Jan F. Simek (born April 15, 1953) is an American archaeologist and educator who was the interim president of the University of Tennessee system from 2009 to 2010.

A faculty member in the department of anthropology at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Simek's research interests include Paleolithic archaeology, human evolution, quantitative analysis, spatial analysis, archaeology of the southeastern United States, and cave archaeology.  He has been involved in the discovery and exploration of numerous "Unnamed Caves", a naming practice used to protect their location, in the Cumberland Plateau for the past fifteen years. He has been instrumental in the discovery of prehistoric artwork; dating back thousands of years. He has also conducted important research in France at Neanderthal habitation sites.

Before his stint as interim president of the University of Tennessee system, he served in leadership and administration positions including department head, interim Director of the School of Art, interim Dean of Architecture and Design, and interim Chancellor of the University of Tennessee Knoxville.

Early life and education
Simek was born April 15, 1953, in Glen Cove, New York. His mother, Susan Tours Simek, served in the U.S. Navy during World War II and worked after the war at the new Radio Free Europe in Germany, where she met her future husband, Vasek. His father, Vasek Simek, was a Czechoslovakia-born New York theater director and Hollywood character actor whose roles included Soviet premiers, Russian chess players, and ambiguously "foreign" scientists. Jan Simek grew up in California.

Simek received a bachelor's degree from the University of California at Santa Cruz in 1976 and master's and Ph.D. degrees from the State University of New York at Binghamton in 1978 and 1984, respectively.

Career
Simek began his career research in Europe where he studied Neanderthal habitation sites. He and his colleague, Jean-Phillippe Riguad, began excavating a site in southwestern France, called Grotte XVI, in the mid-1980s. Their research has aided in the understanding of Neanderthal ways of life. Specifically, Simek and Riguad found evidence revealing more sophisticated Neanderthal behavior than what was widely thought possible. Their discovery of well-preserved fireplaces, including ashes of several different types of wood as well as different grasses, within Grotte XVI, suggests that Neanderthals may have been using fire in complex ways. The types of grasses found in the fireplace remains would have had to be carried in from outside the cave, dried, and then used to start fires. Furthermore, evidence was found to suggest that Neanderthals may have even been using the grasses to create enough smoke to repel mosquitoes. The presence of fish bones in the cave suggested that Neanderthals were smoking fish for later use. Simek's research discoveries provide contrasting evidence against the idea that Neanderthals were incapable of planning ahead, or imagining the future.

He joined the faculty of the University of Tennessee anthropology department in 1984 and advanced in rank to become a distinguished professor of anthropology. In addition to his faculty duties, he served the university as head of the anthropology department, interim director of the School of Art, and interim dean of the College of Architecture and Design. He was interim chancellor of the university's Knoxville campus for one year (from January 2008 to January 2009), after having been chief of staff to the chancellor from 2005 to 2008. He became acting president of the university system on March 1, 2009, after John D. Petersen announced his resignation, and he became interim president on July 1, 2009, when Petersen's resignation became official.

He has conducted archaeological research in France, Italy, Croatia, California, and Tennessee, and has spent time at the University of Washington, the University of Bordeaux, and the Autonomous University of Barcelona as a visiting faculty member.

Research
Inspired by one of his colleagues, Charles Faulkner, Simek developed a passion for ancient cave art in Tennessee. Although petroglyphs had been noticed on Tennessee cave walls for years, Faulkner was the first to conduct an archaeological study of the artwork in 1979. Faulkner's study inspired Simek to pursue his own research of early southeastern prehistoric cave art. Since 1979, many other caves have been discovered. Sites such as- Third Unnamed Cave, provide contextual information on dark zone cave art. The findings in these caves force scholars to rethink the analytic and interpretive approaches used in considering Southeastern cave art. The archaeological contents of the cave were not fully appreciated until Simek and a team of archaeologists from the University of Tennessee spent time researching and documenting detailed findings of the cave. more than 15,000 artifacts were mapped and recovered from Third Unnamed Cave. This same attention to detail has become a recurring practice in the caves Simek and his colleagues continue to visit.

While many of the caves yielding art have been dated back to the Mississippian period, some images are thought to be from the Woodland and even Archaic period. Third Unnamed Cave, for example, possesses the same kind of characteristics such as simple shapes, meandering lines, and geometric patterns similar to other cave art depictions dated to be Archaic.

Simek became the founder of the Cave Archeology Research Team at the University of Tennessee in 1996. The team has gone on to produce substantial findings which offer a glimpse into once lost Native American cultures and traditions. Many of the cave images exemplify classic Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC) iconography, which is found widely in Eastern North America in the centuries around 1200 A.D., a part of Mississippian culture that is yet to be fully understood.

Much of the artwork related to the SECC is quite gruesome, which has inspired some archaeologists to refer to it as the "Southern Death Cult".
Recurring images include the Toothy Mouth, a round, severed head with gore spilling out of the neck. The face encases weeping eyes and an exaggerated grin. This image is commonly found where dead are buried.

Awards and honors
2002 University Citation for Extraordinary Community Service, University of Tennessee

2001- Distinguished Professor of Science, University of Tennessee, Present

2001 University Award for Research and Creative Achievement, University of Tennessee

2001 College of Arts and Sciences Public Service Award, University of Tennessee

2000 Marshall of College of Arts and Sciences Convocation, University of Tennessee

1996 Certificate of Appreciation for Valuable Service to our Natural Heritage.
Tennessee Valley Authority Regional Natural Heritage Project

1991 Commencement Flagbearer, College of Liberal Arts. University of Tennessee.

1987 Phi Beta Kappa Certificate of Merit for scholarly achievements in the
Social Sciences.

1980 University Fellow. State University of New York, Binghamton.

1976 Honors in Anthropology. University of California, Santa Cruz.

1974 National Science Foundation Undergraduate Research Participation Award.

Fieldwork
2002–Present 	 Co-director of archaeological survey of Fall Creek Falls State Park(Tennessee) with N. Herrmann and S. Sherwood.

1992–Present 	Director, fieldwork at various dark zone prehistoric cave art sites
		 in the southeastern USA.

1984- 2002	 Co-director of excavations at the Grotte XVI (Dordogne, France),
		with J-Ph. Rigaud

1986-		 Excavator at La Micoque, (Dordogne, France),
		Directed by J-Ph. Rigaud and A. Debenath.

1985- 1986	Analysis of Krapina stone tool assemblage (Croatia).

1983-		Test excavations at the Grotte XVI (Dordogne, France),
		with J-Ph. Rigaud.

1978- 1984	Field supervisor for excavations at Le Flageolet I (Dordogne, France)
	 	Directed by J-Ph. Rigaud.

1981-	 	Excavator at Combe Sauniere, Laugerie Basse, and Grotte Maldidier. All in   Dordogne, France.

1979- 1980	Research on Aurignacian materials from Le Flageolet I (Dordogne, France)
		Direction des Antiquites Prehistoriques d'Aquitaine,
		Directed by J-Ph. Rigaud.6

1979-		 Field supervisor for excavations at Piana Di Curinga (Calabria, Italy),
		Directed by A. Ammerman.

1979-	 	Survey and intensive surface collection at Burrone Scierra I (Calabria, Italy).

1976- 1979	Excavator at the Abri Vaufrey (Dordogne, France),
		 Directed by J-Ph. Rigaud.

1976- 1977	Excavator at Le Flageolet II (Dordogne, France),
		 Directed by J-Ph. Rigaud.

1974-	 	Excavator, University of Arizona Undergraduate Fieldschool in Archaeology.
		Directed by J. Fritz and W. Longacre.

1973-		 Site Survey in Southwestern Michigan; Excavator at Schmidt Site,
		Directed by E. Baldwin.

Various CRM survey and excavation technical reports

Publications

Selected articles
2005. J. F. Simek and A. Cressler. Images in Darkness: Prehistoric Cave Art in Southeast North America. In, Discovering North American Rock Art, edited by L. Loendorf, C. Chippendale, and D. Whitley, Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press, pp. 93–113.

2004. J. F. Simek, A. Cressler, and E. Pope. Association Between A Southeastern Rock Art Motif and Mortuary Caves. In, The Rock-Art of Eastern North America: Capturing Images and Insight, edited by C. Diaz-Granados and J. R. Duncan, Tuscaloosa, AL: The University of Alabama Press, pp. 159–173.

2004. C. H. Faulkner, J. F. Simek, and A. Cressler. On the Edges of the World: Prehistoric Open Air Rock Art in Tennessee. In, The Rock-Art of Eastern North America: Capturing Images and Insight, edited by C. Diaz-Granados and J. R. Duncan, Tuscaloosa, AL: The University of Alabama Press, pp. 77–89.

2004. G. Lucas, M. Soressi, J-Ph. Rigaud, and J. F. Simek. The Chatelperronian of the Grotte XVI and the Middle/Upper Paleolithic "Transition" in southern France. In, The Chronology of the Aurignacian and of the Transitional Technocomplexes: Dating, Stratigraphies, Cultural Implications, edited by J. Zilhao and F. d'Errico. Trabalhos de Arqueologia 33. Lisbon, Portugal: Instituto Português de Arqueologia, pp. 289–298.

2001. K. Panagiotis, J-Ph. Rigaud, J.F. Simek, Albert, R.M., and S. Weiner. Ash, Bones, and Guano: a Study of the Minerals and Phytoliths in the Sediments of Grotte XVI, Dordogne, France. Journal of Archaeological Science 29: 721-732.

