Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert (26 April 1780, in Hohenstein-Ernstthal – 30 June 1860, in Laufzorn, a village in Oberhaching) was a German physician, naturalist and psychologist.

Biography
He began his studies with theology, but turned to medicine and established himself as a doctor in Altenburg, Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. He soon gave up his practice however and devoted himself to research in Dresden (from 1806). In 1809, by way of mediation from Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, he received the post of rector at a secondary school in Nuremberg.

He gave renowned lectures on fringe science (animal magnetism, clairvoyance and dream), and in 1819 he occupied the chair in natural history in Erlangen where he studied botany (botanical abbreviation: Schub.), forestry, mineralogy and geognosy. In 1827 he moved for the last time, to Munich, where he was appointed professor; it was here that the highly popular and friendly Schubert found an embittered opponent in Lorenz Oken.

Schubert aimed to create a religiously-grounded interpretation of the cosmos. Contemporaries that included Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Jean Paul, Justinus Kerner and Heinrich von Kleist were favorable to his work. His masterpiece, Symbolism of Dreams (1814) was one of the most famous books of its time, exercising influence over E. T. A. Hoffmann, and later on, Sigmund Freud and C. G. Jung. Schubert advocated an ecumenical "awakened Christianity" which found evidence for God both in Nature and in the human soul. Synthesising the Bible with the philosophy of Schelling, he was a major figure in the "later Enlightenment". In his History of the Soul (1830), Schubert again attempted to fuse the philosophy of Herder and Schelling with the Christian tradition.

In 1824 Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius named the plant genus Schubertia (family Apocynaceae) in his honor.

Selected works
 Die Kirche und die Götter. Roman. 2 volumes. 1804 – The church and the gods.
 Ansichten von der Nachtseite der Naturwissenschaft. Arnold, Dresden 1808 – Views from the dark side of science.
 Handbuch der Naturkunde. 2 volumes. Schrag, Nürnberg 1813 (Vol 1: Handbuch der Mineralogie, Vol 2: Handbuch der Geognosie und der Bergkunde) – Handbook of natural history.
 Die Symbolik des Traumes. Kunz, Bamberg 1814 – Symbolism of dreams.
 Altes und Neues aus dem Gebiet der innren Seelenkunde, 5 volumes 1817-44 – Old and new in the field of inner psychology.
 Reise durch das südliche Frankreich und Italien. 2 volumes Palm and Enke, Erlangen 1827-1831 – Journey through southern France and Italy.
 Die Geschichte der Seele, 2 volumes. Cotta, Stuttgart 1830; – History of the soul.
 Biographieen und Erzählungen. 4 volumes in 3 tomes. Heyder, Erlangen 1847–1848 – Biographies and stories.
 Der Erwerb aus einem vergangenen und die Erwartungen von einem zukünftigen Leben. Eine Selbstbiographie. 5 volumes. Palm und Enke, Erlangen 1854–1856 – The acquisition of a past and the expectations of a future life. An autobiography.
 Naturgeschichte des Tier-, Pflanzen- und Mineralreichs. Schreiber, Esslingen und München (8th edition, 1886) – Natural history of the animal, vegetable and mineral kingdom.

Sources

External links
BHLKirby, W. F, 1889. 'Natural history of the animal kingdom for the use of young people : in three parts, comprising I. Mammalia : II. Birds : Part III. Reptiles, amphibia, fishes, insects, worms, molluscs, zoophytes, &c. : with 91 coloured plates, including about 850 figures, and numerous adapted from the German of Professor von Schubert by W.F. Kirby.Brighton, E. & J.B. Young and Co.
 Dieter Woelfel: Schubert, Gotthilf Heinrich In:. Biographic-bibliographic church encyclopedia (BBKL). Volume 9, Bautz, Herzberg 1995 , Sp. 1030-1040.

1780 births
1860 deaths
People from Hohenstein-Ernstthal
19th-century German physicians
Physicians from Saxony
German naturalists
German philosophers
Academic staff of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
Academic staff of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
People from Munich (district)
German male writers

Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert


Vidal Vega (1964 – 1 December 2012) was a Paraguayan political leader.

Vega had been involved in a feud between the Paraguayan government over land business after land was bought by the government illegally. Some of Vegas' family relatives were land activists and were murdered during the 1960s. He was meant to appear in court and to testify. A prosecutor said that Vega was shot to death on Saturday, 1 December 2012 by two men with a shotgun and a pistol at his home in Canindeyu; the killers sped away on a motorcycle

References

1964 births
2012 deaths
Paraguayan murder victims
People murdered in Paraguay
Deaths by firearm in Paraguay
2012 murders in Paraguay

Vidal Vega


Bel's Boys is a British children's television series based on the band of the same name. The series consisted of 26 episodes and first aired on ITV in 2006 and later repeated on CITV.

The series was produced by Initial (part of the Endemol group) and was part funded by the NIFTC (Northern Ireland Film and Television Commission).  The series was filmed entirely in Belfast making it the biggest drama series ever to be filmed in Northern Ireland.

Overview
The show stars Graham McKee, Luke O'Reilly and Eoin Logan from the real life "band" as Vince, Leon and Tay who send their demo cd to acting manager Ainsley Barter who, being an acting manager, not a band manager, tosses it in the bin. But his 9-year-old daughter, Bel Allanah Scully, listens to it and is instantly a fan. She goes round to their garage where they practice and hang out. Although they are uncertain at first about having a 9-year-old being their manager but she convinces them that the only way for them to get noticed by her dad is to first be managed by herself. In order to get them known they often enlist the help of Ainsley's PA, SJ, her younger brother, Ollie and Bel's best friend, Carina, although her friendship with Bel is often strained by her commitment to the band.

Episodes
Season 1 and 2

Cast
Vince-Graham McKee

Leon-Luke O'Reilly

Tay-Eoin Logan

Bel Barter-Allanah Scully

SJ-Dorothy Cotter

Ollie-Leo McGuigan

Carina-Lara McIvor

Ainsley Barter-Paddy Jenkins

Max-Robert Sheehan

External links
Bel's Boys  at itv.com/citv

2006 British television series debuts
ITV children's television shows
Television series by Endemol
2000s British children's television series
2006 British television series endings
2000s British music television series

Bel's Boys (TV series)


A Gjenganger (,  or ;  or ; ) in Scandinavian folklore was a term for a revenant, the spirit or ghost of a deceased from the grave.

Etymology
 has two parts; the prefix is related to "again" or "against", "towards" (compare , ) and  ('against'), from  ('in, on') and  ('straight, direct')
and  which comes from a word meaning 'foot' or 'walker', thus it means "walking again" as in "walking after death". The form  comes from  meaning 'again' and originating from  meaning "of, away from" but adding the contrastive suffix , in essence meaning "after walking", "walking away from in contrast with close by", again implying walking after death.

Characteristics
A gjenganger could have several reasons to return from the afterlife. Murdered people and their murderers  could seldom sleep peacefully in their graves. People who had committed suicide often came back as gjengangere. At other times, people came back from the grave because they had left something undone. Most often they needed someone to help them do this, before they could finally be at peace.

The gjenganger in the Scandinavian tradition took on an entirely corporeal form. It normally had no spectre-like qualities whatsoever. In older traditions, the gjenganger was very malicious and violent in nature, coming back from the grave to torment its family and friends. Their relatives took extensive precautions to make sure they stayed in their graves.

This tradition of the violent gjenganger goes back to the Viking Age, where they are present in many of the Icelandic sagas, among others: Grettis saga, Eyrbyggja saga and The Saga of Eric the Red. In this tradition, the gjenganger was a mortal creature. An example of this is Grettir slaying the gjenganger Glámr with his sword. These Viking-age gjengangere were often called draugr, and the two are likely to be different names for the same phenomenon.

Protection and prevention
People had numerous ways of both defending themselves against the gjenganger, and stopping people from becoming one in the first place.
 Crucifixes and Christian incantations
 Painting symbols, especially the cross
 Coffin was carried three times around the church before being buried.

The tradition of a pile of stones or twigs (varp) often marked a place where someone has died. It was believed that when you passed this place, you should throw another stone/twig on the varp, to commemorate what had happened there. Doing so would sometimes bring luck on your further travels, while not doing so would result in bad luck and dangerous accidents. Many of these varps have now disappeared,  but in a few places the varp is marked with a sign or something similar.

Modern era
In slightly newer tradition, the gjenganger remains a violent entity, though in a less direct way, now becoming more of a disease-spreader. These gjengangere would attack people with their so-called  dead man's pinch (dødningeknip). The pinch was often administered when the person was asleep. Both the  forest creature  (huldra) and  the water spirits (nøkken) were also accused of doing the same, using bites instead of pinches, often aimed at the victim's face. This belief in beings attacking people in their sleep was used as a warning against going to sleep in specific places; near the graveyard, mountains or water.

In later Swedish folklore, a distinction is made between the traditional gjenganger, in Swedish called gengångare, and another type of ghost known as gast. Whereas the gengångare looked virtually identical to a living human, the gast was known to be  transparent and/or skeletal in appearance,  making it impossible to see who the phantom had been while alive. And whereas the Swedish version of the gengångare  were usually said to be rather harmless, it was the gast who was known to cause diseases. They were also known to cause accidents and scare people for no apparent reason other than that they enjoyed doing so.

Today it mostly compares with the modern perception of ghosts, most often being ethereal in form, and non-violent in nature. The word gjenganger is being used less, the contemporary word  ghost (spøkelse) having mostly taken over. Where the term gjenganger does occur, it may be treated simply as a synonym for ghost. The corresponding verbal phrase walk again (gå igjen) is just one way of saying "haunt" with reference to ghosts.

See also
Draugr
Wiedergänger

References

Bibliography
 Espeland, Velle (2002) Spøkelse! Hvileløse gjengangere i tradisjon og historie (Oslo: Humanist forlag)
 Hodne, Ørnulf (1995) Vetter og skrømt i norsk folketro (Oslo: J.W. Cappelens forlag)
 Hodne, Ørnulf (2008) Mystiske steder i Norge (Oslo: J.W. Cappelens forlag)
 Sivertsen, Birger (2000) For noen troll (Oslo: Andresen & Butenschøn AS)

Danish folklore
Norwegian folklore
Swedish folklore
European ghosts
Scandinavian folklore
Corporeal undead
Revenants

Gjenganger


The Learning Curve is a 2001 American thriller film about two Los Angeles nightclub scenesters who team up as con artists. It explores themes of ruthless ambition and its consequences. The film was directed by Eric Schwab, and stars Carmine Giovinazzo, Norbert Weisser, and Monet Mazur.

