The White Vault is a horror fiction podcast created and written by K.A. Statz, and directed, produced, edited and sound designed by Travis Vengroff. Produced by Fool and Scholar Productions, it premiered on October 3, 2017, and completed its run at the conclusion of its fifth season on March 15, 2022, with its fiftieth episode.  It was made available on Apple Podcasts, Pandora, and Spotify on release, and later on YouTube.

The series uses the found footage format and follows a group of individuals sent to the Norwegian archipelago of Svalbard to investigate a remote outpost gone radio silent after sending a distress signal. In addition to the main show, Fool and Scholar Productions released several canonical miniseries, some of which introduce elements and characters later featured or mentioned in the main show, such as 2018's Artifact, 2019's Imperial, 2020's Iluka, and 2021's Avrum; Echoes, released in 2023, is a standalone sequel set a decade after The White Vault.

The award-winning show features an international cast and crew, with notable members including David Ault and Peter Joseph Lewis of The NoSleep Podcast, Beth Eyre of Wooden Overcoats, Lani Minella, and Eric Nelsen.

Production
Statz stated in 2020: "I wanted [The White Vault] to be a horror story for people who are always agitated when they watch a movie and are like, 'That's stupid, why did you do that?' [Our characters] aren't making bad choices. It's that every choice has no good option." She also claimed to have been inspired for the first season by her time at the University of Oxford, where "Everyone had their own stories about how they got to that exact same place."

Vengroff contacted Polar Bears International in order to obtain actual polar bear audio clips for the podcasts, rather than use grizzly bear audio clips as substitute as is often done in the entertainment industry. He seemingly sought authentic Andean condor audio clips for another episode.

For the Imperial spin-off, Statz and Vengroff worked with Stephen Wadley, an associate professor of Chinese and international studies at Portland State, to accurately depict Chinese and Machu languages.

Story and characters
The series is presented in a found footage format by a character known only as The Documentarian (Hem Cleveland), a British woman who gathered audio, video, and written material of the depicted events. The Documentarian has compiled the footage in order to recreate the roughly chronological order of the events; she describes visual elements, while written material is depicted as being spoken by the character who wrote it; when a character speaks or writes in a non-English language, the voice actor performs an English version played louder over the original language.

Seasons 1-2
The first two seasons of The White Vault take place in Outpost Fristed, a remote Arctic research station in Svalbard, a Norwegian archipelago in the Arctic Ocean, from which a signal starts emitting, something only meant in case of emergencies; the crew, who was in charge of surveying weather and seismic activities for the safety of the locals, has made no contact since. Several weeks later, a rescue team of five is sent by Sidja Grúp, the Scandinavian compagny owning the station, consisting of: Mexican physician Dr. Rosa De La Torre (Lani Minella), sent in case of medical help needed by the station crew or the team, English technology specialist Walter Heath (David Ault), tasked with inspecting and possibly repairing the station's transmitter, Icelandic Sidja Grúp representative Jónas Þórirsson (Eyþór Viðarsson), here to document the events for the company, German geologist Dr. Karina Schumacher-Weiß (Kessi Riliniki), hired to examine the outpost's data, and Russian-Canadian survival expert Graham Casner (Peter Joseph Lewis), tasked with the group's safety against the Arctic cold and other potential dangers. The team arrives safely, finding the station deserted but in good shape overall, being fairly easy to fix for Heath; a heavy blizzard follows and fails to subside, making it impossible to leave for the foreseeable future.

Exploring more of the station, the crew finds a hatch which leads underground to an ancient village trapped underneath a glacier, where Schumacher-Weiß, after encountering a "tall, black and skinny" creature, jumps from a ledge to save herself; although she only suffers limited physical damage, she grows increasingly mentally unstable. More strange events follow: the generator is sabotaged, five-fingered scratches appear on the exterior of the bunker, statues within the village representing human-like or animal-like creatures begin to inexplicably disappear and reappear when out of sight, and the anatomical theatre the team found in the village turns out to be made of stone boxes each containing a human heart and a full set of teeth. A paranoid Schumacher-Weiß is eventually abducted in the middle of the night, and the team finds a new box with a still beating heart, which they believe to be hers; they also hear her outside asking them to open up the door, but conclude that the being who took is her using her voice. With their food supplies having been sabotaged by the creature, the team tries to escape through the blizzard; their attempted escape ends in disaster as Heath is also taken by the creature, while the three remaining team members find themselves inexplicably back to Outpost Fristed. Out of options, they explore the cave system underneath the station that the village is part of, in an attempt to find a way out; however, the creatures, which the team realizes are more than a single entity, chase them, and both Casner and De La Torre are taken. Þórirsson, the sole survivor, leaves a final written note in which he reveals that his body had been changing, and that he believes he was spared by the creatures because he is turning into one of them.

Season 3
The third season is set shortly after the first two, on the Cerro Torre mountain in the Pantagonian Andes, where an archaeological site of unknown origins featuring petroglyphs was recently discovered. As the site on Cerro Torre, named Base Camp Piedra, belongs to both Argentina and Chile, an international archaeological team of six is sent to study, consisting of: Argentinian archaeology professor Dr. Carito Ureta (Alli Smalley) of the National University of La Plata, her Colombian-American student and doctoral candidate Eva Olivia Moreno (Diane Casanova), Chilean archaeology professor Dr. Josefa Guerrero (Carla García) of Chile's University of Chile and United States' University of Pittsburgh, her American assistant and graduate student Simon Hall (Eric Nelsen), Chinese epigrapher Dr. Zhou Liu (Sophie Yang), included due to having previously investigated glyphs similar to those at Base Camp Piedra in the Greater Khingan, and the Brazilian field guide who led the tourist group that coincidentally discovered the site, Lucas Criado (Danilo Battistini), now acting as helicopter pilot for the team's ascension and eventual descent of Cerro Torre, while offering on-site support.

The archaeological team starts their work studying the petroglyphs on the mountain's cliff face, until Moreno discovers a cave containing statues, an anatomical theatre with a floor made of stone boxes, and evidence of early human occupation. While the group's excitement grows, this also marks the start of unexplicable events, such as the statues being moved while no one is present, doppelgänger sightings, and both Ureta and Criado losing their grips on sanity; the latter acts increasingly suspicious, notably refusing to take the team down the mountain, with the rest of the archaeological team concluding that he knew what they would find at the site. Dense fog, and later heavy snowfalls surround the mountain, and both Ureta and the team's satellite phone go missing. An insane Lucas severely injures Simon's ankle, Liu concludes that everything at the site is inexplicably similar to that of the Greater Khingan's, and Simon is attacked by a monster using Ureta's voice, barely surviving the encounter. Desperate and having concluded that the statues were moving by themselves, the four remaining sane team members decide to attempt a climb down the mountain, but a rockfall traps Guerrero, Hall and Liu within the cave; with no other option, Moreno descends the mountain by herself, miraculously achieving the descent despite noticing the presence of some of the monsters around her.

The season finale switches perspective, to focus on Casner, who is revealed to have miraculously survived the events of Outpost Fristed. The Documentarian, who has placed both he and Moreno under her care, wishes to send a team led by Casner to Base Camp Piedra, in the hopes of rescuing the archaeological team, and hopefully acquire more information on the site and the similarities between the events they encountered and those of Outpost Fristed and the Greater Khingan. Originally reluctant, Casner accepts the offer after discovering that a dead body found by the archaeological team was, somehow, De La Torre's. The rescue team assembles, consisting of Casner, his old friend and Serbian fellow survival expert Dragana Vuković (Tanja Milojevic), The Documentarian's trusted Lebanese associate Maheer Issa (Haytham Alwan), and a returning Moreno, injured but determined to help; upon arriving in Pantagonia, they are joined by Hall's American boyfriend Raimy Armstead (L. Jeffrey Moore), looking for Hall after losing contact with him, and start climbing up Cerro Torre.

Season 4
The rescue team arrives at Base Camp Piedra, where they receive a radio call for help from a seemingly alive Liu. A controlled explosion by Vuković creates an opening into the cave, and they find Hall, alive but with his ankle injury significantly worsened, who explains that both Guerrero and Liu ended up stuck together with one of the creatures in a deeper part of the cave. The cave is also a dead end, with a stone door that can only be opened from the outside, leaving Hall safe but stuck in the shallower part of the cave, and too weakened to free them. Casner, Vuković and Issa open and go through the door, and find both Liu and, later, Guerrero; however, when the latter informs them that Liu was taken by the creature stuck with them, the "Liu" met by the rescue team, revealed to be a monster having taken her form, abducts and kills Issa.

Casner, Guerrero, Hall, Moreno, Vuković and Armstead conclude that they are the only survivors among both the archaeological team and the rescue team, and make plans to climb down the mountain, a hazardous solution due to both the unusual weather making the ascension easy but the descend arduous, as if on purpose, and Hall's worsening injury. Casner finds De La Torre's body, which crumbles to dust when he makes physical contact, leaving nothing but teeth, which Casner collects, and a dust-like substance. Moreno, who realizes that she is turning into one of the creatures (likely the reason why she was not attacked during her earlier descent of the mountain), detonates explosives while the others undergo their escape, killing herself, destroying the site and buying them time. The five survivors make it to the bottom of Cerro Torre and reach a hospital, where Hall's leg his amputated due to his injury in order to save his life.

A key subplot in the series is The Documentarian's own journey, as she discovers that her estranged mother, referred to as "Mor" (Karin Heimdahl; Swedish for "mother"), the owner of a powerful company, is tied to the events featured in the series. The storyline becomes more prominent in the fourth season, in which she travels to Sweden to meet with Mor, whom, after the death of her other daughter, Essie (The Documentarian's half-sister), makes contact and explains many of the secrets behind the events of the series, as she wants her daughter to work with her. Mor reveals that the creatures are known as the Guardians, or Forrmynður. She explains that that their family has known of the Guardians for countless years, and is directly responsible for, and influenced by, elusive rituals: she explains that the rituals, made to satisfy the Guardians, result in global catastrophes if not followed, and that, while family members who follow the rituals are gifted with impossible luck and health, those who do not suffer from bad luck and accidents, such as the car crash in which Mor's other daughter died. The rituals are closely linked to the deadly events previously investigated by The Documentarian: Mor notably reveals that Sidja Grúp is a "sister company" to her own owned by Jónas Þórirsson's widow Hulda (whom Mor admits knowingly sent her husband to his doom), and that the shadow group Mor is a part of is behind the events of Outpost Fristed, Cerro Torre, and Greater Khingan, as well as many others. She implies that recent natural disasters all over the world are linked to a "Vault" at Outpost Fristed, and that the disasters will worsen unless the Vault is "satisfied" with the return of "the one it lost", implied to be Casner.

