John Talbot, 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury, 3rd Earl of Waterford, 9th Baron Talbot (12 December 1448 – 28 June 1473) was an English nobleman. He also held the subsidiary titles of 12th Baron Strange of Blackmere and 8th Baron Furnivall. Although a soldier and an administrator, he was described by William of Worcester as 'more devoted to literature and the muses, than to politics and arms'.

Family origins
He was the son of John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury and Lady Elizabeth Butler. His father was killed at the Battle of Northampton on 10 July 1460, fighting for the Lancastrians under Henry VI.

His maternal grandparents were James Butler, 4th Earl of Ormonde, and Joan Beauchamp. Joan was a daughter of William Beauchamp, 1st Baron Bergavenny and Joan Arundel. The senior Joan was a daughter of Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel and Elizabeth de Bohun. Elizabeth was a daughter of William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton.

Career
John Talbot succeeded as 3rd Earl on 10 July 1460. He was 12 years old when knighted on 17 February 1460/61 after the Second Battle of St Albans. He was also present at the Battle of Towton in 1461.

He was also an administrator. He was Commissioner of Oyer and Terminer for Yorkshire, Cumberland, Westmorland and the City of York in 1469 and of Shropshire in 1470. He was appointed chief justice of North Wales on 11 September 1471.

On 6 February 1471/72 he was made special commissioner to treat with Scotland, and again on 16 May 1473.

Marriage and Family
John married Lady Catherine Stafford, daughter of Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, and Lady Anne Neville. Anne was a daughter of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, and Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland. John and Catherine were thus the uncle and aunt of Henry Stafford, the 2nd Duke of Buckingham. They had three children:
George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury (c. 1468 – 26 July 1538).
Thomas Talbot (born 1470).
Lady Anne Talbot (born 1472), married Thomas Butler.

John died on 28 June 1473 in Coventry and was buried in the Lady chapel at Worksop Priory in Nottingham.

References

1448 births
1473 deaths
15th-century English nobility
Knights of the Garter
John
Earls of Shrewsbury
Earls of Waterford
Barons Talbot
Barons Strange of Blackmere

John Talbot, 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury


Fonthill Grottoes is a 0.69 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest, in woodland adjacent to Fonthill Lake in Wiltshire, notified in 1994. Its SSSI designation is due to its roosting bats: the site is the sixth largest hibernaculum in Britain.

The site consists of three subterranean grotto follies, constructed in the 18th century, split between two areas, one on the western side of the lake, at  and one on the eastern side at .

The three follies are named "The Dark Walks", "The Hermitage" and "The Quarry".

Biological interest

The site is used as a hibernation roost site by up to 207 bats of up to nine species. Greater and lesser horseshoe bats are among seven species which roost here on a regular basis, and Bechstein's bat and the barbastelle, two species rare in Britain, have each been recorded on several occasions.

Sources
 Natural England citation sheet for the site (accessed 31 March 2022)

External links
 Natural England website (SSSI information)

Grottoes
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire
Sites of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1994

Fonthill Grottoes


HMS Pylades was a  of the Royal Navy.

The Catherine class was the British designation for the United States Navy's Auk class minesweeper.

She was sunk on 8 July 1944 off Juno Beach during the Normandy landings. The crew reported two explosions astern, following which the ship sank. The captain's report stated that the damage was most likely caused by two mines.

A survey of the wreck as part of Channel 4's Wreck Detectives underwater archaeological TV series indicated that the damage was actually caused by torpedo attack. Given the date of the sinking these must have been launched from German Marder or Neger mini submarines, which were the only German torpedo-capable units at sea at the time of the attack.

References

Catherine-class minesweepers
Ships built in Savannah, Georgia
1943 ships
World War II shipwrecks in the English Channel
Maritime incidents in July 1944
Ships sunk by German submarines in World War II

HMS Pylades (J401)


Włodzimierz Kuperberg (born January 19, 1941) is a professor of mathematics at Auburn University, with research interests in geometry and topology.

Biography
Although Kuperberg is Polish-American, he was born in what is now Belarus, where his parents and older siblings had traveled east to escape World War II. In 1946, the family returned to Poland, resettling in Szczecin, where Kuperberg grew up. He began his studies at the University of Warsaw in 1959, and received his Ph.D. from the same institution in 1969, under the supervision of Karol Borsuk. During his time at Warsaw, he published three high school textbooks in Polish. Kuperberg left Poland due to the anti-semitic aspects of the 1967-1968 Polish political crisis, and worked at Stockholm University until 1972, when he assumed a visiting position at the University of Houston. In 1974, Kuperberg took a position at Auburn where he remains.

Kuperberg married mathematician Krystyna Kuperberg in 1964, and their son Greg Kuperberg is also a professional mathematician, while their daughter Anna Kuperberg is a photographer.

Research highlights
Although much of Kuperberg's early mathematical work is in topology, he is best known today for his work in geometry, and in particular on packing and covering problems. His first paper in this area (1982) showed that the ratio of packing density to covering density of any convex body in the plane is at least 3/4. His 1990 paper on double lattices with his son Greg provides the best lower bound known at that time for packing densities of arbitrary two-dimensional convex bodies; with Bezdek (1990) he calculated the exact packing density of the infinite cylinder, which prior to Hales' 1998 solution of the Kepler conjecture was the first nontrivial calculation of the packing density of any three-dimensional convex body.

Awards and honors
As a high school student, Kuperberg won first prize in the 10th Polish Mathematical Olympiad, leading him to enroll in mathematics when he began his college studies. While at the University of Warsaw he received both the university's Excellence in Teaching and Research Award and the Polish Mathematical Society Award for Young Mathematicians. He was honored again at Auburn by a five-year Alumni Professor chairship in 1996, and again by an Erdős Professorship in 1999, which he used to visit the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Budapest. In 2003, his colleagues presented him with a festschrift edited by András Bezdek, consisting of 34 papers in discrete geometry.

References
.

Selected publications
.
.
.

External links
Kuperberg's home page at Auburn U.

Geometers
Topologists
20th-century Polish mathematicians
21st-century Polish mathematicians
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
University of Warsaw alumni
Polish emigrants to the United States
University of Houston staff
Auburn University faculty
Living people
1941 births

Włodzimierz Kuperberg


Francis David Parr (1 June 1928 – 8 May 2012) was an English cricketer who played for Lancashire and a jazz trombonist with the Mick Mulligan Band.

Early life
Parr was born at Wallasey and went to the local grammar school, where as well as showing promise as a cricketer he was a fine athlete. While still at school he began playing the trombone with the Merseysippi Jazz Band.

Cricket
Parr played first-class cricket for Lancashire as a wicketkeeper and a lower-order batsman, in his career of 49 matches spanning from 1951 to 1954. Herbert Strudwick said that he was "the most promising keeper I've seen in years", and in 1952 he was tipped to play for England. At the end of the following season, he was almost selected for that winter's tour of the West Indies.

His Lancashire teammate Brian Statham described him as "an arty, untidy type who looked what he was, a spare-time musician". Lancashire's captain, Nigel Howard, had been prepared to overlook Parr's scruffiness and laid-back approach, but in 1954 Cyril Washbrook took over the captaincy. A stricter disciplinarian than Howard, Washbrook insisted on tidier dress and better behaviour from his side, and dropped Parr after only five matches. Worcestershire offered Parr a job, but withdrew after Washbrook wrote to warn them against employing him, saying that he could be "a grave social risk". That marked the end of his cricket career. Parr himself said: "I thought it was the end of the world. It's probably why I took up serious drinking." In his book Owning Up, George Melly, who performed with him in the Mick Mulligan Band, wrote that Parr's fellow band members never learned the reason for his quarrel with Washbrook, but that "after a month or two in his company we realised it must have been inevitable". He also wrote that Parr "was an extreme social rebel" who "concealed a formidable and well-read intelligence behind a stylised oafishness".

Music
Having played with the Merseysippi Jazz Band for six years, in 1956 Parr joined the Mick Mulligan Band as a full-time professional musician and moved to London. By the late 1950s, he had become a fine trombonist, though Melly said that his music was "aimed beyond his technique. Sometimes a very beautiful idea came off, more often you were aware of a beautiful idea which existed in Frank's head." The band's performances often suffered from the effects of alcohol, and Parr himself was often drunk.

The band's style of revivalist "trad" jazz was becoming less popular by the end of the 1950s. In 1961 it disbanded, and Parr's career as a performer ended. He was Acker Bilk's manager for ten years, and subsequently worked in advertising. Later he had small parts in television shows and films, including The King's Speech (2010).

He remained a cricket enthusiast, captaining a team of jazz musicians called The Ravers and attending Lancashire Players' Association functions at Old Trafford.

References

External links
 Cricinfo: Player profile
 CricketArchive: Player profile

1928 births
2012 deaths
English jazz trombonists
Male trombonists
English cricketers
Lancashire cricketers
People from Wallasey
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
British male jazz musicians
Wicket-keepers
Cricketers from Cheshire

Frank Parr (musician)


A puthi (, Sylheti: , Perso-Arab: پوتھی) is a book or writing of poetic fairy tales and religious stories of Bengal and present-day East India, which were read by a senior "educated" person while others would listen. This was used as a medium for education and constructive entertainment.

Terminology

Puthis were manuscripts written in the Bengali or Odia languages, utilising scripts such as the Odia, Sylheti Nagri, Eastern Nagari and Perso-Arabic script. They were mostly used in Bengal, Arakan and East India. Puthi (پوتھی, /po:t̪ʰi:/) is a Sanskrit originated feminine noun which means book.

The pages of puthis could be leaves, leather, sheets of wood, or barks. This was common before the invention of paper. Usually, they were written on one side and bound with a piece of string. This made it resistant to insects as well, allowing it to survive for a long time.

Abdul Karim Sahitya Bisharad collected more than 2,000 puthis. More than 1,000 of them were written by Bengali Muslims. No other person or organization has collected this number of puthis before.

