

Letter and spirit of the law


Keney Tower is a memorial tower located in a small public park at Main and Ely Streets north of downtown Hartford, Connecticut.  Built in 1898 as a memorial to family members by the locally prominent Keney family, it is a distinctive local example of Collegiate Gothic architecture, and is the city's only free-standing tower.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

Description and history
Keney Tower is located on the northern fringe of downtown Hartford, from which it is now separated by Interstate 84.  It is located in a park  in size at the southeast corner of Main and Ely Streets, in an area dominated by traffic and commercial development.  The tower stands near the center of the roughly square park.  Its base is  square, and it rises to a height of .  It is built out of ashlar-cut red sandstone quarried in Longmeadow, Massachusetts. Its verticality is heightened by corner buttresses, and pinnacles that rise above its roof to finial crosses.  There are clock faces on all four sides, above which are lancet-arched louvers around the chamber housing chiming bells that sound every quarter hour.

The tower was built in 1898  on land that belonged at the time to the locally prominent Keney family.  Its construction was done by the family under the terms of the will of Henry Keney, who sought to memorialize his wholesale grocery business, H. & W. Keney.  The family, however, instead placed a plaque on the tower reading "This tower erected to the memory of my mother is designed to preserve from other occupancy the ground sacred to me as her home and to stand in perpetual honor to the wisdom, goodness and womanly nobility of her to whose guidance I owe my success in life and its chief joy ~ Henry Keney".  The tower was designed by New York City architect Charles C. Haight, whose specialty was Collegiate Gothic architecture.  The family trust deeded the tower and park to the city in 1924.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hartford, Connecticut

References

National Register of Historic Places in Hartford, Connecticut
Buildings and structures completed in 1898
Buildings and structures in Hartford, Connecticut
Historic district contributing properties in Connecticut

Keney Tower


Loanwords from the Japanese language in Hawaii appear in various parts of the culture. Many loanwords in Hawaiian Pidgin (or Hawaiian Creole English) derive from the Japanese language. The linguistic influences of the Japanese in Hawaii began with the first immigrants from Japan in 1868 and continues with the large Japanese American population in Hawaii today.

Background
There are other Japanese words common among the Japanese American population (such as "okazu" and "obaachan"), but not as well-known among Hawaii's general population. Such words have not been included here, nor have Japanese words which have entered the English language on a national level, such as "anime," (:ja:アニメ) "karaoke," (:ja:カラオケ) "samurai," (侍) and "sushi" (:ja:寿司). Hawaii is also unique in the United States in that Japanese loanwords often retain Japanese pronunciation, as in the tapped "r" sound even in words that have entered the American English dictionary such as "karaoke" and "karate."

However, as several varieties of Japanese cultural influence in the US in general has increased over the years, it has further bolstered the uses of Japanese terminology in Hawaii. Japanese food has increased in popularity and availability, most notably in the history of sushi in the US and Top Ramen, plus in the 21st century, ramen restaurants. Poke restaurants, centered around the Hawaiian dish, also have food with Japanese influences. Another variety of cultural influence has been the increasing fandom and availability of anime and manga as early as the 1980s with that era's Viz Japanese comics in English and Mangajin magazine. This fandom brought in the name "cosplay" and expanded its practice in a wider audience.

Some words are not from the standard Japanese language. They instead originated from Japan's regional dialects. For example, the word "bobora" is said to be spoken only in certain prefectures, especially in western Japan where many of the Japanese immigrants came from. It originates from the Portuguese word abóbora meaning Japanese pumpkin.

Food

 Anpan (:ja:あんパン, 餡パン): A sweet bread filled with azuki bean paste and sprinkled on top with sesame seeds. Usually larger than the Japanese variety.
 Bentō (:ja:弁当, べんとう): Box lunch geared for portability for picnics, etc. It typically has rice, a main dish of meat or fish, and side dishes. It used to be food on a paper plate placed inside a thin cardboard box. Now, it's all in convenient styrofoam containers molded for each dish.
 Furikake: A seaweed and sesame seed based condiment commonly used to season rice.
 Manjū (:ja:饅頭): Confection with sweet azuki bean paste inside a flour-based outside.
 Miso soup (:ja:味噌汁): Soup made of fermented soybean paste called miso. Miso-shiru in Japanese.
 Mochi (:ja:餅): Rice cake made of a special kind of rice that has been pounded into a sticky mass. Mochi may be sweetened or unsweetened. Commonly pounded and eaten during New Year's, as in Japan. Sweetened azuki beans are commonly included with mochi as part of a confection.
 Mochi crunch: Rice crackers seasoned with shoyu. Also called "kaki mochi". Called arare in standard Japanese.
 Mochi ice cream: Ice cream coated with a thin layer of frozen mochi.
 Musubi: Rice triangle wrapped in dried seaweed; may or may not have something in the middle, like a pickled ume or bits of fish. Spam musubi has a piece of SPAM luncheon meat on top. In Japanese the word onigiri is more commonly used for rice balls. Without further clarification, "musubi" usually implies the triangle variety (round balls of rice are only eaten at funerals).
 Shoyu (:ja:醤油): Soy sauce. "Shoyu rice" is "soy sauce" sprinkled over rice. "Shoyu x" is some ingredient x cooked in soy sauce, e.g. "Shoyu chicken", "shoyu pork", "shoyu tofu". This term is so widely used that most Hawaii residents are unaware that is not the widely used English language term for soy sauce.
 Sukiyaki (:ja:すき焼き): Thin slices of beef, vegetables, and tofu simmered in a skillet or pan in sukiyaki sauce. (It is also the title of a No. 1 hit song in the U.S. made popular by Kyu Sakamoto in 1963. The Japanese title of the song is "Ue o muite arukō—it has nothing to do with the food product.)
 Teriyaki (:ja:照り焼き): Grilled meat basted with a sauce made of shoyu and sugar. Meat words such as "chicken" are often appended. A common dish in plate lunches. Often shortened to "teri", e.g. "teri burger".
 Tako (:ja:タコ): Octopus. Often used in a local dish called poke  in which case it is called "tako poke".

Objects
 Benjo (:ja:便所): Toilet, interchangeable with Hawaiian-derived lua. Although originally a Japanese word with no particular connotation, in Japan, it is now considered to be crude, and many Japanese people find this term offensive. (See also: Japanese toilet).
 Bobora: A country hick fresh off the boat from Japan. Also called "Japan bobora". Originally from a regional Japanese dialect, based on the Portuguese word abóbora, meaning a Japanese squash.
 Boro boros: Dirty clothes, rags. Old clothes worn for activities like house painting, car repair, etc.
 Chawan cut: A hairstyle that was common among little Japanese girls. It looked like someone put a bowl (茶碗, chawan) over the head and cut around the rim. In Japanese, it is called okappa, after the Japanese mythological creature called kappa which sports a similar haircut.
 Daikon legs: Daikon (:ja:ダイコン or 大根) are large white radishes having a stubby shape. The term refers to Japanese women's legs which seem short and stubby. This is rumored to be the result of sitting on the floor for long periods. The Japanese equivalent is daikon ashi.
 Giri-giri: The cowlick. Giri giri is an onomatopoeic word with a different meaning in standard Japanese. This use of the word originates from local dialects spoken in mainly western Japan where it means tsumuji, the standard Japanese word for the cowlick.
 Hanakuso: Dried nasal mucus. Hana means nose, and kuso means waste. Kuso in Japanese typically refers to human excrement. This compound is also found in standard Japanese.
 Hanabuddah (or hanabata): The fluid version of hanakuso. Bata is from English "butter". The term in Japanese is usually hanamizu ("nose water").
 Hanabuddah days: Hanabuddah is most commonly seen on young children who neglect to wipe their runny noses. Thus, hanabuddah days refers to one's youth in Hawaii.
 Hashi (also ohashi): Chopsticks, as in Japanese.
 "Kikaida": After the television series of the same name become enormously popular in Hawaii, "Kikaida" became a generic name for children's shows featuring superheroes.

 Shishi: Urine or urination, used in "go shishi" or "make shishi". The Double-Tongued Dictionary gives three possible etymologies for "shishi": imitative from the sound of urinating, Japanese reduplicated shi from shiko "urinate" (sic., probably shito 尿 "urine"), or Portuguese xixi "urinate". There is a Japanese kanji joke based on 五-四-四 "5-4-4", which can be read go-shi-shi in Japanese. Thus, "I gotta five-four-four" is a Pidgin euphemism for "I gotta go shishi".
 Zori: Rubber thonged slippers, often called flip-flops in the continental U.S. Also zoris (plural). Synonymous with "slippers" or "slippahs".  From the Japanese word zori (:ja:草履).  Called "beach sandal" (:ja:ビーチサンダル) in standard Japanese.

Miscellaneous
 Bocha: Take a bath. Originally from bocha-bocha Japanese onomatopoeia for splashing noises.
 Bon dance (:ja:盆踊り): From the Japanese Bon Festival. An annual summer dance held outside at Buddhist temples to greet the returning souls of the deceased. They dance in a circle around a tower where people sing and beat taiko drums. The most famous bon dance song is "Tanko-bushi" (炭坑節).
 Buddhahead: Hawaii person of Japanese descent. In this context, "Buddha" is likely a corruption of Japanese "豚 (buta)", meaning "pig". In contrast, the term "Katonk" means a Japanese-American from the US mainland.
 Habut/Habuteru: To feel grumpy or resentful, especially after you feel offended by something. Not standard Japanese but from Hiroshima dialect.
 Jan ken po: The children's game of rock (fist), paper (open hand), and scissors (peace sign). In Japanese, either jan ken or jan ken pon. The Japanese also do not say the prelude as used in Hawaii ("janken na manken an saka saka po ...") before they show their hands. This jan-ken-po prelude can also differ depending on the island and is mainly used by children.

