Guillaume Alexis (precise birth and death dates unknown) was a French Benedictine monk and poet of the late 15th and early 16th centuries, nicknamed the "Good Monk". His abbey was that at Lire (La Vieille-Lyre), in the diocese of Évreux, He became prior of Bussy, in Perche. In 1486 he went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem and died there, a victim of Ottoman persecution.

Works
Guillaume Alexis was a poet of a very live style, who literary critics rank with the successors of François Villon.

Le Passe-temps de tout homme et de toute femme avec l'A, B, С des doubles (Paris, Antoine Vérard), in verse, Latin translation of a text attributed to pope Innocent III, describing the history of man's life from birth to death.
Le Grant Blason des faulces amours, (of which an edition dating to 1529 published in Lyon at the house of Claude Nourry). This poem, 126 stanzas in twelve verses, is a dialogue between a gentleman and a monk (supposed to be the author), the former defending love, the latter opposing it. The monk's arguments mainly consist of attacking women, in the tradition of the misogynist works denounced by Christine de Pizan in the introduction to The Book of the City of Ladies. His arguments are so convincing that the gentleman ends up agreeing with the monk. The work was popular enough to be cited in another famous misogynist work of the time, Les Quinze Joies de mariage and to incite another author to edit a Contre blason, where the same arguments are this time defended by two women, a woman of the court and a nun. The latter has the last word.
Le Dialogue du Crucifix et du Pèlerin, according to the title written during a 1486 pilgrimage to Jerusalem and printed in Paris.
Le Loyer des folles amours, et le Triomphe des Muses contre l'amour, following the "Quinze joies du mariage"
Le Passe-temps du prieur de Bussy et de son frère le cordelier
Le Miroir des Moines
Le Martyrologe des fausses langues et le chapitre général d'icelles tenu au temple de Danger
Quatre chants royaux qui se trouvent parmi les Palinodies
Le Débat de l'homme et de la femme, written around 1461, went through at least seven separate editions between 1490 and 1530
Jean de La Fontaine admired his poetry.

Sources
Bibliothèque françoise, ou Histoire de la littérature françoise, Claude-Pierre Goujet, 1754, 1755, at the house of P. J. Mariette and H.-L. Guerin

External links
Bibliographie partielle en ligne :  Œuvres poétiques de Guillaume Alexis, prieur de Bucy, 1889, 1908, Firmin Didot.
Texte en ligne : Oraison très dévote

Bibliography
Michel-André Bossy, Woman's Plain Talk in Le Débat de l'omme et de la femme by Guillaume Alexis. (Le franc-parler féminin dans "Le Débat de l'homme et de la femme" de Guillaume Alexis),  Fifteenth-Century Studies 16 (1990): 23-41.

Notes

15th-century French writers
15th-century French poets
16th-century French poets
French male poets

Guillaume Alexis


Streptococcal pharyngitis or strep throat is an illness that is caused by the bacteria called "Group A Streptococcus". Strep throat affects the throat and the tonsils. The tonsils are the two glands in the throat at the back of the mouth. Strep throat can also affect the voice box (larynx). Common symptoms include fever, throat pain (also called a sore throat), and swollen glands (called lymph nodes) in the neck. Strep throat causes 37% of sore throats among children.

Strep throat spreads through close contact with a sick person. To be sure that a person has strep throat, a test called a throat culture is needed. Even without this test, a likely case of strep throat can be known because of the symptoms. Antibiotics can help a person with strep throat. Antibiotics are medicines that kill bacteria. They are used mostly to prevent complication such as rheumatic fever rather than to shorten the length of sickness.

Signs and symptoms
The usual symptoms of strep throat are a sore throat, fever of more than 38 °C (100.4 °F), pus (a yellow or green fluid made up of dead bacteria, and white blood cells) on the tonsils, and swollen lymph nodes.

There can be other symptoms such as:
 Head pain (headache)
 Vomiting or the urge to vomit (nausea)
 Stomach pain
 Muscle pain
 Rash (small red bumps) on the body or in the mouth or throat. This is an unusual but a specific sign.

A person who gets strep throat will show symptoms one to three days after coming in contact with a sick person.

Cause
Strep throat is caused by a type of bacteria called group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GAS). Other bacteria or viruses can also cause a sore throat. People get strep throat by direct, close contact with a sick person. The illness can spread more easily when people are crowded together. Examples of crowding include people in the military or in schools. The GAS bacteria can dry out into dust, but then it cannot make people sick. If bacteria in the environment are keep moist they can make people sick for up to 15 days. Moist bacteria can be found on things like toothbrushes. These bacteria can live in food, but this is very unusual. People who eat the food can become sick. Twelve percent of children with no symptoms of strep throat have GAS in their throats normally.

Diagnosis

A checklist called the modified Centor score helps doctors decide how to care for people with sore throats. The Centor score has five clinical measurements or observations. It shows how likely it is that someone has strep throat.

One point is given for each of these criteria:
No cough
Swollen lymph nodes or lymph nodes that hurt if they are touched
Temperature greater than 38 °C (100.4 °F)
Pus or swelling of the tonsils
Under the age of 15 years (a point is taken away if the person is older than 44 years)

Laboratory testing
A test called a throat culture is the main way to know if a person has strep throat. This test is correct 90 to 95 percent of the time. There is another test called a rapid strep test, or RADT. The rapid strep test is faster than a throat culture but correctly finds the illness only 70 percent of the time. Both tests can show when a person does not have strep throat. They can show this correctly 98 percent of the time.

When a person is sick a throat culture or rapid strep test can tell if the person is sick from strep throat. People who have no symptoms should not be tested with a throat culture or rapid strep test as some people have streptococcal bacteria in their throats normally without any bad results. And these people do not need treatment.

Causes of similar symptoms
Strep throat has some of the same symptoms as other illnesses. Because of this, it can be hard to know if a person has strep throat without a throat culture or rapid strep test. If the person has fever and sore throat with coughing, a runny nose, diarrhea, and red itchy feeling eyes, it is more likely to be a sore throat that is caused by a virus. Infectious mononucleosis can cause swollen lymph nodes in the neck and a sore throat, fever, and it can make the tonsils get bigger. This diagnosis can be determined by a blood test. There is however no specific treatment for infectious mononucleosis.

Prevention
Some people get strep throat more often than others. Removing the tonsils is one way to stop these people from getting strep throat. Getting strep throat three or more times in one year may be a good reason to remove the tonsils. Waiting is also appropriate.

Treatment
Strep throat usually lasts a few days without treatment. Treatment with antibiotics will usually make the symptoms go away 16 hours quicker. The main reason for treatment with antibiotics is to reduce the risk of getting a more serious illness. For example, a heart disease known as rheumatic fever or a collection of pus in the throat known as retropharyngeal abscess. Antibiotics work well if given within 9 days of the start of symptoms.

Pain medication
Medicine to lessen pain can help with the pain caused by strep throat. These usually include NSAIDs or paracetamol which is also known as acetaminophen. Steroids are also useful, as is viscous lidocaine. Aspirin may be used in adults. It is not good to give aspirin to children because it makes them more likely to get Reye's syndrome.

Antibiotic medicine
Penicillin V is the most common antibiotic used in the United States for strep throat. It is popular because it is safe, works well and does not cost much money. Amoxicillin is usually used in Europe. In India, it is more likely for people to get rheumatic fever. Because of this, an injected medicine called benzathine penicillin G is the usual treatment. The antibiotics lower the average length of symptoms. The average length is three to five days. Antibiotics lowers this by about one day. These medicines also reduce the spread of the illness. The medicines are used mostly to try to reduce rare complications. These include rheumatic fever, rashes, or infections. The good effects of antibiotics should be balanced by the possible side effects. Antibiotic treatment may not need to be given to healthy adults who have bad reactions to medication. Antibiotics are used for strep throat more often than would be expected from how serious it is and the speed at which it spreads. The medicine erythromycin (and other medicines, called macrolides) should be used for people who have bad allergies to penicillin. Cephalosporins can be used in people with lesser allergies. Streptococcal infections might also lead to swelling of the kidneys (acute glomerulonephritis). Antibiotics do not reduce the chance of this condition.

Outlook
The symptoms of strep throat usually get better, with or without treatment, in about three to five days. Treatment with antibiotics reduces the risk of worse illnesses. They also make it harder to spread the illness. Children may return to school 24 hours after first taking antibiotics.

These very bad problems might be caused by strep throat:
 These include rheumatic fever or scarlet fever
 A deadly illness called toxic shock syndrome
 Glomerulonephritis
 An illness called PANDAS syndrome. This is an immune problem that causes sudden, sometimes serious behavioral problems.

Likelihood
Strep throat is included in the broader category of sore throat or pharyngitis. About 11 million people get sore throats in the United states each year. Most cases of sore throat are caused by viruses. The bacteria group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus causes 15 to 30 percent of sore throats in children. It causes 5 to 20 percent of sore throats in adults. Cases usually happen in late winter and early spring.  In Autumn 2022 30 children died in the United Kingdom from  invasive strep A.    The UK Health Security Agency sent out a communication which was said to have flooded emergency services with the 'worried well'.

References

Diseases caused by bacteria

Streptococcal pharyngitis


The Baluchistan Agency was one of the agencies of British India. Agency Territories, with an area of 44,345 square miles (208.262 km2), composed of tracts which had, from time to time, been acquired by lease or otherwise brought under control and been placed directly under British officers.

This agency consisted of three princely states, Kalat and its two feudatory states Las Bela and Kharan. The British government maintained the administrative control through their political agent in Kalat.

British India

Baluchistan Agency


These are the final results for the tennis competition at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.

American teenager Jennifer Capriati stunned German (and defending champion) Steffi Graf in the women's singles final to win the gold medal. Marc Rosset became the first Swiss Olympic tennis gold medallist.

The matches were played on outdoor clay courts at the Tennis de la Vall d'Hebron.

Medal summary

Medal table

Events

References
Official Olympic Report

1992
1992 Summer Olympics events
Olympics
Olympics
1992 Summer Olympics
Oly
Oly

Tennis at the 1992 Summer Olympics


Belleville Lake is a fresh water artificial reservoir located mostly within Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan.  A very small portion extends west into Washtenaw County. The lake was created from the construction of the French Landing Dam and Powerhouse along the Huron River in 1925.

History

Belleville Lake is an artificial reservoir created by the hydroelectric French Landing Dam and Powerhouse in 1925.  The lake was originally named Edison Lake, because the dam was constructed by the Detroit Edison Company.  When the lake was created, it flooded out the historic community of Rawsonville, which had few remaining structures and residents by this time.  The historic community was dedicated as a Michigan State Historic Site on October 27, 1983. A historic marker was erected at the intersection of Rawsonville Road and Grove Road.  The community of Rawsonville continues to exist as an unincorporated community with little relation to the historic community.

