Aurornis is a genus of  dinobird from later Jurassic or the Lower Cretaceous. It lived in what is now China. Aurornis xui may be the most basal ("primitive") bird species known to date. Aurornis was discovered in 2013. The animal may predate the famous Archaeopteryx lithographica, the earliest bird, by about 10 million years.

Description
Aurornis was described from a sedimentary rock fossil in 2013. The fossil was purchased from a local dealer who said it had been unearthed in Yaoluguo in western Liaoning, China. At first, analysis confirmed it came from the Tiaojishan Formation, which has been dated to the late Jurassic period, about 160 million years ago. The fossil features traces of downy feathers along the animal's tail, chest, and neck. It was only partly prepared at the time of purchase; the feathers were not showing, and the fossil bore no signs of forgery.

Later doubts
On 7th June 2013 Science (journal) said that Pascal Godefroit, the paleontologist who led the team that described Aurornis, is uncertain if the fossil material came from Liaoning province''s 160-million-year-old Tiaojishan Formation as claimed by the fossil dealer. It may be from the province''s 125-million-year-old Yixian Formation, which is known to have produced several ancient bird fossils.  The failure to secure rigorous provenance casts doubt on the claim that Aurornis is 160 million years old and predates Archaeopteryx. Godefroit's team will try to confirm the specimen''s age by mineralogical and botanical analysis on the shale slab.

Aurornis was roughly the size of a modern pheasant –  in length from beak to tail tip. It had claws and a long tail. Its leg bones are similar to those of Archaeopteryx, but overall its bone structure is more primitive. The absence of larger feathers suggests A. xui was unable to fly. If Aurornis lived roughly 160 million years ago, this is about ten million years before Archaeopteryx, which often has been described as the first bird.

Classification
A phylogenetic analysis of Aurornis published in 2013 found that it belongs in the bird lineage, in a more basal position than Archaeopteryx. The analysis was based on "almost 1,500 [anatomical] characteristics."

The classification of A. xui as a bird is somewhat contentious, however, due to the various differing definitions of the word "bird". Recent discoveries "[emphasize] how grey the dividing line is between birds and [non-avian] dinosaurs", says Paul Barrett of the Natural History Museum, in London. "There's such a gradation in features between them that it's very difficult to tell them apart ... [Aurornis xui] is certainly an older member of the bird lineage than Archaeopteryx, and it's fair to call it a very primitive bird. But what you call a bird comes down to what you call a bird, and a lot of definitions depend on Archaeopteryx." Bird evolution specialist Lawrence Witmer called the new analysis compelling, but said it remains difficult to distinguish birds from birdlike dinosaurs: "All of these little feathered species running and flapping around ... were all very similar."

American paleontologist Luis Chiappe said that A. xui's forelimb is too short to be a true bird. It "is very birdlike, but it is not yet a bird," he concluded.

References

Dinosaurs of Asia
Jurassic dinosaurs
Saurischia
Feathered dinosaurs

Aurornis


Breiter Graben is a canal in Landkreis Görlitz, Saxony, Germany. It is also known as Flutgraben and runs between the north-western edge of the lignite open-cast mine Nochten and the village of Mulkwitz where it joins the river Struga, a tributary of the river Spree. On its course, it passes north of the village Mühlrose. Its acidic, iron-rich water, originating from an open-cast mine, heavily pollutes Struga river.

References

Bodies of water of Saxony
Görlitz (district)

Breiter Graben


A Banda das Velhas Virgens is a 1979 Brazilian film by Amácio Mazzaropi.

In this movie, the character key, called 'Gostoso', is responsible for a band formed by older women and religious women. Everything goes well until the farmer is expelled, along with the family of their land. He restarts his life in the capital, collecting scrap, and becomes the main suspect of a theft.

Notes

1979 films
Brazilian comedy films
1970s Portuguese-language films
1979 comedy films

A Banda das Velhas Virgens


The name Erin [ er-in ] is an Irish and English female name. It comes from the ancient name for Ireland. Erin is a name that has been utilized for both male and female individuals, although it is more frequently assigned to females. The name has its origins in Ireland and is derived from the Gaelic term "Éirinn," which means "Ireland." Erin has been in use for centuries and has a profound historical and cultural significance. The name first became popular around the United States. Erin is one of the twenty most-often used female names in Wales. There are many famous people with this name. It is being used on Atlantic tropical cyclones.

People
 Erin Joyce Brady, an American model, actress and pageant winner from Connecticut
 Erin Brockovich, environmental activist from the United States

References

Given names

Erin


The kilocalorie per mole is a unit to measure an amount of energy per number of molecules, atoms, or other similar particles.  It is defined as one kilocalorie of energy (1000 thermochemical gram calories) per one mole of substance.  The unit symbol is written kcal/mol or kcal⋅mol−1. As typically measured, one kcal/mol represents a temperature increase of one degree Celsius in one liter of water (with a mass of 1 kg) resulting from the reaction of one mole of reagents.

In SI units, one kilocalorie per mole is equal to 4.184 kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol), which comes to approximately  joules per molecule, or about 0.043 eV per molecule. At room temperature (25 °C, 77 °F, or 298.15 K) it is approximately equal to 1.688 units in the kT term of Boltzmann's equation.

Even though it is not an SI unit, the kilocalorie per mole is still widely used in chemistry and biology for thermodynamical quantities such as thermodynamic free energy, heat of vaporization, heat of fusion and ionization energy. This is due to a variety of factors, including the ease with which it can be calculated based on the units of measure typically employed in quantifying a chemical reaction, especially in aqueous solution. In addition, for many important biological processes, thermodynamic changes are on a convenient order of magnitude when expressed in kcal/mol. For example, for the reaction of glucose with ATP to form glucose-6-phosphate and ADP, the free energy of reaction is −4.0 kcal/mol using the pH = 7 standard state.

References

Energy (physics)
Thermodynamics
Heat transfer
Units of chemical measurement

Kilocalorie per mole


The Gorgon is a 1964 British horror film directed by Terence Fisher for Hammer Films. It stars Christopher Lee, Peter Cushing, Richard Pasco and Barbara Shelley.

Plot
Germany 1910: The village of Vandorf has suffered seven horrific murders in five years. In each case, the unfortunate victim has been turned to stone.

In the old millhouse on the edge of the forest, Sascha Cass tells her artist boyfriend Bruno Heitz she is carrying his child. Wanting to stand up to his obligations, Bruno races off into the night to see Sascha's father despite her pleas for him not to go. She races after him, but soon loses him in the dark forest. There, amongst the dark shadows, something catches her attention. She looks into the face of something hideous and screams. Raising her head once more, she looks upon the horror and screams again before dying. Upon examination of the body, Dr. Namaroff, a local brain specialist at the Vandorf Medical Institution, discovers the body has turned to stone. Suspicion immediately falls onto Bruno, who is missing, but he is found hanged in the forest by a police search party. An incompetent inquest decides it is a case of murder and suicide and Dr. Namaroff doesn't reveal the condition of Cass' corpse.

The villagers, feeling robbed of any vengeance, attack Bruno's father, Professor Jules Heitz. The local Police warn the Professor to leave the village, but he refuses to go until his son's name is cleared. He seeks help from Dr. Namaroff. Heitz knows that a conspiracy of silence has been set up and that the villagers do not believe the true cause. Professor Heitz believes the murders are the result of something unhuman and hideous from Ancient Mythology. Its spirit haunts the Castle Borski; its name is Megeara, a Gorgon, a creature whose horrible face can turn human skin to stone. On hearing Hertz's belief, Namaroff immediately terminates their discussion.

Professor Heitz contacts his good friend Professor Meister of Leipzig University, who is also his son Paul's tutor. Paul immediately leaves to see his father. That night, Professor Heitz is drawn to Borski Castle by a strange calling sound. There, amongst the shadows, he looks upon something horrible; the face of Megeara the Gorgon. He manages to stagger back to the millhouse, and there, whilst slowly turning to stone, outlines a letter to his son Paul telling him of the horror that haunts Vandorf. His final words 'I am turning to stone.' Paul arrives, and learning the sad news of his father's death, goes to see  Namaroff. He is rudely dismissed when he asks if there is any link with the supernatural his father wrote of in his dying letter. Paul does however gain sympathy from Professor Namaroff's beautiful assistant Carla Hoffman, who visits him at the old millhouse and secretly reads the letter Professor Heitz had written. Later, she recites what she can remember of the letter to Namaroff at the Institution. They are interrupted by Ratoff, the warden who reports that Martha, a violent inmate, has escaped. Namaroff reveals to Carla that the spirit of Megeara the Gorgon does exist and occasionally takes over the body of an unfortunate human being.

That night, Paul is drawn outside the millhouse by a strange sound and there glimpses the horror of the Gorgon's reflection in the garden pool. He wakes five days later in the Medical Institution, aged by ten years. Determined to destroy the creature, Paul returns to the millhouse. Namaroff has Carla followed by Ratoff. That night, there is a full moon. Under the full moon, Paul visits the graveyard and exhumes his father's body and discovers it is solid stone. Carla silently watches him from the shadows. Emerging from her hiding place, she confides to Paul that Namaroff is in love with her and she is terrified of him. Paul tells Carla that he will take her away with him when the horror is ended. But Carla fears it will be too late by then.

Paul's tutor Professor Meister arrives at the millhouse to see him. Meanwhile, at the Medical Institution, Namaroff removes the brain from Martha, the dangerous inmate who died soon after recapture by Ratoff. Carla believed Martha to be the main suspect in the murders, but now she senses a far worse suspicion. Meister and Paul visit Inspector Kanof. They force him to tell them that Carla arrived in Vandorf as an amnesiac prior to the first murder.

Meeting in secret at Castle Borski early next morning, Carla tells Paul that she will go away with him to safety, but it must be now. He refuses and she runs off. Paul runs after her and is attacked by a waiting Ratoff, but Meister scares him off. Meister tells Paul he believes that Carla becomes an amnesiac during the full moon. It is during that period that the spirit of Megeara enters her body. Paul agrees with Carla that to leave now is the best thing, but she must leave immediately and he will follow later when the mystery is solved. Later that day Paul cables Leipzig where Carla is supposed to have arrived by train, but there is no sign of her.

