Robert Dewey Bohn (November 30, 1921 – November 3, 2002) was a highly decorated officer of the United States Marine Corps, reaching the rank of major general. He served in three wars and concluded his career as commanding general of Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune.

Biography

World War II

Bohn was born in Neenah, Wisconsin, on November 30, 1921, and, following high school, he graduated with a bachelor's degree from the University of San Francisco. During his university studies, Bohn enlisted in the Marine Corps Reserve in August 1942 and following his graduation in April 1944, he was commissioned a second lieutenant on May 3, 1944. He was then sent to the Officer Candidates School at Quantico, Virginia, for officer training. After ten weeks of hard drill, Bohn sailed to the Pacific area to be assign to the Marine detachment aboard the light aircraft carrier USS Monterey.

While aboard that vessel, his detachment took part in the support actions during the landings at Leyte and Mindoro in the Philippines in fall 1944. Bohn later participated in the support operations during Iwo Jima and Okinawa operations in early 1945 and received Navy Commendation Medal with Combat "V".

Upon the end of the War, Bohn remained in active service and after his transfer to the United States, he spent some time with the Marine barracks in Boston, Massachusetts. He later reached the rank of first lieutenant and was appointed officer in charge of the District Headquarters Recruiting station in Omaha, Nebraska. Bohn returned to Pacific in 1949, when was attached to the Marine barracks at Guam.

Korean War

Bohn was later transferred to the 3rd Battalion under Lieutenant Colonel Robert Taplett and appointed commanding officer of "G" Company. With the outbreak of the Korean War, Bohn sailed to Korea with his company and took part in the Battle of Pusan Perimeter within 1st Marine Division under Major General Oliver P. Smith in August 1950 and his task was to lead his "G" Company up to the hill held by enemy in the vicinity of Kosong. Advancing under enemy rifle and machine gun fire, Bohn was wounded in the shoulder and neck, but refused to be evacuated and continued to personally lead and deploy his troops in an effective attack. Only until all enemy forces were annihilated did he allow himself to be taken to the rear and his wounds to be dressed. For this act of valor, Lieutenant Bohn was decorated with the Silver Star.

Following his recovery from his wounds, Bohn returned to his "G" Company and later took part in the Battle of Inchon in September 1950, where he led his company up to the radio hill near Wolmido and subsequently secured the nearby Sowolmi-do. Bohn later participated in the Second Battle of Seoul at the end of September 1950 and reached the rank of captain. He was wounded again and succeeded by first lieutenant Charles D. Mize in command of "G" Company. Bohn was subsequently sent back to the United States for treatment.

Post Korea service
In April 1952, Bohn was appointed to the prestigious capacity of naval aide to General Omar Bradley, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He served in this capacity until July 1953, when he was ordered to the special course at Amphibious Warfare School at Quantico, Virginia. Upon graduation from the course in 1954, Bohn was attached as operations officer (S-3) to the Training Unit-I under Lieutenant Colonel Regan Fuller at Camp Pendleton, where he participated in the development of new combat tactics and techniques. While in that capacity, he received promotion to the rank of major in December 1954.

Bohn was ordered to Okinawa, Japan in September 1956 and appointed Operations officer of 9th Marine Regiment, 3rd Marine Division under Major General Alan Shapley. While in Japan, 3rd Marine Division took part in defense of Far Eastern area in a tense situation after the Korean War. His tour of duty ended in December 1957, when he was ordered to the staff of the Marine Corps Schools Quantico as an instructor of Tactics within Junior Course. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel on July 1, 1960.

He left United States during 1961 and sailed to the United Kingdom as a student at Joint Services Staff College in Latimer, England. Bohn graduated in April 1962 and subsequently served as U.S. representative for Amphibious Warfare at British Ministry of Defence.

Dominican crisis
Lieutenant Colonel Bohn returned stateside in October 1964 and assumed duties as commanding officer 2nd Battalion, 6th Marines, 2nd Marine Division at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. Shortly before the outbreak of Communist-attempted coup in Dominican Republic in April 1965, Bohn's unit was designated "Ready battalion" within 2nd Marine Division. That meant that battalion was brought up to full strength in both men and equipment. Bohn decided to take his battalion to conditioning march from Camp Lejeune to Fort Bragg, but division commander, Major General Ormond R. Simpson, disallowed it.

Bohn argued vehemently in the favor of the march, but Simpson was unmoved. Bohn continued to argue and finally got his permission for the march. After two days of march, crisis in the Dominican Republic broke. Bohn as commander of "Ready battalion", constantly called the division headquarters and asked if he should return to Camp Lejeune. The Simpson's response was negative. Bohn called general Simpson several times during the march, but answer was still negative. After several days, the 2nd battalion reached Fort Bragg and Bohn was informed by division chief of staff, Colonel John R. Chaisson, that designation "Ready battalion" was switched to 1st Battalion, 6th Marines by general Simpson. The 1st Battalion already began with the preparation for the deployment to the Dominican Republic, and Bohn's battalion stayed in the States.

He was transferred to Washington, D.C., in October 1965 and assumed duties as a member of NATO Military Posture Study group, Joint Chiefs of Staff. While in Washington, Bohn attended George Washington University and graduated with a master's degree.  He was promoted to the rank of colonel in June 1966 and ordered to the course at Industrial College of the Armed Forces.

Vietnam War
Bohn graduated in June 1967 and received orders for deployment in Vietnam. He joined the staff of 1st Marine Division under the command of Major General Donn J. Robertson and was assigned to Division Operations Officer. His division took part in the combats in Quế Sơn Valley at that time and Bohn assumed command of 5th Marine Regiment on October 17, 1967.

He led his regiment during Operation Auburn in December 1967 at Go Noi Island south of Danang. This search and destroy mission was launched on December 28 and Bohn assumed operational command of the operation. He came under enemy mortar fire, but remain calm and led his units during the attack on entrenched enemy positions. Bohn deployed his command in forward area and continued in operation until January 3, 1968. For his gallantry in action and leadership, Bohn was decorated with his second Silver Star.

When enemy launched Tet Offensive at the end of January 1968, his regiment took part in the street fighting during the Battle of Huế. Bohn was transferred to the staff of 1st Marine Division at the beginning of May and appointed assistant chief of staff for operations. He took part in Operation Allen Brook in the summer of 1968 and received the Legion of Merit with Combat "V" for his service in this capacity.

Bohn was ordered back to the States in July 1968 and appointed secretary of the general staff at Headquarters Marine Corps under Lieutenant General William J. Van Ryzin. While in this capacity, he was decorated with the recently established Meritorious Service Medal. Bohn was promoted to the rank of brigadier general on September 10, 1969, and appointed assistant division commander, 2nd Marine Division at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina.

Brigadier General Bohn also served as temporary division commander from June 5 to September 28, 1971, when his superior, Major General Michael P. Ryan was appointed Deputy Commander Fleet Marine Force Atlantic. He was relieved by Major General Fred E. Haynes Jr. at the end of September of that year and subsequently ordered back to Headquarters Marine Corps in Washington, D.C., as assistant chief of staff for programs.

He was promoted to the rank of major general on May 1, 1973, and assumed duties as commanding general of Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune on August 22 of that year. In this capacity, Bohn was co-responsible for the marine military training on the East Coast in the later part of Vietnam War. For his service in this capacity, he was decorated with his second Legion of Merit.

Major General Robert D. Bohn retired from the Marine Corps service on September 1, 1974, after 32 years of service to his country.

Retirement

Following his retirement from the Marine Corps, he was active in business and founded Courts Royal Racquetball Clubs. Bohn later lived in Alexandria, Virginia, before he moved to Falls Church, Virginia.

Major General Robert D. Bohn died of pneumonia on November 3, 2002, at Fairfax Nursing Center. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery together with his wife Anna Marie Serocca. They had together two daughters, Barbara and Nancy.

Decorations

Here is the ribbon bar of Major General Robert D. Bohn:

References

1921 births
2002 deaths
People from Neenah, Wisconsin
Military personnel from Wisconsin
University of San Francisco alumni
George Washington University School of Business alumni
Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy alumni
United States Marine Corps generals
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Korean War
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery

Robert D. Bohn


The Michigan Auditor General is the chief fiscal officer of the State of Michigan. The Office of the Auditor General was established in 1836 and, with changes to the Michigan Constitution in 1963, has become the independent oversight arm of the Legislature. The first Michigan Auditor General was Robert Abbott. The first Republican in office (1863) was Emil Anneke, an active abolitionist, Forty-Eighter of German Origin and younger brother of U.S. colonel and German 1849 revolutionary leader Fritz Anneke. In 1959, lawyer and NAACP activist Otis M. Smith was elected Michigan Auditor General, as one of the first African Americans to serve in a senior state government office.

The current Michigan Auditor General, Doug A. Ringler, C.P.A, C.I.A, was appointed by the Michigan Legislature effective June 9, 2014.

List of Michigan Auditors General since 1836

See also
 Governor of Michigan
 Michigan Attorney General
 Michigan General Assembly
 Michigan State Capitol

References

External links
 Office of the Michigan Auditor General

1839 establishments in Michigan

Michigan

Michigan Auditor General


Brent Milligan is an American record producer and session bass guitar player currently residing in Nashville, Tennessee.

Background
Brent Milligan was born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and moved to Nashville after graduating from Louisiana State University in 1992. He was a bass player on Big Tent Revival's debut album in 1995. He is the producer and bass player for Steven Curtis Chapman. One of his recent projects is Hills and Valleys (2017), with Tauren Wells as producer, mixer and cello player.

Milligan has produced or performed with a wide range of rock, pop, and gospel artists, including Ceili Rain.

