Katie Liu Leung (born 8 August 1987) is an actress fae Scotland. She's weel-kent fir playin Cho Chang, Harry Potter's first luve-interest in the Harry Potter pictur series. In 2012 she haed her stage debut as Jung Chang in the play Wild Swans. She's intae pentin an photographie, an did Airt an Design at the University o the Airts London.

Early Years
Leung wis born in Mitherwall, Nor Lanrickshire. She wis at Hamilton College high schuil in Sooth Lanrickshire. Her fowks are fae Hong Kong but got divorced wen she wis 3. Her da stertit a business in Glesga an her maw wis a banker.

Career

2005-2007: Harry Potter
Leung's da seen an advert fir a Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire casting caw, an telt her she should gie it a go. She thoucht she hud nae chance, but waitit 4 oor onywey. The audition wis anly 5 meenit lang. She wis cawed back fir a wirkshop 2 week efter, an they gied her the role o Cho Chang. 3000 ither lassies had tried oot fir the pert anaw. In a Daily Record interview later she telt thaim she thoucht she'd hud an advantage ower the ither lassies, coz the castin director hud asked "is onywan here fae Scotland?" (pit ower fae Inglis) an she wis the ainly wan tae pit up her haund. She said in 2011 that o the hale Harry Potter experience, her favrit pairt wis the furst audition, sin her fowks cam alang the gither despite bein separatit: "It wis a real braw maument sin ma fowks hudnae seen wan anither fir a lang, lang while" (pit ower fae Inglis).

Warner Bros sent her ower tae China tae heeze up Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.

She wis in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix an aw, an hud an onscreen kiss wi Daniel Radcliffe (Harry) that got a fair amoont ae press. She wis playin Harrys furst luve-interest. Maist fans were fine wi this, but some stertit an "A hate Katie" wabsteid an some fowk postit racist messages oan fan wabsteids that fair upset her at the time.

Leung's vyce wis uised in the Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix an the Harry Potter and the Half-blood Prince gemmes.

2007-present
In Julie 2007, Leung wis cast by Gold Label Records, a dochter firm o EMI fae Hong Kong, tae be the lead wummin in Leo Ku's "My Home, My Love" (); literally "Luve, Retour Hame") muisic video. It wis filmed in London while Leung wis heezin up the new Harry Potter film. Ku said her actin wis "professional" an "mature".

Leung wis Hsui Tai in an episode o ITV1's Agatha Christie's Poirot cried "Cat Among the Pigeons," that hud its telly debut on ITV on 21 September 2008.

Leung wis gied the title o Scotlands maist stylie lassie, an the title o the brawist Scotswummin in 2007 fae The Scotsman. She's been writ aboot in Teen Vogue an Evening Standard an aw.

Efter the Harry Potter films, Leung wisnae shair gin she wantit tae stey in the actin business, but did a coorse in drama at the Royal Conservatoire o Scotland onywey an wis inspirt.

In December 2011 she wis gien the role o Jung Chang in Jung Chang's autobiographical play Wild Swans. It hud its warld premiere in Cambridge, Massachusetts in Februar 2012. Whan compairin pictur an live performances, she said: "The obvious challenge is o coorse daen it richt first go, an that wis unco excitin fir me" (pit ower fae Inglis).

It wis confirmt in Juin 2012 that Leung wis tae be in the Channel 4 fower-pairt drama series cried Run as main chairacter Ying. Ying wis an illegal ingang fae China that selt pirated DVDs an nicked mobiles in Brixton, London, in order tae gie hersel a life in England. Houiver, she hud tae pey back her dets tae the Snakehead gang that hud smuggled her intae the kintra.

In 2013, Leung wis in The World of Extreme Happiness in The Shed at the National Theatre. Her chairacter wis cried Sunny, an she played alangside Vera Chok wha wis the chairacter Xiao Li, a migrant wirker. The show wis aboot the warld o migrant wirkers thats formin in modren China.

Leung wis in the BBC's Father Brown crime drama series.

In Apryle 2014 it wis annunced that Leung wid be Mei, a Chinese wean wha wis adoptit by an American mither an a British faither, in the TV miniseries One Child. In it, her chairacter gets cawed back tae Guangzhou, whaur Mei wis born, whan her birth mither needs help tae save her son. The series wis co-produced by BBC Drama an Sundance TV fir BBC Two. Production stertit in Mey 2014 in London an Hong Kong, and the show cam oot in Februar 2016. Catherine Gee fae The Daily Telegraph said her performance wis "beautifully understated."

At the end o 2016, Leung wis in the Tony Kushner play The Intelligent Homosexual's Guide to Capatalism and Socialism with a Key to the Scriptures (iHo) that wis at the Hampstead Theatre, London.

In 2017 Leung co-starred wi Jackie Chan an Pierce Brosnan in The Foreigner as Fan, Chan's chairacter's dochter.

Personal Life
Leung pit off goin tae airt college an university tae film Harry Potter an the Order o the Phoenix. She later said she hudnae been shuir aboot steyin in actin efter Harry Potter, and wantit tae study airt an design.

In 2007 she gaed a haund tae the The Prince's Trust chairitie o Scotland tae raise £100,000 by lenchin a bairn's airt competeetion, an donatit wan o her ain pentins that selt fir £960.

Leung is intae photographie, an in 2009 she wis wan o twa celebrities wha gaed a photae tae Sightsavers International's I:Click 2009 competeetion. Sightsavers International is a chairitie that ettles tae help blind fowk in puir kintras.

Leung wis ettlin tae dae her photographie degree whan she wis in Wild Swans. Efter the play endit, she said she wid gang tae the Royal Conservatoire o Scotland, Glesga.

Leung haes fluent Cantonese an some Mandarin an aw.

She went tae the waddin o Afshan Azad, a Harry Potter castmate, in August 2018.

Filmographie

Film

Telly

Stage

Awards

2006

 Outstandin Newcomer Award, Asian Excellence Awards (Top 4)
 Nominee fir Young Scots Award

2007

 Scotland's Maist Stylie Lassie
 No. 80 in Cosmogirl's Hot 100 List

2008

 Nominee (alang wi Daniel Radcliffe) fir Best Kiss 2008 at the MTV Movie Awards US

2014

 BAFTA Breakthrough Brits 2014

References

Katie Leung


Chelsea or Chelsey may refer to:

Places

Australia
 Chelsea, Victoria

Canada
 Chelsea, Nova Scotia
 Chelsea, Quebec

United Kingdom
 Chelsea, London, an area of London, bounded to the south by the River Thames
 Chelsea (UK Parliament constituency), a former parliamentary constituency at Westminster until the 1997 redistribution
 Chelsea (London County Council constituency), 1949–1965
 King's Road Chelsea railway station, a proposed railway station
 Chelsea Bridge, a bridge across the Thames
 Metropolitan Borough of Chelsea, a former borough in London

United States
 Chelsea, Alabama
 Chelsea (Delaware City, Delaware), a historic house
 Chelsea, Georgia
 Chelsea, Indiana
 Chelsea, Iowa, in Tama County
 Chelsea, Maine
 Chelsea, Massachusetts
 Bellingham Square station, which includes a commuter rail stop called Chelsea
 Chelsea station (MBTA), a bus rapid transit station in Chelsea
 Chelsea, Michigan
 Chelsey Brook, a stream in Minnesota
 Chelsea, Jersey City, New Jersey
 Chelsea, Dutchess County, New York
 Chelsea, Manhattan, New York City
 Chelsea, Staten Island, New York City
 Chelsea, Oklahoma
 Chelsea, Pennsylvania, in Delaware County
 Chelsea, South Dakota
 Chelsea, Vermont, a New England town
 Chelsea (CDP), Vermont, the main village in the town
 Chelsea (West Point, Virginia), a historic house
 Chelsea, Wisconsin, a town
 Chelsea (CDP), Wisconsin, community in the northeast corner of the town
 Chelsea Township, Butler County, Kansas
 Chelsea Township, Fillmore County, Nebraska

Arts and entertainment
Chelsea Cinema, former name of the Regal Theatre, Adelaide, South Australia

Film and television
 Chelsea (film), a 2010 film
 Chelsea (TV series), a US TV talk show starring Chelsea Handler
 Made in Chelsea, a British reality television show

Music

Bands
 Chelsea (band), an English punk rock band, formed in London in 1976
 Chelsea (American band), an early-1970s folk-rock band from New York City, and former Kiss drummer Peter Criss' first band

Albums
 Chelsea (American band album), the only album released by the eponymous American band
 Chelsea (British band album), debut album released in 1979

Songs
 "Chelsea" (song), a 2006 song by STEFY
 "(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea", a 1978 song by Elvis Costello from This Year's Model
 "Chelsea", a 2009 song by The Summer Set from Love Like This
 "Chelsea", a song by The Featherz from their 2017 album Five-Year-Itch
 "Chelsea", a song by Toto from their album Old Is New

Companies
 Chelsea Food Services, an airline catering company
 Chelsea Piers, a sports and entertainment complex in New York City, United States
 Chelsea porcelain factory, a factory that was in London, England
 Chelsea Sugar Refinery, a factory in Birkenhead, New Zealand
 Hotel Chelsea, a hotel in New York City, United States

Organisations
 Chelsea Building Society, a UK building society
 Chelsea College of Arts, an art and design college in London, England
 Royal Hospital Chelsea, home for former soldiers in London, England

People
 Chelsea (name), a given name and list of people with the name Chelsea, Chelsey or variants thereof

Sports
 Bechem Chelsea, the former name of Berekum Chelsea F.C., a Ghanaian football club based in Bechem, Ghana.
 Chelsea F.C., a Premier League association football club in London, England
 Chelsea F.C., the former name of Glenfield Rovers, a New Zealand association football club based in North Shore City
 Chelsea Hajduk Soccer Club, the former name of Dandenong City SC, an association football club in Melbourne, Australia
 Chelsea F.C. Women, a women's association football club associated with Chelsea F.C.

Other uses
 Chelsea (magazine), a small literary magazine founded in 1958 in New York City
 Chelsea (drink), a carbonated, low-alcohol beverage
 Chelsea Publishing, an imprint of the American Mathematical Society
 Chelsea Tower, a 250-metre skyscraper located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates
 Chelsea boot, a boot with a distinct elastic side panel on the ankle

See also
 Chelsea College (disambiguation)
 Chelsea Council (disambiguation)
 Chelsea and Fulham (UK Parliament constituency), a constituency at Westminster
 Chelsea Girl (disambiguation)
 Chelsea Heights (disambiguation)
 Chelsea High School (disambiguation)
 Chelsea Hotel (disambiguation)
 Chelsea railway station (disambiguation)
 Chelsea smile (disambiguation)
 Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, a borough in London

 Chelsy (Japanese band), a Japanese band, who formed in 2011 and disbanded in 2018

Chelsea


Thomas Nelson Downs (March 16, 1867 – September 11, 1938) was a manipulative magician known for his coin tricks. Downs was also known as "The King of Koins".

