Detection theory or signal detection theory is a means to measure the ability to differentiate between information-bearing patterns (called stimulus in living organisms, signal in machines) and random patterns that distract from the information (called noise, consisting of background stimuli and random activity of the detection machine and of the nervous system of the operator).

In the field of electronics, signal recovery is the separation of such patterns from a disguising background.

According to the theory, there are a number of determiners of how a detecting system will detect a signal, and where its threshold levels will be. The theory can explain how changing the threshold will affect the ability to discern, often exposing how adapted the system is to the task, purpose or goal at which it is aimed. When the detecting system is a human being, characteristics such as experience, expectations, physiological state (e.g., fatigue) and other factors can affect the threshold applied.  For instance, a sentry in wartime might be likely to detect fainter stimuli than the same sentry in peacetime due to a lower criterion, however they might also be more likely to treat innocuous stimuli as a threat.

Much of the early work in detection theory was done by radar researchers. By 1954, the theory was fully developed on the theoretical side as described by Peterson, Birdsall and Fox and the foundation for the psychological theory was made by Wilson P. Tanner, David M. Green, and John A. Swets, also in 1954.
Detection theory was used in 1966 by John A. Swets and David M. Green for psychophysics. Green and Swets criticized the traditional methods of psychophysics for their inability to discriminate between the real sensitivity of subjects and their (potential) response biases.

Detection theory has applications in many fields such as diagnostics of any kind, quality control, telecommunications, and psychology.  The concept is similar to the signal-to-noise ratio used in the sciences and confusion matrices used in artificial intelligence. It is also usable in alarm management, where it is important to separate important events from background noise.

Psychology
Signal detection theory (SDT) is used when psychologists want to measure the way we make decisions under conditions of uncertainty, such as how we would perceive distances in foggy conditions or during eyewitness identification. SDT assumes that the decision maker is not a passive receiver of information, but an active decision-maker who makes difficult perceptual judgments under conditions of uncertainty. In foggy circumstances, we are forced to decide how far away from us an object is, based solely upon visual stimulus which is impaired by the fog. Since the brightness of the object, such as a traffic light, is used by the brain to discriminate the distance of an object, and the fog reduces the brightness of objects, we perceive the object to be much farther away than it actually is (see also decision theory). According to SDT, during eyewitness identifications, witnesses base their decision as to whether a suspect is the culprit or not based on their perceived level of familiarity with the suspect.

To apply signal detection theory to a data set where stimuli were either present or absent, and the observer categorized each trial as having the stimulus present or absent, the trials are sorted into one of four categories:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Respond "Absent"
! Respond "Present"
|-
! Stimulus Present
| Miss
| Hit
|-
! Stimulus Absent
| Correct Rejection
| False Alarm
|}

Based on the proportions of these types of trials, numerical estimates of sensitivity can be obtained with statistics like the [[sensitivity index|sensitivity index d]] and A',  and response bias can be estimated with statistics like c and β. β is the measure of response bias.

Signal detection theory can also be applied to memory experiments, where items are presented on a study list for later testing. A test list is created by combining these 'old' items with novel, 'new' items that did not appear on the study list. On each test trial the subject will respond 'yes, this was on the study list' or 'no, this was not on the study list'. Items presented on the study list are called Targets, and new items are called Distractors. Saying 'Yes' to a target constitutes a Hit, while saying 'Yes' to a distractor constitutes a False Alarm.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Respond "No"
! Respond "Yes"
|-
! Target
| Miss
| Hit
|-
! Distractor
| Correct Rejection
| False Alarm
|}

 Applications

Signal Detection Theory has wide application, both in humans and animals.  Topics include memory, stimulus characteristics of schedules of reinforcement, etc.

 Sensitivity or discriminability

Conceptually, sensitivity refers to how hard or easy it is to detect that a target stimulus is present from background events. For example, in a recognition memory paradigm, having longer to study to-be-remembered words makes it easier to recognize previously seen or heard words. In contrast, having to remember 30 words rather than 5 makes the discrimination harder.  One of the most commonly used statistics for computing sensitivity is the so-called sensitivity index or d.  There are also non-parametric measures, such as the area under the ROC-curve.

 Bias

Bias is the extent to which one response is more probable than another, averaging across stimulus-present and stimulus-absent cases. That is, a receiver may be more likely overall to respond that a stimulus is present or more likely overall to respond that a stimulus is not present. Bias is independent of sensitivity. Bias can be desirable if false alarms and misses lead to different costs. For example, if the stimulus is a bomber, then a miss (failing to detect the bomber) may be more costly than a false alarm (reporting a bomber when there is not one), making a liberal response bias desirable. In contrast, giving false alarms too often (crying wolf) may make people less likely to respond, a problem that can be reduced by a conservative response bias.

 Compressed sensing
Another field which is closely related to signal detection theory is called compressed sensing (or compressive sensing). The objective of compressed sensing is to recover high dimensional but with low complexity entities from only a few measurements. Thus, one of the most important applications of compressed sensing is in the recovery of high dimensional signals which are known to be sparse (or nearly sparse) with only a few linear measurements. The number of measurements needed in the recovery of signals is by far smaller than what Nyquist sampling theorem requires provided that the signal is sparse, meaning that it only contains a few non-zero elements. There are different methods of signal recovery in compressed sensing including basis pursuit , expander recovery algorithm, CoSaMP and also fast non-iterative algorithm. In all of the recovery methods mentioned above, choosing an appropriate measurement matrix using probabilistic constructions or deterministic constructions, is of great importance. In other words, measurement matrices must satisfy certain specific conditions such as RIP (Restricted Isometry Property) or Null-Space property in order to achieve robust sparse recovery.

Mathematics

P(H1|y) > P(H2|y) / MAP testing
In the case of making a decision between two hypotheses, H1, absent, and H2, present, in the event of a particular observation, y, a classical approach is to choose H1 when p(H1|y) > p(H2|y) and H2 in the reverse case. In the event that the two a posteriori probabilities are equal, one might choose to default to a single choice (either always choose H1 or always choose H2), or might randomly select either H1 or H2. The a priori probabilities of H1 and H2 can guide this choice, e.g. by always choosing the hypothesis with the higher a priori probability.

When taking this approach, usually what one knows are the conditional probabilities, p(y|H1) and p(y|H2), and the a priori probabilities  and .  In this case,

,

where p(y) is the total probability of event y,

.

H2 is chosen in case

and H1 otherwise.

Often, the ratio  is called  and  is called , the likelihood ratio.

Using this terminology, H2 is chosen in case .  This is called MAP testing, where MAP stands for "maximum a posteriori").

Taking this approach minimizes the expected number of errors one will make.

Bayes criterion

In some cases, it is far more important to respond appropriately to H1 than it is to respond appropriately to H2.  For example, if an alarm goes off, indicating H1 (an incoming bomber is carrying a nuclear weapon), it is much more important to shoot down the bomber if H1 = TRUE, than it is to avoid sending a fighter squadron to inspect a false alarm (i.e., H1 = FALSE, H2 = TRUE) (assuming a large supply of fighter squadrons).  The Bayes criterion is an approach suitable for such cases.

Here a utility is associated with each of four situations:
 :  One responds with behavior appropriate to H1 and H1 is true: fighters destroy bomber, incurring fuel, maintenance, and weapons costs, take risk of some being shot down;
 :  One responds with behavior appropriate to H1 and H2 is true: fighters sent out, incurring fuel and maintenance costs, bomber location remains unknown;
 :  One responds with behavior appropriate to H2 and H1 is true: city destroyed;
 :  One responds with behavior appropriate to H2 and H2 is true: fighters stay home, bomber location remains unknown;

As is shown below, what is important are the differences,  and .

Similarly, there are four probabilities, , , etc., for each of the cases (which are dependent on one's decision strategy).

The Bayes criterion approach is to maximize the expected utility:

Effectively, one may maximize the sum,

,

and make the following substitutions:

where  and  are the a priori probabilities,  and , and  is the region of observation events, y, that are responded to as though H1 is true.

 and thus  are maximized by extending  over the region where

This is accomplished by deciding H2 in case

and H1 otherwise, where L(y) is the so-defined likelihood ratio.

Normal distribution models

Das and Geisler  extended the results of signal detection theory for normally distributed stimuli, and derived methods of computing the error rate and confusion matrix for  ideal observers and non-ideal observers for detecting and categorizing univariate and multivariate normal signals from two or more categories.

See also

 Binary classification
 Constant false alarm rate
 Decision theory
 Demodulation
 Detector (radio)
 Estimation theory
 Just-noticeable difference
 Likelihood-ratio test
 Modulation
 Neyman–Pearson lemma
 Psychometric function
 Receiver operating characteristic
 Statistical hypothesis testing
 Statistical signal processing
 Two-alternative forced choice
 Type I and type II errors

References

 Coren, S., Ward, L.M., Enns, J. T. (1994) Sensation and Perception. (4th Ed.) Toronto: Harcourt Brace.
 Kay, SM. Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing: Detection Theory ()
 McNichol, D. (1972) A Primer of Signal Detection Theory. London: George Allen & Unwin.
 Van Trees HL. Detection, Estimation, and Modulation Theory, Part 1 (; website)
 Wickens, Thomas D., (2002) Elementary Signal Detection Theory. New York: Oxford University Press.  ()

External links
 A Description of Signal Detection Theory
 An application of SDT to safety
 Signal Detection Theory by Garrett Neske, The Wolfram Demonstrations Project
 Lecture by Steven Pinker

Signal processing
Telecommunication theory
Psychophysics
Mathematical psychology

Detection theory


Alexander Hare McLintock  (14 April 1903 – 29 May 1968) was a New Zealand teacher, university lecturer, historian and artist. He edited and authored the three-volume Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, published in 1966, his final and perhaps his most remembered work.

Early life
Born in Gore, New Zealand, on 14 April 1903, Alexander Hare McLintock was the son of a Scotsman, Robert McLintock, an engineer by trade, and his wife Christina . He attended Caversham School in Dunedin and then Otago Boys' High  School. After completing his education, he decided to become a teacher and went to Dunedin Teachers' Training College. He then worked for several years at a primary school while studying history at the University of Otago.

Academia
McLintock became well known as a debater while at the University of Otago, representing the university at competitions overseas. He became a proficient speed reader and developed wide interests, including classics and the piano. As well as attending university, he went to the Dunedin School of Art and studied painting and etching. McLintock graduated in 1928 having obtained a master's degree with first class honours. The same year, he married Eva Maude .

