Robert Radcliffe, 10th Baron Fitzwalter, 1st Earl of Sussex, KG, KB, PC (c. 148327 November 1542), also spelt Radclyffe, Ratcliffe, Ratcliff, etc., was a prominent courtier and soldier during the reigns of Henry VII and Henry VIII, who served as Chamberlain of the Exchequer and Lord Great Chamberlain.

Family
Robert Radcliffe, born about 1483, was the only son of John Radcliffe (1452-1496), 9th Baron FitzWalter, and Margaret Whetehill, widow of Thomas Walden, gentleman, and daughter of Robert Whetehill, esquire, by his wife, Joan. Radcliffe had five sisters, Mary, the wife of Sir Edward Darrell; Bridget; Ursula; Jane, a nun; and Anne, wife of Sir Walter Hobart.

Career
In October 1495 Robert Radcliffe's father was attainted of high treason for confederacy with the pretender, Perkin Warbeck, by which all his honours were forfeited. His life was spared, and he was imprisoned at Guisnes. After he unsuccessfully attempted to escape, he was beheaded at Calais about 24 November 1496. Radcliffe's mother was living on 6 July 1518. The date of her death is unknown.

In his youth Radcliffe was in the service of King Henry VII and his then elder son and heir, Arthur, Prince of Wales, and was present at Arthur's marriage to Catherine of Aragon on 14 November 1501.

Radcliffe's father's attainder was reversed by letters patent dated 3 November 1505, and later by Act of Parliament in 1509, by which Radcliffe became Baron FitzWalter. On 23 June 1509 he was made a Knight of the Bath, and on the following day officiated as Lord Sewer at the coronation of King Henry VIII. In 1515 he was at Westminster Abbey when Wolsey received his cardinal's hat.

Radcliffe served in the vanguard under George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury, in the invasion of France in 1513, and was at the sieges of Therouanne and Tournai. In June 1520 he attended Henry VIII at the Field of the Cloth of Gold and at his meetings with the Emperor Charles V in July 1520 and May 1522. In 1521 he served at sea as admiral of a squadron, and was chief captain of the vanguard under the Earl of Surrey when the English forces landed at Morlaix on 1 July and campaigned in Picardy from 30 August to 14 October.

On 7 May 1524 he was installed as a Knight of the Order of the Garter, and on 18 July 1525, at the creation of Henry VIII's illegitimate son, Henry FitzRoy, as Duke of Richmond, Radcliffe was created Viscount Fitzwalter. Further honours and appointments followed. Radcliffe was a member of the Privy Council before 2 February 1526, was created Earl of Sussex on 8 December 1529, appointed Lieutenant of the Order of the Garter on 7 May 1531, and appointed as a Chamberlain of the Exchequer for life on 3 June 1532.

Archbold states that Sussex was for a long period "in very confidential relations" with Henry VIII, and is of the view that it was with the King's knowledge that Sussex proposed to the Privy Council on 6 June 1536 that the King should advance his illegitimate son, Henry FitzRoy, to the crown ahead of Princess Mary, the King's daughter by Catherine of Aragon. Sussex also took the King's part on the divorce issue. He served as Lord Sewer at the coronation of Queen Anne Boleyn on 1 June 1533, and on 2 December 1533 was among the commissioners who took Henry VIII's demands concerning the divorce to Catherine of Aragon.

After the Pilgrimage of Grace, Sussex was commissioned, together with Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby, to restore order in Lancashire, and as a reward for his services was granted the manor of Cleeve in Somerset. On 23 June 1537 he was granted the reversion of the office of Lord Steward of the Royal Household, although when the current holder, George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury, died in the following year he was succeeded, not by Sussex, but by the King's brother-in-law, Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk. In 1539 Sussex was one of the commissioners appointed to defend the Thames and the coast of Essex.

On 3 January 1540, he attended Henry VIII at the reception of Anne of Cleves at Blackheath. On 9 March of the same year he was appointed to inquire into the situation in Calais, and after the disgrace and recall to England of Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle, had charge of Calais from 17 April until July. On 3 August 1540 he was granted a lifetime appointment as Lord Great Chamberlain.

Robert Radcliffe died on 27 November 1542.

Marriages and issue
Sussex married three times. Firstly shortly after 23 July 1505, to a first cousin of Henry VIII's mother, Elizabeth of York, Elizabeth Stafford, the elder daughter of Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, and Katherine Woodville, by whom he had three sons:
Henry Radcliffe, 2nd Earl of Sussex (1507–17 February 1557), father of Thomas Radcliffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex, a leading figure at the court of Queen Elizabeth I.
Sir Humphrey Radcliffe (c. 1508/9–13 August 1566) of Elstow, Bedfordshire, who married Isabel Harvey, daughter and heir of Edmund Harvey of Elstow and Margaret Wentworth, by whom he had two sons, Thomas Radcliffe, and Edward Radcliffe, 6th Earl of Sussex, and four daughters, Mary Radcliffe, who was a lady-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth I, Frances Radcliffe, Elizabeth Radcliffe, and Martha Radcliffe.
George Radcliffe, who married Katherine Marney, the daughter of John Marney, 2nd Baron Marney. After Radcliffe's death, his widow married Thomas Poynings, 1st Baron Poynings.
Secondly, by 1 September 1532, Sussex married Margaret Stanley, the only daughter of Thomas Stanley, 2nd Earl of Derby, and Anne Hastings, the daughter of Edward Hastings, 2nd Baron Hastings, by whom he had two daughters:
Jane Radcliffe, who married Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montague.
Anne Radcliffe, who married Thomas Wharton, 2nd Baron Wharton.
Thirdly on 14 January 1537 Sussex married Mary Arundell (died 20 October 1557), a daughter of Sir John Arundell (c. 14741545) of Lanherne St. Mawgan-in-Pyder, Cornwall, by his second wife, Katherine Grenvile. After Sussex's death on 27 November 1542, his widow Mary married, on 19 December 1545, as his second wife, Henry FitzAlan, Earl of Arundel (died 24 February 1580). There were no issue of the marriage. Sussex had by Mary Arundell two sons:
a son baptized 22 March 1538 who died in infancy,
Sir John Radcliffe (bap. 31 December 15399 November 1568) of Cleeve, Somerset, younger son.

Notes

References

External links
Radcliffe, Sir Humphrey (1508/9-66), of Elstow, Bedfordshire, and Beddington, Surrey
Radcliffe, John (1539-1568), of Old Cleeve, Somerset

Robert Radcliffe, 1st Earl of Sussex, tudorplace.com
Robert Radcliffe, thepeerage.com

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1483 births
1542 deaths
Earls of Sussex (1529 creation)
Knights of the Garter
Lord-Lieutenants of Lancashire
15th-century English nobility
16th-century English nobility
Barons FitzWalter

Robert Radcliffe, 1st Earl of Sussex


Liu Chieh (; 27 May 1907 – 12 February 1991) was a diplomat of the Republic of China. He represented China at the United Nations from 1962 to 1971, and was the last Permanent Representative of the Republic of China to the UN.

Liu studied at Oxford University and practiced as a barrister in China. He was an advisor to the Chinese delegation at the meetings that established the League of Nations. In 1931, Liu officially joined China's diplomatic corps; he served as first secretary in the Chinese Embassy in London and as minister plenipotentiary in Washington, D.C. He later became China's deputy foreign minister in 1945 and at various times served as ambassador to Canada and the Philippines. Liu was the Chinese delegate to the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in 1944 and to the 1945 conference in San Francisco that resulted in the founding of the United Nations. Later, the Chinese government appointed him as the government's representative on the United Nations Trusteeship Council.

After the Communists seized power in 1949 and proclaimed the People's Republic of China, Liu joined the Republic of China's government on Taiwan. In 1962, Liu became the Permanent Representative of the Republic of China at the UN, where he served as the President of the Security Council numerous times. Liu was China's representative at the UN when the General Assembly voted in Resolution 2758 to transfer China's UN seat to the Communist People's Republic; Liu led a walk-out protest at the General Assembly just prior to the vote.

On 10 March 1972, Liu was appointed as the Ambassador of the Republic of China to the Republic of the Philippines. He submitted to the National Book on 23 March 1972. He left on 6 June, 1975.

Liu died of a cerebral hemorrhage at his home in San Francisco, where he had been living in retirement.

References
 Alfonso A. Narvaez, "Liu Chieh, Taiwan's Top Delegate At U.N. in 1960's, Is Dead at 85", New York Times, 1991-02-15

Permanent Representatives of the Republic of China to the United Nations
Ambassadors of China to the United States
Ambassadors of the Republic of China to Canada
Ambassadors of the Republic of China to the Philippines
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Senior Advisors to President Lee Teng-hui
1907 births
1991 deaths
People from Zhongshan
Taiwanese people from Guangdong
Chinese expatriates in the United Kingdom

Liu Chieh


David Joseph Mitchell (born March 15, 1954) is a Canadian writer, former politician, university and college administrator, businessman and political commentator. He is a former President & CEO of the Public Policy Forum, an Ottawa-based NGO, which he abruptly left on August 20, 2015. His current position is Vice President, College Advancement and Chief External Relations Officer at Bow Valley College in Calgary, Alberta.

Education, writings
Mitchell holds a master's degree in Canadian and American history from Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia. He served as Editor and Archivist at the British Columbia Provincial Archives. He is a self-confessed 'political junkie', who is a frequent commentator on Canadian politics and public life on radio and television. He has won awards for his writing, and is a former newspaper columnist (Vancouver Sun 1996–98; Business in Vancouver 1995–98).

He has authored a number of books about politics and history in BC:

W.A.C. Bennett and the rise of British Columbia, Vancouver 1983, Douglas & McIntyre, ().  A biography of W. A. C. Bennett.
Succession: the political reshaping of British Columbia, 1986 ().  A synopsis of the Social Credit administrations since W.A.C. Bennett.
All aboard!: the Canadian Rockies by train, 1995 ()
The Hongkong Bank of Canada Story – Origin & Early Years, 1996
British Columbia's business leaders of the century, 1999 (editor)

Family, business career
He is the father of two daughters, and is married to author and women's advocate, Shari Graydon.

Mitchell has also worked as an executive in the forestry industry and in resource industries in western Canada (1984–1990).

