Salvador (English: Savior) is a Brazilian municipality and capital city of the state of Bahia. Situated in the Zona da Mata in the Northeast Region of Brazil, Salvador is recognized throughout the country and internationally for its cuisine, music, and architecture. The African influence in many cultural aspects of the city makes it a center of Afro-Brazilian culture. As the first capital of Colonial Brazil, the city is one of the oldest in the Americas and one of the first planned cities in the world, having been established during the Renaissance period. Its foundation in 1549 by Tomé de Sousa took place on account of the implementation of the General Government of Brazil by the Portuguese Empire.

Centralization as a capital, along with Portuguese colonization, were important factors in shaping the profile of the municipality, as were certain geographic characteristics. The construction of the city followed the uneven topography, initially with the formation of two levels—Upper Town () and Lower Town ()—on a steep escarpment, and later with the conception of valley avenues. With  in area, its emerged territory is peninsular, and the coast is bordered by the Bay of All Saints to the west and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. The Historic Center of Salvador, iconized on the outskirts of , is known for its colonial architecture, with historical monuments dating from the 17th century to the beginning of the 20th century, and was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985. The stage of one of the biggest Carnivals in the world (the biggest street party in the world, according to the Guinness World Records), the integration of the municipality to the UNESCO's Creative Cities Network as the "City of Music", a unique title in the country, added to the international recognition of Salvador's music.

With more than 2.9 million inhabitants as of 2020, it is the most populous municipality in the Northeast, the third most populous in Brazil (Brasília surpassed Salvador in 2016, but it is a federal district, not a municipality), and the ninth largest Latin American city. It is the core of the metropolitan area known as "Great Salvador", which had an estimated 3,957,123 inhabitants in 2020 according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). This makes it the second most populous metropolitan area in the Northeast, the seventh in Brazil, and one of the largest in the world. Also due to these urban-population dimensions, it is classified by the IBGE study on the Brazilian urban network as a regional metropolis. In its reports for the years 2014 and 2020, the Research Network of Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) classified Salvador as a global city in the "Sufficiency" category (the smallest). Global city surveys by consultancy Kearney also included Salvador in the 2018 and 2020 annual reports, while excluding it in the 2019.

The economic center of the state, Salvador is also a port city, administrative and tourist center. Its metropolitan region has the highest GDP among urban concentrations in the Northeast. In 2018, it had the second-highest gross domestic product (GDP) among Northeastern municipalities. Furthermore, it is the headquarters of important regional, national and international companies, such as Novonor, Braskem, Neoenergy Coelba, and Suzano Papel e Celulose. In addition to companies, the city hosts or has hosted many cultural, political, educational, sports events and organizations, such as the Bahia State University, the Federal University of Bahia, the Brazilian Army Complementary Training School, the Brazilian Surfing Confederation, the 12th United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (in 2010), the third Ibero-American Summit (in 1993), the 2003 Pan-American Judo Championship, the second Conference of Intellectuals from Africa and the Diaspora (in 2006), the 1989 Copa América, the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, the 2014 FIFA World Cup, and Group E of the women's football tournament in the 2016 Summer Olympics.

History

Salvador lies on a small, roughly triangular peninsula that separates the Bay of All Saints, the largest bay in Brazil, from the Atlantic Ocean. It was first reached by Gaspar de Lemos in 1501, just one year after Cabral's purported discovery of Brazil. During his second voyage for Portugal, the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci sighted the bay on All Saints' Day (1 November) 1502 and, in honor of the date and his parish church in Florence, he named it the Bay of the Saint Savior of All the Saints. The first European to settle nearby was Diogo Álvares Correia ("Caramuru"), who was shipwrecked off the end of the peninsula in 1509. He lived among the Tupinambá, marrying Guaibimpara and others. In 1531, Martim Afonso de Sousa led an expedition from Mount St Paul () and, in 1534, Francisco Pereira Coutinho, the first captain of Bahia, established the settlement of Pereira in modern Salvador's Ladeira da Barra neighborhood. Mistreatment of the Tupinambá by the settlers caused them to turn hostile and the Portuguese were forced to flee to Porto Seguro . An attempted restoration of the colony the next year ended in shipwreck and cannibalism.

The present city was established as the fortress of  da Bahia de  ("Holy Savior of the Bay of All Saints") in 1549 by Portuguese settlers under Tomé de Sousa, Brazil's first governor-general. It is one of the oldest cities founded by Europeans in the Americas. From a cliff overlooking the Bay of All Saints, it served as Brazil's first capital and quickly became a major port for its slave trade and sugarcane industry. Salvador was long divided into an upper and a lower city, divided by a sharp escarpment some  high. The upper city formed the administrative, religious, and primary residential districts while the lower city was the commercial center, with a port and market.

In the Roman Catholic Church, Brazil and the rest of the Portuguese Empire were initially administered as part of the Diocese of Funchal in Portugal but, in 1551, Salvador became the seat of the first Roman Catholic diocese erected in Brazil. The first parish church was the mud-and-thatch Church of Our Lady of Help () erected by the Jesuits (Society of Jesus), which served as the first cathedral of the diocese until the Jesuits finished construction of the original basilica on the Terreiro de Jesus in 1553. Its bishop was made independent of the Archdiocese of Lisbon at the request of King Pedro II in 1676; he served as the primate of the Congo and Angola in central Africa until the elevation of the Diocese of Luanda on 13 January 1844 and its bishop still serves as the national primate and premier see (diocese) of Brazil.

In 1572, the Governorate of Brazil was divided into the separate governorates of Bahia in the north and Rio de Janeiro in the south. These were reunited as Brazil six years later, then redivided from 1607 to 1613. By that time, Portugal had become temporarily united with Spain and was ruled from Madrid by its kings. In 1621, King Philip III replaced the Governorate of Brazil with the states of Brazil, still based in Salvador and now controlling the south, and the Maranhão, which was centered on São Luís and controlled what is now northern Brazil. As Spain was then prosecuting a war against the independence of the Dutch, the Dutch East and West India companies tried to conquer Brazil from them. Salvador played a strategically vital role against Dutch Brazil, but was captured and sacked by a West India Company fleet under Jacob Willekens and Piet Hein on 10 May 1624. Johan van Dorth administered the colony before his assassination, freeing its slaves. The city was recaptured by a Luso-Spanish fleet under Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo y Mendoza on 1 May 1625. John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen, tried to conquer the city for his country, unsuccessfully besieging it between April and May 1638.

In 1763, the colonial administration was removed to Rio de Janeiro and elevated to a viceroyalty. Salvador remained the heart of the , Bahia's rich agricultural maritime district, but was largely outside Brazil's early modernization. The area formed a center of royal Portuguese support against heir apparent 's declaration of independence from European Portugal on 7 September 1822. Its elites initially remained loyal to the Portuguese crown while rebels from Cachoeira besieged them for a year until finally receiving Portugal's surrender of the town on 2 July 1823, which is now celebrated as Bahia Independence Day. The local elite was similarly hesitant during Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca's later coup that established the republic in 1889.

Owing to whales' use of the Bay of All Saints as a mating ground, Salvador became a large whaling port in the Southern Hemisphere during the 19th century but the trade had already begun to fall off by the 1870s.

Under the empire and republic periods, however, the town slowly began to industrialize. In 1873, Brazil's first elevator, the powerful hydraulic , was constructed to connect the city's upper and lower towns. Having undergone several upgrades, it continues in use. By the First World War, it was joined by a second elevator and Salvador was connected to four railroads: the Bahia & Alagoinhas to Joazeiro, the Bahia Central, the Nazareth Tramway, and a short line to Santo Amaro. Its central districts and the major suburbs of Bomfim and Victoria were served by four streetcar lines, which had begun to electrify. It also served as a port of call for most steamship lines trading between Europe and South America.

In 1985, UNESCO listed the city's  neighborhood as a World Heritage Site. In the 1990s, a major municipal project cleaned and restored the neighborhood in order to develop it as the cultural center and heart of the city's tourist trade. The development of the Historical Center, however, involved the forced removal of thousands of working-class residents and now necessitates local and municipal events in order to attract people to the area. The relocated workers, meanwhile, have encountered significant economic hardship in their new homes on the city's periphery, separated from access to work and civic amenities.

In 2007, Porto da Barra Beach in Barra was named by the Guardian as the 3rd-best beach in the world. In 2010, the city hosted the 12th UN Congress on Crime Prevention. The city hosted the 2013 Confederations Cup and was one of the host cities of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil at its Arena Fonte Nova. As part of its preparations for the World Cup, the city re-established its public transportation lines as the Salvador Metro.

Geography

Climate
Salvador has a trade-wind tropical rainforest climate (Köppen: Af). Temperatures are relatively consistent, showing little variance throughout the course of the year. Salvador's driest months of the year are December and January, when the city receives on average less than  of precipitation. Salvador's wettest months are April, May and June, when at least  of rain falls during each of these three months.

Demographics

In 2010, the city of Salvador was the third-most populous city in Brazil, after São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The city had 474,827 opposite-sex couples and 1,595 same-sex couples. The population of Salvador was 53.3% female and 46.7% male.

Ethnic groups

According to the 2010 IBGE Census, there were 2,675,000 people residing in the city of Salvador. The census revealed the following self-identification: 1,382,543 persons identify as Pardo (Multiracial) (51.7%); 743,718 as Black (27.8%); 505,645 as White (18.9%); 35,785 as Asian (1.3%); and 7,563 as Amerindian (0.3%).

Salvador's population is the result of 500 years of interracial marriage. The majority of the population has African, European and Native American roots. The African ancestry of the city is from Angola, Benin, Congo, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Senegal and Mozambique.According to an autosomal DNA study from 2008, the ancestral heritage of the population of Salvador was estimated to be 49.2% African, 36.3% European and 14.5% Native American. The study also analyzed the genetic backgrounds of people by type of surname. Those with surnames with a religious connotation were 53.1% African in genetic ancestry and tended to be in lower economic classes. During the colonial era, it was typical practice for Portuguese priests and missionaries to baptize converted African slaves and Native Americans with surnames of religious connotations. These have been passed down to their descendants.

A 2015 autosomal DNA study found out the following ancestral composition in Salvador: 50.5% of African ancestry, 42.4% of European ancestry and 5.8% of Native American ancestry. The researchers explained they oversampled individuals living in poor environments (page 4).

Another 2015 autosomal DNA found out Salvador to be 50.8% African, 42.9% European and 6.4% Native American.

And another autosomal DNA study, also in 2015, found out Salvador to be: 50.8% European, 40.5% African and 8.7% Native American.

Population growth

Changing demographics of the city of Salvador

Source: Planet Barsa Ltda.

