Bonnie Ruth Strickland (born 1936) is known for her contributions to the psychology community. From her decades long career at Emory University and University of Massachusetts Amherst to her time as the president of the American Psychological Association (APA) she has contributed a great deal to clinical psychology, social psychology, and feminism.

Strickland was born in 1936 in Louisville, Kentucky and spent much of her early life in the south. She later went on to graduate school in Ohio to pursue a doctorate degree in psychology. As a closeted gay woman in the 1950s and 60s, she became very interested in learning about marginalized people through research. Strickland has become an important figure for psychologists and feminists alike and continues to contribute to academia as a professor at the University of Massachusetts to this day.

Early life

Strickland was born on November 24, 1936, to Willie Whitfield and Roy Strickland in Louisville, Kentucky. She later moved to Birmingham, Alabama with her mother and brother after her parents' separation and spent much of her childhood there.  Strickland believes that growing up in the South had a major impact on her development in adolescence, and it could be considered a key inspiration for the research she has conducted during her career and her dedication to civil rights.

At age 14, Strickland joined a softball team that played an important role in her discovery of her identity. She met other girls that reminded her of herself, and through her team members' support, she came to terms with her lesbian identity. Following the discovery of her sexual orientation, she spent time reading the Bible and other literature on the subject which led her to believe homosexuality was a bad thing, and she resorted to remaining closeted for a long time.

Strickland's high school gym teacher helped her apply to Alabama College where she was accepted. As an undergraduate at Alabama College Strickland studied and received a degree in physical education but was introduced and took interest in psychology by a professor of hers named Herbert Eber. She then went on to get a psychology doctorate degree at Ohio State University in 1962.

Psychology career

In 1965 she started the positions of psychology faculty member and active Dean of Women at Emory University. During this time, she remained closeted, but she took part in an important psychology study that compared the mental health of homosexual and heterosexuals at the college. The data from this research showed that there wasn't an abundance of mental illness among homosexuals. In fact, the lesbians were found to have better mental health levels than heterosexual women. Following her time at Emory, she moved on to the University of Massachusetts, Amherst in 1973. While at Emory, she created a course on lesbian psychology which attracted many students' interests.

In 1973 Strickland was a chair of the APA committee that pushed for more research on discrimination of marginalized groups. In 1987 Strickland became the seventh woman president of the APA. Additionally, she was the third ever woman president of the APA's clinical division and has served as president of the APA's Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual division
Strickland has been teaching at the University of Massachusetts Amherst for 46 years and is now a professor emerita.

Accomplishments

Strickland is known for her time as president of the APA in 1987, but she has many other accomplishments of note. The APA Division 35 (Society for the Psychology of Women) issues the Strickland-Daniel Mentoring Award to recognize feminist mentoring in psychology. The award was originally known as the Bonnie Strickland Distinguished Mentoring Award but was later renamed to co-honor the award's first recipient, Jessica Henderson Daniel. In 2014, Strickland was awarded the Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in Psychology in the Public Interest by the APA. Strickland has also written many pieces of literature related to her psychology passion. These works include The Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology, Including the Other in Psychology, and Misassumptions, Misadventures, and the Misuse of Psychology.

References

American women psychologists
Emory University faculty
University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty
People from Louisville, Kentucky
Presidents of the American Psychological Association
Living people
1936 births
American women academics
21st-century American women

Bonnie Strickland


The Metropolitan line is part of the London Underground. It is coloured in TfL's Corporate Magenta  on the Tube map and in other branding. It was the first underground railway (or subway) in the world, opening on 10 January 1863. Today, part of that section are no longer served by the Metropolitan line, but by the Hammersmith & City, District and Circle lines. The main line runs from Aldgate in the City of London to Amersham, with branch lines to Uxbridge, Watford and Chesham. The line once went as far as Verney junction. After it was bought by the London Passenger Transport Board, the line was first cut back to Aylesbury, then to Amersham

The line runs parallel to Chiltern Railways London to Aylesbury line from Finchley Road to Amersham. Chiltern railways continues to run services to Aylesbury.

History

Metropolitan Railway

The Metropolitan Railway (also known as the Met) was a passenger and goods railway that served London from 1863 to 1933, its main line heading north-west from the City to what were to become the Middlesex suburbs. Its first line connected the mainline railway termini at ,  and King's Cross to the City, built beneath the New Road using the cut-and-cover method between Paddington and King's Cross, and in tunnel and cuttings beside Farringdon Road from King's Cross to near Smithfield. It opened on 10 January 1863 with gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives, the world's first underground railway. In 1871, when plans were presented for an underground railway in Paris, it was called the Métropolitain in imitation. The modern word metro is a short form of the French word.

The railway was soon extended from both ends and northwards via a branch from Baker Street. It reached Hammersmith in 1864 and Richmond in 1877, and completed the Inner Circle in 1884, but the most important route became the line north into the Middlesex countryside, where it stimulated the development of new suburbs. Harrow was reached in 1880, and the line extended as far as  in Buckinghamshire, more than  from Baker Street. From the end of the 19th century, the railway shared tracks with the Great Central Railway route out of Marylebone station.

Electric traction was introduced in 1905 with electric multiple units operating between Uxbridge, Harrow-on-the-Hill and Baker Street. To remove steam and smoke from the tunnels in central London, the railway purchased electric locomotives, exchanged for steam locomotives at Harrow from 1908. In 1910, a seventeen-minute silent film recording was made showing large portions of the journey from Baker Street to Aylesbury and Uxbridge, seen from the cab of a train. The film survives and is publicly available.

Unlike other railways in the London area, the Met developed land for housing, thus benefitting from the increase in the value of its land caused by the building of the railway. After World War I it promoted its housing estates near the railway with the "Metro-land" brand.

To improve services, more powerful electric and steam locomotives were purchased in the 1920s. A short branch opened from Rickmansworth to Watford in 1925. After World War I, the  Stanmore branch was built from Wembley Park.

London Transport

On 1 July 1933 the Metropolitan was amalgamated with other Underground railways, tramway companies and bus operators to form the London Passenger Transport Board, and a period of rationalisation followed.
While the Metropolitan was run as an outer suburban route with steam-hauled trains and goods services, the LPTB wished to focus on electrified trains and suburban traffic. Goods services were passed to the London and North Eastern Railway, which also took over the role of providing steam locomotives for trains beyond the end of electrification at Rickmansworth. All services north-west of  were withdrawn by 1936 though services returned to  between 1943 and 1948.

The 1930s was a period of rapid growth for the north-western suburbs of London, and LPTB developed ambitious plans to simplify the Metropolitan line and expand capacity. Several stations on the Uxbridge branch were rebuilt, replacing temporary wooden buildings with modernist designs and giving Uxbridge station a new site in the town centre. A major bottleneck in the line, the double-track tunnel from Baker Street to Finchley Road, was bypassed by boring two tube tunnels underneath the Metropolitan tunnels, transferring slow services and the Stanmore branch to the Bakerloo line. (This route was transferred to the Jubilee line in 1979.) In 1936 the line was extended east from  to  along the tracks of the District line. London Transport inherited a number of incompatible electric multiple units from the railway, including the 1927–33 multiple-unit compartment stock used on routes to Watford and Rickmansworth, and these were refurbished to form a uniform fleet and designated London Underground T Stock. In the 1950s, F Stock trains, with sliding doors under the control of the guard, were transferred from the District line; these mainly worked the semi-fast Harrow and Uxbridge services.

A major rebuilding of the main line from Wembley Park to Amersham was planned in the 1930s but delayed by the war. The line from Wembley to Harrow was rebuilt immediately after the war and the project was completed from 1956–1962, on a more modest scale than originally planned. Until 1961, passenger trains continued to be attached to a steam locomotive at  to run to Aylesbury. The rebuilding electrified the line from Rickmansworth to Amersham, transferring all Aylesbury services to British Railways. A pair of fast lines was added from Harrow to north of Moor Park by 1962, allowing outer-suburban trains to run fast to Moor Park. Aluminium A stock, originally unpainted, replaced the T stock and locomotive-hauled trains. More A Stock trains were built in 1962–63 to replace the trains on the Uxbridge service, giving the main line a single train type for all services. A Stock was 4-car units that could operate as four- or eight-car trains; normally operated as eight cars, a 4-car unit operated the Chesham shuttle. One person operation of the trains was proposed in 1972, but due to conflict with the trades unions was not introduced on the line until 1986.

A separate identity

Although the East London line had been an isolated shuttle since 1939, it was shown on London Underground maps as part of the Metropolitan line until 1968. In 1970 it was shown with a thin white line in the middle and labelled the "East London section". By the 1985 map it had become the "East London Line", remaining the same colour as the Metropolitan line with a white line in the middle, changed to orange by the 1990 map. In 1990 the Hammersmith & City line became a separate line from Hammersmith to Whitechapel (Barking during the peak), the Metropolitan line being from Aldgate to Baker Street and northwards to Amersham with branches to Chesham, Uxbridge and Watford.

In 2003, the infrastructure was partly privatised in a public–private partnership managed by the Metronet consortium. Metronet went into administration in 2007 and Transport for London took over responsibilities in the end. Tube Lines was later acquired by TfL in 2011, and managed as owner-designer firm.

On 12 December 2010 the service to Amersham was reduced from four trains per hour to two, and a direct service between Chesham and central London was introduced, replacing the 4-car Chesham to Chalfont & Latimer shuttle. The final passenger services operated by the A Stock ran on 26 September 2012, followed by a ticketed public railtour on 29 September.

References

Transport in the London Borough of Brent
Transport in the London Borough of Camden
Transport in the City of London
Transport in the London Borough of Harrow
Transport in the London Borough of Hillingdon
Transport in the London Borough of Islington
Transport in the City of Westminster
London Underground lines
1863 establishments in the United Kingdom

Metropolitan line


Leo Staar (born 24 July 1986) is an English actor, best known for his portrayals of Alec Jesmond in Call the Midwife and Inspector Lapointe in Maigret.

