The rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in Singapore have evolved over the decades. Same-sex sexual activity is legal for both males and females; for men it was officially legalised in 2022 after being de facto decriminalised since 2007, and for women it was always legal. Prior to 2022, same-sex sexual activity between males was de jure illegal under the British colonial-era Section 377A of the Penal Code. The law had been de facto unenforced for decades. In February 2022, the Court of Appeal in the Supreme Court reaffirmed that 377A cannot be used to prosecute men for having sex with other men, and that it is "unenforceable in its entirety". Transgender rights in the country is also progressive in the region, which included Singapore being the first country in Asia to legalise sex reassignment surgery in 1973.

On 21 August 2022, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced that the Government intended to repeal Section 377A of the Penal Code, effectively ending criminalisation both de facto and de jure. On 22 August 2022, Home Affairs and Law Minister K. Shanmugam added that the Constitution would be amended to protect Parliament's right to define marriage instead of the judiciary, which is the Supreme Court of Singapore, leaving open the possibility for Parliament to legalise same-sex marriages or civil unions through a simple majority. On 29 November 2022, the repeal of Section 377A of the Penal Code was officially passed in Parliament.

Same-sex marriages are currently not recognised in the country, including the adoption of children by same-sex couples, although a gay Singaporean man with a male partner in 2018 won a landmark appeal to adopt a child that he had fathered through a surrogate. In 2018, Education Minister Ong Ye Kung reassured the LGBT community that discrimination against the LGBTQ community at work, in housing and education will not be tolerated. Since 2019, protections against anti-gay violence and aggravated discrimination were also put into legislation;  Home Affairs and Law Minister K. Shanmugam stated that "LGBTQ persons, non-LGBTQ persons, we are all equal. We are not any lesser by reason of our sexual orientation."

While Singaporean society is generally regarded as conservative, LGBT pride festivals such as Pink Dot have taken place every year since 2009 with increasing attendance amounting to the tens of thousands. In line with worldwide trends, attitudes towards members of the LGBT community among Singaporeans are slowly changing and becoming more socially accepting and tolerant.

Legality of same-sex sexual activity

Singapore law inherited from the British Empire in 1871 prohibited sodomy regardless of sex. As such, heterosexual and homosexual anal or oral sex was illegal. In 2007, such sexual activity was legalised except for sex between men. The punishment was two years' imprisonment.

Back in 2018, Attorney-General Lucien Wong declared that he still had the legal power to prosecute under Singapore's Section 377A. This statement was made amid public debate over the law and in response to opinions of former attorneys-general that the public prosecutor had, in effect, been limited from pursuit of such cases. Wong said that while "the public prosecutor did not pursue cases between consenting adults and in private places as it was not in the public interest" an attorney-general could direct that such a prosecution be mounted, "if reports are lodged with police, particularly in relation to minors". The statement was made prior to the ruling by the Singapore Court of Appeals that the section was unenforceable as a proscription of same-sex sexual activity. Public indecency and protection of minors were the only cases pursued under the section from 2007, even prior to the ruling.

In June 2019, at the Smart Nation Summit, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong reiterated that Singapore would keep Section 377A "for some time" saying, "Whatever your sexual orientation is, you're welcome to come and work in Singapore... You know our rules in Singapore. It is the way this society is: We are not like San Francisco, neither are we like some countries in the Middle East. [We are] something in between, it is the way the society is."

While Singapore courts ruled in 2022 that section 377A was entirely unenforceable as regards private consensual same-sex sexual activity, police are able to act on reports of public indecency (public acts by persons of any gender) from the community. Prosecution under this section of any matters involving minors is also still possible. All recent prosecutions under the section—between 2007 and 2013—were incidences of these types.

On 21 August 2022, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced at the National Day Rally that the Government intended to repeal Section 377A, noting that there would be significant risk of the law being struck down in future legal challenges "on the grounds that it breaches Article 12 of the Constitution – the Equal Protection provision". Lee added that the repeal would be deliberated through Parliament. After a two-day debate on 28 and 29 November, Section 377A was officially repealed in Parliament.

Statutes

After an exhaustive Penal Code review in 2007, oral and anal sex were legalised between opposite-sex persons and between women. The changes meant that oral and anal sex between consenting heterosexual and female homosexual adults were no longer offences. However, Section 377A, which deals with these sexual acts, continued to criminalise them between consenting men. Despite this, the section has not been enforced since at least 2007. Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong stated amid the debates on the changes to the section that the law would not be proactively enforced. The parliamentary debates and the prime minister's statement played a role in the 2022 ruling of the Court of Appeal in the Supreme Court that the law was unenforceable.

In his concluding speech on the debate over the partial repeal of Section 377A, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong told MPs before the vote that "Singapore is basically a conservative society... The family is the basic building block of this society. And by a family in Singapore, we mean one man, one woman, marrying, having children and bringing up children within that framework of a stable family unit."

Section 377A ("Outrages on decency")
Section 377A states that: "Any male person who, in public or private, commits, or abets the commission of, or procures or attempts to procure the commission by any male person of, any act of gross indecency with another male person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years." According to the United States Department of State, and Human Dignity Trust, the last attempted prosecution for consensual same-sex sexual activity occurred in 2010. Between 2007 and 2013, all nine convictions under 377A provisions, involved minors or public acts of gross indecency.

Section 354 of the Penal Code ("Outrage of Modesty")
Section 354 provides that if any person uses criminal force on any person intending to outrage, or knowing it would be likely to outrage, the modesty of that person, he shall be imprisoned for a maximum of two years, or with fine, or with caning, or with any two of such punishments. Crimes charged under section 354 require some physical contact involved.

Section 294 of the Penal Code
If the victim of an entrapment operation uses a symbolic gesture to signal intention to have sexual activity with the police decoy, he can be tried under Section 294 of the Penal Code, which covers the commission of any obscene act in any public place to the annoyance of others, subject to a maximum of three months imprisonment, a fine, or both.

Miscellaneous Offences (Public Order and Nuisance) Act
According to documentation by National University of Singapore sociologist Laurence Leong Wai Teng, from 1990 to 1994, there were 11 cases where gay men were charged for soliciting. They were fined between $200 and $500.

Efforts to repeal 377A
Prior to 2022, human rights activists had called for the repeal of Section 377A, arguing that it infringes on privacy, the right to life and personal liberty, the latter two of which are constitutionally protected. In 2007, the Singapore Democratic Party (SDP) called for the repeal of Section 377A.

In 2012, Tan Eng Hong was found in the company of another man, and was initially charged with Section 377A but later pled guilty to a lesser charge. Tan decided to pursue his case against Section 377A on the grounds that it was inconsistent with Articles 9, 12, and 14 of the Singapore Constitution. These articles guarantee the right to life and personal liberty, and provide that all people are entitled to equal protection before the law. In deciding whether an appeal of Tan's case could be heard in the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal found that Section 377A may "arguably" violate the right to equality before law as offered in Article 12. The ruling however did not go into the merits of the case on technical grounds.

Tan's case was heard in the Supreme Court jointly with another appeal challenging Section 377A, and a ruling was given on 29 October 2014. The ruling upheld the country's ban on same-sex relations between consenting adult men. The court held that Section 377A does not violate Articles 9 and 12 of the Singapore Constitution. The applicant's attorney argued that Section 377A criminalises a group of people for an innate attribute, though the court concluded that "there is, at present, no definitive conclusion" on the "supposed immutability" of homosexuality. The court ultimately held that law reforms permitting private homosexual sex were a question for the Singapore Parliament to address.

In September 2018, following the high-profile repeal of Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code by the Supreme Court of India, more than 50,000 people, including a former attorney-general and several former diplomats, signed a petition called "READY4REPEAL" urging the repeal of Section 377A as part of a major penal code review. However, government officials at the time refused to do so. Diplomat Tommy Koh and former Attorney-General Walter Woon have called on members of the LGBT community to challenge the law.

Soon after the repeal of Section 377 in India in 2018, a Singaporean DJ, Johnson Ong Ming, filed a suit with the High Court arguing that Singapore's Section 377A is "in violation of human dignity". Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code and Section 377A of the Singapore Penal Code are effectively identical, as both were put in place by the British Empire, raising hopes in Singapore that the discriminatory law would be struck down as well. Singapore's High Court gave the petitioner until 20 November to submit his arguments.

In November 2018, LGBT rights activist Bryan Choong Chee Hong filed another case with the Supreme Court, arguing that Section 377A is "inconsistent" with portions of Singapore's Constitution, and "is therefore void". According to court documents, the petitioner argues that Section 377A is inconsistent with Article 9, Article 12, and Article 14 of the Constitution.

A third legal challenge was launched in September 2019 by Roy Tan Seng Kee, a retired medical doctor. Tan stated in a statement that, "by institutionalising discrimination, it alienates [LGBT people] from having a sense of belonging and purposeful place in our society, and prevents them from taking pride in Singapore's achievements."

All three cases were dismissed by the High Court on 30 March 2020 in a closed-door judgement by Justice See Kee Oon.

377A officially repealed
On 21 August 2022, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced that the government would table a motion in Parliament to repeal Section 377A, effectively decriminalising male homosexual acts. On 20 October 2022 the government tabled the bill. After a two-day debate, Section 377A of the Penal Code was officially repealed in Parliament on 29 November 2022.

Recognition of same-sex relationships

Singapore currently does not recognise same-sex relationships in any form (such as marriage, civil unions or domestic partnerships). In the National Day Rally for 2022, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced that while section 377A will be repealed, the current heterosexual definition of marriage may be enshrined in the Constitution of Singapore.

The announcement of possibly enshrining the current heterosexual definition of marriage in the constitution was met with some initial misinterpretations. On 22 August 2022, Home Affairs and Law Minister K. Shanmugam clarified that the Constitution will be amended to protect Parliament's right to define marriage, instead of the judiciary, which is the Supreme Court of Singapore, leaving open the possibility for Parliament to change the definition of marriage through a simple majority in the future, such as legalising same-sex marriages or civil unions.