Script and language
Majority of puthis were written in the Bengali script as well as the Sylheti Nagari script.  There have also been puthis written using Arabic script, even more so in Chittagong and Arakan. The language used when writing was Dobhashi Bengali, a variety of Bengali which lacked tatsama and used Arabic and Persian vocabulary.

See also
Bengali literature

References

Bangladeshi culture
Asian fairy tales
Bengali-language literature

Puthi


Timothy Archambault (also known as Tim Archambault; born Willimantic, Connecticut, United States, February 9, 1971) is a Native American flutist, architect, and composer.

Background
Archambault is a member of the Kichesipirini Algonquin First Nation. He graduated with two degrees (bachelor of architecture and bachelor of fine arts) from the Rhode Island School of Design, taking courses in music theory at Brown University during this time.

Musical career
Archambault began playing the Native American flute in 1989 and has devoted intensive study to the earliest recordings of the instrument, dating back to the early 20th century. He has also studied informally with the Native American flutists Kevin Locke (Lakota) and Edmund Wayne Nevaquaya (Comanche), and has collected songs of his Kichesipirini heritage, from elders in Canada as well as from archival wax cylinder recordings made in the early 20th century.

In addition to performing in traditional styles, since the early 21st century he has achieved notoriety for being one of the few Native American flutists to perform contemporary classical music on the instrument. He is able to play complex chromatic music on the Native American flute, and is the first enrolled member of a North American indigenous nation to master this style. He has performed the music of Native American composers David Yeagley, George Quincy, and Raven Chacon. His recording of Yeagley's Wessi vah-peh, for Native American flute and orchestra, performed with the National Polish Radio Symphony Orchestra Katowice, will be released by Opus One Records in late 2008. He was the first person to use the old warble technique (in which a single flute tone "splits" into a multiphonic oscillation) within the context of contemporary classical music.

Archambault is planning to record, in late 2008, a solo album of compositions by David Yeagley entitled Suite Tragique which is dedicated to the Kichesipirini Algonquin First Nation, as well as a collaborative composition utilizing traditional Anishinaabeg musical notation with the Navajo composer Raven Chacon. He recorded an orchestral work entitled The Choctaw Diaries by the Choctaw composer George Quincy, which was released by Lyrichord Classical on June 17, 2008. In 2008, he joined an all-Native American orchestra called The Coast Orchestra.

As a composer, in the spring of 2007 he composed a work for solo cello for the Mohawk cellist, as a part of her North American Indian Cello Project; this work will be released on CD in late 2008.

Archambault is a member of the First Nations Composer Initiative and performed at the National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, D.C. in November 2006. In August 2007, he recorded traditional Kichesipirini flute songs for the National Museum of the American Indian archives, and in 2008 he was one of the First Nations Composer Initiative judge panelists who awarded several grants to American Indian musicians.

Architectural career
Archambault lives in Beijing, China, where he is a project manager at the Beijing office of the Office for Metropolitan Architecture; he is currently designing a large-scale architectural project in Southeast Asia. Before taking this position he worked as a Project Architect in Rotterdam and New York City, working on the designs for the Prada Soho Store, the Lehmann Maupin Gallery in Chelsea, Manhattan (commissioned in 2001 and completed in 2002), and the Dee and Charles Wyly Theatre at the Dallas Center for the Performing Arts in Dallas, Texas (commissioned in 2004 and scheduled to be completed in 2008). Prior to joining OMA in 1999, and helping to establish its New York office, he worked for Pasanella+Klein Stolzman+Berg Architects in New York on the Pratt Stabile Hall Dormitory, and for Frank O. Gehry and Associates in Los Angeles on the Samsung Museum of Contemporary Art and the Walt Disney Concert Hall.

Personal life
Archambault is a hereditary senator of the Kichesipirini Algonquin First Nation, and is active in tribal issues, keeping close ties with the nation, which is based in Pembroke, Ontario. He is married to fine-art photographer CYJO.

References

External links
"American Indian Composers Go Classical", by Felix Contreras, from All Things Considered, January 1, 2009

Native American composers
Native American flautists
Native American architects
1971 births
Living people
Algonquin people
20th-century American architects
American male classical composers
American classical composers
Rhode Island School of Design alumni
People from Willimantic, Connecticut
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
21st-century American composers
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American architects
Rhode Island School of Design alumni in music
20th-century flautists
21st-century flautists

Timothy Archambault


Frequently referred to as The Green Book due to its green cover, the Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook is a publication of the United States Department of Justice and the Federal Bureau of Investigation.  The manual instructs law enforcement officers on the proper method for filling out the monthly Uniform Crime Reports returns for police records and statistics.

History
The Committee on Uniform Crime Records, established by the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) in 1927, published the first version of the manual in 1929.  At that time, the manual defined Part I and Part II offenses and well as the Return A – Monthly Return of Offenses Known to the Police.  The most recent revision of the manual was published in 2004.

Chapters
 Introduction  A history of the UCR program and details on other state-run programs
 General Information  Definitions, details on the Hierarchy Rule for offenses and details on the Separation of Time and Place Rule
 Classifying Offenses  Rules for classifying the Part I offenses (see Uniform Crime Reports for information on Part I offenses)
 Scoring Offenses  Rules for scoring the Part I offenses on the Return A form
 Monthly Reporting Forms and Their Preparation  A detailed look at each of the nine monthly UCR reports
 Other UCR Program Forms  Information on optional UCR supplies, such as the tally book and daily log book
 Part II Offenses  Details on Part II offenses (see Uniform Crime Reports for information on Part II offenses)

External links
 Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook (FBI)

United States Department of Justice publications
Criminology handbooks and manuals

Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook


The events of 6 October () were a general strike, armed insurgency and declaration of a Catalan State by Catalonia's autonomous government on 6 October 1934, in reaction to the inclusion of conservatives in the republican regime of Spain. They took place as part of a nationwide strike and armed action known as the Revolution of 1934. Catalan President Lluís Companys declared the Catalan State at 8p.m. Martial law was declared, and military forces attacked the Palau de la Generalitat de Catalunya (Palace of the Government of Catalonia) and other buildings. Companys surrendered on the morning of 7 October.

Background

In Spain
In the general election of 1933, left-wing parties lost heavily, and the newly formed conservative Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas (Confederation of the Autonomous Right; CEDA), led by José María Gil Robles, became the largest party with 115 seats. Nevertheless, incoming prime minister Alejandro Lerroux formed a government which excluded CEDA and was dominated by Lerroux's Partido Republicano Radical (Radical Republican Party). Lerroux resigned in April 1934, to be replaced by Ricardo Samper. A summer of strikes and social conflict led Gil Robles to withdraw CEDA support from the Samper government and demand participation in government. President Niceto Alcalá Zamora, unwilling to call new elections, instructed Lerroux to form a new government. The government was announced on 4 October 1934 and included three CEDA members. Left wing republicans denounced the "betrayal" of the Republic. The Unión General de Trabajadores (General Union of Workers; UGT) called a general strike.

The general strike began on 5 October, in places across Spain including Madrid, Seville, Córdoba and Zaragoza. There was fighting in some places, including Mondragón and Eibar in the Basque Country. There were also clashes in Madrid, but in general, planned uprisings failed to materialise or were quickly put down, and members of the military and of the Guardia Civil did not, as hoped, join the rebels. Outside of Catalonia, the only significant military action took place in Asturias where, in the early hours of 6 October, activists took hold of Avilés, Gijón and the centre of Oviedo, as well as Guardia Civil barracks in mining areas, beginning the Asturian miners' strike of 1934 and the "October Revolution".

In Catalonia
Following the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic in 1931, a Statute of Autonomy established Catalonia as an autonomous region, but it was passed only after two important cuts that kept control of taxation and education vested in the Spanish state. Elections were held in November 1932 to a new Catalan parliament, which were won by the Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (Republican Left of Catalonia; ERC), with Francesc Macià becoming president.

The appointment of Adolf Hitler as German chancellor in January 1933 was followed in Catalonia by the formation of the  (Workers' Alliance), an anti-fascist organisation among whose aims was preparation for a revolution to establish a federal Spanish republic. Macià died at Christmas, and Lluís Companys was elected president of Catalonia a week later on 1 January 1934. The ERC won the Catalan election of 1934, bucking the trend in Spain where a shift to the right was the norm. The implementation of the Statute of Autonomy was seen to be threatened by the CEDA success in the 1933 election and its entry into government on 4 October 1934.

6 October

The general strike in Catalonia was organised by the Alianza Obrera, working alongside the Escamots (squads), a paramilitary adjunct to the ERC. The Catalan minister of security, Josep Dencàs, in theory had 70,000 armed Escamots at his disposal, but in the event they were ill-prepared for the fighting. The president, Lluís Companys, was thought to be having talks with former Spanish prime minister Manuel Azaña, who had gone to Barcelona, with a view to declaring the government deposed and creating a provisional government of a federal Spanish republic in Barcelona. In fact, Azaña met with the Catalan committee of his Izquierda Republicana (Republican Left) party and it was agreed to oppose any such action. He then left his hotel and stayed with a friend. Companys telephoned Domènec Batet, the military commander of Barcelona, to ask him to put his forces at the disposal of the new republic. Batet was non-committal.

At 8p.m., Companys appeared on a balcony of the Palau de la Generalitat (Government Building) to proclaim the "Catalan State within the Spanish Federal Republic". He told the crowd that "monarchists and fascists" had "assaulted the government", and went on:
In this solemn hour, in the name of the people and the Parliament, the Government over which I preside assumes all the faculties of power in Catalonia, proclaims the Catalan State of the Spanish Federal Republic, and in establishing and fortifying relations with the leaders of the general protest against Fascism, invites them to establish in Catalonia the provisional Government of the Republic, which will find in our Catalan people the most generous impulse of fraternity in the common desire to erect a liberal and magnificent federal republic.
An hour later, General Batet declared martial law. He moved against trade union and militia headquarters, both of whom surrendered quickly, then brought light artillery to bear against the city hall and the Generalitat. Fighting continued until 6am, when Companys surrendered.