Biography
Leo Staar was born in London and grew up in Worthing, West Sussex. After graduating from drama school in 2009, he went straight into theatre, playing the roles of Ferdinand in The Tempest and Benvolio in Romeo and Juliet in the Cambridge Shakespeare Festival.  He also played Mr Wickham in a stage adaptation of Pride and Prejudice. In 2010, he appeared in Thea Sharrock's production of Terence Rattigan's After the Dance, alongside Benedict Cumberbatch at the National Theatre. That same year, he played a minor role in the Natonial Theatre Live cinema broadcast of Sir Nicholas Hynter's production of Hamlet, with Rory Kinnear in the title role. In 2011, he appeared in Josie Rourke's production of Much Ado About Nothing at Wyndham's Theatre, alongside David Tennant and Catherine Tate.

Staar became known to the public in 2013 when he landed his first major television role in the BBC medical drama Call the Midwife, where he played the recurring character Alec Jesmond, who became the boyfriend of main character Jenny Lee. He appeared in six episodes until the character died in a tragic accident. He then made guest appearances on Casualty, Lewis and Death in Paradise.

In 2015, Staar landed his next major television role when he was cast as Inspector Lapointe in the ITV detective drama Maigret, based on the books by Georges Simenon and starring Rowan Atkinson in the title role. The series ran from 2016 to 2017. In 2019, he played Denning in the BBC mini-series Summer of Rockets, opposite Toby Stephens and Keeley Hawes. He appeared in Fabio D'Andrea's music video The Sleeping Beauty, where he played a widowed father whose young daughter dreams of becoming a ballerina. The video was officially released in 2020.

In 2022, Staar appeared in the spy movie, The 355, opposite Jessica Chastain, Lupita Nyong'o, Penélope Cruz and Sebastian Stan.

Filmography

Film

Television

Live Streaming Theatre

Music videos

Audio

Video games

Theatre

References

External links
 United Agents - Leo Staar

 Leo Staar Instagram

Living people
21st-century English male actors
People from Worthing
Male actors from London
Male actors from Sussex
English male television actors
English male stage actors
English male film actors
1986 births

Leo Staar


Joe Thomas may refer to:

Entertainment
 Joe Thomas (alto saxophonist) (1908–?), Oklahoma-born jazz saxophonist and songwriter
 Joe Thomas (flautist) (1933–2017), New Jersey-born jazz flautist and saxophonist
 Joe Thomas (tenor saxophonist) (1909–1986), Pennsylvania-born jazz saxophonist
 Joe Thomas (trumpeter) (1909–1984), Missouri-born swing jazz trumpeter
 Joe Thomas (clarinetist) (1902–1981), New Orleans jazz clarinetist
 Joe Thomas (actor) (born 1983), English actor
 Joe Thomas (producer) (1956/1957), American record and television producer
 Joe (singer) (Joseph Lewis Thomas, born 1973), American R&B singer and record producer

Sports

American football
 Joe Thomas (American football executive) (1921–1983), head coach of the Baltimore Colts and NFL executive
 Joe Thomas (linebacker) (born 1991), American football player
 Joe Thomas (offensive tackle) (born 1984), former American football player
 Joe Thomas (wide receiver) (born 1963), former American football player
 Joey Thomas (born 1980), American football cornerback

Other sports
 Joe Thomas (racing driver) (1890–1965), American racecar driver
 Joe Thomas (basketball) (born 1948), American basketball player
 Joe Thomas (runner) (born 1988), Welsh middle distance runner
 Joe Thomas (rugby league) (born 1964), Australian former professional rugby league footballer
 Joe Thomas (rugby union) (born 1996), Welsh rugby union player
 Joe Thomas (footballer), English footballer

Others
 Joe Thomas (Alaska politician) (born 1948), Alaska state senator
 Joe Thomas (communist) (1912–1990), British communist activist
 Joe Thomas (talk show host) (born 1963), American political radio talk show host/program director

See also
 Joseph Thomas (disambiguation)

By Joe Doyne Thomas

Joe Thomas


The Eckert VI projection is an equal-area pseudocylindrical map projection. The length of polar line is half that of the equator, and lines of longitude are sinusoids. It was first described by Max Eckert in 1906 as one of a series of three pairs of pseudocylindrical projections. In each pair, the meridians have the same shape, and the odd-numbered projection has equally spaced parallels, whereas the even-numbered projection has parallels spaced to preserve area. The pair to Eckert VI is the Eckert V projection.

See also

List of map projections
Eckert II projection
Eckert IV projection

References

External links

Eckert VI projection at Mathworld

Map projections
Equal-area projections

Eckert VI projection


Julius Rudolph Theodor Vogel (30 July 1812 – 17 December 1841) was a German botanist.

Life
He was born in Berlin, and studied at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Gymnasium. He learned botany from Johann Friedrich Ruthe. In 1837 he graduated Ph.D. from the University of Berlin with a dissertation on the genus Cassia. He was a privatdozent at Berlin and then from 1839 at the University of Bonn, where he took over duties after the death of Theodor Friedrich Ludwig Nees von Esenbeck. He worked particularly on Brazilian plants, and collaborated with Matthias Jakob Schleiden. In 1840 he worked on the collections of Franz Meyen who had just died.

At the end of 1840 he travelled to England to meet the African Civilization Society, then planning the Niger expedition of 1841. Taking two years' leave from Bonn, he joined the expedition in May 1841, on the steamer Wilberforce. He wrote letters from Sierra Leone and Accra, and left a journal of the expedition. Suffering from fever, he died on Fernando Po (now Bioko) of dysentery, on 17 December 1841.

Works
At Madeira he made a herbarium with the help of Richard Thomas Lowe. He made collections in Liberia, at Cape Mesurado and elsewhere. His specimens are now at Kew Gardens.

His author abbreviation is Vogel.

References

External links
JSTOR Plant science page

19th-century German botanists
1812 births
1841 deaths
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Scientists from Berlin

Julius Rudolph Theodor Vogel


Maria Ligorio (born 25 June 1970 San Michele Salentino) is an Italian Paralympic athlete. She won a silver medal at the 2000 Summer Paralympic Games, in the 200 meters, and bronze medals at the 1996 Summer Paralympic Games, in the 400 meters and 200 meters.

Life
Maria Ligorio was born in 1970, and at the age of one year she lost her sight. She turned out to be a good sprinter, she started competing in 1989, following a transfer to Rome for work. Over a decade, she participated in three editions of the Summer Paralympic Games, in three world Championships and four European Championships, in the specialties of the 100, 200, 400 meters, and in the 4 × 100 meters relay.

After taking part in the 2000 Summer Paralympics, for personal reasons, she left international competition and devoted herself to sport climbing. However, she participated in the 2012 Italian Championships, on the occasion of admission to the London Games, and obtained the best result for the T11 category (absolute blindness) in the 100 and 200 meters run.

References

1970 births

Maria Ligorio


BPM Everywhere (BPME) represents a strategy for coping, and possibly exploiting, the disruption that is anticipated as a result of structural changes due to technical progression known as the Internet of Things (IoT).  IoT will substantially increase the number of devices connected together  and will increase the complexity of those connections.

IoT is expected to cause the practitioners of Business Process Management (BPM), a well-established discipline concerned with management and optimizing an organizations processes, to face a number of critical issues.

In November 2014, IT Industry magazine, Information Age said that "Simply because they connect, communicate and analyse doesn't make an IoT thing productive or useful. To be impactful, IoT technologies need to solve real problems that typically involve multiple collaborating activities that include people, systems, and 'things'."

According to Dr. Setrag Khoshafian, a leading expert in Business Process Management (BPM), "the real transformation of the IoT will occur through the 'end-to-end digitization of processes.'"

BPME is an approach that leverages traditional business process modeling techniques together with process mining and process analytics in order to automate and distribute the job of discovering, measuring, and improving the processes.   Nathaniel Palmer, leading analyst in the field of BPM and Director of the Workflow Management Coalition (WfMC), sees BPME as a next-generation application development platform, combining the ability to quickly adapt processes with the ability to more cost-effectively design and build better applications   Palmer views this as one most significant shifts in the way applications are currently built, as well as shift for 3-tier to 4-tier architectures.

The impact of IoT on the business world in the coming decade has been compared to the impact of smart phones on the previous decade.   BPME is one among several potential resolution strategies, which includes Social internet of Things.

Surendra Reddy, CEO of Quantiply said "People, Things and Processes that run in this connected world leave behind vast digital footprints of these processes, things, people, interactions, and daily rhythms of the society. As a result, the Internet is a powerful tool to persuade, connect and engage humans and things alike serving as the common fabric of interconnection among everything". Whilst Nathaniel Palmer suggests "Not even the emergence of the Web and Internet-based "digital native" business models can compare with the level of intimacy now available with your customers".

See also
 Business Process Management
 Workflow Management Coalition

References

External links
 Workflow Management Coalition Organization of adopters, developers, consultants, analysts, as well as university and research groups engaged in workflow and BPM
 BPM.COM Destination for articles, news, research and white papers on Business Process Management, Process Modeling, Business Rules, and Case Management

Internet of things
Business process management

BPM Everywhere


Kurt Seibt (13 February 1908 in Berlin – 21 June 2002) was chairman of the Central Revision Commission of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands; SED) and East Germany's Minister for Direction and Control of Regional and District Councils.

Biography
Seibt completed training as a metal spinner in 1922–1926 and worked until 1933 as a civil engineering worker and a stone setter. In 1922, he joined the Socialist Worker Youth, in 1924 the Young Communist League of Germany (Kommunistischer Jugendverband Deutschlands; KJVD) and in 1932 the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). From 1927 to 1930, he was First Secretary of the KJVD subdistrict of Berlin-Kreuzberg, from 1930 to 1931 State Youth Leader of the Brandenburg Red Sport Unit (Rote Sporteinheit) and a member of the Berlin-Brandenburg KJVD district leadership.

From 1934 to 1939, Seibt was a stagehand and a theatre master at the Deutsches Theater Berlin, and also a member of the outlawed KPD's party leadership. In 1939 he was arrested and in 1941, he was sentenced by the Volksgerichtshof to life at hard labour in a Zuchthaus for "undermining German fighting forces and conspiracy to commit high treason". Thereafter he was an inmate at Brandenburg-Görden Prison in Brandenburg an der Havel until 1945.

From 1945 to 1946, Seibt was the first secretary of the Brandenburg district leadership and a member of the KPD Brandenburg state leadership. From 1946 to 1952, he was secretary of the SED Brandenburg state leadership, and from 1947 to 1952, he was a member of the Landtag of Brandenburg. From 1952 to 1964, he was first secretary of the SED Potsdam district leadership, although this was interrupted by his studies at the CPSU Party College in Moscow in 1956–1957. Moreover, he was from 1950 a candidate, from 1954 to 1989 a member of the SED Central Committee, and from 1953 to 1989 a Member of the Volkskammer.