Magic historian David Price has written that Downs "was the first of the great manipulative magicians and probably the greatest of them all."

Biography
Born in Marshalltown, Iowa, he was the youngest of six children in the family of Thomas and Cordelia Downs.  His family moved to Iowa from the New York state.  Downs' father, the Marshall county superintendent, died when his son was not even a year old.

Downs never took any training in magic; all his tricks were self-taught.  By the age of 12, he became an expert in card and coin manipulation.  He further mastered his skills by the age of 17, when he took a job as a railway telegrapher and had plenty of time to practice with coins.

In September 1895, Downs decided to quit his telegraphy job and launch a career in magic.  At first, he toured Iowa with his partner, Sam Spiegel, a mandolinist.  By 1897, Downs concentrated only on the coin tricks – a rare specialization at that time, and established himself in vaudeville, which was a popular avenue for magicians.

The success of Downs career allowed him to get booked into Tony Pastor's New York theatre, and to London's Palace Theatre soon after that.

At the peak of his career, Downs travelled frequently, and performed at royal courts.  While performing his tricks, he could palm up to 60 coins at a time.  One of his most famous tricks was "The Miser's Dream", in which he seemed to pull countless coins out of the thin air.

In 1912, at the age of 42, Downs decided to retire in Iowa.  After moving back to Marshalltown, he rarely left the area. Not quite comfortable with idle retirement, Downs kept busy by opening a vaudeville house on Main Street, a few blocks from his own home at 7 South 3rd Avenue. He also sold a line of magic equipment. Many visitors, other magicians, streamed to his home to share gossip and the latest tricks as well as to brush elbows with the famous sleight of hand artist. The most famous of these visitors included Chung Ling Soo (William Robinson) and Dai Vernon.

Downs was a friend with the magician Harry Houdini, however, both were involved in an intense rivalry in private. Houdini had stated that Downs had operated a "fake magic shop" and was in trouble with the federal government for a "swindle." By 1896, Downs had campaigned against spiritualism, this was before Houdini's crusade against fraudulent spiritualists. In his letters, Downs claimed to have performed a stage escape from handcuffs several years before Houdini. He also took issue with Houdini's self-advertisement.

After the death of the famous Harry Houdini, Downs had an unknown affair with Harry's wife, Bess Houdini. This fact had never been revealed until this page was edited by a descendant who confirmed it to be true.

Downs wrote several books on magic before and after his retirement.  His first book, Modern Coin Manipulation, was published in 1900 and is still issued in reprints today. His other books include Tricks with Coins (1902) and The Art of Magic (1909).

Downs was married twice.  He had a son in his first marriage with Nellie Stone, who died in childbirth in 1895.  He subsequently married Harriett Rocky on June 3, 1905.

He retired around 1928. In 1935 he was honored with a testimonial dinner.

Death
Downs died on September 11, 1938, in Marshalltown, Iowa. He had suffered a stroke, which paralyzed his left side.  He was buried at Riverside Cemetery in Marshalltown.  His gravestone reads "King of Koins".

Legacy
The Historical Society of Marshall County features a display about Downs in its museum.

Publications

Modern Coin Manipulation (1900)
Tricks with Coins (1902)
The Art of Magic (1909)

References

External links

Downs, T. Nelson
Downs, T. Nelson
Downs, T. Nelson
Coin magic
Harry Houdini
People from Marshalltown, Iowa
Downs, T. Nelson

T. Nelson Downs


The Brahman is an Indian breed of zebuine-taurine hybrid beef cattle. Originating from the Krishna Valley. The Brahman has a high tolerance of heat, sunlight and humidity, and good resistance to parasites. It has been exported to many countries, particularly in the tropics. It is Sacred and Holy to Hindus, and therefore it is considered as the "National cattle of India" respectively.

National symbols of India
Maharashtra
Cattle
Mammals of Asia

Brahman cattle


Proletarian was a journal produced by a small far-left organisation active in the United Kingdom in the 1980s, which is generally also referred to as Proletarian. The organisation was known for its extreme pro-Soviet stance.

The Proletarian group emerged from a split in the New Communist Party (NCP). The NCP had been founded in 1977 by members of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) who disagreed with the direction that party was taking, perceiving that it had abandoned Marxism-Leninism in favour of social democracy. This was heavily linked to the NCP's support for the Soviet Union and the CPGB's more critical stance on that entity.

Proletarian consisted of a small group around Keith Nelson. There were members in London, Dorset, Brighton and Bristol. According to one source, it had about twenty members. Initially, they were not a separate organisation but rather a faction within the NCP. The faction emerged in 1981. They argued that the NCP's newspaper, The New Worker, should be aimed at raising the level of politically advanced workers. Specifically they looked towards CPGB which they believed was corrupt but had to be saved as it was the largest party for the politically conscious members of the working class. The leadership of the NCP, however, was adamant that the paper should be aimed towards ordinary workers.

The group was ultimately expelled from the NCP in 1982. It went on to produce a journal, Proletarian, centred on the aims that the group was originally formed for; that is appealing to the CPGB's membership base. Two issues were published, the first in 1983 and the second in 1984. Selected articles and correspondence was published in 1987. The specific political stance taken by the journal was a strongly pro-Soviet one.

The group dissolved in 1988. One reason appears to have been disagreements between Keith Nilsen, founder and leading member, and a number of members who accused him of not abiding by political committee decisions.

References

1982 establishments in the United Kingdom
1988 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Anti-revisionist organizations
Communism in the United Kingdom
Communist magazines
Defunct political magazines published in the United Kingdom
Irregularly published magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1982
Magazines disestablished in 1988
Marxist magazines

Proletarian (journal)


Copper loss is the term often given to heat produced by electrical currents in the conductors of transformer windings, or other electrical devices. Copper losses are an undesirable transfer of energy, as are core losses, which result from induced currents in adjacent components. The term is applied regardless of whether the windings are made of copper or another conductor, such as aluminium. Hence the term winding loss is often preferred.  The term load loss is used in electricity delivery to describe the portion of the electricity lost between the generator and the consumer that is related to the load power (is proportional to the square thereof), as opposed to the no-load loss.

Calculations
Copper losses result from Joule heating and so are also referred to as "I squared R losses", in reference to Joule's First Law. This states that the energy lost each second, or power, increases as the square of the current through the windings and in proportion to the electrical resistance of the conductors.

where I is the current flowing in the conductor and R is the resistance of the conductor. With I in amperes and R in ohms, the calculated power loss is given in watts.

Joule heating has a coefficient of performance of 1.0, meaning that every 1 watt of electrical power is converted to 1 Joule of heat. Therefore, the energy lost due to copper loss is:

where t is the time in seconds the current is maintained.

Effect of frequency
For low-frequency applications, the power loss can be minimized by employing conductors with a large cross-sectional area, made from low-resistivity metals.

With high-frequency currents, the proximity effect and skin effect cause the current to be unevenly distributed across the conductor, increasing its effective resistance, and making loss calculations more difficult.

Litz wire is a type of wire constructed to force the current to be distributed uniformly, thereby reducing Joule heating.

Reducing copper loss
Among other measures, the electrical energy efficiency of a typical industrial induction motor can be improved by reducing the electrical losses in the stator windings (e.g., by increasing the cross-sectional area of the conductor, improving the winding technique, and using materials with higher electrical conductivity, such as copper). In power transmission, voltage is stepped up to reduce current thereby reducing power loss.

References

Sources

External links
 Reduction of copper losses

Electric transformers
Electrical engineering

Copper loss


Haltdalen Church () is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Holtålen municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the village of Haltdalen. It is the main church for the Haltdalen parish which is part of the Gauldal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Nidaros.  The light yellow, wooden church was built in a neo-gothic, long church style in 1881 using plans drawn up by the architects Jacob Digre and Gustav Olsen. The church seats about 300 people.

History

The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1533, but the church was not new that year. The first church in Haltdalen was a stave church and it was located about  south of the present location of the church. The  church had a rectangular nave and a narrower, rectangular chancel. The whole building was encircled by a corridor. Style features and dendrochronological analyses show that the church was likely built in the 12th century, possibly around the year 1170.

In 1703, the parish priest complained that the church in Haltdalen was "ancient and completely worthless" and also too small for the rapidly growing congregation. Soon after (possibly in 1704), the church was enlarged considerably. A new timber-framed nave was built and the old nave was converted into a choir and the old choir was converted into a sacristy.

In 1814, this church served as an election church (). Together with more than 300 other parish churches across Norway, it was a polling station for elections to the 1814 Norwegian Constituent Assembly which wrote the Constitution of Norway. This was Norway's first national elections. Each church parish was a constituency that elected people called "electors" who later met together in each county to elect the representatives for the assembly that was to meet in Eidsvoll later that year.

In 1881, a new long church was constructed on a site about  north of the centuries-old church. After the new church was completed, the old church was closed and sold to the Society for the Preservation of Ancient Norwegian Monuments. From 1882-1883, the old church was disassembled and moved to the grounds of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology where they were rebuilt as a museum. The church was reconstructed in its original medieval form, so the "new" nave from 1704 was not included. This meant that the western wall of the "old" part of the church was missing. To fix this gap in materials, a new western gable wall was built with new materials and a medieval portal and door were taken from the old Ålen Stave Church (which had recently been closed and replaced). There were also parts of the newly rebuilt choir that come from the old church in Ålen. Together this newly reconstructed museum church was known as the Haltdalen Stave Church since the majority of the building was the old Haltdalen Church. In 1937, the whole church was again disassembled and moved to a new open-air museum in Sverresborg, just outside the city of Trondheim.

In 2004, a brand new copy of the pre-1703 church was built on the south side of the Haltdalen cemetery, a short distance north of its historic location. The new church was consecrate on 29 August 2004. This church is used as a museum and it looks very similar to the medieval look of the original church. It is owned by a local foundation and it has about 45 seats. It is used occasionally for services such as one on Olsok each year.

