French Equatorial Africa (, or  AEF) was a federation of French colonial territories in Equatorial Africa which consisted of Gabon, French Congo, Ubangi-Shari, and Chad. It existed from 1910 to 1958 and its administration was based in Brazzaville.

History
Established in 1910, the Federation contained four colonial possessions (later five with Cameroun): French Gabon, French Congo, Ubangi-Shari and French Chad. The Governor-General was based in Brazzaville with deputies in each territory.

In 1911, France ceded parts of the territory to German Kamerun as a result of the Agadir Crisis. The territory was returned after Germany's defeat in World War I, while most of Cameroon proper became a French League of Nations mandate not integrated into the AEF.

French Equatorial Africa, especially the region of Ubangi-Shari, had a similar concession system as the Congo Free State and similar atrocities were also committed there. Writer André Gide traveled to Ubangi-Shari and was told by inhabitants about atrocities including mutilations, dismemberments, executions, the burning of children, and villagers being forcefully bound to large beams and made to walk until dropping from exhaustion and thirst. Gide's book Travels in the Congo, published in 1927, was fiercely critical of the system of the concession companies in French Equatorial Africa. The book had an important impact on the anti-colonialist movement in France. The number of victims under the French concession system in Ubangi-Shari and other parts of French Equatorial Africa remains unknown. Adam Hochschild estimates a population decrease of half in the French Congo and Gabon, similar to his estimate of the population decline in the Congo Free State.

During the late 1920s and early 1930s an anti-colonial movement Société Amicale des Originaires de l'A.E.F. was established by André Matsoua, seeking French citizenship for the territory's inhabitants.

During World War II, French Cameroun and AEF rallied to the Free French Forces in August 1940 except for Gabon remained loyal to Vichy France until 12 November 1940 when the Vichy administration capitulated following the Battle of Gabon. The federation became the strategic centre of Free French activities in Africa. Félix Eboué was installed as Governor-General of AEF. A separate administrative structure was established under the auspices of Free French Africa grouping both AEF and Cameroun.

Under the Fourth Republic (1946–58), the federation was represented in the French parliament. When the territories voted in the September 1958 referendum to become autonomous within the French Community, the federation was dissolved. In 1959 the new republics formed an interim association called the Union of Central African Republics, before becoming fully independent in August 1960.

Administration
French Equatorial Africa began with the concept of association, which was implemented through treaties promising French protection by the Italian-French explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza during the mid-1800s, who convinced indigenous communities to cooperate with the French in exchange for greater trade opportunities. This association eventually led to French indirect rule in the region. However, France's attempts at indirect rule faced consistent resistance from local leaders.

The AEF was perceived by France as an unstable colony. Therefore, France granted private companies contracts for the exploitation of natural resources like ivory and rubber, rather than sustainable investment. Private companies implemented heavy taxation with little to no pay and cruel treatment towards workers and the local communities.

In 1908 French Equatorial Africa was divided into four colonies in hopes of strengthening French authority within the region. Until 1934, French Equatorial Africa was a federation of French colonies like French West Africa. That year, however, the AEF became a unitary entity, its constituent colonies becoming known as regions, and later became known as territories in 1937. There was a single budget for the unified colony; prior to unification, each member had had its own finances.

As of 1942, the AEF was administered by a governor-general, who had "the supreme direction of all services, both civil and military." However, the difference in numbers between administrators and the local populace made it difficult for the French to exercise power outside of their headquarters without voluntary or involuntary indigenous cooperation. Additionally, the governor-general's power was limited in practice by France's centralizing colonial policy. "Most important legislation is enacted in Paris," wrote the authors of the 1942 British naval intelligence handbook for the colony, "whilst the governor-general fills in minor details and penalties." The governor-general was assisted by a consultative council of administration (Conseil d'Administration) composed of important local officials and some members, both African and European, elected indirectly. All major administration positions were appointed by French government and were not accountable to officials elected by the African people. Additionally, France held complete control over diplomacy, defense, and politics.

Under the unified colony, three of the constituent territories, Chad, Gabon, and Ubangi-Shari, were administered by a governor, while Moyen-Congo was under the purview of the governor-general. Each had a council of local interests (Conseil des Interêts Locaux) similar to the council of administration. Locally, the territories were subdivided into départments and subdivisions overseen by appointed officials. The only municipalities were the capitals of the territories, which were classified as communes mixtes as opposed to Senegal's communes de plein exercise, which had democratically elected councils. Although these municipalities possessed certain powers of local self-government, their mayors and councils---which included African representatives---were appointed.

Geography
Accounting for a little less than an eighth of Africa, across modern day Central African Republic, Republic of Chad, Republic of the Congo, Republic of Gabon, and most of Cameroon, the greater part of French Equatorial Africa extended over a granite plateau, framed by the Tibesti, Ouadaï, and Fertit massifs to the northeast, Darfur to the east and the Crystal mountains and Mayombe in the southwest. Two basins occupied the central and southern parts of the territory: the basin of Chad, a former inland sea of which Lake Chad is a remnant, and the basin of Congo, traversed by the river of the same name and its main tributaries (Oubangui River, Sangha River, and Alima River). A coastal plain stretched from mainland Spanish Guinea (now Equatorial Guinea) to the Congo River. The highest point in French Equatorial Africa was Mount Emi Koussi (3,415 meters) in Tibesti.

Due to the very size of the territory, the climate varied extremely from one point to another, going from a particularly arid Saharan climate in the north to a humid tropical climate in the southern part. The vegetation was affected by these differences: in the north, the virtual absence of rain made it nearly impossible for vegetation to develop, apart from a few thorny shrubs; in the center lay the domain of the savannahs, where millet, peanuts and cassava were grown; finally to the south were the humid tropical forests, from which various species such as ebony and okoumé were taken. In the coastal regions, vanilla, cocoa and coffee trees were grown.

French Equatorial Africa was bounded by British Nigeria, French West Africa, Italian Libya, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and the Belgian Congo. To the west, it bordered the Atlantic Ocean.

Territories:
French Chad
Ubangi-Shari
French Congo
French Gabon

Postage stamps

The postal administrations of the four territories were separate until 1936, each issuing its own stamps. In that year, stamps of Gabon and Middle Congo were overprinted AFRIQUE / ÉQUATORIALE / FRANÇAISE. A definitive series for the colony followed in 1937, featuring local scenes and key French figures in the formation of the colony, with various color and value changes each year through 1940.

The 1937 series was overprinted AFRIQUE FRANÇAISE / LIBRE or just LIBRE in 1940 by the Free French, and in 1941 they issued a series depicting a phoenix rising from the flames.

A new definitive series, featuring local scenery and people, was issued in 1946, and another twenty-odd stamps came out during the 1950s, with the last being the omnibus Human Rights issue on 10 December 1958.

See also
 List of colonial heads of French Equatorial Africa
 French colonial empire
 Free French Africa
 French West Africa
 List of French possessions and colonies
 French colonial flags
 French North Africa
 Economic Community of Central African States
 Central African CFA franc

References

Bibliography
 Adu Boahen, Albert, ed. Africa under Colonial Domination: 1880–1935 (Yale UP, 1967).
 Coghe, Samuël. "A New Pastoral Frontier: Colonial Development, Environmental Knowledge, and the Introduction of Trypanotolerant Cattle in French Equatorial Africa, 1945–1960." Environmental History 27.4 (2022): 692-721. online
 Cornevin, Robert. "History of French Equatorial Africa until independence." in Africa South of the Sahara 1987 (1986).

 Daughton, J. P. "The 'Pacha affair' reconsidered: violence and colonial rule in interwar French Equatorial Africa." Journal of Modern History 91.3 (2019): 493-524 online
 de Vries, Lotje, and Joseph Mangarella. "Workshop Report: Tracing Legacies of Violence in French Equatorial Africa." Africa Spectrum 54.2 (2019): 162-172. online
 Gardinier, David E. "Education in French Equatorial Africa, 1842-1945." Proceedings of the Meeting of the French Colonial Historical Society. Vol. 3 (Michigan State University Press, 1978) online.
 Gifford, Prosser, and William Roger Louis, eds. France and Britain in Africa: Imperial Rivalry and Colonial Rule ((Yale University Press, 1971)
 Headrick, Rita. "The Impact of Colonialism on Health in French Equatorial Africa, 1918-1939." Proceedings of the Meeting of the French Colonial Historical Society Vol. 4. (Michigan State University Press, 1979).

 Hiribarren, Vincent. "Why researchers should publish archive inventories online: The case of the archives of French Equatorial Africa." History in Africa 43 (2016): 375-378.

 Jennings, Eric. Free French Africa in World War II: The African Resistance (Cambridge University Press, 2015).
 Klein, Martin. Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa (Cambridge University Press, 1998)
 Martin, Phyllis M. "Colonialism, youth and football in French Equatorial Africa." International Journal of the History of Sport 8.1 (1991): 56-71. online
 Neill, Deborah. "Finding the 'Ideal Diet': Nutrition, Culture, and Dietary Practices in France and French Equatorial Africa, c. 1890s to 1920s." Food and Foodways 17.1 (2009): 1-28. online

 Stanziani, Alessandro. "The Abolition of Slavery and the 'New Labour Contract' in French Equatorial Africa, 1890–1914." in The Palgrave Handbook of Bondage and Human Rights in Africa and Asia (2019): 227-245. online

 Stanziani, Alessandro. "The Welfare State and the Colonial World, 1880–1914: The Case of French Equatorial Africa." in Labor on the Fringes of Empire: Voice, Exit and the Law (2018): 251-316. online

 Thompson, Virginia, and Richard Adloff. The Emerging States of French Equatorial Africa (Stanford University Press, 1960) online book; see also  online book review

Primary sources

 online, 580pp; encyclopedic coverage of geography, government, people and economy

External links

Equatorial Africa
Former colonies in Africa
Equatorial Africa, French
History of Central Africa
French Cameroon
20th century in Chad
Ubangi-Shari
20th century in Gabon
20th century in the Republic of the Congo
France–Gabon relations
Chad–France relations
Central African Republic–France relations
France–Republic of the Congo relations
Cameroon–France relations
States and territories established in 1910
Former countries in Africa
1910 establishments in French Equatorial Africa
1958 disestablishments in French Equatorial Africa

French Equatorial Africa


Temple Adath Israel is a Reform Jewish synagogue in Cleveland, Mississippi.

The  Congregation was organized in 1923; a Hebrew school had been started the previous year. The congregation's Byzantine Revival synagogue was built in 1927. An annex, designed by architect Harold Kaplan of Greenville, Mississippi was completed in 1949–1950.

The Temple was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 12, 2002.

