The Piratica Series is a series of young adult fantasy novels by Tanith Lee.

Piratica: Being a Daring Tale of a Singular Girl's Adventures Upon the High Seas
Piratica: Being a Daring Tale of Singular Girl's Adventures Upon the High Seas is a fantasy novel in The Piratica Series. The novel was written in 2004.

Plot summary
The novel takes place in a world somewhat parallel to Earth, in the year Seventeen-Twelvety, which is equivalent to approximately 1802 in Earth years. The main character is sixteen-year-old Artemesia Fitz-Willoghby Weatherhouse, who is an amnesiac student at the Angels Academy of Young Maidens. On the afternoon of Christmas Eve, while practising deportment, she tumbles down the stairs and hits her head on the banister, restoring her memories from six years previous – of her life aboard a pirate ship led by her mother, Molly Faith, more commonly known as Piratica, until a misfired cannon caused Molly's death and Artemesia's amnesia.

Her sudden change in behaviour and into men's clothing due to the restoration of her memories convince her teachers and fellow students that she is mad, and she is locked in a room for safety. She quickly escapes up the chimney and sets off to locate her mother's former crew members. On the way she meets Felix Phoenix, a traveller, and forces him to trade clothes with her. She locks him in a sooty, abandoned house and continues on her way.

From there, she locates some of her mother's old 'crew' and commandeers a ship. When she meets them they all think it is her mother Molly. She finds out that they advertise coffee and have a small ship. Heading out the stop at a town where they show her a theatre. They then explain to her that her mother and themselves were only actors and not pirates. Confused Art makes a plan to become the REAL Piratica, and sail the seas. She holds by her mother's (stage) code of honour- she steals by guile and trickery, and never takes a life. When stealing a boat Felix Phoenix joins them. Together they set out to find a mysterious treasure isle.

Piratica II: Return to Parrot Island

Piratica II: Return to Parrot Island is a fantasy novel by Tanith Lee. The novel was published in 2006 and is part of The Piratica Series.

Plot Summary

Piratica III: The Family Sea

Piratica III: The Family Sea is a fantasy novel from The Piratica Series by Tanith Lee. It was published in 2007. Piratica III explores the reason behind Golden Goliath's hatred of Molly and also explains why Art cannot love her child. It also features the return of Goldie Girl. The UK edition was released in 2007 but the US edition has yet to be released.

Plot Summary

Characters

Art Blastside (Piratica)

The protagonist of the series, Artemesia Fitz-Willoghby Weatherhouse is the only child of Landsir Weatherhouse and actress Molly Faith. When she escapes from the Angels Academy for Young Maidens after the restoration of her memory, Artemesia dresses in boy's clothes and changes her name to "Art Blastside". Determined to return to the life she remembers so clearly, though others tell her it was fiction, she gathers her crew and sets out to sea to become known throughout the land and seas she as "Piratica", the stage name of her mother.

Pre-Piratica

As soon as she was born, Art's mother took her from her father's house. When she was two, Molly and Ebad took her with them on a sea voyage around the world. The voyage ended when their ship was attacked by the Golden Goliath. However, Art retained memories of this time and regained them along with her other memories after the accident at the Angels Academy.
Molly became a stage actress and Art participated in her shows until the age of ten, when a cannon accident caused Molly's death and Art's amnesia.
Her father regained custody of her and sent her to the Angels Academy of Young Maidens.

Felix Phoenix
Felix Phoenix has dark blue eyes and ice blond hair. His father was killed by the Golden Goliath and he is a good singer. While being chased by an angry mob who thinks that Felix is the notorious Highway man Cuckoo Jack, Felix is rescued by Art and her crew.. Felix travels with Art and her crew but says he doesn't want to stay; however when the chance arrives to leave and be freed from Art's ship, "The Unwelcome Stranger", he decides to stay. Art, under the belief that Felix has just taken a liking to her crew, thinks nothing much of his stay but it turns out that Felix has many more reasons to stay, some more sinister than others.

Original Crew (Piratica)
 Ebadiah "Ebad" Vooms is a former slave who was freed when England became a republic. He was brought to England from Africay when he was nine; during that voyage he learned how to man a ship. He and Molly Faith became lovers after she left Art's father, and they sailed together until their ship was attacked by the Golden Goliath. They began acting out their former adventures on the stage. Served in Molly's fictional crew as second officer. When Art becomes Captain of the Unwelcome Stranger he serves as first officer.
 Eerie O'Shea is an Irish actor who was in the Piratica plays with Molly Faith. Served in Molly's fictional crew as third officer. When Art becomes Captain of the Unwelcome Stranger he serves as second officer.
Dirk is an actor who was in the Piratica plays with Molly Faith. Has a tendency to be preoccupied with his clothes and looks and calls others by terms of endearment.
Whuskery is an actor who was in the Piratica plays with Molly Faith. His most distinguishing feature is his blue-black moustache. Fans have suggested he may be in a relationship with Dirk.
Salt "Pete" Peter  is an actor who was in the Piratica plays with Molly Faith. He was 20 years old at the time. He is Salt Walter's older brother.
Salt "Walt" Walter is an actor who was in the Piratica plays with Molly Faith. He is Salt Peter's younger brother and is two years older than Art. He has red hair and is very sensitive.
Honest Liar is an actor who was in the Piratica plays with Molly Faith. He has a round moon face and wears a red handkerchief around his head and brass earrings. He is the youngest crew member. He is illiterate, having never received formal education; however he possesses a keen intuition and picks up skills easily.
 Black Knack is an actor who was in the Piratica plays with Molly Faith. A bad-tempered man with black stubble, a black eye patch, and blackened nails. He worked as a double agent for Little Goldie Girl. She shot him in the back at the end of Piratica.
 Glad Cuthbert is a former sailor who had served on an English vessel, who chose to join Art's crew when she attacked the Royal. He changed his first name to Glad after his wife, Gladys. He serves as a gunner. He is skilled in playing the hurdy-gurdy and teaches some of the crew to play.

Privateer Crew (Piratica II)
Tazbo Lightheart, "an experienced primer", ten years old
Ert Liemouse
Doran Bell, the pseudonym of Kassandra Holroyal, when she operates under the name Belladora Fan and dresses as a man.
Shemps, a gunner
de Weevil
Gideon Squalls
Sikkars Eye, second primer, twelve years old
Mothope
Stott Dabbet
Plinke, pronounced "Pey-Lin-Kee". Cathay.
Grug
Oscar Bagge
Boozle O'Nyons
Lupin Hawkscoot
Larry Lully, a gunner from Own Accord in the Blue Indies
Nib Several
Shadrach Lost
Feasty Jack, "a long, lank, grizzled man, age about forty, bristly with stubble". The cook of the Unwelcome Stranger.

Other Pirates
Golden Goliath was the most fearsome pirate ever. Among his victims was Felix's uncle. He supposedly died at the hands of Mary Hell. Recent rumours have indicated he may still be alive.
Hurkon Beare is a Canadee who was the former First Officer of Molly's fictional crew. He is described as "grizzled but young" and "a little short in one leg". He now collects art and makes his former off of double crossing others.
Little Goldie Girl is the daughter of the Golden Goliath. She is stunningly beautiful, with dragon-green cat's eyes, black curls, and white skin. She also has a small cross on one cheek where Art scarred her. She is deceitful, vicious, and cunning. She uses slang when teasing or trying to deceive.
Mr. Beast – First Officer. Usually richly dressed. Described as shaggy and beastly. Has a large attachment to his hat. Presumably died along with Little Goldie Girl at the end of Piratica II.
Mr. Pest – Second Officer. Usually richly dressed. Described in comparison to Mr. Beast as thinner and "not so beastly". Presumably hung at the end of Piratica.
Tattoo – Crew member. Stocky, fit and fleet. Tattoo on nose. Presumably hung at the end of Piratica.
Mary Hell
Molly Faith was the mother of Art Blastside. She had strawberry blonde hair and gooseberry green eyes. She originally worked as an actress. She married George Fitz-Willoughby Weatherhouse, but grew to hate him and stayed with him only long enough for the birth of Art. She left him to return to the stage, and there she met Ebadiah Vooms. They went out to sea together, until the Golden Goliath attacked their ship. They were forced to return to England, where they gathered an acting troupe and began performing the Piratica plays. Molly played Piratica until Art was ten, when their cannon exploded in the accident that caused Molly's death and Art's amnesia.
Michael Holroyal

English Citizens
Adam Makepeace was Felix's father. He had black hair. He was a Landsir who took good care of his workers. At the death of his brother Solomon Makepeace and the resulting poverty of his workers, his hair became white. He died of heartbreak when Felix was 8.
Miss Eeble One of the teachers at the Angels Academy for Young Maidens. She is nicknamed "The Evil Eeble" by her students because of her strict manner.
Fan and Ann are two young ladies who invite Felix to join them on their ice skating trip up a river to their aunt and uncle's house on Christmas Day. When they learn he is wanted for arrest, they help him escape out a window.
Miss Grash The Principal of the Angels Academy for Young Maidens. She is nicknamed "Grasping Miss Grash" by her students.
Kassandra "Kassie" Holroyal is a famous actress who works undercover as a woman named Belladora Fan, who dresses as a man named Dorian Bell, to aid the French Revolution. Her brother is Michael Holroyal.
Lansir George Fitz-Willoughby Weatherhouse is the wealthy English landowner of Richman's Park and the biological father of Art Blastside. Usually impeccably dressed in ornate finery. He had nothing to do with Art until the death of her mother, at which he sent her to the Angels Academy of Young Maidens. Six years later, when she regained her memory and went to sea, he disowned her entirely.
Solomon Makepeace was Adam Makepeace's brother and Felix's uncle. He took Adam's ship, loaded with all his cargo, to sea. The ship was attacked by the Golden Goliath, and Solomon was killed.

