Human waste (or human excreta) refers to the waste products of the human digestive system, menses, and human metabolism including urine and feces. As part of a sanitation system that is in place, human waste is collected, transported, treated and disposed of or reused by one method or another, depending on the type of toilet being used, ability by the users to pay for services and other factors. Fecal sludge management is used to deal with fecal matter collected in on-site sanitation systems such as pit latrines and septic tanks.

The sanitation systems in place differ vastly around the world, with many people in developing countries having to resort to open defecation where human waste is deposited in the environment, for lack of other options. Improvements in "water, sanitation and hygiene" (WASH) around the world is a key public health issue within international development and is the focus of Sustainable Development Goal 6.

People in developed countries tend to use flush toilets where the human waste is mixed with water and  transported to sewage treatment plants.

Children's excreta can be disposed of in diapers and mixed with municipal solid waste. Diapers are also sometimes dumped directly into the environment, leading to public health risks.

Terminology
The term "human waste" is used in the general media to mean several things, such as sewage, sewage sludge, blackwater - in fact anything that may contain some human feces. In the stricter sense of the term, human waste is in fact human excreta, i.e. urine and feces, with or without water being mixed in. For example, dry toilets collect human waste without the addition of water.

Health aspects
Human waste is considered a biowaste, as it is a vector for both viral and bacterial diseases. It can be a serious health hazard if it gets into sources of drinking water. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that nearly 2.2 million people die annually from diseases caused by contaminated water, such as cholera or dysentery. A major accomplishment of human civilization has been the reduction of disease transmission via human waste through the practice of hygiene and sanitation, which can employ a variety of different technologies.

Environmental aspects
Even high-mountains are not free from human waste. Each year, millions of mountaineers visit high-mountain areas. They generate tonnes of faeces and urine annually which cause environmental pollution. Human faeces pose a greater threat to the mountain environment than uncontrolled deposit of urine, due to the higher pathogen content of feces.

Methods of processing

Methods of processing depend on the type of human waste:
 Sewage is treated via sewage treatment
 Sewage sludge is treated by sewage sludge treatment
 Fecal matter from dry toilets may undergo composting
 Fecal sludge from pit latrines is treated and managed with an approach called fecal sludge management
The amount of water mixed with human waste can be reduced by the use of waterless urinals and composting toilets and by recycling greywater. The most common method of human waste treatment in rural areas where municipal sewage systems are unavailable is the use of septic tank systems. In remote rural places without sewage or septic systems, small populations allow for the continued use of honey buckets and sewage lagoons (see anaerobic lagoon) without the threat of disease presented by places with denser populations. Bucket toilets are used by rural villages in Alaska where, due to permafrost, conventional waste treatment systems cannot be utilized.

Uses

Human waste in the form of wastewater (sewage) is used to irrigate and fertilize fields in many parts of the developing world where fresh water is unavailable. There is great potential for wastewater agriculture to produce more food for consumers in urban areas, as long as there is sufficient education about the dangers of eating such food uncooked.

See also
 Blackwater (waste)
 Ecological sanitation
 Excretion
 Human right to water and sanitation
 Improved sanitation
 Night soil
 Reuse of human excreta
 Sustainable sanitation
 Vermifilter toilet
 Workers' right to access the toilet

References

Biological waste
Biodegradable waste management
Sanitation
Sewerage
Animal waste products
Excretion
Human physiology

Human waste


Laozi (, ), also romanized as Lao Tzu and various other ways, was a semi-legendary ancient Chinese philosopher, author of the Tao Te Ching, the foundational text of Taoism along with the Zhuangzi. Laozi is a Chinese honorific, typically translated as "the Old Master". Modern scholarship generally regards his biographical details as invented, and his opus a collaboration. Traditional accounts say he was born as  in the state of Chu in the 6th centuryBC during China's Spring and Autumn Period, served as the royal archivist for the Zhou court at Wangcheng (in modern Luoyang), met and impressed Confucius on one occasion, and composed the Tao Te Ching in a single session before retiring into the western wilderness.

A central figure in Chinese culture, Laozi is generally considered the founder of Taoism. He was claimed and revered as the ancestor of the 7th10th century Tang dynasty and is similarly honored in modern China as the progenitor of the popular surname Li. In some sects of Taoism and Chinese folk religion, it is held that he then became an immortal hermit, or that the Tao Te Ching was the avatar – embodied as a book – of the god Laojun, one of the Three Pure Ones of the celestial bureaucracy. The Tao Te Ching had a profound influence on Chinese religious movements and on subsequent Chinese philosophers, who annotated, commended, and criticized his work extensively. In the 20th century, textual criticism by modern historians led to theories questioning Laozi's timing or even existence, positing that the received text of the Tao Te Ching was not composed until the 4th centuryBC Warring States Period, and was the product of multiple authors.

Name
Laozi  is the modern pinyin romanization of . It is not a name but an honorific title, meaning "old" or "venerable master". The structure of the name exactly matches that of other ancient Chinese philosophers such as Kongzi, Mengzi, Zhuangzi, &c.

Traditional accounts give Laozi the personal name Li Er (, Lǐ Ěr), whose Old Chinese pronunciation has been reconstructed as *C.rəʔ C.nəʔ. Li is a common Chinese surname with a base reading of "plum tree"; there are legends tying Laozi's birth to a plum. Laozi has long been identified with the persona Lao Dan (, Lǎo Dān). Dan similarly means "Long-Ear" or "the Long-Eared One". The character  wrote the Chinese word for "ear(s)".

Laozi is recorded bearing the courtesy name Boyang (, Bóyáng), whose Old Chinese pronunciation has been reconstructed as *pˤrak laŋ. The character  was the title of the eldest son born to the primary wife, or an uncle of the father's family who was older than one's father, also used as a noble title indicating an aristocratic lineage head with rulership over a small to medium domain, and as a general mark of respect. The character  is yang, the solar and masculine life force in Taoist belief. Lao Dan seems to have been used more generally, however, including by Sima Qian in his Records of the Grand Historian, in the Zhuangzi, and by some modern scholars.

Identity
By the mid-twentieth century, consensus had emerged among Western scholars that the historicity of a person known as Laozi is doubtful and that the Tao Te Ching is "a compilation of Taoist sayings by many hands", with an author being invented afterwards. The book's conspicuous absence of a central Master figure place it in marked contrast with nearly all other early Chinese philosophical works.

, the oldest text containing quotes from the Tao Te Ching dates to the late 4th century BC, written on bamboo slips excavated as part of the Guodian Chu Slips. However, these are mixed in with quotes from other works, indicating that the Tao Te Ching had not yet emerged as a distinct work. The oldest manuscripts of the Tao Te Ching in a complete form by itself were discovered at a tomb in Mawangdui, and date to the early 2nd century BCE. Analysis of early commentary on passages that appear in the received Tao Te Ching supports an accretionary evolution for the text rather than a singular authorship event.

Traditional accounts
The earliest biographical reference to Laozi is found in the 1st‑centuryBC Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian. Multiple accounts of Laozi's biography are presented, with Sima Qian expressing various levels of doubt in his sources.

In one account, Sima Qian reports that Laozi was said to be a contemporary of Confucius during the 6th or 5th centuryBC. His personal name was Er or Dan. was born in the village of Quren (, Qūrén lǐ) in the southern state of Chu, within present-day Luyi in Henan. He was said to be the son of the Censor-in-Chief of the Zhou dynasty and Lady Yishou (), and was a scholar who worked as the Keeper of the Archives for the royal court of Zhou. This reportedly allowed him broad access to the works of the Yellow Emperor and other classics of the time, and wrote a book in two parts before departing to the west.

In another, Laozi was a different contemporary of Confucius called Lao Laizi , and wrote a book in 15 parts. The story tells of Zong the Warrior who defeats an enemy and triumphs, and then abandons the corpses of the enemy soldiers to be eaten by vultures. By coincidence Laozi, traveling and teaching the way of the Tao, comes on the scene and is revealed to be the father of Zong, from whom he was separated in childhood. Laozi tells his son that it is better to treat respectfully a beaten enemy, and that the disrespect to their dead would cause his foes to seek revenge. Convinced, Zong orders his soldiers to bury the enemy dead. Funeral mourning is held for the dead of both parties and a lasting peace is made.

In a third, he was the court astrologer Lao Dan who lived during the 4th centuryBC reign of the Duke Xian of Qin who grew weary of the moral decay of life in Chengzhou and noted the kingdom's decline. He ventured west to live as a hermit in the unsettled frontier at the age of 80. At the western gate of the city (or kingdom), he was recognized by the guard Yinxi. The sentry asked the old master to record his wisdom for the good of the country before he would be permitted to pass. The text Laozi wrote was said to be the Tao Te Ching, although the present version of the text includes additions from later periods. In some versions of the tale, the sentry was so touched by the work that he became a disciple and left with Laozi, never to be seen again. In some later interpretations, the "Old Master" journeyed all the way to India and was the teacher of Siddartha Gautama, the Buddha. Others say he was the Buddha himself.

The stories assert that Laozi never opened a formal school but nonetheless attracted a large number of students and loyal disciples. There are many variations of a story retelling his encounter with Confucius, most famously in the Zhuangzi. His birthday is popularly held to be the 15th day of the second month of the Chinese calendar. In accounts where Laozi married, he was said to have had a son who became a celebrated soldier of Wei during the Warring States period.

Tao Te Ching

The Tao Te Ching is one of the most significant treatises in Chinese cosmogony. It is often called the Laozi, and has always been associated with that name. The identity of the person or people who wrote or compiled the text has been the source of considerable speculation and debate throughout history. As with many works of ancient Chinese philosophy, ideas are often explained by way of paradox, analogy, appropriation of ancient sayings, repetition, symmetry, rhyme, and rhythm. The Tao Te Ching stands as an exemplar of this literary form. Unlike most works of its genre, the book conspicuously lacks a central "master" character and seldom references historical people or events, giving it an air of timelessness.

The Tao Te Ching describes the Tao as the source and ideal of all existence: it is unseen, but not transcendent, immensely powerful yet supremely humble, being the root of all things. People have desires and free will (and thus are able to alter their own nature). Many act "unnaturally", upsetting the natural balance of the Tao. The Tao Te Ching intends to lead students to a "return" to their natural state, in harmony with Tao. Language and conventional wisdom are critically assessed. Taoism views them as inherently biased and artificial, widely using paradoxes to sharpen the point.

Wu wei (), literally "non-action" or "not acting", is a central concept of the Tao Te Ching. The concept of wu wei is multifaceted, and reflected in the words' multiple meanings, even in English translation; it can mean "not doing anything", "not forcing", "not acting" in the theatrical sense, "creating nothingness", "acting spontaneously", and "flowing with the moment".

This concept is used to explain ziran (), or harmony with the Tao. It includes the concepts that value distinctions are ideological and seeing ambition of all sorts as originating from the same source. Laozi used the term broadly with simplicity and humility as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. On a political level, it means avoiding such circumstances as war, harsh laws and heavy taxes. Some Taoists see a connection between wu wei and esoteric practices, such as zuowang (; "sitting in oblivion": emptying the mind of bodily awareness and thought) found in the Zhuangzi.