 Shibai: A false act. Often refers to politicians or other influential persons who put on a false face. From the Japanese word shibai, meaning "a (theatre) play."
 Skebe: Horny. From Japanese sukebe. In Japanese, "H" (ecchi) is used for the same purpose, and sukebe refers to a pervert.
 Skosh: Just a little. From Japanese sukoshi "a little".

References

Sources
 Simonson, Douglas et al. (1981). Pidgin to da Max.  Honolulu:  Bess Press.  .

See also

 Japanese language
 Japanese phonology, especially the devoiced vowels, e.g., at times for shi and su
 Romanization of Japanese
 Transcription into Japanese
 Japanese language and computers
 Japanese language education
 Okinawan Japanese, a variant of Standard Japanese influenced by the Ryukyuan languages

Hawaiian language
English-based pidgins and creoles
Japanese-American culture in Hawaii
Hawaii
Hawaii

Japanese loanwords in Hawaii


Deception Bay Sea Baths are heritage-listed swimming pools at Captain Cook Parade, Deception Bay, City of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. They were built around the 1880s and 1890s by Joseph Bancroft. It is also known as Bancroft Sea Baths. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 July 2006.

History
The Deception Bay Sea Baths are two rectangular excavations in sandstone formations on the Deception Bay foreshore. The Fisheries Bath, measuring  is located in the inter-tidal zone about  east of the Department of Primary Industries Southern Fisheries Centre. The Boardwalk Bath measuring , is situated adjacent to the foreshore boardwalk near the intersection of Captain Cook Parade and Seymour Street. The baths were probably built by Joseph Bancroft in the 1880s or 1890s.

Closer settlement of Deception Bay commenced with the opening of the Redcliffe Agricultural Reserve for selection in March 1861. Prior to this, the area had formed part of pastoral runs. Selection of allotments at Deception Bay was slow. Access to the area was difficult because the roads were very poor and the bay was too shallow for navigation by large vessels. Moreover, much of the land was sandy and unsuitable for agriculture. Many of the first selectors soon abandoned their land. Joseph Bancroft was one of the early landholders who retained ownership and gradually expanded his holdings at Deception Bay.

Born and educated in England, Joseph had migrated to Queensland in 1864 and practised as a medical doctor in Brisbane. However, he and his son Thomas had an interest in science beyond medicine and became prominent figures within Queensland's broader scientific community. Joseph is recognised as a founder of medical research in Australia and the Bancroft Centre of the Queensland Institute of Medical Research is named in his honour. Joseph was president of many early scientific and medical organisations in Queensland including the Queensland Philosophical Society, the Medical Board, the Hygiene and Public Health section of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science and the Queensland branch of the British Medical Association, which later founded a Bancroft memorial lecture and medal in his honour. He made significant contributions to the field of agricultural entomology and plant pathology and together with Thomas, made outstanding contributions to the field of parasitology. Both men were avid naturalists who discovered many new species of fauna and flora. Thirteen Australian native trees and plants bear their name. They were internationally recognised for Joseph's discovery of the Wucheria Bancrofti parasitic worm that is responsible for causing elephantiasis and Thomas's discovery that the parasite was transmitted by the Aedes Aegypi mosquito. Much of their research was carried out at their Deception Bay property.

Joseph had property at Deception Bay by the early 1880s and by 1890, owned . He lived at Wickham Terrace and visited his Deception Bay property with his family on weekends and holidays. At the bay, he pastured cattle, established a dried beef factory and experimented with rice crops and artificially cultivating pearls. He also used the property as a research station supporting his studies of botany and zoology.

The dried beef factory became profitable after Joseph's death in 1894 when the British War Office placed an order for the Bancroft's dried beef as a supplement to their emergency rations. Thomas moved to the bay with his new wife Cecilia and assumed management of the business. While living there, Thomas also carried out scientific research. It was there that he discovered how the Wucheria bancrofti was transmitted by mosquitoes. In 1904, after the dried beef factory ceased to be profitable, Thomas moved to Alderley in Brisbane and the factory was dismantled.

The Bancroft family believe that Joseph constructed the baths. Bancroft family members state that Joseph's wife, Ann, suffered with a chronic illness and that Joseph had the Boardwalk Bath shaped for her from natural tidal pools because she found that sea bathing helped her condition. This conclusion is supported by the relatively small size of the bath.

The Bancrofts may have used the Fisheries Bath, a larger structure, for recreational purposes. Low tide at Deception Bay leaves a broad expanse of mud that needs to be traversed in order to reach the water from the shore. The memoirs of C. Hamilton who, as a child, visited the property when the Bancrofts owned it, indicate that the bath was excavated so that Joseph could bathe when the tide was out. A photograph sourced from family members provides additional evidence that the Fisheries Bath existed when the Bancrofts lived at the bay. The photograph shows a woman believed by family members to be Joseph's half sister standing with her son next to the Bath. The family believe that the photograph dates to the late 19th Century.

The Bancrofts' use of the sea baths for therapeutic and recreational uses is consistent with emerging notions about the seaside in the 19th Century. The western perception of the seaside as a place for recreation emerged between the late 18th and mid 19th Centuries. Bathing in the sea was also promoted for its health benefits and a new field of research and experimentation emerged around the therapeutic uses of the seaside. Especially near urban areas, people resorted to the seaside to escape the ills of increasingly industrialised urban living. Typically, netted enclosures and tidal baths were constructed to provide contained and safe swimming areas.

A number of artificial rock pools, dating to the late 19th Century and early 20th Century, exist in New South Wales, generally of a larger scale than the Deception Bay pools. Like the Deception Bay pools, they are formed by enhancing natural rock formations by excavation and the use of artificial walls. The Deception Bay tidal baths are believed to be the only surviving 19th Century baths of their type in Queensland.

A number of the Bancroft holdings were bought from Thomas by the Dunne brothers in the early 1900s. They pastured a dairy herd, grew some crops and established oyster leases along the foreshore. The sides of the Fisheries Bath show the remains of oysters and this suggests that the bath was used by the Dunne brothers to cultivate the shellfish.

The baths have been excavated a number of times. Due to their location within the inter-tidal zone, they fill with silt soon after excavation. In November 2004, an archaeological survey of the baths was completed in which each bath was recorded and analysed in detail.

Description

Boardwalk Bath

This bath is situated within an irregular shaped sandstone formation with a maximum length of  and width of . The formation rises to a height of about  above the sand. On the landward side of the formation is an elevated timber boardwalk and on the seaward side is an extensive stand of mangroves.

The bath is a rectangular shape cut into the sandstone formation,  in length and  wide. The floor of the bath is covered with a thin layer of cement rendering. Tool marks indicate the use of hand tools to excavate the bath.

The northern end of the bath comprises natural sandstone and a small brick wall. This wall has a height of  (five courses of brick) and a width of . At the base of the brick wall is a small drainpipe with an internal diameter of . The internal side of the brick wall is formed into three steps.

Fisheries Bath

The bath is a rectangular shape  long and  wide, with a triangular extrusion on the eastern side. This extrusion provides access to a semicircular ledge within the bath. The sides of the bath are generally perpendicular to an average depth of  with the exception of the ledge on the eastern side and a sloping triangular base on the northwestern corner. The base of the bath slopes to the deepest point of  off center on the southern end.

Brick edging surrounds the bath on the south (), east () and northern () sides. This edging is offset from the bath,  from the southern edge, . from the eastern edge, and  from the northern edge. These bricks vary in length between  and a width of . The bricks sit is a shallow trench cut into the sandstone and fixed with a lime mortar. The height of the bricks is weathered to no more than .

The southeastern and northeastern extent of the bath is demarcated by two postholes cut into the sandstone. These holes are approximately  in diameter. Another posthole demarcates the extent of the bath complex on the northwest. The western side of the bath complex is demarcated by a sandstone platform  higher than the surrounds of the bath.

On the southern side of the bath is a shallow trough. This trough is  in depth,  long and  wide.

Notches to secure timber steps are located on the northern edge. After the 2004 survey, the remnants of the hardwood steps were left in the bath.

Heritage listing

Deception Bay Sea Baths was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 July 2006 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.

The Deception Bath Sea Baths are important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland's history insofar that they provide physical evidence of the use of the seaside in Queensland for recreational and therapeutic purposes in the late 19th century. Oral and written accounts by the Bancroft family and the local community indicate that the baths were made and used by the Bancroft family in the 1880s and 1890s for recreational bathing and to relieve a chronic ailment suffered by Anne, the wife of Joseph Bancroft.

The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.

The baths are uncommon surviving examples of 19th century sea baths. They are likely to be the only extant examples of their type in Queensland. Excavated from the sandstone in the inter-tidal zone of the Deception Bay foreshore, they were filled by the incoming tide. The Boardwalk Bath was drained via a pipe built into the bottom of the bath.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.

The baths demonstrate the principal characteristics of sea baths and have a high degree of intactness. Like tidal baths in other parts of Australia, they are formed by enhancing natural rock formations in the intertidal zone. Similar to other enhanced rock pools, the Boardwalk Bath uses an artificial wall to enclose a natural opening of the pool at one end. Both pools are filled by the natural action of the tide and the Boardwalk Bath is drained through a pipe in the bottom of the artificial wall.

The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.

Both baths have special association with the lives of Joseph Bancroft and his son Thomas who reputedly built and used them. Joseph and Thomas were important Queensland research scientists of the late 19th Century and early 20th Century. Joseph is recognised as a founder of medical research in Australia. He was president of a number of early scientific and medical organisations in Queensland. Both men made important contributions to the fields of botany, zoology and medicine. They gained international recognition for Joseph's discovery of the Wucheria Bancrofti parasitic worm that is responsible for causing elephantiasis and Thomas's discovery that the parasite was transmitted by the Aedes aegypi mosquito. The Bancroft memorial lecture and medal, founded by the Queensland branch of the British Medical Association and also the Bancroft Centre of the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, are named in honour of Joseph.

