The Second Cold War, Cold War II, or the New Cold War are terms that refer to heightened geopolitical tensions in the 21st century. They have been used to describe the tense relations between the United States and China and, similarly, between the United States and Russia, the primary successor state of the former Soviet Union, which took part in the original Cold War.

The terms are sometimes used to describe tensions in multilateral relations. Some commentators have used them as a comparison to the original Cold War, while others have discouraged their use to refer to any current tensions.

Past usages

Past sources, such as academics Fred Halliday, Alan M. Wald, David S. Painter, and Noam Chomsky, used the interchangeable terms to refer to the 1979–1985 and/or 1985–1991 phases of the Cold War.  Some other sources used similar terms to refer to the Cold War of the mid-1970s. Columnist William Safire argued in a 1975 New York Times editorial that the Nixon administration's policy of détente with the Soviet Union had failed and that "Cold War II" was then underway.

In May 1998, George Kennan described the US Senate vote to expand NATO to include Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic as "the beginning of a new cold war", and predicted that "the Russians will gradually react quite adversely and it will affect their policies".

In 2001, foreign policy and security experts James M. Lindsay and Ivo Daalder described counterterrorism as the "new Cold War".

Academic Gordon H. Chang in 2007 used the term "Cold War II" to refer to the Cold War period after the 1972 meeting in China between US President Richard Nixon and Chinese Communist Party chairman Mao Zedong.

The journalist Edward Lucas wrote in 2008 that a new cold war between Russia and the West had already begun.

Usage in a multilateral context
In an op-ed for The Straits Times, Kor Kian Beng wrote that the phrase "new Cold War" between US-led allies versus Beijing and Moscow did not gain traction in China at first. This changed in 2016 after the United States announced its plan to deploy Terminal High Altitude Area Defence (THAAD) in South Korea against North Korea, but China and Russia found the advanced anti-missile system too close for comfort. The US also supported a tribunal ruling against China in favor of the Philippines in the South China Sea. Afterwards, the term "new Cold War" appeared in Chinese media more often. Analysts believe this does not reflect China's desire to pursue such a strategy but precautions should still be in place in order to lower the chances of any escalation.

In June 2019, University of Southern California (USC) professors Steven Lamy and Robert D. English agreed that the "new Cold War" would distract political parties from bigger issues such as globalization, global warming, global poverty, increasing inequality, and far-right populism. However, Lamy said that the new Cold War had not yet begun, while English said that it already had. English further said that China poses a far greater threat than Russia in cyberwarfare but not as much as far-right populism does from within liberal states like the US.

In his September 2021 speech to the United Nations General Assembly, US President Joe Biden said that the US is "not seeking a new Cold War or a world divided into rigid blocs." Biden further said that the US would cooperate "with any nation that steps up and pursues peaceful resolution to shared challenges," despite "intense disagreement in other areas, because we'll all suffer the consequences of our failure."

In early May 2022, Hoover Institution senior fellow Niall Ferguson said at the Milken Institute Global Conference that "Cold War II began some time ago". He also said "Cold War II is different, though, because in Cold War II, China's the senior partner, and Russia's the junior partner", and "in Cold War II, the first hot war breaks out in Europe, rather than Asia." Later in the same month, David Panuelo, President of the Federated States of Micronesia, used the term to state his opposition to a proposed cooperation agreement between China and ten island nations, by claiming it could create a "new 'cold war' between China and the west."

A journalist Michael Hirsh in June 2022 used the term "[global] Cold War" to refer to tensions between leaders of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and China and its ally Russia, both countries striving to challenge the US's role as a superpower. Hirsh further cited growing tensions between the US and China as one of the causes of the newer Cold War alongside NATO's speech about China's "systemic challenges to the rules-based international order and to areas relevant to alliance security". He further cited the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 as one of factors of the newer Cold War's rise.

In July 2022, James Traub used the term while discussing how the ideas of the Non-Aligned Movement, a forum of neutral countries organized during the original Cold War, can be used to understand the reaction of democratic countries in the developing world to current tensions. In the same month France, the United States and Russia scheduled high-level, multi-country diplomatic visits in Africa. An article reporting on these trips used the term "new Cold War" in relation to what "some say is the most intense competition for influence [in Africa] since the [original] Cold War".

An article published in the July 2022 issue of the journal Intereconomics linked the possible "beginning of a new cold war between the
West and the East" with "the rebirth of a new era of conflict, the end of the late 20th century unipolar international security architecture under the hegemony of the United States, [and] the end of globalisation".

In August 2022, an analysis article in the Israeli newspaper Haaretz used the term to refer to the US's "open confrontation with Russia and China". The article continues on to discuss the impact of the current situation on Israel, concluding that "in the new Cold War, [Israel] cannot allow itself to be neutral." In the same month, Katrina vanden Heuvel used the term while cautioning against what she perceived as a "reflexive bipartisan embrace of a new Cold War" against Russia and China among US politicians.

In September 2022, a Greek civil engineer and politician Anna Diamantopoulou further stated, despite unity of NATO members, "the West has lost much of its normative power," citing her "meetings with politicians from Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East." She further stated that the West will risk losing "a new cold war" unless it overcomes challenges that would give Russia and China a greater world advantage. She further gave suggestions to the Western powers, including the European Union.

Usage in the context of China–United States tensions

The US senior defence official Jed Babbin, Yale University professor David Gelernter, Firstpost editor R. Jagannathan, Subhash Kapila of the South Asia Analysis Group, former Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, and some other sources have used the term (occasionally using the term "Pacific Cold War") to refer to tensions between the United States and China in the 2000s and 2010s.

Trump presidency (2017–21)

Donald Trump, who was inaugurated as US president on 20 January 2017, had repeatedly said during his presidential campaign that he considered China a threat, a stance that heightened speculations of the possibility of a "new cold war with China". Claremont McKenna College professor Minxin Pei said that Trump's election win and "ascent to the presidency" may increase chances of the possibility. In March 2017, a self-declared socialist magazine Monthly Review said, "With the rise of the Trump administration, the new Cold War with Russia has been put on hold", and also said that the Trump administration has planned to shift from Russia to China as its main competitor.

In July 2018, Michael Collins, deputy assistant director of the CIA's East Asia mission center, told the Aspen Security Forum in Colorado he believed China under paramount leader and general secretary Xi Jinping, while unwilling to go to war, was waging a "quiet kind of cold war" against the United States, seeking to replace the US as the leading global power. He further elaborated: "What they're waging against us is fundamentally a cold war — a cold war not like we saw during [the] Cold War (between the U.S. and the Soviet Union) but a cold war by definition". In October 2018, a Hong Kong's Lingnan University professor Zhang Baohui told The New York Times that a speech by United States Vice-president Mike Pence at the Hudson Institute "will look like the declaration of a new Cold War".

In January 2019, Robert D. Kaplan of the Center for a New American Security wrote that "it is nothing less than a new cold war: The constant, interminable Chinese computer hacks of American warships' maintenance records, Pentagon personnel records, and so forth constitute war by other means. This situation will last decades and will only get worse".

In February 2019, Joshua Shifrinson, an associate professor from Boston University, criticised the concerns about tensions between China and the US as "overblown", saying that the relationship between the two countries are different from that of the US–Soviet Union relations during the original Cold War, that factors of heading to another era of bipolarity are uncertain, and that ideology play a less prominent role between China and the US.

In June 2019, academic Stephen Wertheim called President Trump a "xenophobe" and criticised Trump's foreign policy toward China for heightening risks of a new Cold War, which Wertheim wrote "could plunge the United States back into gruesome proxy wars around the world and risk a still deadlier war among the great powers."

In August 2019, Yuan Peng of the China Institute of International Studies said that the financial crisis of 2007–2008 "initiated a shift in the global order." Yuan predicted the possibility of the new cold war between both countries and their global power competition turning "from 'superpower vs. major power' to 'No. 1 vs. No. 2'." On the other hand, scholar Zhu Feng said that their "strategic competition" would not lead to the new Cold War. Zhu said that the US–China relations have progressed positively and remained "stable", despite disputes in the South China Sea and Taiwan Strait and US President Trump's aggressive approaches toward China.

In January 2020, columnist and historian Niall Ferguson opined that China is one of the major players of this Cold War, whose powers are "economic rather than military", and that Russia's role is "quite small". Ferguson also wrote: "[C]ompared with the 1950s, the roles have been reversed. China is now the giant, Russia the mean little sidekick. China under Xi remains strikingly faithful to the doctrine of Marx and Lenin. Russia under Putin has reverted to Tsarism." Ferguson further wrote that this Cold War is different from the original Cold War because the US "is so intertwined with China" at the point where "decoupling" is as others argued "a delusion" and because "America's traditional allies are much less eager to align themselves with Washington and against Beijing." He further wrote that the new Cold War "shifted away from trade to technology" when both the US and China signed their Phase One trade deal. In a February 2020 interview with The Japan Times, Ferguson suggested that, to "contain China", the US "work intelligently with its Asian and European allies", as the US had done in the original Cold War, rather than on its own and perform something more effective than "tariffs, which are a very blunt instrument." He also said that the US under Trump has been "rather poor" at making foreign relations.

On 24 May 2020, China Foreign Minister Wang Yi said that relations with the US were on the "brink of a new Cold War" after it was fuelled by tensions over the COVID-19 pandemic. In June 2020, Boston College political scientist Robert S. Ross wrote that the US and China "are destined to compete [but] not destined for violent conflict or a cold war." In July, Ross said that the Trump "administration would like to fully decouple from China. No trade, no cultural exchanges, no political exchanges, no cooperation on anything that resembles common interests."

In August 2020, a La Trobe University professor Nick Bisley wrote that the US–China rivalry "will be no Cold War" but rather will "be more complex, harder to manage, and last much longer." He further wrote that comparing the old Cold War to the ongoing rivalry "is a risky endeavour."

In September 2020, the UN Secretary General António Guterres warned that the increasing tensions between the US under Trump and China under Xi were leading to "a Great Fracture" which would become costly to the world. Xi Jinping replied by saying that "China has no intention to fight either a Cold War or a hot one with any country."

Biden presidency (2021–present)

In March 2021, Columbia University professor Thomas J. Christensen wrote that the cold war between the US and China "is unlikely" in comparison to the original Cold War, citing China's prominence in the "global production chain" and absence of the authoritarianism vs. liberal democracy dynamic. Christensen further advised those concerned about the tensions between the two nations to research China's role in the global economy and its "foreign policy toward international conflicts and civil wars" between liberal and authoritarian forces. He further noted newly elected US President Joe Biden's planned approach different from predecessor Donald Trump.