Plot
Paul Cleveland (Carmine Giovinazzo) fights off Georgia's (Monet Mazur) attacker. A strong bond develops between the two and the ambition of Cleveland begins to surface rapidly as he starts to participate in scams with Georgia to raise enough money to leave his job as a hospital orderly behind. When they try to scam Marshal (played by Vincent Ventresca) by staging a road accident using Georgia as a distracting female hitchhiker it seems that they have struck a very dangerous individual as he produces a gun and kidnaps them.

Marshal is head of a record company and controls a very large financial empire and he takes Paul and Georgia to his offices where he eventually makes them an offer and congratulates them for their enterprise. The ambitious Cleveland then offers his further services to Marshal in a similar way to Bud Fox approaching Gordon Gekko in the film Wall Street
The similarities between Gordon Gekko and Marshal are apparent as he begins to reward Cleveland for tasks accomplished. The empty warehouse that he gives them for Georgia and Paul to freely decorate and furnish is a similarity.
Paul soon begins to become obsessed with how much Marshal needs him and begins to neglect Georgia in preference to Marshal's lucrative offers. Georgia also begins to become disenchanted with their lifestyle and this becomes the theme for the rest of the film as her ethics begin to clash with Marshal's organization and Paul's trance like obedience to him.

External links

2001 films
2000s crime drama films
2001 crime thriller films
American crime drama films
American crime thriller films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
2001 drama films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

The Learning Curve


Brinkmanship (or brinksmanship) is the practice of trying to get a good outcome by pushing events to the brink of active conflict. This succeeds by causing the opponent to back down and make concessions. Ig they do not back down, they risk engaging in a conflict that would not be good for either side.  That might be done with diplomacy. It is done by making the others think that one party will do something bad rather than concede.  The tactic occurs in international politics, foreign policy, labor relations, modern military strategy, terrorism, and high-stakes litigation.

The term is mainly associated with US Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles, from 1953 to 1956 during the Eisenhower administration. Dulles tried to prevent aggression by the Soviet Union by warning that the cost might be massive retaliation against Soviet targets.

References

Tactics
Diplomacy

Brinkmanship


David Kossoff (24 November 1919 – 23 March 2005) was a British actor. In 1954 he won the BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles for his appearance as Geza Szobek  in The Young Lovers. He played Alf Larkin in TV sitcom The Larkins and Professor Kokintz in The Mouse that Roared (1959) and its sequel The Mouse on the Moon (1963).

Because of the drug use of his son Paul, a blues rock musician, who subsequently died, he became an anti-drug campaigner. In 1971 he was also actively involved in the Nationwide Festival of Light, an organisation protesting against the commercial exploitation of sex and violence, and advocating the teachings of Christ as the key to re-establishing moral stability in Britain.

Life and career
Kossoff was born in Hackney, London, the youngest of three children, to poor Russian-Jewish parents, Annie (née Shaklovich) and Lewis (Louis) Kossoff (1882–1943). His father was a tailor. His older brother Alec changed his name to Alan Keith. The middle sister was named Sarah Rebecca (Sadie).

He attended the Northern Polytechnic, leaving in 1937 to work as a draughtsman and then a furniture designer for a year before becoming an actor.

Kossoff started working in light entertainment on British television in the years following World War II, during which he briefly served in the military. His first stage appearance was at the Unity Theatre in 1942 at the age of 23. He took part in numerous plays and films. He was a Member of the Society of Artists and Designers. In addition to this, he was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts.

His best-known television roles were the hen-pecked husband Alf Larkin in The Larkins, first broadcast in 1958, and a Jewish furniture maker in A Little Big Business. Film credits included his role as Soviet diplomat Geza Szobek The Young Lovers (1954 – for which he won a British Academy Film Award as Most Promising Newcomer to Film), A Kid for Two Farthings (1955), his role as Morry in the Oscar-winning The Bespoke Overcoat (1956), Professor Kokintz in The Mouse that Roared (1959), starring Peter Sellers,  and its sequel The Mouse on the Moon (1963) with Bernard Cribbins. He played Sigmund Freud's father in Freud: The Secret Passion (1962) with Montgomery Clift in the lead.

He was also well known for his story-telling skills, particularly with regard to reinterpreting the Bible. His best-known book, also a television series, is The Book of Witnesses (1971), in which he turned the Gospels into a series of monologues. He also retold dozens of Old Testament and Apocrypha stories in Bible Stories (1968).

In 1953, he played the character Lemuel "Lemmy" Barnet in the British sci-fi radio series Journey into Space.

He married Margaret (Jennie) Jenkins and had two sons, Paul and Simon. Following the death in 1976 of his son Paul, guitarist with the band Free, Kossoff established the Paul Kossoff Foundation which aimed to present the realities of drug addiction to children. Kossoff spent the remainder of his life campaigning against drugs. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, he toured with a one-man stage performance about the death of his son and its effect on the family.

He died in 2005 of liver cancer at age 85. He was cremated and interred at the Golders Green Crematorium. In its obituary, The Scotsman wrote that David Kossoff was "a man of deep convictions and proud of his Jewish origins".

Filmography

 Rookery Nook ('live' TV, 1953) – Harold Twine
 The Good Beginning (1953) – Dealer
 The Young Lovers (1954) – Geza Szobek
 The Angel Who Pawned Her Harp (1954) – Schwartz
 Svengali (1954) – Gecko
 A Kid for Two Farthings (1955) – Avrom Kandinsky
 I Am a Camera (1955) – Minor role
 The Woman for Joe (1955) – Max
 The Bespoke Overcoat (1955, Short) – Morry
 Now and Forever (1956) – Pawnbroker
 1984 (1956) – Charrington
 Who Done It? (1956) – Zacco
 Wicked as They Come (1956) – Sam Lewis
 The Iron Petticoat (1956) – Anton Antonovich Dubratz
 House of Secrets (1956) – Henryk van de Heide
 Count Five and Die (1957) – Dr. Mulder
 The Dock Brief (1957 BBC-TV film) - Herbert Fowle
 Innocent Sinners (1958) – Vincent
 Indiscreet (1958) – Carl Banks
 The Journey (1959) – Simon Avron
 The Mouse That Roared (1959) – Alfred Kokintz
 Jet Storm (1959) – Dr Bergstein
 The House of the Seven Hawks (1959) – Wilhelm Dekker
 Conspiracy of Hearts (1960) – The Rabbi
 Inn for Trouble (1960) – Alf Larkins
 The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll (1960) – Ernst Litauer
 Freud: The Secret Passion (1962) – Jacob Freud
 Summer Holiday (1963) – Magistrate
 The Mouse on the Moon (1963) – Professor Kokintz
 Ring of Spies (1964) – Peter Kroger
 One Million Years B.C. (1966) – Narrator (uncredited)
 Three for All (1975) – Airport Passenger
 The London Connection (1979) – Professor Buchinski
 Staggered (1994) – Elderly Man (final film role)

References

External links

1919 births
2005 deaths
20th-century English male actors
English male film actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
English people of Russian-Jewish descent
Jewish English male actors
Male actors from London
Male actors from Hertfordshire
People from Hatfield, Hertfordshire
Actors from Hackney Central
Alumni of the University of North London
British Army personnel of World War II
Deaths from liver cancer
Deaths from cancer in England
Golders Green Crematorium
Free (band)
BAFTA Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles winners
Kossoff family

David Kossoff


Funny Things Happen Down Under is a 1965 Australian-New Zealand musical film directed by Joe McCormick. It stars Olivia Newton-John, Ian Turpie and Howard Morrison, and is best remembered today for being Newton-John's first film.

Plot
The film centres around a barn that is used by a group of children as a meeting place for singing practice. When the owner of the property experiences financial difficulties and considers selling the barn, one of the children comes up with an idea to raise money. The children dye sheep on his property and market the coloured wool as a naturally occurring phenomenon.

The coloured wool soon becomes sought after by buyers all over the world. However, when the coloured wool runs thin, the owner is still in danger of losing his barn. Two station hands, sympathetic to the plight of the children, decide to help by winning the remaining money in a sheep shearing contest.

Cast
Sue Haworth as Teena
Ian Turpie as Lennie
Bruce Barry as Frank
Howard Morrison as Kingie
Olivia Newton-John as Livvy
William Hodge
Kurt Beimel
Frank Rich
John Gray

Production
The film was a spin-off of the Terrible Ten TV series. It was shot entirely in Victoria, on location near Melbourne and in the studio of Pacific Films.

Olivia Newton-John and Ian Turpie were dating during filming.

Reception
Filmink magazine said the film featured "the campest dancing shearers in cinematic history".

See also
Cinema of Australia

References

External links

Funny Things Happen Down Under at OnlyOlivia.com
Funny Things Happen Down Under at Oz Movies

Films set in Australia
Films shot in Melbourne
1965 films
1965 musical films
Australian musical comedy films
1960s English-language films

Funny Things Happen Down Under


The Botafogo Reptiles is a Beach American football team based in Botafogo Beach, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

History

Formed in 1999 by a group of friends in order to have fun, the Reptiles grew quickly and today is the most successful beach football team of the country. In the last eight state championships, the Reptiles reached all finals and became a 5-time champion in 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2008. The team went undefeated in three of the five titles.

Since its foundation until the end of the season 2006, the Reptiles preceded 76 matches (between championship matches and friendly matches), with a .836 win percecntage. There were 63 wins, 1 draw and 12 defeats. So far, the team was 1,543 points (20.3 per game) and has 403 points (5.3 per game). The best season was 2004, when, the Reptiles won all 17 games that preceded, with an average of 29 points scored and suffered only 2.5 per game.

In 2007, the Reptiles went through a period of restructuring, with the departure of several experienced players. Still, the team managed to reach another Carioca Bowl, but ended up being defeated by Copacabana Titãs. In 2008, the Reptiles became the champion again defeating the America Redlions by 10–0 and bringing the trophy back to Botafogo.

References

External links
 Botafogo Reptiles official website (in Portuguese)
 Reptiles' profile in AFAB website (in Portuguese)

Sports clubs and teams in Rio de Janeiro (city)
American football teams established in 1999
American football teams in Brazil
1999 establishments in Brazil

Botafogo Reptiles


Peter Gusenberg a.k.a. "Goosey" (September 22, 1888 – February 14, 1929) and his brother Frank were German-American contract killers and members of Chicago's North Side Gang, the main rival to the Chicago Outfit.  Peter Gusenberg participated in an infamous attack on Al Capone during a vicious gang war.