References

Attribution

External links

Queensland Heritage Register
Buildings and structures in the City of Moreton Bay
Sports venues in Queensland
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register
Swimming venues in Australia
Bathing in Australia

Deception Bay Sea Baths


Thierry Despont (1948 – 13 August 2023) was a French architect, artist and designer living and working in New York City.

During the 1980s, he was the associate architect for the restoration of the Statue of Liberty. He then went on to remodel the Herbert N. Straus House at 9 East 72nd Street on Manhattan's Upper East Side for the billionaire Leslie Wexner of Limited Inc. fame (a home which later gained additional notoriety as the abode of Jeffrey Epstein).

Among the high-profile buildings in Manhattan he had designed the interiors for are 220 Central Park South,
53W53 (the interiors of the condominiums), and the Woolworth Building.

In the early 2000s, he designed the interiors for Gordon Ramsay's restaurant, the eponymous Gordon Ramsay at Claridge's in London. In 2005 he did alterations to The Promenade restaurant at the Dorchester, including fitting it with an oval leather bar the length of Nelson's Column. Between 2007 and 2010, he renovated the Lambs Club's former clubhouse in New York City into the Chatwal New York hotel.

In 2009, Despont redesigned the two restaurants and the bar Il Pricipe at the Hotel Principe di Savoia in Milan, Italy. Despont worked on the physical conversion of a section of the Battery Maritime Building in Lower Manhattan, into the 47 suite luxury hotel Casa Cipriani, which opened in late 2021.

Despont was known for being "the designer of choice for titans of industry," to cite his obituary in Architectural Digest. His clients included Bill Gates, Calvin Klein, Jayne Wrightsman, Annette and Oscar de la Renta, Conrad Black, Leslie Wexner, Peggy and Mickey Drexler, and Peter Morton. "To be successful at my job, one must be very good at understanding not only a client's needs, but also a client's dreams and memories," Despont told the journalist Nina Munk in 1999. "One must know where the client comes from and what they desire. Part of the craft is learning to read people, to see things they are sure about, the things they are unsure about; the things they don't convey verbally, but express through their surroundings."

Thierry Despont died on 13 August 2023, at the age of 75.

References

1948 births
2023 deaths
French architects
French interior designers
Officers of the Legion of Honour

Thierry Despont


The Mudgeeraba Old Post Office is a former post office at 57 Railway Street, Mudgeeraba in the City of Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. It is listed on the Gold Coast Local Heritage Register.

History
The building was erected in 1927 as the council chambers for the Shire of Nerang and was used for that purpose until 1949, when the Shire was amalgamated into the Shire of Albert.

Recent history
 2015 – Visitor Centre moved materials moved to Mudgeeraba Markets
 2016 – Announced that the library in its current form would close in Jan 2017 to be replaced by digital library activities, book exchange, community hire and expanded Gold Coast Techspace activities
 2017 – Building undergoes renovation in line with council heritage plan. Library books removed from building to be replaced by City Libraries STEAM program and a public book exchange.
2018 – Main activity space changed to be available for hire by community.

Current Usage
The building currently contains a number of facilities managed by the Gold Coast City Council:
 Mudgeeraba Book Exchange – at front entry to the building
Gold Coast Techspace – Makerspace and Education Centre
 Community Centre – meeting room and activity space available for community hire

References

Gold Coast Local Heritage Register
Post office buildings in Queensland

Mudgeeraba Old Post Office


DAV Public School, Sasaram, India is a co-educational English medium school, affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) Delhi, educating up to Class XII. The school is managed by the Dayanand Anglo-Vedic College Trust and Management Society, New Delhi.

History
The school was founded in 1997 in a rented building and now has a campus at Hansraj Nagar, Admapur. The campus has a garden, a computer lab, Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Mathematics labs; an audio-visual room, and a library. The school was started within a single
but now, it has four huge building.

School identity
The DAV institutions, imbued with the ethics of Swami Dayanand and innovated by Mahatma Hansraj, are intended to mould the students into the Anglo-Vedic culture. Hawan is performed every Saturday. Dharma Shiksha books are prescribed to educate the students in moral values. Vedic initiation Camps are held every year.

The school has a house system with the aim of developing a competitive spirit in students.  The students are divided into four houses:
 Gandhi House
 Nehru House
 Raman House
 Bose House

The school has different uniforms for summer and winter.
DAV Sasaram has now adopted Digital classroom i.e. Smart class.

Sport and extracurricular activities
 Sport: The school has acres of playing fields with facilities for football, cricket, badminton, Kho-Kho, Kabaddi, volleyball and athletics. Physical training programmes impart physical fitness, team-spirit and sportsmanship.
 Cultural classes: options include:
 Dance: classical/non-classical
 Music: vocal and instrumental
 Elocution
 Art and painting
 Dramatics
 Educational tours to historical places, museums, research institutions.
 Exhibitions: artistic and science exhibitions are organised.
 Charitable activities: DAV Sasaram makes contributions to victims of disasters.

Admission
Admission is determined on the basis of merit. 5% of places are reserved for talented ST/SC students of the weaker section of the society.

See also
 Dayanand Anglo-Vedic College Trust and Management Society

References

External links
 DAV Education Board

Schools in Bihar
Educational institutions established in 1997
Schools affiliated with the Arya Samaj
1997 establishments in Bihar

DAV Public School, Sasaram


Archimedes' principle is named after Archimedes of Syracuse, the first to discover this law. When he did, he ran naked out of his bathtub. Archimedes' principle relates buoyancy to displacement.

Principle

Archimedes' treatise, On floating bodies, proposition five states:

For more general objects, floating and sunken, and in gases as well as liquids (i.e. a fluid), Archimedes' principle may be stated thus in terms of forces:

For a sunken object, the volume of displaced fluid is the volume of the object, and for a floating object on a liquid, the weight of the displaced liquid is the weight of the object.

Briefly: Buoyancy = weight of displaced fluid.

Gold
To use the principle to tell the difference between gold and another substance, the concept of mass (in practice, weight) must be added.

Apply this formula to a suitably pure piece of gold:

That gives you the density of the gold sample. The only unknown is the density of the (gold) object; the density of water is 1.

Repeat for the experimental object (non-gold), when you get a different (and usually lesser) density.

Now you can tell what is gold and what is not, and collect your reward from the King of Syracuse. That is why Archimedes shouted "Eureka!"

Second thoughts
We do not actually know if Archimedes used exactly this method. An alternative is to use a scale. On one side put the object to be tested (e.g. the crown). On the other side put gold of equal weight. Immerse the scales. The gold will go down, and the crown up (if it is not gold). That is because, being less dense than gold, it occupies a larger volume and receives more buoyancy.

Other sites and pages
 Buoyancy
 Theory

References

Science experiments
Archimedes
Laws of physics
Fluid mechanics

Archimedes' principle


Hong Rengan (; 20 February 1822 – 23 November 1864) was an important leader of the Taiping Rebellion. He was a distant cousin of the movement's founder and spiritual leader Hong Xiuquan. His position as the Gan Wang (干王, lit. "the Shield King") resembled the role of a prime minister. He is a noted figure in history because of the sweeping reforms attempted under his rule, and because of his popularity in the West.

Early life
Hong was born on 18 February 1822 and worked as a village teacher in Guanlubu Village, Hua County, Guangdong.  Although educated, he was unable to pass the imperial examinations.  He was among the first of Hong Xiuquan's converts. In 1847, he accompanied Hong Xiuquan on his trip to Guangzhou and briefly studied the Bible there with Hong Xiuquan and Issachar Jacox Roberts.

In Hong Kong

During the early years of the rebellion, Hong was separated from the rebellion and had to flee to Hong Kong, where he met the Swedish missionary Theodore Hamberg and converted to Christianity. He helped with church work for the Basel Mission in Sheung Wan and learned much about Christianity. Hong provided Hamberg with important information on the Taiping rebellion, which Hamberg later used to write a book about the movement, The visions of Hung-Siu-tshuen, and origin of the Kwang-si insurrection, published in Hong Kong in 1854.

Hong also served as an assistant to James Legge, working on translations of Chinese classics into English, and on the Chinese Serial, the first Chinese language newspaper in Hong Kong. During this time he learned much about Western politics, economics, history, geography, astronomy and other sciences.

With the Taiping
When Hong Xiuquan called for his cousin Hong Rengan to come to Nanjing to help him rule, the Taiping administration was entrenched in a bitter power dispute. The powerbase of the movement had largely become split between the devout Taiping religious followers in Nanjing and the generals commanding the armies outside the city.

James Legge did not want Hong Rengan to have anything to do with the rebels because he distrusted and condemned their beliefs. When James Legge left Hong Kong for England he gave strict injunctions to Hong Rengan to remain in Hong Kong and to not join the rebel forces.

However Hong Rengan ignored his injunction and left Hong Kong in the spring of 1858, other missionaries gave him money and promised him a stipend for his family. He disguised himself as a peddler on his way to Nanjing.

Before his arrival, a previous power struggle, sometimes known as the Tianjing incident, erupted into a battle that killed over 20,000 Nanjing residents and the East King Yang Xiuqing, who was up to that point more powerful than Hong Xiuquan himself. Hong Rengan finally arrived at Taiping's capital, Tianjing on 22 April 1859, it was in this environment that Hong Rengan was given the second most important position in the Taiping movement; only Hong Xiuquan himself was more powerful.

