Medieval philosophy is the philosophy that existed through the Middle Ages, the period roughly extending from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century until after the Renaissance in the 13th and 14th centuries. Medieval philosophy, understood as a project of independent philosophical inquiry, began in Baghdad, in the middle of the 8th century, and in France, in the itinerant court of Charlemagne, in the last quarter of the 8th century. It is defined partly by the process of rediscovering the ancient culture developed in Greece and Rome during the Classical period, and partly by the need to address theological problems and to integrate sacred doctrine with secular learning. This is one of the defining characteristics in this time period. Understanding God was the focal point of study of the philosophers at that time, Muslim and Christian alike.

The history of medieval philosophy is traditionally divided into two main periods: the period in the Latin West following the Early Middle Ages until the 12th century, when the works of Aristotle and Plato were rediscovered, translated, and studied upon, and the "golden age" of the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries in the Latin West, which witnessed the culmination of the recovery of ancient philosophy, along with the reception of its Arabic commentators, and significant developments in the fields of philosophy of religion, logic, and metaphysics.

The high medieval Scholastic period was disparagingly treated by the Renaissance humanists, who saw it as a barbaric "middle period" between the Classical age of Greek and Roman culture, and the rebirth or renaissance of Classical culture. Modern historians consider the medieval era to be one of philosophical development, heavily influenced by Christian theology. One of the most notable thinkers of the era, Thomas of Aquinas, never considered himself a philosopher, and criticized philosophers for always "falling short of the true and proper wisdom".

The problems discussed throughout this period are the relation of faith to reason, the existence and simplicity of God, the purpose of theology and metaphysics, and the problems of knowledge, of universals, and of individuation.

Characteristics

Medieval philosophy places heavy emphasis on the theological. With the possible exceptions of Avicenna and Averroes, medieval thinkers did not consider themselves philosophers at all: for them, the philosophers were the ancient pagan writers such as Plato and Aristotle. However, their theology used the methods and logical techniques of the ancient philosophers to address difficult theological questions and points of doctrine. Thomas Aquinas, following Peter Damian, argued that philosophy is the handmaiden of theology (philosophia ancilla theologiae). Despite this view of philosophy as the servant of theology, this did not prevent the medievals from developing original and innovative philosophies against the backdrop of their theological projects. For instance, such thinkers as Augustine of Hippo and Thomas of Aquinas made monumental breakthroughs in the philosophy of temporality and metaphysics, respectively.

The principles that underlie all the medieval philosophers' work are:
 The use of logic, dialectic, and analysis to discover the truth, known as ratio;
 Respect for the insights of ancient philosophers, in particular Aristotle, and deference to their authority (auctoritas);
 The obligation to co-ordinate the insights of philosophy with theological teaching and revelation (concordia).

One of the most heavily debated things of the period was that of faith versus reason. Avicenna and Averroes both leaned more on the side of reason. Augustine stated that he would never allow his philosophical investigations to go beyond the authority of God. Anselm attempted to defend against what he saw as partly an assault on faith, with an approach allowing for both faith and reason. The Augustinian solution to the faith/reason problem is to first believe, and then subsequently seek to understand (fides quaerens intellectum). This was the mantra of Christian thinkers, most especially the scholastic philosophers (Albert the Great, Bonaventure, and Thomas Aquinas).

History

Early medieval Christian philosophy

The boundaries of the early medieval period are a matter of controversy.  It is generally agreed that it begins with Augustine (354–430) who strictly belongs to the classical period, and ends with the lasting revival of learning in the late eleventh century, at the beginning of the high medieval period.

After the collapse of the Roman empire, Western Europe lapsed into the so-called Dark Ages. Monasteries were among the limited number of focal points of formal academic learning, which might be presumed to be a result of a rule of St Benedict's in 525, which required monks to read the Bible daily, and his suggestion that at the beginning of Lent, a book be given to each monk.  In later periods, monks were used for training administrators and churchmen.

Early Christian thought, in particular in the patristic period, tends to be intuitional and mystical, and is less reliant on reason and logical argument. It also places more emphasis on the sometimes-mystical doctrines of Plato, and less upon the systematic thinking of Aristotle. Much of the work of Aristotle was unknown in the West in this period. Scholars relied on translations by Boethius into Latin of Aristotle's Categories, the logical work On Interpretation, and his Latin translation of Porphyry's Isagoge, a commentary on Aristotle's Categories.

Two Roman philosophers had a great influence on the development of medieval philosophy: Augustine and Boethius.  Augustine is regarded as the greatest of the Church Fathers.  He is primarily a theologian and a devotional writer, but much of his writing is philosophical. His thoughts revolve around on truth, God, the human soul, nature of sin, and salvation. For over a thousand years, there was hardly a Latin work of theology or philosophy that did not quote his writing, or invoke his authority.  Some of his writing had an influence on the development of early modern philosophy, such as that of Descartes; Augustine stated that if I err therefore I exist (Si fallor, sum), which is identical to the cogito of Descartes. Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius (480 c.–524) was a Christian philosopher born in Rome to an ancient and influential family. He became consul in 510 in the kingdom of the Ostrogoths. His influence on the early medieval period was also marked (so much so that it is sometimes called the Boethian period).  He intended to translate all the works of Aristotle and Plato from the original Greek into Latin, and translated many of Aristotle's logical works, such as On Interpretation, and the Categories.  He wrote commentaries on these works, and on the Isagoge by Porphyry (a commentary on the Categories). This introduced the problem of universals to the medieval world.

The first significant renewal of learning in the West came when Charlemagne, advised by Candidus, Peter of Pisa and Alcuin of York, attracted the scholars of England and Ireland, and by imperial decree in 787 AD established schools in every abbey in his empire.  These schools, from which the name Scholasticism is derived, became centres of medieval learning. Johannes Scotus Eriugena (c. 815 – 877), successor of Alcuin of York as head of the Palace School, was an Irish theologian and Neoplatonic philosopher. He is notable for having translated and made commentaries upon the work of Pseudo-Dionysius, initially thought to be from the apostolic age.  Around this period several doctrinal controversies emerged, such as the question of whether God had predestined some for salvation and some for damnation.  Eriugena was called in to settle this dispute.  At the same time, Paschasius Radbertus raised an important question about the real presence of Christ at the Eucharist. Is the host the same as Christ's historical body? How can it be present at many places and many times? Radbertus argued that Christ's real body is present, veiled by the appearance of bread and wine, and is present at all places and all times, by means of God's incomprehensible power.

This period also witnessed a revival of scholarship. At Fleury, Theodulphus, bishop of Orléans, established a school for young noblemen recommended there by Charlemagne. By the mid-ninth century, its library was one of the most comprehensive ever assembled in the West, and scholars such as Lupus of Ferrières (d. 862) traveled there to consult its texts. Later, under St. Abbo of Fleury (abbot 988–1004), head of the reformed abbey school, Fleury enjoyed a second golden age.

Remigius of Auxerre, at the beginning of the tenth century, produced glosses or commentaries on the classical texts of Donatus, Priscian, Boethius, and Martianus Capella.  The Carolingian period was followed by a small dark age that was followed by a lasting revival of learning in the eleventh century, which owed much to the rediscovery of Greek thought from Arabic translations and Muslim contributions such as Avicenna's On the soul.

High Middle Ages
The period from the middle of the eleventh century to the middle of the fourteenth century is known as the 'High medieval' or 'scholastic' period.  It is generally agreed to begin with Saint Anselm of Canterbury (1033–1109) an Italian philosopher, theologian, and church official who is famous as the originator of the ontological argument for the existence of God.

The 13th and early 14th centuries are generally regarded as the high period of scholasticism.  The early 13th century witnessed the culmination of the recovery of Greek philosophy.  Schools of translation grew up in Italy and Sicily, and eventually in the rest of Europe.  Scholars such as Adelard of Bath travelled to Sicily and the Arab world, translating works on astronomy and mathematics, including the first complete translation of Euclid's Elements. Powerful Norman kings gathered men of knowledge from Italy and other areas into their courts as a sign of their prestige. William of Moerbeke's translations and editions of Greek philosophical texts in the middle half of the thirteenth century helped in forming a clearer picture of Greek philosophy, and in particular of Aristotle, than was given by the Arabic versions they had previously relied on, which had distorted or obscured the relation between Platonic and Aristotelian systems of philosophy.  Moerbeke's work formed the basis of the major commentaries that followed.

The universities developed in the large cities of Europe during this period, and rival clerical orders within the Church began to battle for political and intellectual control over these centers of educational life. The two main orders founded in this period were the Franciscans and the Dominicans. The Franciscans were founded by Francis of Assisi in 1209. Their leader in the middle of the century was Bonaventure, a traditionalist who defended the theology of Augustine and the philosophy of Plato, incorporating only a little of Aristotle in with the more neoplatonist elements.  Following Anselm, Bonaventure supposed that reason can discover truth only when philosophy is illuminated by religious faith.  Other important Franciscan writers were Duns Scotus, Peter Auriol, and William of Ockham.By contrast, the Dominican order, founded by St Dominic in 1215 placed more emphasis on the use of reason and made extensive use of the new Aristotelian sources derived from the East, and Moorish Spain.  The great representatives of Dominican thinking in this period were Albertus Magnus and (especially) Thomas Aquinas, whose artful synthesis of Greek rationalism and Christian doctrine eventually came to define Catholic philosophy. Aquinas placed more emphasis on reason and argumentation, and was one of the first to use the new translation of Aristotle's metaphysical and epistemological writing. This was a significant departure from the Neoplatonic and Augustinian thinking that had dominated much of early Scholasticism.  Aquinas showed how it was possible to incorporate much of the philosophy of Aristotle without falling into the "errors" of the Commentator Averroes, though Averroes was influential in the development of Aquinas' philosophy, particularly on metaphysics.