History

Plans for an organized Jewish community around Cleveland began in 1922, when three members of the community decided to create a Hebrew school for Bolivar County. Working with a Rabbi out of Greenville, Mississippi, they held classes in the Cleveland Consolidated School. This developed into a desire for religious services for Jews within a 50-mile radius of Cleveland. Services were originally held in a local high school auditorium, with Rabbi Rabinowitz from Greenville coming up to lead services. Between 1926 and 1927, congregants raised money to build a synagogue. The Temple was dedicated on February 6, 1927.

At one point, Adath Israel had one of the largest temple youth groups in Mississippi.

Today, Temple Adath Israel has a congregation of about 18-22 families.

Gallery

References

Byzantine Revival synagogues
Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in Mississippi
Synagogues on the National Register of Historic Places
Reform synagogues in Mississippi
Synagogues completed in 1927
1927 establishments in Mississippi
National Register of Historic Places in Bolivar County, Mississippi
Cleveland, Mississippi

Temple Adath Israel (Cleveland, Mississippi)


Salvelinus inframundus, also known as Orkney charr is a cold-water fish in the family Salmonidae which is endemic to Scotland.

Description
Salvelinus inframundus has the following characteristics which in combination make this taxon different from other "Arctic charr" in Great Britain. It has a relatively shallow body which is less than a fifth of its body length, it has an inferiorly positioned mouth, the pectoral fins are 67–88% the length of its head and there are 8–9 10 soft rays in the dorsal fin with 8–9 soft rays in the anal fin. It has moderately large teeth, 9–11 branchiostegals, 13–14 gill rakers, 188–200 lateral scales and 63–64 vertebrae. Other distinguishing features cited include a blunt snout; steel-grey colour on the sides with a white to pinkish or bright orange belly; there are numerous whitish spots along the flanks, mostly on the upper half of body. The pectoral and anal fins are orange-brown to orange-red while the pelvic fins can be cherry-red, and all have a white leading edge.

Distribution
This species is known from specimens fished in Heldale Water, Hoy Island, Orkney, Scotland. It is considered locally extinct there since 1908 though.

This rare char could be considered a threatened species. It has been found recently in Loch Mealt, on the Isle of Skye.

Since the impact of Canadian Arctic char fish farming in the loch upon the native char population is unknown and the taxonomic identity of the char deemed as Salvelinus inframundus is lacking essential information, a full IUCN Red List assessment cannot be made and the species is considered data deficient.

Taxonomy
Salevlinus inframundus was first formally described by the English ichthyologist Charles Tate Regan (1878–1943) in 1909 with the type locality given as Hellyal Lake, the former name of Heldale Water on the Isle of Hoy in Orkney. The specific name of this species is a compound of infra meaning "below" and mundus meaning "world" , i.e. "underworld", and is a reference to Hellyal which is derived from the Norse goddess of the underworld Hel. There is some controversy over the exact taxonomic status of the populations of charr which are found in lakes all over Europe and which show disjunct distributions and wide phenotypic variations. Some authorities take the view that there is a single species in Europe and that almost all populations fall within the subspecies Salvelinus alpinus alpinus and that the variations are due to non taxonomic adaptation to the local conditions. Other workers have accepted each population as a species, 15 of which have been recognised in Britain and Ireland.

References

External links
Photo of Salvelinus inframundus

inframundus
Environment of Orkney
Isle of Skye
Cold water fish
Endemic fauna of Scotland
Endemic biota of the Scottish islands
Taxa named by Charles Tate Regan
Fish described in 1909

Salvelinus inframundus


A series of bombings occurred on 12 October 2002 in the tourist district of Kuta on the Indonesian island of Bali. The attack killed 202 people (including 88 Australians, 38 Indonesians, 23 Britons, and people of more than 20 other nationalities). A further 209 people were injured.

Various members of Jemaah Islamiyah, a violent Islamist group, were convicted in relation to the bombings, including three individuals who were sentenced to death. The attack involved the detonation of three bombs: a backpack-mounted device carried by a suicide bomber; a large car bomb, both of which were detonated in or near popular nightclubs in Kuta; and a third much smaller device detonated outside the United States consulate in Denpasar, causing only minor damage.

On 9 November 2008, Amrozi bin Nurhasyim, Imam Samudra and Huda bin Abdul Haq were executed by firing squad on the island prison of Nusakambangan. On 9 March 2010, Dulmatin, nicknamed "the Genius"—believed to be responsible for setting off one of the Bali bombs with a mobile phone—was killed in a shoot-out with Indonesian police in Pamulang, South Tangerang.

Attack

At 11:05 p.m. on 12 October 2002, a suicide bomber inside the nightclub Paddy's Pub (sometimes referred to as Paddy's Irish Bar or Paddy's Bar) detonated a bomb in his backpack, causing many patrons, with or without injuries, to immediately flee into the street. Twenty seconds later, a second and much more powerful car bomb hidden inside a white Mitsubishi van was detonated by another suicide bomber outside the Sari Club, a renowned open-air thatch-roof bar located opposite Paddy's Pub.

The bombing occurred during one of the busiest tourist periods of the year in Kuta Beach, driven in part by many Australian sporting teams making their annual end-of-season holiday.

Damage to the densely populated residential and commercial district was immense, destroying neighbouring buildings and shattering windows several blocks away. The car bomb explosion left a one metre deep crater.

The local Sanglah Hospital was ill-equipped to deal with the scale of the disaster and was overwhelmed with the number of injured, particularly burn victims. There were so many people injured by the explosion that some of the injured had to be placed in hotel pools near the explosion site to ease the pain of their burns. Many of the injured were forced to be flown extreme distances to Darwin () and Perth () for specialist burn treatment.

A comparatively small bomb detonated outside the U.S. consulate in Denpasar, which is thought to have exploded shortly before the two Kuta bombs, caused minor injuries to one person and property damage was minimal. It was reportedly packed with human excrement.

A report released in August 2005 by the United States-Indonesia Society (USINDO) described the events as follows:
The investigators were thus able to recreate the bombers activities. Amrozi, Idris and Ali Imron had simply walked into a dealership and purchased a new Yamaha motorbike, after asking how much they could re-sell it for if they returned it in a few days. Imron used the motorbike to plant the small bomb outside the U.S. Consulate. Idris then rode the motorbike as Imron drove two suicide bombers in the Mitsubishi to the nightclub district in Kuta. He stopped near the Sari Club, instructed one suicide bomber to put on his explosives vest and the other to arm the vehicle bomb. The first bomber headed to Paddy's Pub. Idris then left the second bomber, who had only learned to drive in a straight line, to drive the minivan the short distance to the Sari Club. Idris picked up Imron on the Yamaha and the duo headed back into Denpasar. Idris dialed the number of the Nokia to detonate the bomb at the Consulate. The two suicide bombers exploded their devices. Imron and Idris dropped the motorbike at a place where it eventually attracted the attention of the caretaker.

The final death toll was 202, mainly comprising Western tourists and holiday-makers in their 20s and 30s who were in or near Paddy's Pub or the Sari Club, but also including many Balinese Indonesians working or living nearby, or simply passing by. Hundreds more people suffered horrific burns and other injuries. The largest group among those killed were tourists from Australia with 88 fatalities. On 14 October, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1438 condemning the attack as a threat to international peace and security.

Awards
There were many acts of individual heroism in the aftermath of the bombings. Several of these acts would receive official recognition under Australia's honours and awards system, particularly in the Special Honours List for 2003.

Timothy Britten, a Senior Constable with the Western Australia Police Force, and Richard Joyes were both awarded the Cross of Valour, Australia's highest civilian honour, for entering the burning remains of the Sari Club to free a badly injured woman from the wreckage; after they had rescued the woman on the third attempt, both men then searched for other potential survivors until the increasing intensity of the flames and of secondary explosions made this impossible. Both men were aware of the possibility of being injured or even killed (Britten specifically believed in the possibility of yet another bomb being detonated at any moment in order to disrupt rescue efforts and kill emergency workers) and would indeed sustain several injuries during their efforts to rescue the woman and find other survivors.

Natalie Goold initially escaped from Paddy's Bar after the bombings but then went back into the now-burning building, sustaining burns to her right arm and hand in the process, in order to rescue her friend, Nicole McLean, who had been heavily injured by the blasts. After asking two men for their shirts in order to use these as improvised tourniquets for her friend's wounds, Goold secured McLean's transportation to a local hospital and then stayed with her during their medical evacuation to Australia.

Robert Meredith and his group of friends were caught up in the bombing of the Sari Club; he was thrown onto his back and badly winded. Despite intense heat and flames, Meredith and his friends managed to help about ten other survivors escape by lifting them over a wall; while the wall ended up collapsing under people's weight, injuring Meredith's feet and depriving him of the already limited protection of his thong sandals, he managed to get to a staircase from where he helped yet more survivors get to safety. Meredith would ultimately be left with several burns and cuts to his feet.

Lauren Munro was also caught up in the Sari bombing, being rendered unconscious; when he came to, he pulled free an injured woman who had been trapped under roof beams, and carried her out of the building and over a wall of rubble. Munro helped several other people get over the same wall before re-entering the Sari Club and spending the next two hours carrying out many more injured people and helping to fight the fire. Ben Clohessy was also rendered unconscious by the blast that destroyed the Sari Club and also rescued or helped to rescue other survivors after regaining consciousness. Goold, Meredith, Munro, and Clohessy were all awarded the Star of Courage (SC) on 17 October 2003 for their respective actions.

Awards of the Commendation for Brave Conduct were made to, among other people, Hanabeth Luke. Luke was in the Sari Club with her partner Marc Gajado at the time of the second bombing, with the explosion throwing her to the ground. After managing to escape the now-burning building by climbing through its collapsed roof using severed electrical wire, Luke began a search for Gajado, during which she came across a badly injured Tom Singer. Singer was lying close to a burning car and Luke believed that he would be engulfed in flames if he remained there.

When Singer confirmed that he could not stand up independently, Luke helped him to his feet and supported him in walking away. Luke then tried to return to the Sari Club to resume looking for Gajado, but was persuaded by a friend that it was too dangerous to do so (Gajado was ultimately determined to have been killed instantly); she thus went back to attending to Singer, helping other people to get him into a car to be taken to hospital. Singer died in hospital a month later. Separately from her Commendation for Brave Conduct award, a photograph of Luke helping Singer was published in news media around the world in the days after the bombings.

