Rage is a first-person shooter video game developed by id Software and published by Bethesda Softworks, released in October 2011 for Microsoft Windows, the PlayStation 3, and the Xbox 360, and in February 2012 for OS X. It was first shown as a tech demo at the 2007 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference and was announced at the QuakeCon. Rage uses id Software's id Tech 5 game engine and is the final game released by the company under the supervision of founder John Carmack.

Rage is set in a post-apocalyptic near future, following the impact of the asteroid 99942 Apophis on Earth. Players take control of Nicholas Raine, a soldier put into hibernation in an underground shelter who emerges into the wasteland a century later, and finds himself a wanted man by an oppressive organization known as The Authority. The game has been described as similar to the movie Mad Max 2, and video games such as Duke Nukem, Fallout and Borderlands.

Rage received mainly positive reviews, with reviewers praising the game's combat mechanics, gameplay and graphics while criticizing the lack of story, characters, and direction. A sequel, Rage 2, was released on May 14, 2019.

Gameplay

The game primarily consists of first-person shooter and driving segments, with the player using their vehicle to explore the world and travel between missions.

Combat is undertaken from a first-person perspective; the player is armed with a variety of upgradeable firearms, as well as a crossbow, and boomerang-like weapons called "wingsticks" which can be used for stealthy attacks. There are several types of ammunition available for each weapon, to allow the player to further customize their play style. As an example, the crossbow's primary ammunition is metal bolts, but it also can shoot electrified bolts, explosive bolts, and more. There are two standard varieties of enemies: enemies with firearms which will take cover and exchange fire with the player, and melee enemies that will charge the player and attack with melee weapons.

There are a variety of vehicular events for the player to take part in, including races and checkpoint rallies. Racing events may or may not have opponents, and some of them are armed races while others are not. Players can augment their cars with various items and upgrades they can gain by completing events. Rage features some role-playing elements, including an inventory system, looting system, and different types of ammo. Players have the option to customize their weapons and vehicles, as well as build a wide assortment of items using collected recipes. Vehicles be used for racing and for traveling from one location to the other with occasional attacks from enemy vehicles. There are side missions and several other minor exploratory elements.

Multiplayer
Rage has two multiplayer modes: Road Rage and Wasteland Legends. In Road Rage, up to four players compete in a free-for-all match that takes place in an arena designed to make use of the vehicles. The goal is to collect rally points that appear around the arena while killing one's opponents and stealing their points. Legends of the Wasteland is a series of two-player co-op missions based on stories that are heard throughout the single-player campaign. A total of nine objectives are in this game type.

Plot
On August 23, 2029, asteroid 99942 Apophis collides with Earth, destroying human civilization and turning the world into a wasteland. Survivors come together to form settlements around oases and other practical or habitable locations, while the wastes are plagued by various bandits clans, and mutants, who attack all normal humans in a voracious horde.

In 2135, former U.S. Marine Lieutenant Nicholas Raine emerges from an underground shelter called an Ark, 106 years after being put into stasis. These underground shelters are the direct result of the Eden Project, a massive international undertaking in which hundreds of Arks, containing cryogenic pods, were sealed under the surface of the Earth to preserve enough of the human population to rebuild civilization after the asteroid collision. The Eden Project was far less successful than hoped, as Raine's Ark, in particular, was heavily damaged, with all of its other residents dead and equipment destroyed, and he wakes up alone with no specific goal in mind.

Raine enters the surface, where he is immediately attacked by bandits but is saved by Dan Hagar (voiced by John Goodman), a local wasteland settler who brings Raine to his settlement. Hagar informs him that a powerful technologically advanced organization known as the Authority, which considers itself the one true government of the wasteland, is hunting for Ark survivors for an unknown purpose. Raine briefly aids Hagar's settlement and others in the local area by completing a few small jobs, and during this time it is revealed that the nanotrites injected into Raine's blood before he was sent into hibernation have granted him superhuman abilities to help him survive the harsh environment, but have made him valuable to the Authority. Hagar believes Raine's continued presence is too dangerous for the settlement and sends him to the nearby town of Wellspring instead.

In Wellspring, Raine helps the town with various problems such as fighting off bandits, mutants, and ferrying supplies. Eventually, he comes into contact with Dr. Kvasir, an elderly scientist who previously worked for the Authority, who tells Raine about the inhumane experiments they were responsible for, such as the creation of the mutants. Kvasir puts him into contact with the Resistance, an armed anti-Authority group, where he is tasked with rescuing their leader, Captain Marshall, who has recently been imprisoned by the Authority. Raine again attracts attention from the Authority, forcing him to flee Wellspring and join the Resistance at their headquarters in Subway Town, where he earns the trust of the town and its tyrannical mayor, Redstone. He also learns what had happened in the past century from Captain Marshall, who is an Ark survivor himself. General Martin Cross, who was in charge of the Eden Project, sabotaged the operation shortly before 99942 Apophis struck the Earth by ensuring that only the Arks with people loyal to him were opened on schedule, with this first wave of Ark survivors eventually forming the Authority. The remaining Arks were supposed to stay underground forever in hibernation, including Raine's Ark, which surfaced only because its systems were damaged and it automatically rose to protect any surviving inhabitants.

With the Authority beginning to forcefully expand its influence on the wasteland settlements, the Resistance is forced to act with the help of Raine who can recover data that shows the location of every Ark on the planet. Captain Marshall plans to use this data to activate all the Arks and form an army that can defeat the Authority, but the only way to do this is to transmit the data from Capital Prime, the main headquarters for the Authority. Alone, Raine fights his way through Capital Prime to transmit the Ark activation code, and the game concludes with all the remaining Arks simultaneously becoming active and surfacing.

Development

According to design director Matt Hooper, the game's origins were in the concept of muscle cars within a desert setting, which was expanded upon by the creation of a post-apocalyptic world.  A team of around 60 core developers worked on the game, which was intended to be the first release of an ongoing franchise.

Rage was intended to have an Entertainment Software Rating Board rating of Teen but received an M. The Windows and Xbox 360 versions are on three dual-layer DVDs, and the PlayStation 3 version is on one Blu-ray Disc. John Carmack has revealed that an uncompressed software build of Rage is one terabyte in size. The PS3, Windows, and OS X versions use OpenGL. A Linux version was speculated. Timothee Besset had stated that he would try to make Linux builds for Rage as he had done in the past, and was expected sometime in 2012 but he resigned. John Carmack has since tweeted that there are "no plans for a native Linux client". However, the Windows version is playable on Linux via Wine compatibility.

id announced its partnership with Electronic Arts for publication of Rage. In March 2009, the company's CEO Todd Hollenshead said "No, it won't be out this year". A trailer and several screenshots were released on August 13, 2009, at QuakeCon where it showcased various locations, racing, and first-person gameplay, and a brief insight into the storyline. During Gamescom in Cologne, Germany, Electronic Arts released four new screenshots for Rage.

In 2009, John Carmack stated id Software was not planning to support dedicated servers for the Windows version, and instead would use a matchmaking system like console games. ZeniMax Media, who had acquired developer id Software in June 2009, announced that it had the publishing rights to Rage and that EA would not be involved in the sales or marketing. The announcement also noted that the development of Rage had not been affected by the new deal. Creative director Tim Willits confirmed that the release would miss 2010 and would launch in 2011. Willits later accepted the award from IGN Media for "Best Game" and "Best First Person Shooter" at E3.  Additionally, the game was awarded Best First-Person Shooter, Best New IP, Best Xbox 360, Windows, and PlayStation 3 game and the Game of the Show of E3 2010 by GameTrailers.

In his keynote speech at QuakeCon 2010 on August 12, 2010, Carmack announced that id was developing a Rage-related game for Apple's iOS. He later described the mobile Rage as a "little slice of Rage ... [about] Mutant Bash TV, a post-apocalyptic combat game show in the Rage wasteland", and separately hinted that he might try to port Rage Mobile to Android, although he later stated no id games would be coming to Android due to lack of financial viability.

At QuakeCon 2011, Carmack offered many technical insights of the development and differences between the three main platforms of Windows, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3, noting that it was not easy developing such an optimized engine to be able to smoothly run on consoles and still having the best artistically looking game on consoles. He also affirmed that the PC platform at the time was as much as 10 times faster than the current generation of gaming consoles, but this did not mean 10x the performance because of the extra layers of abstraction found in PC compatible operating systems. On September 16, 2011; Bethesda announced Rage had gone gold.

Marketing and release

Bethesda vice president of public relations Pete Hines initially said that a demo of the game is not likely, although one was later released on the Xbox Live Marketplace. Those who pre-ordered the game would receive an automatic upgrade to the Anarchy Edition of the game, which included four exclusive in-game items. Tim Willits claimed modding tools will be available a couple of days after release, although this proved to not be true.

Rage appeared on fourth season episodes "Problem Dog" and "Hermanos" of Breaking Bad, both broadcast in 2011, as a video game that Jesse Pinkman plays to try to shake off the memory of having killed another character. The inclusion had come from marketing opportunity discussions between id and AMC as mutual fans. Looking for video game material to include, id suggested Rage. id took mostly pre-existing game areas (the Well area), but worked with the production of the show to include allusions and references to the murder to tie into Jesse's narrative within the game, such as the victim's name written on walls. From there, they provided a lot of pre-recorded game footage to AMC to work with. Though the show has Jesse playing Rage via a light gun, this was not part of the end development. In return, id included several Breaking Bad references in Rage on release, such as a version of the acrylic cube containing another character's teeth grill that Hank Schrader receives as a reward for killing him, from the second season episode "Bit by a Dead Bee".