Ships
Unwelcome Stranger – The name of Molly's ship in the Piratica plays. Later, Art and her crew capture the Elephant and turn her into a real Unwelcome Stranger.They give the Unwelcome stranger the figurehead off the small thirty-foot ship "Pirate coffe"
Enemy – Formerly the Golden Goliath's ship, now owned by Little Goldie Girl.
Pirate Coffee – a ship made for transporting coffee. Stolen and used by Art and her crew until it sank as they captured the Elephant.
FRS Elephant – Originally the Free Republican Ship Elephant. Captured by Art and her crew and made into the Unwelcome Stranger.
Royal A Franco-Spanish trader, with a round-looking hull. Art's crew robbed her of all her goods, and Glad Cuthbert, a member of their crew.
Unnamed Amer Rican clipper Robbed by Art and her crew.
Saucy Mrs. Minnie A vessel owned by Hurkon Beare.
Utterly Matchless – The Naval Destroyer FRS Utterly Matchless. Felix was taken back to England on this ship.
Voyager – Adam Makepeace's ship. Destroyed and sunk by the Golden Goliath after he slaughtered all of the passengers.
We Do The Impossible – Naval Destroyer FRS We Do The Impossible. The ship on which Art and her crew were taken back to England to be tried.
Total Devastation – Naval Destroyer FRS Total Devastation. The ship on which Goldie and her crew were taken back to England to be tried.

Miscellaneous characters
Teeboa Sinjohn Sniff is the owner of the Punch and Sniff Tavern. He is a  black man; bulky, broad, and muscular, with tattoos across his arms and shoulders. He has white teeth, except for one gold tooth with a tiny diamond in the center.

Animals
 Plunqwette, a red and green parrot formerly belonging to Molly Faith, now in the care of Art
 Muck, also known as "The Cleanest Dog in England". A free spirited dog who often travels with Art and her crew.
 Maudy, a white parrot belonging to Feasty Jack.
 Lucinda, a chicken that becomes a pet for Salt Walter and the crew. Lucinda is the happy mother hen of a crocodile egg.
 Jack, a crocodile that the chicken, Lucinda, looks after as if it were her own.
 Towser, the cat that acts like a dog who befriends Muck in Piratica III

References

External links
 Tanith Lee's Official Site

Fantasy novel series
Series by Tanith Lee
2004 British novels
British fantasy novels
Novels by Tanith Lee
Young adult novel series
Novels about pirates

The Piratica Series


Victor Hugo Halperin (August 24, 1895 in Chicago, Illinois – May 17, 1983 in Bentonville, Arkansas) was an American stage actor, stage director, film director, producer, and writer. The majority of his works involved romance and horror. His brother, with whom he collaborated, was producer Edward Halperin (May 12, 1898 – March 2, 1981).

Biography
Victor Halperin began his career as a filmmaker in 1922, working as a writer on  The Danger Point (an original story).  In two years, he was working as a writer-producer-director on the Agnes Ayres film, When a Girl Loves.  He is best known for his 1932 horror film White Zombie, starring Madge Bellamy and Bela Lugosi.  Once thought "lost", the film has grown in stature over the years, first gaining a cult status, and eventually becoming recognized as one of the leading classics of the genre.  Years after the film's release, Victor Halperin expressed a distaste for his horror films: "I don't believe in fear, violence, and horror, so why traffic in them?"

Other notable horror films Halperin directed include Supernatural (1933) and Revolt of the Zombies (1936).

Halperin often worked in collaboration with his brother Edward. The Halperin brothers produced a series of independent low-budget films in the 1930s. Victor Halperin retired in 1942, after working as a director at PRC studios.

Filmography
Director
 Greater Than Marriage (1924)
 When a Girl Loves (1924) (also producer)
 The Unknown Lover (1925) (also producer)
 School for Wives (1925) (also producer)
 In Borrowed Plumes (1926) (also producer)
 Dance Magic (1927)
 Ex-Flame (1930)
 Party Girl (1930) (also producer)
 White Zombie (1932)
 Supernatural (1933) (also producer)
 I Conquer the Sea! (1936) (also producer)
 Revolt of the Zombies (1936)
 Racing Blood (1936)
 Nation Aflame (1937) (also producer)
 Buried Alive (1939)
 Torture Ship (1939)
 Girls' Town (1942)

Producer
 The Danger Point (1922)
 Double Reward (1922) (short film)
 Convoy (1927)
 She Goes to War (1929)

References

External links

1895 births
1983 deaths
American film directors
Deaths in Arkansas
Horror film directors
Film people from Chicago

Victor Halperin


The City of Kodiak (Alutiiq: ) is the main city and one of seven communities on Kodiak Island in Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska. All commercial transportation between the island's communities and the outside world goes through this city via ferryboat or airline. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city is 5,581, down from 6,130 in 2010. It is the tenth-largest city in Alaska.

Inhabited by Alutiiq natives for over 7,000 years, Kodiak was settled in 1792 by subjects of the Russian crown. Originally named Paul's Harbor, it became the capital of Russian Alaska. Russian harvesting of the area's sea otter pelts led to the near extinction of the animal in the following century and led to wars with and enslavement of the natives for over 150 years. The city has experienced two natural disasters in the 20th century: a volcanic ashfall from the 1912 eruption of Novarupta and a tsunami from the 1964 Alaska earthquake.

After the Alaska Purchase by the United States in 1867, Kodiak became a commercial fishing center which continues to be the mainstay of its economy. A lesser economic influence includes tourism, mainly by those seeking outdoor adventure trips. Salmon, halibut, the unique Kodiak bear, elk, Sitka deer (black tail), and mountain goats attract hunting tourists as well as fishermen to the Kodiak Archipelago. The Alaska Department of Fish and Game maintains an office in the city and a website to help hunters and fishermen obtain the proper permits and learn about the laws specific to the Kodiak area.

The city has four public elementary schools, a middle and high school, as well as a branch of the University of Alaska. An antenna farm at the summit of Pillar Mountain above the city historically provided communication with the outside world before fiber optic cable was run. Transportation to and from the island is provided by ferry service on the Alaska Marine Highway as well as local commercial airlines.

History

Indigenous peoples
Archaeological evidence suggests that the Kodiak Archipelago has been home to the Alutiiq for at least 7,000 years. In their language, qikertaq means "island".

Russian control: 1700s–1867

The first Europeans to sight Kodiak Island were the explorers Vitus Bering and Aleksei Chirikov, during the 1741 Second Kamchatka Expedition. In the early 1750s the Russian fur trading merchant and explorer Stepan Glotov met a Kodiak Islander in the Aleutian Islands, who told him about the island. On his next voyage Glotov sailed to Kodiak Island, arriving in 1763. The Russians called the island Kad'yak (), after the Alutiiq word qikertaq. Several other Russians made fur hunting voyages to Kodiak Island in the 1770s.  In 1778 the British captain James Cook explored the area and wrote of "Kodiak" in his journals. In 1779 the Spanish explorers Arteaga y Bazán and Bodega y Quadra reached Afognak in the Kodiak Archipelago.

In 1792, the Russian Shelikhov-Golikov Company chief manager Alexander Baranov moved the post at Three Saints Bay (established in 1784) to a new site in Paul's Harbor (, Svyato-Pavlovskoy Gavani). This developed as the nucleus of modern Kodiak. Baranov considered Three Saints Bay a poor location because it was too indefensible. The relocated settlement was first named Pavlovskaya Gavan ( – Paul's Harbor).

A warehouse was built in what became one of the key posts of the Shelikhov-Golikov Company, a precursor of the Russian-American Company and a center for harvesting the area's vast population of sea otters for their prized pelts. The warehouse still stands as the Baranov Museum. Because the First Native cultures revered this animal and would never harm it, the Russians had wars with and enslaved the Aleuts during this era.

Eastern Orthodox missionaries settled on the island by the end of the 18th century, continuing European settlement of the island. They held the liturgy in native Tlingit from 1800.

The capital of Russian America was moved to Novoarkhangelsk (modern-day Sitka) in 1804. The Russian-American Company was established in 1799 as a joint-stock company by decree of Emperor Paul to continue the harvest of sea otter and other fur-bearing animals and establish permanent settlements. By the mid-19th century, the sea otter was almost extinct and 85% of the First Native population had disappeared from exposure to European diseases and violence.

American control: 1867–present
When Russia sold Alaska to the United States in 1867, Kodiak developed as a center for commercial fishing, and canneries dotted the island in the early 20th century until global farm-raised salmon eliminated these businesses. New processing centers emerged and the industry continues to evolve. During the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt, animals such as the mountain goat, Sitka deer (black tail), rabbits, muskrats, beavers, squirrels, and others were introduced to the island and the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge was created.

Kodiak was severely impacted by the 1912 eruption of Novarupta. Though situated  southeast of the eruption center, the town was covered with  of ash over a short period of time. Townspeople sheltered in the U.S. Revenue Cutter Manning which was docked nearby.

As Kodiak was incorporated in 1941, the U.S. feared attack from Japanese during World War II, and turned the town into a fortress. Roads, the airport, Fort Abercrombie, and gun fortifications improved the island's infrastructure. When Alaska became a state in 1959, government assistance in housing, transportation, and education added additional benefits.

In March 1964, a tectonic tsunami struck the city during the 1964 Alaska earthquake with  waves that killed 15 people and caused $11 million in damage.  Some areas near Kodiak were permanently raised by .  It wiped out the neighboring Native villages of Old Harbor and Kaguyak. The Standard Oil Company, the Alaskan King Crab Company, and much of the fishing fleet were also destroyed.

Geography
Kodiak is located on the eastern shore of Kodiak Island.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , divided into  of land and  (28.66%) of water.

Climate
Kodiak has a subpolar oceanic climate (Cfc) with cold winters and mild summers. Precipitation is heavy year-round, though markedly less in the summer months, when the Aleutian Low is at its weakest.

Notes

Demographics

Kodiak first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as the village of Saint Paul (not to be confused with the city of St. Paul located in the Aleutian Islands). It reported a population of 288, of which 253 were Alaskan Creoles (a mixture of Russian and Native Alaskans), 20 Whites and 15 Aleuts. In 1890, it would report as "Kadiak" (the then-spelling). In 1900, it returned as "Kadiak Settlement." From 1910 onwards, it reported as Kodiak, and would formally incorporate in 1940.

As of the census of 2000, there were 6,334 people, 1,996 households, and 1,361 families residing in the city.  The population density was 706.8/km2 (1,832.7/mi2).  There were 2,255 housing units at an average density of 251.6 persons/km2 (652.5 persons/mi2).  The racial makeup of the city was 46.4% White, 0.7% African American, 10.5% Native American, 31.7% Asian, 0.9% Pacific Islander, 4.4% from other races, and 5.4% from two or more races.  8.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. At the 2020 Census, the population had declined to 5,581.