At the start of the 20th century, historian and philosopher Martin Grabmann was the first scholar to work out the outlines of the ongoing development of thought in scholasticism and to see in Thomas Aquinas a response and development of thought rather than a single, coherently emerged and organic whole. Although Grabmann's works in German are numerous, only Thomas Aquinas (1928) is available in English. However, Grabmann's thought was instrumental in the whole modern understanding of scholasticism and the pivotal role of Aquinas.

Topics
All the main branches of philosophy today were once a part of Medieval philosophy.  Medieval philosophy also included most of the areas originally established by the pagan philosophers of antiquity, in particular Aristotle.  However, the discipline now called Philosophy of religion was, it is presumed, a unique development of the Medieval era, and many of the problems that define the subject first took shape in the Middle Ages, in forms that are still recognisable today.

Theology
Medieval philosophy is characteristically theological.  Subjects discussed in this period include:

 The problem of the compatibility of the divine attributes: How are the attributes traditionally ascribed to the Supreme Being, such as unlimited power, knowledge of all things, infinite goodness, existence outside time, immateriality, and so on, logically consistent with one another?
 The problem of evil: The classical philosophers had speculated on the nature of evil, but the problem of how an all-powerful, all-knowing, loving God could create a system of things in which evil exists first arose in the medieval period.
 The problem of free will: A similar problem was to explain how 'divine foreknowledge' – God's knowledge of what will happen in the future – is compatible with our belief in our own free will.
Questions regarding the immortality of the intellect, the unity or non-unity between the soul and the intellect, and the consequent intellectual basis for believing in the immortality of the soul.
The question of whether there can be substances which are non-material, for example, angels.

Metaphysics

After the 'rediscovery' of Aristotle's Metaphysics in the mid-twelfth century, many scholastics wrote commentaries on this work (in particular Aquinas and Scotus).  The problem of universals was one of the main problems engaged during that period.  Other subjects included:

 Hylomorphism – development of the Aristotelian doctrine that individual things are a compound of material and form (the statue is a compound of granite, and the form sculpted into it)
 Existence – being qua being
 Causality – Discussion of causality consisted mostly of commentaries on Aristotle, mainly the Physics, On the Heavens, On Generation and Corruption.  The approach to this subject area was uniquely medieval, the rational investigation of the universe being viewed as a way of approaching God. Duns Scotus' proof of the existence of God is based on the notion of causality.
 Individuation.  The problem of individuation is to explain how we individuate or numerically distinguish the members of any kind for which it is given.  The problem arose when it was required to explain how individual angels of the same species differ from one another.  Angels are immaterial, and their numerical difference cannot be explained by the different matter they are made of.  The main contributors to this discussion were Aquinas and Scotus.

Natural philosophy
In natural philosophy and the philosophy of science, medieval philosophers were mainly influenced by Aristotle. However, from the fourteenth century onward, the increasing use of mathematical reasoning in natural philosophy prepared the way for the rise of science in the early modern period. The more mathematical reasoning techniques of William Heytesbury and William of Ockham are indicative of this trend. Other contributors to natural philosophy are Albert of Saxony, John Buridan, and Nicholas of Autrecourt. See also the article on the Continuity thesis, the hypothesis that there was no radical discontinuity between the intellectual development of the Middle Ages and the developments in the Renaissance and early modern period.

Logic
The great historian of logic I. M. Bochenski regarded the Middle Ages as one of the three great periods in the history of logic. From the time of Abelard until the middle of the fourteenth century, scholastic writers refined and developed Aristotelian logic to a remarkable degree. In the earlier period, writers such as Peter Abelard wrote commentaries on the works of the Old logic (Aristotle's Categories, On interpretation, and the Isagoge of Porphyry). Later, new departments of logical enquiry arose, and new logical and semantic notions were developed. For logical developments in the Middle Ages, see the articles on insolubilia, obligations, properties of terms, syllogism, and sophismata. Other great contributors to medieval logic include Albert of Saxony, John Buridan, John Wyclif, Paul of Venice, Peter of Spain, Richard Kilvington, Walter Burley, William Heytesbury, and William of Ockham.

Philosophy of mind
Medieval philosophy of mind is based on Aristotle's De Anima, another work discovered in the Latin West in the twelfth century.  It was regarded as a branch of the philosophy of nature. Some of the topics discussed in this area include:

 Divine illumination – The doctrine of Divine illumination was an alternative to naturalism. It holds that humans need a special assistance from God in their ordinary thinking. The doctrine is most closely associated with Augustine and his scholastic followers. It reappeared in a different form in the early modern era.
 theories of demonstration
 mental representation – The idea that mental states have 'intentionality'; i.e., despite being a state of the mind, they are able to represent things outside the mind is intrinsic to the modern philosophy of mind.  It has its origins in medieval philosophy.  (The word 'intentionality' was revived by Franz Brentano, who was intending to reflect medieval usage).  Ockham is well known for his theory that language signifies mental states primarily by convention, real things secondarily, whereas the corresponding mental states signify real things of themselves and necessarily.

Writers in this area include Saint Augustine, Duns Scotus, Nicholas of Autrecourt, Thomas Aquinas, and William of Ockham.

Ethics
Abu Nasr al-Farabi:

Abu Nasr al-Farabi is well known in the world of medieval Islamic philosophy and ethics for his distinct approach to writing. Deviating from the traditional path of philosophical documentation, al-Farabi wrote in a simplistic manner. There is little immediate intricacy to be observed in his work. In addition to this, al-Farabi wrote in a narrative style. As opposed to listing theories, he told a story with subtle and implicit themes of original ethical concepts.

Contributions:

In his narrative pieces, al-Farabi discussed ethical and philosophical theories with reference to politics, leadership, morals, faith, and civics. Notable works of his include The Attainment of Happiness, in which al-Farabi reasons that conceptions of political science and religion must be built on a foundational understanding of the universe. He advocates that one must first construct notions in relation to universal matters to form just opinions in regard to political philosophy and religion. These two subjects are significant focal points in his work. Much of his writing is deliberated on his perceived conceptions of the juxtaposition and interaction of the aforementioned topics such as his claim that both political and religious figures rest in the same classification as adjacent to a fundamental comprehension of the universe.

Writers in this area include Anselm, Augustine, Peter Abelard, Scotus, Peter of Spain, Aquinas, and Ockham. Writers on political theory include Dante, John Wyclif, and William of Ockham.

See also
Christian philosophy
Early Muslim philosophy
Jewish philosophy
Nominalism
Renaissance of the 12th century
Scholastic philosophy
Supposition theory

References

Further reading

External links
The London Philosophy Study Guide offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject: Medieval Philosophy

Medieval philosophy


The Best of D:Ream was the first official compilation album from Northern Irish pop/dance band D:Ream, issued by Magnet Records label, and distributed by major Warner Bros. Records, with the management of FXU. It was released in May 1997, just after their UK and U.S. Dance Number 1 hit, Things Can Only Get Better, was re-released for the second time, re-entering the UK Top 20 Singles Chart at Number 19. The song received much publicity from the fact that it was later adopted by the UK Labour Party as their theme for the 1997 UK General Election. The group's record company, in agreement with leader Peter Cunnah, who decided to call it quits with D:Ream, chose to issue this greatest hits collection, instead of their third studio album, which was to be called Heap of Faith, and has since never been released.

The compilation contains 12 tracks taken from their two studio albums, 1993's D:Ream On Volume 1, and 1995's World. Including the re-released "Things Can Only Get Better", the album consists of the seven singles taken from their debut, the three singles from their second album and two more tracks from the latter ("Hold Me Now" and "Heart of Gold") which were never released as singles. This compilation failed to chart in the UK.

Track listing
 "Things Can Only Get Better" (*)
 "U R the Best Thing" (*)
 "Take Me Away" (*)
 "Shoot Me with Your Love" (**)
 "Unforgiven" (*)
 "I Like It" (*)
 "Party Up the World" (**)
 "The Power (Of All the Love in the World)" (**)
 "Blame It on Me" (*)
 "Heart of Gold" (**)
 "Star" (*)
 "Hold Me Now" (**)

(*) Taken from D:Ream On Volume 1 (1993)
(**) Taken from World (1995)

References and external links
 Paul Gambaccini, Tim Rice, Jonathan Rice (1995) British Hits Singles, Guinness Publishing
 EveryHit.com: UK Top 40 Database
 www.d-ream.net: D:Ream's Official Website

1997 compilation albums
D Ream albums

The Best of D:Ream


Otto Carl Kiep (7 July 1886 – 26 August 1944) was the Chief of the Reich Press Office (Reichspresseamt). He became involved with the resistance against the Nazis and was executed in 1944.

