Exploitation is a concept defined as, in its broadest sense, one agent taking unfair advantage of another agent. When applying this to labour (or labor) it denotes an unjust social relationship based on an asymmetry of power or unequal exchange of value between workers and their employers. When speaking about exploitation, there is a direct affiliation with consumption in social theory and traditionally this would label exploitation as unfairly taking advantage of another person because of their vulnerable position, giving the exploiter the power.

Karl Marx's theory of exploitation has been described in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy as the most influential theory of exploitation. Marx described exploitation as the theft of economic power in all class-based societies, including capitalism, through the working class (or the proletariat, as Marx called them) being forced to sell their labour. The two main perspectives when analysing the exploitation of labour are that of Marx and that of Adam Smith, a classical economist. Smith did not see exploitation as an inherent systematic phenomenon in certain economic systems as Marx did, but rather something that stems from a random occurrence in the chaos of the market, such as a monopoly, that will even out by the tendency of the free market towards equilibrium.

Marxist theory

Karl Marx's exploitation theory is one of the major elements analyzed in Marxian economics and some social theorists consider it to be a cornerstone in Marxist thought. Marx credited the Scottish Enlightenment writers for originally propounding a materialist interpretation of history. In his Critique of the Gotha Program, Marx set principles that were to govern the distribution of welfare under socialism and communism—these principles saw distribution to each person according to their work and needs. Exploitation is when these two principles are not met, when the agents are not receiving according to their work or needs. This process of exploitation is a part of the redistribution of labour, occurring during the process of separate agents exchanging their current productive labour for social labour set in goods received. The labour put forth toward production is embodied in the goods and exploitation occurs when someone purchases a good, with their revenue or wages, for an amount unequal to the total labour he or she has put forth. This labour performed by a population over a certain time period is equal to the labour embodied to the goods that make up the net national product (NNP). The NNP is then parceled out to the members of the population in some way and this is what creates the two groups, or agents, involved in the exchange of goods: exploiters and exploited.

According to Marxist economics, the exploiters are the agents able to command goods, with revenue from their income, that are embodied with more labour than the exploiters themselves have put forth—based on the exploitative social relations of Marxist theory of capitalist production. These agents often have class status and ownership of productive assets that aid the optimization of exploitation. Meanwhile, the exploited are those who receive less than the average product he or she produces. If workers receive an amount equivalent to their average product, there is no revenue left over and therefore these workers cannot enjoy the fruits of their own labours and the difference between what is made and what that can purchase cannot be justified by redistribution according to need. According to Marxist theory, in a capitalist society, the exploited are the proletariat, and the exploiters would typically be the bourgeoisie. For Marx, the phenomenon of exploitation was a characteristic of all class-based societies, not only capitalism.

Surplus labour and labour theory of value
In the Marxist critique of political economy, exploiters appropriate another's surplus labour, which is the amount of labour exceeding what is necessary for the reproduction of a worker's labour power and basic living conditions. In other terms, this entails the worker being able to maintain living conditions sufficient to be able to continue work. Marx does not attempt to tie this solely to capitalist institutions as he notes how historically, there are accounts of this appropriation of surplus labour in institutions with forced labour, like those based on slavery and feudal societies. However, the difference he emphasizes is the fact that when this appropriation of surplus labour occurs in societies like capitalist ones, it is occurring in institutions having abolished forced labour and resting on free labour. This comes from Marx's labour theory of value which means that, for any commodity, the price (or wage) of labor power is determined by its cost of production—namely, the quantity of socially necessary labor time required to produce it.

In a capitalist economy, workers are paid according to this value and value is the source of all wealth. Value is determined by a good's particular utility for an actor and if the good results from human activity, it must be understood as a product of concrete labour, qualitatively defined labour. Capitalists are able to purchase labour power from the workers, who can only bring their own labour power in the market. Once capitalists are able to pay the worker less than the value produced by their labour, surplus labour forms and this results in the capitalists' profits. This is what Marx meant by "surplus value", which he saw as "an exact expression for the degree of exploitation of labor-power by capital, or of the laborer by the capitalist". This profit is used to pay for overhead and personal consumption by the capitalist, but was most importantly used to accelerate growth and thus promote a greater system of exploitation.

The degree of exploitation of labour power is dictated by the rate of surplus value as the proportion between surplus value/product and necessary value/product. The surplus value/product is the materialized surplus labour or surplus labour time while the necessary value/product is materialized necessary labour in regard to workers, like the reproduction of the labour power. Marx called the rate of surplus value an "exact expression of the degree of exploitation of labour power by capital".

Critique and rejection
Many capitalist critics have pointed out that Marx assumes that capital owners contribute nothing to the process of production. They suggest that Marx should have allowed for two things; namely, permit a fair profit on the risk of capital investment and allow for the efforts of management be paid their due.

David Ramsay Steele argues that marginal productivity theory renders Marx's theory of exploitation untenable. According to this theoretical framework and assuming competitive market conditions, a worker's compensation is determined by his or her contribution to marginal output. Similarly, owners of machines and real estate are compensated according to the marginal productivity of their capital's contribution to marginal output. However, Steele notes that this does not in any way touch the ethical argument of socialists who acknowledge non-labour contributions to marginal output, but contend that it is illegitimate for a class of passive owners to receive an unearned income from ownership of capital and land.

Meghnad Desai, Baron Desai observed that there is also the prospect of surplus value arising from sources other than labour and a classic given example is winemaking. When grapes are harvested and crushed, labour is used. However, when yeast is added and the grape juice is left to ferment in order to get wine, the value of wine exceeds that of the grapes significantly, yet labour contributes nothing to the extra value. Marx had ignored capital inputs due to placing them all together in constant capital—translating the wear and tear of capital in production in terms of its labour value. Yet examples such as this demonstrated that value and surplus value could come from somewhere other than labour.

The theory has been opposed by Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, among others. In History and Critique of Interest Theories (1884), he argues that capitalists do not exploit their workers, as they actually help employees by providing them with an income well in advance of the revenue from the goods they produced, stating: "Labor cannot increase its share at the expense of capital". In particular, he argues that the theory of exploitation ignores the dimension of time in production. From this criticism, it follows that, according to Böhm-Bawerk, the whole value of a product is not produced by the worker, but that labour can only be paid at the present value of any foreseeable output.

John Roemer studied and criticized Marx's theory by putting forth a model to deal with exploitation in all modes of production, hoping to lay the foundations for an analysis of the laws of motion of socialism. In his works published in the 1980s, Roemer posits a model of exploitation based upon unequal ownership of human (physical labour skills) and non-human property (land and means of production). He states that this model of property rights has great superiority over the conventional surplus labour model of exploitation, therefore rejecting the labour theory of value. In his attempt to put forward a theory of exploitation that also includes feudal, capitalist and socialist modes of production, he defines exploitation in each of the modes in terms of property rights. Roemer rejects the labour theory of value because he sees that exploitation can exist in the absence of employment relations, like in a subsistence economy, therefore backing the model of exploitation that is based on property rights. He tests his theory of exploitation using game theory to construct contingently feasible alternative states where the exploited agents could improve their welfare by withdrawing with their share of society's alienable and inalienable assets. Feudal, capitalist and socialist exploitation all come from the theory of exploitation on the basis of inequitable distribution of property rights. There has been a range of agreement and disagreement from various economists, neo-classical economists favoring the model the most.

Some theorists criticize Roemer for his entire rejection of the labour theory of value and the surplus labour approach to exploitation, for they were the central aspects of Marxist thought in regard to exploitation. Others criticize his commitment to a specifically liberal as opposed to a Marxist account of the wrongs of exploitation.

In response to Roemer, Nicholas Vrousalis has argued that Roemer is right to criticize the labour theory of value, but that does not subtract from the value of Marx's exploitation theory. According to Vrousalis, the correspondence between price and value posited by the original Marxian theory is unnecessary to the centrality of labour to the theory of exploitation.

Other theories

Liberal theory

Many assume that liberalism intrinsically lacks any adequate theory of exploitation because its phenomenon commits itself only to the primacy of personal rights and liberties and to individual choice as the basic explanatory datum. Hillel Steiner provided an argument to refute the claim that liberalism cannot supply an adequate theory of exploitation. He discusses interpersonal transfers and how there are three types: donation, exchange and theft. Exchange is the only of the three that consists of a voluntary bilateral transfer, where the beneficiary receives something at a value greater than zero on the shared scale of value, although at times there can be ambiguity between more complex types of transfer. He describes the three dimensions of transfers as either unilateral/bilateral, voluntary/involuntary and equal/unequal. Despite these types of transfers being able to distinguish the differences in the four types of transfers, it is not enough to provide a differentiating characterization of exploitation. Unlike theft, an exploitative transfer is bilateral and the items are transferred voluntarily at both unequal and greater-than-zero value. The difference between a benefit and exploitation despite their various shared features is a difference between their counterfactual presuppositions, meaning that in an exploitation there is a voluntary bilateral transfer of unequally valued items because the possessors of both items would voluntarily make the transfer if the items to be transferred were of equal value, but in a benefit the possessor of the higher-value item would not voluntarily make the transfer if the items were at equal value. Put simply, the exploitation can be converted to an exchange: both exploiters and exploited would voluntarily become exchangers when benefactors would not.

In an exploitation both transfers are voluntary, but part of one of the two transfers is unnecessary. The circumstances that bring out exploitation are not the same as what brings about exploitative transfers. Exploitative circumstance is due to the factors other than what motivates individuals to engage in nonaltruistic bilateral transfers (exchanges and exploitations) as they are not sufficient circumstances to bring about exploitative transfers.

To further explain the occurrence of exploitative circumstances certain generalizations about social relations must be included to supply generalizations about social institutions. He says that 'if (i) certain things are true of the institutions within which interpersonal transfers occur and (ii) at least some of these transfers are nonaltruistic bilateral ones, then at least some of these transfers are exploitative. Steiner looks at the institutional conditions of exploitation and finds that in general exploitation is considered unjust and to understand why it is necessary to look at the concept of a right, an inviolable domain of practical choice and the way rights are established to form social institutions. Institutional exploitation can be illustrated by schematized forms of exploitation to reach two points:
Despite the mode of deprivation in exploitation, it is not the same as the mode involved in a violation of rights and it does result from such violations and the two deprivations may be of the same value.
Rights violation (theft) is a bilateral relation, but exploitation is trilateral one. There are at least three persons needed for exploitation.

