Al-Andalus, also known as Muslim Spain, Muslim Iberia, or Islamic Iberia, was a medieval Muslim territory and cultural domain that in its early period occupied most of Iberia, today's Portugal and Spain. At its greatest geographical extent, it occupied the northwest of the Iberian peninsula and a part of present day southern France Septimania (8th century) and for nearly a century (9th–10th centuries) extended its control from Fraxinet over the Alpine passes which connect Italy with the remainder of Western Europe.  The name more generally describes the parts of the peninsula governed by Muslims (given the generic name of Moors) at various times between 711 and 1492, though the boundaries  changed constantly as the Christian Reconquista progressed, eventually shrinking to the south around modern-day Andalusia and then to the Emirate of Granada.

Following the Umayyad conquest of Hispania, al-Andalus, then at its greatest extent, was divided into five administrative units, corresponding roughly to modern Andalusia, Portugal and Galicia, Castile and León, Navarre, Aragon, the County of Barcelona, and Septimania. As a political domain, it successively constituted a province of the Umayyad Caliphate, initiated by the Caliph Al-Walid I (711–750); the Emirate of Córdoba (c. 750–929); the Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031); and the Caliphate of Córdoba's taifa (successor) kingdoms. Rule under these kingdoms led to a rise in cultural exchange and cooperation between Muslims and Christians. Christians and Jews were subject to a special tax called Jizya, to the state, which in return provided internal autonomy in practicing their religion and offered the same level of protections by the Muslim rulers. The jizya was not only a tax, however, but also a symbolic expression of subordination.

Under the Caliphate of Córdoba, al-Andalus was a beacon of learning, and the city of Córdoba, the largest in Europe, became one of the leading cultural and economic centres throughout the Mediterranean Basin, Europe, and the Islamic world. Achievements that advanced Islamic and Western science came from al-Andalus, including major advances in trigonometry (Geber), astronomy (Arzachel), surgery (Abulcasis), pharmacology (Avenzoar), agronomy (Ibn Bassal and Abū l-Khayr al-Ishbīlī), and other fields. Al-Andalus became a major educational center for Europe and the lands around the Mediterranean Sea as well as a conduit for cultural and scientific exchange between the Islamic and Christian worlds.

For much of its history, al-Andalus existed in conflict with Christian kingdoms to the north. After the fall of the Umayyad caliphate, al-Andalus was fragmented into minor states and principalities. Attacks from the Christians intensified, led by the Castilians under Alfonso VI. The Almoravid empire intervened and repelled the Christian attacks on the region, deposing the weak Andalusi Muslim princes and included al-Andalus under direct Berber rule. In the next century and a half, al-Andalus became a province of the Berber Muslim empires of the Almoravids and Almohads, both based in Marrakesh.

Ultimately, the Christian kingdoms in the north of the Iberian Peninsula overpowered the Muslim states to the south. In 1085, Alfonso VI captured Toledo, starting a gradual decline of Muslim power. With the fall of Córdoba in 1236, most of the south quickly fell under Christian rule and the Emirate of Granada became a tributary state of the Kingdom of Castile two years later. In 1249, the Portuguese Reconquista culminated with the conquest of the Algarve by Afonso III, leaving Granada as the last Muslim state on the Iberian Peninsula. Finally, on January 2, 1492, Emir Muhammad XII surrendered the Emirate of Granada to Queen Isabella I of Castile, completing the Christian Reconquista of the peninsula. Although al-Andalus ended as a political entity, the nearly eight centuries of Islamic rule has left a significant effect on culture and language in Andalusia.

حوالا

مسلم اسپين


General William Henry Adelbert Feilding (6 January 1836 – 25 March 1895) was a British soldier of the Coldstream Guards.

Feilding was a son of William Feilding, 7th Earl of Denbigh and his wife Lady Mary Elizabeth Kitty Moreton. He served in the Crimean War and was British commissioner to the French Army during the Franco-Prussian War. He was decorated in the field by General Chanzy with the Legion d'honneur for saving the wounded under fire in a burning hospital. He became a Colonel in the Coldstream Guards and was Inspector-General of the Recruiting HQ from 1891 to 1894. The town of Feilding in New Zealand was named after him.

In 1871, the Directors of the Emigrant and Colonist's Aid Corporation began to look at selecting a block of land so they could proceed with their proposed emigration scheme for the labouring class.  Feilding, a colonel at the time, and one of the Directors of the Corporation, was selected to travel to both Australia and New Zealand looking at possibilities.  During his trip his social standing gave him an entree to the people who mattered in government circles in both countries.  Finding the land and conditions of sale and settlement in Australia were not in line with the expectations of the Corporation, Feilding sailed for New Zealand and arrived in Auckland on 2 December 1871.  By 12 December he was in Wellington and being put up at Government House at the invitation of Sir George Bowen Governor of New Zealand.  By 11.30am that same morning, he was in discussion with "the ministers at the Government building" about possible blocks of land that might suit the Corporation.  Co-operation was such that Feilding was able to request a rough draft of possible conditions the New Zealand Government would be prepared to offer the Corporation by the very next day.

Feilding journeyed by coach up the coast to Foxton near to mouth of the Manawatū River, where he was met by Arthur Halcombe whose job it was to escort him to view an area of inland Manawatū that the New Zealand Government had available for sale. On 15 December the two men left Foxton on horseback and rode to Palmerston North.  After lunch they rode first to what is now the town of Ashhurst, then walked five miles to the Manawatū Gorge where the first roadway through the gorge was being formed.

On Saturday 16 December Halcombe and Feilding rode through what was to become the Manchester Block.  The two men were guided by James Whisker, who with his brother-in-law John Hughey leased land from the Ngati Kawhata on the banks of the Oroua River.  Feilding spent the night at "Westoe" with Sir William Fox and his wife. During his exploration of the area Feilding spent several restless and feverish nights plagued by mosquitoes which bit him even through his corduroy trousers; he had to borrow a pair of slippers to be able to hobble around as his feet were so swollen.  Back in Wellington on 20 December at the negotiating table, an agreement was made to purchase the 106,000 acre (400 km²) Manchester Block for the price of £75,000 from the Wellington Provincial Government.  Recruiting of emigrants could now begin in England.

Colonel Feilding came back to New Zealand to visit the new settlement of Feilding for the first time in 1875. Immigrants had been arriving for a year and life had been a struggle for them.  A horribly wet winter had made conditions even more miserable for those who had been expecting green fields and landscape similar to what they had left behind in England.  Feilding spoke to an open-air meeting of settlers from the veranda of the Corporation's office, giving practical advice on coming to terms with their life, and sympathy for those who had found the going tough.  He tried to sort out any immediate grievances and problems that he could.

Great progress followed and in 1895 when Feilding - by then General Feilding - made his next and last visit to the town named after him, he was able to view a thriving settlement.  He stayed at Mrs Martha Hastie's Feilding Hotel, then a substantial two-storeyed wooden building with fifty rooms for guests, a sample room, a big dining room, and an adjoining assembly room.  There was also a large orchard.  Feilding must have felt satisfied to see the swampy clearing he had ridden though only twenty-four years before was now an established little town.

Feilding died of cholera in Bangkok and is buried in the Bangkok Protestant Cemetery.
Feilding married Charlotte Leighton, daughter of Sir Baldwin Leighton, 7th Baronet.

References

"Remarkable colonel who gave name to town in swampy clearing" in Manchester Block 125 years on : a review by the Feilding Herald of the past 125 years of the Manchester Block. - 28 January 1999. page 3.

1836 births
1895 deaths
British Army generals
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Deaths from cholera
Wiltshire Regiment officers
Infectious disease deaths in Thailand
William
Knights of the Legion of Honour
People from Hampton, London
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Military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War

William Feilding (British Army officer, born 1836)


EXECDOTEXCALICOEXEDRIVE.EXESERVICE[Z]
Anonymous is a group of anonymous online Activism activists. They are associated with many online and offline protests. These protests commonly relate to freedom of speech. They often protest against political corruption and censorship. Anonymous also makes DDoS attacks (where an attacker disconnects his or her target from the internet, sometimes forever) on popular websites such as PayPal and the United States' Department of Justice homepage. Other common targets include organizations who seem to limit people's freedom of speech.

Anonymous is also often associated with image boards such as 4chan and protests such as the Occupy Movement.

Some people have been arrested for involvement in Anonymous cyberattacks in countries including the U.S., UK, Australia, the Netherlands, Spain, and Turkey. Views of the group's actions and usefulness vary widely. Supporters have called the group "freedom fighters" and digital Robin Hoods while some have judged them as "a cyber lynch-mob" or "cyber terrorists". In 2012, Time called Anonymous one of the "100 most influential people" of 2012 in the world.

Members of anonymous are called Anons. When anons appear in public, they often wear Guy Fawkes masks. Guy Fawkes masks come from a graphic novel and film called V for Vendetta. Some Anons also disguise their voice with voice changers (products that distort a user's voice) or text-to-speech programs.

Hackers

Beliefs and Values
Anons regularly have conflicting opinions, but mostly they are non-extremist and socialist. Anonymous does not have a hierarchy or a leader. Instead, anons work together because they have similar interests. Parmy Olson explains, "There was no single leader pulling the levers, but a few organizational minds that sometimes pooled together to start planning a stunt."

Generally, anons fight censorship on the Internet, and they mostly target governments, organizations, and corporations who they believe to use censorship.  Anons were early supporters of the global Occupy Movement and the Arab Spring.

Since 2008, Anons have disagreed on whether Anonymous should focus on pranks and entertainment or serious activism.We [Anonymous] just happen to be a group of people on the Internet who need—just kind of an outlet to do as we wish, that we wouldn't be able to do in regular society. ...That's more or less the point of it. Do as you wish. ... There's a common phrase: 'we are doing it for the lulz.'