Hong Rengan was given this position because of his education, especially his knowledge of many aspects of Western politics, art and technology, acquired during his time in Hong Kong.  He also came to Nanjing with a thoroughly Protestant mindset. This was in contrast to the largely Old Testament-dominated beliefs of the Taiping founders. Hong reformed the worship and prayer services into Protestant-style ceremonies. He also discouraged the use of the word "barbarian" to describe Westerners. These were a few of his early reforms.

However, most of Hong's energy was dedicated to centralizing the authority of Taiping administration and revitalizing its military successes. He advocated building railroads, gaining the support of Western powers, and building banks in the areas under Taiping rule. Because of his beliefs, Hong is sometimes noted as the first modern Chinese nationalist, and he was mentioned in early writings by both the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party. These ideas, along with his clearly Protestant belief system, garnered the Taiping rebellion interest in Western circles. This interest would wane as Taiping troops moved closer to Shanghai and actively enforced their ban on opium within their realm.

Most of Hong Rengan's reforms were never implemented. Though he had shown strategic talent in the few campaigns he commanded, his ideas clashed with the pre-eminent military prince of the Taipings, Li Xiucheng. In a large mission to retake the upper Yangtze River, Li refused the orders of Hong and returned to Nanjing. The failure of this mission allowed Qing troops to mount a massive blockade of the Taiping area of control and eventually led to the collapse of the rebellion. Hong Rengan's rule was soon reduced to decrees endorsed by Hong Xiuquan, but they were never followed or enforced outside the city.

In 1864 Hong Xiuquan was found dead and the city of Nanjing soon fell to Qing forces. Hong Rengan and the other Taiping leaders fled the city and attempted to maintain their rule through the decrees of Hong Tianguifu, son of Hong Xiuquan. They were caught and sentenced to death. As seen in his confession before execution, Hong Rengan was the only prince of the Taiping rebellion to maintain his loyalty to the movement and never recant. He was executed in Nanchang (南昌), in Jiangxi, on 23 November 1864, shortly after the execution of the young Hong Tianguifu and Li Xiucheng.

See also
Issachar Jacox Roberts (1802–71), American missionary, teacher of Hong Xiuquan and adviser to Hong Rengan

References

Further reading

 So Kwan-wai, Eugene P. Boardman and Ch'iu P'ing. "Hung Jen-kan, Taiping Prime Minister, 1859-1864." Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 20, No. 1/2. (Jun., 1957), 262–294.
 Yuan Chung Teng. "The Failure of Hung Jen-k'an's Foreign Policy." The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 28, No. 1 (Nov., 1968), pp. 125–138.

1822 births
1864 deaths
19th-century executions by China
Hakka generals
Executed people from Guangdong
Executed politicians
Executed Taiping Heavenly Kingdom people
Military leaders of the Taiping Rebellion
People executed by the Qing dynasty
People from Huadu District
Politicians from Guangzhou
Chinese politicians of Hakka descent
Qing dynasty translators

Hong Rengan


Sir Herbert William Wrangham Wilberforce (8 February 1864 – 28 March 1941) was a British male tennis player. He was vice-president of the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club from 1911 to 1921 and served as its president from 1921 to 1936. In 1887, he and Patrick Bowes-Lyon won the doubles in Wimbledon.

In 1888 they were unable to defend their title when they were beaten in the Challenge Round by Ernest and William Renshaw. His best singles performance at Wimbledon came in 1886 when he reached the semifinal of the All Comers tournament in which he lost in five sets to compatriot Ernest Lewis. He also reached the quarter-finals of the singles in 1882, 1883 and 1888.

Herbert was a brother of physicist Lionel, son of judge Edward, grandson of archdeacon Robert and great-grandson of abolitionist William Wilberforce.

He later served as president and chairman of the All England Lawn Tennis Club. He was made a Knight Bachelor in the 1931 New Year Honours.

Grand Slam finals

Doubles (1 title, 1 runner-up)

Barrister and magistrate
Having studied law at the University of London, he was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1888, and practised on the North Eastern Circuit. He was appointed a stipendiary magistrate in Bradford, Yorkshire. In 1914 he was appointed to the Metropolitan Bench of Magistrates and in 1926 became Deputy Chairman of the County of London Quarter Sessions. He retired in 1938.

Politics
A member of the Liberal Party, Wilberforce unsuccessfully contested Hackney North at the 1900 General Election. In 1901 he was elected to the London County Council as a Progressive Party councillor representing St Pancras North. He served a single three-year term on the county council.

References

1864 births
1941 deaths
19th-century British people
19th-century male tennis players
British male tennis players
Sportspeople from Kensington
Wimbledon champions (pre-Open Era)
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles
Herbert
Knights Bachelor
Members of London County Council
Members of the Inner Temple
Tennis players from Munich
British sportsperson-politicians
Sportspeople from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Immigrants to the United Kingdom

Herbert Wilberforce


Christine Charlotte of Solms-Braunfels (10 November 1690 in Greifenstein – 16 October 1771 in Homburg) was a Countess of Solms-Braunfels by birth and by marriage Landgravine of Hesse-Homburg.

Life
Christine Charlotte was a daughter of Count William Maurice of Solms-Braunfels (1651-1720) from his marriage to Magdalena Sophie (1660-1720), the daughter of Landgrave William Christoph of Hesse-Homburg.

She married on 3 October 1722 in Braunfels to Landgrave Casimir William of Hesse-Homburg (1690-1726).   They resided in Hötensleben.  The princess took care of the education of her children; for this purpose she appointed the theologian August Friedrich Sack as court tutor.  In 1727, he published his , describing the education of her son.

Casimir William died at the age of 36, shortly after the birth of their third child.  In 1727, the Reichskammergericht in Wetzlar confirmed the appointment of Christine Charlotte as regent for her underage son.

Her brother Frederick William was raised to Imperial Prince in 1742.  In 1746, her regency ended and her son became the ruling Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg.

Issue
 Frederick IV Charles (1724–1751), ruling Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg
 married in 1746 Princess Ulrike Louise of Solms-Braunfels (1731-1792)
 Eugene (1725-1725)
 Ulrike Sophie (1726–1792)

References
 Mark Pockrandt: Biblische Aufklärung, p. 28, Online
 Philipp Dieffenbach: Geschichte von Hessen mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Grohßerzogthums, p. 232 ff, Online

House of Solms
Landgravines of Hesse-Darmstadt
1690 births
1771 deaths
18th-century German people
18th-century women rulers
Mothers of monarchs

Christine Charlotte of Solms-Braunfels


Ibn al-Farid or Ibn Farid; (, `Umar ibn `Alī ibn al-Fārid) (22 March 11811234) was an Arab poet. His name is Arabic for "son of the obligator" (the one who divides the inheritance between the inheritors), as his father was well regarded for his work in the legal sphere. He was born in Cairo to parents from Hama in Syria, lived for some time in Mecca, and died in Cairo. His poetry is entirely Sufic and he was esteemed as the greatest mystic poet of the Arabs. Some of his poems are said to have been written in ecstasies.

The poetry of Shaykh Umar Ibn al-Farid is considered by many to be the pinnacle of Arabic mystical verse, though surprisingly he is not widely known in the West. (Rumi, probably the best known in the West of the great Sufi poets, wrote primarily in Persian, not Arabic.) Ibn al-Farid's two masterpieces are The Wine Ode, a beautiful meditation on the "wine" of divine bliss, and "The Poem of the Sufi Way", a profound exploration of spiritual experience along the Sufi Path and perhaps the longest mystical poem composed in Arabic. Both poems have inspired in-depth spiritual commentaries throughout the centuries, and they are still reverently memorized by Sufis and other devout Muslims today.

Biography
Ibn al-Farid's father moved from his native town, Hama in Syria, to Cairo where Umar was born. Some sources say that his father was a respected farid (an advocate for women's causes) and others say that his profession was the allocation of shares (furūḍ) in cases of inheritance. These two can be reconciled, however, by interpreting his name to mean that he often represented women in cases of inheritance.  Whichever is the case, Ibn al-Farid's father was a knowledgeable scholar and gave his son a good foundation in belles lettres.

When he was a young man Ibn al-Farid would go on extended spiritual retreats among the oases, specifically the Oasis of the Wretches (Wadi al-Mustad'afin), outside Cairo, but he eventually felt that he was not making deep enough spiritual progress. He abandoned his spiritual wanderings and enrolled in a madrasa studying in the Shafi'i school of law.

One day Ibn al-Farid saw a greengrocer performing the ritual Muslim ablutions outside the door of the madrasa, but the man was doing them out of the prescribed order. When Ibn al-Farid tried to correct him, the greengrocer looked at him and said, "Umar! You will not be enlightened in Egypt. You will be enlightened only in the Hijaz, in Mecca…"

Umar Ibn al-Farid was stunned by this statement, seeing that this simple greengrocer was no ordinary man. But he argued that he couldn't possibly make the trip to Mecca right away. Then the man gave Ibn al-Farid a vision, in that very moment, of Mecca. Ibn al-Farid was so transfixed by this experience that he left immediately for Mecca and, in his own words, "Then as I entered it, enlightenment came to me wave after wave and never left".

Shaykh Umar Ibn al-Farid stayed in Mecca for fifteen years, but eventually returned to Cairo because he heard the same greengrocer calling him back to attend his funeral. Upon his return he found the greengrocer on the point of death, and they wished each other farewell.

Upon Ibn al-Farid's return to Cairo, he was treated as a saint. He would hold teaching sessions with judges, viziers and other leaders of the city. While walking down the street, people would come up to him and crowd around him, seeking spiritual blessings (barakah) and try to kiss his hand (he would respond by shaking their hand). Ibn al-Farid became a scholar of Muslim law, a teacher of the hadith (the traditions surrounding the sayings and life of the prophet Muhammad), and a teacher of poetry.