Kusitino 'Kossy' Halemai, a Wallis and Futuna-born Australian citizen who was managing the Bounty Hotel in Kuta at the time of the attacks, sheltered survivors in the immediate aftermath of the blasts. A makeshift triage area in the hotel's reception area was organised by Richard and Gilana Poore, with the couple also fielding phone calls from the media and from families trying to trace loved ones. After three days of this, the Poores flew to Richard's native New Zealand where they organised the collection of eighty boxes of medical supplies; they then returned to Bali with these supplies as well as two burns nurses. Halemai and the Poores were honoured with the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM), with Gilana Poore's OAM being awarded on 26 January 2005, Halemai's OAM being awarded on 13 June 2005, and Richard Poore's OAM being awarded on 22 August 2005.

James Parkinson, an emergency nurse, worked alongside Doctor Hogg from Wollongong in the Denpasar Sanglah Hospital running the trauma centre for the bombing victims. After he disappeared in Africa and Europe for three years, the Governor General's department finally tracked him down and awarded Parkinson the Medal of the Order of Australia in 2005.

The bomb
The Mitsubishi L300 van bomb was initially thought to have consisted of C4, a military grade plastic explosive which is difficult to obtain. However, investigators discovered the bomb was made from potassium chlorate, aluminium powder, and sulfur. For the Sari club bomb with the L300 van, the terrorists assembled 12 plastic filing cabinets filled with explosives. The cabinets, each containing a potassium chlorate, aluminum powder, sulfur mixture with a TNT booster, were connected by  of PETN-filled detonating cord. Ninety-four RDX electric detonators were fitted to the TNT. The total weight of the van bomb was .
The large, high-temperature blast damage produced by this mixture was similar to a thermobaric explosive, although the bombers may not have known this.

Suspects
The organization suspected of responsibility for the bombing was Jemaah Islamiyah, an Islamist group allegedly led by radical cleric Abu Bakar Bashir. A week after the blasts, Arab satellite channel Al-Jazeera put to air an audio-cassette purportedly carrying a recorded voice message from Osama bin Laden that stated the Bali bombings were in direct retaliation for support of the United States' War on Terror and Australia's role in the liberation of East Timor.
You will be killed just as you kill, and will be bombed just as you bomb. Expect more that will further distress you.
The recording did not however claim responsibility for the Bali attack. Former FBI agent Ali Soufan confirmed in his book, The Black Banners, that al-Qaeda did in fact finance the attack. In addition, Riduan Isamuddin confessed that al-Qaeda had sent him US$30,000 to fund the bombings of the two nightclubs.

The Indonesian chief of police, General Da'i Bachtiar said that the bombing was the "worst act of terror in Indonesia's history".

Aris Munandar (aka Sheik Aris) is a Jemaah Islamiyah associate linked to Bashir. He is believed to have assisted the Bali bomber Amrozi in acquiring some of the explosives used in the Bali bombings. Philippine intelligence considers Munandar to be associated with Mohammad Abdullah Sughayer, a Saudi national Abu Sayyaf Group in southern Philippines. Munandar is still at large. A report by the United States-Indonesia Society describes the arrest of Amrozi and other suspects.
General Pastika ordered his men to make the arrest early the next morning, November. Amrozi was asleep in the rear of the house. According to Greg Barton's account, Amrozi did not attempt to escape, but laughed instead, later exclaiming, "Gosh, you guys are very clever, how did you find me?" Amrozi's mobile phone, a particularly important piece of evidence, was seized during his arrest. Bags of chemical ingredients for bombs were found in his workshop and soil samples taken from outside his home showed traces of the primary chemical used in the Sari Club bomb. Police found receipts for the purchase of chemicals used to make the bombs, as well as a list of expenses incurred in making the bombs. Further search of Amrozi's home revealed copies of speeches by Osama bin Laden, and Abu Bakar Bashir, the radical Indonesian Muslim cleric reputed to be the leader of Jemaah Islamiyah. The speeches exhorted listeners to wage jihad. Police also uncovered training manuals on ambush techniques and numerous articles on jihad. Under questioning Amrozi revealed the names of six others involved in the bombing: Ali Imron, Imam Samudra, Dul Matin, Idris, Abdul Ghani and Umar Patek. But Amrozi's mobile phone proved to be the real catch. Indonesian investigators were able to print out a list of calls he had made immediately before, during and after the bombing, as well as the names and telephone numbers in the phone's memory. Pastika kept Amrozi's arrest secret for two days. After it was announced, Polri monitored the sudden flurry of communications among numbers listed in Amrozi's telephone before the calls abruptly ceased. The investigators were able to identify the location of a number of the telephones, leading to a series of arrests.

Indonesian authorities also believe more suspects remain at large. In 2005, Indonesian police arrested 24 additional people suspected of involvement in the Bali attacks and a 2003 bombing of the Marriott Hotel in Jakarta.

On 12 October 2005, a story in Australian broadcaster SBS's documentary series Dateline, called "Inside Indonesia's War on Terrorism", argued that the Indonesian military or police may have been involved in executing the attack.

On 13 June 2007, it was reported that Abu Dujana, who might have headed a terrorist cell in Bali, was captured.

Just past midnight on 9 November 2008, the three convicted of carrying out the bombings (Imam Samudra, Amrozi Nurhasyim, and Ali Ghufron) were executed by a firing squad.

Umar Patek was finally arrested in Abbottabad, Pakistan in early 2011. The U.S. government had offered a US$1 million reward for his arrest. Patek is a suspect in other bombings as well as the one in Bali.

Another suspect named Zulkarnaen was finally arrested in Lampung on 10 December 2020. He was also stated to have orchestrated numerous Jemaah Islamiyah-related incidents in the past and been one of the executives of said terrorist group.

Legal proceedings

Initial charges and trials
In April 2003, Indonesian authorities charged Abu Bakar Bashir (also rendered "Ba'asyir"), the alleged spiritual leader of Jemaah Islamiyah, with treason. It was alleged that he tried to overthrow the government and establish an Islamic state. The specific charges against Bashir related to a series of church bombings on Christmas Eve in 2000, and to a plot to bomb United States and other Western interests in Singapore. He was initially not charged over the Bali attack, although he was frequently accused of being the instigator or inspirer of the attack. On 2 September, Bashir was acquitted of treason but convicted of lesser charges and sentenced to a prison term of four years. He said he would appeal.

On 15 October 2004, he was arrested by the Indonesian authorities and charged with involvement in another bomb attack, which killed 14 people at the J. W. Marriott hotel in Jakarta on 5 August 2003. Secondary charges in this indictment accused him of involvement in the Bali bombing, the first time he faced charges in relation to this attack.

On 3 March 2005, Bashir was found not guilty of the charges surrounding the 2003 bombing, but guilty of conspiracy over the 2002 attacks in Bali. He was sentenced to two and a half years imprisonment. The Australian, US, and many governments expressed its disappointment that the sentence was too short. In the outcome, Bashir was freed on 14 June 2006 having served less than 26 months for his conspiracy. On 21 December 2006, Bashir's conviction was overturned by Indonesia's Supreme Court.

On 30 April 2003, the first charges related to the Bali bombings were made against Amrozi bin Haji Nurhasyim, known as Amrozi, for allegedly buying the explosives and the van used in the bombings. On 8 August, he was found guilty and sentenced to death. Another participant in the bombing, Imam Samudra, was sentenced to death on 10 September. Amrozi's brother, Ali Imron, who had expressed remorse for his part in the bombing, was sentenced to life imprisonment on 18 September. A fourth accused, Ali Ghufron, the brother-in-law of Noordin Mohammed Top was sentenced to death on 1 October. Ali Ghufron, alias Mukhlas, told police that he was the head of one of Jemaah Islamiyah's four cells and had ordered the Bali bombings. He also confessed that a fellow leader Riduan Isamuddin, known as Hambali, had provided the funds for the attacks. He told police, I do not know for sure the source of the aforementioned money from Hambali; most probably it was from Afghanistan, that is, from Sheikh Usama bin Laden. As far as I know, Hambali did not have a source of funds except from Afghanistan. Another operative, Wan Min bin Wan Mat, revealed to police that he had given Mukhlas money, at Hambali's request and that he understood part of the money had come directly from al-Qaeda.

As noted below, all three were executed on 9 November 2008.
The Australian, US, and many other foreign governments expressed satisfaction with the speed and efficiency with which the Indonesian police and courts dealt with the bombings primary suspects, despite what they characterized as light sentences. All Australian jurisdictions abolished the death penalty more than 30 years ago, but a poll showed that 77% of Australians approved of the death sentence for Amrozi. The Australian government said it would not ask Indonesia to refrain from using the death penalty.

On 15 August, Riduan Isamuddin, generally known as Hambali, described as the operational chief of Jemaah Islamiyah was arrested in Ayutthaya, Thailand, the old capital one hour's drive north of Bangkok. He is in American custody in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.

Constitutional appeals
On 23 July 2004, one of the convicted bombers, Maskur Abdul Kadir, successfully appealed his conviction. He had been tried under retroactive laws which were introduced after the bombing and which were employed to aid the prosecution of those involved in the attack. These laws were used by the prosecution instead of existing criminal laws as they allowed the death penalty to be imposed and lowered certain evidentiary restrictions.

The highest court in Indonesia, the Constitutional Court, found by a margin of five to four that trying the terrorist suspects under these retroactive laws violated Article 28I(1) of the constitution [2]. The minority judges argued that international human rights documents such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights allowed an exception to not applying retrospective legislation in the prosecution of crimes against humanity. The majority found that this argument was inconsistent with the text of Article 28I(1) which states that the rights listed there "cannot be limited under any circumstances."

Following this decision, charges related to the bombings against Idris, who had confessed to participating in the attacks to the police and court, were dismissed. The legal status of Kadir, Idris and others who might have their convictions quashed following the ruling on the retrospective law is unclear.

The Constitutional Court is a relatively new body, created after the fall of Suharto, and this decision was one of the first to overrule the constitutionality of the government's application of a law.

Execution of perpetrators
On 24 October 2008, Bali officials announced that three men convicted of carrying out the bombings would be executed by firing squad in November 2008. On 25 October 2008, Communications and Information Minister asked the Indonesian media to stop calling the three "heroes".

The Denpasar District Court, on 3 November, accepted a reprieve motion to reconsider the death sentences. Fahmi Bachmid, a lawyer for the family of Jafar Sodiq, a brother of Amrozi and Mukhlas, stated: "We lodged the judicial review to Denpasar court to question (previous) decisions." Lawyer Imam Asmara Hadi stated: "We have lodged an appeal because we haven't received a copy of the Supreme Court rejection of our previous appeal."