— Trent Peacock. Search Engine: The Face of Anonymous, February 7, 2008.Members of Anonymous protest in legal and illegal ways. In 2012, Olson described Anonymous as a "movement" rather than a group:  "anyone can be part of it. It is a crowd of people, a nebulous crowd of people, working together and doing things together for various purposes."

Anonymous has few rules. These rules include not sharing one's identity, not talking about the group, and not attacking media (such as news, television, and film).We are Anonymous. We are Legion. We do not forgive. We do not forget. Expect us.

— Common tagline of Anonymous members.

References

Human rights
Internet culture
Activism
2003 establishments

Anonymous (hacker group)


The Wynoochee Dam is  north of Montesano, Washington.  It is owned by the city of Aberdeen, Washington, and was built by the United States Army Corps of Engineers in 1972.  The dam regulates the flow of the Wynoochee River, creating Wynoochee Reservoir. The Wynoochee Lake Shore Trail, designated a National Recreation Trail in 1979, runs  around the lake.

Tacoma Power added a 13MW hydroelectric generating plant downstream from the dam in 1994.  Although access to the dam has been restricted since September 11, 2001, tours are available by appointment.

Coho Campground, managed by the Olympic National Forest, is upstream from the dam.  The campground has running water, restrooms, has a day use area, with cooking pits.  There are 46 sites in the campground with fire pits and picnic tables, room for tents, trailers, motor homes, and these sites are charged a fee.  There is also a boat ramp.  There is a camp host there almost every day.

Tacoma Power operates a day use picnic and swimming area along the shore of the reservoir closest to the dam.

Approximately 16 miles of the Upper Wynoochee Valley Road (Forest Service Development Rd 22) has been paved including the access road for the Wynoochee dam and recreational areas, this includes the Coho camp ground. This allows much faster traveling to and from the dam from Hwy 12 and the city of Montesano. The Donkey Creek Road (also Forest Service Development Rd 22) from Hwy 101 to the dam is currently paved from Highway 101 into the National Forest approximately 7 miles, and gravel the remainder of the way to the junction of FS2294.

References

External links

Tacoma Public Utilities' Wynoochee River Project
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers foundation report
Coho Campground details

Dams in Washington (state)
Buildings and structures in Grays Harbor County, Washington
Hydroelectric power plants in Washington (state)
Olympic National Forest
United States Army Corps of Engineers dams
Dams completed in 1972
Energy infrastructure completed in 1972
1972 establishments in Washington (state)
Tacoma Public Utilities

Wynoochee Dam


A floor limit is the amount of money above which debit card or credit card transactions must be authorized online by their Issuing banks. The limit can vary from store to store. Floor limits have become less significant as credit cards & most of the debit cards started being processed electronically, and all transactions are typically authorized online by sending the Authorization request to their issuing banks.

History
The term floor limit comes from the days when it was the maximum amount which could be approved on the floor (of the retailer), beyond which the cash register operator would have to call for approval.

Floor limits were of more significance when most credit card merchants processed transactions by taking a physical imprint of the card rather than electronically swiping the magnetic strip, and obtaining an authorization required time-consuming human intervention.  With modern card readers, most merchants and banks will obtain an authorization even on very small charges, as it costs little to do so and helps protect against fraud.  However, the concept of a floor limit may still come into play in certain cases.  A few merchants still use the older system of taking a physical imprint of the card.  Additionally, if the merchant or merchant's bank has trouble contacting the customer's bank due to computer network issues, transactions under a certain floor limit will still be approved electronically immediately.

Floor limits do not apply to certain types of debit card (such as Visa Electron and Solo), as these cards require authorization for every transaction to prevent the cardholder becoming overdrawn.

In India, the majority of the Automated Teller Machines (ATM) have been configured with Zero Floor Limit value, as a result of which all financial request transactions initiated from the ATM will be sent online to their issuing banks for the approval.

Example
If a store has a floor limit of $30.00, a purchase costing $29.99 (or less) would not need to be authorized by the customer's bank through Online transaction at that very moment. However, a transaction of $30.00 (or more) would require Online authorization at that very moment to confirm that the customer has the necessary funds available in their bank account.

Problems
A floor limit may cause an account to become overdrawn, even where the account holder does not have an authorized overdraft. In the EU the Payments Accounts Directive (S.I. No. 482/2016) provides for a basic bank account which is prohibited from having an agreed overdraft facility, however floor limits may force the account into an overdrawn position.

References

Retail financial services

Floor limit


Katherine "Kate" Mulleavy (born February 11, 1979) and Laura Mulleavy (born August 31, 1980) are American fashion designers and filmmakers who founded the fashion label Rodarte in 2005. In addition to their work in fashion, the sisters have also ventured into film, writing and directing their first feature, Woodshock (2017), as well as co-designing costumes in the 2010 horror film Black Swan.

Early life
Katherine Marie Mulleavy was born in 1979 in Oakland, California, and her sister, Laura Mulleavy, was born the following year in Pasadena. They were raised in Northern California, growing up in Aptos, a town near Santa Cruz. Their mother, Victoria Rodart, is an artist of Mexican-Italian ancestry, and their father, William Perry Mulleavy, is a mycologist of Irish descent. Both sisters attended the University of California, Berkeley with Laura studying English literature and Kate studying art history.

Rodarte

In 2001, the sisters graduated from the University of California, Berkeley and returned to their family home in Pasadena, California, where they began to work on establishing their own clothing line, waitressing and selling personal items to accrue funds. The sisters founded the fashion line Rodarte, it was named after the original Spanish pronunciation of their mother's maiden name, Rodart. They began independently, crafting a capsule collection of seven dresses and two coats in 2004. Their work was featured in a February 2005 issue of Women's Wear Daily, which caught the attention of Vogue editor Anna Wintour, who traveled to Los Angeles to meet with the sisters in person. Wintour became a public supporter of the label, featuring their work in numerous issues of Vogue.

In 2007 and 2009, respectively, Rodarte produced two limited-run lines of clothing with Gap and Target.

Film and other ventures
In 2010, the Mulleavy sisters had their first foray into film, collaborating with costume designer Amy Westcott on some of the costumes for the movie Black Swan. In May 2015, the sisters announced that they had written a film script entitled Woodshock which was purchased by distribution company A24; the film, released in September 2017, stars Kirsten Dunst.

See also
Rodarte
Woodshock

References

External links

Rodarte official site

American costume designers
American fashion designers
American women in business
American people of Irish descent
American writers of Italian descent
American people of Mexican descent
American women film directors
American women screenwriters
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
People from Aptos, California
Sibling duos
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Living people
Film directors from Los Angeles
Screenwriters from California
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women fashion designers
21st-century American women

Kate and Laura Mulleavy


Ivan Ksenofontovich Ksenofontov (Russian: Иван Ксенофонтович Ксенофонтов; August 29, 1884 –  March 23, 1926) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and one of the founders of the Soviet secret police and state security agency, the Cheka (later GPU and OGPU).

He gained notoriety as Chairman of the Supreme Revolutionary Tribunal and later as First Deputy Chairman of the Cheka, the agency's "number two" under Felix Dzerzhinsky, where he played a decisive role in crushing various anti-Bolshevik factions and the Kronstadt uprising. An early supporter of Joseph Stalin, he was described as Stalin's "mole" in the security services.

Biography
Born Ivan Kraikov in Moscow, he came from a family of ethnic Pontic Greeks. Not much is known about his childhood and education.

One of the earliest members of the Bolsheviks, he joined them in 1903 upon their formation. From 1906-1909 he served in the 15 Rifle Regiment of the Imperial Russian Army, stationed in Latvia. After that, he did "party work", which included armed robberies, for which he was arrested. Released in 1914 upon the outbreak of World War I to serve again in the Army, he bravely fought in the frontlines and was one of the organizers of the Bolshevik committee of the Second Army of the Western Front.

In 1917 he took part in the October Revolution and the seizure of political power by the Bolsheviks.  In the election to the Constituent Assembly, he was elected as a Bolshevik for Western Front electoral district.  After the October Revolution he was one of the creators of the Cheka, and its vice-chairman, while at the same time chairman of the Special Tribunal of the Cheka and of the Supreme Tribunal of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.

Ksenofontov took part in the liquidation of the Kronstadt anti-Soviet mutiny of 1921. Between 1921 and 1925 he was chargé d'affaires of the Central Committee of the Party and head of the OGPU Operations Department, at the time heavily engaged against nationalist movements in the Caucasus and Muslim Basmachi guerrillas in Soviet Central Asia. At the same time, he was alleged to have set up the Party Control Office, to provide information to Stalin about the situation in the Party and the security agencies. Ksenofontov was often accused of torture, including hitting and raping women, although in other sources he was described as being polite and art-loving.

He was a delegate to the Tenth, Twelfth, and Thirteenth Party Congresses. He was also elected a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.

Suffering from stomach cancer which caused him excruciating pain, he died in 1926, aged 42.

References

1884 births
1926 deaths
Cheka officers
Cheka
People from the Russian Empire of Greek descent
Soviet people of Greek descent
Russian Constituent Assembly members
State Political Directorate
Deaths from cancer in Russia
Old Bolsheviks

Ivan Ksenofontov


Sir Roderick Impey Murchison, 1st Baronet,  (19 February 1792 – 22 October 1871) was a Scottish geologist who served as director-general of the British Geological Survey from 1855 until his death in 1871. He is noted for investigating and describing the Silurian, Devonian and Permian systems.

Early life and work
Murchison was born at Tarradale House, Muir of Ord, Ross-shire, the son of Barbara and Kenneth Murchison. His wealthy father died in 1796, when Roderick was four years old, and he was sent to Durham School three years later and then to the Royal Military College, Great Marlow, to be trained for the army. In 1808 he landed with Wellesley in Portugal, and was present at the actions of Roliça and Vimeiro in the Peninsular War as an ensign in the 36th Regt of Foot. Subsequently under Sir John Moore, he took part in the retreat to Corunna and the final battle there.

