The Calder Memorial Trophy is a yearly award given "to the player selected as the most proficient in his first year of competition in the National Hockey League." The award has been awarded 70 times since its beginnings in 1937. The voting is conducted by members of the Professional Hockey Writers Association at the conclusion of each regular season to determine the winner.

History
The trophy is named in honor of Frank Calder, the former President of the National Hockey League from its inception in 1917 to his death in 1943. Although Rookie Of The Year honors were handed out beginning in 1932–33, the Calder Trophy was first presented at the conclusion of the 1936-37 NHL season. After Calder's death in 1942 the trophy was renamed the Calder Memorial Trophy.

In 1990, Sergei Makarov of the Calgary Flames became the oldest player, at age 31, to win the Calder, even though he had played professionally in the Soviet Union as a member of HC CSKA Moscow.  After that season, the rules for awarding the Calder were amended so that players could only be eligible if they were 26 years old or younger by September 15 of their rookie season.

To be eligible for the award, a player cannot have played any more than 25 games previously in any single season, nor have played in more than six games in two separate preceding seasons in any major professional league. The latter fact was perhaps most prominent when in 1979–80, first-year phenom Wayne Gretzky was not eligible to win the Calder Trophy despite scoring 137 points (the previous rookie record at the time being 95), due to him playing a full season the previous year in the World Hockey Association. The trophy has been won the most times by rookies from the Toronto Maple Leafs, who have won it on nine occasions.

The voting is conducted at the end of the regular season by members of the Professional Hockey Writers Association, and each individual voter ranks their top five candidates on a 10-7-5-3-1 points system. Three finalists are named and the trophy is awarded at the NHL Awards ceremony after the playoffs.

Winners

Related pages
List of NHL players
List of NHL statistical leaders

References
General
Calder Trophy history at NHL.com
Calder Trophy profile at Legends of Hockey.net
Specific

National Hockey League trophies and awards

Calder Memorial Trophy


The Benwick Goods Railway was a Great Eastern Railway line serving the village of Benwick, Cambridgeshire.

History
The Great Eastern Railway (GER) was pro-active in helping agriculture recover after a poor first half of the 19th century and enabled Fenland farmers to get their products to market. However the area of Benwick was poorly served by road and rail, and during the 1880s, local farmers lobbied the GER board for a new railway. Initially reluctant the GER provided a siding and goods shed at Three Horseshoes (pictured). Lobbying continued and finally the GER built a single track goods only line opening to Burnt House on 1 September 1897 and Benwick on 2 August 1898.

It left the Ely to Peterborough line at Three Horseshoes Junction in Turves, Cambridgeshire, just east of the level crossing on Burnthouse Road. Passenger services were never provided, and the line closed to goods in 1966.

Route

After leaving the main line at Three Horseshoes Junction, the line headed east just south of the Turves to March road. The curve of the line can be seen from the property boundaries of the houses just east of Poplars level crossing. The line then curved south towards Bottom Hake's farm. Quaker's Drove station was at the eastern end of Quaker's drove just west of the point where the metalled road ends. The next station was West Fen Drove, this was at the east end of West Fen Drove at the point where the metalled road ends.

The third station was Burnt House, this was on the road now known as Burnthouse Sidings which heads east from Burnthouse Farm. After this the line curved slightly to the west and followed what is now a byway to Jones Drove station, near Garton House where the byway makes a sharp bend.

After this, the line is difficult to trace. The next station, White Fen, was near Keyworth House Farm, and Benwick station itself was north west of the village on the road to Whittlesea.

The line terminated at Benwick and the GER provided a small wharf on the River Nene Old Course for interchange of traffic.

Bibliography
There are two books which cover the Benwick line:
The Benwick Branch by Peter Paye,
Benwick Bygones, a book on the village's history.

References

Closed railway lines in the East of England
Railway lines opened in 1898
Benwick
Rail transport in Cambridgeshire
Railway lines closed in 1966

Benwick Goods Railway


The Three Musketeers: Milady () is an upcoming action adventure film directed by Martin Bourboulon based on Alexandre Dumas's 1844 novel The Three Musketeers. It is the second film of a two-part epic saga and was preceded by The Three Musketeers: D'Artagnan. The film stars François Civil, Vincent Cassel, Pio Marmaï, Romain Duris, and Eva Green. It will be released theatrically in France by Pathé on 13 December 2023. The films were co-produced by France, Germany, Spain and Belgium on a combined production budget of €72 million (US$78.2 million), with €36.1 million for Milady, and filmed back to back for 150 days from 16 August 2021 to 3 June 2022.

Cast
 François Civil as D'Artagnan
 Vincent Cassel as Athos
 Pio Marmaï as Porthos
 Romain Duris as Aramis
 Eva Green as Milady de Winter
 Lyna Khoudri as Constance Bonacieux
 Louis Garrel as King Louis XIII
 Vicky Krieps as Anne of Austria
 Jacob Fortune-Lloyd as Duke of Buckingham
 Alexis Michalik as Villeneuve de Radis
 Patrick Mille as Henri de Talleyrand-Périgord
 Ivan Franek as Ardanza
 Ralph Amoussou as Hannibal, inspired by Aniaba

Production

Development
The idea for the project started in 2019, when producer Dimitri Rassam spent the year looking for a subject that could spark a real event on the big screen and made a list of works that he wanted to produce, and one of them stood out: the 1844 novel The Three Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas. In December 2019, Rassam had a meeting with director Martin Bourboulon at a restaurant in Paris to talk about his desire to adapt the novel. During the meeting, Bourboulon remembered the 1994 film Revenge of the Musketeers directed by Bertrand Tavernier, which was produced by his father, Frédéric Bourboulon. During the summer of 1993, Bourboulon, aged 14, visited the set of Revenge of the Musketeers with his father and was impressed by the sets of the swashbuckling comedy filmed in the medieval alleys of Sarlat-la-Canéda and in the moat of the castle of Biron. With Bourboulon's verbal agreement, Rassam then recruited a duo of seasoned screenwriters: Matthieu Delaporte and Alexandre de La Patellière, and both immediately agreed.

On 13 May 2020, a meeting was held in Paris in the office of Chapter 2, Rassam's production company. A videoconference with Ardavan Safaee, president of Pathé Films, Rassam, Bourboulon, Delaporte and La Patellière. The two screenwriters presented a 60-page storyboard, summarizing their upcoming storyline for the project. Five hours later, the cutting was approved and the preparation for the film was launched, although the screenplay had not been finished. Contrary to the previous adaptations of the novel, Matthieu Delaporte and Alexandre de La Patellière wanted to make Dumas' work "a thriller in a violent world". Rassam described the project as "a response to American franchises".

On 29 June 2020, Pathé CEO Jérôme Seydoux announced that a new version of The Three Musketeers would be adapted for the cinema by his company. The screenplay started being written in the summer of 2020. On 14 October 2020, Pathé announced that the film would be split into two parts titled D'Artagnan and Milady, respectively, with Martin Bourboulon set to direct both films on a screenplay written by Matthieu Delaporte and Alexandre de La Patellière, and that shooting was expected to begin in France in summer 2021 and last seven months. Pathé also announced that both films would be released in 2023.

Produced by Dimitri Rassam for France's Chapter 2, a Mediawan Company, and Pathé, the two films were co-produced by M6 Films, Germany's Constantin Film, Spain's DeAPlaneta, and Belgium's Umedia. The combined production budget for the two films was €72 million, (US$78,2 million in 2023). €36,08 million for D'Artagnan and €36,16 million for Milady, (US$39.1 million). Which makes it the most expensive French production of 2023. The score was composed by Guillaume Roussel.

This is the first French film adaptation of The Three Musketeers in 62 years, since Bernard Borderie's two-part saga was released in 1961.

Director Martin Bourboulon said that the inspirations for this new adaptation were The Duellists (1977), Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), Cyrano de Bergerac (1990), La Reine Margot (1994), Gladiator (2000), and The Revenant (2015).

Pre-production
On 11 February 2021, Variety announced the cast, which included François Civil as D'Artagnan, Eva Green as Milady de Winter, Vincent Cassel as Athos, Pio Marmaï as Porthos, Romain Duris as Aramis, Lyna Khoudri as Constance Bonacieux, Louis Garrel as King Louis XIII, Vicky Krieps as Anne of Austria, and Oliver Jackson-Cohen as the Duke of Buckingham. The saga was pre-bought by M6, OCS and Canal Plus in February 2021. Pathé will release the films theatrically in France and handle the international sales.

On 23 November 2021, Pathé revealed the release dates for both films; 5 April 2023 for D'Artagnan, and 13 December 2023 for Milady, and also revealed the full cast; Ralph Amoussou as Hannibal, Éric Ruf as Cardinal Richelieu, Marc Barbé as Captain de Tréville, Patrick Mille as The Count of Chalais, and Jacob Fortune-Lloyd as the Duke of Buckingham, replacing Oliver Jackson-Cohen.

