"Silly Thing" is a song by the Sex Pistols that was released in 1979. It was the 3rd single released in promotion of the film The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle. It was written by drummer Paul Cook and guitarist Steve Jones, and recorded after the band's original lead singer, Johnny Rotten, left the band. Typically, Jones also played bass in the studio, rather than suffer the ineptitude of the band's official bassist, Sid Vicious.

"Silly Thing" (A-side)

Paul Cook album version
The original version of the song, on which Paul Cook sings lead vocals and Steve Jones plays bass guitar, was recorded with engineer Steve Lipson at Regents Park Studios in London in April or May 1978. The recording of further guitar overdubs and the final mixing took place at Rockfield Studios in Wales with producer Dave Goodman in late May 1978.

This original version of "Silly Thing" appeared on the movie soundtrack album of The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle and was used for the single in New Zealand, France and Japan.

A different mix of this original version, with Cook singing the verses and Jones singing the chorus, was released in 1988 in Japan, along with an outtake from the same recording sessions, the original version of the Jones/Cook composition "Here We Go Again".

Steve Jones single version
In the second week of March 1979, Jones and Cook went into Wessex Studios in London with engineer Bill Price and recorded a new version of the song. On this version, bass guitar was played by Andy Allen of the Lightning Raiders, who later in the year formed The Professionals with Cook and Jones.

This version of "Silly Thing" was used for the single in the UK, Australia, West Germany and Portugal. It appeared on the 1992 Sex Pistols compilation Kiss This.

"Who Killed Bambi?" (B-side)
The song "Who Killed Bambi?" was written and sung by Edward Tudor-Pole, with Vivienne Westwood contributing to the lyrics.

The song was recorded with a 45 piece orchestra, arranged and conducted by Andrew Jackman, in a large studio in Wembley in summer 1978. Tudor-Pole's vocals were added later at the same studio.

The subsequent movie sequence of Tudor-Pole performing the song was filmed in one day with actress Irene Handl at Rainbow Theatre in London.

Charts
In the UK, the single spent 8 weeks in the Top 75 and reached #6 on 15 April 1979.

References

1979 singles
Sex Pistols songs
Songs written by Paul Cook
Songs written by Steve Jones (musician)

Silly Thing (song)


Aubrey de Vere (c. 1085 – May 1141)  — also known as "Alberic[us] de Ver" and "Albericus regis camerarius" (the king's chamberlain)— was the second of that name in England after the Norman Conquest, being the eldest surviving son of Aubrey de Vere and his wife Beatrice.

Aubrey II served as one of the king's chamberlains and as a justiciar under kings Henry I and Stephen. Henry I also appointed him as sheriff of London and Essex and co-sheriff with Richard Basset of eleven counties. In 1130 he owed the king for various offenses including the escape of prisoners under his custody, 550 pounds and four palfreys. This implies he would have been in charge of prisoners on a regular basis. In June 1133, that king awarded the office of Lord Great Chamberlain to Aubrey and his heirs.  A frequent witness of royal charters for Henry I and Stephen, he appears to have accompanied Henry to Normandy only once.  The chronicler William of Malmesbury reports that in 1139, Aubrey was King Stephen's spokesman to the church council at Winchester, when the king had been summoned to answer for the seizure of castles held by Roger, Bishop of Salisbury and his nephews, the bishops of Ely and Lincoln.  In May 1141, during the English civil war, Aubrey was killed by a London mob and was buried in the family mausoleum at Colne Priory, Essex.

In addition to his patronage of Colne Priory, Aubrey either founded or financially supported a cell of the Benedictine abbey St. Melanie in Rennes, Brittany, at Hatfield Broadoak or Hatfield Regis, Essex. The stone tower at Hedingham, in Essex, was most likely begun by Aubrey and completed by his son and heir, another Aubrey de Vere, who was later created Earl of Oxford; his descendants held that title and the office that in later centuries was known as Lord Great Chamberlain until the extinction of the Vere male line in 1703.

His wife Adeliza, daughter of Gilbert fitz Richard of Clare, survived her husband for twenty-two years.  For most of that time she was a corrodian at St. Osyth's Priory, Chich, Essex.

Their known children are:
a daughter (name unknown) who married Roger de Ramis.
Alice "of Essex" (married 1. Henry of Essex, 2. Roger fitz Richard)
Aubrey de Vere, 1st Earl of Oxford (married 1. Beatrice, countess of Guisnes, 2. Eufemia, 3. Agnes of Essex)
Geoffrey (married 1. widow of Warin fitz Gerold, 2. Isabel de Say)
Gilbert, prior of the Knights Hospitaller in England (1195–1197)
Juliana Countess of Norfolk (married 1. Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk, 2. Walkelin Maminot)
Robert (married 1. Matilda de Furnell, 2. Margaret daughter of Baldwin Wake)
Rohese de Vere, Countess of Essex (married 1. Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex, 2. Payn de Beauchamp)
William de Vere, Bishop of Hereford (1186–1198)

References

1080s births
1141 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Anglo-Normans
Lord Great Chamberlains
People from Essex
Aubrey
High Sheriffs of Hertfordshire
High Sheriffs of Essex
High Sheriffs of Bedfordshire
High Sheriffs of Buckinghamshire
High Sheriffs of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire
High Sheriffs of Norfolk
High Sheriffs of Suffolk
High Sheriffs of Surrey
Sheriffs of the City of London

Aubrey de Vere II


Ronald David Turner (born December 5, 1953) is an American football coach and former player.

Turner was most recently an offensive consultant with the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League (NFL) in 2017. He was head coach of the Florida International University (FIU) Panthers football team from 2013 to 2016. Turner served as the head football coach at San Jose State University in 1992, and the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign from 1997 to 2004. He also had two separate stints as the offensive coordinator for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL), the first from 1993 to 1996, and most recently from 2005 to 2009.

Playing career
Turner played college football as a wide receiver for Diablo Valley College from 1973 to 1974, and the University of the Pacific from 1975 to 1976. He was inducted into Pacific's Athletic Hall of Fame in 2009. He earned a scholarship to the University of the Pacific, where he led the Tigers in receiving in 1975 and 1976 and totaled 40 receptions for 666 yards with three touchdowns.

Coaching career

College coaching career
Turner began his coaching career as a graduate assistant at Pacific before earning his first full-time college job coaching running backs and receivers at University of Arizona (1978–1980). He moved on to be an assistant at Northwestern University (1981–1982), the University of Pittsburgh (1983–1984), the University of Southern California (1985–1987), Texas A&M University (1988), and Stanford University (1989–1991), before earning his first head coaching job at San Jose State University in 1992. Turner was the head coach at San Jose State for one season before being hired by Dave Wannstedt in the first of his two stints as the Bears offensive coordinator.

Between his two stints with the Bears, Turner spent eight years as head coach at the University of Illinois. His overall record at Illinois was 35 wins and 57 losses, for a winning percentage of .380. The highlight of his tenure came in 2001 when he guided the Illini to a 10–2 record, the Big Ten Conference title, and an appearance in the Sugar Bowl, which Illinois lost to LSU. That season, Turner was named the Big Ten Coach of the Year. His only other winning season was in 1999, when he led the Illini to the MicronPC Bowl, which the Illini won by a 63–21 scoreline—at the time the second-highest points ever scored by a team in a collegiate bowl game.