The French Landing Dam and Powerhouse is also listed as a Michigan State Historic Site, as is the John C. Stellwagen House.  The lakefront Stellwagen House lost a portion of its property when the lake was flooded, but the original house remains standing.

Belleville Bridge

Belleville Bridge was built in 1925 to carry Belleville Road across the newly formed lake.  It was  long and was one of the state's few riveted camelback pony truss bridges.  Located just north of the community center, it was vitally important for residents of the area to access U.S. Route 12 and eventually Interstate 94 connecting to Detroit.  In 1985, a larger roadway was needed for the growing community and traffic.  At the time, the bridge was a potential candidate for entry on the National Register of Historic Places, but its replacement was necessary and forfeited any future historic designations.  The original bridge was dismantled and sold to Kent County.  It replaced the former Burroughs Street Bridge and currently spans the Flat River in Vergennes Township just north of the city of Lowell at .  The new Belleville Bridge shares no resemblance and is now a four-lane, three-span reinforced concrete bridge located at .

Retenone usage
In May 1973, thousands of fish in Belleville Lake were accidentally killed by the use of rotenone upstream in Ford Lake.  Rotenone was used in Ford Lake to eliminate fish populations in a restocking effort.  Ford Lake Dam was blocked off to prevent the poison from entering Belleville Lake, but the dam accidentally opened and released the poison.  This resulted in the unplanned killing of up to  of fish in Belleville Lake, and the state issued a temporary ban on the use of rotenone in the future.

In September 1973, Belleville Lake was partially drained as a plan to poison an increasing common carp population that was viewed as "trash fish" for competing with native fish species.  The lake was going to be drained, because less poison would be needed with less water.  Ford Lake Dam was closed to eliminate the water supply to Belleville Lake, and the French Landing Dam was opened further to allow the water to drain.  The lake was only drained by about one-third before engineering failures caused two bridges to crack and a gas line to rupture due to the ground shifting.  The water level was not lowered any further.  The shallower western edge of Belleville Lake was drained completely, uncovering decades of debris and garbage, which included old safes, firearms, automobiles, sunken boats, and a historic cement roadway that was constructed in 1904.  The original poisoning project was voted to continue after a brief hiatus.  Rotenone was airdropped by helicopter for the first time in the state to eliminate the carp population.  It resulted in a large cleanup project that resulted in  of dead fish carcasses, of which 95% were carp.  The bridges were repaired, and the lake was soon refilled and stocked with more native game species of fish.

Geography
Belleville Lake is an elongated reservoir that flows about  through the central portion of Van Buren Township.  The lake has a surface area of  and sits at an elevation of  above sea level.  Belleville Lake mostly follows the original path of the Huron River, which serves as its primary inflow and outflow.

The lake has a maximum depth of  near the eastern end but much shallower toward the western end. The lake continues the flow of the Huron River, beginning approximately at Rawsonville Road and meandering to Haggerty Road—roughly parallel south of Interstate 94.  Ford Lake is a short distance upstream from Belleville Lake, which itself is a reservoir created by the Ford Lake Dam.  The two lakes are separated by a short one-mile (1.6 km) stretch of the Huron River.

Belleville Lake is mostly surrounded by Van Buren Township within Wayne County.  The city of Belleville is centered along the lake on the southern coast.  The Michigan Department of Natural Resources also lists a very small portion of Belleville Lake crossing the county line at Rawsonville Road into Ypsilanti Township to the west.

Activities

Belleville Lake is a popular recreational site for boating, personal watercraft, canoeing/kayaking, and fishing.  There are several lakefront parks, including Doane's Landing, French Landing Park, Horizon Park, and Van Buren Park.  The Michigan Department of Natural Resources operates two public boat launches along the lake.  The Belleville Lake–West access point is located on Rawsonville Road along the lake's western edge, and the Belleville Lake–East access point is located along the eastern-central portion of the lake on East Huron River Drive.  The two boat launches are administered and maintained by Maybury State Park to the north.

Belleville Lake is a very popular fishing destination.  Common fish species include bluegill, catfish (black bullhead, brown bullhead, yellow bullhead, and channel catfish), common carp, black crappie, large and smallmouth bass, muskellunge (including tiger muskellunge), northern pike, rock bass, silver bass, suckers, sunfish, walleye, and yellow perch.  Many of these species are routinely stocked and monitored by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.  Belleville Lake is one of the few inland lakes in southeastern Michigan with an established population of the invasive round goby, which are now integrated into the lake's ecosystem and spreading to other areas of the Huron River.  Smaller fish routinely caught or netted include brook silverside, emerald shiner, golden shiner, logperch, spotfin shiner, spottail shiner, and white perch.  According to one study, bluegill amounted to 61% of total catches on the lake.

Belleville Lake has numerous listings on the state's Master Angler Entries.  The largest fish listed is a common carp at  with other similarly sized carps also listed. A channel catfish is also listed at  and a largemouth bass at .

The Border-to-Border Trail also passes along Belleville Lake and connects to Michigan's Iron Belle Trail, which follows along the Huron River and connects to Wayne County's eastern communities along the Detroit River.

Health concerns
Belleville Lake often experiences algal blooms late in the summer, which must be frequently tested to determine their level of toxicity.  The Michigan Department of Health and Human Services monitors the water quality and issues advisories when the bacteria levels in the water may pose a health threat.  Most algal blooms are green algae and pose no threat, but accumulating cyanobacteria and perfluorooctanesulfonatecan (PFOS) can result in harmful algal blooms that can have negative health affects. When this bacteria is present, prolonged contact with the water is not advised, although occasional contact with PFOS is not considered a health concern. Regardless of water quality, swimming is not a common recreational activity on the lake.

When algae levels reach a high enough level to pose a threat, a "Do Not Eat" fish advisory is issued and posted at all access points along the lake. Boating and fishing are still allowed, but fishermen are advised to catch and release only.

References

Bodies of water of Washtenaw County, Michigan
Bodies of water of Wayne County, Michigan
Reservoirs in Michigan
1925 establishments in Michigan
Huron River (Michigan)

Belleville Lake


La mujer del ministro (The Minister's Wife) is a 1981 Spanish-Mexican film directed by Eloy de la Iglesia and starring Manuel Torres, Simón Andreu and Amparo Muñoz. The complex plot mixes terrorism, politics, corruption and sex in the convoluted politic environment during the so-called Spanish Transition. The film is notable for its lesbian subplot. It was classified S as pornographic for a nude scene in a sauna.

Plot
Rafael, a young man from the provinces, works as a waiter in a resort and helps himself economically having sex for money with rich older women. During a bomb threat, he is discovered in bed with one of the guest, Leonor Marchioness of Montenegro, and he is fired as a consequence.

The Marchioness of Montenegro is an aging aristocrat, ruined economically, but still with wealthy and influential friends. She helps Rafael finds a new job in Madrid as the gardener in the mansion of Antonio Fernández Herrador, Minister of economy in the new democratic Spanish government. Rafael quickly adapts in his job as a gardener and befriends Chema, the son of Angelina the mansion's housekeeper. Chema explains to Rafael that Martha, the minister's secretary, is the most powerful person in the household. Rafael is brought to the notice of his employers when he suffers a mild injury during a botched attempt to the life of the minister.

Immersed in his political career, the minister neglects his beautiful young wife, Teresa. Their marriage is going through a rough patch. Teresa, sexually frustrated with her husband's impotence, begins to pay attention to the attractive young gardener. Martha, a lesbian who actually lust after Teresa, has sex with Manuel before the young man becomes Teresa's lover under the watchful eyes of both Martha and the Marchioness of Montenegro. The Marchioness, who truly cares about Rafael, wants to take advantage of the situation. She offers her help to the lovers and her house becomes the retreat for Teresa and Rafael's intimate encounters. Soon after, the Marchioness presses the Minister Fernández Herrador to help her obtain a large bank loan necessary to save her from total economic ruin.

The situation become murkier when a leftist terrorist group contact Rafael. They need the gardener's help in order to know the whereabouts of the Minister since they are planning his kidnapping. Rafael does not want to get involve and, afraid, tries to escape to his hometown, but the terrorist threaten him. Desperate, Rafael asks for help to the Marchioness since she still has powerful friends in the security forces loyal to the old regime. However, before she can do something, the terrorist, who have been following Rafael's every move, kill the Marchioness. Her assassination is considered political motivated since she was a well-known activist in right wing causes.

Teresa becomes pregnant by her lover and wants to have the baby. She gives the news to Rafael who tells her about the terrorist and his certainty that they killed the Marchioness. Rafael and Teresa talk about it with Martha, who advises them to confess all to the Minister. The minister is outrage. He would like his wife to have an abortion, but she is determined to have the child. Confronted with his wife threats of divorce, the minister reluctantly accepts the situation since otherwise a scandal would ruin his political ambitions. The minister confines these problems to Lara, a member of the security forces. Lara assigns the investigation of the terrorist kidnapping threats to Romero, a hard-boiled detective linked with the security forces of the government. Romero interrogates Rafael, who identifies the terrorist through photographs. Soon after, the terrorist are killed by secret security agents of the government. Romero tells Rafael that the terrorist were killed in a settling of accounts among themselves. Lara and Romero meet to talk about the investigation, but during a brief absence by Romero, Lara is killed by a gunman.

The plan to kidnap the minister is actually a hoax in which Fernández Herrador has been involved all along with Martha's complicity. The minister has accepted a three thousand million bribery deal from an international corporation interested in building five nuclear plants. Fernández Herrador's idea is to run away with the money to South America under the cover of a new identity. To all, he would have been killed by his kidnappers. Romero discovers the minister's plans and confronts him, but Fernández Herrador persuades Romero to accept money in exchange for his silence. Martha's motivation has been to have Teresa only for herself once the minister has escaped. She wants to kill Rafael, but Chema sees her threatening Rafael at gun point and Romero stops her. Perplexed at her husband's plan, Teresa tells all to Rafael, who has been an unwilling participant in the minister's plan. She encourages her lover to flee. The next day, Rafael hears the news on T.V that the Minister Fernández Herrador has been kidnapped. Rafael wants to buy a ticket to travel outside Madrid, but he is stopped by Romero. Romero says he has a job to offer him.

Cast
Manuel Torres as Rafael
Simón Andreu as  Antonio, the Minister Fernández Herrador.
Amparo Muñoz as Teresa
María Martín as the Marquise of Montenegro
Irina Kuberskaya as Martha
Pedro Armendáriz, Jr. as Inspector Romero
José Manuel Cervino as Lara
José Luis Fernández Pirri as Chema
Carlos Kaniowsky as Policeman
Enrique San Francisco as a terrorist
Julieta Serrano as Angelina

Music

The original score for the film was written by Alfonso Santisteban. The sound track includes the themes :
 Sarairo sung by Manzanita
 Canon by Johann Sebastian Bach

Notes

References
 Bentley, Bernard P.E. A Companion to Spanish Cinema. Tamesis Books, 2008.