That night he goes to Castle Borski as a full moon is rising. There midst the Castle ruins, Namaroff is waiting with a sword for the arrival of Carla. He attacks Paul and they fight. As the fight continues the Gorgon appears at the top of the Castle staircase. Namaroff seizes the chance and races forward to behead the creature, but he looks upon its face and is turned to stone. Paul is trapped as the creature advances on him and he sees her reflection in a mirror. Silently Professor Meister approaches from behind clutching Namaroff's sword. With a swift slash of the blade he beheads the creature - but it is too late to save Paul who is now dying. Slowly turning to stone, Paul looks upon the severed head of the Gorgon as its features change to that of his beloved Carla.

Cast

 Christopher Lee as Professor Karl Meister
 Peter Cushing as Dr. Namaroff
 Richard Pasco as Paul Heitz
 Barbara Shelley as Carla Hoffman
 Michael Goodliffe as Professor Jules Heitz
 Jack Watson as Ratoff
 Patrick Troughton as Inspector Kanof
 Prudence Hyman as Megaera
 Joyce Hemson as Martha
 Toni Gilpin as Sascha Cass
 Jeremy Longhurst as Bruno Heitz
 Joseph O'Conor as the Coroner
 Alister Williamson as Janus Cass
 Michael Peake as the Constable
 Redmond Phillips as Hans

Production
The Gorgon was based on a story submitted to Hammer by their Canadian fan, J. Llewellyn Divine. Director John Gilling and producer Anthony Nelson Keys expanded on Divine's outline, developing it into a screenplay. For the role of the monster, former ballerina Prudence Hyman was recruited because the monster was supposed to float gracefully like a wraith. Filming occurred at Bray Studios in Berkshire.

Release
The Gorgon was distributed in the United Kingdom by Columbia Pictures/BLC Films on October 18, 1964 where it was supported by The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb. It was released in the United States by Columbia Pictures on February 17, 1965 where it was also supported by The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb.

The Gorgon was released in the U.S. on Blu-ray by Mill Creek Entertainment in March 2018 as a double feature along with the Hammer movie, The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll. The title of the film is misspelled as "The Gorgan" on the spine.

Reception
Variety wrote, "Though written and directed on a leisurely note, 'The Gorgon' is a well-made, direct yarn that mainly gets its thrills through atmosphere. The period storyline is simple and predictable, but John Gilling has turned out a well-rounded piece and Terence Fisher's direction is restrained enough to avoid any unintentional yocks." The Monthly Film Bulletin found that the monster's appearance was "belated, vague and insufficiently spectacular. Still, it makes a change from vampires, and though the film has little genuine flair for atmosphere it is quite well acted by Richard Pasco and an appropriately blank-eyed, statuesque Barbara Shelley."

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 67% based on , with a weighted average rating of 6/10.

In other media
The Gorgon was adapted into a 17-page comics story by Scott Goodall, with art by Trevor Goring and Alberto Cuyas, which was told in two parts in the magazine The House of Hammer, issues #11 and 12, published in August 1977 and September 1977 by General Books Distribution (an imprint of Thorpe & Porter).

References

Sources

External links

The Gorgon at BFI Screenonline

1964 films
1964 horror films
1960s monster movies
British horror films
British monster movies
Films adapted into comics
Films directed by Terence Fisher
Films scored by James Bernard
Films set in 1910
Films set in castles
Films set in Germany
Films shot at Bray Studios
Gothic horror films
Hammer Film Productions horror films
1960s English-language films
1960s British films

The Gorgon


Thomas Marvin Hatley (April 3, 1905 – August 23, 1986), professionally known simply as Marvin Hatley, was an American film composer and musical director, best known for his work for the Hal Roach studio from 1929 until 1940.

Hatley wrote many of the musical cues appearing in the Our Gang, Laurel and Hardy, and Charley Chase films. His most memorable composition is "Dance of the Cuckoos" (also known as "Ku-Ku", or "The Cookoo Song"), which serves as Laurel and Hardy's theme song. He was also the "player piano" (performing off-screen) in The Music Box (1932). His work in Laurel and Hardy's films Way Out West and Block-Heads earned him nominations for the Academy Award for Best Original Score.

In 1939, Hatley was fired from the Roach studio. At the insistence of Stan Laurel, however, he did return to score one final Laurel & Hardy film, Saps at Sea. Hatley went on to become a lounge pianist, and often remarked that he earned more money in that career than during his days at the Roach studio.

Marvin Hatley was a native of Reed, Oklahoma. He died on August 23, 1986, in Hollywood, California.

Selected filmography
 I'll Sell My Life (1941)
 ''Uncle Joe (1941)

References

External links

On-line bio of Hatley

1905 births
1986 deaths
American film score composers
Hal Roach Studios filmmakers
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century American composers
Our Gang

Marvin Hatley


Ernest Kouwen-Hoven (1875–1940) came to the U.S at the age of 20 from the Netherlands. In 1908, his son, Jack, was born.  His daughter, Phylis, followed in 1910.  In 1915, the family arrived in Melbourne, Florida from California. He purchased land and platted it in 1916, thus founding Indialantic, Florida. The plat was later revised in 1919. In the same year, he began construction of his toll bridge across the Indian River. His original "Indialantic, Florida Land Sales" office, which was destroyed by fire in 1919, was built on Front Street in Melbourne.

During construction of his bridge he set up three sawmills throughout Brevard County. The first one was in Melbourne Village, the second in Merritt Island and the last one 5 miles west of Grant.  In 1921 his bridge was complete.

In the 1920s, Ernest, along with Charles Steward, Claud Edge, L. G. McDowell, F.C. Powell and Ernest Every created the Melbourne Golf Course and Country Club in 1920. It is now the Melbourne Municipal Golf Course. In 1925, the pre-historic body of a human, dubbed the "Melbourne Man", was found there. The site can be seen from the ball fields of the Florida Preparatory Academy.

In 1923, he built a grand home, Magnolia Manor. It was to be part of the Magnolia Park subdivision, but it never materialized. Parts of the original property have been replatted, including Magnolia Manor. This house was eventually purchased by a Robert Widrig. Mr. Widrig added 2 wings and called it the Lincoln Hotel. It ultimately failed and was revitalized as The Belcelona in 1957. The property was sold to the Florida Air Academy in 1961, which is now the Florida Preparatory Academy.

Ernest's wife dedicated the second bridge across the Indian River between Melbourne and Indialantic.

References

 Melbourne Bicentennial Book. Noreda B. McKemy and Elaine Murray Stone. Library of Congress 76-020298.
 Melbourne Beach and Indialantic. Frank J. Thomas. Tempus Publishing, Inc. 1999
 Melbourne and Eau Gallie. Karen Raley and Ann Raley Flott. Arcadia Publishing. 2002. .
 Brevard County Property Appraiser. Plat Book 6, Page 74. 1926 Magnolia Park
 Brevard County Property Appraiser. Plat Book 11, Page 78. 1956 Magnolia Manor
History of Florida

1875 births
1940 deaths
Dutch emigrants to the United States
Businesspeople from California
People from Melbourne, Florida

Ernest Kouwen-Hoven


Charles Neville (December 28, 1938 – April 26, 2018) was an American R&B and jazz musician  best known as part of The Neville Brothers. Known onstage as "Charlie the horn man", his saxophone playing helped earn the group a Grammy Award for best pop instrumental performance.

Early life
The second oldest of the four Neville brothers, Charles Neville was born in New Orleans on December 28, 1938, to Arthur Lanon Neville Sr. and Amelia (Landry) Neville and was raised in the Calliope housing project with his musical brothers, Art, Aaron, and Cyril. Their uncle, George "Big Chief Jolly" Landry, was lead singer of the Mardi Gras Indian group The Wild Tchoupitoulas. Charles left home when he was 15 to play saxophone with the Rabbit's Foot Minstrel Show. When back in New Orleans, he played in the house band at the Dew Drop Inn.

He served in the Navy from 1956 to 1958 and discovered the music scene on Beale Street while stationed in Memphis, Tennessee, later touring with B.B. King and Bobby (Blue) Bland.

Career
He joined the band of fellow New Orleanian Larry Williams, but his addiction to heroin landed him short jail terms for the shoplifting that sometimes supported his habit. He finally overcame his addictions in 1986. Beginning in 1963 he served three and a half years at Louisiana State Penitentiary at Angola for possession of marijuana. He practiced in the prison music room with other incarcerated New Orleans musicians, notably pianist James Booker and drummer James Black. Moving to New York City after release from prison, he explored modern jazz and toured with Johnnie Taylor, Clarence Carter, and O. V. Wright.

In 1976 he returned to New Orleans when his maternal uncle, George "Big Chief Jolly" Landry, called Charles and his brothers Art, Aaron, and Cyril together to record with his Mardi Gras Indian group, The Wild Tchoupitoulas. The blend of traditional and funk music on The Wild Tchoupitoulas album (1976) has made it an icon of New Orleans musical culture.

Shortly afterward, the four brothers formed The Neville Brothers, recording more than a dozen albums and building a worldwide following. For years they were the closing act on the main stage of the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival.

Charles's saxophone playing was especially notable on the title track of their best-selling album, Yellow Moon (1989), and helped earn the group its only Grammy, for best pop instrumental performance, for the album's, "Healing Chant".

He moved to rural Massachusetts in the 1990s with his wife, Kristin Neville, and children and continued to perform and record with family members and a wide variety of musicians for the rest of his life. His recordings include an album with the groups Diversity, with jazz and classical musicians, and Songcatchers, with Native American musicians.

Neville is interviewed on screen and appears in performance footage with the Neville Brothers in the 2005 documentary film Make It Funky!, which presents a history of New Orleans music and its influence on rhythm and blues, rock and roll, funk and jazz. In the film, the band performs "Fire on the Bayou" with guests Ivan and Ian Neville.

In 2008 he released his own album, reflecting his interests in Eastern spirituality, Safe in Buddha's Palm. He returned often to New Orleans, playing with his jazz combos at Snug Harbor and with his daughter, jazz and funk singer Charmaine Neville. He also performed with two of his sons, Talyn and Khalif, as the New England Nevilles. After 2012 he toured with Aaron Neville's solo band and appeared with him for Aaron's first performance at the French Quarter Festival in 2017. Charles's last Jazz Fest performance was with Dr. John in 2017.

He was scheduled to join in "The Neville Family Groove", a musical celebration of the Nevilles at  Tipitina's in November 2017, but was by then hospitalized with pancreatic cancer, from which he died on April 26, 2018, at the age of 79 years old.