McLintock was a teacher at Timaru Technical College from 1929 to 1936. He also lectured at the Workers' Educational Association in Timaru for a time. He went to the University of London in 1936, where he began studying for a Doctor of Philosophy degree. He completed his degree in 1939 and two years later, published The Establishment of Constitutional Government in Newfoundland, 1783–1832, a book based on his thesis. By this stage, he had become well known in the New Zealand art scene with his writings on the subject and his own paintings and etchings. In 1939, on his return to New Zealand, he became director of the National Centennial Exhibition of New Zealand Art, held in 1940.

Historian
Returning to the University of Otago in 1940 as a history lecturer, he became involved in the Otago Centennial Historical Publications as editor. This work included McLintock writing two books in the series. One of these was the well regarded The History of Otago, published in 1949 and which won the Ernest Scott Prize from the University of Melbourne. The same year, an opportunity arose to secure the chair of history at Canterbury University College; however, much to his disappointment he missed out and thereafter held a disregard for the academic establishment. In 1952, he finished lecturing at Otago, having switched subjects to English a few years previously, and took a post as parliamentary historian.

In his new role, McLintock worked on what was intended to be several volumes of a parliamentary history. The first of these, Crown Colony Government in New Zealand, was published in 1958. Rather than continue with the next planned volume, a work on the early years of the Legislative Council, he turned to editing work; A Descriptive Atlas of New Zealand was produced in 1959.

In the 1963 New Year Honours, McLintock was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire. He then took on what was most likely his best known work, the task of co-ordinating and editing the Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. This was a three-volume series of books with in excess of 1,800 entries produced by over three hundred authors. McLintock also wrote several entries across a range of subjects. The encyclopedia was published in November 1966, selling its entire print run of 34,000 copies within months.

McLintock was involved in other work; paintings and etchings were exhibited in Europe, including at the Royal Academy of Arts. He was also on the committee for New Zealand banknotes when it switched to decimal currency. Afflicted by cancer, McLintock retired in early 1968. He died a few months later, on 29 May 1968, in Dunedin. He was survived by his wife, who he had cared for since she suffered a stroke several years previously, and a daughter.

References

1903 births
1968 deaths
New Zealand artists
Academic staff of the University of Otago
People from Gore, New Zealand
20th-century New Zealand historians
New Zealand Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
New Zealand people of Scottish descent

Alexander Hare McLintock


The 2017 National League Division Series were two best-of-five-game series to determine the participating teams of the 2017 National League Championship Series. The three divisional winners (seeded 1–3) and a fourth team—the winner of a one-game Wild Card playoff— played in two series.

These matchups were:
 (1) Los Angeles Dodgers (West Division champions) vs (4) Arizona Diamondbacks (Wild Card Game winner): Dodgers win series 3–0.
 (2) Washington Nationals (East Division champions) vs (3) Chicago Cubs (Central Division champions): Cubs win series 3–2.

The Dodgers would go on to defeat the Cubs in the NLCS, then lose the 2017 World Series in a controversial 4-3 series to the American League champion Houston Astros.

For the first time, Major League Baseball sold presenting sponsorships to all of its postseason series; T-Mobile US acquired presenting sponsorship to the NLDS, and thus the series was officially known as the National League Division Series presented by T-Mobile.

Matchups

Los Angeles Dodgers vs. Arizona Diamondbacks

Washington Nationals vs. Chicago Cubs

Los Angeles vs. Arizona
This was the first postseason meeting between these two division rivals, and the 16th time that teams from Phoenix and Los Angeles met in a postseason in the four major North American sports leagues. The teams played each other 19 times during the regular season, with the Diamondbacks winning 11 of the games.

Game 1

Clayton Kershaw started for the Dodgers and he struck out seven in 6 innings. He also allowed four home runs (to A. J. Pollock in the third, J. D. Martinez in the sixth, and Ketel Marte and Jeff Mathis in the seventh), the first National League pitcher to ever do so in a postseason game. The Dodgers got to Diamondbacks starter Taijuan Walker early, as Justin Turner followed a leadoff single and walk with a three-run home run. Later in the inning, Cody Bellinger singled and scored on Yasiel Puig's double. Walker was replaced after the first inning by Zack Godley, who pitched five innings of relief while allowing three more runs to score, all in the fourth when Corey Seager and Justin Turner hit back-to-back RBI singles after a leadoff single and walk, then an error loaded the bases before Puig's groundout scored another run. In the eighth, Austin Barnes hit a leadoff single off of Andrew Chafin, who was relieved by Jimmie Sherfy. Seager's triple and Turner's single scored a run each to extend the Dodgers' lead to 9–4. Turner had five RBIs in the game, tying Pedro Guerrero (1981) and Davey Lopes (1978) for the Dodgers single game postseason record. Kenley Jansen allowed a run in the ninth on Jake Lamb's groundout with two on before getting David Peralta to line out to end the game as the Dodgers held on to win, 9–5.

Game 2

Game 2 featured a match-up of two left handed starters: Rich Hill, who struggled against Arizona in 2017, against Robbie Ray, who came into Game 2's start 3–0 in five starts with 53 strikeouts against Los Angeles this season. Paul Goldschmidt started the scoring by hitting a two-run home run after a walk in the first inning, but those were the only runs Hill allowed in four innings of work. Ray, who pitched in relief just two days earlier in the wild card game, struggled with command throughout. He struck out six, but walked four, threw three wild pitches, and allowed four runs in 4 innings. The Dodgers got on the board in the second on two walks, a wild pitch and Yasiel Puig's RBI groundout. In the fourth, three singles loaded the bases with one out for the Dodgers before another wild pitch by Ray tied the game. One out later, Chris Taylor's RBI single put the Dodgers up 3–2. Next inning, Logan Forsythe's RBI single off of Jimmie Sherfy made it 4–2 Dodgers. After a stolen base, Austin Barnes's two-run double made it 6–2 Dodgers. Jorge De La Rosa relieved Sherfy and allowed an RBI single to Puig. In the seventh, Tony Watson allowed back-to-back leadoff singles before Brandon Drury's three-run home run off of Brandon Morrow cut the Dodgers' lead to 7–5. The Dodgers got a run in the bottom of the inning on Ketel Marte's fielding error on Chris Taylor's groundball off of Archie Bradley. Puig and Forsythe each had three hits, while Puig and Barnes batted in two runs each. Kenta Maeda picked up the win in relief with Kenley Jansen earning his first save of the series.

Game 3

In game three, at Chase Field, Yu Darvish struck out seven and allowed only two hits and one run (a home run by Daniel Descalso in the fifth). Meanwhile, Zack Greinke labored through his five innings, walking five and giving up four hits and three runs (two on homers by Cody Bellinger in the fifth and Austin Barnes in the sixth, the other run came in the first on Bellinger's groundout with two on). The bullpens kept the game there and the Dodgers won the game 3–1, completing the sweep of the Diamondbacks and making their third trip to the NLCS in five years. Jansen earned his second save of the postseason by striking out Goldschmidt to end it. Arizona's defeat marked the first time in franchise history they lost an elimination game at Chase Field (winning Game 5 of the 2001 NLDS, games 6 and 7 of the World Series of that same year, games 3 and 4 of the 2011 Division Series, and the 2017 National League Wild Card Game). The Dodgers were the first National League team to sweep an LDS since the 2010 Phillies.

Composite line score
2017 NLDS (3–0): Los Angeles Dodgers defeated Arizona Diamondbacks.

Washington vs. Chicago
This was the first postseason meeting between the Nationals and Cubs.

Game 1

Game 1 featured a pitching duel between Kyle Hendricks and Stephen Strasburg, with the game being scoreless through five innings. The Cubs, who were held without a hit in the first five innings, were led off in the sixth with Javier Báez reaching on an error by the sure handed Anthony Rendon on a ball that was ruled just fair. Kris Bryant drove home Báez on a two-out RBI single (the first hit by the Cubs on the night) advancing to second on the throw. The very next batter, Anthony Rizzo, singled home Bryant to make it 2–0 in favor of the Cubs. The Cubs added one more run in the eighth when Jon Jay hit a leadoff double off of Ryan Madson and scored on Anthony Rizzo's double, as Hendricks threw seven scoreless innings giving up just two hits, with the bullpen tossing two scoreless as the Cubs took Game 1 by a score of 3–0.

Game 2

The Nationals scored their first run of the series on a first-inning home run by Anthony Rendon off Cubs' starter Jon Lester. However, in the top of the second, the Cubs struck right back, as the first batter of the inning, Willson Contreras homered off of Nationals' starter Gio González. The Cubs took the lead in the top of the fourth on a two-run home run by Anthony Rizzo. In the bottom of the fifth, Lester loaded the bases with two outs but got out of the jam by getting Trea Turner to chase to end the threat. In the bottom of the eighth, Adam Lind led off with a pinch-hit single before Bryce Harper homered off of Carl Edwards Jr. to tie the game at 3–3. Edwards walked Anthony Rendon, then Mike Montogmery allowed a single to Daniel Murphy before Ryan Zimmerman hit a three-run home run to put the Nationals up 6–3. Sean Doolittle retired the Cubs in order in the ninth to tie the series at one, heading to Wrigley Field.

Game 3

Game 3 featured another pitchers' duel, this time between José Quintana of the Cubs and Max Scherzer of the Nationals. The game featured sloppy defense by the Cubs, as they committed four errors on the game. Two of them came in the top of the sixth with two outs, as Daniel Murphy hit a fly ball to left field that was dropped and kicked around by Kyle Schwarber, allowing Murphy to reach third base. Reliever Pedro Strop came in to face Ryan Zimmerman, but Zimmerman doubled home the game's first run. Meanwhile, Scherzer had not allowed a hit in the first 6 innings pitched, when Ben Zobrist doubled, to chase Scherzer from the game. The Nationals brought in lefty reliever Sammy Solis to face Schwarber, but the Cubs sent pinch hitter Albert Almora to hit, and he singled home Zobrist to tie the game at 1–1. In the bottom of the eighth, Tommy La Stella drew a leadoff walk off of Brandon Kintzler, then moved to second on a sacrifice bunt. One out later, Óliver Pérez was summoned in to face Anthony Rizzo, but he hit a bloop single to left-center field scoring Leonys Martín. Carl Edwards Jr. earned the win with a perfect eighth and Wade Davis got the save with a perfect ninth as the Cubs won the game 2–1, and took a 2–1 lead in the series.

