The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit global policy think tank first formed to offer research and analysis to the United States Armed Forces. The RAND was started in 1946 inside the Douglas Aircraft Company. It was set up as an independent corporation in 1948. The name was taken from R&D (research and development), though in fact it did no development.

Past
Since the 1950s, RAND research has helped form United States policy decisions on many issues: the space race, the U.S.-Soviet nuclear arms confrontation, the creation of the Great Society social welfare programs, the digital revolution, and national health care. It was best known for the doctrine of nuclear deterrence by mutually assured destruction (MAD), based upon their work with game theory. Chief strategist Herman Kahn discussed the idea of a "winnable" nuclear exchange in his 1960 book On Thermonuclear War. This led to Kahn being one of the models for "Dr Strangelove" in Dr. Strangelove. In the movie, RAND is spoofed as the "BLAND Corporation".

Present
The RAND is now financed by the U.S. government and private endowment, corporations, the healthcare industry, universities, and private individuals.

The organization now works with other governments, private foundations, international organizations, and commercial organizations on a host of non-defence issues. RAND techniques were based on operations research (O.R.) which started in World War II. O.R. is the interdisciplinary application of scientific thinking to problem-solving. It relies mostly on the hard sciences like physics and mathematics, and economics. However, some famous biologists and social scientists have worked with RAND at times, and the importance of social ideas and thinking is more important than ever today.

RAND has about 1,700 employees and three principal North American locations: Santa Monica, California (headquarters); Arlington, Virginia; and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The RAND Gulf States Policy Institute has offices in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Jackson, Mississippi. RAND Europe is located in Cambridge, England, and Brussels, Belgium. The RAND-Qatar Policy Institute is in Doha, Qatar. RAND's newest office is in Boston, Massachusetts.

RAND is also home to the Pardee RAND School, which is the world's largest Ph.D.-granting program in policy analysis. Unlike many other universities, all PARDEE RAND Graduate School students receive fellowships in order to cover their education costs. RAND also offers a number of internship and fellowship programs allowing students and outsiders to assist in conducting research for RAND projects. Most of these projects are short-term and are worked on independently with the mentoring of a RAND staff members.

RAND publishes the RAND Journal of Economics, a peer-reviewed journal of economics.

To date, 32 winners of a Nobel Prize, mainly in economics and physics, have been  associated with the RAND at some point in their career.

References

Non-profit organizations of California
Santa Monica, California
Think tanks based in the United States
1948 establishments in the United States
1940s establishments in California

RAND Corporation


Joshua Ian Schwartz (born August 6, 1976) is an American screenwriter and television producer. He is best known for creating and executive producing the Fox teen drama series The O.C. which ran for 4 seasons. Schwartz is also known for developing The CW's series Gossip Girl based on the book of the same name and for co-creating NBC's action-comedy-spy series, Chuck.

At 26, he became one of the youngest people in network history to create a series and run its day-to-day production when he ran The O.C.

Early life
Schwartz was born to a Jewish family in 1976 in Providence, Rhode Island, the son of Steve and Honey Schwartz. His parents were both toy inventors at Hasbro, working on the development of toys such as Transformers and My Little Pony, until they went on to start their own company.  Schwartz grew up on the east side of Providence, Rhode Island with a younger brother, Danny, and a younger sister, Katie. Schwartz always had ambitions of being a writer since early childhood.

When Schwartz was seven years old, he won an essay-writing contest at Summer camp for a review of the recently released movie Gremlins; the opening line was "Spielberg has done it again" and stood out amongst the other submissions. By age twelve, he had a subscription to the entertainment industry newspaper Variety.

He attended Providence's private Wheeler School, a coeducational independent day school, for 11 years, graduating with the class of 1994.

Career
In 1995, Schwartz attended film school to study screen and television writing at the University of Southern California (USC). He became a member of the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity, as well as president of the chapter, and got to see what it's like "behind the gated communities and big mansions" of Southern California which would later provide fodder for his pilot The O.C.

While at USC, Schwartz tried out stand-up comedy at a talent show in front of five hundred people but was "disabused of [the] notion very quickly."
In his sophomore year he wrote an autobiographical screenplay about his senior year in high school called Providence as a homework assignment for school. He entered his screenplay into a contest for the prestigious Nicholson Award in Screenwriting, the highest honor awarded to undergraduates, and won. Unfortunately, the prize was quickly revoked; to be eligible he had to be in his junior year at the time. Schwartz says "I dropped it in a box – I was a sophomore. And I got a call over the summer saying I'd won, and I'd won five thousand dollars. I was like, 'This is awesome!' Then they called back, like, the next day and said you had to be a junior to enter and not a sophomore, so they were rescinding it. I was pretty pissed." Nevertheless, with help from connections through his fraternity, he generated interest in Hollywood to buy his screenplay. In 1997, Sony's TriStar Pictures bought his first screenplay in a bidding war for a deal guaranteeing $550,000 and worth up to $1 million while he was still a junior in college. It was never made.

Schwartz got an agent and subsequently wrote a TV pilot called Brookfield for ABC/Disney while he was still studying at USC. It was a boarding school drama about wealthy kids in New England and was his first TV pilot script; it sold only a few months after he had sold his first feature film script. Brookfield was produced starring Amy Smart and Eric Balfour but never aired. Schwartz then dropped out of USC to work full-time and wrote another pilot called Wall to Wall Records, a drama about working in a music store for Warner Bros. TV that was also produced but never aired.

His writing influences include Cameron Crowe and Woody Allen.

The O.C. (2003–2007)

In 2003, Schwartz wrote a pilot called The O.C. for Warner Bros. TV and Wonderland Sound and Vision which was produced with him as creator and executive producer. At 26 he was the youngest ever creator of a TV show, which did not sit well with Fox executives who sent a series of seasoned pros armed with conventional ideas about how to steer the show and a bitterness about sharing control with someone so young. That changed when Bob DeLaurentis signed on, a TV veteran who proved to be a nurturing presence on the show. Schwartz and Bob DeLaurentis collaborated on supervising and approving the editors' work on each episode in post-production.

The O.C. became an instant teen favorite when it debuted on the Fox Network in August 2003. The show popularized its setting, Orange County, and led to copycats like MTV's reality show Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County and the Bravo documentary series The Real Housewives of Orange County. The show became well known for its music, chosen by Schwartz according to his own musical tastes and designed to reflect who the characters were, bringing the general public an awareness of indie rock bands like Death Cab for Cutie, Bloc Party and Rooney. He has said that he partially based The O.C. character Seth Cohen on his own Jewish upbringing. Schwartz was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for the pilot as well as a People's Choice Award. The O.C. was named "Guilty Pleasure of the Year" by VH1. In 2007, after 4 seasons The O.C. was canceled due to a significant ratings drop.

Schwartz has stayed in touch with his alma maters: The Wheeler School and USC. In 2005, he endowed USC with its first television writing scholarship: The Josh Schwartz Scholarship. The scholarship is intended to be awarded annually to a student or students concentrating on writing for television and in need of financial assistance, who have completed a TV pilot script and first season synopsis. Although Schwartz never graduated from USC he has since worked with many USC alumni. In 2005 he gave a commencement speech to The Wheeler School.

Schwartz has worked on his share of stalled projects. In 2004, he worked as a script doctor on the J. J. Abrams Superman screenplay that Warner Bros. eventually tossed. He sold a pilot to Fox called Alphabet City, a drama about a New York tabloid but it was never produced. He also worked on a drama for Fox called Athens described as an "OC" companion but it was never produced.

Recent projects (2007–present)

In 2005, Paramount signed Schwartz to adapt and direct John Green's young adult novel Looking for Alaska with producer Mark Waters.

It was revealed in late August 2006 that Schwartz would develop and executive produce a drama pilot for The CW, based on the popular book series Gossip Girl by Cecily von Ziegesar. Similar to The O.C., Gossip Girl is a satirical approach of teenagers in a wealthy upbringing. Gossip Girl has become a very popular show for The CW.

In 2007, Schwartz signed a three-year, seven-figure overall deal with Warner Bros. TV to write and exec produce with Chris Fedak an hourlong high-concept action comedy called Chuck for NBC about twenty-something spies and was described in press releases as "in the vein of Grosse Pointe Blank". The plot revolves around a normal guy who downloads the entire CIA and NSA databases into his head.

In May 2008, Schwartz joined Zak Penn's X-Men: First Class project. Schwartz announced that he will write the script for X-Men: First Class, a prequel to the X-Men movies that focuses on the adventures of teen Cyclops, Marvel Girl, Professor X, Beast, Iceman, and Angel. However, his script was later jettisoned.

In Spring 2009, Schwartz launched "Rockville CA", a web-series on TheWB.com that follows young 20-somethings at a fictional rock club in Los Angeles. There are twenty indie band performances in the episodes, including Lykke Li, The Kooks and Kaiser Chiefs.

It was also announced that Schwartz would write and direct Bright Lights, Big City for MGM, based on the iconic debut novel by Jay McInerney. Stephanie Savage was also announced as producer.

In February 2011, The CW ordered a pilot of his new project titled Hart of Dixie.  The show is co-produced with longtime creative partner Stephanie Savage and stars former "O.C." castmember and personal friend of Schwartz, Rachel Bilson. The show was picked up in May 2011 and premiered in fall 2011. At the same time, Schwartz has also been working on a Georgetown pilot for ABC However, ABC did not pick the series for its 2011 - 2012 schedule.

In September 2011, it was announced by The CW that Schwartz and Stephanie Savage had been selected to develop the television adaption of Candace Bushnell's The Carrie Diaries, a prequel to the original Sex and the City television series. The series, set in the 1980s, will follow character Carrie Bradshaw during her years in high school.

In January 2012, it was announced The CW had ordered a pilot for new drama titled Cult, result of collaboration with Stephanie Savage and Len Goldstein. This is Schwartz and Savage's fourth series on the network.

