Lake City Army Ammunition Plant (LCAAP) is a  U.S. government-owned, contractor-operated facility in northeastern Independence, Missouri, that was established by Remington Arms in 1941 to manufacture and test small caliber ammunition for the U.S. Army. The facility has remained in continuous operation except for one 5-year period following World War II. As of July 2007, the plant produced nearly 1.4 billion rounds of ammunition per year.  In addition, Lake City performs small caliber ammunition stockpile reliability testing and has ammunition and weapon testing responsibilities as the NATO National and Regional Test Center. LCAAP is the single largest producer of small arms ammunition for the United States Armed Forces.

Capabilities
The manufacturing capabilities of the plant include:  Small arms cartridges; components such as percussion and electric primer; pyrotechnics; and small caliber ammunition (5.56 mm; 7.62 mm; .50 caliber; and 20 mm). The plant also performs reliability testing on small caliber ammunition (5.56 mm; 7.62 mm; 9 mm, .22 caliber; .45 caliber; and .50 caliber) and demilitarization and disposal of small caliber ammunition and explosives.

History
LCAAP was established in December 1940 as the Lake City Arsenal, with production beginning in 1941. It was the first of 12 small arms plants run by the Army. The plant was built by Remington with assistance from DuPont.

Remington Arms operated the plant from its inception until 1985, when operations were taken over by the Olin Corporation. From April 2001, it was operated by Alliant Techsystems (ATK), later known as Orbital ATK after a 2015 merger between Orbital Sciences Corporation and parts of Alliant Techsystems. Orbital ATK was acquired by Northrop Grumman in 2018 and is now known as Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems. Starting in October 2020, Winchester Ammunition was selected by the US Army to operate and manage the Lake City Plant.

An accidental explosion in a primer manufacturing facility at the plant in April 2017 killed one worker and injured four others.

Facilities
LCAAP is housed on  with 458 buildings, 40 igloos and storage capacity of .

Hazardous waste contamination
Historically, LCAAP waste treatment and disposal occurred on-site and relied on unlined lagoons, landfills, and burn pits. The plant generated large quantities of potentially hazardous wastes and hazardous substances, including solvents, oils, greases, explosives, radionuclides, perchlorates, and heavy metals. As a result of the extensive contamination, the site was added to the United States Environmental Protection Agency's National Priorities List in 1987, and it remains a Superfund site.

References

Information compiled from https://www.jmc.army.mil/thumbnails/pdfs/2020%20Lake%20City%20AAP%20Fact%20Sheet%2009112020.PDF

External links

. Details LCAAP production.
Joint Munitions Command website

Ammunition manufacturers
Buildings and structures in Independence, Missouri
Companies based in Independence, Missouri
Historic American Engineering Record in Missouri
Military installations in Missouri
Military Superfund sites
Olin Corporation
United States Army arsenals
United States Army arsenals during World War II
Superfund sites in Missouri
Alliant Techsystems

Lake City Army Ammunition Plant


A Challenge for the Actor is a bestselling acting textbook by the actress and teacher Uta Hagen (Scribner Publishing, 1991), used in many acting classes. Taking the concept of "substitution" from her previous book, Respect for Acting, she renamed it "transference".

Other useful sections in this book are the exercises that Uta Hagen has created and elaborated to help the actor learn their craft, such as developing the actor's physical destination in a role; making changes in the self serviceable in the creation of a character; recreating physical sensations; bringing the outdoors on stage; finding occupation while waiting; talking to oneself and the audience; and employing historical imagination.

References

Non-fiction books about acting
1991 non-fiction books

A Challenge for the Actor


Bhadrakali (IAST: Bhadrakālī; ), is a Hindu goddess She is considered to be the auspicious and fortunate form of Adi Shakti who protects the good, known as bhadra.

In Vaishnavism, Bhadrakali is among the many epithets of Yogamaya, the internal potency of illusion of the preserver deity, Vishnu.

Etymology
The name Bhadra comes from Sanskrit. In Sanskrit, "bhadra" means "auspicious" or "fortunate." Another interpretation traces the name to the Sanskrit roots "bha" and "dra." The letter "bha" signifies "delusion" or "maya," while "dra" is used as a superlative meaning "the most" or "the greatest." Together, "bhadra" may mean "maha maya" or "great delusion."

This delusion refers to the illusion of samsara, the endless cycle of birth and rebirth. Worship of the goddess Bhadrakali is thought to grant liberation from this grand delusion. Her severed head and sickle represent Bhadrakali freeing devotees from the ego and enabling moksha or spiritual liberation. Hence, the goddess Bhadrakali dispels ignorance and frees individuals from the bonds of illusion.

Iconography
This goddess is represented with three eyes, and four, sixteen, or eighteen hands. She carries a number of weapons, with flames flowing from her head, and a small tusk protruding from her mouth.

Forms

Devi
According to Tantra Rahasya, the feminine form of the divine (Devi) arose from the North (Uttaramnaya) face (Amnayas) of Shiva, which is blue in color and with three eyes, as Dakshinakalika, Mahakali, Guhyakah, Smashanakalika, Bhadrakali, Ekajata, Ugratara, Taritni, Katyayani, Chhinnamasta, Nilasarasvati, Durga, Jayadurga, Navadurga, Vashuli, Dhumavati, Visalakshi, Gauri, Bagalamukhi, Pratyangira, Matangi, and Mahishamardini.

Worship

According to Kerala traditions, the events described in the Markandeya Purana associated with Bhadrakali (her slaying of the demon Darika to liberate the universe from the evil) took place in Kerala, near Madayi in the Kannur District.  She is seen to protect the honour of women and to bestow all spiritual knowledge.

Among the people of the neighboring states, especially in Tamil Nadu, this form of Shakti is known as 'Malayala Bhagavathy' or 'Malayala Bhadrakali', who provides protection to her devotees irrespective of caste and religion.

In Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and the Southern Travancore area of Kerala, especially in the city of Thiruvananthapuram, the Tamil, Kannada and Telugu speaking communities worship a form of Mahakali as 'Ujjaini Mahakali', and they consider Emperor Vikramaditya as their first teacher in this spiritual tradition as having established the tradition in the South.

Family deity

Hindu communities in Kerala, Southern Karnataka and Southern Tamil Nadu including the Ezhavas, Billavas, Kodavas, Nadars, Namboodhiris, Moosathu Brahmins and Nairs, worship Bhadrakali as their family deity (Paradevata). They worship certain weapons in their temples which they believe to be the weapons used by the goddess. The Kuladevata or community deity of Kudumbi community is Kodungalluramma, the mother goddess of Kodungallur. Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple is one of the most famous temples in Kerala, dedicated to Bhadrakali. During the 'Thalappoli' festival, which is celebrated mainly on Makar Sankranti, Kudumbi people from all over the state (mainly Malabar, Tulunad, Kodaka) come to the temple. Many temples of Thiyyas in Northern Kerala and South Karnataka are called the Kali Sree Kurumba, Cheermba, Paradevata. According to Castes and Tribes of Southern India by Edgar Thurston, Bhadrakali is the prime deity of Ezhavas of Travancore. According to the Nadar Community of Tamil Nadu, there were seven children born to Devarishis and Devakanyas. They gave their children to Bhadrakali. She took them and gave milk to the children.The progenies of these children are today believed to be the ancestors of the Nadar community. She is considered as the mother of Nadars. The Nadars also claim that they are the descendants of Bhadrakali. A Bhadrakali temple is usually at the centre of almost every Nadar settlement. Bhadrakali is also the tutelary deity of the Nadar community of Tamil Nadu. Kanyakubja Brahmins with roots in Bhadras, Kanpur worship her as their Kuladevi. The place is called Bhadras because of the presence of a very old Bhadra Kali Temple.

Other legends
According to legends, the famous Indian Sanskrit poet Kalidasa became what he was thanks to the divine will of Bhadrakali. Another legend states that the emperor Vikramaditya and his brother Bhatti were also ardent devotees of Bhadrakali, whose blessings resulted in all the success showered upon them. Vikramaditya also helped to establish small wayside Bhadrakali temples and prayer centers for pilgrims in many parts of Southern India, especially in Tamil Nadu. The devotional traditions focused around these small temples exist even today.

Art
It is believed Bhadrakali protects the practitioners of Kalarippayattu, a traditional martial arts form. In Malabar, it is believed that all the victories of Thacholi Othenan and other martial artists were due to the blessings of Bhadrakali of the Lokanarkavu Temple, also known as 'The Shaolin Temple of Malayalees'. Most traditional villages in Kerala have their own Kalari, the ancient martial arts schools and local temples dedicated to Bhadrakali associated with them. Among Tamils, Bhadrakali is equally important as the patron deity of traditional martial arts and a guardian of all law-abiding citizens.
Kerala has a tradition of folk artist rituals and dances associated with worship of Devi in the form of Bhadrakali. These rituals are performed in places of worship called Kavu (roughly translated as grove) or in small temples. Besides the general welfare of the village, these rituals aim at warding off of such calamities like smallpox and other epidemic diseases. The ritual themes generally revolve around the triumph of Bhadrakali over the demon Darika and other evil characters.

The dance forms are:
Theyyam
Theeyattu
Padayani
Poothanumthirayum
Mudiyettu
Kuthiyottam
Kettukazcha
Apindi Vilakku or alpindivilakku
Thira

Temples

Haryana
Bhadrakali Temple  is a temple situated in thanesar, jhansa road, Kurukshetra,haryana.Shaktipeeth Shri Devikoop Bhadrakali Mandir is also known as "Savitri Peeth", "Devi Peeth", "Kalika Peeth" or "Aadi Peeth". the most iconic thing of temple is when the sati abolished the hawan of daksha his father .the shiva in his fierce form took the goddess on his shoulder and was started doing "Tandava" the dance of destruction . Our Scriptures say that unable to stand slander and calumny let loose on her husband, Lord Shiva, Devi Bhagwati laid down her life and became a 'Sati'. Clasping her holy dead body to his heart, the distraught Shiva started pacing all over the universe. Watching all this, Lord Vishnu cut her dead body with his 'Sudarshan chakra' into 52 parts. In this way, the places where these parts fell, emerged as sacred "Shaktipeeth". All this was done for general good of one and all. Naina Devi, Jwala ji, Kamkhya ji etc are among the 52 holy Shaktipeethas. It is believed that right ankle of Maa Sati fell down at Shaktipeeth Shri Devikoop Bhadrakali Mandir in Kurukshetra. The legend has it that before marching out for the battle of Mahabharta, the Pandvas along with Lord Krishna offered worship here praying for their victory and donated the horses of their Chariots which made it an age-old tradition of offering horses made of silver, mud etc, depending upon one's means, once the desire have been met. The Tonsure (head shaving) ceremony of Shri Krishna & Balram was also performed at this Shaktipeeth Shri Devikoop Bhadrakali Mandir.

Nepal
 Bhadrakali Temple is in Kathmandu, Nepal. It is near the Sahid Gate. The temple is at the eastern side of Tundikhel. This temple is also known as Shree Lumadhi Bhadrakali. It is one of the most renowned "Shaktipith" of Nepal. A form of the goddess Kali, Bhadrakali in Sanskrit means "blessed, auspicious, beautiful and prosperous" and she is also known as "Gentle Kali". Another name for the goddess is Lazzapith.
Bhadrakali Temple, is a temple on the East of Pokhara in Kundahar, atop a small hill. It is dedicated to the goddess Kali.

Gujarat
 Ahmedabad, Gujarat. It is believed that she protects the city, hence the position of the temple is near the city fort.
 Bhadran in Anand district.

Jammu And Kashmir
Bhadrakali Temple in Handwara, Kupwara District

Jharkhand
 Bhadrakali temple at Itkhori, Chatra. It is 35 km on the East of Chatra and 16 km west of Chauparan connected with Grand Trunk Road Along with the temple situated on the bank of river Mahanada (Mahane), surrounded by hill and forest, there is a water reservoir.

Kerala

 Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple, Thrissur, Kerala; is one of the oldest temple in India built during the Sangam age. Mahodayapuram (Kodungallur) was the capital of the Chera Empire which ruled Kerala. Shri Bhadrakali in her fierce form is worshipped along with Mahadevar(Siva) and Saptamathrukkal.
 Vellayani Devi Temple, Trivandrum, Kerala. One of the most famous Bhadrakali temple, situated at Vellayani, Trivandrum, Kerala conducting longest non-pilgrimage festival in India (60 days of festival once in 3 years). Idol in this temple is very huge and made up of pure gold.  Temple is very ancient and it is calculated as 800 years old. The temple is entirely different from other temples due to its traditional rituals.
 Thiruvarkadu Bhagavaty Temple in Payangadi, Kannur, Kerala is the first and foremost Bhadrakali Temple at a place believed to be the fortress of Darukasura. Bhadrakali beheaded Darika here. The Shakteya Sampradaya pooja is well known here. It is done by Bhattarakas (Pidararas) who are migrant priests from Kashmir and Bengal. The idol of Bhadrakali is around 6 feet tall and is portrayed in the form of slaying Daruka. Tiruvarkattu Bahagavaty Temple is famous for the removal of black magic.
 Chettikulangara Devi Temple, near Mavelikkara, Kerala.
 Kalarivathukkal Temple, Kannur, Kerala; the fierce form of Bhadrakali, as the mother of the martial art Kalaripayattu. Theyyam the folk dance in Malabar starts with the permission of the Chirakkal Raja and the final theyyam in entire Kerala is in Kalarivathukkal Temple. The rituals are in Sakteya method.
Thoniyakavu Bhadrakali Temple in the village of Puthenpeedika, of Kerala state, India
 Malayalappuzha Devi Temple, in Pathanamthitta
 Panayannarkavu, near Mavelikkara, Kerala
 Paramekkavu Bagavathi Temple in Thrissur.

 Pathiyanadu Sree Bhadrakali Temple – a famous revered shrine in Kerala, India. The shrine is in Mullassery. It is  from Karakulam.
 Pattupurackal Bhagavathy temple, Vadakkenirappu, Njeezhoor, Kottayam, Kerala
 Pattupurakkavu Bhagavathi Temple, Pandalam
 Sarkaradevi Temple Sarkara, Chirayinkeezh, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala ( Sree Sarkara Devi Temple is one of the oldest Bhadrakali temple in Kerala. Sarkara Pongala, Sarkara Kaliyoottu and Sarkara Bharani are famous festivals in this temple.These three festivals are with in two months in every year ! Lakhs of people participates in these three festivals.
 Thirumandhamkunnu Temple at Angadippuram, Kerala; A famous temple of Shri Bhadrakali, Ganesha near bagawathy is for child and marriage.
 Thirumandhamkunnu Temple, angadipuram, malappuram dist
 Thrikkariyoor Kottekkavu Bhagavathi Temple at Kottappady near Kothamangalam one of the oldest of kali temples and famous for the Muduyet ritual held once in every 12 years  "Garudan Thookkam on "Meena Bharani","Sathrutha samhara pooja" and "."Rakhshassinum sarpathinum padmamittu nivediam".
 Vazhappully temple, Vazhappully Temple in Thrissur, Kerala is a Hindu Temple famous for Guruthi Pooja for goddess Kali. Guruthi Pooja at Vazhappully Temple is offered for the fierce form of goddess Kali at Night. During Guruthi pooja the guruthi is offered to the goddess. Guruthi is a creamed mixture of Turmeric, slaked lime and other pooja ingredients. Guruthi represents blood which is vitality.
 Manakkattu Bhadra Temple, Chirakkadavu in Kottayam, Kerala which is famous for being among the rarest Bhadrakali temples having daily Guruthi Pooja. Major pitstop for Sabarimala pilgrims.

Odisha
 Bhadrakali Temple in village Aharapada, 8 km away from Bhadrak, Bhadrak district

Rajasthan
 Kalika Mata Temple, Chittorgarh
 Bhadrakali Temple, Hanumangarh: Situated in Hanumangarh District, Rajasthan. One of the oldest temple of Maa Bhadrakali, Constructed by Maharaja Ganga Singh

Tamil Nadu

 Anthiyur, Erode District, Bhadrakali Amman Kovil.
 Coimbatore, Mettupalayam, Arulmigu Vana-Bhadrakali Amman Kovil.
 Kanyakumari :- Sri Bhadreshwari Amman Temple at Kannathankuzhi- an old and powerful temple worshipped and being managed by Nadar family of Pandaram Nadar, Maathan, Sangili, Padmanabhan, Perumal, Ponnammal-Ponnumuthu, Rajamani and Kochappi Nadars and their heirs. Annual festival held in every year in the month of Panguni and thousands of Nadar families used to worship the goddess.
 Madurai, Madapuram, sri bhadrakaliamman kovil.
 Nagapattinam, Sri Maha Ruthrakaliyammbal Temple - Chithra Pournami Thiruvizha
 Rajapalayam, pachamadam, Arulmigu pachamadam Bhadrakali Amman Kovil .
 sivagangai, kolangudi, sri vettudayar kaliamman kovil.
 Sivakasi, Arulmigu Bhadrakali Amman Kovil.
 Thoothukudi, Poobalarayerpuram, Arulmigu Bhadrakali Amman Kovil – Amman kodai – Chithirai Last Tuesday, Dasara Car Festival.
 Thoothukudi, Sivagnanapuram, Arulmigu Bhadrakali Amman Kovil – Amman kodai – Avani First Tuesday, Samy kodai – Panguni First Friday.
 Thoothukudi, sindhalakarai, sri vekkaliamman kovil.
 Tenkasi, surandai, Arulmigu Bhadrakali Amman Kovil.
 Trichy, oorayur, sri vekkaliamman kovil.
 Vadamattam - 612201, Near Kumbakonam, Arulmigu Sree Vadapathirakali, facing north with Hongara roopam, Perumal molavar.

Telangana
 Bhadrakali Temple in Warangal, Telangana.  Bhadrakali (Maha Kali Mata) was the principal deity of the Hindu Kakatiya kingdom of Warangal (Orugallu or Ekasila nagaram) that ruled most of Andhra Pradesh during that period.  Rituals and animal (and human, by some accounts) sacrifices on a large scale were performed to invoke the blessings of goddess Bhadrakali before the Kakatiya warriors went off for battle. As per the writings on the temple wall this temple is believed to be constructed by the King Pulakeshin II of Chalukya dynasty around 625 CE.

Uttar Pradesh
 Bhadrakali Temple is in Bhadras,  Ghatampur, Kanpur.

Uttarakhand
  Bhadrakali Temple, Banspatan-Kanda road, Kanda, Uttarakhand, District Bageshwar, Uttarakhand.An ancient temple situated near a scenic waterfall. Pant Brahmins from Khantoli are the traditional priests.

West Bengal
 Kalighat Kali Temple, Kalighat Kali Temple is a Hindu temple in West Bengal, India dedicated to the Hindu goddess Kali. It is one of the 51 Shakti Peethas. The temple is visited by pilgrims from all over India irrespective of sectarian differences. Kalighat is also associated with the worship offered to Kali by a Dasanami Monk by name Chowranga Giri, and the Chowringee area of Calcutta is said to have been named after him.

References

Further reading
Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend () by Anna Dallapiccola

External links

 Kodimatha Pallipurathu Kavu Bhagavathy Temple Kerala | Kerala Pilgrim Centers

Tamil deities
Hindu goddesses

Bhadrakali


Alfred Roberts  (18 April 1892 – 10 February 1970) was an English grocer, preacher, and local politician. He served as alderman of Grantham from 1943 to 1952 and mayor of Grantham from 1945 to 1946. His second daughter, Margaret, was the first female prime minister of the United Kingdom.

Early life
Roberts was born in Ringstead, Northamptonshire. He was the fifth of seven children. His father was Benjamin Ebenezer Roberts (28 December 1857 – 17 September 1925), from a Ringstead family, and his mother was Ellen Smith (20 November 1857 – 1 May 1935), whose own mother, Catherine Sullivan, was born at Kenmare in Ireland. Ellen's eldest two known siblings were also born in Ireland and her twin brothers in England in 1852. The gap in age between Alfred's aunt Mary and his uncles of around nine years coincides with the Great Famine. It more than likely meant that other siblings perished through starvation or associated diseases. His grandparents possibly left Kenmare in 1849–51, and two million more came destitute to England. This and the family's hard times may have much to do with the reluctance to acknowledge his being part Irish to his daughters.

Roberts's bad eyesight meant he could not enter the family trade of shoemaking. He left school at thirteen to help support his family and is listed in the 1911 census as living as a boarder in Oundle, Northamptonshire, and working as a grocer's assistant. He later moved to Grantham in Lincolnshire, where he gained a job as an apprentice in a greengrocers; he had initially wanted to become a teacher. When the First World War broke out in 1914, Roberts, "a deeply patriotic man", applied to enlist in the British Army six times but was rejected because of his weak eyesight.

Four years after moving to Grantham, Roberts met Beatrice Ethel Stephenson (24 August 1888 – 7 December 1960) through the Finkin Street Methodist Church, which he attended every Sunday. They married in Grantham on 28 May 1917. They had two daughters, both born in Grantham: Muriel Cullen (24 May 1921 – 3 December 2004) and Margaret Hilda (13 October 1925 – 8 April 2013). In 1919, they bought the grocery shop, and in 1923, Roberts opened a second shop.

Politics
Roberts was an "old-fashioned liberal" who believed strongly in individual responsibility and sound finance. He had read and admired Stuart Mill's On Liberty. He came from a family that traditionally voted Liberal. Still, he believed that the Liberals had embraced collectivism and that the Conservatives stood for the old liberalism. His daughter Muriel recalled that Roberts "was always a Liberal at heart". In the 1935 general election, Roberts helped the local Conservative candidate Victor Warrender to win the Grantham constituency.

In 1927, Roberts was elected to the Grantham town council as an independent. He was also a part-time Justice of the Peace, president of the Chamber of Trade, President of Rotary, director of the Grantham Building Society and the Trustee Savings Bank, chairman of the local National Savings Movement, a governor of the local boys' and girls' grammar schools and chairman of the Workers' Educational Association. During the Second World War, he was Chief Welfare Officer, directing civil defence. He soon became Chairman of the Finance and Rating Committee and, in 1943, was elected by the council as Alderman; he served as Mayor of Grantham from November 1945 to 1946, in which he presided over the town's victory celebrations. In his inaugural speech, Roberts called for an extensive programme of expenditure to rebuild the roads, public transport, health and social services for children and to "build houses by the thousand".

On 21 May 1952, Roberts was voted out as Alderman by the first Labour majority on the council, and after the vote was taken, he proclaimed: "It is now almost nine years since I took up these robes in honour, and now I trust in honour they are laid down."  When his daughter Margaret recalled this event, over thirty years later as Prime Minister during an interview with Miriam Stoppard, she said that it was "very emotional" and wept on television.

Personal life
Roberts retired and sold his business in 1958 but continued after that to preach and remained active in the Rotary Club. Beatrice died in 1960.

On 26 November 1965, Roberts married again; his second wife was Cissie Miriam Hubbard (), born 16 March 1896 in Long Bennington, Lincolnshire.

Roberts died on 10 February 1970, four months before the general election at which Edward Heath became Prime Minister. Shortly after this victory, Heath appointed Margaret to the cabinet, beginning her ministerial path to the top of government in 1979.

In 1997, the satirical magazine Punch published an article by Professor Bernard Crick featuring allegations, including one from an alleged victim, that Roberts had been involved in several sexual assaults on women. Crick had tried to put the allegations into the public domain before both the 1987 and 1997 elections but had been rebuffed by various publications. The article claimed that Roberts was an inspiration for a lecherous character who was a local councillor and grocer in the 1937 satire of Grantham, Rotten Borough. John Campbell, the biographer of his daughter Margaret Thatcher, believes that these allegations were unsubstantiated and dismissed by people who knew him and that the character in Rotten Borough was a parody of another prominent councillor at the time.

References

1892 births
1970 deaths
English Methodists
English people of Irish descent
Independent politicians in England
Mayors of Grantham
Parents of prime ministers of the United Kingdom
English justices of the peace
Workers' Educational Association

Alfred Roberts


Viktor Åkerblom, (born 31 January 1981) is a Swedish actor and television presenter. He acted in the TV-series Hotell Seger which was broadcast on Kanal 5 in 2001 . In March 2004 he started presenting the children's show Bolibompa on SVT. In 2006 he placed third in the celebrity dance show Let's Dance on TV4, he teamed up with dancer Carin da Silva.

He participated in the Findus television commercial as the chef Oliver in the same year. He has also presented the horse trot shows "Viktors vänner" and Vinnare V64 broadcast on TV4.

He has also acted with the Riksteatern in the play Svirr och snurr och sommargung, he played Aladdin in the play Aladdin och den magiska lampan at Hamburger Börs in 2010 through 2011. He played Elake Måns in Intimans play about Pelle Svanslös in 2008.

References

External links

Living people
1981 births
Swedish male television actors
Swedish male stage actors

Viktor Åkerblom Nilsson


Baduk  () is a 1992 Iranian film. It was the debut feature of director Majid Majidi. The film deals with child slavery. The Persian term "baduk" refers to people, often children hired against their will, who carry smuggled merchandise from the border on foot.

Synopsis
Jafar and his sister Jamal are separated from their parents after their father is killed in a well cave-in. While walking along the road, the siblings are kidnapped and sold into slavery. Jamal is dressed in fancy silks, destined to be the playmate of a Saudi prince. Jafar is drafted into a band of child baduki, bringing goods across the border between
Pakistan and Iran. Jafar escapes his captors, and engages the help of Noredin, a Pakistani baduk he has befriended. Together they work to free Jafar's sister, Jamal. The movie ends with a doomed act of bravery on the part of Jafar.

Background and critical response
The film was shot in Sistan and Baluchestan, an arid province in southeast Iran. Baduk premiered in January 1992, and was shown that February at the Tehran Fajr Film Festival. It was screened at the Director's Fortnight at Cannes in 1992, where it was considered a bold film from the Islamic Republic of Iran. Director Majidi ran into censorship problems after making this film.

Awards
 Best New Film, 10th Annual Fajr Film Festival
 Best Screen Play, 10th Annual Fajr Film Festival

Sources

 Sons Against Fathers. Article by Massoud Mehrabi
 Synopsis from Allmovie, New York Times
 Synopsis, Associação Brasileira Mostra Internacional de Cinema
 International Festival of Films for Children and Young Adults, Iran

External links

1992 films
1992 drama films
Iranian drama films
1990s Persian-language films
Films directed by Majid Majidi
Films shot in Iran
1992 directorial debut films

Baduk (film)


The Association of Independent Tour Operators (AITO), operating as AITO – The Specialist Travel Association, is a British-based travel industry trade group established in 1976 that represents around 120 specialist and independent tour operators . Members of AITO operate in over 170 countries including the UK, with activities spanning a range of interests including adventure, city break, culture, fly drive, luxury, safaris and sports.

The AITO also influences policy that affects consumers and travel industry; particularly initiatives related to independent tour operators.

The current headquarters of the AITO are based in Twickenham, south-west London.

Membership
AITO members offer full protection of consumer holiday funds, a wide range of specialist holidays, quality customer service and a sustainable approach to travel. There are around 120 Tour Operator members, but around 500 members within the association including AITO Agents, AITO Affiliate Tourist Offices and AITO Affiliate Business Partners.

To become a member, AITO tour operators must have full consumer protection in place. Through this requirement, its quality charter and promotion of sustainable tourism initiatives, AITO upholds high standards within the travel industry.

Quality Charter
As a requirement for membership, AITO Tour Operators must follow AITO's "Quality Charter". It covers the following measures of quality:
 Exclusive membership criteria
 Financially secure holidays
 Accurate brochures and web sites
 Professional service and continual improvements
 Monitoring standards
 Sustainable tourism
 Fair customer relations

Sustainable tourism
AITO has led several sustainable tourism (ST) initiatives in the past, notably a ST Star accreditation scheme which ceased in 2013. In 2016 it revisited its Sustainable Tourism values and launched Project PROTECT. Standing for People, Resources, Outreach, Tourism, Environment, Conservation and Tomorrow. Project PROTECT is designed to protect the destinations members operate in. Each member of the association is required to make a pledge, which is reported at the end of the year. The 5-year programme was designed in partnership with the University of Surrey and Sustainable Tourism thought leader Professor Xavier Font. Progress and measurable change will be monitored by AITO HQ, AITO Council, Prof Xavier Font and a PHD student from the University of Surrey.

AITO Awards
In February 2016, AITO launched its Gold, Silver and Bronze, Tour Operator of the Year Awards, awarded annually to those tour operators with the highest ratings on AITO's website. AITO also presents a series of travel writing awards annually, such as Travel Writer of the Year and Young Travel Writer of the Year. The award winners are published at AITO Awards.

40th Anniversary
On Tuesday 23 February 2016, AITO celebrated its 40th anniversary at a special dinner at the Royal Horseguards Hotel in London. The special guest for the evening, Simon Reeve, the British author, television presenter and explorer gave the keynote speech and presented the annual awards.

References

Traveling business organizations
Trade associations based in the United Kingdom
1976 establishments in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1976
Organisations based in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames
Twickenham


Ataxia is trouble with balance that is not caused by a person's muscles being weak.  Instead, ataxia is caused by a neurological problem.

Ataxia is not a diagnosis.  It is a neurological sign.  It is a sign of damage to the parts of the nervous system that control balance.

There are three different types of ataxia.  Each type has many possible causes.

Types

Cerebellar ataxia
Cerebellar ataxia is ataxia that is caused by a problem with a person's cerebellum.  The cerebellum is the part of the brain that controls balance and coordination.  It makes the body move smoothly and controls movements like walking.

People with cerebellar ataxia may have trouble with actions like these:
 Controlling how hard their muscles contract, how fast, and in what direction
 Getting their muscles to work together (asynergy)
 Walking (gait abnormality)
 Moving their eyes
 Swallowing (dysphagia)
 Saying words (dysarthria)
 Judging how far away something is (dysmetria)
 Reacting quickly

Sensory ataxia
Sensory ataxia is caused by the loss of proprioception (knowing where parts of the body are).  It is usually caused by damage to the parts of the spinal cord that carry information about proprioception to the brain.  However, it can also be caused by damage to the parts of the brain that receive that information (the cerebellum, the thalamus, and the parietal lobes of the brain).

A person with sensory ataxia may have these symptoms:
 They may have trouble walking.  They may stomp their feet and hit their heels hard against the ground while they walk
 Trouble walking that gets worse when the person cannot see well
 For example, if the person stands with their feet together and their eyes closed, their balance problems will get much worse, and they may fall.  Doctors call this a "positive Romberg's test.

Vestibular ataxia
Vestibular ataxia is caused by problems with the vestibular system.  This is the body's main sensory system that controls balance and movement.  It includes the inner ear.

Along with balance problems, people with vestibular ataxia may have:
 Nausea and vomiting
 Dizziness

Causes
There are many different causes of ataxia.  The National Ataxia Foundation breaks up these causes into three categories: acquired, genetic, and idiopathic.

Acquired ataxia
A person is not born with acquired ataxia.  Acquired means that something happened during the person's life to cause the ataxia.

Causes of acquired ataxia can include:
 Stroke, brain tumor, or multiple sclerosis
 A person can acquire (get) any of the three types of ataxia from these problems in the brain, depending on where the problem happens.  For example, if a person has a brain tumor in their cerebellum, they may get cerebellar ataxia.  If the tumor is in the vestibular system, the person may get vestibular ataxia.
 Spinal cord injuries
 Problems that damage parts of the cerebellum.  These problems can include:
 Alcohol abuse, drug abuse, or use of certain medications which can cause ataxia
 Hypothyroidism
 Head injury
 Viral illnesses, like viral meningitis
 Celiac disease
 Mercury poisoning
 Radiation poisoning
 Vitamin B12 deficiency (not having enough vitamin B12 in the body)

Genetic (hereditary) ataxia
Genetic ataxia is caused by hereditary disorders that damage the cerebellum or spine.  People are born with these disorders.  In most cases, they get worse over time.

Idiopathic ataxia
Idiopathic means that doctors cannot find a cause for a person's ataxia.

Idiopathic ataxias often cause symptoms that come and go.  Many doctors and scientists think these ataxias are caused by a combination of things inside the body (like gene problems) and things outside the body (like the things happening in a person's life).  However, they are still researching the causes of idiopathic ataxias.

Treatment
Ataxia can be treated.  However, treatment usually does not make ataxia go away completely.

Some treatments for ataxia include: A review of the management of degenerative ataxia was published in 2009.
 Medications
 Physical therapy
 Occupational therapy
 Using a cane or walker to help with balance

Some people with severe ataxia may need to use wheelchairs.

Related pages
 Balance
 Proprioception
 Cerebellum
 Spinal cord
 Vestibular system

References

Diseases and disorders of the nervous system

Ataxia


Jules Leslie Coleman (born 1947) is a scholar of law and jurisprudence.  He was the Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld Professor of Jurisprudence and Professor of Philosophy at Yale Law School until 2012.  Jules currently is chief academic officer at MYX, a new, hybrid approach to higher education with campuses launching globally beginning in fall 2021. Prior to joining MYX , he most recently served as the Senior Vice Provost for Academic Planning at New York University.

Biography
Coleman received his B.A. from Brooklyn College of CUNY in 1968, his Ph.D in Philosophy from Rockefeller University in 1972, and his M.S.L. from the Yale Law School in 1976. He taught classes at Yale on philosophy of law; torts; law, language and truth; political philosophy; and rational choice. Coleman briefly served on the faculty of the University of California at Berkeley and returned there again later in his career to teach philosophy in the Jurisprudence and Social Policy program. In 1988, he received the Brooklyn College Distinguished Alumni Award and was granted a Guggenheim Fellowship.  He was selected to deliver the Clarendon Lectures at the University of Oxford.

Coleman is also known for his audiophilia and has published occasionally on the subject of music and sound systems.

Coleman's brother is the fiction writer Reed Farrel Coleman.

Works
Jules Coleman has published extensively in legal journals and is the author of several books.  His works include:

Philosophy of Law: An Introduction to Jurisprudence (with Jeffrey Murphy), 1984
Markets, Morals, and the Law, 1998 Oxford University Press
Risks and Wrongs, 1992, Cambridge University Press
The Practice of Principle: In Defense of a Pragmatist Approach to Legal Theory, 2000, Oxford University Press
Hart's Postscript: Essays on the Postscript to The Concept of Law, 2001, Oxford University Press
The Clarendon Lectures in Law, 2001, Oxford University Press
The Oxford Handbook of Jurisprudence and Legal Philosophy (with Scott Shapiro), 2002, Oxford University Press
Philosophy and Law (with Joel Feinberg), 2006

Coleman is best known for his espousal of legal positivism.

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20111125083202/http://www.law.yale.edu/faculty/JColeman.htm

1947 births
Living people
American legal scholars
Yale Law School alumni
Yale Law School faculty
American philosophy academics
Philosophers of law
Academic staff of New York University Abu Dhabi
Brooklyn College alumni

Jules Coleman


Ken Murillo is a former racing driver from Santa Rosa, California. Murillo won the 1987 Barber Saab Pro Series and the 1988 Formula Super Vee USA Robert Bosch/Valvoline Championship. Murillow currently co-owns Michelin Pilot Challenge team Murillo Racing.

Racing career
Murillo started in the first season of the Barber Saab Pro Series. Murillo won eighth race at Watkins Glen International. While Willy Lewis won the championship Murillo ended up ninth in the 1986 Barber Saab Pro Series season. The Californian returned in the series the following year winning the first two rounds at Bicentennial Park and Road Atlanta. Murillo also won the race at Watkins Glen International. With three drivers winning three races the title chase was very close. But as Murillo outperformed Bruce Feldman and Jeremy Dale during the final round at Tamiami Park Murillo won the title.

After failing to obtain a racing seat in the American Racing Series for 1988 Murillo joined the Formula Super Vee. Murillo drove in the SCCA Formula Super Vee USA Robert Bosch/Valvoline Championship for Lee Hagen Racing. He raced his Volkswagen powered Ralt RT5 to victory at Phoenix International Raceway, Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course and Nazareth Speedway. Due to a strong last quarter of the season Murillo took the title over E.J. Lenzi.

Following his championships Murillo moved to Canada to race in the Formula Ford 2000. He finished consistently in the top five in his J.H. Racing Swift SE3 sponsored by George Lucas Films. The following year the American won the first race of the season at Mosport Park. After four more podium finished Murillo finished runner-up in the championship, behind Bobby Carville.

Murillo also made an appearance in the SCCA Escort World Challenge at Mosport Park. Together with Tod Gartshore, Charlie Henry and Ron Tambourine Murillo participated in the Toronto Star 24-Hour World Challenge. The Eagle Talon entered by Archer Brothers finished twelfth overall, sixth in class.

After failing to qualify for the Indy Lights race at Long Beach Murillo retired from professional auto racing.

Racing record

Formula Super Vee

American open–wheel racing results
(key)

Indy Lights

SCCA National Championship Runoffs

References

External links

Barber Pro Series drivers
People from Santa Rosa, California
Racing drivers from California
SCCA National Championship Runoffs winners
SCCA Formula Super Vee drivers
Formula Super Vee Champions

Ken Murillo


Boniface II (died  838) was the count and duke of Lucca (from 5 October 823) and first margrave of Tuscany from about 828. He succeeded his father Boniface I, Margrave of Tuscany in Lucca—in what was an early example of hereditary succession—and extended his power over the region. During his tenure, the bishops of Lucca gradually lost control of the municipal government, which fell to the counts.

Since 770, the counts of Lucca had been charged with the coastal defence of Tuscany and Corsica. In February 825, at Marengo, the Emperor Lothair I emanated a Capitulare de expeditione corsicana for the defence of the island. In 828, Boniface received the titles of prefectus and tutela over the island from Lothair and the legateship of the island from the bishop of Luni. In July and August 828, he led a small fleet in search of Saracen pirates. Finding none at sea, the fleet landed at Sardinia and there decided to attack Africa. They assaulted the Saracen coast between Utica and Carthage with success. The fleet then returned to Corsica.

In 833, Boniface backed Louis the Pious against his son Lothair, who promptly dispossessed him and put Aganus in his place. In 834, he joined with Ratald, Bishop of Verona, and Pepin, Count of Vermandois, to free the Empress Judith of Bavaria from her convent-prison. They escorted her back to Louis at Aachen. Boniface spent the years 836 to 838 in Germany at court.

Eventually he retired to hereditary lands in southern France. He was invited to participate in the trial of Bernard of Septimania, but died before he could. His son Adalbert regained the Tuscan march later.

Sources
Wickham, Chris. Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society 400-1000. MacMillan Press: 1981.

Year of birth unknown
830s deaths
Year of death uncertain
Margraves of Tuscany
House of Boniface

Boniface II, Margrave of Tuscany


Current Biography is an American monthly magazine published by the H. W. Wilson Company of New York City, a publisher of reference books, that appears every month except December. Current Biography contains profiles of people in the news and includes politicians, athletes, businessmen, and entertainers. Published since 1940, the articles are annually collected into bound volumes called Current Biography Yearbook. A December issue of the magazine is not published because the staff works on the final cumulative volume for the year. Articles in the bound volumes correct any mistakes that may have appeared in the magazine and may include additional relevant information about the subject that became available since publication of the original article. The work is a standard reference source in American libraries, and the publisher keeps in print the older volumes.  Wilson also issues cumulative indexes to the set, and an online version is available as a subscription database.

Monthly content
Current Biography profiles are written by the Wilson Company's in-house staff. They are typically produced by consulting previously published press accounts and occasionally by conducting interviews with the subjects. Running from 2,000 to 5,000 words, articles usually are accompanied by a black-and-white photograph of the subject, a mailing address for the subject, and a short bibliography. Between 15 and 20 profiles are included in each monthly issue. Obituaries are regularly printed of those previously profiled. They briefly summarize the life of the subject and add details occurring subsequent to the original profile. The entire series is available through the company's WilsonWeb online service, which many public libraries subscribe to.

Unlike other Wilson publications, when quoting, Current Biography cited authors, publication titles, and publication dates. These sources are not included in each entry's further reading section, which included page numbers but not authors.

A 1979 reference confirmed that Current Biography is a standard biographical reference work at accredited American library schools. Current Biography Yearbook provided short obituary notices from people of all nationalities.

Its first cumulated index, in 1973, aggregated and replaced the decennial indexes contained in the 1950, 1960, and 1970 Current Biography Yearbooks. It listed names alphabetically, with references to the relevant Current Biography issue or yearbook.

In 2003, the H.W. Wilson Company began publishing an annual sister volume, Current Biography International Yearbook, which focuses on people living outside the United States. This series was discontinued after publication of the 2007 volume.

Articles in Current Biography are often used and listed as supplemental material in obituaries that appear in major media outlets.

Contributors
Notable contributors who have written for Current Biography include Cullen Thomas, the author of the prison memoir, Brother One Cell (2007); Mike Batistick, the author of the play, Ponies, which was produced Off-Broadway in 2003; Albert Rolls, the author of the books, Stephen King: A Biography (2008) and "Thomas Pynchon: The Demon in the Text" (2019) among others; Daniel Ford, author of "Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and His American Volunteers, 1941-1942" (2016) and other books; and Yongsoo Park, author of the novels, Boy Genius (2001) and Las Cucarachas (2003), and the memoir The Art of Eating Bitter (2018), and writer-director of the independent feature film, Free Country (1996).

Charles Moritz served as editor-in-chief of Current Biography from 1957 until 1992. He was succeeded as editor-in-chief by Judith Graham and then Elizabeth A. Schick. From 1998 to 2011, the editor-in-chief was Clifford Thompson, winner of a 2013 Whiting Writers' Award for nonfiction for Love for Sale and Other Essays and author of Twin of Blackness: A Memoir as well as a novel, Signifying Nothing.

References

Bibliography

Further reading

 Book Review Digest 1941
 Literary Research Guide J585

External links
Official site (print)
Official Site (Online)

Magazines published in New York City
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1940
Online person databases
United States biographical dictionaries

Current Biography


Fentener van Vlissingen is a Dutch patrician dynasty of entrepreneurs.

History
Gerrit Oloffsz. van Vlissingen, a blacksmith living in Utrecht in the early 17th century, is the oldest known ancestor. Originating from Utrecht, the family of Lutheran descent became known for being merchants of wine, wool and honey. The family was also known for its involvement in the brick-making and brewing industries.  The family soon built interests in factories and began trading. In 1896, the family founded the SHV, which dealt in coal, oil, gas, and scrap metal. It has since diversified its interests into shipping and retail.

In 1968 the seventh generation of the family founded wholesale self-service store chain Makro. The Fentener van Vlissingen family is one of the richest families in the Netherlands. Dutch magazine Quote has estimated the family's total wealth to be about €11.2 billion.

Notable members
Frits Fentener van Vlissingen (1882–1962)
 Jan Fentener van Vlissingen (1893–1978)
 Hein Fentener van Vlissingen (1921–1994)
 Frits Fentener van Vlissingen (1933–2006)
 John Fentener van Vlissingen (1939-)
 Paul Fentener van Vlissingen (1941–2006)
 Annemiek Fentener van Vlissingen (1961-)

References

Further reading
Nederland's Patriciaat 91 (2012), p. 292-354.

Surnames
Dutch patrician families

Fentener van Vlissingen


Polyurethane products have many uses. Over three quarters of the global consumption of polyurethane products is in the form of foams, with flexible and rigid types being roughly equal in market size. In both cases, the foam is usually behind other materials: flexible foams are behind upholstery fabrics in commercial and domestic furniture; rigid foams are between metal, or plastic walls/sheets of most refrigerators and freezers, or other surface materials in the case of thermal insulation panels in the construction sector.  Its use in garments is growing:  for example, in lining the cups of brassieres. Polyurethane is also used for moldings which include door frames, columns, balusters, window headers, pediments, medallions and rosettes.

Polyurethane formulations cover an extremely wide range of stiffness, hardness, and densities. These materials include:

 Low-density flexible foam used in upholstery, bedding, automotive and truck seating, and novel inorganic plant substrates for roof or wall gardens
 Low density elastomers used in footwear
 Hard solid plastics used as electronic instrument bezels and structural parts
 Flexible plastics used as straps and bands
 Cast and injection molded components for various markets – i.e., agriculture, military, automotive, industrial, etc.

Polyurethane foam is widely used in high resiliency flexible foam seating, rigid foam insulation panels, microcellular foam seals and gaskets, durable elastomeric wheels and tires, automotive suspension bushings, electrical potting compounds, seals, gaskets, carpet underlay, and hard plastic parts (such as for electronic instruments).

Usage per application

The following table shows an example how polyurethanes were used in one country over a dozen years ago (US data from 2004):

Cleaning products

Open-cell flexible polyurethane foam is used to make many kitchen and bathroom sponges. The combination of low cost, high flexibility and high abrasion and tear resistance make polyurethanes excellent materials for scrubbing applications.
Polyurethane sponges have been shown to reduce the risk of spreading certain bacteria.

Industrial Insulation

Rigid polyurethane foam is used in various industries to provide thermal insulation to installations and pipes. In particular, the piping for district heating systems in Europe is primarily insulated using a pre-insulated pipes sandwich assembly composed of a steel heat service pipe, an insulating layer (polyurethane foam) and a polyethylene (PE) casing, which are bonded by the insulating material. One of the main advantages of rigid polyurethane foam is that it offers a very low thermal conductivity (with values as low as 23mW/m⋅K) while offering enough structural strength to withstand the loads that buried pipe systems are subjected to.

Due to the closed-cell nature of rigid polyurethane foams, PUR insulation has minimal water absorption, which coupled with an appropriate cover, makes it a  particularly suitable in applications where bacterial growth is a concern. Polyurethane insulation is suitable for insulating pipes with surface temperatures ranging from -196°C to 148°C.

Furniture

Open cell flexible polyurethane foam (FPF) is made by mixing polyols, diisocyanates, catalysts, auxiliary blowing agents and other additives and allowing the resulting foam to rise freely. Most FPF is manufactured using continuous processing technology and also can be produced in batches where relatively small blocks of foam are made in open-topped molds, boxes, or other suitable enclosurers. The foam is then cut to the desired shape and size for use in a variety of furniture and furnishings applications.

Applications for flexible polyurethane foam include upholstered furniture cushions, automotive seat cushions and interior trim, carpet cushion, and mattress padding and solid-core mattress cores.

Flexible polyurethane foam is a recyclable product.

Automobile seats
Flexible and semi-flexible polyurethane foams are used extensively for interior components of automobiles, in seats, headrests, armrests, roof liners, dashboards and instrument panels.

Polyurethanes are used to make automobile seats in a remarkable manner. The seat manufacturer has a mold for each seat model. The mold is a closeable "clamshell" sort of structure that will allow quick casting of the seat cushion, so-called molded flexible foam, which is then upholstered after removal from the mold.

It is possible to combine these two steps, so-called in-situ, foam-in-fabric or direct moulding. A complete, fully assembled seat cover is placed in the mold and held in place by vacuum drawn through small holes in the mold. Sometimes a thin pliable plastic film backing on the fabric is used to help the vacuum work more effectively. The metal seat frame is placed into the mold and the mold closed. At this point the mold contains what could be visualized as a "hollow seat", a seat fabric held in the correct position by the vacuum and containing a space with the metal frame in place.

Polyurethane chemicals are injected by a mixing head into the mold cavity. Then the mold is held at a preset reaction temperature until the chemical mixture has foamed, filled the mold, and formed a stable soft foam. The time required is two to three minutes, depending on the size of the seat and the precise formulation and operating conditions. Then the mold is usually opened slightly for a minute or two for an additional cure time, before the fully upholstered seat is removed.

Houses, sculptures, and decorations
The walls and ceiling (not just the insulation) of the futuristic Xanadu House in Florida, USA, were built out of polyurethane foam. Domed ceilings and other odd shapes are easier to make with foam than with wood. Foam was used to build oddly shaped buildings, statues, and decorations in the Seuss Landing section of the Islands of Adventure (USA) theme park. Rigid foam manufacturers sell foam that replace wood in carved sign and 3D-topography industries. PU foam is also used as a thermal insulator in many houses.

Polyurethane resin is used as an aesthetic flooring material. Being seamless and water resistant, it is gaining interest for use in (modern) interiors, especially in Western Europe.

Filling of spaces and cavities
Two binary liquids, one of which is a polyurethane (either T6 or 16), when mixed and aerated, expand into a hard, space-filling aerosolid.

Construction sealants and firestopping

Approved polyurethane sealants (which is different from foam) are available in one, two and three part systems, and in cartridges, buckets or drums. Polyurethane sealants (such as EZ-Poly) are used to fill gaps thereby preventing air and water leakage. They are also used in conjunction with inorganic insulation, such as rockwool or ceramic fibres, for firestopping. Firestops can thwart smoke and hose-stream passage. The Browns Ferry Nuclear Power Plant used flammable polyurethane foam as a firestop, which was accidentally ignited and caused a major fire.

Water vessels
Polyurethane foam is widely used in the marine world in many applications:

Inflatable boats
Some raft manufacturers use urethane for the construction of inflatable boats. AIRE uses urethane membrane material as an air-retentive bladder inside a PVC shell, whereas SOTAR uses urethane membrane materials as a coating on some boats. Maravia uses a liquid urethane material which is spray-coated over PVC to enhance air retention and increase abrasion resistance.

Surfboards
Some surfboards are made with a rigid polyurethane core. A rigid foam blank is molded, shaped to specification, then covered with fiberglass cloth and polyester resin.

Rigid-hulled boats
Some boat hulls have a rigid polyurethane foam core sandwiched between fiberglass skins.  The foam provides strength, buoyancy, and sound deadening. Foam Supplies Inc. produces a wide range of eco-friendly polyurethane products used in flotation materials including: Ecomarine®, Spritzer™ Marine, and Kit Foam as well as boat seating and accessories.

Boat decks and outdoor marine surface areas
Some boat decks including U.S Navy and Pakistani fishing vessels use specialized polyurethane sealants to protect from constant moisture and harsh oceanic elements.  As an example, Durabak-M26 uses a custom single-part polyurethane to prevent water seepage to unwanted areas.

Water tanks
Some water tanks are insulated with polyurethane chemicals (polyol and isocyanates) to maintain water temperature for long periods of time.

Flexible plastics

Tennis grips
Polyurethane has been used to make several Tennis Overgrips such as Yonex Super Grap, Wilson Pro Overgrip and many other grips. These grips are highly stretchable to ensure the grip wraps neatly around the racquet's handle.

Watch-band wrapping

Polyurethane is used as a black wrapping for timepiece bracelets over the main material which is generally stainless steel. It is used for comfort, style, and durability.

Textiles

A thin film of polyurethane finish is added to a polyester weave to create polyurethane laminate (PUL), which is used for its waterproof and windproof properties in outerwear, diapers, shower curtains, and so forth. PU is used in some cutting-edge swimsuits to provide buoyancy for competitive swimmers. There are restrictions as the buoyancy enhances swimming performance.

A still more popular use of polyurethane in textiles is in the form of spandex, also known as elastane or by DuPont's brand name Lycra. Polyurethane fibers in the form of spandex can stretch up to 600% and still return to their original shape. Spandex is spun with other fibers, such as cotton, nylon, or polyester, to create stretchable fibers essential for clothing for both sports and fashion.

Varnish

Polyurethane materials are commonly formulated as paints and varnishes for finishing coats to protect or seal wood. This use results in a hard, abrasion-resistant, and durable coating that is popular for hardwood floors, but considered by some to be difficult or unsuitable for finishing furniture or other detailed pieces. Relative to oil or shellac varnishes, polyurethane varnish forms a harder film which tends to de-laminate if subjected to heat or shock, fracturing the film and leaving white patches. This tendency increases when it is applied over softer woods like pine. This is also in part due to polyurethane's lesser penetration into the wood. Various priming techniques are employed to overcome this problem, including the use of certain oil varnishes, specified "dewaxed" shellac, clear penetrating epoxy, or "oil-modified" polyurethane designed for the purpose. Polyurethane varnish may also lack the "hand-rubbed" lustre of drying oils such as linseed or tung oil; in contrast, however, it is capable of a much faster and higher "build" of film, accomplishing in two coats what may require many applications of oil. Polyurethane may also be applied over a straight oil finish, but because of the relatively slow curing time of oils, the presence of volatile byproducts of curing, and the need for extended exposure of the oil to oxygen, care must be taken that the oils are sufficiently cured to accept the polyurethane.

Unlike drying oils and alkyds which cure, after evaporation of the solvent, upon reaction with oxygen from the air, polyurethane coatings cure after evaporation of the solvent by a variety of reactions of chemicals within the original mix, or by reaction with moisture from the air. Certain products are "hybrids" and combine different aspects of their parent components. "Oil-modified" polyurethanes, whether water-borne or solvent-borne, are currently the most widely used wood floor finishes.

Exterior use of polyurethane varnish may be problematic due to its susceptibility to deterioration through ultra-violet (UV) light exposure. All clear or translucent varnishes, and indeed all film-polymer coatings (i.e., paint, stain, epoxy, synthetic plastic, etc.) are susceptible to this damage in varying degrees. Pigments in paints and stains protect against UV damage, while UV-absorbers are added to polyurethane and other varnishes (in particular "spar" varnish) to work against UV damage. Polyurethanes are typically the most resistant to water exposure, high humidity, temperature extremes, and fungus or mildew, which also adversely affect varnish and paint performance.

Wheels

Polyurethane is also used in making solid tires and wheels. Industrial applications include forklift drive and load wheels, grocery and industrial carts, and roller coaster wheels. Modern roller blading and skateboarding became economical only with the introduction of tough, abrasion-resistant polyurethane parts, helping to usher in the popularity of what had once been an obscure 1960s craze.  The durability of polyurethane wheels allowed the range of tricks and stunts performed on skateboards to expand considerably. Polyurethane is also used to make small equipment tires in the lawn and garden industry for wheelbarrows, hand trucks, lawn mowers, carts, etc. They provide the bounce and feel of an air-filled tire with the benefit of no punctures. They weigh about the same as air-filled tires as well, even though they are solid polyurethane all the way through. Other constructions have been developed for pneumatic tires, and microcellular foam variants are widely used in tires on wheelchairs, bicycles and other uses. These latter foam types are also widely encountered in car steering wheels and other interior and exterior automotive parts, including bumpers and fenders.

Automotive parts
Polyurethane usage has increased over the past twenty years in the automotive industry. It is being used to replace traditional rubber bushings which are known to fail or wear out on road surfaces prone to large amounts of salt and chemical debris.

Using polyurethane bushings can have many benefits like maintaining the right alignment of caster, camber and toe and thereby increasing the overall control and handling. It also increases the lifespan, provides more resistance to wear out and is less pervious to oil and similar road contaminants.

Polyurethane (PU) is popularized in the manufacturing of some of the highest quality aerodynamic components /body kits (body kits) for varying automobiles (car, truck, and SUV) on the market. These components include bumpers, side skirts, roll pans, and wiper cowls.  Polyurethane allows production of durable components unlike the conventional fiberglass (FRP) that can easily break upon impact. Polyurethane is highly flexible therefore more resistant to damage. Including durability, these body kits when produced by a reputable manufacturer, exhibits less imperfections, are easy to install and maintain, and are affordable.

When fiberglass body kits begin to show cracks, chips from usual wear and tear, a well manufactured polyurethane components have similar durability to a factory installed bumper. As mentioned above, when produced by a reputable manufacturer, tend to have less pinholes and casting imperfections.  Flexibility of polyurethane makes them easy to work with. Installation can be completed individually as a "do-it-yourself" project. Maintenance is extremely simple. Concerning pricing, it may vary depending on the manufacturer but are kept between an affordable range. As good as it sounds, polyurethane body kits too have its downfalls. Fiberglass or carbon fiber components are lighter in weight than most polyurethane kits. Polyurethane, again is flexible but more material and thickness is most often needed to keep adequate stiffness for road use. For drivers seeking speed for their higher performance vehicle, this can become a problem. Also, unlike fiberglass, polyurethane cannot be patched or repaired. Though it is much harder to damage, if damage did occur, the entire component must be removed and replaced.  There are varying options when purchasing polyurethane kits.

Electronic components
Often electronic circuit components and wires are protected from environmental influence and mechanical shock by enclosing them in polyurethane. Typically polyurethanes are selected for the excellent abrasion resistances, good electrical properties, excellent adhesion, impact strength, and low-temperature flexibility. The disadvantage of polyurethanes is the limited upper service temperature (typically 250 °F (121 °C)).

The production the electronic circuit-board manufacture would use a two-part urethane (resin and catalyst) that would be mixed and poured onto the circuit assembly (see resin dispensing). In most cases, after the urethane cures, the completed circuit board would not be repairable. Because of its physical properties and low cost, polyurethane encapsulation (potting) is a popular option in the automotive manufacturing sector for automotive circuits and sensors.

Adhesives
Polyurethane can be used as an adhesive, especially as a woodworking glue. Its main advantage over more traditional wood glues is its water resistance. It was introduced to the general North American market in the 1990s as Gorilla Glue and Excel, but had been available in Europe much earlier. Polyurethane is the basis for some construction adhesives in a caulking tube format.

On the way to a new and better glue for bookbinders, a new adhesive system was introduced for the first time in 1985. The base for this system is polyether or polyester, whereas polyurethane (PUR) is used as prepolymer. Its special features are coagulation at room temperature and resistance to moisture.

First generation (1988)
 Low starting solidity
 High viscosity
 Cure time >3 days

Second generation (1996)
 Low starting solidity
 High viscosity
 Cure time <3 days

Third generation (2000)
 Good starting solidity
 Low viscosity
 Cure time between 6 and 16 hours

Fourth generation (present)
 Good starting solidity
 Very low viscosity
 Cure reached within a few seconds due to dual-core systems

Advantages of polyurethane glue in the bookbinding industry:

 PUR is better than hotmelt or cold glue for most applications. Because of the lack of moisture in the glue, paper with contrary grain direction can be glued without problems. Even printed and supercalendered paper can be bound without problems. It is the most economical glue, with a theoretical application thickness of 0.01 mm. However, in actual use, it is not practical to apply less than 0.03 mm.
 PUR glue is weather-proof, and stable at temperatures from  to .

Abrasion resistance
Thermoset polyurethanes are also used as a protective coating against abrasion. Cast polyurethane over materials such as steel will absorb particle impact more efficiently. Polyurethanes have been proven to last in excess of 25 years in abrasive environments where non-coated steel would erode in less than 8 years. Polyurethanes are used in industries such as:

 Mining and mineral processing
 Aggregate
 Transportation
 Concrete
 Paper processing
 Power
 Inflatable boat manufacture

Polyurethane is also used in the concrete construction industry to create formliners. Polyurethane formliners serves as a mold for concrete, creating a variety of textures and art.

Solid-fuel rockets
Polyurethane is used together with Ammonium perchlorate as solid fuel in the submarine launched Polaris missiles.

Body armor
Polyurethane urea elastomers have been investigated by researchers from the U.S. Army Research Laboratory and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for potential material for helmets, face shields, and ballistic vests for soldiers.

Inorganic plant substrates
Sheet and flaked semi-open cell hydrophilic polyurethane foams have found application in roof gardens and vertical green walls with commercial products now emerging on the market. Semi-open cell polyurethane foams substrates have much lower density and far greater water holding capacities than soil substrates. The semi-open cell structure facilitate the required plant root attachment for vertical wall gardens. Reductions in weight reduce building/wall supporting structure requirements, whilst increased water holding capacity reduces plant watering requirements.

Concrete raising

Closed cell polymers have been used to raise and support concrete roadways and bridge approaches since 1989. Originally developed in Europe and patented by Uretek, this method of concrete leveling is now widely used in residential, commercial and municipal applications. Common applications include repairing settled sidewalks, driveways, patios and garage floors. In the US it is sometimes known as Slabjacking.  Foam Supplies Incorporated have developed the eco-friendly FoamJack™ system.

Concrete substitute

Closed cell polyurethane foam can be used as backfill in applications where the high density and compression strength of concrete are not necessary. In addition to being considerably lighter than concrete, the closed cell nature of the material prevents the transfer of moisture to the structure being supported which can reduce the risk or rot or corrosion.

Seawall Repair
Environmental variables, natural wear and tear, and weather conditions, can all cause damage to concrete seawalls. These problems can erode the structure over time, rendering it more susceptible to further harm. Traditionally repair has required an in depth process using concrete, however geofoam is a lightweight and long-lasting substance that has become increasingly popular to repair damaged seawalls.

References

Polyurethanes
Science-related lists

List of polyurethane applications


United States v. Feola, 420 U.S. 671 (1975), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the court held that conspiracy to assault a federal officer, like the substantive crime of assaulting a federal officer, doesn't require knowledge that the victims were federal officers.

The case involved a drug "rip-off" in which the defendant and his co-conspirators agreed to sell sugar as heroin to unsuspecting buyers. They agreed that if the buyers discovered their ruse, they would jump the buyers and take their money. The sellers didn't know that the buyers were all undercover federal narcotics agents. Although the sellers tried to assault one of the agents, another agent pulled out his revolver and the agents eventually arrested the sellers.

The court's opinion addressed—and eventually dispensed with—Judge Learned Hand's famous analogy in United States v. Crimmins 123 F.2d 271, 273 (2d Cir. 1941). Hand noted that conspiracy to commit mail fraud was akin to conspiracy to run a red light - both substantive crimes don't require knowledge beforehand. But agreement or conspiracy requires knowledge that there is such a red light, or that the mails will be used. The Court characterized this analogy as "effective prose...[but]...bad law." 420, at 689-90. The court argued that conspiracy agreements don't require agreement on every point of the crime, and so imposing a higher agreement requirement for a conspiracy to assault was illogical in light of the policy reasons for criminalizing conspiracy. The court identified these reasons as protecting society from concerted criminal activity and the social threat posed even by an inchoate crime.

Instead the court reasoned that because the conspiracy statute didn't require a higher mens rea than the substantive crime, the same mens rea requirement applies to both by default. The court reasoned that one purpose of the assault statute was to provide a federal forum (specific jurisdiction) for assaults on federal officers. Therefore, conspiracy to assault a federal officer didn't require proof that the defendant knew that his intended victim was a federal officer.

Justice Potter Stewart dissented, arguing that the structure of the assault statute and legislative history of its predecessor supported his interpretation that the statute only applied if the defendant knew his victim was a federal officer.

Sources
 Stephen A. Saltzburg, et al. Criminal Law-Cases and Materials (2008, Third Ed.) Newark, NJ: LexisNexis. pp 752–53.

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
1975 in United States case law
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
United States Supreme Court criminal cases

United States v. Feola


Ausflag is an organisation that was established to promote a new flag of Australia.

Ausflag was formed in 1981 by Harold Scruby who has since worked to foster debate on the design of the flag. Prominent Australians that have been involved in the direction of Ausflag include Nicholas Whitlam, Phillip Adams, Cathy Freeman, Malcolm Turnbull, Janet Holmes à Court and Nick Greiner. Former chair of the Australian Republican Movement Malcolm Turnbull left the board of Ausflag in 1994 after being asked for his resignation and in 2004 joined the Australian National Flag Association.

The group was affiliated with NZFlag, a now defunct trust promoting a redesign of the Flag of New Zealand.

Campaigns
Ausflag has promoted design competitions for a new flag in 1986 before the bicentenary, in 1993 after Sydney won the right to host the 2000 Olympics, and in 1998, before the new millennium.

In January 2011 the organisation drafted a statement in support of a new flag, which has been signed by over a dozen Australian of the Year recipients, including Patrick McGorry, Ian Kiernan, Dawn Fraser, Shane Gould, Ian Frazer, Gustav Nossal and Tim Flannery.

On Australia Day 2013, Ausflag launched a seventh flag design, a concept for an Australian Sporting Flag. To date none of the flag designs promoted by the organisation has achieved customary use.

See also

Australian flag debate
Australian Flag Society
Australian National Flag Association
Australian Republic Movement

References

External links
Ausflag
Ausflag Competition Results

Non-profit organisations based in New South Wales
Organizations established in 1981
1981 establishments in Australia
Vexillological organizations
Republicanism in Australia
Political organisations based in Australia

Ausflag


The First Battle of Winchester was fought on May 25, 1862, in and around Frederick County and Winchester, Virginia during the American Civil War. The battle was a victory in Confederate Army Major General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's Campaign through the Shenandoah Valley. Jackson enveloped the right flank of the Union Army under Major General Nathaniel P. Banks. The Union forces retreated across the Potomac River into Maryland. Due to confusion among Confederate commanders, Jackson was unable to pursue Banks into Maryland.

Background
At the beginning of 1862, President Abraham Lincoln wanted his generals to attack in force against the Confederacy. Major General George B. McClellan was massing his army for his Peninsula Campaign with the goal of capturing the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia and ending the war. To do this McClellan had to weaken his forces protecting Washington, D.C.. This left only two Union forces to protect Washington. Besides Banks in the Shenandoah Valley, General Irwin McDowell had forces in Northern Virginia. Banks was to clear the Shenandoah Valley of Confederate forces, then move up towards Washington so McDowell's force of 30,000 could move against Richmond from the north.

Confederate General Stonewall Jackson was given the task of keeping the Federal Army busy in the Valley so they could not join McClellan. Jackson was defeated at the First Battle of Kernstown on March 23, 1862. In spite of the loss, Jackson did gain a strategic victory. It kept Banks in the Valley and prevented McDowell from sending troops to McClellan's Peninsula Campaign.

On April 17, the weather cleared and Banks started moving south towards Harrisonburg. At about this time the strategic situation changed for the Confederacy. General Joseph E. Johnston had moved to the Peninsula taking 55,000 Confederate soldiers to defend against McClellan's 110,000 troops. Confederate general Richard S. Ewell's division was now between Johnson on the Peninsula and Jackson in the Valley and could support either as the need arose. So Jackson no longer needed to keep Union forces in the Valley from joining McClellan, he now wanted to force them out of the Shenandoah Valley completely.

On April 25, Banks' Union force occupied Harrisonburg. Jackson withdrew to Swift Run Gap (about 20 miles East of Harrisonburg). This put him in a position to outflank Banks if the Union forces moved any further south and allowed him to stay in contact with Ewell's Confederate division if he needed support. Meanwhile a Union brigade under Robert H. Milroy was at the village of McDowell, Virginia which threatened Jackson's supply depot at Staunton. Jackson left Ewell at Swift Run Gap to move against Milroy.

On May 8, Jackson's forces attacked Milroy's Union forces at McDowell. It was a Union tactical victory because the Union forces had fewer casualties than Jackson's forces. But it was a strategic victory for Jackson because the Union forces withdrew back across the Allegheny Mountains ending the threat. Jackson returned to the Shenandoah Valley and decided that his and Ewell's command would now deal with Banks. In turn, Banks anticipated Jackson's move and asked permission to leave Strasburg and move north, but it was denied. Earlier, on May 1, Lincoln had ordered one of Banks' divisions to join the Union forces at Fredericksburg under General McDowell. This weakened Banks's forces but he believed Jackson had left the Valley. On learning Milroy had been driven back at McDowell, Banks sent his 1st Maryland Infantry division to Front Royal, Virginia (about 12 miles to the east) to protect his left flank.

Jackson had intended to move against Banks at Strasburg. But when he learned there were Union infantry at Front Royal, he decided to attack there first. On May 23, at the Battle of Front Royal, Jackson's Confederates captured the town of Front Royal, along with most of the 900 Union soldiers who defended it. Realizing Jackson was now on his flank and he had no support at Front Royal, on May 24 Banks retreated to Winchester. Because of the good protection provided by his rearguard and poor communications between Jackson and Ewell, Banks was able to reach Winchester with minimal losses.

The battle
When Banks arrived at Winchester, he started organizing his defenses. On May 25, Jackson's first attack was thrown back. Ewell approached Winchester from the southwest with his division and attacked Camp Hill (now Overlook Park in the southeastern part of Winchester). At the same time Jackson's Louisiana Brigade outflanked, then overran the Union position on Bower's Hill (southwestern part of Winchester). With their flanks broken, the Union troops began a disorganized retreat through the city of Winchester. Even citizens of Winchester fired on the Union soldiers. Banks retreated across the Potomac River back into Maryland. This was the decisive victory for Jackson's Valley Campaign.

Aftermath
Jackson lost about 68 killed and 329 wounded. Banks Union casualties were approximately 62 killed, 243 wounded and over 1,700 captured or missing.

Jackson's infantry was too tired to keep up with the retreating Union soldiers. His cavalry, led by Colonel Turner Ashby, was completely useless. They had started looting the abandoned and damaged Union wagons for supplies and had broken off from fighting. Confederate General J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry was attached to Ewell's forces. But they could not be found in time. Once they were located, Stuart refused Jackson's order and waited for the order to come through Ewell. Jackson won a victory at Winchester, but could not finish off his enemy.

The defeat of Banks caused great concern in Washington. President Lincoln ordered McDowell to send 20,000 men to help deal with the situation in the Shenandoah Valley. These were troops McClellan needed in his Peninsula Campaign. For the next few weeks, Jackson continued to defeat Union efforts at the Battles of Cross Keys and Port Republic in June 1862.

Notes

References

American Civil War battles
1862 in Virginia
May events

First Battle of Winchester


The 1991 AFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the  Hawthorn Football Club and West Coast Eagles, held at Waverley Park in Melbourne on 28 September 1991. It was the 94th annual grand final of the Australian Football League (formerly the Victorian Football League), staged to determine the premiers for the 1991 AFL season. The match, attended 75,230 spectators, was won by Hawthorn by a margin of 53 points, marking that club's ninth premiership victory.

Reconstruction work at the larger Melbourne Cricket Ground, where most grand finals had been played since 1902, meant that the game was played at Waverley Park, marking the first and only time that this stadium hosted a premiership decider. The match was also the first grand final to feature a team (West Coast) based outside the state of Victoria.

Background

Hawthorn had played the grand final in seven of the previous eight seasons, having most recently won the 1989 VFL Grand Final, while West Coast was playing in its first grand final ever, having entered the competition just four years previously. The Eagles came into the game as strong favourites, having played through the entire 1991 season as the leading team in the competition in which they won their first 12 games and finished three games clear on top of the ladder with a 19-3 record, earning their first McClelland Trophy. Hawthorn had finished second with a record of 16 wins and 6 losses. Though starting the season slowly, losing five of their first 11 games, they lost just one more game for the rest of the home and away season. The Eagles defeated the Hawks in both their home-and-away encounters during the season, by 82 points at Princes Park in round 7 and 24 points at Subiaco Oval in round 22.

In the lead-up to the grand final, Hawthorn defeated West Coast by 23 points at Subiaco the qualifying final. The Eagles subsequently defeated  by 38 points in the first semi-final, while Hawthorn defeated Geelong by two points in the second semi-final, sending the Hawks to the grand final. The Eagles defeated Geelong by 15 points in the preliminary final to take their place in the premiership decider.

Teams

Match summary
The game was played with what appeared as a four-goal breeze towards the main scoreboard end. Eagles captain John Worsfold won the toss and kicked with the wind.

First quarter
The ball moved up and down the field before the first of two 50-metre penalties conceded by Langford allowing Sumich to kick the first goal after ten minutes. A second penalty by Langford after a Sumich mark gave Sumich his second goal. A snap from Wilson in the pocket followed by a relay free kick to Heady stretched the margin out to four goals. A minute later Paul Dear ran into an open goal to give the Hawks their first. After the Hawks scored four behinds Sumich marked and kicked his third goal from outside 60 metres. Jason Dunstall scored a goal from a Ben Allan centreline clearance, then again Dunstall scored his second for the term from a free kick on the siren. The Eagles' lead was nine points at the first change.

Second quarter
With Hawthorn now kicking with the breeze, Dear marked consecutive kick ins and started dominating at Centre Half Forward. Goals to Dear and Darrin Pritchard saw the Hawks take the lead. After a couple more behinds from the Hawks, Tony Hall snapped a goal and the Hawthorn lead was fourteen points. Paul Hudson added the Hawks' sixth unanswered goal before the Eagles, through Sumich and Chris Lewis, reduced the Hawks' lead to ten points at the main break.

Third quarter
Both teams went goal for goal in this term, and the margin at three-quarter time was still ten points in Hawthorn's favour. Hawthorn had Stephen Lawrence winning the hit outs, and a dominating midfield negated any wind assistance the Eagles may have had. Heady kicked three goals for the quarter and Hawthorn's Dermott Brereton two.

Final quarter
The Hawks blew the game open in the final term, kicking eight goals to one. Brereton took two marks in the goal square in the first three minutes to put the Hawks 23 points ahead. Fatigue was now taking its toll on the Eagles, and four later goals to Dunstall and one to Sumich saw the Hawks win by 53 points.

The Norm Smith Medal was awarded to Hawthorn's Paul Dear for his workmanlike performance, especially in the tight first half. After the Eagles had started well, Dear was shifted to the half-forward line and not only kicked Hawthorn's first goal, but managed to quell the influence of Andrew Lockyer and Glen Jakovich by providing a foil for Dermott Brereton. He also backed up in the ruck when Stephen Lawrence had to be rested. Dear ended up with 18 kicks, eight handpasses and eight marks - 11 of those disposals and six of those marks came in the second quarter.

Postscript

West Coast coach Michael Malthouse said after the game that "Hawthorn had been first to the ball and clearly won in the air".

Hawthorn's experience was seen as the decisive factor in their victory, and sparked a new club T-shirt: "Too old. Too slow. Too good." (Some commentators had previously thought the Hawks were 'too old and too slow' to ever win another premiership.) Hawthorn defender Gary Ayres made sarcastic reference to this in his post-match interview.

By failing to win the grand final, West Coast tied the record for the most home and away wins by a non-Premier (matching the record of 19 wins set by Collingwood in 1973). This record was subsequently broken by Geelong in 2008.

Hawthorn's flag closed a period in which the club won five premierships in nine years. The game also represented the final game of VFL/AFL football played by Michael Tuck. His record includes
 Most premierships by a player: 7
 Most grand finals by a player: 11
 Most finals by a player: 39
 Oldest premiership player: 38 years, 95 days.

Game day entertainment
Before the game Daryl Braithwaite sang both "Waltzing Matilda" and "Advance Australia Fair".

The day was also memorable for the half-time entertainment which featured a parade of sporting celebrities in Ford Capris to celebrate the upcoming 1992 Barcelona Olympics. Included in the parade were the 1991 Brownlow medallist Jim Stynes, the Oarsome Foursome, Jeff Fenech, Fighting Harada, Lionel Rose, Lisa Ondieki and her husband Yobes, and Susie Maroney. Champion marathon runner and then Head of the Australian Institute of Sport Robert de Castella and rock singer Angry Anderson were transported to the middle of the ground in a blue Batmobile-like vehicle with the AFL logo prominently displayed. De Castella gave a brief speech honouring Australia's Olympians and other sporting heroes before Anderson jumped from the Batmobile and took centre stage, belting out his hit song "Bound for Glory" and encouraging the crowd to sing along. However, Anderson notably struggled vocally during the performance, with Yobes Ondieki caught on camera laughing uncontrollably at Anderson's act. De Castella believed Anderson struggled with the venue's poor acoustics, while Anderson claimed he could not hear himself over the engine noise of the "Batmobile". Anderson's performance has since become the subject of derision, and footage of the performance featured in a satirical 2008 Carlton & United Breweries television advertisement, with the caption stating that "CUB is a proud supporter of AFL footy since 1877 (except for 1991)".

Scorecard

See also
2015 AFL Grand Final

References

Bibliography

External links
Match details at AFL Tables

VFL/AFL Grand Finals
1991 Australian Football League season
Afl Grand Final, 1991
Hawthorn Football Club
West Coast Eagles

1991 AFL Grand Final