1998. Simek, Jan F., Jay D. Franklin, and Sarah C. Sherwood. "The Context of Early Southeastern Prehistoric Cave Art: A Report on the Archaeology of 3rd Unnamed Cave". American Antiquity 63: 663-677. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2694114

Books and edited volumes

2001 S. C. Sherwood and J. F. Simek (editors). Cave Archaeology in the Eastern Woodlands. Special issue of the Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 26(2).

1984 J. Simek. A K-means Approach to the Analysis of Spatial Structure in Upper Paleolithic Habitation Sites: Le Flageolet I and Pincevent Section 36. British Archaeological Reports International Series #S205. Oxford: B.A.R.

References

External links
Jan Simek's webpage

1953 births
20th-century American archaeologists
21st-century American archaeologists
Binghamton University alumni
Living people
University of California, Santa Cruz alumni
University of Tennessee faculty
Presidents of the University of Tennessee system
Leaders of the University of Tennessee Knoxville
People from Glen Cove, New York

Jan Simek


Şinasi is the Turkish spelling of the Persian name (شناسی), also transliterated as Shinasi. Today, it is commonly used as a male given name.

Given name
 İbrahim Şinasi (1826–1871), Ottoman author, playwright, and journalist
 Şinasi Bozatlı (born 1962), Turkish painter and sculptor

Surname
 Morris Schinasi (1855–1928), American tobacco industrialist of Ottoman origin
 Altina Schinasi (1907–1999), American artist, entrepreneur, and inventor, daughter of Morris

Places
 Şinasi Sahnesi, theatre in Ankara, Turkey, named after İbrahim Şinasi

Turkish masculine given names
Masculine given names

Şinasi


Binary form (also know as AB Form or movement of continuity) is a type of form of music pieces. The word Binary means "in two parts." The word Form is a kind of guideline for composers when they write a piece of music. So, binary form means "An outline in two parts." A musical piece in binary form is a musical piece with two sections.
Binary form was popular in the Baroque times and was often used for movements in sonatas for keyboard instruments. Each part of a binary form piece of music are usually repeated.

Minuets
Binary form was most commonly used in the Baroque era for short dances called minuets. The minuet's two parts are usually labeled as "A" and "B." In the A section of a minuet, the exposition is stated. This section almost always is repeated a couple times. The beginning part of the B section develops a slightly new musical idea, usually going to the dominant key, to add variation. Then it returns to the "A" key at the end. Some famous composers of minuets include Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel.

Related pages
 Ternary form

References

Music theory

Binary form


"The Soft Weapon" is a science fiction short story by the American writer Larry Niven, set in his Known Space universe. It was first published in the February 1967 issue of If.

The story introduces the character of Nessus, a Puppeteer who later became one of the main characters of the novel Ringworld. The story is retold, from the point of view of Nessus, in Juggler of Worlds.

"The Soft Weapon" was first published in If in 1967 and has since been included in the short story collections Neutron Star (1968) and Playgrounds of the Mind (1991).

Plot
Nessus is returning from a diplomatic mission to the Outsiders, having purchased what is apparently a Thrint stasis box, on a passenger ship run by a human couple, Jason and Anne Marie Papandreou.

They stop at Beta Lyrae to sight-see where they unexpectedly discover, by deep-radar, another stasis box. However, the box had been placed there as a trap by Kzinti pirates. The rogue Kzinti are using a dummy stasis box to lure ships that they detect to be in possession of stasis boxes. The Kzinti capture the crew and open the looted stasis box, which is revealed to be a Tnuctipun stasis box, not Thrintun. Stasis boxes (which are rare) often contain advanced technological products of immense military value. The Kzinti hope to use the contents of the box to develop weapons technology that will allow them to wage wars of conquest.

The box contains a Tnuctipun weapon which is capable of morphing into several devices, none of which is deemed useful by the Kzinti as a war weapon. However, one setting, an energy absorber, causes a Kzinti restraint field to fail, allowing Jason and Nessus to escape with the weapon. While free, Jason manages to discover a hidden setting for a matter-to-energy conversion beam, which is far more powerful than anything possessed by either human or Kzinti. Although Nessus remains free, Jason and the weapon are recaptured by the Kzinti.

The Kzinti, desperate to know how to access the hidden setting, threaten Jason's wife in an attempt to get him to divulge it, but he refuses. Her life is spared when the device, which is intelligent (and loyal to its long-extinct Tnuctipun masters), begins to speak. The Kzinti converse with the weapon, believing that they are getting knowledge of how to access the setting. However, the weapon, believing itself to have fallen into the possession of an enemy, tricks the Kzinti into activating a self-destruct mechanism. The Kzinti are killed, but the humans survive, in part thanks to technology used by the Kzinti to restrain them as prisoners, inadvertently protecting them from the blast and impact. Nessus then frees the humans and the three of them leave the planet.

Timeline note
This story itself contains clues which set it prior to the short story "Flatlander", specifically the apparent naming of the planet on which events take place as "Cue Ball" by Anne Marie ("I dub thee 'Cue Ball'"). In Flatlander, Gregory "Elephant" Pelton attempts to name their new-found planet "Cue Ball", but Bey tells him that that name is already taken by a Beta Lyrae planet. In the official timeline, as well as Juggler of Worlds, however, this story is set after the events of Flatlander.

Adaptations
Niven adapted the story and retitled it "The Slaver Weapon" for a 1973 episode of Star Trek: The Animated Series. It was his second pitch for the show, after his original idea was rejected; the rejected idea later became Niven's novelette "The Borderland of Sol".

"The Slaver Weapon" script was in turn adapted by Alan Dean Foster as a chapter of the book Star Trek Log Ten.

References

Fiction set around 61 Ursae Majoris
Fiction set around Beta Lyrae
Known Space stories
Short stories by Larry Niven
1967 short stories

The Soft Weapon


The Cokeville Elementary School hostage crisis occurred on Friday, May 16, 1986 in Cokeville, Wyoming, United States, when former town marshal David Young, 43, and his wife Doris Young, 47, took 154 hostages – 136 children and 18 adults – at Cokeville Elementary School.

David Young entered the school with his wife transporting a large gasoline-filled device that appeared to be a bomb. The couple corralled a large group of students and teachers into a single classroom. David attached the bomb trigger to his wrist and threatened the group that he might, at any time, move his arm and ignite the bomb.

After a two-and-a-half hour standoff, the children were becoming restless, so the teachers preoccupied the kids in the form of movies, games, prayer, and books. David became increasingly agitated, and decided to leave the room. Before leaving the room, David attached the bomb's detonation device to his wife's wrist.

When the children became increasingly loud, Doris Young began begging the teachers to settle the group down. Eventually Doris lifted her arm sharply and the bomb went off prematurely, injuring Doris while David was out of the room. Returning to the scene, David fatally shot his wife, wounding a teacher, then committed suicide by shooting himself in the head. All the hostages escaped, though 79 were later hospitalized with burns and injuries, the majority of which were severe.

Background
David Young was the only police officer in Cokeville for six months in 1979. After being fired for misconduct, he moved to Tucson, Arizona, where he married Doris Young.

Both David and Doris had ties to white supremacist groups, including the Posse Comitatus and the Aryan Nations.

Prior to the hostage crisis, David had tested a similar bomb in a sealed school bus in Arizona, destroying it.

David and Doris both returned to Cokeville on May 16, 1986. At 1:00 pm, they pulled up to the Cokeville Elementary School and unloaded a gasoline bomb, along with four rifles and nine handguns. Vengeance for having been fired did not seem to have been the motive, but rather a philosophy recorded in journal entries referring to a Brave New World where he wanted to reign over intelligent children. He had been aware of above-average achievement scores from Cokeville's education system. Journal entries also indicate that he saw opportunity in the close-knit community; he wrote, "Threaten one and all are at your mercy." David went to the school office, handing out a manifesto titled "ZERO EQUALS INFINITY" and announcing "This is a revolution!" Teachers were confused and baffled by Young's nonsensical, strange writing. Meanwhile, Doris went from classroom to classroom, luring 136 children, six faculty, nine teachers, and three other adults, including a job applicant and a UPS driver, into a first-grade classroom for a total of 154 hostages. She lured them by telling them there was either an emergency, a surprise, or an assembly there.

David Young had initially planned to involve longtime friends Gerald Deppe and Doyle Mendenhall, who had invested money with him in a get-rich-quick scheme that he had called "The Biggie." The two men eventually refused to participate in the event. Both men were handcuffed in a van outside the school.

David's youngest daughter from his first marriage, Princess, entered the elementary school with David and Doris, but refused to carry out the plan, leaving to report the incident at the town hall.

Princess, Deppe, and Mendenhall were never charged in relation to this crime because of their refusal to participate.

Bomb anatomy
The bomb was an improvised explosive device constructed in a small two-wheeled shopping cart with two baskets, one on top of the other. The top basket contained a gallon milk jug of gasoline, wired with a blasting cap. Below the jug in the bottom basket were two tuna fish cans filled with a mixture of aluminum powder and flour meant to aerosolize and deflagrate following detonation, each with its own blasting cap. Throughout both baskets were chain links, gunpowder, and boxes of ammunition acting as shrapnel. The mechanism was triggered by a dead man's switch, consisting of a wooden piece separating two metal connectors within the jaws of a clothespin, forming an incomplete circuit. The circuit was powered by a 9-volt lantern battery. Once the wooden piece was removed, the two metal connectors completed the circuit, detonating the bomb. The wooden piece was tied to Doris' wrist by a string.

