Massachusetts General Hospital (Mass General or MGH) is the original and largest teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School, Harvard University located in the West End neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. Massachusetts General Hospital houses the world's largest hospital-based research program, the Mass General Research Institute, with an annual research budget of more than $1.2 billion in 2021. It is the third-oldest general hospital in the United States with a patient capacity of 999 beds. Along with Brigham and Women's Hospital, Mass General is a founding member of Mass General Brigham, formerly known as Partners HealthCare, the largest healthcare provider in Massachusetts. It is currently ranked as the eighth-best hospital in the United States by U.S. News & World Report.

History

Founded in 1811, the original hospital was designed by the famous American architect Charles Bulfinch. It is the third-oldest general hospital in the United States; only Pennsylvania Hospital (1751) and NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital's predecessor New York Hospital (1771) are older. John Warren, Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at Harvard Medical School, spearheaded the move of the medical school to Boston. Warren's son, John Collins Warren, a graduate of the University of Edinburgh Medical School, along with James Jackson, led the efforts to start the Massachusetts General Hospital, which was initially proposed in 1810 by Rev. John Bartlett, the Chaplain of the Almshouse in Boston. Because all those who had sufficient money were cared for at home, Massachusetts General Hospital, like most hospitals that were founded in the 19th century, was intended to care for the poor. A 30-year-old sailor was the first patient admitted to the hospital on September 3, 1821. During the mid-to-late 19th century, Harvard Medical School was located adjacent to Massachusetts General Hospital.

Walter J. Dodd established the radiology department at the hospital. From just after the discovery of x-rays in 1895, until his early death in 1916 from metastatic cancer caused by multiple radiation cancers he oversaw the radiology department. He also underwent over 50 surgical procedures at the hospital to treat his radiation injuries, from skin grafts to amputations.

The first American hospital social workers were based in the hospital.<ref>Beder, J. (2006). Hospital Social Work: The interface of medicine and caring... Routledge: New York</ref>

The hospital's work with developing specialized computer software systems for medical use in the 1960s led to the development of the MUMPS programming language, which stands for "Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System," an important programming language and database system heavily used in medical applications such as patient records and billing. A major patient database system called File Manager, which was developed by the Veterans Administration (now the Department of Veterans' Affairs), was created using this language.

Early use of anesthesia

It was in the Ether Dome of MGH in , that a local dentist, William Thomas Green Morton, was invited to perform a public demonstration of the administration of inhaled ether to produce insensibility to pain during surgery. Several years prior, Dr. Crawford Long of Danielsville, Georgia had given ether for surgery, but his work was unknown outside Georgia until he published his experience in 1849. On , after administration of ether by Morton, MGH Chief of Surgery, John Collins Warren, painlessly removed a tumor from the neck of a local printer, Edward Gilbert Abbott. Upon completion of the procedure, which was without screaming or restraint, the usually skeptical Warren reportedly quipped, "Gentlemen, this is no humbug." News of this "anesthesia" invention rapidly traveled within months around the world.

A reenactment of the Ether Dome event was painted in 2000 by artists Warren and Lucia Prosperi. They used the then-MGH staff to pose as their counterparts from 1846. The Ether Dome still exists and is open to the public.

An anesthesia department was established at the MGH in 1936 under the leadership of Henry Knowles Beecher.

 First successful replantation of a severed limb
On , under the direction of Ronald A. Malt, a team of surgeons successfully accomplished the first replantation of completely severed limb.

While attempting to hitch a ride on the back of a freight train, Everett Knowles hit an abutment when the train lurched, severing his arm completely at the shoulder. He and his arm were rushed to MGH, where a 30 year old Malt conducted the team of surgeons. Some doctors prepared Everett for surgery, while others worked on the separated arm. First, they rejoined the "chaotically mangled blood vessels, then the bone and finally the skin." In the time since the accident, the arm had grown a "deathly gray," but grew steadily pink as the surgery progressed and blood vessels were reattached. The nerves would be reconnected in a later surgery.

"All we did," said the modest Dr. Malt, "was apply techniques we've known about for a long time and simply never had occasion to correlate before...The astonishing thing was not the newness of the operation but the teamwork—the way 12 doctors with expert skills, distinguished a collection of authorities as you could find anywhere, were willing to stand by and feed the incomparable extent of their knowledge to me, for no gain other than to know they had contributed."

In , MGH received a $200 million gift from Cambridge entrepreneur Phillip "Terry" Ragon to endow a permanent vaccine research center. This gift is the largest in the hospital's history and is addition to the $100 million gift he previously gave the hospital. The center is currently testing an HIV vaccine in South Africa.

Facilities and current operations
The main MGH campus is located at 55 Fruit Street in Boston, Massachusetts. It has expanded into an area formerly known as the West End, adjacent to the Charles River and Beacon Hill. The hospital handles around 1.5 million outpatient visits each year at its main campus, as well as its seven satellite facilities in Boston at Back Bay, Charlestown, Chelsea, Everett, Revere, Waltham and Danvers. With more than 25,000 employees, the hospital is the largest non-governmental employer in Boston.

The hospital has 1,011 beds and admits around 50,000 patients each year. The surgical staff performs over 34,000 operations yearly. The obstetrics service handles over 3,800 births each year. The Massachusetts General Hospital Trauma Center is the oldest and largest American College of Surgeons-verified Level One Trauma Center in New England, evaluating and treating over 2,600 trauma patients per year. Architect Hisham N. Ashkouri, working in conjunction with Hoskins Scott Taylor and Partners, provided the space designs and schematics for the pediatrics, neonatal intensive care, and in-patient related floors, as well as the third-floor surgical suites and support facilities. In the fall of 2004, the Yawkey Center for Outpatient Care (named for Jean R. Yawkey) opened. This  ten-floor facility is the largest and most comprehensive outpatient building in New England. In 2011, the Lunder Building, a , 14-floor building opened. The building houses three floors of operating rooms, an expanded emergency room, radiation oncology suites, inpatient neurology and neurosurgery floors, and inpatient oncology floors; all of which increase the inpatient capacity by 150 beds.