Turner followed up the successful 2001 campaign with three consecutive losing seasons and was fired. Two of his teams were winless in the Big Ten, going 0–8 in 1997 and again in 2003. Turner is the only coach in the more than 100-year history of Illinois football to lose 11 games in a season, which he also accomplished in those same two seasons. His 1997 team was only the third in school history not to win a single game, going 0–11. Turner presided over three of the top six offenses in Illini history in terms of total yards, while four of his eight Illinois squads currently rank in the school's top 11 for scoring, including the 2001 team that scored a school-record 390 points. Three of the top six all-time leading rushers at Illinois and three of the school's top ten all-time leading receivers played during the Turner era. There were over 20 former Illini who played under Turner on NFL rosters at the end of the 2007 season. One of Turner's former players at Illinois who also went on to the NFL, Josh Whitman, was named director of athletics at the university on February 26, 2016.

Chicago Bears
The Bears team completion percentages in 1994 (61.4%) and 1995 (60.2%) rank as the highest in team history. Chicago's net passing yard total of 3,743 in 1995 ranks second in team annals while the total of 3,185 in 1996 was pushed to sixth in team history by the team's totals from 2006 and 2007. With Erik Kramer at quarterback in 1995, the Bears set a team record for passing yards per game with 233.9 while compiling the fifth-most points in team history with 392. Kramer set club records with 29 touchdown passes and 10 interceptions (least among 16-game starters). The 1995 squad produced the third-most total net yards (5,673) and the second-most first downs (340) in team history. The offense also featured a 1,000-yard rusher and two 1,000-yard receivers in 1995, the only such season in team history. During his earlier four years with the Bears as offensive coordinator/quarterbacks coach under head coach Dave Wannstedt, Turner guided some of the most prolific offenses in club history.

Turner was hired for his second stint with Chicago on January 9, 2005, replacing Terry Shea as Bears offensive coordinator. Coincidentally, Turner had also replaced Shea as head coach at San Jose State in 1992. In the 2005 season, Chicago started a rookie a quarterback, Kyle Orton, who was a fourth-round draft pick, and compiled a 10–5 record. Chicago featured the eighth-ranked running game in the NFL in 2005. The 2,099 rushing yards totaled by the Bears were the franchise's most in a season since 1990 when the team rushed for 2,436 yards. Chicago also tied for the NFL-lead with 19 runs of 20 or more yards in 2005 after recording just seven such rushing gains in 2004. On the season, the Bears rushed for over 100 yards in 13 of 16 regular season games featuring six individual 100-yard rushing performances.

Turner contributed to Chicago's appearance in Super Bowl XLI by coordinating an offense that ranked 15th in the NFL in total yards in 2006. He has coordinated the team's offense in each of its last six playoff games with Chicago owning a 3–3 record in those contests while averaging 25.7 points per game. Turner also holds the distinction of being the offensive coordinator for each of the top two quarterbacks in Bears history in single-season gross passing yardage. Erik Kramer set the franchise record with 3,838 passing yards under Turner in 1995 while Rex Grossman finished 2006 as the runner-up in that category with 3,193 yards. The Bears were the only NFL team with six players with five or more touchdowns in 2006. Chicago's 38 offensive touchdowns (24 passing, 14 rushing) in 2006 were the unit's highest single-season total since scoring 44 in 1995. In 2006, the Bears led the NFC while tying for second in the NFL with 427 points, the second-highest single-season scoring total in franchise history.

Chicago topped the 30-point plateau twice in 2008, four times in 2007 and accomplished the feat seven times during the 2006 season, the team's most 30-point games in one campaign since registering eight in 1956. The Bears scored 48 points against the Vikings on October 19, 2008, the most for the club since tallying 48 on December 7, 1986, versus Tampa Bay. The offense has compiled more than 300 total net yards in 25 of their last 48 games after doing so just three times in 2005; the third season of Turner's first stint with the team. The last time Chicago had six players combine for at least five touchdowns was 1948.

In 2008, the Bears passing offense continued to develop under Turner. Bears quarterbacks threw for over 3,000 net passing yards for the third straight season, a first for the franchise since the 1997–99 campaigns. Chicago has passed for over 3,000 net yards in six of the previous eight seasons under Turner's direction. In 2008, Turner helped oversee the development of rookie running back Matt Forte. Forte set Bears rookie records for rushing yards (1,238), yards from scrimmage (1,715) and receptions (63). The passing game was led by quarterback Kyle Orton in 2008. In 2008, Orton recorded the sixth-most passing yards in team history (2,972), fourth-most completions (272), the fifth-highest completion percentage (58.5) and 13th-highest passer rating (79.6) in 15 starts. Orton's nine starts without an interception in 2008 were tied for fourth-most in the NFL and most by a Bears quarterback since 1995. Orton also threw a team-record 205 consecutive pass attempts without an interception last season. Chicago scored 375 total points in 2008, tied for seventh-most in franchise history. In 2009, Bears acquired Pro Bowl quarterback Jay Cutler. After throwing 19 TD passes and 25 interceptions in the first 14 games, Cutler passed for eight TDs and one pick in season's last two games against the Vikings and Lions, giving him more TDs (27) than interceptions (26) this season. The Bears offense generated season-highs vs. Detroit with 418 total yards and 22 first downs, giving the unit 718 yards and 41 first downs in its final two games. On January 5, 2010, he and several of his assistants were fired. The Bears qualified for the postseason in three of Turner's eight seasons with the team.

Indianapolis Colts
After being fired by the Chicago Bears after the Bears poor 2009 season, Turner was hired as offensive coordinator by Stanford. However, four weeks later he became wide receivers coach for the Indianapolis Colts.

FIU
On January 3, 2013, Turner was hired as the head coach of FIU, becoming the young program's third coach and taking the reins as the program entered Conference USA. He led the team to a 1–11 record and a seventh-place finish in Conference USA's East Division.  In his second season, Turner led the team to a 4–8 record.

On September 25, 2016, Turner was relieved of his duties as head coach.

Personal life
Turner is the brother of Norv Turner, former head coach of the San Diego Chargers.  Ron and his wife, Wendy, have two sons, Morgan and Cameron, and two daughters, Cally and Madison.  "Cam" played quarterback for The Citadel and is currently in his first season as QB coach of the Indianapolis Colts. He has also coached in offensive capacities for the Arizona Cardinals prior to his stop in Indianapolis. This is after serving as the quarterbacks and wide receivers coach at FIU and working for the Carolina Panthers. Before that, he served as an assistant to Leslie Frazier for the Minnesota Vikings. Morgan is currently the tight ends coach for the Arkansas Razorbacks.

Head coaching record

References

1953 births
Living people
American football wide receivers
Arizona Wildcats football coaches
Chicago Bears coaches
Diablo Valley Vikings football players
FIU Panthers football coaches
Illinois Fighting Illini football coaches
Indianapolis Colts coaches
National Football League offensive coordinators
Northwestern Wildcats football coaches
USC Trojans football coaches
Pacific Tigers football coaches
Pacific Tigers football players
Sportspeople from Martinez, California
Players of American football from Contra Costa County, California
Pittsburgh Panthers football coaches
San Jose State Spartans football coaches
Stanford Cardinal football coaches
Tampa Bay Buccaneers coaches
Texas A&M Aggies football coaches

Ron Turner (American football)


Redemption is a key concept in many religions: Very broadly speaking, it means that there will be an event, that will free a single person, a group of people, or all people from evil. It is commonly used in Judaism, Christianity and Gnosticism. In Buddhism, the term enlightenment has a similar meaning.