Unlike many other respected poets of the day such as Ibn Sana al-Mulk, Ibn Unayn, Baha al-Din Zuhayr and Ibn Matruh, Ibn al-Farid refused the patronage of wealthy governmental figures which would have required him to produce poetry for propaganda, preferring the relatively humble life of a teacher that allowed him to compose his poetry of enlightenment unhampered. One time al-Malik al-Kamil, who was the Ayyubid sultan at that time, liked some of his odes so much that he sent the poet an exorbitant amount of money and offered to build a shrine for him. Ibn al-Farid declined both the money and the offer of the shrine, choosing to trust in God to supply for his needs. His position as a teacher at the Al-Azhar Mosque allowed him to provide for his family, which included three children.

Death and Burial
Ibn al-Farid died in the Al-Azhar Mosque. He was buried in Qarafah cemetery at the foot of Mt. Muqqattam under the al-Arid mosque. The burial was postponed because the grave was not completely dug. Some said this was to "chastise him for claiming such a high status in love" while others said it was "merely the last indignity that one of God's chosen must suffer from the contingencies of the world below".

Ecstasies
During the later part of his life, Ibn al-farid was known to enter into spiritual raptures known as jadhabat in Arabic, a common occurrence in sufism.

Normally described as being handsome, his son wrote that when a mystical state overcame him, his face would increase in beauty and brightness. Sweat would pour from his body and collect at the ground beneath his feet, which was a result of jumping and dancing. He would also take forty-day fasts, during which he would neither eat, drink nor sleep.

During one particular ecstasy, the Shaykh screamed out and danced in the middle of the market bazaar. Others in the market began to join in and dance with them, causing a commotion with some of them falling on the ground. Ibn al-Farid threw off all of his clothes, an act which members of the crowd repeated. The crowd carried the Shaykh in his underwear to the al-Azhar mosque where he remained in this state for some days afterward.

Ibn al-Farid claimed to see many things happen that could be considered to be out of this world. He wrote of a lion kneeling down to him and asking him to ride. He also wrote of seeing a man descending a mountain, floating without using his feet. He claimed that a "great green bird" came down at the funeral of the greengrocer and "gobbled up his corpse". He also claimed to have conversed with Muhammad in a dream.

Ibn al-Farid's son Kamal al-Din Muhammad described his ecstasies or trances as sometimes lasting ten consecutive days without eating, drinking, moving, speaking or hearing outside noises. He would alternately stand, sit, lie on his side, and "throw himself down on his side." When he came to, his first words would be a dictation of the verse God had given him.

Legacy
Every Friday, Cairenes gather at Ibn al-Farid's tomb to listen to readings of his poems.

There was once a Sufi order in Egypt in the sixteenth century C.E. called "al-Fāriḍīyah". It supposedly originated from ibn al-Farid, but is no longer in existence.

Due to the subject matter of his poems and the beauty of the verse, Ibn al-Farid later became referred to as "sultan al-ashiqin" ("the sultan of lovers").

Moulid of Ibn al-Farid
There is a moulid of Ibn al-Farid. It begins with a procession starting in Cairo that travels through Mamluk graveyards known as the "City of the Dead" and ends at Ibn al-Farid's tomb which lies at the base of Mount al-Muqaṭṭam in the sandstone hill area of the Eastern part of Cairo. The moulid continues for two more days of meditations, prayers and dancing. During the procession, some men put skewers through their cheeks. It does not appear that Ibn al-Farid practiced this; the origination of the tradition is unknown. It is said though that the spirit of Ibn al-Farid protects the men who do this. The trance-like aspect of the dancing and the procession are connections to Sufi background of Ibn al-Farid. This is one of the smaller moulids in Cairo and is not widely known about among Cairenes; the average participation is a few hundred.

References

1181 births
1235 deaths
13th-century Arabic-language poets
Sufi poets
Poets from the Abbasid Caliphate
Poets from the Fatimid Caliphate
Writers from Cairo

Ibn al-Farid


A projection in geometry is something like finding a shadow that an object casts onto another object. When a three-dimensional sphere is projected onto a plane, its projection will either be a circle or an ellipse.

In higher mathematics, projections are more broad. A projection is an idempotent function from a set onto a subset. When a function is idempotent, it means that no matter how many (positive) times one uses the map, it is the same as using the map one time.

Often, projections pick coordinate from elements in a Cartesian product. For example,  can denote the map defined by .

Mathematics

Projection (mathematics)


Anders Heger (born 10 July 1956) is a Norwegian publisher and writer, and is one of the six children of Wanda Hjort Heger and Bjørn Heger.

In 1982, Heger started Radio Nova, the first student radio in Norway. In 1985, he wrote a book about the juridical process against the Norwegian writer Agnar Mykle, and in 1999 wrote Et diktet liv, a biography about Agnar Mykle, which received the Brage Prize (comparable in Norway to a Pulitzer Prize). Heger's grandfather, Johan Bernhard Hjort, was Mykle's defense attorney.

Heger became director of the Norwegian publishing company Cappelen (owned by the Swedish mediahouse Bonnier) in 1991. Heger is described in the media as "the most powerful man in the bookpublishing industry in Norway".

His interests include cross-country skiing.

External links
Anders Heger: Skrivemaskin
Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation and Heger

1956 births
Living people
Norwegian male writers
Norwegian publishers (people)
Radio company founders

Anders Heger


Juan José Alvarado (1798–1857) was Supreme Director of Honduras from 15 April 1839 to 27 April 1839.

Alvarado was born in Ciudad de la Esperanza, Intibucá, but later lived in Gracias a Dios in the department of Lempira, where he worked as a surveyor. There he became a judge of first instance and Jefe Político of Gracias.

He was a member of the Constituent Assembly and was elected President of this Parliament. On 26 October 1838 under the provincial government of José María Martinez Salinas, the province of Honduras had declared itself a separate state. Francisco Ferrera led the party of the federal government under José Francisco Morazán Quezada and resisted the separation. On 5 April 1839 his troops were defeated by Nicaragua and to the troops of Morazán in the battle of Espiritu Santo in El Salvador. On 25 September 1839, at San Pedro Perulapán, the troops of Honduras surprised Francisco Ferrera, who was wounded and fled to Nicaragua.

Although Alvarado stated that he withdrew for reasons of health, the political and military pressure from Morazán contributed to it.  He died in Gracias.

Sources
http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Honduras.htm
German Wikipedia

1798 births
1857 deaths
People from Intibucá Department
Honduran people of Spanish descent
Presidents of Honduras
19th-century Honduran people

Juan José Alvarado


Candida, a comedy by playwright George Bernard Shaw, was written in 1894 and first published in 1898, as part of his Plays Pleasant.  The central characters are clergyman James Morell, his wife Candida and a youthful poet, Eugene Marchbanks, who tries to win Candida's affections. The play questions Victorian notions of love and marriage, asking what a woman really desires from her husband. The cleric is a Christian Socialist, allowing Shaw (who was a Fabian Socialist) to weave political issues, current at the time, into the story.

Shaw attempted but failed to have a London production of the play put on in the 1890s, but there were two small provincial productions. However, in late 1903 actor Arnold Daly had such a great success with the play that Shaw would write by 1904 that New York was seeing "an outbreak of Candidamania". The Royal Court Theatre in London performed the play in six matinees in 1904. The same theatre staged several other of Shaw's plays from 1904 to 1907, including further revivals of Candida.

Characters
In order of appearance
Miss Proserpine Garnett—Morell's secretary
The Reverend James Mavor Morell—a clergyman and Candida's husband
The Reverend Alexander (Lexy) Mill
Mr Burgess
Candida
Eugene Marchbanks

Plot

The play is set in the northeast suburbs of London in the month of October. It tells the story of Candida, the wife of a famous clergyman, the Reverend James Mavor Morell.  Morell is a Christian Socialist, popular in the Church of England, but Candida is responsible for much of his success. Candida returns home briefly from a trip to London with Eugene Marchbanks, a young poet who wants to rescue her from what he presumes to be her dull family life.

Marchbanks is in love with Candida and believes she deserves something more than just complacency from her husband. He considers her divine, and his love eternal. In his view, it is quite improper and humiliating for Candida to have to attend to petty household chores. Morell believes Candida needs his care and protection, but the truth is quite the contrary. Ultimately, Candida must choose between the two gentlemen. She reasserts her preference for the "weaker of the two" who, after a momentary uncertainty, turns out to be her husband Morell.

Early productions and Candidamania
The play was first performed at the Theatre Royal, South Shields on 30 March 1895. It was revived by the Independent Theatre Company, at Her Majesty's Theatre, Aberdeen on 30 July 1897. It was first performed in London at the Stage Society, The Strand, on 1 July 1900. However, it was not until late 1903, when Arnold Daly mounted a production at the Princess Theatre in New York that the play became a success. Daly's production was quickly followed by one in London. The first public performance in London was on 26 April 1904, at the Royal Court.

The play was so popular in 1904 that the phenomenon was referred to as "Candidamania". In the words of The New York Sun,  Shaw himself adopted the term, as have later writers. Shaw felt that the play was misinterpreted by some of its public. He wrote his short 1904 comedy How He Lied to Her Husband, in part as a kind of reply to Candida. The play depicts a farcical version of the same situation. Shaw's friend Archibald Henderson described it as "the reductio ad absurdum of the Candidamaniacs".

Criticism and interpretation
In Bernard Shaw and the Aesthetes, Elsie Bonita Adams has given this assessment of Marchbanks, comparing him to two real-life artists:

Shaw himself describes Eugene's story-arc as a realization that Candida is not at all what he wants from life, that the kind of domestic love she could provide "is essentially the creature of limitations which are far transcended in his own nature". When Eugene departs into the night, it is not "the night of despair and darkness but the free air and holy starlight which is so much more natural an atmosphere to him than this stuffy fireside warmth of mothers and sisters and wives and so on". Eugene, according to Shaw, "is really a god going back to his heaven, proud, unspeakably contemptuous of the 'happiness' he envied in the days of his blindness, clearly seeing that he has higher business on hand than Candida". For her part, Candida is "very immoral" and completely misreads Eugene's transformation over the course of the play.

