The Austin Museum of Digital Art (AMODA) is located in Austin, Texas. It is the first museum dedicated exclusively to the display of digital art. AMODA was founded in 1997 by Harold Chaput, Samantha Krukowski and Chris Rankin. The project is funded and supported in part by a grant from the Texas Commission on the Arts and in part by the City of Austin Economic Development Department/Cultural Arts Division.

History
The Austin Museum of Digital Art is the brainchild of Harold Chaput, then a Computer Sciences doctoral student at the University of Texas at Austin, and Christopher Rankin, an art history graduate of Trinity University and experienced museum worker. Rankin was dissatisfied with the state of the contemporary art scene in Austin. Chaput was connected to many artists and musicians employed in high tech positions who were looking for a creative outlet. By establishing an organization with the goals of supporting the production and exhibition of new work and encouraging discussion about the role of technology in current contemporary art, Chaput and Rankin hoped that they could encourage a community of artists, musicians, and technologists to create cutting-edge digital-based contemporary art.

They joined up with Samantha Krukowski, an influential member of UT's communications department. The three of them swiftly settled on a subsection of contemporary art that used computers in some form, and coined the term Digital Art to describe it. They also agreed that the new organization should be a museum rather than a collective or a gallery, placing the emphasis on artistry and aesthetics rather than fashion and popularity. Thus the Austin Museum of Digital Art was founded in November 1997.

Shortly after its founding, Rankin left AMODA because his new job working for the Texas Commission on the Arts posed a conflict of interest. Krukowski also left to become a Professor of Communications at UT. Rankin and Krukowski were replaced by Kyle Anderson, Jennifer Potter, Joel Stearns and Robert Turknett. Together with Chaput, this board moved AMODA from a museum on paper, to an art institution. They created AMODA's programs, including an educational program (2000), the Digital Showcase (2001), an exhibition series (2002), and a performance series (2003).

Defining Digital Art
AMODA defines Digital Art as art that uses digital technology in one of three ways: product, process or subject.

Art that uses digital technology as the product can be considered digital art. This includes categories like "web art" or "demo art." This is the most recognized definition of digital art.

Art that uses digital technology in the process of creation can also be considered digital art. The drawings of Harold Cohen's AARON are digital art because a computer program was used to generate the works, even though the final product is ink on paper. Computer graphics on film, digital music, and the Cyberopera are all good examples of digital art as a process.

Finally, art that references digital art as its subject can also be considered digital art. A series of oil paintings showing a man connected to an online chat room could be categorized as digital art, even though digital technology was never used in the creation or display of the work.

The central theme for all three approaches is: art that could not have been created without digital technology. All three address different facets of digital art, from presentation to technique to sociology, all of which are important to the history of art.

Programming
AMODA's programming was designed to be accessible without being condescending. It was unique in its ability to draw a younger audience than other museums and galleries could. AMODA's programs were integrated with the community and attracted a new population of art patrons through its non-traditional but high-quality presentation of digital art.

AMODA's most popular and successful programs were its Exhibition Series and Digital Showcase.

Digital Showcase
The AMODA Digital Showcase is a monthly evening of digital art and music. Under the strict direction of Todd Simmons, a performance space is filled with digital art installations, and four to six digital music performances are shown throughout the evening.

The intention of the Digital Showcase is to show digital art in situ. While an exhibition removes art from its natural environment and displays it for isolated examination, the Digital Showcase lets the different art installations and music performances bleed over each other. The result is an immersive art experience where the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. It is also wildly popular. Attendance is consistently in the hundreds, and the performances have been written up internationally.

External links and references
Digital paintings

Specific

Art museums and galleries in Texas
Museums in Austin, Texas
Contemporary art galleries in the United States
Digital art
Art museums established in 1997
1997 establishments in Texas
Museums of digital art

Austin Museum of Digital Art


Culture 2000 was a seven-year European Union (EU) programme, which had among its key objectives to preserve and enhance Europe's cultural heritage. Its duration was from 2000 to 2006, and it had a budget of €236.5 million.

Culture 2000 provided grants to cultural cooperation projects in all artistic and cultural fields (performing arts, plastic and visual arts, literature, heritage, cultural history, etc.).

The objective of Culture 2000 was to promote a common cultural area characterised by its cultural diversity and shared cultural heritage. Its stated aims were to encourage creativity and mobility of artists, public access to culture, the dissemination of art and culture, inter-cultural dialogue and knowledge of the history and cultural heritage of the peoples of Europe.

The program contributed to the financing of European Community co-operations in all artistic fields: performing arts, visual arts, literature, music, history and cultural heritage, etc. Equipped with €240 million over the period 2000–2006, this program aimed to develop the cultural diversity of the European Union, the creativity and the exchange between European cultural actors, whilst making culture more accessible to a larger public. Financial support was granted to projects which were selected on the basis of an annual Call for Proposals.

See also
Cultural policies of the European Union
MEDIA Programme

Cultural policies of the European Union
2000 in the European Union

Culture 2000


Spooked is the fourteenth studio album by Robyn Hitchcock. It was recorded  in collaboration with Gillian Welch and David Rawlings at Woodlands Studio in Nashville, TN in 2004, and released later that year. The set comprises twelve new recordings, all Hitchcock compositions with the exception of "Tryin' to Get to Heaven Before They Close the Door", a cover of a Bob Dylan song.

The tracks revisit Hitchcock's 1980s style, containing in their lyrics portrayals of several eccentric characters, surreal situations and scenarios, and several references to death, one of Hitchcock's most enduring themes. The packaging too is retrospective, its green and yellow packaging falling in line with previous solo-acoustic albums such as Eye and Moss Elixir. The painting on the front is a detail from one of Hitchcock's own, featuring an enlarged cat-like creature looming from behind a wall.

Hitchcock dedicates the album to 'The Dark Princess', using the title of a track from 1999's Jewels for Sophia as a pseudonym for his partner Michele Noach.

Track listing

All songs by Robyn Hitchcock except where noted

"Television" – 6:22
"If You Know Time" – 3:32
"Everybody Needs Love" – 3:17
"English Girl" – 3:21
"Demons and Fiends" – 2:14
"Creeped Out" – 3:15
"Sometimes a Blonde" – 4:53
"We're Gonna Live in the Trees" – 3:24
"Tryin' to Get to Heaven Before They Close the Door" (Bob Dylan)  – 6:00
"Full Moon in My Soul" – 3:02
"Welcome to Earth" – 0:49
"Flanagan's Song" – 4:39

References

2004 albums
Robyn Hitchcock albums
Yep Roc Records albums

Spooked (album)


A Believer Sings the Truth is a gospel double album and 63rd overall album by American country singer Johnny Cash.
The tracks for the double-length album were all recorded in 1979.

Cash was under contract to Columbia Records, but the label was doubtful that a double-album of gospel songs was commercially viable. With the label's blessing, Cash was allowed to release it on his own on the Cachet label and as a radio special with added narration.

His efforts paid off, as the album made it into the Country Top 50, peaking at #43.

In 1982, Columbia reissued the album itself, and in 1984 an edited-down version titled I Believe appeared on Arrival Records (see below).

Prior to 2012 the only CD release of tracks from the album occurred with two tracks appearing in the God portion of the 2004 box set Love, God, Murder (a set compiled by Cash soon before his death in 2003), and two more tracks appeared on 2007's Ultimate Gospel. The complete contents of the album (plus a previously unreleased outtake) made their CD debut as Disk 1 of the 2012 release Bootleg Vol. IV: The Soul of Truth. It is one of only a handful of Columbia-related albums not to be included in the 2012 box set release Johnny Cash: The Complete Columbia Album Collection.

Track listing

Charts
Album - Billboard (United States)

I Believe

In 1984, I Believe was released on the Arrival Records label, featuring ten songs from A Believer Sings the Truth and four outtakes from the same sessions.  Like its parent album, I Believe has not been released on CD.

Track listing

References

Johnny Cash albums
1979 albums
Albums produced by Jack Clement
Columbia Records albums
Gospel albums by American artists

A Believer Sings the Truth


Shirley Annette Ballas (née Rich, formerly Stopford; born 6 September 1960) is an English ballroom dancer, dance teacher, and dance judge.

Dancing

She works in the International Latin division. It is where she won multiple championship titles earning her the nickname The Queen of Latin.

In 2016, Ballas was appointed as a head judge on the BBC One celebrity dancing show Strictly Come Dancing following the retirement of Len Goodman.

1960 births
Living people
British dancers

Shirley Ballas


Carlos Maurice Talbott (January 28, 1920 – February 26, 2015) was a United States Air Force officer who attained the rank of lieutenant general and was vice commander in chief of the Pacific Air Forces, headquartered at Hickam Air Force Base.

Education
Born in Charleston, Illinois, he attended Eastern Illinois University from 1936 to 1939 and graduated from the United States Military Academy with a bachelor of science degree. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in January 1943. While at the academy, he graduated from advanced flying school in Lake Charles, Louisiana in December 1942. He received his Master of Arts degree in international affairs from George Washington University in 1964.

Career
Talbott's first assignment was as a Curtiss P-40 pilot at Dothan Field, Alabama. In March 1943 he became a P-47 pilot with the 326th and then the 368th Fighter Groups at Westover Field, Massachusetts and Mitchel Field, New York. In December 1943, during World War II, he went with the 368th Group to the European Theater of Operations as a pilot with the 397th Fighter Squadron. From October 1944 to April 1945 he was assigned as assistant operations officer and later operations officer of the 368th Fighter Group.

In May 1945 he returned to the United States and was assigned to Seymour Johnson Field, North Carolina. He attended the Army Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth and in February 1946 returned to Seymour Johnson Field to be base adjutant. From May 1946 to March 1948 Talbott served with the Organization and Training Division of the War Department General Staff in Washington, D.C. He was then assigned to the Directorate of Training and Requirements, Deputy Chief of Staff, Operations, Headquarters U.S. Air Force.