Early life
Peter Gusenberg Jr. was born at the Alexian Brothers Medical Center in Chicago, Illinois to Peter Sr. and his wife. He was the firstborn of three sons and the namesake of his father Peter Gusenberg (Gusenberger) Sr. who was a first generation Roman Catholic emigrant from Gusenburg, a municipality in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany and his wife. His parents moved into a home at 434 Roscoe Street in Lakeview, Chicago where Peter lived with his brothers Frank (October 11, 1893 Chicago, Illinois) along with their youngest brother Henry who later moved to 5507 Bernice Avenue, Portage Park, Chicago. In 1901, when Peter Jr. was twelve years old, he returned home from school and found his mother on the floor, dead. Following this discovery, he pried off his mothers wedding ring, which Peter Sr. had bought for her back in Germany, and pawned it.

After graduating from petty crime into more serious offenses, the Gusenberg brothers teamed up with Dean 'Dion' O'Banion, Earl 'Hymie' Weiss, Vincent 'The Schemer' Drucci, George 'Bugs' Moran and other members of the North Side Gang. Although Peter Jr. and his brother had little formal education, they both learnt to speak German and English. He later married a German-Irish woman Myrtle Coppleman Gorman and did not let her know about his criminal activities, keeping her under the ruse that he worked as a travelling salesman. He was first incarcerated in 1902 and sent to the Joliet Correctional Center for burglary in 1906. He was released on a probationary period but violated the terms and conditions of his probation and was sent back to Joliet in 1910 and re-released in 1912. In 1923 he was convicted for his participation in helping rob a mail freight car while stopped at Dearborn Station. He also helped carry out the murders on Antonio Lombardo and Pasquale Lolorado with his younger brother Frank Gusenberg and Albert Kachellek, a fellow cellmate at Joliet. The Gusenberg brothers and Kachellek were killed in the St Valentine's day Massacre February 14, 1929.

Prison time
In the early 1920s, Peter Gusenberg was sent to the United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth on a mail robbery conviction. While he was in prison, the North Side Gang became embroiled in a vicious gang war with the rival Chicago Outfit, headed first by Johnny Torrio and then Al Capone.  During this warfare, Outfit gunmen had murdered North Side leader O'Banion in his florist shop.  When Peter Gusenberg was released from prison in 1926, he rejoined the North Side Gang, now led by Hymie Weiss, in its war against the Outfit.

Gang war
On September 20, 1926, Peter Gusenberg participated in the infamous drive-by shooting on the Hawthorne Hotel, Capone's Cicero, Illinois headquarters.  The North Siders riddled the hotel with thousands of bullets. According to many accounts, the second to last car stopped in front of the hotel restaurant when Peter Gusenberg emerged, clad in a khaki Army shirt and brown overalls, and carrying a Thompson submachine gun. Kneeling in front of the doorway, Gusenberg emptied the entire 100-round capacity drum into the restaurant, and then casually strolled back to his car, which then sped off. The attack left Capone terrified and he offered a truce between the two gangs. Peace talks faltered on the concessions that the North Siders demanded.

As the gang war continued, the North Side Gang started to weaken. Three weeks after the Hawthorne Hotel attack, Hymie Weiss was murdered by a Capone hit squad.  Moran now took over the gang.  The North Siders especially wanted to kill Jack "Machine Gun" McGurn, as he was rumored to have killed Weiss. On at least two occasions, the Gusenberg brothers tried to kill McGurn. Despite wounding him several times, McGurn survived these attempts on his life.

By late 1928, Moran struck an alliance with Capone rival Joe Aiello. Aiello and the Gusenberg brothers first killed Antonio Lombardo and then Pasqualino "Patsy" Lolordo, two successive presidents of the Unione Siciliane and both Capone allies. It was these murders that motivated Capone to eliminate Moran and the North Side Gang in the St. Valentine's Day Massacre.

On February 14, 1929, the upper echelon of the North Side gang, including Peter Gusenberg, gathered at the S.M.C. Cartage Company at 2122 N. Clark Street in the Mid-North District neighborhood. Also there were Frank Gusenberg, Albert Weinshank, Adam Heyer, James Clark, John May, and Dr. Reinhardt Schwimmer (a friend of a gang member). The general accepted story is that the North Siders were waiting for a shipment of hijacked Log Cabin brand whiskey from Detroit (a ploy devised by Capone). However, this story has been disputed.

Two men in Chicago police uniforms entered the garage and lined Peter Gusenberg and the other North Siders against the north wall.  At this point, two men in civilian clothing entered from the rear carrying submachine guns. The four gunmen then opened fire with submachine guns and shotguns, killing all seven men, in what became known as the St. Valentine's Day Massacre.  Peter Gusenberg died kneeling in a chair.

Peter's brother Frank was the only initial survivor of the massacre.  When police asked who had shot him, Frank replied, "No one shot me."  He died later that night. Although the killers wiped out most of the North Side Gang, they missed their prime target, Bugs Moran.  Moran had pulled up to the garage just as the shooters were entering.  Because they were dressed as policemen, Moran assumed it was a raid and fled the area.

The Gusenberg brothers were initially buried in Rosehill Cemetery in Chicago's North Side. They were later reinterred at Irving Park Cemetery.

In popular culture
Peter has been portrayed three times in film:
 by George Segal in the 1967 film, The St. Valentine's Day Massacre
 by Martin Kove in the 1975 film, Capone.
 by Ryan Kiser in the 2017 film Gangster Land.

The Gusenberg Sweeper is a Grand Theft Auto V version of the Tommy Gun, featured in the Valentine's Day Massacre Special. It is named after the Gusenberg Brothers.

References

External links
 http://www.myalcaponemuseum.com/id29.htm

1888 births
1929 deaths
American people of German descent
Murdered American gangsters
North Side Gang
Prohibition-era gangsters
People murdered by the Chicago Outfit
People murdered in Illinois
Male murder victims
Deaths by firearm in Illinois
Gangsters from Chicago

Peter Gusenberg


Japan Museum SieboldHuis (Siebold House) is a museum located at the  in Leiden, Netherlands. It displays items that were collected by Philipp Franz von Siebold (1796-1866) between 1823 and 1829 during his stay at Dejima, the Dutch trade colony nearby Nagasaki in Japan. It also functions as a museum of Japanese culture.

Siebold was highly interested in all aspects of Japanese nature and culture, and as such his collection is very diverse. Japan Museum SieboldHuis has a permanent exhibition of maps, rocks, animals, plants, utensils and art. Temporary exhibitions offer a varied selection of Japanese art.

The monumental house is property of the Dutch government () and used to house the cantonal court.

Gallery

See also
 Philipp Franz von Siebold: Siebold museums

External links

Museums in Leiden
Museums of Japanese art
Museums of Japanese culture

SieboldHuis


Porretta Terme (Bolognese: Puratta) is a town of the Reno Valley Tuscan-Emilian Apennines, a frazione of the comune of Alto Reno Terme, Emilia-Romagna. Porretta Terme is located about  south-west of Bologna. Known since Roman times for its thermal springs, it is also a center for winter sports thanks to the nearby resorts of Corno alle Scale, Abetone, Monte Cimone. It was a separate comune until January 2016, when it merged with Granaglione to form the new comune of Alto Reno Terme.

During campaign of Italy in World War II,  Porretta housed the Headquarters of the 1st Brazilian Army division between November 1944 and the final breakthrough of the Gothic Line.

Since December 1987, Porretta Terme is the site of a soul music festival designed by Graziano Uliani, a passionate soul music fan, who, after attending the events in Macon, Georgia  commemorating the 20th anniversary of the death of American musician Otis Redding, decided to dedicate a festival in his honour. The festival is associated with the Stax Museum of American Soul Music in Memphis and the Center for Southern Folklore in Memphis, USA.

Porretta Terme is served by Porretta Terme railway station.

References

Cities and towns in Emilia-Romagna
Spa towns in Italy

Porretta Terme


The Florida Trail Association is a private non-profit organization founded in 1966 that oversees the volunteer effort to build, maintain, protect and promote the Florida National Scenic Trail, one of eleven National Scenic Trails in the United States. Based in Gainesville, the Florida Trail Association's mission also includes:

 Building and maintaining hiking trails on other public lands.
 Providing educational opportunities for people to learn to appreciate and conserve the natural beauty of Florida.
 Providing recreational opportunities for hiking and camping.

With nineteen local chapters dispersed geographically throughout Florida, the Florida Trail Association draws on local support to build and maintain hiking trails, to provide guided outdoor recreation opportunities for the public, and to work with landowners to acquire protected natural lands to ensure a quality hiking experience for hikers on the Florida Trail corridor.

The Florida Trail Association works directly in concert with the federal land manager of the Florida Trail, the USDA Forest Service, to facilitate the acquisition of land, to direct volunteer efforts, and to provide public outreach.

The Florida Trail Association's main building was badly damaged by Hurricane Gloria in 1985.

References

External links
 Official website
 Florida Greenways & Trails Guide

Hiking organizations in the United States
1964 establishments in Florida

Non-profit organizations based in Florida

Florida Trail Association


Ayam masak merah (lit. 'red-cooked chicken' in Malay) is a Malaysian and Singaporean chicken dish. Popular in both countries, it is a casserole of chicken pieces in dried chillies sambal. It tends to be a home-cooked dish, so many variations on the recipe exist. Pieces of chicken are first marinated in turmeric before being fried to a golden brown then slowly braised in a spicy dried chillies, onion and tomato sauce. Peas are sometimes added to the dish, as are aromatic spices such as cloves, star anise and cinnamon bark, and it is garnished with shredded kaffir lime leaves as well as coriander. It is often paired with tomato rice – cooked with tomato sauce or paste, milk, dried spices, and garlic, onions and ginger.

References

Further reading

Ayam Masak Merah – Tomato Chicken Curry

Malaysian chicken dishes
Singaporean cuisine

Ayam masak merah


Gonzalo Mazatzin Moctezuma, also Don Gonzalo Mazatzin Moctezuma was a Native American warrior, cacique, noble and conquistador for the Spanish crown.

Early life
He was born in a lineage of native nobility. Historians disagree about whether he was the grandson of Moctezuma Xocoyotzin or of Moctezuma Ilhuicamina. His mother was Ilhuicamina Monctezuma. His son, Don Juan de Monctezuma, and his grandson Don Joachin de San Francisco y Moctezuma, both inherited the position of governors of Tepexi de la Seda (modern-day Tepexi de Rodríguez, Puebla, Mexico), and were known by the locals as the lords and rulers of the area. There are indications that he is most likely descended from Moctezuma Ilhuicamina, with a Real Cedula recommending his grandson Don Joachin de San Francisco to the Real Audiencia while naming Don Joachin both the grandson of Gonzalo Moctezuma, and the descendant of Moctezuma I (Moctezuma Ilhuicamina).

Warrior
Moctezuma pledged his allegiance to Spain and assisted Hernan Cortés in his fight against the Mexica.

He remained loyal through his life.