External links

1981 drama films
1981 films
1980s Spanish-language films
Spanish LGBT-related films
Films directed by Eloy de la Iglesia
LGBT-related drama films
Spanish-language drama films
Films about the Spanish Transition

La mujer del ministro


The NWE No. 21II, later DR 99 6001 is a narrow gauge steam locomotive that was built in 1939 for a track gauge of one metre and is still on duty with the Harz Narrow Gauge Railways (HSB) today.

History
The locomotive was the only unit to be built of a planned series of standard superheated steam locomotives with the axle arrangements 1'C1', 1'D1' and 1'E1', that the Nordhausen-Wernigerode Railway Company (NWE), the Gernrode-Harzgerode Railway Company and the South Harz Railway Company had ordered from Friedrich Krupp AG for replacing their older, less economic saturated steam engines. In standardising their designs, it was envisaged that as many parts of the locomotives as possible would be used across the whole range in the interests of economic production, simplified spare part stock holdings and easier maintenance and servicing. But because the development order was not given by the Deutsche Reichsbahn and because different construction conventions were followed in some cases, these were not seen as Einheitsloks, the standard locomotives produced by the DR between the wars. As a result of the outbreak of World War II, however, only the prototyped of the 1'C1' version was built in 1939 by Krupp; orders for the other engines were cancelled.

The prototype locomotive was accepted into service by the NWE as No. 21 (the second to carry that number) and, following the takeover of the NWE by the East German Deutsche Reichsbahn in 1949, was renumbered to 99 6001. In 1970 the loco was given the computer number 99 6001-4.

In 1956 the engine was transferred, initially temporarily, from the Harz Railway to the Selke Valley Railway. In 1961 this became permanent. After the re-joining of the two lines in 1983/1984 it was once again used for duties on the Harz Railway, for example to head the first scheduled passenger train between Gernrode and Hasselfelde via Stiege on 3 June 1984.

Between 1991 and 1994 it did brief service in green livery as no. 21 in charge of the heritage train (Traditionszug), a special made up of historic coaches, which the Mallet locomotives to that point could not haul as their brakes were not compatible with the new compressed-air brakes of the train. In addition it carried out duties from its home station of Gernrode.

Technical features
In designing and building the NWE 21II the firm of Krupp made extensive use of welding, even for the boiler, in contrast with the contemporary design approach of the Reichsbahn Einheitslokomotiven.

The three driven wheelsets are fixed firmly in a bar frame with a 70 mm side thickness (Wangenstärke). The two front and rear carrying axles are able to swing out radially and are housed in a Bissell truck.

The boiler is fed by two feedwater pumps.

The two outside cylinders, which are slightly tilted to cope with the constraints of the rail gauge, are driven by Heusinger valve gear with Kuhn slides.
The factory-fitted Schulz piston valves were late replaced by Trofimoff piston valves. These gave better running performance when the locomotive was free-running (Leerlauf) and the regulator was closed, because they practically relieve the cylinder of its job as an air pump when the steam pressure is released.

Together with the locomotives of Class 99.32, which were also permitted to run at up to , the engine was one of the five narrow gauge locomotives in Germany with the highest top speed.

References

External links

 Data sheet at Freundeskreis Selketalbahn

2-6-2T locomotives
1′C1′ h2t locomotives
Krupp locomotives
Preserved steam locomotives of Germany
Metre gauge steam locomotives
Narrow gauge steam locomotives of Germany
Private locomotives of Germany

NWE No. 21


Carson Dobbins Boren (December 12, 1824 – August 19, 1912) was an early founder of Seattle, Washington (see Denny Party). His sister Mary Ann was married to Arthur Denny, and his sister Louisa to David Denny. Boren was the first King County Sheriff. Seattle's Boren Avenue is named in his honor.

Although he was an important figure in the early years of Seattle, historian Junius Rochester writes that "The pioneering contributions of Carson Dobbins Boren to the founding of Alki (in future West Seattle) and Seattle began and ended within a short period of six years."

Biography
Carson Boren was born in Nashville, Tennessee. He married Mary Ann Kays (November 6, 1830 – June 21, 1905) on February 18, 1849 at Abingdon, Knox County, Illinois. Their first daughter Sarah E. was born December 17, 1849 but died 17 days later and is buried in the Cherry Grove Cemetery in Knox County. A second daughter, Gertrude Livonia (December 12, 1850 – June 3, 1912), was carried as an infant on the cross-country trek in 1851 with the Denny Party.

In 1852, Boren gave Henry Yesler the southern portion of his claim so as to construct Yesler's mill.

After erecting the first home in what would become downtown Seattle (the previous structures had been at Alki), the couple participated in the early life of Seattle and had two more children, William Richard (October 4, 1854 – January 19, 1899) and Mary Louise (May 3, 1857 – January 1, 1926). In 1855 they sold this property, along with a  claim extending uphill from the waterfront between what are now James and Marion Streets, to Edward Lander and Charles Terry. The couple argued over Carson's constant hunting trips and giveaways, and by 1860 they separated. They were divorced by territorial legislative act December 17, 1861. Their children were raised by the Dennys. Mary Ann went south to The Dalles, Oregon, and established a dressmaking business. There she had another daughter, Lydia Dell Blakeney (January 18, 1869 – October 6, 1921) with John William Blakeney, a divorced man; they married in November 1872, but separated about 1880 and divorced in 1884. Mary Ann and Lydia moved back to Seattle.

Mary Ann Boren apparently kept in touch with her children by Carson Boren and lived with her youngest daughter and son-in-law in what is now the International District of Seattle. When she died in 1905, she was buried in an unmarked grave in Lake View Cemetery, down the hill from where Carson Boren and their unmarried daughter (called Livonia as an adult) are buried in style with the Denny Clan.

Notes

1824 births
1912 deaths
People from Seattle
Washington (state) sheriffs
People from Nashville, Tennessee
Washington (state) pioneers

Carson Boren


The Indian state of Kerala has a strong presence of communist politics. Today, the two largest communist parties in Kerala politics are the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and the Communist Party of India, which, together with other left-wing parties, form the ruling Left Democratic Front alliance.

In addition to Kerala, the Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura have had multiple democratically-elected Marxist governments, with legislation being debated by regular multiparty electoral processes. The communism of Kerala has provided Indian communist stalwarts such as M. N. Govindan Nair, C. Achutha Menon, K. Damodaran, T. V. Thomas, N. E. Balaram, E. M. S. Namboodiripad, A. K. Gopalan, K. R. Gouri Amma, P. K. Vasudevan Nair and C. K. Chandrappan.

The communist-majority Left Democratic Front is one of the two major political coalitions in Kerala, alongside the United Democratic Front. The alliances have alternatively been in power for the last four decades until 2021, where the Left Democratic Front was re-elected as the ruling party for the first time. The coalition is led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and also comprises the Communist Party of India, the Janata Dal (Secular), the Nationalist Congress Party, the Indian National League, the Kerala Congress (Anti-merger Group), and the Indian National Congress (Socialist).

History

Formation of a socialist wing

From the 1920s to 1930s, peasants and workers became increasingly involved in the anti-colonial struggles in the Malabar district, Cochin Kingdom and Travancore Kingdom. These three regions would later constitute the Kerala state, along with some regions from South Kanara. The peasant and labour movements of the 1930s were, to a great extent, the cause as well as the consequence of the emergence of a powerful left wing in Indian politics. In 1934, the left anti-colonials joined and organised the Congress Socialist Party with C. K. Govindan Nair as Secretary within the Congress Party.

A powerful factor that helped the growth of the leftist movement was the support it received from the radical section of the anti-colonial native Muslims in Malabar. Leftist groups started functioning in several parts of Malabar. Soon, the Kerala Provincial Congress Committee (KPCC) was dominated by them.

By 1938 to 1939, the Malabar district, Cochin Kingdom and Travancore Kingdom were fully drawn into the anti-British struggle for self-rule as well as the struggle for responsible government in the Princely States. Leftists preferred to remain organisationally within the Congress, calling themselves socialists. Both left and right-wing groups joined forces in order to ensure the success of the Congress candidates in the 1936 Malabar district elections.

Birth of the Communist Party of India in Kerala
The rift between the major bloc of Indian National Congress and its socialist wing came into the open with the outbreak of World War II, the resignation of the provincial Congress ministers, and the beginning of individual satyagraha. The communists were expelled from the Congress Socialist Party in March 1940, after allegations that they had disrupted party activities and were intent on co-opting party organisations. Indeed, by the time the communists were expelled, they had gained control over the Congress Socialist Party units in what were to become the southern states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh. The left-dominated Kerala Provincial Congress Committee, contrary to directive of the Congress, did not take action.

The left wing of Kerala met in a secret enclave at Parapram, Pinarayi, near Thalassery, and in December 1939, the CPI. In 1957, the CPI was elected to rule the state government of Kerala, only to have the government dismissed and president's rule declared in 1959 following the Vimochana Samaram. In 1964, in conjunction with the widening rift between China and the Soviet Union, a large leftist faction of the CPI leadership, based predominantly in Kerala and West Bengal, split from the party to form the Communist Party of India (Marxist), or CPI (M). In Kerala, the CPI (M) — in coalition with other parties — wrested control from the Congress and its allies (frequently including the CPI) in 1967, in 1980, and in 1987. Support for the CPI (M) in Kerala in general elections has ranged from 19 percent to 26 percent, but the party has never won more than nine of Kerala's twenty seats in Parliament. But with the Left Democratic Front coalition, they won 19 seats out of 20 in 2004.

Communism in practice

The Communist Party in Kerala has functioned under the conditions of a liberal democracy, relying on success in multi-party elections to remain in power. CPI's 1957 constitution stated it would allow the existence of opposing parties after it had a parliamentary majority. Party leaders, like Namboodiripad, did not like the idea of using military force to remain in power because it would reflect poorly on the CPI as a whole on a global stage. This reliance on the people's opinions created a tolerant communist government, but it also made it more difficult to enact radical reforms. Therefore, the reforms of the CPI in Kerala were mainly moderately socialist.

Le Monde described the CPI as "mix[ing] tropical communism with religion to appeal to the Hindu electorate".

