Sir Cecil Maurice Bowra,  (; 8 April 1898 – 4 July 1971) was an English classical scholar, literary critic and academic, known for his wit. He was Warden of Wadham College, Oxford, from 1938 to 1970, and served as Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford from 1951 to 1954.

Early life and education

Birth and boyhood
Bowra was born in Jiujiang, China, to English parents. His father, Cecil Arthur Verner Bowra (1869–1947), who worked for the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs, had been born in Ningpo, and his paternal grandfather, Edward Charles Bowra, had also worked for the Chinese Customs, after serving in the Ever Victorious Army under "Chinese Gordon". Soon after Bowra's birth his father was transferred to the treaty port of Newchwang, and the family lived there for the first five years of Bowra's life, except during the Boxer Rebellion, in the summer of 1900, when Bowra was evacuated to Japan along with his mother, his elder brother, Edward, and other women and children of the European community.

The family returned to Britain in 1903, travelling via Japan and the United States, and settled in the Kent countryside. Bowra later said he had been fluent in Mandarin, but forgot the language after settling in Britain. Bowra's parents went back to China in February 1905, leaving their children in the care of their paternal grandmother, who, having been widowed, lived with her second husband, a clergyman, in Putney. During this time the boys received tuition from Ella Dell, sister of the writer Ethel M. Dell. The boys also attended a preparatory school in Putney, where Maurice came first in all classes except arithmetic. During his time at this school Bowra began his classical education with lessons from Cecil Botting, a master at St Paul's School and father of the writer Antonia White.

In 1909 the Bowra brothers journeyed across Europe and Russia by train to visit their parents in Mukden. They also visited the site of the Battle of Mukden and encountered Lord Kitchener. Their return journey, which they made in the company of their father, took them through Hong Kong, Colombo, Suez, Naples and Algiers.

Cheltenham College
Bowra boarded at Cheltenham College from April 1910. He did not enjoy such features of the school as outdoor games or the OTC, but he won a scholarship in the internal exams held in June 1911. It became clear that he had a particular aptitude for classics, for which the school laid a thorough grounding in Greek and Latin. During his final two years, in the sixth form, Bowra became bored with his school work, acquired sufficient French to read Verlaine and Baudelaire, studied a bilingual edition of Dante's Divina Commedia, and began to learn German. Bowra maintained a connection with the school in later life, being instrumental in the appointment of Cecil Day-Lewis as a master there and serving on its governing body from 1943 to 1965.

World War I
By 1916 Bowra's father was Chief Secretary of the Chinese Customs and resided in Beijing in a household with thirty servants. In January that year Bowra's mother came to England to visit her sons, who were both about to see active service in the Army. In May Bowra departed with his mother for China, travelling through Norway, Sweden and Russia. In Beijing he visited the Great Wall of China and the Ming Tombs, and witnessed the funeral of Yuan Shikai.

Bowra departed from Beijing in September and on his way home spent three weeks in St Petersburg (then called Petrograd) as a guest of Robert Wilton. During this time he attained a working knowledge of Russian and attended operas in which Feodor Chaliapin performed.

After his return to Britain he began training with the OTC in Oxford before being called up and sent to the Royal Army Cadet School in March 1917. He served in the Royal Field Artillery on active service in France from September 1917. He saw action at Passchendaele and Cambrai, and in 1918 he participated in the resistance to the Ludendorff Offensive and the Allied counter-offensive. During this time he continued to read widely, including both contemporary poets and Greek and Latin authors.

Bowra was left with a lifelong hatred of war and military strategists, and seldom mentioned the war afterwards. He later told Cyril Connolly, "Whatever you hear about the war, remember it was far worse: inconceivably bloody – nobody who wasn't there can imagine what it was like." Anthony Powell wrote that Bowra's wartime experiences "played a profound part in his thoughts and inner life", and records that when a cruise ship they were travelling on held a ceremony to place a wreath in the sea as it passed the Dardanelles Bowra was so affected that he retired to his cabin. Following the Second World War he was accommodating to returning servicemen who wished to study at Oxford, telling one applicant who was worried about his deficiency in Latin, "No matter, war service counts as Latin."

Undergraduate years
In 1919 Bowra took up a scholarship he had won to New College, Oxford. He took a first class in Honour Moderations in 1920 and a first class, with formal congratulations, in Literae Humaniores in 1922. Bowra was very sociable as an undergraduate, and his circle included Cyril Radcliffe (with whom he shared lodgings), Roy Harrod, Robert Boothby, L. P. Hartley, Lord David Cecil, J. B. S. Haldane and Christopher Hollis. He also became a friend of Dadie Rylands. The teachers who influenced him included Gilbert Murray and Alic Smith. The treatment he received from one of his tutors in philosophy, H. W. B. Joseph, was said by Isaiah Berlin to have "undermined his faith in his own intellectual capacity".

Academic career
In 1922 Bowra was elected a fellow of Wadham College, Oxford, with the support of the Regius Professor of Greek, Gilbert Murray, and appointed Dean of Wadham shortly afterwards. When Murray vacated his chair in 1936 Bowra and others believed that Bowra himself was most likely to succeed him, but Murray recommended E. R. Dodds as his successor, rejecting Bowra because of "a certain lack of quality, precision and reality in his scholarship as a whole". Some believed that the real reason was a whispering campaign over Bowra's "real or imagined homosexuality".

Bowra became a Doctor of Letters of the University of Oxford in 1937. In 1938 the Wardenship of Wadham fell vacant and Bowra, still the Dean, was elected to the post, keeping it until 1970 (when he was succeeded by Stuart Hampshire). Bowra was supported in the election by his colleague Frederick Lindemann. Lindemann had initially opposed Bowra's election as a fellow of Wadham, proposing that a scientist should be preferred, but had warmed to Bowra because of his vociferous opposition to the Nazi regime in Germany and the policy of appeasement. The election was held on 5 October 1938, and coincided with the Oxford by-election campaign, in which Bowra lent his support to the anti-appeasement candidate, Sandy Lindsay.

During the Second World War Bowra served in the Oxford Home Guard and was not offered any war work. When Berlin canvassed to find Bowra a position the file was sent back to him stamped "unreliable".

Bowra was Professor of Poetry at Oxford from 1946 to 1951. He wrote of the election for the post that "The campaign was very enjoyable and C. S. Lewis was outmanoeuvred so completely that he even failed in the end to be nominated, and I walked over without opposition. Very gratifying to a vain man like myself."

Bowra spent the academic year 1948–49 at Harvard as the Charles Eliot Norton Professor of Poetry and gave the 1955 Andrew Lang lecture. He delivered the 1957 Earl Grey Lecture in Newcastle on "The Meaning of a Heroic Age" and the 1963 Taylorian Lecture on "Poetry and the First World War". In 1966 he gave the Romanes Lecture.

Bowra was at Harvard when the post of vice-chancellor fell unexpectedly vacant in 1948, on the sudden accidental death of William Stallybrass. When the most senior head of house, J. R. H. Weaver, declined the post, Bowra could have succeeded to it, but he chose to stay in the United States and Dean Lowe filled the post until 1951, when Bowra served his three-year term. As chair of the Hebdomadal Council he dealt with the business of meetings that customarily occupied a whole afternoon in as little as fifteen minutes. When T. S. R. Boase was indisposed by an eye problem in 1959 Bowra returned to chair the committee and privately remarked that "jokes about his beaux yeux are not thought funny".

Bowra was President of the British Academy from 1958 to 1962. His tenure was marked by two achievements: he chaired the committee that produced the Report on Research in the Humanities and the Social Sciences, which resulted in a grant for those purposes from HM Treasury; and he helped to  establish the British Institute of Persian Studies in Tehran.

In his long career as an Oxford don Bowra had contact with a considerable portion of the English literary world, either as students or as colleagues.  The character of Mr Samgrass in Evelyn Waugh's Brideshead Revisited is said to have been modelled on Bowra. Cyril Connolly, Henry Green, Anthony Powell and Kenneth Clark knew Bowra quite well when they were undergraduates. Clark called Bowra "the strongest influence in my life". Waugh marked his friend's election as Warden of Wadham by presenting him with a monkey-puzzle tree for his garden.

Bowra and George Alfred Kolkhorst were avowed arch-enemies, though both were friends of John Betjeman. Betjeman records his appreciation of Bowra in his verse autobiography Summoned by Bells, in which he evokes an evening spent dining with Bowra in a passage that concludes: "I wandered back to Magdalen, certain then,/ As now, that Maurice Bowra's company / Taught me far more than all my tutors did."

Though he was not in any sense religious, Bowra signed the petition (in favour of the Tridentine Catholic Mass) that became informally known as the Agatha Christie indult and regularly attended the Church of England services in his college's chapel.

Verse
Bowra had learned the value of verse during the First World War. Cyril Connolly wrote that Bowra "saw human life as a tragedy in which great poets were the heroes who fought back and tried to give life a meaning". Bowra was an important champion of Boris Pasternak, lecturing on his work and nominating him repeatedly for the Nobel Prize in Literature.

However, Bowra was never able to fulfil his wish to be accepted as a serious poet himself. His output consisted of "sharp satires, in verse, on his friends (and sharper still on his enemies)". His friend and literary executor, John Sparrow, once commented that Bowra had cut himself off from posterity "as his prose was unreadable and his verse was unprintable". This was set half-right by the publication in 2005 of New Bats in Old Belfries, a collection of satires on friends and enemies written between the 1920s and the 1960s. Bowra wrote a satire on John Betjeman, who had become choked with emotion on being presented by Princess Margaret with the Duff Cooper Prize on 18 December 1958. The judges on that occasion were Lord David Cecil, Harold Nicolson and Bowra himself as chairman. Duff Cooper's widow Lady Diana Cooper observed that "Poor Betch was crying and too moved to find an apology for words." (Philip Ziegler, Diana Cooper: The Biography of Lady Diana Cooper, Hamish Hamilton 1981, p. 310.)

Green with lust and sick with shyness,
Let me lick your lacquered toes.
Gosh, oh gosh, your Royal Highness,
Put your finger up my nose,
Pin my teeth upon your dress,
Plant my head with watercress.
Only you can make me happy.
Tuck me tight beneath your arm.
Wrap me in a woollen nappy;
Let me wet it till it's warm.
In a plush and plated pram
Wheel me round St James's, Ma'am.
Let your sleek and soft galoshes
Slide and slither on my skin.
Swaddle me in mackintoshes
Till I lose my sense of sin.
Lightly plant your plimsolled heel
Where my privy parts congeal.

The Telegraph, echoing Cecil Day-Lewis on the man himself, warned that the book, like strychnine, was best taken in small doses.

Two poems on Patrick Leigh Fermor were omitted from the book, in deference to their subject's wishes, but were published after his death in the Wadham Gazette in December 2011.