In 2022, the state approved a more than $2 billion expansion proposal from MGB, which included a $1.9 billion expansion of MGH with a new clinical building on Cambridge Street. This building will house 482 inpatient beds. After utilizing many of these beds to convert other parts of the hospital from  2-bed to 1-bed rooms, the hospital will net 94 new inpatient beds. The project is expected to be fully completed in 2030.

 Massachusetts General Hospital for Children
Massachusetts General Hospital for Children (MGHfC) is a pediatric acute care children's teaching hospital located in Boston, Massachusetts. The hospital has an estimated 100 pediatric beds and is affiliated the Harvard Medical School. The hospital is a member of Mass General Brigham and is the only children's hospital in the network. The hospital provides comprehensive pediatric specialties and subspecialties to patients aged 0–21 throughout Boston and the wider Massachusetts. Massachusetts General Hospital for Children also sometimes treats adults that require pediatric care. Massachusetts General Hospital for Children also features the only ACS-verified Level 1 Adult and Pediatric Trauma Center in the state. The hospital is directly attached to Massachusetts General Hospital and near the Ronald McDonald House of New England.

The hospital has an American Academy of Pediatrics verified level III neonatal intensive care unit that has a capacity of 18 bassinets. The hospital also has a 14-bed pediatric intensive care unit for critical pediatric patients age 0–21.

In 2020, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, the hospital converted their PICU into an adult ICU to help with the surge capacity for COVID-19. Patients that were in the PICU previously were transferred out to the Floating Hospital for Children and Boston Children's Hospital for treatment.

 Awards
As of 2021, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children has placed nationally in 5 ranked pediatric specialties on U.S. News & World Report.

The Mass General Research Institute (MGRI)
Massachusetts General Hospital houses the largest hospital-based research program in the United States, the Mass General Research Institute, with an annual research budget of over $1 billion in 2019. MGRI received the 10th-most funding from the National Institutes of Health in 2018, with ~$500 million going to support 959 awards.
The Mass General Research Institute was launched in 2015 as a formalized way to support promote and guide research at Massachusetts General Hospital.
Research at MGRI takes place in over 30 departments, centers, and institutes across the hospital. The Institute, in conjunction with clinical staff based in the hospital, is home to fundamental research labs investigating the basic building blocks of life as well as a clinical research program with approximately 1,200 active clinical trials. The hospital has six thematic research centers:
The Center for Systems Biology
The Center for Regenerative Medicine
The Center for Genomic Medicine
The Wellman Center for Photomedicine
The Center for Computational and Integrative Biology
The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard

Notable scientists at MGH include Jack Szostak, PhD, 2009 winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Rakesh Jain, PhD, a 2015 recipient of the National Medal of Science, and Gary Ruvkun, PhD, winner of the 2014 Wolf Prize in Medicine, the 2014 Gruber Prize in Genetics, and the 2014 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences.
In 2019, 55 scientists from MGH were listed in Clarivate Analytics' Web of Science annual Highly Cited Researchers Report.
There are 23 MGH researchers in the National Academy of Medicine (some are listed under their Harvard Medical School affiliation), and four MGH researchers in the National Academy of Sciences.

Notable medications that have resulted from research at Mass General include:

 About

Transportation
The closest MBTA stop to the main campus is Charles/MGH on the Red Line. On March 27, 2007, the new Charles/MGH station was opened with new renovations, including handicap accessible elevators. There are five main food service areas for the general public on the MGH campus. They include the Eat Street Cafe in the lower level of the Ellison Building, the Blossom Street Cafe in the Cox lobby, Coffee Central in the White lobby, Tea Leaves and Coffee Beans in the Wang Ambulatory Care Center, and Coffee South in the Yawkey outpatient center.

Second opinions
The hospital offers a global second opinion service in cooperation with Grand Rounds.

Affiliated institutions
Massachusetts General Hospital is affiliated with Harvard Medical School and is its original and largest teaching hospital. Together they form an academic health science center. In , the Phillip T. and Susan M. Ragon Institute of immunology was founded to bolster research into creating vaccines and other therapies for acquired immune system conditions, chiefly AIDS. It was made possible by a $100 million gift over ten years, and represents the largest single donation made to MGH.

The Recovery Research Institute was created in 2013 by Dr. John F. Kelly, the first-ever endowed professor of Addiction Medicine at Harvard Medical School. The institute is a part of the Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Psychiatry and published the National Recovery Study, the first-ever nationally representative study on the number of Americans in recovery from alcohol or other drug use. The institute also created the Addictionary, the first-ever glossary of addiction-related terms and a system for stigmatized terminology alerts.

MGH is affiliated with the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute through Dana-Farber/Partners Cancer Care and the Dana–Farber/Harvard Cancer Center. They are also affiliated with Project Pinball Charity.
In 2015, MGH Home Base Program became a founding partner of the Warrior Care Network health system focused on treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in veterans, along with partners Emory Healthcare, Rush University Medical Center, UCLA Health and Wounded Warrior Project.

Though it has its own chief of psychiatry and top-ranking department, MGH is closely affiliated with nearby McLean Hospital, a psychiatric hospital also affiliated with Harvard Medical School.

Educational units
Massachusetts General Hospital Academy
Massachusetts General Hospital Psychiatry Academy
MGH Institute of Health Professions
(in partnership with Harvard University)

Awards and recognition

Nobel laureates
There have been thirteen Nobel Laureates who have either worked or trained at MGH.
1934 George R. Minot, MD
1947 Carl F. Cori, PhD
1953 Fritz A. Lipmann, MD, PhD
1972 Gerald M. Edelman, MD, PhD
1985 Michael S. Brown, MD, and Joseph L. Goldstein, MD
1989 J. Michael Bishop, MD
1990 Joseph Edward Murray, MD and Donnall Thomas, MD
1998 Ferid Murad, MD, PhD
2009 Jack W. Szostak, PhD
2011 Ralph Steinman, MD
2012 Robert Lefkowitz, MD

Rankings
In 2015, MGH was named the number one hospital in the United States by U.S. News & World Report and is nationally ranked in 16 specialties.

In 2012, MGH was named the number one hospital in the United States by U.S. News & World Report.

