Temple Island is an eyot (being a small riverine island) in the River Thames in England just north (downstream) of Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire. The island is on the reach above Hambleden Lock between the Buckinghamshire and Berkshire banks, and is part of Remenham in Berkshire.  The main significance of the island is that it lies at the start of the course for Henley Royal Regatta.

History
The island includes an elegant ornamental temple (a folly) designed by the 18th century English architect James Wyatt and constructed in 1771. It was designed as a fishing lodge for Fawley Court, a nearby historic house that Wyatt also remodelled in the 1770s on the commission of its owner, Sambrooke Freeman.  Wyatt designed both the structure of the building and its interior decoration; it is likely that he also provided designs for the original furniture.  The wall paintings in the principal room are thought to be the earliest surviving example of the Etruscan style in Great Britain, predating more famous examples such as the Etruscan Dressing Room at Osterley Park by Robert Adam.

In the 19th century, the island's ownership passed, with Fawley Court, from the Freeman family to the Mackenzie family.  In 1952, upon the death of Roderick Mackenzie, Henley Royal Regatta asked his daughter Margaret for 'first refusal' should she ever decide to sell the island.  It is not clear whether an understanding was reached.  By the early 1980s, the advent of corporate entertaining greatly increased the potential value of the island.  In 1983 the Stewards of the Regatta again began making overtures to Margaret Mackenzie but in 1986 the island was placed on the open market.

Supported by a gift of £515,000 from Alan Burrough (a Steward of the Regatta) and his wife Rosie, in December 1987 the Regatta was able to purchase a 999-year lease of the island and the temple. Following the purchase, the Stewards of the Regatta undertook restoration works to the island and the temple. The downstream portion of the island was retained as a nature reserve and was extensively replanted with trees.

The Victorian balcony which had decayed was replaced.  The wall paintings, which had deteriorated and had been badly over-painted, were repaired and brought back to the colours originally intended by Wyatt.  A statue of a nymph, in keeping with the style and age of the Temple, was placed under the cupola.

Use of the island
The location was featured in the music video of "Never Turn Away" by Orchestral Manoeuvres In The Dark.

In an effort to prevent damage to the Temple or to its garden, visitors are barred from mooring or setting foot on the island without written permission from the Henley Royal Regatta Committee.

Other Temple Islands
There is another island also named Temple Island off the east coast of the Australian state of Queensland.

See also
Islands in the River Thames

References

External links
Temple Island photographed from the air, July 1931

Houses completed in 1771
Buildings and structures in Berkshire
Folly buildings in England
Islands of Berkshire
Islands of the River Thames
Henley Royal Regatta
Remenham

Temple Island


Claus-Steffen Mahnkopf (born 22 October 1962) is a German composer, editor and author.

Career
Claus-Steffen Mahnkopf was born in Mannheim, Germany, and studied composition with Brian Ferneyhough, Klaus Huber and Emanuel Nunes and music theory at the music academy in Freiburg where he graduated in 1992. At the same time, he studied musicology, philosophy with Jürgen Habermas and sociology at university. Later he was influenced by Habermas's antagonist Peter Sloterdijk and appropriated the idea of a philosophical explanation of the female orgasm (which lacks biological necessity in terms of procreative function) from an email novel Sloterdijk had published three years earlier.

In 1993 Mahnkopf was awarded a doctorate in philosophy for his dissertation on Arnold Schönberg. For his compositions Mahnkopf won numerous international prizes, among them the Gaudeamus International Composers Award in 1990, the composition prize of the city Stuttgart and the Composers Award of the Ernst von Siemens Music Foundation in 1998. Mahnkopf went to Rome (Villa Massimo), Italy, Venice (Centro Tedesco di Studi Veneziani), Italy, and Basel (Paul-Sacher-Stiftung), Switzerland, on scholarships. From 2001 until 2005 Mahnkopf worked regularly at the Experimental Studio of the SWR. Since 2005 Claus-Steffen Mahnkopf has taught composition at the University of Music and Theatre "Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy" in Leipzig. His music has been performed by many ensembles, like SurPlus or ensemble recherche at international festivals, for example at the Salzburger Festspiele or at the Flanders Festival. Among musicians who regularly perform his works are oboist Peter Veale, Sophie-Mayuko Vetter, Carin Levine, James Avery and Frank Cox.

In 1995 Mahnkopf was one of the founders of the Gesellschaft für Musik und Ästhetik (society for music and aesthetics) at Freiburg and he is also one of the editors of the society's magazine. Mahnkopf has worked as music theory teacher and as consultant for opera houses and he has published many essays in musicological magazines.

Private life
In 1999, Mahnkopf married professor doctor Francesca Yardenit Albertini (1974–2011), a Jewish philosopher of religion.

Major works

Stage works
Angelus novus (1997/2000). Musical theatre after Walter Benjamin, soloists: Soprano, Flute, Piccolo, Oboe, Violoncello, Piano, Percussion (variable), written for the Munich Biennale

Orchestra
Prospero's Epilogue (2004) for piano and orchestra, written for Salzburger Festspiele
humanized void (2003–2007) for large orchestra, written for Bayerischer Rundfunk

Chamber orchestra
Chorismos (1986/1987)
Medusa (1990–1992) for oboe/English horn and chamber orchestra
Meta Medeian (1994), serenade for strings
 Kammersymphonie 1,2, & 3 (1993/94, 1997/99 & 2007)

Ensemble works
»il faut continuer« Requiem for Samuel Beckett (1990–92) for chamber ensemble
Solitude-Sérénade (1997) for piccolo oboe and ensemble
Angela Nova (1999/2000) for soprano and ensemble
Todesmusik [Music of Death] I & II (2001) for ensemble

Chamber music
Krebs-Zyklus [Cancer Cycle] (1985) for violoncello and piano
Die Schlangen der Medusa [Medusa's Snakes] (1991) for 4 clarinets
Illuminations du brouillard (1992/1993) for oboe and piano, written for the Baden-Württemberg Ministry of Science, Research and Arts
Mon coeur mis à nu (1986/1996/1997) for four voices (soprano, alto, tenor, bass), written for the Baden-Württemberg Ministry of Science, Research and Arts
 Trio basso for viola, cello and double bass (1995)
resquiescant in pace (2000) in memoriam victimarum Christianitatis, for four players (violin, viola, violoncello and percussion), written for ensemble recherche
Hommage à Frank Cox (2006) for three players (electric guitar, quarter-tone vibraphone and piano), written for ensemble asamisimasa

Solo works
Monade (1985/1986) for oboe
memor sum (1989) for viola
Stheno und Euryale (1992) for harp or for harp with a second, scordated harp
La terreur d'ange nouveau (1997–99) for flute
deconstructing accordion (2000/2001) for accordion, written for Südwestrundfunk
Beethoven-Kommentar (2004) for piano

With electronic media
D.E.A.T.H (2001/2002) for eight-track tape
W.A.S.T.E (2001/2002) for oboe and live electronics
void – mal d'archive (2002/2003) space and sound composition, for eight-track tape

References

Primary texts
 Mahnkopf, Claus-Steffen, Veale Peter. The Techniques of Oboe Playing. A Compendium with Additional Remarks on the Oboe D'amore and Cor Anglais. Bärenreiter, Kassel 1994.
 Since 2002 editor of the book series New Music and Aesthetics in the 21st Century. Hofheim: Wolke-Verlag in collaboration with the Gesellschaft für Musik und Ästhetik
 Editor of the study series sinefonia. Wolke-Verlag, Hofheim.
 Klein, Richard, Mahnkopf, Claus-Steffen. Mit den Ohren denken. Suhrkamp 1998.
 Mahnkopf, Claus-Steffen. Kritische Theorie der Musik. Velbrück 2006.
 Huber, Klaus, Mahnkopf, Claus-Steffen. Von Zeit zu Zeit. Wolke-Verlag, Hofheim 2009.
 Mahnkopf, Claus-Steffen. Deutschland oder Jerusalem: das kurze Leben der Francesca Albertini (Springe: Zu Klampen, 2013).

Secondary texts
 Anon. 2004. "Claus-Steffen Mahnkopf". Komponisten der Gegenwart, edited by Hanns-Werner Heister, Walter-Wolfgang Sparrer. Munich: edition text + kritik.
 Fox, Christopher. 2001. "New Complexity." The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
 Mahnkopf, Claus-Steffen. Preface to Mon Coeur mis a nu (score).
 Mahnkopf, Claus-Steffen. Preface to Second Chamber Symphony (score).
 http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160109211113/http://www.sikorski.de/
 http://www.wolke-verlag.de

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090703111750/http://www.claussteffenmahnkopf.de/main.php

German classical composers
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Goethe University Frankfurt alumni
Musicians from Mannheim
1962 births
Living people
Gaudeamus Composition Competition prize-winners
German male classical composers
20th-century German composers
Ernst von Siemens Composers' Prize winners
21st-century German composers
20th-century German male musicians
21st-century German male musicians

Claus-Steffen Mahnkopf


The Ford House Office Building is one of the five office buildings containing U.S. House of Representatives staff in Washington, D.C., on Capitol Hill.

The Ford House Office Building is the only House Office Building that is not connected underground to either one of the other office buildings or to the Capitol itself, and the only House Office Building that does not contain offices of members of Congress. Instead, it primarily houses committee staff and other offices, including the Architect of the Capitol, the Congressional Budget Office, and the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe.

