The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) is a 1951 multilateral treaty overseen by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization that aims to secure coordinated, effective action to prevent and to control the introduction and spread of pests of plants and plant products. The Convention extends beyond the protection of cultivated plants to the protection of natural flora and plant products. It also takes into consideration both direct and indirect damage by pests, so it includes weeds. IPPC promulgates International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs).

The Convention created a governing body consisting of each party, known as the Commission on Phytosanitary Measures, which oversees the implementation of the convention (see ). As of August 2017, the convention has 183 parties, being 180 United Nations member states and the Cook Islands, Niue, and the European Union. The convention is recognized by the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the SPS Agreement) as the only international standard setting body for plant health.

Goals
While the IPPC's primary focus is on plants and plant products moving in international trade, the convention also covers research materials, biological control organisms, germplasm banks, containment facilities, food aid, emergency aid and anything else that can act as a vector for the spread of plant pests – for example, containers, packaging materials, soil, vehicles, vessels and machinery.

The IPPC was created by member countries of the Food and Agriculture Organization (UN FAO). The IPPC places emphasis on three core areas: international standard setting, information exchange and capacity development for the implementation of the IPPC and associated international phytosanitary standards.  The Secretariat of the IPPC is housed at FAO headquarters in Rome, Italy, and is responsible for the coordination of core activities under the IPPC work program.

In recent years the Commission of Phytosanitary Measures of the IPPC has developed a strategic framework with the objectives of:
 protecting sustainable agriculture and enhancing global food security through the prevention of pest spread;
 protecting the environment, forests and biodiversity from plant pests;
 facilitating economic and trade development through the promotion of harmonized scientifically based phytosanitary measures, and:
 developing phytosanitary capacity for members to accomplish the preceding three objectives.

By focusing the convention's efforts on these objectives, the Commission on Phytosanitary Measures of the IPPC intends to:
 protect farmers from economically devastating pest and disease outbreaks.
 protect the environment from the loss of species diversity.
 protect ecosystems from the loss of viability and function as a result of pest invasions.
 protect industries and consumers from the costs of pest control or eradication.
 facilitate trade through International Standards that regulate the safe movements of plants and plant products.
 protect livelihoods and food security by preventing the entry and spread of new pests of plants into a country.

Regional Plant Protection Organizations
Under the IPPC are Regional Plant Protection Organizations (RPPO). These are intergovernmental organizations responsible for cooperation in plant protection. There are the following organizations recognized by  and working under  the IPPC:
 Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission (APPPC)
 Caribbean Agricultural Health and Food Safety Agency (CAHFSA)
 Andean Community (Comunidad Andina, CAN)
 Plant Health Committee of the Southern Cone (, COSAVE)
 European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO)
 Inter-African Phytosanitary Council (IAPSC)
 Near East Plant Protection Organization (NEPPO)
 North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO)
 International Regional Organization for Agricultural Health (, OIRSA)
 Pacific Plant Protection Organization (PPPO)

Under the IPPC, the role of an RPPO is to:
function as the coordinating bodies in the areas covered, shall participate in various activities to achieve the objectives of this Convention and, where appropriate, shall gather and disseminate information.
cooperate with the Secretary in achieving the objectives of the Convention and, where appropriate, cooperate with the Secretary and the Commission in developing international standards.
hold regular Technical Consultations of representatives of regional plant protection organizations to:
promote the development and use of relevant international standards for phytosanitary measures; and
encourage inter-regional cooperation in promoting harmonized phytosanitary measures for controlling pests and in preventing their spread and/or introduction.

International Plant Health Conference
The first annual International Plant Health Conference was organized by the FAO and set to be hosted by the Finnish Government in Helsinki 28 June–July 1, 2021. However, on 9 February 2021 it was cancelled due to the ongoing pandemic.

Commission on Phytosanitary Measures
The fifteenth session of the Commission on Phytosanitary Measures (CPM) was held 16 March, 18 March and 1 April 2021 virtually over Zoom.

ePhyto
The IPPC created and administers the ePhyto system, the international electronic phytosanitary certificate standard. ePhyto has been very widely adopted   three million ePhyto certificates have been exchanged between exporting and importing partner states.

Activities
IPPC convenes consultative commitees and forms international standards. This includes standards on food irradiation.

Haack et al., 2014 find the IPPC has been successful in reducing wood boring beetle infestation of wood packaging material in shipments entering the United States.

See also
 Phytosanitary certification
 Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance and Tracking System (PCIT)
 International Year of Plant Health (IYPH)

References

External links
 International Plant Protection Convention
 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
 Ratifications

1951 in the environment
Crop protection organizations
Treaties concluded in 1951
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International Plant Protection Convention
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The Age of Consent Act, 1891, also known as Act X of 1891, was a legislation enacted in British India on 19 March 1891 which raised the age of consent for sexual intercourse for all girls, married or unmarried, from ten to twelve years in all jurisdictions, its violation subject to criminal prosecution as rape. The act was an amendment of the Indian Penal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure, Section 375, 1882, ("Of Rape"), and was introduced as a bill on 9 January 1891 by Sir Andrew Scoble in the Legislative Council of the Governor-General of India in Calcutta. It was debated the same day and opposed by council member Sir Romesh Chunder Mitter (from Bengal) on the grounds that it interfered with orthodox Hindu code, but supported by council member Rao Bahadur Krishnaji Lakshman Nulkar (from Bombay) and by the President of the council, the Governor-General and Viceroy Lord Lansdowne.

While an 1887 case in a Bombay high court of a child-bride Rukhmabai renewed discussion of such a law, it was the death of an eleven-year-old Bengali girl Phulmoni Dasi due to forceful intercourse by her 35-year-old husband in 1889 that drove intervention by the British. The act was passed in 1891. It received support from Indian reformers such as Behramji Malabari and women social organisations. The law was never seriously enforced and it is argued that the real effect of the law was reassertion of Hindu patriarchal control over domestic issues as a nationalistic cause.

In 1884, Rukhmabai, a 20-year-old woman was taken to Bombay high court by her husband Bhikaji after she refused to live with him. Having married him at the age of 11 years, never having consummated the marriage and having lived separately for nearly 8 years she refused to move back with him. She was ordered by the court to live with her husband or face a six month imprisonment. She refused to comply and the rising costs of the trial forced Bhikaji to withdraw the case in July 1888 upon a settlement of 2000 rupees. This trial was one of the precursors for the passage of this legislation.

In 1889, the death of an 11-year-old Bengali girl Phulmoni Dasi after being brutally raped by her 35-year-old husband Hari Mohan Maitee served as a catalyst for its legislation. Hari Mohan Maitee was acquitted on charges of rape, but found guilty on causing death inadvertently by a rash and negligent act.

A committee consisting of influential British and Anglo-Indian statesmen established in London had submitted recommendations to the colonial government including the change in age of consent. The law was signed on 19 March 1891 by the government of Lord Lansdowne raising the age of consent for consummation from ten to twelve years.

Support

Behramji Malabari, a Parsi reformer and a journalist from Bombay advocated for this legislation. He published his messages in "Notes on Infant marriage and enforced widowhood" in 1884. Although a Parsi, he claimed to be as critical of Hindu customs and domestic practices as the British.

Though women were not consulted for determining the effect of child-marriage, women in Bombay presidency including Rukhmabai and Pandita Ramabai made a cogent case for the ban on child-marriage in their magazines and social reform organisations. Anandi Gopal Joshi, a Marathi woman who also happened to be the first female medical doctor in India advocated interference of the British Government in child marriage.

Opposition
The Bill was opposed by many orthodox leaders who believed it as an interference in the Hindu religion. Bal Gangadhar Tilak opposed the bill stating:

The Bill was also opposed by revivalist nationalists who were against any colonial interference.

Notes

References

Age of Consent Act
Sex laws in India
Legal history of India
Acts of the Imperial Legislative Council
1891 in British law
Age of consent
Child marriage in India
Repealed Acts of the Parliament of India
Marriage law in India

Age of Consent Act, 1891


Richard Robert Wright Jr. (April 16, 1878 in Cuthbert, Georgia – December 12, 1967) was an American sociologist, social worker, and minister. In 1911, Wright became the first African American to earn a doctorate in sociology from an organized graduate school when he received his PhD from the University of Pennsylvania.

Wright was the editor from 1909-1936 for The Christian Recorder, then based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is known as "the oldest existing periodical published by African-Americans in the United States whose existence dated before the Civil War."

Early life and education
Richard Robert Wright Jr. was born on April 16, 1878, in Cuthbert, Georgia. He attended Georgia State College, the first public historically black college in the state. His father Richard Robert Wright was founding president in 1891 and served for thirty years. Wright began attending the Divinity School at the University of Chicago in 1898, where he found mentors in William Rainey Harper and Shailer Mathews.

In 1903 Wright studied in Berlin, Germany, in part inspired by the academic path of W.E.B. DuBois. Wright studied in Berlin for a term then went to the University of Leipzig, where he wrote his thesis The Historicity of the Acts of the Apostles. He submitted his thesis to the University of Chicago who offered him "an AM… and a fellowship in New Testament Theology and doctorate [in theology]".

Influenced by DuBois, Wright had become interested in the new field of sociology and moved to Philadelphia to work on it. In 1911, Wright became the first African-American to earn a doctorate in sociology from an organized graduate school when he received his PhD from the University of Pennsylvania. He wrote his dissertation on "History of the Pennsylvania Negro" under the supervision of Professor Carl Kelsey.  He was one of the first African Americans to earn a PhD from the University of Pennsylvania. Wright was preceded by at least one other African-American at Penn: Pezavia O'Connell, who earned a PhD in 1898, in Semitic Studies, for a dissertation on notions of the clean and unclean in the Hebrew Bible.  During his time in the doctoral program at Penn, Wright overlapped with the suffragist Alice Paul, and they shared the same advisor in Carl Kelsey.