He clarified that the definition of marriage will not be enshrined in the Constitution, stating that "any political party or group that wants to push for same-sex marriage will be able to do so." – if they have a simple majority in Parliament. Subsequently, on 20 October 2022 the government tabled a draft constitutional amendment, which was debated by the Parliament on 28 November 2022 along with a bill repealing Section 377A. The amendment was passed on 29 November 2022.

Adoption and parenting
In December 2018, a gay Singaporean won the right to adopt his son who was fathered in the United States through a surrogate, in a landmark appeal. The Singapore High Court overturned a 2017 ruling in which a district judge had barred the man from legally adopting his son because the child was conceived through in vitro fertilization (which is only limited to heterosexual married couples) and brought to term through surrogacy, which is banned. In response, the Minister for Social and Family Development, Desmond Lee, announced in January 2019 that the government was seeking to strengthen Singapore's adoption laws to prevent more same-sex adoption cases. The Minister also stated that the government does not support "the formation of family units with children of homosexual parents through institutions and processes such as adoption". However, this statement has not yet been made into a law.

Children born out of wedlock are considered illegitimate under Singapore law and are not eligible for certain social benefits unless they are legally adopted. This has led to difficulties for same-sex couples seeking to start families, as they are unable to adopt children. Despite the challenges, Singapore has been at the forefront of discussions on LGBTQ+ rights in Asia, having made progress towards decriminalizing homosexuality and recognizing same-sex relationships.

The case of the gay Singaporean who won the right to adopt his son in 2018 was a significant milestone for LGBTQ+ rights in the country. The court's decision to overturn the previous ruling was hailed as a victory for LGBTQ+ rights activists. However, the government's response to the case was less enthusiastic, sparking a renewed debate on the issue of same-sex adoption in Singapore. Advocates for LGBTQ+ rights argued that the government's stance was discriminatory and went against the principles of equality and non-discrimination.

The lack of legal recognition for same-sex couples in Singapore has meant that they are unable to access many of the same benefits and rights as heterosexual couples, including healthcare benefits, inheritance rights, and social security benefits. Despite these challenges, the LGBTQ+ community in Singapore continues to push for greater recognition and acceptance. In recent years, there has been a growing acceptance of LGBTQ+ rights, with many businesses and organizations showing their support for the community.

Discrimination protections
In 2018, Education Minister Ong Ye Kung reassured the LGBT community that discrimination against LGBTQ community at work, in housing and education will not be tolerated.

In 2019, the Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act was amended to protect the LGBT community from religiously motivated violence. Legal action can be taken against a religious group or its members for urging violence against certain "target groups". The Explanatory Statement states: "The target group need not be confined to persons who practise a certain religion. The target group may be made up of atheists, individuals from a specific racial community, who share a similar sexual orientation, or have a certain nationality or descent like foreign workers or new citizens."

In 2022, Home Affairs and Law Minister K. Shanmugam confirmed that now LGBT people were protected against threats or acts of violence.

Military service
Prior to 2003, homosexuals were barred from being employed in "sensitive positions" within the Singapore Civil Service. During the 20th century, some conscripts in National Service were encouraged to attend conversion therapy. In the past, some Singaporean conscripts who openly declared their homosexuality may also be excluded from officer training, including being refused security clearances needed to perform higher roles in the army.

Conversion therapy
In January 2006, the Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports (MCYS) granted S$100,000 (US$61,500) to Liberty League, an organisation affiliated with the "ex-gay" movement, to promote conversion therapy. The organization says it "promotes gender and sexual health for the individual, family and society". However, due to pressure from gay rights activists, Liberty League returned this grant to the ministry, and the organisation has been defunct since 2014.

In May 2020, then-Minister for Health Gan Kim Yong indicated the government's position against conversion therapy in a written reply to a question from Nominated Member of Parliament Anthea Ong. The reply reads, "(The Ministry of Health) expects doctors and other healthcare professionals to practice according to evidence-based best practice and clinical ethics, and to consider and respect patients' preferences and circumstances (including sexual orientation) when providing care... members of the public can submit a formal complaint to the Singapore Medical Council (SMC) if a doctor is acting unethically or providing inappropriate treatment." Nevertheless, he added in a separate statement that the Ministry of Health had not received any such complaint from self-declared LGBTQ patients in the past three years.

Living conditions

In 2014, Singaporean government representatives have spoken positively about LGBT Singaporean citizens at a United Nations anti-discrimination committee, stating that "homosexuals are free to lead their lives and pursue their social activities. Gay groups have held public discussions and published websites, and there are films and plays on gay themes and gay bars and clubs in Singapore."

Media
The Media Development Authority (MDA), a statutory board of the Ministry of Communications and Information (MCI), currently limits the "promotion or glamorization of the homosexual lifestyle" on television and the radio. Examples include issuing higher age ratings (e.g. NC16, M18 or R21) for television shows or films that depicts sexual activity between persons of the same gender.

In July 2019, Singaporean rapper Joshua Su, better known as The G3sha, came out as gay in a new song titled "I'm OK" that highlights his childhood, the homophobia he faced, and coming to terms with his sexuality. Days later, he pulled out of a TEDx radio talk in protest after claiming that he was censored and asked not to make "sensitive" comments about his sexuality.

Gender neutral toilets
Yale-NUS College and Tembusu College of the National University of Singapore have gender neutral toilets for their students.

During Wikimania 2023 which was held at the Suntec Singapore Convention and Exhibition Centre, from 16 to 19 August, 2023, a female toilet was temporarily converted to a gender neutral toilet. The toilet attracted attention from the public when a picture was first posted on Instagram and subsequently on other forums. Facebook group "We Are Against Pinkdot in Singapore" threatened a boycott against Suntec with users seeking petitions against the implementation of the gender neutral toilet. PinkDot SG and non-profit group Oogachaga responded that gender neutral toilets are a complement to gendered toilets and can co-exist together. They do not seek to replace traditional gendered toilets.

Public opinion

2000s
A 2005 poll by the Nanyang Technological University found that 69% of Singaporeans viewed homosexuality negatively, whilst 23% positively. In 2010, these numbers had changed to 64.5% negatively and 25% positively.

2010s
According to 2013 polling by the Institute of Policy Studies, 78% of Singaporeans opposed same-sex marriage.

A 2018 opinion poll by Ipsos found that 55% of Singaporeans supported Section 377A. On the other hand, a third of Singaporeans declared themselves more accepting of same-sex relationships and human rights than five years prior.

In 2019, a poll conducted by YouGov with 1,033 respondents showed that about one-third (34%) of Singaporeans backed same-sex partnerships, while 43% opposed their legalization, and the remaining 23% were uncertain. Support was more notable among younger respondents: 50% of people aged 18 to 34 supported civil partnerships and 20% were opposed. In contrast, only 22% of those aged 55 and over supported. 41% of university degree holders agreed with the legalisation of same-sex partnerships, whereas only 26% of respondents without a university degree were in favour. Of those who considered themselves "very much" religious, only 23% supported civil partnerships. 51% of people who considered themselves "not at all" religious expressed support. Apart from irreligious people, majority support for same-sex partnerships was also found in respondents who identified as LGBT (71% against 22%) and those who personally knew a person in a same-sex relationship (52% against 33%).

A survey conducted by the Institute of Policy Studies between August 2018 and January 2019 revealed that Singaporean society was still largely conservative but becoming more liberal on LGBT rights. The survey showed that more than 20% of people said that sexual relations between adults of the same sex were not wrong at all or not wrong most of the time, a rise of about 10% from 2013. Around 27% felt the same way about same-sex marriage (up from 15% in 2013) and 30% did so about same-sex couples adopting a child (up from 24% in 2013).

A 2019 poll conducted by the Institute of Policy Studies found that opposition to same-sex marriage in Singapore had fallen to 60%, down from 74% in 2013. The poll also found that nearly six in ten Singaporeans aged between 18 and 25 believed same-sex marriage is not wrong.

In June 2019, an online survey conducted by Yahoo Singapore asked 887 Singaporeans how they would react to a number of LGBT-related situations. When asked about an LGBT family member coming out, 53% of the respondents said they would react negatively: 14% expressed a "strongly negative" response, while 39% reported a "somewhat negative" reaction. When asked about a colleague coming out, 53% reported a positive reaction, while 46% reported a negative reaction. When asked about the marriage of Li Huanwu—the grandson of Singapore's founding prime minister, Lee Kuan Yew—to his partner, Heng Yirui, 54% reacted negatively to the marriage. Meanwhile, 46% reacted positively to it. When asked about Pink Dot SG, 55% of respondents said that they strongly or somewhat support Pink Dot Singapore, but the remaining 45% opposed it. 80% of Singaporeans agreed that LGBT people face discrimination.

In June 2019, an online survey conducted by Blackbox Research revealed that 56% of Singaporeans were opposed to other countries following Taiwan's example in legalising same-sex marriage, while 44% answered "yes". When asked on how they felt that more than 300 same-sex couples were married in Taiwan the first week after the new law was passed, about 49% of those surveyed felt positive about the statement, with 14% feeling "strongly positive" and 35% feeling "somewhat positive". Conversely, 51% responded negatively to this, 20% felt "strongly negative" and 31% were "somewhat negative". The respondents were also asked about how they felt concerning the decriminalisation of homosexuality in Bhutan. About 55% of respondents felt positive, with 15% feeling "strongly positive" and 40% were "somewhat positive". Conversely, about 44% responded negatively, 11% felt "strongly negative" and 33% felt "somewhat negative".

2020s
In 2022, an Ipsos survey found that only 44% of Singapore residents support the retention of section 377A. Furthermore, 20% oppose the law its entirety, up from 12% in the last 2018 survey. For the remaining 36%, 32% said they neither support nor oppose the law, while 4% preferred not to say.

Demographics
In May 2019, a study by the National University of Singapore estimated that there were 210,000 men who have sex with men in Singapore. The study estimates were more than double the previous estimates of 90,000 MSM, and said they could be at risk of a concentrated epidemic of HIV.

Pink Dot
Pink Dot SG is an annual event that started in 2009 in support of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community in Singapore. In recent years, record crowds of approximately 28,000 have attended the rally, with a heavy bent toward younger demographics. On 29 June 2019, during the 11th Pink Dot, Lee Hsien Yang, the brother of Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, as well as his wife and second son Li Huanwu and Li's husband, Heng Yirui, attended the event. On 18 June 2022, People's Action Party (PAP) MP Henry Kwek attended the 14th Pink Dot. Kwek's attendance was the first time that a MP from the governing PAP has physically shown their support for the event.