History
Prior to the construction of the Ford Building, the site was the home to the Bell School and Zion Wesley Chapel. Construction of the building began in 1939 as part of the Works Progress Administration program. It was designed by architects and engineers in the Office of the Supervising Architect of the Public Buildings Administration under Louis A. Simon. The building originally housed the United States Census Bureau from 1940 to 1942. Over the years, it was used by the Federal Bureau of Investigation to house its Latent Print Unit. Thousands of fingerprint records were housed in the building, requiring manual search techniques to find a match. The unit was one of the first to move to the FBI's J. Edgar Hoover Building upon its completion in 1974. Following the FBI's departure, the building was purchased by the Architect of the Capitol and was renamed House Annex-2. In the late 1980s, the Democratic and Republican parties were each permitted to rename a House Annex building. The Republicans, then in the minority, chose to rename House Annex-2 the Ford Building after former President of the United States and House Minority Leader Gerald Ford, while the Democrats chose to rename House Annex-1 the O'Neill House Office Building after former Speaker of the House Tip O'Neill. The building was officially renamed on September 10, 1990.

Citations

External links
Ford House Office Building
Architect of the Capitol
Historical Highlights: The House Vote to Acquire the Ford House Office Building

Congressional office buildings
Government buildings completed in 1939
Capitol Hill

Ford House Office Building


Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University abbreviated as KVAFSU is a public university, established by an Act of Karnataka Legislative Assembly which was passed on 10 February 2004.  This university has its headquarters in the Bidar district of Karnataka state, India.

As the name says this university was created for the education and control of veterinary, animal and fisheries science education in the state of Karnataka.

As many as 21 allied institutions including colleges, research institutions, veterinary hospitals among others and the employees are transferred to the new university. These include Veterinary College, Bangalore; College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry (Shimoga and Hassan) and  Veterinary College, Bidar; Veterinary College Hospital, Hebbal; Dairy Science College, Bangalore; Rural Veterinary Hospital at Yelahanka; District Veterinary Hospital, Bidar of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services Department.

Institutions relating to fisheries which are transferred under the new university include College of Fisheries at Mangalore; Fisheries Research Station, Hesaraghatta; Fisheries Research Station, Ankola; Fish Seed Production farms at Munirabad and Shivapura, in Koppal district.

Other institutions under the university are the Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Bangalore; livestock farm at Hesaraghatta; Livestock Breeding and Training Centre, Kurikuppe, Bellary; Devani Cattle Breeding Station, Hallikhed, Bidar; Killar Breeding Station, Arabhavi; Sheep Breeding, Bandoor, Malavalli; Main Research Station, Hebbal; Agriculture Research Station (ARS) at Mangalore and Nagamangala and Zonal ARS at Konnehally, Tiptur.

Undergraduate degree programmes

The university offers the following undergraduate degree programmes under a semester system in its seven constituent colleges on six campuses.

 Bachelor of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry (B.V.Sc.&A.H)
 Bachelor of Technology (Dairy Technology) (B.Tech (D.Tech))
 Bachelor of Fisheries Science
 Diploma in Animal Science

Constituent colleges
 Bengaluru Veterinary college, Hebbal, Bengaluru
 Bidar Veterinary College, Bidar
 Institute for Animal Health & Veterinary Biological, Bangalore
 Livestock Research and Information Centre (Deoni), Bidar
 Hassan Veterinary College, Hassan
 Shivamogga Veterinary College, Shivamogga
 Marine Fisheries Research And Information Centre (MFRIC), Ankola, Uttar Kannada
Fisheries College, Mangaluru
 Fisheries Research and Information Center (Inland) Hebbal, Bangalore
 Fisheries Research and Information Centre (Inland), Hesaraghatta, Bangalore
 Livestock Research and Information Centre, Nagamangala
 Livestock Research and Information Centre, Amrut Mahal

References

External links

Veterinary medical colleges in Karnataka
Educational institutions established in 2004
Fisheries and aquaculture research institutes in India
2004 establishments in Karnataka
Public universities in India
Universities and colleges in Bidar district


The Karatepe bilingual (8th century BC), also known as the Azatiwada inscription, is a bilingual inscription on stone slabs consisting of Phoenician and Luwian text each, which enabled the decryption of the Anatolian hieroglyphs. The artifacts were discovered at Karatepe, southern Turkey by the archaeologists Helmuth Theodor Bossert (1889–1961) and Halet Çambel (1916–2014) in 1946.

This inscription has served archaeologists as a Rosetta stone for deciphering the Luwian glyphs. The inscription is known as KAI 26.

Contents
The inscription reflects the activities of the kings of Adana from the "house of Mopsos", given in Hieroglyphic Luwian as mu-ka-sa- (often rendered as 'Moxos') and in Phoenician as Mopsos in the form mpš. It was composed in Phoenician and then translated to Hieroglyphic Luwian.

This geographical area of Cilicia was known in various historical periods under the names of Quwe (Que), Luwian Adanawa, Hiyawa, and Classical 'Cilicia of the Plain'. Adana is the modern city in the area.

As we learn from the inscription, its author is Azatiwada (or Azatiwata), the ruler of the town of Azatiwataya. He was also its founder; the inscription commemorates the town's foundation. Azatiwataya seems to have been one of the frontier towns of Adanawa.

According to Ilya Yakubovich, the rulers of Quwe claimed Greek descent but, at some point, they adopted the Phoenician language. Their use of the Luwian was a concession to the indigenous population of Que.

After the Greek Linear B script had been forgotten, these Greek colonists started using the Phoenician script, and this represented the first step toward the creation of the Greek alphabet.

Azatiwada

Azatiwada was a local ruler in Cilicia. He was installed as ruler by Awariku (Urikki), king of  Adanawa (Adana), who reigned in 738-732 BC. These lands paid tribute to Tiglath-Pileser III.

The text is an autobiographical account of Azatiwada's services to the kingdom of Adana where, according to the inscription, he later enthroned the descendants of Awariku. The inscription is assumed to date after his death in 709 BC. This dating is supported by the stylistic analyzes of both the Phoenician text and the hieroglyphs.

From King Awariku also comes the Çineköy inscription, which is also a Phoenician-Luwian bilingual.

Awariku is also mentioned in the Hasanbeyli inscription, also from the nearby area of Sam'al (Zincirli).

Inscription text
Placed at the fortress gates, the stones presenting the Karatepe bilingual inscription feature the "Call of Azatiwada" in the following text:

 I am really Azatiwada,
 Man of my Sun, the servant of Thunder God,
 Rendered superior by Awariku, and the ruler of Adanawa,
 Thunder God rendered me Mother and Father of Adanawa city, and
 I am the one, who developed Adanawa city,
 And I expanded Adanawa country, both westward and eastward,
 And during my reign, I made Adanawa city tastes prosperity, satiety and comfort, and I filled the grain warehouses,
 I added horse to horse, shield to shield, army to army, everything for Thunder God and the deities,
 I defeated the feint of the feinters,
 I expelled country's bad men,
 I built palaces for myself, made my family comfortable, and ascended my father's throne, I made peace with all the kings,
 Also the kings respected me as ancestor for my justice, my wisdom and my kind heart,
 I built strong fortifications at all my borders, where bad men and gang leaders are,
 I, Azatiwada, trod all the people, who did not obey the House of Mopsus,
 I destroyed the fortifications there, I built fortifications so that people of Adanawa can live in peace and comfort,
 I bet strong kingdoms in the west my predecessors were not able to,
 I, Azatiwada, bet them, made them vassal to me, and resettled them within my borders in the east,
 And during my reign, I expanded the borders of Adanawa both westward and eastward,
 So that women nowadays wander spindling on the isolated trails, where men in the past feared to go,
 And during my reign, there was prosperity, satiety, peace and comfort,
 And Adanawa and Adanawa country were living in peace,
 And I built this fortress, and named it Azatiwadaya,
 Thunder God and the deities directed me to do this so that this fortress becomes protector of Adana Plains and the House of Mopsus,
 During my reign, there was prosperity and peace in the territory of Adana Plains, no one of Adanawa people was sabred during my reign,
 And I built this fortress, and named it Azatiwadaya,
 I placed Thunder God there, and offered it sacrifices,
 I sacrificed an ox every year, a sheep in the ploughing time and a sheep in the fall,
 I blessed Thunder God, it endowed me long days, countless years and huge power over all kings,
 And the folk, which settled in this country, owned ox, herd, food and drink, had plenty issue, and became servant to Azatiwada and the House of Mopsus thanks to Thunder God and the deities,
 When a king among the kings, a prince among the princes or a nobleman among the noblemen erases the name of Azatiwada from this gate, carves any other name; furthermore covets this city, destroys this gate built by Azatiwada, builds another gate in its place, and carves his own name on it, destroys this gate with the purpose of greed, hatred or insult then Sky deity, Nature deity and Sun of the universe and generations of all deities will wipe out this king, this prince or this nobleman from the earth,
 Only the name Azatiwada is eternal, forever like the name of the Sun and the Moon.

Location
The stones featuring the Karatepe bilingual are situated along with many other statues and reliefs in stone at the Karatepe-Aslantaş Open-Air Museum, which is in turn part of the Karatepe-Aslantaş National Park.