While undergoing her investigation in Sweden, The Documentarian learns of the recent events at Base Camp Piedra and makes contact with Casner's team. Although she does not yet fully understand the situation, she concludes that Outpost Fristed is the key to stopping the disasters happening worldwide, and wants to send Casner there; Vuković also decides to come out of faithfullness for Casner, as does Guerrero out of archaeological interest; they part ways with Hall and Armstead, who return home.

Season 5
The Documentarian continues her investigation into Mor's activities and the conspiracy related to the Guardians: she learns that the origins of the Guardians are unknown, but that they are humans or animals who turned into Guardians later on; they demand regular sacrifices, and if their demands or not met, natural disasters follow with many casualties. For reasons unknown, the members of Mor's family have never been attacked by the Guardians nor afflicted by the loss of sanity often caused by the Guardians or their artifacts, although this trait is only passed from women to their biological children. With the death of Mor's other daughter, she reunited with The Documentarian to make her the heir to the family's legacy.

Meanwhile, Casner and Guerrero, who are attempting to reach Outpost Fristed with Vuković, both confess to their sanity increasingly worsening, suffering frequent visual and auditive hallucinations. The worsening natural disasters make travel near-impossible, but they are eventually able to reach Ny-Ålesund in Svalbard after being joined by Dr. Amelia Murray (Beth Eyre), an English oceanographer working in Svalbard for Sidja Grúp, and who seems inexplicably immune to the loss of sanity caused by the Guardians' natural forms and artifacts. In Ny-Ålesund, the team discovers the town slaughtered by monsters and filled with insane, murderous individuals, and takes refuge with the last group of sane survivors, including a Chinese scientist named Dr. Carter Duàn (Ewan Chung) and a Danish nurse named Nadine Teuling (Charlotte Norup), with the former injuring Murray before realizing that Casner's group is not hostile.

A devastated Documentarian makes contact with Casner; having learned that the only way to stop the global catastrophes was to sacrifice Casner to the Guardians of Svalbard, she reluctantly lies to him and tricks him into heading into the Vault so he can be killed by the Guardians. Casner, Guerrero, and Vuković use snowmobiles to reach Outpost Fristed, while the injured Murray stays behind. Later, Þórirsson, now a full Guardian, peacefully invites Murray to leave the shelter behind and come with him. He claims that he intends to neither harm Murray nor turn her into a Guardian, and destroys an artifact in Murray's possession that had actually been sent by Sidja Grúp in an attempt to kill her, and reveals that the Guardians take part in the sacrifices in an effort to appease an even greater force. Murray accepts the Guardian's invitation to leave everything behind and follow him to an unknown location for more answers.

The trio led by Casner reaches Outpost Fristed, but Guerrero, who has lost more of her sanity by this point, calls upon the creatures and is taken by them. Casner and Vuković rush to the cave system to save her, but are too late; a Guardian, taking on the form of Dr. Rosa De La Torre, says Casner needs to come with them. A furious Vuković fires at it, but the Guardian throws her away and drags Casner into the Vault to sacrifice him, ending the ritual started at the beginning of season 1 and closing the caverns. The worldwide catastrophes come to an end, and Vuković and the Ny-Ålesund survivors, including Duàn and Teuling, are safely rescued.

An unspecified amount of time later, The Documentarian moves to Sweden to be with her mother, and meets with
a furious Vuković. The Documentarian apologizes the best she can, and gives her a video Casner left for Vuković; in it, Casner, convinced he will not survive his return to Outpost Fristed, thanks Vuković and asks her to look after his young daughter and, in a few years, deliver a message he recorded for her. Vuković eventually agrees to work for The Documentarian after learning that, while agreeing to work with her mother and having sacrificed Casner due to the urgency of the situation, she plans to find a way to end the cycle of rituals and sacrifices. Mor shares a meal with Hulda; while Hulda is shocked to see the remains of Murray's artifact, having believed the artifacts to be unbreakable, she dismisses further talks about Murray, convinced that she is dead, although Mor is more skeptical, pointing out that remains were never found.

Having recovered all of the available footage related to the events at Outpost Fristed, Base Camp Piedra, and her own investigations into her family, The Documentarian starts recording a presentation, in case she later fails to break the cycle and the burden falls onto her next of kin; this leads to the opening words of the series' first episode, revealing that The Documentarian's presentation was addressed to her future child. The final episode's post-credits scene features Hall and Armstead, about to get married, as they receive a package with carving akin to that of the sites'. They return it to sender to avoid any danger, and Armstead accepts a job at Mor and The Documentarian's company.

Cast

Main cast
The series does not categorize its performers; actors are listed below as main cast if they appear in more than half of a season's episodes.

Recurring cast members
 Esa Andersson as the Finnish soldier (season 2), an unnamed man who seemingly stayed at Outpost Fristed prior to the events of the series.
 Alma Ottedag as Ebba, Mor's assistant (season 4–5)
 Daniel Muñoz as various characters (season 4–5)
 Travis Vengroff as various characters (season 4–5)
 Stephanie Izsak as Kelly (season 5)
 Lauren Choo as Lisa Mǎ (season 5), a Chinese tour organizer and one of the survivors in Ny-Ålesund.
 Lauren Clare as Lorri Warner (season 5), a British satellite technician and one of the survivors in Ny-Ålesund.
 Sam Suksiri as Paul Green (season 5), one of the survivors in Ny-Ålesund.
 Roland Olsen as Nils-Henrik (season 5)
 Albin Weidenbladh as Vidar Henriksson, a member of Mor's family (season 5)

The White Vault: Artifact
Tanja Milojevic as Marion Sutton
Heather Mclellan as Luca
Matthew McLean as Davis
Rob Harrison as Alex

The White Vault: Imperial
Sophie Yang as Dr. Zhou Liu
Andrea Galata as Brother Benedetto
Jd'almeida Pinheiro as Father Martim
Ewan Chung as Jingwei Cheng

The White Vault: Iluka
Beth Eyre as Dr. Amelia Murray
Dagur Jóhannesson as Mr. Árni Einarson
Daniel Muñoz as Dr. Oscar Flores
Dallas Wheatley as Charlie Lord
Angus Brennan as Franco Reed
Sam Yeow as Alex Lái
Daniel Bunton as Captain Stephen Reimann

The White Vault: Avrum
Yelena Shmulenson as Avrum ben Judah
Lika Khukhashvili as Rivka

Spin-offs

The White Vault: Artifact
Marion Sutton, doctoral student at the University of Oxford, is assigned to begin research on a mysterious artifact gifted to the university by an anonymous donor. As her time with the object progresses, she begins to experience strange events and hear whispers. As her and her associates attempt to date, photograph, and research the object, the artifact seems to change expression, growing more angry as the study continues. Nightmares begin to cripple Marion. Luca, an artist tasked with drawing the artifact, is found dead by her own hand after an extended period with the artifact. Marion is believed to have walked into the ocean, driven mad by the object and how it calls to her.

The White Vault: Imperial
In the early 1700s, a Jesuit cartographic team reaches the lands of China, and sets about plans to complete a map of Qing dynasty China. The story is told through the recovered pages of journals and writings, with each passage read in the original languages (Italian, Portuguese, Mandarin, Manchu) before shifting to English.

The White Vault: Iluka
Dr Amelia Murray sits down with a representative of Sidja Grúp to review recordings and documents of the events that took place on board the shifting oceanic research vessel Iluka.

The Iluka, working in the Southern Ocean to collect deep-sea sediment cores and water samples using a vibrocorer, unexpectedly pulls up a large stone statue from the sea floor, tangled up in the equipment. The team work to remove the statue from the vibrocorer's legs, noting that it resembles a crab, or some kind of crustacean, and inform the captain they will have to remain stationary until the statue is untangled.

As they attempt to repair the vibrocorer, strange events begin to take place on board the Iluka: a dead whale floats to the surface of the sea, and nothing comes to scavenge from it; the statue moves around the ship's deck, disappearing and reappearing, while the deck cameras malfunction; the statue is unaffected by use of a scratch kit, and is deemed unidentifiable in material composition.

Two of the crew, Dr Oscar Flores and Franco Reid, are cut by the statue after touching it, with Franco falling seriously ill in a short space of time. In personal recordings, Franco complains that he is unable to eat anything, feels like his skin is crawling, and cannot get warm. The next day, Franco, working in the laboratory, is found running boiling water over his skin and scratching it, resulting in his skin debriding and revealing dark, shiny flesh underneath. The team attempt to subdue him, and trick him into being locked in the kitchen's walk-in freezer; despite his temperature registering at  and above, he continues to complain that he is cold. A curtailed medical report details that in the walk to the freezer, a number of Franco's teeth fell out; Dr Murray details that "everything that was Franco was falling away", and that the medical officer had no explanation for Franco's condition. In a recording of Franco taken from outside the freezer, the audible breaking of his bones can be heard as he moans in pain.

As Franco's condition continues to deteriorate, Dr Murray returns to the deck to discover that released deep-sea gasses are causing the sea to bubble, and that a number of petrels are falling out of the sky, dead. The crew talk to the captain, who decides to head back to port due to Franco's death.

Upon returning to the kitchen, the crew discover that Franco has escaped. Dr Flores, whose own injury from the statue is developing in the same way as Franco's condition did, tells Dr Murray that he has decided to go out on his own terms, and jumps overboard to avoid the same fate. The crew discover the captain is dead, and that the creature who used to be Franco was the likely culprit; the corpse of the ship's medical officer is also found.

Planning their escape, the crew pile into lifeboats, with the crane technician Alex staying behind to ensure everyone gets off the ship. Dr Murray hears Alex being killed by the creature, and is unable to convince the crew to turn around and go back for her. Follow-up documents note that the crew was rescued by a number of ships that were in the area at the time. The Iluka was recaptured, refueled and towed back to port, with blood on the ship identified as that of the known dead.