After the Spanish victory he became Governor of Tepexi de la Seda, in modern-day Puebla. He was granted the rank of captain for his military services. He and his descendants are referred as Don/Doña by the Spanish, which indicates that they were considered to have the same status as Spanish nobility.

According to various witnesses, Don Gonzalo–Mazatzin at the time–sent an emissary to find Cortés and offer his vassalage to the king of Spain, along with a gift of gold to prove his good intentions. Cortés, who was in Tepeaca at the time, accepted his pledge. The pair met in Molcaxac where Gonzalo offered Cortés additional gifts.

Cortés granted Gonzalo the title of captain, which gave him the right to conquer in the name of the king, and gave him a Spanish sword and a spear.  sealed the deal with a hug, a notable gesture that was uncommon among the natives. Shortly after this encounter Mazatzin converted to Christianity and adopted the Christian name of Gonzalo.

After Cortés' departure, Don Gonzalo sent ambassadors to neighboring provinces announcing his new alliance, which made him "very admired and respected".

As captain he was given the lead in the conquest of Mixteca Alta. He and his soldiers conquered more than ten cities. His grandson implies that he organized and led the native allies.

Legacy
He died around 1525. His title and lands were respected by Spain, and his lineage continued controlling their expanded area for centuries as vassals of the Hispanic Crown.

Historiography
Most of the information about Don Gonzalo comes from a probanza de mérito sent by his grandson, Don Joachim de San Francisco y Moctezuma, to the king of Spain. This was a formal request of new privileges, such as total and permanent tax exemption for his entire city, as a reward for his grandfather's help during the conquest. His testimony is backed by 49 witnesses, 30 of them old enough to have lived through the events. This document, along with documents related to the judicial process that his request underwent, can be found in the Archivo General de Indias of Seville.

Doubts persist about the extent of his service for the Spanish crown. Probanzas de mérito are unreliable as information sources, since their main goal is to persuade the judge to grant a petition. Exaggerations and complete fabrications are common. None of the Spanish conquerors who allegedly met Don Gonzalo refer to him by name or talk about their encounter.

However, the claims made by Don Joachim about the extent of his grandfather's conquests fill a narrative gap regarding the conquest of Puebla and Mixteca Alta left by Spanish accounts. Spaniards may not refer to Don Gonzalo because they had no particular need to do so. Most letters and accounts sent by the conquerors to the king were either aimed at requesting resources or at highlighting their own deeds in order to obtain future favors. Even though they had specific orders of "taking written account of everything they did", this did not extend to taking notice of their native allies. The conquerors mention the help of" large numbers or "Indian-friends" in the conquest of the area. Various pictorial documents suggest the existence of Don Gonzalo's descendants, the position and privileges they had. Their native ascendance is documented.

References

Bibliography

16th-century Mexican people
History of the Aztecs
Indigenous Mexicans
Gonzalo
Mexican documents
Conquistadors

Gonzalo Mazatzin Moctezuma


Magnets is the second album by British rock band The Vapors, released in 1981.

Song details
The album continued The Vapors' dark lyrical themes, taking them to a slightly darker level, with "Jimmie Jones" being about American cult leader Jim Jones, "Isolated Case" about state oppression and disillusionment with politics, "Civic Hall" about the assault Dave suffered at the hands of overzealous Metropolitan policemen, "Spiders" and "Can't Talk Anymore" about mental illness, and the title track being about the assassinations of John F. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy. Even those songs about relationships - "Daylight Titans", "Johnny's in Love (Again)" and "Lenina" - are tinged with an edge of being in a suffocating society and a malevolent state apparatus.

Artwork
The cover was designed by Martin Handford, later famous for his Where's Wally? books. It depicts an assassination scene close up, but from a distance looks like a human eye. The assassin can be seen on the roof at the top right of the album cover, putting away his sniper rifle.

Reception

Despite positive reviews (particularly for the second single "Jimmie Jones" [UK No. 44] and the epic title track), the album failed to chart in the UK, possibly as a result of the lack of promotion on the part of their record label. The United Artists record company had been bought out by EMI in 1980 and later renamed Liberty, and many of the bands who came across as part of the deal complained of poor treatment by their disinterested new owner.

Shortly after the release of Magnets, the failure of Liberty to commit to a seventh single resulted in The Vapors disbanding. The only other Vapors-related release, aside from many greatest hits albums, was a solo single by David Fenton.

Releases
In 1998, Collectables Records issued the compilation album Vaporized, which included both of the band's albums, New Clear Days and Magnets, on the same CD.

In 2000, Captain Mod Records, an offshoot of the Captain Oi! label, specialising in punk rock and new wave bands, reissued both of the band's albums on CD, separately. Magnets included all of the album's single versions and B-sides as bonus tracks.

In 2021, British label Demon Records reissued Magnets on vinyl for the first time in 40 years, based on the 2000 remasters.

Aftermath

After the label dropped the band, David Fenton decided to leave the band to focus on his new family: he had got married during The Vapors' formation. After this, Fenton opted to have a more secluded life. Drummer Howard Smith had already expressed losing interest in the project prior, claiming that he did not like the fame and that touring was becoming too exhausting. This only left bassist Steve Smith and guitarist Edward Bazalgette. Steve Smith eventually called it quits after the duo were unable to find the appropriate replacements after months of searching.

Edward Bazalgette was left to be the only remaining founding member and was forced to finally break-up the band, instead deciding to focus more on other intellectual pursuits, later becoming a professional film executive. The band members, however, remained friends and on good terms.

The group reformed in 2022.

Track listing
 All songs written by David Fenton, except where noted.

Side one
"Jimmie Jones" - 3:23
"Spiders" - 4:57
"Isolated Case" (Edward Bazalgette, Steve Smith) - 3:30
"Civic Hall" - 3:39
"Live at the Marquee" - 4:04

Side two
"Daylight Titans" - 3:23
"Johnny's in Love (Again)" - 3:45
"Can't Talk Anymore" - 3:18
"Lenina" - 2:46
"Silver Machines" - 3:52
"Magnets" - 6:14

Bonus tracks on 2000 CD remaster
"Galleries for Guns" - 4:46 [B-side of "Spiders"]
"Jimmie Jones" (Single version) - 3:24
"Daylight Titans" (Single version) - 3:24 [B-side of "Jimmie Jones"]

Personnel
The Vapors
David Fenton - rhythm guitar, lead vocals
Edward Bazalgette - lead guitar
Steve Smith - bass, backing vocals
Howard Smith - drums, percussion
Technical
Robin Lumley - keyboard programming
Joe Blaney - assistant engineer

References

1981 albums
The Vapors albums
Albums produced by David Tickle
Liberty Records albums

Magnets (album)


Tapani Erling (born 22 May 1945), is a Finnish economist. He was the Director-General of Finnish Customs. In July 2006 he was elected chairman of the Council of the World Customs Organization.

Before being nominated to the head to the Finnish customs in 1998 he served as a manager in charge of foreign subsidiaries at Outokumpu Oy and before that at economist positions at different Finnish ministries. He has worked in the Finnish OECD representative office, and also pursued an academic career.

Erling has been a member of the Social Democratic Party of Finland. He served as the political secretary of minister for foreign trade, Jermu Laine from 1973 to 1978.

Erling is married and has at least one son, Orri, who was known as a child prodigy who started his career in the Finnish software industry at the age of fifteen.

Erling is known as a promoter of French-Finnish co-operation and has been made a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur.

References
 Helsingin Sanomat 3 July 2006
 Tapani Erling elected chairman of the Council of the World Customs Organization at the Finnish Customs site

Knights of the Legion of Honour
1945 births
Living people
20th-century Finnish economists
21st-century Finnish economists

Tapani Erling


Tom Martin (born May 11, 1964 in Victoria, British Columbia) is a Canadian former ice hockey player.  He was a fourth round draft pick of the Winnipeg Jets, 74th overall, at the 1982 NHL Entry Draft.  He played 92 National Hockey League (NHL) games for the Jets, Hartford Whalers and Minnesota North Stars in a career predominantly spent in the American Hockey League (AHL).  He won the Calder Cup in 1985 and was a First Team AHL All-Star in 1988.

Martin is most famous for having his junior playing rights traded in 1983 by the Seattle Breakers to the Victoria Cougars in exchange for the Cougars' team bus.

Playing career
Following two seasons of junior A hockey in Kelowna, Martin was added to the Seattle Breakers' reserve list. He chose instead to gain an education while playing at the University of Denver in 1982–83. Martin did make it known that he would play junior for his hometown team, the Victoria Cougars, however.  The Breakers wished to trade Martin, and were in need of a new team bus.  Coincidentally, the Cougars had an extra bus that they purchased from the defunct Spokane Flyers franchise, but as they were unwilling to pay the taxes and fees required to bring the bus into Canada, it was sitting in storage in the United States.  As a result, on January 19, 1983, the Cougars traded the bus to the Breakers for Martin and $35,000.  Martin earned the nickname "Bussey" for the remainder of his career.

He played one season with the Cougars in 1983–84, scoring 75 points in 60 games before turning professional. The draft pick of the Winnipeg Jets finished the 1983–84 season in the American Hockey League with the Sherbrooke Jets where he played five games.  Martin remained in the AHL for much of the following three seasons, appearing in a total of 27 regular season and playoff games in the NHL over that time.  He won the Calder Cup championship in 1984–85 while a member of the Sherbrooke Canadiens.

He signed as a free agent with the Hartford Whalers in 1987, but spent the majority of the season in the AHL with the Binghamton Whalers where he scored 28 goals and 89 points in 71 games.  He was named a First Team AHL All-Star that season. He was acquired in the waiver draft by the Minnesota North Stars at the start of the 1988–89 NHL season, but was sent back to Hartford, also on waivers, after four games.  He played 50 more NHL games for Hartford over the next two seasons.  He signed as a free agent with the Los Angeles Kings in 1990.  Martin played 22 games with their AHL affiliate, the New Haven Nighthawks in 1990–91, after which he retired from professional hockey.

Career statistics

References

External links

1964 births
Living people
Adirondack Red Wings players
Binghamton Whalers players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Hartford Whalers players
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Kelowna Buckaroos players
Minnesota North Stars players
New Haven Nighthawks players
Sportspeople from Victoria, British Columbia
Sherbrooke Canadiens players
Victoria Cougars (WHL) players
Winnipeg Jets (1979–1996) draft picks
Winnipeg Jets (1979–1996) players

Tom Martin (ice hockey, born 1964)


Maxeurope is a leading Bulgarian manufacturer of bicycles and childcare products. The company owns several bicycle and childcare brands.

History
Maxeurope began in 1996 when the first and the largest subsidiary – Maxcom, was established as a trading company. The company was selling bicycles under the brand Sprint and childcare products under the trademarks Chipolino and Baby Max. The company grew rapidly and only after a few years it started its own production  in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. Soon the bicycles crossed the border and found their place all over Europe, where they became a reference for style, quality and reliability.

