Relations are ways in which several entities stand to each other. They usually connect distinct entities but some associate an entity with itself. The adicity of a relation is the number of entities it connects. The direction of a relation is the order in which the elements are related to each other. The converse of a relation carries the same information and has the opposite direction, like the contrast between "two is less than five" and "five is greater than two". Both relations and properties express features in reality with a key difference being that relations apply to several entities while properties belong to a single entity.

Many types of relations are discussed in the academic literature. Internal relations, like resemblance, depend only on the monadic properties of the relata. They contrast with external relations, like spatial relations, which express characteristics that go beyond what their relata are like. Formal relations, like identity, involve abstract and topic-neutral ideas while material relations, like loving, have concrete and substantial contents. Logical relations are relations between propositions while causal relations connect concrete events. Symmetric, transitive, and reflexive relations are distinguished by their structural features.

Metaphysical difficulties like the question of where relations are located lie at the center of discussions of their ontological status. Eliminativism is the thesis that relations are mental abstractions that are not a part of external reality. A less radical position is reductionism, which claims that relations can be explained in terms of other entities, like monadic properties, and are not a substantial addition to reality. According to realists, relations have mind-independent existence. A strong form of realism is relationalism, which states that all of reality is relational at its most basic level. Historically, eliminativism and reductionism were the dominant views. This only changed toward the end of the 19th century, when various developments in the fields of mathematics, logic, and science prompted a more realist outlook.

Definition and essential features
A relation is a manner in which multiple entities stand to each other. It is a connection or association between entities and can be understood as a feature characterizing these entities as a whole. Many relations hold between distinct entities. For example, the first-born sibling stands in the relation of being older to their other siblings. But an entity can also stand in a relation to itself. For instance, every entity stands in the relation of identity to itself. Relations can hold between diverse entities, including objects, people, and concepts. If a relation holds between entities then the relation together with the entities constitutes a fact or state of affairs.

The word "relationship" is often used as a synonym. The entities related to each other are called the relata. The term "relation" comes from the Latin terms  and , which mean reference or towardness.

In mathematics and logic, relations are defined as set-theoretic structures. For example, the relation less than is defined as the set of all ordered pairs in which the first element is less than the second element. This set includes pairs like [1,2], [1,3], and [2,17]. Mathematical functions are a special type of relation in which one or several elements are uniquely associated with exactly one other element.

Relations have various characteristic features, like the number of relata they have and the direction in which they connect them. They are closely associated with properties and share several aspects with them.

Adicity
The adicity of a relation is the number of places or relata it has. The terms "arity" and "degree" are used as synonyms. For instance, the relation being larger than has an adicity of two since it involves two entities: a smaller entity and a larger entity. Another example is the relation of being adjacent to. Relations with an adicity of two are called dyadic or binary. Triadic or ternary relations have an adicity of three, like the relation of giving, which involves a giver, a receiver, and a given object. The relation of being between is also triadic since it requires two entities on the sides and one in the middle, as in "5 is between 2 and 23".

Unigrade relations are relations that have a fixed adicity: they always apply to the same number of entities. They contrast with multigrade relations, for which the number of their relata varies from one occasion to another. It is controversial whether there are genuine multigrade relations. Some theorists, like David M. Armstrong, argue that the adicity of a relation is an essential feature of it. According to this view, there are no multigrade relations on the fundamental level of reality. However, this view is not generally accepted and some cases of multigrade relations have been suggested. Putative examples include causal relations (which may relate several causes to several effects), logical consequence (which relates several premises to a conclusion they support), and expressions like being the tallest among (for which the adicity depends on the size of the comparison group). Multigrade predicates are also common in everyday language. For instance, the predicate "lift" is dyadic in the sentence "John is lifting a table" and triadic in the sentence "John and Mary are lifting a table". Other examples are predicates that have optional arguments, as in the sentences "John is eating a cake" and "John is eating".

Direction and converse
The direction of a relation is the order in which the elements are related to each other. For instance, if Abelard loves Eloise then the relation of loving goes from Abelard to Eloise. If Eloise loves Abelard then the direction goes in the opposite direction. Both of these facts have the same constituents. They are only distinguished by their direction. Only non-symmetric relations have a direction since the order of the relata does not make a difference for symmetric relations.

The converse of a non-symmetric relation is a second relation that always accompanies the first relation but has a different order of elements. For example, the converse of above is below. This means that whenever x is above y then y is below x. The same is the case for relations like coming before and coming after as well as being a parent of and being a child of. Binary relations have exactly one converse while tertiary and higher-degree relations have several converses.

A relation and its converse carry the same information. For this reason, it is controversial whether they should be considered as two distinct relations instead of seeing them as one and the same relation. This difficulty has prompted some philosophers to conceptualize the directional aspect of non-symmetric relations differently or to deny the existence of converse relations. According to positionalism, relations do not have a direction but have different unique positions that are filled by their relata. For instance, the relation love has two positions: one for the lover and one for the beloved. This view explains how relata can play different roles in a relation without implying that the relation has a direction or a converse.

Contrast to properties
Relations are usually contrasted with properties. Properties are held by a single entity and express what this entity is like. Relations connect several entities and are features that apply to them as a whole. A closely associated contrast is that properties belong to entities or inhere in them while relations are not found in the relata but stand between them.

However, there are also many parallels between properties and relations and there is no general agreement on a strict dichotomy between the two. Both are often used to describe and explain repeating patterns in the world and many of the ontological distinctions applied to properties also affect relations. For example, both properties and relations may be understood as universals that are instantiated by individuals at a specific place and time. Like properties, relations are either determinable or determinate. Determinable relations are not clearly specified, like the relation of being distant from. Determinate relations are fully specified, like the relation of being exactly one meter distant from.

It is possible to conceptualize properties and propositions as special types of relations. According to this view, the difference between these phenomena only concerns how many entities they apply to: regular relations are polyadic and thus apply to several entities; properties are monadic relations and only apply to a single entity; propositions are relations with a degree of zero and do not apply to any entities.

The opposite perspective is also possible: to conceptualize relations as polyadic or relational properties. It is usually accepted that relational properties accompany relations: if x stands in a relation to y, then x has the relational property of bearing a relation to y. For example, since Antony was married to Cleopatra, he had the relational property of being married to Cleopatra. However, it is not generally accepted that relations are correctly understood as or can be reduced to relational properties. Historically, properties have received significantly more attention from metaphysicists than relations.

Types
Various types of relations are distinguished in the academic literature based on their ontological status, the domains they apply to, and the structures they form.

Internal and external
An influential distinction differentiates between internal and external relations. A relation is internal if it only depends on what the relata are like: it is determined by the characteristics or the nature of the relata alone. External relations are not fixed this way and carry characteristics that go beyond the intrinsic features of their relata. Mathematical relations between numbers are examples of internal relations. For instance, the number six stands in the relation of being greater than to the number five. This relation is internal because it is essential to the numbers six and five that six is greater than five. Other traditional examples of internal relations are resemblance and difference. Spatial relations are normally understood as external relations, like the relation of a book to the table it is lying on. The same is true for temporal and causal relations.

However, the precise characterization of the distinction between internal and external relations is disputed and there are various incompatible ways to define them. According to G. E. Moore, a relation is internal if it follows from the existence of its relata that the relation also exists. This means that the relation is essential to the relata and it is impossible for the two relata to exist without standing in this relation. For Moore, external relations are different since they could fail to obtain even if its relata exist. Another definition is defended by philosophers like Armstrong, who hold that a relation is internal if it is necessitated by the properties or the intrinsic features of the relata. David K. Lewis provides a slightly different formulation by claiming that internal relations supervene on the intrinsic properties of their elements. Some philosophers talk of ideal relations to refer to relations that solely depend on the qualities of the related terms, in contrast to real relations, for which this is not the case.

The difference between these definitions affects whether some relations are characterized as internal or external.  An example is the relation of having the same shape. This relation applies if x is a cube and y is also a cube. According to Armstrong, this relation is internal since it only depends on the intrinsic nature of x and y. This is not the case for Moore since y could have been a sphere rather than a cube, meaning that the relation is external since it is not necessitated by the existence of x and y.

The difference between internal and external relations has various consequences for the ontological status of relations. According to a common view, internal relations do not form part of reality on the most fundamental level since they supervene on their relata. In this regard, they are already included in some sense in the relata and constitute no addition to being. That is not the case for external relations, which are more than the entities they connect and thus introduce additional ontological commitments. Discussions about the existence of relations usually focus on the question of whether external relations exist. One difficulty in this regard is where to locate them since it seems that they are not contained within the relata while they also cannot exist without them.

Formal and material
Another distinction is between formal and material relations, sometimes also termed thin and thick relations. Formal relations involve abstract ideas that do not carry any concrete content. According to a commonly held view, all formal relations are internal. They are often characterized as topic-neutral, meaning that they pertain to all categories of being. Material relations are associated with concrete ideas. They involve specific and substantial contents that are accessible to perceptual experience. Examples of formal relations are identity, entailment, being greater than, set membership, and resemblance. By contrast, the relations of collision, smiling, loving, killing, and giving are material relations.

Logical and causal

Logical relations are relations between elements of thought, specifically between propositions or statements. Two propositions are logically related if the truth value of one depends on the truth value of the other. In this regard, it is not important whether the propositions are true but only how the truth value of one proposition would affect the truth value of the other. For instance, the claims "John has a high IQ and is immensely popular" and "John has a high IQ" are logically related since the first claim cannot be true if the second claim is false. Logical relations are discovered through a priori reasoning rather than perceptual experience and are studied by logic. They are often used to demonstrate or prove a claim.