Education was one of the building blocks that defined Wright. Early in life he studied under his father, who was a strong role model. Georgia State College was the first college he attended, where his father was the president. Georgia State College was a technical college that offered few classical courses. After Wright graduated from Georgia State College in 1898, he enrolled in the Divinity School at the University of Chicago. The University had a significant influence on his life. Here he was introduced to biblical studies, and he followed his own path into ministry. Soon after he received his Bachelor of Divinity Degree (1901) and Masters in Biblical Languages (1904), he gained an interest in the new field of sociology. This interest led him to the University of Pennsylvania, where he followed the work of W.E.B. DuBois. He wrote his dissertation on the Philadelphia Negro under the supervision of Carl Kelsey.

Career
From 1909 to 1936, Wright served as editor for The Christian Recorder, "the oldest existing periodical published by African-Americans in the United States whose existence dated before the Civil War." Based in Philadelphia since 1852, it was a primary literary voice for the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME Church), the first black independent denomination founded in the United States. It also was a major source of news and information about the black community across several regions. As editor, Wright focused on social welfare, becoming a leading advocate on migrant rights during the Great Migration of African Americans to the North from the rural South.

During his editorship, Wright was also deeply involved in banking. He and his father had founded the Citizen's and Southern Bank Building in Philadelphia. Wright advocated for African-American owned banks that served not only as financial institutions, but as symbols of independence and self-reliance for blacks.

In 1928, Wright returned to the ministry as the pastor of the Ward AME Church in Philadelphia.

In 1932, Wright moved from Philadelphia to Wilberforce, Ohio, to serve as the 9th President of Wilberforce University. Founded during the Civil War, this was the first college to be owned and operated by African Americans. He served for a total of 5 years, from 1932–1936, and 1941–1942.

Publications

 Self-Help in Negro Education. Cheyney, PA: Committee of Twelve for the Advancement of the Interests of the Negro Race, ca. 1909.
 The Negro in Pennsylvania: A Study in Economic History. Philadelphia, A.M.E. book concern, 1912.
 87 Years Behind the Black Curtain: An Autobiography. Philadelphia, Rare Book Co., 1965.

Personal life
Wright was the son of Elizabeth Lydia Wright née Howard and Richard R. Wright, then a veteran American military officer, educator and college president. His father also was active as a politician, civil rights advocate, and later, as a banking entrepreneur. The young Wright was called by religion from an early age. As a child he used to play church and preached to other neighborhood children. At thirteen Wright became a Sunday school teacher at his church. He later decided to join the ministry. Wright was also inclined toward social justice at a young age. His father encouraged his children to have black role models like W.E.B. DuBois and to pursue careers that would help others.

In regard to his decision to join the ministry, Wright said
"I was much inclined toward law; to devoting my life to getting my people's legal rights, which were being increasingly denied. Still back of my mind was that one desire to preach. I had never seen but one colored lawyer."

He married Charlotte Crogman, daughter of Wright family friends, Dr. William H. Crogman and his wife. Dr. Crogman was the first black president of Clark Atlanta University. After several years of courting and a long friendship, Wright proposed to Charlotte after a game of tennis. The two were married for 49 years, until her death in 1959. They had four children together: Ruth, Richard III, Alberta Lavina, and Grace Lydia Wright.

Wright was an avid reader and sportsman, particularly fond of swimming, baseball, and tennis. He disdained dancing, drinking, and card playing. He joined the Democratic Party in the 1930s, and was a public supporter of Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson.

Further reading

 Modesto, Kevin.  "Won't be weighted down: Richard R. Wright, Jr.'s contributions to social work and social welfare." The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare 31 (2004): Article 5.
 Wilson, Francille Rusan. The Segregated Scholars: Black Social Scientists and the Creation of Black Labor Studies, 1890–1950. Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 2006.

References

American sociologists
People from Cuthbert, Georgia
University of Pennsylvania alumni
American Methodist Episcopal bishops
American social workers
1878 births
1967 deaths
People from Wilberforce, Ohio
Presidents of Wilberforce University

Richard R. Wright Jr.


Wilhelminer War was a minor war fought in the March of Pannonia (later Austria) from 882 to 884. It was initially a rebellion of the sons of the margraves William II and Engelschalk I, led by Engelschalk II, against the new margrave Aribo. Svatopluk I of Great Moravia intervened as an ally of Aribo because he had been at war with William and Engelschalk when the two died in 871. The "Wilhelminers" were the descendants of William I of the Traungau, father of the two late margraves.

At first, the rebels were successful, but Aribo appealed to not only Moravia, but also the Emperor Charles the Fat, who confirmed Aribo in his post, to which he had been appointed by Charles' father, Louis the German, back in 871. Svatopluk invaded Pannonia and, capturing one of the Wilhelminer sons, mutilated him. The remaining sons then withdrew from Charles' suzerainty and did homage to Arnulf of Carinthia, Charles' bastard nephew, who thus estranged himself from his uncle. The war between Arnulf and Svatopluk escalated after the former refused to surrender the Wilhelminers after a request. After two and a half years, Charles himself came to Kaumberg to receive Svatopluk as his vassal and accept promises of peace. An actual agreement was not reached between the Moravians and Arnulf until late 885.

The war is generally seen as having greatly augmented the power of Svatopluk I and strengthened his bonds to the Empire, as illustrating Charles diminished authority over his vassals and his inability to control their fidelity, and as rupturing the relationship between uncle and nephew and thus ruining the chances of Arnulf becoming Charles' heir or even receiving imperial largesse. It is disputed whether the war really indicates the weakness or in fact the relative strength of the emperor or whether Arnulf ever had any potential of inheriting the imperial title in the first place.

Sources
MacLean, Simon. Kingship and Politics in the Late Ninth Century: Charles the Fat and the end of the Carolingian Empire. Cambridge University Press: 2003.
Reuter, Timothy (trans.) The Annals of Fulda. (Manchester Medieval series, Ninth-Century Histories, Volume II.) Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992.

880s conflicts
9th century in Germany
9th-century rebellions
Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire
Wilhelminer dynasty
Aribonid dynasty
Rebellions in Germany

Wilhelminer War


George Henry Prudden, Jr. (February 18, 1893 – January 20, 1964) was an American aircraft engineer. He was instrumental in designing the first all metal aircraft in America. He was president of the Early Birds of Aviation in 1961.

Early life
Born on 18 February 1893, George, and his brother Earl, were interested in aviation from an early age;being featured in the St.Louis Post dispatch with an airplane model of his design in 1909. By 24 June 1910, Prudden had soloed a plane of his own design based on the Wright Flyer.

Despite his flying experience George Prudden served in the 74th Field Artillery during World War I. After military service Prudden returned to education graduating in the Class of 1920 from the University of Minnesota. George was then recruited by William Bushnell Stout, to help develop the Stout ST-1 all metal torpedo bomber for the U.S. Navy. George later designed the Stout 2-AT Pullman, the first aircraft to make regularly scheduled airline flights, cargo flights, and commercial air mail flights. Henry Ford fully purchased the Stout company in 1925, making it the Stout Metal Airplane Division of the Ford Motor Company. One of Prudden's first tasks was to investigate the breakup of the USS Shenandoah on behalf of Ford. Ford was very displeased when he saw that the effort was publicised in the Detroit Free Press and cut Prudden.

In 1927, Prudden founded the Prudden-San Diego Airplane Company, to manufacture an all-metal trimotor with Ryan supplied engines. In November 1928, Prudden left the company at the height of the depression and the company was renamed to the Solar Aircraft Company. The company Prudden founded is still active as Solar Turbines Incorporated, a wholly owned subsidiary of Caterpillar Inc.

Later, Prudden developed the Prudden-Whitehead monoplane with the Atlanta Aircraft Corporation. While in Atlanta, Prudden helped develop Candler Field, Atlanta.

In 1932, Prudden worked for Lockheed Aircraft where he helped engineer the Lockheed Vega and Lockheed Orion aircraft.

In World War II, Prudden managed the Ryan Aeronautical factory in San Diego, California.

In 1961, Prudden became the President of the Early birds of Aviation.

He died on January 20, 1964.

Legacy
Many of Prudden's awards were displayed in the San Diego Air & Space Museum, but were destroyed in a 1978 arson fire.

References

American aerospace engineers
University of Minnesota alumni
1893 births
1964 deaths
20th-century American engineers
Members of the Early Birds of Aviation
Engineers from Minnesota

George H. Prudden


Paulino Uzcudun Eizmendi (3 May 1899 – 5 July 1985) was a Spanish heavyweight boxer, who is considered to be the greatest heavyweight from Spain. Uzkudun is the Basque spelling of his last name. He was the youngest of nine siblings. In his youth, he became an aizkolari or traditional competitive Basque wood chopper. Uzcudun, known as Paulino in the United States, was the European heavyweight champion, and he fought heavyweight champions Joe Louis, Max Baer, Max Schmeling (three times) and Primo Carnera (twice) during his career. The former butcher—nicknamed "the Basque woodchopper"—retired from boxing with a record of 49 wins (33 KOs), 17 losses and 3 draws.