From 1964 to 1966, Seibt was Minister for Direction and Control of Regional and District Councils and a member of the Presidium of the Council of Ministers, and from 1967 to 1989, succeeding Fritz Gäbler, he was chairman of the SED Central Revision Commission.

Seibt received the Patriotic Order of Merit (Vaterländischer Verdienstorden) in 1965, the Karl-Marx-Orden in 1968 and 1988, the Clip of Honour for the Fatherland Order of Merit in 1973, the Star of the Friendship of Peoples (Stern der Völkerfreundschaft) in 1978, and the Great Star of the Friendship of Peoples (Großer Stern der Völkerfreundschaft) in 1983.

References

External links
 Helmut Müller-Enbergs and Elke Reuter. Wer war wer in der DDR? (Who was who in the German Democratic Republic?) Entry for Seibt, Kurt. 4th Edition, Vol. 2. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin (2006)

1908 births
2002 deaths
East German politicians
Politicians from Berlin
People from the Province of Brandenburg

Kurt Seibt


Hohai University (HHU; ) is a public university in Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. It is affiliated with the Ministry of Education of China, and co-sponsored by the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Water Resources, the State Oceanic Administration, and the Jiangsu Provincial People's Government. The university is part of Project 211 and the Double First Class University Plan.

Named after "Hohai (河海)", literally means river and sea in Chinese, it is a comprehensive university famous in the disciplines related to hydrology, water resources, hydraulic engineering, coastal engineering and marine engineering and has cultivated numerous talents for the development of China's water conservancy.

History
Hohai Civil Engineering School was founded in 1915. Later it was merged with the Department of Engineering of National Southeastern University and became Hohai College of Engineering in 1924. It was incorporated into the Dyisyi Chungshan University, becoming the Department of Water Resources, of later National Central University in 1928.

With the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, it became the Department of Water Resources, Nanjing University. In 1952 the Departments of Water Conservancy, Hydrology, and Water Resources of Nanjing University, Jiaotong University, Tongji University, Zhejiang University and the East China Engineering School of Water Resources were merged into the East China Technical University of Water Resources. In 1985 it became what it is named today, the Hohai University, under the authority of Deng Xiaoping.

Campuses and facilities

Hohai University has three campuses, occupying a total of 132 hectares (326 acres). The main campus, covering 45 hectares (111 acres), is located at the northern foot of Qingliang Hill in Nanjing. A secondary campus was established in February 1986 in Changzhou, a city between Shanghai and Nanjing. It occupies an area of 30 hectares in the High-Tech Development Zone of Changzhou. A third campus, comprising 57.6 hectares (142 acres) in Jiangning Economic Development Zone of Jiangning District, Nanjing, began operations in September 2001.

Hohai Library consists of three libraries in three campuses with a total area of 47,000 square meters. It has more than 1.85 million books, including 120,000 Chinese and English periodicals, with 567,000 electronic books (including a CD database). Hohai University provides internet service all day.

Colleges and schools
Hohai University consists of the following colleges and schools:
 School of Law
 Graduate School
 Business School
 College of Sciences
 College of Environment
 College of Public Administration
 Business School (Changzhou Campus)
 College of Mechanics and Materials
 College of Earth Science and Engineering
 College of Hydrology and Water Resources
 College of Internet of Things Engineering
 College of Foreign Languages and Cultures
 College of Energy and Electrical Engineering
 College of Computer and Information Engineering
 College of Civil and Transportation Engineering
 College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
 College of Harbour, Coastal and Offshore Engineering
 College of Oceanography
 College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering
 Department of Physical Education
 Dayu College
Wentian College (Ma'anshan City)

It has nine state and provincial key laboratories and five state and provincial engineering research centers. There are three state key disciplines, eight provincial and ministerial key disciplines, five post-doctorate mobile stations, 33 Ph.D. programs, 73 Master's programs, 18 Engineering Master's programs and MBA, and 46 undergraduate programs.

Staff and students
There were over 30,000 degree students enrolled at the university in 2005, of which 7,143 were Master and Ph.D. candidates and 18,648 undergraduate students. There are over 3,000 staff members, including one academician of both the Chinese Academy of Engineering and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, one academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, 796 professors and associate professors, and 167 doctor's supervisors. Ten academicians are employed as adjunct professors and supervisors for Ph.D. students.

Research
The university has undertaken tasks and research projects for the Chinese government. Such programs include:
 National Natural Science Foundation of China
 National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program)
 Special Funds for Major State Basic Research Project (973 Project)
 Advanced Wood Science and Technology for the 21st Century (948 Project)

The university has been involved in large projects concerning water conservancy and hydropower, for instance:
 Three Gorges Dam
 South-to- North Water Diversion Project
 Xiaolangdi hydroelectric power station
 Channel dredging and regulation works for the Yangtze River Estuary
 Project of Huai River Waterway to Ocean

It has been involved in large traffic engineering construction projects such as:
 Nanjing Railway
 Nanjing-Shanghai Expressway
 Expressway in Shanfen
 Guangdong, Changjiang Second Bridge
 Runyang Yangtze River Bridge

Hohai University has won 262 prizes for scientific research work, including 19 state prizes and 185 ministerial and provincial prizes since 1995. More than 11,822 dissertations have been published in academic publications and conferences at home and abroad, over 245 scientific monographs have been printed, and nearly 94 patents has been conferred.

Cooperation and development
Hohai Cooperation and Development Committee was founded in December 2001 in response to the needs for economic construction and social development, to deepen the strength and extent of higher education serving economic construction, and to expand the channels of social participation in running a school.

The former Vice President of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and the first president of the East China Technical University of Water Resources, Ms. Qian Zhengying, participated in the inaugural meeting and was elected the Honorary President of the committee. 24 big names and scholars became commissioners. The 120 unit commissioners are from many enterprises and institutions of the government at all levels, such as departments of water conservancy, electrical power, traffic, environmental protection, education, finance, and army.

International cooperation
Hohai, with its international exchange and cooperation arrangements, was one of the first universities entitled by the State Council to confer the degrees of Doctor, Master and Bachelor upon overseas students. It has trained hundreds of Doctors, Masters and bachelor's degree students for overseas countries and districts, and has established inter-universities cooperative relationships with nearly 50 universities from more than 20 countries and districts.

Notable Alumnus
Zhang Wentian, former General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, former Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China
Mao Yisheng, Chinese structural engineer (regarded as the founder of modern bridge engineering in China) and social activist, member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
Xu Zhilun, Chinese engineer and educator, member of Chinese Academy of Science
Wen Fubo, Chinese water conservancy engineer, member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
Mao Zhi, Chinese irrigation and drainage engineer, member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
Wu Zhongru, Chinese hydraulic structure engineer, member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
Zheng Shouren, Chinese water conservancy and hydro-power engineer, member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering

References

External links
Hohai University - official website
3D map of Hohai University

Maritime colleges in China
Project 211
Universities and colleges in Jiangsu
Universities and colleges in Nanjing

Hohai University


A sphaleron ( "slippery") is a static (time-independent) solution to the electroweak field equations of the Standard Model of particle physics, and is involved in certain hypothetical processes that violate baryon and lepton numbers. Such processes cannot be represented by perturbative methods such as Feynman diagrams, and are therefore called non-perturbative. Geometrically, a sphaleron is a saddle point of the electroweak potential (in infinite-dimensional field space).

This saddle point rests at the top of a barrier between two different low-energy equilibria of a given system; the two equilibria are labeled with two different baryon numbers. One of the equilibria might consist of three baryons; the other, alternative, equilibrium for the same system might consist of three antileptons. In order to cross this barrier and change the baryon number, a system must either tunnel through the barrier (in which case the transition is an instanton-like process) or must for a reasonable period of time be brought up to a high enough energy that it can classically cross over the barrier (in which case the process is termed a "sphaleron" process and can be modeled with an eponymous sphaleron particle).

In both the instanton and sphaleron cases, the process can only convert groups of three baryons into three antileptons (or three antibaryons into three leptons) and vice versa. This violates conservation of baryon number and lepton number, but the difference B − L is conserved. The minimum energy required to trigger the sphaleron process is believed to be around 10 TeV; however, sphalerons cannot be produced in existing LHC collisions, because although the LHC can create collisions of energy 10 TeV and greater, the generated energy cannot be concentrated in a manner that would create sphalerons.

A sphaleron is similar to the midpoint  of the instanton, so it is non-perturbative. This means that under normal conditions sphalerons are unobservably rare. However, they would have been more common at the higher temperatures of the early universe.

Baryogenesis
Since a sphaleron may convert baryons to antileptons and antibaryons to leptons and thus change the baryon number, if the density of sphalerons was at some stage high enough, they could wipe out any net excess of baryons or anti-baryons. This has two important implications in any theory of baryogenesis within the Standard Model:
 Any baryon net excess arising before the electroweak symmetry breaking would be wiped out due to abundant sphalerons caused by high temperatures existing in the early universe.
 While a baryon net excess can be created during the electroweak symmetry breaking, it can be preserved only if this phase transition was first-order. This is because in a second-order phase transition, sphalerons would wipe out any baryon asymmetry as it is created, while in a first-order phase transition, sphalerons would wipe out baryon asymmetry only in the unbroken phase.

In absence of processes which violate B − L it is possible for an initial baryon asymmetry to be protected if it has a non-zero projection onto B − L. In this case the sphaleron processes would impose an equilibrium which distributes the initial B asymmetry between both B and L numbers. In some theories of baryogenesis, an imbalance of the number of leptons and antileptons is formed first by leptogenesis and sphaleron transitions then convert this to an imbalance in the numbers of baryons and antibaryons.

Details
For an SU(2) gauge theory, neglecting , we have the following equations for the gauge field and the Higgs field in the gauge

where , , the symbols  represent the generators of SU(2),  is the electroweak coupling constant, and  is the Higgs VEV absolute value. The functions  and , which must be determined numerically, go from 0 to 1 in value as their argument, , goes from 0 to .

For a sphaleron in the background of a non-broken phase, the Higgs field must obviously fall off eventually to zero as  goes to infinity.

