The Blackpool tramway is a tramway that runs from Blackpool to Fleetwood, on the Fylde Coast in Lancashire, England. The tramway was built in 1885. It is one of the oldest electric tramways in the world and is the only one of the earliest tramways that is still in operation in the United Kingdom.

The tramway is owned by Blackpool Borough Council and is run by Blackpool Transport as part of the Metro Coastlines network.  The tramway runs for , and over 6,500,000 people travel on it each year.

History

The first part of Blackpool tramway opened on 29 September 1885. It was a conduit line. It ran from Cocker Street to Dean Street on the Blackpool Promenade. This was one of the first practical electric tramways built in the world. It opened six years after Werner von Siemens first showed electric traction. At the opening was Holroyd Smith, the person who created the system, and Alderman Harwood, the Mayor of Manchester, along with many other people.

The Blackpool Electric Tramway Company ran the line until 1892. At this point, the lease on the line finished, and Blackpool Corporation then ran the line. In 1895 another line was added. It ran from Manchester Square along Lytham Road to South Shore. In 1897 the tracks were extended to South Pier. A line was also built on Station Road that connected Lytham Road to the promenade.

The conduit system was changed to overhead wires in 1899. In 1900 the line was built more to the north to Gynn Square. It linked up the Blackpool & Fleetwood Tramroad there. The Marton loop opened in 1901. It connected Talbot Square and Central Station along Church Street, Devonshire Square, Whitegate Drive, Waterloo Road and Central Drive. At Whitegate Drive in Marton a new depot was built. Another line was added from Talbot Square along Talbot Road to Layton on 1902. The promenade line had got as far as the Pleasure Beach by 1903.

The Blackpool Corporation took over the Blackpool & Fleetwood Tramroad Company in 1920. The Corporation got eight miles of track and three depots from the take-over. Two depots were in Fleetwood and one was in Bispham. The small Bold Street Depot in Fleetwood was closed and a new loop was built at Fleetwood Ferry.

The depot at Blundell Street was replaced by a bigger one on Rigby Road in 1920. In 1925 the line to Fleetwood was made more direct between Rossall and Broadwater. The last extension was built in 1926. It went along the promenade to Clifton Drive at Starr Gate. A connection was made there with the Lytham St Annes tracks.

The first route closure took place in 1936. They were the Central Drive and Layton routes. In 1961 Lytham Road closed, and Marton closed one year later. The tramroad line on Dickson Road to North Station closed in 1963. Marton and Copse Road Depots closed in the same year. The depot at Bispham closed in 1966. All that was left was the track running from Starr Gate to Fleetwood. It is still there today. The running of the buses and tramway was handed over to Blackpool Transport Services Limited in 1986 by Blackpool Borough Council.

Network

Today the tramway runs from Starr Gate in Blackpool to the Ferry Terminus in Fleetwood. Most of the route runs along the Fylde Coast sea front. At Cleveleys the line turns inland for a few miles. It then returns to the coast in Fleetwood. There are four different types of track:

Street running, which is open to all traffic. This can be found along Lord Street and North Albert Street in Fleetwood and there is also a short amount on the Promenade in Blackpool behind the Metropole Hotel.
Paved reserved track alongside a road which is open to pedestrians but not toroad traffic. This is along most of the route between Starr Gate and Gynn Square.
Reserved ballasted track that is open to trams only. This can be seen from Gynn Square to Rossall, and along Radcliffe Road in Fleetwood.
The interurban style alignment which does not follow a road and is open to trams only can be found from Rossall to Radcliffe Road, Fleetwood.

On the line there are four turning loops. One is at Starr Gate, another is opposite the Pleasure Beach and two more are at Little Bispham and Fleetwood. There is also one that links into Rigby Road Depot.

Blackpool tramway today

Blackpool runs a mix of double-deck and single-deck cars, though there are more single-deck trams in the fleet. The double-deck trams are used the most in the tourist season. The single-deck trams are not used as much at that time. They are sometimes used though when it is busy to let the system carry more passengers. Blackpool was the only town in the UK that kept its trams. Between 1962 and 1992 Blackpool was the only town with a tramway in the UK that was not a preserved system. The last English city to lose its trams was Sheffield in 1960. The last in the UK was Glasgow in 1962. Trams have been returning to the towns and cities in Britain since the Manchester Metrolink opened in Manchester in 1992.

There are lots of different trams in the fleet at Blackpool. Most of them were built in the 1930s and are still in service in an unchanged condition. Some others have had their bodywork changed. Sometime historic trams are borrowed from the National Tramway Museum in Crich and other museums for public service.

The trams from Starr Gate in the south to Fleetwood in the north. At busy periods such as the Blackpool Illuminations or on bank holidays services start or finish short at Cleveleys, Bispham or the Pleasure Beach. This means that more trams can run through the centre of Blackpool in a small period. When the Illuminations are on specially decorated trams carry passengers along the promenade and the illuminated area. The area runs from Starr Gate to Bispham. Until the opening of the Metrolink, Fleetwood was the only town in England that kept trams running down the main street.

In November 2007 the whole tramway closed for the first time. It was closed for five months for the second part of an £11,800,000 upgrade. Blackpool Transport Services and Blackpool Council currently have a joint bid awaiting Government approval. It could give up to £77,000,000 for a total upgrade of the trams and tracks. In January 2007 the City Class 611 prototype "supertram" was being tested on the tramway. It caught fire as it approached Central Pier. This caused lots of damage. The driver managed to get out of the cab. The tram was built by Mersyside-based Tram Power. It was being tested as part of a bid to replace the current trams. The same tram had already derailed on 30 May 2006 at Starr Gate loop in trials then. A Rail Accident Investigation Board report said that the derailmet was because of wear and tear on the track. They said another factor was the new type of running gear on the two-car prototype.

The company paid £150,000 to rebuild the tramcar. It cannot be re-tested until November 2008 at the earliest though. This is because testing is not allowed during the busy summer months and also because of the earlier closure of the tracks for repairs.

A £1 billion bid for a Government grant was made in 2002 by Blackpool Council and Lancashire County Council after the Government made a pledge to build 25 new tram networks by 2010. They want to expand the tram network to include St Annes to the south and new housing estates in Fleetwood to the north. There is a possible further phase to include links to Poulton-le-Fylde and Thornton. In 2004 campaigners behind the bid expressed disappointment that nothing had been done to take the plans forward in two years. By November 2007 there was no further development.

References

Further reading

Other websites

 Metro Coastlines
 Blackpool Tramway Photos
 Blackpool Trams website by the Lancastrian Transport Trust
 Fylde Tramway Society

Tram transport in the United Kingdom
1885 establishments in England
Buildings and structures in Lancashire

Blackpool tramway


Robert Eugene Littell (January 9, 1936 – November 14, 2014) was an American politician. He was a member of the Republican Party. Littell was born in Orange, New Jersey.

He served as a member of the New Jersey State Senate from 1992 to 2008.  He represented the 15th Legislative District until 1982 and the 24th Legislative District. Before entering the Senate, he served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1968 to 1992 and the Franklin Borough Council from 1963 to 1965. He was a Delegate to the 1976 Republican National Convention.

Littell died in Franklin, New Jersey, aged 78.

References

1936 births
2014 deaths
People from Orange, New Jersey
Politicians from New Jersey
Republican Party (United States) politicians

Robert Littell (politician)


An ISP redirect page is a spoof page served by major ISPs including: Cox Communications, Embarq, Verizon, Rogers, Earthlink, and various others when World Wide Web users enter an invalid DNS name.

If a user types in an incorrect Uniform Resource Locator (URL), for example http://wikipedia.orf instead of http://wikipedia.org, the ISP's DNS server will respond with a spoofed DNS response that redirects the user to an advertising web page.

How it works
Domain Name System (DNS) resolution is the process of translating a human-readable domain name (for example, en.wikipedia.org) into an IP address that computers can use. Every ISP runs a DNS server to allow their customers to translate domain names into IP addresses that computers understand and use. When an ISP's DNS server receives a request to translate a name, according to RFC the DNS server should return the associated IP address to the customer's computer which is then able to connect to the requested resource.

When the ISP's DNS server receives a request for a name that is not recognized or is unavailable, some ISPs spoof the NX (null) response and instead return the IP address of a search or advertising page to the client. When the client is using a web browser, this will display a search page that contains possible suggestions on the proper address and a small explanation of the error. These search pages often contain advertising that is paid to the ISP.

Sometimes, a customer can opt-out of this service, but the opt-out is frequently not implemented at the same layer as the spoofing. Opt-out procedures vary from ISP to ISP in both their method of implementation and effectiveness.

Consequences

ISPs have written that redirect pages are intended to help lost users. ISP customers
have complained that the pages are instead misleading to users, and that their purpose is to generate advertising revenue for the ISP. The practice has been controversial since ISP redirect pages were introduced in 2006.

ISP redirects can fool the ping networking utility. Ping may falsely report that a website is responsive when in truth it is unavailable but redirected. ISP redirects also interfere with web archiving tools like ArchiveTeam Warrior

References

Domain Name System
Hacking (computer security)
Internet security
Internet ethics

ISP redirect page


The Indiana University Archives of African American Music and Culture (AAAMC), established in 1991, is a material repository covering a range of African American musical idioms and cultural expressions from the post-World War II era. The collections highlight popular, religious, and classical music, with genres ranging from blues and gospel to R&B and contemporary hip hop. The AAAMC also houses extensive materials related to the documentation of Black radio.

The purpose of the Archives of African American Music and Culture is to establish a
unique primary and secondary source material collection of African-American music and culture where such materials are scarce or nonexistent, and to preserve and disseminate these materials for research and instructional purposes. In doing so, its mission is to provide these materials to the general public through outreach
programs such as live performances, exhibitions, seminars, workshops, and summer music camps and to engage in collaborative research and creative projects with units at Indiana University as well as with state and national institutions and associations. In addition, AAAMC develops instructional multi-media materials such as websites, CD-ROM programs, and video documentaries related to various aspects of African American music and provides practical experience in archiving and preparation of materials for public use.

The AAAMC supports the research of scholars, students, and the general public worldwide by providing access to holdings which include oral histories, photographs, musical and print manuscripts, audio and video recordings, educational broadcast programs, and the personal papers of individuals and organizations concerned with Black music. The repository also encourages exploration of its collections and related topics through a variety of public events, print and online publications, and pedagogical resources.

