Nick Holonyak Jr. ( ; November 3, 1928September 18, 2022) was an American engineer and educator. He is noted particularly for his 1962 invention and first demonstration of a semiconductor laser diode that emitted visible light. This device was the forerunner of the first generation of commercial light-emitting diodes (LEDs). He was then working at a General Electric Company research laboratory near Syracuse, New York. He left General Electric in 1963 and returned to his alma mater, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he later became John Bardeen Endowed Chair in Electrical and Computer Engineering and Physics.

Early life and career
Nick Holonyak Jr. was born in Zeigler, Illinois, on November 3, 1928. His parents were Rusyn immigrants. His father worked in a coal mine. Holonyak was the first member of his family to receive any type of formal schooling.  He once worked 30 straight hours on the Illinois Central Railroad before realizing that a life of hard labor was not what he wanted and he would prefer to go to school instead. According to a Chicago Tribune article in 2003, "The cheap and reliable semiconductor lasers critical to DVD players, bar code readers and scores of other devices owe their existence in some small way to the demanding workload thrust upon Downstate railroad crews decades ago."

Holonyak earned his bachelor's (1950), master's (1951), and doctoral (1954) degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Holonyak was John Bardeen's first doctoral student there. In 1954, Holonyak went to Bell Telephone Laboratories, where he worked on silicon-based electronic devices. From 1955 to 1957 he served with the U.S. Army Signal Corps.

From 1957 to 1963 he was a scientist at the General Electric Company's Advanced Semiconductor Laboratory near Syracuse, New York. Here he invented, fabricated, and demonstrated the first visible light laser diode on October 9, 1962. He grew crystals of the alloy GaAs0.60P0.40; a GaAs laser diode that worked in the infrared had recently been demonstrated by his General Electric colleague Robert N. Hall. The GaAs0.60P0.40 laser diode worked at low temperatures, but the device still functioned as a light-emitting diode at room temperature. The demonstration of red light emission from the diode inspired the article "Light of Hope – or Terror" in Reader's Digest. GaAsP was the material used for the first generation of commercial LEDs that came to market a few years later.

University of Illinois
In 1963, Holonyak became a professor at the University of Illinois. In 1993, he was named the John Bardeen Endowed Chair Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He investigated methods for manufacturing quantum dot lasers. He and Dr. Milton Feng ran a transistor laser research center at the university funded by $6.5 million from the United States Department of Defense through DARPA. Holonyak retired in 2013.

Ten of his 60 former doctoral students have developed new uses for LED technology at Philips Lumileds Lighting Company in Silicon Valley.

Inventions

In addition to introducing the III-V alloy LED, Holonyak held 41 patents.  His other inventions include the red-light semiconductor laser, usually called the laser diode (used in CD and DVD players and cell phones) and the shorted emitter p-n-p-n switch (used in light dimmers and power tools).

In 2006, the American Institute of Physics decided on the five most important papers in each of its journals since it was founded 75 years ago. Two of these five papers, in the journal Applied Physics Letters, were co-authored by Holonyak. The first one, co-authored with S. F. Bevacqua in 1962, announced the creation of the first visible-light laser diode. The second, co-authored primarily with Milton Feng in 2005, announced the creation of a transistor laser that can operate at room temperatures.  Holonyak predicted that his LEDs would replace the incandescent light bulb of Thomas Edison in the February 1963 issue of Reader's Digest, and as LEDs improve in quality and efficiency they are gradually replacing incandescents as the bulb of choice.

Awards and honors
Holonyak was presented awards by George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush, Emperor Akihito of Japan, and Vladimir Putin. He also received the Global Energy International Prize, the National Medal of Technology, the Order of Lincoln Medallion, and the 2004 Lemelson–MIT Prize, also worth $500,000. Many colleagues expressed their belief that he deserved the Nobel Prize for his invention of the GaAsP laser and LED.  On this subject, Holonyak said, "It's ridiculous to think that somebody owes you something. We're lucky to be alive, when it comes down to it." In October 2014, Holonyak reversed his stance by stating "I find this one insulting" in reaction to news that the inventors of the blue LED were awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics, instead of his fellow LED researchers.

 1973: Elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to development of semiconductor controlled rectifiers, light emitting diodes and diode lasers
 1984: Elected to the National Academy of Sciences
 1989: IEEE Edison Medal for "an outstanding career in the field of electrical engineering with contributions to major advances in the field of semiconductor materials and devices".  Holonyak's former student, Russell Dupuis from the Georgia Institute of Technology, won this same award in 2007.
 1992: Charles Hard Townes Award of the Optical Society of America
 1993: NAS Award for the Industrial Application of Science
 1995: $500,000 Japan Prize for "outstanding contributions to research and practical applications of light emitting diodes and lasers"
 2001: Frederic Ives Medal of the Optical Society of America
 2003: IEEE Medal of Honor
 2005: Inducted as a Laureate of The Lincoln Academy of Illinois and awarded the Order of Lincoln (the State's highest honor) by the Governor of Illinois in the area of Science
 June 2006: Two of Holonyak's papers were chosen by the editors of Applied Physics Letters as among the five most important published since the journal's founding in 1962.
 November 9, 2007: Historical marker installed on the University of Illinois campus recognizing his development of the quantum-well laser. It is located on the Bardeen Engineering Quadrangle near where the old Electrical Engineering Research Laboratory used to stand.
 2008: Inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame (Announced February 14, 2008) (May 2–3, 2008 at Akron, Ohio)
 2015: Charles Stark Draper Prize for Engineering "for the invention, development, and commercialization of materials and processes for light-emitting diodes (LEDs)"
 September 2018: Village of Glen Carbon, Illinois, placed an honorary street sign on behalf of Holonyak, a former resident
 2021: Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering "for the creation and development of LED lighting, which forms the basis of all solid-state lighting technology". He shares the prize with his former students M. George Craford and Russell D. Dupuis, and Isamu Akasaki and Shuji Nakamura, inventors of the Blue LED.

Personal life
Holonyak and his wife, Katherine, were married for over 60 years. He died on September 18, 2022, in Urbana, Illinois, at the age of 93.

References

Further reading

External links

 Nick Holonyak Jr. on the Engineering and Technology History Wiki
 Nick Holonyak Jr. US National Medal of Technology, 2002.

1928 births
2022 deaths
20th-century American inventors
21st-century American inventors
American people of Rusyn descent
Draper Prize winners
Electrical engineering academics
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Grainger College of Engineering alumni
IEEE Edison Medal recipients
IEEE Medal of Honor recipients
Laser researchers
Lemelson–MIT Prize
Light-emitting diode pioneers
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Military personnel from Illinois
National Medal of Science laureates
National Medal of Technology recipients
Optical engineers
People from Zeigler, Illinois
Semiconductor physicists
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates

Nick Holonyak


Dominguito del Val (c. 1243 – c. 1250) was a legendary child of Medieval Spain, who was allegedly a choirboy ritually murdered by Jews in Zaragoza (Saragossa). Dominguito is the protagonist of the first blood libel in the history of Spain – stories that grew in prominence in the 12th and 13th centuries of the Middle Ages, and contributed to antisemitic incidents. According to the legend, Dominguito was ritually murdered by Jews of Zaragoza.

Saint Dominguito is no longer included on the official Roman Catholic liturgical calendar; however, there is still a chapel dedicated to him in the cathedral of Zaragoza.  There exists little historical evidence of Dominguito aside from the stories and legends built around him.

Dominguito's legend
The historical basis for Dominguito is unclear. No medieval references to the legend have been found; the first texts that recount the tale date from 1583, three hundred thirty-three years after the fact. The story appears to have been largely copied from the legend of Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln, collected by Fray Alonso de Espina. According to the accounts, Alfonso X of Castile wrote the original rendition of the story in 1250, saying: "We have heard it said that some very cruel Jews, in memory of the Passion of Our Lord on Good Friday, kidnapped a Christian boy and crucified him."

According to the legend, Dominguito was born on 1243 in Zaragoza and was admitted as a cathedral altar-boy and chorister at La Seo because of beautiful voice. He disappeared on 31 August 1250, when he was seven years old. Some months later, some boatmen discovered the decomposed corpse on the bank of Ebro river.

The story goes that one day on his way home the boy met a Jew by the name of Albayuceto, deceived him and brought him to a house in the Jewish quarter, where he was nailed to a cross and tortured until he died. In an effort to dispose of the body, they beheaded him, cut off the feet and buried the corpse on the banks of the Ebro River.

The child's bones were later interred in the cathedral, where in the chapel of Santo Dominguito del Val they are still revered as holy relics. Dominguito is still revered as a saint and celebrated in 31 August in the diocese of Zaragoza.

The story resembles others like the so-called "Holy Children" of La Guardia (inspired by a real inquisitorial process 1491).

The story has similarities with other tales circulating in medieval Europe alleging the murder of a child at hands of Jews. These were symptomatic of the growing anti-Semitism in the Middle Ages. During the Middle Ages it was very frequent that in the face of any misfortune -weather, droughts, etc.- the Jewish community was blamed. Often, these stories were used to rationalize imposing greater repressive measures against the Jews.