He also developed several adaptations of popular properties, such as Runaways for Marvel, a reboot of Dynasty and Nancy Drew for CW.

Personal life
On September 20, 2008, Schwartz married Jill Stonerock in Santa Barbara, California. The couple were introduced by actress Rachel Bilson, who portrayed Summer Roberts on Schwartz's show The O.C..  Bilson was the maid of honor at the couple's wedding and is godmother of their two daughters.

On December 28, 2021, Schwartz filed for divorce due to "irreconcilable differences".

Filmography

Film

Television

Web

References

Further information

External links

 PopGurls Interview: Josh Schwartz

1976 births
American male screenwriters
American television producers
Jewish American writers
Showrunners
Living people
Businesspeople from Providence, Rhode Island
USC School of Cinematic Arts alumni
American soap opera writers
The O.C.
Chuck (TV series)
Writers from Providence, Rhode Island
American male television writers
American television writers
Screenwriters from Rhode Island

Josh Schwartz


The Windan Bridge is a six-lane road bridge in East Perth, Western Australia which crosses the Swan River and forms part of the Graham Farmer Freeway. Opened in 2000, it sits next to the Goongoongup railway bridge which was built in 1995.

A joint venture between Transfield and Thiess Contractors was selected to construct the bridge from a short-list of three parties. Construction began in 1998. The incrementally-launched bridge is  long with nine spans and comprises two prestressed concrete box girders on two rows of piers. A dual-use pedestrian/cycle pathway is located beneath the main deck.

The bridge is named after Windan, a wife of Yellagonga (sometimes spelt Yallgunga), chief of the Mooro tribe. Her body was buried around the area, according to her wish. The name was chosen in consultation with Noongar elders as part of the Graham Farmer Freeway project. A naming ceremony was held on 9 April 2000 where a plaque was unveiled and a traditional Aboriginal smoking ceremony performed.

The opening of the Graham Farmer Freeway and Windan Bridge was celebrated with a community open day on 22 April 2000 where the public could walk or cycle through the Graham Farmer tunnel and across the bridge. The freeway and bridge was open to traffic the following day.

The bridge is part of a popular exercise trail known as the Windan Bridge Loop, which goes along the banks of the Swan River and across the Windan Bridge and The Causeway.

References

External links

Bridges completed in 2000
Road bridges in Perth, Western Australia
Burswood, Western Australia
East Perth, Western Australia
Box girder bridges
Swan River (Western Australia)

Windan Bridge


Željko Jerkić is a Bosnian diplomat who holds a diplomatic rank of an ambassador in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He is also a Department Head of the Department for Peace and Security of the before mentioned Ministry. He was also a Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Personal life
Jerkić was born in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina to a Croat family. His father, Ivo Jerkić, was an official of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (within Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia). He is the uncle of Ivan Barbalić, a Permanent Representative of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the United Nations Organization.

Jerkić also held positions of a Permanent Delegate of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and of the chargé d'affaires a.i. and latter Ambassador of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

From 2005 to 2010, he also worked as an advisor for the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (the Hague).

Diplomatic career
Jerkić started his diplomatic career in 1983 as an attaché in the Permanent Mission of SFR Yugoslavia at the United Nations Office at Geneva (Switzerland). In 1989, he was an advisor of the Permanent Representative of Yugoslavia at the United Nations Organization. He was the Head of the Delegation of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement. Jerkić was also a participant at numerous conferences, for instance in the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River.

References

Living people
Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Diplomats from Sarajevo
Ambassadors of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the Netherlands
Year of birth missing (living people)

Željko Jerkić


The Assyrians in the Netherlands are Dutch citizens of Assyrian descent and in the Netherlands mostly known as Arameeërs (Arameans/Syriacs) due to their membership to the Syriac Orthodox Church. They mainly live in the east of the country, in the province of Overijssel, in such cities as Enschede, Hengelo, Rijssen, Almelo and Borne. The main reason that the Assyrians are concentrated there is because it is an industrial area which lies at the Germany–Netherlands border, where a large German Assyrian population resides. Many Assyrians in the Netherlands have relatives in Germany.

History

The first Assyrians came to the Netherlands in the 1970s as a result of fights between the PKK and the Turkish army. Most of them were from the province of Mardin in southeastern Turkey, where the aforementioned conflict took place. In the 1980s, Assyrians from Syria, with almost all of them being from the originally Assyrian city of Qamishli (Syriac: ܒܬ ܙܠܝܢ Bet Zalin), began to emigrate to the Netherlands. The latest group of Assyrians to migrate to the Netherlands are from Iraq, and they have been arriving there since the first Gulf War. The large majority of Turkish and Syrian Assyrians in the Netherlands belong to the Syriac Orthodox Church since they are from the western part of the Assyrian homeland, where the Syriac Orthodox Church is the most prominent.

In the 1980s, as with other immigrants in Europe, a strong feeling of nationalism started to develop among the Assyrians in the Netherlands. This sentiment started to make Assyrians be active in working for projects that helped them preserve their identity. A few projects that started out were Assyrian society building, Assyrians churches and Assyrians language classes, which were being given in Dutch schools to Assyrian children and also on weekends in so-called Bible school classes. They also started camps for Assyrians youth and Assyrian music and dance classes were offered in the community. For adult Assyrians, lectures on society building and many social events were organized. Since 1981 there has been a Syriac Orthodox monastery in the village Glane near the German border.

The Assyrians began to organize demonstrations to bring their situation in the Assyrian homeland to the attention of the media and to bring the 20th century Assyrian genocide to the attention of the Dutch government.

Current situation
The Assyrians have managed to both integrate into Dutch society and maintain their own ethnic identity, as there are a lot of social events organized by Assyrian clubs. Some of the latest projects which Assyrians in the Netherlands have started are: the Seyfo Center, the Assyrian Church Choir, representation of Assyrians in the Dutch government (such as Attiya Gamri), and the foundation of the Assyrian Youth Movement (AJF).

Assyrians in the Netherlands mostly belong to Syriac Orthodox Church, but there is also a small community belonging to the Chaldean Catholic Church and Syriac Catholic Church. The first Assyrians mainly worked in factories or opened restaurants, but today, mostly attend university and work in all sectors of the economy.

Notable people
Attiya Gamri
Ninos Gouriye
Gaby Jallo
Jasar Takak
Farid Abdo, a neurologist.

See also
 Turks in the Netherlands
 Iranians in the Netherlands
 Syrians in the Netherlands
 Iraqis in the Netherlands

References

External links
http://www.assyrie.nl/

Netherlands
Middle Eastern diaspora in the Netherlands
Ethnic groups in the Netherlands
Dutch people of Assyrian/Syriac descent

Assyrians in the Netherlands


Hope Ruhindi Mwesigye is a Ugandan lawyer and politician. She is the former Minister for Agriculture, Animal Industry & Fisheries from 16 February 2009 until 27 May 2011. Prior to that, she served as the State Minister for Local Government, from June 2006 until February 2011. In the cabinet reshuffle of 27 May 2011, she was dropped from the cabinet and replaced by Tress Bucyanayandi.

Early life and education
She was born on 28 December 1956, in Kabale District. She attended Kabale High School for her O-Level studies, And Trinity College Nabbingo for her A-Level education. Ms. Mwesigye went on to obtain a law degree (Bachelor of Law) with Honors, from Makerere University. She also holds the Diploma in Legal Practice, from the Law Development Center in Kampala. In addition, she attained the Master of Arts (MA) degree in Women and Gender Studies.

Work experience
Hope Mwesigye worked as a Senior State Attorney in the Ugandan Ministry of Justice for eight years prior to 1988. Between 1988 and 1991, she worked as the Program Officer at Uganda Gender Resources Center, a private non profit organization. Between 1991 and 2001, she served as the executive director of the same non-profit. She has also served as a Program Officer for FIDA (Uganda), another Ugandan non-profit specializing in championing the rights of women. In 2001, she entered elective politics and was elected to the parliamentary seat of Kabale District Women's Representative. She was re-elected in 2006 on the National Resistance Movement political party ticket. She lost her re-election bid in 2011 to Ronah Ninsiima', an Independent politician, who is the incumbent MP for Kabale Women's Representative. In the cabinet reshuffle of 27 May 2011, she was dropped from the cabinet.

Personal Details
She is reported to enjoy community mobilization drives for development. She is married and she is the mother of four children.

See also
 Cabinet of Uganda
 Parliament of Uganda
 Kabale District

References

External links
 Full Ministerial Cabinet List, June 2006
 Full Ministerial Cabinet List, February 2009
Full Ministerial Cabinet List, May 2011
  Hope Mwesigye Faces Storm Over Museveni Petition

1956 births
Living people
People from Kabale District
National Resistance Movement politicians
20th-century Ugandan lawyers
Ugandan women lawyers
Women government ministers of Uganda
Women members of the Parliament of Uganda
People educated at Trinity College Nabbingo
Government ministers of Uganda
Members of the Parliament of Uganda
20th-century women lawyers

Hope Mwesigye


Alexander Mikhailovich Plisetski () (20 October 1931 — 29 October 1985) was a Russian ballet master and choreographer and a younger brother of the famous Russian ballerina Maya Plisetskaya.

Biography

Family
Alexander Plisetski was born on 20 October 1931 into the family of a diplomat and an actress, both of Lithuanian Jewish origin.

His father, Mikhail Plisetski (1899–1938), was Consul General of the USSR at the island of Spitsbergen, where he managed the coal concessions (trust "Arctic - carbon"). In 1938 he was purged, charged with espionage and executed. He was rehabilitated on 3 March 1956.

His mother, Rachel Messerer (1902–1993, also known as Ra Messerer), was a silent film actress.  Shortly after her husband was arrested, she was sent to a labour camp in Kazakhstan named the "".  During her imprisonment, Alexander stayed with the family of her brother, Asaf Messerer, while his elder sister, Maya Plisetskaya, who later became a famous ballerina, was placed in the custody of her sister Sulamith Messerer.

