Thomas C. Roche (1826–1895) was a photographer known for his photographs of the American Civil War.

Roche's first job as a professional photographer was for Henry T. Anthony, a chemist in New York City, and his brother Edward, for whom he took photographs of the city and the harbor starting in 1859.  He continued to work for the Anthonys during the Civil War, making photographs for his company's popular "Instantaneous Views."  He also traveled on the front lines with the Army of the James. An anecdote describes Roche's reaction to the horrors of war while photographing the construction of the Dutch Gap Canal: after an artillery shell exploded next to him, it was said, "shaking the dust from his head and his camera he quickly moved to the spot and, placing it over the pit made by the explosion, exposed his plate as coolly as if there were no danger." By 1865, Roche was photographing for General Montgomery C. Meigs, Quartermaster General of the U.S. Army. Meigs wanted to document the logistical efforts that supplied the Union armies during the Siege of Petersburg. Roche would take many images of the Union base at City Point, Virginia. Roche's most well-known images are the photos of dead Confederate soldiers in the trenches outside of Petersburg soon after they were abandoned.

After the war, Roche returned to work for the Anthonys, with whom he published a book on photography.

Notes

External links
Roche's photographs from the collections of the Library of Congress.

1826 births
1895 deaths
American photographers
American war photographers
19th-century American journalists
American male journalists
19th-century American male writers
Cultural history of the American Civil War

Thomas C. Roche


Vanilla is a spice and a flavoring. The plant it grows on is the orchid Vanilla, which is a vine.

The main species picked for vanilla is called Vanilla planifolia. Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés is credited with introducing both vanilla and chocolate to Europe in the 1520s.

Today, most of the flavoring is done in chemical laboratories because real vanilla beans are expensive. The pure (man-made) form of the flavoring is known as 'vanillin'.

History
The plant was brought to Europe by the Spanish in the 1520s. Vanilla was a well-regarded spice in Mesoamerica.

The first people to grow vanilla were the Totonac people.  They lived the east part of Mexico, by the sea. The Totonac people say that the vanilla plant was first made when a royal daughter and her lover were killed.

In the 15th century, Aztecs fought a war with the Totonacs.  The Totonacs lost the war.  The Aztecs liked the taste of vanilla. They named the fruit tlilxochitl, which means "black flower", because vanilla fruits turn black and dry after they are picked.

Until the mid-19th century, Mexico was the biggest producer of vanilla. In 1819, however, French businessmen shipped vanilla to the islands of Réunion and Mauritius in hope of growing vanilla there. Vanilla did not grow well there, because these places did not have the right kind of bees to take pollen between the plants. A young slave, Edmond Albius, discovered how to do pollination of the flowers quickly by hand. Then vanilla began to grow well in the new places.  Soon, vanilla plants were sent from Réunion Island to the Comoros Islands and to Madagascar. By 1898, Madagascar, Réunion, and the Comoros Islands produced 200 metric tons of vanilla fruits, about 80% of the vanilla grown in the world.

In the 1930s, businesses made a group to choose prices.  The price of vanilla rose very high in the late 1970s after a big storm hurt important croplands. Prices remained high through the early 1980s, but then the group ended.  Prices dropped 70% in a few years, to nearly US$20 for one kilogram. In 2000, prices rose sharply again after another big storm struck Madagascar. The storm, political problems, and poor weather in the third year drove vanilla prices up to US$500 for one kilogram in 2004.  In 2005, the price went down to about $40 for one kilogram.  By 2010, prices were down to US$20 for one kilogram. It remains one of the most expensive spices.

Today, most Bourbon vanilla and vanilla fruit is produced in Indonesia.  Madagascar also grows a lot of vanilla.  Mexico, once the biggest producer of natural vanilla, used to grow 500 tons of vanilla in a year.  In 2006, it made only 10 tons of vanilla.

About 95% of "vanilla" foods are flavored with man-made vanillin instead of with vanilla fruits.  Vanillin can be produced synthetically from lignin, a natural polymer found in wood.

References

Spices
Orchids

Vanilla


Daniel Robert "Danny" Elfman (May 29, 1953) is an American film composer, singer and songwriter. He is Jewish (of British Jewish, Polish Jewish and Russian Jewish descent). He wrote music for many movies and television series. In 2002, he married actress Bridget Fonda. They have one child, Oliver Elfman (born September 19, 2003).

Influences
Elfman stated composers & Musical Artists like Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Alfred Newman, David Tamkin, George Bruns, Alban Berg, Thomas Tallis, Max Stiener, Buddy Baker,  Dimitri Tiomkin, Franz Waxman, Igor Stravinsky, Sergei Prokofiev, Carl Orff, Dr. Seuss, Jakob Gimpel, Kurt Weil, Peter Gabriel, Harry Partch, George Gershwin, Dimitri Tiomkin, Alice Cooper, Leonard Bernstein, Elmer Bernstein, Jerry Goldsmith, John Barry, Maurice Jarre, John Williams, Lalo Schifrin, Oliver Wallace, Henry Mancini, Randy Newman, Bernard Herrmann, Frank Zappa, Carl W. Stalling, Scott Bradley, Frank Churchill and Hans Zimmer as influences.

Elfman's work in rock and pop music and specifically as songwriter for Oingo Boingo was influenced by The Specials, Madness, Selecter, Devo, Talking Heads, XTC and Lene Lovich, as well as British comedy rock band Alberto y Lost Trios Paranoias.

Some of his music
Elfmans has written music for dozens of movie and video games. Some of his famous works include:

Filmography
The Simpsons
Sesame Street
The Muppet Show
Space Jam: A New Legacy
Men in Black
Batman Returns
Good Will Hunting
Spider-Man
Dick Tracy
Beetlejuice
Sommersby
Batman
Corpse Bride
The Nightmare Before Christmas
Edward Scissorhands
Pee-Wee's Big Adventure
Sleepy Hollow
Big Fish
Frankenweenie
Justice League
The Grinch

Awards
Elfman has been nominated for many awards in the music and movie business.
Academy Awards - 4 nominations
Emmy Awards - 3 nominations
Winner: Main Title Theme Music - Desperate Housewives
Golden Globes - 3 nominations
Grammy Awards - 12 nominations
Winner: Best Instrumental Composition: The Simpsons theme from The Simpsons

References

Other websites

An overview of Elfman's career

1953 births
Living people
Singer-songwriters from California
Singers from Los Angeles
American movie score composers
Grammy Award winners
Emmy Award winners
Musicians from Los Angeles

Danny Elfman


The chain pickerel (Esox niger) is a species of fish that has a number of nicknames such as the grass pickerel, jack, pickerel, common pickerel, and eastern pickerel. It is a freshwater game fish and the smallest member of the Esocidae family. They are native to Atlantic and Gulf Coast tributaries.

Chain pickerel have been introduced into the Lakes Ontario and Erie drainages as well as other places.

They are found in shallow pools of lakes, streams, and tidal and non-tidal rivers. They are ambush feeders that will strike at anything that swims near them. They feed mainly during daylight hours.

Physical description

Chain pickerel has the same torpedo-like shape of the Muskellunge and Northern pike. They have different markings than either of their family members. They have a chain-like pattern of dark markings on a yellowish to greenish body. This pattern is what they were named for. Like other pike they have a forked tail fin and a long pointed head. Chain pickerel have a dark bar underneath each eye. The eye color is yellow or yellowish. They can live up to 10 years.

Habitat and forage

In waters not shared with Northern pike or Muskies, Chain pickerel can be abundant. They prefer shallow weedy pools and submerged trees, limbs or man-made structures. These can be dock pilings, or riprap. Pickerel ambush their prey. They eat other fish, frogs, crayfish and small mammals. Young pickerel eat aquatic insects and small Crustacea. During the winter months the adult fish move to deeper water.

Spawning begins when water temperatures approach 50°F. Unlike others in the pike family, Chain pickerel eggs are sticky and ribbons of eggs stick to underwater weeds. Females lay up to 50,000 eggs. Unlike other fish, Chain pickerel do not remain to guard their young fry.

Angling

Chain pickerel are not as popular as other game fish. A good number are caught by accident while fishing for other fish. But they are popular with ice fishermen in the winter. Chain pickerel are a very good fighting fish. Anyone hooking one is in for an exciting fight. They will attack a live minnow or any lure that resembles one. In Canada, Walleyes are called 'pickerel' which sometimes confuses identification. But a walleye and a pike are very different in appearance.

The world record for a chain pickerel is 9 pounds 6 ounces. It was caught in Georgia in 1961. Chain pickerel rarely grow longer than 36 inches.

References

Esociformes
Freshwater fish

Chain pickerel


Herberg Onder de Linden is a restaurant located in Aduard, in the Netherlands. It is a fine dining restaurant that holds a Michelin star rating since 1992. GaultMillau awarded the restaurant 16.0 out of 20 points.

The restaurant is in fact a continuation of Le Mérinos d'Or, a former Michelin-starred restaurant in Groningen.

Onder de Linden had from the start a Michelin-star. This because head chef Geerhard Slenema could bring the Michelin-star with him from Le Mérinos d'Or. In 1992, the restaurant got a star based on its own merits.

Herberg Onder de Linden is a former tavern, built in 1735. Geerhard Slenema and his wife Petra bought the tavern in 1990, after the building had been empty and neglected for three years. They renovated it and renamed the building to the present name.

On 7 July 2016 it was announced that Slenema, then 65 years old, wanted to retire. He announced the closure of Herberg Onder de Linden. He also announced the sale of the property to fellow Michelin-starred restaurant In de Molen, that has grown out of its housing in Onderdendam. The new restaurant started on 2 November 2016, retaining its name and star.

See also

List of Michelin starred restaurants in the Netherlands

References

Michelin Guide starred restaurants in the Netherlands
Restaurants in the Netherlands
Rijksmonuments in Groningen (province)

Herberg Onder de Linden


Maen Rashid Areikat (also spelled as Erikat or Erekat; born October 12, 1960) is a Palestinian diplomat and former chief of the PLO Delegation in Washington DC.

He was born in Jericho and obtained a B.Sc. in finance from Arizona State University in 1983 and MBA from Western International University in 1987.

In 1993-1998 he worked as spokesman of the Orient House, then unofficial PLO headquarters in East Jerusalem. He started working for the Palestinian National Authority in 1998, first at the Negotiations Affairs Department (NAD) while serving as its Director-General until March 2008. In 2008-2009 he served as Coordinator-General of NAD. In May 2009 he was appointed chief of the PLO Delegation to the United States.