On a liberal view, exploitation can be described as a quadrilateral relation between four relevantly distinct parties: the state, the exploited, the exploiter and those who suffer rights violations. However, it can be argued that the state's interests with the exploiters action can be viewed as unimpeachable because you cannot imply that the exploiter would ever withhold consent from exploiting due to altruistic concerns. So this trilateral conception of exploitation identifies exploited, exploiters and sufferers of rights violations.

In terms of ridding exploitation, the standard liberal view holds that a regime of laissez-faire is a necessary condition. Natural rights thinkers Henry George and Herbert Spencer reject this view and claim that property rights belong to everyone, i.e., that all land to be valid must belong to everyone. Their argument aims to show that traditional liberalism is mistaken in holding that nonintervention in commerce is the key to non-exploitation and they argue it is necessary, but not sufficient.

The classical liberal Adam Smith described the exploitation of labour by businessmen, who work together to extract as much wealth as possible out of their workers, thusly:What are the common wages of labour, depends everywhere upon the contract usually made between those two parties, whose interests are by no means the same. The workmen desire to get as much, the masters to give as little as possible. The former are disposed to combine in order to raise, the latter in order to lower the wages of labour.

Neoclassical notions
The majority of neoclassical economists only would view exploitation existing as an abstract deduction of the classic school and of Ricardo's theory of surplus-value. However, in some neoclassical economic theories exploitation is defined by the unequal marginal productivity of workers and wages, such that wages are lower. Exploitation is sometimes viewed to occur when a necessary agent of production receives less wages than its marginal product. Neoclassical theorists also identify the need for some type of redistribution of income to the poor, disabled, to the farmers and peasants, or whatever socially alienated group from the social welfare function. However, it is not true that neoclassical economists would accept the marginal productivity theory of just income as a general principle like other theorists do when addressing exploitation. The general neoclassical view sees that all factors can be simultaneously rewarded according to their marginal productivity: this means that factors of production should be awarded according to their marginal productivity as well, Euler's theorem for homogeneous function of the first order proves this:
f(K,L)= fK(K,L)K+fL(K,L)L
The production function where K is capital and L is labour. Neoclassical theory requires that f be continuously differentiable in both variables and that there are constant returns to scale. If there are constant returns to scale, there will be perfect equilibrium if both capital and labour are rewarded according to their marginal products, exactly exhausting the total product.

The primary concept is that there is exploitation towards a factor of production, if it receives less than its marginal product. Exploitation can only occur in imperfect capitalism due to imperfect competition, with the neoclassical notion of productivity wages there is little to no exploitation in the economy. This blames monopoly in the product market, monopsony in the labour market and cartellization as the main causes for exploitation of workers. In his discussion of neoclassical exploitation, Nicholas Vrousalis argues that monopoly and monopsony are unnecessary to exploitation, as exploitation is compatible with perfectly competitive markets.

In developing nations

Developing nations, commonly called Third World countries, are the focus of much debate over the issue of exploitation, particularly in the context of the global economy.

For example, observers point to cases where employees were unable to escape factories burning down—and thus dying—because of locked doors, a common signal that sweatshop conditions exist, similar to the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire of 1911.

Others argue that in the absence of compulsion the only way that corporations are able to secure adequate supplies of labour is to offer wages and benefits superior to preexisting options and that the presence of workers in corporate factories indicates that the factories present options which are seen as better—by the workers themselves—than the other options available to them (see principle of revealed preference).

Furthermore, the argument goes that if people choose to work for low wages and in unsafe conditions because it is their only alternative to starvation or scavenging from garbage dumps (the "preexisting options"), this cannot be seen as any kind of "free choice" on their part. It also argued that if a company intends to sell its products in the First World, it should pay its workers by First World standards.

Following such a view, some in the United States propose that the American government should mandate that businesses in foreign countries adhere to the same labour, environmental, health and safety standards as the United States before they are allowed to trade with businesses in the United States (this has been advocated by Howard Dean, for example).

According to others, this would harm the economies of less developed nations by discouraging the United States from investing in them. Milton Friedman was an economist who thought that such a policy would have that effect. According to this argument, the result of ending perceived exploitation would therefore be the corporation pulling back to its developed nation, leaving their former workers out of a job.

Groups who see themselves as fighting against global exploitation also point to secondary effects such as the dumping of government-subsidized corn on developing world markets which forces subsistence farmers off of their lands, sending them into the cities or across borders in order to survive. More generally, some sort of international regulation of transnational corporations is called for, such as the enforcement of the International Labour Organization's labour standards.

The fair trade movement seeks to ensure a more equitable treatment of producers and workers, therefore minimizing exploitation of labour forces in developing countries. The exploitation of labour is not limited to the aforementioned large scale corporate outsourcing, but it can also be found within the inherent structure of local markets in developing countries like Kenya.

Wage labour

Wage labour as institutionalized under today's market economic systems has been criticized, especially by both mainstream socialists and anarcho-syndicalists, utilising the pejorative term wage slavery. They regard the trade of labour as a commodity as a form of economic exploitation rooting partially from capitalism.

As per Noam Chomsky, analysis of the psychological implications of wage slavery goes back to the Enlightenment era. In his 1791 book On the Limits of State Action, liberal thinker Wilhelm von Humboldt posited that "whatever does not spring from a man's free choice, or is only the result of instruction and guidance, does not enter into his very nature; he does not perform it with truly human energies, but merely with mechanical exactness" and so when the labourer works under external control "we may admire what he does, but we despise what he is". Both the Milgram and Stanford experiments have been found useful in the psychological study of wage-based workplace relations.

Additionally, Marxists posit that labour as commodity, which is how they regard wage labour, provides an absolutely fundamental point of attack against capitalism. "It can be persuasively argued", noted one concerned philosopher, "that the conception of the worker's labor as a commodity confirms Marx's stigmatisation of the wage system of private capitalism as 'wage-slavery;' that is, as an instrument of the capitalist's for reducing the worker's condition to that of a slave, if not below it".

See also

 Benjamin Tucker
 Capital, Volume I
 Child labour
 Child sexual exploitation
 Contemporary slavery
 Corporate abuse
 Cost the limit of price
 Criticism of capitalism
 Debt bondage
 Exploitation of natural resources
 Forced prostitution
 Globalization
 Gulag
 Human trafficking
 Indentured servant
 Labour, class struggle and false consciousness
 Laogai
 Mutualism
 Neocolonialism
 Overexploitation
 Property income
 Prosumerism
 Rate of exploitation
 Sharecropping
 Trafficking of children
 Unearned income
 Unequal exchange
 Unfree labour

Notes

References

Works cited

External links
 The Communist Manifesto, Marxists Internet Archive
 Wage Labour and Capital, Marxists Internet Archive
 Only Socialism Can Put an End to Exploitation, Jacobin

Ethically disputed working conditions
Labour economics
Marxian economics

Exploitation of labour


Dustin Lee Howard (born April 22, 1986), better known by the ring name Chuck Taylor, is an American professional wrestler currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW). Known as "The Kentucky Gentleman" and "Sexy Chuckie T", he is a member of the Best Friends stable alongside original tag team partner Trent Beretta, Orange Cassidy, Kris Statlander, and Danhausen. Howard has wrestled on the independent circuit since 2002, most notably appearing for Chikara, where he held the Campeonatos de Parejas twice, and Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG), where he is a former two-time PWG World Champion. He is also known for his work in larger national and international promotions like Ring of Honor (ROH) and New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW).

Professional wrestling career

Early career (2002–2005)
Dustin began his wrestling training in 2002, at age 15, under the tutelage of Brandon Walker at the Old School Wrestling Training Academy in Hardin, Kentucky. Due to age requirements for wrestling licenses in Kentucky, he was unable to wrestle during shows in-state until age 18, during which time he wrestled for promotions in Tennessee and Illinois. The most prominent of these was the then-newly restarted Chaos Pro Wrestling (CPW) in Brookport, Illinois, where he began his friendship with fellow wrestler Trevor Mann, who has since been known by the ring name Ricochet. Howard's ring name of Chuck Taylor was derived by his trainers due to his habit of wearing the famous sneakers of the same name during training sessions.

Chikara

The Kings of Wrestling (2006–2007)
Howard, under the ring name Chuck Taylor, made his Chikara debut on June 24, 2006, at the Young Lions Cup IV tournament, defeating his rival Ricochet in the first round before being eliminated in the six-way semi-final round by Andy Sumner. The next night, he teamed up with Cloudy to defeat Ricochet and Player Uno in a non-tournament tag team match, with the four receiving a standing ovation after the match. However, Taylor would quickly become a villain during his match with Eddie Kingston at the Brick event on November 17, gaining an upset victory with some help from an interfering "Sweet & Sour" Larry Sweeney. After impressing Sweeney, Taylor was allowed to replace Chris Hero in the 2007 King of Trios tournament, joining Team F.I.S.T. (Icarus and Gran Akuma) on the Kings of Wrestling team. The Kings of Wrestling made it to the semi-final round before losing to the team of Miyawaki, Yoshiaki Yago and KUDO.

Team F.I.S.T. and championship success (2007–2013)
Despite the loss, Taylor rebounded by entering the first-ever Rey de Voladores tournament on April 22, 2007, defeating the likes of PAC, Ricochet, Retail Dragon en route to the finals of the tournament, where he defeated Lince Dorado. However, problems in the Kings of Wrestling arose as Chris Hero, the man he replaced at King of Trios, had split the Kings of Wrestling stable in two, with Hero, Sweeney, and Claudio Castagnoli comprising the Kings of Wrestling while Team F.I.S.T. (Taylor, Akuma, and Icarus) once again became a separate team. At the Aniversario! event in May, the Kings and F.I.S.T. met in a six-man tag team match, which F.I.S.T. won. Despite losing, the Kings reunited with F.I.S.T. and the Kings of Wrestling became the top stable in Chikara, later recruiting Mitch Ryder, Max Boyer and Shayne Hawke to their ranks. Using this momentum, Taylor went on to win the Young Lions Cup V, beating Cabana Man Dan, Lince Dorado, MosCOW the Communist Bovine, Player Uno, Ice Cream, Jr. and Amigo Suzuki on the first night and Arik Cannon in the semifinals on the second night, before beating longtime rival Ricochet in the finals.