In 1969 Alexander married a ballerina, Marianna Sedova. Their daughter, Anna Plisetskaya (born 1971), became a ballerina and actress.

Career
 In 1949, graduated from the Moscow State Academy of Choreography.
 From 1949 to 1971 - a ballet soloist of the Bolshoi Theatre.
 From 1965 to 1968 - Professor in Moscow State Academy of Choreography.
 From 1968 to 1985 — Ballet master and  Artistic director of ballet in many cities (in particular, since 1972, worked by invitation as Ballet master in Kyiv, Odesa, Ufa, Bashkortostan and Kazan, and, in 1973, with the Finnish National Opera).
 From 1974 to 1976 - founded the ballet in the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos in Lima.
 From 1976 to 1978  — Professor and choreographer with the Ballet company Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires.
 From 1979 to 1980  - Professor and choreographer with the Finnish National Opera, where he staged the ballet Carmen Suite.
 From 1981 to 1985 - Ballet master with the Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Theatre, where, together with the choreographers Michael Lavrovski (Ru) and George Aleksidze (Ru), staged Porgy and Bess and Romeo and Juliet.
 Obtained permission to stage the ballet Serenade for String Orchestra with choreography by George Balanchine.  This ballet was a great success on the stage in November 1984.

Performances

In the period from 1973 to 1985, Alexander Plisetski staged several ballets, including:
 Carmen Suite to the music of Georges Bizet arranged by Shchedrin with choreography by Alberto Alonso
 «Grand Pas Classique» from the ballet Raymonda to music by Glazunov
 Walpurgis Night from the opera Faust by Gounod
 Dances from the opera Turandot and Two widows to the music of Smetana
 Porgy and Bess to the music of Gershwin with choreography by Michael Lavrovski
 Romeo and Juliet to music by Prokofiev
 Serenade to music by Tchaikovsky

Theatres which have hosted Plisetsi's productions include, The Odesa Opera and Ballet Theater, the National Opera of Ukraine, the Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Theatre, the Sydney Opera House, the Finnish National Opera, the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos and the Teatro Colón.

Death
Plisetski was in need of heart surgery, which should have been carried out in the United States by invitation from Igor Youskevitch; however, due to his choreographic commitments, the operation was postponed. In the last year of his life he was actively involved in the staging of Serenade for Strings, which premiered in Moscow in November 1984.

Plisetski died on 29 October 1985 in Moscow during heart surgery.

Awards and honours
Diploma of the Presidium of the Supreme Council

Reviews
 "... The success of the ballet in Moscow at the Bolshoi Theater and the Central Concert Hall is big and obvious ... one-act ballet to the music of "Serenade for Strings" by Tchaikovsky, resume carefully and anxiously. Alexander Plisetski was able to obtain from the corps de ballet of artistic disciplines, which does not exclude the spirituality of dance ... The very fact of staging "Serenade" looks like a wonderful symbol: Balanchine if returned to his homeland in the hold of his best creations..."
 " ... ballet "Serenade" (choreographer - tutor Alexander Plisetski) pleased with freshness and harmony of plastic paint ..."

See also
 List of Russian ballet dancers

References

External links
 Alexander Plisetski's Biography

Russian male ballet dancers
Ballet choreographers
Russian choreographers
Russian Jews
Ballet teachers
Plisetski–Messerer family
1931 births
1985 deaths

Alexander Plisetski


Carl Friedrich Wenzel (26 February 1793) was a German chemist and metallurgist who determined the reaction rates of various chemicals, establishing, for example, that the amount of metal that dissolves in an acid is proportional to the concentration of acid in the solution. Thus he was the first person to give the notion of equivalent weight and to publish a table of equivalent weights of acids and bases. Later Jeremias Benjamin Richter produced a larger table of equivalent weights.

Wenzel, whose first name is also spelled Karl, was born at Dresden in 1740. Disliking his father's trade of bookbinding, for which he was intended, he left home in 1755, and after taking lessons in surgery and chemistry at Amsterdam, became a ship's surgeon in the Dutch service. In 1766, tired of sea-life, he went to study chemistry at Leipzig, and afterwards devoted himself to metallurgy and assaying at his native place with much success.

Thanks to that success, in 1780 Wenzel was appointed chemist to the Freiberg foundries by the elector of Saxony. In 1785 he became assessor to the superintending board of the foundries, and in 1786 chemist to the porcelain works at Meissen.

He died at Freiberg.

Works
 Recepttaschenbuch für das Gebiet der Kinderkrankheiten . Vol. 1/2 . Palm & Enke, Erlangen 1829-1830 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf

References

External links

1740 births
1793 deaths
19th-century German chemists
German metallurgists
Engineers from Dresden
Physicians from Saxony
Naval surgeons

Carl Friedrich Wenzel


Raymond Picard (6 August 1917 – 5 September 1975) was a French author, prominent Sorbonne professor and Jean Racine scholar.

Work
Picard is noted for his scathing tract "Nouvelle critique ou nouvelle imposture?" ("New Criticism or New Fraud?"), which was aimed at the "subjective" analytical approach of Roland Barthes (as found in "On Racine") and other non-traditional approaches by writers and academics of  "New Criticism", including Lucien Goldmann, Charles Mauron, Jean-Paul Weber and Jean-Pierre Richard. Barthes' response to this critique came in the form of Critique et vérité, which postulated a 'science of criticism' to replace the 'university criticism' perpetuated by Picard and his colleagues   The heated, public debate between Picard and Barthes became somewhat of a watershed moment in the development of literary structuralism.  Picard felt that "Barthes was 'the instrument of a criticism that operates by instinct,' that uses a pseudoscientific jargon to make inept and absurd assertions in the name of biological, psychoanalytic and philosophic knowledge" and of "New Criticism" believed that "the mixture of impressionism and dogmatism set to a modernist rhythm of indetermination 'makes it possible to say absolutely any stupid thing'."

Bibliography
The Career of Jean Racine
The Complete Works of Racine
New Criticism or New Fraud?

References

External links
 "New Criticism or New Fraud ?"
 Essay touching on Picard's critique of so-called "New Criticism"

1917 births
1975 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Paris
French literary critics
French male non-fiction writers
20th-century French male writers

Raymond Picard


The 1953 Taça de Portugal final was the final match of the 1952–53 Taça de Portugal, the 13th season of the Taça de Portugal, the premier Portuguese football cup competition organized by the Portuguese Football Federation (FPF). The match was played on 28 June 1953 at the Estádio Nacional in Oeiras, and opposed two Primeira Liga sides: Benfica and Porto. Benfica defeated Porto 5–0 to claim their seventh Taça de Portugal.

Match

Details

References

1953
Taca
S.L. Benfica matches
FC Porto matches

1953 Taça de Portugal final


Hans-Ulrich Wehler (September 11, 1931 – July 5, 2014) was a German left-liberal historian known for his role in promoting social history through the "Bielefeld School", and for his critical studies of 19th-century Germany.

Life
Wehler was born in Freudenberg, Westphalia. He studied history and sociology in Cologne, Bonn and, on a  Fulbright scholarship, at Ohio University in the United States; working for six months as a welder and a truck driver in Los Angeles. He took his PhD in 1960 under Theodor Schieder at the University of Cologne. His dissertation examined social democracy and the nation state and the question of nationality in Germany between 1840 and 1914. His postdoctoral thesis on Bismarck and imperialism, opened the way for an academic career. His habilitation project on "American imperialism between 1865 and 1900", supported by the American Council of Learned Societies, permitted him to do research in American libraries in 1962–1953 and resulted in two books. In all he spent six years in the US and was strongly influenced by its academic structures and by research in comparative modernization.

Wehler taught at the University of Cologne (1968–1970), at the Free University of Berlin (1970–1971) and at Bielefeld University (1971–1996).

Wehler and his colleagues Jürgen Kocka and Reinhart Koselleck founded the Bielefeld School of historical analysis. Instead of emphasizing the political aspects of history, which is the conventional approach, its proponents concentrate on sociocultural developments. History as "historical social science", as Wehler described it, has been explored mainly in the context of studies of German society in the 19th and the 20th centuries. He served as editor of the new journal  from 1975.

He married Renate Pfitsch in 1958 and had three children with her.

In 2003, Wehler won the NRW State Prize.

Bielefeld School
Wehler is a leader of the so-called Bielefeld School, a group of historians who use the methods of the social sciences to analyze history.

Social history developed within West German historiography in the 1950s the 1960s as a successor to the national history, which was discredited by National Socialism. The German brand of "history of society" (Gesellschaftsgeschichte) has been known from its beginning in the 1960s for its application of sociological and political modernization theories to German history. Modernization theory was presented by Wehler and the Bielefeld School as the way to transform "traditional" German history, that is, national political history, centred on a few "great men," into an integrated and comparative history of German society encompassing societal structures outside politics. Wehler drew upon the modernization theory of Max Weber, with concepts also from Karl Marx, Otto Hintze, Gustav Schmoller, Werner Sombart and Thorstein Veblen.

Wehler's Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte, (1987-) is a comprehensive five-volume history of German society in the 18th to the 20th centuries. Each volume approaches historical processes from a social history perspective, organized under the themes of demographics, economics, and social equality.  His detailed structural analysis of developmental processes supported by a vast body of notes and statistics sometimes obscures the larger context. Nonetheless, patterns of continuity and change in the social fabric are emphasized. More than a historiographical synthesis of Ranke and Marx (envisioned by some German historians after the catastrophe of World War I), Wehler's work incorporates Max Weber's concepts of authority, economy, and culture and strives toward a concept of "total history."