Agrarian reform
One of the major changes advocated by the CPI was the Agrarian Relations Bill, passed in 1961. The bill was intentionally moderate because those drafting it knew it would have to pass through many constitutional channels before it would be made into a law. Over 1,000 amendments were debated due to party divisions. Though the bill was moderate, it still changed the farming system. It abolished feudalism and aimed to create a capitalist agricultural system. The CPI did not push more radical Communist land reforms. Namboodiripad stated they would not attempt state ownership or collective farms because even though such ideas might appeal to intellectuals on a scientific basis, they would not actually help the peasantry in practice. The bill aimed to improve wages and working conditions as well as secure employment. Landlords were only allowed to work on their land if they paid compensation, which helped protect the tenants' rights.

The CPI has sponsored agricultural cooperatives with the goal of promoting solidarity rather than competition.

Administrative reform
The CPI also wanted to reorganize its administrative structure. The administration was already undergoing changes after India gained independence and the local government in particular had new responsibilities. Rather than just tax collection, it had to focus more on development and welfare. In local government, the CPI promised less corruption, nepotism, political patronage, and inefficiency, which it planned to achieve through decentralization. Its main priority was building a socialist government. This required Congress's cooperation and the people's approval. In 1957 the party secretary, Govindan Nair, was concerned that the new government had still not improved the efficiency of the old administration. He used the newly created Administrative Reforms Committee to rectify this.

The committee was responsible for reviewing the existing administration and recommending new methods for coordinating governing bodies. It distributed a questionnaire concerning administrative machinery to over a thousand people, both within the government and outside of it. The CPI was seeking consensual reform rather than a drastic upheaval or consolidation of its own power. It wanted the cooperation of each governing body, down to the village level, to create a more efficient and democratic government. At the local level, the government relied the panchayat, or village council, to report on development and welfare. The Block Advisory Committee was a step above the panchayat, which had advising responsibilities along with other independent powers. Overall, the changes the CPI made once it was in government can be characterized as "Congress-socialist style reforms". Though it was a communist party, like any democratically elected power, the CPI had to balance its loyalty to the people with its desire to expand and increase power.

Industrial reform
As the CPI in Kerala was ultimately controlled by the federal government, its state plan depended on the funds it could raise independently. It struggled to industrialize and develop new manufacturing plants in Kerala throughout the 1960s while balancing out the disparities of industrialization. The CPI had Industries ministers who were responsible for industrial development. It also had an Industrial Development Cooperation that gave financial assistance to companies to help them startup new manufacturing projects. In the early 1970s, the CPI created two new corporations to help with industrial development: the Kerala Industrial and Technical Consultancy Organization and the Kerala State Electronics Development Corporation. These measures improved industry on a state level, but were less successful at the local level. To revitalize local industry, the CPI launched an ambitious Four-Year Plan, perhaps modeling itself after Stalin's Five-Year Plans which Namboodiripad considered an inspiration. The Four-Year Plan involved district-level conventions to excite potential entrepreneurs since the government wanted more private investors to spur industry. These entrepreneurs were trained to set up their own industries. The plan was hugely successful within the first 6 weeks and managed to set up eleven new industrial estates, but then lagged as the program continued.

See also
 Socialism in India
 History of Kerala
 Communism
 List of communist parties in India

References

External links
Communism in Kerala: a study in political adaptation
 Frontline
Communism in Kerala
In Defence of Rights of Minorities
Foreign Policy and Security Issues

Communism in India
History of Kerala (1947–present)
Politics of Kerala
Political history of Kerala

Communism in Kerala


Elena Torres Cuéllar (3 June 1893 – 19 October 1970) was a leading Mexican revolutionary, feminist, progressive educator and writer. A member of the communist party, in 1917 she was the only woman to participate on behalf of the Liga Central de Resistencia at the first meeting of the Yucatán Socialist Party in Mérida. In 1919, she founded the Mexican Feminist Council campaigning for better social and economic conditions for women as well as the right to vote. She devoted considerable efforts to improving education in Mexico, especially by facilitating the training of primary school teachers in rural areas.

Biography
Elena Torres Cuéllar was born 3 (or 23) June 1893 in Mineral de Mellado, Guanajuato, to Macedonio Torres and Francisca Cuéllar.  She graduated from the public schools and attended night classes at the Guanajuato State Normal School, working at the mine hospital during the day. Studying accounting, typing and drawing, Torres graduated in 1912 and became principal of the Normal School. She also taught at the Silao Elementary School and the Casa del Obrero Mundial (The House of the World Worker), an anarchist-union organization which had branches throughout Mexico. Socialist schooling methods, based on "scientific" principals had been brought to Mexico at this time from Spain. Torres and the teachers she worked with became increasingly radicalized and favored the rational Spanish method over the Catholic parochial schools.

From 1909, she wrote articles opposing the Porfiriato regime, using the pen names of Una Guanajuatense and Violeta. In 1916, she attended the first National Feminist Congress in Mérida. She collaborated with the governor of Yucatán Salvador Alvarado who provided support for the second feminist congress in November 1916 at which a wide range of topics were discussed, including employment, education, suffrage, birth control and divorce. Impressed with Torres' performance, Alvarado encouraged her to found a Montessori school in Mérida, the state capital. It was the first such school in Mexico. In 1918, she associated with Trotsky's Third International, joining Felipe Carrillo Puerto in establishing Yucatán's Socialist Party in which she campaigned for women's rights.  In 1919–20, together with María del Refugio García, she founded the Mexican Feminist Council (Consejo Feminista Mexicano) in Mexico City which supported social rights for women and their right to vote. In 1921, at the Second Workers' Congress in Izamal, Torres insisted women should be allowed to attend congresses and express their views.

Torres represented the Mexican Feminist Council at the 1922 League of Women Voters convention in Baltimore, where she also attended the Pan-American Conference of Women with a delegation of Mexican women. She was elected the association's vice-president for North America. In 1923, she went on to establish the Mexican chapter of the Pan-American Association for the Advancement of Women in Mexico City as well as Mexico's Women's Congress where she played a leading role in settling differences between conservative delegates and feminist radicals from Yucatán.

From 1921, Torres played an increasingly important role on the education front under the education minister José Vasconcelos. In state run schools, a free breakfast program was organized in that year, with Torres directing the services and even serving many of the meals. In the first year, they fed nearly 3,000 students daily and the following year the number had increased to 12,000 students per day. She fought for improved teacher training and became head of the Bureau of Cultural Missions which targeted improved conditions for primary school teachers, especially those working in rural areas. By 1926, six missions had been established covering over 2,000 rural teachers, expanding to 18 missions and more than 4,000 teachers over the next ten years.

In 1924, Torres was granted an international scholarship to study abroad and she completed her studies at Columbia University Teachers' College in New York City. While there she attended the 1925 Pan-American Women's Conference in Washington, DC and returned to Mexico in 1926. Originally, she was assigned back to the rural teaching mission project but on 17 May 1926 she was appointed chief professor of the Faculty of Letters at the Higher Normal School. She lost her post in 1927 due to her criticism of Mexican president Plutarco Elías Calles, moving back to the United States and taking a Spanish teaching job at the International School of Missouri. She returned briefly to Mexico in 1928 to campaign for José Vasconcelos's failed re-election bid, but when Pascual Ortiz Rubio won the presidency, she returned to the US.

Torres received an appointment from the Ministry of Public Education on 1 February 1932 and returned to the rural normal school program. In 1933, in an innovative program she gave home economics classes over the radio. The plan was to broadcast the educational programs throughout the country to all the farm village schools. In 1934, Torres was appointed to the Cuerpo Técnico de Educación Rural (Corps of Rural Education Technicians) to create a standard curriculum for teaching Home Economics. That same year, she traveled to a regional conference in Chile and in the fall made subsequent trips to Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, and Peru to talk about rural education in Mexico and visit their educational facilities. A similar trip was made in 1936 to Venezuela. She was appointed as the Professional Director of the Urban and Rural Primary Education Affairs Bureau in 1937. Her most important achievement at the bureau was a survey conducted in 1937 of the economic and social circumstances of the local residents of all 338 villages of Mexico. In 1942, Torres was appointed to the Elementary Education Inspectorate and worked as an inspector until 1955. During this time frame, she also served as an adviser to UNESCO.

Torres died on 19 October 1970.

Autobiography
In 1964, Elena Torres published her autobiographical work Fragmentos.

References

1893 births
1970 deaths
Mexican women's rights activists
Mexican women writers
Mexican feminists
Mexican feminist writers
20th-century Mexican educators
Mexican women educators
Women autobiographers
Writers from Guanajuato
Mexican autobiographers
Teachers College, Columbia University alumni

Elena Torres


The buff-breasted sandpiper (Calidris subruficollis) is a small shorebird. The species name subruficollis is from Latin subrufus, "reddish" (from sub, "somewhat", and rufus, "rufous") and collis, "-necked/-throated" (from collum, "neck"). It is a calidrid sandpiper.

Description
This species is brown above and has a buff face and underparts in all plumages. It has a short bill and yellow legs. Males are larger than females. Juveniles resemble the adults but may be paler on the rear underparts.

Distribution and habitat

C. subruficollis breeds in the open arctic tundra of North America and is a very long-distance migrant, spending the non-breeding season mainly in South America, especially Argentina.

It migrates mainly through central North America and is uncommon on the coasts. It occurs as a regular wanderer in Western Europe and is not classed as rare in Great Britain or Ireland, where small flocks have occurred. Only the pectoral sandpiper is a more common American shorebird visitor to Europe.

This species nests as far north as Canada including Alaska on the ground, laying four eggs. The male has a display which includes raising the wings to display the white undersides, which is also given on migration, sometimes when no other buff-breasted sandpipers are present. Outside the breeding season, this bird is normally found in short-grass habitats such as airfields or golf courses, rather than near water.

These birds pick up food by sight, mainly eating insects and other invertebrates. The buff-breasted sandpipers are known to prey on Bombus polaris, a species of bumblebee found within the Arctic Circle. They will either eat the bees or feed them to their young. They are often very tame.

Buff-breasted sandpipers are suspected to have hybridized with the white-rumped or Baird's sandpiper.

In South Asia and Australia
This species has been sighted in South Asia on at least three occasions. It is believed that instead of going to Argentina, this bird might have been wind-blown from the Great Plains Flyway of North America and landed up in South Asia. In November 2011, this species was sighted near Kannur, Kerala in South India. The buff-breasted sandpiper has also been recorded in Australia on at least eight occasions. It was recorded again from Madayipara, Kannur in 2023.

In 1978, Phillips recorded the species from Sri Lanka, and after that, very few sightings were recorded. In 2001 a single bird was also recorded in Marievale, South Africa.