Note that in the limit , the gauge sector approaches one of the pure-gauge transformation , which is the same as the pure gauge transformation to which the BPST instanton approaches as  at , hence establishing the connection between the sphaleron and the instanton.

Baryon number violation is caused by the "winding" of the fields from one equilibrium to another. Each time the weak gauge fields wind, the count for each of the quark families and each of the lepton families is raised (or lowered, depending on the winding direction) by one; as there are three quark families, baryon number can only change in multiples of three. The baryon number violation can alternatively be visualized in terms of a kind of Dirac sea: in the course of the winding, a baryon originally considered to be part of the vacuum is now considered a real baryon, or vice versa, and all the other baryons stacked inside the sea are accordingly shifted by one energy level.

Energy release
According to physicist Max Tegmark, the theoretical energy efficiency from conversion of baryons to antileptons would be orders of magnitude higher than the energy efficiency of existing power-generation technology such as nuclear fusion. Tegmark speculates that an extremely advanced civilization might use a "sphalerizer" to generate energy from ordinary baryonic matter.

See also
Chiral anomaly
Instanton
Theta vacuum

References and notes
Notes

Citations

Electroweak theory
Anomalies (physics)

Sphaleron


KOVE-FM (106.5 MHz) is a Spanish-language radio station serving the Houston and Galveston areas from Galveston, Texas.  KOVE-FM is owned by Uforia Audio Network, a division of TelevisaUnivision. The studios are in Uptown Houston and the transmitter is in Santa Fe, Texas.

History
This specific facility, licensed to Galveston in 1990, is in no way related to the previous Galveston station launched in 1968 as KGBC-FM (106.1 FM), then sold and moved to 106.5 FM, and re-licensed as KUFO in 1974. That facility, with shifting ownership and declining fortunes, became KXKX in 1979 and KQQK in 1986. The original 106.5 signed off forever in 1989, ultimately having its license cancelled by the FCC in March 1989.

KQQK
This incarnation of 106.5 was licensed and signed on January 8, 1990, retaining the KQQK calls used by the former KUFO facility before its license was surrendered nearly a year earlier. The new KQQK became a wildly successful Tejano format, utilizing a bilingual approach in both music and presentation. Its branding was simply its dial position and calls, spoken as "1-oh-6 point 5, Kah-Koo-Koo-Kah". Air staff from the previous incarnation of KQQK returned with the new KQQK

The popular Tejano format proved to be a hit with 2nd and 3rd generation Mexican Americans living within the coverage area, and remained well rated throughout the 1990s, and a vital partner and asset to the Mexican-American community for over a decade.

In July 2001, this facility was sold to Univision predecessor Hispanic Broadcasting Corporation, forcing KQQK, Inc. (Predecessor to El Dorado Communications) to move the already waning Tejano format to the then sister Beaumont facility KXTJ, another rimshot signal to Houston, but with less penetration into Houston proper, where the Tejano format eventually collapsed and was replaced by a Spanish Dance format, leaving AM 980 KRTX as Houston's sole broadcast home for "Puro Tejano" music. KRTX has since been sold and became a Spanish Christian formatted station itself.

K-Love
With the format and calls of KQQK now officially moved to 107.9 in Beaumont, 106.5 temporarily assumed the KQBU callset and continued simulcasting KQQK for a brief period. Towards the end of July 2001, Spanish language Romantic Adult Contemporary "K-Love" debuted on KQBU, which coincided with the second call change inside a month to the current KOVE. K-Love would continue, with positive, sustainable ratings and cume, for the next decade. During this period, KOVE upgraded to the current Class C, 98 kilowatt, 598 meter HAAT operations.

Recuerdo, Más Variedad, and Amor
First given the name "Recuerdo", then adjusting to "Más Variedad", 106.5 has become a Spanish Adult Hits format that blends the larger hits of the grupero, regional Mexican and contemporary ballad music styles of Northern Mexico. Most of Más Variedad's music focuses on hits from the 80s and 90s, however, a small percentage of KOVE's playlist expands into more recent music offerings from the 21st Century. The station's slogan is "Más musica y Variedad", translated to English as "More Music and Variety".

On February 7, 2018, Univision dropped the "Más Variedad" Spanish Adult Hits format and switched it to Spanish AC as Amor 106.5. The brand returns to Houston a decade later when its sister KAMA-FM used the name from 2007 to 2008.

References

External links
 KOVE-FM official website

OVE-FM
OVE-FM
Mass media in Galveston, Texas
Univision Radio Network stations
Radio stations established in 1989
1989 establishments in Texas
Adult hits radio stations in the United States

KOVE-FM


Pitikwahanapiwiyin was a Native American leader. Born in 1842 near Battleford Saskatchewan. He was a chief of the plains Cree tribe. He was known to English speakers as Chief Poundmaker. He helped end a long war between the two nations; the Cree and the Blackfoot. To seal the peace between the two tribes he became the adopted son of the Blackfoot chief Crowfoot.

References

Native American people

Pitikwahanapiwiyin


The 1990 Dutch TT was the eighth round of the 1990 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 28–30 June 1989 at the TT Circuit Assen located in Assen, Netherlands. Kevin Schwantz won the race, with Wayne Rainey in close second and Eddie Lawson in third.

500 cc classification

References

Dutch TT
Dutch
Tourist Trophy

1990 Dutch TT


Richard Seeber (born 15 January 1962 in Innsbruck) is an Austrian politician of the Austrian People's Party ÖVP who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 2004 until 2014. He is married and has four children.

Early life and education
Between 1968 and 1972, Seeber went to the elementary school in Haiming in Tyrol. From 1972 to 1980, he studied at the high school in Imst Tyrol specialising in scientific subjects.

In 1980, Seeber started to study laws at the University of Innsbruck. On June 30, 1984 he was awarded his doctor of law's degree. In the same period, Seeber was enrolled in economic studies at the University of Innsbruck and he completed his degree in 1988 with the title Mag. rer. soc. oec. During his studies, he took various language classes. Under those are English and French.

Career
Thanks to his excellent language skills, Seeber worked as cruise director on Romanian and Bulgarian ships plying the Danube and as tourist guide in Romania and at the Black Sea Coast during 1985 and 1989. From 1987 to the beginning of 1989, he worked for 13 months as barrister at the district court of Imst as well as at the regional court of Innsbruck. In 1990, he worked as trainee lawyer before taking up his new employment in the tourism department of the Tyrol Chamber of Commerce in 1991.

From 1992 to 1995, he was the first director of the newly established Europe Department at the Tyrol Chamber of Commerce. In his role as director, he contributed not only to the creation of the Europe Department, but also at its transformation into the EU-Info-Centre at the Tyrol Chamber of Commerce. In 1995, he was nominated as the first director of the newly established relay office of the Euregio Tyrol at the European Union in Brussels, Belgium. Furthermore, in 1999 he was elected as president of the Christian Democratic Europe Forum (CDEF), a think tank in Brussels.

At the European Parliament election in June 2004, Seeber was elected as Member of the European Parliament for the European People's Party and European Democrats EPP-ED. He was already member in the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety and a substitute member in the Committee on Regional Development during his first legislative period at the European Parliament. In 2005 Richard Seeber was rapporteur of the European People's Party and European Democrats EPP-ED for bathing water. In 2007 the European Parliament appointed Richard Seeber as rapporteur for flooding and respectively for droughts and water shortage in 2008. In the period from 2004-2009 he was also member of the Committee on Petitions, and the Delegation to the EU-Russia Parliamentary Cooperation Committee, as well as the Delegation for the  ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly.

At the European Parliament election on 7 June 2009, Seeber was re-elected as a member of the European Parliament. Directly after that, the EPP-Group elected Richard Seeber to its co-coordinator for the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety. In the current 7th period of legislation of the European Parliament, Seeber, moreover, was a member of the delegation to the Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly. Furthermore, he is a substitute member in the Committee on Regional Development as well as in the Delegation to the EU-Russia Parliamentary Cooperation Committee.

In his work Seeber specially focuses on the topic of water. In January 2010 he founded the first Intergroup on Water of the European Parliament. This Intergroup, in which he acts as President, is a broader platform for many members of the European Parliament, representatives of the European Commission as well as representatives from economy, environmental protection and regional development.

Further key elements of Seebers work are environmental protection, air quality and mountainous regions.

Career
 Dr. iur. Innsbruck University (1984)
 Studied economics, Mag. rer. soc. oec. Innsbruck University (1988)
 Barrister and solicitor (1987–1990)
 Tyrol Chamber of Commerce (1991–1995)
 Director, Tyrol EU Office, Brussels (1995–2004)
 Member of the European Parliament (2004–2014)

References

External links
 Personal website (in German)
 European Parliament
 European Parliament - Information Office for Austria (in German)
 Platform for direct democracy - Mein Parlament (in German)
 EPP-Group
 Austrian People's Party ÖVP (in German)
 European Commission - The EU in Austria (in German)
 Tyrolean People's Party (in German)
 Austrian Association for Public and Cooperative Economy VÖW (in German)
 Interview with MEP Richard Seeber: EU election campaign - Tyrolean Style
 Euregio Tyrol - South Tyrol - Trentino

1962 births
Living people
Austrian People's Party MEPs
Politicians from Innsbruck
MEPs for Austria 2004–2009
MEPs for Austria 2009–2014

Richard Seeber


A dystopia (), also called a cacotopia or anti-utopia, is a speculated community or society that is undesirable or frightening. It is often treated as an antonym of utopia, a term that was coined by Sir Thomas More and figures as the title of his best known work, published in 1516, which created a blueprint for an ideal society with minimal crime, violence, and poverty. The relationship between utopia and dystopia is in actuality, not one simple opposition, as many utopian elements and components are found in dystopias as well, and vice versa.

Dystopias are often characterized by fear or distress, tyrannical governments, environmental disaster, or other characteristics associated with a cataclysmic decline in society. Themes typical of a dystopian society include: complete control over the people in a society through the usage of propaganda, heavy censoring of information or denial of free thought, worshiping an unattainable goal, the complete loss of individuality, and heavy enforcement of conformity. Despite certain overlaps, dystopian fiction is distinct from post-apocalyptic fiction, and an undesirable society is not necessarily dystopian. Dystopian societies appear in many fictional works and artistic representations, particularly in stories set in the future. Famous examples include George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), Aldous Huxley's Brave New World (1932), and Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 (1953). Dystopian societies appear in many sub-genres of fiction and are often used to draw attention to society, environment, politics, economics, religion, psychology, ethics, science, or technology. Some authors use the term to refer to existing societies, many of which are, or have been, totalitarian states or societies in an advanced state of collapse. Dystopias, through an exaggerated worst-case scenario, often make a criticism about a current trend, societal norm, or political system.