Indonesia's Supreme Court denied previous petitions for judicial review amid the constitutional court's dismissal of the bombers' appeals. Denpasar court official Nengah Sanjaya said the 3-page appeal would be sent to a Cilacap, central Java court. But the Attorney General's office said on 1 November the execution was "very close." Supreme Court judge Djoko Sarwoko, however, said a "last-minute legal challenge by the relatives of Imam Samudra, Amrozi Nurhasyim and Ali Ghufron will not change or delay the execution." They were moved to isolation cells, and execution spots were ready on the Nusakambangan island prison where they were being held. Local chief prosecutor Muhammad Yamin said they would be "executed simultaneously" but at different locations.

Imam Samudra, Amrozi Nurhasyim and Ali Ghufron were executed by firing squad after midnight on 9 November 2008 (West Indonesian time). In the final moment, there was no remorse or repentance, and they shouted: Allahu Akbar, or "God is great!" Despite his carefree demeanor throughout his trial and incarceration, the Australian edition of The Daily Telegraph reported Amrozi was pale-faced and shaking in the moments before his execution. For burial, Mukhlas and Amrozi's bodies were flown by helicopter to Tenggulan, Lamongan, East Java, while Imam Samudra's body was flown to Serang, Banten, amid "welcome martyrs" banner displayed at the cemetery.

The execution caused high tension and sparked clashes in Tenggulan between hundreds of police and supporters. Indonesian singer and TV presenter Dorce Gamalama attended the funeral of Imam Samudra. After praying with the crowd, she spent half an hour in the house of the executed man and spoke with his mother. On leaving she was quoted as saying "I'm certain he's gone to heaven". Ma'ruf Amin, deputy chairman of the Indonesian Ulemas Council, the chief body for Islamic clerics in Indonesia said of the men: "They did not die a holy death. That can only be in a war and Indonesia is not at war."

Memorials

Bali

A permanent memorial was built on the site of the destroyed Paddy's Pub on Legian Street. (A new bar, named "Paddy's: Reloaded", was reopened further along Legian Street). The memorial is made of intricately carved stone, set with a large marble plaque, which bears the names and nationalities of each of those killed. It is flanked by the national flags of the victims. The monument is well-maintained and illuminated at night.

The memorial was dedicated on 12 October 2004, the second anniversary of the attack. The dedication included a Balinese Hindu ceremony and the opportunity for mourners to lay flowers and other offerings. The Australian ambassador and Indonesian officials attended the ceremony.

The Balinese mark their commitment in a nine-day-long event. After major cleansing ceremonies, establishing a memorial for the lost lives, and paying respect to those who left loved ones behind, the people of Kuta look forward to restoring Bali's image through an event named "Kuta Karnival — A Celebration of Life". The community event consists of traditional art performances such as Balinese Sunset Dances, sports on the beach as well as in the water for young and old plus rows and rows of culinary displays along the one kilometre of sandy beach.

In line with the return of tourism to Kuta, Kuta Karnival has grown into a tourism promotional event with major coverage from television and newspapers from across the globe. Companies, embassies, Non-Government Organizations, associations and even individuals come forth to get involved in the various events such as a Balinese dance competition presented by a surf-wear company, an environment exhibition presented by an embassy, a fun cycle presented by a group of individuals, a seminar presented by an association and a parade on the streets presented by an NGO. Tourists and locals alike, more than ninety thousand people, participate in the numerous events year after year.

A repeated tragedy in Bali in 2005 did not reduce the Kuta community's determination to carry out this annual event. Kuta Karnival is conducted to commemorate and give respect to the victims of human violence and show the world the true spirit of local community survival despite terrorism attacks.

On 12 October 2010, Australian and Indonesian survivors of the 2002 bombings attended a solemn commemoration service to mark the eighth anniversary of the devastating attacks.

Melbourne

In Lincoln Square on the western side of Swanston Street in Carlton, Melbourne, is a memorial representing the 88 Australians who died in the bombings, and notably the 22 from Victoria.

There are 88 jets in the fountain; at night, there are lights representing all those who died. The fountain shuts off and becomes a reflecting pool on 12 October each year.

This was one of the very few fountains allowed to operate during the drought in 2007.

Christine Anu sang The Lighthouse by toxtwo at the opening ceremony.

Jason McCartney

One Melburnian survivor of the bombings was North Melbourne AFL player Jason McCartney. He suffered second-degree burns to over 50% of his body while helping carry others to safety and nearly died during surgery after being transported back to Melbourne.

After a long rehabilitation process, McCartney returned for a single AFL match: North Melbourne vs. Richmond at Docklands Stadium in Melbourne on 6 June 2003. He wore compression garments and protective gloves as well as the numbers "88" and "202" on his jersey, signifying the Australian and total numbers of victims, while many in the crowd held up signs saying "Bali 88/202". Other Australian victims were honored in a video shown on the stadium's video screens before the game, with the attendees including Melbourne players Steven Febey and Steven Armstrong, who were both injured in the blast, and representatives from five Australian rules football clubs who lost players in the attacks were presented to the crowd. McCartney helped his team to a narrow win before announcing his retirement at the end of the game, and his comeback has been cited as one of the AFL's most inspirational stories.

Perth

A memorial which lists the victims of the bombings from Western Australia was opened on the first anniversary, and is situated on the ridge of Mount Eliza in Kings Park, overlooking the city. The memorial is specifically designed to frame the sun's rays at dawn on 12 October each year and faces in the exact direction of Bali.

Gold Coast
An Indonesian-style stone memorial is situated in Allambe Memorial Park at Nerang. A bronze plaque lists the names of the 88 Australians who died in the bombings. An annual twilight service is held at the site of the memorial on each anniversary of the Bali bombings.

Sydney

On the northern side of Coogee Beach a memorial to the Bali bombing victims comprises three interlocking bronze shapes that have an abstract resemblance to three bowed figures supporting each other. There are also some graffiti memorials in memory of the dead.

A memorial to seven residents of Sutherland Shire who were victims is at Cronulla. Called The Seed, the work is based on the seed and foliage of the Banksia robur, a native plant indigenous to the Shire. This sculpture of pink sandstone is the centrepiece of the memorial. It is set in a black granite pond located in 'Peryman Place' not far from North Cronulla Beach, frequented by many of the seven victims and their families. Two plaques are set into the granite surrounding the pond. The plaques carry the victims' photos, names, and ages; and also details of the event, the design's symbolism, its dedication, and a poem written by the families of the victims. The work is by sculptor Chris Bennetts and Ishi Buki Sandstone Sculpture.

South of Sydney, in the town of Ulladulla, a large youth centre is being built as a memorial to Craig Dunn and Danny Lewis, two local victims of the bombings. Money is being raised through the Dunn & Lewis Youth Development Foundation.

Canberra
A granite cube serves as a memorial in the Eastern Formal Gardens of Parliament House.

London

On the fourth anniversary of the bombings the Prince of Wales and Duchess of Cornwall (now Charles III and Queen Camilla) unveiled a memorial in London, at the rear of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Main Building, facing St. James's Park. The memorial consists of a 1.5-metre marble globe, to represent that people from 21 countries were killed, and has 202 doves carved into it. The names of all 202 victims are on a curved stone wall behind the globe. It is the work of the artist Gary Breeze and the sculptor Martin Cook.

There is a small stone memorial to the 28 British nationals who died, in the small country park of Ratby Burroughs in Leicestershire.

Hong Kong
In 2005, two marble wall placards were unveiled at Hong Kong Football Club in memory of the members of the club who were killed in the bombings.

Singapore
Every year since 2002, the Rugby Section of the Singapore Cricket Club (the "SCC") has held a dawn memorial service on the Padang (the SCC's rugby field in central Singapore) on the anniversary of the bombings, to honour the memory of the eight players which the SCC lost (Neil Bowler, Chris Redman, Dave Kent, Peter Record, Tim Arnold, Chris Bradford, Chris Kays and Charlie Vanrenen). The service is attended by survivors of the 2002 rugby tour to Bali, friends and family of those who lost their lives, as well as current and past players of the club.

The SCC also maintains a permanent memorial to the players it lost inside the club's main lounge.

Vietnam
A remembrance garden was constructed at the International School Ho Chi Minh City commemorating teachers from that school who were killed in the bombings.

In media

In 2006, Long Road to Heaven, an Indonesian feature film about the bombings, was released by Kalyana Shira Films. The film was directed by Enison Sinaro and written by Wong Wai Leng and Andy Logam-Tan. It stars Raelee Hill, Mirrah Foulkes, Alex Komang, Surya Saputra, John O' Hare, Sarah Treleaven, and Joshua Pandelaki. It tells the story during three different times: the planning a few months before the bombing, its execution in 2002, and the trials in 2003 through the viewpoints of both the victims and the bombers. The story is not chronologically linear, starting with the explosion and then moving from time to time so as all three plots are culminated one after the other. At the beginning of each scene, subtitles tell the date and location of the scene.

A comic book about the first Bali bombing was launched to promote peace and discourage radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia. The book, Ketika Nurani Bicara (When Conscience Speaks), tells about the bombing from the perspective of three people: a volunteer who helped evacuate a bombing victim who lost her husband in the blast; a  victim who struggled to raise her children without her husband; and a terrorist who regrets his involvement in the bombing.

A Seconds from Disaster episode, "Bali Bombings", was a documentary telling the story of what happened, and looking at what happened after the incident.

A Zero Hour documentary depicts the disaster.

In 2022 (20 years after the incident), the Australian-Indonesian historical drama Bali 2002, aired on Stan and Nine Network.

See also

 2005 Bali bombings
 Christmas Eve 2000 Indonesia bombings
 2004 Jakarta embassy bombing
 Anti-Australian sentiment
 Bali Mandara Eye Hospital
 List of terrorist incidents
 List of terrorist incidents in Indonesia
 Terrorism in Indonesia
 Traumascapes

References

External links
 Remember Bali: a memorial website
 Australian Broadcasting Corp. Online, current affairs program Four Corners: "The Bali Confessions" (10 February 2003)
 Bali's message of dialogue- includes the Bali Declaration on Building Interfaith Harmony July 2005
 Moruning in Bali: Bali is Wounded

2002 in Australia
2002 in Indonesia
2002 in international relations
Terrorist incidents in Indonesia in 2002
21st century in Bali
Attacks in Asia in 2002
Post-Suharto era
Bali, 2002
Islamic terrorist incidents in 2002
Improvised explosive device bombings in Indonesia
Bali, 2002
Bali, 2002
Bali 2002
Bali, 2002
Australia–Indonesia relations
Australian terrorism victims
Mass murder in 2002
Car and truck bombings in Indonesia
Australian people murdered abroad
Anti-Australian sentiment
Suicide bombings in 2002
Attacks on nightclubs
October 2002 crimes
October 2002 events in Asia
Attacks on tourists
Anti-Western sentiment
Building bombings in Indonesia
Anti-Americanism
Persecution by Muslims
Suicide car and truck bombings in Asia

2002 Bali bombings


Temnora kaguru is a moth of the  family Sphingidae. It is known from Tanzania.

