Graduados () is a 2012 Argentine telenovela that was broadcast by Telefe from March 12 to December 19. The plot concerns a group of people who graduated from high school in 1989 and reunite twenty years later. The main character, Andrés Goddzer (Daniel Hendler), discovers that María Laura Falsini (Nancy Dupláa) was pregnant in 1989 and married Pablo Catáneo (Luciano Cáceres), who thought that he was the child's father. The resulting parental dispute, the love triangle of the main characters and 1980s nostalgia are frequent plot elements, and story arcs related to school bullying and LGBT rights are also featured. The frequent flashbacks of the characters to their high-school days use the same actors, playing teenagers.

The series, written by Sebastián Ortega, was produced by Endemol and Underground producciones. Although Andy Kusnetzoff was offered the lead-character role, Hendler was cast when Kusnetzoff turned it down (the latter joined the cast several months later as another character). The telenovela featured cameos and guest appearances by Argentine rock musicians and other celebrities. Graduados was widely successful, prevailing in the ratings over the blockbuster competitive dance program Showmatch and the telenovela Sos mi hombre. Although it received the 2012 Golden Martín Fierro award, seven other Martín Fierro Awards and ten Tato Awards (including Program of the Year), plans for theatrical and film adaptions were abandoned. The telenovela's proposed second season was renamed Viudas e hijos del Rock and Roll, with most of the cast and similar storylines. Local versions of the series have been made in Chile, Colombia,  Greece and Serbia.

Plot
A group of high-school students graduate in 1989. María Laura Falsini (Nancy Dupláa) is the girlfriend of Pablo Catáneo (Luciano Cáceres), the school bully. When María Laura sees Pablo having sex in the bathroom with another girl during the graduation party, she leaves the party. Andrés Goddzer (Daniel Hendler) accompanies her, and they have sex in his car. María Laura becomes pregnant and her father, Clemente Falsini (Juan Leyrado), owner of Mac Can, a successful dog-food company, orders her to marry Pablo—unaware of her encounter with Andrés.

The first episode then makes an ellipsis from 1989 to 2012. Pablo works for Clemente's company, and Andrés is a slacker without a stable job who works as dog walker. María Laura hires Andrés by chance, and remembers their 1989 encounter; a DNA test confirms that Andrés (not Pablo) is the father of her son, Martín. These events give the series its basic plot: Andrés tries to adjust to his newly discovered paternity, Pablo resents his intrusion, Martín tries to stay on good terms with both of them and María Laura begins a romance with Andrés. Pablo cheats on her with Patricia Longo (Isabel Macedo), Clemente's wife and secretary. She becomes pregnant by Pablo, but claims that Clemente is her son's father.

Andrés' family is Jewish. His parents are Elías (Roberto Carnaghi) and Dana (Mirta Busnelli), and his sister Gabriela (Violeta Urtizberea) works at MAC CAN, and has been unlucky in love. Andrés maintains his friendship with two high-school classmates: Benjamín "Tuca" Pardo (Mex Urtizberea) and Verónica Diorio (Julieta Ortega), who runs a radio station which plays 1980s Argentine rock music. María Laura keeps in touch with her best friend in high school: psychiatrist Victoria Lauría (Paola Barrientos), a single woman looking for a partner with whom to have a surrogate child. Guillermo Almada (Juan Gil Navarro), another classmate, takes a job at Mac Can and comes out during a meeting of the graduates. Clemente's wife Patricia is, unknown to everybody else, another classmate. Obese at school, she lost weight and changed her face and name.

Patricia's secret is slowly revealed to the other characters. Pablo learns her true identity in the series finale, and they stay together. Andrés and Maria Laura leave the city; Victoria has a son with Tuca; Elías and Dana open a knish shop and Gabriela marries her neighbor, Marito (Alan Sabbagh). The series ends with a party hosted by the school for the 1989 graduates, similar to the graduation party in the first episode.

Cast

Production

Graduados refers frequently to the 1980s (the decade in which the main characters attended high school), using 1980s Argentine slang and flashbacks to evoke nostalgia. The series uses 1980s musicin particular, Argentine rockand several Argentine musicians made cameo appearances. Graduados was part of a trend in 2012 Argentine television toward nostalgia. According to Argentine consumer-trends consultant Ximena Díaz Alarcón, "The 80s are nowadays far enough to be idealized and close enough to laugh about the earlier versions of oneself". Psychologist and consumer-trends consultant Mariela Mociulsky also suggested that the show's structure invited viewers to compare their lives with the plans they made when they were younger.

Graduados had scripts written by Ernesto Korovsky, Silvina Frejdkes and Alejandro Quesada. Although it was primarily a comedy, it also had a dramatic approach to LGBT rights and school bullying. In Clarín, Adriana Schettini praised its transitions from dramatic to comic scenes, its acting and scripts and its faithfulness to the characters' profiles.

Creation and cast
Graduados was created by Sebastián Ortega with the working title of El paseaperros (), a planned miniseries about a character and his group of friends. The writers gradually expanded the storyline, incorporating more characters and story arcs. Although Andy Kusnetzoff turned down a starring role in the show because of his work at Radio Metro, he made cameo appearances in six episodes and later became a regular character. Mike Amigorena was offered the lead-protagonist and lead-antagonist roles, but declined both. Relative unknown Daniel Hendler was finally selected to play Andrés; he had already been cast as the secondary character Tuca, who was played by Mex Urtizberea after Hendler was recast as Andrés. The character of Verónica Diorio was initially written for actress Verónica Lozano, who turned down the role. Julieta Ortega, initially cast as Victoria Lauría, replaced Lozano and Victoria was played by stage actress Paola Barrientos. Érica Rivas and Ludovico Di Santo also turned down roles in the series and their characters were played by Nancy Dupláa and Marco Antonio Caponi, respectively.

Juan Leyrado played a grandfather for the first time in his career. Unlike the usual telenovela grandfather (a secondary character), his character has a prominent role and his own story arcs. Leyrado, who was 60 years old when the series was made, said that he was still active in his personal life and played the character according to his own experiences. Korean-Argentine Chang Kim Sung, who played Walter Mao, said he was proud that his character did not conform to stereotypes of Asian people.

Although Mex and Violeta Urtizberea are father and daughter, Violeta accepted a role in the series without knowing that her father was also part of the cast and asked him to respect her space. Although they played characters of similar ages, they rarely have joint scenes. Julieta Ortega said that she has nothing in common with her character in the series. Juan Gil Navarro, who appeared in the television drama La Dueña at the same time, said that although he does not normally appear in comedies he followed his wife's suggestion.

Isabel Macedo had played several villains, including in Floricienta, and took the Patricia Longo-Jimena Benitez role because it was something she had not done before. Although Patricia's past identity as Jimena was intended to be a secret for only ten episodes, Macedo insisted that the mystery should be maintained for a longer time. She read about victims of school bullying to inform her character and declined other work during the year to stay focused on the series, becoming emotionally attached to her character.

Recurring elements

Drama
The series includes a homosexual character, Guillermo Almada (Juan Gil Navarro), who came out in the early episodes and later married his partner in a ceremony featuring guest appearances by Evangelina Salazar and Luis Brandoni. This was the first fictional same-sex marriage on Argentine television since it was legalized in 2010, reflected the growing acceptance of sexual freedom in Argentina. Another character, Patricia Longo, was an obese girl who was a victim of school bullying. Isabel Macedo had to be heavily made up to appear obese for the flashbacks. Patricia was initially the telenovela's villain, with the bullying her motivation for inflicting revenge on her former classmates. The episode in which she reveals her true identity was well received.

Flashbacks

The high-school years of the main characters are depicted in flashbacks, a recurring element. For comic effect, the flashbacks were filmed with the actors who played the adult characters instead of younger actors. One episode includes a reenactment of the 1980s game show Feliz domingo para la juventud, with an appearance by host Silvio Soldán. This episode also features a guest appearance by Andy Kusnetzoff, who later joined the regular cast. Another episode has a flashback set in Italpark, an Argentine theme park which closed in 1990. Since the Italpark rides are now in Luján, the production moved there to shoot those scenes.

One episode includes a flashback to San Carlos de Bariloche, the location of the graduation trip (an Argentine prom tradition). Pablo Echarri made a guest appearance as the trip's coordinator, and fans of the show were selected in an internet competition to join the trip to Bariloche as extras. Another flashback features the Pumper Nic fast-food restaurant and a guest appearance by sportswriter Juan Pablo Varsky. Not all flashbacks are focused on the 1980s or high school; some are events from a character's adolescence, such as the shotgun wedding of María Laura and Pablo or her 15th birthday.

Music

The program uses 1980s music (usually Argentine rock) extensively, and several Argentine musicians from the decade were invited to make cameo appearances. Charly García appears in one episode, discussing the lyrics of his song "Inconsciente colectivo" ("Collective Unconscious") with the characters. Fito Páez appears in a flashback, meeting María Laura during a sound check and asking her opinion of his new song "11 y 6". Páez resurrected his 1980s look, which differs slightly from his current appearance.

Musician Emanuel Ortega, brother of producer Sebastián Ortega, appeared (as himself) as  Victoria Lauría's patient. Similar plots were used in other episodes, with guest stars appearing as themselves; Victoria Lauría's character became a psychologist with famous clients, such as soccer player Martín Palermo, tennis player Gastón Gaudio, model Luciana Salazar and soccer agent Guillermo Coppola. All performing members of the Ortega family made cameos on the series.

Bahiano, the former singer of Los Pericos, made a cameo appearance in the Spring Day episode and played "El ritual de la banana" ("Ritual of the Banana", Los Pericos' first hit). Bahiano left the band in 2005, and did not maintain a good relationship with them. Los Pericos sent a cease and desist letter to the production team and complained on Twitter about the episode. Bahiano dismissed their reaction as jealousy. The Spring Day episode also included a cameo by Los Twist, who played their hit "El estudiante" ("The Student"). The scene, filmed in Tigre, also included a cameo by Lalo Mir.

Holidays and observances
Holidays (such as Spring Day) were part of the plot of an episode aired that day, unless the holiday fell over a weekend. Since the Goddzers are a Jewish family, Jewish holidays are included. On July 18 the 1994 AMIA bombing, when the Argentine Israelite Mutual Association was destroyed in a terrorist attack, was mentioned when Elías said he would attend the annual protest of the unsolved case's handling. Minor Jewish characters (such as relatives and friends) returned for Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish New Year celebration. Its Jewish characters and the number of Argentine and Latin American expatriates in Israel helped Graduados obtain good ratings in Israel.