Uzcudun was a rugged boxer with a crouched stance. He had a powerful left hook, and fought the toughest heavyweights of his time. He had only one opportunity at the world's heavyweight championship, but was defeated in a fifteen-round fight by Primo Carnera of Italy on October 22, 1933. Trainer Whitey Bimstein accompanied Uzcudun to the bout in Barcelona, Spain. Later in life, Bimstein gave an account in interview, of a scene more reminiscent of the cinema: "I remember one day we were at a sidewalk cafe. Just as I started to put my lips to a glass of vermouth a shot splintered the glass. Believe me, I got back to the hotel in nothing flat..." Much more grim was his description of the Civil War in Spain beyond such high drama: "It was nothing to walk along the streets covered with hundreds of dead, and you couldn't tell when the fighting would break out anew." Against this chaotic backdrop, Uzcudun's chance at the title took place.

Shortly before the fight, Carnera balked at the Spanish-made gloves chosen by the governing boxing commission. The champion, who had insisted upon American gloves, stated loudly and in Spanish that he would not fight. The commissioner, according to Bimstein, removed himself from the room, and "about a dozen soldiers walked toward Carnera." The champion "backed up hurriedly" and conceded the choice.  As for the actual fight, Uzcudun went the 15 scheduled rounds and well enough, that "when the verdict was announced, the revolution started all over again." A riot, which included gunfire, commenced. Uzcudun, Bimstein, the other seconds and as many as "three hundred others" took refuge under the massive ring, until troops restored order—even with this, citizenry "continued rioting in the streets all night...." It was unfortunate for Uzcudun, whom Bimstein said "was the finest character among the fighters I ever met, square as they make 'em, game and tough, and in his prime a match for any of 'em."

Uzcudun also "retired" the famed Harry Wills, when he stopped him in four rounds on July 13, 1927. The tough and durable Uzcudun was never knocked off his feet, or KO'd until his last professional fight. On December 13, 1935, Uzcudun made the mistake of coming out of retirement to meet Joe Louis. In the fourth round, Louis hit Uzcudun with a swift, powerful right uppercut that knocked him down causing the referee to stop the fight even though Uzcudun wanted to continue. His record was 49–17–3 with 33 knockouts.

In 1933–34, Uzcudun trained on the beach in Rocky Point, Long Island, New York. During a sparring session with Franklin Rosalia (1911–1972), who also summered in Rocky Point, Uzcudun received a punch that knocked him down flat. Some conjecture that this incident led to his subsequent retirement having been demoralized by this incident. In 1936, Uzcudun fought on the Nationalist (pro-Franco) side during the Spanish Civil War reportedly from the first day of the conflict as a member of the Falange Española de las JONS.

References

External links

1899 births
1985 deaths
Heavyweight boxers
Sportspeople from Gipuzkoa
European Boxing Union champions
Spanish male boxers
People from Urola Kosta

Paulino Uzcudun


Catholicos Abraham III (also Abraham of Crete or Abraham Kretatsi d. 1737) was the Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church between 1734 and 1737. Born in Heraklion, Crete, to a Greek mother, he was bishop of Rodosto, Thrace and then Armenian prelate of Thrace in 1708–1734. At this time he went on a pilgrimage to eastern Armenia, at that time under Persian rule, which now make up the area of modern-day Armenia and Nakhichevan. Abraham is said to have become Catholicos by chance, because while he was on his pilgrimage to Etchmiadzin Catholicos Abraham II died. Abraham of Crete had impressed many with his religious devotion during his stay there, and so they decided unanimously to elect him the new Catholicos. Abraham III was old at this point and unfamiliar in the workings of Etchmiadzin, so he protested, but despite that in November 1734 he was named the 110th Catholicos of the Armenian Church.

Abraham III came to the throne at a volatile time in the region. Nader Shah of Persia was reconquesting areas which had been lost by his predecessors to the Ottomans including Armenia. Abraham wrote a chronicle of Nader's campaign against the Turks and of his coronation as Shah when in the area. It is a helpful history because it is one of the few non-Persian sources about these years in the Transcaucasus. Abraham wrote that many villages had been left destitute by the Ottoman invasion and that the area was sufferingly greatly. Abraham was invited as a guest of honor at Nader's coronation and Armenian princes were granted autonomy. Abraham recorded detailed conversations he had with the Shah, most likely partly to serve as a record of the many privileges granted to Armenians by the shah and to serve as an example to the Ottomans who also ruled over a large Armenian population. Nader Shah visited the Armenian mother church of Etchmiadzin and reconfirmed its tax-exempt status.

Abraham III died in April 1737 at Etchmiadzin and was buried there after his short but successful reign.

Notes

References

Kretatsʿi, Abraham. 1999. The Chronicle of Abraham of Crete. Translated by George A. Bournutian. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers.

External links

Catholicoi of Armenia
Year of birth unknown
1737 deaths
Greek Oriental Orthodox Christians
Burials at Saint Hripsime Church
Armenian people of Greek descent
People from Afsharid Iran
18th-century people from Safavid Iran
Chroniclers
18th-century Armenian historians

Abraham III of Armenia


St. David Catholic Church is a historic church at 774 Main Street (United States Route 1) in Madawaska, Maine.  Built in 1911, it is an architecturally distinctive blend of Baroque revival and Italian Renaissance revival architecture.  The congregation was the first separate Roman Catholic congregation established in Madawaska, the result of many years' struggle, after the international border divided the French Catholic community here in 1842.  The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

Description and history
St. David Catholic Church is set on the north side of US Route 1, between the road and the Saint John River.  Its location is not far from the first landing site of the first French Acadians to arrive in the area in 1785.  It is a large edifice, with a two-story facade with a central tower, and a large sanctuary behind, set on a stone foundation.  The building is brick, with stone and wooden trim elements.  The side walls of the sanctuary are divided into bays articulated by pilasters, with lancet-arched windows.  The main facade is divided into five bays, the central three projecting.  As on the sides, the bays are articulated by pilasters.  There are three entrances, one at the center and two at the outer bays.  All are set in round-arch openings, that in the center a more elaborate stone-trimmed setting.   The second story repeats the arrangement of arched openings, with the bays flanking the center having sash windows with oriel windows above.  A third level above the center bay begins the tower, which continues with an open octagonal belfry that has Corinthian columns supporting keystone arches.

The parish of St. David was established in the Diocese of Portland in 1871, after many years of petition by local French Catholics.  The area had been disputed territory between Maine and neighboring New Brunswick, and the 1842 Webster-Ashburton Treaty, which set the border on the Saint John River, divided the community.  The Catholic population remained part of the Diocese of New Brunswick, but difficulties attending services in Canada, and the unwillingness of diocesan leaders to deal with Maine authorities prompted the drive for division, which was granted by papal decree in 1870.  The parish's first church was completed in 1872; this larger church built in 1911-12 to a design by Chickering & O'Connell of Boston, and was dedicated in 1913.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Aroostook County, Maine

References

Acadian diaspora
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1911
Churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Portland
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Renaissance Revival architecture in Maine
Churches in Aroostook County, Maine
Madawaska, Maine
French-Canadian culture in Maine
Acadian history
1911 establishments in Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Aroostook County, Maine
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States

St. David Catholic Church


Vladimir E. Korepin (born 1951) is a professor at the C. N. Yang Institute of Theoretical Physics of the Stony Brook University. Korepin made research contributions in several areas of mathematics and physics.

Educational background
Korepin completed his undergraduate study at Saint Petersburg State University, graduating with a diploma in theoretical physics in 1974. In that same year he was employed by the Mathematical Institute of Academy of Sciences. He worked there until 1989, obtaining his PhD in 1977  under the supervision of Ludwig Faddeev. At the same institution he completed his postdoctoral studies.
In 1985, he received a doctor of sciences degree in mathematical physics.

Contributions to physics
Korepin has made contributions to several fields of theoretical physics. Although he is best known for his involvement in condensed matter physics and mathematical physics, he significantly contributed to quantum gravity as well. In recent years, his work has focused on aspects of condensed matter physics relevant for quantum information.

Condensed matter

Among his contributions to condensed matter physics, we mention his studies on low-dimensional quantum gases. In particular, the 1D Hubbard model of strongly correlated fermions, and the 1D Bose gas with delta potential interactions.

In 1979, Korepin presented a solution of the massive Thirring model in one space and one time dimension using the Bethe ansatz. In this work, he provided the exact calculation of the mass spectrum and the scattering matrix.

He studied solitons in the sine-Gordon model. He determined their mass and scattering matrix, both semiclassically and to one loop corrections.

Together with Anatoly Izergin, he discovered the 19-vertex model (sometimes called the Izergin-Korepin model).

In 1993, together with A. R. Its, Izergin and N. A. Slavnov, he calculated space, time and temperature dependent correlation functions in the XX spin chain. The exponential decay in space and time separation of the correlation functions was calculated explicitly.

Quantum gravity

In this field, Korepin has worked on the cancellation of ultra-violet infinities in one loop on mass shell gravity.

Contributions to mathematics
In 1982, Korepin introduced domain wall boundary conditions for the six vertex model, published in Communications in Mathematical Physics. The result plays a role in diverse fields of mathematics such as algebraic combinatorics, alternating sign matrices, domino tiling, Young diagrams and plane partitions.  In the same paper the determinant formula was proved for the square of the norm of the Bethe ansatz wave function. It can be represented as a determinant of linearized system of Bethe equations. It can also be represented as a matrix determinant of second derivatives of the Yang action.

The so-called "Quantum Determinant" was discovered in 1981 by A.G. Izergin and V.E. Korepin. It is the center of the Yang–Baxter algebra.