In September 2021, former Portuguese defence and foreign minister Paulo Portas described the announcement of the AUKUS security pact and the ensuing unprecedented diplomatic crisis between the signatories (Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) and France (which has several territories in the Indo-Pacific) as a possible formal starting point of a new Cold War.

On 7 November 2021, President Joe Biden's national security adviser Jake Sullivan stated that the US does not pursue system change in China anymore, marking a clear break from the China policy pursued by previous US administrations. Sullivan said that the US is not seeking a new Cold War with China, but is looking for a system of peaceful coexistence.

In November 2021, Hal Brands and Yale professor John Lewis Gaddis wrote in their Foreign Affairs article that China and the US have been entering "a new cold war", meaning "a protracted international rivalry, for cold wars in this sense are as old as history itself." Brands and Gaddis further wrote that this has not been "the Cold War" and that "the context is quite different". Both authors differentiated the "Soviet–American Cold War" from the "Sino-American cold war".

According to a poll done by Morning Consult, only 15 percent of US respondents and 16 percent of Chinese respondents think the countries are in a cold war, with most rather categorizing it as a competition.

In August 2022, the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a statement condemning US House speaker Nancy Pelosi's visit to Taiwan. This statement demanded, among other things, that the US "not seek a 'new Cold War'".

Following a November 2022 meeting between Biden and Xi Jinping at the G20 summit in Bali, Biden told reporters that "there need not be a new Cold War".

In a December 2022 editorial published just before being elected US House speaker, Kevin McCarthy wrote that "China and the US are locked in a cold war." The op-ed also announced the creation of the House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party.

In early 2023, Jorge Heine, former Chilean ambassador to China and professor of international relations professor at Boston University, said the looming new Cold War between the US and China has become apparent to "a growing consensus", and described the new Cold War as "more alike than [it is] different" from the one fought between the US and Soviet Union, and saying the presence of "ideological-military overtones is now widely accepted."

Usage in the context of Russia–United States tensions

Debate over the term

Sources disagree as to whether a period of global tension analogous to the Cold War is possible in the future, while others have used the term to describe the ongoing renewed tensions, hostilities, and political rivalries that intensified dramatically in 2014 between Russia, the United States and their respective allies.

Stephen F. Cohen, Robert D. Crane, and Alex Vatanka have all referred to a "US–Russian Cold War".

Sources opposed to the term argue that while new tensions between Russia and the West have similarities with those during the Cold War, there are also major differences, and provide Russia with new avenues for exerting influence, such as in Belarus and Central Asia, which have not seen the type of direct military action in which Russia engaged in less cooperative former Soviet states like Ukraine and the Caucasus region.

In June 2014, the Macedonian Ministry of Defense published an article asserting that the term "Cold War II" was as a misnomer.

In February 2016, at the Munich Security Conference, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said that NATO and Russia were "not in a cold-war situation but also not in the partnership that we established at the end of the Cold War", while Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev, speaking of what he called NATO's "unfriendly and opaque" policy on Russia, said "One could go as far as to say that we have slid back to a new Cold War".

In October 2016 and March 2017, Stoltenberg said that NATO did not seek "a new Cold War" or "a new arms race" with Russia.

In February 2016, a Higher School of Economics university academic and Harvard University visiting scholar Yuval Weber wrote on E-International Relations that "the world is not entering Cold War II", asserting that the current tensions and ideologies of both sides are not similar to those of the original Cold War, that situations in Europe and the Middle East do not destabilise other areas geographically, and that Russia "is far more integrated with the outside world than the Soviet Union ever was".

In September 2016, when asked if he thought the world had entered a new cold war, Russian Foreign Minister, Sergey Lavrov, argued that current tensions were not comparable to the Cold War. He noted the lack of an ideological divide between the United States and Russia, saying that conflicts were no longer ideologically bipolar.

In August 2016, Daniel Larison of The American Conservative magazine wrote that tensions between Russia and the United States would not "constitute a 'new Cold War'" especially between democracy and authoritarianism, which Larison found more limited than and not as significant in 2010s as that of the Soviet-Union era. Andrew Kuchins, an American political scientist and Kremlinologist speaking in December 2016, believed the term was "unsuited to the present conflict" as it may be more dangerous than the Cold War.

In August 2017, Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov denied claims that the US and Russia were having another cold war, despite ongoing tensions between the two countries and newer US sanctions against Russia. A University of East Anglia graduate student Oliver Steward and the Casimir Pulaski Foundation senior fellow Stanisław Koziej in 2017 attributed Zapad 2017 exercise, a military exercise by Russia, as part of the new Cold War.

In March 2018, Russian President Vladimir Putin told journalist Megyn Kelly in an interview: "My point of view is that the individuals that have said that a new Cold War has started are not analysts. They do propaganda." Michael Kofman, a senior research scientist at the CNA Corporation and a fellow at the Wilson Center's Kennan Institute said that the new cold war for Russia "is about its survival as a power in the international order, and also about holding on to the remnants of the Russian empire". Lyle Goldstein, a research professor at the US Naval War College claims that the situations in Georgia and Ukraine "seemed to offer the requisite storyline for new Cold War". Also in March 2018, Harvard University professors Stephen Walt and then Odd Arne Westad criticized the application of the term to increasing tensions between Russia and the West as "misleading", "distract[ing]", and too simplistic to describe the more complicated contemporary international politics.

In October 2018, Russian military analyst Pavel Felgenhauer told Deutsche Welle that the new Cold War would make the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty and other Cold War-era treaties "irrelevant because they correspond to a totally different world situation." In February 2019, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov stated that the withdrawal from the INF treaty would not lead to "a new Cold War".

Russian news agency TASS reported the Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov saying "I don't think that we should talk about a new Cold War", adding that the US development of low-yield nuclear warheads (the first of which entered production in January 2019) had increased the potential for the use of nuclear weapons.

Middle East conflicts

In 2013, Michael Klare compared in RealClearPolitics tensions between Russia and the West to the ongoing proxy conflict between Saudi Arabia and Iran. Oxford Professor Philip N. Howard argued that a new cold war was being fought via the media, information warfare, and cyberwar.

Some observers, including Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, judged the Syrian civil war to be a proxy war between Russia and the United States, and even a "proto-world war". In January 2016, senior UK government officials were reported to have registered their growing fears that "a new cold war" was now unfolding in Europe: "It really is a new Cold War out there. Right across the EU we are seeing alarming evidence of Russian efforts to unpick the fabric of European unity on a whole range of vital strategic issues".

In April 2018, relations deteriorated over a potential US-led military strike in Middle East after the Douma chemical attack in Syria, which was attributed to the Syrian Army by rebel forces in Douma, and poisoning of the Skripals in the UK.  The Secretary-General of the United Nations, António Guterres, told a meeting of the UN Security Council that "the Cold War was back with a vengeance".  He suggested the dangers were even greater, as the safeguards that existed to manage such a crisis "no longer seem to be present". Dmitri Trenin supported Guterres' statement, but added that it began in 2014 and had been intensifying since, resulting in US-led strikes on the Syrian government on 13 April 2018.

In February 2022, journalist Marwan Bishara held the US and Russia responsible for pursuing "their own narrow interests", including then-US President Trump's recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel as well as Putin's 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, and for "pav[ing] the way for, well, another Cold War".

Russo-Ukrainian War

The term "Cold War II" gained currency and relevance as tensions between Russia and the West escalated throughout the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine followed by the Russo-Ukrainian War and especially the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 in July 2014. By August 2014, both sides had implemented economic, financial, and diplomatic sanctions upon each other: virtually all Western countries, led by the US and European Union, imposed punitive measures on Russia, which introduced retaliatory measures.

In 2014, notable figures such as Mikhail Gorbachev warned, against the backdrop of a confrontation between Russia and the West over the Russo-Ukrainian War, that the world was on the brink of a new cold war, or that it was already occurring. The American political scientist Robert Legvold also believes it started in 2013 during the Ukraine crisis. Others argued that the term did not accurately describe the nature of relations between Russia and the West.

In October 2016, John Sawers, a former MI6 chief, said he thought the world was entering an era that was possibly "more dangerous" than the Cold War, as "we do not have that focus on a strategic relationship between Moscow and Washington". Similarly, Igor Zevelev, a fellow at the Wilson Center, said that "it's not a Cold War [but] a much more dangerous and unpredictable situation". CNN opined: "It's not a new Cold War. It's not even a deep chill. It's an outright conflict".

In January 2017, former US government adviser Molly K. McKew said at Politico that the US would win a new cold war. The New Republic editor Jeet Heer dismissed the possibility as "equally troubling[,] reckless threat inflation, wildly overstating the extent of Russian ambitions and power in support of a costly policy", and too centred on Russia while "ignoring the rise of powers like China and India". Heer also criticised McKew for suggesting the possibility. Jeremy Shapiro, a senior fellow in the Brookings Institution, wrote in his blog post at RealClearPolitics, referring to the US–Russia relations: "A drift into a new Cold War has seemed the inevitable result".

Speaking to the press in Berlin on 8 November 2019, a day before the 30th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo warned of the dangers posed by Russia and China and specifically accused Russia, "led by a former KGB officer once stationed in Dresden", of invading its neighbours and crushing dissent. Jonathan Marcus of the BBC opined that Pompeo's words "appeared to be declaring the outbreak of a second [Cold War]".

In February 2022, journalist H. D. S. Greenway cited the Russian invasion of Ukraine and 4 February joint statement between Russia and China (under Putin and Xi Jinping) as one of the signs that Cold War II had officially begun.

In March 2022, Yale historian Arne Westad and Harvard historian Fredrik Logevall in a videotelephony conversation asserted "that the global showdown over Ukraine" would "not signal a second Cold War". Furthermore, Westad said that Putin's words about Ukraine resembled, which Harvard journalist James F. Smith summarized, "some of the colonial racial arguments of imperial powers of the past, ideas from the late 19th and early 20th century rather than the Cold War."

In June 2022, journalist Gideon Rachman asserted the Russian invasion of Ukraine as the start of a second Cold War.