Reception
The first episode of Graduados was a ratings success, scoring nearly 28 points. Subsequent episodes continued to receive high ratings and El Trece, Telefe's main rival for prime-time ratings, competed with Graduados by moving its blockbuster program Showmatch an hour earlier (opposite Graduados). The move was unsuccessful, with Graduados more highly rated than Showmatch before and after the change. Showmatch returned to its original time slot and El Trece aired a new series, Sos mi hombre, opposite Graduados. Sos mi hombres premiere episode was outscored by Graduados, 26 to 18.4; according to El Trece this was not a disappointment, since its target rating was 17-19 points. Graduados maintained its lead in the ratings for the rest of the season.

It was a multi-target success, with an audience not limited to viewers in their forties as the focus on 1980s nostalgia might have indicated. This countered a contemporary trend in series television to target a specific audience demographic. The plots include characters and situations for all ages, and the series' general tone is family-friendly. Although it includes a number of flashbacks, the scripts did not limit the actors to a 1980s viewpoint; according to consultant Mariela Mociulsky, the show reflects more modern realities (such as men showing their emotions and women having greater autonomy in their lives) than TV shows of the 1980s did.

The series finale was broadcast from the Gran Rex Theater in a ceremony attended by fans who obtained tickets in a raffle on the Telefe website. The cast (except for Ortega and Urtizberea, who were out of the country) attended the performance, watching the episode from a VIP room in the theater, appearing on stage after the episode ended to thank the audience. Also in attendance were actors and musicians who had made guest appearances on the show during the year, including Pablo Ruiz (the singer of Vilma Palma e Vampiros), Sandra Mihanovich, Luciana Salazar, Luisa Albinoni and Max Berliner.

In February 2013 Sebastian Ortega and the cast agreed to produce another season of Graduados after a year off, and Telefe had begun negotiations to bring the series back. The project became a new telenovela, Viudas e hijos del Rock and Roll, which would employ similar themes and most of the cast. Nancy Dupláa left the project, with Paola Barrientos replacing her as the female lead.

Awards

Graduados received 12 Tato Awards from 20 nominations on November 17, 2012, including the special award for Television program of the year. Graduados  was nominated for daily serial, fiction production, actress in a daily serial (Nancy Dupláa), arts and images in a fiction program and soundtrack, winning in all those categories. Nominations for new actor, actor in a daily serial, supporting actor in a daily serial and supporting actress in a daily serial were shared. The new-actor award nominees from Graduados were Mercedes Scápola, Gastón Soffritti and the winner, Chang Kim Sung. Luciano Cáceres and Daniel Hendler were nominated for the actor in daily drama award, won by Hendler. Roberto Carnaghi, nominated with Juan Leyrado and Mex Urtizberea, received the Best Supporting Actor in a Daily Serial Award. Paola Barrientos was the best supporting actress in a daily serial; her fellow nominees were Isabel Macedo, Mirta Busnelli and Violeta Urtizberea. The series was nominated for the best fiction director and script awards, both won by the telenovela El hombre de tu vida. Producer Sebastian Ortega refused to attend the ceremony to avoid Marcelo Tinelli, with whom he had an ongoing dispute. With a total of 11 awards Graduados was the most successful production at the ceremony, followed by El hombre de tu vida and La voz argentina with four awards each.

The series received 14 nominations for Martín Fierro Awards and won eight, including the Golden Award. It won awards for best daily serial, production, writing and opening theme, and was nominated for best direction (won by Juan José Campanella for El hombre de tu vida). Daniel Hendler and Luciano Cáceres were nominated for best lead actor in a daily serial, which Hendler won. Paola Barrientos was the best supporting actress in a daily serial, with Mirta Busnelli also nominated. Isabel Macedo and Nancy Dupláa were nominated as best lead actress in a daily serial, and Macedo (not Dupláa, as expected by the cast) won. Chang Sung Kim, Jenny Williams (new actor), Andy Kusnetzoff, Betiana Blum (guest appearance), Mex Urtizberea and Roberto Carnaghi (supporting actor in daily drama) also received nominations.

Internet
In 2012 the use of hashtags in television was new in Argentina, and programs had limited interaction with social networks. Although in August 2012 Showmatch had a higher number of tweets than Graduados (despite trailing it in the ratings), by October Graduados was the 2012 Argentine TV program with the highest number of tweets (averaging 244,540 per episode). Showmatch was second, with an average of 203,922 tweets per episode. As of October 14, September 3 was the day with the greatest number of tweets for a single episode (47,357).

A September 2012 analysis of tweets found that Graduados was the Argentine television program most frequently mentioned. The most popular characters were Vero Diorio, Dany Goddzer, Pablo Catáneo, Guillermo Almada, Tuca and Vicky Lauría. Several unofficial Twitter accounts were created by fans and modeled after the characters; the best known was @Jimena_Benitez_ (Patricia Longo's character account), with 12,765 followers.

Other media

The producers of Graduados released a compilation album of music used in the series. It features the theme song, composed by Tan Biónica, and 1980s Argentine rock hits as background music. Musicians appearing on the album are Soda Stereo, Los Fabulosos Cadillacs, Charly García, Sumo, Virus, Raúl Porchetto, Andrés Calamaro, Los Violadores, Suéter and Los Ratones Paranoicos. The first CD went gold in Argentina, encouraging Telefe and Sony Music Entertainment to release a second CD of soft songs by international artists. Artists on the second CD are Bonnie Tyler, Europe, Paul Young, Jimmy Harnen, Spandau Ballet, Dover, Martika, The Alan Parsons Project, Toto, The Bangles, Cyndi Lauper, Bad English, Air Supply and Billy Joel.

As the series wound down, Telefe considered a theatrical version for the 2013 summer season. It would have been similar to a 2010 version by the producers of Valientes, but the cast had other commitments. Telefe then asked series creator Sebastian Ortega to make a film. Negotiations were confirmed by producer Pablo Culell, who said that although Underground produces television series it can also produce stage plays and films.

Chilevisión produced a Chilean version of the series, Graduados, historias que no se olvidan (Graduates: Unforgettable Stories). The first remake produced by the station, it starred Fernanda Urrejola, Marcial Tagle and Ricardo Fernández and its soundtrack features Chilean bands (such as Upa and Los Prisioneros) and Argentine bands successful in Chile (such as Soda Stereo, Charly García and Virus). The production tries to reflect 1980s Chilean life in a broad appeal to audiences. A Colombian version debuted on RCN Televisión on September 18, 2014 to low ratings. Symmathites, a Greek version, airs on Antenna TV. In Mexico, TV Azteca bought the rights for a local version in production . The original telenovela has aired in Panama, El Salvador and Nicaragua. A Serbian version debuted on Prva Srpska Televizija on September 25, 2017 titled Istine i laži (Truths and lies).

References

External links

 Official site

 Official Twitter

2010s Argentine television series
2012 telenovelas
2012 in Argentina
2012 Argentine television series debuts
2012 Argentine television series endings
Television series set in the 1980s
Jews and Judaism in fiction
Argentine LGBT-related television shows
Same-sex marriage in television
Golden Martín Fierro Award winners
Telefe telenovelas
Spanish-language telenovelas
Television shows set in Buenos Aires
Gay-related television shows
2010s LGBT-related comedy television series

Graduados


Franco Frigo (born 13 August 1950, in Cittadella) is an Italian politician from Veneto.

A long-time Christian Democrat, he was President of the Province of Padua from 1985 to 1990. He was first elected to the Regional Council of Veneto in 1990 and in the midst of the Tangentopoli scandals he was briefly President of Veneto (1992–1993). He returned in the Regional Council in 2000 and was re-elected in 2005. He retired in 2010, after an unsuccessful bid to become member of the European Parliament in 2009. However, in 2013 he entered the European Parliament, succeeding to Debora Serracchiani.

References

Presidents of Veneto
1950 births
Living people
MEPs for Italy 2009–2014
21st-century Italian politicians
Members of the Regional Council of Veneto

Franco Frigo


MP3 is M. Pokora's third studio album, which was released March 24, 2008 in France and will be available in 27 countries. The album is available in three editions: original, limited, and collector's. The limited edition contains two bonus tracks, and the collector's edition comes with a lanyard, poster and four badges.

Timbaland and Ryan Leslie participated in this album.
Recorded in Los Angeles, most tracks are in English, except two which are in French. The bonus tracks on the limited edition are the English version of the two French songs. During the interview with hitparade.ch, M. Pokora stated that French limited himself and his music from being internationally spread, although the album does not directly aim for his international career.

Track listing

Charts

Release history

References

2008 albums
M. Pokora albums
Albums produced by Timbaland
Albums produced by Ryan Leslie

MP3 (M. Pokora album)


Oedema (U.S. edema) is dropsy. It was usually called dropsy until about the middle of the 20th century.

It is a medical condition, and a sign or symptom. It is swelling caused when fluid leaks out of the body's capillaries into the tissues. The fluid builds up and gets trapped in the tissues around the leaking blood vessels.  This causes swelling.  If there is enough swelling, oedema can be seen from outside of the skin.

Oedema can happen in any part of the body.  However, it is easiest to see in the arms and legs, including the hands, ankles, and feet.  Oedema in the arms and legs is called peripheral oedema.

Pulmonary oedema is fluid in the lungs.  Pulmonary oedema is dangerous because having fluid in the lungs makes breathing difficult.  If pulmonary oedema gets bad enough, a person can drown in the fluid.

Oedema in the abdomen is called ascites.

Signs and symptoms
Some of the signs and symptoms of oedema are:
 Swelling or puffiness right under the skin
 Skin that looks stretched or shiny
 Changes in skin color
 Aching arms and legs
 Stiff joints
 Weight gain or weight loss
 Blood pressure and pulse rate that are higher than normal

Oedema in the lungs (pulmonary edema) can make it hard to breathe or cause chest pain.

Causes
Many things can cause oedema.  When oedema is mild (not very serious), the most common causes are:
 Eating too much salt
 Staying still for long periods of time
 Pregnancy
 Side effects from some medication

However, oedema can also be a sign of serious disease.  Diseases that can cause edema include:
 Congestive heart failure (CHF).  In CHF, the heart does not pump hard enough to send blood throughout the body.  This can cause blood to back up in the arms and legs (causing peripheral oedema).  It can also cause fluid to back up in the lungs (pulmonary oedema).
 Liver damage (cirrhosis).  Liver damage can cause fluid to back up in the abdomen (ascites) and the legs.
 Kidney problems.  The kidneys' job is to remove extra fluid from the blood.  If the kidneys are not doing this job, the fluid builds up in other parts of the body.
 Deep vein thrombosis (DVT).  A DVT is a blood clot inside one of the deep veins in the body, usually deep inside the legs.  Oedema in the legs is one sign of DVT.
 Varicose veins.''

