The Horn Blows at Midnight is a 1945 comedy fantasy film directed by Raoul Walsh, and starring Jack Benny.

Following its poor box-office, Benny often exploited the film's failure for laughs over the next 20 years in his radio and television comedy series The Jack Benny Program, making the film a known entity to his audience, even if they had never seen it. The Horn Blows at Midnight was Benny's last feature film as a lead, although he would continue to do cameo appearances in films for many years.

The Horn Blows At Midnight had the misfortune to be released only eight days after the death of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. This may have contributed to its poor reception, although the film's negative reviews might have also impacted it, as the classic Rodgers and Hammerstein musical Carousel, also dealing with the afterlife, opened on Broadway at roughly the same time and became a hit.

Plot
Athanael (Jack Benny), the third trumpet player in the orchestra of a late night radio show sponsored by Paradise Coffee (motto: "It's Heavenly"), falls asleep listening to the announcer, who is doing his best to prove it is "the coffee that makes you sleep". Athanael dreams he is an angel (junior grade) and a trumpeter in the orchestra of Heaven. Due to the praise of his girlfriend Elizabeth (Alexis Smith), the assistant of the deputy chief of the department of small planet management (Guy Kibbee), he is given the mission of destroying planet 339001 (Earth) and its troublesome inhabitants by blowing the "Last Trumpet" at exactly midnight, signaling the end of the world.

When he is deposited at the Hotel Universe via the building's elevator, he accidentally foils a robbery attempt by suave guest Archie Dexter (Reginald Gardiner) and his girlfriend accomplice, Fran Blackstone (Dolores Moran). Dexter blames Fran and breaks off their relationship. When Athanael prevents her attempt at suicide from the hotel's roof, he misses the deadline. Elizabeth persuades her boss to give him a second chance, and travels to Earth to inform him.

Complications arise when two fallen angels named Osidro (Allyn Joslyn) and Doremus (John Alexander), also guests at the hotel, recognize Athanael and learn of his assignment. They want to continue their pleasantly hedonistic life. While Athanael encounters trouble holding onto his trumpet by his inexperience with Earthly life, Osidro and Doremus hire Dexter to steal the instrument. Learning that Fran was rescued by Athanael, Dexter reconciles with her. Then, while she distracts the angel, Dexter's henchman Humphrey (Mike Mazurki) steals the trumpet.

Athanael, Elizabeth and her boss track the thieves to the roof. During a struggle, Athanael falls off the building, only to wake up from his dream.

Cast
Many of the actors play dual roles, in Heaven and on Earth.
 Jack Benny as Athanael
 Alexis Smith as Elizabeth
 Dolores Moran as Violinist / Fran Blackstone
 Allyn Joslyn as Second Trumpeter / Osidro
 Reginald Gardiner as Composer / Archie Dexter
 Guy Kibbee as Radio Director / The Chief
 John Alexander as First Trumpeter / Doremus
 Franklin Pangborn as Radio Engineer / Sloan
 Margaret Dumont as Mme. Traviata / Miss Rodholder
 Robert Blake as Junior Pulplinsky (as Bobby Blake)
 Ethel Griffies as Lady Stover, a hotel guest annoyed at the frequent disappearance of the elevator
 Paul Harvey as Hotel Manager Thompson
 Mike Mazurki as Bass Player / Humphrey Rafferty
 Truman Bradley as Radio Announcer
 Jack Mower as Head Hotel Clerk (uncredited)
 Larry Steers as Hotel Guest (uncredited)

Box office
According to Warner Bros. records, the film earned $895,000 domestically and $75,000 foreign.

Reception

The New York Sun's review was lukewarm: "The film is…usually mildly amusing. It never, in spite of every one's best intentions, gets much funnier than that….It is a pleasant change for Mr. Benny, something far from his wisecracking radio self….The picture, never getting anywhere near the hilarious, is at its pleasantest when it caricatures a broadcast or pictures heaven as a stately bureaucracy." The New York Post was ambivalent as well: "It takes a bold group of people to rush in on the territory covered so beautifully in 'Green Pastures.'    The wisdom of this is questionable from several points of view, but the failure is never due to lack of trying….There is violence and slapstick, there are the wiles of Reginald Gardner and the temptations of Dolores Moran, and there are wild teeterings at the top of tall buildings. But somehow the comic fantasy doesn't come off as planned. The big build-up remains an architectural and overworked effort."

Adaptation in other media
The script was re-worked into an episode of radio's Ford Theater, broadcast March 4, 1949. Jack Benny reprised his character of Athanael, with Claude Rains now playing the Chief. This time the story was told in a straightforward fashion, with Benny actually playing an angel sent to Earth to blow the horn, as opposed to the dream scenario of the film. The radio story focuses on Athaniel's moral dilemma about whether or not the people of Earth, just suffering World War II, deserved to be extinguished with the Earth or given another chance.

A live television adaptation of the radio script was presented as a segment of Omnibus on November 29, 1953, with Benny again playing Athaniel, and Dorothy Malone as Elizabeth. In 2013, this version was issued on an exclusive DVD available to those who purchased The Jack Benny Program: The Lost Episodes from distributor Shout Factory's website.

The 1945 movie itself was released on DVD by Warner Archives in November 2013.

Legacy
In addition to Benny's jokes on the film, composer Franz Waxman reworked some of his music for the film in a comic Overture for Orchestra that he performed on occasion.

Possibly Benny's most memorable gag involving the film occurred in the 1957 episode of his TV show, Jack's Life Story, in which Benny drives to 20th Century Fox to discuss a movie based on his life. At the studio lot, he casually asks the parking attendant (Mel Blanc) if he saw the movie. Blanc replies, "I DIRECTED IT!"

See also
 List of American films of 1945
 List of films about angels

References

External links

1945 films
1945 comedy films
1940s fantasy comedy films
American fantasy comedy films
American black-and-white films
1940s English-language films
Films directed by Raoul Walsh
Films scored by Franz Waxman
Warner Bros. films
Films with screenplays by Aubrey Wisberg
Apocalyptic films
Films about angels
Films about dreams
Films about music and musicians
1940s American films

The Horn Blows at Midnight


Title VI: Providing for victims of terrorism, public safety officers and their families is the sixth of ten titles which comprise the USA PATRIOT Act, an anti-terrorism bill passed in the United States after the September 11, 2001 attacks.  It provides aid to the families of Public Safety Officers who were injured or killed in terrorist attacks, and amends the Victims of Crime Act of 1984.

Subtitle A--Aid to Families of Public Safety Officers
Title I of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 has provisions that provide for the payment of benefits for public safety officers or the family of those officers who are killed or who have suffered a catastrophic injury sustained in the line of duty. Section 611 of the Patriot Act expedited such payments and they are now to be made not later than 30 days after the injury has been certified if it was sustained while investigating, undertaking rescue or recovery efforts related to a terrorist attack. Section 612 similarly amended Public Law 107-37, which also provides benefits for public safety officers who sustained catastrophic injuries sustained in the September 11 attacks. The amendment included "permanent and total disability" in the allowable reasons an officer may receive benefits. Benefits were increased from $100,000 to $250,000.

The Assistant Attorney General was given expanded authority under section 614 of the Patriot Act to make grants to any organization that administers any Office of Justice Programs, which were established under the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968. The relevance to Subtitle A is that the Programs include the Public Safety Officers Benefits Program.

Subtitle B--Amendments to the Victims of Crime Act of 1984

Crime victims fund
The Crime Victim Fund, which is regulated by the Victims of Crime Act of 1984, allows private entities or individuals to give donations, gifts or bequests into the Fund. Section 621 of the Patriot Act amended the formula for distributions from the Fund. The Director must distribute not less than 90 percent nor more than 110 percent of the amount distributed from the Fund in the previous fiscal year. However, this does not apply if the amount of money in the Fund is twice what was distributed in the previous financial year — in this case the Director may distribute up to 120 percent of the amount distributed in the previous fiscal year. The Director is also directed to distribute amounts to cover the judicial branch's administrative costs along with amounts to grant programs. Any funds left over from the distribution were to remain in reserve in the Fund for future fiscal years, without a fiscal year limitation. These changes were later rolled back by section 111 of the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2002 (H.R. 2500). The Patriot Act also changed the distribution percentages of the remaining amount in the Fund in a particular fiscal year. The percentage given to crime victim compensation programs and for crime victim assistance was lowered from 48.5% to 47.5%, while funds for demonstration projects, program evaluation, compliance efforts, training and technical assistance services to eligible crime victim assistance programs  and for the financial support of services to victims of Federal crime by eligible crime victim assistance programs was raised from 3% to 5%.

The anti-terrorism emergency fund clause of the Victims of Crime Act was amended. Previously it stated that "the Director may retain any portion of the Fund that was deposited during a fiscal year that was in excess of 110 percent of the total amount deposited in the Fund during the preceding fiscal year as an emergency reserve" so long as the amount does not exceed $100,000,000. It now reads that "the Director may set aside up to $50,000,000 from the amounts transferred to the Fund in response to the airplane hijackings and terrorist acts that occurred on September 11, 2001, as an antiterrorism emergency reserve" and also details how this amount may be replenished.

The Air Transportation Safety and System Stabilization Act created the September 11th Victim Compensation Fund, and this was made one of the Federal benefits that should be a primary payer to the States.

Crime victim compensation
Grants may be made from the Crime Victim Fund to eligible crime victim compensation programs. Section 622(a) and (b) of the Patriot Act increased the amount available to such programs from 40% to 60% of the total amount of the Fund. The eligibility of programs is defined in , however the restrictions on funding only programs where the victim was a U.S. citizen affected on home soil was removed – now a program can provide compensation to U.S. citizens who were adversely affected overseas. Means testing was also waived for those who apply for compensation.

Crime victim assistance
Under the Victims of Crime Act, the Director may make an annual grant from the Crime Victims Fund to support crime victim assistance programs. Section 623 expands the territory and geography that the Director may offer assistance crime victims to the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, or any other territory or possession of the United States. The Victims of Crime Act was also amended to specifically prevent discrimination against victims because of any disagreement they may have with the way the State is prosecuting a criminal case. Grants may now be made for program evaluation and compliance efforts of crime victim assistance programs, as well as for training and technical assistance services. The director was also able to make use of funds for fellowships and clinical internships, as well as to carry out programs of training and special workshops for the presentation and dissemination of information resulting from demonstrations, surveys, and special projects.