Volumes 1-2 cover the period from feudalism through the Revolution of 1848. Volume 3 Von der "Deutschen Doppelrevolution" bis zum Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges 1849-1914 (1995) employs Wehler's longtime emphasis on a German Sonderweg or "special path" as the root of Nazism and the German catastrophe in the 20th century. Wehler places the origins of Germany's path to disaster in the 1860s and the 1870s, when economic modernization took place, but political modernization failed to take place and the old Prussian rural elite remained in firm control of the army, diplomacy and the civil service. Traditional, aristocratic, premodern society battled an emerging capitalist, bourgeois, modernizing society. Recognizing the importance of modernizing forces in industry and the economy and in the cultural realm, Wehler argued that reactionary traditionalism dominated the political hierarchy of power in Germany, as well as social mentalities and in class relations (Klassenhabitus). Wehler's Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte: Vom Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges bis zur Gründung der beiden Deutschen Staaten 1914-1949 (2003) is the fourth volume of his monumental history of German society. Germany's catastrophic politics between 1914 and 1945 are interpreted in terms of a delayed modernization of its political structures.

At the core of Wehler's fourth volume is his treatment of "the middle class" and "revolution," each of which was instrumental in shaping the 20th century. Wehler's examination of Nazi rule is shaped by his concept of "charismatic domination," which focuses heavily on Adolf Hitler. The fifth volume extended to 1990; none of the series has yet been translated into English.

From the 1980s, however, the Bielefeld school was increasingly challenged by proponents of the "cultural turn" for not incorporating culture in the history of society, for reducing politics to society, and for reducing individuals to structures. Historians of society inverted the traditional positions they criticized (on the model of Marx's inversion of Hegel). As a result, the problems pertaining to the positions criticized were not resolved but only turned on their heads. The traditional focus on individuals was inverted into a modern focus on structures, and traditional emphatic understanding was inverted into modern causal explanation.

Champion of the Sonderweg theory
Wehler specialised in research into the German Empire. He was one of the more famous proponents of the Sonderweg (Special Path) thesis that argues Germany in the 19th century underwent only partial modernization. Wehler has argued that Germany was the only nation to be created in Western Europe through a military "revolution from above", which happened to occur at the same time that the agricultural revolution was fading and the Industrial Revolution was beginning in Central Europe. As a result, the economic sphere was modernized and the social sphere partially modernized. Politically, in Wehler's opinion, the new unified Germany retained values that were aristocratic and feudal, anti-democratic and pre-modern. In Wehler's view, the efforts of the reactionary German elite to retain power led to the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, the failure of the Weimar Republic and the coming of Nazi Germany.

Wehler has especially criticised what he terms Otto von Bismarck's strategy of "negative integration" by which Bismarck sought to create a sense of Deutschtum (Germanism) and to consolidate his power by subjecting various minority groups (such as Roman Catholics, Alsatians, Poles and Social Democrats) to discriminatory laws. Wehler is one of the foremost advocates of the "Berlin War Party" historical school, which assigns the sole and exclusive responsibility for World War I to the German government.

Wehler sees the aggressive foreign policies of the German Empire, especially under Kaiser Wilhelm II, largely as part of an effort on the part of the government to distract the German people from the lack of internal democracy. The  ("primacy of domestic politics") argument to explain foreign policy, for which Wehler owes much to the work of Eckart Kehr, places him against the traditional  ("primacy of foreign politics") thesis championed by historians, such as Gerhard Ritter, Klaus Hildebrand,  Andreas Hillgruber and Ludwig Dehio. Wehler advocates the concept of social imperialism, which he defined as "the diversions outwards of internal tensions and forces of change in order to preserve the social and political status quo", and as a "defensive ideology" to counter the "disruptive effects of industrialization on the social and economic structure of Germany".

Wehler thought that the German government had used social imperialism as a device to allow it to distract public attention from domestic problems to the benefit of preserving the existing social and political order. Wehler argued that the dominant elites used social imperialism as the glue to hold together a fractured society and to maintain popular support for the social status quo. He further argued that German colonial policy in the 1880s provides the first example of social imperialism in action, followed by the "Tirpitz Plan" to expand the German Navy from 1897 onwards. That point of view sees groups such as the Colonial Society and the Navy League as government instruments to mobilise public support. Wehler saw the demands for annexing most of Europe and Africa in World War I as the pinnacle of social imperialism.

In the 1970s, Wehler became involved in a somewhat-discordant and acrimonious debate with Hildebrand and Hillgruber over the merits of both approaches to diplomatic history. Hillgruber and Hildebrand argued for the traditional Primat der Aussenpolitik approach with empirical research on the foreign-policy making elite, but Wehler argued for the Primat der Innenpolitik approach, treating diplomatic history as a sub-branch of social history with the focus on theoretical research. The two major intellectual influences Wehler cites are Karl Marx and Max Weber

Philosophy of history
Wehler often criticised traditional German historiography with its emphasis on political events, the role of the individual in history and history as an art as unacceptably conservative and incapable of properly explaining the past.

Wehler saw history as a social science and contends that social developments are frequently more important than politics. In his view, history is a "critical social science" that must examine both the "temporal structures" of a society and encourage a "freer critical awareness of society". Wehler advocated an approach he calls Historische Sozialwissenschaft (historical social science), which integrates elements of history, sociology, economics and anthropology to study in a holistic fashion long-term social changes in a society In Wehler's view, Germany between 1871 and 1945 was dominated by a social structure that retarded modernization in some areas but allowed it in others. For Wehler, Germany's defeat in 1945 finally smashed the "premodern" social structure and allowed Germany become a normal "Western" country.

Historikerstreit and other controversies
Wehler was a leading critic of what he saw as efforts by reactionary historians to whitewash German history. He played an important part in the Historikerstreit (historians' dispute) of the 1980s. The debate began after an article by the philosopher Ernst Nolte was published in the German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung on June 6 of 1986. In his article, Nolte claimed that there was a causal connection between the Gulag and Nazi extermination camps, the previous having supposedly affected the latter, which he called an überschießende Reaktion ("overshooting reaction"). That infuriated many (mainly left wing) intellectuals, such as Wehler and the philosopher Jürgen Habermas, who strongly rejected Nolte's thesis and presented a case for seeing the crimes of Nazi Germany as uniquely evil, which Nolte's defenders claimed that Nolte had never disputed in the first place.

Wehler was ferocious in his criticism of Nolte and wrote several articles and books, which Wehler himself admitted to be polemical attacks on Nolte. In his 1988 book on the Historikerstreit, Entsorgung der deutschen Vergangenheit?: ein polemischer Essay zum "Historikerstreit" (Exoneration of the German Past?: A Polemical Essay about the 'Historikerstreit'''), Wehler criticised every aspect of Nolte's views and called the Historikerstreit a "political struggle" for the historical understanding of the German past between "a cartel devoted to repressing and excusing" the memory of the Nazi years, of which Nolte was the chief member, against "the representatives of a liberal-democratic politics, of an enlightened, self-critical position, of a rationality which is critical of ideology".

Besides Nolte, Wehler also attacked the work of Michael Stürmer as "a strident declaration of war against a key element of the consensus upon which the socio-political life of this second republic has rested heretofore" During the Historikerstreit, Wehler was one of the few historians to endorse Jürgen Habermas's method of attacking Andreas Hillgruber by creating a sentence about "tested senior officials in Nazi Party in the East" out of a long sentence in which Hillgruber had said no such thing on the grounds that it was a secondary issue of no real importance.

The British historian Richard J. Evans, normally a fierce critic of Hillgruber, felt that Habermas and Wehler had gone too far in attacking Hillgruber with the line about "tested senior officials".

In a 1989 essay, the American historian Jerry Muller criticised Wehler as a "leading Left-Liberal historian" who used the Historikerstreit to smear neoconservatives unjustly by the Nazi tag Muller went on to write of the "interesting peculiarity of the political culture of German Left-liberal intellectuals" such as Wehler, who referred to Stalinist repression in the Soviet Union as "the excesses of the Russian Civil War" and argued that there was no comparison between Soviet and German history. Instead, Wehler suggested that the only valid comparisons were between the history of Germany and that of other Western nations.

Muller criticised Wehler for his lack of interest in Soviet history and his unwillingness to engage in a comparative history between Eastern and Western nations, instead of just Western nations.

Along somewhat-similar lines to the stance that he had taken during the Historikerstreit, Wehler in September 1990 strongly condemned a newspaper opinion piece by Harold James, who suggested national legends and myths were needed to sustain national identity.

Criticism
Wehler's work has been criticized.
By right-wingers
From the right, Otto Pflanze claimed that Wehler's use of such terms as "Bonapartism", "social imperialism", "negative integration" and Sammlungspolitik ("the politics of rallying together") went beyond mere heuristic devices and instead become a form of historical fiction. The German conservative historian Thomas Nipperdey has argued that Wehler presented German elites as more united than they were, focused too much on forces from above and too little on forces from below in 19th-century German society and presented too stark of a contrast between the forces of order and stabilization and the forces of democracy with no explanation for the German Empire's relative stability. Nipperdey thinks that Wehler failed to explain how the Weimar Republic occurred since Wehler considered that prior to 1918, the forces of authoritarianism were so strong and those of democracy so weak. In a 1975 book review of Wehler's Das Deutsche Kaiserreich, Nipperdey concluded that a proper history of the German Empire period must be written by placing German history in a comparative European and trans-Atlantic perspective, which might allow the end of "our fixation on the struggle with our great-grandfathers".
By left-wingers
From the left, Wehler has been criticized by two British Marxist historians, David Blackbourn and Geoff Eley. Their 1980 book Mythen deutscher Geschichtsschreibung (translated into English in 1984 as The Peculiarities of German History) rejected the entire concept of the Sonderweg as a flawed construct supported by "a curious mixture of idealistic analysis and vulgar materialism", which led to an "exaggerated linear continuity between the nineteenth century and the 1930s". In Blackbourn and Eley's view, there was no Sonderweg, and it is ahistorical to ask why Germany did not become Britain for the simple reasons that Germany is Germany and Britain is Britain. Moreover, Eley and Blackbourn argued that after 1890, there was a tendency towards greater democratization in German society with the growth of civil society, as reflected in the growth of trade unions and a more-or-less free press.