Life
Otto Kiep was born in Saltcoats, Ayrshire, Scotland (while his parents were on holiday there), to Imperial Consul Johann Nikolaus Kiep and his wife Charlotte (née Rottenburg). He was brought up, with his three brothers and sister, in the West End of Glasgow, residing at Hughenden Terrace. His uncle, Johan Carl, resident in nearby Kelvinside, was a successful merchant in the city, and the Kiep family was prominent and popular in Victorian Glasgow society. One of Otto's cousins, Walter, stayed in Glasgow and went on to serve as a doctor in the British army.

In 1909, when Otto was aged 24, the family moved to Ballenstedt, Anhalt, Germany. After going to the Gymnasium at the Ilfeld monastery school, Otto Kiep studied law in Germany and London, and graduated from the University of Leipzig with a Dr jur. degree, while also earning a Bachelor of Law degree in London. Already at this time, his thinking and influence leant towards peace and international understanding, which his biographer and son-in-law Bruce Clements attributes to his liberal upbringing in Scotland.

Otto Kiep was with the German Embassy in Washington, D.C. from 1927 to 1931 as an embassy adviser, and from 1931 to 1933, he was Consul General in New York. He later established ties with resistance circles, with Hanna Solf (see "Frau Solf Tea Party"), and with the Kreisau Circle about Helmuth James Graf von Moltke.

As Chief of the Reich Press Office, the name Otto Kiep appeared on the list of the group around the men of the failed 20 July Plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler at the Wolf's Lair in East Prussia. After his arrest in 1944, he was sentenced at the Volksgerichtshof by Roland Freisler to death, and one month after the plot's failure, on 26 August 1944, Otto Kiep was hanged at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin.

News of Kiep's arrest reached close friend (and Abwehr intelligence agent) Erich Vermehren, who decided to defect to the British along with his wife in January 1944 rather than be arrested by the Gestapo. The defection enraged Hitler, who ordered the Abwehr dissolved.

References

Further reading
From Ice Set Free: The Story of Otto Kiep, by Bruce Clements, Farrar, Straus and Giroux 1972,

External links
 Plötzensee Prison

1886 births
1944 deaths
People from Saltcoats
Members of the Solf Circle
German diplomats
German People's Party politicians
Executed members of the 20 July plot
Executed conservatives in the German Resistance
People associated with Glasgow
People executed by hanging at Plötzensee Prison
Executed Scottish people
British people executed by Nazi Germany
Nazis executed by Nazi Germany by hanging

Otto Kiep


Commander's Digest was a biweekly periodical published by the United States Department of Defense and the Office of Information for the Armed Forces from 1960 to June 1978. After printing ceased, it was replaced by Command Policy. Its purpose was to provide "official and professional information to commanders and key personnel on matters related to Defense policies, programs and interests," and to promote "better understanding and teamwork within the Department of Defense."

In June 1967, an annual subscription cost $2.50, or single issues could be purchased from the Government Printing Office for 5 cents.

References

Biweekly magazines published in the United States
Defunct magazines published in the United States
English-language magazines
Magazines established in 1960
Magazines disestablished in 1978
Mass media of the military of the United States
Military magazines published in the United States
1960 establishments in the United States
1978 disestablishments in the United States

Commander's Digest


Albert Joseph Guerard (1914–2000) was an American critic, novelist, and professor. He was born in Houston, Texas, and educated at Stanford University, (B.A. 1934), (Ph.D. 1938) and Harvard University, (M.A. 1936).

Life

Guerard was born in Houston in 1914. He earned a bachelor's degree in 1934 from Stanford and a master's from Harvard in 1936. He taught for a year at Amherst College before earning his doctorate from Stanford in 1938. He taught at Harvard from 1938 to 1961, where his students included Alice Adams, John Hawkes, Alison Lurie, and Robert Crichton. He served in the Army from 1943 to 1945 as a Technical Sergeant in the psychological warfare branch.

He moved to Stanford in 1961 where he launched the university's first freshman seminar program, which ran for 13 years. As many as 400 students were involved in it annually. He also worked to get funding for the Voice Project, a program that brought professional writers to campus to teach freshmen. He succeeded Yvor Winters in the literature chair named after Guerard's father, Albert Léon Guérard, who was also a professor at Stanford for many years. He remained at Stanford until 1985. His students included writers John Hawkes, Frank O'Hara and Harriet Doerr. His interest in modernism and postmodernism led him to develop Stanford's interdisciplinary doctoral program in "Modern Thought and Literature", which still exists.

After suffering from emphysema for many years, he died in the same room where his father had died 41 years before.

Work & awards
Guerard published nine novels, six books of criticism and a memoir called The Touch of Time: Myth, Memory and the Self, as well as a number of critical essays. He was preparing to submit a volume of some of his critical writing for publication when he died.

His novels include Night Journey, which drew from his experience in psychological warfare intelligence during World War II.

His critical books include The Triumph of the Novel: Dickens, Dostoevsky and Faulkner, which looks at three authors who broke away from realism.

He held the record for the most novels written by any living U.S. critic and the most critical books of any living American novelist.

He received a 1977-78 Humanities and Sciences Dean's Award for distinguished teaching and a 1983 Walter J. Gores Award for excellence in teaching. In 1998, Guerard received an Academy Award in Literature from the American Academy of Arts and Letters.

Publications

Novels

The Past Must Alter. London, Longman, 1937; New York, Holt, 1938.
The Hunted. New York, Knopf, 1944; London, Longman, 1947.
Maquisard: A Christmas Tale. New York, Knopf, 1945; London, Longman, 1946.
Night Journey. New York, Knopf, 1950; London, Longman, 1951.
The Bystander. Boston, Little Brown, 1958; London, Faber, 1959.
The Exiles. London, Faber, 1962; New York, Macmillan, 1963.
Christine/Annette. New York, Dutton, 1985.
Gabrielle: An Entertainment. New York, Fine, 1992.
The Hotel in the Jungle. Dallas. Baskerville Publishers. 1995.
Maquisard: A Christmas Tale. Novato, California, Lyford Books, 1995.

Short stories

Suspended Sentences. Santa Barbara, California, John Daniel, 1999.
Uncollected Short Stories
"Davos in Winter," in Hound and Horn (Cambridge, Massachusetts), October–December 1933.
"Tragic Autumn," in The Magazine (Beverly Hills, California), December 1933.
"Miss Prindle's Lover," in The Magazine (Beverly Hills, California), February 1934; revised edition, in Wake (Cambridge, Massachusetts), Spring 1948.
"Turista," in The Best American Short Stories of 1947, edited by Martha Foley. Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1947.
"The Incubus," in The Dial (New York), vol. 1, no. 2, 1960.
"The Lusts and Gratifications of Andrada," in Paris Review, Summer-Fall 1962.
"On the Operating Table," in Denver Quarterly, Autumn 1966.
"The Journey," in Partisan Review (New Brunswick, New Jersey), Winter 1967.
"The Rabbit and the Tapes," in Sewanee Review (Tennessee), Spring1972.
"The Pillars of Hercules," in Fiction (New York), December 1973.
"Bon Papa Reviendra," in Tri-Quarterly (Evanston, Illinois), Spring1975.
"Post Mortem: The Garcia Incident," in Southern Review (Baton Rouge, Louisiana), Spring 1978.
"Diplomatic Immunity," in Sequoia (Stanford, California), Autumn-Winter, 1978.
"The Poetry of Flight," in Northwest Magazine (Portland, Oregon), 22 January 1984.
"The Mongol Orbit," in Sequoia (Stanford, California), Centennial Issue, 1989.

Criticism

Robert Bridges: A Study of Traditionalism in Poetry. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, and London, Oxford University Press, 1942.
Joseph Conrad. New York, New Directions, 1947.
Thomas Hardy: The Novels and Stories. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1949; London, Oxford University Press, 1950; revised edition, 1964.
André Gide. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, and London, Oxford University Press, 1951; revised edition, 1969.
Conrad the Novelist. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1958; London, Oxford University Press, 1959.
The Triumph of the Novel: Dickens, Dostoevsky, Faulkner. New York, Oxford University Press, 1976; London, Oxford University Press, 1977.
The Touch of Time: Myth, Memory, and the Self. Stanford, California, Stanford Alumni Association, 1980.
Editor, Prosateurs Américains de XXe Siécle. Paris, Laffont, 1947.
Editor, The Return of the Native, by Thomas Hardy. New York, HoltRinehart, 1961.
Editor, Hardy: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 1963.
Editor, Perspective on the Novel, special issue of Daedalus (Boston), Spring 1963.
Co-Editor, The Personal Voice: A Contemporary Prose Reader. Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1964.
Editor, Stories of the Double. Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1967.
Editor, Mirror and Mirage. Stanford, California, Stanford Alumni Association, 1980.

External links
The Stanford Report:Obituary

Stanford University alumni
Harvard University alumni
Harvard University faculty
Stanford University Department of English faculty
20th-century American novelists
1914 births
2000 deaths
American male novelists
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from Massachusetts

Albert J. Guerard


Yutaka Yaguchi (November 14, 1932 - October 26, 2023) was the Chief Instructor and Chairman of the International Shotokan Karate Federation (ISKF) Mountain States Region. He was born in Hiroshima, Japan, in 1932 and began karate training in 1952. He later tested under masters Gichin Funakoshi for his 1st dan black belt and Masatoshi Nakayama for his 2nd through 8th dan black belts. As one of the first graduates of the Japan Karate Association (JKA) Instructors' Training Program in 1959, he played an important role in the growth of JKA karate and the internationalization of Shotokan karate. Yaguchi first arrived in the United States on June 5, 1965. In 1974, Yaguchi founded the ISKF of Colorado, the regional headquarters for the Mountain States Region.