Victims of terrorism
The Victims of Crime Act provides for compensation and assistance to victims of terrorism or mass violence. This was amended by section 624 of the Patriot Act to allow the Director to make supplemental grants to States for eligible crime victim compensation and assistance programs, and to victim service organizations, public agencies (including Federal, State, or local governments) and nongovernmental organizations that provide assistance to victims of crime. The funds could be used to provide emergency relief, including crisis response efforts, assistance, compensation, training and technical assistance for investigations and prosecutions of terrorism. It removed the restrictions on providing such grants to those who are not eligible for compensation under title VIII of the Omnibus Diplomatic Security and Antiterrorism Act of 1986 (also known as the Victims of Terrorism Compensation Act). However, any use of the emergency reserve set aside for response to acts of terrorism is to be reduced by any amount that was given to the victim under the Victims of Terrorism Compensation Act.

References

External links
USA PATRIOT Act, as passed by Congress, available as 600kb pdf file from Electronic Frontier Foundation
USA PATRIOT Act, online at the Electronic Privacy Information Center

Title II
Compensation for victims of crime

Title VI of the Patriot Act


"I Wanna be Down" is a 1994 major hit song by Brandy Norwood. The single is about her flirting with a boy, whom she tries to show that she is sexy. The song was released in September 1994.

The song hit #6 on Billboard Hot 100. It also hit #1 on Billboard Hot R&B Singles Chart for four weeks.

1994 songs
Brandy Norwood songs

I Wanna Be Down


Chandra Fernando is a former Sri Lankan police officer and was the 29th Inspector-General of Police.

Fernando was educated at St Peter's College, Colombo and at Thurstan College and graduated from the Vidyodaya University with a BA in Modern History. He also gained an LLB from the Open University, Sri Lanka. He joined the  Ceylon Police Force as a Probationary Assistant Superintendent of Police in 1971. In February 1991,  Fernando was promoted to Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG).  He served as Inspector-General of Police from October 2004 to October 2006.

After retiring from the Police Service he served as Presidential Advisor to President Mahinda Rajapaksa.

References

|-

|-

Sri Lankan Inspectors General of Police
Alumni of the University of Ceylon
Alumni of St. Peter's College, Colombo
Alumni of the University of Sri Jayewardenepura

Chandra Fernando (police officer)


Ding Song (; born 1971) is a former male Chinese table tennis player, he is famous due to his eccentric "modern defensive" style. He is best known for having defeated Peter Karlsson in the men's team final of the World Table Tennis Championships in 1995, thereby securing China's final victory. He also made it to the men's single semifinals before eventually losing to teammate Kong Linghui, who is skilled in defeating defensive players.

Ding Song is distinguished from other "traditional" defensive players by his unreasonably frequent and powerful counterattacks, almost as aggressive as offensive players, although sometimes he also confuses his opponents with oddly spinning chops just like other choppers.

He retired from the Chinese team after the 1997 WTTC.

After playing in German leagues for a few years, Ding Song returned to China in 2003 and played in the China Table Tennis Super League till 2007. He also entered Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 2006, majoring in human resource management. In June 2009 he received a bachelor's degree, and started working in SJTU as the coach of the university's team.

He is not to be confused with Ding Sǒng 丁悚 (1891-1972), the famous Chinese cartoonist: see :zh:丁悚.

See also
 List of table tennis players

References

1971 births
Living people
Chinese male table tennis players
Table tennis players from Shanghai

Ding Song


Inini was an inland territory of French Guiana, administered separately between 6 June 1930 and 19 March 1946, after which all of French Guiana became a department of France. The territory remained governed as a special entity, until 17 March 1969 when it was dissolved into communes, and subject to regular government. Its capital was Saint-Élie. The population of the territory consisted of Amerindians, Maroons, and gold prospectors. The district was named after the river Inini, a major river in the interior of French Guiana which runs east to west, unlike the other major rivers which run south to north.

History
The purpose of the colony was to develop the interior separately from the coastal area around Cayenne. The colony came into effect on 6 June 1930, and was mainly a military affair. The territory was ruled by decree first by the Governor of French Guiana and later by the Prefect. Initially only three services were offered: water management, forest management, and mines.

In 1930, a total of seven military officers and nine gendarmes were stationed in the territory. The main focus was on the legal gold mining companies, and the difficult access to the mines in the jungle. In 1931, a labour force consisting of 535 Annamite prisoners who had revolted against French rule in Indochina were brought in to make the territory accessible. Senegalese Tirailleurs were used to guard and oversee the prisoners. In 1936, the Governor informed Paris that the project was successful, because the interior could soon be opened for colonisation. In 1937, the prisoners at Camp Crique Anguille revolted.

In 1941, American troops were stationed in Suriname to protect the colony and its bauxite industry, which was primarily American-owned. One year later, Brazil declared war on Germany. Inini was part of Vichy France, an ally of Nazi Germany, and now found itself squeezed between two hostile countries, therefore the main efforts of the administration was guarding the borders until 16 March 1943 when Inini sided with Free France. On 6 December 1944, the prisoner camps were abandoned and the Annamites returned to the normal prisons. The first group was released in July 1946, however the last group had to wait until August 1953.

The plan to develop the territory did not work out, owing to the difficulties of railroad construction in the interior. The ruins of the three prisons used may still be seen. In 1944, the Brazzaville Conference was held among Free French leaders which promised all citizens of France's colonies equal rights with French citizens after the war. Therefore, on 19 March 1946 all of French Guiana became a department of France, however Inini would be administrated separately, because it was lacking basic services like health care and education. On 17 March 1969, the territory was dissolved into communes, and subject to regular democratic government.

Postage stamps

During this period, the postage stamps of French Guiana were overprinted with several variations on "TERRITOIRE DE L'ININI" and the omnibus issues for the Colonial Arts Exhibition in 1937 and the New York World's Fair in 1939 included stamps inscribed "ININI".  Despite the limited audience, the stamps of Inini are commonly available at minimal prices today.

See also

References

Bibliography

History of French Guiana
Former colonies in South America
Former French colonies
French colonization of the Americas
1930s in South America
1940s in South America
1930s in the French colonial empire
1940s in the French colonial empire
States and territories established in 1930
States and territories disestablished in 1946
1930 establishments in the French colonial empire
1946 disestablishments in the French colonial empire
1930 establishments in South America
1946 disestablishments in South America
20th century in French Guiana
Former countries of the interwar period

Inini


Abū 'Abd Allāh Nu'aym bin Ḥammād al-Khuzā'ī al-Marwazī (;  13 Jumada al-Awwal 228 AH / 18 February 843 CE in Samarra) was a traditionist from Marw al-Rudh and was later based in Egypt and Baghdad. He was nicknamed Farid or Faradi due to his reputation in the field of succession law (farā'iḍ).

Life

His scientific work as a collector of hadith falls within the period before the drafting of the first major canonical tradition collections . He was followed by, among others, al-Bukhari Hadith and processed them in his "Sahih". Nu'aim ibn Hammaad studied and taught first in Basra, then moved to Egypt, where he lived for forty years. In theological questions he followed the Islamic doctrine.

Consequently, he refused during the Mihna that createdness the Qur'an al-Khalq Quran / خلق القرآن / Halq al-Qur'ān and other teachings of the Mu'tazilah recognized and has therefore been deported with other magicians of Egypt to Baghdad. He died in prison in Samarra in Baghdad

Works

His scientific work as a collector of Ḥadīth falls in the period prior to the drafting of the first large collections of canonical tradition.  He took the ʾaḥādīth found in al-Bukhārī and collated them in his own collection of Ṣaḥīḥ. Naʿīm/Nuʿaym bin Ḥammād studied and taught first in Baṣrah, then moved to Egypt where he lived for forty years.  In theological questions, he followed Sunni dogma.

References

863 deaths
9th-century Arab people
Hadith compilers
Mahdism

Naim ibn Hammad


New Zealand contains many glaciers, mostly located near the Main Divide of the Southern Alps in the South Island. They are classed as mid-latitude mountain glaciers. There are eight small glaciers in the North Island on Mount Ruapehu.

An inventory of South Island glaciers compiled in the 1980s indicated there were about 3,155 glaciers with an area of at least one hectare (2.5 acres). Approximately one sixth of these glaciers covered more than 10 hectares. These include:
Fox Glacier
Franz Josef Glacier
Hooker Glacier
Mueller Glacier
Murchison Glacier
Tasman Glacier
Volta Glacier

New Zealand's territorial claim in Antarctica, the Ross Dependency, also contains many glaciers.

Retreat of glaciers

New Zealand glaciers have been retreating since 1890, with an acceleration of this retreat since 1920. Most of the glaciers have thinned measurably and have reduced in size, and the snow accumulation zones have risen in elevation during the 20th century. In the period 1971–75, Ivory Glacier receded  from the glacial terminus, and about 26% of the surface area of the glacier was lost over the same period.

Since 1980 numerous small glacial lakes were created behind the new terminal moraines of several of these glaciers. Glaciers such as Classen, Godley and Douglas now all have new glacial lakes below their terminal locations due to the glacial retreat over the past 20 years. Satellite imagery indicates that these lakes are continuing to expand. There has been significant and ongoing losses of ice volumes on the largest glaciers: the Tasman, Ivory, Classen, Mueller, Maud, Hooker, Grey, Godley, Ramsay, Murchison, Therma, Volta and Douglas Glaciers. The retreat of these glaciers has been marked by expanding proglacial lakes and terminus region thinning. The loss in volume from 1975–2005 is 11 percent of the total.
Several glaciers, notably the much-visited Fox and Franz Josef Glaciers on the West Coast, have periodically advanced, especially during the 1990s, but the scale of these advances is small when compared to 20th-century retreat. Both glaciers are currently more than  shorter than a century ago. These large, rapidly flowing glaciers situated on steep slopes have been very reactive to small mass-balance changes. A few years of conditions favorable to glacier advance, such as more westerly winds and a resulting increase in snowfall, are rapidly echoed in a corresponding advance, followed by equally rapid retreat when those favorable conditions end. Hence glacier advance in a few locations is regarded as due to transient local weather conditions which brought more precipitation and cloudier, cooler summers since 2002.

See also
List of glaciers in New Zealand
Climate change in New Zealand
List of glaciers in the Antarctic
Retreat of glaciers since 1850

References

External links

Glaciers and Glaciation in Te Ara, Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
Glaciers from the 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand

Glaciers of New Zealand


The Vietnam Medal was a joint Australian and New Zealand campaign medal awarded for service in the Vietnam War.