Religion

In Salvador, religion is a major contact point between Portuguese and African influences and, in the last 20 years, Brazil's version of a North American-influenced Pentecostalism. Salvador was the seat of the first bishopric in colonial Brazil (established 1551), and the first bishop, Pero Fernandes Sardinha, arrived already in 1552. The Jesuits, led by the Manuel da Nóbrega, also arrived in the 16th century and worked in converting the Indigenous peoples of the region to Roman Catholicism.

Many religious orders came to the city, following its foundation: Franciscans, Benedictines and Carmelites. Subsequently, to them are created the Third Orders, the Brotherhoods, and Fraternities, which were composed mainly of professional and social groups. The most prominent of these orders were the Terceira do Carmo Order and the de São Francisco Order, founded by white men, and the Nossa Senhora do Rosário and São Beneditino Brotherhoods, composed of black men. In many churches maintained by religious men, were housed the Santíssimo Sacramento brotherhoods.

Besides these organizations, the expansion of Catholicism in the city was consolidated through social care work. Santa Casa the Misericórdia was one of the institution that did this kind of work, maintaining hospitals, shelters for the poor and the elderly, as well providing assistance to convicts and to those who would face death penalties. The convents, on their part, were cultural and religious formation centers, offering seminar coursed that often were attended by the lay.

Even with the present evolution, and the growth of Protestantism and other religions in the city, the Catholic faith remains as one of its most distinctive features, drawing a lot of people to its hundreds of churches. Some aspects, like the use of Portuguese in the Masses, the simplification of the liturgy, and the adoption of "pop" religious songs are key factors to the triumph of Catholicism. In the Nossa Senhora do Rosário dos Pretos Church, Masses are held in the Yorubá language, making use of African chants and typical clothes, which attract many people from the African Brazilian communities.

Most enslaved Africans in Bahia were brought from Sub-Saharan Africa, especially the Yoruba-speaking nation (Iorubá or Nagô in Portuguese) from present-day Benin. The enslaved were forced to convert to Roman Catholicism, but their original religion Yorùbá was combined with Roman Catholicism to make the syncretic religion known as, Candomblé, which has survived in spite of prohibitions and persecutions. The enslaved Africans managed to preserve their religion by attributing the names and characteristics of their Yorùbá deities to Catholic saints with similar qualities. Still today all Candomble sessions are conducted in Yoruba, not Portuguese.These religious entities have been syncretised with some Catholic entities. For instance, Salvador's Feast of Bonfim, celebrated in January, is dedicated to both Our Lord of Bonfim (Jesus Christ) and Oxalá. Another important feast is the Feast de Yemanja every 2 February, on the shores of the borough of Rio Vermelho in

Salvador, on the day the church celebrates Our Lady of the Navigators. 8 December, Immaculate Conception Day for Catholics, is also commonly dedicated to Yemanja' with votive offerings made in the sea throughout the Brazilian coast.

Source: IBGE 2010.

Economy

Throughout Brazilian history Salvador has played an important role. Because of its location on Brazil's northeastern coast, the city served as an important link in the Portuguese empire throughout the colonial era, maintaining close commercial ties with Portugal and Portuguese colonies in Africa and Asia.

Salvador remained the preeminent city in Brazil until 1763 when it was replaced as the national capital by Rio de Janeiro. In the last ten years many high-rise office and apartment buildings were constructed, sharing the same blocks with colonial-era housing or commercial buildings.

With its beaches, humid tropical climate, numerous up-to-date shopping malls (The Shopping Iguatemi was the first shopping mall in Northeastern Brazil) and pleasant high-class residential areas, the city has much to offer its residents.

Economically Salvador is one of Brazil's more important cities. Since its founding the city has been one of Brazil's most prominent ports and international trading centers. Boasting a large oil refinery, a petrochemical plant and other important industries, the city has made great strides in reducing its historical dependence on agriculture for its prosperity.

Salvador is the second most popular tourism destination in Brazil, after Rio de Janeiro. Tourism and cultural activity are important generators of employment and income, boosting the arts and the preservation of artistic and cultural heritage.

Chief among the points of interest are its famous Pelourinho (named after the colonial pillories that once stood there) district, its historic churches, and its beaches. Salvador's tourism infrastructure is considered one of the most modern in World, especially in terms of lodging. The city offers accommodation to suit all tastes and standards, from youth hostels to international hotels. Construction is one of the most important activities in the city, and many international (mainly from Spain, Portugal and England) and national developers are investing in the city and in the Bahian littoral zone.

JAC Motors will have a plant in the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, in the city of Camaçari, the new industry will result 3,500 direct jobs and 10,000 indirect jobs, the production of 100,000 vehicles by year.

In December 2001, Monsanto Company inaugurated, at the Petrochemical Pole of Camaçari, in Metropolitan Region of Salvador, the first plant of the company designed to produce raw materials for the herbicide Roundup in South America. The investment is equivalent to US$500 million; US$350 million were spent in this initial phase. The Camaçari Plant, the largest unit of Monsanto outside of the United States, is also the only Monsanto plant manufacturing raw materials for the Roundup production line. The company started the civil works for the new plant in January 2000.

Government and politics

Salvador's history as the first political capital of Brazil and as the capital of Bahia has meant that the city has historically exerted significant influence of both state and federal politics. Because of its importance as the largest port for imported slaves in Brazil, its early political history was dominated by a conservative slaveholding class. Bahia was a monarchy stronghold during the movement for Brazilian independence and was the last to join the new Empire of Brazil. Despite the abolition of slavery, expansion of the franchise and steady migration of Afro-Brazilians from the Bahian countryside into the city, the city's elected offices have and continue to be dominated by a mostly European-descended upper class in a majority Black city. Afro-Brazilians continue to be underrepresented politically and urban renewal efforts have increasingly displaced them out of the historical city center towards the suburbs. Examples of the city's political elite include the Magalhães family, which in the last 50 years has held positions for mayor of Salvador (Antônio Carlos and his grandson ACM Neto), governor of Bahia (Antônio Carlos), senator (Antônio Carlos and his son Antônio Júnior) and federal deputy (uncle Luís Eduardo and nephew ACM Neto). The control of the state of Bahia, and by extension Salvador, under political boss Antônio Carlos Magalhães was marked by an authoritarian style of clientelism known locally as carlismo.

Since January 2021, the mayor of Salvador has been Bruno Soares Reis of the União Brasil party (DEM). The office of mayor has a 4 year term and works with a deputy mayor, also an elected 4 year position. The current deputy mayor is Ana Paula Matos (PDT). In recent decades, the position has been held by mostly members of center-right parties such as the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) and more recently the Democrats (DEM).

There are 43 councilors in the Salvador City Council, most recently elected in 2020. Geraldo Júnior (MDB) is the current president of the City Council.

Tourism and recreation

The Salvador coastline is one of the longest for cities in Brazil. There are  of beaches distributed between the High City and the Low City, from Inema, in the railroad suburb to the Praia do Flamengo, on the other side of town. While the Low City beaches are bordered by the waters of the All Saints Bay (the country's most extensive bay), the High City beaches, from Farol da Barra to Flamengo, are bordered by the Atlantic Ocean. The exception is Porto da Barra Beach, the only High City beach located in the All Saints Bay.

The capital's beaches range from calm inlets, ideal for swimming, sailing, diving and underwater fishing, as well as open sea inlets with strong waves, sought by surfers. There are also beaches surrounded by reefs, forming natural pools of stone, ideal for children.

Interesting places to visit near Salvador include:
 According to the British newspaper The Guardian, in 2007, Porto da Barra Beach was the third best in the world.
 The large island of Itaparica in the Bay of All Saints can be visited either by a car-ferry, or a smaller foot-passenger ferry, which leaves from near the Mercado Modelo near the Lacerda Elevator.
 BA-099 Highway, or "Line of Coconut" and "Green Line" of towns and cities, with exquisite beaches, north of Salvador heading towards Sergipe state.
 Morro de São Paulo in the Valença region across the Bay of All Saints – an island that can be reached by ferry from Salvador (2 hours), by plane, or by bus to Valença and then by 'Rapido' ('fast') speedboat or smaller ferry. Morro de São Paulo is formed by five villages of the Tinharé Island.

The city is served by many shopping malls, including Shopping Iguatemi, Salvador Shopping, Shopping Barra, and Shopping Paralela.

Salvador has four parks, green areas protected, as Jardim dos Namorados Park, Costa Azul Park, Park of the city, Park of Pituaçu.

Jardim dos Namorados is located right next to Costa Azul Park and occupies an area of 15 hectares in Pituba, where many families used to spend their vacations in the 1950s. It was inaugurated in 1969, initially as a leisure area. It underwent a complete renovation in the 1990s, with the construction of an amphitheater with room for 500 people, sports courts, playgrounds and parking for cars and tourist buses.

Park of the city is an important preservation area of the Atlantic forest. It was completely renovated in 2001, becoming a modern social, cultural and leisure place. The new park has 720 square meter of green area right in the middle of the city. Among the attractions are Praça das Flores (Flowers square), with more than five thousand ornamental plants and flowers.

Besides its environment, the park has an infrastructure for children, with a special schedule of events taking place every October.

Created by state decree in 1973, Pituaçu Park occupies an area of 450 hectares and is one of the few Brazilian ecological parks located in an urban area. It is surrounded by Atlantic forest, with a good variety of plants and animals. There is also an artificial pond in the park, built in 1906 along with the Pituaçu Dam, whose purpose was to supply water to the city.

There are a number of possible leisure activities, ranging from cycloboats rides on the pond, to a  long cycloway circling the entire reserve. A museum is also located in the park. Espaço Cravo is an outdoor museum with 800 pieces created by Mario Cravo, consisting of totems, winged and three-dimensional figures, as well as drawings and paintings.