Summary table

LGB

T

See also
Human rights in Singapore
LGBT rights in Asia
LGBT in Singapore
LGBT culture in Singapore
LGBT history in Singapore
Recognition of same-sex unions in Singapore
Transgender people in Singapore
Pink Dot SG

Notes

References

External links

LGBT rights in Singapore


A chiffon cake is a very light cake made with vegetable oil, eggs, sugar, flour, baking powder, and flavorings. Being made with vegetable oil, instead of a traditional solid fat such as butter or shortening, it is easier to beat air into the batter. As a result, chiffon cakes (as well as angel cakes and other foam cakes) achieve a fluffy texture by having egg whites beaten separately until stiff and then folded into the cake batter before baking. Its aeration properties rely on both the quality of the meringue and the chemical leaveners.

A chiffon cake combines methods used with sponge cakes and conventional cakes. It includes baking powder and vegetable oil, but the eggs are separated and the whites are beaten before being folded into the batter, creating the rich flavor like an oil cake, but with a lighter texture that is more like a sponge cake.

They can be baked in tube pans or layered with fillings and frostings.

In the original recipe, the cake tin is not lined or greased, which enables the cake batter to stick to side of the pan, giving the cake better leverage to rise, as well as support in the cooling process when the cake is turned upside down to keep air bubbles stable.

Characteristics
The high oil and egg content create a very moist cake, and as oil is liquid even at cooler temperatures, chiffon cakes do not tend to harden or dry out as traditional butter cakes might. This makes them better-suited than many cakes to filling or frosting with ingredients that need to be refrigerated or frozen, such as pastry cream or ice cream. The lack of butter, however, means that chiffon cakes lack much of the rich flavor of butter cakes.

History
The recipe is credited to Harry Baker (1883–1974), a Californian insurance salesman turned caterer. Baker kept the recipe secret for 20 years until he sold it to General Mills, which spread the recipe through marketing materials in the 1940s and 1950s under the name "chiffon cake", and a set of 14 recipes and variations was released to the public in a Betty Crocker pamphlet published in 1948.

In popular culture
 In the United States, March 29 is National Lemon Chiffon Cake Day.

See also
Japanese cheesecake
Paper wrapped cake
 List of lemon dishes and beverages
Chiffon (fabric)

References

External links

Cakes
Californian cuisine

Chiffon cake


Beer in the Philippines is mainly produced by two large breweries, San Miguel Corporation, which produces San Miguel Pale Pilsen, and Asia Brewery, the country's second-largest brewery. In addition there are a number of microbreweries across the nation.

Beer is the most-consumed alcoholic beverage in the Philippines and amounts to a 70% share of the domestic alcoholic drink market in terms of volume during 2005. Between 2003 and 2004, the Philippines showed the world's fastest growth rate of 15.6%. With a consumption rise from 1.22 to 1.41 million liters, it was the 22nd largest beer market in the world in 2004. A Filipino will drink almost 20 litres of beer on average a year.

History
Under a royal grant from Spain, Don Enrique María Barretto de Ycaza y Esteban opened La Fabrica de Cerveza de San Miguel, Southeast Asia's first brewery, on 29 September 29 1890 at 6 Calzada de Malacañan in Manila, near the Malacañan Palace, at the time the residence of the Philippines' Governor-General. The trade-name San Miguel originates from the brewery of San Miguel, Barcelona, Spain. Barretto named the company after the section of Manila where he lived and worked. Aside from the flagship brew, it also produced several brews that have since almost disappeared, including Double Bock, Cerveza Negra, Foreign Stout, Gold Ribbon, Extra Stout, Imported Pilsner Type, and Super Bock.

Barretto was soon joined by Pedro Pablo Roxas, who brought with him a German brewmaster, Ludwig Kiene, as technical director.  San Miguel's brew won its first major award at 1895's Philippines Regional Exposition. After operating for six years, the fledgling brewery was outselling imported brands five to one. At the outbreak of World War I, San Miguel was exporting its beer to Hong Kong, Shanghai and Guam. The company was incorporated in 1913.

During the American and the Commonwealth era, other beer producers like the Oriental Brewery and Ice Company were set up only to be acquired by San Miguel in its expansion.  As part of engaging business in the prewar era, Japanese entrepreneurs in the mid-1930s founded the Balintawak Beer Brewery in Polo, Bulacan with capital from the Mitsui Bussan trading company and other Japanese investors.

When the Pacific War broke out in the 1940s, the Japanese military seized San Miguel in order to produce beer for its armed forces, and along with the Japanese-owned Balintawak Beer Brewery, used up their supply of raw materials, forcing them to resort to importing materials from Manchuria. After the country's liberation, Don Andres Soriano reclaimed San Miguel Brewery and gave away all of Balintawak Brewery's remaining inventory to American and Filipino troops rather than bottle it under San Miguel's label. In two short weeks of revelry the inventory was consumed. Eventually, Soriano brought the entire Balintawak Beer Brewery and it became known as the Polo Brewery as part of San Miguel's rehabilitation and expansion.

A short-lived beer, Halili Beer was made by F.F. Halili Enterprises, a company established by former Bulacan Governor Fortunato Halili. The company, whose brewery was built along Balintawak in Quezon City, also owned other products and business ventures including Mission Beverages, Goody Rootbeer and Halili Transit. It died off for unknown reasons, but it was speculated that none of the surviving sons of the founder took over the business. It was also speculated that San Miguel Brewery was threatened by Halili Beer, and bought out its stock.

In 1978, the San Miguel Brewery introduced one-liter bottles of San Miguel Beer, called "Grande".

The second brewer, Asia Brewery, Inc., was established by Lucio Tan on 27 January 1982, with inauguration of its brewery in Cabuyao, Laguna and launch of its first brand, Beer Hausen Pale Pilsen. San Miguel responded with Lagerlite, a light beer, Red Horse, an extra-strong beer, and Gold Eagle, a low-cost beer. Asia Brewery responded with Max Beer, an extra strong beer, Manila Beer, a low-cost beer, and Carlsberg (under license), marketed as a premium beer. San Miguel Brewery responded with a low-cost, smaller-sized variant of Red Horse, called "Colt", and San Miguel Beer, called "Miguelito", San Miguel NAB, a non-alcoholic version of San Miguel Beer (now discontinued), and San Miguel Super Dry, marketed against Carlsberg. Asia Brewery responded with Beer Pale Pilsen, now known as Beer Na Beer. Its design resembled the competitor's flagship brew, San Miguel Beer Pale Pilsen, for which San Miguel Brewery sued Asia Brewery.

San Miguel introduced a 330 ml bottle of Red Horse, called "Stallion". San Miguel continues to produce new brands like Blue Ice, an ice beer, Texas Beer, a low-cost beer with low alcohol, and San Miguel Premium All-Malt, which relaunched in 2007.

In 1994, San Miguel launched Cali, a brand of shandy that was popular with teenagers. Asia Brewery responded with Q Shandy, which reportedly had a higher alcohol content than Cali; Q Shandy has since been discontinued. San Miguel launched two variants of Cali: Cali Ice, an apple-flavored shandy, and Cali 10, a 10-calorie Cali. It has been marketed as a non-alcoholic sparkling beverage.

In 1996, two new variants of Red Horse were introduced, including "Mucho", a one-litre Red Horse, and a canned version as well.

San Miguel continues to be the number one brewery in the Philippines.

Economy
In general, the Filipino alcoholic drinks market showed dramatic volume growth in 2007, and beer contributed substantially to that growth. Its major beer producer, San Miguel, developed a strong marketing campaign to boost domestic consumer drinking. San Miguel continued to lead as the key manufacturer in 2007, with smaller and emerging brewers vying for market share. Domestic beer remained one of the most popular alcoholic drinks in 2007 and sari-sari stores and independent food stores continued to be its main points of distribution. There are also "beerhouse" bar and restaurant establishments where beer is on offer. Filipino alcoholic drink consumption and sales were projected to expand positively in 2008. With increasing disposable incomes, a young demographic population was anticipated to drink beer. In terms of types of alcoholic drinks, beer and spirits continue to comprise the largest volumes.

San Miguel Corp expects to raise up to $616 million from selling shares of its flagship domestic beer group in the first half of 2008.

In 2011, San Miguel Corp accounted for 88% of Filipino domestic beer sales.

Companies

San Miguel Corporation

San Miguel Corporation is southeast Asia's oldest and largest brewer.

Asia Brewery

See also

 Beer and breweries by region

References

External links

Philippine alcoholic drinks

Beer in the Philippines


Michael Terence Aspel  (born 12 January 1933) is a retired English television newsreader and host of programmes such as Crackerjack, Ask Aspel, Aspel & Company, Give Us a Clue, This is Your Life, Strange but True? and Antiques Roadshow.

Early life
Aspel was born on 12 January 1933 in Battersea in London. During the Second World War, he was evacuated from the area and spent nearly five years in Chard, Somerset. He attended Emanuel School after passing his eleven-plus in 1944 and served as a conscript during his National Service, in the ranks of the King's Royal Rifle Corps, from 1951 to 1953.

Career
Aspel worked as a drainpipe-layer and gardener and sold advertising space for the Western Mail newspaper in Cardiff. He worked as a teaboy at William Collins publishers in London and then entered National Service. He took up a job at the David Morgan department store in Cardiff until 1955, before working as newsreader for the BBC in Cardiff in 1957. He also acted in Cardiff, in a BBC Children's Hour serial Counterspy, produced by BBC Wales and written by and starring John Darran. Aspel played "Rocky" Mountain, a Canadian. By the early sixties, he had become one of four regular newsreaders on BBC national television, along with Richard Baker, Robert Dougall and Corbet Woodall.

At the BBC, Aspel began presenting a number of other programmes such as the series Come Dancing, Crackerjack, Ask Aspel, and the Miss World beauty contest, which he covered 14 times. He narrated the BREMA cartoon documentary, The Colour Television Receiver (aka Degaussing or The Colour Receiver Installation Film), which was shown every day (except Sunday) on BBC2 between 14 October 1967 and 8 January 1971. He also provided narration for the BBC nuclear war drama documentary The War Game, which won the Best Documentary Feature Oscar in 1966, but was not shown on British television until 1985.