There were 1,996 households, out of which 40.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.1% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 31.8% were non-families. 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 3.10 and the average family size was 3.64.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 29.1% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 32.2% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 6.8% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 34 years.  For every 100 females, there were 114.3 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 120.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $55,142, and the median income for a family was $60,484. Males had a median income of $37,074 versus $30,049 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,522.  7.4% of the population and 3.7% of families were below the poverty line.  Out of the total people living in poverty, 8.4% were under the age of 18 and 0.0% were 65 or older.

Kodiak is also home for a sizable community of Russian Orthodox Old Believers.

Economy
Among the companies based in Kodiak is Koniag, Incorporated.

Alaska Department of Fish and Game
Kodiak is an important environmental asset, which affects the fishing industry, particularly salmon fishing. Its wild game is coveted by hunters worldwide for the Kodiak bear and other game animals; there are strict laws governing fishing and hunting activities as well as hiking near spawning streams. Both the Department and the city maintain websites and publish brochures in order to help communicate these strictly enforced laws. All of the city's hotels and businesses have these materials in prominent areas for guests, and licenses can be purchased in the city's main sporting goods store and online.

Military installations
The United States Navy operates a small training base near the city called Naval Special Warfare Cold Weather Detachment Kodiak which trains United States Navy SEALs in cold weather survival and advanced tactics.

The United States Coast Guard has a major presence in Kodiak, Alaska.
USCG SUPRTCN Kodiak -  U.S. Coast Guard Support Center Kodiak
 USCG Air Station Kodiak

 USCGC Cypress
  (Formerly)
  (Formerly)
 Aids to Navigation Team Kodiak
 Communication Detachment Kodiak
 North Pacific Regional Fisheries Training Center (NPRFTC)
 Marine Safety Detachment Kodiak
 Naval Engineering Support Unit (NESU) Detachment Kodiak
 Electronic Systems Support Detachment Kodiak (ESD)

Community events

The city of Kodiak is home to a number of annual events that draw locals and people from off-island. The most well-known of these is Kodiak Crab Festival. Organized by the Kodiak Chamber of Commerce, the event takes place over Memorial Day weekend. It includes a county fair-style main event, with carnival rides, food and game booths, and group activities. In addition, a number of events are organized over the three-day weekend that include a kayak race, a marathon, an ultra-marathon, a  mountain run called the Pillar Mountain Run and others.

The official Pardoning of the Crab was added to The Kodiak Crab Fest in 2019. A crab is given a crab themed name, and then saved from the crab pot by a special guest, and then goes to live at the Kodiak Fisheries Research Center Aquarium.

2019: Sheldon, pardoned by US Senator Dan Sullivan (R-AK).2020: Unknown. 2021: Lenny Crabitz, pardoned by Kodiak City Manager Mike Tvenge.

Education
The Kodiak Island Borough School District operates four elementary schools, one middle school and one high school (Kodiak High School) serving the town of Kodiak and the immediate area surrounding the city of Kodiak. A further 6 schools serve rural sites in the district and are operated as k-12 schools.

The city is home to Kodiak College, a satellite campus of the University of Alaska Anchorage. Within the public school district, there are eight rural schools.

Kodiak is also home to Saint Herman's Orthodox Theological Seminary, a theological school founded in 1972 under the auspices of the Orthodox Church in America. Students from villages all over southern and southwestern Alaska study at St. Herman's in order to become readers or clergy in the Orthodox Church.

Media
KMXT (100.1 FM) the community public radio station
KODK (90.7 FM) public radio station
KVOK-FM (101.1 FM) commercial radio station
KVOK (560 AM and 98.7 FM) country radio station and home of Kodiak Bears athletics
Kodiak Daily Mirror (Monday through Friday newspaper)

Transportation

Kodiak Airport attracts both local and regional airlines, air taxis, and charter floatplanes and helicopters which provide transportation to residents and tourists traveling on and off the island. The Alaska Marine Highway provides further transportation via two ferries, MV Tustumena and MV Kennicott. These ships can carry 211 and 748 passengers, respectively, and serve routes between Kodiak, Homer, and Whittier, although the ferry system no longer takes passengers to Seward. Floatplane and bush plane companies regularly take tourists to remote areas and wilderness lodges both on the various islands of the Kodiak Archipelago and the Katmai coast for bear viewing, hunting, and hikes. The city business community also has a fleet of privately owned taxis as well as kayaks, mountain bikes, and all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) for rent.

Health care
Kodiak is primarily served by Providence Kodiak Island Medical Center, the only true hospital medical center on Kodiak Island. Individuals located in the smaller surrounding communities are often airlifted into the hospital via helicopter or air ambulance due to remoteness and nonexistent or poor road connections. The city of Kodiak and these smaller communities are also served by volunteer EMT workers and local clinics.

Energy
Most electrical energy for the city is provided from the Terror Lake Hydroelectric Generating Station owned by the Kodiak Electrical Association. Substantial amounts of energy are also provided by wind turbines and by diesel generators. There are six wind turbines that supply up to 1.5 MW each and have a blade length of 38.5 meters and overall height of 118.5 meters.

In popular culture
In 2012, rapper Pitbull was involved in an advertising campaign with Walmart, in which the Walmart store that received the most Facebook "likes" from June 18 to July 15, 2012 would have Pitbull visit and put on a show there. An orchestrated internet campaign urged people to vote for the most remote location imaginable, Kodiak, resulting in a sizable lead for that store. The enthusiam for voting for Kodiak was also a reference to the lyrics of Pitbull's song "Give Me Everything", in which he rhymes "Kodak" with "Kodak". Walmart confirmed that Kodiak won. Pitbull visited on July 30, where he received a Key to the City from mayor Branson and then made an appearance before a crowd of hundreds at the Coast Guard base.

The Weather Channel docu-series Coast Guard Alaska follows the lives of Coast Guard members stationed in Kodiak.

Czech carmaker Škoda Auto named their new SUV the Škoda Kodiaq, after the Alaskan brown bear, and in tribute Kodiak was renamed Kodiaq for one day (May 6, 2016). In a spelling change also intended to honor the indigenous Alutiiq, the city was renamed with a number of signs changed across town, including the port facilities and city limits. The letter 'Q' is a common ending for nouns in the Alutiiq language.

References

External links

Cities in Alaska
Cities in Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska
Micropolitan areas of Alaska
Populated coastal places in Alaska on the Pacific Ocean
Populated places established in 1791
Populated places in Russian America

Kodiak, Alaska


Lighthouse Point Shell Ring (38CH12), also known as Parrot's Point Shell Ring, is a historic mound located on James Island, Charleston County, South Carolina. It is one of 20 or more prehistoric shell rings located from the central coast of South Carolina to the central coast of Georgia. The midden contains a diverse array of biota.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

References

Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Buildings and structures in Charleston County, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Charleston County, South Carolina
Shell rings

Lighthouse Point Shell Ring (38CH12)


The Only Way is a 1926 British drama film directed by Herbert Wilcox and starring John Martin Harvey, Madge Stuart and Betty Faire. It was adapted from the play The Only Way which was itself based on the 1859 novel A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens. John Martin Harvey had been playing Carton in the play since 1899 and it was his most popular work. It cost £24,000 to make and was shot at Twickenham Studios. The film was a commercial success and reportedly took over £53,000 in its first two years on release. It was a particularly notable achievement given the collapse in British film production between the Slump of 1924 and the passage of the Cinematograph Films Act 1927 designed to support British film making.

Synopsis
In 1770s France Doctor Manette is witness to the rape of a young woman, Jeanne Defarge, and the murder of her and brother Jacques by the powerful Marquis d'Evremonde. In order to silence Manette, d'Evremonde arranges to have him locked away in the infamous Bastille Prison, where he languishes for over a decade. Manette's young daughter is spirited out of the country by her guardian, the British banker Jarvis Lorry, to England, where she is brought up by Miss Pross. Ernest Defarge swears vengeance on d'Evremonde and will not rest until the entire family has been wiped out.

Many years later Doctor Manette is released. His time in the Bastille has left him institutionalised and he initially finds it hard to adjust to life outside the prison. Jarvis Lorry and Manette's now-grown daughter Lucy come to Paris to escort him to England. On the journey back they encounter a young man named Charles Darnay, the son of Marquis d'Evremonde, fleeing France because his liberal views clash with those of his father. Darnay and Lucy soon fall in love, but their hopes of marriage are threatened when Darnay is arrested on his arrival in England for espionage and high treason as an alleged French spy. Darnay's accuser is the unscrupulous Barsad, who is himself in the pay of the French government.

Darnay's defence case is worked on by an dissolute Englishman, Sidney Carton, whose young idealism has given way to a self-loathing cynicism. Carton bears a striking resemblance to Darnay and uses this in court to discredit Barsad's evidence in court, by raising doubts over Barsad's claims that he clearly saw and heard Darnay talking treason. Darnay is acquitted, and he plans to marry Lucy. Carton is befriended by Lucy, and developing an unrequited attachment for her, he tries to mend his ways and give up his heavy drinking.

In France, the oppression of the poor finally drives them to breaking point, and the French Revolution breaks out. Marquis d'Evremonde, who has been particularly exploitative of his tenants, is murdered in his bed by Ernest Defarge, and Charles Darnay inherits his title. Desperate to get their hands on the new aristocrat, Defarge and his colleagues trick Darnay into returning to France to assist an old faithful family servant who is now in trouble. Darnay is arrested and accused of being both an aristocrat and a British spy. Carton travels to Paris with Lucy, Lorry and others to try to help Darnay. He pleads Darnay's case and points out how liberal his views are and how he hated his father. He adds by pointing out that Darnay had been accused of treason in Britain and was hated there, to discredit the accusation of espionage.

Darnay is released, but Defarge is determined to wipe out the last of the d'Evremondes. He has Darnay re-arrested after producing an old letter written by Doctor Manette condemning all Evremondes, and this shifts the court against Darnay, who is sentenced to be executed by guillotine. Realising that Darnay is now facing almost certain death, Carton hatches an outlandish plan to switch places with him based on their facial similarities. He bribes his way into the prison, smuggles Darnay out and takes his place in the condemned cell. In sparing Darnay's life and securing Lucy's happiness, Carton is able to restore his long vanished sense of self-worth. The following day, while Lucy and Darnay escape safely from Paris, he goes to his death calmly and at peace with himself and the world.