The wingspan is 37–45 mm. It is very similar to Temnora burdoni, but the ground colour of the upperside of the body and wings are a little darker brown red. The forewing outer margin is slightly more incised below the apex than in Temnora uluguru. The hindwing upperside is more reddish than the forewing upperside, with a broad brown marginal band.

References

Temnora
Moths described in 2004

Temnora kaguru


The Contractor is a 2022 American action thriller film directed by Tarik Saleh in his English-language film debut. The film stars Chris Pine, Ben Foster, Gillian Jacobs, Eddie Marsan, J. D. Pardo, Florian Munteanu, and Kiefer Sutherland. Filming began in Europe in October 2019. It also filmed in Fort Bragg and wrapped at the end of 2019.

The Contractor was released in theaters and on-demand in the United States on April 1, 2022, by Paramount Pictures and STXfilms. The film received mixed reviews from critics, grossing $2.1 million at the box office.

Plot
Sergeant First Class James Harper, a decorated Green Beret, is involuntarily discharged from the army due to his use of illegal steroids to treat a debilitating knee injury. Facing financial ruin, he contacts his friend Mike who works with a private military company under the command of fellow veteran Rusty Jennings.

Harper is receiving lucrative offers from similar firms, but feels a sense of duty to his country. Mike tells him that Rusty runs clandestine operations for the Department of Defense. Harper agrees to meet Rusty after seeing Mike's opulent house. Harper signs on with Rusty and the team for an operation in Germany. As a sign of good faith, Rusty gives Harper's family $50,000 to help clear their debts.

Harper spends most of his tour surveilling a Middle Eastern scientist named Salim. After analyzing the data, Rusty informs the team that Salim is working for Al-Qaeda and developing a bio-agent. He tells the team they have been given permission to raid Salim's laboratory and retrieve all of his research data and then dispose of Salim. The team easily accesses the lab and acquires the data. Mike orders Harper to finish Salim, who protests that he is just a scientist working on a cure. Harper follows orders and then departs after setting the lab on fire, carrying Salim's laptop containing the research data. The team are confronted by the police and after a prolonged shoot-out, during which the remaining team members are killed, Harper rescues a wounded Mike and they hide in a nearby storm drain.

Mike, believing he is about to die, begs Harper to look after his family and get the data to Rusty. Harper provides a blood transfusion and saves Mike's life. After recuperating, Mike is ready to return to Rusty and the main team, but Harper's knee has given out on him, and he needs to rest up. Mike proceeds alone with Salim's laptop but informs Harper he will be picked up from a specific location after he is sufficiently rested.

Harper makes it to the hotel and finds fresh clothes and a note from Mike saying that he went to hand off the laptop. He tries to treat his injured knee and waits for Mike to return. When Mike doesn't come back Harper leaves the hotel, gets a burner phone, and makes contact with Rusty, who informs him there is a car waiting to exfiltrate him to safety, but Harper senses something is amiss when Rusty tells him that Mike never made it to Berlin. As he delays going to the car, a hit team emerges and they shoot at Harper. Harper evades capture and manages to kill the hit team, who are revealed to be former Recon Marines working for Rusty. Before dying, one of the Marines gives Harper intel on a safe house but advises him that he can never return home.

Harper visits Salim's home, threatening Sylvie, Salim's wife, into providing him with Salim's computer files. Sylvie gives Harper her husband's iPad, and he leaves for the safe house. After Harper meets Virgil, he is tranquilized and awakens in the safe house. Virgil explains that Harper's knee was infected, and that while it has been treated, Harper still cannot return to his family. Harper plays a video on the iPad in which Salim explains that he was indeed working on a successful H5N1 vaccine formula that he intends to provide for free, rather than sell to a pharmaceutical company. While Virgil shares dinner with Harper, another of Rusty's fire teams attacks. Virgil is killed, but Harper escapes, setting off a booby trap for Rusty's team.

Harper returns to the United States. He tracks down Mike, who explains that Rusty also lied to him and told him Harper had died. Rusty has provided for Harper's family, and Mike advises Harper to disappear; Harper protests.  Winning his old friend over, they set-up a plan to get revenge on Rusty.

Mike gets Harper into Rusty's compound, where they surprise Rusty's guards. While Mike distracts everyone with a frontal attack, Harper infiltrates Rusty's house. Harper manages to terminate Rusty but not before Rusty has mortally wounded Mike. Harper is finally able to return to his family.

Cast

Production
The project was announced in May 2019 as Violence of Action, with Chris Pine set to star.

In October, Ben Foster and Gillian Jacobs joined the cast. Filming started in October 2019 in the United States, and continued in Germany and Romania later in the year. The film is produced by Basil Iwanyk and Erica Lee from Thunder Road Films with Esther Hornstein co-producing. Executive producers includes 30WEST's Dan Friedkin, Micah Green and Dan Steinman, along with Pine, Jonathan Fuhrman, Tom Lassally and Josh Bratman. In November 2019, filming in Romania started for around eight weeks. By December 2019, Eddie Marsan, Nina Hoss, Amira Casar, Fares Fares and J. D. Pardo had joined the film. Filming wrapped by the end of 2019.

In November 2021, it was reported that the film had been retitled The Contractor.

Alex Belcher composed the film score. Sony Classical released the soundtrack.

Release

In February 2021, STXfilms acquired distribution rights to the film. The movie was originally scheduled for release on December 10, 2021, but the release was delayed to March 18, 2022, and then to April 1, 2022. In February 2022, it was announced Paramount Pictures and Showtime acquired distribution rights to the film. Paramount will release the film in a simultaneous limited theatrical and premium video-on demand release, with the film coming to Paramount+ and Showtime later in the year. The rights for the film were put in bankruptcy on March 22, 2022, with Migration, LLC now owning all worldwide rights to the film excluding United States. The film debuted on Prime Video in select countries on the same day as the U.S. premiere.

Reception

Box office
In the United States and Canada, The Contractor was released alongside Morbius, and was projected to gross less than $1 million from 489 theaters in its opening weekend. It made $560,678 in its first three days, finishing twelfth at the box office. It added $140,193 in its second weekend.

Critical response
The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 44% based on 88 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "The Contractor is caught between message movie and standard-issue action thriller, satisfying neither aim despite strong work from a talented cast." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 52 out of 100 based on 19 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

References

External links

2022 films
2022 action thriller films
2020s English-language films
American action thriller films
Films about United States Army Special Forces
Films directed by Tarik Saleh
Films produced by Basil Iwanyk
Films set in Berlin
Films shot in Atlanta
Films shot in Berlin
Films shot in Romania
Paramount Pictures films
STX Entertainment films
Thunder Road Films films
2020s American films

The Contractor (2022 film)


Dark Nature is a 2009 British thriller film written by Eddie Harrison, directed by Marc de Launay, and starring Niall Greig Fulton, Vanya Eadie and Imogen Toner. Shot on a small budget, it was filmed in the Scottish Highlands from September to October 2008 before receiving a limited cinematic showing in 2009. The film went on to be released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United Kingdom and the United States in May 2010.

Plot
Jane and her family travel to Scotland to spend time with Jane's mother. Unbeknownst to Jane and her family, their relatives have been murdered by a sinister force, and that dark and unnatural something remains, waiting for them. Despite her best efforts, the already established tensions with her daughter Chloe only manage to escalate, while her son and her lover have troubles of their own.

Cast

Reception
Dark Nature received negative reviews from critics. Joseph Howell, reviewing the film for the Scottish newspaper Daily Record said the cast "look as though they've come straight from the Milngavie amateur dramatics society," but that the film was so bad it had its own charm. He commented "The movie's writer is the film critic Eddie Harrison and I could be cruel and say stick to the day job. But I have complete admiration for him and director Marc de Launay for getting it off the ground and creating a film that has 'cult following' written all over it." Film website Talk of Horrors said "it's never that scary or intriguing", and that "all of the characters are extremely annoying," giving it a 2.5 out of 10 score. Website Mad Mad Movies said the film has "pretty atrocious CG gore."

Contrastingly, Detroit Burns of film review website Sound on Sight applauded the film, stating "Its strong point is patience and a commitment to build up.  The use of the rich Scottish landscape and maniacal score create a stark and tense atmosphere, an atmosphere that the film creates very well."  He did, however, criticize the film's pace and general stillness, stating that Dark Natures "weakness is in the film's hesitance to go one-step further" and that its "death scenes are rather anticlimactic and serve no purpose other than the elimination of a character from the rest of the script".  Light entertainment blog Pop Matters called the film "pristine" and "practically popping off the screen in its shot of digital dynamic", but attacked director Marc de Launay for "trying to redefine the category, taking much of the mystery out of your standard slice and dice".  Horror fansite Horrortalk applauded the film as a "quiet and deliberately paced look at the balance between man and nature" and considered the film to echo "the more existential cinema of the 1970s" and that it focuses on "internal struggle while adding horror elements". Horrortalk did, however, admit that the results of such elements were mixed.

Gordon Sullivan of DVD Verdict moderately approved the film. Further to applauding its cinematography, Sullivan congratulated Marc de Launay as building a "dread-soaked atmosphere". He stated "The family relationship is the best part of the film by far", claiming "they display some very good chemistry". While considering the film to be itself confused as to "whether it wants to be a slice-and-dice thriller or an eco-horror film", Sullivan nonetheless considered that de Launay "shows himself to be a skilled young filmmaker with a good sense of humor and a knack for atmosphere". He went on to say "There aren't a lot of jokes in the film, but I caught myself laughing at a few of the darker situations. The director balances the humor nicely with the dread, which comes through strongly in the foggy shores of the Scottish landscape".

References

External links

2009 films
British horror thriller films
British slasher films
Films shot in Highland (council area)
2009 horror films
British independent films
2000s horror thriller films
Films shot in Dumfries and Galloway
2009 independent films
2000s slasher films
2000s English-language films
2000s British films

Dark Nature (2009 film)


Samuel Kobina Casely Osei-Baidoo is a Ghanaian politician and member of the first parliament of the second republic of Ghana. He represented the Komenda-Edina-Eguafo-Abrem constituency under the membership of the progress party (PP).

Early life and education
Samuel was born on 16 January 1916 at pameng, Akim-Abuakwa. He attended Scottish Mission School, Government Junior Trade School at Mampong-Ashanti, Adisadel College in the year 1934 to 1938 and University of Ghana . and Later worked as a Farmer and Personnel Officer before going into Parliament.