Consequences
Companys and his government were arrested. So too was Manuel Azaña, despite his having taken no part in the events; he was released in December. The Statute of Autonomy was suspended indefinitely on 14 December, and all powers that had been transferred to Barcelona were returned to Madrid. In June 1935, Companys was sentenced to thirty years in prison. Following the Spanish general election of 1936, the new government of Manuel Azaña released Companys and his government from jail.

References

History of Catalonia
1934 in Spain
Catalan independence movement
Conflicts in 1934
1934 in Catalonia

Events of 6 October


Thomas A. Constantine (December 23, 1938 – May 3, 2015) served as the 6th Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) from March 1994 to July 1999.

Constantine was born in Buffalo, New York, on December 23, 1938. He was educated in parochial schools there and was graduated from St. Joseph's Collegiate Academy.

Early career

Following a brief stint at the United States Merchant Marine Academy at King's Point, Long Island, Constantine began his career in law enforcement as a deputy sheriff with the Erie County Sheriff's Department in 1960.

In 1962, Constantine joined the New York State Police (NYSP) as a uniform trooper. Over the course of his 34-year NYSP career, rose through all uniform and investigative ranks, including service as a regional troop commander, headquarters staff inspector, and full colonel in the post of Field Commander in charge of day-to-day operations of both the uniform and investigative branches of the NYSP.

Constantine was nominated by Governor Mario Cuomo in December 1986 to be Superintendent of the NYSP. It was the first time in 30 years that a member of that agency had risen through the ranks from Trooper to Superintendent. During his tenure as Superintendent, the 4,800-member agency earned numerous awards, including the Governor's Excelsior Award as the best quality agency in state government. In 1994, Constantine himself was selected as the Governor's Law Enforcement Executive of the Year. The labor union that represented the State Troopers at the time often complained about his heavy-handed management style.

As Superintendent, Constantine instituted vigorous enforcement programs targeting drunk drivers who were responsible for a majority of the fatal accidents in the state. These high-visibility enforcement programs were credited with a major share of the subsequent reduction of highway fatalities.

Concerned about the impact of violent crime, Constantine instituted the NYSP Forensic Unit, the first of its kind by a domestic law enforcement agency. This program, based in state police headquarters, provided immediate resource support to local law enforcement authorities confronted with suspicious or unsolved murders and violent assaults. Specially trained state police homicide investigators successfully solved a series of serial killer incidents in Rochester, Long Island, Utica, and the Catskill area in the 1990s. The five serial killers arrested were responsible for the murder of 52 innocent victims.

In 1987, the NYSP created and instituted the Colonel Henry F. Williams Homicide Seminar, internationally recognized as the finest homicide training event of its kind. This seminar, conducted annually in Albany, brings together homicide investigators from throughout the world to hear from leading medical, forensic, legal, and investigative experts.

The largest scandal in New York State Police history occurred during his tenure. A number of investigators were found to have falsified latent fingerprint evidence under pressure from their supervisors to garner convictions. At least two investigators were criminally convicted and the scandal had a chilling effect throughout the nationwide law enforcement community. After Special Prosecutor Nelson Roth issued his report Constantine had already left the State Police.

As Superintendent, Constantine recognized the need for increased law enforcement resources to combat the growing drug problem. During his tenure, the NYSP Narcotics Unit was increased from 75 to 400 full-time narcotics investigators. Working closely with the DEA, particularly through the New York Drug Enforcement Task Force, these expanded drug units targeted the major drug organizations from Cali, Colombia, that were responsible for the flood of cocaine into New York. Four regional teams of undercover troopers were established in upstate New York to assist local agencies confront drug dealers. These Community Narcotics Enforcement Teams brought an unprecedented level of law enforcement resources to bear on beleaguered inner city communities beset by the crack cocaine epidemic.

Largely as the result of Constantine's emphasis on drug enforcement and maximized use of tough new federal laws that allowed seizure of criminal assets, his administration of the NYSP brought in seized assets that ultimately financed the construction of a state-of-the-art forensic investigative center at the NYSP headquarters in Albany.

DEA

Constantine's performance caught the attention of Attorney General Janet Reno and FBI Director Louis Freeh. On their recommendation, he was appointed Administrator of the US Drug Enforcement Administration by President Bill Clinton on March 11, 1994.

As Administrator of the DEA, Constantine oversaw a work force of over 8,400 special agents and support staff assigned to the agency's 200 domestic offices and 78 foreign offices in over 55 countries. In this capacity, he focused enforcement efforts against the powerful international organized crime groups that control most of the drug trafficking in the United States and throughout the world. In addition, Constantine created DEA Mobile Enforcement Teams to assist state and local law enforcement with investigative and enforcement operations that target the violent drug gangs that have terrorized so many communities in the United States.

Constantine emphasized the need for increased integrity and ethics standards for all DEA employees. Since 1994, all new DEA special agents have been required to meet the most rigorous entrance standards in U.S. law enforcement. In order to provide more assets to the field operational units, the headquarters decision-making and staffing levels were reduced with an emphasis on decentralized authority. In recognition of these successful efforts, Constantine was awarded the 1997 Penrith Award by the National Executive Institute for outstanding law enforcement leadership.

In 1995, the Rodriguez brothers, godfathers of Colombia's notorious Cali Cartel, were brought to face American justice. Beginning in 1985, when Constantine was Field Commander of the New York State Police, he oversaw an effort to expose and dismantle what has been acknowledged to have been the largest and most powerful criminal conspiracy in history. That year, the New York State Police uncovered a cocaine processing lab in the rural New York hamlet of Minden. Constantine consolidated this and several other NYSP drug investigations under a single task force. In 1991, a series of raids across New York resulted in arrests and seizures that effectively exposed the entire Cali Cartel operation in New York. It wasn't long thereafter that Constantine, now head of the DEA, headed up the international law enforcement effort that brought about the defeat and dismantling of the cartel.

On January 5, 1996, Constantine established the DEA Purple Heart Award to honor individuals who had lost their lives or been seriously injured enforcing the drug laws of the United States.

Constantine retired from DEA in July 1999.

Oversight Commissioner NI
In May 2000, Constantine was appointed by the British Government to serve as Oversight Commissioner for a major reform of provincial policing in Northern Ireland. Pursuant to the Good Friday agreement of 1998, a commission chaired by former Hong Kong Governor Chris Patten had issued a plan for the reconstitution and reorganization of the Royal Ulster Constabulary into a new Police Service of Northern Ireland. Constantine's task was to oversee and certify progress on the implementation of the Patten Commission plan. He served in this capacity for three and one half years. In the years since, the Police Service of Northern Ireland has emerged as a respected and trusted law enforcement agency.

Further information
Constantine was active in a number of police organizations including the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP). He was elected to and served on the Board of Officers for the IACP from October 1992 to April 1994, and he served as a member of the IACP Executive Committee and as Chairman of the IACP Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs Committee.

Constantine held an associate degree from the Erie Community College, a bachelor's degree from State University College at Buffalo, and a master's degree from the State University of New York at Albany, where he completed the academic portion of his doctoral program. He was selected as the outstanding alumnus of both of the latter. Constantine was later awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Niagara University (New York) in 1995, an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Stonehill College (Massachusetts) in 1997 and an Honorary Doctor of Laws from the State University of New York in 2012. In 1999, he joined the faculty of Rockefeller College School of Public Affairs and Policy as a Public Service Professor. In that capacity, he initiated the creation of a college-level executive development training program for municipal police executives that opened its first session in September 2005.

Constantine was married to the former Ruth Ann Cryan of Buffalo. Constantine died on May 3, 2015, in Pinehurst, North Carolina.

References

 DEA History
 The Constantine Institute
 Constantine's Circus
 An article about Constantine
 Rockefeller College Faculty Page

1938 births
2015 deaths
Politicians from Buffalo, New York
State cabinet secretaries of New York (state)
Drug Enforcement Administration Administrators
Law enforcement in Northern Ireland
American state police officers

Thomas A. Constantine


Oyelola Yisa Ashiru (born 14 June 1955) is a Nigerian architect and politician, who was elected as a senator to represent Kwara South Senatorial District in the 9th Senate. He is the Chief Executive Officer of Capital Projects Limited, a real estate firm, with branches in Lagos, Abuja and other West African countries.

Early life and education
Ashiru was born on 14 June 1955, in Offa, Kwara State Nigeria. He attended Iyeru okin primary school, Offa, before proceeding to Esie Iludun Anglican Grammar School in 1968. He completed his secondary education at Federal Government College, Sokoto, in 1974, and later studied environmental design and architecture at the University of Lagos where he  graduated in 1980.

Political career
Having run for office on multiple occasions in 2018, Ashiru declared his intention to run as Senator of Kwara South senatorial district in the 2019 Nigerian general election, on the political platform of the People's Democratic Party (PDP).

In August 2018, PDP members in Kwara State, including Lola Ashiru, decamped to All Progressives Congress (APC) in order to campaign against the dynasty of Bukola Saraki, who he accused of poorly administering Kwara state previously, for 16 years.

In the APC primary election, Ashiru won the senatorial ticket, after defeating Suleiman Ajadi and many others. On 23 February 2019, Ashiru won the senatorial election with 89,704 votes, defeating incumbent Adebayo Rafiu Ibrahim of PDP, who polled 45,175.

After his inauguration into the 9th Senate on 11 June 2019, he was appointed the Vice Chairman Senate Committee on Housing and Vice Chairman Senate Committee on Public Procurement on 29 July 2019.

Assassination attempt
During a campaign tour to Ojoku in the Oyun area of Kwara state on 20 February 2019, Ashiru and his supporters were attacked and APC alleged that two of its members were shot dead by attackers loyal to the PDP.

