The Catholic Church in Germany () or Roman Catholic Church in Germany () is part of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church in communion with the Pope, assisted by the Roman Curia, and with the German bishops. The current "Speaker" (i.e., Chairman) of the episcopal conference is Georg Bätzing, Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Limburg.  It is divided into 27 dioceses, 7 of them with the rank of metropolitan sees. All the archbishops and bishops are members of the Conference of German Bishops. Because of the church tax (which is compulsory for those who register civilly as Roman Catholics in Germany) and also because of its substantial real estate holdings and other sources of income, it has an approximate net worth of $26 billion, making it the wealthiest part of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church and the fourth wealthiest religious organization in the world in its own right.

Growing rejection of the Church has had its impact in Germany; nevertheless, 28.5% of the total population remain Roman Catholic (23.9 million people as of December 2022). Before the 1990 reunification of the Germany by accession of the former German Democratic Republic (or East Germany), Roman Catholics were 42% of the population of West Germany. Religious demographic data is relatively accessible in Germany because, by law, all Christian taxpayers must declare their religious affiliation so that the church tax can be deducted by the state and passed on to the relevant church in the state where the taxpayer lives.

Apart from its demographic weight, the Catholic Church in Germany has an old religious and cultural heritage, which reaches back to both Saint Boniface, the "Apostle of Germany" and the first Archbishop of Mainz, buried in Fulda, and to Charlemagne, buried at Aachen Cathedral.

Notable religious sites include structures from the Carolingian era to modern buildings. A cursory list may name Quedlinburg, Maria Laach, Erfurt Cathedral, Eberbach, Lorsch Abbey with its remnant 'Torhalle' (gate hall), one of the oldest structures in Germany, Reichenau, Maulbronn, Weingarten, Banz and Vierzehnheiligen on the opposite hill, the Wieskirche, Ettal, Fürstenfeld, Sacred Heart in Munich (finished in 2000), Altötting and many more. Oberammergau is famous for the Passion Play staged every ten years.

The Catholic Church in Germany also boasts one of the country's most recognizable landmarks, Cologne Cathedral.
Other notable Roman Catholic cathedrals are in Aachen with the throne and tomb of Charlemagne, Augsburg, Bamberg, Berlin (St. Hedwig's Cathedral) with the crypt of Bernhard Lichtenberg, Dresden, proto-Romanesque Hildesheim, Frankfurt with the coronation church of the old Reich's Emperors (superseding Aachen), Freiburg, Freising, Fulda, Limburg which was depicted on the reverse of the old 500 Deutschmark banknote, Mainz with St. Martin's Cathedral) (the only Holy see other than Rome and Jerusalem), Munich Frauenkirche with its onion domes and giant single roof, Münster, Paderborn, Passau, Regensburg, Speyer with its Rhenish Imperial cathedral, and Trier with the oldest church in the country.
The country has a total of about 24,500 Church buildings including many additional religious landmarks:
abbeys, minsters, basilicas, pilgrimage churches, chapels, and converted former cathedrals, built in a profusion of different layouts and styles, from Romanesque to post-modern. Many are listed as World Heritage Sites.

History of Catholicism in Germany

Christianization of the Germans

The earliest stage of the conversion of the various Celtic people and Germanic people to Christianity occurred only in the western part of Germany, the part controlled by the Roman Empire. Christianization was facilitated by the prestige of the Christian Roman Empire amongst its pagan subjects and was achieved gradually by various means. The rise of Germanic Christianity was at times voluntary, particularly among groups associated with the Roman Empire.  Aspects of primæval pagan religion have persisted to this day, including the names of the days of the week.

As Roman rule crumbled in Germany in the 5th century, this phase of Catholicism in Germany came to an end with it. At first, the Gallo-Roman or Germano-Roman populations were able to retain control over big cities such as Cologne and Trier, but in 459 these too were overwhelmed by the attacks of Frankish tribes. Most of the Gallo-Romans or Germano-Romans were killed or exiled. The newcomers to the towns reestablished the observance of the pagan rites. The small remaining Catholic population was powerless to protect its faith against the new ruling Frankish lords.

But as soon as 496, Frankish King Clovis I was baptized together with many members of his household. In contrast to the eastern German tribes, who became Arian Christians, he became a Catholic. Following the example of their king, many Franks were baptized too, but their Catholicism was intermixed with pagan rites.

Over the next eight centuries, Irish, Scottish, and English missionaries reintroduced Christianity into the German territories. During the period of the Frankish Empire, the two most important of these missionaries were Columbanus, who was active in the Frankish Empire from 590, and St. Boniface, who was active from 716. The missionaries, particularly the Scottish Benedictines, founded monasteries (Schottenklöster, Scottish monasteries) in Germany, which were later combined into a single congregation governed by the Abbot of the Scots monastery at Regensburg. The conversion of the Germanic peoples began with the conversion of the Germanic nobility, who were expected to impose their new faith on the general population. This expectation was consistent with the sacral position of the king in Germanic paganism: the king is charged with interacting with the divine on behalf of his people. Hence the general population saw nothing wrong with their kings choosing their preferred mode of worship. The favoured method of showing the supremacy of the Christian belief was the destruction of the holy trees of the Germans. These were trees, usually old oaks or elm trees, dedicated to the gods. Because the missionary was able to destroy the trees without being slain by the gods, his Christian god had to be stronger.

The pagan sacrifices, known as blót, had been seasonal celebrations where gifts were offered to appropriate gods and attempts were made to forecast what the coming season would be like. Similar events had sometimes been convened in times of crisis, for much the same reasons. The sacrifices, consisting of gold, weapons, animals, and even human beings, were hung on the branches of a holy tree.

The Hiberno-Scottish mission ended in the 13th century. Supported by native Christians, they succeeded in Christianizing all of Germany.

Catholicism as the official religion of the Holy Roman Empire

In medieval times, Catholicism was the only official religion within the Holy Roman Empire. (There were resident Jews, but they were not considered citizens of the empire.) Within the empire the Catholic Church was a major power. Large parts of the territory were ruled by ecclesiastical lords. Three of the seven seats in the council of electors of the Holy Roman Emperors were occupied by Catholic archbishops: the Arch-chancellor of Burgundy (archbishop of Trier), the Arch-chancellor of Italy (archbishop of Cologne), and the Arch-chancellor of Germany (archbishop of Mainz). The Holy Roman Emperor could only become such through coronation by the Pope.

The Protestant Reformation
Burghers and monarchs were united in their frustration at the Catholic Church not paying any taxes to secular states while itself collecting taxes from subjects and sending the revenues disproportionately to Italy. Martin Luther denounced the Pope for involvement in politics, and instigated the Protestant Reformation. Luther's doctrine of the two kingdoms justified the confiscation of church property and the crushing of the Great Peasant Revolt of 1525 by the German nobles. This explains the attraction of some territorial princes to Lutheranism. Along with confiscated Catholic church property, ecclesiastical (Catholic) dominions became the personal property of the holder of the formerly religious office, for the right to rule was attached to this office.

On 25 September 1555, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League signed the Peace of Augsburg to officially end the religious wars between the Catholics and the Protestants. This treaty legalized the partitioning of the Holy Roman Empire into Catholic and Protestant territories. Under the treaty, the religion of the ruler (either Lutheranism or Catholicism) determined the religion of his subjects. This policy is widely referred to by the Latin phrase, cuius regio, eius religio ("whose reign, his religion", or "in the prince's land, the prince's religion"). Families were given a period in which they were free to emigrate to regions where their desired religion prevailed.

The religious intolerance and tensions within the Holy Roman Empire were one of the reasons for the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), which devastated most of Germany and killed eight million people, many of those within the Empire dying from disease and famine.

Secularization of church states in the aftermath of the French Revolution

In the war of the First Coalition, revolutionary France defeated the coalition of Prussia, Austria, Spain, and Britain. One result was the cession of the Rhineland to France by the Treaty of Basel in 1795. Six years later, the Concordat of 1801, an agreement between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII, was signed on 15 July 1801. Another two years later, in 1803, to compensate the princes of the annexed territories, a set of mediatizations was carried out, which brought about a major redistribution of territorial sovereignty within the Empire. At that time, large parts of Germany were still ruled by Catholic bishops (95.000 km2 with more than three million inhabitants). In the mediatizations, the ecclesiastical states were by and large annexed to neighbouring secular principalities.  Only three survived a tide of secularization as theocracies: the Archbishopric of Regensburg, which was raised from a bishopric with the incorporation of the Archbishopric of Mainz, and the lands of the Teutonic Knights and Knights of Saint John.

Monasteries and abbeys lost their means of existence as they had to abandon their lands. Paradoxically,  the losses in church land and property made the national or local churches in Germany (as well as in the former Holy Roman Empire, France, Switzerland, and Austria) more dependent on Rome (ultramontane). This shift in the 1850s was sustained by a more zealous clergy, the revival of old teaching orders, the emergence of Marian confraternities, new religious congregations of men and women, and the holding of popular missions.

Kulturkampf

In the mid-19th century, the Catholic Church was also seen as a political power, even in Protestant Prussia, exerting a strong influence on many parts of life. However, from the Catholics' point of view (especially where Catholics were the majority as in the Rhineland Province, the Saar, Alsace and Loraine, and Silesia), Catholics often felt intimidated by self-consciously Protestant rulers, especially when an anti-Catholic campaign was carried on at many levels and would involve "the banishing of priests and nuns from the country, the driving of bishops from their chairs, the closing of schools, the confiscation of church property, the disruption of church gatherings, the disbanding of Catholic associations, and an open feud with the Vatican.

Chancellor Bismarck regarded the Church as a threat, especially in view of its defense of the discriminated Polish minority.

Laws enacted in the state of Prussia and in the empire in the early 1870s discriminated against Catholics.  These laws were resisted by the Church, leading to heated public debates in the media and in the parliaments, during which the term "Kulturkampf" gained widespread currency. Diplomatic ties with the Vatican were cut and additional laws were passed to quell Catholic opposition. This only resulted in more support by the Catholic population and more resistance by the Church. During the Kulturkampf, four bishops and 185 priests in defiance of the laws were tried and imprisoned and many more were fined or went into exile.

After the death of Pope Pius IX in 1878, Bismarck took up negotiations with more conciliatory Pope Leo XIII who proclaimed the end of the Kulturkampf on 23 May 1887.