Aspel was a studio announcer at the BBC on 14 February 1969 during a live broadcast from the Dorchester Hotel of an awards ceremony, when the host, Kenneth Horne, died of a heart attack. Aspel filled in unscripted until the show resumed. He was later quoted as saying: "I got round this in a suitably dignified way. But it was awful as Kenneth Horne was not only a great performer, but such a wonderful man."

In both 1969 and 1976, Aspel hosted the BBC's A Song for Europe contest to choose Britain's Eurovision entry and provided the UK TV commentary twice at the Eurovision Song Contest in the same years, 1969 and 1976, in which year he also presented the contest previews. He provided the Eurovision radio commentary for the UK in 1963.

Aspel also had a regular joke slot on the Kenny Everett radio show on Capital Radio, and guest-starred twice on The Goodies, appearing as himself, including in the episode "Kitten Kong", which won the Silver Rose at the Montreux Light Entertainment Festival.

From 2 September 1974 until 27 July 1984, Aspel also presented a three-hour weekday, mid-morning music and chat programme on Capital Radio in London. He then presented a Sunday show on Capital (which only lasted for a few months, ending on 30 December 1984) before moving to LBC for the remainder of the decade. He also presented weekend shows on BBC Radio 2 in the late 1980s and again in the 1990s.

In 1977, Aspel appeared with a number of other newsreaders and presenters in a song-and-dance routine ("There is Nothing Like a Dame") on The Morecambe and Wise Show. The sketch, in which the presenters were dressed as traditional sailors, is often cited as one of the classic moments of British TV comedy. In another episode, Morecambe refers to him as "Michael Aspirin" (a name also used by 'Disc' music magazine when Aspel was at Capital Radio). In the 1970s and 1980s he presented popular ITV programmes such as Give Us a Clue, Child's Play and The 6 O'Clock Show, a live current affairs and entertainment programme shown only in the London Weekend Television region. In 1989, he hosted a televised interactive murder mystery set at a wedding called Murder Weekend, devised and written by Joy Swift, which invited viewers to solve a whodunnit to win a prize.

During the early 1990s, Aspel presented two documentaries on BBC Radio 2 written by Terence Pettigrew, on subjects of which he and Pettigrew had personal knowledge. Caught in the Draft was a nostalgic look back at compulsory national service. Both had served, at different times, in West Germany, Aspel in the Kings Royal Rifle Corps and Pettigrew in the REME. Also taking part in the programme were comedian/compere Bob Monkhouse, Leslie Thomas, author of The Virgin Soldiers, and BBC Radio 2 drivetime host John Dunn. This was followed by Nobody Cried When The Trains Pulled Out, a documentary about the evacuation of children from major British cities during World War 2 that included champion boxer Henry Cooper, actor Derek Nimmo and author Ben Wicks.

Aspel was the host of the chat show Aspel & Company, which ran from 9 June 1984 to 20 June 1993 on ITV. The show was successful in attracting high-profile guests including then-Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. In 1993, Aspel & Company was censured by the Independent Television Commission because of an interview with Arnold Schwarzenegger, Bruce Willis and Sylvester Stallone who were promoting their joint business venture Planet Hollywood. For a time, Aspel & Company performed well for ITV in the highly competitive Saturday night ratings but after the Planet Hollywood controversy, Aspel vowed never to host a chat show again.

Aspel was featured on This Is Your Life in 1980, and when host Eamonn Andrews died in 1987 he became presenter of the programme until its run ended in 2003. In 1993, Aspel began presenting the ITV supernatural programme Strange but True?, a series exploring supernatural phenomena and unexplained mysteries. The programme ran between 1993 and 1997. He presented a new version of the ITV game show Blockbusters for the BBC in 1997; Aspel presented 60 episodes in total. In 1993, Aspel became an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) "for services to broadcasting", and has been voted TV Times and Variety Club Television Personality of the Year. He was also voted into the Royal Television Society Hall of Fame for outstanding services to television.

Aspel presented BBC's Antiques Roadshow from 2000 until 2008; his last programme (recorded at Kentwell Hall, Suffolk) was shown on 30 March 2008, being a tribute to himself. In 2003, Aspel starred in a BBC Three spoof documentary, Sex, Lies & Michael Aspel, which claimed he had affairs with Pamela Anderson, Valerie Singleton and Angie Best, among others. Aspel guest hosted the topical quiz show Have I Got News for You on two occasions (October 2005 and November 2007).

In 2006, he played the role of the narrator in the UK tour of Richard O'Brien's The Rocky Horror Show. During July and August 2008, Aspel filmed Evacuees Reunited, a five-part documentary series made by Leopard Films for ITV1, which aired from 15 to 19 December 2008. Along with 15 other wartime evacuees, he returned to the locations of his own youth, including his wartime home in Chard, Somerset. He was reunited with his childhood gang of evacuees at Forde Abbey, just outside the town. Later he caught up with his 96-year-old former school teacher, Audrey Guppy.

Personal life
Aspel has been married three times and has seven children. He married Dian Sessions in 1957; they had two children and divorced in 1961. Aspel married Anne Reed, a TV scriptwriter, in 1962 and they had twin children, divorcing in 1967. In 1977, Aspel married actress Elizabeth Power, best known for her role as Christine Hewitt in EastEnders; the couple had two sons, but Aspel left her in 1994 for a production assistant on This Is Your Life, Irene Clarke.

As a supporter of the charity Cancer Research UK, Aspel was made a Freeman of the borough of Elmbridge, Surrey, in April 2008.

A 2004 article in The Independent reported that Aspel had a dormant case of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Charity work
Aspel is a Vice-President of The Children's Trust, a UK charity for children with brain injury.
He is also a Patron and long time supporter of Princess Alice Hospice, Esher and The British Evacuees Association.

Aspel is one of nine presidents of The Young People's Trust for the Environment.

Other works

References

External links

 Michael Aspel biography at BFI Screenonline
 Interview with Liverpool Daily Post

1933 births
20th-century British Army personnel
BBC Radio 2 presenters
Beauty pageant hosts
British radio presenters
English game show hosts
English male journalists
English television presenters
English television talk show hosts
Military personnel from London
King's Royal Rifle Corps soldiers
Living people
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Emanuel School
People from Battersea
Eurovision commentators

Michael Aspel


The Metropolitan Playhouse is a resident producing theater in New York City's East Village.  Founded in 1992, the theater is devoted to presenting plays that explore American culture and history, including seldom-produced, "lost" American plays and new plays about or derived from American history and literature.  Included among its best known revivals are Abram Hill's On Strivers Row, Owen Davis's Pulitzer Prize winning Icebound, George L. Aiken's adaptation of Uncle Tom's Cabin, Jacob Gordin's The Jewish King Lear (in a translation by Ruth Gay), The Great Divide by William Vaughn Moody, The Drunkard by W. H. Smith, Inheritors by Susan Glaspell, The Melting Pot by Israel Zangwill, The City by Clyde Fitch, Metamora by John Augustus Stone, Sun-Up by Lula Vollmer, and The New York Idea by Langdon Mitchell, and numerous early one-act plays by Eugene O'Neill. The company has also staged three 'Living Newspapers' from the Federal Theater Project: Arthur Arent's Power in 2007, One-Third of a Nation in 2011, and Injunction Granted in 2015.

During the first 15 months of the COVID-19 pandemic, the playhouse presented weekly readings online of American plays and short stories, as well as occasional concerts and improvised performance including the work of Zero Boy, the Area 9 Quartet, Amanda Selwyn Dance, all as a part of its Virtual Playhouse series.

Metropolitan has been led by Producing Artistic Director Alex Roe since 2001.

East Village Theater Festival
In addition to historical American performance, Metropolitan Playhouse also dedicates itself to the exploration and celebration of the neighborhood in which it resides. The annual East Side Stories Festival (alternately known as the East Village Theater Festival) includes one or both of the theater's new works series: East Village Chronicles, a collection of new short plays inspired by the history and lore of the East Village, and Alphabet City, a collection of solo performance pieces derived from interviews with neighborhood residents. In addition to these two performance series, East Side Stories often feature readings of other plays, gallery presentations by local artists, and panel discussions of issues facing the neighborhood in the past and present.

External links

Theatres completed in 1992
Off-Broadway theaters
Theatres in Manhattan
East Village, Manhattan

Metropolitan Playhouse


2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) is a chemical compound used to study the chemistry of the oxidation of drugs.

It is a free radical-generating azo compound. It is gaining prominence as a model oxidant in small molecule and protein therapeutics for its ability to initiate oxidation reactions via both nucleophilic and free radical mechanisms.

2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride has been used in experiments on linoleic acid subjected to induced oxidation with different combinations of binary mixtures of natural phenolics. The experiments show that some binary mixtures can lead to a synergetic antioxidant effect while other mixtures lead to an antagonistic effect.

References

Azo compounds
Amidines


Anna Yuryevna Netrebko (; born 18 September 1971) is a Russian and Austrian operatic coloratura soprano who has  performed at the Salzburg Festival, Metropolitan Opera, Vienna State Opera, and the Royal Opera.

Discovered and promoted by Valery Gergiev, she began her career at the Mariinsky Theatre, collaborating with the conductor in the theater and performances elsewhere. She was noticed globally after playing Donna Anna in Mozart's Don Giovanni at the 2002 Salzburg Festival. She had been known for her rendition of lyric and coloratura soprano roles yet later proceeded into heavier 19th-century romantic roles, such as Leonora in Il trovatore and the role of Lady Macbeth in Macbeth. Since 2016, she has turned her focus to verismo repertoire. In 2015 she married Azerbaijani tenor Yusif Eyvazov, with whom she has been performing frequently since.

She has been an exclusive artist for Deutsche Grammophon since 2003. She has won multiple Echo Klassik Awards, and was included on the  Time 100 list in 2007. She was named a People's Artist of Russia in 2008, and an Austrian Kammersängerin in 2017.