Andy Propst of Time Out listed Candida as the 25th greatest play of all time, arguing that it "bristles with Shavian wit and pointed political and social debate, ultimately shimmering as a shrewd consideration of love and marriage in Victorian England – or really any period."

Later productions

Katharine Cornell played the lead role on Broadway in five different productions, the last four of which were for her own production company. She was the actress most closely associated with this role, and Shaw stated that because of her success, she had created "an ideal British Candida in my imagination" as she essentially re-envisioned the role of Candida, making her the central character in the play. Previously, Candida herself was not conceived by directors or actresses as important as the issues and themes that Shaw was trying to convey. The first time Cornell played the role in 1924, she was so acclaimed that The Actors' Guild, which controlled the production rights to the play in the United States, forbade any other actress from playing the role while Cornell was still alive. In her final production of 1946, a young Marlon Brando played the role of Marchbanks.

A version for Australian television aired in 1962. Reviewing the adaptation, the Sydney Morning Herald was critical of the production style but praised the cast.

The Roundabout Theater Company presented a Broadway revival in 1993 with Mary Steenburgen, Robert Foxworth and Robert Sean Leonard.

A Court Theatre Company production starring JoBeth Williams and Tom Amandes was recorded by the L.A. Theatre Works.

In 2003 the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation broadcast a production of the play. An Oxford Stage Company production of Candida toured the UK in 2004, with Andrew Havill as Morell, Serena Evans as Candida, and Richard Glaves as Marchbanks.

In February 2009 BBC Radio 7 repeated a broadcast of a radio production of the play starring Hannah Gordon as Candida, Edward Petherbridge as Morell, and Christopher Guard as Eugene. It was first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 15 August 1977.

It was revived at the Theatre Royal, Bath in July 2013 with Charity Wakefield as Candida, Jamie Parker as Morell, Frank Dillane as Marchbanks and David Troughton as Mr Burgess, Candida's father.

In March/April 2015 at the Gatehouse Theatre in London, Judi Bowker played Candida with Harry Meacher as Morell, Sebastian Cornelius Marchbanks and Roger Sansom as Burgess.

Musical adaptation
In 2009, Writers Theatre presented a musical adaptation of the play under the title A Minister's Wife, with music by Josh Schmidt; lyrics by Jan Tranen; book by Austin Pendleton; conceived and directed by Artistic Director Michael Halberstam.  The production was critically acclaimed and in 2011, the Lincoln Center mounted a new production of the piece (also directed by Halberstam).  The production featured Kate Fry as Candida; Bobby Steggert as Marchbanks; Marc Kudisch as Morell; Liz Baltes as Prossy; and Drew Gehling as Lexy. The production received outstanding notices in The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. Charles Isherwood, writing in The New York Times, called it a "lovingly composed chamber musical" which "moves with a gentle step, keeping an intimate focus on its central characters."

An original cast recording from PS Classics was released on 30 August. The West Coast Premiere of the musical adaptation opened in June 2013 at The San Jose Repertory Theater directed by Michael Halberstam.

References

External links

1894 plays
Plays by George Bernard Shaw
Plays set in London

Candida (play)


Nicla Vassallo (born 1963), is an Italian analytic philosopher with research and teaching interests in epistemology, philosophy of knowledge, theoretical philosophy, as well as gender studies and feminist epistemology. She is currently a Full Professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Genoa, a Research Associate of National Research Council, and on List of alumni of King's College London. She also is a poet and lives in Rome.

Biography
Vassallo studied physics and philosophy at the University of Genoa, and philosophy at King's College London mainly with Anthony Savile, David Papineau, Mark Sainsbury, Scott Sturgeon, Keith Hossack, Christopher Hughes. Over the years, she has benefited and still benefits from conversations with them and Jennifer Hornsby. After receiving her Doctor of Philosophy in Philosophy of Science, she was appointed Research Fellow and then Lecturer. In 2002 she qualified as Associate Professor of Logic and Philosophy of Science at the University of Catania, and then in 2004 as Full Professor of theoretical philosophy at the University of Bergamo. From 2003 to 2008 she taught Epistemology in the Faculty of Psychology at the Vita-Salute San Raffaele University. Since 2005 she has been a full professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Genova, where she taught Philosophical Propaedeutics, Philosophy of knowledge and Epistemology. She now teaches theoretical philosophy, is an Academic personnel of the course/degree of Doctorate in Philosophy Fino, a Research Associate of National Research Council, as well as on List of alumni of King's College London.

Publications
The following is a partial list of Vassallo's books.

Publications as author
(1995), La depsicologizzazione della logica. Un confronto tra Boole e Frege, FrancoAngeli, Milano.
(1997), La naturalizzazione dell'epistemologia. Contro una soluzione quineana, FrancoAngeli, Milano.
(1999), Teorie della conoscenza filosofico-naturalistiche, FrancoAngeli, Milano.
(2002), Conoscenza e natura, De Ferrari Editore, Genova.
(2003), Teoria della conoscenza, Laterza, Roma-Bari.
(2007), Filosofia delle donne, Laterza, Roma-Bari.
(2010), Piccolo trattato di epistemologia, Codice Edizioni, Torino.
(2011), Per sentito dire. Conoscenza e testimonianza, Feltrinelli, Milano.
(2012), Conversazioni, Mimesis, Milano.
(2015), Frege on Thinking and Its Epistemic Significance, Lexington Books–Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, MD, Usa
(2015), Il matrimonio omosessuale è contro natura: falso!, Laterza, Roma-Bari.
(2015), Breve viaggio tra scienza e tecnologia, con etica e donne, Orthotes Editrice, Napoli–Salerno.
(2019), Non annegare: meditazioni sulla conoscenza e sull'ignoranza, Mimesis, Sesto San Giovanni (Milan).
(2019), Contextualism, Factivity and Clousure. A Union That Should Not That Place, Springer, New York.
(2021), Fatti non foste a viver come bruti. Brevi e imprecisi percorsi per la filosofia della conoscenza, Mimesis, Sesto San Giovanni (Milan).
(2023), Donne, donne, donne, Mimesis, Sesto San Giovanni (Milan).

Some edited collections
(2002), Storia della filosofia analitica, Einaudi, Torino.
(2003), La filosofia di Gottlob Frege, FrancoAngeli, Milano.
(2003), Filosofia delle scienze, Einaudi, Torino.
(2008), Knowledge, Language, and Interpretation. On the Philosophy of Donald Davidson, Ontos Verlag, Frankfurt.
(2009), Donna m'apparve, Codice Edizioni, Torino.
(2012), Reason and Rationality, Ontos Verlag, Frankfurt.
(2016), Meta-Philosophical Reflection on Feminist Philosophies of Science, Springer, New York.
(2018) La Donna non esiste. E l'Uomo? Sesso, genere e identità, Codice Edizioni, Torino.
(2022), Parla come mangi. Massa e potere, Mimesis, Sesto San Giovanni (Milan).
 2023), Donne, Donne Donne, Mimesis, Sesto San Giovanni (Milan).

Poems
(2013), Orlando in ordine sparso, Mimesis, Sesto San Giovanni (Milan).
(2017), Metafisiche insofferenti per donzelle insolenti, Mimesis, Sesto San Giovanni (Milan).
(2021), Pandemia amorosa dolorosa, Mimesis, Sesto San Giovanni (Milan).

Journalism
Prof Vassallo has written for the Corriere della Sera, il Fatto quotidiano, la Repubblica, Il Sole 24 ore, L'Unità. Today she sometimes collaborates with various newspapers and web magazines.

Activism
Prof. Vassallo has worked and is working on human rights campaigns since the 1990s, with different Italian Institution (i.e. Fondazione Onda, Fondazione Nilde Iotti, Rete Lenford) for women's rights especially violence against women and for LGBT persons. In this regard, some of her "travel companions": Giovanni Bachelet, Marzio Bargagli, Remo Bodei, Massimo Cacciari, Anna Canepa, Lella Costa, Franco Grillini, Vittorio Lingiardi, Giacomo Marramao, Melania Mazzucco, Rossella Panarese, Stefano Rodotà, Chiara Saraceno, Carla Signoris, Delia Vaccarello. Among other things, Prof. Vassallo is part of Donne Oltre the Italian Multiple Sclerosis Association. Together with some intellectuals she signed the "Manifesto for a Europe of Progress", for the Europe of the peoples, of a Europe of Progress! Made based on the principles of freedom, democracy, knowledge, and solidarity, promoted by Carlo Bernardini, Rino Falcone, Pietro Greco, Francesco Lenci, Giulio Peruzzi, Settimo Termini, and others. She supported the candidacy of Ginevra Bompiani for the European elections of The Left "La Sinistra" party. She wrote the obituary of Rita Levi Montalcini for "Sapere". Prof. Vassallo is agnostic.

References

External links
Prof. Nicla Vassallo's personal home page
Prof. Nicla Vassallo on Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Prof. Nicla Vassallo on Treccani
Prof. Nicla Vassallo on Philpapers
Prof. Nicla Vassallo on Google Scholar
Prof. Nicla Vassallo on Academia.edu
Prof. Nicla Vassallo on Iris
Prof. Nicla Vassallo on Italian Wikipedia
Prof. Nicla Vassallo on Research Gate
Prof. Nicla Vassallo's institutional home page

1963 births
Alumni of King's College London
University of Genoa alumni
Living people
Italian feminists
Analytic philosophers
20th-century Italian philosophers
21st-century Italian philosophers
Italian women philosophers
Feminist philosophers
Epistemologists
20th-century Italian women writers
21st-century Italian women writers
Academic staff of the Vita-Salute San Raffaele University

Nicla Vassallo


is a 2003 comedy film written and directed by Kazuyuki Izutsu, starring Toshiyuki Nishida. It is about a James Brown-obsessed gangster's last day of freedom before he starts a 5-year prison term.