Political career
He gained experience in parliamentary procedure and legislative processes as Deputy Clerk of the Saskatchewan Legislature (1981–84). He was elected in 1991 to the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, for the Liberal Party, in the riding of West Vancouver-Garibaldi. He was the party's House Leader, but resigned his position as a result of a rift over the Charlottetown constitutional accord. He sat the remainder of his term, until 1996, as an "Independent". During his term, he was a watchdog on a broad range of issues including resource management, labour relations, advanced education, and parliamentary reform.

University/College administrator
He served as Vice President of External Relations at Simon Fraser University from 1997 to 2002, where he was responsible for fundraising, alumni relations, media and public relations, and government affairs. SFU raised over $65 million under his direction and significantly expanded its campus in downtown Vancouver.

He became Vice President of University Relations at the University of Ottawa in September 2002. He led the university through a major re-branding initiative, and helped launch the largest fundraising campaign in the university's history, which exceeded its $200 million objective a year ahead of schedule.

In September 2007, he moved to Queen's University, assuming the post of Vice Principal (Advancement). In January 2009, he returned to Ottawa to take a new position as president and CEO of the Public Policy Forum, an independent, non-partisan NGO that specializes in convening Canadian leaders on issues of public service and governance.

In April 2016, he commenced his new role at Bow Valley College as Vice President, College Advancement and Chief External Relations Officer.

Community service
Mitchell has served on the boards of the Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver Aquarium and Marine Science Centre, the Ottawa Symphony, the Great Canadian Theatre company, the Parliamentary Centre and on the advisory committee of the Centre for the Study of Democracy at Queen's University. He is a Governor and Fellow of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society.

References

External links

1954 births
Anglophone Quebec people
BC United MLAs
Businesspeople from Montreal
20th-century Canadian historians
Canadian nonprofit executives
Canadian male non-fiction writers
Living people
Politicians from Montreal
Academic staff of Queen's University at Kingston
Simon Fraser University alumni
Academic staff of Simon Fraser University
Academic staff of the University of Ottawa
Writers from Montreal

David J. Mitchell


Federrico is a Venezuelan sitcom produced in 1982, starring Carlos Villagrán, Ramón Valdés, Simón García, Maribel Ponte and Nancy Soto. A spin-off of the series was produced in 1983 under the name Las nuevas aventuras de Federrico ("The new adventures of Federrico"). The Villagrán character was almost identical to Quico, which was his character on El Chavo series, the only change being the name, due to an ongoing dispute with Chespirito over the character, a pattern repeated with other former Chespirito cast members such as Rubén Aguirre and María Antonieta de las Nieves. Also, Valdéz's character Don Moncho is identical to El Chavo'''s Don Ramón.

Plot

The series has a very simple plot: Federrico gets involved on funny adventures on the school or with his friends. Many times he drives mad his neighbor, Don Moncho, and his mother, Doña Carlota''. Federrico is also in love with his teacher, a very beautiful lady.

1980s sitcoms
1980s children's television series
Venezuelan comedy television series
RCTV original programming
1982 Venezuelan television series debuts

Federrico


The Pacific Tigers represent the University of the Pacific in Stockton, California, in intercollegiate athletics. The Tigers compete in NCAA Division I, and are currently in their second stint as members of the West Coast Conference (WCC).

Conference history
Pacific was one of the founding members of the West Coast Conference (originally the California Basketball Association and later the West Coast Athletic Conference) in 1952, but became a charter member of the Pacific Coast Athletic Association, now known as the Big West Conference, for football only in 1969 and moved the rest of its sports to the PCAA in 1971. The Tigers remained in the Big West until returning to the WCC on July 1, 2013.

Sports sponsored

Programs history
Pacific women's volleyball captured the only two NCAA national championships in school history in back-to-back seasons in 1985 and 1986. Under head coaches Taras Liskevych and John Dunning, the Pacific women's volleyball program qualified for 24 consecutive NCAA Tournaments from 1981 to 2004 and advanced to 18 regionals and 7 final fours during that period.

The Pacific Tigers men's basketball program made five NCAA Tournament appearances under head coach Bob Thomason (1997, 2004, 2005, 2006 & 2013).  Thomason became the winningest head coach in Big West Conference men's basketball history when he collected his 206th career league victory on February 14, 2009, surpassing the conference win total of former LBSU and UNLV head coach Jerry Tarkanian.  Pacific also achieved a 16-game winning streak three times under Thomason.

The Pacific men's water polo program was ranked No. 1 in the nation throughout much of the 2013 season and battled the five-time defending champion USC Trojans for the NCAA title in an overtime thriller on December 8, 2013, eventually falling by a score of 12–11 in double overtime.  Under the direction of head coach James Graham, the Tigers (23–5) joined Pacific women's volleyball as the only Tigers' program to earn a number one ranking, advance to the Final Four of their sport, and play in the NCAA Championship Game.

At the end of the 1995 season, Pacific ended its football program after 77 years of competition.

Pacific's softball team has appeared in one Women's College World Series in 1983.

On November 12, 2012, it was announced that Pacific would add three new sports teams to its roster – a men's soccer team, a women's track and field team and a women's beach volleyball team. The two women's sports began play in 2013, and the men's soccer team began play in 2014. The most recent change in sports sponsorship was the dropping of men's volleyball at the end of the 2014 season (2013–14 school year).

Gallery

References

External links

Pacific Tigers


Édgar Ponce García (27 December 1977 – 5 May 2005) was a Mexican actor and dancer. Ponce was a member of the male dance troupe Sólo Para Mujeres (For Women Only) and appeared in a number of soap operas (telenovelas) which were popular in both Mexico and the United States.

On 5 May 2005, while filming a commercial with his troupe in Mexico City, an overtaking car slammed into his motorcycle caravan, sending Ponce flying into the air and injuring three other actors. Ponce was rushed to the hospital but died early the next morning. Police charged the driver with involuntary homicide and detected alcohol on his breath, but believed he did not intend to kill Ponce. Ponce's co-star Poncho de Nigris accused the man of trying to hit them, stating, "the car didn't hit the brakes or anything".

Other controversies ensued due to the troupe riding on the central section of Mexico City ring road (Periférico) in violation of a local traffic bylaw requiring  motorcycles to use the side lanes, as well as the actions of the producer, Sergio Mayer. Mayer was filming without permission and failed to ask for police assistance; authorities warned he could be charged with a crime.

Telenovelas
"Salomé" (2001) .... Javier
"Amigas y rivales" (2001) .... Ricardo
"Atrévete a olvidarme" (2001) .... Soriano
"El precio de tu amor" (2000) .... Arnoldo
"Mujeres engañadas" (1999) .... Manuel
"Alma rebelde" (1999) .... Chente
"Cuento de navidad" (1999)
"Nunca te olvidaré" (1999) .... Adrián

References

External links

 Article on accident

1977 births
2005 deaths
Road incident deaths in Mexico
Motorcycle road incident deaths
Male actors from Mexico City
Mexican male telenovela actors
Filmed deaths of entertainers
Mexican male dancers
20th-century Mexican dancers
21st-century Mexican dancers
20th-century Mexican male actors
21st-century Mexican male actors

Édgar Ponce


iWork is an office suite of applications created by Apple for its macOS, iPadOS, and iOS operating systems, and also available cross-platform through the iCloud website.

iWork includes the presentation application Keynote, the word-processing and desktop-publishing application Pages, and the spreadsheet application Numbers. Apple's design goals in creating iWork have been to allow Mac users to easily create attractive documents and spreadsheets, making use of macOS's extensive font library, integrated spelling checker, sophisticated graphics APIs and its AppleScript automation framework.

The equivalent Microsoft Office applications to Pages, Numbers, and Keynote are Word, Excel, and PowerPoint, respectively. Although Microsoft Office applications cannot open iWork documents, iWork applications can open Office documents for editing, and export documents from iWork's native formats (.pages, .numbers, .key) to Microsoft Office formats (.docx, .xlsx, .pptx, etc.) as well as to PDF files.

The oldest application in iWork is Keynote, first released as a standalone application in 2003 for use by Steve Jobs in his presentations. Steve Jobs announced Keynote saying "It's for when your presentation really matters".

Pages was released with the first iWork bundle in 2005; Numbers was added in 2007 with the release of iWork '08. The next release, iWork '09, also included beta access to iWork.com, an online service that allowed users to upload and share documents on the web, now integrated into Apple's iCloud service. A version of iWork for iOS was released in 2010 with the first iPad, and the apps have been regularly updated since, including the addition of iPhone support. In 2013, Apple launched iWork web apps in iCloud; even years later, however, their functionality is somewhat limited compared to equivalents on the desktop.

iWork was initially sold as a suite for $79, then later at $19.99 per app on OS X and $9.99 per app on iOS. Apple announced in October 2013 that all iOS and OS X devices purchased onwards, whether new or refurbished, would be eligible for a free download of all three iWork apps: after device setup, the user can "claim" the apps on the App Store, after which they're permanently linked to the user's Apple ID. iWork for iCloud, which also incorporates a document hosting service, is free to all iCloud users. iWork was released for free on macOS and iOS (including older or resold devices) in April 2017.

In September 2016, Apple announced that the real-time collaboration feature would be available for all iWork apps.

History
The first version of iWork, iWork '05, was announced on January 11, 2005 at the Macworld Conference & Expo and made available on January 22 in the United States and worldwide on January 29. iWork '05 comprised two applications: Keynote 2, a presentation creation program, and Pages, a word processor. iWork '05 was sold for US$79. A 30-day trial was also made available for download on Apple's website. Originally IGG Software held the rights to the name iWork.

While iWork was billed by Apple as "a successor to AppleWorks", it does not replicate AppleWorks's database and drawing tools. However, iWork integrates with existing applications from Apple's iLife suite through the Media Browser, which allows users to drag and drop music from iTunes, movies from iMovie, and photos from iPhoto and Aperture directly into iWork documents.

iWork '06 was released on January 10, 2006 and contained updated versions of both Keynote and Pages. Both programs were released as universal binaries for the first time, allowing them to run natively on both PowerPC processors and the Intel processors used in the new iMac desktop computers and MacBook Pro notebooks which had been announced on the same day as the new iWork suite.