A viral campaign was released that features Los Angeles Clippers power forward Blake Griffin in which he performs stunts to get himself in the game such as dunking over a tiger to impress the developers.

On October 4, 2011, the game was released. On February 2, 2012 Rage was released for OS X through digital distribution, lacking multiplayer content.

Editions
Rage was available for pre-order in three retail versions: the Anarchy Edition and two region-dependent Collector's Editions. Those who pre-ordered the standard edition of Rage automatically got their copy upgraded to Anarchy Edition. Two Collector's Editions of the game were also available; one through EB Games in Australia, the other through Game and Gamestation in the UK.

 The Anarchy Edition adds a Crimson Elite Armor, a double barrel shotgun, fists of rage (an upgrade for fists that attaches metal blades to the character's hand gloves for use in melee combat) and a buggy called Rat Rod.
 The Australian version of the Collector's Edition (officially called Rage Exclusive EB Games Edition) contains everything from the Anarchy Edition, an exclusive Wingstick prop, six exclusive Rage badges and an exclusive poster of the game.
The British version of the Collector's Edition (officially called Rage Collector's Pack) also contains all the content of the Anarchy Edition, the three-issue Dark Horse comics based on Rage and a 'Making Of' DVD.

The version released for Mac OS X was called Rage: Campaign Edition. This version contains all content of the Anarchy Edition and the Wasteland Sewer Missions DLC pack. Multiplayer is not present in this version. Only the single-player campaign is available hence the name of the edition.

Mods
The modding tools for Rage were originally going to be released with the game itself but instead were released on February 8, 2013, on Steam. Titled RAGE Tool Kit or simply id Studio, the tools were used to create the game as well as the DLC.

Downloadable content
Downloadable content (DLC) was mentioned to be planned for all platforms. The Wasteland Sewer Missions DLC pack, integral part of the Campaign Edition, was released on October 4, 2011, providing access to the sewer systems. A code for the DLC was given away as a pre-order bonus with the Anarchy Edition that allowed early and free access to the DLC. The player character is given a task by people of various cities to rid their city's sewers of the mutant infestation.

Anarchy Edition add-on DLC was released on 15 February 2012 containing all the content of the Anarchy Edition excluding the free Wasteland Sewer Missions Pack DLC code. The package upgrades the standard edition of Rage to the Anarchy Edition.

A new Rage DLC release called The Scorchers was released on December 18, 2012, for Windows, Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. The plot focused on 'The Scorchers', a bandit clan cut from the final release of the main game and only encountered in vehicle combat missions. The Scorchers were hatching a plan to end all life by destroying the Wasteland and it was up to the main character to save humanity. The DLC added an "Ultra Nightmare" difficulty level and the ability to keep playing the game even after the main questline was completed. The pack features new characters, six new areas, new minigames, new enemies and a new weapon called Nailgun which features three distinct ammunition types. The DLC also fixes some bugs in the game.

Related media

Mobile game

In November 2010, id Software released Rage: Mutant Bash TV for iOS devices as a demo for showcasing its gameplay. The HD version called Rage HD was released for all iOS devices. John Carmack hinted that he intends to release another iPhone app based on the Rage universe that focuses on the racing aspect of the game.

Comics
In March 2011, Bethesda and Dark Horse Comics announced a three-issue comic book series based on Rage. The original miniseries was written by Arvid Nelson, and penciled by Andrea Mutti. The cover art was created by Glenn Fabry. The comic series, developed with the direct participation of Rages creative director, Tim Willits, presents a new twist on the post-apocalyptic near future as one woman discovers that the survival of humankind does not necessarily mean the survival of humanity. The Earth has been devastated by a collision with an asteroid, with a tiny fraction of the population surviving in life-sustaining Arks buried deep below its surface. Those who survive emerge to find a wasteland controlled by a global military dictatorship called the Authority. But a rescued scientist learns that the Authority has lied to her and the other survivors about how this new world came to be.

Novel
That month, Bethesda announced it would team up with Del Rey Books to create a novel based on Rage. The novel was written by Matthew J. Costello, who wrote the story for the video game. It was released on August 30, 2011.

Reception

Pre-release
The game received much recognition before its release. It won the Game Critics Awards of E3 2010 for "Best Console Game", and "Best Action Game", along with the "Special Commendation for Graphics". IGN awarded its "Best Overall Game" and "Best Shooter" in its E3 2010 awards. It also won many of GameTrailers's E3 2010 awards, including "Best New IP", "Best First Person Shooter", "Best PS3 Game", "Best Xbox 360 Game", "Best PC Game", and "Game of the Show".

Post-release
Rage received generally positive reviews on all platforms according to the aggregate review site Metacritic. The game received praise for its graphics, gameplay and combat mechanics, and criticism mostly aimed towards the game's story and poor out-of-the-box PC compatibility.

EGMNow praised the Xbox 360 version and stated it features impressive visuals, brutal and satisfying combat, fluid animations, advanced enemy AI, many entertaining side-missions, and an addictive multiplayer component. The one complaint was that the final boss fight was unsatisfying compared to the rest of the impressive combat scenarios. GameZone gave the same console version 8.5 out of 10 and called it "a great experience that's coupled with some intensely fun gunplay and some incredibly impressive graphics. It's not quite the Borderlands meets Fallout experience that gamers were expecting. It isn't very long, and it does skimp out on character development, but it focuses more on what id knows bestshooting things in the face. This is one post-apocalyptic wasteland that you'll definitely want to venture into." Ars Technica gave a more negative review of the Xbox 360 version, criticizing lack of story, undeveloped characters, uninteresting quests and a "broken save system" (autosave checkpoints being too far apart, forcing frequent manual saves which are slow on the Xbox 360), while acknowledging the quality of the visuals. Edge gave it seven out of ten and called it "a stunningly rendered FPS, but one that seems caught between a desire to innovate and the desire to be true to the template its creators defined".

Game Informer said that "while most people will rave about Rage's technology, this game's most impressive component is its gunplay ... the mutated hostiles of the wastes ... crawl out of the woodwork, scamper along walls, and create a sense of absolute terror", and "the challenge posed to the player is to put them down quickly or pray that every close range shotgun blast takes a large chunk of flesh." The soundtrack was described as "appropriately moody", and the animation system as one of the most "impressive" ever made. However, the review also argued that "the driving sections are no more than optional diversions" and "the lack of content in the overworld is disappointing". In conclusion, the story and overworld were described as "dated", but the "pulse-pounding gunplay" was hailed as "a nice change of pace" that "stands out in a crowded market". IGN praised the graphics, calling them some of the best, but criticized the game's story and forgettable characters. VideoGamer.com gave the game an 8 out of 10 praising Rage'''s combat, but criticized the driving controls with ATVs that felt like they were "culled from a different, far cheaper game." In Japan, where the game was ported on October 6, 2011 (the same release date as Australia's), Famitsu gave the PS3 and Xbox 360 versions a score of two nines, one eight, and one nine for a total of 35 out of 40.

411Mania gave the PS3 version a score of eight out of ten and said it was "by no means a bad game. Id has a solid shooter with great graphics and solid controls. However, plenty of other games have done the same things now. Rage is still a good game and will tide shooter fans over until other shooters release later this year. Just don't expect anything groundbreaking here."  Digital Spy gave the same console version four stars out of five and called it "a triumphant mix of vintage shooter mechanics and high-octane driving segments. The end result is a title that captures the essence of its genre-defining predecessors while offering fans something new. id's Tech 5 engine ensures that this is the studio's best-look release to date, and the sheer volume of features on offer make it one of the most rewarding." Softpedia gave the Xbox 360 version a score of four stars out of five and called it "a must-have, must-play game." The Digital Fix gave the same console version eight out of ten and called it "a sound purchase".  The Guardian gave the same console version a similar score of four stars out of five and called it "a decidedly mixed affair. It isn't perfect, some of it feels quite antiquated, and it is by no means the high-water moment in the FPS genre that Doom and Quake were in their day. But it is still a very eye-catching and incredibly fun shooter, and in its best moments, it can't be matched for pure entertainment value."

However, The Daily Telegraph gave the Xbox 360 version three-and-a-half stars out of five and called it "a game that would have benefitted from being streamlined, with additional FPS levels replacing the awkward driving. It should have been an id game. Instead, it occupies this weird halfway-house between Borderlands, MotorStorm, and Doom, not quite an RPG, not quite a racer and not quite an FPS." The A.V. Club gave the same console version a C+ and said that its "huge swaths ... are lifted wholesale from Fallout 3, Borderlands, and BioShock, making Rage forever veer between loving homage and blatant plagiarism. In the end, Rage is an insecure, overly busy game that tries too hard to be too many things, and winds up with a greasy sheen of flop-sweat on its brow."

AccoladesRage was also recognized in several 2011 end-of-year award ceremonies. It was nominated for "Best Graphics" and "Best New Franchise" in Xbox Achievements' Game of the Year 2011 Awards. GameTrailers nominated it for "Best First Person Shooter" and "Best New IP". At the 2011 Spike Video Game Awards, it was nominated for "Best Graphics" and "Best Shooter". Technical issues with the PC version led to articles explaining to users how to "fix" Rages problems. AMD has released drivers that attempt to fix some of the issues. On October 10, 2011, patches for the Windows version were released which added various graphical options to the game and fixed some driver-related graphical issues.

Sequel

A sequel, Rage 2'', which is a joint development between id Software and Avalanche Studios, was released on May 14, 2019, for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One.