Work

References

American record producers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Brent Milligan


Martial Raysse (born 12 February 1936 in Golfe-Juan) is a French artist and actor. He lives in Issigeac, France. He holds the record for the most expensive work sold by a living French artist.

Biography
Raysse was born in a ceramicist family in Vallauris and began to paint and write poetry at age 12. After studying and practising athleticism at a high level, he began to accumulate rubbish odds and ends that he preserved under plexiglas. In 1958, he exhibited some of his paintings with Jean Cocteau at Galerie Longchamp.

Fascinated by the beauty of plastic, he plundered low-costs shops with plastic items and developed what became his "vision hygiene" concept; a vision that showcases consumer society. This work received attention and critical praise in 1961, and at a commercial gallery in Milan, his exhibition sold out 15 minutes before the opening. Raysse then traveled to the United States to get involved with the pop art scene in New York City.

Nouveaux Réalistes activity

In October 1960, Raysse, together with Arman, Yves Klein, François Dufrêne, Raymond Hains, Daniel Spoerri, Jean Tinguely, Jacques Villeglé and the art critic and philosopher Pierre Restany founded the group Nouveaux Réalistes. The group was later joined by César, Mimmo Rotella, Niki de Saint Phalle and Christo. This group of artists defined themselves as bearing in common a "new perspective approaches of reality". Their work was an attempt at reassessing the concept of art and the artist in the context of a 20th-century consumer society by reasserting the humanistic ideals in the face of industrial expansion.

Later life
In 2011 Raysse's painting, Last Year in Capri (Exotic Title), sold for $6.58 million at Christie's auction, the most expensive price paid for a work by a living French artist. The sale coincided with a resurgence in interest among collectors for Raysse's work. Attention to Raysse had waned after he moved into classicist painting in the 1960s while abstraction was peaking. The 1993 purchase of his work and commissions by billionaire François Pinault drew more attention to Raysse.

Film

Raysse acted in Jean-Pierre Prévost's 1971 film Jupiter. He then wrote and directed the 1972 film Le grand départ.
 Par la juste mesure dans le double monde, 1985, video art documentary by Maurice Benayoun about the installation with the same title exhibited during the last Biennale de Paris. Part of the series of video Pièces à conviction(Maurice Benayoun, 1985).

References

External links
 kamel mennour - Martial Raysse
 Raysse at Tate

1936 births
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
French male painters
21st-century French painters
21st-century French male artists
French mixed-media artists
Living people
Nouveau réalisme artists
Neon artists
20th-century French sculptors
French male sculptors
French contemporary artists
20th-century French printmakers

Martial Raysse


A vactrain (or vacuum tube train) is a proposed design for very-high-speed rail transportation. It is a maglev (magnetic levitation) line using partly evacuated tubes or tunnels. Reduced air resistance could permit vactrains to travel at very high (hypersonic) speeds with relatively little power—up to . This is 5–6 times the speed of sound in Earth's atmosphere at sea level.

18th century

In 1799, George Medhurst of London conceived of and patented an atmospheric railway that could convey people or cargo through pressurized or evacuated tubes.  The early atmospheric railways and pneumatic tube transport systems (such as the Dalkey Atmospheric Railway) relied on steam power for propulsion.

19th century
In 1888, Michel Verne, son of Jules Verne, imagined a submarine pneumatic tube transport system that could propel a passenger capsule at speeds up to  under the Atlantic Ocean (a transatlantic tunnel) in a short story called "An Express of the Future".

20th century
The vactrain proper was invented by Robert H. Goddard as a freshman at Worcester Polytechnic Institute in the United States in 1904.  Goddard subsequently refined the idea in a 1906 short story called "The High-Speed Bet" which was summarized and published in a Scientific American editorial in 1909 called "The Limit of Rapid Transit".  Esther, his wife, was granted a US patent for the vactrain in 1950, five years after his death.

In 1909, Russian professor  built the world's first model of his proposed version of the vactrain at Tomsk Polytechnic University. He later published a vactrain concept in 1914 in the book Motion without friction (airless electric way).

In 1955, Polish science-fiction writer Stanisław Lem in a novel The Magellan Nebula wrote about intercontinental vactrain called "organowiec", which moved in a transparent tube at a speed higher than . Later in April 1962, the vactrain appears in the story "Mercenary" by Mack Reynolds, where he mentions Vacuum Tube Transport in passing.

During the 1970s, a leading vactrain advocate, Robert M. Salter of RAND, published a series of elaborate engineering articles.

An interview with Robert Salter appeared in the Los Angeles Times (June 11, 1972). He discussed, in detail, the relative ease with which the U.S. government could build a tube shuttle system using technologies available at that time. Maglev being poorly developed at the time, he proposed steel wheels. The chamber's door to the tube would be opened, and enough air admitted behind to accelerate the train into the tube. Gravity would further accelerate the departing train down to cruise level. Rising from cruise level, the arriving train would decelerate by compressing the rarefied air ahead of it, which would be vented. Pumps at the stations would make up for losses due to friction or air escaping around the edges of the train, the train itself requiring no motor. This combination of modified (shallow) gravity train and atmospheric railway propulsion would consume little energy but limit the system to subsonic speeds, hence initial routes of tens or hundreds of miles or kilometers rather than transcontinental distances were proposed.

Trains were to require no couplers, each car being directly welded, bolted, or otherwise firmly connected to the next, the route calling for no more bending than the flexibility of steel could easily handle. At the end of the line, the train would be moved sideways into the end chamber of the return tube. The railway would have both an inner evacuated tube and an outer tunnel. At cruise depth, the space between would have enough water to float the vacuum tube, softening the ride.

A route through the Northeast Megalopolis was laid out, with nine stations, one each in Washington DC, Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New York, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and two in Connecticut. Commuter rail systems were mapped for the San Francisco and New York areas, the commuter version having longer, heavier trains, to be propelled less by air and more by gravity than the intercity version. The New York system was to have three lines, terminating in Babylon, Paterson, Huntington, Elizabeth, White Plains, and St. George.

Salter pointed out how such a system would help reduce the environmental damage being done to the atmosphere by aviation and surface transportation. He called underground Very High Speed Transportation (tube shuttles) his nation's "logical next step". The plans were never taken to the next stage.

At the time these reports were published, national prestige was an issue as Japan had been operating its showcase shinkansen for several years and maglev train research was hot technology. The American Planetran would establish a transcontinental subway service in the United States and provide a commute from Los Angeles to New York City in one hour. The tunnel would be buried to a depth of several hundred feet in solid rock formations. Construction would make use of lasers to ensure alignment and use tungsten probes to melt through igneous rock formations. The tunnel would maintain a partial vacuum to minimize drag. A trip would average  and subject passengers to accelerations up to 1.4 times that of gravity, requiring the use of gimballed compartments. Enormous construction costs (estimated as high as US$1 trillion) were the primary reason why Salter's proposal was never built.

Starting in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Swissmetro was proposed to leverage the invention of the experimental German Transrapid maglev train, and operate in large tunnels reduced to the pressure altitude of  at which the Concorde SST was certified to fly.

In the 1980s, Frank P. Davidson, a founder and chairman of the Channel Tunnel project, and Japanese engineer  tackled the transoceanic problems with a proposal to float a tube above the ocean floor, anchored with cables (a submerged floating tunnel). The transit tube would remain at least  below the ocean surface to avoid water turbulence.

On November 18, 1991, Gerard K. O'Neill filed a patent application for a vactrain system. He called the company he wanted to form VSE International, for velocity, silence, and efficiency.  However, the concept itself he called Magnetic Flight.  The vehicles, instead of running on a pair of tracks, would be elevated using electromagnetic force by a single track within a tube (permanent magnets in the track, with variable magnets on the vehicle), and propelled by electromagnetic forces through tunnels. He estimated the trains could reach speeds of up to  – about five times faster than a jet airliner – if the air was evacuated from the tunnels. To obtain such speeds, the vehicle would accelerate for the first half of the trip, and then decelerate for the second half of the trip. The acceleration was planned to be a maximum of about one-half of the force of gravity. O'Neill planned to build a network of stations connected by these tunnels, but he died two years before his first patent on it was granted.

21st century

In 2001, James R. Powella co-inventor of superconducting maglev in the 1960sbegan leading an investigation into the prospect of using a maglev vactrain for space launch, dubbed StarTram. Theoretically, this would incur two orders of magnitude less cost than current rockets. The StarTram proposal would have vehicles reach up to  within a lengthy acceleration tunnel.

ET3 claim to have achieved some work that resulted in a patent on "evacuated tube transport technology" which was granted in 2009. They presented their idea in 2013 on public stage.

In August 2013 Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla and SpaceX, published the Hyperloop Alpha paper, proposing and examining a route running from the Los Angeles region to the San Francisco Bay Area, roughly following the Interstate 5 corridor. The Hyperloop concept has been explicitly "open-sourced" by Musk and SpaceX, and others have been encouraged to take the ideas and further develop them.

To that end, a few companies have been formed, and several interdisciplinary student-led teams are working to advance the technology. SpaceX built an approximately  subscale track for its pod design competition at its headquarters in Hawthorne, California.

In the 2022 book Road to Nowhere, technology writer Paris Marx claimed Musk had admitted that the hyperloop proposal was simply an attempt to cause the cancellation of a high-speed rail project in California.