Directors

Radio Repository

Black-appeal stations
Donated material
Disc Jockeys
Black Radio: Telling It Like It Was
Ed Castleberry Collection
Jocko Henderson Collection
Jack Gibson collection
Portia K. Maultsby Collection
Skipper Lee Frazier Collection

Genres

Special Collections
General Collections
Black Radio
Classical
Hip Hop
Music Industry
Popular Music
Religious Music
Online Access
Digital Exhibits

Publications

Liner Notes
Liner Notes is AAAMC's annual newsletter. Issues are available online at Liner Notes

Black Grooves
Black Grooves is a monthly music review site hosted by the Archives of African American Music and Culture. Issues are available online at Black Grooves

See also

 List of open-air and living history museums in the United States

References

Further reading
Black Radio in Los Angeles, Chicago & New York A Bibliography, Dr George Hill APR & JJ Johnson with foreword by Jack Gibson

External links

 Official website

1991 establishments in Indiana
Museums established in 1991
African-American museums in Indiana
African-American arts organizations
African-American culture
Black studies organizations
Bloomington, Indiana
Photo archives in the United States
Special collections libraries in the United States
Arts organizations based in Indiana


A gymslip is a sleeveless tunic with a pleated skirt most commonly seen as part of a school uniform for girls. The term "gymslip" primarily refers to the school uniform; otherwise the term pinafore dress (British English) or jumper dress (American English) is usually preferred.

The introduction of the gymslip as female athletic wear is credited to Mary Tait, a student of Martina Bergman-Österberg, a pioneer of women's physical education in Britain. Gymslips were worn by gymnasts and track and field athletes from the 1880s to the 1920s, as they were more mobile than traditional female attire, but still modest enough to keep the underwear hidden during sporting activity. Even in this modest attire, gymslips as athletic wear were still worn strictly out of public view.

When not worn as athletic wear, gymslips or pinafore dresses are generally worn over a blouse and replace a skirt. A blazer may be worn over the top, or gym knickers underneath. First emerging in the 1900s, by the 1920s it had become compulsory in many private, convent and high schools, and thus became commonly worn by girls as part of their school uniform, together with a blouse.

Although now largely replaced by modern-style uniforms, gymslips are still synonymous in Britain with schoolgirls, leading to the slang term "gymslip mum" to describe a teenage pregnancy. Well-known modern depictions of gymslips include the St Trinian's films, and less traditionally, schoolgirl uniform pornography, a use given more public recognition when in 1991 politician Clare Short condemned the fetish, saying that "the Page 3 girl in a gymslip may be over 16, but the imagery is clearly intended to present schoolgirls as sexual objects".

See also

Apron
Rational dress

References

1880s fashion
19th-century fashion
20th-century fashion
Uniforms
Children's clothing
Sportswear
Dresses

Gymslip


Gene McDonald is an American bass singer and was the bass vocalist for the Florida Boys southern gospel quartet from 1998 to 2007.

Biography

Early years
McDonald's roots in gospel music began when he traveled throughout the Midwest as a child singing with his family.  At that time, Gene sang the high tenor part.  He sang with his mom, dad and sister from 1968 to 1980, recording three albums together.  His sister Janeene went to college and the family group stopped touring.

In 1980, McDonald joined Jack Campbell and the Ambassadors where he also sang tenor.  He was with the group from 1980 to 1982 and recorded one album with them.

In 1982, Gene's voice started changing and he became a bass singer.  He went to college in 1983 at Arkansas State University and was taught by Al Skoog, one of the leading choral directors in the country.  He was also taught voice by Mr. David Niederbrach and Ms. Julia Lansford and did opera under their teaching.

After ASU, he attended the Ben Speer School of Music, where Ben took special interest in Gene, and later invited him to a Gaither Homecoming video taping in 1994, and he then became a regular member of the Homecoming "bass" section.

McDonald joined The Plainsmen Quartet in 1989 and sang with them until 1992.  They recorded one album.  He joined the Florida Boys Quartet in 1998 and sang bass with the quartet until 2007.  The quartet recorded over ten projects with Gene as the bass singer.

McDonald is still recording and singing with the Gaither Homecoming group and has done so since 1994.  He has been on all with the exception of a few videos.

Recording career
In 2006, Gene released his first solo CD entitled In Times Like These.
In 2010, he released his second solo CD I Have Returned.

Personal life
He is married to Teri McDonald, and has a son, Nathan Taft McDonald.  Gene currently works for a bus company in Tennessee. He now drives the bus for Gordon Mote, and has also returned to the Gaither Homecoming tour as one of their bass singers.

Discography
 2008: In Times Like These
 2010: I Have Returned
 2011: If We Love Them
 2013: From Love to Love
 2017: Reflections

References

Southern gospel performers
Living people
American male singers
American basses
Arkansas State University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)

Gene McDonald


An Gael is a quarterly literary magazine in the Irish language, published in the United States on behalf of the Philo-Celtic Society. It describes itself as international and was established in 2009 by Séamas Ó Neachtain, who is its editor. The magazine is based in New York City.

The lineage of the magazine can be traced back to , which was published as a bilingual journal in Irish and English from 1881 to 1904 on behalf of the Society, and revived intermittently between then and 2009. Its re-establishment in its present form coincided with the re-organization of the Society as a group devoted entirely to the promotion of the Irish language.

An Gael can be read online, and is available in printed form to subscribers.

References

External links

 Philo-Celtic Society

Literary magazines published in the United States
Quarterly magazines published in the United States
Irish-language literature
Magazines established in 2009
Magazines published in New York City

An Gael


Luis Antonio Valencia Mosquera, known as Antonio Valencia (; born 4 August 1985), is an Ecuadorian former professional footballer who played primarily as a right-sided player throughout his career, initially as a right winger, before developing into a right-back. He is regarded as one of the best Ecuadorian footballers of all time.

After progressing through the youth system at El Nacional, Valencia became a first team regular and made over 80 appearances for the club. He won the Ecuadorian Serie A with them before signing for La Liga side Villarreal in 2005. He only made two league appearances for the Spanish side in between loan spells at Recreativo for the 2005–06 season and later English Premier League club Wigan Athletic from 2006 to 2008. Wigan Athletic later signed Valencia on a three-year deal for an undisclosed fee in January 2008. His performances for Wigan Athletic soon attracted attention from several high-profile clubs, eventually signing for Manchester United in June 2009. His stint there established him as one of the greatest Ecuadorian players of all time, as Valencia was voted into the PFA Team of the Year in his debut season, spent time as club captain, and went on to win two Premier League titles, an FA Cup, two League Cups, three FA Community Shields and the UEFA Europa League. In July 2019 Valencia returned to Ecuador, signing with LDU Quito, with whom he won the inaugural Copa Ecuador in his first season. He announced his retirement in May 2021.

Valencia made his Ecuador debut in 2004 and has represented his country at the 2006 FIFA World Cup, the 2007 Copa América, the 2011 Copa América, the 2014 FIFA World Cup, the Copa América Centenario and the 2019 Copa América. Valencia won 99 caps and scored 11 goals for his country.

Early life
Valencia was born on 4 August 1985 in Lago Agrio, near the city of Nueva Loja, Ecuador, which is located in the Amazon rainforest. Valencia helped his mother sell drinks outside the stadium of his local club at Lago Agrio and would then search for empty bottles for his father to sell to a bottle-deposit in the capital, Quito. Valencia used to play barefoot on the pitch next to the bungalow he shared with his parents, five brothers and sister.

When Valencia was aged 11, scout Pedro Perlaza spotted him playing on a dusty field near his home, and signed him to the local FA-run sports academy in Sucumbíos. At the age of 16, Valencia did not tell his father he left home to take up an offer to play for El Nacional, the military-backed club in Quito. Nobody knew about Valencia's decision, except his mother and his elder brother, Carlos Alfredo, who paid the fare for his eight-hour bus journey. Valencia began in central midfield and on a salary of 50 dollars a month.

Club career

El Nacional
Valencia started his career at El Nacional and within a year he was fast-tracked into the under-20s, where he played alongside striker Christian "Chucho"' Benítez. Valencia made his debut for El Nacional alongside his idol Édison Méndez. Valencia won his first club title as part of the El Nacional team that won the 2005 Clausura Tournament, earning him the attention of both the national team's manager and Spanish clubs.

Villarreal and Recreativo
Valencia moved to Spanish club Villarreal in 2005. After failing to break into the first-team, however, he was loaned to Recreativo to gain experience. Valencia helped Recreativo gain promotion to La Liga as they finished the season top of the table.

Wigan Athletic

On 3 August 2006, Valencia joined English Premier League club Wigan Athletic, initially on a year-long loan deal. He made his debut for Wigan on 19 August 2006, in a 2–1 loss away to Newcastle United. His first goal for Wigan came in a 4–0 home win over Manchester City on 21 October 2006. Valencia returned after a three-month absence as he played 78 minutes of a 2–0 home loss to Everton on 21 January 2007. Valencia was sent off for the first time for Wigan on 9 April 2007, receiving a straight red card for a two-footed challenge on Wilfred Bouma during a 1–1 away draw against Aston Villa.

The loan was extended into the following season, and on 18 January 2008, he transferred for an undisclosed fee, signing a three-and-a-half-year contract. The deal was said to be worth around £5 million. Valencia scored his first goal of the 2007–08 season in a 2–0 win over Derby County on 23 February 2008, before netting his first Wigan brace in a 2–0 away victory over Aston Villa on 3 May 2008.

Valencia's first goal of the following season came in Wigan's 5–0 away victory over Hull City on 30 August 2008. He then grabbed a goal in the 2–1 home win over Manchester City on 28 September 2008, but followed it up by receiving a red card in the 3–2 loss at Liverpool on 18 October 2008. Valencia scored his final goal for Wigan on 13 December 2008, as he inspired them to a 3–0 victory over Blackburn Rovers. Wigan boss Steve Bruce confirmed that Valencia turned down the chance to join Real Madrid in January 2009. On 9 February 2009, Valencia was ruled out of action for three weeks after suffering a recurrence of a hamstring injury. In early June 2009, Wigan chairman Dave Whelan announced that he would not force Valencia to stay at the club.

Manchester United

2009–2012: Premier League success and Player of the Year awards

On 30 June 2009, Valencia became Manchester United's first summer signing, having cut his holiday short to have a medical with the club. He signed a four-year contract for an undisclosed fee, rumoured to be in the region of £16 million.

On 29 July 2009, he made his debut for United and scored his first goal in the process, netting United's second in a 2–1 pre-season victory over Boca Juniors in the Audi Cup. He made his competitive debut for Manchester United in the 2009 FA Community Shield, when he came on for the injured Nani in the 62nd minute. On 17 October 2009, he scored his first competitive goal for the club, scoring United's second in a 2–1 league victory against Bolton Wanderers. His first UEFA Champions League goal followed four days later in a 1–0 away victory against CSKA Moscow.

Valencia provided the assist for Wayne Rooney's winning goal in the 2010 League Cup Final against Aston Villa on 28 February 2010 and was named player of the match as United won 2–1. On 25 April 2010, Valencia was included in the PFA Premier League Team of the Year in his debut season for the club alongside teammates Patrice Evra, Darren Fletcher, and Wayne Rooney.