In addition, Eley contends that there were three flaws in Wehler's theory of social imperialism. The first is that Wehler credited leaders such as Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz and Prince Bernhard von Bülow with a greater degree of vision than they really had. The second was that many of the right-wing pressure groups who advocated an imperialist policy for Germany were not government creations and often even demanded policies that were far more aggressive than those that the government wanted to undertake. The third was that many of the groups that advocated imperialism demanded a policy of political and social reform at home to complement imperialism abroad. Eley argued that thinking about social imperialism requires a broader picture with an interaction between above and below and a wider view of the relationship between imperialism abroad and domestic politics.

Goldhagen Controversy
During the "Goldhagen Controversy" of 1996, Wehler was a leading critic of Daniel Goldhagen, especially in regards to the latter's claims in his book Hitler's Willing Executioners about an alleged culture of murderous German "eliminationist anti-Semitism". However, Wehler was more sympathetic towards Goldhagen's claims on the motives of Holocaust perpetrators. The Canadian historian Fred Kautz called Wehler an anti-Semite for his attacks on Goldhagen. Kautz wrote "He [Wehler] doesn't dare say it openly that he thinks Goldhagen is incapable of writing about the Holocaust because he is a Jew.... It's flabbergasting what perverse ideas are dreamt up in the studies of German professors, where according to an ancient legend, one seeks the truth unperturbed, sine ira et studio ('with diligence and without anger'): the victims of history should not be allowed to write their own history!"

In 2000, Wehler became the eighth German historian to be inducted as an honorary member of the American Historical Association. Wehler accepted with some reluctance as previous German historians who had become honorary members included Leopold von Ranke, Gerhard Ritter and Friedrich Meinecke.

In a 2006 interview, Wehler supported the imprisonment of David Irving for Holocaust denial in Austria: "The denial of such an unimaginable murder of millions, one third of whom were children under the age of 14, cannot simply be accepted as something protected by the freedom of speech". In his final years, Wehler had been a leading critic of Turkey's possible accession to the European Union.

Work

 Bismarck und der Imperialismus, 1969.
 "Bismarck's Imperialism 1862–1890" Past and Present, No. 48, August 1970. pages 119–155 online edition
 "Industrial Growth and Early German Imperialism" from Studies in the Theory of Imperialism edited by Roger Owen and Bob Sutcliffe, London: Longman, 1972
 Das Deutsche Kaiserreich, 1871-1918, 1973; translated from the German by Kim Traynor as The German Empire, 1871-1918, Leamington Spa: Berg Publishers, 1985, .
 Geschichte als historische Sozialwissenschaft, 1973.
 Krisenherde des Kaiserreichs, 1871-1918, 1973.
 Modernisierungstheorie und Geschichte, 1975.
 Historische Sozialwissenschaft und Geschichtsschreibung, 1980.
 ""Deutscher Sonderweg" oder allgemeine Probleme des westlichen Kapitalismus" pages 478-487 from Merkur, Volume 5, 1981.
 "Historiography in Germany Today" from Observations on "The Spiritual Situation of the Age": Contemporary German Perspectives, edited by Jürgen Habermas, 1984.
 Preussen ist wieder chic: Politik und Polemik in zwanzig Essays, 1985.
 Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte, vol. 1-5, 1987-2008.
 David F. Crew. "Review of Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte-Vierter Band: Vom Beginn des Ersten Weltkriegs bis zur Gründung der beiden deutschen Staaten 1914-1949," H-German, H-Net Reviews, June, 2005. online review
 Entsorgung der deutschen Vergangenheit: ein polemischer Essay zum "Historikerstreit", 1988.
 "Unburdening the German Past? A Preliminary Assessment", pages 214-223 from Reworking The Past: Hitler, the Holocaust, and the Historians' Debate edited by Peter Baldwin, Boston: Beacon Press, 1990, .
 Nationalismus und Nationalstaat: Studien zum nationalen Problem im modernen Europa, co-edited with Otto Dann and Theodor Schieder, 1991.
 Die Gegenwart als Geschichte, 1995.
 "The Goldhagen Controversy: Agonising Problems, Scholarly Failure, and the Political Dimension", pages 80–91 from German History, Volume 15, 1997.

Endnotes

References

 Berdahl, Robert. Review of Krisenherde des Kaiserreichs, 1871-1918: Studien zur deutschen Sozial- und Verfassungsgeschichte, pages 276-278 from The Journal of Modern History, Volume 44, Issue # 2, June 1972.
 Chickering, Roger. Review of Die Gegenwart als Geschichte: Essays, pages 145-146 from Central European History, Volume 29, Issue # 1, 1996.
 Droz, Jacques "Postface", pages 125-135 from Le Mouvement social, Number 136, July- September 1986
 Eley, Geoff and Blackbourn, David. The Peculiarities of German History, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.
 Eley, Geoff. "Social Imperialism", pages 925-926 from Modern Germany, Volume 2, New York, Garland Publishing, 1998.
 Epstein, Klaus. Review of Sozialdemokratie und Nationalstaat: Die Deutsche Sozialdemokratie und die Nationalitatenfragen in Deutschland von Karl Marx bis zum Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkrieges, pages 739-740 from The American Historical Review, Volume 68, Issue # 3 April 1963.
 Evans Richard. Review of Historische Sozialwissenschaft und Geschichtsschreibung: Studien zu Aufgaben und Traditionen deutscher Geschichtswissenschaft, pages 941-942 from The English Historical Review, Volume 98, Issue # 389, October 1983.
 Fletcher,  Roger. "Recent Developments in West German Historiography: the Bielefeld School and its Critics." German Studies Review 1984 7(3): 451-480. in Jstor
 Hamerow, Theodore S. "Guilt, Redemption and Writing German History", pages 53–72 from The American Historical Review, February 1983, Volume 88.
 Van Horn Melton, James. Review of Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte. Volume 1, Vom Feudalismus des Alten Reiches bis zur Defensiven Modernisierung der Reformara 1700-1815; Volume 2, Von der Reformara bis zur Industriellen und Politischen "Deutschen Doppelrevolution" 1815-1845/49, pages 189-190 from The American Historical Review, Volume 95, No. 1, February 1990.
 Iggers, Georg. Review of Entsorgung der deutschen Vergangenheit? Ein polemischer Essay zum "Historikersteit, pages 1127–1128 from The American Historical Review, Volume 94, #. 4, October 1989.
 Jones, Maldwyn. Review of Der Aufstieg des amerikanischen Imperialismus: Studien zur Entwicklung des Imperium Americanum, 1865-1900 pages 223-223 from The English Historical Review, Volume 92, Issue # 362, January 1977.
 John, Michael. Review of Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte, pages 701-704 from The English Historical Review, Volume 104, Issue # 412, July 1989.
 Kennedy, Paul. Review of Der Aufstieg des amerikanischen Imperialismus: Studien zur Entwicklung des Imperium Americanum, 1865-1900, pages 139-140 from The Pacific Historical Review, Volume 46, Issue # 1, February 1977.
 Kautz, Fred. The German Historians: Hitler's Willing Executioners and Daniel Goldhagen, Montreal: Black Rose Books, 2003,
 Kershaw, Ian. The Nazi Dictatorship: problems and perspectives of interpretation, London: Arnold; 2000.
 Lorenz, Chris. "Wehler, Hans-Ulrich," in * Lorenz, Chris. "'Won't You Tell Me, Where Have All the Good Times Gone'? On the Advantages and Disadvantages of Modernization Theory for History." Rethinking History 2006 10(2): 171-200.  Fulltext: Ebsco
 Lorenz, Chris. "Beyond Good and Evil? The German Empire of 1871 and Modern German Historiography." Journal of Contemporary History 1995, 30(4): 729-765. in Jstor
 McClelland, Charles. Review of Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte, pages 184-186 from The Journal of Modern History, Volume 62, Issue # 1, March 1990.
 Muller, Jerry. "German Historians At War", pages 33–42 from Commentary, Volume 87, Issue #5, May 1989.
 Nipperdey, Thomas Nachdenken über die Deutsche Geschichte, Munich: Beck, 1986.
 Pflanze, Otto. Review of Bismarck und der imperialismus, pages 1146–1147 from The American Historical Review, Volume 75, Issue # 4 April 1970.
 Pyeatt, Niler. Review of Die "radikale Rechte" in Grßbritannien: Nationalistische, Antisemitische und Faschistische Bewegungen vom Späten 19. Jahrhundert bis 1945, pages 792-794 from The Journal of Modern History, Volume 66, Issue # 4, December 1994.
 Retallack, James. "Social History with A Vengeance? Some Reactions to H-U Wehler's "Das Deutsche Kaiserreich"", pages 423-450 from German Studies Review, Volume 7, #. 3, October 1984.
 Retallack, James. Review of Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte, Bd. 3: Von der Deutschen Doppelrevolution bis zum Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges, 1849-1914, pages 339-340 from German Studies Review, Volume 20, Issue # 2, May, 1997
 Rich, Norman Review of Bismarck und der Imperialismus, pages 421-423 from The Journal of Modern History, Volume 42, Issue # 3, September 1970.
 Schoonover, Thomas Review of 200 Jahre amerikanische Revolution und moderne Revolutionsforschung, pages 769-770 from The Journal of American History, Volume 64, Issue # 3, December 1977.
 Schoonover, Thomas Review of Grundzuge der amerikanischen Aussenpolitik, page 181 from The Journal of American History, Volume 73, Issue # 1 June. 1986.
 Sessions, Kyle Review of Der deutsche Bauernkrieg, 1524-1526, pages 122-123 from The American Historical Review, Volume 82, Issue # 1 February 1977
 Simon, W.M. Review of Krisenherde des Kaiserreichs, 1871-1918: Studien zur deutschen Sozial- und Verfassungsgeschichte, pages 646-647 from The English Historical Review'', Volume 87, Issue # 344, July 1972.