Etymology
"Dustopia", the original spelling of "dystopia", first appeared in Lewis Henry Younge's Utopia: or Apollo's Golden Days in 1747. Additionally, dystopia was used as an antonym for utopia by John Stuart Mill in one of his 1868 Parliamentary Speeches (Hansard Commons) by adding the prefix "dys" ( "bad") to "topia", reinterpreting the initial "u" as the prefix "eu" ( "good") instead of "ou" ( "not"). It was used to denounce the government's Irish land policy: "It is, perhaps, too complimentary to call them Utopians, they ought rather to be called dys-topians, or caco-topians. What is commonly called Utopian is something too good to be practicable; but what they appear to favour is too bad to be practicable".

Decades before the first documented use of the word "dystopia" was "cacotopia"/"kakotopia" (using , "bad, wicked") originally proposed in 1818 by Jeremy Bentham, "As a match for utopia (or the imagined seat of the best government) suppose a cacotopia (or the imagined seat of the worst government) discovered and described". Though dystopia became the more popular term, cacotopia finds occasional use; Anthony Burgess, author of A Clockwork Orange, said it was a better fit for Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four because "it sounds worse than dystopia".

Theory
Some scholars, such as Gregory Claeys and Lyman Tower Sargent, make certain distinctions between typical synonyms of dystopias. For example, Claeys and Sargent define literary dystopias as societies imagined as substantially worse than the society in which the author writes. Some of these are anti-utopias, which criticise attempts to implement various concepts of utopia. In the most comprehensive treatment of the literary and real expressions of the concept, Dystopia: A Natural History, Claeys offers a historical approach to these definitions. Here the tradition is traced from early reactions to the French Revolution. Its commonly anti-collectivist character is stressed, and the addition of other themes—the dangers of science and technology, of social inequality, of corporate dictatorship, of nuclear war—are also traced. A psychological approach is also favored here, with the principle of fear being identified with despotic forms of rule, carried forward from the history of political thought, and group psychology introduced as a means of understanding the relationship between utopia and dystopia. Andrew Norton-Schwartzbard noted that "written many centuries before the concept "dystopia" existed, Dante's Inferno in fact includes most of the typical characteristics associated with this genre – even if placed in a religious framework rather than in the future of the mundane world, as modern dystopias tend to be". In the same vein, Vicente Angeloti remarked that "George Orwell's emblematic phrase, a boot stamping on a human face — forever, would aptly describe the situation of the denizens in Dante's Hell. Conversely, Dante's famous inscription Abandon all hope, ye who enter here would have been equally appropriate if placed at the entrance to Orwell's "Ministry of Love" and its notorious "Room 101".

Society

Dystopias typically reflect contemporary sociopolitical realities and extrapolate worst-case scenarios as warnings for necessary social change or caution. Dystopian fictions invariably reflect the concerns and fears of their creators' contemporaneous culture. Due to this, they can be considered a subject of social studies. In dystopias, citizens may live in a dehumanized state, be under constant surveillance, or have a fear of the outside world. In the film What Happened to Monday the protagonists risk their lives by taking turns onto the outside world because of a one-child policy place in this futuristic dystopian society.

In a 1967 study, Frank Kermode suggests that the failure of religious prophecies led to a shift in how society apprehends this ancient mode. Christopher Schmidt notes that, while the world goes to waste for future generations, people distract themselves from disaster by passively watching it as entertainment.

In the 2010s, there was a surge of popular dystopian young adult literature and blockbuster films. Some have commented on this trend, saying that "it is easier to imagine the end of the world than it is to imagine the end of capitalism". Cultural theorist and critic Mark Fisher identified the phrase as encompassing the theory of capitalist realism—the perceived "widespread sense that not only is capitalism the only viable political and economic system, but also that it is now impossible even to imagine a coherent alternative to it"—and used the above quote as the title to the opening chapter of his book, Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative?. In the book, he also refers to dystopian film such as Children of Men (originally a novel by P. D. James) to illustrate what he describes as the "slow cancellation of the future". Theo James, an actor in Divergent (originally a novel by Veronica Roth), explains that "young people in particular have such a fascination with this kind of story [...] It's becoming part of the consciousness. You grow up in a world where it's part of the conversation all the time – the statistics of our planet warming up. The environment is changing. The weather is different. These are things that are very visceral and very obvious, and they make you question the future, and how we will survive. It's so much a part of everyday life that young people inevitably – consciously or not – are questioning their futures and how the Earth will be. I certainly do. I wonder what kind of world my children's kids will live in."

The entire substantial sub-genre of alternative history works depicting a world in which Nazi Germany won the Second World War can be considered as dystopias. So can other works of Alternative History, in which a historical turning point led to a manifestly repressive world. For example, the 2004 mockumentary C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America, and Ben Winters' Underground Airlines, in which slavery in the United States continues to the present, with "electronic slave auctions" carried out via the Internet and slaves controlled by electronic devices implanted in their spines, or Keith Roberts Pavane in which 20th Century Britain is ruled by a Catholic theocracy and the Inquisition is actively torturing and burning "heretics".

Common themes

Politics
In When the Sleeper Wakes, H. G. Wells depicted the governing class as hedonistic and shallow. George Orwell contrasted Wells's world to that depicted in Jack London's The Iron Heel, where the dystopian rulers are brutal and dedicated to the point of fanaticism, which Orwell considered more plausible.

The political principles at the root of fictional utopias (or "perfect worlds") are idealistic in principle and result in positive consequences for the inhabitants; the political principles on which fictional dystopias are based, while often based on utopian ideals, result in negative consequences for inhabitants because of at least one fatal flaw.

Dystopias are often filled with pessimistic views of the ruling class or a government that is brutal or uncaring, ruling with an "iron fist". Dystopian governments are sometimes ruled by a fascist or communist regime or dictator. These dystopian government establishments often have protagonists or groups that lead a "resistance" to enact change within their society, as is seen in Alan Moore's V for Vendetta.

Dystopian political situations are depicted in novels such as We, Parable of the Sower, Darkness at Noon, Nineteen Eighty-Four, Brave New World, The Handmaid's Tale, The Hunger Games, Divergent and Fahrenheit 451 and such films as Metropolis, Brazil (1985), Battle Royale, FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions, Soylent Green, The Purge: Election Year, Logan's Run, and The Running Man (1987).. An earlier example is Jules Verne's The Begum's Millions with its depiction of Stahlstadt (Steel City), a vast industrial and mining complex, which is totally devoted to the production of ever more powerful and destructive weapons, and which is ruled by the dictatorial and totally ruthless Prof. Schultze - a militarist and racist who dreams of world conquest and as the first step plots the complete destruction of the nearby Ville-France, a utopian model city constructed and maintained with public health as its government's primary concern.

Economics
The economic structures of dystopian societies in literature and other media have many variations, as the economy often relates directly to the elements that the writer is depicting as the source of the oppression. There are several archetypes that such societies tend to follow. A theme is the dichotomy of planned economies versus free market economies, a conflict which is found in such works as Ayn Rand's Anthem and Henry Kuttner's short story "The Iron Standard". Another example of this is reflected in Norman Jewison's 1975 film Rollerball (1975).

Some dystopias, such as that of Nineteen Eighty-Four, feature black markets with goods that are dangerous and difficult to obtain or the characters may be at the mercy of the state-controlled economy. Kurt Vonnegut's Player Piano depicts a dystopia in which the centrally controlled economic system has indeed made material abundance plentiful but deprived the mass of humanity of meaningful labor; virtually all work is menial, unsatisfying and only a small number of the small group that achieves education is admitted to the elite and its work. In Tanith Lee's Don't Bite the Sun, there is no want of any kind – only unabashed consumption and hedonism, leading the protagonist to begin looking for a deeper meaning to existence. Even in dystopias where the economic system is not the source of the society's flaws, as in Brave New World, the state often controls the economy; a character, reacting with horror to the suggestion of not being part of the social body, cites as a reason that works for everyone else.

Other works feature extensive privatization and corporatism; both consequences of capitalism, where privately owned and unaccountable large corporations have replaced the government in setting policy and making decisions. They manipulate, infiltrate, control, bribe, are contracted by and function as government. This is seen in the novels Jennifer Government and Oryx and Crake and the movies Alien, Avatar, RoboCop, Visioneers, Idiocracy, Soylent Green, WALL-E and Rollerball. Corporate republics are common in the cyberpunk genre, as in Neal Stephenson's Snow Crash and Philip K. Dick's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (as well as the film Blade Runner, influenced by and based upon Dick's novel).

Class
Dystopian fiction frequently draws stark contrasts between the privileges of the ruling class and the dreary existence of the working class. In the 1931 novel Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, a class system is prenatally determined with Alphas, Betas, Gammas, Deltas and Epsilons, with the lower classes having reduced brain function and special conditioning to make them satisfied with their position in life. Outside of this society there also exist several human settlements that exist in the conventional way but which the World Government describes as "savages".

In George Orwell's novel 1984, the dystopian society described within has a tiered class structure with the ruling elite "Inner Party" at the top, the "Outer Party" below them functioning as a type of middle-class with minor privileges, and the working-class "Proles" (short for proletariat) at the bottom of the hierarchy with few rights, yet making up the vast majority of the population.

In Ypsilon Minus by Herbert W. Franke, people are divided into numerous alphabetically ranked groups.

In the film Elysium, the majority of Earth's population on the surface lives in poverty with little access to health care and are subject to worker exploitation and police brutality, while the wealthy live above the Earth in luxury with access to technologies that cure all diseases, reverse aging, and regenerate body parts.

Written a century earlier, the future society depicted in H.G. Wells' The Time Machine had started in a similar way to Elysium – the workers consigned to living and working in underground tunnels while the wealthy live on a surface made into an enormous beautiful garden. But over a long time period, the roles were eventually reversed – the rich degenerated and became a decadent "livestock" regularly caught and eaten by the underground cannibal Morlocks.