The representative of Sidja Grúp informs Dr Murray that he has no questions about her actions on board the Iluka, and formally invites her to take the position of head geological oceanographer at Sidja Grúp. Dr Murray questions why none of the reviewed recordings and documents raised any concerns about her actions, and ascertains that none of the events that took place - the deaths, the statues, what happened to Franco - are new to Sidja's representative. Dr Murray turns down the position and moves to leave; however, Sidja Grúp's representative offers to provide her with information, means and staff familiar with events similar to those of the Iluka, leading Dr Murray to take the job, at Sidja Grúp's more Northern offices.

The White Vault: Avrum
Amid the terror of the 1648 Cossack Uprising, and following the destruction of his home, Avrum is rescued by a group of travelers, befriending a young girl, Rivka.

Bonus episodes
 The White Vault: Summit - A young couple living in Rio de Janeiro get a call from work, informing them that they have won an all expenses paid hiking trip to Patagonia. However, their trip soon unravels, as the pair have no idea what awaits them in the heights of the mountains.
 The White Vault: Acquisition - Stashed away in the streets of Paris, an illegal artifact auction house auctions off unique pieces to the highest bidder; in particular, a journal is up for grabs.

Special release
 The White Vault: A Musical - A 2019 Patreon-excusive release, and a musical parody of the first two seasons of the show.

Critical reception
The show has been praised for its diverse cast, immersive soundscape, and use of different languages. The podcast has been featured on the front pages of iTunes, Pandora Radio, Spotify, and Himalaya, on the top 10 charts for The Arts and Performing Arts on iTunes, on the top 50 chart for 'All of iTunes' in the US, and on numerous blogs for 'Best Podcasts/Audio Dramas of 2017'.

Awards and honors

Production
The budget for the show comes entirely from its fans via crowdfunding through Patreon, and its creators regularly host educational panels across the US on creating radio drama podcasts, including: MAGFest 2020, NY Comciccon 2019, The Austin Film Festival 2019, PodX 2019 (Nashville), Podcon 2019 (Seattle), Podfest 2018-2020 (Orlando), Emerald City Comic Con (2020) Tampa Bay Comic Con (2016-2018), Rose City Comic Con (2017-2019), WW: Philadelphia (2017), and WW: St Louis (2017). They also release exclusive content and episodes through their Patreon such as the spinoff stories Artifact, Imperial, Iluka, Avrum, and The White Vault: A Musical.

Live performances
In December 2017, The White Vault announced that they would perform a live version of their show in New York City as a part of The NoSleep Podcast's 2018 Sleepless Tour. They performed a prequel episode, 'Ashore', at the Highline Ballroom, flying cast members in from Iceland, Germany, and the UK for the event, which was sold out a month before the event. A second live show also took place on October 19 in Cambridge, MA, which also sold out.

Notes

References

External links
Official website

2017 podcast debuts
Audio podcasts
Horror podcasts
American radio dramas
Scripted podcasts

The White Vault


Arnaud Du Ferrier (c. 15081585) was a French lawyer and diplomat.

He was born at Toulouse and practised as a lawyer first at Bourges, afterwards at Toulouse.  Councillor to the parlement of the latter town, and then to that of Rennes, he later became president of the parlement of Paris. He represented King Charles IX at the Council of Trent in 1562, but had to retire in consequence of the attitude he had adopted, and was sent as ambassador to Venice, where he remained till 1567, returning again in 1570.

On his return to France he came into touch with the Calvinists, to whose beliefs he was sympathetic, and consequently lost his place in the privy council and part of his fortune. As compensation, Henry of Navarre appointed him his chancellor.

References

French untitled nobility
16th-century French diplomats
16th-century French lawyers
1500s births
1585 deaths
Ambassadors of France to the Republic of Venice

Arnaud du Ferrier


Herb Boxer (born June 4, 1947) is an American retired ice hockey winger. Boxer was the first U.S.-born player drafted to the NHL, when he was drafted in the second round (17th overall) by the Detroit Red Wings in the 1968 NHL draft.

Professional career

College hockey
Boxer started college in Houghton, Michigan at Michigan Technological University in 1966. He had played hockey in high school and tried out for the team. His freshman year was spent on the junior team, but Boxer showed enough of his skill to make the varsity squad for his sophomore season. Playing on lines with Al Karlander and Brian Watts, Boxer amassed 24 points in the 31-game season. But he also did much more, showing his speed and skill with the puck. Focusing on his studies toward the end of the season, Boxer had no idea that anyone else had even taken notice of his abilities.

 "I remember it because it was the end of my sophomore season at Michigan Tech University, I was just finishing up final exams. I walked over to the athletic department just to check on something, I really don't remember what it was. I ran into member of the hockey coaching staff. My coach, John MacInnes, told me that he had talked to the Detroit Red Wings the day before and said that they were interested in me. He told me that there was a good chance that I might be drafted the next day. But don't count on it because so many other things can happen. I think this was on a Friday."

On June 13, 1968, the sixth NHL Draft took place at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal, and Herb Boxer's name was announced as the 17th player taken overall, by the Detroit Red Wings. Boxer was the first American-born player selected in the NHL draft.

"The next day I woke up and planned on meeting some of my friends down at a local restaurant. I walked into the restaurant and I heard somebody say; 'Hey Herb, I heard you got drafted.' The person informed me that I had been drafted by Detroit. That was how I found out. There were no phone calls by Detroit. The media wasn't covering it like they do today. Even the university didn't cover it or announce it. I knew that I would be in college for another two years so I really took everything pretty casual. But my future wife, that was another story. She thought I had been drafted. But not by the Red Wings, but by the United States Army. The Vietnam War was in full swing at the time. The U.S. Military had a draft at the time. Thousands of young men were being drafted by the military. So many who heard I had been drafted thought I was on my way to Vietnam."

Boxer played two more seasons for Michigan Tech and led the team in goal scoring during the 1969–70 season, finishing with 24 goals and 14 assists. He decided to sign with the Red Wings after graduation, among other offers for his services.

"It was 1970 and the US team was holding their training camp, I had a good training camp with them. So what ended up happening was that I had two different hockey organizations wanting my services at the time. There were some good players on the Olympic Team at the time including Henry Boucha, Robbie Ftorek and Mark Howe. I would have loved to have played with them. But Detroit made me an offer and I decided to go with them."

Detroit offered Boxer a US$8,000  salary to go along with a US$7,000 signing bonus.

Minor league hockey
After graduation, Boxer started play with the Fort Worth Wings of the Central Hockey League, reuniting with former teammate Al Karlander. Boxer had a slow start, scoring 17 points in his first season with the Wings, but turning it around with a strong second season. For the 1971–72 season, Boxer finished fourth on the team in scoring with 23 goals and 28 assists. He even tacked on six points in Fort Worth's short playoff run. After his first season in Fort Worth, Boxer was drafted again, this time by the U.S. Army; however he wouldn't end up serving.

 "I was classified 1-A before I turned pro. I suffered a back injury that first season in the minors. By the time I was drafted, I went for my physical and failed it. I was classified 4-F. That back injury made the difference."

Soon after, Boxer was moved to another minor league affiliate when he joined the Virginia Wings of the American Hockey League for the 1972–73 season. Boxer continued his great offensive play, scoring 54 points and even helped carry Virginia into the playoffs, losing in the semi-finals to the eventual Calder Cup champions, the Cincinnati Swords. The following season saw more of the same as Boxer finished fifth on his team in scoring with 40 points.

Let go by Virginia after the end of the season, Boxer found a short home with the Green Bay Bobcats of the United States Hockey League. He only played a handful of games before heading to Kalamazoo, Michigan to play for the Kalamazoo Wings of the International Hockey League. After finishing out the season with Kalamazoo, Boxer was asked to represent the United States in the 1975 World Championship in West Germany. He was released from his contract in February and joined the team, where he was quickly named their Captain.

"Bob Johnson was the coach of that team. I got to play with the team for their final six weeks. I figured that this was a great way to end my hockey playing career. I had had a good career. I ended up getting an offer to play in Sweden the following season, but I had enough and was ready to start the next part of my life."

The U.S. team took sixth place in the tournament and Boxer retired from playing ice hockey in 1975.

Boxer the coach
After the World Championships, Boxer found a job as a hockey program director for a small place in Rockford, Illinois. He enjoyed the work and in 1976 accepted the position of assistant coach at his alma mater, under his former coach MacInnes. He remained assistant coach for nine years under MacInnes and Jim Nahrgang until Nahrgang resigned in February 1985 and Boxer was promoted to head coach of the Huskies. During that time, Boxer also coached with the U.S. Junior National Team in 1978 and 1979.  In his first season as head coach, Boxer coached the Huskies to a losing record of 10-26-4. His second season saw more of the same with a 15-24-1 record. However in the 1987–88 season, Boxer coached the Huskies to a 20-20-1 record and was named WCHA Coach of the Year. After their first season without a losing record, the Huskies returned to their losing ways for the next two seasons and Boxer was let go after the 1989–90 season.

Boxer wouldn't return to coaching until 1994 when he stepped in to help the struggling Memphis RiverKings of the Central Hockey League. Boxer helped turn the team around and make the playoffs twice in his three full seasons with the team. The RiverKings even made it to the finals in the 1996–97 season. However, Boxer was let go the following season after coaching the RiverKings to a 9-23-0 record midway through the season. Boxer decided to retire from coaching.

Life after hockey
Boxer currently works in Memphis, Tennessee as a technical recruiter for Cook Systems International. He is also the father of Marc Boxer and Jay Boxer, both of whom played college hockey. Boxer is proud of both his hometown and the impact he has had on American born players in the NHL, as told in an interview on NHL.com;

"I come from the twin-city area of Houghton and Hancock, Michigan. It's located on a beautiful spot on Lake Superior. They say that's where hockey was born in the United States. Cyclone Taylor played there in the early days of pro hockey. It has quite a history of hockey. Today, all the youngsters up there, both boys and girls, play hockey. Amateur hockey up there is pretty big as it is around other parts of the United States."

When asked about what a player should do to make it to the NHL today, Boxer had this to say;
"Today I would tell a kid to listen to their parents and listen to their coaches. Ask a lot of questions of the better players. Learn from their mistakes. Your best friends will be your coaches and your parents. They will help you along the way. With the impact the Americans have made in hockey, it speaks volumes on how far USA Hockey has come as well. Americans are competing on a level equal to the rest of the world. There is no doubt any more that Americans are leaving their mark on the world of hockey."