See also
 Luwian-Aramean states

References

External links

8th-century BC inscriptions
1946 archaeological discoveries
Multilingual texts
Phoenician inscriptions
KAI inscriptions
Luwian inscriptions
Archaeological discoveries in Turkey
Ancient Cilicia
Stone objects
8th century BC
Kadirli District
Archaeological artifacts

Karatepe bilingual


"Boyz 4 Now" is the 21st episode of the third season of the American animated comedy series Bob's Burgers. Written by Lizzie and Wendy Molyneux, the episode features guest appearances from actors Max Greenfield and Jack McBrayer and comedian Tig Notaro. Its main plot sees Louise Belcher (Kristen Schaal) becoming aghast to find herself developing a crush on a member of the boy band Boyz 4 Now (Greenfield), after she reluctantly attends one of their concerts with her sister Tina (Dan Mintz). In a subplot, Gene Belcher (Eugene Mirman) qualifies for a regional competition in tablescaping, an activity involving the setting of dining tables based on a selected theme.

The series' production crew opted to make the group Boyz 4 Now a general parody of boy bands rather than base them on any specific artist, as they all had several different boy bands which "made them chuckle" while making the episode. Creator Loren Bouchard assigned several female staff members with the task of designing the physical appearances and wardrobes of Boyz 4 Now's members. The episode originally aired on April 28, 2013 on Fox, drawing an audience of 3.50 million viewers, and was met with generally positive reviews from critics, who commended its main plot for exploring the more vulnerable, feminine side of Louise's character and her sisterly relationship with Tina.

Plot
Tina and Louise's aunt Gayle (Megan Mullally) has bought them tickets to an upcoming concert by the popular boy band Boyz 4 Now. Tina is excited, but Louise, who dislikes boy bands, only agrees to go at the insistence of her mother Linda (John Roberts). Gene has qualified for a regional tablescaping competition, which Bob (H. Jon Benjamin) and Linda escort him to. Louise rejoices after a pet emergency leaves Gayle unable to bring the sisters to the concert, but reluctantly agrees to help find another ride after seeing Tina's disappointment. They hitch a ride with Zeke (Bobby Tisdale) and his older cousin Leslie (Jack McBrayer), who are going to the concert to sell bootleg T-shirts and hot dogs. Bob and Linda later meet the arrogant father of a fellow competitor named Oscar Anthony, which drives them to push Gene to win.

At the concert venue, Louise scoffs at the band's obsessed female fans, warns Tina that "a lot of puberty" awaits her at the concert, and plans to wait outside. However, she is forced to bring Tina inside to prevent her from fainting. Meanwhile, Gene impresses the judges with a magic-themed table display and advances to the top four. Having not fully read the competition rule book, however, he is left unprepared to produce a second table display for the next round. The concert begins before Louise can exit, and she remains unimpressed until the band's prepubescent youngest member, Boo Boo, comes onstage. Louise is left frozen in awe by his looks, and once the band's first song starts she starts excitedly screaming out his name. Horrified at what she has done, she runs out in denial about liking Boo Boo, having never had a previous crush.

Louise runs back to the concert and starts asking Tina questions about Boo Boo, and Tina correctly deduces that she has a crush on him. Seeing Louise's panicked reaction, Tina promises to help and gets her to reveal her desire to slap Boo Boo's "hideous, beautiful face." Having been denied access to the band's backstage room, Louise and Tina sneak into their tour bus after the concert. Their cover is blown by Louise, who emerges from their hiding place desperately wanting to meet Boo Boo. The bus pulls over and the sisters debark, but not before Louise fulfills her desire to slap Boo Boo in the face. Gayle picks them up, and on the way home Louise thanks Tina for her support and says that she is over her crush. At the tablescaping competition, Gene's improvised menstruation-themed display is deemed offensive by the judges and causes him to end up in fourth place; nonetheless, the Belchers are satisfied to see Oscar's father crying over losing. That night, Louise secretly pulls out a poster of Boo Boo, slapping his face gently before going to sleep.

Production

"Boyz 4 Now" was written by Lizzie and Wendy Molyneux and directed by Anthony Chun. Upon hearing the writers' pitch of the episode, series creator Loren Bouchard found its plot to be "such an immediately appealing story" and "a great way to have Louise peek over the other side of adolescence and look into the abyss." In an interview with Rolling Stone, Bouchard cited "Boyz 4 Now" as one of his favorite episodes of the series and revealed his liking of "episodes where Louise is a little vulnerable...you don't want her to be as invulnerable as she pretends to be. If you try to keep the show grounded, then you periodically have to say, she's a nine-year-old girl." He added that while the character has "an adult sensibility about a lot of stuff," he and the writing staff try to "look for ways to bring her back down to earth," citing the episode's depiction of Louise "fighting against growing up," with Tina acting as "her strange ambassador into that world...in some ways, you couldn't ask for a better guide."

The eponymous group which "Boyz 4 Now" centers around was written as a general parody of boy bands, and not with any particular group in mind. Bouchard explained that the choice of using a non-specific type of parody was not brought about by fears that the episode would become dated, but rather because the staff all had different boy bands that "made them chuckle." He did, however, specifically research the English-Irish boy band One Direction for the episode because he "wanted to see what the state of the art was" and "hadn't been that interested in Boyz II Men or Backstreet Boys or 'N Sync." The staff had differing opinions on what Boyz 4 Now's clothes and hair would look like, choices which Bouchard ultimately left to "some of the many talented women who work on the show who had much stronger feelings about boy bands."

Actor Max Greenfield guest stars in the episode voicing Boo Boo, a member of Boyz 4 Now whom Louise develops a crush on. Series writers Steven Davis, Kelvin Yu, and Scott Jacobson composed and recorded the song "Will You Be Mine (Coal Mine)" for the episode and completed it before its table read, while Greenfield was later asked to record vocals. The Bob's Burgers writing staff later named it their fourth favorite song from the series. Other guests include stand-up comic Tig Notaro, who voices the band's tour bus driver Jody, and actor Jack McBrayer, who reprises his voice role as Zeke's older cousin Leslie.

Reception
"Boyz 4 Now" first aired in the United States on April 28, 2013 on Fox, as a part of the Animation Domination programming block. The episode was watched by 3.50 million viewers and received a 1.7/5 Nielsen rating in the 18–49 demographic, becoming the fourth most-watched program of the Animation Domination block for the night. Pilot Viruet of The A.V. Club graded the episode an A−, writing that it was "full of funny moments throughout." Viruet felt that "Boyz 4 Now" was most successful at building the relationship between Tina and Louise, noting that the latter's "three-hour crush throws her for such a loop that she emerges with a newfound respect for Tina who deals with this every day." She also praised the tablescaping competition subplot, labelling it as "equally hilarious and absurd" as the main plot.

Matt Brassil of Heave Media ranked "Boyz 4 Now" as the seventh-best television episode of 2013, stating that the episode's handling of Louise's crush "cracks through that little girl surface into the inevitable woman [she] will become, and the writing starts to show how even the most maniacal girl with a bunny hat can be humanized." Phillip Maciak, writing for the Los Angeles Review of Books, named Kristen Schaal's voice acting as Louise on Bob's Burgers as his favorite television performance of the year and cited her performance in the episode: "Schaal's handling of the anger and betrayal Louise feels as she finds herself attracting to a boy for the first time is actually quite moving. But, more than that, it opens up a new register of this top-register performance as Louise's murderous rage turns to murderous romance."

References

External links
 "Boyz 4 Now" at Fox

2013 American television episodes
Bob's Burgers (season 3) episodes

Boyz 4 Now


The Ephemeral Museum is an ephemeral art museum located in Bairro Alto, Lisbon, Portugal. It is supported by the Pampero Fundación and is part of the Pampero Rum campaign, developed by the Leo Burnett Lisboa advertising agency.

The concept originated from Leo Burnett's marketing plan for Pampero rum, aiming to create a platform to recognize and appreciate the work of street artists. The first location opened in Bairro Alto, Lisbon's Bohemian quarter, in July 2008. Due to its immediate success, additional locations were subsequently established in São Bento and Amoreiras.

The Bairro Alto site showcases the artwork of renowned international artists such as Dolk and Jef Aerosol, as well as local emerging talents like Efeito Magenta and O Colectivo Bitmap. At the São Bento and Amoreiras venues, visitors can view works by acclaimed artists including Exas, Creyz, Rote, Eko and Mito, Time, Pariz, Youth, From the Cave, Mace, and the internationally recognized Kenor.

The selection process for exhibited artworks involves a thorough evaluation of street art forms such as graffiti, stencils, and stickers. The aim is to distinguish genuine art from acts of vandalism. Each artwork is meticulously identified and cataloged, including details about the artist and the title. The Ephemeral Museum does not encourage graffiti creation or acts of vandalism typically associated with street art. Instead, the initiative seeks to provide a platform that acknowledges and displays street art as an independent and legitimate form of expression, akin to the approach taken by the Tate Modern Museum in London.

Art museums and galleries in Portugal
Art museums established in 2008
2008 establishments in Portugal
Museums in Lisbon
Ephemera

Ephemeral Museum


The National Museum of Liberia is a national museum in Monrovia, Liberia. Initially housed in the First Executive Mansion on Ashmun Street of the city which is now used as a library, it was established by an Act of the National Legislature in 1958 under the administration of Liberia's 18th President, Dr William V.S. Tubman. Partly funded by UNESCO, in coordination with the Department of Public instructions (what is now the Liberian Ministry of Education), its primary goal was to obtain, preserve and display cultural artefacts and other historical items which depict the country's heritage.

History
The museum remained under the Department of Public Instructions until 1965 when it became the responsibility of the Department of Information, Cultural Affairs and Tourism. In 1981 this detached to form the National Bureau of Culture & Tourism of which the museum operated under through much of the 1980s until June 1987 when it was dissolved and returned to the control of the Department of Information.
In 1972, the museum was relocated to a new building on Providence Island but four years later this building was removed to facilitate the construction of the People's Bridge over the Mesurado River.