The jug of gasoline had a pinhole-sized leak on its bottom. This allowed gasoline to drip into the tuna fish cans, turning the aluminum-flour mixture into paste, unable to aerosolize. The leaking gasoline's fumes prompted teachers to open the classroom windows, unknowingly creating vents for the impending explosion.

Two of the three blasting caps on the bomb failed to detonate; the wires to each tuna can had been reportedly cut. The blasting cap in the gasoline jug functioned properly, initiating the explosion. The reason for the wire cuts is so far unexplained.

Standoff

In the classroom, David held the gasoline bomb, with the triggering mechanism attached to a string tied around his wrist. He demanded a ransom of two million dollars per hostage ($308 million, $720 million adjusted for inflation), and an audience with President Ronald Reagan. David had also sent a copy of the manifesto to Reagan. With permission, the teachers brought in books, art supplies and a television to help keep the children occupied. Meanwhile, police and parents gathered out of sight of the school room where hostages were gathered. Doris tried numerous times to calm the children by telling them to "think of it as an adventure movie," or that they "would have a great story to tell their grandchildren." Many children showed signs of distress with sobs, complaining of headaches from the smell of gasoline from the bomb, or simply wanting to go home. One hostage observed a birthday on that day and songs were sung in his honor. The hostage takers took part in the singing. The mood did not lift with the singing and teachers quickly negotiated with the hostage takers to get items from the library to help the kids get their minds off the siege, and help to pass the time. Windows were opened to rid the room of gasoline fumes, and prayers were offered in small groups among the children.

Throughout the standoff, David grew increasingly agitated and irritable. With fear that David might become unhinged, the teachers decided to make an ~8-foot square of masking tape for his own personal space.

Bombing and death of the perpetrators

About 2 1/2 hours into the standoff, David transferred the triggering mechanism of the bomb to Doris' wrist, and went to a small bathroom that connected the first and second grade rooms. Doris developed a headache from the gasoline fumes, and raised her hand to her forehead. This unintentionally activated the triggering mechanism and the bomb exploded, severely injuring Doris, and filling the room with black smoke and pockets of fire. Immediately following the detonation, the teachers started to shove children into the hallway, and through two open windows onto the grass outside the school, causing chaos as panicked parents tried to break through police lines. The subsequent police report states that David opened the door from the connecting bathroom, shot his injured wife in the head and killed her, shot and wounded John Miller, a music teacher who was trying to flee, then closed the bathroom door and killed himself with a shot from a .45 pistol to the head. During the chaos, Doris' burnt body was expelled through a window, and left lying on the front lawn.

When the bomb detonated, the majority of the explosive force was channeled through loose ceiling tiles into the roof, and open windows acting as vents. This significantly mitigated the explosive power of the bomb.

Aftermath

All told, 79 of the hostages suffered injuries, mostly second-degree burns, smoke inhalation, and other injuries from the exploding bomb. The injured were triaged to several area hospitals in Wyoming and Idaho.

Media

The incident was detailed in the book The Cokeville Miracle: When Angels Intervene by Hartt Wixom and his wife Judene, published by Cedar Fort, Inc., which formed the basis for a CBS made-for-TV movie titled To Save the Children. In 2006, the Cokeville Miracle Foundation compiled a book of recollections about the day from parents, emergency workers and former hostages. The story was also featured on Unsolved Mysteries, Unexplained Mysteries, and I Survived...

A movie about the incident, The Cokeville Miracle, was made by filmmaker T. C. Christensen and released on June 5, 2015.

References

External links

 Cokeville Miracle Foundation (Archive)
 IMDB listing for To Save the Children and The Cokeville Miracle
 Transcription of Zero Equals Infinity, the document David Young handed to school officials upon entering the elementary school. (2020-06-23, Link no longer working)

1986 crimes in the United States
Attacks in the United States in 1986
History of Wyoming
School bombings in the United States
Elementary school shootings in the United States
Hostage taking in the United States
Lincoln County, Wyoming
Explosions in 1986
Criminal duos
1986 in Wyoming
Crime in Wyoming
Suicides by firearm in Wyoming
Uxoricides
Improvised explosive device bombings in the United States
Non-fatal shootings


Hydrophilization is a process used for hydrophobic drugs to increase their release rate from capsules, which is dependent on the rate of dissolution, by covering the surface of the drug particles with minute droplets of a hydrophilic polymer solution.

Method
The process is accomplished by vigorous mixing of the hydrophobic drug with the aqueous solution of the hydrophilic polymer solution, leading to production of small particles of the drug covered with small droplets of the hydrophilic polymer solution.

Uses
This process in tablet or capsule formulations enhance the disintegration of the drug/excipient bulk and so enhance the rate of dissolution of the hydrophobic drug.

Examples of the hydrophilic polymers are methyl cellulose and hydroxyethyl cellulose.

References

Dosage forms

Hydrophilization


The Seven Bridges of Paso Mayor is a railway bridge belonging to the Rosario Puerto Belgrano Railroad, which crosses the course of the Sauce Grande River in the limits of the Coronel Rosales and Coronel Pringles Municipalities, south of the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina.

History

It receives its name for being a bridge divided into seven sections, six of a type structure "cage" and one "open", is located in the Paso Mayor of the River Sauce Grande near the site of the same name. Its construction was completed in 1908 and is part of the Rosario Puerto Belgrano Railroad, the same crosses from north to south, the south of the Santa Fe Province and all the west of the Buenos Aires Province, discarding the radial model towards the City of Buenos Aires that had all the British railways.

It was used by a railway for the last time in the year 1977 when the southern section of that railway branch was definitively closed by a decree of the de military government.

In the 90 'this railway line was concessioned with all its assets, who currently is the owner of the concession is the company Ferro Expreso Pampeano S.A., which never used the southern section of the branch before said.

Structure

The support or bastion of each end are 266 meters each, each bastion has two wings. Each one of the boards of each section rests on six pillars that are in what was the bed of the formerly mighty river.

The entire structure of the bridge, both the "upper rope", "lower rope", "diagonal", "lower bracing", "upper bracing", "poles", "joists", "bolts" and other parts of the bridges were built according to the following generalities:

 Its parts should be accessible for inspection, cleaning, maintenance and repair.
 Its sections should be symmetrical, just like its rivets.
 The support system of the structure is separated from the masonry of the piles.
 Systems of brackets, braces or cords are used, so that the water rejected by the batteries does not cause deterioration in its lower part.

Declaration of Historical Heritage
In 2010 the Deliberative Council of the Coronel Rosales Municipality declared it "Architectural, Historical and Cultural Heritage". In 2012 it was declared a provincial historical heritage by the legislature of the Buenos Aires Province.

Controversy
Despite being recently declared historical heritage, it was left without one of its sections, the one used by Ferro Expreso Pampeano (Fepsa) to replace it in place of the damaged one in the Province of Santa Fe that crossed on Route 18 south of Rosario. The National Transportation Regulatory Commission demanded that Fepsa "refrain from carrying out any operation that is not authorized by the competent authority to change all or part of the bridge." Days later, with the withdrawal of the already completed structure, the control body reiterated the request for restitution of the railway material before 30 days and threatened to initiate legal actions.

Finally the bridge was restored to the original place ending with the controversy.

Rail transport in Argentina
Bridges
Buildings and structures in Argentina
Buenos Aires Province

The Seven Bridges of Paso Mayor


I Me Wed is a 2007 Lifetime romantic comedy film starring Erica Durance and directed by Craig Pryce. The film is about Isabel Darden, a successful, attractive 30-year-old woman, who grows tired of people asking her "when are you going to get married?" She decides to honor the person she loves the most, by tying the knot with herself. The film was released under the title Marry Me in Sweden on August 15, 2010.

Plot
Boston based home renovator Isabel Darden, is a successful, attractive 30-year-old woman. Isabel feels happy with her single life and loves herself. But her mother and friends are concerned, she will be a spinster if she doesn't find a husband soon. They constantly nag her about dating and finding the right man. When yet another blind date turns into a nightmare, Isabel decides to do something that will forever keep her friends and mother out of her hair. She announced that she will take their advice and marry the one person who knows her better than anyone else: herself. Much to her mother Lillian and her best friend Amy's disgust.

Isabel begins planning her wedding with the help of her very enthusiastic gay friend, Bill. As Isabel and Bill amuse themselves with the details of organizing her nuptials, Isabel is confident that she will finally get some peace from the wedding obsessed crowd, and she will also be making a statement for single women all over the world. What started as a small event starts to get out of hand, when the story hits the Internet. However, after meeting with her contractor's handsome and intelligent son, Colin. At first, she assumes that this man won't live up to her standards, but after a few romantic dates, it begins to dawn on Isabel that Colin may, in fact, be a better life partner for her than the one she's already planning to marry. As the wedding date approaches and the preparations escalate, Isabel knows that she must let Colin know about her wedding plans. Unfortunately, her numerous attempts to tell him about the wedding are overshadowed by their growing romance, and Colin soon finds out about Isabelle's plans to marry herself after it was announced on national television.