Catholicism and Third Reich

The Catholic Church denounced Nazism in the years leading up to its rise to power in 1933–34. It believed its primary duty was to protect German Catholics and the Church. Popes Pius XI and Pius XII publicly denounced racism and the murder of innocents. Many Jews were offered baptismal certificates by local parishes and priests in Germany, and some actually converted to escape deportation, arrest or execution, though the Nazi policy of anti-semitism did not exempt "converts" as their philosophy was based on race as pointed out in its National Socialist Program – not on religion. The Vatican knew of the murder of the Jews very early on during the Third Reich, as it had religious representatives in all of the occupied countries. Many individual priests, religious and lay Catholics attempted to save Jews in Germany.  Adolf Hitler was raised as a Catholic in Austria but no longer practised his faith as an adult and as he rose to power. The Catholic Church was in opposition to other ideologies like Communism, because these ideologies were deemed incompatible with Christian morals. Some German bishops expected their priests to promote the Catholic political Centre Party. The majority of Catholic-sponsored newspapers supported the Centre Party over the Nazi Party. In Munich there were some Catholics, both lay and clerics, who supported Hitler, and, on occasion and contrary to Catholic doctrine, (in the early 1920s) attacked a leading bishop for his defense of Jews. Some bishops prohibited Catholics in their dioceses from joining the Nazi Party. This ban was modified after Hitler's 23 March 1933 speech to the Reichstag in which he described Christianity as the foundation for German values. The Nazis did not formally advocate Catholicism but rather an apostate "Christian" sect known as Positive Christianity that was in direct opposition to Catholic dogma and doctrine.

Catholicism in the German Democratic Republic

After World War II the Catholics in the zone occupied by the Soviet army found themselves under a militantly atheist government. Many parishes were cut off from their dioceses in the western part of Germany. German Catholicism was comparatively less affected than Protestantism by the establishment of the GDR, as nearly all of the Soviet zone's territory was historically majority Protestant, and only 11% of the people were Catholic. There were only two, small, majority-Catholic regions in the GDR: a part of the Eichsfeld region and the region in the southeast inhabited by Sorbs.

Catholicism today in Germany

28.5% of the total population is Catholic (23.9 million people as of December 2022). Only one of Germany's Bundesländer (federal states), the Saarland has a Catholic absolute majority: Catholicism is also the largest religious group in Bavaria, Rhineland-Palatinate, North Rhine-Westphalia and Baden-Württemberg.

The German state supports both the Catholic and Protestant churches; it collects taxes for the churches and there is religious education in the schools, taught by teachers who have to be approved by the churches. Church taxes are "automatic paycheck deductions" taken from all registered church members, "regardless of" whether, and if yes, "how often members attend services."

Catholicism in Germany today faces several challenges:
 Traditionally, there were localities with Catholic majorities and cities of Protestant majorities; however, the mobility of modern society began to mix the population. Interconfessional married couples face the problem of not being able to share the same communion. Because of continuing secularization, most states have neither a Catholic nor a Protestant absolute majority (In addition to the ones with Catholic majorities mentioned above, there isn't single Protestant absolute majority in Germany.).
 Modern society is changing old structures. Exclusively Catholic environments are disintegrating, even in traditional areas like the state of Bavaria where the Catholic majority was lost in the archdiocese of Munich (including the city of Munich and large parts of Upper Bavaria) as recently as in 2010.
 The number of Catholics who attend Sunday Mass has decreased (from 22% in 1990 to 13% in 2009).

One of the biggest challenges facing the church is to retain the registered, tax-paying members (regardless of how often they attend services) to fund parishes and church agencies, especially its international relief organizations like Adveniat. German Catholics, however, are divided over the issue of a compulsory church tax. Under the tax an additional 8 percent to 9 percent of personal income tax is deducted at source by the German state from registered churchgoers (of Catholic and Protestant communities).  Although the tax provides the Catholic and Lutheran churches with an exact membership count and a net income of 5.6 billion euros (in 2008) which has helped make the German Catholic Church one of the wealthiest in the world.

A poll from universities in Berlin and Münster, advises that 70% of German Catholics approve of blessings for same-sex couples, 80% accept unmarried couples living together and 85% believe priests should be allowed to marry.  70% of German Catholics support same-sex marriage and 29% oppose it.  93% of German Catholics believe society should accept homosexuality while 6% believe society should not accept homosexuality.

According to a survey by the Erfurt-based opinion research institute INSA a third of German Catholics are considering leaving.  Older Catholics consider leaving primarily due to child abuse cases while younger Catholics primarily want to avoid paying the church tax.

In 2022 522,821 people left the Church, according to figures released by the German bishops.

"Tebartz effect"

A spate of nationwide de-registrations and protest occurred in late 2013 caused by financial corruption scandals, termed the 'Tebartz-effect'. Investigations alleged misappropriation of church funds by Bishop Franz-Peter Tebartz-van Elst of Limburg over several years. Nicknamed the "Protzbischof" ("bling-bishop" or "splurge-bishop"), he provoked outrage for the hypocrisy of preaching poverty while living extravagantly.

His excesses included travelling first class on humanitarian missions to India on flights costing €7,000 each. Tebartz and his Vice-Vicar Franz Kaspar both qualified for Lufthansa's luxury frequent flyer program. Tebartz commissioned a bishop's residence, the St. Nicholas Diocese Center, costing €31 million. Details of the project were kept secret from Limburg's construction authorities to quash rumours of saunas, wine cellars, and interior decorations with precious gems, but the building was later nicknamed the "Kaaba of Limburg", as the colour and cubical shape resembled the Kaaba of Mecca. This was despite the diocese's strained budget, which often lacked funds for basic overhead and maintenance of church facilities and for services such as daycare.

The "Tebartz effect" has disillusioned both Protestant and Catholic Christians. In Cologne the Protestant Church encountered an 80% increase in absences, with 228 de-registrations. Also, 1,250 Bavarians left the church in October 2013, doubling from 602 in September. Throughout Germany the cities of Bremen, Osnabrück, Paderborn, Passau and Regensburg reported three-fold increases of Catholic resignations.

Synodal Path and Criticism of the German Church

Starting on 1 December 2019, the German Catholic Church held a Synodal Path convocation discussing:
Power and separation of powers in the Church - joint participation and involvement in the mission
Life in succeeding relationships - living love in sexuality and partnership
Priestly existence today
Women in ministries and offices in the Church

The synodal path faced a number of criticisms from bishops from all over the world. In February 2022, the Polish episcopate aired their concerns to Pope Francis, mentioning the impression that "the Gospel is not always the basis for reflection." In March 2022, the Scandinavian bishops also aired their deep concern of a possible "capitulation to the Zeitgeist," on the part of the German bishops. In April 2022, an international group of more than 70 bishops criticized the Germans for allegedly viewing these issues through "the lens of the world rather than through the lens of the truths revealed in Scripture and the Church's authoritative Tradition."

On Nov 24, 2022, the Vatican published the critique of two curial cardinals. Cardinal Marc Ouellet, prefect of the Dicastery for Bishops, after praising the seriousness of the Germans in tackling sexual abuse, said that this has been "exploited" to push unrelated ideas, and they seem to be making "concessions" to cultural and media pressure. "The agenda of a limited group of theologians" has become the bishops' proposals, which he says "openly contradict the teaching affirmed by all the popes since the Second Vatican Ecumenical Council."

Luis Ladaria Cardinal Ferrer, prefect of the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, warned of "reducing the mystery of the Church to a mere institution of power," and so "the greatest danger" of the proposals is to lose "one of the most important achievements" of Vatican II: "the clear teaching of the mission of the bishops and thus of the local Church."

Catholic organizations in Germany

Katholische junge Gemeinde (KjG)
Bund der Deutschen Katholischen Jugend (BDKJ)

German popes

Seven popes have been from Germany. Bruno of Carinthia, who reigned as Pope Gregory V (996–999), is considered the first German pope. The 11th century saw five German popes, including Leo IX who was canonized as a saint. The most recent German pope was Benedict XVI, previously Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger, reigned from 2005 until his retirement in 2013.

See also

Apostolic Nuncio to Germany
Holy See - Germany relations
Holy See in Germany
Religion in Germany - with colored map of the predominant denominations across the country
Protestantism in Germany
Eastern Orthodox Church in Germany

References

Further reading

Burleigh, Michael, and Wolfgang Wippermann. The Racial State: Germany 1933-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
Zalar, Jeffery T. Reading and Rebellion in Catholic Germany, 1770-1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018).

External links

The Catholic Church in Germany
German Bishops' Conference
In Germany, Many Believers Balk at Tweak to Church Tax

Religion in Germany
Culture of Bavaria

Catholic Church in Germany


The Centaur is a family of rocket propelled upper stages produced by U.S. launch service provider United Launch Alliance, with one main active version and one version under development. The  diameter Common Centaur/Centaur III flies as the upper stage of the Atlas V launch vehicle, and the  diameter Centaur V is being developed as the upper stage of ULA's new Vulcan rocket. Centaur was the first rocket stage to use liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LOX) propellants, a high-energy combination that is ideal for upper stages but has significant handling difficulties.

Characteristics
Common Centaur is built around stainless steel pressure stabilized balloon propellant tanks with  thick walls. It can lift payloads of up to . The thin walls minimize the mass of the tanks, maximizing the stage's overall performance.

A common bulkhead separates the LOX and LH2 tanks, further reducing the tank mass. It is made of two stainless steel skins separated by a fiberglass honeycomb. The fiberglass honeycomb minimizes heat transfer between the extremely cold LH2 and relatively warm LOX.

The main propulsion system consists of one or two Aerojet Rocketdyne RL10 engines. The stage is capable of up to twelve restarts, limited by propellant, orbital lifetime, and mission requirements. Combined with the insulation of the propellant tanks, this allows Centaur to perform the multi-hour coasts and multiple engine burns required on complex orbital insertions.

The reaction control system (RCS) also provides ullage and consists of twenty hydrazine monopropellant engines located around the stage in two 2-thruster pods and four 4-thruster pods. For propellant,  of Hydrazine is stored in a pair of bladder tanks and fed to the RCS engines with pressurized helium gas, which is also used to accomplish some main engine functions.

Current versions
As of 2019, all but two of the many Centaur variants had been retired: Common Centaur/Centaur III (active) and Centaur V (in development).