The division responsible for Chipolino, Chipolino VIP and Baby Max grew in parallel and in 2007 Management separated these brands operations into a newly formed company called Chipolino Ltd. Today Chipolino brands are well-known and presented in more than 30 countries worldwide.

In 2007 the company finished and put into operation the new production and administrative facilities of Maxeurope. Three years later, this project won the national competition "Building of the Year 2010", category "Industrial buildings and logistic centres".

In 2009, Maxcom further expanded by incorporating Shockblaze, an Italian bicycle manufacturer from Treviso. This venture resulted in the creation a new brand of cycles called Ferrini. The new portfolio of brands and companies required a new solid management structure and thus how in 2010 Maxeurope Holding was officially established.

Three years after the successful launch of the two brands, Maxeurope started  cooperation with one of the leaders in the market for folding bikes Dahon. In 2012 the brand chose the holding for the production of  its  bicycles designed  for the European Union.

In 2012 Maxeurope launched a test centre for safety certification of its holding bicycles production. The main purpose of this Centre is to examine and confirm the safety of bicycles produced by the divisions of Maxeurope. The machines in the Testing Centre are designed to conduct tests of the braking system of fully assembled bicycle and dynamic test called "Structural integrity of the fully assembled bicycle" according to the European standards. The investment in the Testing Centre shows that ensuring the safety of the manufactured products and their constant improvement is a main priority for the company.

The most recent infrastructure investment of Maxeurope include the increase of warehouse area with a further 12 000 sq. meters and a large investment in the latest generation equipment for frames and forks painting.

Products
Bicycles
 Hard tail mountain bikes
 Full suspension mountain bikes
 Road bikes
 Trekking / off road bikes
 Trekking / on road bikes
 City bikes
 BMX/ Dirt jump
 Kids bikes

Childcare products
 Baby strollers
 Lightweight strollers
 Twin strollers
 Baby carriers
 Accessories

Brands
The following brands are part of the Maxeurope Group:
 Shockblaze (group's performance bikes)
 Ferrini (elegant bicycles with Italian style)
 Sprint (symbol of the company's bicycle manufacturing traditions)
 Chipolino (childcare products)
 Velotec (wheels and rims)

References

External links
www.maxeurope.eu Official website
www.maxtecbike.eu
www.shockblaze.com Shockblaze official website
www.ferrini-bikes.com Ferrini official website
www.maxcombike.com Sprint official website

Cycle manufacturers
Cycling in Bulgaria
Manufacturing companies of Bulgaria
Mountain bike manufacturers
Bulgarian brands
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1996
Organizations based in Plovdiv
Economy of Plovdiv

Maxeurope


The University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point (UW–Stevens Point or UWSP) is a public university in Stevens Point, Wisconsin. Established in 1894, it is part of the University of Wisconsin System. UW-Stevens Point grants associate, baccalaureate, and master's degrees, as well as doctoral degrees in audiology, educational sustainability, and physical therapy. In 2018, UW-Stevens Point merged with UW-Stevens Point at Wausau and UW-Stevens Point at Marshfield. The  main campus includes the  Schmeeckle Reserve on the north side of the Campus. There are 15 academic buildings, and 13 Residence Halls.

UW-Stevens Point is organized into four colleges with more than 120 undergraduate programs in 48 majors and 78 minors and 17 graduate programs. In 1902, UW-Stevens Point became one of the first schools in the country to educate young women in "domestic science" or home economics. In addition, UW-Stevens Point was the first in the nation to offer an environmental-conservation major.

History
After securing land and funding from the City of Stevens Point and Portage County and winning the right to host the new normal school, Stevens Point Normal School opened on September 17, 1894, with 201 students. In addition to teacher preparation, "domestic science" (home economics) and conservation education were offered; the latter formed the basis for the College of Natural Resources.

In 1927, Stevens Point Normal School became Central State Teachers College and began offering four-year teaching degrees. When post-World War II enrollment became less centered on teacher training and more focused on liberal arts education, the Wisconsin State Legislature intervened, changing the school's name to Wisconsin State College–Stevens Point with the authority to grant bachelor's degrees in liberal arts.

In 1940, William C. Hansen began his 22-year tenure as the institution's longest-serving president. Ever larger numbers of students in the 1950s and 1960s led to construction on campus throughout the 1960s and early 1970s. It was during this period, in 1964, that the college was elevated to university status as Wisconsin State University–Stevens Point and began offering graduate degrees. Seven years later, the Wisconsin State Universities merged into the University of Wisconsin system, and the school adopted its current name. UW-Stevens Point has more than 77,000 alumni. More than half of these alumni live in Wisconsin. In 1968, UW-Stevens Point formed the Northwoods battalion, an ROTC unit for the United States Army.

Lee S. Dreyfus became chancellor in 1974 before becoming Wisconsin's 40th governor. Governor Dreyfus was inaugurated on the lawn in front of Old Main on the UW-Stevens Point campus in 1979.

In 2007, a sustainability task force was created to help achieve the future goal of a carbon neutral campus.

In 2009, Chancellor Linda Bunnell resigned after a student vote of no-confidence.  The vote in part was called because of an automobile accident she failed to report and allegations of drunken driving. Bernie Patterson was chancellor from July 2010 till December 2020. Thomas Gibson became the 15th chancellor of the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point on January 11, 2021.

The campus hosted the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League for their first training camp in 1995. It was part of what then was known as the Cheese League, a collection of teams that conducted training camp in Wisconsin. Since 1996, the Jaguars have conducted their training camp in Jacksonville.

Academics
The University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point offers more than 120 undergraduate programs in 48 majors and 90 minors. These programs are housed within four colleges:
 College of Fine Arts and Communication, which includes opportunities in the visual and performing arts;
 College of Letters and Science, which includes disciplines in the natural and social sciences, mathematics, computing and humanities;
 College of Natural Resources, with disciplines such as forestry and wildlife ecology; and
College of Professional Studies, featuring business and economics, health-related fields and the School of Education
The University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point also offers 18 graduate programs with 15 masters degrees, and 3 doctoral degrees.

Rankings
In 2018 U.S. News & World Report ranked UW-Stevens Point 12th among regional universities in the Midwest.

Campus

The Main Campus of the university is in Stevens Point, Wisconsin, a block north of State Route 66 and southwest of Interstate 39/U.S. Route 51. It is a  campus with 43 buildings, including a  nature preserve and  lake.

The Greek community on campus consists of four sororities and four fraternities. All the Greek organizations meet and collaborate as one, known as the Inter-Greek Council. The sororities on campus are Delta Phi Epsilon, Gamma Phi Delta Sorority, Phi Omega, and Sigma Delta Rho. The fraternities on campus are Phi Sigma Phi, Sigma Tau Gamma, Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, and Theta Xi.

The Schmeeckle Reserve, a nature reserve, is on campus.

Housed within the Chemistry Biology Building is a Tropical Conservatory which is home to 400 different species and cultivars from Central and South America, Africa, Asia and the Pacific islands.

UW-Stevens Point also has two additional campuses. UW-Stevens Point at Wausau and UW-Stevens Point at Marshfield. The UW-Stevens Point at Marshfield campus was formed in 1963 and is 114-acres in a quiet residential area. The UW-Stevens Point at Wausau campus was formed in 1933 and is located in an urban area.

Satellite locations
The university has three off-site field stations: Central Wisconsin Environmental Station (CWES) at Amherst Junction, Treehaven near Tomahawk, and the Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility at Bayfield. CWES is on 200 acres near Sunset Lake, 17 miles east of Stevens Point. Treehaven is between Tomahawk and Rhinelander, Wisconsin on 1,400 acres. The Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility is at 36445 State Highway 13, 1.5 miles west of Red Cliff on Highway 13, near Lake Superior.

Old Main

The iconic cupola atop the "Old Main" building is the current logo for the university. Built in 1894, it was the first building on campus. It was designed by Dwight H. Perkins of Perkins and Selby of Chicago in the Renaissance Revival Style, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It currently houses University Administration.

In 1901, a west wing was added to the building to house home economics, the Rural Education Department, and the Music Department. In 1914, an east wing was added to the building to relocate home economics.

Saving Old Main
In 1971, the University's Bureau of Facilities Management deemed Old Main as "obsolete". There were multiple efforts to save the building from demolition, including listing Old Main on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. In 1979 the University was awarded funds to modernize the interior and remove both the east and west wings, thus saving Old Main. A formal rededication was held in October of 1980.

Nelson Hall

Nelson Hall is the second oldest building on campus. Built in 1915 and designed by the Milwaukee firm of Henry Van Ryn and Gerrit de Gellecke, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Since it was built, the residence has housed women students, the Student Army Training Corps organizing for World War I, trainees for World War II and the ROTC.

Nelson Hall is named for George B. Nelson who, at the time, was a regent of the State Normal School System. Nelson fought with legislators who were opposed to spending the $100,000 to build the hall.

Museums
The UW-Stevens Point campus is home to the Museum of Natural History. The earliest mention of a museum at UWSP goes back to the founding of the campus and the construction of the Normal School Old Main Building in 1894. Currently, the museum is divided into 10 areas of natural history: Anthropology, Botany, Entomology, Geology, Herpetology, Ichthyology, Mammalogy, Ornithology, Parasitology, and Paleontology. A Noteworthy specimen includes the only Wisconsin fossil of the extinct elk-moose (Cervalces scotii) found by a farmer in Bevent.

Many of UW-Stevens Point's collections are among the most heavily utilized teaching and research collections in the state.

The campus also holds the Edna Carlsten Art Gallery which exhibits local, national, and international artists, hosts community events, and contributes to overseeing and maintaining a unique permanent collection of fine art and design works.

Native American History
The UW-Stevens Point campus was built atop a Native American Burial Site. Recently, historic research showed the campus encompasses what was at one point a Native American camp and burial ground of the Ho-Chunk, Menominee, Ojibwe and Potawatomi. In the 1860s, scarlet fever devastated a diverse group of Native Americans who were living outside of Stevens Point after being forced out of their ancestral homelands by settlement. The deceased were buried on this site.  A mural was dedicated on May 5th, 2023 for a mural that memorializes Native Americans buried on campus and the annual Pow Wow.

Student Life
UW-Stevens Point is home to 13 residence halls which are divided into 3 quads. The first quad established at the University was the Allen Quad, which consists of May Roach, Pray-Sims, Smith, and Hyer Halls, as well as the "Suites@201". The Allen Fitness center is located on the Allen quad and originally served as the University's first dining hall. As one of the fitness centers on campus, it houses strength training and cardiovascular equipment. The Allen quad has two halls which are unavailable to Freshman: the "Suites@201" and Hyer Hall. The "Suites@201" is an apartment-style residence hall that provides an off-campus apartment feel with on-campus amenities. Hyer Hall is available to students who are 21 years of age or older prior to the start of the fall semester.