References

External links

 Buff-breasted sandpiper Species Account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
 Buff-breasted sandpiper - Tryngites subruficollis - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter

buff-breasted sandpiper
buff-breasted sandpiper
Birds of the Arctic
Native birds of Alaska
Birds of Canada
Birds of South America
buff-breasted sandpiper
buff-breasted sandpiper

Buff-breasted sandpiper


The Augustus Taft House is a Greek Revival house at 57 Laurens St., Charleston, South Carolina in the historic Ansonborough neighborhood.

The house was constructed by Augustus Taft about 1836 using black cypress. Its interior has three fireplaces done in black Italian marble and pine flooring. The house has large, three-part windows that permit access to the piazzas.

The house's interior retains the original room configuration. The front door in on the north facade and opens onto a stair hall. There are twin parlors to the right (the west side of the house) and a dining room. Behind the house is a three-story kitchen house. The house was two-story piazzas on the west side.

Augustus Taft, a member of the same New England family of President Taft, built the house in 1836, and it survived a fire in 1838 that devastated most of the Ansonborough neighborhood. Taft's daughter married Pierre Gaillard Stoney, and the house remained in the family more than one hundred years. In 1865, the house was used to house freed slaves by the Freedmen's Bureau for six months.

The house (both inside and out) is protected by a preservation easement given to the Historic Charleston Foundation.

References

Houses in Charleston, South Carolina

Augustus Taft House


The equal footing doctrine, also known as equality of the states, is the principle in United States constitutional law that all states admitted to the Union under the Constitution since 1789 enter on equal footing with the 13 states already in the Union at that time. The Constitution grants to Congress the power to admit new states in Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1, which states:

In each act of admission since that of Tennessee in 1796, Congress has specified that the new state joins the Union "on an equal footing with the original States in all respects whatever". Previously, when Vermont was admitted in 1791, its act of admission said Vermont was to be "a new and entire member" of the United States.

Background
At the 1787 Constitutional Convention, a proposal to include the phrase, "new States shall be admitted on the same terms with the original States", was defeated. It was feared that the political power of future new western states would eventually overwhelm that of the established eastern states. Once the new Constitution went into effect, however, Congress admitted Vermont and Kentucky on equal terms and thereafter formalized the condition in its acts of admission for subsequent states, declaring that the new state enters "on an equal footing with the original States in all respects whatever." Thus the Congress, utilizing the discretion allowed by the framers, adopted a policy of equal status for all newly admitted states. With the growth of states' rights advocacy during the antebellum period, the Supreme Court asserted, in Lessee of Pollard v. Hagan (1845), that the Constitution mandated admission of new states on the basis of equality.

Cases

Coyle v. Smith

In Coyle v. Smith, , the Supreme Court ruled that if Congress mandates a unique limitation be put in a prospective constitution of a state, even if its residents agree, the unique mandate is not enforceable.

Facts
On December 29, 1910, the State of Oklahoma enacted a statute, which removed the state capital from Guthrie to Oklahoma City. W.H. Coyle, the owner of large property interests in Guthrie, sued the state of Oklahoma and argued that the move was performed in violation of the state constitution's acceptance of the terms of the 1906 Oklahoma Enabling Act, which mandated the capital to be in Guthrie until 1913.

Supreme Court Analysis
The Court noted that the power given to Congress by Article IV, Section 3, of the US Constitution is to admit new states to the Union and relates only to such states as are equal to each other in power and dignity and competency to exert the residuum of sovereignty not delegated to the federal government.

The Supreme Court held that preventing from Oklahoma its right to locate the state's own seat of government deprived it of powers that all other states of the Union enjoyed, which thus violated the traditional constitutional principle for all new states to be admitted "on an equal footing with the original states." As a result, the provision of the enabling act that temporarily restricted Oklahoma's right to determine its seat of government was unconstitutional.

United States v. Holt State Bank
In United States v. Holt State Bank, , the Supreme Court ruled that the equal footing doctrine applied to water rights. The Supreme Court rejected a claim by the Red Lake Indian Reservation of Minnesota that it had rights to Mud Lake and other navigable waters within the reservation by virtue of the tribe's aboriginal status.

Facts
In general, lands underlying navigable waters within a state belong to the state in its sovereign capacity. The state may use and dispose them subject to the paramount power of Congress to control such waters for the purposes of navigation in interstate and foreign commerce.

If the United States, after acquiring the territory and before the creation of the state, has granted rights to land, which otherwise would have passed to the state, to a third party, by virtue of its admission to the Union, they remain with the third party.

However, disposals by the United States during the territorial period of lands under navigable water should not be regarded as intended unless there was a definite declaration by contract, statute, or other similar action.

At the time of Minnesota's admission as a state, Mud Lake and other much larger navigable waters within its limits were included in the Red Lake Indian Reservation. The Chippewas Tribe ceded to the United States its right of occupancy of the surrounding lands, which left the Red Lake Reservation as a remainder of their original aboriginal territory. The area was recognized as a reservation, but it was never formally set apart as such.

Supreme Court Analysis
The State of Minnesota was admitted into the Union in 1858, 11 Stat. 285, c. 31. Under the constitutional principle of equality among the several states, the title to the bed of Mud Lake then passed to the state if the lake was navigable, and the bed had not already been disposed of by the United States. Navigability does not depend on the particular mode used or an absence of occasional difficulties in navigation. It depends on the stream being, in its natural and ordinary condition, one that affords a channel for useful commerce.

See also
 Pollard v. Hagan, 44 U.S. (3 How.) 212, 223  (1845)
 Idaho v. United States, 533 U.S. 262 (2001)
 Symmetric federalism

References

Equal footing doctrine
United States constitutional law
Federalism in the United States
Legal history of the United States

Equal footing


Sir Francis Sharp Powell, 1st Baronet (29 June 1827 – 24 December 1911) was an English Conservative politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1863 and 1910.

Powell was the son of the Rev. Benjamin Powell of Wigan and his wife Anne Wade, daughter of the Rev. T. Wade. He was educated at Uppingham School, Sedbergh School and St John's College, Cambridge He was called to the bar at Inner Temple in 1853, and practised on the Northern Circuit. He was a J.P. for Lancashire and the West Riding of Yorkshire.

In the 1857 general election Powell was elected as a Member of Parliament (MP) for Wigan, but was not re-elected in 1859. Later in that Parliament, he was elected at a by-election for Cambridge but lost the seat in the 1868 general election. He was re-elected in 1865, and held the seat until his defeat at the 1868 general election

He was next elected MP for Northern Division of West Riding, Yorkshire in 1872 but lost the seat in the 1874 general election. He was elected as MP for Wigan at a by-election in January 1881, but was unseated on account of corrupt practices at the election. He stood again for Wigan in the 1885 general election and was elected. He held the seat until the January 1910 general election.
He was a member of the Royal Commission on Sanitation and was created a baronet of Horton Old Hall in 1892. Powell was a benefactor to Wigan and Sedbergh Schools and was chairman of the governors of Sedbergh for over 35 years.

Powell was elected a member of the council of Selwyn College, Cambridge, in June 1902, and received the freedom of the city of Bradford on 24 October 1902, ″for eminent service rendered to the city during his career″. He was President of the Royal Statistical Society from 1904 to 1905.

Powell died at Horton Old Hall, Yorkshire at the age of 84 and a statue of him stands in Mesnes Park in the centre of the town of Wigan.

Powell married Anne Gregson of Toxteth Park, Liverpool in 1858. He had no heir to inherit the baronetcy which became extinct on his death.

Statue

Ernest Gillick's statue of Sir Francis Powell stands in Mesnes Park, Wigan. Erected in his home town in 1910, the statue is made from bronze, which after turning green in colour due to lack of treatment, was restored in 2012. The statue shows Powell sat in his office chair, deep in thought. It also shows his right leg crossing in front of his left, which makes his right shoe protrude out further than the statue's base. It has long been a long-standing superstition that the rubbing of Powell's protruding shoe will bring a person good luck. Local belief in this tale is so strong that the shoe of the statue was never allowed to turn green due to the constant rubbing by locals and tourists.

References

External links

1827 births
1911 deaths
People educated at Sedbergh School
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
UK MPs 1857–1859
UK MPs 1859–1865
UK MPs 1865–1868
UK MPs 1868–1874
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1900–1906
UK MPs 1906–1910
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Presidents of the Royal Statistical Society
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Wigan
Members of the Inner Temple

Sir Francis Powell, 1st Baronet


Dunster Priory was established as a Benedictine monastery around 1100 in Dunster, Somerset, England.

The first church in Dunster was built by William de Mohun who gave the church  and the tithes of several manors and two fisheries, to the Benedictine Abbey at Bath. The priory, which was situated just north of the church, became a cell of the abbey. The church was shared for worship by the monks and the parishioners, however this led to several conflicts between them. One outcome was the carved rood screen which divided the church in two with the parish using the west chancel and the monks the east. The priory church is now in parochial use as the Priory Church of St George which still contains 12th and 13th century work, although most of the current building is from the 15th century. It has been designated as a Grade I listed building.

By 1291 the priory had income from lands and rents of £5 13s. 3d., and from churches and ecclesiastical dues of £13 7s. 4d. according to the taxatio of Pope Nicholas IV. In 1332 it became more separated from the Abbey at Bath and became a priory in its own right. In the "Valor Ecclesiasticus" of 1535 the net annual income of the Dunster Tithe Barn is recorded as being £37.4.8d (£37 23p), with £6.13s7d ( £6.68p ) being passed on to the priory in Bath.

The Dunster Dovecote, on Priory Green opposite the Tithe Barn, is approximately  high and  in diameter, with walls around  thick. There are five hundred and forty nest-holes. It would originally have belonged to the priory. Domestic pigeons were kept to provide squabs, a luxury food from the breast meat of young pigeons. From the 12th century until 1619, only Lords of the Manor and parish priests were allowed to keep them.

The tithe barn itself, a grade II listed building, dates from the 14th century but has been much altered and only a limited amount of the original features survive. It has a cruciform plan. The east front has central double doors of heavy oak with a chamfered frame.    The Somerset Buildings Preservation Trust (SBPT) has co-ordinated a £550,000 renovation project to turn it into a multi-purpose community hall under a 99-year lease at a pepper-corn rent, by the Crown Estate Commissioners who own the building.

In 1346 Cleeve Abbey built a nunnery in Dunster, but it was never inhabited by nuns and was used as a guest house. The former guest house of Dunster Priory, which was built in the 15th century, is now the Luttrell Arms Hotel.

The priory was dissolved as part of the dissolution of the monasteries in 1539.