Treatment
If oedema is not very serious, it often goes away on its own.  If a person has mild oedema in an arm or leg, they can often make oedema go away quicker by keeping the arm or leg raised above the level of the heart.

If oedema is more serious, it is treated with medicines called diuretics.  These are medicines which help the body get rid of extra fluid by urinating it out.

If oedema is caused by a disease, that disease needs to be treated.

References

Health problems
Medical signs

Oedema


The Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916 () was a United States federal law aimed at increasing credit to rural family farmers. It did so by creating a federal farm loan board, twelve regional farm loan banks and tens of farm loan associations.  The act was signed into law by President of the United States Woodrow Wilson.

Background

In 1908, the Administration of Theodore Roosevelt commissioned a study on the problems facing rural families. At this point in U.S. history, these families made up the largest demographic of Americans. The commission concluded that access to credit was one of the most serious problems facing rural farmers and recommended the introduction of a cooperative credit system.

Four years later, Presidents William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson sent a commission of Americans to study cooperative credit systems for farmers in Europe. Components of such European programs at the time included cooperative land-mortgage banks and rural credit unions. This commission concluded that the best form of cooperative credit system would include both long-term credit to cover land mortgages and short-term credit to cover regular business needs.

Effect on the rural farmer
The most visible component of the Act were the loans to individual farmers and their families. Under the act, farmers could borrow up to 50% of the value of their land and 20% of the value of their improvements. The minimum loan was $100 and the maximum was $10,000. Loans made through the Act were paid off through amortization over 5 to 40 years.

Borrowers also purchased shares of the National Farm Loan Association. This meant that it served as a cooperative agency that lent money from farmer to farmer. This was heavily influenced by a successful cooperative credit system in Germany called Landschaft.

The next most visible component of the Act were the mortgage-backed bonds that were issued. The rate of interest on the mortgages could be no more than 1 percent higher than the rate of interest on the bonds. This spread covered the issuers' administrative costs, but did not lead to a significant profit. In addition, the maximum rate of interest on the bonds was 6 percent, ensuring that borrowing costs for farmers was often much lower than before the Act was passed.

The act furthered Wilson's reputation against trusts and big business. By providing small farmers with competitive loans, they were now more able to compete with big business. As a result, the likelihood of agricultural monopolies decreased.

While Wilson's commission suggested that short-term credit also be incorporated in any nationalized credit system, the Act lacked this crucial component. Due to increased competition and the need for agriculture machinery, a system for short-term credit was incorporated into the current system in Agricultural Credits Act of 1923.

Sponsored by Senator Henry F. Hollis (D) of New Hampshire and Representative Asbury F. Lever (D) of South Carolina, it was a reintroduced version of the Hollis-Bulkley Act of 1914 that had not passed Congress due to Wilson's opposition.

Structure of implementation

The Act established the Federal Farm Loan Board to oversee and supervise federal land banks and national farm loan associations. It was also responsible for setting benchmark rates of interest for mortgages and bonds. Finally, it could intervene when it thought specific banks were making irresponsible loans.

The twelve Federal Land Banks were required to hold at least $750,000 in capital. Stock ownership of the banks were held by national farm loan associations and other interested investors, including any individual, corporation or fund. In the case of insufficient capital, the U.S. Treasury (through the Federal Farm Loan Board) made up the difference. When additional subscriptions were made from other sources, federal ownership in the banks was retired.

National Farm Loan Associations were established groups of 10 or more mortgage-holding farmers who together owned 5% or more of a federal land bank. Once formed, they were subject to a charter review process by the Federal Farm Loan Board. This structure aimed to align the incentives of individual farmers with the banks, as farmers held two roles: borrowers and lenders.

Subsequent history
Under the administration of Herbert Hoover, the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929 established the Federal Farm Board from the Federal Farm Loan Board established by the Federal Farm Loan Act with a revolving fund of half a billion dollars.

See also
 Farm Credit System

Further reading
Christopher W. Shaw, "'Tired of Being Exploited': The Grassroots Origin of the Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916," Agricultural History 92:4 (2018): 512-540. online
Stuart W. Shulman, "The Origin of the Federal Farm Loan Act: Agenda-Setting in the Progressive Era Print Press", University of Oregon, Department of Political Science, Dissertation, 1999 online
Stuart W. Shulman, "The Origin of the Federal Farm Loan Act: Issue Emergence and Agenda‐Setting in the Progressive Era Print Press," in Jane Adams (Ed.). Fighting for the Farm: Rural America Transformed (U. of Pennsylvania Press, 2003), 113‐128.

References

External links
Public Law 64-158, 64th Congress, S. 2986: The Federal Farm Loan Act

1916 in American law
Farm Loan Act
Presidency of Woodrow Wilson
Progressive Era in the United States
United States federal agriculture legislation

Federal Farm Loan Act


Scanimate is an analog computer animation (video synthesizer) system developed from the late 1960s to the 1980s by Computer Image Corporation of Denver, Colorado.

The 8 Scanimate systems were used to produce much of the video-based animation seen on television between most of the 1970s and early 1980s in commercials, promotions, and show openings. One of the major advantages the Scanimate system had over film-based animation and computer animation was the ability to create animations in real time. The speed with which animation could be produced on the system because of this, as well as its range of possible effects, helped it to supersede film-based animation techniques for television graphics. By the mid-1980s, it was superseded by digital computer animation, which produced sharper images and more sophisticated 3D imagery.

Animations created on Scanimate and similar analog computer animation systems have a number of characteristic features that distinguish them from film-based animation: The motion is extremely fluid, using all 60 fields per second (in NTSC format video) or 50 fields (in PAL format video) rather than the 24 frames per second that film uses; the colors are much brighter and more saturated; and the images have a very "electronic" look that results from the direct manipulation of video signals through which the Scanimate produces the images.

How it works
A special high-resolution (around 945 lines) monochrome camera records high-contrast artwork. The image is then displayed on a high-resolution screen. Unlike a normal monitor, its deflection signals are passed through a special analog computer that enables the operator to bend the image in a variety of ways. The image is then shot from the screen by either a film camera or a video camera. In the case of a video camera, this signal is then fed into a colorizer, a device that takes certain shades of grey and turns it into color as well as transparency. The idea behind this is that the output of the Scanimate itself is always monochrome. Another advantage of the colorizer is that it gives the operator the ability to continuously add layers of graphics. This makes possible the creation of very complex graphics. This is done by using two video recorders. The background is played by one recorder and then recorded by another one. This process is repeated for every layer. This requires very high-quality video recorders (such as both the Ampex VR-2000 or IVC's IVC-9000 of Scanimate's era, the IVC-9000 being used quite frequently for Scanimate composition due to its very high generational quality between re-recordings).

Scanimate today
Two of the Scanimates are still in use at ZFx studios in Asheville, NC.  The original "Black Swan" R&D machine has been updated with more modern power supplies and can produce material in standard or 1080P high definition video.  The "white Pearl" machine is the last one produced and is being kept in its original configuration for historical purposes by David Sieg at ZFx inc.  The machines are installed in a working production environment with Grass Valley switchers, Kaleidoscope digital video effects systems and Accom digital disk recorders for layering.

Use in television, music and films

Music videos
 Let's Groove by Earth, Wind & Fire
 Get Down on It by Kool & the Gang
 Blame It on the Boogie by The Jacksons
 Knock on Wood by Amii Stewart

TV programs/movies
Aerobicise (opening sequence)
Battle of the Network Stars
Battlestars (1981 opening sequence)
Be Forever Yamato and Final Yamato
Beat the Clock (1979 opening sequence)
Braingames
Community season 5, episode 11, "G.I. Jeff"
David Cassidy: Man Undercover
Demon Seed
The Electric Company
Face the Music ("Sandy Frank Presents" opening animation)
Flying High
Grammy Awards (1978) http://www.scanimate.com/article.html
Krofft Supershow
Lamb Chop's Play Along
Lancelot Link, Secret Chimp
Legends of the Superheroes
The Letter People
Logan's Run (Carousel sequence)
Monday Night Baseball
Monday Night Football (1973-1978 intro)
NBC Sports
New Edition's "Popcorn Love" music video
The Next Step Beyond
The Phynx
Post-Newsweek Stations (ID's, 1974)
Read All About It!
Sesame Street
Square One Television
 Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
Star Wars (tactical display in Death Star war room)
Super Pay Cards! (opening logo animation)Villa AlegreWilly Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (Oompa Loompa musical numbers for Augustas Gloop and Veruca Salt)You and Me Kid (show's opening sequence)Zoom (Season 4, 1975)

 TV channels/home video/TV productions

 City 2/Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation (main ID 1980–1984)
 CBC (for its "Exploding Pizza" ID, 1975–1985)
 Disney Channel (only for its launch)
 Field Communications (3D ID)
 TV Globo (for main IDs from 1976 to 1982)
 Hanna-Barbera (for its "Swirling Star" logo in 1979)
 HBO (May 1, 1975 – June 30, 1976 Feature Presentation ID, May 1, 1975 – September 19, 1982 Special ID)
 IBC-13/DZTV-TV ID (IDs from 1978 to 1987)
 KCOP-TV
 NBC (for their flashing marquee in their second "Let's All Be There!" promo/ident from 1985–1986, complimented with an Evans & Sutherland graphical mainframe)
 New York State Education Department (TV Production logo)
 RPN/CNN Philippines (1982–1986)
 RecordTV (IDs from 1979 to 1986)
 SBT (main IDs from 1981 to 1988)
 South Carolina ETV (ID)
 Television South West (1982–1985 ID)
 TF1 (for its 1976–1985 Startup/Shutdown IDs and 1977 Le Cinéma du Dimanche Soir ID by Robert Abel and Associates)
 Televisión Nacional de Chile (for main IDs made from 1982 until 1988 and complemented with an Ampex AVA-1 machine)
 USA Network (1987 ID and other idents)
 Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment (for 1978 Neon Mickey logo)
 WFLD (3D ID)
 WGN-TV (for The WGN 8:00 Movie opening)
 WKBD (3D ID)

See also
Rutt/Etra Video Synthesizer

References
 Carlson, Wayne (2003). Section 12: Analog approaches, non-linear editing, and compositing (from A Critical History of Computer Graphics and Animation''). Retrieved March 13, 2004 from https://web.archive.org/web/20070328205521/http://accad.osu.edu/~waynec/history/lesson12.html
 Sieg, David W. (2003).  Scanimation in the Analog Days by David Sieg Retrieved June 23, 2017 from http://scanimate.com/article.html
 Sieg, David W. (2017). The Scanimate Site  Everything Scanimate Retrieved June 23, 2017 from http://scanimate.com

External links
 The Scanimate Site
 Scanimation in the Analog Days (An explanation of the Scanimate system)
 Meet the Engineer Preserving The Last Analog Motion Graphics Machine, Viceland

Animation techniques
Computer graphics
Film and video technology

Scanimate


The hood (American English) or bonnet (Commonwealth English) is the hinged cover over the engine of motor vehicles. Hoods can open to allow access to the engine compartment, or trunk (boot in Commonwealth English) on rear-engine and some mid-engine vehicles) for maintenance and repair.