Discography

 1990 Charles Neville & Diversity (Delta) Diversity
 1994 Dreaming in Color (A&M) Songcatchers
 2008 Safe in Buddha's Palm (CD Baby) Charles Neville

Further reading

References

External links

  Interview, with playlist and transcript

1938 births
2018 deaths
Jazz musicians from New Orleans
Rhythm and blues musicians from New Orleans
Neville family (show business)
Grammy Award winners
African-American musicians
American people who self-identify as being of Native American descent
The Neville Brothers members
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people

Charles Neville (musician)


The Man Who Hated Banks (full name The Man Who Hated Banks and other mysteries) is a collection of mystery stories by the British thriller writer Michael Gilbert, first published in 1997 by the American company Crippen & Landru.  As the back cover of the book tells us, it was "published in honour of the fiftieth anniversary of Michael Gilbert's first book." Gilbert, who was appointed CBE in 1980, was a founder-member of the British Crime Writers' Association. The Mystery Writers of America named him a Grand Master in 1988 and in 1990 he was presented Bouchercon's Lifetime Achievement Award. It has an Introduction by the author and contains 18 of his previously uncollected stories, all of them concerning characters who have figured in other novels and short stories. Seven of the stories feature Chief Inspector Hazlerigg; five Henry Bohun; three Detective Chief Inspector Mercer; and three Detective Inspector Petrella.

Stories in order
Introduction, page 7, by Michael Gilbert
Back in Five Years, page 11, told in the first person by Chief Inspector Hazlerigg
A Neat, Cold Killing, page 19, Chief Inspector Hazlerigg
Ticker Batson's Last Job, page 26, Chief Inspector Hazlerigg
Something Like Hard Work, page 33, Chief Inspector Hazlerigg
Balloons Will Be Released, page 39, Chief Inspector Hazlerigg
The Awkward Customer, page 49, Chief Inspector Hazlerigg
Follow the Leader, page 54, Chief Inspector Hazlerigg
After All These Years, page 59, Henry Bohun
Every Monday, A New Letter, page 63, Henry Bohun
An Appealing Pair of Legs, page 68, Henry Bohun, plus a role for Superintendent Hazlerigg
Money Is Honey, page 73 Henry Bohun, plus a mention of Superintendent Hazlerigg
The Craven Case, page 94, Henry Bohun
The Man at the Bottom, page 109, Detective Chief Inspector Mercer, plus a mention of Chief Superintendent Morrissey
The Man in the Middle, page 128, Detective Chief Inspector Mercer, plus a brief role for Chief Superintendent Morrissey
The Man at the Top, page 149, Detective Chief Inspector Mercer, plus an important role for Chief Superintendent Morrissey
The Terrible Mrs. Barker, page 168, Detective Inspector Petrella
Petrella's Holiday, page 182, Detective Inspector Petrella—Wilfred Wetherall, the protagonist of Fear to Tread, has a small but vital role
The Man Who Hated Banks, page 208, Detective Inspector Petrella

Notes

External links

1997 short story collections
Mystery short story collections
British short story collections
Short story collections by Michael Gilbert

The Man Who Hated Banks


The Sound of Jura () is a strait in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. It is one of the several Sounds of Scotland.

It is to the east of the island of Jura and to the west of Knapdale, part of a peninsula of the Scottish mainland. The Crinan Canal's west exit is also in the Sound of Jura. Lochs that lead to the sound include Loch Sween, and Loch Caolisport (Loch Killisport).

The north end is particularly treacherous, being filled with skerries, small islands, strong tidal currents and whirlpools. The Gulf of Corryvreckan, which contains a notorious whirlpool, the world's third largest, leads from the north of the sound.

The south end, in contrast, is much wider and more open; most of the small islands and reefs are close into shore. The ferries to Colonsay and Islay from the mainland skirt the southern end of the sound.

Most of Jura's small population lives on the east coast, overlooking the sound. Intermittently between 1946 and 1949, George Orwell lived in Barnhill, a farmhouse on the northeast of the island, when he completed his novel Nineteen Eighty-Four.

It is not to be confused with the Sound of Islay, which lies between Jura and Islay.

References

External links

Landforms of Argyll and Bute
Straits of Scotland
Jura, Scotland

Sound of Jura


The Crimson Flame is the 77th title of the Hardy Boys Mystery Stories, written by Franklin W. Dixon.  It was published by Wanderer Books in 1983.

Plot summary
The plot begins with Frank and Joe witnessing a westerner being attacked by a notorious jewel thief Oscar Tamm. The westerner reveals himself as Alfred McVay and as an avid jewel collector. Due to suspicious happenings at his ranch house in Arizona, he hires the Hardys for protection.

Upon reaching there the Hardys start to investigate the strange happenings and develop an immediate dislike of the foreman, Wat Perkins. They are also intrigued by a "mysterious rider" who seems to be sending messages to someone in the ranch house. They also grow suspicious of the butler Wilbur.

When a tornado strikes the ranch, the Crimson Flame, a priceless ruby gets stolen. McVay becomes morose and the Hardys, with a couple of clues, pursue the jewel thieves to Thailand. The rest of the plot follows how the boys help capture the crooks and eventually, how the lost ruby is found.

Notes
In Chapter 1, it is revealed that Frank and Joe have their full detective credentials, and are professional detectives.

The Hardy Boys books
1982 American novels
1982 children's books
Novels set in Arizona
Novels set in Thailand
Children's books set in Arizona
Children's books set in Thailand

The Crimson Flame


The Connecticut Lottery Corporation, also called the CT Lottery, is the official lottery in Connecticut. It was created in 1971 by then-Gov. Thomas Meskill, who signed Public Act No. 865. The first tickets were sold on February 15, 1972. The Connecticut Lottery offers several in-house drawing games; Connecticut also participates in Mega Millions and Powerball; each are played in 44 states, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

Current Draw Games
Drawings are broadcast on WCCT-TV (channel 20), the CW affiliate in the Hartford/New Haven television market.

Play3
A three-digit numbers game-style game drawn twice daily, with day and night drawings. Tickets can be bought in 50-cent multiples. Bets include straight (all three digits in order), box (all three digits in any order) and pairs (any two digits).

Play4
A four-digit numbers game similar to Play3, but with 4 digits.

Cash5
Cash5 is a nightly five-number game; it was originally known as Cash Lotto when it debuted in 1992, and was drawn only on Saturdays. The game went to Monday, Wednesday and Saturday by 1995. It became nightly in 1997 and the name was changed to Cash 5. It gives players a chance to win up to $100,000. The basic game is won by players who match at least 3 numbers in any order drawn. The Kicker feature gives players a chance to win an increased non guaranteed-jackpot prize with other prizes available to win on the same game. The name was changed to Cash 5 when the Kicker option was introduced; the game began nightly drawings. Five winning numbers are chosen from 1 to 35. The basic Cash5 game costs $1; for an additional 50 cents, the Kicker option is activated. The Kicker option gives a player more opportunities to win.

Lotto!
Connecticut's in-house jackpot game, Lotto!, is drawn Tuesdays and Friday nights. Six numbers are drawn from 1 to 44; the 6/44 matrix has been used continuously since 1989, when the game's name was its original name, Connecticut Lotto (without an exclamation point).

The minimum jackpot is $1,000,000 (annuitized; payable in 21 equal yearly installments unless the cash option is chosen.) The jackpot rolls upon the sales of the game (until it is won), with a guaranteed minimum increase in the jackpot of $100,000. The jackpot has the potential to grow to more than $25,000,000. The Biggest jackpot thus far is $25.8 million which was won in November of 2019. Players win by matching at least three of the six numbers drawn; a parimutuel prize is won by matching at least 4 numbers and a guaranteed $2 prize in won for matching 3 numbers.

What is now Lotto! began in 1983 as Connecticut Lotto, a 6/36 game. The matrix was changed to 6/40 in 1986, and to the current 6/44 in 1989(The then-current game logo was 36, 40, or 44 yellow squares forming a rectangle, reflecting the game matrix.). The cash option was added in 1997.
The game became Wild Card Lotto in 1998(adding a seventh ball, which was used for additional lower-tier prizes, but not for the jackpot). Due to slumping sales, Wild Card Lotto was dropped and Classic Lotto introduced Memorial Day weekend in 1999.

The name Classic Lotto was retired on Saturday, March 9, 2013 (which did not coincide with it being drawn), as the game's name became Lotto! the next day, although the format was not changed (Lotto! tickets, including Advance Action, purchased on or before March 9, 2013 have "Classic Lotto" printed on them, but were valid for draw(s) under the new name. As the 6/44 matrix was not changed, "Classic Lotto" bet slips can still be used).

Keno
On April 25, 2016, the CT Lottery began offering Keno. It is drawn at four-minute intervals, with over 300 drawings daily. An agreement with Connecticut's two tribal casinos, Foxwoods and Mohegan Sun, was necessary to allow the Lottery permission to offer Keno; unlike in the two casinos, Lottery keno players need only to be at least 18 years old instead of 21. (The agreement allows Lottery tickets to be sold on tribal property, in areas accessible to those under 21; Mohegan Sun also houses one of Connecticut's "High-Tier Claim Centers" for claiming prizes of $600 to $5,000).
Keno wagers may be made at any Connecticut Lottery retailer, although only those in a "social" setting have a monitor for witnessing the computer-drawn numbers.

Fast Play
On July 20, 2020, the CT Lottery launched a new category of games called Fast Play. Fast Play games are like instant (scratch) games, but are printed on-demand from a CT Lottery retailer terminal or self-serve CT Lottery vending machine. The first family of games is "Jumbo Bucks," and is available at the $1, $2, and $5 price points. Fast Play progressive games are a series (or family) of games that all share the same name, appearance and playstyle, but are available at different price points (wager amounts). There are no numbers to pick, no play slip needed and no drawings. Each game in a family contributes to ONE progressive jackpot that grows with ticket sales, until someone wins. Fast Play also offers single top prize games such as BINGO and CASHWORD.

Former draw games

Lucky Links
Lucky Links began April 26, 2015. Played similar to tic-tac-toe, each $2 ticket contained eight numbers, with a "$" free space in the middle. The player needed to make at least two complete horizontal, vertical, or diagonal lines to win a cash prize. If the player completed the board(matching all eight printed numbers), they won $50,000. A doubler option, for an extra $1(called "2X Power"), doubled a prize for matching three to six lines. Prizes were $5(2 lines), $10(3 lines), $50(4 lines), $100(5 lines), $1000(6 lines), and $50,000(7 & all 8 lines). The chance of winning a prize was 1 in 8.4; the chance of winning the top prize was 1 in 319,770. Drawings were held daily at 1:45 PM and 10:15 PM EST. Only the Monday through Friday drawings were televised. All game tickets were Quick Picks. Sales for the game ended on June 30, 2020.