Burials (in the priory church)
John de Mohun, 1st Baron Mohun (1269–1330)
Sir Hugh Luttrell
Elizabeth Courtenay, wife of Sir James Luttrell (and daughter of Philip Courtenay (died 1463))
Thomas Luttrell (died 1571)
George Luttrell
Thomas Luttrell (1583–1644)
Francis Luttrell (1628–1666)
Francis Luttrell (1659–1690)
Alexander Luttrell (1663–1711)
Henry Fownes Luttrell (died 1780)
John Fownes Luttrell (1752–1816)

See also
List of English abbeys, priories and friaries serving as parish churches

References

Further reading

Monasteries in Somerset
1100 establishments in England
1539 disestablishments in England
Benedictine monasteries in England
1100s establishments in England

Dunster Priory


Gary Presland is an Australian archaeologist and writer who studied history at La Trobe University 1973-76, and archaeology at the University of London, 1977-79. He was a staff member of the Victoria Archaeological Survey from 1983 to April 1988; his research interests are in the Aboriginal and natural history of Melbourne. One important contribution was the transcription and editing of the unpublished journals of George Augustus Robinson, Chief Protector of Aborigines in the Port Phillip District, 1839-1849. He was awarded the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Melbourne in 2005, for his reconstruction of the pre-European natural history of Melbourne.

Presland was the Thomas Ramsay Science and Humanities Fellow at Museum Victoria in 2001. Presland has been involved in the Archaeological and Anthropological Society of Victoria since 1972, and served as President 1984/85 and as editor of the Society's journal The Artefact. Presland is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society of Victoria, and has been an editor of The Victorian Naturalist, the journal of the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria, since 2003. His recent research has focused on the early history of Melbourne. He is currently the president of the Box Hill Historical Society.

Works

 The first residents of Melbourne's western region, Melbourne's Living Museum of the West/City of Footscray, 1987 (2nd Edition Harriland Press, 1997)
 (with Helen Harris) Cops and Robbers: a guide to researching police and criminal records in 19th century Victoria, Harriland Press, 1991
  For God's sake, send the Trackers : a history of Queensland trackers and Victoria Police: Victoria Press, 1998
 Scratching the Surface: A brief history of the Victoria Archaeological Survey 1972-1995. The Author, 2000
 Aboriginal Melbourne - The Lost Land of the Kulin, Harriland Press, 2001
  The Place for a Village: how nature has shaped the city of Melbourne, Museum Victoria Publishing, 2009 (winner of the 2009 Victorian Community History Awards for Best Book)
 First People: the Eastern Kulin of Melbourne, Port Phillip and Central Victoria Museum Victoria Publishing, 2010
 Understanding our natural environment: the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria 1880-2015 Field Naturalists Club of Victoria, 2016 (commended in the Book category 2016 Victorian Community History Awards)

References

External links

Australian archaeologists
Living people
Academics from Melbourne
Australian historians
Writers from Victoria (state)
History of Indigenous Australians
Historians of Australia
Year of birth missing (living people)

Gary Presland


Sir Eubule Thelwall (c. 1562 – 8 October 1630) was a Welsh lawyer, academic and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1624 and 1629. He was principal of Jesus College, Oxford, from 1621 to 1630.

Life
Thelwall was the fifth son of John Wynne Thelwall. He was educated at Westminster School and was a scholar at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he received his BA in 1577. Thelwall matriculated at the University of Oxford on 14 July 1579, and was awarded his MA on 13 June 1580. He was Chief Master of the Alienation office from 1579 to 1599 and was called to the bar in 1599. On 8 March 1605, he was appointed steward and recorder of Ruthin  for life. He built the house of Plas Coch and on 28 December 1607 he received a joint grant of the office of Prothonotary and Clerk of the Crown in Anglesey, Carnarvonshire, and Merionethshire for life, in reversion after the death of Richard Fowler. He became a member of Gray's Inn on 16 June 1612. From 1617 to 1630 he was a Master in Chancery.

Thelwall became Principal of Jesus College, Oxford in 1621, and remained in this post until his death. He was knighted on 29 June 1619.  In 1622, he  succeeded in securing a new charter and statutes for the college from King James I, having spent £5,000 on the hall and chapel, which earned him the title of its second founder. In 1624, he was elected Member of Parliament for Denbighshire. He was treasurer of Gray's Inn in 1625. In 1626 he was elected MP for Denbighshire again. He was re-elected MP for Denbighshire in 1628 and sat until 1629 when King Charles decided to rule without parliament for eleven years.

Thelwall died on 8 October 1630, aged 68 and was buried in Jesus College Chapel where a monument was erected to his memory by his brother Sir Bevis Thelwall (Page of the King's Bedchamber and Clerk of the Great Wardrobe). Another brother Simon was also MP for Denbighshire.

Thelwall never married, and left his estate (Plas Coch in the parish of Llanychan, Denbighshire) to his nephew John. There is a picture of him as a child in Jesus College.

References

Simon Healy, Thelwall, Sir Eubule (c.1557-1630), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/27166, accessed 27 June 2006)

1560s births
1630 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
People educated at Westminster School, London
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Knights Bachelor
Principals of Jesus College, Oxford
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for constituencies in Wales
Members of Gray's Inn
16th-century Welsh lawyers
17th-century Welsh politicians
Welsh barristers
English MPs 1624–1625
English MPs 1626
English MPs 1628–1629

Eubule Thelwall (politician)


Tachyphylaxis (Greek ταχύς, tachys, "rapid", and φύλαξις, phylaxis, "protection") is a medical term describing an acute, sudden decrease in response to a drug after its administration; i.e. a rapid and short-term onset of drug tolerance. It can occur after an initial dose or after a series of small doses. Increasing the dose of the drug may be able to restore the original response.

Characteristics
Tachyphylaxis is characterized by the rate sensitivity: the response of the system depends on the rate with which a stimulus is presented. To be specific, a high-intensity prolonged stimulus or often-repeated stimulus may bring about a diminished response also known as desensitization.

Molecular interaction
In biological sciences, molecular interactions are the physical bases of the operation of the system. The control of the operation, in general, involves interaction of a stimulus molecule with a receptor/enzyme subsystem by, typically, binding to the macromolecule A and causing an activation or an inhibition of the subsystem by forming an activated form of the macromolecule B. The following schematic represents the activity:

where p is the activation rate coefficient. It is customary that p is called a rate constant, but, since the p stands for measure of the intensity of the stimulus causing the activation, p may be variable (non-constant).

More complete is an open system, namely, in its simplest form,

where R stands for the rate of production of A, p(S) is the activation rate coefficient explicitly expressing its dependence on the stimulus intensity S and q represents the rate coefficient of removal from the state B. In this elementally open system the steady state of B always equal to R/q.

The above scheme is only the necessary condition for the rate sensitivity phenomenon, and other pathways of deactivation of B may be considered, with the subsequent return to the inactive form of the receptor/enzyme A. Examples offer particular use of such (mathematical) models in endocrinology, physiology and pharmacology.

Examples

Psychedelics
Psychedelics such as LSD, and psilocybin-containing mushrooms demonstrate very rapid tachyphylaxis.

Opioids
In a patient fully withdrawn from opioids, going back to an intermittent schedule or maintenance dosing protocol, a fraction of the old tolerance level will rapidly develop, usually starting two days after therapy is resumed and, in general, leveling off after day 7. Whether this is caused directly by opioid receptors modified in the past or affecting a change in some metabolic set-point is unclear. Increasing the dose will usually restore efficacy; relatively rapid opioid rotation may also be of use if the increase in tolerance continues.

Beta-2 agonists
Inhalation of an agonist for the beta-2 adrenergic receptor, such as salbutamol (albuterol in the US), is the most common treatment for asthma. Polymorphisms of the beta-2 receptor play a role in tachyphylaxis. Expression of the Gly-16 allele (glycine at position 16) results in greater receptor downregulation by endogenous catecholamines at baseline compared to Arg-16. This results in a greater single-use bronchodilator response in individuals homozygous for Arg-16 compared to Gly-16 homozygotes. However, with regular beta-2 agonist use, asthmatic Arg-16 individuals experience a significant decline in bronchodilator response. This decline does not occur in Gly-16 individuals. It has been proposed that the tachyphylactic effect of regular exposure to exogenous beta-2 agonists is more apparent in Arg-16 individuals because their receptors have not been downregulated prior to agonist administration.

Nicotine
Nicotine may also show tachyphylaxis over the course of a day, although the mechanism of this action is unclear.

Other examples
Nitroglycerine (or glyceryl trinitrate) and other nitrovasodilators of the nitrate type demonstrates tachyphylaxis, requiring drug-free intervals of 6 to 8 hours.
Hydralazine displays tachyphylaxis if given as a monotherapy for antihypertensive treatment. It is administered with a beta-blocker with or without a diuretic.
Metoclopramide
Dobutamine, a direct-acting beta agonist used in congestive heart failure, also demonstrates tachyphylaxis.
Desmopressin used in the treatment of type 1 von Willebrand disease is, in general, given every 12–24 hours in limited numbers due to its tachyphylactic properties.
Erythromycin, used for gastroparesis treatment
Ranitidine, used for acid reflux treatment, can display rapid tachyphylaxis within six weeks of treatment initiation, limiting its long-term use potential.
Hormone replacement, when used in menopausal women in the form of estrogen and progesterone implants, is cited as having potential to lead to tachyphylaxis, but that citation is based on a single study done in 1990 and no follow-up research is available to support this interpretation.

Intervention and reversal

Intranasal decongestants
Use of intranasal decongestants (such as oxymetazoline) for more than three days leads to tachyphylaxis of response and rebound congestion, caused by alpha-adrenoceptor downregulation and desensitization. The mechanism may specifically include receptor internalisation and resistance to endogenous vasoconstrictors causing worsening in symptoms post use of medication.  Oxymetazoline-induced tachyphylaxis and rebound congestion are reversed by intranasal fluticasone.

See also

References

External links
 Tachyphylaxis and Tolerance: Biomathematics of Rate Sensitivity

Pharmacodynamics

Tachyphylaxis


Three Bavarian Dances, Op. 27, is an orchestral work by Edward Elgar.

It is an arrangement for orchestra of three of the set of six songs titled From the Bavarian Highlands. The original song lyrics were written by the composer's wife Alice, as a memento of a holiday the Elgars had enjoyed in Upper Bavaria, mostly at Garmisch, in the autumn of 1894. As well as the titles, Alice Elgar gave the songs sub-titles in recollection of favourite places visited during the holiday.

The suite was first performed on 23 October 1897, conducted by Elgar in one of August Manns' concerts at Crystal Palace. The Times stated that Elgar conducted the Dances 'in first-rate style', and Manns the rest of the programme.

The three dances are:

"The Dance (Sonnenbichl)" – Allegretto giocoso 3/8 G major

"Lullaby (In Hammersbach)" – Moderato 3/4 D major

"The Marksmen (Bei Murnau)" – Allegro vivace 3/4 G major

All three dances are characteristic of the composer. The first is bright and robust, the second is Elgar in his gentle pastoral vein, with a wistful melody for the horn, and the third – the longest (about four and a half minutes) – is an Elgar finale in miniature, lively at first, then broadening and finally quickening to end in a blaze of orchestral colour.