For the musketeers, director Martin Bourboulon and producer Dimitri Rassam had an ideal list and the four actors they had thought of said "yes". They approached the actors even before having the final versions of the scripts and started by casting D'Artagnan, and François Civil was their first choice and the first actor who was cast for the project. It was Civil's childhood dream to play D'Artagnan. When he learned that Rassam wanted to meet with him to talk about the project at the beginning of 2020, he decided to give his all, so he trimmed his mustache, put his hair in a little ponytail, impersonated D'Artagnan during the meeting and lied to Rassam by telling him that The Three Musketeers was his bedside book and that he knew it by heart, even though he had bought it only two days before in audiobook format listened to it at 3x speed to try to speed up the story a little so that he could be ready for his meeting with Rassam. Civil said the meeting was a bit like D'Artagnan against Tréville, the captain of the musketeers, when he arrived saying he was ready to be a musketeer, as he did the same thing with Rassam and it worked. Later on, around six to eight months from the time he was cast to the time he received the script, Civil finally read the book during the first lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Vincent Cassel also had a previous connection with The Three Musketeers. His father, Jean-Pierre Cassel, played King Louis XIII in The Three Musketeers (1973) by Richard Lester, and Cassel accompanied his father on set and was very moved by it. Jean-Pierre Cassel had also played D'Artagnan in Cyrano and d'Artagnan (1964) by Abel Gance.

Bourboulon and Rassam were looking for modernity and wanted strong female characters. For the role of Milady, they wanted to have a "mysterious actress" and Eva Green was cast; "everyone knows her but we don't see her every month at the cinema," Bourboulon said. Cassel recommended Green to Rassam before they started filming the Apple TV+ series Liaison and even before they had met each other in person, and shortly after that, she received the scripts and accepted the role. Green's fear of horses almost prevented her from taking on the role, but Italian horse trainer and stuntman Mario Luraschi gave her confidence and she managed to ride a horse.

This new adaptation of The Three Musketeers will introduce a new character, Hannibal (portrayed by Ralph Amoussou), based on the true story of Louis Anniaba, the prince of Assinie and France's first Black musketeer.

Porthos (portrayed by Pio Marmaï) is bisexual in this version. Marmaï also had to gain 10 kilos for the role.

The four actors who played the musketeers met for the first time almost like in the novel: crossing swords at a fencing lesson. Olympic Épée champion Yannick Borel trained the actors. Civil performed 90% of his own stunts, after six months of intense physical preparation on fencing, sword-fighting and horse-riding. Yannick Borel taught him postures and movements for five months, three hours a week. He then learned horse-riding with Marco Luraschi (who was also his understudy) at the ranch of the Luraschi family in Fontaine-Chaalis, and combat choreography with stuntmen Dominique and Sébastien Fouassier in a dojo in Paris. Civil was left temporarily blind in one eye for 36 hours due to an incorrectly applied make-up product on set. He also broke his foot following a fall at home coming down from a stepladder and had to shoot the final scenes with a broken foot and protected by a huge foam shoe, which do not appear on screen.

François Civil found that D'Artagnan was a little too insistent in his flirting with Constance Bonacieux, and even if it is written that way in Dumas' novel, he thought it would be interesting to modernize this seduction by injecting a little more respect into it, so he managed to have the scenes between the two of them rewritten. "The man does not occupy the same place today as in the 17th century, and that is why I was attentive to the writing of my scenes with Lyna Khoudri", Civil told Madame Figaro. He also added that D'Artagnan keeps his panache and his somewhat clumsy side, but he is never "heavy" and "always remains charming" in the version of the screenplay written by Alexandre de La Patellière and Matthieu Delaporte. In turn, Constance is not portrayed as a passive woman and her relationship with D'Artagnan is "filled with respect and consent," Civil said.

Director Martin Bourboulon had initially forbidden the famous feathered hat of the musketeers, fearing that this accessory would make his costumes "old-fashioned", as he was looking for "dirt, authenticity, far from the Epinal image of the hat and its twirling feather," he said. He was convinced by the film's costume designer, Thierry Delettre, to change his mind and ended up adopting the hat. No digital effects were used in the film, except to erase a few contemporary elements such as bus shelters or parking meters appearing in the background.

Filming
The two films were shot back to back for 150 days on location in France, in landmarks such as the Louvre Palace, the Hôtel des Invalides, the Castles of Fontainebleau and Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Fort-la-Latte and Chantilly, as well as the citadel of Saint-Malo and the historic city center of Troyes. Filming began on 16 August 2021, and wrapped on 3 June 2022 at the Farcheville castle. 2000 costumes, 930 technicians, 650 horses and 9,000 extras were used in the production.

References

External links

2023 action adventure films
French action adventure films
German action adventure films
Spanish action adventure films
Belgian action adventure films
2020s French films
2020s German films
2020s Spanish films
2020s French-language films
Films based on The Three Musketeers
Films set in the 1620s
Films set in France
Films set in Paris
Pathé films
M6 Films films
Constantin Film films
French-language German films
French-language Spanish films
French-language Belgian films
Cultural depictions of Louis XIII
Male bisexuality in film
French LGBT-related films
German LGBT-related films
Spanish LGBT-related films
Belgian LGBT-related films

The Three Musketeers: Milady


Almond flour (also called almond meal) is a type of flour made from blended almonds. The almonds used are usually blanched (with the skin removed). It feels like corn meal rather than wheat flour. It is used in baking some foods like pastry.

Almond flour has been used in baking foods for low-carbohydrate diets. It adds moistness and a nutty taste to baked goods. Items baked with almond flour are usually calorie-heavy.

Almonds are high in polyunsaturated fats. The omega 6 fatty acids in almonds are protected from oxidation by the skin and vitamin E. When almonds are ground, this protective skin is broken and exposed surface area increases dramatically, greatly making it more likely for the nut to oxidize.

References

F
Flour

Almond flour


In the United States, an American Indian tribe, Native American tribe, Alaska Native village,  or Tribal nation may be any extant or historical tribe, clan,  band, nation, or community of Native Americans in the United States. Modern forms of these entities are often associated with land or territory of an Indian reservation. "Federally recognized Indian tribe" is a legal term in United States law with a specific meaning.

A Native American tribe recognized by the United States government possesses tribal sovereignty, a "dependent sovereign nation" status with the Federal Government that is similar to that of a state in some situations, and that of a nation in others, holding a government-to-government relationship with the Federal government of the United States.

Legal definition in the United States

The term tribe is defined in the United States for some federal government purposes to include only tribes that are federally recognized by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), established pursuant to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act [43 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.]. Such tribes, including Alaska Native village or regional or village corporations recognized as such, are known as "federally recognized tribes" and are eligible for special programs and services provided by the United States. The BIA, part of the US Department of the Interior, issues Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood, which tribes use as a basis for tribal enrollment.

Some tribes, such as the United Houma Nation, do not have federal recognition, but are recognized at the state level using procedures defined by various states, without regard to federal recognition. Other organizations self-identify as Native American tribes for a variety of reasons; they may be a scattered tribe who no longer exist as an organized nation, or they have not completed the certification process established by the government entities in question, they may have lost their recognition, or they may be a group of non-Native individuals seeking recognition as a tribe for other reasons.

Some federally recognized tribes are confederacies of more than one tribe. Historically, the State of California formed rancherias and Nevada formed Indian Colonies. Multi-ethnic entities were formed by the U.S. federal government or by treaty with the U.S. government for the purpose of being assigned to reservations. For example, 19 tribes that existed in 1872 combined at that time to form the Colville Confederated Tribes, which is now the single federally recognized tribe, Colville Indian Reservation in Washington state.

Other uses

The international meaning of the English word tribe is a people organized with a non–state government, who typically claim descent from a common founder and who speaks the same language.

In addition to their status as legal entities, tribes have political, social and historical rights and responsibilities. The term is also used to refer to communities of Native Americans who historically inhabit a particular landbase and share a language and culture.

Terminology

Indigenous peoples of the Americas includes all the Indigenous peoples on the landbase of the Americas - North, Central and South. "Native Americans" usually only refers to Native Americans in the United States; Alaska Natives, like the Iñupiat, Aleut, and Yupik peoples are sometimes included, but more often named individually. Indigenous peoples in Canada include the First Nations, Métis, and Inuit.

See also

 Aboriginal peoples in Canada
 Classification of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
 List of Alaska Native tribal entities
 List of federally recognized tribes in the United States
 List of federally recognized tribes by state (USA)
 List of organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes
 Indian reservation/Indian colony
 (Urban) Indian reserve
 Native American name controversy
 State-recognized tribes in the United States
 Tribal council
 Tribal sovereignty

References

External links
 Cornell Law
 Federally Recognized Tribes and Resource for Native Americans
 U.S. Department of the Interior - Indian Affairs

Native American law

Tribe (Native American)


Woman in the Moon is a German science fiction silent movie. It was first shown on 15 October 1929 at the UFA-Palast am Zoo theater in Berlin. There were 2000 people in the audience. Many people say it is one of the first "serious" science fiction films. It was directed by Fritz Lang. it was written by his wife Thea von Harbou. It was based on von Harbou's 1928 book, The Rocket to the Moon. In  the US it was called By Rocket to the Moon. In the UK it was called Woman in the Moon. A large group of people watching got to see how rockets work for the first time. The movie was recorded between October 1928 and June 1929 at the UFA studios in Neubabelsberg, near Berlin.

Other websites

1929 movies
German science fiction movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Fritz Lang
Movies about astronauts

Woman in the Moon


Dublin Castle () is a former Motte-and-bailey castle and current Irish government complex and conference centre. It was chosen for its position at the highest point of central Dublin.

