Venḓa or Tshivenḓa is a Bantu language and an official language of South Africa and Zimbabwe. It is mainly spoken by the Venda people or Vhavenḓa in the northern part of South Africa's Limpopo province, as well as by some Lemba people in South Africa. The Tshivenda language is related to the Kalanga language which is spoken in Southern Africa. During the apartheid era of South Africa, the bantustan of Venda was set up to cover the Venda speakers of South Africa.

According to the 2011 census, Venda speakers are concentrated in the following areas: Makhado Local Municipality, with 350,000 people; Thulamela Local Municipality, with 370,000 people; Musina Local Municipality, with 35,000 people; and Mutale Local Municipality, with 89,000 people. The total number of speakers in Vhembe district currently stands at 844,000. In Gauteng province, there are 275,000 Venda speakers. Fewer than 10,000 are spread across the rest of the country — for a total number of Venda speakers in South Africa at 1.2 million people or just 2.2% of South Africa's population, making Venda speakers the second smallest minority language in South Africa, after the Ndebele language, which number 1.1 million speakers. The population statistics of the Venda people in Zimbabwe are not clear but may currently stand at less than half a million. The people are concentrated in the South of the country but also spread to other towns and cities. There is also a significant number of them in neighbouring South Africa where they are migrant workers.

Writing system
The Venda language uses the Latin alphabet with five additional accented letters. There are four dental consonants with a circumflex accent below the letter (ḓ, ḽ, ṋ, ṱ) and an overdot for velar ṅ. Five vowel letters are used to write seven vowels. The letters C, J and Q are used only for foreign words and names.

Unicode
The extra letters have the following Unicode names:
 Ḓ U+1E12 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW
 ḓ U+1E13 LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW
 Ḽ U+1E3C LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW
 ḽ U+1E3D LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW
 Ṅ U+1E44 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH DOT ABOVE
 ṅ U+1E45 LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH DOT ABOVE
 Ṋ U+1E4A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW
 ṋ U+1E4B LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW
 Ṱ U+1E70 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW
 ṱ U+1E71 LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW

Luṱhofunḓeraru lwa Mibvumo

The sintu writing system Isibheqe Sohlamvu/Ditema tsa Dinoko, known technically in Venda as Luṱhofunḓeraru lwa Mibvumo, is also used for the Venda language.

Phonology
Venda distinguishes dental ṱ, ṱh, ḓ, ṋ, ḽ from alveolar t, th, d, n, l as well as (like in Ewe) labiodental f, v from bilabial fh, vh (the last two are slightly rounded). There are no clicks. As in other South African languages like Zulu, ph, ṱh, th, kh are aspirated and the "plain" stops p, ṱ, t, and k are ejective.

Vowels
There are five vowel sounds:

Consonants

A labiodental nasal  sound appears in prenasalised consonant sounds. Labiovelar sounds occur as alternatives to labiopalatal sounds and may also be pronounced . Fortition of  occurs after nasal prefixes, likely to .

Tones
Venda has a specified tone, , with unmarked syllables having a low tone. Phonetic falling tone occurs only in sequences of more than one vowel or on the penultimate syllable if the vowel is long. Tone patterns exist independently of the consonants and vowels of a word and so they are word tones. Venda tone also follows Meeussen's rule: when a word beginning with a high tone is preceded by that high tone, the initial high tone is lost. (That is, there cannot be two adjacent marked high tones in a word, but high tone spreads allophonically to a following non-tonic ("low"-tone) syllable.) There are only a few tone patterns in Venda words (no tone, a single high tone on some syllable, two non-adjacent high tones), which behave as follows:

References

Sources

External links

Tshivenḓa Grammar Guide by Zach Gershkoff, US Peace Corps (2012).
PanAfrican L10n page on Venda
Young kasahorow Dictionary in Venda

Software
 Translate.org.za Project to translate Free and Open Source Software into all the official languages of South Africa, including Venda

Southern Bantu languages
Languages of South Africa
Languages of Zimbabwe

Venda language


Alfred Lorenzer (Ulm, April 8, 1922 – Perugia, June 26, 2002) was a German psychoanalyst and sociologist regarded as a pioneer of interdisciplinary psychoanalysis. He integrated the psychological, the biological and the sociological dimension in the science of man, especially with regard to psychoanalytic theory.

References
 Olesen, Henning Salling, ed. (2013): "Cultural Analysis and In-Depth Hermeneutics." Historical Social Research, Focus, 38, no. 2, pp. 7–157.
 Leithäuser, Thomas (2013). "Psychoanalysis, Socialization and Society - The Psychoanalyticial Thought and Interpretation of Alfred Lorenzer." Historical Social Research 38, no. 2, pp. 56–70.
 Olesen, Henning Salling and Kirsten Weber (2013): "Socialization, Language, and Scenic Understanding. Alfred Lorenzer's Contribution to a Psycho-Societal Methodology." Historical Social Research 38, no. 2, pp. 26–55.

External links
Tobias Schaffrik, The Work of Alfred Lorenzer

1922 births
2002 deaths
German sociologists
German male writers

Alfred Lorenzer


Barney Fushimi Hajiro (September 16, 1916–January 21, 2011) was a United States Army soldier.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

Early life
Hajiro was born in Hawaii to Japanese immigrant parents He is a Nisei, which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American. He grew up in a rural area.  According to a friend who spoke at his funeral,
"As a plantation boy, he probably learned some things from his Japanese schoolteacher or principal. . . . He respected his principal and his family values. It all comes together; it builds a guy."

Soldier
Two months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, he joined the US Army.

Hajiro volunteered to be part of the all-Nisei 442nd Regimental Combat Team.   This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.

For his actions in October 1944, Hajiro was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC). In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II.  Hajiro's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, he was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

Hajiro was recommended for the Victoria Cross. He received the British Military Medal in 1948.

In 2004, France made him a member of the Légion d'honneur.

Medal of Honor citation
Hajiro's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in eastern France in 1944.  He helped attack a house, captured a numerically superior force; and without help from others, he silenced two machine gun nests.

The words of Hajiro's citation explain:
Private Barney F. Hajiro distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 19, 22, and October 29, 1944, in the vicinity of Bruyeres and Biffontaine, eastern France. Private Hajiro, while acting as a sentry on top of an embankment on October 19, 1944, in the vicinity of Bruyeres, France, rendered assistance to allied troops attacking a house 200 yards away by exposing himself to enemy fire and directing fire at an enemy strong point. He assisted the unit on his right by firing his automatic rifle and killing or wounding two enemy snipers. On October 22, 1944, he and one comrade took up an outpost security position about 50 yards to the right front of their platoon, concealed themselves, and ambushed an 18-man, heavily armed, enemy patrol, killing two, wounding one, and taking the remainder as prisoners. On October 29, 1944, in a wooded area in the vicinity of Biffontaine, France, Private Hajiro initiated an attack up the slope of a hill referred to as "Suicide Hill" by running forward approximately 100 yards under fire. He then advanced ahead of his comrades about 10 yards, drawing fire and spotting camouflaged machine gun nests. He fearlessly met fire with fire and single-handedly destroyed two machine gun nests and killed two enemy snipers. As a result of Private Hajiro's heroic actions, the attack was successful. Private Hajiro's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit upon him, his unit, and the United States Army.

Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
 List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients

References

Other websites

 "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov

1916 births
2011 deaths
Military people from Hawaii
People from Maui
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Legion of Honour
American people of World War II

Barney Hajiro


Ivory Coast  competed at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 7 September to 18 September 2016.

Disability classifications

Every participant at the Paralympics has their disability grouped into one of five disability categories; amputation, the condition may be congenital or sustained through injury or illness; cerebral palsy; wheelchair athletes, there is often overlap between this and other categories; visual impairment, including blindness; Les autres, any physical disability that does not fall strictly under one of the other categories, for example dwarfism or multiple sclerosis. Each Paralympic sport then has its own classifications, dependent upon the specific physical demands of competition. Events are given a code, made of numbers and letters, describing the type of event and classification of the athletes competing. Some sports, such as athletics, divide athletes by both the category and severity of their disabilities, other sports, for example swimming, group competitors from different categories together, the only separation being based on the severity of the disability.

Delegation
The country was represented by 5 Paralympians, 3 men and 2 women, competing in two sport, athletics and powerlifting.  Both competed in athletics.

Medallists
The Ivory Coast finished eighth overall among African countries on the gold medal table, with 1 silver medal.

Athletics

Men's Track

Men's Field

Women's Track

Women's Field

Powerlifting
38-year-old Alidou Diamoutene represented the Ivory Coast at the Paralympics. He previously competed at the 2004, 2008 and 2012 Paralympics.   His best finish was fifth. Diamoutene  also competed at the 2006, 2010 and 2014 IPC Powerlifting World Championships, with a best finish of fifth in the -48 kg class in 2006. Nicknamed The Tiger, he is coached by Roger Angoua and Emile N'goran.

See also
Ivory Coast at the 2016 Summer Olympics

References

Nations at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
2016
2016 in Ivorian sport

Ivory Coast at the 2016 Summer Paralympics


Jacob do Bandolim born Jacob Pick Bittencourt (February 14, 1918 – August 13, 1969) was a Brazilian composer and musician.  Born to a Brazilian-Jewish mother and a gentile father in Rio de Janeiro, his stage name means "Mandolin Jacob", after the instrument he played.

A perfectionist, Jacob was able to achieve from his band Época de Ouro the highest levels of quality. Jacob hated the stereotype of the "dishevelled, drunk folk musician" and required commitment and impeccable dress from his musicians who, like himself, all held "day jobs." Jacob worked as a pharmacist, insurance salesman, street vendor, and finally notary public, to support himself while also working "full time" as a musician.

In addition to his virtuoso playing, he is famous for his many choro compositions, more than 103 tunes, which range from the lyrical melodies of "Noites Cariocas" ("Carioca Nights"), Receita de Samba and "Dôce de Coco" to the aggressively jazzy "Assanhado", which is reminiscent of bebop. He also researched and attempted to preserve the older choro tradition, as well as that of other Brazilian music styles.

Death and legacy
Bandolim died of a heart attack, when coming back from spending the day with Pixinguinha, planning a recording project to benefit his friend.
His son Sérgio Bittencourt (1941 - 1979) composed the hit song Naquela Mesa as a tribute to his father.