Alan Chan provides an example of how Laozi encouraged a change in approach, or return to "nature", rather than action. Technology may bring about a false sense of progress. The answer provided by Laozi is not the rejection of technology, but instead seeking the calm state of wu wei, free from desires. This relates to many statements by Laozi encouraging rulers to keep their people in "ignorance", or "simple-minded". Some scholars insist this explanation ignores the religious context, and others question it as an apologetic of the philosophical coherence of the text. It would not be unusual political advice if Laozi literally intended to tell rulers to keep their people ignorant. However, some terms in the text, such as "valley spirit" (, gushen) and "soul" (, po), bear a metaphysical context and cannot be easily reconciled with a purely ethical reading of the work.

Influence

Potential officials throughout Chinese history drew on the authority of non-Confucian sages, especially Laozi and Zhuangzi, to deny serving any ruler at any time. Zhuangzi, the other founder of Taoism, had a great deal of influence on Chinese literati and culture. Political theorists influenced by Laozi have advocated humility in leadership and a restrained approach to statecraft, either for ethical and pacifist reasons, or for tactical ends. In a different context, various antiauthoritarian movements have embraced Laozi's teachings on the power of the weak.

Han dynasty
The story of Laozi has taken on strong religious overtones since the Han dynasty. As Taoism took root, Laozi was worshipped as a god. Belief in the revelation of the Tao from the divine Laozi resulted in the formation of the Way of the Celestial Masters, the first organized religious Taoist sect. In later mature Taoist tradition, Laozi came to be seen as a personification of the Tao. He is said to have undergone numerous "transformations" and taken on various guises in various incarnations throughout history to initiate the faithful in the Way. Religious Taoism often holds that the "Old Master" did not disappear after writing the Tao Te Ching but rather spent his life traveling and revealing the Tao.

Taoist myths state that Laozi was a virgin birth, conceived when his mother gazed upon a falling star. He supposedly remained in her womb for 62 years before being born while his mother was leaning against a plum tree. (The Chinese surname Li literally means "plum tree".) Laozi was said to have emerged as a grown man with a full grey beard and long earlobes, both symbols of wisdom and long life. Other myths state that he was reborn 13 times after his first life during the days of Fuxi. In his last incarnation as Laozi, he lived nine hundred and ninety years and spent his life traveling to reveal the Tao.

Tang dynasty
Due to his traditional name Li Er, Laozi has been venerated as the ancestor of all subsequent Lis, and many clans of the Li family trace their descent to Laozi, including the emperors of the Tang dynasty. This family was known as the Longxi Li lineage (). According to the Simpkinses, while many (if not all) of these lineages are questionable, they provide a testament to Laozi's impact on Chinese culture. Under the Tang, Laozi received a series of temple names of increasing grandeur. In the year 666, Emperor Gaozong named Laozi the "Supremely Mysterious and Primordial Emperor"  Tàishàng Xuán Yuán Huángdì). In 743, Emperor Xuanzong declared him the "Sage Ancestor"  Shèngzǔ) of the dynasty with the posthumous title of "Mysterious and Primordial Emperor"  Xuán Yuán Huángdì). Emperor Xuanzong also elevated Laozi's parents to the ranks of "Innately Supreme Emperor"  Xiāntiān Tàishàng Huáng) and "Innate Empress"  Xiāntiān Tàihòu). In 749, Laozi was further honored as the "Sage Ancestor and Mysterious and Primordial Emperor of the Great Way"  Shèngzǔ Dàdào Xuán Yuán Huángdì) and then, in 754, as the "Great Sage Ancestor and Mysterious and Primordial Heavenly Emperor and Great Sovereign of the Golden Palace of the High and Supreme Great Way"  Dà Shèngzǔ Gāo Shǎng Dàdào Jīnquē Xuán Yuán Tiānhuáng Dàdì).

A seventh-century work, the Sandong Zhunang (; "Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns"), presents Laozi is the perfect Taoist master and a character named Yinxi as the ideal Taoist student. Yinxi follows a formal sequence of preparation, testing, training and attainment.

Tamil Nadu
In the Siddhar tradition of Tamil Nadu, the greatly revered Siddhar Bhogar, one of the 18 esteemed Siddhars of yore, is believed to be Laozi and is of Chinese origin. His caste, from obscure references is noted to be "Cinatecakkuyavar" or Chinese potter. In his principal book of poetry, the Bhogar 7000, he tells of his travels to China to spread his ideas on spirituality, specifically on the topic of sublimating the sexual energies and using said energies to become self-realised, with a spiritually-minded partner. His Jeeva Samadhi can be found in the southwestern corridor of the Dhandayuthapani Temple, Palani, Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu.

Contemporary
Many contemporary philosophers have seen Laozi as a proponent of limited government. The right-libertarian economist Murray Rothbard suggested that Laozi was the first libertarian, likening Laozi's ideas on government to Friedrich Hayek's theory of spontaneous order. James A. Dorn agreed, writing that Laozi, like many 18th-century liberals, "argued that minimizing the role of government and letting individuals develop spontaneously would best achieve social and economic harmony." Similarly, the Cato Institute's David Boaz includes passages from the Tao Te Ching''' in his 1997 book The Libertarian Reader and noted in an article for the Encyclopædia Britannica that Laozi advocated for rulers to "do nothing" because "without law or compulsion, men would dwell in harmony." Philosopher Roderick Long argues that libertarian themes in Taoist thought are actually borrowed from earlier Confucian writers.

The anarcho-syndicalist writer and activist Rudolf Rocker praised Laozi's "gentle wisdom" and understanding of the opposition between political power and the cultural activities of the people and communityin his 1937 book Nationalism and Culture. In his 1910 article for the Encyclopædia Britannica'', Peter Kropotkin also noted that Laozi was among the earliest proponents of essentially anarchist concepts. More recently, anarchists such as John P. Clark and Ursula K. Le Guin have written about the conjunction between anarchism and Taoism in various ways, highlighting the teachings of Laozi in particular. In her rendition of the Tao Te Ching, Le Guin writes that Laozi "does not see political power as magic. He sees rightful power as earned and wrongful power as usurped... He sees sacrifice of self or others as a corruption of power, and power as available to anyone who follows the Way. No wonder anarchists and Taoists make good friends."

Notes

References

 .
 .
 .

 .

Further reading

 .
 .

External links

 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Laozi
 Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Laozi

6th-century BC deaths
6th-century BC Chinese philosophers
7th-century BC births
Founders of religions
Investiture of the Gods characters
Metaphysicians
People whose existence is disputed
Philosophers of mind
Proto-anarchists
Chinese political philosophers
Social philosophers
Taoist immortals
Zhou dynasty philosophers
Zhou dynasty Taoists
Deified Chinese people

Laozi


Mylau Castle (formerly also known as Imperial Castle Mylau) is a fortification on a spur in the Reichenbach im Vogtland district of Mylau, Vogtland, Saxony, Germany. It is one of the best-preserved medieval castles in Saxony.

History
The castle was probably erected during the German eastward expansion under the regime of Emperor Barbarossa. It offered protection to the predominantly Frankish settlers in an area that was sparsely inhabited by Slavs. Under the protection of the castle, among others the trade city Reichenbach im Vogtland was founded. The  tall Bergfried was built according to Romanesque style. The castle was built as hill castle with a single courtyard on a ridge of approximately  long and  wide, at the point where the Seifenbach flows into the Göltzsch river. Originally four defense towers and a  deep dry boat surrounded the castle.

The first record of the Lords of Milin who inhabited the castle dates from 1214. As a result of the War of Vogtland (1354–1357), emperor Charles IV ordered them in 1367 to sell the castle to the Bohemic crown. That same year, he visited the castle and granted town privileges to the adjacent town of Mylau. Charles IV, whose relief in porphyry can be seen above the main entrance gate, instated a royal Bohemian office and began the expansion of the structure, which was continued by his sons Wenceslaus IV and Sigismund. Part of the castle was destroyed in 1400 due to a feud between Wenceslaus IV and the Vögte of the Vogtland. During the renovations, two large outer baileys were erected.

In 1422, Sigismund pledged Mylau Castle to the prince-elector of Saxony in gratitude for his services during the Hussite Wars. The castle would remain in the hands of the Saxons, except between 1547 and 1569 when a burgrave was appointed over the Vogtland. One of the members of the rotating burgraves was Joseph Levin von Metzsch (1507–1571), a friend of Martin Luther. In the late 16th century, the aristocratic Thuringian-Saxon Von Schönberg family owned the castle. It was no longer used for defense purposes, but received a residential destination. In 1772, following a large reconstruction, it lost its aristocratic estate and has been privately held since.

Between 1808 and 1828 it housed the first factory in northern Vogtland of local spinning magnate Christian Gotthelf Brückner (1769–1834). The various owners of the castle had it expanded and renovated various times before it became municipal property in 1982. In the late 19th century, a foundation had the castle rebuilt in historic style to serve as city hall, tavern and museum.

Attractions and current use

The many modifications in earlier and more recent history makes Mylau Castle a melting pot of styles. The museum that opened in 1883 contains the largest natural history collection in the Vogtland. It furthermore offers an expositions on the construction of the Göltzsch Viaduct and it provides information on the regional geology and mining. In 1899/1900, a room was dedicated to the aristocratic Metzsch family, who have long owned the castle. The most representative room of the castle is the council chamber, which was inspired by the Wartburg. From the castle's Market Gate, the Imperial Path leads up to the imperial court, along which 13 panels explain the castle's most remarkable features and describe the time under the emperors and Bohemian kings Charles IV, Wenceslaus IV and Sigismund.

Aside from the museum, the castle houses offices.

References

External links

Museum website
Municipal website

Museums in Saxony
Castles in Saxony
Imperial castles
Natural history museums in Germany
Historic house museums in Germany
Buildings and structures in Vogtlandkreis

Mylau Castle


Scott Arthur Tucker (September 17, 1957 – present) is an American conductor.  He is most widely known as the artistic director of The Choral Arts Society of Washington from 2012 to 2022, and as the director of choral music at Cornell University from 1995 to 2012.

Biography

Early Years
Tucker was born on September 17, 1957, in Massachusetts.  He started playing the trumpet at the age of nine, His maternal grandfather was an amateur musician and his sister became a professional musician.  He received a B.S. degree in psychology from Tufts University and a Bachelor of Music degree in trumpet performance from the New England Conservatory of Music through a five-year, double degree program.  He then spent some years as a freelance musician in the Boston area.  He subsequently earned a Master of Music degree in choral conducting from the New England Conservatory.  Following his graduate degree, Tucker served as assistant choral director at Harvard University for six years under Jameson Marvin, and as choral director at Milton Academy where his duties also included coaching basketball.  He also served as a tenor soloist at King's Chapel in Boston under the direction of Daniel Pinkham.