Family
Some fictional dystopias, such as Brave New World and Fahrenheit 451, have eradicated the family and kept it from re-establishing itself as a social institution. In Brave New World, where children are reproduced artificially, the concepts of "mother" and "father" are considered obscene.  In some novels, such as We, the state is hostile to motherhood, as a pregnant woman from One State is in revolt.

Religion
Religious groups play the role of the oppressed and oppressors. In Brave New World the establishment of the state included lopping off the tops of all crosses (as symbols of Christianity) to make them "T"s, (as symbols of Henry Ford's Model T). Margaret Atwood's novel The Handmaid's Tale takes place in a future United States under a Christian-based theocratic regime. One of the earliest examples of this theme is Robert Hugh Benson's Lord of the World, about a futuristic world where Marxists and Freemasons led by the Antichrist have taken over the world and the only remaining source of dissent is a tiny and persecuted Catholic minority.

Identity
In the Russian novel We by Yevgeny Zamyatin, first published in 1921, people are permitted to live out of public view twice a week for one hour and are only referred to by numbers instead of names. The latter feature also appears in the later, unrelated film THX 1138. In some dystopian works, such as Kurt Vonnegut's Harrison Bergeron, society forces individuals to conform to radical egalitarian social norms that discourage or suppress accomplishment or even competence as forms of inequality.

Violence
Violence is prevalent in many dystopias, often in the form of war, but also in urban crimes led by (predominately teenage) gangs (e.g. A Clockwork Orange), or rampant crime met by blood sports (e.g. Battle Royale, The Running Man, The Hunger Games, Divergent, and The Purge). It is also explained in Suzanne Berne's essay "Ground Zero", where she explains her experience of the aftermath of 11 September 2001.

Nature
Fictional dystopias are commonly urban and frequently isolate their characters from all contact with the natural world. Sometimes they require their characters to avoid nature, as when walks are regarded as dangerously anti-social in Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451, as well as within Bradbury's short story "The Pedestrian".  In C. S. Lewis's That Hideous Strength, science coordinated by government is directed toward the control of nature and the elimination of natural human instincts.  In Brave New World, the lower class is conditioned to be afraid of nature but also to visit the countryside and consume transport and games to promote economic activity. Lois Lowry's "The Giver" shows a society where technology and the desire to create a utopia has led humanity to enforce climate control on the environment, as well as to eliminate many undomesticated species and to provide psychological and pharmaceutical repellent against human instincts. E. M. Forster's "The Machine Stops" depicts a highly changed global environment which forces people to live underground due to an atmospheric contamination. As Angel Galdon-Rodriguez points out, this sort of isolation caused by external toxic hazard is later used by Hugh Howey in his series of dystopias of the Silo Series.

Excessive pollution that destroys nature is common in many dystopian films, such as The Matrix, RoboCop, WALL-E, April and the Extraordinary World and Soylent Green, as well as in videogames like Half-Life 2. A few "green" fictional dystopias do exist, such as in Michael Carson's short story "The Punishment of Luxury", and Russell Hoban's Riddley Walker. The latter is set in the aftermath of nuclear war, "a post-nuclear holocaust Kent, where technology has reduced to the level of the Iron Age".

Science and technology
Contrary to the technologically utopian claims, which view technology as a beneficial addition to all aspects of humanity, technological dystopia concerns itself with and focuses largely (but not always) on the negative effects caused by new technology.

Typical dystopian claims
1. Technologies reflect and encourage the worst aspects of human nature.
Jaron Lanier, a digital pioneer, has become a technological dystopian: "I think it's a way of interpreting technology in which people forgot taking responsibility."

"'Oh, it's the computer that did it, not me.' 'There's no more middle class? Oh, it's not me. The computer did it'" (Lanier). This quote explains that people begin to not only blame the technology for the changes in lifestyle but also believe that technology is an omnipotence. It also points to a technological determinist perspective in terms of reification.

2. Technologies harm our interpersonal communication, relationships, and communities.
 decrease in communication within family members and friend groups due to increased time in technology use
 virtual space misleadingly heightens the impact of real presence; people resort to technological medium for communication nowadays

3. Technologies reinforce hierarchies – concentrate knowledge and skills; increase surveillance and erode privacy; widen inequalities of power and wealth; giving up control to machines.
Douglas Rushkoff, a technological utopian, states in his article that the professional designers "re-mystified" the computer so it wasn't so readable anymore; users had to depend on the special programs built into the software that was incomprehensible for normal users.

4. New technologies are sometimes regressive (worse than previous technologies).

5. The unforeseen impacts of technology are negative.
" 'The most common way is that there's some magic artificial intelligence in the sky or in the cloud or something that knows how to translate, and what a wonderful thing that this is available for free. But there's another way to look at it, which is the technically true way: You gather a ton of information from real live translators who have translated phrases… It's huge but very much like Facebook, it's selling people back to themselves… [With translation] you're producing this result that looks magical but in the meantime, the original translators aren't paid for their work… You're actually shrinking the economy.'"

6. More efficiency and choices can harm our quality of life (by causing stress, destroying jobs, making us more materialistic).
In his article "Prest-o! Change-o!", technological dystopian James Gleick mentions the remote control being the classic example of technology that does not solve the problem "it is meant to solve". Gleick quotes Edward Tenner, a historian of technology, that the ability and ease of switching channels by the remote control serves to increase distraction for the viewer. Then it is only expected that people will become more dissatisfied with the channel they are watching.

7. New technologies can solve problems of old technologies or just create new problems.
The remote control example explains this claim as well, for the increase in laziness and dissatisfaction levels was clearly not a problem in times without the remote control. He also takes social psychologist Robert Levine's example of Indonesians "'whose main entertainment consists of watching the same few plays and dances, month after month, year after year,' and with Nepalese Sherpas who eat the same meals of potatoes and tea through their entire lives. The Indonesians and Sherpas are perfectly satisfied". Because of the invention of the remote control, it merely created more problems.

8. Technologies destroy nature (harming human health and the environment).
The need for business replaced community and the "story online" replaced people as the "soul of the Net". Because information was now able to be bought and sold, there was not as much communication taking place.

Video Games, Anime, and Pop Culture
Dystopian themes are in many television shows and video games such as The Hunger Games and Titanfall.

See also

 Alternate history
 Horror fiction
 Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
 Biopunk
 Digital dystopia
 Dissident
 Inner emigration
 Kafkaesque
 List of dystopian comics
 List of dystopian films
 List of dystopian literature
 List of dystopian works
 Lovecraftian horror
 Nazi Germany
 Plutocracy
 Police state
 Self-fulfilling prophecy
 Social science fiction
 Societal collapse
 Soft science fiction

References
 See also Gregory Claeys. "When Does Utopianism Produce Dystopia?" in: Zsolt Czigányik, ed.
Utopian Horizons. Utopia and Ideology - The Interaction of Political and Utopian Thought
(Budapest: CEU Press, 2016), pp. 41–61.

External links

Dystopia Tracker, predictions about the future and their realisations in real life.
Dystopic, dystopian fiction and its place in reality.
Dystopias, in The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction.
Climate Change Dystopia, discusses current popularity of the dystopian genre.
  Alexandru Bumbas, Penser l'anachronisme comme moteur esthétique de la dystopie théâtrale : quelques considérations sur Bond, Barker, Gabily, et Delbo, https://preo.u-bourgogne.fr/textesetcontextes/index.php?id=3524

Science fiction themes
Speculative fiction
Suffering

Dystopia


Red Dog (also known as Brooklyn or Brooklin) was a California gold rush mining town located in the Gold Country in south-central Nevada County, California, United States,  northeast of Chicago Park. Red Dog Hill, a mine and campsite, was founded by three men all under the age of 22, and was named by their youngest, a 15-year-old prospector. As mining operations grew, the campsite became a settlement, and then a town with a population of 2,000 residents, before it was eventually abandoned. Still considered important today, Red Dog Townsite is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

History
While prospecting in 1850, three young men, all aged 21 or younger, discovered gold on a hill on the east side of Greenhorn ridge. The two from Arkansas, Henry Jacob Stehr and the Irishman Joseph Chew (or Chow), named the ravine after their home state of Arkansas. Charles ("Charlie") Wilson of Illinois, the youngest of the three at age 15, named the hill "Red Dog" after a zinc mine.

Mining campsites began to form in Red Dog as well as other places nearby such as Chalk Bluff ( away), Hunt's Hill, Little York and You Bet ( away). Their existence was tied to ongoing mining operations. Red Dog Mining Company's Mine was situated at an elevation of  above sea level and expanded over . It used water powered through Old Chalk Bluff ditch from the head of Deer Creek.

Red Dog evolved from a campsite into a settlement by 1851.  During the next four years, it became an active and progressive mining town, replete with a department store, hotel, restaurant, professional buildings, lodges, and homes. Eventually, the miners of Chalk Bluff moved to Red Dog, and the town decided to rename itself "Brooklyn" (sometimes spelled "Brooklin"). When a post office was established in 1855, it was the post office's decision to stick with the name Red Dog, as Brooklyn, California already existed in Alameda County.

Several times, the town was devastated by fire; each time, it was rebuilt. The fire of January 1859 resulted in an $8,600 loss. The fire of August 1862 destroyed most of the town's business district, resulting in a $50,000 loss.

An Odd Fellows Lodge preceded the building of a Masonic Lodge, which opened on the east side of Main Street in 1862. In 1863, Main Street and Plumb Street had two general variety stores, a hardware and tin shop, a shoemaker's shop, butcher's shop, blacksmith's shop, dressmaker's shop, two hotels, three saloons, and stands for fruit and liquor. Macy & Martin of Red Dog are credited with inventing a rifled nozzle for hydraulic mining in 1863, an improvement subsequently used by all hydraulic nozzles.

Red Dog was on Mark Twain's 1866 lecture tour that started and ended in San Francisco, October 1 to December 10. Twain lectured in Red Dog on October 24, which marked the first time he was introduced as Mark Twain rather than Samuel Clemens.  An old miner who introduced Twain in Red Dog said he only knew two things about him—that he'd never been in a penitentiary and that, "I can't imagine why." The lecture focused on Twain's travels to the Sandwich Islands.