Jacob had 2 mandolins, which he called "number one" and "number two". After his death, they were kept in storage until 2002, when they received minor restoration. Now under the care of Instituto Jacob do Bandolim, they have been used in a few recordings again.

References

External links
 Instituto Jacob do Bandolim - the best resource for biography, music, and pictures (including the only known film - a 35-second TV interview). This site is in Portuguese.

1918 births
1969 deaths
Brazilian mandolinists
Brazilian Jews
Choro musicians
Brazilian composers
Jewish musicians
20th-century composers

Jacob do Bandolim


Hellmut Hattler (born 12 April 1952 in  Ulm, West Germany) is a German jazz and rock bassist and composer.
Hattler took much of his early influences from  Jimi Hendrix. As a child, he received violin lessons, and in the 1960s, he played guitar. Joining Peter Wolbrandt's band marked the debut of his changeover to the bass. In May 1971, he founded the pop group Kraan with the Wolbrandt brothers Peter and Jan and Johannes Pappert. Kraan's early Krautrock style later developed towards fusion, combining rock, jazz and ethnic elements.
Apart from his own projects, Hattler has toured and recorded with many international musicians of various genres including Tina Turner, Billy Cobham, Joachim Kühn, Torsten de Winkel, Alphonse Mouzon, and Nippy Noya.

Projects

Kraan

When asked about  the meaning  of the band name he explained "It  sounds good because it  starts hard and aggressive and finishes softly." This duality, seen from  a musical  perspective would become the trademark of Hattler and his various projects. His music appealed not  only to the groove receptive audiences but also to pure music fans. For the first, he delivers highly  dancable grooves, while for the others he simply became the German bassist. After six albums and hundreds of concerts with Kraan, with  the support of an all-star team of German  musicians, he published Bassball, his first solo album. During its formative years the members of the band lived together for economy. Although the first plans to disband began after seven years, in 1978 Kraan  published Flyday which  was critically  acclaimed as one of the best recordings of their career. Three further albums followed and in 1983 the band was finally  dissolved.

Towards the end of the 1980s they  reformed for several  more years with  trumpeter Joo Kraus taking  over the keyboards from Ingo Bischof. In  the summer of 2000 they made a highly successful comeback,  first in Ulm, followed by  the Burg Herzberg Festival with Peter Wolbrandt, Jan Fride Wolbrandt, Hellmut Hattler and Ingo Bischof in  the line-up. In  2001 Hattler celebrated his 30 years on  the stage and published a new CD Live 2000. The band continues to record and play live concerts.

Tab Two
After a short period as guest bassist with the group Fehlfarben, Hattler met trumpeter Joo Kraus from Ulm. Together with guitarist Torsten de Winkel, who can be heard on all Tab Two albums, the CD deWinkelHattler – Humanimal Talk was produced. After de Winkel moved to the US to work, among others, with the Pat Metheny Group, Hattler and Kraus recorded their first CD as a duo, Mind Movie, in 1991. From their early attempts to combine jazz and Hip-Hop, over their seven highly successful studio albums, they became the pioneers of German Acid and NuJazz.  Flagman Ahead became a long-lasting hit on American radio stations, and the duo produced music for Tina Turner. After many world-wide tours, the duo went their separate ways.

End of 2011 the musicians announced a "temporary reunion" with a tour limited to about 10 concerts, and the release of the 3CD best-of album "Two Thumbs Up" end of April 2012. On 12 April 2012, at a festival on occasion of Hellmut Hattler's 60th birthday, Tab Two performed for the first time since 1999. The recordings were released as MP3 EP "Live at the Roxy". Seven tracks recorded during the tour are now available as a bonus CD of the album "...zzzipp! extended", released in April 2013. In 2013 they played two concerts as Tab Two & Friends, with former guest singer Sandie Wollasch again, and for the first time with a real band, Oli Rubow on drums and Ralf Schmid on keyboards.

Hattler
Inspired by young electronic musicians, Hattler initiated his self-titled project 'HATTLER' , setting new impulses with the No Eats Yes album. Recorded with the assistance of long-time partners like Torsten de Winkel, and Joo Kraus, the album was awarded the German ECHO Award for 2001's best jazz production. With his participation in the project Deep Dive Corp., Hattler delved deeper into the electronic music field and contributed to various albums from 2000 to 2006.
Since 2006, HATTLER records and tours in its current line up with Fola Dada, Torsten de Winkel and Oli Rubow (CDs The Big Flow, Live Cuts, Gotham City Beach Club Suite, The Kite, Live Cuts II and Warhol Holidays). In 2001, Hattler founded the Bassball Recordings label.

Hattler has published two bass books: the Hip Bass school in which he demonstrates his plectrum technique, and the  Hellmut Hattler Songbook, of chords and scores from  his 'Hattler' project.

Hattler's son Max Hattler is a film maker.

Siyou'n'Hell
Since 2009 Hattler is on tour with 'Siyou'n'Hell', an energetic duo with gospel singer Siyou. 'Hell' stands for the short form of his first name Hellmut. They released two albums so far. At some concerts they are joined by additional musicians, mostly in the second half of the show.

Hattler about himself
In 1971 Hattler said "We don't have any regular jobs in this society. We concentrate entirely on the music. In this situation we try to make music that separates us from the pop clichés. We strive towards a closed musical experience that touches on all areas of our lives. We follow no one else - we make our own music."

Books
 Hip Bass 1995, AMA-Verlag,
 Hellmut Hattler Songbook 2009, Bosworth Music,

Discography

With Kraan

 Kraan (1972)
 Wintrup (1973)
 Andy Nogger (1974)
 Live (1975)
 Let It Out (1976)
 Wiederhören (1977)
 Flyday (1979)
 Tournee (1980)
 Nachtfahrt (1982)
 Kraan "X" (1983)
 Live 88 (1988)
 Dancing In The Shade (1989)
 Soul Of Stone (1991)
 Live 2001 (2001)
 Berliner Ring (2002)
 Through (2003)
 Psychedelic Man (2007)
 Diamonds (2011)
 The Trio Years (2018)
 The Trio Years - Zugabe! (2019)
 Sandglass (2020)

With Liliental
 Liliental (1978)

With Tab Two
 Mind Movie (1991)
 Space Case (1992)
 Hip Jazz (1994)
 Flagman Ahead (1995)
 Belle Affaire (1996)
 Sonic Tools(1997)
 Between Us (1999)
 ...zzzipp! (2000)
 Live at the Roxy (2012, download-only)
 Two Thumbs Up (2012)
 ...zzzipp! extended (2013)

Solo
 Bassball (1978)
 Bassball II (2017)

HATTLER
 No Eats Yes (2000)
 Remixed Vocal Cuts (2002)
 Mallberry Moon (2003)
 Bass Cuts (2004)
 Surround Cuts (2005, DVD Video)
 The Big Flow (2006)
 Live Cuts (2007)
 Gotham City Beach Club Suite (2010)
 The Kite (2013)
 Live in Glems (2013, MP3)
 Live Cuts II (2014)
 Vinyl Cuts (2015)
 Warhol Holidays (2016)
 Vinyl Cuts 2 (2018)
 Velocity (2018)
 Vinyl Cuts 3 (2019)
 Sundae (2021)

With Siyou'n'Hell
 Siyou meets Hellmut Hattler (2010)
 two2one (2012)
 Soulscape Screenshots (2015)

With Ali Neander
 Ali Neander featuring Hellmut Hattler (2010)
 This One Goes To Eleven (2014)

With Torsten de Winkel
Mastertouch with Michael Brecker, Kai Eckhardt, Billy Cobham, Joachim Kühn, Ernie Watts, Alphonse Mouzon, and Nippy Noya (1985)
deWinkelHattler - Humanimal Talk with Naná Vasconcelos, Joo Kraus, Kai Eckhardt, and Joel Rosenblatt (1989)

References

External links
 Hellmut Hattler web site
 Kraan web site
 Tab Two web site
 Siyou'n'Hell on Facebook
 web site of Hattler's son Max Hattler (* 1976, media artist and film maker.)

German bass guitarists
Male bass guitarists
German male guitarists
Jazz-rock musicians
1952 births
Living people
People from Ulm

Hellmut Hattler


The House at 15 Lawrence Street in Wakefield, Massachusetts is a well-preserved Queen Anne house with a locally rare surviving carriage house.  It was built in the early 1870s, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

Description and history
Lawrence Street is located north of downtown Wakefield, extending east from Main Street toward Vernon Street at the southern end of Lake Quannapowitt.  This house stands on the north side of the westernmost block, its lot fringed by low retaining walls, with granite posts flanking the driveway entrance.  The house is  stories in height, with a front-facing clipped gable roof, and an exterior finished in a combination of wooden clapboards and decorative cut shingles.  It is basically rectangular in plan, with a single-story hip-roofed porch extending across the front and around part of the left side.  The porch features turned posts, a decorative valance, and turned balustrades.  Second floor windows are topped by shallow gables, and there is a round-arch window in the gable above. The original carriage barn stands behind the house, also exhibiting original Queen Anne styling.

Lawrence Street was laid out in 1857, but was not platted for development until 1874, a boom period of development in Wakefield.  James Emerson, owner of one of the city's largest shoe factories, partnered with another businessman to build out the street's lots.  Emerson's family homestead (now demolished) stood at the corner of Lawrence and Main Streets, as did its first shoe factory.  The house was written up in a local newspaper for its architecture in 1894.

See also
House at 20 Lawrence Street
House at 23 Lawrence Street
National Register of Historic Places listings in Wakefield, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Middlesex County, Massachusetts

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Wakefield, Massachusetts
Queen Anne architecture in Massachusetts
Houses completed in 1870

House at 15 Lawrence Street


Bianca Shomburg (born 17 September 1974, Hiddenhausen, North Rhine-Westphalia) is a German singer, best known for her participation in the 1997 Eurovision Song Contest.

Biography
In 1996, Shomburg took part in the international TV talent contest European Soundmix Show, which she won, as a result obtaining a recording contract with producer Harold Faltermeyer and releasing her first single, "I Believe in Love".