See also

 Beach Pneumatic Transit

References

External links
 Worcester Polytechnic Institute page discussing Goddard's achievements
 Vac Trains at Orion's Arm
 Rail Journal
 Popular science
 Hydrogen Tube Vehicle
 China Plans 1,000 km/h Super Train
 Cargocap

Emerging technologies
High-speed rail
Proposed infrastructure
Vacuum systems

Vactrain


The Kowloon Walled City Park is a park in Kowloon City, Kowloon, Hong Kong. The Kowloon Walled City had been a military stronghold since the 15th century due to its coastal location and was a centre of vice and crime until 1987. Under an agreement between the Government of Hong Kong and the People's Republic of China, the Kowloon Walled City was demolished in the 1990s. Some historic buildings and features were preserved for incorporation into the new park.

The Kowloon Walled City Park is designed resembling a Jiangnan (江南) garden of the early Qing dynasty. The park, 31,000 square metres (7.66 acres) in total, is divided into eight theme zones with their own characteristic scenery, matching with the style of the whole park. The design was awarded a Diploma at the IGO Stuttgart Expo 93 (International Garden Exposition).

History

In the middle of the 19th century, the Qing government started to build an enclave beside Kowloon Bay, surrounded by stone walls. The Kowloon Walled City was initially used for military purposes, housing many soldiers and their families. During World War II, the stone walls were demolished by the Imperial Japanese Army. Part of them were buried and well preserved under the soil. By the 1970s, the population of the city had risen to 41,000. The number of buildings was 503 in 1994. By that time, the British colonial government found it increasingly difficult to manage and control the serious crime in the area related to drugs, illegal gambling, prostitution and quackery. Domestic factories, including textile, candy-making and production of jook-sing noodles, were situated in the area. After the Sino-British Joint Declaration in 1984, Britain and China embarked on a discussion about solving the problems in the Walled City, and subsequently announced its demolition on 14 January 1987. Between 1987 and 1989 residents were resettled, and demolition began in 1993.

By 1995 the site had been transformed into a park for nearby residents. Due to its proximity to the Kai Tak Airport, and so that the park could have a more open view, regulation of the height of buildings was strictly enforced.

Featured facilities
The park consists mainly of eight landscape features: the Yamen (), Old South Gate (), Eight Floral Walks (), Garden of Four Seasons (), Garden of Chinese Zodiac (), Chess Garden (), Mountain View Pavilion () as well as the Fei Sing Pavilion () and Guibi Rock ().

The Yamen () is located in the centre of the Park and is the only remaining old Qing building. It was built in 1847; its interior was dominated by the offices of the Commodore of the Dapeng Brigade () and the Kowloon Assistant Military Inspectorate (). It was designed with three rows and four wings of houses. Its walls and column bases are built from bricks and granite, while the roof is a traditional structure covered with cylindrical and flat tiles. After 1899 the Yamen was used for charitable purposes, like housing elderly. It is now officially classified as a declared monument in Hong Kong. Six exhibition rooms are housed inside.

The original site of the South Gate () has been designated as a declared monument and all related relics unearthed have been preserved. Flagstone pavement, cornerstones of the buildings, and a drain were discovered. Also, two granite plaques with Chinese characters for "South Gate" and "Kowloon Walled City" were unearthed at the site of the original gate when the Walled City was torn down in 1994.

The Garden features 12 Chinese zodiac sculptures. They are arranged according to the Heavenly Stems (Tiangan 天干) and Earthly Branches (Dizhi 地支) in Chinese astrology.

The Guibi Rock was carved from Taihu stone. It is named Guibi because its veins are similar to those of ancient jade.{explain} Fui Sing Pavilion symbolises a constellation of literature and wisdom. Guibi Rock also symbolises the hope of returning Hong Kong to China.

The Mountain View Pavilion provides a view of the Lion Rock, which resembles a lion sitting with its head facing the Pavilion.

There are four large chessboards built on the ground with pebbles for visitors to enjoy a game of chess.

The Eight Floral Walks is a web of paths which connects the distinct landscape features of the Park. Various types of flowers that bloom in different seasons are planted on both sides of the path to accentuate the scenery of the park in all seasons.

Located to the west of Yamen, the Kwong Yam Square is a garden where flowers of the four seasons could{clarify} be seen.

Since April 2009 there also is a permanent exhibition in the park about the history of the site. It consists of one outdoor display area and six exhibition rooms, which are located inside the Yamen.

The outdoor display area near the South Gate shows a tablet{clarify} and a model of the former Walled City. The front of the tablet has an introductory article inscribed, whereas the back presents a cross-section of the pre-demolished city and a depiction of the daily lives of its residents. Behind the tablet stands a bronze miniature model of the city which allows the visitors to touch and have a closer look.

The six exhibition rooms illustrate the living environment inside the Walled City through interactive imagery and sound.

References

External links

1995 establishments in Hong Kong
Declared monuments of Hong Kong
Kowloon City
Urban public parks and gardens in Hong Kong

Kowloon Walled City Park


Luiza Possi Gadelha (born June 26, 1984) is a Brazilian pop singer.  She is the daughter of another famous Brazilian singer, Zizi Possi.

Biography
In 1999, Luiza was invited to go on stage and sing a song with a band that was opening a show by Skank at Credicard Hall in São Paulo. The audience consisted of 12 thousand people, and the singer performed the song "O Vento", Jota Quest, backed only by a piano.

In 2001, Possi went with some bands playing in an informal way, until she participated in the Programa do Jô, beside her mother, Zizi Possi, which aired on Rede Globo, and performed the song "Angel" theme from the movie City of Angels. The next day she received multiple invitations to sign music contracts.

Luiza lived with her father, who was then president of Indie Records, and recorded her first album in 2001 under the production of Rick Bonadio. The album took the name of "I'm So" and produced two hits, "Same Day," which was her biggest hit. It was one of the most played in 2002, and the title track from the album is another great success, being subject of the novel Women Love, which was a huge hit with teenagers, and, at the time, the media said it had Luiza in a rivalry with two other pop singers of the time, Sandy and Leah Wanessa. In the same year she made her first national tour, and received several awards, which included the Award Multishow Brazilian Music Singer of Revelation. She became the co-host of Jovens Tardes on the Globo network in 2003.

In 2004, Possi released her second album, entitled "Pro World Bringing" through Indie Records, under the production of Rick Bonadio. The disc Veude sold 10 thousand copies, less than its predecessor, but it produced a hit, "All That Is Good", also the subject of the novel Lady of Destiny's Globe. Her father had a sudden stroke during the release of "All That Is Good," and, following her father's stroke, she decided to not release her second single from the album, her record closed and she cancelled her tour(because of the father). She was on hiatus for two years without work, during which she studied voice and piano.

In late 2005, Luiza received invitations to record a new album and sign major labels in the country, but the record that she did was an album for a teenage audience as in her previous albums, but it hit the foot is turned down several contracts. Possi and her father opened their own label LGK Music, with distribution by EMI / Som Livre. That same year, she released the CD Listening Luiza, in the production of her father, marked the debut of Luiza MPB style centered on the theme of love and critically acclaimed, and considered her best work by launching the first of many watersheds in career of the singer with this album she left the image of teen pop singer, to be become a mature woman of the MPB. He had three hits, "Gandaia Wave / Stone and Sand," "Listen" and "Your Name", the latter two being the subject of novels Globe, Pé na Jaca and Pages of Life respectively, all three made the radios segimento MPB. In the same year Luiza entered the third tour, Listening Tour, with a hundred concerts a year and had a recording of the first DVD, with eleven new tracks is eight tracks taken from their other albums, was recorded in Rio de Janeiro; to release DVD her label released a CD with fifteen songs, and helped make the DVD to be a sales success, with 15 thousand copies sold in the same year. In 2007, the album Listen, earned her her first nominations to the Latin Grammy Awards, the prize more important than the music in three categories: Best New Artist, Best Album and Best Brazilian Contemporary Pop Album of Brazilian popular music, but lost in all three categories.

After promoting her hit record in 2006, she returned with her fifth album, which was more creative, which was dedicated to new songs from pop and MPB: Good Winds Always arrive, is acclaimed by critics and many fans and critics have said, that did not exceed its last studio album. This album, is her copyright and had six tracks signed by her.

In an interview with MTV Brazil, Luiza announced a DVD of her current tour, Weatherlight, which will be released in the near future.

She participated in the first edition of the reality show, Circus of the program Faustão Domingão Faustão, placing 5th.

Personal life
She is the cousin of the famous actress Patricia Pillar and the popular singers Moreno Veloso, Preta Gil, Davi Moraes and Marina Lima.

Discography

Studio albums

Live albums

Compilation albums

Singles

DVD

Soundtrack

Tours
 2002: Turnê Eu Sou Assim
 2004: Turnê Pro Mundo Levar
 2006: Turnê Escuta
 2007: Turnê A Vida é Mesmo Agora
 2009: Turnê Bons Ventos Sempre Chegam
 2011: Turnê Seguir Cantando
 2014: Turnê Sobre Amor e o Tempo

Videography
 2007 – Circo do Faustão
 2005 – Romeu e Julieta
 2003 – Jovens Tardes

References

1984 births
Living people
Brazilian women pop singers
Brazilian people of Italian descent
21st-century Brazilian singers
21st-century Brazilian women singers
Women in Latin music

Luiza Possi


Caroline Jane Baston (born 17 October 1956) is a Church of England priest. From 2006 to 2011, she served as Archdeacon of the Isle of Wight.

Early life and education
Baston was born on 17 October 1956. She studied at the University of Birmingham, graduating with a Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree in 1978 and a Certificate of Education (CertEd) in 1979. She then began her first career as a mathematics teacher, working at a comprehensive school in inner-city Sandwell.

In 1987, Baston entered Ripon College Cuddesdon, an Anglican theological college. There, she spent the next two years studying theology and training for ordination.