Ojoku is the home town of Adebayo Rafiu Ibrahim, who was contesting the Kwara south senatorial seat in the 2019 Nigerian general election. On 22 February 2019, Adebayo Rafiu Ibrahim, the incumbent senator of Kwara south was arrested in connection to the attack on Ashiru and his supporters.

References

1955 births
Living people
People from Kwara State
University of Lagos alumni
Members of the Senate (Nigeria)
All Progressives Congress politicians
Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria) politicians
21st-century Nigerian architects
20th-century Nigerian architects

Lola Ashiru


RPA & The United Nations of Sound were a British alternative rock band formed by vocalist Richard Ashcroft, former lead singer of The Verve. Ashcroft announced the formation of the band (which is a pseudonym more than a real band) and presented the video of the first single, "Are You Ready?", on 18 January 2010 in an exclusive premiere on the NME website. "Are You Ready?" was released only in the UK on 1 April 2010 in a limited edition 12" vinyl. On 9 April 2010 the band released a fanclub-only track, "Third Eye (Colombus Circle)". In the first two weeks of June Ashcroft and his musicians completed a European tour (Ancona, Paris, Berlin, Cologne, Amsterdam, Manchester and London), then they played in Tokyo and Osaka on 7–8 August 2010 during the Summer Sonic Festival 2010 and also in Melbourne and Sydney respectively on 30 July and 31 July. The band played in Australia also during the Splendour in the Grass Festival in late July.  The band's debut album as Richard's backing lineup, entitled "United Nations of Sound", was released on 19 July 2010. "Born Again", the first proper single, was officially released the same day of the album as a digital download.

After two months of silence, on 15 October Ashcroft releases through his website a second fanclub-only track, "Here We Go Again". On the same day the song "Are You Ready?" was released as a single also in the United States as a digital download.

The album United Nations of Sound was released in the United States on 22 March 2011 under the name "Richard Ashcroft" through the record company Razor & Tie and the lead single "Are You Ready?" is featured over the closing credits of the film The Adjustment Bureau, along with the new song "Future's Bright", written and performed specifically for the film's opening by Richard and ten-time Oscar-nominated composer Thomas Newman.

For the US release of "Are You Ready?", Richard Ashcroft and Big Life Management commissioned Giorgio Testi for the promo – to be created out of live footage from a show at Shepherd's Bush Empire. The video premiered on 7 February on the official website of Pulse Films, the production company.

See also

References

2010 establishments in the United Kingdom
English rock music groups
musical groups established in 2010
Parlophone artists

RPA & The United Nations of Sound


Eucalyptus gunnii subsp. divaricata, commonly known as Miena cider gum,  is tree that is endemic to Tasmania, Australia. It is a subspecies of Eucalyptus gunnii.

Description
The Miena cider gum is a medium-sized woodland tree about 15 metres (50 feet) tall. The juvenile leaves are particularly durable, with a very glaucous, rounded and oppositely arranged juvenile leaves. The foliage of mature trees is a waxy blue colour. The seed capsules are very sub-urned shaped compared to the more consistently bell shaped capsules of the commoner species.

Taxonomy
The taxon was formally described in 1938 and given the name Eucalyptus divaricata. In 2001 it was reclassified as a subspecies of Eucalyptus gunnii. The name Eucalyptus gunnii subsp. divaricata is used by the Tasmanian Herbarium in their Tasmanian Vascular Plant Census in 2011 and is an accepted name in the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.  The Australian Plant Census of 2006, however, regarded it as a synonym of Eucalyptus gunnii.

Distribution and habitat
This species is endemic to frost hollows of Tasmania's central plateau. The sites where the Miena cider gum is found tend to be poorly drained and prone to freezing. It does not grow well on sandy/chalky soils or very wet sites.

Uses
This Miena cider gum is noted for exceptional cold tolerance for a eucalyptus. The plant produces a sweet sap similar to maple syrup, and is being considered for cultivation for this product. When bottled and capped, the liquid ferments and resembles apple cider, hence cider gum. Tasmanian Aborigines and stockmen are reported to have drunk the intoxicating, naturally fermented sap. The flavour has been likened to Cointreau. Early settlers laid possum traps beneath Miena cider gum trees because possums found the sap highly palatable. The sweet foliage is eagerly eaten by livestock.

Conservation status

There are only eight small stands of Miena cider gum occupying in total only few hundred hectares. In 1999 only about 2000 trees were setting seed. The population and the number of trees flowering have been in decline since 1991.
Over the past 20 years one of the reasons these specialized trees have died is due to warming weather. It is listed as "endangered" under both the national Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
and Tasmania's Threatened Species Protection Act 1995.

References

gunnii subsp. divaricata
Flora of Tasmania
Plant subspecies
Trees of Australia
Endangered flora of Australia

Eucalyptus gunnii subsp. divaricata


Prachi Tehlan is an Indian former netball and basketball player, and an actress. Prachi is the former captain of the India national netball team which represented India in the 2010 Commonwealth Games and in other major Asian Championships in 2010-11. Under her captaincy, the Indian team won its first medal in 2011 South Asian Beach Games. She has been given the title of "Queen of The Court" by The Times of India & "Lass of The Rings" by The Indian Express. She is the brand ambassador of Netball Development Trust India for 2011-2017.

She made her acting debut in the TV series Diya Aur Baati Hum on Star Plus in January 2016.
She made her film debut as Nimmy in the Punjabi film Arjan opposite Roshan Prince directed by Manduip Singh in 2017.

Early life and education
Tehlan did her schooling from Montfort Senior Secondary School, Delhi. She graduated in B.Com (Hons.) from Jesus and Mary College, University of Delhi and completed her PG Diploma in Marketing Management from Institute of Management Technology, Ghaziabad. She had enrolled in Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Management Studies, GGSIP University, Delhi where she completed her Masters in Business Administration (HR and Marketing).

She has worked on various projects in Development Bank of Singapore, Deloitte, Accenture and 1800Sports.in. She is contributing to a project named UDAAN - Skills to Succeed for Mobilization, Training and Employment of youth from Jammu and Kashmir under National Skill Development Council, Delhi.

Sports career
She started her sports career with basketball playing at the national level while still in school. She was selected to attend the Indian Camp thrice in 2004, in Cuttack, Odisha.

Basketball
2002-2007
Played 2 sub junior nationals (under-14), Pondicherry and Karnataka. (2002–03)
Represented Delhi 8 times in under-17 category out of which the team secured a position three times. Played on the grounds of- Kotkapura (Punjab), Chittoor (AP), Gotan (Rajasthan), Kangra (HP), Ajmer (Rajasthan), Jaisalmer (Rajasthan), Chandigarh, Raipur (Chhattisgarh), Hyderabad etc.
Represented Delhi 3 times in under-19 category and secured 1st position all the three times. Played on the grounds of Delhi.
2008
2008: Secured 1st position in Basketball inter-college and got 1st position in Inter University in Bhubaneshwar and All India in Nelloor
2009
2009: Secured 1st position in inter-college Basketball and participated in Inter University held in Punjab.

Netball

Won a Gold Medal in 34th 2011 National Games.
Played Inter College thrice and scored 1st position.
Represented Delhi in Senior Nationals.
Played Indo-Singapore series, 2010 held in Delhi & Noida, won it by 5-0.
Captain of the team in 7th Youth Asian Championship, 2010 held in Delhi.
Participated and captained the Senior Indian Netball Team in the 2010 Commonwealth Games held in Delhi.
Represented India and was captain of the senior team in 6th Nation Cup, Singapore-2010.
Represented India and was captain of Indian team in 2011 South Asian Beach Games. The team bagged a silver medal. This was the first ever medal won by Indian team at an international level.

Acting career
Prachi decided to accept an offer from Shashi Sumeet Productions and make her acting debut with side character role in the highly rated TV drama Diya Aur Baati Hum, on Star Plus channel in January 2016. She lost 15 kg (33 lbs) of weight to prepare for the role. Prachi stated her reasons to put her sporting career on hold due to the lack of opportunities and sponsors for female players of netball and basketball in India.
In 2017, she played a leading actress role in the Punjabi movie Bailaras . She was last seen in Malayalam movie Mamangam (2019)  Tehlan was considered for one of the lead female roles in Ram opposite Mohanlal.

Filmography

Films

Television

Recognition

 India won its first international medal under her captaincy in South Asian Beach Games, 2011 (Oct), Sri Lanka.
 Youngest Captain of any Netball in the Commonwealth Games 2010.
 Awarded as Sports Women of the Year 2010 by Jesus and Mary College and recognized as a Sports Achiever in Delhi University Achievers List.
 Short films made by Delhi Ajtak, Pragya T.V, Focus T.V, Living India by Ayur Group and NDTV. (2010, 2011)
 Subject of various articles published by leading newspapers, magazines and internet-
 NDTV (2011) featured as one of the top 10 Hottest Sports Women in India.
 India Today (2010) featured as one of the Top 10 Glamorous faces of Commonwealth Games-2010.
 Sports Keeda (2010),
 Cupid speaks(2010),
 Hindustan Times (2010),
 Times of India (2010), article "Queen of the Courts".
 Amar Ujala (2010,2011);
 Indian Express (2005), article "Lass of the Rings".
 Chief Guest on various sports meets and social events(2010- 2012)
 Chief Guest at IIM Kashipur sports meet (2016)
 Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Sports Meet (2010) with Sushil Kumar and Dhanraj Pillay
 Terry For Marathon with Satpal Singh and Mohammad Azruddin (2010)
 Guest at Limca Book of Records with Vijender Singh, Jwala Gutta, Gagan Narang, Mary Kom, Sushil Kumar, etc.(2011)
 Chal Leh Bhag Leh Sports Event
 Deepalaya School Sports Meet (2011)
 Dev Samaj School Sports Meet (2012)
 KAPSONS for its Brand Promotion, Kirti Nagar, 2012

See also
 Sana Dua

References

External links

 Prachi Tehlan Biography
 Official Website

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Sportswomen from Delhi
Indian netballers
Commonwealth Games competitors for India
Netball players at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
South Asian Beach Games silver medalists for India
South Asian Beach Games medalists in netball
Punjabi people
Indian film actresses
Indian television actresses
Indian soap opera actresses
Actresses in Hindi television
Actresses from New Delhi
Female models from Delhi
Actresses in Punjabi cinema
Actresses in Malayalam cinema
Actresses in Telugu cinema
21st-century Indian actresses
21st-century Indian women
21st-century Indian people

Prachi Tehlan


The  (, Painting Gallery) is an art museum in Berlin, Germany, and the museum where the main selection of paintings belonging to the Berlin State Museums (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin) is displayed.  It was first opened in 1830, and the current building was completed in 1998. It is located in the Kulturforum museum district west of Potsdamer Platz.

