Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia (;  – 17 July 1918) was the youngest daughter of Tsar Nicholas II, the last sovereign of Imperial Russia, and his wife, Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna.

Anastasia was the younger sister of Grand Duchesses Olga, Tatiana, and Maria, and was the elder sister of Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia. She was killed with her family by a group of Bolsheviks in Yekaterinburg on 17 July 1918.

Persistent rumors of her possible escape circulated after her death, fueled by the fact that the location of her burial was unknown during the decades of communist rule. The abandoned mine serving as a mass grave near Yekaterinburg which held the acidified remains of the Tsar, his wife, and three of their daughters was revealed in 1991. These remains were put to rest at Peter and Paul Fortress in 1998. The bodies of Alexei and the remaining daughter—either Anastasia or her older sister Maria—were discovered in 2007. Her purported survival has been conclusively disproven. Scientific analysis including DNA testing confirmed that the remains are those of the imperial family, showing that all four grand duchesses were killed in 1918.

Several women falsely claimed to have been Anastasia; the best known impostor was Anna Anderson. Anderson's body was cremated upon her death in 1984; DNA testing in 1994 on pieces of Anderson's tissue and hair showed no relation to the Romanov family.

Biography

Early years

Anastasia was born on 18 June 1901. She was the fourth daughter of Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarina Alexandra. When she was born, her parents and extended family were disappointed that she was a girl. They had hoped for a son who would have become heir apparent to the throne. Her father went for a long walk to compose himself before going to visit his wife and their newborn child for the first time. Her paternal aunt Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia said, "My God! What a disappointment!... a fourth girl!" Her first cousin twice removed Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich wrote, "Forgive us, Lord, if we all felt disappointment instead of joy. We were so hoping for a boy, and it's a daughter." The travel writer Burton Holmes wrote, "Nicholas would part with half his Empire in exchange for one Imperial boy."

Anastasia was named for the fourth-century martyr St. Anastasia. "Anastasia" is a Greek name (Αναστασία), meaning "of the resurrection", a fact often alluded to later in stories about her rumored survival. Anastasia's title is most precisely translated as "Grand Princess". "Grand Duchess" became the most widely used translation of the title into English from Russian.

The Tsar's children were raised as simply as possible. They slept on hard camp cots without pillows, except when they were ill, took cold baths in the morning, and were expected to tidy their rooms and do needlework to be sold at various charity events when they were not otherwise occupied. Most in the household, including the servants, generally called the Grand Duchess by her first name and patronym, "Anastasia Nikolaevna", and did not use her title or style. She was occasionally called by the French version of her name, "Anastasie", or by the Russian nicknames "Nastya", "Nastas", or "Nastenka". Other family nicknames for Anastasia were "Malenkaya", meaning "little (one)" in Russian, or "Shvybzik", meaning "merry little one" or "little mischief" in German.

Anastasia and her older sister Maria were known within the family as "The Little Pair". The two girls shared a room, often wore variations of the same dress, and spent much of their time together. Their older sisters Olga and Tatiana also shared a room and were known as "The Big Pair". The four girls sometimes signed letters using the nickname OTMA, which derived from the first letters of their first names.

DNA testing on the remains of the royal family proved conclusively in 2009 that Anastasia's younger brother, Alexei, suffered from Hemophilia B, a rare form of the disease. His mother and one sister, identified alternatively as Maria or Anastasia, were carriers. Symptomatic carriers of the gene, while not hemophiliacs themselves, can have symptoms of hemophilia including a lower than normal blood-clotting factor that can lead to heavy bleeding. If Anastasia lived to have children of her own, it is genetically probable that they would have been afflicted by the disease.

Appearance and personality
Anastasia was short and inclined to be chubby, and she had blue eyes and blonde hair. Baroness Sophie Buxhoeveden, her mother's lady-in-waiting, reflected that "her features were regular and finely cut. She had fair hair, fine eyes, with impish laughter in their depths, and dark eyebrows that nearly met." Buxhoeveden believed that Anastasia resembled her mother, saying that she "was more like her mother's than her father's family."

Anastasia was a vivacious and energetic child. Margaretta Eagar, a governess to the four grand duchesses, said one person commented that the toddler Anastasia had the greatest personal charm of any child she had ever seen.

While often described as gifted and bright, she was never interested in the restrictions of the school room, according to her tutors Pierre Gilliard and Sydney Gibbes. Gibbes, Gilliard, and ladies-in-waiting Lili Dehn and Anna Vyrubova described Anastasia as lively, mischievous, and a gifted actress. Her sharp, witty remarks sometimes hit sensitive spots.

Anastasia's daring occasionally exceeded the limits of acceptable behavior. "She undoubtedly held the record for punishable deeds in her family, for in naughtiness she was a true genius", said Gleb Botkin, son of the court physician Yevgeny Botkin, who later died with the family at Yekaterinburg. Anastasia sometimes tripped the servants and played pranks on her tutors. As a child, she would climb trees and refuse to come down. Once, during a snowball fight at the family's Polish estate, Anastasia rolled a rock into a snowball and threw it at her older sister Tatiana, knocking her to the ground. A distant cousin, Princess Nina Georgievna, recalled that "Anastasia was nasty to the point of being evil", and would cheat, kick and scratch her playmates during games; she was affronted because the younger Nina was taller than she was. She was less concerned about her appearance than her sisters. Hallie Erminie Rives, a best-selling American author and wife of an American diplomat, described how 10-year-old Anastasia ate chocolates without bothering to remove her long, white opera gloves at the St. Petersburg opera house.

Despite her energy, Anastasia's physical health was sometimes poor. The Grand Duchess suffered from painful bunions, which affected both of her big toes. Anastasia had a weak muscle in her back and was prescribed twice-weekly massage. She hid under the bed or in a cupboard to put off the massage. Anastasia's older sister, Maria, reportedly hemorrhaged in December 1914 during an operation to remove her tonsils, according to her paternal aunt Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia, who was interviewed later in her life. The doctor performing the operation was so unnerved that he had to be ordered to continue by Maria's mother. Olga Alexandrovna said she believed all four of her nieces bled more than was normal and believed they were carriers of the hemophilia gene, like their mother.

Association with Grigori Rasputin

Her mother relied on the counsel of Grigori Rasputin, a Russian peasant and wandering starets or "holy man," and credited his prayers with saving the ailing Tsarevich on numerous occasions. Anastasia and her siblings were taught to view Rasputin as "Our Friend" and to share confidences with him. In the autumn of 1907, Anastasia's aunt Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia was escorted to the nursery by the Tsar to meet Rasputin. Anastasia, her sisters and brother Alexei were all wearing their long white nightgowns. "All the children seemed to like him," Olga Alexandrovna recalled. "They were completely at ease with him." Rasputin's friendship with the imperial children was evident in some of the messages he sent to them. In February 1909, Rasputin sent the imperial children a telegram, advising them to "Love the whole of God's nature, the whole of His creation in particular this earth. The Mother of God was always occupied with flowers and needlework."