References

Sources
The Elgar Society website (consulted January 2007)
Percy Young: sleeve note to EMI recording ASD 2356 (1968)

Score, Elgar: Three Bavarian Dances, Joseph Williams, London, 1901

External links

Compositions by Edward Elgar
1897 compositions

Three Bavarian Dances


Ashlan Davis (born February 15, 1983) is a former American and Arena football wide receiver. He was signed by the Indianapolis Colts as an undrafted free agent in 2007. He played college football at Tulsa.

Davis was also a member of the Montreal Alouettes and New York Jets.

High school career
Davis attended Poteet High School, where he was a three-year letterman in football. He was a starter for both his junior and senior seasons, at both Cornerback and Running back. In those seasons, he recorded a total of 11 interceptions. He was listed among Dave Campbell's Texas Football Magazine Top 300 Seniors.

College career
Davis first attended Tyler Junior College where he would play for two seasons before transferring to the University of Tulsa. He started at Wide receiver his sophomore season, finishing the season with 34 receptions for 960 yards, and 11 touchdowns. He also had one punt return for touchdown. In 2004, he transferred to Tulsa. His junior year, he set multiple records for kickoff returns, including most kick return for a touchdown in a season with five and consecutive games with a kick return for touchdown with four. He also recorded 30 receptions for 462 yards and one touchdown. His senior season he recorded 35 receptions for 451 yards and five receiving touchdowns. While in college, he Communications major.

Professional career
After going unselected in the 2006 NFL Draft, Davis signed with the Indianapolis Colts on May 1, 2006.  After spending time on the Colts practice squad, he was released and signed with the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League. He started 11 games for the Alouettes during the 2007 season. On June 10, 2008, he signed with the New York Jets. He was released by the team on July 7. On January 10, 2009, he was assigned to the Corpus Christi Sharks of af2.

Personal life
Davis is the son of Darious and Carla Davis. His favorite NFL team was the Dallas Cowboys. His favorite NFL players are Terrell Owens and Randy Moss. His favorite sport to watch besides football is drag racing.

Notes

External links
 Indianapolis Colts bio
 Tulsa Golden Hurricane bio

1983 births
Living people
People from Mesquite, Texas
American football wide receivers
American football return specialists
Tulsa Golden Hurricane football players
Indianapolis Colts players
Montreal Alouettes players
New York Jets players
Corpus Christi Sharks players
Tyler Apaches football players
San Angelo Stampede Express players
Odessa Roughnecks players
Players of American football from Dallas County, Texas
Texas Revolution players

Ashlan Davis


Huan Shu of Quwo (, 802–731 BC), ancestral name Ji (姬), given name Chengshi (成師), was the first ruler of the state of Quwo during the Spring and Autumn period. He was the son of Marquis Mu of Jin and uncle of  Marquis Zhao of Jin.

In 745 BC, the first year of the reign of Marquis Zhao of Jin, Marquis Zhao enfeoffed Chengshi at Quwo (around modern Quwo County, Shanxi). He was then known as Huan Shu of Quwo. He was then 58 years old. He was said to be a benevolent ruler beloved by the people of Quwo.

In 739 BC, the seventh year of his reign, a Jin official named Panfu (潘父) murdered Marquis Zhao and invited Huan Shu to ascend the throne of Jin. He accepted Panfu's welcome and attempted to enter Jin, but he was defeated by the Jin troops and retreated to Quwo. Then, the Jin people asked the son of Marquis Zhao of Jin, Ping, to ascend the throne and he became the next marquis: Marquis Xiao of Jin.

In 731 BC, Huan Shu died and his son, Shan, ascended the throne as the next ruler of Quwo: Count Zhuang of Quwo. Another son of Huan Shu, Han Wan, became the progenitor of the State of Han.

Monarchs of Jin (Chinese state)
8th-century BC Chinese monarchs
802 BC births
731 BC deaths

Huan Shu of Quwo


Suspensors are anatomical structures found in certain fungi and plants.

Fungi
In fungi, suspensors are filamentous structural formations having the function of holding a zygospore between two strains of hyphae.

Plants
In plants, suspensors are found in zygotes in angiosperms, connecting the endosperm to an embryo. Usually in dicots the suspensor cells divide transversally a few times to form a filamentous suspensor of 6-10 cells. The suspensor helps in pushing the embryo into the endosperm. The first cell of the suspensor towards the micropylar end becomes swollen and functions as a haustorium. The haustorium has wall ingrowths similar to those of a transfer cell. The last of the suspensors at the end of the embryo is known as hypophysis. Hypophysis later gives rise to the radicle and root cap. During embryo development in angiosperm seeds, normal development involves asymmetrical division of the unicellular embryo, inducing polarity. The smaller terminal cell divides to become the proembryo while the larger basal cell divides laterally to form the suspensor. The suspensor is analogous to a placental mammalian's umbilical cord.

References

Further reading

 C.J. Alexopolous, Charles W. Mims, M. Blackwell, Introductory Mycology, 4th ed. (John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken NJ, 2004)
 Neil A. Campbell, Jane B. Reece, Biology, Seventh Edition (Bejamin Cummings, San Francisco, CA 94111)

Fungal morphology and anatomy
Plant reproduction
Plant anatomy

Suspensor


A slim jim (more technically known as a lockout tool) is a thin strip of metal (usually spring steel) roughly  long and about  wide originally marketed under that name by HPC Inc., a manufacturer and supplier of specialty locksmithing tools.  Slim jims are used to unlock automobile doors without use of a key or lock pick, and in commonly used in grand theft auto. It acts directly on the levers and interconnecting rods that operate the door, completely avoiding the complexity of dealing with the lock mechanism itself. The hooked end of the tool is slipped between a car's window and the rubber seal, catching the rods that connect to the lock mechanism. With careful manipulation, the door can be opened.

Unskilled use of the tool will often detach the lock rods, leaving the lock inoperable even with the key. This is often a clue that someone has attempted to break into a car.  Newer cars have also incorporated internal defenses against this tool such as barrier blocks on the bottom of the window, preventing entry, and also shrouding the operating rods and the lock cylinder to prevent manipulation of internal linkages.

There have been unsubstantiated claims that in modern vehicles there is a chance for setting off the side airbag deployment system of the vehicle, possibly causing injury to a person using a slim jim. However, according to research by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, this has not been verified and manufacturers state it is impossible. An episode of MythBusters showed experimenters that were also unable to deploy an airbag with a slim jim.

References

Motor vehicle theft
Locksmithing

Slim jim (lock pick)


Ystradfellte (, the Mellte being a nearbi river) is a sma veelage in Powys, Wales, in the Fforest Fawr aurie o the Brecon Beacons Naitional Pairk.

Acause o the geography an topography o the aurie the veelage o Ystradfellte is no visible frae the nearest main road, the A4059 Hirwaun tae A470 stretch.

Ystradfellte comes unner Aberdare for postal reasons.

Geography
Ystradfellte lies in Powys, Wales, on the Afon Mellte. The veelage is a popular centre for tourists, mony o whom come for the hillwalkin or visit the waterfaws an caves o the river.  Ystradfellte is an aa hame tae a pub, The New Inn, an Croydon Caving Club.

Caves
The aurie aroond Ystradfellte is renouned for its caves an karst scenery, makin cavin a popular activity.  Some o the mair famous caves near the veelage include:
 Porth yr Ogof - the biggest cave entrance in Wales, through which the river Mellte flows
 Little Neath River Cave
 Ogof Ffynnon Ddu - the third-langest cave in the Unitit Kinrick

Waterfaws
A popular attraction near the veelage is the Waterfalls Walk, a generally easy walk alang the Afon Mellte.  The route passes twa main faws on the river, Sgwd Clun-gwyn an Sgwd Isaf Clun-gwyn, an feenishes at Sgwd yr Eira on the Afon Hepste, whaur the fuitpath passes ahint the waterfaw.

History
Ystradfellte is chiefly kent in Welsh history for being the spot whaur the Welsh nobleman an rebel leader Llywelyn Bren surrendered at the conclusion o his revolt o 1316. Llywelyn, who gave hissel up on the condition that his men be spared, wis put tae daith in 1318 at Cardiff.

Famous residents
The muisical act Melthair an the LoveRats based themselves in Ystradfellte durin the spring o 2007, recordin the album 'National Record of Desire' in Dan y Bryn cottage. The baund an aa appeared on Bethan Elfyn's Bethan Elfyn Radio One show durin this period.

Freemit airtins
Illustrated guide tae the waterfaws
series o local photographs
Photos frae Swansea University Hiking Clubs Version o the Waterfaws Walk
www.geograph.co.uk ; photos o Ystradfellte an surroondin aurie

Veelages in Powys
Watterfaws o Wales
Fforest Fawr
Veesitor attractions in Powys
Watterfaws o Powys

Ystradfellte


Nikolay Alekseyevich Kasatkin (Russian: Никола́й Алексе́евич Каса́ткин; 13 December 1859, Moscow – 17 December 1930, Moscow) was a Russian painter; considered to be one of the founders of Social Realism in Russia.

Biography

His father was an engraver and lithographer. From 1873 to 1883 he studied at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture with Vasily Perov and Illarion Pryanishnikov. Upon graduating, he received a medal for his painting "Beggars at the Church Door".

In 1891, he began exhibiting with the Peredvizhniki and, from 1894 to 1917, was a teacher at his alma mater. For thirty years, beginning in 1883, he worked with Ivan Sytin, providing illustrations for his popular almanac/calendars and teaching lithography. He also contributed to  (The Great Reform), an encyclopedia that celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of the Emancipation, and a collection called "Russian History in Pictures".

In 1903, he became a member of the Imperial Academy of Arts. He participated in the Exposition Universelle (1900), where he won a silver medal, and the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (1904), among others. The following year he produced a series of works inspired by the Revolution of 1905.

After the October Revolution, his school was closed and later incorporated into "Svomas" as the "Second Free Art Studio". He continued teaching, however, for the Department of Education of the Sokolniki District Council. In 1923, following the Civil War, he was named the first "People's Artist of the Republic" and became a member of the AKhRR (Association of Artists).

In 1924, he went to England to document the lives of the proletariat there. Two years later, he created portraits for the "Museum of the Revolution" (since 1998, the ""). He is considered to be one of the forerunners of Socialist Realism in the arts and was sometimes called the "Gorky of Painters".

He died suddenly while giving a presentation of his latest painting at the above Museum. In 1956, the Soviet Union honored him with a 40 kopeck commemorative postage stamp. In 1971, his painting of a female mine worker was featured on a 6 kopeck stamp as part of a series of works by Soviet artists. A street in Moscow has been named after him.