The film, like the play, adds a character named Mimi who is a young waif who is rescued by Carton and works in his house. She becomes devoted to him and elects to die on the guillotine with him after killing Ernest Defarge in self-defence.

Cast
 John Martin Harvey – Sydney Carton
 Madge Stuart – Mimi
 Betty Faire – Lucy Manette
 Ben Webster – Marquis d'Evremonde
 J. Fisher White – Manette
 Frederick Cooper – Darnay
 Mary Brough – Miss Pross
 Frank Stanmore – Jarvis Lorry
 Gibb McLaughlin – Barsad
 Gordon McLeod – Ernest Defarge
 Jean Jay – Jeanne Defarge
 Margaret Yarde – The Vengeance
 Judd Green – Prosecutor
 Fred Rains – President
 Jack Raymond – Jacques

Production
Wilcox says he made the film after "a period of unimpressive films". He bought the rights to the play and had John Martin Harvey to reprise his stage role. "It was a unique experience, since Martin Harvey was the finest actor I had directed up to that time," wrote Wilcox.

The film reportedly went £5,000 over budget.

Reception
Wilcox wrote "I was inundated with congratulations and praise for my direction. But, remembering the hard lesson of the praise lavished on The Wonderful Story [a critical success which had flopped] I took no risks and put all my knowledge of showmanship into presenting it." Wilcox arranged a gala premiere at the London Hippodrome.

The film later resulted in a lawsuit involving block booking.

References

Bibliography
 Low, Rachel. The History of British Film: Volume IV, 1918–1929. Routledge, 1997.
Wilcox, Herbert, Twenty Five Thousand Sunsets, 1967

External links

1926 films
British historical drama films
British silent feature films
1920s historical drama films
1920s English-language films
Films directed by Herbert Wilcox
Films set in London
Films set in Paris
British films based on plays
Films based on A Tale of Two Cities
Films set in the 1770s
Films set in the 1780s
Films set in the 1790s
French Revolution films
Films based on British novels
Films about capital punishment
Films based on adaptations
British black-and-white films
1926 drama films
1920s British films
Silent historical drama films

The Only Way (1926 film)


Gibraltar (previously known as the Hugh Rodney Sharp Mansion), located at 2505 Pennsylvania Avenue in Wilmington, Delaware, is a country estate home dating from c. 1844 that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It takes its name from the Rock of Gibraltar, alluding to the high rocky outcrop on which the house was built. It is located just inside Wilmington's city limits and originally stood at the center of a much larger estate which has over time been reduced to the present area of about a city block in size. The house was originally built by John Rodney Brincklé and inherited by his brother's wife and children, before being bought in 1909 by Hugh Rodney Sharp, who was linked to the Du Pont family through marriage and work. Sharp expanded and remodeled the house, as well as commissioning the pioneering female landscape designer Marian Cruger Coffin to lay out the gardens.

The gardens are now owned by a local preservation trust which acquired it in the 1990s after it was threatened with demolition and redevelopment. They have since been restored and opened to the public. The estate was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 in recognition of its importance as a well-preserved example of the Country Place era of art and design. The mansion, currently owned by a local developer, has not been occupied for many years and its condition has significantly deteriorated.

History

The estate was developed around 1844 by John Rodney Brincklé, grandnephew of the first Governor of Delaware, Caesar Rodney. It was located in the western part of Wilmington just within the city limits and was named for its position on a high rocky outcrop overlooking the city, in an allusion to the Rock of Gibraltar. Brincklé was said to have built it in an unsuccessful attempt to woo a woman from Philadelphia and subsequently used it as a retreat and as a base where he could carry out horticultural experiments and entertain friends and relatives. The estate originally extended over an area of about . Around 1848 he invited his brother Samuel with his wife and their eight children to move into the house. Samuel purchased it in May 1862 and carried out planting and landscaping works on the property. It passed to his wife Julia on his death and subsequently to their children.

The estate was purchased in 1909 by Hugh Rodney Sharp and his wife, Isabella Mathieu du Pont Sharp, a member of the Du Pont family. In 1915 it was renovated under the direction of Philadelphia architects DeArmond, Ashmead and Bickley. The house's interior decor includes Colonial Revival and Italianate architecture and contains works by Albert Ely Ives and others.  Between 1916 and 1923, the pioneering female landscape architect Marian Cruger Coffin laid out the gardens.

Sharp died in 1968 and the estate was inherited by his son, Hugh Rodney Sharp Jr., who did not share his father's interest in horticulture. By the time he died in 1990 the gardens had not been maintained for many years and were badly overgrown. The estate was put up for sale after his death and was saved from demolition after a campaign by local people and the Preservation Delaware organization. The Delaware Open Space Council bought the development rights to the property and the Sharp family donated the estate to Preservation Delaware. In 1998 the estate was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The listing included works of art, a house, a horticultural facility, secondary structures, and street furniture/objects.  It included five contributing buildings, seven contributing structures and 48 contributing objects. The gardens were opened to the public in 1999. Access is free and is permitted daily between dawn and dusk.

The mansion is not open to the public and is in a poor condition, having stood empty for over 20 years. After Preservation Delaware acquired the estate, a conversion easement was placed on the property with the intention of refurbishing it as a 31-room hotel. The estate's greenhouses were to be converted into a restaurant. An Exeter, New Hampshire company called Someplace(s) Different which operates historic hotels in the US and Canada signed an agreement to handle the conversion. However, this fell through. A few years later another company, CCS Investors of Yorklyn, Delaware, proposed to convert the mansion into commercial office space. Rent money and profits from the development would be used by Preservation Delaware to finance the building's maintenance and restoration. The proposal was opposed by a number of the estate's neighbors who were concerned about the effect on local traffic. The dispute resulted in a three-year legal battle which eventually reached the Delaware Supreme Court. On July 16, 2009, the court ruled in favor of the developer's request to change the estate's zoning status from residential to commercial.

Architecture

The estate occupies an area equivalent to an entire city block, surrounded by a stone wall standing  high with entrances on Pennsylvania Avenue and Greenhill Avenue. Pillars stand at each entrance, topped with stone vases decorated with carved floral ornaments. The mansion sits on an elevation which slopes gently down to the west but drops sharply away to the east, overlooking the gardens.

The core of the irregularly-shaped mansion is a three-story building facing east – the original Italianate house erected by Brincklé – with several wings added by the Sharps in the early 20th century. The wing to the north was built around 1915 to accommodate a dining room and porch, with a service annex behind. Another three-story wing was built at the same time to the west. The east porch appears to have been reduced to its present appearance and its Doric columns changed to square-section pillars. The architects for this expansion were the Philadelphia firm of De Armond, Ashmead and Bickley.

Around 1927, a two-story wing was built to the south of the core of the house to enlarge the living room and accommodate a conservatory. More alterations were made to the north elevation by Wilmington architect Albert Ely Ives, who oversaw the addition of a two- and three-story service wing with a one-story porch. The interior of the house is decorated in a variety of styles, principally Federal style, with a Greek Revival living room and a Colonial Revival library.

The exterior walls are made from Brandywine granite quarried locally from a site near the estate. The roofing comprises five linked slate hip roofs with flat roofs over the southeast and northeast wings, the conservatory and the front portico. A cupola occupies the center of the main roof with a widow's walk capping it.

On the east façade, the ground floor has four symmetrically spaced windows with paneled shutters, above which are corresponding casement windows with louvered shutters on the second and third stories. The house was entered through the front portico, located on the east side, which stands one story high with columns supporting the roof of the portico.

A carriage house stands next to the mansion. Built in the 19th century, the Sharps enlarged it and converted it to house a pool and a filter room. They also added a greenhouse and garage, constructed by Pierson U-Bar Co. of New York City, which included a laundry and living quarters above the garage for their chauffeurs.

Gardens

The gardens were designed by Marian Cruger Coffin, one of the first female landscape architects in the United States, who had a lengthy track record of designing gardens on the East Coast. During the first half of the 20th century she was responsible for the design of over 130 gardens, many of which were commissioned by the Du Ponts. Hugh Rodney Sharp was related by marriage to Henry Francis du Pont, who was a long-standing friend of Coffin and may have recommended her for the task of creating the garden at Gibraltar.

Coffin laid out the gardens of Gibraltar between 1916 and 1923, having been commissioned by the Sharps to landscape a  piece of land on the estate. She designed it in an Italianate Beaux-Arts style as a series of "rooms" to parallel the layout of the mansion. It has a strongly geometric layout profusely planted in a style reminiscent of an informal English garden. Numerous architectural and decorative elements such as fountains, statues, urns and hand-forged iron gates provide additional ornamentation. The Sharps chose the statues themselves and bought them during their travels to England, France, Italy and Hong Kong. Coffin had designed the gardens with the intention of displaying statues in particular focal points and niches, and gave the Sharps guidelines about what kind of statues to look for. She occasionally traveled with them while they were looking for pieces to buy.

The gardens are built in a series of terraces descending down the slope from the outcrop on which the house stands. From top to bottom, there is a drop of about . A curving staircase made from marble links the house to the bottom of the terraces, descending through the Flagstone, Evergreen and Pool terraces to the Flower Garden at the bottom. The latter is planted along the lines of a color wheel in a style closely resembling that of Gertrude Jekyll. From the Flower Garden, a  long avenue of Bald Cypresses (planted between 1921 and 1925) leads to a large fountain and a teahouse that the Sharps used for lunches and to entertain guests.

The gardens and statues were restored in 1998–99 by Rodney Robinson Landscape Architects with the support of the Sharp family, who provided the restorers with Coffin's original plans from 1916. Only a few of the original trees remained but the restorers followed Coffin's plans to replant the garden in its original form. The fountains, ironwork, walkways and other architectural and decorative elements were also renovated. Several of Coffin's other formal gardens have been re-created, but Gibraltar is considered to be the most accurate of the re-creations.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Delaware
Italianate architecture in Delaware
Colonial Revival architecture in Delaware
Houses completed in 1909
Houses in Wilmington, Delaware
National Register of Historic Places in Wilmington, Delaware
Unused buildings in Delaware

Gibraltar (Wilmington, Delaware)


Ralph Johnson Bunche House, the last home of American diplomat Ralph Bunche (1903-1971),
is a National Historic Landmark in New York City. It is a single-family home built in 1927 in the neo-Tudor style, and is located at 115-24 Grosvenor Road, Kew Gardens, Queens. It is named after Ralph Bunche, who helped to found the United Nations in 1945. In 1950 he became the first African American and first person of color to win the Nobel Peace Prize, for mediating armistice agreements between Israel and its neighboring countries.