Education

Educational institutions
The city has several universities:
 Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA) (Federal University of Bahia);
 Universidade Católica do Salvador (UCSal) (Catholic University of Salvador);
 Universidade do Estado da Bahia (UNEB) (Bahia State University);
 Universidade Salvador (UNIFACS) (Salvador University);
 Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências (FTC) (College of Technology and Science);
 Instituto Federal da Bahia (IFBA) (Federal Institute of Bahia);
 Faculdade Ruy Barbosa (FRB) (Ruy Barbosa College);
 Campus Integrado de Manufatura e Tecnologia (CIMATEC) (Integrated Campus of Manufacturing and Technology);
 Faculdade Castro Alves (FCA) (Castro Alves College);
 Centro Universitário Jorge Amado (UNIJORGE) (Jorge Amado University Center);
 Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP) (Bahian School of Medicine and Public Health);

Primary and secondary schools
Top high schools of the city according to Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio are:

 Pan American School of Bahia
 Colégio Marista
 Colégio São Paulo
 Colégio Oficina
 Colégio Anchieta
 Federal Institute of Bahia (IFBA)
 Colégio Bernoulli
 Cândido Portinari Academy
 Colégio Antônio Vieira
 Colégio Módulo
 Military College of Salvador
 Colégio Sartre Escola SEB
 Colégio Integral
 Colégio Gregor Mendel

Public safety
Salvador is one of the most crime-ridden cities in the country. The number of homicides increased 418% from 2000 to 2010. From 1998 to 2008, the number of homicides of youths between the ages of 15 and 24 increased 435.1%. Gun violence in the state of Bahia more than doubled in the period from 2004 to 2014, and the city is in the top ten for gun violence of the 26 state capitals of Brazil. In 2014 the state of Bahia had the most murders in the country. At the same time, Salvador has one of the lowest rates of suicide in the nation.

Culture

Salvador's historical and cultural aspects were inherited by the intermarriage of such ethnic groups as Native-Indian, African and European. This mixture can be seen in the religion, cuisine, cultural manifestations, and custom of Bahia's people. African cultural practices are particularly celebrated.

Literature

Gregório de Mattos, born in Salvador in 1636, was also educated by the Jesuits. He became the most important Baroque poet in colonial Brazil for his religious and satirical works. Father António Vieira was born in Lisbon in 1608, but was raised and educated in the Jesuit school of Salvador and died in the city in 1697. His erudite sermons have earned him the title of best writer of the Portuguese language in the Baroque era.

After the Independence of Brazil (1822), Salvador continued to play an important role in Brazilian literature. Significant 19th-century writers associated with the city include Romantic poet Castro Alves (1847–1871) and diplomat Ruy Barbosa (1849–1923). In the 20th century, Bahia-born Jorge Amado (1912–2001), although not born in Salvador, helped popularize the culture of the city around the world in novels such as Jubiabá, Dona Flor e Seus Dois Maridos, and Tenda dos Milagres, the settings of which are in Salvador.

Cuisine

The local cuisine, spicy and based on seafood (shrimp, fish), strongly relies on typically African ingredients and techniques, and is much appreciated throughout Brazil and internationally. The most typical ingredient is azeite-de-dendê, an oil extracted from a palm tree (Elaeis guineensis) brought from West Africa to Brazil during colonial times.

Using the milky coconut juice, they prepared a variety of seafood based dishes, such as Ensopados, Moquecas and Escabeche. The sugar cane bagasse was mixed with molasses and Rapadura, in the creation of coconut desserts like Cocada Branca and Preta. The remaining of the Portuguese Stew sauce was mixed with manioc flour to make a mush, which is a traditional Indian dish. In the markets of Salvador, it is possible to find stands selling typical dishes of the colonial era. In the Sete Portas Market, customers eat Mocotó on Friday nights since the 1940s, when the market was inaugurated. In the restaurants of Mercado Modelo, Sarapatel, stews and several fried dishes are served regularly. In the São Joaquim, Santa Bárbara and São Miguel markets, there are stands selling typical food. They are also sold at stands located on the beaches, specially crab stews and oysters. The restaurants that sell typical dishes are located mostly along the coast and in Pelourinho. They prepare a wide variety of recipes that take palm tree oil.

Traditional dishes include caruru, vatapá, acarajé, bobó-de-camarão, moqueca baiana, and abará. Some of these dishes, like the acarajé and abará, are also used as offerings in Candomblé rituals. But Salvador is not only typical food. Other recipes created by the slaves were the Haussá Rice (rice and jerked beef cooked together), the Munguzá, used as offering to the Candomblé deity Oxalá (who is the father of all deities, according to the religion) pleased the matrons very much. So did the Bolinhos the Fubá, the Cuscuz (cornmeal) and the Mingau (porridge). According to Arany Santana, the African Ipetê (used in the rituals to the deity Oxum) became the Shrimp bobó, and the Akará (honoring the deities Xangô and Iansã) became the world-famous Acarajé. The city has restaurants specialized on international cuisine also. There are also places that serve dishes from other states of Brazil, especially from Minas Gerais and the Northeast region.

Capoeira

Capoeira is a unique mix of dance and martial art of Afro-Brazilian origin, combining agile dance moves with unarmed combat techniques. Capoeira in Portuguese literally means "chicken coop". The capoeira appeared in Quilombo dos Palmares, located in the Captaincy of Pernambuco, and Salvador is considered the home of modern capoeira branches. In the first half of the 20th century, Salvador-born masters Mestre Bimba and Mestre Pastinha founded capoeira schools and helped standardize and popularize the art in Brazil and the world. The practice of Capoeira was banned in 1892, though in 1937 it was made legal. In recent years, Capoeira has become more international and accessible even in Salvador.

Museums

The artistic, cultural and social heritage of Salvador is preserved in museums. From Museu de Arte da Bahia (MAB), which is the oldest in the State, to Museu Náutico, the newest, the first capital of Brazil displays unique elements of history. Museu de Arte da Bahia has paintings, Chinese porcelain, furniture and sacred images from the 17th and 18th centuries. Museu Costa Pinto has privately owned items such as, pieces of art, crystal objects, and furniture from the 18th and 19th centuries. Museu da Cidade, where many items that help to preserve the heritage of old Salvador are kept. The Museum of Modern Art of Bahia, established in 1960, is located at a historic site on the Bay of All Saints, Solar da União.

Some churches and monasteries also have museums located in their premises. Examples of this are the Carmo da Misericórdia and São Bento museums. After the forts were renovated, Museu Náutico was established in the Forte de Santo Antonio da Barra (Farol da Barra) and the Museum of Communication in Forte São Diogo. Other important museums located in Salvador are: Museu do Cacau, State Museum of Geology, Museu tempostal, Solar do Ferrão, Museu de Arte Antiga e Popular Henriqueta M Catharino, Museu Eugênio Teixeira Leal, Museu Rodin Bahia, and Museu das Portas do Carmo.

Public art
The streets of Salvador are decorated with numerous murals and sculptures, many of which have been produced by the resident artist Bel Borba, a native of the city.

Carnival

The Bahian Carnival () is the largest party on the planet. Its dimensions are gigantic. For an entire week, almost 4 million people celebrate throughout  of streets, avenues, and squares. The direct organization of the party involves the participation of over 100,000 people and Salvador receives an average of over 800,000 visitors. The affair is heavily policed and covered. Streets are patrolled by lines of police in single file and guarded by seated teams of five or six officers. In 2010, coverage was provided by 4,446 journalists from the local, national, and international press and broadcast to 135 countries through 65 radio stations, 75 magazines, 139 video productions, 97 newspapers (including 21 international papers), 14 tv stations, and 168 websites.

The party official begins when Rei Momo ("King Momo", the King of Carnival) is handed the key to the city in the morning of the Thursday before Mardi Gras. In the Campo Grande, streets are lined with grandstands (). 60-foot-long trucks known as  carry a kick line of scantily-clad dancers along with the city's best-loved performers, such as Ivete Sangalo, Daniela Mercury, Cláudia Leitte, Chiclete com Banana, and Carlinhos Brown. Much of the music played is axé or samba-reggae. Groups known as  participate, with the most famous being the  such as Malé Debalé, Olodum, and Filhos de Gandhi.

The parades are organized into separate circuits. The Osmar Circuit, the oldest, goes from Campo Grande to Castro Alves Square. The Downtown Circuit runs through downtown and . The Dodô Circuit goes from Farol da Barra to Ondina along the coast. Since the Osmar Circuit is the oldest, it is where the event's most traditional groups parade. In Dodô, where the artist box seats are located, the party becomes lively toward the end of the afternoon and continues until morning.

Music

Black Bahia Funk Balls play more American music—including English music—than their counterparts in Rio, while Rio's music is considered inferior and less played. The local dancehalls which host the balls are also distinct.

Matrix Radio, which includes difficult and otherwise impossible to find music of Salvador and Bahia and which consists of music formerly available in Cana Brava Records, formerly located in Salvador's Centro Histórico (Pelourinho), was named by British journal The Guardian as one of "10 of the best music radio stations around the world".

Libraries
The first books that arrived in Salvador, were brought by the Jesuits, who came with Tomé de Souza. The first libraries or bookstores that appeared were under the control of the religious missionaries and were mostly composed of books on religion.

Handcrafts

The handcraft legacy of Bahia using only raw materials (straw, leather, clay, wood, seashells and beads), the most rudimentary crafts are reasonably inexpensive. Other pieces are created with the use of metals like gold, silver, copper and brass. The most sophisticated ones are ornamented with precious and semi-precious gems. The craftsmen and women generally choose religion as the main theme of their work.

They portray the images of Catholic saints and Candomble deities on their pieces. The good luck charms such as the clenched fist, the four-leaf clover, the garlic and the famous Bonfim ribbons express the city's religious syncretism. Nature is also portrayed on these pieces, reflecting the local wildlife. Music appears in the atabaque drums, the rain sticks, the water drums and the famous berimbau, along with other typical instruments.

Salvador holds an international reputation as a city where musical instruments that produce unique sounds are made. These instruments are frequently used by world-famous artists in their recording sessions. The main handcrafts production in Salvador is located in Mercado Modelo, which is the biggest handcraft center in Latin America.

Pieces can also be purchased at Instituto de Artesanato de Mauá and at Instituto do Patrimônio Artístico e Cultural (IPAC). These are organizations that promote typical art in Bahia.

Transportation

Airport

Deputado Luís Eduardo Magalhães International Airport has an area of  between sand dunes and native vegetation. It is  north of Central Salvador, and the road to the airport has already become one of the city's main scenic attractions.

Salvador Air Force Base - BASV, a base of the Brazilian Air Force, is located in Salvador.

Port

With cargo volume that grows every year with the economic growth of the state, the Port of Salvador, located in the Bahia de Todos os Santos, is the port with the most movement of containers of the North/Northeast and the second-leading fruit exporter in Brazil.

Metro

Salvador Metro System has been in operation since 2014. Its first stage was completed between Lapa and Acesso Norte stations and was later expanded to include new metro stations between Acesso Norte and Pirajá. Together, these segments form Line 1 of the system.  In 2018, the system had  and 20 stations and linked with the bus system.

The main shareholders in Metro Salvador are the Spanish companies Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles, Dimetronic, and ICF. It is expected that Metro Salvador will invest US$150 million in rolling stock, signaling and telecommunications equipment. The contract covers the first  line from Pirajá to Lapa, which was originally due to open in 2003. The project is also financed by a US$150 million World Bank loan and contributions from the federal, Bahia state, and Salvador city governments.