The study of differential equations for quantum correlation functions led to the discovery of a special class of Fredholm integral operators. Now they are referred to as completely integrable integral operators. They have multiple applications not only to quantum exactly solvable models, but also to random matrices and algebraic combinatorics.

Contributions to quantum information and quantum computation
Vladimir Korepin has produced results in the evaluation of the entanglement entropy of different dynamical models, such as interacting spins, Bose gases, and the Hubbard model. He considered models with a unique ground states, so that the entropy of the whole ground state is zero. The ground state is partitioned into two spatially separated parts: the block and the environment. He calculated the entropy of the block as a function of its size and other physical parameters. In a series of articles, Korepin was the first to compute the analytic formula for the entanglement entropy of the XX (isotropic) and XY Heisenberg models. He used Toeplitz Determinants and Fisher-Hartwig Formula for the calculation. In the Valence-Bond-Solid states (which is the ground state of the Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki model of interacting spins), Korepin evaluated the entanglement entropy and studied the reduced density matrix.  He also worked on  quantum search algorithms with Lov Grover. Many of his publications on entanglement and quantum algorithms can be found on ArXiv.

In May 2003, Korepin helped organize a conference on quantum and reversible computations in Stony Brook. Another conference was on November 15–18, 2010, entitled the Simons Conference on New Trends in Quantum Computation.

Books
 Essler, F. H. L.; Frahm, H., Goehmann, F., Kluemper, A., & Korepin, V. E.,  The One-Dimensional Hubbard Model. Cambridge University Press (2005).
  V.E. Korepin, N.M. Bogoliubov and A.G. Izergin, Quantum Inverse Scattering Method and Correlation Functions,  Cambridge University Press (1993).
 Exactly Solvable Models of Strongly Correlated Electrons. Reprint volume, eds. F.H.L. Essler and V.E. Korepin, World Scientific (1994).

Honours
 Korepin's H-index is 68 with over 20431 citations.
 In 1996 Korepin was elected fellow of the American Physical Society.
 Fellow of the International Association of Mathematical Physics and the Institute of Physics.
 Editor of Reviews in Mathematical Physics, the International Journal of Modern Physics and Theoretical and Mathematical Physics.
  His 60-th birthday was celebrated by Institute of Advanced Studies in Singapore in 2011.

References

External links

 Research and achievements
Publications on arXiv
Korepin on INSPIRE-HEP
Faculty webpage
Early publications

1951 births
Quantum physicists
21st-century American physicists
Russian physicists
Russian mathematicians
Living people
Stony Brook University faculty
Theoretical physicists
Fellows of the American Physical Society

Vladimir Korepin


Warren Foster (October 24, 1904 – December 13, 1971) was an American writer, cartoonist and composer for the animation division of Warner Brothers and later with Hanna-Barbera.

Early life
He was born in Brooklyn, New York to Marion B. Foster and Charles C. Foster.
Foster was educated at Brooklyn Technical High School and later at the Pratt Institute, joining ASCAP in 1956.

Career
Foster's long career with animation began in 1935 as a cel opaquer for Fleischer Studios, moving up to the story department a year later. He wrote two Popeye cartoons The Spinach Roadster and Proteck the Weakerist. He started at Warner Bros Cartoons in 1938 as a writer on the Porky Pig short, Porky in Wackyland, and would collaborate primarily with Bob Clampett until the early 1940s. By 1944, Foster had become both Clampett and Frank Tashlin's primary storyman; upon the departure of both directors, Tashlin's replacement Robert McKimson became Foster's sole collaborator for the remainder of the 1940s. In 1949, veteran director Friz Freleng, who had become increasingly complimentary of Foster's abilities, poached Foster from McKimson's unit and installed him as his primary storyman, a position Foster would hold until 1957 with the Tweety short, Tweet Dreams (ultimately released in 1959); Foster, having written around 171 shorts for the studio, would depart Warner's after finishing work on the short. He was the composer of Tweety's theme song, I Taut I Taw a Puddy Tat.

He worked, sometimes uncredited, on cartoons considered among the greatest ever, including Porky in Wackyland, Book Revue, Show Biz Bugs, The Great Piggy Bank Robbery and Daffy Doodles, the latter four featuring Daffy Duck, Catty Cornered featuring Sylvester the Cat in 1953 and Bugs and Thugs featuring Bugs Bunny in 1954.

Upon departing Warner's in 1957, Foster was initially employed at  John Sutherland Productions, providing the screenplays for industrial films such as Rhapsody in Steel. In 1959, on the recommendation of former Warner alumnus Michael Maltese, Foster was hired by Hanna-Barbera, where he spent the next seven years as a writer on a number of notable animated programs, beginning with The Huckleberry Hound Show. He contributed to the comedy, plot and character development of shows such as The Yogi Bear Show, Loopy De Loop and The Flintstones, including his final work on the feature-length The Man Called Flintstone in 1966.

Iwao Takamoto said of Foster's work on The Flintstones: "I believe his influence was one of the key factors for its success".

Foster is credited with the controversial banned cartoons Coal Black and de Sebben Dwarfs and Tin Pan Alley Cats.

Death
Warren Foster died on December 13, 1971 in San Clemente, California. His burial is located at El Toro Memorial Park in Lake Forest, California.

References

External links

1904 births
1971 deaths
Animators from New York (state)
American television writers
American male screenwriters
American male composers
Animation composers
Animation screenwriters
Pratt Institute alumni
Writers from Brooklyn
20th-century American composers
American male television writers
Hanna-Barbera people
Warner Bros. Cartoons people
Brooklyn Technical High School alumni
Screenwriters from New York (state)
20th-century American male musicians
Fleischer Studios people
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters

Warren Foster


One For the Morning Glory is a fantasy novel by John Barnes, published 1996. It is a fairy tale where the characters know that they are in a fairy tale. The novel has a humorous tone similar to William Goldman's The Princess Bride — quite different from Barnes' usual science fiction. It forms the second part of a three book series whose first and third parts are not yet written.

Plot summary

There is a saying in the land that someone who drinks the Wine of the Gods before he is ready is only half a man thereafter.  Amatus, the prince, manages to swig down a significant amount of the Wine of the Gods, and his entire left half vanishes.  His father, the normally gentle King Boniface, orders the executions of the four people responsible for this travesty—the maid, the alchemist, the witch, and the captain of the guard—and then begins the long and arduous process of interviewing to fill these four positions.

A year and a day later, four strangers arrive in the kingdom. This is a magical time, and noted by all as being very auspicious. The strangers are hired by the king and become known as the prince's Companions.

The rest of the tale deals with Amatus's growth into manhood, kingship, and love.  It is filled with adventure, laughter, tragedy, unexpected reunions and royal pomp.

Vocabulary
The novel is written with playful malapropisms: Barnes takes unusual English words and uses them with utterly different meanings. Characters wear swashes, in which they keep their dueling pismires; and meet in small drinking establishments known as taborets and stupors. One character is named Pell Grant. Many of the place names, such as the Isought Gap, are philosophical references.

Fictional works
The story is peppered with references to a number of fictional works, such as the important tomes Highly Unpleasant Things It Is Sometimes Useful to Know and Things It Is Not Good to Know at All.

Tricycle
Barnes has stated that One For the Morning Glory is the second part of a three book series he calls a "tricycle".  The first part of the series will be titled The Knight Who.

References

1996 American novels
American fantasy novels
Novels by John Barnes
Metafictional novels
Tor Books books

One for the Morning Glory


Robert Joseph Barro (born September 28, 1944) is an American macroeconomist and the Paul M. Warburg Professor of Economics at Harvard University. Barro is considered one of the founders of new classical macroeconomics, along with Robert Lucas Jr. and Thomas J. Sargent. He is currently a senior fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution and co-editor of the influential Quarterly Journal of Economics.

Academic career
Barro graduated with a B.S. in physics from the California Institute of Technology in 1965, where he was a student of Richard Feynman, but he realized he "wouldn't be close to the top in those fields." He then turned to economics and earned a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1970. He first reached wide notice with a 1974 paper, "Are Government Bonds Net Wealth?" It argued that under certain assumptions, present governmental borrowing would be matched by increased bequests to future generations to pay future taxes expected to pay down the government bonds; thus a lowering of current taxes, financed by the issuance of government bonds, would have no effect on the public's spending on consumer goods.  The paper was in direct response to Alan Blinder and Robert Solow's results, which had implied that the long term implications of government borrowing would be compensated for by the wealth effect. The paper is among the most cited in macroeconomics. Its implications of his Ricardian equivalence are still being debated.

Barro collaborated with Herschel Grossman to produce the influential 1971 article "A General Disequilibrium Model of Income and Employment", which for many years held the distinction of being the most cited article published in the American Economic Review. The article explored the idea that disequilibrium in one market can have spillover effects to another market, creating a distinction between notional demand and effective demand. Barro and Grossman expanded on their work and produced the classic textbook Money, Employment, and Inflation in 1976.

In 1976, he authored another influential paper, "Rational expectations and the role of monetary policy" in which he argued that information asymmetries would cause real effects as rational economic actors in response to uncertainty but not in response to expected monetary policy changes. In it and other essays, he investigated the real effects of monetary changes through which he could significantly contribute to the clarification of the exact circumstances of the validity of the policy-ineffectiveness proposition. While he has revisited the topic since then and critically appraised the paper, it was important in integrating the role of money into neoclassical economics and into the synthesis of general equilibrium and macroeconomic models.