In 1997, she entered the German Eurovision selection with the Ralph Siegel-composed "Zeit" ("Time"), which had originally been written for Esther Ofarim. "Zeit" emerged the clear winner, and went forward to the 42nd Eurovision Song Contest, held in Dublin on 3 May. However, the song's performance in the contest was quite disappointing: it managed only an 18th-place finish of 25 entries.

Shomburg followed her Eurovision appearance with an English-language album, It's My Time, which failed to sell and remains her only album to date. Unable to make a commercial breakthrough, she subsequently largely disappeared from public view, although for a time she was a singing coach on TV reality show Deutschland sucht den Superstar. Since 2008, Shomburg has been working with country rock band Nashfield.

Discography
Singles
1996: "I Believe in Love"
1997: "Zeit"
1997: "Only Your Love"
1998: "Ich lieb' dich mehr"
1999: "Ich glaub noch immer an Wunder"

Album
1997: It's My Time

References

External links

 Nashfield website

1974 births
Living people
People from Herford (district)
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Germany
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1997
21st-century German women singers

Bianca Shomburg


Moses N. Wisewell (May 15, 1827 – April 11, 1888) was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War.

Moses N. Wisewell was born at Brandon, Vermont, May 15, 1827. He was a civil engineer and merchant before the Civil War.

As colonel, Wisewell commanded the 28th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry Regiment from September 22, 1862. At the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13, 1862, he was seriously wounded. He was transferred to the Veteran Reserve Corps as a colonel on September 25, 1863. From November 9, 1863, to December 20, 1864, Wisewell served in the Veterans Reserve Branch, Provost Marshal General Department. He was in the Department of Washington from May 2, 1864, to December 15, 1864. He was transferred to take charge at the Union Army's prisoner of war camp at Johnson's Island, Ohio, from December 20, 1864. Wisewell resigned from the volunteers on October 1, 1865.

On January 13, 1869, President Andrew Johnson nominated Wisewell for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, for his service at the Battle of Fredericksburg, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on February 16, 1869.

Moses N. Wisewell died at New York City on April 11, 1888. He was buried at Pompton Plains, New Jersey.

See also

List of American Civil War brevet generals (Union)

References

Union Army colonels
1827 births
1888 deaths

Moses N. Wisewell


Joseph Grafton Gall (born April 14, 1928) is an American cell biologist who is noted for studies revealing the details of chromosome structure and function. Gall's studies were greatly facilitated by his knowledge of many different organisms because he could select the most favorable organism to study when approaching a specific question about nuclear structure. He was awarded the 2006 Albert Lasker Special Achievement Award. He was also a co-recipient (with Elizabeth Blackburn and Carol W. Greider) of the 2007 Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University. In 1983 he was honored with the highest recognition of the American Society for Cell Biology, the E. B. Wilson Medal. He had been elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1968, the National Academy of Sciences in 1972, and the American Philosophical Society in 1989.

Research career
Gall was called "the father of cell biology" in his citation for the Lasker award. Gall was a major contributor to the theory that a chromosome contained one DNA molecule running from one end to the other.  In chromosomes after DNA replication, each of the two daughter chromatids had one DNA molecule running its length.  He revealed this structure by examining amphibian lampbrush chromosomes in the microscope after staining for DNA and for RNA and also after treatment with enzymes that break down DNA or RNA.  Although the Feulgen stain for DNA was not sensitive enough to stain the DNA in the loops of these chromosomes, but only stained the long axis of the structure, the loops were sensitive to DNase so they must contain DNA that maintained their loop structure.  Later, staining with DAPI, a more sensitive dye, revealed the DNA running through each loop and then returning to the axis of the chromosome. He also unveiled the structure and location of the rDNA, the part of the genome that specifies the ribosomal RNA and made many more important discoveries about nuclear structure.

Gall and then-graduate student Mary-Lou Pardue wanted to find out where in the chromosomes a distinctive highly repeated DNA sequence called satellite DNA occurred.  To show the location of this special DNA, they developed the widely used laboratory technique known as in situ hybridization. Using this method, they found that satellite DNA occurred at the ends or telomeres of the chromosomes.

When Elizabeth Blackburn, 2009 Nobel laureate in Medicine, worked with Gall they analyzed the ends of chromosomes and identified the major short repeated sequence that occurs in telomeres of most higher organisms.  Blackburn and her student Carol Greider later discovered the enzyme telomerase that maintains the lengths of the protective telomeric sequences and identified its role in aging.

Joseph Gall currently heads the Gall Lab, a component of the Department of Embryology in the Carnegie Institution for Science, in Maryland.

Role as a mentor of women scientists.
Gall is credited with encouraging women biologists, a group sometimes called "Gall's Gals", in an era when this was relatively uncommon.  A number of his former students have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences and won major research prizes including the Nobel Prize.  His students have included Joan Argetsinger Steitz, Mary-Lou Pardue, and Elizabeth Blackburn.

One of his students who went on to do important work in cytology is Susan Gerbi.  She co—wrote an article about Gall's life and work in 2003. In her conversations with Gall, when asked to explain his encouragement of women in the sciences, he spoke about his mother. Gifted in math and science, she had been the first woman in her family to attend college, graduating in the 1920s. She became a homemaker, not a scientist. But she urged a young Joseph Gall to explore the natural world, encouraging him to catch bugs and bring them into the house so together they could identify the creatures using scientific reference books. "It never occurred to me that a woman's aptitude was different than a man's," Gall said. "My father -- a lawyer -- was afraid of animals and insects. So, if anything, maybe I thought it went the other way.".

Awards

 National Academy of Sciences, 1972
 EB Wilson Award, 1983
 Lasker Award, 2006
 Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize, 2007

Legacy
In 2005, Gall was featured in a series of interviews with well-known television personality, Bill Nye, for the Science Channel's 100 Greatest Discoveries series.

References

External links
Home Page at the Carnegie Institution
Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize bio
 Cell Biology - Joseph G. Gall, Journal of Cell Science (1 October 2003) - A tribute to Gall to mark his 75th birthday
 A Remarkable Career In Science - A symposium arranged by Carnegie Institution for Science to honor Gall on his 85th birthday
iBioMagazine: In Situ Hybridization
iBioMicroscopy course: Early History of Microscope

1928 births
Living people
21st-century American biologists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Yale University alumni

Joseph G. Gall


Koriun (, reformed spelling: Կորյուն; also transliterated as Koriwn, Koryun) was the earliest Armenian-language author. Writing in the fifth century, his Life of Mashtots contains many details about the evangelization of Armenia and the invention of the Armenian alphabet by Mesrop Mashtots. Some Armenian and European scholars, such as G. Alishan, O. Torosyan, G. Fintigliyan, A. Sarukhan, G. Ter-Mkrtchyan (Miaban), S. Weber and others, have speculated that Koriun could have been Iberian-Armenian or Iberian (Georgian).

Date and place of his birth are not known. His name literally means "lion kid". He became one of the earliest disciples of Mesrop Mashtots while he was very young.
According to Armenian and European scholars, Koriun was elevated to the rank of bishop of Iberia. Having received his early education under Mashtots, Koriun went to Byzantium for higher studies, returning to Armenia with other students in 432. He was a close friend of Eznik of Kolb and Ghevond. Later, he was appointed Bishop of Georgia. He has been listed among the junior translators. His style is original, but somewhat obscure due to grammatical irregularities. To him have been attributed the translations of the three apocryphal books of the Maccabees. Koriun's book was the origin of the claim that the Georgian alphabet was created by Mashtots.

After the death of Mashtots, Koryun was tasked by Hovsep Hoghotsmetsi, one of the spiritual leaders at that time, to start writing Mesrop's biography. Now his work is known as "Varq Mashtotsi" (Life of Mashtots). He finished his work before the Avarayr battle in 451 and new political developments in the region. In the modern period it was translated into Russian, English, French and German.

References

Sources

Further reading

 The Life of Mashtots' by His Disciple Koriwn. — Oxford University Press, 2023

5th-century Armenian historians

Koriun


Yield burning is a form of financial fraud involving the United States municipal bond market.

Description
Yield burning was a method by which major Wall Street U.S. municipal bond dealers cheated the United States government out of millions of dollars of revenue. The scam was initially exposed by whistleblower Michael Lissack in 1994, and eventually the firms involved settled with the government for $205 million.

The New York Times described the scam as follows:

To refinance their old, expensive debt when interest rates fall, municipalities often sell new bonds and put the proceeds into temporary escrow accounts. By law, those accounts cannot generate a higher rate of interest than the rate on the newly issued bonds; if they do, the excess is considered to be arbitrage profit, and it must be rebated to the Federal Government.

To comply with that law, issuers typically buy a mix of ordinary Treasury securities in the open market or special securities, called slugs, from the Treasury. In yield burning, underwriters sell the issuers Treasury securities at inflated prices, which cuts the yield to levels that appear to meet the escrow requirements but that also generate substantial profits for the underwriters. By some estimates, underwriters may have earned $2 billion to $3 billion of illegal profits from yield burning since the late 1970s.

Lissack's initial whistleblowing and cases did not seem to stop the practice. Yield burning can take multiple forms including the overpricing of securities and providing under market yields on reinvestment contracts. In 2004, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit described the following:

In the present case, the alleged fraud arises from Sakura's sale of forward supply agreements to municipal bond issuers.   Lissack claims that Sakura fraudulently mispriced forward supply agreements by rigging the bidding process for the agreements.   According to Lissack, Sakura arranged for noncompetitive bidders to make bids well below market value, thus ensuring that Sakura's similarly below-market-value bid would be selected by the municipalities. The Second Amended Complaint alleges the following conduct:

Sakura and its co-conspirators also corrupted, and conspired to corrupt, the bid selection process by, inter alia, selecting non-competitive bidders to participate in the bid process; communicating "not to exceed" bid amounts to "losing" bidders; selecting fewer than three disinterested bidders to participate in the bid process; providing false or misleading information in order to cause legitimate bidders to submit artificially low bids; diverting portions of anticipated profits to pay off co-conspirators that solicited non-competitive bids or otherwise ensured Sakura's selection as forward supply provider.

Lissack claims that Sakura concealed the sham bidding process from the involved municipalities and made false statements and misrepresentations in writing that the transactions complied with federal law.