Talbott went to Ankara, Turkey in March 1949 as a fighter pilot training adviser with the American Mission for Aid to Turkey and, in December 1950, became executive officer for the U.S. Air Force Group. In April 1951 he returned to Headquarters U.S. Air Force as an operations staff officer in the Directorate of Operations, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, Plans and Operations. In July 1954 Talbott became commander of the 322d Fighter Day Group at Foster Air Force Base, Texas. While in that position, he won the 1955 Bendix Trophy race flying a North American F-100 Super Sabre C model.

From August 1957 to June 1958 Talbott attended the Air War College at Maxwell Air Force Base. He then went to Japan as director of tactical operations and later was chief of Combat Operations Division, in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations, Headquarters Fifth Air Force, at Fuchu Air Station, Japan. He was assigned as director of operations, 8th Tactical Fighter Wing, at Itazuke Air Base in July 1960. Talbott returned to Headquarters U.S. Air Force in August 1962 as deputy chief of the Tactical Air Division, Directorate of Operational Requirements. In October 1962 he became chief of the Tactical Nuclear Branch in the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff Special Studies Group.

Talbott assumed command of the 366th Tactical Fighter Wing at Holloman Air Force Base in August 1965 and went to Southeast Asia with the wing in March 1966. He was assigned in May 1966 as deputy director of the Tactical Air Control Center, Headquarters Seventh Air Force. In May 1967 he was assigned as the chief of staff for the United States Taiwan Defense Command, with headquarters in Taipei, Taiwan. Talbott returned to the United States in September 1968 and became vice commander of the Tenth Air Force at Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base. In August 1969 he was assigned as vice commander of the Ninth Air Force with headquarters at Shaw Air Force Base. In July 1970 he again was assigned to Headquarters U.S. Air Force as director of operations, Deputy Chief of Staff, Plans and Operations. In August 1972 he returned to the Republic of Vietnam as director of operations, Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, and deputy chief of staff, operations, Seventh Air Force. General Talbott was appointed vice commander in chief of Pacific Air Forces with headquarters at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, in April 1973. He was promoted to the grade of lieutenant general effective April 6, 1973 with the same date of rank, and retired September 1, 1974.

Talbott was a command pilot, flew more than 4,500 hours, and, during World War II, flew 96 combat missions. His military decorations and awards include the Distinguished Service Cross, the Distinguished Service Medal with two oak leaf clusters, the Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster, the Distinguished Flying Cross with oak leaf cluster, the Air Medal with 15 oak leaf clusters. the Air Force Commendation Medal, a Purple Heart;, the Gold Cross of the Royal Order of the Phoenix (Greece), the Korean Medal of Merit, the National Order of Vietnam, 5th Class, the Armed Forces Honor Medal, the Air Force Distinguished Service Order, 2d Class, the Order of Cloud and Banner, Republic of China, and the Air Force Wings of Turkey, China and the Republic of Vietnam.

Awards
  Distinguished Service Cross
  Air Force Distinguished Service Medal with two oak leaf clusters
  Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster
  Distinguished Flying Cross with oak leaf cluster
  Purple Heart
  Air Medal with fifteen oak leaf clusters
  Air Force Commendation Medal

References

United States Air Force Biography

1920 births
2015 deaths
People from Charleston, Illinois
United States Military Academy alumni
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
United States Air Force generals
Recipients of the Air Medal
Gold Crosses of the Order of the Phoenix (Greece)
5 Talbott, Carlos
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
United States Army Air Forces officers
Military personnel from Illinois

Carlos Talbott


Clerical fascism is a type of fascism that combines religion and politics. It involves a close relationship between the government and religious leaders. It often promotes traditional values, authoritarian government, and may be nationalist. It has been associated with the Catholic Church and has been seen in various political movements throughout history.

Fascism

Clerical fascism


Neobus a.d. (full legal name: Neobus, Novosadska fabrika autobusa a.d. Novi Sad) was a Serbian bus manufacturer which went bankrupt in 2012. The major shareholder from 2004 was a Saudi businessman Alaa Maghrabi Mohammedali A. Neobus produced buses on its original chassis and on the chassis of other manufacturers such as Volvo, DAF Bus, Mercedes-Benz, FAP.

History
Neobus was established on 1 June 1952 in Novi Sad, second largest city in Serbia, as Autokaroserija. Neobus was built on the foundations of Stražilovo repair workshop, which was first founded in 1947 in Novi Sad. In the time of its foundation Neobus only had 15 workers. Today, there are 183 employees with this firm. During the first years of its existence Autokaroserija's key business activity was repairing and rebuilding car chassis. In 1956 Autokaroserija started producing new chassis.

From that time, Autokaroserija started closely cooperating with TAM (automobile and engine factory) Maribor, a Slovenian truck, bus and chassis manufacturer. The cooperation led to full integration of Autokaroserija with TAM in 1973.

The following year, 1974 is one of the most significant years in the history of Neobus. This was the period when Autokaroserija produced its very first urban bus on Volvo chassis for the needs of Novi Sad City Public Transport Company (JGSP). The business relations started between Autokaroserija and JGSP in 1974 made JGSP Autokaroserija's most important buyer.

In 1986 started the golden era for Neobus. The factory had moved to a new location in Novi Sad Industrial Zone South where a large facility was built measuring more than 20.000 square meters in surface placed on a plot of 110.000 square meters. 700 workers produced as many as 650 buses a year during this period.

With the dissolution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia there is an interruption of business relations between Autokaroserija and Slovenian TAM. Autokaroserija became an independent bus manufacturer but had many difficulties mostly due to the economic sanctions the United Nations imposed on the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. There was a loss of market share and business connections which put Autokaroserija in a very hard situation.

In 1992 the name Autokaroserija was changed to Neobus. The company was limited to Serbian market which was insufficient concerning the installed capacities and the nature of the branch. Business activity started to slow down until it finally collapsed, Neobus entered bankruptcy in 1999, during severe economic problems in Serbia. By 2001, the firm managed to get out of the bankruptcy and started producing buses again. In 2004 The Serbian Privatization Agency held an auction in which Neobus was sold to Alaa Maghrabi Mohammedali A, from Saudi Arabia. The new owner has his own transport enterprise in Saudi Arabia called Maghrabi Hajj Transport Company. The company purchased hundreds of buses from former SFRY manufacturers in 1980s which led to the acquisition of Neobus.

In 2006 Neobus signed a Strategic Cooperation Agreement with Volvo, making Neobus Volvo's official bodybuilder for South Eastern Europe. VDL Bus & Coach signed an agreement with Neobus for the production of intercity buses.

On 22 November 2012, Neobus was declared bankrupt again. In 2013, China's Yutong Bus was in talks to purchase Neobus, but the deal never materialized.

Products

Coaches
Universo
Universo Eternal
Intercity Buses
Terra
Terra Eternal
Adéquat
 Urban Buses
Citta LF
Citta LE
Citta SLF
Citta LEA
Suburban Bus
Luna
Midi Buses
Mercury
Stella

See also
 List of companies of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

References

External links

1952 establishments in Serbia
2012 disestablishments in Serbia
Bus manufacturers of Serbia
Bus manufacturers of Yugoslavia
Companies based in Novi Sad
Defunct companies of Serbia
Serbian brands
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1952
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 2012

Neobus (Serbia)


Sassinak is a science fiction novel by American writers Anne McCaffrey and Elizabeth Moon, published by Baen Books in 1990.
It is the first book in the Planet Pirates trilogy and continues the Ireta series that McCaffrey initiated with Dinosaur Planet in 1978. McCaffrey wrote the second Planet Pirates book with Jody Lynn Nye, the third with Moon.

The novel features the personal battles that Sassinak must wage within herself and the determination she develops to rid the universe of the scourge of piracy. The four parts include her enslavement and schooling, her first assignment, her promotion and her first ship, and the discovery of the Dinosaur Planet and its survivors.

Plot summary

Part one
Sassinak and her family live on a newly colonized world (called Myriad) and are celebrating the end of the production year when all the colonies goods will be exported to other worlds. But the carrier never comes, and instead the planet and its people are soon under attack by pirates. The colonists put up a futile defense against the pirates' superior firepower, numbers and skill at their task. Sassinak witnesses the death of both her parents and her two siblings before she is taken off planet to become a slave.

At the slave depot she is sold, but is counseled by another slave called Abe - who is ex-Fleet. He teaches her discipline and embeds a message in her mind that will only be remembered when she is confronted with a Fleet officer. She is sold once again when her skills have improved enough for her to work as a navigator on a ship. The ship that she is on is captured by Fleet and she is rescued, the embedded message comes out and Fleet is able to attack the slave depot and free all the slaves.

Abe adopts Sassinak and she begins her quest to go to the Academy, where all Fleet officers receive their training. After prep-school she enters the Academy and excels but is always conscious that she wants to hunt pirates when she gets her stars and her own ship. On her graduation night Abe takes her out for dinner, but Abe is killed. Sassinak suspects it is an assassination. She goes on her first deployment without any family, adopted or no and is an orphan once more.

References

External links

1990 American novels
1990 science fiction novels
American science fiction novels
Novels by Anne McCaffrey
Novels by Elizabeth Moon
Novels set on fictional planets

Sassinak


Arina Andreyevna Ushakova (; born 18 December 1989) is a Russian pair skating coach and former competitor. With Sergei Karev, she is the 2005 Golden Spin of Zagreb silver medalist and 2007 Winter Universiade bronze medalist. They placed 5th at the 2008 European Championships.

Personal life
Ushakova was born 18 December 1989 in Perm. She is married to former pair skater Vladislav Zhovnirski, with whom she has a child (born  2016).

Career
Ushakova teamed up with Alexander Popov in 2000. After training under Liudmila Kalinina, they moved to the husband-and-wife team of Valentina and Valeri Tiukov, who coached them in Perm. Ushakova/Popov won four medals on the JGP series – one gold, two silver, and one bronze – and qualified twice for the JGP Final. Their partnership ended in 2005.