See also
List of churches in Nidaros

References

External links
Photos of the 1881 church and the old stave church

Holtålen
Churches in Trøndelag
Long churches in Norway
Wooden churches in Norway
19th-century Church of Norway church buildings
Churches completed in 1881
12th-century establishments in Norway
Norwegian election church

Haltdalen Church


In mathematics, the Hilbert cube, named after David Hilbert, is a topological space that provides an instructive example of some ideas in topology. Furthermore, many interesting topological spaces can be embedded in the Hilbert cube; that is, can be viewed as subspaces of the Hilbert cube (see below).

Definition

The Hilbert cube is best defined as the topological product of the intervals  for  That is, it is a cuboid of countably infinite dimension, where the lengths of the edges in each orthogonal direction form the sequence

The Hilbert cube is homeomorphic to the product of countably infinitely many copies of the unit interval   In other words, it is topologically indistinguishable from the unit cube of countably infinite dimension. Some authors use the term "Hilbert cube" to mean this Cartesian product instead of the product of the .

If a point in the Hilbert cube is specified by a sequence  with  then a homeomorphism to the infinite dimensional unit cube is given by

The Hilbert cube as a metric space

It is sometimes convenient to think of the Hilbert cube as a metric space, indeed as a specific subset of a separable Hilbert space (that is, a Hilbert space with a countably infinite Hilbert basis).
For these purposes, it is best not to think of it as a product of copies of  but instead as

as stated above, for topological properties, this makes no difference.
That is, an element of the Hilbert cube is an infinite sequence

that satisfies

Any such sequence belongs to the Hilbert space  so the Hilbert cube inherits a metric from there. One can show that the topology induced by the metric is the same as the product topology in the above definition.

Properties

As a product of compact Hausdorff spaces, the Hilbert cube is itself a compact Hausdorff space as a result of the Tychonoff theorem.
The compactness of the Hilbert cube can also be proved without the axiom of choice by constructing a continuous function from the usual Cantor set onto the Hilbert cube.

In  no point has a compact neighbourhood (thus,  is not locally compact). One might expect that all of the compact subsets of  are finite-dimensional.
The Hilbert cube shows that this is not the case.
But the Hilbert cube fails to be a neighbourhood of any point  because its side becomes smaller and smaller in each dimension, so that an open ball around  of any fixed radius  must go outside the cube in some dimension.

Any infinite-dimensional convex compact subset of  is homeomorphic to the Hilbert cube. The Hilbert cube is a convex set, whose span is the whole space, but whose interior is empty. This situation is impossible in finite dimensions.  The tangent cone to the cube at the zero vector is the whole space.

Every subset of the Hilbert cube inherits from the Hilbert cube the properties of being both metrizable (and therefore T4) and second countable. It is more interesting that the converse also holds: Every second countable T4 space is homeomorphic to a subset of the Hilbert cube.

Every Gδ-subset of the Hilbert cube is a Polish space, a topological space homeomorphic to a separable and complete metric space. Conversely, every Polish space is homeomorphic to a Gδ-subset of the Hilbert cube.

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

Topological spaces
Polytopes
Infinity
Cube

Hilbert cube


The 1994–95 MetJHL season is the 4th season of the Metro Junior A Hockey League (MetJHL). The 14 teams of the Eastern and Western Divisions competed in a 50-game schedule.  The top 4 teams in each division made the playoffs.

The winner of the MetJHL playoffs, the Caledon Canadians, failed to win the 1995 Buckland Cup as Ontario Hockey Association champions or Dudley Hewitt Cup as Central Canadian champions.

Changes
None of note.

Final standings
Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; OTL = Overtime losses; SL = Shootout losses; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PTS = Points; x = clinched playoff berth; y = clinched division title; z = clinched conference title

1994-95 MetJHL Playoffs

Quarter-final
Thornhill Islanders defeated Kingston Voyageurs 4-games-to-none
Wexford Raiders defeated Wellington Dukes 4-games-to-2
Caledon Canadians defeated Mississauga Chargers 4-games-to-none
St. Michael's Buzzers defeated Aurora Eagles 4-games-to-2
Semi-final
Wexford Raiders defeated Thornhill Islanders 4-games-to-3
Caledon Canadians defeated St. Michael's Buzzers 4-games-to-none
Final
Caledon Canadians defeated Wexford Raiders 4-games-to-none

1995 Dudley Hewitt Cup and Buckland Cup Championships
Event was hosted by the Thunder Bay Flyers in Thunder Bay, Ontario.  The Caledon Canadians finished in third by losing the semi-final.

Round Robin
Brampton Capitals (OPJHL) defeated Caledon Canadians 4-1
Thunder Bay Flyers (USHL) defeated Caledon Canadians 6-3
Caledon Canadians defeated Timmins Golden Bears 7-5

Semi-final
Thunder Bay Flyers (USHL) defeated Caledon Canadians 7-1

See also
 1995 Centennial Cup
 Dudley Hewitt Cup
 List of Ontario Hockey Association Junior A seasons
 Ontario Junior A Hockey League
 Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League
 1994 in ice hockey
 1995 in ice hockey

References

External links
 Official website of the Ontario Junior Hockey League
 Official website of the Canadian Junior Hockey League

Metro Junior A Hockey League seasons
MetJHL

1994–95 MetJHL season


A haboob is a storm that forms in the downdrafts of a thunderstorm. The downdrafts are caused by air being pushed down onto the ground, similiar to a leaf blower. They can be seen in deserts like the Saharan and in places like Arizona.

A thunderstorm can make strong downdrafts, which is just wind that blows down towards the surface of the Earth. When the wind hits the Earth, it starts to move sideways and picks up dirt and dust. It makes a cloud of dust that is bad for people, animals and plants.

References

Haboobs, Arizona Department of Transportation.
Haboob on Winds of the World

Winds
Severe weather

Haboob


Monitor lizards are lizards in the genus Varanus, the only extant genus in the family Varanidae. They are native to Africa, Asia, and Oceania, and one species is also found in the Americas as an invasive species.  About 80 species are recognized.

Monitor lizards have long necks, powerful tails and claws, and well-developed limbs. The adult length of extant species ranges from  in some species such as Varanus sparnus, to over  in the case of the Komodo dragon, though the extinct megalania (Varanus priscus) may have reached lengths of more than . Most monitor species are terrestrial, but many are also arboreal or semiaquatic. While most monitor lizards are carnivorous, eating smaller reptiles, fish, birds, insects, small mammals, and eggs, a few species also eat fruit and vegetation.

Distribution
The various species cover a vast area, occurring through Africa, the Indian subcontinent, to China, the Ryukyu Islands in southern Japan, south to Southeast Asia to Thailand, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, the Philippines, New Guinea, Australia, and islands of the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea. They have also been introduced outside of their natural range, for instance, the West African Nile monitor is now found in South Florida. Monitor lizards also occurred widely in Europe in the Neogene, with the last known remains in the region dating to the Middle Pleistocene.

Habits and diet
Most monitor lizards are almost entirely carnivorous, consuming prey as varied as insects, crustaceans, arachnids, myriapods, molluscs, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Most species feed on invertebrates as juveniles and shift to feeding on vertebrates as adults. Deer make up about 50% of the diet of adult Komodo dragons, the largest monitor species. In contrast, three arboreal species from the Philippines, Varanus bitatawa, mabitang, and olivaceus, are primarily fruit eaters.

Biology
Monitor lizards are considered unique among animals in that its members are relatively morphologically conservative, yet show a very large size range. However, finer morphological features such as the shape of the skull and limbs do vary, and are strongly related to the ecology of each species.

Monitor lizards maintain large territories and employ active-pursuit hunting techniques that are reminiscent of similar-sized mammals. The active nature of monitor lizards has led to numerous studies on the metabolic capacities of these lizards. The general consensus is that monitor lizards have the highest standard metabolic rates of all extant reptiles.

Like snakes, monitor lizards have highly forked tongues that act as part of the "smell" sense, where the tips of the tongue carry molecules from the environment to sensory organs in the skull. The forked apparatus allows for these lizards to sense boundaries in the molecules they collect, almost smelling in "stereo".

Monitor lizards have a high aerobic scope that is afforded, in part, by their heart anatomy. Whereas most reptiles are considered to have three-chambered hearts, the hearts of monitor lizards – as with those of boas and pythons – have a well developed ventricular septum that completely separates the pulmonary and systemic sides of the circulatory system during systole. This allows monitor lizards to create mammalian-equivalent pressure differentials between the pulmonary and systemic circuits, which in turn ensure that oxygenated blood is quickly distributed to the body without also flooding the lungs with high-pressure blood.

Monitor lizards are oviparous, laying from seven to 38 eggs, which they often cover with soil or protect in a hollow tree stump. Some species, including the Komodo dragon, are capable of parthenogenesis.

Venom
Anatomical and molecular studies indicate that all varanids (and possibly all lizards) are venomous. Unlike snakes, monitor lizard venom glands are situated in their lower jaw. The venom of monitor lizards is diverse and complex, as a result of the diverse ecological niches monitor lizards occupy.

For example, many species have anticoagulant venom, disrupting clotting through a combination of fibrinogenolysis and blocking platelet aggregation. Amongst them, arboreal species such as the tree monitors and the banded monitor have by far the strongest fibrinogenolytic venom. As a result, wounds from monitor lizard bites often bleed more than they would if they were simply lacerations. Venom may also cause hypotension.

In some species such as the Komodo dragon and the desert monitor, venom also induces a powerful neurotoxic effect. In the latter species for instance, envenomation causes immediate paralysis in rodents (but not birds) and lesser effects of the same nature in humans.

Etymology
The generic name Varanus is derived from the Arabic word  waral [Standard Arabic] /  warar [colloquially] /  waran [colloquially], from a common Semitic root ouran, waran, warar or  waral, meaning "lizard beast".

In English, they are known as "monitors" or "monitor lizards". The earlier term "monitory lizard" became rare by about 1920. The name may have been suggested by the occasional habit of varanids to stand on their two hind legs and to appear to "monitor", or perhaps from their supposed habit of "warning people of the approach of venomous animals". But all of these explanations for the name "monitor" postdate Linnaeus giving the scientific name Lacerta monitor to the Nile monitor in 1758, which may have been based on a mistaken idea by Linnaeus that the German word Waran (borrowed from Arabic) was connected to warnen (to warn), leading him to incorrectly Latinize it as monitor ('warner', 'adviser').