Theology

Redemption (theology)


The brown rat (Rattus norvegicus), also known as the common rat, street rat, sewer rat, wharf rat, Hanover rat, Norway rat and Norwegian rat, is a widespread species of common rat. One of the largest muroids, it is a brown or grey rodent with a head and body length of up to  long, and a tail slightly shorter than that. It weighs between . Thought to have originated in northern China and neighbouring areas, this rodent has now spread to all continents except Antarctica, and is the dominant rat in Europe and much of North America. With rare exceptions, the brown rat lives wherever humans live, particularly in urban areas.

Selective breeding of the brown rat has produced the fancy rat (rats kept as pets), as well as the laboratory rat (rats used as model organisms in biological research). Both fancy rats and laboratory rats are of the domesticated subspecies Rattus norvegicus domestica.  Studies of wild rats in New York City have shown that populations living in different neighborhoods can evolve distinct genomic profiles over time, by slowly accruing different traits.

Naming and etymology
The brown rat was originally called the "Hanover rat" by people wishing to link problems in 18th-century England with the House of Hanover. It is not known for certain why the brown rat is named Rattus norvegicus (Norwegian rat), as it did not originate from Norway. However, the English naturalist John Berkenhout, author of the 1769 book Outlines of the Natural History of Great Britain, is most likely responsible for popularizing the misnomer. Berkenhout gave the brown rat the binomial name Rattus norvegicus, believing it had migrated to England from Norwegian ships in 1728.

By the early to the middle part of the 19th century, British academics believed that the brown rat was not native to Norway, hypothesizing (incorrectly) that it may have come from Ireland, Gibraltar or across the English Channel with William the Conqueror. As early as 1850, however, a new hypothesis of the rat's origins was beginning to develop. The British novelist Charles Dickens acknowledged this in his weekly journal, All the Year Round, writing:
It is frequently called, in books and otherwise, the 'Norway rat', and it is said to have been imported into this country in a ship-load of timber from Norway. Against this hypothesis stands the fact that when the brown rat had become common in this country, it was unknown in Norway, although there was a small animal like a rat, but really a lemming, which made its home there.

Academics began to prefer this etymology of the brown rat towards the end of the 19th century, as seen in the 1895 text Natural History by American scholar Alfred Henry Miles:
The brown rat is the species common in England, and best known throughout the world. It is said to have travelled from Persia to England less than two hundred years ago and to have spread from thence to other countries visited by English ships.

Though the assumptions surrounding this species' origins were not yet the same as modern ones, by the 20th century, it was believed among naturalists that the brown rat did not originate in Norway, rather the species came from central Asia and (likely) China.

Description

The fur is usually brown or dark grey, while the underparts are lighter grey or brown. The brown rat is a rather large murid and can weigh twice as much as a black rat (Rattus rattus) and many times more than a house mouse (Mus musculus). The head and body length ranges from  while the tail ranges in length from , therefore being shorter than the head and body. Adult weight ranges from . Exceptionally large individuals can reportedly reach  but are not expected outside of domestic specimens. Stories of rats attaining sizes as big as cats are exaggerations, or misidentifications of larger rodents, such as the coypu and muskrat. In fact, it is common for breeding wild brown rats to weigh (sometimes considerably) less than .

Brown rats have acute hearing, are sensitive to ultrasound, and possess a very highly developed olfactory sense. Their average heart rate is 300 to 400 beats per minute, with a respiratory rate of around 100 per minute. The vision of a pigmented rat is poor, around 20/600, while a non-pigmented (albino) with no melanin in its eyes has both around 20/1200 vision and a terrible scattering of light within its vision. Brown rats are dichromates which perceive colors rather like a human with red-green colorblindness, and their colour saturation may be quite faint. Their blue perception, however, also has UV receptors, allowing them to see ultraviolet lights that some species cannot.

Biology and behavior

The brown rat is nocturnal and is a good swimmer, both on the surface and underwater, and has been observed climbing slim round metal poles several feet in order to reach garden bird feeders. Brown rats dig well, and often excavate extensive burrow systems. A 2007 study found brown rats to possess metacognition, a mental ability previously only found in humans and some other primates, but further analysis suggested they may have been following simple operant conditioning principles.

Communication
Brown rats are capable of producing ultrasonic vocalizations. As pups, young rats use different types of ultrasonic cries to elicit and direct maternal search behavior, as well as to regulate their mother's movements in the nest. Although pups produce ultrasounds around any other rats at the age of 7 days, by 14 days old they significantly reduce ultrasound production around male rats as a defensive response. Adult rats will emit ultrasonic vocalizations in response to predators or perceived danger; the frequency and duration of such cries depends on the sex and reproductive status of the rat. The female rat also emit ultrasonic vocalizations during mating.

Chirping
Rats may also emit short, high frequency, ultrasonic, socially induced vocalization during rough and tumble play, before receiving morphine, or mating, and when tickled. The vocalization, described as a distinct "chirping", has been likened to laughter, and is interpreted as an expectation of something rewarding. Like most rat vocalizations, the chirping is too high in pitch for humans to hear without special equipment. Bat detectors are often used by pet owners for this purpose.

In research studies, the chirping is associated with positive emotional feelings, and social bonding occurs with the tickler, resulting in the rats becoming conditioned to seek the tickling. However, as the rats age, the tendency to chirp appears to decline.

Audible communication
Brown rats also produce communicative noises capable of being heard by humans. The most commonly heard in domestic rats is bruxing, or teeth-grinding, which is most usually triggered by happiness, but can also be 'self-comforting' in stressful situations, such as a visit to the vet. The noise is best described as either a quick clicking or 'burring' sound, varying from animal to animal. Vigorous bruxing can be accompanied by boggling, where the eyes of the rat rapidly bulge and retract due to movement of the lower jaw muscles behind the eye socket.

In addition, they commonly squeak along a range of tones from high, abrupt pain squeaks to soft, persistent 'singing' sounds during confrontations.

Diet

The brown rat is a true omnivore and will consume almost anything, but cereals form a substantial part of its diet. Martin Schein, founder of the Animal Behavior Society in 1964, studied the diet of brown rats and came to the conclusion that the most-liked foods of brown rats include scrambled eggs, macaroni and cheese, raw carrots, and cooked corn kernels. According to Schein, the least-liked foods were raw beets, peaches, and raw celery.

Foraging behavior is often population-specific, and varies by environment and food source. Brown rats living near a hatchery in West Virginia catch fingerling fish.
Some colonies along the banks of the Po River in Italy will dive for mollusks, a practice demonstrating social learning among members of this species. Rats on the island of Norderoog in the North Sea stalk and kill sparrows and ducks. Also preyed upon by brown rats are chicks, mice, and small lizards.

Examination of a wild R. norvegicus stomach in Germany revealed 4000 items, most of which were plants, although studies have shown that brown rats prefer meat when given the option. In metropolitan areas, they survive mainly on discarded human food, and anything else that can be eaten without negative consequences.

Reproduction and life cycle

The brown rat can breed throughout the year if conditions are suitable, with a female producing up to five litters a year. The gestation period is only 21 days, and litters can number up to 14, although seven is common. They reach sexual maturity in about five weeks. Under ideal conditions (for the rat), this means that the population of females could increase by a factor of three and a half (half a litter of 7) in 8 weeks (5 weeks for sexual maturity and 3 weeks of gestation), corresponding to a population growing by a factor of 10 in just 15 weeks. As a result, the population can grow from 2 to 15,000 in a year. The maximum life span is three years, although most barely manage one. A yearly mortality rate of 95% is estimated, with predators and interspecies conflict as major causes.