5 Card Cash
On May 4, 2014, the Connecticut Lottery began sales of 5 Card Cash. This game, the first of its kind in Connecticut, combined an "instant" game with a more traditional(albeit with "playing cards" instead of numbers) drawing-style game. The first drawing was held on May 5, 2014, in keeping with the "five" theme. Sales for the game were suspended on November 14, 2015.

Each play cost $2. There were no play slips, multi-game tickets, or advance play. A ticket(quick-pick only) won instantly if it matched a poker hand(straight, flush, or "jacks-or-better)." Prizes in the "instant" game ranged from $3 to $5,555. Additionally, while a "lower" pair did not win immediately, a pair of 5s won a 5 Card Cash ticket. The draw-game portion required a player to match at least three of the five cards drawn. Matching three cards won $20; four cards, $555. Matching all five cards won or shared $255,555.

Multi-jurisdictional draw games

Lucky For Life

In 2009, Connecticut began a $2-per-play game called Lucky4Life. Three years later, the game became Lucky For Life(drawing five numbers from the first chamber, and one lucky ball from the second chamber of the machine), expanding to include Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; its "nickname" became New England′s Game.

Lucky for Life changed its double matrix on September 17, 2013. Players chose 5 of 43 "white ball" numbers, and a green "Lucky Ball" from a second set of 43. For the first time; a "lifetime" winner could choose the annuity or cash. This format change added a second "lifetime" tier.

Lucky for Life became a "quasi-national" game on January 27, 2015, adding eight lotteries on that date. As of April 2, 2017, the game is offered in 22 states and the District of Columbia. Players choose 5 of 48 "white balls", and a sixth number, from 18 green "Lucky Balls." Top prize is $1,000-per-day-for-life(with a $5,750,000 cash option); second prize is $25,000 per year-for-life, with a $390,000 cash option.(A similar game, Cash4Life, began in June 2014; it is currently available in nine states).

Mega Millions

Connecticut began selling Mega Millions tickets January 31, 2010, following a 2009 agreement in which lotteries then offering either Mega Millions or Powerball were allowed to offer both games. Connecticut is among 46 lotteries selling Mega Millions tickets. Mega Millions plays are $2 each, or $3 with the Megaplier option. The current format for Mega Millions began on October 28, 2017.

Mega Millions players choose 5 of 70 white ball numbers and a "Mega Ball" numbered 01 through 25. Jackpots began at $40,000,000 with minimum rollovers of $5,000,000. Jackpot winners chose either 30 graduated annual payments(increasing 5% per annum) or the cash value option. Other prizes range from $2 to $1,000,000.

The Megaplier option, which increases the cost of each $2 play to $3, multiplies non-jackpot winnings by 2, 3, 4, or 5; a second-prize(all five white balls but not also the "Mega Ball") wager can win $5,000,000 cash.

As of March 26, 2018, Connecticut has yet to produce a Mega Millions jackpot winner.

The "Just the Jackpot" option for Mega Millions, which began with the October 2017 format change(all six numbers must be matched to win), is not available in Connecticut.)

Powerball

Connecticut has been a member of the Multi-State Lottery Association(MUSL) since 1995. MUSL operates Powerball, which is offered by 44 lotteries. A jackpot of $254.2 million was won in the November 2, 2011, drawing by one ticket, sold in Fairfield County. Three men claimed the ticket; it is the largest prize in Connecticut Lottery history.

On January 15, 2012, Powerball became a $2-per-play game; $3 with Power Play.

Replay feature

The Connecticut Lottery, in April 2011, began its "Replay" option; players can use old tickets, in lieu of betting cards, to repeat number selections played in the appropriate games. The replay feature makes use of either of the two large data matrix barcodes found on Connecticut Lottery tickets. They contain information such as

Scratch games
The Connecticut Lottery offers numerous scratch games with price points of $1, $2, $3, $5, $10, $20, and $30, with differing themes and prize levels.

Beginning with the April 8, 2013 launch of its 19th version of Win for Life, all prizes in Connecticut Lottery scratch games are paid in lump sum (some games' top prizes are annuitized with a cash option. None of the winners of previous versions of Connecticut "lifetime" scratch games could receive their prize in cash.)

1998 shooting
On March 6, 1998, there was a mass shooting at Connecticut Lottery headquarters, which was then located in Newington. An employee, Matthew Beck, armed with a 9mm Glock pistol, shot and killed four of his supervisors, and then killed himself.

See also
 Gambling in Connecticut
 Lotteries in the United States

References

External links

State lotteries of the United States
Quasi-public agencies in Connecticut
Economy of Connecticut
Rocky Hill, Connecticut
Government agencies established in 1971
1971 establishments in Connecticut
Workplace shootings in the United States

Connecticut Lottery


The Santa Claus 3: The Escape Clause is the third movie in The Santa Clause series of movies.

It is a 2006 American Christmas comedy adventure movie directed by Michael Lembeck.

Cast
Main characters
 Tim Allen as Santa Claus / Scott Calvin
 Martin Short as Jack Frost
 Elizabeth Mitchell as Mrs. Claus / Carol Newman-Calvin
 Judge Reinhold as Neil Miller
 Wendy Crewson as Laura Miller
 Liliana Mumy as Lucy Miller
 Spencer Breslin as Curtis the Elf
 Alan Arkin as Mr. Bud Newman
 Ann-Margret as Mrs. Sylvia Newman
Supporting characters
 Aisha Tyler as Mother Nature
 Peter Boyle as Father Time
 Michael Dorn as Sandman
 Jay Thomas as Easter Bunny
 Kevin Pollack as Cupid
 Art LaFleur as Tooth Fairy
Small roles
 Eric Lloyd as Charlie Calvin
 Charlie Stewart as Dr. Hismus
 Abigail Breslin as Trish

2006 comedy movies
American comedy movies
Christmas movies
Disney movies
Sequel movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Michael Lembeck

The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause


Stuttgart Spring Festival (in German called Stuttgarter Frühlingsfest or sometimes vernacular Cannstatter Wasen or just Wasen) was an annual fair that takes place in the German city of Stuttgart between the middle of April and the beginning of May. The festival took place on the Cannstatter Wasen, traditional fairgrounds in Stuttgart's Bad Cannstatt district. It was slightly smaller than the festival in the autumn (and therefore occasionally also called the "small Wasen"), but it was the largest spring festival in Europe. Like the autumn fair, the Frühlingsfest offered a variety of fairground attractions. The tallest attraction was the 47 metre Ferris wheel and the fair almost invariably featured a major roller coaster.

The Frühlingsfest started on a Saturday with the traditional opening of a beer barrel by the Stuttgart mayor.

The Fruit Column, a tall wooden structure decorated with fruits, was introduced to the Stuttgarter Frühlingsfest in 1995. Originally it was only present at the autumn Volksfest but in 1995 it was left to stand on the festival site all year round. However, in later years, this practice was changed and once again the column began to be dismantled in the autumn of each year, leaving just the base. This carried a large can during the Stuttgarter Frühlingsfest.

Periods of operation
The festival opened Monday - Friday at noon, Saturday, Sunday and holidays at 11 am.
Closing time was 11 pm on Sunday - Thursday and midnight on Friday, Saturday and before holidays.
Musical performances ended in the main tents half an hour before closing.

See also
Beer festival
The autumn fair in Stuttgart (Cannstatter Wasen)

External links

Stuttgarter Fruehlingsfest Official Website

Beer festivals in Germany
Festivals in Stuttgart
Spring festivals
Tourist attractions in Stuttgart
Annual events in Germany

Stuttgart Spring Festival


Euthanasia is when a person's life is purposely ended because of disease or pain, which has made them suffer. This is different from assisted suicide, where a person helps someone kill themselves. It is also different to murder, where the reason is not suffering, but to kill for the killer's own ends. Euthanasia can be voluntary, where the person who dies asks for help in ending their life. Where the person is unable to make their decision known, it is usually called non-voluntary euthanasia.  Where someone is killed against their will, it is usually called murder.

Euthanasia is illegal in most countries. It is permitted in a small number of countries, such as the Netherlands, Belgium and Victoria, Australia. The New Zealand Parliament voted 69 - 51 to pass the End of Life choice Bill. In Is it Time to Kill the Kiwi  the Rt Hon Simeon Brown said international precedents show that euthanasia regimes result in the involuntary death of innocent lives, often those who are marginalized and vulnerable. The final decision will be made in a binding public referendum.  Where it is permitted there are many rules, and only in cases where the patient is terminally ill. Though euthanasia is not legal in the United States, doctors can assist people to kill themselves. This is legal in Washington, Oregon, and Montana. Physician Assisted Suicide (PAD) is different to euthanasia; it is about who gives the medication to end a patient's life. The World Federation of Right to Die Societies says physician-assisted suicide means "making lethal means available to the patient to be used at a time of the patient's own choosing." In these cases the patient takes the legal dose of poison themselves, it is not given by the doctor. It is euthanasia when the doctor has the main role in ending the patient's life by giving the poison.

Types of euthanasia
Euthanasia can be active or passive, and voluntary, non-voluntary and involuntary. Many people see important differences and they can accept some types but not others.

Active and passive euthanasia
Passive euthanasia means letting a person die. A terminally ill person is allowed to die, even if treatment could help them to live longer. This includes removing life support, such as a ventilator which is being used to keep the person alive, or by not giving them food or water. Active euthanasia means doing something to end a person's life. This could be giving them an injection or pills that will cause their death.

Some people see passive euthanasia as a more acceptable choice, because it is not a deliberate act to kill. However, others argue that once someone has decided to allow another person to die, they should make it as fast and as painless as possible, and then act to bring about their death. This is also known as mercy killing.

Voluntary, non-voluntary and involuntary euthanasia
Voluntary euthanasia is when someone asks to be allowed to die or to be killed. This is often seen as the best option by people who believe in euthanasia, because it is clear that the person wants to die. If the person can not say that they want to die, but people think that they would ask to die if they could, then it is non-voluntary euthanasia. Non-voluntary euthanasia is a choice for people who are in a coma or who are very young, as they can not say what they want. Involuntary euthanasia is when someone is killed even though they asked not to die, or when they could have asked to die but did not. Many people think that this is murder, not euthanasia.

These types of euthanasia can be mixed. If someone asks to die, and another person gives them an injection that will kill them, then it is active voluntary euthanasia. Someone in a coma who is kept alive with a ventilator, and the doctors turn it off and they die, would be passive non-voluntary euthanasia.

Euthanasia arguments
Some people believe that euthanasia should be allowed, and some people think that it should not.