Until 1922 it was the seat of the British government's administration in Ireland. Much of the current buildings date from the 18th century, though a castle has stood on the site since the days of King John, the first Lord of Ireland. The Castle served as the seat of English, then later British, government of Ireland under the Lordship of Ireland (1171–1541), the Kingdom of Ireland (1541–1800), and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1800–1922).

After the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in December 1921, the complex was ceremonially handed over to the newly formed Provisional Government led by Michael Collins. It now hosts the inauguration of each President of Ireland and various State receptions.

The castle was built by the dark pool ("Dubh Linn") which gave Dublin its name. This pool lies on the lower course of the River Poddle before its confluence with the River Liffey; when the castle was built, the Liffey was much wider, and the castle was effectively defended by both rivers. The Poddle today runs under the complex.

Roles

Dublin Castle has fulfilled a number of roles throughout its history. Originally built as a defensive fortification for the Norman city of Dublin, it later evolved into an official residence, used by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland or Viceroy of Ireland, the representative of the Monarch. The second-in-command in the Dublin Castle administration, the Chief Secretary for Ireland, also had his offices there. Over the years parliament and certain law courts met at the castle before moving to new purpose-built venues. It also served as the base for a military garrison and later also intelligence services.

Upon the formation of the Irish Free State in December 1922, the castle temporarily assumed the role of the Four Courts, the legal complex badly damaged during the Civil War; this arrangement would last for a decade.

It was decided in 1938 that the inauguration of the first President of Ireland, Douglas Hyde, would take place in the castle, and the complex has been host to this ceremony ever since. The castle is also used for hosting official State visits as well as more informal foreign affairs engagements, State banquets, including that for the visit of Queen Elizabeth II in 2011, and Government policy launches.  It also acts as the central base for Ireland's hosting of the European Presidency, approximately every 10 years. Two dedicated conference facilities, The Hibernia Conference Centre and The Printworks were installed for the European Presidencies of 1990 and 2013, and are made available for rental by the private sector too.

The castle's State Apartments and their associated collection of historic materials form an accredited museum, and the castle complex is also home to a Garda Síochána unit and the Garda Museum, some parts of the Office of Public Works, some functions of the Irish Revenue Commissioners – and the Revenue Museum – and the Chester Beatty Library.

History

Dublin Castle was first founded as a major defensive work by Meiler Fitzhenry on the orders of King John of England in 1204, sometime after the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169, when it was commanded that a castle be built with strong walls and good ditches for the defence of the city, the administration of justice, and the protection of the King's treasure. Largely complete by 1230, the castle was of typical Norman courtyard design, with a central square without a keep, bounded on all sides by tall defensive walls and protected at each corner by a circular tower. Sited to the southeast of Norman Dublin, the castle formed one corner of the outer perimeter of the city, using the River Poddle as a natural means of defence along two of its sides. The city wall directly abutted the castle's northeast Powder Tower, extending north and westwards around the city before rejoining the castle at its southwestern Bermingham Tower. In 1620 the English-born judge Luke Gernon was greatly impressed by the wall: "a huge and mighty wall, foursquare, and of incredible thickness". In the 17th century, the Earl of Arran described the Castle as "the worst castle in the worst situation in Christendom".

The Poddle was diverted into the city through archways where the walls adjoined the castle, artificially flooding the moat of the fortress's city elevations. One of these archways and part of the wall survive buried underneath the 18th-century buildings, and are open for public viewing.

Through the Middle Ages the wooden buildings within the castle square evolved and changed, the most significant addition being the Great Hall built of stone and timber, variously used as Parliament house, court of law and banqueting hall. The building survived until 1673, when it was damaged by fire and demolished shortly afterwards. The Court of Castle Chamber, the Irish counterpart to the English Star Chamber, sat in Dublin Castle in a room which was specially built for it about 1570. The Castle sustained severe fire damage in 1684. Extensive rebuilding transformed it from a medieval fortress to a Georgian palace. No trace of medieval buildings remains above ground level today, with the exception of the great Record Tower (–1230); it is the sole surviving tower of the original fortification, its battlements an early 19th-century addition.

In 1764, an English traveller named John Bush visited Dublin and had the following to say about the castle: "The Castle, as it is called from its having been the situation of one, I suppose, of which at present there are very few remains, is the residence of the lord lieutenant when in Ireland, but has very little of grandeur in its external appearance besides the large square court-yard, which it encloses. But the rooms, some of them, are large and elegant".

United Irishmen General Joseph Holt, a participant in the 1798 Rising, was incarcerated in the Bermingham Tower before being transported to New South Wales in 1799.

In 1884 officers at the Castle were at the centre of a sensational homosexual scandal incited by the Irish Nationalist politician William O'Brien through his newspaper United Ireland.

In 1907 the Irish Crown Jewels were stolen from the Castle. Suspicion fell upon the Officer of Arms, Sir Arthur Vicars, but rumours of his homosexuality and links to socially important gay men in London, may have compromised the investigation. The jewels have never been recovered.

At the very beginning of the Easter Rising of 1916, a force of twenty-five Irish Citizen Army members were able to seize the entrance and guard room of the Castle before reinforcements for the small garrison arrived. During the Anglo-Irish War the Castle was the nerve centre of the British effort against Irish separatism. On the night of Bloody Sunday in 1920, three Irish Republican Army members Dick McKee, Conor Clune and Peadar Clancy, were tortured and killed there.

When the Irish Free State came into being in 1922, Dublin Castle ceased to function as the administrative seat. It served for some years as temporary Courts of Justice (the Four Courts, the home of the Irish courts' system, had been destroyed in 1922). After the courts vacated the premises, the Castle was used for state ceremonies. As President of the Executive Council, Éamon de Valera received credentials there from newly arrived ambassadors to Ireland on behalf of King George V in the 1930s. In 1938, Douglas Hyde was inaugurated as President of Ireland at the Castle. All inaugurations of subsequent presidents have taken place there since. President Erskine Hamilton Childers' lying-in-state took place there in November 1974, as did that of former President Éamon de Valera in September 1975.

Buildings and architecture

State Apartments
The State Apartments, located in the southern range of buildings of the Upper Yard, contain the rooms formerly used by the Lord Lieutenant for personal accommodation and public entertaining during the Castle Season. Today these richly decorated rooms are used by the Irish government for official engagements including policy launches, hosting of State Visit ceremonial, and the inauguration of the President every seven years. The apartments and their collections form an accredited museum.

The principal rooms of the state apartment complex include:

Saint Patrick's Hall

This is the grandest room of the state apartments, and contains one of the most important decorative interiors in Ireland. Formerly the ballroom of the Lord Lieutenant's administration, today the room is used for presidential inaugurations. If a President of Ireland dies in office, such as Erskine H. Childers in 1974, it is here that he or she lies in state. It is one of the oldest rooms in the castle, dating from the 1740s, though its decoration largely dates from c. 1790, including the most significant painted ceiling in Ireland, executed by Vincenzo Valdre (c. 1742–1814). Composed of three panels, the ceiling depicts the coronation of King George III, Saint Patrick introducing Christianity to Ireland, and King Henry II receiving the submission of the Irish chieftains. The state dinner hosted by the President of Ireland to welcome Queen Elizabeth II to the Republic of Ireland was held here on the evening of 18 May 2011.

Following the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland in 1871, the Order of St. Patrick, Ireland's order of chivalry, moved its ceremonial home from St. Patrick's Cathedral to St. Patrick's Hall. The banners and hatchment plates of the knights who were living at the time when most of Ireland gained a form of independence as the Irish Free State, in December 1922, remain in place.

Throne Room
Originally built as the Battleaxe Hall in the 1740s, it was converted to a presence chamber around 1790. The regal decoration dates from that time and from alterations in the 1830s. It contains a throne built for the visit of King George IV to Ireland in 1821.

State Drawing Room
Remodelled in the 1830s as the principal reception room of the Lord Lieutenant and his household, today this room is reserved in use for the reception of foreign dignitaries. Largely destroyed by fire in 1941, the room was reconstructed with minor modifications in 1964–1968 by the OPW, making use of salvaged and replicated furnishings and fittings.

State Dining Room
Also called the Picture Gallery, and formerly known as the Supper Room, this is the oldest room in the castle and largely retains its original decoration, having escaped major modification and fire over the years. It dates from Lord Chesterfield's building of the State Apartments in the 1740s, and was intended for use as a supper room adjoining St. Patrick's Hall and as a personal dining room. Today the room is still used for dining when conferences take place in St. Patrick's Hall.

State bedrooms
These former private quarters of the Lord Lieutenant were built as five interconnecting rooms running along the back of the building, adjoining the spine corridor that separates them from the state drawing room. Completely rebuilt in the 1960s following a fire in 1941, the rooms maintain the original courtly sequence and today are used as ancillary drawing and meeting rooms to the principal apartments. The last dignitary to stay in the royal bedrooms was Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, who spent a night there with her husband Denis during one of the European Council meetings held in the 1980s.

State Corridor
The most architectural space of the State Apartments, this expressive, deeply modelled corridor, was originally built c. 1758 to the designs of the Surveyor General, Thomas Eyre. Based on the early 18th-century corridor of Sir Edward Lovett Pearce in the former Parliament House on College Green, it features a marching procession of vaults and arches which were originally top-lit. Regrettably, an office storey was built over the skylights following complete reconstruction of the corridor in the 1960s as the result of a differential settlement with the reconstruction of the adjoining drawing room. The corridor features exact plaster casts of the original arch detailing, and the original doorcases and fireplaces were salvaged prior to rebuilding.