Head coaching record

College

Awards and achievements
Named Captain of Team USA at the 1975 World Ice Hockey Championship
WCHA Coach of the Year: 1987–88 (Michigan Tech)

References

External links

Herb's Bio on Hockey Draft Central.com

1947 births
Living people
People from Hancock, Michigan
American ice hockey coaches
American men's ice hockey right wingers
Detroit Red Wings draft picks
Fort Worth Wings players
Green Bay Bobcats players
Ice hockey coaches from Michigan
Kalamazoo Wings (1974–2000) players
Michigan Tech Huskies men's ice hockey coaches
Michigan Tech Huskies men's ice hockey players
Virginia Wings players
Ice hockey players from Michigan

Herb Boxer


Skye Camanachd is a shinty team from the Isle of Skye, Highland, Scotland.  It plays in the Premier Division and has a reserve team in North Division One, as well as a Ladies team in the WCA National Division One and a Ladies reserve team in the WCA Development League.  The club is based at Pairc nan Laoch, Portree.

Early history
Skye had a strong tradition of playing shinty on the Old Celtic New Year, and there were a Portree Club and a Bernisdale Club in existence in the 1880s.  However, Skye Camanachd in its present form came into being in 1892, winning the first ever MacTavish Cup. The club was a founding member of the Camanachd Association and entered the Camanachd Cup despite mainland clubs trying to force them to play on the mainland. The club had to wait almost 100 years to win the Camanachd Cup. The club endured a turbulent 1960s, and after a few years without entering competition was reformed in 1969.

Re-establishment
On 2 September 1969, the club was reconstituted with Colonel Jock MacDonald as president and Duncan MacIntyre, a shinty enthusiast and local police inspector at the time, as chairman, and immediately set about fund-raising for the forthcoming season.

Instrumental in the re-establishment of the club was Donald R. MacDonald, known as "DR", who was a Scottish Gaelic teacher at Portree High School. The coaching of shinty which he started in the High School sowed the seeds of Skye's greatest success, the Camanachd Cup win of 1990. DR managed the first team in the early 2000s and his sons, Somhairle, Aonghas and Gilleasbuig, all went on to play for the club. Aonghas also managed the club between 2009 and 2010. DR died in March 2010 on the first day of that year's shinty season, and Skye's matches were cancelled that day.

Throughout the late 1970s and early 1980s, Skye Camanachd won several Sutherland Cup finals and this was to build up to their greatest triumph, the Camanachd Cup in 1990.

Camanachd Cup 1990
Skye won the Camanachd Cup for the first time in 1990 against Newtonmore in Fort William. Inspirational in this victory was player Willie Cowie and his brother, manager Ross Cowie. The BBC programme "Home", directed by Douglas Mackinnon, filmed behind the scenes on the day as well as the triumphant homecoming to Portree where they were met by a crowd of 5000 people, almost half the island's population. The expensive trophy was lost and then found in the street at 6 a.m. the next day: the local legend was that everybody thought that someone else was looking after it. In addition to winning the Cup, the Albert Smith Medal, an award presented to the Man of the Match in the final of the Camanachd Cup every year since 1972, was presented to Willie Macrae from Skye Camanachd in 1990. Skye remains the only team from an island to have won the Cup. The club toured Nova Scotia in 1991 in the afterglow of the success alongside Kingussie.

Recent times

Skye have never again won the Camanachd Cup, but they achieved Premier Division status in the early 2000s under the management of Angus Murchison before being relegated. The club has shown a flair for another sort of promotion however, securing lucrative sponsorship deals with Danish firms Carlsberg and Hummel. The club also benefited in early 2008 from an anonymous loan of £50,000 from a local individual, with repayments based on future success. Much of this went to pay off some of the loan which had been invested in the development of the Pairc nan Laoch stadium after the move from the council-owned King George V Park.

In July 2008, the first team won the Balliemore Cup for the first time, defeating Kilmallie 3–1 at Braeview Park, Beauly. Gilleasbuig Macdonald was the captain. The club reappointed Angus Murchison to succeed Alasdair Morrison as manager in 2009. Aonghas MacDonald became manager halfway through the season and steered Skye to 3rd place, impressing enough to be given the full-time position in 2010. Ross Cowie, now Chairman of the club, demanded an improvement from the club's reserve side in 2010, after two poor seasons which had seen the reserve team, although historically successful, finish in the bottom half of the North Division Two and suffer humiliating defeats to lower league opposition.

In June 2009, Skye won the Plate competition of the Marine Harvest Clash of the Camans at An Aird, defeating Lochside Rovers and Fort William 2nds.  The club also undertook the first ever tour of the United States by a Scottish shinty club, visiting California in September 2009.

The club had an underwhelming 2010 season. Aonghas MacDonald stepped down at the end of the season, but was reappointed to the role for the 2011 season before stepping down again at the end of the year.  Davie MacVicar also stepped down as reserve manager at the end of the season, to be replaced by Murdo Morrison. Willie MacRae was appointed as the eleventh manager of Skye Camanachd in early 2012. He had a successful season at the wheel, with the club's young squad reaching second in the league. MacRae was at the helm for a disappointing season in 2013 which saw Skye miss out on the new National Division One. John 'Spod' MacLeod was appointed to the manager's role in 2014.

In July 2014, the club won the Balliemore Cup again with a hard-earned victory over Ballachulish at Taynuilt. Having twice led with goals from Johnathan "Shockie" MacLennan and Danny Morrison, the latter in extra-time, it took a Jordan Murchison goal three minutes from the end of extra time to secure the cup 3–2 for Skye. As in the 2008 triumph, Skye were captained by Gilleasbuig MacDonald. The club also won the Marine Harvest North Division 1 title in 2014 undefeated.

In 2015, Skye again went undefeated and this was enough to see them return to the Premier Division, after winning National Division One.

Skye Camanachd Ladies
The club started a ladies' shinty team in 2011.  Previously, players such as Sarah Corrigall would play for Glengarry, but now the opportunity for players in Skye and Lochalsh would be available. The club entered North Division Two in 2011 with Lorna MacRae winning the division's player of the year award. The team finished 3rd in 2012. They were also successful in securing the right to play home games on a Saturday. (Sunday play deemed to not be possible due to local religious sensibilities).

The team won the North Division Two in 2013 with Skye's Helen Lamond winning the league's Player of the Year award jointly with Hazel Hunter of Strathglass. The Ladies then proceeded to be runners up in both the WCA National Division One and Valerie Fraser Camanachd Cup in 2014. Sarah Corrigall was named player of the match in the cup final despite Skye going down 3-2 to Glasgow Mid Argyll. Player/manager Corrigall started the match in goals and finished in midfield. Caitlin MacLean and Lorna MacRae were the goal scorers for the Skye team captained by Rosalind Lamond.

In 2015, they finished third in the league and reached the semi-final of the Camanachd Cup. Whilst a very young club, Skye has already provided a significant number of internationalists.

Skye Camanachd Ladies enjoyed a successful 2016 season under manager Robbie Gordon and clinched their first Marine Harvest National Division One title with a 0-9 victory over Aberdour at Silversands in Fife. The new champions of Scotland have also qualified for the final of the Valerie Fraser Camanachd Cup in Fort William but were beaten 4-2 by Lochaber Ladies. Skye Camanachd Ladies also currently sit third in the new Women's Camanachd Association Development League with what it essentially their reserve team.

The Ladies lifted the Valerie Fraser Camanachd Cup for the first time in 2017 and retained their National Division One title too. The Cup was lifted after a stunning 6-1 demolition of Lochaber Ladies avenging the disappointment of the previous years defeat against the same team.

In 2018, a Third team was added playing in the Development League while the second team competed for the first time in WCA North Division Two. The Second team's first match was a 10-0 away defeat to Strathglass, but the young team bounced back in their next game beating Inverness 8-1 at Pairc nan Laoch, Portree. The First team currently lead the National Division One and will again play in the final of the Valerie Fraser Camanachd Cup.

Skye Camanachd Youth
The Skye Camanachd U17 team of 2011 won the Co-operative MacTavish Juvenile Cup after an emphatic 4-0 victory over Lochaber in a very wet Inverness. Jordan Murchison opened the scoring. In 2015 the Skye Camanachd U17 team lost the RBS MacTavish Juvenile Cup Final 2-0 to Beauly.

Skye Camanachd U17 won the 2016 RBS MacTavish Juvenile Cup at the Bught Park, Inverness on Saturday 11 June 2016 beating Fort William 2-1. Coached by Davie Pringle the goals came from captain James Pringle and Ross Gordon. Skye full centre John Gillies was awarded the Sandy MacKay Medal as man of the match, becoming the third Skye player to win the honour. The other previous Skye winners of the Sandy MacKay Medal were Ryan Morrison (2015) and Jordan Murchison (2011).

Skyes under 14s team won the McMaster Cup final on 18 September 2021.

Honours
Camanachd Association Challenge Cup Winners: 1990

MacTavish Cup
Winners: 1898
Runners-up: 1921, 1990, 2023

Glenmhor Cup
Winners: 1980, 1981
Runners-Up: 1974

The Strathdearn Cup
Winners: 1986, 2000,
Runners Up: 1957, 1990, 2014

Sir William Sutherland Cup
Winners: 1950, 1979, 1981, 1985, 1988,
Runners-Up: 1958, 1971, 2023

Torlundy Cup
Winners: 1988
Runners-up: 1989

National Mod Cup
Winners: 1982, 1989, 1998, 2016,
Runners-Up: 1979

Balliemore Shinty Challenge Cup
Winners: 2008, 2014, 2021
Runners-Up: 1999, 2003

Marine Harvest Plate
Winners: 2009

MacTavish Plate
Runners-Up: 2014

National Division
Winners: 2000, 2015, 2017, 2022

North Division One (MacGillivray Senior Cup)
Winners 2014
Runners-Up: 1990, 1991, 1996, 1997, 2012

North Division Two (MacGillivary Junior Cup)
Winners: 1981–82, 2015
Runners-up: 1957, 1978, 2002, 2004

North Division Three (John MacRae Cup)
Winners: 1976–77
Runners-up: 1978, 1980, 1988, 1990

Valerie Fraser Camanachd Cup
Winners: 2017, 2019, 2023
Runners Up: 2014, 2016, 2018, 2022

WCA National Division One
Winners: 2016, 2017, 2018
Runners-Up: 2014, 2019, 2022

WCA North Division Two
Winners: 2013

Johnstone Rose Bowl (five-a-side)
Winners: 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2020, 2023
Runners-up: 2017

MacTavish Juvenile Cup (U17)
Winners: 1974, 1976, 1977, 1982, 1983, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2011, 2016, 2017
Runners-Up: 2001, 2012, 2015, 2023

W.J. Cameron Challenge Trophy (U17)
Winners: 1973, 1974, 1977, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1997, 2002, 2005, 2006
Runners-up: 1976, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2001

London Shield (U17)
Winners: 1997, 2002, 2009, 2018, 2019
Runners-Up: 1999, 2010, 2016

Strathdearn Junior Camanachd Cup (U17)
Winners: 1976, 2007, 2018
Runners-up: 1973, 2017

Kenneth A MacMaster Trophy (U14)
Winners: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2011, 2016, 2021, 2022
Runners-up: 1997, 1999, 2009, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2023

North Division 1 (U14)
Winners: 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2016, 2022

North Division 3 (U14)
Runners-Up: 2009

Camanachd Association Cup (Primaries)
Winners: 2019, 2022
Runners-up: 2021

"Pride of the Summer"
Skye Camanachd are referenced in the song "Pride of the Summer" by Runrig, with a mention of the distinctive white strips that the club wears. The track is the fourth one on the band's The Cutter and the Clan album.