However, one of the girls' governesses, Sofia Ivanovna Tyutcheva, was horrified in 1910 that Rasputin was permitted access to the nursery when the four girls were in their nightgowns and wanted him barred. Nicholas asked Rasputin to avoid going to the nurseries in the future. The children were aware of the tension and feared that their mother would be angered by Tyutcheva's actions. "I am so afr(aid) that S.I. (governess Sofia Ivanovna Tyutcheva) can speak ... about our friend something bad," Anastasia's twelve-year-old sister Tatiana wrote to their mother on 8 March 1910. "I hope our nurse will be nice to our friend now."

Tyutcheva was eventually fired. She took her story to other members of the family. While Rasputin's visits to the children were, by all accounts, completely innocent in nature, the family was scandalized. Tyutcheva told Nicholas's sister, Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia, that Rasputin visited the girls, talked with them while they were getting ready for bed, and hugged and patted them. Tyutcheva said the children had been taught not to discuss Rasputin with her and were careful to hide his visits from the nursery staff. Xenia wrote on 15 March 1910, that she could not understand "...the attitude of Alix and the children to that sinister Grigory (whom they consider to be almost a saint, when in fact he's only a khlyst!)"

In the spring of 1910, Maria Ivanovna Vishnyakova, a royal governess, claimed that Rasputin had raped her. Vishnyakova said the empress refused to believe her account of the assault, and insisted that "everything Rasputin does is holy." Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna was told that Vishnyakova's claim had been immediately investigated, but instead "they caught the young woman in bed with a Cossack of the Imperial Guard." Vishnyakova was kept from seeing Rasputin after she made her accusation and was eventually dismissed from her post in 1913.

However, rumors persisted and it was later whispered in society that Rasputin had seduced not only the Tsarina but also the four grand duchesses. This was followed by circulation of pornographic cartoons, which depicted Rasputin having relations with the Empress, her four daughters and Anna Vyrubova. After the scandal, Nicholas ordered Rasputin to leave St. Petersburg for a time, much to Alexandra's displeasure, and Rasputin went on a pilgrimage to Palestine. Despite the rumors, the imperial family's association with Rasputin continued until his murder on 17 December 1916. "Our Friend is so contented with our girlies, says they have gone through heavy 'courses' for their age and their souls have much developed", Alexandra wrote to Nicholas on 6 December 1916.

In his memoirs, A. A. Mordvinov reported that the four grand duchesses appeared "cold and visibly terribly upset" by Rasputin's death, and sat "huddled up closely together" on a sofa in one of their bedrooms on the night they received the news. Mordvinov recalled that the young women were in a gloomy mood and seemed to sense the political upheaval that was about to be unleashed. Rasputin was buried with an icon signed on its reverse by Anastasia, her mother and her sisters. She attended his funeral on 21 December 1916, and her family planned to build a church over the site of Rasputin's grave. After they were killed by the Bolsheviks, it was discovered Anastasia and her sisters were all wearing amulets bearing Rasputin's picture and a prayer.

Captivity during World War I and Russian Revolution

During World War I, Anastasia, along with her sister Maria, visited wounded soldiers at a private hospital in the grounds at Tsarskoye Selo. The two teenagers, too young to become Red Cross nurses like their mother and elder sisters, played games of checkers and billiards with the soldiers and tried to lift their spirits. Felix Dassel, who was treated at the hospital and knew Anastasia, recalled that the grand duchess had a "laugh like a squirrel", and walked rapidly "as though she tripped along."

In February 1917, Anastasia and her family were placed under house arrest at the Alexander Palace in Tsarskoye Selo during the Russian Revolution. Nicholas II abdicated on . As the Bolsheviks approached, Alexander Kerensky of the Provisional Government had them moved to Tobolsk, Siberia. After the Bolsheviks seized majority control of Russia, Anastasia and her family were moved to the Ipatiev House, or House of Special Purpose, at Yekaterinburg.

The stress and uncertainty of captivity took their toll on Anastasia as well as her family. "Goodby ", she wrote to a friend in the winter of 1917. "Don't forget us." At Tobolsk, she wrote a melancholy theme for her English tutor, filled with spelling mistakes, about "Evelyn Hope", a poem by Robert Browning about a girl: "When she died she was only sixteen years old ... Ther(e) was a man who loved her without having seen her but (k)new her very well. And she he(a)rd of him also. He never could tell her that he loved her, and now she was dead. But still he thought that when he and she will live [their] next life whenever it will be that ...", she wrote.

Upon arriving in Yekaterinburg, Pierre Gilliard recalled his last sight of the children:
"The sailor Nagorny, who attended to Alexei Nikolaevitch, passed my window carrying the sick boy in his arms, behind him came the Grand Duchesses loaded with valises and small personal belongings. I tried to get out, but was roughly pushed back into the carriage by the sentry. I came back to the window. Tatiana Nikolayevna came last carrying her little dog and struggling to drag a heavy brown valise. It was raining and I saw her feet sink into the mud at every step. Nagorny tried to come to her assistance; he was roughly pushed back by one of the commisars ..."

Baroness Sophie Buxhoeveden told of her sad last glimpse of Anastasia: "Once, standing on some steps at the door of a house close by, I saw a hand and a pink-sleeved arm opening the topmost pane. According to the blouse the hand must have belonged either to the Grand Duchess Marie or Anastasia. They could not see me through their windows, and this was to be the last glimpse that I was to have of any of them!"

However, even in the last months of her life, she found ways to enjoy herself. She and other members of the household performed plays for the enjoyment of their parents and others in the spring of 1918. Anastasia's performance made everyone howl with laughter, according to her tutor Sydney Gibbes.

On 7 May 1918, in a letter from Tobolsk to her sister Maria in Yekaterinburg, Anastasia described a moment of joy despite her sadness and loneliness and worry for the sick Alexei: "We played on the swing, that was when I roared with laughter, the fall was so wonderful! Indeed! I told the sisters about it so many times yesterday that they got quite fed up, but I could go on telling it masses of times ... What weather we've had! One could simply shout with joy." In his memoirs, one of the guards at the Ipatiev House, Alexander Strekotin, remembered Anastasia as "very friendly and full of fun", while another guard said Anastasia was "a very charming devil! She was mischievous and, I think, rarely tired. She was lively, and was fond of performing comic mimes with the dogs, as though they were performing in a circus." Yet another of the guards, however, called the youngest grand duchess "offensive and a terrorist" and complained that her occasionally provocative comments sometimes caused tension in the ranks. Anastasia and her sisters helped their maid darn stockings and assisted the cook in making bread and other kitchen chores while they were in captivity at the Ipatiev House.