Austronesian languages spoken across Southeast Asia, where varanids are common, have a large number of slightly related local names for them. They are usually known as biawak (Malay, including Indonesian standard variety), bayawak (Filipino), binjawak or minjawak or nyambik (Javanese), or variations thereof. Other names include hokai (Solomon Islands); bwo, puo, or soa (Maluku); halo (Cebu); galuf or kaluf (Micronesia and the Caroline Islands); batua or butaan (Luzon); alu (Bali); hora or ghora (Komodo group of islands); phut (Burmese); and guibang (Manobo).

In South Asia, they are known as  in Meitei, mwpou in Boro,  घोरपड in Marathi,  உடும்பு in Tamil and udumbu ഉടുമ്പ്  in Malayalam,  in Bhojpuri, gohi (गोहि) in Maithili, in Sinhala as තලගොයා / කබරගොයා (), in Telugu as uḍumu (ఉడుము), in Kannada as  (ಉಡ), in Punjabi and Magahi  as गोह (goh), in Assamese as gui xaap, in Odia as ଗୋଧି (godhi), and in Bengali as গোসাপ () or গুইসাপ (), and गोह (goh) in Hindi.

The West African Nile monitor is known by several names in Yoruba, including , , and . In Wolof it is known as mbossé or bar, and is the traditional totem of the city of Kaolack.

Due to confusion with the large New World lizards of the family Iguanidae, the lizards became known as "goannas" in Australia. Similarly, in South African English, they are referred to as leguaans, or likkewaans, from the Dutch term for the Iguanidae, leguanen.

Intelligence

At least some species of monitors are known to be able to count; studies feeding rock monitors varying numbers of snails showed that they can distinguish numbers up to six. Nile monitors have been observed to cooperate when foraging; one animal lures the female crocodile away from her nest, while the other opens the nest to feed on the eggs. The decoy then returns to also feed on the eggs. Komodo dragons at the National Zoo in Washington, DC, recognize their keepers and seem to have distinct personalities. Blue and green tree monitors in British zoos have been observed shredding leaves, apparently as a form of play.

Exploitation

As pets

Monitor lizards have become a staple in the reptile pet trade. The most commonly kept monitors are the savannah monitor and Ackie dwarf monitor, due to their relatively small size, low cost, and relatively calm dispositions with regular handling. Among others, black-throated, Timor, Asian water, Nile, mangrove, emerald tree, black tree, roughneck, Dumeril's, peach-throated, crocodile, and Argus monitors have been kept in captivity.

Traditional medicines
Monitor lizards are poached in some South- and Southeast Asian countries as their organs and fat is used in some traditional medicines, although there is no scientific evidence as to their effectiveness.

Monitor lizard meat, particularly the tongue and liver, is eaten in parts of India and Malaysia, and is supposed to be an aphrodisiac.

In parts of Pakistan and southern India, as well in Northeastern India particularly Assam the different parts of monitor lizards are traditionally used for treating rheumatic pain, skin infections, hemorrhoids, and the oil is used as an aphrodisiac lubricant (sande ka tel).

Consuming raw blood and flesh of monitor lizards has been reported to cause eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, as some monitors are hosts for the parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis.

Leather
"Large-scale exploitation" of monitor lizards is undertaken for their skins, which are described as being "of considerable utility" in the leather industry. In Papua New Guinea, monitor lizard leather is used for membranes in traditional drums (called kundu), and these lizards are referred to as kundu palai or "drum lizard" in Tok Pisin, the main Papuan trade language. Monitor lizard skins are prized in making the resonant part of serjas (Bodo folk sarangis) and dotaras (native strummed string instruments of Assam, Bengal and other eastern states). The leather is also used in making a Carnatic music percussion instrument called the kanjira.

Food
The meat of monitor lizards is eaten by some tribes in India, Nepal, the Philippines, Australia, South Africa and  West Africa as a supplemental meat source. Both meat and eggs are also  eaten in Southeast Asian countries such as Vietnam and Thailand as a delicacy.

Conservation
According to IUCN Red List of threatened species, most of the monitor lizards species fall in the categories of least concern, but the population is decreasing globally. All but five species of monitor lizards are classified by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora under Appendix II, which is loosely defined as species that are not necessarily threatened with extinction but may become so unless trade in such species is subject to strict regulation to avoid use incompatible with the survival of the species in the wild. The remaining five species – the Bengal, yellow, desert, and clouded monitors and the Komodo Dragon– are classified under CITES Appendix I, which outlaws international commercial trade in the species.

The yellow monitor is protected in all countries in its range except Bhutan, Nepal, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.

In Tamil Nadu and all other parts of South India, catching or killing of monitor lizards is banned under the Protected Species Act.

Evolution

Varanus is the only living genus of the family Varanidae. Varanids last shared a common ancestor with their closest living relatives, earless "monitors", during the Late Cretaceous. The oldest known varanids are from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. During the Eocene, the varanid Saniwa occurred in North America. The closest known relative of Varanus is Archaeovaranus from the Eocene of China, suggesting that the genus Varanus is of Asian origin. The oldest fossils of Varanus date to the early Miocene.

Many of the species within the various subgenera also form species complexes with each other:

Euprepriosaurus

V. indicus species complex (V. indicus, V. cerambonensis, V. caerulivirens, V. colei, V. obor, V. lirugensis, V. rainerguentheri, V. zugorum)

V. doreanus species complex (V. doreanus, V. finschi, V. semotus, V. yuwonoi)
Odatria
V. acanthurus species complex (V. acanthurus, V. baritji, V. primordius, V. storri)
V. timorensis species complex (V. timorensis, V. auffenbergi, V. scalaris, V. similis, V. tristis)
Varanus
V. gouldii species complex (V. gouldii, V. rosenbergi, V. panoptes)
Polydaedalus
V. exanthematicus species complex (V. exanthematicus, V. albigularis, V. yemenensis)
V. niloticus species complex (V. niloticus, V. stellatus)
Empagusia
V. bengalensis species complex (V. bengalensis, V. nebulosus)
Soterosaurus
V. salvator species complex (V. salvator, V. cumingi, V. nuchalis, V. togianus, V. marmoratus)

The tree monitors of the V. prasinus species complex (V. prasinus, V. beccarii, V. boehmei, V. bogerti, V. keithhornei, V. kordensis, V. macraei, V. reisingeri, V. telenesetes) were once in the subgenus Euprepriosaurus, but as of 2016, form their own subgenus Hapturosaurus.

V. jobiensis was once considered to be a member of the V. indicus species complex, but is now considered to represent its own species complex.

Taxonomy

Genus Varanus

Species marked with  are extinct

 V. bolkayi
 V. darevskii
 V. emeritus (=V. salvadorii?)
 V. hooijeri
 V. hofmanni
 V. lungui
 V. marathonensis
 V. mokrensis
 V. pronini
 V. rusingensis
 V. semjonovi
 V. tyrasiensis (=V. hofmanni?)

Subgenus Empagusia:

V. bengalensis, Bengal monitor
V. dumerilii, Dumeril's monitor, brown roughneck monitor
V. flavescens, golden monitor, yellow monitor, short-toed monitor
V. nebulosus, clouded monitor
V. rudicollis, black roughneck monitor

Subgenus Euprepiosaurus:

V. bennetti, Bennett's long-tailed monitor
V. caerulivirens, turquoise monitor
V. cerambonensis, Ceram monitor
V. colei Kei Islands monitor
V. doreanus, blue-tailed monitor
V. douarrha,  New Ireland monitor
V. finschi, Finsch's monitor
V. indicus, mangrove monitor
V. jobiensis, peach-throated monitor
V. juxtindicus, Rennell Island monitor
V. lirungensis, Talaud mangrove monitor
V. louisiadensis, Louisiade monitor
V. melinus, quince monitor
V. obor, sago monitor
V. rainerguentheri Rainer Günther's monitor
V. semotus, Mussau Island blue-tailed monitor
V. tanimbar, Tanimbar monitor
V. tsukamotoi, Mariana monitor
V. yuwonoi black-backed mangrove monitor, tricolor monitor
V. zugorum, silver monitor, Zug's monitor

Subgenus Hapturosaurus:

V. beccarii, black tree monitor
V. boehmei, golden-spotted tree monitor
V. bogerti, Bogert's monitor
V. keithhornei, canopy goanna, blue-nosed tree monitor, Nesbit River monitor
V. kordensis, Biak tree monitor
V. macraei, blue-spotted tree monitor
V. prasinus, emerald tree monitor
V. reisingeri yellow tree monitor
V. telenesetes, mysterious tree monitor, Rossell tree monitor

Subgenus Odatria:

V. acanthurus, spiny-tailed monitor, ridge-tailed monitor, Ackie's dwarf monitor
V. a. acanthurus, spiny-tailed monitor
V. a. brachyurus, common spiny-tailed monitor
V. auffenbergi, Auffenberg's monitor, peacock monitor
V. brevicauda, short-tailed monitor
V. bushi, Pilbara stripe-tailed monitor, Bush's monitor
V. caudolineatus, stripe-tailed monitor
V. citrinus, Gulf ridge-tailed monitor
V. eremius, rusty desert monitor, pygmy desert monitor
V. gilleni, pygmy mulga monitor
V. glauerti, Kimberley rock monitor
V. glebopalma, twilight monitor, black-palmed rock monitor
V. hamersleyensis, Hamersley Range rock monitor
V. insulanicus, Groote Eylandt monitor
V. i. baritji, black-spotted ridge-tailed monitor
V. kingorum, Kings' rock monitor
V. mitchelli, Mitchell's water monitor
V. ocreatus, Storr's monitor
V. pilbarensis, Pilbara rock monitor
V. primordius northern blunt-spined monitor
V. scalaris, banded tree monitor
V. semiremex rusty monitor
V. similis, Similis monitor, spotted tree monitor
V. sparnus, Dampier Peninsula monitor
V. storri, eastern Storr's monitor
V. timorensis, Timor monitor
V. tristis
V. t. tristis, black-headed monitor
V. t. orientalis, freckled monitor

Subgenus Papusaurus

 V. salvadorii, crocodile monitor

Subgenus Philippinosaurus:
V. bitatawa, northern Sierra Madre forest monitor, butikaw, bitatawa
V. mabitang, Panay monitor, mabitang
V. olivaceus, Gray's monitor, butaan

Subgenus Polydaedalus:
V. albigularis, rock monitor, white-throated monitor
V. a. albigularis, white-throated monitor
V. a. angolensis, Angolan monitor
V. a. microstictus, black-throated monitor
V. exanthematicus, savannah monitor, Bosc's monitor
V. niloticus, Nile monitor
V. stellatus, West African Nile monitor
V. ornatus, ornate monitor
V. yemenensis, Yemen monitor