I still see the blood on the knees
The camans swing without warning
The lads in white
At the speed of light
It's good to be young and daring

Skye also get a mention in Fergie MacDonald's amusing ditty, "The Shinty Referee".

References

External links
Skye Camanachd Website which is arguably the best shinty website on the internet giving news and reports not just on Skye Camanachd but shinty fixtures across all the leagues and cups.
Murchison appointed for 2009
Skye Defeat Caberfeidh, May 2008
 West Highland Free Press, Skye Shinty Reports
Runrig Home Page

Isle of Skye
Shinty teams
Sport in Highland (council area)
1892 establishments in Scotland
Sports clubs and teams established in 1892

Skye Camanachd


The close central unrounded vowel, or high central unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , namely the lower-case letter i with a horizontal bar. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as barred i.

Occasionally, this vowel is transcribed  (centralized ) or  (centralized ).

The close central unrounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the rare post-palatal approximant .

Some languages feature the near-close central unrounded vowel (), which is slightly lower. It is most often transcribed in IPA with  and , but other transcriptions such as  and  are also possible. In many British dictionaries, this vowel has been transcribed , which captures its height; in the American tradition it is more often , which captures its centrality, or , which captures both.  is also used in a number of other publications, such as Accents of English by John C. Wells. In the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary,  represents variation between  and .

Features

Occurrence
 is uncommon as a phoneme in Indo-European languages, occurring most commonly as an allophone in some Slavic languages, such as Russian (see ы). However, it is very common as a separate phoneme in the indigenous languages of the Americas and is often in phonemic contrast with other close vowels such as  and  both in modern living languages as well as reconstructed proto-languages (such as Proto-Uto-Aztecan).  identify the presence of this vowel phoneme as an areal feature of a Mesoamerican Sprachbund (although that is not a defining feature of the entire area).

The sound of Polish  is often represented as , but actually it is a close-mid advanced central unrounded vowel, more narrowly transcribed . Similarly, European Portuguese unstressed , often represented as , is actually a near-close near-back unrounded vowel, more narrowly transcribed using ad hoc symbols such as  (mid-centralized),  (fronted) and  (less rounded i.e. unrounded)

See also
 Index of phonetics articles

Notes

References

External links

Close vowels
Central vowels
Unrounded vowels

Close central unrounded vowel


Penola Conservation Park (formerly the Penola National Park) is a protected area located in the Australian state of South Australia in the locality of Monbulla about  south-east of the state capital of Adelaide and about  west of the town of Penola.

The conservation park occupies land in sections 255 and 256 of the cadastral unit of the Hundred of Monbulla. It is bounded by roads on three sides - Clay Wells Road (also known as the Robe - Penola road) to the south, Searle Road to the east and Rifle Range Road to the west. A wetland called Green Swamp located in its south-west was described in 1990 as "a semi-permanent wetland of approximately " while in its south-east corner, there is a "small disused quarry."

It originally acquired protected area status as one of two parcels of land proclaimed as a fauna sanctuary on 19 February 1970 under the Fauna Conservation Act 1964-1965 with the other parcel being located in the Hundred of Penola. On 10 September 1970, Sections 255 and 256 in the Hundred of Monbulla were proclaimed under the National Parks Act 1966 as the Penola National Park. On 27 April 1972, it was renamed as the Penola Conservation Park upon the proclamation of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 which repealed both of the above-mentioned acts along with other statutes concerned with conservation. The land was reported in 1990 as being previously used for grazing on the basis of the condition of the vegetation and the presence of a well at the edge of the Green Swamp. As of 2016, it covered an area of .

In 1980, the conservation park's listing on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate argued it to be significant for the following reasons:
A fine reserve preserving a range of habitat types representative of the stranded dune and swale terrain of the lower south-east of South Australia. The Park incorporates both dune and swale with associated seasonal swamp. Macropus rufogriseus, Trichosurus vulpecula, Tachylglossus aculeatus and Rattus leutreolus. The diverse avifauna is augmented by a winter influx of waterbirds.

In 1990, the conservation park was described as follows:…underlain by consolidated calcarenite dunes, overlain with red, weakly structured sandy soils and unconsolidated stranded dunes of bleached sands with a yellow-grey B horizon. Two large wetland areas have a marl base and black organic soils. River red gum flats have sandy, mottled-yellow duplex soil.

In 1990, the following vegetation associations were present:
 A "woodland or open woodland of brown stringybark" occupied the dunes.
A river red gum woodland with an understorey of "annual grasses and herbs and scattered shrubs" was present on "the flats associated with the wetlands."
"Isolated stands" of swamp gum and rough barked manna gum were present on "the edges of the wetter areas."
The north-west of the conservation park which was subject to periodic inundation supported "a large area of low heath."
"Water-ribbons and yellow marsh flower" were present in the wetlands.

As of 1990, visitation consisted of use "mainly by local residents and schools groups" and "occasional" use for "bush camping."

The conservation park is classified as an IUCN Category III protected area.

See also
Protected areas of South Australia

References

External links
Penola Conservation Park official website
Penola Conservation Park webpage on the Birds SA website

Conservation parks of South Australia
Protected areas established in 1970
1970 establishments in Australia
Limestone Coast
South Australian places listed on the defunct Register of the National Estate

Penola Conservation Park


Salsa is a type of music and dance of hispanic origin. Salsa music is based on Cuban music. This is a fusion of musical ideas which originally came from Africa and Spain.

During 1965-1975 in New York, musicians of Cuban and Puerto Rican origin combined to produce this Cuban-style music. The music got the label of 'salsa'. No-one really knows how this happened, but everyone recognised how good it was to have a label for it. Over time, salsa bands worked in other influences. For example, in the late 60s Willie Colon developed numbers that made use of Brazilian rhythms. N.Y. radio programmes offered 'salsarengue' as a further combination.

The question of whether or not salsa is anything more than Cuban music has been argued over for more than thirty years. Initially, not much difference could be heard. Later it became clear that salsa in New York was a bit different from popular music in Cuba. Also, Miami, Venezuela, Colombia and other places all had their own ideas. It now seems clear that salsa has receded from the great position it achieved in the late 1970s, at any rate in New York. The reasons for this are also much disputed. It is difficult for any music which uses a foreign language to succeed in the biggest English-speaking market-place.

Salsa as a dance can be seen in all the places mentioned. Unlike standard ballroom dancing, there is no clear agreement on how it should be danced, and the methods differ widely in detail. The teaching of salsa is also rather undeveloped. But, as a general guide, salsa dancing is rather like other dances from Cuba, such as the cha-cha-cha.

References

Musical forms
Latin dances

Salsa


Pasupati Bose (1 November 1907 in Berhampore, West Bengal – 1979, in Kolkata) was an Indian physician and professor of anatomy.

Information
Bose passed his Matriculation Exam in 1923 from Murshidabad Zilla School and ranked first. He never stood second in his school or college.  He went to Kolkata (Calcutta) to study medicine. He received his MBBS and DM from the University of Calcutta in 1932. He not only received first rank, but also scored 968 out of 1000 which is a record which still (2007) stands. He was awarded several gold medals as a student.
Bose joined the Kolkata Medical College as a professor of anatomy and gradually became the most famous and respected professor from his college.
He married in 1938 and became a father of a son and a daughter.

In 1952, he went to the United States at the invitation of the Rockefeller Foundation. There he spent one year giving lectures in different American Universities. Subsequently he was awarded the title of Fellow of the Royal Society, UK.

During the last five years of his service at the Kolkata Medical College, he became the Vice-Principal as per the request from his close associate and the Chief Minister of West Bengal of that time Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy.

He died in 1979 at the age of 72. He will remain the ever remembered Professor of Anatomy of the Kolkata Medical College.  Pasupati Bose Lane, a street in Kolkata, is named after him.

Notes

External links
 "Personalities" Kolkata Medical College

20th-century Indian medical doctors
Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata
1907 births
1979 deaths
University of Calcutta alumni
Academic staff of the University of Calcutta
Scientists from West Bengal

Pasupati Bose


Gndevank (, meaning Round cathedral) is a 10th-century Armenian monastery in the Vayots Dzor Province of Armenia, along the Vayk-Jermuk road.

Location
The monastery is located on the west side of the Vayk-Jermuk road on the bank of the Arpa river. The old road is blocked by landslides and the monastery is approached by walking about  from the junction with the old road, after a bridge crossing. About  away from the church is the rock known as "Vartan Mamikonian." There is a spring water in the vicinity of the church and a few picnic tables.

History
The monastery was built in 936 AD by Princess Sophia of Syunik. She stated the purpose of her building the monastery as: "Vayots Dzor was a ring without a jewel but I built this monastery as the jewel for the ring". Priest Sargis was the first abbot of the church. Priest Yeghishe was entrusted the responsibility for its construction. In 999 AD it was expanded with a gavit, a narthex  or entrance to the church. In subsequent years the monastery was fortified with walls around it, under the orders of Abbot Petros (Peter).