After eight years of service Murchison left the army and married Charlotte Hugonin (1788–1869), the only daughter of General Hugonin of Nursted House, Hampshire. Murchison and his wife spent two years in mainland Europe, particularly in Italy. They then settled in Barnard Castle, County Durham, England, in 1818, where Murchison made the acquaintance of Sir Humphry Davy. Davy urged Murchison to turn his energy to science, after hearing that he wasted his time riding to hounds and shooting. With encouragement from his wife Charlotte, Murchison became fascinated by the young science of geology and joined the Geological Society of London, soon becoming one of its most active members. His colleagues there included Adam Sedgwick, William Conybeare, William Buckland, William Fitton, Charles Lyell and Charles Darwin.

Exploring with his wife, Murchison studied the geology of the south of England, devoting special attention to the rocks of the north-west of Sussex and the adjoining parts of Hampshire and Surrey, on which, aided by Fitton, he wrote his first scientific paper, read to the Geological Society of London in 1825. Turning his attention to Continental geology, he and Lyell explored the volcanic region of Auvergne, parts of southern France, northern Italy, Tyrol and Switzerland. A little later, with Sedgwick as his companion, Murchison attacked the difficult problem of the geological structure of the Alps. Their joint paper giving the results of their study is a classic in the literature of Alpine geology.

Murchison was an opponent of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. He opposed the transmutation of species and supported successive creation.

Silurian system
In 1831 he went to the England–Wales border, to attempt to discover whether the greywacke rocks underlying the Old Red Sandstone could be grouped into a definite order of succession. The result was the establishment of the Silurian system under which were grouped, for the first time, a remarkable series of formations, each replete with distinctive organic remains other than and very different from those of the other rocks of England. These researches, together with descriptions of the coalfields and overlying formations in South Wales and the English border counties, were embodied in The Silurian System (1839). The English naturalist, geologist, and palaeontologist John William Salter assisted Murchison in his work on Siluria (1854 and later editions).

The establishment of the Silurian system was followed by that of the Devonian system, an investigation in which Murchison assisted, both in the south-west of England and in the Rhineland. Soon afterwards Murchison projected an important geological campaign in Russia with the view of extending to that part of the Continent the classification he had succeeded in elaborating for the older rocks of western Europe. He was accompanied by Édouard de Verneuil (1805–1873) and Count Alexander von Keyserling (1815–1891), in conjunction with whom he produced a work on Russia and the Ural Mountains. The publication of this monograph in 1845 completes the first and most active half of Murchison's scientific career. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1840.

In 1846 he was knighted, and in the same year he presided over the meeting of the British Association at Southampton. During the later years of his life, a large part of his time was devoted to the affairs of the Royal Geographical Society, of which he was in 1830 one of the founders, and he was president 1843–1845, 1851–1853, 1856–1859 and 1862–1871. He served on the Royal Commission on the British Museum (1847–1849).

Murchison also announced the Permian system to geology in 1841, based on explorations in Perm Krai undertaken with Édouard de Verneuil.

Murchison was responsible for establishing much of the international prestige of British geology, and he viewed the spread of his stratigraphic systems on maps around the world "as a scientific form of imperial expansion". He frequently described geological excursions (such those he made abroad) as "invasions" or "conquests" and enjoyed being dubbed the "King of Siluria". According to the scholar Robert A. Stafford, "Murchinson's tendencies towards militarism, imperialism, and megalomania ran through his career and finally found full expression his simultaneous leadership of the Royal Geographical Society and the British Geological Survey."

Scotland

The chief geological investigation of the last decade of his life was devoted to the Highlands of Scotland, where he wrongly believed he had succeeded in showing that the vast masses of crystalline schists, previously supposed to be part of what used to be termed the Primitive formations, were really not older than the Silurian period, since underneath them lay beds of limestone and quartzite containing Lower Silurian (Cambrian) fossils. This started off what became known as the Highlands Controversy. James Nicol recognised the fallacy in Murchison's theory and propounded his own ideas; in the 1880s these were superseded by the correct theory of Charles Lapworth, which was corroborated by Benjamin Peach and John Horne. Their subsequent research showed that the infraposition of the fossiliferous rocks is not their original place, but had been brought about by a gigantic system of dislocations, whereby successive masses of the oldest gneisses, have been exhumed from below and thrust over the younger formations.

In 1855 Murchison was appointed director-general of the British Geological Survey and director of the Royal School of Mines and the Museum of Practical Geology in Jermyn Street, London, in succession to Sir Henry De la Beche, who had been the first to hold these offices. Official routine now occupied much of his time, but he found opportunity for the Highland researches just alluded to, and also for preparing successive editions of his work Siluria (1854, ed. 5, 1872), which was meant to present the main features of the original Silurian System together with a digest of subsequent discoveries, particularly of those that showed the extension of the Silurian classification into other countries.

Later life

In 1845, whilst visiting Carclew in Cornwall, he met several Cornish miners who were going to Australia. Believing that there might be gold there, he asked them to send back likely samples. They did this, and thus Murchison knew of the existence of gold in Australia before Edward Hargraves' discovery.
In 1857, Murchison was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society. Three years later, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.

In 1863 he was made a KCB, and three years later he was created a baronet. The learned societies of his own country bestowed their highest rewards upon him: the Royal Society gave him the Copley Medal, the Geological Society its Wollaston medal, and the Royal Society of Edinburgh its Brisbane Medal. There was hardly a foreign scientific society of note without his name among its honorary members. The French Academy of Sciences awarded him the prix Cuvier, and elected him one of its eight foreign members in succession to Michael Faraday. In 1855 he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and in 1871 awarded the Founders' Medal of the Royal Geographical Society.

One of the closing public acts of Murchison's life was the founding of a chair of geology and mineralogy at the University of Edinburgh. Under his will there was established the Murchison Medal and a geological fund (The Murchison Fund) to be awarded annually by the council of the Geological Society in London.

Murchison died in 1871 and is buried in Brompton Cemetery, London, near the north end of the arcade on the west side of the central path.

Legacy
The crater Murchison on the Moon and at least fifteen geographical locations on Earth are named after him.

These include: the Murchison Range, part of the Stauning Alps, and the Murchison Sound in Greenland; Mount Murchison in Banff National Park, Canada; Mount Murchison in the Mountaineer Range, Antarctica; Mount Murchison, just west of Squamish, British Columbia, Canada; tiny Murchison Island in Haida Gwaii  in the same province; the Murchison Falls in Uganda; the Murchison River in Western Australia. Murchison has two other rivers named after him in Western Australia: the Roderick River and the Impey River, both tributaries of the Murchison. The town of Murchison in the Tasman Region of New Zealand's South Island was also named after him. Murchison Road is one of the streets in east London, and there is a Murchison Avenue in Old Bexley, southeast London. Scarborough in North Yorkshire has a Murchison Street.

Murchison's View is named after him. The viewpoint within the Wren's Nest area of Dudley gives a panoramic view over much of Birmingham and the Black Country. Murchinson's visits to the limestone hills of Dudley helped him to develop his understanding of the Silurian System. When he returned to the area in 1849 he was greeted by 15,000 locals who declared him the King of Siluria.

Memorials

A memorial tablet was installed on 3 November 2005 in front of School #9 in Perm in Russia. It consists of a stone base, irregular in form, about two metres long, and bearing a dark stone plate with the following inscription (in Russian):

The decision to perpetuate the explorer's name was accepted by the school administration and pupils in connection with a discussion to establish in Perm a pillar or an arch devoted to Roderick Murchison.

In 2009, the Ural-Scottish Society erected a memorial to Murchison on the banks of the Chusovaya River. There is a commemorative blue plaque on his residence at 21 Galgate in Barnard Castle (County Durham).

A fictionalised version of Murchison appears in the 2020 film Ammonite. He is played by James McArdle.

Bibliography

  with Edouard de Verneuil and Count Alexander Keyserling

References

Notes

Sources

Further reading

  — the rise of Murchison to power
  — documents the battle between Murchison and Adam Sedgwick

  - documents Murchison's role in promoting the symbiotic relationship between the natural sciences and British imperialism

External links

Sir Roderick Impey Murchison Facts

1792 births
1871 deaths
19th-century British geologists
19th-century Scottish scientists
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
British creationists
Burials at Brompton Cemetery
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
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Full members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Great Marlow
Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
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Members of the American Antiquarian Society
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People educated at Durham School
People from Barnard Castle
People from the Black Isle
Presidents of the Geological Society of London
Presidents of the Royal Geographical Society
Recipients of the Copley Medal
Scottish geologists
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Directors of the British Geological Survey

Roderick Murchison


The Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts (KMFA; ) is located in Gushan District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. It was founded by the Kaohsiung City Government and has been administrated by the Kaohsiung Bureau of Cultural Affairs since 2003. It occupies about  and started in 1994. It is the third public arts museum in Taiwan, after the National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts and the Taipei Fine Arts Museum.

The museum is a part of the Neiweipi Cultural Park (內惟埤文化園區), which occupies about 40 hectares. The first stage of Neiweipi Cultural Park's construction started in 1989 and was completed in 1994. During this phase, the Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts was completed. Later further developments were made to the entrance plaza, sculpture park, and ecology park.

Collections
1st Floor
Lobby is an independent open space which contains a stationer, a service counter and computer information system.
Sculpture Hall is a core of the Museum of Fine Art and the beginning of visits for tourists. It plays an important role as a central link of many exhibition rooms. The height of the Sculpture Hall is about four floors. Sunlight comes in from a large skylight to make sculptures look more natural.
Galleries 101, 102, and 103 are located on the right side of the sculpture hall. They are used for general exhibitions and special international exhibitions. Galleries 104 and 105 are located on the other side of the sculpture hall, and their ceilings are two stories high. This feature provides visitors with different angles such as looking down at works. These two rooms are usually used for displaying sculptures.
2nd Floor
Galleries on the second floor are mainly for exhibiting works which are of large size.
3rd Floor
The main feature of these galleries is that they can be used for displaying precious works such as calligraphy. This type of artwork requires special climate control to keep moisture and temperature stable..
4th Floor
The galleries here are mobile because they can be divided into different sizes and spaces.