It was later moved to the Old Supreme Court building and formally reopened on July 25, 1987 with a ceremony given by the Vice President of Liberia, Harry F. Moniba.

Museum layout

The museum is classified in three tiers, where on the ground floor there is a histographical gallery containing presidential papers, private documents and memoirs of past important executives of the Liberian government and photographs and cartographical resources related to its culture. On display is the nation's first flag dating back to August 1847. There are also other items ranging from postage stamps to an editorial page of Liberia's daily newspaper, the Liberia Herald. Other items include traditional Liberian household furniture and utensils, and there is a craft shop run by the African Arts & Crafts Inc.

On the next floor is the Ethnographical Gallery and on the top floor the contemporary arts gallery which illustrates Liberian artistic works many of which are product of a contract between the museum and art institutions and art colleges throughout the country where artists are commissioned to produce for the museum purposes.

Other museum facilities include a portable video system, editing and archival materials, cassette recordings and slides of visual and oral arts many of which offer an insight into Liberian cultures such as dance and the use of masks in the country.

Effects of the Liberian civil war
The national museum was deeply affected by the 14 years of war during the First and Second Liberian Civil Wars. According to the director of the museum Caesar Harris approximately 5,000 artifacts were looted during this period and now less than 100 larger artifacts remain. Still intact though is a 250-year-old dining table given as gift from Queen Victoria to Liberia's first President, Joseph Jenkins Roberts. During the war, valuable museum items were often sold to fleeing expatriates and the museum itself came under fire during rebel attacks in 2003. However, although the war severely affected the content of the museum today it also has items which offer an insight into the war itself.

References

External links
UNESCO

Museums in Liberia
National museums
Buildings and structures in Monrovia
Museums established in 1958
Education in Monrovia

Liberian National Museum


The Balmoral bonnet (in Scottish English or Balmoral cap otherwise, and formerly called the Kilmarnock bonnet) is a traditional Scottish hat that can be worn as part of formal or informal Highland dress. Developed from the earlier blue bonnet, dating to at least the 16th century, it takes the form of a knitted, soft wool cap with a flat crown. It is named after Balmoral Castle, a royal residence in Scotland.  It is an alternative to the similar and related (informal) Tam o' Shanter cap and the (formal or informal) Glengarry bonnet.

Design
Originally with a voluminous crown, today, the bonnet is smaller, made of finer cloth, and tends to be dark blue, black, or Lovat green. Ribbons in or attached to the back of the band (originally used to secure the bonnet tightly) are sometimes worn hanging from the back of the cap. A regimental or clan badge is worn on the left-hand side, affixed to a silk or grosgrain ribbon cockade (usually black, white, or red), with the bonnet usually worn tilted to the right to display this emblem. The centre of the crown features a toorie, traditionally red.  Some versions have a diced band (usually red and white check) around the lower edge's circumference.

History

As worn by Scottish Highland regiments, the blue bonnet (common civilian headwear) gradually developed into two military forms. One was the Balmoral/Kilmarnock bonnet, illustrated clearly, complete with ribbon cockade and small toorie (pompon), around 1744. The other was a taller, stiffened felt cylinder, often decorated with an ostrich-plume hackle sweeping over the crown from left to right (as well as flashes of bearskin or painted turkey hackles). The dividing line between the blue bonnet and the Balmoral/Kilmarnock is unclear. A mid-18th-century portrait of Lord George Murray shows a black cap essentially indistinguishable from a Balmoral, but sometimes described as a "blue bonnet".

In the 19th century, the taller version of the military cap evolved into the extravagant full dress feather bonnet. Meanwhile, the plainer, flatter form continued in use, as an undress cap, until the mid-19th century.  By then known as the Kilmarnock bonnet, it was officially replaced by the Glengarry bonnet, which had been in use unofficially since the late eighteenth century and was essentially a folding side cap version of the cylindrical military cap. The name "Balmoral", as applied to the traditional headdress, appears to date from the late 19th century. Balmorals were described in 1842 as having become common civilian headwear "worn pretty generally by ploughmen, carters and boys of the humbler ranks".

In 1903, a blue bonnet in traditional style but with a stiffened crown was adopted briefly by some Lowland regiments as full-dress headgear. After the Second World War, while all other Scottish regiments chose the Glengarry, a soft blue Balmoral was adopted as full dress headgear by the Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) and was worn with the green no. 1 dress jacket and with khaki no. 2 or service dress. As part of the amalgamation of the Scottish regiments in 2006, the military Balmoral was done away with; all battalions of the Royal Regiment of Scotland now wear the Glengarry.

Use of the Balmoral has been championed by songwriter Richard Thompson, who uses it on stage, in addition to its traditional place in Highland dress.

North American usage
All Canadian highland regiments, e.g. the 48th Highlanders of Canada, the Nova Scotia Highlanders, and the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada, as well as the officers, warrant officers and senior non-commissioned officers of the Calgary Highlanders wear the Balmoral. It has also been recorded as being worn unofficially by Confederate soldiers in the American Civil War.

Other usage
The Hong Kong Police Band bagpipes section wears a black and red version.

The Balmoral is widely used as a part of a uniform in Army Cadets and pipe band. It is also used as an element of formal highland dress.

References

Bonnets (headgear)
British Army equipment
Caps
Military of Scotland
British military uniforms
Highland dress
Scottish headgear

Balmoral bonnet


David Hein is a Canadian librettist, composer-lyricist, musician, and actor best known for co-writing the Broadway musical Come from Away with his writing partner and wife, Irene Sankoff.

Hein was born in Regina, Saskatchewan, and was educated at Lisgar Collegiate Institute in Ottawa and York University in Toronto, Ontario. After graduating, he and his fiancée moved to New York City in 1999 where he worked at a music studio and she studied at the Actors Studio. After spending several years studying and working in New York the couple returned to Toronto where Hein wrote a song "My Mother's Lesbian Jewish Wiccan Wedding", about his mother and her later life partner, which he and Sankoff expanded into a play that was staged at the Toronto Fringe Festival in 2009 and then picked up by Mirvish Productions for a run at Toronto's Panasonic Theatre before touring Canada.

As a result of My Mother's Lesbian Jewish Wiccan Wedding success, theatre producer Michael Rubinoff approached Hein and Sankoff with his idea about a show based on Operation Yellow Ribbon in which residents of Gander, Newfoundland, housed 7,000 airline passengers who had been stranded at Gander Airport  as a result of the grounding of all North American air flights following the September 11 attacks, which became the musical Come from Away.

References

21st-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
Living people
Male actors from Regina, Saskatchewan
Musicians from Regina, Saskatchewan
Writers from Regina, Saskatchewan
Canadian male songwriters
York University alumni
Lisgar Collegiate Institute alumni
Jewish Canadian musicians
Jewish Canadian male actors
Canadian male musical theatre actors
Year of birth missing (living people)

David Hein


The Arwad bilingual, also the Arados inscription, is a Phoenician-Greek inscription from Arwad, Syria.

It is the most recent dated inscription in the corpus of Phoenician inscriptions from the Phoenician homeland, and is the oldest inscription found on the island of Arwad. It is considered to be important evidence for the last times (Terminus post quem) when the Phoenician language was used in Phoenicia. The inscription is in the Louvre under item code AO 7676.

It is engraved on a limestone statue base measuring 23 x 42 x 50 cm, with a 9 cm deep embedding hole. It was first published in 1916 by  from the collection of French military governor, governor of the island of Rouad following the landing of the French troops on the 1 September 1915 during World War I. The provenance is unknown; Trabaud had bought the object from an inhabitant of the island who had held it for "some time". It entered the Louvre in 1921, although this was not reported at the time, so its location was long unknown and Savignac's publication was not widely reviewed by epigraphers.

Gallery

Bibliography
 Françoise Briquel Chatonnet, 2013, Les inscriptions phénico-grecques et le bilinguisme des Phéniciens

References

Multilingual texts
Phoenician inscriptions
Arwad
Archaeological artifacts

Albert Trabaud
Raphaël Savignac
Greek inscriptions
Archaeological discoveries in Syria
1916 archaeological discoveries

Arwad bilingual


Geomythology (also called "legends of the earth," "landscape mythology," "myths of observation," "natural knowledge") is the study of oral and written traditions created
by pre-scientific cultures to account for, often in poetic or mythological imagery, geological events and phenomena such as earthquakes, volcanoes, floods, tsunamis, land formation, fossils, and natural features of the landscape. Dorothy Vitaliano, a geologist at Indiana University, coined the term in 1968.

"Geomythology indicates every case in which the origin of myths and legends can be shown to contain references to geological phenomena and aspects, in a broad sense including astronomical ones (comets, eclipses, meteor impacts, etc.). As indicated by Vitaliano (1973) 'primarily, there are two kinds of geologic folklore, that in which some geologic feature or the occurrence of some geologic phenomenon has inspired a folklore explanation, and that which is the garbled explanation of some actual geologic event, usually a natural catastrophe'."

Oral traditions about nature are often expressed in mythological language and may contain genuine and perceptive natural knowledge based on careful observation of physical evidence over generations. In some instances, geomyths can provide valuable information about past earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, impact events, fossil discoveries, and other events.