Game 4

Game 4 was originally scheduled to be played on Tuesday, October 10, but was postponed due to rain. The Nationals were going to use their fourth starter, Tanner Roark to try to save their season, but with the extra rest day, had the opportunity to use their ace, Stephen Strasburg on normal rest. Initially, it was announced that Strasburg was feeling under the weather, but he eventually did make the start. The Cubs stuck to their scheduled starter, Jake Arrieta, who was making possibly his final start as a Cub before entering free agency. Although the field conditions were playable, the wind was blowing in, and it was raining much throughout, making it difficult to hit the ball well. The Nationals scored first, as with two on and two out in the top of the fourth, Ryan Zimmerman hit a ground ball to shortstop Addison Russell who had trouble handling it. This allowed Zimmerman to reach safely and Trea Turner to score. Arrieta lasted four innings before Game 2 starter Jon Lester took the ball. Lester retired the first 10 batters he faced before giving up a walk to Zimmerman. However, with Daniel Murphy batting, Lester, who rarely throws to first base, tried to pick off Zimmerman at first. The play was close, but Zimmerman was ruled safe. Replays showed that while Zimmerman beat the throw to the base, his foot might have came off the base while first basemen Anthony Rizzo's tag was still being applied. Cubs' manager Joe Maddon challenged the call, and it was reversed. Regardless, Murphy singled to right-center to end Lester's outing. Carl Edwards Jr. came on to face Anthony Rendon. Edwards surrendered a wild pitch, but Rendon drew a walk. The next batter, Matt Wieters walked to load the bases. Maddon brought in his closer Wade Davis to face Michael Taylor. Taylor hit a fly ball to right field that barely got out to make it 5–0. Meanwhile, Strasburg pitched well, tossing seven innings, striking out twelve while giving up just three hits and two walks. Ryan Madson and Sean Doolittle held the Cubs scoreless as the Nationals won to stave off elimination.

Game 5

With both teams' seasons on the line, the Cubs brought back Game 1 starter and winning pitcher Kyle Hendricks while the Nationals countered with Game 2 starter Gio González, who got a no decision. The Cubs struck first in the top of the first off of González with an RBI groundout by Anthony Rizzo, scoring Jon Jay. In the bottom of the second, Daniel Murphy led off the inning by hitting the first pitch from Hendricks into the stands to tie the game at 1–1. After two straight singles, Michael Taylor hit his second homer of the series in as many at bats to give the Nationals a 4–1 lead. The Cubs struck back in the top of the third. With the bases load and one out, Addison Russell grounded out, scoring Kris Bryant. The next batter was Jason Heyward, but with Heyward batting, González uncorked a wild pitch, scoring Willson Contreras, cutting the Nationals' lead to one.

González lasted just three innings, as Matt Albers came on in the top of the fourth and pitched a 1-2-3 inning. In the top of the fifth, Nationals' Game 3 starter Max Scherzer came on to pitch. After getting the first two batters out, Contreras had a two-out single. The next batter, Ben Zobrist, pinch hit for Albert Almora Jr. and he also hit a single. The next batter, Russell hit a double to left field scoring both Contreras and Zobrist, as the Cubs took a 5–4 lead. After an intentional walk to Heyward, Javier Báez struck out, but catcher Matt Wieters gave up a passed ball. Wieters tried to complete the strikeout by throwing to first base, but the ball got by both first basemen Ryan Zimmerman and second basemen Murphy, allowing Russell to score, and the other runners moving up. The next batter, Tommy La Stella pinch hit for Hendricks, and he fouled off a ball late, hitting Wieters' glove, allowing him to reach via catcher's interference. The next batter, who was the ninth batter of the inning, Jay, was hit by a pitch which forced in a run to make it 7–4 Cubs.

The Cubs added one more run in the top of the sixth to make it 8–4 Cubs, but the Nationals struck back in the bottom half. After the first two batters were retired, Jayson Werth drew a walk off Cubs' reliever Pedro Strop. Mike Montgomery came on to pitch, and he surrendered a double to Bryce Harper. Then on a full count to Zimmerman, Montgomery threw a wild pitch which got by catcher Contreras, allowing Werth to score, and Zimmerman to reach. The next batter, Murphy, doubled to left allowing Harper to score, cutting the Cubs' lead to two. The Cubs got one back in the top of the seventh on Bryant's RBI groundout, scoring Kyle Schwarber. In the bottom of the seventh, Cubs' setup man Carl Edwards Jr. pitched, but walked his only batter, Taylor. Maddon brought in Game 3 starter José Quintana. After retiring the first batter he faced (José Lobatón), the next two batters, Trea Turner and Werth reached to load the bases. A sacrifice fly by Harper cut the Cubs' lead to 9–7. With Zimmerman due up, Maddon brought on his closer Wade Davis to retire Zimmerman, ending the threat and the inning.

Davis came back out there in the bottom of the eighth. After surrendering leadoff walks to Murphy and Anthony Rendon, Adam Lind pinch hit for pitcher Ryan Madson. Lind, who started the rally in Game 2, grounded into a double play, with Murphy to third base.  It turned out to be the last plate appearance of Lind's 12-year career. However, Taylor singled up the middle to score Murphy, cutting the Cubs' lead to one. In the bottom of the ninth, Davis returned to the mound, trying to get the seven out save. He got it, retiring Turner and striking out Werth and Harper swinging to end the game and series, Cubs winning the game 9–8.

Davis recorded his record-tying third save of the series (Aroldis Chapman was the last closer to do accomplish this, doing this in the 2016 NLDS). He is only the third reliever to have gone 3-for-3 in save opportunities in a Division Series, with Dennis Eckersley and Mark Wohlers having accomplished the feat both in the 1996 National League Division Series. This was the Nationals' fourth postseason series loss in six years, while the Cubs advanced to the NLCS for the third consecutive year. Fourteen pitchers were used in the game. The game lasted four hours and 37 minutes, the longest 9-inning postseason game in major league history, beating the record set in last year's postseason, which was also a Game 5 between the Dodgers and Nationals, which the Dodgers won 4–3.

In a surprising move considering his success with the club, the Nationals fired Dusty Baker after the series loss.

Composite line score
2017 NLDS (3–2): Chicago Cubs defeated Washington Nationals.

Notes

References

External links
2017 Major League Baseball postseason schedule

National League Division Series
National League Division Series
National League Division Series
Los Angeles Dodgers postseason
Washington Nationals postseason
Chicago Cubs postseason
Arizona Diamondbacks postseason
2010s in Chicago
National League Division Series
2010s in Phoenix, Arizona
National League Division Series
National League Division Series
National League Division Series
2017 in sports in Washington, D.C.
Sports competitions in Chicago

2017 National League Division Series


Benedict John Kerkvliet (born 1943) is Emeritus Professor at the Department of Political and Social Change, School of International, Political & Strategic Studies, Australian National University. He works across the areas of comparative politics, Southeast Asia and Asian studies. Kerkvliet was born and raised in Montana, surrounded by working-class relatives and friends for whom political discussion and debate were part of life. After graduating from the local public high schools, he earned his B.A. at Whitman College (Walla Walla, Washington) and his M.A. and Ph.D. at University of Wisconsin–Madison. He taught at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa) for nearly twenty years before joining the Australian National University in 1992 where he was a Professor and Head of the Department of Political and Social Change, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. Kerkvliet currently resides in Hawaiʻi with his wife Melinda.

Research
Kerkvliet is fascinated with how ordinary people deal with big pressures on their lives. He has emphasized research on agrarian politics in Southeast Asia. Closely related is his study of interactions between ordinary people and authorities or other elites. He is currently doing research on local reactions to major recent national policies in the Philippines and Vietnam.

Career highlights
Kerkvliet taught Political Science and Southeast Asian Studies at the University of Hawaiʻi from 1971 to 1991. He has been teaching at Australian National University since 1991. He has received various international fellowships and awards for research and teaching in Asia, Australia, Europe and America. Most importantly, Kerkvliet enjoys working with industrious graduate students and living in and doing research in the Philippines and Vietnam.

Works

Key Publications

Books
Political Change in the Philippines: Studies of Local Politics Prior to Martial Law, editor, (Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii, 1974).
The Huk Rebellion: A Study of Peasant Revolt in the Philippines (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977; paperback edition, 1982) (Reprinted in a Philippine edition by New Day Press, Quezon City, 1979 and several times since; Reprinted with addition of a bibliographic essay, Boulder: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002)
Everyday Forms of Resistance in Southeast Asia, co-edited with James C. Scott, (London: Frank Cass, 1986), originally a special issue of Journal of Peasant Studies 13 (January 1986).
Everyday Politics in the Philippines: Class and Status Relations in a Central Luzon Village (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990, paperback and hardback). Reprinted in a Philippine edition by New Day Press, Quezon City, 1991 (Reprinted with addition of "Postscript" (pages 274–289) and bibliography, Boulder: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002)
From Marcos to Aquino: Local Perspectives on Political Transition in the Philippines, co-edited with Resil Mojares, (Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1991; and Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, 1992).
Dilemmas of Development: Vietnam Update 1994, editor, (Canberra: Department of Political and Social Change, ANU 1995).
Vietnam's Rural Transformation, co-edited with Doug J. Porter (Boulder: Westview Press, and Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1995).
Transforming Asian Socialism: China and Vietnam Compared, co-edited with Anita Chan and Jonathan Unger (Sydney: Allen and Unwin; and Boulder: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999).
Mot so Van De ve Nong Nghieip, Nong Dan, Nong Thon o cac Nuoc va Viet Nam [Some issues regarding agriculture, peasants, and the countryside abroad and in Vietnam], co-edited with Nguyen Quang Ngoc and James C. Scott (Hanoi: NXB The Gioi – World Publishing House, 2000).
Getting Organized in Vietnam: Moving in and around the Socialist State, co-editor with Russell H. K. Heng and David W. H. Koh (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2003).
Beyond Hanoi: Local Government in Vietnam, co-edited with David G. Marr (Singapore and Copenhagen: ISEAS Publications and NIAS Press, 2004).
The Power of Everyday Politics: How Vietnamese Peasants Transformed National Policy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005). (co-published for an Asia edition with the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore)
Speaking Out in Vietnam: Public Political Criticism in a Communist Party-Ruled Nation (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2019). (co-published by ISEAS Publishing, Singapore, for distribution in Southeast Asia)