Current engines

Centaur III/Common Centaur
Common Centaur is the upper stage of the Atlas V rocket.  Earlier Common Centaurs were propelled by the RL10-A-4-2 version of the RL-10. Since 2014, Common Centaur has flown with the RL10-C-1 engine, which is shared with the Delta Cryogenic Second Stage, to reduce costs. The Dual Engine Centaur (DEC) configuration will continue to use the smaller RL10-A-4-2 to accommodate two engines in the available space.

The Atlas V can fly in multiple configurations, but only one affects the way Centaur integrates with the booster and fairing: the  diameter Atlas V payload fairing attaches to the booster and encapsulates the upper stage and payload, routing fairing-induced aerodynamic loads into the booster. If the  diameter payload fairing is used, the attachment point is at the top (forward end) of Centaur, routing loads through the Centaur tank structure.

The latest Common Centaurs can accommodate secondary payloads using an Aft Bulkhead Carrier attached to the engine end of the stage.

Single Engine Centaur (SEC)
Most payloads launch on Single Engine Centaur (SEC) with one RL10. This is the variant for all normal flights of the Atlas V (indicated by the last digit of the naming system, for example Atlas V 421).

Dual Engine Centaur (DEC)
A dual engine variant with two RL-10 engines is available, but only for launching the CST-100 Starliner crewed spacecraft. The higher thrust of two engines allows a gentler ascent with more horizontal velocity and less vertical velocity, which reduces deceleration to survivable levels in the event of a launch abort and ballistic reentry occurring at any point in the flight.

Centaur V
Centaur V will be the upper stage of the new Vulcan launch vehicle currently being developed by the United Launch Alliance to meet the needs of the National Security Space Launch (NSSL) program. Vulcan was initially intended to enter service with an upgraded variant of the Common Centaur, with an upgrade to the Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage (ACES) planned after the first few years of flights.

In late 2017, ULA decided to bring elements of the ACES upper stage forward and begin work on Centaur V. Centaur V will have ACES'  diameter and advanced insulation, but does not include the Integrated Vehicle Fluids (IVF) feature expected to allow the extension of upper stage on-orbit life from hours to weeks. Centaur V will use two different versions of the RL10-C engine with nozzle extensions to improve the fuel consumption for the heaviest payloads. This increased capability over Common Centaur will permit ULA to meet NSSL requirements and retire both the Atlas V and Delta IV Heavy rocket families earlier than initially planned. The new rocket publicly became the Vulcan Centaur in March 2018. In May 2018, the Aerojet Rocketdyne RL10 was announced as Centaur V's engine following a competitive procurement process against the Blue Origin BE-3. Each stage will mount two engines. In September 2020, ULA announced that ACES was no longer being developed, and that Centaur V would be used instead. Tory Bruno, ULA's CEO, stated that the Vulcan's Centaur 5 will have 40% more endurance and two and a half times more energy than the upper stage ULA currently flies. "But that's just the tip of the iceberg," Bruno elaborated. "I'm going to be pushing up to 450, 500, 600 times the endurance over just the next handful of years. That will enable a whole new set of missions that you cannot even imagine doing today."

History
The Centaur concept originated in 1956 when Convair began studying a liquid hydrogen fueled upper stage. The ensuing project began in 1958 as a joint venture among Convair, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), and the U.S. Air Force. In 1959, NASA assumed ARPA's role. Centaur initially flew as the upper stage of the Atlas-Centaur launch vehicle, encountering a number of early developmental issues due to the pioneering nature of the effort and the use of liquid hydrogen. In 1994 General Dynamics sold their Space Systems division to Lockheed-Martin.

Centaur A-D (Atlas)

The Centaur was originally developed for use with the Atlas launch vehicle family. Known in early planning as the 'high-energy upper stage', the choice of the mythological Centaur as a namesake was intended to represent the combination of the brute force of the Atlas booster and finesse of the upper stage.

Initial Atlas-Centaur launches used developmental versions, labeled Centaur-A through -C. The only Centaur-A launch on 8 May 1962 ended in an explosion 54 seconds after liftoff when insulation panels on the Centaur separated early, causing the LH2 tank to overheat and rupture. After extensive redesigns, the only Centaur-B flight on 26 November 1963 was successful. Centaur-C flew three times with two failures and one launch declared successful although the Centaur failed to restart. Centaur-D was the first version to enter operational service, with fifty-six launches.

On 30 May 1966, an Atlas-Centaur boosted the first Surveyor lander towards the Moon. This was followed by six more Surveyor launches over the next two years, with the Atlas-Centaur performing as expected. The Surveyor program demonstrated the feasibility of reigniting a hydrogen engine in space and provided information on the behavior of LH2 in space.

By the 1970s, Centaur was fully mature and had become the standard rocket stage for launching larger civilian payloads into high Earth orbit, also replacing the Atlas-Agena vehicle for NASA planetary probes.

By the end of 1989, Centaur-D and -G had been used as the upper stage for 63 Atlas rocket launches, 55 of which were successful.

Saturn I S-V

The Saturn I was designed to fly with a S-V third stage to enable payloads to go beyond low Earth orbit (LEO). The S-V stage was intended to be powered by two RL-10A-1 engines burning liquid hydrogen as fuel and liquid oxygen as oxidizer. The S-V stage was flown four times on missions SA-1 through SA-4, all four of these missions had the S-V's tanks filled with water to be used a ballast during launch. The stage was not flown in an active configuration.

Centaur D-1T (Titan III)

The Centaur D was improved for use on the far more powerful Titan III booster in the 1970s, with the first launch of the resulting Titan IIIE in 1974. The Titan IIIE more than tripled the payload capacity of Atlas-Centaur, and incorporated improved thermal insulation, allowing an orbital lifespan of up to five hours, an increase over the 30 minutes of the Atlas-Centaur.

The first launch of Titan IIIE in February 1974 was unsuccessful, with the loss of the Space Plasma High Voltage Experiment (SPHINX) and a mockup of the Viking probe. It was eventually determined that Centaur's engines had ingested an incorrectly installed clip from the oxygen tank.

The next Titan-Centaurs launched Helios 1, Viking 1, Viking 2, Helios 2, Voyager 1, and Voyager 2. The Titan booster used to launch Voyager 1 had a hardware problem that caused a premature shutdown, which the Centaur stage detected and successfully compensated for. Centaur ended its burn with less than 4 seconds of fuel remaining.

Centaur  (Atlas G)
Centaur was introduced on the Atlas G and was carried over to the very similar Atlas I.

Shuttle-Centaur (Centaur G and G-Prime)

Shuttle-Centaur was a proposed Space Shuttle upper stage. To enable its installation in shuttle  payload bays, the diameter of the Centaur's hydrogen tank was increased to , with the LOX tank diameter remaining at . Two variants were proposed: Centaur G Prime, which was planned to launch the Galileo and Ulysses robotic probes, and Centaur G, a shortened version, reduced in length from approximately , planned for U.S. DoD payloads and the Magellan Venus probe.

After the Space Shuttle Challenger accident, and just months before the Shuttle-Centaur had been scheduled to fly, NASA concluded that it was too risky to fly the Centaur on the Shuttle. The probes were launched with the much less powerful solid-fueled IUS, with Galileo needing multiple gravitational assists from Venus and Earth to reach Jupiter.

Centaur (Titan IV)
The capability gap left by the termination of the Shuttle-Centaur program was filled by a new launch vehicle, the Titan IV. The 401A/B versions used a Centaur upper stage with a  diameter hydrogen tank. In the Titan 401A version, a Centaur-T was launched nine times between 1994 and 1998. The 1997 Cassini-Huygens Saturn probe was the first flight of the Titan 401B, with an additional six launches wrapping up in 2003 including one SRB failure.

Centaur II (Atlas II/III)

Centaur II was initially developed for use on the Atlas II series of rockets. Centaur II also flew on the initial Atlas IIIA launches.

Centaur III/Common Centaur (Atlas III/V)

Atlas IIIB introduced the Common Centaur, a longer and initially dual engine Centaur II.

Atlas V cryogenic fluid management experiments
Most Common Centaurs launched on Atlas V have hundreds to thousands of kilograms of propellants remaining on payload separation. In 2006 these propellants were identified as a possible experimental resource for testing in-space cryogenic fluid management techniques.

In October 2009, the Air Force and United Launch Alliance (ULA) performed an experimental demonstration on the modified Centaur upper stage of DMSP-18 launch to improve "understanding of propellant settling and slosh, pressure control, RL10 chilldown and RL10 two-phase shutdown operations.  DMSP-18 was a low mass payload, with approximately 28% () of LH2/LOX propellant remaining after separation. Several on-orbit demonstrations were conducted over 2.4 hours, concluding with a deorbit burn. The initial demonstration was intended to prepare for more-advanced cryogenic fluid management experiments planned under the Centaur-based CRYOTE technology development program in 2012–2014, and will increase the TRL of the Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage Centaur successor.

Mishaps
Although Centaur has a long and successful flight history, it has experienced a number of mishaps:
 April 7, 1966: Centaur did not restart after coast — ullage motors ran out of fuel.
 May 9, 1971; Centaur guidance failed, destroying itself and the Mariner 8 spacecraft bound for Mars orbit.
 April 18, 1991:  Centaur failed due to particles from the scouring pads used to clean the propellant ducts getting stuck in the turbopump, preventing start-up.
 August 22, 1992: Centaur failed to restart (icing problem).
 April 30, 1999: Launch of the USA-143 (Milstar DFS-3m) communications satellite failed when a Centaur database error resulted in uncontrolled roll rate and loss of attitude control, placing the satellite in a useless orbit.
 June 15, 2007: the engine in the Centaur upper stage of an Atlas V shut down early, leaving its payload — a pair of National Reconnaissance Office ocean surveillance satellites — in a lower than intended orbit. The failure was called "A major disappointment," though later statements claim the spacecraft will still be able to complete their mission. The cause was traced to a stuck-open valve that depleted some of the hydrogen fuel, resulting in the second burn terminating four seconds early.  The problem was fixed, and the next flight was nominal.
 March 23–25, 2018: Atlas V Centaur passivated second stage launched on September 8, 2009, broke up.
 August 30, 2018: Atlas V Centaur passivated second stage launched on September 17, 2014, broke up, creating space debris.
 April 6, 2019: Atlas V Centaur passivated second stage launched on October 17, 2018, broke up.

Centaur III specifications
Source: Atlas V551 specifications, as of 2015.