The next version of the suite, iWork '08, was announced and released on August 7, 2007 at a special media event at Apple's campus in Cupertino, California. iWork '08, like previous updates, contained updated versions of Keynote and Pages. A new spreadsheet application, Numbers, was also introduced. Numbers differed from other spreadsheet applications, including Microsoft Excel, in that it allowed users to create documents containing multiple spreadsheets on a flexible canvas using a number of built-in templates.

iWork '09, was announced on January 6, 2009 and released the same day. It contains updated versions of all three applications in the suite. iWork '09 also included access to a beta version of the iWork.com service, which allowed users to share documents online until that service was decommissioned at the end of July 2012. Users of iWork '09 could upload a document directly from Pages, Keynote, or Numbers and invite others to view it online. Viewers could write notes and comments in the document, and download a copy in iWork, Microsoft Office, or PDF formats. iWork '09 was also released with the Mac App Store on January 6, 2011 at $19.99 per application, and received regular updates after this point, including links to iCloud and a high-DPI version designed to match Apple's MacBook Pro with Retina Display.

On January 27, 2010, Apple announced iWork for iPad, to be available as three separate $9.99 applications from the App Store. This version has also received regular updates including a version for pocket iPhone and iPod Touch devices, and an update to take advantage of Retina Display devices and the larger screens of recent iPhones.

On October 22, 2013, Apple announced an overhaul of the iWork software for both the Mac and iOS. Both suites were made available via the respective App Stores. The update is free for current iWork owners and was also made available free of charge for anyone purchasing an OS X or iOS device after October 1, 2013. Any user activating the newly free iWork apps on a qualifying device can download the same apps on another iOS or OS X device logged into the same App Store account.

The new OS X versions have been criticized for losing features such as multiple selection, linked text boxes, bookmarks, 2-up page views, mail merge, searchable comments, ability to read/export RTF files, default zoom and page count, integration with AppleScript. Apple has provided a road-map for feature re-introduction, stating that it hopes to reintroduce some missing features within the next six months. As of April 1, 2014 a few features—e.g., the ability to set the default zoom—had been reintroduced, though scores had not. In October 2014, writer John Gruber commented on the numerous font handling problems that "it's like we're back in 1990 again."

Due to using a completely new file format that can work across macOS, Windows, and in most web browsers by using the online iCloud web apps, versions of iWork beginning with iWork 13 and later do not open or allow editing of documents created in versions prior to iWork '09, with users who attempt to open older iWork files being given a pop-up in the new iWork 13 app versions telling them to use the previous iWork '09 (which users may or may not have on their machine) in order to open and edit such files. Accordingly, the current version for OS X (which was initially only compatible with OS X Mavericks 10.9 onwards) moves any previously installed iWork '09 apps to an iWork '09 folder on the users machine (in /Applications/iWork '09/), as a work-around to allow users continued use of the earlier suite in order to open and edit older iWork documents locally on their machine. In October 2015, Apple released an update to mitigate this issue, allowing users to open documents saved in iWork '06 and iWork '08 formats in the latest version of Pages.

In 2016, Apple announced that the real-time collaboration feature would be available for all iWork apps, instead of being constrained to using iWork for iCloud. The feature is comparable to Google Docs.

Versions

Major releases

Updates
iWork '09 received several updates:
 iWork 9.0.3 DVD (for Mac OS X 10.5.6 "Leopard" or newer; released August 26, 2010)
 iWork 9.0.4 (for Mac OS X 10.5.6 "Leopard" or newer; released August 26, 2010)
 iWork 9.1 (for Mac OS X 10.6.6 "Snow Leopard" or newer; released July 20, 2011)
 iWork 9.3 (for Mac OS X 10.7.4 "Lion" or newer; released December 4, 2012)

The Mac App Store version of iWork was updated on October 15, 2015 for 10.10 "Yosemite" or newer. It is the final release to support 10.10 "Yosemite" and 10.11 "El Capitan". Keynote 6.6, Pages 5.6 and Numbers 3.6 are included.

iWork received a major update again on March 28, 2019 with Keynote 9.0, Pages 8.0 and Numbers 6.0.

Components

Common components
Products in the iWork suite share a number of components, largely as a result of sharing underlying code from the Cocoa and similar shared application programming interfaces (APIs). Among these are the well known universal multilingual spell checker, which can also be found in products like Safari and Mail. Grammar checking, find and replace, style and color pickers are similar examples of design features found throughout the Apple application space.

Moreover, the applications in the iWork suite also share a new model of the document. In most document-based applications there is a particular data type which forms the basis of the application's view of the world, for instance, in word processors the text is the first-class citizen of the application, while in a spreadsheet it is the cells in the table. Other objects, images or charts for instance, are managed by being attached to, or referenced to, the underlying primary data type.

In iWork, all of the applications share a common underlying document format, the "canvas", a generic container type that provides layout and storage mechanisms. Each application then adds its own custom objects and places them on the canvas. Pages, for instance, conventionally opens with a single large text object on the canvas. To the user it appears to be a typical word processor, but they can grab the corner and re-size it as in a page layout application. In Numbers, one initially sees a grid of cells like any other spreadsheet, but the user is free to size it smaller than the canvas, and then add multiple grids, charts or even drawings to the same canvas.

The difference is subtle, as many of these features are also implemented in more traditional programs like Microsoft Excel. However, the difference in UI can be significant. In Excel, for instance, charts are stored as part of a sheet, and can be moved inadvertently through natural user actions. In Numbers, charts are, like everything else, part of the canvas, and changes to the sheet(s) are normally independent.

The iWork model bears some resemblance to the earlier Apple effort, OpenDoc. OpenDoc also used a single underlying document engine, along with a single on-disk format. Unlike iWork, however, OpenDoc also used a single application, in which various editors could be invoked. For instance, one could open a generic document, start a spreadsheet editor, then add a spreadsheet. iWork lacks this level of flexibility in editing terms, but maintains it in layout.

Desktop applications

Pages

Pages is a word processing application.

Besides basic word processing functionality, Pages includes templates designed by Apple to allow users to create various types of documents, including newsletters, invitations, stationery, and résumés, along with a number of education-themed templates for students and teachers, such as reports and outlines. Pages 5, a complete redesign, removed more than 100 of the features of Pages 4.x, including bookmarks, mail merge, linked text boxes, multiple section capability, ability to set default zoom. It has been slowly adding some back in subsequent 5.x releases (default zoom, for example, can now be set, but still no linked text boxes, multiple select, mail merge, book marks, and more than 90 other features that were present in version 4.3).

Along with Keynote and Numbers, Pages integrates with Apple's iLife suite. Using the Media Browser, users can drag and drop movies, photos and music directly into documents within the Pages application. A Full Screen view hides the menubar and toolbars, and an outline mode allows users to quickly create outlines which can easily be rearranged by dragging and dropping, as well as collapsed and expanded. Pages includes support for entering complex equations with MathType 6 and for reference citing using EndNote X2.

The Pages application can open and edit Microsoft Word documents (including DOC and Office Open XML files), and plain text documents. Pages 5 can no longer read or export rich text format documents. Pages can also export documents in the DOC, PDF, and ePub formats. It cannot read or write OpenDocument file formats.

As a word-processing application targeted towards creating attractive documents for a range of applications such as lesson plans and newsletters, Pages competes with Microsoft Word, Microsoft Publisher (never ported to OS X), Apple's own free e-book and PDF authoring application, iBooks Author, and Adobe's professional-market desktop publishing application InDesign.

Keynote

Keynote is an application used to create and play presentations. Its features are comparable to those of Microsoft PowerPoint, though Keynote contains several unique features. Keynote, like Pages and Numbers, integrates with the iLife application suite. Users can drag and drop media from iMovie, iTunes, iPhoto and Aperture directly into Keynote presentations using the Media Browser. Keynote contains a number of templates, transitions, and effects. Magic Move allows users to apply simple transitions to automatically animate images and text that are repeated on consecutive slides.

Apple formerly released a Keynote Remote application for iOS that let users view slides and presenter notes and control Keynote presentations with an iPhone or iPod Touch over a Wi-Fi network, but that functionality has been rolled into subsequent releases of the main Keynote iOS application.

Keynote supports a number of file formats. By default, presentations are saved as .key files. Keynote can open and edit Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt) files. In addition, presentations can be exported as Microsoft PowerPoint files, QuickTime movies (which are also playable on iPod and iPhone), HTML files, and PDF files. Presentations can also be sent directly to iDVD, iTunes, GarageBand, iWeb, and to YouTube. The Keynote 09 file format is not backward compatible; .key files saved with Keynote '09 cannot be opened with earlier versions of Keynote.

Numbers

Numbers is a spreadsheet application that was added to the iWork suite in 2007 with the release of iWork '08. Numbers, like Microsoft Excel and other spreadsheet applications, lets users organize data into tables, perform calculations with formulas, and create charts and graphs using data entered into the spreadsheet. Numbers, however, differs from other spreadsheet applications in that it allows users to create multiple tables in a single document on a flexible canvas. Many prebuilt templates, including ones designed for personal finance, education, and business use, are included.

Numbers 2.0 was included with iWork '09, with several improvements. Charts that are pasted into Keynote and Pages are automatically updated across documents when they are changed in Numbers. Additionally, Numbers 2 lets users categorize data in tables by column, which can then be collapsed and summarized.

Numbers 3.6 added in the ability to open Numbers '08 spreadsheets, among other things.

Web services

iWork.com

iWork.com was a free service that enabled users to share iWork '09 documents online directly from within Pages, Keynote and Numbers.
Users could click the iWork.com toolbar icon and login using their Apple ID to upload a document and invite others to view it online. Viewers could leave comments and notes on the document and download a copy in iWork, Microsoft Office, or PDF formats. Document owners could track comments at the iWork.com website.

It was released as a public beta on January 6, 2009 at the Macworld Conference & Expo. The iWork.com service provides a web interface for viewing, downloading, and commenting uploaded documents. In contrast to cloud-based office applications such as Google Docs and Office Online, it did not offer editing.

iWork.com supported uploading of Pages '09 documents, Keynote '09 presentations, and Numbers '09 spreadsheets. Users could download documents in both Microsoft Office and PDF formats, in addition to their native iWork formats. Uploading documents to iWork.com requires a copy of the iWork '09 software suite and an Apple ID. Viewing, commenting, and downloading require only a web browser and an invitation to view the document.

Apple announced that after July 31, 2012, users would be no longer able to publish new documents to iWork.com from any iWork application. Documents stored on iWork.com will not be available to download or view after the shut down date. Instead, users can use iCloud to share documents between their computers (running OS X Mountain Lion) and their iOS devices. Users attempting to access the iWork.com site are re-directed to the Apple homepage.

iWork for iCloud

During the 2013 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) keynote speech, iWork for iCloud was announced for release at the same time as the next version of the app versions of iWork later in the year. The three apps for both iOS and OS X that form Apple's iWork suite (Pages, Numbers, and Keynote), will be made available on a web interface (named as Pages for iCloud, Numbers for iCloud, and Keynote for iCloud respectively), and accessed via the iCloud website under each users iCloud Apple ID login. They will also sync with the users iOS and OS X versions of the app, should they have them, via their iCloud Apple ID.