Early life and training
Netrebko was born in Krasnodar in a family of Kuban Cossack background. While studying at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, Netrebko worked as a janitor at Saint Petersburg's Mariinsky Theatre. Later when she auditioned for the theatre, conductor Valery Gergiev, recognizing her from her prior work, subsequently became her vocal mentor.

Career

Early career (1994–2001)

Under Gergiev's guidance, in 1994 Netrebko made her operatic stage debut at the Mariinsky at age 22 as Susanna in The Marriage of Figaro despite initially being billed as Barbarina. In the same year, she also performed as the Queen of the Night in The Magic Flute with the Riga Independent Opera Avangarda Akadēmija under conductor David Milnes. She subsequently became associated with the Mariinsky Theatre.

In autumn 1995, Netrebko made her American debut with Lyudmila at the San Francisco Opera. Following this successful performance, she was enrolled in the Merola Opera Program in summer 1996 and became a frequent guest singer in San Francisco in the next seasons, performing in L'elisir d'amore (Adina), Betrothal in a Monastery, Idomeneo (Ilia), La bohème (Musetta), The Tsar's Bride (Marfa), Don Giovanni (Zerlina), Falstaff (Nannetta). In 1998, she performed Lyudmila when the Mariinsky production of the opera was presented at the Metropolitan Opera House, and made Salzburg Festival debut in Parsifal conducted by Gergiev. She sang her first Violetta in Verdi's La traviata in the same year in Saint Petersburg, and her first Amina in La sonnambula the following year. In October 1999, she performed Gilda in Rigoletto at the Washington National Opera.

Rise to fame (2002–2010)
Netrebko made her debut with the Metropolitan Opera company in February 2002, as Natasha in the Met premiere of Prokofiev's War and Peace, and performed as Giulietta in I Capuleti e i Montecchi at the Opera Company of Philadelphia. Her international breakthrough came in August 2002, when she sang Donna Anna in Don Giovanni conducted by Nikolaus Harnoncourt at the Salzburg Festival, where she would be particularly associated. In September 2002, she returned to the Royal Opera for Servilia in La clemenza di Tito, and in next two seasons for Don Giovanni and Rigoletto. She then returned to Washington National Opera for Ilia in Idomeneo. In 2003, she made her Vienna State Opera and Bavarian State Opera debuts, both with Violetta in La traviata. In November 2003, she made her Los Angeles Opera debut with Lucia di Lammermoor, and would return in 2005 for Roméo et Juliette and in 2006 for Manon.

In February 2004, she returned to Vienna for Don Giovanni, and was subsequently invited as the guest performer at the Vienna Opera Ball, where she returned in 2007. She then starred in a Japan tour of La bohème in Robert Carsen's staging as Musetta conducted by Seiji Ozawa, and subsequently returned to San Francisco Opera in the same role. After withdrawing from two engagements, citing exhaustion, she returned to scene in November in Metropolitan Opera's La bohème as Musetta. In summer 2005, she starred in the premiere of Willy Decker's new staging of La traviata in Salzburg, conducted by Carlo Rizzi. In December 2005, she sang Gilda in Rigoletto at the Metropolitan Opera, and was featured in the premiere of Otto Schenk's new production of Don Pasquale and Japan tour of Don Giovanni in the same season.

In 2006 she sang Susanna in the new Claus Guth production of The Marriage of Figaro in Salzburg.

She sang Elvira in I puritani at the Metropolitan Opera in January 2007, and on 30 May 2007, Netrebko made her Carnegie Hall debut with Dmitri Hvorostovsky and the Orchestra of St. Luke's, which was originally scheduled on 2 March 2006 but she postponed due to not feeling artistically ready. She then performed Donna Anna at Covent Garden, but withdrew from some performances due to illness. She appeared at the Last Night of the Proms on 8 September of that year where she performed excerpts from La sonnambula and Giuditta, and the lied "Morgen!" by Richard Strauss with Joshua Bell. In the fall of 2007 she reprised her role as Juliette in Roméo et Juliette at the Metropolitan Opera.

In December 2007 Netrebko was invited to honor Martin Scorsese at the 30th Annual Kennedy Center Honors, performing the aria "O mio babbino caro".In January 2008 she performed Violetta at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden to triumphant acclaim on the opening night, opposite Jonas Kaufmann and Dmitri Hvorostovsky in performances conducted by Maurizio Benini. However, she cancelled three subsequent performances due to suffering a bronchial condition. In May 2008, she made her Paris Opera debut in Bellini's I Capuleti e i Montecchi at the Opéra Bastille, with Joyce DiDonato as Romeo. In her first performance after her maternity leave, Netrebko sang Lucia in Lucia di Lammermoor when it opened at the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg on 14 January 2009, in a production from the Scottish Opera led by John Doyle. She then sang the same role in January and February 2009 at the Metropolitan Opera. Netrebko appeared as Giulietta in I Capuleti e i Montecchi at the Royal Opera House in Spring 2009, and as Violetta in La traviata in June 2009 at the San Francisco Opera.

She presented the Deutscher Medienpreis 2009 to Chancellor Angela Merkel and sang Strauss' "Cäcilie" at the ceremony in Baden-Baden on 9 February 2010.

Through April and May 2010, she made a series of appearances at the Vienna State Opera in La bohème, Carmen, Manon. Originally scheduled in I puritani as well, she cancelled the appearance citing illness. She starred in Laurent Pelly's new Manon production at the Royal Opera, and sang Juliette at the Salzburg Festival. In October 2010, she returned to New York's Metropolitan Opera for Norina in Don Pasquale, the matinee performance on 13 November of which was broadcast nationwide by PBS.

Heavier roles (2011–2022)

On 2 April 2011, she sang the title role of Gaetano Donizetti's Anna Bolena at the Vienna State Opera for a sold-out premiere there, and the repeat performance on 5 April 2011 was broadcast live to cinemas around the world. On 7 December 2011, she opened the new season at La Scala in Milan, making her house debut, as Donna Anna in Don Giovanni. She has the distinction of being invited to appear in three consecutive opening night new productions at the Metropolitan Opera: Anna Bolena in 2011, L'elisir d'amore in 2012, and Eugene Onegin in 2013. Her performance as Lady Macbeth in the Metropolitan's 2014 fall season's production of Macbeth, a revival of Adrian Noble's 2007 production, drew critical praise and demonstrated her voice is still expanding in range and volume. She continued her expansion into heavier Verdi roles at the Met the following year, singing the role of Leonora in Il trovatore to acclaim from both critics and audiences.

She participated in the gala concert inaugurating the Mariinsky Theatre Second Stage on 2 May 2013. She was invited to perform the Olympic Anthem, in Russian, at the 2014 Winter Olympics opening ceremony.

In April 2016, Netrebko announced her withdrawal from productions of Bellini's Norma at the Royal Opera House's 2016/17 season and the Metropolitan Opera's 2017/18 season due to the change in her voice. The vacancies were filled respectively by Sonya Yoncheva and Sondra Radvanovsky.
She then made her debut as Elsa in Lohengrin at the Semperoper in Dresden, and then went to Saint Petersburg for the same role at the Mariinsky Theatre.

She made several role debuts in 2017, including the title role of Adriana Lecouvreur at Mariinsky Theatre in June, the title role of Aida at Salzburg Festival in August, and Maddalena in Andrea Chénier at La Scala in December. In 2018, she debuted as Tosca at the Metropolitan Opera in April and performed at the Summer Night Concert Schönbrunn on 31 May.

In 2018, she performed in both gala concerts at the Red Square on 13 June and at the Bolshoi Theatre on 14 July, respectively commemorating the opening and closing of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. On 8 September 2018 she took part in the inauguration gala concert of Zaryadye Concert Hall in Moscow, which was streamed on Medici.tv. In February 2019, she opened the 2019 Vienna Opera Ball. She was featured in the opening ceremony of 2019 European Games in Minsk on 21 June and inaugurated the first concert season of the Congress Hall at the Yekaterinburg Expo on 30 August 2019.

In June 2020 Netrebko performed highlights from Verdi's Don Carlo in reduced concert form at the Semperoper as part of its "Aufklang!" series which reopened the theatre after the first COVID-19 lockdown in Germany. She went on debuting at the Teatro di San Carlo in Naples for semi-staged Tosca with her husband and Ludovic Tézier. In September 2020 she had to self-isolate after her co-star in Don Carlo at the Bolshoi Theatre, Ildar Abdrazakov, was tested positive for COVID-19. She was soon hospitalised in Moscow, being treated for COVID-19-related pneumonia for about a week.

Boycott, March 2022
On 26 February 2022, following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Netrebko released a statement in which she voiced her opposition to the war but disagreed with forcing one to voice one's political opinion. Despite her statement, she faced pressure from performance institutions for failing to distance herself from Russian president Vladimir Putin. On 1 March 2022, she said she would "retire from concert life until further notice". Immediately prior to this announcement, she withdrew from opera productions in Milan and Zürich, while the Bavarian State Opera cancelled existing engagements with both her and Valery Gergiev. Two days later, the Metropolitan Opera removed her from the upcoming Turandot, replacing her with the Ukrainian Liudmyla Monastyrska in the title role, and from Don Carlos in the 2023 season. The Berlin State Opera and Festspielhaus Baden-Baden also cancelled her appearances, with the latter not ruling out future cooperation. Finn McRedmond of The Irish Times said that such a "wholesale boycott of Russia" would be "a dangerous departure from Western values".

On 30 March 2022, Netrebko released another statement where she announced plans to resume her public performances from May 2022, and repeated her condemnation of the war in Ukraine, distancing herself from Putin.

I expressly condemn the war on Ukraine and my thoughts are with the victims of this war and their families. My position is clear. I am not a member of any political party nor am I allied with any leader of Russia. I acknowledge and regret that past actions or statements of mine could have been misinterpreted. In fact, I have met President Putin only a handful of times in my entire life, most notably on the occasion of receiving awards in recognition of my art or at the Olympics opening ceremony. I have otherwise never received any financial support from the Russian Government, and live and am a tax resident in Austria.  I love my homeland of Russia and only seek peace and unity through my art. After taking my announced break, I will resume performing in late May, initially in Europe.