The monastery, which was damaged during an earthquake, was refurbished during 1965 and 1969. Further renovations were done during 2013. In 1875, several items of religious paraphernalia were found in a secret chamber in the church.

Features
The church, well preserved, is dedicated to St. Stephen. It is built in the form of a cross-dome of four apses, with a circular tambour (inverted bell of the Corinthian capital) over a cupola. There are four altars in the church. The gavit, added in the western part of the church in subsequent years, is in the shape of barrel; it is vaulted and appears like a tunnel approach to the church. Abbot Christopher built the vaulted hall with two chambers. Sargis, who succeeded him, ordered the construction of a canal from the Vararakn River for providing a water supply to the church, which is still functional. On the southern and western side of the compound wall, monks' living quarters have been built.

Of the surviving wall paintings, one by Yeghishe of Jesus Christ is on the altar wall. Another notable painting in the church is of Mother Mary on the northern annexed wall, which is said to be a masterpiece of the late Middle Ages in Armenia. The surfaces of the pendentives have carved images of the evangelists. The tombstones surrounding the church have carvings of interest, such as a scene of ibex hunting next to a falcon, and the hunting of a boar. Khachkars (cross stones) are also seen here.

Gallery

References

Bibliography

External links

 Armeniapedia.org: Gndevank
 A Flickr photo of Gndevank
 About Gndevank

Christian monasteries in Armenia
Buildings and structures in Vayots Dzor Province
Tourist attractions in Vayots Dzor Province

Gndevank


In aerophilately, a branch of philately, a first flight cover, also known by the acronym FFC, is mail that has been carried on an inaugural flight of an airline, route, or aircraft, normally postmarked with the date of the flight often of the arrival destination proving it was actually carried on the aircraft and may have a special flight cachet and/or an arrival postmark. Because many first flight covers are essentially made as collectables they can be considered philatelic mail though others consider them to be postal history.

Collecting first flight covers
With the advent of air travel it wasn't long before airplanes were carrying the mail between distant points about the globe. In the United States and Germany airmail delivery was greeted with the same national enthusiasm and fanfare as was experienced with the first trips to the moon by US astronauts. Consequently, many people sent philatelic mail to themselves or friends that was carried aboard these flights in order to get a souvenir of the historic event. Covers carried aboard these flights are very popular and famous in some cases. The United States Post Office Department recognised the potential in providing first flight cover services to philatelists quite early on and in 1926 The Postal Bulletin carried extensive instructions for postmasters to ensure appropriate circulation took place and proper markings were added.

Due to the small loads carried on early first flights, these covers are scarce, in demand and expensive. Following the First World War regular and special flights increased significantly to the extent that some modern flight are so commercial that thousands of covers are carried that no pilot could ever possibly sign. Thus collectors may find it difficult to cope with the quantity and diversity of first flight covers available to collect forcing them to specialise though some catalogues exist to help them such as the American Air Mail Catalogue.

Early first flights

The first official postal delivery flight between two towns took place on February 18, 1911, during the United Provinces Industrial and Agricultural Exhibition in India. The young French pilot Henri Pequet carried mail from the exhibition location Allahabad to Naini, which is approx. 8 km away. It took Henri Pequet and his biplane "Sommer" about 13 minutes for the distance. The carried covers were provided with the large circular bright magenta postmark "First Aerial Post, U.P. Exhibition Allahabad 1911" and a few cards were autographed by the pilot. Pequet carried about 6,000 cards and letters on his journey.

The United Kingdom's first and only official pre-World War I airmail flight took place in 1911 to mark the coronation of King George V flying mail between London (Hendon Aerodrome) and Windsor from September 9–15 carrying 926 pounds of mail. The following year a German Reichspost postal flight took place between Mannheim and Heidelberg on which first flight postcards were carried.

The first scheduled U.S. Air Mail service began on May 15, 1918, and carried mail from Washington, D.C., to New York City. The type of airplane used was the U.S. Army Curtiss JN-4 "Jenny" biplanes flown by Army pilots with an intermediate stop in Philadelphia (Bustleton Field). Among those who were on hand for the departure of the first flight from Washington, D.C., were President Woodrow Wilson, U.S. Postmaster General Albert S. Burleson, and Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt. Army Lt. George L. Boyle was selected to pilot aircraft #38262 on the first Northbound flight which, unfortunately, turned out to be a somewhat less than successful initial venture.

See also
First day cover
Philatelic mail

References

External links

first
First

First flight cover


Carrier Canal is an irrigation canal in Kern County, California. It originates from a common diversion at Manor Street in Bakersfield, which also supplies the Kern Island Canal and Eastside Canal. The common diversion originates from the Kern River about  south of Gordon's Ferry. There are additional diversions from the Kern River at Golden State Highway (SR 204 freeway) and Coffee Road. The canal terminates at the Kern River, near Enos Lane west of Bakersfield. For its entire length, it runs roughly parallel to the Kern River.

The canal was created as a result of the Kern River Miller-Haggin Water Agreement of 1888. The compromise guarantees a certain percentage of water from the Kern River, measured at the First Point of Measurement, near Gordon's Ferry, reaches the Second Point of Measurement, near Enos Lane. The canal is used to divert water from the Kern River between those two points. Stine Canal and Buena Vista Canal, which branch from the Carrier Canal, are used to deliver water to other customers south of Bakersfield.

References

Canals of Kern County, California

Carrier Canal


George Gordon (1806–1879) was a British botanist. He worked for the London Horticultural Society as Foreman of the Horticultural Society Gardens at Chiswick, near London.

Gordon is particularly noted for his work on conifers, publishing The Pinetum in 1858, followed by a Supplement in 1862 and a fully revised second edition of The Pinetum in 1875. He described many new species of conifers from specimens collected by Karl Theodor Hartweg in Mexico and California.

References

1806 births
1879 deaths
Botanists with author abbreviations
British botanists
Botanists active in North America

George Gordon (botanist)


Roger Fenton (1565–1615) was an English clergyman, one of the translators of the Authorised King James Version.

Life
He was born in Lancashire and was educated at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, where he matriculated as a sizar in 1585. He graduated B.A. in 1589, becoming a fellow in 1590. He graduated M.A. in 1592; he later proceeded B.D. in 1602 and D.D. in 1613. From 1598 he was preacher to the readers at Gray's Inn, and held the post till his death.

In 1601 he was made rector of St. Stephen's, Walbrook, and in 1603 of the neighbouring St. Benet's Sherehog. He resigned the latter in 1606, on his appointment to the vicarage of Chigwell, Essex. In 1609 he succeeded Lancelot Andrewes in the prebend of St. Pancras in St. Paul's, which made him rector and patron, as well as vicar, of Chigwell. Fenton was one of the Second Westminster Company of translators of the King James Bible, dealing with the Epistles of the New Testament. He died 16 January 1615, and was buried under the communion-table.

Works
Fenton's first work, An Answer to William Alablaster his Motives, was published in 1599, noting that William Alabaster was then a prisoner in the Tower of London.

In 1611 Fenton published A Treatise of Usurie, in three books; there was a second edition in 1612. In 1652 there appeared a tract by Robert Filmer<ref>Quaestio quodlibetica, or, A discourse, whether it may bee lawfull to take use for money,' with sub-title, An Examination of Dr. Fenton's Treatise of Usury.</ref> The author states in his preface that George Downame, Fenton and Andrewes are the noted opponents of usury, in England, but (he continues) 'I have made choice of Dr. Fenton's treatise to examine because it is latest, and I find little of any moment but is in him.' A note by Roger Twysden in Filmer's book suggests it was written three decades before publication.

A manuscript in the Cambridge University Library (MS Ff. 5. 25, fos. 17r–22r) contains a contemporary copy of a brief treatise by Fenton, entitled 'De Æquivocatione' (On Equivocation). It is dedicated to Sir Francis Bacon in his capacity as Solicitor-General, and must therefore date from between 1607 and 1613. Like the English treatise Of Usurie this Latin document consists of the resolution of three disputed questions on the subject of the work.

Fenton was a popular preacher of the day; one of his sermons, 'Of Simonie and Sacriledge,' was published in 1604, from which it appears that he was at that date chaplain to Sir Thomas Egerton, the lord chancellor. Another was published in 1615, 'Upon Oathes,' preached before the Grocers' Company; and a small volume containing four more appeared in 1616.

In 1617, Fenton's successor at Chigwell, Emmanuel Utie, published a posthumous work by Fenton entitled A Treatise against the Necessary Dependence upon that One Head and the present Reconciliation to the Church of Rome. Together with certaine sermons preached in publike assemblies.'' Utie prefixes a dedication of his own to Sir Francis Bacon, in which he calls the treatise 'the Posthumus [image] of Doctor Fenton', but says that it lacked final revision. In his dedication he alludes to Fenton's earlier dedication of his treatise on usury to Bacon's predecessor as Lord Keeper, Sir Thomas Egerton. The sermons in this volume are six in number, with three of them having been preached before King James.

Notes

References

1565 births
1615 deaths
17th-century English Anglican priests
Translators of the King James Version
Fellows of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Clergy from Lancashire
16th-century English clergy
16th-century English writers
17th-century English translators
17th-century Anglican theologians
16th-century Anglican theologians

Roger Fenton (priest)


Randy Ellis (born October 30, 1979, in Chicago, Illinois), better known as DJ Fokis "Bull Of Tha Industry" is a hip hop turntablist/producer and owner of PPEG (Pure Product Entertainment Group, LLC.) a music/marketing consulting firm from Chicago, Illinois, U.S.

Biography
He began his career as a local DJ working with radio stations and running the local DJ battle scene during the late 1990s. DJ Fokis also was a talented graffiti artist known by most of his peers as "Fokis" he went on to have many other aliases such as "Seryus" . At first he studied architecture but the love of music overwhelmed and fascinated him. DJ Fokis in the late 1990s was part of several hip-hop crews including the world renown Chi-Rock Nation where he took part in releasing Chicago Rocks Magazine under supervision of veteran chapter members. DJ Fokis credits himself as a "Triple Threat" DJ. Triple Threat represents the future of turntablism, precisely because they have been so instrumental to its storied past. Though they have championship-level skills at scratching and beat-juggling they also know how to rock a party, produce music and create original compositions with two turntables. They are not just djs, turntablists, producers, musicians or club djs, they encompass all aspects.