The creation of the system was one of the actions for urban mobility in preparation for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. The connection of Line 2 with Line 1 connects Magalhães International Airport to Downtown Salvador and the Fonte Nova Stadium. Line 2 also integrates Rótula do Abacaxi and the neighboring beach city of Lauro de Freitas.

Monorail
The two line SkyRail Bahia monorail network is due to open in 2022.

Highways
The BR-101 and BR-116 federal highways cross Bahia from north to south, connecting Salvador to the rest of the country. At the Feira de Santana junction, take the BR-324 state highway. The capital of Bahia is served by several coach companies from almost every Brazilian state. BR-242, starting at São Roque do Paraguaçu (transversal direction), is linked to BR-116, bound to the middle–west region. Among the state highways stands BA-099, which makes connection to the north coast and BA-001, which makes connection to the south of Bahia. Buses provide direct service to most major Brazilian cities, including Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Brasília, as well as regional destinations. In 2007, the city had 586,951 vehicles, the largest number of the Northern and Northeastern Brazil. Salvador has 2,500 public buses, and 2 million people are transported every day.

The bus station (rodoviária) is in Iguatemi, with direct buses to larger cities in the country and to many other destinations in the state. On the second floor are the counters for the different bus companies, and on the first floor is a small supermarket and a 24 h left luggage. Across the street is a large shopping center, Iguatemi, with a food court, connected by a pedestrian crossing.

Four paved highways connect the city to the national highway system. Running north from the Farol (lighthouse) de Itapoã are hundreds of kilometres of beaches. The beaches are accessible by the BA-099 highway or (Line of Coconut and Green Line), a (toll) road, which is kept in excellent condition, running parallel to the coast, with access roads leading off to the coast itself. The road runs along dunes of snow-white sand, and the coast itself is an almost unbroken line of coconut palms. The communities along the coast range from fishing villages to Praia do Forte.

Public transportation statistics
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Salvador, such as to and from work, on a weekday is 94 min, and 33% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 h every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 33 min, and 70% of riders wait for over 20 min on average every day. The average distance that people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 8 km, and 18% travel for over 12 km in a single trip.

Neighborhoods

Although the creation of Salvador was masterminded by the Kingdom of Portugal and its layout overseen by the Portuguese engineer Luís Dias (who was responsible for the city's original design), the continuous growth of the capital through the decades was completely spontaneous.  The walls of the city-fortress could not hold the expansion of the city towards the Carmo and the area where now stands Castro Alves Square. At the time of its foundation, Salvador had only two squares and the first neighborhood ever built here was the Historic City Center.  and Carmo came subsequently, created as a consequence of the growing need of space that the religious orders had. With the rapid expansion, the neighborhoods grew and many of them were clustered in the same area, so today there are not accurate records as to their exact number. For urban management purposes, the city is currently divided on 17 political-administrative zones. However, due to their very cultural relevance and to postal conveniences, the importance of the neighborhoods of Salvador remains intact.

Salvador is divided into a number of distinct neighborhoods, which can be categorized by which geographic zone they are located in; West, South or East. The most well known districts, including , Comércio, and Old Downtown, are all located in the West Zone. Barra, with its beaches and starting point to one of the city's Carnival circuits, is located in the South Zone. Vitória, a neighborhood with many high rise buildings, is located in South Zone. Campo Grande, with its Dois de Julho Square and the monument to Bahia's independence, is also located in the South Zone, as is Graça, an important residential area. Ondina, with Salvador's Zoobotanical Garden and the site where the Barra-Ondina Carnival circuit ends, the neighborhood is home of the Spanish Club, is also a neighborhood in the South Zone.

Itaigara, Pituba, Horto Florestal, Caminho das Árvores, Loteamento Aquárius, Brotas, Stiep, Costa Azul, Armação, Jaguaribe and Stella Maris are the wealthiest communities of the city and are located in the East Zone. Rio Vermelho, a neighborhood with a rich architectural history and numerous restaurants and bars, is located in the South Zone. Itapoã, known throughout Brazil as the home of Vinicius de Moraes and for being the setting of the song "Tarde em Itapoã", is located in the East Zone.

The Northwest area of the city along the Bay of All Saints, also known as Cidade Baixa ("Lower city"), contains the impoverished neighborhoods of Periperi, Paripe, Lobato, Liberdade, Nova Esperança, and Calçada. The neighborhood of Liberdade has one of the largest proportions of Afro-Brazilians of Salvador and Brazil.

Pelourinho

The Historic Center of Salvador was designated in 1985 a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. The city represents a fine example of Portuguese urbanism from the middle of the 16th century with its higher administrative town and its lower commercial town, and a large portion of the city has retained the old character of its streets and colourful houses.

As the first capital of Portuguese America, Salvador cultivated slave labor and had its pillories ("") installed in open places like the Terreiro de Jesus and the squares know today as Tomé de Sousa and Castro Alves. The pillories were a symbol of authority and justice for some and of lashings and injustice for the majority. The one erected for a short time in what is now the Historical Center, and later moved to what is now the Praça da Piedade (Square of Piety), ended up lending its name to the historical and architectural complex of , part of the city's upper town.

Since 1992, the  neighborhood has been subject to a nearly US$100 million "restoration" that has led to the rebuilding of hundreds of buildings' façades and the expulsion of the vast majority of the neighborhood's Afro-descendent population. This process has given rise to substantial political debate in the State of Bahia, since the Pelourinho's former residents have been for the most part excluded from the renovation's economic benefits (reaped by a few). A major restoration effort resulted in making the area a tourist attraction.

Salvador's considerable wealth and status during colonial times (as capital of the colony during 250 years and which gave rise to the Pelourinho) is reflected in the magnificence of its colonial palaces, churches and convents, most of them dating from the 17th and 18th centuries. These include:

 Cathedral of Salvador: Former Jesuit church of the city, built in the second half of the 17th century. Fine example of Mannerist architecture and decoration.
 Convent and Church of São Francisco: Franciscan convent and church dating from the first half of the 18th century is another fine example of the Portuguese colonial architecture. The Baroque decoration of the church is among the finest in Brazil.
 Church of Nosso Senhor do Bonfim: Rococo church with Neoclassical inner decoration. The image of Nosso Senhor do Bonfim is the most venerated in the city, and the Feast of Our Lord of Good Ending (Festa de Nosso Senhor do Bonfim) in January is the most important in the city after Carnival.
 Mercado Modelo (Model Market): In 1861, at the Cayrú Square, the Customs Building was constructed, with a rotunda (large circular room with a domed ceiling) at the back end, where ships anchored to unload their merchandise.
 Lacerda Elevator (): Inaugurated in 1873, this elevator was planned and built by the businessman Antônio Francisco de Lacerda, The four elevator cages connect the  between the Thomé de Souza Square in the upper city, and the Cayru Square in the lower city. In each run, which lasts for 22 seconds, the elevator transports 128 persons, 24 hours a day.

Sports

Salvador provides visitors and residents with various sport activities. The Estádio Fonte Nova, also known as Estádio Octávio Mangabeira is a football stadium inaugurated on 28 January 1951 in Salvador, Bahia, with a maximum capacity of 66,080 people. The stadium has now been replaced with a new stadium named Itaipava Arena Fonte Nova with a capacity of 56,000 people. This stadium hosted matches of 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup and the subsequent 2014 FIFA World Cup, as well as the football competition in the 2016 Summer Olympics.  The stadium is owned by the Bahia government, and is the home ground of Esporte Clube Bahia. Its formal name honors Octávio Cavalcanti Mangabeira, a civil engineer, journalist, and former Bahia state governor from 1947 to 1954. The stadium is nicknamed Fonte Nova, because it is located at Ladeira das Fontes das Pedras. The stadium was in 2007 closed due to an accident, and the E.C. Bahia home matches now happen in another stadium, in Pituaçu.

Esporte Clube Bahia and Esporte Clube Vitória are Salvador's main football teams. Bahia has won 2 national titles, the Taça Brasil in 1959 and the Brazilian League in 1988, while Vitória was a runner up in the Brazilian league in 1993 and the Copa do Brasil in 2010. Smaller teams include EC Ypiranga with 10 titles of the Campeonato Baiano, Botafogo SC with 7, Galícia EC with 5, and AD Leônico with 2.

Salvador has two large green areas for the practice of golf. Cajazeiras Golf and Country Club has an 18-hole course, instructors, caddies and equipment for rent. Itapuã Golf club, located in the area of the Sofitel Hotel, has a 9-hole course, equipment store, caddies and clubs for rent. Tennis is very popular among Salvador's elites, with a great number of players and tournaments in the city's private clubs. Brasil Open, the country's most important tournament happens every year in Bahia.

During the last decades, volleyball has grown steadily in Salvador, especially after the gold medal won by Brazil in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. The most important tournaments in Bahia are the State Championship, the State League tournament and the Primavera Games, and the main teams are Associação Atlética da Bahia, Bahiano de Tênis, and Clube the Regatas Itapagipe. There are also beach volleyball events. Salvador has housed many international tournaments. Federação Bahina de Voleibol (the state league) can inform the schedule of tournaments. Bowling is practiced both by teenagers and adults in Salvador. Boliche do Aeroclube and Space Bowling are equipped with automatic lanes as well as a complete bar infrastructure.

Bahia's basketball league exists since 1993 and has 57 teams. The sport is very popular in the city of Salvador, especially among students. There are several courts scattered across the city, where is possible to play for free, like the one located at Bahia Sol square, where people play. There are also several gymnasiums, in clubs like Bahiano de Tênis and Associação Atlética and the Antonio Balbino Gymnasiums (popularly known as "Balbininho"), which is an arena that can hold up to 7,000 people.

Todos os Santos Bay and Salvador's climatic conditions are ideal for competition and recreational sailing. The city is equipped with good infrastructure for practice of sailing, such as rental and sale of dock space, boat maintenance, restaurants, snack bar, convenience stores, nautical products stores, boat rental agencies, VHF and SSB communication systems, events, and total assistance to crews. The large number of sailing events organized by clubs and syndicates, like oceanic races and typical boats (wooden fishing boats and canoes) races, demonstrates the sport's growing force. Currently, Salvador has a national racing schedule with dozens of events, also receiving the Mini Transat 6.50 and Les Illes du Soleil races.

Rowing boat races started in the city more than a hundred years ago. It was originally practiced by young men from traditional families, who spent their summer vacations there. The sport is a leisure option in Cidade Baixa (the lower part of the city). Esporte Clube Vitória and Clube São Salvador were the pioneers in the sport. Nowadays, these two entities and also Clube de Regatas Itapagipe lead the competitions that take place in the city. With the recent renovation of the Dique do Tororó area, Salvador received new lanes for the practice of the sport.