Formerly, The Standard Bank of West Africa in the year 1939 to 1951; He was the Organizer of the Trade Union Education.

Politics
He began his political career in 1969 when he became the parliamentary candidate for the Progress Party (PP) to represent his constituency in the Central Region of Ghana prior to the commencement of the 1969 Ghanaian parliamentary election.

He was sworn into the First Parliament of the Second Republic of Ghana on 1 October 1969, after being pronounced winner at the 1969 Ghanaian election held on 26 August 1969. and his tenure ended on 13 January 1972.

He was the Ministerial Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture.

Personal life
He is a Christian.

References

Ghanaian MPs 1969–1972
Progress Party (Ghana) politicians
1916 births
Possibly living people
Politicians from Central Region (Ghana)
Alumni of Adisadel College
Ghanaian farmers

Samuel Kobina Casely Osei-Baidoo


The California Air National Guard (CA ANG) is one of three components of the California National Guard, a reserve of the United States Air Force, and part of the National Guard of the United States.

As militia units, the units in the California Air National Guard are not in the normal United States Air Force chain of command. They are under the jurisdiction of the Governor of California through the office of the California Adjutant General unless they are federalized when ordered by the President of the United States. The California National Guard has multiple bases located across the state and the commander is Matthew Beevers.

Overview
Under the "Total Force" concept, California Air National Guard units are considered to be Air Reserve Components (ARC) of the United States Air Force (USAF). California ANG units are trained and equipped by the U.S. Air Force and are operationally gained by a Major Command of the USAF if federalized. In addition, the California Air National Guard are assigned to Air Expeditionary Forces and are subject to deployment along with their active duty and Air Force Reserve counterparts.

Along with their federal reserve obligations, the California ANG is subject to activation by order of the Governor to provide protection of life and property, and preserve peace, order and public safety. State missions include disaster relief in times of earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and forest fires, search and rescue, protection of vital public services, and support to civil defense.

Components
The California Air National Guard consists of the following major units:
 129th Rescue Wing
 Established 3 April 1955; operates: HC-130J Combat King II; HH-60G Pave Hawk
 Stationed at: Moffett Air National Guard Base, Mountain View
 Gained by: Air Combat Command
 The members of the 129th have performed rescues under a variety of conditions - from rough Pacific seas to the rugged Sierra Nevada, using its combination of HC-130 tankers and HH-60 helicopters. Many high-risk lifesaving missions involved long-range, over-water flights, air refueling of helicopters by the HC-130 aircraft, and skilled maneuvering by ships and helicopters to recover patients from the decks of these vessels.

 144th Fighter Wing
 Established 2 June 1948; operates: F-15 Eagle
 Stationed at: Fresno Air National Guard Base, Fresno with additional Alert Detachment at March Air Reserve Base, Riverside
 Gained by: Air Combat Command
 Provides air defense protection for California from the Mexican border to Oregon utilizing the F-15 Eagle.

 146th Airlift Wing
 Established 16 June 1924 (as: 115th Observation Squadron); operates: C-130J Hercules (MAFFS)
 Stationed at: Channel Islands Air National Guard Station, Oxnard
 Gained by: Air Mobility Command
 The oldest unit of the CA ANG, the 146th AW provides global military airlift capability to a full spectrum of state and federal agencies.

 163rd Attack Wing
 Established 9 November 1946 (as: 196th Fighter Squadron); operates: MQ-9 Reaper
 Stationed at: March Joint Air Reserve Base, Riverside
 Gained by: Air Combat Command/Air Education and Training Command
 Has 902 members of which roughly 220 are full-time. Currently in transition from a KC-135 Stratotanker air refueling mission to an MQ-1 Predator ISR wing, executing global unmanned aerial systems, combat support, and humanitarian missions.

 195th Wing
 Established 13 May 1948; non-flying unit
 Stationed at: Beale Air Force Base, Marysville
 Gained by: Air Force Space Command
 Responsible for non-flying missions including electronic intelligence, communications, network warfare, space control, and administrative programs.

History

The California Air National Guard origins date to 28 August 1917 with the establishment of the 115th Aero Squadron as part of the World War I United States Army Air Service. The 115th served in France on the Western Front, constructed facilities and engaged in supply and related base support activities then after the 1918 Armistice with Germany was demobilized in 1919.

The Militia Act of 1903 established the present National Guard system, units raised by the states but paid for by the Federal Government, liable for immediate state service. If federalized by Presidential order, they fall under the regular military chain of command. On 1 June 1920, the Militia Bureau issued Circular No.1 on organization of National Guard air units.

The 115th Observation Squadron was established by the Militia Bureau on 5 April 1924, which authorized the immediate organization of the 115th Observation Squadron, 40th Division of Aviation, California National Guard. Initially the Unit held its meetings at Clover Field, Santa Monica, using Reserve Equipment planes for flying. Later on, the Squadron met at the National Guard Armory and also at the University of Southern California. In 1925, several months after its organization, the Squadron moved to permanent quarters at Griffith Park Aerodrome in Los Angeles. The 115th Observation Squadron was ordered into active United States Army Air Corps service on 3 March 1941 as part of the buildup of the Army Air Corps prior to the United States entry into World War II.

On 24 May 1946, the United States Army Air Forces, in response to dramatic postwar military budget cuts, imposed by President Harry S. Truman, allocated inactive unit designations to the National Guard Bureau for the formation of an Air Force National Guard. These unit designations were allotted and transferred to various State National Guard bureaus to provide them unit designations to re-establish them as Air National Guard units.

The modern California ANG received federal recognition on 1 July 1946 as the 62d Fighter Wing at Van Nuys Airport, Van Nuys. Its 115th Bombardment Squadron was equipped with A-26 Invader light bombers. On 16 September 1946, its 146th Fighter Group was also formed at Van Nuys, with several fighter squadrons equipped with F-51 Mustangs and its mission was the air defense of the state.  18 September 1947, however, is considered the California Air National Guard's official birth concurrent with the establishment of the United States Air Force as a separate branch of the United States military under the National Security Act

On 4 April 1948 the 61st Fighter Wing with its 144th Fighter Group was formed at Hayward Municipal Airport, Hayward. The 61st's mission was the air defense of Northern California, the 62d, Southern California.

Today, units of the CA ANG perform a homeland defense mission; worldwide airlift missions, aerial firefighting, combat search and rescue, and Unmanned Aerial (UAV) Reconnaissance missions. The 162d CCG also maintains tactical communications-electronic facilities, and provides tactical command and control communications services for operational commands supporting US military wartime contingencies.

After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, elements of every Air National Guard unit in California has been activated in support of the Global War on Terrorism. Flight crews, aircraft maintenance personnel, communications technicians, air controllers and air security personnel were engaged in Operation Noble Eagle air defense overflights of major United States cities. In December 2007, after the grounding of F-15 fighters due to potential structural problems, the California Air National Guard assumed responsibility for defense of the western United States. This was the first time that a single state's fighter wing took responsibility of defense for an entire coast.

Also, California ANG units have been deployed overseas as part of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq as well as other locations as directed.

See also

California Army National Guard
California State Guard
California Wing Civil Air Patrol

References

Further reading

External links

United States Air National Guard
Military in California

California Air National Guard


EGM Green LLC. is an American private corporation, specializing in Design and Manufacture of eco-friendly casino gaming products.

Foundation
The company was founded in Toms River, New Jersey in March 2007. The Company was an offshoot of Executive Gaming Monthly, a seller of home casino products. EGM Green was founded by Eric Hansel, Green columnist for Casino Journal, out of a desire to bring sustainable, environmental, design elements to casinos.

About
EGM Green is the first company to develop and design casino tables, gaming seating and luxury lounge furniture that is completely green. It is a green consulting, design, and manufacturing firm intended to meet the needs of the hotel and casino market. EGM Green is a venture of Executive Gaming Monthly to bring 100% Eco-friendly gaming products to casino and luxury markets, and will allow operators using them to earn points toward LEED certification.  These products include poker tables, blackjack tables, roulette tables, mini-baccarat, baccarat and more that are all made out of Eco-friendly materials. Additionally, a variety of seating products are offered.

EGM Green also makes luxury lounge furniture for any eco-friendly environment. All materials they use are Forest Stewardship Council-certified, recycled or reclaimed. EGM Green has customized casinos, hotels, spas and other resort area with environmentally friendly furniture. The furniture can be designed and manufactured according to a property's specifications. EGM can also assist in developing an individual plan for each environment, detailing a custom plan and providing a budget for the customer's needs. EGM Green works with Josh Dorfman, Sirius Radio's "Lazy Environmentalist", to help casinos live up to their corporate social responsibility initiatives.

References

External links
EGM, the sister company
EGM Green

Gambling companies of the United States
Environmental design
Companies based in Ocean County, New Jersey
American companies established in 2007
Privately held companies based in New Jersey
2007 establishments in New Jersey

EGM Green


The Graue Mill is a water-powered grist mill that was originally erected in 1852.  Now a museum, it is one of two operating water-powered gristmills in Illinois (the other is the Franklin Creek Grist Mill).  It is located on Salt Creek in Oak Brook, Illinois, owned and operated by the Forest Preserve District of DuPage County.

History
Friedrich Graue, born in Germany, emigrated to the United States in the late 1840s.  Changing his name to 'Frederick', he brought with him knowledge of the craft of waterwheel gristmilling.  Settling in what was the farming village and early transportation hub of Fullersburg, Illinois, formerly named Brush Hill, he and William Asche (whose brother-in-law, Henry Fischer, built a wind-powered grist mill in what is now Mount Emblem Cemetery) filed claim in 1849 to a tract of damp, clay-rich bottomland along the banks of Salt Creek that was home to a sawmill that burned down the year before.  Together they built a new sawmill.  They together operated this mill for three years, until Graue decided to engage in the milling business on his own.

Digging ditches in the poorly drained soil, he and his family recovered clay that could be used to make bricks.  The Graues built a kiln on their farmstead, fired the bricks, and slowly raised the new structure and waterwheel into place from the on-site building materials.  The mill went into operation in the summer of 1852.

The ditching and draining of the Graue Mill farmstead was typical of German-American settlement patterns in the Midwest in the 1840s and 1850s, as the thrifty German emigrants found assets in tracts of land that had been left behind by earlier, English-speaking frontiersmen and women.

Graue could not build his entire mill from onsite materials.  He bought four buhrstones that turned on water-driven axles to grind locally grown corn and wheat.  Quarried in France, the buhrstones, a type of millstone, were carefully dressed by specially trained craftsmen so as to form two level, gritty surfaces that would pulverize the grain between them.