References

Sources
 Álvarez Chillida, Gonzalo (2002). The Antisemitism in Spain.  The image of the Jew (1812–2002).  Madrid: Marcial Pons.  p. 47. .
 Whitechapel, Simon.  Flesh Inferno: Atrocities of Torquemada and the Spanish Inquisition (Creation Books, 2003).

1250 deaths
13th-century births
People from Zaragoza
Blood libel
Roman Catholic child saints
Folk saints
Spanish Roman Catholic saints
Spanish children
Spanish victims of crime
Antisemitism in Spain
Folk Catholicism

Dominguito del Val


John Olav Egeland (born 2 November 1951) is a Norwegian journalist and editor.

He was born in Oslo as a son of writer Erik Egeland and grandson of John Oscar Egeland. He was a journalist in Orientering from 1973 to 1975, and was the chief editor of Universitas, student newspaper at the University of Oslo, from 1977 to 1978. In 1978 he was hired as a journalist in Dagbladet. In 1981 he received the Narvesen Prize for journalism. He still works in Dagbladet, and was political editor from 1995 to 2000 and chief editor from 2000 to 2003.

He grew up and resided in Bærum, and wrote a column for the local newspaper Budstikka until moving to Frogner in 2011.

References

1951 births
Living people
Norwegian newspaper editors
Dagbladet people
Writers from Bærum

John Olav Egeland


Lou Gui ( 190s–211), courtesy name Zibo, was an official and adviser serving under the warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.

Life
Lou Gui was from Nanyang Commandery (南陽郡), which is around present-day Nanyang, Henan. In his younger days, he was arrested and sentenced to death for providing shelter to fugitives, but he managed to break out of prison, disguise himself to fool the guards and successfully escape. In the early 190s, he gathered a group of followers and brought them along to join Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province. During his brief stay in Jing Province, he helped Liu Biao recruit many members of the scholar-gentry who had fled south to Jing Province to evade the chaos in central and northern China. Around the time, he encountered Wang Zhong, who had fled to Jing Province to avoid a famine in the Guanzhong region. When Lou Gui tried to recruit Wang Zhong to join Liu Biao, Wang Zhong attacked him, induced his followers to defect to his side, and brought them along to join the warlord Cao Cao.

Lou Gui later left Liu Biao and joined Cao Cao as well. Cao Cao treated him respectfully and commissioned him as an army general. However, Lou Gui never held command of any troops and instead served as a military adviser. In 208, when Cao Cao led his forces to attack Jing Province, the provincial governor Liu Cong (Liu Biao's son) surrendered and offered his fu (a tally symbolising authority) to Cao Cao. When Cao Cao's other advisers suspected that Liu Cong was pretending to surrender, Lou Gui argued that Liu Cong was sincere since he had given up his fu, and managed to convince Cao Cao to accept Liu Cong's surrender.

In 211, during the Battle of Tong Pass, Lou Gui advised Cao Cao to order his troops to mix water and sand and use the mixture to build defensive walls and structures. As the weather was freezing, the water-and-sand mixture froze overnight and became an instantly-built fortress for Cao Cao's forces.

Over the years, Lou Gui and his family managed to amass a huge fortune. Cao Cao once remarked, "Lou Zibo may be wealthier than me, but he doesn't have as much power as me." One day, while he was with Xi Shou (習授), Lou Gui saw Cao Cao and his son(s) out on a trip. Xi Shou remarked, "Both father and son(s) look really happy." Lou Gui remarked, "When you live in this world, you should strive to be self-reliant. Why should you keep looking at other people?" Xi Shou later secretly reported to Cao Cao what Lou Gui said. Cao Cao, thinking that Lou Gui was showing disrespect towards him, then ordered him to be executed.

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Lou Gui appears as a minor character in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. In the novel, he is a hermit from Jingzhao Commandery (京兆郡; around present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi) living in the Zhongnan Mountains. His nickname was "Mengmei Householder" (夢梅居士). He appears during the Battle of Tong Pass to assist Cao Cao. After Cao Cao wins the battle, he wants to thank Lou Gui by rewarding him, but Lou Gui declines and leaves.

See also
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

References

 Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
 Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi).
 Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).

Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Government officials under Cao Cao
Executed Han dynasty people
People executed by the Han dynasty
3rd-century executions

Lou Gui


Sharon McPherson (16 June 1965 – 24 August 2021) is a Scottish writer and book publisher. She writes works of non-fiction and fiction under the pseudonym Cambella McMahon.

Biography
She was born in Dundee, Scotland, where she attended Dundee College, gaining a diploma in Publication Production, Editing and Design. Later, she studied at the University of Dundee and graduated with a degree in English. She moved to Edinburgh in 2007, to research her first novel, a romantic satire (yet unpublished). She lived for a year in the city before moving back to her hometown in 2008.

Her own publishing company, Pumpkin Press, was founded in 2006, initially to market her own titles. The company now sells books and postcards about Dundee.

Her first book, A Skirt Around Dundee, A Walker's Guide to the City, was published in 2006. It is a guide set out in a series of walks around the city. Her second book, Dew on the Law, And Other Strange Stories About A Scottish City, (2008) is a collection of historical fiction about Dundee.
She illustrated her first two books with her own drawings and photographs.

Works

References

External links
Pumpkin Press

1965 births
Living people
Scottish short story writers
Scottish non-fiction writers
Scottish women writers
Alumni of the University of Dundee
British women short story writers
Writers from Dundee

Sharon McPherson


O.G. Style (not to be confused with DJ Alejandro R. "O.G. Style" Martinez from Delinquent Habits) was an American hip hop duo from Houston, Texas. It was formed in 1989 by rapper Eric "Original E" Woods and his cousin, producer J. 'Big Boss' Brown. In 1991 the duo released their debut album I Know How To Play 'Em on Rap-a-Lot Records and enjoyed some moderate success with their 1990 single "Catch 'Em Slippin".

After the duo broke up in 1992, Eric Woods kept the name O.G. Style as a solo artist.

Original E

Career
Eric Woods was born on July 5, 1970, in Texas. He began his career in 1986 as Prince Ezzy-E. He was a known local Houston celebrity due to his local college radio hits and his MC battles at area high school and block parties. In 1989, Woods changed his name to 'The Original E' (or just 'The E') after meeting and forming the O.G. Style duo with his cousin, DJ Boss.

However, after DJ Big Boss left the group, Woods continued to record as a solo artist under O.G. Style brand, and in 2001 he released the album I Still Know How To Play 'Em!!! on Zone Entertainment, which featured Big Boss on one track. In 2004, Woods dropped Return Of Da Game via Hard Edge Entertainment.

Death
Woods was working on O.G. Style fourth album when, on January 2, 2008, he was rushed to St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital with a severe brain aneurysm. He died on January 3, 2008, from a brain hemorrhage at age of 37. Woods is survived by his estranged wife Shelley, including one child from their union, his remaining seven children, his father, and his three siblings. His son Eric plans to complete the album that Woods' left unfinished.

DJ Big Boss
Big Boss parted ways with Eric Woods and left Rap-A-Lot Records to form another hip hop group called 4 Deep, which was consisted of rapper Chad 'Klass One' White, DJ Boss under his new alias as The Big Boss Man, and his brother Rodney 'Koo Rod' Brown. The trio released five full-length albums from 1993 to 1998. He also had some side projects such as Funky Products and Hyjnx during the years. Big Boss started his own record label called Power Move Music, and followed up with a solo album titled Respect Due in 2000.

Big Boss died of kidney failure in late 2006. In 2010, 4 Deep came back with their sixth and final studio album, Foreclosure!, released with posthumous audio production from Big Boss via Power Move Music.

Discography

O.G. Style as a duo
 1991: I Know How to Play 'Em

Eric Woods as O.G. Style
 2001: I Still Know How To Play Em
 2004: Return Of Da Game

References

1970 births
2008 deaths
Rappers from Houston
American rappers

O.G. Style


The resource fork is a fork or section of a file on Apple's classic Mac OS operating system, which was also carried over to the modern macOS for compatibility, used to store structured data along with the unstructured data stored within the data fork.

A resource fork stores information in a specific form, containing details such as icon bitmaps, the shapes of windows, definitions of menus and their contents, and application code (machine code). For example, a word processing file might store its text in the data fork, while storing any embedded images in the same file's resource fork. The resource fork is used mostly by executables, but every file is able to have a resource fork.

In a 1986 technical note, Apple strongly recommended that developers do not put general data into the resource fork of a file. According to Apple, there are parts of the system software that rely on resource forks having only valid Resource Manager information in them.

The Macintosh file system

Originally conceived and implemented by programmer Bruce Horn, the resource fork was used for three purposes with Macintosh file system:
 It was used to store all graphical data on disk until it was needed, then retrieved, drawn on the screen, and thrown away. This software variant of virtual memory helped Apple to reduce memory requirements from 1 MB in the Apple Lisa to 128 KB in Macintosh.
 Because all the pictures and text were stored separately in a resource fork, it could be used to allow a non-programmer to translate an application for a foreign market, a process called internationalization and localization.
 It could be used to distribute nearly all of the components of an application in a single file, reducing clutter and simplifying application installation and removal.