Of primary interest in logic is the relation of logical consequence or entailment. This relation holds between the premises of an argument and its conclusion if the argument is governed by a valid rule of inference. It determines what follows logically from what and is present if the truth of the premises ensures the truth of the conclusion. This means that if the premises are true, the conclusion cannot be false. Other examples of logical relations are being contrary and being contradictory. Two statements are contradictory if it is necessary that one is true and the other is false, like the statements "the coffee is cold" and "the coffee is not cold". Two statements are contraries if it is not possible that both are true but it is possible that both are false, like the statements "the coffee is cold" and "the coffee is hot".

Causal relations are cause-effect relations between concrete events. This is the case if an earlier event brings about a later event. An example is a white billiard ball that hits a red billiard ball, which in turn starts rolling toward a corner pocket. In this case, there is a causal relation between the collision-event and the rolling-event. Causal relations are studied by the empirical sciences and can be known through perceptual experience. They play a role in explaining why something happened.

Causal relations are traditionally understood as external relations. According to this view, they obey external causal laws or laws of nature that determine how effects follow from causes and are not fixed by the internal nature of the involved events. They are traditionally seen as contingent: they are the way they are but they could have been different because the causal laws could have been different. An alternative position understands causation not in terms of causal laws but in terms of the powers of objects. In this case, the effect is a manifestation of the powers of the involved objects. According to this view, causal relations are internal relations if powers are understood as intrinsic properties of objects.

One difficulty in distinguishing between causal and logical relations is that both can be expressed with the term "because". For instance, the sentence "John came back because he loved her" expresses a causal relation with love being the cause of John's return. The sentence "John loved her, because he came back" expresses a logical relation in which the existence of John's love is inferred from the fact that he came back.

Spatial and temporal
Spatial and temporal relations structure the physical world and organize how concrete objects and events stand to each other. Spatial relations affect where entities are located and how close or distant they are from each other. Examples are being three feet from, being below, and being within. Temporal relations concern when something happens relative to something else. Examples are occurring before, occurring after, and occurring simultaneously. It is usually held that spatiotemporal relations only hold between concrete objects but not between abstract objects. Spatial and temporal relations are normally categorized as external relations.

The ontological status of spatial and temporal relations depends on how space and time are conceived. The theory of relationalism states that spacetime is nothing but the spatial and temporal relations in which entities stand to each other. According to this view, spatial and temporal relations are fundamental and constitute spacetime. A different view is substantivalism, which holds that spacetime is a substance that exists independently of the entities that occupy it. Both relationalists and substantivalists accept regular statements about spatiotemporal relations, for example, that "the two towers of the Golden Gate Bridge are 4,200 feet apart". According to relationalists, this sentence is true because there is a fundamental spatial relation between the towers themselves. According to substantivalists, this is true because the two towers occupy two distinct and spatially distant regions in the spacetime substance.

In classical physics, space and time are understood as independent dimensions that are absolute and can be measured and analyzed separately from each other. In modern physics, space and time are seen as interdependent dimensions that form a unified continuum whose curvature is affected by the presence of mass and energy.

By structural features
Binary relations are often distinguished based on several formal or structural features of how their elements are connected to one another. Symmetric relations always come in pairs: if x is related to y then y is related to x. An example is the relation being as old as: if Tom is as old as Zoe then Zoe is as old as Tom. Symmetric relations contrast with non-symmetric relations, for which this pair-like behavior is not always observed. An example is the love-relation: if Dave loves Sara then it is possible but not necessary that Sara loves Dave. A special case of non-symmetric relations are asymmetric relations, which only go one way. An example is the relation being heavier than: if Ben is heavier than Nia then it is not possible at the same time that Nia is heavier than Ben. Symmetric relations are not sensitive to how their elements are ordered since they go both ways. However, the order of the elements matters for non-symmetric relations.

A further distinction is between transitive and intransitive relations. Transitive relations exhibit a chain-like nature: if x is related to y and y is related to z, then x is related to z. An example is the relation being larger than: if a truck is larger than a car and a car is larger than a bicycle then a truck is larger than a bicycle. A relation is intransitive if this chain-like behavior is not always present. An example is the relation being a parent of: if Tess is a parent of Bob and Bob is a parent of Carol, then it is not automatically the case that Tess is a parent of Carol.

Another distinction is between reflexive and irreflexive relations. Reflexive relations are those in which each entity is related to itself. An example is the relation being as old as since every entity is as old as itself. Irreflexive relations are relations that never connect an entity to itself. An example is the relation being a sibling of: no one is their own sibling.

These structural features are used to define further types of relations, like equivalence and strict partial order. An equivalence relation is a relation that is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive, like equality expressed through the symbol "=". A strict partial order is a relation that is irreflexive, anti-symmetric, and transitive, like the relation being less than expressed through the symbol "<".

Ontological status
Various debates in metaphysics are concerned with the ontological status of relations. Relations come with certain problems that are not present for other ontological categories, like substances and monadic properties. They are different from substances because they depend on the entities they connect. They are different from properties since they apply to several entities and cannot be located in any one of their relata.

The ontological status of relations is disputed and various theories have been proposed. They are often divided into realism and anti-realism. Realists hold that relations have mind-independent existence in external reality, which is denied by anti-realists. However, various intermediate positions between these views can be distinguished. Strict anti-realists or eliminativists deny that there are any relations. A slightly weaker position sees relations as mental inventions or projections. Another perspective is to accept that relations exist while regarding them as non-fundamental entities. This type of position is taken by reductionists, who claim that relations are emergent entities that can be reduced to other entities. Strong realists advance a more robust view and see relations as part of the fundamental ontological inventory of reality. The difference between internal and external relations is central to their ontological status and the two types are often treated separately.

The issue of the ontological status of relations is closely connected to the problem of the one and the many. This problem consists in explaining how reality can at the same time be both a multiplicity (because there are many distinct entities) and a unity (because all the distinct entities participate in one common reality).

Location problem
Many of the difficulties associated with the ontological status of relations are connected to the location problem. The location problem consists in the question of where relations are located. For example, the sentence "Glasgow is west of Edinburgh" describes the location of two cities based on the relation being west of. However, it does not specify where the relation itself is located.

Different solutions to the location problem have been suggested. One suggestion is that the location of relations is divided. According to this view, the relation of being west of resides in both Glasgow and Edinburgh together. A different approach is to hold that relations exist in a place between their relata. A further theory states that relations are abstract objects that do not have a location in space and time.

A closely connected issue concerns the manner in which relations depend on their relata. Like properties, relations are traditionally conceived as accidents or dependent entities. For regular properties, this can be combined with the idea that they are located in the object which bears them and on which they depend. However, this solution is more difficult for relations, specifically for external relations, since they do not inhere in a single entity but form connections between entities. Their external location makes it more difficult to conceive how they can be dependent entities at the same time. The difficulties concerning the location of relations have prompted some philosophers to deny that relations exist or to hold that they exist only as ideas in the mind.

Eliminativism
Eliminativists about relations hold that relations do not exist. They often see relations as intellectual abstractions that are not part of reality at the most fundamental level. Some eliminativists defend this view for all relations while others focus specifically on external relations. They often justify their position by the ontological problems associated with relations, such as the location problem. Metaphysical monists, like some defenders of absolute idealism, often reject the existence of genuine relations by claiming that there exists only one ultimate subject of predication.

A well-known argument for eliminativism is called Bradley's regress. It was formulated by F. H. Bradley, who argues that relations do not exist because they involve a vicious infinite regress. Bradley understands relations as universals and holds that a relation can only connect two entities if it is related to them. He claims that in order to be related to them, a second relation is required to relate the first relation to its relata. However, the same problem is repeated on the level of the second relation, which requires a third relation, and so on. This leads to a vicious infinite regress since the same problem arises for all additional relations. Bradley concludes from the resulting paradox that relations do not exist.

The conclusion of Bradley's regress is not generally accepted and various arguments have been formulated to reject it. One approach is to distinguish between relations as universals and relational facts corresponding to particular instances. According to this view, the connection between a relation and its relata is made by the fact that instantiates the relation without the need for a second relation. A closely connected explanation understands relations not as universals but as particular entities, so-called tropes. Opponents of these approaches have argued that they fail to truly solve the problem since they do not explain how facts or tropes connect a relation to its relata without requiring a second relation. Another argument against Bradley's regress rejects the initial assumption that relations need to be related to the relata.

Objections to eliminativism in general are often based on the idea that relations are required to describe reality. For instance, relations seem to be an indispensable part of mathematics and the empirical sciences.

Reductionism
Reductionism is the view that relations can ultimately be reduced to or explained in terms of non-relational entities. In this regard, they are not a substantial addition to reality but only accompany other phenomena. Some theorists understand reductionism as a form of anti-realism while others hold that reductionism allows that relations exist in a weak sense but denies that they are part of the most fundamental level of reality.

A common form of reductionism states that relations can be understood in terms of the monadic properties of the related entities. For example, the mountain Ben Vorlich stands in the relation of being taller than to its neighbor Ben Vane. This is explained by the properties of the two mountains: Ben Vorlich is 3094 feet high while Ben Vane is 3002 feet high. According to this view, no additional relational facts besides these properties are required. Another example is the relation of similarity, which is often analyzed in terms of shared properties.

The claim that all relations, including external relations, can be reduced to monadic properties is controversial. For instance, it is not clear how spatial relations can be analyzed this way. A further argument against reductionism comes from modern physics and holds that the non-relational properties it discusses are not sufficient to explain all phenomena.

Reductionism is common when applied to internal relations, but it is not universally accepted. One anti-reductionist argument holds that some kind of minimal formal relation between the monadic properties themselves is required even in the case of internal relations. For example, to explain that Ben Vorlich is higher than Ben Vane, the properties being 3094 feet high and being 3002 feet high by themselves are not sufficient if one does not assume that the relation of being greater than holds between these properties.