Geomyths include folk explanations of conspicuous geological features, and sometimes garbled or metaphorical descriptions of catastrophic geological events that were witnessed in antiquity. In the case of massive geomorphic events in the pre-human past, such as mountain formation, observations and imagination combined in mythic explanations that were handed down orally over millennia. In the case of natural catastrophes within living human memory, descriptions were handed down over generations. Both types of geomyth often include supernatural details. Because the descriptive narratives were expressed in mythological language, scientists and historians have not been aware of the real events and rational concepts embedded in geomythological stories. One type of geomyth includes tales arising from imagination or popular misconceptions, for example, beings magically transformed into stone to account for landforms. As more studies are done in geomythology, however, scientists and historians are finding accurate insights about geological processes. And datable events such as tsunamis, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions have been found to be recorded by eyewitness accounts, some from thousands of years ago.

Some myths transmitted real information about real events and observations, preserving geological data over millennia within non-literate cultures. A well-documented example of a datable geological event recorded in myth is the creation of Crater Lake in Oregon when Mount Mazama collapsed. Geologists' scientific interpretation of how the volcanic cataclysm long ago resulted in Crater Lake, is echoed point for point in a local myth of its origin, told by members of the Klamath Indian tribe who saw it happen almost 8,000 years ago.

In August 2004 the 32nd International Geological Congress held a session on "Myth and Geology", which resulted in the first peer-reviewed collection of papers on the subject (2007).

Examples

Fimbulwinter
The Norse mythological tale of the unending winter - the Fimbulwinter - has been posited to be an example of geomythology. Here the Fimbulwinter is seen as a Viking folk memory of a much earlier time when an eruption in South America at Lake Ilopango caused a long winter throughout the world. The eruption spewed eighty-seven cubic kilometres of ejecta into the atmosphere, blocking out the sunlight. Trees withered for lack of sun and crops failed. In Scandinavia, a region already low on agricultural land, many people starved to death: as many as half the population of Scandinavia died during the long winter, according to one estimate, and the effects went on for at least three years. Archaeologist Neil Price has argued that the Fimbulwinter myth is likely a folk memory of this time, although he is careful to point out that "Geomythology is by its very nature an inexact concept: inherently unproveable, prone to confirmation bias, and hampered by a lack of precise dating in both textual and archaeological sources." Price gives several examples as to why the Fimbulwinter myth is an example of geomythology. One example is from Snorri's poem the Poetic Edda:
First of all that a winter will come called Fimbulwinter.

Then snow will drift from all directions.

There will then be great frosts and keen winds.

The sun will do no good.

There will be three of these winters together

and no summer in between.

"The description of this terrible distortion of the seasons," writes Price, "is remarkably similar to the cycle scientists postulate for the immediate effects of the eruptions."

See also
 Landscape mythology
 Euhemerus

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 Hamacher, D.W. (2014). Geomythology and Cosmic Impacts in Australia. West Australian Geologist, No. 505, pp. 11–14.
 Hamacher, D.W. and Goldsmith, J. (2013). Aboriginal oral traditions of Australian impact craters . Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, Vol. 16(3), pp. 295–311.
 Hamacher, D.W. and Norris, R.P., (2009). Australian Aboriginal Geomythology: eyewitness accounts of cosmic impacts? Archaeoastronomy, Vol. 22, pp. 60–93.
 Mayor, A., (2011). The First Fossil Hunters: Dinosaurs, Mammoths, and Myth in Greek and Roman Times. Princeton University Press.
 Mayor, A. (2005). Fossil Legends of the First Americans. Princeton University Press.
 Piccardi, L. (2000). Active faulting at Delphi: seismotectonic remarks and a hypothesis for the geological environment of a myth. Geology, Vol. 28 (7), pp. 651–654. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<651:AFADGS>2.0.CO;2
 Piccardi, L. (2001). Fault-related sanctuaries. EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 52 (47), U52B-03. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234424583_Fault-Related_Sanctuaries
 Piccardi, L. (2005). Paleoseismic evidence of legendary earthquakes: the apparition of Archangel Michael at Monte Sant'Angelo (Italy). Tectonophysics, Vol. 408, pp. 113–128. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2005.05.041
 Piccardi, L. (2005). The head of the Hydra of Lerna (Greece). Archaeopress, British Archaeological Reports, International Series, Vol. 1337/2005, pp. 179-186.
 Piccardi, L. (2007). The AD 60 Denizli Basin earthquake and the apparition of Archangel Michael at Colossae (Aegean Turkey). in Piccardi, L. and Masse, W.B. (eds) (2007). Myth and Geology. Geological Society, London, Special Publications No. 273, pp. 95–105. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2007.273.01.08
 Piccardi, L., Monti, C., Vaselli, O., Tassi, F., Gaki-Papanastassiou, K., Papanastassiou, D. (2008). Scent of a myth: tectonics, geochemistry and geomythology at Delphi (Greece). Journal of the Geological Society, London, Vol. 165, pp. 5–18. doi:10.1144/0016-76492007-055
 Piccardi, L. (2014). Post-glacial activity and earthquakes of the Great Glen Fault (Scotland). Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d'Italia, vol. XCVI, pp. 432–446. https://www.isprambiente.gov.it/it/pubblicazioni/periodici-tecnici/memorie-descrittive-della-carta-geologica-ditalia/memdes_96_piccardi2.pdf
 Stewart, I.S., Piccardi, L. (2017). Seismic faults and sacred sanctuaries in Aegean antiquity. Proceedings of the Geologists Association, vol. 128, pp. 711–721. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/151192491.pdf
 Vitaliano, D. B. (1968). Geomythology. Journal of the Folklore Institute, Vol. 5, No. 1 (June 1968), p. 11.
 Vitaliano, D. B. (2007). "Geomythology: Geological Origins of Myths and Legends". In: Myth and Geology. Piccardi, L., Masse, W. B (ed). GSL, Special Publications. 273: 1–7.

History of Earth science
Mythography

Geomythology


The Downtown Core is the historical and downtown centre of the city-state of Singapore and the main commercial area in Singapore excluding reclaimed lands with many integrated resorts such as the Marina Bay Sands, one of the most expensive buildings in the world, with a luxurious standalone casino at Bayfront Avenue. There are many skyscrapers in Raffles Place, Tanjong Pagar and Marina Bay CBD with a height limit of 280m. It is one of the eleven planning areas located within the most urbanised Central Area, forming the latter's dense urban core. It is bounded by Rochor to the north, Kallang to the northeast, Marina East and Marina South to the east, Straits View to the southeast, Bukit Merah to the south, as well as Outram, Museum and Singapore River to the west.

As the financial Heart of Singapore, the Downtown Core houses the headquarters and offices of numerous corporations, as well as the Singapore Exchange. The area is also home to many governmental institutions, notably the seat of Parliament and the Supreme Court of Singapore.

Singapore's modern history began in this area, when Stamford Raffles and representatives of the British East India Company landed along the banks of the Singapore River to set up a free port in Southeast Asia. As the old harbour grew along the mouth of the river bank, the city naturally expanded around it, creating what is now the Central Area.

The name "Downtown Core" remains relatively unheard of and the term Central Business District (CBD) is commonly used in conversation instead. However, the area known as the CBD actually comprises a smaller area within the Downtown Core itself, taking up the south-western and western portions of the planning area, consisting largely of many skyscrapers. It is made up of eight subzones, Anson, Cecil, Clifford Pier, Maxwell, Phillip, Raffles Place and Tanjong Pagar and Marina Centre. The core of the CBD has since extended well beyond its boundaries and the term is even often at times used to refer to the Central Area as a whole.

History

As a fledgling colony, the area which is now known as the Downtown Core was the financial, administrative and commercial centre of the colony. In 1823, Singapore was reorganised according to the Raffles Plan of Singapore by Sir Stamford Raffles, which specified elements like the Commercial Square (now Raffles Place) and the European Town as well as various other commercial and administrative entities located between them. This area later became the Downtown Core.

References

External links
 Draft Master Plan 2003 - Central Region

Downtown Core (Singapore)
Singapore

Downtown Core


Baron Johann Wilhelm von Müller (4 March 1824 – 24 October 1866) was a German ornithologist and explorer.

Early life
Müller was born in Kochersteinsfeld, Neckarsulm, the grandson of the banker Johannes Müller. In 1845 he travelled to Morocco and Algiers, and in 1847 embarked on a longer African journey, accompanied by Alfred Brehm as his secretary. They travelled through Egypt to Khartoum and Kordofan, returning to Alexandria in February 1849.

Müller left Brehm there and returned to Germany with the natural history specimens collected on his journey, and made plans for a third expedition. Unfortunately Müller ran into financial difficulties and was not able to rejoin Brehm, instead sending him funds to proceed to Khartoum with Alfred's brother Oskar and a doctor called Richard Vierthaler.

Publications
In the autumn of 1849 Müller began publication of the ornithological journal Naumannia, edited by Eduard Baldamus. He also began work on an illustrated book entitled Beiträge zur Ornithologie Afrikas (1853-1870), of which only five parts were ever published. In 1852 he purchased the natural history collection of Christian Ludwig Landbeck before the latter's emigration to Chile. Later in that same year he became director of the Brussels Zoological Garden, resigning in 1854. He then travelled to North America, and on his return wrote Reisen in den Vereinigten Staaten, Canada, und Mexiko (1864-1865).

Müller is commemorated in the scientific name of the blue-headed bee-eater, Merops muelleri.

The Müllerberget mountain in Edgeøya, Svalbard, is named after him.