By 2005, federal regulators became concerned that the yield burning scandal was having a redux. Some of the concern stemmed from a ruling in Lissack's qui tam case, which held yield burning to be a tax issue and thus exempt from the provisions of the federal False Claims Act. Yield burning was, however, directly covered by the Internal Revenue Code tax whistleblower provisions that took effect in 2007. Several major firms ultimately reached a settlement with the Securities and Exchange Commission and Internal Revenue Service regarding a replay of the bid rigging practices that had been originally exposed by Lissack's qui tam suit (the basis of the 2nd District Court language above). More lawsuits and investigations continue to the present day. In July 2011, JPMorgan Chase became the third major institution (after Bank of America and UBS) to settle with regulators bring the total recovered in the present round of activity to nearly $500 million.

References

Fraud in the United States
Corporate scandals
Accounting scandals

Yield burning


Ronnie Coyle (4 August 1964 – 12 April 2011) was a Scottish professional footballer who played as a defender.

Early life
Coyle was born in Glasgow and educated at St. Gerard's Secondary School. Coyle played for Celtic Boys Club and the Scotland Under-15 schoolboy honours team, alongside, among others, Paul McStay, John Robertson and Ally Dick, which defeated England 5–4 in 1980.

Career
Coyle began his professional career as a youngster with Celtic. After just two appearances and a loan period with Clyde, Coyle had a brief spell with Middlesbrough before moving to Rochdale.

After a year with Rochdale, Coyle moved to Kirkcaldy club Raith Rovers in 1988. In his eight years with Rovers, Coyle won two First Division titles and a League Cup, also playing in Raith's only season in Europe. After helping Rovers secure a mid-table finish in the Premier Division, Coyle moved on to Ayr United, where he spent a season before similar spells with Albion Rovers and East Fife. Coyle finished his career with Queen's Park.

Coyle – who moved out of football and worked in sales and marketing back in his native Glasgow – was part of a number of former Raith players who lent his weight to the 'Reclaim the Rovers' campaign, taking part in a fundraising walk in the summer of 2005.

In April 2009 Coyle was diagnosed with a form of leukaemia for which he was admitted to the Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre. On 27 March 2011 Raith Rovers hosted a benefit match for him involving their 1994 Coca-Cola Cup winning team and the Celtic runners-up team with Celtic coming out on top 4–2 on penalties after a 3–3 draw. Coyle died just weeks later on 12 April 2011 from the disease he had battled. He was survived by his wife Joan and their three children, Kevin, Briony and Georgia.

Honours
Raith Rovers
 Scottish First Division: 2
 1992–93, 1994–95
 Scottish League Cup: 1
 1994–95

Ayr United
 Scottish Second Division: 1
  1996–97

References

External links

Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Celtic F.C. players
Clyde F.C. players
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Raith Rovers F.C. players
Ayr United F.C. players
Albion Rovers F.C. players
East Fife F.C. players
Queen's Park F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
1964 births
2011 deaths
Deaths from cancer in Scotland
Deaths from leukemia
Footballers from Glasgow

Ronnie Coyle


Mauretania Sitifensis was a Roman province in Northwest Africa. The capital was Setifis.

History

In the later division of the Roman Empire under the Emperor Diocletian, the eastern part of Mauretania Caesariensis, from Saldae to the river Ampsaga, was split into a new province, and called Mauretania Sitifensis named after the inland town of Setifis (Setif in modern Algeria).

At the time of Constantine the Great, Mauretania Sitifensis was assigned to the administrative Diocese of Africa, under the Praetorian prefecture of Italy. The new province had a huge economic development in the 4th century, until the conquest by the Vandals. In this province, the Christian denomination known as Donatism challenged the Roman Church (which was the main local religion after Constantine), while Setifis was a center of Mithraism.

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, certain areas of Mauretania Sitifensis were under Vandal and later Byzantine control, but most of the province (until 578 AD) was ruled by Berber kingdoms like the Kingdom of Altava. Only the coastal area around Saldae and Setifis remained fully Romanized.

Byzantine emperor Maurice in 585 AD created the province of Mauretania Prima and erased the old Mauretania Sitifensis. Indeed, the emperor Maurice in that year created the office of "Exarch", which combined the supreme civil authority of a praetorian prefect and the military authority of a magister militum, and enjoyed considerable autonomy from Constantinople. Two exarchates were established, one in [taly, with seat at Ravenna (hence known as the Exarchate of Ravenna), and one in Africa, based at Carthage and including all imperial possessions in the Western Mediterranean. The first African exarch was the Patricius Gennadius: he was appointed as magister militum Africae in 578 AD, and quickly defeated the Romano-Moorish kingdom of Garmul in Mauretania extending the territory of the Mauretania Sitifensis. Among the provincial changes done by emperor Maurice, Mauretania Caesariensis and Mauretania Sitifensis were re-merged as a province of Mauretania Prima.

Mauretania Sitifensis initially had an area of 17800 square miles and had a good agriculture (cereals, etc..), that was exported through the port of Saldae. But under Byzantine control the province was reduced to only the coastal section, with one third of the original area.

Episcopal sees

Ancient episcopal sees of the late Roman province of Mauretania Sitifensis, listed in the Annuario Pontificio as titular sees:

See also
 Mauretania Tingitana

Notes

Bibliography

 Arrowsmith, Aaron. A Compendium of Ancient and Modern Geography. Editor E.P. Williams, 1856 (New York Library) New York, 2007
 Serge Lancel et Omar Daoud. L'Algérie antique : De Massinissa à saint Augustin, Place des Victoires, 2008 ()

Late Roman provinces

Mauretania Sitifensis


Tom Potts is #109 of the Child Ballads, the collection of 305 ballads from England and Scotland, and their American variants, collected by Francis James Child in the late nineteenth century. The collection was published as The English and Scottish Popular Ballads between 1882 and 1898 by Houghton Mifflin in ten volumes and later reissued in a five volume edition.

Synopsis

The heroine rejects a rich suitor, Lord Fenix/Phenix, for her poor true love, Tom Potts.  Her angry father makes arrangements for the wedding.  She sends word to Tom.  He sends back word that he will be there and goes to his lord, asking for assistance.  The lord is generous with him.  Tom interrupts the wedding procession to challenge the groom.  He wins.  Her father agrees to their marriage and makes Tom his heir.

Motifs
The unequal match is a very common motif in ballads and romances, such as Richie Story and King Cophetua.

References

Child Ballads
Houghton Mifflin books
Year of song unknown
Songwriter unknown

Tom Potts


The Illyrian language () was an Indo-European language or group of languages spoken by the Illyrians in Southeast Europe during antiquity. The language is unattested with the exception of personal names and placenames. Just enough information can be drawn from these to allow the conclusion that it belonged to the Indo-European language family.

In ancient sources, the term "Illyrian" is applied to a wide range of tribes settling in a large area of southeastern Europe, including Ardiaei, Autariatae, Delmatae, Dassareti, Enchelei, Labeatae, Pannonii, Parthini, Taulantii and others (see list of ancient tribes in Illyria). It is not known to what extent all of these tribes formed a homogeneous linguistic group, but the study of the attested eponyms has led to the identification of a linguistic core area in the south of this zone, roughly around what is now Albania and Montenegro, where Illyrian proper is believed to have been spoken.

Little is known about the relationships between Illyrian and its neighboring languages. For lack of more information, Illyrian is typically described as occupying its own branch in the Indo-European family tree. A close relationship with Messapic, once spoken in southern Italy, has been suggested but remains unproven. Among modern languages, Albanian is often conjectured to be a surviving descendant of Illyrian, although this too remains unproven.

In the early modern era and up to the 19th century, the term "Illyrian" was also applied to the modern South Slavic language of Dalmatia, today identified as Serbo-Croatian. This language is only distantly related to ancient Illyrian, as they share the common ancestor Proto-Indo-European; the two languages were never in contact as Illyrian had become extinct before the Slavic migrations to the Balkans with the possible exception of the ancestor of Albanian.

Classification and terminology
Illyrian was part of the Indo-European language family. Its relation to other Indo-European languages, ancient and modern, is poorly understood because of the paucity of data and because it is still being examined. Today, the main source of authoritative information about Illyrian consists of a handful of Illyrian words cited in classical sources and numerous examples of Illyrian anthroponyms, ethnonyms, toponyms and hydronyms. The scarcity of the data makes it difficult to identify the sound changes that have taken place in Illyrian; the most widely accepted one is that the Indo-European voiced aspirates , ,  became voiced consonants , , .

Messapic was an Iron Age language spoken in Apulia by the Iapygians (Messapians, Peucetians, Daunians), which settled in Italy as part of an Illyrian migration from Illyria in the transitional period between the Bronze and Iron ages. As such, Messapic, as a distinct language, is considered to be part of the same Paleo-Balkan grouping as Illyrian. Eric Hamp has grouped them under "Messapo-Illyrian" which is further grouped with Albanian under "Adriatic Indo-European". Other schemes group the three languages under "General Illyrian" and "Western Paleo-Balkan".

In older research under the influence of pan-Illyrian theories, the Histrian, Venetic and Liburnian languages were considered to be Illyrian dialects. As archaeological research developed and the onomastic data about those languages increased, it became clear that they are not related to Illyrian either as dialects or as part of the same branch.

Centum versus satem

In the absence of sufficient lexical data and texts written in Illyrian, the theories supporting the centum character of the Illyrian language have been based mainly on the centum character of the Venetic language, which was thought to be related to Illyrian, in particular regarding Illyrian toponyms and names such as Vescleves, Acrabanus, Gentius, Clausal etc. The relation between Venetic and Illyrian was later discredited and they are no longer considered closely related. Scholars supporting the satem character of Illyrian highlight particular toponyms and personal names such as Asamum, Birzinimum, Zanatis etc. in which these scholars see satem-type reflexes of Indo-European roots. They also point to other toponyms including Osseriates derived from  (lake) or Birziminium from PIE  or Asamum from PIE  (sharp).