The medal was jointly developed by Australia and New Zealand, although there were separate Royal authorisation warrants for each country.

Qualification requirements

Australia
Qualifying service for the Vietnam Medal includes:
 28 days in ships or craft on inland waters or off the coast of Vietnam.
 One or more days on the posted strength of a unit or formation on land.
 One operational sortie over Vietnam or Vietnamese water by aircrew on the posted strength of a unit.
 Official visits either continuous or aggregate of 30 days.
 One day or more by members of accredited philanthropic organisations attached to Australian forces in an official capacity for full-time duty.
between 29 May 1964 and 27 January 1973.

New Zealand
The medal was awarded to all members of the New Zealand armed forces who, between 29 May 1964 and 27 January 1973, either:
 served for 28 days, continuous or aggregated, in ships or craft employed in operations on inland waters or off the coast of Vietnam;
 served for one day or more on the posted strength of a unit or formation on land in Vietnam;
 conducted one operational sortie over Vietnam or Vietnamese waters by aircrew on the posted strength of a unit allocated for direct support of operations in Vietnam;
 served for 30 days or more, continuous or aggregated, on official visits, inspections or other occurrences of a temporary nature on duty in Vietnam, or in ships or craft engaged in operations off the Vietnamese coast.

Service terminated by death or wounds, or the award of a decoration for gallantry, led to the immediate award of the medal, regardless of whether the qualification period had been fulfilled.

Description
 The Vietnam Medal is a circular medal made of nickel-silver. The obverse bears the crowned effigy of Queen Elizabeth II with the inscription 'ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA F.D.'.
 The reverse of the medal has the word 'VIETNAM' at the top centre above a depiction of a man standing between two symbolic spheres, "in representation of the ideological war in Vietnam".
 The medal ribbon contains a broad central stripe of bright yellow surmounted by three thin red stripes (representing the Republic of Vietnam). The ribbon also has a blue stripe to represent the Navy, two red stripes for the Army and a light blue stripe for the Air Force.
 The recipient's name, rank and serial number are engraved on the edge of the medal.

References and notes

Bibliography
 Mackay, J and Mussel, J (eds) - Medals Yearbook - 2005, (2004), Token Publishing.
 Joslin, Litherland, and Simpkin (eds), British Battles and Medals, (1988), Spink

External links
 New Zealand Defence Force - Medal information page
 New Zealand Defence Force - Text of the New Zealand Royal authorisation warrant
 It's an Honour  - Australian government site
 ADF Honours and Awards site

Australian campaign medals
New Zealand campaign medals
Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War
1968 establishments in Australia
1968 establishments in New Zealand
Awards established in 1968
Military awards and decorations of the Vietnam War

Vietnam Medal


Super Slim Me is a TV documentary presented by British writer and television presenter, Dawn O'Porter. It was broadcast in the UK by BBC Three on 25 February 2007. Porter was on a mission to see what it takes to shrink her UK size 12 figure to the much-touted super skinny Hollywood zero.

Surviving on a diet of just 500 calories a day Porter hunted down the stylists, designers and agencies who are responsible for making skinniness not only appear possible, but the ultimate goal for any dedicated follower of fashion.

The title is based on the American film Super Size Me where the author consumes McDonald's daily for a month.

Content

Experiment
Over the course of an eight-week period, O'Porter challenged herself to go on a crash diet in order to drop from the nation's average, UK Size 12, to the mysterious, yet idolised, US Size 0. This aspired image has been formed by alarmingly skinny celebrities over the past decade, who are influencing the attitudes that predominately teenage girls have about their bodies. The images of skinny celebrities in the media also convey the message that being thin is a form of acceptance. However, it was also through this experimental crash diet that O'Porter showed her audience both the physical and psychological effects of this lifestyle.
Throughout the eight-week time period, O'Porter's every move was documented by a BBC film crew as she transformed herself. During this process, O'Porter met with fashion designers, stylists, modeling agencies, as well as medical experts to find out what it would take to drop her dress size to the infamous US Size 0 (UK Size 4). She soon found out that in order for her to succeed, her calorie intake had to decrease from the recommended 2000 calories a day, to a maximum of 500 calories a day—just a fraction of what the body needs to maintain health.
Even after finishing just Day One of her experiment, O' Porter's attitude had changed and she experienced strange obsessive behaviours, as well as mood swings, all as a result of her hunger. By the end of her diet, the psychological effects worsened leading to irritability, insomnia, and lack of energy.

Results
After a gruelling eight weeks of sticking to a strict diet of only 500 calories and constantly working out Dawn was both physically and mentally exhausted. With this crash diet she was losing sleep, feeling depressed every day and feeling constantly weak. Her results ended up in a 69 cm waist ratio and a weight of 59 kilos leaving her total weight loss at 17 pounds. This resulted in her dropping two dress sizes. Her BMI before she started the diet was 22. She ended the eight-week diet with a BMI of 19.

See also
The Truth About Size Zero

References

BBC television documentaries
Documentary films about obesity
Body image in popular culture

Super Slim Me


Mianwo is a deep-fried, donut-shaped snack from Wuhan in Hubei province in central China. It is made from soy milk, rice milk, flour, sesame, and chopped Chinese scallion. Mianwo usually has a salty taste, but a sweeter variant may be made with diced sweet potato.

The origin of Mianwo is uncertain, but tradition dates it back to the Guangxu era of the Qing Dynasty (1875–1909). A local sesame cake maker, Chang Ziren, supposedly created the first Mianwo while experimenting with novel seed cake varieties in Hankou.

See also

Hubei cuisine

References

Chinese cuisine
Chinese doughnuts
Hubei cuisine
Deep fried foods

Mianwo


Samuel Cohen (June 18, 1913 – January 15, 1993), known professionally as Sammy Cahn, was an American lyricist, songwriter, and musician. He is best known for his romantic lyrics to films and Broadway songs, as well as stand-alone songs premiered by recording companies in the Greater Los Angeles Area. He and his collaborators had a series of hit recordings with Frank Sinatra during the singer's tenure at Capitol Records, but also enjoyed hits with Dean Martin, Doris Day and many others. He played the piano and violin, and won an Oscar four times for his songs, including the popular hit "Three Coins in the Fountain".

Among his most enduring songs is "Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!", cowritten with Jule Styne in 1945.

Life and career
Cahn was born Samuel Cohen in the Lower East Side of New York City, the only son (he had four sisters) of Abraham and Elka Reiss Cohen, who were Jewish immigrants from Galicia, then ruled by Austria-Hungary. His sisters, Sadye, Pearl, Florence, and Evelyn, all studied the piano. His mother did not approve of Sammy studying it though, feeling that the piano was a woman's instrument, so he took violin lessons. After three lessons and following his bar mitzvah, he joined a small dixieland band called Pals of Harmony, which toured the Catskill Mountains in the summer and also played at private parties. This new dream of Cahn's destroyed any hopes his parents had for him to be a professional man.

Some of the side jobs he had were playing violin in a theater-pit orchestra, working at a meat-packing plant, serving as a movie-house usher, tinsmith, freight-elevator operator, restaurant cashier, and porter at a bindery. At age 16, he was watching vaudeville, of which he had been a fan since the age of 10, and he witnessed Jack Osterman singing a ballad Osterman had written. Cahn was inspired and, on his way home from the theater, wrote his first lyric, which was titled "Like Niagara Falls, I'm Falling for You – Baby." Years later he would say "I think a sense of vaudeville is very strong in anything I do, anything I write. They even call it 'a vaudeville finish,' and it comes through in many of my songs. Just sing the end of 'All the Way' or 'Three Coins in the Fountain'—'Make it mine, make it mine, MAKE IT MINE!' If you let people know they should applaud, they will applaud."

Much of Cahn's early work was written in partnership with Saul Chaplin. They first met when Cahn invited Chaplin to audition for him at the Henry Street Settlement. Cahn said, "I'd learned a few chords on the piano, maybe two, so I'd already tried to write a song. Something I called 'Shake Your Head from Side to Side.'" Billed simply as "Cahn and Chaplin" (in the manner of "Rodgers and Hart"), they composed witty special material for Warner Brothers' musical short subjects, filmed at Warners' Vitaphone studio in Brooklyn, New York.

"There was a legendary outfit on West 46th Street, Beckman and Pransky ... they were the MCA, the William Morris of the Borscht Belt.  I got a room in their offices, and we started writing special material. For anybody who'd have us—at whatever price." They did not make much money, but they did work with up-and-comers Milton Berle, Danny Kaye, Phil Silvers, and Bob Hope.

One of his childhood friends was Lou Levy, who had gone from neighborhood bum to blackface dancer with the Jimmie Lunceford Orchestra.Lyric writing has always been a thrilling adventure for me, and something I've done with the kind of ease that only comes with joy! From the beginning the fates have conspired to help my career. Lou Levy, the eminent music publisher, lived around the corner and we met the day I was leaving my first music publisher's office. This led to a partnership that has lasted many years. Lou and I wrote "Rhythm is Our Business," material for Jimmie Lunceford's orchestra, which became my first ASCAP copyright. I'd been churning out "special lyrics" for special occasions for years and this helped facilitate my tremendous speed with lyric writing. Many might have written these lyrics better—but none faster! Glen Gray and Tommy Dorsey became regular customers and through Tommy came the enduring and perhaps most satisfying relationship of my lyric writing career – Frank Sinatra. The song became the Orchestra's signature song. The duo then worked for Glen Gray's Casa Loma Orchestra and their premiere at Paramount Theatre. They also worked for Andy Kirk and his Clouds of Joy and they wrote "Until the Real Thing Comes Along".

Cahn wrote the lyrics to "Love and Marriage," later used as the ironic theme song for the FOX TV show Married... with Children.  The song originally debuted in a 1955 television production of Our Town, and won an Emmy Award in 1956. This was only one of many songs that Cahn and Jimmy Van Heusen wrote for Frank Sinatra. They were "almost considered to be his personal songwriters."

Cahn contributed lyrics for two otherwise unrelated films about the Land of Oz, Journey Back to Oz (1971) and The Wizard of Oz (1982).  The former were composed with Van Heusen, the latter with Allen Byrns, Joe Hisaishi, and Yuichiro Oda.

Cahn became a member of the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1972. He later took over the presidency of that organization from his friend Johnny Mercer when Mercer became ill.
While not possessing a great voice, Cahn sang concerts of his own music with pianist and composer Harper MacKay serving as his musical director and accompanist.