On 8 August 2010, Valencia scored United's first goal in their 3–1 win over Chelsea in the 2010 Community Shield. During a Champions League game against Rangers on 14 September 2010, Valencia suffered a break to his left ankle. An operation the morning after the match showed that his left ankle was fractured and dislocated, and that his ankle ligaments were damaged. On 28 February 2011, Valencia returned to training with Manchester United's first team.

He played his first game back from injury against Arsenal in the FA Cup sixth round on 12 March 2011. On 9 April 2011, he scored his first league goal of the season as he netted the second of a 2–0 home win over Fulham. Days later, he scored the first goal in United's 4–1 victory against the German team Schalke 04 in the second leg of the semi-final of the 2010–11 UEFA Champions League, game in which he was selected as player of the match. He became the first Ecuadorian player to win a Premier League medal, in the 2010–11 season. Valencia was a starter in United's 3–1 defeat to Barcelona in the 2011 Champions League Final at Wembley Stadium.

On 1 August 2011, Valencia agreed a new four-year deal with Manchester United, keeping him at the club until the summer of 2015. Prior to the start of the 2011–12 season, Valencia picked up an ankle injury on international duty with Ecuador at the Copa América during the summer. He missed United's entire pre-season tour of the United States because of the injury. He also missed the first month of the season because of a lack of match fitness. Valencia made his first start of the season away at Benfica in the first group stage match of the UEFA Champions League. On 18 September 2011, he returned to Premier League action, replacing the injured Chris Smalling at right-back in the 3–1 win against Chelsea. He then continued to play right-back in the next three games against Leeds United in the League Cup, away at Stoke City, and home against Norwich City in the Premier League. Valencia scored his first goal of the season, in a fourth round League Cup tie against Aldershot Town, receiving the ball in the middle of the park and then turning and firing in from 25-yards to seal a 3–0 victory.

Valencia scored his second goal of the season, the opening goal in Manchester United's Champions League fixture against Oțelul Galați. The game finished 2–0. On 26 December 2011, Valencia scored the fourth goal for Manchester United in a 5–0 home win against Wigan Athletic. He received the ball on the right hand edge of the penalty area and rifled a shot across goal and into the far corner. On 22 January 2012, Valencia scored the first goal against Arsenal with a header, before later setting up Danny Welbeck to win the game 2–1. On 2 April 2012, in his 100th appearance for the club in all competitions, Valencia scored the first goal in a 2–0 win against Blackburn Rovers, powerfully curling the ball around Paul Robinson and inside the far corner. Five minutes later, Valencia set up the second goal for Ashley Young.

Valencia received the Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year and the Manchester United Players' Player of the Year awards for his contributions in the 2011–12 season. He also won the Manchester United Goal of the Season award for his goal against Blackburn Rovers on 2 April 2012.

On 3 July 2012, it was confirmed that Valencia would wear the number 7 shirt, worn by past players such as Johnny Berry, Steve Coppell, Bryan Robson, Eric Cantona, David Beckham and Cristiano Ronaldo, after Sir Alex Ferguson offered the number upon Michael Owen's departure from the club. The number 25 shirt was given to Valencia's new teammate Nick Powell.

2013–2016: Permanent switch to right-back
On 17 April 2013, Valencia scored his first league goal of the season, against West Ham United. On 22 April 2013, Valencia won his second Premier League title after Manchester United defeated Aston Villa in a 3–0 home win.

After an indifferent 2012–13 season wearing the number 7 shirt, Valencia returned to his former number 25 shirt. Valencia started the season with a goal against Sevilla in Rio Ferdinand's testimonial at Old Trafford in a 3–1 defeat on 9 August 2013. Valencia subsequently appeared in the Community Shield against Wigan coming on as a substitute for Wilfried Zaha in the 62nd minute. Valencia started the Champions League campaign with a goal against Bayer Leverkusen the fourth in a 4–2 home victory as well as giving Robin van Persie an assist for the first on that night on 18 September 2013. He got his first goal of the Premier League season against Fulham on 2 November 2013, the first in a 3–1 away win. Valencia scored the first goal in the 5–0 away victory to Manchester United against Bayer Leverkusen in the group stage of Champions League on 27 November 2013. On 11 January 2014, Valencia scored in the 47th minute against Swansea City in a 2–0 home win. On 21 June 2014, he signed a three-year contract extension, which included an option to extend the deal until June 2018.

The arrival of new manager Louis van Gaal led to Valencia being deployed in both the right-back and right-wing back positions, where he had occasionally played under both Sir Alex Ferguson and David Moyes. He made his first start of the season in this position, assisting Juan Mata in a 1–1 draw against Sunderland on 24 August 2014.

On 25 October 2015, Valencia suffered a foot injury in a 0–0 draw with Manchester City, which required surgery and ruled him out for at least four months. He made his return on 17 March 2016 in the Europa League Round of 16 second leg against Liverpool, ending in a 1–1 draw. Valencia played the full 120 minutes at right-back in the 2016 FA Cup Final against Crystal Palace on 21 May 2016, in which United won 2–1 after extra-time.

2017–2019: Final years with United

Manchester United triggered a one-year extension in Valencia's contract on 17 January 2017, keeping him at the club until 2018. On 19 March 2017, Valencia made his 200th league appearance for United and scored in injury time, after goalkeeper Víctor Valdés slipped, to complete a 3–1 victory over Middlesbrough. On 26 May 2017, two days after captaining United in the 2017 UEFA Europa League Final, his contract at the club was extended until June 2019, with an option to extend for a further year. On 17 September 2017, Valencia scored his first goal of the season in a 4–0 win against Everton with a 20-yard half-volley. Later on 14 October, Valencia captained the team in his 300th appearance as Manchester United drew 0–0 at Liverpool. After being ruled out for four weeks with a hamstring injury, Valencia returned to action  as he scored the opening goal in a 3–0 home victory against Stoke City in January 2018.

At the beginning of the 2018–19 season, and after the retirement of Michael Carrick, Manchester United manager José Mourinho announced Valencia would be the club's first captain. In March 2019, Manchester United declined to take up the option to extend Valencia's contract by an extra year, bringing to an end his 10-year spell with the club when his contract expired in June. Valencia left Manchester United having registered 325 Premier League appearances, which remains a record for a South American player.

LDU Quito

After being released by Manchester United, LDU Quito signed Valencia on a free transfer. He made his debut for the club in a 1–0 victory over América de Quito in the Ecuadorian Serie A on 18 July 2019.

Querétaro

On 27 November 2020, Valencia signed with Mexican club Querétaro on a free transfer.

On 12 May 2021, Valencia announced his retirement from professional football.

International career

He made his senior international debut for Ecuador in 2004.

On 27 March 2005, he scored his first two international goals, coming in a 5–2 World Cup qualifying win against Paraguay. Three days later he scored again in a qualifying match, this time netting in 2–2 draw away to Peru. Valencia played in all of Ecuador's 2006 FIFA World Cup matches, and was chosen as a nominee for FIFA's ideal 11 team, which recognises the top stars for every position in the World Cup. He was also shortlisted as one of the six potential candidates for the Gillette Best Young Player award. An email broadly circulated in England encouraged votes for Valencia, in an attempt to prevent Cristiano Ronaldo from winning. Valencia ended up receiving the greatest number of votes in the online poll, but since the award's winner is determined by a combination of the fan vote and a judging panel, the award was eventually given to Lukas Podolski.

On 27 June 2007, Valencia netted Ecuador's first goal of their 2007 Copa América campaign, however they eventually lost the match 3–2 to Chile and finished the tournament bottom of their group. Valencia received hs first red card for Ecuador on 12 October 2008, during a 1–0 victory over Chile in a World Cup qualifier. On 9 September 2009, Valencia scored his first 2010 World Cup qualification goal, netting in a 3–1 away victory over Bolivia. On 10 October 2009, he netted for the second qualifier in a row, this time netting Ecuador's single goal in a 2–1 defeat to the hands of Uruguay.

On 3 July 2011, in a match against Paraguay at the 2011 Copa América, he suffered a sprained left ankle and was forced off at half-time.

In June 2014, Valencia was named in Ecuador's squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. In a preparation match, he captained the team to a 2–2 draw with England at the Sun Life Stadium in Miami. During the match, he was fouled by Raheem Sterling and responded by shoving Sterling and grabbing him by the throat. Referee Jair Marrufo decided to send off both Valencia and Sterling. Valencia later apologized for his reaction. Valencia captained La Tri during all three of their matches at the World Cup and was sent off for a foul on Lucas Digne during their final game against France, a goalless draw at the Maracanã which saw his team eliminated.

Valencia missed the 2015 Copa América in Chile due to urgent ankle surgery. He was selected in the Ecuador squad for the 2016 Copa América Centenario and on 12 June 2016, he scored in Ecuador's 4–0 victory over Haiti at MetLife Stadium.

Personal life
Valencia and his wife, Zoila, have a daughter named Domenica, who was born during the 2006 World Cup. Along with former Wigan Athletic teammates Maynor Figueroa and Wilson Palacios, Valencia began taking English lessons. Whilst at Wigan his English lessons would be once a week, however since his move to Manchester United they were sometimes every day. Former Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson described Valencia as a quiet and shy boy. His older brother, Éder, was also a professional footballer who played for Independiente José Terán in Ecuador.

Valencia also has a tattoo on his upper arm paying tribute to former international teammate Christian "Chucho" Benítez, who passed away in 2013.

Career statistics

Club

International
Source:

International goals
Ecuador score listed first, score column indicates score after each Valencia goal.

Honours
El Nacional
Ecuadorian Serie A: 2005

Manchester United
Premier League: 2010–11, 2012–13
FA Cup: 2015–16 runner-up: 2017–18;
EFL Cup: 2009–10, 2016–17
FA Community Shield: 2010, 2013, 2016
UEFA Europa League: 2016–17
UEFA Super Cup runner-up: 2017

LDU Quito
Copa Ecuador: 2019
Supercopa Ecuador: 2020
Individual
Alan Hardaker Trophy: 2010
PFA Team of the Year: 2009–10 Premier League
Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year: 2011–12
UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season: 2016–17
Premier League Goal of the Month: September 2017
Manchester United Players' Player of the Year: 2011–12, 2016–17
Manchester United Goal of the Season: 2011–12 (vs. Blackburn Rovers, 2 April 2012)

Records
Guinness World Record for the most goals scored from a corner in 1 minute: 6 goals (shared with Matteo Darmian)

Notes

References

External links

 Antonio Valencia at the Manchester United website

1985 births
Living people
People from Nueva Loja
Ecuadorian men's footballers
Men's association football fullbacks
Men's association football wingers
Men's association football utility players
C.D. El Nacional footballers
Villarreal CF players
Recreativo de Huelva players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
L.D.U. Quito footballers
Segunda División players
La Liga players
Premier League players
UEFA Europa League winning players
Ecuadorian Serie A players
Ecuador men's international footballers
2006 FIFA World Cup players
2007 Copa América players
2011 Copa América players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
Copa América Centenario players
2019 Copa América players
Ecuadorian expatriate men's footballers
Ecuadorian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Ecuadorian expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in England

Antonio Valencia


María José Montiel (born 24 June 1968) is a Spanish mezzo-soprano opera singer born in Madrid. In 2011 she was awarded the Premio Teatro Campoamor for her interpretation of Carmen by the Fundación Premio Líricos Teatro Campoamor.