After a successful title defense against Drake Younger, Taylor put the cup on the line against Ricochet on August 18 at the 2007 International Invaders weekend, with Ricochet putting his career on the line. Taylor would win the match, seemingly ridding his rival for good. However, Taylor's momentum would come to a halt after he was eliminated in that years Torneo Cibernetico match by Lince Dorado. A month later, he was defeated by Claudio Castagnoli in singles competition at the October 26 event Bruised. Later that night, Taylor replaced an inactive Icarus to team with Akuma in a Campeonatos de Parejas title defense against Incoherence (Delirious and Hallowicked), which Taylor and Akuma lost. The next night, Taylor lost his Young Lions Cup to the debuting newcomer, Helios, who bore a striking resemblance to Ricochet. However, Taylor managed to regain some success before the end of 2007 by defeating Shane Storm and Passion Hasegawa, respectively in singles matches before teaming up with Team F.I.S.T. to beat the team of Tim Donst and Los Ice Creams (El Hijo del Ice Cream and Ice Cream, Jr.).

Taylor once again teamed up with Icarus and Akuma in the 2008 King of Trios tournament, this time making it to the quarterfinal round before being knocked out by The Colony (Fire Ant, Worker Ant, and Soldier Ant). Following the King of Trios, Taylor returned singles competition but still remained a member of F.I.S.T., occasionally tagging with either Akuma or Icarus.

For the first half of 2009, Taylor, Icarus and Akuma feuded with The Colony, defeating them on February 20 in a King of Trios qualifying match. After the match Taylor gave Worker Ant the Awful Waffle on the floor of the arena, which in kayfabe was the reason for his retirement following the match. On March 27 F.I.S.T. entered their third King of Trios, defeating The Death Match Kings (Brain Damage, Necro Butcher and Toby Klein) in the first round of the tournament. After defeating The F1rst Family (Arik Cannon, Darin Corbin and Ryan Cruz) in the quarter-finals, F.I.S.T. advanced to the semifinals of the tournament, where they would defeat the team of Equinox, Lince Dorado and Helios, the team known collectively as The Future is Now. On March 29, 2009, F.I.S.T. defeated Team Uppercut (Bryan Danielson, Claudio Castagnoli and Dave Taylor) in the finals, when Taylor forced Danielson to tap out to the Cross Crab, to win the 2009 King of Trios. On May 24, 2009, at Aniversario Yang F.I.S.T. ended their feud with The Colony, when Taylor and Icarus lost a "Double Mask vs. Double Hair" match against Fire Ant and Soldier Ant, and were both shaved bald.

On April 23, 2010, F.I.S.T. entered the 2010 King of Trios tournament, attempting to become the first two-time King of Trios winners. After defeating The Throwbacks (Dasher Hatfield, Sugar Dunkerton and Matt Classic) in the first round, F.I.S.T. was eliminated in the quarter-finals by Team Osaka Pro (Atsushi Kotoge, Daisuke Harada and Tadasuke). During the tournament F.I.S.T. was observed by Johnny Gargano, a self admitted fan of the team, who managed to stir up problems between its members by suggesting that the team had a weak link, which led to Taylor, who had been pinned in the match against Osaka Pro, pointing out Akuma and Akuma retaliating by claiming that Icarus was and always had been the weak link. Taylor caused even more dissension in F.I.S.T. by offering himself to Dragon Gate USA's World–1 stable, a competitor of Kamikaze USA, Gran Akuma's stable in the company. On July 26 at Chikarasaurus Rex: King of Show F.I.S.T. was defeated in a six-man tag team match by CIMA, Masaaki Mochizuki and Super Shenglong, when CIMA pinned Akuma. After the match Taylor and Icarus turned on Akuma, kicked him out of both F.I.S.T. and Chikara and gave his spot in the stable to Johnny Gargano. With Gargano as a member, the new F.I.S.T. ended their losing streak by defeating Da Soul Touchaz (Acid Jaz, Marshe Rockett and Willie Richardson) and 3.0 (Scott Parker and Shane Matthews) and Soldier Ant in six man tag team matches on September 18 and 19. On April 15, 2011, F.I.S.T. entered the 2011 King of Trios, defeating Team Australia (Kabel, Percy T and Tama Williams) in their first round match. The following day F.I.S.T. defeated Team Osaka Pro (Atsushi Kotoge, Daisuke Harada and Ultimate Spider Jr.), avenging their loss from the previous year and advancing to the semifinals of the tournament. On April 17, F.I.S.T. scored a major upset in the semifinals of the King of Trios tournament by defeating Team Michinoku Pro (Dick Togo, Great Sasuke and Jinsei Shinzaki), when Icarus rolled up Sasuke for the win, after Taylor had blinded him with powder. Later that same day, F.I.S.T. was defeated in the finals of the tournament by The Colony (Fire Ant, Green Ant and Soldier Ant). In June and July, Taylor and Gargano gained three points and the right to challenge for the Campeonatos de Parejas with victories over the teams of The Colony (Green Ant and Soldier Ant), Incoherence (Frightmare and Hallowicked) and Atlantis and Rey Bucanero. On September 18, Taylor and Gargano defeated Jigsaw and Mike Quackenbush to win the Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas for the first time. Taylor and Gargano made their first title defense on October 7, defeating Momo no Seishun Tag (Atsushi Kotoge and Daisuke Harada) with help from Icarus in the third match between F.I.S.T. and the Osaka Pro Wrestling representatives. On October 30, Taylor and Icarus, who replaced Gargano who was unable to attend the event due to traveling issues, successfully defended the Campeonatos de Parejas against the Throwbacks (Dasher Hatfield and Sugar Dunkerton). F.I.S.T. made their third successful title defense on December 2, during Chikara's special post-season JoshiMania weekend, defeating The Colony. On February 25, 2012, Icarus again replaced an injured Gargano in a title defense, where F.I.S.T. defeated the Spectral Envoy (Hallowicked and UltraMantis Black). On March 24, Taylor and Icarus lost the Campeonatos de Parejas to 3.0. After earning three points in a four-way elimination match on April 14, Taylor and Gargano defeated 3.0 in a rematch on April 29 to regain the title and become the first two-time Campeones de Parejas. On June 2 at Chikarasaurus Rex: How to Hatch a Dinosaur, F.I.S.T. lost the title to The Young Bucks (Matt and Nick Jackson) in their first title defense.

On August 2, Chikara's Director of Fun, Wink Vavasseur, named Sugar Dunkerton, who had announced his wish to join a stable, the fourth member of F.I.S.T. The other members, however, refused to accept Dunkerton as a full-fledged member, instead referring to him as their "water boy". On September 14, F.I.S.T., represented by Taylor, Icarus and Gargano, entered the 2012 King of Trios tournament, defeating Team Osaka Pro (Ebessan, Kikutaro and Takoyakida) in their first round match. The following day, F.I.S.T. defeated the all-female Team JWP (Command Bolshoi, Kaori Yoneyama and Tsubasa Kuragaki) to advance to the semifinals of the tournament. On the third and final day of the tournament, F.I.S.T. was eliminated from the tournament in the semifinals by the Spectral Envoy (Frightmare, Hallowicked and UltraMantis Black), who went on to win the entire tournament. In early 2013, the members of F.I.S.T. began having problems with each other, leading to Icarus turning on Gargano on May 3 over his treatment of Sugar Dunkerton.

Mr. Azerbaijan and feud with Chuck Taylor™ (2013–2018)

In 2013, Chuck began wrestling as a new character, Mr. Azerbaijan, for Chikara's sister promotion Wrestling is Fun!. On January 25, 2015, Taylor received his first shot at the Chikara Grand Championship, but was defeated by the defending champion, his former F.I.S.T. stablemate Icarus.

On February 6, 2016, at Chikara's National Pro Wrestling Day, he debuted under the new name Scoot Tatum. However, after the match he said, "I hate the name. I'm changing it." This was later revealed to be part of a larger legal battle with the new owner of the "Chuck Taylor" name, Chuck Taylor™. He appeared at the next Chikara show, Dead Man's Chest, using another new name Rick Beanbag. After this show he tweeted that he 'wasn't feeling it' and the following day at Evil Ways he appeared under the name Bugg Nevans. He eventually used the names Stewie Scrivens, Rich Mahogany, Slim Perkins, and Howie Dewitt, before settling on the name Dustin. In January 2018, Dustin's profile was quietly removed from Chikara's website, confirming his departure from the promotion.

Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (2008–2019)

On August 30, 2008, Taylor made his Pro Wrestling Guerrilla debut at All Star Weekend 7, defeating female wrestler Candice LeRae in a specialty match. The next night, he teamed with fellow Chikara mainstay Vin Gerard to take on The Dynasty (Scott Lost and Joey Ryan) in a losing effort. Less than a month later, Taylor was invited to participate in the 2008 Battle of Los Angeles, which notably had seven fewer competitors (almost a third of the usual number) than it did the year before. He originally defeated T. J. Perkins in the first round, but the decision was reversed after the referee caught Taylor with brass knuckles in his hand.

Starting in 2009, Taylor began a heated rivalry with popular regular El Generico, stemming from his dream of opening an orphanage called "Los Angelitos de El Generico" and Taylor's hatred of orphans. After he was unable to secure a singles victory, Taylor acquired the help of fellow PWG newcomer Kenny Omega, a fellow orphan hater who also faced, and subsequently lost, a singles match to Generico the next month. Taylor's brief losing streak would continue with a memorable defeat at the hands of Bryan Danielson at Ninety-Nine.

On May 22, 2009, Taylor and Omega teamed up for the annual DDT4 tag team tournament. In the quarterfinals, they overcame the team of Dark & Lovely (Scorpio Sky and Human Tornado), who were substituting for scheduled opponents Los Luchas. Becoming a sensation with fans overnight, they next faced World Tag Team Champions The Young Bucks in a title match, losing in controversial fashion. The makeshift team's sudden popularity had a major hand in causing the champions to get booed post-match and for the duration of the evening.

Now referred to as "Men of Low Moral Fiber", Taylor and Omega were scheduled to face Danielson and Roderick Strong (Hybrid Dolphins) in June, but a staph infection kept the former out of action. At Threemendous II, after 2 Skinny Black Guys (Generico and Tornado) reunited to beat The Young Bucks in a non-title match, Taylor attacked Generico and challenged him to a Reseda Street Fight, the winning man's team becoming the number one contenders for the championship. Taylor won the match and his team made the challenge at Against the Grain, losing yet again. It was revealed at the end of the defense that senior referee Rick Knox had been paid by the Bucks to fix their recent bouts.