The resource fork is implemented in all of the file systems used for system drives on the Macintosh (MFS, HFS and HFS Plus). The presence of a resource fork makes it easy to store a variety of additional information, such as allowing the system to display the correct icon for a file and open it without the need for a file extension in the file name. While access to the data fork works like file access on any other operating system pick a file, pick a byte offset, read some data access to the resource fork works more like extracting structured records from a database. (Microsoft Windows also has a concept of "resources", but these are completely unrelated to resources in Mac OS.)

The resource fork is sometimes used to store the metadata of a file, although it can also be used for storing the actual data, as was the case with font files in the classic Mac operating systems. The Macintosh file systems also have a separate area for metadata distinct from either the data or resource fork. Being part of the catalogue entry for the file, it is much faster to access this. However, the amount of data stored here is minimal, being just the creation and modification timestamps, the file type and creator codes, fork lengths, and the file name. Some files have only a resource fork. Classic 68k applications are one example, where even the executable code is contained in resources of type 'CODE'. Later PowerPC binaries store the executable code in the data fork.

As resource forks are supported only on the file systems HFS, HFS Plus, and APFS, they cannot be used on operating systems which use other file systems. At present, HFS is supported only by the Macintosh operating system, which means that only machines running Mac OS can use resource forks. Even in a Mac OS system, resource forks cannot be used if the Unix File System has been installed. In the HFS Plus file system, settings can be made to allow other forks in addition to the data and resource forks, to create a "multi-fork" application. However, as forks can make it difficult to exchange files with other operating systems, this feature is not in common use. Even in macOS, resource forks are seldom used anymore.

Starting with Mac OS X Tiger, macOS supports resource forks on third-party and legacy filesystems such as Windows SMB shares and FAT32 volumes by creating a hidden file with the characters "._" added at the beginning of the file name, in the same directory as the data fork file.

As of August 7, 2002, Apple recommended that developers should not build resources into resource forks in Mach-O binaries on Mac OS X.

Resource identifiers
Each resource has an OSType identifier (a four byte value) and an ID (a signed 16-bit word), as well as an optional name. There are standardized resource types for dialog boxes ('DITL), images ('PICT'), sounds ('snd ') and even for executable binaries ('CODE') which, until the advent of the PowerPC processor, were without exception stored in the resource fork. Subroutines for rendering windows are stored in their own type of resources ('WDEF'), subroutines for rendering menus in theirs ('MDEF'), and if there is a type of data you think does not fit any of the standardized categories, you can just as well use a type of your own (e.g. 'John') actually any four characters or 32-bit value can serve as a resource type. This arrangement enabled users to easily customize not only individual applications but also the operating system itself, using tools such as ResEdit to modify the resources of an application file or any of the system files.

Within an application or other code, resources can be loaded simply using a combination of their type, ID or name, without regard to how and where they are stored in the resource fork. The client is returned a Handle to the loaded resource which can then be accessed like any other heap-based data. The OS component that facilitates this is the Resource Manager. In addition to abstracting the details of the data storage from the data itself, the Resource Manager also arranges sets of open resource forks into a stack, with the most recently opened file on top. When trying to load a resource, it will look in the top of the stack first, (perhaps the current document's resource fork), then the next one down (the application's resource fork), then the next one (system resource forks). This arrangement is very powerful it permits local resources to override more global ones lower down so an application can provide its own icons or fonts in place of the standard system ones, for example. It also allows an application to load resources from the system using the same API as any other resource, without regard to where or how that resource is stored to the application, all resources are equally available and easy to use. The system reserves resource IDs in a certain range to help avoid resource conflicts arising from this. Resource Manager APIs allow the programmer to manipulate the stack and modify the search behaviour.

Editing resource forks

As the resource fork can be edited with a resource editor such as ResEdit, it can be used to localize and customize software. In addition, most resource editors allow visual editing of data. In macOS, it is possible to use resources when developing an application. However, if the application may need to be used in UFS, it is also possible to configure it so that the entire resource fork is moved to the data fork, using the Raw Resource File setting. The integrated development environments distributed for free by Apple Inc., which include MPW and Apple Developer's Tools, include a compiler called Rez. This uses a dedicated language, also called Rez, which can be used to create a resource fork by compiling source code. A decompiler, DeRez, which can be used to change a resource fork back into Rez code is also included.

In the structure of the resource fork, there is a piece of data called a "resource map" which stores the positions of resource data items. This can be used to allow random access to resource data based on the defined IDs and names. The resource fork can be thought of as consisting of essentially two objects, the resource map and the resource data itself, but in fact each data type is a hierarchical structure which stores multiple items of data. The format in which the information in the resource data is stored is defined based on the types of information, which are known as "resource types." Resource data often makes references to other types of data.

In macOS, forks are named file/..namedfork/forkname, e.g., the resource fork of the file IMG_0593.jpg is IMG_0593.jpg/..namedfork/rsrc. The ls command supports a -l@ option which lists a file's forks.

How a resource fork is accessed
Resource forks appear as the extended attribute com.apple.ResourceFork.

Previously resource forks were accessed via the 'Resource Manager' API. This API is now deprecated.

Under the deprecated API:
 When a resource fork is accessed, data including the start position and length of the resource data and resource map is read in from the header.
 If a resource type to read in has been specified, a check is performed to make sure that type is present in the resource list, and the number of items of data containing that type and their offsets in the resource reference list from the start position of the resource map is found.
 The resource ID, the offset of the resource name, the resource properties, and the offset of the data from the start position of the resource data is found.
 If resource data with the specified ID or name is present in the resource data, the offset obtained above is accessed, the data length is found, and all the data stored there is read in, and returned as the return value.

File Manager APIs such as PBOpenRF() also allowed access to the raw resource fork; however, they should be used only for applications such as copying a file Apple strongly warns against using the resource fork as a "second data fork."

From the POSIX interface, the resource fork could be accessed as filename/..namedfork/rsrc or as filename/rsrc; the shorter form was deprecated in Mac OS X v10.4 and removed completely in Mac OS X v10.7.

Data types in a resource fork
The smallest elements making up a resource fork are called data types. There are several data types. After a resource fork is accessed, its contents can be found by reading it in as appropriate for the data types defined in advance. Placing definitions inside the program stating how data is to be treated makes it possible to store resources called TMPL resources as well. Using this method increases the visibility of the data when viewed with a program such as ResEdit, making later editing simpler. As the Macintosh platform originated with Motorola-based processors (68k and PPC), the data is serialized to disk in big-endian format.

The following is a list of the major data types, in alphabetical order.

Major resource types
The type codes below, like the above datatypes, are used as type identifiers for more than resource forks themselves: they are used to identify file themselves, to describe data in the clipboard, and much more.

Types must be 4 bytes long, so types like snd and STR actually have a space (0x20) at the end.

Major resource editors
 ResEdit Distributed free of charge by Apple. Can be used for visual editing of resource data. If the structure of data is known, it can display a range of different types of data in a visual format. Does not run on modern macOS.
 Resorcerer Expensive, but popular, as it can be used for visual editing of many more types of data than ResEdit.
 HexEdit A binary editor, which in fact is normally used more for editing the data fork rather than the resource fork.
 ResKnife Open-source editor for Mac OS X; no longer maintained.
 Rezycle A macOS tool that extracts resources from a resource fork into separate binary files while converting many types into formats suitable for modern development.
 resource_dasm An open-source resource extractor for macOS and Linux, also capable of converting many resources into modern formats.
 ResForge resource editor for macOS, capable of editing classic resource fork files and related formats. Compatible with macOS 10.14 or later. Runs natively on both 64-bit Intel and Apple Silicon.

Compatibility problems
The complexity of programming with resource forks has led to compatibility problems when accessing other file systems via file sharing protocols such as AFP, SMB, NFS and FTP, when storing to non-HFS volumes, or when transmitting files to other systems in other ways (such as via email). The AFP protocol natively supports Resource Forks, and so resource forks are typically transmitted to these volumes as-is, and stored by the server transparently to clients. The SMB protocol supports a file metadata system similar to Macintosh forks known as Alternate Data Streams (ADSes hereafter). macOS did not support storing resource forks in ADSes on SMB volumes by default until Mac OS X v10.6. In previous versions of the OS, including upgraded versions of 10.6, this feature can be enabled with a param change or by creating a special file.

Networked file sharing protocols such as NFSv3 and FTP do not have a concept of file metadata, and so there is no way to natively store resource forks. This is also true when writing to certain types of local file systems, including UFS, and on SMB volumes where Alternate Data Stream support is not enabled. In those cases, macOS stores metadata and resource forks using a technique called AppleDouble, in which the data fork is written as one file, and the resource fork and metadata are written as an entirely separate file preceded by a "._" naming convention. For example: ExampleFile.psd would contain the data fork, and ._ExampleFile.psd would contain the resource fork and metadata.