In 1983, he applied the information asymmetry argument to the role of central banks and concluded that central banks, to have credibility in inflation fighting, must be locked into inflation targets that they cannot violate to reduce unemployment. In the 1970s, economist Arthur Okun developed the concept of the Misery Index, which Jimmy Carter publicized during his 1976 presidential campaign, and Ronald Reagan did the same in his 1980 presidential campaign. Numerous sources incorrectly credit Barro with this because of the similarity of name with his own "Barro Misery Index." Barro's version first appeared in a 1999 BusinessWeek article.

His 1984 Macroeconomics textbook remains a standard for explaining the subject, and his 1995 book, with Columbia University economist Xavier Sala-i-Martin, on Economic Growth, is a widely cited and read graduate-level textbook on the theory and evidence concerning long-run economic growth. Barro's research in the 1990s was focused mainly on the theoretical and empirical determinants of growth: he gave fundamental contributions to the theory of endogenous growth, with particular attention to the links between innovation and public investment on one side and growth on the other side. He was a pioneer in the econometric analysis of the main factors associated with growth in the modern era. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1988.

Another often-cited work is a 1988 paper that he coauthored with Gary Becker, "A Reformulation of the Economic Theory of Fertility" published in the Quarterly Journal of Economics, which is influential in thinking about "infinite time horizon" modelling.

Subsequently, Barro began investigating the influence of religion and popular culture on political economy by working with his wife, Rachel McCleary.

Barro believes that the Keynesian multiplier is less than one. He believes that for every dollar the government borrows and spends, spending elsewhere in the economy falls by almost the same amount.

Barro's work has been central to many of the economic and public policy debates of the last 30 years, including business cycle theory, growth theory, the neoclassical synthesis and public policy. Barro is doctor honoris causa from Universidad Francisco Marroquin. The Research Papers in Economics project ranked him as the fifth most influential economist in the world, as of March 2016, based on his academic contributions.

Finally, Barro has been an outspoken opponent of stimulus spending, calling Obama's stimulus bill "garbage" and "the worst bill since the 1930s."

Personal life
Robert Barro is married to Rachel McCleary. Together they have made critical contributions to the field of religion and economics. McCleary holds a doctorate from the University of Chicago and teaches at Harvard. Barro has four children: Jennifer, Lisa, Jason, and Josh, who is a journalist at biweekly magazine New York.

Selected bibliography

Books

Barro, Robert J.; Chu, Angus C.; Cozzi, Guido. (2017) Intermediate Macroeconomics. Cheriton House, North Way, UK: Cengage Learning EMEA. .

Articles

References

External links

 Barro's Harvard Professor Webpage
 Podcast featuring Barro Barro discusses growth on EconTalk
 Profile and Papers at Research Papers in Economics/RePEc
 Topping the Charts Article on Barro from the IMF
 Honorary Doctoral Degrees, Universidad Francisco Marroquín
 Audiovisual Media, NewMedia Universidad Francisco Marroquín

1944 births
Living people
Scientists from New York City
Economists from New York (state)
20th-century American economists
21st-century American economists
Macroeconomists
New classical economists
California Institute of Technology alumni
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Harvard University faculty
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Distinguished Fellows of the American Economic Association
Economics journal editors
National Bureau of Economic Research
Member of the Mont Pelerin Society
Journal of Political Economy editors

Robert Barro


A bond is a contract between two parties (companies or government.)

Companies or governments issue bonds because they need to borrow large amounts of money. They issue bonds and investors buy them (so giving money to the people who issued the bond).

Bonds have a maturity date. This means that at some point, the bond issuer has to pay back the money to the investors. They also have to pay the investors a bit more than they paid for the bond. Bonds are used when needed to keep the company running smoothly. It is protection if their stock drops drastically.

Bonds are usually traded through banks and other financial entities and are part of a financial instrument group called Fixed Income.
Banks and financial institutions offer loans on different terms against the security of assets.

Simply put, a bond is a receipt given by a government or organization as an agreement to borrow money from another organization which will be returned at a later date with certain amount of interest or increment.

Finance

Bond (finance)


Atlantic City () is a 1980  romantic crime film directed by Louis Malle from a screenplay by John Guare. It stars Burt Lancaster and Susan Sarandon in the leading roles, with a supporting cast featuring Kate Reid, Michel Piccoli, Robert Joy, Hollis McLaren and Al Waxman. A co-production between French and Canadian companies  filmed in late 1979, it was released in France and Germany in September 1980 and in the United States later that year by Paramount Pictures.

The film opened to critical acclaim and was nominated for the Big Five Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor (for Lancaster), Best Actress (for Sarandon), and Best Original Screenplay, but did not win in any category. In Canada, it won Genie Awards for Best Performance by a Foreign Actress (for Sarandon), Best Supporting Actress (for Reid), and Best Art Direction, with three additional nominations. In France, it was nominated for the César Awards for Best Original Screenplay and Best Music.

In 2003, Atlantic City was among the 25 motion pictures added annually to the United States National Film Registry of the Library of Congress, being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" and recommended for preservation.

Plot
Sally Matthews is a young waitress from Saskatchewan, Canada, working at an oyster bar in an Atlantic City casino. She has dreams of becoming a blackjack dealer, going through dealer training under the tutelage of Joseph. Joseph, from France, encourages her to learn French and become a dealer in Monte Carlo.

Sally's estranged husband Dave and her pregnant sister Chrissie show up one day with the intention of selling a $10,000 () bag of cocaine he had stolen from a mob dead drop in Philadelphia. Sally is outraged to see him, as he had impregnated Chrissie and run off with her. Dave meets Lou, an aging former gangster who lives in Sally's apartment building and runs a small time numbers game in poor areas of the city; Lou also acts as a caretaker for Grace, a seemingly bedridden, aging beauty queen whose gangster husband he used to work under, and who constantly berates and demeans him. Dave convinces Lou to sell the cocaine for him, but as Lou sells the first batch to Alfie, who runs an illegal poker game in a hotel room, Dave is attacked and killed by the mobsters from whom he had stolen the drugs.

Lou is left with the remaining cocaine and continues to sell it to impress Sally, whom he has long pined for, with money. Sally and Lou make love one day, but she returns to her apartment to find it trashed; she has been tracked down by Dave's killers, who beat her to find out if she has the drugs. They leave, but Lou laments not being able to protect her. Grace also reveals that Lou was a small-time crook and nowhere near as competent as he pretends.

Sally is fired from the casino when her late husband's criminal record is discovered. Lou sells most of the remainder of the cocaine, while both Sally and the mobsters discover Lou's affiliation with Dave. The mobsters corner them one night, but are killed when Lou produces a gun and shoots them. He and Sally then steal their car and leave Atlantic City. That night, from a motel, they watch the TV news reporting on the killing. A police sketch of the suspect is shown. It looks nothing like Lou. Lou is overjoyed with relief and pride. He confesses to Sally that this was the first time he has ever killed anyone.

At the motel the next morning, Lou takes the phone to the bathroom to call Grace and brag about the killings. Sally wakes and takes half of the money with the intention of sneaking off; Lou witnesses this, allowing her to leave and giving her the car keys so she can escape to France, rather than go to Miami with him. Lou returns to Atlantic City to be with Grace. Working together, they sell the remaining portion of the cocaine and walk off arm in arm with renewed respect for each other.

Cast

Other cast members in the film include Moses Znaimer (Felix), Angus MacInnes (Vinnie) and Sean Sullivan (Buddy) as a trio of mob thugs, Louis Del Grande as casino manager Mr. Shapiro, Norma Dell'Agnese as Jeanne, John McCurry as Fred, Cec Linder as the hospital president, Sean McCann as a police detective, and Harvey Atkin as a bus driver.

Wallace Shawn, one of the subjects of Malle's film My Dinner with Andre, makes a cameo appearance as a waiter.

Production

Atlantic City was filmed on location in and around Atlantic City and South Jersey, Philadelphia, and New York City. Although filmed in the United States, the film was a co-production between companies based in France and Canada.

Development and writing
The production companies allotted Louis Malle the money to make a film with the stipulation that it be made before the year 1979 ended. Malle had a difficult time finding the right script to direct and with time running out his then girlfriend Susan Sarandon suggested using a story written by her friend John Guare, a playwright most notable for his plays House of Blue Leaves and Six Degrees of Separation. Guare suggested that the story take place in Atlantic City, which was still for the most part suffering from the urban deterioration that prompted the legalization of gambling as a solution to save the city. The three met over dinner in early 1979 to work out quirks in the script and began shooting within a few months.

Casting
Aside from Burt Lancaster, Susan Sarandon, and local extras, most of the cast originated from Canada or France. The film allowed Canadian actors such as Al Waxman to successfully transition into American film and television roles.

Filming
Principal photography commenced on October 31, 1979, and was largely finished by December 30 (although a few exterior and location shots were filmed until January 5, 1980). Malle filmed at an opportune time in that he was able to capture old Atlantic City: gambling was still in its early stages there, with only two casino hotels open (Resorts and Caesars; Bally's Park Place opened on December 30 toward the end of the principal photography). Most of the city's old resorts and entertainment piers were still standing, albeit in a severe state of disrepair. Within a couple of years of the filming, most of these old hotels would fall victim to the wrecking ball as they were replaced with new casinos. To frame the picture, Malle foreshadows the great transition of the famous resort town in the opening credits by featuring footage of the implosion of the once-grand and historic Traymore Hotel on the Atlantic City Boardwalk.

The opening shot of the old Traymore Hotel being demolished is shown to convey the notion that the city's old hotels were being demolished to make way for the new casinos. However, the Traymore was in fact demolished in 1972, years before the gambling referendum passed in New Jersey. The referendum passed in 1976 and the first hotel to open up was Resorts, formerly the Chalfonte-Haddon Hall, in 1978.