In 2011, MGH was named the second-best hospital in the United States by U.S. News & World Report. MGH consistently ranks as one of the country's top hospitals in U.S. News & World Report. In 2011, MGH was also ranked as one of the top three hospitals in the country for Diabetes & Endocrinology; Ear, Nose & Throat; Neurology & Neurosurgery; Ophthalmology; Orthopedics; and Psychiatry.

In , Becker's Hospital Review listed MGH as number 12 on the 100 'Top Grossing Hospitals' in America with $5.64 billion in gross revenue.

In 2003, MGH was named the state's first Magnet hospital by the American Nurses Credentialing Center, a subsidiary of the American Nurses Association. Magnet recognition represents the highest honor awarded for nursing excellence.

Controversies

In  MGH received criticism from activists and legislators for their role in conducting a study of the use of amygdalotomy to reduce violence in individuals who received the procedure. This study came after significant pressure on medical practitioners to stop using invasive procedures to try to alter behavior of patients and was denounced as "a new form of lobotomy". Although the study did not conduct surgery on incarcerated people, MGH was simultaneously criticized for conducting genetic and fingerprint studies of people incarcerated at MCI–Cedar Junction (known as MCI–Walpole at the time), Bridgewater State Hospital, and MCI–Framingham in an attempt to discover markers for "criminal" behavior. This discredited science is often associated with attempts at the time to pathologize and incarcerate Black people as a response to the Black liberation movement.

In , a former MGH physician filed a lawsuit under seal alleging that at least five orthopedic surgeons endangered patient safety by keeping them under anesthesia longer than necessary while the surgeons performed simultaneous surgeries. That year, MGH fired Dr. Dennis Burke after he spoke to The Boston Globe'' about the dual-booking practice. In 2019, MGH paid $13 million and agreed to improve safety practices, to settle Burke's wrongful termination suit. Also in 2019, MGH paid $5.1 million to settle a medical malpractice lawsuit involving a concurrent surgery performed on former Boston Red Sox baseball team pitcher Bobby Jenks.

Dr. Lisa Wollman refiled her lawsuit in  under the federal False Claims Act, citing concerns that the hospital was driven by economic benefit and keeping patients unaware of the practice of concurrent surgeries. Wollman's attorney claimed that Medicare and Medicaid were being defrauded because they require that the surgeons must be present for all "critical portions" of the surgery in order to be compensated. MGH settled the lawsuit in 2022 for $14.9 million, including reimbursement for the disputed government payments, and agreed to get specific consent for the practice from patients.

In , approximately 10,000 patients participating in research studies at MGH, had their names, dates of birth, diagnoses, tests, medical record numbers, and medical histories exposed in a data breach by "an unauthorized third party". The incident did not become public until .

See also
Proto (magazine)
Schwartz Center for Compassionate Healthcare

References

External links

1811 establishments in Massachusetts
Academic health science centres
Harvard Medical School
Heliports in Massachusetts
Hospital buildings completed in 1811
Hospitals established in 1811
Hospitals in Boston
Teaching hospitals in Massachusetts
West End, Boston
Trauma centers

Massachusetts General Hospital


Liberty Hall, also known as John Robert McDowell Place, is a historic plantation house near Camden, Alabama.  The two-story Greek Revival style main house was built in 1855 for John Robert McDowell by W.W. Robinson.  The two-story front portico features two central Ionic columns flanked by a square column to each side, reminiscent of a distyle-in-antis arrangement.  The floor plan is centered on a broad hall that separates four large, equally proportioned rooms on both levels. The formal rooms and hall on the lower level have elaborate plasterwork that was designed, in part, by Harriet McDowell, wife of John Robert McDowell.  The house is currently owned by the great-granddaughter of the original owner.  It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 5, 1984.

References

External links

National Register of Historic Places in Wilcox County, Alabama
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama
Houses completed in 1855
Greek Revival houses in Alabama
Plantation houses in Alabama
Houses in Wilcox County, Alabama
Historic American Buildings Survey in Alabama

Liberty Hall (Camden, Alabama)


Marcius Agrippa (fl. late 2nd/early 3rd century) was originally a slave serving as a beautician. He later became a freedman in some unknown way and then (illegally) started to encroach upon the rank of Equestrian, serving as advocatus fisci (an important official of the imperial treasury) during the reign of Septimius Severus.  His impersonation of a man of higher rank was discovered shortly afterwards, and the emperor exiled him to an island.  He was called back to Rome by the emperor Caracalla, probably given a grant of ingenuitas, (i.e., an official declaration that he had the rights and legal status of one who had been born free) and he was elevated to senatorial rank.  He was appointed by the emperor Macrinus in 217, first to the government of Pannonia and afterwards to that of Dacia.

Agrippa is almost certainly the same person as the Marcius Agrippa, Roman admiral (likely of the Misenum fleet), who is mentioned by the Augustan histories "as privy to the death of Antoninus Caracallus."

See also
List of slaves

References

Ancient Roman admirals
Senators of the Roman Empire
Ancient Roman equites
Impostors
Imperial Roman slaves and freedmen
2nd-century Romans
3rd-century Romans
Beauticians
Marcii
Ab epistulis

Marcius Agrippa


James Marion Farr (February 4, 1874 – March 4, 1958) was an American university professor and academic administrator.  Farr was a native of South Carolina, and earned bachelor's, master's and doctorate degrees before beginning his career as a professor of English language and literature.  He was the interim president of the University of Florida from 1927 until 1928, and also served as the university's first vice president from 1905 to 1934.

Early life and education

Farr was born in Union, South Carolina in 1874.  He was the son of a Confederate infantry captain who had returned home from fighting in the Civil War to become a planter and banker.  His mother died when he was two years old, and he was raised by his father and maternal grandmother. His earliest vivid memories were his mother's death and a parade of the Red Shirts.  Farr attended public and private schools until he entered the South Carolina Military Academy (The Citadel) in 1889.  He received an "honorable discharge" from the academy in 1890, and, thereafter, continued his studies at Davidson College in Davidson, North Carolina.  While he was a student, he became a member of Sigma Alpha Epsilon Fraternity (North Carolina Theta Chapter).  Farr earned his Bachelor of Arts degree from Davidson in 1894 and was the salutatorian of his class.  He subsequently earned his Master of Arts degree from Davidson in 1895.  He entered the English doctoral program at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in the fall of 1895, wrote a dissertation entitled Intensives and Reflexives in Anglo-Saxon and Early Middle-English, and graduated with his doctor of philosophy degree in English language in 1901.

