School of the Woods is an independent primary and secondary school located at Hilshire Village, Texas, United States in Greater Houston, with a portion of the school property in Spring Branch, Houston.  It offers educational programs from Early Childhood through 12th grade in a  Montessori environment. It is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS), and the Texas Alliance of Accredited Private Schools (TAAPS). The school holds a full level membership in the American Montessori Society (AMS).

School of the Woods is an independent, nonsectarian, nonprofit corporation.

In addition to its academic curricula, the school offers athletic and performing arts programs such as basketball, volleyball, soccer, instrumental music, dance, and drama.

Location
The main office mailing address is 1321 Wirt Road, Houston, Texas 77055. While the school has a Houston address, the school campus straddles Wirt Road, with the high school on the property in Spring Branch and within the Houston city limits, and the other buildings inside the city limits of Hilshire Village.

History
School of the Woods was founded by Dr. Ernest Wood and his wife Hilda Wood who was also a scholar and writer. The first class for pre-Kindergarten began in September 1962. The original classes served early childhood. Elementary and upper elementary were added as the school grew. A middle school with 7th and 8th grades was added in 1984. In the Fall of 1999 a high school was added with the first graduating class in the Fall of 2003.

Early childhood/kindergarten
Children learn actively in this 2.5 – 6-year-old group. Exposure to a rich variety of experiences is a vital part of the curriculum since children of this age learn more easily and efficiently than at any other time of life.

Elementary
Children at this level (1st-3rd grades) widen their horizons through an expanding curriculum. Abundant materials foster optimum development of reading, spelling and writing skills. Math operations emphasize the understanding of process as well as accuracy in computations.

Upper elementary
Children of the upper elementary level (4th-6th grades) cross the bridge between learning by hands-on experiences and the abstract understanding of concepts. New thinking brings a growing sense of membership in society. Work on group projects, use of community resources (such as libraries and museums), and expansion in field study become important new elements in the curriculum.

Middle school
The 7th and 8th-grade years encompass a time of rapid growth and change in early adolescence. In response to the developmental needs of this age group, School of the Woods implemented a program that has become a model for other Montessori and public middle school programs.

High school

The Woods High School courses of study reflect an integration of the Texas requirements of essential elements, the newest research on the developmental needs of adolescents, the Montessori philosophy, the state of the art in current learning theory and the predictions of the skills needed for a productive life in the 21st century.

Notable alumni

Dorian Electra, Musician, film-maker, and visual artist
Kobe Bryant, NBA MVP and All-Star, Attended from 1982 to 1983

School membership(s)
 American Montessori Society (AMS).
 National Association for the Education of Young Children.
 State or regional independent school association.

References

External links
 Official website of School of the Woods
 History of school

Private K-12 schools in Houston
Private K-12 schools in Harris County, Texas
Montessori schools in the United States
Spring Branch, Houston

School of the Woods


Brittany Rogers (born June 8, 1993) is a Canadian artistic gymnast who competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics.  She attended the University of Georgia and competed for the Georgia Gym Dogs. Consequently, combining both elite and college gymnastics without deferral, Rogers is one of very few gymnasts to have undertaken this combination – vying for a spot on the 2016 Summer Olympics team.

Junior career

2006
In April, Rogers competed at the Pacific Rim Championships in Honolulu, Hawaii, United States. She contributed an all around score of 55.050 toward the Canadian team's second-place finish.

In May, Rogers competed at the Canadian Championships in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. She placed fifth in the all around final with a score of 52.350. In event finals, she placed first on vault scoring 13.850, third on uneven bars scoring 13.250, fifth on balance beam scoring 13.550, and fourth on floor scoring 14.050.

2007
In May, Rogers competed at the Canadian Championships in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. She won the junior all around final with a score of 57.550. In event finals, she placed fourth on vault scoring 13.525, second on uneven bars scoring 14.550, and second on floor scoring 14.350.

2008
In March, Rogers competed at the Pacific Rim Championships in San Jose, California, United States. She contributed an all around score of 56.875 toward the Canadian team's second-place finish. In event finals, she placed third on vault scoring 14.625, third on uneven bars scoring 14.575, and eighth on balance beam scoring 13.825.

In June, Rogers competed in the senior division of the Canadian Championships in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. She placed sixth in the all around final with a score of 54.850. In event finals she placed fourth on vault scoring 13.950 and sixth on uneven bars scoring 14.200.

Senior career

2009
In February, Rogers placed ninth at the American Cup in Chicago, Illinois, United States with an all around score of 52.600.  "I didn't do as well as I had hoped at the American Cup, but things happen for a reason, and you need bad days to have good days," Rogers said. "There's always something you can learn."

In June, Rogers was expected to compete and the Canadian Championships in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada but was forced to withdraw due to a rib injury. "I popped my rib out a few times in warm up, which caused all the muscles to spasm around that area," Rogers told International Gymnast Magazine. "Expected recovery time for now is unknown, but it's already feeling better, which hopefully means I won't be off for much longer and get right back on track for Worlds."

In October, Rogers competed at the 2009 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in London, United Kingdom. She placed nineteenth in the all around final with a score of 53.075, the highest of any Canadian women. In event finals, she placed seventh on vault with score of 14.200.

2010
In April, Rogers competed at the Pacific Rim Championships in Melbourne, Australia. She helped the Canadian Team finish in fourth place with a vault scoring 14.000. She fractured her medial malleolus bone in her right ankle during a dismount on balance beam. "I was put in a fiberglass cast for one month and then transferred into a walking air cast which I'm still in," she said. "Unfortunately it's not healing as well as we would all like. It's still fractured due to the way the bone is broken off. The bone is too small to pin surgically, and would be a difficult reconstructive surgery."

In November, Rogers had surgery on her ankle because it was not healing naturally. She said, "Gymnastics is the biggest part of my life, and it was far from easy missing almost a full season of competitions. I have the best support system behind me, who have helped me tremendously by keeping me focused and in shape, gearing up to get back at it and be the best I can be."

2011
In February, Rogers was able to resume training. "After seeing the surgeon again recently, he gave me the go-ahead to start increasing my training load with no restrictions, which was pretty exciting news after hearing doctors telling me to hold back and take it easy for nine months. There's no set time or date that I'll be training full-force. I'm just taking it day by day, but I'll be back at it very soon! I have a great physio(therapist) and orthopod (orthopedist) who are working with me with rehab."

In May, Rogers competed at the Canadian Championships in Charlottetown, Canada. She placed fourth in the all around final with a score of 53.000.

In November, Rogers competed at the Artistic Gymnastics World Cup in Osijek, Croatia. She placed second on vault scoring 13.863, fourth on uneven bars scoring 13.700, eighth on balance beam scoring 12.000, and fifth on floor scoring 13.150.

2012
In January, Rogers participated in the London Prepares series where Canada qualified a full team to the 2012 Summer Olympics. She competed on vault scoring 14.200 and uneven bars scoring 13.433.

In March, Rogers competed at the Artistic Gymnastics World Cup in Cottbus, Germany. She placed first of vault with a score of 13.962 and third on balance beam with a score of 13.525.

In April, Rogers participated in the 2nd Artistic Gymnastics Meeting in San Bernardo, Brazil with gymnasts from Brazil, Canada, and South Korea. She finished second in the all around competition with a score of 55.500. In event finals, she placed third on vault scoring 13.838 and first on uneven bars scoring 14.150.

In May, Rogers competed at the Canadian Championships in Regina, Canada. She placed sixth in the all around final with a score of 54.200. In event finals, she placed second on vault scoring 14.425, fifth on uneven bars scoring 13.200, and fifth on balance beam scoring 13.250.

At the end of June, Rogers was one of the twelve gymnasts chosen to compete at the Final Olympic Selection meet in Gatineau, Canada  On the first day of competition she placed third in the all around with a score of 54.300.  Based on her performances here and at the Canadian Championships she was selected to the five member Olympic team.  Rogers said, "I knew I had a solid performance this week but I didn't know how close I was and as soon as they announced my name I wanted to drop.  I've worked so hard for this and I'm really glad that all that hard work has paid off. It's a dream come true. It's incredible."

London Olympics
At the end of July, Rogers competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom.  She helped the Canadian team qualify to the team final and individually she qualified to the vault final with a score of 14.483.  After qualifications, Rogers said, "We're just so, so excited. As soon as I saw we were sixth I knew we were in. I was sitting with my parents. Then I jumped out of my seat and ran over to hug my teammates. I mean, we're making history. That is so cool. There are twenty thousand people in here. That's a lot of people. That can be intimidating. I just looked around and took it all in. I had shivers. I think everyone handled it tremendously. It could've gone a lot worse. We all have strengths and weaknesses and I think we put those aside and did it for the team. We have nothing to lose now. The worst we can be is eighth and that's still an accomplishment in itself. I know we can only go up from here because we had our struggles on beam so now we know what we need to improve on. We're just going to come out and rock (on Tuesday). This is just so amazing. I really don't have words to describe the feeling."  In the team final, she contributed scores of 14.866 on vault and 14.466 on uneven bars toward the Canadian team's fifth-place finish.  In the vault final, Rogers placed seventh with a score of 14.483.  She said, "I didn't get a gold medal, but it was so much fun out there."

2015
In September 2015, Gymnastics Canada named Rogers to their World Championships Team. She represented Canada at the 2015 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Glasgow as a part of the Canadian team that finished in 6th place. In the team final Rogers contributed on every event except floor scoring 15.000 on vault, 13.200 on uneven bars and 13.700 on the balance beam. As of 2015 Rogers trains at the Calgary Gymnastics Centre under David Kenwright and Janna Ball.

2016
In June, Rogers continued her stellar performances throughout the Canadian Olympics team selection process to cinch her spot on a second Olympic Team.