Outdoors space of the museum

Perimeter:The perimeter is the first impression that the visitors here will have. Since the Museum of Fine Arts itself has functions of both leisure and art, the designers of the perimeter decided to emphasize presenting a sculptural atmosphere. This makes people feel relaxed and connect the feeling with the art itself.
Park Walkways and Facilities: After entering the park through the entrance, visitors can easily see signs which point out the way to the museum and leisure facilities. Public restrooms and seats are located along the walkways.
Semi-Circular Outdoor Plaza and Covered Walkway: The covered walkway provides a direct path to the educational spaces inside the museum such as studio classrooms and auditorium. In this way, the inside and outside activities are connected.
Sculpture Park: The sculpture park is composed of the lawn behind the administrative area and the southwestern park. It was chiefly constructed and developed during the first phrase. With various types of scenery such as lawns and groves, the sculpture park can display different types of sculptures in different settings. Though most of the sculptures are located in the sculpture park, some are arranged in the ecology park.
Ecology park: The ecology park is composed of a marsh, a lake, a small island, a forest area, an observation platform, and footpaths. With the concept of ecological restoration, the designers of scenery have established the scenery which does not prevent creatures from inhabitation or breeding.

Service information
Open time and transportation
The museum is open from Tuesday to Sunday, 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., and is closed on Mondays. Visitors can take bus 205 (once per ten minutes), 73 (once per hour), and 57 (from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., once per hour on holidays).
Tour services
The museum offers recorded tours, scheduled tours, tours by appointment, tours of computers, and on the air. Recorded tours are made for some specific exhibitions. Visitors can borrow tapes, players, and earphones with ID identification. Scheduled tours are on Wednesdays and Saturdays at 2:00 p.m. and Saturdays and Sundays at 10:30 a.m. Visitors do not need to make reservations and the number is not limited. Tours-by-appointment are provided to groups and are available in English, Japanese, Mandarin, and Taiwanese. This kind of tour should be scheduled at least two weeks beforehand. Visitors can also take advantage of computers inside the museum to check information on exhibitions. The last method of tour is the program "You and the Arts" which is presented by Kaohsiung Broadcasting Station on Saturday mornings at 11:00.
Art library
There are about 3,000 videotapes of arts and near 20,000 books of diverse art-related materials in this library, all of which may be used by the public for leisure or research. The library is open from 9:30 am to 4:50 pm except for Mondays and national holidays.

Transportation
The museum is accessible via the Museum of Fine Arts railway station of Taiwan Railways Administration.

See also
 List of museums in Taiwan
 Taipei Fine Arts Museum

References

External links

1994 establishments in Taiwan
Art museums and galleries in Taiwan
Art museums established in 1994
Gushan District
Museums in Kaohsiung

Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts


Sir Albert Kaye Rollit (1842 – 12 August 1922) was a British politician, lawyer, and businessman.

Career

Born in Hull, he became a solicitor and went on to become president of the Law Society. He later became a shipowner. He was Mayor of Hull from 1883 to 1885. In 1886, he was elected as a Conservative Member of Parliament for the South Islington constituency. In 1892 he put forward a private member's bill in favour of women's suffrage, which failed narrowly. Having opposed Chamberlain's Tariff Reform proposals, he was defeated in the 1906 general election, and failed to get elected as a Liberal in Epsom in 1910. As a businessman he was well known on the Continent of Europe and acted as consul-general for Romania from 1911 until his death. He was also a magistrate in Berkshire, where he resided at Sutherland Grange at Dedworth, adjoining Windsor, with his second wife.

He received the honorary degree Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) from the Victoria University of Manchester in February 1902, in connection with the 50th jubilee celebrations of the establishment of the university. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Horticultural Society in 1902.

In 1902, Rollit received the decoration Officer of the Legion d'honeur from the French Republic in recognition of his services towards the development of commercial relations between the United Kingdom and France, and especially for his services in connection with the Universal Exhibition of 1900.

In 1911 he served as a arbitrator of the massive nationwide English strikes

Personal life

Rollit married twice. His second wife was Mary, dowager Duchess of Sutherland. He was her third husband. In 1898 her jewellery, then valued at £30,000, was stolen by international jewel-thief William Johnson, known as 'Harry the Valet'.  Johnson stole the jewellery while she was travelling by train from Paris to London with her husband, (Rollit), her brother, his wife and the Duchess's footman and maid. The case was investigated by Inspectors Walter Dew, Walter Dinnie and Frank Froest.

He had a daughter; Emma Rollit, who married a Captain Richard Todd Ellison of the 2nd Life Guards at St Paul's Church, Knightsbridge, London on 7 November 1886.

Honours

The Rollit steam pumping engine, built in 1883, and which formerly pumped sewage at Hull, was named in his honour. It is now preserved at Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum, and carries a brass plaque bearing the name.

References

 The Times, 14 August 1922

1842 births
1922 deaths
Politicians from Kingston upon Hull
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1900–1906
Businesspeople from Kingston upon Hull
Presidents of the Law Society of England and Wales
Politicians from Windsor, Berkshire
Mayors of Kingston upon Hull
Liberal Party (UK) parliamentary candidates

Albert Rollit


Ion exchange chromatography (or ion chromatography) is a process in chromatography that separates ions and polar molecules based on their attraction to the ion exchanger. It works on almost any kind of charged molecule—including large proteins, small nucleotides, and amino acids. The two types of ion chromatography are: "anion-exchange" and "cation-exchange" chromatography. They are used in protein purification, water analysis, and quality control.

The water-soluble and charged molecules such as proteins, amino acids, and peptides bind to moieties which are oppositely charged by forming ionic bonds to the insoluble stationary phase.The equilibrated stationary phase is made of an ionizable functional groups where targeted molecules of mixtures are separated and quantified while passing through the column. A cationic stationary phase is used to separate anions and an anionic stationary phase is used to separate cations. Cation exchange chromatography is used when the desired molecules to separate are cations and anion exchange chromatography is used to separate anions.

Laboratory techniques
Chemical processes

Ion exchange chromatography


Taja Sevelle (born Nancy Richardson) is an American singer, best known for her 1987 single, "Love Is Contagious" and for the non-profit organization Urban Farming, which she founded in 2005.

Biography
Sevelle signed a recording contract with Prince's Paisley Park Records in 1987. She also released her self-titled debut album that year, and would go on to release two more studio albums on other labels, 1991's Fountains Free and 1997's Toys of Vanity. Only two of the songs she recorded were written or co-written by Prince: "Wouldn't You Love to Love Me?" and "If I Could Get Your Attention", both from her debut album.

She was first featured on Prince and the Revolution's 1985 album Around the World in a Day, singing backing vocals on the song "The Ladder".

During the 1990s, Sevelle wrote several songs for Warner Music.

Debut album
The eponymous album Taja Sevelle was produced by Minneapolis musician Chico Bennett. She mainly worked with Warner Bros. executives on the album. It failed to chart in the US, but reached number 48 in the UK and number 52 in the Netherlands.

Urban Farming
In 2005, Taja founded the non-profit organization Urban Farming. Its mission is "to create an abundance of food for people in need by supporting and encouraging the establishment of gardens on unused land and space while increasing diversity, raising awareness for health and wellness, and inspiring and educating youth, adults and seniors to create an economically sustainable system to uplift communities around the globe."

The organization began by planting three gardens of free food in Detroit and there are now over 63,400 gardens in 61 countries around the world that are a part of the Urban Farming Global Food Chain.

Discography

Albums

Studio albums

Extended plays

Singles

Music videos

References

External links
 Official website

1962 births
American contemporary R&B singers
Paisley Park Records artists
Musicians from Minneapolis
Living people
Songwriters from Minnesota
Singers from Minnesota
Reprise Records artists
550 Music artists
Epic Records artists

Taja Sevelle


The Necklace of Harmonia, also called the Necklace of Eriphyle, was a fabled object in Greek mythology that, according to legend, brought great misfortune to all of its wearers or owners, who were primarily queens and princesses of the ill-fated House of Thebes.

Background
Hephaestus, blacksmith of the Olympian gods, discovered his wife, Aphrodite, goddess of love, having a sexual affair with Ares, the god of war. He became enraged and vowed to avenge himself for Aphrodite's infidelity by cursing any lineage of children resulting from the affair.  Aphrodite bore a daughter, Harmonia, from Ares' seed.  Harmonia grew up and was later betrothed to Cadmus of Thebes.  Upon hearing of the royal engagement, Hephaestus presented Harmonia with an exquisite necklace and robe as a wedding gift.  In some versions of the myth, only the necklace is given.  In either case, the necklace was wrought by Hephaestus' own hand and was cursed to bring disaster to any who wore it.

Magical properties
The magical necklace, referred to simply as the Necklace of Harmonia, allowed any woman wearing it to remain eternally young and beautiful. It thus became a much-coveted object amongst women of the House of Thebes in Greek myths.  Although no solid description of the Necklace exists, it is usually described in ancient Greek passages as being of beautifully wrought gold, in the shape of two serpents whose open mouths formed a clasp, and inlaid with various jewels.

Owners
Harmonia and Cadmus were both later transformed into serpents (dragons in some versions of the myth).  The extent of their suffering as a result of Harmonia wearing the Necklace is debatable because Cadmus and Harmonia are said to have ascended to the paradise of the Elysian Fields after their transformation. The Necklace then went to Harmonia's daughter Semele. She wore it the very day that Hera visited her and insinuated that her husband was not really Zeus. This led to Semele's destruction when she foolishly demanded that Zeus prove his identity by displaying himself in all his glory as the lord of heaven.