Towers

The castle includes towers at two corners; other towers that once existed within the complex.

Bermingham Tower
The base of the original Bermingham Tower is one of the few remaining parts of the original castle. At the southwest corner of the castle, the tower has a modern upper part. It is unclear which member of the De Bermingham family the tower was named for; perhaps William or Walter or John or Sir Walter.

Record Tower
The Record Tower at the southeast corner is another original part of the castle. Also known as the Wardrobe Tower, it originally dates from the 1220s. It was restored between 1810 and 1813 by Francis Johnston. It hosted the Garda Museum until its 2017 relaunch in the Treasury Building.

Bedford Tower
Construction of Bedford Tower began in 1750, and was completed in 1761 by Thomas Eyre. The Guard House mirrors it.

Powder Tower
The base of this tower can be seen in the basement of the northeast corner of the lower castle yard. It was also known as the Storehouse Tower and was built around 1228. Its calp walls were 3.7 metres thick, and the internal diameter was 6.1 metres. The base of this tower is still along the flow of the River Poddle. Surviving Viking defences remain under this section of the Castle.

Cork Tower
This tower stood at the northwest corner of the medieval enclosure. The base remains behind the west range of the upper castle yard.

Architecture
John Cornforth described the Castle as "not even a work of architecture" but "a piece of English make-do and mend".

Government offices
The complex houses, among other things, some offices of the Revenue Commissioners, including a Stamping Office in a 20th-century building at the end of the Castle Yard. The modern office block was designed by Frank du Berry, a senior OPW architect, in the late 1960s. The design was denounced by many groups, citing the unsympathetic nature of the four-storey block and the placement, which disrupted the rectangular layout of the Castle. Among the groups that objected were the Irish Georgian Society, An Taisce, and the Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland. Construction began anyway in 1970.

Some elements of the OPW are based in an old stables area, and some functions of the Garda Síochána are also based at the Castle.

Tourism and culture
The complex of buildings is usually open to the public, except during certain state functions. The crypt of the Chapel Royal is now used as an arts centre, and occasional concerts are held in the grounds of the Castle.

The castle complex also hosts the Chester Beatty Library, in a purpose-constructed facility, with a café, the Garda Museum, in the Treasury Building, and the Revenue Museum.

The former site of the "dark pool" on the Poddle was remodelled into a garden, with a water feature that commemorates fallen Gardaí, and a helipad.

Opposite the garden is a sculpture and plaque commemorating the volunteers of the 2003 Special Olympics World Summer Games.

Operation
Dublin Castle is maintained and managed by the Office of Public Works (OPW).

Popular media

Film
Dublin Castle has appeared in numerous films including Barry Lyndon, Michael Collins, Becoming Jane and The Medallion, as well as the television series The Tudors, where it doubles as the Vatican in the pilot.

Festivals
Part of Dublin Castle appears on the cover of the Jandek album Khartoum Variations.

Fiction
In George Moore's A Drama in Muslin, Dublin Castle appears in a number of chapters as the venue for high society events associated with the Viceroy and the British administration in Dublin.

See also

Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
Chapel Royal
Dublin Castle administration in Ireland
List of castles in Ireland

References

Notes

Sources

 Lynch, Ann; Manning, Conleth; Wiggins, Ken. "Dublin Castle: From Fortress to Palace: Volume 2 - The Viking-age Archaeology". Wordwell Books, 2024.

Further reading
 Murdoch, Tessa (ed.) (2022). Great Irish Households: Inventories from the Long Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: John Adamson, pp. 55–73

External links

Official Tourist Board Website for Dublin
Archiseek.com, entry on Dublin Castle (including pictures)

Castles in Dublin (city)
Norman architecture in Ireland
Royal residences in the Republic of Ireland
Lords Lieutenant of Ireland
Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth
Government buildings in the Republic of Ireland
Museums in Dublin (city)
Historic house museums in the Republic of Ireland
Archaeological sites in County Dublin

Dublin Castle


Battle Beneath the Earth is a 1967 British sci-fi thriller film directed by Montgomery Tully and starring Kerwin Mathews. It was released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

Plot
Scientist Arnold Kramer believes that rogue elements of the communist Chinese Army headed by fanatic General Chan Lu are using advanced burrowing machines in an effort to conquer the U.S. by placing atomic bombs under major cities. In the opening, Las Vegas police are called for a report that Dr. Kramer is prone on a sidewalk telling people he hears movement underneath.

The bombs are in tunnels dug from China through the Hawaiian islands to the United States. In the expected war 100 million people are forecast to die.  Kramer is committed to an asylum, but when he is visited by U.S. Navy Commander Jonathan Shaw, what he tells him lines up with observations Shaw has made himself. Shaw gets Kramer released and produces enough evidence to convince his superiors that the story is truel, and he is ordered to lead troops underground to defeat the red army and defuse the bombs.

The U.S. Army detonates nuclear bombs in the tunnel in Hawaii. The detonations are reported to have stopped all activity in the tunnels.

Cast

Music
The film features a fast-paced "crime-jazz" / jazz-noir musical score by Ken Jones.

Release
The film released to DVD by Warner Home Video on 29 July 2008.

Critical reception
The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: "Schoolboy comic-strip capers, involving subterranean constructions, hydroponic farms ("enforced growth under solaric light" the Chinese scientist explains), laser beams, nuclear bombs and sinister Oriental villains. Nothing is quite so fanciful, though, as the finale, in which hero and heroine, with only ten minutes to run to safety after setting off an atom bomb, emerge in a volcano and stand looking at the glare of the nuclear explosion with not even a blink of their unshielded eyes. Delightfully nonsensical, the film is at least a variation on the usual SF themes, and very properly everyone acts with deadpan solemnity."

Kine Weekly wrote: "Schoolboy adventure material, this will pass with all but stuffy audiences. Reliable half of a double programme."

The film has been described as "deliriously paranoid".

References

External links

1967 films
1960s action films
British action films
British spy films
Cold War spy films
1960s English-language films
Films about nuclear war and weapons
Films directed by Montgomery Tully
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films shot at MGM-British Studios
1960s British films

Battle Beneath the Earth


The 10th Empire Awards ceremony (officially known as the Sony Ericsson Empire Awards), presented by the British film magazine Empire, honored the best films of 2004 and took place on 13 March 2005 at the Guildhall in London, England. During the ceremony, Empire presented Empire Awards in 10 categories as well as four honorary awards. The honorary Outstanding Contribution to British Cinema award was first introduced this year. To celebrate the 10th anniversary of the award ceremonies a special honorary award was presented, the Icon of the Decade award. The awards for Best British Actor, Best British Actress and Best British Director as well as the honorary Independent Spirit award were presented for the last time. This was the first year the Lifetime Achievement Award was not presented. The ceremony was televised in the United Kingdom by Channel 5 on 15 March. English television presenter and radio presenter Johnny Vaughan hosted the show for the first time. The awards were sponsored by Sony Ericsson for the third consecutive year.

The Bourne Supremacy won the most awards with two including Best Film. Other winners included Before Sunset, Dead Man's Shoes, Enduring Love, Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, Finding Neverland, Layer Cake, Spider-Man 2 and Shaun of the Dead with one. Pixar received the Empire Inspiration Award, Kevin Smith received the Independent Spirit Award, Working Title Films received the Outstanding Contribution to British Cinema Award and Quentin Tarantino received the special honorary 10th anniversary Icon of the Decade award.

Winners and nominees
Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface.

Multiple awards
The following film received multiple awards:

Multiple nominations
The following 11 films received multiple nominations:

References

External links

Empire Award ceremonies
2004 film awards
2005 in British cinema
2005 in London
March 2005 events in the United Kingdom

10th Empire Awards


Fletcher G. Watson (c. 1912 – 7 May 1997) was an American professor of science education at the Harvard Graduate School of Education (1946–77), where he served as the Henry Lee Shattuck Professor of Education (1966–77). Watson was a founder and co-director of Harvard Project Physics.

Early life and education
Watson was born in Baltimore, Maryland in 1912. He graduated in astronomy at Pomona College in 1933 and earned a Ph.D. in astronomy in 1938 at Harvard University.

Career
Following his Ph.D., Watson joined the Harvard College Observatory, researching meteors, meteorites, and solar observation. During World War II, Watson served in the Navy, where he worked on the Long Range Navigation (LORAN) system. He left the navy in 1946 with the rank of lieutenant commander. Harvard University president James Bryant Conant appointed Watson a professor of science education at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, where he served from 1946 until 1977. He was named Harvard's first Henry Lee Shattuck Professor of Education in 1966.

In 1964, Watson founded and was co-director of Harvard Project Physics, a nationwide effort to develop high school physics courses that would attract more students, particularly females. One aspect of the program that he researched was testing the course materials in schools to find out if they were having the desired result of increasing interest and enrollment in science courses.

Watson retired from Harvard in 1977, and served as director of Project City Sciences  at New York University. This program focused on training teachers and other professionals for work in inner-city schools. He served as a member of the planetarium advisory committee of the Boston Museum of Science, and was the committee's first chairman.

Personal life
Watson's son is Alexander F. Watson, former ambassador and diplomat. He had three other sons, Jonathan G. Watson, former pilot of Marine One and a helicopter expert, Stephen C Watson, and Christopher Watson, a nurse in Rhode Island.