 Diameter: 3.05 m (10 ft)
 Length: 12.68 m (42 ft)
 Inert mass: 2,247 kg (4,954 lb)
 Fuel: Liquid hydrogen
 Oxidizer: Liquid oxygen
 Fuel and oxidizer mass: 20,830 kg (45,922 lb)
 Guidance: Inertial
 Thrust: 99.2 kN (22,300 lbf)
 Burn time: Variable; e.g., 842 seconds on Atlas V
 Engine: RL10-C-1
 Engine length: 2.32 m (7.6 ft)
 Engine diameter: 1.53 m (5 ft)
 Engine dry weight: 168 kg (370 lb)
 Engine start: Restartable
 Attitude control: 4 27-N thrusters, 8 40-N thrusters
 Propellant: Hydrazine

References

Rocket engines using hydrogen propellant
Rocket stages
NASA space launch vehicles
United Launch Alliance

Centaur (rocket stage)


The Best Laid Plans is a 1997 novel by Sidney Sheldon. The story details the rise of a handsome, charismatic attorney named Oliver Russel, to political fame, while his jilted fiancée, Leslie Stewart, grows a media empire to eventually destroy his career and image. Possible inspiration for the title comes from a paraphrasing of the Robert Burns poem "To a Mouse" into modern English.

Synopsis
The novel begins with an introduction to Leslie Stewart, one of the protagonists of the book, from her childhood to her current occupation as an advertising executive in Lexington, Kentucky. Her firm picks up a new client named Oliver Russell, who is running for governor of Kentucky against the incumbent governor. He does not have much money for a significant campaign and so Leslie donates money to his campaign without informing anyone, while also handling his campaign without cost, though the campaign is rather small-scale. Oliver and Leslie also go out on a series of dates, after one of which Oliver offers to give her a drug known as liquid Ecstasy, saying that it is an aphrodisiac. However, Leslie refuses and Oliver appears to discard it. They plan their wedding, but a few days prior to it, Oliver goes to Paris for a sudden meeting.

When Oliver returns from Paris married to another woman, evoking memories of her own father's elopement with a younger woman, Leslie vows to take revenge against him. However, she keeps her thoughts concealed. The other woman is Jan Davis, daughter of Kentucky Senator Todd Davis, who is revealed to have funded his campaign earlier on the condition that Oliver marries his daughter. Leslie asks Davis to introduce her to one of his friends, a magnate named Henry Chambers, who has recently divorced and lives in Arizona. Oliver soon becomes governor through the help of Senator Davis and his political manager, Peter Tager. A few more deaths occur and are linked to the use of liquid Ecstasy.

A brief introduction followed by marriage sees Leslie manage the Phoenix Star, a newspaper owned by Henry. With his failing health and subsequent death, Leslie becomes the sole owner of his properties. In spite of all the other businesses, Leslie takes an immense liking for the media empire, with which she intends to destroy Oliver. Meanwhile, Dana Evans, who stars in Sheldon's other novel The Sky Is Falling, is introduced, and appears as an inquisitive reporter who adopts a boy from war-torn Sarajevo while reporting from there. Throughout the novel, Oliver appears to have several affairs, and soon Senator Davis announces plans to make him the President of the United States. Leslie soon acquires the Washington Tribune, a large media conglomerate also employing Dana.

Oliver becomes the President, and Leslie uses her media empire to slander his name by pushing several stories critical of him (including one about his affairs) to the front page. However, soon into Oliver's first term, a young woman is found dead in the penthouse suite of a luxury hotel in Washington D.C., and Ecstasy is found in her system during the autopsy. The death is soon linked to him by several pieces of evidence, including a blackmail note from a clerk for the hotel and the lack of an alibi presented by Oliver. A cover-up ensues, and two witnesses and a reporter from the Washington Tribune are killed, causing Dana to take on the story. Leslie forces a story detailing the murders and the fact that a warrant has been taken out against the President to the front page of the paper, but it is then unveiled that Peter Tager is, in fact, behind the liquid Ecstasy deaths, as well as the cover-up of the young woman's murder. Oliver is revealed to have been hiding an affair with the wife of the Italian Ambassador, explaining his lack of an alibi.

Meanwhile, Oliver has to handle the U.S.'s response to Libyan purchases of armaments, as well as a peace deal being offered by the United Arab Emirates regarding the Arab nations and Israel. Senator Davis opposes the deal due to his oil interests, and threatens Oliver to not go through with the peace deal. The book ends with Oliver following through with the peace deal among the Arab Nations and Israel, while Leslie is left shocked and embarrassed by a mistake her media empire will never be able to live down.

Main characters
 Oliver Russell — a handsome, charismatic attorney who goes on to become the governor of Kentucky, then the President of the United States, with the help of the Senator.

 Leslie Chambers (née Stewart) — the jilted fiancée of Oliver, she vows to take revenge on Oliver for leaving her. She goes on to marry a magnate named Henry Chambers, who soon passes away from health issues, and inherits his business. She grows her own media empire, with the aim of magnifying Oliver's faults to destroy his political career and public image.

References
 SidneySheldon.com |Bookshelf

1997 American novels
Novels by Sidney Sheldon

The Best Laid Plans


David L. Faber (born 1950) is an American master printer, and is Professor of Art and Head of Printmaking at Wake Forest University.

Some of his most notable works include: Aberdeen Headlands, a monotype print, Holstein Poetry-Cantenary Curve, an intaglio print, Three Dances of the Poet, an intaglio print, Prairie Pedigree, an intaglio print, Saint Anna of Silos and Air, a lithograph, and The Red Holstein Factor, an intaglio plaster cast monoprint. The afore mentioned works are members of his long-lived series: Aberdeen Fence, Holstein Pedigrees, Prairie Music Series, and Piano Sheaves.

Faber's practiced printing techniques include intaglio, lithography, and monotype printing, as well as drypoint, etching and engraving techniques. His prints are held in the permanent collections of The Corcoran Gallery of Art, The National Gallery of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, The National Art Museum of the Ukraine in Kiev, the U. S. State Department, and the American Bar Association.

Works
 A Guide to Drawing. David L. Faber, 2003(6th); 2007(7th); 2011(8th) editions

References

External reference
Mendelowitz, Faber, Wakeham. A Guide to Drawing: Seventh Edition. Thompson/Wadsworth, United States, 2007. pages 154, 351, 365.

1950 births
Living people
American printers
Wake Forest University faculty

David Faber (printmaker)


Electron ionization (EI, formerly known as electron impact ionization and electron bombardment ionization) is an ionization method in which energetic electrons interact with solid or gas phase atoms or molecules to produce ions. EI was one of the first ionization techniques developed for mass spectrometry. However, this method is still a popular ionization technique. This technique is considered a hard (high fragmentation) ionization method, since it uses highly energetic electrons to produce ions. This leads to extensive fragmentation, which can be helpful for structure determination of unknown compounds. EI is the most useful for organic compounds which have a molecular weight below 600. Also, several other thermally stable and volatile compounds in solid, liquid and gas states can be detected with the use of this technique when coupled with various separation methods.

History

Electron ionization was first described in 1918 by Canadian-American Physicist Arthur J. Dempster in the article of "A new method of positive ray analysis." It was the first modern mass spectrometer and used positive rays to determine the ratio of the mass to charge of various constituents. In this method, the ion source used an electron beam directed at a solid surface. The anode was made cylindrical in shape using the metal which was to be studied. Subsequently, it was heated by a concentric coil and then was bombarded with electrons. Using this method, the two isotopes of lithium and three isotopes of magnesium, with their atomic weights and relative proportions, were able to be determined. Since then this technique has been used with further modifications and developments. The use of a focused monoenergetic beam of electrons for ionization of gas phase atoms and molecules was developed by Bleakney in 1929.

Principle of operation

In this process, an electron from the analyte molecule (M) is expelled during the collision process to convert the molecule to a positive ion with an odd number of electrons. The following gas phase reaction describes the electron ionization process

M{} + e^- -> M^{+\bullet}{} + 2e^-

where M is the analyte molecule being ionized, e− is the electron and M+• is the resulting molecular ion.

In an EI ion source, electrons are produced through thermionic emission by heating a wire filament that has electric current running through it. The kinetic energy of the bombarding electrons should have higher energy than the ionization energy of the sample molecule.  The electrons are accelerated to 70 eV in the region between the filament and the entrance to the ion source block. The sample under investigation which contains the neutral molecules is introduced to the ion source in a perpendicular orientation to the electron beam. Close passage of highly energetic electrons in low pressure (ca. 10−5 to 10−6 torr) causes large fluctuations in the electric field around the neutral molecules and induces ionization and fragmentation. The fragmentation in electron ionization can be described using Born Oppenheimer potential curves as in the diagram. The red arrow shows the electron impact energy which is enough to remove an electron from the analyte and form a molecular ion from non- dissociative results. Due to the higher energy supplied by 70 eV electrons other than the molecular ion, several other bond dissociation reactions can be seen as dissociative results, shown by the blue arrow in the diagram. These ions are known as second-generation product ions. The radical cation products are then directed towards the mass analyzer by a repeller electrode.  The ionization process often follows predictable cleavage reactions that give rise to fragment ions which, following detection and signal processing, convey structural information about the analyte.

The efficiency of EI
Increasing the electron ionization process is done by increasing the ionization efficiency. In order to achieve higher ionization efficiency there should be an optimized filament current, emission current, and ionizing current. The current supplied to the filament to heat it to incandescent is called the filament current. The emission current is the current measured between the filament and the electron entry slit. The ionizing current is the rate of electron arrival at the trap. It is a direct measure of the number of electrons in the chamber that are available for ionization.

The sample ion current (I+) is the measure of the ionization rate. This can be enhanced by manipulation of the ion extraction efficiency (β), the total ionizing cross section (Qi), the effective ionizing path length (L), the concentration of the sample molecules([N]) and the ionizing current (Ie). The equation can be shown as follows:

The ion extraction efficiency (β) can be optimized by increasing the voltage of both repeller and acceleration. Since the ionization cross section depends on the chemical nature of the sample and the energy of ionizing electrons a standard value of 70 eV is used. At low energies (around 20 eV), the interactions between the electrons and the analyte molecules do not transfer enough energy to cause ionization. At around 70 eV, the de Broglie wavelength of the electrons matches the length of typical bonds in organic molecules (about 0.14 nm) and energy transfer to organic analyte molecules is maximized, leading to the strongest possible ionization and fragmentation. Under these conditions, about 1 in 1000 analyte molecules in the source are ionized. At higher energies, the de Broglie wavelength of the electrons becomes smaller than the bond lengths in typical analytes; the molecules then become "transparent" to the electrons and ionization efficiency decreases. The effective ionizing path length (L) can be increased by using a weak magnetic field. But the most practical way to increase the sample current is to operate the ion source at higher ionizing current (Ie).