Ushakova teamed up with Sergei Karev in 2005, moving from Perm to Moscow in order to train with him. Originally coached by Nina Mozer, the pair switched to Natalia Pavlova ahead of the 2007–08 season. Ushakova/Karev won the bronze medal at the 2008 Russian Nationals and were sent to the 2008 European Championships where they finished 5th. In the long program, they had a fall on a lift but were not injured. They split at the end of the season due to Karev's serious illness. After a tryout with Jerome Blanchard, she decided to retire from competition.

Ushakova works as a coach in Moscow. She has coached Arina Cherniavskaia / Antonio Souza-Kordeyru and Albina Sokur / Roman Pleshkov.

Programs

With Karev

With Popov

Results
JGP: Junior Grand Prix

With Karev

With Popov

References

External links

 Tracings.net profile

1989 births
Figure skating coaches
Sportspeople from Perm, Russia
Living people
Russian female pair skaters
Figure skaters at the 2007 Winter Universiade
Medalists at the 2007 Winter Universiade
Universiade medalists in figure skating
Universiade bronze medalists for Russia

Arina Ushakova (pair skater)


Brotherhoods (, bratstva; Russian: братство; literally, "fraternities") are non-monastic unions of Eastern and Oriental Orthodox citizens or lay brothers affiliated with individual autocephalous churches, often of an evangelical or theological character. Their structure resembles that of medieval confraternities, trade guilds, and can be characterized as the Orthodox equivalent of catholic religious orders. Unlike the religious orders of other religions such as those of sufism in Islam, they do not hold any uniquely esoteric views or doctrines, or have initiative practices otherwise unfound in mainstream orthodox monasticism.

In Slavonic churches
Historically, they were common in the cities throughout the Ruthenian part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth such as Lviv, Wilno, Lutsk, Vitebsk, Minsk, and Kyiv. These Orthodox brotherhoods, first documented in 1463 (Lviv Dormition Brotherhood), were consolidated in the aftermath of the Union of Brest (1596) in order to oppose the conversion of Orthodox Christians to the Eastern Catholic Churches, the Counter-Reformation, and both real and imagined Polonization. The brotherhoods attempted to resist state-supported Catholic missionary activity by publishing books in the Cyrillic script and by financing a network of Orthodox schools which offered education in both Old Church Slavonic and the Ruthenian language. The famous Kyiv Mohyla Academy grew out of one such school under the umbrella of the Brotherhood Monastery in Kyiv. The Dormition Church, Lviv was financed by the  brotherhood of the same name; its members also supported the Cossack risings in the east of Ukraine. The powerful Ostrogski family provided political support for their activities.

The activity of the Orthodox fraternities helped preserve the national culture of Ukraine and Belarus throughout the Counter-Reformation era. Most were closed in the course of the 18th century when Greek-Catholic proselytism had been forbidden by the House of Romanov. Some were revived in the late 19th century in order to stem "atheist propaganda" of the Nihilists. The Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius promoted national awareness, helping the Ukrainians of Imperial Russia discover their national identity. The Ostrog bratstvo was reinstituted by Countess Bludova, an ardent admirer of the Ostrogski family. Orthodox immigrants to the U.S. formed brotherhoods to support church activities.

Notable Orthodox Brotherhoods

 Army of the Lord
 God-Prayer Congregation
 Brotherhood of Theologians for life (also known as "Zoe")
 The Soter brotherhood
 Brotherhood of St. Symeon the New Theologian
 Saint Paisios Brotherhood
 Nour al-Masih society

See also
 History of Christianity in Ukraine
 Confraternity
 Lviv Dormition Brotherhood

References

External links
 Brotherhoods at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine

Anti-Catholicism in Eastern Orthodoxy
Eastern Orthodoxy in Ukraine
Eastern Orthodoxy in Belarus
16th-century Christianity
Ruthenians in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
History of Christianity in Ukraine
Confraternities
Eastern Orthodox lay societies
Brotherhood (Orthodox lay societies)

Orthodox brotherhood


John de Leicester (or Johannes de Lacester) († 1214) was an early 13th-century bishop of Dunkeld. Before becoming bishop, he had been archdeacon of Lothian. He was elected to the bishopric on 22 July 1211. As bishop-elect, he is present when King William of Scotland paid homage to King John of England in 1212. He had been consecrated by June 1212, when a letter from Pope Innocent III to Walter, bishop of Glasgow, and Radulphus, bishop of Brechin, writes of the election and consecration of John, archdeacon of Lothian. John's episcopate would only last a few years; he died on 7 October 1214. His death occurred at Cramond, Midlothian, and was buried on Inchcolm.

References
Dowden, John, The Bishops of Scotland, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912)

12th-century births
1214 deaths
Bishops of Dunkeld (pre-Reformation)
13th-century Scottish Roman Catholic bishops

John de Leicester


The Puntland Development Research Center (PDRC) is a Local Non-Governmental Organization (LNGO) based in Garowe, the administrative capital of the autonomous Puntland region in northeastern Somalia. It plays a key role in research and funding for the development of local peace and effective governance initiatives.

Profile
The PDRC is governed by a board of directors consisting of seven members; five men and two women. It is led by director Abdurahman Abdulle Osman (Shuke).

The center's stated goal is to promote peace-building and national reconstruction following the Somali Civil War and its after-effects. Through dialogue among key national and international actors, the PDRC seeks to encourage democratic values. In the process, it hopes to advance social and economic development by respecting human rights, efficiently utilizing resources and equal treatment of locals.

History
The PDRC was founded on October 30, 1999.

In the past decade, it had made several attempts to improve upon the quality of governance in Puntland. To this end, the center implemented in 2001 the Puntland Peace Mission (PPM), an initiative that sought to resolve differences between the region's then administration and opposition groups. The PDRC also organized peace rallies across the province.

In early 2004, the PDRC also began to emphasize the need for research in areas such as the democratization of Puntland's political system, public revenue management, consolidation of the Mudug peace agreement and national reconciliation. It showed the initiatives that have been made to improve the quality of governance in Somalia. That same year, the PDRC collaborated with the War-torn Societies Project (WSP) in an effort to avoid a power vacuum in Puntland's then political structure.

More recently, the PDRC has continued to play a key role in research and funding for the development of peace and effective governance initiatives in Puntland. According to the PDRC, good governance increases people's participation in decision-making, enables the decentralization of power from the center to regional and community levels, and allows transparency in decision-making.

In 2016, PDRC changed its name from "Puntland Development Research Center" to "Peace and Development Research Center". The reason is that PDRC plans to expand its presence and work throughout the rest of Somalia. PDRC is in partnership with Interpeace, a Geneva-based, non-profit peace building organization.

See also
Puntland

References

Organisations based in Puntland
Organizations established in 1999
1999 establishments in Somalia

Puntland Development Research Center


Rio Silaen () adalah penyanyi, penulis lagu, sutradara dan aktor berkebangsaan Indonesia.
Rio pernah bersekolah di Bina Vokalia dan dibimbing oleh Pranajaya. Ia pun pernah bernyanyi di hadapan Presiden Soeharto waktu masih duduk di bangku SD.
Beranjak remaja ia mengikuti festival-festival musik seperti Cipta Pesona Bintang, Bahana Suara Remaja, juga Asia Bagus.
Demi memperdalam musikalitasnya, Rio terbang ke Seoul, Korea Selatan, dan berguru kepada Anthony J Little. Sejak tahun 1999, ia malang melintang di panggung internasional, mengikuti festival, dan menjadi duta kebudayaan Indonesia. Ia juga sering berkolaborasi dengan penyanyi-penyanyi besar Indonesia.
Album pertamanya yang bertajuk namanya sendiri, Rio Silaen dirilis tahun 2010, di mana ia sendiri bertindak sebagai arranger, pencipta lagu, juga produser.
Rio juga merupakan sutradara teater musikal Opera Batak

Educational Background

o	2001 Graduated - Bachelor Degree of Psychology, Catholic University of Atmajaya

Music Education Background

o	1988 Graduated – YPM Music School, Majoring Piano

o	1986 Certificate – Vocal Music School, Bina Vokalia Music School

o	2000 Vocal Course – trainned by Anthony John Little, American Vocal Coach

o	1993 – Private Vocal trainned by Elfas Secioria & Tarida Hutauruk

o	1985 – Private Vocal trainned by Titiek Puspa, L. Simanungkalit & T. Siregar

o	1980 – 1990 – Private Vocal trainned by the Maestro of Indonesia – Mr. Pranadja

Professional Career - Working Experience

o	1999 - to present Production Director, Music Director, Supervisor and Trainer at Options Entertainment

o	2004 - to present Leader and Music Director of D'Chorus,
a group of talented singers and musicians. Performing different kind of music, such as Broadway, Soundtracks, Pop, Jazz in several big - high scale of events in Jakarta.

o	2006 - 2007 Senior Manager PT. Kariza Viratama (Event and Entertainment Division) – A Company owned by Ria Prawiro

o	2006 Show Director of Asia Pacific Tourism in Jakarta, at Jakarta Convention Centre.

o	1993 - 1999 Director of Music School" Singing Class "

o	1991 - 1994 Vocal Teacher Bina Vokalia Music School, Jakarta

Achievement & Performances

o	Performing for Indonesia's Food, Music & Art Festival in Sydney – Australia with Rio Silaen & Friends, Grace Hotel from 10th March – 27th March 2011

o	Representing Indonesia at the International Art, Music & Culture in New York, Washington D.C July – August 2009. And Rio was rewarded as "Versatile Singing Sensation" for his ability to perform in different kind of music styles or genre

o	Perform at The DJARUM SUPER Road show to Surabaya, Jogyakarta & Makassar July 2011

o	Perform at the KAMA SUTRA – Bali – Special Events, April 2011

o	Road Show & Album promo to Bali (Hard Rock Café, Kama Sutra), Bandung, Bogor and Jakarta

o	Rio Silaen & Friends performed regularly at Marley – January to March 2011

o	Rio Silaen, album launching 2011

o	Founder, trainer, conductor & music director of a show choir group called Voice of Indonesia. And here are the places & events that we've been performing as group:
•	Performing at International Youth Music Festival, April 6th 2011 – Campsey, Sidney – Australia

