Ferdinand Schörner (12 June 1892 – 2 July 1973) was a German military commander who held the rank of Generalfeldmarschall in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II. He commanded several army groups and was the last Commander-in-chief of the German Army.

Schörner is commonly represented in historical literature as a simple disciplinarian and a slavish devotee of Adolf Hitler's defensive orders, after Germany lost the initiative in the second half of World War II in 1942/43. More recent research by American historian Howard Davis Grier and German historian Karl-Heinz Frieser depicts Schörner as a talented commander with "astonishing" organizational ability in managing an army group of 500,000 men during the fighting in late 1944 on the Eastern Front. He was harsh against superiors as well as subordinates and carried out operations on his own authority against Hitler's orders when he considered it necessary, such as the evacuation of the Sõrve Peninsula.

Schörner was a dedicated Nazi and became well known for his ruthlessness. By the end of World War II, he was Hitler's favourite commander. Following the war he was convicted of war crimes by courts in the Soviet Union, and West Germany, and was imprisoned in the Soviet Union, East Germany and West Germany. At his death in 1973 he was the last living German field marshal.

Early life

Schörner was born on 12 June 1892 in Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire. He entered the Bavarian Army in October 1911 as a one-year volunteer with the Bavarian Leib Regiment, and by November 1914 he was a Leutnant der Reserve. Serving in World War I, he was awarded the Pour le Mérite military order as a lieutenant when he took part in the Battle of Caporetto, which shattered the Italian lines in autumn 1917. Continuing in the Reichswehr, between the two wars, Schörner served as a staff officer and instructor. In 1923 he was adjutant to General Otto von Lossow, the commander of Wehrkreis VII (military district) in Munich and participated in the defeat of the Beer Hall Putsch.

World War II
Schörner commanded the 98th Mountain Regiment in the invasion of Poland in 1939. During the 1941 Balkans campaign, he commanded the German 6th Mountain Division and earned the Knight's Cross for his role in breaching the Metaxas Line. With this division, Schörner took part in Operation Barbarossa in June 1941. The 6th Gebirgs Division was assigned to the Arctic sectors in the Eastern Front. In 1942 as a General der Gebirgstruppe he took command of the XIX Mountain Corps, part of the German Army in Finland. With this command he participated in the failed attack on Murmansk and the stalemate war that followed. Schörner's task was to keep the Pechenga Nickel Works in German hands. When the Soviets opened an offensive against the Arctic sector, the division took part in the fighting. In February 1942, Schörner was promoted to the rank of Generalleutnant, commanding the Mountain Corps Norway.

He later commanded the XXXX Panzer Corps on the Eastern Front from November 1943 to January 1944. In March 1944 he was made commander of Army Group A, and in May commander of Army Group South Ukraine. After stating that the Crimean port of Sevastopol could be held for a long time even if Crimea fell, he changed his mind and against Hitler's wishes, evacuated the Black Sea port. This retreat occurred too late and the German–Romanian 17th Army that was holding Crimea suffered severe losses, with many men killed or captured while waiting on the piers to be evacuated. During the late spring of 1944, Schörner oversaw the retreat from the Dniester River in Romania.

Schörner was promoted to the rank of Generaloberst in May 1944. In July he became commander of Army Group North, which was later renamed Army Group Courland, where he stayed until January 1945 when he was made commander of Army Group Centre, defending Czechoslovakia and the upper reaches of the River Oder. He became a favorite of high-level Nazi leaders such as Joseph Goebbels, whose diary entries from March and April 1945 have many words of praise for Schörner and his methods. On 5 April 1945, Schörner was promoted to field marshal and was named as the new commander-in-chief of the German Army High Command (OKH, Oberkommando des Heeres) in Hitler's last testament. He nominally served in this post until the surrender of the Third Reich on 8 May 1945 but continued to command his army group, since no staff was available to him. He did not have any discernible influence in the final days of the Reich.

On 7 May, the day General Alfred Jodl, Chief-of-Staff of the OKW was negotiating the surrender of all German forces at SHAEF, the last the OKW had heard from Schörner was on 2 May. He had reported he intended to fight his way west and surrender his army group to the Americans. On 8 May, OKW colonel Wilhelm Meyer-Detring was escorted through the American lines to contact Schörner. The colonel reported that Schörner had ordered his operational command to observe the surrender but he could not guarantee that he would be obeyed everywhere. Schörner ordered a continuation of fighting against Red Army and the Czech insurgents of the Prague uprising. Later that day, Schörner deserted and flew to Austria, where he was arrested by the Americans on 18 May. Elements of Army Group Centre continued to resist the overwhelming force of the Red Army invading Czechoslovakia during the final Prague Offensive. Units of Army Group Centre, the last big German units to surrender, capitulated on 11 May 1945.

Post-war trials and convictions
With the war over, Generalfeldmarschall Schörner handed himself in to the Americans on 18 May 1945, who a few weeks later passed him over to the Soviet authorities as a prisoner of war. In August 1951 he was charged with war crimes, and in February 1952 the Military Board of the Soviet Supreme Court sentenced him to 25 years imprisonment. A decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet in April 1952 reduced this sentence to 12 and a half years. A decree of December 1954 allowed him to be handed over to authorities of East Germany, and he was released in 1955. Returning to West Germany, he was arrested and charged with executions of German Army soldiers accused of desertion. Schörner was found guilty of manslaughter and attempted manslaughter and sentenced to four and a half years in prison. He was released on 4 August 1960 and lived in obscurity in Munich until his death in 1973. At the time of his death, he was the last surviving field marshal of the Third Reich. In the late 1960s, he gave a lengthy interview to Italian historian Mario Silvestri on his role and actions during the Austro-German victory at the Battle of Caporetto in World War I, but rarely spoke about his World War II service.

Assessment
German veterans particularly criticized Schörner for a 1945 order that all soldiers found behind the front lines, who did not possess written orders to be there, were to be court-martialled on the spot and hanged if found guilty of desertion. This is mentioned in the writings of Siegfried Knappe, Hans von Luck and Joseph Goebbels. "Deserters get no mercy from him" Goebbels wrote of Schörner on 11 March 1945. "They are hanged from the nearest tree with a placard round their necks saying 'I am a deserter. I have declined to defend German women and children and therefore I have been hanged'". ("Ich bin ein Deserteur. Ich habe mich geweigert, deutsche Frauen und Kinder zu beschützen und bin deshalb aufgehängt worden.") Goebbels continued with, "Naturally such methods are effective. Every man in Schörner's area knows that he may die at the front but will inevitably die in the rear".

Gottlob Herbert Bidermann, a German infantry officer, of the 132nd Infantry Division, who served in Schörner's command in 1944–45, reported in his memoirs that the General was despised by officers and men alike.

Schörner was said to be devoted to Hitler, a view that is seen as confirmed by Hitler's appointment of Schörner as his replacement as Commander-in-Chief of the German Army on his suicide in the Last will and testament of Adolf Hitler. Schörner did not hesitate to second Hitler's fantasy in the last weeks of the war, agreeing that the Red Army's main objective would be Prague instead of Berlin (in itself a colossal strategic blunder) and so leading him to weaken the critically thin defense lines in front of Berlin. Historian Ian Kershaw described him in 2011 (BBC History Magazine) as "extraordinarily brutal".

In The End (2012) Kershaw describes Schörner as "a fanatical (Nazi) loyalist", an indication of this being that he had served for a brief spell in March 1944 as Chief of the NS Leadership Staff of the Army. The latter was responsible for coordinating relations between the military and the Nazi Party.

Promotions
Gefreiter: 1 April 1912
Unteroffizier: 1 August 1912
Vizefeldwebel (der Reserve): 22 May 1913
Offiziersstellvertreter: 28 August 1914
Leutnant (der Reserve der Infanterie): 29 November 1914
Oberleutnant: 15 July 1918
Hauptmann: 1 August 1926
Major: 14 August 1934
Oberstleutnant: 16 March 1937
Oberst: 27 August 1939
Generalmajor: 17 December 1941
Generalleutnant: 28 February 1942
General der Gebirgstruppe: 15 May 1942
Generaloberst: 20 May 1944
Generalfeldmarschall: 5 April 1945

Awards and decorations
 Iron Cross (1914) 2nd Class (22 December 1914) & 1st Class (27 January 1917)
 Pour le Mérite (5 December 1917)
 Military Merit Cross, 3rd class with War Decoration (Austria-Hungary, 20 April 1916)
 Military Merit Order, 4th class with Swords and Crown (Bavaria, 24 October 1917)
 Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (12 September 1939) and 1st Class (20 September 1939)
 Eastern Front Medal (20 August 1942)
 Golden Party Badge of the NSDAP (30 January 1943)
 Order of the Cross of Liberty 1st Class (Finland, 1 July 1942)
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds
 Knight's Cross on 20 April 1941 as Generalmajor and commander of 6. Gebirgs-Division
 398th Oak Leaves on 17 February 1944 as General der Gebirgstruppe and commander of XXXX. Panzerkorps
 93rd Swords on 28 August 1944 as Generaloberst and commander-in-chief of Heeresgruppe Nord
 23rd Diamonds on 1 January 1945 as Generaloberst and commander-in-chief of Heeresgruppe Nord

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

1892 births
1973 deaths
20th-century Freikorps personnel
Burials in Bavaria
German Army personnel of World War I
German Army World War II field marshals
German people convicted of manslaughter
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the Soviet Union
Inmates of Vladimir Central Prison
Military personnel from Munich
Military personnel from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Nazis convicted of war crimes
Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Liberty, 1st Class
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)

Ferdinand Schörner


The Oregon Department of Consumer and Business Services (DCBS) is the agency of the government of the U.S. state of Oregon, which has wide-ranging regulatory and consumer-protection authority in Oregon.  It administers laws and rules governing workers' compensation benefits, workplace safety and health, building codes, and the operation of both insurance companies and financial institutions.

The department provides services to both citizens and businesses, and as of 2006, had a budget of US$560 million, and employed a staff of 1,088.

Divisions
 Building Codes
 Division of Financial Regulation
 Oregon Health Insurance Marketplace
 Oregon Senior Health Insurance Benefits Assistance Program
 Occupational Safety and Health
 Workers' Compensation

Independent professional licensing and regulatory agencies
In addition to licensing and regulating a vast array of professions, industries and trades directly, DCBS provides administrative support services to the state's several independent boards and commissions which have jurisdiction over particular professions or trades.  It publishes guides and a website to assist business owners and professionals in determining and meeting licensing and regulatory requirements, whether or not under the direct jurisdiction of the department.