Cornell University, 1995-2012
In 1995, he was appointed as assistant professor at Cornell's music department, and as the director of choral music including responsibility for directing the Cornell University Glee Club and the Cornell University Chorus.  A review of a Glee Club performance in 2000 by The Washington Post, while not uncritical, found that Tucker had "forged an ensemble of a cappella singers fully in touch with one another."  Things improved steadily, and by 2011 a review in the San Francisco Classical Voice described Tucker as "a conductor who knows his medium well," praising "the ease and smoothness of the delivery, the unity in the expressive shaping of phrases, [and] the musical flow," all of which reflected "Tucker's sound musicianship and obvious rapport with his singers."

The Cornell choral program also experienced organizational growth during Tucker's tenure.  In 2006, Tucker's position was endowed as the Priscilla Edwards Browning Director of Choral Music.  While at Cornell, he oversaw new commissioning projects for both the Chorus and Glee Club, including a project for the Chorus informally titled "No Whining, No Flowers" that focused on commissioning women composers to set texts by women poets.

Choral Arts Society of Washington, 2012-2022
On March 28, 2012, Tucker was appointed as director of the Choral Arts Society of Washington, succeeding Norman Scribner for the 2012-13 season. Tucker was viewed as a surprise candidate and a relatively unknown figure in Washington. His musicality, rapport with the chorus during the audition process, and his fundraising and commissioning experience were all viewed as factors positively contributing to his selection.  After 10 seasons, Tucker retired as director of Choral Arts at the end of the 2021-22 season.

Awards
Under Tucker's direction, the Cornell University Glee Club performed as an invited chorus at the 2009 American Choral Directors Association National Convention in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.  The Glee Club was also accepted to compete in the 2012 Llangollen International Musical Eisteddfod in Wales.

Tucker previously received a Talbot Baker Award from Milton Academy for excellence in teaching, an award from the St. Botolph Club Foundation in Boston, and was a Presser Scholar at Tufts University.

External links
 Official website

References

American male conductors (music)
Living people
1957 births
Cornell University faculty
21st-century American conductors (music)
21st-century American male musicians

Scott Tucker (conductor)


Pahura, and also spelled Pihur/Pihuru, Pihura, and Pihuru/Pihure was a commissioner of the 1350 BC Amarna letters correspondence. Pahura's name means in Egyptian,  ' the Syrian ' , and he was commissioner to the Egyptian pharaoh.

Pahura is referenced in 9-letters of the Amarna letters corpus. Two damaged partial letters are only topically identified by Pahura's name, with no other references: letters EA 207 and 208, (EA for 'el Amarna').

An example letter (with commissioner Pihura)
The largest sub-corpus of Amarna letters is from the Rib-Haddi corpus: namely Rib-Hadda of Gubla-(Byblos). EA 132, entitled: "The hope for peace" shows some of the intrigues of the 68-letter Rib-Haddi corpus of letters.

EA 132, "The hope for peace"
Letter no. 61 of 68 by Rib-Haddi.
[S]ay [to] the king, my lord, m[y] Sun: Message of Rib-Hadda, your [ser]vant. May the Lady of Gubla grant power to the king, my lord. I fall at the feet of my lord 7 times and 7 times. Moreover, give thought to Gubla, your loyal city. Earlier, 'Abdi-Aširta attacked me, and I wrote to your father, (i.e. Amenhotep III), "Send the royal archers, and the entire land will be taken in a day." Did he not take fo[r himself' 'Abdi-Aširt[a], together with his possessions? Now Aziru has gathered a[ll] the 'Apiru and has said to them, "If Gubla is not ... [...]" [L]ook, Yanhamu being with you, a[sk him] if I did not say to him, "If you make an alliance ... [...] with the sons of 'Abdi-Aširta, they will take you prisoner." He listened t[o me], and he guarded the c[ities] of the king, his lord. I said the same thing to Pawura so he would not listen to the words of Ha'ip, (named for god: Hapy), whose father turned the citi[es] into enemies. Now Ha'ip has hand[ed over] Sumur-(Zemar). May the king not neglect this deed, since a commissioner was killed. If now you are negligent, then Pihura will not stay in Kumidu, and all your [ma]yors will be killed. I keep (wr)iting like this to the pa[lac]e, [but] no attention is paid [t]o me. Send ships to fetch the Lady's property and me. [Sen]d 50–100 men and 50–100 m[en fro]m Meluhha, 50 chariots, [to g]uard [the city] for you. Se[nd] archers and bring peace to the land.  -EA 132, lines 1-59 (lacuna of 3-4 middle sentences)

See also
Rib-Hadda
Haapi, Eyptian commissioner
Yanhamu, Eyptian commissioner
Pawura, Eyptian official
Text corpus

References
Moran, William L. The Amarna Letters. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. (softcover, )

Amarna letters officials
Canaanite people
14th-century BC people

Pahura


Francesco Piccolo (born 1964) is an Italian author of novels, short stories and screen plays. In 2014, he won Italy's leading literary award the Premio Strega for Il desiderio di essere come tutti.

Life and career
Piccolo was born at Caserta. His novels and short story collections include Allegro occidentale, E se c'ero dormivo, Il tempo imperfetto, and Storie di primogeniti e figli unici (all published by Feltrinelli); l'Italia spensierata (Laterza); and La separazione del maschio (Einaudi). With Storie di primogeniti e figli unici he won two literary prizes: the Premio Giuseppe Berto and the Premio letterario Piero Chiara.

In the cinema he has worked on screenplays for My Name Is Tanino, Paz! (based on cartoons by Andrea Pazienza), Ovunque sei, Il caimano (for which he, Nanni Moretti and Federica Pontremoli were awarded the 2006 David di Donatello for Best Script), Nemmeno in un sogno, Caos calmo (in which he also made an appearance) and Giorni e nuvole.

He has also written for newspapers and periodicals, including la Repubblica and Diario. Piccolo lives in Rome, where he runs the screenwriters laboratory for the DAMS course at Roma Tre.

Notes
This article originated as a translation of this version of its counterpart in the Italian-language Wikipedia.

External links
 Maria Agostinelli, 'Francesco Piccolo: tra cinema e narrativa', RaiLibro.

1964 births
Living people
People from Caserta
Italian screenwriters
Italian male screenwriters
David di Donatello winners

Francesco Piccolo


Cordtex is a type of detonating cord generally used in mining. It uses an explosive core of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) inside its plastic coating.

It is commonly the thickness of electrical extension cord and has a detonation velocity of approximately 6000–7000 metres per second.  It is used to "daisychain" a sequence of explosives together.

It can also be used in short lengths in simple boobytraps and early warning devices.

See also
 Primacord

Detonators
Explosives

Cordtex


Franjo Gregurić (; born 12 October 1939) is a Croatian politician who served as Prime Minister of Croatia from July 1991 to September 1992 leading a national unity government at the beginning of the Croatian War of Independence.

Gregurić was born in the Zagorje village of Lobor. He attended the Technical highschool in Zagreb, and then the Technical Faculty of the University of Zagreb.  His work experience included the chemical factories "Radonja" in Sisak, and "Chromos" in Zagreb, where he advanced to the positions of a technical director. He then became a high-ranking official of "Astra", a large state-owned company from Zagreb that exported to the Soviet Union, and Gregurić worked in Moscow for some time.

In the first democratic elections of 1990, Franjo Gregurić entered politics as a member of the Croatian Democratic Union. In the second Croatian government in 1990 he was a deputy prime minister.  On 17 July 1991, he was appointed to the post of prime minister by President Franjo Tuđman.

When he took his post, Croatia was in very difficult situation - its independence, declared on 25 June 1991, was not recognised by the international community and Croatia, unlike Slovenia, lacked proper military infrastructure to resist Krajina rebels backed by Yugoslav People's Army. Only few weeks later, following couple of disastrous setbacks for nascent and inexperienced Croatian military, his cabinet was reshuffled by introducing of members of other political parties represented in Croatian Parliament (with exception of Croatian Party of Rights).

This cabinet, later dubbed as "Government of National Unity", was in charge when major combat operations in Croatia ceased on 3 January 1992, following UN-sponsored armistice. On 15 January 1992 Croatian independence was recognised by major European countries.

This is hailed as the greatest achievement of Gregurić's cabinet, while Gregurić himself enjoyed favourable reputation because of his mild manners and managerial skills. His cabinet was often taken as a great example of national unity under difficult situation.

Those achievements, however, must be taken into proper context. Foreign policy was in hands of Franjo Tuđman, while defence was in hands of Gojko Šušak and military officials responsible only to President. That left Gregurić with more mundane tasks like issuing first Croatian currency and setting up Croatian air traffic control and other institution previously in Yugoslav federal jurisdiction.

With war generally perceived to be over and with prospects of new elections, "Government of National Unity" began to fall apart. In February 1992 his government proposed the laws offering territorial autonomy to ethnic Serbs in Krajina in exchange for their formal recognition of Croatian sovereignty. Dražen Budiša, one of government's ministers and leader of Croatian Social Liberal Party, left the government in protest. This was followed by representative of other parties who gradually left the government.

By the end of his term, cabinet of Franjo Gregurić again had members of only one party.

At parliamentary elections of 1992, Gregurić was elected as representative of HDZ and remained in that party.

Gregurić was later the president of the Croatian Firefighting Association between 1993 and 2000.

In May 2010, Gregurić was appointed the head of the Supervisory board at Institut IGH.

See also
 Cabinet of Franjo Gregurić

References

1939 births
Living people
People from Lobor
Croatian Democratic Union politicians
Prime Ministers of Croatia
Representatives in the modern Croatian Parliament

Franjo Gregurić


Drew is an unincorporated community in Douglas County, Oregon, United States. It is located about six miles south of Tiller and 21 miles north of Trail on Oregon Route 227, surrounded by the Umpqua National Forest.

Drew was probably named after Robert Drew, a local resident. Drew post office was established in 1902 and discontinued in 1971. In 1915 the community had a public school, and the nearest railroad point was 32 miles away in Riddle. As of 1990 there were only a few houses. Drew has a general store and a museum in the former Tison School building, built of logs in 1906.

At one time Drew's economy was based primarily on logging, but in a 2006 study, the federal government identified the Milo-Tiller-Drew area as a "community of concern" because of the negative impact the Northwest Forest Plan had on it.

References

Unincorporated communities in Douglas County, Oregon
1902 establishments in Oregon
Populated places established in 1902
Unincorporated communities in Oregon

Drew, Oregon


Henry Humphreys was a Hong Kong businessman and member of the Sanitary Board.

Henry Humphreys moved to Hong Kong in 1889 to enter into business. He was the manager of the J. D. Humphreys & Son set up by J. D. Humphreys who set his office at the Alexandra Building. The J. D. Humphreys & Son was the general managers of the Peak Tramways & Co., A. S. Watson & Co. where he was the chairman, and the Humphreys Estate and Finance Company where Henry Humphreys was the liquidator of the Humphreys Estate and Finance Company, Limited. He lived on the Peak Road.