In 2011, USA Today published remarks by Areikat made during a meeting with reporters sponsored by the Christian Science Monitor, in which he stated that "After the experience of the last 44 years of military occupation and all the conflict and friction, I think it would be in the best interest of the two people to be separated," a statement which was taken by Elliot Abrams to mean the removal of Jews from an independent State of Palestine. The comment was roundly criticized by pro-Israel outlets, and the pro-Palestine blog Electronic Intifada'''s Ali Abunimah also criticized it as "offer[ing] tacit support for Israeli ethnic cleansing"; the Center for American Progress also found Areikat's previous comments to Tablet Magazine also endorsing population transfer to be "troubling" and similar to the views of then-Israeli foreign minister Avigdor Lieberman. USA Today noted that Areikat said that "he was referring to Israelis, not Jews." Areikat also subsequently clarified his remarks in a commentary to The Huffington Post'', maintaining his support for a secular government but rejecting "persons who are amid an occupation, who are in my land illegally".

References

External links
Official Curriculum Vitae at PLOdelegation.us
Chief Representative Maen Rashid Areikat

1960 births
Living people
Palestinian diplomats
Ambassadors of the State of Palestine to the United States
People from Jericho
Arizona State University alumni

Maen Rashid Areikat


Petras Kalpokas (31 March 1880 in Miškinė – 5 December 1945) was a Lithuanian artist and professor.

Biography

Kalpokas was born on 31 March 1880 in the village of Miškinė, near Kvetkai, in the Kovno Governorate of the Russian Empire (in the Biržai district of present-day Lithuania).

From 1890 to 1895 he attended the Gymnasium of Jelgava, Latvia. He was expelled when he drew a teacher's cartoon on a stove.

In 1898 Kalpokas moved to Odessa where he spent two years as an art student. In 1890 (?) he received a bronze medal for his still life painting. In 1892 the first exhibition of Kalpokas' drawings was organized in Riga. Kalpokas continued his studies of arts in Munich. He studied under guidance of Anton Ažbe and Wilhelm von Debschitz. Kalpokas attended Heimann Academy and Munich University.

Between 1909 and 1920 Kalpokas traveled around Europe: Switzerland, Hungary, Italy. In 1914 he attempted to organize a large one-man exhibition in Germany, but more than 120 of his paintings were lost due to World War I. After he returned to Lithuania, Kalpokas began teaching. First lecturing at drawing courses, established by Justinas Vienožinskis, he later taught at Kaunas Art School. In 1928 Kalpokas held a large personal exhibition in Kaunas. In 1930 he published a textbook on painting techniques and in 1945 became a professor.

Works
Most of Kalpokas' works are landscapes and portraits, but he experimented with diverse genres (still life, thematic composition, theatrical scenery, monumental painting) and techniques (oil, watercolor, tempera, fresco). Landscapes of Kalpokas are lyric. Some of them are realistic, others have features of impressionism. His portraits are psychological and precise, while frescoes - decorative and dynamic. Among noted works by Kalpokas are:

 The Golden Birch Tree (1907)
 Rivulet in Spring (1907)
 Sylvan way (1912)
 The landscape of Switzerland (1915)
 Wind from the Sea (1942)
 Portrait of Jurgis Šlapelis (1924)
 Portrait of Jonas Jablonskis (1938)
 Portrait of Salomeja Neris (1945)
 Amasone (1933)
 Forest and Cloud (1926)

References

1880 births
1945 deaths
20th-century Lithuanian painters
Burials at Petrašiūnai Cemetery

Petras Kalpokas


Joseph Hodgkins (August 28, 1743 – September 25, 1829) was an  Ipswich, Massachusetts cordwainer who would later go on to serve as an officer in the American Revolutionary War. The letters between Hodgkins and his wife, Sarah, have served as an important historical footnotes since the early 1900s for understanding the Revolutionary War and have been featured in such books as the Library of America's The American Revolution: Writings from the War of Independence , David McCullough's 1776, and Ray Raphael's A People's History of the American Revolution.

Military service
On January 24, 1775, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress formed a special company of Minuteman in which Captain Nathaniel Wade would be the commander and Lieutenant Hodgkins would be the second in command. From January 1775 to January 1776,  Hodgkins served in the Minuteman Company under Wade and would be placed on alert for the Battle of Concord and Battle of Lexington before being moved to take part in the Siege of Boston. Wade and Hodgkins bravely led their minutemen company at the Battle of Bunker Hill and would later be added to the New England Army following the successes at Boston. In January 1776, he and many of his fellow minutemen reenlisted and were transferred to New York. He would see action in the Battle of Long Island, Battle of Harlem Heights, Battle of White Plains, take part in the retreat from New York, and assist in the Battle of Trenton.

December 31, 1776, proved to be one of the darkest hours for General Washington as the enlistments of many soldiers ended. As many soldiers left the army, including those from Ipswich, Hodgkins reenlisted along with Wade. Hodgkins was immediately promoted to captain and given his own company. Meanwhile, his friend Wade was eventually promoted to lieutenant colonel and made aide-de-camp to General George Washington, and was placed in command of West Point, New York after the treason of General Benedict Arnold. Hodgkins would go on to lead his company in the Battles of Saratoga and would be one of the junior officers that would help oversee the surrender of General John Burgoyne's army.

Historical records of Hodgkins service after Saratoga are difficult to find, but he would return home in 1779. After the war, he served as a colonel in the Massachusetts Militia. He lived in Ipswich throughout the rest of his years and would even serve in various political capacities in the town. At one point he even served in the Massachusetts Legislature.

Sarah Hodgkins
Sarah Hodgkins (née Perkins) (April 28, 1750 – March 1803) was the daughter of Jeremiah and Joanna Perkins. Her father was a cooper and one of original settlers of Ipswich. From 1776 to 1779, Sarah and Joseph would exchange letters as Joseph served in the Continental Army during its darkest hours. Amongst her more famous writings, she is known for writing, "So I must be contented to live a widow..." to Joseph to express her fear for his safety.

Sarah and Joseph had several children, but only his daughter Hannah survived into adulthood to marry and have children. Hannah married the son of Colonel Nathaniel Wade, Joseph's former commanding officer.

Death

Hodgkins died of old age on September 25, 1829, and would be buried near his wife in Ipswich's Old North Burial Ground. He and his wife are largely regarded as local heroes in Ipswich and a burial memorial was even constructed for the Colonel. The Hodgkins' letters, along with those of Wade, ended up in the hands of Herbert T. Wade – Wade's and Hodgkins' great-great-grandson – and would be preserved and published by Dr. Robert Lively of Princeton University in The Adventures of Two Company Grade Officers in Washington's Army in 1958. The letters have since been featured in several works of non-fiction including Library of America's The American Revolution: Writings from the War of Independence, David McCullough's 1776, and Ray Raphael's A People's History of the American Revolution.

See also
The complete letters of Joseph and Sarah Hodgkins transcribed to easily readable English by the Ipswich MA town historian.

References

Continental Army officers from Massachusetts
1829 deaths
People from Ipswich, Massachusetts
18th-century American people
Members of the Massachusetts General Court
1743 births

Joseph Hodgkins


The TromaDance Film Festival is a free annual independent non-competitive film festival organized by Troma Entertainment. Founded in 1999, TromaDance was originally held in Park City and Salt Lake City, Utah, operating concurrently alongside the Sundance Film Festival in order to showcase an independent alternative to Sundance's perceived mainstream offerings. Between 2010 and 2013, the festival had been relocated to various locations throughout New Jersey. Since 2014, TromaDance has relocated to New York City.

Overview

TromaDance advertises itself as "the first and only film festival of the people, for the people, and by the people", dedicated to "bringing independent art back to the people". In direct opposition to Sundance, TromaDance doesn't charge an entry fee for filmmakers to submit their films and doesn't charge admission fees for people to attend the film screenings. Although Troma themselves are notorious for their violent low-budget horror films, TromaDance showcases both shorts and features of varying genres and formats, including comedy, drama, documentary, animation and experimental film, though horror, fantasy and sci-fi usually make up a significant portion of the entries.

TromaDance is primarily funded by donations, and the festival's employees and volunteers are entirely unpaid. TromaDance has been sponsored over the years by Filmmaker Magazine, G4, Jägermeister, Kodak, MovieMaker Magazine, PETA, Rue Morgue Magazine, SLUG Magazine, and Stella Artois. Troma also sponsors fan-organized events called TromaPaloozas, music festivals that serve as fundraisers for TromaDance. TromaPaloozas have been held in Denver, Las Vegas, Minneapolis, Murfreesboro,  and Tulsa.

History
The idea for TromaDance was  developed by Troma president Lloyd Kaufman, who got the idea from South Park co-creator Trey Parker (whose debut film, Cannibal! The Musical, was distributed by Troma). Feeling that Sundance had become too "Hollywood" by charging high entry fees, showing multimillion-dollar "independent" movies and practicing an elitist structure and film selection process, Parker urged Kaufman to create his own film festival that was the direct independent opposite of Sundance, one that was completely free and focused on independently produced film that was made without the Hollywood system in order to give first-time filmmakers a chance at getting their work seen.

Troma has released five volumes of "The Best of TromaDance", DVDs of selected shorts each from two years worth of the festival. The press conference for the 2005 festival held in October 2004 featured the introduction of the official TromaDance Theme Song by longtime Troma character Count Smokula.

"Satellite" TromaDance festivals
TromaDance DVD Collections (2002–present)
TromaDance Portland (in Portland, OR) (2004)
Tromafling (in Edinburgh) (2005)
Tromanale (in Berlin) (2005–2006)
TromaDance North (in Winnipeg, Manitoba) (2006)
TromaDance New Mexico (in Albuquerque) (2006–present)
TromaDance Indiana (in Franklin, IN) (2007–present)
Tromadance Detroit (2013–present)

See also
 Brussels International Festival of Fantasy Film
 Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival (aka BiFan, Puchon International Fantastic Film Festival, or PiFan) in South Korea
 Calgary Underground Film Festival
 Dead by Dawn in Edinburgh, Scotland
 European Fantastic Film Festivals Federation in Brussels, Belgium
 Fantafestival in Italy
 Fantasia International Film Festival in Canada
 Fantasporto (aka also known as Fantas), in Porto, Portugal
 Fantastic Fest in Austin, Texas
 Festival de Cine de Sitges (aka Sitges Film Festival) in Spain
 International Horror and Sci-Fi Film Festival in Tempe, Arizona
 London FrightFest Film Festival
 Lund International Fantastic Film Festival
 New York City Horror Film Festival
 Screamfest Horror Film Festival in Hollywood, California
 Toronto After Dark Film Festival in Canada

References

External links

Fantasy and horror film festivals in the United States
Film festivals in Utah
Troma Entertainment films
1999 establishments in Utah
Science fiction film festivals

TromaDance


The Football Spectators Act 1989 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom enacted during the premiership of Margaret Thatcher. Its provisions apply primarily to football matches played in England and Wales. Amendments to the Act were made through the Football (Offences and Disorder) Act 1999, the Football (Disorder) Act 2000, and the Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006, the last of which repealed large sections of the Football Spectators Act 1989.