With Omega winning the World Championship at the 2009 Battle of Los Angeles, Taylor and new tag team partner Tornado (having parted ways with Generico after a brief reunion), known collectively as the "2 Skinny Black Guys of Low Moral Fiber", were scheduled to take on the Bucks for the Tag Team championship on January 30, 2010, at WrestleReunion 4, however, due to a snowstorm Taylor was forced to miss the event. The match was rescheduled for PWG's next show, As the Worm Turns, but due to Tornado's sudden retirement from professional wrestling, Taylor would instead partner with Tornado's former partner, and Taylor's former rival, El Generico. They reprised the name 2 Skinny Black Guys of Low Moral Fiber. At the event the Young Bucks defeated Taylor and Generico to retain the Tag Team Titles. While Kenny Omega began spending increased amount of time in Japan, away from PWG, Chuck Taylor went on to form a new alliance in September 2010, called the Fightin' Taylor Boys, with Ryan Taylor and Brian Cage (who would adopt the ring name Brian Cage-Taylor). Following the folding of the stable, after Brian Cage went solo, Taylor formed a new stable named Best Friends with Joey Ryan and Trent? in August 2013. On January 31, 2014, Taylor and Trent? defeated three other teams. In the first round defeating the Rockness Monsters (Johnny Yuma and Johnny Goodtime). In the Semi-finals the Best Friends upset Cole Steen Cole (Adam Cole and Kevin Steen) with an assist from Candice Lerae. In the finals the Best Friends defeated the Inner City Machine Guns (Rich Swann and Ricochet) to win the 2014 Dynamite Duumvirate Tag Team Title Tournament. As a result, Taylor and Trent? received a shot at the PWG World Tag Team Championship on March 28, but were defeated by the defending champions, The Young Bucks.
In 2015, Taylor began a winning streak, beginning with himself and Trent? defeating The Beaver Boys at "From Out Of Nowhere" and then defeating the likes of Kikutaro, Marty Scurll, and even former partner Trent? in singles action. In December 2016 at "Mystery Vortex IV", the still-unbeaten Taylor earned his first shot at the PWG Championship by defeating Adam Cole in a #1 Contender's match. In February 2017 at "Only Kings Understand Each Other", Chuck Taylor faced champion Zack Sabre Jr in a losing effort. Taylor was attacked after the match by the now-heel Sabre and Marty Scurll, only to see Trent? come to his defense. On July 7, 2017, Taylor defeated Sabre to become PWG World Champion for the first time, only to lose the title to Ricochet on October 21 in his first defense. Taylor would go on to defeat Ricochet and reclaim the PWG World Championship in a Guerrilla Warfare match at PWG Mystery Vortex V. On March 23, 2018, Taylor lost the title against Keith Lee at Time is a Flat Circle.

Evolve (2010–2017)
On January 16, 2010, Taylor participated in Evolve's first show, defeating Cheech in a qualifying match to earn a spot in the promotion's roster. After defeating Ricochet on March 13, Taylor earned himself a main event spot on Evolve's third show on May 1, in which he defeated Claudio Castagnoli. At the fourth show on July 23, Taylor defeated Jimmy Jacobs. Taylor's winning streak came to an end on September 11, when he was defeated by Mike Quackenbush. At the following event on November 20, Taylor was defeated in the main event of the evening by Austin Aries. At the end of the year, Taylor was named both Breakout Star and MVP of 2010. On April 19, 2011, at Evolve's first live internet pay-per-view, Taylor defeated Akira Tozawa. However, immediately following the match, Taylor was placed in a tiebreaker match against Johnny Gargano to determine Evolve's wins leader. Gargano won the match, after Reby Sky threw in the towel for Taylor. Taylor and Gargano had a rematch on July 26 at Evolve 9, which was won by Taylor.

Taylor only appeared once for Evolve in 2015, reuniting with Ronin to defeat The Bravado Brothers and Moose in a "losing team must split up" match at Evolve 37.

Taylor returned to Evolve in 2016, now working under the ring name Dustin and winning the Evolve Tag Team Championship with Drew Galloway on July 16 as well as joining Galloway's crusade against Evolve's supposed hypocrisy in wanting to be independent while at the same time affiliating themselves with WWE. They lost the title on November 13. On January 28, 2017, Taylor lost to Matt Riddle in a no disqualification match. This marked his last match in Evolve.

Dragon Gate USA (2010–2014)

After offering himself to face stable World–1, Taylor made his debut for Dragon Gate USA on July 24 at Enter the Dragon 2010, defeating Adam Cole, Arik Cannon and Ricochet in a four-way match. At the following event on September 25, Taylor won another four-way match, this time defeating Drake Younger, Johnny Gargano and Rich Swann. The following day Taylor suffered his first loss in Dragon Gate USA, losing to CIMA in a singles match. On October 29 at Dragon Gate USA's first live pay-per-view, Bushido: Code of the Warrior, Taylor defeated Arik Cannon, Johnny Gargano and Ricochet in a four-way match. After the match CIMA offered him a spot in his Warriors International stable, but Taylor turned the offer down. Later in the night Taylor, Gargano and Rich Swann attacked CIMA and Ricochet and announced that they would be forming their own stable called Ronin. At the following day's tapings of Freedom Fight 2010, Ronin defeated Austin Aries, Genki Horiguchi and Ricochet in a six-man tag team match. On January 29, 2011, Taylor and Gargano entered a three-day-long tournament to determine the first ever Open the United Gate Champions. In their first tournament match, they defeated Blood Warriors representatives Naruki Doi and Ricochet and followed that up by defeating another Blood Warriors team of CIMA and Dragon Kid the following day. On January 30 Taylor and Gargano were defeated in the finals of the tournament by World–1 representatives Masato Yoshino and PAC. On March 1, 2011, Ronin started their first three-week-long tour of Japanese promotion Dragon Gate. In their first match of the tour, Taylor, Gargano and Swann defeated Blood Warriors representatives CIMA, Naruki Doi and Naoki Tanisaki in a six-man tag team match. On April 2 at Mercury Rising 2011, Ronin, now working as a face group, was defeated in the main event six man tag team match by the Blood Warriors team of CIMA, Naruki Doi and Ricochet. On September 10 at Untouchable 2011, Taylor defeated Masato Yoshino, Naruki Doi and Sami Callihan to earn a match of his choosing for Ronin. He then announced that Gargano and Swann would be challenging Yoshino and PAC for the Open the United Gate Championship. However, when Gargano defeated Naruki Doi at the following day's Way of the Ronin 2011 PPV, he announced his intention of going for the Open the Freedom Gate Championship and suggested that Taylor and Swann challenge for the Open the United Gate Championship instead. This, however, led to Taylor proclaiming that he was not interested in the tag team championship and instead announced that he was using his right to book himself a match for the Open the Freedom Gate Championship. On November 12 at Bushido 2011, Taylor unsuccessfully challenged YAMATO for the Open the Freedom Gate Championship. At one point Taylor seemingly had won the match with a pinfall, but the referee decided to restart the match after Johnny Gargano admitted that YAMATO's foot was on the rope during the pinfall. After the match Taylor stole the Open the Freedom Gate Championship belt and ran out of the arena. The following day at Freedom Fight 2011, Taylor handed the belt to new champion, Ronin stablemate Johnny Gargano, seemingly putting their past differences aside. However, after failing to win the Open the United Gate Championship on March 30, 2012, Taylor turned on Gargano, ending the partnership.

Following his turn, Taylor formed the Gentleman's Club with Drew Gulak and Jake Manning. On June 29, Taylor unsuccessfully challenged Gargano for the Open the Freedom Gate Championship. On July 29 at Enter the Dragon 2012, Dragon Gate USA's third anniversary event, Taylor was defeated by Gargano in an "I Quit" match. On November 4 at Freedom Fight 2012, Taylor was defeated by former Ronin stablemate Rich Swann in a No Disqualification grudge match. The following week, Taylor signed a two-year contract with Dragon Gate USA and Evolve.

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2016)
Taylor wrestled on Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA)'s One Night Only: X-Travaganza 2016 pay-per-view event, firstly defeating Rockstar Spud before being defeated in a seven-person X Division Championship ladder match. Taylor would make one more TNA appearance in 2016, teaming with JT Dunn unsuccessfully against The Broken Hardys on an episode of Impact Wrestling.

Ring of Honor (2017–2019)
On May 14, 2017, Howard, billed as Chuckie T., made his debut for Ring of Honor (ROH) as Roppongi Vice's surprise partner in a six-man tag team match against Bullet Club. On June 23 at Best in the World, Chuckie teamed with Beretta to unsuccessfully challenge The Young Bucks for the ROH World Tag Team Championship in a three-way tag team match, also involving War Machine. On February 23 and 24, 2018,  Chuckie participated on the ROH/NJPW joint Honor Rising: Japan tour. On February 23, Chuckie and Beretta teamed with Chaos stablemate Jay White to defeat Dalton Castle, Jay Lethal, and Ryusuke Taguchi. The following night on February 24, Chuckie, White, and Yoshi-Hashi were defeated by Hangman Page and The Young Bucks.

New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2017–2019)
On November 6, 2017, Howard, as Chuckie T., was announced as a participant in New Japan Pro-Wrestling's 2017 World Tag League alongside Beretta. Chuckie was recognized as a member of the Chaos stable, having previously appeared alongside members of the stable at an ROH show on October 15. Chuckie and Beretta finished the tournament on December 9 with a record of four wins and three losses, failing to advance to the finals. On February 25, 2018, Chuckie T., was announced as a participant in the 2018 New Japan Cup, where he was eliminated by Sanada in the first round. On February 7, 2019, his profile was removed from NJPW website.

All Elite Wrestling (2019–present)
On February 7, 2019, Taylor and Beretta appeared at an All Elite Wrestling (AEW) rally in Las Vegas and announced that they had joined the company. They would debut at AEW's inaugural event, Double or Nothing on May 25, where they defeated Angélico and Jack Evans. The following month at Fyter Fest, Best Friends competed in a three-way tag team match against Private Party (Isiah Kassidy and Marq Quen) and SoCal Uncensored (Frankie Kazarian and Scorpio Sky) for an opportunity to secure a bye in a tournament to determine to the inaugural AEW World Tag Team Champions, which they won. However, at All Out on August 31, Best Friends were defeated by The Dark Order's Evil Uno and Stu Grayson in a match where the winners qualified for the first round bye. Despite not receiving the bye, Best Friends still competed in the AEW World Tag Team Championship tournament, where they were eliminated in the first round by SoCal Uncensored. During this time they also became friends with and added Orange Cassidy to the team, including adding him to their trademark hug and zoom out. At Bash at the Beach on January 15, 2020, Best Friends competed in a four-way tag team match to determine the number one contenders for the AEW World Tag Team Championship, which was won by "Hangman" Adam Page and Kenny Omega. After winning a title shot when they defeated Private Party at Double or Nothing Buy-In, they faced Kenny Omega and "Hangman" Adam Page at Fyter Fest night 1, which they lost.