Notes

References

External links

2011 video games
Aspyr games
Bethesda Softworks games
First-person adventure games
First-person shooters
Games for Windows
Id Software games
Id Tech games
Video games about impact events
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Fiction about near-Earth asteroids
Open-world video games
MacOS games
PlayStation 3 games
Post-apocalyptic video games
Vehicular combat games
Video games adapted into comics
Video games developed in the United States
Video games scored by Rod Abernethy
Video games set in the 22nd century
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Cancelled Linux games

Rage (video game)


Christopher Naumoff (born 29 June 1995) is a retired Australian professional football (soccer) player who played as a winger for Sutherland Sharks in the NPL and for Sydney FC in the A-League.

Born in Sydney, Naumoff played youth football for Sutherland Sharks, eventually playing for the first team in the National Premier Leagues NSW before moving to Sydney FC's senior side in 2014. He made over 50 appearances for Sydney before leaving the club in 2016. Soon after, Naumoff agreed to a deal with Spanish side Numancia, but was found in medical testing to have a heart disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which led to the cancellation of the contract and Naumoff's subsequent retirement as a health precaution.

Naumoff represented the Australian under-20 and under-23 sides on several occasions.

Early life
Naumoff was born to a Macedonian mother born in Smilevo in the Demir Hisar Municipality, and a Macedonian Australian father, whose parents hail from Capari near Bitola. He is a Macedonian Orthodox Christian.

Club career

Sydney FC
Naumoff joined Sydney FC's youth team from New South Wales Premier League outfit Sutherland Sharks in 2011 after winning the Under 20s Championship and being crowned the Under 20s Premier League Player of the Year 2012. Having had a strong pre-season under Frank Farina where he scored 5 goals, Naumoff was handed his senior debut at home to the Newcastle Jets in Round 1 of the 2013–14 season where Sydney FC won 2–0. On 15 November 2013, Naumoff made his starting debut for Sydney FC against Melbourne Heart at AAMI Park. His first A-League goal was against the Central Coast Mariners on 24 January 2015. On 16 March 2016, Naumoff scored the winning goal in a 1–0 against Pohang Steelers in the Asian Champions League. He has participated in various community activities for the club, including training sessions with local club Curl Curl Acdamy. At the conclusion of the 2015–16 season, Naumoff was not offered a new contract with Sydney FC.

Numancia and retirement
On 16 June 2016, Naumoff agreed to a three-year deal with Spanish Segunda División side Numancia The deal was later cancelled after Naumoff failed a medical examination.

Following further testing, Naumoff was diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). On 4 July 2016, he announced his retirement from professional football at the age of 21 for health reasons but stated his wish to stay involved in the game. Professional Footballers Australia announced that they would continue to support Naumoff.

Management career
Naumoff joined Rockdale City Suns as a youth coach in late 2016, and also flagged an intention to start an academy of his own, which he has subsequently done. He also currently coaches Sydney Grammar School.

Career statistics

Honours

Club
Sydney FC
 National Youth League: 2013–14

Individual
 NSW Premier League Grade 20 Player of the Season: 2012

See also
 List of Sydney FC players

References

External links

1995 births
Living people
Australian men's soccer players
Australian expatriate men's soccer players
Australia men's under-20 international soccer players
Men's association football wingers
A-League Men players
National Premier Leagues players
Sydney FC players
Sutherland Sharks FC players
Australian people of Macedonian descent
Soccer players from Sydney

Chris Naumoff


Tyna Barinaga (later Tony Barinaga; born 1946) is a former American badminton player who won national and international titles from the mid-1960s to the early 1970s. In 1964 Barinaga and fellow Port Angeles, Washington resident Caroline Jensen (Hein) became the first all-teenage team to capture the women's doubles title at the U.S. Open Championships. They won the Canadian Open women's doubles the following year. Barinaga shared the mixed doubles title at U.S. Open in 1966, and won both singles and doubles at the same tournament in 1968. Her last full season of competition, 1969–1970, was probably her best. After claiming a number of titles in Great Britain, she won all three events (singles, doubles, and mixed doubles) at the U.S Championships and women's singles at the Canadian Open. Barinaga was a member of three U.S. Uber Cup teams (1963, 1966,1969), the first of which retained the women's world team championship. She was inducted into the U.S. Badminton Hall of Fame (Walk of Fame) in 2003.

Achievements
Mixed doubles

References

American female badminton players
1946 births
Living people
21st-century American women

Tyna Barinaga


Intuition is the ability to acquire knowledge, without recourse to conscious reasoning or needing an explanation. Different fields use the word "intuition" in very different ways, including but not limited to: direct access to unconscious knowledge; unconscious cognition; gut feelings; inner sensing; inner insight to unconscious pattern-recognition; and the ability to understand something instinctively, without any need for conscious reasoning. Intuitive knowledge tends to be approximate.

The word intuition comes from the Latin verb  translated as "consider" or from the late middle English word , "to contemplate". Use of intuition is sometimes referred to as responding to a "gut feeling" or "trusting your gut".

Psychology

Freud
According to Sigmund Freud, knowledge could only be attained through the intellectual manipulation of carefully made observations. He rejected any other means of acquiring knowledge such as intuition. His findings could have been an analytic turn of his mind towards the subject.

Jung
In Carl Jung's theory of the ego, described in 1916 in Psychological Types, intuition is an "irrational function", opposed most directly by sensation, and opposed less strongly by the "rational functions" of thinking and feeling. Jung defined intuition as "perception via the unconscious": using sense-perception only as a starting point, to bring forth ideas, images, possibilities, or ways out of a blocked situation, by a process that is mostly unconscious.

Jung said that a person in whom intuition is dominant—an "intuitive type"—acts not on the basis of rational judgment but on sheer intensity of perception. An extroverted intuitive type, "the natural champion of all minorities with a future", orients to new and promising but unproven possibilities, often leaving to chase after a new possibility before old ventures have borne fruit, oblivious to his or her own welfare in the constant pursuit of change. An introverted intuitive type orients by images from the unconscious, ever exploring the psychic world of the archetypes, seeking to perceive the meaning of events, but often having no interest in playing a role in those events and not seeing any connection between the contents of the psychic world and him- or herself. Jung thought that extroverted intuitive types were likely entrepreneurs, speculators, cultural revolutionaries, often undone by a desire to escape every situation before it becomes settled and constraining—even repeatedly leaving lovers for the sake of new romantic possibilities. His introverted intuitive types were likely mystics, prophets, or cranks, struggling with a tension between protecting their visions from influence by others and making their ideas comprehensible and reasonably persuasive to others—a necessity for those visions to bear real fruit.

Modern psychology
In modern psychology, intuition can encompass the ability to know valid solutions to problems and the making of decisions. For example, the recognition-primed decision (RPD) model explains how people can make relatively fast decisions without having to compare options. Gary Klein found that under time pressure, high stakes, and changing parameters, experts used their base of experience to identify similar situations and intuitively choose feasible solutions. The RPD model is a blend of intuition and analysis. The intuition is the pattern-matching process that quickly suggests feasible courses of action. The analysis is the mental simulation, a conscious and deliberate review of the courses of action.

Instinct is often misinterpreted as intuition. Its reliability is dependent on past knowledge and occurrences in a specific area. For example, someone who has had more experience with children will tend to have better instincts about what they should do in certain situations with them. This is not to say that one with a great amount of experience is always going to have an accurate intuition.

Intuitive abilities were quantitatively tested at Yale University in the 1970s. While studying nonverbal communication, researchers noted that some subjects were able to read nonverbal facial cues before reinforcement occurred. In , they noted that highly intuitive subjects made decisions quickly but could not identify their rationale. Their level of accuracy, however, did not differ from that of non-intuitive subjects.

According to the works of Daniel Kahneman, intuition is the ability to automatically generate solutions without long logical arguments or evidence. He mentions two different systems that we use when making decisions and judgements: the first is in charge of automatic or unconscious thoughts, the second in charge of more intentional thoughts. The first system is an example of intuition, and Kahneman believes people overestimate this system, using it as a source of confidence for knowledge they may not truly possess. These systems are connected with two versions of ourselves he calls the remembering self and experiencing self, relating to the creation of memories in "System 1". Its automatic nature occasionally leads people to experience cognitive illusions, assumptions that our intuition gives us and are usually trusted without a second thought.

Gerd Gigerenzer described intuition as processes and thoughts that are devoid of typical logic. He described two primary characteristics to intuition: basic rules of thumb (that are heuristic in nature) and "evolved capacities of the brain". The two work in tandem to give people thoughts and abilities that they do not actively think about as they are performed, and of which they cannot explain their formation or effectiveness. He does not believe that intuitions  knowledge; he believes that having too much information makes individuals overthink, and that some intuitions will actively defy known information.

Intuition is also seen as a figurative launch pad for logical thinking Intuition's automatic nature tends to precede more thoughtful logic. Even when based on moral or subjective standpoints, intuition provides a base—one that people will usually start to back up with logical thinking as a defense or justification rather than starting with a less biased viewpoint. The confidence in  are instantaneous feelings or judgments that we have surprising confidence in.

Philosophy
Both Eastern and Western philosophers have studied intuition. The discipline of epistemology deals with the concept.

Eastern philosophy
In the East intuition is mostly intertwined with religion and spirituality, and various meanings exist in different religious texts.

Hinduism
In Hinduism, various attempts have been made to interpret how the Vedic and other esoteric texts regard intuition.

For Sri Aurobindo, intuition comes under the realm of knowledge by identity. He describes the human psychological plane (often referred to as  in Sanskrit) as having two natures: The first being its role in interpreting the external world (parsing sensory information), and the second being its role in generating consciousness. He terms this second nature "knowledge by identity." Aurobindo finds that, as the result of evolution, the mind has accustomed itself to using certain physiological functions as its means of entering into relations with the material world; when people seek to know about the external world, they default to arriving at truths via their senses. Knowledge by identity, which currently only explains self-awareness, may extend beyond the mind and explain intuitive knowledge.