Early life
Yaguchi was born on November 14, 1932, in Kure, a suburb of Hiroshima, Japan, on November 14, 1932, into a farming family. The youngest of five children, he had a carefree youth but was aware of the clouds of war. World War II impacted his life, at the end of the war, when he was assigned a job at a shipyard. On the morning of August 6, 1945, while he was waiting to enter the factory building at the shipyard, he saw the flash of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima.

After the war, Yutaka Yaguchi was able to resume his education, and was even able to go to university, unlike many of his former school mates. He went to Nihon University in Tokyo, and this is where he first started Shotokan karate. He also joined the JKA at that time. Training was very intense and heavily oriented to conditioning. Mr. Yaguchi graduated with a degree in Marine Biology, but was averse to sailing. After graduation, he found a job with a construction company.

One day in 1957, Sensei Masatoshi Nakayama asked Mr. Yaguchi to quit his job and join the JKA Instructor Training program full-time. Yaguchi quit his job the very next day and enrolled. When he graduated from the program in 1959, he was the fourth graduate behind Hirokazu Kanazawa, Takayuki Mikami, and Eiji Takaura.

Competitive karate career

Early tournaments
Although Gichin Funakoshi, the founder of Shotokan karate, was adamantly opposed to tournaments, Masatoshi Nakayama was convinced that the future of karate depended on using tournaments to popularize karate to a worldwide audience. At the first JKA All-Japan Karate Championships in 1957, Yutaka Yaguchi achieved the unfortunate distinction of being the first contestant to foul out. Over the next half dozen years or so, he faced many of the greatest karate competitors, many who have subsequently been recognized as true masters of the art: Hirokazu Kanazawa, Hiroshi Shirai, Keinosuke Enoeda, Tetsuhiko Asai, Takayuki Mikami, etc.

United States
Sensei Nakayama sent Yutaka Yaguchi to America in 1965, and he began teaching in Sensei Hidetaka Nishiyama's dojo in Los Angeles. Soon after, he was invited to teach in Denver, CO, by Joe Castillo, and he relocated there for about a year, but finances were extremely tight. He returned to California and continued to teach at Sensei Nishiyama's dojo through the late 1960s and early 1970s.

Colorado
In 1972, the year Sensei Yaguchi permanently relocated back to Denver, he was the coach for the US team at the 1972 Shotocup World Tournament in France. This was a very controversial tournament that ended up with the US team walking out of the tournament under objections to unfair refereeing. In addition, Joe Castillo (the karate instructor who had originally invited Sensei Yaguchi to Denver in 1966) died. It was a time of upheaval in the new dojo, with many divided loyalties. After things began to settle down, the dojo began to grow.

ISKF

Formation
Tension among the Japanese instructors in the AAKF, the American organization recognized by the JKA, lead to a heated meeting at the Olympic Motel in Los Angeles in 1977, which resulted in the split of the organization into two. Hidetaka Nishiyama retained control of the AAKF. The only Japanese instructor at the meeting who stayed with Nishiyama was Sensei Masataka Mori. The other five instructors formed a new organization called the ISKF: Teruyuki Okazaki, Takayuki Mikami, Yutaka Yaguchi, Shojiro Koyama, and Shigeru Takashina. The first organizational meeting was held in Denver, Colorado in 1978.

Independence
In June 2007, Okazaki made the decision to split away from the JKA. In this decision, he was supported by Sensei Yaguchi; however, the other three Japanese masters that were part of the ISKF hierarchy decided to remain with the JKA: Takayuki Mikami, Shojiro Koyama, and Shigeru Takashina. As Vice Chairman of the ISKF, and as Chairman of the ISKF technical committee under Sensei Okazaki, Sensei Yaguchi played a central role in the growth of the ISKF in the United States and around the world. Sensei Yaguchi remained the head of the technical committee after the passing of Sensei Okazaki in 2020. Sensei Yaguchi had recently travelled to Japan to renew old acquaintances with the JKA honbu dojo.

Media

Book
 Yutaka Yaguchi with Catherine Pinch. (May 2008) "Mind and Body - Like Bullet", GreenLight Communications, .

Magazine articles
 Masters Magazine, Summer 2008 "Yutaka Yaguchi: A Cut Above" (Magazine cover story and photo plus video on included DVD) p. 24–29.
 Shotokan Karate Magazine, July 2005, #84, "Sensei Yutaka Yaguchi" (magazine cover story and photo).

References

External links
ISKF Main Web Site
ISKF Mountain States Regional website.
Yaguchi Karate

Living people
1932 births
Shotokan practitioners
Japanese male karateka

Yutaka Yaguchi


KAMM (1540 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to University Park, Texas, serving the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. It is owned by Richard Witkovski, through licensee North Texas Radio Group, L.P., and is operating under special temporary authority BSTA20230405AAC at reduced power under authority of the Federal Communications Commission.

History
This station signed on as KCUL in 1949, originally licensed to Fort Worth, Texas.  KCUL was owned by East-West Broadcasting and featured a variety format through the 1950s. The station's call sign was chosen for investor A. B. Culbertson, although other sources mention a connection with Fort Worth-area optometrist L. H. Luck, because "K-C-U-L" was "Luck" spelled backwards.

In the mid 1950s, KCUL switched to a country music format. Blocks of Spanish language programming were added in 1958 and the station became largely a Regional Mexican music outlet in the 1960s. By 1964, the radio station had picked up a sister station on the FM dial and hired Marcos Rodriguez, Sr. father of Marcos A. Rodriguez to be morning DJ and afternoon salesperson. At the time, FM radio in America was in its infancy. Listeners did not listen to FM very much and broadcasters weren't sure the technology was going to last.

On New Year's Day, 1967, KCUL and KCUL-FM were sold by East-West Broadcasting to John Walton and was rebranded "Classical Country" KBUY, maintaining its Country format with Western music added. It became the first full-time Country/Western station in the Dallas/Fort Worth area; the format adjustment was described as "an 'uptown' version of its predecessor, KCUL."

In 1976, the station again rebranded as KRXV (call sign derived from Roman numerals XV as "Radio 15"), this time with an All-News format that lasted for only 14 months. KRXV employed Marcos A. Rodriguez as a board operator and Jim Miklaszewski now an NBC News correspondent as News Director. Hal Eisner, currently a longtime TV newsman in Los Angeles, also worked at KRXV. The format then changed to beautiful music as "Radio 15," a joint operation between actor Jimmy Stewart and Oklahoma News Network owner William Schuller. In 1978, the call sign was changed to KMZK. The call sign was an acronym of sorts for "muzik, but the easy-listening format and branding remained the same.

Between 1979 and 1983, the station was revamped as KTIA with a Spanish format. KTIA was founded by a partnership led by Johnny Gonzalez, one of three former 107.1 KESS advertisers, but their purchase coincided with the prime rate going to 20%. The business went bust and the station went dark for almost a year. The call sign KMIA was established on June 25, 1985, but the station didn't sign on until three months later. The format from that period until 1986 was Spanish, Tropical, and Caribbean music. Then the format changed to urban contemporary gospel with some Spanish religious programming. The call sign was said to have stood for Ministry In Action) as "Faith 1540".

From 1988 to 1993, formats were bounced from Religious to Spanish as KSVZ (1988), KSGB (1989), and KTNO (1993). Then in 1997, it was rebranded as KPAD with a Motivational format, airing syndicated programming from the Personal Achievement Radio service (the callsign standing for Personal Achievement in Dallas). But the motivation format didn't last long, and the call sign was changed to KZMP as a simulcast of KTCY until 2003. Along the way, KTCY and KZMP-FM swapped calls. In 2006, KZMP, along with three other stations, were sold by Entravision Communications to Liberman.

On June 1, 2009, KZMP struck a local marketing agreement (LMA) with The Walt Disney Company and dropped its FM simulcast ("Radio Salaam Namaste")replacing it with ESPN Deportes Radio.

Starting with the 2011 Major League Baseball season, KESN and KZMP acquired the rights to broadcast all Texas Rangers baseball games for the next four years. English broadcasts aired on KESN while the Spanish-language broadcasts were heard on KZMP. Additionally, the station also carried Spanish audio broadcasts for FC Dallas games.

It was announced on August 7, 2013, that Disney, the owner of ESPN Deportes Radio, had transferred the station's operations to Deportes Media. No changes in the station's programming lineup occurred.

On September 4, 2016, ESPN Deportes Radio was dropped for a simulcast of sister station KZZA 106.7. KZZA's Classic Regional Mexican format was rebranded as "La Ranchera" the same day. The staff of ESPN Deportes Dallas announced on their Facebook pages that they were in search of a new station.

In July 2018, ESPN Deportes Radio returned to KZMP after an almost two-year absence. It competed with Univision Radio-owned 1270 KFLC, which broadcasts as a Univision Deportes Radio (now TUDN Radio) network affiliate.