Sexuality
Bowra was homosexual. As an undergraduate in Oxford in the 1920s, Bowra was known to cruise for sex. He used the term "the Homintern" and privately referred to his leading position in it, also calling it "the Immoral Front" or "the 69th International".

Retirement and death
Bowra retired in 1970, but continued to live in rooms in the college that had been granted to him in exchange for a house he owned. He became an honorary fellow of Wadham and was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Law. He died of a sudden heart attack in 1971 and was buried in Holywell Cemetery, Oxford.

Honours
In addition to his Oxford degrees, Bowra received honorary doctorates from the universities of Dublin, Hull, Wales, Harvard, Columbia, St Andrews, Paris and Aix.

Bowra was knighted in 1951 and was appointed a Companion of Honour in 1971. He was also a Commandeur  of the Légion d'honneur in France, a Knight Commander of the Royal Order of the Phoenix in Greece and a recipient of the order "Pour le Mérite" in West Germany.

In 1992 Wadham College named its new Bowra Building in his honour.

Quotations
"Buggers can't be choosers" (explaining his engagement, later called off, to a "plain" woman, poet and Somerville alumna Audrey Beecham, niece of the conductor)
"I am a man more dined against than dining" (parodying King Lear's "more sinned against than sinning")
"Buggery was invented to fill that awkward hour between Evensong and cocktails" or was "useful for filling that awkward time between tea and cocktails"
"Splendid couple—slept with both of them" (on hearing of the engagement of a well-known literary pair)
"Though like Our Lord and Socrates he does not publish much, he thinks and says a great deal and has had an enormous influence on our times" (about Isaiah Berlin)
"I don't know about you, gentlemen, but in Oxford I, at least, am known by my face" (allegedly after being observed bathing naked at Parson's Pleasure and covering his face rather than his privates)
 "Where there's death, there's hope."
 When asked by an undergraduate for help with translating a passage by Apollinaire, whom Bowra had met whilst in France during the First World War: "Can't help you. Pity. Slept with him once—should have asked him then."

Bibliography

 Pindar's Pythian Odes (1928), co-translator with H. T. Wade-Gery
 The Oxford Book of Greek Verse (1930), co-editor with Gilbert Murray, Cyril Bailey, E. A. Barber and T. F. Higham
 Tradition and Design in the Iliad (1930)
 Ancient Greek Literature (1933)
 Pindari Carmina (1935; 2nd edition 1947)
 Greek Lyric Poetry: From Alcman to Simonides (Oxford 1936, 2nd revision 2001)
 The Oxford Book of Greek Poetry in Translation (1937), co-editor with T. F. Higham
 Early Greek Elegists (1938), the Martin Lectures at Oberlin College
 The Heritage of Symbolism (1943)
 A Book of Russian Verse (1943), editor (a collection of translations, none by Bowra)
 Sophoclean Tragedy (1944)
 From Virgil to Milton (1945)
 A Second Book of Russian Verse (1948) editor (a collection of translations, none by Bowra)
 The Creative Experiment (1949)
 The Romantic Imagination (1950) Review/summary.
 Heroic Poetry (1952)
 Problems in Greek Poetry (1953)
 Inspiration and Poetry (1955)
 Homer and His Forerunners (Thomas Nelson, 1955)
 The Greek Experience (1957)
 Primitive Song (1962)
 In General and Particular (1964)
 Pindar (1964)
 Landmarks in Greek Literature (1966)
 Poetry and Politics, 1900–1960 (1966), the Wiles Lectures at the Queen's University, Belfast
 Memories 1898–1939 (1966)
 The Odes of Pindar (1969, reissued 1982), translator
 On Greek Margins (1970)
 Periclean Athens (1971)
 Homer (1972)
 New Bats in Old Belfries, or Some Loose Tiles (2005), ed. Henry Hardy and Jennifer Holmes, with an introduction by Julian Mitchell

Bowra also wrote a foreword to Voices From the Past: A Classical Anthology for the Modern Reader, ed. James and Janet Maclean Todd (1955), as well as forewords to other works.

Notes

References

External links

 C. M. Bowra, The Lyrical Poetry of Thomas Hardy – 1946 Byron Foundation Lecture
 Catalogus Philologorum Classicorum

1898 births
1971 deaths
English classical scholars
People educated at Cheltenham College
Alumni of New College, Oxford
Fellows of Wadham College, Oxford
Wardens of Wadham College, Oxford
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Oxford
Harvard University faculty
Knights Bachelor
English gay writers
Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
Grand Commanders of the Order of the Phoenix (Greece)
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
People from Jiujiang
British expatriates in China
Presidents of the British Academy
Place of death missing
British Army personnel of World War I
Oxford Professors of Poetry
Classical scholars of the University of Oxford
Scholars of ancient Greek literature
Greek–English translators
20th-century translators
Fellows of the British Academy
20th-century English male writers
Burials at Holywell Cemetery
Royal Field Artillery officers
British Home Guard soldiers
20th-century English LGBT people
Gay academics
Presidents of the Classical Association

Maurice Bowra


The Warrior and the Wolf () is a 2009 Chinese historical action film directed by Tian Zhuangzhuang. It tells the story of the battle between two ancient warriors. It is Tian's latest directorial effort since 2006's The Go Master.

Filming began in fall 2008 in China's northwest Xinjiang Autonomous Region. The film was released in late 2009.

The Warrior and the Wolf is being co-produced by companies from Hong Kong (Edko Films), Singapore (MediaCorp Raintree Pictures) and China (Perfect World Culture).

Plot
General Zhang is the commander of a northern border's army camp which repels the attacking barbarians every year. When snowfall makes the support of the base with supplies impossible, the troops return home.

Lu Shenkang is a newly recruited soldier who was a shepherd, has no courage and tries to flee the army on several occasions. Lu bonds with General Zhang and when the barbarians attack and take him hostage, Lu exchanges him with a captured tribal prince.

The wounded General Zhang returns home earlier and Lu stays in charge.

When the winter's snow arrives, he leads his men on the trip home. Due to the harsh weather they take refuge in the Harran tribe's village where Lu takes a hut and  woman for himself.

Shortly before the soldiers leave the village to continue their return home, the woman tells Lu that legend says that being intimate with outsiders leads to them becoming wolves.

The army marches on and are attacked by wolves. A following sand storm kills all but Lu who returns to the village.

Years later the barbarians surrender to Imperial China and General Zhang returns to the region to deliver the court's messages.

Two of his men shoot at dogs and are found dead in the morning.

General Zhang is bitten to death by two wolves after riding out to a deserted fortification.

Cast
 Maggie Q - woman of the Harran tribe; actress Maggie Q was cast in the lead role in September 2008 as a replacement for Tang Wei, who was originally to take the role. Due to Tang's role in Ang Lee's sexually explicit Lust, Caution, however, she was banned from acting in mainland productions by the State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television.
 Tou Chung-hua - General Zhang
 Joe Odagiri - Lu, a soldier who was a shepherd

Reception
Critical reception was generally poor. Perry Lam writes in Muse Magazine, 'The original story is both a heartfelt tribute to physical love as a life force and an angry condemnation of the aggressive instincts of human beings... To transport the story to ancient China, and, through the novelty of casting, to have a Japanese actor play the role of a Chinese warrior and an American Vietnamese play a Chinese widow, is not to challenge the imagination but to impoverish it.'

References

External links

 The Warrior and the Wolf from the Chinese Movie Database

2009 films
Films set in the Qin dynasty
2009 action films
2000s Mandarin-language films
Films based on short fiction
Films directed by Tian Zhuangzhuang
2000s romantic fantasy films
2000s historical films
Chinese historical romance films
Historical fantasy films

The Warrior and the Wolf


Human behavioral ecology (HBE) or human evolutionary ecology applies the principles of evolutionary theory and optimization to the study of human behavioral and cultural diversity. HBE examines the adaptive design of traits, behaviors, and life histories of humans in an ecological context. One aim of modern human behavioral ecology is to determine how ecological and social factors influence and shape behavioral flexibility within and between human populations. Among other things, HBE attempts to explain variation in human behavior as adaptive solutions to the competing life-history demands of growth, development, reproduction, parental care, and mate acquisition. HBE overlaps with evolutionary psychology, human or cultural ecology, and decision theory. It is most prominent in disciplines such as anthropology and psychology where human evolution is considered relevant for a holistic understanding of human behavior.

Evolutionary theory

Human behavioral ecology rests upon a foundation of evolutionary theory. This includes aspects of both general evolutionary theory and established middle-level evolutionary theories, as well. Aspects of general evolutionary theory include:
Natural selection, the process by which individual organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
Sexual selection, the theory that competition for mates between individuals of the same sex results in differential mating and reproduction.
Kin selection, the changes in gene frequency across generations that are driven at least in part by interactions between related individuals.
Inclusive fitness, the sum of an individual's own reproductive success, (natural and sexual selection), plus the effects the individual's actions have on the reproductive success of that individual's kin, (kin selection).

Middle-level evolutionary theories used in HBE include:
The theory of parental investment, which predicts that the sex making the largest investment in lactation, nurturing and protecting offspring will be more discriminating in mating and that the sex that invests less in offspring will compete for access to the higher investing sex.
Parent–offspring conflict, which predicts that because the genetic interests of parents and offspring are not identical, offspring will be selected to manipulate their parents in order to ensure higher investment, and that, conversely, parents will be selected to manipulate their offspring.
The theory of reciprocal altruism, a form of altruism in which one organism provides a benefit to another in the expectation of future reciprocation.
The Trivers–Willard hypothesis, which proposes that parents should invest more in the sex that gives them the greatest reproductive payoff (grandchildren) with increasing or marginal investment.
r/K selection theory, which, in ecology, relates to the selection of traits in organisms that allow success in particular environments. r-selected species – in unstable or unpredictable environments – produce many offspring, any individual one of which is unlikely to survive to adulthood, while K-selected species – in stable or predictable environments – invest more heavily in fewer offspring, each of which has a better chance of surviving to adulthood.
Evolutionary game theory, the application of population genetics-inspired models of change in gene frequency in populations to game theory.
Evolutionarily stable strategy, which refers to a strategy, which if adopted by a population, cannot be invaded by any competing alternative strategy.

Basic principles

Methodology

As a subdiscipline of ecology, HBE draws upon systemic and individualistic frameworks in studying human relational patterns. Breaking down complex socioecological patterns into their structural-functional relationships allows scientists to describe social behaviour from the perspective of the overall ecosystem rather than isolated agents. An example of the research methodology in practice might see a scientist examining marriage rates by taking into account local options, cultural preferences, socioeconomic status, political freedoms, and so forth.

Ecological selectionism

Ecological selectionism refers to the assumption that humans are highly flexible in their behaviors. Furthermore, it assumes that various ecological forces select for various behaviors that optimize humans' inclusive fitness in their given ecological context.

Conditional strategies

Human behavioral ecologists assume that what might be the most adaptive strategy in one environment might not be the most adaptive strategy in another environment. Conditional strategies, therefore, can be represented in the following statement:
In environmental context X, engage in adaptive strategy A.
In environmental context Y, engage in adaptive strategy B.