In the summer, the privations of the captivity, including their closer confinement at the Ipatiev House negatively affected the family. On 14 July 1918, local priests at Yekaterinburg conducted a private church service for the family. They reported that Anastasia and her family, contrary to custom, fell on their knees during the prayer for the dead, and that the girls had become despondent and hopeless, and no longer sang the replies in the service. Noticing this dramatic change in their demeanor since his last visit, one priest told the other, "Something has happened to them in there." But the next day, on 15 July 1918, Anastasia and her sisters appeared in good spirits as they joked and helped move the beds in their shared bedroom so that cleaning women could clean the floors. They helped the women scrub the floors and whispered to them when the guards were not watching. Anastasia stuck her tongue out at Yakov Yurovsky, the head of the detachment, when he momentarily turned his back and left the room.

Death

After the Bolshevik revolution in October 1917, Russia quickly disintegrated into civil war. Negotiations for the release of the Romanovs between their Bolshevik (commonly referred to as 'Reds') captors and their extended family, many of whom were prominent members of the royal houses of Europe, stalled. As the Whites (anti-Bolshevik forces, although not necessarily supportive of the Tsar) advanced toward Yekaterinburg, the Reds were in a precarious situation. The Reds knew Yekaterinburg would fall to the better manned and equipped White Army. When the Whites reached Yekaterinburg, the imperial family had simply disappeared. The most widely accepted account was that the family had been murdered. This was due to an investigation by White Army investigator Nicholas Sokolov, who came to the conclusion based on items that had belonged to the family being found thrown down a mine shaft at Ganina Yama.

The "Yurovsky Note", an account of the event filed by Yurovsky to his Bolshevik superiors following the killings, was found in 1989 and detailed in Edvard Radzinsky's 1992 book, The Last Tsar. According to the note, on the night of the deaths, the family was awakened and told to dress. They were told they were being moved to a new location to ensure their safety in anticipation of the violence that might ensue when the White Army reached Yekaterinburg. Once dressed, the family and the small circle of servants who had remained with them were herded into a small room in the house's sub-basement and told to wait. Alexandra and Alexei sat in chairs provided by guards at the Empress's request.

After several minutes, the guards entered the room, led by Yurovsky, who quickly informed the Tsar and his family that they were to be executed. The Tsar had time to say only "What?" and turn to his family before he was killed by several bullets to the chest (not, as is commonly stated, to the head; his skull, recovered in 1991, bears no bullet wounds). The Tsarina and her daughter Olga tried to make the sign of the cross but were killed in the initial volley of bullets fired by the executioners. The rest of the Imperial retinue were shot in short order, with the exception of Anna Demidova, Alexandra's maid. Demidova survived the initial onslaught but was quickly stabbed to death against the back wall of the basement while trying to defend herself with a small pillow she had carried into the sub-basement that was filled with precious gems and jewels.

The "Yurovsky Note" further reported that once the thick smoke that had filled the room from so many weapons being fired in such close proximity cleared, it was discovered that the executioners' bullets had ricocheted off the corsets of two or three of the Grand Duchesses. The executioners later came to find out that this was because the family's crown jewels and diamonds had been sewn inside the linings of the corsets to hide them from their captors. The corsets thus served as a form of "armor" against the bullets. Anastasia and Maria were said to have crouched up against a wall, covering their heads in terror, until they were shot down by bullets, recalled Yurovsky. However, another guard, Peter Ermakov, told his wife that Anastasia had been finished off with bayonets. As the bodies were carried out, one or more of the girls cried out, and were clubbed on the back of the head, wrote Yurovsky.

False reports of survival
Anastasia's supposed escape and possible survival was one of the most popular historical mysteries of the 20th century, provoking many books and films. At least ten women claimed to be her, offering varying stories as to how she had survived. Anna Anderson, the best known Anastasia impostor, first surfaced publicly between 1920 and 1922. She contended that she had feigned death among the bodies of her family and servants, and was able to make her escape with the help of a compassionate guard who noticed she was still breathing and took sympathy upon her. Her legal battle for recognition from 1938 to 1970 continued a lifelong controversy and was the longest running case ever heard by the German courts, where it was officially filed. The final decision of the court was that Anderson had not provided sufficient proof to claim the identity of the grand duchess.

Anderson died in 1984 and her body was cremated. DNA tests were conducted in 1994 on a tissue sample from Anderson located in a hospital and the blood of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, a great-nephew of Empress Alexandra. According to Dr Gill who conducted the tests, "If you accept that these samples came from Anna Anderson, then Anna Anderson could not be related to Tsar Nicholas or Tsarina Alexandra." Anderson's mitochondrial DNA was a match with a great-nephew of Franziska Schanzkowska, a missing Polish factory worker. Some supporters of Anderson's claim acknowledged that the DNA tests proving she could not have been the Grand Duchess had "won the day".

Other lesser known claimants were Nadezhda Ivanovna Vasilyeva and Eugenia Smith. Two young women claiming to be Anastasia and her sister Maria were taken in by a priest in the Ural Mountains in 1919 where they lived as nuns until their deaths in 1964. They were buried under the names Anastasia and Maria Nikolaevna.

Rumors of Anastasia's survival were embellished with various contemporary reports of trains and houses being searched for "Anastasia Romanov" by Bolshevik soldiers and secret police. When she was briefly imprisoned at Perm in 1918, Princess Helena Petrovna, the wife of Anastasia's distant cousin, Prince John Constantinovich of Russia, reported that a guard brought a girl who called herself Anastasia Romanova to her cell and asked if the girl was the daughter of the Tsar. Helena Petrovna said she did not recognize the girl and the guard took her away. Although other witnesses in Perm later reported that they saw Anastasia, her mother and sisters in Perm after the murders, this story is now widely discredited. Rumors that they were alive were fueled by deliberate misinformation designed to hide the fact that the family was dead. A few days after they had been murdered, the German government sent several telegrams to Russia demanding "the safety of the princesses of German blood". Russia had recently signed a peace treaty with the Germans, and did not want to upset them by letting them know the women were dead, so they told them they had been moved to a safer location.

In another incident, eight witnesses reported the recapture of a young woman after an apparent escape attempt in September 1918 at a railway station at Siding 37, northwest of Perm. These witnesses were Maxim Grigoyev, Tatiana Sitnikova (and her son Fyodor Sitnikov), Ivan Kuklin and Matrina Kuklina, Vassily Ryabov, Ustinya Varankina, and Dr Pavel Utkin, a physician who treated the girl after the incident. Some of the witnesses identified the girl as Anastasia when they were shown photographs of the grand duchess by White Russian Army investigators. Utkin also told the White Russian Army investigators that the injured girl, whom he treated at Cheka headquarters in Perm, told him, "I am the daughter of the ruler, Anastasia." Utkin obtained a prescription from a pharmacy for a patient named "N" at the orders of the secret police. White Army investigators later independently located records for the prescription. During the same time period in mid-1918, there were several reports of young people in Russia passing themselves off as Romanov escapees. Boris Soloviev, the husband of Rasputin's daughter Maria, defrauded prominent Russian families by asking for money for a Romanov impostor to escape to China. Soloviev also found young women willing to masquerade as one of the grand duchesses to assist in deceiving the families he had defrauded.