Personal life

He changed his last name from Cohen to Kahn to avoid confusion with comic and MGM actor Sammy Cohen and again from Kahn to Cahn to avoid confusion with lyricist Gus Kahn.

He was married twice: first in 1945 to vocalist and former Goldwyn girl Gloria Delson with whom he had two children.  They divorced after 18 years of marriage.  In 1965, she remarried world class tennis player Mike Franks. In 1970, he married Virginia (Tita) Curtis, a former fashion coordinator for the clothes designer Donald Brooks.

He was the father of Laurie Cahn and jazz/fusion guitarist Steve Khan who, early in his career, changed the spelling of his last name to Khan in order to "create a separate identity from [his] famous father" and because he was "so hurt and angry with him for so many childhood things."

Sammy Cahn died on January 15, 1993, at the age of 79 in Los Angeles, California from heart failure.  His remains were interred in the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery.

Honors, awards and legacy
Over the course of his career, he was nominated for 31 Academy Awards, five Golden Globe Awards, and an Emmy Award. He also received a Grammy Award nomination, with Van Heusen, for Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or Television Show for the film Robin and the 7 Hoods. He has won the Christopher Award, the Outer Critics Circle Award, and the Theatre World Award (for Best Newcomer to Broadway).

In 1988, the Sammy Film Music Awards (the "Sammy"), an annual award for movie songs and scores, was started in his honor. When notified by Roger Lee Hall, Cahn said he was "flattered and honored" that these awards were named after him.
He was chosen because he had received more Academy Award nominations than any other songwriter, and also because he received four Oscars for his song lyrics.

In 1993, taking up the sentiments expressed in the song, "High Hopes," the Cahn estate established the "High Hopes Fund" at the Joslin Diabetes Center in Boston. The former Joslin patient and songwriter's goal was to provide hope and encouragement to kids with diabetes while supporting research into the causes of the disease.

The lyrics he wrote for Sinatra are the subject of a chapter in Gilbert Gigliotti's A Storied Singer: Frank Sinatra as Literary Conceit, "Come [Fly, Dance, and Waltz with] Us on Equal Terms: The Whitmanesque Sinatra of Sammy Cahn," published by Greenwood Press in 2002.

Music
Cahn wrote lyrics for many songs, including:
Academy Award winners
 1954 – "Three Coins in the Fountain" (music by Jule Styne) introduced by Frank Sinatra in the film Three Coins in the Fountain.
 1957 – "All the Way" (music by Jimmy Van Heusen) introduced by Frank Sinatra in the film The Joker Is Wild.
 1959 – "High Hopes" (music by Van Heusen) introduced by Frank Sinatra and Eddie Hodges in the film A Hole in the Head.
 1963 – "Call Me Irresponsible" (music by Van Heusen) introduced by Jackie Gleason in the film Papa's Delicate Condition.
Academy Award nominees
 1942 – "I've Heard That Song Before" (music by Styne) from the film Youth on Parade.
 1944 – "I'll Walk Alone" (music by Styne) from the film Follow the Boys.
 1945 – "Anywhere" (music by Styne) from the film Tonight and Every Night.
 1945 – "I Fall in Love Too Easily" (music by Styne) introduced by Frank Sinatra in the film Anchors Aweigh.
 1948 – "It's Magic" (music by Styne) introduced by Doris Day in the film Romance on the High Seas.
 1949 – "It's a Great Feeling" (music by Styne) introduced by Doris Day in the film It's a Great Feeling.
 1950 – "Be My Love" (music by Nicholas Brodszky) introduced by Mario Lanza and Kathryn Grayson in the film The Toast of New Orleans.
 1951 – "Wonder Why" (music by Brodszky) introduced by Jane Powell and Vic Damone in the film Rich, Young and Pretty.
 1952 – "Because You're Mine" (music by Brodszky) introduced by Mario Lanza in the film Because You're Mine.
 1955 – "I'll Never Stop Loving You" (music by Brodszky) introduced by Doris Day in the film Love Me or Leave Me.
 1955 – "(Love Is) The Tender Trap" (music by Van Heusen) introduced by Frank Sinatra in the film The Tender Trap.
 1956 –  "Written on the Wind" (music by Victor Young) for the film Written on the Wind.
 1958 – "To Love and Be Loved" (music by Van Heusen) for the film Some Came Running.
 1959 – "The Best of Everything" (music by Alfred Newman) for the film The Best of Everything.
 1960 – "The Second Time Around" (music by Van Heusen) for the film High Time.
 1960 – "Ain't That a Kick in the Head?" (music by Van Heusen) for the film Ocean's 11
 1961 – "Pocketful of Miracles" (music by Van Heusen) for the film Pocketful of Miracles.
 1964 – "Where Love Has Gone" (music by Van Heusen) for the film Where Love Has Gone. (Also Golden Globe nominee)
 1964 – "My Kind of Town" (music by Van Heusen) for the film Robin and the 7 Hoods.
 1967 – "Thoroughly Modern Millie" (music by Van Heusen) for the film Thoroughly Modern Millie. (Also Golden Globe nominee)
 1968 – "Star" (music by Van Heusen) for the film Star!. (Also Golden Globe nominee)
 1973 – "All That Love Went to Waste" (music by George Barrie) for the film A Touch of Class. (Also Golden Globe nominee)
 1974 – "Now That We're In Love" (music by Barrie) for the film Whiffs. (Also Golden Globe nominee)

Other well-known songs
 "All My Tomorrows" (with Jimmy Van Heusen)
 "Bay mir bistu sheyn" (English version, with Saul Chaplin) (music by Sholom Secunda)
 "Christmas Is For Children" (with Gary Bruce)
 "The Christmas Waltz" (with Jule Styne)
 "Come Dance with Me" (with Van Heusen)
 "Come Fly with Me" (with Van Heusen)
 "Day by Day" (with Paul Weston and Axel Stordahl)
 "Five Minutes More" (with Styne)
 "Home in the Meadow", lyrics to the tune of Greensleeves for the movie How the West Was Won (1962)
 "I Guess I'll Hang My Tears Out to Dry" (with Styne)
 "I'll Never Stop Loving You" (with Nicholas Brodzsky)
 "I Should Care" (with Paul Weston and Axel Stordahl)
 "I Still Get Jealous" (with Styne)
 "It's Been a Long, Long Time" (with Styne)
 "I Want My Share of Love" (with Chaplin)
 "Let It Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow" (with Styne)
 "Let Me Try Again" (with Paul Anka and Caravelli)
 "Look to Your Heart" (with Van Heusen)
 "Love and Marriage" (with Van Heusen)
 "Mr. Booze" (with Van Heusen)
 "Papa, Won't You Dance with Me" (with Styne)
 "Please Be Kind" (with Saul Chaplin)
 "Rhythm Is Our Business" (with Chaplin)
 "Saturday Night (Is the Loneliest Night of the Week)" (with Styne)
 "Second Star to the Right" from Peter Pan (1953 film) (with Sammy Fain)
 "Teach Me Tonight" (with Gene de Paul)
 "The Things We Did Last Summer" (with Styne)
 "The Secret of Christmas" (with Van Heusen)
 "Time After Time" (with Styne)
 "Until the Real Thing Comes Along" (with Saul Chaplin, Alberta Nichols, Mann Holiner, E.F. Freeman)
 "You're a Lucky Guy" (with Chaplin)
 "You Can Fly! You Can Fly! You Can Fly!" from Peter Pan (1953 film) (with Fain)
 "Your Mother and Mine" from Peter Pan (1953 film) (with Fain)
 "Only Trust Your Heart" (1964), with Benny Carter

Lyrics for film musicals include Journey Back to Oz (1971) (music by Van Heusen) and The Wizard of Oz (1982) (music by Joe Hisaishi).

Stage
Cahn wrote the lyrics for the following Broadway musicals:
 1944 – Glad to See You music by Jule Styne
 1947 – High Button Shoes music by Styne
 1965 – Skyscraper music by Jimmy Van Heusen
 1966 – Walking Happy music by Van Heusen
 1970 – Look to the Lilies music by Jule Styne

References

External links

 Sammy Cahn Centennial Tribute
 The Sammy Film Music Awards
 Sammy Cahn papers, Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences

1913 births
1993 deaths
20th-century American musicians
American musical theatre lyricists
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Jewish American songwriters
Broadway composers and lyricists
Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery
People from the Lower East Side
Songwriters from New York (state)
ASCAP composers and authors
20th-century American Jews

Sammy Cahn


The Texas Chili Cook-off (formerly "Lone Star Chili Cook-off") is an annual  chili cook-off held during May in New York City. The event is organized and run by the 'New York Texas Exes', local alumni chapter of the University of Texas at Austin. Proceeds from the Cook-off benefit the chapter's scholarship endowment.

History
The first Texas Chili Cook-off was held in 1994. Attendance at the event was under 100 and only 8 chili teams competed. Today, the event draws upwards of 1,500 in attendance, has 36 teams competing and has a panel of 9 judges with professional experience in the food industry. The 2013 Cook-off is widely regarded as the most competitive to date.

There was no 2020 cook-off because of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Teams
Teams consist of up to five members and are required to provide 5 gallons of chili to serve at the event. Prizes are awarded to the top three teams as well as a "People's Choice" winner. The prizes all consist of Shiner Bock beer, which is otherwise unavailable in New York City. Prizes are as follows:
 1st Place - 2 cases of Shiner Bock
 2nd Place - 1 case of Shiner Bock
 3rd Place - ½ case of Shiner Bock (12 pack)
 Best Presentation - ½ case of Shiner Bock (12 pack)  - new for 2011
 Best Restaurant Chili - ½ case of Shiner Bock (12 pack) - new for 2011
 People's Choice - ½ case of Shiner Bock (12 pack)

Judging
The panel is made up of nine judges who all have professional experience in the food industry. The teams are divided into three groups of nine. Three judges judge each group. From each group, the top three teams advance to the final, where all nine judges will judge each chili. Judging is scored in the following categories:
Color
Heat
Texture
Flavor/Taste

Results
2013
 First Place - Red Hot Chili Peppers
2012
 First Place - Austin Chili Limits
 Second Place - Come and Take It Chili Co
 Third Place -  Dog's Mustache Chili Co.
 People's Choice - Soy Caliente
 Team Presentation - Chili con Blarney
2011
 First Place - WildER Turkeys
 Second Place - T Love and Special Sauce
 Third Place - Dog's Mustache Chili Co.
 People's Choice - WildER Turkeys
 Team Presentation - T Love and Special Sauce
2010
 First Place - Whaley Hot
 Second Place - More Cowbell
 Third Place (tie) - Austin Chili Limits/Big Tex & the Southern Sweethearts
 People's Choice - WildER Turkey's

References

External links
 Official Website of the Lone Star Chili Cook-off
 Official Website of the New York Texas Exes
 Official website of the Texas A&M Club of New York

Food and drink festivals in the United States
Cooking competitions in the United States
Festivals in New York City
Chili con carne festivals

Lone Star Chili Cook-off


Marc David de Hond (21 September 1977 – 3 June 2020) was a Dutch television presenter, businessman, writer, theatre performer and basketball player. He played for the Dutch wheelchair basketball team during the Paralympic Games. He was also a discjockey for radio 3FM and Caz!.