Later in 2013, iWork for iCloud update added support for real-time collaboration such that the same document could be opened by collaborators at the same time and everyone could make changes simultaneously. It took a few seconds for changes to propagate to other collaborators. This, however, could not work together with iOS and OS X apps, which would cause "out-of-sync" dialogs if editing together with collaborators using iWork for iCloud. In 2016, Apple announced that the real-time collaboration feature would be available to iOS and OS X apps.

This allows the user to edit and create documents on the web, using one of the supported browsers; currently Safari, Chrome, and Internet Explorer. It also means that Microsoft Windows users now have access to these native –previously only Apple device– document editing tools, via the web interface. iWork for iCloud has more limited set of features compared to the OS X version of the applications. For instance, the fonts available are more limited and the web version doesn't fully support printing and may display documents created with the support of external plug-ins incorrectly/improperly. In 2014, iWork for iCloud update adds 8 languages, 50 new fonts and improved editing in the cloud-based versions of Pages, Numbers and Keynote.

iOS apps
On June 7, 2010, while showcasing the new iPhone 4, Apple posted a few screenshots of the device in action and inadvertently showed the possibility of opening an email attachment inside of Keynote, leading some to believe that an iPhone version of the iWork suite would soon be available in the iOS App Store.

On June 28, 2010, several websites reported that in an attempt to sell AppleCare for the iPhone 4, several examples of services offered were given including one that read, "Using iWork for iPhone and other Apple-branded iPhone apps." These sites also report that it was quickly removed.

On May 31, 2011, Apple released a press statement that iWork would be available on the iOS app store for the iPhone and iPod Touch.

On September 10, 2013, Apple announced that iWork, iMovie and iPhoto would be available to download for free on new iOS devices activated after September 1.

See also
 List of office suites
 Comparison of office suites
 Office Open XML software
 iCloud

References

Apple Inc. software
iWork.com
iWork.com
iWork.com
MacOS-only software made by Apple Inc.
iWork.com
iWork.com
2005 software
iWork.com

IWork


Hansen House  (Beit Hansen) is a  historic building in the Talbiya neighborhood of Jerusalem, Israel established in 1887 as a leprosy hospital.

History

In 1887, when the old lepers' asylum in Mamilla on Rehov Agron 20, donated in 1867 by Baroness Auguste von Keffenbrinck-Ascheraden (1835–1889) from Keffenbrink became overcrowded, Jerusalem's Anglican-German Protestant community initiated the establishment of a larger facility designed by German architect Conrad Schick. The building, surrounded by a high stone wall, was established in an isolated spot northwest of the German Colony with the name of the institution, Jesus-Hilfe (Jesus's Help), inscribed on a lintel on the main façade. The Herrnhut Brethren, the German branch of the Moravian Church, was responsible for fundraising and management. An innovative feature of the building was the construction of a self-standing two-story bathroom tower.

Over the years, Jerusalem grew until the asylum's location was no longer secluded yet it retained an aura of mystery. The public regarded the asylum as a closed, isolated institution, although patients were in fact free to leave, and families could visit. The patients were from Muslim, Christian and Jewish communities throughout the country. Between the 1880s and the 1950s, the House hosted between 30 and 40 lepers and 3 and 5 nurses at any one time.

In 1950, the Jewish National Fund bought the compound, and the Israeli Ministry of Health took over the running of the asylum, renaming it the Hansen Government Hospital (after the physician Gerhard Hansen, who identified the Leprosy bacteria). With the development of an effective cure for leprosy, more patients were rehabilitated and discharged, resulting in the closure of the hospitalization unit. From 2000 until 2009, the asylum operated as an ambulatory clinic before finally closing down.

Restoration

In 2011, the Jerusalem Development Authority commenced Hansen House renovation and preservation project. After careful thought about the house's new function, they decided to convert the historical asylum into a design, media and technology cultural center, where academic research, development, education, and public activities could take place. The conversion was headed by the Jerusalem Development Authority and Ran Wolf Urban Planning and Project Management, in cooperation with preservation architect Nahum Meltzer. This renovation and preservation work minimized interference with the spectacular structure of Hansen House. The work focused on the construction of modern infrastructure that would serve the new cultural center, as well as the restoration of the historical garden and trees.

Exhibition space
Hansen House has a historical exhibit focused on its past as a leper asylum and hosts changing exhibits.

Art school
The Bezalel Academy Graduate School is located within Hansen House through a unique model, incorporating academic research and studies with communal and social activity. Hansen House houses three graduate programs: the Industrial Design Department (design and technology, design and innovation management, and experimental design), the Graduate Program in Urban Design, and a Master in Policy & Theory of the Arts. Bezalel's External Studies and a variety of preparatory programs are also taught at Hansen House.
Fabrication Laboratory - A digital manufacturing lab.

Mamuta project
The Sela-Manca group of independent Jerusalem-based artists initiated Mamuta, a project by Hearat Shulayim (footnote) Foundation in the fields of performance art, video, poetry, and public art. Since 2009, Mamuta has aimed to provide a framework for different types of creators—curators, architects, designers, and researchers—who are interested in sharing, knowledge exchange, intensive dialogue, and technological innovation. By creating an active community of artists, Mamuta allows for personal growth and collective work.

Coffee shop
Ofaimme Farm's Coffee House – The Ofaimme Farm for Sustainable Agriculture  adheres to strict organic standards as well as fair trade practices at their farm in the Negev Desert. Their handmade produce is slowly crafted using traditional techniques to create food that is tasty and healthy, guaranteed to be free of any type of genetic engineering, preservatives, pesticides, and hormones. All of their products are manufactured and packaged with complete respect for the environment and for the people who take part in the creative process.

References

External links

 Letter from Rivka Regev, daughter of Dr. Moshe Goldgraber, the in-house physician

Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Hospitals in Jerusalem
Leper hospitals
Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design
Moravian Church
Talbiya

Hansen House (Jerusalem)


Schadenfreude comes from the German word by the same name. It literally translates to harm joy. It is the happiness that somebody gets when somebody else is hurt. Psychologists theorize that there are three causes for this emotion. Aggression, rivalry, or justice. Aggression-based schadenfreude happens because seeing someone else's group fail makes them feel better about themselves. Rivalry-based schadenfreude happens because seeing someone else fail makes them feel better about themselves. These may seem similar, but the difference is in that aggression is related to in-group and out-group identities, and rivalry is based on individuals. The last form is justice-based schadenfreude. This happens because people feel happy that someone bad is being punished. They feel good that the bad person is getting what they deserve.

Related pages
 Self-esteem
 Tall poppy syndrome
 Jealousy
 Sadism
 Revenge

References

Emotions

Schadenfreude


Éder Gabriel Militão (born 18 January 1998) is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for the Spanish club Real Madrid and the Brazil national team. Mainly a central defender, he can also play as a right back or defensive midfielder.

Militão began his career at São Paulo, playing 57 matches over a span of two years before transferring to Porto. In 2019, after one season in Portugal, he joined Real Madrid for a reported transfer fee of €50 million. He won two La Liga titles, and the UEFA Champions League in 2022

Militão made his senior international debut for Brazil in 2018. He was part of their squads that won the Copa América in 2019 and came runners-up in 2021.

References

1998 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
2022 FIFA World Cup players

Éder Militão


A garbage truck is a truck specially designed to collect municipal solid waste and transport it to a solid waste treatment facility, such as a landfill, recycling center or transfer station. In Australia they are commonly called rubbish trucks, or garbage trucks, while in the U.K. dustbin lorry , rubbish lorry or bin lorry is commonly used. Other common names for this type of truck include trash truck in the United States, and refuse truck, dustcart, junk truck, bin wagon or bin van elsewhere. Technical names include waste collection vehicle and refuse collection vehicle (RCV). These trucks are a common sight in most urban areas.

History

Wagons and other means had been used for centuries to haul away solid waste. Among the first self-propelled garbage trucks were those ordered by Chiswick District Council from the  Thornycroft Steam Wagon and Carriage Company in 1897 described as a steam motor tip-car, a new design of body specific for "the collection of dust and house refuse".

The 1920s saw the first open-topped trucks being used, but due to foul odors and waste falling from the back, covered vehicles soon became more common. These covered trucks were first introduced in more densely populated Europe and then in North America, but were soon used worldwide.

The main difficulty was that the waste collectors needed to lift the waste to shoulder height. The first technique developed in the late 1920s to solve this problem was to build round compartments with corkscrews that would lift the load and bring it away from the rear. A more efficient model was the development of the hopper in 1929. It used a cable system that could pull waste into the truck.

In 1937, George Dempster invented the Dempster-Dumpster system in which wheeled waste containers were mechanically tipped into the truck. His containers were known as Dumpsters, which led to the word dumpster entering the language.

In 1938, the Garwood Load Packer revolutionized the industry when including a compactor in the truck was implemented. The first compactor could double a truck's capacity. This was made possible by use of a hydraulic press which periodically compacted the contents of the truck.

In 1955 the Dempster Dumpmaster, the first front loader, was introduced. They did not become common until the 1970s. The 1970s also saw the introduction of smaller dumpsters, often known as wheelie bins, which were also emptied mechanically. Since that time there has been little dramatic change, although there have been various improvements to the compaction mechanisms to improve payload. In the mid-1970s Petersen Industries introduced the first grapple truck for municipal waste collection.

In 1969, the city of Scottsdale, Arizona introduced the world's first automated side loader. The new truck could collect 300 gallon containers in 30 second cycles, without the driver exiting the cab.

In 1997, Lee Rathbun introduced the Lightning Rear Steer System. This system includes an elevated, rear-facing cab for both driving the truck and operating the loader. This configuration allows the operator to follow behind haul trucks and load continuously.

Types

Front loaders
Front loaders generally service commercial and industrial businesses using large waste containers with lids known as Dumpsters in the US. The truck is equipped with powered forks on the front which the driver carefully aligns with sleeves on the waste container using a joystick or a set of levers. The waste container is then lifted over the truck. Once it gets to the top the container is then flipped upside down and the waste or recyclable material is emptied into the vehicle's hopper. Once the waste is dumped, it is compacted by a hydraulically powered moving wall that oscillates backwards and forwards to push the waste to the rear of the vehicle.