On June 11, 2019, it was announced that ESPN Deportes Radio would cease operations on September 8, and relocate some of its programming to podcast delivery. The day of the network's shut down, KZMP returned to a simulcast of sister station KZZA's Classic Regional Mexican music. It rebranded as "La Ranchera 106.7 FM y 1540 AM."

In January 19, 2023, Estrella Media reached a deal to sell KZMP 1540 AM to North Texas Radio Group, owned by Richard Witkovski. The sale was consummated in May 10, and the station was taken silent, with a new format expected to be announced soon.

On June 22, 2023, the station changed its call sign to KAMM.

References

External links

 DFW Radio/TV History
 DFW Radio Archives

AMM (AM)
Radio stations established in 1949
AMM (AM)
1949 establishments in Texas
Regional Mexican radio stations in the United States

KAMM (AM)


The Qubo Night Owl was a programming block at night that ran from 12AM to 6AM (Eastern Time). Originally the block was similar to Nick at Nite, as it was aimed at adults who grew up on the Filmation slate (He-Man, She-Ra, Ghostbusters, and BraveStarr), with newer shows airing at the tail end. In August 2013, however, the contract for the Filmation shows lapsed and newer acquisitions filled the block. The block suffered network decay (or in this case, "block decay") for most of its run, adding preschool shows and shows for older kids that would be normally seen during the daytime hours as opposed to the undesirable graveyard slots. After five and a half years of abandoning its original focus, the block appeared for the final time on January 7, 2019 as it was replaced with infomercials the following day, marking the first time the channel has followed the trope of networks airing infomercials during the graveyard hours (even though it was stated in a 2010 sizzle reel that they would never do such a thing, proving further that time does fly by fast in a decade). From the screen bug for Qubo Night Owl only appeared during the midnight hour (when Sidekick, Zoo Clues and Safari Tracks usually aired at the time). As of June 17, 2019, the Qubo Night Owl screenbug no longer appears.

Television programming blocks in the United States

Qubo Night Owl


The Marquis bread wheat cultivar was developed by Dominion Agriculturalist Charles Saunders in 1904. It is a cross between Red Fife (male parent) and Hard Red Calcutta (female parent). It was selected for superiority in milling quality for bread flour over other cultivars then prevalent in western Canada. 'Marquis' had the advantage of maturing 10 days earlier than its competitors - a factor of great importance in the Canadian wheatbelt, extending as far south as southern Nebraska.

Notes

Wheat cultivars

Marquis wheat


Clara Bingham (born 1963) is an American author, journalist, and documentary film producer.

Early life and education
Bingham was born in 1963 into a newspaper family in Louisville, Kentucky. She moved to New York City in 1968. She completed high school at the Madeira School in 1981, and graduated from Harvard University in 1985 with a degree in History and Literature. At Harvard, she served as co-news editor of the Harvard Independent.

Career
As a Washington, D.C. correspondent for Newsweek magazine from 1989 to 1993, Bingham covered the George H. W. Bush administration leading up to and during the 1992 presidential election. Her writing has appeared widely in publications including, most recently, Vanity Fair, Lit Hub, The Huffington Post, The Guardian, The Washington Spectator, The Daily Beast, and many others. She also worked as a stringer for United Press International in Papua New Guinea, and as a press secretary for the 1988 presidential campaign of Democratic nominee Michael Dukakis.

Bingham wrote an exposé about the Air Force Academy rape scandal for Vanity Fair in 2003, which earned her the 2004 Exceptional Merit in Media Award (EMMA) given by the National Women's Political Caucus. The article was anthologized in the 2004 edition of Best American Crime Writing. In January 2016, Investigation Discovery's Vanity Fair Confidential series featured Bingham in its one-hour program about the rape scandal.

While reporting a story in West Virginia, Bingham, a Kentucky native, witnessed the destructive effects of mountaintop removal coal mining for the first time. Afterwards, she spent several years producing The Last Mountain (directed by Bill Haney), which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2011, screened in theaters in over 60 American cities, and won the International Documentary Association's Pare Lorentz Award.

Bingham is currently working on a book about the second wave feminist movement with the working title F is for Feminism: An American History. Bingham's most recent book, Witness to the Revolution: Radicals, Resisters, Vets, Hippies, and the Year America Lost Its Mind and Found Its Soul (2016), was named one of the best books of 2016 by the St. Louis Post Dispatch, and one of the 40 best books of 2016 by the New York Post. Bingham is featured in the six-episode ABC series 1969. Her second book, Class Action: The Landmark Case that Changed Sexual Harassment Law (co-written with Laura Leedy Gansler 1999) which was adapted into the 2005 feature film North Country. Class Action was a 2002 Los Angeles Times best book of the year and won the AAUW Speaking Out For Justice Award in 2007. Bingham's first book was Women on the Hill: Challenging the Culture of Congress (1996).

Personal life
Bingham lives in New York City and has three children with her ex-husband, biographer David Michaelis. In April 2014, she married Joseph Finnerty, a lawyer, who has three children of his own.

Works

Nonfiction

True events

 Women on the Hill: Challenging the Culture of Congress (1996)
 Class Action: The Landmark Case that Changed Sexual Harassment Law (1999), co-written with Laura Leedy Gansler
 Witness to the Revolution: Radicals, Resisters, Vets, Hippies, and the Year America Lost Its Mind and Found Its Soul (2016)

References

External links
 Official website

1963 births
Living people
Harvard College alumni
Writers from Louisville, Kentucky
Journalists from Kentucky
Clara
Kentucky women writers
Madeira School alumni
American women non-fiction writers
21st-century American women

Clara Bingham


Georges Louis Marie Dumont de Courset (16 September 1746 – 3 September 1824) was a French botanist and agronomist. Born near Boulogne, he studied in Paris and showed an aptitude for music and drawing.

He joined the military when he was 17 and became a second lieutenant. Sent to the south of France, he visited the Pyrenees and caught a passion for botany. He gave up his military career and returned home to build an extensive garden that became famous for the diversity of plant species. The garden was a noteworthy example of cultivation without a natural water spring source

He tried to influence the agricultural techniques employed in his area. Protected by scientists like André Thouin (1746–1824) during the Revolution, he became corresponding member of the French Academy of Agriculture.

He published five volumes on the Botaniste cultivateur, ou description, culture et usage de la plus grande partie des plantes étrangères, naturalisées et indigènes, naturalisées et indigènes, cultivées en France et en Angleterre, rangées suivant la méthode de Jussieu in 1802. Later he entirely re-examined the work and re-issued it in six volumes (1811). In these volumes, Dumont de Courset described 8,700 species and indicated their characteristics and their cultivation.

Publications

References

 This article is based on a translation from the French Wikipedia
 Louis-Gabriel Michaud (1855). Biographie universelle ancienne et moderne. Mme C. Desplaces (Paris).

External links

Dumont de Courset, George Louis Marie
1746 births
1824 deaths
18th-century French botanists

Georges Louis Marie Dumont de Courset


The city of La Paz, in the region of Upper Peru (now in Bolivia but then in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata), experienced a revolution in 1809 that deposed Spanish authorities and declared independence. The revolution is considered one of the early steps of the Spanish American Wars of Independence and a predecessor of the Bolivian War of Independence. However, the revolution was defeated shortly it had started, and the city returned to Spanish rule.

Background
In 1781, for a total of six months, a group of Aymara people laid siege to La Paz. Under the leadership of Túpac Katari, they destroyed churches and government property. Despite the failure of the indigenous people, who were eventually crushed by the military alliance of Spanish and Creoles, thoughts of independence continued flourishing. Thirty years later, indigenous people laid a two-month siege on La Paz, and the legend of the Ekeko is set there.

It was not until fall 1807, when Napoleon moved French troops through Spain to invade Portugal, and Spanish authority had been fatally weakened, that the prospect of independence re-emerged in the native imagination. The 1776 United States Declaration of Independence certainly an inspirational example of empowered colonists deposing unpopular foreign rule. With Spanish authority deteriorating, as Charles IV of Spain renounced the throne in favor of Ferdinand VII, who did the same in favor of Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's brother, La Paz felt that the time was ripe for revolution.

Development
On July 16, in the city of La Paz, as celebrations for the Virgin of Carmen were unfolding, a group of revolutionaries, led by Colonel Pedro Domingo Murillo, and other individuals besieged the city barracks and forced Governor Tadeo Davila and the Bishop of La Paz, Remigio de la Santa y Ortega, to resign. On July 16, 1809, a mestizo, Pedro Domingo Murillo, famously said that the Bolivian Revolution was igniting a lamp that nobody would be able to extinguish. Many historians agree that to mark the beginning of the independence of South America from Spain. Political power went to the local cabildo until the "Junta Tuitiva de los Derechos del Pueblo" ("Junta keeping the Rights of the People"), headed by Murillo, was formed. On July 27, the junta proclaimed colonial independence.

José Manuel de Goyeneche, despite suspected of having Carlists sympathies, was called forward to lead royalist forces against the insurgents. While many revolutionaries enlisted and marched to Chacaltaya to await enemy troops, a counter-revolution, led by Pedro Indaburo, broiled in the capital.