Accountants
Aircraft pilots and landing site operators:See Oregon Department of Aviation
Appraisers
Architects:See Oregon Board of Architect Examiners
Athletic trainers
Attorneys
Body piercing
Chiropractors
Clinical Social Workers
Cosmetologists, Barbers & Beauticians
Counselors and Therapists
Dentists
Denturists
Dietitians
Electrologists, colorists and tattoo artists
Engineers and surveyors
Geologists:See Oregon State Board of Geologist Examiners
Investigators
Landscape architects
Landscape contractors
Massage therapists
Midwives
Morticians & cemetery operators
Naturopaths
Nurses & Nurse practitioners
Nursing home administrators
Occupational therapists
Optometrists
Pharmacists
Physical therapists
Physicians & physician assistants:See Oregon Medical Board
Psychologists
Racing
Radiologic Technologists: The Oregon Board of Radiologic Technologists is responsible for the licensing of Radiologic Technologists within the State of Oregon.  Licensing options include permanent licenses, permanent limited licenses, temporary licenses and temporary limited licenses.
Speech therapists and audiologists
Tax practitioners
Teachers
Veterinarians

References

External links
 Official website

Consumer And Business Services
Bank regulation in the United States by state
State departments of commerce of the United States


Abraka na town for Delta State, Nigeria. Abraka na house for two of di main 24 urhobo kingdoms. Abraka kom dey popula because of Delta State University an di main campus of Delta State University dey for di town.

Abraka town na place wey difren kind of wok dey an na main ples for international tourist. Di Abraka beach kom dey popula bikos of di natural flow spring water an e get sport recreational facilities for outdoors activities like canoeing, fishing, swimming, barbeque an picnics.

Tori about di place
Benin Prince wey e name na Avwraka na im find Abraka according to Abraka oral history. Avwraka (Abraka) na one of di few urhobo socio political units wey di predecessor live only with urhobo ethnic group befor dem settle for Urhoboland. Avwraka na prince for Edo-speaking political group wey come settle near other urhobo pipu. Di pipu wey live for di time of Avwraka (Abraka) wey get di main version of im history talk say e get two boys wey dere name na Aghwa and Ivie. Dem be distant ancestors of Umiaghwa and Oruarivie of Avwraka today.

Di main settlement of Abraka today na dem be: Ekrejeta, Ajalomi, urhuoka, Uruovie, Oria, Urhuagbesa, Umeghe, Otri (na di descendants of Oruarivie) Otorho-Avwraka (Avwraka inland) Dis na di traditional headquarters.

Di construction wey link di road from Agbo pass Abraka to sapele for 1901 increase di commercial activities and population for Abraka. For May 6 1978 di whole of Abraka pipu come together say make dem turn Abraka to kingdom like most urhobo kingdoms.

Dey decide to make chief David Oghenegueke Dafe as deir Ovie (king) and chief Joseph Ajarho Atagana from Umiaghwa as deir Otota (spokesman). D recent history show say  Avwraka (Abraka) don reach to divide di kingdom into Umiagwa Abraka and Oruarive Abraka kingdom. After di two separate Avwraka (Abraka) kingdoms Now dem form vital part wey be Ethiope-East local Government Area of Delta State wey di polity dey don live dere since 1976. Di main pipu wey dey di city of Abraka na di urhobo pipu.

Di kind weather wey dey dia
Abraka get tropical wet and dry climate wey get long wet season and di temperature mostly dey constant truout di course of di year. Abraka wet season dey run from March go reach October. But because of August brake  di wet season nearly become two wet season di remaining months for di city form di dry season. Like for good portion for West Africa di months of November go reach February na di months wey Abraka dey experience harmattan.

Different-different school wey dey dia
Abraka na house for University of Delta state Abraka. For 1992 dem establish Dealt state university and di main campus dey for town of Abraka and di oder campus dey Anwai Asaba. For 1995 di university make small amendment wey make dem bring out anoder campus for Oleh. Di university dey run Multi-campus system with three campuses wey get distance of about 200km apart. Currently di university get students of about 36000 (for 2007/08 session) di university dey do different programmes from di full certificate, diploma, and weekend degree programmes.

Di university dey offer post graduate studies go reach doctorial level. D staff/students counseling centre, e-learning centre, students accommodation and sport facilities with oder available support services.

Different-different place wey pipu fit visit for dia
Abraka na favourite place for domestic and international tourism abraka attract many domestic and international tourists. Abraka Rivotel come dey popular because of di natural flowing spring water and e get recreational facilities for outdoor activities. Abraka Turf and country club nestles for di Delta state university town for Abraka.

Wie dem gada di tori

Naijá

Abraka


X is the twenty-fourth (number 24) letter in the English alphabet. It sometimes makes a sound like ks (for example: exit, next, fox), or if it is at the beginning of a word, it makes a sound like zzz (for example: xylophone). The language of origin is from the Greek and Latin language

Meanings for X
In a general sense, X means something is unknown or secret, as in project X.
X is also used often to show kisses, usually at the end of a letter or text message.
In clothing, X is used as a short letter for extra, such as XXL for extra-extra-large.
In Roman numerals, X means ten.
In internet terms, XXX indicates adult material, as in an XXX site.
In x-ray, X stands for xero, which is short for xerograph.
"X" is a common variable used in algebra
X, formerly Twitter

X


James Victory (1880 – 5 August 1946) was an Irish politician. A farmer, he was first elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála (TD) for the Longford–Westmeath constituency at the June 1927 general election. He lost his seat at the September 1927 general election and was an unsuccessful candidate at the 1932 general election.

He regained his seat at the 1933 general election and was re-elected for the Athlone–Longford constituency at the 1937 and 1938 general elections. He lost his seat once more at the 1943 general election.

References

1880 births
1946 deaths
Fianna Fáil TDs
Members of the 5th Dáil
Members of the 8th Dáil
Members of the 9th Dáil
Members of the 10th Dáil
20th-century Irish farmers
Politicians from County Longford

James Victory


The Sherman Nursery Company Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Charles City, Iowa, United States.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.  The district includes a two-story stone building that was built in 1902 and three stone bridges.  The nursery was founded and developed by E. M. Sherman (1862-1934).  By the 1920s it grew to "become the largest grower of evergreens in the world, with more than 50,000,000 pieces in the field."  It was also known for its roses.  The adjacent Wildwood Park was part of the Sherman property until 1912 when E.M. and Gertrude Sherman sold the property to the city for the park.

References

Buildings and structures completed in 1902
Charles City, Iowa
Historic districts in Floyd County, Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Floyd County, Iowa
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa


Party of Smallholders and Rural People (, PMP), later renamed as the Small Farmers Party (Pienviljelijäin puolue), was a political party in Finland. The party was founded in Seinäjoki on December 20, 1936, through the unification of Small Farmers' Party of Finland (SPP), People's Party and Central League of Recession Committees. Most members of the new party came from the SPP and the organization was mainly built on the basis of the SPP. Eino Yliruusi became chairman of the new party.

The PMP had mainly a populist profile. However, because of the radical rhetoric of Yliruusi and the party's negative attitude to fascism and war, it was also seen as leftist. Some sections and members of the PMP had links to the underground Communist Party of Finland, who favoured cooperation with PMP as part of its popular front policy. The PMP leadership did however deny all forms of linkages with the communists.

The party published Suomen Pienviljelijä and Pohjanmaan Sana.

During the Winter War, the PMP criticized the pro-German policies of the government. As a result, the party organ Suomen Pienviljelijä was closed down in 1939. Yliruusi attempted to start a new publication, Suomen Sanomia, but it was rapidly closed down by the authorities. In 1941 both of the PMP MPs left the party and joined the Agrarian League. The party participated in elections until 1954 but it never returned to the parliament.

References

Defunct political parties in Finland
Political parties established in 1936
1936 establishments in Finland
Political parties with year of disestablishment missing
Left-wing parties
Nordic agrarian parties

Small Farmers Party


Caller identification (Caller ID) is a telephone service. It is available in analog and digital telephone systems. That includes voice over IP (voIP).

The information received from the service is shown on a telephone display screen.

Type II caller ID
In early 1995, Bellcore released another type of modulation, similar to Bell 202. It became possible to send caller ID information while a user was already on the telephone. This service became call waiting ID.

Smartphones use third-party mobile apps to do name look ups.

Telecommunications

Caller ID


The uniform fourpenny post was a short-lived uniform pre-paid letter rate in United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland that lasted for 36 days from 5 December 1839 until 9 January 1840. The Uniform Fourpenny Post was the first component of the comprehensive reform to the Royal Mail postal service that took place in the 19th century.

Legislation
The Postage Act was passed on 17 August 1839 in which the Penny Postage system was passed. It gave the Treasury until October 1840 to introduce the system. Public reaction to the interim rate of 4d was unfavourable and they felt cheated that the agreed reduction to the uniform rate of 1d had not taken place. This resulted in the abolition of the Fourpenny Post and the debut of the uniform penny post on 10 January 1840 when 1d was charged for pre-paid one ounce letters. This was followed by the issuance of labels to prepay postage in May 1840: the Penny Black and Two Penny Blue stamps.

Details
From 5 December 1839 until 9 January 1840, a uniform charge of 4d was levied for pre-paid letters up to half an ounce in weight instead of postage being calculated by distance and number of sheets of paper. One ounce letters were charged 8d and each additional ounce, up to 16 ounces, cost 8d.  Unpaid was charged double the pre-paid rates. For mail whose rates were already less than 4d, the existing lower rates applied to those letters.

The quantity of letters carried increased significantly. For the week ending 29 November 1839, the London post office carried 1,585,973 letters. For the week ending 22 December, the quantity was 2,008,687 and by the week ending 23 February 1840 they carried 3,199,637.

Postal markings

Mail posted during the fourpenny post period was marked with a figure 4 applied either in manuscript, or with a handstamp that was issued to a limited number of cities in Great Britain and Ireland. No handstamp has been recorded for London, even though Dublin, Glasgow, and Edinburgh were issued with handstamps. Some towns appear to have obtained their handstamps from unofficial sources.

References
Notes

Sources

   91 pp.
  67 pp.

  28 pp.

External links
 .

Postal history of the United Kingdom
Postage rates

Uniform fourpenny post


An Amici roof prism, named for its inventor, the Italian astronomer Giovanni Battista Amici, is a type of reflecting prism used to deviate a beam of light by 90° while simultaneously inverting the image. It is commonly used in the eyepieces of telescopes as an image erecting system. It is sometimes called an Amici prism or right angle roof prism. The non-dispersive Amici roof prism should not be confused with the dispersive Amici prism.

The device is shaped like a standard right-angled prism with an additional "roof" section (consisting of two faces meeting at a 90° angle) on the longest side. Total internal reflection from the roof section flips the image laterally. The handedness of the image is unchanged.

The roof faces of the prism are sometimes coated to provide mirror surfaces. This allows the prism to be constructed with other beam deviate angles besides 90° without being limited by total internal reflection.