It holds one of the world's leading collections of European paintings from the 13th to the 18th centuries.  Its collection includes masterpieces from such artists as Albrecht Dürer, Lucas Cranach, Hans Holbein, Rogier van der Weyden, Jan van Eyck, Raphael, Botticelli, Titian, Caravaggio, Peter Paul Rubens, David Teniers the Younger, Rembrandt, Johannes Vermeer, Thomas Gainsborough, Joshua Reynolds  and Antonio Viviani.

Collection

The  prides itself on its scientific methodology in collecting and displaying art.  Each room can be taken in as a single statement about one to five artists in a certain period or following a certain style.  The German collection is the finest and most comprehensive in the world, rivaled only by Vienna and Munich, and the Early Netherlandish and Italian collections are also exceptionally comprehensive.  The holdings of Spanish, French, and British art are much smaller.  Especially notable rooms include the octagonal Rembrandt room and a room containing five different Madonnas by Raphael.

There are two paintings by Vermeer in the collection, The Wine Glass and Woman with a Pearl Necklace.

Other notable experiences include Flemish moralistic paintings which stretch across the north side of the museum, showing an interplay between the religious motives of the artists' patrons and the often sensual inspirations of the artists.  In the Renaissance section, for example, Caravaggio's Amor Victorious is displayed alongside Giovanni Baglione's Sacred Love Versus Profane Love.  The two paintings are historically connected; after hearing of the scandalous portrayal of the theme "love conquers all" in Caravaggio's work, a Roman bishop commissioned Baglione's reply, which mimics Carvaggio's style, including the features of Amor.

Building

The current gallery sits in the southwest corner of the Kulturforum, a modern-styled answer to the old Museumsinsel (Museum Island).  The gallery was designed by Munich architects Heinz Hilmer and Christoph Sattler.  The building consists of 72 rooms providing a two-kilometer (1.25 mi) floor.  Upstairs the rooms flow around a large central hall, described by the museum as a "meditation hall". The hall sometimes displays sculpture, but is mostly empty, allowing easy crossing between rooms, and somewhere for school parties to sit. There are also works downstairs, a gallery devoted to frames, and a digital gallery.

The collection is arranged more or less chronologically starting from the entrance and moving toward the farthest room; however there are many doors back to the long central space, so it is straightforward to reach any other room at any point.  The visitor chooses between southern, mainly Italian, art to the left, and German and Flemish art to the right.  Completing the circuit takes the visitor first forward, then backward, in time.  The numbering system starting on the north side of the museum covers mostly Northern European art, then British art.  A visitor following along the southern side will go through mostly Italian and Southern European art.  The main floor galleries contain some 850 works in 53 rooms, with around 400 more in several rooms off a corridor downstairs, which are also open to visitors.

Aborted relocation
In 2012, the gallery's collection faced a pending move to a temporary site on Berlin's Museumsinsel, to make room for the expansion of the Neue Nationalgalerie and the 20th-century collection of Ulla and Heiner Pietzsch, bequeathed on condition that it be displayed in its entirety. The proposal has provoked controversy and criticism, particularly since there are no permanent plans for a new structure that would house the collection in its full scope.

The plan to move the collection was later scrapped following the public backlash and financial considerations regarding the new buildings. The paintings will remain in their current location.

History
Unlike most major national European collections (with the exception of the National Gallery, London), the  collection is not essentially formed around the former dynastic royal collection, but created by a process of acquisition by the Prussian government beginning in 1815. From the first the museum was intended to reflect the full range of European art, giving a different emphasis from that of older royal collections, including the royal collection of Saxony, now mostly in the  in Dresden, the finest German princely collection, which like other royal collections is strongest in Italian art.

The collection was first opened to the public in 1830, on completion of construction of the Royal Museum, now called the Altes Museum ("Old Museum"), designed by Karl Friedrich Schinkel and sited by the Lustgarten opposite the Royal Palace on the other side of Unter den Linden. The paintings occupied the upper floor with the collection of antiquities on the lower.  At this point, the collection contained nearly 1200 paintings, with a core of 160 from the 17th-century collection of Marchese Vincenzo Giustiniani, bought in Paris in 1815. An even more important purchase was 677 paintings from the collection formed in Berlin by the English merchant Edward Solly, which were acquired in 1821; Solly was an early collector of Italian Trecento and Quattrocento paintings and Early Netherlandish painting. Purchases continued throughout the 19th century, with 345 works acquired during the inaugural directorship of Gustav Friedrich Waagen from 1830 to 1868, though paintings competed with antiquities for rather reduced purchasing budgets.

After Berlin became the capital of the new German Empire in 1871 the funds available greatly increased, and purchases accelerated, as Berlin strove to catch up with the greatest European collections.  In 1874 the collection acquired the best of the collection of mostly north European art formed by the industrialist Barthold Suermondt of Aachen after his business collapsed.  This was handled for the museum by the art historian Wilhelm von Bode, who had joined in 1872, and was to be the Berlin Museums' greatest Director. He headed the sculpture collections from 1883, then the paintings from 1890, becoming general head of the Berlin Museums from 1890 to 1920. A specialist in Rembrandt and Dutch painting, he made very significant additions in those areas but did not neglect Italian painting. His leadership marked the rise of the  to international prominence.

In 1904 the  moved to the newly built Kaiser Friedrich Museum, now the Bode Museum, where the collection continued to expand. The museum was badly damaged during World War II, but most of the collection survived the war in shelters across Germany. At the end of the war, however, 400 works that were regarded as too large to take to the remoter hiding places were destroyed in a fire in a Flak tower that served as a bomb shelter.  Many important altarpieces and other large works were lost, and the collection remains short of very large works compared to the other major European collections.  Furthermore, several hundred paintings were looted by Russian or American soldiers or confiscated by the Red Army and never returned, although in June 2006 a small painting by Alessandro Allori, missing since 1944, was returned by the British journalist Charles Wheeler, who had picked it up at the end of the war in Berlin. The surviving collection was divided between East Berlin (mostly at the Bode Museum on Museumsinsel) and West Berlin in Berlin-Dahlem, where from the 1950s they were housed in a building originally used for the Asiatic collections, built in 1923, with post-war additions.

Purchases for the West Berlin collection eventually resumed after the war, with Dutch Golden Age painting, Italian Baroque painting, and the creation of a small section for English painting being priorities for successive directors before the Re-unification of Germany.  In 1992 the museum administrations of East and West were re-united, but uniting the collections physically took longer. The current building on the Kulturforum was completed in 1998, and displays some 1,250 paintings, although yet another move currently seems likely (see below).  Other works are displayed elsewhere, as the museum forms part of the Berlin State Museums and does not own a distinct collection as most museums do. For example, L'Enseigne de Gersaint, or "Gersaint's Shopsign", (1720), a famous painting by Jean-Antoine Watteau, is displayed with other works in the appropriate setting of Charlottenburg Palace.  The whole collection of Old Master Western paintings in the Berlin State Museums is usually said to be around 3,000.

In 1999 the  restituted to the heirs of the Jewish art collector Federico Gentili di Giuseppe a painting by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, entitled Rinaldo Abandoning Armida. Gentili di Giuseppe's art collection had been plundered by Nazis and disposed of via a series of Paris sales in 1942; the  had acquired it from the French art dealer Cailleux, in 1979.

In 2019, Berlin's  (Old Master Gallery) returned two late medieval panels to the heirs of a famous Jewish art collector Harry Fuld Senior who had been looted by Nazis. In 1940 the panels by the Italian artist Giovanni di Paolo, The Clothing of St. Clare By St. Francis, and St. Clare Rescuing the Shipwrecked, (c 1455), were acquired via the art dealer Carl Bümming by what was then called the Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum.

In 2020 Berlin's  restituted a 16th-century painting by Hans Baldung Grien to the heirs of Hans Purrmann was forced to sell the work from his collection after losing his livelihood due to Nazi persecution.

Directors

 Gustav Friedrich Waagen (1794–1868), 1823 until 1868
 Julius Meyer (1830–1893), 1872 until 1890
 Wilhelm von Bode (1845–1929), 1890 until 1920
 Max Jakob Friedländer (1867–1958), 1924 until 1933
 Karl Koetschau (1868–1949), 1933 until 1936
 Ernst Heinrich Zimmermann (1886–1971), 1936 until 1945

West-Berlin:
 Ernst Heinrich Zimmermann, since 1957
 Cornelius Müller Hofstede (1898–1974), 1957 until 1964
 Robert Oertel (1907–1981), 1964 until 1973
 Henning Bock (* 1931), 1973 until 1990

East-Berlin:
 Ludwig Justi (1876–1957), 1946 until 1957
 Hans Werner Grohn (1929–2009), 1957 until 1960
 Irene Geismeier, 1960 until 1990

After Reunion 1990
 Henning Bock, 1990 until 1996
 Jan Kelch (1939–2017), 1996 until 2004
  (* 1951), 2004 until 2016
 Michael Eissenhauer (* 1956), 2016 until 2021
 Dagmar Hirschfelder (* 1973), since 2021

See also
 List of art museums
 List of museums in Berlin
 List of museums in Germany

Notes

References
"Prestel": Gemäldegalerie, Berlin, Prestel Museum Guide, 1998, Prestel Verlag,
 Marco Bussagli, Dresda, I Dipinti Della , Bologna, Scripta Maneant, 2014,

External links
 Official website
 Kaiser-Friedrich-Museums-Verein Association of the friends of the Gemäldegalerie
 www.kulturforum-berlin.com Information about all cultural institutions at the "Kulturforum" in Berlin
Virtual tour of the , Berlin provided by Google Arts & Culture

Art museums and galleries in Berlin
Art museums established in 1830
1830 establishments in Prussia

Staatliche Museen zu Berlin

Gemäldegalerie, Berlin


The Florida State University College of Fine Arts, located in Tallahassee, Florida, is one of sixteen colleges comprising the Florida State University (FSU).