When lactating, female rats display a 24-hour rhythm of maternal behavior, and will usually spend more time attending to smaller litters than large ones.

Brown rats live in large, hierarchical groups, either in burrows or subsurface places, such as sewers and cellars. When food is in short supply, the rats lower in social order are the first to die. If a large fraction of a rat population is exterminated, the remaining rats will increase their reproductive rate, and quickly restore the old population level.

The female is capable of becoming pregnant immediately after giving birth, and can nurse one litter while pregnant with another. She is able to produce and raise two healthy litters of normal size and weight without significantly changing her own food intake. However, when food is restricted, she can extend pregnancy by over two weeks, and give birth to litters of normal number and weight.

Mating behaviors
Males can ejaculate multiple times in a row, and this increases the likelihood of pregnancy as well as decreases the number of stillborns. Multiple ejaculation also means that males can mate with multiple females, and they exhibit more ejaculatory series when there are several oestrous females present. Males also copulate at shorter intervals than females. In group mating, females often switch partners.

Dominant males have higher mating success and also provide females with more ejaculate, and females are more likely to use the sperm of dominant males for fertilization.

In mating, female rats show a clear mating preference for unknown males versus males that they have already mated with (also known as the Coolidge effect), and will often resume copulatory behavior when introduced to a novel sexual partner.

Females also prefer to mate with males who have not experienced social stress during adolescence, and can determine which males were stressed even without any observed difference in sexual performance of males experiencing stress during adolescence and not.

Social behavior
Rats commonly groom each other and sleep together. Rats are said to establish an order of hierarchy, so one rat will be dominant over another one. Groups of rats tend to "play fight", which can involve any combination of jumping, chasing, tumbling, and "boxing". Play fighting involves rats going for each other's necks, while serious fighting involves strikes at the others' back ends. If living space becomes limited, rats may turn to aggressive behavior, which may result in the death of some animals, reducing the burden over the living space.

Rats, like most mammals, also form family groups of a mother and her young. This applies to both groups of males and females. However, rats are territorial animals, meaning that they usually act aggressively towards or scared of strange rats. Rats will fluff up their hair, hiss, squeal, and move their tails around when defending their territory. Rats will chase each other, groom each other, sleep in group nests, wrestle with each other, have dominance squabbles, communicate, and play in various other ways with each other. Huddling is an additional important part of rat socialization. Huddling, an extreme form of herding and like chattering or "bruxing" is often used to commicate that they are feeling threatened and not to come near. The common rat has been more successful at inhabiting and building communities on 6 continents and are the only species to have occupied more land than humans.

During the wintry months, rats will huddle into piles – usually cheek-to-cheek – to control humidity and keep the air warm as a heat-conserving function. Just like elderly rats are commonly groomed and nursed by their companions, nestling rats especially depend on heat from their mother, since they cannot regulate their own temperature. Other forms of interaction include: crawling under, which is literally the act of crawling underneath one another (this is common when the rat is feeling ill and helps them breathe); walking over to find a space next to their closest friend, also explained in the name; allo-grooming, so-called to distinguish it from self-grooming; and nosing, where a rat gently pushes with its nose at another rat near the neck.

Burrowing
Rats are known to burrow extensively, both in the wild and in captivity, if given access to a suitable substrate. Rats generally begin a new burrow adjacent to an object or structure, as this provides a sturdy "roof" for the section of the burrow nearest to the ground's surface. Burrows usually develop to eventually include multiple levels of tunnels, as well as a secondary entrance. Older male rats will generally not burrow, while young males and females will burrow vigorously.

Burrows provide rats with shelter and food storage, as well as safe, thermo-regulated nest sites. Rats use their burrows to escape from perceived threats in the surrounding environment; for example, rats will retreat to their burrows following a sudden, loud noise or while fleeing an intruder. Burrowing can therefore be described as a "pre-encounter defensive behavior", as opposed to a "post-encounter defensive behavior", such as flight, freezing, or avoidance of a threatening stimulus.

Distribution and habitat

Possibly originating from the plains of northern China and Mongolia, the brown rat spread to other parts of the world sometime in the Middle Ages. The question of when brown rats became commensal with humans remains unsettled, but as a species, they have spread and established themselves along routes of human migration and now live almost everywhere humans are.

The brown rat may have been present in Europe as early as 1553, a conclusion drawn from an illustration and description by Swiss naturalist Conrad Gesner in his book Historiae animalium, published 1551–1558. Though Gesner's description could apply to the black rat, his mention of a large percentage of albino specimens—not uncommon among wild populations of brown rats—adds credibility to this conclusion. Reliable reports dating to the 18th century document the presence of the brown rat in Ireland in 1722, England in 1730, France in 1735, Germany in 1750, and Spain in 1800, becoming widespread during the Industrial Revolution. It did not reach North America until around 1750–1755.

As it spread from Asia, the brown rat generally displaced the black rat in areas where humans lived. In addition to being larger and more aggressive, the change from wooden structures and thatched roofs to bricked and tiled buildings favored the burrowing brown rats over the arboreal black rats. In addition, brown rats eat a wider variety of foods, and are more resistant to weather extremes.

In the absence of humans, brown rats prefer damp environments, such as river banks. However, the great majority are now linked to man-made environments, such as sewage systems.

It is often said that there are as many rats in cities as people, but this varies from area to area depending on climate, living conditions, etc. Brown rats in cities tend not to wander extensively, often staying within  of their nest if a suitable concentrated food supply is available, but they will range more widely where food availability is lower. It is difficult to determine the extent of their home range because they do not utilize a whole area but rather use regular runways to get from one location to another. There is great debate over the size of the population of rats in New York City, with estimates from almost 100 million rats to as few as 250,000. Experts suggest that New York is a particularly attractive place for rats because of its aging infrastructure and high poverty rates. In 2023, the city appointed Kathleen Corradi as the first Rat Czar, a position created to address the city's rat population. The position focuses on instituting policies measures to curb the population such as garbage regulation and additional rat trapping. In addition to sewers, rats are very comfortable living in alleyways and residential buildings, as there is usually a large and continuous food source in those areas.

In the United Kingdom, some figures show that the rat population has been rising, with estimations that 81 million rats reside in the UK Those figures would mean that there are 1.3 rats per person in the country. High rat populations in the UK are often attributed to the mild climate, which allow them higher survival rates during the winter. With the increase in global temperature and glacier retreat, it is estimated that brown rat populations will see an increase.

In tropical and desert regions, brown rat occurrence tends to be limited to human-modified habitats. Contiguous rat-free areas in the world include the continent of Antarctica, the Arctic, some isolated islands, the Canadian province of Alberta, and certain conservation areas in New Zealand. Most of Australia apart from the eastern and south-eastern coastal areas does not have reports of substantial rat occurrences.

Antarctica is uninhabitable by rats. The Arctic has extremely cold winters that rats cannot survive outdoors, and the human population density is extremely low, making it difficult for rats to travel from one habitation to another, although they have arrived in many coastal areas by ship. When the occasional rat infestation is found and eliminated, the rats are unable to re-infest it from an adjacent one. Isolated islands are also able to eliminate rat populations because of low human population density and the geographic distance from other rat populations.

Rats as invasive species
Many parts of the world have been populated by rats secondarily, where rats are now important invasive species that compete with and threaten local fauna. For instance, Norway rats reached North America between 1750 and 1775 and even in the early 20th century, from 1925 to 1927, 50% of ships entering the port of New York were rat infested. The following sections provide some examples, including attempts of rat control.