Farr married the former Anita Nicholson Harris in 1901, and the couple had two daughters, Jane and Anita, and an infant son who did not survive.

Academic career

After completing his doctorate, Farr became a professor of English language and literature, the head of English instruction, and later the vice president at one of the University of Florida's four predecessor institutions, Florida Agricultural College (FAC) in Lake City, Florida, from 1901 to 1905.  Farr was also the head coach of the FAC "blue and white" college football team for two seasons in 1901 and 1902.  Farr was only moderately successful as a football coach, posting a 1–2–1 record in two seasons.  During Farr's tenure, the FAC blue and white's sole victory was a 6–0 decision over Florida State College, the predecessor of the modern Florida State University, in 1902.

As a member of the college's faculty, Farr was actively involved with advocating the consolidation of the State of Florida's several publicly supported institutions of higher learning, and organized a letter-writing campaign to newspapers throughout the state, extolling the merits of consolidation.  After the Florida Legislature, in 1905, mandated the merger of Florida Agricultural College with three other state-supported institutions to create the new University of the State of Florida located in Gainesville, Florida, Farr became a professor of English language and literature and the chairman of the new university's Department of English.  (In 1909, the new university's name was shortened to the "University of Florida.")

As part of one of his first English classes at the new university, Farr implemented an honor system in 1905.  Other faculty members thought the honor system was a good idea, and began to implement it in their own classes on an ad hoc basis.  In 1914, the students requested the creation of a school-wide honor code, and university president Albert A. Murphree and the Florida Board of Control approved the concept in 1916.

During the three years from 1916 to 1919, Farr took an outspoken stand on the Southern racial issues of the day by signing a series of four published letters addressed to Southern college students.  He wrote the letters, together with ten other professors from the universities of Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee and Texas, as well as Louisiana State University and Virginia Military Institute, under the rubric of the "University Commission on Race Questions," in an attempt to influence the opinions of the younger generation of Southern college students as future opinion leaders. The four letters addressed lynching, migration, education and a "new Reconstruction."

Farr also served as the first vice president of the University of Florida from its inception in 1905 until his retirement, and it fell upon him to lead the university through the world-wide influenza epidemic of 1918 when president Murphree was incapacitated with the illness.  Hundreds of the university's students and faculty fell ill with the deadly "Spanish flu," and although one professor and several students died, the university was fortunate to suffer few fatalities.

He became the acting, or interim, president upon the unexpected death of president Murphree in December 1927.  He served as the university's interim president until his permanent successor, John J. Tigert, assumed office in September 1928.  In his role as the university's first vice president, Farr ultimately served under three different university presidents—Andrew Sledd, Murphree and Tigert.

After retiring from the university's faculty because of illness in 1934, Farr and his wife moved to Jacksonville Beach, Florida.  He was placed on "special status" and commissioned by the university and Board of Control to write several manuscripts between 1935 and 1941.  These writings included an unpublished manuscript of his personal reminiscences of the University of Florida and its predecessor institution, Florida Agricultural College, entitled The Making of a University, and covering the years 1901 to 1934.

Legacy

Farr died in 1958.  He was one of the University of Florida's last living links to the generation that was responsible for the university's creation in 1905.  Farr's unpublished manuscript, The Making of a University, provides a first-hand account of the politics surrounding the creation of the university, and serves as one of the primary sources regarding the university's early history from its inception in 1905 through his retirement in 1934.

Farr was survived by his wife and daughters.

See also

 History of Florida
 History of the English language
 History of the University of Florida
 List of alumni of The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina
 List of Davidson College alumni
 List of Johns Hopkins University people
 List of Sigma Alpha Epsilon members
 List of University of Florida faculty and administrators
 List of University of Florida presidents

References

Bibliography

Farr, James Marion, Intensives and Reflexives in Anglo-Saxon and Early Middle-English, BiblioBazaar, Charleston, South Carolina (2009).  .
Farr, James M., The Making of a University (unpublished manuscript), University of Florida, George A. Smathers Libraries, Special Collections, Gainesville, Florida (c. 1939–1941).
McEwen, Tom, The Gators: A Story of Florida Football, The Strode Publishers, Huntsville, Alabama (1974).  .
Pleasants, Julian M., Gator Tales: An Oral History of the University of Florida, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (2006).  .
Proctor, Samuel, & Wright Langley, Gator History: A Pictorial History of the University of Florida, South Star Publishing Company, Gainesville, Florida (1986).  .
Van Ness, Carl, & Kevin McCarthy, Honoring the Past, Shaping the Future: The University of Florida, 1853–2003, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (2003).

1874 births
1958 deaths
American academics of English literature
The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina alumni
Davidson College alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
People from Union, South Carolina
Presidents of the University of Florida
University of Florida faculty
People from Jacksonville Beach, Florida
Sigma Alpha Epsilon members

James M. Farr


The Kugelpanzer ("ball tank") is a one-man armoured vehicle built by Nazi Germany during World War II. The history of the vehicle is practically unknown other than the fact that at least one example was exported to the Empire of Japan and used by the Kwantung Army. The machine remains something of a mystery due to the lack of records and the incompleteness of the sole surviving model.

Surviving example
Only one example of the Kugelpanzer still exists today. It was captured by the Red Army in Manchuria and is on display in the collection of German armoured vehicles at the Kubinka Tank Museum in Moscow where it is described simply as "exhibit no. 37". There is no record of it ever having been used in combat.
However, another report states that it was captured at the Kummersdorf proving grounds along with the infamous Maus super-heavy tank. The vehicle was modified after its capture, repainted and its drive removed. In 2000 the original paintwork was restored.