Plot
Hanemura is the head of a yakuza clan enjoying his last taste of freedom before starting a prison sentence.  He tells the members of his 'family' to disband the clan and go straight. However, his clan 'brother' believes the clan can be saved if they arrange for James Brown to give Hanemura a private performance before he enters prison.

The gang mistakenly kidnaps an American James Brown impersonator, who is himself being hunted by aides of the Japanese Prime Minister, who want to recover incriminating materials that he unwittingly brought into the country.

Meanwhile, Hanemura is using his last day of freedom to track down the daughter he hasn't seen for 25 years.

These plots get entangled when it emerges that his daughter runs the talent agency that had brought the James Brown impersonator to Japan in the first place.

After many complications, father and daughter are reunited, Hanemura saves his daughter's company by performing a James Brown routine and his prison sentence is quashed.

Cast
 Toshiyuki Nishida as Hanemura, the Yakuza boss
 Takako Tokiwa as Kaori
 Tarō Yamamoto as Taro
 Ittoku Kishibe as Kaneyama
 Kenta Kiritani as Haruhiko
 Kohei Yoshida as Kenji
 Keiji Nagatsuka as Okabe
 Willie Raynor as James Brown impersonator
 Adeyto as Marilyn Monroe impersonator

Production
The Japanese title "Geroppa!" is the Japanese transliteration of the lyric "Get up!" from the James Brown song "Get Up (I Feel Like Being A) Sex Machine". Mixing slapstick, soul music and tearjerking elements, the plot involves a kidnapped James Brown impersonator, a plot to discredit the Japanese Prime Minister, an adulterous hotel manager, and a daughter who hasn't seen her father for 25 years.

Release
The film screened at the Busan International Film Festival on October 5, 2003.

Reception
Toshiyuki Nishida was nominated for the Best Actor award at the 2004 Japanese Academy Awards for his performance as the head of a yakuza clan.

References

External links

2003 films
2000s musical comedy-drama films
Yakuza films
Japanese musical comedy-drama films
Films directed by Kazuyuki Izutsu
2003 comedy films
2003 drama films
2000s Japanese films

Get Up! (film)


Pierre Vuitton  (1880, Verdun - 1962, Paris) was a French art brut painter.

Biography
After being severely wounded, both physically and psychologically, in WW1, Pierre Vuitton abandoned his previous life as the child of wealthy merchants. After several stays in sanitariums and mental hospitals, he moved to Paris in 1920. As an enjoyer of morphine and alcohol, he lived as a casual laborer in poverty despite the rare sale of his pictures. His first works were probably during the war years, later he developed "time-excesses" in which he reportedly spent several days painting without eating or sleeping. He made the acquaintance of several artists in the Parisian bohemian scene, including Jean Dubuffet, Cocteau, Picasso, de Chirico, and Picabia. Increasingly, however, his deteriorating mental condition spoiled any binding relationship, so he spent most of his later life in mental hospitals or in nursing homes.

Many works by Vuitton are stylistically likeminded to the images of Louis Soutter, who was also tormented by an inner turmoil. Typical of Vuitton's expressive painting is the use of newspaper paper or book pages as the canvas. Vuitton is a classic representative of the art brut or outsider art as defined by Jean Dubuffet.

Sources

1880 births
1962 deaths
Outsider artists
Art Informel and Tachisme
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists

Pierre Vuitton


Randolph Rutherford Heflin (September 11, 1918 – August 17, 1999) was an American professional baseball player, a right-handed pitcher who appeared in 25 games in Major League Baseball for the 1945–46 Boston Red Sox. Listed at ,  , Heflin was born in Fredericksburg, Virginia.

Heflin's pro career extended from 1939 to 1952, although he missed the 1943–44 seasons while serving in the United States Navy during World War II. He returned to baseball during the final year of the war, winning three of five decisions for the top-level Louisville Colonels before the Red Sox recalled him. Working in 20 games, Heflin made 14 starting assignments for the BoSox and registered six complete games. He threw two complete-game shutouts: a four-hitter August 10 against the eventual world champion Detroit Tigers and a six-hitter September 20 against the last-place Philadelphia Athletics.  But Heflin compiled only a 4–10 won-lost record.

In 1946, the first postwar year, Heflin appeared in five games for the Red Sox between April 21 and June 12, including one start, and lost his only decision. Sent back to the minor leagues, Heflin spent the rest of 1946 at Louisville and eventually became a player-manager in the lower levels of the minors in the Class D Coastal Plain and Class C Evangeline leagues.

In his two-season MLB career, Heflin posted a 4–11 record with 45 strikeouts and a 3.86 earned run average in 25 appearances, including 15 starts, six complete games, six games finished and  innings of work.  He allowed 118 hits and 73 bases on balls.

Randy Heflin died in Fredericksburg at age 80.

References

External links

1918 births
1999 deaths
Anderson Rebels players
Baseball players from Virginia
Boston Red Sox players
Canton Terriers players
Clarksdale Red Sox players
Louisville Colonels (minor league) players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Minor league baseball managers
New Iberia Pelicans players
New Orleans Pelicans (baseball) players
Sportspeople from Fredericksburg, Virginia
Rocky Mount Red Sox players
Scranton Red Sox players
Greenville Greenies players

Randy Heflin


The Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act (37th United States Congress, Sess. 2., ch. 126, ) was a federal law. A very Disputed subject in the 1860s The act banned men having more than one wife at the same time (bigamy). It also limited the amount of property that a church and non-profit could own in any territory of the United States to $50,000. Justin Smith Morrill of Vermont sponsored it. President Abraham Lincoln signed it on July 8, 1862.

History
The act wanted to stop the Mormon practice of plural marriage and the property dominance of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Utah Territory. The measure had no funds allocated for enforcement. Lincoln chose not to enforce this law. Instead, Lincoln gave Brigham Young tacit permission to ignore the Morrill Act in exchange for not becoming involved with the Civil War. General Patrick Edward Connor, commanding officer of the federal forces garrisoned at Fort Douglas, Utah beginning in 1862 was explicitly instructed not to confront the Mormons over this or any other issue.

In 1878 the Supreme Court ruled in Reynolds v. United States that religious duty was not a suitable defense for breaking this law. Many Mormons went into hiding.The Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act was amended in 1882 by the Edmunds Act, and then again in 1887 by the Edmunds–Tucker Act. By 1904, the LDS church disavowed bigamy.

References

1862 in the United States
Mormonism
19th century in Utah
United States federal legislation

Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act


Season 5 of the series 24 is known as Day 5. The season has 24 episodes with each lasting one hours in the story. It begins and ends at 7 a.m. The Season was on Television from January to May of 2006 and is considered the best season of the TV show. The season got 12 Primetime Emmy Award nominations and won five including Outstanding Drama Series. Critics praised Kiefer Sutherland, Gregory Itzin and Jean Smart for their acting.

Season Overview
Assasins frame Jack Bauer for the murder of President Palmer and attempt to kill those who helped Jack fake his death. Jack follows leads and ends up at Ontario airport. American President Logan and Russian President Suvarov are signing an anti-terrorist agreement. Terrorists take control of the same airport where Jack is and hold hostages. They threaten to kill the hostages if the treaty is signed. Jack helps officials to stop the terrorists. The terrorists, however, used the hostages as a diversion to acquire nerve gas. Jack learns that the White House Chief of Staff was involved. Nerve gas is used in a mall and unsuccessfully at a hospital. The terrorists release nerve gas in the CTU building, killing several workers. The last canister is used in a submarine, but also without success. The rest of the gas gets destroyed, but Jack learns President Logan was behind the attacks. The rest of the story involves Jack trying to get a recording to implicate Logan. With the first lady's help, Jack uses a listening piece to record the president confessing his crimes. Logan must relieve his presidency. In the very end, the Chinese kidnap Bauer.

Characters

Starring

 Kiefer Sutherland as Jack Bauer (24 episodes)
 Kim Raver as Audrey Raines (23 episodes)
 Mary Lynn Rajskub as Chloe O'Brian (24 episodes)
 Carlos Bernard as Tony Almeida (6 episodes)
 Gregory Itzin as President Charles Logan (23 episodes)
 James Morrison as Bill Buchanan (23 episodes)
 Roger Cross as Curtis Manning (19 episodes)
 Louis Lombardi as Edgar Stiles (13 episodes)
 Jean Smart as First Lady Martha Logan (23 episodes)

Special guest stars

 Sean Astin as Lynn McGill (10 episodes)
 William Devane as Secretary of Defense James Heller (3 episodes)
 Elisha Cuthbert as Kim Bauer (2 episodes)
 Reiko Aylesworth as Michelle Dessler (1 episode)

Special guest appearance

 Dennis Haysbert as David Palmer (1 episode)

Guest starring

 Jude Ciccolella as Mike Novick (21 episodes)
 Glenn Morshower as Aaron Pierce (15 episodes)
 Jayne Atkinson as Karen Hayes (12 episodes)
 Julian Sands as Vladimir Bierko (11 episodes)
 Peter Weller as Christopher Henderson (11 episodes)
 Sandrine Holt as Evelyn Martin (10 episodes)
 Stephen Spinella as Miles Papazian (10 episodes)
 John Allen Nelson as Walt Cummings (7 episodes)
 D. B. Woodside as Wayne Palmer (7 episodes)
 Connie Britton as Diane Huxley (6 episodes)
 Brady Corbet as Derek Huxley (6 episodes)
 Nick Jameson as Russian President Yuri Suvarov (6 episodes)
 Jonah Lotan as Spenser Wolff (6 episodes)
 Mark Sheppard as Ivan Erwich (6 episodes)
 Ray Wise as Vice President Hal Gardner (6 episodes)
 Geraint Wyn Davies as James Nathanson (6 episodes)
 Kathleen Gati as Russian First Lady Anya Suvarov (5 episodes)
 Kate Mara as Shari Rothenberg (5 episodes)
 Paul McCrane as Graem Bauer (5 episodes)
 Stana Katic as Collette Stenger (3 episodes)
 Henry Ian Cusick as Theo Stoller (2 episodes)
 C. Thomas Howell as Barry Landes (2 episodes)
 Carlo Rota as Morris O'Brian (2 episodes)
 Tzi Ma as Cheng Zhi (1 episode)

Reception
The season received very positive reviews from critics. It has 100% on Rotten Tomatoes. According to the website: "24 defies the law of diminishing returns with a spectacular fifth season that features White House intrigue, some of the most harrowing set-pieces in the series yet, and a heroically committed performance by Kiefer Sutherland."