In late August, Taylor and Trent started a feud with Santana and Ortiz after Trent's Mum's van was destroyed by the latter. This would culminate in a highly praised Parking Lot Brawl on the September 16 episode of Dynamite, where the Best Friends won. That match was rated 5-stars by wrestling journalist Dave Meltzer.

Taylor, Trent, and Cassidy moved on to a feud with Kip Sabian and his "best man" Miro, following Trent's accidental destruction of Sabian and Penelope Ford's arcade machine. During the feud, Trent legitimately tore his pectoral muscle, sidelining him for months. This led to a match between Taylor and Miro on the January 13 Dynamite where, if Taylor lost, he had to serve as Miro's servant for a month. Following Taylor's submission loss to Miro, he was forced to wear a tuxedo and his ring name was tweaked to the more formal Charles Taylor, then telling Cassidy (at Miro's behest) that he was now best friends with Miro. At Beach Break, Taylor and Cassidy crashed Sabian & Ford's wedding, marking the end of Taylor's servant contract with Miro and reverting to the Chuck Taylor ring name, though Miro continued to call him "Charles". On the March 31 episode of Dynamite, Taylor and Cassidy fought Miro and Sabian in an "Arcade Anarchy match" where if Taylor lost again, he would become Miro's servant permanently. However, Taylor and Cassidy were victorious with assistance from a returning Trent and Kris Statlander, ending the feud.

Championships and accomplishments

All Elite Wrestling
Dynamite Award (1 time)
Hardest Moment to Clean Up After (2021) – (Best Friends vs Santana and Ortiz) – Dynamite (September 16)
 Chaos Pro Wrestling
 CPW Global Championship (2 times)
 Chikara
 Campeonatos de Parejas (2 times) – with Johnny Gargano
 Young Lions Cup V
 King of Trios (2009) – with Icarus and Gran Akuma
 Rey de Voladores (2007)
 Combat Zone Wrestling
 CZW Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 DDT Pro-Wrestling
 Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship (1 time)
 Evolve Wrestling
 Evolve Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Drew Galloway
 Breakout Star (2010)
 Evolve MVP (2010)
 Impact Pro Wrestling
 Hall of Fame Classic (2017)
 Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South
 IWA Mid-South Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 IWA Mid-South Light Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 IWA Mid-South Women's Championship (1 time)
 Insanity Pro Wrestling
 IPW Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 Old School Wrestling
 OSW Cruiserweight Championship (1 time)
 Pro Wrestling Guerrilla
 PWG World Championship (2 times)
 Dynamite Duumvirate Tag Team Title Tournament (2014) – with Trent?
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 PWI ranked him No. 127 of the 500 best singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2012
 United States Wrestling Organization
 USWO Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Slacker J

Luchas de Apuestas record

References

External links

Chuckie T's New Japan Pro-Wrestling profile

1986 births
21st-century professional wrestlers
All Elite Wrestling personnel
American atheists
American male professional wrestlers
Chaos (professional wrestling) members
Expatriate professional wrestlers in Japan
Living people
Masked wrestlers
People from Murray, Kentucky
Professional wrestling announcers
Professional wrestlers from Kentucky
Professional wrestling trainers
Twitch (service) streamers
PWG World Champions
Ironman Heavymetalweight Champions

Chuck Taylor (wrestler)


Carlos Schvartzman (November 4, 1947) is a Paraguayan pianist, guitarist, composer, arranger and orchestrator of jazz and contemporary music. He was born and raised in Asunción, the capital of Paraguay. He has also been involved in pop music, writing orchestral arrangements for soloists, vocal groups, music for TV, advertising jingles, and occasionally a classic style music with modern harmony of the 20th century. He participated as a conductor, arranger and composer for international song festivals (such as Viña del Mar, during the 70s). He is regarded as one of the most notable musicians in the country.

Schvartzman was born in Asunción, into a family of Ukrainian-Jewish background.

References

1947 births
Living people
Jazz guitarists
Jewish musicians
Paraguayan Jews
Paraguayan composers
Male composers
Paraguayan musicians
Paraguayan pianists
Paraguayan guitarists
Paraguayan people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Musicians from Asunción
Male pianists
21st-century pianists
21st-century male musicians
Male jazz musicians

Carlos Schvartzman


The Battle of Berlin was the British bombing raid on Berlin during the Second World War from November 1943 to March 1944. British bombers had new navigation aids to help them, such as the new H2S radar, and Bomber Command made 16 attacks on the city.

Although the bombings were mostly done by British bombers, Australian and Canadian bombers also flew to Germany.

The Battle of Berlin was considered a failure for the Royal Air Force (RAF). It lost 1,047 bombers, with 1,682 more damaged, and over 7,000 air crew members. Also, the bombings did not cause the Germans to give up but left 450,000 of them homeless.

1943 in Europe
1944 in Germany
1940s in Berlin
Berlin (air)
Berlin (air)
Berlin (air)
Berlin (air)
Berlin (air)
Berlin (air)

Battle of Berlin (RAF campaign)


Marguerite Chapman (March 9, 1918 - August 31, 1999) was an American movie and television actress of the 1940s through 1970s. Born on March 9, 1918, in Chatham, New York, she originally was working as a telephone operator in White Plains, New York, until she went to work as a model for the John Powers Agency in New York City where she was featured in several pictorials and magazine covers. She arrived in Hollywood in December 1939. Her first movie was in 1940. She appeared in 75 features, some of which include A Man's World (1942), The Seven Year Itch (1955), and The Amazing Transparent Man (1960). She also made guest appearances on such syndicated television programs as Hawaii Five-O, Marcus Welby, M.D., Laramie, Police Story, and Barnaby Jones. She retired from acting in 1977. She lived in Burbank, California, until her death on August 31, 1999.

References

Other websites

1918 births
1999 deaths
Actors from New York (state)
American movie actors
American television actors
People from White Plains, New York

Marguerite Chapman


Scarborough Junction (also known as Kennedy Park) is a small neighbourhood in the Scarborough district of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is bordered by Birchmount Road, Brimley Road, Eglinton Avenue, and St. Clair Avenue.
Scarbrough Junction has an approximated population of 20,000. The population consists of 1/4 Caucasian, 2/4 Asian (South and East) and 1/4 other (Black, Latino, etc.)

History

The first European settlement in the area was the town of Strangford established at what is today the intersection of Victoria Park and St. Clair in 1863. Another small town named Mortlake was established in 1865. The town's main building, the Halfway House Hotel, survives today at Black Creek Pioneer Village where it was moved in 1962. The small farming communities changed when the area became the meeting point of two major railways. The Grand Trunk Railway laid track through the area in 1856 and the Toronto and Nipissing Railway arrived in 1873. The business of the area changed from farming to supporting travellers and maintaining the railroads. The two towns, Strangford and Mortlake, merged into Scarborough Junction. By 1896 Scarborough Junction became the most populated of all the villages in the Township of Scarborough.

The post-World War II years saw Scarborough Junction become one of the first areas of Scarborough to be transformed into modern suburbs. Its major road and rail lines made for easy travel to the city, inspiring the epithet "Scarborough Junction." It is actually named for the junction of two early railways: The Grand Trunk and the Toronto-Nipissing.

Education

Two public school boards operate schools in Scarborough Junction, the separate Toronto Catholic District School Board (TCDSB), and the secular Toronto District School Board (TDSB).

Both TCDSB, and TDSB operate public elementary schools in the neighbourhood. TCDSB operates two elementary schools, St. Joachim Catholic School, and St. Maria Goretti Catholic School. St. Maria Goretti is the largest Catholic elementary school in Toronto. It opened in 1955, and is named after Maria Goretti. It boasts a double gymnasium with a stage, closed circuit television in every classroom, an elevator and an assembly area named the "Ark'" which can be used for gatherings of up to 300 people.

TDSB several elementary schools in the neighbourhood. They include:

 Corvette Junior Public School
 Danforth Gardens Public School
 General Brock Public School
 J. G. Workman Public School
 Norman Cook Junior Public School
 Robert Service Senior Public School
 Walter Perry Junior Public School

TDSB is the public school board to operate a secondary institution in Scarborough Junction, Scarborough Centre for Alternative Studies. The institution operates as an alternative and adult school. The institution formerly operated as Midland Avenue Collegiate Institute, a TDSB secondary school that featured modernist designs such as a circular cafeteria.. The secondary school operated from 1962 to 2000.

TCDSB does not operate a secondary school in the area, with TCDSB secondary school students residing in Scarborough Junction attending institutions in adjacent neighbourhoods. The French first language public secular school board, Conseil scolaire Viamonde, and it separate counterpart, Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir also offer schooling to applicable residents of Scarborough Junction, although they do not operate a school in the neighbourhood, with CSCM/CSV students attending schools situated in other neighbourhoods in Toronto.

References

 Scarborough Historical Society - Scarborough Junction  (Strangford & Mortlake)

External links

Neighbourhoods in Toronto
Scarborough, Toronto
Rail junctions in Ontario

Scarborough Junction


An energy management system (EMS) is a system of computer-aided tools used by operators of electric utility grids to monitor, control, and optimize the performance of the generation or transmission system. Also, it can be used in small scale systems like microgrids.

Terminology
The computer technology is also referred to as SCADA/EMS or EMS/SCADA. In these respects, the terminology EMS then excludes the monitoring and control functions, but more specifically refers to the collective suite of power network applications and to the generation control and scheduling applications.

Manufacturers of EMS also commonly supply a corresponding dispatcher training simulator (DTS). This related technology makes use of components of SCADA and EMS as a training tool for control center operators.

Operating systems
Up to the early 1990s it was common to find EMS systems being delivered based on proprietary hardware and operating systems. Back then EMS suppliers such as Harris Controls (now GE), Hitachi, Cebyc, Control Data Corporation, Siemens and Toshiba manufactured their own proprietary hardware. EMS suppliers that did not manufacture their own hardware often relied on products developed by Digital Equipment, Gould Electronics and MODCOMP. The VAX 11/780 from Digital Equipment was a popular choice amongst some EMS suppliers. EMS systems now rely on a model based approach. Traditional planning models and EMS models were always independently maintained and seldom in synchronism with each other. Using EMS software allows planners and operators to share a common model reducing the mismatch between the two and cutting model maintenance by half. Having a common user interface also allows for easier transition of information from planning to operations.