External links
 Review of Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte by David F. Crew, 2005
 German Historiography in Transatlantic Perspective: Interview with Hans-Ulrich Wehler
 "Pity for this Man is Out of Place" Wehler on David Irving
 Review of Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte
 2003 NRW State Prize for Wehler
 Udo Steinbach vs. Hans-Ulrich Wehler Experts Debate Turkey's Role in Europe

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20th-century German historians
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21st-century German historians

Hans-Ulrich Wehler


Magic Valley Mall is an enclosed shopping mall located in Twin Falls, Idaho. The mall originally opened on October 29, 1986 with JCPenney and Shopko as anchor tenants. Today, the mall is anchored by JCPenney, Hobby Lobby, Kohl's, and Magic Valley Cinema 13.

History

Development and opening
In February 1979, Lewis Douglas Co. proposed plans for a shopping mall in Twin Falls on land owned by farmer Oren Boone located at the northeast corner of Blue Lakes Boulevard and Pole Line Road. In March 1980, General Growth Properties purchased the site from Lewis Douglas Co. and announced plans for Canyon Ridge Mall. The proposed 512,000 to 700,000 square-foot mall would consist of four department stores and 90 specialty stores with a completion date of fall 1982 or early 1983. At the same time, Woodbury Corporation announced plans to separate shopping mall across from Canyon Ridge Mall on the west side of Blue Lakes Boulevard. By May 1980, zoning changes were approved to allow construction of both shopping malls.

In February 1981, a third mall, developed by Price Development Corporation, received zoning change to construct on a 30 acre site south of the Canyon Ridge Mall site on Pole Line Road. After facing opposition from the nearby Green Acres housing subdivision, Twin Falls City Council denied the zoning change, which triggered a two-year court battle between the city and Price. In September 1983, Price abandoned its original plan and acquired the Canyon River Mall site from General Growth Properties. Price's new plans called for a smaller 450,000 square-feet mall with four department stores. Twin Falls City Council approved the development in February 1984. In May 1984, a spokesman for Price confirmed it was courting The Bon Marché, JCPenney, and ZCMI to anchor the shopping mall. ZCMI was ruled out as a potential anchor in March 1985. Two months later, Shopko announced plans to anchor the new mall, now named Magic Valley Mall, as part of a plan to open six stores in Idaho. The Bon Marché and JCPenney were later confirmed to relocate from downtown Twin Falls to the mall. JCPenney also announced the closure of a store in Jerome as part of its plan to open at the mall. Price Development broke ground on Magic Valley Mall on August 21, 1985. The mall's first tenant, Shopko, opened on October 13, 1986, with JCPenney and other smaller tenants opening on October 29. The Bon Marché opened on July 30, 1987.

Later additions
In November 1988, Sears announced plans to relocate from downtown Twin Falls to the mall. The store opened on August 2, 1989. A fifth anchor tenant, Lamonts, was added to the mall in February 1992, but closed in December 1996. In 1995, a strip mall was built next to the mall with Barnes & Noble as an anchor. In September 1998, Reel Theaters opened a six-screen discount movie theater in the space formerly occupied by Lamonts. The theater was sold to Interstate Amusements in May 2000 and renamed Odyssey Theater. In August 2003, The Bon Marché was renamed Bon-Macy's and became a full-fledged Macy's in January 2005.

In March 2011, Cinema West announced to plans replace the Odyssey Theater with a new, larger cinema complex. Odyssey Theater was shut down in September 2011, with the new Magic Valley Cinema 13 opening in May 2012. On August 1, 2017, Macy's announced it would not renew its lease at the mall and shut down in early 2018. On January 4, 2018, Sears announced it would close its store at the mall in April. The Macy's store was replaced by Hobby Lobby in September 2018. On February 6, 2019, Shopko announced it would close on May 12, 2019. On August 5, 2019, Kohl's confirmed it will open a store in the former Sears building. The store opened on May 11, 2020.

References

Shopping malls in Idaho
Shopping malls established in 1986
Twin Falls, Idaho
Buildings and structures in Twin Falls County, Idaho
Tourist attractions in Twin Falls County, Idaho
1986 establishments in Idaho

Magic Valley Mall


Inventing Elliot is a 2003 young adult novel by Graham Gardner. It is about a young teenager who decides to become a different person and ends up being invited to join a secret society which is orchestrating a reign of terror at his new school. Since its first publication by Orion Children's Books it has been translated into more than ten languages and become a worldwide critically acclaimed bestseller.

Setting
Inventing Elliot is set in England, where Elliot lives with his mother and his father who has just been in a serious trauma. The main action takes place at a fictional school, Holminster High. Contrary to what some reviewers have said, Holminster High is a state school, not a private school.

Themes
Inventing Elliot is a book about the ways in which most people lie about what they think and feel in order to fit in, and the extent to which that lying can compromise psychological integrity and emotional wellbeing. The clue is in the title: Inventing Elliot. The protagonist, Elliot, hides his real self, which he believes will attract unwelcome attention, behind a veneer of 'cool'. Inside, however, he is terrified and vulnerable. At various points during the story Elliot thinks of himself as wearing a 'mask', and a sympathetic teacher refers to 'the armour' that most people put on each day. The book was inspired by the experiences of the author, although the story is fiction rather than autobiography.

A secondary theme of the book might be 'unintended consequences', perhaps with the underlying 'message' of 'Be Careful What You Wish For'. Elliot wishes that he could fit in with the people in his school, but in doing this he allows evil to happen, risks becoming a bully himself, and ends up losing the two real friends that he has.

Influences
The book is extremely influenced by the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell, a story about a totalitarian state in which the government is attempting to eliminate freedom of thought. Like Winston Smith, the hero of Nineteen Eighty-Four, Elliot struggles to hide what he really thinks and feels, and is terrified of the truth coming out, yet also longs to be free. Holminster High is effectively ruled by a single organization, just like the fictional country of Airstrip One in Nineteen Eighty-Four. The key 'villain' of Inventing Elliot bases his strategy on ideas taken from Nineteen Eighty-Four.

Another important influence is The Chocolate War, a controversial novel for young adults written by the US writer Robert Cormier. Graham Gardner has said that he could not have written Inventing Elliot in the way that he did without the lead set by The Chocolate War. The two books are similar in that they both feature a school ruled by a secret society, but also very different because of the contrasting actions of their respective protagonists. The protagonist of The Chocolate War is a boy who decides to take a stand against conformity; he 'dares to disturb the universe'. In contrast, the central character of Inventing Elliot; makes an active effort to conform, to fit in. Both characters suffer, but in very different ways and for very different reasons. The boy from The Chocolate War is innocent; before he makes his stand, he does not understand that his actions will represent a real threat to those in power, and that no one will support him. Elliot is far from being innocent: he knows just what the stakes are and what he must do in order to survive, and he uses that knowledge to his advantage.

Awards
Translated into 10 languages, including French, German, Spanish, Greek, Albanian, Korean and Dutch, Inventing Elliot has been a worldwide bestseller and received widespread critical acclaim.

In the UK, Inventing Elliot was short-listed for six prizes, including the Branford Boase Award, given to the best debut novel for children, and the Angus Book Award. The Sunday Times called it 'gripping and gritty', the Financial Times described it as 'taut and compelling', and Time Out magazine deemed it one of the top five novels of 2003. The Scotsman, The Guardian and Books for Keeps included it amongst their top ten teenage reads for 2003, whilst The Scotsman also named it 'debut of the year'.

In the U.S., Inventing Elliot was nominated for the American Library Association's Best Young Adult Book Award 2004, the Nutmeg Prize and the Heartland Award, whilst New York Public Library has made it a 'book for the teen age' and critic Patty Campbell has described it as 'stunning' and 'heartrending'.

In 2005, Inventing Elliot won the Youth Jury Award of the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis, Germany's most prestigious honour for children's books, voted for by young people aged 11–17 across Germany. The prize is given to books judged to be of 'outstanding' literary merit and that encourage young people to read. National German newspaper Die Zeit described Inventing Elliot – German title, Im Schatten Der Wächter (In the Shadow of the Guardians) – as a story 'told with amazing intensity'. Critic Hans Peter Roentgen called it 'a disturbing chronicle of power, force and seduction.

Inventing Elliot has since been shortlisted for Belgium's Farniente prize (2006) and Holland's Kinderjury prize (2008).

Publication history
The UK edition of Inventing Elliot first published in the UK as a hardback by Orion Children's Books in 2003. A trade paperback followed in 2004. The US edition, published by Dial, an imprint of Penguin Putnam, appeared in hardback in 2004, then in paperback a year later. Inventing Elliot has been translated into 10 languages, including French, German, Spanish, Greek, Korean, Dutch and Polish.

Quotes
"Stand out in the wrong way, you're dead." pp. 68

"Don't make the mistake of thinking you know me from what you see." pp. 90

"Put on the mask. Act the part. Survive." pp. 90

"I survived. I survived being killed. But inside, I was already dead. But if you're dead, you can't feel... But how about now?" pp. 170.

"you can't hurt me I'm already dead"

"Please let me never wake up. That way, all this will go away. Or let me wake up and make it four years ago." pp. 174.

References

2003 British novels
British young adult novels
Adaptations of works by George Orwell
Orion Books books

Inventing Elliot


Rodney Hill FRS (11 June 1921 – 2 February 2011) was an applied mathematician and a former Professor of Mechanics of Solids at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.

Career
In 1953 he was appointed Professor of Applied Mathematics at the University of Nottingham.  His 1950 The Mathematical Theory of Plasticity work forms the foundation of plasticity theory. Hill is widely regarded as among the foremost contributors to the foundations of solid mechanics over the second half of the 20th century. His early work was central to founding the mathematical theory of plasticity. This deep interest led eventually to general studies of uniqueness and stability in nonlinear continuum mechanics, work which has had a profound influence on the field of solid mechanics—theoretical, computational and experimental alike—over the past decades. Hill was the founding editor of the Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, still among the principal journals in the field.