Life and career
Montiel was born in Madrid. She graduated in vocal performance at the Madrid Conservatory where she studied under Pedro Lavirgen and Ana María Iriarte, before moving to Vienna for further training with Sena Jurinac and Olivera Miljakovic. She studied law at the Autonomous University of Madrid, where she also gained a postgraduate diploma in History and Science of Music.

She has sung the lead role in Carmen in Italy, Switzerland, Germany, France, Spain and Japan. She was a soloist in the Verdi Requiem conducted by Riccardo Chailly and performed in the concert halls of Vienna, Frankfurt, Milan and Budapest, as well as the NHK Hall in Tokyo and the Leipzig Gewandhaus.

She has sung at Carnegie Hall in New York, the Kennedy Center in Washington, D. C., Salle Pleyel and Paris Opera, Théâtre du Capitole in Toulouse, Finlandia Hall in Helsinki, Musikverein, Konzerthaus and Vienna State Opera, Bern Theatre, Bregenz Festival, Sydney Town Hall, La Scala, Teatro Regio di Parma, Teatro Verdi in Pisa, Teatro Comunale di Bologna, La Fenice, Teatro Verdi in Trieste, La Monnaie in Brussels, New National Theatre Tokyo. In Spain she has performed in the Teatro Real and National Auditorium of Music in Madrid, Gran Teatro del Liceo and Palau de la Música Catalana in Barcelona, Palau de la Música in Valencia, Teatro Villamarta in Jerez, Palacio de la Ópera in A Coruña.

At the re-opening of the Teatro Real in Madrid, she sang the lead role in Manuel de Falla's opera La vida breve, alongside the tenor Jaume Aragall. She also performed in Usandizaga's Las golondrinas at the same theatre, where she also participated in the SGAE Centenary Gala with Montserrat Caballé and Alfredo Kraus and in the gala to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Spanish Constitution. She sang with Plácido Domingo at the re-opening of the Teatro Avenida in Buenos Aires and she performed alongside him in Federico Moreno Torroba's zarzuela, Luisa Fernanda in its first performance at La Scala, before going on tour with the work to the Washington National Opera, Teatro Real de Madrid, Los Angeles Opera and the Theater an der Wien in Vienna.

Repertoire
 Vincenzo Bellini
 I Capuleti e i Montecchi, Romeo
 Norma, Adalgisa
 Alban Berg
 Wozzeck, Marie
 Georges Bizet
 Carmen, Carmen
 Francesco Cilea
 Adriana Lecouvreur, Principessa
 Gaetano Donizetti
 La favorite, Leonore
 Maria Stuarda, Elisabetta
 Lucrezia Borgia, Maffio Orsini
 Jules Massenet
 Werther, Charlotte
 Don Quichotte, Dulcinea
 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 La clemenza di Tito, Sesto
 Così fan tutte, Dorabella
 Amilcare Ponchielli
 La Gioconda, Laura
 Gioachino Rossini
 The Barber of Seville, Rosina
 Richard Strauss
 Ariadne auf Naxos, Komponist
 Der Rosenkavalier, Oktavian
 Giuseppe Verdi
 Don Carlo, Eboli
 Aida, Amneris
 Il trovatore, Azucena

Her concert repertoire includes Les nuits d'été and Scenes from Faust by Hector Berlioz, Gustav Mahler's Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen and second and eighth symphonies, Verdi's Requiem, Vivaldi's Gloria, Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, Messa di Gloria and Stabat Mater by Rossini, Shéhérazade by Maurice Ravel, and Alto Rhapsody by Brahms. She gives special consideration to Spanish composers, having participated in the revival of Isaac Albéniz's opera Pepita Jiménez and his Merlin and in premieres of works by contemporary composers such as Ojos Verdes de Luna by Tomás Marco and Eufonía by Xavier Montsalvatge, as well as pieces by , Peris, Bernaola,  and a large portion of the Antón García Abril vocal repertoire.

 Prizes
She has been awarded the Lucrecia Arana award, the SGAE Federico Romero prize, the RNE Ojo Crítico award, the CEOE prize and the Spanish Coca-Cola Foundation award for best singer. In 2007 the Community of Madrid awarded her with the Culture Prize in the music section.

 Discography
Her recordings number a total of 17 discs, for labels such as Dial, BIS, RTVE, Ensayo, Fundación Author, Decca, Deutsche Grammophon and Stradivarius. Her CD of lieder from Brazil, Modinha, with  was a finalist in the Grammy Awards and her DVD Madrileña Bonita went gold.

References

 External links

Interview in La Verdad'', Murcia, 2010
Interview in Mujeres.es, 2011

Living people
1968 births
21st-century Spanish women opera singers
Spanish mezzo-sopranos
Operatic mezzo-sopranos
20th-century Spanish women opera singers

María José Montiel


This list of Nobel laureates by university affiliation shows the university affiliations of individual winners of the Nobel Prize since 1901 and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences since 1969. The affiliations are those at the time of the Nobel Prize announcement. Universities all adopt different metrics to claim Nobel affiliates, some generous while others more stringent, since some only count academicians at the time of announcement while others include all visitors and professors of various ranks as well. Inconsistency thus may occur between those official counts and what this list states.

See also
 List of Nobel laureates by country

References

List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation


The term toxic asset is a nontechnical term used to describe certain financial assets when their value has fallen significantly and when there is no longer a functioning market for these assets, so that they cannot reasonably be sold. This term became common during the financial crisis that began in August 2007. Toxic assets played a major role in that crisis. When the market for such assets ceases to function, it is described as "frozen".

Markets for some toxic assets froze in 2007, and the problem grew significantly worse in the second half of 2008. Several factors contributed to the freezing of toxic-asset markets. The value of the assets were very sensitive to economic conditions, and increased uncertainty in these conditions made it difficult to estimate the value of the assets. Banks and other, major financial-institutions were unwilling to sell the assets at significantly reduced prices, since lower prices would force them to significantly reduce their stated assets, making them appear insolvent.

Economics

Toxic assets


Saint Aurelia of Strasbourg was a 4th-century saint, whose tomb in Strasbourg became the centre of a popular cult in the Middle Ages.

Biography
According to the legend, Aurelia accompanied Saint Ursula and the eleven thousand virgins from Roman Britain to Cologne, where they were favourably received by Aquilin, bishop of the place. From Cologne they traveled to Basel.  From Basel the travelers descended the Rhine to Strasbourg where St Aurelia succumbed to a violent fever, dying after a few days. Three virgins were left to care for her. She was particularly invoked against fevers in the church that bears her name.

Her three companions lived many years in the same place and were buried there. Some centuries later their tomb was opened and their bodies were found completely intact, marked with titles bearing their names. This legend is reproduced in the current breviary of the Diocese of Strasbourg.

Grandidier, who questions the authenticity of the legend, observed that the cult of Saint Aurelia was already very popular in Strasbourg by the 9th century.

The church of Sainte Aurélie in Strasbourg is supposed to have been built over the crypt in which the tomb of Saint Aurelia was situated.

In 1524, Martin Bucer (a Protestant), soon after his appointment as pastor of the church, instigated members of the gardeners' guild to open the tomb and remove the bones, justifying this on the grounds that the tomb had become an object of idolatry.

References

4th-century Christian saints
Year of death unknown
Year of birth unknown
Late Ancient Christian female saints
History of Strasbourg

Aurelia of Strasbourg


Julius Schiller (c. 1580 – 1627) was a lawyer from Augsburg, who like his fellow citizen and colleague Johann Bayer published a star atlas in celestial cartography.

In the year of his death, Schiller, with Bayer's assistance, published the star atlas Coelum Stellatum Christianum which replaced the pagan names of constellations with biblical and early Christian figures. Specifically, Schiller replaced the zodiacal constellations with the twelve apostles, the northern constellations by figures from the New Testament and the southern constellations by figures from the Old Testament.

The planets, sun and moon were also replaced by biblical figures.

Lucas Kilian was the artist who engraved the plates.

The star atlas was considered merely a curiosity and, in contrast to Bayer's Uranometria, did not gain wide acceptance.
Harmonia Macrocosmica by Andreas Cellarius (1660) included star maps for Schiller's constellations after the pagan ones.

External links
Schiller's 1627 Coelum Stellatum Christianum & Coelum Stellatum Christianum Concavum ("Christian Starry Heavens") - Full digital facsimile, Linda Hall Library.
Coelum Stellatum Christianum, Augusta 1627 da www.atlascoelestis.com

1580s births
1627 deaths
17th-century German astronomers
Scientists from Augsburg
17th-century German lawyers

Julius Schiller


A vacation home or holiday home is a secondary dwelling that some people stay in in lieu of a hotel. Many upper middle class and upper class people own vacation homes and sometimes rent them out when not using them. There's a variety of vacation home options including

Timeshares in which people purchase a time slot, usually a week or two when they can occupy the unit.

Fractional ownership - This opinion allows people to own a portion of a far bigger property for vacation use such as a castle or historic mansion

hotel condominiums (also called condo-tels) - Hotels where people can purchase suites.

And more.

Vacation homes can come in the form of cottages, cabins, recreational vehicles, houseboats, tents,apartments\condominiums, beach houses, etc.

Houses

Holiday cottage


Alex Alphonso Wheatle MBE (born 3 January 1963) is a British novelist, who was sentenced to a term of imprisonment after the 1981 Brixton riot in London.

Biography
Born in 1963 in London to Jamaican parents, Wheatle spent much of his childhood in a Shirley Oaks Children's Home. At the age of 16, he was a founding member of the Crucial Rocker sound system; his DJ name was Yardman Irie. He wrote lyrics about everyday life in Brixton, south London. By 1980, Wheatle was living in a social services hostel in Brixton, and he participated in the 1981 Brixton riots and their aftermath. While serving his resulting sentence, he read authors such as Chester Himes, Richard Wright, C. L. R. James and John Steinbeck. Wheatle's cellmate, a Rastafari, was the one who encouraged Wheatle to start reading books and care about his education. He features aspects of his life in his books, such as East of Acre Lane characters Yardman Irie and Jah Nelson.