He presented on television programs such as Expedition Unlimited  for LLiNK, De Rekenkamer for KRO at Nederland 3 and was the regular commentator for poker competitions at  RTL 7.

In 2002, de Hond became paralyzed because of a spinal cord caused by spinal cancer. In 2018, he was diagnosed with bladder cancer. de Hond died from the diseases on 3 June 2020 in Amsterdam, aged 42.

Marc de Hond was born in Amsterdam. He is of Jewish origin and son of television personality Maurice de Hond.

References

1977 births
2020 deaths
Cancer deaths in the Netherlands
Deaths from bladder cancer
Deaths from spinal cancer
Dutch DJs
Dutch businesspeople
Dutch Jews
Dutch radio personalities
Dutch stage actors
Dutch television presenters
Dutch wheelchair basketball players
Jewish actors
Jewish businesspeople
Jewish sportspeople
Jewish writers
Dutch Paralympic competitors
Sportspeople from Amsterdam
Writers from Amsterdam

Marc de Hond


Private James Joseph Daly (24 December 1899 – 2 November 1920)  was a member of a mutiny of the Connaught Rangers in India in 1920 in protest of the activities of the Royal Irish Constabulary and the Black and Tans in Ireland. He was executed in the aftermath of the mutiny by Crown forces.

Career
The son of James Daly, a baker, and Kate Creane, Daly was born on 24 December 1899 in Ballymoe, County Galway. The family later lived in Tyrrellspass, County Westmeath.

Daly joined the Connaught Rangers in April 1919 and was posted to India.

The revolt originated on 27–28 June 1920 at Wellington Barracks, Jullundur (now Jalandhar), Punjab near the border with modern-day Pakistan, where Daly's brother, William Daly, was involved. It was then spread 200 miles away to other Connaught Rangers companies, at Jutogh (where it failed) and at Solan, where, led by a World War I veteran, Joseph Hawes from Kilrush, County Clare, James Daly and roughly 150 others "ground arms" and refused to return to duty in protest of the activities of the Royal Irish Constabulary and the Black and Tans in Ireland.

They proclaimed their hut "Liberty Hall", raised the Irish tricolour above the hut and then attacked the armory, but were captured. The mutiny ended and prisoners taken to Lucknow Prison, then returned to their native country. Nineteen mutineers were sentenced to death, 59 were sentenced to life imprisonment and 10 were acquitted. All these sentences were commuted (except for Daly's), but those convicted were stripped of their pensions and remained in military prison until they were released in 1923. Some were in desperate financial straits until the passage by the Irish government of the Connaught Rangers (Pensions) B-5086 Act of 1936.

Two Irish mutineers, privates Patrick Smyth (or Smythe) and Peter Sears, were killed during the mutiny. Private John Miranda, an English mutineer and native of Liverpool, died later of enteric fever at Dagshai military prison.

Unlike other leading mutineers such as Hawes and William Coman – who played as large or even larger a role than Daly, at least at the outset, but whose sentences were commuted – James Daly was executed by firing squad for his leading role in the incident following a court-martial on 2 November 1920. He was the last member of the British Armed Forces to be executed for mutiny.

In 1970, on the 50th anniversary of the mutiny his body was sent back to Ireland. Joseph Hawes was present at Daly's commemoration.

Legacy
Daly is remembered in a traditional Irish song known as Lay Him Away on the Hillside, the chorus of which includes the lines:

Lay him away on the hillside,
Along with the brave and the bold
Inscribe his name on the scroll of fame
In letters of purest gold
 "My conscience shall never convict me"
He said with his last dying breath
"May God speed the causes of freedom ... For which I am sentenced to death."

References

Further reading

External links

1899 births
1920 deaths
Deaths by firearm in India
Connaught Rangers soldiers
People executed by the British military by firing squad
People of the Irish War of Independence
Executed people from County Galway
20th-century executions by the United Kingdom
Mutineers
People executed for mutiny
People who were court-martialed
Irish people executed abroad
Military personnel from County Galway
Irish expatriates in British India
Military personnel from County Westmeath
People from Tyrrellspass

James Daly (mutineer)


Clint Junior High School is a public school in Clint, Texas (United States). It is part of the Clint Independent School District.

History
Clint Junior High School is Located in Clint, Texas. The history of this school starts in the year 1886 as an adobe house for the purposes of giving church and school to the surrounding developing area of Clint, Texas. In the year 1901, the school house caught fire and was burned but a new school house was placed on the same site. The school house was then sold and construction of a new school building was to be made. During the year of 1918 the construction of a new school building took place. By the year 1921 the construction of the new school building was finished and served as a school for the developing area and as population grew new schools were created making the school building today known as the Clint Junior High School. The school  now serves grades 6 through 8 to all its students.
Clint Junior High School's mascot is the Cub.

Extracurricular activities

Student Council
Newspaper
Yearbook
JROTC
Speech and Debate
crime stoppers
Football
Basketball
Baseball
Tennis
Track & Field

References

External links

Clint ISD

Schools in El Paso County, Texas
Public middle schools in Texas

Clint Junior High School (El Paso, Texas)


Sarah Lloyd (born 1947) is a British travel writer, best known for her nonfiction books An Indian Attachment (1984) and Chinese Characters (1987).

Born into an upper-middle-class family in Stanmore, westLondon, she trained as a landscape architect, won an architecture scholarship to Brazil and studied under the renowned Roberto Burle Marx. She then travelled to India, where she had a love affair with a Sikh; this story became the subject of her first book, An Indian Attachment (1984, new edition by Eland in 2008). The book's insight into Indian village life earned it widespread praise, including among Indians. Writing in India Today, Ramesh Chandran said of it, "Part-travelogue, part-love story, part-autobiography, Attachment has some of the most evocative and vivid writing on Indian village life – especially in the Punjab – which is at times more lucid and informed than the recordings of social scientists on the structure of village society." The Tribune, another Indian newspaper, praised its "utter sincerity and authenticity", and the UK's Sunday Telegraph called it "above all, a brilliant exposé of village India."

Lloyd followed this success with Chinese Characters in 1987, which achieved similar success to her earlier book. Andrew Lane, who used it to research his Young Sherlock series, talks about in his Author's Note to Snake Bite, calling it a "brilliant... meditation on Chinese people, Chinese history, the Chinese character"

Since her second book, Lloyd has worked as a landscape architect and a landscape photographer.

References

1947 births
Living people
British non-fiction writers
British travel writers
Writers from London
People from Stanmore
British women travel writers

Sarah Lloyd


William Julius Lederer, Jr. (March 31, 1912 – December 5, 2009) was an American author and naval officer.

Biography

U.S. Navy service
After dropping out of high school, Lederer enlisted in the United States Navy in 1930. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1936. His first appointment was as the junior officer aboard , a river gunboat of the Yangtze Patrol on the Yangtze River in China. After the entry of the United States into World War II in December 1941, he was a line officer first in Asia and then in the European Theater, serving as a ship's navigation officer in the 1943 Allied invasion of Sicily. He spent the later years of his naval service as a public information officer, and in that capacity eventually was posted to The Pentagon and later as special assistant to Commander-in-Chief, Pacific, Admiral Felix Stump at Pearl Harbor, Territory of Hawaii. He rose to the rank of captain.

Writing career
Lederer's best-selling work, 1958's The Ugly American, was one of two novels he co-wrote with Eugene Burdick, a former U.S. Navy lieutenant commander and Oxford don. Disillusioned with the United States's diplomatic efforts in Southeast Asia, Lederer and Burdick sought to demonstrate that American officials and civilians could make a substantial difference in Southeast Asian politics if they were willing to learn local languages, follow local customs, and use regional military tactics. They were concerned that if American policy makers continued to ignore the logic behind these lessons, Southeast Asia would fall under Soviet or Chinese Communist influence. In the book's epilogue, they argue for the creation of "a small force of well-trained, well-chosen, hard-working and dedicated professionals" fluent in the local language, which presaged the Peace Corps, which John F. Kennedy proposed in 1960.

In A Nation of Sheep (1961), Lederer identifies intelligence failures in Asia. In "Government by Misinformation," he investigates the sources that he believes lead to American foreign policy, namely trusted local officials; local (foreign) newspapers, magazines, books, radio broadcasts, etc.; paid local informers; personal observations by U.S. officials; and American journalists.

In Our Own Worst Enemy (1968), Lederer relates that as a young U.S. Navy lieutenant (junior grade) in 1940, he had a chance meeting with a Jesuit priest, Father Pierre Cogny, and his Vietnamese assistant, "Mr. Nguyen," while he was waiting out a Japanese bombing raid in China. Father Pierre asked Lederer if he had a copy of the United States Declaration of Independence on his gunboat, and Lederer said that he did and provided them with a copy. "Mr. Nguyen" was eager to deliver the document to "Tong Van So," who later became known as Ho Chi Minh, the Vietnamese Communist revolutionary and statesman. The 1945 Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, written by Ho, begins by quoting from the American document. Ho went on to serve as prime minister (1946–1955) and president (1945–1969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (i.e., North Vietnam). Our Own Worst Enemy describes how the United States supported a corrupt President Ngo Diem in South Vietnam, ignored massive black market selling of stolen U.S. military supplies, food, and foreign aid, and refused to stand up to corrupt local officials who stole donated food and supplies, took kickbacks, and bullied their own population, as Americans continued saying, "It's their country, and we Americans are only guests here."

Other Lederer works were intended to be light-hearted and humorous fantasies. His early works, All the Ships at Sea (1950) and Ensign O'Toole and Me (1957) are both. A children's book, Timothy's Song, with illustrations by Edward Ardizzone, appeared in 1965.