•	Performing at SCWC – Gospel Performance in Sydney April 4th 2011

•	Performing at GKIA – Gospel Show in Stanley St, Hyde Park, Sydney April 4th 2011

•	Goethe Concert – Simfoni Negeriku, March 2011

•	Charity Concert – Christmas 2010, Graha Bhakti Budaya TIM – 18th December 2010
o	Founder, trainer, conductor and music director a show choir group called D'Chorus. And here are the places & events that we've been performing as group:
•	Diving Exhibition at Semanggi Expo, 2007

•	"The Unforgettable Love" – Broadway and Musical Highlights at Jakarta Convention Center, 4th August 2007, with Tora Sudiro, Novita Angie, Syaharani, Achmad Albar & Ian Antono and Andre Hehanusa

•	Ramadhan Project at Pondok Indah Mall 2007

•	Anniversary of Metro TV 2007, with Bpk. SBY, President of Indonesia

•	Christmas Concert with Ruth Sahanaya, Edo Kondologit, Lea Simanjuntak, Sammy Kerispatih at Jakarta Convention Center, December 2007

•	Christmas Celebration at Pondok Indah Mall 2007

•	New Year's Party – A Broadway Concert at Grand Hyatt Hotel Jakarta, 31st December 2008

•	Valentine's Project at Pondok Indah Mall 2008

•	A Charity Night with Bpk. SBY, The President of Indonesia, at Dharmawangsa Hotel 2008

•	A Night of Appreciation for BII Primary Customer at Mulia Hotel with Ruth Sahanaya, 2008

•	Broadway Highlights at Grand Indonesia – August 2008

•	Ramadhan Project at Pondok Indah Mall 2008

•	"A Concert of Movie Soundtrack" at Erasmus Huis – Netherland Embassy October 2008

•	Unilever Leadership Forum, at Rumah RANADI, 10th December 2008 performing songs from "Laskar Pelangi"

•	Christmas Celebration at Pondok Indah Mall 2008

•	Christmas Concert at Usmar Ismail 21st December 2008

•	Christmas Concert and Broadway Musical at Grand Indonesia, 29th December 2008

•	New Year's Party at Portobello – Mid Plaza 2, 31st December 2008

•	April 2009 D'Chorus perform at Grand Indonesia, Broadway & Fashion Show

•	28 April – 10 May 2010 perform at PIM 2 "Fashionatic

•	2 December 2009 – Charity Night at Konderatu Bali – Denpasar

•	New Year's Eve "Around the World" at Lobby Lounge Hotel Intercontinental Mid Plaza Jakarta.

•	4 February 2010 – Launching LG Mobile at Ballroom Novotel Mangga Dua.

•	5 February 2010 – UNILEVER SPT INAGURATION at Assembly Hall JHCC with Erwin Gutawa Orchestra and GSP.

•	20 February 2010 – Charity Night for Toraja Church at Senayan City

•	26 March 2010 – Concert Broadway Hits, Soundtracks, Tribute to Indonesian Artists, at Goethe Institute Jakarta.

•	6 June 2010 – Lucky Draw Event at Pondok Indah Mall 2.

•	17 August 2010 – Independence Day at Pondok Indah Mall 2.

•	29 August, 5, 15 19 September 2010 – Ramadhan and Idul Fitri at Pondok Indah Mall 2.

•	20 September 2010 – Halal Bihalal PLN Gandul Cinere.

•	2 October 2010 – Wedding Party at Taman Mini Indonesia Indah.

•	19 October 2010 – Launching Samsung Tab at Ritz Carlton Mega Kuningan Hotel.

•	November - Semifinalist of SUARA INDONESIA – Trans TV

o	November 2009 – until the present performing at Mistere – The Ritz Carlton at Rio Silaen & Friends

o	July 2009 – representatives of Indonesia in New York – USA at the Art and Music Festival. Also in Washington D.C, Baltimore, Brooklyn and many other states

o	August 2008 – 2009 performing at Portobello regularly – Intercontinental Mid Plaza as Rio Silaen & Friends

o	June 2008 – July 2008 performing at Moonlight – Pavilion Apartement Sudirman as Rio Silaen & Friends

o	May 2007 - May 2008 Grand Hyatt Jakarta, at Burgundy 'Rio Silaen & Friends'

o	August 4th 2007 The Unforgettable Love - Broadway & Musical Show
At Jakarta Convention Center

o	July 2005 Releasing Gospel Album " Tuhan Pegang Tanganku" with Ria Prawiro, Dodo Zakaria, Aminoto Kosin, Indro, Widya Kristianti, Uce Haryono and Denny TR.

o	October 2003 - March 2003 Grand Hyatt Shanghai, P.R of China at the Patio Lounge, on 56th

o	June 2002- September 2002 Grand Hyatt Beijing, P.R of China at the Fountain Lounge

o	April 2002 - May 2002 Grand Hyatt Jakarta, Indonesia at Fountain Lounge, Café La Moda, Plaza Indonesia, Shangri-La Jakarta - at the Lobby Lounge

o	April 2001 - August 2001 Grand Hyatt Jakarta, Indonesia at Fountain Lounge

o	October 2000 - March 2001 Grand Hyatt Seoul, Korea at the Lobby Lounge

o	New Years Eve'2001 Rio, Teresa & Valerie. Accompanied by Widya Kristiani Orchestra. Grand Ballroom, Mulia Hotel Senayan Jakarta

o	October 2000 - March 2001 Grand Hyatt Seoul, Korea at the Lobby Lounge

o	April 1999 - September 2000 Mulia Hotel Senayan, Jakarta Indonesia
At Cascade Lounge

o	New Years Eve '2000 Rio & Leah Miguel with Twilite Orchestra. Lead Duo accompanied by Addie MS Full Orchestra. Grand Ballroom, Mulia Hotel Senayan Jakarta

o	2000 Promoting Indonesian Culture with Indonesian Gospel Choir

o	1998 Participating Christmas in Singapore and Israel, with Indonesian Gospel Choir

o	1996 - 1997 Presenter for TV Station Indosiar, for cultural program "Horas Indonesia"

o	1997 Promoting Indonesia to Europe with Indonesian Gospel Choir

o	1996 Promoting North Sumatera to several countries with A Cultural Group of Indonesia, to Seoul Korea and Singapore

o	1995 Promoting Indonesia to Europe with Indonesian Gospel Choir

o	1994 Promoting Indonesian Culture with Gospel Choir to Perth, Melbourne and Sidney - Australia

o	1993 Participating Christmas in Singapore and Israel, with Indonesian Gospel Choir

o	1986 - 1995 Prize Winner – National singing Competition. RCTI TV – Live' Indonesia

o	1stPrize Winner Cipta Pesona Bintang – RCTI TV, Indonesia

o	1st Prize Winner – Solo Male Category. Pop Music Festival National Competition, Jakarta

o	1st Prize Winner – Solo Male Category. Pop Music Festival National Competition, Jakarta

o	1st Prize Winner - Gelar Suara Maesda

o	1st Prize Winner - Festival FKKPI

Filmografi

Film

Pranala luar

 official website

Penyanyi Indonesia
Silaen
Silaen
Rio
Tokoh dari Jakarta
Kelahiran 1979

Rio Silaen


Re Kevin – Validity of Marriage of Transsexual, also known simply as Re Kevin, was a 2001 Australian court case brought before the Full Court of the Family Court of Australia regarding the possibility of transsexual people to marry according to their new gender. The court granted the applicant this right.

The case had impacts beyond Australia, it was for example cited in the 2002 decisions of "Goodwin vs. United Kingdom in the European Court of Human Rights" and the 2003 decision "Circuit Court of the Sixth Judicial Circuit In And For Pasco County, Florida in the United States of America in The Marriage of Kantaras case number 98-5375CA 511998DR00537WS". In both of these cases, the right to marry in their new gender was affirmed.

Background
At the time of Re Kevin, same-sex marriage was illegal in Australia. This case regards a transgender man, using the alias of Kevin for this trial, who had married his wife under the assumption that the definition of man included transgender men. The Attorney General affirmed that Kevin and his wife (alias Jennifer) were not legally able to get married as they had both been born female. The case went to court in Australian Family Court in 2001, with the parties being the Attorney General, Kevin, and the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. The Attorney General rested his case on the earlier ruling of Corbett v Corbett (Otherwise Ashley) (1971), which stated that gender was decided by biology at birth. The judge in this trial (Chisholm J)  determined that measure to be insufficient, as it ignored the role of social and psychological aspects of gender. Ultimately, Chisholm J ruled that Kevin was, in the modern definition of the word, a man. This ruling was later used to affirm in other cases worldwide the marriage of transsexual people as the gender they identify with.

Filing and Arguments
The issue in the case was the definition of the word "man" in terms of marriage. At the time of Re Kevin (2001), same sex marriage was still illegal in Australia. Kevin had been born female, but had identified as male since childhood. As an adult, Kevin attempted to get married but the Attorney General appealed the marriage. He pointed to the earlier ruling of Corbett v Corbett (Otherwise Ashley) (1971), which ruled that sex is determined at birth by chromosomes, gonads and genitals. The judge in that ruling, Omrod J, decided that a transgender male could not fulfill the role of a wife. The Attorney General attempted to use this ruling in the case of Re Kevin. Kevin and the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission brought forth evidence to counter this. They based their arguments on proving to the judge that Kevin was, in all aspects of his life, male. Kevin had, at the time of his marriage, had surgeries to remove both primary and secondary female sexual characteristics, as well as hormone therapy. After these surgeries, Kevin had applied to the Registrar of Births, Deaths, and Marriages to have his sex legally changed. Additionally, for the trial, Kevin spoke to several psychologists to affirm that he identified as male. In court, the Judge heard from a total of four doctors and thirty nine other witnesses (twenty three of which were family or friends of Kevin, and sixteen of which were his colleagues). These witnesses spoke to the fact that Kevin was perceived as male in all aspects of his life. The case ultimately came down to the interpretation of the word "Man" in terms of marriage. Chisholm J had to decide whether to stand behind the finding of Corbett v Corbett, or whether to accept that the modern interpretation of the word man includes transgender individuals.