The aim of the Act was to identify individuals known to cause disorder at and around football matches, whether in the UK itself or abroad. It was originally intended that fans would have to give a passport number to become part of a membership scheme and receive an identity card so as to go to away matches, but eventually this was not enacted.

Football-related offences
The Act and its amendments identifies a number of specific offences related to fan behaviour, including the throwing of objects onto the field or into the crowd; racist or obscene chanting at a match; violence against persons or property, including threats and endangerment of any person's life; a variety of alcohol-related offences; and the bringing or being in possession of fireworks into or at a designated sporting event. However, almost any criminal offence connected with a game that occurs within 24 hours on either end of a football match can also be designated as a football-related offence.

The Act also introduced the football banning order (FBO), under which a magistrate can ban an individual from attending football matches (whether either domestic or foreign) for a period of 2–10 years and can also impose additional restrictions. FBOs are usually imposed by the court after someone has been convicted of a football-related offence, although they can be imposed even on individuals charged but acquitted of such offences, or in response to police representations that the FBO would prevent football-related violence or disorder.

References

External links

History of football in England
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1989
Association football law
1989–90 in English football
Football in the United Kingdom

Football Spectators Act 1989


Asnières-sur-Seine is a town in France near Paris. It is in the region Île-de-France and the department Hauts-de-Seine. About 76,000 people live there. It is one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe (its density is 17,178/km²).

History
Asnières-sur-Seine used to just be called Asnières. The name Asnières was first mentionned in 1158 as Asnerias, from Medieval Latin asinaria, meaning "donkey farm". The soil of Asnières was poor, where heather grew in Medieval times, was probably only good enough for breeding donkeys.

Economy
Different famous companies are located in Asnières:

 L'Oréal - cosmetics
 Lucas
 Lesieur
 Louis Vuitton - luxury products

Communes in Hauts-de-Seine

Asnières-sur-Seine


Ilia Fibiger (5 October 1817 – 10 June 1867) was a Danish writer and playwright as well as Denmark's first professional nurse. She was the elder sister of writer and feminist Mathilde Fibiger.

Literary work
Ilia Fibiger published four volumes of plays of which Modsætninger (Contradictions) was produced at the Royal Danish Theatre in 1860. She also published four volumes of tales and the novel Magdalene (1862).

Social engagements
Fibiger was a volunteer at the poor hospital in Copenhagen during the 1853 cholera outbreak. Unable to make a living from her writings, she worked as Denmark's first professional nurse from 1854 until 1860. She later moved into one of the Danish Medical Association's social housing developments now known as Brumleby.

References

External links

Danish women dramatists and playwrights
Danish nurses
1817 births
1867 deaths
19th-century Danish dramatists and playwrights
19th-century Danish women writers

Ilia Fibiger


La Zarza mine is an abandoned mine near the town of La Zarza-Perrunal, Huelva, Andalusia, Spain. The deposit is part of the Spanish part of the Iberian Pyrite Belt. The orebody is 2,900 meters long and up to 100 meters thick. Like most of the volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit in the IPB it contains significant amounts of copper, zinc, lead, silver and gold.

The first indications for mining go back to 1500 BC. The mine was operated by the Romans from 100 AD till 300 AD. After that time the mining activities stopped and the deposit was rediscovered in the 19th century and the mine was opened in 1853. The ore output in the mid 1970s was 600,000 t/year. The mine closed in 1996 and the underground levels were flooded.

References

Mines in Spain
Iberian Pyritic Belt
Surface mines in Spain

La Zarza mine


William Walter "Peek-A-Boo" Veach (June 15, 1862 – November 12, 1937) was an American Major League Baseball player born in Indianapolis, Indiana.  Veach began his career with the ill-fated Union Association in  when he joined the Kansas City Cowboys as a pitcher/outfielder.  As a pitcher he started and completed all 12 games in which he pitched, resulting in a 3 win and 9 loss record.  Three years later he pitched just one game for the  Louisville Colonels, a complete game loss.  This would be the last game he would pitch in the majors until he returned three years later in , this time as a first baseman, splitting time with the Cleveland Spiders and the Pittsburgh Alleghenys.  As a batter, he had career total that included a .215 batting average and three home runs.

Veach acquired his nickname when playing for Kansas City in 1884.  It was during this season that his manager Ted Sullivan had set up timing plays to pick runners off first base through the use of signals that Veach would have to wait and look for.  Players had caught on to this trick and began calling him Peek-A-Boo because he would be looking around for signals.  He was a veteran of the Spanish–American War, so near the end of his life he was admitted into the United States Hospital in Indianapolis.  It was here that he died at the age of 75, and is interred at Floral Park Cemetery.

References

External links

1862 births
1937 deaths
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
19th-century baseball players
Baseball players from Indianapolis
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball first basemen
Kansas City Cowboys (UA) players
Louisville Colonels players
Cleveland Spiders players
Pittsburgh Alleghenys players
Evansville (minor league baseball) players
Macon (minor league baseball) players
Toronto Canucks players
Memphis Browns players
Des Moines Hawkeyes players
St. Paul Apostles players
Sioux City Corn Huskers players
Sacramento Altas players
Oakland Colonels players
San Francisco Haverlys players
Chattanooga Chatts players
Macon Central City players
Quincy Ravens players
Quincy Browns players
St. Joseph Saints players
Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada

Peek-A-Boo Veach


Moritz von Aberle (25 April 1819 – 3 November 1875) was a German Catholic theologian.

Life
Moritz von Aberle was born on 25 April 1819 at Rottum in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. He became a professor in the Obergymnasium at Ehingen in 1845, director of the Wilhelmstift in 1848, and a professor of moral theology and New Testament exegesis in the university at Tübingen in 1850, a position he retained till the day of his death. He died at Tübingen on 3 November 1875.

Career
He had a considerable number of pupils in both branches, but he was especially devoted to Scriptural studies. He emphasized the activity of the human bearers of revelation, without changing it into a purely natural process. Von Aberle published the results of his investigations in a series of articles. The main thoughts of these articles were collected and published under the title "Introduction to the New Testament", by Dr. Paul Schanz (Freiburg, 1877). Aberle's view that the Gospels and the Book of Acts are apologetic writings, meeting certain needs of the Apostolic times, cannot be sustained. He took also an active part in the struggle for ecclesiastical liberty in Württemberg, and his strong newspaper articles forced the State to arrange Church matters on a tolerable basis.

References

1819 births
1875 deaths
19th-century German Catholic theologians
19th-century German male writers
19th-century German writers
German male non-fiction writers
People from Biberach (district)

Moritz von Aberle


Dave Meltzer (born in 1961) is a man who writes about professional wrestling for his magazine, and also on the Internet. Meltzer's website is called the Wrestling Observer. Before Meltzer, most writers wrote that professional wrestling was real, but Meltzer writes that it is not. He has also written two books called Tributes and Tributes II.

References

1961 births
Living people

Dave Meltzer


Gerard van Spaendonck (22 March 1746 – 11 May 1822) was a Dutch painter.

Life
Gerard was born in Tilburg, an older brother of Cornelis van Spaendonck (1756–1840), who was also an accomplished artist. In the 1760s he studied with decorative painter Willem Jacob Herreyns (also known as Guillaume-Jacques Herreyns) (1743–1827) in Antwerp. In 1769 he moved to Paris, where in 1774 he was appointed miniature painter in the court of Louis XVI. In 1780 he succeeded Madeleine Françoise Basseporte (1701–1780) as professor of floral painting at the Jardin des Plantes, and shortly afterwards was elected as a member of the Académie des beaux-arts. Among his pupils were Pierre-Joseph Redouté and Henriette Vincent.

Gerard van Spaendonck painted with both oil and watercolors. He contributed over fifty works to Les Vélins du Roi, a famous collection of botanical watercolors possessed by French royalty. From 1799 to 1801 he published twenty-four plates of Fleurs Dessinees d'apres Nature (Flowers Drawn from Life), which were high-quality engravings for students of floral painting. Today, Spaendonck's Fleurs Dessinées d'après Nature is a highly treasured book on floral art.

In 1788 he was appointed adviser to the Académie, and in 1795 became a founding member of the Institut de France. In 1804 he received the Légion d'honneur and soon afterwards was ennobled by Napoleon Bonaparte.

Spaendonck died in Paris in 1822 and is buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery.

Gallery

References
 Arader Galleries Gerard van Spaendonck biography

External links

Dutch male painters
1746 births
1822 deaths
People from Tilburg
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Members of the Académie des beaux-arts
18th-century Dutch painters
18th-century Dutch male artists
19th-century Dutch painters
Flower artists
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
19th-century Dutch male artists

Gerard van Spaendonck


Enterostatin is a pentapeptide derived from a proenzyme in the gastrointestinal tract called procolipase. It reduces food intake, in particular fat intake, when given peripherally or into the brain.

Function
Enterostatin is created in the intestine by pancreatic procolipase, the other colipase serving as an obligatory cofactor for pancreatic lipase during fat digestion. Enterostatin can be created in the gastric mucosa and the mucosal epithelia in the small intestine. An increased high fat diets will cause the procolipase gene transcription and enterostatin to release into the gastrointestinal lumen. Enterostatin appears in the lymph and circulation after a meal. Enterostatin has been shown to selectively reduce fat intake during a normal meal. The testing has been successful with different species.

Signaling pathway
The signaling pathway of the peripheral mechanism uses afferent vagal to hypothalamic centers. The central responses are mediated through a pathway including serotonergic and opioidergic components. Inveterately, enterostatin cuts fat intake, bodyweight, and body fat. This reaction may involve multiple metabolic effects of enterostatin, which include a decrease of insulin secretion, a growth in sympathetic drive to brown adipose tissue, and the stimulation of adrenal corticosteroid secretion.  A possible pathophysiological role is indicated by studies that have associated low enterostatin output and/or responsiveness to breeds of rat that become obese and prefer dietary fat. Humans with obesity also exhibit a lower secretion from pancreatic procolipase after a test meal, compared with persons of normal weight.