Selected articles and other writings
"A Critique of Raymond Aron's Theory of War and Prescriptions," International Studies Quarterly, 12 (December 1968): pages 419-442
"Additional Source Materials on Philippine Radical Movements," Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, 3 (Summer-Fall 1971): pages 83-90.
"Peasant Society and Unrest Prior to the Huk Rebellion in the Philippines," Asian Studies, 9 (August 1971): pages 164-213.
"Peasant Rebellion in the Philippines: The Origins and Growth of the HMB," (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1972).
"A Critique of the RAND Report on the Philippines," Journal of Asian Studies, 32 (May 1973): pages 489-500.
"Politics of Survival: Peasant Responses to 'Progress' in Southeast Asia," Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 4 (September 1973): pages 241-268. Co-authored with James C. Scott.
"How Traditional Rural Patrons Lose Legitimacy: A Theory with Special Reference to Southeast Asia," Cultures et developpement, 5:3 (1973): pages 500-540. Co-authored with James C. Scott.  Reprinted in Steffen W. Schmidt, et al. (eds.), Friends, Followers, and Factions: A Reader in Political Clientelism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), pages 439–457.
"The Philippines: Agrarian Conditions in Luzon Prior to Martial Law," Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, 5 (September 1973): pages 36-40.
"Agrarian Conditions Since the Huk Rebellion: A Barrio in Central Luzon," in Kerkvliet, ed., Political Change in the Philippines: Studies of Local Politics Prior to Martial Law (Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii, 1974), pages 1–76.
"All Show, No Go: Land Reform in the Philippines," The Nation, 11 May 1974, pages 586–589.
Testimony about conditions in the Philippines, U.S. Senate, Subcommittee on Foreign Operations (24 May 1974), and House of Representatives, Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs (5 June 1974). Printed in the Congressional Record, 120 (4 June 1974): S-9564-70.
"Land Reform in the Philippines Since the Marcos Coup," Pacific Affairs, 47 (Fall 1974): pages 286-304.
"Peasants and Marxists in Asia: A Review Article," Peasant Studies, 6 (October 1975): pages 7-11.
"Land Reform: Emancipation or Counterinsurgency?" in David A. Rosenberg, ed., Marcos and Martial Law in the Philippines (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1979), pages 113–144.
"Difference among Philippine Peasants: A Provincial Sample," Philippine Sociological Review, 27 (July 1979): pages 133-159. Co-authored with Werasit Sittitrai.
 "Resources for Research on Local Philippine Society," Philippine Studies Newsletter, 8 (October 1980): pages 3-9.
"Classes and Class Relations in a Philippine Village," Philippine Sociological Review, 28 (January–December 1980): pages 31-50.
"The Meaning of Martial Law in a Nueva Ecija Village, the Philippines," Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, 14 (October–December 1982): pages 2-19.
"Profiles of Agrarian Reform in a Nueva Ecija Village," in Antonio Ledesma, et al., eds., Second View From the Paddy (Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1983), pages 41–58.
"Possible Demise of the Marcos Regime," Crossroads: Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 1 (October 1983): pages 67-83.
"Documentary Methods: Review of Two Films," Pilipinas: A Journal of Philippine Studies, 5 (Fall 1985): pages 110-113.
"Everyday Resistance to Injustice in a Philippine Village," Journal of Peasant Studies, 13 (January 1986): 107-123; also in Scott and Kerkvliet, ed., Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance in Southeast Asia (London: Frank Cass, 1986).
"Patterns of Philippine Resistance and Rebellion, 1970-1986," Pilipinas: A Journal of Philippine Studies, 6 (Spring 1986): pages 35-52.
"Peasants and Agricultural Workers: Implications for United States Policy," in Carl Lande (ed.), Rebuilding a Nation: Philippine Challenges and American Policy (Washington, D.C.: The Washington Institute, 1987), pages 205–218.
"'We Are Being Oppressed by Those Already Well Off': Political Thought and Action of Wage Workers in Rural Central Luzon, the Philippines," in Michael Pinches and Salim Lakha, eds., Wage Labour and Social Change in Asia (Clayton, Victoria: Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University, 1988), pages 67–92 (also Quezon City: New Day Press, 1992, pages 68–94).
"Understanding Politics in a Rural Community During the Transition from Marcos to Aquino," in Kerkvliet and Mojares, eds., From Marcos to Aquino (Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1991), pages 226–46.
"The Transition from Marcos to Aquino," co-authored with Resil Mojares, in Kerkvliet and Mojares, eds., From Marcos to Aquino, pages 1–12.
"Claiming the Land: Take-overs by Villagers in the Philippines with Comparisons to Indonesia, Peru, Portugal, and Russia," Journal of Peasant Studies 20 (April 1993): pages 459-493.
"State-Village Relations in Vietnam: Contested Cooperatives and Collectivization." Working Paper, Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University, 1993. 28 pages.
"Withdrawal and Resistance: the Political Significance of Food, Agriculture, and How People Lived During the Japanese Occupation in the Philippines," in Laurie Sears, ed., Autonomous Histories, Particular Truths: Essays in Honor of John Smail. (Madison: University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1993), 175-94. An earlier appeared in Bernd Martin and Alan Milward, eds., Agriculture and Food Supply in World War Two (West Germany: Scripta Mercaturae, 1985), pages 297–316.
"Politics of Society in the Mid 1990s," in Ben Kerkvliet, ed., Dilemmas of Development: Vietnam Update 1994 (Canberra: Political and Social Change, Australian National University, 1995), pages 5–44.
"Village-State Relations in Vietnam: The Effect of Everyday Politics on Decollectivization," Journal of Asian Studies, 54 (May 1995): pages 396-418.
"Rural Vietnam in Rural Asia," co-authored with Doug J. Porter, in Kerkvliet and Porter, eds., Vietnam's Rural Transformation (Boulder: Westview Press, and Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1995), pages 1–38.
"Rural Society and State Relations in Vietnam," in Kerkvliet and Porter, eds., Vietnam's Rural Transformation.
"Toward a More Comprehensive Analysis of Philippine Politics: Beyond the Patron-Client, Factional Framework," Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 26(September 1995): pages 401-19.
"Contemporary Philippine Leftist Politics in Historical Perspective," in Patricio Abinales, ed., The Revolution Falters: The Left in Philippine Politics after 1986  (Ithaca, New York: Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University, 1996), pages 9–27.
"Contested Meanings of Elections in the Philippines," in R. H. Taylor, ed., The Politics of Elections in Southeast Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, and Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1996), pages 136–63.
"Partial Impressions of Society in Vietnam," in Adam Fforde, ed., Doi Moi: Ten Years after the 1986 Party Congress (Canberra: Dept. of Political and Social Change, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, 1997), pp. 47–79.
"Land Struggles and Land Regimes in the Philippines and Vietnam during the Twentieth Century," Wertheim Lecture (Amsterdam: Centre for Asian Studies Amsterdam, 1997), 40 pages.
"Comparing the Chinese and Vietnamese Reforms: An Introduction," co-authored with Anita Chan and Jonathan Unger, The China Journal 40(July 1998): pages 1-7.
"Agrarian Transformations in China and Vietnam," co-authored with Mark Selden, The China Journal 40 (July 1998): pages 37-58.
"Land Regimes and State Strengths and Weaknesses in the Philippines and Vietnam," in Peter Dauvergne, ed., Weak and Strong States in Asia-Pacific Societies (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1998), pages 158–174.
"Wobbly Foundations: Building Co-operatives in Rural Vietnam," Southeast Asia Research 6 (November 1998): pages 193-251.
"Comparing Vietnam and China," co-authored with Anita Chan, Benedict Kerkvliet, and Jonathan Unger, in our edited book Transforming Asian Socialism: China and Vietnam Compared (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1999), pages 1–14.
"Accelerating Cooperatives in Rural Vietnam, 1955-1961," in Bernhard Dahm and Vincent J. H. Hauben, eds., Vietnamese Villages in Transition (Passau: Department of Southeast Asian Studies, Passau University, 1999), pages 53–88.
"Dialogical Law Making and Implementation in Vietnam," in Alice Tay, ed., East Asia, Human Rights, Nation Building and Trade (Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1999), pages 372–400.
"Advocating Vietnam Studies: Phan Huy Le and the Center for Vietnam Studies and Cultural Exchange," in Philippe Papin and John Kleinen, eds., Liber Amirorum: Melanges offerts au Professeur Phan Huy Le (Hanoi: NXB Thanh Nien, 1999), pages 103–17.
"Manuela Santa Ana vda. de Maclang and Philippine Politics," in Alfred McCoy, ed., Lives at the Margin: Biography of Filipinos Obscure, Ordinary, and Heroic (Madison: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, University of Wisconsin–Madison; and Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2000), pages 389–421.
"Political Ironies in the Philippines," forward for book by Jennifer Conroy Franco, Campaigning for Democracy: Grassroots Citizenship Movements, Less-The-Democratic Elections, and Regime Transition in the Philippines (Quezon City: Institute for Popular Democracy, 2000), pages xv-xxii (New York City: Routledge, 2001), pages xxi-xxiv.
"Analyzing the State in Vietnam," Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 16:2 (2001): pages 179-86.
"An Approach for Analyzing State-Society Relations in Vietnam," Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 16:2 (2001): pages 238-78.
"Reverberations of Freedom in the Philippines and Vietnam," in Robert Taylor, ed., Freedom in Africa and Asia (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2002), pages 182–213, 297-308.
"Grappling with Organizations and the State in Contemporary Vietnam," in Benedict J. Tria Kerkvliet, Russell H. K. Heng, and David W. H. Koh, eds., Getting Organized in Vietnam: Moving in and around the Socialist State (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2003), pages 1–24.
"Authorities and the People: An Analysis of State-Society Relations in Vietnam," in Hy V. Luong, ed., Postwar Vietnam: Dynamics of a Transforming Society (Boulder: Rowman & Littlefield, and Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2003), pages 27–53.
"Agrarian Policy Renovation in Vietnam from the Bottom Up," Taiwan Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 1 (October 2004): pages 19-36.
"Surveying Local Government and Authority in Contemporary Vietnam," in Benedict J. Tria Kerkvliet and David G. Marr, eds., Beyond Hanoi: Local Government in Vietnam (Singapore and Copenhagen: ISEAS Publications and NIAS Press, 2004), pages 1–27.
"Politics in Vietnam's Red River Delta in the 1970s-1980s (and Why it is Relevant to the 2000s)," in Edwina Palmer, ed., Asian Futures, Asian Traditions (Kent: Global Oriental, 2005), pages 143–56.
"Political Expectations and Democracy in the Philippines and Vietnam," Philippine Political Science Journal, 26 (no. 49, 2005): pages 1-26.
"Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices," Journal of Agrarian Change 6 (July 2006): pages 285-305.
"In-Depth Research and Knowledge Accumulation About Agrarian Politics in Southeast Asia," in Erik Martinez Kuhonta, Dan Slater, and Tuong Vu, eds., Southeast Asia in Political Science: Theory, Region, and Qualitative Analysis (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2008), pages 129-43.
"Forms of Engagement between State Agencies & Civil Society Organizations in Vietnam," co-written with Nguyễn Quang A and Bạch Tân Sinh. Prepared for the VUFO-NGO Resource Centre, Hanoi, December 2008 (63 pages).
"Everyday Politics in Peasant Societies (and Ours)," Journal of Peasant Studies, 36:1 (2009): pages 227-43. Reprinted in Critical Perspectives in Rural Development Studies, pages 215–31, edited by Saturnino M. Borras Jr. (London: Routledge, 2010).
"Southeast Asia," in R.A.W. Rhodes, ed., The Australian Study of Politics (England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), pages 257-67.
"Workers' Protests in Contemporary Vietnam (with Some Comparisons to those in the Pre-1975 South)," Journal of Vietnamese Studies, 5:1 (2010): pages 162-204. Republished with some revisions as "Workers' Protests in Contemporary Vietnam," in Labour in Vietnam, edited by Anita Chan (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2011), pages 160-210.
"Governance, Development, and the Responsive-Repressive State in Vietnam," Forum for Development Studies 37 (March 2010): pages 33-60.
"A Different View of Insurgencies," In Search of a Human Face: 15 Years of Knowledge Building for Human Development in the Philippines (Quezon City: Human Development Network, 2010), pages 268-79.
"Government Repression and Toleration in Contemporary Vietnam," Working Paper 119, Southeast Asia Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong, 2012.
Small articles, mainly on aspects of Philippine history, society, and politics have been published in the Encyclopedia of Asian History (New York: Scribners, 1987), Encyclopedia of Political Revolutions (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books, 1998),  Los Angeles Times, International Herald Tribune, Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Honolulu Advertiser, and The Australian