Graue and his family were Pietist Germans who opposed American slavery.  The mill is one of three authenticated Illinois stops on the Underground Railroad, the subversive movement that helped fugitive slaves escape from the American South to Canada.

Today

The Graue Mill operated in eastern DuPage County under three generations of the Graue family for approximately 60 years.  In the 1910s, advances in milling technology, particularly the invention of steel rolling mills, drove the old mill out of business.  The derelict mill was restored by the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1934–1943, and was opened to the public as a working historic site in 1951.

As DuPage County became urbanized in the second half of the 20th century, the mill's surroundings lost their agricultural context.  The mill building itself, however, was honored as a survivor from Illinois post-frontier years.  The Graue Mill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, and was recognized as a Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark in 1981.  The mill has been periodically re-restored since 1943 to keep it in operating condition, including work completed in 2002.

The Graue Mill is located at 3800 S. York Road, on the banks of Salt Creek in Oak Brook, Illinois, and is surrounded by Fullersburg woods.  It is currently open to the public and as of 2017 grinds grain which can be purchased at the site.  Check the Graue Mill and Museum website for dates and times of operation.

References

External links

 Graue Mill and Museum, Forest Preserve District of DuPage County
 Fullersburg Woods Nature Education Center
 Fullersburg Historic District, Fullersburg Historic Foundation
 Hinsdale Chamber of Commerce
 Oak Brook Historic Timeline
 "Chapter 11: Hinsdale" by Shirley Stitt in DuPage Roots by editors, Stephen A. Thompson and Contributors
 "Chapter 16: Oak Brook" by Etta Susan Chapek in DuPage Roots by editors, Stephen A. Thompson and Contributors

1852 establishments in Illinois
Civilian Conservation Corps in Illinois
Grinding mills in Illinois
Hinsdale, Illinois
Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmarks
Industry museums in Illinois
Mill museums in the United States
Museums in DuPage County, Illinois
National Register of Historic Places in DuPage County, Illinois
Oak Brook, Illinois
Underground Railroad locations
Underground Railroad in Illinois
Grinding mills on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois

Graue Mill


B.O.B. (known in Japan as Space Funky B.O.B.) is a run and gun video game for the Sega Genesis and Super Nintendo Entertainment System. It was published by Electronic Arts in 1993. A sequel, B.O.B. II, was in development but never released.

Gameplay

The player can choose from a wide variety of weapons and gadgets called "remotes", each with their own ammunition or stock. Use of remotes, such as a trampoline or helicopter, is necessary to complete some stages. A punch is also available when ammunition for B.O.B.'s gun runs out, or if the player wishes to conserve it. There is a time limit on every stage and once it runs out the player loses a life.

B.O.B. uses the same game engine as the Wayne's World video game, also developed by Gray Matter.  Elements of the shooting, jumping, and boss battles are very similar between the two games.

Plot
When B.O.B. crashes his dad's space car on the way to pick up his date, he finds himself stranded on a hostile asteroid filled with enemies. By collecting Thiagotches and using fast reflexes, B.O.B. tries to find his way off the asteroid and to his date. B.O.B. fights his way through three strange worlds in total, encountering several particularly enormous or swift enemies (bosses) along the way, and participating in several cart-race levels. There were several different types of setting for each level, including domed space colony cities, large alien hive-type areas, strange biomechanical facilities, ancient (and apparently haunted) temples and cavernous magma chambers. Some of these settings only appeared on certain worlds.

At the end of each world, B.O.B manages to discover a new space-car to allow him to continue on his journey. The first two both fail him under comical circumstances, resulting in him becoming trapped on an entirely new alien world. With the final car, B.O.B. is at last able to meet up with his date, who is revealed to be a large, blue female robot with a huge mouth, who harshly berates B.O.B. for his tardiness. As she is yelling at him, a slender red female robot flies past them on a space surfboard. B.O.B., frustrated with his obnoxious date, declares "That's the girl for me!" and drives off in pursuit of the red female. The game ends with a shot of B.O.B. and his new date sitting on a small asteroid together, staring out at the beauty of the cosmos in silence. Behind them, B.O.B.'s car (in the backseat of which his date had stashed her surfboard) stalls and drifts off into space, presumably leaving them stranded together but neither of the lovers seem to notice.

Development
B.O.B. was developed by Gray Matter and Foley Hi-Tech Systems, and published by Electronic Arts for both the Super NES and Genesis. The cover art for the EA packaging was illustrated by Marc Ericksen.

In August 2006, GameSpot reported that Electronic Arts would be also porting B.O.B. to the PlayStation Portable as part of EA Replay. It was released in North America on November 7, 2006.

On September 12, 2008, the source code of the SNES version was found on a hard drive bought on eBay.

Reception

Super Gamer gave B.O.B. an overall review score of 60%

References

External links

1993 video games
Commercial video games with freely available source code
Electronic Arts games
Gray Matter (company) games
Platformers
PlayStation Portable games
Run and gun games
Sega Genesis games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Video games developed in Canada
Video games scored by Alex Rudis
Video games set in the 22nd century

B.O.B. (video game)


2nd Chance is the second novel in the Women's Murder Club series written by James Patterson with Andrew Gross. It is the sequel to 1st to Die.

Plot summary
Homicide Lieutenant Lindsay Boxer is still recovering from the recent loss of her partner and is just returning to the force when she is called in to investigate a series of murders that include an 11-year-old girl and an elderly woman. Through her investigations she discovers a connection to a jail-hate gang called Chimera. After another police officer is killed by a sniper and then her boss is murdered, the trail leads to the ex-cop Frank Coombs.
To further complicate all of the Women's Murder Club ladies, Jill is pregnant and Claire becomes a target for the Chimera killer.
Cindy starts dating the murdered girl's pastor, Aaron Winslow, and Lindsay's father shows up, pretending he misses his daughter, but actually following Chimera, too, as he was present the day the killer slaughtered a 14-year-old boy.
Finally, after chasing the trail of Frank Coombs, Lindsay trails the real killer, Rusty Coombs - Frank's son - to a tower on a college campus where he has opened fire and killed several students. Rusty is getting revenge for what has happened to his father and no longer cares if he lives or dies. Lindsay kills Rusty at the college tower.
As an epilogue, Lindsay receives a postcard from her father in Mexico saying sorry for lying to her about his crooked past and telling her he has bought a boat and named it Buttercup, his pet name for her.

Reception
Publishers Weekly said 2nd Chance was Patterson's most interesting book since When the Wind Blows.

References

2003 American novels
Women's Murder Club (novel series)
Little, Brown and Company books
Collaborative novels

2nd Chance (Patterson novel)


Sir William Powell, 1st Baronet (c. 1624 – 2 December 1680) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons  in 1660.

Powell was born as William Hinson, the son of Thomas Hinson of Dubllin and his wife Anne Powell, daughter of Edward Powell of Fulham. His uncle, Sir Edward Powell, 1st Baronet of Pengethly, left him his estates on condition that he changed his name to Powell.

He sat on the bench as a Justice of the Peace for Middlesex from 1650 to 1654 and Herefordshie from 1677 to his death and appointed High Sheriff of Herefordshire for 1657–58.

In 1660, Powell was elected Member of Parliament for Herefordshire in the Convention Parliament. He was created baronet on 25 January 1661 under the recreated baronetcy of Pengethly.

Powell married firstly, Mary, Lady Brydges, widow of Sir John Brydges, 2nd Baronet of Wilton Castle, and daughter of John Pearle of Aconbury, in Herefordshire. He married secondly Katherine Zouch, daughter of Dr Richard Zouch, judge of the Admiralty. He had no male heir and the baronetcy became extinct on his death. His daughter Mary married Sir John Williams, 2nd Baronet, of Eltham.

References

1624 births
1680 deaths
Politicians from Herefordshire
English MPs 1660
Year of birth uncertain
High Sheriffs of Herefordshire
Baronets in the Baronetage of England

Sir William Powell, 1st Baronet


Twix is a type of chocolate bar made by Mars, Inc. It is a biscuit covered with caramel and milk chocolate. Twix was called Raider in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Norway for many years before its name was changed in 1991 (2000 in Finland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Turkey).

Different Products

 Peanut Butter Twix
 Twix Tea Breaks
 Twix Miniatures
Cookies-n-Creme Twix (1990) Cookies and cream are inside, instead of caramel.
Chocolate Fudge Twix (1990)
Triple chocolate (First released in 1991 in the UK as limited edition. US, Australia, limited edition).
Choc 'N' Orange Twix (1992 and 1999 limited edition, UK).
King Size Twix (1994 – present, UK).
Ice Cream Twix (Bars) (1995 – present, UK & US).
Chocolate Ice Cream Twix (Bars) (1999 limited edition, UK)
Twix 100 Calorie Bars (2000s, US).
New Twix (2000 – present, UK, Europe)
Twix Mint (2001 limited edition, UK).
Ice Cream Twix (Pot) (2001 – ?, Europe).
Orange Twix (2003 limited edition, Poland).
White Chocolate Twix (2004 limited edition, UK).
 Dark Chocolate Twix (2004 limited edition, US), with dark chocolate instead of milk chocolate.
 White Chocolate Twix (2005 and 2008 limited edition, Europe).
 White Chocolate Twix (2005 limited edition, US).
Coffee Twix (2000s, Asia), includes coffee flavoured caramel.
bisc& Twix (2005 – 2006, UK). This was the relaunch of Twix Top. Other flavours included M&Ms, Bounty as well as others. This product is no longer available in the UK, but was / is still available in Europe.
bisc& Twix Top Choco (2006 – Present, Europe). Contains chocolate biscuit and chocolate caramel. Also available in standard biscuit and caramel.
Twix Pods (2006 – present, Australia)
 Twix Topix (2007, Europe). It has 3 flavors: Milk Cream, Macchiato and Creamy Caramel.
 Mint Slice Twix (2006 – 2007 limited edition, Australia)
 Twix PB (2007 – present, US)
Twix Super Thick Shake (2007 – present, UK, Ireland)
Twix Java (2008 US). It has coffee-flavored caramel.
 Dark Chocolate Twix (2008 limited edition, UK, 2009 limited edition, Europe).
Twix Cappuccino (2007 limited edition, Poland).
Twix Minis. Tiny Twix bars.
Treacle Twix.

Candy

Twix


The Régence (, Regency)  refers to a time between 1715 and 1723, when King Louis XV was a minor and France was governed by Philippe d'Orléans, a nephew of Louis XIV o France, as Regent of the Kingdom. In French the period is also called le Régence de Philippe'Orléans.