Historian Antony Beevor stated in October 2022 that he believes the world to be in a Second Cold War, and that "it is no longer [about] the old divide between left and right" but rather "a change in the direction of autocracy versus democracy", a change made apparent by the Russian invasion of Ukraine; in his opinion, this cold war is "much scarier" than the first, as "one of the most worrying aspects" of the new cold war is a total disregard for diplomatic agreements.

See also

 Artificial Intelligence Cold War
 "Back to the Cold War" (South Park episode)
 China–Russia relations
 Climate security
 Cold peace
 International relations since 1989
 Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
 List of ongoing armed conflicts
 NATO–Russia relations
 Post–Cold War era
 Post-Soviet conflicts
 Proxy war
 Resource war
 Space warfare
 World War III

References

Further reading

 Economy, Elizabeth C. The World According to China (John Wiley & Sons, 2021).
 Khong, Yuen Foong. "The US, China, and the Cold War analogy." China International Strategy Review 1.2 (2019): 223–237.
 Monaghan, Andrew. A'New Cold War'?: Abusing History, Misunderstanding Russia . London: Chatham House, 2015.
 Smith, Nicholas Ross. A New Cold War?: Assessing the Current US-Russia Relationship . Springer, 2019.
 Woodward, Jude. The US Vs China: Asia's New Cold War? (Manchester University Press, 2017).
 Xiying, Zuo. "Unbalanced deterrence: Coercive threat, reassurance and the US-China rivalry in Taiwan strait." Pacific Review 34.4 (2021): 547–576.

 Willy Wo-Lap Lam. The New Cold War that Threatens to Turn Hot The Jamestown Foundation 2023.

External links

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Second Cold War


Edward Albert Kreger (May 31, 1868 – May 24, 1955) was an American lawyer and career officer in the United States Army. A veteran of the Spanish–American War, Philippine–American War, and World War I, he was most notable for his service as Acting Judge Advocate General of the American Expeditionary Forces during the First World War and Judge Advocate General of the United States Army from 1928 to 1931.

A native of Keota, Iowa, Kreger graduated from Iowa State College in 1890 and worked as a school teacher, principal, and superintendent while studying law at several Iowa colleges. He joined the Iowa National Guard in 1893 and was admitted to the bar in 1897. After commanding Company M, 4th Iowa Infantry in the 1890s, he volunteered for federal service during the Spanish–American War as a member of 52nd Iowa Volunteer Infantry. In 1901, he received an Army commission in the 39th U.S. Volunteer Infantry. Kreger served as a professor of law, judge advocate, and legal advisor for several Army commands in the years before World War I.

During World War I, Kreger served as the Army's Assistant Provost Marshal General and as acting Judge Advocate General of the American Expeditionary Forces. After the war, he continued to serve in judge advocate assignments until 1928, when he was promoted to major general and assigned as Judge Advocate General of the United States Army.

Kreger died in San Antonio, Texas, on May 24, 1955, and was buried at Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery. Kreger was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his service in the Philippines and the Army Distinguished Service Medal for his World War I service.

Early life and education
Edward Albert Kreger was born on May 31, 1868, near Keota, Iowa, the son of William Kreger and Johanna Henrike (Pimme) Kreger. He attended the public schools of Keokuk County and graduated from Keota High School.

Kreger graduated from Iowa State College in 1890 with a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering. While at college, Kreger served in the school's in the Cadet Corps, where he advanced through the ranks from private to major.

Civilian career
From 1891 to 1893, he was a high school principal. From 1894 to 1896, he served as school superintendent of Cherokee, Iowa. While teaching school, Kreger studied law at the State University of Iowa, the Iowa College of Law, and Drake University.

Kreger was admitted to the bar in January 1897. He then left the teaching profession and began a law practice in Cherokee.

Military career
From 1893 to 1898, he served in the Iowa National Guard. In 1893, he organized Company M, 4th Iowa Infantry, which he was elected to command with the rank of captain. In November 1894, he was appointed Signal and Engineer officer on the staff of the 2nd Brigade and promoted to major. In November 1895, he accepted reduction in rank to captain so he could resume command of Company M.

His unit was called to federal service for the Spanish–American War and from April 1898 to October 1898, Kreger served as commander of Company M, 52nd Iowa Volunteer Infantry during its training at Camp Thomas, Georgia. During the company's wartime service, one member who served under Kreger was Guy Gillette, who later served in the United States Senate.

After returning to Iowa, Kreger's company was re-designated as Company M, 52nd Iowa Infantry Regiment. In 1899, he accepted a commission in the 39th U.S. Volunteer Infantry, and commanded Company G from 1899 to 1901. He served in Luzon and Leyte, and received the Distinguished Service Cross for "for extraordinary heroism while serving with 39th Infantry, U.S. Volunteers, in action between Los Banos and Bay Laguna, Philippine Islands, 10 March 1900, in an engagement with an armed enemy".

In 1905, he graduated from the Infantry and Cavalry School at Fort Leavenworth. In 1906, he graduated from the United States Army Command and General Staff College. From 1906 to 1908, he taught law at the staff college.

From 1907 to 1909, he was stationed in Cuba. From 1909 to 1911, he served as the judge advocate of the Department of the Colorado.

In 1912, Kreger was admitted to practice before the United States Supreme Court. From 1914 to 1917, he was a professor of law at the United States Military Academy.

From May 1917 to February 1918 he was the Army's Assistant Provost Marshal General. Kreger served as the acting Judge Advocate General of the American Expeditionary Forces during World War I.

From March 1919 to October 1921 he was acting Judge Advocate General of the United States Army. In 1920, Kreger supervised preparation of the Army's Manual for Courts-Martial. In 1921, he oversaw preparation of Military Laws of the United States.

From 1921 to 1924, Kreger was the assistant Judge Advocate General of the United States Army. From 1924 to 1925, Kreger was judge advocate of the Third Corps Area. In 1925, he was appointed legal advisor to the American delegation that served on the Tacna-Arica Arbitration Commission in South America.

In 1927, he was appointed judge advocate of the Second Corps Area. From 1928 to 1931, he was Judge Advocate General of the United States Army.

Awards
Kreger received the Distinguished Service Cross for actions in the Philippines. In addition, he received the Army Distinguished Service Medal for actions during World War I, the citation for which reads:

Family
Kreger married Laura Mae Roddis in 1891. They were the parents of a daughter, Vera (1893–1987). Vera Kreger was the wife of Colonel J. Huntington Hills (1892–1981).

Death and legacy
Kreger died in San Antonio, Texas, on May 24, 1955. He was buried at Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery.

His papers are held by the Dolph Briscoe Center for American History at the University of Texas at Austin.

References

External links

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1868 births
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American lawyers
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United States Army generals
Burials at Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery
United States Military Academy faculty
National Guard (United States) generals
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
Iowa State University alumni
University of Iowa College of Law alumni
University of Iowa alumni
American military personnel of the Philippine–American War
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
Military personnel from Iowa
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni

Edward Albert Kreger


The Consumers' Federation of Australia (CFA) is Australia's umbrella consumer advocacy group.

As an organisation, CFA is comprised of over 30 organisational members ranging from large national organisations like CHOICE and COTA Australia to legal centres, financial counselling organisations, research institutions, and state-based consumer organisations. CFA is a full member of Consumers International, the international peak body for the world's consumer organisations.

CFA is an association incorporated in the Australian Capital Territory, and is registered as a charity with the Australian Charities and Not-for-profits Commission.

History
In the early 1960s the Australian Consumers Association unsuccessfully attempted to establish state and territory branches. The first state or territory based consumer organisation was Canberra Consumers, established in 1963 by Michael Vernon, Godfrey Linge and Bill Howitt. By the late 1970s most states and territories had their own consumer group.

It soon became apparent that lack of coordinated action by these consumer lobby groups was obstructing political change. With the election of Gough Whitlam and the Labor Government in 1972, the Government encouraged the disparate consumer groups to join together and form the Australian Federation of Consumer Organisations (AFCO).

In 1974 after a meeting of 27 consumer groups, led by the Australian Consumers' Association and Canberra Consumers, a constitution was drafted and AFCO was officially founded. AFCO's foundation membership included Canberra Consumers, the Country Women's Association, the Australian Consumers Association and the Consumer Action Movement. In 1994, for ease of reference, AFCO was renamed the Consumers' Federation of Australia (CFA).

During the 1980s and early 1990s, CFA had a nine-member staffing contingent based in Canberra. However, in 1996, the newly elected Howard Federal Government defunded the CFA. After the defunding decision, the CFA had only one part-time paid staff member. And after twelve months, the only staff members remaining were voluntary. CFA continues to operate to this day, but primarily as a voluntary organisation.

Present

CFA's activities include supporting communication and networking among its members and consumer advocates; nominating and appointing consumer representatives to various boards, committees, and forums; and advocating on nationally important consumer issues.

Supporting members
CFA maintains a website that includes consumer news and updates from CFA members, regulators, and policymakers. It also regularly issues newsletters and hosts webinars for members.

In recent years, CFA has delivered a mentoring program, to support the professional development of consumer advocates. The goals of the mentoring program are to improve participant's effectiveness as a consumer advocate, and to facilitate a network of alumni who are well placed to take up consumer representative roles in the future.

Consumer representation
One way in which CFA advances the consumer interest is through nominating and supporting consumer representatives who sit on government, community and industry councils, boards and committees, where many of the decisions which affect consumers are made. CFA also provides consumer representatives to Standards Australia committees, which set safety and quality standards for product and services.

CFA co-chairs an annual consumer advocacy sector stakeholder meeting with the Consumer Senior Officials Network, which consists of the most relevant senior official from each of the Commonwealth Treasury, the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission, the Australian Securities & Investments Commission, and state, territory and New Zealand agencies responsible for consumer affairs.

Consumer advocacy
Given its limited resources, CFA does not actively engage in significant consumer advocacy but rather supports and amplifies the advocacy of its member organisations. CFA generally issues a policy agenda ahead of Federal Elections. In 2022, the CFA Policy Agenda called for the following strategic reforms:

·      Appointing a Minister for Consumer Affairs, re-establishing a national Ministerial Council for Consumer Affairs and giving consumers a voice in national policy and regulatory reform.

·      Enhance the Australian Consumer Law through an economy-side prohibition on unfair trading, a new general safety provision, and enacting penalties for consumer guarantees and unfair terms.

·      Modernising travel consumer protection, including through a new Travel and Airline Ombudsman.