Subgenus Psammosaurus:
V. griseus, desert monitor
V. g. griseus, desert monitor, grey monitor
V. g. caspius, Caspian monitor
V. g. koniecznyi, Indian desert monitor, Thar desert monitor
V. nesterovi, Nesterov's desert monitor

Subgenus Solomonsaurus:

 V. spinulosus, spiny-necked mangrove monitor, Solomon Islands spiny monitor

Subgenus Soterosaurus:
V. bangonorum, Bangon monitor
V. cumingi, Cuming's water monitor, yellow-headed water monitor
V. dalubhasa, Enteng's monitor
V. marmoratus, marbled water monitor, Philippine water monitor
V. nuchalis large-scaled water monitor
V. palawanensis, Palawan water monitor
V. rasmusseni Rasmussen's water monitor
V. salvator, Asian water monitor
V. s. salvator, Sri Lankan water monitor
V. s. andamanensis, Andaman water monitor
V. s. bivittatus, two-striped water monitor, Javan water monitor
V. s. macromaculatus, Southeast Asian water monitor
V. s. ziegleri, Ziegler's water monitor
V. samarensis, Samar water monitor
V. togianus, Togian water monitor

Subgenus Varanus:
V. giganteus, perentie
V. gouldii, Gould's monitor, sand monitor, sand goanna
V. komodoensis, Komodo dragon
V. mertensi, Mertens' monitor
V. panoptes
V. p. panoptes, Argus monitor
V. p. horni, Horn's monitor
 V. p. rubidus, yellow-spotted monitor
V. priscus, megalania
V. rosenbergi, Rosenberg's monitor, heath monitor
V. spenceri, Spencer's monitor
V. varius, lace monitor

Gallery

References

Further reading
Merrem B (1820). Versuchs eines Systems der Amphibien: Tentamen Systematis Amphibiorum. Marburg: J.C. Krieger. xv + 191 pp. + one plate. (Varanus, new genus, p. 58). (in German and Latin).

External links

Western Australian Museum photos
Scientific American article

Extant Miocene first appearances
Taxa named by Blasius Merrem

Monitor lizard


Bhalji Pendharkar (3 May 1897 – 26 November 1994) was a film personality in India, and recipient of Dadasaheb Phalke Award, the most prestigious award in the field.

Early life and family
Born to Radhabai and her husband Dr Gopal Pendharkar in a Brahmin family, Bhalji was related to quite a few film personalities in Indian film industry. A number of his close relations achieved fame in the Indian film industry. They include his elder brother Baburao Pendharkar, half-brother and actor-Director, Master Vinayak Karnataki, and maternal cousin V Shantaram.

Personal life
Bhalji had two wives. One of whom, Leela Chandragiri, acted and sang in Hindi and Marathi films in 1930s under the name Miss Leela. Leela-bai already had two children when she first met Bhalji. Bhalji adopted both of them, a boy (Jayasingh) and a girl. The girl later married novelist Ranjit Desai and she is better known as Madhavi Desai (died in 2013); she wrote the book 'Naacha Ga Ghumaa'. His second daughter's name was Saroj Chindarkar.

Bhalji's son with his first wife, Prabhakar Pendharkar (1933–2010), was associated with making of Do Aankhen Barah Haath in 1950s, wrote the book रारंगढांग, and was author-director of noteworthy documentaries. Bhalji named his studio Jayaprabha, combining in it the names of Leela's son Jayasingh (whom Bhalji had adopted) and his own son Prabhakar.

Film career
Bhalji started his career in the era of silent films. He was associated with Prabhat Film Company's earliest talkies, and also worked with other studios in hometown of Kolhapur. Later he acquired his own studio in form of Jayprabha Studio and became a film producer and director. He also wrote lyrics for some film songs in Marathi. His more famous films are: Netaji Palkar, Thoratanchi Kamala, Chhatrapati Shivaji, Mohityanchi Manjula, Maratha Titutka Melvava, Sadhi Manse, Tambdi Maati. Hindi: Maharathi Karna, Valimi, Chhatrapati Shivaji.Ganimi Kawa

Bhalji was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 1991 by the Indian Government.

Directed films

Screenplay writer

As producer
 1939 Netaji Palkar
 1927 Vande Mataram Ashram

As actor
 1924 Prithvi Vallabh

References

External links

 Bhalji Pendharkar Cultural Centre, Kolhapur

20th-century Indian film directors
Hindi-language film directors
Marathi film directors
Marathi film producers
Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients
1897 births
1994 deaths

Bhalji Pendharkar


Fenggan (, Japanese Bukan, fl. 9th century) was a Chinese Zen monk-poet lived in the Tang Dynasty, associated with Hanshan and Shide in the famed "Tiantai Trio" (天台三聖).

Biography
Legendarily, Feng appeared one day at Guoqing Temple (located by the East China Sea, in the Tiantai mountain range), a  monk with an unshaven head, riding a tiger.  From then on, he took up residence in the temple behind the library, where he would hull rice and chant sutras.

The few accounts of him record that he became close friends to Hanshan, and was the one who found the orphaned Shide, named him, and brought him to the temple. From these and other anecdotes, it appears that Feng was the oldest of the three.

The circumstances of his death are as murky as his life: the stories in which Feng is any more than a name or foil for Hanshan cease after he healed a local prefect. It has been conjectured that Hanshan's Poem 50 refers to his death:

Show me the person who doesn't die;
death remains impartial.
I recall a towering man
who is now a pile of dust-
the World Below knows no dawn
plants enjoy another spring
but those who visit this sorrowful place
the pine wind slays with grief.

Poetry
Very few of Feng's poems survive, but the ones which do are very revealing; the third of the four confirms Feng's relationships with the other members of the Tientai Trio:

Whenever Cold Mountain stops to visit,
or Pick-Up pays his usual call,
we talk about the mind the moon
or wide open space-
reality has no limits
so anything real includes it all.

The first of the poems appears to confirm the stories of how he was an itinerant monk prior to stopping at Kuoching Temple (and even then he would depart at least once for a pilgrimage to Mount Wutai):

I have been to Tientai
maybe a million times
like a cloud or river
drifting back and forth.
Roaming free of trouble
trusting the Buddha's spacious path
while the world's forked mind
only brings men pain.

The fourth poem is especially important, since it unmistakably references the challenge the Fifth Patriarch of Zen set his would-be successors ~713 C. E. making it impossible for Feng (and by extension Hanshan and Shide) to predate the 720's, thereby eliminating many other dating possibilities:

Actually there isn't a thing
much less any dust to wipe away.
Who can master this
doesn't need to sit there stiff.

(The exchange referenced was between two potential successors Shenxiu and Huineng. Shenxiu to demonstrate his mastery of Zen wrote the following poem: The body is the Bodhi Tree \ the mind like a clear mirror. \ Always wipe it clean, \ don't let it gather dust.  Huineng retorted with Bodhi isn't a tree, \ what's clear isn't a mirror. \ Actually, there isn't a thing- \ where do you get this dust?)

It is difficult to judge Feng's poetic oeuvre with only four works to judge by, and only one really poetic. But it appears that his poetry's formal structures were fairly conventional, and in ideas, from a strictly Buddhist perspective; Hanshan, in contrast, often played with rhymes and tones and structure, and very often dropped in Taoist references, to the point where his actual religious orientation is in some doubt.  See for example Feng's second poem, which expresses strictly Buddhist ideas:

Sinking like a rock in the Sea,
drifting through the Three Worlds-
poor ethereal creature
forever immersed in scenes
until a flash of lightning shows
that life and death are dust in space.

(The 'Three Worlds' refer to either those of the past, present, and future; or alternatively, those of form, formlessness, and becoming.)

See also

Chinese Poetry
Classical Chinese poetry
Hanshan
Hanshan Temple
Shide
Zen

References
The Collected Songs of Cold Mountain, Red Pine,

Further reading
 Rouzer, Paul [translator], Nugent, Christopher M. B. [editor] (2017). The Poetry of Hanshan (Cold Mountain), Shide, and Fenggan . De Gruyter Mouton.

Tang dynasty poets
Chan Buddhist monks
Chinese Zen Buddhists
Tang dynasty Buddhist monks
9th-century Chinese poets

Fenggan


Charles Fredrick Peter Brown (12 April 1921 – 14 October 2005) was a New Zealand born artist of the school of traditional realism.

Brown served in the RAF throughout World War II and the drawing and sketching he did while a German prisoner of war from 1943 helped him decide to pursue art seriously as a career. After escaping from the prison camp, and on returning to New Zealand, the Rehabilitation Department (an organisation set up to assist returned servicemen back into the workforce) assisted Brown to study commercial art and he began his training at the Elam Art School of the University of Auckland in 1946.

In 1948, Brown was asked to teach by Archie Fisher, then Head of the Elam Art School, so he became a part-time lecturer from 1948 to 1950, before he had even completed his studies. In 1951 he completed his studies, and he continued as a full-time lecturer at Elam from 1952 to 1959, when he left to undertake independent study and painting. During his time at Elam, he was an active participant in Elam's Rutland Group where he was known for his portrait painting.

He was invited to attend the Slade School of Art in London in 1960.

After returning to New Zealand, he settled in Napier and taught at the Hawkes Bay Art School. He was awarded the Kelliher Prize for Landscape Painting in 1974. He went on to move to Gisborne and was active in the Gisborne art community until shortly before his death in October 2005.

His sister Olga Stringfellow was a well-known journalist and novelist.

Holdings
Peter Brown's artworks are held in the collections of the:

 Royal Scottish Academy
 Scottish National Portrait Gallery
 Royal Society of Portrait Artists
 Rutland Group (Auckland)
 New Group (Auckland)
 American Watercolor Society
 Chelsea Art Society
 Artists of Chelsea
 Army Art Society

References

1921 births
2005 deaths
Alumni of the Slade School of Fine Art
Elam Art School alumni
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
New Zealand prisoners of war in World War II
People from Napier, New Zealand
20th-century New Zealand painters
20th-century New Zealand male artists

Peter Brown (New Zealand artist)


Flinders University is a public research university based in Adelaide, South Australia, with a footprint extending across 11 locations in South Australia and the Northern Territory. Founded in 1966, it was named in honour of British navigator Matthew Flinders, who explored and surveyed the Australian and South Australian coastline in the early 19th century.

Flinders' main campus at Bedford Park in Adelaide's south is set upon 156 acres of gardens and native bushland, making it a verdant university. Other campuses include Tonsley, Adelaide Central Business District, Renmark, Alice Springs, and Darwin.  It is a member of the Innovative Research Universities (IRU) Group.