Realism
Realists hold that relations are part of reality. This view is usually combined with the claim that relations have mind-independent existence. In a strong form, it states that relations belong to the most fundamental level of reality. However, there are also weaker forms of realism. They hold that relations are real but do not exist on the most fundamental level. According to this view, they emerge from non-relational features and are in this sense "no addition to being".

Some realists understand relations as universals. According to this view, relations are repeatable and can be instantiated by different groups of individuals. A different view holds that relations are tropes or non-repeatable particulars.

Relationalism
Relationalism is a strong form of realism about relations. In its widest sense, it states that all of reality is relational at its most fundamental level and denies the existence of non-relational properties. The terms "relationism" and "relational ontology" are sometimes used as synonyms. Relationalism contrasts with substantivalism, also known as substantivism, which sees substances, and not relations, as the fundamental constituents of reality.

One core intuition motivating relationalism is that a key to understanding any object is to grasp how it is related to other objects. Some relationalists state that objects do not exist at all while others hold that they only exist as dependent entities. For example, the position of ontic structuralism claims that objects are structures made up of relations. According to philosopher Randal Dipert, the world is made up of relations that form the structure of a mathematical graph and the concrete entities in it are subgraphs.

Relationalism is a controversial view when understood in its strongest form as a theory of reality in general. Besides its clash with common sense, one difficulty is that relations are usually understood as dependent entities that apply to the objects they connect rather than as independent entities that could exist without their relata. Another difficulty is that purely relational structures seem to be abstract objects that cannot by themselves account for the concrete reality they aim to describe.

Some relationalists defend more restricted theories by limiting their claims to specific domains rather than trying to explain reality as a whole. In the philosophy of space and time, relationalism is the view that spacetime is not a substance, as substantivalists claim, but a network of spatiotemporal relations between individual physical phenomena. In the philosophy of perception, relationalism about color is the view that colors are not regular monadic properties of objects but relations between perceptual circumstances and the subjects that perceive them. In the philosophy of sociology, relationalism is an approach that investigates wide social phenomena by studying the relations between interactants. Examples are seeing society as the totality of interactions between people or understanding the world of art in terms of the relations between artists, producers, audiences, and critics.

History

The history of the philosophy of relations can roughly be divided into two periods. Traditionally up until the late 19th century, metaphysicists were suspicious about the nature of relations. They usually regarded them as lower entities that do not play a role on the fundamental level of reality. This outlook changed in the 19th century, when various developments in the fields of mathematics, logic, and science prompted philosophers to reconceptualize the nature of relations and the need of relations to describe reality on its most basic level.

Aristotle's distinction between substances and accidents was influential in how relations were conceived by later philosophers. Substances are the fundamental constituents of reality. They exist in themselves and are not predicable of something else, like an individual man or a horse. Accidents cannot exist without a substance. They are possible but non-necessary modifications of substances, like being in a sitting position. Aristotle conceived relations as the lowest form of accidents that depend not just on substances but also on other accidents. Many subsequent philosophers accepted the idea that relations are non-substantial entities that are unable to exist on their own and depend on other entities. For example, the neo-Platonists Plotinus and Porphyry followed Aristotle in seeing relations as accidents while emphasizing at the same time that relations are real entities.

The nature and role of relations were discussed in detail in medieval philosophy, specifically by scholastic philosophers. They agreed with Aristotle that relations are accidents. A common approach was to reduce relations to pairs of monadic properties. This approach was exemplified by Peter Abelard and William Ockham, who explained relations in terms of non-relational qualities possessed by the relata. For instance, they held that if Socrates is similar to Theaetetus then this is because they share certain qualities, like color. Some scholastic philosophers, like Peter Auriol, rejected relations and held instead that they are merely mental associations of entities not found outside the mind. A different approach was followed by Albert the Great and John Duns Scotus, who understood relations as a distinct and irreducible type of entity. Thomas Aquinas defended a middle position by holding that some relations have a substantial foundation in reality, like being a father, while others merely exist on the verbal level, like being moved by.

The view that view that relations are reducible to other entities or exist merely in the mind was particularly common in the modern period. Thomas Hobbes defended a form of nominalism according to which only individuals exist. This implies that relations lack a proper ontological status and only exist in the mind as a form of mental comparison.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz rejected the fundamental reality of relations based on the claim that they would lack a proper location in this case. These ontological difficulties prompted Leibniz to propose his monadology, according to which reality is made up of windowless and unconnected monads. For him, relations are emergent entities that arise from the intrinsic properties of the relata. They are understood as pairs of monadic properties and not as ontologically distinct entities. For instance, if Adam is the father of Cain then Adam has the property of being a father of Cain and Cain has the property of being a child of Adam. In this regard, relations have a foundation in reality but are at the same time mental constructions that arise by comparing things.

Leibniz's idealist outlook on relations influenced Immanuel Kant, who included relation in his system of categories as one of the four basic groups of categories. It covers the topic of how human minds organize and understand objects and concepts in terms of their mutual connections, dependencies, and interactions, for example, how properties inhere in substances and how effects depend on their causes. Kant gave a prominent role to relations and held that phenomenal reality is at its core constituted by relations. This idealist outlook on the importance of relations was also defended by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, who argued that the nature, meaning, and value of things arises from how they participate in relations.

Difficulties about the ontological status of relations were also reflected in how they were treated in the field of logic before modern formal logic. For example, Aristotelian logic restricts itself to propositions in a subject-predicate form in which the predicate expresses qualities or attributes of a single entity in the subject position. Modern logic, by contrast, also allows reasoning with relations to express how several entities stand to each other. An important early development in this regard was the formulation of the logic of relations by Augustus De Morgan in the 19th century. It introduces formal devices to assess the validity of reasoning in regard to relations, including compound relations like combining the relations of father of and brother of into uncle of. De Morgan's logic of relations was further developed by Charles Sanders Peirce, who conceptualized the adicity of relations in analogy to chemical elements that form molecules based on their valency.

The problem of relations played a central role in Bradley's philosophy. He defended a form of monist idealism. According to it, there are no real separate entities and only one substance exists in the form of an idea or experience. For Bradley, the plurality of things in the world, as it appears to us, is ultimately an illusion. A consequence of this view is that there are no genuine relations since there are no distinct entities that could be related to each other. He argued for this conclusion by trying to show that relations cannot exist because they would involve a vicious infinite regress.

Various early analytic philosophers, like Moore and Bertrand Russell, rejected Bradley's monist idealism and the associated theory of relations. Moore based his rejection of Bradley's doctrine on the claim that it is not in tune with common sense, which favors a pluralistic ontology with genuine relations. Moore was further influential in developing the distinction between internal and external relations.
 Russell argued in favor of the reality of external relations by pointing out that they are required to give an accurate scientific description of the external world. Arguments for the reality of relations based on science were also defended by David Malet Armstrong. He conceived relations as universals that are instantiated in spacetime. According to him, it is the role of science to determine which relational universals exist.

Various other solutions to the problem of relations have been suggested. For example, Gottlob Frege understood them as incomplete objects with open positions. They are completed when these positions are filled by the relata. In this regard, relations do not occur on their own and exist only insofar as they establish connections between other entities. A further approach is found in Ludwig Wittgenstein's early philosophy, where he stated that objects can form connections with each other without requiring any additional elements. In this way, they are similar to chains: the different links of the chain are directly connected to each other without the additional need for relational entities to establish the connection.

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Concepts in metaphysics

Relations (philosophy)


Tiziano Terzani (; 14 September 1938 – 28 July 2004) was an Italian journalist and writer, best known for his extensive knowledge of 20th century East Asia and for being one of the very few western reporters to witness both the fall of Saigon to the hands of the Viet Cong and the fall of Phnom Penh at the hands of the Khmer Rouge in the mid-1970s.

Early life
Terzani was born in Florence to poor working class parents. His mother was a hatmaker and his father worked in a mechanic work shop. He attended the University of Pisa as a law student and studied at the prestigious Collegio Medico-Giuridico of the Scuola Normale Superiore, which today is Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies. After graduating, he worked for Olivetti, the office equipment producer. In 1965 he went on a business trip to Japan. This was his first contact with Asia and his first step towards his decision to change his life radically and explore Asia. During these years he again began writing for l'Astrolabio. He then resigned from Olivetti and moved to New York to study at Columbia University at the School of International and Public Affairs in order to study Chinese language and culture.

Career as a journalist
After a first stint as journalist within Il Giorno, in 1971 he moved to Singapore as a reporter, with his German-descent wife, Angela Staude, and their two small children, as the Asian correspondent for the German weekly Der Spiegel. He then offered his collaboration to the Italian daily newspapers Corriere della Sera and La Repubblica. In the meantime, on a semi-secret level, he sent regular information about East Asian politics to the Banca Commerciale Italiana, which was headed by Raffaele Mattioli.

Terzani knew much about the historical and political background of Asia, but had also a deep interest in the philosophical aspects of Asian culture. Though an unbeliever, he always looked in his journeys for the spiritual aspects of the countries he was visiting. He lived for years at a time in Beijing, Tokyo, Singapore, Hong Kong, Bangkok and New Delhi. While staying in Hong Kong working as a journalist, he had a name in Chinese, 鄧天諾 (Deng Tiannuo) (meaning: "heavenly/godly promise"). His stay in Beijing in the 1980s came to an end when he was arrested and expelled in 1984 from the country for "counter-revolutionary activities". He stopped using his Chinese name after this incident. Based on his experiences in China, he wrote La Porta Proibita (Behind The Forbidden Door).