Some biographers' accounts speculated that the opportunity for one or more of the guards to rescue a survivor existed. Yakov Yurovsky demanded that the guards come to his office and turn over items they had stolen following the murder. There was reportedly a span of time when the bodies of the victims were left largely unattended in the truck, in the basement and in the corridor of the house. Some guards who had not participated in the murders and had been sympathetic to the grand duchesses were reportedly left in the basement with the bodies.

Romanov graves and DNA proof

In 1991, the presumed burial site of the imperial family and their servants was excavated in the woods outside Yekaterinburg. The grave had been found nearly a decade earlier, but was kept hidden by its discoverers from the Communists who were still ruling Russia at the time. The grave only held nine of the expected eleven sets of remains. DNA and skeletal analysis matched these remains to Tsar Nicholas II, Tsarina Alexandra, and three of the four grand duchesses (Olga, Tatiana and presumably Maria). The other remains, with unrelated DNA, correspond to the family's doctor (Yevgeny Botkin), their valet (Alexei Trupp), their cook (Ivan Kharitonov), and Alexandra's maid (Anna Demidova). Forensic expert William R. Maples found that the Tsarevitch Alexei and Anastasia's bodies were missing from the family's grave. Russian scientists contested this conclusion, however, claiming it was the body of Maria that was missing. The Russians identified the body as that of Anastasia by using a computer program to compare photos of the youngest grand duchess with the skulls of the victims from the mass grave. They estimated the height and width of the skulls where pieces of bone were missing. American scientists found this method inexact.

American scientists thought the missing body to be Anastasia because none of the female skeletons showed the evidence of immaturity, such as an immature collarbone, undescended wisdom teeth, or immature vertebrae in the back, that they would have expected to find in a seventeen-year-old.  In 1998, when the remains of the imperial family were finally interred, a body measuring approximately 5'7" was buried under the name of Anastasia. Photographs taken of her standing beside her three sisters up until six months before the murders demonstrate that Anastasia was several inches shorter than all of them. Her mother commented on sixteen-year-old Anastasia's short stature in a 15 December 1917 letter, written seven months before the murders. "Anastasia, to her despair, is now very fat, as Maria was, round and fat to the waist, with short legs. I do hope she will grow." Scientists considered it unlikely that the teenager could have grown so much in the last months of her life. Her actual height was approximately 5'2".

The account of the "Yurovsky Note" indicated that two of the bodies were removed from the main grave and cremated at an undisclosed area in order to further disguise the burials of the Tsar and his retinue, if the remains were discovered by the Whites, since the body count would not be correct. Searches of the area in subsequent years failed to turn up a cremation site or the remains of the two missing Romanov children.

However, on 23 August 2007, a Russian archaeologist announced the discovery of two burned, partial skeletons at a bonfire site near Yekaterinburg that appeared to match the site described in Yurovsky's memoirs. The archaeologists said the bones were from a boy who was roughly between the ages of twelve and fifteen years at the time of his death and of a young woman who was roughly between the ages of fifteen and nineteen years old. Anastasia was seventeen years and one month old at the time of the assassination, while her sister Maria was nineteen years, one month old and her brother Alexei was two weeks shy of his fourteenth birthday. Anastasia's elder sisters Olga and Tatiana were twenty-two and twenty-one years old respectively at the time of the assassination. Along with the remains of the two bodies, archaeologists found "shards of a container of sulfuric acid, nails, metal strips from a wooden box, and bullets of various caliber". The site was initially found with metal detectors and by using metal rods as probes.

DNA testing by multiple international laboratories including the Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory and Innsbruck Medical University confirmed that the remains belong to the Tsarevich Alexei and to one of his sisters, proving conclusively that all family members, including Anastasia, died in 1918. The parents and all five children are now accounted for, and each has his or her own unique DNA profile. While the tests have confirmed that all the Romanov bodies have been found, one of the studies was still unsure which body from the two graves was Maria's and which was Anastasia's:
[…] a well publicized debate over which daughter, Maria (according to Russian experts) or Anastasia (according to US experts), has been recovered from the second grave cannot be settled based upon the DNA results reported here. In the absence of a DNA reference from each sister, we can only conclusively identify Alexei – the only son of Nicholas and Alexandra.

Sainthood

In 2000, Anastasia and her family were canonized as passion bearers by the Russian Orthodox Church. The family had previously been canonized in 1981 by the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad as holy martyrs. The bodies of Tsar Nicholas II, Tsarina Alexandra, and three of their daughters were finally interred in the St. Catherine Chapel at Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, St Petersburg on 17 July 1998, eighty years after they were murdered.  As of 2018 the bones of Alexei and Maria (or possibly Anastasia) were still being held by the Orthodox Church.

Depictions in art, media, and literature

The purported survival of Anastasia has been the subject of cinema (such as the 1997 animated film and the 1956 film that inspired it starring Ingrid Bergman and Yul Brynner), made-for-television films, and a Broadway musical. The earliest, made in 1928, was called Clothes Make the Woman. The story followed a woman who turns up to play the part of a rescued Anastasia for a Hollywood film, and ends up being recognized by the Russian soldier who originally rescued her from her would-be assassins.

Ancestry

References

Bibliography
 Bokhanov, Alexander; Knodt, Manfred; Oustimenko, Vladimir; Peregudova, Zinaida; Tyutynnik, Lyubov (1993). The Romanovs: Love, Power, and Tragedy. London: Leppi Publications.
 Buxhoeveden, Sophie (1928). The Life and Tragedy of Alexandra Feodorovna, Empress of Russia. London: Longmans, Green & Co. Available at alexanderpalace.org, archive.org and openlibrary.org.
 Buxhoeveden, Sophie (1929). Left Behind: Fourteen Months in Siberia During the Revolution, December 1917 – February 1919. London: Longmans, Green & Co. Available at alexanderpalace.org.
 Christopher, Peter; Kurth, Peter; Radzinsky, Edvard (1995). Tsar: The Lost World of Nicholas and Alexandra. Boston: Little Brown and Co.
 Dehn, Lili (1922). The Real Tsaritsa. London: Butterworth via alexanderpalace.org. Also available at archive.org, gutenberg.org and hathitrust.org.
 Eagar, Margaretta (1906). Six Years at the Russian Court. New York: Bowman via alexanderpalace.org. Also available at archive.org,  and openlibrary.org.
 Gilliard, Pierre (1921). Thirteen Years at the Russian Court. London: Hutchinson via alexanderpalace.org. Also available at archive.org,  gutenberg.org, openlibrary.org, perlego.com and wikipedia. Translated by F. Appleby Holt.
 King, Greg; Wilson, Penny (2003). The Fate of the Romanovs. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
 Kurth, Peter (1983). Anastasia: The Riddle of Anna Anderson. Boston: Back Bay Books.
 Lovell, James Blair (1991). Anastasia: The Lost Princess. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway.
 Mager, Hugo (1998). Elizabeth: Grand Duchess of Russia. New York: Carroll and Graf Publishers, Inc.
 Massie, Robert K. (1967). Nicholas and Alexandra. New York: Dell Publishing Co.
 Massie, Robert K. (1995). The Romanovs: The Final Chapter. New York: Random House.
 Maylunas, Andrei; Mironenko, Sergei (eds), Galy, Darya (translator) (1997). A Lifelong Passion, Nicholas and Alexandra: Their Own Story. New York: Doubleday.
 Occleshaw, Michael (1993). The Romanov Conspiracies: The Romanovs and the House of Windsor. London: Orion Publishing Group Ltd.
 Rappaport, Helen (2008). The Last Days of the Romanovs. New York: St. Martin's Griffin.
 Rappaport, Helen (2014). Four Sisters: The Lost Lives of the Romanov Grand Duchesses. Macmillan.
 Radzinsky, Edvard (1992). The Last Tsar. New York: Doubleday.
 Radzinsky, Edvard (2000). The Rasputin File. New York: Doubleday.
 Vorres, Ian (1965). The Last Grand Duchess. New York: Scribner.
 Vyrubova, Anna (1923). Memories of the Russian Court. London: Macmillan via alexanderpalace.org. Also available at gutenberg.org and openlibrary.org. Reprint available at perlego.com
 Zeepvat, Charlotte (2004). The Camera and the Tsars: A Romanov Family Album. Stroud: Sutton Publishing.