Instrumentation

A schematic diagram of instrumentation which can be used for electron ionization is shown to the right. The ion source block is made out of metal. As the electron source, the cathode, which can be a thin filament of tungsten or rhenium wire, is inserted through a slit to the source block. Then it is heated up to an incandescent temperature to emit electrons. A potential of 70 V is applied between the cathode and source block to accelerate them to 70 eV kinetic energy to produce positive ions. The potential of the anode (electron trap) is slightly positive and it is placed on the outside of the ionization chamber, directly opposite to the cathode. The unused electrons are collected by this electron trap. The sample is introduced through the sample hole. To increase the ionization process, a weak magnetic field is applied parallel to the direction of the electrons' travel. Because of this, electrons travel in a narrow helical path, which increases their path length. The positive ions that are generated are accelerated by the repeller electrode into the accelerating region through the slit in the source block. By applying a potential to the ion source and maintaining the exit slit at ground potential, ions enter the mass analyzer with a fixed kinetic energy. To avoid the condensation of the sample, the source block is heated to approximately 300 °C.

Applications
Since the early 20th century electron ionization has been one of the most popular ionization techniques because of the large number of applications it has. These applications can be broadly categorized by the method of sample insertion used. The gaseous and highly volatile liquid samples use a vacuum manifold, solids and less volatile liquids use a direct insertion probe, and complex mixtures use gas chromatography or liquid chromatography.

Vacuum manifold
In this method the sample is first inserted into a heated sample reservoir in the vacuum manifold. It then escapes into the ionization chamber through a pinhole. This method is useful with highly volatile samples that may not be compatible with other sample introduction methods.

Direct insertion EI-MS
In this method, the probe is manufactured from a long metal channel which ends in a well for holding a sample capillary. The probe is inserted into the source block through a vacuum lock. The sample is introduced to the well using a glass capillary. Next the probe is quickly heated to the desired temperature to vaporize the sample. Using this probe the sample can be positioned very close to the ionization region.

Analysis of archaeologic materials
Direct insertion electron ionization mass spectrometry (direct insertion EI-MS) has been used for the identification of archeological adhesives such as tars, resins and waxes found during excavations on archeological sites. These samples are typically investigated using gas chromatography–MS with extraction, purification, and derivatization of the samples. Due to the fact that these samples were deposited in prehistoric periods, they are often preserved in small amounts. By using direct insertion EI–MS archaeological samples, ancient organic remains like pine and pistacia resins, birch bark tar, beeswax, and plant oils as far from bronze and Iron Age periods were directly analyzed. The advantage of this technique is that the required amount of sample is less and the sample preparation is minimized.

Both direct insertion-MS and gas chromatography-MS were used and compared in a study of characterization of the organic material present as coatings in Roman and Egyptian amphoras can be taken as an example of archeological resinous materials. From this study, it reveals that, the direct insertion procedure seems to be a fast, straightforward and a unique tool which is suitable for screening of organic archeological materials which can reveal information about the major constituents within the sample. This method provides information on the degree of oxidation and the class of materials present. As a drawback of this method, less abundant components of the sample may not be identified.

Characterization of synthetic carbon clusters
Another application of direct insertion EI-MS is the characterization of novel synthetic carbon clusters isolated in the solid phase. These crystalline materials consist of C60 and C70 in the ratio of 37:1. In one investigation it has been shown that the synthetic C60 molecule is remarkably stable and that it retains its aromatic character.

Gas chromatography mass spectrometry
Gas chromatography (GC) is the most widely used method in EI-MS for sample insertion. GC can be incorporated for the separation of mixtures of thermally stable and volatile gases which are in perfect match with the electron ionization conditions.

Analysis of archaeologic materials
The GC-EI-MS has been used for the study and characterization of organic material present in coatings on Roman and Egyptian amphorae. From this analysis scientists found that the material used to waterproof the amphorae was a particular type of resin not native to the archaeological site but imported from another region. One disadvantage of this method was the long analysis time and requirement of wet chemical pre-treatment.

Environmental analysis
GC-EI-MS has been successfully used for the determination of pesticide residues in fresh food by a single injection analysis. In this analysis 81 multi-class pesticide residues were identified in vegetables. For this study the pesticides were extracted with dichloromethane and further analyzed using gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS–MS). The optimum ionization method can be identified as EI or chemical ionization (CI) for this single injection of the extract. This method is fast, simple and cost effective since high numbers of pesticides can be determined by GC with a single injection, considerably reducing the total time for the analysis.

Analysis of biological fluids
The GC-EI-MS can be incorporated for the analysis of biological fluids for several applications. One example is the determination of thirteen synthetic pyrethroid insecticide molecules and their stereoisomers in whole blood. This investigation used a new rapid and sensitive electron ionization-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method in selective ion monitoring mode (SIM) with a single injection of the sample. All the pyrethroid residues were separated by using a GC-MS operated in electron ionization mode and quantified in selective ion monitoring mode. The detection of specific residues in blood is a difficult task due to their very low concentration since as soon as they enter the body most of the chemicals may get excreted. However, this method detected the residues of different pyrethroids down to the level 0.05–2 ng/ml. The detection of this insecticide in blood is very important since an ultra-small quantity in the body is enough to be harmful to human health, especially in children. This method is a very simple, rapid technique and therefore can be adopted without any matrix interferences. The selective ion monitoring mode provides detection sensitivity up to 0.05 ng/ml. Another application is in protein turnover studies using GC-EI-MS. This measures very low levels of d-phenylalanine which can indicate the enrichment of amino acid incorporated into tissue protein during studies of human protein synthesis. This method is very efficient since both free and protein-bound d-phenylalanine can be measured using the same mass spectrometer and only a small amount of protein is needed (about 1 mg).

Forensic applications
The GC-EI-MS is also used in forensic science. One example is the analysis of five local anesthetics in blood using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry–electron impact ionization selected ion monitoring (GC–MS–EI-SIM). Local anesthesia is widely used but sometimes these drugs can cause medical accidents. In such cases an accurate, simple, and rapid method for the analysis of local anesthetics is required. GC-EI-MS was used in one case with an analysis time of 65 minutes and a sample size of approximately 0.2 g, a relatively small amount. Another application in forensic practice is the determination of date rape drugs (DRDs) in urine. These drugs are used to incapacitate victims and then rape or rob them. The analyses of these drugs are difficult due to the low concentrations in the body fluids and often a long time delay between the event and clinical examination. However, using GC-EI-MS allows a simple, sensitive and robust method for the identification, detection and quantification of 128 compounds of DRDs in urine.

Liquid chromatography EI-MS
Two recent approaches for coupling capillary scale liquid chromatography-electron ionization mass spectrometry (LC-EI-MS) can be incorporated for the analysis of various samples. These are capillary-scale EI-based LC/MS interface and direct-EI interface. In the capillary EI the nebulizer has been optimized for linearity and sensitivity. The direct-EI interface is a miniaturized interface for nano- and micro-HPLC in which the interfacing process takes place in a suitably modified ion source. Higher sensitivity, linearity, and reproducibility can be obtained because the elution from the column is completely transferred into the ion source. Using these two interfaces electron ionization can be successfully incorporated for the analysis of small and medium-sized molecules with various polarities. The most common applications for these interfaces in LC-MS are environmental applications such as gradient separations of the pesticides, carbaryl, propanil, and chlorpropham using a reversed phase, and pharmaceutical applications such as separation of four anti-inflammatory drugs, diphenyldramine, amitriptyline, naproxen, and ibuprofen.

Another method to categorize the applications of electron ionization is based on the separation technique which is used in mass spectroscopy. According to this category most of the time applications can be found in time of flight (TOF) or orthogonal TOF mass spectrometry (OA-TOF MS), Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR MS) and quadrupole or ion trap mass spectrometry.

Use with time-of-flight mass spectrometry
The electron ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy (EI-TOF MS) is well suited for analytical and basic chemical physics studies. EI-TOF MS is used to find ionization potentials of molecules and radicals, as well as bond dissociation energies for ions and neutral molecules. Another use of this method is to study about negative ion chemistry and physics. Autodetachment lifetimes, metastable dissociation, Rydberg electron transfer reactions and field detachment, SF6 scavenger method for detecting temporary negative ion states, and many others have all been discovered using this technique. In this method the field free ionization region allows for high precision in the electron energy and also high electron energy resolution. Measuring the electric fields down the ion flight tube determines autodetachment and metastable decomposition as well as field detachment of weakly bound negative ions.

The first description of an electron ionization orthogonal-acceleration TOF MS (EI oa-TOFMS) was in 1989. By using "orthogonal-acceleration" with the EI ion source the resolving power and sensitivity was increased. One of the key advantage of oa-TOFMS with EI sources is for deployment with gas chromatographic (GC) inlet systems, which allows chromatographic separation of volatile organic compounds to proceed at high speed.

Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
FT- ICR EI - MS can be used for analysis of three vacuum gas oil (VGO) distillation fractions in 295-319 °C, 319-456 °C and 456-543 °C. In this method, EI at 10 eV allows soft ionization of aromatic compounds in the vacuum gas oil range. The compositional variations at the molecular level were determined from the elemental composition assignment. Ultra-high resolving power, small sample size, high reproducibility and mass accuracy (<0.4ppm) are the special features in this method. The major product was aromatic hydrocarbons in all three samples. In addition, many sulfur-, nitrogen-, and oxygen-containing compounds were directly observed when the concentration of this heteroatomic species increased with the boiling point. Using data analysis it gave the information about compound types (rings plus double bonds), their carbon number distributions for hydrocarbon and heteroatomic compounds in the distillation fractions, increasing average molecular weight (or carbon number distribution) and aromaticity with increasing boiling temperature of the petroleum fractions.

Ion trap mass spectrometry
Ion trap EI MS can be incorporated for the identification and quantitation of nonylphenol polyethoxylate (NPEO) residues and their degradation products such as nonylphenol polyethoxy carboxylates and carboxyalkylphenol ethoxy carboxylates, in the samples of river water and sewage effluent. Form this research, they have found out that the ion trap GC- MS is a reliable and convenient analytical approach with variety of ionization methods including EI, for the determination of target compounds in environmental samples.