References

Bibliography
Stresemann, Erwin - Ornithology from Aristotle to the Present (1975)

Footnotes

German ornithologists
German taxonomists
1824 births
1866 deaths
German science writers
19th-century German zoologists

Johann Wilhelm von Müller


Coldharbour is an area of South East London and post-war housing estate within the Royal Borough of Greenwich. It is located to the south of Eltham and north of Chislehurst.

History

Coldharbour Farm

The area on which the estate now stands was a farm referred to as 'Merry Fields' in a 1761 map of Kent. By 1769, the farm was known as Coldharbour and consisted of a small holding and two farm buildings opposite the entrance to Elmstead Lane, on what is now Speke Hill.

The first farm bailiff for Coldharbour recorded in census records was Thomas Blanche in 1851, with labourers and shepherds living on the site. By 1861, Ephraim Jackson was the farm bailiff, living with his wife, children and three dairy labourers. He held this position until 1891, during which time the farm had expanded with various farmhands and milkmen living in the farm buildings and surrounding cottages.

Following Ephraim's retirement in 1891, the brothers Richard and James Higgs, at the time aged 21 and 29 respectively, became the resident farmers on Coldharbour Farm. They lived in the farmhouse consisting of one furnished room. By 1911, James Higgs had sole running of the farm with his wife, children and three servants, as Richard had departed to run a farm in Dorset.

In 1913, J.B Stocker bought the farm and his son Cecil ran it on his behalf until 1919, when Sydney Baldry took over. He was succeeded in 1936 by the final farm bailiff of Coldharbour, Thomas Spooner, who remained until the completion of the housing estate and removal of the final farm buildings in 1953.

Coldharbour Estate

The Coldharbour housing estate began development in 1947 on the site of Coldharbour Farm, by then the last working farm in London, built by the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich. It was created in a garden suburb style in order to house borough residents made homeless by The Blitz and young families. The majority of initial residents, therefore, were rehoused from Woolwich or Eltham, and to a lesser extent Plumstead, Charlton and surrounding boroughs.

The first house to be built, 2 Wynford Way, was opened by Aneurin Bevan, the Minister for Health, in 1947. The 'bottom end' of the estate was built first, with Wynford Way, Woodcroft, Littlemede and Bromhedge completed by the end of 1948, many of which were built in concrete due to post-war lack of building supplies. The area from the Mound to the Course and surrounding roads were open to residents the following year, with Southold Rise and Speke Hill complete by 1950. The roads surrounding the Farmhouse were ready by the end of 1951, Beanshaw in 1952 and finally the roads at the south of the estate, between Beanshaw and Hever Croft, were ready by 1953. The church of St Alban was completed in the same year. The estate was due to be officially opened by Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother in May 1952, but that part of her tour was cancelled. When she finally arrived to "commemorate the completion of the Coldharbour Housing Estate" on 9 May 1957, the Kentish Independent''s headline the following day was "Five Year Wait For Royal Visit But It Was Well Worth It".

The first official resident of the estate was Ethel Lewino of 1 William Barefoot Drive, who lived on the estate from 1946 until 1948 when she emigrated with her family to Australia.

Coldharbour Farm and subsequently the Coldharbour Estate were a civil parish of Kent until 1889 when it became part of the County of London and from 1900 formed part of the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich. The metropolitan borough was abolished in 1965 and Coldharbour then became part of the Royal Borough of Greenwich.

Naming and Location

The boundaries of the Coldharbour Estate are Mottingham Road and White Horse Hill to the west, Chapel Farm Road to the north, Green Lane and Crouch Croft to the east and Mainridge Road to the south.

William Barefoot Drive forms the main road running through the estate. This road was originally named Hellensmead until renamed in honour of a former Eltham councillor and three times Mayor of Woolwich. Another renamed road is Sandling Rise, which was called Hurstmead until 1951. Other roads on the estate named after local personalities and historical events, include Kingsley Wood Drive, Lambarde Avenue and Great Harry Drive. Many of the remaining roads retain the names of the ancient fields they were built on, including Littlemede, Southold Rise, Altash Way and Woodcroft.

Transport

Rail
The closest railway stations to Coldharbour are Mottingham, New Eltham & Elmstead Woods.

Bus
 124 to Eltham and to Catford via Grove Park
 126 to Eltham and to Bromley via Grove Park
 161 to North Greenwich via Eltham & Woolwich and to Chislehurst
 273 to Lewisham via Grove Park and to Petts Wood via Chislehurst
 314 to Eltham and to New Addington via Bromley
 N136 to Oxford Circus via Grove Park, Catford, Lewisham & Peckham and to Chislehurst

Education

The two primary schools located on the Coldharbour Estate are Montbelle Primary School (formerly Ruxley Manor Primary School) and Greenacres Primary School.

Pubs

The two public houses built on the estate upon opening were the Farmhouse and the Royal Eltham, which has since been demolished.

Churches

St Albans Church (Church of England) is the main place of worship on the estate. It is a subparish of St Andrew's, Mottingham.
Coldharbour Evangelical Free Church is an independent Protestant church located nearby.
The serving Roman Catholic churches are the joint churches of Our Lady Help of Christians, Mottingham and St Patrick's, Chislehurst.

References

External links

Areas of London
Districts of the Royal Borough of Greenwich
Housing estates in the Royal Borough of Greenwich

Coldharbour, Greenwich


Konstantinos Manos (; 1869–1913) was a Greek politician, poet, soldier and sportsman and former mayor of Chania.

Biography

Personal life and military career
He was born in 1869 in Athens. His parents came from historical families. Specifically, his father, Thrasyvoulos Manos, was a military officer and came from a Phanariot family, while his mother, Roxani Mavromichalis, from the Mavromichalis family.

He was the older brother of Petros Manos. He studied law in Leipzig and philosophy in Oxford. He was a teacher of Empress Elisabeth of Austria. He pioneered the organization of the first modern Olympic Games held in Athens which would later be the 1896 Summer Olympics. He was the founder of Athens Athletic Club.

With the proclamation of the Cretan Revolution in 1896 he went to Crete, where he led the Holy Corps, which he created. Various disappointments led him to leave Greece and travel, reaching as far as Alaska. He later returned to Crete to serve as mayor of Chania for two years (1900 - 1902).

His militant action, however, was not limited to the Cretan Revolution. He also took part in the Macedonian Struggle, using the pseudonym Michailidis. In 1905 he took part in the Cretan assembly of Therissos, while he came into conflict with Prince George, High Commissioner of the Cretan State. In 1909 he took part in the Goudi Coup. He was then appointed a representative in both subsequent review parliaments.

During the First Balkan War he led a corps of Cretan volunteers in the Epirus front. His military corps helped, among other things, in the liberation of Preveza. In April 1913, he was killed in action when his plane crashed in Langadas during a reconnaissance flight to a Bulgarian camp.

Literary work
Despite only 44 years of his life, Konstantinos Manos wrote several poems, which he published in the only collection he published under the title Words of the Heart. His collection was honored with the first commendation in the Philadelphia competition. He also pioneered the introduction of the vernacular together with Lorentzos Mavilis. In 1905 he published a translation of Sophocles' Antigone in the elementary school, a pioneering event for his time.

Sports career

Konstantinos Manos was among those who saw the undertaking by Greece of the organization of the first modern Olympic Games, in 1896, as a unique opportunity to promote national law.
 The (then) successor Konstantinos, as president of the National Olympic Committee, recognized the skills of K. Manos and appointed him general secretary of the National Olympic Committee.

Konstantinos Manos was the first to offer money for the Olympic Games, and in fact the important amount of 10,000 drachmas for that time. He was also the founder of the "Athens Athletic Club".

K. Manos was an extreme supporter of amateurism. He was the author of the first rules of the game, according to which all forms of professionalism were eliminated from the field of sports. The eradication of all kinds of professionalism from sports has caused conflicts and confusion in the world of sports. The gymnasts of the time, led by Ioannis Chrysafis, reacted against Manos, because according to his regulations, all gymnasts were excluded from the Panhellenic Games and the Olympic Games, as professionals.

In 1904, Konstantinos Manos lost his status as a member of the National Olympic Committee by an act of its President, successor Konstantinos, because he was absent from three consecutive meetings of the National Olympic Committee. However, the real reason for K. Manos' absence from the meetings was that he had been imprisoned in Turkish prisons, having gone to (then enslaved) Western Macedonia, an envoy of the Macedonian Committee, to take over the leadership of the Macedonian Struggle. It was released in 1905. The deletion from the National Olympic Committee is a tangible item that no longer enjoyed the favor of the palace.

References

Bibliography
 Kitriotis Dimitris, Mylonas Giannis: Biographies & Essays of Greek authors, Pataki Publications, Athens 1997, ISBN 960-293-066-7
 Kyriakos A. Georgiou, Antonia Papastylianou:  Biographies of Modern Greek Writers,  Giannis Rizou Publications, Athens 1980
 Great Encyclopedia Giovanni, edition 1979, volume 14
 Kaimakamis Vassilios: Special Issues of the Olympic Games, Thessaloniki 2012, ISBN 978-618-80168-1-1

Greek military personnel of the Balkan Wars
1869 births
1913 deaths
Modern Greek poets
19th-century Greek people
20th-century Greek people
Greek revolutionaries
Greek aviators
KOnstantinos
20th-century Greek politicians
Politicians from Athens
Military personnel from Athens

Konstantinos Manos


Virginia Penny (January 18, 1826 – April 4, 1913) was a social reformer and an economist, being the first to study women's labor markets both in the U.S. and in Europe. Her books were an important resource for the members of the newly formed American Social Science Association. She also served as an early leader of the American women's suffrage movement before coming more involved in labor union organization and running her own employment agency for women.