Slippery slope
Some people believe that allowing euthanasia will result in bad things happening. If it is allowed for people asking to die, then it might be allowed for people who are very sick but are not able to ask to die. If that happens, then maybe it would be allowed for people who are very sick and will not recover, but do not want to die. This is called the "slippery slope" argument.

People who believe in the slippery slope argument point to times when this happened. In Germany, Adolf Hitler allowed disabled children to be killed, and called it euthanasia. People now agree that this was wrong, but if euthanasia was allowed it could happen again. They think it is too big a risk to allow euthanasia at all.

Other people say there is a big difference between killing a very sick person who asks to die, and killing a child with a disability. They do not think euthanasia will lead to bad things. They say that Hitler's actions were not euthanasia.

The American Medical Association (AMA) and other doctors believe it is a doctor's role to help, not kill people. In one study 76% of doctors said they would not carry out euthanasia, even if it was legal. They feel patients would not trust them. In the Netherlands where euthanasia is legal, 60% of older people in one study were scared that their their doctors would kill them.

Alternatives to euthanasia

Palliative care
Palliative care is when people who are ill and going to die are given special care to make them more comfortable.  It may include hospice care, when the patient is sent to a special hospital for people who are dying. Palliative care can involve pain relief and help for the patient and family to come to terms with death. In some cases, doctors will give patient drugs which make them stay asleep, so that they will not feel pain.

Palliative care is not perfect, and so it is not always seen as a replacement for euthanasia. There is still some pain, and there can be other side-effects, where the patient can still feel very sick. Palliative care is not available for all people, and not all people who wish to die through euthanasia are so sick that they will die soon. Some people have healthy bodies, but they are suffering in other ways, and palliative care will not always help them.

Principle of double effect
The principle of double effect was first described by Thomas Aquinas over 700 years ago. It says that it is sometimes alright to do a bad thing if something good happens, and if a bad ending was not wanted. Aquinas used the example of self defense: sometimes a person will kill someone who attacks them, but killing was not what the person was trying to do. They only wanted to protect themselves. So even though killing someone is bad, wanting to protect themselves was not.

Some people say that doctors may treat a person to reduce their pain, and as a result the person will die sooner. If the doctor gives the treatment in order to help the patient die, then it is euthanasia. But if the doctor gives the treatment in order to stop the pain, and does not intend for the patient to die, then it may not be euthanasia, even if the doctor knew that the treatment would kill the patient.

Assisted suicide

Suicide is when a person kills themselves. Sometimes when a person is very sick they need help to die, and this is called assisted suicide. In some countries people are allowed to help as long as they do not kill the person, and it can be seen as a more acceptable option because it must be the person's own decision. Because the assisting person did not kill, it is not always considered to be euthanasia.

References
 Diaconescu, A. (2012). Euthanasia. Contemporary Readings In Law & Social Justice, 4(2), 474-483.

Related pages
Right to die

Euthanasia


Farida Mammadova (8 August 1936 – 8 December 2021) was an Azerbaijani historian who specialised in the history of ancient Caucasian Albania.

She was the author of papers, articles and books on Azerbaijani ancient and medieval history. She lectured at the Baku State University, Azerbaijan Pedagogical University. She is the head of the Department of Humanities in the Western University in Baku. Farida Mammadova worked at the Institute of History of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan. In her research, she was a disciple of the late Azerbaijani historian Ziya Bunyadov.

Her theories were criticized for the misinterpretation of historical sources and revisionism.

According to Thomas de Waal, Mammadova "has grasped the Albanian theory  to supersede completely Armenians from Caucasus. She has placed the Caucasian Albania in the territory of present Republic of Armenia: all the territories, churches and monasteries in Republic Armenia have appeared Albanian". He describes Mammadova's theories as "an improved version of what became a very rough tool in Azerbaijan".

During her interviews Mammadova has made anti-Armenian statements:
And, it is known, that on whole planet exactly the Armenian people is distinguished by the absence of spiritual and other human values.
In the world there are only two nations that have national identity, but have not statehood. They are Jews and Armenians. The difference is that Jews have created their state on their historical homeland, and Armenians have not created their state on their historical native land.

Publications
 The History of Albanians by Moses Kalankaytuk as a source on the social organization of Caucasian Albania, Baku,1977.
 Political history and historical geography of Caucasian Albania, Baku, 1986
 Le problem de l'ethnos alban-caucasien, "L'antropoloqie sovietique", Paris, 1990
 Christianity in Caucasian Albania
 Caucasian Albania and the history of Albanians, Baku (in Russian), 2005

Other websites
 Farida Mammadova Short Bio

References

1936 births
Living people
Azerbaijani historians
Azerbaijani academics
Azerbaijani nationalists
Anti-Armenianism

Farida Mammadova


Sant'Andrea della Valle is a minor basilica in the rione of Sant'Eustachio of the city of Rome, Italy. The basilica is the general seat for the religious order of the Theatines. It is located at Piazza Vidoni, at the intersection of Corso Vittorio Emanuele (facing facade) and Corso Rinascimento.

Overview
A church was initially planned when, in 1582, Donna Costanza Piccolomini d'Aragona, duchess of Amalfi and descendant of the family of Pope Pius II, bequeathed her palace and the adjacent church of San Sebastiano in central Rome to the Theatine order for construction of a new church. Since Amalfi's patron was Saint Andrew, the church was planned in his honor. Work initially started around 1590 under the designs of Giacomo della Porta and Pier Paolo Olivieri, and under the patronage of Cardinal Gesualdo. With the previous patron's death, direction of the church passed to Cardinal Alessandro Peretti di Montalto, nephew of Pope Sixtus V. Work restarted  by 1608, financed by what was then an enormous endowment of over 150,000 gold scudi, and with a more grandiose plan designed mainly by Carlo Maderno. The interior of the church was completed by 1650, with some changes added by Francesco Grimaldi.

Dome

The fresco decoration of Sant'Andrea's dome was one of the largest commissions of its day. The work was disputed by two Carracci pupils, Giovanni Lanfranco and Domenichino. In 1608, Lanfranco had been chosen by Cardinal Alessandro, but the Ludovisi papacy of Pope Gregory XV favored the Bolognese Domenichino. In the end, both artists were employed, and Lanfranco's lavish dome decoration (completed 1627) set the model for such decorations for the following decades. This dome was for a long time the third largest dome in Rome, after the Basilica of St Peter and the Pantheon.

Chapels on the right side

The Ginetti Chapel, first on the right, was designed by Carlo Fontana in 1670, while the sculptural relief in white marble depicting Angel Urges Sacred Family to Flee to Egypt (1675) was sculpted Antonio Raggi. The angel is depicted in the style of his mentor, Bernini. In this chapel are buried Cardinal Marzio Ginetti (died 1671) and his nephew, the Cardinal Giovanni Francesco Ginetti (died 1691).

The second Strozzi Chapel has a Pietà, Leah and Rachel (1616), copies in bronze by Gregorio De Rossi from originals by Michelangelo. The chapel was probably designed by Michelangelo, but executed by Leone Strozzi (1555–1632). Beneath the statues of Leah and Rachel are two bronze bas-reliefs depicting a "Deposition from the Cross" and "Christ's Descent into Limbo". The cenotaphs in black marble in the side walls were erected for the Strozzi family: Cardinal Lorenzo (died 1571), Leone (died 1554), Pietro (died 1558), Roberto Strozzi (died 1566) and Maddalena Medici.

The chapel of "Our Lady of the Sacred Heart" (1887–1889) was designed by Aristide Leonori. The painting of the Madonna is by Silverio Capparoni and was blessed by Pope Pius IX.

In the right transept is the Chapel of St Andrew Avellino with Glory of Sant'Andrea Avellino (1625) by Giovanni Lanfranco, who also frescoed the impressive Glory of Paradise (1625–28) in the cupola, with figures of the evangelists in the pendentives (1621–1628) by his rival, Domenichino.

In the corner of the right transept are situated two chapels. The chapel of the Crucifix (1647) displays an antique wooden crucifix above a painting of the Madonna inside a radiant halo. On the right side is the tomb of the Theatine Cardinal St Giuseppe Maria Tomasi. The "Oratory of the Divine Love" dates from 1751.

Chapels on the left side
The Chapel of the Madonna della Purità was originally dedicated to the Holy Family. In 1647 it was designated to the Madonna, patroness of the Theatines. The altar was consecrated in 1725 and shows beneath the tomb of the martyr Saint Fortunatus. The four lunettes on the arches were painted by Silvio Galimberti in 1912. The altarpiece Madonna della Purità (1647) is a copy by the Neapolitan painter Alessandro Francesi of an original (1641) by the Spanish painter Luis de Morales, still located in the Neapolitan church of San Paolo Maggiore). It was adorned with a golden radiant halo in gratitude for having saved the city from famine. On the left wall of the chapel is the tomb of cardinal Stoppani (died 1774).

The left transept is dedicated to Saint Cajetan, founder of the Theatines. The altarpiece, depicting St Cajetan adoring the Madonna and Child (1770) was painted by Mattia de Mare, while the altar dates from 1912 by Cesare Bazzani. The frescoes (1770) on the side walls were painted by Alessio D'Elia. In front of the altar are allegorical statues of Abundance and Wisdom by Giulio Tadolini.

Over the entrance to the left circular chapel is the tomb of Pope Pius II (1475), completed by a follower of Andrea Bregno in 1615.

The third chapel on the left is dedicated to Saint Sebastian and was decorated with paintings by Filippo Martinucci in 1869. The altarpiece "Saint Sebastian" was painted by Giovanni de' Vecchi in 1614.

The chapel "Rucellai o Dei Beati" was designed in 1610 by Matteo Castelli de Melide, a relative of the Borromini family. The altarpiece, attributed to the Sicilian painter Francesco Manno (1754–1831), depict three Blessed Theatines : Marinoni, Burali D'Arezzo and Tomasi. On the right wall is a painting by Cristoforo Roncalli (Pomarancio) of "the archangel Gabriel in the presence of the Eternal Father". Pomarancio also painted "the Archangel Raphael and Tobias the elder" on the left wall and the fresco in the cupola Glory of music making angels. The other paintings are by Ambrogio Buonvicino and depict Angels in Glory. In the left wall is the sepulchral monument in black marble of Orazio Rucellai (1604–1673) and the tomb of Giovanni della Casa, author of Il Galateo. The right wall houses the tomb of Annibale Rucellai (died in 1601), bishop of Carcassonne, France.