Holding
Chisholm J had to make his ruling based not only on Kevin's identity, but on the meaning of the statute and the past ruling of Corbett v Corbett. In this trial, the Attorney General based most of his argument on the ruling of Corbett. As such, the judge had to examine it to decide if the ruling was applicable to this case. Ultimately he decided to overrule Corbett, coming to the decision that marriage is not purely sexual, and that the ability to bear children isn't required. He also ruled that the ruling of Corbett ignored the psychological and social impact of gender. Ultimately, he found that Corbett was not applicable to Re Kevin. The last component of Chisholm J's decision was the constitution, which he decided was up to modern interpretation. Since the common definition of "Man" in Australia in 2001 included a post-operation transsexual man, then it followed that the constitution must include that in terms of marriage. For these reasons, it was ruled that Kevin's marriage was valid as he was male at the time of the marriage.

Social Implications
There were broader social implications of this case than just the ruling for Kevin and Jennifer. One key point of contention in the trial was the use of the term Transsexual. The judge felt the term to be dehumanizing, and he felt that since Kevin had always identified as male, that the term was not quite accurate. However, this case took place before the popularization of the word transgender, and as such the judge used transsexual but acknowledged the issues of the word in the official trial documents. Another issue was the trial as a whole. This was a landmark case. Australia had never seen a decision that affirmed the rights of transgender people to marry as the gender they identify as. In fact, most places world-wide had not seen a decision that did that. This trial marked a victory for equal rights. This case has since been referenced in many cases worldwide, helping to allow transgender people to marry as their preferred gender.

See also
 Transgender rights in Australia
 List of transgender-related topics
 Legal aspects of transsexualism

References

External links
Kevin and the validity of marriage | Full text of the case
Re Kevin in Perspective - Deakin Law Review, 2004

Marriage case law
2001 in case law
2001 in Australian law
2001 in LGBT history
Australian family law
Same-sex marriage in Australia
Transgender marriage
Transgender case law in Australia

Re Kevin – validity of marriage of transsexual


Robert J. Weber (born April, 1947) is the Frederic E. Nemmers Distinguished Professor of Decision Sciences at the J.L. Kellogg Graduate School of Management, Northwestern University.

Biography

Education
Weber received his bachelor's degree in mathematics in 1969 from Princeton University, and both his MS in 1972 and Ph.D. in 1974 in operations research from Cornell University.

Career
Weber became a faculty member at Yale University, where he belonged to the Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics and the Yale School of Management. In 1979 he moved to Northwestern.
Weber's general area of research is game theory, with a primary focus on the effects of private information in competitive settings. Much of his research has been centered on the theory and practice of competitive bidding and auction design. His 1982 paper, "A Theory of Auctions and Competitive Bidding", co-authored with Paul Milgrom, is considered a seminal work in the field. In that paper the authors analyzed auctions with interdependent values, and introduced the linkage principle. He served as an external consultant on a 1985 project leading to revisions in the procedures used to auction petroleum extraction leases on the U.S. outer continental shelf, and he co-organized (with representatives of the Federal Reserve Board and the U.S. Treasury) the 1992 public forum which led to changes in the way the Treasury auctions its debt issues. Since 1993, he has represented private clients during both the rule-making and bidding phases of the FCC's sale of licenses of spectrum for the provision of personal communications services.

In the early 1970s, Weber proposed an alternative to the traditional "plurality rule" for elections involving more than two candidates. This alternative, which he named "approval voting", a multi-candidate binary rating system of social choice, has generated a substantial body of research, has been adopted by a number of professional organizations, and has been used in several public elections. His later work in this area includes "A Theory of Voting Equilibria", co-authored with Roger Myerson. For a summary see "Approval Voting".

Weber has also conducted research on negotiation and arbitration. Among his activities have been preparation of a research survey for the American Arbitration Association, and development of classroom materials for the National Institute for Dispute Resolution. He is a founding member of the Center for Research on Dispute Resolution at Northwestern University, and has served on the editorial board of the International Journal of Game Theory. In 1990 he was designated the outstanding professor of the year by the students in Kellogg's Managers' Program, and in 1998 he received the Sidney J. Levy Teaching Award. In 2008, he was chosen as Alumni Professor of the Year.

External links
 Personal Website

References

1947 births
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Cornell University College of Engineering alumni
Living people
Kellogg School of Management faculty
American operations researchers
Princeton University faculty
Yale University faculty

Robert J. Weber


Maria da Conceição de Deus Lima (born December 8, 1961 in Santana), also known as Conceição Lima, is a Santomean poet.

Biography
Lima is from the town of Santana in São Tomé, one of two islands in the small nation of São Tomé and Príncipe situated in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western coast of Africa. She studied journalism in Portugal and worked in radio, television and in the print press in her native country. In 1993, Conceição Lima founded the weekly independent publication O País Hoje (The Country Today) which she directed and wrote for during its circulation. She received a degree in Afro-Portuguese and Brazilian Studies from King's College in London. Lima resides in London where she works as a journalist and producer for the BBC Portuguese Language Services. Her poetry has been published in newspapers, magazines, and anthologies in several countries. O Útero da Casa was her first book of poetry and was published in 2004 in Lisbon by the Portuguese publishing house Caminho. Her second book (also poetry), A Dolorosa Raiz do Micondó, was released in 2006 by the same publisher. Some of her work has been translated into English by the Poetry Translation Centre in London.

Lima is a postcolonial writer, one of the few poets who came of age after the independence of her country in 1975. She started writing poems as a teenager and, in 1979, at the age of nineteen, traveled to Angola where she participated in the Sixth Conference of Afro-Asian Writers. She recited some of her poems and was probably one of the youngest participants present. Conceição Lima considers this to be the first phase of her career as a poet. The second phase of her career started with the publication of her poems in newspapers, magazines and anthologies.  Additionally some of her work has been translated into English by the Poetry Translation Centre in London.

Familiar influences

In 2009, Conceição Lima traveled to Póvoa de Varzim (Portugal) and visited the Colégio de Amorim where she shared with students stories of her childhood and memories of family members who influenced her the most. She remembered her father and confessed that he was the one who taught her the power of words. When she was a child, her dad would compose music for her mother when she was mad at him. As a child, Conceição soon realized that words have the power to bring peace because her mom would make amends with him. However, she also realized that words can hurt; after all, it was her father's words that had caused her mom to be upset in the first place. Lima also revealed that her father always knew she would be a poet because of her very vivid and creative imagination.

Literary works
2011 O País de Akendenguê [The Country of Akendegué] (2011), Camelho
Quando Florirem Salambás no Tecto do Pico (2015)

Poetry
O Útero da Casa (2004)
A Dolorosa Raiz do Micondó (2006)

Critical interpretations

Conceição Lima's poetry has been praised by the literary critic and writer Inocência Mata who is also from São Tomé and Príncipe. According to Mata, Conceição Lima's poetry is a conscious voice that addresses Europe with an accusation of the suffering that has occurred for centuries in Santomean society, with its history of slavery and colonialism. Her poetry also voices the disillusion and unhappiness with the unrealized ideals of her country in the post-independence period, which instead has been marked by a climate of repression, anxiety, and fear.

References

1961 births
Living people
People from Cantagalo District
São Tomé and Príncipe poets
São Tomé and Príncipe women writers
Alumni of King's College London
São Tomé and Príncipe women poets
21st-century poets
20th-century poets
20th-century women writers
21st-century women writers

Conceição Lima


Joseph Henri Picard (February 18, 1857 – May 23, 1934) was a politician in Alberta, Canada and a municipal councillor in Edmonton.

Picard was born in Saint-Jean-de-Matha, Canada East, on February 18, 1857. He apprenticed as a carpenter before coming west in 1884 to Fort Qu'Appelle and then Regina. In Calgary, he met Father Albert Lacombe, who suggested to him that he move to Edmonton, which he did in 1887. Once in Edmonton, he opened a general store, Larue & Picard; it was sold in 1907 when both he and his partner retired.

In 1903, he married Martine Voyer. The couple had two sons.

His political career began in 1894 when he was elected as an alderman to Edmonton Town Council, finishing fifth of nine candidates in an election in which the top six were elected. He was re-elected in 1895, but defeated in 1896, placing seventh of eight candidates. He placed dead last of nine candidates in the following election, but returned to council in 1897, placing third of nine candidates.

In 1898, when staggered aldermanic terms were introduced, the top three finishers in the election were elected to two year terms, while the bottom three were elected to one year terms. Picard was one of the latter, and ceased to be an alderman in 1899. His next attempt at election took place in 1902, when he placed last of five candidates. He was elected again in 1903, finishing third of nine and being elected to a two-year term. However, this term was truncated when Edmonton became a city in 1904 and a new, eight member city council was elected. In that year's election, Picard finished sixth of seventeen candidates, and was elected to another one year term (the top four candidates won two year terms). He was re-elected to a two-year term in 1905, placing fourth of ten candidates.

At the expiration of this term in 1907, Picard ran for mayor, but was defeated by John Alexander McDougall. He stayed out of politics for seven years thereafter.

In 1914, Picard returned to office, finishing fourth of fourteen candidates. However, he was defeated in his 1916 re-election bid, finishing seventh of eleven candidates. This marked the end of his career in municipal politics.

Joseph Henri Picard was a member of the Catholic school board from 1899 until 1925, and was also active with the Board of Trade, the Catholic Mutual Benefit Association, the Edmonton Club, the Edmonton Exhibition Board, l'Alliance Française, La Société Saint-Jean Baptiste, La Société du Parler Français, and the Liberal Party of Alberta.

Picard died May 23, 1934. École J. H. Picard School in Edmonton is named in his honour.