North DeBot Quad consists of Burroughs, Knutzen, Thomson, and Watson Halls. South DeBot Quad consists of Baldwin, Hansen, Neale, and Steiner Halls. The North DeBot and South DeBot quads are divided by the DeBot Dining Center which serves as the main dining center on campus.

Media

Radio station
WWSP-FM is the University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point's alternative radio station. Operating at 30,000 watts, WWSP broadcasts commercial free on 89.9FM 24/7/365. '90FM' is the largest student-run radio station in the Midwest and hosts the world's largest trivia contest, which was founded in 1969 and has since become a tradition for the university and the community.

Athletics

Student athletes in 20 sports at UW-Stevens Point participate in the NCAA Division III. The teams are members of the Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (WIAC).

Mascot
The mascot of UW-Stevens Point is Stevie Pointer. The first use of a "Pointer" mascot was on a student newspaper from 1916, with a side-profile view consistent with the current UW-Stevens Point athletics logo. "Stevie the Pointer" was first mentioned in a 1953 yearbook.

Notable alumni

Andrea Anders, television actress
Mark E. Anderson, U.S. National Guard Major General
Margaret Ashmun, teacher and writer
Jenny Baeseman, polar researcher
James Baumgart, politician
Kirk Baumgartner, football player
Tim Bedore, comedian
Kathi Bennett, women's head basketball coach
Bob Bostad, football coach
Carlos Castillo-Chavez, professor of mathematics and biology
Arthur J. Crowns, politician
Steven E. Day, U.S. Coast Guard Rear Admiral
Michael Dombeck, former U.S. Forest Service Chief
Lawrence Eagleburger, former U.S. Secretary of State (attended)
R. Michael Ferrall, politician
J. P. Feyereisen, baseball player
Ted Fritsch, football player
Arnold Gesell, American psychologist
Herbert J. Grover, educator and politician
William C. Hansen, educator and politician
David Helbach, politician
Brian Idalski, Olympic ice hockey coach
Kathy Kinney, television actress
Dale Klapmeier, Cirrus Aircraft co-founder and former CEO
Greg Koch, guitarist
Anton C. Krembs, politician
Clint Kriewaldt, football player
Melvin Laird, former U.S. Secretary of Defense (attended)
Henry Leck, choral clinician and professor of music
John A. List, economist
Edwin A. Loberg, U.S. Air Force Officer
Max Maxfield, politician
Scott May, baseball player
Pete McCann, guitarist
Mark Michie, U.S. National Guard Brigadier General
Scott D. Berrier, U.S. Army Lieutenant General
Lewis T. Mittness, politician
H. J. Mortensen, politician
William Murat, politician
Michael P. Nelson, professor of environmental philosophy and ethics
John M. Noel, entrepreneur and philanthropist
Laura Osnes, actress
Jim Pekol, musician
Terry Porter, basketball player and coach
Ryan Ramczyk, football player
Bary Rose, football player
Patrick Rothfuss, author
Lolita Schneiders, politician
Donna J. Seidel, politician
Albert D. Shimek, politician
Brad Soderberg, men's head basketball coach
Mary Lou E. Van Dreel, politician
Daniel P. Vrakas, politician
Jordan Zimmermann, baseball player

Notable faculty
Dick Bennett (athletics department, 1976–1985) – head basketball coach; later coached at the University of Wisconsin and Washington State University
J. Baird Callicott (philosophy department, 1965–1994) – Distinguished Research Professor at the University of North Texas; co-founder of the academic environmental philosophy and ethics discipline
Louie Crew – English professor at Rutgers University
George Corneal – basketball, track and football coach
Lee Sherman Dreyfus (Chancellor, 1967–1978) became the 40th Governor of Wisconsin
Eddie Kotal – head football, basketball, track and field, and boxing coach; former NFL player
Michael P. Nelson (philosophy department, 1992–2004) – environmental philosophy and ethics professor at Oregon State University; co-founder and director of the Conservation Ethics Group
Helen Parkhurst (Director of the Department for the Training of Primary Teachers, 1913–1915) – Originator of the Dalton Plan. She is known as "one of only 100 great educators for all time," with her name being among Socrates and Maria Montessori.
Benjamin Percy – writer of short stories, essays, comics, and screenplays
Patrick Rothfuss – writer of epic fantasy; books include The Name of the Wind, which won the 2007 Quill Award, and its sequel, The Wise Man's Fear, which topped The New York Times Best Seller list

References

External links

Educational institutions established in 1894
Forestry education
University of Wisconsins-Stevens Point
Education in Portage County, Wisconsin
Buildings and structures in Portage County, Wisconsin
Tourist attractions in Portage County, Wisconsin
1894 establishments in Wisconsin
University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
Stevens Point

University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point


The Dakelh or Carrier are an Indigenous group who live in British Columbia.

Name
The name "Carrier" came from the custom of a widow carrying the ashes of her dead husband for 3 years.

They call themselves the "Dakelh / Dakelh-ne" (ᑕᗸᒡ), which means "people who travel by boat early in the morning."

They also call themselves Yinka Dene (people of the land), while the Carrier who speak the Babine-Witsuwit'en language call themselves Yinka Whut'en which means the same thing.

Most of the time, they call themselves often simply Dune ("person", "human") or Dune-ne and Dune-ke/Dune-koh (ᑐᘅᘅ, "people", "men").

Home
The Dakelh live in northern British Columbia along the Fraser River. Their homeland has lots of forests and lakes.

Culture
The Dakelh way of live is based on the seasons. In summer, they gather berries. They also fish for salmon and hunt deer.

References

Ethnic groups in Canada
British Columbia

Dakelh


Miguel Adolfo Gerardo Zaldívar Larraín (September 13, 1943 – February 27, 2013) was a Chilean politician and lawyer. He was senator for Aisén and from March 2008 until his death in February 2013 he had been President of the Chilean Senate. He was an historic member of the Christian Democratic Party, leading its right-wing faction until his expulsion from the political party in December 2007.

Zaldívar was married to María Alicia Larraín Shaux and had six children. He was the brother of former President of the Senate of Chile and Interior Minister Andrés Zaldívar.

Life and career

Early life
Zaldívar received secondary formation at the Instituto de Humanidades Luis Campino. Then, he went to university at the law faculty of the Catholic University in Chile, which he concluded in 1967. As a partner at the law firm "Irureta, Zaldivar, Briones y Hernández", he worked in his profession until he finished his studies.

Political life
In 1965 Zaldívar became the university party leader of the Christian Democrat Party (PDC), and from 1970 to 1972 he occupied the post of national counselor for youth of this party. In the following year he became the national leader of the lawyers of the PDC, and filled this position until 1980. He was a co-founder of the Chilean Commission of Human Rights.

From 1985 to 1988 Zaldívar was president of the Forum of Political Integration of Chile and Argentina. From 1983 to 1989 he was part of the fiscal commission of the PDC. Then from 1983 to 1990 he worked as national counselor of the PDC, then he became premier national vice-president.

In the elections of December 1993 Zaldívar was elected senator, and formed the senate's mining commission. He went on to form the commission on national defense and the commission of maritime interests, fishing and aquaculture. From 2002 to 2006 he was president of the PDC.

Party expulsion
In early 2006, after he lost the presidency of the PDC to Soledad Alvear, Zaldívar became a vocal critic of the Chilean economic system and voiced his disappointment with the government's "unwillingness" to amend it. He frequently came into conflict with Alvear and in August 2007 the Christian Democrat Party's Supreme Tribunal chastised him for his criticisms. Additionally, he was one of the harshest critics of the Transantiago public transport system, created under the leadership of the Concertación coalition to which the Christian Democrats belonged. In November 2007, Zaldívar, together with senators from the Alliance for Chile and independents Fernando Flores and Carlos Bianchi, voted against continued funding for the Transantiago, against the wishes of his party's leadership. Alvear and her followers accused Zaldívar of "siding with the right" and requested his expulsion from the party. In December, the party leadership formally presented the expulsion request to the Supreme Tribunal of the party, on the basis of his decision to ignore the party wishes on the Transantiago funding bill and for Zaldívar's harsh criticisms of the leadership's actions regarding corruption. The Tribunal finally decided to expel Zaldívar on December 27, 2007. On March 12, 2008 he became President of the Senate with the votes from the right-wing Alliance for Chile.

References

External links

Official site

1943 births
2013 deaths
Presidents of the Senate of Chile
Members of the Senate of Chile
Ambassadors of Chile to Argentina
Pontifical Catholic University of Chile alumni
Christian Democratic Party (Chile) politicians
Independent Regionalist Party politicians
Deaths from pancreatic cancer in Chile
Zaldivar

Adolfo Zaldívar


This table lists players with 11 or more wins on the Ladies European Tour. It does not include official wins on other professional tours, of which a few of the golfers listed, such as Laura Davies and Annika Sörenstam, have many.

Members of the World Golf Hall of Fame are annotated HoF.

The list is complete through the 2022 season.

"T" indicates tied for ranking position

References

Ladies European Tour
 A
Ladies European Tour
Ladies European Tour wins

List of golfers with most Ladies European Tour wins


In probability theory and directional statistics, a wrapped Cauchy distribution is a wrapped probability distribution that results from the "wrapping" of the Cauchy distribution around the unit circle. The Cauchy distribution is sometimes known as a Lorentzian distribution, and the wrapped Cauchy distribution may sometimes be referred to as a wrapped Lorentzian distribution.

The wrapped Cauchy distribution is often found in the field of spectroscopy where it is used to analyze diffraction patterns (e.g. see Fabry–Pérot interferometer).

Description

The probability density function of the wrapped Cauchy distribution is:

where  is the scale factor and  is the peak position of the "unwrapped" distribution. Expressing the above pdf in terms of the characteristic function of the Cauchy distribution yields:

The PDF may also be expressed in terms of the circular variable z = eiθ and the complex parameter ζ = ei(μ+iγ)

where, as shown below, ζ = ⟨z⟩.

In terms of the circular variable  the circular moments of the wrapped Cauchy distribution are the characteristic function of the Cauchy distribution evaluated at integer arguments:

where  is some interval of length . The first moment is then the average value of z, also known as the mean resultant, or mean resultant vector:

The mean angle is

and the length of the mean resultant is

yielding a circular variance of 1 − R.

Estimation of parameters

A series of N measurements  drawn from a wrapped Cauchy distribution may be used to estimate certain parameters of the distribution. The average of the series  is defined as

and its expectation value will be just the first moment:

In other words,  is an unbiased estimator of the first moment. If we assume that the peak position  lies in the interval , then Arg will be a (biased) estimator of the peak position .