The last chapel on the left is the Cappella Barberini,  designed by Matteo Castelli di Melide in 1616, on a commission from Cardinal Maffeo Barberini (who became Pope Urban VIII).  The altarpiece Assumption (between four Corinthian columns in antique rose marble) and the paintings Visitation and Lucia collects the body of St Sebastian are by Domenico Cresti (il Passignano). On the left, in the furthest niche is a Saint John the Baptist (1616) by Pietro Bernini, and in the closest niche on the right is Francesco Mochi's Saint Martha (1629), which is significantly larger than the other three sculptures, with Saint Martha seeming to want to leave her niche.

Apse

The apse decoration is by Alessandro Algardi. In the apse half-dome the History of Sant'Andrea and Virtues are frescoed by Domenichino. In the apse walls are three frescoes Crucifixion, Martyrdom and burial of Sant'Andrea by Mattia Preti (1650–1651), as commissioned by Donna Olimpia Maidalchini, sister-in-law of Pope Innocent X.

Facade
The Baroque facade was added between 1655 and 1663 by Carlo Rainaldi, at the expense of Cardinal Francesco Peretti di Montalto, nephew of Alessandro.

Pipe organ
Sant'Andrea della Valle is home to a two manual, 36 stop pipe organ. Originally built in 1845, it is currently maintained by Stefano Buccolini of Organi Buccolini in Rome. The basilica's current organist has been playing at St. Andrea della Valle since January 2017 and can often be heard practicing on weekday afternoons.

Varia
The church houses the cenotaphs of Popes Pius II and Pius III, who are buried in the church.

The first act of the opera Tosca by Puccini is set in Sant'Andrea della Valle. However, the Cappella Attavanti used was a poetic invention.

Sant'Andrea della Valle later became a model for the construction of other churches like the St. Kajetan church in Munich and the Church of St. Anne, Kraków.

On the square in front of the church stands the fountain of Carlo Maderno, which until 1937 was situated in the now destroyed Piazza Scossacavalli in the Borgo.

Cardinal–Priests
The Church of S. Andrea della Valle was designated a cardinatial titulus on 12 March 1960.  This was in preparation for Pope John XXIII's creation of seven new cardinals on 28 March.  The number of cardinals had exceeded the traditional number of seventy, and new titles were needed.  The following have been Cardinal Priests of the Titulus S. Andreae Apostoli de Valle:
 Luigi Cardinal Traglia (28 Mar 1960 Appointed – 28 Apr 1969 Appointed, Cardinal-Priest of San Lorenzo in Damaso)
 Joseph Cardinal Höffner (24 Feb 1969 Appointed – 16 Oct 1987 Died)
 Giovanni Cardinal Canestri (28 Jun 1988 Appointed – 29 Apr 2015 Died)
 Dieudonné Nzapalainga (19 Nov 2016 Appointed – Present)

References

Sources
 Alba Costamagna, Daniele Ferrara, and Cecilia Grilli, Sant'Andrea della Valle (Milan: Skira, 2003).

 Howard Hibbard, Carlo Maderno and Roman Architecture, 1580–1630 (State College PA, USA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1971).
 Cecilia Pericoli Ridolfini, Roma. Sant'Andrea della Valle (Bologna: Officine grafiche Poligrafici il Resto del Carlino, 1967).
 Howard Hibbard, "The Early History of Sant'Andrea della Valle," The Art Bulletin 43 (1961), 289–318.
 Sergio Ortolani, San Andrea della Valle (Roma: Casa Editrice Roma, 1923).
 A. Boni, S. Andrea della Valle, nella sua storia e nei suoi monumenti (Rome 1907)
 Ottaviano Caroselli, Alcuni studiosi del Domenichino nella Chiesa di S. Andrea della Valle in Roma (Tolentino: F. Filelfo 1905).

External links

Andrea Valle
Titular churches
Renaissance architecture in Rome
Burial places of popes
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1650
17th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
Religious organizations established in the 1650s
1650 establishments in the Papal States
1650 establishments in Italy
Churches of Rome (rione Sant'Eustachio)
Church buildings with domes
Theatine churches
Carlo Maderno buildings

Sant'Andrea della Valle


Elisabeth Hartnagel-Scholl (born 27 February 1920 in Forchtenberg as Elisabeth Scholl; died 28 February 2020 in Stuttgart) was the sister of Hans and Sophie Scholl.

Life
Elisabeth Hartnagel (then Scholl) grew up together with her siblings Inge (1917–1998), Hans (1918–1943), Sophie (1921–1943) and Werner (1922–1944).  Her siblings initially enthusiastically followed National Socialism and were members of the League of German Girls or Hitler Youth, but later became dissatisfied with the Nazi Regime.

Scholl arrest and Sippenhaft
Her siblings Hans and Sophie were arrested on February 18, 1943. Elisabeth found this out from the newspaper. Four days later, on the 22nd February, Hans and Sophie Scholl and their fellow student Christoph Probst were sentenced to death in Munich by the People's Court chaired by Judge Roland Freisler, who came from Berlin for the sole purpose of the trial. Around 5 p.m., the convicts were beheaded in Munich's Stadelheim Prison. At the funeral of Hans and Sophie Scholl on the 24th February, the parents and siblings Inge, Elisabeth and Werner were present. Three days later, on Elisabeth's 23rd birthday, the Scholl family was taken into custody in Ulm, Elisabeth Scholl fell seriously ill in "protective detention" and was released after two months. She was the first of the Scholls to be released from prison.

After the War
In October 1945, she married Fritz Hartnagel (1917–2001). Fritz had been Sophie's fiance, and after the execution Fritz and Elisabeth had been brought together from their shared grief at their loss. Together the couple had four children. After the death of her sister Inge Aicher-Scholl in 1998, Elisabeth began to speak about her siblings at schools and other educational institutions. She was commited to keeping the memory of her brother and sister alive. She died on February 28, 2020, one day after her hundredth birthday.

References

German people
1920 births
2020 deaths

Elisabeth Hartnagel-Scholl


The Fittja Mosque () is a mosque in Fittja, Botkyrka Municipality, Stockholm County, Sweden. It was constructed with Turkish-style architecture.

The mosque, which began to be constructed in 1998 and was completed in April 2007, is owned by the Islamic Cultural Association in Botkyrka, a mainly Turkish association with more than 1,500 members. The mosque is built in Turkish-style architecture, with a windowed mid-dome with birch wood panel and hand-painted tiles that cover the walls of the prayer room. The mosque minaret is 32.5 meters high. In the central prayer room, the women have their place of prayer on a 200 square meter high stand. The mosque also houses the residence of the imam of the assembly.

In February 2013, the Botkyrka Islamic Cultural Association filed an application to the police to begin broadcasting the prayer calls from the Fittja Mosque. Since this is about repeated audio broadcast in public places, the case was with the police. According to the Islamic Society in Botkyrka, their request was for a short prayer call of 2-3 minutes, once a week, not five times a day as normal in Muslim-majority countries. In April 2013, the police authority issued a time-limited license, which was valid until March 20, 2014. The conditions for the permit were that the speakers, placed at the height of the balcony on the outside of the minaret, were to be directed only to three weather lines and that the noise level did not exceed 60 decibels.

On April 26, 2013, at 12:57, it was the first time in Sweden that a prayer call from a minaret could be heard. This was performed live, not via a recording, by the imam Ergin Öcgem through the microphone and the minaret speaker.

See also
 Islam in Sweden

References

2007 establishments in Sweden
Mosques in Sweden
Mosques completed in 2007
Buildings and structures in Stockholm County
Mosque buildings with domes

Fittja Mosque


Granity Community Library is a small public library located in the settlement of Granity on the West Coast of New Zealand. It is listed as a Category II historic place by Heritage New Zealand.

Granity was established as a depot for loading coal from the Millerton coal mine into railway trucks to go to Westport for shipping. In 1903 the Granity Library Committee approached the Minister of Railways for railway reserve land for a library building, and were granted a rectangular plot for five shillings a year. However, eight years after the library building had been erected it was discovered it was on the wrong site, and the lease had to be cancelled and a new one drawn up.

When the Westport Coal Company's engineering works were located in Granity, the company provided the library with free electric light. At its peak the library had 80 members, and in 1924 its contents were insured for £300. A local recalls the library at the time:The layout of the library was very different in those days. Books were kept behind glass cases which were on the surrounding walls and down the middle of the library were two long trestles. These held the daily papers from all over the country and even Australia. Magazines and the Auckland Weekly News were regular features and miners were docked two and sixpence from their pay for the paper service. The library was open daily and a very busy community scene with people popping in just to scan the papers. The Librarian was on a small salary and was helped by young paid employees.Books are provided by Buller District Library in Westport or received as donations from local residents. The staff are volunteers and the library is run by a committee. Over the years the library has been a meeting space for community groups such as the Countrywomen's Institute, the Silver Band, and the Rovers Rugby Club, a rehearsal space for the local drama club, and a venue for regular Forty-Fives card game evenings run by the Fire Brigade.

The building has been little changed since it was built, apart from losing a chimney in the 1968 Inangahua earthquake. In 2015 the library was featured in a BBC radio series on tiny libraries.

See also
 List of historic places in Buller District

References

External links

 The Search for Tiny Libraries in New Zealand (BBC World Service Documentary radio, 9 Aug 2015)

Libraries in New Zealand
Buildings and structures in the West Coast, New Zealand
Buller District
Heritage New Zealand Category 2 historic places in the West Coast, New Zealand
Libraries established in 1903

Granity Community Library


The monsoon trough is a portion of the Intertropical Convergence Zone in the Western Pacific, as depicted by a line on a weather map showing the locations of minimum sea level pressure, and as such, is a convergence zone between the wind patterns of the southern and northern hemispheres.

Westerly monsoon winds lie in its equatorward portion while easterly trade winds exist poleward of the trough. Right along its axis, heavy rains can be found which usher in the peak of a location's respective rainy season. As it passes poleward of a location, hot and dry conditions develop. The monsoon trough plays a role in creating many of the world's rainforests.

The term monsoon trough is most commonly used in monsoonal regions of the Western Pacific such as Asia and Australia. The migration of the ITCZ/monsoon trough into a landmass heralds the beginning of the annual rainy season during summer months. Depressions and tropical cyclones often form in the vicinity of the monsoon trough, with each capable of producing a year's worth of rainfall in a matter of days.