·      Addressing scam losses through payment system reforms and a whole-of-government response.

·      Regulating digital platforms to promote competitive outcomes and consumer protection.

·      Targeting inflationary pressures through improving and expanding unit pricing.

·      Renewing consumer credit laws to respond to market changes.

·      Helping consumers transition to respond to climate change and sustainability.

Annual consumer advocacy award
CFA provides an annual award for the most impactful consumer advocacy campaign on project. The award is provided as part of the annual National Consumer Congress, hosted by the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission.

Recent award winners have been:

·      2023 – Save Sorry Business Campaign and Stop the Debt Trap Alliance (joint winners)[1]

·      2022 – The Save Safe Lending Campaign

·      2021 – Who is Making Australians Bankrupt? and Junk Insurance in Super (joint winners)[2]

·      2020 – Raphael Grzebieta from the Transport and Road Safety Research Centre for the Quad Bike Performance Project[3]

·      2019 – Financial Counselling Australai for the National Online Gambling Consumer Protection Framework[4]

·      2018 – Consumer Action Law Centre and Financial Rights Legal Centre for the Watch Your Nuts! campaign[5]

Other activities
CFA issues guidelines for the benefit of industry and regulatory schemes. For example, CFA has developed a set of good practice principles to offer guidance to industry bodies and external dispute resolution schemes about good practice in ensuring effective consumer input, including good practice in involving the consumer sector.

Governance and management
CFA is governed by a 10-member executive committee made up of nominees of CFA members. The committee meets every two months to advance the work of the association and is supported by a part-time communications and administration officer.

The CFA Standards Project is managed by Consumer Action Law Centre, on behalf of CFA.

Members
CFA's membership includes

National organisations
 Australian Communications Consumer Action Network
 Australian Motorcycle Council
 CHOICE
 COTA Australia
 Energy Consumers Australia
 Home Economics Institute of Australia
 Owners Corporation Network
 Super Consumers Australia

Legal centres
 Caxton Legal Centre
 Consumer Action Law Centre
 Consumer Credit Legal Service WA
 Darwin Community Legal Centre
 Financial Rights Legal Centre
 Hobart Community Legal Centre
 Public Interest Advocacy Centre
 Westjustice

Financial counselling organisations
 Financial Counselling Australia
 CARE Inc
 Financial Counsellors' Association of NSW
 Financial Counsellors' Association of Qld
 Indigenous Consumer Assistance Network
 Salvation Army MoneyCare

Research bodies
 Consumer Policy Research Centre

State-based bodies
 Combined Pensioners & Superannuants Association of NSW
 Consumers Association of South Australia
 Public Transport Users Association
 Queensland Consumers Association

References
 A History of the Australian Consumer Movement, Jane Brown, Consumers Federation of Australia, Canberra, 1996
 In the Consumer Interest - A selected history of consumer affairs     in Australia 1945 - 2000,     Simon Smith, SOCAP, Melbourne 2000, ISBN 0-646-40300-1

External links
 Consumers     Federation of Australia  ----[1] http://consumersfederation.org.au/save-sorry-business-campaign-and-stop-the-debt-trap-alliance-win-cfas-2023-consumer-advocacy-award/   [2] http://consumersfederation.org.au/cfa-accc-consumer-advocacy-showcase-award-winners/   [3] http://consumersfederation.org.au/cfa-soapbox-prizewinner-quad-bike-performance-project/   [4] http://consumersfederation.org.au/2019-cfa-advocacy-prizewinner-announced/   [5] http://consumersfederation.org.au/inaugural-cfa-soapbox-prizewinner-watch-your-nuts/

Consumer organisations in Australia
Members of Consumers International
Organizations established in 1974
1974 establishments in Australia

Consumers' Federation of Australia


The 20th Duke of Cambridge's Own Infantry (Brownlow's Punjabis) was a regiment of the British Indian Army. It was raised in 1857, as the 8th Regiment of Punjab Infantry. It was designated as the 20th Duke of Cambridge's Own Infantry (Brownlow's Punjabis) in 1904 and became 2nd Battalion (Duke of Cambridge's Own) 14th Punjab Regiment in 1922. In 1947, it was allocated to the Pakistan Army, where it continues to exist as 6th Battalion The Punjab Regiment.

History

Early history
The regiment was raised at Nowshera on 1 August 1857 by Lieutenant Charles Henry Brownlow from drafts provided by 4th and 5th Punjab Infantry on the orders of John Lawrence, the British High Commissioner of the Punjab. It was one of several battalions raised by Lawrence to suppress the Great Indian Mutiny of 1857. Brownlow, who became their first commanding officer, remained associated with the regiment for more than half a century; becoming their Honorary Colonel in 1904. He was made a Field Marshal in 1908. The 7 companies of the regiment comprised 5 companies of Punjabi Musalmans and 2 companies of Jatt Sikhs. The regiment mainly recruited Awans and Gakhars from Talagang, Pindigheb, Kallar Kahar and Khewra.  The regiment's first overseas service came during the Second Opium War against China. Soon after landing there, it took part in the successful assault on Taku Forts on 21 August 1860. The regiment then advanced with the rest of the British force, arriving at Peking (Beijing) in late September, which was captured on 6 October. In 1861, the regiment was brought into the line as the 24th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry, replacing the previous 24th which had mutinied in 1857. It was renumbered as the 20th Regiment later in the year.

In 1863, it took part in the Umbeyla Campaign on the North-West Frontier of India. During the fierce fighting at Crag Picquet in October and November, the 20th Punjabis retook the position, which had been captured by the tribesemen on 30 October. It then successfully defended the post from repeated attacks by the tribal forces. It was the first of many such engagements against the hostile Pashtun tribes of the Afghan frontier. In 1864, the regiment, now designated as the 20th (Punjab) Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry, took part in the Black Mountain Expedition, and in 1877, it operated against the Jowaki Afridis. Next year, the regiment advanced into the Khyber Pass to clear Afghan forces at Ali Masjid during the Second Afghan War, as part of the 1st Brigade of the Peshawar Field Force. Ali Masjid, an imposing fortress, was the first engagement of the war. After the capture of the fort, the Peshawar Field Force advanced into Afghanistan and captured Jalalabad.

In 1882, the regiment was dispatched to Egypt as part of an expeditionary force to suppress the revolt by Arabi Pasha against the Egyptian Government. In a surprise dawn attack on 13 September, the Egyptian forces at Tel-el-Kebir were completely routed by the British. The 20th Punjabis fought on the left flank of the Indian Brigade. In honour of their service in Egypt, the Duke of Cambridge was appointed as their honorary colonel in 1883, and the regiment was retitled as the 20th (Duke of Cambridge's Own) (Punjab) Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry.

In 1891, after the Mir of Hunza refused to guarantee safe British passage through his state, the 20th Punjabis participated in Colonel Algernon Durand's expedition to Hunza. In 1897, during a general uprising of Pashtun tribes, the regiment operated as part of the Mohmand Field Force. The regiment, under the command by Lieutenant-Colonel (later Lieutenant-General) JB Woon, fought in a fierce engagement against a force of about 6,000 Mohmands at Shabkadr. In 1900, the 20th Punjabis were sent to China to suppress the Boxer Rebellion.

20th Duke of Cambridge's Own Infantry (Brownlow's Punjabis)

Subsequent to the reforms brought about in the Indian Army by Lord Kitchener, the regiment's designation was changed to 20th Duke of Cambridge's Own Punjabis in 1903, and then 20th Duke of Cambridge's Own Infantry (Brownlow's Punjabis) in 1904.

During the First World War, the regiment saw active service in Mesopotamia and Palestine against the Ottoman Empire. On 16 October 1914, the 20th Punjabis sailed for the Persian Gulf from Bombay as part of the 16th (Poona) Brigade of the Indian Expeditionary Force 'D'. On 6 November, the regiment landed near the fort of Fao, and then advanced up the Shatt-al-Arab. On 11 November, the regiment was actively involved in repulsing a Turkish attack near Sanniyeh. The regiment then took part in the successful attack on the Ottoman force at Saihan on 15 November, and Zain on 19 November. After the Turks retreated northwards, the regiment took part in the capture of Basra, which was occupied on 23 November. In April 1915, the regiment fought at the Battle of Shaiba, where the Turkish attempt to retake Basra was foiled. The 20th Punjabis subsequently took part in the British advance northwards, which led to the capture  of Kut-al-Amara in September 1915. For the next two years, the regiment remained engaged in a number of actions against the Turks including the Battle of Istabulat. After spending a few months in Egypt, it was dispatched to Palestine in March 1918 and took over trenches north of Jaffa. In May 1918, it returned to India.

Subsequent history

In 1921-22, a major reorganization was undertaken in the British Indian Army leading to the formation of large infantry groups of four to six battalions. Among these was the 14th Punjab Regiment, formed by grouping the 20th Punjabis  with the 19th, 21st, 22nd and 24th Punjabis, and the 40th Pathans. The battalion's new designation was 2nd Battalion (Duke of Cambridge's Own) 14th Punjab Regiment. During the Second World War, the battalion was part of the British garrison of Hong Kong, where it fiercely resisted the Japanese invasion in December 1941. However, after heroically resisting the enemy for 18 days, the outnumbered British garrison was forced to surrender on 25 December. The battalion spent the rest of the war in Japanese captivity. It was re-raised in 1946. In 1947, the 14th Punjab Regiment was allocated to Pakistan Army. In 1956, it was merged with the 1st, 15th and 16th Punjab Regiments to form one large Punjab Regiment, and 2/14th Punjab was redesignated as 6 Punjab. In 1948, the battalion fought in the war with India in Kashmir, while during the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War, it served in the Rann of Kutch, and then took part in Operation Grand Slam. In 1971, it fought in East Pakistan.