Theories about the vehicle
Only five points seem certain based on the single known example:

It is a German-made vehicle that was shipped to Japan.
It was used as a light reconnaissance vehicle.
It was captured by Soviet troops in 1945, presumably in Manchuria.
The outer armour is only five millimetres thick.
The vehicle was powered by a single-cylinder two-stroke motorcycle engine.

One can only deduce the functionality of the vehicle based on its exterior. It seems to be a one-man reconnaissance tank, equipped with an armoured outer wall and a viewing slot. The drive was probably located under or behind the driver. At the rear there is a steerable wheel to shift the center of gravity behind the axis of the two track wheels and to support rotary movements that are carried out with the track wheels.
In stationary operation, the tank could probably serve as an armoured refuge or makeshift bunker. Based on available images, it cannot be determined whether there was an opening below the viewing slot to allow for the use of firearms from inside the tank.

Similar vehicles
Although not immediately equivalent, a possible precursor to the Kugelpanzer was a one-man World War I tank known in France as a bouclier roulant ("rolling shield"). A 1936 article in Popular Science described a Texan inventor's design for a spherical armoured vehicle that was dubbed a "tumbleweed tank". It was considerably larger than the Kugelpanzer - offering space for three people and three machine guns along with necessary motors and other equipment.

See also
Wunderwaffe
Monowheel

References

Books
Robert Dale Arndt Jr.: Strange Vehicles of Pre-War Germany & the Third Reich (1928–1945). 2006, IRP Publication

External links

World War II tanks of Germany

Kugelpanzer


Patricia Morrow is a former actress, best known for her portrayal of waif-like Rita Jacks in the primetime soap opera Peyton Place from 1965 to 1969.

Career

Acting career
Morrow usually appeared on television and made her debut in 1953, when she got the role of Constance Philbrick in I Led 3 Lives. She also played bit parts in several films, including Ma and Pa Kettle at Home (1954), Artists and Models (1955), The Bad Seed (1956), and The Wrong Man (1956).

Morrow later got supporting roles in films and started guest starring in several series in the 1960s, including Leave It to Beaver, My Three Sons and Perry Mason. In 1964, she got her first and only lead role in a film, a musical called Surf Party. She got more recognition when she landed the role of Rita Jacks in the soap opera Peyton Place. Despite only being contracted for a few episodes, she played the role for four years, between 1965 and 1969. During the show's run, Morrow became highly popular among the crowd.

Morrow reprised the role from 1972 to 1974 in Return to Peyton Place. She initially declined the role, saying she could not combine working five days a week on the show with law school. However, she accepted a contract of two working days a week and she motivated her return by saying: "I really can't turn down money. I have to use what earning power I have right now.

Morrow made her final screen appearance in 1985, playing yet again Rita Jacks in the made for television film Peyton Place: The Next Generation.

Post-acting career
Following the demise of Peyton Place, Morrow, inspired by visits to Vietnam, immersed in volunteer work with kids on probation in a ghetto in Los Angeles. On her motivation, she commented: "Those kids need a model. Somebody to say, 'You can do what you want, be what you want.' Most of them don't think they can do anything. It is only through agencies like the Legal Aid Society, that youngsters learn of outlets — where to go and how to get there."

During her volunteer work, Morrow became interested in political and legal leverage. She enrolled in  Glendale University College of Law, from which she graduated during her run on Return to Peyton Place. On her political contribution, Morrow commented: "I want to see if the democratic process works. I want to see if it can be done. I think a lot of our difficulties are perpetuated by untrained office holders, and I resent the fact most politicians don't know a darned thing about local problems."

Personal life
During the run of Peyton Place, Morrow had a relationship with her onscreen husband Christopher Connelly. Morrow married Carl Lance Brisson, the son of Rosalind Russell, in 1975. Shortly after their divorce in 1982, Morrow adopted a baby girl she named Marielle Margaret Morrow.  Her father was Robert (Bob) Morrow, a Los Angeles attorney and Patricia was raised in the Toluca Lake area.

Filmography

References

External links

Living people
American film actresses
American television actresses
Glendale University College of Law alumni
Actresses from Los Angeles
21st-century American women
Year of birth missing (living people)

Patricia Morrow


The Commemorative Cross to the Romanian Heroes of the First World War (), also called the Heroes' Cross on Mount Cairaman (Crucea Eroilor de pe Muntele Caraiman) is a monument built between 1926 and 1928 on Caraiman Peak at an altitude of 2,291 m located in Romania, in the Bucegi Mountains of the Southern Carpathians. It has a height of  and the nearest town is Buşteni. The name of the monument is "The Heroes' Cross", but it is popularly known as the "Cross on Caraiman".

Location and size
The Heroes' Cross is located in the saddle of the Caraiman Mountains, on the slope to the Seacă Valley at an elevation of . The cross itself has a height of  and two arms of  each. The monument is the tallest summit cross in the world situated at such an altitude, as recognized in 2014 by Guinness World Records. The width of the vertical pole is , the horizontal arms have a length by spindle pole of , and a square cross section with sides of . The cross is made out of steel profiles and is mounted on a pedestal of concrete clad with stone  high.  Inside the pedestal there is a room that originally housed the electric generator that powered the 120 light bulbs of 500 W each located on the perimeter of the cross.

Monument construction
The Heroes' Cross was built between 1926 and 1928 in the memory of the railway heroes who died on duty in World War I fighting against the armies of the Central Powers. The cross was erected at the initiative of Marie of Edinburgh and King Ferdinand of Romania in order to be seen from a large distance as possible. The overall project was developed by Romanian architects Georges Cristinel and Constantin Procopiu. The construction of the monument began in 1926 and was completed in August 1928. Queen Marie had closely followed the implementation of her instructions until the completion of the project. Inauguration and consecration of the monument took place on September 14, 1928 on the Holy Cross Day. The monument was made of metal sleepers joined by riveting in a network pattern. The actual construction was done by the Heroes' Cult Society that mobilized a large number of young people. Tools, wood, metal parts, the remaining components and all the necessary materials were transported by train to the Buşteni railway station. From here some metal beams and other building materials were transported by oxen on the route Buşteni - Sinaia - Păduchiosul Peak - Dichiu Peak - Bucegi Plateau - Caraiman Peak and the remaining materials were transported by the funicular owned by the Buşteni Paper Mill. The funicular transported different parts along the Jepilor Valley all the way to Schiel Canton, where they were taken on narrow trails with horses and donkeys to the top of the Caraiman Peak.