Books and essays
Terzani's experiences in Asia are described in articles and essays in newspapers, as well as in the several books that he wrote. In his first book, Pelle di leopardo (Leopard Hide) (1973), he describes the last phases of the Vietnam War. The following recollection, Giai Phong! The Fall and Liberation of Saigon, recounts the takeover of Vietnam's capital by the Vietcong and the scramble of the last Westerners to escape with American helicopters; he stayed there for some time and witnessed the changes. Two years later he nearly died while trying to document the new "Democratic Kampuchea": the Khmer Rouge tried to execute him after his arrival in the border town of Poipet, and he saved his life only by his knowledge of the Chinese language. In what is perhaps his most well-known book, Un indovino mi disse (A Fortune-Teller Told Me), Terzani describes his travels across Asia by land and sea following the advice and warning from a fortune teller in Hong Kong that he must avoid airplanes for the whole year of 1993. One chapter of the book is entirely dedicated to Ferdynand Ossendowski, Polish traveller. Ryszard Kapuściński wrote about this book "A great book written in the best traditions of literary journalism... profound, rich and reflective". Kapuściński and Terzani shared the same vision of journalism.
After 9/11 he wrote Lettere contro la guerra (Letters Against the War). The book was born as a response to the anti-Islamic invectives published by the Italian journalist and author Oriana Fallaci on the daily Il Corriere della Sera on 29 September 2001.

Final work and death
In his last book Un altro giro di giostra (One More Ride on the Merry-go-round), in 2001, Terzani deals with his illness, a bowel cancer which eventually led to his death in 2004, but not before he had travelled and searched through countries and civilizations, looking for a cure and for a new vision of life. A short excerpt from his book:
"...after a while, the goal of my journey was not the cure for my cancer anymore, but for the sickness which affects all of us: mortality"
Terzani spent the early 2000s in confinement on the mountainous Himalayas region, in a small hut that he rented in order to meditate and work on his books. He only seldom visited his family in Italy, but had to desist from  his isolation when his sickness advanced too much. He returned to Italy, spending the last months of his life with his wife and grown son in Orsigna, a little village in the Apennine Mountains in the province of Pistoia that he considered "his true, last love".

Terzani died on 28 July 2004, aged 65. His last memories are recorded in an interview for Italian television entitled "Anam", an Indian word that literally means "the one with no name", an appellative he gained during an experience in an ashram in India.

Legacy and Biopic
His testament-book La fine è il mio inizio (The End Is My Beginning), co-authored with his son Folco, was published posthumously in March 2006 and sold 400,000 copies in 4 months. According to The Times its supposedly New Age theme has been allegedly attacked by Vatican and certain Roman Catholic sources, such as the newspaper Avvenire. However, reading the articles related to Terzani in Avvenire shows just the contrary view: "Terzani is more Christian than a New Age guru". It is underlined there that his experiences as a student (shishya) in the ashram of Swami Dayananda in 2004 have not persuaded him to "convert" to Hinduism, and that he was generally skeptical about New Age (e.g. in Un altro giro di giostra, 2004).

His books are being translated into many languages: German, French, Polish, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Turkish, Slovenian, Japanese, Chinese, Russian, Hungarian, Romanian and published in India (in English), Thailand (English), Brazil (Portuguese) and Argentina (Spanish).

The movie The End Is My Beginning was  based on the book of the same name, depicting his last days (summer 2004, when he succumbed to cancer), when he is narrating to his son Folco the adventures of his life, his travels, and his philosophical views on life and death.
The role of the ailing, retired Terzani, now living in the mountains of Tuscany dressed and groomed just like an Indian sadhu, is played by Swiss-German actor Bruno Ganz and that of his son by Italian actor Elio Germano. The movie, an art-house German-Italian production, was not expected to be a blockbuster but received positive reviews in the European press. "In this film [see below], your father has a Franciscan spirit in some ways... «I think it's a wonderful compliment. I understood what the Franciscan spirit really is by working alongside Mother Teresa in Calcutta, caring for the dying».

Books published in English
 Giai Phong! The Fall and Liberation of Saigon (Giai Phong! La liberazione di Saigon, 1976, reprinted also in Thailand in 1997 as Saigon 1975: Three Days and Three Months)
 Behind The Forbidden Door: Travels in Unknown China (La porta proibita, 1985)
 Goodnight, Mr Lenin: A Journey Through the End of the Soviet Empire (Buonanotte, signor Lenin, 1993)
 A Fortune-Teller Told Me: Earth-bound Travels in the Far East (Un indovino mi disse, 1997)
 Letters Against the War (Lettere contro la guerra, 2002)
 One More Ride on the Merry-Go-Round (Un altro giro di giostra, 2016)

Books published in Italian
 Pelle di leopardo. Diario vietnamita di un corrispondente di guerra 1972-1973, 1973
 Giai Phong! La liberazione di Saigon (Giai Phon! The Liberation of Saigon), 1976
 La porta proibita (The Forbidden Door), 1984
 Buonanotte, signor Lenin (Goodnight Mr Lenin), 1992
 Un indovino mi disse (A Fortune Teller Told Me), 1995
 In Asia (Asia), 1998
 Lettere contro la guerra (Letters Against The War), 2002
 Un altro giro di giostra (One More Ride on the Merry-Go-Round), 2004
 La fine è il mio inizio (The End Is My Beginning), 2006
 Fantasmi: dispacci dalla Cambogia (Ghosts: Despatch from Cambogia), 2008
 Un'idea di destino: Diari di una vita straordinaria (An Idea of Destiny: Diaries of an Extraordinary Life), 2014

References

External links
Tiziano Terzani "fan" club (in Italian)
  Letters against the war in PDF, English
Polish Website Dedicated to Tiziano Terzani
Tiziano's former house in Bangkok

1938 births
2004 deaths
Writers from Florence
Journalists from Florence
Italian male journalists
Italian anti-war activists
Italian war correspondents
Italian travel writers
20th-century travel writers
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
University of Pisa alumni
Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies alumni
20th-century Italian journalists
La Repubblica people
20th-century Italian male writers

Tiziano Terzani


Rich Christensen is an American television producer from New Hampton, IA. Christensen went to school at the University of Northern Iowa. He is best known as the creator, lead executive producer and host of the racing shows Pinks and Pinks: All Out, the number two and three shows on the Speed Channel.

TV series career

"Pinks All Outtakes" (2008)
Coming from the success of "Pinks All Out" This new series goes behind the scenes of the tournament race events and helps to enlighten us on what a "phenomenon" the "Pinks" series has become, with over 40,000 people attending the "All Out" race events, this new show gives insight to the drag racing culture and the people that attend these events which are put on by "Pinks", and the Speed Channel

"Pass Time" (2007)
Originally called "Name that Test-and-Tune" (a reference to a term used in drag strips for test sessions) when it was a pilot, a game show where three contestants predict the times of ten cars from an actual drag strip test session down the quarter-mile.

"Rapid Turnover" (2007)
Dirtbike and ATV riders compete in an unusual race.

"Speed Records" (2007)
Hosted by Kevin Deane, a qualified driver, where he tests out top speed on exotic cars.

"Blow It Up" (2007)
Top engine builders compete to see whose motor will hold or blow up in a hot lap drag race.

"Pinks: All Out" (2007)
Hundreds of the best drag racers in the country bring their game to the track in search of glory and their share of $18,000 in cold, hard cash in PINKS All Out.

"Drag Race High" (2007)
A documentary series on Speed featuring two classes of high school automobile repair classes from rival Tennessee high schools building drag racing cars to compete in a drag race.

"Pinks" (2005)
Lose the race, Lose your ride! Using the setting of a classic 1950s drag race, PINKS pits contestants in a best two-out-of-three format, with the loser handing over the title (pink slip) to his or her vehicle. The rules are simple: two vehicles show up and drivers negotiate any head-start distance (vehicle lengths); vehicles line up, the flagman drops the flag and the first one down the quarter mile wins. After each round, the drivers have the opportunity to re-negotiate lengths.

"Won and Done" (2013-)
MAVTV game show format based on drag racing.

References

External links
 Rich Christensen Entertainment

Living people
People from New Hampton, Iowa
American television producers
University of Northern Iowa alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)

Rich Christensen


Uncle Grandpa is a television show on the Cartoon Network. It started/was originally aired on September 2, 2013. Captain General Uncle Grandpa and the turtles are voiced by Peter Browngardt who voiced Nathan and dogs on Clarence. Belly Bag (Uncle Grandpa's best friend and one of his creations)/other kids/Tiny Miracle the Robot Boy Helper Buddy is voiced by Eric Bauza/Tom Kenny. Marshal Mr. Gus (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson) (liar (sometimes)) was best friends with Uncle Grandpa again since the episode "Prank Wars" (2014). Mr. Gus' bad/lie quote/catchphrase only on the episode "Treasure Map" (2013) is "I kept tellin' ya "this ain't no map, it's a stupid placemat just for kids!" (not "Embrace the weird, Mr. Gus!" and what he said to his friends in the subway). Tiny Miracle appeared in the pilot. The show is written by Myke Chilian.

2021 American television series endings
Cartoon Network series
2013 American television series debuts
2010s American television series
English-language television programs

Uncle Grandpa


The Ford-Cosworth Indy V8 engine is a series of mechanically similar, turbocharged, 2.65-liter, Indy car racing V-8 engines, designed and developed by Cosworth in partnership with Ford. It was produced for over 30 years. It was used in U.S.A.C. Championship Car, C.A.R.T., and later Champ Car World Series; between 1976 and 2007.  The DFX engine was the Indy car version of the highly successful 3-liter Cosworth DFV Formula One engine developed by former Lotus engineer Keith Duckworth and Colin Chapman, with financial backing from Ford for the Lotus 49 to campaign the 1967 season. This engine had 155 wins between 1967 and 1985 in F1. The DFX variant was initially developed for Indy car use by Parnelli Jones in 1976, with Cosworth soon taking over.  This engine won the Indianapolis 500 ten consecutive years from 1978 to 1987, as well as winning all USAC and CART championships between 1977 and 1987. It powered 81 consecutive Indy car victories from 1981 to 1986, with 153 Indy car victories total.