Early life and publishing career
The eldest daughter of Rachel Ruble and William Penny of Louisville, Kentucky, Virginia Penny was born on January 18, 1826, into a slaveowning family. Her father served as a city councilman and also co-founded the Louisville Savings Bank. At least three of her four brothers played a large role in her later life:
 William - graduated from University of Louisville with a medical degree in 1872, died at home in Brooklyn, New York on January 21, 1914, at the age of 83
 Alexander - also a doctor, lived on a farm near Louisville with his mother after his father's death, and died in December 1876
 Icilius - worked as a farmhand in Alton, Illinois, where he was abused and starved when his sister found him there in the 1880s

After attending for two years, Penny graduated in 1845 from the Steubenville Female Seminary, run by the Presbyterians in Ohio. She taught there, in Illinois and Kentucky; and she served as the principal of the Female Department at Van Rensselaer Academy in Missouri. By the late 1850s, she had traveled to several big cities in the U.S. to study women's jobs and she used libraries to find information about European women. She lived in New York City from 1859 to 1861 to finalize her research and to publish what became the first publication of what jobs were open to women and what wages they might earn. Penny used a systemmatic research method to interview thousands of employers and workers. She used in-person interviews as well as mail-in survey questionnaires, ending up with 533 listings in the first version of her book: How women can make money married or single, in all branches of the arts and sciences, professions, trades, agricultural and mechanical pursuits (Philadelphia, 1862). Her unique book is the first of its kind to present not only the kinds of jobs in which women were employed then, but also those where, by reason of gender discrimination, they could have worked but were not employed in great numbers. Her thematic essays accompanying the lists of jobs included her analysis of the effects of the job on the health of its laborforce, the typical wages (and gender differentials), the length of the working day, as well as qualifications and length of training for a particular type of job. The book's intended audience, women seeking employment, was encouraged to explore ways by which to be job-ready and to not give up when first turned away because of gender discrimination.

Given the lack of advertisement of Penny's book (self-published using her inheritance), it was not widely distributed. The next year, she sold the printing plates and her rights to her book to a new publisher for $100. Walker, Wise and Company in Boston republished it in 1863 under a new title: The Employments of Women: A Cyclopaedia of Woman's Work. This version of the book was widely distributed and reviewed in scholarly as well as general literary works (see for example the review by Burwell N. Carter of Williamstown, Kentucky in The Land We Love (August, 1867)). In her preface to her 1863 book, she writes:
I desire to present to those interested a clear and succinct view of the conditions of business in the United States, the openings for entering into business, the vacancies women may fill and the crowded marts they may avoid, the qualifications needed for a selected pursuit, and the pursuits to which they are best adapted; also the probable result pecuniarily of each calling honorably pursued: in short it is intended as a business manual for women.

Another reviewer in 1869 agreed that the book is a useful, practical tool for women: "Miss Penny has earned the sober gratitude of women, and men interested in the lot of women, by the labors of many years in the hardest and least remunerative fields of service. She is no orator, politician, or manager, but a delving, drudging worker ... Miss Penny's style is not especially brilliant or attractive, but is interesting; and better than all, her essays are sober, wise, and important." The book was republished many times over the years; and, in 1867, the book was adapted and translated into German.

In May 1867, Penny attended the second convention of the American Equal Rights Association (AERA) where she was elected as the Kentucky representative among the Vice-Presidents. Her reputation for her work and ideas for women's rights had been firmly established by then and she joined a global network of activists working for women's suffrage as well as equal rights for all. She participated in union activities, including the Workingwoman's Association in New York and led protests for women's wages and living conditions. She opened an employment agency and gave public lectures to encourage women to explore the many different fields in which they could work and get paid. At one point she also worked for the U.S. Census Bureau.

Penny's second book, Think and Act: A Series of Articles Pertaining to Men and Women, Work and Wages was published in 1869. This was a compilation of her speeches and articles, giving a more in-depth economic analysis of the status of women laborers and here she laid out her solutions that place her firmly in the school of feminist economists and social theorists who follow in her footsteps many decades later. She advocated for married women's property rights and wrote of the use-value of women in the domestic sphere in a time when most authors spoke primarily of the moral issues of domesticity. She sought to make her book useful for social reformers, including suffragists, lobbying their municipal, state and federal legislators: "If what is said be the means of making plan the path of duty, or assisting any one in the cause to which it is devoted, it will have accomplished its mission (5)."

Penny was a founding member of the Kentucky Woman Suffrage Association when it was first formed in 1881 right after a convention of the American Woman Suffrage Association in Louisville, Kentucky. This group was the first suffrage organization to represent a state in the South.

At one point in her later life, Penny organized the funding for and managed an employment agency in the American Bible Society's Bible House located between Third and Fourth Avenues, at Ninth Street in New York City. She included as part of her services a lecture series on the jobs available to women in the city.

Decline in fortune and death
Penny was in Cincinnati in the 1870s, and she wrote: "my health bad, and my means limited." Her brothers' fight over their inheritance led to an inquest in 1874, during which—for unknown reasons—the judge committed her against her will to Anchorage Asylum, a psychiatric hospital near Louisville. She became destitute by the 1880s, having lost her inheritance as well as her books' publishing rights, and regular calls for monetary support went out across the country as she traveled to different cities (see for example her 1885 broadside To the Voters of Jefferson County while she was in Louisville and a report from the New York Times in 1902 when she was living in poverty in a tenement in New York City). Meanwhile, her brother William, a doctor and professor in Galveston, Texas, had moved to New York and opened the Penny Dispensary on Long Island. While William was living in Brooklyn, she was committed to the Manhattan State Hospital on Wards Island where she finally died nearly 20 years later.

Works
 How women can make money married or single, in all branches of the arts and sciences, professions, trades, agricultural and mechanical pursuits (Philadelphia, 1862); republished in 1863 in Boston by Walker, Wise & Company under the new title, The Employments of Women: A Cyclopaedia of Woman's Work.
 Think and Act: A Series of Articles Pertaining to Men and Women, Work and Wages (Philadelphia, 1869).
 To the Voters of Jefferson County (Louisville, January 1885)

See also
 American Equal Rights Association
 List of feminist economists

References

Bibliography

  cited in

External links

American suffragists
1826 births
1913 deaths
Feminist economists
American feminists
American women's rights activists
Women political writers
American women economists
Women in Kentucky politics
Writers from Louisville, Kentucky
Kentucky women writers
Activists from Kentucky
American women non-fiction writers
Economists from Kentucky

Virginia Penny


A festoon (from French feston, Italian festone, from a Late Latin festo, originally a festal garland, Latin festum, feast) is a wreath or garland hanging from two points, and in architecture typically a carved ornament depicting conventional arrangement of flowers, foliage or fruit bound together and suspended by ribbons. The motif is sometimes known as a swag when depicting fabric or linen.

In modern English the verb forms, especially "festooned with", are often used very loosely or figuratively to mean having any type of fancy decoration or covering.

Origins and design
Its origin is probably due to the representation in stone of the garlands of natural flowers, etc., which were hung up over an entrance doorway on fête days, or suspended around an altar.

The design was largely employed both by the Ancient Greeks and Romans and formed the principal decoration of altars, friezes and panels. The ends of the ribbons are sometimes formed into bows or twisted curves; when in addition a group of foliage or flowers is suspended, it is called a drop or margent.

The motif was later used in Neoclassical architecture and decorative arts, especially ceramics and the work of silversmiths. Variations on the exact design are plentiful; for example, the ribbons can be suspended either from a decorated knot, or held in the mouths of lions, or suspended across the tops of bucrania as in the Temple of Vesta at Tivoli.

Gallery

See also
 Tinsel
 Ornament
 Classical architecture
 Garland bearers

Notes

References

Attribution:

Further reading

External links

Architectural elements
Ornaments (architecture)

Festoon


Russell Elevado (born 1966 in the Philippines) is a recording engineer and record producer based in New York City.

Accolades
Russell Elevado has a catalog of 50 full albums from the over 100 albums in his discography.

Elevado earned a Grammy Award in 2000 for his work recording and mixing contemporary R&B recording artist D'Angelo's critically acclaimed album Voodoo. Voodoo is now considered a classic album in the contemporary R&B genre and paved the way for the neo soul movement. Elevado's "old school" engineering techniques and preference for using mostly vintage equipment gave the album a sound reminiscent of classic soul or funk records fused with hip-hop textures and psychedelic treatments heard on classic 1960s and 1970s rock records.

In 2009, he received a Grammy nomination for Best Engineered Album for engineering Al Green's Lay It Down.

In 2015, he won another Grammy for Best R&B Album as engineer/mixer on D'Angelo's Black Messiah, the long-awaited follow-up to Voodoo.

In 2020 Elevado won a third Grammy in the Best World Music category for mixing Angelique Kidjo's "Celia" album. in the same year he also received a nomination as producer/engineer/mixer for the band Lettuce in the Best Jazz instrumental album category.

Elevado mixed a few songs for Bilal's controversially unreleased second album, Love for Sale.

His work with Questlove, The Roots and Common is also very notable, pushing the limits of organic hip hop with creative mixing. he's worked with some of the most popular and influential artists and producers of his era like Alicia Keys (Elevado mixed her hugely successful debut single "Fallen"), Jay Z, Rick Rubin, Tony Visconti, Roy Hargrove, Mark Ronson, Erykah Badu and J Dilla to name a few. What sets him apart from his peers is his commitment to analog. He has been quoted in many interviews about his dissatisfaction with the digital recording medium and the way it has changed the industry and the creative process of artists and production. Elevado does not use any plug-ins (digital effects and processing) and uses analog equipment exclusively for processing. His dedication to analog has defined his career attracting a wide range of artists from different genres.