Compatibility problems can arise because macOS will handle storage of resource forks differently, depending on macOS version, settings, and file system type. For example, on an SMB network with a mixture of 10.5 and 10.6 clients. A freshly installed 10.6 client will look for and store resource forks on an SMB volume in ADSes, but the 10.5 client will (by default) ignore ADSes and use AppleDouble format to handle forks. If a fileserver supports both AFP and NFS, then clients using NFS will store files in AppleDouble format, whereas AFP users will stored the resource fork natively. In those cases, compatibility can sometimes be maintained by forcing clients to use, or not use, AppleDouble format.

Many fileservers providing AFP support do not natively support resource forks on their local file systems. In those cases the forks may be stored in special ways, such as specially named files, special directories, or even Alternate Data Streams.

Another challenge is preserving resource forks when transmitting files using non-resource fork-aware applications or with certain transfer methods, including email and FTP. A number of file formats, such as MacBinary and BinHex, have been created to handle this. Command-line system tools SplitForks and FixupResourceForks allow manual flattening and merging of resource forks. In addition, a file server seeking to present file systems to Macintosh clients must accommodate the resource fork as well as the data fork of files; UNIX servers providing AFP support usually implement this with hidden directories.

Older applications written with the Carbon API have a potential issue when being ported to the current Intel Macs. While the Resource Manager and operating system know how to deserialize data correctly for common resources like 'snd ' or 'moov', resources created using TMPL resources have to be byte swapped manually to ensure file interoperability between PPC and Intel-based versions of an application. (While the resource map and other implementation details are big-endian, the Resource Manager by itself doesn't have any knowledge of the contents of a generic resource, and so cannot perform the byte swapping automatically.)

Until the advent of Mac OS X v10.4, the standard UNIX command-line utilities in macOS (such as cp and mv) did not respect resource forks. To copy files with resource forks, one had to use ditto or CpMac and MvMac.

Other operating systems
The concept of a resource manager for graphics objects, to save memory, originated in the OOZE package on the Xerox Alto in Smalltalk-76. The concept is now largely universal in all modern operating systems. However, the concept of the resource fork remains peculiar to the Macintosh. Most operating systems used a binary file containing resources, which is then "tacked onto" the end of an existing program file. This solution is used on Microsoft Windows for instance, and similar solutions are used with the X Window System, although the resources are often left as a separate file.

The Windows NT NTFS can support forks (and so can be a file server for Mac files), the native feature providing that support is called an alternate data stream. Windows operating system features (such as the standard Summary tab in the Properties page for non-Office files) and Windows applications use them and Microsoft was developing a next-generation file system that has this sort of feature as basis.

Early versions of the BeOS implemented a database within the file system, which could be used in a manner analogous to a resource fork. Performance issues led to a change in later releases to a system of complex file system attributes. Under this system resources were handled in a fashion somewhat more analogous to the Mac.

AmigaOS does not use forked files. Its executable files are internally divided into a modular structure of large pieces (hunk) capable of storing code, data, and additional information. Similarly, data and project files have a chunk structure codified in the IFF standard. Other file types are stored similarly to other operating systems. Though not strictly a resource fork, AmigaOS stores meta data in files known as .info files. .info files can be identified by the .info extension; for example, if you save a project to a disk, two files will be saved, MyProject and MyProject.info. MyProject would be the actual project data and MyProject.info would contain the project icon, information regarding which program is needed to open the project (since there is no application binding in AmigaOS), special project options and any user comments. .info files are invisible on the Amiga's desktop (Workbench). The icon on the desktop, taken from the .info itself, is the interface metaphor through which the user interacts both with the project itself and its associated .info file. A dialog box accessible by right-clicking the icon allows the user to see and modify the metadata present in the .info file. .info files can be seen as individual files in the command-line interface or a File manager. Modern AmigaOS clones (AROS, MorphOS and AOS4) inherit the structure (complete with metadata) of the .info files of older AmigaOS versions, and can also accept standard PNG graphic files as icon bitmaps in their .info files.

NeXT operating systems NeXTSTEP and OPENSTEP, their successor, macOS, and other systems like RISC OS implemented another solution. Under these systems the resources are left in an original format, for instance, pictures are included as complete TIFF files instead of being encoded into some sort of container. These resources are then placed in a directory along with the executable code and "raw data". The directory (called a "bundle" or "application directory") is then presented to the user as the application itself. This solution provides all of the same functionality as the resource fork, but allows the resources to be easily manipulated by any application a "resource editor" (like ResEdit) is not needed. From the command-line interface, the bundle appears to be a normal directory. This approach was not an option on the classic Mac OS, since the file system (MFS) did not support separate catalog directories. When catalog file support was included in Mac OS, with the HFS filesystem, the resource fork was retained. macOS does retain the classic Resource Manager API as part of its Carbon libraries for backward compatibility. However, the resources themselves can now be stored in separate data files within the file system the Resource Manager now hides this implementation change from the client code.

See also
 Fork (file system)

References

External links
 Description of the Resource File Format
 Apple Developer Resource Library: Resource Manager Reference
 Apple Developer Resource Library: Resource Management, Bundles
 The Grand Unified Model History of the resource fork, from folklore.org
 Rezycle Resource extraction tool
 Mac OS X Services A Mac OS X Service to delete the resource fork of a file through context menu
 What's up with Mac OS X Resource forks, Extended Attributes, NTFS Streams and Dot-Underscore files?
 When I save a file using SMB protocol, what information is saved in the "dot-underscore" (._) files? How is this information stored on an NTFS file system?

Macintosh operating systems
Apple Inc. file systems

Resource fork


Schuxen (also Schuchsen or Schuxn) is an elongate fried dough pastry made from rye flour and yeast that is popular in Upper Bavaria. It is similar to Krapfen with the difference that it is not sweet.

The name possibly derives from its elongated oval shape that resembles a shoe sole (the German word is "Schuh") but this theory is questionable, as the local dialect deforms diphthongs in another way.

This name for the pastry appears in the books of Johann Andreas Schmeller, a Bavarian linguist.

In poor times the pastry served as a side dish for sauerkraut and blood or liver sausage.

In the area around Landshut, Schuxen are eaten from 24 April until Kermesse, the third Sunday in October. In the foothills of the Alps and in the Chiemgau they are eaten on Twelfth Day.

Nowadays they are rare, and few bakers produce them.

Like most fried dough dishes, they are high in caloric value.

See also
 List of fried dough foods

References
 German article

Bavarian cuisine
German pastries
Rye-based dishes

Schuxen


Hanns Heinz Ewers (3 November 1871 – 12 June 1943) was a German actor, poet, philosopher, and writer of short stories and novels. While he wrote on a wide range of subjects, he is now known mainly for his works of horror, particularly his trilogy of novels about the adventures of Frank Braun, a character modeled on himself. The best known of these is Alraune (1911).

Career

Early works
Born in Düsseldorf, Ewers started to write poetry when he was 17 years old. His first noticed poem was an obituary tribute to the German Emperor Frederick III.

Ewers earned his Abitur in March 1891. He then volunteered for the military and joined the Kaiser-Alexander-Gardegrenadier-Regiment No. 1, but was dismissed 44 days later because of myopia.

Ewers's literary career began with a volume of satiric verse, entitled A Book of Fables, published in 1901. That same year, he collaborated with Ernst von Wolzogen in forming a literary vaudeville theatre before forming his own such company, which toured Central and Eastern Europe before the operating expenses and constant interference from censors caused him to abandon the enterprise. A world traveler, Ewers was in South America at the beginning of World War I, and relocated to New York City, where he continued to write and publish.

Ewers' reputation as a successful German author and performer made him a natural speaker for the Imperial German cause to keep the United States from joining the war as an ally of Britain. Ewers toured cities with large ethnic German communities and raised funds for the German Red Cross.

During this period, he was involved with the "Stegler Affair". American shipping companies sympathetic to the fight against Imperial Germany reportedly aided the British in identifying German-descended passengers traveling to Germany to volunteer for the Kaiser's army. Many were arrested and interned in prison camps by the British Navy; eventually, German volunteers often required false passports to reach Europe unmolested. Ewers was implicated as a German agent by one of these ethnic Germans, Richard Stegler.

After the United States joined the war, he was arrested in 1918 as an "active propagandist," as the US government, as well as British and French intelligence agencies, asserted that Ewers was a German agent. They evidenced his travels to Spain during 1915 and 1916, both with an alias using a falsified Swiss passport. Later, a travel report in the archives of the German Foreign Office was discovered indicating that he may have been traveling to Mexico, perhaps to encourage Pancho Villa to hamper the U.S. military by an attack on the United States.

Ewers is associated with the pro-German George Sylvester Viereck, son of the German immigrant and reported illegitimate Hohenzollern offspring Louis Sylvester Viereck (a Social Democrat famous for sharing a prison cell with August Bebel), who was a member of the same Berlin student corps (fraternity) as Ewers.