Several generations later, Queen Jocasta wore the legendary Necklace. It allowed her to retain her youth and beauty. Thus, after  the death of her husband King Laius, she unknowingly married her own son, Oedipus.  When the truth about Oedipus was later discovered,  Jocasta committed suicide, and Oedipus tore out his own eyes.  The descendants and relations of Oedipus all suffered various personal tragedies, as described in Sophocles' "Three Theban Plays": Oedipus Rex, Oedipus at Colonus, and Antigone.

Polynices then inherited the Necklace. He gave it to Eriphyle, so that she might use it to persuade her husband, Amphiaraus, to undertake the expedition against Thebes.  This led to the death of Eriphyle, Alcmaeon, Phegeus, and the latter's sons.  Through Alcmaeon, the son of Eriphyle, the necklace then came into the hands of Phegeus' daughter Arsinoe (named Alphesiboea in some versions), then to the sons of Phegeus, Pronous and Agenor, and lastly to the sons of Alcmaeon, Amphoterus and Acarnan.  Amphoterus and Acarnan dedicated the Necklace to the Temple of Athena at Delphi, to prevent further disaster amongst human wearers.

The tyrant Phayllus, one of the Phocian leaders in the Third Sacred War (356 BC-346 BC),  stole the necklace from the Temple and offered it to his mistress. After she had worn it for a time, her son was seized with madness and set fire to the house, where she perished in the flames along with all her worldly treasures. No additional legends about the cursed Necklace of Harmonia exist after the story of Phayllus's mistress.

See also
 Brísingamen, a necklace owned by the North Germanic goddess Freyja

 Heimskringla Chapter 24, Ynglingatal 12, Skald I 28

External links
Michael Stewart - Greek Mythology: From the Iliad to the Fall of the Last Tyrant
Theoi Project - Harmonia
Greek Mythology Link (Carlos Parada) - Robe & Necklace of Harmonia

Greek mythology
Mythological clothing
Necklaces

Necklace of Harmonia


Diopside is a monoclinic pyroxene mineral with composition .  It forms complete solid solution series with hedenbergite () and augite, and partial solid solutions with orthopyroxene and pigeonite.  It forms variably colored, but typically dull green crystals in the monoclinic prismatic class. It has two distinct prismatic cleavages at 87 and 93° typical of the pyroxene series. It has a Mohs hardness of six, a Vickers hardness of 7.7 GPa at a load of 0.98 N, and a specific gravity of 3.25 to 3.55. It is transparent to translucent with indices of refraction of nα=1.663–1.699, nβ=1.671–1.705, and nγ=1.693–1.728. The optic angle is 58° to 63°.

Formation

Diopside is found in ultramafic (kimberlite and peridotite) igneous rocks, and diopside-rich augite is common in mafic rocks, such as olivine basalt and andesite. Diopside is also found in a variety of metamorphic rocks, such as in contact metamorphosed skarns developed from high silica dolomites. It is an important mineral in the Earth's mantle and is common in peridotite xenoliths erupted in kimberlite and alkali basalt.

Mineralogy and occurrence

Diopside is a precursor of chrysotile (white asbestos) by hydrothermal alteration and magmatic differentiation; it can react with hydrous solutions of magnesium and chlorine to yield chrysotile by heating at 600 °C for three days. Some vermiculite deposits, most notably those in Libby, Montana, are contaminated with chrysotile (as well as other forms of asbestos) that formed from diopside.

At relatively high temperatures, there is a miscibility gap between diopside and pigeonite, and at lower temperatures, between diopside and orthopyroxene. The calcium/(calcium+magnesium+iron) ratio in diopside that formed with one of these other two pyroxenes is particularly sensitive to temperature above 900 °C, and compositions of diopside in peridotite xenoliths have been important in reconstructions of temperatures in the Earth's mantle.

Chrome diopside () is a common constituent of peridotite xenoliths, and dispersed grains are found near kimberlite pipes, and as such are a prospecting indicator for diamonds. Occurrences are reported in Canada, South Africa, Russia, Brazil, and a wide variety of other locations. In the US, chromian diopside localities are described in the serpentinite belt in northern California, in kimberlite in the Colorado-Wyoming State Line district, in kimberlite in the Iron Mountain district, Wyoming, in lamprophyre at Cedar Mountain in Wyoming, and in numerous anthills and outcrops of the Tertiary Bishop Conglomerate in the Green River Basin of Wyoming. Much chromian diopside from the Green River Basin localities and several of the State Line Kimberlites have been gem in character.

As a gem
Gemstone quality diopside is found in two forms: black star diopside and chrome diopside (which includes chromium, giving it a rich green color). At 5.5–6.5 on the Mohs scale, chrome diopside is relatively soft to scratch. Due to the deep green color of the gem, they are sometimes referred to as Siberian emeralds, although they are on a gemological level completely unrelated, emerald being a precious stone and diopside being a semi-precious stone.

Violane is a manganese-rich variety of diopside, violet to light blue in color.

Etymology and history
Diopside derives its name from the Greek dis, "twice", and òpsè, "face" in reference to the two ways of orienting the vertical prism.

Diopside was discovered and first described about 1800, by Brazilian naturalist Jose Bonifacio de Andrada e Silva.

Potential uses

Diopside based ceramics and glass-ceramics have potential applications in various technological areas. A diopside based glass-ceramic named 'silceram' was produced by scientists from Imperial College, UK during the 1980s from blast furnace slag and other waste products. They also produced glass-ceramic is a potential structural material.  Similarly, diopside based ceramics and glass-ceramics have potential applications in the field of biomaterials, nuclear waste immobilization and sealing materials in solid oxide fuel cells.

References

 S. Carter, C.B. Ponton, R.D. Rawlings, P.S. Rogers, Microstructure, chemistry, elastic properties and internal-friction of silceram glass-ceramics, Journal of Materials Science 23 (1988) 2622-2630.
 T. Nonami, S. Tsutsumi, Study of diopside ceramics for biomaterials, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 10 (1999) 475-479.
 A. Goel, D.U. Tulyaganov, V.V. Kharton, A.A. Yaremchenko, J.M.F. Ferreira, Electrical behaviour of aluminosilicate glass-ceramic sealants and their interaction with metallic SOFC interconnects, Journal of Power Sources 195 (2010) 522-526.
Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., Wiley, pp 403–404,
Mindat: Chromian diopside, with locales
Webmineral
Chrome Diopside on gemstone.org

Pyroxene group
Magnesium minerals
Calcium minerals
Inosilicates
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 15
Luminescent minerals

Diopside


Queen Rangita (died 1530), also known as Rangitamanjakatrimovavy, was a Vazimba sovereign who ruled at Merimanjaka in the central highlands of Madagascar after her father, King Andrianmpandramanenitra (Rafandramanenitra). She was succeeded upon her death by her daughter (some sources say her adopted sister), Queen Rafohy (1530-1540).

Oral tradition is unclear about the roles and relations of Rangita and Rafohy to one another. This lack of clarity includes who was the mother to whom, who succeeded whom and which one was the mother of Andriamanelo. According to one version of the oral tradition, Rangita had two sons, and possibly one daughter, Rafohy. These accounts relate that Rangita shared the stereotypical Vazimba physical characteristics of small stature and dark skin, and her name means "kinky-haired."

It was customary among the Vazimba to submerge the bodies of the dead in bodies of water that were designated as sacred for that purpose; it is said that upon Rangita's death, she (like Rafohy) was placed in a silver coffin made to look like an outrigger canoe, which was then submerged in a sacred bog.

References

History of Madagascar
Queens regnant of Madagascar
16th-century women rulers
16th-century monarchs in Africa
Vazimba people

Rangita


Adolfo Aguilar Zínser ( – ) was a Mexican scholar, diplomat and politician who served as a National Security Advisor to President Vicente Fox and as a UN Security Council Ambassador in the midst of the US invasion of Iraq.

Born in Mexico City into an upper-class family, Adolfo Aguilar was the son of Adolfo Aguilar y Quevedo a criminal lawyer and Carmen Zínser, a philanthropist. He was also the great-grandson of Miguel Ángel de Quevedo El apóstol del árbol ("Apostle of trees"), considered the first environmentalist in Mexico and Ángela Quevedo de Aguilar a philanthropist.

Aguilar studied law at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, international relations at El Colegio de México (1972–75) and completed a master's degree in international and public affairs at Harvard Kennedy School (1977–78). During the early seventies he briefly subscribed to Marxist ideology, and he headed Luis Echeverría's Center for Economic and Social Studies of the Third World during the mid-1970s.

He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, representing the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) in 1994 and served until 1997. From 1997 to 2000 he served in the Senate, representing the Green Ecological Party of Mexico (PVEM).

Following Vicente Fox's election to the Presidency (representing a coalition of the National Action Party and the PVEM) on July 2, 2000, Aguilar served as the transition team's advisor on international affairs. After taking office, Fox appointed Aguilar his national security advisor.

In January 2002, Fox appointed Aguilar Mexico's permanent representative to the United Nations. His term coincided with Mexico's election to the Security Council and, in accordance with the Security Council's rules of procedure, he served as its president for two one-month terms.

Following a speech to students at Mexico City's Ibero-American University on November 11, 2003, in which Aguilar claimed that the political and intellectual class of the United States sees Mexico as "a country whose position is that of a back yard" (patio trasero) and that Washington was interested in only "a relationship of convenience and subordination" and "a weekend fling" (un noviazgo de fin de semana), President Fox requested his resignation on 18 November. Two days later, Aguilar announced his resignation in writing accusing Fox of treason and submission to US interests. Aguilar saw nothing controversial in his speech, considering it "obvious and historical"; it was, however, spun in the media to imply that Aguilar himself believed that Mexico was the US's backyard and was thus unworthy to represent the country at the UN. The speech served as a pretext to fire him and placate the US, although Mexico never gave the US what it wanted: support for the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

After leaving the UN, Aguilar received an honorary degree from Ricardo Palma University (Peru) and hosted a weekly current-affairs show on television. He died in a car accident near his summer chalet in Tepoztlán, Morelos, on June 5, 2005, at the age of 55.