Lineage
1857: 8th Regiment of Punjab Infantry
1861: 24th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry
1861: 20th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry
1864: 20th (Punjab) Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry
1883: 20th (Duke of Cambridge's Own) (Punjab) Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry
1885: 20th (Duke of Cambridge's Own) (Punjab) Regiment of Bengal Infantry
1901: 20th Duke of Cambridge's Own Punjab Infantry
1903: 20th Duke of Cambridge's Own Punjabis
1904: 20th Duke of Cambridge's Own Infantry (Brownlow's Punjabis)
1922: 2nd Battalion (Duke of Cambridge's Own) 14th Punjab Regiment
1956: 6th Battalion The Punjab Regiment

See also
14th Punjab Regiment
Punjab Regiment

References

Further reading
History of the 20th (DCO) Infantry, Brownlow's Punjabis 1857 to 1907. (1910). Davenport: Swiss and Co.
Historical Records of the 20th (DCO) Infantry, Brownlow's Punjabis (1909–1922). Vol II. (1923). London: Butler and Tanner.
Haig, Brodie. Fourteenth Punjab Regiment 1939-1945. London: Lund Humphries, n.d.
Rizvi, Brig SHA. (1984). Veteran Campaigners – A History of the Punjab Regiment 1759-1981. Lahore: Wajidalis.
Cardew, Lt FG. (1903). A Sketch of the Services of the Bengal Native Army to the Year 1895. Calcutta: Military Department.

Military units and formations established in 1857
British Indian Army infantry regiments
Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)
Military units and formations of the Boxer Rebellion
1857 establishments in India


The Blue Swords () is a 1949 East German historical drama film directed by Wolfgang Schleif and starring Hans Quest, Ilse Steppat and Alexander Engel. It sold more than 3,299,432 tickets. The film portrays the life of Johann Friedrich Böttger, an alchemist of the early eighteenth century who was held prisoner by the Elector of Saxony in order to discover the secret of gold production. Failing to accomplish this, which he knows to be impossible, he instead works to develop porcelain. The title refers to the symbol of Meissen, a pair of crossed swords. His story had previously been turned into a 1935 film The King's Prisoner, released during the Nazi era.

The sets were designed by the art directors Karl Schneider and Erich Zander. It was shot at the Babelsberg Studios in East Berlin.

Cast
 Hans Quest as Johann Böttger
 Ilse Steppat as Frau von Tschirnhausen
 Alexander Engel as Herr von Tschirnhausen
 Herbert Hübner as Nehmitz
 Willy A. Kleinau as August der Starke
 Marianne Prenzel as Katharina
 Paul Wagner as König Friedrich I.
 Werner Pledath as Kreisamtmann von Wittenberg
 Klaus Miedel as Laskari
 Rolf Weih as Leutnant Menzel
 Albert Bessler as Finanzminister
 Siegfried Dornbusch as Köhler
 Hans Emons as Wildenstein
 Hans Fiebrandt as Gehilfe von Dünnbrot
 Harry Gillmann as Hauknecht im "König von Portugal"
 Sonja Hartke as Maitresse
 Alfred Maack as Wirt "König von Portugal"
 Margarete Schön as Frau Zorn

See also
 The King's Prisoner (1935)

References

Bibliography
 Séan Allan & Sebastian Heiduschke. Re-Imagining DEFA: East German Cinema in its National and Transnational Contexts. Berghahn Books, 2016.

External links

1949 films
1940s biographical films
German biographical films
East German films
1940s German-language films
Films directed by Wolfgang Schleif
Films set in the 1700s
German historical films
1940s historical films
German black-and-white films
Films shot at Babelsberg Studios
1940s German films

The Blue Swords


Rainy Sky SA and others v Kookmin Bank
is an English contract law case concerning interpretation of contracts. The Supreme Court confirmed the principle laid down in Wickman v Schuler that, if the words of a contract have ambiguous meanings, the court will interpret it in a manner that most accords with "business common sense".  There is no requirement for a party to prove that the alternative interpretation is entirely unreasonable.

Facts
Rainy Sky was one of five ship-owning firms that ordered vessels from Jinse Shipbuilding Co, a South Korean shipbuilder, at a cost of US$33,300,000 per ship.  The payment was to be made in five equal installments.  The contract between Rainy Sky and Jinse permitted Rainy Sky to rescind the contract if various events occurred (such as late delivery or inadequate performance of the vessel, or loss of the vessel before delivery).  It also obliged Jinse to refund the payments if it became insolvent, although, in this case, the contract would not automatically be rescinded.  Jinse were required to provide the buyers with a performance bond, guaranteeing the repayment of the buyer's money.  Jinse obtained such a bond from Kookmin Bank - however, the terms of the bond did not match exactly the terms of the contract, and the central issue in the court case was the interpretation of the bond.

The bond stated (inter alia):

Rainy Sky had made two of the required payments when Jinse encountered financial difficulties and entered into an insolvency process.  This triggered the requirement for it to repay the money, and, as it could not do this, Rainy Sky called on Kookmin Bank to honour the guarantee.  Kookmin, however, claimed that it was under no obligation to make the payment, as the bond only covered "rejection of the vessel" and "termination, cancellation or rescission of the contract", not the insolvency of Jinse.

Judgment

High Court
In the Commercial Court, Simon J, in a summary judgment, ruled that the bond did cover Jinse's obligation to repay on insolvency.  He emphasised "all such sums" in paragraph 3, and stated that Kookmin's construction "has the surprising and uncommercial result that the Buyers would not be able to call on the Bond on the happening of the event which would be most likely to require the first class security."

Court of Appeal
Kookmin appealed, and in the Court of Appeal, Patten LJ (with whom Thorpe LJ agreed) supported their interpretation.  Patten LJ ruled that the word "such" in paragraph 3 could not be ignored, and that, while it was possible that it referred only to the "pre-delivery installments" mentioned in paragraph 2, as a matter of grammar, it was more likely ("[not] in any way evenly balanced") that it referred to the sums defined in paragraph 2 as a whole (namely, those due on rejection, termination, cancellation, rescission, or total loss).  He stated that the alternative interpretation "robs paragraph 2 of any purpose or effect."  The critical issue was therefore whether or not Kookmin's interpretation was commercially unreasonable.  After citing earlier authorities (Wickman v Schuler [1974] AC 235, The Antaios [1984] AC 191 and Chartbrook v Persimmon [2009] UKHL 38), he ruled that, because Kookmin's interpretation was not "absurd or irrational" or "so extreme as to suggest that it was unintended", merely unfavourable to Rainy Sky, it should be accepted.  The alternative course would "put us in real danger of substituting our own judgment of the commerciality of the transaction for that of those who were actually party to it."

However, Sir Simon Tuckey delivered a dissenting judgement, in which he stated that Simon J's first-instance view that Kookmin's interpretation was "surprising and uncommercial" was a legitimate reason for rejecting that interpretation, and that the judgement therefore should not be overturned.

Supreme Court
The Supreme Court allowed Rainy Sky's appeal. Lord Clarke delivered the judgement.  Citing the case of Co-operative Wholesale Society Ltd v National Westminster Bank plc [1995] 1 EGLR 97, he accepted the principle that "where the parties have used unambiguous language, the court must apply it", no matter how commercially unreasonable the result.  However, in cases of ambiguity, the court should choose the interpretation that is "most consistent with business common sense" - there is no obligation on the party contesting the interpretation to prove that it is so extreme that the parties could not have intended it in any circumstances, as Patten LJ's test would imply.

Referring to Barclays Bank plc v HHY Luxembourg SARL [2010] EWCA Civ 1248, he held that the correct test was stated by Longmore LJ in that case:

"If a clause is capable of two meanings, as on any view this clause is, it is quite possible that neither meaning will flout common sense. In such circumstances, it is much more appropriate to adopt the more, rather than the less, commercial construction."

Significance
Various commentators, such as Oliver Gayner and Cathryn Hopkins of Olswang's  and Thomas G. Heintzman of McCarthy Tétrault have suggested that parties to such cases may, as a result of this ruling, seek to introduce expert evidence on the precise degree of "commercial reasonableness" that a particular interpretation of a contract would imply.

See also

English contract law

Notes

References

English contract case law
English interpretation case law
2011 in United Kingdom case law
Supreme Court of the United Kingdom cases

Rainy Sky SA v Kookmin Bank


Leonel "Leo" Manzano (born September 12, 1984) is a Mexican-American former middle-distance track and field athlete specializing in the 1500 m and mile. He was a silver medalist at the 2012 Summer Olympics. Manzano is known for finishing his races with a strong finishing kick.

Running career

Early life and high school
Born in Dolores Hidalgo, Guanajuato, Mexico, Manzano moved with family to Texas at the age of four. He was raised in Granite Shoals, Texas, and excelled at Marble Falls High School, where he won a total of nine Texas 4A state championships in track and cross country. Manzano recorded prep bests of 1:50.48  (800 m), 4:06.29 (1600 m), and 9:07.18 (3200 m).

Collegiate
During a recruiting trip to the University of Texas, Austin, Manzano went on a training run with several runners on the track and field team. It is reported that they ran 8 miles. After coming back from the run, Manzano was quoted as saying that the 8-mile run was the longest run he had ever completed. As a prep, Manzano possessed incredible talent and upside, having never trained in a higher-mileage system.
Manzano's early talent did not go unnoticed, earning him a spot on the track and field team for the University of Texas, where he won five NCAA National Championship titles, earned All American nine times and holds four school records, including the indoor mile (3:58.78), 1,500 meter (3:35.29), and indoor and outdoor distance-medley relay. His senior year culminated in the Men's Track Athlete of the Year award from the US Track and Field and Cross Country Coaches Association (USTFCCCA). He is the first Longhorn to ever make the U.S. Olympic team in the 1,500 meter and remains the most decorated athlete ever in the history of Track and Field at the University of Texas.

Post-collegiate
Three weeks after winning his final collegiate race, Manzano qualified for the 2008 Beijing Olympics with a runner-up finish at the 2008 United States Olympic Trials. At the 2008 Beijing Olympics, he placed twelfth in his semi-final.

2009
Manzano had a breakthrough season at the international level in 2009, qualifying for the World Championships 1500 m event final. His success that season would also include victories at Reebok Grand Prix in New York and British Grand Prix, as well as second-place finishes at the 2009 IAAF World Athletics Final, London Grand Prix and Rieti Meeting.

2010
In 2010, Leo competed at IAAF Diamond League meets, while achieving personal bests in the mile (3:50.64), 800 m (1:44.56), and 1500 m (3:32.37) in the span of three weeks. He was elected to compete for the Americas at the 2010 IAAF Continental Cup and took the 1500 m bronze medal.

2011
A series of injuries in 2011 resulted in less success at the international level that year.  However, he was able to put together a strong late season performance to win the Emsley Carr Mile against a strong field.