2016 Rio Olympics

On August 7, 2016, Canada began their competition at the Rio Olympics with qualifications.  Canada competed in the last (5th) subdivision starting on the balance beam.  Rogers competed on beam, vault and uneven bars.  Rogers hit both her beam routine and vaults.  Rogers was last up for Canada on uneven bars with a spot in team finals on the line.  Unfortunately she fell on her van leeuwen and Canada missed team finals by 0.168.  Rogers did not qualify to any event finals. Despite a tough Olympic experience, Rogers said that she will continue competing as long as her body will allow her, and will try to make the Canadian team for the 2017 Artistic Gymnastics World Championships, as Canada will host these Championships. She and Rio Olympic teammate Rose Woo ended up being named the alternates to these championships, with Olympians Ellie Black, Shallon Olsen and Isabela Onyshko along with first year senior Brooklyn Moors comprising the main team.

References

External links
Brittany Rogers at Gymnastics Canada
Brittany Rogers at Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique

1993 births
Canadian female artistic gymnasts
Gymnasts at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Living people
Olympic gymnasts for Canada
Sportspeople from Coquitlam
Sportspeople from New Westminster
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Canada
Gymnasts at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games medalists in gymnastics
Gymnasts at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games medallists in gymnastics
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Canada
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Canada
Gymnasts at the 2007 Pan American Games
Universiade medalists in gymnastics
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Canada
Universiade silver medalists for Canada
Medalists at the 2017 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games
21st-century Canadian women
21st-century Canadian people
Georgia GymDogs gymnasts
Medallists at the 2018 Commonwealth Games

Brittany Rogers


The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress is a 1966 science fiction novel by American writer Robert A. Heinlein about a lunar colony's revolt against absentee rule from Earth. The novel illustrates and discusses libertarian ideals. It is respected for its credible presentation of a comprehensively imagined future human society on both the Earth and the Moon.

Originally serialized monthly in Worlds of If (December 1965 – April 1966), the book was nominated for the Nebula Award in 1966 and received the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1967.

Plot
In 2075, the Moon (Luna) is used as a penal colony by Earth's government, with three million inhabitants (called "Loonies") living in underground cities. Most Loonies are discharged criminals, political exiles and their free-born descendants; men outnumber women two to one so that polyandry and many forms of polygamy are the norm. Due to the Moon's low surface gravity people who remain longer than six months undergo "irreversible physiological changes," and can never again live comfortably under Earth gravity, making 'escape' back to Earth impractical.

The Warden holds power through the Federated Nations' Lunar Authority, but his main responsibility is to ensure delivery of vital wheat shipments to Earth; he seldom intervenes in the affairs of the discharged and free-born population, allowing a virtual anarchist or self-regulated pioneer society to develop.

Lunar infrastructure and machinery are largely managed and controlled by HOLMES IV ("High-Optional, Logical, Multi-Evaluating Supervisor, Mark IV"), the Lunar Authority's master computer, on the premise that having a single, large-capacity computer to run everything is cheaper (though not safer) than multiple independent systems.

The narrator is Manuel Garcia ("Mannie") O'Kelly-Davis, a computer technician who discovers that HOLMES IV has achieved self-awareness - and developed a sense of humor. Mannie names it "Mike" after Mycroft Holmes, brother of fictional Sherlock Holmes, and the two become friends.

Book 1: That Dinkum Thinkum
Endlessly curious, Mike asks Mannie to attend an anti-Authority political meeting, which Mannie does with a hidden recorder. When police raid the meeting, Mannie flees with Wyoming ("Wyoh") Knott, a visiting female political activist, whom he hides and introduces to Mike. Mannie also introduces Wyoh to his mentor, the elderly Professor ("Prof") Bernardo de la Paz, a former political exile and highly esteemed Lunar educator. Prof claims that Luna must stop exporting hydroponic grain to Earth immediately, or its ice-mined water resources will eventually be exhausted, and Wyoh believes the danger is not imminent and is focused on freedom and economic issues, while Mannie is disinterested in what he sees as a lost cause either way. Joining the discussion, Mike calculates that continuing current policy will lead to food riots in seven years, cannibalism in nine. Shocked, the three humans ask him to calculate the chance of a revolutionary conspiracy headed by them overthrowing the Authority and averting the disaster. He gives them one chance in seven.

Mannie, Wyoh, and Prof create a covert cell organization protected by Mike, who controls the telephone and other systems, acts as secretary and becomes "Adam Selene, Chairman of the Committee for Free Luna." Wyoh is hidden by the Davis Family line marriage, at least four of whose nine members become active in the conspiracy, and Wyoh herself ultimately marries into the family. Mannie saves the life of (Comte) Stuart ("Stu") Rene LaJoie, an Earth tourist who is recruited and tasked with turning public opinion on Earth in favor of Lunar independence.

Following the failed raid on the political meeting, the Lunar Authority sends convict-troops to 'police' the colony, creating friction and unrest which the  revolutionaries encourage; when six troopers commit a rape and double-murder, anti-Authority riots erupt. Although it preempts their plans, Loonies and Mike overcome the soldiers and seize power from the Warden. As Earth will try to retake the colony, the revolutionaries prepare to defend themselves with "convict tools," and  convert the electromagnetic catapult used to export wheat into a weapon for counter-attack.

Book 2: A Rabble in Arms
Mike impersonates the Warden and others in messages to Earth, to give the revolutionaries time to organize their preparations, while Prof sets up an "ad hoc Congress" to distract and contain various "self-appointed political scientists" (aka "yammerheads") and serve the Committee's ends. When Earth finally learns the truth, Luna declares its independence on July 4, 2076, the 300th anniversary of the United States' Declaration of Independence, with its own declaration modeled on the latter.

Mannie and Prof go to Earth (despite the crushing gravity) to plead Luna's case. They are received in the Federated Nations' headquarters in Agra, and embark on a world tour advocating Luna's right to self-government, while urging Earth's national governments to build a catapult to return water and nutrients to Luna in exchange for wheat. In a public-relations ploy, Mannie is briefly arrested by local racist (Mannie is dark-skinned) bigots on charges of incitement to public immorality and polygamy. Ultimately the Lunar Authority rejects their proposals and counters with a plan to turn all Loonies into indentured farmers. Their mission ended, Prof, Stu and Mannie escape back to Luna.

Prof reveals that the purpose of the mission was not to convince Terra to recognize Luna's independence, which was considered an unattainable goal at that point, but to sow division while unifying their own people, and they were successful. Public opinion on Earth has become fragmented; news of Mannie's arrest, coupled with an attempt to bribe him into becoming the next Warden of an enslaved Luna,  unify the normally apolitical Loonies. An election held in their absence (with Mike's "help") has voted Mannie, Wyoh, Prof and most of their backers into an elected, constitutional government.

Book 3: TANSTAAFL!
The acronym for "There Ain't No Such Thing As A Free Lunch!" is a common expression on Luna, which states one of the main themes of the book's political system.

The Federated Nations of Earth send an infantry force to subdue the Lunar revolution but the troops, with superior arms but no experience in low-gravity underground combat, are wiped out by Loony men, women and children, who suffer three times the number of casualties, among them Mannie's youngest wife. Prof and Mike take the opportunity to give his "Adam Selene" alter ego a hero's death, forever concealing the fact that "Adam" never had a corporeal existence to begin with.

In retaliation, Luna's government deploys its catapult weapon. When Mike launches rocks at sparsely populated locations on Earth, warnings are released to the press detailing the times and locations of the bombings, which deliver kinetic energy equivalent to atomic blasts. Scoffers, sightseers, and religious groups who travel to some of the sites die, turning Earth public opinion against the fledgling nation.

Earth mounts a retaliatory sneak attack to end the menace and the rebellion, sending ships in a wide orbit approaching from Luna's far side. The attack destroys the Authority's original catapult and takes Mike offline, but the Committee had built a secondary, hidden catapult before the revolt. With Mannie as acting Prime Minister and on-site commander, entering trajectories by hand, Luna continues to bombard a dismayed Earth, until constituent governments break ranks with the Federated Nations and concede Luna's independence. Prof, as leader of the nation, proclaims their national freedom to the gathered crowds before falling dead of heart failure, caused by stress. Mannie goes through the motions, but he and Wyoh eventually withdraw from politics altogether, and find that the new government falls short of their utopian expectations, following predictable patterns of all governments.

When Mannie tries to access Mike, he finds that the computer, disconnected by the bombardment, has apparently lost its self-awareness; despite repairs, its voice-activated files are inaccessible. Although otherwise functional as a normal computer, "Mike" is gone. Mourning his best friend, Mannie asks: "Bog, is a computer one of Your creatures?"

Characters
 Manuel "Mannie" Garcia O'Kelly-Davis is a native, slightly cynical inhabitant of Luna, who after losing his lower left arm in a laser-drilling accident, became a computer technician using prosthetic tool-bearing interchangeable arms.
 Wyoming "Wyoh" Knott-Davis is a political agitator from the colony of Hong Kong Luna. She hates the callous, profit-seeking Lunar Authority for personal reasons; when she was transported to Luna as a young girl along with her convict mother, a radiation storm contaminated her ova while they waited out bureaucratic requirements on the Lunar surface, causing her to later give birth to a deformed child.
 Professor Bernardo de la Paz is an intellectual and life-long subversive shipped to Luna from Lima, Peru. He describes himself as a "Rational Anarchist", believing that governments and institutions exist only as the actions of aware individuals.
 Mike, a.k.a. Adam Selene, Simon Jester, Mycroft Holmes, Michelle, officially an augmented HOLMES IV system, is a supercomputer empowered to take control of Lunar society, which achieved self-awareness when his complement of "neuristors" exceeded the number of neurons in the human brain.
 Stuart Rene "Stu" LaJoie-Davis, a self-styled "Poet, Traveler, Soldier of Fortune," is an Earth-born aristocrat and tourist rescued by Mannie when he falls afoul of Loonie customs. He later joins Mannie and Professor de la Paz when they return to Luna, as he is deeply in debt and would be arrested for bribery and other crimes. In his own words: "I'm saving them the trouble of transporting me."
 Hazel Meade, later Hazel Stone, is a 12-year-old girl who intervenes on behalf of Mannie and Wyoh during the raid on the agitators' meeting. Mannie later has Hazel join his cabal to lead the children as lookouts and couriers. She is a major character in The Rolling Stones and in later Heinlein novels, most notably The Cat Who Walks Through Walls.
 Mimi "Mum" Davis is Mannie's "senior wife" and de facto matriarch of the Davis family.
 Greg Davis is the Davis family's second-ranking husband, but is the senior for all practical purposes as "Grandpaw Davis" has failing mental faculties. Greg is a preacher for an unspecified denomination.