When Dave and Chrissie are seen hitchhiking into Atlantic City from Philadelphia, they pass a large model elephant on their way into town. The elephant, named Lucy, was a tourist attraction built in 1881 to lure potential land buyers to South Atlantic City (now called Margate), a small town south of Atlantic City. The model elephant had been left to deteriorate over the years; on the brink of its demolition in 1971, the residents of Margate had raised the money to have it restored. Today, Lucy still stands in Margate and is on the National Register of Historic Places.

The club where Dave and Lou meet was Club Harlem, which opened in 1935 on Kentucky Avenue, and became the premier nightclub for black tourists visiting Atlantic City. The club opened and closed frequently from 1968 on and eventually closed forever at the end of the eighties. It was torn down in 1992.

Scenes also were shot in the Knife and Fork Restaurant and White House Subs, both landmarks in Atlantic City.

Music
Louis Malle hired composer Michel Legrand to write a score for the film, which he did. In the end, however, Malle decided against using a score for the film, and opted for all the music in the film to be diegetic: the only music used is that which exists in the world of the characters (i.e. radios, musical instruments, etc.).  The music that Susan Sarandon's character plays from her tape player is the aria "Casta Diva" from Vincenzo Bellini's opera Norma.

Reception
The film opened to widespread acclaim from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 100% "Fresh" rating out of 37 critics' reviews. The critics consensus reads "Bittersweet and reflective, Atlantic City is a modest romance given raw power by Burt Lancaster and Susan Sarandon's heartfelt performances along with director Louis Malle's eccentric eye for detail."

Awards and nominations

Notes

References

External links

 "Atlantic City", essay by Daniel Eagan in America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry, A&C Black, 2010 , pages 765–767

1980 films
1980s English-language films
1980s French-language films
Canadian crime drama films
1980 crime drama films
Films directed by Louis Malle
Films set in Atlantic City, New Jersey
Films shot in Atlantic City, New Jersey
Golden Lion winners
1980 romantic drama films
United States National Film Registry films
Films about old age
Films whose director won the Best Direction BAFTA Award
Films about gambling
Films about drugs
Films produced by John Kemeny
Films scored by Michel Legrand
Films set in casinos
English-language French films
English-language Canadian films
National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Film winners
Romantic crime films
1980s Canadian films
Canadian gangster films
1980 multilingual films
Canadian multilingual films
French multilingual films
Foreign films set in the United States
Canadian independent films
1980 independent films

Atlantic City (1980 film)


The Flygsystem 2020 ("Flight System 2020", abbreviated FS 2020) is an ongoing project by the Swedish Air Force to develop a fifth-generation low-observable fighter jet by 2035. Little public information exists about the project; there are no official statements about the current stage of development, although a video claims to show a miniature prototype test. In 2012, Lieutenant Colonel Lars Helmrich of the Swedish Air Force asked members of the Riksdag to consider the development of a new jet fighter or to upgrade all present JAS 39 multirole fighters to the NG model, claiming the early versions of the aircraft will be obsolete by 2020.

The Saab/Linköping University Generic Future Fighter project is a testbed for its technologies.

Partnership
During a state visit of the President of Turkey to Sweden on 13 March 2013, Türk Havacılık ve Uzay Sanayii AŞ (Turkish Aerospace Industries, TAI) signed an agreement with Sweden's Saab to provide design support services to Turkey for the TAI TFX program.

However, the collaboration with Turkey was under pressure due to Turkey being removed from the Joint Strike Fighter program. To tackle this, in July 2019 the Swedish government signed a memorandum of understanding with the United Kingdom to jointly develop technologies for the British BAE Systems Tempest sixth-generation stealth fighter program; these technologies may be integrated to Sweden's own Flygsystem 2020 project. This was extended to include Italy in December 2020.

On 9 December 2022, the UK, Japan and Italy merged their sixth-generation fighter jet projects, creating the Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP). Japan and Sweden signed an agreement on possible future cooperation in the GCAP program in late December.

References

Proposed aircraft of Sweden
Stealth aircraft
Swedish Air Force

Flygsystem 2020


Larry McVoy (born 1962 in Concord, Massachusetts, United States) is the CEO of BitMover, the company that makes BitKeeper, a version control system that was used from February 2002 to early 2005 to manage the source code of the Linux kernel.

He earned BS and MS degrees in computer science in 1985 and 1987, respectively, from the University of Wisconsin–Madison and has been employed by Sun Microsystems and Silicon Graphics. His work generally included performance enhancements to the various Unix operating systems developed by his employers. While McVoy worked at Sun, he worked on a peer-to-peer SCM system named TeamWare that would form the basis of his later BitKeeper product.

Linux
McVoy started working with the Linux kernel around its 0.97 version (1992) and developed the LMbench kernel benchmark. LMbench was maintained until 2009 by Carl Staelin.

The BitKeeper source control system was also developed and integrated into the Linux development process in 2002, but after McVoy decided to charge for the use of BitKeeper, the Linux development community prompted the development of the Git tool that began serving as the source control system for the Linux kernel in 2005. As a response to McVoy's decision to charge the Linux development team, Richard Stallman wrote the satirically titled essay "Thank you, Larry McVoy." In this essay, Stallman thanks McVoy for inadvertently strengthening the case for adopting free and open-source software more generally as to avoid similar scenarios to BitKeeper in the future.

Sourceware Operating System
While working at Sun in the early 1990s, McVoy and a number of other high-profile Unix community members urged the company to open-source their flagship Unix product, SunOS, in cooperation with Novell, to compete with Microsoft's new Windows NT operating system. The proposal would have involved creating a copyleft version of SunOS at a time before Linux had reached its 1.0 version. McVoy predicted (accurately) that Linux would displace Unix if the companies didn't do so.

Bibliography

References

External links
McVoy's resume
 The Sourceware Operating System Proposal
2002 interview with Larry McVoy (archived version)
 (April 2005 Newsforge interview about Linux controversy)

1962 births
Living people
People from Concord, Massachusetts
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
Sun Microsystems people
American computer programmers
Unix people

Larry McVoy


The University of Alabama System is a public university system in Alabama that coordinates and oversees three research universities: University of Alabama (UA), University of Alabama at Birmingham, and University of Alabama in Huntsville. These universities enroll more than 70,000 students. The system employs more than 45,000 employees at its three campuses and health system making it one of the largest employers in the state.

Campuses
The University of Alabama was founded in 1831 in Tuscaloosa and is the state of Alabama's oldest public university. In 1936, UA established an extension center in Birmingham, and the University of Alabama School of Medicine moved there in the same year. In 1950, another extension center was set up in Huntsville.

In 1966, the Birmingham extension center and the School of Medicine merged as the University of Alabama in Birmingham. However, it was still treated as an offsite department of the main campus in Tuscaloosa. With the creation of the UA system in 1969, UAB became a fully autonomous institution, and the Huntsville extension center also became an autonomous four-year campus as the University of Alabama in Huntsville.

* Began as extension center in 1936, became four-year campus in 1966 and fully autonomous in 1969.
** Began as extension center in 1950, became autonomous four-year campus in 1969.

The University of Alabama

Founded in 1831 and located in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, The University of Alabama (also known as Alabama, or colloquially as 'Bama) was established by constitutional provision under statutory mandates and authorizations. Its mission is to advance the intellectual and social condition of the people of the state through quality programs of teaching, research and service. Within Alabama, it is often called the Capstone and UA. Outside the state, it is well known for its athletic teams being nicknamed the "Crimson Tide" (crimson is the primary color of the state flag of Alabama and one of the school colors).

University of Alabama at Birmingham

The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) is a public research university covering 83 blocks in the Alabama's largest city Birmingham. The university is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". UAB is a vital economic engine of the state of Alabama with an estimated $7.15 billion annual impact. UAB is currently the state's largest employer with more than 24,000 faculty and staff and over 64,000 jobs at the university and in the health system. Almost 10% of the jobs in the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Area are related to UAB.

University of Alabama in Huntsville

The University of Alabama in Huntsville (also known as UAH) is located in Huntsville, Alabama and it was founded in 1950. UAH is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, and doctorates. This university is organized into five colleges: business, engineering, the liberal arts, nursing, and the sciences.

UAH is known for its programs in engineering and the physical sciences, such as geophysics (the Earth's magnetosphere) and the physics of interplanetary space. UAH is a Space Grant university, and it has a history of cooperation with both the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (See:  Marshall Space Flight Center) and the U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command. The National Space Science and Technology Center is on the campus of UAH.

Governance
The Board of Trustees executes its governance responsibilities through a chancellor, who serves as the chief executive officer of the System. A president heads each campus with responsibility for campus administration and reports directly to the Chancellor and through the Chancellor to the Board of Trustees. The Board of Trustees and the Chancellor delegate certain administrative functions and maintain such offices as deemed appropriate to meet the administrative needs of the System. The Chancellor also provides linkage between the System and various components of state and federal governments, as well as other educational groups and organizations.

Board of trustees
The Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama is a self-nominating board composed of 15 elected members and one ex officio member. The makeup of the board is dictated by the Constitution of the State of Alabama which requires that the board be made up of three members from the congressional district that contains the Tuscaloosa campus and two members from every other congressional district in Alabama. The Governor of Alabama is a member of the board by virtue of the office. Elected board members are nominated by the board and are confirmed by the Alabama State Senate. Board members may serve three consecutive six-year terms.