Wheatle has since spoken about the Brixton riots, most prominently in the 2006 BBC programme Battle for Brixton. His early books are based on his life in Brixton as a teenager and his time in social services' care.

He received the London Arts Board New Writers Award in 1999 for his debut novel Brixton Rock, which was later adapted for the stage and performed at the Young Vic in July 2010.

He wrote and performed Uprising, a one-man play based on his own life at Tara Arts Studios, Wandsworth, London. In 2011, he took Uprising on tour and performed it at the Writing On The Wall Festival, Liverpool, the Oxford Playhouse, the Marlowe Theatre, Canterbury, the Ilkley Playhouse and the Albany Theatre, Deptford. The play re-toured theatres and literature festivals in 2012, marking the 50th year of Jamaican Independence.

Wheatle lives in London. He is a member of English PEN, and he now visits various institutions facilitating creative writing classes and making speeches. He has also narrated an audio guide to the streets of Brixton.

Awards and honours
In the Queen's Birthday Honours 2008, Wheatle was awarded the MBE for services to literature.

His young-adult novel Liccle Bit was longlisted for the Carnegie Medal in 2016.

His 2016 book Crongton Knights won the 50th Guardian Children's Fiction Prize. S. F. Said, one of the judging panel, said of the book: "Wheatle's writing is poetic, rhythmic and unique, remaking the English language with tremendous verve. Though Crongton is his invention, it resonates with many urban situations, not only in Britain but around the world. Crongton Knights is a major novel from a major voice in British children's literature."

Wheatle's life story features in Alex Wheatle, the fourth film in Small Axe, a 2020 anthology of five films by Steve McQueen about the West Indian community in the UK during the 1970s and 1980s. Alex Wheatle depicts Wheatle's life up to and just after the Brixton uprising.

Bibliography
Brixton Rock (Black Amber, 1999)
East of Acre Lane (Fourth Estate, 2001)
The Seven Sisters (Fourth Estate, 2002)
Checkers (with Mark Parham; X-Press, 2003)
Island Songs (Allison & Busby, 2005)
The Dirty South (Serpent's Tail, 2008)
Brenton Brown (Arcadia Books, 2011)
Liccle Bit (Atom Books, 2015)
Crongton Knights (Atom Books, 2016)
Straight Outta Crongton (Atom Books, 2017)
Uprising (Spck Books, 2017)
Nicolas Cage  (Barrington Stoke, 2018)
Home Boys (Arcadia Books, 2018)
Home Girl (Little Brown, Akashic, Hachette UK, 2019)
Cane Warriors (Andersen Press, 2020)
Cringel (Pringles, 2020)
Kemosha of the Caribbean (Andersen Press, 2022)

Wheatle's books have also been translated into French, Italian, Urdu, Welsh, German, and Japanese.

References

External links

1963 births
Living people
20th-century English criminals
Black British writers
Criminals from London
Members of the Order of the British Empire
20th-century British novelists
21st-century British novelists
English people of Jamaican descent
British dramatists and playwrights
British male novelists
British male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century British male writers
21st-century British male writers
British children's writers
British writers of young adult literature
Guardian Children's Fiction Prize winners

Alex Wheatle


Flora & Ulysses: The Illuminated Adventures is a children's novel by American author Kate DiCamillo and illustrated by K.G. Campbell, published in 2013 by Candlewick Press. It tells the story of Flora Belle Buckman and a squirrel named Ulysses.

The illustrations include full-page and small pencil drawings, together with comic-book panels describing the gang's adventures.

Plot
Set in the 21st century in a suburb town of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Flora Belle Buckman, a self-proclaimed cynic, spends her time reading comic books and struggling to understand her parents' recent divorce. She is jolted into action when the neighbor runs over a squirrel with a vacuum cleaner. The vacuum cleaner is her neighbor's present for his wife. The squirrel's brush with death causes him to develop superpowers, allowing him to understand humans and become smarter. Flora then names the squirrel Ulysses after the vacuum cleaner accident.  Flora explains to Ulysses that he must use his newfound powers to right wrongs, fight injustice, "or something." Ulysses decides to write on Flora's mother's typewriter, revealing he can write poetry.

When Flora confronts her mother about her desire to kill Ulysses, a shouting match erupts in which Flora comes to believe her mother does not love her.  Flora, feeling hurt, declares that she will go home with her father. Ulysses writes a poem to explain Flora and her mother's real emotions, but Flora's mother kidnaps him before the poem can be read. Flora puts together a crack team to rescue Ulysses, who has already escaped, leaving Flora's mother to read his poem. The cast reunites in the father's apartment building where Flora's cynical exterior is cracked for good as she realizes her mother truly loves her.

Awards
Flora & Ulysses won the Newbery Medal for 2014.

Reception
The Horn Book review described the book as "heartwarming" with plenty of humor and a "quirky supporting cast", and notes that the illustrations "accentuate the mood".

Film adaptation

On May 31, 2018, it was announced that Disney was developing a film adaptation of the novel for their streaming service, Disney+, with Brad Copeland writing the script. Matilda Lawler stars as Flora, and her parents are played by Alyson Hannigan and Ben Schwartz. The film was released on February 19, 2021, streaming on Disney+.

References

2013 American novels
2013 children's books
American children's novels
Superhero novels
Newbery Medal–winning works
American novels adapted into films
Children's novels about animals
Fictional squirrels
Candlewick Press books
Children's books about squirrels

Flora & Ulysses


From the Hip, is a 1987 American courtroom comedy-drama film directed by Bob Clark from a screenplay by Clark and David E. Kelley. The film stars Judd Nelson, Elizabeth Perkins, John Hurt, Ray Walston, and Darren McGavin.

Plot
Fresh out of law school, Robin "Stormy" Weathers (Judd Nelson) cannot stand the tedium of case filing and research. Desperately wanting to "practice law" and go to trial, one morning he intentionally withholds the fact that a trial is scheduled to begin that very afternoon to compel his superiors to let him try the case because he is the only one familiar with the facts of the case. During his meeting with the client (the president of a bank who intentionally struck another banker), the banker declares the "simple assault case" to be a no-winner (explaining that he hits people all the time), but wants the one-day trial to somehow be stretched to three days to run up the other banker's court fees.

Weathers prolongs the case by creating a 1st Amendment constitutional challenge as to the admissibility of the word "asshole". Escalating the case into a media frenzy, the senior partners of the law firm are embarrassed by Weathers' behavior and unconventional methods and try to fire him. The client retaliates on Weathers' behalf threatening to take the bank's business elsewhere. Weathers appears to be crafty and intuitive, but in reality, had conspired with the other attorney (a friend of his) to stage a brilliant legal engagement to make themselves look good. Weathers wins the trial and in doing so attracts a plethora of new clients to the firm which skyrockets him to be a junior partner.

In an act of unfair retaliation, Weathers is assigned to be lead defense counsel in a first-degree murder case involving university professor Douglas Benoit (John Hurt) who is almost certainly guilty of bludgeoning a prostitute to death with the claw of a hammer. Benoit wanted Weathers because he saw him in the previous case. Weathers takes the case and his loud and odd courtroom behavior soon amazes the judge, the spectators and sometimes embarrasses his girlfriend Jo Ann (Elizabeth Perkins). Determined to impress his employers by winning a verdict of not guilty, no matter what, his courtroom antics soon visibly gain even the jury's favor and raise the likelihood of acquittal.

Weathers unsuccessfully tries to get Benoit to accept a plea-bargain to manslaughter charges and soon discovers that Benoit is guilty: in a thinly-veiled confession used to taunt his own defense attorney, Benoit vividly describes to him the "clarity of mind" it takes for a man to be able to split someone's skull open with the claw of a hammer... while the person remains alive. Weathers becomes conflicted between his sense of duty and ethics and his moral obligation to see Benoit pay for his crime. Despite the possibility of being disbarred, he decides to antagonize Benoit into a confession on the stand.

Cast

 Judd Nelson as Robin 'Stormy' Weathers
 Elizabeth Perkins as Jo Ann
 John Hurt as Douglas Benoit
 Darren McGavin as Craig Duncan
 Dan Monahan as Larry
 David Alan Grier as Steve Hadley
 Nancy Marchand as Roberta Winnaker
 Allan Arbus as Phil Ames
 Edward Winter as Raymond Torkenson
 Richard Zobel as Matt Cowens
 Ray Walston as 1st Judge
 Robert Irvin Elliott as Scott Murray
 Beatrice Winde as 2nd Judge
 Art Hindle as Lt. Matt Sosha
 Priscilla Pointer as Mrs. Martha Williams

Reception

Box office
Released on February 6, 1987, the film grossed $9.5 million domestically.

Critical response
Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 30% based on reviews from 23 critics. The site's consensus states: "From the Hip finds Judd Nelson flexing previously unseen acting muscles, but this legal comedy is too grating to pass the bar."

Awards
Judd Nelson was nominated for a Razzie Award as Worst Actor for his role in the film, where he lost to Bill Cosby for Leonard Part 6.

References

External links

1987 films
1987 comedy-drama films
1980s American films
1980s English-language films
American comedy-drama films
De Laurentiis Entertainment Group films
Films directed by Bob Clark
Films scored by Paul Zaza
Films shot in North Carolina

From the Hip (film)


Jenna Louise Dreyer (born 7 February 1986 in Port Elizabeth) is a female South African diver, who specialized in springboard and platform events. She is a two-time Olympian, and an honorable All-American mention on the 3 m springboard and 10 m platform, while residing in the United States.

Diving career
Since she left her nation South Africa at age fifteen, Dreyer has been training to compete as an Olympic diver. She moved to Canada to train with a specific diving coach at Boardwalks Club in Victoria, British Columbia, and was homeschooled in order to satisfy South African curriculum, and received her high school diploma from her home nation. After her three-year stay in Canada, Dreyer attended the University of Miami in Florida, where she took up a bachelor's degree in elementary education. She also accepted an invitation to train and become a resident member of the Miami Hurricanes diving team, under head coach Randy Ableman. While attending at the university, Dreyer had received Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) "Diving of the Year" honors, and an honorable All-American mention on the 3 m springboard and 10 m platform.

At age seventeen, Dreyer made her official debut for the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, representing her birth nation South Africa. She reached the semi-finals of the women's springboard event, where she was able to perform an astonishing dive with a total score of 464.43, finishing only in seventeenth place. She also competed for the women's platform, but finished only in thirty-fourth place for the preliminary rounds, with a score of 186.90.

At the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, Dreyer narrowly lost the bronze medal to Australia's Kathryn Blackshaw, after finishing fourth in the women's springboard final. She also made her major international debut in diving at the 2007 FINA World Championships, where she registered a score of 250.90 for a thirteenth-place finish in one-metre springboard, and 262.50 for a twenty-third finish in three-metre springboard.