History
The Bunche house was developed in 1927 as part of the development of Kew Gardens. The property, in which the house was eventually constructed, was continually bought and sold over the years. The Kew Gardens Corporation sold this property to Elena Goodale in 1920, who later sold it to Louis Frisse in 1926, who constructed the house. In 1948, ownership of the property changed and in 1949, it was sold to Jack Sturm.

During the 1950s, Bunche lived in Parkway Village, an apartment complex in Kew Gardens Hills that was built for UN employees and that was one of the first in the country to be racially integrated. In 1952 Sturm sold the property to Ralph Bunche and his wife, who were raising three children; the couple used the award money that came with the Nobel Prize to buy the house. He lived in the house until his death in 1971, and his wife lived there until she died in 1988.

Description
The style of which this house was built is a neo-Tudor style. It was designed by the prominent Brooklyn architects Koch & Wagner. The house stands at  stories and is faced in stucco pierced by random bricks and stones. The house maintains its original wooden doors with iron strapping; the original leaded glass windows and slate roof are also maintained. It is located in a suburban setting of single-family homes and is surrounded by mature trees and bushes. The house is also situated on the crest of a hill and contains a terraced flagstone walkway leading from the street to the front door. The house's attached gable is inset into the hill at the basement level. The house is faced with random ashlar stones and has an opening that is stone-framed and arched segmentally; this opening is filled by wooden doors with small plain glass lights and metal strapping. The house is three bays wide with a central, full height, projecting gable capped/adorned by a clipped roof. The doorway, within the gable, is built within a round arched, stone-trimmed opening and holds a wooden door with a small, rectangular window covered by a decorative iron grille. There is an original iron and glass lantern situated on the wall beside the door. Additionally, there is a small, rectangular window within the gable above the doorway, along with a large, double-height window to the side of the entrance. This window has leaded glass casements with a decorative stained glass motif of a knight on horseback at the bottom center of the window; this window is fronted by a small, iron balcony. A pair of small rectangular windows are built near the top of the gable and are surrounded by half-timber framing. There is a stucco-faced chimney on one side of the central gable. The lower section of the chimney projects toward the front and creates another small roof and shape variety. There is a small, open stone porch on the west side of the house's main section, while the east side contains a one-storey, stone-faced sun room with floor-to-ceiling casement windows. This area is recessed behind a patio and the stone walls that rise up from the garage below.

Landmark designations
The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976. The house is also a New York City landmark.

See also
Ralph Bunche House (Washington, D.C.)
Ralph J. Bunche House, in Los Angeles, where he spent his childhood.
List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Queens
List of National Historic Landmarks in New York City
National Register of Historic Places listings in Queens County, New York

References

External links

Nomination of this home for NYC landmark status

Historic American Buildings Survey in New York (state)
Houses completed in 1927
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Queens, New York
Kew Gardens, Queens
National Historic Landmarks in New York City
New York City Designated Landmarks in Queens, New York

Ralph Johnson Bunche House


Trauma (styled as TRAUMA) is a graphical adventure interactive fiction game developed by Polish-German programmer Krystian Majewski as part of a thesis project, and released in August 2011. The game is based on a woman that has suffered a physiological trauma, and has been languishing in several dreamscapes while unconscious and hospitalized. The player resolves these by using both point-and-click and gesture-based actions to move about the dreamscapes, composed of photographs with digitally altered features, to complete a certain task. Each dreamscape also contains several alternate conclusions and a number of hidden photographs that provide hints towards these alternate conclusions in other dreamscapes.  Along the way, parts of a backstory are revealed through a narrative voice.

The game was nominated for, but did not win, several independent gaming development awards in 2010, including the Grand Prize at the Independent Games Festival. Trauma, though short, has been stated to provide a compelling, emotional environment, aided through its graphical and musical assets.

Gameplay
Trauma is a graphical adventure game, presented as four different dreamscapes in the opening menu.  The game is introduced by full motion video of the game's narrator becoming hospitalized in a car crash, and speaking to herself to understand what has happened to her. After selecting a dreamscape, the player is presented with the game's main interface, generally a single photographic image, with some digitally altered features.  By moving the cursor around, the player can see dim images of adjacent areas or images of the same area but from a different angle.  This gives the effect of segmented panoramic photography in certain areas of the game. Clicking on these images when they appear will take the player to that next image, thus allowing them to "wander" through the dreamscape.

The primary goal of each dreamscape is told to the player at the onset of the dreamscape, such as lifting a sphere off a teddy bear or catching up to a ghost-like figure.  As the player moves about, the female character narrates facets of her thoughts and provides hints of what to look for. Within each area are nine Polaroid photos to be found; several provide information on using gestures to also navigate the landscape, such as turning around from an object or backing away; these gestures are needed in certain cases to reach specific areas. The player also learns of a unique gesture that interacts with a specific object in the dreamscape; for example, a gesture that mimics the circling of water down a drain is used to trigger an event when the player sees a drain, which can open an additional path to explore or reach one of the dreamscape's conclusions.  These gestures, though only shown in one dreamscape, apply across the game, and may be used to reach one of the three alternate endings for each dreamscape.

The player is challenged through tracking in the game's menus to complete every possible ending and to locate every Polaroid photograph. When the player has completed all the endings to a dreamscape, they are given a "photo tracker" that tells them how close they are to unfound photographs within the dreamscape as they move about, making it easier to complete this collection.

Development
Trauma is the work of Polish programmer Krystian Majewski which he started as part of his university thesis project in 2008. Initial development began in 2007, with the first level completed in 2008 and used in the presentation of his thesis. Though Majewski aimed to have submitted the completed game for the 2009 Independent Games Festival, personnel commitments held up development. The final game was mostly complete by the last half of 2009.  The game was developed in Adobe Flash using the Papervision3D engine and ByteArray gesturing system.

Majewski was inspired by the photo-realistic look of the game Samorost, and used his own photography to create the dreamscapes. The locations used were inspired by his childhood memories of dark lonely places such as hospital hallways and railroad stations in foreign countries. He had originally tried to create his own spherical panoramas using a homemade tripod constructed from Lego bricks, but opted instead to use Photosynth technology to stitch the photographs together. The gesture-based system was inspired by the onset of Nintendo's Wii and DS units at the time of the game's creation. Majewski, in incorporating a lightpainting effect to show the results of the gesture, found the style to fit naturally with the photographic approach. The game's music was composed by Martin Straka, who was brought aboard early in the development process.

Majewski purposely designed the game to be short. He compared players to tourists, a previous connection that Cyan Worlds used to describe players in Myst. To this end, he created puzzles that were "simple and pretty straight-forward", creating an alternative to the usual interactive experience of graphical adventure games with difficult puzzles to solve. Majewski stated that "If you stay longer it's because you are interested, not because you got stuck".

The game was originally released both as a standalone application, and a browser-based game. The standalone application could be purchased as a pay what you want model, or through the Steam platform. In October 2011, the game was added to the Humble Frozen Synapse Bundle, a charitable salesdrive.

Reception

Trauma received moderate reviews on its release. Most critics praised the visual appeal and interface presentation of the game, but found the game too short and unlikely to be appealing to most players.

Brice Morrison, writing for Gamasutra, identified that Trauma created a gameplay environment that would feel real to the player, aided through the use of photography and a simple movement interface. The environment was further aided through the subtle music that can "keep [the player] on an uneasy edge, but not enough for [them] to consciously wake up to it". Furthermore, Morrison praised the browser-based version of the game for minimizing the distractions normally associated with Flash games, and providing a way of luring the player to explore more of the game. Jason Johnson for Pitchfork Media considered the game to favorably leave the player with "an unsettling feeling that you can't quite put your finger on", lingering on the edges of "solemn and chilling" and "profound and inconsequential".  GameSpot's Kevin VanOrd was more critical of the voice actress used to narrate the game, calling her work "emotionally distant", along with the "aloof" writing that prevents the player from becoming entranced by the narrator's trauma.

Reviewers felt that the game, which can be fully completed in under two hours, could have been longer. Anthony Gallegos of IGN considered that once he had completed the full game, there was "still so much more it could explore with its intense themes".  The game was identified as one that would not likely attract the normal video game player. Eurogamer's Simon Parkin recognized that Trauma relies on "its ambiance and mystery to engage and entertain", a facet that most players do not seek, but considered that Trauma was successful in doing so. Jamie Dalzell of GameSpy likened the game to an art game, with limited target audience that will appreciate the game.

Trauma was nominated for, but did not win, several 2010 Independent Games Festival awards, including Excellence in Visual Art, Excellence in Audio, and the Seumas McNally Grand Prize. The title was also nominated as a finalist in the 2010 Indiecade awards and in the 2010 European Innovative Games Awards in the field of Innovative Application Methods and Environment.

References

External links

2011 video games
2010s interactive fiction
Adventure games
Linux games
Indie games
Single-player video games
MacOS games
Video games developed in Poland
Video games featuring female protagonists
Windows games

Trauma (video game)


Ratu Tevita Momoedonu (January 13, 1946 – November 26, 2020) is a Fijian politician. He was the fifth Prime Minister of Fiji twice. His first term of office lasted only on 27 May 2000 for only a few minutes.  His second term lasted for two days from 14 to 16 March 2001. He was born in Lautoka, Fiji. He was a member of the Labour Party.

Momoedonu died in Lautoka on November 26, 2020 at the age of 74.

References

1946 births
2020 deaths
Prime Ministers of Fiji

Tevita Momoedonu


Mr. Majestic (Lord Majestros) is a WildStorm Comics superhero created by writer H. K. Proger and artist Jim Lee. He first appeared in a backup story within WildC.A.T.s #11. He is the most powerful hero in the WildStorm universe and bears a strong resemblance to DC's Superman.