See also
 Dove prism, a similar form with a flat instead of roof hypoteneuse
 Star diagonal

References

Prisms (optics)
Italian inventions

Amici roof prism


The Fidelipac, commonly known as a "NAB cartridge" or simply "cart", is a magnetic tape sound recording format, used for radio broadcasting for playback of material over the air such as radio commercials, jingles, station identifications, and music, and for indoor background music. Fidelipac is the official name of this industry standard audio tape cartridge. It was developed in 1954 by inventor George Eash (although the invention of the Fidelipac cartridge has also been credited to Vern Nolte of the Automatic Tape Company), and commercially introduced in 1959 by Collins Radio Co. at the 1959 NAB Convention. The cartridge was often used at radio stations until the late 1990s, when such formats as MiniDisc and computerized broadcast automation predominated.

History
The Fidelipac cartridge was the first audio tape cartridge available commercially, based on the endless-loop tape cartridge design developed by Bernard Cousino in 1952, while Eash shared space in Cousino's electronics shop in the early 1950s.  Instead of manufacturing the Fidelipac format himself after developing it, Eash decided to license it for manufacture to Telepro Industries, in Cherry Hill, New Jersey.  Telepro then manufactured and marketed the format under the Fidelipac brand name.

Tape format
Fidelipac was originally a  analog recording tape, two-track format. One of the tracks was used for monaural program audio, and the other being used for a cue track to control the player, where either a primary cue tone was recorded to automatically stop the cart, a secondary tone was recorded to automatically re-cue the cart to the beginning of the cart's program material (in some models, two secondary tones, one after the program material, and one before it, were recorded to have the cart machine automatically fast-forward through any leftover blank tape at the end of a cart's program), or a tertiary tone, which was used by some players to trigger another cart player or another form of external equipment. Later versions used three tracks, two for stereo audio, and the third for the cue track.

The standard tape speed for Fidelipac carts used in the radio broadcasting industry is 7.5 ips, although some cart players and recorders can be set to record at other speeds, such as 3.75 (Harris and a couple of Broadcast Electronics) or 15 ips (most famous one is the Pacific Tomcat - only difference is instead of the 3 tracks being of equal size, the cue track is reduced to 8-track width and the two program track widths are increased).

Cartridge format
Unlike the consumer-marketed 8-track cartridge developed in 1964 by Bill Lear which had the pinch roller integrated into the cartridge, the Fidelipac cartridge had a hole in the right-hand bottom front corner of the cartridge, where the pinch roller built into the player would swing up into place to hold the tape against the drive capstan. While later machines from ATC, ITC, Harris, and others had the pinch roller automatically engage the cartridge when the play button was pressed (the capstan motor was already running when the cart was inserted), early machines such as Sparta, Spot-matic, and others required the operator to also push or pull a separate lever to move the pinch roller into place before playback could begin. The 8-track cartridge tape speed was slower ( ips compared to Fidelipac's  ips) and did not have adequate tape support pads, and thus was not "broadcast quality." The lower speed and narrower tracks in 8-track cartridges led to higher noise and reduced frequency response. The 8-track design also lacked a cue track.

There were four sizes of Fidelipac carts available — the inch-wide by two-inch long AA (single) size, capable of carrying the same material as a 45 RPM EP (six minutes per track) 4-inch-wide A size (Fidelipac Model 300, 350 and MasterCart), which was a standard 8-track size cart with maximum  minute playing time at 7.5 ips (this was the most common and widely used size of Fidelipac cart); the 6-inch-wide B size (Fidelipac Model 600), a larger cartridge designed for holding longer programs; and the even larger 8-inch-wide C size (Fidelipac Model 1200), often used for background music applications like the Rowe Customusic.

The A size Fidelipac cartridge was later adapted by Earl "Madman" Muntz in partnership with George Eash in 1963 for his Stereo-Pak cartridge system (also known as a 4-track cartridge). Several instances of B-size and C-size carts were also produced for a limited time to accommodate 2, 3 or 4-LP sets on tape.

These differed in two ways — the number of tracks used (four in this case, with two played back at a time to provide a total of two programs of stereo audio), and the tape speed ( ips—the same speed as 8-track cartridges, as opposed to Fidelipac's standard  ips).  Unlike the Fidelipac players which used a stationary head, the Stereo-Pak system used a movable head to switch between the two programs (much like the 8-track format, which also used a movable head to select its four stereo programs).

See also
 4-track cartridge
 8-track cartridge

References

External links
 History of Tape Recording
 Cart Equipment Archive

Audiovisual introductions in 1959
Audio storage
Tape recording
Discontinued media formats
Broadcast engineering
History of radio
History of sound recording
American inventions
1959 in music
1959 in technology
Products introduced in 1959

Fidelipac


This is a list of dinosaurs whose remains have been recovered from Africa.

Africa has a rich fossil record, but it is patchy and incomplete. Prosauropods dating from the late Triassic period, about 230 million years ago, have been discovered in Madagascar.

Africa is rich in Triassic and Lower Jurassic dinosaurs. African dinosaurs from these time periods include Syntarsus, Dracovenator, Melanorosaurus, Massospondylus, Euskelosaurus, Heterodontosaurus, Abrictosaurus, and Lesothosaurus. The Middle Jurassic is poorly represented in Africa. Only the three sauropods Cetiosaurus, Lapparentosaurus, and Archaeodontosaurus  have been discovered dating from this time period.

The Upper Jurassic, however, is well represented in Africa, mainly thanks to the spectacular Tendaguru Formation, a Lagerstätte in southeastern Tanzania. Allosaurus, Ceratosaurus, Elaphrosaurus, Giraffatitan, Dicraeosaurus, Janenschia, Tornieria, Tendaguria, Kentrosaurus, and Dryosaurus are among the dinosaurs whose remains have been recovered from Tendaguru. This fauna seems to show strong similarities to that of the Morrison Formation in the United States and the Lourinha Formation in Portugal. For example, Allosaurus, Ceratosaurus, and Dryosaurus have been found in both the Tendaguru and the Morrison. This has important biogeographical implications. This means the animals could travel between most continents at that time (Pangaea).

The Lower Cretaceous in Africa is known primarily from the northern part of the continent, particularly Niger.

Suchomimus, Elrhazosaurus, Spinostropheus, Rebbachisaurus, Nigersaurus,  Kryptops, Nqwebasaurus, and Paranthodon are some of the early Cretaceous dinosaurs known from Africa. The early Cretaceous was an important time for the dinosaurs of Africa because it was when Africa finally separated from South America, forming the South Atlantic Ocean. This was an important event because now the dinosaurs of Africa started developing endemism because of isolation.
The Upper Cretaceous of Africa is known mainly from North Africa. During the early part of the Upper Cretaceous, North Africa was home to a rich dinosaur fauna. It includes Spinosaurus, Carcharodontosaurus, Rugops, Bahariasaurus, Deltadromeus, Paralititan, Aegyptosaurus, and Ouranosaurus. During the latest Cretaceous, at the end of the Age of Dinosaurs, Majungasaurus, Masiakasaurus, Rapetosaurus, and the flying dromaeosaurid Rahonavis lived in Africa.

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Name !! Period !! Diet !! Notes
|-
| Aardonyx|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
|-
| Abrictosaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore or omnivore || —
|-
| Aegyptosaurus|| Cretaceous || herbivore || —
|- style = "background-color: #b8bbb7; color:#ffe"
| Aetonyx|| Jurassic || herbivore || probably synonymous with Massospondylus
|-
| Afrovenator|| Jurassic || carnivore || —
|- style = "background-color: #bdb76b; color:#ffe"
| Algoasaurus|| Jurassic/Cretaceous || herbivore || —
|-
| Allosaurus || Jurassic || carnivore || —
|-
| Antetonitrus|| Triassic || herbivore || —
|-
| Archaeodontosaurus || Jurassic || herbivore || _
|-
| Atlasaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
|-
| Australodocus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
|-
| Bahariasaurus|| Cretaceous || carnivore || —
|-
| Barosaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
|-
| Berberosaurus|| Jurassic || carnivore || —
|-
| Blikanasaurus|| Triassic || herbivore || —
|-
| Carcharodontosaurus|| Cretaceous || carnivore || —
|-
| Ceratosaurus|| Jurassic || carnivore || —
|-
| Cetiosaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
|-
| Chebsaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
|-
| Cristatusaurus|| Cretaceous || carnivore || —
|-
| Deltadromeus|| Cretaceous || carnivore || —
|-
| Dicraeosaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
|-
| Dracovenator|| Jurassic || carnivore || —
|-
| Dryosaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
|-
| Elaphrosaurus|| Jurassic || carnivore || —
|-
| Elrhazosaurus|| Cretaceous || herbivore || —
|-
| Eocarcharia|| Jurassic || carnivore || —
|-
| Eocursor|| Triassic || omnivore || —
|-
| Eucnemesaurus|| Triassic || (disputed) || —
|-
| Euskelosaurus|| Triassic || herbivore || —
|- style = "background-color: #bdb76b; color:#ffe"
| Fabrosaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
|- style = "background-color: #bdb76b; color:#ffe"
| Geranosaurus|| Jurassic || (unknown) || —
|-
| Giraffatitan|| Jurassic || herbivore ||—
|-
| Gyposaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
|-
| Heterodontosaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
|-
| Ignavusaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
|- style = "background-color: #bdb76b; color:#ffe"
| Inosaurus|| Cretaceous || (unknown) || —
|-
| Janenschia|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
|-
| Jobaria|| Cretaceous || herbivore || —
|- style = "background-color: #bdb76b; color:#ffe"
| Kangnasaurus|| Cretaceous || (unknown) || —
|-
| Karongasaurus|| Cretaceous || herbivore || —
|-
| Kemkemia|| Cretaceous || carnivore || —
|-
| Kentrosaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
|-
| Kryptops|| Cretaceous || carnivore || —
|-
| Lanasaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
|-
| Lapparentosaurus || Jurassic || herbivore || _
|-
| Lesothosaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
|- style = "background-color: #88bbbb; color:#ffe"
| Likhoelesaurus|| Triassic || (unknown) || Possibly not a dinosaur (disputed)
|-
| Lurdusaurus|| Cretaceous || herbivore || —
|-
| Lycorhinus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
|-
| Majungasaurus || Cretaceous || carnivore || _
|-
| Malawisaurus|| Cretaceous || herbivore || —
|-
| Masiakasaurus || Cretaceous || carnivore || _
|-
| Massospondylus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
|-
| Megapnosaurus|| Jurassic || carnivore || —
|-
| Melanorosaurus|| Triassic || herbivore || —
|-
| Nigersaurus|| Cretaceous || herbivore || —
|-
| Nqwebasaurus|| Cretaceous || carnivore || —
|-
| Ouranosaurus|| Cretaceous || herbivore || —
|-
| Paralititan|| Cretaceous || herbivore || —
|-
| Paranthodon|| Cretaceous || herbivore || —
|-
| Plateosauravus|| Triassic || herbivore || —
|-
| Rahonavis || Cretaceous || carnivore || _
|-
| Rapetosaurus || Cretaceous || herbivore || _
|-
| Rebbachisaurus|| Cretaceous || herbivore || —
|-
| Rugops|| Cretaceous || carnivore || —
|-
| Sigilmassasaurus|| Cretaceous || carnivore || —
|-
| Spinosaurus|| Cretaceous || carnivore || —
|-
| Spinophorosaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore ||—
|-
| Spinostropheus|| Cretaceous || carnivore || —
|-
| Stormbergia|| Jurassic || (unknown) || —
|-
| Suchomimus|| Cretaceous || carnivore || —
|-
| Tazoudasaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
|-
| Tendaguria|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
|- style = "background-color: #88bbbb; color:#ffe"
| Thotobolosaurus|| Triassic || herbivore || —
|-
| Tornieria|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
|-
| Vulcanodon|| Jurassic || herbivore  || —
|-
|}

Key

Timeline
This is a timeline of selected dinosaurs from the list above.  Time is measured in mya along the x-axis.