Effects
Its effects include a reduction of insulin secretion, an increase in sympathetic drive to brown adipose tissue, and the stimulation of adrenal corticosteroid secretion. At the end level, it initiates a sensation of fullness of stomach which could be the reason for its role in regulation of fat intake and reduction of body weight. For enterostatin to be utilized it needs the presence of CCK A receptors. Studies based on rats who lack these receptors have found them to be un-responsive to enterostatin.

When rats have been injected with high doses of enterostatin into the brain the rats ate progressively less food as the dose was increased.
In rats, examination of experiments involving the effects of peripheral or intracerebroventricular administration of enterostatin show this selectively slows down fat consumption.

Medical trials
Although enterostatin-like immunoreactivities exist in blood, brain, and gut, and exogenous enterostatins decrease fat appetite and insulin secretion in rats, the roles of these peptides in human obesity remain to be examined.,

References

Digestive system
Pentapeptides

Enterostatin


Believe... In Holiday Magic is a holiday fireworks show at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, launched in 2000. The show runs for much of the Disneyland Resort's holiday season, which typically runs from the second weekend of November to the first weekend of the following January.

The show

Pre-show
Beginning in 2005, one part from the former Holiday Wishes is used every 15 minutes after sunset and before the main show begins at "it's a small world" Holiday. This show was sponsored by Sylvania from 2009-2013 with the show being updated in 2013.

Opening
The show begins with a young woman (as of the 2007 Christmas season) encouraging everyone to remember and believe in holiday magic:
"Does your heart hold the magic of the holidays? Is it filled with warm memories just waiting to be discovered again? Now is the time to open your heart, believe in that magic, and remember those treasured moments...they're still there, deep within you, waiting to touch you once more. So come along as the magic of the seasons leads the way."

As of the 2007 season, the narrator was changed from an old woman's voice to a new younger voice which is believed to be Kellie Coffey.
There has been a change in some of the narration, The new voice does not include "Well now is the time to open your heart.."
or "Oh.. They're still there.."

Can You Remember
The song "Can You Remember", performed by country singer Kellie Coffey, begins after the woman finishes her speech. The lyrics are a Christmas version of the song "Remember the Magic", the theme song from Walt Disney World's 25th anniversary celebration performed by Brian McKnight.

Traditional Holiday Music
Following "Can You Remember," the opening strains of the "March of the Toys" from Victor Herbert's operetta Babes in Toyland is heard. This is then followed by instrumental excerpts from various Christmas carols and a Hanukkah song, including: "March of the Wooden Soldiers,""Toyland, Toyland,""I Have a Little Dreidel,""All I Want For Christmas Is My Two Front Teeth,""I'll Be Home for Christmas,""O Holy Night,""We Three Kings,""Joy to the World,""Silent Night,""Carol of the Bells,""Russian Dance (Nutcracker Suite),""Arabian Dance (Nutcracker Suite)," and "The Christmas Song."

Pyrotechnics Conclusion
After the excerpt from "The Christmas Song" is the conclusion to "Can You Remember", now sung by a chorus led by the female vocalist.

A short excerpt from "Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas" accompanies the final line of "Can You Remember." The woman's voice then says, "Cherish the holidays forever, and always believe", and concludes the pyrotechnics portion of the show.

White Christmas and Conclusion
The lights then return to normal and "magic snow" falls on guests on Main Street, USA, Small World Mall, and the Fantasmic! viewing area while a rendition of "White Christmas" plays. This rendition is performed by Kellie Coffey. The show concludes with the end of "White Christmas." In 2005 holiday seasons, while Disneyland continue performing Remember... Dreams Come True, This song and "magic snow" falls also included with short introduction by Julie Andrews.

In 2007, Disney added over 80,000 LEDs onto Sleeping Beauty Castle to make it look like the castle has snow. In addition to that three snowfalls happen each night, one at the lighting of the castle, another during the finale of Christmas Fantasy Parade (Small World Mall and Main Street only), and the final one during the White Christmas segment of Believe... In Holiday Magic. Each Snowfall can be seen on Main Street, USA, Small World Mall, and the Fantasmic! viewing area.

Post-show
Same as the Pre-show, but this time its 15 minutes after the fireworks ended and before park closing.

History
In 2000, Disneyland premiered a fireworks show called Believe... There's Magic in the Stars to celebrate its 45th anniversary. The show was so successful in its first couple of months that Disney decided to premiere a holiday version the following holiday season. This version used music from various classic Christmas songs together in order to create a thirteen-minute fireworks spectacular. The holiday version was very popular, especially the finale which culminated in "snow" falling in various areas of the park.

Believe... In Holiday Magic has run every holiday season since 2000, with the exception of the 2005 and 2015 holiday season, when Disney opted to continue performing Remember... Dreams Come True in observance of the Disneyland Resort's 50th anniversary and  Disneyland Forever in observance of the Disneyland Resort's 60th Diamond Celebration. However, the Preshow/Post-show was opted in for the 2005 and 2015 holiday seasons.

In returning the show for the 2006 holiday season, Disney has updated it to include some of the pyrotechnic effects presented in Remember.... Most notable is the increased amount of pyrotechnics launched from Sleeping Beauty Castle. On November 16, 2007, new special effects were added to Sleeping Beauty Castle to be seen in Believe... In Holiday Magic. In the 2010 holiday season, castle lighting was changed and searchlights used for Magical and Halloween Screams were added into the show.

For the 2016 holiday season, following the conclusion of Disneyland's 60th Diamond Celebration, projection mapping on Sleeping Beauty Castle was added for certain segments of this show using the same technology that was installed for Disneyland Forever. The searchlights that appear on either side of Sleeping Beauty Castle, which were also installed for Disneyland Forever (initially using Magical searchlights technology) were also implemented in certain portions of this show beginning in the 2016 holiday season.

In 2017, the Main Street USA projections and Rivers of America water screen, also installed for Disneyland Forever, were also implemented in the show.

Prior to 2018 holiday season, on nights when Believe... In Holiday Magic is cancelled due to winds or other reasons a brief introduction of Wintertime Enchantment then snowfall still occurs, so only the finale part is shown.

In 2018 holiday season, a new version of the show with significantly reduced high fireworks and more low level pyrotechnics was shown. This version only shown if there was winds or other reason formerly cause the show to be cancelled. This precedent is later used in 2019 run of Disneyland Forever and Halloween Screams.

Also in 2018, water fountains and searchlights which installed in Rivers of America since Pixar Fest fireworks spectacular Together Forever was utilized in the show.

In 2019 holiday season, the show has returned with some of the elements formerly presented for Mickey's Mix Magic and recently returned Disneyland Forever, which most notable of that is the increased amount of small-sized firework shells on top of the rooftops of It's a Small World Holiday and Mickey & Minnie's Runaway Railway.

The show was cancelled for 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing closure of Disneyland Park amid a regional stay at home order issued by California Governor Gavin Newsom. A year later, the show returned.

Soundtrack
There was an officially released CD for the soundtrack to Believe... In Holiday Magic. The album is called Holiday Magic. The CD also included two other tracks: one for the holiday-themed version of "It's A Small World" entitled "it's a small world" Holiday, and Disney's LuminAria which was a low-level fireworks show on Paradise Bay at Disney California Adventure Park in Anaheim, California.

Track listing
1. "Believe... In Holiday Magic" Fireworks Spectacular (13:26)

2. "it's a small world" Holiday (15:10)

3. Disney's LuminAria (16:26)

Production
Album Compiled by: Randy Thornton
Production Assistant: Sarah Harris
Album Art Direction: Jordan Foley

Barcode: 050086006076

See also
 Believe... There's Magic in the Stars
 Celebrate! Tokyo Disneyland
 Disney Dreams! Of Christmas
 Disney Gifts of Christmas
 Disneyland Forever
 Remember... Dreams Come True
 Holiday Wishes
 World of Color: Season of Light

References

External links
 Official site

Walt Disney Parks and Resorts fireworks
Disneyland

Believe... In Holiday Magic


Christopher Alan Hall (born 1950) is an American Episcopal theologian who is a leading exponent of paleo-orthodox theology. He was the Chancellor of Eastern University, the dean of the Templeton Honors College, and, together with the United Methodist theologian Thomas C. Oden, another paleo-orthodox scholar, he edits the Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture. He has stated that his goal as a theologian is, "to introduce modern Christians to the world of the early church, particularly because the Holy Spirit has a history."

Hall and his wife Debbie have three children: Nathan, Nathalie, and Joshua.

Publications
Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture series, Associate editor with Thomas C. Oden (InterVarsity Press, Ongoing)
Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture: The Gospel of Mark, with Thomas C. Oden, (InterVarsity Press, June, 1998)
Reading the Scripture with the Church Fathers (InterVarsity Press, September, 1998)
Realized Religion: Research on Religion and Health, with Theodore Chamberlain (Templeton Foundation Press, Fall 2000)
Ancient and Postmodern Christianity, with Kenneth Tanner (IVP, 2002)
Studying Theology with the Church Fathers (InterVarsity Press, 2002)

Worshiping with the Church Fathers (InterVarsity Press, 2009)
Does God Have a Future: A Debate on Divine Providence, with John Sanders (Baker Academic, 2003)
Making Room for God: Spiritual Formation for Christian Leaders with David Fraser (The Center for Organizational Excellence, 1997)

References

1950 births
21st-century American Episcopalians
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American theologians
21st-century Anglican theologians
American Episcopal theologians
Drew University alumni
Eastern University (United States)
Fuller Theological Seminary alumni
Living people
Patristic scholars
Regent College alumni
University of California, Los Angeles alumni

Christopher Hall (theologian)


Henrik Havas (b. 25 June 1949 as Henrik Rokobauer) is a Hungarian journalist who served as spokesman of the Hungarian government from 1 November 1995 to 7 November 1995.

He worked as news editor of the Magyar Rádió between 1979 and 1986 and as anchorman of the Krónika magazine from 1985. He left the radio in 1995. He received a Táncsics Mihály Prize in 1999.

Havas was the anchorman of the Nap TV's only program, Nap-kelte from 1989. He was also fired during the Media Crisis in 1994, but shortly after he was taken back. In the next year Gyula Horn appointed him state secretary in a charge of communicational affairs of the Prime Minister's Office (de facto government spokesman). However, soon it turned out that one of his inferiors, Endre Mihályi was involved in an embezzlement case. As a result, Havas had to resign together with his staff after just six days.