Selected paintings

References

Further reading
 Yakov Minchenkov, Касаткин Николай Алексеевич, "Memories of the Peredvizhniki" series, Litres, 2013
 Henrietta Serova, Николай Алексеевич Касаткин, "People's Art Library", Художник РСФСР, 1970
 V.V. and E.A. Zhuravlyev, Николай Алексеевич Касаткин, народный художник: 1859-1930 (The People's Painter), Искусство, 1945

External links

1859 births
1930 deaths
Painters from Moscow
People from Moskovsky Uyezd
Peredvizhniki

Painters from the Russian Empire
Soviet painters
Socialist realist artists

Academic staff of the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture
Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture alumni

Nikolay Kasatkin


Salvatore Di Vittorio (born 22 October 1967 in Palermo) is an Italian composer and conductor. He is music director and Conductor of the Chamber Orchestra of New York. He has been recognized by Luigi Verdi (Philharmonic Academy of Bologna) as a "lyrical musical spirit, respectful of the ancient Italian tradition… an emerging leading interpreter of the music of Ottorino Respighi".

Biography
He began music studies with his father Giuseppe in Italy, then studied composition with the Ludmila Ulehla and Giampaolo Bracali at the Manhattan School of Music in the U.S., and conducting with Giampaolo Bracali, Francesco Carotenuto, and the late Piero Bellugi in Italy, who later praised his conducting style - "follows the tradition of the Italian schools."

His program music, focused on the program symphony or symphonic poem, is most influenced by Hector Berlioz, Richard Strauss and "follows in the footsteps of Ottorino Respighi" (Mark Greenfast, New Music Connoisseur). He has worked with orchestras in Orvieto, Palermo, Perugia, Florence, Rome, Danbury, Sofia, Brussels, Ghent, Worcester, Cairo, Brazil, Basel, Prague, Vienna, Quebec, San Jose, Philadelphia, Vancouver, London, and New York. He has written works for the Orchestra Sinfonica Siciliana, Chamber Orchestra of New York, Teatro Massimo Opera Orchestra, San Diego Symphony, Chamber Orchestra of Philadelphia, The Morgan Library & Museum, and others. He has taught at Loyola School (New York City) and Adelphi University.

In 2007, Di Vittorio gained considerable attention with the Chamber Orchestra of New York, when he was invited by Elsa and Gloria Pizzoli (Respighi's great nieces) and Potito Pedarra (Respighi archive curator and cataloger) to edit, orchestrate and complete several early works of Respighi including the first Violin Concerto (of 1903), for publication with Edizioni Panastudio and Casa Ricordi in Italy. He premiered and then recorded three of these critical editions, together with his own Overtura Respighiana and first two program symphonies, in 2010 with the Chamber Orchestra of New York for Naxos Records. These first recordings were released in 2011.

Other notable restorations of historical interest include: Respighi's 1908 orchestration of Claudio Monteverdi's Lamento di Arianna (from the lost opera Arianna, 1608) edited in 2012, and Di Vittorio's completion of Respighi's orchestration of the Tre Liriche (Three Art Songs, 1913) edited for its centennial anniversary in 2013. In 2019, Di Vittorio completed the first printed edition of Respighi's second Violin Concerto "all'Antica". With Chamber Orchestra of New York, Di Vittorio went on to record the Violin Concerto "all'Antica" in 2019 alongside Respighi's Ancient Airs and Dances Suites and the mezzo songs in 2021, again, for Naxos Records.

In November 2012, Di Vittorio gave the world premiere of his Sinfonia No. 3 "Templi di Sicilia" in his debut with the Orchestra Sinfonica Siciliana at the Teatro Politeama in Palermo." RAI featured him in an interview during the evening news. The program also included the European Premieres of Di Vittorio's Overtura Respighiana and Respighi's First Concerto per Violino (in La Maggiore). Both Giornale di Sicilia and La Repubblica published reviews about the concerts, acclaiming his neo-classical works." Soon after, Di Vittorio was awarded the Medal of Palermo from Mayor Leoluca Orlando who "recognized the great importance of Di Vittorio's work as a promoter of the city of Palermo around the world."

The world premieres of Di Vittorio's Fanfara del Mare "Su un Tema di Monteverdi" with the San Diego Symphony, commissioned for the centennial of Balboa Park and its Organ Pavilion at Copley Symphony Hall in 2015, and Venere e Adone for the Chamber Orchestra of Philadelphia in 2016 received critical acclaim.

During the summer of 2016, Salvatore Di Vittorio reached a significant milestone when he became the first native Italian composer to be invited to donate an autograph manuscript of his work to The Morgan Library & Museum music archive. La Villa d'Este a Tivoli was composed in 2015 for the Morgan on the occasion of its exhibition City of the Soul: Rome and the Romantics, June 2016.

In late 2018, Di Vittorio completed his Sinfonia N. 4 "Metamorfosi" (Metamorphoses), based on Ovid's Metamorphoses and three Italian paintings related to the story. In June 2021, Naxos released a second album of Di Vittorio's music that includes several world premiere recordings, including the new fourth symphony. Decca Classics released two recordings in 2021 involving Di Vittorio's published restorations of Respighi's works. The London Philharmonic released a recording of Nebbie from Tre Liriche under conductor Renato Balsadonna and tenor Freddie de Tommaso, and Teatro Alla Scala Opera Orchestra recorded Aria for strings under conductor Riccardo Chailly.

Between the 2021/2022 and 2024/2025 seasons, Di Vittorio premieres his Viaggi di Enea (Voyages of Aeneas) as one of two commissions for the Teatro Massimo Opera Orchestra in Palermo - the second, his Metamorphosis Symphony under his baton at the opera house.

Di Vittorio is published by Panastudio in Palermo, under exclusive distributor Casa Ricordi in Milan, Italy. His orchestral works are also listed Daniel's Orchestral Music compendium.

He resides with his family in New York and Palermo.

Works
List of Compositions

Orchestral
Enea e Didone, per orchestra d'archi (2023)
Viaggi di Enea, per violino e orchestra (2022)
Larchmont Harbor, per piccola orchestra (2021)
Arie per Enea, per mezzosoprano e orchestra (2020)
Suite Verdiana, per orchestra (2020)
Ballo delle Muse, per violino e orchestra (2020)
Sinfonia No. 4 Metamorfosi", per orchestra (2019)
Sarabanda Antica, per orchestra da camera (2018)
Venere, per flauto, arpa e archi (2017)
Preludio Sentimentale, per orchestra d'archi (2017)
Canto Per la Nativita', per piccola orchestra (2016)
Ode Corelliana", per piccola orchestra (2016)
La Villa d'Este a Tivoli, per piccola orchestra (2015)
Fanfara del Mare (Sea Fanfare) "Su un Tema di Monteverdi", per orchestra (2015)
Venere e Adone, per piccola orchestra (2014)
Overtura Palermo, per orchestra (2013)
Il Tallone di Achille (Achilles' Heel), per piccola orchestra (2010, Completed 2013)
Stabat Mater Speciosa, Per la Nativita', per coro (a cinque) e piccola orchestra (2012)
Sinfonia No. 3 "Templi di Sicilia", per orchestra (2011)
Concerto per Violino (in La Maggiore) [Respighi - Di Vittorio] (1903/2009)
Overtura Respighiana, per orchestra (Based on music of Ottorino Respighi and Gioacchino Rossini) (2008)
San Michele Arcangelo, per baritono, coro e orchestra da camera (Prologue from opera "Fausto") (2005)
Romanza dal "Romeo e Giulietta", per orchestra da camera (2004)
Sinfonia No. 2 "Lost Innocence", per orchestra (1997/Revised 2000)
Sinfonia No. 1 "Isolation", per orchestra d'archi (1994/Revised 1999)
Elegy, per orchestra (Movement IV from Sinfonia No. 2) (1996)
Preludio, per orchestra d'archi (Movement I from Sinfonia No. 1) (1994)

Transcriptions and revisions of orchestral music of Ottorino Respighi
Berceuse per archi (1902/Edited 2022)
Violin Concerto "all'Antica" (1908/Edited 2019)
Tre Liriche, per mezzo-sorprano e orchestra (1913/Orchestration Completed 2013) [Version for soprano (or tenore) and orchestra completed and published in 2020.]
Lamento di Arianna, per mezzosoprano e orchestra (1908/Edited 2012) [Monteverdi - Respighi]
Serenata, per piccola orchestra (1904/Edited 2012)
Suite in Sol Maggiore, per archi ed organo (1905/Edited 2011)
Suite per archi (1902/Revised 2010)
Aria per archi (1901/Transcribed 2010)
Concerto per Violino (in La Maggiore) (1903/Completed 2009)[Respighi - Di Vittorio]

Other Transcriptions and Orchestrations
We Have All the Time in the World, per orchestra d'archi (2020) (John Barry (composer) - orchestration by Di Vittorio)
Orfeo, Toccata e Ritornello, per orchestra da camera (2017) (Monteverdi - orchestration by Di Vittorio)
Clair de Lune, per piccola orchestra (2016) (Debussy - orchestration by Di Vittorio)
O Mio Babbino Caro, per piccola orchestra (2016) (Puccini - orchestration by Di Vittorio)

Opera
"Fausto", Opera in due atti, per sei solisti, coro e orchestra da camera (Based on Dr. Faustus by Thomas Mann; Libretto in Italian: To be completed)
Romeo e Giulietta, Opera in due atti, per sei solisti, coro e orchestra (Based on Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare; Libretto in Italian: 2003)

Choral and vocal
Stabat Mater Speciosa, Per la Nativita', per coro (a cinque) e piccola orchestra (2012)San Michele Arcangelo, per baritono, coro e orchestra da camera (Prologue from opera "Fausto") (2005)Ave Maria, per coro femminile (1995/Revised 1998)Magnificat, per coro misto (1995)

ChamberCastelli, per piccolo ensemble (2014)Sonata No. 2 "Reflections on a Nursery rhyme", per pianoforte (1996)Sonata No. 1, per clarinetto'' (1995/Revised 1998)

References

External links
 Official website of Salvatore Di Vittorio
 Chamber Orchestra of New York
 Catalog of publisher Casa Ricordi

1967 births
Living people
Musicians from Palermo
Italian classical composers
Italian male classical composers
Composers from Sicily
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Italian classical musicians
Italian male conductors (music)
Manhattan School of Music alumni
Columbia University alumni
20th-century Italian composers
21st-century Italian composers
20th-century Italian conductors (music)
21st-century Italian conductors (music)
20th-century Italian male musicians
21st-century Italian male musicians

Salvatore Di Vittorio