Notable people

 Acelino Freitas, boxer, 4-times World Champion.
 Robson Conceição 2016 Olympic gold medalist boxer.
 Hebert Conceição 2021 Olympic gold medalist boxer.
 Beatriz Ferreira, boxer, World Champion and Olympic runner-up.
 Lyoto Machida, mixed martial artist.
 Tony Kanaan, race car driver.
 Breno Correia, swimmer, World Champion and former World Record Holder.
 Edvaldo Valério, swimmer, Olympic medallist.
 Allan do Carmo, swimmer specialized in open water marathon.
 Ana Marcela Cunha, swimmer specialized in open water marathon.
 Ricardo Santos, beach volleyball player, Olympic champion.
 Israel, basketball player, Pan American champion and World Championship medallist.
 Patricia Medrado, tennis player, former top-10 in doubles and top-50 in singles.
 Bebeto, football forward, 1994 World Cup champion.
 Dante, professional soccer player.
 Walace, football player.
 Oséas, football player.
 Keno, football player.
 Marcelo Oliveira, football player.
Edcarlos, football player.
 Ruy Barbosa de Oliveira, writer, jurist and politician.
 Simone, singer.
 Carlinhos Brown, singer.
 Dorival Caymmi, singer.
 Gal Costa, singer.
 Duda, footballer (Edmilton Conceição dos Santos).
 Irmã Dulce, Catholic nun.
 Priscila Fantin, actress
 Adriana Ferreyr, actress.
 Adélia Josefina de Castro Fonseca, writer
Óscar Freire, physician and professor.
 Marcelo Oliveira, football player.
 Dias Gomes, playwright.
 Adriana Lima, supermodel.
 Manuel dos Reis Machado (Bimba), capoeira master.
 Antônio Carlos Magalhães, politician.
 Gregório de Mattos, poet.
 Daniela Mercury, musician.
 Edilson, football player.
 Daniel Oliveira, rally driver.
 Pitty, musician.
 Robenílson de Jesus, boxer.
 Rogério da Silva Rego, lawyer, public servant and politician.
 Lateef Crowder Dos Santos, Capoeira practitioner
 Raul Seixas, musician.
 Hugo Viana (fighter) mixed martial artist in UFC
 Martha Vasconcellos, Miss Bahia 1968, Miss Brazil 1968 and Miss Universe 1968.

International relations
Salvador's twin towns and sister cities are:

See also

 Anglican Chapel of Salvador
 São Marcelo Fort

Notes

References

Bibliography

 .
 .

 Collins, John F. Revolt of the Saints: Memory and Redemption in the Twilight of Brazilian Racial Democracy. Durham: Duke University Press, .

 Romo, Anadelia A. Selling Black Brazil: Race, Nation, and Visual Culture in Salvador, Bahia (University of Texas Press, 2022) online  review

 .

External links

 , creative commons-licensed images and data from a Federal University of Bahia/University of Ferrara/Leica Geosystems/CyArk research partnership
 Explore the Historic Centre of Salvador de Bahia in the UNESCO collection on Google Arts and Culture
 , a map by Arnoldus Montanus

Populated coastal places in Bahia
Populated places established in 1549
Former capitals of Brazil
Former colonial capitals
World Heritage Sites in Brazil
1549 establishments in Brazil
Municipalities in Bahia
Port cities in Brazil
Planned communities in Brazil
State capitals in Brazil

Salvador, Bahia


Ryan Benjamin Rowland-Smith (born 26 January 1983) is an Australian former professional baseball pitcher. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Seattle Mariners and Arizona Diamondbacks. Rowland-Smith also represented Australia in the World Baseball Classic three times and in the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Born in Sydney, Rowland-Smith grew up watching MLB games on videocassette. Signed out of high school by the Seattle Mariners, he spent the next several years pitching for their minor league teams. Promoted to Seattle for the first time in July 2007, he struck out the first batter he faced, former Mariners' star Ken Griffey Jr. Rowland-Smith began 2008 as a relief pitcher for the Mariners but was sent to the minor leagues briefly in July to work on becoming a starting pitcher. He rejoined the team in August and remained in their starting rotation the rest of the year. In 2009, he made one start for the Mariners at the beginning of the year before going on the disabled list with triceps tendinitis. Rejoining the team in July, he completed the eighth inning in three of his remaining starts for Seattle. In 2010, he made a career-high 20 starts for the Mariners but posted a 1–10 record and a 6.75 earned run average (ERA). Seattle allowed him to become a free agent after the year.

Over the next three seasons, Rowland-Smith pitched in the minor leagues for several teams. In 2014, he began the season with the Arizona Diamondbacks, much to his excitement as the Diamondbacks were opening the 2014 season in Australia. His time with the Diamondbacks did not last long, as the team designated him for assignment on 18 April. Rowland-Smith pitched for some minor league teams the remainder of the year, then joined the EDA Rhinos of the Chinese Professional Baseball League in 2015. He pitched for the Brisbane Bandits of the Australian Baseball League in January 2017, then retired after the 2017 World Baseball Classic.

Early life
Rowland-Smith was born 26 January 1983, in Sydney, Australia. His father is Australian celebrity trainer Rob Rowland-Smith, known as "The Sandhill Warrior," and his mother Julie is a retired high school physical education teacher. Ryan was their third child. Stephanie the second child. His oldest sister is named Rhiannon. Rob and Julie divorced when Ryan was three, and Rowland-Smith grew up with his mother and sister in Newcastle, New South Wales. He was a baseball fan from childhood, though he had to watch games on video cassettes because Major League Baseball was not televised in Australia at the time. The videos he had were of the 1992 World Series and the 1993 World Series. Rowland-Smith started playing baseball himself at the age of 12. He graduated from Newcastle High School in Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, in December 2000. The Seattle Mariners, one of the only Major League Baseball (MLB) teams that scouted Australia at the time, signed Rowland-Smith as a non-drafted free agent on 19 November 2000. "I signed it before the ink dried," Rowland-Smith said of his contract. "It was the only opportunity I was going to get."

Career

2001–04 seasons
Rowland-Smith began his pro career in 2001 with the Rookie level Arizona League Mariners. In 17 relief appearances, he allowed just one home run in  innings pitched. He split the 2002 season between the Single-A Wisconsin Timber Rattlers and the Single-A short-season Everett AquaSox. With Wisconsin to begin the season, he appeared in 12 games (eight starts), posting a 1–2 record and a 6.75 earned run average (ERA). In the middle of the season, he was demoted to Everett. He appeared in 18 games (six starts) with Everett, posting a 4–1 record, a 2.77 ERA, 58 strikeouts, and 58 hits allowed in  innings pitched.

In 2003, Rowland-Smith pitched for Wisconsin again, appearing in 13 games. He had a 3–0 record, a 1.11 ERA, and 37 strikeouts in  innings. During the year, he also pitched for the Single-A advanced Inland Empire 66ers. In 15 games with the 66ers, he lost one game, posted a 3.20 ERA, struck out 15, and allowed 12 hits over  innings pitched. He had a 1.90 ERA and 52 strikeouts combined between Wisconsin and Inland Empire. Rowland-Smith played the entire 2004 season with Inland Empire, appearing in 29 games. He split the season between the bullpen and the starting rotation, going 5–3 with a 3.79 ERA as a starter. He struck out 119 batters in 99 innings and held opponents to a .276 batting average.

2005 season
The Minnesota Twins selected Rowland-Smith in the Major League portion of the 2004 Rule 5 draft. On 4 March, the Twins signed him to a one-year contract. He spent most of 2005 spring training with the Twins. Ultimately, Minnesota decided not to keep him on the roster all season, and he was returned to Seattle on 25 March. He spent the season with the Double-A San Antonio Missions, setting a career high with 122 innings pitched. In 33 games (17 starts), he had a 6–7 record, a 4.35 ERA, 102 strikeouts, and 133 hits allowed.

2006 season
Rowland-Smith split the 2006 season with Inland Empire and San Antonio. With the 66ers, he gave up seven runs (four earned) in  innings pitched over seven games. He spent a greater portion of the season with the Missions. On 25 August, he struck out a season-high seven batters in  innings. In 23 games (one start) for the Missions, he had a 1–3 record, a 2.83 ERA, 48 strikeouts, and 38 hits allowed in  innings. Following the regular season, he played with the Peoria Javelinas in the Arizona Fall League.

2007 season
For the first time in 2007, Rowland-Smith pitched for the Triple-A Tacoma Rainiers of the Pacific Coast League (PCL). He made 25 relief appearances for the team, posting a 3–4 record, a 3.67 ERA, 50 strikeouts, and 35 hits allowed in  innings before getting promoted to the Mariners in June. Rowland-Smith made his major league debut for the Mariners on 22 June, against the Cincinnati Reds in a game notable for being the return of longtime Mariners star Ken Griffey Jr., to Safeco Field. Griffey wound up being the first batter Rowland-Smith faced; he struck him out, proceeding to pitch 1 scoreless innings in a 16–1 Mariners loss. He did not allow a run in  consecutive innings spanning five games from 22 to 31 August. In the first game of that stretch, he struck out six batters in four scoreless innings of relief in an 8–4 loss to the Twins. He earned his first career win 13 September against the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, pitching  scoreless innings in a game the Mariners trailed 7–1 but rallied to win 8–7. In his rookie year with Seattle, he struck out 42 batters in 38 innings, posting a 1–0 record and limiting opposing batters to 39 hits. After the season, he pitched for Lara in the Venezuelan Winter League. Rowland-Smith said about his offseason:

2008 season

Rowland-Smith began the season exclusively as a reliever, making 32 relief appearances before making two starts prior to the All-Star break. He collected his first save April 8 against the Tampa Bay Rays in Seattle's 6–5 win, tossing  innings and retiring all five batters he faced while protecting one-run lead. His first Major League start came 1 July against the Toronto Blue Jays; Rowland-Smith threw three scoreless innings before getting replaced by Roy Corcoran with two outs in the fourth inning after allowing three runs that inning. The Mariners rallied to win 7–6. He made three more relief appearances before being optioned to Tacoma on 20 July to be converted to a starting pitcher. He went 2–0 with a 2.89 ERA in three starts for the Rainiers, holding opponents to a .185 batting average before joining Seattle's rotation on 9 August. From 21 August until the end of the season, he posted a 2.56 ERA. Against the Oakland Athletics on 21 August, he took the loss but held the team to four hits in seven innings, keeping Oakland scoreless except for a solo home run by Emil Brown. He faced Oakland again in his final start of the year on 27 September, allowing three runs in  innings this time but picking up the win in a 7–3 victory. In 47 games (12 starts) with the Mariners in 2008, he had a 5–3 record, a 3.42 ERA, 77 strikeouts, and 114 hits allowed in  innings.