References
Edmonton Public Library Biography of Joseph Henri Picard
City of Edmonton biography of Joseph Henri Picard
J. H. Picard School biography of Joseph Henri Picard

1857 births
1934 deaths
Edmonton city councillors
Franco-Albertan people
People from Lanaudière

Joseph Henri Picard


Eschatological verification describes a process whereby a proposition can be verified after death. A proposition such as "there is an afterlife" is verifiable if true but not falsifiable if false (if it's false, the individual will not know it's false, because they have no state of being). The term is most commonly used in relation to God and the afterlife, although there may be other propositions - such as moral propositions - which may also be verified after death.

John Hick has expressed the premise as an allegory of a quest to a Celestial City. In this parable, a theist and an atheist are both walking down the same road. The theist believes there is a destination, the atheist believes there is not. If they reach the destination, the theist will have been proven right; but if there is no destination on an endless road, this can never be verified. This is an attempt to explain how a theist expects some form of life or existence after death and an atheist does not. They both have separate belief systems and live life accordingly, but logically one is right and the other is not. If the theist is right, he will be proven so when he arrives in the afterlife. But if the atheist is right, they will simply both be dead and nothing will be verified.

This acts as a response to Verificationism. Under Hick's analogy claims about the afterlife are verifiable in principle because the truth becomes clear after death. To some extent it is therefore wrong to claim that religious language cannot be verified because it can (when you're dead).

Sources
Alston, William P. "Functionalism and Theological Language." In Divine Nature and Human Language: Essays in Philosophical Theology. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989a. 33–34.
Hick, John H. Faith and Knowledge. 2nd ed. London, UK: Macmillan, 1988. 177–178.
Hick, John H. Philosophy or Religion. 4th ed. London, UK: Prentice Hall, 1990. 82–89, also see 135–136.
"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy". 2006. University of Tennessee, Martin. 21 June 2008 http://www.iep.utm.edu.

Eschatology
Meaning in religious language
1988 introductions
Epistemology of religion
Concepts in epistemology
Philosophy of religion
Belief

Eschatological verification


Andrejs Grants (born March 7, 1955) is a Latvian photographer and teacher. He studied at the Latvian State University (1973–78), worked in the "Ogre" photo studio (1978–1988). From 1979 he is a teacher at the House of Technical Innovation in Riga, where he gained his reputation as an influential photography teacher of many Latvian contemporary photographers, film-makers and artists, such as Ritums Ivanovs, Arnis Balčus and Gints Bērziņš. At "Ogre" photo studio he formed an informal group "A" with photographers Inta Ruka, Valts Kleins and Gvido Kajons. Having influences by documentary photographers, such as Henri Cartier-Bresson and Robert Frank, group "A" used a reportage style to document everyday life of Soviet Latvia, very often creating photographs full of criticism. Andrejs Grants gained international recognition by collaborating with group "A" ideological leader Egons Spuris' widow Inta Ruka. Their project "Latvia: Changing and Unchanging Reality" has been shown internationally. Similar to Ruka's work, Andrejs Grants' main theme are the people in Latvia. His photographs record a variety of Latvian people of different social levels, professions, nationalities, generations, people in their usual surroundings – in the city or countryside, at work or at home, in festivities or alone. In 2002 a monography "Andrejs Grants" was released by Neputns with a selection of his best work.

External links
 Camp museum
 Latvian photographers
 Exhibition in Ireland
 Info on the show Stories about Riga

1955 births
Living people
Latvian photographers
University of Latvia alumni
Artists from Riga

Andrejs Grants


TONO is a Norwegian corporation that administers copyrights for music in Norway.

It is owned and governed by its members; composers, music publishers and text-writers. Through the managing agreement the originators give TONO an exclusive right to administer the members' performing rights in Norway.

By 2006 the number of members reached about 14,000, through agreements of reciprocation with about 60 other corporations, organised under the umbrella-organisation CISAC. TONO de facto manages the whole world-repertoire. TONO was originally created in 1928 under the name of Norsk Komponistforenings Internasjonale Musikkbyrå. Managing of mechanical rights is transferred to NCB, Nordisk Copyright Byrå.

Norway has ratified the Berne Convention protecting literary and artistic productions. Furthermore, the convention's articles are continued in Norwegian law through Lov om opphavsrett til åndsverk 12. mai Nr.2 1961 (åndsverkloven). The law provides the originator an exclusive right to make productions accessible to an audience. Thereby also granting the originator an exclusive right to consent in public use of his or hers productions. According to the law the production is made accessible when it is performed publicly. An important principle of the Berne Convention is that foreign originators, whose country has ratified the convention, as the same protection has national originators.

On this legal background TONO collects amends for broadcasting and other public use of musical productions. Responsible for paying the fee is the person responsible for making the production accessible to the public. The fees are then distributed to each originator individually. The deductions are made possible by reports made by those responsible for making the productions accessible. The reports contain information of the productions that have been used as well as frequency. As a result of TONO being a non-profit organisation, over 80% of the total income is transferred to the originators. The net result transferred to the originators in 2005 was .

See also
ASCAP
Norwaco

References

External links
Website (in Norwegian)

Music licensing organizations
Music organisations based in Norway
Musical groups established in 1928
Companies based in Oslo
Norwegian companies established in 1928

TONO


Daniel Cooper (1785 – 3 November 1853) was a convict transported to New South Wales who became a successful merchant, financier, shipowner and shipping agent.

Transported in 1815, he received a conditional pardon in 1818 and an absolute pardon in 1821. He married in 1819, to convict Hannah Dodd. His first business interests were a general store, an adjoining inn, a small investment in shipping, and a brewery. His fortune developed when he became a partner in the firm of Hutchinson, Terry and Co., (also known as the Waterloo Co.) and in 1825 he and Solomon Levey became the sole owners of the firm, which became generally known as Cooper and Levey. The firm continued to have spectacular success, expanding into importing a full range of goods, pioneering the export of Australian wool, and investing in whaling and sealing expeditions. The firm's ships visited many parts of the coast of New Zealand, and other places such as Tahiti. Port Cooper and Port Levy on Banks Peninsula were named for them but the former was renamed Port Victoria by the surveyors of the Canterbury Association, though it subsequently became known as Lyttelton Harbour, after its port town, Lyttelton. Among other properties, the firm acquired the estate of Captain John Piper, which included more than  at Woollahra and Rose Bay.

He built Cleveland House in Surry Hills in about 1823–24.

In 1826 Levey left Sydney for England to further the firm's business interests. While he was there, he became involved with Thomas Peel in the colonisation of Western Australia, which was a financial disaster for him, and did not return. Cooper continued to manage the firm. Cooper also built up a personal fortune in real estate, independent of his interest in the firm. He countered the efforts of the Bank of New South Wales to force his firm out of the banking business, and was elected a Governor of the Bank in 1828. In October 1831 Cooper sailed for England. He undertook a general supervision of the firm from England, and appointed managers in Sydney. He died at Brighton, England, on 3 November 1853. His third wife Alice survived him. He had no children but had taken great interest in the education and business training of a nephew who bore his own name (later Sir Daniel Cooper, baronet) and this nephew was his major heir. His nephew became the speaker for the first parliament of New South Wales.

References

British emigrants to Australia
1785 births
1853 deaths
Convicts transported to Australia
Australian people in whaling
Australian ship owners
Sealers
Australian bankers
19th-century Australian businesspeople

Daniel Cooper (convict and merchant)


Mack Magaha (August 1, 1929 – August 15, 2003) was an American bluegrass fiddler best known as a member of Porter Wagoner's band, and a long-time backup player in the pioneering bluegrass band, Reno and Smiley.

Music career
In 1955, Magaha joined Reno and Smiley as a member of the Tennessee Cutups. Together with Don Reno he wrote the popular song "I know You're Married But I Love You Still" which was recorded by Reno & Smiley. It was later covered by artists such as Bill Anderson, Rodney Crowell, Jan Howard, Patty Loveless, Jimmy Martin, Red Sovine, and Travis Tritt. In 1964, he joined Porter Wagoner's Wagonmasters. During the 1960s, he worked as an old-time fiddler on The Porter Wagoner Show and later worked with the aspiring female star on the show, Dolly Parton.  Among the later songs Magaha wrote, "We'll Get Ahead Someday" provided a top-ten country single for Wagoner and Parton in 1968, one of their first duet hits.

He became a regular performer at the theme park Opryland USA in the 1970s. He died at age 74 at Nashville's Veterans Hospital.

Magaha was known as Nashville's Dancing Fiddle Man. Magaha, like Curly Ray Cline, had a fiery stage presence doing his dancelike movements while he was fiddling.

Notes

References
 Black, Bob (2005), Come Hither To Go Yonder: Playing Bluegrass With Bill Monroe, University of Illinois Press
 Ledgin, Stephanie P. (2004), Homegrown Music: Discovering Bluegrass, Greenwood Publishing Group
 Malone, Bill C. (2002), Country Music U.S.A., University of Texas Press
 Tribe, Ivan M. (2006), Country: A Regional Exploration, Greenwood Publishing Group

External links
 http://www.cmt.com/news/news-in-brief/1476968/funeral-services-held-for-fiddler-mack-magaha.jhtml

1929 births
2003 deaths
American bluegrass fiddlers
20th-century American musicians

Mack Magaha


Fighter Pilot: Operation Red Flag is an IMAX film centered on the experiences of a USAF F-15 Eagle fighter pilot, then-Captain John Stratton, who wants to be professionally successful as a fighter pilot. It chronicles his experience during USAF Red Flag training at Nellis AFB, a simulated air war designed to train pilots for combat. Directed by Stephen Low and presented by Boeing, the film shows how airmen simulate a war without killing one another, as well as the training of military air base firemen, military ordnance crews, midair refueling operations, cockpit views, and other aspects of aerial combat. The film was released in December 2004.

War simulation
The exercise simulates an air war without firing actual weapons using NACTS (Nellis Air Combat Training System). The participating aircraft, carrying specialized telemetry pods or other equipment, send back telemetry information to computer, and when they have "fired," the computer figures out who is "hit."  Color codes during computer replay debriefs offer a way of telling participants apart, with blue planes representing friendly forces and red planes representing enemy forces in the exercise.

