Carbon chauvinism is a neologism meant to disparage the assumption that the chemical processes of hypothetical extraterrestrial life must be constructed primarily from carbon (organic compounds) because as far as is known, carbon's chemical and thermodynamic properties render it far superior to all other elements at forming molecules used in living organisms.

The expression "carbon chauvinism" is also used to criticize the idea that artificial intelligence can't in theory be sentient or truly intelligent because the underlying matter isn't biological.

Concept
The term was used as early as 1973, when scientist Carl Sagan described it and other human chauvinisms that limit imagination of possible extraterrestrial life. It suggests that human beings, as carbon-based life forms who have never encountered any life that has evolved outside the Earth's environment, may find it difficult to envision radically different biochemistries.

Carbon alternatives

Like carbon, silicon can form four stable bonds with itself and other elements, and long chemical chains known as silane polymers, which are very similar to the hydrocarbons essential to life on Earth. Silicon is more reactive than carbon, which could make it optimal for extremely cold environments. However, silanes spontaneously burn in the presence of oxygen at relatively low temperatures, so an oxygen atmosphere may be deadly to silicon-based life. On the other hand, it is worth considering that alkanes are as a rule quite flammable, but carbon-based life on Earth does not store energy directly as alkanes, but as sugars, lipids, alcohols, and other hydrocarbon compounds with very different properties. Water as a solvent would also react with silanes, but again, this only matters if for some reason silanes are used or mass-produced by such organisms.

Silicon lacks an important property of carbon: single, double, and triple carbon-carbon bonds are all relatively stable. Aromatic carbon structures underpin DNA, which could not exist without this property of carbon. By comparison, compounds containing silene double bonds (such as silabenzene, an unstable analogue of benzene) exhibit far lower stability than the equivalent carbon compound. A pair of silane single bonds have significantly greater total enthalpy than a single silene double bond, so simple disilenes readily autopolymerise, and silicon favors the formation of linear chains of single bonds (see the double bond rule).

Hydrocarbons and organic compounds are abundant in meteorites, comets, and interstellar clouds, while their silicon analogs have never been observed in nature. Silicon does, however, form complex one-, two- and three-dimensional polymers in which oxygen atoms form bridges between silicon atoms. These are termed silicates. They are both stable and abundant under terrestrial conditions, and have been proposed as a basis for a pre-organic form of evolution on Earth (see clay hypothesis).

The black cloud

Fred Hoyle (1915-2001), a prominent astronomer at the Institute of Astronomy at Cambridge, is most well known for his theory of how chemical elements heavier than helium in our universe are manufactured within stars.  However, he is also remembered for his scientifically plausible fiction novels, the first of which "The Black Cloud" was published in 1957.  This novel describes the interaction of Earth scientists with an intelligent life form, an immense black cloud of gas that moves directly towards the solar system and temporarily obscures the sun.  When the black cloud detects radio signals from earth, it is surprised to discover that intelligent life can also exist on the surface of planets.    Although Fred Hoyle characterizes this novel as a "frolic," he also notes that there is little in the novel that could not conceivably happen.  This novel is notable for raising, and providing a scientific rationale for the concept that the existence of "life" may not be constrained by the conditions that are ordinarily considered to be essential based on the singular example of life on earth.

See also

References

Astrobiology
Extraterrestrial life
Biological hypotheses
Astronomical hypotheses
Chauvinism
Carbon
Biochemistry

Carbon chauvinism


Andrew Hugh Michael Maguire (2 August 1926 – 14 June 2013) was an Irish violinist, leader, concertmaster and principal player of the London Symphony Orchestra and the BBC Symphony Orchestra (1962–1967), leader of the Melos Ensemble and the Allegri Quartet, a professor at the Royal Academy of Music, and violin tutor to the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain.

Career
Maguire was born in Dublin as one of six siblings, all of whom became professional musicians. His father Elias, a headmaster and tenor, introduced him to violin lessons at age 6. By age 12, he had won every prize for violin-playing at the principal music festivals in Ireland. Educated at the Belvedere College, in 1944 he gained a four-year scholarship to the Royal Academy of Music in London, where he won the Alfred Waley and Alfred Gibson Prizes for violin playing, and the Cooper Prize and McEwan Prize for quartet playing. There he led the first orchestra for two years under Clarence Raybould and played concertos at several 'end of term' concerts.

In January 1949, Maguire was in the first violin section of the London Philharmonic Orchestra. In 1950, he spent ten months in Paris having lessons from George Enescu (to whom he acknowledged his greatest debt), and appeared as soloist, including a concerto under Roger Désormière. In 1952 he was appointed leader of the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, after which he had a short period as sub-leader of the BBC Symphony Orchestra.