Terminology

In British terminology, hood refers to a fabric cover over the passenger compartment of the car (known as the 'roof' or 'top' in the US).  In many motor vehicles built in the 1930s and 1940s, the resemblance to an actual hood or bonnet is clear when open and viewed head-on. In modern vehicles it continues to serve the same purpose but no longer resembles a head covering.

Styles and materials
On front-engined cars, the hood may be hinged at either the front or the rear edge, or in earlier models (e.g. the Ford Model T) it may be split into two sections, one each side, each hinged along the centre line. Another variant combines the bonnet and wheelarches into one section which allows the entire front bodywork to tilt forwards around a pivot near the front of the vehicle (e.g. that of the Triumph Herald).

Hoods are typically made of the same material as the rest of the body work. This may include steel, aluminum, fiberglass or carbon fiber. Some aftermarket companies produce replacements for steel hoods in fiberglass or carbon fiber to reduce vehicle weight.

Release/ safety and security mechanisms
The hood release system is common on most vehicles and usually consists of an interior hood latch handle, hood release cable and hood latch assembly. The hood latch handle is usually located below the steering wheel, beside the driver's seat or set into the door frame. On race cars or cars with aftermarket hoods (that do not use the factory latch system) the hood may be held down by hood pins. Some aftermarket hoods that have a latch system are still equipped with hood pins to hold the hood buttoned down if the latch fails.

Features

A hood may contain a hood ornament, hood scoop, and/or wiper jets. A portion of the hood may be raised in a power bulge, to fit a large engine or air filters.

Pedestrian safety
In Japan and Europe, regulations have come into effect that place a limit on the severity of pedestrian head injury when struck by a motor vehicle. This is leading to more advanced hood designs, as evidenced by multicone hood inner panel designs as found on the Mazda RX-8 and other vehicles. Other changes are being made to use the hood as an active structure and push its surface several centimeters away from the hard motor components during a pedestrian crash. This may be achieved by mechanical (spring force) or pyrotechnic devices.

See also
 Front-end bra
 List of auto parts
 Trunk (automobile)

References

Automotive body parts

Hood (car)


Monochromacy (from Greek mono, meaning "one" and chromo, meaning "color") is the ability of organisms or machines to perceive only light intensity without respect to spectral composition. Such organisms and machines are colorblind in the most literal sense of the word. Organisms with monochromacy are called monochromats.

Many mammals, such as cetaceans, the owl monkey and the Australian sea lion (pictured at right) are monochromats.

In humans, absence of color vision is one among several other symptoms of severe inherited or acquired diseases, including achromatopsia or blue cone monochromacy, together affecting about 1 in 30,000 people. The affected can distinguish light, dark, and shades of gray but not color.

Humans
Human vision relies on a duplex retina, comprising two types of photoreceptor cells. Rods are primarily responsible for dim-light scotopic vision and cones are primarily responsible for day-light photopic vision. For all known vertebrates, scotopic vision is monochromatic, since there is typically only one class of rod cell. However, the presence of multiple cone classes contributing to photopic vision enables color vision during daytime conditions.

Most humans have three classes of cones, each with a different class of opsin. These three opsins have different spectral sensitivities, which is a prerequisite for trichromacy. An alteration of any of these three cone opsins can lead to colorblindness.

 Anomalous trichromacy, when all three cones are functional, but one or more is altered in its spectral sensitivity.
 Dichromacy, when one of the cones is non-functional and one of the red-green or blue-yellow opponent channels are fully disabled.
 Cone monochromacy, when two of the cones are non-functional and both chromatic opponent channels are disabled. Vision is reduced to blacks, whites, and greys.
 Rod Monochromacy (Achromatopsia), when all three of the cones are non-functional and therefore photopic vision (and therefore color vision) is disabled.

Monochromacy of photopic vision is a symptom of both Cone Monochromacy and Rod Monochromacy, so these two conditions are typically referred to collectively as monochromacy.

Rod monochromacy

Rod monochromacy (RM), also called congenital complete achromatopsia or total color blindness, is a rare and extremely severe form of an autosomal recessively inherited retinal disorder resulting in severe visual handicap. People with RM have a reduced visual acuity, (usually about 0.1 or 20/200), have total color blindness, photo-aversion and nystagmus. The nystagmus and photo-aversion usually are present during the first months of life, and the prevalence of the disease is estimated to be 1 in 30,000 worldwide. Since patients with RM have no cone function, they lack photopic vision, relying entirely on their rods and scotopic vision, which is necessarily monochromatic. They therefore cannot see any color but only shades of grey.

Cone monochromacy

Cone monochromacy (CM) is a condition defined by the exhibition of only one class of cones. A cone monochromat can have good pattern vision at normal daylight levels, but will not be able to distinguish hues.

As humans typically exhibit three classes of cones, cone monochromats can hypothetically derive their photopic vision from any one of them, leading to three categories of cone monochromats:

Blue cone monochromacy (BCM), also known as S-cone monochromacy, is an X-linked cone disease. It is a rare congenital stationary cone dysfunction syndrome, affecting less than 1 in 100,000 individuals, and is characterized by the absence of L- and M-cone function. BCM results from mutations in a single red or red–green hybrid opsin gene, mutations in both the red and the green opsin genes or deletions within the adjacent LCR (locus control region) on the X chromosome.
Green cone monochromacy (GCM), also known as M-cone monochromacy, is a condition where the blue and red cones are absent in the fovea. The prevalence of this type of monochromacy is estimated to be less than 1 in 1 million.
Red cone monochromacy (RCM), also known as L-cone monochromacy, is a condition where the blue and green cones are absent in the fovea. Like GCM, the prevalence of RCM is also estimated at less than 1 in 1 million.

Cone Monochromats with normal rod function can sometimes exhibit mild color vision due to conditional dichromacy. In mesopic conditions, both rods and cones are active and opponent interactions between the cones and rods can afford slight color vision.

According to Jay Neitz, a color vision researcher at the University of Washington, each of the three standard color-detecting cones in the retina of trichromats can detect approximately 100 gradations of color. The brain can process the combinations of these three values so that the average human can distinguish about one million colors. Therefore, a monochromat would be able to distinguish about 100 colors.

Mammals
Until the 1960s, popular belief held that most mammals outside of primates were monochromats. In the last half-century, however, a focus on behavioral and genetic testing of mammals has accumulated extensive evidence of at least dichromatic color vision in a number of mammalian orders. Mammals are now usually assumed to be dichromats (possessing S- and L-cones), with monochromats viewed as the exceptions.

Two mammalian orders containing marine mammals exhibit monochromatic vision:
Pinnipeds (including seals, sea lions and walruses)
Cetaceans (including dolphins and whales)

Unlike the trichromacy exhibited in most primates, Owl monkeys (genus Aotus) are also monochromats. Several members of the family Procyonidae (raccoon, crab-eating raccoon and kinkajou) and a few rodents have been demonstrated as cone monochromats, having lost functionality of the S-cone (retaining the L-cone).

The light available in an animal's habitat is a significant determiner of a mammal's color vision. Marine, Nocturnal or Burrowing mammals, which experience less light, have less evolutionary pressure to preserve dichromacy, so often evolve monochromacy.

A recent study using through PCR analysis of genes OPN1SW, OPN1LW, and PDE6C determined that all mammals in the cohort Xenarthra (representing sloths, anteaters and armadillos) developed rod monochromacy through a stem ancestor.

See also
 Achromatopsia
 Blue cone monochromacy
 Cone dystrophy
 Dichromacy
 Trichromacy
 Tetrachromacy

References

External links

Visual disturbances and blindness
Color vision

Monochromacy


Antigonus III Doson () was king of Macedon from 229 BC to 221 BC. He was a member of the Antigonid dynasty.

Family background
Antigonus III Doson was a half-cousin of his predecessor, Demetrius II Aetolicus. Doson's father was Demetrius the Fair (briefly king of Cyrene), the son of Demetrius Poliorcetes and his third wife, Ptolemaïs, daughter of Ptolemy I Soter and Eurydice, daughter of Antipater. As such, Demetrius the Fair was, on his father's side, a younger half-brother of Demetrius II's father, Antigonus II Gonatas, the son of Poliorcetes by his first wife, Phila, another of Antipater's daughters; as well as a nephew of both Ptolemy Keraunos and Meleager on his mother's side. According to Eusebius, Doson's own mother was a Thessalian noblewoman, Olympias, daughter of Pauliclitus of Larissa. Antigonus also had a brother named Echecrates, whose son, named Antigonus after Doson himself, was put to death by Perseus on the latter's accession to the throne of Macedon.

Doson's father, Demetrius the Fair, died sometime around 250 BC, as a result of events that occurred after being summoned from Macedonia to Cyrene to marry Berenice II, the daughter and heir of Magas of Cyrene. Rather than contenting himself with his young bride, Demetrius openly became the lover of her powerful mother, Apama II. So the jealous bride took her revenge by having him assassinated. It is unclear whether Doson's mother had died before this time.

Antigonus' by-name, Doson, is Greek for "going to give." The meaning of this is uncertain. According to Plutarch it "implied that he was given to promising but did not perform his engagements", though even the exact meaning of this is unclear.