Ordained ministry
Baston was ordained in the Church of England as a deacon in 1989. From 1989 to 1994, she served as Parish Deacon of St Christopher's Church, Thornhill, Southampton. In 1994, she was ordained as a priest; this was the first year that the Church of England ordained women to the priesthood and therefore she was one of its first female priests. She was an Assistant Curate at St Christopher's, Thornhill, and then Rector of  All Saints', Winchester with St Andrew's, Chilcomb. She was appointed an honorary canon of Winchester Cathedral in 2000.

Baston was Archdeacon of the Isle of Wight from 2006 until 2011. On 3 October 2011, she was licensed as Transition Minister and Priest-in-charge of St Andrew's, North Swindon. In November 2013, she was appointed Warden of the Community of St Mary the Virgin, an Anglican religious order.

References

1956 births
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Alumni of Ripon College Cuddesdon
Living people
Schoolteachers from the West Midlands

Caroline Baston


Gary Thompson is a retired American basketball player and broadcaster.  He was an All-American player at Iowa State.  Following his collegiate career, Thompson played for the Phillips 66ers of the Amateur Athletic Union and had a successful career as a broadcaster.

Playing career

Known as the "Roland Rocket", Gary Thompson came to Iowa State University from the small town of Roland, Iowa to become one of the Cyclones' first cage stars.  A 5'10 guard, Thompson was the first Iowa State player to score more than 1,000 points and the first player in school history to tally 40 points in a game.  As a senior in 1956–57, Thompson earned consensus second team  All-American honors, first team All-America status from the Associated Press, and was named Big Seven Conference player of the year, beating out Kansas star Wilt Chamberlain.  Thompson excelled in a second sport as well, leading Iowa State to the 1957 College World Series as a star shortstop.

Following the close of his standout college career, Thompson chose to join the Bartlesville Phillips 66ers of the Amateur Athletic Union, though he was also drafted in the fifth round of the 1957 NBA draft by the Minneapolis Lakers.  Thompson had a successful career with the 66ers, earning AAU All-America honors three times and leading Phillips to an AAU title in 1962.  He later coached the 66ers as well.

Post-playing career

After his playing days were over, Thompson began the Gary Thompson Oil Company, a business venture made possible by his affiliation with the Phillips Petroleum Company.  He also embarked on a 34-year television broadcasting career – serving as color commentator for college basketball games on NBC and CBS, primarily for Big Eight and later Big 12 games.  He retired in 2006.

References

External links
Iowa State Athletic HOF profile

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
All-American college men's basketball players
American men's basketball players
Basketball players at the 1959 Pan American Games
Basketball players from Iowa
College basketball announcers in the United States
Guards (basketball)
Iowa State Cyclones baseball players
Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball players
Medalists at the 1959 Pan American Games
Minneapolis Lakers draft picks
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in basketball
People from Story County, Iowa
Phillips 66ers players

Gary Thompson (basketball player)


The Battle of Anzio, which is also called Operation Shingle (January 22, 1944) was an Allied sea landing in the Italian Campaign against German forces of Anzio and Nettuno, Italy.

The attack was commanded by American Major General John P. Lucas. He wanted to get around German forces on the Winter Line. Then he wanted to attack Rome. Making a sea landing in a marshland needed to be done quickly.

The landing surprised the Germans. The Allies even got near Rome. The Allies got their men ready on the beach. The German commander in the Put his guns around the beach.  The Germans also flooded the marsh with salt water.

After a month of heavy fighting,
the Allies finally got past the beaches in May. The Allies went north-west to Rome which was captured on 4 June.

The German Tenth Army at Cassino were able to go north of Rome. Then they got ready to defend the Gothic Line.

Background
At the end of 1943, following the Allied invasion of Italy, Allied forces were stuck at the Gustav Line. Thid was defensive line across Italy. The land of central Italy helped the defence.

Operation Shingle was planned by Winston Churchill in December 1943. He planned to land two divisions at Anzio and capture Rome.

General Harold Alexander had thought of a plan using five divisions. However, the 5th Army did not have enough troops or a way to transport them.

The Anzio and Nettuno beaches are on marshland. When Truscott's 3rd Division was selected for the attack, he said everyone would die. Lucas was told lead the Fifth Army's U.S. VI Corps in a landing in the Anzio/Nettuno area.

Plan
Planners thought that if German forces left the Gustav Line to defend against the Allied attack, then Allied forces would be able to break through the line. If troops were left on the Gustav Line, then the Allies could try to capture Rome.

The Allies planned to attack from the south. They wanted to capture a beach near Anzio, move forward, and be ready to go to Rome.

Availability of naval forces
One of the problems with the plan was there was mot enough landing ships.
Only enough tank landing ships (LSTs) to land a single division were available. Later, Churchill made sure enough were available to land two divisions.

Order of battle
Allied forces in this attack consisted of 5 cruisers, 24 destroyers, 238 landing craft, 62+ other ships, 40,000 soldiers, and 5,000+ vehicles.

The attack consisted of three groups:

The British force ("Peter Beach"): This force attacked the coast  north of Anzio.
The northwestern U.S. Force ("Yellow Beach"): This force attacked the port of Anzio.
The southwestern U.S. Force ("X-Ray Beach"): This force attacked the coast  east of Anzio.

Southern attack
The Fifth Army's attack on the Gustav Line began on January 16, 1944, at Monte Cassino.  The attack failed to break through. The Germans brought in new troops from Rome.

Battle

First landings

The landings began on January 22, 1944. The Germans did not attack the landings except for a few Luftwaffe machine gun attacks. By midnight, 36,000 soldiers and 3,200 vehicles had landed on the beaches.

Two Allied divisions landed. There were two or three times that many German defenders.

Response of Axis forces
The Germans found out about the landings at 03:00 on January 22.  At 05:00 the Germans ordered the Kampfgruppe of 4th Parachute Division and the Hermann Göring Panzer Division to defend the roads leading from Anzio to the Alban Hills. The Germans had 40,000 troops in defensive positions.

Three days after the landings, the beach was surrounded by three divisions: The 4th Parachute Division to the west, the 3rd Panzer Grenadier Division to the center, the Hermann Göring Panzer Division to the east.

Von Mackensen's 14th Army took command of the defence on January 25. Parts of eight German divisions were put around the beach. Five more divisions were on their way to the Anzio area.

Allied offensive
The arrival of U.S. 45th Infantry Division and U.S. 1st Armored Division, brought Allied forces total on the beach to 69,000 men, 508 guns and 208 tanks by January 29. The total defending Germans had risen to 71,500.

The Allies attacked on January 30. One group moved to Cisterna. A second group went northeast towards Campoleone.

German counterattacks
By early February German forces in Fourteenth Army had 100,000 troops.
Allied forces by this time were 76,400
German forces launched a full attack at 23:00.

On February 16 the Germans launched a new attack. Both had 20,000 casualties each since the first landings. Also on February 18 while returning to Anzio the light cruiser  was struck by two torpedoes and sunk with a loss of 417 men.

Planning for Operation Diadem

Both sides realised that no result could be achieved until the spring. The Germans built a new defence line, the Caesar C line.  The Allies planned an attack in May. This would include attacking the Gustav Line, which was called Operation Diadem.

In March, the 2nd Italian SS "Vendetta" Battalion and 29th Italian SS Rifle Battalion were sent to fight against the Allied forces at the Anzio/Nettuno beach. U.S. 34th Infantry Division arrived at Anzio in the same month. In May, U.S. 36th Infantry Division had arrived at Anzio. By late May, there were 150,000 Allied troops.

There were five German divisions. The Germans had prepared defenses, but they lacked officers.

The Allied planning for their attack was detailed. British 5th Division and 1st Division were to attack along the coast. The U.S. 45th Infantry, 1st Armored and 3rd Infantry Divisions would attack the German 362nd and 715th Infantry Divisions.

Breakout
At 05:45 on May 23, 1944, 1,500 Allied artillery pieces started bombing. Then Allied infantry and armour moved forward. The first day's fighting was hard: 1st Armored Division lost 100 tanks and 3rd Infantry Division had 955 casualties. The Germans 362nd Infantry Division lost 50% of its fighting strength.

In the afternoon of May 25 Cisterna was captured by the 3rd Division. In the evening, the Allies turned ninety degrees to the left. On the new attack little progress was made until 1st Armored arrived on May 29.  On June 2 the Caesar Line broke and the 14th Army pulled back through Rome. Hitler ordered no defence of Rome.

Afterwards
After the war, some experts said the Anzio plan was not good. It used just two infantry divisions with no armour.

Operation Diadem (during which U.S. 5th and British 8th Armies had 44,000 casualties) failed in its goal of destroying the German 10th Army.

References

1944 in Italy
Battles involving Canada
Battles involving Germany
Battles involving the United Kingdom
Battles involving the United States
European battles of World War II
Lazio

Battle of Anzio


Dara Petak or Dara Pethak, also known in her formal name as Indreswari, was the consort of King Kertarajasa Jayawardhana, the founder of Majapahit kingdom. She was a Dharmasraya princess from Sumatra and the only non-Javanese wife of Kertarajasa, and also the mother of Jayanegara, the second monarch of Majapahit. Tradition mentioned her as a woman of exceptional beauty.

The name Dara Pethak in old Malay means "white dove", while her other name Indreswari in Sanskrit means "the consort of Indra" and it was acquired after her marriage to Majapahit first king.

Early life
She was the daughter of King Srimat Tribhuwanaraja Mauliawarmadewa of Dharmasraya Kingdom in Sumatra, and was sent to Java to be betrothed to Singhasari King. This Sumatran kingdom was held as vassal of Singhasari in 1286. According to Pararaton, ten days after the expulsion of Mongol forces from Java, the Pamalayu expedition led by Mahisa Anabrang returned to Java. The expedition was sent by Singhasari King Kertanegara in 1275 to conquer Sumatra. The returning Javanese troops brought two Malay princesses, Dara Jingga and Dara Petak to be presented for Kertanagara.