Even if the above-mentioned Venetic toponyms and personal names are accepted as Illyrian in origin, it is not clear that they originated in a centum language. Vescleves, Acrabanus, Gentius and Clausal are explained by proponents of the hypothesis that Illyrian had a centum character, through comparison with IE languages such as Sanskrit or Ancient Greek, or reconstructed PIE. For example, Vescleves has been explained as PIE *wesu-ḱlewes (of good fame). Also, the name Acrabanus as a compound name has been compared with Ancient Greek /akros/ with no signs of palatalization, or Clausal has been related to *klew- (wash, rinse). In all these cases the supporters of the centum character of the Illyrian language consider PIE /*ḱ/ > /*k/ or PIE /*ǵ/ > /*g/ followed by an /l/ or /r/ to be evidence of a centum character of the Illyrian language. However, it has been shown that even in Albanian and Balto-Slavic, which are satem-like languages (unclear as Albanian is viewed as neither  centum nor satem), the palatovelars have been generally depalatized (the depalatization of PIE /*ḱ/ > *k and /*ǵ/ > *g before /r/ and /l/ regularly in Albanian) in this phonetical position. The name Gentius or Genthius does not help either as there are two Illyrian forms for it, Genthius and Zanatis. If Gentius or Genthius derives from *ǵen- ("to be born"), this is proof of a centum language, but if the name Zanatis is similarly generated (or from *ǵen-, "know") then Illyrian is a satem language. Another problem related to the name Gentius is that it cannot be stated whether the initial /g/ of the sources was a palatovelar or a labiovelar. Kretschmer identified both Illyrian and Messapic as satem languages due to the change from IE o to a. On the other hand, he classified Venetic as centum due to the preservation of the IE o.

Taking into account the absence of sufficient data and sometimes the dual nature of their interpretation, the centum/satem character of the Illyrian language is still uncertain and requires more evidence.

Dialects

The Greeks were the first literate people to come into frequent contact with Illyrian speakers. Their conception of "Illyrioi", however, differed from what the Romans would later call "Illyricum". The Greek term encompassed only the peoples who lived on the borders of Macedonia and Epirus. Pliny the Elder, in his work Natural History, still applies a stricter usage of the term Illyrii when speaking of Illyrii proprie dicti ("Illyrians properly so-called") among the native communities in the south of Roman Dalmatia.

For a couple of centuries before and after the Roman conquest in the late 1st century BC, the concept of Illyricum expanded towards the west and north. Finally it encompassed all native peoples from the Adriatic to the Danube, inhabiting the Roman provinces of Dalmatia, Pannonia and Moesia, regardless of their ethnic and cultural differences.

An extensive study of Illyrian names and territory was undertaken by Hans Krahe in the first decades of the twentieth century. He and other scholars argued for a broad distribution of Illyrian peoples considerably beyond the Balkans, though in his later work, Krahe curbed his view of the extent of Illyrian settlement.

The further refinements of Illyrian onomastic provinces for that Illyrian area included in the later Roman province were proposed by Géza Alföldy. He identified five principal groups: (1) "real Illyrians" south of the river Neretva and extending south of the provincial boundary with Macedonia at the river Drin to include the Illyris of north and central Albania; (2) the Delmatae who occupied the middle Adriatic coast between the "real Illyrians" and the Liburni; (3) the Venetic Liburni of the northeast Adriatic; (4) the Japodes who dwelt north of the Delmatae and beyond the Liburni, where names reveal a mixture of Venetic, Celtic and Illyrian; and (5) the Pannonian people north in Bosnia, Northern Montenegro, and western Serbia.

These identifications were later challenged by Radoslav Katičić who on the basis of personal names which occur commonly in Illyricum distinguished three onomastic areas: (1) South-Eastern Illyrian, extending southwards from the southern part of Montenegro and including most of Albania west of the river Drin, though its demarcation to the south remains uncertain; (2) Central Illyrian consisting of most of ex-Yugoslavia, north of southern Montenegro to the west of Morava, excepting ancient Liburnia in the northwest, but perhaps extending into Pannonia in the north; (3) Liburnian, whose names resemble those of the Venetic territory to the northeast.

The onomastic differences between the South-Eastern and Central areas are not sufficient to show that two clearly differentiated dialects of Illyrian were in use in these areas. However, as Katičić has argued, the core onomastic area of Illyrian proper is to be located in the southeast of that Balkan region, traditionally associated with the Illyrians (centered in modern Albania).

Traditionally Illyrian has referred to any non-Celtic language in the region. Recent scholarship from the 1960s and on tends to agree that the region inhabited by Illyrian tribes can be divided into three distinct linguistic and cultural areas, of which only one can be properly termed "Illyrian". No written texts regarding self-identification exist from the Illyrians and no inscriptions in Illyrian exist, with the only linguistic remains being place names (toponyms) and some glosses.

Vocabulary

Since there are no Illyrian texts, sources for identifying Illyrian words have been identified by Hans Krahe as being of four kinds: inscriptions, glosses of Illyrian words in classical texts, names—including proper names (mostly inscribed on tombstones), toponyms and river names—and Illyrian loanwords in other languages. The last category has proven particularly contentious. The names occur in sources that range over more than a millennium, including numismatic evidence, as well as posited original forms of placenames. There are no Illyrian inscriptions (Messapian inscriptions are treated separately, and there is no consensus that they are to be reckoned as Illyrian). The spearhead found at Kovel and thought by some to be Illyrian is considered by the majority of runologists to be Eastern Germanic, and most likely Gothic, while a votive inscription on a ring found near Shkodër which was initially interpreted as Illyrian was shown to actually be Byzantine Greek.

Era

Illyrian proper went extinct between the 2nd and 6th centuries AD, with the possible exception of a branch that may have survived and developed into Albanian.

It has also been claimed that Illyrian was preserved and spoken in the countryside, as attested in the 4th-5th century testimonies of St. Jerome.

See also

Thraco-Illyrian
Thracian language
Paeonian language

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links
Short Illyrian Glossary

Paleo-Balkan languages
Unclassified languages of Europe
Unclassified Indo-European languages

Illyrian language


Novospassky Monastery (New monastery of the Saviour, ), is one of the oldest monasteries in Moscow. The first monastery was built in the 14th century. At that time it was inside the walls of the Kremlin. In 1491 the monastery was moved to new buildings on the banks of the Moskva River. It was called the "new monastery".

In 1571 and 1591, the wooden buildings were attacked by the Crimean Tatars. In 1612, the Tsar, Michael of Russia, had the monastery completely rebuilt. This included the thick stone walls which made it one of the fortified monasteries on the edge of Moscow. These new stone walls were 7.5 meters high and 2 meters thick. They were 782 meters in length, and included six towers. These are the buildings which are still standing. The bell-tower, one of the tallest in Moscow, and the Sheremetev sepulchre in the church of the Sign, were added in the 18th century,

The monastery was supported by Andrei Kobyla's descendants, including the Sheremetyev and Romanov boyars. They used it as their burial vault. Among the last Romanovs buried in the monastery were Xenia Shestova (the mother of the first Romanov Tsar), Princess Tarakanova (a pretender who claimed to have been the only daughter of Empress Elisabeth) and Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia.

Monastery buildings
The Cathedral of the Transfiguration, (1645-49), a large five-domed katholikon with frescoes by the finest Muscovite painters of the 17th century
The Intercession Church, or Church of the Veil of the Virgin (1673-1675) with a refectory
The Church of the Sign or Church of the Znamenie Icon of the Virgin (1791-1795)
The bell tower (1759-1785)
The infirmary Church of St. Nicholas the Miracle Worker and monks' living quarters
The house of Patriarch Filaret
The House of Loaf-Giving.

The monastery was closed in 1918 and used as a prison. The cemetery was removed between 1927 and 1930. For a time it was used as a hospital for alcoholics. In 1968 it became a museum of history and an art restoration institute. In 1991 it was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church.

Other websites

Official Page of the Monastery, in Russian

References

Monasteries
Russian Orthodox Church

Buildings and structures in Moscow
17th-century buildings and structures

Novospassky Monastery


Andrien "Andy" Fuller (born September 8, 1974) is a 6'4" 295 lb former American football player, who primarily played tight end.

Early years
Fuller attended J.O. Johnson High School in Huntsville before signing to play at Auburn University. Fuller enjoyed success at Auburn, including being a member of the undefeated 1993 team and receiving first team All-SEC honors in 1994 and 1995. He is perhaps best known for his part in Auburn's upset versus No. 1 ranked Florida on October 15, 1994, where Andy had 7 receptions for 115 yards and a touchdown. During his career at Auburn (1992–1995), he caught 33 passes for 513 yards and five touchdowns.

Professional career
Fuller entered the 1996 NFL Draft but went undrafted and subsequently signed as an unrestricted free agent with the Miami Dolphins in April 1996. He was waived by the Dolphins later that year and spent the 1997 season with the Barcelona Dragons of NFL Europe, who were the World Bowl Champions after defeating Rhein Fire in World Bowl V. Fuller's next stop brought him back home to Alabama to spend the 1999 season with the Mobile Admirals of the Regional Football League. In 2000, Fuller joined the Tennessee Valley Vipers of the Arena Football League af2, where he played five seasons and was a key offensive and defensive player in a five-year run that saw the club post a 63–17 record. Tennessee Valley won four straight division titles, made the playoffs each season, and competed in the ArenaCup finals in 2000. Fuller played in 73 games and caught 54 passes for 573 yards and 28 touchdowns on offense, and as a defensive lineman recorded 95 tackles, 14.5 tackles-for-loss of 53 yards, 15.5 sacks for 88 yards, two interceptions, eight pass break ups, nine forced fumbles and five fumble recoveries. These statistics have cemented his place in Tennessee Valley history, currently ranked third all-time in sacks and second in forced fumbles, prompting the franchise to retire Fuller's number (#82) on June 11, 2005.

On October 1, 2006, WHNT-TV announced Andy Fuller would co-host a weekly discussion with former Alabama tailback Chris Anderson showcasing upcoming Alabama/Auburn games. The program is set to air Fridays at 6PM CDT.