See also
 Gerald Holton
 Physics education

References

1910s births
American astronomers
Science teachers
Pomona College alumni
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
New York University faculty
Harvard Graduate School of Education faculty
Harvard College Observatory people
New York University people
1997 deaths

Fletcher Watson


James Joseph Wisner (December 8, 1931 – March 13, 2018) was an American pianist, arranger, songwriter, and producer. He is best known for his 1961 hit single "Asia Minor", released under the name Kokomo.

Biography

Born in Philadelphia, Wisner received classical training as a youngster, and attended Temple University as a psychology student in the late 1950s. He formed the Jimmy Wisner Trio in 1959 with Chick Kinney on drums and Ace Tesone on bass. This ensemble backed musicians who toured through Philadelphia, including Mel Tormé, Carmen McRae, Dakota Staton, and the Hi-Lo's.

He released several full-length albums as a jazz musician, but in 1961 recorded a rock & roll adaptation of Edvard Grieg's Piano Concerto in A Minor, using shellac on the hammers of a cheap piano so as to effect a honky tonk sound. So as not to alienate his jazz fans, he released the tune, titled "Asia Minor", under the name Kokomo; he was turned down by 10 labels and had to release the track on his own label Future Records. The song became a hit, reaching #8 on the Billboard Hot 100, and #35 on the UK Singles Chart despite having been banned by the BBC. Wisner released further singles as Kokomo on his prior label, Felsted, but did not have another hit.

Following the success of "Asia Minor", Wisner launched a successful career as a songwriter, producer, and composer for film and television. With Billy Jackson, a frequent songwriting collaborator, he wrote "Don't Throw Your Love Away", a #1 UK hit for the Searchers in 1964, as well as the Tymes' "Somewhere", written with Norma Mendoza, which went Top 20 in the UK. As a producer and arranger Wisner worked with Bobby Rydell ("The Joker", by Newley-Bricusse from Roar of the Greasepaint) as well as numerous others including Cab Calloway, Freddy Cannon, Neil Sedaka, Bobby Vinton, Herbie Mann, Len Barry ("1 - 2 - 3"), Miriam Makeba, Judy Collins, Paul Evans, Spanky and Our Gang, Tony Bennett, the Cowsills, Carly Simon, Al Kooper, Iggy Pop, Barbra Streisand, Tommy James, Brigitte Bardot, and Roberto Carlos as well as Randy & the Rainbows. He also headed Columbia Records' A&R department from 1968 to 1969, where he recorded several songs, including Paul Levinson's "Sunshine Mind," with Donna Marie, who went on to perform with the Archies.

Wisner died on March 13, 2018, at age 86.

Discography
As Jimmy Wisner
Blues for Harvey (Felsted Records, 1959)
Apperception (Chancellor Records, 1960)
The Jimmy Wisner Sound: Featuring Love Theme from "Romeo and Juliet" (Columbia Records, 1969)

As Jimmy Wisner Orchestra
Cast Your Fate To The Wind  (Wyncote Records, 1964)

As Kokomo
Asia Minor (Felsted Records, 1961)

As sideman
With Herbie Mann
Our Mann Flute (Atlantic, 1966)
The Beat Goes On (Atlantic, 1967)

References

External links

1931 births
2018 deaths
American music arrangers
American people of Russian descent
Record producers from Pennsylvania
Songwriters from Pennsylvania
Musicians from Pennsylvania
Temple University alumni
20th-century American pianists
American male pianists
20th-century American male musicians
American male songwriters

Jimmy Wisner


Nikolaus Freiherr von Nostitz (born 1968), known by his professional name Nick Nostitz, is a German photographer who is a member of the Silesian branch of the noble Nostitz family . He has lived and worked in Bangkok since 1993. Fluent in the Thai language, Nostitz is noted for specializing in what he considers to be the "lower levels" of the country's society seldom seen by casual visitors.

History

Nostitz used black-and-white photographs to depict both the allure and sadness connected with the Thai sex industry in his 2001 book Patpong: Bangkok's Twilight Zone (). In 2004, he documented the violent war of then Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra against alleged drug dealers with a series of photographs. His work has appeared in several leading European magazines, such as Stern and Der Spiegel.

He is currently producing a series of books on Thailand's political troubles in the aftermath of the 2006 coup. This started with Red vs Yellow Volume 1: Thailand's Crisis of Identity, published by White Lotus Press in 2009. It was followed in 2011 by Red vs Yellow Volume 2: Thailand's Political Awakening which covers the rise of the red shirt movement in 2009 and also published by White Lotus Press.

On 25 November 2013, during the People's Democratic Reform Committee demonstrations in Bangkok, he was attacked by PRDC supporters that accused him of being pro-Red Shirt. He thereafter suffered from a hate campaign and narrowly escaped a kidnapping attempt by PDRC supporters on 7 May 2014. He received death threats and almost stopped his professional work in Bangkok after the 2014 Thai coup d'état.

Private life

On 21 December 2014, Nostitz launched a request for donations campaign on his Facebook page, which was also publicly shared by friends. He said he was planning to return to Germany but was sliding "into a very difficult situation", since he had long been unable to work and even now, as an example, did not dare to travel in the south of Thailand because that is the PDRC draws its main support. He and his wife were waiting on the adoption process for their 10-year-old son, who had been raised by them since he was seven months old. "Despite an application for adoption almost 2 years ago, massive disappearances in the procedure had almost eaten up all my savings. ... At the moment I only have enough money for a maximum of 3 – 4 months to live in Thailand, which will probably not be enough for the most complex bureaucratic processes of adoption and settlement."

References

External links
 Events of May 2010 in Bangkok
 Speech to the Foreign Correspondents Club of Thailand
 Interview, 2001
 Interview, 2009
 Portfolio
 Photos and video clip
 Drug war pictures

German photographers
German journalists
German male journalists
Photography in Thailand
Living people
1968 births
German expatriates in Thailand

Nick Nostitz


The Waler is an Australian breed of horse developed from horses that were brought to the Australian colonies in the 19th century.  The name comes from their breeding origins in New South Wales; they were originally known as "New South Walers".

Origins and characteristics
The Waler combined a variety of breeds; particularly the Thoroughbred, Arab, the Cape horse (from the Cape of Good Hope), Timor Pony and perhaps a little Clydesdale or Percheron. It was originally considered only a "type" of horse and not a distinct breed. However, as a landrace bred under the extreme climate and challenging working conditions of Australia, the Waler developed into a hardy horse with great endurance even when under extreme stress from lack of food and water.  It was used as a stockman's horse and prized as a military remount. Walers were also used by bushrangers, troopers and exploration expeditions that traversed inland Australia.

The preferred Walers for cavalry duties were 15 to 16 hands high (). Those over 16 hands were rejected for use in the South Australian Bushmen Corps. Unbroken horses, as well as those with grey and broken (spotted) coat colours were also rejected. The selected horses had to be of a good type that could carry sixteen or seventeen stone (102 to 108 kg (224 to 238 lbs)) day after day.

The Walers carried the rider, saddle, saddle cloth, bridle, head collar, lead rope, a horseshoe case with one front and one hind shoe, nails, rations for the horse and rider, a bedroll, change of clothing, a rifle and about 90 rounds of .303 rifle ammunition.

The gaits of the Waler were considered ideal for a cavalry mount; it could maintain a fast walk and could progress directly to a steady, level canter without resorting to a trot which was noisy, liable to dislodge gear and resulted in soreness in the horse's back. The cavalry horse required docility, courage, speed, and athletic ability, as it carried the rider into battle. The infantryman's horse was used as a means of transport from one point to another, for example, from camp to a battle ground, where the horses were kept back from the fighting. Heavier animals were selected and used for draught and packhorse duties.

Most of the early Walers carried a fair percentage of Thoroughbred blood, with some recorded as race winners and a few being registered in the Australian Stud Book. While in warfare service in North Africa, some Walers proved successful in races against local Egyptian horses and assorted Thoroughbreds. In 1919 horses from the ANZAC Mounted Division won five of the six events at Heliopolis, near Cairo.

Memorial statue

A memorial statue to the Waler Light Horse was erected at Tamworth, New South Wales as a tribute to the men of the ANZAC Corps who served in the Boer, Sudan and First World Wars. This memorial was constructed at a cost of $150,000, funded by grants from Federal and State Governments, the Tamworth Regional Council, Joblink Plus and donations from business houses, property owners, RSL Members and the community.  It was designed and created by sculptor Tanya Bartlett from Newcastle, New South Wales. The military equipment is identical to that used in the First World War. Forty-seven light horse re-enactment riders and the 12th/16th Hunter River Lancers took part in the unveiling by Major General William B. "Digger" James AC MBE MC (Retd) on 29 October 2005.

History
Australian horses were sent overseas from the 1830s; between the 1840s and 1940s, there was a steady trade in Walers to the British Indian Army.

In Australia's two wars of the early 20th century—the Second Boer War and World War I—the Waler was the backbone of the Australian Light Horse mounted forces.  It was especially suited to working in the harsh climate of the Sinai Peninsula and Palestine, where it proved superior to the camel as a means of transporting large bodies of troops.

Boer War
During the Boer War, Australia dispatched 16,314 horses overseas for use by the Australian Infantry Forces.