The early years
DJ Fokis as a young child studied in Cincinnati, Ohio under the School for Creative & Performing Arts where he majored in art and studied drama. After returning to Chicago his love of art i.e. Graffiti grew during his high school years. While taking an interest in architecture DJ Fokis was awarded the Chicago Public Schools Newhouse Competition second place award and a summer business internship with a Chicago downtown architecture firm. DJ Fokis skills in Graffiti & Art developed more over time. The introduction to graphic design programs such as Adobe Systems Photoshop & Corel Photo-Paint he used the programs to make a living and support for college. After graduation DJ Fokis created a small sole-proprietorship Graphinheit Studios. The unique name was created by DJ Fokis himself combining the words Graphics and Fahrenheit which translates "Hot Graphics". He soon dissolved the company in 2006 and merge his operations. He incorporated PPEG, LLC. to continue his music career and use his marketing intellect for further his career in the entertainment industry. His creativity can be seen locally and internationally mainly because he was the consulting art director for marketing album covers and promotional materials for Clear Channel. In 2007 DJ Fokis opened his doors to other companies for 3rd Party consultation/marketing services. Most recent clients being Chicago rap group Crucial Conflict, Super-Producer 9th Wonder for The "Dream Merchant 2" Tour and Hustle Period Management home to Roc-A-Fella Records RIAA certified multi-platinum artist Kanye West.

Mainstream introduction
DJ Fokis gained fame from releasing "I Can Getcha Block Knocked Off" Vol. 1 September 2006 with then newly signed artist Warlord to infamous Death Row Records. The release executive produced By Suge Knight and Big Los was downloaded over 250,000 times from www.djfokis.com in under 2 months. A second release to the debut street album was soon scheduled and to be released in 2007 under a co-venture between DJ Fokis, Warlord and Death Row Records Vice President Big Los. "Still Can Getcha Block Knocked Off" Vol. 2 was released August 7, 2007 worldwide on with global distribution assistance from Apple iTunes, eMusic, Yahoo, and Sony. It received critical acclaim and amassed high scores from online & offline publications. DJ Fokis & Warlord's success of the series will soon be continued with a new series coming soon from both artist no date has been set.

Current affairs
DJ Fokis on September 25, 2009, recently signed to a New York City based booking agency CEG (Central Entertainment Group). CEG houses the world's top talent ranging from Fabolous, Lil' Kim, Funkmaster Flex, and DJ Whoo Kid. DJ Fokis recently announced that he has confirmed the release for a third installment of the Warlord mixtape entitled: Lord of War: "Still Can Getcha Blocked Knocked Off, Volume 3". It is expected to be released March 2010 with 17 new track from DJ Fokis & Warlord. DJ Fokis has been recently added to a 2010 tour involving the world-famous Ruff Ryders Entertainment the tour launch is expected in January 2010 inside the continental United States.

Philanthropy
DJ Fokis established a non-profit organization entitled The F.O.K.I.S. Foundation the acronym standing for Finding Outstanding Kids In School. This organization was founded to be a cornerstone for kids in an inner city school that may have a talent or skill that can be enhanced/sculpted. The foundations role will be that of an older member that specializes in that skill the child possess and "shows him/her the ropes". A young aspiring singer may have the opportunity to go to a live recording session with a singer, songwriter, or producer and see first hand how things work. A young dancer, to a ballet studio, etc.

Awards & credentials
2007-2008 "Hard DJ Work Award" Midwest Category 2nd Annual Thermal Awards WHCR 90.3 FM New York City, New York
2000-2001 Disco Mix Club (DMC) American Battleground Chicago Regional Finalist
1999-2000 Vestax Guitar Center 1st Round Advance Winner
1999-2000 Shure Blaze Battle Finalist
1997-1998 Heavyweights DJ Competition Finalist

Discography

DJ Fokis Presents: Pure Product: Volume 3.0 January, 1998
Reborn Hustler (DJ Fokis & Spree Israel) December, 2004
Death Row Records Presents: I Can Getcha Block Knocked Off Volume: 1 (DJ Fokis & Warlord) September, 2006
Still Can Getcha Block Knocked Off, Volume 2 (DJ Fokis & Warlord) August, 2007
Reborn Hustler: The Reissue (Bonus Track Version) January, 2008
Bullacratic DJ Fokis Debut Album (Label:TBA)
Lord of War: Still Can Getcha Block Knocked Off, Volume 3 (DJ Fokis & Walord) March, 2010

Notes
RollingOut.com Interview - January, 2009
Sixshot.com "Sixshot Spinners" Interview - April, 2008
Streethop.com "Jack Of All Trades" (3 Part Interview) - July, 2007
Streethop.com Album Review for "Still Can Getcha Block Knocked Off" Volume: 2 - July, 2007
Westcoast Aftershock "Still Can Getcha Block Knocked Off" Volume 2 Album Review - July, 2007
G-Funk Music Inc. "I Can Getcha Block Knocked Off" Volume: 1 Feature Album - March, 2006
Wildstyle Shop & Magazine - The Hip Hop Culture Online Magazine Berlin, Germany  - November, 2006

External links
Official Website
BullyTV on Youtube
Twitter for DJ Fokis

1979 births
African-American DJs
American hip hop DJs
Mixtape DJs
Record producers from Illinois
Hip hop record producers
Living people
Musicians from Chicago
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people

DJ Fokis


Giovanni Reale (15 April 1931 – 15 October 2014) was an Italian historian of philosophy.

Biography
Reale was born in Candia Lomellina, Pavia. He attended the Gymnasium and the Liceo classico of Casale Monferrato, and was then educated at the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore of Milan, where he graduated. He later continued his studies in Marburg an der Lahn and Munich.

After a period of teaching in high schools, he won a professorship at the University of Parma, where he taught courses in moral philosophy and the history of philosophy. He then returned to the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore of Milan, where he was professor of the history of ancient philosophy for many years, and where he also founded the Centro di Ricerche di Metafisica. In 2005 he moved to teach at the new faculty of philosophy at Vita-Salute San Raffaele University of Milan.

He died on 15 October 2014 in his home in Luino.

Research
His main argument is that categories of Greek philosophy and its particular way of thinking led to the birth and development of the science and technology in the West.

His research interests range throughout the ancient pagan and Christian thought, and his most significant contributions have touched gradually Aristotle, Plato, Plotinus, Socrates and Augustine of Hippo. He studied each of these authors from an against-the-grain perspective, inaugurating, in the opinion of Cornelia de Vogel, a new reading of these authors.

Reale's reinterpretation of Aristotle disputes the positivist-influenced interpretation of Werner Jaeger, according to which the writings of Aristotle are informed by a progression of dominant beliefs: at first, theology, where debate is in reference to God; then metaphysics, where the universal rights of man are the focus; and finally arriving at the viewpoint of science. Reale argued instead the fundamental unity of the metaphysical thought of Aristotle.

Reale was one of the main proponents of the existence of Plato's unwritten doctrines or theory of the principles, a metaphysical theory ascribed to Plato by Aristotle and other ancient philosophers, but not clearly formulated in his writings. According to Reale, the best and most important part of Plato's philosophy was precisely the one orally expounded to the students in the Academy.

Works
Reale's main writings are:
 Il concetto di filosofia prima e l'unità della Metafisica di Aristotele, Vita e Pensiero, Milan (1961), then Bompiani, Milan (2008)
 Introduzione a Aristotele, Laterza, Bari (1974)
 Storia della filosofia antica, 5 volumi, Vita e Pensiero, Milan (1975, reissued several times)
 Il pensiero occidentale dalle origini ad oggi, La Scuola, Brescia (1983)
 Per una nuova interpretazione di Platone, CUSL, Milan (1984), then Vita e Pensiero, Milan (2003)
 Introduzione a Introduzione a Proclo, Laterza, Bari (1989)
 Filosofia antica, Jaca Book, Milan (1992)
 Saggezza antica, Cortina, Milan (1995)
 Eros demone mediatore, Rizzoli, Milan (1997)
 Platone. Alla ricerca della sapienza segreta, Rizzoli, Milan (1997), then Bompiani, Milan (2005)
 Guida alla lettura della Metafisica di Aristotele, Laterza, Bari (1997)
 Raffaello: La "Disputa", Rusconi, Milan (1998)
 Corpo, anima e salute, Cortina, Milan (1999)
 Socrate. Alla scoperta della sapienza umana, Rizzoli, Milan (1999)
 Il pensiero antico, Vita e Pensiero, Milan (2001)
 La filosofia di Seneca come terapia dei mali dell'anima, Bompiani, Milan (2003)
 Radici culturali e spirituali dell'Europa, Cortina, Milan (2003)
 Storia della filosofia greca e romana, 10 volumi, Bompiani, Milan (2004)
 Valori dimenticati dell'Occidente, Bompiani, Milan (2004)
 L'arte di Riccardo Muti e la Musa platonica, Bompiani, Milan (2005)
 Come leggere Agostino, Bompiani, Milan (2005)
 Karol Wojtyla un pellegrino dell'assoluto, Bompiani, Milan (2005)
 Autotestimonianze e rimandi dei Dialoghi di Platone alle "Dottrine non scritte", Bompiani, Milan (2008)
 Storia del pensiero filosofico e scientifico, La Scuola, Brescia (2012)
 Cento anni di filosofia. Da Nietzsche ai nostri giorni, La Scuola, Brescia (2015)

Translations and comments

Honors

  Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic – «Initiative of the President of Italy», 3 June 2011
"Roncisvalle" Prize of the University of Navarra
Honorary citizen of Syracuse

Honorary degree
International Academy of Philosophy of Liechtenstein
John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
Moscow State University

References

1931 births
2014 deaths
Academic staff of the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
Historians of philosophy
21st-century Italian philosophers
20th-century Italian philosophers
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Commentators on Plato
Academic staff of the Vita-Salute San Raffaele University

Giovanni Reale


Alfredo Acton, 1st barone Acton (12 September 1867 – 26 March 1934) was an Italian admiral, politician and Chief of Staff of the Regia Marina (Italy's Royal Navy).

He was born in Castellammare di Stabia, a descendant of the Acton family which had originated in England before moving to Tuscany. His great-grandfather was General Joseph Edward Acton (1737–1830), brother of Sir John Acton, 6th Baronet, commander of the naval forces of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and prime minister of Naples. His father was Ferdinando Acton and his uncle Guglielmo Acton, Minister for the Navy. His aunt Laura Acton was married to Marco Minghetti, prime minister of Italy.