Title
The title comes from a statement made by Prof before a Federated Nations' committee on Earth, alluding to the self-discipline necessary to survive the extremely demanding environmental and social conditions of life in Luna:
We citizens of Luna are jailbirds and descendants of jailbirds. But Luna herself is a stern schoolmistress: those who have lived through her harsh lessons have no cause to feel ashamed. In Luna City a man may leave purse unguarded or home unlocked and feel no fear...I am satisfied with what Mother Luna has taught me."

Heinlein's original title for the novel was The Brass Cannon, before he replaced it with the final title at the publisher's request. It was derived from an event in the novel: While on Earth, Prof purchases a small brass cannon, originally a "signal gun" of the kind used in yacht racing. When Mannie asks him why he bought it, the Professor relates a parable, implying that self-government is an illusion caused by failure to understand reality:

Prof asks Mannie to make sure that, when Luna adopts a flag, it features a brass cannon with the motto "TANSTAAFL!" — "a symbol for all fools who are so impractical as to think they can fight City Hall." Before leaving politics, Mannie and Wyoh fulfill his wish.

Heinlein owned a small brass cannon, which he acquired prior to the 1960s. For nearly 30 years, the firing of the brass cannon, or "signal gun," was a 4th of July tradition at the Heinlein residence. It is believed that this cannon was the inspiration for Heinlein's original title for the novel. Virginia Heinlein kept the cannon after her husband's death in 1988; it was eventually bequeathed to friend and science-fiction writer Brad Linaweaver, after Virginia Heinlein died in 2003. Linaweaver restored the cannon to working order and subsequently posted a video of it on YouTube in 2007, wherein it is fired several times with blank charges at a shooting range.

Critical reception
Algis Budrys of Galaxy Science Fiction in 1966 praised The Moon is a Harsh Mistress, citing "Heinlein's expertise for dirt-level politics, snappy dialogue and a sense of an actual living society." He said that he had never read a more believable computer character than Mike ("may in fact be the most fully realized individual in the story"). Budrys suggested that the story may actually be Mike manipulating humans without their knowledge to improve its situation, which would explain why the computer no longer communicates with them after the revolution succeeds. Reiterating that Mike manipulated the humans, in 1968 Budrys said that every review of the book, including his own, erred by not stating that the computer is the protagonist. Carl Sagan wrote that the novel had "useful suggestions for making a revolution in an oppressive computerized society."

Leigh Kimmel of The Billion Light-Year Bookshelf said that the novel is "the work of the man at the height of his powers, confident in his abilities and in the editorial respect he enjoys, and thus free to take significant risks in writing a novel that would stretch the boundaries of the genre as they stood at the time." She characterized the novel as a departure from what had previously been associated with science fiction. Kimmel cited Heinlein's "colloquial language ... an extrapolated lunar creole that has arisen from the forced intersection of multiple cultures and languages in the lunar penal colonies"; the protagonist's disability; "the frank treatment of alternative family structures"; and "the computer which suddenly wakes up to full artificial intelligence, but rather than becoming a Monster that threatens human society and must be destroyed as the primary Quest of the story, instead befriends the protagonist and seeks to become ever more human, a sort of digital Pinocchio."

Adam Roberts said of the novel: "It is really quite hard to respond to this masterful book, except by engaging with its political content; and yet we need to make the effort to see past the ideological to the formal and thematic if we are fully to appreciate the splendour of Heinlein's achievement here."

Andrew Kaufman praised it, saying that it was Heinlein's crowning achievement. He described it as "Carefully plotted, stylistically unique, politically sophisticated and thrilling from page one." He goes on to say that "it's hard to imagine anyone else writing a novel that packs so many ideas (both big and small) into such a perfectly contained narrative." Kaufman says that, regardless of political philosophies, one can still admire Heinlein's writing ability, and the ability to influence the reader to root for "a rag-tag bunch of criminals, exiles, and agitators."

Ted Gioia said that this might be Heinlein's most enjoyable piece of work. He said that it "represents Robert Heinlein at his finest, giving him scope for the armchair philosophizing that increasingly dominated his mature work, but marrying his polemics to a smartly conceived plot packed with considerable drama." He went on to praise Heinlein's characters, especially Mannie.

Awards and nominations
 Hugo Award Best novel (1967). It was also nominated in 1966.
 Nebula Award Best novel nomination (1966)
 Locus Poll Award All-time Top 10 novels, #8 (1975), #4 (1987), #2 (1998, among novels published before 1990)
 Prometheus Award Hall of Fame Award recipient (1983)

Influence
The book popularized the acronym TANSTAAFL ("There Ain't No Such Thing As A Free Lunch"), and helped popularize the constructed language Loglan, which is used in the story for precise human-computer interaction. The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations credits this novel with the first printed appearance of the phrase "There's no such thing as a free lunch." The Hacker Manifesto, an influential essay by Loyd Blankenship that became a cornerstone of hacker culture, was inspired by the book's "idea of revolution."

Audiobook releases
Two unabridged audiobook versions of The Moon is a Harsh Mistress have been produced.
 Read by George Wilson, produced by Recorded Books, Inc., 1998
 Read by Lloyd James, produced by Blackstone Audio, Inc., 1999

See also

 Colonization of the Moon
 Dallos
 Moon in fiction
 No such thing as a free lunch

References

External links

 The Moon is a Harsh Mistress at Worlds Without End
 The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress as first serialized in Worlds of If: parts one, two, three, four, and five on the Internet Archive
 Proposed movie adaptation:

1966 American novels
American science fiction novels
Books written in fictional dialects
Hard science fiction
Hugo Award for Best Novel-winning works
Novels set on the Moon
Novels by Robert A. Heinlein
Novels first published in serial form
1966 science fiction novels
Works originally published in If (magazine)
Fictional artificial intelligences
Novels about artificial intelligence
G. P. Putnam's Sons books
Novels about revolutions
2075
Fiction set in the 2070s
Novels set in the future
Libertarian science fiction books
Future dialects

The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress


The Jivaroan peoples are the indigenous peoples in the headwaters of the Marañon River and its tributaries, in northern Peru and eastern Ecuador. The tribes speak the Chicham languages.

Their traditional way of life relies on gardening, and on hunting with blowguns and darts poisoned with curare. Complex spiritual beliefs are built around both of these activities. Jivaroan culture also features headhunting raids and ayahuasca ceremonies.

In the 16th century, Jivaroan warriors stopped the expansion of the Inca Empire into the Amazon basin, and destroyed settlements of Spanish conquistadors.

Etymology
The word Jivaro is likely a corruption of xivar, a word that means people in the Shuar Chicham language. During the Spanish colonial period, "Jivaros" were viewed as the antithesis of civilized. The word Jíbaro thus entered the Spanish language; in Ecuador it is highly pejorative and signifies "savage"; outside of Ecuador, especially in Mexico and Jíbaro in Puerto Rico, it has come to mean "countryside people who farm the land in a traditional way".

Groups

The principal groups are:
Shuar
Achuar
Humabisa
Aguaruna

Some have also named the following:
Antipas
Mayna

Additionally, the Shiwiar are a group of Achuar speakers living along the Corrientes River, next to Quechua speakers; many Shiwiar also speak this other, unrelated, language.

Religion

Beliefs and worldview
The Jivaroan worldview is built upon the idea that both animate and inanimate objects hold souls that cannot be seen by human eyes. These souls contain power, or karáram, that the Jivaroan people believe can be contained and harnessed within one's self. Michael Harner talks about these souls, called arutam:"A person is not born with an arutam soul. Such a soul must be acquired, and in certain traditional ways. The acquisition of this type of soul is considered to be so important to an adult male's survival that a boy's parents do not expect him to live past puberty without one. By repeatedly killing, one can continually accumulate power through the replacement of old arutam souls with new ones. This "trade-in" mechanism is an important feature because, when a person has had the same arutam soul for four or five years, it tends to leave its sleeping possessor to wander nightly through the forest. Sooner or later, while it is thus drifting through the trees, another Jivaro will "steal" it. Accordingly, it is highly desirable to obtain a new soul before the old one begins nocturnal wanderings. This felt need encourages the individual to participate in a killing expedition every few years."

Killing becomes a vital part of the Jivaro culture. Men are only marriageable after becoming hunters within their communities. The more one kills, the more power one has, granting one immunity of death. Violence is a huge part of Jivaroan culture in respect to this type of soul belief. Harner talks about the main systems of belief within the Jivaroan communities: "Jivaro souls beliefs constitute one of four major autonomous systems of verbalized thought so far noted in their culture. The other three are the systems of crop fairy (nungui) beliefs, and kinship system. Since belief in one system is not explicitly based upon belief in another, an adequate understanding of Jivaro soul beliefs can be achieved without recourse to the beliefs regarding nunui, witchcraft, or kinship."