2012
In 2012, Manzano returned to form and won the 1500 m titles at the USA Indoor Track and Field Championships and 2012 United States Olympic Trials, while qualifying for the 2012 Summer Olympics. Throughout his career, Manzano has represented the United States on 6 world championship teams, including 2 Olympic Teams—2008 and 2012.

In the 1500 m Final at the 2012 Summer Olympics, Leo Manzano unleashed his signature kick to claim the silver medal. Manzano became the first American to medal in the 1500 m since Jim Ryun won silver in Mexico City 1968, breaking a 44-year drought for the U.S. men's middle distance running.

2014

Leonel Manzano won another 1500 meter title in 3:38.63 at the 2014 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships in Sacramento, California. On 18 July, Manzano ran a personal best of 3:30.98 to take 8th place at the Diamond League Herculis Monaco. Manzano's time in the incredibly deep field was the fastest clocking of 8th place in any meet in history.

2015
Leonel Manzano placed 3rd at 1500 meters at the 2015 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships and 10th in 2015 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 1500 metres

2016
Leonel Manzano placed 4th at 1500 meters at the 2016 United States Olympic Trials (track and field). Manzano is a Coca-Cola spokesperson.

2019
On July 28, 2019, Leo announced his retirement citing a calf injury from February and a desire to spend more time with family

References

External links

Texas Longhorns profile

Manzano Mile – an all-comers track meet

1984 births
Living people
People from Dolores Hidalgo
Sportspeople from Guanajuato
American male middle-distance runners
American sportspeople of Mexican descent
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in track and field
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Mexican emigrants to the United States
World Athletics Championships athletes for the United States
People from Burnet County, Texas
USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships winners
USA Indoor Track and Field Championships winners
Texas Longhorns men's track and field athletes
Track and field athletes from Texas

Leonel Manzano


John George (died 24 May 1690) was an officer of the Royal Navy. George served during the Nine Years' War and in the war's American derivation, King William's War. During his service in North America, George commanded the frigate HMS Rose. He first sailed from Britain in the Rose on 20 January 1686, transporting Edmund Randolph. Randolph had been appointed secretary of the Dominion of New England, an entity formed out of a union of England's colonies in the American northeast.

The Rose was stationed near Boston until 1689; it was anchored offshore during the 1689 Boston revolt, an uprising of Massachusetts Puritans against the Dominion and its governor, Sir Edmund Andros. The rebels, whose force consisted of Puritan militia units and a "mob" of Bostonians, succeeded in overthrowing Andros and his council. George came ashore, in the company of the Rose's surgeon and master, to investigate the disturbance; he was confronted by the ship's carpenter and a platoon of Boston militiamen. When informed by the militiamen that he was to be arrested, he asked to see a warrant, whereupon they drew their swords and took him into custody.
Eventually released, George sailed to Piscataqua in May 1690; his posting here was in response to Indian attacks against the northern colonists. On 19 May, he sailed north to engage a French warship off Cape Sable Island. The ships met on 24 May, and George was killed during the two-hour action.

Citations

References

Year of birth unknown
1690 deaths
Royal Navy officers
British military personnel killed in action in the Nine Years' War

John George (Royal Navy officer)


The Nazi Officer's Wife: How One Jewish Woman Survived the Holocaust is a 1999 autobiography by Austrian-born Edith Hahn-Beer.  Written with the help of Susan Dworkin, the book's first edition was published by Rob Weibach Books and William Morrow and Company.  A documentary film based on the source material and starring Hahn-Beer herself was released in 2003. A revised version of the book was published in 2009.

Translations
German, as Ich ging durchs Feuer und brannte nicht : Eine aussergewöhnliche Lebens- und Liebesgeschichte (2002)
French, as La femme de l'officier nazi : comment une Juive survécut à l'Holocauste (2002)
Italian, as La moglie dell'ufficiale nazista (2003)
Dutch, as De joodse bruid (2001)
Japanese, as ナチ将校の妻 : あるユダヤ人女性55年目の告白 (Nachi shōkō no tsuma : aru Yudayajin josei 55-nenme no kokuhaku) (2000)
Sinhalese, as Yuddhayē aturu katāvaka : (nāsi hamudā niladhāriya gē birinda) (2004).
Thai, as เมียนาซี (2005).

2003 documentary
Directed by Liz Garbus and written by Jack Youngelson, the 2003 documentary retelling of the book stars Hahn-Beer, who was approximately 90 years old at the time.  The film features the voice of Julia Ormond and is narrated by Susan Sarandon.  In addition to being shown in movie theatres, the film was run on the American TV channel A&E on June 19, 2003. It was reviewed by several major newspapers, including  The New York Times and the Boston Herald, and  was nominated for a prime-time Emmy.

Planned film adaptation
A film adaptation of The Nazi Officer's Wife was planned at one point in 2010.  Directed by Mike Figgis, written by Charlie Stratton, and Craig P. Sherman and starring Eva Green, Thomas Kretschmann, and Alexandra Maria Lara, it was anticipated for release in 2011 but was never filmed. Co-author Susan Dworkin reports that the movie rights are once again available.

References

External links
 https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn505931 Edith Hahn collection
Harper-Collins Reading Guide
CNN review of the book
Jerusalem Post review of the book
New York Times review of the 2003 film
Boston Herald review of the 2003 film

Personal accounts of the Holocaust
1999 non-fiction books
2003 documentary films
Films directed by Liz Garbus
Documentary films about the Holocaust

The Nazi Officer's Wife


"The Furious and the Fast" is the seventh episode in the second season (2013) of the television series Dallas. The episode marks the last appearance of J.R. Ewing (played by Larry Hagman).

Summary

J.R. is in Abu Dhabi closing some oil leases. Ewing Energies has its first board meeting with its two new board members: Sue Ellen Ewing and Pamela Barnes. Christopher and Bobby tells John Ross, Sue Ellen, and Pamela that they will revoke the Mineral Rights on Southfork Ranch if they do not return Elena's assets including her shares in Ewing Energies. John Ross is not intimidated and threatens to sell off Christopher's methane patent to keep the company from going bankrupt. Since John Ross and Sue Ellen together only have 50% of the company, Christopher and Bobby have 40%, and Pamela has 10%, in order to sell the patent Pamela would need to agree with John Ross and Sue Ellen. Christopher ends up convincing Pamela, Sue Ellen, and John Ross to agree letting the methane car race to make the decision.

Gary Ewing (Ted Shackelford, whose character had been spun off into Knots Landing early in the original series' run) returns to Dallas to meet with Bobby. Gary tells Bobby that he and Valene have fallen on some tough times, and it has put a strain on their marriage. Gary reveals that he fell off the wagon, and Valene left him because of it. Gary tells Bobby that he hopes his plan works because he needs the money from the oil. Sue Ellen looks at it as an opportunity to seduce Gary into siding with her, John Ross, and J.R.

Christopher meets with Allison Jones, to talk about converting the city's fleet of vehicles from oil to methane. Jones tells Christopher that it will not be an easy sell to convince oil loving Texans to switch to natural gas. Christopher invites them all to the big race at Texas Motor Speedway which will feature his methane car racing against oil powered cars.

Emma is starting to feel the pressure from her father and grandmother more and more. Ryland and his mother continue to demonize Ann to Emma and try to make sure she has nothing to do with her. Ryland wants Emma to return to England to continue riding. The real reason of course is to hide Emma away from Anne yet again, continue their torture of her. Emma tells them that she would like to spend some time with her mother. Reluctantly, Ryland agrees.

John Ross gets a tip from Bum, J.R.'s PI, that one of the mechanics for Christopher's race car is a former convicted felon. John Ross approaches him and bribes him to sabotage the methane car so that it loses the race.

John Ross mentioned to J.R. that Sue Ellen is putting the moves on his little brother Gary. Jealousy getting the better of him, J.R. sends Sue Ellen a handful of letters that they had sent to each other while they were dating. Sue Ellen believes that J.R. is up to his old tricks and that he is simply just trying to manipulate her. Defiant, Sue Ellen tells John Ross that she is not going to let him do that to her. Among the old correspondences, is a new hand written letter by J.R. to Sue Ellen. There is no addresses on the envelope, it's simply says "Sue Ellen" in J.R.'s hand writing.

Everyone affiliated with Ewing Energies shows up for the race that Christopher's methane powered car is in. Sue Ellen continues to try to get closer to Gary. John Ross is convinced that Christopher's car will lose the race. Pamela is waiting to see which side she will take. The Dallas City Council is ready to see what methane can do, and Allison Jones tell Christopher IF the car wins, then the city council will side with him. Much to John Ross' disappointment, Christopher's car finish's the race first, and required the fewest pit stops for refueling. As promised, Pamela and Sue Ellen side with Bobby and Christopher bring the total to 75% in support of Christopher. Also, plans to begin pumping on the Henderson field to pump from Southfork begins again.

Ryland's mother goes to get Emma from her bedroom, but no one is in her room and Emma's clothes are all packed. Ryland and his mother have a heated argument in which she accuses him of pushing Emma in to Ann's arms. When she asked what he ever saw in Ann, he replies: "I loved her because she wasn't YOU".

When Bobby and Ann returned to Southfork after the race, they see Emma sitting in front of the house. She asks Ann and Bobby if she can live on the ranch for a while. Bobby and Ann agree and they all go inside.

Defeated, John Ross sits in the dark at Ewing Energies in the conference room drinking scotch. John Ross gets a phone call from J.R., asking for news about the race. John Ross tell him that Christopher won the race, and he does not want to be lectured. He claims that there could still be a scam to be pulled on Allison Jones at the DTC, which pleases J.R. J.R. tells John Ross not to worry about anything, and that he has a plan, and it will be his "Masterpiece". Also that John Ross should not have to pay for his (J.R.'s) sins. J.R. then tells John Ross, "Just remember, I'm proud of you. You're my son, from tip to tail". John Ross is happy to hear his father say that to him. Before anything else can be said, John Ross hears two gunshots over the phone ring out. Scared he calls out to J.R., and then yells out, "DAD!"

Continuity
Ted Shackelford reprises his role as Gary Ewing in this episode. He last appeared in the original Dallas series finale "Conundrum" in 1991.

Trivia
The title is a reference to The Fast and the Furious movies, in which Jordana Brewster starred in.

Production
Larry Hagman appeared in six of the fifteen episodes slated for the season before his death. The plot of the season had to be retooled in order to compensate for the character's absence.