Illumination
At first lighting of the monument was made with the help of an electricity generator (located in the concrete pedestal) and 120 bulbs of 500 W each. In 1939 the Cross was connected to the national energy grid and thus the generator was made redundant; the power comes via underground cable from the electrical substation of the Coştila radio relay complex located at an altitude of . Until the communist regime in 1948, the cross was lit on the night of the Dormition of the Theotokos (August 15) but also on the Ascension day when the Hero Remembrance Day was celebrated as well.

The monument is currently administered by the Buşteni City Council. Nowadays, at night, the Cross on Caraiman is illuminated with 300 light bulbs of 500 W each and can be seen from dozens of miles away, on the Prahova Valley. There is a new project which aims to cover the cross with a fluorescent dye and on top of the cross to be a projected laser spot.

Image gallery

Notes

See also
 Tourism in Romania
 Seven Wonders of Romania
Romania during World War I

References
  Răzvan Bunea, Marius Nica, Praise to the Lord at over 2200 meters, Evenimentul Zilei, September 4, 2007, retrieved online at September 11, 2007.

1928 establishments in Romania
Monuments and memorials in Romania
Buildings and structures in Prahova County
Tourist attractions in Prahova County
Monumental crosses
Greater Romania

Heroes' Cross on Caraiman Peak


Little Big Horn College is a public tribal land-grant community college on the Crow Indian Reservation in Crow Agency, Montana. It has an open admissions policy and welcomes enrollment from any adult with a high school diploma or GED. The student body is composed of Crow Tribal members (95 percent), members of American Indian Tribes from around the intermountain west (3 percent), and non-Indian residents of the Big Horn County area (2 percent).

History
Little Big Horn College was chartered in 1980 by the Crow Tribe of Indians as a public two-year community college. Dr. Janine Pease advocated the college's founding and was the college's first president. The name Little Big Horn comes from the smaller of the two rivers on the reservation, both receiving the distinction by the Big Horn Mountains, where the rivers originate. In 1994, the college was designated a land-grant college alongside 31 other tribal colleges.

Academics
LBHC offers six associate of arts and three associate of science degree programs, with one more associate of science degree program in a pilot stage. The courses of study are directed to the economic and job opportunities in the Crow Indian Reservation area, focusing on education, business, Crow studies, agriculture, office/technical work, and infrastructure. The school also offers seven one-year certificate programs.

Campus
The LBHC facility consists of 35,000 square feet of educational space. The LBHC campus is situated on two acres of wooded river valley.

The campus has committed itself to sustainable energy with a goal of carbon neutrality (net-zero emissions). In 2016, the campus installed a 45-kilowatt photovoltaic system on the Health and Wellness Center to capture solar energy, partially funded via grants from the Office of Indian Energy Policy and Programs through the United States Department of Energy.

In 2021, the college received a $100,000 grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services to build a new cultural center and museum, and the planning committee input from the tribe to fill the "need for exhibits within the reservation constructed and interpreted by Indigenous people," citing a recent Crow exhibit at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois, as an example of a museum ensuring active representation. As part of the planning committee, Crow Studies adjunct instructor and state representative Sharon Stewart-Peregoy gave statements to local news for more use of the Crow language in the museum, in alignment with community requests.

Student life and activities
The college offers men and women's basketball leagues that compete in region nine of the National Junior College Athletic Association. At the campus's Health and Wellness Center, students can lift weights and take classes in yoga, aerobics, and nutrition education.

Governance
The college is directed by the board of trustees elected by districts within the reservation.

Partnerships
The college is member of the American Indian Higher Education Consortium, which is a community of tribally and federally chartered institutions working to strengthen tribal nations and make a lasting difference in the lives of American Indians and Alaska Natives. ANC was created in response to the higher education needs of American Indians. ANC generally serves geographically isolated populations that have no other means accessing education beyond the high school level.

The college has a partnership with Yellowstone Christian College.

See also
Crow Nation

Notes

External links

 Bureau of Indian Education National Directory

Buildings and structures in Big Horn County, Montana
Crow tribe
American Indian Higher Education Consortium
Educational institutions established in 1980
Universities and colleges accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities
Tribal Colleges in Montana
Education in Big Horn County, Montana
1980 establishments in Montana
NJCAA athletics

Little Big Horn College


Euornithes (from Greek   meaning "true birds") is a natural group which includes the most recent common ancestor of all avialans closer to modern birds than to Sinornis.

Description
Clarke et al. (2006) found that the most primitive known euornithians (the Yanornithiformes) had a mosaic of advanced and primitive features. These species retained primitive features like gastralia and a pubic symphysis. They also showed the first fully modern pygostyles, and the type specimen of Yixianornis (IVPP 13631) preserves eight elongated rectrices (tail feathers) in a modern arrangement. No earlier pygostylians are known which preserve a fan of tail feathers of this sort; instead, they showed only paired plumes or a tuft of short feathers.

Classification
The name Euornithes has been used for a wide variety of avialan groups since it was first named by Leonhard Stejneger in 1884. It was first defined as a clade in 1998 by Paul Sereno, who made it the group of all animals closer to birds than to Enantiornithes (represented by Sinornis). This definition currently includes similar content as another widely used name, Ornithuromorpha, named and defined by Luis Chiappe in 1999 as the common ancestor of Patagopteryx, Vorona, and Ornithurae, plus all of its descendants. Because one definition is node-based and the other branch-based, Ornithuromorpha is a slightly less inclusive group.

Relationships
The cladogram below follows the results of a phylogenetic analysis by Lee et al., 2014:

The following cladogram below follows the results of a phylogenetic analysis by Pei et al., 2020:

Other genera
The following is a list of primitive euornithian genera and those that cannot be confidently referred to any subgroups, following Holtz (2011) unless otherwise noted.