DFX
One of the most successful and longest-lived projects of Cosworth has been its CART / Champ Car engine program. In 1975; Cosworth developed the DFX, by destroking the engine to  and adding a turbocharger, the DFX became the standard engine to run in IndyCar racing, ending the reign of the Offenhauser, and maintaining that position until the late 1980s. Ford backed Cosworth with creating a new interim design for IndyCar racing in the late 1980s, the DFS, which merged DFR technology into the aging DFX design, but it was eventually rendered obsolete by advancing technology.

A 2.65-L turbocharged version of the DFV was developed privately by the Vels Parnelli Jones team for the 1976 U.S.A.C. season, in the face of opposition from Duckworth. The Parnelli-Cosworth car took its first victory at the 1976 Pocono 500, the fifth race of the season, driven by Al Unser. Unser and his Cosworth-powered Parnelli took two further victories before the end of the year, in Wisconsin and Phoenix, and finished the championship in fourth position.

Duckworth had been a guest of the Vels Parnelli team during the Pocono victory, as Parnelli Jones and Vel Miletich wanted to establish the team as the North American distributor for the turbocharged, Indycar-specification engine. However, shortly after the maiden race victory Cosworth poached two key engineers from the Parnelli team and set up facilities in Torrance, California, to develop and market the engine themselves. Henceforth it became known as the DFX. It went on to dominate American Indy car racing in much the same way the DFV had dominated Formula One. The engine won the Indianapolis 500 ten consecutive years from 1978 until 1987, as well as winning all U.S.A.C. and CART championships between 1977 and 1987 except for one. For a brief time in the early 1980s, some of the DFX engines were badged as Fords. The DFX powered 81 consecutive Indy car victories from 1981 to 1986, and 153 victories total. By the time it was replaced, the DFX was developing over .

DFS
In 1986 GM financed the British Ilmor firm to build a competitor to the DFX in American Indy car racing. Mario Illien's Ilmor-Chevrolet Indy V-8, which owed not a little to the DFY of five years earlier, quickly took over dominance of the sport.

Ford responded by commissioning Cosworth to redesign the DFX to include a number of DFR improvements. In 1989, they introduced an updated "short stroke" version of the Indy car engine which would be referred to as the "DFS" ("S" for short stroke)., and the Nikasil Aluminium liners, adopted on DFY in 1983.

The engine was fielded by two teams in its first season: Kraco Racing (Bobby Rahal) and Dick Simon Racing (Arie Luyendyk), and its development was an effort to regain dominance of the sport. At Indy, neither car qualified in the front two rows, but both started in the top ten. On race day, both drivers dropped out with engine failures. Rahal won one race in 1989 at the Meadowlands. However, the Kraco team merged with Galles at season's end, dropped the program, and switched to Chevrolets.

In 1990, the factory development was continued by Scott Brayton and Dominic Dobson, but neither won any races. The engine was utilized by other CART teams in 1991–1992, and was retired after the introduction of the Ford Cosworth XB with only one victory, that being Rahal's in 1989.

XB / XD / XF / XFE
Cosworth designed a series of replacements for the DFS to be used in IndyCar and Champ Car racing: the X-series, beginning in 1992 with the XB. The XF was developed for the 2000 season to replace the XD, and was chosen as the spec engine for the Champ Car World Series in 2003. The most recent derivative of the XF, the  XFE quad-cam 90° V8 overhead camshaft, continued in that role through the 2007 season. The Champ Car World Series imposed a rev limit of 12,000 rpm down from the over 15,000 rpm of 2002. The 2004 model of the XFE had a rated power of nominal  at 1,054 mmHg (intake boost pressure), and a maximum power of  at 1130 mmHg (during Push-to-Pass). The 2004 XFE maximum speed was 12,000 rpm (rev limited) and torque of . The aluminium and iron turbo housing ran a boost of 5.9 psi at sea level (= boost of 12 inches of mercury which is 41.5 inches of mercury absolute). The Methanol-fuelled engine used a steel crankshaft and aluminium alloy pistons. Weight was  and length was .

In 2007, the Ford name was removed from the engine pieces as the manufacturer elected not to continue sponsorship of the series. Several other engine changes were made, notably the removal of the calibrated "pop-off valve" designed to limit turbo boost pressure, replaced by engine electronics. The rated life of the engine was  between rebuilds. Engines were sent by the race teams to Cosworth for the rebuild. In 2007, Champ Car switched to the new Panoz DP01 chassis, which was said to provide better ducting of airflow into the engine. The Champ Car World Series merged into the Indy Racing League IndyCar Series prior to the 2008 season, and Cosworth does not currently provide engines to any American open-wheel racing series.

There is evidence that Cosworth was working on a  push-rod V8 along the lines of the Ilmor/Mercedes 500I to exploit the peculiar loophole in the Indianapolis 500 rules on the definition of the word "pushrod engine", permitting such engines with extremely short pushrods higher turbocharger boost – this was assigned a project code CD but seemingly never completed.

In mid-2003, Cosworth provided the 3.5 L V8 XG badged as a Chevrolet Gen 4 engine to IRL IndyCar Series teams after the proprietary Ilmor-built Chevrolet Gen 3 engine proved inadequate against rival Hondas and Toyotas during the 2003 season. While many teams left Chevrolet after the 2003 season, those that stayed saw a significant improvement in performance with the new "Chevworth" engine compared to their previous units. The XG finished second in its first race at Michigan on July 27, 2003. Sam Hornish, Jr. went on to win 3 races that season with the new XG. The XG was reduced in size to 3 L for the 2004 season and it won one race in 2005 during Chevrolet's final season in IRL.

References

Engines by model
Ford engines
Cosworth
IndyCar Series
Champ Car
V8 engines

Ford-Cosworth Indy V8 engine


Lafayette Park is an  park in San Francisco, California, United States. Originally created in 1936,  it is located in the neighborhood of Pacific Heights between the streets of Washington, Sacramento, Gough, and Laguna. Located on a hill, the park offers views of many areas, including the city's Marina district, Alcatraz Island and the San Francisco Bay, Buena Vista Park, and Twin Peaks.  In addition to both open and treed green spaces, the park includes two tennis courts, a children's playground, an off-leash dog area, restroom facilities, and a picnic area.

References

Parks in San Francisco
Hills of San Francisco

Lafayette Park (San Francisco)


Robert Perloff (February 3, 1921 – April 15, 2013) was an American psychology and business administration professor emeritus, who taught at Purdue University and the University of Pittsburgh. He was a president of the Association for Consumer Research and the American Psychological Association.

Life and work
Born and raised in Philadelphia, Perloff was drafted into the United States Army and fought in the Philippines during World War II. Upon his return, Perloff graduated from Temple University in 1949, and his Ph.D. in psychology from Ohio State University. Following postdoctoral work, he taught industrial and consumer psychology at Purdue University. Much of his career was spent as professor of Business and Psychology at University of Pittsburgh.

He was president of the Association for Consumer Research and the American Psychological Association (APA). In his 1985 APA presidential address, "Self-Interest and Personal Responsibility Redux", he praised self-interest. It was printed in American Psychologist (vol. 42, 1987) and the journal called it "one of 50 classic articles published in the journal's previous 50 years."

In 1995, Perloff and 51 others signed "Mainstream Science on Intelligence", a statement written by Linda Gottfredson and published in the Wall Street Journal, which addressed the controversy about intelligence research that followed the publication of the 1994 book The Bell Curve.  Also in 1995, Perloff was named to an American Psychological Association task force that reviewed controversial issues in response to the claims made during the Bell Curve controversy, producing a report titled "Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns."

At the APA's 2001 Annual Convention, Dr. Perloff condemned what he considered the APA's one-sided political activism. "The APA is too politically correct...and too obeisant to special interests" He referred the removal of homosexuality from DSM-III by APA as the willingness of many psychologists to trample patients rights to treatment in the interest of political correctness and added that making such choice unethical would deprive a patient of a treatment of choice because the threat of sanctions would eliminate any psychologist who engaged in such treatment.

In 2004, Perloff was the keynote speaker at the National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality's Annual Conference. In support of the mission statement of NARTH, he concluded, "The individual's right for self-determination of sexuality -- or sexual autonomy -- is, I am happy to see, inherent in NARTH's position statement: 'NARTH respects each client's dignity, autonomy, and free agency...every individual has the right to claim a gay identity, or to develop their heterosexual potential. The right to seek therapy to change one's sexual adaptation is considered self-evident and inalienable.' I subscribe fully to the aforementioned NARTH position statement." Perloff was the 2008 recipient of NARTH's President's Award.

Perloff died of heart failure on April 15, 2013, at UPMC Magee Women's Hospital.

Selected publications
 Datta L-E, Perloff R. Improving Evaluations. 1979: SAGE Focus Editions. .

References

External links
Robert Perloff Profile via Temple University

1921 births
2013 deaths
Ohio State University Graduate School alumni
Presidents of the American Psychological Association
United States Army personnel of World War II
American expatriates in the Philippines
Temple University alumni
Purdue University faculty

Robert Perloff


Cambrian Series 2 is the unnamed 2nd series of the Cambrian. It lies above the Terreneuvian series and below the Miaolingian. Series 2 has not been formally defined by the International Commission on Stratigraphy, lacking a precise lower boundary and subdivision into stages. The proposed lower boundary is the first appearance of trilobites which is estimated to be around  million years ago.

Naming
The International Commission on Stratigraphy has not named the 2nd series of the Cambrian yet. In part the new name will replace the older terms "Lower Cambrian" and "Early Cambrian". The nomenclature used in Siberia uses the term "Yakutian" for this series.