By 1867, the town had four cement Stamp mills, including Wright & Company, and Cozzens, Garber & Company. But the continuous rains of 1867–68 washed away the mine's hydraulic ditches and flumes destroying much of the town.  Many of the approximately 300 residents left, and many of the buildings, including the Odd Fellows Lodge, were moved to You Bet. The post office remained until 1869.  While three cement mills were operating in Red Dog in 1873, including Wier & Garber, Williams & Riggs, and Wright & Company, the Mason's Lodge closed.

Red Dog Cemetery is the only part of the town that remains today.  It is located on You Bet Road near Red Dog Road in what is now Nevada City. Stehr (died 1881), Stehr's son, Chew (died 1900) and three of Chew's brothers are buried there.

Landmark
Red Dog was designated by the state as a California Point of Historical Interest (No. N2143) on May 9, 1975.

On September 14, 2001, the Red Dog Townsite was designated a landmark (No. 01000968) by the National Register of Historic Places. Owned by the Federal government, and address restricted, the townsite was honored for its 1850–99 information potential in community planning, development, commerce, settlement and exploration; as well as the social history of those who emigrated to the town, such as the Chinese.

Nevada County also designated Red Dog as a Historical Point of Interest (No. 25).

See also
 California Gold Rush
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Nevada County, California

References

Former settlements in Nevada County, California
Mining communities of the California Gold Rush
Ghost towns in California
California Historical Landmarks
National Register of Historic Places in Nevada County, California
Populated places established in 1850
1850 establishments in California
Populated places on the National Register of Historic Places in California

Red Dog, California


25 Images of a Man's Passion, or The Passion of a Man is the first wordless novel by Flemish artist Frans Masereel (1889–1972), first published in 1918 under the French title .  The silent story is about a young working-class man who leads a revolt against his employer.  The first of dozens of such works by Masereel, the book is considered to be the first wordless novel, a genre that saw its greatest popularity in Europe in the 1920s and 1930s.  Masereel followed the book in 1919 with his best-known work, Passionate Journey.

Masereel had grown up reading revolutionary socialist literature, and expressed his politics in A Man's Passion; the work is also filled with religious imagery, as with the Common Man taking the role of the martyred Christ.  It owed its visual style to Expressionism and mediaeval woodcuts.  The book was popular, particularly in German editions, which had introductions by writers Max Brod, Hermann Hesse, and Thomas Mann.

Background

Frans Masereel (1889–1972) was born into a French-speaking family in Blankenberge, Belgium.  When he was five his father died, and his mother remarried to a doctor in Ghent, whose political beliefs left an impression on the young Masereel.  Masereel grew up reading Marxist, socialist, and anarchist works by such writers as Karl Marx and Peter Kropotkin, and often accompanied his stepfather in socialist demonstrations.  After a year at the Ghent Academy of Fine Arts in 1907, Masereel left to study art on his own in Paris.  During World War I he volunteered as a translator for the Red Cross in Geneva, drew newspaper political cartoons, and copublished a magazine called Les Tablettes, in which he published his first woodcut prints.

In the early 20th century there was a revival in interest in mediaeval woodcuts, particularly in religious books such as the Biblia pauperum.  The woodcut is a less refined medium than the wood engraving that replaced it—artists of the time took to the rougher woodcut to express angst and frustration.  From 1917 Masereel began publishing books of woodcut prints, using similar imagery to make political statements on the strife of the common people rather than to illustrate the lives of Christ and the saints.  In 1918 he created the first such book to feature a narrative, 25 Images of a Man's Passion, which is thus the earliest example of the wordless novel genre.

Synopsis

25 Images of a Man's Passion tells of a young man who protests injustice against the working class in an industrialized society.  The man is born to an unwed mother, struggles to make a living, and drinks and whores with his coworkers.  He educates himself by reading and talking with his coworkers, and is executed by the authorities for leading a revolt against his employer.

Style and analysis

The title and content of the book have biblical resonances with the mediaeval woodcuts from which they draw inspiration.  In line with Masereel's politics, the Common Man is martyred instead of Christ; during his trial, Christ on the crucifix shines light upon the man.  The cover of the German edition depicts the main character burdened Christ-like with a crucifix.

Visually, the book owes much to Expressionism, though experts disagree on whether to label Masereel's work Expressionist; critic Lothar Lang finds Masereel's revolutionary politics to set Masereel apart from the Expressionists.  Perry Willet finds parallels between the story arc of Masereel's book and that of Expressionist playwright Ernst Toller's The Transformation (1919), though Masereel's work was the more political—Toller lacked Masereel's commitment to socialism.  Socialist themes of the martyrdom of the working class were common in wordless novels; with the city as a backdrop to a worker's struggle against oppression, the book set the tone and themes for future wordless novels by Masereel and other artists, such as the American Lynd Ward.

Publication and reception

Printed from twenty-five woodcut blocks, the book was first released in 1918 by Édition de Sablier, a Swiss publishing house of which Masereel was a co-sponsor.  It was first offered as a numbered collectors' edition, and followed by trade editions.  Kurt Wolff produced an inexpensive German edition () in 1921.  The German edition was particularly popular, and its several editions had introductions by writers Max Brod, Hermann Hesse, and Thomas Mann.  In the same Expressionistic style, Masereel followed Man's Passion with Passionate Journey (1919), The Sun (1919), Story Without Words (1920), and The Idea (1920).

See also

 Gods' Man
 Graphic novel

Notes

References

Works cited

External links
 25 Images of a Man's Passion online at the Frans-Masereel-Foundation website

1918 novels
1918 comics debuts
Woodcut novels by Frans Masereel
Social realism
Drama comics
Comics about politics
Pantomime comics

25 Images of a Man's Passion


The first generation of the BMW 1 Series consists of the BMW E81 (3-door hatchback), BMW E82 (coupe), BMW E87 (5-door hatchback) and BMW E88 (convertible) compact cars. The E81/E82/E87/E88 generation was produced from 2004 until 2013 and is sometimes collectively referred to as the E8x. The E8x replaced the 3 Series Compact as the entry level models of the BMW range.

The chassis has an aluminum multi-link suspension, and a rear-wheel drive layout with a longitudinally-mounted engine giving 50:50 weight balance, which was a rare configuration for a hatchback as most cars in this market segment use front-wheel drive. The engines available were four-cylinder turbo-diesel, four-cylinder naturally aspirated petrol, six-cylinder naturally aspirated petrol and six-cylinder turbocharged petrol (the latter only available on coupe and convertible models).

The highest performance trim is the 1 Series M Coupé which was powered by the BMW N54 turbocharged inline-six engine mated to a six-speed manual transmission. It was produced in only the coupe body style and is considered the predecessor to the BMW M2.

Following the introduction of the F20/F21 1 Series in 2011, the E81/E87 hatchback models began to be phased out, while the E82/E88 coupes and convertibles remained in production until 2013, when they were replaced by the F22/F23 2 Series models.

Development and launch
Initially, BMW considered adopting the Rover R30 design program into the upcoming 1 Series; however, it was eventually decided to develop the E8x alongside the E90 3 Series. The E8x shares approximately 60% of components with the E90, including front and rear suspension, structure, chassis, engines, drivetrain, hardware and electronic elements.

The 1 Series was developed under design director Chris Bangle, At the 2002 Geneva Motor Show, the CS1 Concept previewed the 1 Series design. with Christopher Chapman leading the exterior design for the hatchback models.

The first 1 Series production models – in the E87 five-door hatchback body style – were launched at the Paris Motor Show in September 2004.

In May 2005, in a commercial for the 1 Series Hatchback, Kermit the Frog was shown driving a BMW 1 Series around in a desert making figure-eights, showcasing the car's agility.

In 2012, a number of 1 Series vehicles were stolen in the United Kingdom, due to thieves programming a blank key fob to start the car through the on-board diagnostics (OBD) connection. This security flaw was later patched, for both existing vehicles and new cars produced since.

Model year changes

2007
In March 2007, the E87 five-door hatchback received a facelift (also called LCI). Changes included the N43 four-cylinder engine replacing the N45 and N46 engines, various changes to improve fuel economy (marketed as EfficientDynamics), electric power steering replacing the traditional hydraulic power steering, revised bumpers and interior changes.

In May 2007, the E81 three-door hatchback models were released.

In November 2007, the E82 coupe models were released, followed by the E88 convertible models soon after.

2011
In 2011 (2012 Model Year), the E82 coupé and E88 convertible models received a facelift. Changes included headlights and taillight revisions, new front/rear bumpers and minor revisions to the interior. For the 135i model, the N55 engine replaced the N54. Even though many engines are the same, the facelifted 1 Series fuel consumption is slightly higher in some models such as the 123d, and slightly lower in some models such as the 120i.

Body styles

Reviews of the 1 Series' exterior styling were mixed, with the unusual proportions of the hatchback model often receiving criticism.

5-door hatchback (E87)
The 1 Series was launched globally in September 2004 as the E87 five-door hatchback.

The E87 was produced from 2004 until 2011, with the model range consisting of the 116i, 116d, 118i, 118d, 120i, 120d, 123d and 130i. Kerb Weight: 1340 kg (2954 lbs.).

3-door hatchback (E81)
The E81 three-door hatchback models were produced from July 2007 until 2012.

As per the five-door body style, the model range consisted of the 116i, 116d, 118i, 118d, 120i, 120d, 123d and 130i. The overall length is the same as the five-door models, and the kerb weight is  lighter.

2-door coupe (E82)
The 1 Series Coupé (E82) was unveiled in 2007 at the Frankfurt Motor Show and went on sale on 24 November 2007.

The model range consisted of the 118d, 118i, 120i, 120d, 123d, 125i, 125se, 128i, 135i, 135is, and the M Coupé. In North America, the E82 went on sale in October 2007 with the 128i and the 135i models. The E82 was produced until August 2013.

2-door convertible (E88)
The E88 convertible models were produced from 2007 until June 2013. The model range consisted of the 118d, 118i, 120i, 120d, 123d, 125i, 128i, 135i, and 135is.

The E88 uses a fabric roof (unlike the E93 3 Series convertible, which uses a folding metal roof).