His employer since 1999 has been the RTL Klub. He was one of the seven performers of the Heti hetes talk show (Hungarian version of 7 Tage, 7 Köpfe).

He has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

References
 www.havashenrik.hu/
 havashenrik.lap.hu/
 Biography

1949 births
Living people
Hungarian journalists
Government spokespersons of Hungary
People with bipolar disorder

Henrik Havas


Asparagus falcatus  (Sicklethorn, Large Forest Asparagus, Imblekazana or Doringtou) is a large, thorny, climbing plant of the Asparagus genus, that is indigenous to South Africa and Mozambique. It is often grown as a security hedge in southern Africa.

Appearance
This local Asparagus species sends up long shoots (sometimes up to 7 meters high) from its base of roots and massive tubers. These shoots are initially soft and curl around branches or fences. However, they soon harden, and the downward-pointing thorns help to hook the tendril onto its support - as well as providing defence. The leaves are dark-green, thin and curved.
It produces fragrant white blossoms that are followed by bright red berries, each containing a shiny black seed. The fruits attract a wide variety of birds.

Distribution
In South Africa, this creeper is indigenous to the forests of the Eastern Cape and Kwazulu Natal. It also occurs in neighbouring Mozambique.

Asparagus falcatus in cultivation
This rapidly growing climber can be grown in very shady parts of a garden, although it also tolerates some sun. It also prefers moist spots, though once established it can also tolerate some drought.
It serves as a very good safety hedge when planted along a fence that it can grow up through.

It can easily be propagated by seed, although it can also be grown from cuttings/trucheons.

References

Further reading

falcatus
Flora of Southern Africa
Creepers of South Africa
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Garden plants of Southern Africa
Vines

Asparagus falcatus


James Henry "Jimmy" Dawkins (October 24, 1936 – April 10, 2013)  was an American Chicago blues and electric blues guitarist and singer. He is generally considered to have been a practitioner of the "West Side sound" of Chicago blues.

Career
Dawkins was born in Tchula, Mississippi. He moved to Chicago in 1955, where he worked in a box factory, started to play in local blues clubs, and gained a reputation as a session musician.

In 1969, thanks to the efforts of his friend Magic Sam, his first album, Fast Fingers, was released by Delmark Records. It won the Grand Prix du Disque from the Hot Club de France. In 1971, Delmark released his second album, All for Business, with the singer Andrew Odom and the guitarist Otis Rush.

Dawkins toured in the late 1970s, backed up by James Solberg (of Luther Allison and the Nighthawks) on guitar and Jon Preizler (the Lamont Cranston Band, Luther Allison, and Albert King), a Seattle-based Hammond B-3 organ player known for his soulful jazz-influenced style. Other musicians that toured with Dawkins in the late 1970s were Jimi Schutte (drums), Sylvester Boines (bass), Rich Kirch and Billy Flynn (guitars). Dawkins toured in Europe with this group of musicians. He also toured in Japan and recorded more albums in the United States and Europe. He contributed a column to the blues magazine Living Blues.

In the 1980s he released few recordings but started his own record label, Leric Records, and was more interested in promoting other artists, including Tail Dragger Jones, Queen Sylvia Embry, Little Johnny Christian, and Nora Jean Bruso (née Wallace).

Dawkins died of undisclosed causes on April 10, 2013, aged 76.

Discography

Solo
 Fast Fingers (1969), Delmark Records
 All for Business (1971), Delmark Records
 Jimmy Dawkins (1971)
 Tribute to Orange (1971)
 Transatlantic 770 (1972)
 Blisterstring (1976), Delmark Records
 Come Back Baby (1976), Storyville Records
 Hot Wire '81 (1981), with Rich Kirch, Sylvester Boines, and Jimi Schutte, recorded in Paris
 Jimmy and Hip: Live! (1982)
 Feel the Blues (1985)
 All Blues (1986)
 Chicago on My Mind: Living the Blues (1991), recording in 1971, Vogue Records
 Kant Sheck Dees Bluze (1992), Earwig Music Company
 Blues and Pain (1994)
 B Phur Real (1995)
 Me, My Guitar & the Blues (1997)
 Vol. 2: I Want to Know (1999), recorded in 1975, Storyville Records
 Born in Poverty (1999), recorded in 1972 & 1974, Black & Blue Records
 American Roots: Blues (2002), compilation 1994–1997
 West Side Guitar Hero (2002)
 Tell Me Baby (2004)

With other artists
 Blues Queen Sylvia & Jimmy Dawkins: Midnight Baby (1983)
 Jimmy Dawkins / Chicago Beau / Blue Ice Bragason: Blues from Iceland (1991)
 Sunnyland Slim & Big Voice Odom: Chicago Blues Festival 1974 with Jimmy Dawkins (2005)

As sideman

With Luther Allison
Love Me Mama (Delmark, 1969)
With Carey Bell
Carey Bell's Blues Harp (Delmark, 1969)

References

Sources
 Sharp, Steven, March/April 1993, 'Jimmy Dawkins: Deep Into The Feelings', Living Blues, Vol. 108

External links
Jimmy Dawkins Biography at Joes-corner.de
Jimmy Dawkins information at Fyristorg.com

1936 births
2013 deaths
People from Tchula, Mississippi
Chicago blues musicians
American blues guitarists
American male guitarists
Blues musicians from Mississippi
American blues singers
Singers from Mississippi
Delmark Records artists
Guitarists from Illinois
Guitarists from Mississippi
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
Black & Blue Records artists
Earwig Music artists

Jimmy Dawkins


Chialingosaurus (meaning "Chialing Lizard") is a genus of herbivorous stegosaurian dinosaur similar to Kentrosaurus from the Upper Shaximiao Formation, Late Jurassic beds in Sichuan Province in China. Its age makes it one of the oldest species of stegosaurs, living about 160 million years ago.  Since it was an herbivore, scientists think that Chialingosaurus probably ate ferns and cycads, which were plentiful during the period when Chialingosaurus was alive.

Discovery and species
The fossils of Chialingosaurus were collected by the geologist Kuan Yaowu or Guan Yao-Wu in 1957, at Taipingstai in Quxian County, while surveying the Chialing River in southern China. The type species Chialingosaurus kuani was named and described by paleontologist Yang Zhongjian, ("C. C. Young") two years later in 1959. The generic name refers to the Chialing. The specific name honours Kuan. Chialingosaurus was the first stegosaurian described from China.

The holotype, IVPP 2300, was found in a layer of the Upper Shaximiao Formation, dating from the Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian. It consists of a partial skeleton lacking the skull. It contains six vertebrae, the coracoids, the humeri, a right radius and three spines. The original material has been supplemented after November 1978 by Zhou Shiwu of the Municipal Museum of Chongqing. A second specimen, CV 202, was referred. It represents a skeleton with a partial skull and lower jaws, some vertebrae and limb elements, and four plates. Zhou considered it likely that the holotype and CV 202 represented a single individual, as the material was not overlapping. A third specimen, CV 203, a partial skeleton lacking the skull, was made the paratype. All specimens are juvenile or subadult.

In 1999, Li Kui, Zhang Yuguang and Cai Kaiji mentioned a second species: Chialingosaurus guangyuanensis. A description was not provided, however, and the name is seen as a nomen nudum.

Description

Yang in 1959 provided a diagnosis, emphasising the slender build of the animal. It might have been only four metres (thirteen feet) long. However, the gracile proportions may have been caused by the subadult age and the remainder of the diagnostic traits were in fact shared by other stegosaurs. In 1990, Peter Malcolm Galton identified just a single autapomorphy: the lesser trochanter of the thighbone is triangular with a broad base. Susannah Maidment in 2008 even listed Chialingosaurus kuani among the invalid stegosaur taxa in her phylogeny of Stegosauria. This was based upon previous work by Maidment & Wei in 2006 in which the authors were unable to identify any autapomorphies or unique character combinations for Chialingosaurus, therefore making it a nomen dubium.
Yang modelled Chialingosaurus after Kentrosaurus. Some plates and spine bases having been found, he suggested that the plates were placed on the front upper parts of the animal, the spines at the hip and tail.

Phylogeny
Yang in 1959 placed Chialingosaurus in the Stegosaurinae within the Stegosauridae. In 1969, Rodney Steel suggested that Chialingosaurus might have actually been an early ancestor of other stegosaurs. However, Galton in 2004 recovered a rather derived position, albeit indeed close to Kentrosaurus. Dong confirmed the placement in the Stegosaurinae.

See also

 Timeline of stegosaur research

Sources

Notes

Late Jurassic dinosaurs of Asia
Stegosaurs
Fossil taxa described in 1959
Taxa named by Yang Zhongjian
Paleontology in Sichuan
Nomina dubia
Ornithischian genera

Chialingosaurus


Captain Kenneth Barbour Montgomery  (22 October 1897 – 27 February 1965) was an English World War I flying ace officially credited with 12 aerial victories. After downing four German fighters while piloting a two-seater aircraft, he switched to a single-seater fighter for his last eight victories.

World War I
Montgomery served as a sergeant in the Officers' Training Corps at Rugby School in 1913. He enlisted into the army, initially serving in the Cheshire Regiment, before joining the Royal Flying Corps. On 1 February 1917 he was posted to the Officer Cadet Wing at Denham Aerodrome, and on 2 March began his flight training at the No. 2 School of Military Aeronautics at Oxford, before being sent to No. 48 Reserve Squadron. On 29 May he was posted to No. 81 Training Squadron, and was appointed a flying officer with the rank of temporary second lieutenant (on probation).

He joined No. 45 Squadron as a Sopwith 1½ Strutter pilot, and was confirmed in his rank on 13 July, the same day he gained his first aerial victory, by driving a German Albatros D.III fighter aircraft down out of control near Polygon Wood. By 23 August, he had driven down his fourth enemy aircraft using the 1½ Strutter. He then switched to a single-seat Sopwith Camel, with which he drove down his fifth victim on 20 September 1917, and thus became an ace. He would score regularly throughout the rest of the year, sharing a triumph with future Air Vice Marshal Matthew Frew on 26 October. Montgomery racked up his tenth out of control win on 15 November 1917 over Langemarck, Belgium.

Soon afterwards his squadron was transferred to the Italian Front, where on 2 January 1918 Montgomery was appointed a flight commander with the rank of temporary captain. The following day, he scored his final win with No. 45 Squadron, driving down another Albatros D.III. Montgomery then transferred to No. 66 Squadron; he scored his twelfth win with them on 12 January 1918, driving down an Albatros D.V southeast of Fonzaso, Italy. Montgomery was awarded the Military Cross for his exploits on 3 February 1918.