External links

Vietnam Studies Association of Australia

Living people
Whitman College alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
American political scientists
Writers from Montana
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa faculty
1943 births
Academic staff of the Australian National University

Ben Kerkvliet


Donnchadh mac Eoghan Ó Duinnshléibhe (died 30 September 1527) was an Irish physician and the ollam leighis or official physician of the O'Donnell dynasty.

Ó Duinnshléibhe was a member of a hereditary medical family based in County Donegal who were formerly the ruling dynasty of the over-kingdom of Ulaid. The Annals of the Four Masters contain his obit, sub anno 1527:

 The physician O'Donlevy (Donough, son of Owen), a Doctor of Medicine, and learned in other sciences, a man of great affluence and wealth, who kept a house of general hospitality, died on the 30th of September.

His son Eoghan MacDonlevy, M.D. (d. 1586) or Owen Ultach was like his father educated in the medical arts in Paris, like his father an ollam leighis to the O'Donnell, and likewise known for his general learning.  Owen was considered the finest physician of his time in Ireland.

See also
 Irish medical families
 Muiris mac Donnchadh Ulltach Ó Duinnshléibhe, Irish cleric, fl. 1602-1630s
 Muiris mac Seaán Ulltach Ó Duinnshléibhe, Irish cleric, fl. 1602-1630s.

References

External links
 http://celt.ucc.ie/publishd.html

16th-century Irish medical doctors
Medical doctors from County Donegal
1527 deaths
Year of birth unknown

Donnchadh mac Eoghan Ó Duinnshléibhe


Evan Lloyd (15 April 1734 (baptised) – 26 January 1776) was a Welsh poet.

Life
Lloyd, who was baptised on 15 April 1734 in Llanycil, Merionethshire, Wales, was educated at Ruthin School before matriculating at Jesus College, Oxford in 1751.  After graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1754 and a Master of Arts degree three years later, Lloyd was ordained and served curate of St Mary's Rotherhithe, London.  In 1763, he became vicar of Llanfair Dyffryn Clwyd, Wales, but he remained in London (where he enjoyed the delights of the London social life) and employed a curate in his place. Gout and rheumatism affected his later years, and he died on 26 January 1776.

Works
In 1766 Lloyd published three satires in verse.  One (The Powers of the Pen) attacked literary critics.  Another (The Curate) bewailed the position of curates and condemned bishops.  The third (The Methodist) not only showed Lloyd's hatred of Methodism but also defamed William Price, a former High Sheriff of Merionethshire and a powerful landowner in Lloyd's part of Wales.  Price sued for libel, leading to Lloyd being fined and imprisoned for a short time, although his imprisonment led to his befriending John Wilkes, a fellow inmate.  Wilkes and another friend, David Garrick, attempted to obtain further church positions for Lloyd but this was largely unsuccessful, with the Bishop of St Asaph, Jonathan Shipley, blaming Lloyd's satires.  Nevertheless, Lloyd wrote an Epistle to David Garrick (1773), though this led to Lloyd being mocked in A Whipping for the Welsh Parson by William Kenrick later the same year.

References

External links

1734 births
1776 deaths
18th-century Welsh Anglican priests
Welsh poets
Welsh satirists
People educated at Ruthin School
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
People from Llanycil

Evan Lloyd (poet)


Resonant inductive coupling or magnetic phase synchronous coupling is a phenomenon with inductive coupling in which the coupling becomes stronger when the "secondary" (load-bearing) side of the loosely coupled coil resonates.  A resonant transformer of this type is often used in analog circuitry as a bandpass filter.  Resonant inductive coupling is also used in wireless power systems for portable computers, phones, and vehicles.

Applications

Various resonant coupling systems in use or are under development for short range (up to 2 meters) wireless electricity systems to power laptops, tablets, smartphones, robot vacuums, implanted medical devices, and vehicles like electric cars, SCMaglev trains and automated guided vehicles.  Specific technologies include:
 WiTricity
 Rezence
 eCoupled
 Wireless Resonant Energy Link (WREL)

Other applications include:
 Data transmission such as with passive RFID tags (for example in a passport) and contactless smart cards.
 Resonant transformer of CCFL inverter that powers a cold-cathode fluorescent lamp.
 Couple the stages of a superheterodyne receiver, where the selectivity of the receiver is provided by tuned transformers in the intermediate-frequency amplifiers.
 High voltage (one million volt) sources for X-ray production.

The Tesla coil is a resonant transformer circuit used to generate very high voltages, and is able to provide much higher current than high voltage electrostatic machines such as the Van de Graaff generator. However, this type of system radiates most of its energy into empty space, unlike modern wireless power systems which waste very little energy.

Resonant transformers are widely used in radio circuits as bandpass filters, and in switching power supplies.

History

In 1894 Nikola Tesla used resonant inductive coupling, also known as "electro-dynamic induction" to wirelessly light up phosphorescent and incandescent lamps at the 35 South Fifth Avenue laboratory, and later at the 46 E. Houston Street laboratory in New York City. In 1897 he patented a device called the high-voltage, resonant transformer or "Tesla coil." Transferring electrical energy from the primary coil to the secondary coil by resonant induction, a Tesla coil is capable of producing very high voltages at high frequency. The improved design allowed for the safe production and utilization of high-potential electrical currents, "without serious liability of the destruction of the apparatus itself and danger to persons approaching or handling it."

In the early 1960s resonant inductive wireless energy transfer was used successfully in implantable medical devices including such devices as pacemakers and artificial hearts.  While the early systems used a resonant receiver coil, later systems implemented resonant transmitter coils as well. These medical devices are designed for high efficiency using low power electronics while efficiently accommodating some misalignment and dynamic twisting of the coils. The separation between the coils in implantable applications is commonly less than 20 cm. Today resonant inductive energy transfer is regularly used for providing electric power in many commercially available medical implantable devices.

Wireless electric energy transfer for experimentally powering electric automobiles and buses is a higher power application (>10 kW) of resonant inductive energy transfer.   High power levels are required for rapid recharging and high energy transfer efficiency is required both for operational economy and to avoid negative environmental impact of the system. An experimental electrified roadway test track built circa 1990 achieved just above 60% energy efficiency while recharging the battery of a prototype bus at a specially equipped bus stop.  The bus could be outfitted with a retractable receiving coil for greater coil clearance when moving. The gap between the transmit and receive coils was designed to be less than 10 cm when powered.  In addition to buses the use of wireless transfer has been investigated for recharging electric automobiles in parking spots and garages as well.

Some of these wireless resonant inductive devices operate at low milliwatt power levels and are battery powered. Others operate at higher kilowatt power levels.  Current implantable medical and road electrification device designs achieve more than 75% transfer efficiency at an operating distance between the transmit and receive coils of less than 10 cm.

In 1993, Professor John Boys and Professor Grant Covic, of the University of Auckland in New Zealand, developed systems to transfer large amounts of energy across small air gaps. It was putting into practical use as the moving crane and the AGV non-contact power supply in Japan. In 1998, RFID tags were patented that were powered in this way.

In November 2006, Marin Soljačić and other researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology applied this near field behavior to wireless power transmission, based on strongly-coupled resonators. In a theoretical analysis, they demonstrate that, by designing electromagnetic resonators that suffer minimal loss due to radiation and absorption and have a near field with mid-range extent (namely a few times the resonator size), mid-range efficient wireless energy-transfer is possible. The reason is that, if two such resonant circuits tuned to the same frequency are within a fraction of a wavelength, their near fields (consisting of 'evanescent waves') couple by means of evanescent wave coupling. Oscillating waves develop between the inductors, which can allow the energy to transfer from one object to the other within times much shorter than all loss times, which were designed to be long, and thus with the maximum possible energy-transfer efficiency. Since the resonant wavelength is much larger than the resonators, the field can circumvent extraneous objects in the vicinity and thus this mid-range energy-transfer scheme does not require line-of-sight. By utilizing in particular the magnetic field to achieve the coupling, this method can be safe, since magnetic fields interact weakly with living organisms.

Apple Inc. applied for a patent on the technology in 2010, after WiPower did so in 2008.

In the past, the power source used on the JR Tokai SCMaglev car was generating with a gas turbine generator. In 2011, they succeeded in powering while driving (CWD:charge while driving) across a large gap by the JR Tokai proprietary 9.8 kHz phase synchronization technology developed based on technology similar to AGV's wireless power scheme. And the Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation evaluated the technology as all the problems for practical use were cleared. Construction of SCMaglev begin and commercial use will start in 2027.