Ewers' activities as an "Enemy Alien" in New York were documented by J. Christoph Amberger in the German historical journal Einst & Jetzt (1991). Amberger indicates arrival records which demonstrate that Ewers entered the United States in the company of a "Grethe Ewers," who is identified as his wife. Enemy Alien Office records refer to a recent divorce. The identity of this otherwise undocumented wife has never been established and is missing from most biographies.

As a German national he was sent to the internment camp at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. Ewers was never tried as a German agent in the United States. In 1921, he was released from the internment camp and returned to his native Germany.

Frank Braun  trilogy
Ewers's first novel, Der Zauberlehrling (The Sorcerer's Apprentice), was published in 1910, with an English translation published in America in 1927. It introduces the character of Frank Braun, who, like Ewers, is a writer, historian, philosopher, and world traveler with a decidedly Nietzschean morality. The story concerns Braun's attempts to influence a small cult of Evangelical Christians in a small Italian mountain village for his own financial gain, and the horrific results which ensue.

This was followed in 1911 by Alraune, a reworking of the Frankenstein myth, in which Braun collaborates in creating a female homunculus or android by impregnating a prostitute with the semen from an executed murderer. The result is a young woman without morals, who commits numerous monstrous acts. Alraune was influenced by the ideas of the eugenics movement, especially the book Degeneration by Max Nordau. Alraune has been generally well received by historians of the horror genre; Mary Ellen Snodgrass describes Alraune as "Ewers' decadent masterwork", Brian Stableford argues Alraune "deserves recognition as the most extreme of all "femme fatale" stories" and E.F. Bleiler states the scenes in Alraune set in the Berlin underworld as among the best parts of the novel. The novel was filmed several times, most recently in a German version with Erich von Stroheim in 1952.

Bleiler notes "Both Alraune and The Sorcerer's Apprentice are remarkable for the emotion the author can arouse" and that Ewers' writing is, at its best, "very effective". However, Bleiler also argues Ewers' work is marred by "annoying pretentiousness, vulgarity, and a very obtrusive and unpleasant author's personality".

The third novel of the sequence, Vampyr, written in 1921, concerns Braun's own eventual transformation into a vampire, drinking the blood of his Jewish mistress.

Later works
Another novel, Der Geisterseher (The Ghost-Seer), Ewers' completion of the Friedrich Schiller novel, was published in 1922; Ewers' version was received badly.

Ewers also wrote the novel Reiter in deutscher Nacht (Riders in the German Night) published in 1932.

Ewers wrote numerous short stories, those in Nachtmahr ("Nightmare") largely concern "pornography, blood sport, torture
and execution". Stories translated into English include the often anthologised "The Spider" (1915), a tale of black magic based on the story "The Invisible Eye" by Erckmann-Chatrian; "Blood", about knife fights to the death; and "The Execution of Damiens", a story about the execution of the 18th-century French criminal Robert-François Damiens that achieved some notoriety for its violence.

Ewers also published several plays, poems, fairy tales, opera librettos, and critical essays. These included Die Ameisen, translated into English as The Ant People, Indien und ich, a travelogue of his time in India, and a 1916 critical essay on Edgar Allan Poe, to whom he has often been compared. Indeed, Ewers is still considered by some as a major author in the evolution of the horror literary genre, cited as an influence by American horror writers such as H. P. Lovecraft and
Guy Endore. Students of the occult are also attracted to his works, due to his longtime friendship and correspondence with Aleister Crowley. Ewers also translated several French writers into German, including Villiers de l'Isle-Adam.

Ewers also edited the eight-volume Galerie der Phantasten anthologies of horror and fantasy literature,
featuring work by Poe, E. T. A. Hoffmann, Oskar Panizza, Honoré de Balzac, Alfred Kubin, Ewers'
friend Karl Hans Strobl, Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer and Ewers himself.

During the time Ewers was writing his major horror stories, he was also giving lectures (between 1910 and 1925) on the topic Die Religion des Satan (The Religion of Satan), inspired by Stanisław Przybyszewski's 1897 German book Die Synagoge des Satan (The Synagogue of Satan).

He died on June 12, 1943, in his Berlin apartment. His ashes were buried on October 15 of the same year in the Düsseldorf North Cemetery (Nordfriedhof, Field Nr. 78, 55235-WE).

Movie work
Ewers was one of the first critics to recognize cinema as a legitimate art form, and wrote the scripts for numerous early examples of the medium, most notably The Student of Prague (1913), a reworking of the Faust legend which also included the first portrayal of a double role by an actor on the screen.

Nazi martyr Horst Wessel, then a member of the same corps (student fraternity) of which Ewers had been a member, acts as an extra in a 1926 version of the movie, also written by Ewers. Ewers was later commissioned by Adolf Hitler to write a biography of Wessel (Einer von vielen), which also was made into a movie.

Nazi involvement
During the last years of the Weimar Republic, Ewers became involved with the burgeoning Nazi Party, attracted by its nationalism, its Nietzschean moral philosophy, and its cult of Teutonic culture, and joined the NSDAP in 1931. He did not agree with the party's anti-Semitism (his character Frank Braun has a Jewish mistress, Lotte Levi, who is also a patriotic German) and this and his homosexual tendencies soon ended his welcome with party leaders. In 1934 most of his works were banned in Germany, and his assets and property seized. Alfred Rosenberg was his main adversary in the party, but after submitting many petitions Ewers eventually secured the rescission of the ban. His last book Die schönsten Hände der Welt ("The most beautiful hands in the world") was published by the Zinnen Verlag (Munich, Vienna, Leipzig) in 1943. Ewers died from tuberculosis in the same year.

Despite his great influence on 20th century fantasy and horror literature, Ewers remains out of favor in bourgeois literary circles (especially in the English-speaking world and Germany) because of his association with the Nazis. As a result, post-World War II editions of his works are often difficult to find, and earlier editions can command a premium price from collectors.

Twenty-first-century translations
In March 2009, Side Real Press issued an English language collection of short stories including some newly translated material. This was followed by a new uncensored translation of Alraune translated by Joe Bandel which sold out after one year. The Alraune Centennial Edition by Bandel Books Online was released in March 2011. The centennial edition translated by Joe Bandel contains an essay by Dr. Wilfried Kugel, noted Ewers biographer.

"Sorcerer's Apprentice", The First Volume in the Frank Braun trilogy was translated by Joe Bandel and published by Bandel Books Online in September 2012. This is the first uncensored English translation of "The Sorcerer's Apprentice". It includes an Introduction by Dr. Wilfried Kugel; the poems, "Prometheus" by Goethe, and "Hymn to Satan" by Carducci; "The Satanism of Hanns Heinz Ewers", "Duality-The Male", "Duality-The Female", and "Duality-Sexual Alchemy" by Joe Bandel and the complete text of "Synagogue of Satan" by Stanisław Przybyszewski also translated by Joe Bandel.

In 2016 Ajna Offensive published Markus Wolff's English translation of Ewers' 1922 novel Die Herzen der Könige (The Hearts of Kings).

In popular culture
Ewers appears in Kim Newman's novel The Bloody Red Baron, as a predatory vampire who travels briefly with Edgar Allan Poe.

Filmography
 1913: Der Student by Prag
 1913: :de:Der Verführte
 1913: :de:Die Augen des Ole Brandis
 1913: :de:Die Eisbraut
 1913: Die ideale Gattin
 1913: :de:Ein Sommernachtstraum in unserer Zeit
 1914: Evinrude
 1914: :de:Die Launen einer Weltdame
 1918: Alraune by :de:Mihály Kertész und Ödön Fritz
 1918: :de:Alraune, die Henkerstochter, genannt die rote Hanne by :de:Eugen Illés
 1919: :de:Alraune und der Golem by :de:Nils Chrisander
 1926: Der Student by Prag (Remake)
 1928: Alraune by :de:Henrik Galeen, with :de:Brigitte Helm
 1930: :de:Fundvogel
 1930: Alraune by :de:Richard Oswald, with Brigitte Helm
 1952: Alraune by :de:Arthur Maria Rabenalt, with :de:Hildegard Knef

Notes

External links

Hanns Heinz Ewers listing librarything.com
Alraune Blog
Vampire Blog
Hanns Heinz Ewers Blog
Hanns Heinz Ewers .com

Supernatural Fiction Database
Die toten Augen an opera with:
music by Eugen d'Albert
poetry by Ewers
Vocal Score from Sibley Music Library Digital Scores Collection
"The Spider" Comic

1871 births
1943 deaths
20th-century German novelists
20th-century German short story writers
German gay writers
German erotica writers
German fantasy writers
German horror writers
German male novelists
German male poets
German male short story writers
German short story writers
German male stage actors
German National People's Party politicians
German nationalists
German poets
LGBT people in the Nazi Party
German LGBT poets
Writers from Düsseldorf
Writers from the Rhine Province
Actors from the Rhine Province
20th-century German male writers
Tuberculosis deaths in Nazi Germany
19th-century German military personnel

Hanns Heinz Ewers


Anna van der Breggen (born 18 April 1990) is a Dutch former professional road bicycle racer, who rode professionally between 2009 and 2021 for Team Flexpoint, ,  and . She won the gold medal in the women's road race at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, and has won the Giro d'Italia Femminile on four occasions. In 2018 and 2020, she won the women's road race at the UCI Road World Championships.