Television and film
The television series Ensign O'Toole, a situation comedy which starred Dean Jones and aired on NBC from 1962 to 1963, was based on All the Ships at Sea and Ensign O'Toole and Me and depicted the misadventures of the crew of the fictional U.S. Navy destroyer USS Appleby in the early 1960s. Lederer served as technical consultant for the series. He also co-wrote the screenplay of the 1965 feature film McHale's Navy Joins the Air Force.

Death
Lederer died of respiratory failure on December 5, 2009, at the age of 97.

Eugene Burdick collaborations
 The Ugly American, 1958 (co-author, with Eugene Burdick)
 Sarkhan: a Novel, republished under the title The Deceptive American in 1977.

Selected works
 All the Ships at Sea, 1950 (author)
 The Last Cruise; the story of the sinking of the submarine, , 1950 (author)
 Spare-Time Article Writing for Money (1954)
 Ensign O'Toole and Me, 1957 (author)
 A Nation of Sheep, 1961 (author)
 McHale's Navy Joins the Air Force, 1965 (co-screenwriter)
 Timothy's Song, 1965 (author)
 The Story of Pink Jade, 1966 (author)
 Our Own Worst Enemy, 1968 (author)
 The Anguished American, 1968 (author)
 The Mirages of Marriage, 1968 (co-author with Don D. Jackson)
 Complete Cross-Country Skiing and Ski Touring, 1970 (co-author with Joseph Peter Wilson)
 Marital Choices: Forecasting, Assessing, and Improving a Relationship, 1981 (author)
 A Happy Book of Happy Stories, 1981 (author)
 New Complete Book of Cross Country Skiing, 1983 (author)
 I, Giorghos, 1984 (author)
 Creating a Good Relationship, 1984 (author)

References

External links
 New York Times Obituary
 Washington Post Obituary
 Answers.com (Author's works)
 Government by Misinformation (Review of Nation of Sheep'')
 William Lederer, Secrecy in Government (1961)

1912 births
2009 deaths
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
United States Navy personnel of World War II
American science fiction writers
Futurologists
Writers from Baltimore
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Navy captains
Novelists from New York City
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from Maryland

William Lederer


Club Social Cultural y Deportivo Hualgayoc is a Peruvian football club located in Hualgayoc, Cajamarca which currently plays in the Peruvian Segunda División.

History

Deportivo Hualgayoc was founded in 1992 in Hualgayoc, Cajamarca by local businessmen and farmers. The team was very successful at a local level where it was either the district's champion or runner-up from 1992 to 1997. It reached the Provincial Stage for the first time in 1996. For financial reasons the club stopped competing after the 1997 season. In 2014, Napoleón Gil Gálvez, who was the club's first treasurer and now the current club president, became the mayor of Hualgayoc and promised to bring professional football to the district.

The club came back to competition led by Erick Torres in 2015 when it won the district and provincial tournaments in Hualgayoc. It became champion of the Departamental Stage to reach the Copa Perú national stage for the first time in its history. The club won the first leg against Cristal Tumbes 2–0 but lost 0–5 on the second leg and was eliminated from the tournament.

In 2016 with Torres still as coach it started its campaign from the Provincial Stage because of the previous year's performance. Deportivo Hualgayoc once more won both the Provincial and Departamental Stages to reach the National Stage for the second consecutive time in its history. The club reached La Finalísima or Final group stage after defeating Club José María Arguedas and EGB Tacna Heroica in the Round of 16 and quarterfinals respectively. Hualgayoc tied its first game against the eventual winner Sport Rosario 1–1 and then surprisingly defeated Racing de Huamanchuco by 4–1 to reach the last match date as the favorite to win the tournament. The club lost against Binacional 0–1 and finished the tournament as runner-up after Sport Rosario defeated Racing de Huamanchuco 2–1 and thus gained the right to play in the 2017 Peruvian Segunda División.

Colours and badge

Deportivo Hualgayoc's colours are blue for its home games and white with blue borders for its away games. The word "Hualgayoc" can usually be seeing in caps on the front side of the T-shirt.

Deportivo Hualgayoc's badge is the coat of arms of the Hualgayoc District which is an Andean condor as the single supporter wearing a crown with an escutcheon divided in three quarters superimposed in itself with a classic telstar pattern ball on its feet on a blue escutcheon with the initials "CSCD" on top and the word "Hualgayoc" on bottom.

Stadium

Deportivo Hualgayoc plays their home matches at Estadio José Gálvez Egúsquiza in Hualgayoc, Cajamarca. The stadium is named in honor of the Peruvian war hero from the Battle of Callao.

Noted managers
Erick Torres (2015-2016)

Honours

National
 Copa Perú:
Runners-up (1): 2016

Regional
Liga Departamental de Cajamarca:
Winners (2): 2015, 2016
Liga Provincial de Hualgayoc:
Winners (2): 2015, 2016
Runners-up (1): 1996
Liga Distrital de Hualgayoc:
Winners (3): 1993, 1996, 2015
Runners-up (3): 1992, 1994, 1997

External links

References

Association football clubs established in 1992
Cajamarca Region
Football clubs in Peru

Deportivo Hualgayoc


Moo-Young Han (November 30, 1934 – May 15, 2016) was a South Korean-born American physicist. He was a professor of physics at Duke University. Along with Yoichiro Nambu of the University of Chicago, he is credited with introducing the SU(3) symmetry of quarks, today known as the color charge. The color charge is the basis of the strong force as explained by quantum chromodynamics.

Early life and career
Han was born in Seoul, Korea. He emigrated to the US after the Korean War to attend Carroll College. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Rochester in 1964 and joined the physics faculty at Duke University, Durham NC in 1967.  He is survived by his wife, Chang Ki, three children, Grace Hewon, Christopher Su-Young, and Anthony Suh-Young, and an array of grandchildren.

Career
Han received his Ph.D. in theoretical physics in 1964 from the University of Rochester. Han's research specialty is in the field of theoretical particle physics, with an emphasis on the symmetry principles of elementary particle physics. Han and Yoichiro Nambu of the University of Chicago first introduced a new hidden symmetry among quarks in 1965. This is the origin of the color SU(3) symmetry, distinct from the symmetry among hadrons which is the flavor SU(3). This SU(3) symmetry is the basis for the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) which is now the standard theory for the strong nuclear force sector of the Standard Model. Nambu shared 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics for a related work on applying the mechanism of spontaneously broken symmetry, enabling the electroweak sector of the Standard Model.

From 1993 to 1995, Han served as the inaugurating chair of the Outstanding Young Researcher Award (OYRA) Committee of AKPA. He is a recipient of the 1998 Global Korea Award by the Council on Korean Studies of the Michigan State University. He delivered the keynote address at the 2001 Asian Pacific Heritage Month Celebration at the US-Environmental Protection Agency in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina in May, 2001. The title of his keynote address was "The New New World." Han is the founding chairman of the Society of Korean-American Scholars (SKAS) and since then, he has served as its editor-in-chief n SKAS. He publishes two alternating weekly electronic newsletters, KASTN and IEKAS, the Korean American Science and Technology News and the Information Exchange for Korean American Scholars.

In the fall of 2008, Han left the University of California at Merced and delivered a special seminar explaining the spontaneously broken symmetry of Y. Nambu that earned Nambu the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics. Leaving the Seoul National University in Korea in the fall of 2009, Han delivered a colloquium titled "Nambu and the Standard Model" and taught a special course titled "Physics for Humanities and Social Sciences Course." In the fall of 2013, Han spent his time at KAIST (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology) in Daejeon, South Korea and completed his fifth and sixth books. He also served as an adjunct professor of physics at KAIST.

Publications
Han is the author of 5 books and editor of a collection of papers on quantum physics and advanced technology:
The Secret Life Of Quanta (1990, McGraw-Hill)
The Probable Universe (1993, McGraw-Hill)
Quarks And Gluons (1999, World Scientific)
A Story Of Light: A Short Introduction to Quantum Field Theory of Quarks and Leptons (2004, World Scientific).
From Photons to Higgs: A Story of Light  (2014, World Scientific).
Nambu: A Foreteller of Modern Physics  (2014, World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics, Vol.43).

References

External links

1934 births
2016 deaths
20th-century American physicists
21st-century American physicists
Duke University faculty
South Korean emigrants to the United States
South Korean physicists
Theoretical physicists
University of Rochester alumni

Moo-Young Han


Ernst Emil Alexander Back (October 21, 1881 – June 20, 1959) was a German physicist, born in Freiburg. He attended school in Strasbourg until 1900, and from 1902 until 1906 studied law in Strasbourg, Munich, and Berlin. He then worked in the legal profession in Alsace-Lorraine until 1909, afterwards taking leave to study physics in Tübingen. He retired from the legal profession in 1912, and earned his Ph.D. in 1913. His thesis, titled Zur Prestonschen Regel, was on the subject of what would later be called the Paschen-Back effect, and was named after Back and Friedrich Paschen.

Between 1914 and 1918 he served with the German Army during World War I. Following this conflict he became head of a  Veifa-Werke laboratory in Frankfurt am Main, a company that produced electrical and X-ray equipment. In 1920 he left to become an assistant at the Physics Institute in Tübingen. He was promoted to professor in 1926 at Hohenheim University, and became a full professor in 1929. He remained at this post until 1936 when he returned to become a professor at Tübingen.

From 1926 to 1927 Samuel Abraham Goudsmit worked with Back to make the first measurement of nuclear spin and its Zeeman effect.

Back retired in 1948, and died in Munich over a decade later. The crater Back on the Moon is named in his memory.

External links
 Biography

Further reading

1881 births
1959 deaths
20th-century German physicists

Ernst Emil Alexander Back


Ląd  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lądek, within Słupca County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Słupca and  east of the regional capital Poznań.

Cistercian Abbey

The village is the location of a Cistercian monastery, the Ląd Abbey. Founded about 1150 one kilometer south of the village center, it is one of the seven daughter houses of the Altenberg Abbey. Its major buildings date from the 16th and 17th centuries. In 1793 the village was annexed by Prussia in the Second Partition of Poland, and in 1796 most of the abbey's surrounding property was confiscated by the Prussian government. In 1807, the village was regained by Poles and included within the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw. Following the duchy's dissolution in 1815, Ląd fell to the Russian Partition, and in 1819 the Cistercian monastery was dissolved.