Regent of Macedonia
When Demetrius II died in battle in 229 BC, his son and would-be successor, the later Philip V, was only nine years old. According to Plutarch, both the Macedonian army and nobility thought the political situation too volatile to wait for Philip V to mature enough to assume command. As a consequence, the Macedonian nobility turned to Doson, who was subsequently made regent of the kingdom and then married his predecessor's widow and the mother of Philip, Chryseis. However, it was only after Doson demonstrated his leadership abilities by succeeding (where his cousin Demetrius had failed) in defeating the Dardanii invaders and also in putting down a rebellion by the Thessalians, and showing his rule to be generally moderate and good, that he was given the title of king.  Unlike his Antigonid ancestors, he had no viable rivals to challenge his right to rule. Yet, even as king he apparently envisioned himself as caretaker for his cousin's son, Philip V.

King of Macedonia
As king, Antigonus III proved to be as much a master of tactical diplomacy as of military strategy. In less than a decade of rule he not only secured the borders of his kingdom, but he also re-established Macedon as the dominant power in the region. Unlike previous Macedonian rulers who attempted direct dominion over their fiercely independent neighbours to the West and South, he formed alliances with Epirus and the Achaean League. When Sparta, under Cleomenes III, attempted to establish hegemony over the whole Peloponnese, Aratus of Sicyon - longtime leader of Greek opposition to Macedonian domination - invited Antigonus to intervene (226 BC). Establishing his base on the heights above Corinth, Antigonus reconstituted a broad-based Hellenic league (224 BC) under his leadership before launching his attack on Sparta. The Spartan forces, outmatched by the larger, better equipped Macedonian army, were so overwhelmed in the Battle of Sellasia (222 BC) that Cleomenes only managed to escape with a few horsemen, and ultimately had to seek refuge in Egypt. However, in a magnanimous gesture, Antigonus restrained his soldiers from plundering Sparta, saying it was Cleomenes, not Sparta, that was his enemy.

Antigonus did not long survive this victory. For, while his forces were campaigning in the southern Peloponnese, Illyrians invaded Macedonia from the north. Antigonus had to rush north to repel this new threat. On his way, Antigonus passed through Tegea and Argos, his arrival at the latter coinciding with the beginning of the Nemean Games, where he was honoured by the Achaean League and various other cities. His death occurred soon after, when he returned to Macedon and engaged the Illyrian army; for though Macedonian forces were once again victorious, the commander became sick during the battle (possibly though not necessarily as a result of a ruptured blood vessel) and died.

Ancestry

References

External links
 Antigonus III Doson entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith

263 BC births
221 BC deaths
3rd-century BC Macedonian monarchs
Ancient Macedonian monarchs killed in battle
Antigonid dynasty

Antigonus III Doson


Rowena Fulham (née Nutira) (born 18 May 1960) is a former association football player who represented New Zealand at international level and went on to become a renowned coach. Fulham was named coach of the year 3 years running in Canterbury, winning the league, cup double 3 years running. Fulham went on to gain her International coaching license and assisted both Allan Jones with the NZ Senior Women in 2006 and Paul Temple with the U17 at the FIFA U17 World cup hosted in NZ in 2008

Fulham scored on her Football Ferns début with a glancing header from an Ingrid Hall corner, in a 1–2 loss to Australia on 4 October 1981, a warm up match 1 week out from the 1981 Invitational World Cup in Taiwan, and finished her international career with eight caps and four goals to her credit.

References

1960 births
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people
New Zealand women's association footballers
New Zealand women's international footballers
Women's association football forwards

Rowena Fulham


The shaded-pole motor is the original type of AC  single-phase motor, dating back to at least as early as 1890. A shaded-pole motor is a small motor with either two or four poles, in which the auxiliary winding is composed of a copper ring or bar surrounding a portion of each pole  to produce a weakly rotating magnetic field. When single phase AC supply is applied to the stator winding, due to shading provided to the poles, a rotating magnetic field is generated. This auxiliary single-turn winding is called a shading coil. Currents induced in this coil by the magnetic field create a second electrical phase by delaying the phase of  magnetic flux change for that pole (a shaded pole) enough to provide a 2-phase rotating magnetic field. The direction of rotation is from the unshaded side to the shaded (ring) side of the pole.  Since the phase angle between the shaded and unshaded sections is small, shaded-pole motors produce only a small starting torque relative to torque at full speed.  Shaded-pole motors of the asymmetrical type shown are only reversible by disassembly and flipping over the stator, though some similar looking motors have small, switch-shortable auxiliary windings of thin wire instead of thick copper bars and can reverse electrically.  Another method of  electrical reversing involves four coils (two pairs of identical coils).

The common, asymmetrical form of these motors (pictured) has only one winding, with no capacitor or starting windings/starting switch, making them economical and reliable.  Larger and more modern types may have multiple physical windings, though electrically only one, and a capacitor may be used.  Because their starting torque is low, they are best suited to driving fans or other loads that are easily started. They may have multiple taps near one electrical end of the winding, which provides variable speed and power by selection of one tap at a time, as in ceiling fans.  Moreover, they are compatible with TRIAC-based variable-speed controls, which often are used with fans.  They are built in power sizes up to about  output. Above , they are not common, and for larger motors, other designs offer better characteristics. A main disadvantage is their low efficiency of around 26%. A major advantage is that the motor's stall current is only slightly higher than the running current, so there is low risk of severe over-heating or tripping the circuit protection if the motor is stalled for some reason.

Types
 Squirrel-cage asynchronous:  The most common type of shaded-pole motor in fractional horsepower use has a squirrel-cage rotor that consists of a laminated steel cylinder with conductive copper or aluminum bars embedded lengthwise in its surface, connected at the ends.
 Synchronous permamagnetized  uses a magnetized rotor, e.g. a permanent magnet. This rotor rotates synchronously with the rotating magnetic field: if the rotor begins to lag behind the rotating field, driving torque increases and the rotor speeds up slightly until the rotor's position within the rotating field is a point where torque = drag; similarly, if the rotation of the field slows down, the rotor will advance relative to the field, torque will decline, or even become negative, slowing the speed of the rotor until it again reaches a position relative to the field where torque = drag.

Because of this, these motors are often used to drive electric clocks and, occasionally, phonograph turntables. In these applications, the speed of the motor is as accurate as the frequency of the mains power applied to the motor. These motors are also used in shavers.
Frequently, the rotor and its associated reduction geartrain are encased in an aluminium, copper, or plastic enclosure; the enclosed rotor is driven magnetically through the enclosure. Such geared motors are commonly available with the final output shaft or gear rotating from 600 RPM down to as low as 1/168 revolutions per hour (1 revolution per week!).

 Synchronous squirrel-cage combines the two, in that the magnetized rotor is provided with a squirrel cage, so that the motor starts like an induction motor, once the rotor is pulled into synchronism with its magnet, the squirrel cage has no current induced in it and so plays no further part in the operation.

Starting issues and torque limitations

Even by the standards of shaded pole motors, the power output of these motors is usually very low. Because there is often no explicit starting mechanism, the rotor of a motor operating from a constant frequency mains supply must be very light so that it is capable of reaching running speed within one cycle of the mains frequency.
A further development dispenses with the shading rings altogether.  The application of power gives the magnetised rotor enough of a 'flick' to move it fast enough to establish synchronism.  A mechanical means prevents the rotor from starting in the wrong direction.  This design will only work satisfactorily if the standstill load is near to zero and has very little inertia.  This is similar to the motor used in quartz-timed mechanical clocks.
In more recent times, the use of variable frequency controls permits synchronous motors to start slowly and deliver more torque.

Further reading

 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, "Analysis and Control of subsynchronous resonance : presented at the IEEE Power Engineering Society 1976 winter meeting and Tesla symposium". Piscataway, N.J., IEEE, c1976.  76CH1066-O-PWR. LCCN 77153757 //r842

References

Induction motors
Electric motors

Shaded-pole motor


Longchaeus auricoma is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

Description
The shell has a regularly elongate-conic shape. It is yellowish-white, with fine golden yellow spiral lines between the sutures and on the base. Its length measures 10.6 mm. The whorls of the protoconch are small, deeply obliquely immersed in the first succeeding
turn. The ten whorls of the teleoconch are well rounded, feebly shouldered at the summit, scarcely at all contracted at the sutures. The sutures are weakly impressed. The periphery and the base of the body whorl are well rounded and smooth. The aperture is irregularly oval. The outer lip is thin. It is reinforced deeply within by five strong spiral cords, one of which is at the periphery, two divide the space between this and the summit into three equal parts, and two a little less strong are on the base. The columella is strong and
straight. The posterior fold is oblique, very strong and lamellar. The anterior two are about one-fourth as high as the posterior, very oblique. The parietal
wall is glazed by a thin callus.

Distribution
This marine species occurs in the Gulf of California and off Mazatlán, Mexico.

References

External links
 To USNM Invertebrate Zoology Mollusca Collection
 To World Register of Marine Species

Pyramidellidae
Gastropods described in 1889

Longchaeus auricoma


An instrument driver, in the context of test and measurement (T&M) application development, is a set of software routines that simplifies remote instrument control. Instrument drivers are specified by the IVI Foundation and define an I/O abstraction layer using the virtual instrument software architecture (VISA). The VISA hardware abstraction layer provides an interface-independent communication channel to T&M instruments. Furthermore, the instrument drivers encapsulate the Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments (SCPI) commands, which are an ASCII-based set of commands for reading and writing instrument settings and measurement data. This standard allows an abstract way of using various programming languages to program remote-control applications instead of using SCPI commands. An instrument driver usually has a well-defined API.

Standards

VXIplug&play instrument driver

The VXIplug&play Systems Alliance was founded in 1993 with the aim of unifying VXI hardware and software to achieve 'plug and play' interoperability for VXI and GPIB instruments. As part of the unifying process, VXIplug&play instrument drivers were also defined.

IVI instrument drivers

When the IVI Foundation took over the Alliance in 2002, it defined a new generation of instrument drivers to replace the VXIplug&play standard. The IVI instrument driver specification intends to overcome the drawbacks of VXIplug&play. These IVI (Interchangeable Virtual Instrumentation) drivers are currently defined in three different architectures:

 The IVI-COM driver architecture is based on the Microsoft Component Object Model.
 The IVI-C drivers are based on C programming language shared components (shared libraries).
 The IVI.NET driver architecture was specified in 2010. The IVI.NET drivers are based on the .NET framework.

Remote control of instrumentation
Instrument drivers allow quicker development of remote-control applications for instrumentation. The drivers reduce the difficulty of string formatting when using SCPI commands by providing a well-defined API. The IVI and VXIplug&play Instrument Drivers use the VISA as the hardware abstraction layer so that hardware-independent applications can be developed.

I/O hardware abstraction layer VISA
The VISA library allows test and measurement equipment to be connected through various hardware interfaces. The following interfaces are available:

 Serial Port
 GPIB/IEEE-488
 VXI-11 (over TCP/IP)
 USB488/USBTMC (USB Test & Measurement), USB Test & Measurement Class Specification
 HiSLIP (over TCP/IP).

LXI

The  LAN eXtensions for Instrumentation (LXI) standard defines the communications protocols for controlling test and measurement systems using Ethernet. The standard requires vendors to offer IVI compliant instrument drivers.

See also
 Instrument control
 Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments
 Automation
 IEEE-488
 VISA
 LabVIEW
 LabWindows
 Agilent VEE
 MATLAB
 LAN eXtensions for Instrumentation

References

External links
 IVI Foundation
 SCPI Consortium
 VXIplug&play Systems Alliance
 LXI Consortium
 Introduction to Attribute Based Instrument Drivers
 Development Hints and Best Practices for Using Instrument Drivers

Input/output
Electronic test equipment

Instrument Driver


Steppenwolf is a 1974 film adaptation of Hermann Hesse's 1927 novel Steppenwolf, directed by Fred Haines. The film made heavy use of visual special effects that were cutting-edge at the time of its release. It follows the adventures of a half-man, half-animal individual named Harry Haller, who in the Germany of the 1920s, is depressed, resentful of his middle class station, and wants to die not knowing the world around him. He then meets two strange people who introduce him to life and a bizarre world called the "Magic Theater".

Cast
Max von Sydow as Harry Haller
Dominique Sanda as Hermine
Pierre Clementi as Pablo
Carla Romanelli as Maria
Roy Bosier as Aztec
Alfred Baillou as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Niels-Peter Rudolph as Gustav
Helmut Förnbacher as Franz
Charles Regnier as Loering
Eduard Linkers as Mr. Hefte
Silvia Reize as Dora
Judith Mellies as Rosa O`Flynn
Helen Hesse as Frau Hefte

Source:

Cast notes:
Helen Hesse was Herman Hesse's granddaughter.  Hesse's daughter-in-law, Ida, worked as a still photographer on the set.

Production
The film took seven years of complicated pre-production because its producers, Melvin Abner Fishman and Richard Herland – a student of Jung and alchemy – wanted the film to be "the first Jungian film" and built up relationships with the Hesse family that allowed the film rights of the book to be released. Herland raised the finances.

Directors Michelangelo Antonioni and John Frankenheimer, as well as the actor James Coburn were all touted to direct the film. In the end, the film was directed by its screenwriter, Fred Haines.

Although Walter Matthau, Jack Lemmon and Timothy Leary were all proposed as playing the main role of Harry Haller, the role eventually went to Max von Sydow.  Although the film was made in English, none of the principal actors were native English speakers.

Steppenwolf was filmed on location in Basel, Switzerland, Wiesbaden, Germany, and at Studio Hamburg in Germany.

Finally, the rights to the finished film were entirely given over to Peter Sprague, its financier. A "marketing disaster" followed, which included the colour of the prints coming out incorrectly. For decades the film remained little seen except for brief runs in art film houses.

Reception
After a festival screening, a review

in the Los Angeles Free Press found the film "beautifully shot, well-acted, but only partly successful", attributing this to the difficulty in translating to the screen Hesse's "stream-of-consciousness, interior writing" style. The reviewer, Jacoba Atlas, highlighted "one of the finest 'dream' sequences ever put on film [...] using every cinematic technique from step-printing to chromatic negatives".

Upon the film's release on home video, Bernard Holland wrote of it in The New York Times:
This film adaptation of the Herman Hesse novel is one of those plunges into the "meaning-of-life" genre that still might excite the college freshman with intellectual pretensions but one whose excesses will seem a little silly—or boring—to most of the rest of us.
Its good-versus-evil thesis is expounded through a variety of surreal effects—including animated cartoons. Hesse's philosophical thinking—often obvious on the printed page—translates even less forcefully to film. Mr. von Sydow is reasonably tortured as the straddler of innocence and depravity and Miss Sanda exudes a hard, shallow beauty as his seductive counterpart.

References

External links

1974 films
1974 drama films
Swiss drama films
British drama films
French drama films
Italian drama films
American drama films
English-language French films
English-language Italian films
English-language Swiss films
Films based on German novels
Films based on Swiss novels
Adaptations of works by Hermann Hesse
1970s English-language films
1970s American films
1970s British films
1970s Italian films
1970s French films

Steppenwolf (film)


Matjaž Mulej (born Maribor, 20 January 1941) is a Slovenian academic.

Personal life

He has a B.A. in economic analysis, a M.A. in Development Economics, as well as Doctorates in Economics/Systems Theory, and in Management/Innovation Management.

He has been married for more than 50 years and has two adult children and four grandchildren.

Career

He retired from University of Maribor as Professor Emeritus in Systems and Innovation Theory. He has more than 1,600 publications in more than 40 countries. He has more than 60 publications and close to 400 citations. He was visiting professor abroad for 15 semesters - including Cornell University and other Universities in Austria, China, Germany, Mexico and USA. He has served as consultant or speaker in/for enterprises - about 500 times in six countries.

Bibliography

 Dialectical Systems Theory
 Innovative Business Paradigm for countries/enterprises
 Methods of creative interdisciplinary cooperation

Recognition

Mulej was nominated to become a member of the New York Academy of Sciences in 1996, the European Academy of Sciences and Arts, Salzburg (2004), the European Academy of Sciences, Arts and Humanities, Paris in 2004 and the International Academy for Systems and Cybernetic Sciences in 2010. He served as the President of the latter until 2012. He was President of the International Federation for Systems Research from 2006 to 2010.

He received many rewards for his work on the systems approach to innovation in Yugoslavia, Slovenia, Maribor and University of Maribor.

References

Living people
1941 births
Academic staff of the University of Maribor
20th-century Slovenian economists
Yugoslav economists
21st-century Slovenian economists

Matjaž Mulej


The Brazilian three-banded armadillo (Tolypeutes tricinctus) is an armadillo species endemic to eastern Brazil, where it is known as  (, lit. ball armadillo). It is one of only two species of armadillo that can roll into a ball (the other is the southern three-banded armadillo). It has suffered a 30% decline in population in the last 10 years.

Names
It was known as kwaráu in the extinct Huamoé language of the Serra Negra in Pernambuco State, Brazil, and as ˈkʌ̨́ñíkį̀ in the extinct Kambiwá language of Barreira, Petrolândia, Pernambuco.

Anatomy
Brazilian three-banded armadillos have a head-and-body length of about  and the tail is between  long. They weigh . The armor is composed of ossified dermal scutes covered by nonoverlapping, keratinized epidermal scales, which are connected by flexible bands of skin. This armor covers the back, sides, head, tail, ears, and outside surfaces of the legs. The underside of the body and the inner surfaces of the legs have no armored protection, and are covered instead by long, coarse hair. The genus Tolypeutes, which includes both the Brazilian and southern species of three-banded armadillos, is unique in the ability to roll up in a tight, almost impenetrable ball. This is because their armor is slightly looser than that of other armadillo genera, which allows for greater freedom of movement. The loose armor also creates a layer of air between the shell and the body, which insulates the animal. This higher capacity for thermoregulation allows them to survive in climates too arid for some of the other armadillo species. When the armadillo rolls into a defensive ball, the ears are tucked into the shell and the head and tail interlock to seal the shell completely. The teeth are soft and peg-like, adapted solely for smashing the exoskeletons of insects.

Ecology

Range and habitat
As its name suggests, the Brazilian three-banded armadillo is indigenous to Brazil, living primarily in the northeastern part of the country, just south of the equator. They are rarely seen west of 50°W longitude.
The Brazilian three-banded armadillo lives primarily in open savannahs (Cerrado) and dry woodlands (Caatinga), where low rainfall and poor soil limit the vegetation to tall, woody grasses, scattered bushes, and gnarled trees. There is an abundance of cactus-like plants in the northern reaches of its range.

Diet
The main staples of its diet are ants and termites, which it can smell through up to 20 centimeters of soil. It finds food by shuffling slowly along with its nose to the ground. When it detects prey, it frantically digs a hole and thrust its nose into it, using its long, sticky tongue to lap up any insects it may find. Other foods include mollusks, worms, fruit, and carrion.

Behavior

Armadillos are chiefly solitary, but this species will occasionally travel in small family groups of up to three members. They are largely nocturnal, but have been known to forage during the day. All the armadillos are spectacular diggers, but unlike most of the other species, three-banded armadillos do not dig in defense or to find shelter. They prefer to rest under bushes, rather than dig burrows, and their ability to roll into a ball makes defensive digging unnecessary. When they are not foraging, they move with a sort of trot, bouncing on the tips of their front toes, while their hind feet slap flatly on the ground. They mark their territories with secretions from glands on their face, feet, and rump. When threatened, they occasionally do not seal their armor completely, but wait until they are touched. They then quickly snap shut in an effort to startle the predator.

Reproduction
The mating season lasts from October to January, during which there is a brief courtship before mating. The female carries the young for a gestation period of 120 days at the end of which single, blind offspring is born. The newborn's armor is soft, but its claws are fully developed, and it can walk and roll into a ball within hours of birth. The armor hardens by the third or fourth week, around the same time the eyes and earflaps open. The young armadillo is weaned at 10 weeks and reaches sexual maturity at 9–12 months.

Threats
The defense system of the Brazilian three-banded armadillo makes it safe from the majority of predators. Adult pumas and jaguars are the only South American mammals powerful enough to be a natural threat. The real danger to armadillos is the destruction of their habitats to make room for livestock. In addition to this, this species is facing a dual threat of heavy hunting pressure and habitat loss. Due to its tendency to ball up when threatened, this species is frequently collected for food, which has resulted in significant population declines across its range. Additionally, growing agriculture, mining, and charcoal collecting have devastated and damaged its habitat.

2014 FIFA World Cup mascot
The Caatinga Association, a Brazilian environmental NGO, launched in January 2012 a national campaign proposing the three-banded armadillo to become mascot of the 2014 FIFA World Cup hosted by Brazil.  In March 2012, the Brazilian weekly, Veja, reported the three-banded armadillo would be the official mascot for the FIFA World Cup. Official announcement came in September 2012.

References

External links

 World Cup Mascot.

Armadillos
Endemic fauna of Brazil
Mammals of Brazil
Myrmecophagous mammals
Fauna of the Caatinga
Fauna of the Cerrado
Mammals described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Vulnerable animals
Vulnerable biota of South America

Brazilian three-banded armadillo


Bobbie Hagelin (born 1 February 1984 in Södertälje, Sweden) is a retired ice hockey player. He played for Södertälje SK in the Swedish Elite League and for Rødovre Mighty Bulls in the Danish AL-Bank Ligaen.

He is the elder brother of ex-Michigan Wolverines ice hockey player and current Washington Capitals forward Carl Hagelin. In three seasons with Södertälje SK from 2001 to 2004 he played 45 games, scoring two goals and one assist. In two seasons with Rødovre Mighty Bulls from 2007 to 2009 he played 73 games, scoring 27 goals and 27 assists.

References

1984 births
Living people
Calgary Flames scouts
Ice hockey people from Södertälje
Swedish ice hockey players

Bobbie Hagelin


"Australian Convict Sites" is a World Heritage Site which includes the remains of 11 places used in the transportation of convicts to Australia. This was a plan by the British government to move thousands of prisoners from England to Australia. It started with the sending of the First Fleet to Sydney in 1788 and continued for about eighty years. The Australian Convict Sites include places in Sydney, Tasmania, Norfolk Island, and Fremantle. These show:

" .. the best surviving examples of large-scale convict transportation and the colonial expansion of European powers through the presence and labour of convicts."

All the sites were all individually included on the Australian National Heritage List before being put on the World Heritage list in 2010.

Penal Sites Included
The 11 penal sites making up the Australian Convict Sites World Heritage listed property are
  Cockatoo Island Convict Site (New South Wales)
  Great North Road (New South Wales)
  Hyde Park Barracks (New South Wales)
  Old Government House (New South Wales)
  Kingston and Arthurs Vale Historic Area (Norfolk Island)
  Brickendon and Woolmers Estates (Tasmania)
  Cascades Female Factory (Tasmania)
  Coal Mines Historic Site (Tasmania)
  Darlington Probation Station (Tasmania)
  Port Arthur (Tasmania)
  Fremantle Prison (Western Australia)

Criteria for Listing
There are over 3000 convict sites remaining in Australia. The Australian Convict Sites were selected as the best examples of the world's convict era. This met World Heritage Selection Criteria IV & VI:

Criterion IV (i.e. a collection of buildings/architecture etc. showing an important stage in human history):

"an exceptional example of the forced migration of convicts - an important stage of human history"

Criterion VI (i.e. directly associated with events etc. of importance to the whole world):

"an extraordinary example of global ideas and developments associated with the punishment and reform of the criminal elements of humanity during the Age of Enlightenment and the modern era

Related pages
 List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

References

Other websites
 Australian Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (2008) Australian convict sites: World Heritage NominationAccessed 5 August 2010

Australian Convict Sites
Australian National Heritage List
Buildings and structures in New South Wales
Prisons in Australia
Settlements in Australia
Buildings and structures in Tasmania
Western Australia

Australian Convict Sites


Frederik A. A. Willockx (born 2 September 1947) is a Belgian socialist politician, member of the Flemish Different Socialist Party.

Freddy Willockx was first elected to the Belgian Chamber of Representatives in 1979 and served until 1994.  He served as state secretary for finances in 1980 and as minister of post, telephony and telegraph services from 1980 to 1981 and from 1988 to 1989. He served as minister of pensions 1992–1994. He was elected a Member of the European Parliament (1994–1999). In June 1999 he was elected again to the Chamber of Representatives but resigned in July when he was appointed special government commissioner for the handling of the Dioxin Affair and for the implementation of European Directives (1999–2001). He was named as minister of state in 2002.

He served as mayor of Sint-Niklaas from 1989 to 1995 and once again from 2001 to 2010, when he retired.

References
 Biography of Willockx at the website of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives

External links

1947 births
Living people
Belgian socialists
Belgian Ministers of State
People from Sint-Niklaas
Mayors of places in Belgium

Freddy Willockx


Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus ( 2 BC – January AD 41) was a member of the imperial Julio-Claudian dynasty of Ancient Rome. Domitius was the son of Antonia Major (daughter of emperor Augustus' sister Octavia Minor and her second husband Mark Antony). He married Agrippina the Younger and became the father of the emperor Nero.

Biography

Early life
Domitius' birthdate is uncertain; some interpretations are that he was born around 17 BC while other sources argue he was born a generation later in 2 BC. Domitius was the son of Antonia Major, the niece of emperor Augustus, and her husband Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus. He had at least two sisters Domitia and Domitia Lepida, and possibly an older brother named Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, whom ancient sources confuse his early career and birthdate with.

Career
Describing him as "a man loathsome in every respect", Suetonius says that as a young man, Domitius was serving on the staff of his second cousin Gaius Caesar in the east, in AD 2. Domitius killed his freedman for refusing to drink as much as he was told. The reported reason was that the freedman did not get as drunk as Domitius did. On the Appian Way, Domitius was reported to have deliberately run over a child who was playing with his doll. At the Roman Forum, Domitius reportedly pulled out an eye of an equestrian because the equestrian openly criticized him. Although some historians such as Ronald Syme have argued that the Domitius who served with Gaius Caesar may have been an older brother of his and not Nero's father. Gaius Stern claims that the Eastern expedition is actually that of Germanicus in AD 17–19, if one assumes his birth to be in 2 BC and still interpret the violent actions to belong to Nero's father.

Domitius cheated on bankers for purchases he made. When he was praetor, Domitius would swindle the prize money of victorious charioteers. Managers would complain, but Domitius decreed that future prizes would be paid on the spot. Domitius was also considered a serious womanizer. The emperor Tiberius charged him with treason, adultery and incest with his sister and also with adultery with another noblewoman, but the ascension of Caligula saved him.

Domitius married his first cousin once removed Agrippina the Younger, Caligula's sister, after her thirteenth birthday in AD 28. He was far older than her at the time. Tiberius arranged and ordered the marriage, which was celebrated in Rome. Domitius was wealthy, but apparently he and Agrippina chose to live between Antium and Rome.

Domitius was consul in AD 32 and appointed by Tiberius as a commissioner in early AD 37. His son Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, later emperor Nero, was born on 15 December AD 37 in Antium. According to Suetonius, when Domitius was congratulated by his friends for the birth of his son he replied that any child born to him and Agrippina would have a detestable nature and become a public danger, a fact that became true during the second part of Nero's reign. When Nero castrated a boy named Sporus and married him as a wife, Suetonius quoted one Roman who lived around this time who remarked that the world would have been better off if Nero's father had married someone more like the castrated boy.

He died of edema at Pyrgi (an ancient Etruscan city) in January AD 41. In Domitius' will, Nero inherited one third of his estate, but Caligula, who was also mentioned in the will, took Nero's inheritance for himself. When Claudius became emperor, Nero's inheritance was restored.

Legacy

During his lifetime, Domitius did not enjoy a good reputation. He was accused of being the accomplice of Albucilla in the crimes of adultery and murder, and also of incest with his sister Domitia Lepida, and narrowly escaped execution only because of the death of Tiberius.

His widow Agrippina later married her widowed uncle Claudius. Her son Lucius was adopted by the elderly Claudius and renamed Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus. When Claudius died on 13 October AD 54, Nero succeeded him as Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus. Nero exalted Domitius' memory, and the Roman Senate arranged for the construction of his statue in AD 55.

See also
 List of Roman consuls

References

2 BC births
41 deaths
1st-century Romans
Imperial Roman consuls
Julio-Claudian dynasty
Gnaeus
Family of Nero
Husbands of Agrippina the Younger

Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (father of Nero)


The Porter Screen Company is a historic former industrial facility at 110 East Spring Street in Winooski, Vermont.  Developed beginning 1910–11, this mill complex was an important secondary industrial employer in the city, shipping window screens and other housing parts nationwide.  The facility, now converted to senior housing, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

Description and history
The former Porter Screen Company mill is located northeast of downtown Winooski, on a triangular parcel of land bounded on the northeast by East Spring Street, and on the south by a railroad right-of-way.  The complex consists of a series of interconnected brick and timber-frame buildings, the largest of which are set perpendicular to the railroad and at an angle to the street.  The larger elements are either two or three stories in height, with vernacular industrial style, and the largest is clad in novelty siding.

The Porter Screen Company was founded in 1881 by E.N. Porter of Hardwick, Vermont, and at first established operations in Burlington.  In 1893 the company relocated to Winooski, in facilities on Barlow Street that burned in 1900.  The present complex of buildings was built by the company, mostly between 1901 and 1910, to house its operations.  The company at first produced a variety of architectural parts, including doors, windows, and adjustable window screens with wooden frames.  The latter product came to dominate its production, but fell out of favor with respect to the more popular aluminum-framed screens, and the business was closed in 1952.  The building complex served for many years as a warehouse, until its conversion into senior housing.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Chittenden County, Vermont

References

Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont
National Register of Historic Places in Chittenden County, Vermont
Greek Revival architecture in Vermont
Buildings and structures completed in 1901
Buildings and structures in Winooski, Vermont
Windows

Porter Screen Company


Queen of Rhodesia was the title asserted for Elizabeth II as Rhodesia's constitutional head of state following the country's Unilateral Declaration of Independence from the United Kingdom. However, the position only existed under the Rhodesian constitution of 1965 and remained unrecognised elsewhere in the world. The British government, along with the United Nations and almost all governments, regarded the declaration of independence as an illegal act and nowhere else was the existence of the British monarch having separate status in Rhodesia accepted. With Rhodesia becoming a republic in 1970, the status or existence of the office ceased to be contestable.

History

Southern Rhodesia had been a crown colony with responsible government since 1923 and the transfer from rule under the British South Africa Company. The monarch of the United Kingdom was automatically recognised as monarch in the colonies. Following the UK refusing to grant Southern Rhodesia independence under minority rule, on 11 November 1965, they unilaterally declared independence and declared Elizabeth II as the queen of Rhodesia. The independence declaration clarified that they were only breaking from the British government and affirmed loyalty to Elizabeth, viewing her as the separate Rhodesian monarch as part of a  "loyal rebellion". All Rhodesian oaths continued to be taken to her and the declaration of independence ended with "God Save The Queen".

In response, the British Parliament passed the Southern Rhodesia Act 1965 which de jure affirmed British control of the colony and granted Queen Elizabeth II the power to act in the colony. She then issued an order in council to suspend the constitution and sacked the Rhodesian Front government. These were ignored in Rhodesia and Prime Minister Ian Smith claimed it was the act of the British government and not of the Queen. The Rhodesian theory believed in the divisibility of the Crown to show their political autonomy. The Rhodesians also ceased to recognise the governor of Southern Rhodesia, Sir Humphrey Gibbs, as the representative of the Queen and asked him to move out of Government House, Salisbury (which Gibbs refused to do). Smith then asked Queen Elizabeth II to appoint a governor-general of Rhodesia to act on her behalf, but she refused as she did not recognise the title and treated the request as if it had come from an ordinary citizen as Smith was no longer recognised as prime minister. Elizabeth issued a response via Gibbs that said: "Her Majesty is not able to entertain purported advice of this kind and has therefore been pleased to direct that no action should be taken upon it".

Accordingly Smith appointed Clifford Dupont as Officer Administering the Government in place of any royal appointment. It was initially suggested by Rhodesian officials that, due to his Stuart ancestry, they would appoint the Duke of Montrose as regent until Queen Elizabeth II recognised the title. The suggestion was rejected as a violation of the Regency Act 1953. On the British side, the diplomat Michael Palliser suggested that Queen Elizabeth II appoint her husband Prince Philip as governor-general and have him arrive with a detachment of Coldstream Guards to legally sack Smith and the Rhodesian Front. However the plan was not feasible due to bringing the royal family into politics and the risk that Philip would have been in.

Power

The monarch's powers were the same as prior to the Unilateral Declaration of Independence. However they were de facto exercised by the Officer Administering the Government (Clifford Dupont) rather than by the governor of Southern Rhodesia (Sir Humphrey Gibbs) as Queen Elizabeth II's de jure representative. Every Rhodesian Bill presented to the Officer Administering the Government, had the following words of enactment:

In 1968, she commuted the sentence of three African men sentenced to death. Her pardon was ignored as the High Court of Rhodesia ruled that, as Rhodesian officials had not been consulted, the pardon came from the orders of the British government rather than from the Queen of Rhodesia, and the men were executed.

Symbols

The Queen's portrait featured on Rhodesian banknotes and coins, as well as on postage stamps.

Abolition

There had been calls for Rhodesia to become a republic as early as 1966. The Whaley Commission had been set up by the Rhodesian government in 1967 to review the constitution and recommendations for alterations. After Queen Elizabeth II's pardon was ignored, the Rhodesian government announced that the Queen's Official Birthday would no longer be a public holiday and they would only fire a 21-gun salute on her actual birthday.

The Rhodesian Front published the Whaley Report's proposals for a referendum to abolish the monarchy and establish a republic with a new constitution a month after the executions. Smith argued for it on the grounds that the British government "had denied us the Queen of Rhodesia". In the 1969 Rhodesian constitutional referendum, the Rhodesian electorate voted in favour of the establishment of a republic. The move was opposed by the Roman Catholic Church over fears it would lead to further marginalisation of blacks in Rhodesia. Gibbs also resigned as Governor at this time. The internationally unrecognised republic was declared on 2 March 1970. Queen Elizabeth II formally revoked the royal titles of the Royal Rhodesian Air Force and Royal Rhodesia Regiment. Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother's honorary commissionership of the British South Africa Police was also suspended. Dupont replaced Elizabeth II as head of state in Rhodesia as the new president.

Contrary to Smith's hope that such a move would bring international legitimacy, it had the opposite effect. All countries that had relations with Rhodesia, except Portugal and South Africa, withdrew their diplomatic missions from the country. This was because originally they maintained relations because of the pre-existing royal accreditation but because a republic had been declared, that rationale was no longer valid.

Rhodesia remained an unrecognised republic until Zimbabwe Rhodesia agreed to return to colonial status in 1979. Queen Elizabeth II resumed monarchical duties over the colony through her role as Queen of the United Kingdom and appointed Lord Soames as her representative as Governor of Southern Rhodesia until its independence as Zimbabwe on 18 April 1980.

References

Rhodesia
Rhodesia
National symbols of Rhodesia
Politics of Rhodesia
1965 establishments in Rhodesia
1970 disestablishments in Rhodesia
History of Rhodesia
Rhodesia
Former monarchies of Africa
History of the British Empire
History of the Commonwealth of Nations
Titles held only by one person
Zimbabwe and the Commonwealth of Nations

Queen of Rhodesia


Suzanne Lummis is a poet, influential teacher, arts organizer and impresario in Los Angeles.  She is associated with the poem noir, as well as the sensibility for which she is a major exponent–a literary incarnation of performance poetry–the Stand-up Poetry of the 80s and 90s.  She is also grouped with "The Fresno Poets."

Family Background
Suzanne Lummis was born in San Francisco and grew up in the Sierra Nevada Mountains.

On her father's side, Suzanne is the granddaughter of Charles Fletcher Lummis, first City Editor of The Los Angeles Times, a position he took on in 1885 after walking across the country from Ohio.  He rose to fame as an Indian rights activist, early champion and preservationist of Southern California's Spanish heritage, and author of several books defining and describing the American Southwest.  He founded the Southwest Museum, which opened in 1907.

Her parents, Keith Lummis and Hazel McCausland, met in the San Francisco office of the U. S. Secret Service, back when the agency was under the auspices of the U. S. Treasury Department.  Keith was a Secret Service agent, and Hazel was the third woman ever to be hired into the office of the Secret Service in the position of secretary.

Career
She received her MA from CSU Fresno, where she studied with Philip Levine, Peter Everwine and Chuck Hanzlicek.

Suzanne Lummis, together with Sherman Pearl, founded The Los Angeles Poetry Festival. Under her directorship the festival produced nine citywide series of readings between 1989 and 2011, culminating with the 25-event citywide series, "Night and the City: L.A. Noir in Poetry, Fiction and Film," which featured notable authors, scholars and film preservationists such as Robert Polito, James Ellroy, Eddie Muller and Alan Rode, and crime fiction author Gary Phillips, along with many regional poets.

Since 1991, she has taught various levels of poetry workshops through the UCLA Extension Writers' Program, including special focus classes she developed, "Exploring Other Voices: Writing the Persona Poem," "The Complete Poet: Vulnerability, Sexuality, Sense of Humor," "The Art of Craft," and "Poetry Goes to the Movies: The Poem Noir."

Lummis's seminal work comingling poetry and film noir has helped to define the poem noir motif—a sensibility that fuses urban grit and urbane wit, and that draws upon film noir's tales of crime and human fallibility but also its striking dialog and starkly beautiful visual compositions.  Her defining essay "The Poem Noir, Too Dark to be Depressed" appeared in the Winter 2012-13 issue of New Mexico's Malpais Review, for which she is California correspondent, and she has poems in the 2013 "Noir Issue" of the literary magazine Contrappasso, from Sydney, Australia, the 2014 anthology of crime fiction and noir poems, Noir Riot, published by NoirCon and Gutter Books, and in the "Vers Noir" section of the Knopf anthology, Killer Verse: Poems of Murder and Mayhem, edited by Kurt Brown.  In his KCET column showcasing Open 24 Hours under the title "Four Iconic Books in the Landscape of L.A. Letters," Mike Sonksen dubbed her "a poetic Raymond Chandler."

Her full-length poetry collections include Idiosyncrasies (Illuminati), In Danger (California Poetry Series/Heyday Books), and Open 24 Hours, which won the 2013 Blue Lynx Prize for Poetry and was published in fall 2014 by Lynx House Press.  Individual poems have appeared in The Antioch Review, Hotel Amerika, The Hudson Review, The New Ohio Review, The New Yorker, and Ploughshares.

Lummis also has a theater background and is a founding and present member of the serio-comic performance troupe Nearly Fatal Women, which has appeared at The Knitting Factory in New York, Knox College in Illinois, Beyond Baroque Literary Arts Center, MOCA in Los Angeles, and various other performance venues.

Lummis' video series on the poem noir, They Write by Night, is produced by Poetry.LA. This series explores film noir and poets influenced by the style and sensibility of those early black and white crime movies. Each episode follows a theme, with titles such as "Damaged Women," "Separating the Dark from the Light," and "Are the Femmes Fatale?"

In his one-thousand word entry on her for The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Poets and Poetry, literary critic Richard Silberg wrote, "as poet, performer, editor, teacher and poet impresario, Suzanne Lummis has been, for more than two decades, one of the most distinctive and influential poets in Los Angeles."

Awards and recognition
 Drama-Logue Awards for playwriting, 1987, 1989
 The UCLA Extension Outstanding Instructor Award in Creative Writing, 1996
 WriteGirl's "Bold Ink Award" in the award's first year, 2007
 Beyond Baroque's "Spirit of California Series Spotlights Suzanne Lummis" ("an evening celebrating her contributions as poet, teacher and literary instigator"), 2008
 Selected by The National Endowment for the Arts as one of 45 writers to represent the City at the Guadalajara International Book Fair in the year the Fair celebrated the literary legacy of Los Angeles, 2009.
 Women in Theater's "Red Carpet Award" (recognition for performance and contributions to the performance arena), 2012
 CSU Fresno Gala Reception Celebrating Appointment of Philip Levine as U.S. Poet Laureate—Suzanne Lummis as an alumnus speaker and presenter, 2012
 Blue Lynx Poetry Prize from Lynx House Press, for her manuscript Open 24 Hours, 2013
 Beyond Baroque's George Drury Smith Award, honoring the quintessential poets of the City, 2015
 COLA (City of Los Angeles) Fellowship, 2018-19. This award acknowledges exceptional mid-career artists and writers who have a history of engagement with the city. It comes with an endowment to make possible the creation of a new body of work.

References

Sources
 Visions & Affiliations: A California Literary Time Line Part Two, Pantograph Press, by Jack Foley, 2011
 Hold-Outs: The Los Angeles Poetry Renaissance, 1948-1992 (Contemporary North American Poetry), U of Iowa Press, by Bill Mohr
 Poetry Los Angeles: Reading the Essential Poems of the City, U of Michigan Press, by Lawrence Goldstein, 2014:  Introduction, pp 11–17.

External links
 Los Angeles Public Library: "Noir Goldilocks," Interview with Suzanne Lummis
 Interlitq: Interview with Suzanne Lummis
 In Conversation with Suzanne Lummis - Poets' Quarterly
 Open 24 Hours: An Interview With Suzanne Lummis - La Bloga
 L.A. Dispatch: Suzanne Lummis's True Grit Poetry of Los Angeles - poetryfoundation.org
 Suzanne Lummis at the Writers' Program Publication Party 2014 - vimeo.com

1951 births
Living people
California State University, Fresno alumni
American poets
American women poets
21st-century American women

Suzanne Lummis