Considered one of the most versatile riders of her generation, Van der Breggen excelled in both the one-day classics and stage races, particularly when run on a hilly terrain. Apart from the Olympic road race title and three Giro Rosa titles, other notable wins include La Flèche Wallonne on seven consecutive occasions, Liège–Bastogne–Liège two times, the Tour of Flanders, Amstel Gold Race, Strade Bianche, Omloop Het Nieuwsblad and the European Road Race Championships. In addition, she has won the general classification and numerous stages in smaller stage races.

In 2017, she won all three Ardennes classics races in one week, which earned her the nickname Queen of the Ardennes. She went on to secure her second Giro d'Italia win the following summer. In April 2019, she won the La Flèche Wallonne Féminine, her fifth-consecutive win in the race. In 2020, she won both the Individual Time Trial as well as the Road Race at the UCI World Championships.

Following her retirement at the end of the 2021 season, Van der Breggen now works as a directeur sportif for her final professional team, UCI Women's WorldTeam .

Career

Early life and amateur career
Anna van der Breggen was born in Zwolle into a cycling family. She has three brothers and a sister who all practiced cycling at some point. She started bike-racing at the age of seven with the local club WV Noordwesthoek and became more serious about it in the juniors category. In 2007, aged 17, she was fifth in the juniors world championship road race in Aguascalientes but had a difficult transition to the elite category. She considered quitting the sport after she suffered in the back of the peloton during the Grote Prijs Gerrie Knetemann.

2012–2013: Turning professional
Van der Breggen turned professional in 2012 with the . In April, she took a ninth-placed finish at the Tour of Flanders, and in July, she won the Tour de Bretagne Féminin. She won three of the four stages and secured the overall classification with a lead of almost three minutes over Sofie De Vuyst. She also won the time trial at the Tour Féminin en Limousin as well as the gold medal in the women's under-23 time-trialling event at the European championships. As a result, she was selected for the 2012 World Championships. Whilst playing a domestique role for her team leader, Marianne Vos, she managed to finish fifth herself in the road race.

In 2013 she devoted herself to finishing her studies and rode a low-key season, with the highlight of the year a fourth place at the Trofeo Alfredo Binda. After she obtained her nursing degree, she became a full-time professional cyclist and finished 18th in the Giro Rosa in the summer. She was selected to compete in the World Championships in Florence where she finished fourth in the road race. In preparation for the 2014 season, she announced she would be joining the  team.

2014: Stage race success

Van der Breggen's first season on the Rabo team proved highly fruitful. She opened the year with top-10 finishes in the Ronde van Drenthe, Trofeo Alfredo Binda, and the Tour of Flanders, and started showing her stage racing potential throughout the season. She claimed notable wins in the overall classification of both the Ladies Tour of Norway and Grand Prix Elsy Jacobs in Luxembourg; as well as a runner-up spot in the Belgium Tour and third places in the Emakumeen Euskal Bira and the Giro Rosa, in a podium made up entirely of  riders.

Her season came to an abrupt end when she broke her pelvis at the UCI Road World Championships in Ponferrada, Spain. Her teammate Annemiek van Vleuten crashed just before the finish of the Women's Team Time Trial after clipping the roadside barriers and brought down Van der Breggen and two other riders. Van der Breggen broke her ilium and was transported to hospital.

2015: First Giro Rosa win

She recovered from her pelvic fracture in the winter of 2015 and won her first major classic, the Omloop Het Nieuwsblad, in late February. Van der Breggen had broken away from a lead group together with Ellen van Dijk on the Molenberg, at  from the finish. She beat her fellow Dutch in the sprint. The following week, she was second in Le Samyn des Dames. In April she won La Flèche Wallonne with an attack at the foot of the Mur de Huy, and recorded several podium positions in one-day races. She highlighted her stage race potential again by taking the overall classification at the Grand Prix Elsy Jacobs, which she led from the prologue to the end of the race.

In June, she won the bronze medal in the women's road race at the inaugural European Games in Baku. She was part of a four-woman breakaway together with Ellen van Dijk, Katarzyna Niewiadoma and Alena Amialiusik, when an acceleration by Van der Breggen caused her teammate van Dijk to be dropped, for the race to be decided in a three-up sprint. Van der Breggen led out the sprint from afar but was passed by both Amialiusik and Niewiadoma.

Van der Breggen claimed her greatest career victory to that point in July when she won the general classification at the Giro d'Italia Femminile, the most important stage race on the women's calendar and the only Grand Tour for women. She finished fourth in the prologue and second in stage 2, after which she remained in the top-three until the Alpine stages. Van der Breggen was in third position overall behind maglia rosa wearer Megan Guarnier, when she moved into the race lead on the penultimate day after winning the individual time trial to Nebbiuno. She won the time trial more than one minute ahead of Guarnier and secured her overall win with a second place in the final stage. Later she won the second edition of La Course by Le Tour de France on the Champs-Élysées; and she won the final stage of the Belgium Tour in Geraardsbergen.

At the World Championships in September in Richmond, she claimed the silver medals in both the individual time trial and the road race. She finished at two seconds from Linda Villumsen in the time trial, and was narrowly beaten by Lizzie Armitstead in the road race after she started the sprint from afar. She ended the year as second in the UCI Road World Cup, behind Armitstead, and was awarded the Gerrit Schulte Trophy for best female Dutch cyclist of the year.

2016: Olympic and European champion
Van der Breggen opened the 2016 season with 5th place at the Strade Bianche, 4th at the Ronde van Drenthe and 6th at the Trofeo Alfredo Binda in March; but failed to claim a victory until she successfully defended her title at La Flèche Wallonne. She counterattacked a move by Katarzyna Niewiadoma on the Côte de Cherave, at  from the finish, and was followed by only four others over the top. She broke clear again with Evelyn Stevens at  from the finish and powered away from Stevens on the finishing Mur de Huy to claim her second victory in succession.

In July, she finished third overall in the Giro Rosa. She was third in the prologue, but lost time in the mountain stages in the Dolomites. She climbed back to third place after finishing second in stage 7's individual time trial and held on to her podium place until the finish.
During the Giro she announced she would leave  to join  for the 2017 season onwards.

On 7 August 2016, Van der Breggen won the gold medal in the women's road race at the Rio Olympics. On the final climb, the  long Vista Chinesa, five riders had remained in the front: Van der Breggen and her teammate Annemiek van Vleuten, American Mara Abbott, Italian Elisa Longo Borghini and Sweden's Emma Johansson. Van Vleuten jumped away shortly before the top and only Abbott managed to join. In the sinuous descent that followed, van Vleuten distanced Abbott and looked on her way to win the race, when she crashed into a concrete banking with  to go and needed to be transported to hospital. Suddenly Abbott seemed on her way to Olympic glory but she was caught back by the three upcoming riders at  from the finish. Van der Breggen beat Johansson and Longo Borghini in the three-up sprint on Copacabana Beach to become Olympic road race champion. Three days later she won the bronze medal in the individual time trial, 11 seconds behind winner Kristin Armstrong. Following her Olympic success, she was knighted in the Order of Orange-Nassau.

In mid-September, she took part in the European Road Championships. She finished second in the time trial behind Ellen van Dijk. In the road race she followed an acceleration of Niewiadoma on the final climb, together with Longo Borghini, Alena Amialiusik and Rasa Leleivytė. Van der Breggen launched the five-woman sprint from afar and became the first ever professional European road race champion. At the World Championships in October, she was a disappointing 13th in the time trial and 87th in the road race, telling reporters she "didn't have the legs anymore after a long season".

2017: Ardennes Triple and second Giro win

After placing 15th in both the Ronde van Drenthe and the Tour of Flanders, and finishing second overall in the Healthy Ageing Tour in early 2017, Van der Breggen became the first woman to win all three of the Ardennes classics in a single year. She won the rebooted Amstel Gold Race with an attack at  from the finish. Three days later, she secured her third straight Flèche Wallonne win after powering away on the Mur de Huy, before emerging triumphant at the first ever Liège–Bastogne–Liège the following Sunday. Her dominance in the climbers races earned her the nickname Queen of the Ardennes. Three weeks later she won the Tour of California, after she surpassed Katie Hall during the last stage thanks to bonus seconds won at an intermediate sprint.

In the summer, she won the Giro Rosa for the second time. Her  team had won the opening Team time trial, and Van der Breggen moved into the race lead after placing second in stage 2. She won the final general classification with more than a minute over Elisa Longo Borghini and Annemiek van Vleuten. After Tom Dumoulin's win in the men's Giro d'Italia held in May, it was the first time a Grand Tour was won by both a Dutch man and woman in the same year.