Following World War I, Poland regained independence and control of the village, and from 1921 the abbey has been operated and maintained by the Salesians of Don Bosco. The Polish World War II martyr Kazimierz Wojciechowski served there as a tutor in the 1920s. During the German occupation of Poland (World War II), at the turn of 1939 and 1940, the occupiers imprisoned arrested Polish priests from Włocławek in the abbey, and afterwards deported them to the Dachau concentration camp, where most of them died (see: Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland).

The abbey is one of Poland's official national Historic Monuments (Pomnik historii), as designated on 1 July 2009 and tracked by the National Heritage Board of Poland.

Transport
The Voivodeship road 467 passes through Ląd and the Polish A2 motorway runs nearby, north of the village.

References

Villages in Słupca County

Ląd, Greater Poland Voivodeship


João Ghelfi (December 29, 1890 – August 28, 1925) was a Brazilian painter.

João Ghelfi was born in Curitiba on December 29, 1890. He began to the first group of Paranaense painters taught by master Alfredo Andersen. Together with Gustavo Kopp and others, he shook Curitiba's placid life of the 1920s with his dissipated and irreverent life.

He went to Paris on his own for six months, studying and attending painting classes. After returning to Curitiba, he transformed his studio into a meeting place for artists and writers. There, according to Lange de Morretes, Ghelfi imagined a Paranaense architectonic style, developed later on by Turin and Lange as part of the Paranista Movement proposals.

His premature demise, in his home town of Curitiba, aged 34, and the possible destruction of part of his paintings explain the small number of works left by Ghelfi, in spite of which he has an outstanding place in the Paranaense art history. Many of the portraits he made are lost, but caused admiration among critics, specially because of Freyesleben's comments about the "square men and women" that Ghelfi had painted after his return from Europe, which seems to justify his enrollment in cubism. "Passeio Público" (Public Park) is particularly meaningful as an example of his aesthetic options and as a document of one of the most traditional Curitiba recesses, also painted by Andersen. This painting reveals how he could integrate the whole and of how he treated colours and luminosity.

References

1890 births
1925 deaths
People from Curitiba
20th-century Brazilian painters
20th-century Brazilian male artists

João Ghelfi


Baptism is a rite or ceremony performed by most Christian churches and denominations. It is done as a cleansing symbol. It shows that the person being baptized has become a follower of Jesus, and it can represent the joining of the Christian family.

Methods
Roman Catholicism baptize infants to mark their becoming members of the church. It is a sacrament usually performed by a priest. In most other churches, it is when the person is old enough to decide that they are ready.

Some religious groups practice baptism by sprinkling a small amount of water on the person, usually their head. Other groups put the person inside the water.

Bible times
In the Old Testament, a similar washing ceremony was done when priests were ordained. Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist before he began his ministry. The usual form of baptism among the earliest Christians was for the person to be immersed totally or partially. But sprinkling, or pouring, was also practiced at an early day with sick and dying persons when total or partial immersion was not practical.

Other websites
 "Baptism." Encyclopædia Britannica Online.

References

Sacraments

Baptism


Bumthang Valley  is the main inhabited valley in the Bumthang district of Bhutan.

History

Bumthang is one of the most beautiful and sacred valleys in Bhutan.

The main town in the valley is Jakar. Bhutan's only brewery, brewing Red Panda wheat beer, is in Jakar.

Bumthang is divided into four gewogs, namely Chhoekhor, Tang, Chhume and Ura.

The valley is broad with various habitats including coniferous woodland.

The language spoken in Bumthang is known as Bumthang Kha, a Tibeto-Burman language. Each of the four valleys of Bumthang has its own dialect.

Jampa Lhakhang

The Jampa Lhakhang temple is located in the heart of Jakar Vally, it was built in the early 7th century by the dharma king Songtsen Gempo.

He commissioned the creation of 108 temples at the same time to successive circles in order to pin down and evil demoness who was seen to be blocking the spread of Buddhism.

This monastery is one of two such temples that survive in Bhutan. the other being Kichu in Paro Dzongkhag. The Jampa Lhakhang is dedicated to Maitreya, the Buddha of the future.

Many historians assert the Buddhism appeared in the establishment of this Jampa Lhakhang. This temple remains as one of the most important landmarks of the country. The Jampa Lhakhang has never destroyed by fire, flood, wind or earthquake.

Guru Rinpochen used Jampa Lhakhang as a residence when he visited Bumthang. Even today there is still a small room above the entrance of the main temple that people believe was the very first seat of Guru Rinpochen.

The Jampa Lhakhang festival has become an increasing more popular tourist attraction due to two unique portions of the program in fire offering and Naked Dances.

Pema Lingpa

Pema Lingpa was born in Chel Baridrang in the Tang [Stang] valley in district of Bumthang. At the age of nine, the young Pema Lingpa began to apprentice as a blacksmith. It is said that he would often pretend to be seat on a throne, giving initiations and teachings, and performing ritual dance [cham]. Pema Lingpa was one of the five sovereign treasure of Guru Padmasambhava who hailed from Bumthang, Bhutanese people believed him to be a fully master who brought both cultural and spiritual reforms in Bhutan.  He reveled numerous treasures such as scrolls, ritual objects, statues and so forth in accordance with the prophecy of Guru Padmasambhava for the benefit of all sentient beings. He was a great artist and a visionary lama who contributed to much positive changes with far reaching impact in Bhutanese history and culture. He was a preeminent Teron [discover of spiritual treasures] and is considered to be foremost of the five Treton Kings.in the history of the Nyingma school in Bhutan, Pema Lingpa is second in importance only to padmasambhava himself. He left several impressions of his feet on solid rocks in and around his birthplace, Chel Baridrang ,below the Kunzang drag temple. One of Pema Lingpa's most renowned treasure discoveries took place in Bhutan at Mebartso [burning lake], where before a large crowd he leaped into deep water with a Burning butter lam in his hand, later emerging with a term in one hand and the still burning butter lamp in the other. His works are popular and have flourished in each and every corner of the Himalayas. Many of these hand -made treasures are on display at the National Museum of Bhutan in Paro.

References

Valleys of Bhutan

Bumthang Valley


Guernsey Aircraft Registry known as 2-REG, is a British register administered with regulatory oversight provided by Guernsey's Director of Civil Aviation. It licenses aircraft and permits them to use an Aircraft registration prefixed with 2-.

Since 1947, in accordance with the Convention on International Civil Aviation, all aircraft must be registered with a national aviation authority. The UK as a signatory to the 1947 Chicago Convention and bearing responsibility for the Crown Dependencies, which included the Bailiwick of Guernsey gave authority in 2013 for Guernsey to create a civil aviation register in accordance with Guernsey legislation, to be supervised by Guernsey's Director of Civil Aviation. This later became the Director of Civil Aviation for the Channel Islands.

History

Established on 9 December 2013 following changes to legislation in Guernsey in 2012, 2-REG is owned by the States of Guernsey and registers private as well as commercial aircraft in accordance with international standards of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), reflecting the standards of the US, Europe and other major aviation jurisdictions.

In 2016 the Registry was opened to commercial aircraft and further changes in legislation permitted the issuing of Air operator's certificates.

Available to worldwide owners of aircraft when the Maximum Take-Off Mass (MTOM) is 5,700 kg or above and to owners of helicopters and lighter weight aircraft when owned by Channel Island Residents, or the aircraft is maintained in Guernsey, aircraft do not need to be based in Guernsey, or to ever visit Guernsey.

Unlike most registries, air worthiness Type certificates are available in a choice of formats suitable for various major jurisdictions and a Guernsey aircraft Charges Register exists for use by aircraft owners and finance companies.

Usage of Register

As of August 2022 over 800 aircraft had been registered on the Register since its establishment in 2013. 283 Aircraft being currently registered, 174 being in the over 5,700 kg category.
Commercial aircraft registered include Airbus, Boeing, Bombardier, Embraer and Gulfstream, with major aircraft lessors using the services offered by registering off-lease aircraft.

See also
 United Kingdom aircraft registration
 Aircraft registration
 Airworthiness certificate
 Type certificate

References

External links
 2-REG website
 Office of Director of Civil Aviation

Aircraft registration
Organisations based in Guernsey
Economy of Guernsey

2-REG aircraft registration


The Doncaster Round Barn, also called "Bayers' Barn" and "the Round Barn at Twin Bridges" is a three-story, wood-framed round barn located about  north of Twin Bridges, Montana.  Built about 1882 by mining entrepreneur Noah Armstrong to house his race horses, and featuring a -wide indoor circular aisle that was used for exercising horses, it is a National Register of Historic Places property notable for its unique architecture and as the birthplace of the Thoroughbred racehorse, Spokane, winner of the 1889 Kentucky Derby.

Background
Armstrong had made his fortune in mining, and at one time operated the Hecla Consolidated Mining Company near Glendale, Montana.  During that time, he organized horse races in the mining camp, and after leaving the business he obtained property in the Jefferson River valley, near Twin Bridges, and began to raise race horses. He bought the original property from his son, and purchased additional surrounding land until he owned , which he originally named the Doncaster Farm, in honor of the famed English Thoroughbred race horse Doncaster, whom Armstrong admired.  The property had previously been called the Jefferson River Ranch.

Design
The barn was built in 1882 in accordance with a design by Armstrong and is believed to have been built by local craftsmen from area materials.  It was three stories high, shaped like a "wedding cake," with each floor smaller than the one below it. The first floor is about  in diameter, the second floor , and the third floor . The barn stands  high from ground level to the top of the ceiling in the third floor.

The foundation was set on stone abutments quarried from rock in a canyon located about  away.  Armstrong stated they were driven twelve feet below the water table and set on bedrock. The walls were of wooden planks, made of three thicknesses of lumber deep, said to be insulated with "double sheets of building paper" between each layer of lumber. The entrance to the barn originally featured an engraved  horse scene placed over the door.