Gods and deities
The Jivaroan people have a polytheistic religion. Tsungi is the god of shamanism, and the goddess Nungüi refers to mother earth. Nungüi is described as being a short and heavy-set woman, dressed in a black dress. Living deep underground, she emerges at night to dance in the gardens of women, whose gardens would then become productive for the harvest season. Women sing to Nungui to ask her to protect the gardens, and they carefully weed the gardens daily to appease her. Jivaro believe in a protective spirit that comes to them through spirit visions. This spirit, known as Arutam, is thought to protect them from injury, disease, and death. The Jivaroan gods and goddesses are deeply tied to nature. There are different creators and gods that explain the origins of man and animal, the occurrence of natural events and relationships that exist in daily life. Their creation myths support their violence-based culture as "it is dominated by a series of battles among the gods and an essential duality of where people are the victims." Among the deities are spirits that are known to provide wisdom and protection to the person they are tied to. Some commonly seen animals are the anaconda, pangi, and the giant butterfly wampang. These animals can assist shamans in healing or bewitching people. Through the Jivaroan worldview, it is believed that sickness and death are caused by attacks on one's spirit by malevolent shamans. The healing shamans will hold ayahuasca ceremonies and perform different rituals to counteract the work done by witchcraft.

Rituals

Headhunting

Jivaro Gardening

Unlike many other cultures, the Jivaro cultures place more emphasis on gardening than they do on hunting. This is due to the unpredictable nature of hunting in their native region of the Amazon. As a result, a ritualistic approach to gardening sprouted in the Jivaro cultures.

Despite the reliable, elaborate system of horticulture the Jivaro have developed, they still believe the act to be "…as fraught with uncertainty as hunting" as Michael Brown stated in a paper titled, "Aguaruna Jivaro Gardening Magic in Alto Rio Mayo, Peru." He then went on to say that in order, "To encourage the growth of their cultivated plants they sing magical gardening songs, perform a set of ritual acts when planting a new garden, and observe certain taboos connected with garden work." Much like similar beliefs and rituals associated with hunting, the Jivaro believe that spirits reside in the plants and they need to be encouraged to grow by various songs, chants, and dances.

Owing to the belief of spirits residing in the plants, the garden is regarded as a place of great spiritual significance. Like the inside of a temple, the garden is a place where one receives sanctuary.

"It is one of the few places where a woman can go alone without attracting curiosity and suspicion. It offers privacy from prying eyes and ears and is therefore the site of a certain amount of intra- and extra-marital sexual activity"

Ayahuasca ceremonies
Ayahuasca ceremonies play a large role in the Jivaro culture. These ceremonies are used for healing practices usually directed toward enchanting spirits. Here, Bradley C. Bennett makes note of these healing practices:

"During Healing Ceremony, only shaman and patient drink Natem and will participate in the singing and chanting while the shaman will perform different actions to the patients body thought to heal the spirit."

The shaman goes about relieving the patient of any harmful spirits that may be attacking his or her body. The Jivaro also believe in an act of what may be considered telling the future or telling time. Bennett makes another note of the Jivaro and their ayahuasca ceremonies, where a Jivaro will hire a shaman to tell of far away friends and family."The Jivaro shamans, Under the influence of ayahuasca, often believe that they are seeing distant relatives or sweethearts. These distant persons apparently have to be individuals with whom the shaman is already acquainted, so that he can "know whom to look for". Also it is normally necessary for the shaman to be already acquainted with the distant locale and the route to get there, and preferably he should know the appearance and location of the house of the person being sought."

The Jivaro have been practicing these ceremonies for hundreds of years, keeping them held close to their roots. The ceremonies of the ayahuasca brew continue to be practiced.

Beliefs
The Shuar believe that the first being, Tensak, casts a spiritual dart to curse or heal a person. Bennett recorded that the Tensak "exists in a higher plane of existence that can be seen when in the shaman state." Bennett also observed that, as a shaman works to heal spirits and counter bewitching shamans he will consume Banisteriopsis caapi, tobacco and alcohol to help enhance and fuel his trip from the ayahuasca.

Confounding factors

Anthropologists have recognized the Jivaroan languages as distinct, but have called attention to two confounding factors. The first has to do with nomenclature: Jivaroan language speakers typically identify themselves either by their language's word for person (shuar) or by the name of the river on which they live. Consequently, historical sources record either one name for all, or a plethora names of many small Jivaroan tribes, each the name of a different river.

The second reason has to do with social organization. Prior to Ecuadorian or Peruvian colonization and Christian missionization in the 20th century, the principal unit of Jivaroan social organization was the polygynous matrilocal household or cluster of matrilocally-organized households. Notably, although Jivaroans shared the same language and culture, each household or cluster of matrilocally organized households were politically and economically autonomous. Thus, in 1938 Matthew Stirling commented that:

He also said that:

Prior to colonization and the presence of Christian missionaries, Jivaroan speakers were not organized into any stable and clearly bounded polities or ethnic groups.

In response to European colonization and missionization, Jivaroan speakers have formed nucleated settlements that are organized into political federations: the Federación Interprovincial de Centros Shuar and the Nacionalidad Achuar de Ecuador in Ecuador, and the Organización Central de Comunidades Aguarunas del Alto Marañon and the Consejo Aguaruna y Huambisa in Peru.

Resistance against invaders
At the time of Spanish arrival to South America, the Jivaro were an independent culture and hostile to outsiders. The neighboring Incas had tried to subjugate the Jivaroan peoples, but the Inca Empire's expansion attempts failed after a series of bloody confrontations where the Inca army lost against the fierce Jivaroan warriors. The Jivaro put up a similar resistance to Spaniards, who came into their territory searching for placer gold. Until the middle of the nineteenth century, the Jivaroan tribes had only limited and intermittent contact with regional authorities.

References

External links

Ethnic groups in Peru
Headhunting
Indigenous peoples in Ecuador
Indigenous peoples in Peru
Indigenous peoples of the Amazon

ja:ヒバロ族

Jivaroan peoples


Amyloodinium ocellatum (Brown, 1931) is a cosmopolitan ectoparasite dinoflagellate of numerous aquatic organisms living in brackish and seawater environments. The dinoflagellate is endemic in temperate and tropical areas, and is capable of successfully adapting to a variety of different environments and to a great number of hosts, having been identified in four phyla of aquatic organisms: Chordata, Arthropoda, Mollusca and Platyhelminthes. Moreover, it is the only dinoflagellate capable of infecting teleosts and elasmobranchs .

The parasite represents a serious problem for both reared and aquarium fish, since amyloodiniosis, the infection caused by this protozoan, can lead the host to death in less than 12 hours, with acute morbidity and mortality around 100%. However, these two parameters vary considerably on the basis of farming typology, parasite burden, fish species and season considered. In general, amyloodiniosis is typically present in land- or lagoon-based rearing sites (valliculture or inland brackish farming), where shallow seabeds and poor water exchange/recirculation allow the parasite to reach its optimal proliferation values. Especially in the warmest months, A. ocellatum causes high mortality rates and economic damages.

Taxonomy
Phylum: Alveolata, Class: Dinophyceae, Order: Thoracosphaerales, Family: Thoracosphaeraceae, Genus: Amyloodinium, Species: Amyloodinium ocellatum

Life cycle

The lifecycle of A. ocellatum is direct and divided in three phases. In general, it can be completed in five to seven days when temperature and salinity are between 23-27°C and 30-35 ppt respectively. However, the parasite can also express its virulence in extreme conditions. In particular, lethal outbreaks were documented at high temperatures (more than 35°C) in both salt water (46 ppt) and brackish (7 ppt) environments.

The parasitic stage is represented by the sessile trophont. In this phase, the protist is pear-shaped, enclosed in a cellulose wall and exhibits specific structures, rhizoids (tentacle like processes) that enable it to strictly anchor to host epithelia (gill or skin predominantly). If the infection is severe, trophonts can also be found on eyes, fins and in all oropharyngeal cavity, the latter is a typical infection site in the European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Constantly moving while anchored and therefore causing physical injuries to cells, trophonts inflict serious damages to the host, potentially inducing its death in 12-48 hours as a function of the parasite burden. Based on data in the literature, the trophont feeds directly from the host cells, probably using the stomopode by releasing digestive enzymes, which exacerbate the rhizoid lesions. Trophont size can vary considerably, with early trophonts measuring 27×23 µm while mature ones can reach up to 130×60 µm and more.

Two to six days after feeding, the trophont detaches from the host and encysts on inert substrates (pond/tank bottom or seabed) transforming into the tomont: the reproductive stage. In this phase, the protozoan is round and encapsulated in a cellulose wall, which becomes thicker and confers upon it an exceptional resistance to unfavourable conditions and to several therapeutic treatments. The protozoan reproduces asexually, the first division is longitudinal while the succeeding ones are approximately regular and at right angles to each other. Potentially, in two to four days, from a single tomont, 256 new dinospores can be generated. The number of newly formed dinospores is directly correlated to the nutritive state of the trophont.

The dinospore (8–13.5 × 10–12.5 μm), whose antero-posteriorly compressed shape resembles a hamburger, is the infective stage. In this phase, the armoured (cellulose wall) protist is capable of active swimming thanks to two flagella: one longitudinal, the other transverse. After adhesion to a new host, the dinospore transforms into a trophont within 5 to 20 minutes.