The phenotypic gambit

The phenotypic gambit refers to the simplifying assumption that complex traits, such as behavioural traits, can be modelled as if they were controlled by single distinct alleles, representing alternate strategies. In other words, the phenotypic gambit assumes that "selection will favour traits with high fitness ...irrespective of the particulars of inheritance."

Modeling
Theoretical models that human behavioral ecologists employ include, but are not limited to:

Optimal foraging theory, which states that organisms focus on consuming the most energy while expending the least amount of energy.
Life history theory, which postulates that many of the physiological traits and behaviors of individuals may be best understood in relation to the key maturational and reproductive characteristics that define the life course.
Sex allocation theory, which predicts that parents should bias their reproductive investments toward the offspring sex generating the greatest fitness return.
The polygyny threshold model, which suggests that polygyny is driven by female choice of mates who control more resources relative to other potential mates in the population.

See also
 Behavioral ecology
 Biocultural evolution
 Dual inheritance theory
 Evolutionary developmental psychology
 Evolutionary educational psychology
 Foraging, Autonomous foraging
 Hypergamy
 Human reproductive ecology
 Mating system
 Psychogenomics

References

Further reading
 Borgerhoff Mulder, M. & Schacht, R. (2012). Human Behavioural Ecology. Nature Encyclopedia of Life Sciences.
 Hames, R. (2001). Human Behavioral Ecology. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. Elsevier Science Ltd.
 Cronk, L. (1991). Human behavioral ecology. Annual Review of Anthropology, 20, 25-53.
 Smith, Eric Alden (1999). Three Styles in the Evolutionary Analysis of Human Behavior in Lee Cronk, Napoleon Chagnon and William Irons Adaptation and Human Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective, 27-48, New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
 Winterhalder, Bruce & Smith, Eric Alden (2000). Analysing Adaptive Strategies: Human Behavioral Ecology at Twenty-Five. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, Volume 9, Issue 2.

External links
 The Human Behavioral Ecology Bibliography – Maintained by Kermyt G. Anderson

Demography
Anthropology
Behavioral ecology
Behavioural sciences
H
Sociobiology

Human behavioral ecology


Lakatamia ( ; ) is a southwestern suburb of Nicosia, Cyprus. In terms of population, Lakatamia municipality is the third largest municipality in Nicosia district and the fifth largest municipality in Cyprus (after Limassol, Strovolos, Nicosia and Larnaca). In 2011 Lakatamia had a population of 38,345.

Due to the expansion of the Nicosia urban area, Lakatamia has grown from two small villages (Upper and Lower Lakatamia) into a sizeable suburb. Lower Lakatamia used to be inhabited by both Greek and Turkish Cypriots until the mid-1950s. Its name originates from "alakatia", i.e. wells, which were apparently abundant in the old village. Lakatamia Airfield, an airstrip used by the Cypriot National Guard, is located to the east of Lakatamia.

Lakatamia is also home to a football club EN THOI Lakatamia who has played in the Cypriot First Division, however for only one season in their history. THOI usually play in the lower leagues and are currently in the Cypriot Third Division. Cypriot international Valentinos Sielis used to play at the club

Naming
There are no convincing historical evidence with regard to the origin of the name "Lakatamia". There are only a few speculations as from where Lakatamia's name derives from.

The most probable origin of the name, is connected with the many "alakatia" (water wheels) that existed in Lakatamia and were used to draw the abundant underground water from the springs. It is believed that there were more than 80 wells ("alakatia") in Lakatamia, and that's why the area is called Lakatamia ("alakatia"-"Alakatamia"-"Lakatamia" The "alakati" is today the emblem of Lakatamia's Municipality.

Another speculation, as from where Lakatamia took its name, is that the name was originally "Lakedemon" as the name of ancient Sparta and it was paraphrased through the years and ended up as Lakatamia.

Sister cities
Lakatamia is twinned with the following cities:
 Alexandroupolis, Greece
 Kalymnos, Greece
 Marousi, Greece

References

Municipalities in Nicosia District
Suburbs of Nicosia
Nicosia

Lakatamia


Vinko Globokar (born 7 July 1934) is a French-Slovenian avant-garde composer and trombonist.

Globokar's music uses unconventional and extended techniques, places great emphasis on spontaneity and creativity, and often relies on improvisation. His extensive output is largely unknown outside of experimental music circles.

As a trombonist, he has premiered works by Luciano Berio, Mauricio Kagel, René Leibowitz, Karlheinz Stockhausen, and Toru Takemitsu, as well as his own compositions.

Biography
Globokar was born in Anderny, Meurthe-et-Moselle, France. In 1947 he moved to Yugoslavia, where he attended DIC in Ljubljana, Slovenia. Here, he played jazz trombone until 1955, at which point he moved to Paris to study at the Conservatoire de Paris. At the Conservatoire, he studied composition with René Leibowitz (a disciple of Arnold Schoenberg) and trombone with André Lafosse. In 1965, he moved to Berlin and began composition lessons with Luciano Berio, whose Sequenza V he later premiered at Carnegie Recital Hall in 1966.

In the later 1960s he worked with Karlheinz Stockhausen on some of his compositions from the cycle Aus den sieben Tagen, and co-founded the free improvisation group New Phonic Art. From 1967 to 1976 he taught composition at the Musikhochschule in Cologne, where his students included Clarence Barlow. In 1974, he joined IRCAM as the director of instrumental and vocal research, a job which he occupied until 1980.

He has conducted his compositions with Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra, Orchestre philharmonique de Radio France, Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra, RTV Slovenia Symphony Orchestra, Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra, and Westdeutscher Rundfunk. From 1983 until 1999, he directed 20th-century music with the Orchestra Giovanile Italiana in Florence.

In 2002, Globokar was bestowed with the Prešeren Award for lifetime achievement.

Musical style
Globokar's music is notable for its spontaneity, energy, and innovative use of unorthodox instrumental and compositional techniques. His works often feature indeterminacy and improvisation, reflecting his own background in Jazz and free improvisation. His pieces employ a variety of extended techniques. For example, in his solo percussion piece Toucher, the performer narrates a story while simultaneously playing the syllabic patterns on a percussion array.

Works (selection)

Stage works
  L'idôle  (2012) Music theatre for girls' choir and four percussionists.  Text: Georges Lewkowicz
  L'armonia drammatica  (1987–1990) Music drama for orchestra, mixed choir, 7 singers and tenor saxophone. Text: Edoardo Sanguineti
  Les Émigrés  (1982–85) Triptych
 *  Miserere  (1982) for five narrators, Jazz trio and orchestra
 *  Réalités / Augenblicke  (1984) for five singers, tape, film and slides
 *  Sternbild der Grenze  (1985) for five singers, mezzo soprano, baritone and 18 musicians

Orchestra works
  Radiographie d'un roman  (2009/10) for mixed choir (and seven soloists), accordion solo, percussion solo, 30 instrumentalists and live-electronic. Text: Vinko Globokar
  Mutation  for a singing orchestra. Text: Michael Gielen
  Der Engel der Geschichte
 * Part 1:  Zerfall   (2000) for two orchestral groups and tape playback
 * Part 2:  Mars  (2001/02) for two orchestral groups, tape and live-electronic
 * Part 3:  Hoffnung  (2003/2004) for two orchestral groups and sampler
  Les otages  (2003) for orchestra and sampler
  Les chemins de la liberté  (2003/05) for orchestra without conductor
  Anti-zapping  (2003/05) for orchestra
  Masse Macht und Individuum  (1995) for orchestra and four soloists
  Labour  (1992) for large orchestra
  Eisenberg  (1990) Orchestra version

Ensemble works and vocal music
  Kaleidoskop im Nebel  (2012/13) for chamber ensemble
  L'Exil N° 1   (2012) for soprano (or tenor) and five instrumentalists. Text montage in seven languages by Vinko Globokar
  L'Éxil N° 2   (2012) for soprano (or tenor) and 13 instrumentalists. Text montage in seven languages by Vinko Globokar
  Eppure si muove  (2003) for conducting trombonist and eleven instrumentalists
  La Prison  (2001) for eight instruments

Chamber music
  Avgustin, dober je vin  (2002) for wind quintet
  Terres brûlées, ensuite...  (1998) for saxophone, piano and percussion (written for Trio Accanto)
  Discours IX  (1993) for two pianos
  Élégie balkanique  (1992) for flute, guitar and percussion
  Discours V  (1981) for saxophone quartet
  Discours VIII  (1990) for wind quintet
  Discours VII   (1986) for brass quintet
 Plan (1965) for flute, clarinet, oboe, trombone, and percussion

Solo works
 NOTES (1972) for solo piano
 Voix Instrumentalisée (1973) for bass clarinet
 Toucher (1973) for percussion
 ?Corporel (1985) for percussion
 Oblak Semen (1996) for trombone
 Dialog über Wasser (1994) for acoustic and electric guitar
 Dialog über Luft (1994) for accordion
 Dialog über Erde (1994) for percussion
 Dialog über Feuer (1994) for double bass

References

 Allied Artists.  (accessed on 21 April 2014).

External links

 Interview with Vinko Globokar by Bruce Duffie, 20 November 2000
 Vinko Globokar Publisher's website: Vinko Globokar at Ricordi Berlin
 Article "Reacting" on compositional techniques related to interaction at IIMA

20th-century French composers
21st-century classical composers
Contemporary classical music performers
French classical trombonists
Male trombonists
Prešeren Award laureates
Gaudeamus Composition Competition prize-winners
1934 births
Living people
People from Meurthe-et-Moselle
Slovenian classical composers
Slovenian male musicians
Male classical composers
Slovenian jazz composers
Slovenian music arrangers
Academic staff of the Hochschule für Musik und Tanz Köln
French classical composers
French male classical composers
Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin
21st-century classical trombonists
20th-century classical trombonists
21st-century French composers
Slovenian conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
20th-century French male musicians
21st-century French male musicians
20th-century jazz composers
21st-century jazz composers

Vinko Globokar


A Throstle is for ordinar a bird that's a member o the faimlie Turdidae.

Throstles is aft fund in gairdens, pairks, shaws an widland that haes a rowth o growthe. Throstles can be fund athort Europe sooth o the Arctic circle, but no in Iberia. They've been inbrocht tae New Zealand an Austrailie an aw. They're gey common in New Zealand but in Austrailie there's anerly a smaw nummer aboot Melbourne. Mony birds gangs sooth for the winter, forby thon some wastren birds is bides aw year. Siccan birds haes been inbrocht tae ither airts o the yird an aw.

Throstles is omnivorous, an they eat mony insects, wirms, snails an berries. They aften use a stane as a "stiddie" for tae smatter snail shells.

They dinna bide in flauchts, awtho a puckle birds micht bide thegither in the richt haunts.