Faroe Islands
The brown rat was first observed on the Faroe Islands in 1768. It is thought that the first individuals arrived on the southernmost island, Suðuroy, via the wreck of a Norwegian ship that had stranded on the Scottish Isle of Lewis on its way from Trondheim to Dublin. The drifting wreck, carrying brown rats, drifted northwards until it reached the village of Hvalba. Dispersion afterwards appears to have been fast, including all of Suðuroy within a year. In 1769, they were observed in Tórshavn on the southern part of Streymoy, and a decade later, in the villages in the northern part of this island.
From here, they crossed the strait and occupied Eysturoy during the years 1776 to 1779. In 1779, they reached Vagar. Whether the rats dispersed from the already established population in Suðuroy, or they were brought to the Faroe Islands with other ships is unknown. The Northern islands were invaded by the brown rat more than 100 years later, after Norwegians built and operated a whaling station in the village of Hvannasund on Borðoy from 1898 to 1920. From there, the brown rat spread to the neighbouring islands of Viðoy and Kunoy. A recent genomic analysis reveals three independent introductions of the invasive brown rat to the Faroe Islands.

Today the brown rat is found on seven of the 18 Faroese islands, and is common in and around human habitations as well as in the wild. Although the brown rat is now common on all of the largest Faroese islands, only sparse information on the population is available in the literature. An investigation for infection with the spirochaete Leptospira interrogans did not find any infected animals, suggesting that Leptospira prevalence rates on the Faroe Islands may be among the lowest recorded worldwide.

Alaska
Hawadax Island (formerly known as Rat Island) in Alaska is thought to have been the first island in the Aleutians to be invaded by Norway rats (the Brown rat) when a Japanese ship  went  aground in the 1780s. They had a devastating effect on the native bird life. An eradication program was started in 2007 and the island was declared rat-free in June 2009.

Alberta
Alberta is the largest rat-free populated area in the world. Rat invasions of Alberta were stopped and rats were eliminated by very aggressive government rat control measures, starting during the 1950s.

The only species of Rattus that is capable of surviving the climate of Alberta is the brown rat, which can only survive in the prairie region of the province, and even then must overwinter in buildings. Although it is a major agricultural area, Alberta is far from any seaport and only a portion of its eastern boundary with Saskatchewan provides a favorable entry route for rats. Brown rats cannot survive in the wild boreal forest to the north, the Rocky Mountains to the west, nor can they safely cross the semiarid High Plains of Montana to the south. The first brown rat did not reach Alberta until 1950, and in 1951, the province launched a rat-control program that included shooting, poisoning, and gassing rats, and bulldozing or burning down some rat-infested buildings. The effort was backed by legislation that required every person and every municipality to destroy and prevent the establishment of designated pests. If they failed, the provincial government could carry out the necessary measures and charge the costs to the landowner or municipality.

In the first year of the rat control program,  of arsenic trioxide were spread throughout 8,000 buildings on farms along the Saskatchewan border. However, in 1953 the much safer and more effective rodenticide warfarin was introduced to replace arsenic. Warfarin is an anticoagulant that was approved as a drug for human use in 1954 and is much safer to use near humans and other large animals than arsenic. By 1960, the number of rat infestations in Alberta had dropped to below 200 per year. In 2002, the province finally recorded its first year with zero rat infestations, and from 2002 to 2007 there were only two infestations found. After an infestation of rats in the Medicine Hat landfill was found in 2012, the province's rat-free status was questioned, but provincial government rat control specialists brought in excavating machinery, dug out, shot, and poisoned 147 rats in the landfill, and no live rats were found thereafter. In 2013, the number of rat infestations in Alberta dropped to zero again. Alberta defines an infestation as two or more rats found at the same location, since a single rat cannot reproduce. About a dozen single rats enter Alberta in an average year and are killed by provincial rat control specialists before they can reproduce.

Only zoos, universities, and research institutes are allowed to keep caged rats in Alberta, and possession of unlicensed rats (including fancy rats) by anyone else is punishable by a penalty of up to $5,000 or up to 60 days in jail.
The adjacent and similarly landlocked province of Saskatchewan initiated a rat control program in 1972, and has managed to reduce the number of rats in the province substantially, although they have not been eliminated. The Saskatchewan rat control program has considerably reduced the number of rats trying to enter Alberta.

New Zealand
First arriving before 1800 (perhaps on James Cook's vessels), brown rats pose a serious threat to many of New Zealand's native wildlife. Rat eradication programmes within New Zealand have led to rat-free zones on offshore islands and even on fenced "ecological islands" on the mainland. Before an eradication effort was launched in 2001, the sub-Antarctic Campbell Island had the highest population density of brown rats in the world. Predator Free 2050 aims to eradicate rats from the entirety of New Zealand.

Diseases
Similar to other rodents, brown rats may carry a number of pathogens, which can result in disease, including Weil's disease, rat bite fever, cryptosporidiosis, viral hemorrhagic fever, Q fever and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. In the United Kingdom, brown rats are an important reservoir for Coxiella burnetii, the bacterium that causes Q fever, with seroprevalence for the bacteria found to be as high as 53% in some wild populations.

This species can also serve as a reservoir for Toxoplasma gondii, the parasite that causes toxoplasmosis, though the disease usually spreads from rats to humans when domestic cats feed on infected brown rats. The parasite has a long history with the brown rat, and there are indications that the parasite has evolved to alter an infected rat's perception to cat predation, making it more susceptible to predation and increasing the likelihood of transmission.

Surveys and specimens of brown rat populations throughout the world have shown this species is often associated with outbreaks of trichinosis, but the extent to which the brown rat is responsible in transmitting Trichinella larvae to humans and other synanthropic animals is at least somewhat debatable. Trichinella pseudospiralis, a parasite previously not considered to be a potential pathogen in humans or domestic animals, has been found to be pathogenic in humans and carried by brown rats.

They can also be responsible for transmitting Angiostrongylus larvae to humans by eating raw or undercooked snails, slugs, molluscs, crustaceans, water and/or vegetables contaminated with them.

Brown rats are sometimes mistakenly thought to be a major reservoir of bubonic plague, a possible cause of the Black Death. However, the bacterium responsible, Yersinia pestis, is commonly endemic in only a few rodent species and is usually transmitted zoonotically by rat fleas—common carrier rodents today include ground squirrels and wood rats. However, brown rats may suffer from plague, as can many nonrodent species, including dogs, cats, and humans. During investigations of the plague epidemic in San Francisco in 1907, >1% of collected rats were infected with Y. pestis. The original carrier for the plague-infected fleas thought to be responsible for the Black Death was the black rat, and it has been hypothesized that the displacement of black rats by brown rats led to the decline of bubonic plague. Rats being one of the few extremely social mammals would be the most susceptible to any infectious disease and the vector of the disease would be isolated from their community, and exposed by unnatural virtually always human action. The mad cow disease similar would not be caused by cows but the mishandling of cattle in Britain. Cows do not naturally become a paste for each other to willingly eat.  This theory has, however, been deprecated, as the dates of these displacements do not match the increases and decreases in plague outbreaks.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, one study of New York City sewer rats showed that 17 percent of the city's brown rat population had become infected with SARS-CoV-2.