Movement and strength

Monsoon troughing in the western Pacific reaches its zenith in latitude during the late summer when the wintertime surface ridge in the opposite hemisphere is the strongest.  It can reach as far as the 40th parallel in East Asia during August and the 20th parallel in Australia during February. Its poleward progression is accelerated by the onset of the summer monsoon which is characterized by the development of lower air pressure over the warmest part of the various continents. In the Southern Hemisphere, the monsoon trough associated with the Australian monsoon reaches its most southerly latitude in February, oriented along a west-northwest/east-southeast axis.

Effect of wind surges
Increases in the relative vorticity, or spin, with the monsoon trough are normally a product of increased wind convergence within the convergence zone of the monsoon trough. Wind surges can lead to this increase in convergence. A strengthening or equatorward movement in the subtropical ridge can cause a strengthening of a monsoon trough as a wind surge moves towards the location of the monsoon trough. As fronts move through the subtropics and tropics of one hemisphere during their winter, normally as shear lines when their temperature gradient becomes minimal, wind surges can cross the equator in oceanic regions and enhance a monsoon trough in the other hemisphere's summer. A key way of detecting whether a wind surge has reached a monsoon trough is the formation of a burst of thunderstorms within the monsoon trough.

Monsoon depressions

If a circulation forms within the monsoon trough, it is able to compete with the neighboring thermal low over the continent, and a wind surge will occur at its periphery.  Such a circulation which is broad in nature within a monsoon trough is known as a monsoon depression. In the Northern Hemisphere, monsoon depressions are generally asymmetric, and tend to have their strongest winds on their eastern periphery. Light and variable winds cover a large area near their center, while bands of showers and thunderstorms develop within their area of circulation.

The presence of an upper level jet stream poleward and west of the system can enhance its development by leading to increased diverging air aloft over the monsoon depression, which leads to a corresponding drop in surface pressure. Even though these systems can develop over land, the outer portions of monsoon depressions are similar to tropical cyclones. In India, for example, 6 to 7 monsoon depressions move across the country yearly, and their numbers within the Bay of Bengal increase during July and August of El Niño events. Monsoon depressions are efficient rainfall producers, and can generate a year's worth of rainfall when they move through drier areas, such as the outback of Australia.

Some tropical cyclones recognised by Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres would have characteristics of a monsoon depression throughout their lifetime. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) added monsoon depression as a category in 2015, and Cyclone Komen is the first system recognised as a fully monsoon depression by JTWC.

Roles

In rainy season

Since the monsoon trough is an area of convergence in the wind pattern, and an elongated area of low pressure at the surface, the trough focuses low level moisture and is defined by one or more elongated bands of thunderstorms when viewing satellite imagery. Its abrupt movement to the north between May and June is coincident with the beginning of the monsoon regime and rainy seasons across South and East Asia. This convergence zone has been linked to prolonged heavy rain events in the Yangtze river as well as northern China. Its presence has also been linked to the peak of the rainy season in locations within Australia. As it progresses poleward of a particular location, clear, hot, and dry conditions develop as winds become westerly. Many of the world's rainforests are associated with these climatological low-pressure systems.

In tropical cyclogenesis

A monsoon trough is a significant genesis region for tropical cyclones. Vorticity-rich low level environments, with significant low level spin, lead to a better than average chance of tropical cyclone formation due to their inherent rotation. This is because a pre-existing near-surface disturbance with sufficient spin and convergence is one of the six requirements for tropical cyclogenesis. There appears to be a 15- to 25-day cycle in thunderstorm activity associated with the monsoon trough, which is roughly half the wavelength of the Madden–Julian oscillation, or MJO. This mirrors tropical cyclone genesis near these features, as genesis clusters in 2–3 weeks of activity followed by 2–3 weeks of inactivity. Tropical cyclones can form in outbreaks around these features under special circumstances, tending to follow the next cyclone to its poleward and west.

Whenever the monsoon trough on the eastern side of the summertime Asian monsoon is in its normal orientation (oriented east-southeast to west-northwest), tropical cyclones along its periphery will move with a westward motion. If it reverses its orientation, orienting southwest to northeast, tropical cyclones will move more poleward. Tropical cyclone tracks with S-shapes tend to be associated with reverse-oriented monsoon troughs. The South Pacific convergence zone and South American convergence zones are generally reverse oriented. The failure of the monsoon trough, or the ITCZ, to move south of the equator in the eastern Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean during the southern hemisphere summer, is considered one of the factors causing tropical cyclones to not normally form in those regions. It has also been noted that when the monsoon trough lies near 20 degrees north latitude in the Pacific, the frequency of tropical cyclones is 2 to 3 times greater than when it lies closer to 10 degrees north.

References

Tropical meteorology
Atmospheric dynamics

Monsoon trough


is a collection of short manga stories by Yumiko Kawahara. In the US, it is published by VIZ Media. It was serialized in Nemurenu Yoru no Kimyou na Hanashi ("Mysterious Stories for Sleepless Nights"), as stated in volume 1 of the English version of Dolls.

Story
The stories revolve around some special dolls, the Plant Dolls, and the people who buy them. The dolls choose their owners, and desperately need their owners' love; they often reflect their owners' personalities for better or worse. Each story is independent of each other, though there may be references to knowledge learned in previous stories. Some stories have a fairy-tale like quality: they are eerie fables meant to warn against certain actions. There are several non-Plant-Doll related stories included in the Viz-released volumes as well.

Plant Dolls
Plant Dolls are living dolls. They drink milk warmed to body temperature three times a day, and take sugar cookies or cake once a week as fertilizer. Each doll is unique, though the same "model" can be available. They are "so expensive the price will make your eyeballs pop out," and the accessories and care do not come cheap either. Plant Dolls look like young girls, but given improper treatment, they can mature. This is especially true if they are given anything to eat or drink other than milk and cookies. When they cry, their tears become valuable jewels called "Tears of Heaven". Plant Dolls are shown to have very lovely smiles, often deeply touching those who see them. There are two known models of Plant Dolls: potpourri dolls and singing dolls. Potpourri dolls take perfume balls with their meals and soon a pleasant scent can come from them. One of the earliest known singing dolls was Olympia, but she was later deemed an irregular model because she wasn't nourished for over a week but stayed the same way.

Volumes

Volume 1
Milk at Mealtimes: A man spoils his Plant Doll, and it matures into a "woman".
Potpourri Doll: A mentally unbalanced man buys his daughter a Plant Doll, and starts to obsess over the "nauseating scent" coming from it.
Snow White, Part I: A jeweller tries to obtain Tears of Heaven from a Plant Doll named Snow White.
Snow White, Part II: A poor man takes in a Plant Doll and dies from the exhaustion of taking care of it. In the end the doll cries.
Rainy Moon: An artist with a supernatural reputation does a portrait of a Plant Doll named Rainy Moon.
Lucky Doll: A man's Plant Doll, named Otohime, grants him good luck, yet his girlfriend is somewhat skeptical.
The Distant Sound of Water: A man wanders the city trying to regain his memory.
A Spell to Unbind Spring: A man returns to a secluded manor with a legend of a girl who drowned in a nearby lake.

Volume 2
Blue Doll: A man working for a collection agency takes in a Plant Doll left behind by former clients.
The Garden in the Sky: A maid gets entangled in a plot involving a fortune depending on the words spoken by a Plant Doll.
The Missing Doll: A woman tries to find the Plant Doll once owned by her dead grandmother.
Princess Jewel: When a boy's sister dies, his father buys a Plant Doll to help his mother deal with it.
The Role of an Angel: After getting divorced, a young model buys a Plant Doll.
Forbidden Fruit: Olympia is a special kind of Plant Doll, one who sings. But there is a sinister secret about this certain Plant Doll.
A Voice in the Night: A woman wanders the city only to stumble upon her corpse.

Volume 3
The Garden of Arcadia: A young man who is mysteriously transforming into a tree is taken to a research institute where he is comforted by many plant dolls.
Circle: A group pools their money together to buy a plant doll, which they will all take care of. However, when most of the members begin to see the joy in breaking the rules of plant doll care, one member must take charge of her.
Honeymoon: A young girl finds that her previously adoring father has bought a doll that is identical to her in her childhood.
Dreams of Flying High in the Sky: A lonely novelist buys a plant doll to impress his editor. When she leaves to marry her sweetheart, he must raise the doll by himself. The problem is, the doll doesn't respond to him and he has never taken care of her!
Emerald: A rich woman's young lover wishes to possess a plant doll. As he yearns after the doll his mistress begins to lose interest in him.
The Storm: A young woman who is kept in a gilded cage attempts to escape to live life to its fullest.

Volume 4
Quicksand: When a sick young boy dreams of a beautiful plant doll with aqua blue eyes, his parents are quick to purchase her when he sees it in the shop. As the boy spends more time with the doll his health begins to improve.
A Gift: In the midst of refuse an angel waits to awaken. When she is woken before her time, will she ever bloom into a proper angel plant doll?
Coral: A father brings home a mysterious ball of coral with a tiny plant doll inside. As the doll spends more time in the sun, the bigger she grows.
The Tiara of Melancholy: A brother and sister team is hired to grow the fabled Tiara of Melancholy for a rich man. What they soon find out is that as the tiara grows it draws its energy from the doll itself.

Reception
Comic World News's Michael May praised the "creepy and thoughtful" stories and the "intricate and delicate" art,  and stated that the series focused on "the concepts of love and selfishness and how they connect." Mangalife's Kathryn Ramage enjoyed the "sadly touching, even haunting, sometimes unsettling, and even occasionally funny" short stories. Conversely, Megan Sutton of Animefringe criticized the "hard to follow" story panels and the uninteresting stories which were "too short to have any sustainable plot".

References

External links
 Official website at VIZ Media

1995 manga
Asahi Sonorama manga
Supernatural anime and manga
Viz Media manga

Dolls (1995 manga)


Georg Gottfried Gervinus (20 May 1805 – 18 March 1871) was a German literary and political historian.

Biography
Gervinus was born in Darmstadt. He was educated at the gymnasium of the town, and intended for a commercial career, but in 1825 he became a student of the university of Giessen. In 1826 he went to Heidelberg, where he attended the lectures of the historian Schlosser, who became henceforth his guide and his model. In 1828 he was appointed teacher at a private school at Frankfort-on-Main, and in 1830 Privatdozent at Heidelberg. In this period he became a friend of the young historian Karl von Hegel (the son of the Philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel) and of the jurist Georg Beseler.