Montgomery was shot down on 22 February 1918, and was listed as missing in action. His aircraft had been hit by Austro-Hungarian anti-aircraft fire and he had crash-landed in a vineyard in the village of Rustignè, Oderzo, and had been captured, badly wounded. After recovering from his injuries at the military hospital of Villa Revedin in Gorgo al Monticano, he was held as a prisoner of war in Vienna until after the armistice. He returned to England at the end of December 1918, and on 21 January 1919 he was posted to No. 4 Training Depot Station.

Montgomery was awarded the Croce di Guerra by Italian government on 8 February 1919. On 11 February 1919, he transferred to the unemployed list of the Royal Air Force.

Awards and citations
Military Cross
Temporary Second Lieutenant Kenneth Harbour Montgomery.
For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. He has on several occasions, during a period of three months shot down in flames four hostile machines, three of which were large high-powered two-seaters, and has driven down out of control six enemy planes. He is a most determined scout pilot, his skill and courage being of a very high order.

References

1897 births
Military personnel from Birkenhead
People educated at Rugby School
Cheshire Regiment soldiers
Royal Flying Corps officers
Royal Air Force personnel of World War I
British World War I flying aces
Recipients of the Military Cross
Recipients of the War Cross for Military Valor
British World War I prisoners of war
World War I prisoners of war held by Austria-Hungary
Missing in action of World War I
British Army personnel of World War I
Shot-down aviators
Year of death unknown

Kenneth Barbour Montgomery


Buckman Tavern is a historic American Revolutionary War site associated with the revolution's very first battle, the 1775 Battle of Lexington and Concord. It is located on the Battle Green in Lexington, Massachusetts and operated as a museum by the Lexington Historical Society.

History
The tavern was built in about 1709–1710 by Benjamin Muzzey (1657–1735), and with license granted in 1693 was the first public house in Lexington. Muzzey ran it for years, then his son John, and then at the time of the battle it was run by John's granddaughter and her husband John Buckman, a member of the Lexington Training Band. In those years the tavern was a favorite gathering place for militiamen on days when they trained on the Lexington Green. (Lexington, unlike other local communities, did not establish a minuteman company, instead maintaining a "training band" [an old English phrase for a militia company] for local defense).

Battles of Lexington and Concord
The Battle of Lexington and Concord took form before dawn on April 19, 1775. Having received word that the regular army had left Boston in force to seize and destroy military supplies in Concord, several dozen militiamen gathered on the town common, and then eventually went to the tavern to await the arrival of the British troops. Definite word reached them just before sunrise, and Captain Parker's company of militia left the tavern to assemble in two ranks on the common. Following the arrival of the army, a single shot was fired; by whom, it is still unknown. With this shot, the American Revolutionary War began.

Although best known as the headquarters of the militia, Buckman Tavern is also noteworthy as perhaps the busiest of Lexington's 18th-century taverns. It housed the first village store in Lexington, and later, in 1813, the first town post office.

Historic site
The tavern's interior appears today very much as it did in 1775 and one can see the restored 18th-century taproom with large fireplace and central chimney. Among the many items on display is the old front door, with its bullet hole possibly made by a British musket ball during the battle, and a portrait of John Buckman.

It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.

See also
 Munroe Tavern (Lexington, Massachusetts)
 List of National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Middlesex County, Massachusetts

References

External links

 Buckman Tavern – Lexington Historical Society

Buildings and structures completed in 1690
Commercial buildings completed in the 17th century
Houses in Lexington, Massachusetts
National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts
Massachusetts in the American Revolution
History museums in Massachusetts
Museums in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Drinking establishments on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Taverns in the American Revolution
American Revolution on the National Register of Historic Places
1690 establishments in the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Buckman Tavern


Bernard de Hoog (born 19 November 1867 in Amsterdam, died in The Hague, 1943) was a Dutch painter influenced by the Hague School.

Bernard showed talent as a schoolboy, but his request to study art was refused.  He spent two or three years working in an office and the merchant who found sketches and drawings instead of figures in the ledgers gave him a commission to make a portrait of his wife.  With the merchant's  encouragement, Bernard was sent to a drawing master and afterwards to a drawing academy.

The last few years as a student were made easier by his success in gaining the subsidy from the Dutch Queen, which he held for two years.  He worked for some time under one of the greatest Dutch animal painters, Jan van Essen, and copied many of the old masters, such as Pieter de Hooch and Frans Hals. His painting from nature enabled him to understand the old masters. During the year 1886 De Hoog's talent became noticed. He had admired the paintings of Jozef Israëls and Albert Neuhuys. The first great picture that he exhibited was shown in Amsterdam, entitled 'During the Sermon in the new Church'.

Soon De Hoog came to be a painter of interiors, because he lived in a village rich in them.  He painted interiors for four years, and then migrated to other provinces with his family. His effective talent was by this time fully appreciated, and people understood his originality. Although influenced by the work of Israëls, no one can deny the individuality of De Hoog.

De Hoog followed the Hague School, primarily a movement of realism, a reaction against the previous mood of romanticism. He was advocating the simple country life, a happy and innocent atmosphere where children play a major part.  He painted many small pictures of the life of the country people, of the homes of the peasants, with the light shining through the ancient windows.  De Hoog had a developed mind and excellent taste. In the simple appearance of the simple life of the Dutch people he discovered a beauty of thought which dictated his management of tone, he knew exactly the way to express the sentiment that was in him.

On the Continent his pictures attracted much attention, and he was well received in the Netherlands, where  his popular scenes were exhibited and sold at many provincial and National galleries. His paintings were also readily exported around the world, especially to the US, Canada, and England.

De Hoog's work was included in the 1939 exhibition and sale Onze Kunst van Heden (Our Art of Today) at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.

De Hoog died at the Hague in 1943.

References

Sources

External links
A number of his works at museumsyndicate.com

1866 births
Hague School
19th-century Dutch painters
Dutch male painters
Painters from Amsterdam
1943 deaths
20th-century Dutch painters
19th-century Dutch male artists
20th-century Dutch male artists

Bernard de Hoog


Claude Boucher (born September 2, 1942) is a former Quebec political figure. He represented Johnson in the Quebec National Assembly from 1994 to 2007 as a member of the Parti Québécois.

He was born in Bromptonville, Quebec (now Sherbrooke, Quebec), the son of Edgar A. Boucher and Yvette Lecours, and was educated at the Université de Sherbrooke. He was employed in the fields of health, education and social services and was manager at the CLSC in Sherbrooke. Boucher was mayor of Saint-Denis-de-Brompton and served as prefect for the Regional County Municipality of Val-Saint-François. He was defeated when he ran for reelection in the 2007 provincial election.

His son Étienne-Alexis served in the Quebec National Assembly from 2008-2012, as the member for Johnson.

References

1942 births
Living people
Parti Québécois MNAs
Politicians from Sherbrooke
21st-century Canadian politicians

Claude Boucher (politician)


Jason Little (born 26 August 1970) is a former Australian professional rugby union player. He won 75 caps with one as captain playing at centre for the Australian rugby union side between 1989 and 2000. He also won caps on the wing later in his career. He would later become one of only 21 players who have won the Rugby World Cup on multiple occasions.

International career
He made his test debut at the age of 19 against France 4 November 1989 on the Australian tour to Europe that year and shortly afterwards, he and Tim Horan were subjected to a mock ceremony where they pledged their futures to Rugby Union, promising not to defect to League.   Both were to receive numerous offers from league clubs but turned them down.
In three quarters of his caps he partnered Horan, who was also his partner at Souths Rugby in Brisbane in the late 1980s and then for Queensland Reds.  His nickname was 'Sidney'.

Together he and Horan composed a centre partnership for Australia which came to the fore during the Rugby World Cup 1991 (won by Australia) and were widely regarded as the best centres in the world through the early 1990s, adding the Bledisloe Cup to their collection in 1992.

In the second Test of the tour against South Africa in 1993,  he threw an interception pass which allowed Joel Stransky to run the length of the field and score under the posts.  Australia had lost the first Test and the Boks were well up on the score sheet as a result of this and he was later to remark that his immediate reaction was that his career was over. He did however score a try in each half of the game and the Wallabies won the match and eventually the series.

By the year 1999, he was no longer an automatic choice for the Test side and made many appearances as a replacement as Daniel Herbert competed with him to partner Horan in the centres.  He later moved south to New South Wales Waratahs in 2000 to resurrect his international career, a move which kept him in the test squad and earning him a place and a second winners medal at the Rugby World Cup 1999.

His final cap was a victory against South Africa on 26 August 2000 which was won 19-18 in dramatic style.

After retiring from International Rugby, he played briefly in England, firstly for Gloucester Rugby, then for a season as captain of West Country rivals Bristol Rugby, leading them to their first Twickenham appearance for 14 years, before retiring altogether from top-flight rugby.

Post playing career
Having retired, he undertook a course in Land Management at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. He now lives on the North Shore, in Sydney with his wife Brigitte and three children.

References

External links
Jason Little on Sporting Heroes
QRU

1970 births
Living people
Alumni of the Royal Agricultural University
Australian Institute of Sport rugby union players
Australia international rugby union players
Australian rugby union captains
Australian rugby union players
Bristol Bears players
Bond University alumni
Gloucester Rugby players
Queensland Reds players
Rugby union centres
Rugby union players from Gloucestershire
People from Dalby, Queensland
1991 Rugby World Cup players
1995 Rugby World Cup players
1999 Rugby World Cup players

Jason Little (rugby union)


Tinashe Samuel Mutanga (born 27 January 1993) is a Zimbabwean sprinter who specialises in the 100 metres.

Mutanga won a silver medal in the 100 metres at the 2011 African Junior Athletics Championships in Gaborone, Botswana. He also won the 100 m and 200 m at the Africa Youth Games in 2010.

At the inaugural 2010 Summer Youth Olympics, he finished sixth in the 100 metres and fourth in the medley relay.

References

External links

1993 births
Living people
Alumni of Eaglesvale High School
Zimbabwean male sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics

Tinashe Mutanga


Rev. William Paynter D.D. (1637 – 18 February 1716) was an English clergyman and Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University.

The son of William Paynter or Cambourne, from Antron in Sithney, and Jane, the sixth child of Richard Keigwin of Mousehole, he was born at Trelissick Manor in the parish of St Erth, Cornwall, England, and baptised on 7 December 1637. Having been admitted as a poor scholar in February 1656, he matriculated from Exeter College, Oxford, on 29 March that year, and on 3 July 1657 he was elected to a fellowship of the college. He graduated B.A. in 1660 and M.A. in 1663 (incorporated at Cambridge in 1664), B.D. in 1674, and D.D. in 1695.