Dreyer qualified for the second time in the women's springboard at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, by receiving a ticket from the FINA World Diving Cup. During the competition, Dreyer appeared to falter as she bounced on the end of the board, but was farther into her dive to stop. She eventually bounded up into a forward three and a half somersault that she did not quite have a momentum to complete. Following a disastrous performance on her springboard dive, and a zero score from the judges, Dreyer finished the preliminary rounds only in twenty-eighth place, with a score of 210.90.

References

External links
Profile – Miami Hurricanes
NBC 2008 Olympics profile

South African female divers
Living people
Olympic divers for South Africa
Divers at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Divers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Divers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games competitors for South Africa
Sportspeople from Port Elizabeth
1986 births
Miami Hurricanes women's track and field athletes

Jenna Dreyer


Los Caños de Meca is a small seaside village to the east of Cape Trafalgar on the Costa de la Luz of Spain.  It is part of the Province of Cádiz and the autonomous region of Andalusia.

Los Caños de Meca history is related to the Straits of Gibraltar, the Roman Fretus Herculeum and the Arab Boughaz el Tarek. Also the Battle of Trafalgar was fought near the coast of Caños de Meca, off the Cape of Trafalgar, over 200 years ago, 21 October 1805.

Notable people
Muhadin Kishev, Soviet and Spanish artist, born 1938.
Lara Fernández Castrelo, Spanish singer, songwriter and record producer known as Judeline, born 2003.

Municipalities of the Province of Cádiz
Costa de la Luz
Beaches of Andalusia
Towns in Spain
Populated places in the Province of Cádiz

Los Caños de Meca


Summer of '42 is a 1971 American coming-of-age film directed by Robert Mulligan, and starring Jennifer O'Neill, Gary Grimes, Jerry Houser, and Christopher Norris. Based on the memoirs of screenwriter Herman "Hermie" Raucher, it follows a teenage boy who, during the summer of 1942 on Nantucket Island, embarks on a one-sided romance with a young woman, Dorothy, whose husband has gone off to fight in World War II. The film was a commercial and critical success and was nominated for four Academy Awards, winning for Best Original Score for Michel Legrand.

Raucher's novelization of his screenplay of the same name was released prior to the film and became a runaway bestseller, to the point that audiences lost sight of the fact that the book was an adaptation of the film and not vice versa. Though a pop culture phenomenon in the first half of the 1970s, the novelization went out of print and slipped into obscurity throughout the next two decades until an off Broadway adaptation in 2001 brought it back into the public light and prompted Barnes & Noble to acquire the publishing rights to the book. The film was followed by a sequel, Class of '44, also written by Raucher, with lead actors Grimes, Houser, and Conant reprising their roles.

Plot

In the summer of 1942 on Nantucket Island, 15-year-old "Hermie" and his friends – jock Oscy and introverted nerd Benjie – are hanging out on the beach. They spot a young soldier carrying his new bride into a house and are struck by her beauty.

They continue spending afternoons on the beach, where their thoughts turn to sex. All of them are virgins: Oscy is obsessed with the act of sex, while Hermie develops romantic interest in the bride, whose husband he spots leaving the island one morning. Later that day, Hermie sees her outside the market struggling with grocery bags. He offers to aid her in carrying the bags home, which she accepts.

Meanwhile, Oscy and Hermie become convinced they know everything necessary to lose their virginity. They test this by going to the cinema and picking up a trio of high-school girls. Oscy stakes out Miriam, "giving" Hermie her less attractive friend, Aggie, and leaving Benjie with Gloria, a heavyset girl with dental braces. Frightened by the immediacy of sex, Benjie runs off. The war bride, who is also at the movies, sees Hermie in line and asks him if he can help her move some boxes that Thursday. During the film, Oscy attempts to put the moves on Miriam, eventually making out with her. Hermie succeeds with Aggie, who allows him to grope what he thinks is her breast; Oscy later points out that Hermie was fondling her arm.

On Thursday, Hermie helps the bride move boxes into her attic, and she thanks him with a kiss on the forehead. Later, in preparation for a marshmallow roast on the beach with Aggie and Miriam, Hermie goes to the drugstore and hilariously builds up the nerve to ask the druggist for condoms. That night, Hermie roasts marshmallows with Aggie while Oscy has sex with Miriam behind the dune bushes. Aggie sees him having sex with Miriam and runs home, upset.

The next day, Hermie comes across the bride sitting outside her house, writing to her husband. Hermie offers to keep her company that night, and she reveals that her name is Dorothy. Hermie runs into Oscy, who relates that Miriam's appendix burst and she has been rushed to the mainland. When Oscy asks about Dorothy and makes crude comments, Hermie rebukes him for his crassness.

When Hermie gets to Dorothy's house, he finds it strangely quiet and sees a telegram on the table. The telegram informs that Dorothy's husband is dead, his plane shot down over France. Dorothy comes out of her bedroom crying, turns on the record player, and invites Hermie to dance with her. They kiss and embrace, then move to the bedroom where they undress, climb into bed and make love. Afterward, Dorothy withdraws to the porch. Hermie approaches her, and she says, "Good night, Hermie." He leaves, his last image of Dorothy being of her leaning against the railing as she smokes a cigarette and stares into the night.

That day, Hermie and Oscy reconcile, with Oscy informing Hermie that Miriam will recover. Hermie goes back to Dorothy's house only to learn she has fled the island. She has left behind a letter for Hermie wherein she expresses her hopes that Hermie understands she must go home, and that he will be spared from life's senseless tragedies.

In voiceover, the adult Hermie recounts that he never saw Dorothy again. He concludes with a rundown of the summer's events: "Benjie broke his watch, Oscy gave up the harmonica, and in a very special way, I lost Hermie. Forever."

Cast
 Jennifer O'Neill as Dorothy
 Gary Grimes as Hermie
 Jerry Houser as Oscy
 Oliver Conant as Benjie
 Katherine Allentuck as Aggie
 Christopher Norris as Miriam
 Lou Frizzell as druggist

Director Robert Mulligan provided uncredited voiceover narration as the older Hermie. Maureen Stapleton provided the voice for Sophie, Hermie's mother, and film stuntman Walter Scott appears uncredited as Dorothy's husband.

Production

Basis and development
The film (and subsequent novel) were memoirs written by Herman Raucher; they detailed the events in his life over the course of the summer he spent on Nantucket Island in 1942 when he was fourteen years old. Originally, the film was meant to be a tribute to his friend Oscar "Oscy" Seltzer, an Army medic killed in the Korean War. Seltzer was shot dead on a battlefield in Korea while tending to a wounded man; this happened on Raucher's birthday, and consequently, Raucher has not celebrated a birthday since. While writing the screenplay, Raucher realized that despite growing up with Oscy and having bonded with him through their formative years, the two had never really had any meaningful conversations or known one another on a more personal level.

Instead, Raucher decided to focus on the first major adult experience of his life, that of falling in love for the first time. The woman (named Dorothy, like her screen counterpart) was a fellow vacationer on the island whom the 14-year-old Raucher had befriended one day when he helped her carry groceries home; he became a friend of her and her husband and helped her with chores after her husband was called to fight in World War II. On the night memorialized in the film, Raucher randomly came to visit her, unaware his arrival was just minutes after she received notification of her husband's death. She was confused and upset, had been drinking heavily, and repeatedly called Raucher by her husband's name. Although both ultimately disrobed, contrary to popular perception, sexual intercourse did not occur. Raucher admitted this in a 2002 interview, saying it was mostly holding, but in the movie "We let you think what you want."

The next morning, Raucher discovered that she had left the island, leaving behind a note for him (which is read at the end of the film and reproduced in the book). He never saw her again; his last "encounter" with her, recounted on an episode of The Mike Douglas Show, came after the film's release in 1971, when she was one of over a dozen women who wrote letters to Raucher claiming to be "his" Dorothy. Raucher recognized the "real" Dorothy's handwriting, and she confirmed her identity by making references to certain events only she could have known about. She told Raucher that she had lived for years with the guilt that she had potentially traumatized him and ruined his life. She told Raucher that she was glad he turned out all right, and that they had best not re-visit the past.

In a 2002 Scripps Treasure Coast Publishing interview, Raucher lamented never hearing from her again and expressed his hope that she was still alive. Raucher's novelization of the screenplay, with the dedication, "To those I love, past and present," serves more as the tribute to Seltzer that he had intended the film to be, with the focus of the book being more on the two boys' relationship than Raucher's relationship with Dorothy. Consequently, the book also mentions Seltzer's death, which is absent from the film adaptation.

A glaring error in both the book and film centers around the movie Now, Voyager. They go to a movie theater to see the movie in the "summer of '42". However, the film was released nationally in the U.S. on October 31, 1942, with an October 22 premiere in New York City, so it would have been impossible to see the movie that summer.

Raucher wrote the film script in the 1950s during his tenure as a television writer, but "couldn't give it away." In the 1960s, he met Robert Mulligan, best known for directing To Kill a Mockingbird. Raucher showed Mulligan the script, and Mulligan took it to Warner Bros., where Mulligan argued the film could be shot for the relatively low price of $1 million, and Warner approved it. They had so little faith in the film becoming a box-office success, though, they shied from paying Raucher outright for the script, instead promising him ten percent of the gross.

Casting
When casting for the role of Dorothy, Warner Bros. declined to audition any actresses younger than the age of 30; Jennifer O'Neill's agent, who had developed a fondness for the script, convinced the studio to audition his client, who was only 22 at the time. O'Neill auditioned for the role, albeit hesitantly, not wanting to perform any nude scenes. O'Neill got the role and Mulligan agreed to find a way to make the film work without blatant nudity.

Filming
Though set on the east coast, Summer of '42 was filmed in Northern California, largely in Fort Bragg and Mendocino. Shooting took place over eight weeks, during which O'Neill was sequestered from the three boys cast as "The Terrible Trio," in order to ensure that they did not become close and ruin the sense of awkwardness and distance that their characters felt towards Dorothy. Production ran smoothly, finishing on schedule.

After production, Warner Bros., still wary about the film only being a minor success, asked Raucher to adapt his script into a book. Raucher wrote it in three weeks, and Warner Bros. released it prior to the film to build interest in the story. The book quickly became a national bestseller, so that when trailers premiered in theaters, the film was billed as being "based on the national bestseller," despite the film having been completed first. Ultimately, the book became one of the best-selling novels of the first half of the 1970s, requiring 23 reprints between 1971 and 1974 to keep up with customer demand.

Release

Box office
The film became a blockbuster upon its release, grossing over $32 million, making one of the most successful films of 1971, with an expense-to-profit ratio of 1:32; beyond that, it is estimated video rentals and purchases in the United States since the 1980s have produced an additional $20.5 million. On this point, Raucher said in May 2002 that his ten percent of the gross, in addition to royalties from book sales, "has paid bills ever since."