National rankings
U.S. News & World Report (2015 edition)
Fine Arts - 72nd overall
U.S. News & World Report (2016 edition)
Fine Arts - 69th overall
"U.S. News & World Report" (2021 edition)
Fine Arts - No. 21 among national public universities in the Best Graduate Fine Arts Programs category, and No. 42 overall

Departments, schools, and programs
The College of Fine Arts includes six programs and four additional Fine Arts facilities on Florida State's main Tallahassee campus:

 Department of Art
 Department of Art Education
 Department of Art History
 School of Dance
 Department of Interior Architecture + Design
 School of Theatre
 Museum of Fine Arts
 Facility for Arts Research
 Maggie Allesee National Center for Choreography (MANCC)
 FSU/Asolo Conservatory for Actor Training
In 2015, the College changed its name to the Florida State University College of Fine Arts from the Florida State University College of Visual Arts, Theatre And Dance.[2]The college underwent a lengthy process to change the name, including meetings with faculty, chairs and directors, as well as votes from the faculty, council of deans, FSU Faculty and the Board of Trustees.

In 2016, the Department of Art was ranked the top Master of Fine Arts program in the state of Florida by U.S. News & World Report.

The Facilities for Arts Research (FAR) experiments with technology such as 3D printing and creating artists books with the Small Craft Advisory Press.

The Department of Art History was the first program in the state to offer a doctoral degree in the field of art history.

Along with the four art and design departments, Florida State University's College of Fine Arts also governs The John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art in Sarasota, Florida, and The Museum of Fine Arts (MoFA), which is housed on FSU's main campus. The Ringling Museum houses an extensive collection of Asian art, theatre artifacts, European and American art, and modern art. Students from the art history and art education departments have the opportunity to study at The Ringling Museum. The Museum of Fine Arts hosts exhibitions from students and artists in the local community as well as individuals. The MoFA is also home to a permanent collection of over 6,000 donated works which include African sculpture, modern American paintings, Japanese ukiyo-e prints, and a wealth of other pieces.

The Asolo Conservatory for Actor Training, the college's MFA Acting program, is in a separate campus in Sarasota.

The School of Dance is home to the dance research center, the Maggie Allesee National Center for Choreography (MANCC).

In 2022, it was the first year that  MFA students curated a show in the WJB Gallery. The students focused on a collaboration called "Between the Lines" that explored how the artists conversed with the written language. The exhibit will be on view from December 2022 until January 10, 2023.

FSU/Asolo Conservatory for Actor Training

The FSU/Asolo Conservatory for Actor Training graduate program was relocated to Sarasota in 1973 to form a permanent relationship with the Asolo Repertory Theatre. The program is now housed in the Florida State University Center for the Performing Arts. It is a multi-theater complex, located farther east on the John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art property.

References

External links

Art schools in Florida

Universities and colleges established in 1943
Arts organizations established in 1943
1943 establishments in Florida


Robert Bowman (April 6, 1965) is an American swimming coach who is the current head coach of the Arizona State Sun Devils swimming and diving teams of Arizona State University.  Bowman is best known as the coach of 23-time Olympic gold medalist American swimmer Michael Phelps.

From 2005 to 2008, Bowman served as the head coach of the men's Michigan Wolverines swimming and diving team of the University of Michigan. In one of his longest serving coaching stints, from 2008 to 2015, he worked as the CEO and head coach of North Baltimore Aquatic Club, and had formerly coached at the Club between 1996 to 2005.

He served as a U.S. Olympic coach in 2004, 2008, and 2012, and in 2015, USA Swimming appointed him the head coach of the men's 2016 Olympic Team.

Personal life
Bowman was born and raised in Columbia, South Carolina where he attended Columbia High School.  He has a younger sister, Donna Bowman, who works at Chapin Middle School as a computer science professor.

College swimming
Bowman swam for the Florida State Seminoles from 1983 to 1985, serving as a team captain in his final year.  Bowman graduated from Florida State with a bachelor of science degree in developmental psychology and a minor in music composition in 1987.  While at Florida State, Bowman was a member of the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity.

Early Coaching career
In 1986–87, Bowman was a coach at the Area Tallahassee Aquatic Club and also served as an assistant coach at his alma mater, Florida State University.

Bowman held assistant coaching positions with the Napa Valley Swim Team (1991–92), the Cincinnati Pepsi Marlins (1990–91), and the Las Vegas Gold swim team (1988–90).

Birmingham Swim League, Napa Valley Swim coach
Bowman was also the head coach and program director for the Birmingham Swim League from 1992 to 1994.  While with the Birmingham Swim League, he was responsible for program design, staff development and daily operation of a 250-member club.  Under his supervision, BSL improved to a top five program regionally after finishing out of the top 20 the previous 10 years.

From 1994 to 1997, Bowman served as head coach for the Napa Valley Swim Team.

North Baltimore Aquatic Club coach
Prior to becoming the Men's head coach at Michigan, Bowman coached for nine years (1996–2004) at the North Baltimore Aquatic Club (NBAC) in Baltimore, Maryland.  From 1996 to 1999 he held the position of senior coach; and from 1999 to 2004 he was NBAC's High Performance Coach. During his tenure in Baltimore, Bowman helped to produce three individual national champions, ten national finalists and five U.S. National Team members. In recognition of his accomplishments, Bowman was named the USA's Coach of the Year in 2001 and 2003. He was also named Developmental Coach of the Year in 2002.

It was also during his work at NBAC that Bowman began coaching 23-time Olympic gold medalist Michael Phelps. Under Bowman's tutelage at the North Baltimore Aquatic club, Phelps won five World Championship gold medals and was named the American Swimmer of the Year from 2001 to 2004.

University of Michigan Head Coach
While at Michigan, Bowman worked closely with Greg Harden, then the sport administrator for swimming.  Harden spoke often with both Bowman and Phelps during their time in Ann Arbor leading up to the 2008 Olympics, and he helped to improve communication between coach and swimmer.  Bowman gives Harden some of the credit for all the success Team USA had in the pool in Beijing, and credited Harden with his important decision to make the move to coach at Michigan.  Bestowing the highest praise, Bowman has said of Harden, that "He's a miracle worker. He made me a better coach, and a better person."  In April 2008, Bowman announced that he would leave Michigan at the end of the 2008 USA Olympic Swim Trials (July 2008) and return to the North Baltimore Aquatic Club after the Beijing Olympics.

Olympic coaching, 2004-2016
Bowman was named as an assistant coach on the 2004 U.S. Olympic Team, serving as the primary coach for Phelps.  At the 2004 Games, Bowman helped coach Phelps to eight medals, including six gold medals and two bronze. Four years later, at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, he coached Phelps to achieve eight Olympic gold medals, which had never been done before in a single Olympics.

Bowman was added to the coaching roster to the 2012 London Olympics serving as an assistant coach for the 2012 U.S. Olympic Team.

On September 9, 2015, USA Swimming announced that Bowman would serve as the head coach of the men's team for the 2016 U.S. Olympic Team.

Arizona State University Head Coach
Bowman was hired as the new swim coach at Arizona State University in 2015.

In March 2023,  Bowman led the ASU Men's swimming and diving team to its first PAC-12 Conference Championship in program history. Later that month, Bowman would lead the ASU Men's swimming and diving team to second place at NCAA division I championships.

Books
 The Golden Rules: 10 Steps to World-Class Excellence in Your Life and Work. Bob Bowman, with Charles Butler (2016), St. Martin's Press.

References

External links

1964 births
Living people
Olympic coaches for the United States
American swimming coaches
Florida State Seminoles men's swimmers
Michigan Wolverines swimming coaches
Arizona State Sun Devils swimming coaches
Sportspeople from Columbia, South Carolina

Bob Bowman (coach)


The cola wars are the long-time rivalry between soft drink producers The Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo, who have engaged in mutually-targeted marketing campaigns for the direct competition between each company's product lines, especially their flagship colas, Coca-Cola and Pepsi. Beginning in the late 1970s and into the 1980s, the competition escalated until it became known as the cola wars.

History
In 1886, John Stith Pemberton, a pharmacist from Atlanta, Georgia, developed the original recipe for Coca-Cola. By 1888, control of the recipe was acquired by Asa Griggs Candler, who in 1896, founded The Coca-Cola Company.
Two years later, in 1898, Caleb Bradham renamed his "Brad's Drink" to "Pepsi-Cola," and formed the Pepsi-Cola Company in 1902, prompting the beginning of the cola wars.

The two companies continued to introduce new and contemporary advertising techniques, such as Coke's first celebrity endorsement and 1915 contour bottle, until market instability following World War I forced Pepsi to declare bankruptcy in 1923. In 1931, Pepsi went bankrupt once more, but recovered and began selling its products at an affordable 5 cents per bottle, reigniting the cola wars through to today. Pepsi offered to sell out to Coca-Cola following both of its bankruptcies during this time, but Coca-Cola declined each time.

Advertising strategies

Coca-Cola

Coca-Cola advertising has historically focused on wholesomeness and nostalgia. Coca-Cola advertising is often characterized as "family-friendly" and often relies on "cute" characters (e.g., the Coca-Cola polar bears mascot and Santa Claus around Christmas).