In captivity

Uses in science

Selective breeding of white-marked rats rescued from being killed in a now-outlawed sport called rat baiting has produced the pink-eyed white laboratory rat. Like mice, these rats are frequently subjects of medical, psychological and other biological experiments, and constitute an important model organism. This is because they grow quickly to sexual maturity and are easy to keep and to breed in captivity. When modern biologists refer to "rats", they almost always mean Rattus norvegicus.

As pets

The brown rat is kept as a pet in many parts of the world. Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States are just a few of the countries that have formed fancy rat associations similar in nature to the American Kennel Club, establishing standards, orchestrating events, and promoting responsible pet ownership.

The many different types of domesticated brown rats include variations in coat patterns, as well as the style of the coat, such as Hairless or Rex, and more recently developed variations in body size and structure, including dwarf and tailless fancy rats.

Working rats

A working rat is a rat trained for specific tasks as a working animal. In many cases, working rats are domesticated brown rats. However, other species, notably the Gambian pouched rat, have been trained to assist humans.

See also

References

Further reading
 List of books and articles about rats

External links

Overviews
Rat behaviour and biology A detailed set of pages by biologist Anne Hanson
Norway (Brown) Rat Fact sheet including information on habits, habitat, threats and prevention tips
Rattus norvegicus at the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
Life cycle data sheet for Rattus norvegicus written by biologist João Pedro de Magalhães
Rats and Mice: Overview Online version of the Merck veterinary manual
ARKive Still photos and videos

Rattus norvegicus genome and use as model animal
Nature: Rat Genome
Rat genome database
View the rat genome in Ensembl

Rattus
Mammals described in 1769
Animals that use echolocation
Cosmopolitan mammals
Laboratory rats
Stored-product pests
Taxa named by John Berkenhout

Brown rat


DeWitt Clinton Littlejohn (February 7, 1818 – October 27, 1892) was a brevet brigadier general in the Union Army and a United States representative from New York during the Civil War.

Biography
Littlejohn initially pursued an academic course at Geneva Academy. Deciding to not complete college, he instead engaged in several profitable mercantile pursuits, acting for a time as a forwarder of fresh produce on the lakes and canals of the region. He later engaged in the manufacture of flour at Oswego, New York.

He was Mayor of Oswego, New York in 1849 and 1850. He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Oswego Co., 1st D.) in 1853, 1854, 1855, 1857, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1866, 1867, 1870, 1871 and 1884. He was speaker in 1855, 1857, 1859, 1860 and 1861; and was the chief lieutenant of political boss Thurlow Weed.

Early in 1861, Littlejohn was influential in the backroom politics to select Ira Harris over Horace Greeley as the Republican Party's nominee to run for the U.S. Senate to succeed William H. Seward, who had not run for re-election, expecting to join President Abraham Lincoln's Cabinet. In September, Littlejohn unsuccessfully sued Greeley and the New York Tribune for libel. With the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, Littlejohn worked actively to recruit troops in the Oswego area.

Littlejohn used his political connections in July 1862 to secure a commission as Colonel of the 110th New York Volunteer Infantry, a regiment he helped raise through his personal efforts. He trained his troops at Camp Patterson near Baltimore, Maryland, where it was stationed until November, when it was ordered to Federal-occupied New Orleans, Louisiana.

Returning to politics, he successfully campaigned for the United States House of Representatives. He was elected as a Republican to the 38th United States Congress. He resigned from the army on February 3, 1863, and served in Congress from March 4, 1863, to March 3, 1865. During that term, he was Chairman of the Committee on Revolutionary Pensions. Littlejohn was not a candidate for renomination in 1864.

On February 26, 1867, President Andrew Johnson nominated Littlejohn for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 2, 1867.

He moved his residence to Buffalo, New York until 1867, when he moved back to Oswego. Littlejohn wanted to afford Oswego the growth possible by a rail connection to a major port. In 1868, he organized and served as president of the New York and Oswego Midland Railroad (NY&OM), a route traversing much of New York State on its way to New York City. He also established a steamboat service connecting Long Island to his new railroad.

In 1870 the Republican state convention nominated Littlejohn for Lieutenant Governor of New York on the ticket with Stewart L. Woodford, but he declined to run.

Fed up with the corruption of the Grant Administration, in 1872 Littlejohn joined the Liberal Republican Party and supported the candidacy of Horace Greeley for president in 1872, having set aside his previous legal issues with Greeley. He then became a Democrat, was a delegate to several Democratic state conventions, and was an ally of Samuel J. Tilden.

He died in Oswego, and was buried at the Riverside Cemetery.

See also

List of American Civil War brevet generals (Union)

References
 Retrieved on 2008-02-12
 Obit in NYT, October 28, 1892
 Brown, John Howard, ed., Lamb's Biographical Dictionary of the United States. Volume V. Boston: James H. Lamb Co., 1903.
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001.

Notes

1818 births
1892 deaths
People from Oneida County, New York
Mayors of places in New York (state)
Speakers of the New York State Assembly
Republican Party members of the New York State Assembly
Union Army generals
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
19th-century American railroad executives
New York (state) Liberal Republicans
New York (state) Democrats
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
Politicians from Oswego, New York
19th-century American politicians

DeWitt Clinton Littlejohn


Waseem Ahmed Bhatti (or Wasim; born 10 March 1978) is a French cricketer of Pakistani origin. Before emigrating to France, he played two seasons of senior Pakistani domestic cricket for Pakistan International Airlines (PIA). A wicket-keeper, he has played regularly for the French national side since 2004, and captained the team for several years.

Born in Sialkot, Bhatti first played at high levels during the 1997–98 season, when he turned out for Sibi District in the Grade-II Quaid-i-Azam Trophy. He made his first-class debut the following season, playing three Patron's Trophy matches for PIA in late 1998. On debut against Pakistan Customs he made what was to be his highest first-class score, 22 runs from 64 balls coming in ninth in the batting order. His maiden first-class dismissal was a stumping off the bowling of Shoaib Malik, a future Pakistani international. Bhatti played only a single game for PIA during the 1999–2000 season, a Quaid-i-Azam Trophy fixture against Gujranwala. Although he took a catch and two stumpings in that match, Ahmed Zeeshan and Javed Qadeer were preferred as keeper for the rest of the season.

Only 21 by the end of his last season in Pakistan, Bhatti reputedly "turned up in Paris in 2000 after failing to get a visa to play in England". His first recorded matches for the French national side came in Belgium in 2004, in Division Two of the European Cricket Championship. He led France's batting at that tournament, with a best of 69 not out against Israel, Bhatti did the same at the 2008 Division Two tournament, having been behind only Arun Ayyavooraju at the 2006 tournament. Bhatti took over France's captaincy at the 2008 tournament, replacing another Pakistani emigrant, Shabbir Hussain. At the 2013 European T20 Championship in England, by which time Bhatti had been replaced by Ayyavooraju as captain, he scored 196 runs from matches, more than any other French player. His best innings was 55 from 45 balls against Belgium. Outside of playing, Bhatti has also been active in promoting cricket in French primary schools.

References

1978 births
Living people
French cricketers
Pakistani cricketers
Pakistani emigrants to France
Pakistan International Airlines cricketers
Waseem
French people of Punjabi descent
Sportspeople of Pakistani descent
Wicket-keepers

Waseem Bhatti


"Voyage" is the 28th single released by Ayumi Hamasaki on September 26, 2002. "Voyage" debuted at #1 on the weekly charts with more than 319,020 copies sold in its first week and remained at the top position for three consecutive weeks out of a total 28 weeks on the chart, becoming her longest-charting single. The single sold a total of 760,000 copies and became the ninth-best-selling single of the year. To date, "Voyage" is Ayumi Hamasaki's only single which has remained in the top position of the weekly Oricon charts for at least three weeks other than "H" and "A"; however, "Voyage" is Hamasaki's only single to stay at #1 for three consecutive weeks ("A" and "H" spent 3 non-consecutive weeks at #1). "Voyage" was used as the theme song of the Japanese film Tsuki ni Shizumu, which was created in lieu of a PV for the single. It was also used as the ending song of a Japanese television drama My Little Chef, starring Hiroshi Abe and Aya Ueto.