References

1974 births
Living people
Players of American football from Huntsville, Alabama
American football tight ends
Auburn Tigers football players
Barcelona Dragons (NFL Europe) players
Regional Football League players

Andy Fuller


Dixi may refer to:

 Dixi, a Latin expression, literally translated as "I have spoken". When used, it usually means: "I have said all that I had to say and thus the argument is settled"
 Dixi, a trade name of the former German automobile manufacturer Automobilwerk Eisenach
 Deep Impact Extended Investigation, part of the EPOXI space exploration program using the Deep Impact spacecraft
 Dixi (TV series), an interactive BBC web mystery drama
 Dixi, a brand name for co-cyprindiol (cyproterone acetate/ethinylestradiol), an oral contraceptive
 Dixi Klo, nickname for a German brand of portable toilet houses
  (), a type of Chinese opera originated in Anshun, Guizhou.
 Dixi (building), a shopping centre, office building and transport hub in Vantaa, Finland

See also
 Dixie (disambiguation)
 DIXY, a Russian grocery chain

Dixi


Jacobo Bolbochán (26 December 1906 – 29 July 1984) was an Argentine chess master.

He played many times in the Argentine Chess Championships. He won twice (1931 and 1932), both ahead of Isaías Pleci. In 1933, he took 2nd, behind Luis Piazzini. In 1935, he took 2nd, behind Roberto Grau. In 1936, he took 3rd, behind Carlos Guimard and Grau. In 1937, he took 2nd, behind Guimard.

He played for Argentina in three Chess Olympiads.
 In 1935, at second board in the 6th Chess Olympiad in Warsaw (+6 –1 =12);
 In 1937, at second board in the 7th Chess Olympiad in Stockholm (+2 –5 =5);
 In 1939, at third board in the 8th Chess Olympiad in Buenos Aires (+10 –3 =6).
He won two individual bronze medals at Warsaw 1935 and at Buenos Aires 1939.

In 1945, Jacobo Bolbochán took 3rd, behind Hermann Pilnik, and Héctor Rossetto. In 1946, he tied for 2nd-3rd with Carlos Maderna, behind Julio Bolbochán. In 1950, he took 2nd, behind Maderna. In 1952, he tied for 3rd-4th with Guimard, behind Miguel Najdorf, and Rubén Shocrón.

Jacobo Bolbochán became an International Master (IM) in 1965 at the age of 59. Jacobo is the elder brother of Julio Bolbochán.

1906 births
1984 deaths
Argentine chess players
Jewish chess players
Argentine Jews
20th-century chess players

Jacobo Bolbochán


The Concorde Agreement is a contract between the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), the Formula One teams  and the Formula One Administration. The Concorde Agreement defines the agreement about how the teams race, and how the money is divided up. The money includes the television revenue and prize money.

There have been six Concorde Agreements since 1981. The terms of all of the agreements have been kept a secret. The secrecy was broken by racing journalist Forrest Bond when the 1997 Concorde Agreement was published in 2006 by RaceFax.

The basic requirements of the agreements are to be professional and to increase the success of Formula One. The biggest requirement of the teams to participate in every race. This makes Formula One better for the broadcasters. Broadcasters spend a large amount of money to televise the races. In return for racing, the teams were guaranteed a percentage of the sport's revenue.

Background
The Commission Sportive Internationale, was an organization that reported to the FIA. They were the rule-making group for Formula One. In 1979 they were replaced by the Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile, or FISA.

The race teams were represented by the Formula One Constructors Association, or FOCA. At the time, FOCA's chief executive was Bernie Ecclestone and his legal advisor was Max Mosley.

FISA and FOCA had a number of disagreements. Some teams believed that FISA was favoring the major manufacturers. The teams were also unhappy about how the money in Formula One was being distributed.

First Concorde Agreement (1981)
The FISA and FOCA disagreements became known as the FISA-FOCA war. This resulted in several races being canceled. Goodyear threatened to quit suppling tyres to Formula One. This would have been a disaster to the sport.

Bernie Ecclestone of FOCA organized a meeting of team managers and FISA representatives. The meeting was held at the offices of the FIA in the Place de la Concorde, Paris, France. At the meeting, they negotiated for thirteen straight hours. On 19 January 1981, the first Concorde Agreement was signed. The agreement was named after the plaza in Paris where the discussions took place.

The contract terms remain mostly confidential. It is known that teams were required to appear and compete in every race. This would ensure that the newly acquired television public that they would have a race to watch. The agreement also granted FOCA the right to televise Formula One races. This may have been the most important part of the agreement. This right was "leased" to Formula One Promotions and Administration, a company created and owned by Bernie Ecclestone. Another important part of the agreement was that the rules would be kept stable.

The first Concorde Agreement expired on 31 December 1987.

Second Concorde Agreement (1987)
The second Concorde Agreement covered the  through  seasons.

Third Concorde Agreement (1992)
The third Concorde Agreement covered the  through  seasons.

Fourth Concorde Agreement (1997)
In 1995 the FIA decided to transfer Formula One's commercial rights from FOCA to Formula One Administration for a 14-year period. In exchange, Ecclestone would make an annual payment. McLaren, Williams, and Tyrrell did not like this arrangement. They rejecting the proposed Concorde Agreement. Ken Tyrrell was upset that Ecclestone, as President of FOCA, had transfer the rights to his own company. Mr. Tyrrell also did not like that the Agreement was secret. He believed that only helped Ecclestone. He felt it weakened the bargaining power of the teams.

On 5 September 1996 the new Concorde Agreement was signed by all the teams except McLaren, Williams, and Tyrrell. The agreement was to run from 1 January 1997 to 2002.

Fifth Concorde Agreement (1998)
Taking a stand against Bernie Ecclestone, the FIA, and the commercial aspects of Formula One put McLaren, Williams, and Tyrrell in a bind. The three teams lost influence in the sport and income they would have received if they had signed.

A compromise (agreement between all parties) was reached. On 27 August 1998, the 1998 Concorde Agreement was signed. This agreement expired on 31 December 2007.

Sixth Concorde Agreement (2009)
A meeting on the new Concorde Agreement was held on 7 December 2004. All of the teams but Ferrari attended the meeting. Ecclestone offered a payment of £260,000,000 over three years if all the teams would renew of the Concorde Agreement.

On 19 January 2005, Ferrari announced that it had signed an extension to the 1997 Concorde Agreement. The extension would expire on 31 December 2012. Later that year, Red Bull and Jordan/Midland also signed an extension. (Jordan had been sold to Midland, but was still racing under the name Jordan.) On 7 December, 2005, Williams became the fourth team to sign an extension to the agreement.

On 27 March 2006, the five GPMA-backed teams (Jaguar, Honda, Ferrari, Toyota, and Renault) submitted their applications for the 2008 season. On 14 May 2006, the five GPMA-backed teams signed a Memorandum of Understanding (a letter agreeing to the terms) with the commercial rights holders (CVC/Ecclestone). This formed the basis of the next Concorde Agreement. A full Concorde Agreement was not in place for the  season, with the Memorandum and other individual teams acting as a temporary solution.

On 29 July 2008, the ten currently competing teams created the Formula One Teams Association (FOTA) to negotiate the terms of contract. After a dispute between FOTA and the FIA in the first half of 2009, a new Concorde Agreement was signed by Mosley and all of the teams except BMW Sauber. BMW Sauber had announced it was going to withdraw from Formula One at the end of the season. The new agreement provides for a continuation of the terms of the 1998 agreement. It runs until 31 December 2012.

A program of resource limits was also agreed on. Revised sporting and technical regulations for the  season were set.

References

 The Economist: Grand prix, grand prizes
 GrandPrix.com: Who owns what in F1 these days?
 European Commission

Formula One

Concorde Agreement


This is a list of buckwheat dishes, consisting of dishes that use buckwheat as a main ingredient. Buckwheat is a plant cultivated for its grain-like seeds and as a cover crop. A related and more bitter species, Fagopyrum tataricum, a domesticated food plant common in Asia, but not as common in Europe or North America, is also referred to as buckwheat.

Buckwheat dishes

 Ajdovi žganci – translates to English as "buckwheat spoonbread". It is a national Slovene dish.
 Broeder – a traditional Dutch dish: a batter with buckwheat flour, yeast, and other ingredients is boiled in a cotton bag.
 Buckwheat pancake
 Blini – an Eastern European pancake made with buckwheat flour
 Kaletez – a Breton pancake made with buckwheat flour
 Memil-buchimgae – a Korean pancake made with buckwheat flour
 Ploye – a pancake made of buckwheat flour, wheat flour, baking powder and water popular in Northeastern Canada and the United States
 Crêpe bretonne – a traditional dish in Lower Brittany, it can be made of wheat (sweet crêpe) or buckwheat (salted crêpe). This latter is less well-known and should not be confused with the buckwheat pancake typical of Upper Brittany, which has a different recipe.
 Crozets de Savoie – small flat square-shaped pasta originally made in the Savoie region in southeast France, the crozets were traditionally made at home by housewives using buckwheat or wheat, or sometimes both.
 Galette-saucisse – a French street food item consisting of a hot sausage wrapped in a cold type of crêpe called galette de sarrasin or Breton galette. The French region known as Upper Brittany is the traditional homeland of the dish, which is prepared using buckwheat for the crêpe and pork sausage.
 Grechka – toasted buckwheat, often prepared with butter, commonly eaten in Eastern Europe.
 Jat-guksu – a Korean noodle dish consisting of buckwheat or wheat flour noodles in a bowl of cold broth made from ground pine nuts. It is a local specialty of Gapyeong, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea.
 Kasha varnishkes – a traditional Ashkenazi Jewish dish that combines grechka (buckwheat groats) with noodles, typically farfalle (bow-tie pasta).
 Kig ha farz – a cooked dish eaten traditionally in Brittany consisting of various meats simmered in a broth with a buckwheat flour based pudding.
 Mak-guksu – a Korean buckwheat noodle dish served in a chilled broth and sometimes with sugar, mustard, sesame oil or vinegar.
 Memil-muk – a Korean dish consisting of a light gray-brown muk (jelly) made from buckwheat starch. It is commonly served as banchan (a side dish accompanying rice) as well as anju (food accompanying alcoholic drinks).
 Mezzelune –  a semi-circular stuffed pasta, similar to ravioli or pierogi. The dough is usually made of white flour or buckwheat flour, durum semolina, and mixed with eggs and olive oil.
 Naengmyeon – a Korean noodle dish of long and thin handmade noodles made from the flour and starch of various ingredients, including buckwheat, potatoes, sweet potatoes, arrowroot starch and kudzu.
 Oyaki – a Japanese dumpling made from a fermented buckwheat dough wrapped around a stuffing of Japanese vegetables, fruit, or anko bean paste and then roasted on an iron pan.
 Pizzoccheri – an Italian pasta from Valtellina, Lombardy.
 Poffert – a traditional Dutch dish from Groningen; a batter containing buckwheat flour and other ingredients is cooked au bain marie in a special tin
 Poffertjes – a traditional Dutch batter treat resembling small, fluffy pancakes; they are made with yeast and buckwheat flour and have a light, spongy texture.
 Scrapple – a Pennsylvania Dutch mush of pork scraps, flour (can be wheat or buckwheat), and spices often eaten for breakfast.
 Soba – the Japanese name for buckwheat, it usually refers to thin noodles made from buckwheat flour, or a combination of buckwheat and wheat flours (nagano soba).
 Stip – a regional dish in the Dutch provinces of Groningen, Drenthe and Overijssel, it is served as buckwheat porridge with a hole containing fried bacon and a spoonful of syrup.
 Buchweizentorte – a traditional cake from the Italian South Tyrol region made of buckwheat flour.