Comparison with other technologies

Non-resonant coupled inductors, such as typical transformers, work on the principle of a primary coil generating a magnetic field and a secondary coil subtending as much as possible of that field so that the power passing through the secondary is as close as possible to that of the primary. This requirement that the field be covered by the secondary results in very short range and usually requires a magnetic core. Over greater distances the non-resonant induction method is highly inefficient and wastes the vast majority of the energy in resistive losses of the primary coil.

Using resonance can help improve efficiency dramatically. If resonant coupling is used, the secondary coil is capacitive loaded so as to form a tuned LC circuit. If the primary coil is driven at the secondary side resonant frequency, it turns out that significant power may be transmitted between the coils over a range of a few times the coil diameters at reasonable efficiency.

Compared to the costs associated with batteries, particularly non-rechargeable batteries, the costs of the batteries are hundreds of times higher. In situations where a source of power is available nearby, it can be a cheaper solution. In addition, whereas batteries need periodic maintenance and replacement, resonant energy transfer can be used instead. Batteries additionally generate pollution during their construction and their disposal which is largely avoided.

Regulations and safety
Unlike mains-wired equipment, no direct electrical connection is needed and hence equipment can be sealed to minimize the possibility of electric shock.

Because the coupling is achieved using predominantly magnetic fields; the technology may be relatively safe.  Safety standards and guidelines do exist in most countries for electromagnetic field exposures (e.g. ICNIRP ). Whether the system can meet the guidelines or the less stringent legal requirements depends on the delivered power and range from the transmitter. Maximum recommended B-field is a complicated function of frequency, the ICNIRP guidelines for example permit RMS fields of tens of microteslas below 100 kHz, falling with frequency to 200 nanoteslas in the VHF, and lower levels above 400 MHz, where body parts can sustain current loops comparable to a wavelength in diameter, and deep tissue energy absorption reaches a maximum.

Deployed systems already generate magnetic fields, for example induction cookers in the tens of kHz where high fields are permitted, and contactless smart card readers, where higher frequency is possible as the required energies are lower.

A study for the Swedish military found that 85kHz systems for dynamic wireless power transfer for vehicles can cause electromagnetic interference at a radius of up to 300 kilometers.

Mechanism details

Overview

This process occurs in a resonant transformer, an electrical component which transformer consists of high Q coil wound on the same core with a capacitor connected across a coil to make a coupled LC circuit.

The most basic resonant inductive coupling consists of one drive coil on the primary side and one resonance circuit on the secondary side. In this case, when the resonant state on the secondary side is observed from the primary side, two resonances as a pair are observed. One of them is called the antiresonant frequency (parallel resonant frequency 1), and the other is called the resonant frequency (serial resonant frequency 1'). The short-circuit inductance and resonant capacitor of the secondary coil are combined into a resonant circuit. When the primary coil is driven with a resonant frequency (serial resonant frequency) of the secondary side, the phases of the magnetic fields of the primary coil and the secondary coil are synchronized. As a result, the maximum voltage is generated on the secondary coil due to the increase of the mutual flux, and the copper loss of the primary coil is reduced, the heat generation is reduced, and the efficiency is relatively improved. The resonant inductive coupling is the near field wireless transmission of electrical energy between magnetically coupled coils, which is part of a resonant circuit tuned to resonate at the same frequency as the driving frequency.

Coupling coefficient in the resonance state

In the transformer, only part of the flux generated by current through the primary coil is coupled to the secondary coil and vice versa.  The part that couples is called mutual flux and the part that does not couple is called leakage flux. When the system is not in the resonance state, this leads to the open-circuit voltage appearing at the secondary being less than predicted by the turns ratio of the coils.  The degree of coupling is captured by a parameter called coupling coefficient.  The coupling coefficient, , is defined as the ratio of transformer open-circuit voltage ratio to the ratio that would be obtained if all the flux coupled from one coil to the other. However, if it is not open circuit, the flux ratio will change. The value of  lies between 0 and ±1.  Each coil inductance can be notionally divided into two parts in the proportions .  These are respectively an inductance producing the mutual flux and an inductance producing the leakage flux.

Coupling coefficient is a function of the geometry of the system. It is fixed by the positional relationship between the two coils. The coupling coefficient does not change between when the system is in the resonance state and when it is not in the resonance state, or even if the system is in resonance state and a secondary voltage larger than the turns ratio is generated. However, in the resonance case, the flux ratio changes and the mutual flux increases.

Resonant systems are said to be tightly coupled, loosely coupled, critically coupled or overcoupled. Tight coupling is when the coupling coefficient is around 1 as with conventional iron-core transformers. Overcoupling is when the secondary coil is so close and the formation of mutual flux is hindered by the effect of antiresonance, and critical coupling is when the transfer in the passband is optimal. Loose coupling is when the coils are distant from each other, so that most of the flux misses the secondary. In Tesla coils around 0.2 is used, and at greater distances, for example for inductive wireless power transmission, it may be lower than 0.01.

Voltage gain (Type P-P)
Generally the voltage gain of non resonantly coupled coils is directly proportional to the square root of the ratio of secondary and primary inductances.

However, if in the state of resonant coupling, higher voltage is generated. The short-circuit inductance Lsc2 on the secondary side can be obtained by the following formula.

The short-circuit inductance Lsc2 and the resonance capacitor Cr on the secondary side resonate. The resonance frequency ω2 is as follows.

Assuming that the load resistance is Rl, the Q value of the secondary resonance circuit is as follows.

The voltage generated in the resonance capacitor Cr at the peak of the resonance frequency is proportional to the Q value. Therefore, the voltage gain Ar of the secondary coil with respect to the primary coil when the system is resonating,

In the case of the Type P-P, Q1 does not contribute to the voltage gain.

WiTricity type resonant inductive coupling system
The WiTricity type magnetic resonance is characterized in that the resonant coils on the primary side and the resonant coils on the secondary side are paired. The primary resonant coil increases the primary driving coil current and increases the generated magnetic flux around the primary resonator. This is equivalent to driving the primary coil at high voltage. In the case of the type on the left figure, the general principle is that if a given oscillating amount of energy (for example a pulse or a series of pulses) is placed into a primary coil which is capacitively loaded, the coil will 'ring', and form an oscillating magnetic field.

Resonant transfer works by making a coil ring with an oscillating current. This generates an oscillating magnetic field. Because the coil is highly resonant, any energy placed in the coil dies away relatively slowly over very many cycles; but if a second coil is brought near it, the coil can pick up most of the energy before it is lost, even if it is some distance away. The fields used are predominantly non-radiative, near fields (sometimes called evanescent waves), as all hardware is kept well within the 1/4 wavelength distance they radiate little energy from the transmitter to infinity.

The energy will transfer back and forth between the magnetic field in the inductor and the electric field across the capacitor at the resonant frequency. This oscillation will die away at a rate determined by the gain-bandwidth (Q factor), mainly due to resistive and radiative losses. However, provided the secondary coil cuts enough of the field that it absorbs more energy than is lost in each cycle of the primary, then most of the energy can still be transferred.

Because the Q factor can be very high, (experimentally around a thousand has been demonstrated with air cored coils) only a small percentage of the field has to be coupled from one coil to the other to achieve high efficiency, even though the field dies quickly with distance from a coil, the primary and secondary can be several diameters apart.

It can be shown that a figure of merit for the efficiency is:

Where Q1 and Q2 are the Q factors of the source and receiver coils respectively, and k is the coupling coefficient described above.

And the maximum achievable efficiency is:

Power transfer
Because the Q can be very high, even when low power is fed into the transmitter coil, a relatively intense field builds up over multiple cycles, which increases the power that can be received—at resonance far more power is in the oscillating field than is being fed into the coil, and the receiver coil receives a percentage of that.

Transmitter coils and circuitry
Unlike the multiple-layer secondary of a non-resonant transformer, coils for this purpose are often single layer solenoids (to minimise skin effect and give improved Q) in parallel with a suitable capacitor.  Alternative resonator geometries include wave-wound Litz wire and loop-gap resonators (LGRs). In the Litz wire-based resonators, insulation is either absent or low permittivity and low-loss materials such as silk are used to minimise dielectric losses.  The LGR geometries have the advantage that electric fields outside the resonator structure are very weak which minimizes human exposure to electric fields and makes the power transfer efficiency insensitive to nearby dielectrics.

To progressively feed energy into the primary coil with each cycle, different circuits can be used. One circuit employs a Colpitts oscillator.

In Tesla coils an intermittent switching system, a "circuit controller" or "break," is used to inject an impulsive signal into the primary coil; the secondary coil then rings and decays.

Receiver coils and circuitry

The secondary receiver coils are similar designs to the primary sending coils. Running the secondary at the same resonant frequency as the primary ensures that the secondary has a low impedance at the transmitter's frequency and that the energy is optimally absorbed.

To remove energy from the secondary coil, different methods can be used, the AC can be used directly or rectified and a regulator circuit can be used to generate DC voltage.

See also
 Evanescent wave coupling
 Inductance
 Short-circuit inductance
 Wardenclyffe tower

References

Further reading
NYC Manhole covers hide resonance chargers
IEEE Spectrum: A critical look at wireless power
Intel: Cutting the Last Cord, Wireless Power
Yahoo News: Intel cuts electric cords with wireless power system
BBC News: An end to spaghetti power cables

 William C. Brown biography on the IEEE MTT-S website

External links
  – official site of a wireless power standard promoted by the Alliance for Wireless Power
  – official site of a wireless power standard promoted by the Wireless Power Consortium
  – official site of a wireless power standard promoted by the Power Matters Alliance
Instructables: wireless power

Electric transformers
Wireless energy transfer

Resonant inductive coupling


The Avengers is a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, who are one of the many teams part of Earth's defense, protecting the world from extraterrestrial and supernatural threats. They were created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, and made its debut in The Avengers #1 (September 1963). Labeled ''Earth's Mighties Heroes'', the original Avengers consisted of Iron Man, Ant-Man, Hulk, Thor and the Wasp. Captain America was discovered trapped in ice in issue #4, and joined the group after they revived him.

Other characters have later joined the team, such as Spider-Man, Hawkeye, Black Widow, Quicksilver, Scarlet Witch, Black Panther, Vision, She-Hulk, Hercules, Wolverine, and Captain Marvel.

They also appear in many television series and movies, most of them set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU).