Track listing
 "Voyage" – 5:08
 "HANABI" (Electrical Bossa Mix) - 5:06
 "independent" (Sugiurumn Mix) - 5:46
 "Voyage" (Instrumental) – 5:08

PV

A regular PV for "Voyage" does not exist; however, Tsuki ni Shizumu, a short film starring Hamasaki was created for which "Voyage" was used as the theme song.

The video starts with a young woman named Minamo (played by Hamasaki) is at a mental institution and has recurring detailed visions of a traumatizing past life. Her visions include a lake with a large image of the moon shining down over it. She is crying tears of blood as she slowly sinks into the lake. She hears someone calling her name "Kagari" which was her name in her past life. At the mental hospital she eventually stumbles across a visitor which causes her to go wild and reach out to him as if she had already known him. The doctor believes that Minamo died a traumatizing death in her previous life and therefore she needs to become reunited with her soul mate in this life.

In her past life, there is a deranged madwoman who insists that Kagari (Minamo) must be sacrificed to the moon because a special full moon was approaching which only showed up once every hundred years. When the madwoman shows up with her goons to kill Kagari and sacrifice her to the moon, Kagari's soul mate Sonshin (played by Yūsuke Iseya) shows up to try and defend her. Kagari and Sonshin get away from the fiends and spend one final loving moment together. Soon after, the psychopathic woman and her group of minions track Kagari down and brutally kill Sonshin for trying to defend Kagari. Eventually the demented woman ends up getting Kagari and sacrificing her to the moon once and for all. This leads to a gorgeous scene in which Kagari sinks into the shining light of the moon on a lake.

Back in the present time, Minamo finds the lake where she was traumatically sacrificed to the moon in her past life. She meets up with the visitor from the hospital who was also the man in her visions: Sonshin, or Shōgo (in present). They briefly speak and realize that they were in fact each others' soul mates and become reunited for good. The video ends with Minamo and Shōgo hugging.

Charts
Oricon sales chart (Japan)

 RIAJ certification: 2× Platinum (sold), 3× Platinum (shipped)

External links
 Voyage information at Avex Network.
 Voyage information at Oricon.

Ayumi Hamasaki songs
2002 singles
2002 songs
Oricon Weekly number-one singles
Songs written by Ayumi Hamasaki
Songs written by Dai Nagao
Japanese television drama theme songs
Avex Trax singles

Voyage (Ayumi Hamasaki song)


Louis Bruno Sohn (1 March 1914 – 7 June 2006) was an Austrian–American legal scholar.

Biography
Sohn was born in Lemberg, in what was then Austria-Hungary, later Poland and now Ukraine. He earned his first law degree at John Casimir University in Lwow in 1939, leaving for the United States to take up a Harvard University research fellowship two weeks before Nazi Germany invaded Poland. He was a longtime scholar of international law and advocate of international institutions.

As a protégé of Manley O. Hudson, he participated in the San Francisco Conference that established the United Nations, working on the statute of the International Court of Justice.  Sohn earned his LL.M. and S.J.D. degrees from Harvard Law School.  He was appointed an assistant professor there in 1951, succeeding Hudson to the Bemis Chair in 1961.  Upon retirement from Harvard, Sohn followed his friend Dean Rusk to the University of Georgia School of Law, where he held the Woodruff Chair in International Law until 1991.

Sohn served as counselor to the Legal Adviser, U.S. Department of State in 1970 and 1971.  He was the U.S. delegate to the Law of the Sea Convention from 1974 to 1982.

In 1958, Sohn was a co-author, with Grenville Clark, of World Peace Through World Law (Harvard University Press), which examined proposals to transform the United Nations into a world government. The book called for complete disarmament and the use of world judicial tribunals to solve international disputes.  The plan also proposed a permanent world police force to enforce a prohibition on the use of force by states.

He was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize by numerous people from 1959 to 1964.

Upon Sohn's death in 2006, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan issued a statement noting Sohn's reputation as "a voice of reason and source of wisdom," and celebrating his "firm belie[f] in the importance of the United Nations and of the rule of law in settling international disputes."

See also
 Vicente Blanco Gaspar
 Roger Fisher

Notes

References

External links

1914 births
2006 deaths
Lawyers from Lviv
World federalist activists
Polish legal scholars
Polish emigrants to the United States
Harvard Law School alumni
Harvard University faculty
University of Georgia faculty
Presidents of the American Society of International Law

Louis B. Sohn


Andrea Louise Martin is an American-Canadian actress, singer and comedian. She is best known for her work in the television series SCTV and Great News. She has been in movies such as Black Christmas (1974), Wag the Dog (1997), Hedwig and the Angry Inch (2001), My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002), My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 (2016) and Little Italy (2018). She has also been in the animated moviesAnastasia (1997), The Rugrats Movie (1998) and Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius (2001).

Martin has been also acted on stage. She has won Tony Awards for both My Favorite Year and the 2013 version of Pippin. Martin has been on Broadway in Candide, Oklahoma!, Fiddler on the Roof, Young Frankenstein, Exit the King, and Act One. She has gotten five nominations for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical. This is more than any other actress. She got her first nomination for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for the 2016 version of Noises Off.

She also starred as Carol Wendelson on the NBC sitcom Great News, and as Marilyn Kessler in the Hulu series Difficult People.

References

Actors from Portland, Maine
American movie actors
American television actors
Comedians from Maine
1947 births
Living people
American stage actors
Tony Award winning actors

Andrea Martin


Jeffrey E. Young (born March 9, 1950) is an American psychologist best known for having developed schema therapy. He is the founder of the Schema Therapy Institute.

After earning an undergraduate degree at Yale University, he obtained a higher education degree at the University of Pennsylvania, where he then pursued postdoctoral studies with Aaron Beck.

He has written numerous books on cognitive behavioral therapy and schema therapy. His two most famous books are Schema Therapy (for professionals), and Reinventing Your Life (for the general public).

When interviewed in 2021, Jeffrey Young said a critical part of being effective in delivering Schema Therapy is to understand that culture affects schemas and modes.

References

Sources

Living people
21st-century American psychologists
Yale University alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
1950 births
20th-century American psychologists

Jeffrey Young (psychologist)


AERO Specialties, Inc. is a manufacturer and international distributor of new and refurbished aircraft ground support equipment (GSE). AERO Specialties was founded in 1987 by President Matt Sheehan to supply GSE products to corporate, fixed-base operator (FBO), commercial, military, and general aviation customers globally. AERO Specialties manufactures aircraft diesel-electric hybrid ground power units (GPUs), lavatory, potable water, cleaning, and oxygen/nitrogen servicing carts, as well as aircraft towbars and heads. AERO Specialties is an authorized U.S. distributor for TLD, Clyde Machines, Powervamp, LiftSafe, and more.

AERO Specialties has experienced significant international growth due to the expansion of its CE marked product line for the European Economic Area, which was introduced in 2006. Exclusive international distribution agreements with various international companies have contributed to an increased global distribution network for AERO Specialties. An estimated 30 to 40 percent of AERO's business is related to exporting.