Beverages

 Buckwheat tea – a tea prepared using roasted buckwheat
 Buckwheat whisky – a type of distilled alcoholic beverage produced entirely or principally from buckwheat.

See also

 Buckwheat § Culinary use – detailed information about buckwheat as a food source
 Buckwheat honey
 List of edible seeds
 List of poppy seed pastries and dishes
 List of sesame seed dishes

References

Lists of foods by ingredient

List of buckwheat dishes


Arsenic pentoxide, also known as arsenic(V) oxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is As2O5. It has arsenic and oxide ions in it. The arsenic is in its +5 oxidation state. More common is arsen in its oxidation state +3 as As2O3 (arsenic trioxide or arsenic(III) oxide). The LD50 for arsenic pentoxide is 8mg/kg for rats. When the substance becomes wet, it turns into arsenic acid, which corrodes metals.

Properties
Arsenic pentoxide is a white, odourless solid. It dissolves easily in water to make arsenic acid. It is highly toxic, as are almost all arsenic compounds. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It reacts with hydrochloric acid to make chlorine. As2O5 breaks down to arsenic trioxide and oxygen when heated to about 300°C.

It reacts with bases to make arsenates. The energy for the reaction is taken from the heating.

Preparation
Arsenic pentoxide cannot be produced by burning arsen. That only results in As2O3. To produce arsenic pentoxid, arsenic acid will be dehydrated. This is done with phosphorus(V) oxide.

The arsenic pentoxide drops out as white powder.

Uses
Arsenic pentoxide is used to make pesticides and insecticides. It is also used in glass industry.

Related pages
Arsenic pentafluoride
Arsenous acid
Phosphorus pentoxide
Antimony pentoxide

References

Arsenic compounds
Oxides

Arsenic pentoxide


Paul Connaughton Snr (born 6 June 1944) is an Irish former Fine Gael politician who served as Minister of State for Land Structure and Development from 1982 to 1987. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Galway East constituency from 1981 to 2011. He also served as a Senator for the Agricultural Panel from 1977 to 1981.

Connaughton was born in Mountbellew, County Galway. He was educated at St. Jarlath's Vocational School, Mountbellew, and Mountbellew Agricultural College where he did an IMI Management Course. Connaughton first held political office in 1979, when he became a member of Galway County Council. He served on that authority on two occasions between 1979 and 1985, and again from 1991 to 2003.

He was an unsuccessful candidate at the 1975 Galway North-East by-election and the 1977 general election. He was elected to Seanad Éireann as a Senator for the Agricultural Panel in 1977. Connaughton was first elected to Dáil Éireann at the 1981 general election as a Fine Gael TD for Galway East, and was returned at every subsequent election until his retirement in 2011. Between 1982 and 1987, Fine Gael were in government and Connaughton served as Minister of State at the Department of Agriculture with special responsibility for Land Structure and Development. Following the parties return to opposition, he was Fine Gael Spokesperson on Energy and Western Development and Chairman of the Political Affairs Committee between 1993 and 1997.

Between 1997 and 2000, he was Spokesman on Agriculture and Food. He was Fine Gael front bench Spokesperson on Marine, Natural Resources and Energy from June 2000 to February 2001. In Enda Kenny's Front Bench reshuffle in 2004 Connaughton became Spokesperson on Regional Development and Regional Affairs. He has also served as spokesman on a range of portfolios including Agriculture; Social Welfare; Defence and Tourism; and Older People during his political career.

His daughter Sinead Connaughton was a member of Galway County Council representing the Tuam local electoral area from 2003–2009. His son Paul Connaughton Jnr was elected to Galway County Council at the 2009 local elections representing the Ballinasloe local electoral area.

He was party Deputy spokesperson on Foreign Affairs with special responsibility for the Irish diaspora from 2010 to 2011.

He retired from politics at the 2011 general election. His son Paul Connaughton Jnr served as a Fine Gael TD for Galway East from 2011 to 2016.

References

1944 births
Living people
Fine Gael TDs
Members of the 14th Seanad
Members of the 22nd Dáil
Members of the 23rd Dáil
Members of the 24th Dáil
Members of the 25th Dáil
Members of the 26th Dáil
Members of the 27th Dáil
Members of the 28th Dáil
Members of the 29th Dáil
Members of the 30th Dáil
Members of Galway County Council
Politicians from County Galway
Ministers of State of the 24th Dáil
Fine Gael senators
People from Mountbellew
Agricultural Panel senators

Paul Connaughton Snr


The Lusatian culture existed in the later Bronze Age and early Iron Age (1300–500 ) in most of what is now Poland and parts of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, eastern Germany and western Ukraine. It covers the Periods Montelius III (early Lusatian culture) to V of the Northern European chronological scheme. It has been associated or closely linked with the Nordic Bronze Age. Hallstatt influences can also be seen particularly in ornaments (fibulae, pins) and weapons.

Origins

The Lusatian culture developed as the preceding Trzciniec culture experienced influences from the Tumulus culture of the Middle Bronze Age, essentially incorporating the local communities into the socio-political network of Iron Age Europe. It formed part of the Urnfield systems found from eastern France, southern Germany and Austria to Hungary and the Nordic Bronze Age in northwestern Germany and Scandinavia. It was followed by the Billendorf culture of the Early Iron Age in the West. In Poland, the Lusatian culture is taken have spanned part of the Iron Age as well (there is only a terminological difference) and was succeeded in Montelius VIIbc in the northern ranges around the mouth of Vistula by the Pomeranian culture spreading south.

'Lusatian-type' burials were first described by the German pathologist and archaeologist Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902). The name refers to the Lusatia area in eastern Germany (Brandenburg and Saxony) and western Poland. Virchow identified the pottery artifacts as 'pre-Germanic' but refused to speculate on the ethnic identity of their makers. The Polish archeologist Józef Kostrzewski, who started in 1934 to conduct extensive excavations of a Lusatian settlement of Biskupin, hypothesised that the Lusatian culture was a predecessor of later cultures that belonged to the early Slavs. Modern archeologists, such as both K. Godłowski and P. Kaczanowski, hold the view that the ethnic geography of Bronze Age Central Europe then included peoples whose languages and ethnic identity are simply unknown.

Culture
Burial was by cremation; inhumations are rare. The urn is usually accompanied by numerous (up to 40) secondary vessels. Metal grave gifts are sparse, but there are numerous hoards (such as Kopaniewo, Pomerania) that contain rich metalwork, both bronze and gold (hoard of Eberswalde, Brandenburg). Graves containing moulds, like at Bataune, Saxony and tuyeres, attest to the production of bronze tools and weapons at the village level. The 'royal' tomb of Seddin, Brandenburg, Germany, covered by a large earthen barrow, contained Mediterranean imports like bronze vessels and glass beads. Cemeteries can be quite large and contain thousands of graves.

Well-known settlements include Biskupin, in Poland, and Buch, near Berlin. There are both open villages and fortified settlements (burgwall or gord) on hilltops or in swampy areas. The ramparts were constructed of wooden boxes filled with soil or stones.

Its economy was mainly based on arable agriculture, as is attested by numerous storage pits. Wheat (emmer) and six-row barley formed the basic crops, together with millet, rye and oats, peas, broad beans, lentils, and gold of pleasure (Camelina sativa). Flax was grown, and remains of domesticated apples, pears, and plums have been found. Cattle and pigs were the most important domestic animals, followed by sheep, goats, horses, and dogs. Pictures on Iron Age urns from Silesia attest horse riding, but horses were used to draw chariots as well. Hunting was practiced, as bones of red and roe deer, boar, bison, elk, hare, fox, and wolf attest, but it did not provide much of the meat consumed. The numerous frog bones found at Biskupin may indicate that frogs' legs were eaten as well.

Gallery

See also

Lusatia
Urnfield culture
Nordic Bronze Age
Hallstatt culture
Schweinert burial mounds
Heidenschanze fortified settlement

Footnotes

References

Further reading

External links

 Hypothetical reconstruction of a Lusatian culture settlement, raised using only bronze age tools - Wola Radziszowska (near Cracow)- Poland
 Kaliska I: a Late Bronze Age metal hoard from Pomerania (Poland)

Archaeological cultures of Europe
Iron Age cultures of Europe
Bronze Age cultures of Europe
Archaeological cultures in the Czech Republic
Archaeological cultures in Germany
Archaeological cultures in Poland
Archaeological cultures in Slovakia
Archaeological cultures in Ukraine
Prehistoric Poland

Lusatian culture


Bruno Durieux (born 23 October 1944) is a French politician.

Biography

Durieux is a graduate of the École polytechnique and ENSAE (École nationale de la statistique et de l'administration économique). He served in Algeria under the command of Marcel Bigeard before embarking upon an administrative career. Entering politics, Durieux served in the cabinet of Raymond Barre from 1976 to 1981, and was deputy of the Nord (département) from 1986 to 1990.

In 1990 he became a member of the Michel Rocard administration. With the change in government in 1995, he was named by defense minister Charles Millon to represent the defense department overseas. In 1997, he was named president of the International Defense Counsel, a company 50% supported by the Ministry of Defense with a mission of consulting on the use of French weapons in countries employing French defense systems.