As proprietary systems became uneconomical, EMS suppliers began to deliver solutions based on industry standard hardware platforms such as those from Digital Equipment (later Compaq (later HP)), IBM and Sun. The common operating system then was either DEC OpenVMS or Unix. By 2004, various EMS suppliers including Alstom, ABB and OSI had begun to offer Windows based solutions. By 2006 customers had a choice of UNIX, Linux or Windows-based systems. Some suppliers including ETAP, NARI, PSI-CNI and Siemens continue to offer UNIX-based solutions. It is now common for suppliers to integrate UNIX-based solutions on either the Sun Solaris or IBM platform. Newer EMS systems based on blade servers occupy a fraction of the space previously required. For instance, a blade rack of 20 servers occupy much the same space as that previously occupied by a single MicroVAX server.

See also
 Energy accounting
 Energy conservation measure
 Energy management
 Energy management software, software to monitor and optimize energy consumption in buildings or communities
 Energy storage as a service (ESaaS)
 Load management for balancing the supply of electricity on a distribution network.

References

Further reading
 EPRI (2005) Advanced Control Room Energy Management System: Requirements and Implementation Guidance. Palo Alto, CA. EPRI report 1010076.
 EEMUA 191 Alarm Systems – A Guide to Design, Management and Procurement (1999)
 ASM Consortium (2009) – Effective Alarm Management Practices
 ANSI/ISA–18.2–2009 – Management of Energy Systems for the Process Industries
 IEC 62682 Management of Energy systems for the process industries

Electric power transmission systems
Management systems
Management cybernetics

Energy management system


The Bartlett-Cushman House is a historic house at 82 Portsmouth Road (New Hampshire Route 33) in Stratham, New Hampshire. Built about 1810, it is one of the town's best examples of Federal-style architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

Description and history
The Bartlett-Cushman House is located in the town center of Stratham, at the southeast corner of Bunker Hill Road and Portsmouth Road (New Hampshire Route 108). It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a clapboarded exterior. It is five bays wide and three deep. It is an example of a Federal-style double house, with its principal entrance framed by sidelight windows and pilasters, with a fanlight window and entablature above. Secondary entrances are simpler, with four-light transom windows topped by a bracketed cornice. The southern half of the house has a projecting two-story bay, probably added in the mid-19th century, with narrow round-arch windows.  It has a hip roof, with a pair of rounded dormers on the front elevation. A 19th-century addition connects the main block to a stable.

The house was built in 1827 for Josiah Bartlett III, who had recently established a medical practice in Stratham and married that year. The house was built by Joshua Pike, a local builder. Its foundation exhibits one of the earliest known uses in the state of plug drills and feathers to split the granite slabs it is made of, and its Federal-style decorations are among the finest in the town. Bartlett descendants remained in the house until 1904; after passing through a series of short-term owners, it was acquired by Susie and Arthur Cushman. The Cushmans converted the house into a duplex, each half occupied by part of their extended family. After the last of the Cushman residents died in 2003, their heirs auctioned off the house contents, and sold the house to the town in 2013.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockingham County, New Hampshire

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
Federal architecture in New Hampshire
Houses completed in 1827
Houses in Rockingham County, New Hampshire
Stratham, New Hampshire
National Register of Historic Places in Rockingham County, New Hampshire

Bartlett-Cushman House


The Nashville warbler (Leiothlypis ruficapilla) is a small songbird in the New World warbler family, found in North and Central America. It breeds in parts of the northern and western United States and southern Canada, and migrates to winter in southern California and Texas, Mexico, and the north of Central America. It has a gray head and a green back, and its underparts are yellow and white.

Description
The Nashville warbler is a small warbler. Both male and female Nashville warblers have a gray head fading into a greenish back and wings, a white belly and a yellow throat and breast. They have a complete white eye ring, no wing bars, and a thin pointed black bill. Adult males have a rusty brown patch on their crown, which is usually hard to see and often covered by gray feathers. Males will raise it slightly when agitated. Females and immature birds have a duller olive-grey head, and less bold yellow on their throat. The Nashville warbler is closely related to Virginia's warbler, Lucy's warbler, and the Colima warbler, the four sharing generally similar plumage.

Measurements:

 Length:
 Weight:
 Wingspan:

Call

The song of the nominate subspecies consists of a rapid . Males sing from open perches on the nesting territory. The call sounds like a high . Western birds of the race ridgwayi have a slightly lower-pitched, richer song, and a sharper call note.

Taxonomy
The Nashville warbler was originally described as Sylvia ruficapilla by Alexander Wilson in 1811, using a name which had already been used by John Latham, but not in a valid description according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Possibly unintentionally, Wilson spelled its name as Sylvia rubricapilla in a later volume in 1812, and this spelling was once commonly used. The genus Sylvia is now restricted to Old World species of the family Sylviidae, unrelated to species such as the Nashville warbler, that are classified in the New World warbler family Parulidae. Until recently, most taxonomies have put this species in the genus Vermivora. However, this species forms a clade with several related species classed in Vermivora, such as the Tennessee warbler and Lucy's warbler, which are more closely related to the flame-throated warbler and crescent-chested warbler than to other species of Vermivora. They were classified in the genus Oreothlypis along with the flame-throated and crescent-chested warblers, although the new genus Leiothlypis was initially proposed for the Nashville warbler and allies, excluding the latter two species.

Two subspecies exist, with discrete breeding ranges. The nominate subspecies, L. r. ruficapilla, breeds in northeastern North America. The other subspecies, L. r. ridgwayi, known as the Calaveras warbler, nests in western North America. The latter differs from the former in its relatively duller plumage and more persistent tail movements.

Distribution and habitat
Nashville warblers breed in two distinct areas, one in Canada and the northeastern United States, and another in the western United States. The northeastern part of its range extends from Côte-Nord and Cape Breton Island in eastern Canada to central Alberta. For the most part, it only breeds between about 52 and 45.5 degrees north, but it is also found less commonly in the Appalachians of Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Although named after Nashville, Tennessee, the Nashville warbler only visits that area during migration. They migrate to southernmost Texas and California, mid-Mexico, and the northernmost parts of Central America (Guatemala and El Salvador) in winter. In their breeding range, they prefer open mixed woods and bog habitats.

Behavior

Nashville warblers forage by gleaning in the lower parts of trees and shrubs, frequently flicking their tails. In winter, they join together into loose flocks, and sometimes join mixed-species feeding flocks. These birds mainly eat insects, but will supplement this diet with berries and nectar in the winter.

Nashville warblers conceal their nests on the ground under shrubs. Nests are open cups built out of bark strips, leaves, and moss, and are lined with fine materials such as feathers or hairs. Typically, four or five eggs are laid in a clutch, and incubated for 11–12 days. Only the female incubates the eggs, though the male brings her food. On hatching, the young have no feathers apart from some brown down, and their eyes are closed. Juveniles fledge and leave the nest 11 days after hatching.

There is a single record of hybridization with the Tennessee warbler.

References

External links

Species account - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
Species account on Cornell Lab of Ornithology's All About Birds
Picture of Nashville Warbler in hand at birdwatching-bliss.com

Leiothlypis
Native birds of Western Canada
Native birds of Eastern Canada
Native birds of the Northwestern United States
Native birds of the Northeastern United States
Birds of Appalachia (United States)
Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands
Nashville warbler
Taxa named by Alexander Wilson (ornithologist)

Nashville warbler


Philo of Larissa ( Philon ho Larissaios; 159/8–84/3 BC) was a Greek philosopher. It is very probable that his actual name was Philio - with a second iota. He was a pupil of Clitomachus, whom he succeeded as head of the Academy. During the Mithridatic wars which would see the destruction of the Academy, he travelled to Rome where Cicero heard him lecture. None of his writings survive. He was an Academic sceptic, like Clitomachus and Carneades before him, but he offered a more moderate view of skepticism than that of his teachers, permitting provisional beliefs without certainty.

Life
Philo was born in Larissa in 154/3 BC. He moved to Athens where he became a pupil of Clitomachus, whom he succeeded as head of the Third or New Academy in 110–109 BC. According to Sextus Empiricus, he was the founder of a "Fourth Academy", but other writers refuse to admit the separate existence of more than three academies. He was the teacher of Antiochus of Ascalon who would become his adversary in the Platonist school.

During the Mithridatic wars Philo left Athens and took up his residence in Rome in 88 BC. In Rome he lectured on rhetoric and philosophy, and collected around him many eminent pupils, amongst whom Cicero was the most famous and the most enthusiastic.

Philo was the last undisputed scholarch of the Academy in direct succession from Plato. After his death in 84/3 BC, the Academy seceded into rivalling factions and eventually disappeared until the Neoplatonist revival.

Philosophy
None of Philo's works are extant; our knowledge of his views is derived from Numenius, Sextus Empiricus and Cicero. In general, his philosophy was a reaction against the Academic skepticism of the Middle and New Academy in favor of the dogmatism of Plato.

He maintained that by means of conceptive notions (katalêptikê phantasia) objects could not be comprehended (akatalêpta), but were comprehensible according to their nature. How he understood the latter, whether he referred to the evidence and accordance of the sensations which we receive from things, or whether he had returned to the Platonic assumption of an immediate spiritual perception, is not clear. In opposition to his disciple Antiochus, he would not admit a separation of an Old and a New Academy, but would rather find the doubts of scepticism even in Socrates and Plato, and not less perhaps in the New Academy the recognition of truth which burst through its scepticism. At least on the one hand, even though he would not resist the evidence of the sensations, he wished even here to meet with antagonists who would endeavour to refute his positions i.e. he felt the need of subjecting afresh what he had provisionally set down in his own mind as true to the examination of scepticism; and on the other hand, he did not doubt of arriving at a sure conviction respecting the ultimate end of life.

Notes

References

Attribution:

Further reading
 Brittain, Charles, Philo of Larissa (Oxford University Press, 2001)

External links

150s BC births
80s BC deaths
Ancient Larissaeans
Roman-era Macedonians
Roman-era philosophers in Athens
1st-century BC Greek philosophers
2nd-century BC Greek philosophers
Academic skeptics

Philo of Larissa


William Ross, 10th Lord Ross of Halkhead (died 1656), was a Scottish nobleman.

Origins
Ross was the second son of James Ross, 4th Lord Ross, who died on 2 April 1581, by Jean, daughter of Robert, 3rd Lord Sempill. He succeeded to the peerage following the death of his great-nephew William in August 1648, to whom he was served heir on 20 March 1649. After his succession, he became embroiled in a legal dispute with the Countess of Eglinton (the widow of his nephew James) in relation to the charter-chest of the House of Ross, which she apparently declined to produce.

The Rosses of Halkhead, or Hawkhead, in Renfrewshire, were a Lowland family, not apparently related to the Earls of Ross or the Highland family of Ross of Balnagown.