Most of the newer packing trucks have "pack-on-the-go hydraulics" which lets the driver pack loads while driving, allowing faster route times. When the body is full, the compaction wall moves all the way to the rear of the body, ejecting it via an open tailgate. There is also a system called the Curotto Can which is an attachment for a front loader that has an automated arm that functions as an automated side loader that allows the driver to dump carts.

Rear loaders
Rear loaders have an opening into a trough or hopper at the rear that a waste collector can throw waste bags or empty the contents of bins into. Often in many areas they have a lifting mechanism to automatically empty large carts without the operator having to lift the waste by hand.

Another popular system for the rear loader is a rear load container specially built to fit a groove in the truck. The truck will have a chain or cable system for upending the container. The waste will then slide into the hopper of the truck.

The modern rear loader usually compacts the waste using a hydraulically powered mechanism that employs a moving plate or shovel to scoop the waste out from the loading hopper and compress it against a moving wall. In most compactor designs, the plate has a pointed edge (hence giving it the industry standard name packer blade) which is designed to apply point pressure to the waste to break down bulky items in the hopper before being drawn into the main body of the truck.

Compactor designs have been many and varied, however the two most popular in use today are the "sweep and slide" system (first pioneered on the Leach 2R Packmaster), where the packer blade pivots on a moving carriage which slides back and forth in large tracks fabricated into the body sides, and the "swing link" system (such as the Dempster Routechief) where the blade literally swings on a "pendulum"-style mechanism consisting of links which control the arc of the blade's movement. The Geesink GPM series uses a pivoting packer blade which swings on an inverted U-shaped frame which lowers the blade into the hopper, where it sweeps the waste out; the frame then retracts back into the body to perform the compaction action. The Heil Colectomatic is a hybrid between the two philosophies- it used a combination of a lifting loading hopper and a pivoting sweeper blade to clear and compact waste in anticipation of the next load.

So-called "continuous" compactors were popular in the 1960s and 1970s. The German Shark design (later Rotopress) used a huge rotating drum fitted with spiral shaped paddles to draw waste in, and force it around an auger of decreasing pitch to compress it.  SEMAT-Rey of France pioneered the rotating rake system (also used in the British Shelvoke and Drewry Revopak) to simultaneously shred and compress the waste as it is loaded.  Other systems used a continuously rotating Archimedes' screw to draw in waste and mutilate it inside the body. A mixture of safety concerns, and higher fuel consumption has seen a decline in the popularity of continuously compacting garbage trucks, with only the Rotopress design remaining in production due to its niche in being able to effectively deal with green waste for composting.

A unique rear-loading system involves a rear loader and a front-loading tractor (usually a Caterpillar front loader with a Tink Claw) for yard waste collection (and in some cities, garbage and recycling). The front loader picks up yard waste set in the street, and then loaded into the back of a rear loader. This system is used in several cities, including San Jose.

Side loaders
Side loaders are loaded from the side, either manually, or with the assistance of a joystick-controlled robotic arm with a claw, used to automatically lift and tip wheeled bins into the truck's hopper.

Manual side loaders

Manual side loaders (MSLs) feature a hopper in front of the body, similar to front loaders. Unlike front loaders, the actual hopper is very short, and sometimes is lower than the body, in order for the operator to dump the waste into the hopper. This also results in longer times for packing loads compared to rear loaders, although this can be offset by the time bringing waste to the truck. On some (but not all) vehicle models the hopper can be accessed from both sides, allowing two persons to collect waste from both sides of the street simultaneously and increasing vehicle efficiency.

Automated side loaders

Lift-equipped trucks are referred to as automated side loaders (ASLs). Similar to a front-end loader, the waste is compacted by an oscillating packer plate at the front of the loading hopper which forces the waste through an aperture into the main body and is therefore compacted towards the rear of the truck.

An automated side loader only needs one operator, whereas a traditional rear load garbage truck may require two or three people, and has the additional advantage of reducing on the job injuries due to repetitive heavy lifting. Due to these advantages, ASLs have become more popular than traditional manual collection. Typically an automated side loader uses standardized wheeled carts compatible with the truck's automated lift.

As with front loaders, the compaction mechanism comprises a metal pusher plate in the collection hopper which oscillates backwards and forwards under hydraulic pressure, pushing the refuse through an aperture, thus compacting it against the material already loaded. On some ASLs there is also a "folding" crusher plate positioned above the opening in the hopper, that folds down to crush bulky items within reach of the metal pusher plate. Another compactor design is the "paddle packer" which uses a paddle that rotates from side to side, forcing refuse into the body of the truck.

Manual/Automated side loaders
Manual/Automated side loaders (M/ASLs), are traditional MSLs equipped with an arm for automated collection, as well as continuously running packers. This allows for functionally identical to that of an ASL, while allowing for manual dumping of waste into hopper in instances where automated collection is not feasible, such as the collection of oversized items. In addition, M/ASLs provide a cheaper upgrade path for those who wish to keep preexisting MSLs for automated collection without paying for newer and more expensive ASLs.

Semi-automated side loaders
Semi-automated side loaders are MSLs that are equipped with an automated mechanism to lift and dump manually aligned waste containers into the hopper. The primary difference between semi-automated side loaders and ASLs is that while they still only need one person to operate, he or she must exit the cab to manually bring and align containers to the loading hopper on the side of the truck and dump them.

Image gallery

Specialized garbage trucks

Split body trucks

Split body trucks are garbage trucks that have two collection compartments, one on the left side of the truck and the other on the right side of the truck. This is used to separate the materials that are not supposed to mix together. An example is to use one side to collect garbage and the other side to collect recyclables. Waste management companies may use split body trucks to collect both garbage and recycling in a single trip without dispatching two trucks on the same route.

Another case of using split body trucks is to collect dual-stream recycling materials. In this case, one side is used for commingled recyclable materials such as glass, plastic and metals, and the other side is for paper products.

Split body trucks can be in either rear loading or side loading types. In rear loaders, the two compartments are easily visible. In automatic side loaders, the gate-like separator at the top of the truck is used to control whether the materials will be dropped into the left or the right compartment but the loading process is the same for both compartments. This can create some confusion for people because they may not notice the automatic gate and assume that the truck mixes garbage and recyclables during the collection process.

Pneumatic collection

Pneumatic collection trucks have a crane with a tube and a mouthpiece that fits in a hole, usually hidden under a plate under the street. From here it will suck up waste from an underground installation. The system usually allows the driver to "pick up" the waste, even if the access is blocked by cars, snow or other barriers.

Grapple trucks

Grapple trucks enable the collection of bulk waste. A large percentage of items in the solid waste stream are too large or too heavy to be safely lifted by hand into traditional garbage trucks. These items (furniture, large appliances, branches, logs) are called bulky waste or "oversized." The preferred method for collecting these items is with a grapple truck. Grapple trucks have hydraulic knucklebooms, tipped with a clamshell bucket, and usually include a dump body or trailer.

Roll-offs

Roll-offs are characterized by a rectangular footprint, utilizing wheels to facilitate rolling the dumpster in place. The container is designed to be transported by special roll-off trucks. They are relatively efficient for bulk loads of waste or extremely heavy loads of construction or demolition debris.

Bin tipper

 A bin tipper is a machine which mechanically lifts and inverts bins for the purpose of emptying them. They are often components of larger machines such as garbage trucks, or can be 'standalone' or mobile units. Bin tippers usually have a steel frame, guarding and cradle, with a motor or crank-handle driving a lifting mechanism, which may be hydraulic or chain operated. Bins are placed into the machine, then lifted and inverted over the destination receptacle, allowing the contents to be emptied by gravity.

A side-load bin tipper was fitted to a garbage truck as early as 1929, by the Heil company in America. In the 1950s the Dempster Dumpmaster popularized the front-end loader variant, with bins being tipped over the cab of the truck. Both types of integrated bin tipper are now common on municipal refuse collection trucks. Standalone bin tippers developed later, with the release of a machine called the Simpro Ezi-Dump in 1990.

The use of bin tippers and other lifting aids has been stimulated in recent years by research linking heavy manual lifting with musculoskeletal disorders; some government organisations, schools and companies now prohibit emptying bins by hand. Health and safety concerns have also driven the adoption of bin tippers in the manufacturing, food-processing and construction industries.

See also

 Dump truck
 Beach cleaner
 Garbage scow

References

External links
 History of refuse collection  - historical information and many pictures
 Classicrefusetrucks.com - history of mechanical refuse collection equipment
 Garbage Trucks

Trucks
Articles containing video clips

Garbage truck


The Philippine one-peso coin (₱1) is the fourth-largest denomination coin of the Philippine peso.

The current version, issued in 2018, features a portrait of Philippine national hero, José Rizal on the obverse. The reverse side features the Waling-waling orchid and the current logo of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas.

History

Spanish administration

Prior to 1861 Spanish dollars (pesos) or eight-real coins issued by Spain and Spanish America were generally accepted in the Philippines. In 1861 a gold 1-peso coin specifically for the Philippines was issued weighing 1.69 grams of 0.875 fine gold. In 1897 a silver 1-peso coin specifically for the Philippines was issued weighing 25.0 grams of 0.9 fine silver.

United States administration

In 1903 the 1-peso coin equivalent to half a U.S. dollar was minted for the Philippines, weighing 26.96 grams of 0.9 fine silver. Its specifications were reduced from 1907 to 1912 to 20.0 grams of 0.8 fine silver. This was minted in quantity and widely kept in Philippine banks until the start of the Second World War when several million pesos were thrown off Corregidor rather than be surrendered to the Imperial Japanese.

Independence

Pilipino Series
From 1972 to 1974, the one peso was reintroduced, making it the largest denomination of the series. The nickel-brass coin bears the denomination and a profile of José Rizal, a writer and a key member of the Filipino Propaganda Movement which advocated political reforms for the colony under Spain, faced to the left on the obverse, while the year of minting, the inscription 'Republika ng Pilipinas' and its official coat of arms, are all on the reverse.

Ang Bagong Lipunan Series
From 1975 to 1982, a new one peso coin was issued. The obverse now bears the inscription 'Republika ng Pilipinas' and a portrait of Rizal now faced to the right. The year of minting, the inscription 'Ang Bagong Lipunan' and the official coat of arms of the Philippines, are all on the reverse.