Publication history
Mr. Majestic was created by H.K. Proger and Jim Lee, first appearing in WildC.A.T.s #11, cover dated June 1994.

When Jim Lee was asked why he based Mr. Majestic so much on Superman, he stated that he was tired of seeing so many comic heroes who possessed great power but were too afraid to use it. Mr. Majestic possesses powers similar to those of Superman, but his personality is entirely different. Majestros has more militant views, as he is a Kheran warlord. The difference between the two is further portrayed when Majestros finds himself stuck on Superman's Earth. The two have an interesting conversation about Majestic's no-nonsense, all-business personality and Superman's more subtle approach to things. Subjects they discuss include the fact that Majestic put superhuman villains in prison without giving them a fair trial and getting into bouts with that world's heroes, claiming he finds them dismayingly reticent.

Fictional character biography
Mr. Majestic, born Majestros on the planet Khera, was a Kherubim warlord. He has two children, Kenesha and Majestrate. Due to widespread infertility among Kherubim, resulting in even fertile women being able to bear only one child, fertile Kherubim deemed compatible would be made to breed, and so Majestros and the Coda warrior Lady Zannah (who would go on to become Zealot, a founding member of the Wildcats) were chosen, and Zannah become pregnant. Since Coda warriors would become priestesses if they gave birth, and Zannah wished to remain a warrior, her mother, Harmony, pretended the child, Kenesha, was stillborn, and then claimed to have become pregnant and given birth, passing Kenesha off as her own daughter, Zannah's sister. Only Zannah and Harmony were aware that Kenesha was in fact Zannah's daughter.

Majestic was one of the four Kherubim lords trapped on earth during the Kherubim/Daemonite war. It is later revealed that he took his son with him on this journey (see Majestrate below). During the days of the Roman Empire, Majestic became romantically involved with a human woman named Rebecca, his only known relationship with a human, or with anyone since arriving on Earth, since Majestic believes that humans are a lower life form compared to the Kherubim, and that a relationship of any kind would weaken him in his fight against the Daemonites.

He spent centuries fighting for justice, eventually revealing his existence to the public, becoming the only known post-human hero for a time, and  went on to join the government-sponsored Team One. While the team was fighting Lord Helspont and the Cabal, his friend, teammate and fellow Kherubim Yon Kohl (known as the adventurer John Colt), was ambushed by a group of Daemonites. Colt convinced Majestic to kill him and the Daemonites in order to achieve their mission objective and save New York City from a nuclear attack. This event caused him to seek solitude in the Arctic.

At some point, Majestic created a headquarters for himself by hollowing Mount Rushmore and building a base inside it, known as the Rushmore Sanctuary.

Years after killing John Colt, Savant approached Majestic and asked him to help Zealot in her battle with Tapestry. And thus, Mr. Majestic made his return.

After most of the original WildC.A.T.s were sent to Khera and presumed dead, Majestic and Savant formed a new WildC.A.T.s dedicated to performing surgical strikes on the post-human underworld. The team was manipulated by one of their own, Tao, into taking part in a war against post-human criminals, and Majestic appeared to kill Tao, although it would eventually be revealed that it was, in fact, shapeshifter Mr. White, who had been brainwashed into believing he was Tao and assuming his form.

Savant and Majestic went on to leave the WildC.A.T.s, and shortly afterwards proceeded to go on an expedition in Peru, accompanied by Savant's best friend Mabel Bligh. The expedition ended up leading Majestic, Savant and Mabel to meet and befriend several post-humans, including Sheba, Cybernary, Met-L and Disperse, forming the short-lived group Savant Garde.

Solo series
In 2003, Wildstorm published a series called Mr. Majestic. In this series, it is revealed that Majestic did not spend the majority of his time after Team One in solitude, but rather as a government agent taking on paranormal anomalies with the aid of a gifted boy named Desmond. In the issues of this comic, much is revealed about Majestic's time after the Cold War, as his adventures span from the late 1960s to the early 2000s. When he is flung into Metropolis by Daemonite technology, Majestros takes on the alias of Jim McArest (an anagram of "Mr. Majestic"), as he had suffered amnesia from the interdimensional trip. In 2005, Majestic (with the aid of Superman) returned to the WildStorm universe in an ongoing solo-series titled Majestic.

In Mr. Majestic #4, it was revealed that Majestros has a son named Majestrate whom he took along from Khera (although the mother is not mentioned). Majestrate's body did not survive the crash landing, but his mind was preserved in a crystal. Majestic obtained a substance called "starstuff" from another dimension in order to transfer his son's mind into a new artificial body. The reunion was one of the rare occasions Majestic showed any emotion. The joy that both father and son experienced would, however, be short-lived. The fact that starstuff was in another dimension caused an interdimensional imbalance, an imbalance that tried to correct itself by manifesting in Australia in a man named Freddie Noondyke. It would soon become apparent that for the imbalance to be corrected, the starstuff in Majestrate's body would have to be returned, thus ending the boy's life. Majestic would hear nothing of it at first until his son convinced him that it was the right thing to do. Majestrate flew into the dimensional maelstrom and brought the imbalance to an end. When Majestic flew down, he found the metal skeleton of the artificial body. The result of this loss led to Majestros being in a depressed mood for quite some time.

Powers and abilities
Majestic possesses immense strength. Majestic is capable of enduring massive damage, such as the explosion of a small nuclear reactor, without sustaining any permanent injuries. He can move many times faster than the speed of sound, and can fly. Majestic can also generate heat beams from his eyes, survive in outer space, has a genius level intellect, possesses micro vision, ice breath, accelerated healing, and invulnerability to conventional weaponry. Majestic's strength and durability vary from appearance to appearance.

Majestic also appears to have some powers he uses less frequently, such as the ability to generate energy blasts from his hands that were powerful enough to match Union's own energy blast, and telekinesis.

Majestros is a genius, able to design and construct highly complex devices within a matter of seconds, analyze a situation and come up with the proper solution, and find weaknesses in enemies. Majestic is also a skilled warrior, especially in the use of bladed weapons. He's a particularly skilled swordsman, having defeated Coda warriors in sword fights.

Majestic did not begin life at these power levels and it is revealed in the Backlash and Wildcore series that he was altered by the alien race known as the D'rahn, who have the power to evolve beings to achieve powerful potentials.

Superhumans in the WildStorm Universe are apparently categorized into named "classes". Some of the most powerful being in the Wildstorm Universe, such as Apollo and The High are considered "Majestic-Class superhumans", presumably a class based on Majestros himself.

Majestic's costume includes, hidden in its shoulderpads, additional equipment that Majestic has used on occasion, including a nanoflage suit, which seems to confer some degree of invisibility; a quantum-folded combat blade, a collapsable sword made by Khera's Shaper's Guild; and a damper capsule, which suppresses all of his powers for three hours and has the side effect of masking his Kherubim aura, hiding him from sensors that are looking for such aura signatures.

In other media

Animation
Majestic appears in the Wild C.A.T.s animated series, voiced by Rod Wilson.

Miscellaneous
Mister Majestic is featured in the Smallville Season 11 digital comic based on the TV series. In this continuity, Kal-El takes on the identity of Mister Majestic, rather than Superman, and is later killed during the Monitors' invasion. His Earth's Lois Lane and a handful of other survivors are assisted by Earth-1's Superman and Lois, and eventually transported to another reality by Jor-El.

References

Characters created by Jim Lee
Comics characters introduced in 1994
DC Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
DC Comics characters who have mental powers
DC Comics characters with accelerated healing
DC Comics characters with immortality
DC Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
DC Comics characters with superhuman senses
DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
DC Comics extraterrestrial superheroes
DC Comics male superheroes
DC Comics scientists
DC Comics telekinetics
DC Comics telepaths
Fictional characters with energy-manipulation abilities
Fictional characters with fire or heat abilities
Fictional characters with ice or cold abilities
Fictional characters with X-ray vision
Fictional lords and ladies
Fictional warlords
Male characters in animated series
WildCats characters
WildStorm titles
Wildstorm Universe superheroes

Mr. Majestic


Ottavio Cagiano de Azevedo (7 November 1845 – 11 July 1927) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for Religious from 1913 to 1915, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1905.

Biography
Ottavio Cagiano de Azevedo was born in Frosinone, and held the title of count; he was a nephew of Cardinal Antonio Cagiano de Azevedo. He studied at the seminary in Grottaferrata, and was ordained to the priesthood in September 1868. Cagiano then did pastoral work in Rome until 1874, the same year he was made a canon of the Liberian Basilica on 1 April. He later became an abbreviatore del parco maggiore on 1 January 1876, protonotary apostolic ad instar participantium on 9 April 1880 and canon of St. Peter's Basilica on 3 December 1886.

On 31 December 1891 Cagiano was appointed Master of the Papal Chamber by Pope Leo XIII, and later papal majordomo on 29 May 1901. Raised to the rank of cardinal without ever receiving an episcopal ordination, he was created Cardinal Deacon of Santi Cosma e Damiano by Pope Pius X in the consistory of 11 December 1905.

After becoming Apostolic Visitor of the Hospice of Catechumens on 17 January 1911, Cagiano was named Pro-Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for Religious on 12 June 1913, rising to become full Prefect on the following 31 October. He was made Protector of the Order of the Servants of Mary on 10 March 1914 and then participated in the conclave of 1914, which selected Pope Benedict XV. During the conclave, Cagiano supposedly served as a scrutineer on the last day of balloting with Cardinals Bartolomeo Bacilieri and Rafael Merry del Val.

On 6 December 1915 he was named Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church, remaining in that post until his death. Cagiano, after ten years' standing as a Cardinal Deacon, opted for the order of Cardinal Priests and was assigned the titular church of San Lorenzo in Damaso in the consistory of the same date. He was also one of the cardinal electors in the conclave of 1922, which resulted in the election of Pope Pius XI.

In addition to being appointed a Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown of Siam, he was appointed a Grand Cross of the Order of Franz Joseph of Austria, of the Order of Isabella the Catholic of Spain, and of the Civil Order of Tuscany. He was also appointed a Commander with Plaque of the Order of the Red Eagle of Prussia and an Officer of the Légion d'honneur.