Henry Humphreys ran for one of the vacant seat on the Sanitary Board in the 1906 election. He was appointed by Governor Matthew Nathan to the Public Health and Regulations Ordinance Commission in 1906 to inquiry into the alleged corruption and bribery in the Sanitary Department, which led to the amendment of the Public Health and Building Ordinance to reform the Sanitary Board in 1908.

He left Hong Kong for home in 1933.

References

British expatriates in Hong Kong
Hong Kong businesspeople
Members of the Sanitary Board of Hong Kong

Henry Humphreys


Plantaže (, ; MNSE: PLAP) is a Montenegrin wine and grape brandy producer.

Overview
AD Plantaže, a joint stock company presently incorporated into Holding company "Agrokombinat 13 jul", is the biggest Montenegrin viticultural and winemaking company, and one of the biggest companies in Montenegro overall. The company is based in the Montenegrin capital of Podgorica.

It was founded in 1963, and deals with the production of wine and table grapes, peach, production and distribution of wine and grape brandies, fish farming, catering and retail trade. The most important segment of the company is related to the production of grapes and wine, and it owns one of the largest vineyards in Europe with over  surface, covered with more than 11 million grapevines. The vineyards are situated in the Ćemovsko polje, a flat and sunny area located south of Podgorica.

AD Plantaže is one of the largest producers of grapes and wine in the region, with an annual production of wine grapes close to 22 million kg, and 17 million bottles sold annually. The company exports its products to over 30 countries, and is the market leader in its sector in the Balkans region.

Products

Wines

 Red wines:
 Vranac
 Vranac Pro Corde
 Merlot
 Cabernet
 White wines:
 Chardonnay
 Krstač

Grape brandies

 Montenegrin Grape Brandy (Lozova rakija)
 Prvijenac
 Kruna

See also
 List of companies of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

References

External links
 Official Website
 Listing on the Montenegro Stock Exchange

Wineries of Montenegro

Plantaže


White's Island is an island located in Hamilton Harbour in Hamilton, Bermuda, the only island directly adjoined on all sides by the harbour.

History

The island was originally known as Hunt's Island. Following US independence, the Royal Navy, deprived of its continental bases between Nova Scotia and the West Indies, established the Royal Naval Dockyard on Ireland Island. In addition to Ireland, Boaz, and Watford islands at the West of the Great Sound, the Admiralty purchased most of the small islands in the Great Sound and Hamilton Harbour. Over the following century, the Royal Navy and the British Army found various uses of these smaller islands.

US Naval use

White's Island served as a United States Navy base (Number 24) during the closing years of the First World War, being used as a staging point for anti-submarine vessels deploying to the European theatre of operations during their trans-Atlantic crossings.

Controversies

White's Island currently belongs to the Bermuda Government, assigned to its Department of Youth, Sport and Recreation, which has permitted its use for many years by youth charities. The Bermuda Sailing Association (BSA) had an informal lease, which it lost on September 28, 2010, when a minister of the Progressive Labour Party government granted a 21-year lease to a new charity, CARTEL (Challenging and Reclaiming the True Essence of Life), for use in its youth rehabilitation programme. The government of Bermuda closed the Training School, its last facility for juvenile delinquents (a youth prison that had been located on Paget Island, Bermuda, in St. George's Harbour), two decades before.  Leases of government land for twenty-one years or longer require parliamentary approval. The PLP government avoided this by granting a lease for one day short of twenty-one years. The BSA was forced to relocate its youth sailing programme to Darrell's Island. The Bermuda Amateur Swimming Association (BASA), which had also long had free use of White's Island for its own youth programme, was advised it would have to pay CARTEL $10 per child per week for its continued use of the island. The Bermuda Rowing Association was permitted to continue its use of the island for its youth programme at no charge. The granting of a lease to CARTEL, which is controlled by PLP party officers, is tied to wider accusations of the misappropriation of government revenues and assets by the PLP, which was defeated in the parliamentary election of 2012.

The association typically welcomes 80 to 120 children a week to the camp, meaning it could have to pay CARTEL as much as $7,200 before the end of the summer.

In 2013, the Corporation of the City of Hamilton revealed its controversial redevelopment plans for the Hamilton waterfront, which include a casino hotel on White's. As gambling is illegal in Bermuda, and a promised referendum on its legalisation has not yet been held, critics have questioned why the corporation and the private company with which it has partnered are already planning a casino.

See also
Hamilton Harbour
Hamilton, Bermuda
Paget, Bermuda
United States Naval Station White's Island, Bermuda

References

Islands of Bermuda
Hamilton, Bermuda
Paget Parish

White's Island


The Jazz at the Lake: Lake George Jazz Weekend was started in 1984 in upstate New York by artistic director and host Paul Pines, "poet of jazz" and founder of The Tin Palace jazz nightclub, and program director John Strong.  Presented by the Lake George Arts Project, this free festival weekend of contemporary jazz, featuring nationally acclaimed performers in Lake George Village's Shepard Park, celebrated its 30th year in September 2013.  "One of the best-kept secrets on the Eastern jazz festival circuit, the Lake George Jazz Festival is a gem worth discovering;"  Downbeat Magazine gave "Credit [to] Brooklyn-born jazz impresario Paul Pines—curator for all 33 of those festivals—with maintaining a consistently high level of artistry throughout those years."

The Festival features old masters and unsung heroes deserving recognition for their energy and invention from Bud Shank to Sun Ra; young artists Don Byron, Cyrille Aimée, Sharel Cassity and Christian Scott; composers Ben Allison and Amina Figorova; soloists Fred Hersch and national treasures Sheila Jordan and James Moody; big bands drawing from the Afro-Cuban lineage, Jane Bunnett and Maqueque, her band of female Cuban All-Stars, Manuel Valera and New Cuban Express; and contemporary visions such as the Dave Liebman Big Band and The Diva Jazz Orchestra; and "out of the box," the Aardvark Jazz Orchestra, The Either/Orchestra and the Ghost Train Symphony Orchestra. High moments include Alto Madness' Richie Cole walking through the audience with a ten-year-old boy on his shoulders as he improvised to Somewhere over the Rainbow and when David Amram led the Glens Falls Symphony Orchestra and T.S. Monk's ensemble in a version of New York, New York the weekend after 9/11. Over the years through the generosity of private donors the Lake George Jazz Weekend has built an audience that spans generations and travels from throughout the US and Canada to attend.

The Venue
The Shepard Park venue, directly on Lake George, can be seen in the  "Jazz at the Lake 30-Year Commemorative Documentary Preview."

The Performers
Jazz at the Lake: Lake George Jazz Weekend of contemporary jazz features nationally acclaimed performers.  A partial list includes:

2016
"Celebrating Women in Jazz," showcased The Brubeck Brothers, singer Charenee Wade, Lao Tizer Quintet with Violinist Karen Briggs, pianist-composer Amina Figarova, 15-piece all-female The Diva Jazz Orchestra led by drummer and co-founder Sherrie Maricle,
the Edmar Castañeda Trio, Michael Benedict's Gary McFarland Legacy Ensemble and the Los Angeles-based funk-fusion trio Tizer, led by keyboardist-composer Lao Tizer;

2014
Anat Cohen, the Israeli born clarinetist and saxophonist and her quartet, French singer Cyrille Aimée with her quintet, Jane Bunnett and Maqueque, her band of female Cuban All-Stars with gypsy jazz and Afro-Cuban music; Raymond Scott Orchestrette, Billy Martin's Wicked Knee, Steven Bernstein's  Sexmob,  Manuel Valera & New Cuban Express;

2012
Emilio Solla Quintet, Sachal Vasandani, Warren Wolf Group, Donald Harrison & Congo Square Nation, John Tank & the Tin Palace Reunion Band, Steven Bernstein's Millennial Territory Orchestra, John "Jellybean" Benitez with Donald Harrison;

2011
Osmany Peredes Quartet, John Ellis and Double-Wide, Grace Kelly Quintet, Don Byron Gospel Quintet, Charles Cornell Quartet, Apex: Rudresh Mahanthappa and Bunky Green, Kyle Eastwood Quintet.

See also
List of jazz festivals

References

External links
 The Lake George Arts Project "Jazz at the Lake" event listing
 Jazz at the Lake: 30 Year Commemorative Documentary on North Country Public Radio
 :A FEW MINUTES WITH… Paul Pines, Curator of Jazz at the Lake" from Nippertown
  Paul Pines Official Website, Jazz

Jazz festivals in New York (state)
Jazz clubs in New York (state)


Pierre Athanase Chauvin was a French painter active in Italy.

Chauvin was a student of the landscape painter Pierre-Henri de Valenciennes. He began his career at the Paris Salon in 1793 and won the First Class Medal in 1819 with his painting Charles VIII's entry into Acquapendente. The painting was commissioned by Louis XVIII of France for the Galerie de Diane at the Palace of Fontainebleau.

In 1813, Chauvin settled in Rome and became a member of the Accademia di San Luca. Chauvin's views of Italy show the influence of Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres in their both classical and realist style. Chauvin knew Ingres and the latter painted portraits of Chauvin and his wife in 1814.

Chauvin was elected Chevalier of the Legion of Honor in 1828.

His work was represented in the exhibition An Enchanted Country. Italy depicted by Artists from Thomas Jones to Corot at the Centro Internazionale d'Arte e di Cultura di Palazzo Te in Mantua, Italy in 2001.

References

 An Enchanted Country. Italy depicted by Artists from Thomas Jones to Corot Exhibition Catalogue, Ottarri Cavina, Anna, Electa, Milan, 2001
De David a Delacroix: La Peinture francaise de 1774 à 1830 Exhibition Catalogue, Paris Grand Palais, 1974, pp 349–351
Grove Dictionary of Art, Lorraine Peake, vol. 6, p. 519

Further reading

18th-century French painters
French male painters
19th-century French painters
Knights of the Legion of Honour
1774 births
1832 deaths
Painters from Paris
19th-century French male artists
18th-century French male artists

Pierre-Athanase Chauvin


All Points East is an annual music festival held over two weekends in London's Victoria Park, run by AEG Presents. The 10-day event comprises one festival weekend, four days of free entry and community activities known as "In the Neighbourhood" and finally three standalone headline shows in their APE Presents series. The first year of All Points East was held in 2018 with LCD Soundsystem, The xx and Björk headlining the festival weekend and Catfish and the Bottlemen, The National and Nick Cave headlining the three standalone shows the following weekend.

On 6 November 2018, it was announced that The Chemical Brothers would headline the first day of All Points East 2019, with Hot Chip, Primal Scream, Spiritualized and more. This was followed by the announcement that Bon Iver would close the festival. The other four headliners for 2019 were The Strokes, Christine and the Queens, Bring Me the Horizon and Mumford and Sons.

In December 2018, All Points East won the award for Line-Up of the Year at the UK Festival Awards. In May 2019, All Points East won the award for Best Festival at the Music Week Awards 2019.

Capacity at the 2019 festival was stated as 40,000.