Flora and Fauna Series
From 1983 to 1991 and 1991 to 1994, two new one peso coins were issued, the latter of a smaller size concurrent to the last four years of the series. The obverse now features the year of minting and a profile of Rizal faced on the right on the obverse. An image of Anoa mindorensis, or, ambiguously, tamaraw, an animal native to the Philippines, and the denomination, are all on the reverse. Although the 1 peso coin became smaller in 1991 upon the release of Improved Flora and Fauna Series, its commemorative coin "400 Taon ng Antipolo, Rizal" () uses the original 1983 larger size and copper-nickel composition.

BSP Coin Series
Issued from 1995 to 2003 in copper-nickel and from 2003 to 2017 in nickel-plated steel, the coin features an enlarged denomination on the obverse, while the inscription 'Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas' and its official seal are all on the reverse.

Since August 2006, it has been known that the one-peso coin of this series has the same size as the 1 dirham coin of the United Arab Emirates. This has led to the one-peso coins being used for vending machine fraud in the United Arab Emirates.

New Generation Currency Coin Series
Issued in 2018, the new one peso coin features a portrait of José Rizal, denomination and year of issue on the obverse. The reverse design features the Waling-waling orchid along with the logo of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas.

Version history

Commemorative coins

In 1992, the coin was featured with a 50 year anniversary of the Battle of bataan.

In December 2011, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) released a limited edition commemorative one-peso coin. minted as a tribute to the national hero Jose Rizal who celebrated his 150th birth anniversary last June 19, 2011.

In November 2017, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas unveiled a commemorative one-peso coin design for the 50th anniversary of the ASEAN, in conjunction with the Philippines' hosting of the ASEAN Summit.

References

Currencies of the Philippines
One-base-unit coins

Philippine one-peso coin


The Dewoitine D.520 is a French fighter aircraft. Its first flight was in 1938. It was, with the Morane Saulnier MS.406, the main fighter aircraft used by the French Air Force at the beginning of World War II. It was used in the Battle of France against Nazi Germany Luftwaffe fighters like Messerschmitt Bf 109. After the 1940s French defeat, some of there were delivered to Bulgaria and Luftwaffe.

French military aircraft
World War II aircraft

Dewoitine D.520


Thirukkurungudi is a town which is located in Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu, South India. Thirukkurungudi is part of Nanguneri taluk and is part of the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly constituency of Nanguneri. At the foothills of the Western Ghats and 40 km to the North of Kanyakumari and about 120 km from Thiruvananthapuram the capital city of Kerala, Thirukkurungudi is a village with history dating back more than 1500 years. Village life revolves around agriculture and the Nambi Rayar temple. It is one of the 108 Divya Desams, Hindu temples that are sacred for the Vaishnavas.

Rice was the major crop until 15 years ago as there was plenty of rainfall and the River Nambi fed the irrigation channels for almost 9 months a year. With advancement in technology to tap ground water and rain becoming scarce, plantains have become a major crop. Almost every household works on something related to agriculture, either directly or through the Nambi Rayar temple.

The tank in Thirukkurungudi gets water from Western Ghats which is stored and fed for agriculture through five canals. The pond is a biodiversity hotspot supporting various forms of life from fish, birds, insects, plants, toads and an occasional python.

Thirukkurungudi is approachable by road. Distance is 45 km from Tirunelveli, 15 km from Nanguneri (Vanamamalai) and 10 km northwest of Valliyoor.
The travel from thirukkurungudi to the malai nambi kovil is by through Jeep and also by walk so for Jeep the charge in this covid situation is 1500 per Jeep (5persons)

Demographics
 India census, Thirukkurungudi had a population of 8871. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Thirukkurungudi has an average literacy rate of 72%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 78%, and female literacy is 66%. In Thirukkurungudi, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Landmarks
There are five Nambis in the temple. They are Ninra Nambi (Standing posture), Irundha Nambi (Sitting posture), Kidandha Nambi (Sleeping posture),  Thiruparkadal Nambi and Thirumalai Nambi.  Thiruparkadal Nambi Temple is located very near to the River Nambiyaru one km from the main temple. Thirumalai Nambi Temple is on the hills (Mahendragiri Mountain) 8 km from the main temple. In Tamil language the word "nambi" means personification of all virtuous and righteous qualities blended with beauty and grace.

Vaishnava Nambi and Thirukkurungudivalli Nachiar temple. Nambi Rayar temple is one of the "108 Divyadesams" of the Sri Vaishnavas. The temple is 2300 years old. The temple is located in the centre of the town flanked by four big Mada Veethis (Agraharams) and at the outer square by four broad and lengthy Ratha Veethis (Car Streets). The presiding deity of this Divya Desam was sung (Mangalasasanam) by four Alvars, namely Thirumalisai Piran, Nammalvar, Periyalvar, and Thirumangai Alvar. The temple has several unique sculptures. A horse and an elephant sculpture are composed of ladies in a single granite stone.

Malai Nambi Koil

Malai Nambi Koil is a mountain, 8 km from Thirukkurungudi village. It is a small mountain where auto, two wheelers can be hired from the foot hill. There are few steps that will take to the temple entrance. Lord Nambi with Bhoo Devi and Sri Devi are the idols in standing posture.

Mahendragiri Mountain

Mahendragiri Mountain near Thirukkurungudi has abundant medicinal herbs. This mountain is mentioned in the First Chapter of Srimad Valmiki Ramayanam Sundara Kandam. Hanuman while going to Sri Lanka in search of Seetha set his feet here and then travelled by sky route. There are many Siddha Purushas living in this mountain observing penance.
ISRO is in Mahendragiri Hills 17 km from Thirukkurungudi.

Notable people
Thirukkurungudi is the home town of the founder, T. V. Sundaram Iyengar of TVS Group.

See also
Vaishnava Nambi and Thirukkurungudivalli Nachiar Temple

References

A dancer's travelogue to Thurukkurungudi Nambi Temple

Cities and towns in Tirunelveli district

Thirukkurungudi


Draner, actually Jules Joseph Georges Renard (12 November 1833 in Liège – 1926 in Paris), was a Belgian painter, Illustrator and cartoonist. Draner, who began working as an illustrator for renowned newspapers in 1861 and resided in Paris, created late costumes for a variety of renowned theaters and opera houses. He is also considered to be an early Belgian comics artist.

Biography

Life
Jules Renard was born in 1833 in Liège, the son of a printer and bookseller who printed in 1850 the Almanac of Mathieu Lansberg. Later he formed his name "Draner" as an anagram of his surname Renard, a name that he used all his life in all his drawings, although he was also known as "Paf". After leaving school, he worked as secretary in the administration of the Société des Mines et de Zinc de la Vieille Fonderies-Montagne, an enterprise of the zinc industry in his home town. As an autodidact, he began drawing and creating his first caricatures on motives that he found in the everyday life of Liège and soon began working with local newspapers. Between 1852 and 1861, he worked for the Brussels paper Uylenspiegel, founded by Félicien Rops.

In 1861, he moved to Paris, where the Société des Mines et de Zinc de la Vieille Fonderies-Montagne had a branch. In the beginning of his Parisian years, he primarily caricatured military life in his drawings; between 1861 and 1864, he had already produced 136 colored lithographs on this topic, portraying himself as a military of different nationality in an ironic way. He published these images in albums such as Types militaires de toutes les nations, Nouvelle vie militaire, and Le colonel Ramollot. From 1866, he worked as an illustrator for the satirical magazine Le Charivari, where, in 1879, he succeeded Amédée de Noé, known as "Cham" (1818-1879), as a regular illustrator. In addition, his amusing drawings appeared in magazines such as La Caricature,  L'Eclipse, Le Monde Classique, Paris-Comique, L'Illustration, Le Monde Illustré, Le journal amusant and Petit Journal.

From 1864 to 1893, Draner also designed costumes for theater and opera houses. His imaginative stage costumes were designed for performances at La Scala in Milan, the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London, the Théâtre des Galeries Saint-Hubert in Brussels, the Metropolitan Opera in New York City, as well as the Parisian stages of the Théâtre du Châtelet, Théâtre de la Renaissance, Éden-Theatre or the Folies Bergère and including most of the works of Jacques Offenbach. Draner died in Paris in 1926, at the age of 93, and his drawings estate was then donated to the University of Liège.

Works
 Maxime Aubray, L'album de la Colonelle Paris, E. Dentu.
 Maxime Aubray, Joyeuses histoires du mess et de la chambrée Le 145° régiment Paris, Librairie illustrée.
 Pierre Véron, L'art de vivre cent ans Paris, E. Dentu. (1884).
 Charles Leroy, Les fredaines du commandant Vermoulu Ernest Kolb.
 Adrien Huart, La nouvelle vie militaire Paris, Librairie illustrée.
 Au Bureau de l'Eclipse - Portfolio containing a collection of drawings (Paris, c. 1870)
 Les Soldats de la République. L'Armée Française en campagne (31 plates)
 Souvenirs du Siège de Paris. Les Défenseurs de la Capitale (31 plates)
 Paris assiégé. Scènes de la vie parisienne pendant le siège (31 plates)
 Types Militaires: Galerie Militaire de Toutes les Nations (Paris,  Lemercier et Cie, c. 1862-1871)
 Types militaires réédition octobre 2007 C. Hérissey, Janzé, Ille-et-Vilaine.
 Souvenirs de l'Exposition de 1867 Types pris sur nature par Draner Dusacq et Cie.

Gallery

References

Attribution
This article is based on the translation of the corresponding article of the French Wikipedia. A list of contributors can be found there at the History section.

External links

 Biografie of Draner at the University of Liège website

1833 births
1926 deaths
Belgian illustrators
Belgian cartoonists
Belgian caricaturists
Belgian comics artists
Belgian costume designers
19th-century Belgian painters
Belgian male painters
19th-century Belgian male artists
20th-century Belgian painters
20th-century Belgian male artists

Draner


The 1923–24 season was the 4th official football season for Beşiktaş J.K. They played in the new İstanbul Football League, in the newly formed Turkish Republic. Beşiktaş played along with the 2 other "İstanbul Giants": Fenerbahçe S.K. and Galatasaray S.K. for the first time ever. Beşiktaş qualified for the playoffs, defeated Süleymanie S.K. in the semi-finals and Galatasaray S.K. in the final, to become the first ever champion. It was the club's 4th official football championship. Beşiktaş also became the runner up in the first ever Istanbul Football Championship, losing to Harbiye S.K. 0-2.