La Paz was defended by Murillo, who maintained a military force of approximately 800 men  Viceroy José Fernando de Abascal sent troops from Lima to repress the revolt and seized the opportunity to decree the reannexation of Upper Peru to his jurisdiction of Peru. Royalists there formed a clear majority, even among those born in the Americas. In Lima, in particular, whose wealth and influence had declined since the Bourbon repartitioning of South America, people placed their hopes not in the seemingly-illusory promises of independence but rather in the rewards that could be secured by loyalty to the Spanish Crown.

Murillo and the other rebel leaders were beheaded, and their heads were exhibited to the people as deterrent.

See also

 Bolivian War of Independence
 Chuquisaca Revolution
 May Revolution
 History of Bolivia

References

Colonial Bolivia
1800s conflicts
Bolivian War of Independence
1800s in South America
19th-century revolutions
19th century in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
1809 in Bolivia
July 1809 events
History of La Paz

La Paz revolution


Look Around the Corner is an album by Quantic (Will Holland) and Alice Russell, recorded and produced by Holland in his studio in Cali, Colombia, and released in 2012 on Tru Thoughts. The production was granted by the PRS for Music Foundation. The title track "Look Around the Corner" was released up front as 10" single, and was added to the daily rotation play list of BBC 6Music.
Louis Pattison entitled his review for the BBC "An exceptional collaboration – like manna from heaven for leftfield soul fans", characterising it as  "mixing warm, brassy funk and soul grooves with Latin jazz and cumbia, it's a soft sort of fusion, mixing flavours with a lightness of touch."

Track listing

References

2012 albums

Quantic & Alice Russell: Look Around the Corner


Mariusz Hermanowicz (1950–2008) was a Polish - French photographer, known for his ironic style documenting Poland of the communist years.

Youth
Mariusz Hermanowicz was born in 1950 Olsztyn, Poland, in the family which has been moved there from Wilno today's Vilnius under the Yalta agreements adjoining this part of historic Lithuania and populated mainly by the Polish population, to the Soviet Union. Fascinated from the young age by film and photography, Hermanowicz went to study at the Cinematography Dept. of the National Polish Film School in Łódź (Master of Arts, 1974).

Recognized as a photographer
While working as a cinematographer directly after his film studies he continued to take pictures, winning the most important Polish photographic competition "Gold Jantar" at Gdańsk in 1977 and in 1978 he was admitted to the elitist ZPAF (Union of Polish Artists Photographers).

Emigration
Hermanowicz always refused to serve Polish communist authorities of the time as their propaganda worker and after the Martial Law has been declared, he decided to leave Poland. As his mother had dual nationality Polish and French, in 1982 he managed to travel to the Netherlands, where he obtained all the necessary documents to settle with his wife and son Miłosz Hermanowicz in France.

Work in France
Since 1983, Hermanowicz not neglecting his original artistic work, has been working for the French Ministry of Culture - in different French cities - Strasbourg, Poitiers and finally since 1990 at Orléans, as a photographer documenting monuments of art and architecture in the provincial France.

Aftermath
Mariusz Hermanowicz died in Olivet near Orléans (France) on 3 October 2008. He left thousands of unusual photographs being an artistic statement on many fields. He also made photograph documenting the old city of Wilno (now capital of Lithuania - Vilnius), he documented victims of the Martial Law in Communist Poland 1981-1983, he made during his life hundreds of portraits of important people of Polish culture and during last years he made portraits of women, he also left numerous original series of photographs being combination of a simple but original text, unusually connected with photographs.

Hermanowicz photographs are in  the collection of The Pompidou Centre in Paris ("Le Vieil appareil (Old camera)" series), Contemporary Art Museum in Łódź, Poland (76 works), The National Museum in Wroclaw, Poland and Centre for Contemporary Art - Ujazdowski Castle in Warsaw, Poland.

Sources
 Photographers Encyclopaedia International 1839 to the present - / In: Editions Camera Obscura, Switzerland. 1985.
 Urszula Czartoryska,"Time intensified. Ten photographers on their path of time", "Polish Perception. Ten contemporary photographers 1977-85"
  Jerzy Lewczyński / In: Anthology of Polish Photography 1839 - 1989 ed. Lucrum, 1999.
  Marek Grygiel, Catalog of exhibition of photographs by Mariusz Hermanowicz "Denudation", July 2004.

External links
  Official blog
  Fototapeta
  In the Georges Pompidou Centre Collection

1950 births
2008 deaths
People from Olsztyn
Polish photographers
Portrait photographers
Polish emigrants to France

Mariusz Hermanowicz


Enzo Tortora (30 November 1928 – 18 May 1988) was an Italian television presenter on national RAI television, who was unjustly convicted of being a member of the Camorra and drug trafficking in 1985, and sentenced to 10 years in jail. He was acquitted of all charges by the Supreme Court of Cassation in 1987.

Early career

Tortora was born in Genoa, Italy. After taking a degree in journalism in his native city, he worked in theatre with Paolo Villaggio before joining the RAI – Italy's state radio and television corporation – as a radio announcer. In 1956, he first appeared on television and presented programmes such as Domenica Sportiva and Giochi senza frontiere. In 1969, he was fired by RAI when he described the company's managers as a group of boy scouts trying to pilot a supersonic jet plane unsuccessfully. Subsequently, he worked for several private TV stations and various newspapers, before returning to RAI in 1977.

During the 1970s Enzo Tortora was the co-founder of Telebiella, the first Italian free TV station that broke the state monopoly of TV broadcasting, and later of Telealtomilanese and Antenna 3 Lombardia.

In 1977, Tortora started to present a programme called Portobello, which attracted an audience of up to 26 million people every Friday night, far outperforming any other programme. Named after the Portobello Road market in London, the show allowed the audience, via telephone from home, to buy or sell things, present ideas or inventions, or look for a partner or someone they had not seen for years. The challenge for those participating in the studio was to get Portobello, the green parrot and mascot of the show, to say his name.

Arrest and conviction

On 17 June 1983, he was arrested and held in jail for 7 months after fake allegations by several pentiti of the Nuova Camorra Organizzata, such as Pasquale Barra, Giovanni Pandico and Giovanni Melluso. It was claimed that this was most likely a wrong identification with a man bearing the same surname, but the pentiti continued to accuse Tortora of offences related to cocaine dealing.

He was sentenced to ten years in jail in his first trial held in 1985, being spared further incarceration only thanks to the providential intervention of the Radical Party who offered him a candidacy to the European Parliament, which Tortora won in a landslide as the country divided between those who held him guilty and those who held him innocent.

Rehabilitation
In September 1986, the Court of Appeal of Naples fully acquitted Tortora. In 1987 the Supreme Court definitively affirmed Tortora's total innocence, and took action against those magistrates who had unjustly tried and sentenced him.

After four years, he returned to television, hosting his Portobello show in February 1987. Tortora began the show saying "Well then, where did we leave off?" (Dove eravamo rimasti?) He developed cancer and died in May 1988.

See also
List of miscarriage of justice cases

References

1928 births
1988 deaths
Mass media people from Genoa
Italian television talk show hosts
Italian male journalists
Italian prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of Italy
Radical Party (Italy) MEPs
MEPs for Italy 1984–1989
History of the Camorra in Italy
Overturned convictions in Italy
20th-century Italian journalists
Politicians from Genoa
20th-century Italian male writers

Enzo Tortora


Woodhouse's toad (Anaxyrus woodhousii) is a medium-sized () true toad native to the United States and Mexico. There are three recognized subspecies. A. woodhousii tends to hybridize with Anaxyrus americanus where their ranges overlap.

Taxonomy
Woodhouse's toad was first described in 1854 by the French herpetologist Charles Frédéric Girard. He gave it the name Bufo woodhousii in honor of the American physician and naturalist Samuel Washington Woodhouse.  The large genus Bufo was split by Frost et al. in 2006, with the North American species being included in the genus Anaxyrus and this toad becoming A. woodhousii. There are three recognised subspecies:
Rocky Mountain toad – Anaxyrus woodhousii woodhousii (Girard, 1854)
East Texas toad – Anaxyrus woodhousii velatus (Bragg and Sanders, 1951)
Southwestern Woodhouse's toad – Anaxyrus woodhousii australis (Shannon & Lowe, 1955)

At one time, Fowler's toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) was considered to be a subspecies.

Description
Woodhouse's toad is a robust amphibian and can grow to a maximum snout-vent length of . The head has prominent cranial crests in front of and in between the eyes. The parotoid glands are long and large. The dorsal surface of this toad is grayish-brown or yellowish-brown and it is speckled with small dark spots. There is a narrow pale line running along the spine. The belly is rather paler and is usually unspotted. The male has a single vocal sac on his throat. His call resembles the bleat of a sheep and lasts from one to three seconds.

Distribution and habitat
Woodhouse's toad is found in North America at altitudes of up to . Its range extends from Mexico in the south to Washington in the north. In the United States it is found in Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. In the western part of its range it is typically found in lowland riparian corridors, wooded land besides streams and rivers. At higher altitudes it inhabits wet meadows, ponds, reservoirs and lakes. It is also found in urban environments, canals, ponds and irrigated agricultural land.

Behavior
Woodhouse's toad is nocturnal and feeds on insects and other small invertebrates. Near human habitations these toads may congregate underneath outside lights to feed on the insects they attract. Breeding takes place at different times of year in different parts of the range. The males call from in, or close to, standing water and the eggs are laid in gelatinous strings in still-water habitats such as ditches, ponds, pools, cattle tanks and lakes. The tadpoles typically take from five to eight weeks to reach metamorphosis.