Throstles is aboot 22–23 cm lang and 70–90 g in wecht, an is wee'er nor merls (Turdus merula). The sexes leuks alike, wi hamel broun backs an spruce spreckelt breests.

They nest in busses an hedges, cleckin fower or five eggs that is bricht glazie blue an sprecklet black in a trig caup-shapit nest makkit up o sprots an clay. The female clecks for aboot 14 day or thereby; an the young flees awa efter a siclyke interval. Throstles micht cleck twa-three times a year.

The male sings its rairie sang frae trees, ruifs or ither heich places. For ordinar the sang is a melodic rane.

Freemit airtins

Throstle


The ant on a rubber rope is a mathematical puzzle with a solution that appears counterintuitive or paradoxical. It is sometimes given as a worm, or inchworm, on a rubber or elastic band, but the principles of the puzzle remain the same.

The details of the puzzle can vary, but a typical form is as follows:

At first consideration it seems that the ant will never reach the end of the rope, but whatever the length of the rope and the speeds, provided that the length and speeds remain steady, the ant will always be able to reach the end given sufficient time — in the form stated above, it would take  years. There are two key principles: first, since the rubber rope is stretching both in front of and behind the ant, the proportion of the rope the ant has already walked is conserved, and, second, the proportional speed of the ant is inversely proportional to the length of the rubber rope, so the distance the ant can travel is unbounded like the harmonic series.

A formal statement of the problem
For sake of analysis, the following is a formalized version of the puzzle.

The statement of the puzzle from the introduction corresponds to when  is 1 km,  is 1 km/s, and  is 1 cm/s.

Solutions of the problem

A discrete mathematics solution

Although solving the problem appears to require analytical techniques, it can actually be answered by a combinatorial argument by considering a variation in which the rope stretches suddenly and instantaneously each second rather than stretching continuously. Indeed, the problem is sometimes stated in these terms, and the following argument is a generalisation of one set out by Martin Gardner, originally in Scientific American and later reprinted.

Consider a variation in which the rope stretches suddenly and instantaneously before each second, so that the target-point moves from  to  at time , and from  to  at time , etc. Many versions of the problem have the rope stretch at the end of each second, but by having the rope stretch before each second we have disadvantaged the ant in its goal, so we can be sure that if the ant can reach the target point in this variation then it certainly can in the original problem, or indeed in variants where the rope stretches at the end of each second.

Let  be the proportion of the distance from the starting-point to the target point which the ant has covered at time t. So . In the first second the ant travels distance , which is  of the distance from the starting-point to the target-point (which is  throughout the first second). When the rope stretches suddenly and instantaneously,  remains unchanged, because the ant moves along with the rubber where it is at that moment. So . In the next second the ant travels distance  again, which is  of the distance from the starting-point to the target-point (which is  throughout that second). So . Similarly, for any , .

Notice that for any , , so we can write
.

The term  is a partial harmonic series, which diverges, so we can find  such that , which means that .

Therefore, given sufficient time, the ant will complete the journey to the target point. This solution could be used to obtain an upper bound for the time required, but does not give an exact answer for the time it will take.

An analytical solution

A key observation is that the speed of the ant at a given time  is its speed relative to the rope, i.e. , plus the speed of the rope at the point where the ant is. The target-point moves with speed , so at time  it is at . Other points along the rope move with proportional speed, so at time  the point on the rope at  is moving with speed . So if we write the position of the ant at time  as , and the speed of the ant at time  as , we can write:

This is a first order linear differential equation, and it can be solved with standard methods. However, to do so requires some moderately advanced calculus. A much simpler approach considers the ant's position as a proportion of the distance from the starting-point to the target-point.

Consider coordinates  measured along the rope with the starting-point at  and the target-point at . In these coordinates, all points on the rope remain at a fixed position (in terms of ) as the rope stretches. At time , a point at  is at , and a speed of  relative to the rope in terms of , is equivalent to a speed  in terms of . So if we write the position of the ant in terms of  at time  as , and the speed of the ant in terms of  at time  as , we can write:

 where  is a constant of integration.

Now,  which gives , so .

If the ant reaches the target-point (which is at ) at time , we must have  which gives us:

and hence for the length of the rubber band when the ant catches the target point (i.e. the distance travelled by the ant):

(For the simple case of , we can consider the limit  and obtain the simple solution .) As this gives a finite value  for all finite , ,  (, ), this means that, given sufficient time, the ant will complete the journey to the target-point. This formula can be used to find out how much time is required.

For the problem as originally stated, ,  and , which gives . This is a vast timespan, even compared to the estimated age of the universe, which is only about . Furthermore, the length of the rope after such a time is similarly huge, 2.8 km, so it is only in a mathematical sense that the ant can ever reach the end of this particular rope.

Intuition
Consider the situation from the introduction, which is a rope 1 km long being stretched 1 km/s, along which an ant walking is with a relative speed of 1 cm/s.  At any moment, we can imagine putting down two marks on the rope: one at the ant's current position, and another 1 mm closer to the target point.  If the ant were to stop for a moment, from its point of view the first mark is stationary, and the second mark is moving away at a constant speed of 1 mm/s or less (depending on the starting time).  It is clear that the ant will be able reach this second mark — for a simple over-estimation of the time it takes, imagine that we "turn off" the force that the rope applies to the ant at the exact moment it reaches the first mark (leaving the ant to continue onward at constant velocity).  With respect to the reference frame for the first mark at this moment, the ant is moving at 1 cm/s and the second mark is initially 1 mm away and moving at 1 mm/s, and the ant would still reach the mark in 1/9 s.

What we need to do is think about the ant's position as a fraction of the length of the rope.  The above reasoning shows that this fraction is always increasing, but this is not yet enough. (The ant might asymptotically approach some fraction of the rope and never come close to reaching the target point.)  What the reasoning also shows is that every 1/9 s, the fraction of the rope that the ant walks along is (at least as large as a number that is) inversely proportional to the current time, since the target point is moving proportionally to time, and the fraction of the rope this 1 mm interval corresponds to is inversely proportional to that.

Quantities that grow at a rate that is inversely proportional to time exhibit logarithmic growth, which grows without bound, however slowly that might be.  This means the ant will, eventually, reach the target point.

If the speed at which the rope stretches increases through time, then the ant might not reach the target.  For example, imagine one end of the rope is attached to a weight that is in free fall in a uniform gravitational field, with the rope applying no force to the weight (in other words, the target point's position is given by a function of the form ).  If  is 1 m,  is 9.81 m/s2, and the ant moves at 1 cm/s, then the ant won't cover even 0.71% of the length of the rope, despite the fact the ant is always making forward progress. However, if the ant moves at a speed greater than 1.41 m/s it will reach the end of the rope in finite time. Further there are scenarios where the speed of the ant is decreasing exponentially while the length of the rope is increasing exponentially and the ant will also reach the end of the rope in finite time.

See also
Achilles and the tortoise
Goodstein's theorem

References

Puzzles
Recreational mathematics
Mathematical analysis
Paradoxes

Ant on a rubber rope


Robert James Graves, F.R.C.S. (27 March 1796 – 20 March 1853) was an eminent Irish surgeon after whom Graves' disease takes its name. He was President of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland, Fellow of the Royal Society of London and the co-founder of the Dublin Journal of Medical Science. He is also the uncredited inventor of the second-hand on watches.

Early life
The eighth child of the Dean of Ardagh, Richard Graves, and Elizabeth Mary Drought (1767–1827), daughter of Rev. James Drought (1738–1820) D.D., of Dublin and Park, "a member of one of the principal families of the King's County (Offaly)," whose mother was the sister of Theaker Wilder. Wilder, Robert's father and maternal grandfather were all Senior Fellows of Trinity College Dublin, where in 1811 he was entered under his elder brother-in-law, Thomas Meredith, after receiving his early schooling in Downpatrick and Dublin.

After a brilliant undergraduate career in the arts, he received a degree in medicine in 1818 and left for London to study surgery under Sir William Blizard. Afterwards, he spent the following three years travelling the continent between stints as an observer at the medical schools of Edinburgh, Berlin, Vienna, Göttingen, Hamburg, Copenhagen and those of France and Italy.

Graves had an exceptional talent for languages, and while in continental Europe he was imprisoned for ten days in Austria when travelling on foot without a passport; the authorities thought him to be a German spy, none of them believing that an Irishman could speak their language so well. Continuing his travels, in the Swiss Alps Graves became acquainted with the painter Joseph Mallord William Turner. They travelled and sketched together for several months, eventually parting company in Rome. On his way from Genoa to Sicily, Graves saved a ship and its mutinous crew by assuming command during a storm in the Mediterranean. During a gale the vessel sprang a leak, the pumps failed, and the crew attempted to abandon ship: Graves holed the one lifeboat with an axe, declaring to the crew, "let us all be drowned together, it is a pity to part good company", he then proceeded to repair the pumps with leather from his own shoes, so saving the ship and all aboard.

Medical career
Graves returned to Dublin in 1821, setting up his own medical practice and introducing new clinical methods that he had witnessed on his travels to the Meath Hospital and the Park Street School of Medicine which he helped found. This included, among other things, bedsides teaching, of which William Hale-White said "this is real clinical teaching", and went on in his book, Great Doctors of the Nineteenth Century, to say that Graves held the honour of introducing this system to Ireland:

(Graves) insists that... mere walking the hospital must go. The Edinburgh system, in which the teacher interrogates the patient in a loud voice, the clerk repeats the patients' answer in a similar voice, the crowd of students round the bed, most of whom cannot see the patient, hears all this and makes notes, is of no use. Students must examine patients for themselves under the guidance of their teachers, they must make suggestions as to diagnosis, morbid anatomy and treatment to their teacher who will discuss the cases with them.

In this technique one of his students, William Stokes (1804–1878), soon became his collaborator. Together they made the Dublin School of Medicine famous throughout the world.

Graves was possessed of the qualities that would ensure a great teacher. He was tall, somewhat swarthy with a vivacious manner, and like other avant-garde professors of his time, he gave his lectures in English rather than in Latin, or Dog Latin as was still the case in most classes in the 1830s. In his introductory lecture he said: "From the very commencement the student should set out to witness the progress and effects of sickness and ought to persevere in the daily observation of disease during the whole period of his studies".

He was appointed Professor to the Institutes of medicine in the Irish College of Physicians and wrote essays and gave lectures on physiological topics. His "Clinical Lectures" were published in 1843 (and again in 1848), giving fame to his name throughout Europe. He was president of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland in 1843 and 1844 and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1849. He received honorary membership of the medical societies in Berlin, Vienna, Hamburg, Tübingen, Bruges and Montreal.

Among the innovations introduced in the lectures were the timing of the pulse by watch and the practicing of giving food and liquids to patients with fever instead of withholding nourishment. It was on a ward round that Graves light-heartedly suggested to William Stokes, 'Lest when I am gone you may be at a loss for an epitaph for me, let me give you one – He Fed Fevers.'