Viewing the  as a set of vectors in the complex plane, the  statistic is the length of the averaged vector:

and its expectation value is

In other words, the statistic

will be an unbiased estimator of , and  will be a (biased) estimator of .

Entropy

The information entropy of the wrapped Cauchy distribution is defined as:

where  is any interval of length . The logarithm of the density of the wrapped Cauchy distribution may be written as a Fourier series in :

where

which yields:

(c.f. Gradshteyn and Ryzhik 4.224.15) and

(c.f. Gradshteyn and Ryzhik 4.397.6). The characteristic function representation for the wrapped Cauchy distribution in the left side of the integral is:

where . Substituting these expressions into the entropy integral, exchanging the order of integration and summation, and using the orthogonality of the cosines, the entropy may be written:

The series is just the Taylor expansion for the logarithm of  so the entropy may be written in closed form as:

Circular Cauchy distribution

If X is Cauchy distributed with median μ and scale parameter γ, then the complex variable

has unit modulus and is distributed on the unit circle with density:

where

and ψ expresses the two parameters of the associated linear Cauchy distribution for x as a complex number:

It can be seen that the circular Cauchy distribution has the same functional form as the wrapped Cauchy distribution in z and ζ (i.e. fWC(z,ζ)). The circular Cauchy distribution is a reparameterized wrapped Cauchy distribution:

The distribution  is called the circular Cauchy distribution (also the complex Cauchy distribution) with parameters μ and γ. (See also McCullagh's parametrization of the Cauchy distributions and Poisson kernel for related concepts.)

The circular Cauchy distribution expressed in complex form has finite moments of all orders

for integer n ≥ 1. For |φ| < 1, the transformation

is holomorphic on the unit disk, and the transformed variable U(Z, φ) is distributed as complex Cauchy with parameter U(ζ, φ).

Given a sample z1, ..., zn of size n > 2, the maximum-likelihood equation

can be solved by a simple fixed-point iteration:

starting with ζ(0) = 0. The sequence of likelihood values is non-decreasing, and the solution is unique for samples containing at least three distinct values.

The maximum-likelihood estimate for the median () and scale parameter () of a real Cauchy sample is obtained by the inverse transformation:

For n ≤ 4, closed-form expressions are known for . The density of the maximum-likelihood estimator at t in the unit disk is necessarily of the form:

where

.

Formulae for p3 and p4 are available.

See also

 Wrapped distribution
 Dirac comb
 Wrapped normal distribution
 Circular uniform distribution
 McCullagh's parametrization of the Cauchy distributions

References

Continuous distributions
Directional statistics

Wrapped Cauchy distribution


Engelbert Humperdinck (; 1 September 1854 – 27 September 1921) was a German composer. He is known widely for his opera Hansel and Gretel (1893).

Biography

Humperdinck was born at Siegburg in the Rhine Province in 1854. After receiving piano lessons, he produced his first composition at the age of seven. His first attempts at works for the stage were two singspiele written when he was 13. His parents disapproved of his plans for a career in music and encouraged him to study architecture.

But he began taking music classes under Ferdinand Hiller and Isidor Seiss at the Cologne Conservatory in 1872. In 1876, he won a scholarship that enabled him to go to Munich, where he studied with Franz Lachner and later with Josef Rheinberger. In 1879, he won the first Mendelssohn Award given by the Mendelssohn Stiftung (foundation) in Berlin.

He went to Italy, where he became acquainted with composer Richard Wagner in Naples. Wagner invited him to join him in Bayreuth, and during 1880 and 1881 Humperdinck assisted in the production of Parsifal. He also served as music tutor to Wagner's son, Siegfried.

After winning another prize, Humperdinck traveled through Italy, France, and Spain. For two years, he taught at the Gran Teatre del Liceu Conservatory in Barcelona. In 1887, he returned to Cologne. He was appointed professor at the Hoch Conservatory in Frankfurt in 1890 and also teacher of harmony at Julius Stockhausen's Vocal School. By this time he had composed several works for chorus and a Humoreske for small orchestra, which enjoyed a vogue in Germany.

Hänsel und Gretel

Humperdinck's reputation rests chiefly on his opera Hänsel und Gretel, on which he began work in Frankfurt in 1890. He first composed four songs to accompany a puppet show his nieces were giving at home. Then, using a libretto and thematic suggestions by his sister Adelheid Wette, rather loosely based on the version of the fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm, he composed a singspiel of 16 songs with piano accompaniment and connecting dialogue. By January 1891, he had begun working on a complete orchestration.

The opera premiered in Weimar on 23 December 1893, conducted by Richard Strauss. With its highly original synthesis of Wagnerian techniques and traditional German folk songs, Hansel and Gretel was an instant and overwhelming success.

Hansel and Gretel has always been Humperdinck's most popular work. In 1923, the Royal Opera House (London) chose it for their first complete radio opera broadcast. Eight years later, it was the first opera transmitted live from the Metropolitan Opera (New York).

Later career

In 1896, Kaiser Wilhelm II made Humperdinck a Professor and he went to live at Boppard. Four years later, he went to Berlin, where he was appointed head of a Meister-Schule of composition. His students included Basque composer Andrés Isasi, Portuguese composer Luís de Freitas Branco and Kurt Weill.

Among Humperdinck's other stage works are
Die sieben Geißlein (The Seven Little Kids), 1895
Königskinder (King's Children), 1897, 1910
Dornröschen (Sleeping Beauty), 1902
Die Heirat wider Willen (The Reluctant Marriage), 1905
Bübchens Weihnachtstraum (The Christmas Dream), 1906
Die Marketenderin (The Provisioner), 1914
Gaudeamus: Szenen aus dem deutschen Studentenleben (Gaudeamus igitur: Scenes from German Student Life), 1919

While composing those works, Humperdinck held various teaching positions of distinction. He also collaborated in the theater, providing incidental music for a number of Max Reinhardt's productions in Berlin: for example, Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice in 1905.

Although recognized as a disciple of Wagner rather than an innovator, Humperdinck was the first composer to use Sprechgesang—a vocal technique halfway between singing and speaking—in his melodrama Königskinder (1897).

In 1914, Humperdinck is thought to have applied for the post of director of the Sydney Conservatorium of Music in Australia, but with the outbreak of World War I, it became unthinkable for a German to hold that position. Belgium's Henri Verbrugghen was selected for the job, as Belgium was an ally of the United Kingdom. Also in 1914, Humperdinck signed the Manifesto of the Ninety-Three, declaring support for German military actions during early World War I.

On 5 January 1912 Humperdinck suffered a severe stroke. Although he recovered, his left hand remained permanently paralyzed. He continued to compose, completing Gaudeamus with the help of his son, Wolfram, in 1918.

On 26 September 1921, Humperdinck attended a performance of Carl Maria von Weber's Der Freischütz in Neustrelitz, which was Wolfram's first effort as a stage director. He suffered a heart attack during the performance and died the next day, aged 67, from a second heart attack. The Berlin State Opera performed Hansel and Gretel in his memory a few weeks later. Humperdinck was buried at the Stahnsdorf South-Western Cemetery near Berlin.

Legacy

For a list of Humperdinck's pupils, see this list.

In 1965, British singer Arnold Dorsey named himself after the composer.

The main belt asteroid 9913 Humperdinck, discovered in 1977, was named after the composer.

References

External links

  (contaminated with results for the singer)

1854 births
1921 deaths
Burials at Stahnsdorf South-Western Cemetery
19th-century classical composers
19th-century German composers
19th-century German male musicians
20th-century classical composers
20th-century German composers
20th-century German male musicians
Academic staff of the Conservatori Superior de Música del Liceu
German male classical composers
German opera composers
German Romantic composers
Hochschule für Musik und Tanz Köln alumni
Male opera composers
Mendelssohn Prize winners
People from Siegburg
Musicians from the Rhine Province
Pupils of Josef Rheinberger

Engelbert Humperdinck (composer)


The Albany Glassworks Site is an archeological site in Guilderland, Albany County, New York. Approximately  in size, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

History
The site is a historic industrial site that was in use from 1785 to 1815. The Albany Glassworks is believed to be one of the earliest glassworks operating in the United States.  The glassworks was founded by Leonard de Neufville, who recruited experienced glass workers from the Palatinate region of Germany.  The Glasshouse was located near the banks of the Hungerskill river just south of the stage road leading eastward towards Albany. Dowesburgh (now Guilderland), N.Y., was still a wilderness area in the Pine Bush pine barrens, but it had all the raw material necessary for the manufacture of glass along with the necessary wood for the furnaces and potash.

Construction of the new factory began in the winter of 1786. The company made hollow ware (utility bottles) but the main output was window glass. In December 1787 Jean de Neufville wrote to Colonel Clement Dibble of Philadelphia, that "the glass house comes very well, ... of course during the winter months exports to New York must be discontinued, while navigation on the Hudson was closed."

The original Glasshouse went bankrupt in 1791, and was taken over by four Albany businessmen, James Caldwell, Christopher Batterman, Robert McClallen, and Robert MacGregor who called it "The Albany Glasshouse". In 1793 they obtained a loan of £3,000 from the New York State Legislature.

In 1793 the firm advertised a reward of $50 for identification of any nearby source of sand suitable for use as raw material in glass making.  Also, "Clay for making crucibles and sand for making glass were brought to Albany from Amboy and Port Elizabeth, New Jersey." In the year 1795, the Glass House was reorganized as McGregor & Co.

In 1796, with hopes of establishing a manufacturing village, streets and lots were laid out and sold, and 54 houses built for the factory workers. The village was named Hamilton for Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton. The company was then called "The Hamilton Glass Works". It was subsequently owned by Patroon Jeremiah Van Rensselaer and the Schoolcraft family. By 1813, output had grown to 500,000 feet of window glass per year. Alexander Hamilton, and General Philip Schuyler both held large financial interest in the glass-making factory. The glass works here folded in 1815.

Archeology
The archeological site was identified to an archeologist in 1961 and was investigated in digs in 1963 and later.  At the time of the National Register nomination, several archeological studies had been completed. The main melting furnace was located.

References

External links
 Script issued by Hamilton Glass Works

Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Geography of Albany County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Albany County, New York

Albany Glassworks Site


Si-Abdennour Chérif El-Ouazzani (born 18 March 1986 in Oran) is an Algerian football player. He currently plays for CA Bordj Bou Arréridj in the Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 2.