Netrebko was denounced as a traitor of Russia after her second statement, with her Russian performances cancelled and a Duma deputy suggesting that she resign from her Russian titles. Berlin State Opera manager Mathias Schulz later announced that he had been contacting Netrebko about performances scheduled in 2023.

In June 2022, Netrebko filed a labor grievance against the Met with the assistance of the American Guild of Musical Artists. In March 2023, an arbitrator ordered the Met to pay her over $200,000 for the cancelled performances while she pay a $30,000 penalty for making "highly inappropriate" statements following the invasion.

Later career
In April 2022, Netrebko stepped in for Maria Agresta in Manon Lescaut at the Opéra de Monte-Carlo. Her solo concerts in May 2022 at the Philharmonie de Paris and La Scala were described by the press as "triumphant".

During summer 2022, she sang Aida and Turandot at the Arena di Verona with critical acclaim. In September 2022, she opened the 2022/23 season of the Vienna State Opera, singing Mimi in La bohème. Her attendance was met with mostly applause and boos from some protesters.

In June 2023, she opened the 100th edition of Arena di Verona Festival as Aida from Verdi.

On 24 July 2023, she made her debuts at the Théâtre Antique d'Orange, closing the Chorégies d'Orange festival with a Verdi Gala also featuring Yusif Eyvasov and conducted by Michelangelo Mazza.

Use of face-darkening makeup
Netrebko has often performed the titular character in Aida, an Ethiopian princess, with face-darkening makeup, including her role debut at the Salzburg Festival in 2017, and at the Metropolitan Opera in 2018—despite the opera company's 2015 pledge to eliminate the use of face-darkening makeup in its productions. In June 2019 she defended such choice in the comments under her Instagram post for a performance.

In July 2022, Netrebko and the Arena di Verona Festival faced heavy criticism for performing in blackface, following the release of publicity photos for a performance of Aida. Subsequently, American soprano Angel Blue canceled her upcoming performances of La traviata at the Festival, citing the company's insistence on maintaining the practice. Blue's cancellation initiated heated discussion. Tenor Yusif Eyvazov, Netrebko's husband, called Blue's decision "disgusting," while mezzo-soprano Grace Bumbry offered a conciliatory perspective.

Other notable singers to have publicly spoken out against the use of blackface in Opera include the mezzo-soprano Jamie Barton who named Netrebko directly, and Stephanie Blythe, who suggested an abstention from performing operas that have typically featured white singers made up to appear as other ethnicities.

Responding to the controversy surrounding blackface, the Arena di Verona Festival claimed it is "very hard to change" the production to avoid the use of blackface (this staging dates from 2002). The Festival also stated that when Blue signed her contract for La traviata, this staging of Aida was already planned and she should already have known that blackface was to be used.

Other activities
Netrebko serves as an honorary director of the Russian Children's Welfare Society and has featured in several editions of "Petroushka Ball", the major fund raiser of the charity. In 2007, she was announced to be an ambassador for SOS Children's Villages in Austria, and a sponsor for the Tomilino village in Russia. She has been supporting the association "projekt Anna - Kinderhilfe Kaliningrad e.V." since 2005, and became its patron in 2008. In May 2012, she and her then-partner Erwin Schrott jointly founded the charitable foundation "Anna Netrebko and Erwin Schrott 4 Kids", aiming to promote education, art, culture and youth welfare.

Netrebko made a cameo appearance as herself in the 2004 film The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement.

She has worn several designs by Austrian fashion designer Irina Vitjaz, who is a close friend of hers.

Political activity and relationship with Vladimir Putin
As of 2022, there has been a debate over her association with Russian president Vladimir Putin. In 2012 she appeared on a list of 499 celebrities endorsing Putin in the 2012 Russian presidential election alongside Valery Gergiev and Denis Matsuev. She later explained this as a gesture of recognition of Putin´s support for the arts. After a blogger published that she also appeared on a declaration of support for Putin in 2018 she stated several times that she did not sign this declaration, that her name was kept from the 2012 list without her approval and that she did not even participate in the vote.

In 2011, she rejected claims that she and Putin had formerly been romantically involved, though she said "I'd have loved to have been ... he's a very attractive man. Such a strong, male energy."

In December 2014, she gave a ₽1,000,000 cheque to Oleg Tsaryov saying she was donating to the Donetsk Opera and Ballet Theatre, and posed alongside him with a flag of Novorossiya, a self-proclaimed confederation in Ukraine. Tsaryov is one of the individuals sanctioned by the European Union for his role in the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine. Netrebko said in a statement, "I want to make clear, however, that this donation is not a political act."

Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Netrebko has held varying public stances. In late February, she said on social media that she opposed the invasion, but subsequently described people who forced her to express her political position as "human s***s" who "are as evil as blind aggressors." After her second statement on 30 March 2022, where she repeated her condemnation of the war in Ukraine, distancing herself from Putin, the Putin-controlled Russian Duma denounced her a traitor to her nation.

Since January 2023, she was among the public figures who was sanctioned by the Government of Ukraine.

Public image
Time magazine placed her on its Time 100 list in 2007. She was named one of the Beautiful People in 2013 by Paper.

Personal life

Netrebko applied for Austrian citizenship in Vienna in March 2006. In response to the backlash in her native country, she cited the cumbersome and humiliating process of obtaining visas as a Russian citizen for her many performances abroad as the main reason for the decision. In late July, the Council of Ministers approved the application for her "special merits", despite the fact that she neither spoke German nor lived in Austria.
Netrebko started a relationship with Italian bass-baritone Simone Alberghini when they met during performances of Rigoletto at the Washington National Opera in 1999. She announced their engagement but did not consider marrying due to a busy schedule. In May 2007 their relationship was confirmed as ended.

In December 2007 Netrebko became engaged to Uruguayan bass-baritone Erwin Schrott, whom she first met during a collaboration in 2003. In April 2008, she announced their marriage, but their wedding never in fact took place. Their son, Tiago Aruã, was born on 5 September 2008 in Vienna. On 25 November 2013, the couple announced their separation, after several months of largely separate lives.

In February 2014, during rehearsals for a staging of Manon Lescaut in Rome, Netrebko began a relationship with Azerbaijani tenor , her co-star in that opera. Five months later, the couple announced their engagement. They married in Vienna on 29 December 2015. Their official wedding ceremony took place at the Palais Coburg, and the following celebration at the Gartenpalais Liechtenstein welcomed 180 guests in attendance, including Plácido Domingo.

Netrebko has apartments in Saint Petersburg, Vienna, and New York City. Since her pregnancy she had been looking for a new residence in Vienna. In 2008, she purchased and renovated a penthouse apartment at Franziskanerplatz. The renovation was not finished and she still lived in her original apartment by 2010. The building was evacuated in February 2010 due to acute danger of collapsing and only reopened two months later. In November 2009, she moved into a new apartment above Lincoln Square, Manhattan, where she combined two units for additional space.

Awards and honors

Musical awards
Netrebko won 2006 Bambi Award in the classical music category. She was awarded the "World Star" of the BraVo International Professional Music Awards 2018.

She won the 2007 Singer of the Year and the 2008 Female Artist of Year in the Classical Brit Awards. She was identified by the journal Musical America as "a genuine superstar for the 21st century" and was named Musician of the Year for 2008. Netrebko was one of the recipients of Leading Ladies Award 2012 awarded by Madonna magazine. She received another Leading Ladies Award in the category of Culture in 2016. She was presented an Opera News Award in April 2016.

Netrebko won the "Female Singer of the Year" (Sängerin des Jahres) in the 2014 and 2016 Echo Klassik Award. She was awarded "Best Vocalist in Classical Music" at the Russian National Music Awards in 2016, 2017 and 2018. She won the Best Female Singer in the 2017 International Opera Awards. On 26 October 2018, the Metropolitan Opera Guild honored her on its annual luncheon. In 2020 she was awarded the Swedish Polar Music Prize and the Victoire d'honneur in the Victoires de la musique classique.

In September 2022, she received an "Österreichischer Musiktheaterpreis" as Best Female Leading Role for her portrayal of Lady Macbeth in "Macbeth" in Wiener Staatsoper.

State honors and others
In 2004, Netrebko was awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation. In February 2008, she was named People's Artist of Russia. In May 2018, she received the Order of Friendship from the Azerbaijani president. In February 2017, the Austrian government named her Kammersängerin.

On 18 September 2021, Netrebko celebrated her 50th birthday with a concert held in the Kremlin in Moscow. The concert featured friends and stars as Eyvazov, Rolando Villazon, Placido Domingo or Michael Volle. Putin congratulated from afar through Dmitri Peskov, because he had been exposed to Corona cases. Part of the proceeds from ticket sales will be donated to the Arithmetic of Good charity fund, which helps orphans.

Asteroid 31104 Annanetrebko was named in her honor. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 31 January 2018 ().