Criteria for inclusion
The creature must appear on the List of dinosaurs.
Fossils of the creature must have been found in Africa.
This list is a complement to :Category:Dinosaurs of Africa.

Notes

Dinosaurs of Africa
Lists of Dinosaurs

List of African dinosaurs


Anthony D. Galluccio (born June 16, 1967) is a former American Massachusetts State Senator, and a Democratic politician having won the seat vacated by Jarrett T. Barrios.  He is a graduate of Cambridge Rindge and Latin High School, Providence College, and Suffolk Law School.

He was first elected to the Cambridge City Council in 1994, becoming vice-mayor in 1998 and served as mayor of Cambridge from 2000 to 2001.  As Mayor, he chaired both the City Council and the School Committee. Galluccio was the youngest Mayor elected under Cambridge's current form of government.

The district Galluccio represented comprises the cities of Everett and Chelsea and parts of Boston, Cambridge, Somerville, Revere, and Saugus. Galluccio was Chair of the Higher Education Committee. He was also appointed Vice Chair of the Senate Bills and Third Reading Committee and appointed as a member to the Education Committee, Housing Committee, Mental Health & Substance Abuse Committee, the Municipalities and Regional Government Committee, and the State Administration and Regulatory Oversight Committee.

In addition to his public service, Galluccio serves as vice president of the board of directors at the Hildebrand Self Help Family Center, a non-profit agency that provides services that empower low-income and homeless families. Galluccio is also the President and founder of Galluccio Associates, Inc, a non-profit organization that directs funds to youth programs and individual young people. He volunteers as an assistant football coach at Cambridge Rindge & Latin School.

Galluccio was raised in Cambridge by his mother, Nancy, who raised three children following his father Tony's death in 1980, when Anthony was 11. He was educated in Cambridge public schools and graduated from Cambridge Rindge and Latin. Galluccio graduated four years later from Providence College. In 1996, he graduated cum laude from Suffolk Law School, which he attended at night while working for Vice Chair of the State Senate Ways and Means Committee, Robert Whetmore. Galluccio is admitted to the Massachusetts Bar and is a practicing attorney.

Driving-related convictions
Galluccio has been convicted three times of driving-related offenses. In 1984 he was convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol, for which he was pardoned by governor William Weld in 1993.

He was convicted of the same offense in 1997.

In October 2009, he was accused of having fled the scene of a car crash. He pleaded guilty to the charge on December 18, 2009, and was sentenced to six months home confinement, with the qualification that he may attend church and cast votes in the State Senate. Within 72 hours of beginning his house arrest the court-ordered breath-alcohol testing device, the BI Sobrietor, detected alcohol on his breath. Galluccio speculated that due to his house arrest his personal hygiene had increased and consequently blamed his toothpaste.  He was given the maximum sentence of one year in prison.   Galluccio was released from prison on July 15, 2010 and placed on probation.

On January 5, 2010, Galluccio announced his resignation from the General Court, writing, "I want to apologize for my actions in early October, and I accept full responsibility for them."

References

1969 births
Democratic Party Massachusetts state senators
Massachusetts lawyers
Providence College alumni
Suffolk University Law School alumni
Mayors of Cambridge, Massachusetts
Cambridge, Massachusetts City Council members
Living people
Massachusetts politicians convicted of crimes
Cambridge Rindge and Latin School alumni

Anthony D. Galluccio


Philip Jones   (12 March 1928 – 17 January 2000) was a British trumpeter and leader of an internationally famous brass chamber music ensemble.

Philip Jones was born in Bath, England. In 1944 he won a scholarship to the Royal College of Music. He became principal trumpet for most major London orchestras: The Royal Philharmonic (1956–60), the Philharmonia (1960–64), the Philharmonic (1964–65), the New Philharmonia (1965–67) and the BBC Symphony (1967–71). His playing continues a line of English trumpeters that stretches back to Ernest Hall.

In 1951 he had formed the Philip Jones Brass Ensemble, one of the first brass ensembles working regularly as a stable group. They grew from four members to ten and larger for special projects. The most usual formations were the quintet (two trumpets, horn, trombone and tuba) and the ten-piece (four trumpeters one sometimes doubling piccolo trumpet and one sometimes doubling flugel horn, horn, four trombones and tuba). The success of these formations owes much to Philip Jones's work.

After 1971 he devoted himself to it full-time and the group commanded long commitment from many fine players including: the trumpeters Elgar Howarth, John Wilbraham, Michael Laird and James Watson; horn players Ifor James and Frank Lloyd; trombonists John Iveson and Raymond Premru; and the renowned tubist John Fletcher. They made 50 recordings and toured over 30 countries finding particular popularity in Japan. Repertoire spanned from transcriptions of early music by the likes of Monteverdi, Giovanni Gabrieli, and Johann Pezel, to new works for the medium commissioned by Jones. These included pieces by Witold Lutosławski, Hans Werner Henze and Einojuhani Rautavaara; altogether they performed 87 world premieres.  The ensemble's leader was noted for his meticulous preparations at every concert, lining up the music stands himself, his personal commitment being one of the reasons for the ensemble's success.

In 1986 he accidentally drove his car over his own trumpet case. He took this as the hand of fate and decided to retire from concert performances. He held posts at the Royal Northern College of Music (the institution's first head of brass) and Trinity College of Music, where he was Principal until his retirement in 1994. He was chairman of the Musicians Benevolent Fund in 1995. He was awarded the OBE in 1977 and the CBE in 1986. When not at work he divided his time between Switzerland and London.

References

External links
An interview with Philip Jones recorded in 1992 - a British Library sound recording

1928 births
2000 deaths
English classical trumpeters
Male trumpeters
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
Musicians from Bath, Somerset
Honorary Members of the Royal Philharmonic Society
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century English musicians
20th-century trumpeters
20th-century British male musicians

Philip Jones (musician)


Elizabeth Frances Ingram (5 November 1888 – 12 April 1974) was an American operatic contralto of English birth who had an active career in North America during the 1910s and 1920s.

Life and career
Born in Liverpool, Ingram was a graduate of Normal College in New York City. From 1910–1912 she was a singing pupil of Victor Maurel. She made her professional opera debut on 2 December 1911 with the Chicago Grand Opera Company at the Metropolitan Opera House in Philadelphia as Lola in Pietro Mascagni's Cavalleria rusticana. She remained with that company for two seasons, performing in both Chicago and Philadelphia in roles like Antonia in Jacques Offenbach's The Tales of Hoffmann, Gertrude in Engelbert Humperdinck's Hänsel und Gretel, Grimgerde in Richard Wagner's Die Walküre, Maddalena in Giuseppe Verdi's Rigoletto, and a Page in Wagner's Lohengrin.

In 1913 Ingram was committed to the Montreal Opera. That same year she married the theatrical manager Karl G. MacVitty in Chicago. She toured the United States in concert in 1914–1915. From 1915–1919 she sang with the Chicago Opera Association where she was heard as Amneris in Aida, Azucena in Il trovatore, Brangäne in Tristan und Isolde, La Cieca in La Gioconda, Orfeo in Orfeo ed Euridice, Suzuki in Madama Butterfly, and the title role in Carmen. She also performed in operas at Ravinia Park. In February 1919 she was a soloist in Felix Mendelssohn's Lobgesang with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.

Ingram sang with the Metropolitan Opera in New York City from 1919–1921; making her debut as Suzuki to the Cio-Cio-San of Geraldine Farrar on November 19, 1919. Her other roles at the Met included a Flower Maiden in Parsifal, Mardion in Cleopatra's Night, Mercédès in Georges Bizet's Carmen, Olga in Eugene Onegin, the Solo Madrigalist in Giacomo Puccini's Manon Lescaut, the Young Ragpicker in Louise, and Night in the world premiere of Albert Wolff's L'oiseau bleu. Her last appearance at the Met was as Floriana in Ruggero Leoncavallo's Zazà on April 2, 1921.  In 1927 she toured with the Bohumir Kryl Band.

References

1888 births
1974 deaths
American operatic contraltos
Singers from Liverpool
Hunter College alumni
British emigrants to the United States
20th-century American singers
20th-century American women singers

Frances Ingram


In the theory of analytic geometry for real three-dimensional space, the curve formed from the intersection between a sphere and a cylinder can be a circle, a point, the empty set, or a special type of curve.

For the analysis of this situation, assume (without loss of generality) that the axis of the cylinder coincides with the z-axis; points on the cylinder (with radius ) satisfy

We also assume that the sphere, with radius  is centered at a point on the positive x-axis, at point . Its points satisfy

The intersection is the collection of points satisfying both equations.

Trivial cases

Sphere lies entirely within cylinder
If , the sphere lies entirely in the interior of the cylinder. The intersection is the empty set.

Sphere touches cylinder in one point
If the sphere is smaller than the cylinder () and , the sphere lies in the interior of
the cylinder except for one point. The intersection is the single point .

Sphere centered on cylinder axis
If the center of the sphere lies on the axis of the cylinder, . In that case, the intersection consists of
two circles of radius . These circles lie in the planes

If , the intersection is a single circle in the plane .

Non-trivial cases
Subtracting the two equations given above gives

Since  is a quadratic function of , the projection of the intersection onto the xz-plane is the section of an orthogonal parabola; it is only a section due to the fact that .
The vertex of the parabola lies at point , where

Intersection consists of two closed curves
If , the condition  cuts the parabola into two segments.  In this case, the intersection of sphere and cylinder consists of two closed curves, which are mirror images of each other.
Their projection in the xy-plane are circles of radius .