†Alamitornis
†Changmaornis
†Changzuiornis
†Dingavis
†Gargantuavis
†Horezmavis
†Iteravis
†Juehuaornis
†Platanavis
†Wyleyia?
†Yumenornis
Xinghaiornis
†Zhyraornis

Note that Holtz also included the genera Eurolimnornis and Piksi as euornitheans, though they have since been re-identified as pterosaurs.

References

External links

Evolution of birds
Extant Early Cretaceous first appearances
Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope

Euornithes


Thomas Bailey Aldrich (; November 11, 1836 – March 19, 1907) was an American literary figure. He was the editor of The Atlantic for a long time, when he published works by Charles Chesnutt. He wrote poetry, such as "The Unguarded Gates."

Life

Early life and school
Thomas Bailey Aldrich was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire on November 11, 1836. When Aldrich was a child, his father moved to New Orleans. After 10 years, Aldrich was sent back to Portsmouth to get ready for college. This time in his life is talked about in his semi-autobiographical story The Story of a Bad Boy (1870). This means that it is based partially on his life and partially on a fictional character. In this book, "Tom Bailey" is the young hero.

Work
Aldrich gave up on going to college after his father's death in 1849. At age 16, he joined his uncle's  business office in New York in 1852 and started working on the newspapers and magazines. Aldrich  made friends with other young poets, artists and wits of New York's "bohemia" of the early 1860s, including Edmund Clarence Stedman, Richard Henry Stoddard, Fitz Hugh Ludlow, Bayard Taylor and Walt Whitman. From 1856 to 1859, Aldrich worked for the Home Journal, which was edited by Nathaniel Parker Willis at that time. During the Civil War, he was the editor of the New York Illustrated News.

In 1865 Aldrich went back to New England, where he was editor in Boston for ten years for a publishing company called Ticknor and Fields — at the time they were very well thought of — of the eclectic weekly Every Saturday. It stopped being made in 1875. From 1881 to 1890, Aldrich was editor of the important Atlantic Monthly. As editor, he made tension with his publisher Henry Houghton by not agreeing to publish commissioned articles (ones that had been paid for) by his friends, including Woodrow Wilson and Marion Crawford. When Houghton argued with Aldrich for refusing articles from his friend Daniel Coit Gilman, Aldrich threatened to quit his job and finally did so in June 1890.

Meanwhile Aldrich carried on with his private writing, both in prose (the sort of writing found in most books) and verse (poetry, songs, etc). He had many skills. He was well known for his form in poetry. His many books of verse, mainly The Ballad of Babie Bell (1856), Pampinea, and Other Poems (1861), Cloth of Gold (1874), Flower and Thorn (1876), Friar Jerome's Beautiful Book (1881), Mercedes and Later Lyrics (1883), Wyndham Towers (1889), and the collected editions of 1865, 1882, 1897 and 1900, showed him to be a poet of lyrical skill and light touch. Critics said that his work was like Robert Herrick's.

Aldrich's longer narrative or dramatic poems did not do as well. His important works include "Hesperides," "When the Sultan Goes to Ispahan," "Before the Rain," "Nameless Pain," "The Tragedy," "Seadrift," "Tiger Lilies," "The One White Rose," "Palabras Cariñosas," "Destiny," or the eight-line poem "Identity."

Beginning with the collection of stories called Marjorie Daw and Other People (1873), Aldrich wrote works of realism and quiet humour. His books Prudence Palfrey (1874), The Queen of Sheba (1877), and The Stillwater Tragedy (1880) had more dramatic action. The first showed Portsmouth with the loving touch shown in the shorter funny tale, A Rivermouth Romance (1877). In An Old Town by the Sea (1893), Aldrich wrote about his place of birth again. Travel and description are the theme of From Ponkapog to Pesth (1883).

Marriage and later life

Aldrich married and had two sons. Mark Twain is said to hated Aldrich's wife Lilian. He wrote in 1893: "Lord, I loathe that woman so! She is an idiot—an absolute idiot—and does not know it ... and her husband, the sincerest man that walks ... tied for life to this vacant hellion, this clothes-rack, this twaddling, blethering, driveling blatherskite!"

The Aldrich family were close friends of Henry L. Pierce, a man who had made a lot of money from working with chocolate. Pierce had also been known for being Mayor of Boston. When Pierce died in 1896, he said in his will that the Aldriches could own his home in Canton, Massachusetts.

In 1901, Aldrich's son Charles, who had gotten married the year before, was found to have a disease called tuberculosis. Aldrich built two houses, one for his son and one for him and his family, in Saranac Lake, New York, which was the leading treatment centre for the disease at the time. On March 6, 1904, Charles Aldrich died of tuberculosis, at the age of thirty-four. The family left Saranac Lake and never went back.

Aldrich died in Boston on March 19, 1907. The last thing he was known to have said was, "In spite of it all, I am going to sleep; put out the lights." His Life was written by Ferris Greenslet (1908).

References

Other websites

 1918 Biographical Sketch

 Guide to Thomas Bailey Aldrich papers at Houghton Library , Harvard University

1836 births
1907 deaths
People from Portsmouth, New Hampshire
American poets
Writers from New Hampshire
American editors

Thomas Bailey Aldrich


"Bubbles" is the fifth single taken from Scottish rock band Biffy Clyro's fifth studio album, Only Revolutions. Josh Homme from Queens of the Stone Age, Kyuss and Them Crooked Vultures provides additional lead guitar in the song. Despite being one of the lower charting songs from the album (reaching #34 on the UK singles chart), it has spent more weeks in the top 100 than any other Biffy Clyro song.

Background and recording

According to the band's official website, the CD single of the song will feature new tracks 'Sad Sad Songs', 'Hiya' and 'Street Love' as b-sides across the formats, CD, 2 x 7" Vinyl and Download. It was added to the BBC Radio 1 A List on 21 April 2010.

In an interview with Kerrang! Simon Neil was quick to praise Josh Homme's guitar skills: "He came to the studio and listened to the song," he said, "and two minutes later, he was playing the best guitar solo you've ever heard." 'Street Love' contains the Chorus of older bootlegs/live versions of single 'That Golden Rule'.