Colin wants her to put a stop to the wedding and save it for their wedding someday in the future. Although Isabel kind of wants to, she can't since she is already noticed by the media and inspiring to women all over the world. Frustrated by Isabelle's failure to tell him about her upcoming wedding and about the repercussions of being known by the public as that "schmuck" who wouldn't marry his girlfriend. Colin decides he can't date a woman who is about to marry herself and the pair splits up. When Isabel is about to get married, she explains to everyone about how she wanted a simple ceremony in the park with a sundress. Isabel runs out of the room and comes back with casual clothes instead of the wedding dress. At the end, Isabel is married to Colin.

Cast
Erica Durance as Isabelle Darden
Paul Popowich as Colin
Cara Pifko as Amy
Janet-Laine Green as Lillian Darden
Thom Allison as Bill
Vlasta Vrána as Roy
Meaghan Rath as Tracy

Production
I Me Wed was filmed in  Toronto and Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

References

External links

2007 television films
2007 films
2007 romantic comedy films
Canadian comedy television films
Canadian romantic comedy films
English-language Canadian films
Films directed by Craig Pryce
2000s English-language films
2000s Canadian films
English-language romantic comedy films

I Me Wed


"Moon Dreams" is a 1942 jazz and pop song composed by Chummy MacGregor and Johnny Mercer. The song was first recorded by Martha Tilton on Capitol Records.

Glenn Miller recorded the song for V-Disc release in 1944 with the Army Air Force Band. Miles Davis made the song a staple of his repertoire and released it on the 1957 Capitol Records Birth of the Cool collection, the 1996 Blue Note Records album Ballads and Blues, and the 1998 The Complete Birth of the Cool album. The Miles Davis recording appeared in the Ken Burns jazz documentary for PBS entitled Jazz in 2002.

"Moon Dreams" was recorded by Glenn Miller and the Army Air Force Band on January 21, 1944 and was released as a V-Disc, No. 201A, in October, 1944, featuring Sgt. Johnny Desmond and The Crew Chiefs on vocals. Glenn Miller also recorded the song on February 26, 1944, for the I Sustain the Wings radio program and on May 5, 1944, for the Office of War Information (OWI). Martha Tilton recorded "Moon Dreams" in 1942 for Capitol Records, which was co-founded by Johnny Mercer, the co-writer of the song.

"Moon Dreams" also appeared in the 1988 motion picture 36 fillette.

"Moon Dreams" was also featured on the soundtrack collection Ken Burns Jazz: The Story of America's Music (2000), in a performance by Miles Davis, arranged by Gil Evans. Miles Davis first performed the song in 1948 in concert in New York, a performance which appears on The Complete Birth of the Cool sessions collection.

In 2008, "Moon Dreams" was featured in the Fox series The Simpsons in the episode "Mypods and Boomsticks" in a performance by Miles Davis.

Other recordings

"Moon Dreams" has been recorded and performed by Herbie Mann, jazz trombonist and composer Don Sebesky on the 1975 album The Rape of El Morro, with Michael Brecker on tenor saxophone, Gerry Mulligan, Art Farmer, and Lee Konitz together, Hal McIntyre, Joe Lovano, Meredith D'Ambrosio, Gil Goldstein, Flavio Ambrosetti, Franz Koglmann, The Dutch Jazz Orchestra, Thomas Helton, University of Connecticut Jazz Ensemble, Orquesta la Zebra Azul, Cool Dawn, Gerry Mulligan on the 1992 GRP album The Re-Birth of the Cool, and Charlie Shoemake.

Footnotes

Sources
 Flower, John. Moonlight Serenade: A Bio-discography of the Glenn Miller Civilian Band. New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1972.
 Simon, George Thomas. Glenn Miller and His Orchestra. New York, NY: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1974.
 Simon, George T. Simon Says: The Sights and Sounds of the Swing Era, 1935–1955. New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1971.
 Simon, George T. The Big Bands. New York, NY: Macmillan, 1967.
Chummy MacGregor.IMDB.

External links
Online version. Archive.org. "Moon Dreams", V-Disc No. 201A, track 16.
May 5, 1944, recording by Glenn Miller and the Army Air Force Band with Johnny Desmond and the Crew Chiefs on vocals for the Office of War Information (OWI).

Glenn Miller songs
Songs with lyrics by Johnny Mercer
1942 songs
1940s jazz standards
Jazz songs
Jazz compositions in G major

Moon Dreams


Dame Cressida Rose Dick  (born 16 October 1960) is a retired British police officer who served as Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis from 2017 to 2022. She is both the first female and first openly lesbian officer to lead London's Metropolitan Police Service (MPS or "The Met").

Dick joined The Met in 1983. From 1995 to 2000, she was a high-ranking officer in the Thames Valley Police. After earning a master's degree in criminology, she returned to the Met in 2001, and subsequently held senior roles in the force's diversity directorate, in anti-gang and anti-gun crime operations, and in counterterrorism operations. In June 2009, she was promoted to the rank of assistant commissioner, the first woman to hold this rank substantively. She briefly served as acting deputy commissioner in late 2011 and 2012 during a vacancy in the office. She oversaw the Met's security preparations for the security operations for the 2012 London Olympics. Dick retired from the Met in 2015 to accept a role in the Foreign Office, but returned in 2017 on being selected by the Home Office to succeed Bernard Hogan-Howe as MPS Commissioner, becoming the first woman to hold this post.

Dick's career has included several significant crises and controversies, as well as a series of career comebacks. In 2005, she headed the operation which led to the fatal shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes. A subsequent review faulted the MPS for lapses, but Dick was cleared of personal blame in a 2007 trial. As commissioner, she has overseen a service affected by cuts to police budgets and staffing levels. Controversial aspects of Dick's tenure include the Met's use of stop and search tactics, the handling of recommendations made after the botched Operation Midland, and arrests of attendees at a candlelight vigil for Sarah Everard and complaints by the Daniel Morgan Independent Panel that she obstructed their inquiry into police corruption in 2021. On 10 February 2022, Dick announced she would be leaving the role after losing the confidence of Sadiq Khan, the Mayor of London, over her response to racism and misogyny in the force. Dick left office on 10 April 2022. In January 2023, it was revealed that part of the reason for Dick's ousting was the Met's handling of the case of serial rapist David Carrick, a Met police officer.

Early life
Dick was born on 16 October 1960 in Oxford, where she was brought up. She is the third and youngest child of Marcus William Dick (1920–1971), Senior Tutor at Balliol College, Oxford, and Professor of Philosophy at the University of East Anglia, and Cecilia Rachel Dick (née Buxton, 1927–1995), a University of Oxford historian, daughter of Wing Commander Denis Alfred Jex Buxton, granddaughter of the banker and politician Alfred Fowell Buxton, and great-granddaughter of Thomas Jex-Blake, headmaster of Rugby School.

Dick was educated at the Dragon School and Oxford High School, then in 1979 she was admitted to Balliol College, Oxford, from where she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Agriculture and Forest Sciences. While at Oxford, Dick was a wicketkeeper on a cricket team.

Before joining the police, Dick briefly worked in a large accountancy firm. Some years later, she took a course in criminology at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge, gaining a Master of Studies degree in 2000 and graduating at the top of her class.

Police career
In 1983, Dick joined the Metropolitan Police as a constable, patrolling a beat in the West End of London. Within a decade she had been promoted to chief inspector. In 1995, she transferred to Thames Valley Police, where she was initially a superintendent and then chief superintendent and area commander for Oxford.

She returned to the MPS in 2001 as a commander and head of the diversity directorate. In 2003, she became the head of Operation Trident, which then numbered 300 officers. Operation Trident investigates gang- and gun-related crime; as head of the unit, Dick was credited with progress in reducing crime among "Yardie" drug gangs.

Dick was commander of Operation Kratos, and in the immediate aftermath of 21 July 2005 London bombings, she was the gold commander in the control room during the operation which led to the police fatally shooting Jean Charles de Menezes, an innocent Brazilian man who had been wrongly identified as a potential suicide bomber. In a 2008 statement to the inquest investigating de Menezes's death, Dick expressed deep personal regret over de Menezes' death, and said, "If you ask me whether I think anybody did anything wrong or unreasonable on the operation, I don't think they did." The inquest jury recorded an open verdict. In a separate trial, the Met was found to have committed catastrophic errors that had led to de Menezes's death, but Dick was cleared of any "personal culpability" for the tragedy. The affair nevertheless almost derailed Dick's career. In 2019, Dick said, "The events of that day stay with one; I think about it quite often. It was a traumatic period. It was an awful time for so many people, obviously and most of all Jean Charles's family, the people who were there when it happened, the firearms officers, the surveillance officers." De Menezes's family opposed Dick's later appointment as Met commissioner.

In 2006, the Metropolitan Police Authority (led by Len Duvall) promoted her to Deputy Assistant Commissioner Security and Protection. In 2009, the Metropolitan Police Authority promoted her to Assistant Commissioner Specialist Crime, in charge of the Specialist Crime Directorate. She became the first woman to become an assistant commissioner. Within the specialist crime directorate, Dick was trained as a hostage negotiator.

In July 2011, Dick was appointed assistant commissioner, specialist operations (responsible for the MPS's counter-terrorism operations) following the resignation of John Yates in the wake of the News International phone hacking scandal. In this role, Dick oversaw security operations for the 2012 London Olympics.

In 2011 Dick was appointed acting deputy commissioner, and held the post between the retirement of Tim Godwin and the commencement of the new deputy commissioner Craig Mackey's term at the beginning of 2012. She held the rank until 23 January 2012.