In 1956, Maguire became leader of the London Symphony Orchestra until 1961, as one of the 'Young Turks' who helped to reshape the orchestra after a confrontation between management and players which had prompted many resignations. In 1959 he became a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Music. In 1962, he left the LSO to become leader of the BBC Symphony Orchestra, and held the post until 1967. From 1983 to 1991, he was leader of the Orchestra of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden.

Maguire helped to found the Academy of St Martin in the Fields with Neville Marriner in 1959, and became closely associated with its work at the solo violin desk. His pre-eminence as a teacher and pedagogue for soloists and chamber music ensemble groups was also then developing. During the 1960s, he, Jacqueline du Pré and Fou Ts'ong performed as a piano trio. Maguire led the Cremona Quartet with Iona Brown, Cecil Aronowitz and Terence Weil, From 1974, he led the Melos Ensemble, heading that group's renewal after it had been temporarily disbanded following the death of Ivor McMahon. In 1978, Peter Pears invited Maguire to join the Britten-Pears School for Advanced Musical Studies as director of string studies. He served in the post until 2002.

Maguire became leader of the Allegri Quartet in 1968 with David Roth, Patrick Ireland and Bruno Schrecker. The quartet's recordings included the String Quartet No. 2 of Alexander Goehr and the Quartets Nos 3 & 4 of Frank Bridge. Sir Malcolm Arnold dedicated his string quartet no. 2 (1975) to him, first performed by the Allegri Quartet in Dublin Castle in June 1976, with the British premiere three days later at Snape Maltings, as part of the Aldeburgh Festival. He left the Allegri Quartet in 1976.

Maguire was professor at the Royal Academy of Music in London for 26 years, and was also artistic director of the Irish Youth Orchestra, as well as violin tutor to the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain. He taught master classes at Aldeburgh Music and was on the coaching staff of the ensemble training at the Leiston Abbey music school.

Maguire was married twice. His first marriage, in 1953 to the dancer Suzie Lewis, produced five children, three daughters and two sons. The couple divorced in 1987. His second marriage was to Tricia Catchpole, from 1988 until her death in February 2013.

References

External links
 Entries for recordings by Hugh Maguire on WorldCat

1926 births
2013 deaths
British classical violinists
British male violinists
Irish male violinists
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Music
Musicians from Dublin (city)
Concertmasters
20th-century Irish classical violinists
20th-century British male musicians
People educated at Belvedere College
Male classical violinists
20th-century Irish male musicians

Hugh Maguire (violinist)


Leah McGrath Goodman is an American author and freelance journalist who has worked New York City and London. She began her career as a special writer and editor for The Wall Street Journal, Dow Jones Newswires, and Barron's, and was recruited from university by the Dow Jones Newspaper Fund. She has contributed to publications and agencies such as Fortune, The Financial Times, The Wall Street Journal, Condé Nast Portfolio, the Associated Press, Forbes and The Guardian.

In 2010 McGrath Goodman was the recipient of a Scripps Howard Foundation fellowship in environmental journalism and a visiting professorship at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Her first book The Asylum: The Renegades Who Hijacked the World's Oil Market, about the global oil trading market, was published in 2011. In 2014, a Newsweek cover story where she allegedly uncovered the identity of bitcoin's inventor attracted widespread controversy. In 2016, McGrath Goodman placed as a finalist for the National Magazine Award for her coverage of America's widening wealth gap as part of a package of stories for Newsweek. In 2017, a second Newsweek cover story she wrote about the 9-11 attacks leading Ground Zero to become a deadly cancer cluster was also nominated for a National Magazine Award.

Early life and education
McGrath Goodman was born in Boston, Massachusetts; her parents were an English teacher and an artist. She graduated from St. Bonaventure University in 1998 with bachelor's degrees in journalism and political science.

Career

Jersey child abuse investigation
In 2012, UK politician John Hemming tabled an early day motion regarding the withdrawal of McGrath Goodman's UK visa, because she had been prevented from entering the UK after declaring her intentions to investigate allegations of a cover-up regarding the Jersey child abuse investigation, despite having a clean immigration and travel record. In interviews with the BBC, The Guardian  and other media outlets, McGrath Goodman stated that she was confused as to why she was not allowed entry into the UK and was therefore unable to catch a connecting flight into Jersey, a popular holiday destination and a British Crown dependency. UK Border Force stated that the reason she was denied entry was they were not satisfied she was genuinely seeking entry as a visitor for the limited period she claimed and she had attempted to mislead the Border Force officer about her travel plans and the reason she required entry to the UK. In 2013, the ban was lifted and a new visa granted after a campaign by British politicians and journalists. A major new inquiry into the abuse scandal led by a senior UK judge was also announced. In 2017, the inquiry concluded hundreds of children were abused on the island for decades. In an interview with Vice, McGrath Goodman said she would continue to research and complete her book on what happened to the children of Jersey, stating, "I've never seen grown men in law enforcement and high-level government positions literally fear for themselves, their lives, and their families while trying to do their jobs and protect innocent people...Something is definitely wrong when investigating child abuse means being bullied, threatened, and smeared. As someone who cares about the island and cares about these people and these issues, I don't know if I can watch something like that and just not do anything as a journalist."