The two princesses was originally intended for Kertanagara, however because the Singhasari King has died, his heir Raden Wijaya took Dara Petak in hand of marriage instead, while her sister Dara Jingga was betrothed to Adwayawarman, a Javanese high officials (Rakryan Mahamantri Dyah Adwayabrahma) of the Singhasari, who was sent to transport the statue of Amoghapasa to the Dharmasraya kingdom.

As the king's consort
Within Majapahit palace, Dara Petak cleverly pleases the king, won his favour and subsequently become the king's favourite consort. She acquired the title Stri tinuheng pura, or the most honored wife in the palace. According to Nagarakretagama, Raden Wijaya already has four wives, Tribhuwaneswari, Prajnaparamita, Narendra Duhita, and Gayatri Rajapatni; all of them are Singhasari princesses, the daughter of Kertanagara. According to Pararaton, Dara Petak was promoted to honorable title because she was the only wife that produced male heir for the king, prince Jayanegara. According to Nagarakretagama, the name of Jayanagara's mother is Indreswari, so it is assumed that this was the new official name of Dara Petak after her marriage to the king.

In Kertarajasa inscription (1305), Jayanegara was mentioned as the son of Tribhuwaneswari, the prime queen and first wife of Raden Wijaya. To reconcile these records, historian suggested that Jayanegara is the son of Indreswari or Dara Petak that later being adopted by the childless queen consort Tribhuwaneswari, in order to be promoted as the heir of the throne. Jayanegara become the successor of King Kertarajasa.

References
 Poesponegoro & Notosusanto (ed.). 1990. Sejarah Nasional Indonesia Jilid II. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
 Slamet Muljana. 2005. Menuju Puncak Kemegahan (terbitan ulang 1965). Yogyakarta: LKIS
 Slamet Muljana. 1979. Nagarakretagama dan Tafsir Sejarahnya. Jakarta: Bhratara

Majapahit
Malay people
Queens consort
People from West Sumatra
13th-century Indonesian women

Dara Petak


Pedro Ángel Quiñónez Rodríguez (born March 4, 1986) is an Ecuadorian footballer. He currently plays for C.D. El Nacional.

Club career
Quiñónez signed with El Nacional at the age of 16. He played for the U-16, U-18, and U-20 team before finally getting a senior team cap in 2004. He played at both the senior level and Sub 20 level in 2005, after which he became a full senior team member. In 2005 and 2006, he helped El Nacional win two national championships, tying the club as the most successful team in Ecuador. He is a starting key player and due to his solid performances he was called up to the national team. He can play in many midfield positions as a good option for players needed for a position needed.

On December 12, 2008, Quiñónez signed with Primera Division de Mexico's Santos Laguna from Torreón, Coahuila, for an undisclosed amount.

On January 14, 2010, Quiñónez was transferred on a loan with an option to buy to Ecuadorian giants Emelec. He became a fundamental part of the team during the 2010 season, and his loan was extended until late 2011. On November 2011, Quiñónez was finally bought by Emelec, after paying the transfer to Santos Laguna.

International career
In 2007, he was called up to play in the Copa America 2007 to replace the injured Luis Caicedo, although he was called up he was a non playing member for Ecuador. He played against Mexico on November 12, 2008 in the United States.

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Footballers from Esmeraldas, Ecuador
Men's association football midfielders
Ecuadorian men's footballers
Ecuadorian expatriate men's footballers
Ecuador men's international footballers
2007 Copa América players
2015 Copa América players
C.D. El Nacional footballers
Santos Laguna footballers
C.S. Emelec footballers
Ecuadorian Serie A players
Liga MX players
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Ecuadorian expatriate sportspeople in Mexico

Pedro Quiñónez


District Health Information System (DHIS)  යනු සුනම්‍ය (highly flexible), නිදහස් කේත (open-source) සෞඛ්‍ය කලමනාකණ තොරතුරු පද්ධතියක් (health management information system) සහ  data warehouseකි. It is developed by the Health Information Systems Programme (HISP) project.

The solution covers aggregated routine data, semi-permanent data (staffing, equipment, infrastructure, population estimates), survey/audit data, and certain types of case-based on patient-based data (for instance disease notification or patient satisfaction surveys). The system supports the capture of data linked to any level in an organisational hierarchy, any data collection frequency, a high degree of customisation at both the input and output side. It has been translated into a number of languages.

The DHIS was originally developed for three health districts in Cape Town in 1998-99, but has since spread via the HISP network to nearly half of sub-Saharan Africa, where its use covers a population of 300-400 million people, and to a number of countries in Asia. The initial scope - routine monthly Primary Health Center data – has systematically been expanded to cover nearly all aspects of health data and information (excluding electronic health records). Available aggregated data for South Africa from 1998-2007, for instance, represent close to one billion patient encounters.

For electronic health records, DHIS is collaborating with the WHO-backed OpenMRS system.

Releases

DHIS

DHIS 1.3 and 1.4

DHIS 1.3 was developed on a platform of Microsoft products consisting of VBA for program logic, Access as a database, Excel for reporting and Windows as the OS. DHIS 1.4 is a significant overhaul of database structure, using various output formats for reporting. It bridges the gap between DHIS 1.3 and 2.0.

DHIS 2
DHIS 2 is an open source alternative to the earlier releases. The software development process is a global collaboration between students, researchers and experienced developers in Norway, India, South Africa, ඉතියෝපියාව and Vietnam. The first release, version 2.0, came in February 2008 after three years of development releases. Release 2.0.3 is expected in December 2009

DHIS 2 is developed using open-source Java frameworks and tools, such as the Spring Framework, Hibernate, Struts2, Maven, and JUnit.

බාහිර සබැඳි
 DHIS 2 site
 DHIS 2 on Launchpad
 Wiki for DHIS 2 development

FOSS මෘදුකාංග
ප්‍රජා වෛද්‍යවේදය

DHIS2


Enver Duran (born June 19, 1945 in Bursa) is a Turkish medic specialising in thoracic-cardiovascular surgery, a university professor and Chancellor (Rector) of the Trakya University, Edirne 2004-2012 (July) and since 2013 Dean of the Fakulty medicine of the Istanbul Arel University.

Biography
His education began at Bursa Reşit Pasha Primary School in 1951-1956 followed by Bursa Osmangazi Secondary School in 1956-1960 and Bursa High School for Boys in 1960-1963. After his education in Ankara University Faculty of Medicine in 1963, he received a bachelor's degree in 1969. Duran worked as an Intern Doctor in Gülhane Military Medical Academy (GMMA) in 1970, then, he became a chief doctor in 1971-1973 in İzmir Military Dispensary and worked as an Assistant in Ankara Gülhane Military Medical Academy General Surgery Department in 1973-1977. After he completed his General Surgery Specialization education in 1977-1980, he became a Specialist in Thoracic-Cardiovascular Surgery and an assistant professor in the same academy. On 16 April 1985 he got associated professorship degree from Hacettepe University Medical Faculty Thoracic-Cardiovascular Surgery and assigned as an associated professor.

Between the years 1985-1990 he worked as an associated professor in Gülhane Military Medical Academy Thoracic-Cardiovascular Surgery and in May 1990 having received Professorship Degree he was assigned as a Professor.

He became the Clinic Director of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Haydarpasha Training and Application Hospital from 1990 to 1998 and the Chairmanship of Trakya University Department of Cardiovascular Surgery from 1998 to 2004.

Assigned as a Rector of Trakya University in 2004, Prof. Dr. Enver Duran was elected President of Interuniversity Board in Turkey in 55th Interuniversity Board Meeting which was held on 28 July 2006 in Edirne.

Assigned as a deputy rector of Namık Kemal University on 18 August 2006, Duran carried on this task until a rector of this university was assigned on 17 May 2007. He was assigned as a deputy rector of Kırklareli University on 11 June 2007 and completed this task in 2008.

Duran's rectorial incumbency ended in 2008 and he was re-elected for one more term from 2008 to 2012. Elected by Interuniversity Board, Duran has been serving as a President of Turkish Medical Council.

He is married to Ayse Mine Duran. He has two children and lives in Edirne.