Reception
Fighter Pilot was met with mixed reviews. Robert Koehler of Variety gave the film an unfavorable review, saying, "Presumably, the greatest strength of an Imax format film about flying would be placing viewers in the cockpit and immersing eyes and ears in the total flight experience. Director Stephen Low is either unable or unwilling to do this." Bruce Westbook of the Houston Chronicle commented on his review that "the crisp military teams are inspiring, showing fierce dedication and camaraderie. Fighter Pilot should set minds at ease that businesslike experts defend our skies. But it plays more like a recruitment film than an eye-popping IMAX experience." The film is currently rated at 56% on Rotten Tomatoes.

References

External links
Official site

2004 films
2004 documentary films
American short documentary films
Documentary films about military aviation
Documentary films about the United States Air Force
Short films directed by Stephen Low
Films set in Nevada
Films shot in Nevada
IMAX short films
IMAX documentary films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
English-language documentary films

Fighter Pilot: Operation Red Flag


Brodie Creek is a traditional residential neighborhood in west Little Rock, Arkansas with close proximity to Interstate 430, Bowman Rd, Kanis Rd, Chenal Pkwy, and Col Glenn Rd.

Brodie Creek has about 80 uniquely-designed homes along tree-lined streets, all radiating from a central, open green space and pavilion. Houses range from 1,800 to 4,000 square feet, all meeting strict architectural standards set by the original town architect, John Allison. The majority of homes feature large front porches and rear-facing garages, accessed via private alleyways.

Brodie Creek adjoins Woodlands Edge on its west side, Sandpiper Creek to the east, Cherry Creek to the north, and Colonel Glenn to the south.  Portions of the Financial Centre business district, Baptist/Kanis Road medical district, and Chenal Valley lie to the north.

The neighborhood lies within the zoning area for Baker Elementary, and Joe T. Robinson Middle School and High School.

References

External links
 Brodie Creek Neighborhood official website
 Brodie Creek Property Owners Association Facebook page for POA members

Neighborhoods in Little Rock, Arkansas

Brodie Creek


Dance Theatre of Harlem (DTH) is an American professional ballet company and school based in Harlem, New York City. It was founded in 1969 under the directorship of Arthur Mitchell and later partnered with Karel Shook. Milton Rosenstock served as the company's music director from 1981 to 1992. The DTH is renowned for being both "the first Black classical ballet company", and "the first major ballet company to prioritize Black dancers".

History
Arthur Mitchell, the first African-American principal dancer in a major ballet company (New York City Ballet), was sent to Brazil by the United States government to start up the National Ballet of Brazil. While on his way to the airport, he was shocked to hear news of the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
In conjunction with the civil rights movement, King's death inspired Mitchell to forgo his plans in Brazil. Instead, he would found a classical ballet school for the children of Harlem, the poor and predominantly black New York neighborhood where he was raised. Karel Shook, the first ballet teacher and a former ballet master at Dutch National Ballet, agreed to later partner with him. At the time, Shook was the best and only teacher of European descent willing to train African Americans in classical technique.

In the beginning, space at Church of the Master was used to hold classes. Soon afterwards, Mitchell would make a down payment on a disused garage at 466 West 152nd Street and convert it into the headquarters that still house the company today. Initially founded only as a school, Dance Theatre of Harlem as a company of African American ballet dancers was born out a necessity to match funds that had been contributed towards the school's existence. The only way to accomplish this was by earning revenue through performances. Following the original blueprints set forth by his mentor George Balanchine, Mitchell groomed the school's top talent as a group of performers. Though officially incorporated in 1969, Dance Theatre of Harlem would make its official debut with a public performance on January 8, 1971, at New York Guggenheim Museum, with three chamber ballets choreographed by Mitchell. During that opening season, the company's repertory was supplemented with several ballets by Balanchine and Jerome Robbins; in support of Mitchell's vision and company's future, Balanchine had given Mitchell access to all of his ballets.

DTH would make its European debut at the Spoleto Festival in 1971. The company produced its first full season in 1974. That same year, the company debuted at Sadler's Wells Theatre. In 1984, Dance Theatre of Harlem premiered its most famous work, Creole Giselle (restaged by Frederic Franklin), which was set in the 1840s Louisiana Bayou. In 1988 DTH embarked on a five-week tour of the USSR, playing sold-out performances in Moscow, Tbilisi, and Leningrad, where the company received a standing ovation at the famed Kirov Theatre. In 1992, the company toured to South Africa in the "Dancing Through Barriers" tour that gave birth to the outreach program of the same name that still continues to operate. South African Suite, a collaboration with the Soweto String Quartet, was created after the company's visit to South Africa and became a staple in the repertoire of the company for years to come.

In 1997 during negotiations between management and the American Guild of Musical Artists to renew the terms of the existing AGMA contract, the company's dancers went on strike. After much deliberation, the company and the dancers reached an agreement. During the company's 30th anniversary season, Dance Theatre of Harlem and Mitchell were inducted into the National Museum of Dance and the Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney Hall of Fame in Saratoga Springs, New York.

In 2000 The Dance Theater of Harlem participated in Symphony Space's "Wall to Wall Balanchine" concert in conjunction with City Ballet's Balanchine centennial.  In the fall of 2000, with the leadership of the U.S. State Department, Council of Foreign Affairs and Secretary of State Madelaine Albright, Dance Theatre of Harlem made its inaugural tour to China performing in Beijing and Shanghai. This tour was considered a cultural exchange following the lifting of the U.S. economic boycott of China.  FedEx was a corporate sponsor providing freight forwarding and United Airlines provided air transportation sponsorship for the company and staff. Janet Lee was a local promoter based in Shanghai that assisted in ticket sales and company performance fees.  In mid-2004 the Dance Theatre of Harlem Company was put on hiatus due to severe financial constraints within the organization. The announcement was made by Arthur Mitchell at a press conference. The financial issues stemmed from significant funding for the Smuin ballet, "St. Louis Woman." In 2006 President George W. Bush honored Dance Theatre of Harlem at the White House for an evening of performances given by the DTH Ensemble and former company members.
In February 2009 Dance Theatre of Harlem celebrated its 40th anniversary. From 2009 to 2012, The Dance Theatre of Harlem Ensemble, a second company that developed from the professional training program of the DTH school, toured nationally and internationally, under the auspices of Dance For America.

In 2011, Virginia Johnson, a founding dancer and former prima ballerina of the company, was named Artistic Director with Arthur Mitchell becoming Artistic Director Emeritus. In 2012, following an eight-year hiatus, Johnson returned Dance Theatre of Harlem to full company status. Since the return of the Dance Theatre of Harlem as a full company, Johnson has commissioned world premieres from Helen Pickett, John Alleyne, Tanya Wideman-Davis and Thaddeus Davis, Darrell Grand Moultrie, and Robert Garland. The new Dance Theatre of Harlem company has also presented ballets by George Balanchine, Nacho Duato, Donald Byrd, Ulysses Dove, Christopher Huggins and Alvin Ailey, among others. The company has held its subsequent seasons at The Rose Theater at Jazz at Lincoln Center and at New York City Center.

The Dance Theatre of Harlem touring exhibition, Dance Theatre of Harlem: 40 Years of Firsts premiered at the California African American Museum in Los Angeles in April 2010.  This upgraded touring version of the original exhibition at the NY Public Library went on to tour throughout the U.S. until January 2018. 'Dance Theatre of Harlem: 40 Years of Firsts' recalls a groundbreaking history

DTH's archives, created and processed with assistance from the Dance Heritage Coalition, hold many important documents from the company's history. These include photographs of the backstage visit by Nelson Mandela during the historic DTH tour to Johannesburg, South Africa, a handwritten score by Karel Shook, and designs by Salvatore Ferragamo. In 2013, the DTH archives received a Sustaining Cultural Heritage Collections grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities to support the improvement of sustainable preservation measures for the DTH archival collection.

Former principal and notable dancers

 Karen KB Brown
 Fredrick Davis
 Michaela DePrince
 Chyrstyn Fentroy
 Alicia Graf Mack
 Alicia Holloway
 Virginia Johnson
 Stephanie Dabney
 Robert Garland (Resident Choreographer)
 Melanie Person
 Ingrid Silva
 Llanchie Stevenson
 Mel Tomlinson
 Rasta Thomas
 Eric Underwood
 China White

Outreach work
The Dance Theatre of Harlem School offers training to more than 1,000 young people annually with its community program called Dancing Through Barriers, open to any child who wants to study dance. The company's Dancing Through Barriers Ensemble does outreach throughout the US. It accepts pre-school children up to senior citizens. The school offers specializations in children's movement, European ballet, choreography, and musicology.

Dance Theatre of Harlem now has a Pre-Professional Residency program at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C., for dancers aged from eight to 18. If accepted, the students meet every Saturday, October through April, and work with DTH resident choreographer Robert Garland. The program includes four levels from beginner to advanced for both ladies and gentlemen of the DC metro area. In April, the program culminates with a performance on the Kennedy Center's Concert Hall stage as a part of the Millennium Stage series.

Though the company ceased performing in 2004 due to budgetary constraints, during that hiatus the Dancing Though Barriers Ensemble continued its community outreach as the only performing entity of the organization. From 2012 to 2017 Roberto Villanueva served as the director of Dancing Through the Barriers, greatly expanding the program's presence throughout New York.

References

Further reading
Koegler, Horst, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Ballet, Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1982, 0-19-311325-2

External links
Dance Theatre of Harlem official website.
Archival footage of Artistic Director of Dance Theatre of Harlem, Virginia Johnson, discussing the DTH version of Giselle at a 2010 Jacob's Pillow Dance Festival PillowTalk.
Archival footage of Dance Theatre of Harlem performing in Alvin Ailey's The Lark Ascending in 2013 at Jacob's Pillow Dance Festival.
Dance Theatre of Harlem company profile at World Wide Dance UK.
"Talking with Dance Theatre of Harlem's co-founder Arthur Mitchell", L.A. Times Arts and Culture, July 6, 2010.
"Arthur Mitchell & Dance Theatre of Harlem Ballet", documentar. YouTube.
Archival footage of Dance Theatre of Harlem performing Episode at Jacob's Pillow, 6/25/2010
Documentary: Dance in America: Dance Theatre of Harlem (1977) - originally aired by KCET.
Arthur Mitchell, pioneer of Dance | African American Registry
 Arthur Mitchell: Harlem's Ballet Trailblazer, Wallach Art Gallery, Columbia University (2018)

1969 establishments in New York City
Performing groups established in 1969
Ballet companies in the United States
Dance education in the United States
Dance companies in New York City
Hamilton Heights, Manhattan

Dance Theatre of Harlem


Maria Berger (born 19 August 1956 in Perg, Upper Austria) is an Austrian politician and currently Judge at the European Court of Justice. She previously served as a Member of the European Parliament and Austria's Minister of Justice.