Cardinal Cagiano died in Anzio, at age 81. He is buried in the tomb of the Order of the Servants of Mary at the Campo Verano cemetery.

References

External links
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
Catholic-Hierarchy

1845 births
1927 deaths
20th-century Italian cardinals
Members of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Recipients of the Order of Franz Joseph
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
Cardinals created by Pope Pius X

Ottavio Cagiano de Azevedo


Itan oluronbi je itan obirin kan to je iyawo oba ilu kan. oluronbi ko ri omo bi, debi pe owa lo si odo igi iroko ilu won lati lo toro omo, owa jeje fun iroko pe ohun ma funn ni omo ti oun ba koko bi ti o ba le fun oun l'omo. iroko fun l'omo sungbon oluronbi ko mu eje re she. oluronbi losi odo igi iroko lati lo fi ewure ati aguntan jeje sugbon igi iroko mun omo oluronbi. o ke pe gbogbo ara ilu pe ki won gbaa oun sugbon awon ara ilu nkorin fun pe.

         oníkálukú jẹ́jẹ́ ewúrẹ́ (ewure, ewure)
         onikaluku jeje aguntan (aguntan bolojo)y
         oluronbi jeje omo re (omo re apon bi epo)
         oluronbi o jo jo iroko jo jo

A very long time ago, there was a village where many of the women were barren. They desperately wanted children and decided to ask the spirit that lived inside the big Iroko tree for help.

One by one, they went to visit the Iroko tree to beg the Iroko tree spirit for help. The Iroko tree asked each of the women who showed up what she would give in return for bearing a child. And woman after woman promised the Iroko tree spirit goats, yams, handwoven cloth or whatever it was she sold for a living as many of these women were traders who sold their wares at a weekly market in an open field.

One of the women who was named Oluronbi also approached the Iroko tree for help. She was so desperate for a child that when the Iroko tree spirit asked her what she would give in return for a child, she eagerly offered her first born child.

Before a year ran out, many of the women had given birth to children and returned to the Iroko tree to fulfill their various promises. When it was time for Oluronbi to fulfill her promise, she went to the Iroko tree to plead her case. She could offer the Iroko tree everything, anything else but not her child. But the tree spirit would not be swayed and took the child despite Oluronbi's cries and pleas.

Since then villagers have sang this song as a reminder of the event.

    Oníkálukú jèjé ewúré
    Others offered sheep
    Oníkálukú jèjé àgùtàn, àgùtàn bòlòjò
    Others offered goats
    Olúrónbí èjé omo re
    Oluronbi offered her child
    Omo re a pón bí epo
    Her beautiful child
    Olúrónbí ò jo jo
    Ìrókò jo jo
    [The last two lines are just chorus]

Oluronbi


The Colony of New Zealand was a Crown colony of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland that encompassed the islands of New Zealand from 1841 to 1907. The power of the British Government was vested in the governor of New Zealand. The colony had three successive capitals: Okiato (or Old Russell) in 1841; Auckland from 1841 to 1865; and Wellington, which became the capital during the colony's reorganisation into a Dominion, and continues as the capital of New Zealand today.

During the early years of British settlement the governor had wide-ranging powers. The colony was granted self-government with the passage of the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852. The first parliament was elected in 1853, and responsible government was established in 1856. The governor was required to act on the advice of his ministers, who were responsible to the parliament. In 1907, the colony became the Dominion of New Zealand, which heralded a more explicit recognition of self-government within the British Empire.

History

Establishment

Following a proclamation of sovereignty over New Zealand from Sydney in January 1840, Captain William Hobson came to New Zealand and issued the same (tentative) proclamation on 1 February 1840.

The Treaty of Waitangi—between Māori chiefs and British representatives of Queen Victoria—was subsequently signed on 6 February 1840, with Hobson again declaring British sovereignty over the islands of New Zealand on 21 May 1840 in two separate formal declarations. In the first declaration, Hobson declared British sovereignty over the North Island. The basis for the claim over the North Island was the Treaty of Waitangi. In the English version of the treaty, Māori ceded sovereignty in return for the rights, privileges and protections of being a British subject. The Māori translation of the treaty refers to  which is generally translated as governance rather than sovereignty and this point remains a subject of much controversy and political debate. In the second declaration, Hobson declared British sovereignty over the South Island and Stewart Island on the basis of "first discovery" by Captain James Cook in 1769. Queen Victoria became the sovereign over all New Zealand.

Initially, New Zealand was part of the Colony of New South Wales, and there was a decades-long confusion as to whether this was the case from 1788 onwards when NSW governor Arthur Phillip proclaimed the boundary of the NSW colony as "encompassing all land west to 135 degrees longitude and 'including all the islands adjacent in the Pacific Ocean'." The situation was formalised when a definition of NSW's boundaries arrived from London on 15 June 1839. This stated that the colony would include "any territory which is or may be acquired in sovereignty by Her Majesty ... within that group of Islands in the Pacific Ocean, commonly called New Zealand." This made Lieutenant-Governor Hobson answerable to his superior, the governor of New South Wales. By letters patent, the British (Imperial) Government issued the Charter for Erecting the Colony of New Zealand on 16 November 1840. The Charter stated that the Colony of New Zealand would be established as a Crown colony separate from New South Wales on 3 May 1841.

Crown colony
With the establishment of the Crown colony, Hobson became governor of New Zealand. The first organs of the New Zealand Government were also established to assist the governor: an Executive Council and a (General) Legislative Council.

The Executive Council consisted of the attorney-general, colonial secretary, and colonial treasurer. The Legislative Council consisted of the governor, Executive Council, and three justices of the peace appointed by the governor. The Legislative Council had the power to issue laws called Ordinances.

The colony was initially divided into three provinces: New Ulster Province (the North Island), New Munster Province (the South Island), and New Leinster Province (Stewart Island).

Self-governance

As new European settlements were founded in the colony, demands for self-government became louder. The New Zealand Company settlement of Port Nicholson (Wellington) had its own elected council, which was forcibly dissolved by Lieutenant-Governor William Hobson in 1840. Later, Wellington became the centre of agitation by settlers for a representative government led by Samuel Revans, who founded the Wellington Settlers' Constitutional Association in 1848.

The first New Zealand Constitution Act was passed in 1846, though Governor George Grey was opposed to provisions that would divide the country into European and Māori districts. As a result, almost all of the Act was suspended for six years pending a new Act of 1852, with the only operative part of the 1846 Act being the creation of New Zealand's first provinces. In the meantime, Grey drafted his own Act which established both provincial and central representative assemblies, and allowed for Māori districts and an elected governor. The latter proposal was rejected by the Parliament of the United Kingdom when it adopted Grey's constitution.

The second New Zealand Constitution Act was passed in 1852 and became the central constitutional document of the colony. It created the General Assembly, which consisted of the Legislative Council and an elected House of Representatives. The first general election for the House of Representatives was held from 14 July 1853 until early October.

The 1st New Zealand Parliament was opened on 24 May 1854. The Administrator of Government, Robert Wynyard, was quickly confronted by the demands of the new parliament that responsible government be granted to the colony immediately; on 2 June the House of Representatives passed a resolution, sponsored by Edward Gibbon Wakefield, to that effect. Wynyard refused, stating that the Colonial Office made no mention of responsible government in its dispatches. The Executive Council advised Wynyard against implementing responsible government, and in the meantime, he sent a dispatch to London requesting clarification. Wynyard then offered to add some elected members of parliament to the Executive Council, and appointed James FitzGerald, Henry Sewell and Frederick Weld to the council. The compromise worked for a few weeks but on 1 August parliament demanded complete power to appoint ministers. Wynyard refused, and all three MPs resigned from the council. In response, Wynyard prorogued parliament for two weeks. On 31 August, he appointed Thomas Forsaith, Jerningham Wakefield and James Macandrew to the Executive Council, but when parliament met again, it moved a motion of no confidence in the members.

Parliament met on 8 August 1855, by which time Wynyard had received instructions from the Colonial Office to introduce responsible government. The new governor, Sir Thomas Gore Browne, arrived on 6 September 1855 and relieved Wynyard of his duties. On 28 January 1858, Wynyard was appointed to the Legislative Council.

Governor Thomas Gore Browne subsequently announced that self-government would begin with the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, elected in 1855. Henry Sewell was asked by the governor to form a government, now known as the Sewell Ministry. He became colonial secretary—effectively the first Premier of New Zealand—on 7 May. Sewell's government was short-lived, however. The leader of the provincialist (pro-provinces) faction, William Fox, defeated Sewell's government on 20 May 1856. Fox himself, however, did not retain office for long, being defeated by Edward Stafford, a moderate.

Elevation to Dominion

The Colony of New Zealand continued until 26 September 1907, when, as a result of a decision by the 1907 Imperial Conference and by request of the New Zealand Government, King Edward VII declared New Zealand to be a Dominion. On the same day, the King issued another Royal Proclamation granting the Colony of Newfoundland the status of Dominion of Newfoundland. The 1907 change from Colony to Dominion was largely symbolic, and New Zealand did not become independent until the General Assembly of New Zealand enacted the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947, which applied the Statute of Westminster 1931 to the Dominion of New Zealand (although the United Kingdom retained the right to legislate for New Zealand at its request); certain colonial enactments survived for sometime after—the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 was finally replaced by the Constitution Act 1986.

A Royal Proclamation granting New Zealand Dominion status was issued on 26 September 1907.
It read – ". Whereas We have on the Petition of the Members of the Legislative Council and House of Representatives of Our Colony of New Zealand determined that the title of Dominion of New Zealand shall be substituted for that of the Colony of New Zealand as the designation of the said Colony, We have therefore by and with the advice of Our Privy Council thought fit to issue this Our Royal Proclamation and We do ordain, declare and command that on and after the twenty-sixth day of September, one thousand nine hundred and seven, the said Colony of New Zealand and the territory belonging thereto shall be called and known by the title of the Dominion of New Zealand. And We hereby give Our Commands to all Public Departments accordingly. Given at Our Court at Buckingham Palace, this ninth day of September, in the year of Our Lord one thousand nine hundred and seven, and in the seventh year of Our Reign.  save the ."

Demography

Population summary for the census of 1901
Maoris were counted separately and not as part of the official census. The total population of the Colony of New Zealand was 772,719 people with the number of full-blooded Maoris being counted at 43,143 people. The number of half-castes living as members of Maori tribes, and others living with and counted as Europeans in the census were counted at 5,540 people.