World War I
In the First World War, 121,324 Walers were sent overseas to the allied armies in Africa, Europe, India and Palestine. Of these, 39,348 served with the First Australian Imperial Force, mainly in the Middle East, while 81,976 were sent to India. Due to the costs said to be incurred for "returning horses home" with their mounts and perhaps to a lesser extent, quarantine restrictions, only one Waler is known to have been returned to Australia; "Sandy", the mount of Major-General W.T. Bridges, an officer who died at Gallipoli in May 1915.

The English cavalry officer, Lt Col RMP Preston DSO, summed up the Australian Light Horses' performance in his book, The Desert Mounted Corps: "… (November 16th, 1917) The operations had now continued for 17 days practically without cessation, and a rest was absolutely necessary especially for the horses. Cavalry Division had covered nearly 170 miles…and their horses had been watered on an average of once in every 36 hours…. The heat, too, had been intense and the short rations, 9½ lb of grain per day without bulk food, had weakened them greatly. Indeed, the hardship endured by some horses was almost incredible. One of the batteries of the Australian Mounted Division had only been able to water its horses three times in the last nine days - the actual intervals being 68, 72 and 76 hours respectively. Yet this battery on its arrival had lost only eight horses from exhaustion, not counting those killed in action or evacuated wounded.

… The majority of horses in the Corps were Walers and there is no doubt that these hardy Australian horses make the finest cavalry mounts in the world…. They (the Australians) have got types of compact, well-built, saddle and harness horses that no other part of the world can show. Rather on the light side according to our ideas, but hard as nails and with beautiful clean legs and feet. Their records in this war place them far above the Cavalry horse of any other nation. The Australians themselves can never understand our partiality for the half-bred weight-carrying hunter, which looks to them like a cart horse. Their contention has always been that good blood will carry more weight than big bone, and the experience of this war has converted the writer, for one, entirely to their point of view. It must be remembered that the Australian countrymen are bigger, heavier men than their English brothers. They formed just half the Corps and it probable that they averaged not far off 12 stone each stripped. To this weight must be added another 9-1/2 stone for saddle, ammunition, sword, rifle, clothes and accoutrements, so that each horse carried a weight of 21 stone, all day for every day for 17 days, - on less than half the normal ration of forage and with only one drink in every 36 hours!

The weight-carrying English Hunter had to be nursed back to fitness after these operations and for a long period, while the little Australian horses without any special care, other than good food and plenty of water were soon fit to go through another campaign as arduous as the last one!…."

One well-known Waler was Major Michael Shanahan's mount, "Bill the Bastard", who bucked when asked to gallop. Yet, during World War I, when the major found four Australians outflanked by the Turks, "Bill the Bastard" carried all five men – three on his back and one on each stirrup –  through soft sand at a lumbering gallop, without first bucking.

Not to return to Australia

"Owing to the cost and difficulties of transportation, the military authorities had decided to kill all Light Horse horses over 12 years and dispose of the remainder locally – that would be in Egypt, Palestine, Mesopotamia, or wherever a Light Horse unit happened to be stationed." -- The World's News, 1 February 1919.
At the end of the war, 11,000 surplus horses in the Middle East were sold to the British Army as remounts for Egypt and India. Others, categorised as being unfit, were destroyed. Also, some light horsemen chose to destroy their horses rather than part with them, but this was an exception, despite the popular myth that portrays it as the fate of all the war horses. Parting with their Walers was one of the hardest events the light horsemen had to endure.

A poem by Major Oliver Hogue, 14th Australian Light Horse Regiment ("Trooper Bluegum") sums up the men's sentiment:
I don't think I could stand the thought of my old fancy hack
   Just crawling round old Cairo with a 'Gyppo on his back.
Perhaps some English tourist out in Palestine may find
   My broken-hearted Waler with a wooden plough behind.

No: I think I'd better shoot him and tell a little lie:--
   "He floundered in a wombat hole and then lay down to die."
May be I'll get court-martialled; but I'm damned if I'm inclined
   To go back to Australia and leave my horse behind.
From Australia in Palestine, 1919

World War II
During World War II, 360 Australian Walers were assigned to the Texas National Guard 112th Cavalry in New Caledonia.  The horses were eventually deemed unfit for jungle warfare. They were sent to India where they served with the Chinese Army before being assigned to the unit known as Merrill's Marauders.

Post-war
As demand for remounts declined in the 1940s, the Waler trade declined.

From 1959 until it was sold to Birds Australia to be converted into a wildlife sanctuary in 2000, Alex Coppock and his wife bred Walers on Newhaven Station in the Northern Territory. The horses were mostly rehomed elsewhere, although the original plan had been to deprive them of water and let them die.

When the Australian Stock Horse Society was formed in 1971, the majority of horses accepted into its studbook were Waler horses. The ASHS also accepted horses of other breeds, notably Quarter horses, which has always been controversial. While many stock horses do have Quarter horse genetics in their breeding, not all do, as there are still many breeders who only breed horses of the old heritage bloodlines. These heritage stock horses have extensive pedigrees, often back to the 19th century, and are direct descendants of Walers with no Quarter Horse or other modern breeds.

Reestablishment of the breed
In the 1980s efforts began to reestablish the breed using feral Walers descended from horses that had been set loose in rural regions after the commercial trade ceased. The Waler horse now has two breed associations interested in preserving it, the Waler Horse Owners and Breeders Association Australia Inc. (WHOBAA) and the Waler Horse Society of Australia Inc (WHSA). Only horses and their progeny derived from the old bloodlines, with no imported genetics since 1945, can be registered as Walers with the WHOBAA.

Today's Waler is a functional Australian horse, bred from bloodlines that came to Australia before 1945, that is free of imported genetics since that time.

Threats to the breed
In May 2013, up to 10,000 Walers were culled at Tempe Downs Station near Kings Canyon, about  south-west of Alice Springs, Northern Territory, owing to concerns about water sustainability.  Ian Conway, owner of neighbouring Kings Creek Station, said that it would be more cost-effective to train  Aboriginal men to manage the horses than to cull them.

See also
Australian Light Horse
Australian Stock Horse
Battle of Beersheba
Brumby
List of horse breeds
Project Waler

Footnotes

References
 Gullett, H.S., and Barrett, C. (eds.), Australia in Palestine, Angus & Robertson Ltd., (Sydney), 1919.

External links

Waler Database - Waler horse lists, history, breed, genetics, tales
Waler Horse Owners & Breeders Association Australia Inc.
The Beersheba ANZAC Memoriaal Center
Rare Breeds Trust of Australia
Waler Horse Society of Australia
Walers
Waler Horse Information, breeds, genetics and more.
Waler Memorial
"The Waler"
The Waler: Australia's Great War Horses (2014 documentary)

Horse breeds originating in Australia
Horse breeds
World War I military equipment of Australia

Waler


The Hercules Room (also known as the Hercules Drawing Room or Hercules Salon; ) is a State Room in the Palace of Versailles. It occupies what was once the site of a chapel. Louis XIV wanted the Hercules Room to be a showcase for a large painting by Paolo Veronese. The architect Robert de Cotte began working on the room in 1710. Work was completed in 1736. The Room has been the scene of many glittering events in the history of Versailles.

State Room

The large room is on the ground floor (first floor) of the Palace.  It measures 18m x 14m x 45m. A chapel once stood on the site. The Hercules Room connects the royal chapel and the North Wing of the palace with the Grand Apartment of the King. Architect Robert de Cotte started work on the room in 1710. The project was set aside in 1715 when Louis XIV died. Work resumed in 1724.  Louis XV hired architect Jacques Gabriel, marble worker Claude-Félix Tarlé, and sculptors Jacques Verberckt and François-Antoine Vassé to complete the room. The room is in the style of the Hall of Mirrors.

Paintings by Veronese

Louis XIV wanted this room to be a showcase for a large painting by Paolo Veronese called Meal at the House of Simon the Pharisee. This picture was painted for the refectory (dining hall) of the Servite Convent in Venice in 1570. In 1664, the Doge gave it to Louis XIV. He wanted the king to support him in a war with the Turks. Veronese's Eliezer and Rebecca hangs above the fireplace on the wall opposite Simon.

Simon is a large painting. It measures 4.5 m x 9.7 m. The painting was once displayed in the Apollo Gallery of the Louvre.  It was hung in the Hercules Room in 1730. It was removed in 1832. It was sent at that time back to the Louvre. In 1961 Simon was returned to the Hercules Room.  In 1994 the painting was restored.

Ceiling

The room was completed in 1736 with a painted ceiling called Apotheosis of Hercules. This was painted by François Lemoyne. The painting gave the room its name. The King was pleased with the ceiling. He appointed Lemoyne First Painter. Lemoyne however did not live long enough to enjoy the honor. He committed suicide shortly after the appointment.

The coving is decorated with representations of the Four Princely Virtues: Justice, Fortitude, Constancy, and Courage. These are separated by Cupids pointing to the Labors of Hercules. In the center of the ceiling, Hercules arrives in his chariot on Mount Olympus. Jupiter offers his daughter Hebe in marriage to the hero. Mars and Vulcan observe the fall of demons and vices. Apollo sits on the steps of the Temple of Memory.