Further reading
 Brewster, Hugh (1996). Anastasia's Album: The Last Tsar's Youngest Daughter Tells Her Own Story. Hachette Books.
 Fleming, Candace (2014). The Family Romanov: Murder, Rebellion, and the Fall of Imperial Russia. Schwartz & Wade.
 King, Greg and Wilson, Penny (2011). The Resurrection of the Romanovs: Anastasia, Anna Anderson, and the World's Greatest Royal Mystery. Wiley.

External links

 The Murder of Russia's Imperial Family Nicolay Sokolov Investigation of the murder of the Romanov Imperial Family in 1918, in Russian.
 FrozenTears.org A media library of the last Imperial family
 Anastasia Information A web site dealing with the controversy surrounding Anastasia's death.
 Hemophilia B (Factor IX Deficiency)
 Could the Bulgarian mountain village of Gabarevo be the last refuge of the lost Romanov Princess?
 Anastasia and Anna Anderson A website with an overview of Anastasia's life and legend and a brief discussion of Anna Anderson's tale along with links to various books on the subject.

1901 births
1918 deaths
20th-century Christian saints
20th-century Russian people
20th-century Russian women
Burials at Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg
Children of Nicholas II of Russia
Christian female saints of the Late Modern era
Daughters of Russian emperors
Deaths by firearm in Russia
Executed people from Saint Petersburg
Executed royalty
Executed children
Eastern Orthodox royal saints
Executed Russian people
Female murder victims

House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Child murder in Russia
Murdered Russian royalty
Passion bearers
People executed by Russia by firing squad
Royalty from Saint Petersburg
Grand duchesses of Russia
Russian Orthodox child saints
Russian people of Danish descent
Russian people of English descent
Russian people of German descent
Russian saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church
Victims of Red Terror in Soviet Russia
Eastern Orthodox people executed by the Soviet Union
20th-century executions by Russia
Executed Russian women
Royalty who died as children


Rosalie Helga Lina Zech (7 July 1940 – 31 August 2011), known as Rosel Zech, was a German theater and film actress, she is most well known for her works associated with the "Autorenkino" (New German Cinema) movement, which began in the 1970s.

Career

Theater
Rosel Zech was born in Berlin; her father was a citizen of Poland. Because of her birth out of wedlock, her mother, a dressmaker, married an inland waterway boatman soon after her daughter's birth, giving her his last name, She was raised in Hoya, Germany. Her performances led her, at the age of 20, to Lower Bavaria, where in 1962, her first theatrical engagement was in the South Bavarian City Theater (now the Lower Bavarian State Theatre) in Landshut.

This was followed by other roles at various other theaters, such as in 1964 at the Städtebundtheater in Biel and at the summer theater in Winterthur. Two years later, she played at the Schauspielhaus Wuppertal. From 1970 to 1972, she appeared on stage at the Staatstheater Stuttgart and then at the Schauspielhaus Bochum.

During the 1978-79 season, Rosel Zech was active in Hamburg at the Deutsches Schauspielhaus and then returned to her native city of Berlin, where she acted on the Volksbühne. In 1981 she was hired by the Bayerischen Staatsschauspiel in Munich. Four years later, she was seen again at the Schauspielhaus in Hamburg. In 2009 she worked with in the Luisenburg Festival in the play Mother Courage as Anna Fierlinger.

Film and television
She made her 1970 television debut in The Pot. In 1973 she appeared in a small role in The Tenderness of Wolves with Kurt Raab and Margit Carstensen. On the set, she met Rainer Werner Fassbinder, who produced the film. She and Fassbinder began an extended collaboration. The same year, Peter Zadek cast the actress in his film version of Kleiner Mann – was nun? ("Little man - what now?" with Heinrich Giskes and Hannelore Hoger.

Other films and TV movies followed, including a film version of Anton Chekhov's The Seagull, and Henrik Ibsen's Hedda Gabler. In the children's film  from 1977, she played Mrs. Wolferman, the mother of one of the "crocodiles". She appeared in Peter Fleischmann's 1979 science fiction film The Hamburg Syndrome.

In 1981, she was cast by Rainer Werner Fassbinder in the film Lola (1981) in a supporting role as the wife of Mario Adorf. Fassbinder immediately chose her for his next project, Veronika Voss, and cast her as the lead. This second Fassbinder film was inspired by the life of the UFA actress Sybille Schmitz. Rosel Zech's convincing portrayal of the morphine-addicted actress turned Zech into a star overnight. The film was awarded in the 1982 Berlin International Film Festival with a Golden Bear. In the following years, Zech focused mainly on work in television and appeared in numerous television series and television films, as well as in regular theater productions in Berlin, where she lived during her last years.  From 2002 until her death, she had a regular role as the mother superior in the German TV series Um Himmels Willen.

Death
She died of bone cancer in Berlin on 31 August 2011, aged 71.