As well as the practical importance of bedside learning to ensure that a graduate was not "a practitioner who has never practised" he emphasised the importance of research, "learn the duty as well as taste the pleasure of original work". He corresponded with old pupils all over the world and continued as an inspired teacher until his death in 1853.

Graves was sometimes sarcastic. In dealing with a colleague's attack on the use of the stethoscope (the instrument was advocated by himself and Stokes having been invented in France in 1816), he wrote: "We suspect Dr Clutterbuck's sense of hearing must be injured: for him the 'ear trumpet' magnifies but distorts sound, rendering it less distinct than before". Dr. Clutterbuck was Henry Clutterbuck, 1770–1856.

In recognition of his achievements in education, Graves was named Regius professor of the Institute of Medicine in Trinity College. With William Stokes he edited the Dublin Journal of Medical and Chemical Science from 1832 to 1842, a journal he had founded with Sir Robert Kane (1809–1890). His lasting fame rests chiefly on his Clinical Lectures, which were a model for the day and recommended by none other than Armand Trousseau (1801–1867), who suggested the term Graves' disease.

Family

In 1821 he married his first wife (and first cousin), Matilda Jane Eustace (1806–1825), daughter of Richard and Catherine (Drought) Eustace of Valetta, Kingstown. She died after giving birth to a daughter, who died young. In 1826 he married his second wife (the sister of one of his brothers-in-law), Sarah Jane Brinkley (1801–1827), daughter of Bishop John Brinkley, but she died with her daughter giving birth. In 1830 he married his third wife (another relation of Graves' through the Dawsons of Dartrey), Anna (died 1873), the eldest daughter of Rev. William Grogan of Slaney Park and Anne Saunders. By his third wife he was the father of six children, one of whom married Edward Blackburne of Rathfarnham Castle, the eldest son of Francis Blackburne, Lord Chancellor of Ireland. His granddaughter, Georgina (Graves) Synge, was married to a first cousin of the playwright John Millington Synge. Cloghan Castle was left to his eldest son, Lt.-Colonel William Grogan Graves, High Sheriff of King's County.

Death
Graves kept a townhouse on Merrion Square but died of liver disease at his country residence, 20 March 1853, one week before his 57th birthday. The year before he died his wife persuaded him to buy Cloghan Castle, County Offaly, which was near to his cousins, the Droughts, at Banagher. It was eventually sold by his grandson in 1908. He was buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery, Dublin. His library, worth £30,000 (), was left to Trinity College Dublin. Following his death, a Dublin watchmaking company began selling watches with second hands, a concept Graves had come up with for personal use but didn't patent. A collection of various of his papers, including a biography, was published by his friend and contemporary William Stokes as Studies in Physiology and Medicine, London, 1863.

Bibliography
 Clinical reports, of the medical cases in the Meath Hospital and County of Dublin Infirmary, during the session 1826, 1827 (1827)
 A lecture on the functions of the lymphatic system (1834)
 Clinical lectures delivered during the sessions of 1834-5 and 1836-7 (1838)
 Clinical lectures (1842)
 A system of clinical medicine (1843)
 Clinical lectures on the practice of medicine (1848)
 Studies in physiology and medicine (1863), edited by William Stokes

References

Sources
Biography of Robert James Graves
Clinical Reports of the Medical Cases in the Meath Hospital and County of Dublin Infirmary During the Session 1826, 27, P. 1.
With William Stokes. Dublin, 1827,
Lectures on the Functions of the Lymphatic System.
Dublin, 1828.
Clinical lectures.
First published 1835 in the London Medical and Surgical Journal and London Medical Gazette. The series for two sessions were first collected and published together in Philadelphia, 1838, as: Clinical lectures delivered during the sessions of 1834–5 and 1836–7.
Newly observed affection of the thyroid gland in females. (Clinical lectures.)
London Medical and Surgical Journal, 1835; VII: 516–517.
A System of Clinical Medicine.
Dublin, Fannin & Co., 1843.
3rd American edition with notes etc. by William Gerhard (1809–1872), Philadelphia, 1848.
German translation by Heiman Bressler (1805–1873): Klinische Erfahrungen aus dem Englischen von Robert Graves übersetzt. Leipzig, 1843.
Clinical Lectures on the Practice of Medicine.
2nd edition of A System of Clinical Medicine, edited by John Moore Neligan (1815–1863). 2 volumes, Dublin 1848; French translation by Sigismond Jaccoud, Paris, 1862.
Much new material was added to this edition, especially Graves' observation on the epidemiology of cholera. He was one of the first to clearly show that cholera was contagious and spread along the lines of human contact.
Graves published John Noble Johnson's :
The life of Thomas Linacre etc. London, 1835.

Obituaries
Medical Times and Gazette, London, 1853, VI, page 351.
William Stokes in Medical Times and Gazette, London, 1854, VIII, page 1.
J. F. Duncan in Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science, 1878, LXV: 1.

External links
 Biography and Portrait of Robert James Graves – Dublin University Magazine, 1842
 Dublin Masters of Clinical Expression – Robert Graves (1796–1853)
 Robert James Graves – Milestones in Thyroidology

1796 births
1853 deaths
Irish surgeons
Burials at Mount Jerome Cemetery and Crematorium
19th-century Irish people
Medical doctors from Dublin (city)
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England
Irish Anglicans
Physicians of the Meath Hospital
Presidents of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland
Graves family

Robert James Graves


The Suburban Studs were an English punk rock band, formed in Birmingham in 1976.

Line-up
Vocals, guitar - Eddy Zipps
Guitar - Keith Owen
Bass - Paul Morton
Drums - Steve Poole
Saxophone - Steve Heart (Removed from line-up early)

Reformed in 1996 for Holidays in the sun 3 day punk festival in Blackpool.

Vocals - guitar - Eddie Hunt (eddie zipps)
Guitar - Keith Owen
Bass Guitar - Roger Wilson
Drums - Dave Fell

Releases
The band were signed to Pogo Records, an independent record label who had a distribution deal with WEA. Their only album, Slam, was released in 1977. It has recently been re-released by Anagram Records with extra tracks. They had two singles, "Questions" / "No Faith", released in 1977 and "I Hate School" / "Young Power", in 1978. None of their releases were hits.

They also appeared on the Hope & Anchor Front Row Festival double compilation (March 1978).

More recently they can be found on the Holidays in the Sun CD and DVD from the Blackpool 3 day punk festival in 1996.

Live shows
Suburban Studs' fame results from their huge gigging schedule. They played the 100 Club gig in 1976 supporting the Sex Pistols and The Clash, and headlined above The Clash in Birmingham in the same year.

The band also toured with AC/DC and Judas Priest, played a Peel Session and appeared on an ATV punk special.

Their erstwhile saxophonist Steve Heart later went on to form the Neon Hearts, who were to become popular around the Midlands.

The band continued for another 18 months under the name "the studs" with new frontman and vocalist Steve "Bertie" Burton ( "Starfighters" the E numbers, vincent flatts final drive)  Eddie Zipps continued to write the songs and play guitar in the band.

The band reformed for a short while in 1996, with Eddie on vocals and Keith Owen on guitar, they were joined by bass guitarist Roger Wilson (little Sister, Even Bigger) and drummer Dave Fell.

They performed at the Holidays in the Sun gig at Blackpool in 1996 and are featured on the CD and DVD of the three-day festival, they split up soon after this gig.

References

External links
Punk77.co.uk
Cherryred.co.uk

Musical groups from Birmingham, West Midlands
English punk rock groups

Suburban Studs


Schliengen is a municipality in southwestern Germany in the state of Baden-Württemberg, in the Kreis (district) of Lörrach. Schliengen's claim to international fame is the Battle of Schliengen (24 October 1796), fought between forces of the French Revolutionary army under Jean-Victor Moreau and the Austrian army under Karl von Österreich-Teschen.  As both sides claimed victory, the battle is commemorated on a monument in Vienna and on the Arc de Triomphe in Paris.

Geography

Location
The town of Schliengen is located in the Markgräflerland between Müllheim and the district town of Lörrach.  The area of the municipality stretches from the Upper Rhine Plain (elev. 225 m/738 ft) to the top of the Blauen or Hochblauen (elev. 1165 m/3,822 ft).

Neighboring Municipalities
The municipality of Schliengen is bordered on the north by Auggen, in the northeast by Feldberg (a borough of Müllheim), both of which are in Kreis (district) Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald, in the east by Malsburg-Marzell, in the south by the towns of Kandern and Bad Bellingen, and on the west by Steinenstadt, a borough of Neuenburg am Rhein, which is again in the Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald district.

Boroughs (Ortsteile)
The municipality of Schliengen contains the following boroughs (Ortsteile); Liel, Mauchen, Niedereggenen, Obereggenen and Schallsingen.

Lutheran Churches exist in Niedereggenen, Obereggenen and Feldberg.

History
The first official historical mention of Schliengen was in 820. It belonged formerly to the prince-bishopric of Basel.  In 1796, Schliengen was the site of a battle between the French army commanded by Jean Victor Marie Moreau and the Coalition Army commanded by Archduke Charles of Austria. After the secularization which was a result of the German Mediatisation (:de:Reichsdeputationshauptschluss) of 1803, Schliengen became a part of the Grand Duchy of Baden.  The railway first reached Schliengen a 15 June 1847 when the track to Müllheim was completed.  Schliengen was traditionally a part of the district of Müllheim, but has been part of the district of Lörrach since the district reform of 1973.

Religion
As a part of the prince-bishopric of Basel the Reformation passed Schliengen by.  As a result, the area is still today mainly Roman Catholic.  There are however Lutheran churches in Schliengen and each of its boroughs.

Town council
Since the election of 13 July 2004, the town council consists of the mayor and 22 council members. The election brought the following results:
{| class=wikitable
|-
!Party!!Share of votes!!Change!!Seats won!!Change
|-
|CDU || 36.6% || −9.2 || 9 || ±0
|-
|SPD || 28.4% || +0.3 || 6 || ±0
|-
|FDP || 20.8% || +0.9 || 5 || +1
|-
|Green || 12.1% || +5.9 || 2 || +1
|-
|Other || 2.1% || +2.1 || 0 || ±0
|}

Town Twinning
Since 1989 Schliengen's official sister city has been Nidau am Bielersee in Switzerland.

Culture and Items of Interest

Buildings
Schloss Bürgeln (Bürgeln Palace)

The palace lies high over the vineyards of the Markgräflerland, between blooming cherry trees, fields, and woods.  It was built in the 11th century as a church, and from 1100 as a monastery.  In 1762 the palace was rebuilt by Provost Aloysius Mader and Abbot Meinrad Troger.  The palace was threatened with closure in 1920, which was prevented through the formation of the Bürgeln-Bund (Bürgeln Federation).  It is now privately owned, and is maintained and restored by donations and through the work of the Bürgeln-Bund.  Around the palace is an 80m² (860 ft²) rose garden, with views of the French Vosges mountains, Basel, and the Sausenburg ruins.