Later, Van der Breggen won a stage and was second overall in the Holland Ladies Tour, which secured her lead in the final standing of the UCI Women's World Tour ahead of van Vleuten. At the Road World Championships in Norway her  team finished second to  in the team time trial event. She also placed second in the individual time trial behind van Vleuten, and eighth in the road race.

2018: Queen of the Classics and first rainbow jersey

As world number one, she kicked off the 2018 season at the Strade Bianche. She won the race, in abysmal weather, after an attack on the penultimate gravel sector of Colle Pinzuto at  from the finish. Three weeks later she won the Tour of Flanders after a  solo breakaway. Van der Breggen made her decisive move on the Kruisberg and increased her lead over the Oude Kwaremont and Paterberg to claim her first Tour of Flanders win.

The following week she won the opening time trial and finished fourth overall in the Healthy Ageing Tour, before attempting to defend her titles in the Ardennes classics. She finished 38th in the Amstel Gold Race after an early crash, but won her fourth consecutive Flèche Wallonne three days later, on her 28th birthday. She concluded the Ardennes week with her second win in Liège–Bastogne–Liège, after she powered away from Amanda Spratt on the uphill drag to the finish line.

Following the spring classics, Van der Breggen was unable to mount a defence of her title at the Tour of California and rode at the Emakumeen Euskal Bira instead: the two races clashed on the calendar, Boels–Dolmans did not have enough riders or staff to send squads to both, and chose to enter the European race. Van der Breggen also elected not to defend her Giro Rosa title in 2018, choosing instead to focus on preparing for a bid to win her first title at the Road World Championships. She did compete in La Course in July, held on a mountainous parcours: Van der Breggen attacked in the final kilometre of a climb up the Col de la Colombière and led over the top, being pursued on the 14 km descent by Van Vleuten. However, Van der Breggen ran out of steam on the rise to the finish line in Le Grand-Bornand, and was overhauled by Van Vleuten in the last 100 metres of the race. The following month she raced at the European Road Championships, where she was narrowly defeated in the time trial by countrywoman Ellen van Dijk, securing a one-two for the Netherlands.

At the Worlds in Innsbruck in September, she started her campaign by taking a silver alongside her Boels–Dolmans team-mates in the women's team time trial. She took a second silver in the individual time trial, where she was denied the rainbow jersey by her compatriot Van Vleuten and formed part of a Dutch clean sweep of the podium places ahead of the third placed Van Dijk. She finally won her first Worlds gold in the road race, bridging over from a chase group to a group of five at the head of the race on the penultimate climb, before launching a solo attack with 39 km to go and crossing the finishing line alone with a lead of over three and a half minutes over runner-up Amanda Spratt.

2019: Success on- and off-road
Van der Breggen started her 2019 season relatively quietly, making her first two road appearances in the spring at Omloop Het Nieuwsblad and Strade Bianche: in the latter race she worked as a domestique for team-mate Annika Langvad, who finished in second. Having made some appearances in mountain bike racing the previous year, in March she entered the Cape Epic mountain bike stage race alongside Langvad: the duo won the race by over half an hour. She subsequently announced that she would not defend her Tour of Flanders title so she could recover from her exertions at the Cape Epic, focusing instead on the Health Ageing Tour and the Ardennes Classics later in April. She went on to win her fifth consecutive Flèche Wallonne attacking with 200 m to the finish line on the Mur de Huy to match Marianne Vos' record for wins at the race and securing her first road win since the 2018 Worlds. In May she won the overall at the Tour of California, as well as taking the opening stage after attacking on the final climb of the day to cross the finishing line alone.

Later in the year, Van der Breggen won the GP de Plouay – Bretagne with a solo attack  from the finishing line. At the Road World Championships in Yorkshire, she took two silver medals: in the individual time trial she finished behind champion Chloé Dygert and ahead of Van Vleuten, whilst in the road race she acted as a marker in a chase group attempting to reel in her team-mate Van Vleuten, who made an ultimately successful long-range solo attack with  to go. Van der Breggen attacked fellow chaser Amanda Spratt in the closing kilometres of the course to secure the silver.

2020: Third Giro win and Worlds double
In 2020, Van der Breggen enjoyed some early season success at the Setmana Ciclista Valenciana in February: she won the race's second stage with a solo attack on the final climb, the -long Alto de Tudons, taking the overall race lead in the process, which she held on the remaining two stages of the race. In May she announced that she would retire from competition at the end of 2021 after the postponed 2020 Summer Olympics, which were scheduled to be held in the summer of 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Upon the resumption of racing in July, she finished third in the Emakumeen Nafarroako Klasikoa and second in Durango-Durango Emakumeen Saria before placing fourth at Strade Bianche. In August she won the Dutch National Road Race Championships for the first time in her career: before the halfway point of the race she and Anouska Koster bridged across to Van der Breggen's team-mate Jip van den Bos, who had earlier broken away from the peloton. Van der Breggen eventually dropped the other two riders at the front, whilst they were being chased by another three rider group of Van Vleuten, Vos and Amy Pieters, which similarly disintegrated when Van Vleuten dropped the other two riders. Van der Breggen crossed the finish line over a minute ahead of Van Vlueten in second. Shortly afterwards she took the gold medal in the individual time trial at the European Road Championships in Plouay, finishing 30 seconds ahead of Van Dijk.

The following month Van der Breggen won the Giro Rosa, becoming the fourth woman to win three editions of the race. She went into the lead on the penultimate eighth stage, where she was pipped to the stage win by Elisa Longo Borghini after the pair went clear of the rest of the leading group on the final climb, taking the pink jersey from Katarzyna Niewiadoma, who in turn had inherited it after previous leader Van Vleuten crashed out of the race on the previous day. Later that month, at the UCI Road World Championships in Imola, Van der Breggen was crowned world time trial champion for the first time, having previously taken four silver medals in the event: she finished ahead of Marlen Reusser and Van Dijk after reigning champion Dygert crashed out of the race. She went on to win a second road race world title, following and overhauling an acceleration by Van Vleuten with an attack over the top of the penultimate climb of the Cima Gallisterna with  to the finish, and taking victory with a margin of 1 minute 40 seconds over silver and bronze medallists Van Vleuten and Longo Borghini. In doing so she became only the second rider in history to win world titles in the time trial and the road race in the same year, after Jeannie Longo in 1995. Shortly after the Worlds, Van der Breggen set a new record for wins at Flèche Wallonne when she won the race for a sixth time, moving one clear of Vos, outclimbing Cecilie Uttrup Ludwig and Demi Vollering up the final ascent of the Mur de Huy to clinch victory.

2021: Fourth Giro win, retirement
In 2021, Van der Breggen won her fourth Giro Donne, as well as other races including La Flèche Wallonne Féminine (for a record seventh time), the Vuelta a Burgos Feminas, and Omloop Het Nieuwsblad. She also won the Dutch National Time Trial Championships for the second time. At the Tokyo 2020 Olympics, she won a bronze medal in the time trial competition, before retiring from professional competition.

Directeur sportif role
Following her retirement, Van der Breggen now works as a directeur sportif for her final professional team, UCI Women's WorldTeam SD Worx.

Personal life
Van der Breggen lives in Hasselt, in the northeast of the Netherlands, with her husband Sierk Jan de Haan, who is a coach for UCI WorldTeam . She comes from a religious family and is a member of the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated). She is a trained nurse, having graduated from nursing school in 2012. Apart from cycling, she plays the piano and enjoys painting and knitting.

Major results
Source:

2007
 5th Road race, UCI Juniors World Championships
2008
 6th Road race, UEC European Junior Road Championships
 10th Parel van de Veluwe
2009
 2nd Ronde van Noordhorn
 4th Profronde van Surhuisterveen
 6th Ronde van De Westereen
 8th Profronde van Stiphout
 9th Ronde van Heerenveen
2010
 1st Ronde van Noordeloos
 1st Ronde van Oudewater
 2nd Ronde van Waddinxveen
 5th Gouden Pijl
 6th Omloop van Strijen
 9th Profronde van Surhuisterveen
2011
 2nd Ronde van Noordeloos
 5th Berkelse Wielerdag
 6th Profronde van Stiphout
 8th Profronde van Surhuisterveen
2012
 1st  Time trial, UEC European Under-23 Road Championships
 1st  Overall Tour de Bretagne Féminin
1st  Points classification
1st  Young rider classification
1st Stages 1, 2 (ITT) & 4
 1st Duo Normand
 1st Ronde van Noordeloos
 2nd Overall Trophée d'Or Féminin
1st Stage 2 (TTT)
 2nd Omloop van de IJsseldelta
 2nd Wenduine
 3rd Ronde van Noordhorn
 4th GP de Plouay – Bretagne
 4th Belsele (Sint-Niklaas)
 4th Profronde van Surhuisterveen
 5th Road race, UCI Road World Championships
 5th Time trial, National Road Championships
 5th Overall Ster Zeeuwsche Eilanden
 5th Overall Tour Féminin en Limousin
1st  Young rider classification
1st Stage 2 (ITT)
 6th GP Comune di Cornaredo
 6th Ronde van Luyksgestel
 7th Overall Holland Ladies Tour
 9th Tour of Flanders
2013
 1st Omloop van de IJsseldelta
 2nd Overall Trophée d'Or Féminin
 2nd Ronde van Zuid Oost-Friesland
 2nd RaboRonde Heerlen
 3rd GP de Plouay
 4th Road race, UCI Road World Championships
 4th Overall Emakumeen Euskal Bira
 4th Overall Thüringen Rundfahrt der Frauen
 Open de Suède Vårgårda
4th Team time trial
5th Road race
 4th La Flèche Wallonne
 4th Holland Hills Classic
 4th Profwielerronde Etten-Leur
 4th Berkelse Wielerdag
 5th Overall Grand Prix Elsy Jacobs
 5th Overall Tour Languedoc Roussillon
 6th Le Samyn des Dames
 7th Overall Holland Ladies Tour
 7th Tour of Flanders
 8th Omloop Het Nieuwsblad
 9th Trofeo Alfredo Binda-Comune di Cittiglio
 10th Overall Energiewacht Tour
2014
 1st  Overall Ladies Tour of Norway
1st  Points classification
1st Stage 1
 1st  Overall Festival Luxembourgeois du cyclisme féminin Elsy Jacobs
1st Stage 1
 1st Dwars door de Westhoek
 2nd Overall Belgium Tour
1st  Mountains classification
1st Stages 2 (TTT) & 4
 2nd Ronde van Drenthe
 2nd Open de Suède Vårgårda TTT
 3rd Overall Emakumeen Euskal Bira
1st  Mountains classification
 3rd Overall Giro Rosa
 4th Trofeo Alfredo Binda-Comune di Cittiglio
 4th Durango-Durango Emakumeen Saria
 5th GP de Plouay
 6th Tour of Flanders for Women
 7th Holland Hills Classic
 10th Ronde van Gelderland
2015
 1st  Time trial, National Road Championships
 1st  Overall Giro Rosa
1st Stage 8 (ITT)
 1st  Overall Festival Luxembourgeois du cyclisme féminin Elsy Jacobs
1st Prologue
 1st La Flèche Wallonne
 1st Omloop Het Nieuwsblad
 1st La Course by Le Tour de France
 1st Open de Suède Vårgårda TTT
 2nd Overall UCI Women's Road World Cup
 UCI Road World Championships
2nd  Road race
2nd  Time trial
3rd  Team time trial
 2nd Le Samyn des Dames
 3rd  Road race, European Games
 3rd Overall Belgium Tour
1st  Mountains classification
1st Stage 4
 3rd Trofeo Alfredo Binda
 3rd Tour of Flanders
 3rd Time trial, EPZ Omloop van Borsele
 5th Overall Ladies Tour of Norway
 5th Strade Bianche
 5th Crescent Women World Cup Vårgårda
 6th GP de Plouay
 7th Overall Energiewacht Tour
1st  Combativity classification
1st Prologue & Stage 4
 7th Durango-Durango Emakumeen Saria
 8th Overall Emakumeen Euskal Bira
2016
 Olympic Games
1st  Road race
3rd  Time trial
 UEC European Road Championships
1st  Road race
2nd  Time trial
 1st Omloop van de IJsseldelta
 1st La Flèche Wallonne
 3rd Overall Giro Rosa
 3rd Overall Festival Luxembourgeois du cyclisme féminin Elsy Jacobs
 3rd Crescent Vårgårda UCI Women's WorldTour TTT
 4th Ronde van Drenthe
 5th Strade Bianche
 5th Giro dell'Emilia Internazionale Donne Elite
 6th Trofeo Alfredo Binda-Comune di Cittiglio
 7th Overall Holland Ladies Tour
2017
 1st  Overall UCI Women's World Tour
 1st  Overall Giro Rosa
1st Stage 1 (TTT)
 1st  Overall Tour of California
 1st Amstel Gold Race
 1st La Flèche Wallonne
 1st Liège–Bastogne–Liège
 1st Crescent Vårgårda UCI Women's WorldTour TTT
 UCI Road World Championships
2nd  Time trial
2nd  Team time trial
8th Road race
 2nd Overall Holland Ladies Tour
1st Stage 5
 2nd Overall Healthy Ageing Tour
1st Stage 2 (TTT)
 3rd  Time trial, UEC European Road Championships
 3rd Time trial, National Road Championships
2018
 UCI Road World Championships
1st  Road race
2nd  Time trial
2nd  Team time trial
 1st  Overall Cyprus Sunshine Cup
1st Stage 2
 1st Strade Bianche
 1st Tour of Flanders
 1st La Flèche Wallonne
 1st Liège–Bastogne–Liège
 1st Durango-Durango Emakumeen Saria
 UEC European Road Championships
2nd  Time trial
8th Road race
 2nd Time trial, National Road Championships
 2nd La Course by Le Tour de France
 2nd Postnord UCI WWT Vårgårda WestSweden TTT
 3rd Overall Emakumeen Euskal Bira
1st  Points classification
 3rd Overall Holland Ladies Tour
 4th Overall Healthy Ageing Tour
1st Stages 1 (ITT) & 3b (TTT)
2019
 1st  Overall Tour of California
1st  Sprints classification
1st Stage 1
 1st  Overall Cape Epic (with Annika Langvad)
 1st La Flèche Wallonne
 1st GP de Plouay – Bretagne
 UCI Road World Championships
2nd  Road race
2nd  Time trial
 2nd Overall Giro Rosa
1st Stage 9
 3rd Time trial, National Road Championships
 9th Overall Holland Ladies Tour
 9th Strade Bianche
 10th La Course by Le Tour de France
2020
 UCI Road World Championships
1st  Road race
1st  Time trial
 1st  Time trial, UEC European Road Championships
 1st  Road race, National Road Championships
 1st  Overall Giro Rosa
 1st  Overall Setmana Ciclista Valenciana
1st Stage 2
 1st La Flèche Wallonne
 2nd Durango-Durango Emakumeen Saria
 3rd Emakumeen Nafarroako Klasikoa
 4th Strade Bianche
2021
 1st  Time trial, National Road Championships
 1st  Overall Giro Rosa
1st  Points classification
1st Stages 2 & 4 (ITT)
 1st  Overall Vuelta a Burgos Feminas
1st  Points classification
1st  Mountains classification
1st Stage 4
 1st La Flèche Wallonne
 1st Omloop Het Nieuwsblad
 1st Gran Premio Ciudad de Eibar
 1st Durango-Durango Emakumeen Saria
 3rd  Time trial, Olympic Games
 3rd Strade Bianche
 4th La Course by Le Tour de France
 5th Liège–Bastogne–Liège
 8th Tour of Flanders

General classification results timeline

Classics results timeline

Major championship results timeline

See also
 UCI Women's Road World Cup
 UCI Women's World Tour
 List of women's road bicycle races

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Dutch female cyclists
Dutch nurses
Sportspeople from Zwolle
Reformed Churches Christians from the Netherlands
UCI Road World Championships cyclists for the Netherlands
European Games bronze medalists for the Netherlands
Cyclists at the 2015 European Games
Cyclists from Overijssel
Cyclists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic cyclists for the Netherlands
Olympic gold medalists for the Netherlands
Olympic bronze medalists for the Netherlands
Olympic medalists in cycling
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Knights of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Cyclists at the 2019 European Games
European Games medalists in cycling
21st-century Dutch women
21st-century Dutch people

Anna van der Breggen


Son of the Morning Star: Custer and the Little Big Horn is a nonfiction account of the Battle of the Little Bighorn on June 25, 1876, by novelist Evan S. Connell, published in 1984 by North Point Press. The book features extensive portraits of the battle's participants, including General George Armstrong Custer, Sitting Bull, Major Marcus Reno, Captain Frederick Benteen, Crazy Horse, and others.

Originally intending to write a book of essays about the history of the American West, Connell instead developed his essay about General Custer into a book-length examination of the battle and its combatants. Connell researched the book for four years, visiting the site of the battle four times and consulting previous books, soldier's diaries, and Indian accounts of the battle.
After being rejected by several major New York publishers, the book was published by North Point Press, a small publisher in Berkeley, California, and it went on to become a bestseller.

The book was a critical success as well. Page Stenger in the New York Times said that the book was "impressive in its massive presentation of information" and added that "its prose is elegant, its tone the voice of dry wit, its meandering narrative skillfully crafted." The Washington Post'''s reviewer said that "Son of the Morning Star leaves the reader astonished," and the Wall Street Journal'' called it "a scintillating book, thoroughly researched and brilliantly constructed." It was named one of the five best nonfiction volumes of 1984 by the National Book Critics Circle.

In 1991, the book was adapted as a television miniseries, written by Melissa Mathison and directed by Mike Robe, and featuring Gary Cole as General Custer and Rodney A. Grant as Crazy Horse. An audiobook edition was released by Recorded Books in 1985, narrated by Adrian Cronauer.

References

1984 non-fiction books
Books about military personnel
Non-fiction books adapted into films
Battle of the Little Bighorn

Son of the Morning Star