Professional career
 1969-1990; Specialist for Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery at Gülhane Military Medical Academy Ankara as Assistant Professor (1980–1985) and Associate Professor (1985–1990),
 Work experience at Cleveland Clinic Ohio USA, coronary bypass surgery (1982); Guy Hospital London England, aorto-coronary bypass surgery (1987) (two terms); Royal Brompton Hospital London England, re-do aorto coronary bypass surgery (1988); Edinburgh Scotland, aorto-coronary bypass surgery (1988).
 Professor, Clinic Director and Chairmanship of Department of Surgery Sciences and Cardiovascular Surgery at Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Haydarpasha Training and Application Hospital and College of Nurses Ankara (1990–1998).
 1998-2012; Professor and Chairmanship of Cardiovascular Surgery at Trakya University Edirne.
 2004-2012; The Rector of Trakya University and
Chairman of the Inter-University Committee Turkey (2006–2007);
Rector of the Namik Kemal University (2006–2007);
Rector of the Kirklareli University (2007–2008).
President of the Interuniversity Board Medicine-Health Sciences Education Council of Turkey since 2008.
President of the Balkan Universities Network Conference 2010.
Vice-President of the World Universities Congress 2010.
 Since 2013 Dean of the Fakulty medicine at Istanbul Arel Universitesi

Publications
 National books and papers
 Kitap Editörü, Kalp ve Damar Cerrahisi Kitabı, Çapa Tıp Kitabevi, İstanbul, 2004
 Halıcı Ü. Dünyada Kalp Damar Cerrahisinin Tarihçesi, Kalp ve Damar Cerrahisi, Çapa Tıp Kitabevi, İstanbul, 2004
 Edis M. Kardiyovasküler Fizyoloji, Kalp ve Damar Cerrahisi, Çapa Tıp Kitabevi, İstanbul, 2004
 Çalışan Kalpte Koroner Revaskülarizasyon, Kalp ve Damar Cerrahisi, Çapa Tıp Kitabevi, İstanbul, 2004
 Ege T, Yüksel V. Minimal İnvaziv Kalp Cerrahisi, Kalp ve Damar Cerrahisi, Çapa Tıp Kitabevi, İstanbul, 2004
 Papers published in national journals  (selection 10 / 124)
 Çıkırıkçıoğlu M, Sunar H, Ege T, Canbaz S, Edis M, Özalp B, Duran E. İzole radial ya da ulnar arter yaralanmalarına yaklaşımda cerrahi ikilem: Tamir-  ligasyon. Damar Cerrahisi Dergisi 2002; 11: 122-8.
 Us MH, Pekediz A, Süngün M, İnan K, Çağlı K, Yıldırım Ş, Duran E, Öztürk ÖY. İnternal torasik arterin hazırlanmasında vazodilator ilaçlar gerçekten gerekli mi? Türk Göğüs Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Dergisi 2003; 11: 5-8.
 Ege T, Canbaz S, Us MH, Sunar H, Çıkırıkçıoğlu M, Arar C, Yüksel V, Duran E. Kalp cerrahisi ve akut respiratuar distress sendromu. Haydarpaşa Kardiyoloji ve Kardiyovasküler Cerrahi Bülteni 2003; 11: 18-24.
 Ege T, Canbaz S, Çıkırıkçıoğlu M, Arar C, Edis M, Duran E. Kalp Cerrahisinde Ameliyat Öncesi Solunum Fonksiyon Testlerinin Önemi. Haydarpaşa Kardiyoloji ve Kardiyovasküler Cerrahi Bülteni 2003; 11:66-75
 Ege T, Canbaz S, Us MH, Çıkırıkçıoğlu M, Arar C, Edis M, Duran E. Açık Kalp Cerrahisinde Ameliyat Öncesi Heparin Kullanımının Ameliyat Sonrası Drenaja Etkisi. Haydarpaşa Kardiyoloji ve Kardiyovasküler Cerrahi Bülteni 2003; 11:90-96
 Canbaz S, Ege T, Halıcı Ü, Duran E. Raynaud Fenomeni. Türkiye Klinikleri Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Dergisi 2004; 5:49-58
 Taşkıran A, Eskiocak S, Ege T, Duran E, Gülen Ş. Koroner Bypass Operasyonlarında Miyokard Doku Hasarının ve Oksidan Stresin Araştırılması. Türk Biyokimya Dergisi 2004; 29:193-198
 Taşkıran A, Eskiocak S, Çıkırkçıoğlu M, Ege T, Duran E. Koroner Arter Bypass Cerrahisi Öncesindeki Plazma Total Antioksidan Kapasite Düzeylerinin İskemi-Reperfüzyon Hasarı ile İlişkisi. Trakya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2005; 22:16-22
 Edis M, Ege T, Duran E. Venöz Cut-down Komplikasyonu: Bir Olguda Ven İçinde Kalan Kateterin Migrasyonu. Trakya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2005; 22:102-105
 Duran E, Sunar H, Ege T, Canbaz S, Çıkırıkçıoğlu M, Arar C, Halıcı Ü, Çakır H. Off-pump Koroner Bypass Sonuçlarının Değerlendirilmesi: Edirne Deneyimi. Trakya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2006; 23:4-8
 Arar C, Çolak A, Alagöl A, Ege T, Duran E, Pamukçu Z. Kardiyopulmoner Baypas Sırasında Kalp Akciğer Pompasına Sevofluran Eklenmesinin Analjezik Tüketimi ve Derlenme Üzerine Etkisi. Göğüs Kalp Damar Anestezi ve Yoğun Bakım Derneği Dergisi 2006; 12:113-118
 Papers published in national symposium and conference proceedings (selection 5 / 125).
 Yüksel V, Ege T, Canbaz S, Süngün M, Çakır H, Kocailik A, Duran E. Açık Kalp Cerrahisi Sonrası Önemli Bir Komplikasyon: Acil Reoperasyon. Türk Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Derneği 9. Ulusal Kongresi, 1-5 Kasım 2006, Antalya
 Ege T, Arar C, Çolak A, Çakır H, Duran E. Çalışan Kalpte Mitral Kapak Replasmanı Rutin Olarak Uygulanabilir mi? XXII. Ulusal Kardiyoloji Kongresi, 24-28 Kasım 2006, ANTALYA
 Ege T, Canbaz S, Gurkan S, Ketencıler S, Sungun M, Duran E. Our Experiences in the Heart and Great Vessel Injuries. 3rd Annual Congress on Update in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery. Nov 28- Dec 02, 2007, Antalya, Turkey,
 Gurkan S, Ege T, Ketencıler S, Unal S, Canbaz S, Duran E. Peripheric Vascular Injuries. 3rd Annual Congress on Update in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery. Nov 28- Dec 02, 2007, Antalya, Turkey
 Ege T, Gurkan S, Canbaz S, Huseyın S, Ketencıler S, Duran E. Our Clinical Experiences in Aneurysm Cases. 3rd Annual Congress on Update in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery. Nov 28- Dec 02, 2007, Antalya, Turkey
 Papers published in international journals (selection 6 / 46).
 Ege T, Eskiocak S, Edis M, Duran E. "The Role of N-Acetylcysteine in Lower Extremity Ischemia/Reperfusion." J Cardiovasc Surg 2006;47:563-8
 Arar C, Colak A, Alagöl A, Uzer SS, Ege T, Turan N, Duran E, Pamukcu Z. "The Use of Esmolol and Magnesium to prevent Haemodynamic Responses to Extubation After Coronary Artery Grafting." Eur J Anaesthesiol 2007;24:826-83
 Gurkan S, Sunar H, Canbaz S, Duran E. "Late manifestation of a pseudoaneurysm in the descending thoracic aorta." Vasa 2006;35:112-4.
 Gur O, Canbaz S, Halıcı U, Duran E. "A splenic injury due to ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm." J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2007;48:528
 Gur O, Canbaz S, Karaca OG, Duran E. "Iatrogenic femoral arterio-venous fistula and pseudoaneurysm following catheter insertion for hemodialysis." J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2007;48:257-8.
 Papers published in international symposium and conference proceedings (selection 8 / 32).
 Kayapınar R, Sunar H, Yalçın Ö, Kunduracılar H, Çıkırıkçıoğlu M, Halıcı Ü, Duran E. The role of activated monocytes in the healing of ischemic myocardium. The European Society for Cardiovascular Surgery 52nd International Congress; November 7–10, 2003, Istanbul, Turkey.
 Sunar H, Ege T, Canbaz S, Çıkırıkçıoğlu M, Halıcı Ü, Edis M, Duran E. Insitu saphenous bypass in the treatment of infrainguinal prosthetic graft infection. The European Society for Cardiovascular Surgery 52nd International Congress; November 7–10, 2003, Istanbul, Turkey.
 Ege T, Us MH, Sungun M, Yuksel V, Duran E. Cytokine Response in Lower Extremity Ischemia/Reperfusion. The 12th Annual Meeting of the Asian Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, April 2004, İstanbul, Turkey
 Ege T, Duran E, Yuksel V, Cakır H. An Important Factor in Etiology of Deep Venous Thrombosis: Malignancy. The 12th Annual Meeting of the Asian Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, April 2004, İstanbul, Turkey
 Ege T, Arar C, Canbaz S, Cıkırıkcıoglu M, Sunar H, Yuksel V, Duran E. The Importance of Aprotinin and Pentoxifylline in Preventing the Leucocyte Sequestration and Lung İnjury Caused By Protamine at the End of Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery. The 12th Annual Meeting of the Asian Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, April 2004, İstanbul, Turkey
 Ege T, Canbaz S, Cıkırıkcıoglu M, Arar C, Edis M, Duran E. Importance of Preoperative Pulmonary Function Test in Cardiac Surgery. The 12th Annual Meeting of the Asian Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, April 2004, İstanbul, Turkey
 Sunar H, Ege T, Canbaz S, Okten O, Halıcı U, Acıpayam M, Karaca OG, Gur O, Duran E. Radial Artery Transposition for Difficult arteriovenous Access. The European Society for Cardiovascular Surgery 54th International Congress, May 2005, Athens, Greece
 Ege T, Halıcı U, Canbaz S, Yuksel V, Edis M, Cıkırıkcıoglu M, Duran E. Analysis of Etiologic Factors in Deep Venous Thrombosis. The European Society for Cardiovascular Surgery 54th International Congress, May 2005, Athens, Greece