Commissioner Bernard Hogan-Howe subsequently ousted her from her position as the MPS's counterterrorism head after their relationship became strained. In mid-2014, Dick had been one of three short-listed candidates for the position of chief constable of the Police Service of Northern Ireland, but George Hamilton was selected for the role instead. It was announced in December 2014 that she would retire from the police in 2015 to join the Foreign Office, in an unspecified director-general level posting. The Foreign Office refused Freedom of Information requests for information on her job title, role and responsibilities, or her wage. In the Daily Telegraph, Martin Evans wrote that she had "an unspecified and rather shadowy security role" at the Foreign Office.

Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police

On 22 February 2017, the Home Office and the MPS jointly announced that Dick would be appointed as the next Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police. Her appointment was supported by the Home Secretary Amber Rudd. The appointment was formally made by Queen Elizabeth II, via a warrant under the royal sign-manual, on the recommendation of Rudd. (MPS commissioners are selected by the Home Secretary with input from the mayor of London.) Dick was selected over three other short-listed contenders: Sara Thornton, the chair of the National Police Chiefs' Council; Mark Rowley, an assistant commissioner for counterterrorism at the Met, and Stephen Kavanagh, the chief constable of the Essex Police. The term of the police commissioner is five years, although two of Dick's last three predecessors were ousted early.

Dick assumed office on 10 April 2017; her first official engagement was the funeral of PC Keith Palmer, the officer killed in a terrorist attack at the Westminster Bridge, outside the Palace of Westminster, the previous month.

As commissioner, Dick has criticised police budget cuts, saying that they inhibit the MPS's operations, including counterterrorism efforts; she has attributed rising violent crime in London in part due to budget cuts. In June 2017, after the terrorist attacks at Westminster, London Bridge, and Finsbury Park, Dick called for the government to give more resources for police; budgets and police force strength had declined from a peak in 2009–2010. In 2018, the number of MPS police officers fell below 35,000 for the first time in 15 years; Dick sought to "get to well over 30,500 officers, more than 500 more than we currently have" by the end of 2019. Dick blamed "the glamorisation of violence" and "social media being used to taunt other gangs" as additional factors fueling an increase in violent crime.

Dick expressed concern in 2018 about the impact of a no-deal Brexit, saying that it would be costly and place the public at risk by reducing or eliminating the UK's access to databases, quick extradition processes, and law enforcement cooperation with other EU member states.

To combat an increase in moped crime in London (in which criminals on scooters perpetrated "snatch and grab" phone thefts, other robberies, and acid attacks), Dick allowed pursuing police officers to ram moped-riding suspects off the road. The "tactical contact" manoeuvre was criticised by some as unduly risky, but Dick defended the practice, citing a decrease in moped-facilitated crime since police began to use the technique. Dick said that "tactical contact" was used to end moped pursuits on rare occasions by well-trained police who assessed all the risks, adding, that police aimed to "put the fear back into the criminal." In late 2018, the Met under Dick approved plans to allow police officers to conduct armed foot patrols of high-crime residential areas, a break from the usual practice of British police not routinely carrying firearms. The plan was controversial; the Met stated that the plan would not be a precursor to routine armed patrols, but rather was a limited measure to combat violent, often gang-related crime in London. Dick stated that such patrols would be deployed only in "extreme circumstances" to support the unarmed officers.

Dick's official portrait as commissioner was unveiled in July 2019. The oil painting, which Dick paid for from her salary, depicts the commissioner in front of a map of London, wearing a police shirt rather than full tunic uniform. Dick sat for twenty hours for the portraitist Frances Bell. The painting hangs at the Hendon Police College alongside portraits of her 26 male predecessors. While portraits are usually unveiled after a commissioner has stepped down, Dick's portrait was unveiled as part of celebrations marking the centenary of the first woman joining the Met.

Criticism of Dick's tenure has focused on the MPS's actions in the aftermath Operation Midland, a botched MPS investigation into alleged child sex abuse. The investigation, triggered by the false allegations of a fantasist who was later convicted of perverting the course of justice and fraud, collapsed in 2016. An inquiry led by Sir Richard Henriques identified 43 mistakes by the MPS and made 25 urgent recommendations for the MPS to adopt, but a Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services (HMICFRS) report concluded that the MPS had delayed implementing most of the recommendations, with the MPS starting to adopt most reforms in 2019 under pressure from the Home Office. Six former home secretaries said that the police operation undermined public confidence in the police, and Dick faced pressure to resign over the matter. In 2020, however, the Independent Office for Police Conduct cleared Dick of allegations relating to the investigation, finding no evidence that she had "deliberately misled the public regarding her role" in the operation, in which Dick had been briefly involved in 2014, before leaving the Met to join the Foreign Office.

During Dick's tenure, racial disparities in the MPS's use of stop and search were also controversial; black and ethnic minority Britons are many times more likely than white Britons to be stopped and searched by police. Critics contend that the disparity is caused by racial discrimination among police, and that the tactic alienates minority communities. Dick, with the support of Home Secretary Amber Rudd, staunchly defended the use of stop and search, contending that the measure effectively combats knife crime and saves lives.

In 2018, Dick launched a campaign to increase the proportion of female officers in the MPS. At the time, 27% of Met officers were women; Dick aimed to increase that figure to 50% over time, although she did not set a target date. In 2020, London Mayor Sadiq Khan and the MPS announced that that police force would aim to have at least 40% of their recruits be from Black, Asian and minority ethnic backgrounds by 2022; Dick said that the MPS was "not free from racism or discrimination" and the MPS was "committed to eliminating the disproportionate use of force on Black Londoners."

Dick has defended the controversial police use of live facial recognition systems. In 2018, Dick said that police were "hamstrung" by legal limitations over the use of facial recognition. in 2020, after the Royal United Services Institute issued a report recommending regulations on police use of the technology, Dick said that privacy campaigners were "ill-informed" and that facial recognition was a valuable tool to apprehend "the criminals, the rapists, the terrorists and all those who want to harm you, your family and friends."

Dick has been critical of the depiction of police in the television drama Line of Duty; in 2019, while accepting that the police procedural was "good drama" and could raise public interest in the police, Dick said she was "absolutely outraged" at the show depicting "casual and extreme corruption" as a common occurrence in policing.

In March 2021, Dick was criticised for Metropolitan Police's handling of a vigil for Sarah Everard, who was abducted and murdered by a Met officer in south London. At the vigils, officers arrested four attendees, alleging violations of COVID-19 restrictions on public gatherings. Liberal Democrat leader Ed Davey led calls for her resignation. Dick defended the MPS's conduct; said that policing was "fiendishly difficult"; and criticised what she called "armchair" critics. She also suggested that if women felt unsafe when approached by officers they should resist arrest, run away, then "wave down a bus" or call 999; these remarks prompted criticism that Dick and the Met were not taking the matter seriously. Opposition Leader Keir Starmer, London mayor Sadiq Khan, campaigners and backbench MPs all criticised the Metropolitan Police. Dick retained the confidence of Prime Minister Boris Johnson and Home Secretary Priti Patel. Patel directed Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services (HMICFRS) to look into the police response to the incident. HMICFRS reported in March 2021 that the police "reacted appropriately and were not heavy handed" and were "justified" in their handling of the vigil. A whistleblower within HMICFRS, however, filed a formal complaint alleging that the inspectorate's review of the vigil, as well as other demonstrations, had been marred by a repeated pro-police bias, anti-demonstrator bias in violation of the Civil Service Code. Reclaim These Streets, which organised the vigil, subsequently prevailed in a lawsuit against the Met; the High Court ruled in March 2022 that the police force had violated participants' human rights to freedom of speech and assembly, and had failed to conduct a proper proportionality assessment when determining what actions to take.

In the 2021 report into the murder of Daniel Morgan, Dick was criticised for hampering efforts to gain access to important information, causing delays in the report's release.

In February 2022 a report was released by the Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC) accusing officers at Charing Cross Police Station of misogyny, racism, discrimination, bullying and sexual assault and suggesting these were not isolated cases within the police force.

On 10 February 2022, Dick announced her resignation as Met Commissioner, stating that "the Mayor no longer has sufficient confidence in my leadership". Ian Blair, a former Met police commissioner, has said Boris Johnson should not be involved in appointing Dick's successor due to being subject to a police investigation over possible breaches of COVID regulations.  Dick left office on 10 April 2022.
Sir Stephen House took over the role as Acting Commissioner until a successor, Sir Mark Rowley, was appointed in July 2022. In January 2023, Met police constable David Carrick pled guilty to 49 account of sexual offences against twelve women, and lifted reporting restrictions revealed that the Met's mishandling of his case was part of the reason Dick had been ousted.

Personal life
Dick came out as lesbian in April 2017, making her the highest-ranked openly gay officer in British police history. Her partner, Helen, was an Inspector in the MPS in South London before retiring in 2017.

Honours
Dick was awarded the Queen's Police Medal for Distinguished Service in the 2010 New Year Honours. She was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to policing. In September 2019, she was promoted to Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in Theresa May's resignation honours.

In 2013, she was named one of the 100 most powerful women in the United Kingdom by Woman's Hour on BBC Radio 4.