Television seasons

24 (season 5)


The FS E.444 is a class of Italian railways electric locomotives. They were introduced in the course of the 1960s until 1975. Starting from 1989, all E.444s were upgraded as E.444R.

The locomotives are nicknamed Tartaruga (tortoise). The original E.444 class carried a cabside cartoon of a speeding tortoise.

History

E.444 standard
The E.444 locomotive was designed in the 1960s as the first Italian electric locomotive capable to reach  (in that period first high-speed trains like the Japanese Shinkansen and the French TGV were appearing). Italian railways could boast fast trains like the ETR 200, but they were getting old and the Pendolino project was just in its early phases.

The first four prototypes, built at Savigliano, made their debut in 1967-1968: their power output  was respectable for the time, but they proved unable to hold the fast international services required for the new locomotive, and the bogies were limited to . They proved anyway that Italian industry could produce locomotive capable of more than  was registered on November 8, 1967, in the maiden trip Rome-Milan.

The series production saw the introduction of the more powerful T750 motors, which boosted the power to , while the bogies were upgraded for . The frontal part was improved and made more aerodynamic. A characteristic livery with two blue stripes on a pale grey background was adopted. The first 50 units proved successful, and the Ferrovie dello Stato (FS) ordered 60 more to be built starting from 1972. 16 units were adapted for feeding at 1.5 kV DC. During 1974 two  locomotives (units 056 and 057) were provided with a "shunt chopper" system (later the modifications applied were rolled back, making the two units identical to standard once again), while in 1975 the E.444.005 adopted a "full chopper" electronic system,  which was later also adopted on the E.632/633 classes, and which granted a  peak power.

Curiously, the fact that the E.444s were often used on old lines and coupled to not advanced coaches, usually hampered their performances. For example, only with the adoption of second-generation coaches, like the Grand Comfort type, trains driven by E.444 could replace the old ETR 300 in the Milan–Rome fast service.

E.444R
The introduction of fast lines showed the age of the E.444. It was therefore commissioned a program to upgrade all units to a new standard. That stator groups and the braking system were adapted for high speed service, while later it was also decided to update the driving cabin, which had been always noisy at high speed. A new, profiled frontal was thus adopted, together with a pearl grey-red livery. The modified units (for a total of 97) were re-christened E.444R ("R" standing for riqualificazione, meaning "re-qualification", but also known as "Ribollita" derisively among personnel, meaning "Reheated soup").

E.444R are in widespread service with FS-Trenitalia for fast Intercity and express services.

As part of Trenitalia's plan to retire older types of locomotives (such as the Caimano, Tigre and Tartaruga), the E.444Rs are now undergoing final retirement due to lack of newer safery features. By June 2020, they are no longer used in revenue services, instead being used to tow rolling stock for scrap or work trains.

Explanatory notes

References

External links

3000 V DC locomotives
Bo′Bo′ electric locomotives of Europe
Bo′Bo′ locomotives
E.444
Passenger locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1965
Railway locomotives introduced in 1967
Standard gauge locomotives of Italy

FS Class E.444


The United States attorney general (AG) is the head of the United States Department of Justice, and is the chief law enforcement officer of the federal government of the United States. The attorney general serves as the principal advisor to the president of the United States on all legal matters. The attorney general is a statutory member of the Cabinet of the United States.

Under the Appointments Clause of the United States Constitution, the officeholder is nominated by the president of the United States, then appointed with the advice and consent of the United States Senate. The attorney general is supported by the Office of the Attorney General, which includes executive staff and several deputies.

Merrick Garland has been the United States attorney general since March 11, 2021.

Name
The title "attorney general" is an example of a noun (attorney) followed by a postpositive adjective (general). "General" is a description of the type of attorney, not a title or rank in itself (as it would be in the military). Even though the attorney general (and the similarly titled solicitor general) is often referred to as "General" or "General [last name]" by senior government officials, this is considered incorrect in standard American English usage. For the same reason, the correct American English plural form is "attorneys general" rather than "attorney generals".

History

Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789 which, among other things, established the Office of the Attorney General. The original duties of this officer were "to prosecute and conduct all suits in the Supreme Court in which the United States shall be concerned, and to give his advice and opinion upon questions of law when required by the president of the United States, or when requested by the heads of any of the departments". Some of these duties have since been transferred to the United States solicitor general and the White House counsel.

The Department of Justice was established in 1870 to support the attorneys general in the discharge of their responsibilities.

The secretary of state, the secretary of the treasury, the secretary of defense, and the attorney general are regarded as the four most important Cabinet officials in the United States because of the size and importance of their respective departments.

Attorney General is a LevelI position in the Executive Schedule, thus earning a salary of US$221,400, as of January 2021.

Presidential transition
It is the practice for the attorney general, along with the other Cabinet secretaries and high-level political appointees of the president, to tender a resignation with effect on the Inauguration Day (January 20) of a new president. The deputy attorney general is also expected to tender a resignation, but is commonly requested to stay on and act as the attorney general pending the confirmation by the Senate of the new attorney general.

For example, upon the inauguration of President Donald Trump on January 20, 2017, then-Attorney General Loretta Lynch left her position, so then-Deputy Attorney General Sally Yates, who had also tendered her resignation, was asked to stay on to serve as the acting attorney general until the confirmation of the new attorney general Jeff Sessions, who had been nominated for the office in November 2016 by then-President-elect Donald Trump.

List of attorneys general

Parties
 (4)
 (5)
 (35)
 (4)
 (40)

Status

Line of succession
U.S.C. Title 28, §508 establishes the first two positions in the line of succession, while allowing the attorney general to designate other high-ranking officers of the Department of Justice as subsequent successors. Furthermore, an Executive Order defines subsequent positions, the most recent from March 31, 2017, signed by President Donald Trump. The current line of succession is:

United States Deputy Attorney General
United States Associate Attorney General
Other officers potentially designated by the attorney general (in no particular order):
Solicitor General of the United States
Assistant Attorney General, Antitrust Division
Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division
Assistant Attorney General, Civil Rights Division
Assistant Attorney General, Criminal Division
Assistant Attorney General, National Security Division
Assistant Attorney General, Environment and Natural Resources Division
Assistant Attorney General, Justice Management Division
Assistant Attorney General, Tax Division
Assistant Attorney General, Office of Justice Programs
Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel
Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Policy
Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legislative Affairs
United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia
United States Attorney for the Eastern District of North Carolina
United States Attorney for the Northern District of Texas

See also
 for "Providing an Order of Succession Within the Department of Justice"

Notes

References

External links

|-

1789 establishments in the United States
Attorney General
Attorneys-General

United States Attorney General


Saxon math, developed by John Saxon (1923–1996), is a teaching method for incremental learning of mathematics created in the 1980s. It involves teaching a new mathematical concept every day and constantly reviewing old concepts.  Early editions were deprecated for providing very few opportunities to practice the new material before plunging into a review of all previous material. Newer editions typically split the day's work evenly between practicing the new material and reviewing old material.  It uses a steady review of all previous material, with a focus on students who struggle with retaining the math they previously learned. However, it has sometimes been criticized for its heavy emphasis on rote rather than conceptual learning.

The Saxon Math 1 to Algebra 1/2 (the equivalent of a Pre-Algebra book) curriculum is designed so that students complete assorted mental math problems, learn a new mathematical concept, practice problems relating to that lesson, and solve a variety of problems. Daily practice problems include relevant questions from the current day's lesson as well as cumulative problems. This daily cycle is interrupted for tests and additional topics. From Algebra 1/2 on, the higher level books remove the mental math problems and incorporate testing more frequently.

Saxon Publishers has also published a phonics and spelling curriculum. This curriculum, authored by Lorna Simmons and first published in 2005, follows the same incremental principles as the Saxon Math curriculum.

The Saxon math program has a specific set of products to support homeschoolers, including solution keys and ready-made tests, which makes it popular among some homeschool families.  It has also been adopted as an alternative to reform mathematics programs in public and private schools. Saxon teaches memorization of algorithms, unlike many reform texts.

Relation to Common Core

In some reviews, such as ones performed by the nonprofit curriculum rating site EdReports.org, Saxon Math is ranked poorly because it is not aligned with the Common Core State Standards Initiative. That initiative, which has been adopted by most U.S. states, is an important factor in determining which curricula are used in public schools in those states. However, Saxon Math continues to be popular among private schools and homeschoolers, many of whom favor its more traditional approach to teaching math.

References

External links
 Saxon teaching materials, distributed by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Education reform
Mathematics education
Homeschooling
Mathematics education reform
Traditional mathematics
Alternative education

Saxon math