In the run-up to the fifth anniversary of the Iraq War he was the subject of an episode of the BBC series 10 Days to War, in which he was played by Tom Conti.

External links
  Profile in El Universal.
 "Former Mexican U.N. Envoy Killed in Wreck", ABC News.
 Obituary in The Economist.

1949 births
2005 deaths
Road incident deaths in Mexico
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Members of the Senate of the Republic (Mexico)
Ecologist Green Party of Mexico politicians
El Colegio de México alumni
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Politicians from Mexico City
Mexican people of German descent
Permanent Representatives of Mexico to the United Nations
Party of the Democratic Revolution politicians
Mexican expatriates in the United States
20th-century Mexican politicians

Adolfo Aguilar Zínser


Dwarfing is a process in which a breed of animals or cultivar of plants is changed to become significantly smaller than standard members of their species. The effect can be induced through human intervention or non-human processes, and can include genetic, nutritional or hormonal means.  Used most specifically, dwarfing includes pathogenic changes in the structure of an organism (for example, the bulldog, a genetically achondroplastic dog breed), in contrast to non-pathogenic proportional reduction in stature (such as the whippet, a small sighthound dog breed).

Animals
In animals, including humans, dwarfism has been described in several ways. Shortened stature can result from growth hormone deficiency, starvation, portal systemic shunts, renal disease, hypothyroidism diabetes mellitus and other conditions.  Any of these conditions can be established in a population through genetic engineering, selective breeding, or insular dwarfism, or some combination of the above.

Dwarfing can produce more practical breeds that can fit in small accommodations, or may appeal aesthetically, as well as other associated side effects.  Smaller stature may be a deliberate goal of breeding programs, or it may be a side effect of other breeding goals.

Nonpurposeful dwarfing

In some husbandry conditions, humans created dwarf breeds, or allowed them to develop, without specifically selecting for smaller animals.  It is likely that the Shetland sheep breed, Shetland collie breed of dogs, and various pony breeds of horses developed in this manner.  In the case of the Shetland sheep and collies, it is likely that environmental conditions, such as a lack of abundant fodder, led to farmers selecting smaller animals who continued to reproduce on limited food over larger animals who did not reproduce well on limited diets.  In this case, the emphasis was on selecting for survival and reproduction, not size.

Purposeful dwarfing

Humans have encouraged the deliberate development of dwarf breeds of many domestic animals, including horses, cattle, dogs, and chickens.  Some have been breeds of smaller animals that were not originally selected for size, but are now held to specific sizes by a breed standard. In many cases, the exact physiological mechanism that alters the growth of individuals in that breed is not well known, and some breeds have multiple mechanisms at play.

As the genetic mutations that cause dwarfing occur in many species, dwarf animals can be the offspring of normal-appearing animals.  Even in breeds which have not been selected for dwarfing, some genetic lines may show a tendency to produce dwarfs, which may be encouraged by deliberate breeding.  This often takes the form of in-breeding to concentrate recessive genes, and can result in other genetic abnormalities being established in the population.

Some animal breeds that have been formally subject to dwarfing include:

 Rabbits (American Fuzzy Lop, Britannia Petite (US), Dwarf Hotot, Florida White Rabbit, Jersey Wooly, Lionhead Polish (UK), Holland Lop Netherland Dwarf, Mini Rex, Mini Satin, others)
 Dogs (English Bulldog, French Bulldog, Chihuahua, Corgi, Whippet, Miniature Pinscher, others)
 Poultry (Bantam chickens, Call Ducks)
 Goats (Nigerian Dwarf, Pygmy Goat)
 Cattle (Dwarf Brahman, Lowline cattle Guinea Cracker Cattle, Dexter cattle)
 Equines (Miniature Donkey, Fell Pony, Hackney Pony Miniature horse, Shetland Pony, others)

Plants

As with animals, plants can be dwarfed through genetic engineering and selective breeding, but can also undergo natural, morphological changes to acclimatize to environmental stresses such as soil quality, light, drought, flood, cold, infection, and herbivory resulting in a dwarfed stature. Plants dwarfed due to environmental stress are said to be "stunted." The majority of dwarfing in plants occurs not from the damage environmental stresses inflict on them, but instead by hormones produced in response to the stress. Plant hormones act as a signal to the various tissues of plants inducing one or more responses, the class of plant hormone responsible for dwarfing in plants due to injury are called jasmonates. Such responses include, but are not limited to: less frequent cell divisions and reduction of cell elongation.

Dwarfing trees

In horticulture, dwarfing can be considered a desirable characteristic in modern orchards. This kind of dwarfing can be attained through selective breeding, genetic engineering, or more often, scions are grafted on to dwarfing rootstocks. Almost all modern apples in commercial use are propagated as dwarf or semi-dwarf trees for ease of picking and spraying.

Dwarfing fruit trees acts through a reduction in the nutrients which travel from the roots through the trunk to the leaves and buds.  Many commercial orchards of various species use this technique to improve the overall health and productivity of the individual trees.  An individual tree may be made up of three or more separate cultivars - one for the root system, which is generally selected for good stability and resistance to soil-borne diseases, one for the trunk, which modifies the overall height of the tree, and one for the productive limbs and buds, which actually produces the fruit.  Frequently, the root system stock is the most resistant to cold damage - both by natural selection and by protection from the cold air by the earth.  When frost severely damages a tree, the more productive branch and bud cultivar may be killed off, leaving the root to sprout new stalks.  In the case of oranges and other citrus, this results in sweet orange trees being frozen back so that the more hardy, cold-tolerant sour orange rootstock puts out new growth.

Dwarfing grains

Dwarfing genes are widely used in creating more productive food plants, such as grains. One condition that results in loss of grain crops is called 'lodging', where heavy ears of almost ripe grain bend the stalk until the grain touches the ground, becomes wet, and spoils. During the Green Revolution, research that identified wheat reduced-height genes (Rht)  and  a rice semidwarf gene (sd1) resulted in crops that yielded significantly more harvestable grain.

See also
Dwarf
Dwarfism in chickens
Fruit tree propagation
Genomics of domestication
Green revolution
Habit (biology)
Deep-sea gigantism
Foster's rule
Insular dwarfism
Island gigantism
Prostrate shrub

References

Horticulture
Livestock
Organism size

Dwarfing


Parastenolechia issikiella is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Japan and Korea.

The wingspan is 11–14 mm. The forewings are creamy white irrorated with whitish ochreous scales beyond the basal area. There are three distinct dark markings overlaid with raised scales at the base and two dark scale tufts on the antemedian fascia. Beneath these are large brown patches expanded to the dorsum, forming a triangle. Other dark fuscous markings are found on the tornus. The hindwings are grey.

References

Moths described in 1961
Parastenolechia

Parastenolechia issikiella


Japanese influence on Korean culture refers to Japanese cultural influence on modern Korean culture.
A subsequent wave began after the Japanese occupation and annexation of Korea in the 20th century, from 1910 to 1945. During the occupation, the Japanese sought to assimilate Koreans into the Japanese empire by changing laws, policies, religious teachings and education to influence the Korean population.In addition, Korean nationalism continued to rise after the Japanese colonial rule ended and played a large part in the rapid economic development of South Korea.

Since the late 20th century, Japanese influence has mainly involved popular culture. In 1998, Kim Dae-Jung, the president of South Korea, visited Japan and gradually lifted a cultural ban on Japan. South Korea and Japan have reached a consensus to open up a policy of accepting the culture of the other. Japanese popular culture has become more popular among young people in Korea.

Martial arts
The Korean martial art known as Hapkido derives from Japanese Aikido, which in turn is a modernized version of Japanese Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu, whose teachings were compiled by Shinra Saburo Minamoto Yoshimitsu during the 11th century.

The Korean martial art of Kumdo derives from Japanese Kendo. In 1896, the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai expanded to Korea as the Dai Nippon Butokukai - Choson-bu (Korean Branch), and Kendo was made a compulsory subject in Korean schools in 1939, eventually diverging into Kumdo after the Second World War.

Educational culture

Changes in the Korean official language
During the Japanese colonial period, the Japanese government forced Korean students to study in Japanese for more than 35 years by forcing them to use textbooks written in Japanese.

Lost history and culture
During the later occupation, Japan forced Koreans to exclusively teach, write, and speak Japanese. They also mandated the use of Japanese surnames. This caused Koreans to lose the ability to read their written historical and cultural writings, which had been recorded in Korean using Chinese characters. After the 35 years of colonial rule had ended, Koreans were no longer forced to learn Japanese. After the Japanese left, and under the influence of the spirit of extreme patriotism, the country focused on ridding themselves of both Chinese and Japanese colonialism influence. Because of this, the use of Chinese characters was abolished, and primary and junior high schools no longer taught Chinese. However, the history of Korea is written in Chinese. Today, with the exception of experts, almost no one can read Korean historical documents and biographies in their traditional Chinese characters.

Cultural belief
In August 1915, the Regulations on the Propagation of Religion were issued. They indicate that the three major religions recognized in Korea at the time were Buddhism, Shinto and Christianity. The regulations made that religious activities must comply with the government-general, and that religious leaders must follow government decisions regarding expression of religion

Buddhism under Japanese occupation

In 1910, Japan occupied Korea, and to cope with the growth of Japanese missionaries, Korea proposed an auxiliary relationship and used Korean temples as branches of the Japanese denomination.

In June 1911, the government tried to centralize the control of Korean Buddhism by establishing themselves in the temple administration and proposed the Temple Ordinance, which cut off the contact between Korean clergy and Japanese clergy by institutionalizing and bureaucratizing Korean Buddhism. According to the Temple Ordinance, the government re-examined each temple and select 30 Korean temples to become representatives of Korean Buddhism, and the Buddhist abbots would have important administrative powers. After that, the relationship of the remaining 1300 temples will be formalized, but the content spread by the temple need to be approved by the government. This regulation has caused the abbots to be obsessed with power and caused a fierce battle for status and causing public grievances.