Awards
Duran has received a number of certificates, plates and plaques from national and international organizations, including:
ALBANIA:
Certification  of Participation in First International Conference on Balkan Studies for presenting his study and contributing the studies forming a Balkan Association in the future.
BULGARIA:
An original brick from "Sv. Konstantin and Elena" Church built in Edirne in 1869. The brick from the wall of the church given by the Government of Bulgaria as symbol of  his contributions in protecting historical works and cultural relations between Turkey and Bulgaria.
Honorary Degree Doctor Honoris Causa of University of Food Technologies, Plovdiv/Bulgaria (28 September 2009).
 Dr. Honoris Causa of the Sofia University (2012)
GREECE
Parnassos Award (Golden Plate, Golden Badge, and the Certificate) of Parnassos Philological Society given by Karolos Papoulias - the former President of Greece, Athens, Greece (17 April 2008)
 The title of Peace Ambassador; the awards of  Diploma and Diplomatic Passport by Balkan Political Form, Athens, Greece (23 November 2010)
KOSOVO:
Certification of Appreciation for his contributions as medicine specialist of thoracic-cardiovascular surgery by Prof. Dr. Davut Mustafa the director of the Hospital in Prizren, Kosovo.
MACEDONIA:
Professor Honoris Causa of  Bitola St. Kliment Ohridski University, Bitola, Macedonia (6 December 2010)
TURKEY:
Duran was awarded by director of Turkish Organization Dilek Sabanci to thank him for his contributions. He was given a plaque for his contributions in 14.Spring Festivals of University of Mugla by the rector Prof. Dr. Sener Oktık.
Duran awarded by rector Prof. Dr. Mustafa Aykaç for his great efforts in establishing of University of Kırklareli in September 2008. He was given a plaque for his success and contributions during the presidency of inter-university Council of Turkey in 2006–2007 Academic Year by Prof. Dr. Mustafa Akaydin, the next president.
The president of "GERCEK" Culture, Art and Sports Association Dr. Zeynel Abidin Ustaıbo awarded Duran for his contributions in May 2007.
Awarded "2007 Man of the Year" by Southeastern Europe Journalists Society in 2007.
He was given a Gratitude Plaque for his contributions to Rotary Club and society by Edirne Rotary Club in 2007–2008 Term. He was awarded for showing sensitivity to the works done by Prime Ministry Social Services Society for the protection of children.
Awarded for contributions and giving great efforts to the international project called "Brothers Meeting at the Border" that is about peace, friendship and understanding in 2008. The award is given by Rotary Club Rtc. Ceren Ayözger.
Plate for his contributions to International Meeting "Legal Education in International Arena and Introduction to Profession of Law" by the president of Turkish Bar Association, Lawyer Ozdemir Ozok and the president of Edirne Bar Association in May 2008.

External links
 Vita of Rector Enver Duran on the Webpage of the Trakya University
 Erasmus Partner Loerrach Germany
 Trakya University Edirne
 Erasmuscontract Edirne-Loerrach
 Kirklareli University
 Namik Kemal University
 Stadt Edirne

Further reading
 Enver Duran Trakya Üniversitesi
 Süleyman Brina Ödülü Prof. Dr. Enver Duran'a Verildi
 Buch Hochschullehrer in der Türkei
 Enver and Mine Duran in Lörrach
 Enver Duran on Kosovohaber
 Enver Duran on Debpartisi
 Enver Duran on Sondakika
 Enver Duran Dr. h.c. Tetova University Makedonia

Literature
 Enver Duran: Challenges of Higher Education Institutions in the Balkans, III Balkan Universities Network Meeting, Trakya Universität Edirne Mai 2010,
 Manfred G. Raupp: ''Lörrach Symposium - Lörrach Sempozyumu, Trakya Universität Edirne Mai 2011,

References

1945 births
Living people
Turkish surgeons
Turkish medical researchers
People from Bursa
Academic staff of Trakya University
Rectors of universities and colleges in Turkey
Ankara University alumni

Enver Duran


Scutalus macedoi is a species of  tropical air-breathing land snail, a pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Bulimulidae.

Distribution

 Peru

This species was described from Capillacocha, 11°10'09'S 076°02'25'W, 4150 m, Junín Region, Peru.

Breure (2010) recorded it for the first time from the western slopes of the Cordillera Occidental near Laguna El Viuda, 11°21'45'S 076°38'23'W, 4450 m, Canta Province, Lima Region, Peru.

The material from Canta province has the upper whorls reddish-blue and the specimens are more slender than those shown in the original figure of Weyrauch. However, compared to paratypes (RMNH 55449/5), the shell shape is similar.

References
This article incorporates CC-BY-3.0 text from the reference

Bulimulidae
Gastropods described in 1967

Scutalus macedoi


Naparima Girls' High School is an all-girls high school in San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago. The school was founded in 1912 by Rev Dr. Fulton Coffin to complement the education offered to boys by Naparima College. It is located on La Pique Hill (part of San Fernando Hill) which overlooks San Fernando.

History
In 1912, the school opened with its first 22 pupils in a small classroom on Coffee Street, San Fernando with Miss Edith Doyle as the first Headmistress and the sole teacher. When Miss Doyle retired six months later, she was succeeded by Miss Marion Outhit M.A., a graduate of Dalhousie University.

In 1914, With the school's popularity growing, a small dormitory was created in an existing structure on Coffee Street to house ten girls with Miss Mary John becoming the first matron.

In 1916, Miss Outhit was succeeded in 1916, by Miss Grace Beattie, an Arts graduate of the University of Toronto and a deaconess of the Presbyterian Church. Miss Beattie's vision for the school was one of holistic education, aiming to build sound character through all-round development.

1925 - Planted the now iconic tamarind tree. It was in 1925, that NGHS attained the official status of Secondary School and the first Senior Cambridge class consisting of two students sat the external examination.

Motto and Hymn

The school's motto is Non-nobis solum sed Omnibus which is Latin for Not for ourselves only but for Others.

In keeping with these words to live by, all students are required to complete forty hours of community service during the first four years (forms 1–4) of their secondary education at the school. After these compulsory hours, students are free to add more.

The school hymn is Youth Undaunted.

Principals
 Miss Edith Doyle (1912 – 1913)
 Miss Marion Outhit (1913 – 1916)
 Miss Grace Beattie (1916 -1917)
 Miss Adella Archibald (1917 -1927)
 Miss Constance Young (1927 – 1928)
 Miss Grace Beattie (1939 – 1950)
 Miss Margaret Scrimgeour (1950 – 1964)
 Miss Beulah Meghu (1964 – 1984) [First Trinidadian Principal]
 Mrs. Mavis Lee Wah (1984 – 1986)
 Mrs. Jean Bahadur (1984 – 2000)
 Mrs. Patricia Ramgoolam (2000 – 2012)
 Mrs. Carolyn Bally-Gosine (2012 – 2020)
 Mrs. Karen Bally (2020- present)

The years 1928 to 1939 saw four changes of Acting Principal: Mrs. Irene Thompson-Kerster in 1928, Miss Margaret Scrimgeour in 1930, Mrs. Maude Howell-Dales in 1932 and Miss Bessie Bentley in 1936.

House system
The students are placed into five teams called 'houses'. The houses compete against each other in sporting, arts and cultural activities. All houses vie for the title "Best House" which is named at the end of every school year. Houses gain points and merits which are totalled, the highest scoring house receives the award. Each house was named after a prominent female figure and also assigned a colour. The houses and their colours are:
 Archibald – blue (Adella Archibald)
 Cavell – green (Edith Cavell)
 Curie – red (Marie Curie)
 Keller – yellow (Helen Keller)
 Scrimgeour – purple (Margaret Scrimgeour)

Entrance
Entry into the institution is done after writing the Secondary Entrance Assessment.

Notable alumni
 Dionne Brand – author of At the Full and Change of the Moon
 Dr. Jean Ramjohn-Richards – former First Lady of Trinidad and Tobago.
 Gillian Lucky, politician and lawyer
 Dr. Anna Mahase CMT – former Principal of SAGHS Teaching Service Commissioner
 Shakuntala Haraksingh Thilsted - Winner of the 2021 World Food Prize

See also
 Naparima College
 Hillview College
 Iere High School
 List of schools in Trinidad and Tobago

References

External links

San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago
Presbyterian schools in Trinidad and Tobago
Girls' schools in Trinidad and Tobago
Educational institutions established in 1912
1912 establishments in Trinidad and Tobago

Naparima Girls' High School


The Alfred E. Smith House is a historic rowhouse at 25 Oliver Street in the Two Bridges section of Lower Manhattan.  Probably built in the late 19th century, it was the home of four-time governor of New York State and 1928 Democratic presidential candidate Alfred E. Smith (1873-1944). Smith lived here from 1907 to 1923.  The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965.

Description and history
The Alfred E. Smith House is an architecturally undistinguished three-story brick rowhouse, located on the west side of Oliver Street in Lower Manhattan, across the street from the Alfred E. Smith Elementary School.  The building is three bays wide and crowned by a modillioned cornice.  Its entrance is in the right bay, topped by a transom window and corniced entablature.  The interior retains a number of original period Victorian features, including tile floors and a stairway newel post, but also has alterations that were probably made during the period of Alfred E. Smith's occupancy, including the provision of glass-windowed doors between the main hall and front parlor.  Based on stylisting evidence, the house was probably built between 1870 and 1890.

Al Smith occupied this house, which he leased from the nearby St. James Church, from 1907 until 1923.  His biographers describe this period as important in forming his political views and philosophy, which propelled him into the New York governorship beginning in 1919, and to is ultimately unsuccessful run for United States President in the 1928 election.  Smith's rise on the national stage marked a trend away from rural or small-town figures in national politics, and toward figures with more urban experiences.  He was ultimately hampered in his success on the national stage by his Roman Catholicism, and by a decade of post-World War I prosperity which had largely been overseen by Republican administrations.

After Smith moved out of this building in 1923, it housed an undertaker until 1930.  It was still owned by St. James Church, and occupied by a single tenant since 1930, at the time of its National Historic Landmark designation in 1972.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan below 14th Street
List of National Historic Landmarks in New York City

References

National Historic Landmarks in Manhattan
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan
Houses completed in 1890
Chinatown, Manhattan

Alfred E. Smith House


O2TV (stylized as O!2) is a Russian independent TV channel, the target audience of which are young people between 16 and 35, who, as the 2006 presentation reads, would constitute an influential portion of the electorate in the Russian legislative and presidential elections.