Subdivisions
The 2nd series is currently subdivided by the ICS into two stages: Cambrian Stage 3 and Cambrian Stage 4. Both of these stages also lack formal definition. The Siberian nomenclature distinguishes three stages (lowest first): Atdabanian, Botomian and Toyonian. In general most subdivisions of this series rely on biostratigraphy of trilobite zones.

Biostratigraphy
The beginning of the 2nd series of the Cambrian is marked by the appearance of trilobites. Correlating this event on different continents has proven difficult and resolving this is essential for the definition of the lower boundary of this series. Currently the oldest trilobite known is Lemdadella which marks the beginning of the Fallotaspis zone.

The end of the 2nd series of the Cambrian is marked by the first major biotic extinction of the Paleozoic. Changes in ocean chemistry and the marine environment are posited as the most likely cause of these extinctions.

References

02
Geological epochs

Cambrian Series 2


Domenico Annibali (c. 1705 – 1779) was an Italian castrato who had an active international career from 1725–1764. He began his career in his native country and was then committed to the Grosses Königliches Opernhaus in Dresden from 1729 until his retirement from the stage 35 years later. In Dresden he excelled in the operas of Johann Adolf Hasse, notably creating roles in the premieres of two of his operas. He was also admired there in works by Nicola Porpora.

Annibali also appeared as a guest artist with theatres in Italy and in Vienna and London. He is best remembered today for originating roles in three operas by George Frideric Handel at Covent Garden in 1737. Musicologist Charles Burney wrote that "his abilities during his stay in England seem to have made no deep impression". However, Mary Delany wrote that he had "the best part of Senesino's voice and Caristini's, with a prodigious fine taste and good action." Other accounts of his time in England praised his coloratura facility highly, but found his acting somewhat wooden.

Life and career
Born in Macerata, Annibali's earliest known appearance was in Rome in 1725 in one of Nicola Porpora's operas. After further appearances in Rome in 1726, he was active in theatres in Venice from 1727-1729. In 1729, he accepted a post at the Royal Opera House in Dresden where he was active through 1764. In Dresden he was heard in the world premieres of two operas by Johann Adolf Hasse: Cleofide (1731, Alessandro) and Attilio Regolo (1750, title role). He also sang in Hasse's Cajo Fabricio (1734), Tito Vespasiano, Demetrio, Lucio Papirio, Arminio, Semiramide, Demofoonte, and Adriano in Siria. On 18 July 1747, he sang the title role in Porpora's Filandro in a performance honoring the birthday of Princess Maria Antonia Walpurgis of Bavaria.

While committed to the Dresden opera house, Annibali was granted leave to perform as a guest artist at many other theatres internationally. He made appearances in Rome in 1730, 1732, and 1739; notably appearing in the premiere of Porpora's Germanico in Germania at the Teatro Capranica in February 1732. In 1731, he had a major triumph in Vienna in the title role of Antonio Caldara's Demetrio which drew the admiration of Pietro Metastasio. From October 1736 to June 1737, he was a member of George Frideric Handel's opera company at the Royal Opera House in London; making a sensational debut at the theatre on 8 December in the title role of Handel's Poro. He went on to create roles in the world premieres of three operas by Handel: the title roles in Arminio (12 January 1737) and Giustino (16 February 1737), and the role of Demetrio in Berenice (18 May 1737). He also sang in the premieres of Handel's cantata Always a bearer of glory, the pasticcio Didone abbandonata, and in the revised version of Il trionfo del tempo; and in revivals of Partenope, Alexander's Feast, and Esther (in Italian).

When Annibali retired from the stage in 1764, he left Dresden with the title of Kammermusikus and with a pension of 1200 thaler. He returned to his native town where he maintained a residence until 1776 when he moved to Rome. He died in Rome three years later. He was also active as a teacher of singing during his life. One of his notable pupils was the Ukrainian composer Timofiy Bilohradsky.

References

1700s births
1779 deaths
Castrati
Italian opera singers
People from Macerata
18th-century Italian singers
18th-century Italian people

Domenico Annibali


The yale or centicore (Latin: eale) is a mythical beast found in European mythology and heraldry.

Etymology
The name "yale" is believed to be derived from the Hebrew word יָעֵל (yael), meaning "ibex". Other common names are "eale" or "centicore".

Description
The yale is described as an antelope- or goat-like creature with the tusks of a boar and large horns. These horns possess the ability to swivel in any direction which makes them good for both offensive and defensive attacks.

The yale was first written about by Pliny the Elder in Book VIII of his Natural History. He describes the eale as a creature found in Aethiopia:

Pliny reports sighting the yale while on the sub-Saharan African plains. The antelope and water buffalo inhabit this region and loosely match his description, so may have given rise to his misunderstanding.

The yale subsequently featured in medieval bestiaries and heraldry.

Heraldry

The yale is among the heraldic beasts used by the British Royal Family. It was used as a supporter for the arms of John, Duke of Bedford, and by England's House of Beaufort. Its connection with the British monarchy began with Henry VII in 1485. Henry Tudor's mother, Lady Margaret (1443–1509), was a Beaufort, and the Beaufort heraldic legacy inherited by both her and her son included the yale.

Lady Margaret Beaufort was a benefactor of Cambridge's Christ's College and St John's College, and her yale can be seen on the college gatehouses. There are also a pair on the roof of St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle. The Yale of Beaufort was one of the Queen's Beasts commissioned for the coronation of Elizabeth II in 1953: the plaster originals are in Canada, while stone copies are at Kew Gardens, outside the palm house.

In the US, the yale is associated with Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. Although the school's primary sports mascot is a bulldog named Handsome Dan, the yale can be found throughout the university campus. The mythical beast occupies two quadrants of the coat of arms of the Yale Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS). The yale is also depicted on the official banner of the president of the university, which, along with a wooden mace capped by a yale's head, is carried and displayed during commencement exercises each spring. Yales can also be seen above the gateway to Yale's Davenport College and the pediment of Timothy Dwight College. The student-run campus radio station, WYBCX Yale Radio, uses the yale as its logo.

References

Further reading
 Carol Rose, Giants, Monsters, and Dragons: An Encyclopedia of Folklore, Legend, and Myth, (2000) New York City: W.W. Norton. .
 Donna M. Hrynkiw, The Yale: Heraldic Beast (August 20, 1998).

External links
 Medieval Bestiary: Yale

Medieval European legendary creatures
Heraldic beasts
Mythological bovines
Mythological caprids

Yale (mythical creature)


San Donnino  is a church in Pisa, Italy.

A church was known at the site since 1240, and construction of the present structure began in 1303. It was adjacent to a Benedictine Monastery. In  1575, Cardinal Ferdinando de' Medici conceded the monastery to the Capuchins. Gravely damaged during World War II, it was subsequently restored.

The interior contains frescoes of  the Madonna and child and a  wooden crucifix, both from the 14th century. It also has canvases by Giovanni Bilivert (1636) and Giovanni Battista Tempesti (1770).  Here, before the Allied aerial bombings, was the tomb of the Pisan architect Alessandro Gherardesca.

References

Donnino

San Donnino, Pisa


Mario Angelo Procaccino (September 5, 1912 – December 20, 1995) was an Italian-American lawyer, comptroller, and candidate for Mayor of New York City.

Life and career
Procaccino was born in Bisaccia, Italy. When he was nine years old, his family immigrated to the United States. He graduated from DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx in 1931. Despite family poverty, he attended City College of New York and Fordham Law School, becoming a lawyer later in the 1930s. In the early 1940s, Mayor Fiorello La Guardia heard him address a war-bond rally in Italian, and seeing how excited the crowd was, told him he should be in politics and arranged for an appointment to a $3,500-a-year post with the city's legal department. When La Guardia's administration ended, Procaccino became a party worker for Tammany Hall and was eventually given a minor judgeship. In 1965, the New York Democrats supported Procaccino, a candidate from the Bronx of Italian ethnicity, for comptroller, along with a Jewish mayoral candidate, Abe Beame of Brooklyn, and an Irish-American from Queens, Frank O'Connor, for city council president. Procaccino and O'Connor were elected, but Beame was defeated by the Republican and Liberal Party of New York joint nominee, John V. Lindsay, a member of the United States House of Representatives and a then ally of fellow New York liberal Republicans Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller and United States Senator Jacob K. Javits.

In 1969 Procaccino won the Democratic primary for mayor with 32.8 percent of the vote in a five-man contest, having defeated, among others, former Mayor Robert Wagner, Jr., liberal novelist Norman Mailer, and Bronx Borough President Herman Badillo, who later defected to the GOP. After briefly having a large lead in the general election race (a poll in June showed him leading Liberal Party nominee Lindsay by fourteen points) the mostly conservative Democrat soon lost public support, probably because he was unable to supplement his law and order campaign rhetoric. His campaign was, according to journalist Richard Reeves, "the worst political campaign in American history." According to Reeves, Procaccino "snatched defeat from the jaws of victory," and made some notable verbal gaffes while on the campaign trail. When speaking before an African-American audience, Procaccino made a gaffe by saying, "My heart is as black as yours." He also said that his running mate, Frank O'Connor, "grows on you like a cancer."
Not helping matters any was the common permutation of his surname in the Hispanic community as Pro-Cochinos—in favor of pigs, a common nickname for police at the time.

Procaccino lost the mayoralty to Lindsay in a three-way race. The vote was very divided, with Lindsay (Liberal) winning 42 percent, Procaccino (Democrat) 36 percent, and John Marchi (Republican), a member of the New York State Senate, 22 percent. Procaccino narrowly carried the Bronx and Brooklyn, with Lindsay taking Manhattan and Queens, and Marchi took his native Staten Island. Following the election, Procaccino worked as Tax Commissioner for Governor Rockefeller and later returned to private practice.