Scholastic
 Chancellor, visitor, governor, rector and fellowships

Honorary degrees

Notes

References

|-

1960 births
Living people
21st-century English LGBT people
People from Oxford
People educated at Oxford High School, England
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
Commissioners of Police of the Metropolis
People educated at The Dragon School
Metropolitan Police recipients of the Queen's Police Medal
Women Metropolitan Police officers
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
English lesbians
Lesbian police officers
20th-century English LGBT people

Cressida Dick


A wishing well is a term from European folklore to describe wells where it was thought that any spoken wish would be granted. The idea that a wish would be granted came from the notion that water housed deities or had been placed there as a gift from the gods. This practice is thought to have arisen because water is a source of life, and was often a scarce commodity.

History

Germanic and Celtic traditions
The Germanic and Celtic peoples considered springs and wells sacred places. Sometimes the places were marked with wooden statues possibly of the god associated with the pool. Germanic peoples were known to throw the armour and weapons of defeated enemies into bogs and other pools of water as offerings to their gods.
As water is necessary for life, wells became popular places not only to get life sustaining water, but also as a social area. This has now related to town centers having wells in the center of them. Water was also seen to have healing powers, and wells became popular, with many people drinking the water, bathing in it, or simply wishing over it. Some people believed that the guardians or dwellers of the well would grant them their wish if they paid a price. After uttering the wish, one would generally drop coins in the well.  That wish would then be granted by the guardian or dweller, based upon how the coin would land at the bottom of the well. If the coin landed heads up, the guardian of the well would grant the wish, but the wish of a tails up coin would be ignored. It was thus potentially lucky to throw coins in the well, but it depended on how they landed.

Since 2021, well excavation have been going on in Bavaria, Germany. Here, there have been 13,500 archeological finds and around seventy water wells in the area from the Bronze and Middle age. Most excitingly, there has been a 5m wood lined well found that was filled with ritual deposits from the Bronze Age around 3,000 years ago. All objects found here were found intact and seemed to be carefully placed. While the reason all of these objects were placed cannot be determined, it is possible that they were placed in this well for good luck.

The Celtic Clootie Well tradition and the English well dressing tradition appear to be related to this kind of ancient well veneration.

The tradition of dropping pennies in ponds and fountains stems from this. Coins would be placed there as gifts for the deity to show appreciation.

Nordic myths
The belief that deities inhabited wells in Germanic and Celtic traditions (explained above) may be a leftover from ancient mythology such as Mímir's Well from Nordic myths, also known as the "Well of Wisdom", a well that could grant you infinite wisdom provided you sacrificed something you held dear. Odin  was asked to sacrifice his right eye which he threw into the well to receive not only the wisdom of seeing the future but the understanding of why things must be. Mímir is the Nordic god of wisdom, and his well sits at the roots of Yggdrasil, the World Tree which draws its water from the well.

Oligodynamic effect
Another theory is that people may have unknowingly discovered the biocidal properties of both copper and silver; the two metals traditionally used in coins. Throwing coins made of either of these metals could help make the water safer to drink. Wells that were frequented by those that threw coins in may have been less affected by a range of bacterial infections making them seem more fortunate and may have even appeared to have cured people suffering from repeated infections.

Extent
In November 2006 the "Fountain Money Mountain" reported that tourists throw just under 3 million pounds sterling per year into wishing wells.

References

External links

Wishing Wells And Superstitions

Water wells
Garden ornaments
European folklore
American folklore
English folklore
Superstitions
Articles containing video clips

Wishing well


Brigadier (R) Manzoor Hussain Atif (4 September 1928 – 8 December 2008) was a former secretary of Pakistan Hockey Federation and an Olympian in the game of field hockey. In 1994, he was a recipient of the Silver Olympic Order.

Early life and career
Atif started as a soldier in the Pakistan Armed Forces and eventually reached the rank of a Brigadier before he retired from the army.
Later while Atif was involved with the Pakistan Hockey Team, the team won one Olympic gold medal in 1960 and two Olympic silver medals in 1956 and again in 1964. He is regarded as one of the most successful Olympians of Pakistan.
 Atif was the Secretary of Pakistan Hockey Federation for 11 years
 Atif was the Secretary of Asian Hockey Federation for 16 years
 Atif was the Vice President of Asian Hockey Federation from 1982 to 2001

Awards and recognition
 Pride of Performance Award for Sports in 1963 by the President of Pakistan
 Lifetime Achievement Award by the Asian Hockey Federation

Death and legacy
Atif died on 8 December 2008 in Combined Military Hospital Rawalpindi, Pakistan at age 80. He was a passionate person as a field hockey player as well as a Pakistan Hockey Team manager. Pakistan won its second Olympic gold medal at Mexico City in 1968 and then at Los Angeles in 1984 when he was their team manager. He was a highly respected person in the field hockey world. Qasim Zia and Asif Bajwa of the Pakistan Hockey Federation paid rich tributes to Atif at a memorial ceremony event held at Lahore, after his death. Qasim Zia said, "He was not only a pure administrator but also a very polite and humble person."

References

External links

1928 births
2008 deaths
Pakistani male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for Pakistan
Olympic gold medalists for Pakistan
Olympic silver medalists for Pakistan
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Asian Games medalists in field hockey
Field hockey players at the 1958 Asian Games
Field hockey players at the 1962 Asian Games
Pakistani sports executives and administrators
Recipients of the Pride of Performance
People from Gujrat District
Asian Games gold medalists for Pakistan
Medalists at the 1962 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1958 Asian Games
Recipients of the Olympic Order

Manzoor Hussain Atif


The Mercury Park Lane wis a fullsize automobile produced bi the Mercury division o the Ford Motor Company frae 1958 tae 1960 an bi the Lincoln-Mercury Division frae 1964 tae 1968.  Durin this time, the Park Lane resembled the Monterey, but wi a hichter trim level.

The Park Lane wis introduced in 1958 an wis applied tae Mercury's premium automobile line. In 1960, the Park Lane name wis dropt for the comin 1961 model year as Mercury focused its production efforts on the lower-end Monterey an Meteor 800 models. The name wis reinstatit in 1964 as Mercury again attemptit tae retrench its models in the price gap atween Ford an Lincoln.  Park Lanes wur available wi the Marauder package (as wur aw full-size '64 Mercurys) which featured the "slantback" ruif designs uised on the popular full-size Ford line.

For 1967 and 1968, the Park Lane wis affered wi an even mair luxurious trim level cawed the Brougham, a.k.a. the Park Lane Brougham.  These wur Mercury's flagship products durin these years.

Mercury completely redesigned its full-size afferins for 1969, an the Park Lane name wis retired at the end o the 1968 model year. Housomeivver some Grand Marquis hae been kent tae carry a revival o the Park Lane badge since the late 1990s.

References

Park Lane
Full-size vehicles
Rear wheel drive vehicles

Mercury Park Lane


The siege of Bastia was a combined British and Corsican military operation during the early stages of the French Revolutionary Wars. The Corsican people had risen up against the French garrison of the island in 1793, and sought support from the British Royal Navy's Mediterranean Fleet under Lord Hood. After initial delays in the autumn, Hood had supplied a small expeditionary force which had successfully driven the French out of the port of San Fiorenzo in February 1794. Hood then turned his attention to the nearby town of Bastia, which was held by a large French garrison.

The attack was delayed by an unedifying squabble between the British commanders over the best method to approach the siege; Hood, supported by Captain Horatio Nelson, was over-confident and assumed the town would fall by assault and bombardment in just ten days. The French positions were however far stronger than Hood had assumed and in the end the siege lasted for six weeks, the garrison only forced to surrender when its food reserves ran out. Hood permitted the garrison safe passage back to France and began preparations for the assault of the final French-held town on the island, at Calvi. By August 1794, the last of the French had been driven from Corsica, which had become a self-governing part of the British Empire with a new constitution.

Background

In the aftermath of the French Revolution of 1789 the Corsican leader Pasquale Paoli, who had left in 1768 after the French invasion of Corsica, returned to the island, defeated his political rivals and took control. Paoli then faced efforts by the French National Convention to take control over Corsica, and in 1793 orders were issued for his arrest during the Reign of Terror. Paoli had long been supported by Great Britain, and as his supporters formed irregular units and drove the French garrison into three fortified port-towns on the northern coast, San Fiorenzo, Calvi, and Bastia, Paoli appealed to British agents in Italy for support.

The French positions were too strong for attack by Paoli's irregulars, and could be easily resupplied and reinforced by sea. Paoli therefore requested support from the British Mediterranean Fleet in the summer of 1793. The British however, under the command of Admiral Lord Hood, were fully engaged in the siege of Toulon and could spare few forces to assist Paoli. A British squadron was sent to attack San Fiorenzo in October, but was driven off by shore defences with heavy casualties. The French were then able to land significant reinforcements on the island in November and even conduct some local offensives against the Corsican forces. In December 1793, the French Republican armies were able to retake Toulon, forcing a hasty and chaotic retreat by the British fleet in which almost half of the French Mediterranean Fleet was recaptured intact and more than 7,000 refugees had to be extracted.

British planners had considered Corsica a suitable forward base in the Mediterranean for some time, although previous approaches to Paoli had gone unanswered. With the loss of Toulon, Hood needed a forward operating base in the Ligurian Sea, and turned his full attention to the island.  In February he agreed with Paoli that in exchange for driving the French out of Corsica, the island would become a self-governing part of the British Empire, and sent a small force to attack San Fiorenzo. Initial attacks on coastal towers suffered casualties, but careful engineer operations, overseen by Lieutenant-Colonel John Moore, enabled the situation of artillery batteries on the heights over the town and after a short siege the French abandoned the town on 20 February, the surviving garrison retreating over the Serra Mountains to Bastia.