Recognition
Hill's work is recognized worldwide for its concise style of presentation and exemplary standards of scholarship. Publisher Elsevier, in collaboration with IUTAM, established a quadrennial award in the field of solid mechanics, known as the Rodney Hill Prize, first presented at ICTAM in Adelaide in August 2008. The prize consists of a plaque and a cheque for US$25,000. Its first recipient is Michael Ortiz, for his contribution to nonconvex plasticity and deformation microstructures (California Institute of Technology, USA).

Hill won the Royal Medal in 1993 for his contribution to the theoretical mechanics of soil and the plasticity of solids. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1961. He was awarded an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Science) by the University of Bath in 1978.

Death
He died on 2 February 2011.

References

1921 births
2011 deaths
Academics of the University of Nottingham
20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Fellows of the Royal Society
Royal Medal winners

Rodney Hill


Stephen Pateranos was a Byzantine general who served as the final Catepan of Italy.

By 1071, the Catepanate of Italy was severely reduced, with only a few holdings left and their capital besieged by the Normans. According to the Anonymus Barensis, Romanos IV, the reigning Byzantine Emperor, sent twenty ships under command of Joscelin of Molfetta, a Norman rebel, along with Pateranos, to relieve Bari. However, the Normans intercepted and scattered the fleet off the coast of Bari, and captured the ship carrying Joscelin, though Stephen was able to reach the city. Stephen realized that defense of the city was impossible, and sent Argyritzos, a local noble, to offer peace. The Normans accepted peace, and Bari surrendered.

Stephen was imprisoned by the Normans, but was allowed later to return to Byzantium with other survivors.

Sources

11th-century catepans of Italy
Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Norman wars
Byzantine prisoners of war

Stephen Pateranos


Giovanni Battista Grillo (late 16th-century mid-November 1622) was an Italian composer and organist.

Little is known about Grillo until he was elected organist to the Venetian confraternity 'Scuola Grande di S Rocco' on 28 August 1612. This was a prominent position in the musical life of the city. Also, he was appointed the first organist of San Marco on 30 December 1619.  He died in Venice.

His music follows Giovanni Gabrieli, especially his Sacri consensus ac Symphonia (Venice 1618) which includes vocal canzonas up to 12 parts, using cori spezzati. He is also known for three instrumental canzonas published in Raveri's collection Canzoni per sonare con ogni sorte di stromenti (Venice, 1608).

References
Arnold, D: 'Grillo, Giovanni Battista', Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed 28 Dec 2007)

List of works
Il primo libro delle canzonette a 3 voci (Venice, 1600)
Il secondo libro delle canzonette a 3 voci (Venice, 1600)
Canzoni per sonare con ogni sorte di stromenti a 4, 5 e 8… libro I (Venice, 1608)
Musica vaga et artificiosa (Venice, 1615)
Symbolae diversorum musicorum, a 2, 3, 4 e 5 voci…, (Venice, 1620)
Seconda raccolta de sacri canti a 1, 2, 3 e 4 voci, de diversi eccellentissimi autori (Venice, 1624)
Venezianische Canzonen (Mainz, 1958)
Alessandro Raverij's collection of canzoni per sonare, Venise, 1608 (The Hague, 1965)
Sonatas and canzonas from the Sacri concentus ac symphoniae,Venice 1618 (New York-London, 1989)

External links

16th-century births
1622 deaths
Italian male classical composers
Italian organists
Male organists
Italian Baroque composers
17th-century Italian composers
17th-century male musicians

Giovanni Battista Grillo


Zoom and Bored is a 1957 Warner Bros. cartoon, being a part of the Merrie Melodies series and directed by Chuck Jones. The short was released on September 14, 1957, and stars Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner.

Plot
The Coyote and Road Runner begin to chase, freezing momentarily for the credits and Latin names to be shown: COYOTE: Famishus vulgaris and ROAD RUNNER: Birdibus zippibus. From here, Road Runner speeds off, leaving the coyote to fall on the ground. Wile E. recovers quickly, kicks up some dust, and begins to chase Road. However, Road Runner leaves so much dust in the road that his pursuer cannot see where he is going. Eventually, except for his ears, Wile E. is completely enclosed in the dust. Road Runner pulls next to Wiley and beeps, alerting the coyote to his surroundings. Wile E.'s expression becomes foreboding, as both are apparently suspended in midair. As the dust clears, the coyote pokes his hands and feet through the bottom of the cloud, and then looks down to see nothing but air below him. The dust completely clears, showing that Road is perched on the edge of a cliff and the coyote on the wrong side of him. The poor coyote, once again, is subject to gravity. Determined not to let this happen again, Wile E. climbs up a very high escarpment and surveys his surroundings for Road Runner...who happens to have pulled up right behind him and now beeps such that the coyote falls back down. Dusting himself off, the coyote gets up and walks out onto the road until Road beeps a second time and sends his rival directly into a low-slung rock plateau.

1. As he hasn't studied it enough, Wiley follows the instructions of The Art of Roadrunner-Trapping: 1. Dig hole in road; 2. Camouflage hole; 3. Wait patiently; and 4. Eat Roadrunner. However, he never gets past the first step, as the jackhammer he uses vibrates enough to pull the coyote into the hole. When the power cord stretches enough to pull the plug out, the coyote climbs out and finds himself vibrating sporadically. To "punish" the book, Wile E. walks over to it and prepares to tear it in half, but one of the vibrations does the job for him.

2. Still trying to stop Road in his tracks, Wile E. builds a brick wall on the mountain roads and waits, with one last leftover vibration from the jackhammer incident. Soon, he hears Road braking in front of the wall. When his ears recover from the sonic assault and the dust cloud settles, he quizzically looks around the corner of the wall to see his own rear end. Wile E. makes random movements, which are imitated by his rear. After looking behind and ahead of him, Wile E. finally determines that this is a duplicate of himself and rolls dynamite under his "doppelganger"'s rear. The firework promptly explodes, and Wile laughs until he realizes it is his own tail on fire. He leaps directly into the air in pain and falls down to the ground.

3. Wile E., knowing about the "birds and the bees," leaves out bird seed for Road Runner while he prepares to release a jar of bumblebees from a distance. But when Wile pulls the lid off, instead of attacking the munching Road Runner next to them, the swarm flies 400 feet in the distance towards the coyote and repeatedly stings him.

4. Wile E. now prepares a second bird-seed trap, this time hoping to squash the flightless bird with an anvil. Of course, when Wile walks onto the board to drop the anvil, it breaks under his weight and falls towards Road Runner, who simply steps to the side out of danger. The board halves fall on top of the resulting large hole to create a convenient bridge for Road Runner back to his lunch.

5. Having had enough of the simple traps, Wile E. builds a long ramp and lights a bomb which should blow up Road Runner when it gets to the bottom. But as soon as he lights the fuse, the bomb instantly goes off without warning.

6. Now, the coyote prepares a giant catapult in the road; however, the boulder is too heavy for the catapult to sling at the passing the bird and flattens its owner.

7. Finally, Wile E. hopes to fire at Road Runner with a harpoon. The rope, however, is around one of the coyote's feet, and drags the coyote's rear over a cactus and under several rocks, then directly into open space. The coyote sees the pickle he is in and recovers in time to grab the very end of the rope. Unfortunately, the rope continues into a very thin pipe, then out onto the road and directly into a chicken race with a truck. Wile E. smashes directly through the truck, even, and then the spear finally impales a rock face, but this leads to the coyote being swung down into the path of a train and bumped all the way up to the edge of a precipice, ragged and exhausted while gasping for air and whimpering. Road Runner pulls up directly behind him, but instead of beeping, the bird shows a soft side by holding up a sign saying: "I just don't have the heart." He dashes back the way he came, and the sign spins to "'Bye!"

Music
The music is Dance of the Comedians from The Bartered Bride by Bedrich Smetana.

See also
 Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies filmography (1950–1959)

References

External links

1957 animated films
1957 short films
1950s Warner Bros. animated short films
Merrie Melodies short films
Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner films
Short films directed by Chuck Jones
Films scored by Carl Stalling
Films scored by Milt Franklyn
Animated films about mammals
Animated films about birds
Animated films without speech
Films with screenplays by Michael Maltese
Films about Canis
American comedy short films
American animated short films

Zoom and Bored


Werner Lorenz (October 2, 1891 – March 13, 1974) was an SS functionary during the Nazi era. He was head of the Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle (VOMI) (Main Office for Ethnic Germans), an organization charged with resettling ethnic Germans in the "German Reich" from other parts of Europe, as well as colonising the occupied lands during World War II. After the war, Lorenz was sentenced to prison for crimes against humanity in 1948. He was released in 1954 and died in 1974.

Early life
He was born in Grünhof (now in Gmina Postomino, Sławno County) near Stolp, Pomerania. His father was a forest warden. In 1909 Lorenz went to Military school. He served in World War I first as a cavalry officer then as a pilot in the Luftstreitkräfte. After the war he worked as a border guard and as farmer. He later acquired land and industrial property in Danzig. Through his daughter Rosemarie, Lorenz would become Axel Springer's father-in-law.

Nazi Party and SS career
In 1929 Lorenz joined the Nazi Party and the SS in 1931. Two years later he had an active political role as a member of the Landtag in the Free State of Prussia, a member of the Reichstag and worked at the Hamburg State Council.

In November 1933 Lorenz was promoted to SS-Gruppenführer and led the SS Upper Division North in Altona from 1934 until 1937. He was promoted to SS-Obergruppenführer in 1936. In January 1937, was promoted to head the Nazi Party agency Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle (VOMI) that was initially responsible for the welfare of ethnic Germans (Volksdeutsche) living beyond the pre-war borders of Nazi Germany. After the Second World War began, the VOMI took charge of the resettlement of ethnic Germans on captured territory, but also the "Germanization" of foreign children such as Poles and Slovenes. Some accounts consider him the "least radical" of the higher SS leadership.