Career
Ross was knighted by Charles I on 12 July 1633. Prior to his succession to the peerage, he was known generally as William Ross of Torphin, or Sir William Ross of Muriston, or Newriston.

In 1643 and 1644 he was on the Committee of War for Renfrewshire and was appointed Sheriff of Renfrewshire in 1646. He was on the Committee of War and Colonel for Ayrshire and Renfrewshire in 1648 and 1649. In 1649 he was also a commissioner for the plantation of kirks (intended to provide for the regular and permanent endowment of the ministers of the Church of Scotland).

In 1654, Ross was fined £3,000 under Cromwell's "Act of Grace", but the fine was subsequently reduced to £750.

Family
Ross married first Elizabeth, the daughter of Sir Patrick Houston of Houston and widow of John Whitefoord. With her he received first a charter (11 June 1624) and then a sasine (25 June 1628) of Muriston. He married secondly Margaret, the eldest daughter of Sir James Forrester of Torwoodhead. By her he had at least one son, George, by whom he was succeeded on his death in 1656.

References

History of Renfrewshire
People from Renfrewshire
1656 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Members of the Parliament of Scotland 1648–1651
10

William Ross, 10th Lord Ross


Friedrich Wilhelm Erdmann Clasen (29 October 1792, Hagenow – 2 May 1882, Rostok) was a German entomologist who specialized in Coleoptera.

Clasen was a teacher at the state school (Stadtschule) in Rostok.He was the author of  Beitrage zur Kaeferfauna Mecklenburgs Abtlg. Osterprogr. Gr.Stadtschule zu Rostock (1845) and between 1853 and 1861 a number of other scientific paper on the beetles of Mecklenburg
His collection is in the Zoological Institute Museum in Greifswald

References
Müller-Motzfeld, G., 1990 Coleopteren-Sammlung CLASEN wiederentdeckt Ent.Nachr. Ber. (Dresden) 34: 81-83.
DEI biografi

German entomologists
1792 births
1882 deaths

Friedrich Wilhelm Erdmann Clasen


The State of Hanover () was a state in the British Zone of Allied-occupied Germany. It was a state for 92 days as the Free State of Prussia was dissolved after World War II. The state came after the former Kingdom of Hanover. Its capital was Hanover. In 1946, Lower Saxony was made by merging Hanover with Brunswick, Oldenburg and Schaumburg-Lippe.

Geography
The State of Hanover made up the territory of the old Prussian Province of Hanover without a few eastern parts that had become part of the Soviet occupation zone after World War II (Amt Neuhaus and the eastern part of Bleckede, Elbingerode and Ilfeld). It included 85% of today's Lower Saxony. Its capital and largest city was Hanover.

History
After the Second World War, the State of Hanover was made under Ordinance No. 46 of the British military government. Its first minister-president was the Social Democratic politician Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf.

On 23 November 1946 the British Military Government made the new state of Lower Saxony. It was made from the unification of the German states of Brunswick, Oldenburg and Schaumburg-Lippe with Hanover.

The eastern areas of Brunswick which had fallen to the Soviet zone, including the old County of Blankenburg and the exclave of Calvörde (part of the Helmstedt district) were not part of Lower Saxony and later made part of the East German state of Saxony-Anhalt. The former Hanoverian Soviet-occupied lands of Amt Neuhaus and the eastern parts of Bleckede were again made part of Lower Saxony after German reunification in 1990.

Related articles

 Hanover (city)
 Hanover Region
 Allied-occupied Germany

Other websites

 Wochenschau Film zur Wiederherstellung des Landes Hannover 1946

Hanover
1946 establishments in Germany
1946 disestablishments in Europe
Former republics

State of Hanover


Press Holdings and May Corporation Limited are two Jersey-registered holding companies owned by Frederick Barclay, which control the UK holding company Press Acquisitions Limited, which in turn owns the Telegraph Media Group, parent company of The Daily Telegraph and The Sunday Telegraph.

In December 2005, Press Holdings sold The Scotsman Publications to the Edinburgh-based Johnston Press for £160m, having paid £82m for the group in 1995.

The company also owns The Spectator, a weekly British political magazine, and Apollo, an art magazine.

In July 2023, it was announced that Mike McTighe had been appointed chairman of Press Holdings and May Corporation Limited in order to oversee the sale of the Telegraph and the Spectator Magazine.

References

Holding companies of the United Kingdom
David and Frederick Barclay

Press Holdings


Armin Pavić (Požega, March 29, 1844 – Zagreb, February 11, 1914) was Croatian linguist, university professor and rector of the University of Zagreb.

He received a degree in Classical philology and Slavic studies in Vienna in 1864. After his service as a high school professor, he was elected as a professor of Croatian language and literature at the Cathedra for Serbo-Croatian language at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb. In 1880 he was appointed as a full professor. He served as a dean of the faculty in two mandates, before being elected as a rector of the university in the academic year 1896/1897. After his rectorship mandate expired, he served as a prorector the following academic year.

As a university professor Pavić strove to keep the coherence of Serbo-Croatian studies, teaching simultaneously linguistic and literary-scientific courses. He became regular member of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts in 1874. In the period of 1898-1904 he served as a head of the departments for theology and teaching, and as a parliament representative.

Pavić published theater and literary critics in many magazines, mostly in Vienac. He studied Palmotić and Gundulić, especially his Osman on which he published three papers.

References
 Pavić's biography, at the University of Zagreb website

1844 births
1914 deaths
Linguists from Croatia
Rectors of the University of Zagreb
Members of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Burials at Mirogoj Cemetery

Armin Pavić


The roentgen or röntgen is a unit of measurement for the exposure of X-rays and gamma rays. It is defined as the electric charge freed by such radiation in a specified volume of air divided by the mass of that air. It is named after the German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen, who discovered X-rays.

Units of measurement

Roentgen (unit)


Kommissar X or Commissioner X is a German crime fiction series of books from the Pabel Moewig publishing house.  "Kommissar X" is a private detective named Joe Louis Walker who was a counterpart of the German crime fiction FBI Special Agent Jerry Cotton.  In addition to the vast collection of books, between 1965 and 1971 seven Kommissar X films were made with Tony Kendall as the laid back swinging New York City private eye Joe Walker balanced against the serious muscular New York City Police Captain Tom Rowland played by Brad Harris.

Beginnings
The Kommissar X series of crime novels were written by Bert F. Island whose real name was Paul Alfred Mueller (18 October 1901 – 1 January 1970). Beginning in 1959, Island wrote 620 "Kommissar X" books.

Films
With the international success of the films of Ian Fleming's James Bond and the German Jerry Cotton (played by George Nader) series, seven Commissioner X films, mostly written and directed by Gianfranco Parolini and starring Tony Kendall as private detective Joe Walker and Brad Harris as New York City Police Lieutenant Tom Rowland, were made.  These films were not only released internationally, but became a staple of American television movies in the mid-1960s when American stations sought colour films to show.

The films were

1966: Kommissar X – Jagd auf Unbekannt - Hunt for the Unknown a.k.a. Kiss Kiss Kill Kill
1966: Kommissar X – Drei gelbe Katzen - Three Yellow Cats a.k.a. Death is Nimble, Death is Quick
1966: Kommissar X – In den Klauen des goldenen Drachen - So Darling, So Deadly
1967: Kommissar X – Drei grüne Hunde - Death Trip
1968:  - Three Blue Panthers a.k.a. Kill Panther Kill
1969: Kommissar X – Drei goldene Schlangen - Three Golden Serpents a.k.a. Island of Lost Girls
1971: Kommissar X jagt die roten Tiger - FBI: Operation Pakistan a.k.a. Tiger Gang

DVD release
The first three Kommissar X films have been released in the United States but in the same faded and English dubbed versions that were on American television in the 1960s. Remastered versions of the first six films were released in Germany, which include the English dub.

In popular culture

In 2012 a German comedy directed by Reginald Ginster titled Die X-Männer schlagen zurück featured Harris, Kendall and Parolini.

References

German crime films
Characters in German novels
German film series
Fictional private investigators
Fictional characters from New York City

Kommissar X


Affinity chromatography is one way scientists separate molecules from each other.  Using affinity chromatography, they can take just one kind of molecule out of a mixture of many molecules.  Affinity chromatography works on molecules that exist inside the bodies of living things and not on other molecules.  Affinity chromatography is one kind of liquid chromatography.

Affinity chromatography works because most molecules from inside living things stick to some molecules but not others, the way magnets stick to opposite magnets but not to wood or plastic.  An antibody will stick to its antigen but not to a different antibody's antigen.  A protein will stick to its own receptor or inhibitor but not to a different protein's receptor or inhibitor.  A DNA-splicing protein will stick to its own DNA sequence but not to a different DNA sequence.  In affinity chromatography, the thing that the target molecule sticks to is called the ligand.

To prepare for affinity chromatography, scientists decide which molecule they want and find its ligand.  The ligand could be an antibody if the target molecule has an antigen; DNA if the target molecule is a polymerase, DNA-binding protein, or DNA-binding enzyme; aromatic molecules if the target is a different kind of enzyme; or a peptide if the target is another biomolecule.  Then they prepare a stationary phase and treat it with the ligand.  The stationary phase can be membranes, special beads, or supports with different-sized pores in them.

Then the scientists pour the mixture, or mobile phase over the stationary phase.  Sometimes, the scientists add a binding buffer to help the target molecule stick to its ligand.  Then the scientists rinse away the rest of the mixture.  The target molecule is stuck to its ligand, which is stuck to the stationary phase, so it is not rinsed away.  Then the scientists add an elution buffer to make the ligand let go of the target molecule so they can collect it.  Scientists sometimes use machines or special tools to hold the stationary phase in exactly the right position and to pour the mixture, rinse, and other treatments in exactly the right way.

In some affinity chromatography, the binding buffer and elution buffer work by changing the pH of the solution.  That means they make it more acidic or less acidic.  Because most molecules from living things change shape depending on how much acid is nearby, the binding buffer and elution buffer can make the ligand and target molecule change shape to hold on tighter or let go of each other.

Affinity chromatography does not always work perfectly.  Sometimes the scientists must purify the target molecule to make sure they did not accidentally collect other molecules too.

Because scientists need to prepare a stationary phase with exactly the right ligand, they can only use affinity chromatography to collect molecules that they already understand well.  Usually, they cannot use affinity chromatography to collect new or strange molecules.

References

Biochemistry
Laboratory techniques

Affinity chromatography


It is one of the Char Dham pilgrimage sites.The puri temple is also famous because many legends believe that Krishna's heart was placed there and the material that it is made from damages the heart so they have to change it every twelve years.