Today, particularly in the summer, Schloss Bürgeln plays host to many events.  These include conferences, seminars, concerts, and parties.

In the middle 80's the palace was the filming location of a ZDF series entitled "Lorenz & Söhne", which followed the story of the Lorenz family and their winery.

 Wasserschloss Entenstein (Water Castle Entenstein)

The Wasserschloss Entenstein, in the center of the town of Schliengen, is a small moated castle, which today houses the city hall and the district administration offices.  The black and yellow striped shutters are a traditional symbol warning passers-by that the building has a moat.  The surrounding castle park invites walkers in every season, and in the summer hosts several events, such as street and wine festivals.

 Gasthaus Krone (Crown Inn) in Mauchen
In this inn one finds a delightful wall built of multicolored bottles.

Culinary Specialties
The vineyards of Schliengen, like all of those in the Markgräflerland, grow a variety of good wines.  The local vintner's cooperative, the Schliengener Winzergenossenschaft, is based in the town and offers wine tastings.  The Weingut Lämmlin-Schindler in Mauchen was one of the first wineries to be established in Germany.  The 1988/89 German Wine Princess, Petra Meyer, was from Schliengen.

Economy and Infrastructure

Transport
Schliengen is connected to the international rail network through the Rhine Valley Railway (Rheintalbahn)(Mannheim-Karlsruhe-Basel).  The nearest large train stations are in Freiburg and Basel.  Schliengen also lies on Federal Highway 3 (Bundesstraße 3), which gives direct access to the international highway network.

Local Businesses
The Erste Markgräfler Winzergenossenschaft Schliengen-Müllheim e. G. (First Markgräfler Vintners' Cooperative) (www.sonnenstueck.de) is located in Schliengen, whose wines always place highly in regional and national competitions.  The cooperative was founded in 1908 by the local priest, Leonhard Müller, together with 36 local vintners. Since 1971 it has shared the brand name "Sonnenstück" (a piece of the sun) with the municipalities in the region.

Education

The Hebelschule in Schliengen offers an Elementary school, a Hauptschule, and a vocational Realschule.  There are also additional Elementary schools in Liel, Mauchen, and Niedereggenen.

Personalities

Residents
Lina Kromer (1889–1977) (in Obereggenen), German poet.

References

External links

 Gemeinde Schliengen im Markgräflerland
 Offizielle Seite von Schloss Bürgeln
 Erste Markgräfler Winzergenossenschaft Schliengen-Müllheim e.G.

Lörrach (district)
Baden

Schliengen


Theodore Leighton Pennell (1867 – 23 December 1912), was an English Protestant missionary and doctor who lived among the tribes of Afghanistan. He founded Pennell High School and a missionary hospital in Bannu in the North-West Frontier of British India, now Pakistan. For his work he received the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal for public service in India. He published a work on his life under the title Among the wild tribes of the Afghan frontier in 1908.
Pennell House at Eastbourne College was named after him.

Early years and 1890s
Born in England in 1867, Theodore Pennell was educated at Eastbourne College and qualified as a doctor (MB, MRCS, LRCP) in 1890, completing his MD and FRCS in 1891. He offered his services to the Church Missionary Society (CMS) in 1890. His father had died during his childhood, so he developed a very close relationship with his mother. When CMS sent Pennell to India, his mother decided to go too, and they both began learning Urdu. They reached Karachi in 1892 and went to Dera Ismail Khan, where Pennell began medical work. He often traveled round the villages, wearing Pathan dress and living with the people. He made his first visit to Tank in 1893 and established relationships with the Masud and Wazir tribes.

In October 1893, he moved to Bannu to present the gospel to travelers to and from Afghanistan. He was fluent in Urdu and Pushtu by then. He combined medical work with public preaching in Pushtu and selling Christian literature, in Bannu and the surrounding villages, accompanied by the first Christian in Bannu, Jahan Khan. The mullahs strongly opposed his work, warning people not to accept his medicine. The mullahs tried to drive people away by telling them that the medicines contained alcohol and pig's blood, and would turn them forcibly into Christians. They also said that if the people were fated to die, then it would be better to die as believers.

Pennell built a small hospital at Bannu with his mother's money. In 1895, he opened a mission boarding school. Several Muslim inquirers showed an interest in baptism, but faced great opposition from relatives and other Muslims. Among his converts were Tayib Khan and Sayyid Badshah. Sayyid Badshah was shot dead soon after making his profession of faith. In 1896, Pennell was invited to visit the bandit Chakki. Pennell shared the gospel with him to such an effect that soon afterwards Chakki left his banditry; he wrote to Pennell: "I constantly meditate on your words and I have given up killing and robbery."

In 1897, Pennell bought a printing press from Lahore and began publishing a newspaper. There was fighting between the British and the Wazirs but Pennell refused to have an armed guard. "Our best defence is our loving relationship with the tribes," he said. "Rifles and other weapons cannot protect us." In 1898 Pennell passed his Persian exams and began studying Arabic. He preached regularly in Bannu bazaar, despite opposition. Once an Afghan bit his finger, but in court Pennell pleaded for the Afghan's release. Later three Afghans became Christians.

Twentieth century

In 1901, Pennell began learning Punjabi. In 1903 his disciple, Jahan Khan, went as the first Afghan foreign missionary to the Gulf and East Africa (Mombasa). During 1904 Pennell traveled through the Punjab by bicycle, mixing with the local people, with one Afghan companion. He dressed as a sadhu, and was often penniless. He was amazed at the missionaries' bungalows, more like forts than houses, separating them from the local people, where they sat waiting for inquirers to come to them rather than going out to sit with the people. He was disappointed at the low level of conduct of most Chuhra and Chamar (Untouchable) Christians who had been baptised without inadequate instruction.

Pennell was also afraid that concentrating on the Chuhras would deter high-caste Hindus and Muslims from coming to Christ. He felt that pressure to produce results in terms of numbers of baptismal candidates was leading to superficial evangelism and slipshod practices, although he acknowledged that many of the Chuhra Christians were worthy spiritual leaders. He was afraid that many so-called Christian workers were "rice Christians", working for the mission for money alone.

In 1908, Pennell became very ill and had to return to England, the first time in 16 years. While there, his mother died. On his return to India he got engaged and married to a Parsee doctor, Alice Sorabji in 1908. and they had a son.

Illnesses and death
In 1909, Pennell was again seriously ill in Bannu and on his recovery, he was showered with flowers and congratulations by the local people. On 15 March 1912, a very sick patient was admitted to Bannu hospital with a dangerous infectious illness. Pennell's colleague Dr. William Hal Barnett operated on him, and fell sick himself. Pennell operated on Barnett and he too fell sick. Within a few days, Dr. Barnett died and two days later Pennell also died, conscious to the end and unafraid of death. He died at the age of 45 in 1912, from septicaemia leaving his widow. His wife died in 1951, aged 76 years, in Findon, Sussex.

Books and articles by or about Theodore Leighton Pennell

References

Barkat Ullah. Saleeb kay Alambardar (Pioneer Missionaries of the Punjab). Punjab Religious Book Society, Lahore. 1957.

External links

1867 births
1912 deaths
Christian medical missionaries
People from Bannu District
English Protestant missionaries

Protestant missionaries in Afghanistan
Protestant missionaries in Pakistan

Protestant missionaries in India

Theodore Leighton Pennell


Andrew John Heyward (born October 29, 1950) is an independent media consultant in Manhattan, New York. Heyward is a principal in MarketspaceNext LLC and in his own practice, Heyward Advisory LLC. He is a senior advisor to Monitor Deloitte. Before this, he was President of CBS News from January 1996 to November 2005. Before that he was an executive producer for the CBS Evening News (October 1994-January 1996). He has won 12 national Emmy Awards.

Early life
Heyward was born in New York. His parents were E. J. R. and Elisabeth Heyward. In 1972 he graduated magna cum laude from Harvard University. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in history and literature. Heyward is a member of Phi Beta Kappa.

Career
He was going to go to law school but took a job as a production assistant at WNYW-TV in New York. He became a producer. He then was hired by WCBS and became the news producer within a year. In 1981 he took a job as a field producer at CBS. In 1984 he was promoted to senior producer of the CBS Evening News. In 1986 he was senior broadcast producer of the CBS Evening News With Dan Rather. In 1994 he became the vice president of CBS News and executive producer of the CBS Evening News. He became president of CBS News in January 1996.

References

Other websites
 Heyward Advisory web page

Network management
1950 births
Living people
Emmy Award winners

Andrew Heyward


South Carolina Highway 130 (SC 130) is a  state highway in Oconee County, South Carolina, connecting Clemson and eastern Oconee County with access to Lake Keowee, Lake Jocassee, and the Blue Ridge Mountains.

Route description
SC 130 travels generally in a south–north direction, beginning at a major intersection with South Carolina Highway 59 in downtown Seneca.  SC 130 leaves downtown towards the east and intersects with Clemson Boulevard (US 76/US 123/SC 28). Traveling northward, the route becomes a two lane configuration and becomes more rural in character. SC 130 skirts the southern and eastern edges of Lake Keowee and provides beautiful views of the lake and the Blue Ridge Mountains. The route passes by several upscale lakefront communities and the old mill town of Newry. The route passes by the Oconee Nuclear Station prior to crossing Lake Keowee.

The route continues northward and passes through the small town of Salem before intersecting with the Cherokee Foothills Scenic Highway (SC 11). North of that intersection, the route becomes more windy as it enters the mountains and begins an uphill climb. Shortly before crossing into North Carolina, there are several overlooks offering attractive vistas of Lake Jocassee and the Upstate region. Upon crossing the state line, the route offers access to the Whitewater Falls recreation area. North of the state line, the route becomes North Carolina Highway 281 towards Lake Toxaway.

Major intersections

See also

References

External links

SC 130 at Virginia Highways' South Carolina Highways Annex

130
Transportation in Oconee County, South Carolina

South Carolina Highway 130


Carlos Fernando Rosenkrantz (born 27 October 1958) is an Argentine lawyer and a member of the Supreme Court of Argentina since 2016, nominated by Mauricio Macri. He served as president of the court from 2018 to 2021, and currently serves as vice president of the court.

Biography
Rosenkrantz was born in Buenos Aires. His father was a Jewish-Polish immigrant and his mother a teacher from Corrientes Province.

He studied law at the University of Buenos Aires and later in the United States thanks a Fulbright Scholarship.

He was rector of the University of San Andrés.

Education
He received a lawyer in 1983 from the University of Buenos Aires and in 1987 he made a Master of Laws at Yale University. Two years later he received a doctorate from the same university.

Legal Study
Together with Gabriel Bouzat he headed an important Argentine legal firm, called Bouzat, Rosenkrantz & Asociados. It recognizes among its clients Cablevisión, Grupo Clarín, La Nación, La Rural S.A., YPF, the Yaciretá Binational Entity, the province of Santa Fe and the province of Corrientes.