Ethnic cleansing in World War II

Following the invasion of Poland in 1939, Lorenz was the chief executive responsible for allocating confiscated land, property and managing the affairs of the Volksdeutsch in all other areas of occupied Eastern Europe. VOMI, which was an office of the Nazi Party, would take control of a district once the native populations had been driven from their homes and lands. Ethnic German settlers were then given the land to work under the direction of VOMI officials. In respect to his international work, Lorenz was plenipotentiary for foreign relations for Adolf Hitler's deputy, Rudolf Hess.

In June 1941 VOMI was absorbed into the office of the Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Nationhood (RKFDV) run by Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler. The RKFDV, as an SS-controlled organization, had the authority to say who was German, where ethnic Germans could live, and what populations should be cleared or annihilated in order to make room for the German settlers from the east Europe during action "Heim ins Reich". As RKFDV chief, Himmler authorized the Einsatzgruppen (SS death squads) and other SS police units to round up and kill Jews, Slavs and Roma. Lorenz remained in charge of Volksdeutsch settlements in these ethnically cleansed areas. He also was responsible for VOMI officials who handled the personal property seized from Jews killed during Operation Reinhard in the General Government during 1942-1943.

In late 1942 Lorenz was seriously injured in a vehicle accident in Bosnia while overseeing the VOMI evacuation of ethnic Germans from the region.

Post-war

At the end of World War II, Lorenz was arrested and held in an internment camp in England. He was sentenced to 20 years in prison at the RuSHA Trial at Nuremberg on 10 March 1948. Later, his sentence was reduced and Lorenz was released from prison in 1954. He died in Hamburg in 1974.

Service record
Dates of rank
 SS-Sturmbannführer: March 31, 1931
 SS-Standartenführer: July 7, 1931
 SS-Oberführer: November 9, 1931
 SS-Brigadeführer: July 1, 1933
 SS-Gruppenführer: November 1, 1933
 SS-Obergruppenführer: November 9, 1936
 SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Polizei: August 15, 1942
 SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Waffen-SS: November 9, 1944

References

Bibliography

External links

1891 births
1974 deaths
People from Sławno County
People from the Province of Pomerania
Nazi eugenics
Nazi Party officials
Prussian politicians
SS-Obergruppenführer
Holocaust perpetrators in Poland
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class
German people convicted of crimes against humanity
People convicted by the United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals
Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany
Prussian Army personnel
Luftstreitkräfte personnel
German World War I pilots
Waffen-SS personnel
20th-century Freikorps personnel

Werner Lorenz


The corkwing wrasse (Symphodus melops) is a species of wrasse native to the eastern Atlantic Ocean from Norway to Morocco and out to the Azores, as well as being found in the Mediterranean Sea and the Adriatic Sea.  This species can be found in areas of rock or eelgrass at depths from .

Description

Its body is deep and compressed sideways, with a single, long dorsal fin. It is usually about  long, but has reached .

It is highly variable in colour, depending on the environment and age of the fish. The corkwing wrasse has a black spot in the middle of the tail stalk, and a comma-shaped spot behind the eye. Females and juveniles tend to be brown or greenish-brown, while the males are typically more brightly coloured. Both sexes have lines on their heads and gill covers which are brown and pale blue in the female, and bright green or blue in the male.

It feeds on a large variety of prey, but mainly bivalves and copepods.

Reproduction
The males exhibit dimorphism, where the territorial males build a ball-shaped nest of seaweed in rock crevices or sedimentary areas, amongst seaweed or seagrasses. The nest has an entrance hole which the male guards aggressively. The other morph mimics the females and tries to sneak-fertilize. The sneakers are much smaller than the territorial males, and cannot be visually distinguished from females. As there is a trade-off between reproductive investment and growth, the sneakers have much larger gonads related to body size than the territorial males. Their sperm quality is also shown to be better for the sneaker, as it is longer-lived.  About 5 – 20% of the males in a population tend to be sneakers.

Importance
The fish has been commercially used since 1988 because of its ability to remove parasites from other fish. It is today heavily fished and one may say exploited for the use in aquaculture to remove salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis).

References

 Deady, S., Varian, S. J. A. and Fives, J. M. (1995) The use of cleaner-fish to control sea lice on two Irish salmon (Salmo salar) farms with particular reference to wrasse behaviour in salmon cages. Aquaculture. 131: 73-90.
 Potts, G.W. (1973) Cleaning symbiosis among British fish with special reference to Crenilabrus melops (Labridae). J. mar. biol. asso. UK. 53: 1-10.
 Potts, G.W. (1985) The nest structure of the corkwing wrasse, Crenilabrus melops (Labridae: Teleostei). J. mar. biol. ass. UK. 65: 531-546.
 Sayer, M. D. J., Gibson, R. N. and Atkinson, R. J. A. (1996) Growth, diet and condition of the corkwing wrasse and rock cook on the west coast of Scotland. J. Fish. Biol. 49(1): 76-94.
 Uglem, I., Rosenqvist, G. and Wasslavik, H. S. (2000) Phenotypic variation between dimorphic males in corkwing wrasse. J. Fish. Biol. 57: 1-14.
 Uglem, I., Mayer, I. and Rosenqvist, G. (2002) Variation in Plasma Steroids and Reproductive Traits in Dimorphic Males of Corkwing Wrasse (Symphodus melops L.). Hormones and behavior. 41(4): 396-404.
 Uglem, I. & Rosenqvist, G. (2002) Nest Building and Mating in Relation to Male Size in Corkwing Wrasse, Symphodus Melops. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 63(1): 17-25.

External links

corkwing wrasse
Fauna of the Azores
Fish of the North Sea
corkwing wrasse
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Corkwing wrasse


Pierre (Peter) (died 13 September 1106), Count of Dammartin, son of Hugh I, Count of Dammartin, and Rohese de Bulles. Pierre, a descendant of Robert the Pious, was the last of the Counts of Dammartin from the bloodline of his grandfather Manasses. Pierre was an advocate of the Priory of Saint-Leu d'Esserent and sold the vineyards of Dammartin to the priory in 1104. Hugh married Eustachie of an unknown family and they had one son Hugh II, Seigneur de Dammartin. Pierre was succeeded as count by his sister's husband Aubry de Mello.

Sources
 Mathieu, J. N., Recherches sur les premiers Comtes de Dammartin, Mémoires publiés par la Fédération des sociétés historiques et archéologiques de Paris et de l'Ile-de-France, 1996
Counts of Dammartin
1106 deaths

Peter, Count of Dammartin


Highway 104 (AR 104, Ark. 104, and Hwy. 104) is an east–west state highway in Jefferson County, Arkansas. The route of  is located west of Pine Bluff and serves as a connection to Interstate 530 (I-530) for US Highway 270 (US 270) to the south and Highway 365 to the north.

Route description
Highway 104 begins at US 270 and runs due north as a section line road to an interchange with I-530/US 65. North of this interchange the route has a junction with Highway 365, where it terminates. This northern terminus is at the edge of the Pine Bluff Arsenal.

Despite being an entirely north–south alignment, the highway ends in an even number and therefore is considered east–west by the Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department (AHTD). The route is entirely two-lane undivided.

Major intersections

See also

 List of state highways in Arkansas

References

External links

104
Transportation in Jefferson County, Arkansas

Arkansas Highway 104


Major General Major Francis Downes,  (10 February 1834 – 15 October 1923) was a British Army officer, who served as commandant of the colonial forces in South Australia.

Downes was the son of William Downes, of Dedham, Essex, England, and was educated at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich; entered the Royal Artillery in 1852, was promoted lieutenant colonel in 1877, colonel in 1882, and major general in 1884, the year of his retirement. He served in the Crimean War in 1855 (medal with clasps and Turkish medal); was instructor in Fortifications at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, in 1858–59; commanded the Royal Artillery on Mauritius in 1863–65, and on Saint Helena in 1869–71; was for five years Instructor to the Artillery School for Militia and Volunteer Officers; and subsequently held the position of Commandant of the South Australian Military Forces from 1877 to 1885, serving as a Member of the Royal Commission on Defences in 1881, and as Secretary of Defence for Victoria from 1885 to 1888. In March of the latter year, he was reappointed Commandant of the South Australian Military Forces. Major General Downes was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1885.

Downes died in Brighton, Melbourne, Australia, on 15 October 1923; he was buried with military honours in the Church of England portion of the Brighton Cemetery. Downes had married Helen Maria Chamberlain at Catton, Norwich, on 9 June 1858, and she had died on 21 January 1903 aged 62. They had a daughter and four sons, including Rupert Downes, who became a major general and director-general of medical services of the Australian Military Forces.

References

Further reading
 Brighton cemetery
 Immigration Place
 Obituary, The Argus, 16 October 1923

1834 births
1923 deaths
Academics of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
19th-century Australian public servants
Australian generals
British Army personnel of the Crimean War
Burials in Victoria (state)
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
People from Dedham, Essex
Public servants of Victoria (state)
Royal Artillery officers
Military personnel from Essex

Major Downes


Center for Evolutionary Psychology (CEP) is a research center co-founded and co-directed by John Tooby and Leda Cosmides and is affiliated with the University of California, Santa Barbara.

The center is meant to provide research support and comprehensive training in the field of evolutionary psychology. The goals of the center are to facilitate the discovery of the adaptations that characterize the species-wide architecture of the human mind and brain and to explore how socio-cultural phenomena can be explained with reference to these adaptations.

The extramural board of the center are made up of Irven DeVore, Paul Ekman, Michael Gazzaniga, Steven Pinker and Roger Shepard.

See also
 Leda Cosmides
 Evolutionary psychology
 John Tooby

External links

University of California, Santa Barbara
Evolutionary psychology
Research institutes in California

Center for Evolutionary Psychology