Playing career

MC Oran
Abdennour Chérif El-Ouazzani began his career as a youngster at MC Oran, where he was coached by his older brother, the former Algerian international Tahar Chérif El-Ouazzani, whom he names as his favourite player. He made his senior debut at the age of 18, playing a quarter of an hour as a substitute in a 1–0 win in the Algerian Cup against USM Alger. JS Kabylie, then Algerian First Division champions, attempted to sign Cherif El Ouazzani in the January 2009 transfer window, but his club refused to sell, considering the player to be a key part of their promotion drive. His performances during the 2008–09 season alongside Abdelmadjid Benatia in defensive midfield made a significant contribution to his club gaining promotion back to the first division.

JS Kabylie
With promotion achieved, Abdennour Chérif El-Ouazzani was free to leave MC Oran. He signed a two-year contract with JS Kabylie, 2008–09 First Division runners-up, for a total fee of 7.5 million DA (£63,000), of which 4.5 million DA (£38,000) was paid in cash. Despite having received several other offers, the player stated that JSK were a big club that you didn't say no to, who would give him the chance to win titles, to play in the CAF Champions League and give another dimension to his career. The player made his debut for JSK in the opening game of the season, playing the full 90 minutes of a 1–0 defeat against CA Bordj Bou Arreridj.

Personal life
Abdennour Chérif El-Ouazzani has seven brothers and two sisters. In a 2009 interview, he said that he intended to become a physical trainer after he finished playing, and that in his spare time he enjoyed going fishing with his brothers.

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Footballers from Oran
Algerian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
JS Kabylie players
MC Oran players
Algeria men's A' international footballers
CA Bordj Bou Arréridj players
Algerian Ligue 2 players
21st-century Algerian people

Abdennour Chérif El-Ouazzani


Copper(I) hydroxide is the hydroxide of the metal copper with the chemical formula of CuOH. It is a mild, highly unstable alkali. The color of pure CuOH is yellow or orange-yellow, but it usually appears rather dark red because of impurities. It is extremely easily oxidized even at room temperature. It is useful for some industrial processes and in preventing condensation of formaldehyde. It is also an important reactant and intermediate for several important products including Cu2O3 and Cu(OH)2. Additionally, it can act as a catalyst in the synthesis pyrimidopyrrolidone derivatives.

Preparation

The dissociation of Cu(OH)2− leads to the formation of CuOH.

Cu(OH)2- <=> CuOH + OH-

The dissociation energy required for this reaction is 62 ± 3 kcal/mol.

Another method is by the double displacement of CuCl and NaOH:
 CuCl + NaOH <=> NaCl + CuOH v

Notably, this method is rarely used because the CuOH produced will gradually dehydrate and eventually turn into Cu2O.

Structure
CuOH can be a linear molecule of the symmetry group C∞v. For the linear structure, the bond distance of the Cu-O bond has been found to be 1.788 Å and the distance of the O-H bond has been found to be 0.952 Å. The CuOH bond angle was measured as 180°.

There is also the possibility of a formed CuOH with the point group Cs. This has been found to have increased stability compared to the linear geometry. In this case, the bond distance of the Cu-O bond was 1.818 Å and the bond distance of the O-H bond was 0.960 Å. The bond angle for this geometry was 131.9°. The compound is highly ionic in character, which is why this angle is not exactly 120°.

Spectroscopic characterization
CuOH has been characterized spectroscopically using intracavity laser spectroscopy, single vibronic level emission, and microwave spectroscopic detection.

Reactions
Similar to iron(II) hydroxide , copper(I) hydroxide can easily oxidise into copper(II) hydroxide:

 4CuOH + 2H2O + O2 <=> 4Cu(OH)2

Cu(OH)2 is used as a fungicide for agriculture, as a mordant, as a source for copper salts, and for the manufacturing of rayon.

Catalytic activity
CuOH can act as a catalyst. It has been found to be useful in the reaction of heterocyclic ketene aminals (an important building block) with diazoesters. This reaction is used to synthesize pyrimidopyrrolidone derivatives with high yields and mild reaction conditions needed. As a catalyst in these reactions, it is used with potassium tert-butoxide and argon with tert-butyl hydroperoxide and dichloroethane. 25 examples of these reactions were successfully performed. Chemicals in the pyrrolidone family have been useful for drug development, including pharmaceuticals for the neuroprotection after strokes and in anti-seizure medications. Although these are psychoactive drugs, they tend to have fewer side effects than their counterparts. The mechanisms by which these drugs work have yet to be established.

Applications
CuOH is an important intermediate in the formation of copper(I) oxide (Cu2O). The Cu2O compound has versatile applications such as for use in solar cells, for the oxidation of fiberglass, and for use in lithium ion batteries. It has even been shown to have a useful application in the development of DNA biosensors for the hepatitis B virus. Notably, it has been found that both CuOH and Cu(OH)2 must be simultaneously present for the synthesis of Cu2O.

Copper (I) vs other oxidation states
Cu+ and Cu2+ are the most common oxidation states of copper although Cu3+ and Cu4+ have also been reported. Cu2+ tends to form stable compounds whereas Cu+ usually forms unstable compounds such as CuOH. One exception to this is Cu2O, which is much more stable. However, aside from this compound, compounds containing Cu+ have not been studied as extensively as Cu2+ compounds due to their relative instability. This includes CuOH.

References

Copper(I) compounds
Hydroxides

Copper(I) hydroxide


A genosome (also known as a lipoplex) is a lipid and DNA complex that is used to deliver genes. It can be a form of non-viral gene therapy as the complex does not require any components of a virus in order to transport genetic material. In presence of CT-DNA, genosomes can form through surface electrostatic interaction.

See also

References

Genetics

Genosome


The communicator is a fictional device used for voice communication in the fictional universe of Star Trek. As seen in at least two instances, the Original Series episodes "Tomorrow Is Yesterday" and "Day of the Dove," it can also serve as an emergency signaling device/beacon, similar to a transponder. The communicator allows direct contact between individuals or via a ship's communication system.

The communicator was designed by Wah Ming Chang, who also designed other Star Trek props such as the Phaser and Tricorder, as well as the first Romulan ship.

The communicator in the Star Trek universe surpasses the capabilities of modern mobile phone technology, the prototypes of which it inspired. It allows crew members to contact starships in orbit without relying on a satellite to relay the signal. Communicators use subspace transmissions that do not conform to normal rules of physics in that signals can bypass EM interference, and the devices allow nearly instantaneous communication at distances that would otherwise require more time to traverse.

In Star Trek: The Original Series (TOS), communicators functioned as a plot device, stranding characters in challenging situations when they malfunctioned, were lost or stolen, or went out of range. Otherwise, the transporter could have allowed characters to return to the ship at the first sign of trouble, ending the storyline prematurely.

Development of communicators

Throughout Star Trek: Enterprise and Star Trek: The Original Series, on-ship communication is achieved via communicator panels on desks and walls, and sometimes through the use of videophones. While formed into a landing party, the crew carried hand-held communicators that flip open. The top section contains a transceiver antenna and the bottom contains user controls, a speaker and a microphone. The device was designed and built by Wah Chang, who also built many of the other props used in the series.

Wrist-worn communicators were used in Star Trek: The Motion Picture and remained in use by some Starfleet installations and vessels during the time of The Wrath of Khan. However, the traditional handheld communicator returned in later films. The reason for the switch was not explained, but the non-canon source Mister Scott's Guide to the Enterprise offered the explanation that Starfleet discontinued use of the wrist-worn communicators when they were determined to be prone to repeated failures after suffering minor impacts.

In Star Trek: The Next Generation (TNG) and later series, Starfleet officers and enlisted personnel wear small communicator badges on their left breast. These devices are in the shape of the Starfleet insignia and are activated with a light tap. They also incorporate the universal translator. There have been four versions of the communicator badge seen on screen. The first was a prototype used by members of  Section 31 during the second season of Star Trek: Discovery (DIS). The second was used through TNG and in the first two seasons of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (DS9). The third was used in the last five seasons of DS9, throughout Star Trek: Voyager, the four TNG films, and in flashback scenes in Star Trek: Picard (PIC). The fourth was seen in use in 2399 in Picard. Use of the modern badges dates back at least as far as the time of the Enterprise-C. (Lt. Richard Castillo is shown wearing a communicator badge in the TNG episode "Yesterday's Enterprise," the Starfleet insignia of his TOS movie-era uniform now functioning as a communicator badge.)
According to Data in the episode "Time's Arrow, Part One" at a poker game in 1893, the badge is made out of a crystalline composite of silicon, beryllium, carbon 70 and gold.

In Deep Space Nine, Bajoran officers and enlisted personnel also wear a small communicator badge that functions much the same as their Starfleet counterparts. However, Bajorans wear their badges on the right breast of their uniform tunics. Cardassians are shown wearing their communicators on their left wrist.

While wall and desk panels are still present, officers and crew consider them a secondary system, relying primarily on the badges. Viewscreens are used for visual communications. In Starfleet vessels and installations, communication can also be accomplished by verbally directing the computer to initiate communications with another person.

In the Star Trek: Strange New Worlds episode "Those Old Scientists", First Officer Una Chin-Reilly shows the time-traveling Ensign Boimler's communicator delta to Captain Christopher Pike. Upon seeing that the communicator activates with a simple button press, Pike remarks that "flipping it open's the best part."

Relation to current real technology
On July 12, 2010, CBS released an iPhone application, created by Talkndog Mobile, called Star Trek Communicator. The application replicated the design and iconic chirp of the communicator.

In June 2016, The Wand Company Ltd. released a highly accurate and working replica of the Star Trek: The Original Series Communicator using Bluetooth to enable it to pair with, and connect to, a Bluetooth enabled mobile phone so as to allow it to be used in exactly the way envisioned in the original Star Trek TV show; to make and receive calls. Advances in voice recognition and cloud-based artificial intelligence allow the user to use voice dialing via the rather simple interface, but also to ask questions using Siri, Google Assistant, Cortana or any other digital personal assistant through the Communicator. This is much the same as when a member of the Enterprise crew in the original series asks the ship's computer to find a colleague or ask for a status update.

In December 2016, Fametek LLC. released the Star Trek: The Next Generation CommBadge using Bluetooth 4.2 technology to enable it to pair with a Bluetooth enabled mobile phone or tablet to make and receive calls and utilizes voice commands via Siri, Google Assistant or Cortana. The Bluetooth ComBadge also has a Cos-Play mode which when pressed activates the same Chirp sound effect as seen on the show.

No real-world equivalent to subspace communication has been developed, proposed, or theorized. However, many other aspects of Starfleet communications technology are commonplace. For example, locator/transponder functionality is implemented via GPS, LoJack, RFID, and radio direction finder devices, and cloud-based digital assistants perform in a way similar to the artificial intelligence of a Starfleet ship's computer.

See also
 Clamshell design
 "Grillo" flip phone (Italy, 1965)
 Motorola StarTAC

References

External links

Star Trek devices

Communicator (Star Trek)