Critical response
Summer of '42 received positive reviews. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 79% approval rating based on 24 reviews, with an average rating of 6.73/10.

In The Guardian, Derek Malcolm wrote Summer of '42 "is one of those rare films you can't help liking simply for its aspirations, which are so honest and open-minded." He concluded, "You could, I suppose, view it as a deeply romantic film full of a specifically American yearning for the purity of pubescence. You could also view it more simply as an ingratiating comedy about latent sexuality. Either way you can't doubt its charm and sheer professionalism, even if the pace is slack at times."

Vincent Canby of The New York Times expressed that Hermie's encounter with Dorothy is "a good deal more common in novels and screenplays (and in the Hermie-like fantasies of middle-aged writers) than in real life", but praised the film's "reticent quality of its romanticism" and its actors. Canby concluded the "foreground is mostly accurate, in which sexual panic and fist fights and nose bleeds are treated with the great comic respect they deserve."

Some critics were critical of the film's nostalgic framework. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times said the film is undercut by its rose-tinted nostalgic tone, writing, "Nostalgia is used as a distancing device -- to keep us safely insulated from the boy's immediate grief, love, and passion." Ebert noted the film is "beautifully produced and photographed", but lacked more of a perspective on Hermie's experiences and how it changed him. Variety wrote, "The emotional and sexual awakening of teenagers is a dramatic staple. Robert Mulligan's Summer of '42 has a large amount of charm and tenderness; it also has little dramatic economy and much eye-exhausting photography which translates to forced and artificial emphasis on a strungout story."

Home media
Warner Bros. Home Entertainment first released the film on VHS in 1984. It was released on DVD by Warner in 2002. The Warner Archive Collection reissued the DVD in 2014, followed by a Blu-ray release in 2017.

Accolades
Summer of '42 went on to be nominated for over a dozen awards, including Golden Globe Awards for "Best Motion Picture – Drama" and "Best Director", and four Academy Award nominations for Best Original Music Score, Best Cinematography, Best Editing, Best Original Screenplay. Ultimately, the film won two awards: the Academy Award for Best Original Score, and the 1971 BAFTA Award for Best Original Music, both to Michel Legrand.

Soundtrack

The film's soundtrack consists almost entirely of compositions by Michel Legrand, many of which are variants upon "The Summer Knows", the film's theme.  Lyrics are by Marilyn and Alan Bergman.  Because the complete score runs just under 17 minutes, only the first and eighth tracks on the album are from Summer of '42; the rest of the music is taken from Legrand's score for 1969's The Picasso Summer.

Main theme "Summer of '42" won a Grammy Award at 14th edition held in 1972 for ¨"Best Instrumental Composition".

In addition to Legrand's scoring, the film also features the song "Hold Tight" by The Andrews Sisters and the theme from Now, Voyager.  On the Billboard 200, it debuted on November 9, 1971 and peaked at #52 on November 20, 1971.

In 2014 Intrada Records released Summer of '42 and The Picasso Summer on a limited-edition two-disc set, with the entire score for the former and the original album presentation of the latter (dubbed "The Picasso Suite") on disc 1, and the complete score for The Picasso Summer on disc 2.

Warner Bros. Publications released a sheet music folio, Summer of '42 & Other Hits of the Forties, which contains the movie theme and 34 other unrelated songs.

Music

Legrand's theme song for the film, "The Summer Knows", has since become a pop standard, being recorded by such artists as Peter Nero (who had a charting hit with his 1971 version), Biddu (1975 international chart hit), Tony Bennett, Frank Sinatra, Sarah Vaughan, Andy Williams, Jonny Fair, Scott Walker, Elis Regina, Jackie Evancho, Oscar Peterson, Bill Evans, Toots Thielemans, George Benson, Roger Williams, and Barbra Streisand.

The 1973 song "Summer (The First Time)" by Bobby Goldsboro has almost exactly the same subject and apparent setting, although there is no direct credited link. Bryan Adams has, however, credited the film as being a partial inspiration for his 1985 hit "Summer of '69".

Garth Brooks' 1993 hit "That Summer" features a similar story of a coming-of-age male in a romance with an older female.

Chart history
Roger Williams

Peter Nero

Biddu Orchestra

Legacy
In the years since the film's release, Warner Bros. has attempted to buy back Raucher's ten percent of the film as well as his rights to the story so it could be remade; Raucher has consistently declined. The 1988 film Stealing Home has numerous similarities to both Summer of '42 and Class of '44, with several incidents (most notably a subplot dealing with the premature death of the protagonist's father and the protagonist's response to it) appearing to have been directly lifted from Raucher's own life; Jennifer O'Neill stated in 2002 she believes "Home" was an attempted remake of "Summer".

Filmmaker Stanley Kubrick cited it as one of his favorite films of all time, and featured it in a scene in The Shining (1980), during which the character of Wendy Torrance watches the film on television. Director Quentin Tarantino is also an admirer of it, and declared it "one of the best movies of the '70s."

Related works

Sequel

In 1973, the film was followed by Class of '44, a slice-of-life film made up of vignettes about Herman Raucher and Oscar Seltzer's experiences in college. Class of '44 involves the boys facing army service in the last year of World War II. The only crew member from Summer of '42 to return to the project was Raucher himself, who wrote the script; a new director and composer were brought in to replace Mulligan and Legrand. Of the four principal cast members of Summer of '42, only Jerry Houser and Gary Grimes returned for prominent roles, with Oliver Conant making two brief appearances totaling less than two minutes of screen time. Jennifer O'Neill did not appear in the film at all, nor was the character of Dorothy mentioned.

The film met with poor critical reviews; the only three reviews available at Rotten Tomatoes are resoundingly negative, with Channel 4 calling it "a big disappointment," and The New York Times stating "The only things worth attention in 'Class of '44' are the period details," and "'Class of '44' seems less like a movie than 95 minutes of animated wallpaper."

Off-Broadway musical
In 2001, Raucher consented to the film being made into an off Broadway musical play. He was on hand opening night, giving the cast a pep-talk which he concluded, "We've now done it every possible way – except go out and piss it in the snow!" The play met with positive critical and fan response, and was endorsed by Raucher himself, but the play was forced to close down in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. Nevertheless, the play was enough to spark interest in the film and book with a new generation, prompting Warner to re-issue the book (which had since gone out of print, along with all of Raucher's other works) for sale with Barnes & Noble's online bookstore, and to restore the film and release it on DVD. The musical has since been performed across the country, at venues such as Kalliope Stage in Cleveland Heights, Ohio in 2004 (directed by Paul Gurgol) and Mill Mountain Theatre in Roanoke, Virginia, (directed by Jere Hodgin and choreographed by Bernard Monroe), and was subsequently recorded as a concert by the York Theatre Company in 2006.

Alternative sequel
In 2002, O'Neill claimed to have obtained the rights to make a sequel to Summer of '42, based on a short story she wrote. This story took place in an alternate reality where Herman Raucher had a son and divorced his wife, went back to Nantucket in 1962 with a still-living Oscar Seltzer, encountered Dorothy again and married her. As of 2017, this project – which O'Neill had hoped to produce with Lifetime television – had not been realized. It is unknown if O'Neill is still attempting to get it produced or if Raucher consented to its production.

See also
 List of American films of 1971

References

External links

Summer of '42 at TV Guide (heavily edited and shorted version of the lengthy 1987 write-up originally published in The Motion Picture Guide)
Summer of '42 by Andy Williamson – The Wordslinger dated April 14, 2008

1970s coming-of-age comedy-drama films
1971 films
American biographical films
American coming-of-age comedy-drama films
1970s English-language films
Films about vacationing
Films about virginity
Films about puberty
Films directed by Robert Mulligan
Films scored by Michel Legrand
Films set in 1942
Films set in Nantucket
Films set on beaches
Films set on the home front during World War II
Films set on islands
Films shot in California
Films adapted into plays
Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award
Films with screenplays by Herman Raucher
Romantic period films
Warner Bros. films
1971 comedy films
1971 drama films
1970s American films

Summer of '42


A heraldic knot (referred to in heraldry as simply a knot) is a knot, unknot, or design incorporating a knot used in European heraldry. While a given knot can be used on more than one family's achievement of arms, the family on whose coat the knot originated usually gives its name to the said knot (the exception being the Tristram knot). These knots can be used to charge shields and crests, but can also be used in badges or as standalone symbols of the families for whom they are named (like Scottish plaids). The simplest of these patterns, the Bowen knot, is often referred to as the heraldic knot in symbolism and art outside of heraldry.

Heraldic knots

References

Decorative knots
Knot

Knot

Heraldic knot


The Dinner Party is an art installation that was created by artist Judy Chicago from 1974 through 1979. Chicago made the art work with the help of many volunteers. It was first shown in 1979 at the at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. It is considered to be an important early part of the Feminist Art movement. It was purchased by the Brooklyn Museum in 2002.

The table is triangular and measures 48 feet (14.63 m) on each side. There are 13 place settings on each of the table's sides, making 39 in all. Wing I honors women from Prehistory to the Roman Empire, Wing II honors women from the beginnings of Christianity to the Reformation and Wing III from the American Revolution to feminism.

Each place setting features a table runner embroidered with the woman's name and images or symbols relating to her accomplishments, with a napkin, utensils, a glass or goblet, and a plate. Many of the plates feature a butterfly- or flower-like sculpture representing a vulva. A cooperative effort of female and male artisans, The Dinner Party is created with artistic techniques historically thought to be work done by women. These techniques include  textile arts (weaving, embroidery, sewing) and china painting.

Women represented in the place settings
The 39 women with places at the table are:

Wing I: From Prehistory to the Roman Empire
1. Primordial Goddess
2. Fertile Goddess
3. Ishtar
4. Kali
5. Snake Goddess
6. Sophia
7. Amazon
8. Hatshepsut
9. Judith
10. Sappho
11. Aspasia
12. Boadicea
13. Hypatia

Wing II: From the Beginnings of Christianity to the Reformation
14. Marcella
15. Saint Bridget
16. Theodora
17. Hrosvitha
18. Trota of Salerno
19. Eleanor of Aquitaine
20. Hildegard of Bingen
21. Petronilla de Meath
22. Christine de Pisan
23. Isabella d'Este
24. Elizabeth I
25. Artemisia Gentileschi
26. Anna van Schurman

Wing III: From the American to the Women's Revolution
27. Anne Hutchinson
28. Sacajawea
29. Caroline Herschel
30. Mary Wollstonecraft
31. Sojourner Truth
32. Susan B. Anthony
33. Elizabeth Blackwell
34. Emily Dickinson
35. Ethel Smyth
36. Margaret Sanger
37. Natalie Barney
38. Virginia Woolf
39. Georgia O'Keeffe

References

1979 works

The Dinner Party


Trodusquemine is an aminosterol (a polyamine-steroid) similar to squalamine that is an allosteric inhibitor of protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B).  It was isolated from the dogfish shark by scientists at Magainin Pharmaceuticals (subsequently called Genaera) in 2000 and underwent some drug development as a potential treatment for diabetes or obesity, but the company ran out of money and closed in 2009.