All Points East Festival 2018

All Points East Festival 2019

All Points East Festival 2020 (cancelled)
The 2020 festival was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Before the cancellation the announced lineup was:

All Points East Festival 2021
After a one-year absence, All Points East Festival returned in 2021. It was held on 27 August to 2 September 2021. The headliners were London Grammar, Jorja Smith, Jamie xx, Kano, Bicep, Foals, and Bombay Bicycle Club.

References

Music festivals in London

All Points East


Caesar and Cleopatra is a play written in 1898 by George Bernard Shaw that is a fictionalized relationship between Julius Caesar and Cleopatra. It was first published with Captain Brassbound's Conversion and The Devil's Disciple in Shaw's 1901 collection Three Plays for Puritans.

It was first performed in a single staged reading at Newcastle upon Tyne on 15 March 1899. It was later shown in New York in 1906 and in London at the Savoy Theatre in 1907.

Other websites
 Three Plays for Puritans: The Devil's Disciple, Cæsar and Cleopatra, & Captain Brassbound's Conversion, a digitized copy of the first edition from Internet Archive.
 Caesar and Cleopatra, including the alternative prologues.

Plays by George Bernard Shaw
19th-century plays

Caesar and Cleopatra (play)


Shortugai (Shortughai), in Darqad District of northern Afghanistan, was a trading colony of the Indus Valley civilization (or Harappan Civilization) established around 2000 BC on the Oxus river (Amu Darya) near the lapis lazuli mines.  It is considered to be the northernmost settlement of the Indus Valley Civilization. According to Bernard Sergent, "not one of the standard characteristics of the Harappan cultural complex is missing from it".

Trading post

The IVC site at Shortugai was a trading post of Harappan times and it seems to be connected with lapis lazuli mines located in the surrounding area. It also might have connections with tin trade (found at Afghanistan) and camel trade, along with other Afghan valuables. There are archaeologists who raise the issue of the absence of coinage and of an agreed decipherment despite the extensive trade networks controlled and operated by the settlement.

Excavation site

Excavation site consists of two hills called "Site A" and "Site B" by the excavators. One of these site was the ancient IVC town, the other one was the citadel. Each of these is about 2 hectares large.

Artifact findings

The Shortugai site was discovered in 1976 and, since then, excavators were able to find carnelian and lapis lazuli beads, bronze objects, terracotta figurines. Other typical finds of the Indus Valley Civilization include one seal with a short inscription and a rhinoceros motif, clay models of cattle with carts and painted pottery. Pottery with Harappan design, jars, beakers, bronze objects, gold pieces, lapis lazuli beads, other types of beads, drill heads, shell bangles etc. are other findings. Square seals with animal motifs and script confirms this as a site belonging to Indus Valley Civilisation (not just having contact with IVC).
Bricks had typical Harappan measurements.

Dryland farming

A ploughed field with flax seeds in this site indicate dry land farming and irrigation canals dug to bring water from Kokcha (25 km distance) also indicate efforts put in agriculture. There are several theories that explain the existence of canal irrigation system in the area. The first involves the suggestion that the Indus settlers brought the technology with them. Another theory proposes that the canal was part of the influence of the Namazga culture, which flourished in the adjacent southern Turkmenia.

See also
 List of Indus Valley Civilisation sites
 List of archaeological sites by country
 List of archaeological sites by continent and age
 World Heritage Sites by country

References

Further reading

Henri-Paul Francfort: Fouilles de Shortughai, Recherches sur L'Asie Centrale Protohistorique Paris: Diffusion de Boccard, 1989

Indus Valley civilisation sites
Former populated places in Afghanistan

Shortugai


The River Cree is a river in Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland that rins throu Newtoun Stewart an intil the Solway Firth.  It forms a pairt o the boond atween the historical coonties o Wigtounshire an Kirkcoubrieshire. The watters of the Cree is the Minnoch Watter, Trool Watter, Penkiln Burn an Palnure Watter that souk fae the Range o the Awfu Haund, the labyrinth-like range o muntains an lochs, bogs, burns, an crags, risin at its heichest til the Merrick (that is 2,764 fit abuin sea level), 12 mile til the north an veesible fae Newtoun Stewart.

The River Cree providit a route fae the coast til the forestit hinterland. Than it becam the boond atween communitys leevin on baith sides, dividin Wigtounshire fae Kirkcoubrieshire. It divides an aw the pairish o Peningham fae the pairish o Minnigaff, an the toun o Newtoun Stewart fae the veelages o Creebrig and Minnigaff, sicweys identifyin a variety o admeenistrative entitys. Thare wis twa-three brigs until the 18t century an towes and local customs coud be excised at sic crossin pynts. The Cree wis an aw the soorce o pouer for the claith mills built in Newtoun Stewart in the 18t century whan watter pouer wis a key element in industrial development.

Maist o the time, the Cree is fuirdable an the auld site o the main fuird, juist ablo the praisent brig, is still veesible in the street ootset o Newtoun Stewart. The location o the first wuiden brig an the boat ferry is still identifiable local laundmerks juist til the north o the praisent brig.

A new steel brig, the Sparling Brig, wis strung across the river doun the watter o the Toun Brig in 1998 as pairt o an attractive riverside walk. The brig is name't efter the fish - the spirlin (or smelt, rash-fish, or Cherry o Tay) (Osmerus eperlanus) that breeds yet in the rivermooth, ane o anely three sites in Scotland. Maistly for this reason the Cree mooth, "The Sleeky Cree", is a Site o Speicial Scienteefic Interest (SSSI). The remeenin brig down the watter o Newtoun Stewart wis built in 1979 as a part o the A75 road bypass.

Afore thare wis proper roads, an afore the railwey cam tae Gallowa in the 19th century, bouky guids sic as coal an fertilisers, graivel an grain, timmer an stane, wis transportit bi sea. The Cree his a windin, sleeky rivermooth, no guid for navigation, bit thare wis a herbour at the Carty Port, a couple o mile sooth o Newtoun Stewart, an ither anes forder doun the river mooth at Wigtoun an Creetoun that coastal cargaes wis tredit fae. Raiglar services linkit the Solway ports wi Liverpuil. Awtho baith o thir ports is nou awmaist in ruination, thare is acteeve fishin ports yet forder sooth aroond the Machars peninsula at Garliestoun, the Isle o Whithorn, an Port William.

The shore is hame an aw tae feeshin tradeetions, wildlilfe, and a lairge expanse o saut merses - the "inks". Wigtoun Bay is nou a goamt wildlife hainin, whaur saut merses is gresst bi sheep aw year roond an bi muckle flocks o wild guiss in the winter. The bay is parteecular notit for the important nummers o pink-fittit geese (Anser brachyrhyncus) that winters on the inks.

Saumon fisherys uisin stake nets can be seen yet in the bay bit is no langer common. Ither tradeetional methods o saumon fishin uisin "haaf nets" hae dwinnled an aw. Houiver, keen anglers return year efter year til the Cree, an fine fresh-ran saumon is catcht yet in worthwhile nummers.

References

Rivers o Dumfries an Gallowa
Places o Scotland

River Cree


Hans Georg Conried Jr. (April 15, 1917 – January 5, 1982) was an American actor and comedian. He was known for providing the voices of George Darling and Captain Hook in Walt Disney's Peter Pan (1953), Snidely Whiplash in Jay Ward's Dudley Do-Right cartoons, Professor Waldo P. Wigglesworth in Ward's Hoppity Hooper cartoons, was host of Ward's "Fractured Flickers" and Professor Kropotkin on the radio and film versions of My Friend Irma. He also appeared as Uncle Tonoose on Danny Thomas' sitcom Make Room for Daddy, and twice on I Love Lucy.

Early life
Conried was born on April 15, 1917, in Baltimore, Maryland to parents Edith Beryl (née Gildersleeve) and Hans Georg Conried. His Connecticut-born mother was a descendant of Pilgrims, and his father was a Jewish immigrant from Vienna, Austria. He was raised in Baltimore and in New York City.

Career
Conried studied acting at Columbia University and went on to play major classical roles onstage. This led him into radio in 1937, when he appeared in a supporting role in a broadcast of The Taming of the Shrew on KECA in Los Angeles, California. Four years later, a newspaper reported about his role on Hedda Hopper's Hollywood: "But at the mike, he's equally convincing as old men, drunks, dialeticians, or Shakesperean tragedians. Miss Hopper favors him for her dramatizations when the script will allow him, as she puts it, 'to have his head.'"
Impressed with Conried's versatility,  a scout for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer signed him as a character player in 1938.

Conried's early screen roles were incidental bits, usually comic but sometimes shady or cowardly, depending on the context. He stayed with MGM until 1941, then began freelancing. His first major featured role was at Columbia Pictures as a worldly, architectural visionary who disrupted the household in Blondie's Blessed Event (1942). That established him as a comic figure in feature films. His Germanic surname got him cast as enemy agents in many wartime films, and he became a dialect specialist.

During World War II, Conried enlisted in the U.S. Army in September 1944. He trained at Fort Knox as a tank crewman until the army decided he was too tall. He became a heavy mortar crewman then was sent to the Philippines as an engineer laborer until fellow actor Jack Kruschen obtained his release for service with the Armed Forces Radio Network.

Conried remained active in radio during the 1940s and 1950s. He was in the regular cast of Orson Welles' Ceiling Unlimited, for which he wrote the December 14, 1942, episode, "War Workers". On The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show, he played a psychiatrist whom George regularly consults for help in dealing with the ditzy Gracie.
Conried was also a regular on the CBS Radio program Life with Luigi, portraying Schultz, a German classmate. He also played occasional dialect roles on CBS's detective series Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar.

Even as a younger man, Conried appeared much older than his actual age and he was frequently cast as middle-aged or even elderly pompous, scholarly types. His impeccable diction and inimitable growl were well suited to the roles he played, whether portraying the dim Professor Kropotkin in the radio show My Friend Irma or as comic villains and mock-sinister or cranky types. In 1949, while filming the movie version of My Friend Irma,  character actor Felix Bressart, cast as Professor Kropotkin, died suddenly during production. Conried, the radio Kropotkin, stepped in to finish the picture. Most of the footage shows Bressart; Conried appears in a few scenes in identical costume and makeup, with Conried's voice used throughout.

Hans Conried's first leading film role was the independent science fiction comedy The Twonky in 1953. Two years later, Conried appeared as a riverboat gambler in Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier.

Dr. Seuss
Theodore Geisel, better known as children's author Dr. Seuss, was preparing a documentary feature largely made up of captured Japanese newsreel footage, Design for Death (1948). Geisel hired actor Kent Smith as the "American" narrator, and Hans Conried as the "Japanese" narrator. The film won an Academy Award.

Geisel remembered Conried when he was preparing an expensive Technicolor fantasy, The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T. (1953), which included the dominant role of a demanding, dictatorial piano teacher. Conried was cast as the foreboding "Dr. Terwilliker" and turned in a bravura performance that might have changed his career. Unfortunately the film was too arty and eccentric for critics and moviegoers of the day, and was a costly failure. He reflected on the film's boxoffice fate in a 1970 interview with Leonard Maltin: "The picture never made its print money back. It was comparable only to Wilson as one of the great money-losers of all time; it would stop conversation for some years at any Hollywood social gathering."