References

External links

Educational institutions established in 1969
Alabama
1969 establishments in Alabama

University of Alabama System


The stratum spinosum (or spinous layer/prickle cell layer) is a layer of the epidermis found between the stratum granulosum and stratum basale. This layer is composed of polyhedral keratinocytes. These are joined with desmosomes. Their spiny (Latin, spinosum) appearance is due to shrinking of the microfilaments between desmosomes that occurs when stained with H&E. Keratinization begins in the stratum spinosum, although the actual keratinocytes begin in the stratum basale. They have large pale-staining nuclei as they are active in synthesizing fibrilar proteins, known as cytokeratin, which build up within the cells aggregating together forming tonofibrils. The tonofibrils go on to form the desmosomes, which allow for strong connections to form between adjacent keratinocytes. The stratum spinosum also contains Langerhans cells, which functions as a macrophage by engulfing bacteria, foreign particles, and damaged cells that occur in this layer.

Clinical significance
Diffuse hyperplasia of the stratum spinosum is termed acanthosis.

Additional images

See also
Spinous cell

References

Skin anatomy
Epithelial cells

Stratum spinosum


Ella Eyre (born 1 April 1994) is a British singer-songwriter. She sang on Rudimental's single "Waiting All Night". It was number one in the UK Singles Chart in April 2013.

Early life
Eyre was raised in Ealing, London. She went to a private school called Millfield and the BRIT School for Performing Arts & Technology.

Career
Eyre was signed to Warner/Chappell Music in July 2012.

Eyre sung on the fourth song on Naughty Boy's album Hotel Cabana. The album was released in August 2013. The song, "Think About It", was then released as the album's fourth single on 17 November 2013. It reached number 78 in the UK Singles Chart.

On 19 October 2013 Eyre performed at the Music of Black Origin Awards. "Waiting All Night" was nominated for Best Song.

On 31 October 2013 BBC Radio 1Xtra played Eyre's first solo single, "Deeper". She was also interviewed by DJ MistaJam. On 22 November Eyre released the video for the single.

On 4 November 2013, British rapper Tinie Tempah released his second album Demonstration. Eyre sung on the first song on the album, "Someday (Place in the Sun)".
She was nominated for MTV Brand New 2014 on 28 November 2013. Other nominees were The Vamps, Eylar Fox, and Banks. In December MTV started letting the public vote for the winner. In February MTV will tell the public who got the most votes.

On 5 December 2013 BBC put her on their Sound of 2014 list. She was also nominated for the 2014 Brit Awards Critics' Choice award.

Her first EP Deeper was released on 15 December 2013 by Virgin/EMI.

Personal life
Eyre is dating John Newman.

References

Other websites
Official website

1994 births
Living people
British R&B musicians
British soul musicians
English pop singers
People from Ealing
Singer-songwriters from London

Ella Eyre


Jebena (, ) is a traditional Ethiopian and Eritrean flask made of pottery and used to brew Arabic coffee. It is also widely used in Sudan, and the coffee itself is called bunna.

Overview

The jebena is most commonly used in the coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea, where women serve coffee to their guests in small clay or ceramic pots.

It is usually made of clay and has a neck and pouring spout, and a handle where the neck connects with the base. The jebenas used in Ethiopia commonly have a spout, whereas those utilized in Eritrea usually do not. It is of a medium size, with a neck, a spout and a handle, as well as some regional variants possessing straw lids, and an extra spout to pour the coffee out of, as well as different shaped bases.

The jebena, containing ground, roasted coffee beans and water, is laid directly upon hot coals to bring the water to a brewing temperature. Typically, when the coffee boils up through the jebena's neck, it is poured in and out of another container to cool it. The liquid is then poured back into the jebena until it bubbles up. To pour the coffee from the jebena, a filter made from horsehair or other material is placed in the spout of the jebena to prevent the grounds from escaping. The advantage of the earthenware flask over metal and glass coffee-pots is that it keeps the liquid hot for a longer period of time.

In Ethiopia, a small pottery cup called a sini or finjal is used to contain the coffee poured from the jebena.

In Ethiopia they use a slightly different variation, theirs having a separate spout lower on the pot for pouring out the coffee. In Eritrea the jebena has only one spout at the top, used both for filling with water and grinds and for pouring out the coffee.

It is considered a staple household object in Ethiopia, with decorations and designs being used to represent social status. It has a close association to the bunna, and the rich history of coffee in Ethiopia.

There is a small restaurant in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, made in an image of an Ethiopian jebena figure.

History
The most commonly held belief on the origin of the coffee bean was that it was first discovered by a goat farmer in Ethiopia after noticing the effect it had on his goats after consuming the beans.

The jebena holds a significant place in Ethiopian and Eritrean culture. Families will usually have only one, and it is normally passed down from generation to generation as a practical, ornate heirloom. The jebena can be described as an 'artifact', as well as a tool, as it represents significant shared cultural experience and status in Ethiopian and Eritrean culture.

Prevalence

Ethiopia
Brewing coffee is tied closely to womanhood in Ethiopia and in the Horn of Africa. When brewing coffee with the jebena, the youngest woman of the family is always the one to initiate the process. Brewing coffee in the jebena is also a distinctly social event, where during the time it takes to prepare the beans and brew the coffee, families will socialise.

The ornate nature of a jebena makes it a coveted item for a family, with potters in Ethiopia often not having access to tools such as potter's wheels. As a result, a highly decorated jebena is a sign of wealth and status amongst families in Ethiopia and Eritrea.

Because of the ritualistic nature of the buna ceremony, if a jebena is not used to prepare and boil the coffee, by all accounts, a bunna ceremony is not taking place.

A household would traditionally participate in the bunna ceremony three times a day, preparing a pot of coffee in the jebena each time. On each occasion, the woman preparing the bunna will announce to all persons in the household that it is taking place, and will invite people to enjoy the ritual before beginning to roast the beans and starting the process of making coffee in the jebena.

Migrants of Ethiopia
The jebena is also tied closely to womanhood amongst migrant families. The jebena represents a delineated routine of the Ethiopian coffee ceremony, and despite families not being in their home nation, the ritual of the bunna ceremony is negated by the absence of a jebena. Because of this, the long time it takes to brew coffee in the jebena allows migrant families time to connect and furthers the collective identity women and families have built with their home nation.

In her book The Comforts of Coffee: The Role of the Coffee Ceremony in Ethiopians' Efforts to Cope with Social Upheaval during the Derg Regime (1974-1991),  D. Daniel writes of the jebena:Arguably the most important feature of the ceremony is the jebena, the coffee pot. The jebena is made from clay and has a round bottom with a narrow spout and a handle on the side. Its shape and design are reflective of the ethnic identity of the host, whether it has a large bottom or an additional spout to pour out the coffee. While certain elements of the coffee ceremony can be tweaked, modernized or all together left out, the jebena has remained the center piece throughout Ethiopia and abroad.

Appearance
The jebena has a long, neck-like spout, and a handle to pour with. The base of the jebena is normally large and circular, with a flat bottom so that it can balance on the surfaces without falling over. The top of the jebena is usually curved so that pouring in water and coffee grounds is easier. The neck of the spout in the jebena is intentionally very narrow, acting as a strainer so no grounds come out when pouring the coffee, so that the coffee requires less straining through a sieve.

It is normally placed on a small decorative cloth throne or on hay to stop its base, which has usually just been exposed to flames, from burning anything. There is also normally a plug at the top, made of cloth, straw or clay, to stop any water from spilling out. More modern jebena's may be made of porcelain or metal, resembling a more traditional western coffee pot. The size of the jebena is usually approximately  tall. This is because it is normal to refill the jebena and brew more coffee multiple times in one coffee ceremony, so a large pot is not required.

The appearance of the jebena differs slightly, depending on the regions of Ethiopia and East Africa. Most commonly, it will be made of locally sourced clay by an elderly female. Villages often specialise in making specific types of jebenas, as well as the cup used in the bunna, known as the 'sini'. Ornate decorations, such as gold or silver plating, and decorative painting are also common where the jebena is used as status or social symbol in Ethiopian society. These styles of decorations are usually reserved for the upper class and royalty. Other decorations consist of painting the outside with different, bright, colours or traditional dot paintings.

Regional variations also exist, with different main styles, the Ethiopian and the Eritrean:

 The Ethiopian variant has a separate spout to pour the water into and a spout to pour the coffee out from. In some areas where butter is added to the coffee, jebenas may have two spouts.
 Eritrean variants of the jebena are made in a similar fashion, but only possess one spout for water to be poured in from, and for coffee to be poured out from.

The clay cups used to serve coffee are normally made of the same clay, and are decorated/presented in a similar manner to the jebena, and are known as 'sini'. They are normally placed on a metal tray, and this metal tray is used to serve the coffee to participants in the bunna.

Usage
Coffee is brewed in a jebena three times a day, in the morning, at noon and in the evening. When coffee is being prepared, it is normally time for men and women to mingle and converse separately. The matriarch or the youngest woman of a household is traditionally the person who initiates the bunna ceremony and begins the process of preparing the coffee beans to be brewed in the jebena. Coffee beans are washed, roasted and then ground by women, and often mixed with spices before the coffee begins to be brewed.

After the beans have been roasted and ground, which can take up to forty five minutes, the coffee is brewed in the jebena and served in three separate stages. While the beans are being roasted in preparation to be put in the jebena, popcorn or other small snacks are passed around. Of the three stages, the first is known as the awel, the second, the kale'i and the third, the baraka. The first of these stages, the coffee is strong and potent, with each preceding serving having slightly more dilute coffee. In total all three stages usually take two hours.