In 1669, together with those of several other Cornishmen, Paynter's fellowship was suspended by Arthur Bury, the college rector and a devout Devonian, on the grounds that Paynter had been elected to one of the fellowships earmarked for candidates from Devon.  In spite of this rebuff, in 1685 Paynter gave £100 to Exeter College. The same year he faced scandal when a child was left on his doorstep in college and was claimed to be his; it was later revealed that John Jago, a disaffected undergraduate expelled by Paynter for debauchery, had tried to wreak revenge. It was not until 1686, that Paynter actually vacated his fellowship, having been appointed to the college living of Wootton, Northamptonshire.

Paynter married twice. The date of his first marriage is uncertain, but it was possibly about the time of his appointment to Wootton rectory; his wife was Mary (1657–1695), daughter of John Conant who had been rector of Exeter College during the interregnum, and his wife, Elizabeth (daughter of Edward Reynolds). When probate was granted on Mary's first husband Matthew Poole's will, on 15 March 1690, Mary was already married to Paynter. Mary died on 7 May 1695 and was buried at Wootton near her children, William and Elizabeth. Paynter married secondly on 16 May 1695, at Preston in Northamptonshire, Sarah, daughter of Francis Duncombe of Broughton, Buckinghamshire.

On 15 August 1690, Paynter was elected by a depleted Fellowship to the Rectorship of Exeter College, on the deprivation of Arthur Bury. Bury appealed to the Court of the King's Bench, which granted him management of the college until a definite decision on the legality of Bury's dismissal was made. The Exeter fellowship was divided by the decision of the Bench; both Bury's opponents and his supporters attempted to run the college. The 'great Exeter schism' resulted in double elections to fellowships. The resulting disorder was not put right until 1694, when the House of Lords confirmed Paynter as rector after reversing the decision of the King's Bench. He was Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University in 1698 and 1699, and held the Rectorship until his death.

Paynter died on 18 February 1716; having retained the rectory of Wootton until that time, and he was buried there on 22 February. His second wife, who survived him, died on 22 September 1725, and was buried at Ilsington, Devon. It is uncertain if they had children.

References

Sources
 Dictionary of National Biography

1637 births
1716 deaths
People from St Erth
Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford
Fellows of Exeter College, Oxford
Rectors of Exeter College, Oxford
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Oxford
People from West Northamptonshire District

William Paynter (academic)


Hollow Man is a 2000 American science fiction horror film directed by Paul Verhoeven, written by Andrew W. Marlowe, and starring Elisabeth Shue, Kevin Bacon, Josh Brolin, Kim Dickens, Greg Grunberg, Joey Slotnick, Mary Randle, and William Devane. The film is about Sebastian Caine, a scientist who volunteers to be the first human test subject for a serum that renders the user invisible. When his fellow scientists are unable to restore him back to normal, he becomes increasingly unstable and eventually goes on a killing spree. The film received negative reviews but was a financial success, grossing $190.2 million worldwide. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects in 2001, losing to Gladiator.

A direct-to-video stand-alone sequel called Hollow Man 2, starring Christian Slater and Peter Facinelli, was released in 2006.

Plot
Brilliant but narcissistic scientist Sebastian Caine has developed a serum for the military that can make a subject invisible. His team includes ex-girlfriend Linda McKay, Matt Kensington, Sarah Kennedy, Janice Walton, Carter Abbey, and Frank Chase. The team succeeds in reversing the procedure, returning an invisible gorilla to visibility. Sebastian becomes infatuated with Linda again, but, unbeknownst to him, she has become involved with Matt.

Instead of reporting his success to the military, Sebastian lies to an oversight committee, which includes his mentor Howard Kramer, telling them he is close but needs more time. He convinces part of the team to go into human testing without military authorization, keeping the rest in the dark. The procedure is successful, and Sebastian turns completely invisible. He enjoys sneaking around the lab in order to scare and play pranks on his fellow co-workers, one of which involves molesting Sarah. The team becomes concerned that Sebastian is taking these pranks too far. The procedure to return him to visibility fails, and he is almost killed.

Sebastian is quarantined in the laboratory due to his condition, and the other researchers construct a latex mask for him to wear around the lab. With the constant testing done to him and being unable to cope with the isolation, he defies instructions, leaves the building  and returns to his apartment. Once there, he quickly returns to his old habit of spying on his neighbor as she undresses - but this time realizes that he has the power and the freedom to take his voyeurism to the next step. Stripping naked, he sneaks into the neighbor's apartment and rapes her. Linda warns Sebastian that if he leaves again, she and Matt will tell the committee about the experiment. Ignoring their threat, Sebastian assembles a device that runs a video loop of his heat signature in his quarters. He leaves the lab again and spies on Linda and Matt, becoming enraged when he sees them about to have sex. The invisible man smashes their bedroom window, and though the two lovers almost immediately suspect Caine as the culprit, the looped video feed immediately diverts any suspicion from him. Becoming increasingly unstable, Sebastian later kills a dog being used as a lab animal in a fit of rage.

The team discovers they have been watching a recording, and Sebastian has been leaving the lab without their knowledge. Linda and Matt go to Kramer's house and confess their experiments. After they leave, Kramer attempts to alert the Army. Having followed Linda and Matt to the house, Sebastian cuts off Kramer's phone connection, then drowns him in his swimming pool. The next day, Sebastian waits until the whole team is inside the lab before he disables the phones and elevator codes except for his own. The rest of the team congregates and decides to hunt Sebastian down and subdue him. At the same time, he begins to murder the team members one by one, with Janice being his first victim after falling behind the others.

Linda and the others hide in the lab, while Matt and Carter take tranquilizer guns to hunt for Sebastian using thermography goggles. Sebastian mortally wounds Carter before getting into a fight with Matt. Linda saves Matt. Sebastian then kills Sarah and Frank, and locks an injured Matt and Linda in the freezer, leaving them to die. Linda constructs an electromagnet using a defibrillator to open the door, then gathers materials to assemble a flamethrower. Meanwhile, Sebastian builds a makeshift bomb that will destroy the facility after he leaves using explosive chemicals and a centrifuge; he destroys the keyboard so that nobody can stop the machine.

Just as Sebastian enters the elevator, Linda fires the flamethrower at him. Sebastian escapes and the two fight. Before Sebastian can kill Linda, Matt strikes him with a crowbar. Sebastian recovers and approaches Matt and Linda from behind with the crowbar, but Matt deflects the blow, throwing Sebastian into a nearby circuit box, shocking him and rendering him partially visible. Linda and Matt find the bomb, but cannot stop it. They attempt to climb a ladder in the elevator shaft to escape as the bomb explodes. Despite his injuries, Sebastian grabs Linda's ankle. He pulls her off the ladder and onto the top of the elevator. Sebastian asks Linda for one last kiss for old times sake, so while they kiss, Linda disconnects the elevator cables, causing the partially visible Sebastian to fall to his death down the shaft. Linda and Matt emerge from the burning lab and emergency personnel take them away in an ambulance.

Cast

 Elisabeth Shue as Linda McKay, Sebastian's ex-girlfriend and co-worker who now has a relationship with Matt. Sebastian remains oblivious to this.
 Kevin Bacon as Dr. Sebastian Caine, an ambitious molecular biologist who has developed a serum that can render the subject invisible.
 Josh Brolin as Dr. Matthew "Matt" Kensington, Linda's new boyfriend and co-worker to both her and Sebastian.
 Kim Dickens as Dr. Sarah Kennedy, the feisty and rational veterinarian of the team who disapproves of the animal testings being done and has a strong dislike for Sebastian.
 Greg Grunberg as Carter Abbey, an emergency medical technician.
 Joey Slotnick as Frank Chase, a laboratory technician.
  as Janice Walton, a laboratory technician.
 William Devane as Dr. Howard Kramer, Sebastian's former mentor turned boss.
 Rhona Mitra as Sebastian's Neighbor
 Pablo Espinosa as Ed, the security guard working at the lab.
 Margot Rose as Martha Kramer, Howard's wife
 Tom Woodruff Jr. as the in-suit performer of Isabelle the Gorilla, a gorilla that was used in the invisibility experiments.
 Gary A. Hecker as the vocal effects of Isabelle the Gorilla.

Production

Development
Following the multi-layered and controversial Starship Troopers (1997), Verhoeven wanted to tone down the levels of sex and violence in his next film, aiming to make a more "conventionally commercial blockbuster". Approximately $50 million of the film's $95 million budget was reserved for visual effects work, which was primarily worked on by Sony Pictures Imageworks (SPI) and Tippett Studio. Of the 560 visual effects shots in the film, approximately two-thirds were worked on by SPI and the remaining third by Tippett Studio. Verhoeven also storyboarded most of the film, as he had done with all of his American films after experiencing trouble coordinating the action of Flesh+Blood (1985). He maintains that over 90% of the film is how he storyboarded it, as it was expensive (costing up to $300,000) if he decided to change a camera movement.

Filming
The film was shot in chronological order, partially due to the fact that the laboratory set would be physically blown up near the end of the story, a sequence that was captured by 14 cameras at various angles. Principal photography began on April 16, 1999. Six weeks into filming, Elisabeth Shue tore her Achilles tendon, which shut down production on June 25 for over seven weeks. At one point, producers considered replacing her; however, shooting resumed on August 18, 1999, and ran until February 4, 2000 following her recovery.

Hollow Man was one of very few films allowed to shoot directly in front of The Pentagon building, with Verhoeven expressing surprise that the script was approved, because of the themes of the United States Government commissioning scientific experiments into making living beings invisible. Many of the location scenes were shot in and around Washington, D.C., with a restaurant set also being constructed in a building overlooking the U.S. Capitol. The laboratory scenes were shot at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City, California; the elevator shaft used in the film's climax was built onto the side of the studio's parking garage.

A thermal imaging camera was employed for scenes showing "invisible" animals (most notably Isabelle the gorilla) or Sebastian following his transformation and the unsuccessful attempt to restore him to visibility; the same technique was used for characters when they look through thermal goggles. As Isabelle was played in part by a man in a gorilla suit, crew members had to stand by and warm the suit with hair dryers in order for the thermal camera to accurately emulate an actual gorilla's warmth.