He says this intuitive knowledge was common to older humans (Vedic) and later was superseded by reason which currently organises our perception, thoughts, and actions and which resulted in a transition from Vedic thought to metaphysical philosophy and later to experimental science. He finds that this process,  is actually a circle of progress, as  He says that when self-awareness in the mind is applied to one's self and to the outer (other) self, this results in luminous self-manifesting identity; and the reason also converts itself into the form of the self-luminous intuitional knowledge.

Osho believed human consciousness is in a hierarchy from basic animal instincts to intelligence and intuition, and humans being constantly living in that conscious state often moving between these states depending on their affinity. He suggests that living in the state of intuition is one of the ultimate aims of humanity.

Advaita vedanta (a school of thought) takes intuition to be an experience through which one can come in contact with and experience Brahman.

Buddhism
Buddhism finds intuition to be a faculty in the mind of immediate knowledge. Buddhism  of conscious thinking, as conscious thought cannot necessarily access subconscious information, or render such information into a communicable form. In Zen Buddhism various techniques have been developed to help develop one's intuitive capability, such as koans – the resolving of which leads to states of minor enlightenment (satori). In parts of Zen Buddhism intuition is deemed a mental state between the Universal mind and one's individual, discriminating mind.

Western philosophy
In the West, intuition does not appear as a separate field of study, but the topic features prominently in the works of many philosophers.

Ancient philosophy
Early mentions and definitions of intuition can be traced back to Plato. In his Republic he tries to define intuition as a fundamental capacity of human reason to comprehend the true nature of reality. In his works Meno and Phaedo, he describes intuition as a pre-existing knowledge residing in the "soul of eternity", and as a phenomenon by which one becomes conscious of pre-existing knowledge. He provides an example of mathematical truths, and posits that they are not arrived at by reason. He argues that these truths are accessed using a knowledge already present in a dormant form and accessible to our intuitive capacity. This concept by Plato is also sometimes referred to as anamnesis. The study was later continued by his intellectual successors, the Neoplatonists.

Islam
In Islam various scholars have varied interpretations of intuition (often termed as , Arabic: , "hitting correctly on a mark"), sometimes relating the ability to have intuitive knowledge to prophethood.
Siháb al Din-al Suhrawadi, in his book Philosophy Of Illumination (), from following influences of Plato, finds that intuition is knowledge acquired through illumination and is mystical in nature; he also suggests mystical contemplation () to bring about correct judgment. Also influenced by Platonic ideas, Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) finds the ability to have intuition is a "prophetic capacity" and he describes intuition as knowledge obtained without intentionally acquiring it. He finds that regular knowledge is based on imitation while intuitive knowledge is based on intellectual certitude.

Early modern philosophy
In his book Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes refers to an "intuition" (from the Latin verb , which means "to see") as a pre-existing knowledge gained through rational reasoning or discovering truth through contemplation. This definition states that "whatever I clearly and distinctly perceive to be true is true"; this is commonly referred to as rational intuition It is a component of a potential logical mistake called the Cartesian circle. Intuition and deduction, says Descartes, are the unique possible sources of knowledge of the human intellect; the latter is a "connected sequence of intuitions", each of which is a priori a self-evident, clear and distinct idea, before it is connected with the other ideas within a logical demonstration.

Hume has a more ambiguous interpretation of intuition. Hume claims intuition is a recognition of relationships (relation of time, place, and causation). He states that "the resemblance" (recognition of relations) "will strike the eye" (which would not require further examination) but goes on to state, "or rather in mind"—attributing intuition to power of mind, contradicting the theory of empiricism.

Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant's notion of "intuition" differs considerably from the Cartesian notion. It consists of the basic sensory information provided by the cognitive faculty of sensibility (equivalent to what might loosely be called perception). Kant held that our mind casts all of our external intuitions in the form of space, and all of our internal intuitions (memory, thought) in the form of time.

Contemporary philosophy
Intuitions are customarily appealed to independently of any particular theory of how intuitions provide evidence for claims. There are divergent accounts of what sort of mental state intuitions are, ranging from mere spontaneous judgment to a special presentation of a necessary truth. Philosophers such as George Bealer have tried to defend appeals to intuition against Quinean doubts about conceptual analysis.

A different challenge to appeals to intuition comes from experimental philosophers, who argue that appeals to intuition must be informed by the methods of social science.

The metaphilosophical assumption that philosophy ought to depend on intuitions has been challenged by experimental philosophers (e.g., Stephen Stich). One of the main problems adduced by experimental philosophers is that intuitions differ, for instance, from one culture to another, and so it seems problematic to cite them as evidence for a philosophical claim. Timothy Williamson responded to such objections against philosophical methodology by arguing that intuition plays no special role in philosophy practice, and that skepticism about intuition cannot be meaningfully separated from a general skepticism about judgment. On this view, there are no qualitative differences between the methods of philosophy and common sense, the sciences, or mathematics. Others like Ernest Sosa seek to support intuition by arguing that the objections against intuition merely highlight .

Philosophy of mathematics and logic
Intuitionism is a position advanced by L. E. J. Brouwer in philosophy of mathematics derived from Kant's claim that all mathematical knowledge is knowledge of the pure forms of the intuition—that is, intuition that is not empirical.

Intuitionistic logic was devised by Arend Heyting to accommodate this position (it has also been adopted by other forms of constructivism). It is characterized by rejecting the law of excluded middle: as a consequence it does not in general accept rules such as double negation elimination and the use of  to prove the existence of something.

Artificial intelligence

Researchers in artificial intelligence are trying to add intuition to algorithms, as the "fourth generation of AI"; this can be applied to many industries, especially finance. One example of artificial intuition is AlphaGo Zero, which used neural networks and was trained with reinforcement learning from a blank slate. In another example, ThetaRay partnered with Google Cloud to use artificial intuition for anti-money laundering purposes.

Business decision-making
In a 2022 Harvard Business Review article, Melody Wilding explored "how to stop overthinking and start trusting your gut", noting that "intuition... is frequently dismissed as mystical or unreliable". She suggested that there is a scientific basis for using intuition and refers to "surveys of top executives [which] show that a majority of leaders leverage feelings and experience when handling crises". However, an earlier Harvard Business Review article ("Don't Trust Your Gut") advises that, although "trust in intuition is understandable... anyone who thinks that intuition is a substitute for reason is indulging in a risky delusion".

Intuition was assessed by a sample of 11 Australian business leaders as a gut feeling based on experience, which they considered useful for making judgments about people, culture, and strategy. Such an example likens intuition to "gut feelings", which —  — illustrate preconscious activity.

Honours
Intuition Peak in Antarctica is so named "in appreciation of the role of scientific intuition for the advancement of human knowledge".

See also

References

Further reading

External links

 Nobel prize winner Daniel Kahneman Video on Intuition
 Nobel prize winner Daniel Kahneman PDF on Intuition
 Ask Philosophers: Question on Intuition and Rationality
 A special issue of the journal Psychological Inquiry dedicated to the topic of intuition

Belief
Concepts in epistemology
Concepts in the philosophy of mind
Feeling
Mental content
Subjective experience
Psychological concepts
Sources of knowledge
Cognition

Intuition


Hans-Georg Bohle (3 March 1948 – 20 September 2014) was a German geographer and international development researcher.

Background
Bohle studied at the University of Göttingen from 1968 to 1974, and conducted PhD research in Madras, India from 1976 to 1977, gaining his Promotion (1979) and Habilitation (1985) from that university.  He was Lecturer and assistant professor in the Geography Department at Göttingen from 1977 to 1986, then relocated to the Department for Cultural Geography, University of Freiburg as Professor, until 1995. From 1995 to 2004 he was Professor and chair for Geography of South Asia at the University of Heidelberg, and from 2004 until his retirement in 2013, Professor and chair for Cultural Geography and Development Geography at the Geography Department, University of Bonn.

In 2005 he was appointed a Munich Re Foundation Chair on Social Vulnerability, UNU-EHS.

Scholarly contributions
Bohle was internationally known for his important contributions to human vulnerability research. His basic work on the concept of social vulnerability in the context of poverty, hunger, water crises and health burdens in developing countries has become an integral part of disaster and risk research in the social sciences. He later focused on vulnerability, adaptation, resilience and human security in relation to global environmental change. His regional focus was on South Asia (India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka).

Bohle served on the Steering Committee of GECHS (Global Environmental Change and Human Security) and on the International Scientific Advisory Board of GECAFS (Global Environmental Change and Food Systems).

Awards
Member of Academia Europaea (2002)
Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (2007)
Awarded the Graf-von-Linden-Medaille of the "Gesellschaft für Erdund Völkerkunde" (2007)

Selected publications
Hans-Georg Bohle published 12 monographs, about 80 articles in scientific journals and about 60 book chapters.