Engines
The factory specifications are as follows:

Petrol

In most countries, the 135i is the top model of the E82/E88 coupe/convertible range (excluding the limited production 1M Coupe). From 2007 to 2010, the 135i was powered by the N54 twin-turbo 3.0-litre engine with a 6-speed manual or a 6-speed automatic transmission. From 2010, the 135i engine was upgraded to the N55 single-turbo 3.0-litre engine with a 6-speed manual or a 7-speed dual-clutch transmission. The differential fitted to the 135i uses double-helical ball bearings, which operate at a lower temperature and reach operating temperature quicker, due to a reduction of fluid required in the differential. The 135i brakes are 6-piston front calipers and 2-piston rear calipers, with disk sizes of 338 mm and 324 mm respectively.

Another E82/E88 coupe/convertible trim sold only in the United States and Canada was the 128i, which was powered by a  version of the 3.0 litre BMW N52 inline-6 engine.

The 130i is the top model of the E81/E87 hatchback range and was released in September 2004. It is powered by the N52 3.0-litre naturally aspirated engine and transmission choices were a 6-speed manual or a 6-speed automatic.

Diesel

Transmissions
In early 2006, the 5-speed manual transmission was phased out in favour of the 6-speed Getrag GS6 gearbox.

Several 6-speed automatic transmissions were used- the ZF 6HP for the 135i, GM 6L50 for the 128i, and GM 6L45 for 116i. A 7-speed Getrag dual-clutch transmission ("DCT") was available for the 135i model from 2010.

BMW Performance upgrades
BMW offered a "performance power kit" in two stages for the N55 engine. Stage 1 included an ECU remap with a power boost from 225kW to 240kW and 30Nm of extra torque – now peaking at 430Nm. If installed in an automatic 335i or 135i the torque peak is bumped up by another 20Nm to 450Nm.

Stage 2 added some additional engine cooling through an additional supplementary radiator and larger cooling fan.
Other upgrade options included a modified rear bumper and performance rear muffler. These options were all included as standard on the US spec 135iS.

Special editions

1 Series M Coupé

The BMW 1 Series M Coupé (often referred to as the "1M") is the high-performance model of the E82 coupe range, sold under the BMW M performance sub-brand. While BMW naming convention would have called the car the "M1", an alternate name was chosen to avoid confusion with the 1970s BMW M1 supercar.

At the 2007 Tokyo Auto Show, BMW unveiled the 1 Series tii Concept, which was thought to be a preview of the M version of the 1 Series. However, the eventual 1M model appeared four years later and with significant differences, such as an engine with six-cylinders instead of four.

The 1M was BMW M's second turbocharged engine (after the S63 V8 which debuted in the X6M). The BMW N54 fitted to the 1M was originally being used in the E89 Z4 sDrive35is and has rated outputs of  at 5,900 rpm and  from 1,500 to 4,500 rpm. An additional  is produced during overboost taking overall peak torque to . The sole transmission available was a six-speed manual.

The front and rear track widths were widened by  and  respectively and a limited-slip differential was used. As a result, the overall width is . The curb weight is .

Initial plans were to limit production of the 1M Coupe to 2,700 units, but the final production total was 6,309.

The 1M Coupe placed third in the Evo Magazine 2011 Car of the Year awards. It also featured on Top Gear on 26 June 2011 and recorded a time of 1:25.0 around the Top Gear test track under damp conditions and received "Richard Hammond's Car of the Year 2011" award in the Top Gear magazine.

ActiveE electric car trial

The BMW ActiveE was an electric car based on the E82 coupe that was produced in small quantities for demonstration and testing purposes.  The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency rated the range as  and the energy consumption as 33 kW·h per . The cars were leased to customers for two years, following which they were taken off the road. A total of 1,100 vehicles were produced, with 700 of these being delivered to U.S. customers beginning in January 2012.

Motorsports

In 2006, a BMW 120d modified with a BMW customer racing kit entered by "Schubert Motors" placed 5th at the Nurburgring 24 Hours in a field of 220 cars.

Beric Lynton won the 2014 Australian Production Car Championship driving a BMW 1M.

In 2019, the UK based 750 Motor Club introduced a one make mini endurance series using the 2004-2006 116i car. Modified from factory production specifications with a coil over suspension kit, reworked motorsport exhaust and re-programmed ECU the cars race in a 90-minute multiple driver format. For 2020, the series attracted regular grids of over 25 cars with more than 50 cars having been built by both privateers and professional teams.

BMW 135is (United States and Canada)
The 135is coupe and convertible model was sold only for the 2013 model year in the United States and Canada. In other markets, the next generation F20 1 Series had replaced the E82/E88 by this stage, with the top-of-the-line M135i sharing the same engine as the 135is.

The 135is is powered by an upgraded version of the N55 engine which produces  and , an additional 20 hp and 17 lb-ft of torque over the 135i. Other upgrades include sports suspension, an M Sport body kit, and 18-inch wheels.

Production and sales
The 1 Series was built in Regensburg and Leipzig, Germany.

The E8x accounted for nearly one-fifth of the total BMW sales in 2008.

Sales statistics according to BMW's annual reports:

References

1 Series
Cars introduced in 2004
2010s cars

BMW 1 Series (E87)


A coffee system or hot beverage system is a special coffeemaker. Instead of using coffee beans or ground coffee, it uses special capsules. Each capsule has one serving of coffee, tea, milk, and other ingredients in it. This makes it easy to make coffee, espresso, etc. The process is very clean. The capsules with the coffee cost more money compared to normal coffee. There is also the problem that there is more waste because of the capsule.

Cooking appliances
Coffee

Coffee system


The Newport Historical Society is a historical society in Newport, Rhode Island that was chartered in 1854 to collect and preserve books, manuscripts, and objects pertaining to Newport's history.

History of the society

Although the society was chartered in 1854, its collections originated thirty years earlier as the "Southern Cabinet" of the Rhode Island Historical Society, which was founded in 1822. By 1853, several prominent Newporters, including William Shepard Wetmore, recognized the need for a separate organization specifically devoted to preserving the history of Newport County, and the collections of the Southern Cabinet were reorganized under the auspices of the Newport Historical Society.

Ground was broken in 1902 for a brick library building at 82 Touro Street, which would be attached to the Sabbatarian Meeting House (previously acquired from Seventh Day Baptists by the society). The new building provided office space for the society, a fireproof vault for historic documents, and a library. In 1915, the meeting house was detached from the library and moved to the rear of the lot. A three story brick building was constructed between the library and the meeting house. Brick veneer, a slate roof, and steel shutters were added to the exterior of the meeting house to make its exterior covering consistent with the adjoining structures, and to provide added protection from the weather and the threat of fire.

The society features changing exhibits and has extensive holdings of colonial, silver, china, portraits, ship models, and over two hundred thousand historic photographs. Research facilities include archives with manuscript materials including the earliest town records, merchant account books, church records, etc. The library contains the second largest genealogical collection in Rhode Island. Walking tours leave from the Museum of Newport History.

Properties

Collections
 Museum collection
 Photographs and graphics collections
 Library collections

Special library collections

The major categories of library special collections at the Newport Historical Society are:
Business records
Maritime records
Church records
Family papers
Diaries and journals
African-American history
Municipal records
Other collections

See also

List of libraries in Rhode Island

References

External links

NHS Online Catalog (includes archives, object, and photograph collections)

Infrastructure completed in 1902
1854 establishments in Rhode Island
Newport County, Rhode Island
Landmarks in Rhode Island
Libraries in Rhode Island
Buildings and structures in Newport, Rhode Island
Historical society museums in Rhode Island
Education in Newport County, Rhode Island
Historical societies in Rhode Island
Organizations established in 1854

Newport Historical Society


Little Portugal (also known as Portugal Village; Portuguese: Pequeno Portugal/aldeia Portugal) is a neighbourhood and ethnic enclave in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located west of downtown in the "Old" City of Toronto. It is bound on the west by Lansdowne Avenue, on the north by College Street, on the east by Ossington Avenue and on the south by the Go Transit and Union Pearson Express railway tracks. The area is mainly residential, with Portuguese businesses along Dundas Street West and College Street. The area west of Dufferin Street was a part of the former Town of Brockton. The area to the east of Dufferin and south of Dundas Street is also known as "Beaconsfield Village" dating back to the days of the sub-division of lots in the area around Beaconsfield Avenue.

Character

Little Portugal is predominantly a residential area. The largest ethnic group are Portuguese and numbers of Portuguese storefronts are located along College and Dundas Streets, giving the area its name. There is a fine stock of mid-century homes.

A major hub of activity in the area today is McCormick Park, home to McCormick Recreation Centre and Arena on Brock Avenue. This area has long been a focal point for youth living in the area.

The area once was home to Ideal Bread Company, which operated a bakery at 183 Dovercourt Road from 1919 to 1957 and marketed Wonder Bread in Canada from 1934 to 1940. Since 2007 the former bread factory is now a residential complex known as Argyle Lofts.

Demographics
The area has many residents of Portuguese and more recently Brazilian backgrounds. The second largest language group used after Portuguese are Chinese, Spanish, and Vietnamese. Above 50% of the population in Little Portugal identify as Portuguese.

Transportation
The area is well-served by the TTC. There are the 505 and 506 streetcar lines along Dundas and College. There are north-south bus lines on Lansdowne, Dufferin, and Ossington.

Main streets
Dundas Street West is a four-lane east-west arterial road running through the centre of the neighbourhood. From Ossington Avenue west the street is known as Rua Açores. There are storefronts along most of the street and are primarily local businesses. College Street West is a four-lane arterial road approximately a quarter-mile north of Dundas meeting Dundas at its western end just west of Lansdowne Avenue. It has storefronts along most of its length. College Street has several areas of Portuguese restaurants and bars east and west of Dufferin Avenue.

In 2006, the businesses on Dundas Street from the CNR tracks on the west to Rusholme Road on the east organized the 'Dundas West Business Improvement Area.' In 2007, the 'Little Portugal Business Improvement Area' was formed for the stretch of businesses along Dundas Street from Rusholme Road (just east of Dufferin) to Roxton Road (one block east of Ossington) on the east.

Schools
 Shirley Street Public School - Junior Elementary
 Alexander Muir/Gladstone Avenue Public - Junior and Senior Elementary
 St. Helen's Catholic School- Catholic Elementary School
 Ossington/Old Orchard Junior Public School

See also

Portuguese Canadians

References

External links

 Little Portugal neighbourhood profile

Neighbourhoods in Toronto
Portuguese neighborhoods
Ethnic enclaves in Ontario
European-Canadian culture in Toronto
Portuguese-Canadian culture

Little Portugal, Toronto