A volume of his collected Historische Schriften procured him the appointment of professor extraordinarius; while the first volume of his Geschichte der poetischen Nationallitteratur der Deutschen (History of the poetical national literature of the Germans; 1835–1842, 5 vols.) subsequently entitled Geschichte der deutschen Dichtung (History of German poetry; 5th edition, by Karl Bartsch, 1871–1874) brought him the appointment to a regular professorship of history and literature at Göttingen. This work is the first comprehensive history of German literature written both with scholarly erudition and literary skill. In the following year he wrote his Grundzüge der Historik, which is perhaps the most thoughtful of his philosophico-historical productions.

The same year brought his expulsion from Göttingen in consequence of his protest, in conjunction with six of his colleagues, against the violation of the constitution by Ernest Augustus, king of Hanover and duke of Cumberland. After several years in Heidelberg, Darmstadt and Rome, he settled permanently in Heidelberg, where, in 1844, he was appointed honorary professor. He zealously took up in the following year the cause of the German Catholics, hoping it would lead to a union of all the Christian confessions, and to the establishment of a national church. He also came forward in 1846 as a patriotic champion of the Schleswig-Holsteiners, and when, in 1847, King Frederick William IV promulgated the royal decree for summoning the so-called United Diet (), Gervinus hoped that this event would form the basis of the constitutional development of the largest German state. He founded, together with some other patriotic scholars, the Deutsche Zeitung, which certainly was one of the best-written political journals ever published in Germany. His appearance in the political arena secured his election as deputy for the Prussian province of Saxony to the National Assembly sitting in 1848 at Frankfort. Disgusted with the failure of that body, he retired from all active political life.

In 1839/40, Gervinus approached Therese Forster, the daughter of German explorer, writer and revolutionary Georg Forster, and suggested an edition of her father's complete works to be published by Brockhaus in Leipzig, with a biographic introduction by Gervinus. The nine-volume edition appeared in 1843 and remained the prevailing edition of Georg Forster's works for more than a century.

Gervinus now devoted himself to literary and historical studies, and between 1849 and 1852 published his work on Shakespeare (4 vols., 4th ed. 2 vols., 1872; Eng. trans. by F. E. Bunnett, 1863, new ed. 1877). He also revised his History of German Literature, for a fourth edition (1853), and began at the same time to plan his Geschichte des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts (8 vols., 1854–1860), which was preceded by an Einleitung in die Geschichte des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts (1853).

The latter work caused some stir in the literary and political world, owing to the circumstance that the government of Baden imprudently instituted a prosecution against the author for high treason. Arraigned before a tribunal, Gervinus defended himself with a great display of ability and courage, but was nevertheless condemned to an imprisonment of two months, and all the copies of the "seditious publication" were to be destroyed. However, the verdict was rescinded by a higher tribunal. Afterward, Gervinus buried himself still more among his books, and even forebore to deliver lectures.

In 1856, the Händel-Gesellschaft society was founded by Gervinus and the German music historian and critic Friedrich Chrysander. The aim of the society was to publish the collected works of Georg Frideric Handel.

In 1868 appeared Händel und Shakespeare, zur Asthetik der Tonkunst, in which he drew an ingenious parallel between his favorite poet and his favorite composer, showing that their intellectual affinity was based on the Teutonic origin common to both, on their analogous intellectual development and character. The ill-success of this publication, and the indifference with which the latter volumes of his History of the 19th Century were received by his countrymen, together with the feeling of disappointment that the unity of Germany had been brought about in another fashion and by other means than he wished to see employed, embittered his later years, though it did not sour his kindly and humane disposition, nor did it in the least affect his sociable temper, and he cultivated refined society to the last. He died in Heidelberg on 18 March 1871.

Gervinus was a close friend of Georg Friedrich Fallenstein, the father of Helene Fallenstein, who would become the mother of the famous scholar, Max Weber. In her biography of Weber, Marianne Weber, his wife, writes that Helene was sexually molested and probably raped by Gervinus, who was living upstairs in the Fallenstein household after Fallenstein's death. The biography describes Gervinus as a "fatherly friend" of Fallenstein's daughters who regularly read Homer to the girls in their youth. "When she [Helene] was 16," Marianne Weber writes, "a chaste, closed bud of a girl, Gervinus, whom she respected as a teacher, loved like a father, and had trusted for years, one day lost control of himself. The aging man suddenly engulfed the unsuspecting girl with the searing heat of a passion beyond control. She was torn by horror, disgust, pity, and her old grateful devotion to her fatherly friend and teacher. Because her nerves were delicate, she came close to a breakdown. Helene never got over this shock. From that moment on she regarded physical passion as guilt-laden and sub-human. Even when she was an old woman, the memory of that experience would bring an expression of horror to her face." Soon thereafter, the biography continues, Helene met Max Weber Sr. Engagement soon followed, and Helene subsequently described their marriage (which over time would become an unhappy one) as having saved her from the trauma of the Gervinus assault.

Works
Geschichte der Deutschen Dichtung was the first comprehensive history of German poetry in a connected form. The author represented the literary activity of Germany in its successive stages as it grew out of her political life, thus making political history the foil and basis of literary history. His judgment was sincere and independent, although his criticism often assumed a censorious and pedantic tone against the most prominent poets of Germany, for example Goethe, Schiller and Jean Paul.  Notwithstanding this criticism, the German people, without allowing themselves to be misguided in their judgment regarding the merits of these poets, gratefully accepted his work as a national homage to the subject.

The object of Gervinus in writing this literary history was also a patriotic one. He endeavoured to show that Germany, having already attained great eminence in literature, should henceforth exclusively devote herself to political activity, and surpass other nations also in this respect.

He had a no less patriotic object in view in writing his commentary on Shakespeare, which was made popular in England by a translation. This work is not so much a philological or aesthetical commentary as a treatise pointing out the ethical or moral precepts which may be deduced from Shakespeare's productions, and this circumstance makes it of considerable value and interest also to English readers. Gervinus, who considered Shakespeare the intellectual property of Germany, in the same way as he considered Handel the artistic property of England, wished above all to inculcate on his countrymen the teachings of healthy practical activity to be found in the works of the English dramatist. The object for which he wrote, that is the moral improvement of his readers from a practical point of view, seemed to him the easier to be accomplished through the productions of Shakespeare, because the poet was descended from a kindred race, and the fructifying seeds of his thoughts and sentiments, falling upon a congenial soil, would be sure to take root there kindly.

As a political historian, Gervinus was the antipode of Ranke. Following the principles of F. C. Schlosser, he slighted all documentary history. He had such a deep distrust of all state papers and diplomatic documents that he considered them as most untrustworthy sources for any historical record. He confined himself, therefore, chiefly to taking into account the political events and their results just as they lay on the surface; and, not consulting the state archives for the secret springs which set them in motion, he based his historical narratives almost entirely on his subjective judgment. Many brilliant passages will be found in his general History of the 19th Century, such as the accounts of the South American and Greek revolutions, and of the July revolution in 1830; and his Historische Schriften also contain a number of valuable treatises and essays, which may be said to have paved the way to a new era in the art of writing history.

Gervinus entertained a kindly feeling towards England, which he called the land of political mastery; and though he was rather a cosmopolitan, he nevertheless remained a German patriot to the core. Ranke's opinion was "that he will never be forgotten."

Bibliography
Gervinus's autobiography (G. G. Gervinus Leben, von ihm selbst) was published by his widow in 1893. It does not, however, go beyond the year 1836. See E. Lehmann, Gervinus, Versuch einer Charakteristik (1871); R. Gosche, Gervinus (1871); J. Dörfel, Gervinus als historischer Denker (1904).

Notes

References
 Gervinus, Georg Gottfried. (1868). Händel und Shakespeare: Zur Ästhetik der Tonkunst. Wilhelm Engelmann (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; )

1805 births
1871 deaths
Writers from Darmstadt
German religious humanists
19th-century German historians
Members of the Frankfurt Parliament
People from the Grand Duchy of Hesse
Shakespearean scholars
University of Giessen alumni
Heidelberg University alumni
Academic staff of Heidelberg University
Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
German male dramatists and playwrights
19th-century German dramatists and playwrights
19th-century German male writers
German male poets

Georg Gottfried Gervinus


Absolute Entertainment was an American video game publishing company. Through its development house, Imagineering, Absolute Entertainment produced titles for the Atari 2600, Atari 7800, Game Gear, Genesis/Mega Drive,  Sega CD, Game Boy, Nintendo Entertainment System, and Super Nintendo Entertainment System video game consoles, as well as for the Commodore 64, Apple II, and IBM PC compatibles.

After leaving his position as a video game developer and designer at Activision, Garry Kitchen founded the company in 1986 with his brother Dan Kitchen, along with Alex DeMeo and John Van Ryzin. The company's headquarters was in Glen Rock, New Jersey, but later moved to another New Jersey borough, Upper Saddle River. In 1988, after his brief stint at Hasbro, David Crane had joined the company. While the company was based in New Jersey, David Crane worked out of his home on the West Coast.  The company's name was chosen because it was alphabetically above Activision, implying that Absolute Entertainment was superior to Activision. It was the same strategy that Activision chose when the programmers left Atari.

At Absolute Entertainment, Kitchen continued developing games for the Atari 2600 and Atari 7800, as he had done at Activision. However, the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) had already displaced Atari's dominance of the video game console market. Kitchen swiftly shifted his focus to the NES, and produced several games for the platform, beginning with A Boy and His Blob: Trouble on Blobolonia in 1989, and Battle Tank in 1990.

Absolute Entertainment absorbed its studio Imagineering in 1992 to become itself a video game developer for the first time.

In the third quarter of 1995, Absolute Entertainment went bankrupt and suspended operations and laid off most of its staff. Since Kitchen had already formed a new company with David Crane called Skyworks Technologies, some of the employees transitioned to the new company.

References

Companies based in Bergen County, New Jersey
Video game companies established in 1986
Video game companies disestablished in 1995
Defunct companies based in New Jersey
Video game publishers
Defunct video game companies of the United States
1986 establishments in New Jersey
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1995

Absolute Entertainment


Discordianism is a postmodern religion in which disorder (also called discord) is as important as order, existing within chaos. It was founded circa 1958–1959 by Malaclypse the Younger, who published its most important text: the Principia Discordia.

The Sacred Chao and Five fingered hand of ERIS are the most recognized symbols of Discordianism.

Discordian calendar
The Discordian calendar (also called Erisian calendar) is an alternative calendar used by followers of the discordian religion

The discordian year 1 YOLD is 1166 BC.

Implementations
ddate is a linux program that prints the current date in the discordian calendar, in August 2011, ddate was made optional, and was removed in 2012, being readded in 2013

Other websites
 PrincipiaDiscordia.com – contains the Principia Discordia in HTML.

New religious movements

Discordianism