San Andres University
In June 2008 he assumed as rector of the University of San Andrés until December 2015.

Books
"The issues of Federalism: Analysis of the constitutional reform from the perspective of comparative federalism," with Jorge E. Douglas Price.

"Non-contractual liability: Where Philosophy, Law and Economics come together."

"Trust and Law in Latin America", with Marcelo Bergman.

"Tribute to Carlos S. Nino", with Marcelo Alegre and Roberto Gargarella.

"Legal Reasoning, Law Science and Democracy in Carlos Nino", with Rodolfo Vigo.

Distinctions
He received the gold medal in 1975 at the National School Domingo F. Sarmiento in Buenos Aires. He was championed in 1983 of the Faculty of Law of the University of Buenos Aires with a Final Average of 9.42. In 2016 he received the Konex Prize for the Humanities for the period 2006–2015, in the discipline "Theory and Philosophy of Law".

References

1958 births
Lawyers from Buenos Aires
Living people
Argentine Jews
Argentine people of Polish-Jewish descent
20th-century Argentine lawyers
Supreme Court of Argentina justices
Rectors of universities in Argentina
Yale University alumni
University of Buenos Aires alumni
21st-century Argentine judges

Carlos Rosenkrantz


A Raja is a type of monarch. This is sometimes spelled "Rajah".

Raja may also refer to:

 Rajan, the Sanskrit for "king, ruler"
 Raja Yoga, one of the four major Yogic paths of Hinduism
 Raja (genus), a genus of rays

In popular culture:
 Raja Casablanca, a Moroccan sports club
 Raja (actor), an Indian movie actor who works in Tollywood
 Raja (1975 movie), a Bollywood movie with Rishi Kapoor
 Raja (1995 movie), a Bollywood movie starring Sanjay Kapoor and Madhuri Dixit
 Raja (2003 movie), a French/Moroccan movie directed by Jacques Doillon
 Raja (Phantasy Star IV), a fictional character in the video game Phantasy Star IV
 Raja (album), an album by Finnish thrash metal band Stam1na

Rajais the given name or surname of:
 M. Raja, Indian director
 Raja Bell, Basketball player

Related pages
 Rajah (disambiguation)
 Rajput

Raja (disambiguation)


Tamagotchi is a handheld video game. It was released in 1996. It was created in 1996 by Aki Maita and sold by Bandai. It is a strategy game. The main characters are also called Tamagotchi. The Tamagotchi are electronic pets, and the player takes care of them as part of the game. A new version of Tamagotchi was released in 2020.

Gameplay

The player uses the handheld device to take care of the fictional pet. The player can feed it or let it go hungry, train it or abuse it. The tamagotchi will grow up strong, weak or run away depending on how the player acts.

Anime
In 2009, Tamagotchi got it's own anime.

History
The first Tamagotchi was released in 1996 as a mobile digital pet. This game became popular in Japan. From 1997 to 1998 other types of Tamagotchi game were released. About 40 million games sold around the world. In 2004, Tamagotchi''' became popular again. The 2004 version of the game had infrared communication. The 2006 version could connect with mobile phones and personal computers. In 2006, a Tamagotchi-themed school game was released. In this game, the player could make a class using a communication function. In 2007, Tamagotchi started to live with its family in the device. In 2008, the game was released with a colored screen and download items and mini games. In 2012, the communication function was made more complicated.

By country

The Tamagotchi has stayed popular in Japan, but in the West it is sometimes popular and sometimes not. Bandai America sells Tamagotchi in a larger package in the United States because they want the buyer to believe it is worth the price, US$59.99.

 Other content
There are also Tamagotchi'' arcade games, animations, movies, comic books, books, and apps.

References

1996 video games
Toys

Tamagotchi


Oostakker, umwhile spelled Oostacker, is ane o the smawer umwhile municipalities which wur merged intae Ghent (frae which it is anerlie twa mile), the caipital o the Belgian province o East Flanders. The hamlet is mainly kent for its Roman Catholic shrine o the Virgin Mary.

Shrine o Oostakker
The miraculous shrine o the Blessed Virgin is a place o pilgrimage frae Belgium, the Netherlands an Northren Fraunce. It takes its name frae Ghent. Its oreegin as a centre o pilgrimage is comparatively recent, datin frae 1873.

In 1871 the Marquise de Calonne de Courtebourne haed built in the pairk o her estate at Oostacker an aquarium in the form o an airtificial cave or grotto. Ane day, while on a visit tae the pairk, the parish priest, reverend Moreels, suggestit that a statue o Oor Lady o Lourdes be placed amang the rocks. For twa years the grotto remained simply an aquarium, but gradually the members o the family formed the habit o stoppin there tae recite a Hail Mary. Suin it wis decidit tae bless the statue publicly. The ceremony teuk place on 23 Juin 1873, an wis attendit bi nearly aw the inhabitants o the veelage. The pious Flemish peasants asked permission o the awner tae come frequently tae the pairk tae give vent tae their devotion. Accordingly, access wis alloued them on Sunday efternuin. At that time the warld wis ringin wi the fame o Lourdes, an the shrine at Oostakker suin became popular; marvelous graces an wonderful cures wur reportit.

Afore lang Sunday efternuin nae langer sufficed tae receive the throngs o pilgrims, an the pairk wis thrown open tae the public bi the generous awner. Then a lairge Gothic kirk wis built, the cornerstane being laid on 22 Mey 1875, bi Mgr. Bracq. A priest's hoose followed, an the marchioness in memory o her son, a deceased Jesuit, confided shrine, kirk, an hoose tae the Society o Jesus. The faithers teuk possession on 8 Aprile 1877 an on 11 September o the same year the Apostolic nuncio, Seraphino Vannutelli, consecratit the kirk. That pairt o the estate, in which the grotto wis, wis nou definitively gien ower tae the service o Oor Lady, a lang avenue being built frae the road tae the shrine an a Way o the Cross erectit. In the early 20t century 60,000 pilgrims came annually, in aboot 450 organized pilgrimages.

Gallery

Sources

Freemit airtins

Submunicipalities o Ghent
Veelages in Belgium
Marian shrines

Oostakker


Barry Thomas Cunningham (26 October 1939 – 12 September 2018) was an Australian politician. Born in Pakenham, Victoria, he was a dairy and potato farmer and an agricultural contractor before entering politics. In 1980, he was elected to the Australian House of Representatives as the Labor member for McMillan, defeating Barry Simon of the Liberal Party, who had been deprived of Democratic Labor Party preferences due to his views on abortion. He was defeated in 1990 but was re-elected in 1993, before being defeated again in 1996.

In 2015, Cunningham and three other former MPs brought a case before the High Court of Australia, purporting that reductions to their retirement allowances and limitations on the number of "domestic return trips per year" under the Members of Parliament (Life Gold Pass) Act 2002 was unconstitutional under S51(xxxi) of the Constitution of Australia. They lost the case in 2016, with the court finding that Parliament was entitled to vary the terms of allowances. He died in 2018.

References

1939 births
2018 deaths
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for McMillan
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
20th-century Australian politicians
People from Victoria (state)

Barry Cunningham (politician)


Paul van Katwijk (December 7, 1885–December 11, 1974) was a Dutch-American pianist, conductor, composer, and music educator.  He was an important figure in the classical music culture of Dallas, Texas, for much of the 20th century.  He served as the music director of the Dallas Symphony Orchestra for eleven years.

Early life and musical training
Van Katwijk was born in Rotterdam in the Netherlands.  He was a pupil of Carl Oberstadt (who was in turn a student of Robert and Clara Schumann) at the Royal College of Music in The Hague, Netherlands.  He subsequently studied in Vienna and Berlin with the eminent pianist Leopold Godowsky.

Career
Following several years of teaching in Europe, during which van Katwijk had begun to develop a reputation as a fine teacher, he came to the United States in 1912.  He was appointed to the piano faculty of Christian College in Columbia, Missouri, then to similar positions at the University of Chicago and at Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa.

In 1918 van Katwijk accepted the post of head of the piano department at Southern Methodist University in Dallas.  He would remain on the SMU faculty until 1955.  He served as dean of the school of music from 1919 until 1949, then as head of the piano department for the remaining six years of his tenure.  He continued teaching piano privately for the remainder of his life.  A great number of van Katwijk's students had successful professional musical careers as soloists and teachers.

Throughout his years in Dallas, van Katwijk remained highly active as a performing artist.  In the late 1910s he recorded many piano rolls for the Imperial Player Roll Co. of Chicago. He performed as a soloist with orchestras including the Houston, Minneapolis, New Orleans, and Saint Louis Symphonies, and performed recitals throughout the United States, both as a soloist and in a piano duo with his wife, Viola Beck Van Katwijk.  Paul van Katwijk was called "a most remarkable pianist" by the great Finnish composer Jean Sibelius.

Van Katwijk was also noted as a conductor.  While teaching at Drake, he conducted the Des Moines Symphony, and during his years in Texas he was the music director of the Dallas Symphony from 1925 to 1936.  He also conducted the Dallas Oratorio Society, the Dallas Civic Opera, and the Dallas Municipal Chorus.

Van Katwijk composed many works of which over a dozen were published.  His "Hollandia Suite" was performed at the Hollywood Bowl and by the Wiesbaden Symphony Orchestra in Germany, and was also played for a national radio broadcast by the Groningen Symphony Orchestra in the Netherlands.

Van Katwijk was active in numerous professional societies and organizations, often serving in leadership positions.  In 1962 he was honored as Teacher of the Year by the Texas Music Teachers Association.

Personal
Paul van Katwijk married pianist Viola Beck in 1922.  Like her husband, Beck was a composer and a member of the piano faculty at Southern Methodist University.  Paul and Viola van Katwijk toured extensively as a duo-piano team.

Paul van Katwijk died in Dallas in 1974 at the age of 89.  The van Katwijks had no children.

Sources
"Dr. van Katwijk, Pianist, Dies." The Dallas Morning News, 12 December 1974.
"Professor and Mrs. Katwijk Return from Honeymoon." The Dallas Morning News, 25 July 1922.

1885 births
1974 deaths
20th-century classical composers
Katwijk, Paul
American classical pianists
Male classical pianists
American male pianists
Katwijk, Paul
Classical piano duos
American male classical composers
American classical composers
American male conductors (music)
Musicians from Dallas
Katwijk, Paul
American music educators
Katwijk, Paul
20th-century American composers
Educators from Texas
Classical musicians from Texas
20th-century American conductors (music)
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American pianists

Paul van Katwijk


Kumbhoj (pronounced as kam'bho'j) is the name of an ancient town located in Kolhapur district in Maharashtra. The town is about eight kilometers from Hatkanangale, about twenty seven kilometers from Kolhapur and currently, also is the Taluka or Tehsil Headquarters. The famous Jain Tirtha (pilgrim place) known as Bahubali, is just two kilometers away from the Kumbhoj city.