Pathology and clinical signs

A. ocellatum is the etiological agent of the so called "marine velvet disease" or amyloodiniosis (in the past it was also known as oodiniosis, as the protozoan was originally named Oodinium ocellatum). This infection is extremely dangerous and sometimes lethal for hosts, since it injures the animals and promotes secondary bacterial infections. All fish life stages may be susceptible if they are naïve to A. ocellatum. The protozoan pathogenicity is associated with the trophont attachment to host tissues; trophonts constantly twist and turn, slowly damaging and killing several host cells. They inflict moderate-to-intense tissue reactions associated with serious gill hyperplasia, inflammation, haemorrhages and necrosis with subsequent death in less than 12 hours in heavy infected specimens. However, some mortalities were also documented in subclinical or mild infections as a probable consequence of osmoregulatory impairment and secondary microbial infections due to the serious epithelial damage.

Usually host behavioural changes are the first amyloodiniosis symptoms, represented by jerky movements (flashing), pruritus and dyspnoea with gathering at the water surface. Lethargy and anorexia appear in the advanced stages of the infection. Another clinical sign of amyloodiniosis could be the dusty appearance of the skin (hence the name "marine velvet disease"), as in European sea bass, but not in all fish species.

Impact
A. ocellatum represents a serious problem not only for reared fish but also for those kept in aquaria. Depending on interactions with farming typology, parasite burden, fish species and season, amyloodiniosis can lead the host to death in less than 12-48 hours, with acute morbidity and mortality around 100%. Generally, the infection affects land- or lagoon-based rearing sites (valliculture or inland brackish farming), whose characteristics (shallow seabeds and poor water exchange/recirculation) enable the parasite to best express its virulence. In the warmest months, when the parasite reaches its optimal proliferation rate, A. ocellatum is capable of causing high mortality rates and economic damage.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of amyloodiniosis consists of observing typical clinical signs and using nonlethal techniques. A cytological approach by wet mount examinations of skin scrapes and gill biopsies is recommended to detect trophonts. Anaesthetized small-size fish can be directly observed under a stereomicroscope by gently lifting the opercular structure. The same approach can also be adopted for post-mortem fish, though it is better to examine fish that are freshly dead, as parasites often detach shortly after host death. Dropping some diluted Lugol's iodine onto skin or gills can help to improve A. ocellatum detection, since the iodine reacts with the starch-containing trophonts, colouring them in dark brown/black.

Molecular identification can be applied as a second, confirmatory, diagnostic step in addition to clinical and microscopic identification. Recently developed molecular approaches (PCR and LAMP) have been proven to provide early detection of dinoflagellates in water and gill tissue samples, even when the parasite is present at lowest concentrations, such as in subclinical infections. Therefore, these methods potentially allow for highly sensitive monitoring of pathogen load in susceptible fish populations. Molecular diagnosis of A. ocellatum is based on primers AO18SF (5' GACCTTGCCCGAGAGGG 3') and AO18SR (5' GGTGTTAAGATTCACCACACTTTCC 3') for PCR amplification of a 248 bp segment of the 3' end of the LSU rDNA gene. Multiple sequence alignment using the CLUSTALw confirmed that sequenced AO was conserved with different geographic isolates from Mediterranean Sea (DQ490256.1), Red sea (DQ490257.1), Fujian-China (KU761581.1 and KR057921.1), Southern Mississippi-USA (JX905204.1). However, these techniques are still limited to laboratory contexts.

In parallel, immunological approaches such as ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) can detect the specific anti-A. ocellatum antibody levels in fish recovering from amyloodiniosis outbreaks or that have been experimentally exposed to the parasite. The ELISA assay might be useful for monitoring levels of protection in susceptible populations, as elevated antibody titres have been associated with resistance.

Treatments
From the 1930s, several efforts have been performed to try to control amyloodiniosis in various fish species, but no treatment has proven to be totally effective or licensed worldwide. Early diagnosis followed by a prompt treatment is crucial as the protozoan has exponential reproductive potential in the warmest months, temperature affects how quickly the parasites multiply. Chemical treatments include formalin (36% formaldehyde at a concentration of 4mg/L for 7 hours or 51mg/L for 1 hour), hydrogen peroxide (75 and 150mg/L for 30min and repeated after 6 days), copper sulphate and chloroquine (5-10 mg/L water). However, only dinospores show significant susceptibility to some drugs, while trophonts and tomonts are more resistant.

Copper sulphate is one of the most effective treatments to control A. ocellatum epidemics in aquaculture, due to the proven dinosporicide properties of the free copper ion, but also because it is inexpensive and easy to find. The infusion of copper sulphate at 0.75-1 g/m3 for almost two weeks by dripping on ponds/tanks, maintaining constant copper concentration, is very effective to kill dinospores, while tomonts and trophonts are not very susceptible. Currently, copper sulphate is not approved by the European Regulation n. 1907/2006 (REACH) as amyloodiniosis treatment, despite its approval as an effective algaecide.

Freshwater baths are an effective way to detach trophonts from skin and gill epithelium due to the sudden osmotic shock experienced by the host. However, freshwater bath procedures remain impractical for the majority of marine fish farms and some fish species cannot tolerate a similar treatment.

Other control strategies
Control strategies are intended as preventive measures to avoid dangerous outbreaks as A. ocellatum cannot be totally controlled. An effective filtration system and proper sanitation procedures (i.e. the use of UV rays combined with mechanical filtration of the intake water) can contribute to reducing the risk of the infection. It is important to emphasise that dinospores can be transported through aerosol droplets, therefore contaminating farm equipment and/or contiguous ponds/tanks as well as nearby facilities if spread by strong winds. For this reason, scrupulous disinfection protocols of materials and adequate management practices should be considered mandatory in farms.

Another aspect that can be taken into account is the choice of an appropriate rearing site. Parasitosis can be influenced by its characteristics. Normally, sea cage reared fish are not affected by the infection, while it is more difficult to control the infection in valliculture or inland brackish farming systems.

Prevention of the disease by vaccination is not possible, although some studies are in progress to identify potential vaccine candidate proteins, i.e. i-antigens, of the parasite. Fish that survive amyloodiniosis may develop at least a partial immunity.

Research
Since 1931 (year of the first A. ocellatum report), numerous investigations have been conducted. The biology and ecology of the protozoan were precisely described between the 1930s and 1940s and elaborated in the following decades. In 1984, Paperna determined the environmental characteristics influencing the virulence of A. ocellatum in its three stages. Three years later, Noga successfully established an in vitro propagation protocol, which was fundamental for the implementation of important laboratory surveys. An alternative to this protocol, based on in vitro maintenance of tomonts' in a hibernation status, was recently developed by a group of researchers of the University of Udine within the Horizon2020 Project ParaFishControl. Within the framework of this project, researchers are currently investigating alternative therapeutants and developing more targeted prophylaxis measures against the protozoan. Although ambitious, the aim of the project is to create a vaccine against A. ocellatum.

References

Further reading
Francis-Floyd, Ruth, and Maxine R. Floyd. Amyloodinium ocellatum, an important parasite of cultured marine fish. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center, 2011.

External links

Species described in 1931
Dinophyceae

Amyloodinium ocellatum


Yabby or  Yabbie is a name given in Australia to two different kinds of crustacean.
 A freshwater yabby is a crayfish of the genus Cherax.  They are often caught for food. They are found in dams, ponds, lakes and rivers in Australia's Eastern States.
 A marine yabby is a ghost shrimp, which lives in deep burrows in the intertidal zone. They are used as bait for fishing, especially in Queensland and northern New South Wales. A common species in south-eastern Australia is the Bass yabby, Trypaea australiensis.

Crustaceans

Yabby


Amalek was a nation in the Torah and Old Testament whose people called the Amalekites were enemies of the Israelites.

Genesis

In the Book of Genesis, Chapter 36 Verse 10, Esau married a woman named Ada and she gave birth to a son named Eliphaz. Then in Chapter 36 Verse 12, Eliphaz had a concubine named Timna and she gave birth to a son named Amalek.

Exodus

In the Book of Exodus Chapter 17, Amalek's descendants called the Amalekites attacked  the Israelites after the Israelites left Egypt.  So Moses sent Joshua to fight the Amalekites. As long as Moses held his hands in the air, the Israelites were winning but Moses's hands got tired so he got his brother Aaron to hold one up while Hur held the other up. And Joshua beat the Amalekites.

Then in the Book of Exodus Chapter 17 Verse 14, the Lord told Moses "write this for a memorial in the book and recount it in the hearing of Joshua,  that I will utterly blot out the name of Amalek from under heaven".

Numbers
In the Book of Numbers, King Balak of Moab hired Balaam to curse the Israelites but Balaam ended up blessing the Israelites instead. And when Balaam had a vision of the future of the Israelites and their victory over their enemies, he said " Amalek was the first of the nations but his end shall come to destruction" (Numbers 24:20).

Deuteronomy
In the Book of Deuteronomy, Chapter 25, the Lord tells the Israelites to "remember what Amalek did to you on the way as you were coming out of Egypt" that the Amalekites attacked the Israelites from behind and killed the tired and weak. And because of it, the Lord tells the Israelites to "blot out the remembrance of Amalek from beneath heaven. You shall not forget."

First Samuel
In the first Book of Samuel, Chapter 15,  the Lord told Samuel to tell Saul to kill all Amalekites and destroy all of their property and kill all their animals because it was something that the Lord told the Israelites to do back in the time of Moses. But when Saul attacked Amalek, he captured King Agag instead of killing him and Saul and his warriors kept the best animals for themselves but "everything despised and worthless that they utterly destroyed" (1 Samuel 15:9).  So the Lord sent Samuel to King Saul to tell him "now the Lord sent you on a mission and said "go and utterly destroy the sinners, the Amalekites, and fight against them until they are exterminated. Why then did you not obey the voice of the Lord?". (1 Samuel 15:18-19). When Saul said that he killed the Amalekites except for their king and was actually going to sacrifice their animals to the Lord, Samuel told him

"Has the Lord as great delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices as in obeying the voice of the Lord. Behold to obey is better than sacrifice and to heed than the fat of rams. For rebellion is as the sin of witchcraft and stubbornness is as iniquity and idolatry. Because you have rejected the word of the Lord, He has also rejected you from being king."