 1993 with Watts, M. J.: Hunger, Famine and the Space of Vulnerability, In: GeoJournal 30.2, 1993, pp. 117–125
 1994 with Downing, T.E. and Watts, M.J.: Climate Change and Social Vulnerability: Toward a Sociology and Geography of Food Insecurity, In: Global Environmental Change, Vol. 4, 1994, pp. 37–48
 1999 with Adhikari, J.: Food Crisis in Nepal. How Mountain Farmers Cope, Adroit Publishers, Delhi 1999
 2007 Living with Vulnerability. Livelihoods and Human Security in Risky Environments, InterSecTions, Publications Series of UNU-EHS No. 6/2007, Bonn online
 2007 Geographische Entwicklungsforschung, In: Gebhardt, H. et al. (eds.), Geographie. Physische Geographie und Humangeographie. Elsevier/Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, pp. 797–815
 2007 Leben mit Risiko: Resilience als neues Paradigma für die Risikowelten von morgen, In: Felgentreff, C. und Glade, T. (eds.), Naturrisiken und Sozialkatastrophen, Elsevier/Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, pp. 435–441
 2007 Geographies of Violence and Vulnerability. An Actor-Oriented Analysis of the Civil War in Sri Lanka, In: Erdkunde 61 (2), pp. 129–146
 2007 with Fünfgeld, H.: The Political Ecology of Violence: Contested Entitlements and Politicised Livelihoods in Eastern Sri Lanka, In: Development and Change, Vol. 38 (4), pp. 665–687
 2009 with Etzold, B., Keck, M., Zingel W.-P.: Informality as Agency. Negotiating the Modes of Regulation in Contested Urban Areas, In: Die Erde, Jg. 140, H. 1, pp. 3–24
 2009 Sustainable Livelihood Security. Evolution and Application, In: Brauch, Hans Günter; Grin, John; Mesjasz, Czeslaw; Krummenacher, Heinz; Chadha Behera, Navnita; Chourou, Béchir; Oswald Spring, Ursula; Kameri-Mbote, Patricia (eds.): Facing Global Environmental Change: Environmental, Human, Energy, Food, Health and Water Security Concepts. Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace, vol. 4, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York-Hong Kong-London-Milan-Paris-Tokyo: Springer-Verlag, pp. 521–528

References

External links
 Homepage of Prof. Dr. Hans-Georg Bohle

German geographers
Members of Academia Europaea
Academic staff of the University of Bonn
Place of birth missing
1948 births
2014 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Freiburg
University of Göttingen alumni
Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
Academic staff of Heidelberg University

Hans-Georg Bohle


Ottoman military band is the oldest recorded military marching bands in the world. Though they are often known by the word Mehter (, plural: مهتران mehterân; from "senior" in Persian) in West Europe, that word, properly speaking, refers only to a single musician in the band. In Ottoman, the band was generally known as mehterân (مهتران seniors), though those bands used in the retinue of a vizier or prince were generally known as mehterhane (Persian: مهترخانه, meaning "house of seniors"), the band as a whole is often termed mehter bölüğü ("mehter company [troop]"), mehter takımı ("mehter platoon"). In West Europe, the band's music is also often called Janissary music because the janissaries formed the core of the bands.

History

Such military bands as the mehters, were not definitively mentioned until the 13th century. It is believed that the first "mehter" was sent to Osman I by the Seljuk Sultan Alaeddin Kayqubad III as a present along with a letter that salutes the newly formed state. From then on every day after the afternoon prayer; "mehter" played for the Ottoman ruler. The notion of a military marching band, such as those in use even today, began to be borrowed from the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. The sound associated with the mehterân also exercised an influence on European classical music, with composers such as Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven all writing compositions inspired by or designed to imitate the music of the mehters.

In 1826, the music of the mehters fell into disfavor following Sultan Mahmud II's abolition of the Janissary Corps, who had formed the core of the bands. Subsequent to this, in the mid and late 19th century, the genre went into decline along with the Ottoman Empire. In 1911, as the empire was beginning to collapse, the director of Istanbul's military museum attempted a somewhat successful revival of the tradition, and by 1953—so as to celebrate the 500-year anniversary of the Fall of Constantinople to the forces of Sultan Mehmed II—the tradition had been fully restored as a band of the Turkish Armed Forces.

Today, the music of the mehters is largely ceremonial and considered by many Turks as a stirring example of heroism and a reminder of Turkey's historical past. Though the majority of the pieces performed by them are newer compositions.

Today, the Armed Forces Mehter Unit (Mehter Bölüğü) is the traditional band of the Turkish Armed Forces and it performs regularly at the Military Museum (Askeri Müze) in Istanbul as well as during certain state ceremonies. There is also the Ministry of Culture Istanbul Historical Music Ensemble.

The Mehteran identity

Mehter, literally "pre-eminences" in Ottoman, was the type of military ensemble within the Ottoman army which played martial tunes during military campaigns. The mehteran was usually associated with the Janissary corps of the Army, usually composed of Christian converts to Islam. The music of mehteran is called "mehter marşı" or "mehter march". "Mehterhane" is the name that was used for the group of players before the acceptance of the military band tradition by the Ottomans.

Mehter as Ottoman military music arose in the era of Osman Ghazi and had been played in the wars and in ceremonies customarily organized for various everyday purposes. There is not, however, any definite information about this organization until the era of Fatih Sultan Mehmed. With Fatih, while the establishment of the empire was developing, a radical improvement began, as well, in the organization of the mehter ensembles within the Ottoman Army.

Origins and early years of the bands

Mehter tunes are found as far back as the 16th century. Nevertheless, it is known that Abdülkadir Meragi, the great Turkish music master, came to the Ottoman lands during the era of Yıldırım Bayezid Khan and composed some mehter melodies for the Ottoman classical army. In that period, Nefiri Behram Ağa and Emir-i Hac also wrote some mehter tunes. Mehter bands played some compositions of Hasan Can and Gazi Giray Han of Kırım, as well. There was great development of Turkish music in the 17th century. In the meantime, mehter conductors and bandmasters such as Zurnazenbaşı (head of the zurna players) İbrahim Ağa, Zurnazen Daği, Ahmed Çelebi from Edirne, Mehter Ahmed from Edirne also composed mehter tunes.

Evliya Çelebi  provided important data about the mehterhane and mehter musicians in the middle of the 17th century. "There are 300 artists in mehterhane-i Hümayun (the mehterhane of the palace) in Istanbul. These are quite precious and well paid people. There is additionally a mehter takımı of 40 people in Yedikule since there is a citadel. They are on duty three times a day, in other words they give three concerts, so that public listens to Turkish military music. This is a law of Fatih. Moreover, there are 1,000 mehter artists in addition to them in Istanbul. Their bands are in Eyüp S, Kasımpaşa (kapdan-ı Deryalık, the center of [the] Turkish Naval Forces), Galata, Tophane, Rumelihisarı, Beykoz, Anadoluhisarı, Üsküdar and Kız Kulesi . These mehter bands are on duty (i.e. give concerts) twice a day, in the daybreak and sunset hour."

Mehterhane preserved its existence, changing continuously, until the Janissary corps was abolished in the 1820s. According to its final form, each one was composed of nine davuls, nine zurnas, nine nakkares, nine cymbals and nine horns/trumpets, plus the timpanist/s using one or two Kos timpani, and a bandmaster. This band was called Dokuz katlı mehterhane (mehterhane composed of instruments, each instrument's number is nine). Mehter had many improvements in its music and performance parallel to its organization and establishment. Furthermore, renovations in the areas of art and culture influenced the music also. The studies and compositions of the music teachers of the palace in the 17th century such as Hanende Recep Çelebi, Zurnazenbaşı İbrahim Ağa, Eyyubi Mehmet Çelebi, Solakzade Mehmed Hendemi (who was also a very famous historian) and Selim III, the sultan and one of the great music masters of the 18th century, had influence on the renovation of the mehter bandsmen and the growth of the repertoire.

Western European interlude

This well known and traditional organization was annulled while the radical and western European types of reforms took place in the Ottoman Empire in the era of Mahmud II (1808–1839). As Western European-style music shows became more commonplace with the impact of the reformist efforts of the palace and its environment, Mahmud II left the mehter aside and wanted a military band to be established in accordance with the Western European practice. The Muzıka-i Humayun (Royal Band in Ottoman Turkish, the military band of the palace) began officially to function in 1831 as the official state band of the Ottoman armed forces and this was the beginning of an obscure period in the history of the mehter traditions, which goes back at least 500 years. It would eventually evolve to become the modern day Harmonic Band of the Turkish Armed Forces, the seniormost and oldest of its kind.

Instruments

The standard instruments employed by a mehterân are the kös (a giant timpani), the nakare (a small kettledrum), the davul (a bass drum), the zil (cymbals), the kaba zurna (a bass variety of the zurna), the boru (a kind of trumpet), and the cevgen (a kind of stick bearing small concealed bells). They also played the daf (frame drum) and clarinets.

Documents from ancient times to the present indicate that yurağ (zurna), sıbızgı (sipsili nefir, the horn), the horn of Hun (şahnay), burguv (the horn), kuğruv (kös), tümrük (davul) and ve çeng (the cymbals) were the instruments in the tuğ band of the Turks in central Asia.

There were two types of zurna used by the Ottomans. One of them was called the kabazurna having a low tone was played in the mehterhanes of the Ottomans and Kırım. 100 instrumentalists had played the kabazurna in the 17th century in Istanbul. The other, called the curazurna, small in size and high-pitched, was accompanied by the davul or the çifte na'ra. Evliya Çelebi wrote "There are boathouses belonging to the sovereigns. If the sultan wants to go to the new-palace or somewhere else, he travels at the back of a light galley under the precious dome on the jewel throne by watching the waterside houses, vineyards and orchards and shipyards on the side of Haliç with the accompaniment of only the curazurna and the çifte na'ra performing", while he was talking about the garden of the shipyard in Istanbul. The curazurna as the small zurna was planned to be added to the military mehter unit, which was intended to be established by Enver Paşa in 1917. Kabazurnas were made in Istanbul in the 16th century.