He was elected mayor of Grignan in the Drôme in 1995 and was reelected in 2001 and 2008. He is the town's current mayor.

External links
 De l'IVG à la peine de mort, article polémique de l'Humanité sur les prises de position de Bruno Durieux.

1944 births
Living people
People from Sarthe
Politicians from Pays de la Loire
Reformist Movement (France) politicians
Centre of Social Democrats politicians
Union for French Democracy politicians
Government ministers of France
Deputies of the 8th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 9th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
French military personnel of the Algerian War

Bruno Durieux


The 2015 European Women Basketball Championship, commonly called EuroBasket Women 2015, was the 35th edition of the continental tournament in women's basketball, sanctioned by the FIBA Europe. The tournament was co-held in Hungary, which hosted the championship for the fifth time after 1950, 1964, 1983 and 1997, and Romania which hosted it for the second time after 1966, on 11–28 June 2015. The event was hosted by more than one country for the first time.

Serbia won their first title by defeating France 76–68 in the final.

Host selection
Initially six member federations expressed their intention to organize the tournament: Belarus and Lithuania, who applied a joint bid; Hungary, Israel, Serbia and Spain. Lithuania later refused the plan of a joint bid and eventually two countries submitted an official candidation, Belarus and Hungary.

The final decision was made by the FIBA Europe Board on 18 December 2011 in their meeting in Munich, which awarded the organization rights to Hungary by majority vote. FIBA Europe president Ólafur Rafnsson was on the opinion that "it was an excellent choice as Hungary has tradition in basketball and especially in women's basketball." Attila Czene, State Minister for Sport of the Ministry of National Resources was also pleased, stating that the European Championship great opportunity to upgrade and expand the infrastructure, as Hungary's aim "is to invest in sport and basketball is a main team sport." "As a former Olympic champion, I am happy that we can reintroduce team sport in Hungary. Basketball is a bit behind handball right now and we are trying to close this gap, with 2015 we can start making progress" – he added.

Romanian Basketball Federation has announced that FIBA Europe board has granted them the rights to co-host EuroBasket Women in 2015 with Hungary. Originally Hungary applied to host and was awarded the tournament as the only host country. According to the announcement current plan has Romania hosting groups in Cluj-Napoca, Oradea and Timișoara.

Venues

Qualification

The qualification was held from 7 June 2013 to 25 June 2014.

Qualified teams

Squads

Draw
The draw was held on 29 November 2014 in Budapest, Hungary.

Seedings
The seeding was announced on 20 November 2014. According to the FIBA Europe regulations the participating nations are seeded based on their record in EuroBasket Women 2013 final tournament (shown in brackets for first 6 teams) or EuroBasket Women 2015 qualification (shown in brackets with symbol Q).

First round

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Second round

Group E

Group F

Final round

Final

Final ranking

Statistics and awards

Statistical leaders

Points

Rebounds

Assists

Blocks

Steals

Awards

References

External links
Official website

2015
EuroBasket Women
EuroBasket Women 2015
EuroBasket Women 2015
EuroBasket Women
EuroBasket Women
June 2015 sports events in Europe
2014–15 in Hungarian basketball
2014–15 in Romanian basketball
International sports competitions in Budapest
2010s in Budapest
Sport in Debrecen
Sport in Győr
Sport in Oradea
Sport in Sopron
Sport in Szombathely
Sport in Timișoara

EuroBasket Women 2015


Rạch Miễu Bridge () is a cable-stayed bridge in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. The bridge connects Tiền Giang Province (Mỹ Tho) with Bến Tre Province, over the Mekong. Construction began on 30 April 2002 and was completed on 19 January 2009, when the bridge was inaugurated. With a total length is , including approach ramps, the main bridge is  long.

Under the original schedule, the bridge would have been completed and opened for traffic in late 2007.

Length: 8331 m including approach ramps. The main bridge consists of two separate parts No. 1 and No. 2 for a total length of 2868 m, which is a cable-stayed structure layout 117 m-270 m-117 m pace, not static navigational clearance height 37.5 m. In the middle of the bridge is island Thoi Son. The  bridge consists of two spans up to 90 m in length to inform the way the boat is  reinforced concrete beams pre-stressed construction the balanced cantilever method. The span girder bridge that leads pre-stressed concrete reinforced each span 40 metres in length. The ramp has a total length of two 5463 m and two main bridges with total length of 2868 m crosses the tributaries of Tien Giang and Thoi Son.
At 7:30 am on 20 August, the Ministry of Transport and the provinces of Ben Tre and Tien Giang held a connection with two cable-stayed span of the bridge tp connect the provinces.
The length of the main span is 270 m, and the clearance is 37.5 m to allow ships of 10,000 tons go through.
Bridge width: 12–15 m with two lanes of traffic
General construction contractors: joint venture CIENCO1 - CIENCO5 - CIENCO6
Bridge load: 30 tons
Total investment: VND 1,400 billion (US$84 million)

Review

Although newly completed, Rạch Miễu bridge has some traffic problems, especially on holidays. Lunar New Year of the Ox in 2009, it was stuck in rush hours from 29th to 6th of Lunar calendar, one of the causes of traffic congestion is due to happen for the traffic on the narrow bridge, while being some vendors do where encroachment trafficking, in addition to those people who visit and take pictures on demand.

References

Road bridges in Vietnam
Bridges over the Mekong River
Cable-stayed bridges in Vietnam
Bridges completed in 2009
Buildings and structures in Tiền Giang province
Buildings and structures in Bến Tre province

Rạch Miễu Bridge


Predictive value of tests is the probability of a target condition given by the result of a test, often in regard to medical tests.

In cases where binary classification can be applied to the test results, such yes versus no, test target (such as a substance, symptom or sign) being present versus absent, or either a positive or negative test), then each of the two outcomes has a separate predictive value. For example, for positive or negative test, the predictive values are termed positive predictive value or negative predictive value, respectively.
In cases where the test result is of a continuous value, the predictive value generally changes continuously along with the value. For example, for a pregnancy test that displays the urine concentration of hCG, the predictive value increases with increasing hCG value.

A conversion of continuous values into binary values can be performed, such as designating a pregnancy test as "positive" above a certain cutoff value, but this confers a loss of information and generally results in less accurate predictive values.

See also
 Positive predictive value
 Negative predictive value

References

Medical tests

Predictive value of tests


An arcade game is a machine that is played using coins. Arcade games are found in restaurants, pubs, video arcades, and other places. Tabletop pinball games and video games are two common kinds of arcade games.

The earliest arcade games were introduced at the end of the 19th century. Their popularity declined in the Western world during the 2000s, in Asian regions ten years thereafter.

The Apple App store categorized some apps into a category called "Arcade". One game that is in this category is Tiny Wings.

Arcade game


Washburn Lake is a  lake located about three miles northwest of Outing, Minnesota in Cass County, Minnesota, USA. It is found at an elevation of . The lake occupies three distinct basins. A public access is co-located at the Clinton Converse DNR Forestry Campground at the south end of the eastern basin. Based on 2009 data, development is considered moderate, with 17.2 homes/cabins per shoreline mile. The maximum depth is  and about 48% of the lake is  deep or less. Shallow water substrates consist primarily of sand and gravel, although areas of rubble, boulders and muck are also present. The aquatic plant community is quite diverse and is critical to maintaining healthy fish populations. Emergent plants such as bulrush are common along much of the shoreline, however just as common are numerous gaps in these beds along shorelines with developed lots. The remaining emergent plants should be protected as they are important for shoreline protection, maintaining water quality, and providing essential spawning habitat for bass and panfish species. Submerged plants provide food and cover needed by fish and other aquatic species.

Washburn Lake was named for an early lumberman.

References

External links
 Lake Washburn contour map, fishnbudz

Lakes of Minnesota
Lakes of Cass County, Minnesota

Washburn Lake


The Cantão State Park () is a state park in the state of Tocantins, Brazil.
It protects the Cantão wetlands, an area of igapó flooded forest in the ecotone where the Amazon rainforest merges into the cerrado.

Location

The Cantão State Park is located in the municipality of Pium, Tocantins.
It has an area of .
The park is bounded to the west by the Araguaia River, which forms the border with the state of Pará.
The Javaés River separates the state park from the Araguaia National Park to the south.
It is bounded by the Ilha do Bananal / Cantão Environmental Protection Area to the east.
The park would be in the proposed South Amazon Ecotones Ecological Corridor.

History

The Cantão State Park was created by state law 996 of 14 July 1998 with an area of .
The primary purpose is protecting fauna, flora and natural resources with tourism potential to ensure their rational, sustainable use compatible with preserving the local ecosystems.
The deliberative council was created in the same law.
The boundaries were altered by law 1.319 of 4 April 2002 to contain an area of .

The management plan was approved on 25 August 2005.
Ordnance 740 defined rules to be followed for the Projeto Quelônios for turtle conservation.
The buffer zone was defined in 2005.
The revised management plan was approved on 3 August 2016.
As of 2016 the park was supported by the Amazon Region Protected Areas Program.

Environment

The Cantão is a broad alluvial plain between the Araguaia River to the west and the Coco River to the east.
At one time the lower Coco was probably a meander of the Javaés, in turn a branch of the Araguaia.
The region is full of abandoned channels and lakes.
Floods connect the lakes in the rainy season for 2–6 months starting in October to form a single body of water, so species adapted to flooding are prevalent.

The Cantão holds an ecotone between the Amazon and the cerrado, and includes species typical of both biomes.
The lakes are nurseries for fish, turtles and alligators.
One survey identified 317 species of birds, including the endemic bananal antbird (Cercomacra ferdinandi) and Araguaia Spinetail  (Synallaxis simoni).
There is a large population of jaguars (Panthera onca).

Facilities

The park has an energy supply, guardhouse, visitor center, gazebo, accommodation, parking, staff residence, dock, vehicles and boats.
The park supports camping and recreation as well as scientific research.
It runs various educational activities such as lectures, workshops, training courses, video shows and monitored trails.

Notes

Sources

External links
  Instituto Araguaia

State parks of Brazil
Protected areas of Tocantins
1998 establishments in Brazil

Cantão State Park