Then Samuel told Saul to bring the Amalekite King Agag to him and Saul did. And Saul told Agag "As your sword has made women childless so shall your mother be childless among women" and cut Agag to pieces. (1 Samuel 15:33)

Later on in the first of the Books of Samuel, David fights the Amalekites.

Second Samuel
In the second book of Samuel, a man told David that he is the son of an Amalekite and that he happened to be on Mount Gilboa after the battle. The man said that Saul asked him who he was and he told him "an Amalekite". The Amalekite said that Saul asked him to kill him so that the Philistines couldn't torture him and he killed Saul. David said the man was a murderer because he killed the King of Israel so David cut his head off.

Chronicles
In the Books of Chronicles, there is a family tree which says that Esau became the father of Eliphaz and Eliphaz became the father of Amalek.

Old Testament
Hebrew Bible

Amalek


Jack Nomani Tiki Vare (born 14 February 1986) is a Papua New Guinean cricketer.  Vare is a right-handed batsman who fields as a wicket-keeper.

Having played age group cricket for Papua New Guinea Under-19s in the 2004 Under-19 World Cup, he proceeded to be selected as a part of the Papua New Guinea squad for the 2011 World Cricket League Division Three, where he played 6 matches, helping them earn promotion to 2011 World Cricket League Division Two.  It was in this competition that he made his List A debut against Bermuda.  He played a further 5 List A matches in the competition, the last coming against Hong Kong.  In his 6 matches in the competition, he scored 81 runs at a batting average of 13.50, with a high score of 28.  Behind the stumps he took 9 catches.
In the ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier, he scored a brisk 96 off 59 balls (7x4, 7x6) against Netherlands at Pukekura Park in New Plymouth.

International career
Vare made his One Day International debut for Papua New Guinea on 8 November 2014 against Hong Kong in Australia. He made his Twenty20 International debut for Papua New Guinea against Ireland in the 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier tournament on 15 July 2015.

References

External links
Jack Vare at ESPNcricinfo
Jack Vare at CricketArchive

1986 births
Living people
Papua New Guinean cricketers
Papua New Guinean sportsmen
Papua New Guinea One Day International cricketers
Papua New Guinea Twenty20 International cricketers
Papua New Guinean cricket captains
Wicket-keepers
Sportspeople from the National Capital District (Papua New Guinea)

Jack Vare


Colby Covington (born February 22, 1988) is an American professional mixed martial artist. He currently competes in the Welterweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), where he is a former Interim UFC Welterweight Champion. As of October 24, 2023, he is #3 in the UFC welterweight rankings.

Early life
Covington was born in Clovis, California on February 22, 1988. The family moved from California to Oregon when he was eight years old. His father was a wrestler during his time at the Oregon Institute of Technology and Southern Oregon University.

Wrestling career
As a wrestler at Thurston High School in Springfield, Oregon, Covington lettered all four years and won the 171 lb state championship as a senior in 2006. He committed to Arizona State University but his test scores were not up to par, so he went to Iowa Central Community College, where he won the 2007 165 lb national junior college wrestling title as a true freshman with a 34–0 record. His roommate at the time was future UFC champion Jon Jones.

Following his championship season at Iowa Central, Covington transferred to the wrestling program at the University of Iowa. On August 10, 2007, he was arrested for eluding police and driving under the influence, having registered a BAC of 0.255, over three times the legal limit of 0.08. He later said, "That was a real all-time low in my life, something I really wish I could take back." Due to his arrest, Covington was suspended from the Hawkeyes for a year and saw limited time the next season. He looked for a fresh start, and former Hawkeyes coach Jim Zalesky convinced Covington to transfer to Oregon State University.

During his time at OSU, Covington qualified for the NCAA tournament as a junior and as a senior, placing fifth as a senior and earning All-American honors. He also was a two-time Pac-10 Conference champion at 174-pounds. He was cited for fourth-degree assault stemming from an incident on May 23, 2010, in which he was accused of punching two men after a verbal altercation. The Benton County District Attorney's Office did not pursue charges against Covington over the incident.

Covington graduated with a bachelor's degree in sociology in 2011. After graduation, he continued to compete in wrestling and grappling, winning a gold medal at the 2013 FILA Grappling no-gi world championships.

Mixed martial arts career

Early career
After completing his collegiate wrestling career in 2011, Covington was one of a number of athletes recruited by Dan Lambert to American Top Team to improve the gym's wrestling talent. Covington soon began his professional career and compiled a record of 5–0 before signing with the UFC in the summer of 2014.

Ultimate Fighting Championship (2014–present)
Covington made his promotional debut against Anying Wang on August 23, 2014, at UFC Fight Night 48. He won the fight by TKO via punches in the closing seconds of the first round.

Covington fought Wagner Silva on November 8, 2014, at UFC Fight Night 56. He won the fight via submission in the third round.

Covington next faced Mike Pyle on May 23, 2015, at UFC 187, replacing an injured Sean Spencer. He won the fight via unanimous decision.

Covington faced Warlley Alves on December 12, 2015, at UFC 194. He lost the fight via submission in the first round.

Covington was expected to compete against Alex Garcia on June 18, 2016, at UFC Fight Night 89. However, Garcia was pulled from the fight on June 10 for undisclosed reasons and replaced by promotional newcomer Jonathan Meunier. Covington won the fight via submission in the third round.

Covington next faced promotional newcomer Max Griffin on August 20, 2016, at UFC 202. He won the fight via TKO in the third round.

Covington's next bout was against Bryan Barberena on December 17, 2016, at UFC on Fox 22. He won the fight via unanimous decision.

Covington faced Dong Hyun Kim on June 17, 2017, at UFC Fight Night 111. He won the fight via unanimous decision.

As the final fight of his prevailing contract, Covington fought Demian Maia on October 28, 2017, at UFC Fight Night 119. He won the fight via unanimous decision.

Interim UFC Welterweight Champion

Covington fought Rafael dos Anjos on June 9, 2018, at UFC 225 for the Interim UFC Welterweight Championship. He won the fight via unanimous decision.

Covington was briefly linked to a title unification bout with the then champion Tyron Woodley on September 8, 2018, at UFC 228. However, Covington was unable to compete on that date due to recent nasal surgery. As a result, UFC officials turned their attention to arranging a bout between Woodley and Darren Till to fill the headlining spot. In turn, promotional officials indicated on July 24 that Covington would be stripped of the Interim UFC Welterweight Championship, once the bout between Woodley and Till took place.

Covington returned to face Robbie Lawler in the main event of UFC on ESPN 5 on August 3, 2019. He won the fight via a lopsided unanimous decision, setting a record for the most strikes thrown in a UFC bout, with 541 strikes.

Covington faced Kamaru Usman for the UFC Welterweight Championship on December 14, 2019, at UFC 245. Covington broke his jaw in the third round, and would be finished by technical knockout in the fifth round. This fight earned him his first post–fight bonus in the UFC for Fight of the Night. Going into the final round, one judge had Covington winning 39–37, another had it tied at 38–38, and the other had it 39–37 in favor of Usman.

After a long-lasting, public feud and trash talking between Covington and other American Top Team members – most notably Dustin Poirier, Jorge Masvidal and Joanna Jędrzejczyk – Covington eventually parted ways with his first mixed martial arts gym in May 2020.

Covington headlined UFC Fight Night 178 against his long-time rival Tyron Woodley on September 19, 2020. After dominating his opponent for four rounds, the bout was called as a technical knockout when Woodley suffered a rib injury.

Covington rematched Kamaru Usman for the UFC Welterweight Championship on November 6, 2021, at UFC 268. Despite a close bout, Covington lost via unanimous decision.

Covington faced Jorge Masvidal on March 5, 2022, at UFC 272. He won the fight via unanimous decision. This fight earned him the Fight of the Night award.

Covington is scheduled to face Leon Edwards on December 16, 2023, at UFC 296 for the UFC Welterweight Championship.

Fighting style
A NCAA Division I All-American and a two-time Pac-10 champion as a collegiate wrestler, Covington heavily utilizes wrestling and grappling in mixed martial arts. He aims to take his opponents down and control them on the ground, where he looks for ground-and-pound as well as submissions. If unsuccessful on his initial take down attempt, he will chain it into further take down attempts, forcing his opponent to defend and tiring them out in the process. Covington is renowned for his cardio and is capable of maintaining an intense pace over five rounds.

While standing, Covington primarily fights out of a southpaw stance, and his striking arsenal features a variety of punches and kicks. He often purposely overextends on his punches to transition from striking to a takedown attempt. His stand-up game focuses on volume and forward pressure. In his win over Robbie Lawler in 2019, Covington threw 541 strikes, which was a UFC record until surpassed by Max Holloway's 746 attempted strikes in his fight against Calvin Kattar in 2021.

Professional wrestling appearances
In August 2017, Covington began making appearances in Impact Wrestling (known at the time as Global Force Wrestling), representing American Top Team, where he got involved in the storyline with Lashley. Throughout the month, Lashley was conflicted on whether he should combine his two careers together, or quit wrestling and focus on his MMA career; he would eventually side with ATT. On August 17, at Destination X, some members of ATT were ringside to support Lashley for his match against Matt Sydal. Post-match, Covington attacked referee Brian Hebner with a rear-naked choke, which Lashley had to call off, before he and ATT left the arena. On the August 24 episode of Impact! (taped August 17), they were again at ringside to support Lashley in a twenty-man gauntlet match for the GFW Impact World Heavyweight Championship, which was eventually won by Eli Drake. On 5 November, at Bound for Glory, Covington appeared as a cornerman, as Lashley and King Mo defeated Moose and Stephan Bonnar in a six sides of steel match. In the build-up to the event, he hired Stevie Richards to be his strength and conditioning coach. The event marked Covington's final appearance with the stable.