Apotheosis is the largest ceiling painted on canvas in Europe480 square meters of surface area. It depicts some 140 figures representing the gods and goddesses of Olympus. They have gathered for the arrival of Hercules after his successful labors raised him to the rank of God. The piece was seen as a metaphorical allusion to the merits of the French King.

State events held in the Hercules Room

 a full-dress ball was given by Louis XV upon the marriage of his eldest daughter Elisabeth to the Infant of Spain in 1739
 the State Dinner for the Duc de Chartes's wedding in 1769
 the State Dinner given upon the Dauphin's birth in 1782
 the Audience of the Ambassadors for Tippo Sahib, Sultan of Mysore in 1788
 the Presentation of the Deputies of the Estates General to the King on 2 May 1789

Notes

References

Other materials

Palace of Versailles
1736 establishments
18th-century establishments in France
1730s establishments in Europe

Hercules Room


Rex Ronan: Experimental Surgeon is an educational action video game developed by Sculptured Software and published by Raya Systems for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. The game teaches players about the hazards of smoking tobacco cigarettes. The initial development of the game received support from the US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. It is a part of educational video game series from Raya that includes Captain Novolin, Packy and Marlon and Bronkie the Bronchiasaurus.

Gameplay and plot

Jake Westboro is a man with it all: a beautiful wife and child, a large house in the suburbs, and the massively-paying position of a major CEO for the Blackburn Tobacco Company. As a result of smoking since he was 15, however, Jake is now dying from the effects of the cigarettes that he once sold. An experimental surgeon, Rex Ronan, volunteers to shrink himself and a craft down to near-microscopic size, so he can travel inside of Jake's body and fight his various diseases; removing tar, nicotine, precancerous cells, and other deadly health hazards. However, the tobacco company are concerned that if Jake survives, he will speak to the world about the hazards of tobacco and accordingly ruin their business; so they secretly place microbots inside him en-masse in an attempt to stop Ronan from treating him. If Ronan dies from the evil killbots sent by the company, then so does the patient, Jake.

Evaluations
Richard M. Satava mentioned two evaluations in which a number of children (none of whom were more than 12 years old) played a prototype version of the game. The average of the results indicated children who experienced enjoyment and who showed an interest with regard to acquiring information about tobacco's effects on people. According to Richard L. Street and Timothy R. Manning, the target audience was children and teenagers in the age range of 10 to 16 years. In addition, when it comes to persons who take up smoking, those in the age range of 10 to 16 years are at the highest risk, according to Street and Manning.

References

External links

1994 video games
Action games
Children's educational video games
Human body in popular culture
Medical video games
Nanotechnology in fiction
North America-exclusive video games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
Video games about diseases
Video games about microbes
Video games about robots
Video games about size change
Video games developed in the United States

Rex Ronan: Experimental Surgeon


Stenhousemuir FC is a Scottish football club from Stenhousemuir. The club is a member of the Scottish Football League and currently plays in the Scottish Second Division.

Through much of its history the team has competed in the lower leagues of Scottish football, spending the 2006–07 season in the Third Division. In 2008–09, despite earning 4th place, the club won the promotion play-offs and returned to the Scottish Second Division.

In September 2009, Stenhousemuir Football Club, Ltd. was re-registered as a Community Interest Company.

History

1884–1989
The club was founded in 1884 following a break away from a local team called Heather Rangers. In 1890, the Warriors moved to Ochilview Park following spells at Tryst Park and Goschen Park. In the early 20th century the club had a brief spell of success, winning the Scottish Qualifying Cup twice in 1901 and 1902.  In 1902–03, the club reached the Scottish Cup semi-final, losing 1–4 at home to Rangers. The 1921–22 season saw Stenhousemuir compete for the first time in senior Scottish League Football.

In 1925–26, Stenhousemuir goalkeeper Joe Shortt was offered a £50 bribe to throw a match against Broxburn, but he rejected the offer and the Warriors won the match 6–2. A bookmaker from Bainsford, a small village on the outskirts of Falkirk, was subsequently jailed for attempted match fixing.

In 1928, the wooden grandstand at Ochilview Park burnt down in a fire, which lead to a new stand being built in its place, although staircases had to be added later due to planning errors. During the 1936–37 season saw the club record a record victory – a 9–2 win against Dundee United. More than a decade later in 1949–50, a Scottish Cup quarter-final tie against East Fife drew a record crowd of 12,500 – the highest ever at Ochilview Park.. In November 1951, the first floodlit game between two Scottish senior teams occurred at Ochilview Park, between Stenhousemuir and Hibernian.

In the summer of 1964, Rangers FC revealed a plan to The Scottish Football League to remove the Warriors from the league, along with four other clubs, on the basis that they were poorest-supported clubs over the previous three seasons. Four years later, Stenhousemuir, along with Albion Rovers, Berwick Rangers, Brechin City and Stranraer, with support from a number of clubs, including Celtic F.C., Hamilton Academical F.C. and Airdrieonians F.C., successfully defeated this plan.

In 1972–73, the Warriors defeated Rangers 2–1 at Ibrox Stadium in the Scottish League Cup. Notably, Rangers were the holders of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup at the time.

1990–present
In 1992–93, the team allowed their rivals Stirling Albion to share their stadium Ochilview Park. In the 1993–94 season, the Warriors moved out of the bottom league for the first time, due to the formation of the Scottish Third Division. The mid-90s was one of the club's most successful periods in its history; in 1994–95 they defeated St. Johnstone 4–0 and Aberdeen 2–0, both higher league opposition, en-route to the Scottish Cup quarter finals. In the 1995–96 season, Stenhousemuir won the Scottish Challenge Cup, defeating Dundee United 5–4 on penalties after a goalless 90 minutes and extra time. In the process, reaching their first national semi-final since 1902.

Stenhousemuir was relegated from the Scottish Second Division to the Scottish Third Division for the first time in the history of the club. However, the next season winning promotion back to the Second Division, also a first in its history.

In 2006–07, the club announced a plan to lay 'fake' grass at Ochilview Park. It became the first in the UK to pass the FIFA 2 Star category accreditation.

Stenhousemuir were promoted to the Scottish Second Division after defeating Cowdenbeath 5–4 on penalties after drawing 0–0 on aggregate in the play-off final at the end of the 2008–09 season. The 2010–11 season saw the club narrowly avoid relegation after spending most of the season in the relegation zone. On the final day of the season the club defeated Peterhead 3–0 to move above Alloa Athletic and therefore avoided the relegation play-offs.

For the 2011/2012 Season, the Home Kit is sponsored by Figure 11 Communications Ltd, the Away Kit is sponsored by Apex Hotels, and the rear of kit sponsor is Wright & MacLennan.

Supporters
Stenhousemuir Supporters' Club  is the official supporters' club of Stenhousemuir FC. It is a democratic organisation based on one vote per person, and its committee is elected every year by the members. It is the largest shareholder in the club with about 11 % of the shares with the aim to increase the shareholding so that no individual(s) can take control of the club away from its supporters.

The Kriss Akabusi Loyal is a band of traveling supporters. It has a democratically-elected representative on the Stenhousemuir FC Board to relay supporter's ideas and wishes. This person serves two years on the Board before being replaced by another member of the committee.

The club also has many foreign supporters: the Norwegian Supporters' Club is a small supporters' organisation based in Oslo, Norway). The Supporters Club was founded on New Year's Eve 1992 by Rolf Erik Wulff, Christian Wulff and Kjell Jarslett. In 1996 it was given one share of Stenhousemuir F.C. as a recognition of their support and promotion of the club. As of today, the supporters club and its members owns about 5% of the shares in Stenhousemuir. Also the Stenhousemuir FC Danish Support. The Denmark based supporters club is an unofficial Warriors fan club founded and established in the summer 2000. The fan club has approximately 30 members.

Stenhousemuir Supporters Trust also The 'Warriors Supports Trust' is registered with the Financial Services Agency as a not-for-profit Industrial and Provident Society. It was established in 2003. It works with the Board of the football club and the Supporters Club to develop a more successful football club. The annual membership subscription of the Trust is £5 but Trust members can take out either a 'silver' membership of £5 a month, or a 'gold' membership of £10 a month. The cash obtained from membership of the Trust is used to buy shares the football club has for sale, and hence the club benefits financially. Since its inception the Trust has given money to the club and its members have given their time and labour towards several projects. The current Chairman of the Stenousemuir Supporters Trust is Graeme Wallace who is also the stadium announcer at Ochilview

Achievements
 Scottish Qualifying Cup:
 Winners (2): 1900–01 and 1901–02.

 Scottish Challenge Cup:
 Winners (1): 1995–96.

 Scottish Third Division:
 Winners (1): 2010–11
 Runners-up (1): 1998–99.
 Promoted: 2008–09 (via play-offs)

Records
 Biggest league victory: 9–2 v Dundee United, 16 April 1937. (Scottish League – Division Two); and 0–7 v East Stirlingshire, 20 March 2006. (Scottish Third Division)

 Biggest league defeat: 2–11 v Dunfermline Athletic, 27 September 1930. (Scottish League – Division Two)

Biggest home attendance: 12,500 v East Fife, 11 March 1950. (Scottish Cup Quarter-Final)

Current squad
As of 20 June 2011

References

Other websites
 Official club site
 Norwegian fan site
 Stenhousemuir FC 6-a-side League

Scottish Second Division clubs

Stenhousemuir F.C.


Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (Gauß) (30 Aprile, 1777 – 23 Februar, 1855) wis a German mathematician an scientist that eikit muckle ti monie fields, like nummer theory, analysis, deifferential geometry, geodesy, magnetism, astronomy an optics. Whiles kent as "the preince o mathemateicians", Gauss haed a profoond influence on monie fields o mathematics an science an is rankit alangside Euler, Newton an Archimedes as ane o history's greatest mathemateicians.

Gauss wis a child prodigy an made his first grund-brakkin mathematical discoveries whan yet a youngker. He feinished Disquisitiones Arithmeticae, his magnum opus, at the age o twinty-fower. This wark wis fundamental in consolidatin nummer theory as a deiscipline an haes shapit the field til the day.

Ootside airtins
 Gauss biography
 Carl Friedrich Gauss, covers topics in the history o Fermat's Last Theorem frae Diophantus of Alexandria til Andrew Wiles.
 Obituary: MNRAS 16 (1856) 80

1777 births
1855 daiths
Fowk frae Braunschweig
Deists
18t-century German mathematicians
19t-century German mathematicians
Mental calculators
Differential geometers
German astronomers
German Lutherans
German physicists
Optical pheesicists
German scientists
Nummer theorists
Fowk frae Brunswick
Recipients o the Copley Medal
Recipients o the Pour le Mérite (ceevil cless)
Braunschweig Varsity o Technology alumni
Varsity o Helmstedt alumni
Varsity o Göttingen alumni
Varsity o Göttingen faculty
Members o the Ryal Swadish Academy o Sciences
Fellaes o the Ryal Society
Correspondin Members o the St Petersburg Academy o Sciences
Honorary Members o the St Petersburg Academy o Sciences
Members o the Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science an Airt
Vesta

Carl Friedrich Gauss


Depressaria prospicua is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1914. It is found in South Africa.

The wingspan is 19–20 mm. The forewings are whitish ochreous, tinged here and there with brownish, with some scattered blackish specks and with a blackish-grey spot on the base of the costa, its edge marked with a black dot above the middle of the wing, the corresponding dorsal space whitish. The first discal stigma is black, with an additional dot obliquely before and rather above it, both these surrounded with white suffusion. The second discal stigma is white edged with dark fuscous, sometimes with an indistinct white dot before and slightly above it. All these dots are more or less surrounded with ochreous-brown suffusion, sometimes forming a longitudinal streak and there is an undefined angulated subterminal fascia of brownish suffusion. Some dots formed of two or three black specks each are found around the posterior part of the costa and termen. The hindwings are ochreous whitish slightly tinged with grey.

References

Endemic moths of South Africa
Moths described in 1914
Depressaria
Moths of Africa

Depressaria prospicua


Legislative elections for the 23rd Knesset was held in Israel on 2 March 2020.

According to the relevant Basic Law, the elections were required to be held no later than the third Tuesday of the Hebrew month of Cheshvan four years after the previous elections, making the latest possible date 31 October 2023.

However, due to the failed attempts to form a government by 11 December after the September elections, early elections were called, the third within a year.

On 20 April 2020, Benny Gantz and Benjamin Netanyahu announced that an agreement on a unity government had been reached following the election. The deal would involve both parties splitting power and Gantz and Netanyahu taking turns being prime minister. The deal says Gantz will be Vice Prime Minister until October 2021, by then he will become Prime Minister.

References

2020 elections in Asia
March 2020 events
2020
2020s in Israel

2020 Israeli legislative election


Ha Seung-Jin (; Hanja 河昇鎮, born 4 August 1985) is a South Korean professional athlete.  He is best known as a basketball player. He has played in the NBA for the Portland Trail Blazers. He was the first Korean to play basketball in the NBA.

Ha was born in Seoul. His father was a member of the national basketball team and his older sister is a member of the national basketball team. His height was 2.18 m in middle school when he won the championship. Lots of universities wanted Seung-Jin to sign with their school. He decided to play for Yonsei University and won the university championship with them. He decided to go pro and signed with the Portland Trail Blazers in 2004.

His NBA career was short due to his low basic skills. So he decided to go back to Korea and enter the Korean Basketball League in 2008.

References

1985 births
Living people
Basketball players
Portland Trail Blazers players
Sportspeople from Seoul

Ha Seung-jin


The village of Sengwarden lies north of Wilhelmshaven, Germany. The place was documented for the first time in 1168, was the site of a post World War II British sector displaced person camp, and since 1972 has been administratively attached to the city Wilhelmshaven. Previously, the municipality belonged to the district Friesland. Sengwarden borders on the Wilhelmshaven suburbs Fedderwarden and Voslapp as well as the Friesland districts of Sillenstede and Hooksiel. Two objects of interest shape the local picture, a mill and the Saint George Church which overlooks on a high bluff. The place is well known for its annual Wilhelmshaven outdoor horse market since 1618. The agriculturally oriented Sengwarden has approximately 1,333 inhabitants.

Villages in Lower Saxony
Wilhelmshaven

Sengwarden


West Dean is a civil parish, situated in the Forest of Dean district of Gloucestershire, England.

History
The Forest of Dean was an extra-parochial area in the St Briavels Hundred of Gloucestershire. It was without the usual parish structure until the West Dean and East Dean townships were formed in 1844. For poor relief, West Dean was grouped into the Monmouth Poor Law Union and was included in the Monmouth rural sanitary district. Following the Local Government Act 1894, West Dean became a civil parish in the West Dean Rural District. In 1974 the rural district was abolished and West Dean became one of 41 civil parishes in the Forest of Dean district.

Governance
West Dean parish is divided electorally into 5 wards with a total of 15 councillors as follows:

 Ellwood and Sling Ward - 2 councillors
 Christchurch Ward      - 1 councillor
 Bream Ward             - 5 councillors
 Pillowell Ward         - 5 councillors
 Berry Hill Ward        - 2 councillors.

The council is consulted by all public service providers and has a statutory right to comment on all planning applications in West Dean. In 2000 it purchased and refurbished Bream Community Centre, which has since been extended and a Parish Office established there. Other areas Council have become involved in are provision of bus shelters, street cleaning, footpaths, play areas, environmental improvements and capital projects such as the restoration of Bream Cenotaph and works at Parkend Churchyard.

The Council meets on the last Wednesday of each month at Beam Community Centre at 7pm.  Every Council meeting begins with a Public Open Forum to enable electors to ask questions or comment on matters that affect the Parish.

Geography
West Dean is the largest civil parish in the Forest of Dean district, both in respect of its population and its geographical size.

At the 2001 census there were 10,305 people living in West Dean Parish, more than in any of the Forest towns. The size of the Parish is a considerable 4686 hectares and stretches from Berry Hill and Christchurch in the north to Bream in the south and from Sling in the west to Viney Hill in the east.

Villages in the civil parish
Berry Hill, including Christchurch, Five Acres, Joyford, and Shortstanding
Edge End
Ellwood
Sling
Clements End
Little Drybrook
Bream
Brockhollands
Yorkley
Pillowell
Oldcroft
Viney Hill
Parkend
Whitecroft

References

External links

 Forest of Dean District Council: Parish Councils

Forest of Dean
Villages in Gloucestershire
Civil parishes in Gloucestershire

West Dean, Gloucestershire


Mitromorpha iozona is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mitromorphidae.

Description
The length of the shell attains 4.6 mm, its diameter 2.5 mm.

The shell has biconic shape with a rather acute spire. The overall color is white with yellow dots on the last two or three whorls. There is a violet margin on top of the penultimate whorl and below the suture, continuing on the body whorl. The shell contains 7–8 whorls (the apex is broken). The upper whorls are short, convex and with discrete sutures. The shell shows strong longitudinal ribs and two transverse, granose striae below the sutures. The aperture is oblong and narrow. The top of the columella is concave, the middle inflated and with one groove. The siphonal canal is short and slightly recurved. The outer lip is incrassate below the suture, slightly convex and very oblique. It has a sharp margin with a denticle cin the middle.

Distribution
This marine species occurs off Réunion and in the Indo-Pacific.

References

External links

iozona
Gastropods described in 1899

Mitromorpha iozona


Georges Eugène Charles Beauvisage (29 January 1852, in Paris – 8 April 1925, in Lyon) was a French botanist and politician.

In 1881 he obtained his doctorate in medicine at Paris, followed by his bachelor of science degree during the following year. In 1883 he received his aggregation of natural history at the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Lyon, and in 1891 obtained his degree in pharmacy. In 1903 he became a professor at the University of Lyon.

In 1896 he began service as a councilor and as a deputy mayor in Lyon. In 1909 he was elected to the Senate from the department of Rhône. He was a member of the Gauche démocratique party.

As a botanist, he conducted extensive studies of Xavier Montrouzier's collections from New Caledonia. In 1890, Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre named the genus Beauvisagea (family Sapotaceae) in his honor.

Selected writings
 Contribution à l'étude des origines botaniques de la gutta-percha, 1881 - Contribution to the study on the botanical origins of gutta-percha.
 Les galles utiles, 1883 (graduate thesis).
 Guide des étudiants en médecine et en pharmacie et des élèves herboristes au Jardin botanique de la Faculté de Lyon, 1892.

References

1852 births
1925 deaths
Scientists from Paris
Academic staff of the University of Lyon
20th-century French botanists
Senators of Rhône (department)
19th-century French botanists

Georges Eugène Charles Beauvisage