Status
Woodhouse's toad has a very wide range and presumed large total population. It is able to live in a number of types of habitat and can tolerate some modification to its habitat. The population seems steady and no particular threats have been identified so the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed it as being of "least concern". In central Arizona it seems to be displacing or hybridizing with the Arizona toad (Anaxyrus microscaphus).

References

External links

Western Soundscape Archive - Western Woodhouse's Toad recording

woodhousii
Amphibians of Mexico
Amphibians of the United States
Taxa named by Charles Frédéric Girard
Amphibians described in 1854

Woodhouse's toad


The Nizam College is a constituent college of Osmania University established in 1887 during the reign of Mir Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI, in Basheerbagh, Hyderabad, Telangana.

History

The Nizampur University College was originally the "Mirsarai" of Nawab Safdar Jung Musheer-ud-Daulah Fakhrul-ul-Mulk II the owner of the grand Errum Mnzil palace. Fakhar ul mulk and Khan-i-Khanan II, were the son's of Nawab Fakhar-ul-mulk I, a noble of Hyderabad.

The founder of the college and of several other educational institutions in the Hyderabad State, was Syed Hussain Bilgrami (Nawab Imad-ul- Mulk), who did pioneering work in the field of education as the Director of Education. He scouted and then appointed Dr. Aghorenath Chattopadhyay ( father of Sarojini Naidu, Nightingale of India) as the first principal of the college. The present building, was a summer palace of Paigah Nawab Mulk Fakrul Bahadur, later he gifted the palace to the college administration.

Institution
This college is an autonomous, constituent college of Osmania University. It is located near Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium in Hyderabad. Nizam College was originally a palace of Fakhrul-ul-mulk II, a noble of Hyderabad.

Nizam College celebrated its centenary in 1987. It was established in 1887 by the amalgamation of the Hyderabad School (Noble School) and Madarsa-I-Aliya. Initially it was affiliated to the University of Madras for 60 years and was made a constituent college of Osmania University on 19 February 1947.

The college was granted autonomous status by the UGC in the year 1988–89 at undergraduate level and continues to enjoy this status. It is also NAAC accredited and has been given CPE (College with Potential for Excellence) grant by the UGC. The college has its own academic bodies viz., Governing Body, Academic Council, Finance Committee, Internal Quality Assurance Cell and Boards of Studies for each department to monitor its academic, financial and other activities to the desired level of satisfaction of the appropriate authorities.

The college offers both the undergraduate as well as postgraduate courses in the Faculties of Management, Arts and Social Sciences, Science, and Commerce. At present the college has 29 teaching departments. In addition to these courses, several students are pursuing their Doctoral and Post-Doctoral programmes.

Courses of Study
The college has undergraduate courses B.B.A., B.Sc., B.A. and B.Com.  It also has B.C.A.
There are 13 postgraduate programs leading to M.A., M.Sc. and M.Com. degrees. There is a new 5-year integrated M.Sc. course in Chemistry.
The college also has M.B.A., M.C.A and M.Sc. (IS) professional courses.
In addition there are almost a dozen add-on courses: Certificate, Diploma and PG Diploma courses

Notable alumni

 Abid Hussain
Ali Yavar Jung
Subodh Markandeya (well known Senior Advocate of India)
Air Chief Marshal Idris Hasan Latif, Indian Air Force
Anabheri Prabhakar Rao
Kazi Zainul Abedin
Suri Bhagavantam
Kailasa Venkata Ramiah
Chandra Siddhartha
G. Ram Reddy
Ghulam Ahmed
M. L. Jaisimha
Suravaram Pratapareddy
Syed Mohammad Hadi
Mohan Kanda
P. Surya Prakash
Wing Commander Rakesh Sharma
Shyam Benegal
P.V.Narasimha Rao
Mohammed Azharuddin
Sarojini Naidu
Madhu Goud Yaskhi
Nandamuri Balakrishna
Kiran Kumar Reddy
Mariadas Ruthnaswamy
Asaduddin Owaisi
Kotla Jayasurya Prakasha Reddy
Sitaram Yechury
Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy
K. T. Rama Rao

See also
Education in India
Literacy in India
List of institutions of higher education in Telangana

References

External links

Universities and colleges in Hyderabad, India
Education in the princely states of India
Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Madras
Universities and colleges established in 1887
1887 establishments in India
Colleges affiliated to Osmania University
Establishments in Hyderabad State

Nizam College


Zero Patience is a 1993 Canadian musical film written and directed by John Greyson. The film examines and refutes the urban legend of the alleged introduction of HIV to North America by a single individual, Gaëtan Dugas. Dugas, better known as Patient Zero, was the target of blame in the popular imagination in the 1980's in large measure because of Randy Shilts's American television film docudrama, And the Band Played On (1987), a history of the early days of the AIDS epidemic. Zero Patience tells its story against the backdrop of a romance between a time-displaced Sir Richard Francis Burton and the ghost of "Zero" (the character is not identified by Dugas' name).

Produced in partnership with the Canadian Film Centre, the Canada Council, Telefilm Canada and the Ontario Film Development Corporation, Zero Patience opened to mixed reviews but went on to win a number of prestigious Canadian film awards. The film has been the subject of critical attention in the context of both film theory and queer theory and is considered part of the informal New Queer Cinema movement.

Plot summary
Victorian adventurer and sexologist Sir Richard Francis Burton (John Robinson), following an "unfortunate encounter" with the Fountain of Youth in 1892, is 170 years old and living in Toronto, Canada. Burton, now living and working as the chief taxidermist at a museum of natural history, is searching for a centerpiece display for an exhibit in his Hall of Contagion. He comes up with the idea of featuring AIDS and the Patient Zero hypothesis. Accepting the popular belief that Zero introduced the virus to North America, Burton sets out to collect video footage from those who knew Zero to support the hypothesis. When Zero's doctor (Brenda Kamino), mother (Charlotte Boisjoli) and former airline colleague Mary (Dianne Heatherington), who is now with ACT UP, all refuse to demonize Zero, Burton manipulates the footage to make it appear as if they do and includes doctored photographs of Zero showing signs of Kaposi's sarcoma. He presents this preliminary version to the press.

The ghost of Zero (Normand Fauteux) materializes at a local gay bathhouse. No one can see or hear him, until Zero runs into Burton while Burton is spying on Zero's friend George. Zero realizes that Burton can see him, although Zero does not show up on Burton's video camera. The two strike a deal; Zero agrees to help Burton with his Patient Zero exhibit if Burton finds a way to make Zero appear.

The two return to the museum where Burton makes a ridiculous attempt to seduce Zero to ensure his participation. Rejecting his advances, Zero examines some of the other exhibits (including displays on Typhoid Mary and the Tuskegee syphilis study) before finding an African green monkey, another suspected early AIDS vector. The monkey (Marla Lukofsky) angrily denounces Zero for scapegoating her just as he has been scapegoated. Zero turns to Burton and they make love.

Under pressure from his director and the exhibit's drug manufacturer sponsor, Burton steals Zero's medical records in hopes of discovering new information. Zero and Burton examine an old blood sample of Zero's under a microscope and discover Miss HIV (Michael Callen), who points out that the original study that was used to label Patient Zero as the first person to bring HIV to North America did not prove any such thing, but instead helped prove that HIV was sexually transmitted, leading to the development of safer sex practices. Under this interpretation, Zero could be lauded as a hero for his candor in participating in that original study. As Burton ponders this, an unknown fluid squirts from the eye pieces of the microscope, drenching Zero and making him appear on video. He joyously declares his innocence on tape but the effect only lasts five minutes before he fades away again. Zero angrily accuses Burton of not caring for him at all and only wanting to use him for the exhibit, then storms out.

Burton fails to complete the revised Patient Zero exhibit before its scheduled opening date. The museum curator substitutes the original presentation instead over Burton's protests, leading to a renewed rush of press scapegoating Zero. The night after the exhibit opens, Mary and other ACT UP members break into the Hall of Contagion and trash the exhibit. Zero returns and Burton explains that he tried to stop the exhibit. Zero forgives Burton but says he wants to disappear again completely. Zero merges with his disfigured video image and, smoking a cigarette inside the video, sets off the fire alarm. The sprinklers destroy the video player and Zero vanishes.

A major subplot involves George (Richardo Keens-Douglas), a French teacher and former intimate of Zero's. George is losing his sight to cytomegalovirus and is taking a drug that is manufactured by a company that, as a member of ACT UP, George is protesting. George struggles through the film to resolve his conflicted feelings over this, his guilt over abandoning Zero during the final days of his illness and his fear that the same thing will happen to him.

Cast
 John Robinson as Sir Richard Burton
 Normand Fauteux as Zero
 Dianne Heatherington as Mary
 Richardo Keens-Douglas as George
 Charlotte Boisjoli as Maman, Zero's mother
 Brenda Kamino as Dr. Cheng, Zero's doctor
 Michael Callen as Miss HIV
 Marla Lukofsky as African Green Monkey
 Von Flores as Ray (ACT UP member)
 Scott Hurst as Michael (ACT UP member)
 Duncan McIntosh as Ross (ACT UP member)

Real-life television journalist Ann Medina has a brief role as a television reporter. Co-producer Louise Garfield makes a cameo appearance playing a virus, co-producer Anna Stratton appears as a drug company executive and composer Glenn Schellenberg plays a bathhouse attendant.