Larry Hagman's appearance

Larry Hagman died from leukemia before production of the episode began, so all the appearances and dialogue by J.R. used in this episode were from previous episode or deleted or completely unused scenes from this season and season one. The dialogue given by J.R. (Hagman), was kept vague and no new information was provided by J.R. at all. Even the scene in the previous episode where he is being introduced to his iPad by his nurse is clearly a deleted scene from earlier in the season. That was done to make it seem like J.R. was actually in the house when he began to message Bobby on the computer from his room. It was all done to give the illusion that J.R., unlike Hagman, was alive and well.

Writing
Hagman's sudden death had caught the writing team off-guard; it was revealed that J.R.'s absence from earlier first-season episodes was written in to accommodate Hagman, who was being treated for cancer. This was also not the first time J.R.'s absence from the show had to be written in. Cynthia Cidre's original pilot included J.R. in a relatively important role to the series, but due to contractual disputes between Hagman and TNT, she was made to rewrite the script that utilized archive footage of the titular character, as well as reducing characters Sue Ellen Ewing and Bobby Ewing to recurring characters.

References

External links

2013 American television episodes
Dallas (TV franchise) episodes

The Furious and the Fast


Onslaught may refer to:

Characters
 Onslaught (Marvel Comics), a Marvel Comics supervillain
 Onslaught (DC Comics), a DC Comics team of Quraci terrorists
 Onslaught (Transformers), the leader of the Combaticons in the Transformers series

Games
 Onslaught (Magic: The Gathering), an expansion to the Magic: The Gathering collectible card game
 Onslaught, a gametype in the first-person shooter computer game Unreal Tournament 2004
 Onslaught (1989 video game), a 1989 Amiga beat'em up computer game
 Onslaught (2009 video game), a 2009 Wii first-person shooter video game
 A co-op mode in the video game Battlefield: Bad Company 2
 ONSlaught, a libre game engine cloning the proprietary engine NScripter.
 Mortal Kombat: Onslaught a 2023 RPG by NetherRealm Studios.

Other
 Onslaught (band), a British thrash metal band
 Onslaught (novel), a 2002 science fiction novel by David Sherman and Dan Cragg
 Onslaught (Dove), a short film/advertisement made by Dove for their Campaign for Real Beauty

Onslaught


Darwin James Kunane Barney (born November 8, 1985) is an American former professional baseball infielder and current coach. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Chicago Cubs, Los Angeles Dodgers, and Toronto Blue Jays. As a member of the Cubs in 2012, he won both the Rawlings Gold Glove Award and the Fielding Bible Award in recognition of his defensive skills at second base.

High school
Barney graduated from Southridge High School in Beaverton, Oregon, where he helped lead the Skyhawks baseball team to its first baseball state championship in 2002.

College
Barney attended Oregon State University and played for the Beavers for its back-to-back NCAA Division I Baseball Championships in 2006 and 2007, and was named to the all-tournament team in 2007.

He was the Pac-10 Freshman of the Year in 2005, and earned Freshman All-American honors. In 2006, Barney was selected to Team USA by USA Baseball, where his team won the gold medal at the World University Baseball Championship. He left Oregon State as the school's all-time leader in career hits (238) and at-bats (765) and finished second all-time in runs (152).

Professional career

Chicago Cubs

Barney was drafted by the Chicago Cubs with the 127th overall pick in the 2007 Major League Baseball Draft.

Minor Leagues
Barney spent 2007 to part of 2010 in the Cubs minor-league system. In 2009, he split time with the Double-A Tennessee Smokies and the Triple-A Iowa Cubs, posting a .293 batting average in 137 games. In January 2010, Barney was invited to the Cubs' training camp, opening the season with the Triple-A Iowa Cubs.

Majors

On August 11, 2010, Barney was called up to play with the Cubs after they traded Mike Fontenot to the San Francisco Giants.  Barney split time at second base and played alongside fellow rookie Starlin Castro who was the team's starting shortstop. He went on to hit .241 in 30 games.

After a strong spring training, Barney earned a spot on the Cubs Opening Day roster as the starting second baseman in 2011, beating out Jeff Baker and Blake DeWitt for the job.  After hitting .326 with 14 RBI in his first month, he was named the National League Rookie of the Month for April. In his first full major league season, Barney batted .276/.313/.353 and placed seventh in National League Rookie Of The Year voting.

In 2012, Barney won a Fielding Bible Award as the best fielding second baseman in MLB. Barney was also awarded the 2012 Gold Glove award for his play at second base, the first by a Cub second baseman since Ryne Sandberg's nine-year run from 1983 to 1991. During the season, he recorded only 2 errors at second base, and tied the MLB record for consecutive errorless games at second base with 141 games. For the year, he finished with a career best 4.6 WAR, including a 3.6 dWAR (defensive wins above replacement) while registering career highs in doubles (26), home runs (7) and RBI (44)

Barney started 2013 on the disabled list, bouncing back from the brief set back to play 141 games in 2013, batting .208 with 7 home runs, 41 RBI, 49 runs scored and a .993 fielding percentage (4 errors). He was beaten out for the Gold Glove by Brandon Phillips.

Barney was designated for assignment on July 22, 2014 after he hit .230 in 72 games for the Cubs.

Los Angeles Dodgers

On July 28, 2014, he was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers for a player to be named later, minor league pitcher Jonathan Martinez. He made his first appearance as a pinch hitter on August 11 and started his first game at second base the following day. In 22 games with the Dodgers, he hit .303. He began 2015 with the Dodgers and appeared in two games, with four at-bats and no hits, before being optioned to the Dodgers new Triple-A affiliate, the Oklahoma City Dodgers. On June 12, 2015, he was designated for assignment and removed from the 40-man roster.

Toronto Blue Jays
On September 13, 2015, Barney was acquired by the Toronto Blue Jays in exchange for Jack Murphy. The Blue Jays put him on the active roster after designating Scott Copeland for assignment. Barney appeared in 15 games for the Blue Jays in 2015, and batted .304 with two home runs and four RBI. As he was acquired after September 1, he was ineligible to go into the postseason with Toronto. He was designated for assignment on October 19, and elected free agency on October 22.

On December 11, 2015, Barney signed a one-year, $1.05 million contract with the Blue Jays. He recorded his 500th career hit on May 31, 2016, driving in 2 runs with a single to right field in a 4–1 win for the Blue Jays over the New York Yankees. On July 1, 2016, Barney made his professional pitching debut, being pressed into service in the 19th inning of a marathon game against the Cleveland Indians, and gave up the winning run, earning him a loss. On July 20, he played his first professional game as an outfielder, starting in left field against the Arizona Diamondbacks. He had previously played there as a member of the 2006 under-21 United States baseball team. Barney appeared in 104 games for the Blue Jays in 2016, hitting .269 with four home runs and 19 RBI.

Barney avoided salary arbitration with the Blue Jays on January 12, 2017, by agreeing to a one-year, $2.8875 million contract.

Texas Rangers
Barney signed a minor league contract with the Texas Rangers on February 5, 2018, and was released on March 19.

Coaching career
Barney was hired to be the manager of the Nashville Sounds, the Triple-A affiliate of the Texas Rangers, in 2020, but the season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. He subsequently left the Rangers organization to become the camp coordinator and volunteer assistant coach for the Oregon State Beavers joining former teammate and the school's head coach, Mitch Canham.

Personal life
Barney and his wife Lindsay have three daughters and a son. In 2019, he became an investor in the Portland Diamond Project, a group dedicated to bringing a Major League Baseball franchise to Portland, Oregon.

Barney is one-fourth Japanese and one-fourth Korean, from his mother's side, and half Caucasian, from his father's side. His father, David Barney, was born in Hawaii and played college basketball as a point guard despite only being 5 foot 6.

References

External links

1985 births
Albuquerque Isotopes players
American baseball players of Korean descent
American baseball players of Japanese descent
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Arizona League Cubs players
Baseball players from Portland, Oregon
Chicago Cubs players
Daytona Cubs players
Gold Glove Award winners
Iowa Cubs players
Living people
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Major League Baseball left fielders
Major League Baseball second basemen
Major League Baseball shortstops
Major League Baseball third basemen
Mesa Solar Sox players
Native Hawaiian sportspeople
Nashville Sounds managers
Oklahoma City Dodgers players
Oregon State Beavers baseball players
Peoria Chiefs players
Southridge High School (Beaverton, Oregon) alumni
Toronto Blue Jays players
Tennessee Smokies players
Sportspeople from Beaverton, Oregon
Oregon State Beavers baseball coaches

Darwin Barney


Kargopol toys () are moulded painted clay figures of people and animals. It is one of the old Russian folk art handicrafts, which is produced in and around the town of Kargopol, Arkhangelsk Oblast, in the north of Russia. It started in the 19th century in the areas west of Kargopol. The potters were not professionals, but just peasants who made toys in their spare time. A notable toy-maker in the beginning of the 20th century was Ivan Druzhinin (1887-1949). The handicraft almost became extinct in the 1930s. In the 1950s only one artist, Ulyana Babkina (1889-1977), was making the toys. Eventually, Babkina's toys received all-Russian recognition, were noticed by the Russian Artist Union, and the handicraft was revived.

Currently, bright colors (white, red, yellow, black) are typically used, in contrast to the old masters, who used the colored clay and produced toys in rather reserved colors.

Kargopol toys are typically single characters, and very seldom they represent a group of two or three characters. The front of a toy gets more decoration, and the toys are thus oriented to the front view.

A singular character of Kagopol toys is a Polkan which is a combination of a human and a horse.

References

External links
Russian folk crafts Kargopol toy

Culture of Russia
Russian inventions
Russian handicrafts
Clay toys
Traditional toys
Culture of Arkhangelsk Oblast

Kargopol toys


Icelandic national costume, collectively known in Icelandic as Þjóðbúningurinn has enjoyed various levels of popularity since the term was coined in Iceland in the 19th century, during the struggle for independence. Since 2001 the national costume is regulated by Þjóðbúningaráð (The National Costume Authority), which preserves the correct techniques of making them and instructs people.

Women's costume
The five following types of costume are all recognized as Icelandic National costumes. However both the kyrtill and skautbúningur were designed in the 19th century from scratch as ceremonial costumes, while the faldbúningur, peysuföt and the upphlutur are traditional daily wear of Icelandic women in olden times.