As the name itself suggests,  Kumbhoj seems to be connected with well-known ancient term Kamboja of  Sanskrit/Pali literature.

Alternative name of Kumbhoj is Kumboj (Kamboj). The former name is apparently free from Iranian or Paisaci influence since Maharashtra location was far removed from the north-west division of ancient India. Kamboj is the standard name found in numerous ancient Sanskrit and Pali texts.

Padma Vibhushan Dr. Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil, a renowned social worker and philanthropist was born at Kumbhoj.

Bahubali at Kumbhoj is identical to the Bahubali of Shravanabelagola known as Gomateshwar to the south in Karnataka.

History
During the second century BCE, a section of Kambojas from Central India had joined the great tribal movement to Central Asia. One section of those Kambojas appears to have given their name to this coastal town of southwest India. There is said to be a microscopic Jain community, predominantly agrarian, called Kambhoj living near Nanded in Maharashtra.

Kumbhoj was very ancient village where Devi Shakambari has visited. There is a temple of Devi Shakambari which has close relation from Banashankari near Badami. This village was mainly ruled by Brahmins whose surname was "Kulkarni" (now they are migrated from this village and changed their names to "Kumbhojkar") who were integral part of Chatrapati Shahu Maharaj' team for consulting them and providing suggestions over critical and political issues.

There is a reference to sage Kumbhoja (q.v.) who finds reference in southern Indian recensions of Ramayana. He seems to have lived somewhere on the banks of river Godavari, in southwest India during Ramayana times. Seems like sage Kambhoja originally belonged to northwest and had migrated to south of Vindhya on river Godawri.

The Shakambari Madir needs cultivation through Archaeological Survey of India.

Kumbhoj is nowadays famous for the agriculture land where sugar cane farming is popular.

Jain Temple

In 1156 AD, a 6 feet tall idol of lord Bahubali was installed here. Many Jain saints have visited this place including Shri Bahubali Maharaj, Shri Prabhachandraji, Shri Kamlakarji, Shri 108 Shanti Sagarji. The temple also has a dharamshala equipped with all modern facilities  This Tirth has small scale replicas of Gajpantha, Taranga, Mangi-Tungi, Sonagiri and Pavagiri on left and Kailash Parvat, Shikharji and Girnarji on right side. Jal Mandir, Ratnatraya temple, Shantinath Temple, Chandaprabhu Temple, Adinath Temple and Samavsharan Mandir are also built near main temple.

Bahubali monolith
A monolithic statue of Bahubali in kayotsarga posture was installed in 1963. The statue is situated on about 50 steps up and 8.5 m (28 feet) in high at Kumbhoj, Kolhapur, Maharashtra.
The famous Jain Tirtha (pilgrim place) known as Bahubali, is just two kilometers away from the Kumbhoj village. Bahubali at Kumbhoj is identical to the Bahubali of Shravanabelagola known as Gomateshwar to the south in Karnataka

Mahamastakabhishek
Mahamastakabhisheka (Maha-mastak-abhishek = Grand religious ablution from head) happens in every 12 years. This pious event runs for continuous 7 days with witnessing thousands of pilgrims across the country.

Transportation
Sangli railway station is 27 km from Kumbhoj. Passengers coming to Kumbhoj prefer to get down at Sangli station and take darshan at various Jain temples in Sangli and then proceed to Kumbhoj for worship. Sangli to Kumbhoj is only 30 minutes travel. Rikshas, Cars and buses are available from Sangli to Kumbhoj.

Sangli railway station is connected to major cities like Mumbai, Pune, Delhi, Surat, Baroda, Ahmedabad, Delhi, Goa, Bangalore, Agra, Bhopal, Mysore, Hubli, Cochin, Mangalore, Gandhidham, Pondicherry, Nagpur, etc. by express trains.

Miraj railway junction is one of the busiest in western India with four railway lines connecting it. Miraj is connected to all major Indian cities by express and superfast trains which include Karnataka Sampark Kranti (KSK) express, Chandigarh Sampark Kranti express, Goa express, Mumbai Hubli express, Yeswantpur Miraj express, Pondhichery express, Tirunelveli express, Suvarnajayanti express, Chalukya express, Shravati express, Bangalore Jodhpur express, Bangalore Ajmer express, Bangalore Gandhidham express, Mahalaxmi express, Sahyadri express, Koyna express, Rani Chenamma express, Haripriya express, Miraj Hubli express, Kolhapur Hyderabad express, Kolhapur Solapur express, Maharashtra express, Deekshabhoomi express and many other passenger trains.

Miraj railway junction is 27 km from Kumbhoj. There are private cars from Miraj station that reach Kumbhoj in 30 minutes.

Hatkanangale station is 4 km from Kumbhoj. Few trains going towards Kolhapur stop at Hatkanangale. For trains running on the Pune-Miraj-Hubli mainline, one can travel from Miraj junction.  Vegetarian Jain food is served at Miraj junction by Miraj Jain Temple for people travelling via Miraj junction.

From Mumbai or Bangalore you can reach by bus also and from Kolhapur to Kumbhoj from Kolhapur and Sangli you can reach this place  by buses running  Maharatra State Road transport (called as ST-Bus) or by car.

Religious organizations

The Dakshin Bharat Jain Sabha is a religious and social service organization of the Jains of South India. The organization is headquartered at Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India. The association is credited with being one of the first Jain associations to start reform movements among the Jains in modern India. The organization mainly seeks to represent the interests of the native Jains of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Goa.

See also

Jainism in Maharashtra
 Jainism in Mumbai
 Jainism in North Karnataka
 Jainism in Karnataka
 Acharya Shantisagar
 Acharya Vidyasagar

References

External links
Official website of Kumbhoj Jain temple
The information here is partly based on Jain Internet Religious websites: , , ,
 ,    etc

Jain temples in Maharashtra
Kolhapur district
Colossal Jain statues in India
12th-century Jain temples

Kumbhoj


Bored of Education is a 1936 Our Gang short comedy film directed by Gordon Douglas. Produced by Hal Roach and released to theaters by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, it was the 146th entry in the Our Gang series to be released.

Plot
It is the first day of school and the kids wait on the school steps with long faces and pouted lips. Worried about the new teacher they'll be getting this term, Spanky and Alfalfa come up with a scheme to get themselves excused from school: Spanky has Alfalfa pretend he has a toothache, going as far as to stuff a balloon in his mouth to sell the idea.

Unknown to the kids, however, the new school teacher, Miss Lawrence, has overheard Spanky and Alfalfa's scheming and has ordered ice cream as a first-day surprise for the class. She sees right through Alfalfa's fibs about being too sick to sing "Good Morning to You" with the rest of the class, and knowingly grants him an excuse to go home (and Spanky an excuse to take him home). The two boys' triumph backfires when they see the ice cream man as he makes his delivery to the rest of their class. Now needing to find a way to get back into school, Spanky pops the balloon in Alfalfa's mouth, and explains to Miss Lawrence, "Funny thing, teacher; he's all well now".

Miss Lawrence agrees to let the boys back in for the ice cream party, but only if Alfalfa will make up for not singing "Good Morning" by rendering another song. However, Alfalfa has accidentally swallowed the stopper from the balloon that constituted his "toothache", so as he steps in front of the class to sing '"Believe Me, if All Those Endearing Young Charms'", a strange wheeze accompanies every breath he takes between lines. At the conclusion of his song, Spanky and Alfalfa go to get their ice cream only to find that it has melted, but the kind and clever Miss Lawrence hands the boys two fresh ice cream bars.

Notes
A remake of Teacher's Pet, Bored of Education was also the first Our Gang entry in the series' revamped one-reel (ten-minute) format, after 14 years of two-reel and three-reel entries. Bored of Education won Hal Roach his only Academy Award for Our Gang, the 1937 Academy Award for Short Subjects (One-Reel).

Bored of Education was also the first Our Gang film directed by Gordon Douglas. Douglas, who had served as assistant director on Our Gang for some time, made his directorial debut on a 1935 Hal Roach All Stars short, The Infernal Triangle. Douglas would remain Our Gang's senior director through 1938. With the series now in one-reel format, Douglas had to modify the looser approaches of his predecessors, Robert F. McGowan and Gus Meins, and turned the Our Gang series into slicker, more streamlined shorts based around situation comedy. Ironically, Douglas has a walk-on part in Teacher's Pet as a caterer)

By 1936, producer Hal Roach, who had built his studio around popular two-reel comedies, had slowly begun phasing out his short subjects production as movie theaters opted for double feature programs instead of the traditional program of selected short subjects and one feature. Roach had successfully moved his biggest stars, Laurel and Hardy, to full-time feature production in 1935. Rather than cancel Our Gang, however, Roach continued the series at the behest of his distributor, Louis B. Mayer of MGM. Keeping the series in production, however, required Roach to halve the lengths of the Our Gang films from two-reels to one.

Also formally introduced to Our Gang in Bored of Education was Roach actress Rosina Lawrence as Our Gang's new schoolteacher "Miss Jones". Lawrence appeared in five more Our Gang shorts during the 1936-37 cycle of shorts.

Bored of Education won Roach the Academy Award for Short Subjects (One-Reel), the only Our Gang film so honored. In their review for the short in their book The Little Rascals: The Life and Times of Our Gang, film historians Leonard Maltin and Richard W. Bann felt that the award seemed to be "a product of whim or timing, rather than strictly a consideration of merit", noting earlier and later shorts–Teacher's Pet among them–they felt were overlooked.

Bored of Education was preserved by the Academy Film Archive, in conjunction with the UCLA Film and Television Archive, in 2013.  In 2022, Bored of Education was digitally re-scanned from the original 35mm film master prints using updated transfer technology, and further restored by ClassicFlix, who licensed the entire Hal Roach-era Our Gang series for release on Blu-ray.

The short's title is a play on the term "Board of Education", a government agency in the United States that is responsible for the overall management of its public school system.

Cast

The Gang
 Darla Hood as Darla
 Eugene Lee as Porky
 George McFarland as Spanky
 Carl Switzer as Alfalfa
 Billie Thomas as Buckwheat
 Pete The Pup as Himself

Additional cast
 Rosina Lawrence as Miss Lawrence
 Jack Egan as Ice cream attendant

Classroom extras
Patsy Barry, Daniel Boone, John Collum, Joe "Corky" Geil, Barbara Goodrich, Sidney Kibrick, Robert Lentz, Patsy May, Tommy McFarland, Dickie De Nuet, Donald Proffitt, Harold "Slim" Switzer,

See also
 Our Gang filmography

References

External links

1936 films
Hal Roach Studios short films
Live Action Short Film Academy Award winners
American black-and-white films
Short film remakes
Films directed by Gordon Douglas
1936 comedy films
Our Gang films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer short films
1936 directorial debut films
1936 short films
1930s American films

Bored of Education