The film's financial failure didn't affect his working relationship with Geisel, so he went on to work for three Dr. Seuss television specials. His final role for Dr. Seuss would be the 1977 Halloween TV special produced by DePatie-Freleng Enterprises, Halloween is Grinch Night, as The Grinch and the Narrator, a role originated by Boris Karloff in How the Grinch Stole Christmas. Five years later, in 1982, Conried was set to reprise his role as the Grinch for The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat, but he was in poor health and his death caused Bob Holt to take over the role as the Grinch.

Cartoons
Conried's colorful voice gained him much work in animated cartoons. He was featured in Walt Disney's Peter Pan as both Captain Hook and Mr. Darling (following the tradition of having both characters portrayed by the same actor). He then went on to pose live-action reference and audition for Aurora's father, King Stefan, in another Disney animated film, Sleeping Beauty, but the voice role of Stefan was officially taken by Taylor Holmes for the film's final cut. Nevertheless, Conried hosted several episodes of Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color as the Magic Mirror from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.

Conried also became a charter member of the Jay Ward-Bill Scott  stock company. He  voiced the character of Snidely Whiplash in the Dudley Do-Right segments of The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, and Professor Waldo P.  Wigglesworth on Hoppity Hooper. Ward and Scott cast him as the live-action host of Fractured Flickers, a wildly satirical, tongue-in-cheek salute to silent movies.

He also voiced Wally Walrus on The Woody Woodpecker Show and Dr. Dred on Drak Pack. According to the DVD commentary of Futurama, he was the inspiration for the voice created for Robot Devil.

Television

From 1955 to 1964, Conried made 19 guest appearances as "Uncle Tonoose" in Make Room for Daddy on ABC and then CBS, and four appearances as other characters.

He was featured in the 1958 episode, "What Makes Opera Grand?", on the anthology series Omnibus. The episode, an analysis by Leonard Bernstein, showing the powerful effect of music in opera, featured Conried as Marcello in a spoken dramatization of Act III of Puccini's La Bohème. The program demonstrated the effect of the music in La Bohème by having actors speak portions of the libretto in English, followed by opera singers singing the same lines in the original Italian.

Conried was a regular guest on Jack Paar's Tonight Show from 1959 to 1962. He was a regular panelist on the pantomime program Stump the Stars and a semi-regular guest on the Ernie Kovacs-hosted game show Take a Good Look.

In 1977, Conried joined the cast for the second and final season of The Tony Randall Show in the recurring role of Judge Franklin's irascible father, Wyatt.

His many guest appearances included I Love Lucy, Davy Crockett, The Californians, Hey, Jeannie!, The Ray Milland Show, The DuPont Show with June Allyson, The Real McCoys, Mister Ed, The Islanders, Ben Casey, Dr. Kildare, Lost in Space, Daniel Boone, The Beverly Hillbillies, The Lucy Show, Gilligan's Island, The Monkees, Have Gun – Will Travel, Love, American Style, Here's Lucy, Kolchak, Alice, Laverne & Shirley, The Love Boat, Hogan's Heroes, Match Game, Maverick, The Donna Reed Show, Fantasy Island  and Quark.

Stage appearances
Conried made his Broadway debut in the Cole Porter musical Can-Can, where he played a struggling artist and sang two musical numbers. In 1971, he appeared in 70, Girls, 70 and two years later was a replacement performer in the revival of Irene starring Debbie Reynolds.

Personal life
Conried married Margaret Grant on January 29, 1942; they had four children.

Death
Conried had a long history of heart problems and suffered a stroke in 1974 and a mild heart attack in 1979. He remained active until his death on January 5, 1982, one day after suffering a major heart attack. His body was donated to medical science.

Filmography

Dramatic School (1938) as Ramy
Never Say Die (1939) as Bit Part (uncredited)
It's a Wonderful World (1939) as Delmonico, Stage Manager
On Borrowed Time (1939) as Man in Convertible (uncredited)
Dulcy (1940) as Vincent Leach
The Great Dictator (1940) as Undetermined Role (uncredited)
Bitter Sweet (1940) as Rudolph – Man at Mama Luden's (uncredited)
Maisie Was a Lady (1941) as Georgie Porgie – House Guest (uncredited)
They Met in Argentina (1941) as Guitar Player in Cantina (uncredited)
Underground (1941) as Herman – Underground Member (uncredited)
Unexpected Uncle (1941) as Clayton – Manager at Brocks (uncredited)
Weekend for Three (1941) as Desk Clerk
More About Nostradamus (1941) (uncredited)
The Gay Falcon (1941) as Herman (uncredited)
A Date with the Falcon as Desk Clerk (uncredited)
Joan of Paris (1942) as Second Gestapo Agent (uncredited)
Blondie's Blessed Event (1942) as George Wickley
Saboteur (1942) as Edward (uncredited)
The Wife Takes a Flyer (1942) as Hendrik Woverman
Pacific Rendezvous (1942) as Park Hotel Desk Clerk (uncredited)
The Falcon Takes Over (1942) as Quincey W. Marriot (uncredited)
The Big Street (1942) as Louie – Headwaiter (uncredited)
The Greatest Gift (1942, short subject) as Father Fabian (uncredited)
Once Upon a Honeymoon (1942) as Vienna Tailor's Fitter (uncredited)
Nightmare (1942) as Hans – Nazi Agent
Underground Agent (1942) as Hugo
Hitler's Children (1943) as Dr. Graf
Journey into Fear (1943) as Swami Magician
Hostages (1943) as Lt. Glasenapp
A Lady Takes a Chance (1943) as Gregg Stone
Crazy House (1943) as Roco
His Butler's Sister (1943) as Reeves
Passage to Marseille (1944) as Jourdain (uncredited)
Mrs. Parkington (1944) as Mr. Ernst
Sliphorn King of Polaroo (1945, short subject) as Narrator (voice)
Woody Dines Out (1945, short subject) as Taxidermist (voice, uncredited)
The Reckless Driver (1946, short subject) as Wally Walrus (one line) (voice, uncredited)
The Senator Was Indiscreet (1947) as Waiter
Variety Time (1948) as Rudy La Paix
Design for Death (1948) as Narrator (Japanese)
The Barkleys of Broadway (1949) as Ladislaus Ladi
My Friend Irma (1949) as Prof. Kropotkin
Bride for Sale (1949) as Jewelry Salesman (uncredited)
On the Town (1949) as François – Head Waiter (uncredited)
One Hour in Wonderland (1950) as Slave in the Magic Mirror
Nancy Goes to Rio (1950) as Alfredo
Summer Stock (1950) as Harrison I. Keath
New Mexico (1951) as Abraham Lincoln
Rich, Young and Pretty (1951) as Jean – Maitre D'
Behave Yourself! (1951) as Norbert 'Gillie the Blade' Gillespie
Texas Carnival (1951) as Hotel Clerk
Too Young to Kiss (1951) as Mr. Sparrow
I'll See You in My Dreams (1951) as William Rossiter (uncredited)
The Light Touch (1951) as Leopold (uncredited)
The World in His Arms (1952) as Eustace – Hotel Clerk
3 for Bedroom C (1952) as Jack Bleck – Press Agent
Big Jim McLain (1952) as Robert Henried
I Love Lucy (1952) as English Professor Mr. Livermore and as junk dealer
Peter Pan (1953) as Captain Hook/Mr. George Darling (voice)
Johann Mouse (1953, short subject) as Narrator (voice)
The Emperor's New Clothes (1953, short subject) as Various (voice)
Siren of Bagdad (1953) as Ben Ali
The Twonky (1953) as Kerry West
The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T (1953) as Dr. Terwilliker
The Affairs of Dobie Gillis (1953) as Professor Amos Pomfritt
Ben and Me (1953, short subject) as Thomas Jefferson / Crook (voice)
Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier (1955) as Thimblerig
The Miracle on 34th Street (1955) as Mr. Shellhammer [TV adaptation]
You're Never Too Young (1955) as François (uncredited)
The Birds and the Bees (1956) as Duc Jacques de Montaigne
Bus Stop (1956) as Life Magazine Photographer
Carnival in Munich (1956, short subject) as Narrator
The Story of Anyburg U.S.A. (1957, short subject) as Prosecutor (voice, uncredited)
The Woody Woodpecker Show (1957) as Wally Walrus
The Monster That Challenged the World (1957) as Dr. Jess Rogers
Jet Pilot (1957) as Colonel Matoff (originally filmed in 1949)
 The Big Beat (1958) as Vladimir Skilsky
Maverick (1958) (episode – Black Fire) as Homer Eakins
Rock-A-Bye Baby (1958) as Mr. Wright
Sleeping Beauty (1959) as King Stefan (demo voice/live-action reference)
Juke Box Rhythm (1959) as Balenko
The Real McCoys (1959) (episode – The Actor) as Sterling Ames
The Alphabet Conspiracy (1959, short subject) as Mad Hatter
1001 Arabian Nights (1959) as The Wicked Wazir (voice)
The Real McCoys (1959) (episode – The Actor) as Mr. Ames
The Magic Fountain (1961) as Otto the Owl (voice)
The Bullwinkle Show (1961-1965) as Snidely Whiplash (voice, uncredited)
Mister Ed (1962) (episode – Ed and Paul Revere) as Igor
Fractured Flickers (1963–1964, 26 episodes) as Host
My Six Loves (1963) as Kinsley Kross
Robin and the 7 Hoods (1964) as Mr. Ricks – Architect (uncredited)
The Patsy (1964) as Prof. Mulerr
Gilligan's Island (1964–1965, 2 episodes) as Wrongway Feldman
Hoppity Hooper (1961, 1963–1967, 104 episodes) as Professor Waldo Wigglesworth (voice)
Hogan's Heroes (1966, episode #15) as Major Bonacelli
Lost in Space (1967, 1 episode) as Sagramonte
The Cricket on the Hearth (1967) as Tackleton (voice)
Wake Me When the War Is Over (1969, TV) as Professor Herman Erhardt
The Phantom Tollbooth (1970) as King Azaz/The MathemaGician (voice)
Horton Hears a Who! (1970) as Narrator/Horton/Dr. H. Hoovey (voice)
O'Hara, U.S. Treasury (1972) (episode – Operation: Dorias) as Count Anton Brelius
Dr. Seuss on the Loose (1973) as Narrator/North-going Zax/South-going Zax (voice)
The Brothers O'Toole (1973) as Polonius Vandergelt
"Amazing Grace" (1974) as Gov. Andy Wallace
Kolchak: The Night Stalker (1975) (episode – The Knightly Murders) as Mendel Boggs
The Shaggy D.A. (1976) as Professor Whatley
The Magic Pony (1977) as Spalnik (voice)
The Hobbit (1977) as Thorin Oakenshield (voice)
Halloween Is Grinch Night (1977) as The Grinch/Narrator (voice)
Quark (1977) as The Source (voice)
The Cat from Outer Space (1978) as Dr. Heffel
Every Girl Should Have One (1978) as Various (voices)
Alice (1979, 2 episodes) as Randolph Briggs
Oh, God! Book II (1980) as Dr. Barnes
Drak Pack (1980, 16 episodes) as Dr. Dread (voice)
Scruffy (1980) as Joe Tibbles/Solo the Scottish Terrier (voice)
Faeries (1981) as Faerie King/Shadow (voice)
The Trolls and the Christmas Express (1981) as Troglo (voice)
Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends (1981) as Chameleon (voice)
Miss Switch to the Rescue (1982) as Mordo, the Warlock (voice) (final appearance)

References

Further reading

External links

 Hans Conried radiography at Radio Gold Index

1917 births
1982 deaths
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American male singers
20th-century American singers
Disney people
American male film actors
American male musical theatre actors
American male radio actors
American male stage actors
American male voice actors
American people of Austrian-Jewish descent
American people of English descent
Audiobook narrators
Columbia University School of the Arts alumni
Male actors from Baltimore
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army soldiers

Hans Conried


Jerrold Levinson (born 11 July 1948 in Brooklyn) is distinguished university professor of philosophy at the University of Maryland, College Park.  He is particularly noted for his work on the aesthetics of music, as well as for his search for meaning and ontology in film, art and humour.