Each part of the intersection can be parametrized by an angle :

The curves contain the following extreme points:

Intersection is a single closed curve
If , the intersection of sphere and cylinder consists of a single closed curve.
It can be described by the same parameter equation as in the previous section, but the angle
must be restricted to , where .

The curve contains the following extreme points:

Limiting case

In the case , the cylinder and sphere are tangential to each other at point .
The intersection resembles a figure eight: it is a closed curve which intersects itself. The above parametrization becomes

where  now goes through two full revolutions.

In the special case , the intersection is known as Viviani's curve. Its parameter representation is

The volume of the intersection of the two bodies, sometimes called Viviani's volume, is

See also
Viviani's curve

References

Analytic geometry
Spherical geometry
Spherical curves
Geometric intersection

Sphere–cylinder intersection


Gorilla Tapes was the collective name of British Scratch Video artists Jon Dovey (b 1955), Gavin Hodge (b 1954) and Tim Morrison (b. 1955). 'Scratch' is the art of 'sampling' and repeating found images and sounds, thereby making a new work. With simple video editing equipment and images recorded from television, during the mid-1980s Gorilla Tapes made sharp satirical and political videos collaged from old film footage and the TV news imagery of the mid-Thatcher years. Gorilla Tapes have exhibited internationally in solo and group exhibitions. Highlights include participation in Tate Britain's A Century of Artists Films (2003).

Gorilla Tapes was founded in 1984 by Gavin Hodge, Tim Morrison, Jon Dovey and Jean McClements, to develop innovative approaches to the artistic use of Video in entertainment, documentary and dramatics forms. Works include corporate and educational videos, magazine strands, drama, arts, documentary and entertainment programmes for the BBC, ITV, Sony, Channel Four, The British Film Institute and the former Greater London Council. Gorilla Tapes is also involved in lecturing and running workshops in editing technique, copyright, video production and writing.

Works
1984 Death Valley Days
1985 Lo Pay, No Way!
1987 The Media Show
1987 Invisible Television
1989 Bilderwerk I
1990 Bilderwerk II
1991 Zygosis "John Heartfield and the Political Image"

 Grand Prix Best Short Film, 33rd Bilbao International Film Festival, 1991.
 Silver Hugo Award, Chicago International Film Festival, 1991.
 Best TV Documentary Prize, Cadiz International Video Festival, 1991,
 Red Riband, American Film Institute Festival, 1992.

See also
Scratch Video

British video artists

Gorilla Tapes


Lust for Gold is a 1949 American Western film directed by S. Sylvan Simon and starring Ida Lupino and Glenn Ford. The film is about the legendary Lost Dutchman gold mine, starring Ford as the "Dutchman" and Lupino as the woman he loves. The historical events are seen through a framing device set in the contemporary 1940s. It was based on the book Thunder God's Gold by Barry Storm. Part of the film was shot on location in Arizona's Superstition Mountains.

Plot
In modern times, a newspaper reports that "noted explorer and writer" Floyd Buckley claims to have discovered the location of the lost gold mine. He is approached by Barry Storm, who believes he has some claim to it, as the Dutchman was his grandfather. Buckley brushes him off, but when he heads into the Superstition Mountains, Storm secretly follows him.

However, an unseen killer shoots Buckley, making him the fourth recent murder victim. Storm notifies Sheriff Early  and his deputy Covin. Covin tells Storm more about the mine; a hundred years before, Pedro Peralta had hidden $20 million in gold in the most inaccessible of his mines, only to be killed by the Apaches for defiling a place holy to their "thunder god". His greed whetted, Storm investigates further.

A flashback follows. In 1880, Jacob "Dutchy" Walz and his friend Wiser overhear Ludi carelessly call his companion "Peralta". Recognizing the name, they trail the pair into the mountains. After Ramon Peralta finds his brother's mine, Walz and Wiser gun the two other men down in cold blood; then Walz treacherously shoots Wiser too.

When Walz returns to Phoenix with huge gold nuggets, the news spreads quickly. Scheming, discontented Julia Thomas becomes acquainted with Walz, without telling him she is married to Pete. His suspicions of her motives are allayed by the fact that she can speak German. They soon fall in love. When she finally tells him about her husband, Walz gives her money to bribe Pete into giving her a divorce. However, Walz later learns that Julia has lied to him repeatedly. Unseen, he watches as Julia placates her husband by telling him she will soon learn the location of the mine.

Walz gives Julia directions to the treasure. Though Julia seems to care for Walz, Pete forces her to show him the map. When the couple reach the mine, Walz pins them down with his rifle. In the ensuing gunfight, Pete eventually runs out of bullets. Walz cruelly toys with them, letting them go without water. Finally, Julia stabs Pete in the back and pleads with Walz to believe she loves him. Before he can act, an earthquake triggers a rockfall that crushes her and closes the mine.

The film returns to the present. Storm has uncovered enough information that he believes he knows where the mine is. When he gets to the key landmark, he encounters Covin, who pulls a gun on him. It turns out that the deputy has been searching for the mine for twenty years and has been disposing of his competitors. A fight breaks out; Covin is about to push Storm off the mountain when a poisonous snake bites him; he falls to his death. Afterwards, Sheriff Early points out that, even with the new clue, Storm does not know the exact location and would have to dig up the entire mountainside. At that point, Storm gives up the search, but invites the viewer to try if they wish.

Cast
 Ida Lupino as Julia Thomas
 Glenn Ford as Jacob 'Dutch' Walz
 Gig Young as Pete Thomas
 William Prince as Barry Storm
 Edgar Buchanan as Wiser
 Will Geer as Deputy Ray Covin
 Paul Ford as Sheriff Lynn Early
 Hayden Rorke as Floyd Buckley (uncredited)
 Percy Helton as Barber (uncredited)
 Jay Silverheels as Deputy Walter (uncredited)
 Myrna Dell as Lucille (uncredited)
 Arthur Hunnicutt as Ludi (uncredited)
 Harry Cording as Joe (uncredited)

Production
The film was originally directed by George Marshall and known as Bonanza. Marshall quit four days into filming due to disputes with producer S. Sylvan Simon. Simon took over directing.

Reception
Dennis Schwartz called it "the poor man's Treasure of Sierra Madre" and gave it a grade of B-.

References

External links

1949 films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by S. Sylvan Simon
1949 Western (genre) films
Films scored by George Duning
Films set in the 1840s
Films set in 1880
Films set in the 1940s
Films set in Phoenix, Arizona
Films set in Arizona
Films shot in Arizona
Films about mining
Superstition Mountains
American mystery films
Columbia Pictures films
1940s historical adventure films
American historical adventure films
American Western (genre) films
Films about treasure hunting
1940s American films
1940s English-language films

Lust for Gold


Martin Forward is a British, Methodist Christian lecturer and author on religion and Professor of History at Aurora University, Illinois. He has taught Islam at the Universities of Leicester, Bristol and Cambridge, and had spent a period of time in India where he was ordained into the Church of South India. He was also a senior tutor and lecturer in Pastoral and Systematic Theology (Wesley House, Cambridge), and was a member of the Cambridge University Faculty of Divinity. Currently, he is the Executive Director of Aurora University's Wackerlin Center for Faith and Action and the Helena Wackerlin Professor of Religion, and has participated in numerous Interfaith dialogues. He has authored a number of books related to Islam and Christianity, such as "Muhammad: A Short Biography" and "Jesus: A Short Biography" respectively.

Books
Muhammad: A Short Biography (1998). Oxford: Oneworld. .
The Failure Of Islamic Modernism?: Syed Ameer Ali's Interpretation Of Islam (1999).  Peter Lang Publishing. .

References

External links
 The Prophet Muhammad: A mercy to mankind.

Christian scholars of Islam
Academics of the University of Leicester
Academics of the University of Bristol
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Aurora University faculty
Writers from Illinois
British theologians
Staff of Wesley House

Martin Forward


Open shortest path first (commonly abbreviated to OSPF) is a routing protocol used for computer networks, and the internet.  It is based on Dijkstra's algorithm, and has been standardized by the IETF. It is an interior gateway protocol, used to route packets inside the network of one organization.

Computer networking

Open Shortest Path First


Yue Fei  (; March 24, 1103 – January 28, 1142), courtesy name Pengju () was a Chinese military general who lived during the Southern Song dynasty and considered a national hero of China, known for leading Southern Song forces in the wars in the 12th century between Southern Song and the Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty in northern China. Because of his warlike stance, he was put to death by the Southern Song government in 1142 under a concocted charge, after a negotiated peace was achieved with the Jurchens. Yue Fei is depicted in the Wu Shuang Pu () by Jin Guliang.

Yue Fei's ancestral home was in Xiaoti, Yonghe Village, Tangyin, Xiangzhou, Henan (in present-day Tangyin County, Anyang, Henan).  He was granted the posthumous name Wumu () by Emperor Xiaozong in 1169, and later granted the noble title King of È () posthumously by the Emperor Ningzong in 1211. Widely seen as a patriot and national folk hero in China, since his death Yue Fei has evolved into a paragon of loyalty in Chinese culture.

Biographies

Biography of Yue Fei
A biography of Yue Fei, the Eguo Jintuo Zubian (), was written 60 years after his death by his grandson, the poet and historian Yue Ke () (1183post 1240). In 1346 it was incorporated into the History of Song, a 496-chapter record of historical events and biographies of noted Song dynasty individuals, compiled by Yuan dynasty prime minister Toqto'a and others. Yue Fei's biography is found in the 365th chapter of the book and is numbered biography 124. Some later historians including Deng Guangming (1907–1998) now doubt the veracity of many of Yue Ke's claims about his grandfather.

According to the History of Song, Yue Fei was named "Fei", meaning to fly, because at the time he was born, "a large bird like a swan landed on the roof of his house".

General Yue Fei

Chronicle of Yue, Prince of E of Song
The Chronicle of Yue, Prince of E of Song () was written by Qian Ruwen () in 1924.

Birth and early life

Several sources state that Yue was born into a poor tenant farmer's family in Tangyin County, Anyang prefecture, Henan province. According to the Shuo Yue Quanzhuan, the immortal Chen Tuan, disguised as a wandering priest, warned Yue Fei's father, Yue He (), to put his wife and child inside a clay jar if the infant Yue Fei began to cry. A few days later, a young child squeezed Yue Fei's hand too hard and he began to cry. Soon, it began to rain and the Yellow River flooded, wiping out the village. Yue Fei's father held onto the clay jar as it was swept down the river, but eventually drowned. Although the much older Biography of Yue Fei also mentions the flood, it states Yue Huo survived. It reads,

After [the death of his teacher Zhou Tong], [Yue Fei] would offer sacrifices at his tomb. His father praised him for his faithfulness and asked him, "When you are employed to cope with the affairs of the time, will you then not have to sacrifice yourself for the empire and die for your duty?" ()

Yue Fei's father used his family's plot of land for humanitarian efforts, but after it was destroyed in the flood, the young Yue Fei was forced to help his father toil in the fields to survive. Yue received most of his primary education from his father. In 1122 Yue joined the army, but had to return home later that year after the death of his father. In ancient China, a person was required by law to temporarily resign from their job when their parents died so they could observe the customary period of mourning. For instance, Yue would have had to mourn his father's death for three years, but in all actually only 27 months. During this time, he would wear coarse mourning robes, caps, and slippers, while abstaining from silken garments. When his mother died in 1136, he retired from a decisive battle against the Jin dynasty for the mourning period, but he was forced to cut the bereavement short because his generals begged him to come back.