The musical instruments played in the mehterhane of the Ottomans could be classified as follows:

Wind instruments

Woodwinds
Kabazurna, Cura zurna, the Mehter pipe, clarinets

Brass
Horns (kurrenay), Boru and other trumpets (nafir) (Western natural trumpets or clarions would later be imported)

Percussion instruments

Drumline
The Kös (large timpani used by some bands), the Davul (bass drum), the Nakkare (small timpani), the Tabılbaz (medium timpani used by most bands), the Def (frame drum)

The Cymbals and the rattles

The Cymbals (clash cymbals) and the Çoğan (cevgen, Turkish crescents)

Organization
The Mehter bands were divided structurally into sections having a commander called bölükbaşı. The number of these sections was equal to the number of the kinds of the musical instrument:

section of the zurna players/clarinettists
of the hornists/trumpeters
of the nakkare drummers
of the cymbalists
of the davul drummers
of the çoğan players (also formed the choir portion of the band)
of the Kös timpanist/s

Zurnazenler Bölüğü (the section of the zurna players) had a section leader called the zurnazen who was also called the mehterbaşı (leader of the mehter), wearing red robes and a red cap, who served as conductor of the band. Other members of the section were called zurnacı or zurnazen whose rank was that of a soldier. Zurnazens were dressed in a purple quilted cap wrapped with a white destar on their head, a white robe, a sash around the waist, a red shalwar, yellow Yemeni (light, flat heeled shoes) and a red biniş (cübbe).

The zurna is the most fundamental music instrument of the mehter band. It can play all the melodies in solo. Its sound is colorful, lively, pastoral, imposing, emotional and frisky. Sliding sounds as well as short and sharp sounds can be obtained. Many masters of this musical instrument, which is the most convenient instrument for virtuoso playing among Turkish instruments, such as zurnazenbaşı İbrahim Ağa and Daği Ahmed Çelebi from Edirne, whose names are still very well known, come to mind. Moreover, there were great zurna masters among the Ottoman pashas such as zurnazen Mustafa Paşa.

The same organization and uniforms are also seen in the other sections.

Structure
The different varieties of bands are classed according to the number of instruments and musicians employed: either six-layered (altı katlı), seven-layered (yedi katlı), or nine-layered (dokuz katlı).

In the early 19th century the Vizier's personal band included nine each of drums and fifes and flutes, seven trumpets and four cymbals (plus the optional timpanist).

The costumes worn by the mehterân, despite wide variance in color and style, are always very colourful, often including high ribbed hats which are flared at the top and long robes wrapped in colourful silks. The band director, conductor and section leaders all wear red robes. A colour guard wearing period uniforms and carrying weapons and flags of the era is present.

Members
Ceremonial Members:

Percussion Instruments:

Wind Instruments:

Style

The sound of the Ottoman military band is characterized by an often shrill sound combining bass drums, horns (boru), bells, the triangle and cymbals (zil), among others. It is still played at state, military and tourist functions in modern Turkey by the Mehter Band and the troops that accompany it.

Mehterân usually play classical Turkish music such as peşrev, semai, nakış, cengiharbi, murabba and kalenderi.

The oldest extant marches were written by Nefiri Behram, Emir-i Hac, Hasan Can and Gazi Giray II in the 16th century.
Very few of these pieces are played today in Mehter groups.

Well-known composers

Mehter today

The Ottoman Military Band, Mehter, still plays on special occasions in Turkey as the Mehter Troop, which is part of the Turkish Armed Forces. The band also plays every day during summer months in Harbiye Istanbul; during winter months, it performs at indoor concerts. Its largest event takes place on May 29 of each year, which celebrates the conquest of Constantinople on May 29, 1453.

Local ensembles play in holiday concerts and even in community celebrations all over Turkey.

The Mehter Troop also performs as invited guests to events all over the globe as ambassadors of Turkish musical traditions. For example, the Troop played "Jeeway Jeeway (Long Live) Pakistan" during the Pakistan Day Parade of 2017.

See also

 Ottoman classical music
 Ottoman imperial anthem
 Music of Turkey
 Sipahi
 Turkish music (style)
 Turkish crescent, a mehter band instrument (called Schellenbaum, in German military bands)

References

Bibliography

 Thornton, Thomas, The Present State of Turkey; Or,: A Description of the Political, Civil, and Religious, Constitution, Government, and Laws of the Ottoman Empire ... Together with the Geographical, Political, and Civil, State of the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, Volume I, Printed for Joseph Mawman, London, 1809

External links

 The Ministry of Culture Istanbul Historical Music Ensemble
 Ottoman military band and Europe
 TheOttomans.org: entry on the Mehterhane
 Mehter marşlari (sound recording), Istanbul: Sera, 2001?,
 Musics of Ottoman Military Band Turkish Facebook Page
 60 Pictures of band at Military Museum Istanbul

Ottoman music
Military units and formations of the Ottoman Empire
Janissaries
Turkish musical groups by genre
Turkish inventions
Military bands
Corps of Janissaries

Ottoman military band


Sibley, Lindsay & Curr Company, known informally as Sibley's, was a Rochester, New York–based department store chain with stores located exclusively in the state of New York. Its flagship store, at 228 East Main Street in downtown Rochester, also housed its headquarters and featured an elegant executive dining room on the top floor.

History

The Department Store Years
Rufus Sibley, Alexander Lindsay, and John Curr were employees at the Hogg, Brown & Taylor dry-goods store in Boston.  Wishing to go into business for themselves, they investigated potential sites and settled on the growing city of Rochester.  Their first storefront, often called "the Boston store" by locals, opened in 1868.  When the company opened a new 12-story,  flagship store in the Granite Building, it was among the five largest department stores in the country at the time.

In 1905, after the disastrous 1904 "Sibley fire" gutted the Granite Building and much of Rochester's dry goods district, Sibley's moved to its final location, the Sibley Building at the northeast corner of East Main Street and Clinton Avenue.  By 1939, Sibley's was the largest department store between New York City and Chicago.

In 1962, competitors B. Forman Co. and McCurdy's collaborated to construct Midtown Plaza, right across Main Street from Sibley's.  Sibley's was connected to the new mall by an enclosed third-floor walkway, part of the Rochester Skyway system.

The company was acquired by the Associated Dry Goods Corporation in 1957, which, in turn, was acquired by May Department Stores in 1986. The Sibley's name was merged into May Company's Kaufmann's name in 1990. Most of its suburban locations, after converting to Kaufmann's, became part of Macy's by 2006.

Monroe Community College – Damon City Campus calls Sibley Building Home
In 1991 the State University of New York's Monroe Community College, also known as MCC, opened its second campus at the Sibley Building.  The downtown campus continued to operate here until the completion of a new downtown campus in 2017, which is now located at nearby Kodak Tower, the headquarters of the Kodak Company.

Today – Sibley Square
Now under a new name, Sibley Square, the iconic Sibley Building is undergoing a major overhaul, transforming the historic site into a combination of retail, commercial (offices), and upscale residential units.  The renovations seek to combine the historic treasure of this architectural space while also creating a sleek, modern atmosphere for today's standards.

Developer
The current Sibley Square project is being developed by WinnCompanies, a Boston, Massachusetts–based award-winning development firm.  WinnCompanies was founded in 1971 by Arthur Winn.

Address Change
The current address of Sibley Square is:

250 East Main Street

Rochester, NY 14604

References

External links
DeadMalls.com
Sibley Square Official Website
Winn Companies

Defunct department stores based in New York State
Retail companies established in 1868
Retail companies disestablished in 1990
Companies based in Rochester, New York
Defunct companies based in New York (state)
1868 establishments in New York (state)

Sibley's


Valaria Marie Young (born June 13, 1958) is an American recording artist from Detroit, Michigan, who achieved success during the 1980s. She is now based in Los Angeles.

Career
She was discovered by George Clinton, who hired her as a background vocalist in 1977 for The Brides of Funkenstein, one of the many acts in his Funkadelic stable. In 1980, she recorded and toured with Roy Ayers. Young became a background vocalist for The Gap Band the same year and was featured with the group on the funk hit "Oops Up Side Your Head". She recorded five albums with the group and also toured with them.

It was not until she met Rick James that she became popular as a solo artist. James promoted her as the "Black Marilyn Monroe", and brought Young to Berry Gordy, who signed her to Motown Records on James' recommendation. James produced her debut album Seduction, which was released in 1985, it included the singles "Mind Games" and the title track "Seduction", as well as "Piece of My Heart" and "If You Should Ever Be Lonely", which were successful follow-ups in 1986.

James ran into serious conflict with Motown over the status of his spin-off acts, and Young subsequently left the label signing to Amherst Records, a Buffalo, New York-based label, releasing her second album Private Conversations in 1987. Three tracks from this album were produced by James with the title being released as a single.

Young went on tour with Bobby Brown in 1988 after he released his Don't Be Cruel album, and she was in high demand for performing live and recording background vocals for several artists: Bobby Womack, Kurtis Blow, Dr. Dre, Sylk E Fyne, Wayman Tisdale, Snoop Dogg, Evelyn "Champagne" King, Yo-Yo, El DeBarge, Miki Howard, Gerald LeVert, Teena Marie, Tupac Shakur, MC Eiht, Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis, Eddie Murphy, Teddy Riley, Michael Bivins of New Edition and many other artists.

Young appeared in the songs "To Live & Die in L.A.", "Black Jesus", "Teardrops & Closed Caskets", plus on the album Still I Rise, and the track "Never Forget", a tribute dedicated to Tupac Shakur by former Outlawz member Napoleon.

In 2009, she was featured as a background singer for Raphael Saadiq in his PBS televised concert Live From The Artists Den.

In 2013, Young sang backing vocals on Eddie Murphy and Snoop Lion's single "Red Light", she also appeared in the official music video. In 2014, Young began touring with Candice "Candi" Ghant and Farah Melanson as the new lineup of The Mary Jane Girls.

In 2019, Young partnered with entertainment manager, Lawrence "youngBiz" Dixon, to revamp her and The Mary Jane Girls' career.