Awards
1968: Förderpreis des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen
1976: Schauspielerin des Jahres der Zeitschrift Theater heute for Hedda Gabler
1982: Goldener Bär der Berlinale for Die Sehnsucht der Veronika Voss
1983: Deutscher Darstellerpreis for Mascha
1990: Kainz-Medaille der Stadt Wien for Eines langen Tages Reise in die Nacht
1991: 1. Preis des World Film Festival in Montreal for Salmonberries
1992: Bayerischer Filmpreis (Beste Darstellerin) for Salmonberries
1999: Bayerischer Verdienstorden
2001: Merkur-Theaterpreis der Zeitung Münchner Merkur for Afterplay

Filmography

1970: Der Pott (TV movie, directed by Peter Zadek), as Susi
1973: The Tenderness of Wolves (directed by Ulli Lommel), as Dame an der Tür
1973: Little Man, What Now? (TV movie, directed by Peter Zadek), as Marlene Dietrich / Marie Kleinholtz / Bettlerkind / Frau Nothnagel / Claire Waldoff
1974: Mädchen in Uniform (TV movie), as Frau von Bernburg
1974: The Seagull (TV movie, directed by Peter Zadek), as Nina Michailowna Saretschnaja
1974: Ice Age (directed by Peter Zadek), as Wanda
1977: Die Geisel (TV movie, directed by Peter Zadek), as Mrs. Gilchrist
1977:  (TV movie, directed by Wolfgang Becker), as Frau Wolfermann
1978: Hedda Gabler (TV movie, directed by Peter Zadek), as Hedda Gabler
1978: Verführungen (TV movie, directed by Michael Verhoeven), as Christine
1979: The Hamburg Syndrome (directed by Peter Fleischmann), as Dr. Hamm
1980:  (directed by Tankred Dorst), as Adele
1980: The Misanthrope (TV movie, directed by Peter Zadek), as Célimène
1981:  (TV movie, directed by Peter Keglevic), as Herlinde
1981: Der Nächste bitte (TV Movie)
1981: Lola (directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder), as Frau Schuckert
1981: Heute spielen wir den Boss / Wo geht's denn hier zum Film? (directed by Peer Raben), as Frau Kaiser
1981: Die Knapp-Familie (TV miniseries) as Elfriede Knapp
1982: Veronika Voss (directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder), as Veronika Voss
1983: Mascha (TV movie)
1983:  (TV movie, directed by Egon Monk), as Lieselotte Oppermann
1983: Klawitter (TV movie, directed by Günter Gräwert), as Elli Hoff
1984: Julia (TV movie, directed by Wolfgang Glück), as Julia Lambert
1985: Tatort (Episode: "Der Mord danach"), as Jutta Reismüller
1985: Der Angriff der Gegenwart auf die übrige Zeit (directed by Alexander Kluge), as Ärztin
1986:  (TV movie, directed by Peter Beauvais), as Sabine Halm
1986: The Old Fox (Episode: "Blutgoldspur") as Helma Köhler
1986: Betrogene Liebe (TV movie) as Agnes
1986: Vermischte Nachrichten (directed by Alexander Kluge), as Erfolgstyp
1987: Nebel im Fjord (TV movie), as Claudia Busch
1987: Herz mit Löffel
1987: Die Bombe (TV movie), as Helga Meyerdiercks
1987: The Old Fox (Episode: "Verwischte Spuren"), as Gabriele Lohmann
1987: The Old Fox (Episode: "Mord ist Mord"), as Ingrid Pohl
1988: Die Bertinis (TV miniseries, directed by Egon Monk), as Erika Schwarz
1988: Hemingway (TV miniseries, directed by Bernhard Sinkel), as Lilli Marleen
1989:  (TV miniseries), as Felicitas Frey
1989: The Old Fox (Episode: "Ausgestiegen") as Jutta Sander
1990:  as Frau Berger
1991: Salmonberries (directed by Percy Adlon), as Roswitha
1993:  (directed by Sönke Wortmann), as Mrs. Neuhaus
1993: Derrick (Episode: "Nach acht langen Jahren") as Charlotte Heine
1993: Der rote Vogel (TV Mini-Series) as Ellen Vondrowski
1994: Polizeiruf 110 (Episode: "Gespenster") as Mutter Reiser
1994: Das Baby der schwangeren Toten (TV Movie) as Betti Ley
1995: Hades
1995: Schade um Papa (TV Series) as Lena Bandmann
1995: Dicke Freunde (TV Movie) as Marianne Strauß
1995: Neben der Zeit (TV Movie) as Sophies Mutter
1996: : Die indische Ärztin (TV Series) as Dr. Karla Fasching-Spiehweg
1996: Die Geliebte (TV Series)
1997: Lea Katz – Die Kriminalpsychologin (Episode: "Das wilde Kind") as Gisela Straub
1997: Terror im Namen der Liebe (TV Movie) as Elke
1997: Die letzte Rettung (TV Movie) as Gudrun
1998: Der Schlüssel (Short) as Reinigungschefin
1998: Tatort (Episode: "Der zweite Mann") as Juwelierin
1998: Tatort (Episode: "Todesbote") as Silvia Blankenberg
1999: Aimée & Jaguar as Blonde Frau
1999: Siska (Episode: "Blackout") as Dr. Beate Paulus
1999: The Old Fox (Episode: "Im Angesicht des Todes") as Judith Bennesch
1999: Morgen gehört der Himmel dir (TV Movie, directed by Ute Wieland) as Frau Niering
1999: Ein Fall für zwei (Episode: "Abgebrüht") as Klara Schierer
2000: Oh, du Fröhliche (TV Movie), as Irmela Kapp
2001: Ein unmöglicher Mann (TV Mini-Series) as Frau Schmitt-Oedenthal
2001: Große Liebe wider Willen (TV Movie) as Claudia
2001: Das Schneeparadies (TV Movie) as Margot
2002: Im Visier der Zielfahnder (Episode: "Die Frau ohne Namen") as Britta Prahm
2002:  (directed by Dani Levy), as Melanies Mutter
2002: Zwei Affären und eine Hochzeit (TV Movie) as Rosa Richter
2002–2011: Um Himmels Willen (TV Series, 130 episodes) as Oberin Elisabeth Reuter (final appearance)
2003: Anatomie 2 as Dr. Bamberg
2003: Tatort (Episode: "Veras Waffen") as Marion von Pahl
2003: Der Auftrag - Mordfall in der Heimat (TV Movie) as Karin Eisner
2003: Plötzlich wieder 16 (TV Movie) as Professorin
2003: Stubbe – Von Fall zu Fall (Episode: "Yesterday") as Dorothee Mewes
2004: Tatort (Episode: "Mörderspiele") as Monika Hanke-Helmhövel
2004: Kammerflimmern as Oma Crash
2004: The Old Fox (Episode: "Tod im Morgengrauen") as Gisela von Lindow
2005: Rosamunde Pilcher (Episode: "Segel der Liebe") as Winona Carter
2005: K3 – Kripo Hamburg (Episode: "Fieber") as Pauline Petersen
2005: In Liebe eine Eins (TV Movie) as Ursula Sandrock
2006:  (TV Series) as Mutter Martha
2006: Mr. Nanny – Ein Mann für Mama (TV Movie) as Marlene Meister
2006: Agathe kann's nicht lassen (Episode: "Die Tote im Bootshaus"") as Katharina Meindl
2008: Das Traumschiff (Episode: "Kilimandscharo - Malediven - Indien") as Kathrin Kriegel
2008: Einsatz in Hamburg (Episode: "Ein sauberer Mord") as Doris Blank
2008–2009: Der Schwarzwaldhof (TV Series) as Dora Hofer
2009:  (TV miniseries, directed by Ute Wieland) as Alma Sattler
2011: Schicksalsjahre (TV Series) as Martha Engler

References

External links
Official Website of Rosel Zech
 Demo tape of Rosel Zech at schauspielervideos.de

Rosel Zech on www.prisma-online.de
Rosel Zech on  www.zdf.de
New York Times obituary

1940 births
2011 deaths
German film actresses
German stage actresses
German television actresses
20th-century German actresses
Actresses from Berlin
Deaths from cancer in Germany
Deaths from bone cancer

Rosel Zech


Afridun Amu was the first Afghan athlete to internationally represent Afghanistan in surfing. He participated in the International Surfing Association World Surfing Games in Biarritz, France in May 2017. Amu also won the first official Afghan surfing championship (man) in 2015 in Ericeira, Portugal. He is the reining Afghan surf champion.