Recordings

Opera roles

 Susanna, Le nozze di Figaro (Mozart)
 Königin der Nacht, Die Zauberflöte (Mozart)
 Lyudmila, Ruslan and Lyudmila (Glinka)
 Pamina, Die Zauberflöte (Mozart)
 Rosina, Il barbiere di Siviglia (Rossini)
 Adina, L'elisir d'amore (Donizetti)
 Micaëla, Carmen (Bizet)
 Flower Maiden, Parsifal (Wagner)
 Louisa, Betrothal in a Monastery (Prokofiev)
 Xenia, Boris Godunov (Mussorgsky)
 Ninetta, The Love for Three Oranges (Prokofiev)
 Violetta, La traviata (Verdi)
 Amina, La sonnambula (Bellini)
 Teresa, Benvenuto Cellini (Berlioz)
 Gilda, Rigoletto (Verdi)
 Ilia, Idomeneo (Mozart)
 Musetta, La bohème (Puccini)
 Natasha, War and Peace (Prokofiev)
 Lucia, Lucia di Lammermoor (Donizetti)
 Zerlina, Don Giovanni (Mozart)
 Marfa, The Tsar's Bride (Rimsky-Korsakov)
 Antonia, Les contes d'Hoffmann (Offenbach)
 Giulietta, I Capuleti e i Montecchi (Bellini)
 Donna Anna, Don Giovanni (Mozart)
 Servilia, La clemenza di Tito (Mozart)
 Juliette, Roméo et Juliette (Gounod)
 Mimì, La bohème (Puccini)
 Norina, Don Pasquale (Donizetti)
 Manon Lescaut, Manon (Massenet)
 Elvira, I puritani (Bellini)
 Iolanta, Iolanta (Tchaikovsky)
 Anna Bolena, Anna Bolena (Donizetti)
 Tatiana, Eugene Onegin (Tchaikovsky)
 Giovanna, Giovanna d'Arco (Verdi)
 Leonora, Il trovatore (Verdi)
 Manon Lescaut, Manon Lescaut (Puccini)
 Lady Macbeth, Macbeth (Verdi)
 Sylva Varescu, Die Csárdásfürstin (Kálmán)
 Elsa, Lohengrin (Wagner)
 Adriana Lecouvreur, Adriana Lecouvreur (Cilea)
 Maddalena de Coigny, Andrea Chénier (Giordano)
 Aida, Aida (Verdi)
 Floria Tosca, Tosca (Puccini)
 Leonora, La forza del destino (Verdi)
 Turandot, Turandot (Puccini)
 Elisabetta, Don Carlos (Verdi)

Notes

References

See also
Teodor Currentzis, Russian Greek conductor

External links

 Reviews, articles, photos and future schedules for Anna Netrebko from The Opera Critic
 Profile of Netrebko, The New York Times
 Interview with Anna Netrebko on Opera Lively

 Interview with Anna Netrebko, Stephen Costello, Peter Gelb on Anna Bolena, Charlie Rose, 10 October 2011

1971 births
Living people
People from Krasnodar
People's Artists of Russia
Russian operatic sopranos
Österreichischer Kammersänger
Saint Petersburg Conservatory alumni
State Prize of the Russian Federation laureates
Naturalised citizens of Austria
Russian emigrants to Austria
Deutsche Grammophon artists
20th-century Russian women opera singers
21st-century Russian women opera singers
Russian National Music Award winners
Russian people of Ukrainian descent
Recipients of the Bambi (prize)
Recipients of the Golden Mask
Winners of the Golden Gramophone Award

Anna Netrebko


Stephen Carse (born May 22, 1965), credited as Steph Carse is a Canadian pop singer.

Career
Originally from Montreal, Quebec, Carse began his career in the 1990s. His first major television appearance was on TF1 in France on the show "Sacrée Soirée" with an audience of 17 million viewers. He sang an original French song called "Je voudrais lui dire", and was presented as "The Number One of Tomorrow". The song was released as a single on Sony France. His earliest hits were French translations of country hits such as "Achy Breaky Heart" and "Boot Scootin' Boogie". His breakthrough album, 1993's Steph Carse, also included songs by Elvis Presley and Roy Orbison, while his followup, 1994's Un Dernier slow, concentrated much more strongly on his own original songwriting.

He has sold over 500,000 records, earning him a Juno nomination for Best Male Artist at the Juno Awards of 1994.

In 1999, he successfully entered the mainstream Canadian market when he donated a song for the Special Olympics on an album entitled Holiday Heroes. Featuring artists like Alan Jackson, Donna Summer, Brooks & Dunn and Kevin Bacon, Carse's song led off the album, which went gold and raised over $2 millions of net profit for the Canadian Special Olympics.

Carse released his first American album, Reach Out, in 2006. Reach Out was also promoted by a 60-minute concert special which aired internationally, including on PBS in the United States.

The one-hour special Reach Out was filmed in Kauai, Las Vegas, the Bahamas and Orlando, Florida, and has won five awards from The Florida Motion Picture and Television Association FMPTA: "Best Feature Film in a Television Program", "Best Male Vocalist in a Feature Film", "Best Director in a Music Video", "Best Male Vocalist in a Music Video" and "Best Composer for the song Reach Out". Carse's collaborators on the Reach Out project were Eric Schilling, Joe Hogue and Gilles Godard.

Carse donated the self-penned title track, "Reach Out" to the American Red Cross in September, just three days before the Hurricane Katrina disaster. The Red Cross fell in love with the song, named it the Official Thank You Song of the American Red Cross and used it to thank volunteers and donors.

The album The Best Pop Opera 2010, which features Carse's original song "No More Masquerade", reached #1 in Turkey in March 2010, and remained in the Top 5 for over eight months.

In 2012, Carse donated a song to Whole Foods for The Whole Planet Foundation to help fight poverty around the world.

In 2013, Carse acted for the first time in the romantic comedy film Marriage Material with Maddy Curley.

On August 12, 2017, Carse's one-hour television special My Shining Hour aired on Daystar.

In 2019 Steph Carse won the Emmy Award for Musical/Composition/Arrangement for "Amazing Grace" from the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, Suncoast Chapter.

The National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences announced the winners of the 2020 Suncoast Regional Emmy Awards. Steph Carse received 2 Emmy Awards in the category Director for "Y iCount (You Are Awesome)," and Producer in a  Religious Program: "My Shining Hour Story".

Discography
 J'ai envie de t'aimer (1991)
 Stef Carse (1993)
 Un Dernier slow (1994)
 Fiesta
 Holiday Heroes
 Reach Out (2006)
 The Best Pop Opera (2010)
 Now (2012)
  My Shining Hour (2017)
 Steph Carse 25 (2019)

References

External links

1966 births
Living people
Canadian country singers
Canadian pop singers
French Quebecers
Singers from Montreal
French-language singers of Canada
20th-century Canadian male singers
21st-century Canadian male singers

Steph Carse


The Uysal–Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative is a searchable archive of oral Turkish literature. The archive is housed in the Southwest Collection/Special Collections Library of Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Texas, United States. It includes links to numerous audio recordings in MP3 format and images. There are also some academic articles in English.

History
Professor Walker of the English department at Texas Tech University visited Ankara in 1961–62 with his wife Barbara, under the terms of a Fulbright Grant. While there, he met Ahmet Edip Uysal, Professor of English at Ankara University. Shortly thereafter, they began working together towards an archive. The project culminated in the Uysal–Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative. After a decade of fieldwork in many villages, the original founders began focusing on organization and permanent storage of their information. This led them to eventually donate their holdings to Texas Tech in 1980.

References

External links
ATON at Texas Tech University

Epic poetry collectors
Turkish literature
Texas Tech University
Sound archives


John Summerfield Bigby (February 13, 1832 – March 28, 1898) was a Republican U.S. Representative from Georgia.

Born near Newnan, Georgia, Bigby attended the common schools.
He was graduated from Emory College, Oxford, Georgia, in 1853.
He studied law.
He was admitted to the bar in 1856 and commenced practice in Newnan, Georgia.
He served as member of the State constitutional conventions of 1867–1868.
He served as solicitor general of the Tallapoosa circuit from August 1867 to September 22, 1868.
He served as judge of the superior court of the same circuit from September 22, 1868, to March 3, 1871.

Bigby was elected as a Republican to the Forty-second Congress (March 4, 1871 – March 3, 1873).
He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1872 to the Forty-third Congress.

He resumed the practice of law in Atlanta, Georgia.
He served as delegate to the Republican National Convention at Cincinnati in 1876.
He became president of the Atlanta &
West Point Railroad in 1876.
He died in Atlanta, Georgia, March 28, 1898 and was interred there in Westview Cemetery.

References

1832 births
1898 deaths
People from Newnan, Georgia
Georgia (U.S. state) lawyers
Emory University alumni
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia (U.S. state) state court judges
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American judges
19th-century American lawyers

John S. Bigby


The Red Barn Observatory was established in 2006 and is dedicated to follow-up observations and detections of asteroids, comets, and Near-Earth objects.  Plans for the observatory began in 2002 and construction was completed in 2005.  During the month of August 2006, the observatory code H68 was assigned by the Minor Planet Center.  Currently, the observatory is of the "roll-off" roof type, but plans are in the works to install an 8-foot dome in the summer of 2007.

The observatory is located in Ty Ty, Georgia, USA – well away from any city light pollution and is in an excellent location to perform the follow-up observations of near-Earth objects and potentially hazardous asteroids that are near the vicinity of Earth on a regular basis. Also performed in the observatory is an early evening sky survey (such as Palomar sky survey or NEAT – Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking) to search for new comets and/or other unknown objects low on the horizon that can be easily overlooked due to the position of the object.  Most amateur discovered comets are found in this location.

Future plans for the observatory include an amateur based asteroid study program that will allow the "amateur astrometrist" on-line access to observatory images and there they will be able to perform astrometry on all detected asteroids or comets.

Established in July 2007, the Georgia Fireball Network began monitoring the skies for bright meteors and fireballs.  Currently, there are two stations in the Georgia Fireball Network.  Station 1 is located in Buena Vista at the Deer Run Observatory and Station 2 is located in Ty Ty, Georgia at the Red Barn Observatory.  Together, the stations monitor skies over most of Georgia and parts of Florida and Alabama.

Observer/Owner Steve E. Farmer Jr.

See also
 List of astronomical observatories

References

External links
Planetary Society
NEAT
IAU Sky Surveys
Red Barn Observatory
Clear Sky Clock for Red Barn Observatory
 Georgia Fireball Network

2006 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Astronomical observatories in Georgia (U.S. state)
Buildings and structures in Tift County, Georgia
Buildings and structures completed in 2005
Minor-planet discovering observatories
Space telescopes
Science and technology in Georgia (U.S. state)
Asteroid surveys

Red Barn Observatory


Aniline leather  is a type of leather dyed exclusively with soluble dyes. The dye colours the leather without producing the uniform surface of a topcoat paint or insoluble pigmented sealant, as on other leathers, and so retains the hide's natural surface. Hence, any visible variations on the surface of the undyed leather such as visible pores, scars, or other blemishes will remain visible. For this reason, only high-quality leather is suitable for aniline finishing.

Originally, the dyes used for this process were synthesized from aniline through chemical reactions. These dyes used to be called 'aniline dyes' or 'tar dyes'. In modern times, the dyes used are subject to laws and regulations in many countries, and the use of certain azo compounds is prohibited in the European Union as there are reasons to assume health risks.