Despite assumptions that Bacon would not be needed on set except when his character Sebastian is visible, Verhoeven and the crew realized after test footage was shot that he would need to be present to interact with the cast, as "the other actors were stranded in empty space, and the scenes looked stiff, inorganic and unconvincing" without him. Guy Pearce and Edward Norton were also considered for the role of Sebastian before Bacon was chosen, in part for his "ability to be both charming and diabolical". At the time of Hollow Mans release, Bacon recounted a "bad morning" on which, among other mishaps, he read a story in the press that suggested Robert Downey, Jr. had been offered the film's title role.

Special effects
To achieve the effects of Sebastian being invisible, Bacon was digitally removed from the footage and each scene was shot twice: once with the actors and once without, for the background to be able to be seen through Sebastian's body. The crew used a motion-control camera, to ensure the same movements were achieved and the shots were then composited in post-production. For scenes where Sebastian was outlined in smoke, water and blood, Bacon wore a latex body suit, face mask, contact lenses and a dental plate all of one color; green was used for blood, blue for smoke, and black for water. Visual effects supervisor Craig Hayes then replaced Bacon with a digital clone to form an outline of his performance. To make the clone appear more like Bacon, information about "every aspect" of his body was recorded and the entirety of his body, including his genitals, was scanned into a computer. Their work earned Hayes and the effects team a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects, which they lost to Gladiator.

Inspired after his daughter bought him books on the subject of écorchés at La Specola in Florence, Verhoeven enlisted special effects supervisor Scott Anderson to create a three-dimensional digital model of the inside of Bacon's body, to create the "transformation scene" where Sebastian becomes invisible. New volume-rendering software was required just to replicate the inside of Bacon's body. The scene depicts Sebastian disappearing in stages; first, his skin, followed by his muscles, organs (including his lungs and heart) and finally, his skeleton. Bacon detailed the complications of his role in a diary he kept while filming and believed the "sense of isolation, anger and suffering" that he felt while wearing the mask and body suit helped his performance.

The scene of an invisible Sebastian raping a woman in a neighboring apartment was shot in two versions, with the second showing her screaming as she is raped. The first was used when preview audiences reacted with disdain, deeming it "painful" and feeling it alienated them from Sebastian too early. Although excising certain shots from the version he called "stronger[,] harsher and at the same time more relevant [for Sebastian Caine]", Verhoeven did not actually intend to show the rape, claiming "a woman being raped by an invisible man would look silly and that's the last thing we'd want to do. [...] It wouldn't express in any way the severity of the violence happening at that moment." Regardless, it was Verhoeven's first film he did not have to recut and resubmit to the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) in order to achieve an R rating.

Themes
Professor of film and literature at California Polytechnic State University Douglas Keesey wrote in his illustrated book on the life and films of Verhoeven that the camera often adopts Sebastian's point of view, "tempting us to become voyeurs along with him, to get off on our ability to see without being seen". Elisabeth Shue categorized the film as a "story of the dark, seductive nature of evil" and also pointed out its voyeuristic qualities. Verhoeven commented: "Hollow Man leads you by the hand and takes you with Sebastian into teasing behaviour, naughty behaviour and then really bad and ultimately evil behaviour. At what point do you abandon him? I'm thinking when he rapes the woman would probably be the moment that people decide, 'This is not exactly my type of hero', though I must say a lot of viewers follow him further than you would expect."

Music

The soundtrack for Hollow Man was composed by Jerry Goldsmith, his third collaboration with Verhoeven after Total Recall (1990) and Basic Instinct (1992). Varèse Sarabande released it on CD on July 25, 2000.

Filmtracks.com found there to be two distinct motifs: the "transitional motif" of "bass thumping and [an] array of prickling electronic effects that slowly increase their pace and volume as the scenes [of invisibility] progress", heard in "Isabelle Comes Back" and "This Is Science"; and the "rambling piano and bass-element ostinato heard for the violent chasing" in both "The Elevator" and "The Big Climb". The site pointed out "the pulsating piano, woodwind, and electronic rhythm from [Basic Instinct] underneath a meandering, disembodied theme for high strings not much unlike [The Haunting]", and judged that the "action bursts, especially with the drum pad and synthesizer combos" were akin to Goldsmith's use of those elements in Total Recall. Overall, the site felt the score was "over the top", calling it "pieced together from other Goldsmith scores" and derivative while citing the first and second tracks as highlights.

Release
Despite a negative response from critics, Hollow Man debuted at #1 ahead of Nutty Professor II: The Klumps with $26.4 million in its opening weekend. During this time, the film achieved the second-highest August opening weekend, behind The Sixth Sense (1999). It was the first film since Mission: Impossible 2 to top the box office for multiple weeks. After fifteen weeks of release, Hollow Man had grossed in excess of $73.2 million in North America and just over $117 million elsewhere, making a total of $190.2 million worldwide, against its $95 million production budget. It was Verhoeven's biggest hit since Basic Instinct (1992).

Reception
  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C" on an A+ to F scale.

While some critics criticized the plot and acting, with some claiming it contains hallmarks of slasher films and misogynistic undertones, most critics praised the visual effects employed in making Kevin Bacon appear to be invisible, which earned the film a nomination for Best Visual Effects at the 2001 Academy Awards.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film two stars out of four, and complained that Verhoeven wasted potential by taking an invisible man and doing nothing more than having him go berserk. While ultimately feeling that the film is merely a slasher film with a science gimmick, Ebert praised the special effects, calling them "intriguing" and "astonishing", but felt the film lacked the "imagination and wit" of Verhoven's best films.

The film received three nominations at the 2000 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards: Worst On-Screen Group (the scientists), Worst Screenplay for a Film That Grossed over $100 Million Using Hollywood Math and Most Unintentionally Funny Movie, but lost to Battlefield Earth and Gone in 60 Seconds, respectively. The film was also nominated for both Best Science Fiction Film and Best Music at the Saturn Awards and won Best Special Effects.

A fake review attributed to David Manning was revealed in late 2001 as a hoax, created by Sony to fake publicity for the film.

Verhoeven was not happy with the movie. In 2013, he told The Hollywood Reporter:
As of 2022, Hollow Man is Verhoeven's final film produced by a major American production company.

Home media
Hollow Man was released on DVD and VHS in North America by Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment on January 2, 2001. It was released with its widescreen theatrical aspect ratio of 1.85:1 and included various special features, including two audio commentaries—one with Verhoeven, writer Andrew W. Marlowe and Kevin Bacon, and another with composer Jerry Goldsmith and the isolated score of the film; the HBO making-of featurette "Hollow Man: Anatomy of a Thriller"; 15 mini-featurettes on the making of the film, several detailing storyboards of progress shots with commentary; three deleted scenes with commentary by Verhoeven; visual effects picture-in-picture comparisons of the raw footage with the final scene; cast and crew biographies; a teaser and a theatrical trailer. In the years that followed, both a deluxe Superbit edition was made, as well as a director's cut of the film, which restored nearly seven minutes of footage—primarily extended cuts of existing scenes including Linda and Matthew in bed, the rape scene, Sebastian killing the dog and the aftermath of Sarah being suspicious of Sebastian.

The director's cut version of the film was released on Blu-ray October 16, 2007 with a 1080p resolution. Although lacking any commentaries, it restores most other special features. A two-disc double pack including the stand-alone sequel Hollow Man 2 was released on DVD in 2006 while Mill Creek Entertainment released the Blu-ray version on March 26, 2013. Mill Creek also released the director's cut in their Dark Passengers 8 movie DVD collection on October 1, 2013, 24 Horror DVD collection on March 7, 2017, and The 6 Degrees Blu-ray collection on April 3, 2018. On July 8, 2019, both films were released on Blu-ray Collector's Edition by 88 Films, including the theatrical cut of the first film.

References

External links

American slasher films
2000s slasher films
2000 films
2000 horror films
2000s science fiction horror films
2000s monster movies
American science fiction horror films
American monster movies
Columbia Pictures films
Films about invisibility
Films about mass murder
Films about scientists
Films based on The Invisible Man
Films produced by Douglas Wick
Films directed by Paul Verhoeven
Films scored by Jerry Goldsmith
Films set in Washington, D.C.
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films shot in Washington, D.C.
English-language German films
German science fiction horror films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
2000s German films
Films produced by Alan Marshall (producer)
Films shot in chronological order
Films with screenplays by Andrew W. Marlowe
English-language science fiction horror films

Hollow Man


The Quebec Contemporary Music Society, or Société de musique contemporaine du Québec in French (SMCQ), is a contemporary classical-music organization based in Montreal, Quebec. It was founded in 1966 by Montreal composers and musicians, including Wilfrid Pelletier, Jean Papineau-Couture, Hugh Davidson, Serge Garant, and Maryvonne Kendergian.

The SMCQ presents an annual series of concerts involving its own ensemble as well as invited guests, the  biennial Montreal/New Music International Festival, and a youth program called SMCQ Jeunesse (SMCQ Youth). The 2007–08 season marked the inaugural of an Homage Series, planned to be a biennial collaborative event featuring the music of an important Quebec composer, which that season was Claude Vivier. The SMCQ's artistic director since 1988 has been Walter Boudreau.

Artistic Directors
1966-1986 : Serge Garant
1986-1988 : Gilles Tremblay
1988-2022 : Walter Boudreau
2022- ... : Ana Sokolović

Montreal/New Music International Festival

The first Montreal/New Music International Festival was produced in 2005 and featured the music of more than 50 composers, including Cornelis de Bondt, R. Murray Schafer, and Michel Longtin. It included performances by the Hilliard Ensemble, Klangforum Wein and the Orchestre Symphonique de Montréal. The format of the festival included a week of concerts, lectures, master classes, and public rehearsals with composers.

External links
Official site
Official site of Montreal/New Music International Festival (alternate domain name)

Quebec music
Music organizations based in Canada
Classical music festivals in Canada
Contemporary music organizations
1966 establishments in Quebec
Recurring events established in 1966

Quebec Contemporary Music Society


The 2017 Atlanta Blaze season was the second season for the Atlanta Blaze of Major League Lacrosse and David Huntley's first full season as head coach after taking over for John Tucker ten games into 2016. The Blaze posted two more wins in 2017, finishing their second season at 6-8 and eighth place in the standings.

On December 29, 2016, former Atlanta Hawks and Thrashers executive Jim Pfeifer was named the team's new president. In April 2017, the team's owner Peter Trematerra sued the MLL for misinterpretations from when he bought the league in 2014.

Schedule

Regular season

Standings

References

External links
 Team Website

Major League Lacrosse seasons
Atlanta Blaze
Atlanta Blaze

2017 Atlanta Blaze season