The barn featured a  wide, indoor training track with dirt footing, claimed to be "nearly a quarter-mile" in circumference, on the ground floor, where Armstrong's horses were exercised.  Horses normally kept outside could be sheltered there in bad weather.  There were 26 box stalls on the first floor, around the outside of the track, with dividing walls only four feet high between the stalls so the horses could see one another, as Armstrong believed that "this promotion of neighborly companionship greatly [relieved] the monotony of indoor horse life." Each stall included a doorway to the outside and a window. The doorways led to 26 paddocks, one for each horse, covering . A circular structure in the center contained the tack room, two hospital stalls, and a spiral stairway.  There was also an "elevator" for moving hay and grain, and a well shaft was sunk in the center of the barn, which, with the aid of a windmill on a  tower at the top of the barn, drew water that was stored in an  tank on the third floor.  The first floors also included office space and sleeping quarters for staff.  The second floor was claimed to hold up to 50 tons of hay and 12,000 bushels of grain.  The floor sloped and chutes were cut into the floor so that feed could be easily deposited into the mangers of the horse stalls below. Water from the third floor tank went through a gravity-based plumbing system to each horse's stall.

Charles Armstrong, Noah's son, said the barn "may truly be called a model of architectural beauty and convenience.  This structure is so novel in its conception, so convenient in its economy, and withal so admirably adapted to the purposes of its creation, that a description of it cannot but be of interest to the readers of this sketch."

Operation and ownership

Armstrong believed that Montana's high altitude and the nutrient-rich farmland along the Jefferson River made the location ideal for raising superior racehorses.  He owned horses that raced at major US tracks, including a horse, Lord Raglan, who finished third in the 1883 Kentucky Derby. In 1885 or 1886, bought the mare Interpose, in foal, and shipped her to Montana. Her foal, Armstrong's chestnut race horse, Spokane, was foaled in the barn in 1886, and the horse's early training was on the barn's indoor track. After being shipped east at age 2 for race training, Spokane  won the Kentucky Derby in 1889, defeating the favorite, then went on to win other major eastern races. Although popular legend states he returned to Montana, there is not evidence that he did so.  He was advertised as standing at stud in Kentucky.

The Panic of 1893 caused financial hardship for the Doncaster operation.  Armstrong sold the ranch to Max Lauterbach and left Montana in 1900. From there, the barn was owned by a number of different people, and fell into disrepair until purchased by the Bayers family, who owned the Doncaster Farm property from 1933 until 1997. Arthur and Elizabeth Bayers raised Hereford cattle and were major breeders who sold their stock all over North America and held a cattle sale every year in the barn.  Their son, Byron Bayers, estimated that their cattle sales over the years topped $5 million. The barn's upkeep was very expensive, particularly the cost of red paint.

The Bayers sold the parcel of land where the barn sat in 1985, and it again fall into disrepair. In 1997, it was purchased by real estate developer and local rancher named  Allan Hamilton, who began to renovate the building.  He had a new roof put on the building and re-leveled the foundation.   In 2010, the property was purchased by Tony and Amie James.  They formed Swift River investments, a Massachusetts-based business, and began to renovate the structure into a community center.  Though "everyone" thought it had been listed on the National Register of Historic Places, no one had done so.  In January 2015, the Montana Historic Preservation Board met and unanimously agreed to nominate it.  The structure was placed on the NRHP on April 14, 2015.

The building was a Montana Cowboy Hall of Fame Legacy Award Inductee in 2008. The Jameses had been willing to donate the building to house the Montana Cowboy Hall of Fame itself, but a location in Big Timber, Montana was ultimately selected.

Notes

References

External links

Barns on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
Barns in Montana
Round barns in the United States
Pre-statehood history of Montana
National Register of Historic Places in Madison County, Montana
1882 establishments in Montana Territory
Buildings and structures completed in 1882

Doncaster Round Barn


Sebastian the Ibis is the mascot for the Miami Hurricanes of University of Miami. He is an anthropomorphic white ibis with a Miami Hurricanes football jersey, number 0.

History
The ibis was chosen as Miami's unofficial mascot by Nathan Duncan in 1926, after the University of Miami student body chose the school's yearbook's name to be The Ibis.

"Miami adopted a native marsh bird called the Ibis as the official mascot in 1926. The Ibis is known for its bravery as a hurricane approaches. Folklore maintains that other birds look to the Ibis for leadership. The Ibis uses its instinct to detect danger. It is the last sign of wildlife to take shelter before a hurricane hits, giving warning that danger is imminent. As the storm passes the Ibis is the first to reappear, a sign that clear skies are approaching."

The first official mascot for the Miami Hurricanes was a 65-pound brown and white boxer dog named Hurricane I. Chosen in 1950, the canine wore a ceremonial orange and green blanket with his name lettered in white.

Sebastian was created in August 1957 by Norman A. Whitten, Director of the Student Union at UM, and was used as a homecoming competition entry. The next year, student John Stormont performed at Miami Hurricanes football games dressed up in a homemade ibis costume. The original costume was made from various materials: armolite insulation for the head, white terry cloth for the body to resemble feathers, ROTC spats for the feet, and toes made from burlap. "The whole costume took three weeks to complete and cost about $30", Stormont said in a Miami Herald interview.  The most recent iteration of the costume dates back to 1984.

The ibis was originally named "Icky", but was later renamed after San Sebastian Hall, where John Stormont was a resident. The building, now an apartment building, still stands at the intersection of LeJeune Road and University Drive in Coral Gables.

During the first national championship season for the Miami Hurricanes football team, the Ibis was portrayed by Bill Mooney, a senior at the university from Orangeburg, New York. This second generation Ibis costume was designed and made by UM alumnus and former Disney artist Randy Jacky (RJ) Ogren. Sebastian appeared in the 1983 National Championship victory parade riding with then head coach Howard Schnellenberger following the Hurricanes winning the 1983 NCAA national football championship.

From 1984 to 1992, Sebastian was portrayed by John Routh, who also portrayed the Miami Maniac at University of Miami baseball games, and later portrayed Billy the Marlin for the Florida Marlins. Routh created Sebastian's signature C-A-N-E-S cheer in which Sebastian forms the letters with his body.

Sebastian typically leads the University of Miami football team onto the field before games. During home games at Hard Rock Stadium, this scene is one of the most notable in all of college football, accompanied by the release of smoke as Sebastian leads the Hurricanes team onto the field at the game's beginning.

Controversies
On October 28, 1989, Sebastian was tackled by a group of police officers for attempting to put out Chief Osceola's flaming spear prior to Miami's game against long-standing rival Florida State at Doak Campbell Stadium in Tallahassee. Sebastian was wearing a fireman's helmet and yellow raincoat and holding a fire extinguisher. When a police officer attempted to grab the fire extinguisher, the officer was sprayed in the chest. Sebastian was handcuffed by four officers and detained but ultimately released. Miami quarterback Gino Torretta, who started the game in place of injured Craig Erickson, told ESPN, "Even if we weren't bad boys, it added to the mystique that, 'Man, look, even their mascot's getting arrested.'"

See also
 List of college mascots in the United States

References

External links

Atlantic Coast Conference mascots
Miami Hurricanes
Miami Hurricanes football
1957 establishments in Florida
Bird mascots

Sebastian the Ibis


The McCabe–Thiele method is a technique that is commonly employed in the field of chemical engineering to model the separation of two substances by a distillation column. It uses the fact that the composition at each theoretical tray is completely determined by the mole fraction of one of the two components. This method is based on the assumptions that the distillation column is isobaric - i.e the presurre remains constant - and that the flow rates of liquid and vapor do not change throughout the column (i.e., constant molar overflow). The assumption of constant molar overflow requires that:

 The heat needed to vaporize a certain amoun of liquid of the feed components are equal,
 For every mole of liquid vaporized, a mole of vapor is condensed, and
 Heat effects such as heat needed to dissolve the substance(s) are negligible.

The method was first published by Warren L. McCabe and Ernest Thiele in 1925, both of whom were working at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) at the time.

Construction and use

A McCabe–Thiele diagram for the distillation of a binary (two-component) feed is constructed using the vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data - which is how vapor is concentrated when in contact with its liquid form - for the component with the lower boiling point.

On a planar graph, both axes represent the mole fractions of the lighter (lower boiling) component; the horizontal (x) and vertical (y) axes represents the liquid and vapor phase compositions, respectively. The x = y line (see Figure 1) represents the scenarios where the compositions of liquid and vapor are the same. The vapor-liquid equilibrium line (the curved line from (0,0) to (1,1) in Figure 1) represents the vapor phase composition for a given liquid phase composition at equilibrium. Vertical lines drawn from the horizontal axis up to the x = y line indicate the composition of the inlet feed stream, the composition of the top (distillate) product stream, and the composition of the bottoms product (shown in red in Figure 1).

The rectifying section operating line for the section above the inlet feed stream of the distillation column (shown in green in Figure 1) starts at the intersection of the distillate composition line and the x = y line and continues at a downward slope of L / (D + L), where L is the molar flow rate of reflux and D is the molar flow rate of the distillate product, until it intersects the q-line.

The stripping section operating line for the section below the feed inlet (shown in magenta in Figure 1) starts at the intersection of the red bottoms composition line and the x = y line and continues up to the point where the blue q-line intersects the green rectifying section operating line.

The q-line (depicted in blue in Figure 1) intersects the point of intersection of the feed composition line and the x = y line and has a slope of q / (q - 1), where the parameter q denotes mole fraction of liquid in the feed. For example, if the feed is a saturated liquid, q = 1 and the slope of the q-line is infinite (drawn as a vertical line). As another example, if the feed is saturated vapor, q = 0 and the slope of the q-line is 0 (a horizontal line). The typical McCabe-Thiele diagram in Figure 1 uses a q-line representing a partially vaporized feed. Example q-line slopes are presented in Figure 2.

The number of steps between the operating lines and the equilibrium line represents the number of theoretical plates (or equilibrium stages) required for the distillation. For the binary distillation depicted in Figure 1, the required number of theoretical plates is 6.

Constructing a McCabe–Thiele diagram is not always straightforward. In continuous distillation with a varying reflux ratio, the mole fraction of the lighter component in the top part of the distillation column will decrease as the reflux ratio decreases. Each new reflux ratio will alter the gradient of the rectifying section curve.

When the assumption of constant molar overflow is not valid, the operating lines will not be straight. Using mass and enthalpy balances in addition to vapor-liquid equilibrium data and enthalpy-concentration data, operating lines can be constructed using the Ponchon–Savarit method.

If the mixture can form an azeotrope, its vapor-liquid equilibrium line will cross the x = y line, preventing further separation no matter the number of theoretical plates.

See also
Fractional distillation
Azeotropic distillation
Batch Distillation

References

External links
More detailed information on how to draw a McCabe-Thiele Diagram
Detailed discussion of McCabe-Thiele method by Tore Haug-Warberg, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
 Interactive McCabe-Thiele Diagram

Distillation

McCabe–Thiele method