Anantavarman Chodaganga - was a prominent king of the Eastern Ganga dynasty who ruled in 11-12th century AD. The Jagannath temple at Puri, Orissa was built by him in the 11th century. The Eastern Ganga dynasty reigned Kalinga from the 5th century AD to 15th century AD.

In Hindu mythology, wasting food is considered a bad sign; the Temple crew follows the same. A total number of people visiting the temple varies between 2,000 to 2, 00,000 people every day. Miraculously, the Parsadam prepared every day is never wasted, not even a bite.

The most interesting Buddhist claim has to do with an unknown substance called "Brahma" that lies inside the navel of the main idol, Jagannath. Hindus say that it was the original blue stone, but Buddhists say that this Brahma is Buddha's tooth relic that was brought from Kushi Nagar, where he died, to Puri.

Jagannath Temple, Puri


Samut Sakhon ( (Pronunciation)) is ane o the central provinces (changwat) o Thailand.

Neighborin provinces are (frae the soothwast clockwise) Samut Songkhram, Ratchaburi, Nakhon Pathom an Bangkok.

Etymology
The wird Samut oreeginates frae the Sanskrit wird Samudra meanin ocean, an the wird sakhon frae Sanskrit sagara meanin lake.

Geography
Samut Sakhon is locatit at the mooth o the Tha Chin Klong river, a distributary o the Chao Phraya river, tae the Gulf o Thailand. At the coast tae the sea are mony fields uised for sea salt production.

History
The auldest name o the aurie is Tha Chin, probably referrin tae the fact that it wis a tradin port whaur Cheenese junks arrived. In 1548 the ceety Sakhon Buri wis established, an wis renamed in 1704 tae Mahachai efter the khlong Mahachai which wis dug then an connectit wi the Tha Chin river near the toun. It wis renamed bi Keeng Mongkut tae its current name, housomeivver the auld name Mahachai is still whiles uised bi the locals.

Seembols
The provincial seal shows a Cheenese junk in front o the coast, wi a smokin chimney. Baith refer tae the auld tradin tradeetion as well as the local industries.

Provincial tree is the Devil Tree (Alstonia scholaris). The provincial slogan is Fishin Ceety, Factory Toun, Agricultural Grund, Historic Site

Administrative diveesions

The province is subdividit intae 3 districts (Amphoe). The districts are further subdividit intae 40 communes (tambon) an 288 villages (muban).
 Mueang Samut Sakhon
 Krathum Baen
 Ban Phaeo

Aathegither thare are 7 municipal (thesaban) auries athin the province - Samut Sakhon is the ae ceety (thesaban nakhon), Krathum Baen an Om Noi are the twa touns (thesaban mueang), an thare are further 4 tounships (thesaban tambon). The non-municipal auries are administrated bi 30 Tambon administrative organisations (TAO).

Provinces o Thailand

Samut Sakhon Province


The via Domitiana is not to be confused with the similar-sounding via Domitia in France.

Via Domiziana is the modern name for the Via Domitiana in the Campania region of Italy, a major Roman road built in  95 AD under (and named for) the emperor, Domitian, to facilitate access to and from the important ports of Puteoli (modern Pozzuoli) and Portus Julius  (home port of the western Imperial fleet, consisting of the waters around Baiae and Cape Misenum) in the Gulf of Naples.

The Via Domitiana was not built from scratch, but was based on an existing road and it also used works undertaken in the Neronian period for the construction of the Fossa Neronis (the canal intended to connect Rome to Pozzuoli).

The road left the Appian Way at Formiae or Sinuessa. It followed the coast and crossed the rivers Savona and Volturna, passed through an area of coastal lagoons by Linterne and Cumae and ended in Pozzuoli. In 102 Trajan extended the Via Domitiana to Naples.

It was damaged by Alaric in 420 AD and ultimately destroyed by Gaiseric in 455 AD. It was partially restored under various rulers of the Kingdom of Naples in the Middle Ages and in its modern guise is a major coast road leading north from Naples.

Statius wrote an entire poem on the theme of Via Domitiana. He recalled the progress made by the new road and praised the Emperor. The poem is also an interesting testimony on the construction of roads under the Roman Empire.

References

90s establishments in the Roman Empire
1st-century establishments in Italy
Domitiana, Via
Domitian
95 establishments

Via Domiziana


Günther Weidlinger (born April 5, 1978 in Braunau am Inn) is an Austrian long-distance runner who is a former 3000 metres steeplechase specialist but now competes in the marathon.

He first made his mark in athletics as a junior athlete in European competitions: winning the steeplechase at the 1997 European Athletics Junior Championships and a silver medal at the 1997 European Cross Country Championships. He set a national record in the event in the final of the 1999 World Championships in Athletics and also reached the final at the 2000 Summer Olympics. He reached a number of major championship finals over the following five years and represented Austria at the 2004 Athens Olympics, as well as the 2003 and 2005 World Championships.

He began to focus on the 10,000 metres and road running in 2007. He won the silver at the 2007 European Cup 10000m and set a half marathon national record at the IAAF World Road Running Championships. Weidlinger won the 2008 Great Manchester Run in another national record time and ran in the 10,000 m at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. He made his marathon debut in 2009 and broke the 23-year-old Austrian record in the marathon on his second attempt, running 2:10:47 at the Frankfurt Marathon. He won the 2009 Great Australian Run to set the 15 km national record.

He is a multiple national record holder with best marks including: 1500 metres, 3000 m steeplechase, 5000 metres, 10,000 m on the track, and 10 km, 15 km, half marathon and marathon in road events. He won his fiftieth national title over all distances and surfaces in March 2011, claiming the Austrian half marathon title.

Career

Early career
Weidlinger started his career as a specialist in the 3000 metres steeplechase and he just missed out on a medal at the 1996 World Junior Championships in Athletics, finishing fourth in the final. He won his first championship medal the following year, by winning the steeplechase race at the 1997 European Athletics Junior Championships. He began representing Austria in cross country running competitions and after winning a silver medal in the junior race at the 1997 European Cross Country Championships, he stepped up to the senior ranks for the 1998 edition and was fourth, just a second behind Driss El Himer. After winning the gold medal at the 1999 European Athletics U23 Championships, he attended his first global senior championships – the 1999 World Championships in Athletics. He reached the steeplechase final and finished in ninth position with a national record time of 8:10.83. He improved upon this the following year by taking eighth place in the same event at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

Weidlinger took tenth place at the 2002 European Cross Country Championships. Competing at his first European Athletics Championships, he finished twelfth in the final of the 2002 edition. He opened the following season with an appearance in the 3000 metres at the World Indoor Championships, where he reached the final and finished in tenth place. He participated in another global event in the outdoor season, but he did not finish in his steeplechase heat at the 2003 World Championships in Athletics. He finished third at the World Military Games in Sicily in December 2003 at the 5000 metres. He returned to the European Cross Country Championships at the end of his 2003 campaign, but only managed eleventh position on that occasion.

For the 2004, he switched to compete in the plain 3000 m and 5000 metres events but experienced little success: he did not make the final at the 2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships and in the men's 5000 m at the 2004 Athens Olympics he only managed eleventh in the heats. He was invited to compete in the 3000 m at the 2004 IAAF World Athletics Final, but finished dead last – some seven seconds behind the slowest other runner. The 2004 European Cross Country Championships demonstrated that his abilities could be better suited to longer distances as he finished fourth in the men's 9.64 km race.

His 2005 was more successful: he began with a fourth-place finish in the 3000 m at the 2005 European Athletics Indoor Championships. He doubled up at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics, reaching the steeplechase final and finishing eleventh, although he failed to finish in the heats of the 5000 m. He closed the year by running at the 2005 European Cross Country Championships, just missing out on medals, seconds behind the bronze medallist in fifth. In 2006, he was tenth at the 2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships in the 3000 m. He won the 5000 m in the Group A competition at the 2006 European Cup and managed seventh in the steeplechase at the 2006 European Athletics Championships.

Move away from steeplechase
He began to run over longer distances from 2007 onwards, moving away from being a steeplechase specialist. He started the year at the 2007 European Athletics Indoor Championships, in which he competed in 3000 metres and finished seventh. He came second at the 2007 European Cup 10000m behind André Pollmächer in his first appearance at the competition. At the 2007 Osaka World Championships he suffered an injury after a collision with one of the barriers. He was subsequently rushed to hospital to treat facial injuries received in the fall which included a split lip, and a cut jaw. His was the most serious incident in a series of accidents in the long-distance events at the championships. Weidlinger was considered a certain qualifier and an outside medal chance. He returned to competition soon afterwards, taking tenth place in the 2007 IAAF World Athletics Final the following month and competing at his first IAAF World Road Running Championships at which he finished in 23rd place but set a national record of 1:01:42.

Weidlinger competed at the Cinque Mulini cross country race in early 2008 and managed to finish in sixth place. He set two new national records in May that year: first, he ran 27:36.46 in the 10,000 m at the Payton Jordan Cardinal Invitational in Palo Alto, California, taking second behind Craig Mottram. He then set a 10 km Austrian record at the Great Manchester Run: his winning time of 28:10 was just enough to hold off Serhiy Lebid and Mustafa Mohamed at the finish line. Weidlinger won the Group A 5000 m for a second time at the 2008 European Cup. He competed in the 10,000 m at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing and finished 27th in a time of 28:14.38. This made him the fifth best performing European in the event. On September 1, 2008 he won the Nike Human Race 10K race with a time of 29:25 while running in Munich, Germany.

Marathon debut
His first major event of 2009 was the Vienna City Marathon, in which he finished in ninth place with a time of 2:12:39 for his debut over the distance. In his second marathon outing, Weidlinger improved the Austrian record by over one and a half minutes at the Frankfurt Marathon on 25 October 2009, setting a new mark of 2:10:47 to finish in tenth place. The record was previously held by Gerhard Hartmann and had gone unbroken for over 23 years. In November, he won the Great Australian Run in a personal best and national record time of 43:01 for the 15 km race, defeating 2008 Olympic champion Samuel Wanjiru among others.

He returned to the Vienna City Marathon in 2010 and was Austria's best prospect for the podium. However, he finished in 12th place in 2:14:05 after suffering from a calf problem. His next major appearance came at the Great South Run in October and he ended the race in sixth position.

Achievements

Personal bests

All information taken from IAAF profile.

Road race wins
Great Manchester Run: 2008
Great Australian Run: 2009

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
Austrian male marathon runners
Austrian male long-distance runners
Austrian male steeplechase runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Austria
People from Braunau am Inn
Sportspeople from Upper Austria

Günther Weidlinger