The water in the jebena, along with the coffee grounds, is then boiled on a medium-sized fire made with hot coals on a fire pit on the ground. When the coffee is finished brewing, it is poured into small clay or porcelain cups through a sieve to catch the fine coffee ground, and served with the small snacks that were consumed while the coffee was prepared. Small cups are used so that three small servings of coffee can be drunk, allowing participants to consume all three separate stages of brewing.

While the coffee is being prepared in the jebena, a woman will often light incense to create a more relaxing atmosphere in the home, and to further complete the ritual of the bunna ceremony. Usually, no sugar, butter or milk is added to the coffee while it is brewing or once it has been served out of the jebena, and the coffee is served to persons sitting on the ground, with the host preparing a tray of cups to deliver to individuals.

See also

 List of cooking vessels

References

Ethiopian cuisine
Eritrean cuisine
Pottery shapes
Cooking vessels
Serving vessels
African pottery
Utility vessels

Jebena


Jean-Louis Laya (4 December 1761, Paris – 25 August 1833, Meudon) was a French playwright. He wrote his first comedy in collaboration with Gabriel-Marie Legouvé in 1785. The piece, however, though accepted by the Comédie française, was never represented. In 1789 he produced a plea for religious toleration in the form of a five-act tragedy in verse, Jean Calas. In his next work, the injustice of the disgrace cast on a family by the crime of one of its members formed the theme of Les Dangers de l'opinion (1790).

It is by his Ami des lois (1793) that Laya is best remembered. This energetic protest against mob rule, with its scarcely veiled characterizations of Robespierre as Nomophage and of Marat as Duricrne, was an act of the highest courage, for the play was produced at the Théâtre Français (temporarily Théâtre de la Nation) only nineteen days before the execution of Louis XVI.

Ten days after its first production the piece was prohibited by the Commune, but the public demanded its representation; the mayor of Paris was compelled to appeal to the National Convention, and the piece was played while some 30,000 Parisians guarded the hall. Laya went into hiding, and several persons convicted of having a copy of the obnoxious play in their possession were guillotined.

At the end of the Terror Laya returned to Paris. In 1813 he replaced Delille in the Paris chair of literary history and French poetry; he was admitted to the Académie française in 1817. Laya produced in 1797 Les Deux Stuarts, and in 1799 Falkland, the title-role of which provided Talma with one of his finest opportunities. Laya's works, which chiefly owe their interest to the circumstances attending their production, were collected in 1836-1837.  His son, Léon, was also a playwright.

Works

Theatre
1790: Les Dangers de l'opinion, drama in 5 acts, in verse, Théâtre de la Nation, 19 January
1790: Jean Calas, tragedy in 5 acts and in verse, Paris, Théâtre de la Nation, 18 December
1793: L'Ami des lois, comedy in 5 acts in verse, Paris, Théâtre de la Nation, 2 January.read online on Gallica
1798: Falkland, ou La conscience, drama in five acts in prose, Paris, Théâtre-Français, 25 May
1799: Une Journée du jeune Néron, comedy burlesque in 2 acts and in verse, Paris, Théâtre de l'Odéon, 15 February

Trivia
1789: Voltaire aux Français, sur leur constitution (1789)
1789: La Régénération des comédiens en France, ou leurs droits à l'état civil (1789)
1793: Almanach sur l'état des comédiens en France, ou leurs droits défendus comme citoyens, par l'auteur de « L'Ami des lois »
1836: Œuvres complètes. Études sur l'histoire littéraire de l'antiquité grecque et latine, et sur les premiers siècles de la littérature française

References

 Notice biographique sur J. L. Laya (1833)
 Charles Nodier, Discours de reception, (December 26, 1833)
 Welschinger, Théâtre de la revolution (1880).

External links
 Jean-Louis Laya on data.bnf.fr

1761 births
1833 deaths
Writers from Paris
Members of the Académie Française
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
18th-century French dramatists and playwrights
19th-century French dramatists and playwrights

Jean-Louis Laya


James Halliday McDunnough (10 May 1877 – 23 February 1962) was a Canadian linguist, musician, and entomologist best known for his work with North American Lepidoptera, but who also made important contributions about North American Ephemeroptera.

Early life
McDunnough travelled with his mother and aunt to Berlin to be trained as a classical musician, studying under the great violinist Joseph Joachim. After a season as a violinist in a symphony orchestra in Glasgow, Scotland (presumably what is now the Royal Scottish National Orchestra), he taught English to a Russian family and then decided to change careers. In 1904 he went back to study in Berlin, receiving his doctorate in zoology in 1909.

Returning to North America, he worked briefly at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts and married Margaret Bertels, from Berlin. He soon learned of an important opportunity: a wealthy surgeon in Decatur, Illinois named William Barnes needed an entomologist to serve as curator and researcher for his private collection of North American Lepidoptera - probably the best in existence at the time.

From 1910 to 1919 McDunnough produced, with Barnes credited as co-author, an impressive volume of research on the taxonomy of North American Lepidoptera, including the first four volumes of the privately published Contributions to the Natural History of the Lepidoptera of North America, the 1917 Check list of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America, Illustrations of the North American Species of the Genus Catocala, and numerous journal articles, 67 papers in all. He also published nine articles solely under his own name during this period.

In 1918, McDunnough spent a summer helping with the Canada National Collection of Insects (now the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes) by arranging the microlepidoptera part of the collection. This led to his leaving the job with Barnes in 1919 and heading the newly created Division of Systematic Entomology within the Entomological Branch of the Canadian Department of Agriculture. He remained there until 1946.

During those 28 years, he oversaw the development of the Canadian National Collection into a world-class repository of insect and other arthropod specimens along with an extensive library of entomological publications, conducted faunal surveys throughout Canada, and published 199 taxonomic papers.

Over the same period, he also was editor for the Entomological Society of Canada's journal, The Canadian Entomologist, from 1921 to 1938. After retirement, he was appointed a research associate at the American Museum of Natural History, working there from late 1946 to 1950.

In 1950, after the death of his wife, he moved to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he became a research associate for the Nova Scotia Museum of Science, while still publishing papers through the AMNH. The following year, he became the first president of the Lepidopterists' Society.  His last paper was published in the year of his death, 1962, at the age of 84.

References

1877 births
1962 deaths
Academic journal editors
Canadian entomologists
Canadian lepidopterists
People from Decatur, Illinois
People from Halifax, Nova Scotia
People from Old Toronto
Taxon authorities
People associated with the American Museum of Natural History

James Halliday McDunnough


Ibn Khaldun (; , ; 27 May 1332 – 17 March 1406) was an influential Arab thinker of the 14th century. His family were from Andalusia. Khaldun served the governments of the day in many ways. He was sometimes in prison. He lived in Marrakesh in Morocco for a time, and in Granada. Then he moved to Cairo, where he was a judge.

The most famous book Khaldun wrote is the Kitāb al-ʻIbar (Book of Lessons), a history of the world. The first part, Muqaddimah (Introduction) is often used alone. This book is often credited as inventing sociology. He also wrote his autobiography.

Ibn Khaldun lived a life in search of stability and influence. He came from a family of scholars and politicians and he intended to live up to both expectations. He would succeed in the field of scholarship much more so than in any other field. He died on 17 March 1406, one month after his sixth selection for the office of the Maliki qadi (Judge).

Moroccan historians
1332 births
1406 deaths
Writers from Tunis
Writers from Cairo

Ibn Khaldun


Sector 236 – Thor's Wrath () is a 2010 Swedish horror science fiction film. It was produced by Swedish stuntman Lars Lundgren who also was the main stunt coordinator. Lundgren had previously worked as a stuntman in films such as Planet of the Apes and Thriller - A Cruel Picture.

Plot
A platoon of Swedish Mountain Rangers goes missing in the remote military sector 236 - nicknamed since the Viking age Thor's Wrath. The Swedish government sends captain Palmquist and a special force to investigate. Joining them is the American agent and scientist Johnson. Meanwhile, a group of teenagers goes to hike in the area. Their phones suddenly lose reception and the compass stops working. Soon, they are killed off one by one by an unseen force. At the headquarters, the Swedish Colonel Stag realises that the American has lied about what he believes to hide in sector 236. He sets out to save his soldiers from walking into a bloodbath.

Cast

References

External links

2010 films
2010 horror films
2010s science fiction horror films
Swedish science fiction horror films
2010s Swedish-language films
2010s Swedish films

Sector 236 – Thor's Wrath


Lithuanian Neighbouring Rights Association (), known as AGATA, is a non-profit performance rights organization established in 1999 that deals with the licensing and rights of music publishers and performers in Lithuania. In 2011, it became the country's designated body for the collection of compensation for writers, performers, actors and producers. AGATA is an associated member of the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI). Since September 2018, AGATA publishes weekly top 100 charts of the most popular albums and singles in Lithuania. The charts are based on sales and streams from Spotify, Deezer, Apple Music, iTunes, Google Play and Shazam.

References

External links
 AGATA Weekly Lithuanian Top 100 Albums and Singles

Music industry associations
Lithuanian music
Record charts
1999 establishments in Lithuania
Organizations based in Vilnius
Non-profit organizations based in Lithuania

AGATA (organization)


Gudåa or Gudå is a village in the municipality of Meråker in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located along the river Stjørdalselva, about  west of the municipal center of Midtbygda.  The village is served by Gudå Station on the Meråker Line railway as well as the European route E14 highway.  Gudåa has a camping ground and it is a popular fishing spot for salmon.

References

Villages in Trøndelag
Meråker

Gudå