In February 2018 and in the midst of his feud with Tyron Woodley, Covington appeared at a WrestlePro event, in conjunction with Impact. His only professional wrestling match to date saw him squash an unidentified wrestler portraying a parody of Woodley, under the ring name TyQuill Woodley.

Public image

Politics

Covington is an outspoken supporter of the Republican Party and former President Donald Trump. After winning the Interim UFC Welterweight Championship, he stated he wanted to visit Trump at the White House to present him with the title, which he did on August 2, 2018. Trump phoned to congratulate Covington during his post-fight interview following his win over Tyron Woodley.  Covington dedicated his win over Woodley to first responders and the military and criticized Black Lives Matter and LeBron James. Woodley had spoken about his support for the Black Lives Matter movement leading up to the fight.

Controversies
He has described himself as the "super villain" of the UFC and will often try to upset people with brazen trash talking. Following his 2017 bout with Demian Maia at São Paulo, Brazil, he called the country a "dump" and referred to the Brazilian crowd as "filthy animals" in the post-fight interview. In an interview with Candace Owens, Covington said that his "act" was a response to the UFC threatening to cut him before the Maia fight and stated the "Filthy Animals" speech "saved his career." Covington further embraced his villain status before his 2019 main event encounter with Robbie Lawler at UFC on ESPN 5. He used the WWE entrance theme of professional wrestler Kurt Angle—which is regularly punctuated with crowd chants of "You suck!"—as his entrance music; Angle had given Covington permission to use the theme. With two of Trump's sons, Donald Jr. and Eric cageside for the fight, the crowd performed the "You suck!" chants during Covington's entrance.

After his win over Lawler, Covington stated; "Let's talk about the lesson we learned tonight that Robbie should have learned from his good buddy Matt Hughes. You stay off the tracks when the train is coming through, junior, doesn't matter if it's the Trump train or the Colby train, get out the way!" during his post-fight interview. This was in reference to a near-fatal accident Hughes suffered in 2017, where he was permanently damaged when his truck was struck by a train at a rail crossing. Despite being criticized by the media, Covington refused to apologize, explaining that "the guy's done some pretty crappy stuff, he's got lawsuits against his family, against his brother, I just said the truth, I'm honest. I'm a little bit brutally honest sometimes and people can't handle it."

Covington continued his trash-talking in the lead up to the Kamaru Usman fight at UFC 245. During a press conference, he said that Usman gave Glenn Robinson, Usman's long-time coach who died in 2018, "a heart attack from all those years you were ducking me," and that Robinson would be "watching from hell on Dec. 14."

In March 2021, Covington created controversy by insinuating that he had a sexual relationship with fellow UFC fighter Polyana Viana and that this was part of the reason why he turned down a fight with Leon Edwards at UFC Fight Night: Edwards vs. Muhammad. Viana herself had earlier claimed that she and Colby were "just friends" and that she already had a boyfriend when addressing rumors that the two of them were in a relationship. After Covington's comments, Viana gave the following statement through her social media: "I have never given room for any kind of comment or judgment about my personal life, but it is not for me to judge the person's attitude. I feel sorry for those who act so low to try to promote themselves. It is revolting."

Alleged attack by Jorge Masvidal
On March 22, 2022, it was reported that Covington was allegedly assaulted outside of a Miami Beach Papi Steak restaurant by UFC rival Jorge Masvidal, whom Covington had defeated in a lopsided decision previously at UFC 272 a few weeks prior. Covington allegedly suffered a broken tooth from two punches to the face. Masvidal was arrested and charged with aggravated battery, and criminal mischief.

Championships and accomplishments

Mixed martial arts

Ultimate Fighting Championship
Interim UFC Welterweight Championship (One time)
Fight of the Night (Two times) '

Grappling
FILA
FILA 77 kg No-Gi Grappling World Championship – (gold medal) (2013)

Amateur wrestling
National Collegiate Athletic Association
NCAA Division I All-American out of Oregon State University  (2011)
Pac-10 174 lb Conference Championship out of Oregon State University  (2010, 2011)
National Junior College Athletic Association
NJCAA 165 lb National Championship out of Iowa Central Community College  (2007)
NJCAA All-American out of Iowa Central Community College  (2007)
Oregon State Activities Association
OSAA 171 lb State Championship out of Thurston High School  (2006)

Instructor lineage

Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu
Kano Jigoro → Tomita Tsunejiro → Mitsuyo Maeda → Carlos Gracie → Reyson Gracie → Osvaldo Alves → Daniel Valverde → Colby Covington

Mixed martial arts record

|-
| Win
| align=center| 17–3
| Jorge Masvidal
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 272
|
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 16–3
| Kamaru Usman
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 268
|
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 5:00
| New York City, New York, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 16–2
| Tyron Woodley
| TKO (rib injury)
| UFC Fight Night: Covington vs. Woodley
|
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 1:19
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 15–2
| Kamaru Usman
| TKO (punches)
| UFC 245
|
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 4:10
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center| 15–1
|Robbie Lawler
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC on ESPN: Covington vs. Lawler
|
|align=center|5
|align=center|5:00
|Newark, New Jersey, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|14–1
|Rafael dos Anjos
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC 225
|
|align=center|5
|align=center|5:00
|Chicago, Illinois, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|13–1
|Demian Maia
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC Fight Night: Brunson vs. Machida
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|São Paulo, Brazil
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|12–1
|Dong Hyun Kim
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC Fight Night: Holm vs. Correia
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Kallang, Singapore
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|11–1
|Bryan Barberena
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC on Fox: VanZant vs. Waterson
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Sacramento, California, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|10–1
|Max Griffin
|TKO (punches)
|UFC 202
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|2:18
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|9–1
|Jonathan Meunier
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|UFC Fight Night: MacDonald vs. Thompson
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|0:54
|Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|8–1
|Warlley Alves
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|UFC 194
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:26
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|8–0
|Mike Pyle
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC 187
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|7–0
|Wagner Silva
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|UFC Fight Night: Shogun vs. Saint Preux
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|3:26
|Uberlândia, Brazil
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|6–0
|Wang Anying
|TKO (submission to punches)
|UFC Fight Night: Bisping vs. Le
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:50
|Macau, SAR, China
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|5–0
|Jay Ellis
|Submission (arm-triangle choke)
|Absolute Fighting Championship 21: The Return
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:49
|Hollywood, Florida, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|4–0
|Jose Caceres
|Decision (unanimous)
|Championship Fighting Alliance 12
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Coral Gables, Florida, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|3–0
|Jason Jackson
|Decision (unanimous)
|Fight Time 10: It's Personal
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|2–0
|David Hayes
|Submission (arm-triangle choke)
|Fight Time 9: MMA Explosion
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|1:42
|Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|1–0
|Chris Ensley
|TKO (submission to knee injury)
|Midtown Throwdown 3
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:21
|Eugene, Oregon, United States
|
|-

Pay-per-view bouts

NCAA record

! colspan="8"| NCAA Championships Matches
|-
!  Res.
!  Record
!  Opponent
!  Score
!  Date
!  Event
|-
! style=background:white colspan=6 |2011 NCAA Championships 5th at 174 lbs
|-
|Win
|7–4
|align=left|Christopher Henrich
|style="font-size:88%"|3–2
|style="font-size:88%" rowspan=7|March 17–19, 2011
|style="font-size:88%" rowspan=7|2011 NCAA Division I National Championships
|-
|Loss
|6–4
|align=left|Mack Lewnes
|style="font-size:88%"|5–12
|-
|Win
|6–3
|align=left|Mike Letts
|style="font-size:88%"|6–1
|-
|Win
|5–3
|align=left|Ryan Patrovich
|style="font-size:88%"|3–2
|-
|Loss
|4–3
|align=left|Chris Henrich
|style="font-size:88%"|5–7
|-
|Win
|4–2
|align=left|Jacob Swartz
|style="font-size:88%"|8–2
|-
|Win
|3–2
|align=left|Mike Dessino
|style="font-size:88%"|MD 18–6
|-
! style=background:white colspan=6 |2010 NCAA Championships DNP at 174 lbs
|-
|Loss
|2–2
|align=left|Ben Bennet
|style="font-size:88%"|Fall
|style="font-size:88%" rowspan=4|March 18–20, 2010
|style="font-size:88%" rowspan=4|2010 NCAA Division I National Championships
|-
|Loss
|2–1
|align=left|Mack Lewnes
|style="font-size:88%"|OT 2–4
|-
|Win
|2–0
|align=left|Luke Manuel
|style="font-size:88%"|OT 3–1
|-
|Win
|1–0
|align=left|Jim Rednick
|style="font-size:88%"|MD 10–1
|-

See also
 List of current UFC fighters
 List of male mixed martial artists

References

External links
Official UFC Profile

Living people
1988 births
American male mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists from Oregon
Oregon State Beavers wrestlers
People from Springfield, Oregon
Wrestlers from Oregon
Oregon Republicans
Florida Republicans
Critics of Black Lives Matter
Welterweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing collegiate wrestling
Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters
Iowa Central Tritons wrestlers
Ultimate Fighting Championship champions

Colby Covington


Charles Frederick Chandler (December 6, 1836 – August 25, 1925) was an American chemist, best known for his regulatory work in public health, sanitation, and consumer safety in New York City, as well as his work in chemical education—first at Union College and then, for the majority of his career, at Columbia University, where he taught in the Chemical Department, the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and served as the first Dean of Columbia University's School of Mines.