Contemporary European rulers included Philip V of Spain, John V of Portugal, George I of Great Britain, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor (faither o Empress Maria Theresa) and Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia, the maternal grandfather of King Louis XV.

Chronology

1714
29 July 1714: the Duke o Maine an the Coont o Toulouse, Louis XIV's illegitimate sons (bi Madame de Montespan), are made Princes o the Bluid.

1715
1 September 1715: Louis XIV dies, his will entrusts the government of France to a regency council, with  Philippe d'Orléans, Duke o Orléans aa honorary president and the Duke of Maine as the real power, until the young Louis o Fraunce, Duke o Anjou reaches his majority (1723)
2 September 1715: the Duke of Orléans allies himself with the Parlement de Paris, who cancelled Louis XIV's will. As a Prince of the Bluid, Philippe o Orléans haed been a member o the Parlement.
9 September: Body o Louis XIV taken to Saunt Denis; Louis XV sets off for Vincennes with the Regent, Madame de Ventadour, Villeroy, Toulouse and Maine; Philip V of Spain hears of his grandfaither's daith;
12 September: Philippe d'Orléans recognised Regent bi order of the Parlement;
15 September: Parlement claims the Droit de remontrance, the right to revoke a law made bi a Keeng who haed died, further supporting the Regent's claim tae power.
1 October 1715: Polysynody was held in Paris; it was composed of the highest nobility o the country.
30 December: Removal o Louis XV from the Château de Vincennes to the Tuileries Palace;
Louis XV put under the care o François de Neufville, Duke o Villeroy; Guillaume Delisle an the Cardinal de Fleury are put in charge of Louis' education.

1716
14 Mairch: Creation o the Chambre Ardente;  an extraordinary court of justice in France, mainly held for the trials o heretics;
2 Mey: Philippe d'Orléans allows John Law tae found the Banque générale;
27 Jin: Birth o Mademoiselle de Chartres at the Palais Royal; she wis the last child o the Regent;
9/10 October: Alliance with Great Britain;

1717
Triple Alliance (1717); a treaty between the Dutch Republic, France an Great Britain, against Spain, attempting tae maintain the agreement o the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht;
31 Mairch: The Regent's second surviving daughter Louise Adélaïde takes the veil an becomes a nun under the name o Sœur Sainte Bathilde.
21 Mey: Arrival o Peter I of Russia in Paris; he visits the Keeng, Versailles, the Regent, his daughter Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans; he stays in Paris; he does not see the Duchess of Orléans despite her pleas; Peter stays at the Grand Trianon;
6 June 1717: Purchase of the Regent Diamond; later part of the French Crown Jewels;
Julie: the Duke o Maine and the Count of Toulouse are stripped of their rank o Princes of the Blood by the Parlement
September: Foundation of the Compagnie d'Occident et du Mississippi;

1718
Mairch: Arrival o the Duke o Lorraine and his consort, Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans (sister o the Regent);
31 March: Infanta Mariana Victoria of Spain born in Madrid; later betrothed to Louis XV;
11 April: Daith o the Dowager Duchess of Vendôme;
7 Mey: Daith o Mary of Modena at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye; she wis Queen consort o the exiled James II of England;
2 August: Quadruple Alliance with Austrick, Fraunce, the Dutch Republic and Great Britain – aimed at revising (principally at Spain's expense) the treaties which ended the War of the Spanish Succession;
24 September: end of the Polysynody an the reestablishment of ministers;
4 December: Banque générale becomes the Banque Royale;
December Exposure of the Cellamare Conspiracy headed by the Duke of Maine and his wife Louise Bénédicte de Bourbon, which aimed at placing Philip V of Spain as regent o Fraunce with the help of the Spaingie Ambassador, the "Príncipe de Cellamare"; the Duke an Duchess are exiled from court and return in 1720 to the Sceaux;

1719
9 Januar: Declaration of War with Spain;
15 Aprile: Death of Madame de Maintenon at Saint-Cyr-l'École;
Mey foundation of the East India Company by John Law;
21 Julie: Death of Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans; favourite daughter of the Regent who participated in the hectic nightlife o his court, even during several pregnancies with different men.

1720
5 January: John Law made Controller General of Finances;
11 February: Marriage of Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans to Francesco d'Este, Hereditary Prince of Modena at the Tuileries Palace;
March : Great Plague of Marseille;
21 March: Death of Marie Anne de Bourbon, wife of the Duke o Bourbon;
26 March: Execution of the leaders of the Pontcallec Conspiracy against the Regency.

1721
Publication of the Persian Letters by Montesquieu; negotiations between the Regent and Peter I of Roushie begin regarding the proposed marriage o the Regents only legitimate son to a daughter of the Emperor, namely either the Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna o Russia or the future Elizabeth of Russia; plans fail an Louis d'Orléans marries in 1724;
6 January: Arrest of Louis Dominique Bourguignon;
27 March: Alliance of Spain and France;
May : Visit of Mehmet Effendi; Turkish Ambassador;
18 July: Death of Antoine Watteau;
17 September: Death of the Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, Grand Duchess of Tuscany; cousin of the Regent;
29 December : Birth of the future Madame de Pompadour;
Marie Anne de Bourbon is put in charge o the Infanta's education in France;

1722
The Dowager Duchess of Bourbon starts the construction of the Palais Bourbon in Paris tae a design by the Italian architect Lorenzo Giardini, approved by Jules Hardouin Mansart;
 20 Januar: Marriage of Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans to the future Louis I of Spain;
10 Mairch: Arrival of Infanta Mariana Victoria of Spain in Paris; daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese;
15 Juin: Louis XV and the court return to Versailles; the Regent takes the old apartments of his dead cousin, the late Louis, Dauphin of Fraunce (1661–1711);
22 August: Guillaume Dubois made the Prime Minister o the Regent;
25 October: Coronation of Louis XV at the Cathedral of Notre Dame, Reims;
8 December: Death of Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate (Madame), mother of the Regent;

1723
Louis XV orders plans for the future Salon d'Hercule to begin;
2 Februar: Secret marriage of the Count o Toulouse and Marie Victoire de Noailles (already widowed daughter in law of Madame de Montespan) in Paris; their marriage was only announced after the death of the Regent;
16 February: Majority of Louis XV;
23 February: Daith of Anne of Bavarie, Dowager Princess of Condé;
10 August: Death of Dubois; Role later took on by Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon, Prince of Condé;
2 December: death of the Regent at the Palace of Versailles;

References

French nobility
House of Bourbon
House of Orléans

Régence


Khottabych (, Hottabych) is a 2006 Russian fantasy comedy film by STV Film Company. It is based on the novel The Copper Jar of Old Khottabych by Sergey Oblomov, and uses the title character, genie Khottabych, created by Soviet writer Lazar Lagin for his children's book and movie Old Khottabych (1956). The film has the screen name K}{OTT@B\)CH, underscoring the film's Internet motif. It opened in theaters on 10 August 2006 at Karoprokat.

Plot
A youth named Gena is a hacker hooked on computers and the Internet. His girlfriend is fed up with him, because he pays so little attention to her and so much to his electronic exploits, such as defacing the www.microsoft.com web site.

Attempting to mend his relationship with his girlfriend, he buys an ancient jar from an Internet-auction and finds a genie residing in it. Per the fairy-tale tradition, he is offered three wishes. First, the genie, named Hottabych by Gena, prints a huge number of US$100 banknotes. Unfortunately Hottabych is not familiar with modern paper, and the banknotes are printed on Egyptian papyrus. This later sets off a chain of events leading back to Gena.

Unbeknownst to him, the local mafia is aware of Gena's skills and is intent on forcing him to gain entrance to bank computers. Furthermore, the Russian and American police forces are attempting to locate him because of his recent activity on the Internet. The Americans send a female hacker named Annie to trick Gena into revealing himself, which he does. After a rocky start to their relationship, romance ensues.

Things are further complicated by an evil genie named Shaitanych who is also hunting for the jar, in an attempt to collect all 13 genie-vessels and gain dominion over Earth, so no dreams may be ever fulfilled (he names this "The Greatest Worldwide Bummer"). After Hottabych grants Gena's final wish, he decides to become a mortal man and is subsequently killed by Shaitanych. Left with nothing but a strand of Hottabych's hair, Gena and Annie decode his DNA and upload the binary code into the Internet, where a final battle takes place between Hottabych and Shaitanych.

Cast
 Khottabych as Vladimir Tolokonnikov
 Gena as Marius Jampolskis
 Annie as Līva Krūmiņa
 Shaytanych as Mark Geykhman
 Lena as Julia Paranova

 Alisa Sezeneova as Mila Lipner
Venick as Grigory Skryapnik
 Oleg as Alexander Ovchinnikov
Alexander as Yuriy Dumchev

Employees of FSB Konstantin Spassky and Rostislav Krokhin

Features
 The film features modern youth culture, including IRC and the computer game Counter-Strike.

Music score, lyrics, songs
 "Pochuty", "Super-puper", "Beta-karotin", "Gajki s Jamajki" by Boombox music group;
 "Spionskaya" - Spy theme music by Dmytro Shurov;
 "The Number" by Psoy Korolenko;
 "Cloun" written by T. Kosonen, A. Korvumak, T. Leppanen; performed by Aavikko;
 "Vladimirskij central" by Mikhail Krug;
 "Amerika" by Mnogotochie;
 "Sljuna", "Sljuna", "Shajtan Shajtanych" by Uratsakidogi;
 "Morjak" by Artjom Rukavichkin;
 "Kukla kolduna" by Korol' i Shut.

Trivia

 The car used by the main characters is a modified Pobeda M20. It was sold on Internet auction Molotok.ru for $10,000.
 The off-screen voice is Dmitry Puchkov known as Goblin.
 Filmed at Russian State Genetic Scientific Research Institute. The device used by Gena is really used in the process of DNA analysis.
 In the scene shot at the Red Square, extras dressed up as Russian police officers stood around the perimeter of the set to prevent strangers from entering it.
 In the episode where Gena is beaten by police officers, one of them missed actor Jampolskis' protective wear and hit actor with all his might.
 The movie uses nmap

Video release
The film was released by Soyuz Video () on VHS and DVD in August 2006 without subtitles, and also on PAL DVD-editions by Karoprokat with subtitles and the trailer of the film. In the United States and Canada, it was released on VHS and DVD without subtitles and with English simultaneous interpretation on system NTSC in September.

The aspect ratio of the movie is 16:9 (1.85:1).

References

External links

 Trailer and Screenshots

2006 films
2000s fantasy comedy films
2000s Russian-language films
Films based on Russian novels
Russian fantasy comedy films

Khottabych