Amu was born in Kabul, Afghanistan on June 23, 1987. He spent his childhood in Moscow, Russia, where his father worked as a diplomate. His family moved to Germany as political refugees in 1992. He graduated in law, cultural science and design thinking. He works as an expert in Constitutional law at the Max Planck Foundation for International Peace and the Rule of Law and is a lecturer on Design thinking at the Hasso Plattner Institute.

References

Afghan sportspeople
1987 births
Living people
Surfers

Afridun Amu


Ruthven Campbell Todd (pronounced 'riven') (14 June 1914 – 11 October 1978) was a Scottish poet, artist and novelist, best known as an editor of the works of William Blake, and expert on his printing techniques. During the 1940s he also wrote detective fiction under the pseudonym R. T. Campbell
 and children's fiction during the 1950s.

Biography

Edinburgh and Mull

Born in Edinburgh,
Todd was the eldest of the ten children of Walker Todd (an architect) and Christian Todd (née Craik). He was educated at Dalhousie Preparatory School, Fettes College and Edinburgh College of Art. His short spell at art college convinced him that he had no creative talent as an artist and he thereafter pursued his ambition to become a poet and writer. At Fettes and art college he had proved to be a rebellious teenager and he left college prematurely to be sent by his parents to work for two years as an agricultural labourer on the Isle of Mull. He then returned to Edinburgh to begin a career in copy-writing and journalism, while writing poetry and novels. He left Edinburgh for London in 1935.

London and Essex
He lived in a variety of types of accommodation in central London until the flat he was renting in Bloomsbury was hit by a flying bomb in 1944. He then moved to  Tilty Mill House near Dunmow in Essex (later rented to poet and novelist Elizabeth Smart).

During the 1930s, he became friendly with Dylan Thomas, Louis MacNeice, Geoffrey Grigson, Norman Cameron, David Gascoyne and Len Lye. He became a life-long friend of Julian Symons, and a character based on Todd was included in Symons' first detective story, The Immaterial Murder Case. He also knew Wyndham Lewis, contributing to the Lewis issue of Julian Symons's Twentieth Century Verse. Lewis recruited Todd to keep awake the dozing Ezra Pound, whose portrait Lewis was painting. He was secretary to the 1936 International Surrealist Exhibition, during which he was memorably required to rescue Salvador Dalí from suffocating inside a heavy diving suit. In 1937 he worked for a period for Mass-Observation where he developed lasting friendships with Humphrey Jennings and Kathleen Raine. During this period, and throughout his life, Todd struggled to keep afloat financially and had to supplement a meagre and uncertain income from writing poetry and novels by writing reviews, tutoring and copy-writing.

Todd's two allegorical novels Over the Mountain (1939) and The Lost Traveller (1943) both feature protagonists on symbolic journeys; Todd acknowledged the influence of Lewis and Rex Warner on the latter novel. Over the Mountain, a satire on fascism, has its hero travel to a dystopian nation with an oppressive government. During World War II he was a conscientious objector. Near the start of the war, he began work on an ambitious project in collaboration with the William Blake expert Sir Geoffrey Keynes to compile a catalogue raisonné of the artworks of William Blake. The project was to be abandoned in 1947, after Todd moved to New York, but not before a great deal had been achieved.

United States
Todd moved to the United States in 1947, where he lived for the next twelve years, becoming a US citizen in 1959. He lived initially in New York where he became friendly with the writers Alastair Reid and Howard Schoenfeld. He worked in the summer of 1947 at Stanley William Hayter's Atelier 17 printing workshop, where he collaborated with Joan Miró and other artists in experiments relating to William Blake's printing methods. He founded and ran the Weekend Press during the early 1950s, and received friendship and some financial support from W. H. Auden. He was one of the main participants in the events surrounding Dylan Thomas's death in 1953. In 1954 he moved to live on the island of Martha's Vineyard where he began to write children's fiction, with the launch of the Space Cat series. In 1959 he was commissioned by the Trustees of the Dylan Thomas Estate to write the official biography of Thomas. However, he was forced to abandon the work three years later and the job passed to Constantine Fitzgibbon.

Mallorca
In 1960, Todd moved to Mallorca, briefly living in the village of Deià, where he became a friend of Robert Graves, before settling in the El Terreno district of Palma de Mallorca. He moved in 1965 to the mountain village of Galilea where he spent the remainder of his life. During the 1970s he visited America on a number of occasions to give lecture courses on Creative Writing and William Blake at the Universities of Buffalo and Maryland. He died in Galilea from emphysema in 1978.

The first biography of Ruthven Todd was published in 2018, and a bibliography of his works was published in 2020.

Personal life

In 1937, Todd married Cicely Crew, daughter of the geneticist Professor Francis Crew. They had one son, Christopher, born in 1939. The couple separated in 1943 and were divorced three years later. While living in New York in 1949, Todd was briefly and unsuccessfully married to Paula Norworth, before a third marriage to the artist and sculptor Joellen Hall in 1952. They divorced in 1956.

Todd had a lifelong interest in the natural world, particularly in plants and fungi, and was a knowledgeable amateur mycologist. He was also a highly skilled illustrator of wild flowers and fungi. He made some money from selling his drawings, but most were given away to friends.

From his teenage years and throughout his life, Todd was a chronic alcoholic. He underwent treatment for addiction in 1965, but this was only partially successful. He was also a chain-smoker and suffered from frequent bouts of pulmonary illness.