Acton participated in the occupation of Massawa (1885), the intervention in the uprising on Crete by the International Squadron (1897–1898), the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion (1900), and the Italo-Turkish War (1912).

During the First World War, he became a rear admiral and was the Allied commander of an Italian-British-French force which fought the Battle of the Strait of Otranto against the Austrian-Hungarian Navy in 1917.

After the war, he was chief of staff of the Italian Navy in 1919–1921 and 1925–1927. He was named "Barone Acton" in 1925 and became a Senator in 1927. In 1907, October 23rd, he married in Naples Donna Livia Giudice Caracciolo (1878-1963) 11th Princess of Leporano, daughter of Don Giuseppe 4th Prince of Cellamare, 9th Prince of Villa and 9th Prince of Leporano Donna Giulia Brunas Serra from dukes of Cardinale.

In the United Kingdom, he was an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB). He was a bailiff of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.

He died in Naples, aged 66.

References

1867 births
1934 deaths
19th-century Neapolitan people
Italian people of English descent
Italian admirals
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Bailiffs of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
Italian military personnel of the Italo-Turkish War
Italian military personnel of World War I

Alfredo Acton


Joanna of Châtillon or Joan, ; (c. 1285 – 16 January 1354) was the wife of Walter V of Brienne (1305). She was Duchess of Athens by marriage (1308–1311). She was the daughter of Gaucher V de Châtillon, Constable of France and Isabelle de Dreux. Her paternal grandparents were Gaucher IV de Châtillon and Isabelle de Villehardouin. Her maternal grandparents were Robert de Dreux, Viscount of Chateaudun and Isabelle de Villebéon.

Biography
In 1305, Joanna married Walter V of Brienne, the son of Hugh of Brienne, Count of Brienne and Lecce, and Isabella de la Roche. The marriage produced two children:
 Walter VI of Brienne, Count of Brienne, Lecce, and Conversano, titular Duke of Athens (died 19 September 1356), married firstly Margharita of Anjou-Tarent, and secondly, Jeanne de Brienne. His children by both wives died young, so his titles, possessions, and claims were inherited by his sister Isabella.
 Isabella of Brienne, Countess of Lecce and Conversano, claimant to the Duchy of Athens, and the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1306–1360), married Walter of Enghien, by whom she had eleven children.

On 15 March 1311, Joanna's husband Walter was killed in the Battle of Halmyros against the Catalan Company. Joanna may have tried to hold the Acropolis of Athens against them but eventually surrendered it. She returned with her son Walter VI to France, though her retainers continued to possess Argos and Nauplia under Walter of Foucherolles.

In April 1318, Joanna and her father sent a request to the Republic of Venice seeking money and ships for knights and infantry to Negroponte or Nauplia. The request, however, was refused, as the Briennist vassals in Greece had turned to the Catalans in the meanwhile. As late as the next year, however, Walter of Foucherolles was still commanding his vessels in the Argolid to remain loyal to Joanna and the young Walter. By constant petition to the King of Naples, the King of France, and the Pope, Joanna kept her claim to Athens alive for her son until he was old enough to campaign for his rights in the Aegean. In January 1321, Philip V of France mediated the suit brought against her by her own son, who was suing for the payment of some of his father's great debt.

Joanna herself retained her ducal title until her death. Her tomb, in the church (now destroyed) of the Dominican monastery in Troyes had the inscription Duchesse d'Athènes.

Notes

References

Setton, Kenneth M. Catalan Domination of Athens 1311–1380. Revised edition. Variorum: London, 1975.

1280s births
1354 deaths
Year of birth uncertain

Christians of the Crusades

Dukes of Athens
House of Brienne
13th-century French people
13th-century French women
14th-century French people
14th-century French women
14th-century women rulers

Joanna of Châtillon


Andrew Yogan (born December 4, 1991) is an American professional ice hockey player currently playing for Graz99ers of the ICE Hockey League.

He was selected by the New York Rangers in the 4th round (100th overall) of the 2010 NHL Entry Draft. He was the first hockey player raised in Florida to be drafted by the NHL.  Prior NHL players who were born in Florida, but raised elsewhere include Val James, Dallas Eakins, Dan Hinote, and Blake Geoffrion.

Playing career
Yogan played major junior hockey in the Ontario Hockey League.  He was originally drafted by the Windsor Spitfires in 2007 in the 5th round of the OHL draft.  He had been ranked 19th in the draft but fell because teams were concerned he was not interested in joining the OHL. He joined the Erie Otters in 2008. In the 2008–09 season, prior to becoming draft eligible, he suffered a concussion which may have caused him to slip in the draft.  Prior to the concussion, some analysts considered him a potential first round draft pick.  In 2009-10, Yogan scored 25 goals and 30 assists for 55 points for Erie.  In 2010–11, he missed all but 10 games and the playoffs due to a shoulder injury.  He was traded to the Peterborough Petes in 2011.

For the 2011–12 season, Yogan was named OHL player of the week for the week of March 12–18, 2012, during which he scored four goals and four assists for eight points with a +8 plus-minus rating in his last three OHL games.  For the season, Yogan finished 6th in the OHL with 41 goals and 15th in the OHL with 78 points.  Yogan also believes that he made significant improvements in his defensive skills during the season.

On March 21, 2012, the Connecticut Whale signed Yogan to an American Hockey League amateur tryout agreement, and on March 26, 2012, Yogan was signed by the New York Rangers to a three-year two-way contract.  He played two games for the Whale in 2011, scoring two goals and one assist.  Both goals came in his pro debut on April 9, 2011.

At the time he was drafted, Yogan regarded his hands and his shot as his best assets as a hockey player, and his speed as the biggest issue he needed to develop. His lack of speed may have been the result of starting playing hockey later than most legitimate prospects.

On October 6, 2014 he was traded from the Rangers to the Florida Panthers organization along with Steven Kampfer in exchange for Joey Crabb.

On September 10, 2015, Yogan returned to continue in the ECHL in signing a one-year contract with the Cincinnati Cyclones.

After his fourth full professional year in North America, Yogan opted to pursue a European career, agreeing to a one-year contract with Italian club, HC Bolzano, who compete in the Austrian Hockey League on July 25, 2016. After 10 games with Bolzano, Yogan left to rejoin the Cincinnati Cyclones on October 18, 2016. In the 2016–17 season, Yogan continued to prove his offensive prowess in the ECHL, collecting 15 goals and 32 points in 30 games. On February 2, 2017, he returned to the EBEL to continue with HC Bolzano to fulfil his contract obligations.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

Awards and honors

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
American men's ice hockey centers
Bolzano HC players
Cincinnati Cyclones (ECHL) players
Connecticut Whale (AHL) players
Erie Otters players
Graz 99ers players
Greenville Road Warriors players
Sportspeople from Coral Springs, Florida
Hartford Wolf Pack players
Ice hockey people from Florida
Iowa Wild players
New York Rangers draft picks
HK Poprad players
St. John's IceCaps players
San Antonio Rampage players
HC Slovan Bratislava players
Syracuse Crunch players
Peterborough Petes (ice hockey) players
Windsor Spitfires players
People from Coconut Creek, Florida
American expatriate ice hockey players in Austria
American expatriate ice hockey players in Canada
American expatriate ice hockey players in Slovakia
American expatriate ice hockey players in Hungary
American expatriate ice hockey players in Italy

Andrew Yogan


A radio reading service or reading service for the blind is a public service of many universities, community groups and public radio stations, where a narrator reads books, newspapers and magazines aloud for the benefit of the blind and vision-impaired.  It is typically broadcast on a subcarrier, with radio receivers permanently tuned to a given station in the area, or an HD Radio subchannel of the offering station.  Some reading services use alternative methods for reaching their audiences, including broadcasting over SAP, streaming Internet radio, cable TV, or even terrestrial TV.

The International Association of Audio Information Services (IAAIS) serves as the primary member organization for radio reading services, and has member services or has consulted with and assisted local organizations in Canada, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Panama, New Zealand, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States.

The first radio reading service in the United States was the Minnesota Radio Talking Book Network, started in 1969 by C. Stanley Potter and Robert Watson.  After six years of researching the concept, a Kansas philanthropist learned of the Minnesota service, and with their help in 1971 Petey Cerf founded Audio-Reader, the second reading service in the nation, in Lawrence, Kansas.  In the late 1970s, Audio-Reader director Rosie Hurwitz and Stan Potter served as the first two presidents of the Association of Radio Reading Services, which came to be known as the National Association of Radio Reading Services, and, finally, IAAIS.

The first radio reading service in Canada was founded by Richard Moses and Gordon Norman in Oakville, Ontario, in the basement of the Woodside Branch of the Oakville Public Library in the mid-1970s.

In the United States, many public radio stations carry a local or regional reading service on an FM subcarrier.  They are commonly affiliated with universities, libraries and other non-profit institutions. Reception of these stations require a special receiver, available at no cost to the listener, though most organizations require certification that the potential listener is unable to use normal printed material. Stations in other countries also carry such a service in this fashion.  Some radio reading services are broadcast on standard FM stations.  WRBH in New Orleans was the first full-time open channel radio reading service, although WRKC in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania has been broadcasting a two-hour-a-day service, the Radio Home Visitor, since 1974. WYPL in Memphis, Tennessee, run by volunteers of the Memphis Public Library, devotes nearly its entire broadcast day to a mixture of live readings and prerecorded readings overnight.

Australia's Radio Print Handicapped Network has stations in all capital cities and some other areas.

The first internet-based reading service was Assistive Media, founded in 1996 by David Erdody in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Most of the over 100 audio information services in the U.S. stream their broadcasts live on the internet, and some offer online archives of previously broadcast programming.  Some organizations provide their listeners with internet radios preprogrammed to easily find the internet stream.

See also
 Radio Information Service
 Audio description, an additional narration track for blind and visually impaired consumers of visual media, including television and movies, dance, opera, and visual art

References

External links
Find Member Stations by State – International Association of Audio Information Services
 Sun Sounds of Arizona – Listen Live
Gatewave radio reading service
Radio Talking Book Network – Nebraska radio reading service
 Daily live readings of the Omaha World-Herald and Lincoln Journal-Star

 Radio reading services
Reading (process)
Radio stations broadcasting on subcarriers
1969 introductions
1969 establishments in Minnesota
American inventions

Radio reading service