Related pages
Avengers (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

Marvel Comics superheroes

Avengers


Jehan Bellegambe or Jean Bellegambe (sometimes Belgamb or Belganb) (c. 1470c. June 1535/March 1536) was a French-speaking Flemish painter of religious paintings, triptychs and polyptychs, the most important of which are now held at Douai, Arras, Aix, Lille, Saint Petersburg and Chicago. He was known as the 'master of colours' for the transparency and interplay of his colours. He is known as Jehan Bellegambe the elder to distinguish him from his descendants who were also called Jehan.

Life
Bellegambe was born and died in Douai, then in the county of Flanders (today in French Flanders). He was a child of the first marriage of Georges Bellegambe, a cabinetmaker and musician who was living in rue Fosset-Maugart (renamed, in 1862, rue Haute-des ferronniers). Nothing is known of Jehan de Bellegambe's artistic training. The first known mention of him is a document of 1504 which names him as a master painter. In 1528 he owned a house at the corner of rue de la Cloris and rue du Palais.

Works
His works are signed with a rebus.
 Triptych of the Lamentation of Christ (c. 1500), tempera and oil on panel, commissioned by Grégoire de Moscron and his wife Jossine, acquired in 1863 by the National Museum in Warsaw from the Johann Peter Weyer's collection.
 Triptych retable of Le Cellier (1508); showing the Cistercian abbey of Flines-lez-Raches, the porterie, the chevet and the transept.
 Retable of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia (1515), oil on oak panel, left panel 75 cm by 33.5 cm, acquired in 1856 by the Louvre. The saint is shown in three-quarter profile on foot, in armour and with a sword, standing on the city.
 Tripych of the mystic bath (1525), oil on wood, painted for Charles Coguin, 81 cm high, inscribed with the arms of the Abbaye d'Anchin, acquired in 1882 by the musée des Beaux-Arts de Lille, restored in 1921 and 1966.
 Polyptych of Anchin, formed of 9 panels, painted for the Abbaye d'Anchin. Five-year restoration by the musées de France at Versailles. Put back on display on 6 March 2007 at the musée de la Chartreuse.
 Triptych of the Immaculate Conception (1525), commissioned by Jean Pottier (mayor of Douai from 1516) for his heavily sick daughter Marguerite. She wished to be buried in the chapel of the Walloon récollets of Douai and for her dowry to be used to pay for a retable dedicated to the Immaculate Conception. It was presented by the Pottier family.
 Saint Catherine of Alexandria and Saint Barbara (both 1520), Art Institute of Chicago, which acquired them in 1983 as part of the collection of George F. Harding.

Notes and references

Bibliography
  A. Preux, Résurrection d'un grand artiste Jehan Bellegambe de Douai : peintre du retable d'Anchinin, Extrait des Souvenirs de la Flandre Wallone, livraison de juin 1862, éd. de V. Wartelle, 1862
J. Turner, J., The dictionary of art. New York: Grove, 1996

External links
 Jehan Bellegambe on Artcyclopedia
 https://web.archive.org/web/20091008055836/http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/O0027697.html

1470 births
1534 deaths
15th-century French painters
French male painters
16th-century French painters
French Renaissance painters

Jehan Bellegambe


The table below shows all provinces of Peru. It lists their capitals and the regions that they are in. The UBIGEO code identifies each province. Capitals in bold are also a regional capital. Provinces that have the region's capital all have an UBIGEO code ending in 01.

Provinces of Peru


The Whitehurst & Son Sundial was produced in Derby in 1812 by the nephew of John Whitehurst. It is now in the Derby Museum and Art Gallery. This is a precise sundial which tells not only local apparent time but also local mean time using a scale on it. It is accurate to the nearest minute.

Manufacturer
The Whitehurst family was known in Derby as skillful mechanics. John Whitehurst (1713–1788) was born in Congleton, but came to Derby where he became a watch and clock maker. He moved to London to assume the post of Inspector of Weights. His nephew continued the business under the name of Whitehurst & Son. The family business was known for their turret clocks.

Construction
To construct a sundial, one must understand the geometry of the solar system, and particularly how the sun will cast a shadow onto a flat surface, in this case a horizontal surface. Each day over a yearly cycle the shadow will be different from the day before, and the shadow is specific to the location of the dial, particularly its latitude. The dial is designed to tell local apparent time so the longitude is not important. In this case, noon will be at the point when the sun is highest in sky and due south, and standard time would be when the sun was due south at another point such as the Royal Observatory at Greenwich. Derby is at 1° 28′ 46.2″ West of Greenwich,  so the sun is approximately 5 mins and 52.05 s later in reaching noon. And also when telling the time, we must consider the equation of time. That is to say, as the earth moves around the sun in a slight ellipse, day length slightly varies everyday. For example, the difference from the average becomes up to 16 minutes in November and February. This equation of time had been really unknown for a long time until people started comparing sundials with mechanical clocks. If a clock ignores this difference, it measures average time. If a clock is re balanced each day to make them correspond with the natural cycle, it measures local mean time. A fixed noon and fixed day are essential for railways timetabling, so Greenwich Mean Time was adopted. In the case of Midland Railway, it was by January 1848.

This particular bronze sundial is marked "Whitehurst and Son/Derby/1812" and is thought to have been made for George Benson Strutt (who was the younger brother of the cotton spinner William Strutt), for his home Bridge Hill House, in Belper. This has the precise location of 53° 1′ 49.08″ north, and 1° 29′ 26.88″ West of Greenwich, which is slightly different from those of Derby, at 52° 55′ 00″ north, a difference of 6′ 49″. The Longitude is almost same, and gives only a 2 second time difference.

The Gnomon

The dial is stoutly made and has one thick style (gnomon, a stick which casts shadow on the plate). The dial plate is not one complete circle but two semicircles separated by the thickness of the style. In this design of sundial, the angle of the style to the dial plate is exactly the same as latitude, which is 53° 1′ 49″ (the latitude of the Bridge Hill House).
The dial plate will be perfectly horizontal there. In case it is placed at different location, slight adjustment for latitude is required by slanting the dial plate. As the dial is now 0° 6′ 49″, or about 1/10th of a degree south- the nose of the gnomon needs to be raised by that amount.

The dial plate
In the horizontal sundial (also called a garden sundial), the plane that receives the shadow is aligned horizontally. (In the equatorial dial, the style stands vertically against the plate.) Hence, the line of shadow does not rotate uniformly on the dial face. Consequently, the hour lines are spaced according to a calculation.
The dial plate is strictly engraved with hour lines which were calculated using the formula:

where λ is the sundial's geographical latitude (and the angle the style makes with horizontal), θ is the angle between a given hour-line and the noon hour-line (which always points towards true North) on the plane, and t is the number of hours before or after noon.

The Maths
For each of the hours 1 to 6, the formula is calculated. For instance at 3 hours after noon, we substitute the numbers 53.03 and 3 into the formula

This generates these results

{| border=1
|+ A dial for Belper 53.03
|-
|One hour||	11.791779
|-
|Two hours ||	24.219060
|-
|Three hours||	37.922412
|-
|Four hours||	53.460042
|-
|Five hours||	71.020970
|-
|Six hours||	90.000000
|}
The hours before noon are exactly the same, because the dial is symmetrical, so the other lines are mirror images of those above.
In the same manner, the half hours and the minute lines would be calculated. As noon is set exactly on the north-south line, and not 5' and 54" (time difference between Belper and Greenwich) to one side, we can tell that this dial is telling Belper time and not Greenwich time.

Equation of Time

Significantly, on the plate we can see a pair of scales that help the observer make the equation of time correction. One scale gives the date in months and days. Along side of it, another scale is engraved with the minutes on that day that the watch would be running faster or slower. Here it is labeled "Watch Slower, Watch Faster. The 15th April is one day when no conversion needs to be made. This dial can be used both to read solar time shown by sundials and also the mean time that is favoured by clocks, with the practical purpose that observers can use the dial to calibrate their pocket watches, which in 1812 would not always run true. By 1820 watches manufacture had improved and the Lever escapement had become popular, so frequent calibration was no longer needed.

Other Commissions
Another Whitehurst sundial dated around 1800 sold for £1850 in 2005 in Derby.

Related pages
 Sundial
 John Whitehurst

References
Notes

Bibliography

  Slightly amended reprint of the 1970 translation published by University of Toronto Press (Toronto). The original was published in 1965 under the title Les Cadrans solaires by Gauthier-Villars (Montrouge, France).

Collections of Derby Museum and Art Gallery

Whitehurst & Son sundial (1812)


Muḥammad Mūsá Shafīq  (; 1932–1979) was Prime Minister of Afghanistan. He was an Afghan politician and poet. He became Foreign Minister in 1971 and Prime Minister in December 1972. He lost both positions when Mohammed Zahir Shah was overthrown on July 17, 1973. He survived throughout the regime of Mohammed Daoud Khan, but was arrested after the 1978 communist coup d'état and executed along with many other anti-communist politicians in 1979.

Early life
Mohammad Musa Shafiq was born in Kama district, Nangarhar province, Afghanistan in 1932. Son of prominent Afghan politicians, civil servants and religious leader Mawlawi Mohammad Ibraheem Kamavi.

Education
Mohammad Musa Shafiq was graduated from Kabul Arabic Religious High School. He earned his Master's degree from Al-Azhar University in Egypt after which he earned an additional Master's degree from Columbia University in New York, United States of America.

Prime minister

As Prime Minister, Shafiq supported reforms of the largely conservative society of Afghanistan. He also sought closer ties with the United States and promised a crack-down on opium growing and smuggling. Other than that, he was also responsible for solving the then ongoing water dispute with Iran on diplomatic terms. Shafiq was prime Minister for seven months.

Notes

Prime Ministers of Afghanistan
Columbia University alumni
20th-century Afghan poets
Executed prime ministers
1932 births
1979 deaths
Executed Afghan people
20th-century executions by Afghanistan
People from Nangarhar Province
Al-Azhar University alumni
Foreign ministers of Afghanistan

Mohammad Musa Shafiq


Custard tarts or flan pâtissier/parisien are a baked pastry consisting of an outer pastry crust filled with egg custard.

History
The development of custard is so intimately connected with the custard tart or pie that the word itself comes from Anglo-Norman  (unattested), meaning a kind of pie. It is derived from Anglo-Norman crust (> English crust) corresponding to French . It is related to the 18th century French term , probably borrowed from the Italian  (already mentioned 13th century), derived from crosta ( in French), more probably than the Occitan . Some other names for varieties of custard tarts in the Middle Ages were doucettes and darioles. In 1399, the coronation banquet prepared for Henry IV included "doucettys".