In 1912, the government proposed temple regulations to the administrators of each temple. Those days associated with modern imperial ideology, such as National Foundation Day (Kigensetsu) and the birthday of Emperor (Tenchosetsu) are inseparable from the temple rituals, Korean Buddhism became Japanization. The Japanese colonists promoted the Japanization of Korean Buddhism to eradicate the inherent religious habits and beliefs of Korea to establish a national and cultural identity with Korea to solve the ruling crisis.

In August 1919, the third governor, Saito Makoto, tried to change the overall structure of the government and put in pro-Japanese elements. Also, recognized that Koreans have human rights. This is called the assimilation policy and it also trains pro-Japanese people among religious people.

In 1926, Korean Buddhist believers under Japanese rule were allowed to legally marry, leading temples to bear additional costs of childcare and reducing adherence to monasticism. Some monks claimed these changes violate the rules of Buddhism. Therefore, although the number of Buddhist believers doubled during the Japanese rule, disputes within the temple arose.

Christianity under Japanese occupation
After Korea became a Japanese protectorate, Western powers also followed. At this time, in the face of Japanese colonial occupation, Christian community leaders resisted by organizing and establishing religious schools, spreading an ideology of Korean nationalism.

The Japanese promulgated a decree to hinder Korean Christianity. It hoped to weaken anti-Japanese sentiment by controlling public opinion, fully assimilating Koreans, and stipulating Japanese as the official language of Korea. However, Christian churches organized and spread anti-colonial sentiment. After the end of Japanese occupation, Christianity is still highly influential in Korean society.

Popular culture
As a major economic power, Japan has played an influence on Asia for a long time. Especially after the spread of Japanese pop culture in East Asia, Japanese comics, Anime, pop music and TV dramas have become very popular. Japan has found that the commercial value of the pop culture industry is constantly improving, and it can provide a lot of help for the accumulation of capital. Therefore, Japan began to try its best to promote the popular culture industry. Despite the fact that Japan had invaded some of these countries, many people have strongly resisted Japan, and those who have not experienced the cruel aggression of the Middle Ages have no feeling about it. Asian adolescents are defined as one of the most audiences in this industry, and their enthusiasm for new things is not too much of a concern, and they will not delve into the source and history of such consumer goods. Therefore, the Japanese pop culture industry has had a great impact among Asian teenagers.

Since its liberation from Japanese colonial rule in 1945, South Korea has banned Japanese Pop culture and adopted a policy of blocking Japanese popular culture. In 1965, after the establishment of diplomatic relations between South Korea and Japan, the two countries only made frequent economic exchanges, South Korea still banned Japanese culture. After the president of South Korea, Kim Dae-Jung visited Tokyo in 1998, South Korea proposed four steps to gradually lift the ban on Japan. From October 1998 to June 2000, the Japanese culture was implemented in an open policy in three steps. It is expected to complete the fourth ban to accept the spread of Japanese TV programs and popular music, when South Korea and Japan jointly hold the FIFA World Cup in 2002

In 2001, the relationship between South Korea and Japan gradually improved. In the same year, the Japanese ministry of Education passes an application submitted by the Japanese imperialist Association, saying that Japanese textbooks were too self-critical, self-tortured, and degraded for Japanese imperialism. The textbook should be revised to cultivate Japanese national pride. This action angered China and South Korea. Since then, Japan has not changed the textbook anymore. South Korea said they will not implement the last step to lift the ban on Japanese culture in 2002 until the problem is solved.

Comic and animation

In 1998, Korea lifted the ban on Japanese pop culture, Japanese animation officially legalized in Korea. Japan and Korea achieved a low price on television through the co-production of comics. In the late 1980s, Korea learned the technical know-how of Japanese manga through cooperation, and the level of TV animation increased rapidly. By reducing the Japanese flavor of animation and adding Korean local elements, Korean comics have been created and arranged into TV animations. Animation are consumed as a lifestyle, and not only for children and teenager, but also for young people and even older.

Movies and TV drama
When Korea began to accept Japanese culture gradually, not all Japanese films were allowed to spread in Korea. Only the world's four major international film festivals (Cannes Film Festival, Venice Film Festival, Berlin Film Festival, American Academy Awards) won works or Japan-Korea joint production (more than 20% of Korean funding) can be allowed to spread. In addition, in the case of a Korean director or a Korean protagonist is also required, and only movies recognized as global art can be released in Korea.

In 1999, Japanese film director Shunji Iwai's movie "Love Letter" was broadcast in South Korea. As the first film released in Korea, it received a great welcome in Korea. The heroine often said, "How are you" which became a popular sentence for Korean youth. Japan has also launched a family TV series to Korea. Japan has changed the Korean's views on Japan by beautifying TV dramas. The Koreans have more understanding of daily life and Japanese families and have improved their impression of Japan .

Novels
Young Koreans ceased to be forced to learn Japanese after their country became independent, Japanese novels are often translated into Korean. In 1970, Yomaoka Sohachi's novel "Tokugawa Ieyasu" was translated into Korean, and sold more than 400,000 copies, becoming an unprecedented bestseller. Gyoho Bunko, a large book store in South Korea, has a corner only for Japanese books and is always thriving. The top ten bestsellers in novels, as published annually by "Gunpo Bunko", include works by Japanese artists. Many Japanese artists such as Haruki Murakami, Kaori Ekuni, Banana Yoshimoto, Akira Higashino and Hideo Okuda are popular among young Koreans

Korean response

In response, Koreans began to view rejection of and resistance towards Japan and its culture as patriotic. Many Korean nationalists today still harbor anti-Japanese sentiment.

In 2018, Iz*One's song "Suki ni natchau daro?" was banned on KBS and SBS. The song's lyrics are composed in Japanese language, which is believed to be the reason. In Japan, there were suspicions that KBS's actions were racism.

See also
 Korea under Japanese rule
 Chinese influence on Korean culture
 Chinese influence on Japanese culture
 Korean influence on Japanese culture
 Culture of Japan
 Culture of Korea

References

Korean culture

Japanese influence on Korean culture


Friar Nicolás Borrás (1530–1610) was a Spanish Renaissance Catholic monk and painter, active in Valencia.

Biography
Borrás was born in Cocentaina, (Kingdom of Valencia), nowadays in the Province of Alicante. He is one of the best artists of Valencian monastic painting. Going to Valencia at an early age to study under Vicente Juan Macip, he became the latter's most noteworthy pupil. Borrás's works generally resemble those of Macip and some of them have been taken for his. Upon entering the priesthood he was assigned to the Hieronymite Monastery of Saint Jerome of Cotalba, in Gandia where he enjoyed his stay so much that he asked for membership in the order has his only payment.

The Hieronymite monks of Cotalba called him to paint the greater altarpiece of the church. In this way, he entered in the order. The altarpiece consisted in fourteen tables. There was a sculpture of Saint Jerome in the middle. In addition, he made other altarpieces for the chapels of the church and the chapterhouse. Also he produced paintings for different parts of the monastery. He painted four great linens for the stations of the low cloister. However, the only work conserved in its original place was The Saint Supper painted in fresco. It is placed in what nowadays is known as the oil mill, that originally was the dining hall (refectory).

He received the habit in 1575, and took the final vows the following year. Three years later, he spent some time with the Capuchins at the Franciscan monastery of San Juan de Ribera, near Valencia. He was soon back, however, at the Monastery of Saint Jerome of Cotalba in Gandia, where he passed the rest of his life painting, leaving twelve altar pieces in the church alone. He also spent his own money in the employment of sculptors and builders for the embellishment of the monastery.

Borrás also did much work for churches and religious houses in Valencia, Madrid, and elsewhere. His paintings appeared in Saint Mary of Valencia Cathedral and at the Hieronymite monastery in the city of San Miguel de los Reyes where there was a "Christ at the Column", and a picture of the painter in adoration of "The Holy Virgin". Others were in the church of St. Stephen in Gandia, in the Escorial in Aldaia, and in Ontinyent. In the Museum of Fine Arts of Valencia there are some fifty paintings by Borrás chiefly from Gandia and San Miguel. Among them are The Last Supper, Christ Bearing His Cross, The Dead Saviour in the Arms of the Eternal Father, and The Archangel Michael Driving Souls into Purgatory and Hell. In the last Borrás is supposed to have pictured himself as a white-robed monk kneeling on the brink. He died, aged about 80, in the Monastery of Sant Jeroni de Cotalba, near Gandia.

See also
Monastery of Saint Jerome of Cotalba
Hieronymites

Notes

Bibliography
Benito Domenech, Fernando, Los Ribalta y la pintura valenciana de su tiempo, Valencia-Madrid, 1987,  p. 34-43.
Benito Domenech, Fernando, ed. Cinco siglos de pintura valenciana (Five Centuries of Valencian Paintings), Obras del Museo de Bellas Artes de Valencia, Madrid, Museo de Bellas Artes de Valencia-Fundación Central Hispano, 1996,
Various authors, Nicolás Borrás Falcó, Ayuntamiento de Cocentaina (Alicante), 2010, 187 pages
 Mateo Gómez, Isabel, López-Yarto, Amelia y Prados García, José María, El arte de la Orden Jerónima: historia y mecenazgo, Madrid, Encuentro, 2000, .

External links
The paintings of Nicolás Borrás in the Monastery of Sant Jeroni de Cotalba
Files of Nicolás Borrás at the Museum of Fine Arts of Valencia
}
 Valencia Art exhibit
Gerard William Smith (1884), Painting, Spanish and French, Sampson and Low publishers, editors EJ Poynter and Roger Smith, page 37.