Discography

Studio albums
Seduction (1985)
Private Conversations (1987)

Singles
 "Mind Games"
 "Seduction"
 "If You Should Ever Be Lonely"
 "A Piece of My Heart"
 "Private Conversations"
 "Don't Make Me Wait"
 "Stop Doing Me Wrong"

Guest appearances
1988: "Don't Cha Wanna Be Loved" (from the Mixmasters album Mixmasters)
1990: "LovelyLittleLady" (from the Glenn Medeiros album Glenn Medeiros)
1991: "I Adore You" (from the Tone Lōc album Cool Hand Lōc)
1992: "I Want U 4 Me" (from the Big Bub album Comin' At Cha)
1994: "Situation: Grimm" and "Ask of You" (from the Epic Records Soundtrack Higher Learning)
1994: "The World In My Hands (We Are One)" (from the Snap! album Welcome to Tomorrow)
1995: "Mirror Mirror" (from the Smooth B album One Million Strong)
1995: "Neighborhoodsta Funk" (from the Poppa LQ album Your Entertainment, My Reality)
1995: "Smooth" (from Tha Dogg Pound album Dogg Food)
1996: "Never Leave Me Alone" (from the Nate Dogg single "Never Leave Me Alone")
1996: "To Live & Die in L.A." (from the Makaveli album The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory)
1997: "Dirty Hoe's Draws" (from the Nate Dogg album G-Funk Classics, Vol. 1: Ghetto Preacher)
1997: "Four Seasons" (from the Infinite Mass album Alwayz Somethang)
1997: "Hellrazor" (from the 2Pac album R U Still Down? (Remember Me))
1997: "Nowhere 2 Hide" (from the DJ Pooh album Bad Newz Travels Fast)
1997: "Will I Rize"  (from the Death Row soundtrack Gridlock'd)
1998: "Choppin up That Paper" (from the Do or Die album Headz or Tailz)
1998: "In California" and "Only For U" (from the Daz Dillinger album Retaliation, Revenge and Get Back)
1998: "Just Another Day" (from the Nate Dogg album G-Funk Classics, Vol. 1 & 2)
1998: "Y Do Thugz Die" (from the Luniz album Lunitik Muzik)
1999: "Black Jesuz", "The Good Die Young" and "Teardrops and Closed Caskets" (from the 2Pac + Outlawz album Still I Rise)
1998: "C'est la Vie" and "Money" (from the Gonzoe album If I Live & Nothing Happens)
1998: "Change Gone Come" (from the Snoop Dogg album Smokefest Underground)
1999: "G-Spot" (from the Warren G album I Want It All)
1999: "Thicker than Water" (from the MC Eiht album Section 8)
2000: "Black Rain" and "When I Go" (from the Outlawz album Ride wit Us or Collide wit Us)
2000: "The Truth" and "Hit Me on the Hip" (from the Richie Rich album The Game)
2000: "West Coast Lowrider"  (from the Frost album That Was Then, This Is Now, Vol. 2)
2001: "Personal Business" (from the Bad Azz album Personal Business)
2002: "Noble Justice" (from the Young Noble album Noble Justice)
2003: "Do My Thang" (from the Yukmouth album Godzilla)
2003: "What's A Pimp?" and "Don't Act Like That" (from the Too Short album Married to the Game)
2004: "Makavelli Never Lied" (from the Teena Marie album La Doña)
2004: "Never Forget" (from the Mob Life Records compilation On the Grind)
2005: "California" (from the RBX album The Shining)
2005: "One Night" (from the Jay Tee album The Thousandaire)
2006: "Hollywood" and "Don't Need None" (from the Muszamil album Reparation Is Due)
2006 "FREE" (from the DUB B album "The SeaReal Way)
2010 "Got To Be SeaReal" (from the DUB B album "Fruition)
Unreleased
"Street Life" (Unreleased)  (Snoop Dogg featuring 2Pac & Prince Ital Joe)
"Let Em Have It" (Unreleased versions)  (2Pac featuring Storm)

See also
List of number-one dance hits (United States)
List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart

References

External links
Val Young at Discogs

American women singers
American rhythm and blues musicians
American dance musicians
Living people
1958 births
Singers from Detroit
21st-century American women

Val Young


Anders Horn (born 12 April 1971) is a Norwegian journalist and editor.

He was a journalist in Ny Tid from 1997 to 2001 and editor-in-chief from 2001 to 2005. He was then hired as a journalist in Klassekampen, and was promoted to political editor in 2008. In 2010 he became a communications adviser in the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions.

He hails from Stabekk and is a grandson of Kristian Horn.

References

1971 births
Living people
Writers from Bærum
Norwegian newspaper editors

Anders Horn


The Jesse Pickens Pugh Farmstead is a historic  homestead near Grove Hill in rural Clarke County, Alabama.  The homestead contains seven contributing buildings, two contributing sites, and one contributing structure.  These include a half-spraddle roof cottage that was built in 1865, agricultural outbuildings, agricultural fields, and burials.  The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 28, 1999, due to its architectural significance.

Background
Jesse Pickens Pugh was born on April 17, 1829, in Clarke County, Alabama.  He was the son of Isaac Pugh, born in 1785 in Georgia, and Hanna Baskin, born in 1793 in South Carolina.  Isaac and Hanna Pugh settled in what was to become Clarke County in 1810, prior to the establishment of the county within the Mississippi Territory and the ensuing Creek War.  His paternal grandfather, Elijah Pugh of North Carolina and Georgia, followed in 1811 and settled on adjoining land.  Elijah Pugh was a Revolutionary War veteran.

Jesse Pickens Pugh married Sophia Bettis, who was born in 1839, on January 8, 1858, in Clarke County.  Together they established their residence and had ten children, with nine living into adulthood.  Jesse Pickens Pugh died on March 12, 1929, and is buried in the Pugh family cemetery.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama
Houses completed in 1865
National Register of Historic Places in Clarke County, Alabama
Houses in Clarke County, Alabama

Jesse Pickens Pugh Farmstead


The Cincinnati Outlaw Reds of 1884, also called the Cincinnati Unions, were a member of the short-lived Union Association.  One of the league's best teams, they finished third with a record of 69-36.  The team was owned by former Cincinnati Stars and Cincinnati Red Stockings owner Justus Thorner with John McLean, and played at the Stars and Reds old ballpark, the Bank Street Grounds.  They were managed first by outfielder "Hustling Dan" O'Leary (20-15), then by second baseman Sam Crane (49-21).

Their top-hitting regular was outfielder/pitcher Dick Burns, who batted .306 with 4 home runs.  The Outlaw Reds had three pitchers with outstanding records:  Jim McCormick (21-3, 1.54), George Bradley (25-15, 2.71), and Burns (23-15, 2.46).  On August 26, 1884, Burns threw a no-hitter against the Kansas City Cowboys and was the first ever hurled by a major league ballplayer of a Cincinnati club.

See also
 1884 Cincinnati Outlaw Reds season

External links
Baseball Reference Team Index

Union Association baseball teams
Baseball in Cincinnati
1884 establishments in Ohio
1884 disestablishments in Ohio
Baseball teams established in 1884
Baseball teams disestablished in 1884
Defunct baseball teams in Ohio

Cincinnati Outlaw Reds


The Ebertswiese (literally: Ebert Meadow), is a boggy area of grassland in the Thuringian Forest in central Germany. It has been a nature conservation area since 1936 and is a recreation area in the municipality of Floh-Seligenthal on the Rennsteig trail. The River Spitter has its source within the reserve.

In addition to the Ebertswiese mountain hotel, the Bergseebaude guest house and various walking huts the main destination is the Bergsee lake, which was created in 1900 from a disused quarry. The introduction of a water wheel ended the quarrying, but has since pleased swimmers.

In the vicinity of the Ebertswiese are the Dreiherrenstein am Hangweg (boundary stone marking the duchies of  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Kurhessen), dating from 1586,  and the Spitter Waterfall (Thuringia's highest natural waterfall).

References

Geography of Thuringia
Schmalkalden-Meiningen
Thuringian Forest
Wetlands of Germany
Landforms of Thuringia

Ebertswiese


Anne Jules de Noailles, 2nd Duke of Noailles (5 February 1650 - 2 October 1708) was a French nobleman from the House of Noailles. A well regarded military man of his day, he was a general under King Louis XIV of France and was later the subject of a painting by the famous court painter Hyacinthe Rigaud.

Family
Son of Anne de Noailles and his wife, Louise Boyer, he acceded to the title of Duke of Noailles on his father's death in 1678. He was married to Marie Françoise de Bournonville, with whom he had children. One of the chief generals of France towards the end of the reign of Louis XIV, and, after raising the regiment of Noailles in 1689, he commanded in Spain during both the Nine Years' War and the War of the Spanish Succession. He was made a marshal of France in 1693. He died on October 2, 1708.