2009 season
In a 2009 spring training game against the Colorado Rockies, Rowland-Smith recorded two singles in two at bats. This was his first time batting against a live pitcher since he was 17 years old. He used teammate Jeff Clement's bat.

At the beginning of the season, he started one game before being placed on the disabled list with triceps tendinitis. He was sent to Tacoma for rehab starts, but a dismal outing on 5 June in which he allowed 12 runs in  innings prompted the Mariners to option him to Tacoma. In July, he was promoted and added to the starting rotation after going 5–3 with a 4.31 ERA in 10 starts for Tacoma.
 He lasted seven innings in his first start back on 24 July, allowing four runs and taking the loss in a 9–0 defeat to the Cleveland Indians. Five days later, he limited the Toronto Blue Jays to two runs over seven innings and picked up his first win of the year in the Mariners' 3–2 victory. Three times in 2009, he threw a season-high eight innings, including a game on 16 September when he limited the Chicago White Sox to one run in a 4–1 victory. Rowland-Smith made his last start of the year for the Mariners on 3 October, holding the Texas Rangers to one run over  innings in a 2–1 victory.

Rowland-Smith finished the season with a 5–4 record, a 3.74 ERA, 52 strikeouts, and 87 hits allowed in  innings over 15 games (all starts).

2010 season
Rowland-Smith's game against the White Sox on 16 September 2009, left Christian Caple of MLB.com excited about his chances for next season:

In fact, Rowland-Smith started the 2010 season as the third starter in the Mariners' rotation, behind Felix Hernandez and Ian Snell. He struggled to begin the season, posting a 7.62 ERA in his first eight starts while losing all four of his decisions. After the shortest start of his career on 18 May, in which he gave up seven runs in  innings, the Mariners moved him to the bullpen. Rowland-Smith returned to the rotation on 5 June, when Doug Fister had to miss a start because of shoulder fatigue. The Mariners lost to the Angels 11–2, but Rowland-Smith limited Los Angeles to one run in five innings. After that, he continued to be used as a starter. He held the Cincinnati Reds scoreless for six innings on 20 June, earning his first win of the year in a 1–0 victory. The win, however, would be his only victory of the year. On 27 July, he gave up 11 runs over five innings in an 11–0 loss to the White Sox. The Mariners left him in the game that long because they wanted to preserve their bullpen. After the game, he was placed on the disabled list with a lower back strain, which Rob Neyer of ESPN speculated was a "phantom injury" designed to get him off the roster, since the Mariners could not send him to the minor leagues without exposing him to waivers. Sent to rehab in Tacoma, he rejoined the team in September when rosters expanded.

Upon his activation from the disabled list, Rowland-Smith was mainly used out of the bullpen except for the last game of the season, 3 October, in which he gave up two runs in five innings and had a no-decision in a 4–3 loss to the Athletics. 20 of Rowland-Smith's 27 appearances in 2010 were starts (a career-high), but only one of those was a win, as opposed to ten losses. He had a 6.75 ERA and gave up 141 hits in  innings. However, Rowland-Smith was the Mariners' nominee for the Roberto Clemente Award, given annually to the MLB player who "best represents the game through extraordinary character, community involvement, philanthropy and positive contributions, both on and off the field." Seattle made him their candidate because of his work in hosting the Mariners Care Cystic Fibrosis Foundation golf tournament. In November 2010, the Sydney Blue Sox named Rowland-Smith as one of the players on their 35-man roster for the inaugural Australian Baseball League season, but he never pitched for them. On 2 December 2010, the Mariners decided not to offer him a new contract, making him a free agent.

2011–2013 seasons
On 9 December 2010, the Houston Astros signed Rowland-Smith to a one-year contract. He spent most of the season with the PCL's Oklahoma City RedHawks. In 22 games (19 starts), he had a 2–10 record, a 6.19 ERA, 87 strikeouts, and 131 hits allowed in  innings. After the season, he became a free agent. During the offseason, he played winter ball for the Leones de Ponce of the Puerto Rican Winter League, losing three of his five starts.

The Chicago Cubs signed Rowland-Smith to a minor league deal on 2 February 2012. He spent the whole season with the Iowa Cubs of the PCL, where he was used more as a reliever (22 games) than a starter (eight games). He had a 3–6 record, a 3.94 ERA, 62 strikeouts, and 75 hits allowed in  innings pitched. After the season, he became a free agent.

On 24 February 2013, the Boston Red Sox signed Rowland-Smith to a minor league deal. In 37 games in relief for the Pawtucket Red Sox, their Triple-A team, he had a 7–0 record and a 1.55 ERA. However, he never got to pitch for Boston because of an illness.

2014 season
Rowland-Smith signed a minor league contract with the Arizona Diamondbacks prior to the 2014 season. He was excited about joining Arizona because they were opening their season with two regular-season games in March against the Los Angeles Dodgers at the Sydney Cricket Ground in Australia.

While he did not pitch in the Australian series, Rowland-Smith was on the Diamondbacks roster at the beginning of the 2014 season, his first time on a major league roster since 2010 with the Mariners. He made what would be his last appearance in the major leagues on 14 April, giving up two runs (one earned) in the final two innings of a 7–3 loss to the New York Mets. Designated for assignment on 18 April, he cleared waivers and elected to become a free agent on 21 April. In six games with the Diamondbacks, he posted a 4.91 ERA, allowing five runs (four earned) in  innings of work.

On 25 April, Rowland-Smith signed a minor league deal with the Toronto Blue Jays. He pitched for the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons of the International League, allowing 8 runs in just 14 innings before drawing his release on 11 June. On 28 June, he signed a minor league deal with the Cincinnati Reds. He made one start for the Louisville Bats of the International League but was mostly used out of the bullpen, posting a 4.20 ERA in 12 games with no wins or losses. On 2 August, the Reds released him.

Last years
For 2015, Rowland-Smith left the United States, signing with the EDA Rhinos of the Chinese Professional Baseball League, located in Taiwan. He appeared in nine games with the team, posting a 1–4 record and a 4.70 ERA in 46 innings. For winter 2015–16, Rowland-Smith pitched in one game for Gigantes del Cibao of the Dominican Winter League. After not pitching in 2016, Rowland-Smith signed with the Brisbane Bandits of the Australian Baseball League in January 2017. In four starts with the team, he won one game but had a 6.35 ERA. However, he was part of a Brisbane club which won its second consecutive ABLchampionship. Rowland-Smith planned to retire after the season once he had finished playing for Australia in the World Baseball Classic.

International play
Rowland-Smith represented his native Australia in multiple international tournaments throughout his career. He played for Australia in the 2004 Summer Olympic games, making four relief appearances, going 2–0 with a 1.23 ERA allowing only six hits and five walks while striking out 5. He helped the team to a silver medal. They made it to the championship game before falling to Cuba, 6–2. Rowland-Smith's teammates on the Inland Empire 66ers paid close attention to the gold medal game, cheering on their teammate.

At the start of the 2006 season, Rowland-Smith was added to the Australia national baseball team for the 2006 World Baseball Classic. However, he was unable to pitch in the Classic because of a sore elbow. Rowland-Smith once again represented Australia in the 2013 World Baseball Classic. The team was eliminated after losing all three of its games in the first round.

Before he retired, Rowland-Smith represented Australia one last time at the 2017 World Baseball Classic. First, he pitched with the team in the 2017 World Baseball Classic – Qualifier 1 from 11 to 14 February 2016. In Australia's second game of the qualifier (the first against South Africa), Rowland-Smith pitched three scoreless innings in relief of Warwick Saupold, allowing two hits and striking out three. Australia defeated the Philippines and South Africa twice to advance in the tournament. "On paper, as far as rosters go, we have the best roster, we have the most depth," he said of the team during the qualifier. It was Australia's fourth-straight World Baseball Classic qualified for, but they failed to advance past the first round, going 1–2 with a win over China and losses to Japan and Cuba.

Post-playing career
Rowland-Smith became a baseball television analyst for Root Sports Northwest, appearing on the pre- and post-game shows for Seattle Mariners broadcasts starting in 2017. He is also a baseball radio analyst for ESPN710 Seattle, appearing on Mariners post-game shows. He was also an analyst for the 2023 World Baseball Classic qualification event. Rowland-Smith said that baseball and talking were the two things he enjoyed doing the most; thus, being a commentator was the perfect occupation for him. He and fellow Australian ballplayer Trent Oeltjen co-founded NxtGen Baseball, a training camp for young baseball players.

Personal life
Rowland-Smith's grandfather was a former New South Wales minister for sport and recreation. His older sister, Rhiannon, is a competitive surfer. While surfing is not his profession, Rowland-Smith avidly pursues it as a hobby.

Rowland-Smith was married in 2013 to American actress Amanda Aardsma, the sister of his former teammate David Aardsma. He became friends with Griffey Jr., victim of his first major league strikeout, who attended Rowland-Smith's wedding in 2013.

Rowland-Smith is the first player with a hyphenated last name ever to appear in a major league game. During his career, he maintained his own blog to keep up with fans. He was also, in 2009, the only Mariner known to maintain a Twitter account. Rowland-Smith helped the Mariners host a forum on the use of social media in 2009.

In June 2019, Rowland-Smith appeared on the television show American Ninja Warrior in the Seattle Qualifying Round. He said of the opportunity, "I know the minute I step out to the steps, if I don't finish it, I'll say, 'OK, I want another shot at this until I do finish it.' But at the very least, I want to enjoy it and embrace it. I've gotten messages from people in that ninja community and it's so awesome. ... I want to get the most of that experience."