Argumentative delay
On 19 February, Navy Captain Horatio Nelson had landed a force of sailors to reconnoitre Bastia, returning with an optimistic report on its state of readiness. As a result, the French garrison in the town, augmented by the remains of the San Fiorenzo garrison, believed that the British would make an immediate attack on the town, and established defensive positions in the mountain passes through which they had retreated. Preparations were also begun by the French to evacuate Bastia by sea, but when the British failed to attack within three days, the commander Lacombe-Saint-Michel halted the evacuation and instead set his men to improving the town's defences in anticipation of the inevitable siege. The town was large, heavily fortified and within easy reach of sympathetic Italian ports. Moreover, the French garrison was strong, comprising 1,000 French Army regulars, 1,500 National Guard and up to 2,500 French-supporting Corsican militia.

The British had sent Corsican irregulars to probe the French defences, but the commander, David Dundas withdrew them a few days later due to the freezing conditions in the mountains. Hood's strategy to seize Corsica relied on speed, and rumours were spreading of a French relief force of 12,000 soldiers being prepared at Nice. The admiral felt that a demonstration of British naval strength might be sufficient to intimidate the French, and on 23 February took the Mediterranean Fleet on an extended cruise off Bastia, sailing around Cap Corse, reconnoitering the town and then returning to San Fiorenzo Bay on 5 March. There he found that Dundas had made no preparations for the coming siege. During this operation, Nelson had taken a squadron close inshore to study the seaward defences and exchanged fire with the shore batteries for two hours without a single shot striking his force.

Dundas was a cautious commander, who refused to send his force of 1,200 British soldiers from a patchwork of regiments and 2,000 untested Corsican irregulars against a French garrison he estimated to be more than 4,000 strong. He insisted that any attack must wait until reinforcements arrived from Gibraltar. Hood was furious, accusing Dundas of failing to press the attack and appealing to Dundas' junior officers, Lieutenant Colonels Moore and William Villettes. This was an egregious breach of the chain of command and when Moore told Dundas of Hood's overtures the British general was so furious that he and Hood exchanged a series of increasingly angry letters before resigning his post on 11 March, passing command to Colonel Abraham D'Aubant. Hood was unaware of the strength of the French garrison, assuming it to be far lower, partially on the advice of Nelson. Nelson however was well aware of the true size of the French force, and apparently withheld the information from his command in the hope of ensuring a frontal assault on the town.

D'Aubant was unpopular with both the Army and the Navy; Moore described his superior as speaking "nonsense", and Nelson called his behaviour "a national disgrace".  He refused to reconnoitre Bastia or to contemplate an assault without reinforcements. Hood commissioned several reports into the defences of the town, ignoring the report by Moore and Major George Koehler that accurately described the dangers of the town's defences and instead selecting a more optimistic report by a junior officer. Hood was confident that, once the attack was underway, the town would surrender within ten days, and ordered Villettes to land north of the town with his 1,200 men, supported by a detachment of naval gunners led by Captain Nelson.

Siege
Villettes' force comprised detachments from the Royal Artillery and the 11th, 25th, 30th, 50th, and 69th Regiments of Foot alongside units of Royal Marines detached from the fleet. It was joined by Nelson's force of 250 sailors with eight 24-pounder long guns from HMS Agamemnon and four mortars sent from Naples. While the army forces laid preparations for operations against the town, Hood stationed his fleet in a semi-circle just offshore, with HMS Fortitude under Captain William Young at the centre. Inshore, Captain Benjamin Caldwell commanded a squadron of gunboats to enact a close blockade of the harbour. The frigate HMS Imperieuse under Captain William Wolesley was detached to blockade the island of Capraia, also in French hands and the site of large storehouses of food and ammunition, to prevent the garrison interfering in the siege or sending supplies to the defenders. The French made no effort to disrupt the landings or the subsequent siting of the batteries around the town.

By 11 April Nelson had assembled the batteries on the heights overlooking the town. Hood then sent a message to Lacombe-Saint-Michel, advising him of the British positions and inviting him to surrender. The French commander simply responded "I have hot shot for your ships and bayonets for your troops. When two thirds of our troops are killed, I will then trust to the generosity of the English". His approach rebuffed, Hood ordered Nelson to open a heavy fire on the town's defences; the ensuing fire and counterfire between the British and French batteries has been described as "immense". Hood also ordered the 24-gun sixth rate HMS Proselyte, a small ship captured from the French at the siege of Toulon and armed with 12-pounder cannon, to enter the harbour under Captain Walter Serocold and bombard the seaward defences. Serocold's ship shifted at anchor however and became exposed to heated shot from the town's batteries. A number of red-hot cannonballs lodged in the ship's stores and a fire started that rapidly blazed out of control. Serocold continued his fire on the town while calling for help from the fleet, managing to evacuate Proselyte into ship's boats and escape the harbour before the ship was entirely consumed by the flames.

For fourteen days Nelson's batteries kept up an ineffective fire on the town, Moore noting that the placement of the guns on the heights was too far to achieve an effective bombardment of the defensive positions. Both sides suffered casualties during the exchange of battery fire, one of whom was Nelson, who was wounded in the back during a skirmish on a ridge overlooking the town on 13 April. By 21 April, British naval batteries had been established  from Bastia, and on 25 April Hood ordered D'Aubant to bring his troops at San Fiorenzo over the mountains and seize the Cardo ridge, Hood calculating that Lacombe-Saint-Michel would be intimidated into surrender, but the British colonel refused on the grounds that such an operation would be pointless without the delayed reinforcements from Gibraltar. His order rebuffed, Hood resigned his forces to stalemate until he could starve the French garrison out of the town.

Surrender
On 12 May Lacombe-Saint-Michel slipped out of Bastia on a small vessel. His stated purpose was to assemble reinforcements, but it was clear at this stage that Bastia would fall and he sought to inform the National Convention of the situation on the island. He left command to his deputy Antoine Gentili. Three days later the expected British reinforcements finally landed at San Fiorenzo, and D'Aubant wrote to Hood suggesting a joint assault on the town. Aware of the impending surrender of Bastia, Hood refused and D'Aubant furiously resigned his command, although he was embarrassingly forced to remain in Corsica as Hood deliberately neglected to provide him with a vessel for passage to Leghorn.

Bastia's food reserves ran dry on 21 May, and Gentili finally sailed from the harbour on 22 May, sending envoys aboard Hood's flagship HMS Victory to sign the terms. The conditions were generous: the French troops were to be repatriated to France along with those Corsican who wished to leave. All Corsicans who had joined the French were granted an amnesty and their property was to be respected. Paoli and his Corsicans were furious; Paoli's deputy Carlo Andrea Pozzo di Borgo attempted to intervene and was rebuffed by Hood, and Moore suggested that Hood had granted these terms to embarrass the army, whom the admiral publicly blamed for the length and failures of the siege. Historian Desmond Gregory has suggested instead however that Hood needed the siege concluded primarily so that his fleet to return to urgent operations elsewhere in the Mediterranean.

Nelson was the first British commander to enter the town, later proclaiming that the siege had proved "that one Englishman was the equal of three Frenchmen". D'Aubant, who had still not departed from Corsica, arrived soon afterwards.  The hospitals of Bastia were filled with sick French soldiers, and French casualties during the siege were reported as more than 700, in comparison with British Army losses of 7 killed, 6 missing and 21 wounded and Navy losses of 7 killed, 13 wounded. In the town 80 cannon were seized, and the small corvette Fleche captured and taken into the Royal Navy under the same name. Villettes was subsequently appointed military governor of the town, remaining in post until the evacuation in 1796.

Aftermath
With San Fiorenzo and Bastia now firmly in British hands, Calvi remained the last French stronghold on the island. British forces landed in June and laid siege to the town over two months, operations hampered by rampant sickness in the British camp and Hood refusing to provide the new army commander, Charles Stuart with adequate men and artillery necessary to break the defences under the command of French-supporting Corsican Casabianca. As at the earlier sieges, Hood and Stuart squabbled and blamed one another for failures in the operation, and Corsica was not brought under total British control until August. The report of the siege written by Lord Hood and published in the London Gazette was later privately criticised by Nelson, who felt that he was not given sufficient credit for his part in the operation; in particular he was angry at the praise for Captain Anthony Hunt, a relatively junior officer who had played little part in the siege but whom was a personal friend of Hood. Despite this frustration, the victories on Corsica have been characterised as the moment at which Nelson first rose to prominence in the British naval establishment.

The victory at Bastia did however provide Paoli with sufficient evidence to persuade his fellow Corsicans to accept his agreement with Hood that Corsica would become a self-governing part of the British Empire.  Elections to a national parliament were held in Corsica on 1 June and on 16 June a constitution was announced, negotiated by Paoli and new British viceroy Sir Gilbert Elliot. The constitution offered wide male suffrage, biennial elections and strong executive powers firmly held by Paoli through Pozzo di Borgo as nominal president.  Within a few weeks however Paoli and Elliott had fallen out over policy disagreements, and the relationship remained tense until the British departed two years later.