His campaign had several lasting effects on national and New York politics. One was his coining of the term "limousine liberal" to characterize John Lindsay, which has become a part of the American political lexicon. The second effect was a change of New York City's election law. As a result of Procaccino's slender plurality in the Democratic primary, the law was changed so that if no candidate carries at least 40 percent of the vote, a runoff election must be held.

Procaccino was living outside the city, in Harrison, New York, Westchester County, at the time of his death, but died in the Bronx, where he had lived most of his life.

References

Sources
 Lizzi, Maria C. (18 September 2008). "'My Heart Is as Black as Yours': White Backlash, Racial Identity, and Italian American Stereotypes in New York City's 1969 Mayoral Campaign". Journal of American Ethnic History 27 (3).

New York City Comptrollers
New York (state) Democrats
1912 births
1995 deaths
Italian emigrants to the United States
People from Avellino
New York (state) lawyers
Politicians from the Bronx
DeWitt Clinton High School alumni
City College of New York alumni
Fordham University School of Law alumni
20th-century American lawyers
American people of Italian descent

Mario Procaccino


Baron Hugo Wilhelm von Abercron (24 October 1869 – 16 April 1945) was a German officer, major general, balloonist and non-fiction author. He was one of the most important German balloonists in the inter-war years.

Life
Abercron was born in Bosatz, Silesia near Ratibor (modern Raciborz), the son of the Prussian officer Christian Abercron and his wife, Maria Theresa, née Hinsch.

After he graduated from high school, on 22 March 1888, he entered the Prussian army as a Leutnant. On 12 September 1895, he was promoted to Oberleutnant. In 1903 and 1910 he served as a captain and company commander in Düsseldorf.

From 1906 to 1927 he was the chairman of the free balloon department in the Deutschen Luftfahrtverbandes (DLV) (later Deutscher Luftfahrtverein). He took part in the Gordon Bennett Cup several times, reaching third place at St. Louis in 1910.

At the outbreak of World War I, Abercron was appointed commander of the newly founded Reserve-Infanterie-Regiment, which he commanded at the Western Front as well as in the Battle of Verdun.

After the war he worked for the reconstruction of German aviation. In 1932 he became the manager of Institut für volkstümliche Naturkunde URANIA, in Berlin.

He wrote an autobiography called Hugo von Abercron. Offizier und Luftpionier.

Awards
 Order of the Red Eagle
 Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg)
 Prussian Service Cross
 Order of Henry the Lion
 House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis
 Order of the White Falcon
 Saxe-Ernestine House Order
 Friedrich Order

References

1869 births
1945 deaths
People from Racibórz
People from the Province of Silesia
Barons of Germany
Nobility in the Nazi Party
Major generals of the German Army (Wehrmacht)
German airship aviators
Aviation pioneers
German non-fiction writers
German balloonists
German Army personnel of World War I
20th-century Freikorps personnel
Sturmabteilung personnel

Hugo von Abercron


City of Joy is a 1985 book by French author and journalist Dominique Lapierre. It was made into a 1991 movie by Roland Joffe. It is based on the lives of people in a slum in Kolkata. The slum is called "City of Joy". A Polish Catholic priest and a rickshaw driver are two of the main characters.

Other websites
City of Joy Aid

French novels
1985 books

City of Joy


Paul Gutierrez is the Las Vegas Raiders Insider for Comcast SportsNet in San Francisco. He joined the network in 2010 and covers the Raiders for CSNBayArea.com and CSNCalifornia.com. Additionally, Gutierrez contributes to SportsNet Central, Chronicle Live, Raiders Postgame Live, Raiders Press Conference Live, as well as other NFL related programming.

Careers
Gutierrez spent five years with the Sacramento Bee (2005-2010) as a senior writer, where he covered the Oakland A's and the San Francisco Giants. He also voted on the Associated Press Postseason Awards panel.  He has been a member of the Baseball Writers' Association of America since 2000, where he was chair of the Bay Area chapter and voting member of the Hall of Fame.  Gutierrez also worked for the Los Angeles Times (1999-2005), the Las Vegas Review-Journal (1998-1999), and Sports Illustrated (1995-1998).

Education
He received his B.A. in Communications from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas.

Personal life
Gutierrez was born in Barstow, California. He currently lives in Petaluma, California with his wife, Amy Gutierrez, who is a Comcast SportsNet San Francisco reporter, and their two children.

References

External links
 Paul Gutierrez's Blog Archive

American sports announcers
Living people
People from Barstow, California
University of Nevada, Las Vegas alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)

Paul Gutierrez


The Chapel of St Mary Undercroft is a Church of England chapel located in the Palace of Westminster, London, England. The chapel is accessed via a flight of stairs in the south east corner of Westminster Hall.

It had been a crypt below St Stephen's Chapel and had fallen into disuse, being used at various times as a wine cellar, dining room for Speakers (who had holes bored into the wall to accommodate two kitchen chimneys) and (now unconfirmed by records) stables for Oliver Cromwell's horses.

After the fire had destroyed St Stephen's Chapel in 1834, the undercroft returned to its former use as a place of worship. Although much stonework was damaged in the fire, it was decorated in the 1860s by Edward Middleton Barry with gilded, painted and stenciled designs in rich colours to cover the walls, floor and vaulting. The backdrop of the altar depicts royal British saints.

On the census night of 2 April 1911, suffragette Emily Davison hid in a cupboard overnight in the Chapel in order to be entered on the census form for the building as a way of ensuring her address was recorded as the House of Commons. A commemorative plaque, unveiled by Tony Benn in 1999, is fixed to the inside face of the cupboard door.

It is still used for worship today. In particular, children of peers, who possess the title of "The Honourable", have the privilege of being able to use it as a wedding venue. In addition, peers and members of Parliament have the right to use the chapel as a place of christening in the baptistery and font (whose basin was made from a single slab of alabaster) designed by Barry.

It is a Royal Peculiar chapel – outside the responsibility of any diocesan bishop. The building is administered through the Lord Great Chamberlain and Black Rod and it has no dedicated clergy: by convention services were conducted by the Rector of St Margaret's, Westminster, a member of the Chapter of Westminster Abbey. In 2010 the Speaker of the House of Commons used his right of appointment to nominate an outsider, Rev'd Rose Hudson-Wilkin, as the Speaker's Chaplain.

The body of former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was kept in St Mary Undercroft on the night before her funeral in April 2013. The honour was also accorded for the body of Tony Benn, the long-serving Labour politician, before his funeral in March 2014, as well as that of PC Keith Palmer who was fatally stabbed carrying out his duties on the palace grounds during the 2017 Westminster attack.

References

London
Palace of Westminster
Church of England church buildings in the City of Westminster
Grade I listed churches in the City of Westminster
Margaret Thatcher
Tony Benn

St Mary Undercroft


Saint Kyriaki (), also known as Saint Kyriaki the Great Martyr (), is a Christian saint, who was martyred under the emperor Diocletian.

Life
Kyriaki was born in Nicomedia to Greek parents Dorotheus and Eusebia. They were devout Christians, and when they had a child, since she was born on Sunday, the Lord's Day, she was given the name Kyriaki, the Greek word for Sunday.

From her childhood, Kyriaki consecrated herself to God. As she was a beautiful young woman, many suitors asked for her hand in marriage, but she refused them all saying that she had dedicated herself to Jesus Christ. A magistrate of Nicomedia also wished to betroth Kyriaki to his son, especially since she came from a wealthy family, but when she once more rejected his proposal, he denounced Kyriaki and her parents as Christians to Emperor Diocletian.

Diocletian ordered the family to be arrested and upon their refusal to honour the pagan gods, Dorotheus was beaten. Since this had no effect, Dorotheus and Eusebia were exiled to Melitene in eastern Anatolia. Kyriaki was sent to Nicomedia to be interrogated by his son-in-law and co-ruler, Maximian. When Kyriaki refused to renounce her faith, Maximian ordered that she be whipped. Since Maximian failed to persuade the young woman to change her faith, he sent her to Hilarion, the eparch of Bithynia in Chalcedon, either to convert Kyriaki to paganism, or send her back to him.

Hilarion tried his best with promises and threats, but when all these proved ineffective, he ordered her tortured. Kyriaki was suspended by her hair for several hours, while soldiers burned her body with torches. She was finally taken down and thrown into a prison cell. During the night, Christ appeared to her and healed her wounds. The next day, Hilarion announced that the gods had healed her out of pity and urged her to go to the temple and give thanks to them. When she was brought to the pagan temple, Kyriaki prayed that God would destroy the idols and a sudden earthquake toppled the idols and shattered them to pieces. Hilarion blasphemed God and was struck by lightning and died on the spot.

Kyriaki was tortured again by Apollonius, the successor of Hilarion. She was thrown into a fire, but the flames were extinguished, and then to wild beasts, but they became tame and gentle. Apollonius then sentenced her to death by the sword. As she was given a little time to pray, she asked God to receive her soul and to remember those who honoured her martyrdom. Upon completing her prayer, she rendered her soul to God before the sword was lowered on her head. Pious Christians took her relics and buried them. At the time of her death, she was 21 years old.

Veneration
Her feast day is celebrated on 7 July by the Eastern Orthodox Church.

In honor of Saint Kyriaki, several settlements in Greece bear the name Agia Kyriaki (, Agía Kyriakí), as well as an island of the same name in the Dodecanese. Saint Kyriaki is the patron saint of Servia, a town in Western Macedonia, Greece.

Hymn
A troparion dedicated to Saint Kyriaki is sung in the fifth Byzantine tone:

O virgin martyr Kyriaki,
You were a worthy sacrifice
When you offered your pure soul to God;
Wherefore Christ has glorified you,
And through you pours forth graces abundantly on all the faithful,
For He is the merciful Loving God!

Gallery

In art

Churches
Some of the churches dedicated to Saint Kyriaki.