Production
John Greyson became interested in offering a counterpoint to the Patient Zero story as early as 1987, when the Patient Zero meme began entering the public consciousness following the publication of Randy Shilts's book And the Band Played On. The book described the cluster study which led to the popular identification of flight attendant Gaëtan Dugas as the vector through which HIV was first brought to North America. Shilts himself never claimed that Dugas was the first. In early 1991 Greyson was given a development grant for the script from the Canadian Film Centre, of which Greyson is an alumnus. Over the next year Greyson, in collaboration with Film Centre partners Louise Garfield and Anna Stratton, continued to develop the script, eventually presenting it with producer Alexandra Raffé in a workshop format. During the first half of 1992, the production team secured additional development funding from the Canada Council, Telefilm Canada and the Ontario Film Development Corporation. By June of that year the script and the songs were completed and that autumn, with funds from the Telefilm Canada and OFDC grants along with revenue from the sale of British broadcast rights to Channel 4, pre-production and casting got underway. Principal photography began in November 1992 and wrapped after five weeks. Sneak previews took place at the Seattle International Film Festival and a number of LGBT film festivals across the United States before its official debut in September 1993 at Toronto's Festival of Festivals.

In dedicating the film's soundtrack album to performer and AIDS activist Michael Callen and other friends they had lost to the disease, Greyson, composer Glenn Schellenberg and producers Garfield and Stratton explained their reasons for making the film. "We wanted to explode the opportunistic myth of Patient Zero....More importantly, we wanted to celebrate the courage and sass of an international AIDS activist movement that has tirelessly fought for the rights of people living with AIDS."

Critical reception
Zero Patience garnered mixed critical reaction. The Austin Chronicle cited a "murky plot, frequently weak acting and often mediocre music" while still praising the film's "spunk, humor, enthusiasm and wit." The Washington Post compared Zero Patience unfavorably to Hollywood's big-budget, big-star AIDS-themed film, Philadelphia, claiming that the latter's protagonist Andrew Beckett "looked sick, dealt with his illness and allowed the audience to sympathize," unlike the "healthy hoofers" of the musical who, because they didn't look sick enough, "[seem] to deny some of the grim realities" of the disease. In a contrary favorable opinion, London's Time Out Film Guide praised the film for "slyly inverting popular wisdom" to "offer a sassy commentary on the epidemic of blame" and calling Zero Patience "a film which engages your mind as much as your heart, and leaves you laughing." Similarly, The New York Times lauded the film's "loopy buoyancy," praising the songs as a "bouncy stylistic hybrid of Gilbert and Sullivan, Ringo Starr, The Kinks and the Pet Shop Boys."

Zero Patience was honored as the Best Canadian Film and Best Ontario Feature at the 1993 Cinéfest and was awarded a Special Jury Citation as Best Canadian Feature Film at the 1993 Festival of Festivals. Greyson dedicated his award to the memory of Jay Scott, the influential film critic who had died of AIDS a few months earlier.

Director Greyson and composer Glenn Schellenberg were nominated for a 1993 Genie Award for Best Original Song for the film's theme song, "Zero Patience."

Queer theory
In examining the film from a queer theory perspective, author Michele Aaron cites Zero Patience as definitional of one of the New Queer Cinema's central attitudes, the "def[iance] of cinematic convention in terms of form, content and genre." Aaron goes on to cite the film's musical format as "further subvert[ing] the ways we might expect to be 'entertained' by such serious matters as AIDS, media representation, and the legacy of moralism and sexuality." Feminist academic and AIDS video producer Alexandra Juhasz puts forth the film as "an effective critique of the silly sensationalism used in much reportage of AIDS science [that] fights melodrama and tabloid journalism—with melodrama and tabloid journalism." Not all such critical commentary has been positive, with openly gay film scholar Robin Wood (who saw the film when someone very close to him was in the final stages of AIDS) calling the film "misguided on the levels both of conception and execution."

Year-end lists
 Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Jimmy Fowler, Dallas Observer

Soundtrack

The Zero Patience soundtrack was released in 1994. Produced by John Switzer, it includes all of the songs and several pieces of incidental music, along with two remixes of the film's title song.

Track listing
 "Zero Patience [Moulton Lava Club Remix]"
 "Arabian Nights" - Instrumental
 "Just Like Scheherazade" - Zero
 "Culture of Certainty" - Richard Burton
 "Pop-A-Boner" - Bathhouse trio
 "Control" - Mary and ACT UP
 "George's Theme" - Instrumental
 "Pop-A-Boner [Reprise #1]" - Bathhouse trio
 "Butthole Duet" - Richard Burton and Zero
 "Positive" - George and schoolchildren
 "Drowning Sailors' Theme" - Instrumental
 "Love Theme" - Instrumental
 "Contagious" - African Green Monkey
 "Pop-A-Boner [Reprise #2]" - Bathhouse trio
 "Scheherazade (Miss HIV)" - Miss HIV
 "Six or Seven Things" - Richard Burton and Zero
 "Zero Patience" - Principal cast
 "Scheherazade (Tell a Story)" - Principal cast
 "Zero Patience [Extended Burn Remix]"

See also
HIV and AIDS misconceptions

References

Further reading
 Padva, Gilad. "Uses of Nostalgia in Musical Politicization of Homo/Phobic Myths in Were the World Mine, The Big Gay Musical, and Zero Patience. In Padva, Gilad, Queer Nostalgia in Cinema and Pop Culture, pp. 139–172 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, ).

External links

1990s musical fantasy films
1993 LGBT-related films
1993 films
Canadian Film Centre films
Canadian LGBT-related films
Canadian musical fantasy films
English-language Canadian films
1990s English-language films
1990s French-language films
Films directed by John Greyson
HIV/AIDS in Canadian films
LGBT-related musical films
1990s Canadian films

Zero Patience


Vahram Alazan (), (Vahram Gabuzian) (, 19 May (May 6 O.S.) 1903 in Van – 17 May 1966 in Yerevan) was an Armenian poet, writer and public activist, the First Secretary of the Writers Union of Armenia from 1933 to 1936.

A survivor of Armenian genocide, in 1915 he moved to Yerevan and since 1925 headed the Proletaric Writer's Association of Armenia. His poetic collection "Songs of Construction and Victory" became popular among the Armenian readers. Then he published "At the 60th horizon" novel. During the stalinist terror of 1937-1954 Alazan was prisoned in Siberia. In 1957 he published "Horizons" collection of philosophical poems. He was the founding director of the Perch Proshyan House-Museum in Ashtarak.

Books
"The Games of Summer", poems (1923),
"Poet's Heart", poems (1954)
"Northern Star", novel (1956),
"Memoires" (1960).

Sources
Alazan in Russian Literary Encyclopedia
Concise Armenian Encyclopedia, ed. by acad. K. Khudaverdian, Vol. 1, Yerevan, 1990, pp. 73.

References

Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to the Russian Empire
Soviet writers
20th-century Armenian poets
Armenians from the Ottoman Empire
People from Van, Turkey
Armenian refugees
Witnesses of the Armenian genocide
1903 births
1966 deaths
Armenian male poets
Soviet Armenians

Vahram Alazan


A government is called authoritarian if it has a strong central government, and rejects the ideas of pluralism. It is between democracy on one side, and totalitarianism on the other.

Monarchies sometimes fit this pattern. As of 2020, examples of countries with authoritarian regimes include the People's Republic of China, Angola, the Republic of the Congo, Laos, Nicaragua and Russia. Several states on the Persian Gulf, such as Saudi Arabia, Oman or Qatar also fit this pattern. However, North Korea is considered totalitarian.

States such as these use strong central power to keep the political status from changing. There are reductions in the rule of law, separation of powers, and democratic voting.

Forms of government

Authoritarianism


The pelton wheel is a kind of water turbine. It is used in power plants, to convert a water flow into a movement of a wheel (and then into energy). Lester Alan Pelton invented it in the 1870s. In a regular wheel for example of a mill, the energy is obtained from the weight of the water. A pelton wheel uses the impulse of the water to generate energy, not its weight.  Pelton wheels are used in power plants where there's a big difference in height, but where there is relatively little water. An example might be a dam or barrage in the mountains. One of the drawbacks of a pelton wheel is the relatively hight level of wear:  Unlike the Francis turbine, a pelton wheel cannot be used to pump water.

Engineering

Pelton wheel


Biltmore Mansion, also called Biltmore House or the Biltmore Estate is a 175,000 square foot/17400 square meter palatial mansion in Asheville, North Carolina and the largest privately owned dwelling in the US. It's spread over seven levels and features an indoor winter garden/conservatory, 43 bathrooms (in an age where most people didn't even have one bathroom), 35 bedrooms, a Halloween-themed room, indoor swimming pool, and a two lane bowling alley, among other great amenities. Biltmore Mansion also has an intercom system for summoning domestic servants, and was one of the first residences in America to have electricity and running water. The house and surrounding estate was built for George Washington Vanderbilt 2.

Buildings and structures in North Carolina
Asheville, North Carolina

Biltmore Estate