References

Bibliography

1794 in France
Sieges of the French Revolutionary Wars
Conflicts in 1794
Sieges involving Great Britain
Sieges involving France
Sieges of the War of the First Coalition
Battles in Corsica
18th century in Corsica

Siege of Bastia


Tierra del Fuego (Spanish for "Land of Fire"; ), officially the Province of Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica and South Atlantic Islands (Spanish: Provincia de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur), is the southernmost, smallest, and least populous Argentine province. The provincial capital city is Ushuaia, from a native word meaning "bay towards the end".

The territory of the current province had been inhabited by indigenous people for more than 12,000 years, since they migrated south of the mainland. It was first encountered by a European in 1520 when spotted by Ferdinand Magellan. Even after Argentina achieved independence, this territory remained under indigenous control until the nation's campaign known as the Conquest of the Desert in the 1870s, after which Argentina organised this section in 1885 as a territory. European immigration followed due to a gold rush and rapid expansion of sheep farming on large ranches in the area. Tierra del Fuego is the most recent Argentine territory to gain provincial status, which occurred in 1990.

Extent

The effective extent of the province is the eastern part of the island of Tierra del Fuego, Isla de los Estados and adjacent islands.

The province nominally includes Argentina's claims to the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (which are British Overseas Territories) and to a segment of Antarctica that overlaps with the British and Chilean claims on that continent.  Argentina has no effective control in these territories outside its own Antarctic bases.

History

Tierra del Fuego was first settled by indigenous peoples around 12,000 years ago. Discovered by Ferdinand Magellan's expedition in 1520, he named the area Land of Smokes (later changed to Land of Fire), likely referring to the smoke emitted by fires produced by the local Fuegian peoples for heating. When the first Europeans arrived, they encountered a population of about 10,000 indigenous people belonging to four tribes: Yámana, Alakaluf (now known by their autonym of Kawésqar), Selk'nam (Ona) and Manek'enk (Haush). European attempts at settling the island began in 1555 by Juan de Alderete and later Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa. Neither was successful, however, due to the region's harsh weather and constant attacks by British pirates, who took Sarmiento de Gamboa prisoner.

Between the 16th and 19th centuries Spanish, Dutch, British and French explorers visited Tierra del Fuego and the nearby seas. Gabriel de Castilla passed through before exploring the Antarctic islands. In the early 1830s, Commander Robert FitzRoy, and Charles Darwin explored the island and other parts of Patagonia via . This included the Falkland Islands, claimed by the British since 1690, though controlled by Argentina since its establishment of a penal colony at Puerto Luis in 1828. In 1833 the British re-established their rule on the Falklands via the deployment of naval task force. The Argentinian representative of the islands, José María Pinedo, and Argentinian forces subsequently left the islands.

Luis Piedrabuena installed a base in San Juan de Salvamento on Isla de los Estados. The British South American Mission Society Patagonia Mission, under its superintendent Waite Stirling, founded Ushuaia as an Anglican mission in southern Tierra del Fuego in 1869. Shortly after, Salesian missionaries founded Río Grande. In the 1880s the Argentine government took a more active interest in Tierra del Fuego. In 1881, the meridian 68°36'38 W was defined as the boundary between the Chilean and the Argentine portions of the island. In 1884 the Government of Tierra del Fuego was created, and a subprefecture was established at Ushuaia. The southern part of the Beagle Channel was an issue of conflict between both states, which competed for control of three small islands, Picton, Lennox and Nueva. Finally in 1977, these were awarded to Chile by decision of the mediating British Crown, revised  by Pope John Paul II and ratified by treaty in 1985.

When the crews of sailing-ships told of the notoriously dangerous voyage round the tip of South America, Tierra del Fuego became a byword in Europe for an inhospitable land, where life would be impossibly harsh for settlers. But, it is not the most sparsely populated province of Argentina. Its population density of 4.75/ km2 is higher than five other provinces, due to various waves of immigration.

Gold fever started in Tierra del Fuego around 1883. Many Croatians from the Dalmatian coast arrived in search of gold. In addition, the gold rush inspired new technologies and innovations, such as the telegraph. Although by 1910 the gold had run out, most of the pioneers stayed. The inauspicious-looking northern plains proved ideal sheep-farming country, and vast ranches were developed. Croatian, Scottish, Basque, Italian, Galician and Chilean immigrants arrived to work on the estancias, with the hope of eventually buying their own land and stock.

The Amerindians suffered high fatalities from diseases (including measles and smallpox) and the outright warfare waged by ranchers and bounty hunters; by 1916 their population on the island had dropped to only 900. In addition, in the late 19th century, ranchers and settlers committed genocide against the Selk'nam. News of the atrocities and genocide reached the Federal Congress in Buenos Aires. It sent aid and tried to help the Salesian mission, the only institution working in the island to protect the indigenous peoples.

With the creation of the Gobernación Marítima de Tierra del Fuego in 1943, construction of naval bases began in Ushuaia and Río Grande. An airport and other infrastructure were also built. These projects attracted immigrants from other countries as well as other parts of Argentina. In 1990 the "National Territory of Tierra del Fuego, the Antarctic and the South Atlantic Islands" was declared a province, with its first governor appointed two years later.

Geography

There are low mountains and sandy beaches at the north of the island, ascending to the south. The north is somewhat similar to the steppe of Santa Cruz Province. In the middle of the island, the end of the Andes mountain system becomes flattened, and its highest peak, Mount Cornú, rises only . There are a number of short rivers (the Grande, Moneta, Ona, Lasifashaj, etc.), and as a result of the low temperature there are many small glaciers that flow to the sea.

Due to its latitude, the island has a cold oceanic climate. The influences from the surrounding ocean and the predominant winds from the west result in the climate being uniform throughout the province. Mean annual temperatures are low, with winter temperatures averaging close to  and summer temperatures averaging around . The strong westerly winds from the Pacific Ocean decrease the perception of the temperature (wind chill). In the extreme south in the Beagle Channel which is surrounded by mountains rising above , winds can exceed . The island averages around  of precipitation per year which is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year with a slight maximum in autumn. Snowfall is abundant throughout the island. Much of this island can be classified as within the Magellanic subpolar forests ecoregion.

Government

The provincial government is divided into three branches: the executive, headed by a popularly elected governor, who appoints the cabinet; the legislative; and the judiciary, headed by the Supreme Court.

The Constitution of Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina forms the formal law of the province.

In Argentina, the most important law enforcement organization is the Argentine Federal Police but the additional work is carried out by the Tierra del Fuego Provincial Police.

Administrative divisions

The province is divided into five departments (Spanish: departamentos), only the first three of which are under the effective control of Argentina:

 Ushuaia (seat Ushuaia)
 Tolhuin (seat Tolhuin)
 Río Grande (seat Río Grande)
 Islas del Atlántico Sur: consists of the Argentine claim to the Falkland Islands (Malvinas in Spanish) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, both of which are self-governing overseas territories of the United Kingdom.
 Antártida Argentina: the Argentine claim to Antarctica lies between 25°W and 74°W (overlapping both Chilean and British claims) and is uninhabited apart from the staff of scientific bases. Being south of 60°S, the Argentine claim to the entire department is suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.

Economy
Tierra del Fuego has since the 1970s benefited from government subsidies to local industry and from its natural wealth. Its estimated 2006 output of US$2.6 billion gave the province a per capita income of US$25,719, the second highest in Argentina, behind Buenos Aires.

Manufacturing, despite the province's remoteness, contributes about 20% to output owing partly to generous certain tax incentives to local industry, a policy Buenos Aires has pursued to encourage immigration to less populated areas. A number of sizable factories have opened on Tierra del Fuego Island to take advantage of the tax benefits legislated in 1972, mainly home appliance and electronics manufacturers.

Recently, in the city of Río Grande, many international and Argentine companies, most notably the Korean company Samsung and the Argentine company Teltron, have set up factories that produce high-definition televisions (HDTV), CD-ROM-related articles, and low-cost GSM cell phones, built mainly from Argentine components.

Sheep ranching is the leading source of the province's modest agricultural income (5% of output). It provides wool, mutton and hides throughout the province and the wider Argentine market, whose taste for these products has been growing strongly.

As in Patagonia to the north, petroleum and natural gas extraction are important to Tierra del Fuego's economy, generating over 20% of total output. Exploration efforts continue. The government of the Falkland Islands has issued exploration licenses within its waters. This competition has caused anger in Argentina. The activity has also intruded into some of the area's lucrative crab and shrimp fishing industry.

Tourism is gaining importance on Tierra del Fuego island. The region offers mountains, glaciers, forests, fast rivers, waterfalls, ski centres (the most important is Cerro Castor), and the sea, all within short distances.

The most visited destinations in Argentine Tierra del Fuego include Ushuaia, the Tierra del Fuego National Park and the Tren del Fin del Mundo, Fagnano Lake, the Museum of the End of the World, the Beagle Channel, the Les Eclaireurs lighthouse, the old jail, and South Staten Island.

The Antarctic Peninsula is a tourist destination. Tourists can see wildlife at the Argentine Marambio Base during the summer.

See also
 1949 Tierra del Fuego earthquakes
 Argentine Antarctica
 Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego
 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
 South Orkney Islands
 Tierra del Fuego Archipelago

References

External links

 Tierra del Fuego provincial government homepage
 Tierra del Fuego tourist information

Provinces of Argentina
States and territories established in 1990
Enclaves and exclaves
1990 establishments in Argentina

Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina