The Old Vic is a 1,000-seat, not-for-profit producing theatre in Waterloo, London, England. Established in 1818 as the Royal Coburg Theatre, and renamed in 1833 the Royal Victoria Theatre.  In 1871 it was rebuilt and reopened as the Royal Victoria Palace. It was taken over by Emma Cons in 1880 and formally named the Royal Victoria Hall, although by that time it was already known as the "Old Vic". In 1898, a niece of Cons, Lilian Baylis, assumed management and began a series of Shakespeare productions in 1914. The building was damaged in 1940 during air raids and it became a Grade II* listed building in 1951 after it reopened.

The Old Vic is the crucible of many of the performing arts companies and theatres in London today. It was the name of a repertory company that was based at the theatre and formed (along with the Chichester Festival Theatre) the core of the National Theatre of Great Britain on its formation in 1963, under Laurence Olivier. The National Theatre remained at the Old Vic until new premises were constructed on the South Bank, opening in 1976. The Old Vic then became the home of Prospect Theatre Company, at that time a highly successful touring company which staged such acclaimed productions as Derek Jacobi's Hamlet. However, with the withdrawal of funding for the company by the Arts Council of Great Britain in 1980 for breaching its touring obligations, Prospect disbanded in 1981. The theatre underwent complete refurbishment in 1985. In 2003, Kevin Spacey was appointed artistic director, which received considerable media attention. Spacey served as artistic director until 2015; two years after he stepped down, he was accused of sexually harassing and assaulting several people. In 2015, Matthew Warchus succeeded Spacey as artistic director.

History

Origins

The theatre was founded in 1818 by James King and Daniel Dunn (formerly managers of the Surrey Theatre in Bermondsey), and John Thomas Serres, then the marine painter to the King. Serres managed to secure the formal patronage of Princess Charlotte and her husband Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, and named the theatre the Royal Coburg Theatre. The theatre was a "minor" theatre (as opposed to one of the two patent theatres) and was thus technically forbidden to show serious drama. Nevertheless, when the theatre passed to George Bolwell Davidge in 1824 he succeeded in bringing legendary actor Edmund Kean south of the river to play six Shakespeare plays in six nights. The theatre's role in bringing high art to the masses was confirmed when Kean addressed the audience during his curtain call saying "I have never acted to such a set of ignorant, unmitigated brutes as I see before me." More popular staples in the repertoire were "sensational and violent" melodramas demonstrating the evils of drink, "churned out by the house dramatist", confirmed teetotaller Douglas Jerrold.

When Davidge left to take over the Surrey Theatre in 1833, the theatre was bought by Daniel Egerton and William Abbot, who tried to capitalise on the abolition of the legal distinction between patent and minor theatres, enacted in Parliament earlier that year. On 1 July 1833, the theatre was renamed the Royal Victoria Theatre, under the "protection and patronage" of Victoria, Duchess of Kent, mother to Princess Victoria, the 14-year-old heir presumptive to the British throne. The duchess and the princess visited only once, on 28 November of that year, but enjoyed the performance, of light opera and dance, in the "pretty...clean and comfortable" theatre. The single visit scarcely justified the "Old Vic" its later billing as "Queen Victoria's Own Theayter".

In 1841, David Osbaldiston took over as lessee, and was succeeded on his death in 1850 by his lover and the theatre's leading lady,  Eliza Vincent, until her death in 1856. Under their management, the theatre remained devoted to melodrama. In 1858, sixteen people were crushed to death inside the theatre after mass panic caused while an actor's clothing caught fire.

 In 1867, Joseph Arnold Cave took over as lessee. In 1871 he transferred the lease to Romaine Delatorre, who raised funds for the theatre to be rebuilt in the style of the Alhambra Music Hall. Jethro Thomas Robinson was engaged as the architect. In September 1871 the old theatre closed, and the new building opened as the Royal Victoria Palace in December of the same year, with Cave staying on as manager. By 1873, however, Cave had left and Delatorre's venture failed.

In 1880, under the ownership of Emma Cons (for whose memory there are plaques outside and inside the theatre) it became the Royal Victoria Hall and Coffee Tavern and was run on "strict temperance lines"; by this time it was already known as the "Old Vic". The "penny lectures" given in the hall led to the foundation of Morley College. An endowment from the estate of Samuel Morley led to the creation of the Morley Memorial College for Working Men and Women on the premises, which were shared; lectures were given back stage, and in the theatre dressing rooms. The adult education college moved to its own premises nearby in the 1920s.

On 24 November 1923, the theatre participated in a pioneering radio event, when the first set of the opera La Traviata was broadcast live by the BBC, using transmitters in London, Manchester and Glasgow, via a specially installed relay transmitter on the roof of the adjacent Royal Victoria Tavern.

Old Vic company

With Emma Cons's death in 1912 the theatre passed to her niece Lilian Baylis, who emphasised the Shakespearean repertoire. The first radio broadcasts from the theatre were made as early as October 1923, by the British Broadcasting Company. The Old Vic Company was established in 1929, led by Sir John Gielgud. Between 1925 and 1931, Lilian Baylis championed the re-building of the then-derelict Sadler's Wells Theatre, and established a ballet company under the direction of Dame Ninette de Valois. For a few years the drama and ballet companies rotated between the two theatres, with the ballet becoming permanently based at Sadler's Wells in 1935. Baylis died in November 1937.

Wartime exile
The Old Vic was damaged badly during the Blitz, and the war-depleted company spent all its time touring, based in Burnley, Lancashire at the Victoria Theatre during the years 1940 to 1943. In 1944, the company was re-established in London with Ralph Richardson and Laurence Olivier as its stars, performing mainly at the New Theatre (now the Noël Coward Theatre) until the Old Vic was ready to reopen in 1950. In 1946, an offshoot of the company was established in Bristol as the Bristol Old Vic.

The Five Year plan
In 1953, Michael Benthall became the Artistic Director. Michael devised the Five Year plan during his tenure. The plan was to produce Shakespeare's First Folio in five years, starting the plan with Hamlet, starring Richard Burton and Claire Bloom as Hamlet and Ophelia respectively, and ending the plan with Hamlet, starring John Neville and Judi Dench in the leading roles. Michael remained at the Old Vic company until 1962.

National Theatre company
In 1963, the Old Vic company was dissolved and the new National Theatre Company, under the artistic direction of Sir Laurence Olivier, was based at the Old Vic until its own building was opened on the South Bank near Waterloo Bridge in 1976.

In July 1974 the Old Vic presented a rock concert for the first time. National Theatre director Peter Hall arranged for the progressive folk-rock band Gryphon to première Midnight Mushrumps, the fantasia inspired by Hall's own 1974 Old Vic production of The Tempest starring John Gielgud for which Gryphon had supplied the music.

Prospect Theatre Company
For two years prior to the departure of the National Theatre Company, Toby Robertson, director of the Prospect Theatre Company, sustained a campaign that the Old Vic should make Prospect its resident company. For the Old Vic, Robertson's overtures proved increasingly hard to resist in the face of poor box office returns achieved by productions staged by other visiting companies; against this, Prospect staged a highly successful season which opened in May 1977, including Hamlet with Derek Jacobi, Antony and Cleopatra with Alec McCowen and Dorothy Tutin; and Saint Joan with Eileen Atkins. In July the Governors of the Old Vic announced "a marriage that was all but a merger" between the Vic and Prospect. In September Toby Robertson, director of Prospect, was asked to take artistic control of the Old Vic, and Christopher Richards, general manager of the Old Vic, became general manager of Prospect.

One major problem, though, was the terms of Prospect's funding by the Arts Council of Great Britain: this was on the basis of it being a touring company, and the council – already funding the National Theatre and the Royal Shakespeare Company in London – could not accept a case for another theatre company in the capital and repeatedly refused requests to fund any London seasons staged by Prospect. Therefore, any London-based productions would have to succeed financially without Arts Council support. Prospect's first season at the Old Vic recouped its costs but left no surplus to fund future productions. Further stagings by visiting companies were box office failures and stretched the theatre's finances to breaking point. Yet Prospect continued to draw audiences to the Old Vic where other companies failed. In December 1978, the governors of the Old Vic agreed to a five-year contract with Prospect, announcing to the press on 23 April that henceforth they would be styled "Prospect Productions Ltd., trading as the Old Vic Company". Unfortunately Prospect's touring commitments kept the company out of the theatre for the first half of 1979, leaving the theatre to sink further into debt. The company returned in July with Jacobi's Hamlet (toured afterwards to Denmark, Australia and China, the first English theatre company to tour that country), followed by Romeo and Juliet, and The Government Inspector with Ian Richardson. The following season, however, proved controversial: the proposed programming, including the double bill of The Padlock and Miss in Her Teens, to mark the bicentenary of David Garrick's death, and a revival of What the Butler Saw, were deemed by the Arts Council unsuitable for touring repertory. An internal report by Prospect now questioned "whether Prospect can any longer satisfy the triple task of filling the Vic, of satisfying the Arts Council Director of Touring's requirements for product of a certain familiar sort, and of realising the vision of Toby Robertson".

Robertson was in effect fired as artistic director in 1980 while he was abroad with the company in China, Timothy West replacing him. The following season, West's first as Robertson's successor, saw Macbeth with Peter O'Toole, The Merchant of Venice with West as Shylock, and a gala performance presented to the Queen Mother to celebrate her eightieth birthday. On 22 December 1980, four days after the gala performance, the Arts Council withdrew its funding from the company, sealing its inevitable demise. The company gave a final season at the Old Vic in 1981, staging The Merchant of Venice, then gave a final tour of Europe, giving its last performance in Rome on 14 June before disbanding.

Youth Theatre
The 'Old Vic Youth Theatre' was an acting company for young people between the ages of 12 and 20 mainly from the London Borough of Southwark. The group was founded by Tom Vaughan of the Old Vic Theatre, Raymond Rivers of Morley College and Barry Anderson of the Southbank Education Institute. The Inner London Education Authority (ILEA) was the enterprise's main funding body.

During the early spring term of 1977 auditions consisting of improvisational scenes run by the Youth Theatre's first professional directors Lucy Parker and Frederick Proud took place and around 40 applicants were chosen to form the company.

By the middle of the summer in 1977 the 'Old Vic Youth Theatre' had performed two plays for the paying public. First was 'The Kitchen' by Arnold Wesker which also incorporated improvised scenes alongside the actual script and was staged in the Emma Cons Hall at Morley College. The Youth Theatre's second production, 'A Midsummer Night's Dream' by William Shakespeare was first performed at the George Inn Courtyard as part of the Southwark Shakespeare Festival the same year and was the company's debut production at the Old Vic Theatre itself.

In the autumn of 1977 a new round of auditions took place and the existing group expanded into two. One group concentrated on a famous scripted play whilst the other would devise a play through improvisation from which the material was scripted into a play by a professional playwright.

The Youth groups continued to produce plays with new members auditioning each September until the mid 1980s.

Reopening
The Old Vic was significantly restored under the ownership of Toronto department-store entrepreneur 'Honest Ed' Mirvish in 1985. In 1987, his son David Mirvish installed Jonathan Miller as artistic director of the Old Vic and the theatre enjoyed several critical successes – including an Olivier Award for a production of the musical Candide, but suffered three straight years of financial loss. In 1990, Mirvish terminated Miller's contract over budgetary issues, earning much negative criticism in the British press.

In 1997, Mirvish appointed Sir Peter Hall as artistic director and, again, enjoyed critical acclaim with such productions as The Master Builder with Alan Bates and Waiting for Godot with Ben Kingsley, but continuing financial loss. Within a year of the appointment, Mirvish terminated Hall's contract – again to much negative comment in the press – and put the Old Vic up for sale. In 1998, the building was bought by a new charitable trust, the Old Vic Theatre Trust 2000. In 2000, the production company Criterion Productions was renamed Old Vic Productions plc, although relatively few of its productions are at the Old Vic theatre.

Kevin Spacey
In 2003, actor Kevin Spacey was appointed as new artistic director of the Old Vic Theatre Company. Spacey said he wanted to inject new life into the British theatre industry, and bring British and American theatrical talent to the stage. Spacey served as artistic director until 2015.

In November 2017, amid a series of rape and sexual misconduct allegations against Spacey, 20 people contacted the Old Vic with claims that he had sexually harassed or assaulted them at the theatre during his tenure as artistic director. In the wake of the scandal, The Old Vic released a statement apologising for "not creating an environment or culture where people felt able to speak freely", and announced a "commitment to a new way forward".

In 2018, the Old Vic announced that it had established the Guardians Programme, a group of trained staff who offer a confidential outlet for colleagues to share concerns about behaviour or the culture at work. Additionally, a Guardians Network has been formed to bring together the group of organisations from all sectors (not just the arts) who have implemented the principles of a Guardian Programme.

Matthew Warchus
Since 2015, Matthew Warchus has been Artistic Director of The Old Vic. His debut season opened in September 2015 with Warchus's production of a new play about education, Future Conditional by Tamsin Oglesby.

Bicentenary
On 24 October 2017, The Old Vic announced its bicentenary season. The theatre celebrated its 200th birthday on 11 May 2018 with a free performance of Joe Penhall's Mood Music, featuring Ben Chaplin.

Recent and current productions

2011 season
 Cause Célèbre by Terence Rattigan, directed by Thea Sharrock, starring Anne-Marie Duff
 Richard III by William Shakespeare, directed by Sam Mendes, starring Kevin Spacey
 The Playboy of the Western World by J M Synge, directed by John Crowley, starring Niamh Cusack, Ruth Negga and Robert Sheehan
 Noises Off by Michael Frayn, directed by Lindsay Posner

2012 season
 The Duchess of Malfi by John Webster, directed by Jamie Lloyd, starring Eve Best
 Democracy by Michael Frayn, directed by Paul Miller
 Hedda Gabler by Henrik Ibsen in a new version by Brian Friel, directed by Anna Mackmin, starring Sheridan Smith
 Kiss Me, Kate music and lyrics by Cole Porter book by Sam and Bella Spewack, directed by Trevor Nunn, choreography by Stephen Mear, starring Alex Bourne, David Burt, Adam Garcia, Clive Rowe and Hannah Waddingham

2013 season
 The Winslow Boy by Terence Rattigan, directed by Lindsay Posner, starring Henry Goodman
 Sweet Bird of Youth by Tennessee Williams, directed by Marianne Elliott, starring Kim Cattrall and Seth Numrich
 Much Ado About Nothing by William Shakespeare, directed by Mark Rylance, starring James Earl Jones and Vanessa Redgrave
 Fortune's Fool by Ivan Turgenev in a version by Mike Poulton, directed by Lucy Bailey, starring Richard McCabe

2014 season
 Other Desert Cities by Jon Robin Baitz, directed by Lindsay Posner
 Clarence Darrow by David W. Rintels, directed by Thea Sharrock, starring Kevin Spacey
 The Crucible by Arthur Miller, directed by Yaël Farber, starring Richard Armitage
 Electra by Sophocles in a version by Frank McGuinness, directed by Ian Rickson, starring Kristin Scott Thomas

2015 season
 Tree, a play for two people written and directed by Daniel Kitson, starring Tim Key and Daniel Kitson
 Clarence Darrow by David W. Rintels, directed by Thea Sharrock, starring Kevin Spacey
 High Society music and lyrics by Cole Porter book by Arthur Kopit, directed by Maria Friedman

2015–16 season

 Future Conditional by Tamsin Oglesby, directed by Matthew Warchus, starring Rob Brydon
 The Hairy Ape by Eugene O'Neill, directed by Richard Jones, starring Bertie Carvel
 Dr. Seuss's The Lorax adapted for the stage by David Greig, music and lyrics by Charlie Fink, directed by Max Webster
 The Master Builder by Henrik Ibsen in a new adaptation by David Hare, directed by Matthew Warchus, starring Ralph Fiennes
 The Caretaker by Harold Pinter, directed by Matthew Warchus, starring Timothy Spall, Daniel Mays and George Mackay
 Jekyll & Hyde by The McOnie Company, devised directed and choreographed by Drew McOnie
 Groundhog Day book by Danny Rubin music and lyrics by Tim Minchin, directed by Matthew Warchus, starring Andy Karl

2016–17 season

 No's Knife by Samuel Beckett, co-directed and performed by Lisa Dwan, co-directed by Joe Murphy
 King Lear by William Shakespeare, directed by Deborah Warner, starring Glenda Jackson (25 October-03 December 2016)
 Art by Yasmina Reza translated by Christopher Hampton, directed by Matthew Warchus, starring Rufus Sewell, Tim Key and Paul Ritter (10 December 2016-18 February 2017)
 Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead by Tom Stoppard, directed by David Leveaux, starring Daniel Radcliffe and Joshua McGuire (25 February-06 May 2017)
 Woyzeck by Georg Büchner in a new version by Jack Thorne, directed by Joe Murphy, starring John Boyega (15 May-24 June 2017)
 Girl from the North Country written and directed by Conor McPherson, music and lyrics by Bob Dylan
 Dr. Seuss's The Lorax adapted for the stage by David Greig, music and lyrics by Charlie Fink, directed by Max Webster

2017–18 season
 A Christmas Carol, a version by Jack Thorne, directed by Matthew Warchus, starring Rhys Ifans
 The Divide, a new play by Alan Ayckbourn, directed by Annabel Bolton
 Fanny and Alexander adapted for the stage by Stephen Beresford and starring Penelope Wilton
 Mood Music by Joe Penhall and directed by Roger Michell starring Ben Chaplin
 Bicentenary Variety Night
 Sea Wall by Simon Stephens, starring Andrew Scott (18 June-30 June 2018)
 A Monster Calls, based on the novel by Patrick Ness and inspired by an idea from Siobhan Dowd, devised by the company (7 July-25 August 2018)

2018–19 season
 Sylvia written by Kate Prince and Priya Parma, with Prince providing choreography and direction as well (03 September-22 September 2018)
 A Christmas Carol, a version by Jack Thorne, directed by Matthew Warchus, starring Stephen Tompkinson
 The American Clock by Arthur Miller, directed by Rachel Chavkin (04 February-30 March 2019)
 All My Sons by Arthur Miller, directed by Jeremy Herrin, starring Sally Field, Bill Pullman, Jenna Coleman and Colin Morgan (13 April-08 June 2019)
 Present Laughter by Noël Coward, directed by Matthew Warchus, starring Andrew Scott (17 June-10 August 2019)

2019–20 season
 A Very Expensive Poison by Lucy Prebble, based on the book by Luke Harding (20 August-05 October 2019)
 Lungs by Duncan Macmillan, directed by Matthew Warchus, starring Matt Smith and Claire Foy (14 October-09 November 2019)
 A Christmas Carol, a version by Jack Thorne, directed by Matthew Warchus, starring Paterson Joseph (23 November 2019-18 January 2020)
 Endgame (in double bill with Rough for Theatre II) by Samuel Beckett, directed by Richard Jones, starring Alan Cumming and Daniel Radcliffe (closed early due to the COVID-19 pandemic)

Old Vic: In Camera series (during COVID-19 pandemic)
 Lungs by Duncan Macmillan, directed by Matthew Warchus, starring Matt Smith and Claire Foy (26 June-4 July 2020, Playback 27 January-29 January 2021)
 Three Kings by Stephen Beresford, directed by Matthew Warchus, starring Andrew Scott (29 July-1 August 2020, Playback 2 December-4 December 2020)
 Faith Healer by Brian Friel, directed by Matthew Warchus, starring Michael Sheen, David Threlfall and Indira Varma (16 September-19 September 2020, Playback 20 January-22 January 2021)
 A Christmas Carol, a version by Jack Thorne, directed by Matthew Warchus, starring Andrew Lincoln (12 December-24 December 2020)
 Dr. Seuss's The Lorax adapted for the stage by David Greig, music and lyrics by Charlie Fink, directed by Max Webster, starring Jamael Westman and Audrey Brisson (14 April-17 April 2021, Playback 01 November-02 November 2021)
 The Dumb Waiter by Harold Pinter, directed by Jeremy Herrin, starring David Thewlis and Daniel Mays (07 July-10 July 2021, also with studio audience)
 Bagdad Cafe, adapted and directed by Emma Rice (25 August-28 August 2021, also with studio audience)

2021–22 season
 The Dumb Waiter by Harold Pinter, directed by Jeremy Herrin, starring David Thewlis and Daniel Mays
 Bagdad Cafe, adapted and directed by Emma Rice (17 July-21 August 2021)
 Camp Siegfried by Bess Wohl, directed by Katy Rudd, starring Patsy Ferran and Luke Thallon (07 September-30 October 2021)
 A Christmas Carol, a version by Jack Thorne, directed by Matthew Warchus, starring Stephen Mangan (13 November 2021-08 January 2022)
 A Number by Caryl Churchill, directed by Lyndsey Turner, starring Paapa Essiedu and Lennie James (24 January-19 March 2022)
 The 47th by Mike Bartlett, directed by Rupert Goold, starring Bertie Carvel, Tamarie Tunie and Lydia Wilson (29 March-28 May 2022)
 Jitney by August Wilson, directed by Tinuke Craig, starring Will Johnson and Solomon Israel (09 June-09 July 2022)

2022–23 season
 Eureka Day by Jonathan Spector, directed by Katy Rudd, starring Helen Hunt (06 September-31 October 2022)
 A Christmas Carol, a version by Jack Thorne, directed by Matthew Warchus, starring Owen Teale (12 November 2022-07 January 2023)
 Sylvia, by Kate Prince and Priya Parma, with music by Josh Cohen and DJ Walde, directed by Kate Prince, starring Beverley Knight (27 January-08 April 2023)
 Groundhog Day, by Danny Rubin and Tim Minchin, directed by Matthew Warchus, starring Andy Karl (20 May-19 August 2023)
 Mog the Forgetful Cat, by The Wardrobe Ensemble, adapted from the novel by Judith Kerr, directed by Helena Middleton and Jesse Jones (11 July-29 July 2023)

2023–24 season
 Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw, directed by Richard Jones, starring Bertie Carvel and Patsy Ferran (26 September-28 October 2023)
 A Christmas Carol, a version by Jack Thorne, directed by Matthew Warchus, starring Christopher Eccleston (11 November 2023-06 January 2024)
 Just For One Day by John O'Farrell, directed by Luke Sheppard (26 January-30 March 2024)

References

Sources

Further reading
 Guide to British Theatres 1750–1950, John Earl and Michael Sell pp. 128–9 (Theatres Trust, 2000)

External links

Old Vic Theatre official website
Old Vic archive at the University of Bristol Theatre Collection, University of Bristol
Lilian Baylis archive at the University of Bristol Theatre Collection, University of Bristol
Old Vic Theatre History

1818 establishments in England
Commercial buildings completed in 1818
Theatres in the London Borough of Lambeth
Theatres in the London Borough of Southwark
Producing house theatres in London
Theatres completed in 1818
Grade II* listed buildings in the London Borough of Lambeth
History of the London Borough of Lambeth
Grade II* listed buildings in the London Borough of Southwark
Princess Charlotte of Wales (1796–1817)
Leopold I of Belgium

The Old Vic


Pump is a 2014 documentary film by Josh Tickell and Rebecca Harrell Tickell.  The film begins by exploring the history of petroleum-based fuel consumption, the use of the Internal combustion engine and the geopolitics involved with petroleum. It is primarily focuses on the United States but also includes a segment on the automotive industry in China. The film then explores in-depth on the alternative energy options for vehicles that are either readily available for use or can be on a mass scale. This includes ethanol fuel, methanol fuel, Flexible-fuel vehicles in Brazil, flexible-fuel vehicles in the United States, and electric vehicles including Tesla Motors.

Funding for the film came from Patrón tequila founder John Paul DeJoria, Rhino Films executive Stephen Nemeth and the Fuel Freedom Foundation.

References

External links

2014 films
Documentary films about petroleum
Documentary films about alternative energy
2014 documentary films
2010s English-language films
Films directed by Josh Tickell

Pump (film)


Askar Akayevich Akayev (; ; born 10 November 1944) is a Kyrgyz politician who served as President of Kyrgyzstan from 1990 until being overthrown in the March 2005 Tulip Revolution.

Education and early career
Akayev was born in Kyzyl-Bayrak, Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic. He was the eldest of five sons born into a family of collective farm workers. He became a metalworker at a local factory in 1961. He subsequently moved to Leningrad, where he trained as a physicist and graduated from the Leningrad Institute of Precision Mechanics and Optics in 1967 with an honors degree in mathematics, engineering and computer science. He stayed at the institute until 1976, working as a senior researcher and teacher. In Leningrad he met and in 1970 married Mayram Akayeva with whom he now has two sons and two daughters. They returned to their native Kyrgyzstan in 1977, where he became a senior professor at the Frunze Polytechnic Institute. Some of his later cabinet members were former students and friends from his academic years.

He obtained a doctorate in 1981 from the Moscow Institute of Engineering and Physics, having written his dissertation on holographic systems of storage and transformation of information. In 1984, he became a member of the Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences, rose to vice president of the academy in 1987 and then president of the academy in 1989. He was elected as a deputy in the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in the same year.

Political career

On 25 October 1990, the Kirghiz SSR's Supreme Soviet held elections for the newly created post of president of the republic. Two candidates contested the presidency, President of the Council of Ministers of Kirghiz SSR, Apas Jumagulov, and First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Kirghiz SSR, Absamat Masaliyev. However, neither Jumagulov nor Masaliyev received a majority of the votes cast. In accordance with the Kirghiz SSR's constitution of 1978, both candidates were disqualified and neither could run in the second round of voting.

Two days later, on 27 October, the Supreme Soviet selected Akayev who was effectively a compromise candidate to serve as the republic's first president. In 1991, he was offered the post of vice-president of the Soviet Union by President Mikhail Gorbachev, but refused. Akayev was elected president of the renamed Republic of Kyrgyzstan in an uncontested poll on 12 October 1991. He was reelected twice, amid allegations of ballot rigging, on 24 December 1995 and 29 October 2000.

Akayev was initially seen as an economically right-wing liberal leader. He commented in a 1991 interview that "Although I am a Communist, my basic attitude toward private property is favorable. I believe that the revolution in the sphere of economics was not made by Karl Marx but by Adam Smith." As late as 1993 political analysts saw Akayev as a "prodemocratic physicist." He actively promoted privatization of land and other economic assets and operated a relatively liberal regime compared with the governments of the other Central Asian nations. He was granted lifelong immunity from prosecution by the Lower House of Parliament in 2003.

Akayev was supportive of the Kyrgyzstani Neo-Tengrist movement.

Protests

The first wave of demonstrations took place in mid-March 2002. Azimbek Beknazarov, a member of parliament accused of abuse of power, was due to attend trial taking place in Jalal-Abad. Over 2,000 demonstrators marched on the town where the proceedings were to take place. According to eyewitnesses, police ordered the demonstrators to stop and gave them fifteen minutes to disperse, yet opened fire before this time elapsed. Five men were shot dead; another was killed on the next day. 61 people were injured, including 47 police and 14 civilians.

Riot police clashed with protesters in Bishkek in May during demonstrations in support of Beknazarov. Police in the capital's Parliament square kicked protesters and dragged people away to break up the 200-strong crowd. They made several demands including the resignation of Akayev. This was again repeated in November of the same year when scores were arrested as the opposition marched on the capital. Protests continued, albeit on a smaller scale, at various points over the next few years.

2005 election controversy

Akayev had promised to step down from office when his third term expired in 2005, but the possibility of a dynastical succession had been raised. His son Aidar Akayev and his daughter Bermet Akayeva were candidates in the 2005 legislative election, and it was widely suspected that he was going to retain either de facto power by arranging for the election of a close supporter or relative, or perhaps even by abrogation of the term limit provision in the constitution and remaining in power personally, an allegation which he strongly denied.

The results of the elections were disputed, with allegations of vote-rigging. Two of Akayev's children won seats.  Serious protests broke out in Osh and Jalal-Abad, with protesters occupying administration buildings and the Osh airport.  The government declared that it was ready to negotiate with the demonstrators. However an opposition leader said talks would only be worthwhile if the President himself took part.

Akayev refused to resign, but pledged not to use force to end the protests, which he attributed to foreign interests seeking to provoke a large-scale clamp-down in response.

On 23 March, Akayev announced the dismissal of Interior Minister Bakirdin Subanbekov and General Prosecutor Myktybek Abdyldayev for "poor work" in dealing with the growing protests.

Downfall

On 24 March 2005, protesters stormed the presidential compound in the central square of Bishkek and seized control of the seat of state power after clashing with riot police during a large opposition rally. Opposition supporters also seized control of key cities and towns in the south to press demands that Akayev step down.

That day, Akayev fled the country with his family, reportedly escaping first to Kazakhstan and then to Russia. Russian president Vladimir Putin invited Akayev to stay in Russia. There were early reports that he had tendered his resignation to opposition leaders before his departure. However, his formal resignation did not come until 4 April, when a delegation of members of parliament from Kyrgyzstan met him in Russia.

The Kyrgyz Parliament accepted the resignation on 11 April 2005, after stripping him and his family members of special privileges that had been granted to him by the previous parliament. He was also formally stripped of the title of "First President of Kyrgyzstan".

Current position and activities

Akayev now works as Professor and Senior Researcher of Prigogine Institute for Mathematical Investigations of Complex Systems at Moscow State University. Together with Andrey Korotayev and George Malinetsky he is a coordinator of the Russian Academy of Sciences Program "System Analysis and Mathematical Modeling of World Dynamics". He is also Academic Supervisor of the Centre for Stability and Risk Analysis at the HSE University in Moscow.

In July 2021, Akayev was put on a wanted list for his involvement in operations at the Kumtor Gold Mine. The following month, Akayev returned to Bishkek for the first time in 16 years in order to cooperate with the investigation, expressing his appreciation to President Sadyr Japarov for allowing him to return. In December 2021, the criminal prosecution was discontinued.

In the 2022 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes, Akayev commented on Tajikistan's invasion of Kyrgyz territory. Accusing Emomali Rahmon of a carefully planned and pre-planned act of aggression, Akaev called Rahmon ungrateful and recalled that 30 years ago, during the civil war in Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan provided "the greatest help and political, moral and humanitarian support to the brotherly people of Tajikistan.".

In August 2023, Akaev, in an interview with the Russian television channel Russia Today, stated that Kyrgyzstan "should support Russia" in the invasion of Ukraine. So he answered the journalist's question about the fact that citizens who participated in the hostilities in Ukraine on the side of Russia were convicted in Kyrgyzstan, and what Akaev thinks about this. "I didn't understand the details of this, but I want to say that Kyrgyzstan, as an ally of Russia, and as a member of the Eurasian Economic Union, and a member of the CSTO, of course, must support Russia. And Russia needs it today. It is in such difficult days that an ally is known, "he said.

Honours

Foreign honours
 : Grand Cross (or 1st Class) of the Order of the White Double Cross (2003)
 In 2012 he was awarded with the Gold Kondratieff Medal by the International N. D. Kondratieff Foundation.
  Kazakhstan: Order of Dostyk (2001)

Publications
 Когерентные оптические вычислительные машины (в соавт., Ленинград, 1977).
 Оптические методы обработки информации (в соавт., М., 1983).
 Holographic Memory. New York, NY: Allerton Press, 1997.
 Избранные лекции по оптическим компьютерам. Бишкек, 1996.
 Рельефография. Бишкек, 1996.
 Переходная экономика глазами физика (математическая модель переходной экономики). Бишкек: Учкун, 2000.
 Думая о будущем с оптимизмом: Размышления о внешней политике и мироустройстве. М.: Международные отношения, 2004.
 Современный финансово-экономический кризис в свете теории инновационно-технологического развития экономики и управления инновационным процессом // Системный мониторинг. Глобальное и региональное развитие. М.: Editorial URSS, 2009. . С. 141–162.
 О новой методологии долгосрочного циклического прогнозирования динамики развития мировой системы и России // Прогноз и моделирование кризисов и мировой динамики. — М.: ЛИБРОКОМ, 2009. С. 5-69.
 Log-Periodic Oscillation Analysis Forecasts the Burst of the «Gold Bubble» // Structure and Dynamics 4/3 (2010): 1-11 (with Alexey Fomin, Sergey Tsirel, and Andrey Korotayev).
 Моделирование и прогнозирование мировой динамики. М.: ИСПИ РАН, 2012.
 On the dynamics of the world demographic transition and financial-economic crises forecasts // The European Physical Journal 205, 355-373 (2012) (with Viktor Sadovnichy & Andrey Korotayev).
 Global Inflation Dynamics: regularities & forecasts  // Structure and Dynamics 5/3 (2012): 1-15 (with Andrey Korotayev and Alexey Fomin).
 Technological development and protest waves: Arab spring as a trigger of the global phase transition // Technological Forecasting & Social Change 116 (2017): 316–321 (with Andrey Korotayev).

See also
Politics of Kyrgyzstan

References

External links
Biography by CIDOB Foundation
"Kyrgyz leader formally resigns" (SBS World News, 2005-04-05)
Askar Akayev's research group predicts the burst of the "Gold Bubble"
Askar Akaev forecasts the collapse of dollar in December 2012

1944 births
Living people
Presidents of Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstani scientists
Academicians of the Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences
Kyrgyzstani economists
Kyrgyzstani expatriates in Russia
Exiled politicians
Kyrgyzstani exiles
Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Members of the Tajik Academy of Sciences
Communist Party of Kirghizia politicians
Members of the Central Committee of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
N. D. Kondratieff Medal laureates
People from Chüy Region
Recipients of the Medal of Pushkin
Academic staff of Kyrgyz Technical University
Academic staff of Moscow State University

Askar Akayev


Emmett Miller (February 2, 1900 – March 29, 1962) was an American minstrel show performer and recording artist known for his falsetto, yodel-like voice. Miller was a major influence on many country music singers, including Hank Williams, Jimmie Rodgers, Bob Wills, Milton Brown, Tommy Duncan, and Merle Haggard. His music provides a link among old-time Southern music, minstrelsy, jazz, and Western swing.

Life
Miller was born on February 2, 1900, in Macon, Georgia. His early life is largely undocumented, but it generally is acknowledged that he was performing in minstrel shows by the time he was in his early 20s. His first recordings were released by Okeh Records in 1924. His backup group, the Georgia Crackers, included in the 1930s the noted jazz musicians Tommy Dorsey, Jimmy Dorsey, Gene Krupa, and Eddie Lang. Miller continued to perform in minstrel shows until he was well into his 50s, long after they had fallen out of fashion. He returned to Macon, where he died in 1962. He was buried in Fort Hill Cemetery.

Legacy
Miller's influence on early country music is most apparent in Hank Williams's cover of the 1922 Friend–Mills song "Lovesick Blues" and Bob Wills's recording of "I Ain't Got Nobody", both of which closely resemble Miller's versions, and George Strait's Western Swing cover of "Right or Wrong". Merle Haggard, Van Dyke Parks, Ry Cooder, Leon Redbone, Louis Prima, Van Halen and their frontman David Lee Roth have recorded Miller's songs.

"Emmett Miller: An Obscure Minstrel Yodeler Who Changed Music Forever", a biography from author/filmmaker Jack Norton, has been an Amazon best-seller.

Sources

References

External links
Profile on Red Hot Jazz (includes numerous audio files)
[ Emmett Miller entry on Allmusic]
Emmett Miller on Myspace

Blackface minstrel performers
1900 births
1962 deaths
Yodelers
Vaudeville performers
Musicians from Macon, Georgia
20th-century American singers
20th-century American male singers

Emmett Miller


James Dickson (3 February 1784 – 17 November 1855) was a Scottish-Swedish merchant, industrialist, banker and philanthropist active in Gothenburg, Sweden. He served as a kommerseråd (member of the Swedish National Board of Trade).

Life

James Dickson was the son of the merchant James Dickson and Christina Murray, the brother of Robert Dickson, and the father of James Jameson Dickson and Oscar Dickson.

James Dickson was first employed in the Dickson family office in Edinburgh in 1798, but emigrated to Sweden in 1809, seven years after his older brother Robert, and settled in Gothenburg, where he was granted Swedish citizenship on 1 March 1810. He was an ambitious businessman, who in 1816 founded the firm James Dickson & Co, one of the wealthiest of the many Gothenburg trading companies.

Dickson served as principal of the Gothenburg Savings Bank (1829-1833) and in 1831 he became a member of the Health Committee of Gothenburg, created to deal with the expected arrival of cholera (which indeed came to Gothenburg in 1834, the first cases in Sweden).

He was one of the founders of the Trädgårdsföreningen (Garden Society) of Gothenburg.

In 1814 he married Margaret Eleanor Bagge (1795-1857), and the family lived at Södra Hamngatan 5. The house was built around 1805 for the Councillor Carl Bagge (1754-1818) and was subsequently transferred to his son in law James Dickson Sr. It was used as the office and residence of the family until the early 1860s.

References

1784 births
1855 deaths
19th-century Scottish businesspeople
19th-century Swedish businesspeople
People from Montrose, Angus
People from Gothenburg
Scottish company founders
Scottish bankers
Scottish emigrants to Sweden
Scottish industrialists
Scottish merchants
Scottish philanthropists
Swedish bankers
Swedish industrialists
Swedish merchants
Swedish philanthropists
19th-century British philanthropists

James Dickson (merchant)


The Second Cornish uprising occurred in September 1497 when the pretender to the throne Perkin Warbeck landed at Whitesand Bay, near Land's End, on 7 September with just 120 men in two ships.

Warbeck had seen the potential of the Cornish unrest in the First Cornish rebellion of 1497 even though the Cornish had been defeated at the Battle of Deptford Bridge on 17 June 1497. Warbeck proclaimed that he would put a stop to extortionate taxes levied to help fight a war against Scotland and was warmly welcomed in Cornwall. His wife, Lady Catharine, was left in the safety of St Michael's Mount and when he decided to attack Exeter his supporters declared him 'Richard IV' on Bodmin Moor. Most of the Cornish gentry supported Warbeck's cause after their setback previously in June of that year and on 17 September a Cornish army some 6,000 strong entered Exeter, where the walls were badly damaged, before advancing on Taunton.

Henry VII sent his chief general, Giles, Lord Daubeney, to attack the Cornish and when Warbeck heard that the King's scouts were at Glastonbury he panicked and deserted his army. Warbeck was captured at Beaulieu Abbey in Hampshire, where he surrendered. Henry VII reached Taunton on 4 October 1497, where he received the surrender of the remaining Cornish army. The ringleaders were executed and others fined an enormous total of £13,000. 'King Richard' was imprisoned, first, at Taunton, then in London, where he was 'paraded through the streets on horseback amid much hooting and derision of the citizens'.
On 23 November 1499 Warbeck was drawn on a hurdle from the Tower to Tyburn, London, where he read out a 'confession' and was hanged.

See also

Cornish rebellion of 1497

References

Uprising
Cornish
1497 in England
Conflicts in 1497
15th-century rebellions
Uprising
Military history of Cornwall
Uprising
Uprising
Battles involving England
Popular revolt in late-medieval Europe
Tudor rebellions
Henry VII of England
Perkin Warbeck

Second Cornish uprising of 1497


Michael Kidron (20 September 1930 – 25 March 2003) was a British cartographer. He was one of the early founders of the International Socialists (forerunners of the Socialist Workers Party; SWP) through the 1960s and 1970s, and the first editor of International Socialism journal. He is perhaps best remembered for writing The State of the World Atlas, jointly with Ronald Segal and Dan Smith.

Early life and career
Kidron was born on 20 September 1930 in South Africa to a family of Zionists, but joined his parents in Palestine just after the Second World War, and soon rejected Zionism. After schooling in Tel Aviv, he studied economics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Following emigration to the United Kingdom, he was accepted for doctoral studies at Balliol College, Oxford in 1955 under the supervision of Thomas Balogh.

Kidron became a theoretician in the Socialist Review Group (SRG) and was to be found in the extended family of Tony Cliff, who had married Kidron's sister Chanie Rosenberg, which was the informal core of the group. He would also serve as editor and writer on various group publications through these early years.

It is Kidron's name that appears as publisher of the first public edition of Cliff's work State Capitalism in Russia which was published in 1955. A small pamphlet on automation appeared in 1956, which although not dissimilar to the ideas of the Johnson-Forest Tendency or Socialisme ou Barbarie did not simply dismiss existing workers organisations as these tended to do. From then on, Kidron was a major source of theoretical writing within the SRG and later the Socialist Workers Party.

Economic writings
Among Kidron's many writings were Western Capitalism Since the War and Capitalism and Theory (1968). His main contribution was to develop the theory of the permanent arms economy, which argued that capitalism had been temporarily stabilised by the production of arms, which acted as a counter tendency to the falling rate of profit. Crisis, then, was not eliminated from the system, but merely postponed. This came at a time when other tendencies were emblazoning their publications with banner headlines proclaiming that capitalism had entered its final crisis. Related to this was the conception that state capitalism was a distinct period within the imperialist stage of capitalism and not simply a new label to be plastered upon the Russian state.

These ideas and experience of the workers movement in Britain were to develop a deeply rooted understanding in Kidron's writings that the revolutionary movement must be democratic in order to fit the working class to rule. The PAE also meant that this analysis was reflected in the understanding of the IS that the 'locus of reformism' had moved from parliamentary bodies to the shop floor. In short workers were seeking gains through localised class struggle at the point of production where the institution of the elected and recallable shop steward was key. The task of revolutionaries was to generalise and politicise such struggles.

Kidron was critical of the move within IS to a more traditionally democratic centralist structure in the wake of the events of 1968, and as IS grew, he moved away from its core, both physically, obtaining an academic post in Kingston upon Hull, and politically. Nonetheless, he took no direct part in the factional struggle which saw a split in the central IS cadre in 1975.

Later work
Kidron's last major articles in the journal International Socialism cast doubt on his own earlier work, but without renouncing Marxism as so many former revolutionaries would during the downturn of class struggle that marked the 1980s. Yet following a debate in the pages of International Socialism with Chris Harman, who defended what is now the traditional IS position, Kidron was to leave active revolutionary politics.

He was closely associated with Pluto Press since the early 1970s (IS had helped set up the company in its first period), and his talents were expended on works such as The State of the World Atlas ( in its 9th edition), and The War Atlas ( in its 4th edition), both with Dan Smith. Kidron remained a Marxist committed to changing the world and therefore understood the necessity of developing a theoretical understanding of how the world works precisely in order to change it. His final article appeared in the Autumn 2002 issue of International Socialism on "The Decline of Capitalism", and spoke of a sure and certain knowledge that another world is not just possible but demanded. As ever, the revolutionary role of the working class in the core countries of capitalism was reasserted and the goal of a communist society reaffirmed.

Mike Kidron had five children; Adam, Beeban, Cassia, Petra and Ruby.

Kidron died on 25 March 2003 at the age of 72.

References

External links
Michael Kidron Internet Archive
Michael Kidron, "Failing growth and rampant costs: two ghosts in the machine of modern capitalism", International Socialism Journal, Issue 96, Winter 2002
Ian Birchall, "Michael Kidron (1930–2003)", International Socialism Journal, Issue 99, Summer 2003
Chris Harman, Permanent Legacy (Mike Kidron obituary) , Socialist Review, Issue 273, April 2003
"Marxist Political Economy and the Crisis" (June 1974 speech), International Socialism, 4 October 2006
Modern Capitalism (July 1977 speech), International Socialism, 162, 18 April 2019.
Michael Kidron's Marxism Interview with Richard Kuper and John Palmer, International Socialism 165, 10 January 2020.

1930 births
2003 deaths
Anti-Zionist Jews
Marxist theorists
Socialist Workers Party (UK) members
South African Jews
British Trotskyists
British Jews
Jewish socialists
Theorists on Western civilization

Michael Kidron


The Mirror is a 2014 British found footage horror film that was directed and written by Edward Boase. The movie had its world premiere on 8 September 2014 at the London FrightFest Film Festival and is based upon a 2013 news article based around a purportedly haunted mirror that left its owners "dogged by bad luck, financial misery, strange sightings and illness".

Plot
Flatmates Jemma, Matt, and Steve have decided to purchase a haunted mirror off of eBay in the hopes of winning the James Randi Foundation's Paranormal Challenge. If they can show proof of supernatural or paranormal activity that can hold up under scientific testing, they will win a million dollars. After receiving the mirror, the trio sets up cameras to record any and all events that occur around the mirror, only to find that this may prove fatal.

Cast
Jemma Dallender as Jemma
Joshua Dickinson as Matt
Nate Fallows as Steve

Reception
Nerdly panned the movie, writing "There are some note-worthy scenes of gore in The Mirror, one of which is completely spoiled by the films poster/DVD cover may I add, but even the most graphic of scenes can't save what is a dull, mundane and ultimately annoying, horror movie." In contrast, Total Film nominated the film for two of their annual "Total Film Frightfest Awards", Best Found-Footage Horror and Scariest Movie.

References

External links

2014 horror films
2014 films
British horror films
Found footage films
Camcorder films
British mockumentary films
2010s psychological horror films
2010s English-language films
2010s British films

The Mirror (2014 film)


Wolf of the Plains (2007) is a historical novel from English author Conn Iggulden. It is the first book in the Conqueror series based on the Mongols of the Asian steppes. It is titled Genghis: Birth of an Empire in the United States.

After completing the Emperor series on the life of Julius Caesar, Iggulden began research for his next series of books, based on the life of Mongol warlord Genghis Khan. In the author's note of the book, Iggulden explains he traveled to rural Mongolia during his research.

Plot summary
The narrative follows the early life of Temujin, the second son of Yesugei, the khan of the Mongolian "Wolves" tribe. His father is attacked by assassins and soon dies from his injuries. Yesugei's first bondsman, Eeluk, assumes control of the tribe. Fearing the sons of the former khan may contest his leadership when they reach adulthood, Eeluk banishes Temujin's family from the tribe, leaving them to fend for themselves on the harsh Steppes. The expectation was that Temujin's family would perish in the unforgiving winter, but Temujin, along with his mother Hoelun, his four brothers Bekter, Khasar, Kachiun, Temüge, and his baby sister Temulun, survived against all the odds, albeit in poverty. In an argument over food, Temujin kills his older brother Bekter, much to his mother's anguish.

After a few years of trading with other wandering families, the family establish a small home. But the Wolf tribe return to the area, and advanced riders, sent by Eeluk to ensure the family had perished, capture Temujin. He is taken back to the tribe where he is tortured, and kept in a pit, in preparation for a ritual murder. He is freed by Arslan and Jelme, father and son wanderers who joined the Wolves after looking for Yesugei, whom Arslan owed a debt. They join Temujin and his family and begin a new tribe, accepting other wandering families into their protection. Temujin assumes the role of khan.

Temujin returns to the Olkhunut to claim his wife Borte. Shortly after, Borte is captured by a Tartar raiding party. Temujin and his brothers chase down the captors and murder them, recovering Borte. The small army retaliates with repeated raids on Tartar camps. The Tartars respond by sending armies to crush the new menace. It is then that a Chin emissary approaches Temujin with an offer from Toghrul, Khan of the Kerait. Temujin joins his small fledgling tribe with Toghrul's, and leads a joint army to advance on the Tartars. It is in the following battle that Temujin begins to show outstanding tactical abilities, as the Mongols ease to victory. Upon interrogating a Tartar prisoner, Temujin learns that the leader of the Olkhunut conspired with the Chin to lead the Tartar assassins to his father. He also learns that a massive Tartar army is advancing into Mongol lands.

Temujin returns to the Kerait, then travels to the Olkhunut tribe, where he murders the khan in his ger and assumes leadership of the tribe, and takes them back to join the Kerait. The Mongol alliance prepares for battle, when they are joined by the Wolves. Temujin and Eeluk agree to settle their feud upon victory over the Tartars. Under Temujin's faultless leadership and strategy, the Tartar army is crushed. As the battle ends, Temujin and Eeluk fight, with Temujin emerging victorious. He claims leadership of the Wolves and takes the warriors back to the Kerait.

Fearing an inevitable challenge to his leadership, Toghrul sends assassins to Temujin's ger. The attempt is unsuccessful, and Toghrul is banished out of the unified tribe. Temujin proclaims himself khan of all Mongol tribes and bestows the name Genghis upon himself.

Historical accuracy
The source material for the book is The Secret History of the Mongols. As with the Emperor series before it, Iggulden sometimes strays from historical sources for the purpose of storytelling. Some of the differences are described in an author's note at the end of the book.

In addition to differences to some names of characters and tribes, some major inaccuracies include: Borte was captured by the Merkit tribe, not the Tartars; and she was held captive for several months, rather than a few weeks; Temujin's childhood enslavement by the Ta'yichiut, also lasting several months, is not described; however, some elements of his escape (being liberated by a sympathetic member of the capturing tribe, but then returning to their home to hide) is incorporated into the fictional account of his capture by the "Wolves"; Temujin's childhood friend, blood-brother, and major rival Jamuka is excluded from the story; the relationship between Temujin and Toghrul is simplified: it is not mentioned that he and Yesugei were Anda and the omission of the influence Toghrul's son Senggum had on their relationship; and the influence of the Chin emissary is entirely fictional.

Publication details
2007, UK, HarperCollins (), Pub date 2 January 2007, hardback (First edition)

Reviews
The Guardian, February 17, 2007
The Hindu, May 6, 2007

Footnotes

2007 British novels
Conqueror (novel series)
Novels set in the 12th century
Novels set in Mongol Empire
HarperCollins books

Wolf of the Plains


W.M. Hunt is a photography collector, curator and consultant who lives and works in New York.

Career

Collection
Hunt has been collecting photos since the 1960s. In October of 2020, a group of over 100 "anti-portraits," collected by Hunt for over 40 years, were available for sale at Christies. Notable photographers included in this collection are Robert Mapplethorpe, Weegee, Irving Penn, Walker Evans, Diane Arbus, John Guttman, Richard Avedon, Albert Renger Patzch, Ralph Eugene Meatyard, Sally Mann, Erwin Blumenfeld, and many others.

Books
His book "The Unseen Eye: Photographs from the Unconscious" was published in 2011 by Aperture (US) and Thames & Hudson (UK) and by Actes Sud as "L'Oeil Invisible" in France.  It focuses on his "Collection Dancing Bear".  "Hunt's Three Ring Circus: American Groups before 1950," "Huddled Masses" and "Troop/Troupe" were published by Dancing Bear Books in 2014 and 2018 respectively.  He collaborated on "two narcissists walk into a bar" with Gerald Slota in 2019 (also Dancing Bear Books).

He has written for monographs on Bill Armstrong (with whom he collaborated on a performance piece "Thinking in Color"), Mark Beard, Luca Campigotto, Ahmet Ertug, Andy Freeberg, Manuel Geerinck, Larry Gianettino, Michael Grecco, Ron Haviv, Josef Hoflehner, Bohnchang Koo, David Julian Leonard, Martino Marangoni, Lauren Marsolier, Erwin Olaf, Jeff Sheng, Mickey Smith, Phillip Toledano, Paolo Ventura, and Frank Yamrus.

He made his major publishing debut when guest edited "delirium," an issue of the quarterly Aperture (No. 148, Summer 1997).

His writing also appears in Aperture's The Photo Book Review, PDN (Photo District News), Daylight, PhotoVision, Portfolio, Next Level, SPOT, etc.

Hunt was a founding supporter and a frequent contributor to L'Oeil de la Photographie.

Speaker
Hunt was an adjunct professor at The School of Visual Arts, and he continues to give workshops at Aperture, ICP, Maine Media Workshop and universities and art fairs.  For more than twenty years he organized and moderated the "Your Picture ... " series for PDN at Photo Expo.

His talks and workshops on photography are variously titled "How I Look at Photographs", "How to Get What You Want" (with the artist Cig Harvey), "The Unseen Eye: A Life in Photographs and other digressions ...", "A Conversation in Color" and "The Walls of the Dancing Bear Cave or $#!? Lugged Home" in the US and internationally.

Dealer
Founding partner of the photography gallery Hasted Hunt in Chelsea, Manhattan, and former director of photography at Ricco/Maresca gallery, W.M. Hunt debuted and represented artists including Lillian Bassman, Wilson "Snowflake" Bentley, Edward Burtynsky, Elinor Carucci, Lynne Cohen, Luc Delahaye, Julian Faulhaber, Andreas Gefeller, Larry Gianettino, Jean-Paul Goude, Luis Mallo, Michael Martone, Lisette Model, James Mollison, Erwin Olaf, Eugene Richards, Martin Schoeller, Gerald Slota, Eric Solomon, Paulo Ventura, VII (Photo Agency), Alex Webb, Joel-Peter Witkin and Michael Wolf. Further he organized survey shows including "BOOM!", "Bird," "Colour Before Color (curated by Martin Parr), "Family," "Stripes and Stars: The American Flag in Outsider and Folk Art and Photography," and "Humankind" through the lens of (the photo agency) VII.

Other
Hunt has been Chief Judge and Host of the SONY World Photography Organization Awards in London as well as judge or nominator for World Press Photo, Prix Pictet, Critical Mass, Getty Images, PDN, etc. as well as a portfolio reviewer at Houston's Fotofest, The New York Times Portfolio Review, Photo Lucida, Photo NOLA, Format UK, etc.

Hunt is on the board of directors of the W. Eugene Smith Memorial Fund and has served on the boards of The Center for Photography at Woodstock (Vision Award 2009), AIPAD (Association of International Photography Art Dealers) and as past Chairman of Photographers + Friends United Against AIDS and The Harry M. Stevens family Foundation.

He is a former actor whose last stage performance was in "The Rise of David Levinsky" (1987) and on film in "The Bonfire of the Vanities" (1990). He is featured as himself in "The Many Sad Fates of Philip Toledano" (2015).

Exhibitions

"Delirium" Ricco/Maresca, New York, 1995
"Grace" The Center for Photography at Woodstock, 1996
"Sans Regard or No Eyes: Photographs from W.M. Hunt / Collection Dancing Bear" Rencontres de la Photographie, Arles, France, 2005
"San Regard: La Collection Dancing Bear de W.M. Hunt" Musée de l'Élysée, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2006
"Eye: The Dancing Bear Collection of W.M. Hunt" Foam Fotografiemuseum Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2007
"VII @ Galapagos" New York Photo Festival, New York, 2008
"RE: groups" Houston Center for Photography, Houston, 2010
"The Unseen Eye" Appleton Museum of Art, Florida, 2010
"I Get A Sickening Feeling Every Time I Think Of It - Ten from 2010" VII Gallery, DUMBO, Brooklyn, 2010
"Photographs from the W.M. Hunt Collection exhibition George Eastman House"

References

External links
 Conscientious Extended: A Conversation with Bill Hunt
 MOSSLESS Interviews: WM Hunt (video)
 Ciel Variable: Hide and Seek in a Photograph Collection
 World Photo Org's Real Stories: Interview with Bill Hunt (video)
 France 2: Le Festival De Photos D'Arles (video) (French)
 Rencontres de la Photographie à Arles 2005 / I am the collection / W.M. Hunt
 New York Photo Festival 2008 / Interview with Bill Hunt (video)
 WM Hunt

Living people
Photography curators
Year of birth missing (living people)

W. M. Hunt


The current incarnation of  E! is a Canadian English language specialty channel owned by Bell Media. Based on the U.S. cable network of the same name, E! is devoted to entertainment programming including news, film, television, celebrities and fashion. Comcast / NBCUniversal licenses the name and programming for the channel under a brand licensing agreement, but it doesn't hold an ownership interest.

The network was originally launched in 1999 as the similarly formatted Star!, under the ownership of CHUM Limited. In 2010, the channel reached a deal to license the name and branding of the U.S. E! network (following a short-lived incarnation as a television system formerly known as CH).

History
The channel was licensed in 1996 by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission and was launched on September 10, 1999 as Star!, which was originally owned by CHUM Limited.

In July 2006, Bell Globemedia (later renamed CTVglobemedia) announced that it would purchase CHUM for an estimated $1.7 billion CAD, including Star!. The sale was subject to CRTC approval and was approved in June 2007, with the transaction completed on June 22, 2007. That fall, Star!'s daily entertainment news program Star! Daily was cancelled and replaced with its CTV-produced competitor, etalk. As a result of the changes, the Citytv stations were sold to Rogers Media that same year.

The channel broadcast programming from the equivalent U.S. cable channel E! until 2007 (thus the likely nod to that agreement with the exclamation mark as part of its name), when that channel licensed its name to Global's secondary television system CH and transferred its programming to that service, which became known as E!. Although the broadcast version of E! Canada ceased operations in 2009, Canwest is believed to have retained Canadian rights to E! (U.S.) programming (despite not airing it on any of its channels), preventing these series from returning to Star! Instead, the channel's schedule in these earliest days consisted mostly of second-run talk shows and entertainment news shows repeated from CTV and its secondary A system (formerly A-Channel, now CTV Two), including FashionTelevision, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, The Ellen DeGeneres Show and TMZ.

On November 1, 2010, CTVglobemedia announced it had signed a multi-year and multi-platform deal with Comcast, to return the E! brand back to Canada. Under the agreement, Star! was relaunched as E!: Entertainment Television on November 29, 2010. Ownership changed hands again, when on April 1, 2011, Bell Canada gained full control of E! as a result of a takeover of CTVglobemedia, with the latter company becoming known as Bell Media.

At the U.S. E!'s upfronts presentation on April 30, 2012, the network unveiled a new logo and slogan, "Pop of Culture", to debut on July 9, 2012. On the same day, Bell announced that the Canadian version of the channel would adopt E!'s new branding on the same day as its debut in the U.S. The network launched its high definition operations on July 12, 2012.

Logos

Programs

While E! is very similar to its American counterpart, it also incorporates reruns of shows that have aired on other Bell Media services including, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Reign, Being Human, and Supernatural.

References

External links

E! System - Canadian Communications Foundation

Bell Media networks
E! Canada
E!
Analog cable television networks in Canada
Television channels and stations established in 1999
English-language television stations in Canada
1999 establishments in Canada

E! (Canadian TV channel)


Stanley Park Aerodrome was an airfield located in the Stanley Park area of Blackpool, Lancashire, England. It was also known as Blackpool Municipal Airport, and was in use for civil and military flying from 1929 until closure of the airfield in 1947. The site is now used by Blackpool Zoo.

Early history
Despite the existence of the Squires Gate site, now Blackpool Airport, which had been used intermittently for flying since October 1909, Blackpool Corporation decided in 1928 to build a new airfield close to Stanley Park. The aerodrome was located  east south east of North Pier at an elevation of  above sea level.

It occupied  of a  site acquired by the corporation for aviation and sports use under the Blackpool Improvement Act 1928. The aerodrome was completed, licensed and opened for use in August 1929. After the erection in early 1931 of a hangar and a clubhouse and offices with an observation/control tower on top, the aerodrome was officially opened on 2 June 1931 by the prime minister Ramsay MacDonald. The all-grass airfield's surface was small, with the longest landing run available (NW/SE) being  in length.

Early operations

For the first few years the airfield was used aircraft owned by private individuals and flying clubs. These were housed in an art deco hangar and terminal building, parts of which still survive in use within Blackpool Zoo. On 15 June 1932, T. Neville Stack departed from the aerodrome at the controls of Spartan Mailplane G-ABLI on the first leg of a flight to Karachi, India, carrying two passengers. After being named Blackpool, the aircraft was given a civic send-off and reached Drigh Road aerodrome 5 days 23 hours 50 minutes later.

A public Air Pageant was held at Stanley Park on 26 June 1932. Another public event was held on 7 September 1935 during which Alan Cobhams National Aviation Day Circus performed. Pleasure flights were available to the public, but tragedy ensued when an Avro 504 biplane of Air Travel Ltd collided over the outskirts of Blackpool, with Cobham's Westland Wessex monoplane. The pilot and two sisters from Blackpool were killed in the Avro, but the pilot of the Wessex skillfully brought his aircraft and four passengers to a non-fatal crash-landing.

Inter-war airline operations

United Airways Ltd

The first scheduled air services from Stanley Park Aerodrome were operated by the short-lived United Airways to Hall Caine Airport, Isle of Man, during the summer of 1935 using eight-seat de Havilland Dragons. During summer 1935, United Airways flew an ex Imperial Airways Armstrong Whitworth Argosy G-AACJ on pleasure flights from the airfield and on occasion, when passenger numbers warranted, to the Isle of Man (Hall Caine). The Argosy was a large three-engined 20-seat biplane airliner, which had been built in 1929.

Whitehall Securities Corporation, owners of United Airways and their sister airline Spartan Air Lines began to build on their fledgling operation, introducing a schedule from London (Heston Aerodrome) via Stanley Park Aerodrome, Hall Caine and then onwards to Dublin (Collinstown).

Railway Air Services
Railway Air Services (RAS) had operated schedules from Squires Gate from April 1935, but their flights moved to Stanley Park Aerodrome on 1 June 1937. From 26 September 1937, RAS operations from Blackpool were transferred to Isle of Man Air Services (IoMAS) and these continued until the outbreak of World War II, again operated by Dragon Rapides. Some RAS/IoMAS scheduled flights from Ronaldsway Airport, Isle of Man continued from Stanley Park Aerodrome to Speke Airport, Liverpool and Manchester's Barton Aerodrome.

The scheduled services through Stanley Park Aerodrome were not resumed after the war, the now larger Squires Gate airfield again being used.

Operations in World War II
The airfield was requisitioned at the start of the war and was initially used by the Royal Air Force No.3 School of Technical Training, which used various types of grounded aircraft, including Armstrong Whitworth Whitleys, which were dispersed around the airfield boundary.

Vickers-Armstrongs (VA) established a major aircraft shadow factory at Squires Gate in 1940 for the production of large numbers of Vickers Wellington medium bombers. Vickers took over most of the existing facilities at Stanley Park Aerodrome and used them, and five newly erected temporary Bellman hangars, to house a secondary assembly line. Because of the airfield's short grass runways, the Wellingtons landed at the larger Squires Gate facility after their maiden flights. A total of 2,584 Wellingtons were completed at the two Blackpool aerodromes between September 1940 and summer 1945.

Lancashire Aircraft Corporation (LAC) established an aircraft repair line at Stanley Park Aerodrome which overhauled Bristol Beaufighters for return to service with the RAF. Later, some Hawker Hurricanes were flown in and reduced to scrap metal. No.181 Gliding School RAF used Kirby Cadet gliders at Stanley Park Aerodrome between 1943 and 1947 to train air cadets.

Postwar activities

A limited amount of charter flying was performed from Stanley Park Aerodrome during early 1946 by LAC using de Havilland Dragon Rapide biplane airliners. However, the airline transferred to the better facilities at Squires Gate and flying from Stanley Park Aerodrome ceased in 1947.

However, although seemingly undocumented, the airfield was busy after that date. The 1952 Aerial Survey of the UK shows the runways still visible and numerous aircraft around the hangars waiting to be scrapped. There are at least 35 folded wing Seafires visible with 13 dispersal stains showing where aircraft have been removed for scrapping. In addition there are around 30 Spitfires/Seafires and at least 6 other aircraft to be seen in the photograph.

Until 1970, the site was used to stage the Royal Lancashire Agricultural Show. In that year, the site was acquired for the construction of Blackpool Zoo, which opened to the public in 1972. Several extra large buildings were erected, with the pre-war aerodrome terminal building and hangar and three wartime hangars also being utilised by the zoo.

References

Bibliography

Airports in Lancashire
Defunct airports in England
Buildings and structures in Blackpool

Stanley Park Aerodrome


Fission Wall () is a granite cliff,  high, on the north face of Mount Griffith, Hays Mountains, in the Queen Maud Mountains of Antarctica. The feature was climbed on November 16, 1987, by a United States Antarctic Research Program – Arizona State University geological party led by Edmund Stump. The name derives from granite samples collected on the wall at  spacing for dating by the fission-track method.

References

Cliffs of the Ross Dependency
Amundsen Coast

Fission Wall


Dharampur is a small town cum Railway Station in  Aligarh to Moradabad Railway line.  It is located in Bulandshahr District of Uttar Pradesh, India. Nearest town Dibai is only 7 km away and Aligarh is 35 km away.

The Railway code of Dharampur Station in "DMPR".

Before India's independence, during the British Raj, Dharampur was an estate (jagir), and it belonged to jagirdars of Lalkhani Muslim Rajput clan.

References

Cities and towns in Bulandshahr district
Zamindari estates

Dharampur, Bulandshahr


The Chesapeake Raid was an American Revolutionary War campaign by British naval forces under the command of Commodore Sir George Collier and land forces led by Major General Edward Mathew.  Between 10 May and 24 May 1779 these forces raided economic and military targets up and down Chesapeake Bay. The speed with which the British moved caught many of the bay's communities by surprise, so there was little to no resistance. The British destroyed economically important supplies of tobacco and coal, and destroyed naval ships, port facilities, and storehouses full of military supplies.

References
Russell, David. The American Revolution in the Southern Colonies

Conflicts in 1779
Battles in the Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War 1775–1779
Battles of the American Revolutionary War in Maryland
Battles of the American Revolutionary War in Virginia
Battles involving Great Britain
Battles involving the United States
1779 in Maryland
1779 in Virginia
Military raids

Chesapeake raid


The Dance/Mix Show Airplay (formerly Hot Dance Airplay) chart is a monitored chart in Billboard Magazine. It tracks airplay from radio stations in the United States. The chart was started on August 16, 2003 (as a unpublished chart). It became official the week of October 25, 2003. At first it had six stations who programed a full-time Dance format. In 2008 it became exclusive-only to Billboard. The chart was renamed to Dance/Mix Show Airplay in November 2011. This is when it made its playlist available for viewing on BDS Radio's website. This included the selected Top 40, Rhythmic, and Adult Top 40 stations who submit their mix show hours to Billboard. A modified version was added to Billboard's website in January 2013. It featured  15 songs. Originally featuring 25 charted titles when it started in 2003, it was expanded finally to 40 songs in December 2014. It is available from Billboard and from BDS.

The first number one single on this chart was "Crazy In Love". It was by Beyoncé featuring Jay-Z for the week ending August 16, 2003 (Billboard would later the unpublished chart official in August 2018). When Billboard made the chart official the week ending October 25, 2003, "Just The Way You Are" by Milky was the first number-one single in the published chart.

References

Other websites
Billboard Dance/Mix Show Airplay

Billboard charts

Dance/Mix Show Airplay


Gabriel Honoré Marcel (7 December 1889 – 8 October 1973) was a French philosopher, playwright, music critic and leading Christian existentialist. The author of over a dozen books and at least thirty plays, Marcel's work focused on the modern individual's struggle in a technologically dehumanizing society. Though often regarded as the first French existentialist, he dissociated himself from figures such as Jean-Paul Sartre, preferring the term philosophy of existence or neo-Socrateanism to define his own thought. The Mystery of Being is a well-known two-volume work authored by Marcel.

Early life and education
Marcel was born on 7 December 1889 in Paris, France. His mother Laure Meyer, who was Jewish, died when he was young and he was brought up by his aunt and father, Henry Marcel.  When he was eight he moved for a year where his father was minister plenipotentiary.

Marcel completed his DES thesis (, roughly equivalent to an MA thesis) and obtained the agrégation in philosophy from the Sorbonne in 1910, at the unusually young age of 20.  During the First World War he worked as head of the Information Service, organized by the Red Cross to convey news of injured soldiers to their families. He taught in secondary schools, was a drama critic for various literary journals, and worked as an editor for Plon, the major French Catholic publisher.<ref name="stanford">Gabriel (-Honoré) Marcel, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'</ref>

Marcel was the son of an agnostic, and was himself not a member of any organized religion until his conversion to Catholicism in 1929. Marcel was opposed to anti-Semitism and supported reaching out to non-Catholics.

He died 8 October 1973 in Paris.

Existential themes
He is often classified as one of the earliest existentialists, although he dreaded being placed in the same category as Jean-Paul Sartre; Marcel came to prefer the label neo-Socratic (possibly because of Søren Kierkegaard, the father of Christian existentialism, who was a neo-Socratic thinker himself). While Marcel recognized that human interaction often involved objective characterisation of "the other", he still asserted the possibility of "communion" – a state where both individuals can perceive each other's subjectivity.

In The Existential Background of Human Dignity, Marcel refers to a play he had written in 1913 entitled Le Palais de Sable, in order to provide an example of a person who was unable to treat others as subjects.

Roger Moirans, the central character of the play, is a politician, a conservative who is dedicated to defending the rights of Catholicism against free thought. He has set himself up as the champion of traditional monarchy and has just achieved a great success in the city council where he has attacked the secularism of public schools. It is natural enough that he should be opposed to the divorce of his daughter Therese, who wants to leave her unfaithful husband and start her life afresh. In this instance he proves himself virtually heartless; all his tenderness goes out to his second daughter, Clarisse, whom he takes to be spiritually very much like himself. But now Clarisse tells him that she has decided to take the veil and become a Carmelite. Moirans is horrified by the idea that this creature, so lovely, intelligent, and full of life, might go and bury herself in a convent and he decides to do his utmost to make her give up her intention... Clarisse is deeply shocked; her father now appears to her as an impostor, virtually as a deliberate fraud...

In this case, Moirans is unable to treat either of his daughters as a subject, instead rejecting both because each does not conform to her objectified image in his mind. Marcel notes that such objectification "does no less than denude its object of the one thing which he has which is of value, and so it degrades him effectively."

Another related major thread in Marcel was the struggle to protect one's subjectivity from annihilation by modern materialism and a technologically driven society. Marcel argued that scientific egoism replaces the "mystery" of being with a false scenario of human life composed of technical "problems" and "solutions". For Marcel, the human subject cannot exist in the technological world, instead being replaced by a human object. As he points out in Man Against Mass Society and other works, technology has a privileged authority with which it persuades the subject to accept his place as "he" in the internal dialogue of science; and as a result, man is convinced by science to rejoice in his own annihilation.

Influence

For many years, Marcel hosted a weekly philosophy discussion group through which he met and influenced important younger French philosophers like Jean Wahl, Paul Ricœur, Emmanuel Levinas, and Jean-Paul Sartre. Marcel was puzzled and disappointed that his reputation was almost entirely based on his philosophical treatises and not on his plays, which he wrote in the hope of appealing to a wider lay audience. He also influenced phenomenologist and Thomistic philosopher Karol Wojtyla (later Pope John Paul II), who drew on Marcel's distinction between "being" and "having" in his critique of technological change.

Main works
His major books are the Metaphysical Journal (1927), Being and Having (1933), Homo Viator (1945), Mystery of Being (1951), and Man Against Mass Society (1955). He gave the William James Lectures at Harvard in 1961–1962, which were subsequently published as The Existential Background of Human Dignity.

 Works in English translation
 1948. The Philosophy of Existence. Manya Harari, trans. London: The Harvill Press. Later editions were titled The Philosophy of Existentialism.
 1949. Being and Having. Katherine Farrer, trans. Westminster, London: Dacre Press.
 1950. The Metaphysical Journal. Bernard Wall, trans. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company.
 1951. The Mystery of Being, Vol. 1, Reflection and Mystery  trans. G. S. Fraser; Vol. 2, Faith and Reality.  trans. René Hague  London: The Harvill Press.
 1956. Royce's Metaphysics. Virginia and Gordon Ringer, trans. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company.
 1962. Man Against Mass Society. G. S. Fraser, trans. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company.
 1962. Homo Viator: Introduction to a Metaphysic of Hope. Emma Craufurd, trans. Harper & Brothers.
 1963. The Existential Background of Human Dignity. Harvard University Press.
 1964. Creative Fidelity. Translated, with an introduction, by Robert Rosthal. Farrar, Straus and Company.
 1967. Presence and Immortality. Michael A. Machado, trans. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press.
 1967. Problematic Man. Brian Thompson, trans. New York: Herder and Herder.
 1973. Tragic Wisdom and Beyond. Stephen Jolin and Peter McCormick, trans. Publication of the Northwestern University Studies in Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy, ed. John Wild. Northwestern University Press.
 1998. Gabriel Marcel's Perspectives on The Broken World: The Broken World, a Four-Act Play, Followed by Concrete Approaches to Investigating the Ontological Mystery.  Katharine Rose Hanley, trans.  Milwaukee: Marquette University Press.
 2002. Awakenings. Peter Rogers, trans. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press.
 2004. Ghostly Mysteries: Existential Drama: A Mystery of Love & The Posthumous Joke. Katharine Rose Hanley, trans. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press.
 2008. A Path to Peace: Fresh Hope for the World. Dramatic Explorations: Five Plays by Gabriel Marcel: The Heart of Others/Dot the I/The Double Expertise/The Lantern/Colombyre or The Torch of Peace. Katharine Rose Hanley, trans. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press.
 2009. Thou Shall Not Die. Compiled by Anne Marcel. Katharine Rose Hanley, trans. South Bank: St Augustine's Press.
 2019. The Invisible Threshold: Two Plays by Gabriel Marcel. Brendan Sweetman, Maria Traub, Geoffrey Karabin, eds. Maria Traub, trans. South Bank: St Augustine's Press.
2021. Thirst. Michial Farmer, trans. Providence, RI: Cluny Media.