References

External links
 "Feast Day of Saint Kyriaki the Great Martyr", Orthodox Times, July 7, 2021

Saints from Roman Greece
3rd-century Christian saints
Ante-Nicene Christian female saints
Year of birth unknown
289 deaths
Christians martyred during the reign of Diocletian
Virgin martyrs

Saint Kyriaki


Hans Nikolai Stavrand (4 January 1894 – 17 March 1980) was a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party.

He was born in Trondenes.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Troms in 1950, and was re-elected on two occasions. He had previously served in the position of deputy representative during the terms 1934–1936 and 1937–1945.

Stavrand held various positions in Sandtorg municipality council between 1931 and 1956, serving as deputy mayor in 1937–1940.

References

1894 births
1980 deaths
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
20th-century Norwegian politicians

Hans Nikolai Stavrand


A business rule defines or constrains some aspect of a business. It may be expressed to specify an action to be taken when certain conditions are true or may be phrased so it can only resolve to either true or false. Business rules are intended to assert business structure or to control or influence the behavior of the business. Business rules describe the operations, definitions and constraints that apply to an organization.  Business rules can apply to people, processes, corporate behavior and computing systems in an organization, and are put in place to help the organization achieve its goals. For example, a business rule might state that no credit check is to be performed on return customers.  Other examples of business rules include requiring a rental agent to disallow a rental tenant if their credit rating is too low, or requiring company agents to use a list of preferred suppliers and supply schedules. While a business rule may be informal or even unwritten, documenting the rules clearly and making sure that they don't conflict is a valuable activity.  When carefully managed, rules can be used to help the organization to better achieve goals, remove obstacles to market growth, reduce costly mistakes, improve communication, comply with legal requirements, and increase customer loyalty.

Introduction
Business rules tell an organization what it can do in detail, while strategy tells it how to focus the business at a macro level to optimize results. A strategy provides high-level direction about what an organization should do. Business rules provide detailed guidance about how a strategy can be translated to action.

Business rules exist for an organization whether or not they are ever written down, talked about or even part of the organization's consciousness.  However it is a fairly common practice for organizations to gather business rules.  This may happen in one of two ways.

Organizations may choose to proactively describe their business practices, producing a database of rules.  While this activity may be beneficial, it may be expensive and time-consuming.  For example, they might hire a consultant to comb through the organization to document and consolidate the various standards and methods currently in practice.

Gathering business rules is also called rules harvesting or business rule mining. The business analyst or consultant can extract the rules from IT documentation (like use cases, specifications or system code).  They may also organize workshops and interviews with subject matter experts (commonly abbreviated as SMEs). Software technologies designed to capture business rules through analysis of legacy source code or of actual user behavior can accelerate the rule gathering processing.

More commonly, business rules are discovered and documented informally during the initial stages of a project.  In this case, the collecting of the business rules is incidental.  In addition, business projects, such as the launching of a new product or the re-engineering of a complex process, might lead to the definition of new business rules.  This practice of incidental, or emergent, business rule gathering is vulnerable to the creation of inconsistent or even conflicting business rules within different organizational units, or within the same organizational unit over time. This inconsistency creates problems that can be difficult to find and fix.

Business rules approach
Allowing business rules to be documented during the course of business projects is less expensive and easier to accomplish than the first approach, but if the rules are not collected in a consistent manner, they are not valuable.  In order to teach business people about the best ways to gather and document business rules, experts in business analysis have created the Business Rules Methodology.  This methodology defines a process of capturing business rules in natural language, in a verifiable and understandable way.  This process is not difficult to learn, can be performed in real-time, and empowers business stakeholders to manage their own business rules in a consistent manner.

Categories

According to the white paper by the Business Rules Group, a statement of a business rule falls into one of four categories:
Definitions of business terms
The most basic element of a business rule is the language used to express it. The very definition of a term is itself a business rule that describes how people think and talk about things. Thus, defining a term is establishing a category of business rule. Terms have traditionally been documented in a Glossary or as entities in a conceptual model.

Facts relating terms to each other
The nature or operating structure of an organization can be described in terms of the facts that relate terms to each other. To say that a customer can place an order is NOT a business rule, but a fact. Facts can be documented as natural language sentences or as relationships, attributes, and generalization structures in a graphical model.

Constraints (also called "action assertions")
Every enterprise constrains behavior in some way, and this is closely related to constraints on what data may or may not be updated. To prevent a record from being made is, in many cases, to prevent an action from taking place.

Derivations
Business rules (including laws of nature) define how knowledge in one form may be transformed into other knowledge, possibly in a different form.

Real world applications and obstacles
Business rules are gathered in these situations:
 When dictated by law
 During the business analysis
 As an ephemeral aid to engineers.

This lack of consistent approach is mostly due to the cost and effort required to maintain the list of rules.

While newer software tools are able to combine business rule management and execution, it is important to realize that these two ideas are distinct, and each provides value that is different from the other.  Software packages automate business rules using business logic.  The term business rule is sometimes used interchangeably with business logic; however the latter connotes an engineering practice and the former an intrinsic business practice.  There is value in outlining an organization's business rules regardless of whether this information is used to automate its operations.

One of the pitfalls in trying to fill the gap between rules management and execution is trying to give business rules the syntax of logic, and merely describing logical constructs in a natural language. Translation for engines is easier, but business users will no longer be able to write down the rules.

Formal specification

Business rules can be expressed using modeling approaches such as Unified Modeling Language (UML), Z notation, Business Process Execution Language (BPEL), Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN), Decision Model and Notation (DMN) or the Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules (SBVR).

Business rules
Business rules encoded in computer code in an operational program are known as business logic.

Similar to how business risks can be structured as:

 If <condition(s)> Then <consequence(s)>

a business rule can be structured as:

 When <condition(s)> Then <imposition(s)> Otherwise <consequence(s)>

See also
 Business process
 Business rules approach
 Business rule management system
 Business rule engine
 Drools

References

Principles Of Business Rule Approach, Ronald G. Ross (Aw Professional, 2003)
Business Process Management with a Business Rule Approach, Tom Debevoise (Business Knowledge Architects, 2005)

External links
Workshop summary paper: Six Views on the Business Rule Management System
Business Rules Group

Business terms

Business rule


The Provincially Administered Tribal Areas (PATA) are administrative subdivisions in the Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces of Pakistan.

List of PATA
According to article 246(b) of the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan, the following areas are PATA:

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK)
 Chitral District
 Dir District
 Swat District (including Kalam)
 The Tribal Area in Kohistan District
 Malakand District
 The Tribal Area adjoining (Batagram, Allai and Black Mountain of Hazara),Mansehra District.
 The former state of Amb.

Balochistan
 Zhob District
 Loralai District (excluding Duki Tehsil)
 Dalbandin Tehsil of Chagai District
 Marri Tribal Territory in Sibi District
 Bugti Tribal Territory in Sibi District

Related pages
 Federally Administered Tribal Areas

Territories of Pakistan

Provincially Administered Tribal Area


Gregory Colin Hywood (born 26 September 1954) is an Australian journalist, editor and media executive who was CEO of Fairfax Media, one of Australia's largest media organisations, from 2010 to 2018.

Career

Early journalism
Gregory Hywood graduated with an economics degree from Monash University in Victoria in 1975, and was working as an economist for automotive manufacturer Holden when he was hired as a cadet journalist by then-editor of the Melbourne bureau of the Fairfax-owned national business newspaper Australian Financial Review, Trevor Sykes. Hywood reported on business and both domestic and foreign politics for the AFR for nearly 17 years, winning a Walkley Award in 1980 for a story he broke about the internal operations of Holden.

In the early 1990s, Hywood was made editor of the Australian Financial Review and then promoted to publisher and editor-in-chief of the paper. He was then moved within the Fairfax organisation to become publisher and editor-in-chief of The Sydney Morning Herald and Sun Herald, and then publisher and editor-in-chief of The Age.

In 2003, Hywood left Fairfax for a position as Executive Director Policy and Cabinet in the Victorian Government's Department of the Premier for Steve Bracks, his resignation rumoured to be due to a falling-out with then-CEO Fred Hilmer over Fairfax's internet strategy. Hywood was appointed CEO of Tourism Victoria in 2006 and in 2008, he concurrently held the position of Deputy Secretary (Brand, Communications and Tourism) at the Department of Innovation, Industry and Regional Development. In recent years he has held board positions on the Tourism and Transport Forum, the Heart Foundation, the Victorian Major Events Company, and the Deakin University Council.

CEO of Fairfax
In October 2010, Hywood was appointed an Independent non-executive director of Fairfax Media, and following the sudden resignation of CEO Brian McCarthy in December 2010, appointed interim CEO. By March 2011 Fairfax Media confirmed his appointment as permanent chief executive and managing director.

Hywood made headlines in May 2011 when announcing a plan to outsource key aspects of production, including plans to outsource news sub-editing to the agency Pagemasters, part-owned by Fairfax rival News Limited. His proposal sparked stop-work meetings among journalists at both Fairfax and rival publications,
as well as open criticism from the American Copy Editor's Society, with some media commentators arguing that the most likely hope for newspaper survival is maintaining excellent quality, something that cannot be contracted or guaranteed through outsourced sub-editing, according to Australian academic Margaret Simons.

In May 2017, he fronted a Senate inquiry into journalism, at which point he was still CEO of Fairfax. He was asked questions about "job cuts, a week-long strike by staff and a $2.7bn offer to buy the company."

Hywood left Fairfax Media following the merger with the Nine Entertainment Co. in 2018.

Later career
In October 2020 Hywood was appointed chair of Free TV, a role that had remained vacant since the resignation of Harold Mitchell in 2018.

References

1954 births
Australian journalists
Living people
Australian businesspeople
Australian public servants
Australian newspaper editors
Monash University alumni
The Sydney Morning Herald people

Greg Hywood