Education and career
Levinson started his studies in 1965 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he gained a BS Degree in Philosophy and Chemistry in 1969. He earned his Ph.D. in philosophy at the University of Michigan in 1974, under the supervision of Jaegwon Kim and Kendall Walton.

During 1974–1975, he was visiting assistant professor at SUNY Albany. In 1976 he became assistant professor at the University of Maryland, was promoted to associate professor in 1982 and full professor in 1991. In 2004 he was accorded the title of Distinguished University Professor.  He has also been visiting professor at other US institutes, including the Johns Hopkins University and Columbia University. He has also held visiting appointments in other countries, such as England (University of London and University of Kent), New Zealand (University of Canterbury), France (Université de Rennes), Belgium (Université Libre de Bruxelles), Portugal (Universidade de Lisboa) and Switzerland (Conservatorio della Svizzera Italiana). During 2010-2011 he held an International Francqui Chair  at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Belgium), and in 2011 received the Premio Internazionale of the Società Italiana d'Estetica.

In 2003, Levinson co-directed a National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Institute, Art, Mind, and Cognitive Science, and during 2001-2003 was President of the American Society for Aesthetics.

Philosophical work
Levinson's interest in the aesthetics of music led to an examination of musical ontology from a historical-contextual perspective, and of performance with an emphasis on performing means. He has posited theories of evaluating music and has considered the legitimacy of emotional response in musical appreciation. Within his study of performance he has also examined the distinctness of performing and critical interpretation.

Levinson advocates the position that music has the same relation to thought as does language;
i.e., if language is an expression of thought, so is music.  This is particularly revealed in his analysis of Wittgenstein's ideas on the meaning in music:
"What Wittgenstein is underscoring here about the appreciation of music is this. Music is not understood in a vacuum, as a pure structure of sounds fallen from the stars, one which we receive via some pure faculty of musical perception. Music is rather inextricably embedded in our form of life, a form of life that is, as it happens, essentially linguistic. Thus music is necessarily apprehended, at least in part, in terms of the language and linguistic practices that define us and our world."
This raises interesting points in the debate on absolute music.

Bibliography
Books:
 Music, Art, and Metaphysics, Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1990; 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford UP, 2011.
 The Pleasures of Aesthetics, Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1996.
 Music in the Moment, Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1998.
 Aesthetics and Ethics, ed., Cambridge UP, 1998.
 Oxford Handbook of Aesthetics, ed., Oxford UP, 2003.
 Contemplating Art, Oxford: Oxford UP, 2006.
 Musical Concerns, Oxford: Oxford UP, 2015.
 Aesthetic Pursuits, Oxford: Oxford UP, 2016.

Articles/papers:
 "Properties and Related Entities", in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 39(1), 1978.
 "The Particularisation of Attributes", in Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 58 (2), 1980
 "What a Musical Work Is", in The Journal of Philosophy, 77(1), 1980.
 "Aesthetic Uniqueness", in The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 38(4), 1980.
 "Autographic and Allographic Art Revisited", in Philosophical Studies, 38(4), 1980
 "Truth in Music", in The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 40(2), 1981.
 "Gewirth on Absolute Rights", in The Philosophical Quarterly, 32(126), 1982.
 "Hybrid Art Forms", in Journal of Aesthetic Education, 18(4), 1984.
 "Titles", in The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 44(1), 1985.
 "Evaluating Musical Performance", in Journal of Aesthetic Education, 21(1), 1987.
 "A Note on Categorical Properties and Contingent Identity", in The Journal of Philosophy, 85(12), 1988.
 "Refining Art Historically", in The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 47(1), 1989.
 "Musical Literacy", in Journal of Aesthetic Education, 24(1) Special Issue: Cultural Literacy and Arts Education, 1990.
 "Philosophy as an Art", in Journal of Aesthetic Education, 24(2), 1990.
 "The Place of Real Emotion in Response to Fictions", in The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 48(1), 1990.
 "Musical Profundity Misplaced", in The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 50(1), 1992.
 "Seeing, Imaginarily, at the Movies", in The Philosophical Quarterly, 43(170), 1993.
 "Extending Art Historically", in The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 51(3), 1993.
 "Being Realistic about Aesthetic Properties", in The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 52(3), 1994.
 "Still Hopeful: Reply to Karl and Robinson", in The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 53(2), 1995.
 "Critical Notice of Malcolm Budd, Values of Art", in Mind, New Series, 105(420), 1996.
 "Wollheim on Pictorial Representation", in The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 56(3), 1998.
 "Who's Afraid of a Paraphrase?", in Theoria, 67, 2001.
 "Hume's Standard of Taste: The Real Problem", in The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 60(3), 2002.
 "The Irreducible Historicality of the Concept of Art", in British Journal of Aesthetics 42, 2002.
 "The Real Problem Sustained: Reply to Wieand", in The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 61(4), 2003.
 "Intrinsic Value and the Notion of a Life", in The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 62(4), 2004.
 "Music as Narrative and Music as Drama", in Mind and Language, 19, 2004.
 "Erotic Art and Pornographic Pictures", in Philosophy and Literature, 29, 2005.
 "What Are Aesthetic Properties?", in Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplement 78, 2005.
 "Concatenationism, Architectonicism, and the Appreciation of Music", in Revue Internationale de Philosophie, 2006.
 "Why There Are No Tropes", in Philosophy, 81, 2006.
 "Musical Expressiveness as Hearability-as-Expression", in Contemporary Debates in Aesthetics, M. Kieran, ed., Blackwell, 2006.
 "Music and Philosophy", in Topoi, 28, 2009
 "The Aesthetic Appreciation of Music", in British Journal of Aesthetics, 49, 2009.

References

University of Maryland, College Park faculty
Philosophers of art
Living people
1948 births
University of Michigan alumni
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American philosophers
American male non-fiction writers
21st-century American male writers
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni

Jerrold Levinson


Martin Phipps (born 1 August 1968) is a British composer, who has worked on numerous film and television projects.

Early life and education
He is the son of Sue Pears and Jack Phipps, an arts administrator who had previously founded a management agency, which acted for many leading musical figures (including Benjamin Britten, Phipps's godfather).

Phipps read drama at the University of Manchester.

Career
Phipps enjoyed early critical success with Eureka Street, and went on to score the BBC period dramas North & South and The Virgin Queen, for which he was recognised with the Ivor Novello Award for Best Original Score.

Phipps scored Low Winter Sun for Channel 4, starring Mark Strong and Brian McCardie and Persuasion, the most recent ITV adaptation of Jane Austen's novel, as well as Grow Your Own, a feature for Warp Films. He also scored the BBC adaptation of Jane Austen's Sense and Sensibility, adapted by Andrew Davies. Phipps was then commissioned to score the BBC's Oliver Twist adaptation, for which he was recognised with the Ivor Novello Award 2008 for Best Television Soundtrack.

Phipps went on to score the Rowan Joffé-helmed drama, Hurndall for Talkback Thames followed by Wallander  for Yellow Bird/Left Bank Pictures, starring Kenneth Branagh, for which he was recognised with the BAFTA Craft Award 2009 for Best Original TV Score. He then went on to write the music for the feature film Endgame, starring William Hurt, Derek Jacobi, Mark Strong, Jonny Lee Miller and Chiwetel Ejiofor, chronicling the breakdown of S. African apartheid, directed by Pete Travis. It was entered into competition at the Sundance Film Festival. He also scored Small Island for Ruby Films/BBC, winning the BAFTA Craft Award 2010 for Best Original Television Music. More recently, he completed the score for his first feature film, Brighton Rock and composed the music for the newest BBC adaptation of Great Expectations.

In 2005, Phipps wrote the score to the film Pierrepoint. Other credits include The Wife of Bath from the BBC's contemporary adaptation of the Canterbury Tales, and the contemporary drama Dirty Filthy Love. He also scored the British feature film, The Flying Scotsman, and The Line of Beauty.

Phipps scored the UK thriller feature Harry Brown for Cutting Edge/Marv Films, starring Michael Caine, as well as Rowan Joffé's feature adaptation of Graham Greene's Brighton Rock. Mike Diver described Phipps' score as "rich and sumptuous of tone and depth". He co-wrote the score with Emily Barker for the BBC drama The Shadow Line. Authored by Hugo Blick for the BBC, it was described by one critic as "a maddening, stylish experiment in doing something completely, admirably different with television". More recent credits include the first series of Peaky Blinders on BBC Two for which he was nominated for a BAFTA Craft Award and The Honourable Woman. His documentary work includes scoring the documentary Britain in a Day. More recently he composed the score of the film Woman in Gold in collaboration with Hans Zimmer.

Phipps composed the soundtrack for the 2016 miniseries War & Peace. Phipps said he "ended up coming onto the project early on", and that he was given room to "run with it... from the very beginning." The soundtrack was released on 13 May 2016. He also composed the theme to the same year's Victoria, as well as incidental music of the early episodes. The theme was sung by the Mediæval Bæbes.

Phipps also composed the soundtrack for season 3, season 4 and season 5 of The Crown.

Filmography

Films

Television

References

External links
 Martin Phipps at COOL Music Ltd

1968 births
Living people
Alumni of the Victoria University of Manchester
British film score composers
British male film score composers
British television composers
Ivor Novello Award winners
Male television composers
Alumni of the University of Manchester

Martin Phipps


Consequences of War, also known as Horror of war, was executed between 1638-1639 by Peter Paul Rubens in oil paint on canvas. It was painted for Ferdinando II de' Medici. Although commissioned by an Italian, art historians characterize both the work and the artist as Flemish Baroque. It serves as a commentary on a European continent ravaged by the Thirty Years' War, and the artist employed numerous symbols, both contemporary and ancient, to deplore the state of the continent.

Symbols
Mars: Mars is the central figure in the composition. The Roman god of war charges with shield and sword as well as breastplate and helmet. The figure's skin and cape are dominated by the color red to further emphasize his identity as the Roman god of war.