Shuo Yue Quanzhuan gives a very detailed fictional account of Yue's early life. The novel states after being swept from Henan to Hubei, Yue and his mother are saved by the country squire Wang Ming () and are permitted to stay in Wang's manor as domestic helpers. The young Yue Fei later becomes the adopted son and student of the Wang family's teacher, Zhou Tong, a famous master of military skills. (Zhou Tong is not to be confused with the similarly named "Little Tyrant" in Water Margin.) Zhou teaches Yue and his three sworn brothers – Wang Gui (), Tang Huai () and Zhang Xian () – literary lessons on odd days and military lessons, involving archery and the eighteen weapons of war, on even days.

After years of practice, Zhou Tong enters his students into the Tangyin County military examination, in which Yue Fei wins first place by shooting a succession of nine arrows through the bullseye of a target 240 paces away. After this display of archery, Yue is asked to marry the daughter of Li Chun (), an old friend of Zhou and the county magistrate who presided over the military examination. However, Zhou soon dies of an illness and Yue lives by his grave through the winter until the second month of the new year when his sworn brothers come and tear it down, forcing him to return home and take care of his mother.

Yue eventually marries and later participates in the imperial military examination in the Song capital of Kaifeng. There, he defeats all competitors and even turns down an offer from Cai Gui (), the Prince of Liang, to be richly rewarded if he forfeits his chance for the military degree. This angers the prince and both agree to fight a private duel in which Yue kills the prince and is forced to flee the city for fear of being executed. Shortly thereafter, he joins the Song army to fight the invading armies of the Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty.

The Yue Fei Biography states,

When [Yue] was born, a Peng flew crowing over the house, so his father named the child Fei [(飛 – "flight")]. Before [Yue] was even a month old, the Yellow River flooded, so his mother got inside of the center of a clay jar and held on to baby Yue. The violent waves pushed the jar down river, where they landed ashore ... Despite his family's poverty, [Yue Fei] was studious, and particularly favored the Zuo Zhuan edition of the Spring and Autumn Annals and the strategies of Sun Tzu and Wu Qi. ()

According to a book by martial arts master Liang Shouyu, "[A] Dapeng is a great bird that lived in ancient China. Legend has it, that Dapeng Jinchi Mingwang was the guardian that stayed above the head of Gautama Buddha. Dapeng could get rid of all evil in any area. Even the Monkey King was no match for it. During the Song dynasty the government was corrupt and foreigners were constantly invading China. Sakyamuni sent Dapeng down to earth to protect China. Dapeng descended to Earth and was born as Yue Fei."

Martial training

The Biography of Yue Fei states, "Yue Fei possessed supernatural power and before his adulthood, he was able to draw a bow of 300 catties () and a crossbow of eight stone (960 catties, ). Yue Fei learned archery from Zhou Tong. He learned everything and could shoot with his left and right hands." Shuo Yue Quanzhuan states Zhou teaches Yue and his sworn brothers archery and all of the eighteen weapons of war. This novel also says Yue was Zhou's third student after Lin Chong and Lu Junyi of the 108 outlaws in Water Margin. The E Wang Shi records, "When Yue Fei reached adulthood, his maternal grandfather, Yao Daweng (), hired a spear expert, Chen Guang, to teach Yue Fei spear fighting."

Both the Biography of Yue Fei and E Wang Shi mention Yue learning from Zhou and Chen at or before his adulthood. The Chinese character representing "adulthood" in these sources is ji guan (), an ancient Chinese term that means "20 years old" where a young man was able to wear a formal headdress as a social status of adulthood. So he gained all of his martial arts knowledge by the time he joined the army at the age of 19.

These chronicles do not mention Yue's masters teaching him martial arts style; just archery, spearplay and military tactics. However non-historical or scholarly sources state, in addition to those already mentioned, Zhou Tong taught Yue other skills such as hand-to-hand combat and horseback riding. Yet again, these do not mention any specific martial arts style. One legend says Zhou took young Yue to an unspecified place to meet a Buddhist hermit who taught him the Emei Dapeng qigong () style. This is supposedly the source of his legendary strength and martial arts abilities. According to thirteenth generation lineage Tai He ("Great Harmony") Wudangquan master Fan Keping (), Zhou Tong was a master of various "hard qigong" exercises.

Yue Fei's tattoo
According to historical records and legend, Yue had the four Chinese characters jin zhong bao guo () tattooed across his back. The Biography of Yue Fei says after Qin Hui sent agents to arrest Yue and his son, he was taken before the court and charged with treason, but

Yue ripped his jacket to reveal the four tattooed characters of "serve the country with the utmost loyalty" on his back. This proved that he was clearly innocent of the charges.

Later fictionalizations of Yue's biography would build upon the tattoo. For instance, one of his earliest Ming era novels titled The Story of King Yue Who Restored the Song dynasty () states that after the Jurchen armies invaded China, young heroes in Yue's village suggest that they join the bandits in the mountains. However, Yue objects and has one of them tattoo the aforementioned characters on his back. Whenever others want to join the bandits, he flashes them the tattoo to change their minds.

The common legend of Yue receiving the tattoo from his mother first appeared in Shuo Yue Quanzhuan, a historical novel. In chapter 21 titled "By a pretext Wang Zuo swore brotherhood, by tattoos Lady Yue instructed her son", Yue denounces the pirate chief Yang Yao () and passes on a chance to become a general in his army. Yue Fei's mother then tells her son, "I, your mother, saw that you did not accept recruitment of the rebellious traitor, and that you willingly endure poverty and are not tempted by wealth and status ... But I fear that after my death, there may be some unworthy creature who will entice you ... For these reason ... I want to tattoo on your back the four characters 'Utmost', 'Loyalty', 'Serve' and 'Nation' ... The Lady picked up the brush and wrote out on his spine the four characters for 'serving the nation with the utmost loyalty' ... [So] she bit her teeth, and started pricking. Having finished, she painted the characters with ink mixed with vinegar so that the colour would never fade."

However, the truthfulness of this legend is disputed by modern historians. Documentation before the Qing dynasty record that Yue Fei had hired a tattoo artist to tattoo the four characters on his back. Such documentations appeared in Wumu Jingzhong Zhuan, a novel published in the Ming dynasty, while Shuo Yue Quanzhuan (General Yue Fei) was published in the Qing dyansty.

The Kaifeng Jews, one of many pockets of Chinese Jews living in ancient China, refer to this tattoo in two of their three stele monuments created in 1489, 1512, and 1663. The first mention appeared in a section of the 1489 stele referring to the Jews' "Boundless loyalty to the country and Prince". The second appeared in a section of the 1512 stele about how Jewish soldiers and officers in the Chinese armies were "boundlessly loyal to the country".

Adult life

Portrait

Southern Song era artist Liu Songnian () (1174–1224), who was best known for his realistic works, painted a picture, "Four Generals of the Restoration" (). The group portrait shows eight people – four generals and four attendants. Starting from the left: attendant, Yue Fei, attendant, Zhang Jun (), Han Shizhong (), attendant, Liu Guangshi (), and attendant.

According to history professor He Zongli of Zhejiang University, the painting shows Yue was more of a scholarly-looking general with a shorter stature and chubbier build than the statue of him currently displayed in his tomb in Hangzhou, which portrays him as being tall and skinny. Shen Lixin, an official with the Yue Fei Temple Administration, holds the portrait of Yue Fei from the "Four Generals of the Restoration" to be the most accurate likeness of the general in existence.

Character

In his From Myth to Myth: The Case of Yüeh Fei's Biography, noted Sinologist Hellmut Wilhelm concluded that Yue Fei purposely patterned his life after famous Chinese heroes from dynasties past and that this ultimately led to his martyrdom. Apart from studying literature under his father Yue He (), Yue Fei loved to read military classics. He favored the Zuo Zhuan commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals and the strategies of Sun Tzu and Wu Qi. Although his literacy afforded him the chance to become a scholar, which was a position held in much higher regard than the common soldiery during the Song dynasty, Yue chose the military path because there had never been any tradition of civil service in his family. Therefore he had no reason to study Confucian classics in order to surpass the accomplishments of his ancestors or to raise his family's social status to the next level. His fourth generation ancestor, Yue Huan (), had served as a lingshi () (essentially a low-level functionary), but he was never a full-fledged member of the civil service rank. A second theory is that he joined the military in the hopes of emulating his favorite heroes.

Scholars were always welcome in Yue Fei's camp. He allowed them to come and tell stories and deeds of past heroes to bolster the resolve of his men. This way he was able to teach them about the warriors that he had constructed his own life after. He also hoped that one of these scholars would record his own deeds so he would become a peer amongst his idols. He is recorded in saying that he wished to be considered the equal of Guan Yu and other such famous men from the Three Kingdoms period. Yue succeeded in this endeavor since later "official mythology" placed him on the same level as Guan Yu.

Yue was careful to conduct himself as the ideal Confucian gentleman at all times for fear that any misconduct would be recorded and criticized by people of later dynasties. However he had his faults. He had a problem with alcohol during the early part of his military career. Yue drank in great excess because he believed it fitted the image of heroes of old. However once he nearly killed a colleague in a drunken rage, the emperor made him promise not to drink any more until the Jurchen invaders had been driven away.

Family

According to Shuo Yue Quanzhuan, Yue had five sons and one daughter. The History of Song records that Yue Yun (; 1119–1142) was adopted by Yue Fei at the age of 12 whilst others claim he was his biological son; Yue Lei (), the second, succeeded to his father's post; Yue Ting () was the third; Yue Lin () was the fourth; and Yue Zhen (), the fifth, was still young at the time of his father's death. Yue Yinping was Yue Fei's daughter. The novel states she committed suicide after her father's death and became a fairy in heaven. However, history books do not mention her name and therefore she should be considered a fictional character. Yue Fei married the daughter of Magistrate Li in 1119 when he was 16 years old. However, the account of his marriage is fictional.