Advantages and disadvantages
There are several advantages and also disadvantages by using EI as the ionization method in mass spectrometry. These are listed below.

See also
Ion source
Penning ionization
Chemical ionization
Spark ionization
Thermal ionization

References

Notes

External links
 NIST Chemistry WebBook
 Mass Spectrometry. Michigan State University.

Ion source
Mass spectrometry
Scientific techniques

Electron ionization


Richard Weissman (born January 21, 1935) is an American singer, composer, banjo player, author and teacher.

Life and career
He was born in Philadelphia, and studied at Goddard College in Vermont.  After learning to play banjo, he moved to New York City, where he co-founded The Journeymen with John Phillips and Scott McKenzie in 1961. The group recorded three albums and seven singles for Capitol Records before breaking up in 1964.

Weissman released a solo album The Things That Trouble My Mind for Capitol in 1964, before moving into a career as a studio musician, record producer and songwriter.

In 1972 Weissman moved to Colorado and began writing instructional books for banjo and guitar, which were published by Mel Bay. To date, he has written 15 published books on music and the music business and has written over fifty instructional folios for various music publishers. He later became a tenured professor in the Music & Entertainment Industry program at the University of Colorado at Denver.

In 1979, Weissman recorded a solo album on Kicking Mule Records, Modern Banjo - Mountain Style. As stated on the jacket, this was a great challenge for him. He dedicated the album to guitarist Sam Brown because he "thought that he (Sam) might have liked some of the music on this record" and because "Sam Brown (was) one of my favorite guitarists." Brown died shortly after the album was completed. According to Dick, "a victim of the music business, New York City, and his own frustrations."

Between 1994 and 2005, Weissman recorded three additional solo albums, for the Folk Era, Wind River and Long Bridge folk labels.

In 2016 Weissman's musical memoir The Music Never Stops: A Journey Into the Music of the Unknown, The Forgotten, The Rich & Famous was published.

References

External links

 Performer Entry at All Music Guide

Living people
1935 births
American male singer-songwriters

Dick Weissman


Druidism or Druidry (referred to as Neodruidry or Neodruidism by some followers) is a Celtic form of modern spirituality that generally promotes harmony with nature, often through the form of nature worship. It is considered to be a Neopagan faith.

Originally inspired by 17th, 18th and 19th century romantic movements, early neo-druidism was based upon largely historically incorrect depictions of the Iron Age Celtic druids, and has no direct relation to the ancient Celts or their culture.

Beliefs and Practises
Neo-druidic beliefs vary wildly, and there is no set dogma or belief system by which all adherents follow. Main beliefs include the Earth and nature are sacred, and is worthy of worship itself. For this reason many druids are pantheistic, animistic, or polytheistic.

Related pages
Celts
Druid
Stonehenge

References

More reading

New religious movements

Druidism


Antonio Gino Bibalo (18 January 1922 – 20 June 2008) was an Italian-Norwegian pianist and composer of contemporary classical music, primarily operas.

Biography
Bibalo was born in Trieste and studied piano at the conservatory there. His path to Norway and a career as a composer was a convoluted one. During World War II he was drafted into the Italian army and ended up in military prison when he tried to desert. He escaped from prison, was caught by the German army, and then forced to fight with them at Monte Cassino. During the battle, he was captured by the American army and sent to the United States as a prisoner of war. When he eventually returned to Trieste in 1946, he received his diploma from the conservatory and worked as a bar pianist to support himself. He then walked to Marseille, hoping to study composition, but ended up in the French Foreign Legion and was sent to Oman where he was assigned to entertain in the officer's mess, and teach piano to their wives. Once again he escaped and eventually ended up in London in 1953 where he studied with Elisabeth Lutyens.

In 1956 he settled in Norway. There he supported himself while composing by working as a music copyist and as bar pianist at the Grand Hotel in Oslo. Bibalo's international breakthrough came with his opera The Smile at the Foot of the Ladder (1962) based on Henry Miller's novel; the world premiere in Hamburg in 1965 garnered considerable international media attention. Bibalo followed up with another opera, Miss Julie (1975) based on August Strindberg's play. In 1990, Bibalo received a commission for the opera Ghosts, premiered at the opera of Kiel in the same year. 1990 saw the world premiere of another key Bibalo opera, Macbeth, staged at the ISCM World Music Days in Oslo.

The remainder of Bibalo's compositional output is predominantly instrumental. Bibalo wrote two piano concertos and two symphonies. For his own instrument, the piano, he wrote a number of sonatas and a suite. Central works in Bibalo's chamber music production includes Autunnale (1968), The Savage" (1983), 2 wind quintets as well as a string quartet.

In 1992 Bibalo was awarded the Royal Norwegian Order of Saint Olav, first class. He was also awarded the Lindeman Prize in 1992.

Antonio Bibalo died on 20 June 2008 in his adopted city of Larvik at the age of 86.

Compositions

Selected works

Piano works
 4 Balkan Dances, (1956)
 Trois Hommages à de Falla, Schoenberg and Bartok for piano, (1957)
 Sonata for Piano, 1974Sonata No. 2 for Piano: La Notte, (1975)
 Piano 'Solo' in the Evening, (1977)

Chamber works
 Autunnale, (1968)
 Sonatina 1 A: Semplice (1971)
 Sonatina 2 A: Astrale, (1972)
 The Savage. 4 Impressions for 6 Players, (1982/83)
 4 Morceaux pour 7 Musiciens, (1983)
 Racconto d'una stagione alta. Study for violoncello and piano, (1986)

Orchestral works
 Fantasia for Violin and Orchestra, (1954)
 Concerto Allegorico for Violin and Orchestra. In memoriam Fartein Valen, (1957)
 Sinfonia — Notturna, (1968)
 Concerto No. 2 for Piano and Orchestra, (1971)
 Symphony No. 2, (1978/79)

Operas
 The Smile at the Foot of the Ladder, (1958/62)
 Frøken Julie (Miss Julie). A Chamber Opera in Three Acts, (1976)
 Gespenster. Oper in 3 Akten nach Henrik Ibsen, (1981)
 Askeladden, (1976)
 Macbeth, (1989)
 Die Glasmenagerie (The Glass Menagerie), (1996)

Ballets
 Pinocchio, (1967)
 Nocturne for Apollo. A Ballet of Requiem, (1969)
 Flammen. TV-ballett, (1974)

Other styles
 Cantico for Mezzo Soprano and Prepared Tape (with texts from Dante's Divina Commedia), (1983)
 Nocturne (with texts by Herman Wildenvey), (1988)
 Reise med båt uten båt. A dramatic music work for Soprano and Double bass (with texts by C. Løveid), (1987–88)

Discography
Contemporary Music from Norway Antonio Bibalo: Sinfonia Notturno, Autnunnale, Kjell Bækkelund, Per Øien, Per Erik Thorsen, Henrik Lindemann (1972)
Gespenster (1985)
Arne Nordheim, Antonio Bibalo – String Quartets, Norwegian String Quartet (1987)
Antonio Bibalo: Sinfonia Notturna, Sonatina 2a -- Astrale for Wind Quartet, Autunnale (Concert suite for Four Instruments, Kjell Bækkelund, Per Øien, Per Erik Thorsen, Henrik Lindemann (1989)
Piano Works, Tori Stødle (1996)
Classic Accordion, Jon Faukstad (1996)
Piano Solo in the Evening, Anders Brunsvik (1996)
Contemporary Solo Double Bass II, Bjørn Ianke (2000)
Antonio Bibalo - Concerto Da Camera 2, Einar Steen-Nøkleberg, The Norwegian Radio Orchestra, Symphony Orchestra of the St. Petersburg State Philharmonic, Ørnulf Boye Hansen (2001)
Grieg, Tveitt, Bibalo, Monrad Johansen, Tellef Juva (2005)
The Norwegian Wind Quintet, Per Øien, Erik Niord Larsen, Erik Andresen, Odd Ulleberg, Torleiv Nedberg (2010)
Norwegian Safari, Øivind Farmen (2010)

References

Kennedy, Michael (ed), "Bibalo, Antonio", The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music, Oxford University Press, 2007.
Levin, Monica, "Bibalo at 80", Gramophone, 1 February 2002

External links
Biography: Antonio Bibalo on the web site of Edition Wilhelm Hansen, music publishers. The site also has a complete list of his works and his discography
List of works supplied by the National Library of Norway

1922 births
2008 deaths
Italian classical composers
Italian male classical composers
Italian opera composers
Male opera composers
Norwegian classical composers
Norwegian opera composers
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Musicians awarded knighthoods
Composers awarded knighthoods
Musicians from Trieste
Soldiers of the French Foreign Legion
20th-century Italian composers
20th-century Italian male musicians
21st-century Norwegian male musicians
Italian military personnel of World War II
Italian prisoners of war
World War II prisoners of war held by the United States
Italian emigrants to Norway

Antonio Bibalo


Thooral Ninnu Pochu () is a 1982 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film written, directed by and starring K. Bhagyaraj. The film also stars Sulakshana and M. N. Nambiar. It was released on 14 April 1982. The film was remade in Telugu as Pelli Choopulu (1983), in Hindi as Mohabbat (1985), and in Kannada as Gowri Kalyana (1989).

Plot

The only daughter of village elder Ponnambalam, Mangalam, prepares for her prospective groom's visit. The groom, Chella Durai, and his family visit Mangalam's house. Chella Durai falls for Mangalam, who is very naïve and shy. The next day he visits Mangalam at the riverside and she panics. Mangalam's uncle, martial arts trainer Nambiar, mistakes Chella Durai to be mishandling Mangalam. Mangalam runs and Nambiar sends his men to fight Chella Durai. Chella Durai defeats them and Nambiar learns he's Mangalam's groom. Ponnambalam's brother-in-law Ayyavu loves Mangalam and was not inform of the groom's visit. Chella Durai and his family visit the astrologer to fix a date for his reception, but there is no auspicious day that month. So the family plans to set the reception next month. Chella Durai visits Mangalam's house, where she is alone. She is shy of him and runs out of the house. Nambiar arrives and gives Chella Durai an idea to court Mangalam. Chella Durai kidnaps Mangalam and soon, she opens up to him.