Education
 Doctor of Law, Innsbruck University (1979)

Early career
 University assistant (1979–1984)
 Official at the Federal Ministry of Science and Research (1984–1988)
 Head of the European Integration Department of the Federal Chancellor's Office (1989–1993)
 Directorship post in the EFTA Surveillance Authority in Brussels (1993–1994)
 Vice-President of the University of Krems (1995–1996)
 Federal Chairman of the Young Generation in the SPÖ (1984–1987)
 Member of the Land party committee of the SPÖ in Upper Austria (since 2004)

Political career
Berger was a Member of the European Parliament since 1996, interrupted by her tenure as Austrian Justice Minister (20072008). She was also the leader of the Social Democratic Party delegation  which is part of the Party of European Socialists, and served on the European Parliament's Committee on Legal Affairs. On the committee, she served as her parliamentary group's coordinator. In addition, she later also was a member of the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety and the parliament's delegation to the ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly.

Berger was also a substitute for the Committee on Constitutional Affairs, a member of the delegation for relations with the countries of South Asia and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, and a substitute for the delegation for relations with Canada.

In January 2007 Berger was appointed as Justice Minister in the government of Alfred Gusenbauer as Chancellor of Austria. After leaving office in December 2008 she returned to serve in the European Parliament till July 2009. Since October 2009 she is a member of the European Court of Justice.

Recognition
 Honorary medal of the International Mauthausen Committee, National Order of the Republic of Lithuania

See also
 List of members of the European Court of Justice

References

External links
 European Parliament biography
 Declaration of financial interests (in German; PDF file)

1956 births
Living people
People from Perg District
Justice ministers of Austria
Social Democratic Party of Austria MEPs
MEPs for Austria 1999–2004
MEPs for Austria 2004–2009
MEPs for Austria 1996–1999
European Court of Justice judges
Austrian judges
Austrian women judges
20th-century women MEPs for Austria
21st-century women MEPs for Austria
Women government ministers of Austria
Austrian judges of international courts and tribunals
Female justice ministers

Maria Berger


Dalton Prejean (December 10, 1959 – May 18, 1990) was one of 22 people in the United States executed for crimes committed as a juvenile prior to the decision Roper v. Simmons in 2005. He was tried, convicted, and executed in the electric chair in Louisiana for the murder of Louisiana State Police Trooper Donald Cleveland.

The case received international attention because the defendant was a black man convicted by an all-white jury; had brain damage and tested just above mental retardation; and was age 17 at the time of the crime.

Prejean's son, Dalton Prejean Jr., born while his father was awaiting execution, was himself convicted of the 2001 death of a 14-month old baby. Prejean Jr. is currently serving a 60-year sentence in the same prison his father was executed in.

Background
Prejean was the second of four children. When he was two weeks old his parents sent him from their home in Lafayette to live with his aunt and uncle in Houston, Texas. Dalton was unaware of his true parentage until the age of eleven. When Dalton's father left his mother and moved to Houston, the aunt decided that Dalton had to be told that he was not her child. Around this time, he began creating problems of an unknown nature, and was sent to live with his mother in Lafayette.

Dalton began skipping his school classes following his return to Lafayette. In March 1972, he was committed to the Louisiana Training Institute for truancy at the insistence of his mother. Released only seven months later, he soon came into conflict with the authorities on charges of burglary, theft, and "false firearms." In March 1974, he was committed to the Lafayette Juvenile Youth Authority, a residential program for delinquents. He ran away from that facility after a month; upon his return, his commitment was terminated and he was released on probation to his mother.

In June 1974, Dalton was arrested for the killing of John Doucet, a taxi driver. Dalton admitted the killing and was committed once again to the Louisiana Training Institute. In a later statement about the incident, Dalton stated that he and two friends called a cab with the intention of robbing the driver. One of his companions was carrying a gun. The three directed the driver to a quiet part of town and persuaded him to stop while they searched for an address. Dalton insisted on taking the gun from his companion because the other youth appeared to be nervous. Dalton approached the driver, and believing that the driver was reaching for a gun of his own, fired twice and began running. While fleeing, he told a passerby to call an ambulance because someone had been shot. Dalton later turned himself in to the police and admitted that he had killed the driver.

A psychiatric evaluation of Dalton was performed in 1974. He was found to be intellectually limited and to have very poor judgment. Dalton was diagnosed as having borderline mental retardation, and it was questionable if he knew the difference between right and wrong. The psychiatrist considered the boy to be "a definite danger to himself and others, and his dream content suggests that it is a matter of accident that the cab driver was killed rather than the boy being killed. He is equally likely to get himself killed in the near future." The psychiatrist therefore recommended a lengthy confinement, followed by transfer to permanent facilities. The juvenile courts had jurisdiction over the defendant until he was 21. The doctor's recommendation would have served to keep the defendant confined until December 1980.

In 1976, however, another doctor conducted a psychiatric evaluation of the defendant and recommended that he be discharged. He concluded that the defendant's values had changed, but cautioned that "suitable conditions (should be) imposed to be sure he had adequate supervision and is going to live in a fairly stable environment." That doctor also suggested that fairly rigid probation requirements be imposed. On December 10, 1976, Prejean was released to the custody of his aunt in Houston, apparently without any probation requirements. Within seven months, Dalton was once more under arrest for murder.

Crime

At about five o'clock in the morning of July 2, 1977, Prejean, his brother Joseph, Michael George, and Michael Broussard left Roger's Nite Club in Lafayette Parish. The four had spent the night drinking in various lounges in the vicinity. They left Roger's Nite Club in a 1966 Chevrolet driven by Dalton, with his brother in the front seat and the other two in the back. The car's taillights were not working, and within a few hundred feet of the lounge, Trooper Cleveland, who was on his way to work driving his police vehicle, signaled the Chevrolet to stop. Prejean and his brother attempted to switch places in the front seat because the defendant had been driving without a license. The trooper noticed the switch and ordered the occupants out of the car. He told Michael George and Michael Broussard to get back in and began to search Joseph Prejean. Dalton Prejean, back in the car, stated in reaction to the trooper's pushing Joseph against the car, over Joseph's protest, "I don't like the way he's doing my brother." Dalton then took a .38 caliber revolver from under the car seat, got out of the car and approached the officer with the gun hidden against his leg. As he neared the trooper, he fired without warning. Trooper Cleveland was struck by two bullets and was killed. Dalton and his companions fled the scene but were apprehended several hours later.

Dalton was once again given psychological tests during pretrial confinement. On the basis of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale, the Stanford Binet Vocabulary Subtest and the Bender-Gestalt Test, Dr. William Hawkins determined that he functioned at the dull normal level in the verbal area, but in the borderline mental retardation area in the performance area. He had a verbal IQ of 82 and a performance IQ of 72. His full scale IQ is 76, with a full scale mental age of 13 years and six months.

Trial and appeals

Dalton Prejean was charged by grand jury indictment with first degree murder in violation of Louisiana Revised Statute 14:30. The trial was transferred from Lafayette Parish to Ouachita Parish because of pretrial publicity. After a three-day bifurcated trial beginning on May 1, 1978, a jury of twelve persons found the defendant guilty as charged and unanimously recommended that a death sentence be imposed. Prejean's defense lawyers appealed, citing mitigating factors of an IQ around 71, schizophrenia with two institutionalizations, and his abandonment as an infant.

The appeal reached the US Supreme Court in 1990; in November 1989 it had granted a stay on the eve of his scheduled execution. On April 17, 1990, the Court lifted the stay without comment. The European Parliament called for commutation of the sentence and a review of the evidence. A representative for Amnesty International said, "I doubt that in documented recent world history there is an execution [with] such a pile of reasons not to do it."

Louisiana Governor Buddy Roemer declined to commute the death sentence to life in prison, rejecting the recommendation of the parole board. "On behalf of 780 state troopers, and thousands of police officers who put their lives on the line every day, the execution will proceed."

Execution

On May 18, 1990, Prejean was executed in the electric chair at Louisiana State Penitentiary at Angola.

His final statement was:

Nothing is going to be accomplished. I have peace with myself. I'd like to thank all of those who supported me all these years. I'd also like to thank my loved ones for being strong. . . . My son will be a better person for not letting something like this bring down his life. . . . Keep strong, keep pushing, keep praying. They said it wasn't for the revenge, but it's hard for me to see, to understand. I hope they're happy. So I forfeit my life. I give my love to all. God bless.

See also
 Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States
 Capital punishment in Louisiana
 Capital punishment in the United States
 List of people executed in Louisiana
 Roper v. Simmons: 2005 U.S. Supreme Court ruling that the execution of those under 18 (at the time of committing the capital crime) is unconstitutional.
 Thompson v. Oklahoma: 1988 U.S. Supreme Court ruling that the execution of those who committed their crime when under the age of 16 is unconstitutional.

References

 State v. Prejean, 379 So.2d 240 (La., 1979.)

1959 births
1990 deaths
Minors convicted of murder
American male criminals
American people executed for murdering police officers
20th-century executions of American people
20th-century executions by Louisiana
People executed by Louisiana by electric chair
Executed African-American people
People convicted of murder by Louisiana
Juvenile offenders executed by the United States
People from Lafayette, Louisiana
People with schizophrenia
Executed people from Louisiana

Dalton Prejean