The O2TV audience exceeds 17 million people and adds another million every month. The channel is broadcast in over 300 Russian cities, as well as in cities of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).

History
In 2006 the channel, which had already existed for 2 years by broadcasting music, was transformed into and rebranded as socially political. At that time, it had a 'reach' of only 17 million people, including 1.3 million Moscowites. According to the President of the channel Vasily Lavrov, "We had the aim to create an independent media resource, and we did it."

The title 'O2TV' was derived from the chemical designation for an oxygen molecule, O2. A popular brand on the channel — "oxygenic television", worked on the similarity of the Russian slang taboo adjective which means "perfect, great".

Positioning
O2TV is positioned as "one of the first TV projects which aren't devoted to housewives". Instead, it's "television for youth, those who are little interested in the traditional TV stuff, those who live a full life". The major principle of the channel is live communication with the viewers. O2TV doesn't buy any content, but produces its own.

According to Vasily Lavrov, "O2TV is antitelevision in the sense, what's the today TV in our country. We are against bubblegum music, platitude, beavisbuttheads, petrosyans, serdyuchkas and the total seamy side of traditional TV. Our task is to form a sound world-view of young people, but not to copy the consciousness of a dumb western inhabitant. In our country clever, talented people live who should recognize themselves on the TV screen."

References

External links

O2TV web-site (in Russian)
O2TV online broadcast

Television companies of Russia
Russian-language television stations in Russia
Companies based in Moscow
Television channels and stations established in 2006
2006 establishments in Russia

O2TV


Pestilence is a word that is used for any highly infectious disease that can cause an epidemic or even a pandemic. It is commonly used for parasites too, but only when they cause large scale sickness or death, such as the Guinea worm.

The word meant the disease plague, which is called pestis in Latin.
It was used for the Black Death as well, an epidemic of the 14th century that killed Millions of people in Europe.

Related pages
Disease
Epidemic
Pandemic
List of historical plagues

Other websites
Article in International Herald Tribune 22 March 2006, describing Guinea worm as a pestilence  (Linked 23 April 2006)

Infectious diseases

Pestilence


The Mixteca Region is a region in the state o Oaxaca, Mexico, pairt o the broader La Mixteca aurie which covers pairts o the states o Puebla, Guerrero an Oaxaca.
The region includes the destricts o Juxtlahuaca, Silacayoapam, Huajuapan, Coixtlahuaca, Teposcolula, Tlaxiaco an Nochixtlán. The lairgest ceeties are Huajuapan an Tlaxiaco.
Accordin tae the 1990 census the region haed 556,256 fowk ower the age o five, o whilk 227,680 spoke Mixteco.

Handicrafts
The Mixteca produce diverse handicrafts includin tasses, masks, cotton an oo textiles like touels, blankets, blouses, bags, belts, juips, floorisht sarks, cotton an oo shawls, reed baskets, pleinishin, candles, ceramics o different clays for different purposes, saidlery, rockets, knives, iron, grindin stanes, brooms an fine palm hats. Weemen mak the textiles an piggery in their free time.
Men are involvit in birnewin wirk, wricht wirk, cutlery an harnish makkin, wirkin at hame.
Childer begin tae learn craft wirk aboot sax year.
Acause o its importance in the regional economy, the craftsmanship o palm products desers a special reference.
Palms are uised tae mak hats, mats, spleuchan, toys, besoms, handbags an the like.

Social Organisation
The Mixtec faimily is basically nuclear an patrilineal, tho migration haes influencit the faimily structur as men aften spend lang periods awa frae hame.
Municipal authorities serve for the ae year.
Judicial offices are held bi the trustees an mayors, wha ser as prosecutors an judges.
Fermlands are organisit intae ejidos an municipal properties, an smahaulders hae autonomy athin thir properties.
The Cooncil o Elders is important in some veelages, tho in ithers it haes practically disappeared.

See an aw
Achiutla Pre-Columbie spiritual an cultural centre.

References

Regions o Oaxaca

Mixteca Region


Monica Melanie Storrs (February 12, 1888 – December 14, 1967) was a British-born Canadian pioneer and Anglican missionary.

She was born at St Peter's Vicarage, Grosvenor Gardens, in the City of Westminster, London to John Storrs and Lucy  Cust. Her elder brother was Ronald Storrs.

Monica, at two years of age, developed a medical condition which left her unable to walk for ten years. Not physically capable of attending school during this time, her parents educated her themselves. She was later educated at Francis Holland School and St Christopher's College, Blackheath, London.

After her parents died, Storrs, although educated for upper-class English life, arrived in Fort St John, British Columbia in October 1929 as the Great Depression began. She was the first missionary to teach Sunday school and take regular Christian services. The group of women, the Companions of the Peace, were funded by the Fellowship of the Maple Leaf (which still promotes links between churches in Canada and the United Kingdom.)

Although only intending to work for one year, she stayed as missionary for more than 21 years in Peace River Country, British Columbia. She was nicknamed 'God's Galloping Girl' for her marathon rides in all weathers and over rough terrain, to visit remote farm families and promote their welfare. "...we had another mile across stubble fields and between hundreds of ghostly stooks. Once I charged straight upon a barbed wire fence, and was nearly impaled..."

Storrs and the other workers were all women, and sometimes regarded as feminist pioneers. Their pioneer chapel is preserved at Fort St John as part of the North Peace Museum, where it has been restored.

She left Peace Country in 1950 to return to England, where she lived at Peacewood, Farther Common, Liss, Hampshire. She continued her work until 1967, when she had a stroke and died.

References

1888 births
1967 deaths
Settlers of Canada
Missionary educators
English Anglican missionaries
Anglican missionaries in Canada
Female Christian missionaries
People from Westminster
British expatriates in Canada

Monica Storrs


Donald Phinney Gregg (born December 5, 1927) is a retired American politician, CIA employee, and U.S. Ambassador to South Korea. Gregg worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for 31 years, from 1951 to 1982. He was a National Security Council advisor (1979–1982) and National Security Advisor to U.S. Vice President George H. W. Bush (1982–1989), United States Ambassador to Korea (1989–1993), and the chairman of the board of The Korea Society (until 2009), where he called for greater engagement with North Korea.

Background and family life
After graduating from high school, Gregg enlisted in the military in 1945 and received training as a cryptanalyst, but did not finish in time to be posted overseas. He then attended Williams College, in Williamstown, Massachusetts, from 1947 to 1951, majoring in philosophy. Here he was recruited by the CIA.

Gregg's father was Abel J. Gregg of Washington, the national secretary of boys' work of the Young Men's Christian Association. His wife was Margaret Curry. Their daughter Lucy Steuart Gregg married the writer Christopher Buckley, the son of conservative journalist and author William F. Buckley Jr. His nephew is podcasting pioneer and former MTV VJ Adam Curry.

Career
Gregg joined the Central Intelligence Agency in 1951. He served in Japan from 1964 to 1973. Gregg served as CIA station chief in South Korea from 1973 to 1975, an assignment he personally requested. During this time Gregg's personal complaint to the head of the presidential protective force about the Korean National Intelligence Service's involvement in the death by torture of a dissident U.S.-trained professor led to its chief, Lee Hu-rak, being replaced, and his successor enacting a prohibition on torture. Gregg, noting that his boss, Ted Shackley, had warned him against such interference, later described this as "one of the best things I did as a CIA officer".

From 1975 to 1980, Gregg served at the CIA's headquarters and in Washington, D.C.; his responsibilities included responding to the "Pike Committee" investigating the CIA. In 1979 Gregg, his career in the CIA stalled by Stansfield Turner's new regime, took a post in the United States National Security Council (NSC) as Asia policy and intelligence matters specialist. He remained there during the transition from the Carter administration to the Reagan administration, and became Director of the NSC's Intelligence Directorate in 1981. He was appointed National Security Advisor to Vice President George H. W. Bush in August 1982, resigning from the CIA at this time. He remained National Security Advisor for the remainder of the Reagan administration.

Maxwell School at Syracuse University
Gregg, while at the Korea Society during President George W. Bush's administration, helped establish a program "of bringing North Koreans for information technology training and other issues" to Maxwell. Following a North Korean nuclear agreement with the United States in February 2012, North Korea's vice foreign minister and envoy to nuclear disarmament negotiations Ri Yong Ho reportedly planned to attend a forum at Maxwell. Gregg also appeared on PBS News Hour to discuss the agreement with Balbina Hwang, visiting professor at Georgetown University and a Korea specialist at the State Department during the last Bush administration.

In September 2009, Gregg retired to the role of chairman emeritus of The Korea Society and was replaced as chairman by Thomas C. Hubbard. In 2014, Gregg published Pot Shards: Fragments of a Life Lived in CIA, the White House, and the Two Koreas , a memoir.

Awards
 National Intelligence Distinguished Service Medal
 Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service
 Honorary PhD in international relations from Sogang University
 Secretary of Defense Medal for Outstanding Public Service (2001)

References

External links

Interview with AsiaSource, January 22, 2006.
Frontline interview, PBS, February 20, 2003.
Transcript of testimony before the Committee on Foreign Relations of the US Senate, February 4, 2003.
PBS NewsHour interview, PBS, December 19, 1997.
 : July 5, 2006 (26 m.); January 6, 2003 (10 m.).

1927 births
Ambassadors of the United States to South Korea
Buckley family
Living people
People of the Central Intelligence Agency
Williams College alumni
Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs

Donald P. Gregg