The Biography of Yue Fei states that Yue left his ailing mother with his first wife while he went to fight the Jin armies. However she "left him (and his mother) and remarried". He later took a second wife and even discussed "affairs" pertaining to his military career with her. He truly loved her, but his affection for her was second to his desire to rid China of the Jurchen invaders. Her faithfulness to him and his mother was strengthened by the fear that any infidelity or lacking in her care of Lady Yue would result in reprisal.

Yue forbade his sons from having concubines, although he almost took one himself. Even though she was presented by a friend, he did not accept her because she laughed when he asked her if she could "share the hardships of camp life" with him. He knew she was liberal and would have sex with the other soldiers.

Though not mentioned in the memoir written by Yue Fei's grandson, some scholarly sources claim Yue had a younger brother named Yue Fan (). He later served in the army under his brother and died in battle in 1132.

Military record

The son of an impoverished farmer from northern China, Yue Fei joined the Song military in 1122.  Yue briefly left the army when his father died in 1123, but returned in 1126. After reenlisting, he fought to suppress rebellions by local Chinese warlords responsible for looting in northern China. Local uprisings had diverted needed resources away from the Song's war against the Jin. Yue participated in defending Kaifeng during the second siege of the city by the Jin in 1127. After Kaifeng fell, he joined an army in Jiankang tasked with defending the Yangtze. This army prevented the Jurchens from advancing to the river in 1129. His rising reputation as a military leader attracted the attention of the Song court. In 1133, he was made the general of the largest army near the Central Yangtze. Between 1134 and 1135, he led a counteroffensive against Qi, a puppet state supported by the Jin, and secured territories that had been conquered by the Jurchens. He continued to advance in rank, and to increase the size of his army as he repeatedly led successful offensives into northern China. Several other generals were also successful against the Jin dynasty, and their combined efforts secured the survival of the Song dynasty. Yue, like most of them, was committed to recapturing northern China.

Stone Lake: The Poetry of Fan Chengda 1126–1193 states, "...Yue Fei ([1103]-1141)...repelled the enemy assaults in 1133 and 1134, until in 1135 the now confident Song army was in a position to recover all of north China from the Jin dynasty ... [In 1140,] Yue Fei initiated a general counterattack against the Jin armies, defeating one enemy after another until he set up camp within range of the Northern Song dynasty's old capital city, Kaifeng, in preparation for the final assault against the enemy. Yet in the same year Qin [Hui] ordered Yue Fei to abandon his campaign, and in 1141 Yue Fei was summoned back to the Southern Song capital. It is believed that the emperor then ordered Yue Fei to be hanged."

Six methods for deploying an army

Yue Ke () states his grandfather had six special methods for deploying an army effectively:

 Careful selection He relied more on small numbers of well-trained soldiers than he did large masses of the poorly trained variety. In this way, one superior soldier counted for as much as one hundred inferior soldiers. One example used to illustrate this was when the armies of Han Ching and Wu Xu were transferred into Yue's camp. Most of them had never seen battle and were generally too old or unhealthy for sustaining prolonged troop movement and engagement of the enemy. Once Yue had filtered out the weak soldiers and sent them home, he was only left with a meager thousand able-bodied soldiers. However, after some months of intense training, they were ready to perform almost as well as the soldiers who had served under Yue for years.

 Careful training When his troops were not on military campaigns to win back lost Chinese territory in the north, Yue put his men through intense training. Apart from troop movement and weapons drills, this training also involved them leaping over walls and crawling through moats in full battle garb. The intensity of the training was such that the men would not even try to visit their families if they passed by their homes while on movement and even trained on their days off.

 Justice in rewards and punishments He rewarded his men for their merits and punished them for their boasting or lack of training. Yue once gave a foot soldier his own personal belt, silver dinner ware, and a promotion for his meritorious deeds in battle. While on the reverse, he once ordered his son Yue Yun to be decapitated for falling off his horse after failing to jump a moat. His son was only saved after Yue's officers begged his mercy. There were a number of soldiers that were either dismissed or executed because they boasted of their skills or failed to follow orders.

 Clear orders He always delivered his orders in a simple manner that was easy for all of his soldiers to understand. Whoever failed to follow them were severely punished.

 Strict discipline While marching about the countryside, he never let his troops destroy fields or to pillage towns or villages. He made them pay a fair price for goods and made sure crops remained intact. A soldier once stole a hemp rope from a peasant so he could tie a bale of hay with it. When Yue discovered this, he questioned the soldier and had him executed.

 Close fellowship with his men He treated all of his men like equals. He ate the same food as they did and slept out in the open as they did. Even when a temporary shelter was erected for him, he made sure several soldiers could find room to sleep inside before he found a spot of his own. When there was not enough wine to go around, he would dilute it with water so every soldier would receive a portion.

Death

In 1126, several years before Yue became a general, the Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty invaded northern China, forcing the Song dynasty out of its capital Kaifeng and capturing Emperor Qinzong of Song, who was sent into captivity in Huining Prefecture. This marked the end of the Northern Song dynasty, and the beginning of the Southern Song dynasty under Emperor Gaozong.

Yue fought a long campaign against the invading Jurchen in an effort to retake northern China. Just as he was threatening to attack and retake Kaifeng, officials advised Emperor Gaozong to recall Yue to the capital and sue for peace with the Jurchen. Fearing that a defeat at Kaifeng might cause the Jurchen to release Emperor Qinzong, threatening his claim to the throne, Emperor Gaozong followed their advice, sending 12 orders in the form of 12 gold plaques to Yue Fei, recalling him back to the capital. Knowing that a success at Kaifeng could lead to internal strife, Yue submitted to the emperor's orders and returned to the capital, where he was imprisoned and where Qin Hui would eventually arrange for him to be executed on false charges.

There are conflicting views on how Yue died. According to The History of China: (The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations) and other sources, Yue died in prison. The Chronicle of Yue, Prince of E of Song says he was killed in prison. Shuo Yue Quanzhuan states he was strangled to death. It reads, "...[Yue Fei] strode in long steps to the Pavilion of Winds and Waves ... The warders on both sides picked up the ropes and strangled the three men [Yue Fei, Yue Yun, and Zhang Xian (), Yue's subordinate] without further ado ... At the time Lord Yue was 39 years of age and the young lord Yue Yun 23. When the three men returned to Heaven, suddenly a fierce wind rose up wildly and all the fires and lights were extinguished. Black mists filled the sky and sand and pebbles were blown about."

The Secrets of Eagle Claw Kung Fu: Ying Jow Pai comments, "Finally, [Yue Fei] received the 'Twelfth Golden Edict' [from the emperor calling him back to the capital], which if ignored meant banishment. Patriotism demanded that he obey. On his way back to the capital he stopped to rest at a pavilion. Qin Hui anticipated Yue Fei's route and sent some men to lie in wait. When Yue Fei arrived, Qin's men ambushed and murdered him. Just 39 years old, Yue Fei like many good men in history, had a swift, brilliant career, then died brutally while still young."

According to A Chinese Biographical Dictionary, "[Father and son] had not been two months in confinement when Qin Hui resolved to rid himself of his enemy. He wrote out with his own hand an order for the execution of Yue Fei, which was forthwith carried into effect; whereupon he immediate reported that Yue Fei had died in prison", which meant that Qin Hui had Yue and his son executed but reported they both died in captivity.

Other sources say he was poisoned to death. Still, a great number simply say he was executed, murdered, or "treacherously assassinated".

After Yue's execution, a prison officer, Wei Shun (), who admired Yue's character, stole his body and secretly buried it at the Nine Song Cong Temple () located outside the Song capital.

Qin Hui's posthumous punishment
Shuo Yue Quanzhuan states after having Yue Fei, Yue Yun, Zhang Xian arrested under false charges, Qin Hui and his wife, Lady Wang (), were sitting by the "eastern window", warming themselves by the fire, when he received a letter from the people calling for the release of Yue Fei. Qin was worried because after nearly two months of torture, he could not get Yue to admit to treason and would eventually have to let him go. However, after a servant girl brought fresh oranges into the room, Lady Wang devised a plan to execute Yue. She told Qin to slip an execution notice inside the skin of an orange and send it to the judge presiding over Yue's case. This way, Yue and his companions would be put to death before the emperor or Qin himself would have to rescind an open order of execution. This conspiracy became known as the "East Window Plot". A novel about this incident, titled Dong Chuang Ji (; "Tale of the Eastern Window"), was written during the Ming dynasty by an anonymous writer.

When confronted by Han Shizhong on what crime Yue had committed, Qin Hui replied, "Though it isn't sure whether there is something that he did to betray the dynasty, maybe there is." The phrase "perhaps there is", "no reason needed", "groundless", or "baseless" () has entered the Chinese language as a proverb to refer to fabricated charges, which also means 'trumped-up charge', 'setup', 'frameup', or 'concocted charge' in English.

Decades later, his grandson, Yue Ke (), had retrieved documentary evidence of his grandfather's achievements, and published an adulatory biography of him.  In 1162 Emperor Xiaozong of Song posthumously dissolved his unjust charges and rehabilitated his honours.  For their part in Yue's death, iron statues of Qin Hui, Lady Wang, and two of Qin's subordinates, Moqi Xie () and Zhang Jun (), were made to kneel before Yue Fei's tomb (located by the West Lake, Hangzhou). For centuries, these statues were cursed, spat on, and urinated upon by people. The original castings in bronze were damaged, but later were replaced by images cast in iron, but these were similarly damaged. However now, in modern times, these statues are protected as historical relics. There is a poem hanging on the gate surrounding the statues that reads, "The green hill is fortunate to be the burial ground of a loyal general, the white iron was innocent to be cast into the statues of traitors." Emperor Xiaozong's court gave proper burial to his remains after Wei Shun's family revealed its location; Wei Shun was then posthumously honored at Yue Fei's hometown at Tangyin County, and a statue of him was made standing at its Yue Fei Temple. A [tomb] was put up in his memory, and he was designated Wumu (; "Martial and Stern"). In 1179 he was canonized as Zhongwu (; "Loyal and Martial").

According to the novel Xi You Bu, a satire of Journey to the West, written in 1641 by the scholar Dong Ruoyu (also known as Dong Yue, 1620–1686), the Monkey King enthusiastically serves in hell as the trial prosecutor of Qin Hui, while Yue Fei becomes the Monkey King's third master (by teaching the latter Confucian methods). At one point, the Monkey King asks the spirit of Yue Fei if he would like to drink Qin's blood, but he politely declined.