Bibliography

Proems (Fortune Press, 1938) as contributor
Over the Mountain (Harrap, 1939)
Poets of Tomorrow (Hogarth Press, 1939) as contributor
The Laughing Mulatto (Rich and Cowan, [1940]) biography of Alexandre Dumas
Ten Poems (privately printed, 1940)
William Blake: Songs of Innocence and of Experience (privately printed, 1941) folio of prints
Until Now (1942) Fortune Press, poems
The Life of William Blake by Alexander Gilchrist (Dent, 1942) as editor
Poems for Penny (privately printed, 1942)
The Lost Traveller (Grey Walls Press, 1943)
The Acreage of the Heart (William Maclellan, 1944) poems
The Planet in my Hand (privately printed, 1944) poems
Unholy Dying (John Westhouse, 1945) as R. T. Campbell
The Planet in my Hand (Grey Walls Press, 1946) poems (different selection from 1944 version)
Tracks in the Snow (Grey Walls Press, 1946) essays on William Blake, Henry Fuseli and John Martin
First Animal Book (Peter Lunn, 1946) juvenile verses accompanying Thomas Bewick engravings
Take thee a Sharp Knife (John Westhouse, 1946) as R. T. Campbell
Adventure with a Goat (John Westhouse, 1946) as R. T. Campbell
Apollo Wore a Wig  (John Westhouse, 1946) as R. T. Campbell
Bodies in a Bookshop (John Westhouse, 1946) as R. T. Campbell
Death for Madame (John Westhouse, 1946) as R. T. Campbell
The Death Cap (John Westhouse, 1946) as R. T. Campbell
Swing Low, Swing Death (John Westhouse, 1946) as R. T. Campbell
Blake: Songs of Innocence and of Experience (United Book Guild, 1947) as editor
William Blake: America, a prophecy (United Book Guild, 1947) as editor
A Century of British Painters (Phaidon Press, 1947) as editor, original authors Richard Redgrave and Samuel Redgrave
Christopher Smart: A Song to David and other poems (Grey Walls Press, 1947) as editor
William Blake: Poems (Grey Walls Press, 1949) as editor
In Other Worlds (The Piper's Press, 1951) poems
Two Poems: Christmas 1951 (Weekend Press, 1951)
Space Cat (Scribner's, 1952) juvenile
Loser's Choice (Hermitage House, 1953)
The Tropical Fish Book (Fawcett, 1953)
Poem: 1954 (privately printed, 1954)
A Mantelpiece of Shells (Bonacio and Saul, 1954) poems
Trucks, Tractors, and Trailers (Putnam, 1954) juvenile
Monotropa Uniflora (privately printed, 1955) poem
Space Cat Visits Venus (Scribner's, 1955) juvenile
Space Cat Meets Mars (Scribner's, 1957) juvenile
Space Cat and the Kittens (Scribner's, 1958) juvenile
Tan's Fish (Little, Brown and Co., 1958) juvenile
Blake: Selected Poetry (Dell, 1960) as editor
Funeral of a Child (privately printed, 1962) poem
Garland for the Winter Solstice (Dent, 1961) poems
Poetry of the Thirties (Penguin Books, 1964) as contributor
The Geography of Faces (privately printed, 1965) poem
Blake's Dante Plates (Book Collecting and Library Monthly, 1968)
William Blake: The Artist (Studio Vista, 1971)
John Berryman 1914–1972 (Poem of the Month Club, 1972) poem
Lament of the Cats of Rapallo (privately printed, 1973) poem
A Short Happy Poem for Marianne Moore (University of Buffalo, 1973) poem
A Godson Born in the 70s (privately printed, 1973) poem
The Ghost of Dylan Thomas (Happenstance Press, 2014) posthumously published memoir

External Links

 Archival Material at Leeds University Library

References

Scottish novelists
Scottish mystery writers
Scottish science fiction writers
1914 births
1978 deaths
British conscientious objectors
Scottish conscientious objectors
People educated at Fettes College
Surrealist poets
Alumni of the Edinburgh College of Art
British anti-fascists
Writers from Edinburgh
20th-century British novelists
20th-century Scottish poets
Scottish male poets
20th-century British male writers
Atelier 17 alumni
Naturalized citizens of the United States

Ruthven Todd


Zhang Fei (167–221) was a warrior in ancient China. He fought along with his brothers Liu Bei and Guan Yu for the restoration of the Han Dynasty.

In the battles against the Dong Zhuo, Zhang fended off the enemy general Lü Bu and was greatly rewarded by his then-ally Cao Cao.

Zhang Fei was later killed by his own officers, because after the death of his brother Guan Yu, he became a drunk.

167 births
221 deaths
Three Kingdoms generals

Zhang Fei


A. Ronald "Ron" Gallant is a leading American econometrician. Gallant is a Professor of Economics and a Liberal Arts Research Professor at the Pennsylvania State University.

Prior to joining the Penn State faculty he was the Hanes Corporation Foundation Professor of Business Administration, Fuqua School of Business, Duke University, with a secondary appointment in the Department of Economics, Duke University, as well as a Distinguished Scientist in Residence, Department of Economics, New York University, both in the United States.

He is also Adjunct Professor, Department of Statistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Before joining the Duke faculty, he was Henry A. Latane Distinguished Professor of Economics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He retains emeritus status at UNC. Previously he was, successively, Assistant, Associate, Full, and Drexel Professor of Statistics and Economics at North Carolina State University.

He received his A.B. in mathematics from San Diego State University, his M.B.A. in marketing from UCLA, and his Ph.D. in statistics from Iowa State University.

He is a Fellow of both the Econometrics Society and the American Statistical Association. He serves on the board of directors of the National Bureau of Economic Research and has served on the board of directors of the American Statistical Association and on the board of trustees of the National Institute of Statistical Sciences. He is co-editor of the Journal of Econometrics and past editor of The Journal of Business and Economic Statistics.

In collaboration with George Tauchen of Duke University, Gallant developed the Efficient Method of Moments (EMM). He is one of the leaders in nonlinear time series analysis, nonlinear econometrics, nonlinear dynamic systems, and in econometrics theory.

References

External links

Personal website at Pennsylvania State University.

1942 births
Living people
Economists from California
Pennsylvania State University faculty
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
San Diego State University alumni
UCLA Anderson School of Management alumni
Iowa State University alumni
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty
Econometricians
Fellows of the Econometric Society
21st-century American economists

A. Ronald Gallant


William Gush (23 April 1813 – 28 February 1888) was an English portrait painter born near London. He lived at 40 Camden Square, Camden, London between 1860 and 1864.

Gallery

Works
Charles Wesley
Sir John Harrison Yallop, late mayor of Norwich. (1833)
 Duke of Beaufort, in the uniform of the Gloucester Yeomanry Cavalry
Frederick Aaron,
 Abraham and Susannah Riddiford.
Lieutenant Colonel Townsend of the 14th Royal Light Dragoons
Reverend James Henry Monk Lord Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol, painted for the Bishop's College in Clifton exhibited in 1842
the Richard White, 1st Earl of Bantry (1767–1851) exhibited in 1844.
Mrs Mills.
 Lieutenant General Sir William Fenwick Williams of Kars, Bart., KCB is
Charles Frederick Allison, the founder of the University.
 Charles Allison's wife and daughter
 Reverend Humphrey Pickard
 Reverend John Beecham, the first president of the Wesleyan Conference of Eastern British America
 John Curwen, a writer on music.
Sir John Eardley Inglis
 Mrs Philip Vanderbyl
 At Lessons
and Blackberries
The New Song (1874)

References

External links

1813 births
1888 deaths
19th-century English painters
English male painters
Painters from London
19th-century English male artists

William Gush