Kit

Beşiktaş used their original black and white kit.

Season

İstanbul Football League
Beşiktaş, Galatasaray, Süleymaniye and Fenerbahçe qualified for the playoffs by finishing in the top 4.

Semi finals

Final

Turkish Football Championship
Beşiktaş also played Harbiye for the Turkish Football championship, but lost.

External links
http://www.angelfire.com/nj/sivritepe/5758/artlIST.html

Beşiktaş J.K. seasons
Besiktas

1923–24 Beşiktaş J.K. season


Bradley Roberts Byrne (born February 16, 1955) is an American attorney and politician who served as the U.S. representative for Alabama's 1st congressional district from 2014 to 2021. Elected as a member of the state Board of Education as a Democrat in 1994, he became a member of the Republican Party in 1997, and served in the Alabama Senate from 2003 to 2007, representing the state's 32nd district.

Byrne was chancellor of the Alabama Community College System from 2007 until he resigned in 2009 to run for the 2010 Republican nomination for governor of Alabama. In December 2013 he won a special election to represent the state's 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives.  Byrne ran in the Republican primary for the 2020 United States Senate election in Alabama, but was defeated in the first round of the primary by Tommy Tuberville and Jeff Sessions.

Early life and education

Bradley Byrne was born in 1955 in Mobile, Alabama. He was one of three children. He was raised in Baldwin County, Alabama. He attended UMS-Wright Preparatory School in Mobile, graduating in 1973. Bryne graduated from Duke University in 1977. At Duke, he became a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity. In 1980, he graduated from the University of Alabama School of Law. He was classmates with Mo Brooks. After graduation, he became a private practice lawyer.

Political background
Byrne's first run for elective office, in 1994, was a success when he was elected to the Alabama State Board of Education as a Democrat. During his term on the Board of Education, Byrne supported a science curriculum that was opposed by many religious leaders in Alabama. He later voted with the Board to support a compromise that said, "Explanations of the origin of life and major groups of plants and animals, including humans, shall be treated as theory and not as fact. When attempting to apply scientific knowledge to world problems, no social agenda shall be promoted." In 1996 Byrne voted with the majority of board members to reject $18 million in federal education funds because it was feared the money would allow greater federal control of schools. The vote was seen as a nod to the growing conservative influence in his south Alabama district. Byrne later changed his mind and convinced the Board to allow the money.

In 1997 Byrne left the Democratic Party and became a Republican.

In 2002 Byrne ran for an Alabama State Senate seat, representing part of Baldwin County. He won with 91% of the vote over his Democratic challenger.

Chancellor of Alabama's Community College System
In May 2007 Byrne took the position of community college chancellor and oversaw a controversial reordering of much of the system. Bishop State Community College in Mobile was the target of investigators who found both financial and academic issues at the school in 2006 and 2007. Byrne ordered an audit of the school, which demonstrated many deficiencies. At the time, about two dozen people were charged with criminal fraud and theft charges. A total of 27 were charged before the probe ended in May 2007.

Byrne also worked with Alabama Attorney General Troy King to recover money stolen from the community college system. He resigned as Chancellor on August 31, 2009.

2010 gubernatorial campaign

During the campaign, he was accused by his opponents in the Republican primary of supporting evolution and of doubting that the Bible was infallible. Byrne responded, "as a Christian and as a public servant, I have never wavered in my belief that this world and everything in it is a masterpiece created by the hands of God ... As a member of the Alabama Board of Education, the record clearly shows that I fought to ensure the teaching of creationism in our school text books. Those who attack me have distorted, twisted and misrepresented my comments and are spewing utter lies to the people of this state." He also added that he believed "every single word" of the Bible was true.

Post-election activity
Following the runoff, Byrne went back to practicing business law, joining the law firm Jones Walker on August 16, 2010.

Reform Alabama
On February 23, 2011, Byrne announced he was partnering with other prominent Alabamians to create a nonprofit organization that would push for reforms in state government. Named Reform Alabama, the organization actively supported legislation in the 2011 Alabama Regular Legislative Session.

Alabama Supreme Court campaign
In 2011, Byrne considered running for chief justice of the Alabama Supreme Court in the 2012 election, but ultimately did not enter the race.

United States House of Representatives

Elections

2013 special election

On May 23, 2013, U.S. Representative Jo Bonner announced that he would resign, effective August 15, 2013.

Byrne finished first in the Republican primary and faced Tea Party candidate Dean Young in the runoff election. Byrne won the runoff, but Young refused to endorse him, which led to rumors of a rift within the Republican Party. Byrne subsequently gained the endorsement of Alabama Patriots, a Tea Party-affiliated organization. Byrne faced Democratic Party nominee Burton LeFlore on December 17, 2013. Byrne won the election with 71% of the vote. At the time of his election, Byrne was only the sixth person to represent this Mobile-based district since 1919, continuing an unbroken run of Republican control in the district dating back to 1965.

2014

Byrne was originally expected to be running for reelection unopposed, but Burton LeFlore, his Democratic opponent in the 2013 special election, qualified. Byrne was reelected with 68% of the vote. The district has a PVI of R+15.

2016

Byrne won the Republican primary with 60.1% over his 2013 challenger Young. He was unopposed in the general election.

2018

Byrne was unopposed in the primary election. He won the general election by 63.15% to 36.78% over Democrat Robert Kennedy, Jr.

Tenure and political positions
As of the end of 2019, Byrne had voted in line with President Donald Trump's position 96.8% of the time, in line with the majority of House Republicans 91.9–98.4% of the time, and against the majority of House Republicans 1.6%–8.1% of the time. In 2019, David M. McIntosh, of the conservative lobby organization Club for Growth, called Byrne "not a conservative" and a "fake politician."

Abortion

Byrne is pro-life. In 2011, he co-sponsored the Prenatal Nondiscrimination Act, which would have banned abortions based on race or sex. Two years later, in 2013, he co-sponsored the Title X Abortion Provider Prohibition Act, which would have prohibited federal funds supporting family planning organizations that provide abortions, with exceptions for rape, incest, or if the mother's life is at risk. Byrne also co-sponsored an amendment to the 14th Amendment of the United States Constitution that would categorize fetuses as human beings.

Civil rights
In 2019 Byrne voted against the Equality Act, a bill that would expand the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 to ban discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. In House debates on the legislation, Byrne criticized the bill, calling it "radical" and "deeply troubling."

Drugs

Byrne was given a "D" rating from NORML for his pro-cannabis stance. NORML describes him as "hard on drugs." Byrne supports the federal government preventing states from legalizing medical marijuana. In 2019, he voted against the SAFE Banking Act.

Environment

In 2014, Byrne signed the Lawful Ivory Protection Act.

Foreign policy
In October 2019 Byrne and Mo Brooks were the only Republican members of the Alabama House delegation to vote against a resolution condemning Trump for removing U.S. military forces from Syria, which had greatly endangered the Kurdish resistance to the Islamic State in Syria (ISIS).

In 2017, Byrne voted in favor of legislation imposing additional sanctions on Russia, Iran, and North Korea, which passed on a 419–3 vote. In 2019, however, Byrne voted against a measure disapproving of the Trump administration's plan to lift sanctions imposed against three Russian firms.

In 2019, Byrne voted against measures to halt U.S. arms sales to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, and also voted against legislation to end U.S. military aid to Saudi Arabia in the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.

Guns and criminal justice

Byrne has a history of supporting gun rights. He voted against universal background check legislation for gun sales, and against a measure to grant law enforcement additional time to run background checks for gun sales. In 2015, Byrne co-sponsored legislature to allow cross-state concealed carry. In 2019, he hosted a town hall meeting at a gun store, three days after the Dayton mass shooting, which killed 9 people. During the meeting, Byrne said that red flag laws violate the Second Amendment and are not effective.

Byrne voted against the 2018 First Step Act, a criminal justice reform measure. The National Association of Police Organizations (NAPO) gave Byrne a 38% rating, describing him as having a "police-the-police stance" for his police-related legislation support.

Health care
In 2015, Byrne was the chief sponsor of Republican legislation to repeal the Affordable Care Act. In 2017, he promoted Republican proposals to dismantle the ACA, and voted for a January 2017 budget resolution to repeal the ACA. Byrne also voted for the American Health Care Act, the Republican repeal-and-replace legislation, in May 2017.

Homeland security

In 2015, Byrne co-sponsored a bill that would have limited transfer of Guantanamo prisoners to the United States or other countries.

Immigration

In 2015, Byrne sponsored bills to ban the admission of any Syrian people into the United States. Byrne supported President Donald Trump's 2017 executive order temporarily banning citizens of seven Muslim-majority countries from entering the U.S.

During the federal government shutdown of 2018–19, Byrne voted against proposals to fund the government without appropriations for a border wall. He voted against legislation that sought to terminate an emergency declaration that diverted funds to the border wall, and voted to sustain Trump's veto of the legislation.

Roy Moore endorsement
In the 2017 Alabama Senate special election to replace U.S. Senator Jeff Sessions, who had vacated his seat upon being nominated and subsequently confirmed to the position of U.S. Attorney General in the Trump administration, Byrne endorsed the Republican nominee, Roy Moore. During the campaign, at least nine women alleged that Moore had either sexually assaulted them or made inappropriate romantic or sexual advances toward them while he was an assistant district attorney and the women were teenagers as young as 14, or while he was a lawyer and the women were clients. Following the initial allegations, additional women alleged misconduct, including attempted rape of a 16-year-old. Moore denied the allegations and his campaign and supporters began questioning the victims' motives and veracity and said they would mount an investigation of the women's motives. Immediately after the allegations and instances of victim intimidation, numerous Republicans rescinded their endorsements of Moore, but Byrne did not, nor did he condemn the Moore campaign's threats against his accusers or call on Moore to drop out of the race. In response to Byrne's continuing support of Moore, Alabama's statewide newspaper group AL.com began running editorial cartoons titled "I am Roy Moore" with a picture of Byrne and the caption "You condone it, you own it."

The Squad

In 2020, Byrne released a campaign ad criticizing The Squad, then a group of four women members of the House of Representatives. In the commercial, he described one of the members, Ilhan Omar, as "cheapening 9/11". In a voice-over in the commercial Byrne says, "The Squad attacking America. Dale fought for that right. I will not let them tear this country up."

Taxation and economic issues

In 2010, Byrne signed the Taxpayer Protection Pledge, pledging that he would not introduce new taxes. In 2017 he voted for the Republican tax legislation, saying that the bill's passage would "lead to greater economic growth, higher wages, and more jobs."