Medieval recipes generally included a shortcrust and puff  pastry case filled with a mixture of cream, milk, or broth, with eggs, sweeteners such as sugar or honey, and sometimes spices. Recipes existed as early as the fourteenth century that would still be recognisable as custard tarts today. Tarts could also be prepared with almond milk during times of fasting such as Lent, though this was rather expensive and would have been available only to the well-off. Often, savoury ingredients such as minced pork or beef marrow were also added (the combining of sweet and savoury ingredients was more common in medieval England), but unlike a modern quiche the custard filling itself was invariably sweet. In Portugal, the tarts are dusted with cinnamon; in Britain, nutmeg is often used.

Modern versions

Modern custard tarts are usually made from shortcrust pastry, eggs, sugar, milk or cream, and vanilla, sprinkled with nutmeg and then baked. Unlike egg tart, custard tarts are normally served at room temperature. They are available either as individual tarts, generally around  across, or as larger tarts intended to be divided into slices.

Britain and Commonwealth
Custard tarts have long been a favourite pastry in Britain and the Commonwealth, where they are often called "egg custard tarts" or simply "egg custards" to distinguish the egg-based filling from the commonly served cornflour-based custards. They are sold in supermarkets and bakeries throughout the UK.

In the UK, the custard tart is regarded as a classic British dish. A version by Marcus Wareing was selected on the BBC television programme Great British Menu as the final course of a banquet to celebrate Queen Elizabeth's 80th birthday. The tarts are either made as a single large tart from which slices are cut, or as smaller individual tartlets. Classically, they are invariably topped only with a dusting of nutmeg – fruit topping in the French style, or cinnamon dusting in the Dutch, is not typical.

Variations on the classic recipe include the Manchester tart, where a layer of jam is spread on the pastry before the custard is added. Other versions may have some fresh fruit, or rhubarb, cooked into the filling. Versions topped with elaborate arrangements of fruit show the influence of French pâtisserie.

Hong Kong

The egg tart (traditional Chinese: 蛋撻; simplified Chinese: 蛋挞; Cantonese Yale: ; pinyin: dàntǎ) is a kind of custard tart found in Chinese cuisine derived from the English custard tart and Portuguese pastel de nata. The dish consists of an outer pastry crust filled with egg custard. Egg tarts are often served at dim sum restaurants, bakeries and cha chaan tengs (Hong Kong-style cafes).

Indonesia

The Indonesian version is called pai susu (milk custard pie) from Bali. This pastry consists of an outer pastry crust filled with egg custard and condensed milk, and then baked. Contrary to other versions of this pie, this Indonesian version is very flat, with the filling consisting of only one very thin layer of custard. Another type of Indonesian pie tart is pastel de nata (derived from Portuguese cuisine due to historical ties).

France
Custard tarts in France, where they are known as , may be filled with fruit, making them similar to clafoutis. Some may contain reconstituted shortbread.

Romania

Alivenci, plural form of alivancă, is a traditional custard tart, from the cuisine of Moldavia made with cornmeal, cream cheese like urdă or telemea and smântână.

A form of cheesecake was very popular in Ancient Greece. The secret of its manufacture was passed during the Roman invasions. At that time, the Latin name used for this type of cake was placenta that was transmitted in Romanian culture.

For Saint Peter, the Moldovan prepare alivenci.

Portugal & Macau

Pastel de nata (Portuguese pronunciation: [pɐʃˈtɛɫ dɨ ˈnatɐ][b] (plural: pastéis de nata; [-ˈtɛjʃ-], [-ˈtɐjʃ-][c])) is a Portuguese egg custard tart pastry, optionally dusted with cinnamon. Outside Portugal, they are particularly popular in other parts of Western Europe, Asia and former Portuguese colonies, such as Brazil, Mozambique, Macau, Goa and East Timor. The Macanese pastel de nata was also adopted by KFC and is available in regions such as Hong Kong, Taiwan and China. In Indonesia, this pastry is especially popular in Kampung Tugu, Jakarta, a culturally Portuguese (Mardijker) enclave.

South Africa

Melktert (/ˈmɛlktɛrt/, Afrikaans for milk tart) is a South African dessert originally created by the Dutch settlers in the "Cape" (South Africa) consisting of a sweet pastry crust containing a custard filling made from milk, flour, sugar and eggs. The ratio of milk to eggs is higher than in a traditional Portuguese custard tart or Chinese egg tart, resulting in a lighter texture and a stronger milk flavour.

The dessert originated among settlers at the Dutch Cape Colony in the 17th century, and is believed to have developed from the Dutch mattentaart, a cheesecake-like dessert which was included in the cookbook Een Notabel Boexcken Van Cokeryen (A Notable Book of Cookery) published by Thomas van der Noot around 1514. Some recipes require that the custard be baked in the crust, while others call for the custard to be prepared in advance, and then placed in the crust before serving. Cinnamon is often sprinkled over its surface, and the milk used for the custard may also be infused with a cinnamon stick before preparation. A staple at church fetes and home industries, and commonplace in South African supermarkets, melktert may be served chilled or at room temperature, or slightly warmed.

See also

 Buttermilk pie
 Custard pie
 Custard slice
 Chocolate tart
 List of custard desserts
 List of desserts
 List of pies, tarts and flans

References

External links
History and recipe of the custard tart
Pastéis de Belém–The World's First Pastéis de Nata

British desserts
British pies
Chinese desserts
Custard desserts
English cuisine
French desserts
Portuguese desserts
Hong Kong cuisine
Sweet pies
Tarts
Chinese cuisine

Custard tart


Mount Brooker () is a mountain,  high, standing at the head of Webb Glacier and forming the last major summit in the southeast part of the Allardyce Range of South Georgia. The feature was identified as "Pic" (meaning Peak) or "Pikstock" by the German group of the International Polar Year Investigations, 1882–83. It was first climbed in 1955 by Ian M. Brooker, for whom it is named, and E.C. Webb, members of the British South Georgia Expedition, 1954–55, led by George Sutton.

References

Mountains and hills of South Georgia

Mount Brooker


Portsoy (Gaelic: Port Saoidh) is a burgh in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, formerly in the county of Banffshire.

It is known for:
its local jewellery made from "Portsoy marble" (which is not marble, but rather serpentine)
its locally milled oatmeal which is sold around the world
its annual small boat festival.
its two historical harbours

Towns in Aberdeenshire

Portsoy


The oxpeckers are the two species of bird which make up the family Buphagidae.

Oxpeckers are endemic to the savanna of Sub-Saharan Africa. Their names come from their habit of perching on large mammals (both wild and domesticated) such as cattle or rhinoceroses, and eating ticks, botfly larvae, and other parasites.

According to the more recent studies of phylogeny, the oxpeckers are an ancient line related to  the Mimidae (mockingbirds, thrashers &c.) and starlings, but not particularly close to either.

Considering the known biogeography (distribution) of these groups, the most plausible explanation seems that the oxpecker lineage originated in Eastern or Southeastern Asia like the other two. This would make the two species of Buphagus something like living fossils.

Diet and feeding
Oxpeckers feed exclusively on the backs of large mammals. Certain species seem preferred, whereas others, like the Lichtenstein's hartebeest or topi are generally avoided. The smallest regularly used species is the impala, probably because of the heavy tick load and social nature of that species. In many parts of their range they now feed on cattle, but avoid camels. They feed on ectoparasites, particularly ticks, as well as insects infecting wounds and the flesh and blood of some wounds as well.

Oxpecker/mammal interactions are the subject of some debate and ongoing research. They were originally thought to be an example of mutualism, but recent evidence suggests that oxpeckers may be parasites instead. Oxpeckers do eat ticks, but often the ticks that have already fed on the ungulate host and there has been no proven statistically significant link between oxpecker presence and reduced ectoparasite load . However one study of impalas found that impalas which were used by oxpeckers spent less time grooming themselves suggesting they had fewer parasites. Oxpeckers have been seen opening new wounds and worsening existing ones in order to drink the blood of their perches . Oxpeckers also feed on the earwax  and dandruffs of mammals, although less is known about the benefits of this to the mammal, it is suspected that this is also a parasitic behaviour. Some oxpecker hosts are intolerant of their presence. Elephants and some antelope will actively dislodge the oxpeckers when they land. Other species tolerate oxpeckers while they search for ticks on the face, what one author described as "appear[ing] ... to be an uncomfortable and invasive process."

Oxpeckers as guards

The Swahili language word for oxpecker is "Askari wa kifaru," which means "the rhino's guard" in English.  A team of scientists from California State University and Victoria University in Australia wondered if oxpeckers really did help guard the rhinos.  They found that the black rhinoceros listens for the noises the oxpecker makes.  Rhinoceros cannot see well but oxpeckers can.  When an oxpeckers sees a human, it makes a noise.  It does not make this noise at any other time.  The rhinos hear this noise and then either look for the human or run away.  The scientists performed an experiment: A human would slowly walk toward a rhino.  Rhinos without oxpeckers on their backs only noticed the human one out of five times, but rhinos with oxpeckers noticed the human every time and from much further away.  The scientists wondered if bringing flocks of oxpeckers to groups of rhinoceros without them would help the rhinos avoid human hunters.

References

Passeri
Birds of Africa

Oxpecker


Most of Venezuela's dances originated in the Caribbean and integrated African and European stylings into indigenous culture. They include the national dance Joropo, Venezuelan Salsa, the Venezuelan merengue and the Baile de San Juan, also called Tambor.

Venezuelan salsa
Venezuelan salsa was born in the barrios of Caracas, Venezuela by street musicians who gather to "rock" the slums. Venezuelan salsa has a unique style compared to other forms of salsa as it incorporates quick rhythmic changes on the bass (as compared to the clave of New York style salsa and the salsa of Puerto Rico, which arguably was influenced by New York City, and opposed to the slower sons of Cuba). Venezuelan couples dance salsa cheek to cheek.

Joropo

Joropo is the national dance of Venezuela. It blends indigenous origins with African and Spanish influences. It displays the divine masculine and the divine feminine in harmony when danced correctly.

Venezuelan merengue
 Merengue is actually from the Dominican Republic. Venezuelans love merenge and dance it regularly. The Dominican Republic was liberated by the all-indigenous army led by Simon Bolivar who joined the rebellion after realizing their imminent victory.

Baile de Tambor

Baile de San Juan, also known as tambor, is a dance of Afro-Venezuelan origins. The dance is used as a right of passage and energy dance to test compatibility.

Calypso
 Music of Venezuela

Boleros

References

Venezuelan culture

Dance in Venezuela