"New Coke"
During the peak of the cola wars, as Coca-Cola saw its flagship product losing market share to Pepsi as well as to Diet Coke and competitors products, the company considered a change to the beverage's formula and flavor. In April 1985, The Coca-Cola Company introduced its new formula for Coca-Cola, which became popularly known as "New Coke". Consumer backlash to the change led to the company making a strategic retreat on July 11, 1985, announcing its plans to bring back the previous formula under the name "Coca-Cola Classic". Some think the decision to replace the original flavor was actually a strategic masterstroke to bolster Coke sales once it came back on the market, which it did; however, the Coca-Cola Company vehemently denies the claim.

Pepsi
Pepsi advertising is heavily supported by strategic sponsorships and online marketing. Pepsi's logo utilizes the red, white and blue colors of the Flag of the United States, drawing on a strong sense of patriotism throughout its branding.

Pepsi Challenge
In 1975, Pepsi began showing advertisements based on the Pepsi Challenge, in which ordinary people were asked which product they preferred in blind taste tests. The campaign suggested that, when it came down to taste alone, consumers preferred Pepsi over Coca-Cola. This prompted Coca-Cola's creation of the successful Diet Coke in 1982, and the unsuccessful New Coke three years later, both of which led to a major shifting point in the cola wars. However, the Pepsi Challenge was a marketing campaign and not scientific study. Subsequent studies with scientific controls found only modest differences between Pepsi and Coke.

"Pepsi Stuff"
In the mid-1990s, Pepsi launched its most successful long-term strategy of the cola wars, Pepsi Stuff. Using the slogan "Drink Pepsi, Get Stuff", consumers could collect Pepsi Points on packages and cups which could be redeemed for free Pepsi merchandise. After researching and testing the program for over two years to ensure that it resonated with consumers, Pepsi launched Pepsi Stuff, which was an instant success. Due to its success, the program was expanded to include Mountain Dew and Pepsi's international markets worldwide. The company continued to run the program for many years, continually innovating with new features each year. This line of commercials led to the court case Leonard v. Pepsico, Inc., which was chronicled in the 2022 Netflix show Pepsi, Where's My Jet?

Super Bowl LIII
Super Bowl LIII was played in Atlanta, which is where Coca-Cola has its head office, in 2019. Pepsi had been a major sponsor of the NFL for years, most recently renewing its sponsorship deal in 2011. Pepsi advertising tied to the game poked fun at the situation with slogans such as "Pepsi in Atlanta. How Refreshing", "Hey Atlanta, Thanks For Hosting. We'll Bring The Drinks", and "Look Who's in Town for Super Bowl LIII". Both companies ran television ads during the Super Bowl, as Coca-Cola aired the commercial "A Coke is a Coke" just before the Super Bowl's National Anthem, while Pepsi ran a series of ads with the tagline "Is Pepsi OK?".

Comparison of products
Many of the brands available from the three largest soda producers, The Coca-Cola Company, PepsiCo and Keurig Dr Pepper, are intended as direct, equivalent competitors. The following chart lists these competitors by type or flavor of drink.

See also

 Burger wars
 Chicken sandwich wars
 Coffee wars
 Console wars
 Format wars
 Smartphone wars
 Browser wars
 Max Headroom
 Tar derby

References

Cola
Advertising
Coca-Cola
PepsiCo
Food rivalries

Cola wars


Hoplosuchus is a genus of crocodylomorph belonging to Protosuchidae. It is so far only known definitely from one specimen, a skeleton collected from sandstone of the Upper Jurassic-age Morrison Formation rocks at Dinosaur National Monument, Utah, during road construction.  The individual was small, approximately  long, although it may have been very young.  It is the basalmost crocodyliform of the Morrison Formation, as suggested by such attributes as still having antorbital fenestrae in the skull.  The limbs were relatively long, suggesting that the animal was terrestrial.  Two rows of bony scutes ran down the back. The crowns of the teeth are not well preserved, so the diet cannot be determined with certainty. Given its small size, it probably ate insects and small vertebrates; it may have been carnivorous or omnivorous.

Classification

Charles W. Gilmore named Hoplosuchus in 1926; the type species is H. kayi.  He described it as an aetosaur, a type of armored herbivorous archosaur related to the crocodylomorphs, but it was later reevaluated as a crocodylomorph itself. Sometimes classified as an atoposaurid, a 1988 review of atoposaurids found it more likely to be a protosuchian-grade crocodylomorph. A potential second specimen has been recovered from the Morrison Formation of northeastern Arizona; this individual would have been about , but the skull is poorly preserved, leaving the identity of the animal unknown. A 2017 cladistic analysis of Cassissuchus recovered it as a member of Protosuchidae.

References

Late Jurassic crocodylomorphs of North America
Late Jurassic crocodylomorphs
Morrison fauna
Taxa named by Charles W. Gilmore
Fossil taxa described in 1926
Prehistoric pseudosuchian genera

Hoplosuchus


David Francis Somerville Learner (born 23 August 1955 in Hammersmith, London) is a British actor who is best known for playing Marvin the Paranoid Android in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy and Pickle in the CITV adventure game show Knightmare.
He studied at RADA alongside Alan Rickman and Trevor Eve and has appeared in numerous stage plays and radio productions.

Career
He played Marvin for two national tours of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy including the Rainbow Theatre in 1980 and at the opening of the Drum Theatre, Plymouth in 1982. He also appeared in the 1981 BBC TV adaptation, but only in costume providing the movements for Marvin. Stephen Moore, who played him on the radio series, was brought back to provide the voice. Learner later appeared in the documentary "The Making of Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" (1993) to reminisce about the filming of the show.

In 1990 he appeared in The Satellite Game (38 episodes) for BSB, playing the host Larry the Robot. It was during this time that he met Knightmare producer Tim Child for the first time, which led to a successful audition for the role of Pickle. Learner later said in an interview, "I thought I was only going to do one series, I ended up staying for three."

Learner played the wood elf Pickle on Knightmare from Series 4 to 6 (47 episodes, 1990-1992). His role was to help out teams and to provide comic relief. Pickle sometimes broke the rules, by sneaking food into the Dungeoneers Knapsack and famously stepped into the game during one episode to fend off an enemy attack against a contestant, which infuriated Treguard (played by Hugo Myatt). After leaving the series, his part was replaced with a female Arabian genie called Majida played by actress Jackie Sawiris. In 1997 he played the villain Belial in the video game Realms of the Haunting, and appeared in The Famous Five episode "Five Have a Wonderful Time" playing Alfredo, the Fire Eater.

Learner retired from acting in 1999. In 2001 he presented a Sunday afternoon show on X-CEL FM (before it was renamed Star 107.9). He pursued a career in sales and marketing and became a marketing executive for Alliance in Bury St Edmunds. On Sky 1 in 2004 Marvin the Paranoid Android came 7th in a poll counting down the "Top Ten Sci-Fi Robots", Learner was interviewed for it along with actors such as Robert Llewellyn (Kryten) and John Leeson (K-9). On 9 May 2013, he appeared in a Script in Hand performance of "The Beau Defeated" by Mary Pix as part of the Restoring the Repertoire project run by the Theatre Royal, Bury St Edmunds. He played the part of Mr Rich.

In 2017, Learner provided the voice of Cyril the Farmbot and the narrator in a live-action pitch trailer for 'Minding Mama', a comic book series written by EJ Jackson and illustrated by Dan Schaefer.

References

External links

1955 births
Living people
British male television actors
Alumni of RADA
Male actors from Hammersmith
20th-century British male actors
21st-century British male actors

David Learner


Leslie Gene Osterman (July 29, 1947 – February 18, 2021) was a health systems analyst from Wichita, Kansas, who was a Republican member of the Kansas House of Representatives from District 97 in southwestern Wichita County. First elected on November 2, 2010, Osterman lost races for the same seat in 2000 and 2008, when he ran each time as a Democrat.

Having switched parties, new Republican Osterman in 2010 unseated the veteran Democratic Representative Dale Swenson, 2,341 (53.8 percent) to 2,007 (46.2 percent). According to Osterman's website, Swenson supported an 18 percent increase in state taxes and a 10 percent hike in the Kansas state budget. Swenson (born c. 1957) opposed the filing of legal challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act signed into law in 2010 by U.S. President Barack Obama.

Early life and education
Osterman was born in Cheyenne, Wyoming, to Albert Osterman, Jr. (1923–2011), and the late Edith L. Osterman. His father was a World War II veteran, a municipal employee in Cheyenne, and also worked for several construction companies in Wyoming and Colorado. Osterman graduated in 1966 from Cheyenne Central High School.

Career
Osterman served in the United States Navy and was wounded in the Vietnam War. He retired at the rank of chief petty officer. In 1991, he received a Bachelor of Science degree in health science and hospital management from George Washington University in Washington, D.C. He did not locate to Kansas until 1986. From 1993 until his retirement, he was affiliated with Preferred Health Systems in Wichita.

Kansas Legislature
A conservative legislator, Osterman served on the House Health and Human Services, (2) Veterans, Military, and Homeland Security, and Judiciary committees. In 2011, Osterman was given an "A" rating by the NRA Political Victory Fund. He was endorsed by the NRA-PVF in 2014 and retained his "A" rating. He was ranked 83 percent by the Kansas National Federation of Independent Business. Osterman supported legal abortions only when pregnancy results from incest, rape, or a threat to the life of the woman. He sponsored legislation to curtail late-term and partial-birth abortions.

Early in the 2011 session, Osterman introduced a bill to repeal the state law which grants residency for tuition purposes to aliens. A Texas law of this same kind was defended in the 2012 presidential contest by Governor Rick Perry. Though Osterman's bill passed the House, it died before the State and Federal Affairs Committee of the Kansas State Senate. Strongly pro-life, Osterman introduced legislation to amend laws relating to late-term and partial-birth abortion in Kansas. The bill passed in both houses and was signed into law on April 12, 2011, by Republican Governor Sam Brownback.