References

External links
, or CPBL, or Retrosheet, or Pelota Binaria (Venezuelan Winter League), or Ryan Rowland-Smith's Blog

1983 births
Living people
American Ninja Warrior contestants
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Arizona League Mariners players
Australian expatriate baseball players in Taiwan
Australian expatriate baseball players in the United States
Baseball coaches
Baseball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Brisbane Bandits players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Cardenales de Lara players
Australian expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
EDA Rhinos players
Estrellas Orientales players
Australian expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
Everett AquaSox players
Gigantes del Cibao players
Gulf Coast Astros players
Inland Empire 66ers players
Iowa Cubs players
Leones de Ponce players
Expatriate baseball players in Puerto Rico
Louisville Bats players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from Australia
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Oklahoma City RedHawks players
Olympic medalists in baseball
Olympic baseball players for Australia
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
Pawtucket Red Sox players
Peoria Javelinas players
San Antonio Missions players
Seattle Mariners announcers
Seattle Mariners players
Baseball players from Sydney
Tacoma Rainiers players
Wisconsin Timber Rattlers players
2006 World Baseball Classic players
2013 World Baseball Classic players
2017 World Baseball Classic players
Sportsmen from New South Wales

Ryan Rowland-Smith


Aaron Webster (June 1959 - November 17, 2001) was a gay man living in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, who was beaten by a group of men close to a gay cruising area in a wooded part of Stanley Park near Second Beach on November 17, 2001. According to reports, the youths came across a nearly naked Webster and chased him to a parking area, where they beat him with baseball bats.  After the beating, Webster was found beside a path in the park by his close friend Tim Chisholm, and died within minutes in Chisholm's arms.

Although some media called Webster's killing the first gay-related murder in Canadian history, much like the Matthew Shepard incident in the United States it merely attracted more widespread media attention than most earlier incidents.

The coroner's report listed the cause of Webster's death as "a blow to the left side or back of the victim's neck. This blow caused a tear to the vertebral artery which resulted in a massive and rapidly fatal hemorrhage at the base of the brain."

A march and vigil was organized by Little Sisters Bookstore co-owner Jim Deva, and took place the day after the killing, with hundreds of people marching through the streets of downtown Vancouver toward the site of Webster's death. Another rally, including British Columbia Human Rights Commissioner Mary-Woo Sims, was held several weeks later. Vigils were also held in several other Canadian cities.

The killing was widely covered in the national news in Canada, and led to significant controversy around whether the attack constituted a hate crime. The incident also received some coverage in the mainstream media in the United States, although gay media reported it far more prominently.

Prosecution
The crime went unsolved for over a year. On February 12, 2003, police arrested the first of four suspects, a 19-year-old from Burnaby. Under Canada's Youth Criminal Justice Act, his name could not be published as he was only 17 at the time of the incident.

Although the police investigated the crime as a gay bashing, the prosecutor chose not to prosecute the case as an anti-gay hate crime, which under Canadian law would have permitted a stiffer sentence but may have been more difficult to prove — instead, the case was treated as a simple manslaughter resulting from a robbery. The teenager pleaded guilty and told the police investigator that "the idea was to find, [and] get in a fight with someone."

Three more young men were subsequently arrested. One, a youth when the crime was committed, was charged under the Youth Criminal Justice Act, and the other two, Ryan Cran and Danny Rao, were charged as adults.

Judge Valmond Romilly rejected the prosecution's assertion that the incident was not a hate crime, finding the first teenager guilty and calling the incident "a thug brigade, stalking human prey for entertainment in a manner very reminiscent of Nazi youth in pre-war Germany". Romilly handed down the maximum sentence permissible under the Act: two years in a youth detention centre and a third year under house arrest. The second young offender was also found guilty and sentenced to the same penalty, although the judge in that trial did not rule that the case constituted a hate crime.

Justice Mary Humphries ruled Cran guilty of manslaughter and sentenced him to six years in prison, but acquitted Rao on the grounds that inconsistent and conflicting testimony made his role in the attack unclear.

Parole of Ryan Cran

Cran, who was incarcerated at Matsqui Prison in British Columbia, applied for parole on April 3, 2007, after serving two years of his sentence. The Canadian parole board denied his parole, as he had been caught drinking vodka in a minimum security prison and was deemed to still be a risk to society.

Cran was paroled on February 5, 2009. Spencer Herbert, the provincial MLA whose Vancouver-Burrard riding encompasses Stanley Park and Davie Village, subsequently called for the province to create a provincial telephone hotline for people to report gay bashing incidents and threats, as well as the appointment of a community victim services worker to investigate gay bashings.

Legacy
Webster had been president of Cityview, a housing cooperative in Vancouver. In 2005, Cityview officially changed its name to Aaron Webster Housing Cooperative. The Cooperative Housing Federation of B.C. also launched an Aaron Webster Memorial Fund to finance diversity projects in housing cooperatives.

A memorial calendar was published in 2002 to raise funds by donation for a bench and shelter to be placed in Stanley Park in Webster's memory. Most of the images used were photos taken by Webster himself of Vancouver models. The calendar was sponsored by many Vancouver organizations. The calendar's reverse side featured a picture of Webster, as well as a poem by Deano Costa, "The Path".

Vancouver-based writer Stephen Gauer's debut novel Hold Me Now, published in 2011, was inspired by the Webster case.

Notes

1959 births
2001 deaths
People from Vancouver
Canadian murder victims
Deaths by beating
People murdered in British Columbia
Canadian victims of anti-LGBT hate crimes
2001 crimes in Canada
2001 murders in Canada
Violence against gay men
Violence against men in North America
20th-century Canadian LGBT people
Canadian gay men

Aaron Webster


Minicrania ("small skull") is an extinct genus of tiny antiarch fish, with armor averaging up to about  long, which lived during the Lochkovian epoch in Early Devonian Yunnan Province, China and northern Vietnam.

Anatomically, Minicrania bears a strong resemblance to the Yunnanolepiformids (i.e., Yunnanolepis and Chuchinolepis).  However, other anatomical features, especially the head-width ratios, separate it from the Yunnanolepiformids.  Zhu and Janvier regard it as the sister taxon of the sinolepids and the Euantiarchi (i.e., the bothriolepids and the asterolepids), representing a transitional form between the Euantiarchi and the more primitive Yunnanolepiformids.

There are two recognized species.  The type species, M. lirouyii, is found in Lochkovian-aged strata in Qujing, Yunnan, and is characterized by the presence of numerous tubercles covering the dermal surface of the armor.  The specific name honors a Mr. Li Rou-yi, who assisted in collecting the first specimens.  The second species, M. lissa, is found in Lochkovian deposits in northern Vietnam, near the Chinese border.  M. lissa'''s tubercles are comparatively very small and ill-defined, if present, hence the specific epithet "lissa" meaning "smooth."  Otherwise, the armor is very similar, if not identical to that of M. lirouyi.''

References

Antiarchi
Placoderms of Asia
Transitional fossils
Placoderm genera
Fossil taxa described in 1996

Minicrania


First National Art Exhibition "Soviet Russia" (Moscow, 1960) () was one of the largest Soviet art exhibitions of the 1960s. The exhibition took place in Manezh Exhibition Hall.

History and organization
In four months of the exhibition was visited by over 400,000 people.
Organization and preparation of the First National Exhibition engaged specially formed Exhibition Committee in the amount of 97 most authoritative experts in the field of fine arts. It was published Catalog of the exhibition. In total, the Exhibition displayed more than 2,400 works of art of painters, sculptors, graphics, masters of arts and crafts, artists of theater and cinema. Many of art works have been purchased for the largest Soviet Art museums, including the Russian Museum, the Tretyakov Gallery, and others. After the Exhibition in Moscow there were organized traveling exhibitions, which have been shown in major cities of the Russian Federation.

Contributing artists
In the largest Department of Painting were exhibited art works by over 500 authors. There were Nikolai Abramov, Nikolai Andretsov, Irina Baldina, Leonid Baykov, Vsevolod Bazhenov, Dmitry Belyaev, Zlata Bizova, Mikhail Bobyshov, Olga Bogaevskaya, Nikolai Brandt, Piotr Buchkin, Alexander Deyneka, Vasily Efanov, Oleg Eremeev, Alexei Eriomin, Nikolai Galakhov, Sergey Gerasimov, Ilya Glazunov, Igor Grabar, Aleksei Gritsai, Mikhail Kaneev, Boris Ioganson, Maya Kopitseva, Boris Korneev, Gely Korzhev, Engels Kozlov, Alexander Kuprin, Alexander Laktionov, Valeria Larina, Boris Lavrenko, Ivan Lavsky, Anatoli Levitin, Piotr Litvinsky, Oleg Lomakin, Gavriil Malish, Eugene Maltsev, Boris Maluev, Evsey Moiseenko, Dmitriy Nalbandyan, Mikhail Natarevich, Samuil Nevelshtein, Yaroslav Nikolaev, Dmitry Oboznenko, Victor Oreshnikov, Nikolai Ovchinnikov, Vladimir Ovchinnikov, Filaret Pakun, Varlen Pen, Arkady Plastov, Nikolai Pozdneev, Alexander Pushnin, Semion Rotnitsky, Galina Rumiantseva, Ivan Savenko, Vladimir Sakson, Alexander Samokhvalov, Gleb Savinov, Vladimir Seleznev, Joseph Serebriany, Vladimir Serov, Nadezhda Shteinmiller, Kim Slavin, Galina Smirnova, Alexander Sokolov, Nikolai Timkov, Mikhail Trufanov, Yuri Tulin, Boris Ugarov, Anatoli Vasiliev, Nina Veselova, Igor Veselkin, Vecheslav Zagonek, Sergei Zakharov, and many others most prominent painters of the Russian Federation.

In the Department of Sculptures were exhibited art works by Mikhail Anikushin, Lev Kerbel, Alexander Kibalnikov, Vsevolod Lishev, Sergey Konenkov, Ernst Neizvestny, Nikolai Tomsky, Vasily Vatagin, and many others most prominent sculptors of the Russian Federation.

Contributed artworks

For display at the Exhibition were selected art works created in 1959–1960, as well as some earlier works. Many of them were previously shown at the city and regional Art Exhibitions and were subsequently found in the collections of Soviet Art museums, as well as domestic and foreign galleries and collectors.

Historical genre was presented of "The October slogans of Peace. Petrograd in 1917" by Alexander Deyneka, "For the homeland" by Vladimir Gavrilov, "Close to the Narva Gate. 1917 year" by Alexander Deyneka, "Sons of Russia" by Oleg Eremeev, "In the name of the Motherland" by Boris Fedorov, "The First faculty for the workers" by Leonid Krivitsky, "International", "The Man who Raising the Banner" by Gely Korzhev, "In Summer of 1941" by Yuri Kugach, "The year of 1941. The War has beginning" by Boris Lavrenko, "Private soldier of the October Revolution" by Anatoli Levitin, "Lenin says" by Piotr Litvinsky, "We construct a new world" by Piotr Litvinsky, Victor Reykhet, and Vladimir Scriabin, "A New Boss" by Oleg Lomakin, "A First Cavalry Army" by Boris Maluev, "Citizen Militias" by Evsey Moiseenko, "Defenders of Petrograd" by Konstantin Molteninov, "The End of illusions. Bloody Sunday (1905)" by Yaroslav Nikolaev, "At the Barricades" by Dmitry Oboznenko, "The First furrow" by Nikolai Ovchinnikov, "Lenin wounded" by Avenir Parkhomenko, "The liberation of North Korea" by Varlen Pen, "Mikula Selyaninovich" by Georgy Pesis, "October", "Guerrillas" by Vsevolod Petrov-Maslakov, "On a halt" by Igor Razdrogin, "Always with us" by Victor Reykhet, "On the peaceful land" by Alexander Romanichev, "About Russian Woman" by Gleb Savinov, "A Soul of soldier" by Fedor Savostianov, "In the Leningrad Philharmonic. Year of 1942" by Joseph Serebriany, "Spring of the Great Break" by Alexander Sokolov, "Guerilla trails" by Vasily Sokolov, "Story about the Blockade" by Yuri Tulin, "For who is right?" by Nina Veselova, and others.