On new moon day, Nambiar performs the rites for someone, whose identity is unclear, who died from suicide. In the meantime, Chella Durai hopes to explain sex to the innocent Mangalam, who is still shy. But she starts to love Chella Durai more. Chella Durai's stepmother demands more dowry than what Ponnambalam can give and refuses to compromise. Before Ponnambalam leaves for a panchayat, Chella Durai visits him and gives him money for the dowry so he can marry Mangalam. Ponnambalam is humiliated and refuses. The next day Mangalam advises Chella Durai to marry another girl due to the dowry problem. Chella Durai hits Mangalam for persuades her to elope the next morning. But Mangalam refuses to disobey her father or his dignity would be lost. Chella Durai's parents catch him stealing money from their house to elope, so they lock him in a room. Mangalam waits until sunrise and returns home when Chella Durai fails to turn up. At home, Ponnambalam attempts suicide but Nambiar saves him. Ponnambalam doubts his daughter's innocence and Mangalam, hearing this, burns her feet. Ponnambalam learns about this and forgives Mangalam. But he still detests Chella Durai.

Nambiar invites Chella Durai to stay in his house and promises to change Ponnambalam's mind. Nambiar visits Ponnambalam to persuade him. Mangalam admits she will only marry who her father decides. Nambiar challenges to Ponnambalam he will unite Mangalam and Chella Durai in 1 month or cut half his moustache. Nambiar then stirs up a panchayat and the villagers desert him, his assistant Karuppannai, and Chella Durai. There are only 15 days remaining in the challenge. Chella Durai takes a nuptial string to Mangalam and single-handedly fights Ayyavu and his men. In the last 10 days, Nambiar persuades men in buses to visit Mangalam and reject her on purpose. Ponnambalam hits his daughter and wife when 7 'grooms' reject her. Unable to witness Mangalam abused by Ponnambalam, Chella Durai decides to leave the village. But Nambiar refuses to let him leave due to the ego problems he will face when the challenge is over. So both of them have a fight to see who wins. Chella Durai wins Nambiar and is about to leave, but is guilty when he remembers the bond they shared.

Nambiar takes Chella Durai to the grave he performs rites at, explaining it is none other than his lover from 40 years ago. Nambiar was in a similar state as Chella Durai and so he abandoned his lover but she committed suicide. Fearing Mangalam may follow the same, Nambiar persuades Chella Durai to marry her at all costs. The next day, Ponnambalam decides to marry Mangalam with Ayyavu and distributes marriage invitations to the villagers. Mangalam's mother and grandmother advise her to elope with Chella Durai and explain Ponnambalam's ego to her. Ponnambalam overhears this and learns his mistake. He forgives Mangalam and rips the invitations. But when Ayyavu learns about this, he stabs Ponnambalam and Chella Durai suppresses him. Ponnambalam bleeds profusely and everyone hurries to help him. In his dying breaths, Ponnambalam indicates to Chella Durai his consent to Mangalam's marriage.

Cast

 K. Bhagyaraj as Chellai Durai
 Sulakshana as Mangalam
 M. N. Nambiar as Kusthi Vaathiyaar, master of the martial arts
 Senthamarai as Ponnambalam
 Senthil as Karuppannai
 Sooriyakanth as Ayyavu
 'Duck' Sivaraman as Moorthy, Chellai Durai's nephew
Karikol Raju as an authority of the village
 Meenakshi Amma as Mangalam's grandmother
 Arunthathi as Mangalam 's friend
 Chelladurai
 Pandiarajan as Mridangam artist in "Yen Soga Kadhaiye"

Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by Ilaiyaraaja. The song "Bhoopalam Isaikkum" is set in Gourimanohari raga. "Yerikkarai Poongatre" is set in Sankarabharanam, and "Thanga Sangili" is set in Keeravani.

Release and reception
Thooral Ninnu Pochu was released on 14 April 1982. Playing on the film's title, Thiraignani of Kalki wrote, "Aluppu thattipochu" (boredom knocked). The film ran for over 300 days at Madurai Thangam, the then largest theatre in Asia. Chidambaranathan won the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Lyricist.

References

External links

1980s Tamil-language films
1982 films
1982 romantic drama films
Films directed by K. Bhagyaraj
Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja
Indian romantic drama films
Tamil films remade in other languages

Thooral Ninnu Pochchu


Brad Engmann is a competitive shooter and USPSA Grand Master. He is also known for competing in the first season of History Channel's marksmen competition Top Shot.

Biography

Engmann was born in the US and raised in San Francisco, California, where he resides now. He currently works as a project manager.

Engmann started shooting when he was thirteen years old, after asking his dad to take him to a local firing range. One of the first guns he would shoot was a Daisy Red Ryder. Engmann says he quit shooting for several years and dedicated himself to cars, until he discovered about the USPSA.

In 2010, Engmann appeared in the first season of History Channel's marksmen competition Top Shot. During the first half of the competition, Engmann competed as part of the Red Team. His team ended up winning two challenges during his tenure, and Brad was nominated for elimination three times. He was eliminated during the seventh week of the competition.

References

External links
Brad Engmann Bio on History Channel

Living people
American male sport shooters
Sportspeople from San Francisco
Year of birth missing (living people)

Brad Engmann


The metatarsal bones, or metatarsus (: metatarsi), are a group of five long bones in the midfoot, located between the tarsal bones (which forms the heel and the ankle) and the phalanges (toes). Lacking individual names, the metatarsal bones are numbered from the medial side (the side of the great toe): the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal (often depicted with Roman numerals). The metatarsals are analogous to the metacarpal bones of the hand. The lengths of the metatarsal bones in humans are, in descending order, second, third, fourth, fifth, and first. A bovine hind leg has two metatarsals.

Structure
The five metatarsals are dorsal convex long bones consisting of a shaft or body, a base (proximally), and a head (distally). The body is prismoid in form, tapers gradually from the tarsal to the phalangeal extremity, and is curved longitudinally, so as to be concave below, slightly convex above. The base or posterior extremity is wedge-shaped, articulating proximally with the tarsal bones, and by its sides with the contiguous metatarsal bones: its dorsal and plantar surfaces are rough for the attachment of ligaments. The head or distal extremity presents a convex articular surface, oblong from above downward, and extending farther backward below than above. Its sides are flattened, and on each is a depression, surmounted by a tubercle, for ligamentous attachment. Its plantar surface is grooved antero-posteriorly for the passage of the flexor tendons, and marked on either side by an articular eminence continuous with the terminal articular surface.

During growth, the growth plates are located distally on the metatarsals, except on the first metatarsal where it is located proximally. Yet it is quite common to have an accessory growth plate on the distal first metatarsal.

Articulations

The base of each metatarsal bone articulates with one or more of the tarsal bones at the tarsometatarsal joints, and the head with one of the first row of phalanges at the metatarsophalangeal joints.  Their bases also articulate with each other at the intermetatarsal joints

 The first metatarsal articulates with the medial cuneiform, and to a small extent to the intermediate cuneiform.
 the second with all three cuneiforms.
 the third with the lateral cuneiform.
 the fourth with the lateral cuneiform and the cuboid.
 The fifth with the cuboid.

Muscle attachments

Clinical significance

Injuries

The metatarsal bones are often broken by association football players. These and other recent cases have been attributed to the lightweight design of modern football boots, which provide less protection to the foot. In 2010 some football players began testing a new sock that incorporated a rubber silicone pad over the foot to provide protection to the top of the foot. Stress fractures are thought to account for 16% of injuries related to sports participation, and the metatarsals are the bones most often involved. These fractures are sometimes called march fractures, based on their traditional association with military recruits after long marches. The second and third metatarsals are fixed while walking, thus these metatarsals are common sites of injury. The fifth metatarsal may be fractured if the foot is oversupinated during locomotion.

Protection from injuries can be given by the use of safety footwear which can use built-in or removable metatarsal guards.

Additional images

See also
 Arches of the foot
 Ball (foot)
 Bone terminology
 Terms for anatomical location
 Jones fracture
 Lisfranc injury

Notes

References

External links

Bones of the lower limb
Bones of the foot

Metatarsal bones


Thomas L. Moore (born May 9, 1950 in Lynwood, Aiken County, South Carolina) is a South Carolina businessman and former state politician who is now an executive of a payday lending association in Washington, D.C. Moore was the Democratic nominee for Governor of South Carolina in 2006, but lost to incumbent Republican Governor Mark Sanford.

Early life and career
Moore earned his undergraduate degree from University of South Carolina Aiken. In 1971, he married high school sweetheart, Dale. The Moores have two sons — Baylen and Brent — and four grandsons, Luke, Rhett, Spencer, and Bennett.

In 1978, Moore was elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives as a Democrat. That same November, he started Boiler Efficiency Inc., In 1980, after serving only a single term in the House, Moore was elected to the South Carolina Senate and was re-elected continuously until his resignation on July 7, 2007.

Senate career
In the South Carolina senate, Moore represented Aiken, Edgefield, Saluda and McCormick counties, a seat once held by Strom Thurmond. Moore's committee assignments included the Judiciary; Labor, Commerce, and Industry; Ethics; Rules; Medical Affairs; and Fish, Game, and Forestry. Moore also served as the chair of the state regulation of public utilities review committee, senate medical affairs committee and the joint legislative committee on children and families.

In 1994, Moore unsuccessfully ran for Congressman Butler Derrick's newly vacated seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. Like many "Republican Revolution" races that year, South Carolina's Third Congressional District was eventually won in the general election by a Republican, future U.S. Senator Lindsey Graham.

2006 campaign
Moore won his party's gubernatorial primary with a solid 64% of the vote on June 13, 2006. He defeated both Florence Mayor Frank E. Willis, who ran to the political left of Moore, and Columbia attorney C. Dennis Aughtry.

Moore had a reputation in South Carolina political circles for being a pro-business, right-of-center Democrat, who was conservative on social issues (such as abortion and gay rights), but moderate-to-liberal on fiscal and economic matters (such as taxes and public education). These positions put the Aiken senator squarely at odds with the incumbent Mark Sanford, who had pushed for lower taxes and school vouchers.

Moore was endorsed by prominent Democrats like former South Carolina governors Richard Riley and Jim Hodges. Moore was also endorsed by several influential Republicans, such as fellow senators Jake Knotts and Verne Smith, who seemed to represent the Republican Party establishment's sense of dissatisfaction with the more libertarian Governor Sanford. Ultimately, though, Moore lost the election by a ten point margin, 55% to 45%.