In December 2010, AERO Specialties acquired Australia-based JetGo International, a diesel-electric hybrid GPU manufacturer. JetGo is now manufactured and sold under the AERO brand. In 2016, AERO Specialties released a line of portable DC GPUs in collaboration with Powervamp, as well as becoming the company's exclusive distributor in North America. In 2017 AERO Specialties released into the US market,  Powervamp's 400 Hz AC solid-state aircraft rectifiers and frequency converters branded with AERO Specialties orange and blue colours.

AERO Specialties supplies equipment to the United States Government via the General Services Administration under GSA Contract Number GS-30F-0030X.

Services
In addition to supplying new and used GSE, AERO Specialties maintains and repairs GSE for clients. Equipment can be refurbished or zero-timed.

AERO Specialties regularly rents and leases GSE for specific purposes or special events.

Events
AERO Specialties provided GSE to all FBOs (Avitat, Landmark Aviation, and Million Air) at Vancouver International Airport (YVR) during the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics to meet increased aircraft traffic demands from athletes, fans and organizers. AERO Specialties supplied approximately 40 pieces of equipment including Eagle TT-series pushback tractors, TLD and JetGo GPUs, and AERO brand towbars, towbar heads, lavatory and potable water carts.

AERO Specialties regularly supplies equipment used at events hosted by the NBAA & CBAA (Canadian Business Aviation Association).

AERO Specialties supplied GSE to FBOs for the First inauguration of Barack Obama and 2009 Super Bowl. AERO Specialties regularly supplies equipment to sporting events such as the Masters, the World Series & NASCAR races. They have also supplied equipment for major events & festivals such as the Sundance Film Festival.

Awards
In 2016, AERO Specialties was awarded the President's "E" Award For Exports. The award, presented by U.S. Secretary of Commerce Penny Pritzker, is the highest recognition any U.S. entity can receive for making a significant contribution to the expansion of U.S. Exports.

In 2015, owner Matthew Sheehan was named Ground Support Worldwide's Team Leader of The Year at the annual GSE Expo Worldwide in Las Vegas, Nevada. The award honors an "individual who has taken a leadership role with personnel."

AERO Specialties received the U.S. Department of Commerce Small Business Association (SBA) Northwest regional exporter award on May 4, 2011.  This honor came in addition to being recognized as the SBA exporter of the year in Idaho.

On May 6, 2009, in honor of World Trade Day, AERO Specialties was awarded the U.S. Department of Commerce Commercial Service Export Achievement Certificate for recent accomplishments in the global marketplace, presented by the Idaho Export Council.

The Boise Metro Chamber of Commerce awarded AERO Specialties its Small Business of the Year award in June 2002.

References

External links

Aircraft ground handling
Aviation ground support equipment companies

AERO Specialties


Nos: Book of the Resurrection (translated, from the Spanish Nos: Libro de la Resurrección, in collaboration with the author by Gela Jacobson) is a book by Chilean diplomat Miguel Serrano.  The author states in the introduction: "it is neither a poem, nor a novel, nor a philosophical essay, although it contains a little of each of these."

Depiction of Lucifer and identifications
In it Lucifer is defined as he "whom others have called" Apollo, Abraxas, Shiva, and Quetzalcoatl, also Odin-Wotan (and to the Cathars, Luci-Bel).  "He came down from the Morning Star, Venus."  As leader of the losing side of a stellar battle, he descended to the North Pole where he founded Ultima Thule, the capital of Hyperborea.  The Grail is identified as having been a jewel which fell from his crown (broken by the sword of the enemy during his battle in the heavens).  "He is the God of the Defeated Ones in the Kaliyuga" and "the supreme Guide of the Pilgrims of the Dawn" who will be the victor "when the Golden Age returns."

Publication and illustrations
The book was published in English by Routledge & Kegan Paul in 1984 (, pbk).  It contains illustrations drawn by Wolfgang vom Schemm.  In it are reproduced lines and poems by Irene Klatt, Omar Cáceres, William Blake, Hölderlin, Rilke, Shelley, D. H. Lawrence, Rabindranath Tagore, Leopardi, Virgil, and Ezra Pound's translation of poems of the troubadour Bertran de Born.

Contents
 Introduction
 Dedication
 Eternal Return
 A Turn of the Wheel
 Another Turn of the Wheel
 The Return of Allouine
 The Metamorphosis of the Elephant
 Death in Anahata
 The Master speaks about what follows
 The Solitude of the Trialogue
 The End of Kaliyuga. The Return of the Golden Age
 Dictionary of Initiation of A-Mor

External links
 Excerpt from Nos: The Book of Resurrection

1984 books
Occult books
Philosophy books
Chilean literature
Thule
Lucifer
Hyperborea
Apollo
Shiva
Quetzalcoatl
Odin
Holy Grail
Illustrated books
Routledge books

Nos, Book of the Resurrection


Cağaloğlu is a quarter located in the Fatih district of Istanbul, Turkey. Much of the publishing industry in Istanbul is located in Cağaloğlu. It is also famous for its ancient hamam, or Turkish bath, known as the Cağaloğlu Hamam.

Name
The quarter gets its name from Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha (; c. 1545–1605), an Ottoman admiral and statesman of Genoese descent, as well as a member of the influential Cicala family of Genoa. The original name Cigalaoğlu (meaning "of the Cigala (Cicala) family", or literally "Cigala-son" as a Turkified surname) eventually turned into Cağaloğlu through the course of centuries.

Notable buildings
Cağaloğlu Anadolu Lisesi, formerly Istanbul Girls' High School, established in 1850
Cağaloğlu Hamam, a historic public bath from 1741
Istanbul Governor's Office, 1756-built, former headquarters of Ottoman Government
Istanbul High School, established in the 1880s
Nallı Masjid, 19th century small mosque
Rüstem Pasha Medrese, a historic religious institution from 1551

References

Quarters of Fatih

Cağaloğlu


Mount Rose (formerly called Stout's Corner) is an unincorporated community located within Hopewell Township, in Mercer County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, situated at the corner of Carter Road (also called County Route 569 and Hopewell-Princeton Road), Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, and Cherry Valley Road. It is named for a local gardener.  The Mount Rose section of Rocky Hill Ridge through the community also takes its name from the gardener.  Richard Stout opened the first general store in the village around 1822 and in 1830, Josiah Cook and Reuben Savidge opened a second store.  The settlement was also later home to two shoe shops, a dressmaker, wheelwrights, a blacksmith, a harness shop, an agricultural implements warehouse, a post office and a steam sawmill.  In its heyday the community had about 20 houses.  Nathaniel Drake opened an applejack distillery in the village in the mid-19th century.  He made and sold peach brandy, apple cider and apple whiskey.  The Whiskey House (192 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road), the office building for the distillery and the only remaining Drake building in the village, is listed on the township, state and national registers of historic places.  The community's schoolhouse, a stone building east of the crossroads, was later replaced by a frame building on the southern end of the village that is a private residence today.  After 1880, Mount Rose began shrinking, due to the growth of nearby Hopewell.  It is planned that the Lawrence Hopewell Trail will go through the community.

References

External links

Hopewell Township, Mercer County, New Jersey
Populated places established in 1822
Unincorporated communities in Mercer County, New Jersey
Unincorporated communities in New Jersey
1822 establishments in New Jersey

Mount Rose, New Jersey