Selected discography
Full albums mixed
Angélique Kidjo - "OYO"
Animal Collective - "Isn't It Now?"
Blackalicious - "Blazing Arrow"
Blackalicious - "The Craft"
Corneille - "Birth of Cornelius"
D'Angelo - "Voodoo" (engineered and mixed)
D'Angelo- "Black Messiah"
Dave Chappelle's Block Party - Soundtrack w/ various artists
David Ward - "Violet, Gold + Rose" (mixed and mastered)
Dornik- "Dornik"
Fredy Massamba - "Makasi"
Goapele - "Change It All"
iET - "So Unreal"
Inky - "Primal Swag"
Jay-Z Feat. The Roots - "MTV Unplugged"
Kamasi Washington- "Truth"
Karl Denson - "The Bridge"
Keziah Jones - "Black Orpheus"
Keziah Jones - "Captain Rugged"
Mike Andersen - "Echoes"
Nikka Costa - "Everybody's Got Their Something"
Nikka Costa - "Pebble to a Pearl"
Patrice - "Nile"
Patrice - "One"
Roy Hargrove presents The RH Factor - "Hard Groove" (Co-produced, engineered and mixed)
Roy Hargrove presents The RH Factor - "Strength" (Co-produced, engineered and mixed)
Roy Hargrove presents The RH Factor - "Distractions" (Co-produced, engineered and mixed)
Saul Williams - "Amethyst Rock Star"
The Dandy Warhols - The Dandy Warhols Are Sound
Tye Tribbett & G.A -  "Life"
Today - "The New Formula" "I Got the Feeling" (Engineered)
Wayna - "The Expats"
Zap Mama - "ReCreation"(mixed)

References

External links
/ Full discography
Personal website
Video

1966 births
American audio engineers
Grammy Award winners
Living people
American people of Filipino descent

Russell Elevado


Mother Anna Maria Dengel, Medical Mission Sisters (S.C.M.M.), (16 March 1892 – 17 April 1980) was an Austrian physician, Religious Sister and missionary. She was the founder of the Medical Mission Sisters, which was among the first congregations of Religious Sisters authorized by the Roman Catholic Church to provide full medical care to the poor and needy in the overseas missions.

Biography

Early life and education
Anna Maria Dengel was born 16 March 1892, in Steeg, Austria, to Edmund Wilhelm Dengel and Maria Gertrud (Scheidle) Dengel. Anna had four brothers and sisters, and four half-brothers and sisters. After her mother died when Anna was nine, she was enrolled in the boarding school of the Visitation monastery in Hall in Tirol. After completing her schooling there, she was offered a position to teach German in Lyons, France. Dengel accepted the offer and taught there for two years before returning home to Austria.

Career
When Anna Dengel was in her mid-20s she heard that a Scottish physician and Catholic missionary, Agnes McLaren, was looking for women doctors for a hospital in Rawalpindi, India (now Pakistan), which had been established to provide medical care for the Muslim women of the region who were barred from care by male physicians. She was overjoyed and immediately wrote to McLaren of her interest, and a lively correspondence between them began. McLaren was already in her mid-70s at this time, however, and died before she and Dengel could meet, but Dengel followed the course of preparation for her mission in India which she and McLaren had set. Dengel took McLaren's advice to attend medical school at University College in Cork, Ireland. In 1919, after graduating, she went to England for a nine-month internship. The following year she left for Rawalpindi to continue the work that McLaren had begun.

For four very difficult years, Dr. Dengel struggled to make an impact on the health care of the women and children in northern India. She became convinced that many more professionally trained and spiritually dedicated women were needed in order to effect real healing among the people. So she set out for the United States to seek help.

Foundation of the Medical Mission Sisters
Dengel spent months of travel and meetings to make the needs of India known, including discussions with the Reverend Michael A. Mathis, C.S.C., and other Catholic priests, bishops and cardinals, about how best to meet these needs. She encountered the same barrier which her mentor, McLaren, had in her own pioneering service in healthcare to the women and children of Muslim India, namely, the prohibition in Church law barring members of religious institutes from practicing medicine.

After this experience, Dengel came to the conclusion that she needed to establish a new religious congregation dedicated to the cause. She drew up a Constitution for the congregation she had in mind and wrote that the members were "to live for God…to dedicate themselves to the service of the sick for the love of God and …to be properly trained according to the knowledge and standards of the time in order to practice medicine in its full scope, to which the Sisters were to dedicate their lives."

Permission was granted on 12 June 1925 to begin the new congregation, and on 30 September that year the "First Four"—Anna Dengel along with Johanna Lyons, M.D., of Chicago, Evelyn Flieger, R.N., originally from Great Britain, and Marie Ulbrich, R.N., of Luxemburg, Iowa—came together in Washington, D.C., to found the Society of Catholic Medical Missionaries.

The "First Four" were unable to profess canonical vows because the Catholic Church had yet to approve the practice of medicine by Religious Sisters, yet they lived as Sisters just the same. Lifting this restriction had been a goal of Dengel's mentor, Agnes McLaren, who had petitioned the Vatican to have Church authorities do so. Finally, in 1936, after the Medical Mission Sisters had grown, the Catholic Church approved Sisters' working in medicine and all of its branches and recognized the women as a religious congregation, now known as the Sisters of the Catholic Medical Missions. The members of the Medical Mission Sisters then made their first public vows and Sister Anna Dengel was elected the first Superior General.

Death and afterward
Mother Anna died in Rome, Italy, on 17 April 1980, and a Mass of the Resurrection was celebrated for her at the Campo Santo in the Vatican on 21 April. Her body was buried in the Teutonic Cemetery (reserved to natives of Germanic nations serving the Catholic institutions of Rome), which is within the territory of Vatican City.

See also
Agnes McLaren

References

Further reading

Medical Mission Sisters (2015). 90 Years Ago: Anna Dengel's Diary Between October 1924 and September 1925; the Story of the Months that Led to the Foundation of the Medical Mission Sisters. Media House.

External links

1892 births
1980 deaths
20th-century Austrian physicians
Burials at the Teutonic Cemetery
People from Reutte District
Alumni of University College Cork
Roman Catholic medical missionaries
Austrian Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns
Founders of Catholic religious communities
Female Roman Catholic missionaries
Austrian Roman Catholic missionaries
Roman Catholic missionaries in India
Roman Catholic missionaries in Pakistan
Austrian expatriates in India
20th-century Roman Catholic nuns

Anna Maria Dengel


Patriarchy in China refers to the history and prevalence of male dominance in Chinese society and culture, although patriarchy is not exclusive to Chinese culture and exists all over the world.

History

Confucianism and Imperial China

Confucian conceptions of filial piety has been focused on preserving the traditional role of the father as the primary leader and decision maker of the family. In the hierarchy of traditional Chinese cultural family life, the father and sons take prominence over the mother and daughters. A cliché of classical texts, which is repeated throughout the tradition, is the familiar notion that men govern the outer world, while women govern the home.

Mencius outlined the three subordinations. A woman was to be subordinate to her father in youth, her husband in maturity, and her son in old age. Familial relationships are prefixed, and family lifestyles and behaviors are constrained by social norms.

In the Han dynasty, the female historian Ban Zhao wrote the Lessons for Women, advice on how women should behave. She outlines the four virtues women must abide by: proper virtue, proper speech, proper countenance, proper merit. The "three subordinations and the four virtues" is a common four-character phrase throughout the imperial period.

As for the historical development of Chinese patriarchy, women's status was highest in the Tang dynasty, when women played sports (polo) and were generally freer in fashion and conduct. Between the Tang and Song dynasties, a fad for little feet arose, and from the Song dynasty onwards foot binding became more and more common for the elite. In the Ming dynasty, a tradition of virtuous widowhood developed. Widows, even if widowed at a young age, would be expected not to remarry. Their virtuous names might be displayed on the arch at the entrance of the village.

20th century onwards
Features of patriarchy in 20th and 21st century China are a combination of contemporary problems found even in the West and traditional Chinese issues.

Men hold most of the major positions of power within the country, especially in the political and military spheres. However, with the decline of traditional practices through the 20th century, women have come to enjoy virtually equal economic power. This is especially true in the cities, where the social stigma of being a working woman is virtually nonexistent, although skepticism of unmarried, career-minded women is increasing. Although both genders face strong pressure to be married, women who remain unmarried past the age of 25 are shamed by state media with the label leftover women.

In addition, foot binding and arranged marriages have been virtually eradicated.

There is also the issue of forced abortions in China, especially for sex selection purposes; authorities have been accused of giving the women virtually no control over their bodies in this area.

Traditional norms regarding favoring the grandmother on the father's side persisted until after the Chinese Communist Party's victory in the Chinese Civil War. This traditional preference for the paternal grandmother was reflected in the word referring to the paternal grandmother (zumu) and the maternal grandmother (waizumu, meaning "outside grandmother"). The paternal grandmother would be the one who was expected to live with grandchildren and assist in their care and raising. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, paternal and maternal grandmothers enjoy equal status.

See also

References

Chinese culture
Marriage in Chinese culture
Gender in Asia
Women in China
Cultural anthropology
Patriarchy

Patriarchy in China