Faldbúningur

The Faldbúningur is an older type of costume worn by women since at least the 17th century and well into the 19th. In its most recognized form it incorporated a hat decorated with a curved sheet-like ornament protruding into the air and exists in two variants. One of which is the krókfaldur and the other is the spaðafaldur. Previously a large hat decorated with gold-wire bands was worn with it, as well as ruff which is the reason for the faldbúningur'''s wide collar, which was designed to support it. Later, around the start of the 18th century women started to wear the much simpler tail-cap with it.

Peysuföt

The Peysuföt are black woollen clothes commonly worn by women in the 18-19th century. They usually consisted of a twill skirt and a jacket of fine knitted woollen yarn with a black tail cap. It is believed that this costume was invented when women, desiring simpler working clothes than the faldbúningur, started to use male articles of clothing. This includes both the tail-cap and the peysa which originally was a jacket with a single row of buttons, but evolved into this costume and eventually discarded with the buttons.

Upphlutur
The Upphlutur is a woman's costume, consisting of bodice that can be coloured in bright colours such as red or blue, but often black. Its headpiece is a tail cap. The costume is basically the undergarment of the faldbúningur which evolved into a costume of its own right.

Kyrtill
The Kyrtill is a costume for women, designed by the artist Sigurður Guðmundsson in the 19th century. It was designed to look like Viking Age costumes. It however incorporates a hat similar to the one on the skautbúningur. While Sigurður's vision of the Viking Age costume remains popular, costumes designed to more closely resemble archaeological finds have gained some popularity as well.

Skautbúningur
The Skautbúningur was also designed by Sigurður Guðmundsson. It was conceived as a modernized variation of the faldbúningur, which had fallen out of use by the middle of the 19th century. It incorporates a complicated hat inspired by the ones traditionally used with the faldbúningur.

Men's costumeBúningur karla or the Men's costume exists in three or four radically different versions. The þjóðbúningur karla is the only direct descendant of traditional daily wear of Icelandic men, while the other were designed from the start as ceremonial costume.

Þjóðbúningur
The one considered most traditional consists of woolen breeches or trousers, a usually double buttoned vest and a double buttoned jacket called treyja. Sometimes a peysa with a single row of buttons is used in lieu of the vest and treyja.  On the head is a tail cap, though historically different hats were also used. This costume was usually black, navy blue or dark green, although the vest, which was usually brighter was sometimes red, some regions stood out, using white wool instead of the darker colors. It is identical to the clothing Icelandic men commonly wore from the 17th until the 19th century.

Fornmannaklæði

In the middle of the 19th century, when many Icelandic men had taken to using continental clothing, Sigurður Guðmundsson, an Icelandic artist, designed a costume for men which closely resembles 10th century Nordic clothing. While it attained some popularity at the time, it eventually disappeared until at the end of the 20th century when Viking culture and traditions have enjoyed increased popularity.

Hátíðarbúningur

Although not a traditional costume, the hátíðarbúningur was conceived as a modernized version of the men's traditional national costume and is frequently worn instead of a tuxedo to formal events. It is the result of a competition for an updated (i.e., more pragmatic) version of the men's national costume held in 1994 in correlation with the 50th anniversary of Iceland's independence from Denmark and the establishment of the republic. Some have critiqued the design of the hátíðarbúningur, claiming that it bears greater resemblance to the Faroese national costume in its styling. Regardless, the hátíðarbúningur continues to enjoy widespread popularity among Icelanders.

The fourth costume

Sigurður Guðmundsson also designed another costume in the middle of the 19th century, which was commonly worn by students. It consisted of a black jacket, white shirt and black knee-breeches with horizontally striped or solid colored white socks.

Children's costumes
The búningur barna or the children's costumes did not differ from the adult's version (except in size) until the 20th century, when girls were given shorter skirts.

Shoes
Although today, modern shoes are often used with the National Costumes, traditionally shoes made of either fish or sheep-skin, with woollen inlets, were worn with the costumes. These shoes are known as roðskór and sauðskinsskór respectively. Some people also use 18th or 19th century type leather shoes with buckles similar to the footwear commonly used with the Faroese and Norwegian National Costumes.

Usage
In olden times these clothes, except the skautbúningur, kyrtill and hátíðarbúningur'', were worn daily by people of all ages and classes. Today they are worn by many on ceremonial occasions such as the National day, Birthdays and Weddings.

See also
Lopapeysa
Bunad

Notes

External links
Buningurinn.is - Official Website of Þjóðbúningaráð, The National Costume Authority
Upphlutur.is - Website of the Þjóðbúningastofan, National Costume house
BB.is - 3 Pictures of Icelandic National Costumes
National Museum of Iceland

National Costume
Folk costumes

Icelandic national costume


Joanie Madden is an Irish-American flute and whistle player of Irish traditional music.  She is best known as leader of the all-female group Cherish the Ladies, but has also recorded and performed with numerous other musicians, and as a solo artist.   She also teaches master classes and workshops.

Biography
Madden was born in the Bronx to Irish immigrants.  Her father, Joe, was an All-Ireland Champion on the accordion and a well known and respected Irish musician who was inducted into the Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann Mid-Atlantic Region Hall of Fame in 1992.  As a young child, Madden started her journey as a musician by taking some lessons on the fiddle and piano, but the instruments didn't hold her interest.  She eventually became enamored with the tin whistle, and paid for her own lessons with neighbor and National Heritage Award Winner, Jack Coen.  As a teenager and young adult, she gained experience playing with her father's band, and with classmate Eileen Ivers.  In 1983, at the age of 18, she won the All-Ireland Championship on both the flute and tin whistle, and in 1984 she travelled back to Ireland to compete once again and became the first American to win the Senior All-Ireland Championship for tin whistle.  Shortly after, Mick Moloney contacted her about performing, emceeing and helping him organize a concert series featuring women musicians.  Joanie suggested the title;  "Cherish the Ladies" as the name of the concert series and this developed into the Internationally renowned band by the same name, which Joanie has headed since its inception.  Since then, she has performed and recorded on over 200 albums and is in constant demand as a soloist and recording artist.  While the majority of her work is within the Irish tradition, she has also played on film scores and with artists of varied styles such as Sinéad O'Connor and Pete Seeger, Don Henley, Luka Bloom, Sharon Shannon, Lunasa, Kathy Mattea, Eileen Ivers, Vince Gill, Arlo Guthrie, Tom Chapin, Paddy Reilly, Eric Weissberg, Matt Molloy, Tommy Makem, The Clancy Brothers, The Boston Pops and many more.  She has recorded three solo albums; her solo album Song of the Irish Whistle is the most successful whistle album ever recorded in history, selling hundreds of thousands of units. On February 17, 2007, Madden followed in her father's footsteps and was honored when she was inducted into the Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann Mid-Atlantic Region Hall of Fame.

Choice of instrument
Madden's choice of flute is rare in Irish traditional music as she plays a Boehm-system flute (sometimes referred to as a "classical" or "silver" flute).  The majority of flute players in traditional Irish music play simple-system wooden flutes.  The classical flute is not a natural choice of instrument for this style of music, since it is difficult to perform certain ornamentation, for example slides are impossible on a beginner's instrument without ring keys, and different strategies are needed for other types of ornamentation. Madden has broken down these barriers and has been singled out by some of the leading lights in the flute world; Matt Molloy of The Chieftains and James Galway have both remarked that Madden is one of the best flutists in Irish music today.

Awards and honors
In 2011, Madden received the Ellis Island Medal of Honor in recognition of her artistry and her support of Irish-American music and culture.  She also had a street named after her on the Grand Concourse in her native Bronx; Joanie Madden and Cherish the Ladies.

In 2012, Madden was named a Fellow of United States Artists.

She is a recipient of a 2021 National Heritage Fellowship awarded by the National Endowment for the Arts, which is the United States government's highest honor in the folk and traditional arts.

Partial discography

Cherish the Ladies
see discography on the Cherish the Ladies page

As a solo artist
Whistle on the Wind (1994)
Song of the Irish Whistle (Hearts of Space Records, 1996)
Song of the Irish Whistle 2 (Hearts of Space Records, 1999)

Pride of New York
Pride of New York (2009)

As a guest artist
Sinéad O'Connor – Am I Not Your Girl? (1992); Sean-Nós_Nua (2002)
 Rockapella – Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (1992)
John Boswell – Count Me In (1993)
Hearts of Space (label compilation) – Celtic Twilight (1994)
Nóirín Ní Riain – Celtic Soul (1996)
Pete Seeger – Pete (1996)
The Boston Pops – Celtic Album (1998)
Black 47 – Bittersweet Sixteen (2006)
 Brian Keane – Copper: Original Soundtrack (2013)
 Liz Madden - Legacy (2015)

References

External links
Video: Joanie and Joe Madden playing a set of reels

American people of Irish descent
Living people
Irish women flautists
American flautists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Green Linnet Records artists
National Heritage Fellowship winners
20th-century Irish flautists
21st-century Irish flautists

Joanie Madden


Brendan Cauldwell (25 October 1922 – 12 January 2006) was an Irish radio, film and television actor.

Early life and education
Cauldwell was born in Fairview, Dublin. He was educated at O'Connell's Irish Christian Brothers School and went on to work in the insurance industry before becoming a full-time actor.

Career
His interest in acting was encouraged by his uncle, who taught him different dialects in an attempt to manage his stammer.

In 1955, he joined the RTÉ Repertory Company. While with the company, he took part in more than 3,000 productions including the international 32-hour broadcast of Ulysses, the longest ever radio drama. In 1961, he performed in  The Weaver's Grave. Adapted and produced by Mícheál Ó hAodha, it was written by Galway author Seamus O'Kelly, and won the Prix Italia for Radio Drama. He played another Joycean role when he acted as Father Michael in Joseph Strick's film, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1977).

His performance as Hennessy in the RTÉ Television production of Strumpet City is regarded as particularly memorable, alongside an earlier performance as Rashers Tierney in the RTÉ Radio 1 production.

He acted in a number of stage, film, and radio productions, including Far and Away and Angela's Ashes. In 1996, he joined the cast of television programme Fair City , playing war veteran Paschal Mulvey, where he worked until 2005.

Personal life
Cauldwell died in his sleep in 2006, aged 83.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

1922 births
2006 deaths
Irish male film actors
Irish male radio actors
Irish male television actors
People from Fairview, Dublin
Male actors from County Dublin

Brendan Cauldwell