Osterman obtained approval of a bill to require photographic identification by voters at the precinct, a measure also adopted in Texas in 2011 and signed into law by Governor Perry. The Kansas bill was signed by Governor Brownback on April 18, 2011. Osterman advocated for the Kansas Health Care Freedom Act, which would have exempted the state from the federal health-care law. The measure was withdrawn from the House calendar on February 23, 2011, and sent to the Appropriations Committee. Osterman's proposal to phase out over five years the state income tax on corporations in Kansas was referred to the House Committee on Taxation on February 7, 2011.

Osterman supported the income tax cuts signed into law by Governor Brownback. According to Osterman, the tax cuts "will help stimulate the Kansas economy ... If employers know that the tax rate is stable, they will invest in more equipment and hire new personnel. ... after this law was passed, the governors of Missouri and Oklahoma asked their legislators to lower their tax base [to give] their state a tax cut in order to compete with Kansas."

Osterman said that 65 percent of state funds dedicated to education in Kansas should go directly to the classroom. However, Osterman said the costs of administrative overhead is far too great, a situation that he has observed in the Wichita school district office. He sponsored legislation to bring Covenant marriage to Kansas, a commitment that makes it more difficult for a couple to procure a divorce. He also sponsored a law to permit Kansans to purchase of out-of-state health and accident insurance.

Vietnam War veteran Osterman in 2011 convinced his House colleagues to pass a resolution calling upon the U.S. Congress to provide "equal benefits and compensation" for the treatment of exposure to the defoliant Agent Orange, including those who served both in and outside Vietnam.

2012 election
In the Republican primary held on August 7, 2012, Osterman narrowly led Jeff A. Blubaugh (born 1972), a real estate broker and investor, 51 to 49 percent. Blubaugh is a Quaker, a graduate of Friends University in Wichita, and a member of the school board in Goddard, Kansas. In the November 6 general election, Osterman again defeated Dale Swenson, the Democrat whom he had unseated in 2010. Osterman received 4,068 votes (58.4 percent); Swenson, 2,899 (41.6 percent).

Swenson is a former Republican-turned-Democrat, whereas Osterman was a Democrat-turned-Republican. In the 2012 campaign, Swenson said that Osterman "doesn't know what he is doing ... The only people left paying taxes are retired and working people. ... [The Brownback] tax plan] will force either huge cuts in education or big increases in local property taxes." Osterman, however, claimed that the Brownback tax cut will add forty thousand jobs to the Kansas economy and had already brought in four thousand jobs from the anticipation of the tax cut.

Personal life
Osterman was the widower of Deloris D. Osterman (1935–2003) and has a daughter. Osterman was a non-denominational Christian. He was also active in Lions International and the Masonic lodge.

In mid-March 2013, Osterman suffered a heart attack and remained in intensive care for forty-seven days. As a result of his health crisis, he missed 163 roll call votes in the House. Osterman said that he did return to the House a couple of times after he was released from the hospital, "but it almost finished me." He indicated that he returned specifically to vote on the budget.

References

1947 births
2021 deaths
Politicians from Cheyenne, Wyoming
George Washington University alumni
Cheyenne Central High School alumni
Politicians from Wichita, Kansas
Kansas Democrats
Kansas Republicans
Members of the Kansas House of Representatives
United States Navy officers
United States Navy personnel of the Vietnam War
21st-century American politicians
Conservatism in the United States

Leslie Osterman


Weaver is an alternate history and science fiction novel by British writer Stephen Baxter. It is the fourth and final novel in his Time's Tapestry quartet, which deals with psionic broadcast of history-altering content within trans-temporal lucid dreams.

Plot

In Weavers alternate historical timeline, Adolf Hitler decided to launch Operation Sea Lion (a projected German invasion of the island of Great Britain) in 1940, shortly after a more devastating version of Dunkirk resulted in a shortage of British Army soldiers. However, due to Winston Churchill's lobbying of President Franklin Roosevelt and his Congress, there is some U.S. military assistance provided. As with France during the First World War, there is only partial occupation of southeastern England, and a Nazi "Protectorate of Albion" (similar to Vichy France) is established. The Nazis occupy a band of territory that stretches from Portsmouth in the southwest, including communities like Tunbridge Wells, Horsham, Hastings, Pevensey, Dover, Folkestone and Gravesend. They establish a puppet regime in Canterbury led by renegade English Nazi collaborator Lord Haw Haw, and while London remains unoccupied, the adjacent occupation results in the evacuation of senior governmental personnel, politicians, King George VI and his royal family to elsewhere in Northern England.

Baxter traces the effects of the occupation on several protagonists. Ben Kamen is Jewish, gay and a latent telepath, while Mary Wooler, and her son Gary, and daughter-in-law Hilda, work on covert projects for the British Army, endeavouring to discover how to dislodge the Nazi presence from the "Protectorate of Albion" in the southeast. Ernst Keiser, a relatively kindly officer, lodges with a rural family, whose female members, Irma and Viv, collaborate intentionally with the military, while Alfie is made to serve in a forced labour unit later in the war.

As in "our" timeline, Hitler still launches Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union, but there are other divergences, as the Japanese Empire has sufficient manpower to invade Australia in this timeline as well, although no other details are forthcoming.

Ben's identity is discovered, but he is spared from the ravages of an expanded version of the Holocaust due to his latent telepathic abilities. Julia Fiveash, another English Nazi collaborator, is involved in the Ahnenerbe, an SS occult warfare division. In 1943, the tide of war has turned, and the British and U.S. militaries launch "Operation Walrus" to recover the territory of the former "Protectorate." However, they stumble on Ahnenerbe plans to use Kamen to alter the course of history so that either William the Conqueror lost the Battle of Hastings to Harold II in 1066, or Christopher Columbus turned east, reviving Crusader hostility against the Islamic world during the sixteenth century, instead of his discovery of the Americas. In the ensuing battle, Fiveash kills Gary, and Mary is able to prevent any further historical change through influencing Kamen's choice of telepathic transmissions. However, the novel ends with Kamen once more entering a dream state, and hints that our timeline is the result of his broadcasting a telepathic message to one of Hitler's advisors at the time of the Dunkirk Evacuation.

Historical, scientific and metaphysical basis
In an afterword, Baxter described his influences as Niall Ferguson's book Virtual History (1997), Panzer General Heinz Guderian himself (from his book Panzer Leader (1952), Derek Robinson's Invasion 1940 (2005), and Martin Marix Evans' Invasion! Operation Sea Lion 1940 (2005).

He used Heather Pringle's work on Nazi pseudoscience, The Master Plan: Himmler's Scholars and the Holocaust (2006), Julia Gardner's Wartime Britain 1939-1945
(2004) and Richard Vinen's account of Vichy France, The Unfree French (2006) for details of everyday life under Nazi occupation and British relative wartime rationing stringencies.

He took references from Kurt Gödel's theories about time and parallel universes as well as his dialogue with the work of Albert Einstein.

Finally, he incorporated J. W. Dunne's concepts about metaphysical "time travel" through dreams. There are also references to fledgeling "calculating engines" (computers), whose actual construction began in Manchester in 1934.

Sources
 Stephen Baxter: Weaver: Time's Tapestry: Book Four: London: Gollancz: 2008:
 Kurt Gödel: "An Example of a New Type of Cosmological Solutions of Einstein's Field Equations of Gravitation" Reviews of Modern Physics (1949): 21: 447–450.

See also
 Emperor
 Conqueror
 Navigator
 Fatherland (novel)
 It Happened Here
 Making History (novel)
 The Man in the High Castle
 SS-GB
 Swastika Night
 Hypothetical Axis victory in World War II

External links
 Author's website

2008 British novels
British science fiction novels
Dystopian novels
Alternate Nazi Germany novels
Novels by Stephen Baxter
Victor Gollancz Ltd books

Weaver (Baxter novel)


WWF Superstars is a video game released on the Game Boy handheld console by Acclaim Entertainment, based on the WWF's syndicated television show of the same name. This game was the first WWF/E game for the Game Boy system.

The game was succeeded by WWF Superstars 2, which was released in 1992 by Acclaim Entertainment. A unique engine was built from the ground up; the developers never attempted to emulate the gaming engine found in the more advanced WWF games.

Overview
WWF Superstars was developed by Rare and published by LJN. It was released in Europe and North America in 1991, which was followed by its Japanese release on February 14, 1992.

Before every match, wrestlers cut promos on their opponent. Following the match, Vince McMahon comments on the action. The wrestlers each have two comments. One is a generic taunt, while the second is specific to the opponent.

The game features five wrestlers: Hulk Hogan, "Macho Man" Randy Savage, The Ultimate Warrior, "The Million Dollar Man" Ted DiBiase, and Mr. Perfect.

Nintendo Power reviewed WWF Superstars in their April 1991 issue and rated it a score of 2.9 out of 5.

Gameplay
All wrestlers have the same moves, with the exception of individualized strike attacks. The moveset consists of attack moves (punch and kick), a bodyslam, grappling moves that can only be performed when you pick your opponent up from the mat (piledriver, suplex, headlock with punches), ground attack moves (elbow or knee drop), Irish whip moves (clothesline and dropkick), and flying turnbuckle moves (elbow or knee drop). Players can also wrestle outside the ring by throwing their opponent over the ropes or by performing a dropkick through the ropes. Throwing the opponent out of the ring can be done once per match and causes considerable damage.

Once a player selects a wrestler, they must defeat the other four in a series of matches to be named WWF World Heavyweight Champion. On completion, the player gets a portrait picture of their chosen superstar.

References

1991 video games
Acclaim Entertainment games
Game Boy games
Game Boy-only games
LJN games
Rare (company) games
WWE video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games scored by David Wise
Professional wrestling games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom

WWF Superstars (handheld video game)