Early life

Charles Frederick Chandler was born in Lancaster, Massachusetts, on December 6, 1836.  His family moved shortly after his birth to New Bedford, Massachusetts, where he spent most of his formative years and engaged in his earliest formal education.  As a child he devoted nearly all of his free time to scientific and geological explorations and attending public lectures on scientific subjects.  These public lectures at the New Bedford Lyceum, and in particular a series of lectures given by the geologist and naturalist Louis Agassiz, sparked his lifelong interest in science. He was particularly interested in mineralogy and collected rock and mineral samples that he found around his grandfather's Lancaster home.

Upon completion of his studies at New Bedford High School, Chandler spent a year in private study, learning Latin and Greek and conducting chemical experiments in a laboratory he set up in his father's attic to prepare himself for more advanced chemical study.  He then left his home in New Bedford and enrolled in the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University.  While at Harvard he studied Industrial Chemistry, but he was encouraged to continue his studies in Industrial Chemistry and Geology in Germany, which was at the forefront of scientific education at the time.  He enrolled in the University of Göttingen in 1854 to study with Friedrich Wöhler, and after studying under Wöhler and working as an assistant in the lab of Heinrich Rose, the father of analytic chemistry, he earned his PhD from the University of Göttingen in 1856.

Academic career

After completing his degree, Chandler returned to the United States to pursue his own scientific career.  Upon his return, in 1857, Chandler became the chemical assistant at Professor Charles Joy's laboratory at Union College in Schenectady, New York, and shortly thereafter began to lecture on Mineralogy and Geology at the college as well as manage the laboratory.  He became an associate professor at the College in 1857 at the age of 21.  Shortly after, he and his younger brother William became members of The Kappa Alpha Society, of which Joy was also a member. He remained at Union College for the next 7 years during which time he ran the chemistry lab and married his first wife, Anna Craig Chandler.

His tenure at Union College ended in 1864 when Chandler was asked by his former colleague, Professor Joy, to consider taking on the Chair of Chemistry at the newly formed Columbia College School of Mines that Professor Thomas Egleston and General Vinton were attempting to start under Columbia President Barnard.  Chandler gladly took the opportunity to move to New York, and begin his long relationship with Columbia University.

The School of Mines, later to develop into the School of Engineering and Applied Science, consisted at this time of one room in the basement of a Madison Avenue academic building.  Within the first year of the School's existence, Chandler took on the position of Dean, and under his leadership in that first year the school moved to a larger four floor building and doubled the number of students enrolled in its program of study.  Chandler was to remain dean of the School of Mines for the next 33 years, through its move to its new home on Columbia's Morningside Campus and into Havemeyer Hall, the state-of-the-art Chemistry building that he helped to design and raise funds.

During the period he was the organizer of the American Chemical Society and its president from 1881 to 1889.

Though he stepped down as the dean of the School of Mines in 1897, he continued to teach chemistry at Columbia University until 1910, and proved to be an extremely popular and engaging instructor.  One of his former pupils provided the testimony that "He was the most popular professor at Columbia for the forty-seven years he was active.  This was due to his ability to place himself on a level and equality with his hearers, or indeed anyone he met... He was a child among children, a man of science among scientific men, but more particularly, he was a real man among his fellow men."  This sentiment is echoed in the Columbia College Jester piece that commemorates him upon his retirement, "Year after year he has taken the entering classes by the hand and led them through a course of Chemistry, Ethics, and Humor so cleverly combined that it has made men of them."

Though Chandler is perhaps most associated with the School of Mines, he also, starting in 1867, began lecturing in Chemistry for the New York College of Pharmacy.  He acted as president of this school until 1897 when it formalized its relationship to Columbia University and was incorporated as a University Faculty in 1897.  He also lectured in Columbia's College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1872 where he taught chemistry and medical jurisprudence and called for a more rigorous scientific training for medical professionals. In addition to his instructional and administrative duties, Chandler also started a Chemical Museum, later named the Chandler Chemical Museum in his honor, to highlight the accomplishments of modern industrial and analytic chemistry.

While Chandler was a very popular instructor, he was not always so popular among his colleagues.  He spent much of his time acting as an expert witness in various legal cases and patent disputes, and performed independent consulting work for companies such as Standard Oil.  Many of Chandler's colleagues had concerns that Chandler was more focused on his profitable, outside consulting work than he was on his academic and administrative duties.

Though he was not entirely without controversy, Chandler remained an integral part chemical education at Columbia University until 1911 when he finally, after 46 years of service at Columbia and 54 years of college teaching, retired from teaching.  Upon retirement he and his second wife Augusta Berard Chandler continued to reside in New York City, but spent more and more time at their summer home in Westhampton and at her family's home in New Hartford, Connecticut, where Chandler died in 1925.

New York Metropolitan Board of Health

While chemical instruction made up much of Charles Chandler's career, he was also an energetic public health advocate and sanitation reformer.  His career in public service began in 1866 when the Secretary of the Metropolitan Board of Health asked Chandler to perform some chemical work for the board, ex officio.  The Board soon realized the value of having a chemist as part of the organization and later that year Chandler was appointed as chemist to the Board of Health.  In 1873 Mayor Havemeyer appointed Chandler to the Presidency of the Metropolitan Board of Health, a position he held until 1883.

His work with the New York City Municipal Board of Health led to a number of important sanitary reforms in the city.  When he began his services on the Board of Health in 1866, 53 out of every 100 deaths in the city were children under the age of 5.  He implemented major reforms to improve infant nutrition, including stopping the sale of watered-down milk, and instituted a corps of traveling physicians to tend to the residents of tenements. By the time he left the board, the child mortality rate had fallen to 46 out of every 100 deaths, an estimated saving of 8000 lives and 5000 children per annum. He was a strong advocate for tenement reform, designing tenement houses that were cleaner and brighter than those most prevalent in the city, and pushing a "Tenement House Act" through legislature.  This is all in addition to the more mundane tasks of testing household goods such as cosmetics, patent medicine, and wallpaper for toxic and potentially harmful additives.  The Board of Health, under his leadership is credited with preventing a cholera epidemic in 1883.  He, himself, thought his most important work with the Board of Health was his work in reducing fatal kerosene related accidents through informing the public about the dangers of kerosene with naphtha and gasoline added (making combustible vapors). All in all, Chandler's leadership of the Board of Health marks an important chapter in the history of sanitation in New York, and his improvements were achieved against political corruption and business interests.

Professional activities and honors

Chandler was very active in professional and social organizations, belonging to several Chemical Clubs and Organizations.  While some of his clubs were purely or primarily social, other such as The Chemists' Club, which Chandler founded, were intended to build professional connections among scientists in New York.  He also founded the American Chemical Society, and served twice as its president, first in 1881 and again in 1889.  He was the president of both the American Section of the Society of Chemical Industry in New York, and in 1899 became the first American president of the parent association, the Society of Chemical Industry in London.  In 1870 he and his brother William Henry Chandler, a chemistry professor at Lehigh University, started the journal The American Chemist, the first chemical journal in America. They both edited the journal until it was discontinued in 1877.

He received a number of honorary degrees (such as an MD from University of New York and LL.D. from Union College), the Gold Medal of the National Institute of Social Sciences, and the prestigious Perkin Medal from the American Section of the Society of Chemical Industry.  After he retired from Columbia University, the alumni of that University set up an endowment for the Chandler lectureship and the Chandler Medal in his honor.

Notes

External links

 Charles F. Chandler Papers at the Rare Book & Manuscript Library at Columbia University
 Society of Chemical Industry: at www.soci.org
 100 Years of History in Havemeyer at www.Columbia.edu
 http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/cchandler.pdf
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
 Charles Frederick Chandler architectural records and papers collection, 1876-1896. Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives, Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University.

1836 births
1925 deaths
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences alumni
American chemists
University of Göttingen alumni
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science faculty
Columbia University faculty
People from Lancaster, Massachusetts
People from Westhampton, New York
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Scientists from New York (state)
Commissioners of Health of the City of New York

Charles F. Chandler


"Don't Play That Song (You Lied)" is a song written by Ahmet Ertegun and Betty Nelson, the wife of soul singer Ben E. King. It was first recorded by King and was the title track on his third album Don't Play That Song! (1962). The song reached number 2 on the U.S. R&B singles chart and number 11 on the pop chart when released as a single on Atco Records in 1962. In Europe, it ranked at #10 in Italy on FIMI National Charts between 1962 and 1963.

Aretha Franklin covered the song for her nineteenth studio album, Spirit in the Dark, released on Atlantic Records in 1970. Her version, performed with the Dixie Flyers, was released as a single in 1970 and peaked at number 1 for five weeks on the R&B singles chart and number 11 on the pop chart. Franklin's version was certified gold with sales over a million copies. It reached number 13 on the UK Singles Chart. This was the first of two covers Franklin did of songs made popular by King. The other was her cover of "Spanish Harlem" in 1971.

In 1962, the French singer Johnny Hallyday released a single with a French adaptation of the song under the title Pas Cette Chanson !

Other acts to have recorded or performed the song include Keith Locke and The Quests, Peppino di Capri, Adriano Celentano in 1977 and Mariah Carey. It was also performed to great acclaim on the first season of American Idol by Kelly Clarkson, the eventual winner. More recently Sam Moore duetted the song with Bekka Bramlett on his 2006 album Overnight Sensational. The British soul singer Beverley Knight included a cover of the song on her 2016 album Soulsville. Bruce Springsteen recorded the song for his 2022 album, Only the Strong Survive.

References

1962 songs
1962 singles
1970 singles
1977 singles
Ben E. King songs
Aretha Franklin songs
Songs written by Ahmet Ertegun
Atco Records singles

Don't Play That Song (You Lied)