Portrait was presented of "Natasha" by Irina Baldina, "Grain growers" by Piotr Buchkin, "Portrait of Seslavskaya, metro builder", "Marinka" by Vasily Efanov, "Collective farm Chairman", "A Young woman - collective farmer", "Shock-worker" by Sergey Gerasimov, "Milkmaid Raisa Trifonova" by Ilya Glazunov, "Selfportrait" by Igor Grabar, "A Member of the Supreme Council" by Boris Ioganson, "Locksmith Kovalev", "Portrait of a brigadier Perepiolkin", "Portrait of milkmaid Kuznetsova", "Woman tractor driver" by Leonid Kabachek, "Portrait of Katia Baltina", "A Working woman" by Boris Korneev, "Portrait of Rudenko, Kirov Plant Metallurgist" by Valeria Larina, "The school nurse", "A Loader" by Anatoli Levitin, "Milkmaid Sergeeva" by Vladimir Malagis, "Portrait of sculptor Valentina Rybalko" by Evsey Moiseenko, "Portrait of Semyon Budyonny" by Dmitriy Nalbandyan, "Portrait of student", "Girl partisan" by Samuil Nevelshtein, "Portrait of Chinese student", "Portrait of People's artist Thapsaev", "Portrait of architect Vasilkovsky" by Victor Oreshnikov, "Portrait of Birukov, turner - innovator" by Valery Pimenov, "Soldier Mikhail Matveev", "The driver of electropenalty Antonina Goriachkina" by Semion Rotnitsky, "Portrait of worker Fedor Bezuglov" by Joseph Serebriany, "Portrait of foremost milker Zlobina", "Portrait of Zhukov, collective farm's director" by Vladimir Stozharov, "Girl with pussy-willow" by Vladimir Tokarev, "A Miner", "Female portrait", "A Portrait of miner" by Mikhail Trufanov, "Portrait of diver Dombrovsky" by Anatoli Vasiliev, "Sergei Esenin" by Igor Veselkin, "Portrait of Mikhail Dolgov" by Nina Veselova, and others.

Genre painting was presented of "Excavator drivers" by Nikolai Abramov, "Bratsk begins" by Adolf Alexeev, "In the village of fishermen" by Nikolai Andretsov, "Spring in the collective farm", "Return of the Herd" by Leonid Baykov, "Launching of tanker Beijing" by Vsevolod Bazhenov, "Gests of Festival in the collective farm" by Dmitry Belyaev, "Comeback" by Zlata Bizova, "Moscow. Salute to the Victory" by Mikhail Bobyshov, "Guests" by Olga Bogaevskaya, "Young Pioneers welcome delegates of the 21st Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union" by Vasily Efanov, "Sibirian village", "On the roads of Karelia" by Nikolai Galakhov, "Poultry farm" by Taras Gaponenko, "Rural landscape" by Sergey Gerasimov, "Morning of industrial Neva River" by Krum Dzhakov, "Ural Plant" by Meta Dreyfeld, "Geologists" by Alexei Eriomin, "About Club", "The winners of the horse races" by Leonid Kabachek, "A Youth of the Donbas. After the work shift" by Boris Kharchenko, "Three of them" by Maya Kopitseva, "Development of the North" by Boris Korneev, "Homer. (The worker's art studio)", "Enamoured" by Gely Korzhev, "On The Finish" by Anna Kostina, "Ship Repairers" by Engels Kozlov, "Going to the housewarming" by Yuri Kugach, "Veterans of the Russian theatre scene" by Alexander Laktionov, "Towards the new lands" by Anatoli Levitin, "Close to the Baltic Sea", "Girlfriends", "Northern Loggers" by Nikolai Lomakin, "To work at the collective farm" by Oleg Lomakin, "Last steamer" by Eugene Maltsev, "A Midday", "Evening" by Mikhail Natarevich, "During the break of Congress" by Dmitry Oboznenko, "Caspian Sea" by Vladimir Ovchinnikov, "In January" by Georgy Pesis, "A Summer" by Arkady Plastov, "The Leningrad", "They started the Bratsk Hydroelectric Power Station" by Yuri Podlasky, "North Bazaar" by Nikolai Pozdneev, "Carousel", "At the Fair", "In the district of new houses" by Alexander Pushnin, "The Golden Land" by Victor Reykhet, "To the fair" by Vasily Rudnev, "Quiet time" by Galina Rumiantseva, "To the Carnival", "Holiday evening on the Neva River" by Nikolai Rutkovsky, "A Tribe of young" by Alexander Samokhvalov, "On the Neva River" by Fedor Savostianov, "To the Hermitage" by Alexander Segal, "Train drivers" by Vladimir Seleznev, "After a work shift" by Galina Smirnova, "Blacksmiths. The Night shift" by Alexander Sokolov, "Arrival at the Congress of the foremost collective farmers" by Vladimir Stozharov, "Bazaar in the Kuban" by Vladimir Tokarev, "Builders of the Volkhov Hydroelectric Station" by Boris Ugarov, "Holiday in Voronovo village (Chuvashia)", "Spring of chauffeurs" by Nina Veselova and Leonid Kabachek, "In memory of the victims", "Bathing soldiers" by Dmitry Zhilinsky, and others.

Landscape and Cityscape were presented of "Moscow Kremlin in winter" by Mikhail Bobyshov, "Northern spring" by Nikolai Galakhov, "Stolby Nature Sanctuary" by Yakov Golubev, "Birch alley" by Igor Grabar, "Stormy day", "Green rye", "On the Oka River", "Windy day", "In beginning of October" by Aleksei Gritsai, "Kizhi" by Alexei Eriomin, "Gorokhovaya Street in Leningrad", "A Former Sennaya Square in Leningrad" by Mikhail Kaneev, "Kosogorsky Steel Works", "Kosogorsky Steel Works. In the Evening" by Alexander Kuprin, "Spring day. The Lilac is bloom" by Yuri Kugach, "Ostrovsky Square in Leningrad" by Ivan Lavsky, "Northern village", "A Northern river" by Nikolai Lomakin, "Rural landscape" by Gavriil Malish, "Native places" by Eugene Maltsev, "Veliky Novgorod" by Filaret Pakun, "In Spring" by Nikolai Pozdneev, "Listvianka village" by Vladimir Sakson, "A Winter on the Msta River", "Autumn in the Ural Mountains", "Close to the Leningrad", "North Ural" by Ivan Savenko, "The Leningrad landscape" by Gleb Savinov, "Twilight" by Nadezhda Shteinmiller, "A Mill in Grigorovka village", "Got cold" by Vladimir Stozharov, "Alexander Suvorov Monument", "Lion Bridge", "Nevsky Prospekt in evening" by George Tatarnikov, "Beginning of spring", "The Evening. A Lilac hour", "March Sun", "Young Aspens in winter", "Turning Green", "October. A First snow" by Nikolai Timkov, "A Park" by Yuri Tulin, "Close to Ryazan" by Igor Veselkin, "A Morning", "Baykal Lake motive" by Vecheslav Zagonek, "Malaya Okhta in Spring" by Sergei Zakharov, and others.

Still-life paintings were presented of "Still life" by Olga Bogaevskaya, "Roses" by Igor Grabar, "Lilac" by Boris Ioganson, "Autumn Bird-Cherry tree", "The Apple branch in bloom", "Lemons. Still life" by Maya Kopitseva, "Still life. A Winter" by Nikolai Pozdneev, "Still life. A Breakfast" by Kim Slavin, "Still life" by Vladimir Stozharov, "Flowers" by Nina Veselova, "Still life" by Sergei Zakharov, and others.

Acknowledgment
First National Art Exhibition "Soviet Russia" were widely covered in the press and literature on Soviet fine art.

See also
 Soviet art
 1960 in fine arts of the Soviet Union
 Fine Art of Leningrad
 Leningrad School of Painting
 Saint Petersburg Union of Artists

References

Sources
 Республиканская художественная выставка «Советская Россия». Живопись. Скульптура. Графика. Плакат. Монументально-декоративное и театрально-декорационное искусство. Каталог. М., Министерство культуры РСФСР, 1960.
 К новым творческим успехам. С собрания ленинградских художников // Вечерний Ленинград, 1960, 14 мая.
 Художники Российской Федерации. Открытие выставки в Ленинграде // Вечерний Ленинград, 1960, 9 августа.
 Шмаринов Д. Новый этап - новые задачи // Художник. 1960, No. 8. С.2-7.
 Художник. 1960, No. 9. С.62.
 Справочник членов Ленинградской организации Союза художников РСФСР. Л., Художник РСФСР, 1980.
 Художники народов СССР. Биобиблиографический словарь. Т. 1-4. М., Искусство, 1970–1995.
 Справочник членов Союза художников СССР. Том 1,2. М., Советский художник, 1979.
 Time for Change. The Art of 1960-1985 in the Soviet Union. - Saint Petersburg: State Russian Museum, 2006.
 Sergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School.- Saint Petersburg: NP-Print Edition, 2007. , .

External links

Art exhibitions in Russia
1960 in the Soviet Union
Socialist realism

Soviet Russia (exhibition, 1960)


The Hubbard Park Historic District encompasses a residential development and park west of Harvard Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts.  The area was originally the estate of Gardiner Hubbard, who had a  estate and house on nearby Brattle Street.  In the 1880s Hubbard commissioned architects to build a ring of high quality homes around his mansion, which was demolished in 1939 and is now the site of Hubbard Park.  The houses in this development are now located on Mercer Circle, Sparks Street, and Hubbard Park Road.

The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1982.

See also
Hubbard Park in Meriden, Connecticut, also listed on the NRHP
National Register of Historic Places listings in Cambridge, Massachusetts

References

Queen Anne architecture in Massachusetts
Colonial Revival architecture in Massachusetts
Historic districts in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts

Hubbard Park Historic District