Track listing

CD single 14FLR41X, 5051865731375
"Bubbles" - 5:01
"Sad Sad Songs " - 2:54

7" Blue Vinyl14FLR41, 5051865731276

"Bubbles" - 5:01
"Hiya" - 3:22

7" Green Vinyl14FLR41CD, 5051865731122

"Bubbles" - 5:01
"Street Love" - 2:48

iTunes Digital EP
Bubbles - 5:01
Sad Sad Songs - 2:54
Hiya - 3:22
Street Love - 2:48

Critical performance

When NME commented on Only Revolutions, they said on "Bubbles",

Personnel
Simon Neil: Guitar and Lead vocals:
Ben Johnston: Drum Kit and Backing Vocals
James Johnston: Bass guitar and Backing Vocals

Additional Personnel
Josh Homme: Guitar

Chart performance

After receiving placement on BBC Radio 1's A Playlist, "Bubbles" began to receive increasing amounts of digital downloads throughout April 2010. The single entered the UK Singles Chart at #93 on 25 April 2010. The following week the single climbed 33 places to #60. On 9 May 2010, "Bubbles" climbed into the Top 40 at #40, making it the fifth consecutive single from Only Revolutions to enter the UK Top 40. The following week, the single climbed 6 places to its chart peak of #34, before falling back 6 places to #40 on 23 May 2010.

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

External links
 Biffy Clyro - Only Revolutions NME Review

Biffy Clyro songs
2010 singles
Songs written by Simon Neil
Song recordings produced by Garth Richardson
2009 songs
14th Floor Records singles

Bubbles (song)


The 2002 Craven District Council election took place on 2 May 2002 to elect members of Craven District Council in North Yorkshire, England. The whole council was up for election with boundary changes since the last election in 2000 reducing the number of seats by 4. The council stayed under no overall control.

Background
Before the election the Conservatives had exactly half of the seats on the council with 17 councillors, compared to 12 Independents and 5 Liberal Democrats. Due to boundary changes, which reduced the number of seats on the council from 34 to 30, the whole council was elected for the first time since 1974, instead of the usual one-third of the council being elected at each election.

A total of 61 candidates stood for the 30 seats contested, comprising 23 Conservatives, 18 independents, 13 Liberal Democrats and 1 candidate from the Labour Party. 3 Conservative and 3 independent candidates were elected unopposed.

Election result
The Conservatives won the most seats to have 13 councillors but without a majority. The Liberal Democrats made gains to have 9 seats, while independents took 8 seats.

Ward results

References

2002
2002 English local elections
2000s in North Yorkshire

2002 Craven District Council election


The Tongzhi Restoration (; c. 1860–1874) was an attempt to arrest the dynastic decline of the Qing dynasty by restoring the traditional order. The harsh realities of the Opium War, the unequal treaties, and the mid-century mass uprisings of the Taiping Rebellion caused Qing officials to recognize the need to strengthen China. The Tongzhi Restoration was named for the Tongzhi Emperor (r. 1861–1875), and was engineered by the young emperor's mother, the Empress Dowager Cixi (1835–1908). The restoration, however, which applied "practical knowledge" while reaffirming the old mentality, was not a genuine program of modernization. Academics are divided as to whether the Tongzhi Restoration arrested the dynastic decline or merely delayed its inevitable occurrence.

Self-Strengthening Movement

The Tongzhi Restoration was a direct result of the Self-Strengthening Movement led by the statesmen Zeng Guofan (who became viceroy) and Li Hongzhang to revitalize government and improve cultural and economic conditions. The Self-Strengthening Movement's most successful project was its first, the establishment in 1861 of a foreign office to handle diplomacy. Foreign-language schools were established in 1862 in English and French, but enrollment was quite small because ambitious young men preferred to immerse themselves in preparation for the examination on Confucianism. Arsenals were established in 1865 in 1867, and a naval dockyard in 1866. Their products performed very poorly in wars against European powers, but did give the government superior firepower against peasant uprisings. A machine factory was established in 1870, and students were sent for advanced education to the United States starting in 1872. Coal mines were opened in 1877. The Beiyang Fleet  was launched in 1888 to replace the fleet sunk by the French in 1884. Professor Immanuel C. Y. Hsu concludes that the reforms were basically superficial and mostly limited to armaments and machinery. There was no attempt to exploit Western ideas or methods, and so it "barely scratched the surface of modernization, without achieving a breakthrough in industrialization." Two major defeats in wars with France and Japan proved that China could not defend itself. The reforms were poorly organized, with little direction from the royal court, leaving it up to poorly equipped provincial authorities who competed with each other.

Historiography
The chief historian of the Tongzhi Restoration, Mary C. Wright described it as the "last stand of Chinese conservatism", arguing that "not only a dynasty but also a civilization which appeared to have collapsed was revived to last for another sixty years by the extraordinary efforts of extraordinary men in the 1860s." John K. Fairbank wrote, "That the Qing managed to survive both domestic and international attacks is due largely to the policy and leadership changes known as the Qing Restoration."

Notes

References
 Hsu, Immanuel C. Y. The Rise of Modern China (5th ed. 1995) pp 261-94.
 Spence, Jonathan D.  The search for modern China (1990). pp 194-215.
Wright, Mary Clabaugh. The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism: The T'ung-Chih Restoration, 1862 -1874. (Stanford UP, 1957) online free to borrow.

See also

Self-Strengthening Movement
Meiji Restoration

Qing dynasty
Monarchism in China
Right-wing politics in China
Conservatism in China
1860 establishments in China

Tongzhi Restoration


The cruciform tail is an aircraft empennage configuration which, when viewed from the aircraft's front or rear, looks much like a cross. The usual arrangement is to have the horizontal stabilizer intersect the vertical tail somewhere near the middle, and above the top of the fuselage. The design is often used to locate the horizontal stabilizer away from jet exhaust, propeller and wing wake, as well as to provide undisturbed airflow to the rudder.

Prominent examples of aircraft with cruciform tails include the Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck, the British Aerospace Jetstream 31, the Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner, and the Rockwell B-1 Lancer.

See also
 Pelikan tail
 T-tail
 Twin tail
 V-tail

References

Cruciform tail