Byrne voted for 2017 legislation to repeal some banking regulations enacted as part of the Dodd-Frank Act. He voted against legislation to raise the federal minimum wage to $15 per hour.

Transportation

Byrne supports building a new I-10 bridge across the Mobile Bay. He also wants to extend the Foley Beach Express to I-65.

Donald Trump

Byrne has touted his unwavering support for Donald Trump, despite early criticism of Trump. In 2016, Byrne said that Trump should drop out of the presidential election after the release of the Access Hollywood tapes. Just before the election, Byrne said he would vote for Trump.

Trump impeachment and disruption of hearings
On October 23, 2019, Gary Palmer, Jim Jordan, Byrne and Brooks joined about two dozen other House Republicans in aggressively intruding upon a Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility (SCIF) where Republican and Democratic congressional members had been taking confidential testimony from Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense Laura Cooper as part of the impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump. Brooks had given an incendiary speech before joining the non-committee Republicans forcing their way into the hearing room, carrying electronic devices that are prohibited in SCIFs. The disruption delayed Cooper's testimony by many hours. House Homeland Security Committee Chairman Bennie Thompson wrote to the House Sergeant-at-Arms requesting that he take action regarding their "unprecedented breach of security". South Carolina Republican Senator Lindsey Graham admonished his House colleagues for making a "run on the SCIF," calling the stunt "nuts."

Byrne voted against established procedures for the impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump, and voted several times to table the articles of impeachment. In December 2019, he voted against impeaching Trump on charges of abuse of power and obstruction of Congress in connection with the Trump-Ukraine scandal, echoing Trump's rhetoric on impeachment.

Texas v. Pennsylvania
In December 2020, Byrne was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives who signed an amicus brief in support of Texas v. Pennsylvania, a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election, in which Joe Biden defeated incumbent president Donald Trump. The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of the election held by another state.

House Speaker Nancy Pelosi issued a statement that called signing the amicus brief an act of "election subversion." Additionally, Pelosi reprimanded Byrne and the other House members who supported the lawsuit: "The 126 Republican Members that signed onto this lawsuit brought dishonor to the House. Instead of upholding their oath to support and defend the Constitution, they chose to subvert the Constitution and undermine public trust in our sacred democratic institutions."

U.S. national anthem protests

In a 2020 campaign advertisement, Byrne described athletes who knelt as part of the U.S. national anthem protests as "dishonoring our flag", with a photograph of Colin Kaepernick kneeling.

War and peace

In 2020, Byrne began advocating that Huntsville, Alabama, serve as the headquarters for the newly created United States Space Force. The U.S. Space & Rocket Center is in Huntsville.

Other legislation
Byrne supported a bill that would direct the U.S. Department of Justice to report to the United States Congress whenever any federal agency refrains from enforcing laws or regulations for any reason. In the report, the government would have to explain why it had decided not to enforce that law. Byrne accused the Obama administration of "making an end-run around Congress to achieve through administrative means what they cannot legislatively" and of selectively enforcing the law. He introduced a bill to create a National Museum of Irish American History in 2017. In 2019, Byrne introduced legislation to impose term limits on members of Congress.

Committee assignments
 Armed Services Committee
 Subcommittee on Strategic Forces
 Subcommittee on Seapower & Projection Forces
 House Education and Labor Committee
 Subcommittee on Workforce Protections (Ranking member)
 House Rules Committee (2015-2018)

Byrne was a member of the United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus and the Republican Study Committee.

2020 U.S. Senate election

On February 20, 2019, Byrne announced his candidacy for the 2020 United States Senate election in Alabama, challenging incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Doug Jones. He accused Jones of not supporting "Alabama's interests and Alabama values" in his announcement speech. Byrne was defeated in the first round of the Republican primary; he won districts near Mobile but did poorly elsewhere in the state. Tommy Tuberville and Jeff Sessions advanced to the Republican primary runoff.

Electoral history

Life after Congress
On May 26, 2022, the Mobile (Ala.) Chamber of Commerce announced Byrne would serve as the chief executive officer and president of the organization, effective June 1, 2022. Byrne is an attorney and currently serves as of counsel for Adams and Reese, LLP, a position he will retain while devoting his full-time efforts to the Mobile Chamber.

Personal life

Byrne's family has a farm in Baldwin County, Alabama. Byrne's wife is named Rebecca. Byrne is a fan of the Alabama Crimson Tide. He is Episcopalian, and typically attends services  at St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square while in Washington.

Byrne's brother, Dale Byrne, died in 2013 during the 2013 election in which Bradley Byrne was participating. Dale Byrne died from a heart attack after suffering from a respiratory illness contracted while serving with the Alabama National Guard in Iraq.

Notes

References

External links

1955 births
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
Alabama Democrats
Alabama lawyers
Alabama state senators
Candidates in the 2020 United States Senate elections
Duke University alumni
Episcopalians from Alabama
Lawyers from Mobile, Alabama
Living people
Phi Delta Theta
Politicians from Mobile, Alabama
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama
School board members in Alabama
University of Alabama School of Law alumni

Bradley Byrne


Kelly Kiniski (born May 27, 1960) is a Canadian-born American retired professional wrestler. He is the elder son of the legendary wrestler Gene Kiniski and is best known for his work with Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling and WCCW.

Career

Early career
Kelly Kiniski was trained by his father, former world champion Gene Kiniski. He made his professional debut with Stampede Wrestling on August 1, 1980, in Calgary, defeating Texas Red Miller. On December 26, 1980, he teamed with his father to defeat Moose Morowski and The Destroyer in an NWA All-Star Wrestling tag team match in Vancouver, British Columbia. He spent his first year in the sport competing primarily in Canada, splitting his time between Stampede and NWA All-Star.

Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling and Mid South (1982-1984)
In 1982, Kelly debuted in Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling. but had a short set of matches later that year in Mid South Wrestling before returning to MACW  In 1983, he formed a tag team with One Man Gang. They defeated Mike Rotunda and Rufus R. Jones in a tournament final on May 23, 1983, to win the vacant NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship. On July 20, 1983, they lost the titles to Rufus R. Jones and Bugsy McGraw. Kelly and OMG challenged Jones and McGraw in several rematches but were unsuccessful in regaining the belts.

World Class Championship Wrestling (1984-1987)
In early 1984, Kelly Kiniski signed for Dallas, Texas based World Class Championship Wrestling which was owned by Fritz Von Erich, who was one of Gene Kiniski's best friends. When Fritz's son Jackie died of electrocution and drowned in a puddle of melted snow, it was Gene Kiniski who broke the news to Fritz, thus prompting Fritz to break a car window with his fist. He defeated Iceman King Parsons on February 20, 1984, to win the WCCW Television Championship. On May 7, 1984, Kiniski, who had previously been injured, gave the title to Killer Khan to defend in a match against Johnny Mantell. At WCCW's Christmas Star Wars event on December 25, 1984, he defeated Rock "N" Roll Buck Zumhofe. He wrestled for WCCW, as well as later competing in the American Wrestling Association, until 1987 and then retired from pro wrestling.

Championships and accomplishments
Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling
NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with One Man Gang
 World Class Championship Wrestling
WCCW Television Championship (1 time)

References

External links
Profile At OWW

1960 births
Living people
Canadian people of Polish descent
Canadian male professional wrestlers
American male professional wrestlers
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Professional wrestlers from Calgary
Professional wrestlers from Washington (state)
People from Blaine, Washington
Stampede Wrestling alumni
WCWA Television Champions

Kelly Kiniski


Alloway is a hamlet in the Town of Lyons, Wayne County, New York, United States near the Ontario County line. It is located three miles (5 km) south of the hamlet of Lyons, at an elevation of 433 feet (132 m). The primary cross roads where the hamlet is located are N.Y. Route 14, Alloway Road (CR 339) and Sohn Alloway Road.

Alloway was named for Alloa, Scotland, the original home of Captain Henry Towar, who built a gristmill, a sawmill, and two stores in the community.

A historic octagonal cobblestone building (built 1832), formerly a blacksmith shop, is located on the corner of Alloway Road and Water Street in the hamlet, just off N.Y. Route 14. There was a land office (built c. 1835), also located in Alloway. It has since been moved to the Genesee Country Village & Museum in Mumford, near Rochester.

Towar–Ennis Farmhouse and Barn Complex is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

References

Hamlets in Wayne County, New York
Populated places in Wayne County, New York
Cobblestone architecture
Blacksmith shops

Alloway, New York


Carver is an unincorporated community in Clackamas County, Oregon, United States, which, between 2004 and 2016, was part of the city of Damascus, Oregon. Before 2004, when the city of Damascus incorporated, Carver was an independent, unincorporated community. The city of Damascus disincorporated in 2016 returning Carver to its previous status.

The center of Carver is located along the Clackamas River, three miles southwest of the center of Damascus, and five miles east of Clackamas.  The community is located along Oregon Route 224.

Points of interest
Carver Bridge: The Clackamas River at Carver was originally crossed using a slack-line ferry operated by Horace Baker.  Subsequently, a wooden covered bridge spanned the river and may have been the longest covered bridge in the state.  A modern steel truss bridge replaced the wooden bridge in 1955 and was replaced in 2019.
 It carries an average of 7,200 vehicles per day. Located alongside the wooden bridge was a large train trestle of the Clackamas & Eastern Railway which connected past Viola and served several sawmills and communities.

Horace Baker Log Cabin: Located on the south side of the Clackamas River, across from Carver, and managed by the Baker Cabin Historic Society, the original log cabin is restored and the site is maintained for historic interest.  Horace Baker and Jane Hattan settled on the site after coming overland via the Oregon Trail and Barlow Road in 1846. Also on the historic site is the restored German Methodist Church, moved to this site in 1967 from Logan (roughly 6 miles east). The Pioneer Church, as it is now known, is used as a community meeting place and is rented for weddings and memorial events.
Several scenes from the 2008 movie Twilight were filmed in Carver: the meadow scene was filmed in Carver Park, police chief Swan met with Bella for breakfast at the Carver Cafe, and the Stone Cliff Inn is the location where Edward revealed he was a vampire.

References

External links
City of Damascus, Oregon
North Clackamas School District

Portland metropolitan area
Unincorporated communities in Clackamas County, Oregon
Unincorporated communities in Oregon

Carver, Oregon