Talents

Martial arts

The two styles most associated with Yue are Eagle Claw and xingyiquan. One book states Yue created Eagle Claw for his enlisted soldiers and xingyiquan for his officers. Legend has it that Yue studied in the Shaolin Monastery with a monk named Zhou Tong and learned the "elephant" style of boxing, a set of hand techniques with great emphasis on qinna (joint-locking). Other tales say he learned this style elsewhere outside the temple under the same master. Yue eventually expanded elephant style to create the Yibai Lingba Qinna (; "108 Locking Hand Techniques") of the Ying Sao (Eagle Hands) or Ying Kuen (Eagle Fist). After becoming a general in the imperial army, Yue taught this style to his men and they were very successful in battle against the armies of the Jin dynasty. Following his wrongful execution and the disbandment of his armies, Yue's men supposedly traveled all over China spreading the style, which eventually ended right back in Shaolin where it began. Later, a monk named Li Quan () combined this style with fanziquan, another style attributed to Yue, to create the modern day form of Northern Ying Jow Pai boxing.

According to legend, Yue combined his knowledge of internal martial arts and spearplay learned from Zhou Tong (in Shaolin) to create the linear fist attacks of xingyiquan. One book claims he studied and synthesized Buddhism's Tendon Changing and Marrow Washing qigong systems to create xingyiquan. On the contrary, proponents of wudangquan believe it is possible that Yue learned the style in the Wudang Mountains that border his home province of Henan. The reasons they cite for this conclusion are that he supposedly lived around the same time and place as Zhang Sanfeng, the founder of tai chi; xingyiquan'''s five fist attacks, which are based on the Five Chinese Elements theory, are similar to tai chi's "Yin-yang theory"; and both theories are Taoist-based and not Buddhist. The book Henan Orthodox Xingyiquan, written by Pei Xirong () and Li Ying'ang (), states xingyiquan master Dai Longbang

... wrote the 'Preface to Six Harmonies Boxing' in the 15th reign year of the Qianlong Emperor [1750]. Inside it says, '... when [Yue Fei] was a child, he received special instructions from Zhou Tong. He became extremely skilled in the spear method. He used the spear to create methods for the fist. He established a method called Yi Quan. Mysterious and unfathomable, followers of old did not have these skills. Throughout the Jin, Yuan and Ming dynasties few had his art. Only Ji Gong had it. ()Heart Chinese boxing emphasizing flexibility and confusing the opponent  (Chinese only)

The man "Ji Gong" mentioned above, better known as Ji Jike () or Ji Longfeng (), is said to have trained in Shaolin Monastery for ten years as a young man and was matchless with the spear. As the story goes, he later traveled to Xongju Cave on Mount Zhongnan to receive a boxing manual written by Yue Fei, from which he learned xingyiquan. However, some believe Ji actually created the style himself and attributed it to Yue Fei because he was fighting the Manchus, descendants of the Jurchens who Yue had struggled against. Ji supposedly created it after watching a battle between an eagle and a bear during the Ming dynasty. Other sources say he created it while training in Shaolin. He was reading a book and looked up to see two roosters fighting, which inspired him to imitate the fighting styles of animals. Both versions of the story (eagle / bear and roosters) state he continued to study the actions of animals and eventually increased the cadre of animal forms.

Several other martial arts have been attributed to Yue Fei, including Yuejiaquan (Yue Family Boxing), Fanziquan (Tumbling Boxing), and Chuōjiǎo quan (Feet-Poking Boxing), among others.Fanzi Quan (Tumbling Chuan)  The "Fanzi Boxing Ballad" says: "Wumu has passed down the Fanziquan which has mystery in its straightforward movements." Wumu () was a posthumous name given to Yue after his death. One Chuojiao legend states Zhou Tong learned the style from its creator, a wandering Taoist named Deng Liang (), and later passed it onto Yue Fei, who is considered to be the progenitor of the style.HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF CHUOJIAO

Besides martial arts, Yue is also said to have studied traditional Chinese medicine. He understood the essence of Hua Tuo's Wu Qin Xi (; "Five Animal Frolics") and created his own form of "medical qigong" known as the Ba Duan Jin (; "Eight Pieces of Brocade"). It is considered a form of Waidan (; "External Elixir") medical qigong.
He taught this qigong to his soldiers to help keep their bodies strong and well-prepared for battle.Yang, Jwing-Ming. Qigong Meditation: Embryonic Breathing. YMAA Publication Center, 2003 () One legend states that Zhou Tong took young Yue to meet a Buddhist hermit who taught him Emei Dapeng Qigong (). His training in Dapeng Qigong was the source of his great strength and martial arts abilities. Modern practitioners of this style say it was passed down by Yue.

 Connection to Praying Mantis boxing
According to Shuo Yue Quanzhuan, Lin Chong and Lu Junyi of the 108 outlaws in Water Margin were former students of Yue's teacher Zhou Tong. One legend states Zhou learned Chuōjiǎo boxing from its originator Deng Liang () and then passed it onto Yue Fei, who is sometimes considered the progenitor of the style. Chuojiao is also known as the "Water Margin Outlaw style" and Yuanyang Tui (; "Mandarin Duck Leg"). In chapter 29 of Water Margin, titled "Wu Song beats Jiang the Door God in a drunken stupor", it mentions Wu Song, another of Zhou's fictional students, using the "Jade Circle-Steps with Duck and Drake feet". A famous folklore Praying Mantis manuscript, which describes the fictional gathering of eighteen martial arts masters in Shaolin, lists Lin Chong (#13) as a master of "Mandarin ducks kicking technique". This creates a folklore connection between Yue and Mantis boxing.

Lineage Mantis master Yuen Man Kai openly claims Zhou Tong taught Lin Chong and Lu Junyi the "same school" of martial arts that was later combined with the aforementioned seventeen other schools to create Mantis fist. However, he believes Mantis fist was created during the Ming dynasty, and was therefore influenced by these eighteen schools from the Song dynasty. He also says Lu Junyi taught Yan Qing the same martial arts as he learned from Zhou Tong. Yuen further comments that Zhou Tong later taught Yue Fei the same martial art and that Yue was the originator of the mantis move "Black Tiger Stealing Heart".

 Poetry
At the age of 30, Yue supposedly wrote his most celebrated poem, "Man Jiang Hong" ("Entirely Red River") with a subtitle of "Xie Huai" ("Writing about What I Thought"). This poem reflects the raw hatred he felt towards the Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty, as well as the sorrow he felt when his efforts to recoup northern lands lost to Jin were halted by Southern Song officials of the "Peace Faction". However, several modern historians, including the late Princeton University Prof. James T. C. Liu, believe certain phrasing in the poem dates its creation to the early 16th century, meaning Yue did not write it.

Yue Fei is also the author of at least two other poems, "Xiao Chong Shan" ("Small Hills") and another "Man Jiang Hong" with a subtitle of "Deng Huang He Lou You Gan" ("My Feelings When I Was Climbing the Yellow Crane Pavilion").

 Descendants
Among Yue Fei's descendants was Yue Shenglong () and his son the Qing dynasty official Yue Zhongqi, who served as Minister of Defence and Governor-General of Shaanxi and Gansu provinces during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor. Yue Zhongqi conquered Tibet for the Qing during the Dzungar–Qing War and attacked the Dzungars at Ürümqi in Xinjiang. The Oirats were battled against by Yue Zhongqi. Yue Zhongqi lived at the Ji Xiaolan Residence.

Another notable descendant of Yue Fei was Yue Yiqin, a flying ace of the Republic of China during the Second Sino-Japanese War.

In 2011, two Yue descendants, Yue Jun and Yue Haijun, with six members of their clan, protested Jiangning Imperial Silk Manufacturing Museum's Qin Hui statue, which indicates that even after centuries, the Yue family still hates Qin Hui and his conspirators for their ancestor's plight. It has been reported that male members of the Yue family were not allowed to marry anyone whose surname was Qin until 1949, and genealogical records attest that this rule was rarely broken prior to its nullification.  In 2017, it was reported that were 1.81 million descendants of Yue Fei in China, and the number of Yue Fei's descendants in Anhui alone has grown to more than 1,003,000.

 Folk hero

Yue Fei's stature in Chinese history rose to that of a national folk hero after his execution. Qin Hui, and in some cases Emperor Gaozong, were blamed by later historians for their supposed role in Yue Fei's execution and conciliatory stance with the Jin dynasty. The allegations that Qin Hui conspired with the Jin to execute Yue Fei are popular in Chinese literature, but have never been proven. The real Yue Fei differed from the later myths that grew from his exploits. The portrayal of Yue as a scholar-general is only partially true. He was a skilled general, and may have been partially literate in Classical Chinese, but he was not an erudite Confucian scholar. Contrary to traditional legends, Yue was not the sole Chinese general engaged in the offensive against the Jurchens. He was one of many generals that fought against the Jin in northern China, and unlike Yue Fei, some of his peers were genuine members of the scholarly elite. Many of the exaggerations of Yue Fei's life can be traced to a biography written by his grandson, Yue Ke. Yue Fei's status as a folk hero strengthened in the Yuan dynasty and had a large impact on Chinese culture. Temples and shrines devoted to Yue Fei were constructed in the Ming dynasty. A Chinese World War II anthem alludes to lyrics said to have been written by Yue Fei.

He also sometimes appears as a door god in partnership with the deity Wen Taibao.

At certain points in time, Yue Fei ceased to be a national hero, such as in 2002, when the official guidelines for history teachers said that he could no longer carry the title. This was because Yue Fei had defended China from the Jurchen people, who are presently considered to be a part of the Chinese nation. Therefore, concern for the "unity of nationalities" in China prevailed, as Yue Fei was seen as representing only one subgroup within China, and not the "entire Chinese nation as presently defined". However, both the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Minister of Defence deny such claims and still clearly address Yue Fei as a national hero of China.隆重纪念民族英雄岳飞诞辰910周年 2013年03月21日人民日报海外版 The Chinese Communist Party also continues to treat Yue Fei as a national hero of China.

 Modern references
The ROCS Yueh Fei (FFG-1106), a Cheng Kung-class guided-missile frigate of the Republic of China Navy, is named after Yue.

The author Guy Gavriel Kay cites Yue Fei as having inspired the character Ren Daiyan in his novel River of Stars (), which is set in a fantasy world based on Song Dynasty China.

Yue Fei is one of the 32 historical figures who appear as special characters in the video game Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI'' by Koei.

See also

 Cultural depictions of Yue Fei
 Yue Fei Temple
 Tomb of Yue Fei
 Han Shizhong
 Zhang Jun
 Wen Tianxiang
 Lu Xiufu
 Zhang Shijie
 History of the Song dynasty
 Jin–Song Wars
 Timeline of the Jin–Song wars
 Yuan Chonghuan

References

Citations

Sources

External links

 "History of the Song" Chinese Wikipedia entry
 470 volume version of the "History of the Song"
 The Story of Yue Fei
 "Yue Fei's Biography" from the History of the Song
 "精忠报国 Utmost Loyalty to the Country", a famous Chinese song related to Yue Fei

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1142 deaths
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Generals from Henan
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Yue Fei