Trodusquemine and some other drug assets were sold to Ohr Pharmaceutical for $200,000 by Genaera's liquidator.  In 2014 a company called Depymed was formed based on work done on PTP1B inhibitors at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, and it licensed rights to Trodusquemine from Ohr. Depymed wanted to develop it for HER2-positive breast cancer.  As of 2017, Depymed was running a Phase I clinical trial of the drug.

Coronary heart disease
British Heart Foundation trials using mice with atherosclerosis which were conducted at the University of Aberdeen suggests a link between atherosclerosis and insulin resistance due to impaired insulin receptor (IR) signalling. Inhibiting the activity of PTP1B, which is the major negative regulator of the insulin receptor appeared to inhibit atherosclerotic plaque formation. The trial mice reportedly had significantly less fatty plaques in their arteries following a single dose of trodusquemine.

References

Experimental drugs
Enzyme inhibitors
Polyamines
Cholestanes
Secondary amines
Sulfate esters

Trodusquemine


Dniester Hills (), also known as Northern Moldavian Plateau () is a geographic area that comprises most of the northern Moldova, and parts of the Chernivtsi Oblast of Ukraine. Dniester Hills are the N and NE component of the Moldavian Plateau.

Dniester Hills run and ridge along the Dniester River, from the Colachin river, an affluent of the Prut river, and the Plonini Forest to the point where Dniester receives its tributary Răut. The river Dniester in turn bounds Dniester Hills to the N and E, and separates them from the Podolian Plateau. Dniester Hills are separated from the rest of the Moldavian Plateau (Suceava Plateau, Jijia Plain, Bălți steppe, Central Moldavian Plateau) by the passages formed in the valley of the Răut River and its tributaries, and partly by those of the Prut River and its tributaries.

Dniester Hills have elevations of cca. 300 m. They are composed of:
 Hotin Plateau () in the NW edge/alongation, containing the Plonini Forest, the Hotin Forest, as well as the Şipeniţ Valley ()
 Dniester Ridge, or Dniester Hillock (), also called Dniester-Răut Ridge or "the Ridge between the Dniester and the Răut", (), 2,480 km2, in the SE edge/alongation
 Northern Moldavian Hills, or Northern Bessarabian Plateau (, Platoul Basarabiei de Nord), the central part of the Dniester Hills, 4,630 km2.

Due to the phenomenon of ridges along the right side bank of the river Dniester, the waters falling directly in the Dniester are only several small creeks. The NW part of the Dniester Hills, is characterized by numerous creeks sourcing only one or two hills away from the Dniester but falling into the river Prut, a tributary of Danube. The SE part of the Dniester Hills is characterized by creeks falling into the river Răut, which itself afterwards falls into the Dniester.

Plateaus of Moldova
Plateaus of Ukraine
Geography of Chernivtsi Oblast

Dniester Hills


Cottage pie or Shepherd's pie is a type of savory pie. It is made with minced meat, with mashed or sliced potato on top. It comes from the United Kingdom and Ireland. The dish is now popular worldwide.

Cottage pie is made using the same or very similar ingredients to shepherds pie. Nationally Cottage pie is made with Beef mince and Shepherds pie is made with Lamb mince.

The name "cottage pie" was first used at the end of the 18th century. It was around that time that the poorer people of Britain, people who lived in cottages in the country, started using potatoes as an everyday food. Originally, a pie made with any kind of meat and a potato topping was called a "cottage pie".

In modern English, the dish is usually called "cottage pie" if it is made with beef with a sliced potato topping, representing the tiles of a roof. Though mass produced pies often have a mashed potato topping instead. If it is made with mutton or lamb it is usually called "shepherd's pie" (because a shepherd looks after sheep) and has a topping of mashed potato, patterned to represent sheep's fleece. The modern day cottage pie may now contain vegetables, lentils or beans in place of meat, and may have cheese sprinkled on top of the potato, although the addition of cheese with the beef Cottage pie is a recent addition, and is not found with mutton/lamb Shepherd's pie.

A similar dish to cottage pie is hotpot. However, Hotpot is slow cooked in a lidded crock pot or casserole dish.

Cottage pie (and Shepherd's pie) are cooked in a pie tray or baking dish without a lid, so the potato topping can start browning.

According to the Oxford Companion to Food, once upon a time, Scotland made its shepherd's pies with pastry instead of mashed potatoes.

References
 John Ayto (1990) The Glutton's Glossary: A Dictionary of Food and Drink Terms, Routledge, London.

Other websites

 Cottage pie recipe
 Shepherd's pie recipe

Savoury pies
British food

Cottage pie


1993 is an Italian political drama television series created by Alessandro Fabbri, Ludovica Rampoldi, Stefano Sardo for Sky Atlantic, and based on an idea by Stefano Accorsi. A sequel to the 2015 series 1992, it premiered on 16 May 2017 on pay-tv Sky Italia channels Sky Atlantic and Sky Cinema 1.

1993 is set in Rome and Milan. The TV series follows the stories of six people whose lives are intertwined with the rapidly changing political landscape in the early 1990s, during which Italy was gripped by the Mani pulite investigation into political corruption. Subsequently, this led to the end of the "First Republic". It is followed by 1994.

The series stars Stefano Accorsi, Guido Caprino, Miriam Leone, Domenico Diele, Tea Falco, Antonio Gerardi. Laura Chiatti is introduced in the recurring cast as Arianna Rosato, the new partner of Leonardo Notte.

Plot
The series continues with the story of the characters started in 1992, having in background the main Italian events of 1993: the ENIMONT trial, the political fall of Bettino Craxi and PSI, the mafia attacks of Florence, Rome and Milan, the end of the First Republic and the rise of Silvio Berlusconi.

Cast and characters

Main
Stefano Accorsi as Leonardo Notte. Having become very faithful to Silvio Berlusconi, he continues his path to persuade him to rise himself into politics; he left Bibi Mainaghi and he's now engaged with physiotherapist Arianna Rosato, mother of a small child, to whom the man is very attached. Arianna is, however, the ex-wife of Rocco Venturi, father of her son, the corrupt cop killed by Leo. He is arrested for being found guilty of the murder but will be pulled out by Luigi Brancato. Being abandoned by Berlusconi goes to the other side as he begins to attend the PdS but in fact he's just studying the moves to return to Berlusconi, but he must also see him with Arianna, who, not believing in his innocence about Rocco's death, will shoot him gunshot.
Guido Caprino as Pietro Bosco. Always alcoholic and under the influence of narcotics, it is first moved away from the Lega Nord but then rehabilitated following its plentiful gesture in parliament against the Italian Socialist Party, after which it succeeds in gaining a place in the RAI supervisory board against Bortolotti (who leaves his post as a deputy to return to Milan, as tired of the unscrupulous and corrupt life of the capital); through her new position he will unsuccessfully try to get closer to Veronica, but not in the meantime, meanwhile, to finish in bed with her sister, the journalist Giulia. Cutting off Gianfranco Miglio can regain Umberto Bossi.
Miriam Leone as Veronica Castello. She managed to enter the TV tour that counts as the first ballerina of Bagaglino. She has a personal agent who provides frequent interviews, covers and hosts of prestigious television. But she has a traumatic event and a meeting with Davide Corsi, a gossip journalist who dreams of becoming a writer. He loves her and he will make her reconsider all her life. At the end she decides to enter politics alongside Silvio Berlusconi.
Domenico Diele as Luca Pastore. Parallel to Mani Pulite investigation continues his personal investigation of malevolence. The meeting with Eve, a HIV-positive girl, will convince him to start looking at his situation under a different perspective. He will be able to uncover the scandal of the infected blood, because of which he has become sick, then decides to leave Italy with Eva, and to go to Panama to spend there the little time he has to live on.
Tea Falco as Beatrice "Bibi" Mainaghi. At the top of the family business, close to the prosecutor's inquiries on one side and his mafia business partners on the other. She will decide to leave this situation when she knows that her father Michele did not actually commit suicide but was assassinated by order of Luigi Brancato, the mafia boss of the holding Mainaghi's occult partner, deciding to become a collaborator of justice, but the betrayal of his brother Zeno (who seeks to get the job) will be fatal.
Antonio Gerardi as Antonio Di Pietro. He continues Mani Pulite's investigation with the constant thought of wanting to capture Bettino Craxi. He is in his most popular moment thanks to the Enimont Process.

Recurring
Elena Radonicich as Giulia Castello
Flavio Parenti as Davide Corsi
Gianfelice Imparato as Gaetano Nobile
Teco Celio as Gianni Bortolotti
Giulio Brogi as Alberto Muratori
Vinicio Marchioni as Massimo D'Alema
Giovanni Ludeno as Dario Scaglia
Camilla Semino Favro as Eva
 as Luigi Brancato
Irene Casagrande as Viola Notte
Silvia Degrandi as Rachele Manni
Eros Galbiati as Zeno Mainaghi
Giuseppe Gandini as Piercamillo Davigo
Pietro Ragusa as Gherardo Colombo
Flavio Furno as Roberto Fenati
Maurizio Lombardi as Paolo Pellegrini
Thomas Trabacchi as Attilio Arnaldi
Antonio Piovanelli as Gianfranco Miglio
Andrea Purgatori as Niccolò Pizzetti
Benedetta Buccellato as Teresa
Chiara Conti as Simona Merenda
Antonio Petrocelli as Francesco De Lorenzo
Laura Chiatti as Arianna Rosato. Physiotherapist, is the new partner of Leonardo Notte. She is the ex-wife of Rocco Venturi from whom he had a son, to whom Leonardo was very fond of. Having come to know the truth about the death of her ex-husband, she will not believe in Notte's innocence, and when the man gets exonerated, he decides to do justice alone, knocking a gunshot and then fleeing.
Paolo Pierobon as Silvio Berlusconi. Famous entrepreneur all over the country, he prepares to enter into politics alongside the faithful Marcello Dell'Utri and Leonardo Notte.
Astrid Casali as Maddalena
Pia Lanciotti as Baroness Lavagnini
Luigi Di Fiore as Lucio Corradi

Guest
Pamela Villoresi as Leonardo Notte's mother
Dario Cantarelli as Gustavo Adolfo Rol

References

2010s Italian drama television series
2017 in Italian television
Sky Atlantic (Italy) television programmes
Television shows set in Rome
Television shows set in Milan

1993 (TV series)