Bibliography
 Philosophical works
 Existence et Objectivité (1914).
 Journal métaphysique (1914-1923), Paris, Gallimard, 1927.
 Être et avoir (1918-1933). Paris, Aubier, 1935.
 Du refus à l'invocation, Paris, Gallimard, 1940. (Republished in 1967 under the title Essai de philosophie concrète, Paris, NRF/Gallimard, 1967)
 Homo viator. Prolégomènes à une métaphysique de l'espérance. Paris, Aubier, 1945
 La Métaphysique de Royce. Paris, Aubier, 1945
 Position et Approches concrètes du mystère ontologique, introduction by Marcel de Corte. Louvain, E. Nauwelaerts; Paris, Librairie philosophique J. Vrin, 1949
 Le Mystère de l'être. Paris, Aubier, 1951, 2 volumes.
 Les Hommes contre l'humain, Paris, La Colombe, 1951, Republished: Fayard, 1968
 Le Déclin de la sagesse. Paris, Plon, 1954
 L'Homme problématique. Paris, Aubier, 1955
 Théâtre et Religion. Lyon, Éditions E. Vitte, 1958
 Présence et Immortalité. Paris, Flammarion, 1959
 La Dignité humaine et ses assises existentielles. Paris, Aubier, 1964
 Entretiens Paul Ricœur, Gabriel Marcel. Paris, Aubier, 1968, Republished: présence de Gabriel Marcel, 1999
 Pour une sagesse tragique et son au-delà. Paris, Plon, 1968
 En chemin, vers quel éveil? Paris, Gallimard, 1971
 Coleridge et Schelling. Paris, Aubier, 1971
 Plus décisif que la violence. Paris, Plon, 1971
 Percées vers un ailleurs. Fayard, 1973
 Gabriel Marcel interrogé par Pierre Boutang suivi de Position et approches concrètes du mystère ontologique. Paris, J.-M. Place Éditeur, 1977
 Tu ne mourras pas, textes choisis et présentés by Anne Marcel, preface by Xavier Tilliette, éditions Arfuyen, 2005.

Theater
 Le Cœur des autres. Paris, Grasset, 1921
 L'Iconoclaste. Paris, Stock, 1923
 Un homme de Dieu. Paris, Grasset, 1925
 La Chapelle ardente (1925), directed by Gaston Baty, Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier.
 Le Monde cassé suivi de Position et approches concrètes du mystère ontologique. Paris, Desclée de Brouwer, 1933.
 Chemin de Crète, Paris, Grasset, 1936 - Prix Paul-Hervieu of the Académie française .
 Le Dard. Paris, Plon, 1936
 Le Fanal. Paris, Stock, 1936
 La Soif. Paris, Desclée de Brouwer, 1938, republished under the title of Les cœurs avides, La Table Ronde, 1952
 Théâtre comique: Colombyre ou le brasier de la paix - La double expertise - Les points sur les i - Le divertissement posthume. Paris, Albin Michel, 1947
 Vers un autre Royaume: L'émissaire - Le signe de la croix. Paris, Plon, 1949
 Rome n'est plus dans Rome, Paris, La Table Ronde, 1951
 Croissez et multipliez. Paris, Plon, 1955
 Mon temps n'est pas le vôtre. Paris, Plon, 1955
 La Dimension Florestan suivi de la conférence Le Crépuscule du sens commun. Paris, Plon, 1958

 Literary and dramatic criticism

Gabriel Marcel et François Mauriac. In : François Bréda, Ca critique littéraire et dramatique de Gabriel Marcel, Les Éditions Grinta, Cluj-Napoca, 2004.Regards sur le théâtre de Claudel, éditions Beauchesne, 1964

 Notes

 References

 Further reading
 Emmanuel Levinas, Paul Ricœur and Xavier Tilliette, Jean Wahl et Gabriel Marcel, Beauchesne, 1976, 96 p.,
 Paul Marcus, In Search of the Spiritual: Gabriel Marcel, Psychoanalysis, and the Sacred (London: Karnac), 2012.

 External links

 The Gabriel Marcel Society
 Gabriel Marcel Collection at the Harry Ransom Center
 Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Gabriel Marcel – by Jill Graper Hernandez.
 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Gabriel (-Honoré) Marcel – by Brian Treanor.
 Homage to Gabriel Marcel (Article from the "Revue Métapsychique''" (no. 14, June 1969, pp. 41–52)

1889 births
1973 deaths
Writers from Paris
20th-century French dramatists and playwrights
20th-century French philosophers
French music critics
French Roman Catholics
French Roman Catholic writers
Catholic philosophers
French people of Jewish descent
Phenomenologists
Existentialist theologians
Christian existentialists
Writers on antisemitism
Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism
Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques
Critics of atheism
Ontologists
Ethicists
University of Paris alumni

Gabriel Marcel


Egocentrism is a state of mind of putting oneself in the center of interest, of being interested more about oneself than about other people. While this is normal in young children, it becomes more and more of a problem, in older children, adolescents and adults. To egocentric people, self-relevant information is seen as more important in shaping one's judgments than are thoughts about others and other-relevant information. The term egocentrism was mostly coined by Piaget, a psychologist. Egocentrism is different from both egoism and narcissism. Young children are egocentric: they see themselves as the "center" of the world. Developing self-conscience requires the perception that there are others, that there is socialisation with other people, and that there are differences between oneself and other people. Egocentric people are often unable to fully understand or to cope with other people's opinions. The fact that reality can be different from what they are ready to accept is difficult for them.

References

Psychology

Egocentrism


Craig Smith (born 27 January 1967) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Richmond in the Victorian/Australian Football League (VFL/AFL).

A defender from Lalbert, Smith finished second in the 1986 Richmond best and fairest, which was his debut season. He played 20 games that year, the most he would ever play in a VFL/AFL season, with his career being restricted by injury. Smith, who started as a half-back flanker but was also used as a centreman and on the wing, played 10 games in 1987, then did not feature at all in 1988 and made just four appearances in 1989. He played with Richmond for four more years, including a 16-game season in 1991.

Smith was the captain-coach of Hume Football League club Osborne for their 2000 and 2001 premiership teams. His performance in the 2000 Grand Final earned him the Des Kennedy Memorial Medal.

References

1967 births
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Richmond Football Club players
Living people

Craig Smith (Australian rules footballer)


Peter Tagliaferri (born 2 November 1960) is an Australian politician. He is a former mayor of the City of Fremantle, a position he held for eight and a half years.

Background
Tagliaferri's grandfather migrated to Australia in 1932 and, after working in the mines for seven years, his father Osvaldo also migrated. Osvaldo died of leukemia in 1983 when Tagliaferri was a 23-year-old, leaving him with the responsibility of family, mortgage and the family business (Interfoods).

He was born in East Fremantle, and educated at Lady of Fatima in Palmyra, St Brendan's in Beaconsfield and in 1977 graduated from Christian Brothers College, Fremantle. His background is retailing, manufacturing and farming in York.

Career

Tagliaferri first involvement with local government came that same year, in an effort to speak up for the concerns of southern suburbs residents, oppose a highway through Beaconsfield and address parking and retail issues.

He was first elected to council in 1983; representing the East Ward, at the time becoming the youngest person ever elected to local government in Western Australia.  He was elected mayor in 2001 and re-elected in 2005 — the first mayor to be re-elected since John Cattalini, who served from 1984-1994.

Tagliaferri's principal platform in the 2001 mayoral election was reclaiming Fremantle for its residents, strong financial management and an open-door policy. He was elected in by 1000 votes and was successfully re-elected as mayor in 2005, winning 62% of the 8711 votes.

In 2003, he was awarded the Centenary Medal and in 2004 was awarded the Champion for the Year of the Built Environment. He received the Heart Foundation President's Award in 2007 in recognition of work to ensure a smoke-free environment in Fremantle and is patron of The One World Project, as well as being a Mayor for Peace.

Prior to the 2007 federal election, Tagliaferri criticised the Labor Party's selection of Melissa Parke to succeed outgoing member Carmen Lawrence in the federal division of Fremantle. Tagliaferri was unhappy with Parke's selection because she came from outside the district and threatened to stand as an independent against her. He subsequently declined to run, and Parke won the seat easily.

The long-running state member for Fremantle, Jim McGinty, announced his retirement on 3 April 2009. Tagliaferri immediately emerged as the favourite to win Labor preselection in the Fremantle by-election, and was unanimously preselected by the state administrative committee on 7 April. He was defeated by Greens challenger Adele Carles on 16 May - the first time a Labor candidate has lost in Fremantle since 1924. He chose not to run for mayor again in the October 2009 elections, after two successful terms, and was succeeded by Brad Pettitt.

He went on to run a hotel in Manjimup in the south of Western Australia.

References

 Mayors for Peace appeal. Fremantle Gazette (Perth, WA), 5 August 2008, p. 7
 Cacetta, Wendy. Mayor Mortal. STM, Sunday Times (Perth, WA), 2 March 2008, p. 14
 Harvey, Clare & Kelly, Jim. Freo voters back reform. Sunday Times (Perth, WA), 8 May 2005, p. 10
 Casella, Nicolette. Utting ousted as Freo's mayor. Sunday Times (Perth, WA), 6 May 2001, p. 6
 http://www.news.com.au/perthnow/story/0,21598,25494335-948,00.html
 http://www.news.com.au/perthnow/story/0,,23639160-2761,00.html
 http://www.news.com.au/perthnow/story/0,21598,25320812-2761,00.html
 http://www.watoday.com.au/wa-news/fremantle-stunned-by-lead-decision-20090202-7vmw.html?page=-1
 https://news.google.com.au/archivesearch?um=1&ned=au&hl=en&q=%22peter+tagliaferri%22&cf=all
 http://www.thewest.com.au/default.aspx?MenuID=77&ContentID=43978
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014416/http://www.thewest.com.au/default.aspx?MenuID=77&ContentID=19797
 http://www.thewest.com.au/default.aspx?MenuID=77&ContentID=9318
 https://web.archive.org/web/20140603151218/http://seashepherd.org.au/news-and-media/2007/01/09/sea-shepherd-launches-operation-leviathan-with-new-ship-robert-hunter-737
 http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0901/S00398.htm
 http://www.thewest.com.au/default.aspx?MenuID=146&ContentID=27366
 http://www.thewest.com.au/default.aspx?MenuID=77&ContentID=18065
 http://www.thewest.com.au/default.aspx?MenuID=77&ContentID=96495
 http://www.thewest.com.au/default.aspx?MenuID=28&ContentID=30157
 http://www.thewest.com.au/default.aspx?MenuID=77&ContentID=56550
 http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/regional/south-west/a/17282003/manji-hotelier-hits-back-at-critics/

External links
Official City of Fremantle website

1960 births
Living people
Mayors of Fremantle
People from Fremantle
Australian people of Italian descent
Western Australian local councillors

Peter Tagliaferri