Book and Drawing: Underneath Mars's feet lie a book and a drawing. These represent the manner in which the arts and letters are forgotten and destroyed in the chaos and violence of war.

Temple of Janus: To the far left of the painting, the Temple of Janus appears with its door ajar. In Ancient Rome, the Temple of Janus would be closed to indicate times of peace while an open door denoted war. This phenomenon is referenced in Fasti by Ovid.

Venus: The Roman goddess of love (and Mars's mistress) endeavors to restrain Mars and maintain peace. Her arm is looped ineffectually around his in a physical gesture. Her expression, meanwhile, plaintively entreaties Mars to stop his charge. Venus is depicted in typical Rubensian fashion with characteristic rolls of exposed body (See Arrival of Marie de' Medici or The Judgment of Paris for comparison.) The goddess is accompanied by Amors and Cupids who attempt to assist her.

Fury Alekto: Alekto drags Mars on to his destructive purpose with a torch held high. Alekto was the Greek and Roman incarnation of anger. She appears in both Virgil's Aeneid and Dante's Inferno. Alekto translates from the Greek to "the implacable or unceasing anger."

Pestilence and Famine: These effects of war are depicted as monsters accompanying Fury Alekto in order to heighten the terror of the scene. In addition, they deliberately refer to the apocalypse.

Harmony: Rubens depicts Harmony as a woman holding a lute. However the chaos has pushed her to the ground and broken her lute. The damage to the lute represents the discord of war.

Mother: Beside Harmony a mother clutches a child. This, Rubens writes, shows how "War corrupts and disrupts and destroys everything" including "procreation and charity."

Architect: An architect and his instruments have similarly fallen to the ground, showing how in times of war destruction, and not creation, is the norm.

Arrows: Arrows lie on the ground near Venus and the Amors. When bound together they represent Concord but in their present state show its absence. Next to them lie the olive branch and caduceus, the symbols of peace. They too are depicted cast upon the ground to signify their absence in Europe.

Woman in black: The figure to Venus's left represents Europe and its suffering. Her cross-topped globe represents the Christian world and is carried by the small angel to her immediate left.

Historical context
Rubens painted Consequences of War between 1638 and 1639 in response to the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). The conflict's origins are complex and diverse but animosity between Protestants and Catholics played a significant role. In addition, struggles for political power in Europe contributed to and prolonged the war. Nearly all European states fought at some point in the conflict's long time span. The fighting involved Spain, France, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Austria, Poland, the Ottoman Empire, and the Holy Roman Empire.  In particular, the war represented a continuation and extension of Habsburg and Bourbon rivalry as well as French and Habsburg animosity.

As depicted in Consequences of War, the fighting led to the destruction of large areas of Europe as well as outbreaks of both pestilence and famine. Much of the fighting took place in the German states which suffered significant depopulation as a result. The Thirty Years' War ended in 1648 with the treaties of Osnabruck and Munster as well as the Peace of Westphalia.

Rubens the diplomat
Peter Paul Rubens was not only a virtuosic painter but also a passionate and crafty diplomat. Rubens, although closely allied to Isabella and the Spanish Netherlands, often had occasion to travel and visit foreign monarchs in his position as a court painter.  Rubens associated with the dukes of Mantua, King Phillip IV, Charles I, and Marie de' Medici. He served as a negotiator for the Spanish Netherlands (and for the cause of peace more generally), and for France and England.

Indeed, Rubens lobbied for an end to the Thirty Years' War with considerable passion and cleverness. The painter sought to bring Spain and England, traditional enemies, to peace in the hopes that the Spanish would then pressure the Dutch into following suit. During this period Rubens carried messages, demands, and concession agreements back and forth between Phillip IV and Charles I to ultimately reach a conclusion. For his diplomatic work Rubens was eventually decreed a "gentleman of the household" by Isabella  and knighted by Charles I.

This unique position as both a master painter and trusted diplomat clearly informed Consequences of War. The painting shows the artist's sincere desire for peace and his justified horror at how war has ravaged Europe. Indeed, his diplomatic work allowed him and burdened him with considerable knowledge of the state of the continent and the consequences war had wrought.

Artistic style
Rubens' work, including Consequences of War, represents the height of Flemish Baroque painting. His style is referred to as pan-European and synthesizes elements of Italian Renaissance and Baroque artists to form his own artistic approach. The work of Michelangelo, Titian, Carracci, and Caravaggio informed Rubens's paintings in varying degrees.

Viewers note the influence of Michelangelo in Rubens's interest and brilliance in depicting the human form. Consequences of War contains not only Rubens's trademark women but also the well muscled forms of Mars, Alekto, and the architect. These muscular figures are reminiscent of the powerful specimens depicted in Michelangelo's Last Judgment, David, and The Creation of Adam. This trend in Rubens's art is actually best shown in the extraordinarily well built men of Rubens's Elevation of the Cross.

Titian's influence is most evident with respect to depiction of the female nude. Rubens's women bear a striking resemblance to Titian's Venus with a Mirror and Nymph and Shepherd. However Titian's most famous work, Venus of Urbino, undoubtedly inspired Rubens's depiction of her in Consequences of War. The similarity between the two portraits of the goddess is unmistakable.

Rubens's debt to Annibale Carracci lies at least in part in his composition. The densely populated drama of Consequences of War recalls Carracci's Loves of the Gods, in particular The Triumph of Bacchus. Furthermore, the careful use of color, light, and shadow as opposed to line to show space used by Carracci in Flight into Egypt became a key part of Rubens's style. Indeed, Rubens's style became a highly coloristic one.

Notes

References

 Kleiner, Fred. Gardner's Art Through the Ages. 13th ed. Vol. II. Clark Baxter, 2009. Print.

Mythological paintings by Peter Paul Rubens
1630s paintings
War paintings
Anti-war paintings
Nude art
Paintings in the Galleria Palatina
Paintings of Mars (mythology)
Paintings of Venus
Paintings based on Fasti (poem)

Consequences of War


Events

Europe

War and politics
 September 4 – The Sienese Ghibellines, supported by the forces of King Manfred of Sicily, defeats the Florentine Guelphs at Montaperti.
 King Otakar II of Bohemia captures Styria from King Bela IV of Hungary in the Battle of Kressenbrunn.
 The Baltic Samogitians and Curonians defeat the Teutonic knights in the Battle of Durbe.
 The Duchy of Saxony is divided into Saxony-Lauenberg and Saxony-Wittenberg, marking the end of the first Saxon state.
 War breaks out in the Valais (today in Switzerland) as the Bishopry of Sion defends against an invasion by the County of Savoy.

Culture
 October 24 – The spectacular Cathedral of Chartres is dedicated in the presence of King Louis IX of France; the cathedral is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
 Construction on the Dunkeld Cathedral begins in Perthshire, Scotland.
 Construction begins on the cathedral at Meißen.
 Construction begins on the cathedral at Schwerin.
 Jacobus de Voragine compiles his work, the Golden Legend, a late medieval best-seller.
 Nicola Pisano sculpts the pulpit of the Pisa Baptistery.
 German musical theorist Franco of Cologne publishes Ars Cantus Mensurabilis, in which he advances a new theory of musical notation in which the length of a musical note is denoted by the shape of that note, a system still used today.
 The mosaic Christ between the Virgin and St Minias is made on the facade of Florence's Basilica di San Miniato al Monte.
 The advent of the Age of the Holy Spirit predicted by Joachim of Fiore according to his interpretation of Revelations Ch 6.

Asia
 May 5 – Kublai Khan becomes ruler of the Mongol Empire.
 May 21 – Kublai sends his envoy Hao Jing to negotiate with the Song Dynasty Chancellor Jia Sidao, after the small force left by Kublai south of the Yangzi River is destroyed by a Chinese army of the Southern Song Dynasty. Chancellor Jia Sidao ordered to imprison the entire embassy of Kublai. This slight would not be forgotten by Kublai, but he was unable to assault the Song due to the civil war with his rival brother Ariq Böke.
 September 3 – The Mamluks defeat the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut in Palestine, marking their first decisive defeat and the point of maximum expansion of the Mongol Empire.
 The Sena Dynasty of Bengal falls.
 The Chinese era Jingding begins and ends in the Southern Song Dynasty of China.
 The Japanese Shōgen era ends, and the Bun'ō era begins.
 The Hindu Silharya Dynasty, which ruled an area around Mumbai, ends.
 The newly formed Sukhothai kingdom of Thailand adopts Theravada Buddhism.

Africa
 October 24 – Saif ad-Din Qutuz, Mamluk sultan of Egypt, is assassinated by Baibars, who seizes power for himself.

Births
 Henry de Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham (died 1339)
 Matthew Csák, ruler of the Váh and the Tatras regions in present-day Slovakia (died 1321)
 Meister Eckhart, German theologian, philosopher and mystic (died 1328)
 Agnes of France, only daughter of Louis VII of France by his third wife Adèle of Champagne (died 1240)
 Andronicus II Palaeologus, Byzantine Emperor (died 1332)
 Enguerrand de Marigny, minister to King Philip IV of France
 Guillaume de Nogaret, keeper of the seal to King Philip IV of France (year very uncertain) (died 1313)
 Maximus Planudes, Byzantine grammarian and theologian (approximate date; died 1330)
 Farsi, Persian mathematician and physicist (died 1320)

Deaths
 October 24 – Saif ad-Din Qutuz, Mamluk sultan of Egypt
 Franciscus Accursius, Italian jurist (approximate date)
 Matilda II of Bologne, sovereign Countess of Bologne
 Aymer de Valence, Bishop of Winchester

1260


The International Day for Monuments and Sites also known as World Heritage Day is an international observance held on 18 April each year around the world with different types of activities, including visits to monuments and heritage sites, conferences, round tables and newspaper articles. Each year has a theme, for example sustainable tourism in 2017 and rural landscapes in 2019.

History
The International Day for Monuments and Sites was proposed by the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) on 18 April 1982 and approved by the General Assembly of UNESCO in 1983. The aim is to promote awareness about the diversity of cultural heritage of humanity, their vulnerability and the efforts required for their protection and conservation.

Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage
The Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage defines monument as:

International Year of the Monument

The International Year of the Monument was a commemorative date created by UNESCO in 1964. The implementation of the date was to give a better global coverage in the perception of the monument as a building or historical site of exemplary character, for its significance in the life trajectory of a society/community and its people. There are monuments built especially to celebrate or reminisce about an episode, moment or character of our history, created by architects, sculptors, artists, etc. Others are remnants of the past that survived the time and are consecrated by society as collective symbols, and as references of the memory of a people.

References

External links

United Nations days
UNESCO
April observances

International Day For Monuments and Sites


A rock shelter is a shallow cave-like opening at the bottom of a cliff. Rock shelters form because a rock stratum that does not erode has formed a cliff. But a weaker stratum, that erodes a lot is under the resistant stratum. As it erodes it creates an opening at the bottom of the cliff.

Caves

Rock shelter