Children
Anne Jules de Noailles had many children
Marie Christine de Noailles (1672–1748), married (1687) Antoine de Gramont, Duke of Gramont;, Marshal of France (1671–1725)

Louis Marie de Noailles (°1675);
Louis Paul de Noailles (°1676), Count of Ayen;
Marie Charlotte de Noailles (1677–1723), married (1696) Malo, marquis of Coëtquen;
Adrien Maurice de Noailles (1678–1766), 3rd Duke of Noailles; married Françoise Charlotte d'Aubigné, niece of Madame de Maintenon;
Anne Louise de Noailles (°1679);

Jean Anne de Noailles (°1681);
Julie Françoise de Noailles (°1682);
Lucie Félicité de Noailles (°1683), married (1698) Victor Marie d'Estrées (1660–1737), a Marshal of France;
Marie Thérèse de Noailles (°1684–1784), married (1698) Charles François de la Baume Le Blanc, Duke of La Vallière;
Emmanuel Jules de Noailles (1686–1702), Count of Noailles;
Marie Françoise de Noailles (°1687), married (1703) Emmanuel de Beaumanoir, marquis of Lavardin;
Marie Victoire de Noailles (1688–1766), married (1707) Louis de Pardaillan de Gondrin (1688–1712), then (1723) his half-uncle the Count of Toulouse;
Marie Émilie de Noailles (1689–1723) married (1713) Emmanuel Rousselet, marquis of Châteauregnaud;
Jules Adrien de Noailles (1690–1710), Count of Noailles;
Marie Uranie de Noailles (°1691), nun;
Anne Louise de Noailles (°1695) married (1716) François Le Tellier, marquis of Louvois (died 1719) and had issue; married again to Jacques Hippolyte Mancini, Marquis Mancini and had issue; present prince of Monaco is descended from this line.

References

1650 births
1708 deaths
Dukes of Noailles
French military people
People from Paris


There is also a town in Taita-Taveta District called Taveta

Taveta is the name of a tribe found in Kenya. It is also the name of the principal town in the land of the Taveta people and the name of the surrounding subdistrict of Kenya.

The people of Taveta
The Taveta tribe is one of the Bantu tribes found in Southern Kenya in the Taita Taveta County. The people are sometimes referred to as the 'Wataveta', which is the plural name of the people in their own language, Kitaveta. It has been argued that the Taveta population is commingled with other tribes, notably the Taita, Pare, Chagga, Kamba and Maasai. In addition, the inhabitants reveal migration occurred back and forth throughout the history of these groups, and the Taveta people should be viewed as a part of the bigger population inhabiting the entire Kilimanjaro Corridor. Because of their frequent contact with other tribes, most Tavetans are fluent in (Ki)Swahili as a second language and may also acquire some English or other local languages. The Tavetans are subdivided into five clans, namely Warutu, Wanene, Wazirai, Wasuya, and Wandigiri.

The Wataveta inhabit mainly the lands between Tsavo National Park and the Tanzania border, up to the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro.  Many Tavetans are occupied by commercial and subsistence farming, with the main cash crop being bananas and cotton, sugarcane, exotic and tropical fruits especially mangoes, avocados and many horticultural produce. Some work the local sisal plantations, and a few take advantage of special local commercial activities like transport or cross-border trade.

The Taveta land and people won brief international attention during World War I, when German and British colonial forces clashed there at the slaughter hill "Salaita".  Author Isak Dinesen (a.k.a. Karen Blixen) and the film Out of Africa describe this history.

Most Tavetans practice some form of Christianity, roughly thirty percent are affiliated with either the Anglican Church of the Province of Kenya, the Roman Catholic Church, or Pentecostal churches.  While Tavetans rarely profess African Traditional Religion, old customs concerning healing or cursing are not unknown.

Taveta is close to the Southeast African coast (Mombasa), and approximately ten percent of Tavetans practice Islam.  According to Tavetan lore, the tribe was first exposed to Islam when Arab traders were crossing through their land and were impressed by their conduct leading to mass voluntary conversions.
Melekinoi was a great leader among the Taveta.

Myths of the Taveta
The Taveta people believe the banana plant is native to their lands, and traders who passed their lands took them along their travels, distributing the tree around the world. The banana tree emerged from the grounds as a gift from the gods to a daughter of a chief in the Mzirai clan who pleased them and wasn't to be married off to any other clan.

See also
Peter McHarg MacQueen – an American explorer who spent some time with the tribe in the early 20th century.

References

External links
 Kitamo Cha Kuomba Portions of the Book of Common Prayer in Taveta (1894) digitized by Richard Mammana and Charles Wohlers

Bantu peoples
Ethnic groups in Kenya
Ethnic groups in Tanzania
Indigenous peoples of East Africa

Taveta people


Stefan Chwin (born 11 April 1949 in Gdańsk) is a Polish novelist, literary critic, and historian of literature whose life and literary work is closely linked to his hometown. He holds a post of Literature Professor at the University of Gdansk, his professional interests are focused on romanticism.

The best-known novel by Stefan Chwin is entitled Hanemann (1995). It has been translated into German, Swedish, Spanish and English; the plot of the novel is set in Gdańsk in the wake of World War II.

In 1995, he won the Paszport Polityki Award in literature. In 1997 he received the "Erich Brost Danzig Award" for his merits on Polish-German reconciliation.

References

Polish male writers
1949 births
Living people
Recipients of the Silver Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis

Stefan Chwin


Nambulite is a lithium bearing manganese silicate mineral with the chemical formula . It is named after the mineralogist, Matsuo Nambu (born 1917) of Tohoko University, Japan, who is known for his research in manganese minerals. The mineral was first discovered in the Funakozawa Mine of northeastern Japan, a metasedimentary manganese ore.

Nambulite is formed from the reaction between a hydrothermal solution and rhodonite, and commonly creates veins in the host rock.  Other than a collector's gem, however, it has little economic value.

It belongs to the triclinic-pinacoidal crystal system (or triclinic-normal), meaning that it has three axes of unequal length (a, b, c), all intersecting at oblique angles with each other (none of the angles are equal to 90°). It belongs to the crystal class , meaning that any point on the crystal that is rotated 360° and then completely inverted will meet with an equal (but opposite) point on the crystal (see centrosymmetry). Its space group is P .

The three axes (a, b, c) have different indices of refraction, na=1.707, nb=1.710, nc=1.730. The index of refraction (RI) can be defined as n = cair/cmineral, where "n" is the index of refraction and "c" is the speed of light.  The maximum birefringence is .023, the difference between the highest (nc=1.730) and lowest (na=1.707) indices of refraction within the mineral.

In a medium with an index of refraction equaling 1.53, Nambulite has a calculated relief of 1.71–1.73, giving it a moderate to high relief. Relief is a measure of the difference between the index of refraction of the mineral and that of the medium (often Canada balsam or other epoxy with an RI of around 1.53–1.54).

Nambulite is an anisotropic crystal, where the velocity of light that passes through the crystal varies depending on the crystallographic direction. In contrast, an isotropic crystal includes all isometric crystals, and the velocity of light is equal in all directions.  The mineral exhibits slight pleochroism. Pleochroism is an optical property observed when the mineral is viewed under the microscope in plane polarized light, and when it the stage of the microscope is rotated the observed colors change. The color change is due to different wavelengths being absorbed in different directions, and the color of the mineral depends on the crystallographic orientation.

References

Lithium minerals
Manganese(II) minerals
Inosilicates
Sodium minerals
Triclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 2

Nambulite


Higglety Pigglety Pop! or There Must Be More to Life is a 2010 Canadian live-action/animated short film directed by Chris Lavis and Maciek Szczerbowski, collectively known as Clyde Henry Productions, and features the voices of Meryl Streep, Forest Whitaker and Spike Jonze. Jonze also served as producer along with Vincent Landay and Marcy Page. Higglety Pigglety Pop! or There Must Be More to Life was produced by the National Film Board of Canada in association with Warner Home Video.

It is based on the 1967 children's book of the same name written and illustrated by Maurice Sendak about the fictional adventures of his pet dog Jennie.

Plot
A Sealyham Terrier named Jennie leaves a comfortable life and embarks on a journey for new experiences and stardom.

Production
An associate of Jonze had been impressed by Lavis and Szczerbowski's previous work, the animated short Madame Tutli-Putli and suggested to the director that they would be suitable to create a short companion piece for the Blu-ray release of Where the Wild Things Are. Jonze contacted the animators while he was in France promoting Synecdoche, New York and the two met after, with Jonze proposing that they create a film based on some other short story by Sendak. Unfamiliar with Sendak's work, the filmmakers researched his work and settled on Higglety Pigglety Pop! as their choice to adapt.

The film is set in 17 different locations, with a total of 25 scenes. With just 10 months to create the entire film, the filmmakers could not use stop-motion or any of their traditional animation techniques. They decided instead to primarily make use of puppetry, combined with some stop-motion.

Meryl Streep, who voiced Jennie, was not yet cast when shooting had begun. Sendak provided Lavis and Szczerbowski with an old recording of Streep reading the book, doing all the voices, and the filmmakers were impressed. They approached her with the part and she agreed.

Release
Higglety Pigglety Pop! or There Must Be More to Life had its world premiere at the Montreal Children's International Film Festival on February 28, 2010. It was then released along with the Blu-ray edition of Jonze's Where the Wild Things Are, released on March 2, 2010.

The film received two Golden Sheaf Awards, for Best Director (Fiction) and Best Children's and Youth Production, at the 2011 Yorkton Film Festival.

The film was a Jutra Award nominee for Best Animated Short Film at the 13th Jutra Awards in 2011.

References

External links

2010 films
Films about dogs
Films based on children's books
Puppet films
Films with live action and animation
National Film Board of Canada animated short films
Quebec films
2010 animated films
2010s animated short films
Canadian children's animated films
Adaptations of works by Maurice Sendak
2010s English-language films
2010s Canadian films


Hurricane Gert was the fourth of five major hurricanes in the 1999 Atlantic hurricane season. It formed on September 11 of the coast of Africa. It reached its greatest strength on September 15, when its winds were at 150 mph (240 km/h). It gradually curved northwest and then north, passing a short distance east of Burmuda. The hurricane's center did not make landfall, but it did cause many poweroutages.

On September 23, Gert became an extratropical storm as it turned northeast and became absorbed into another storm system. While it passed southeast of Atlantic Canada, strong waves hit Newfoundland which caused heavy marine damage.

1999 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Gert (1999)