Flinders University led the nation in postgraduate employment outcomes  according to the 2021 Graduate Outcome Survey - Longitudinal, released by the Australian Government's Quality Indicators for Learning and Teaching.

History

Origins and construction

By the late 1950s, the University of Adelaide's North Terrace campus was approaching capacity. In 1960, Premier Thomas Playford announced that  of state government-owned land in Burbank (now Bedford Park) would be allocated to the University of Adelaide for the establishment of a second campus.

Planning began in 1961. The principal-designate of the new campus, economist and professor Peter Karmel, was adamant that the new campus should operate independently from the North Terrace campus. He hoped that the Bedford Park campus would be free to innovate and not be bound by tradition.

Capital works began in 1962 with a grant of £3.8 million from the Australian Universities Commission. Architect Geoff Harrison, in conjunction with architectural firm Hassell, McConnell and Partners, designed a new university that, with future expansions, could eventually accommodate up to 6000 students.

Independence and opening
In 1965, the Australian Labor Party won the state election and Frank Walsh became premier. The ALP wished to break up the University of Adelaide's hegemony over tertiary education in the state, and announced that they intended the Bedford Park campus to be an independent institution.

On 17 March 1966, a bill was passed by state parliament officially creating the Flinders University of South Australia. Although the Labor Party had favoured the name "University of South Australia", academic staff wished that the university be named after a "distinguished but uncontroversial" person. They settled upon British navigator Matthew Flinders, who explored and surveyed the South Australian coastline in 1802. Its original coat of arms, designed by a professor in the Fine Arts faculty, included a reproduction of Flinders' ship Investigator and his journal A Voyage to Terra Australis, open to the page in which Flinders described the coast adjacent the campus site.

Flinders University was opened by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, on 25 March 1966. Peter Karmel was the first Vice-Chancellor and Sir Mark Mitchell the first Chancellor. The university commenced teaching on 7 March 1966 with a student enrolment of 400.

A significant early initiative was the decision to build the Flinders Medical Centre on land adjacent to the campus and to base the university's Medical School within this new public hospital – the first such integration in Australia. Flinders accepted undergraduate medical students in 1974, with the FMC opening the following year.

Expansion and restructuring

In 1990, the biggest building project on campus since the mid-1970s saw work commence on three new buildings – Law and Commerce; Engineering; and Information Science and Technology.  Approval for the establishment of a School of Engineering was given in 1991 and degrees in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering were established shortly afterwards.

In 1991, as part of a restructuring of higher education in South Australia, Flinders merged with the adjacent Sturt Campus of the former South Australian College of Advanced Education.

In 1992 a four-faculty structure was adopted.

In 1998, the Centre for Remote Health, a rural teaching hospital based in Alice Springs, was established jointly with the Northern Territory University (now Charles Darwin University).  This was expanded further in 2011 with the establishment of the Northern Territory Medical Program.

Since 2000 the university has established new disciplines in areas including Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy and more disciplines of Engineering.

In 2011, the bacteria genus Flindersiella was named after the university after the strain was found on a tree on campus grounds.

In 2015, the university opened a new campus at Tonsley, the former site of the Mitsubishi Motors Australia plant in Southern Adelaide.  This campus houses the university's School of Computer Science, Engineering and Mathematics, along with the Medical Device Research Institute, the Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology (now known as the Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology) and Flinders technology start-up company Re-Timer.

In 2016, the university celebrated its 50th anniversary with a calendar of public events, and a publication summarising the highlights of the university's history, research, and alumni achievements over the last 50 years. 2016 also saw the opening of the award-winning student hub and plaza, transforming the central campus.

The university's strategic plan Making a Difference - The 2025 Agenda released in 2016 set an ambitious vision for the coming decade for Flinders to reach the top ten of Australian Universities, and the top one per cent in the world.

On 1 July 2017, the university restructured from a two-tier academic system of four faculties and 14 schools, to a single-tier structure consisting of six colleges.

In 2019 the university announced an additional $100 million investment in research and a further $100 million in education over a five-year period to support it to meet its strategic goals.

The university also in 2019 announced plans for a substantial development on a tract on land on the northern portion of the Bedford Park Campus adjacent to the Flinders hospitals precinct. Known as Flinders Village the decade-long development will deliver research facilities, student accommodation, commercial premises and amenities. The catalyst for the initiative was the extension of the Clovelly Park rail line to the Flinders precinct. The $141m rail line and Flinders Station project began operation in December 2020. Stage one of the Flinders Village development is the construction of a Health and Medical Research Building. Construction began in December 2021 and the building, which will be home to Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, is scheduled for completion in 2024.

In 2021 the University announced it would be expanding its Central Business District presence, establishing a vertical campus as the anchor tenant in Festival Tower, a major development scheduled for completion in 2024 adjacent to Parliament House and the Adelaide Railway Station on North Terrace.

In 2022,  the newly elected state Labor government led by Peter Malinauskas proposed setting up a commission to investigate the possibility of a merger of South Australia's three public universities UniSA, University of Adelaide and Flinders University. The University of Adelaide and University of South Australia have indicated their intention to merge. Flinders University chose to remain an independent entity.

Campuses
The university's main campus is in the Adelaide inner southern suburb of Bedford Park, about 12 km south of the Adelaide city centre.  The university also has a presence in Victoria Square in the centre of the city, and Tonsley. It also maintains a number of external teaching facilities in regional South Australia, south-west Victoria and the Northern Territory. As of 2020 international students made up 19.5% of the on-campus student population and a number of offshore programmes are also offered, primarily in the Asia-Pacific region.

Organisation

Flinders University offers more than 160 undergraduate and postgraduate courses, as well as higher degree research supervision across all disciplines. Many courses use new information and communication technologies to supplement face-to-face teaching and provide flexible options.

Colleges
College of Business, Government and Law
College of Education, Psychology and Social Work
College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences
College of Medicine and Public Health
College of Nursing and Health Sciences
College of Science and Engineering

Chancellory

Flinders University has been served by seven Chancellors and eight Vice Chancellors since its establishment in 1966. They are:

Affiliates
Australian Science and Mathematics School
Flinders Medical Centre
The Adelaide Theological Centre Brooklyn Park (comprising the Catholic Theological College and the Uniting College for Leadership and Theology replacing the Adelaide College of Divinity)
Helpmann Academy

Academic profile

Rankings

Flinders University is amongst the world's top 300 institutions at 266 according to the 2022 Times Higher Education rankings.

Student life

Student Union

Flinders University Students Association (FUSA) is a student union, formerly Student Association of Flinders University (SAFU).

Housing
Flinders has  two options regarding on-campus accommodation:
University Hall (catered)
Deirdre Jordan Village (self-catered).

For off-campus accommodation, Flinders Housing run a free, up-to-date accommodation service which lists private accommodation available on the rental market.

Media
Empire Times was published by the Students' Association of Flinders University (SAFU) from 1969 to 2006. The founder and first editor of the newspaper was Martin Fabinyi, and the newspaper was originally printed in the back of his house by fellow student Rod Boswell. Empire Times had a history of controversial humour and anti-establishment discussion. Notable former editors and contributors included Martin Armiger and Greig (HG Nelson) Pickhaver, Steph Key and Kate Ellis. Empire Times ceased publication in 2006 as a result of voluntary student unionism, but resumed in 2013.

Sports
Flinders University has many sports teams that compete in social and competitive competitions.

Flinders University has 22 affiliated sporting clubs including Aikido, Athletics, Badminton, Baseball, Basketball, Cricket, Fencing, Football, Hockey, Judo, Kendo, Korfball, Lacrosse, Men's Soccer, Muay Thai, Netball, Squash & Racquetball, Table Tennis, Ultimate Frisbee, Underwater, Volleyball and Women's Soccer.

Additionally, Flinders University students have the capacity to go away to annual university games events and compete in a range of sports while representing the university.

Notable people

Entertainment
Mario Andreacchio – film director and producer
Benedict Andrews – theatre director
Donald Brook – Emeritus Professor of Visual Arts
Matt Crook - actor
Alex Frayne – film director
Noni Hazlehurst – actress
Scott Hicks – film director
Victoria Hill – actress, writer and producer
Aimee Horne – actress and singer
Craig Lahiff – film director
Nina Landis – actress
Caleb Lewis – playwright
Sam Mac – radio and television personality
Anthony Maras – film director, writer and producer
Louisa Mignone - actress
Doc Neeson – singer, songwriter and front man of The Angels
Greig Pickhaver (also known as H.G. Nelson) – actor, comedian and writer
Dario Russo - film director and writer
Xavier Samuel – actor
John Schumann – Michael Atkinson, Verity Truman, Chris Timms (founding members of Redgum)
Wendy Strehlow – actress
Eddie White – animation writer and director

Humanities
Jack Barbalet – professor of sociology
Carl Bridge – professor of history at King's College, London
Marion Maddox – author and professor of history at Macquarie University
Haydon Manning – political scientist
Andrekos Varnava - writer and professor of history
Wesley Wildman – professor of theology at Boston University
Graham Hill – associate professor of missiology and World Christianity at the University of Divinity

Medicine
Nazira Abdula, pediatrician and Mozambican Minister of Health
Richard "Harry" Harris - anaesthetist and 2019 Australian of the Year
Sally Goold - First Indigenous nurse in New South Wales and 2006 Senior Nurse of the Year

Politics
John Bannon – former South Australian Premier
Zoe Bettison – South Australian state politician and Minister
Susan Close – South Australian state politician, Minister and Deputy Premier
David Cox – Member of the Australian House of Representatives
Kate Ellis – Member of the Australian House of Representatives and Minister
Bronwyn Halfpenny – Member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Ian Hunter – South Australian state politician and Minister
Tom Kenyon – South Australian state politician and Minister
Stephanie Key – South Australian state politician and Minister
Jenny Leong – Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
Brendan Nelson – former Australian Leader of the Opposition
Chris Picton – South Australian state politician and Minister
Mike Rann – former Premier, appointed as a Flinders University professor
Amanda Rishworth – Member of the Australian House of Representatives
Don Russell – former Australian Ambassador to the United States
Robert Simms – Australian Senator
Andrew Southcott – Member of the Australian House of Representatives
Gayle Tierney – Member of the Victorian Legislative Council
Sialeʻataonga Tuʻivakanō – Prime Minister of Tonga
Lynne Walker – Northern Territory Deputy Leader of the Opposition
Pratikno – Minister of State Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia
Nicolle Flint – Member of the Australian House of Representatives

Sciences
Rod Boswell – professor, Plasma Research Laboratory, ANU
Philip Bourne – professor of pharmacology at UCSD
Rodney Brooks – professor of robotics at MIT
Sabine Dittmann – marine biologist
Mohammad Kaykobad – Computer Scientist, Professor of CSE, BUET
Mamoru Mohri – retired astronaut, scientist and engineer
Colin Raston - professor of green chemistry, SA Scientist of the Year inventor of the Vortex Fluidic Device
Terence Tao – Fields Medalist, professor of mathematics at UCLA
Tony Thomas – professor of physics at the University of Adelaide

Sports
Matthew Liptak – Adelaide Crows footballer
Agnes Milowka – technical diver and author
Nigel Smart – Adelaide Crows footballer

Literature

Mem Fox - children's author
Hannah Kent - author, winner of the Stella Prize
Sean Williams - multi awarded author of novels and short stories for adults, young people and children
Peter Martin – economics journalist and commentator (Distinguished Alumnus 2016)
Sudesh Mishra – poet
Christopher Pearson – journalist, founder of the Adelaide Review and speechwriter for Prime Minister John Howard
Mark Peel – Australian historian
Petar Pjesivac – Serbian poet and essayist

Flinders has produced one Australian of the Year in Richard Harris, one Fields Medalist in Terry Tao, five Rhodes scholars. and 26 Fulbright scholars.