1530 births
1610 deaths
People from Cocentaina
Painters from the Valencian Community
Monastery of Sant Jeroni de Cotalba
16th-century Spanish painters
Spanish male painters
17th-century Spanish painters

Nicolás Borrás


was a city in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. The city was founded on April 1, 1954.

As of 2003, the city had an estimated population of 40,838 and the density of . The total area was .

On March 27, 2006, Hondo was merged with the city of Ushibuka and the towns of Amakusa, Ariake, Goshoura, Itsuwa, Kawaura, Kuratake, Shinwa and Sumoto (all from Amakusa District) to create the new city of Amakusa and no longer exists as an independent municipality of Japan.

External links
 Official website of Amakusa

Dissolved municipalities of Kumamoto Prefecture

Hondo, Kumamoto


The Bainbridge Island Japanese American Exclusion Memorial (, Beinburijjitō Nikkei Amerikajin Haijo Kinenhi) is an outdoor exhibit commemorating the internment of Japanese Americans from Bainbridge Island in the state of Washington. It is located on the south shore of Eagle Harbor, opposite the town of Winslow. Administratively, it is a unit of the Minidoka National Historic Site in Idaho. The mission of the memorial is Nidoto Nai Yoni, "Let It Not Happen Again".

Background

Japanese immigrants first came to Bainbridge Island in the 1880s, working in sawmills and strawberry harvesting, and by the 1940s had become an integral part of the island's community.

Because of the island's proximity to naval bases, local Japanese Americans were the first in the whole country to be interned. 227 Japanese Americans were ordered to leave the island with six days' notice. They departed by ferry on March 30, 1942. The island had a total of 276 Japanese American residents at the time; those who were away from the island at the time due to study, military service, or other business were not permitted to return. Most internees were sent to Manzanar, California, though some of them were later transferred to Minidoka. Local newspapers such as The Bainbridge Review (made famous by David Guterson's novel Snow Falling on Cedars) spoke out against the internment and continued to publish correspondence from internees. A Seattle Post-Intelligencer photograph of Bainbridge Island resident Fumiko Hayashida and her 13-month-old daughter preparing to board the ferry that day became famous as a symbol of the internment. 150 returned to the island after the end of World War II. By 2011, about 90 survivors remained, of whom 20 still lived on the island.

The facility

The organizing group behind the facility, the Bainbridge Japanese American Community, planned to build a $9 million facility with a pier and  interpretive center, next to Pritchard Park and the former Bainbridge Island ferry terminal. Congress voted to include the memorial in the Minidoka National Historic Site in May 2008 as part of the Consolidated Natural Resources Act of 2008. By March 2009, memorial organizers had raised $2.7 million of funding.

The first part of the memorial to be constructed was an outdoor cedar "story wall" with the names of all 276 Japanese Americans resident on the island at the time. The groundbreaking ceremony for the wall was held on March 30, 2009, the 67th anniversary of the internment. Fumiko Hayashida (then 98), the oldest surviving internee, spoke at the ceremony. The wall was designed by local architect Johnpaul Jones, an American Indian and the principal of Jones and Jones Architects. Jones also worked on landscape architecture in the vicinity of the memorial; he aimed for natural landscaping, planting native species including sword fern, mahonia, salal, and shore pine. Local artist Steve Gardner created friezes to be placed on the wall, depicting some of the scenes of residents being herded onto the ferries; he stated that the project "sucked me in in a way I hadn't thought about. This really is a story about American citizens." The memorial was opened to the public on July 30, 2011.

See also
 Day of Remembrance (Japanese Americans)
 Densho: The Japanese American Legacy Project
 Empty Chair Memorial
 Fred Korematsu Day
 Go for Broke Monument
 Harada House
 Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism During World War II
 National Japanese American Veterans Memorial Court
 Sakura Square

References

External links

Bainbridge Island Japanese American Exclusion Memorial (BIJAEMA) official website
Bainbridge Island Japanese American Community (BIJAC)
Bainbridge Island Japanese American Exclusion Memorial Introduction, from BIJAC's website
Bainbridge Island Map, Tips & Japanese Information Explore Bainbridge & Seattle Japantown

Bainbridge Island, Washington
Buildings and structures in Kitsap County, Washington
History of Kitsap County, Washington
Internment of Japanese Americans
Japanese-American memorials
Japanese-American culture in Washington (state)
Tourist attractions in Kitsap County, Washington


A container port or container terminal is a facility where cargo containers are transshipped between different transport vehicles, for onward transportation. The transshipment may be between container ships and land vehicles, for example trains or trucks, in which case the terminal is described as a maritime container port. Alternatively, the transshipment may be between land vehicles, typically between train and truck, in which case the terminal is described as an inland container port.

In November 1932, the first inland container port in the world was opened by the Pennsylvania Railroad company in Enola, Pennsylvania.

Port Newark-Elizabeth on the Newark Bay in the Port of New York and New Jersey is considered the world's first maritime container port. On April 26, 1956, the Ideal X was rigged for an experiment to use standardized cargo containers that were stacked and then unloaded to a compatible truck chassis at Port Newark. The concept had been developed by the McLean Trucking Company. On August 15, 1962, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey opened the world's first container port, Elizabeth Marine Terminal.

Maritime container ports tend to be part of a larger port, and the biggest maritime container ports can be found situated around major harbours. Inland container ports tend to be located in or near major cities, with good rail connections to maritime container ports.

It is common for cargo that arrives to a container port in a single ship to be distributed over several modes of transportation for delivery to inland customers. According to a manager from the Port of Rotterdam, it may be fairly typical way for the cargo of a large 18,000 TEU container ship to be distributed over  19 container trains (74 TEU each), 32 barges (97 TEU each) and 1,560 trucks (1.6 TEU each, on average). The further container terminal, in April 2015, such APM Terminal Maasvlakte II, that adapts the advanced technology of remotely-controlled STS gantry cranes and conceptions of sustainability, renewable energy, and zero carbon dioxide emission.

Both maritime and inland container ports usually provide storage facilities for both loaded and empty containers. Loaded containers are stored for relatively short periods, whilst waiting for onward transportation, whilst unloaded containers may be stored for longer periods awaiting their next use. Containers are normally stacked for storage, and the resulting stores are known as container stacks.

In recent years methodological advances regarding container port operations have considerably improved, such as container port design process. For a detailed description and a comprehensive list of references see, e.g., the operations research literature.

See also

Cargo airline
Container port design process
Containerization
Dock (maritime)
List of container ports
Pick and pack
Receipt
Warehouse

References

External links
 Destiny of a Maritime Nation, a 2018 documentary by Channel NewsAsia, discusses Singapore's 1960s shift to container traffic and interviews port workers present at the time.  (Sequence covering containerization begins near time index 28:40)

Water transport

Container port


Shepherds Friendly Society is a UK friendly society and one of the oldest mutual insurers in the world.

It is an incorporated society in the United Kingdom within the meaning of the Friendly Societies Act 1992. It has over 100,000 members.

History
The Industrial Revolution led to major changes in society, with village communities diminishing and new towns and industries springing up. As there was no state provision for the poor, mutual aid organisations known as friendly societies were established to help families against hardship brought about by illness or death. Such societies began as locally based groups, whose members contributed a small amount each month so that payouts could be made to those in need, with the rest of the money received either saved or invested.

Shepherds Friendly started life as a sickness and benefits society, Ashton Unity, which was formed in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire on Christmas Day in 1826. It was later renamed as the Loyal Order of Ancient Shepherds, "loyal" referring to the Crown and "shepherds" to the Nativity of Jesus. Its objects were "to relieve the sick, bury the dead, and assist each other in all cases of unavoidable distress, so far as in our power lies, and for the promotion of peace and goodwill towards the human race". It later spread across the country, organised into local branches; like other friendly societies such as the Oddfellows, these were known as 'lodges', and officers wore regalia somewhat similar to those of freemasons. By 1914 the membership had grown to 143,000. The Ancient Shepherds raised substantial funds from its members to support charities, presenting two lifeboats to the RNLI in the 1800s, and supported the Red Cross and YMCA in the Second World War.

Various similar mutual associations have since amalgamated with it, including the Royal Shepherds Sanctuary Benefit Society which was established in Yorkshire in the early 19th century, and the Ancient Order of Shepherds.

Current products
Shepherds Friendly Society has changed from a traditional insurance provider to a modern diversified financial services organisation.
It offers a range of savings, protection and insurance plans for its members.

References

External links

Friendly societies of the United Kingdom
Financial services companies established in 1826
Companies based in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport
1826 establishments in the United Kingdom

Shepherds Friendly Society


Trebellianus (d. 260–268) was a Roman usurper listed among the thirty tyrants in the Historia Augusta. Modern historians consider this figure a character invented by the author of Historia, whose traditional name was Trebellius Pollio.

Description
According to Historia, Trebellianus was a Cilician robber, who called his castle in the fastnesses of the Isaurian mountains the Palatium (as the imperial palace on the Palatine, in Rome), established a mint, and gave himself the title of emperor. But having been tempted to quit his stronghold and descend into the plain, he was there encountered and slain by Causisoleus, an Egyptian, one of the generals of Gallienus (dux Gallieni), brother of Aurelius Theodotus who had defeated Mussius Aemilianus.

Trebellianus is also cited by Eutropius (Breviarium, ix.8). The passage is considered a later interpolation, or an error for "Regalianus" — and in fact several editions of Eutropius amend the text with Regalianus. In the latter case, it is possible that this passage gave inspiration to the author of Historia for its Trebellianus.

See also
 Trebellia gens

References

Sources
 Article originally taken from the public domain Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, edited by William Smith.
 Körner, Christian "Fictitious usurpers: Trebellianus, Celsus and Saturninus", s.v. "Usurpers under Gallienus" De Imperatoribus Romanis

External links
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 1169

260s deaths
Thirty Tyrants (Roman)
Year of birth unknown

Trebellianus