Maori population

Population of principal divisions of New Zealand

1901 population by provincial district

Religion in 1901

Flags

The first flag used by the Colony of New Zealand was the British Union Flag. This began to change with the Colonial Naval Defence Act 1865, which required all ships owned by colonial governments to fly the defaced Royal Navy blue ensign with a colonial badge. New Zealand did not have a colonial badge, or indeed a coat of arms of its own at this stage, and so the letters "NZ" were added to the blue ensign. The Colony New Zealand used the same royal coat of arms as the United Kingdom.

In 1869, Albert Hastings Markham, a first lieutenant on the Royal Navy vessel HMS Blanche, submitted a national ensign design to Sir George Bowen, the Governor of New Zealand. It was initially used only on government ships, but was adopted as the de facto national flag in a surge of patriotism arising from the Second Boer War in 1902. To end confusion between the various designs of the flag, the Liberal Government passed the Ensign and Code Signals Bill, which was approved by King Edward VII on 24 March 1902, declaring the flag as New Zealand's national flag.

See also

History of New Zealand
List of governors of New Zealand

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Peter Spiller et al. (2001, 2nd ed.) A New Zealand Legal History (Brookers: Wellington).

Colony
Former British colonies and protectorates in Oceania
1841 establishments in New Zealand
1907 disestablishments in Oceania

Colony of New Zealand


Pancake art is an art form in which works are created on a griddle or frying pan using pancake batter as the medium applied from a pancake pen. Batters containing different food coloring may be used to create a color piece, or contrasting shades can be achieved by allowing parts of the image to cook longer. When cooking is complete, the pancake is flipped over to reveal the final image.

References

External links

Pancakes
Folk art

Pancake art


Each of the 14 regions of Namibia is divided into electoral constituencies. The size of the constituencies changes with the size and population of each region. There are currently 121 constituencies in Namibia. The most populous constituency was Rundu Urban in the Kavango West region with 63,431 people; the least populous was Okatyali in the Oshana region with 3,187 people.

Local councillors are directly elected through regional elections by residents of the constituencies. Councillors occupy a constituency office in the main settlement of their region. Councillors keep their full-time job and are expected to run their constituencies. Councillors receive allowances similar to a mid-range salary. Regional councillors are indirectly elected from and by the constituency councillors in each region. Each region sends three of their local councillors to represent their region in the National Council of Namibia.

List of constituencies by region

Constituencies of Namibia


In computer science, Fhourstones is an integer benchmark that efficiently solves positions in the game of Connect-4.  It was written by John Tromp in 1996-2008, and is incorporated into the Phoronix Test Suite.  The measurements are reported as the number of game positions searched per second.

Available in both ANSI-C and Java, it is quite portable and compact (under 500 lines of source), and uses 50Mb of memory.
The benchmark involves (after warming up on three easier positions) solving the entire game, which takes about ten minutes on contemporary PCs, scoring between 1000 and 12,000 kpos/sec. It has been described as more realistic than some other benchmarks.

Fhourstones was named as a pun on Dhrystone (itself a pun on Whetstone), as "dhry" sounds the same as "drei", German for "three": fhourstones is an increment on dhrystones.

References

External links
 Fhourstones homepage

Benchmarks (computing)

Fhourstones


The backslash  is a typographical mark used mainly in computing and mathematics. It is the mirror image of the common slash .  It is a relatively recent mark, first documented in the 1930s. It is sometimes called a hack, whack, escape (from C/UNIX), reverse slash, slosh, downwhack, backslant, backwhack, bash, reverse slant, reverse solidus, and reversed virgule.

History

, efforts to identify either the origin of this character or its purpose before the 1960s have not been successful. The earliest known reference found to date is a 1937 maintenance manual from the Teletype Corporation with a photograph showing the keyboard of its Kleinschmidt keyboard perforator WPE-3 using the Wheatstone system. {{Original research span|The symbol was called the "diagonal key",<ref>

In June 1960, IBM published an "Extended character set standard" that includes the symbol at 0x19. In September 1961, Bob Bemer (IBM) proposed to the X3.2 standards committee that ,  and  be made part of the proposed standard, describing the backslash as a "reverse division operator" and cited its prior use by Teletype in telecommunications. In particular, he said, the  was needed so that the ALGOL boolean operators  (logical conjunction) and  (logical disjunction) could be composed using  and  respectively. The Committee adopted these changes into the draft American Standard (subsequently called ASCII) at its November 1961 meeting.

These operators were used for min and max in early versions of the C programming language supplied with Unix V6 and V7.

Usage

Programming languages
In many programming languages such as C, Perl, PHP, Python, Unix scripting languages, and many file formats such as JSON, the backslash is used as an escape character, to indicate that the character following it should be treated specially (if it would otherwise be treated literally), or literally (if it would otherwise be treated specially). For instance, inside a C string literal the sequence  produces a newline byte instead of an 'n', and the sequence  produces an actual double quote rather than the special meaning of the double quote ending the string. An actual backslash is produced by a double backslash .

Regular expression languages used it the same way, changing subsequent literal characters into metacharacters and vice versa. For instance  searches for either '|'  or 'b', the first bar is escaped and searched for, the second is not escaped and acts as an "or".

Outside quoted strings, the only common use of backslash is to ignore ("escape") a newline immediately after it. In this context it may be called a "continued line" as the current line continues into the next one. Some software replaces the backslash+newline with a space.

To support computers that lacked the backslash character, the C trigraph  was added, which is equivalent to a backslash. Since this can escape the next character, which may itself be a , the primary modern use may be for code obfuscation. Support for trigraphs in C++ was removed in C++17, though it remains in C.

In Visual Basic (and some other BASIC dialects) the backslash is used as an operator symbol to indicate integer division. This rounds toward zero.

The ALGOL 68 programming language uses the "\" as its Decimal Exponent Symbol. ALGOL 68 has the choice of 4 Decimal Exponent Symbols: e, E, \, or 10.  Examples: , ,  or .

In APL  is called Expand when used to insert fill elements into arrays, and Scan when used to produce prefix reduction (cumulative fold).

In PHP version 5.3 and higher, the backslash is used to indicate a namespace.

In Haskell, the backslash is used both to introduce special characters and to introduce lambda functions (since it is a reasonable approximation in ASCII of the Greek letter .

Filenames

MS-DOS 2.0, released 1983, copied the idea of a hierarchical file system from Unix and thus used the (forward) slash as the directory separator. Possibly on the insistence of IBM, Microsoft added the backslash to allow paths to be typed at the command line interpreter prompt, while retaining compatibility with MS-DOS 1.0 (in which  was the command-line option indicator. Typing "" gave the "wide" option to the "" command, so some other method was needed if one actually wanted to run a program called  inside a directory called ). Except for COMMAND.COM, all other parts of the operating system accept both characters in a path, but the Microsoft convention remains to use a backslash, and APIs that return paths use backslashes. In some versions, the option character can be changed from  to  via SWITCHAR, which allows COMMAND.COM to preserve  in the command name.

The Microsoft Windows family of operating systems inherited the MS-DOS behavior and so still support either character – but individual Windows programs and sub-systems may, wrongly, only accept the backslash as a path delimiter, or may misinterpret a forward slash if it is used as such. Some programs will only accept forward slashes if the path is placed in double-quotes. The failure of Microsoft's security features to recognize unexpected-direction slashes in local and Internet paths, while other parts of the operating system still act upon them, has led to some serious lapses in security. Resources that should not be available have been accessed with paths using particular mixes, such as .

Text markup

The backslash is used in the TeX typesetting system and in RTF files to begin markup tags.

In USFM, the backslash is used to mark format features for editing Bible translations.

In caret notation,  represents the control character 0x1C, file separator. This is entirely a coincidence and has nothing to do with its use in file paths.

Mathematics

A backslash-like symbol is used for the set difference.

The backslash is also sometimes used to denote the right coset space.

Especially when describing computer algorithms, it is common to define backslash so that  is equivalent to . This is integer division that rounds down, not towards zero. In Wolfram Mathematica the backslash is used this way for integer divide.

In MATLAB and GNU Octave the backslash is used for left matrix divide, while the (forward) slash is for right matrix divide.

Confusion with ¥ and other characters

In the Japanese encodings ISO 646-JP (a 7-bit code based on ASCII), JIS X 0201 (an 8-bit code), and Shift JIS (a multi-byte encoding which is 8-bit for ASCII), the code point 0x5C that would be used for backslash in ASCII is instead rendered as a yen sign . Due to extensive use of the 005C code point to represent the yen sign, even today some fonts such as MS Mincho render the backslash character as a ¥, so the characters at Unicode code points 00A5 (¥) and 005C (\) both render as  when these fonts are selected. Computer programs still treat 005C as a backslash in these environments but display it as a yen sign, causing confusion, especially in MS-DOS filenames.

Several other ISO 646 versions also replace backslash with other characters, including ₩ (Korean), Ö (German, Swedish), Ø (Danish, Norwegian), ç (French) and Ñ (Spanish), leading to similar problems, though with less lasting impact compared to the yen sign.

In 1991, RFC 1345 suggested  as a unique two-character mnemonic that might be used in internet standards as "a practical way of identifying [this] character, without reference to a coded character set and its code in [that] coded character set". Consequently, this style may be seen in early Internet Engineering Task Force documents.

References

External links

Punctuation
Typographical symbols

pl:Ukośnik

Backslash


The Marxist–Leninist League of Colombia (, abbreviated 'Liga ML') was a communist group in Colombia. It emerged in late 1971, founded by splinters of the Communist Party of Colombia (Marxist–Leninist) (PCC(ML)) in Antioquia, Nariño, Santander and the Atlantic Coast. Its Political Secretary was Arturo Acero.

Liga ML was active in peasant movements. It did not conduct any military activity.

In 1977 Liga ML took part in the Committee for Unity, together with other revolutionary forces. In 1982 it merged into the New Revolutionary Unification Movement - Marxist-Leninist.

Sources

1971 establishments in Colombia
Communist parties in Colombia
Defunct political parties in Colombia
Political parties established in 1971
Political parties disestablished in 1982

Marxist–Leninist League of Colombia