See also

AusStage
Flinders University AusStage Prize
List of universities in Australia

References

External links

Flinders University
The Flinders University of South Australia Act 1966

Universities in South Australia
Education in Adelaide
Educational institutions established in 1966
Nursing schools in Australia
Australian vocational education and training providers

1966 establishments in Australia

Flinders University


Antica Dolceria Bonajuto is a chocolate factory founded in Modica in 1880, known as the oldest in Sicily and one of the oldest in Italy.

History
Francesco Bonajuto founded the current place in 1880 but with the name of Caffè Roma, a socialist inspired meeting place, which became Antica Dolceria Bonajuto in 1992.

Over the years many illustrious people of the chocolate shop have been, among them: writer, journalist and art critic Leonardo Sciascia, his friend and colleague Gesualdo Bufalino, or American Journalists Raymond Walter Apple Jr. of the New York Times and Frederika Randall of the Wall Street Journal.

Awards
In 1911 Francesco Bonajuto's chocolates won the gold medal at the Turin Universal Exposition (1911) which was organized in conjunction with other national exhibitions such as those in Rome (where Bonajuto was awarded) and Florence.

Bibliography
 The Bonajuto confectionery. History of the oldest chocolate shop in Sicily, Giovanni Criscione, Palermo, Kalós edizioni d'arte, 2014.
 The wooden biscuit, Raffaele Poidomani, Modica, Bonajuto, 2005.

Related pages
 Cacao tree
 Cocoa butter

References

Other websites
 https://www.bonajuto.it/ (official site)

Sicily

Antica Dolceria Bonajuto


Nigel Thomson (1945–1999) was an Australian artist who won the Archibald Prize twice. Known for satirical paintings of Australian society. He studied at the Julian Ashton Art School in Sydney and later taught artistic composition at that institution.
He was art tutor at the Royal Academy of Art in The Hague.

He won the Archibald with Chandler Coventry in 1983, and Barbara Blackman in 1997. Thomson's painting of Patrick White's long-term partner, Manoly Lascaris was rejected from the 1995 Archibald and hung in the Salon des Refusés.

He won the Sulman Prize in 1983 with  Marat, The Unsophisticated will be Shocked by the Depiction of your Death: or, the Artist Answers His Critics. This painting was based on Jacques-Louis David's famous painting Death of Marat showing Jean-Paul Marat dead in a bathtub.

He jointly won the Sulman Prize in 1986 along with Wendy Sharpe, for The State Institution.

External links
Australian art gallery

Official Website: http://www.nigelthomson.com

1945 births
1999 deaths
Archibald Prize winners
20th-century Australian painters
20th-century Australian male artists
Academic staff of the Royal Academy of Art, The Hague
Julian Ashton Art School alumni
Australian portrait painters
Australian male painters
Visual artists in late 20th-century Australia

Nigel Thomson


HSC Karolina is a high speed catamaran passenger ship owned by Croatian shipping company Jadrolinija. The ship was built by FBM Marinteknik of Singapore in 1989 as Estrala do Mar. She has five sisters, of which Dubravka, Judita, and Novalja were also bought by Jadrolinija. In 1995 she was renamed Supercat 3. In 2001 passed to Philippine Fast Ferry Corporation, and was managed by the Supercat Fast Ferry Corporation. Jadrolinija bought her in December 2004 and renamed to Karolina. The ship entered the service in May 2005, sailing on route Rijeka-Rab-Novalja.

See also
 Supercat Fast Ferry Corporation former vessels

References

Passenger ships
Passenger ships of Croatia
Individual catamarans

HSC Karolina


Edward Hill (December 9, 1843 – August 27, 1923)  was a prolific artist as well as a published poet, songwriter, and newspaper correspondent.  His paintings include White Mountain landscapes, southern genre scenes, still lifes, portraits, American Indians, European attractions, and the scenery of the American West.

Early life
Hill was born in the Union Poor House, Wolverhampton, Staffordshire, England on December 9, 1843.  His family moved to the United States in 1844, settling in Taunton, Massachusetts.  Moving frequently, the family finally settled in Gardner, Massachusetts in 1860.  Edward and his brother, Thomas Hill, worked for Heywood Brothers & Company decorating furniture.  Edward moved to San Francisco in 1862 where he shared a studio with Thomas who had settled there the previous year.  By 1864, Edward returned to Boston and began painting in earnest.

Artistic career
Hill married Sarah Lorla Brown in 1869 and moved to Littleton, New Hampshire the following year.  In 1874, the family moved to Lancaster, New Hampshire.  In 1875, while living in Lancaster, Hill painted The Presidential Range from Legro's Hill, Lancaster, one of his earliest known White Mountain pictures.  From 1877 to 1892, Hill was artist-in-residence at the Profile House in Franconia Notch.  The surrounding area provided subjects for his paintings that proved popular with the hotel guests - Profile Lake, the Old Man of the Mountain, Echo Lake, Eagle Cliff, The Flume, and Mount Lafayette.

Hill exhibited regularly at the Boston Art Club throughout the 1880s, where he was an artist member from 1881 to 1887.  By this time, Hill's financial success and artistic acceptance were firmly established.

Later years
Hill spent the last years of his life in the Pacific Northwest.  At 67 years of age, Hill moved to Hood River, Oregon and opened a studio.  His time had passed, however, and he could not find clients for his works.  He died quietly on August 27, 1923 at the Cottage Hospital in Hood River.  He was buried by the Hood River Masonic Lodge who were given Hill's paintings and studio effects towards payment of his hospital bills and burial expenses.  He was buried in an unmarked grave at the Idlewilde Cemetery in Hood River.  Sixty years after his death, a marker was placed on his gravesite through the generosity of Robert A. Goldberg, a well-known collector of White Mountain paintings.  The marker reads, "EDWARD HILL, 1843 1923, ARTIST."

External links
Artwork by Edward Hill

References
Nature's Nobleman, Edward Hill and His Art, Historical New Hampshire, Vol. 44, Nos. 1 & 2, Spring/Summer, 1989.

Artists from Wolverhampton
Burials in Oregon
People from Hood River, Oregon
People from Littleton, New Hampshire
People from Taunton, Massachusetts
People from Lancaster, New Hampshire
People from Gardner, Massachusetts
1843 births
1923 deaths
Painters from Massachusetts
Painters from New Hampshire
Painters from Oregon
19th-century American painters
American male painters
20th-century American painters
19th-century American male artists
20th-century American male artists
Hudson River School painters

Edward Hill (painter)


The Immigration Act of 1917 (also called the Literacy Act and the Asiatic Barred Zone Act) was a United States law to stop certain types of people from moving to the US to live. It was the first law to try and restrict immigration, rather than try to control it. People wanting to immigrate had to pass literacy tests. The law also created new categories of people who would not be allowed to immigrate. People from much of Asia were prevented from immigrating.

The Immigration Act of 1924 made more restrictions. The laws stayed in place until changed by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (the McCarran–Walter Act).

1917 in the United States
Immigration
United States federal legislation

Immigration Act of 1917


The life of Lazarillo de Tormes and of his fortunes and adversities (more known like Lazarillo de Tormes) is an Spanish novel. It was written by an unknown author. It is written in first person and in epistolary style (like an single long letter). Its oldest known editions date from 1554. The book is an autobiographical form of the life of a boy, Lázaro of Tormes, in the 16th century, from his birth and miserable childhood until his wedding, already in the adulthood. It is considered a precursor of the picaresque novel due to elements such as realism, the narration in first person, the itinerant structure, the service to several masters and the moralistic and pessimistic ideology.

Lazarillo de Tormes is an ironic and merciless outline of the society of the moment, of which its vices and hypocritical attitudes are shown, especially the ones of the clergymen and religious. There are different hypothesis about its authorship. Probably the author was sympathetic to Erasmian ideas. This motivated the Inquisition to forbid it and, later, to allow its publication, once it was expunged. The work was not published again in its entirety until the 19th century.

Articles with unsourced statements
Spanish literature
16th-century books

La vida de Lazarillo de Tormes


Foster Provost is an American computer scientist, information systems researcher, and Professor of Data Science and Information Systems and Ira Rennert Professor of Entrepreneurship at New York University's Stern School of Business. He is also the Director for the Data Science and AI Initiative at Stern's Fubon Center for Technology, Business and Innovation.  Professor Provost has a Bachelor of Science from Duquesne University in physics and mathematics and a Master of Science and Ph.D. in computer science from the University of Pittsburgh.

Professor Provost is known for his work on evaluating machine learning algorithms using ROC analysis, for his work on social network data analysis, for his work on combining humans and machine learning, and for his work on machine learning for targeted marketing, online advertising, and activity monitoring.

He has won awards for his work, including:
 The 2020 ACM SIGKDD Test of Time Award
The 2017 European Research Paper of the Year (AIS & CIONET).
 The best paper in the journal Information Systems Research in 2015.
 The 2009 INFORMS Design Science award for social network-based marketing,
 IBM Faculty Awards for outstanding research in data mining and machine learning,
 A President's Award from NYNEX Science and Technology
 Best Paper Awards from the ACM SIGKDD conference in 1997, 2008, and 2012, and
 Awards in SIGKDD's annual KDDCUP data mining competition.

Professor Provost was on the founding teams for five startups, including Dstillery, Integral Ad Science (IAS), Everyscreen Media, Predicube, and Detectica.

Professor Provost is coauthor (with Tom Fawcett) of the book, Data Science for Business, which often tops Amazon's best-seller lists in data mining and data modeling.

Professor Provost is a Scientific Advisor for the ISI Foundation (which awards the Lagrange Prize), served as Editor-in-Chief of the journal Machine Learning for 6+ years. He is a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Machine Learning Research (JMLR) and the journal Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery (DMKD/DAMI). He was elected as a founding board member of the International Machine Learning Society.

Sources

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Duquesne University alumni
Information systems researchers
New York University faculty
University of Pittsburgh alumni

Foster Provost


The Battle of Lemberg (Lviv, Lwów) (in Polish historiography called , the Defense of Lwów) took place from November 1918 to May 1919 and was a six-month long conflict in the region of Galicia following the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The battle was fought between forces of the local West Ukrainian People's Republic and urban Polish resistance, assisted later by the invading Polish military for the control over the city of Lviv. The battle sparked the Polish-Ukrainian War, ultimately won by Poland as both nations fought the Ukrainian-Soviet War and Polish-Soviet Wars concurrently.

Background
The modern city of Lviv was called Lviv by the Ukrainians, Lwów by the Poles, and Lemberg by the Austrians and is the largest city in the historical region of eastern Galicia. According to the Austrian census of 1910, which listed religion and language, 52% of the city's population were Roman Catholics, 31% Jews, and 15% were Greek Catholics. Linguistically, 86% of the city's population used the Polish language and 11% preferred the Ukrainian language, so most of the inhabitants of Lemberg (Lwów, Lviv) were Poles. In eastern Galicia, Ukrainians made up approximately 58% of the population, while Poles made up 30%, and Jews about 11% of the population and were numerically superior in the cities.
As a part of the Austrian partition of Poland, Lemberg became center of Polish culture and scholarship, as well as Polish and Ukrainian political activity.

Due to the intervention of Archduke Wilhelm of Austria, a Habsburg who adopted a Ukrainian identity and who considered himself a Ukrainian patriot, in October 1918 two regiments consisting of mostly Ukrainian troops were brought into the city, so that most of the Austrian troops stationed in Lviv were ethnic Ukrainians. At the same time, most of Polish units in Austro-Hungarian service were sent to other fronts in order to avoid conflict between the two groups. In addition, the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen were stationed in Bukovina and were supposed to join the Ukrainian troops in the city. The Ukrainian National Rada (a council consisting of all Ukrainian representatives from both houses of the Austrian parliament and from the provincial diets in Galicia and Bukovina) had planned to declare the West Ukrainian People's Republic on November 3, 1918 but moved the date forward to November 1 due to reports that the Polish liquidation committee was to transfer from Kraków to Lviv.

Ukrainian takeover

Between 3:30 and 4:00 A.M. on November 1, 1918 Ukrainian soldiers occupied Lviv's public utilities and military objectives, raised Ukrainian flags throughout the city and proclaimed the birth of the new Ukrainian state. The Austrian governor was interned and handed over power to the vice-director of the governorship, Volodymyr Detsykevych, who in turn recognized the supreme authority of the Ukrainian National Rada. The Austrian military commander called on his subordinates to recognize the Rada as well. Colonel Dmytro Vitovsky became commander-in-chief of the Ukrainian forces in Lviv, which numbered 60 officers and 1,200 soldiers. Lviv was proclaimed the capital of the West Ukrainian People's Republic, which claimed sovereignty over Eastern Galicia, the Carpathians up to the village of Komańcza in the west (Komancza Republic), Carpathian Ruthenia and northern Bukovina. However, a large part of the claimed territory, including the city of Lviv, was also considered Polish by many of the local residents. While the Ukrainian residents enthusiastically supported the proclamation and the city's significant Jewish minority remained mostly neutral towards the Ukrainian proclamation, the Polish residents, constituting the majority of Lviv's inhabitants, were shocked to find themselves in a proclaimed Ukrainian state.

Polish resistance
The Polish forces, initially numbering only about 200 people under Zdzisław Tatar-Trześniowski, organized a small pocket of resistance in a school on the western outskirts of the city, where a group of veterans of the Polish Military Organization put up a fight armed with 64 outdated rifles. After the initial clashes, the defenders were joined by hundreds of volunteers, mostly Scouts, students and youngsters. More than 1000 people joined the Polish ranks on the first day of the war. This enabled the Poles to retake some of the western parts of the city, while most of the city centre remained in Ukrainian hands.

Although numerically superior, well-equipped and battle-hardened, Vitovskyi's soldiers were mostly villagers and were unaccustomed to city fighting. Furthermore, the elite Ukrainian Sich Riflemen had difficulty breaking into the city from Bukovina due to the intense resistance of Poles in the suburb of Klepariv. Although their enemies were ill-equipped and mostly untrained, they had the advantage of good knowledge of the city, which proved vital in the early days of the defence. In the following day the forces of the defenders reached roughly 6,000 men and women, more than 1400 of them gymnasium students and youngsters. Because of their heroism and mass participation in the fights, they are commonly referred to as Lwów Eaglets. The Polish defenders also included a significant component of petty criminals, who, nevertheless, were valued for their heroism. On November 3 a few units of the Sich Riflemen broke through and entered the city, and command over the Ukrainian forces was transferred to Col. Hnat Stefaniv. However, a Polish assault on the Main Train Station succeeded and the Poles managed to capture two Ukrainian supply trains, largely negating the Ukrainian superiority in arms and munitions. By November 5 the Ukrainians were pushed out of the western part of the town, yet the Polish assault on the city centre was repulsed and both sides reached a stalemate. With insufficient personnel to man a regular front line, the front was stable only in the centre, while in other areas only the most important buildings were defended.

On November 11, 1918, Poland declared her independence and the following day the first units of the regular forces of the Polish Army under Maj. Wacław Stachiewicz entered Przemyśl, only some 70 kilometres away from Lviv. Believing this move to be part of the preparations to break through the Ukrainian siege, Col. Stefaniv prepared a general offensive on the Polish-held western parts of the city. However, despite the heavy fighting that raged between November 13 and November 15, the Polish defence held out and the Ukrainians were repelled. An armistice was signed on November 18.

Ukrainian withdrawal
After two weeks of heavy fighting within the city, a Polish detachment consisting of 140 officers, 1,228 soldiers, and 8 artillery guns under the command of Lt. Colonel Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski of the renascent Polish Army, broke through the Ukrainian siege and arrived at the city. On November 21 the siege was broken and the Ukrainians were repelled from the Lychakiv Cemetery, one of the most important areas of the city. The remaining Ukrainian forces withdrew during the following night, although they continued to surround Lviv from three sides.

Lwów pogrom

Chaos during the Polish take-over of the city culminated in a two-day-long riot, in which mostly Polish criminals and soldiers started pillaging the city; over the course of the riots, approximately 340 civilians, 2/3 of them Ukrainians and the rest Jews, were murdered. The Jews were accused of cooperating with Ukrainians, and it was claimed that approximately 150 Jews were murdered and 500 Jewish shops and businesses were ransacked in reprisal, although the Morgenthau commission reported only 64 Jewish deaths. Historian Andrzej Kapiszewski noted: "the anti-Semitism of the local populations led to many anti-Jewish outbreaks, especially in the Eastern territories, where the Jewish population was particularly large". After establishing order within the city, Polish authorities punished a number of people accused of participation in riots.

Ukrainian siege and Polish victory

However, heavy fighting for other cities claimed by both Poles and Ukrainians continued, and the battle for Lviv lasted until May 1919. After their withdrawal in November, Ukrainian forces had laid siege to the city, surrounding it on three sides. The only link between Polish forces in the city and central Poland was the railway line from Przemyśl. Due to its crucial importance for defenders, constant fighting for control of this line was waged, at times including the usage of armored trains.

In Lviv itself, Ukrainians started an artillery bombardment of the city on December 22, preceding the first general offensive, commenced December 27. This assault, and the following one from February 1919, were unsuccessful and Polish forces continued to hold the city. On February 24, 1919, a short-lived armistice was signed, based on the strong demand of the Entente's representatives, who arrived in February, in a futile attempt to reconcile the belligerents and bring them to an agreement.

Fighting began again on March 1, 1919. Positional skirmishes between entrenched sides lasted until May 1919, when a general Polish offensive on the Eastern-Galician front forced the Ukrainians, endangered with the risk of encirclement, to pull back from their positions around the city and thus ended the six-month-long battle for the control over Lviv.

Aftermath
The Polish-Ukrainian fight for Lviv is sometimes referred to as "the last civilized conflict" by Polish historians. Because both sides were too weak to create regular front lines and lacked heavy weapons, the civilian casualties were low and did not exceed 400. Also, both sides tried to avoid destroying the city's facilities and the most important buildings were declared de-militarized zones. Among them were the hospitals, the water works, gas plant and the energy plant. Local ceasefire agreements were signed on a daily basis and there were even numerous situations where both Polish and Ukrainian soldiers played football or partied during cease fires. In his memoirs, Polish Lieutenant (later Colonel) Bolesław Szwarcenberg-Czerny noted that during one of the ceasefires Lieutenant Levsky, the Ukrainian commander of an outpost fighting with his unit, got so drunk with the Poles that he overslept and woke up late after the latest ceasefire had ended. Immediately another ceasefire was signed to allow the Ukrainian officer to return to his unit.

Because of that, the losses on both sides were small. The Poles lost 439 men and women, 120 of them gymnasium pupils, such as Antoni Petrykiewicz and Jerzy Bitschan, and 76 Lviv University students. Most of them were interred in the Cemetery of the Defenders of Lwów.

References

Further reading
William H. Hagen The Moral Economy of Popular Violence:The Pogrom in Lwow, November 1918 in Antisemitism And Its Opponents In Modern Poland (edited by Robert Blobaum)
Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 5 (1993), entry written by Andrzej Chojnowski

 Czesław Mączyński Boje Lwowskie

Lwow 1918
Lwow 1918
Lwow 1918
West Ukrainian People's Republic
Lemberg
Lemberg
1918 in Poland
1919 in Poland
1918 in Ukraine
1919 in Ukraine
History of Lviv
Battles in 1918
Battles in 1919

Battle of Lemberg (1918)