Senate resignation
In a move that sparked some controversy, Moore resigned from the South Carolina senate on July 7, 2007 after being hired as an executive vice president for the Community Financial Services Association of America, a national payday lending trade association in Washington, D.C. Moore continued as president and CEO of Boiler Efficiency, Inc. He was succeeded by A. Shane Massey.

See also
U.S. gubernatorial elections, 2006
Governor of South Carolina
List of governors of South Carolina
South Carolina gubernatorial elections

External links
 Community Financial Services Association of America
 Boiler Efficiency, Inc.

1950 births
Living people
Democratic Party members of the South Carolina House of Representatives
People from Aiken County, South Carolina
Democratic Party South Carolina state senators
University of South Carolina alumni

Tommy Moore (politician)


ATOMKI is the Institute for Nuclear Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences. The institute is located in Debrecen and was established in 1954 by Sándor Szalay, the founding director.

ATOMKI became independent from the Institute of Experimental Physics of the Kossuth Lajos University (presently called University of Debrecen), where Sándor Szalay started and directed nuclear physics research for decades. At present, the main research fields of Atomki are atom-, nuclear-, and particle physics, ion beam analytics, technique of detection and signal processing, environmental analytics, radioactive dating, radiochemistry, and solid state physics. The director is Zsolt Dombrádi, D.Sc.

Some of its buildings were originally the National Orphanage for Teachers' Children, built in 1917.

See also
X17 particle

References

Further reading
 Booklet including brief history of the institute (page 7)

External links

1954 establishments in Hungary
Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Nuclear research institutes
Research institutes in Hungary
Organisations based in Debrecen

ATOMKI


Tenniel Chu (born 1976), from Hong Kong, is the Vice Chairman of Mission Hills Group, owner and operator of the Mission Hills golf and leisure resorts in Shenzhen and on the island of Hainan, China.

Education

Tenniel graduated with a degree in economics from the University of Toronto, Canada, then pursued his passion for golf by studying Professional Golf Management at the city's Humber College. On completing his studies, he worked at US PGA Tour headquarters in Florida before joining the family business in 2001.

Career

Since his appointment as Vice Chairman of Mission Hills Group, Tenniel has played a role in international tournament bids as well as attracting golf's biggest stars to Mission Hills, beginning with Tiger Woods' first visit to China in 2001 – and again in 2011 – followed by the Dynasty Cup in 2003 and the Goodwill Trophy in 2005.

Since then, Mission Hills has staged four editions of the World Cup of Golf, three editions of the World Ladies Championship, the 2012 WGC-HSBC Champions, the 2013 "Match at Mission Hills" between Tiger Woods and Rory McIlroy, and three editions of the World Celebrity Pro-Am, a ground-breaking event for Asia featuring elite male and female golfers together with stars from entertainment and sports.

Tenniel has overseen Mission Hills' emphasis on junior golf development which created the Mission Hills Golf Series Junior tour in January 2010 - an event that has won praise from many golfing experts including Tiger Woods and Rory McIlroy. In 2014, the club staged 43 junior tournaments, including signature annual events hosted by Jack Nicklaus, Sir Nick Faldo and Annika Sörenstam.

Tenniel is also Deputy Commissioner of OneAsia, Vice Chairman of the China Golf Association, President of the Guangdong Golf Association and President of the Shenzhen Golf Association.

In addition, he is founding Chairman of the China Chapter of the International Association of Golf Tour Operators, and the first Chinese national to be admitted as a member of the R&A.

Tenniel's golf achievements were given formal recognition in October 2014 when – for the second year in a row – he and his brother, Dr Ken Chu (businessman), the Mission Hills Chairman and CEO, were named the "Most Powerful People in Asian Golf" by Golf Inc. The brothers were also named in the Top 10 in the magazine's global ranking.

Mission Hills
Mission Hills Shenzhen-Dongguan, which contains 12 golf courses, is recognised by Guinness World Records as the world's largest golf facility, and Mission Hills Haikou, which features 10 courses, is also the world's largest spa resort. Mission Hills Group currently encompasses businesses in golf management, real estate, commercial retail development, residential development, wellness, education and theme parks.

The company is expanding facilities to include hotel brands, major tourist attractions, retail developments, entertainment districts, office space and residential accommodation. It is also in the process of developing new resorts at other locations across China.

Philanthropy

Tenniel Chu is an active member of the Hong Kong and Mainland China Aid Organization and social services such as the United Nations Charity Golf event, the Golfers "5.12 Fund Raising Golf Campaign" - recognised by the Guinness World Records as the largest single-day golf tournament of the world ever.

Due to his contribution to the sports of China, Tenniel has been a torch-bearer for both Beijing 2008 Olympics and Shenzhen 2011 Universiade. He is also a member of the Shenzhen Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

Recognition and awards

 The Arbor Award by University of Toronto, Canada

References

External links
 University of Toronto Magazine
 Business Profile - Tenniel Chu

Living people
1976 births

Tenniel Chu


The Region 6 War Room is a nuclear bunker dating from the early days of the cold war, on the Whiteknights Park campus of the University of Reading in the English town of Reading. It is one of a number of such Regional War Rooms built during the 1950s and designed to co-ordinate civil defence in the event of an attack on the country using conventional bombs or atom bombs.

In the event of war, the war room would have housed the Regional Commissioner and his staff who would have directed the strategic response to air raids throughout the counties of Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Dorset, Hampshire, Oxfordshire, and the Isle of Wight. The Regional Commissioner had the authority to assume the full powers of the central government in this region if contact with central government was lost.

The war room takes the form of a two level windowless building, with the upper level being above ground level and protected by massive concrete walls, while the lower level is below ground level. The building is surmounted by towers containing filtration equipment. The bunker was designed to cope with attacks by weapons of the type used during the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II.

The development of the hydrogen bomb and the expectation of mutually assured destruction meant that the war room was both inadequately protected, and seen as too small to support the large live-in staff that would be needed after a major nuclear strike. Its principal responsibilities were transferred to a new Regional Seat of Government RSG-6 at Warren Row near Maidenhead. Some sources suggest that it continued in use as a civil defence communications centre for some period after this transfer.

After ceasing to be used for civil defence purposes, the war room was taken over by the University and modified as a secure storage facility for use by the University Library. The building still exists, and can be found to the rear of the Department of Agriculture building, near the Earley Gate to the University's Whiteknights Campus. There is no public access to the interior of the building.

In the University's updated development plan announced in autumn 2007, the bunker was marked as being scheduled for demolition, along with the wartime 'temporary office buildings'. The land was to be used for a car park.

However, in March 2009, the threatened building received a Grade II heritage listing and is now protected.

References

1950s establishments in England
Buildings and structures of the University of Reading
Nuclear bunkers in the United Kingdom
Emergency management in the United Kingdom

Region 6 War Room


The Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre (PWNHC) (Centre du patrimoine septentrional Prince-de-Galles in French) is the Government of the Northwest Territories' museum and archives. Located in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada, the PWNHC acquires and manages objects and archival materials that represent the cultures and history of the Northwest Territories (NWT), plays a primary role in documenting and providing information about the cultures and history of the NWT, and provides a professional museum, archives and cultural resource management services to partner organizations.

History
A group of history-minded Yellowknifers first envisioned a museum for the Northwest Territories in the early 1950s and after several years of planning, and three years of construction, the 'Museum of the North' opened in July 1963 in downtown Yellowknife. It was operated by volunteers with the Yellowknife Museum Society until 1970 when care of its artifacts was transferred to the Government of the Northwest Territories.

Planning for a larger institution began due to concern over the loss of northern artifacts and collections, and the need to provide museum services and support throughout the Northwest Territories under a government mandate. In 1972, a program calling for the development of museum services in the NWT received official approval from the Government of the Northwest Territories. Construction started in 1975. On April 3, 1979, His Royal Highness, Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, officiated at the opening of the facility that bears his name.

The PWNHC holds in trust for the public a large collection of objects that represent the peoples and cultures of the NWT, and produces exhibitions that tell stories about the land, people and history of the NWT. However, the PWNHC is "more than a museum". In addition to its exhibits, collections and conservation programs, the PWNHC houses the NWT Archives, provides technical, logistic and financial support to individuals and organizations involved in cultural activities and the arts, and authorizes archaeological studies in the NWT.

Images

Authority
The mandate for the PWNHC's activities derives from the Northwest Territories Archives Act, the Northwest Territories Historical Resources Act, and the Northwest Territories Archaeological Sites Regulations.

Affiliations
The Museum is affiliated with:NWT Archives NWT Archives Council  CMA,  CHIN, and Virtual Museum of Canada.

See also

List of museums in the Northwest Territories
Royal eponyms in Canada

References

External links
Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre
NWT Archives

Museums in the Northwest Territories
History of the Northwest Territories
Tourist attractions in the Northwest Territories
Brutalist architecture in Canada
First Nations museums in Canada
History museums in Canada
Natural history museums in Canada
Buildings and structures in Yellowknife
Culture of Yellowknife
Archives in Canada
Buildings and structures completed in 1979
1979 establishments in the Northwest Territories


Marianne Dreams is a children's fantasy novel by Catherine Storr. It was illustrated with drawings by Marjorie-Ann Watts and published by Faber and Faber in 1958. The first paperback edition, from Puffin Books in 1964, is catalogued by the Library of Congress as revised.

Plot introduction
Marianne is a young girl who is bedridden with a long-term illness. She draws a picture to fill her time and finds that she spends her dreams within the picture she has drawn. As time goes by, she becomes sicker, and starts to spend more and more time trapped within her fantasy world, and her attempts to make things better by adding to and crossing out things in the drawing make things progressively worse. Her only companion in her dreamworld is a boy called Mark, who is also a long-term invalid in the real world.

Catherine Storr's later novel Marianne and Mark was a sequel to Marianne Dreams.

Film, television and theatrical adaptations
Marianne Dreams has been the basis of several film, TV and radio adaptations, including the 1972 British ITV children's TV series Escape Into Night (which was quite faithful to the novel), and the movie Paperhouse (which was less so). The author adapted it herself as an opera libretto in 1999: the first performance of the opera Marianne Dreams took  place in 2004 with music by the British composer Andrew Lowe Watson. Will Tuckett directed a new adaptation by Moira Buffini at the Almeida Theatre in December 2007.

References

External links

 Article in The Independent

1958 British novels
Children's fantasy novels
British children's novels
British fantasy novels
British novels adapted into films
Novels about dreams
Faber and Faber books
1958 children's books

Marianne Dreams