Aniline leather may be referred to as "full aniline" to differentiate between this dye treatment and variants. Semi-aniline leather is produced through a very similar process to full-aniline, but has a thin protective top coat added to protect it from wear and staining. Pull-up aniline leather has additional oil or wax applied to the leather to give it a distressed look.

References

Leathermaking
Leather

Aniline leather


The Gault Formation is a geological formation of stiff blue clay deposited in a calm, fairly deep-water marine environment during the Lower Cretaceous Period (Upper and Middle Albian). It is well exposed in the coastal cliffs at Copt Point in Folkestone, Kent, England, where it overlays the Lower Greensand formation, and underlies the Upper Greensand Formation. These represent different facies, with the sandier parts probably being deposited close to the shore and the clay in quieter water further from the source of sediment; both are believed to be shallow-water deposits.

The etymology  of the name is uncertain and probably of local origin.

Distribution
It is found in exposure on the south side of the North Downs and the north side of the South Downs. It is also to be found beneath the scarp of the Berkshire Downs, in the Vale of White Horse, in Oxfordshire, England, and on the Isle of Wight where it is known as Blue Slipper. Gault underlies the chalk beneath the London Basin, generally overlying eroded rocks of Jurassic and Devonian age; lower gault is present only below the outer parts of the basin and is absent under central London. The Gault Formation represents a marine transgression following erosion of the Lower Greensand. It is subdivided into two sections, the Upper Gault and the Lower Gault. The Upper Gault onlaps onto the Lower Gault. The Gault Formation thins across the London Platform and then terminates against the Red Chalk just to the south of The Wash.

The Gault exposure at Copt Point, which is the type locality for the formation, is 40 m in thickness.

Uses
The clay has been used in several locations for making bricks, notably near Dunton Green and Wye in Kent.

Gault often contains numerous phosphatic nodules, some thought to be coprolites, and may also contain sand as well as small grains of the mineral glauconite. Crystals of the mineral selenite are fairly common in places, as are nodules of pyrite.

Fossils

Gault yields abundant marine fossils, including ammonites (such as Hoplites, Hamites, Euhoplites, Anahoplites, and Dimorphoplites), belemnites (such as Neohibolites), bivalves (such as Birostrina and Pectinucula), gastropods (such as Anchura), solitary corals, fish remains (including shark teeth), scattered crinoid remains, and crustaceans (such as the crab Notopocorystes). Occasional fragments of fossil wood may also be found.

See also
Argiles du Gault

References

External links
  Fossils of the Gault Clay
 Folkestone fossils and geology by Discovering Fossils

Sedimentary rocks
Cretaceous paleontological sites of Europe
Geology of England
Geology of Kent
Geology of Oxfordshire
Albian Stage
Lower Cretaceous Series of Europe

Gault


Elimar II (also Egilmar) was Count of Oldenburg from 1108 through 1142. He was son of Elimar I, Count of Oldenburg and his wife Richenza.

Marriage and issue
Elimar married before 1102 Eilika of Werl-Rietberg, daughter of Henry, Count of Rietberg, and had:
 Christian I, Count of Oldenburg
 Eilika of Oldenburg (ca. 1120 -) married Henry I, Count of Tecklenburg

Elimar 02
12th-century German nobility
1142 deaths

Elimar II, Count of Oldenburg


John Anthony Forest (December 25, 1838 – March 11, 1911) was a French-born clergyman of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of San Antonio from 1895 until his death in 1911.

Biography
John Forest was born in Saint-Martin-la-Sauveté, Loire, to Jean and Marie (née Thollet) Forest. He studied at the minor seminaries in Saint-Jodard and L'Argentière before entering Grand Seminary of St. Irénée in Lyons. While a subdeacon in Lyons, he accepted an invitation from Bishop Claude Marie Dubuis to serve as a missionary in the Diocese of Galveston in the U.S. state of Texas. With about fifty other seminarians, he sailed for New Orleans in 1863 but was initially refused admittance to the port by General Benjamin Butler, who suspected the group were allies of the Confederacy.

Forest was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Dubois on April 12, 1863. Upon his arrival in Texas, he was stationed at St. Mary's Church near Smothers Creek in Lavaca County. He was afterward named pastor of Sacred Heart Church in Hallettsville, where he remained for thirty-two years.

On August 27, 1895, Forest was appointed the third Bishop of San Antonio by Pope Leo XIII. He received his episcopal consecration on the following October 28 from Archbishop Francis Janssens, with Bishops Edward Fitzgerald and Nicolaus Aloysius Gallagher serving as co-consecrators, in the Cathedral of San Fernando. During his tenure, he established several new churches, educational facilities, and charitable institutions. Due to his declining health, he received John William Shaw from the Diocese of Mobile as a coadjutor bishop in 1910. Shortly after Shaw's arrival, he retired to Santa Rosa Infirmary. He later died at age 72, and was buried in San Fernando Cemetery.

References

1838 births
1911 deaths
People from Loire (department)
French emigrants to the United States
French Roman Catholic missionaries
19th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States
Roman Catholic bishops of San Antonio
Roman Catholic missionaries in the United States
People from Hallettsville, Texas

John Anthony Forest


Allan McLean (1752 – 8 October 1847) was a Scottish-born lawyer and politician in Upper Canada.  He was the first lawyer in 1794 authorized to practise in Kingston. He was first elected in May 1804 as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada.  From 1805 to 1824, McLean represented the riding of Frontenac in the 4th to 8th Parliaments of Upper Canada.

McLean married Harriet McLean, the daughter of Neil McLean. He was a lieutenant in the British Army in the Thirteen Colonies, serving during the American Revolution. McLean settled in Kingston. He was lieutenant-colonel in the militia and served during the War of 1812. McLean was registrar for Frontenac, Lennox and Addington, Prince Edward and Hastings counties. He also served as clerk of the peace for the Midland District. McLean died in 1847 in Kingston.

References

Becoming Prominent: Leadership in Upper Canada, 1791-1841, J.K. Johnson (1989)

1752 births
1847 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada
Pre-Confederation Ontario people
British Army personnel of the War of 1812
Scottish emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Speakers of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada
Immigrants to Upper Canada

Allan McLean (Upper Canada politician)


Belizean municipal elections, 1993-1994 was a series of municipal elections held in Belize within a period of twelve months and sandwiching a General election.

Results

 1993: Belize City council election (March 18): Then ruling People's United Party (PUP) won all nine seats and their second straight election. This Election result cannoned with events in Guatemala emboldened the PUP to call a General election on June 1, 1993, which they lost to the United Democratic Party (UDP)/National Alliance for Belizean Rights (NABR) Coalition.
 1994: National town board elections (March): The now ruling United Democratic Party won the majority of seats nationwide in their greatest municipal victory to date, although would loss the Belize City Council. This performance was eventually beaten in the 2006 Belizean municipal elections.

Elections in Belize
1994 elections

1993–94 Belizean municipal elections


Robert C. Kochersberger Jr. (born 25 April 1950)  (also published as Bob Kochersberger) is an American writer and associate professor of English at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, North Carolina, where he has taught since 1986. He received his BA in journalism from St. Bonaventure University in 1972, MS from Syracuse University in 1979, and PhD from the University of Tennessee in 1986. Kochersberger is an expert on the muckraking journalism era and has published extensively on Ida Tarbell. He routinely contributes to the News & Observer.

Career
Robert Kochersberger has written and lectured extensively on the muckraking era in journalism, focusing on Ida Tarbell. Having grown up in Chautauqua County, New York, where Tarbell's journalism career began, Kochersberger held a particular interest in her. In 1994, he published More Than A Muckraker: Ida Tarbell's Lifetime in Journalism. The book was re-issued in paperback in 1996. His research led to his being chosen by the U.S. Postal Service to assist in the design of the Ida Tarbell stamp, released in 2002.

Kochersberger has been awarded three traditional Fulbright scholarships and two Fulbright Senior Specialist grants intended for U.S. professionals to travel overseas to assist in curriculum development in their field. In 1991, he worked at the University of Ljubljana in then-Yugoslavia (now Slovenia) advising in journalism and communications as a Fulbright Senior Scholar. In 1993 he consulted with Al Ahram newspaper in Cairo, and in 2002, he advised at Thammasat University in Bangkok as a Fulbright Senior Specialist. In 2003, he returned to the University of Ljubljana again as a Senior Scholar. And in the spring 2016 semester he had another Fulbright senior scholar grant at the University of Constantine the Philosopher in Nitra, Slovakia.

Kochersberger worked as a reporter throughout the 1970s in southwest New York, first at The Post-Journal in Jamestown then at The Daily Press in Binghamton. At that point, Kochersberger turned to teaching, ultimately joining NC State's English department in 1986. He has led various committees and programs within the department, and currently heads the journalism program.

Publications
In addition to his years as a reporter, Kochersberger has published in academic journals and regularly contributes to Raleigh's News & Observer. His subject matter ranges from aviation to gun control to fracking. In April 2014, Kochersberger was a contestant on "Jeopardy!".

Kochersberger is an avid aviation fan, and has been a certified private pilot since 1999. As a child, he often visited the Buffalo airport in New York to watch airplanes on the runway. In 1975, while reporting in Binghamton, Kochersberger was able to participate in a local air show with a Navy Blue Angel for an article. Weeks later, he was able to wing walk on a Stearman biplane, once again for an article. Years later, he recalled the experience: "I could not believe the force of the wind and cursed for the duration of the flight, maybe 10 minutes, but got a great story in that day's newspaper."

In 2005, Kochersberger's son committed robberies around Raleigh, which was reported on by The News & Observer. The journalist who reported on the crimes included Kochersberger and his wife's names, careers, and places of employment in the report. Kochersberger, himself a journalist by trade, felt the tables turned and explored that idea in his article, "My Son's Crime," which was published in the Columbia Journalism Review.

On 5 July 2007, Kochersberger's son, Charlie, took his own life after years of addiction and mental illness. Charlie's death has influenced much of Kochersberger's writing since then.

In 2012, Kochersberger was working on a memoir about his relationship with his son, titled "Sorry to Freak You Out."

Notes

1950 births
Living people
American male journalists
North Carolina State University faculty
St. Bonaventure University alumni
Syracuse University alumni

Robert Kochersberger