2014 bitcoin cover story
In a March 2014 Newsweek magazine cover story, McGrath Goodman published what she asserted to be the identity and location of Satoshi Nakamoto, the inventor of bitcoin. The article has generated controversy for its methodology and conclusions. Writing in Forbes magazine, Andy Greenberg stated that "Criticism of Newsweek's article, which describes a silent standoff" as reporter Leah McGrath Goodman stood at the end of Nakamoto's driveway and interviewed him in the presence of police, focused in particular on Goodman's decision to name Nakamoto's family members who agreed to be interviewed, and Newsweek magazine's decision to publish a picture of his house. At the same time, Kashmir Hill, also from Forbes, defended the story, stating, "It's a journalist's job to invade privacy, and to report things that people often don't want reported, to tell stories people don't want told. The Bitcoin story is too big and too important not to be fully investigated." Goodman wrote that when she asked Nakamoto about bitcoin during a brief in-person interview, Nakamoto appeared to confirm his identity as the bitcoin founder by stating: "I am no longer involved in that and I cannot discuss it. It's been turned over to other people. They are in charge of it now. I no longer have any connection." (This quote was later confirmed by deputies at the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department who were present at the time.) Several hours later, Nakamoto's P2P Foundation account posted a message stating he was not the person in Newsweek's article. Wired's Robert McMillan, however, reported that Nakamoto's account had been hacked.

Books
 The Asylum: The Renegades Who Hijacked the World's Oil Market. William Morrow and Company. 2011. .

References

External links

American women journalists
American non-fiction writers
American women writers
St. Bonaventure University alumni
Living people
Writers from Boston
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women

Leah McGrath Goodman


Robby Lawrence Felix (born June 3, 1986) is a former American football center. He was signed by the Baltimore Ravens as an undrafted free agent in 2009. He played college football at Texas-El Paso.

Felix has also played for the Las Vegas Locomotives and New York Jets.

College career
Felix was a first-team All-Conference USA honoree in 2008, a third-team choice in 2006 and an honorable mention selection in 2007. He was appointed an honorable mention Freshman All-America by The Sporting News in 2005.

Professional career

Baltimore Ravens
Felix was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Baltimore Ravens on May 28, 2009. His signing made him the 22nd UTEP player to either be drafted by an NFL team or signed as a free agent since Mike Price took over as head coach for the 2004 season. He was waived by the Ravens on September 5, as part of the Final Roster Cutdowns.

New York Jets
The New York Jets signed Felix to the roster on May 13, 2010. Felix was waived by the team on September 4, 2010. Felix was later re-signed to the team's practice squad on September 6, 2010.

Felix was signed to a future contract by New York on January 25, 2011. He was waived on September 3, 2011 during the final roster cuts prior to the season.

Personal life
Felix's parents are Larry Felix and Laura Ferro. Felix is married to his college sweetheart, Kelly. They have three daughters.

Felix majored in Business at UTEP.

References

External links
Just Sports Stats
UTEP Miners bio
New York Jets bio

American football centers
UTEP Miners football players
Baltimore Ravens players
Las Vegas Locomotives players
New York Jets players
Players of American football from Corona, California
1986 births
Living people

Robby Felix


Federico Villarreal National University (, UNFV) is a public university located in Lima, Peru. It was named in honor of the Peruvian mathematician Federico Villarreal.

History
It first functioned as a branch of the Community University of the Center - Universidad Comunal del Centro (UCC) based in Huancayo. That same year, the Peruvian geographer, philosopher, historian and politician Javier Pulgar Vidal was commissioned to manage the university.

The Lima branch of the UCC began its activities in a rented house, located at 262 Moquegua street. The entrance exams were set for the month of August 1960 and classes began on 16 September of the same year.

In 1961, the Community University of the Center was nationalized as the National University of the Center of Peru. Due to the emergence of disagreements with the central headquarters in Junin, Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre promoted the creation of the Lima branch and thus managed to declare its autonomy in January 1963.

The Federico Villarreal National University was created by Order Nº 14692 on 30 October 1963. The law to create the university was presented by the APRA parliamentary bench, exposed and defended by Luis Alberto Sánchez, and promulgated by Fernando Belaunde Terry.

Organization
The UNFV is organized into 18 faculties:

 Administration
 Economics
 Health sciences - Hipolito Unanue (loccated near the Hipolito Unanue National Hospital in El Agustino)
 Laws and political sciences
 Education
 Humanities
 Civil engineering
 Industrial and systems engineering

 Geographical, Environmental and Ecotourism Engineering
 Oceanography, Fisheries, Food Sciences and Aquaculture
 Electronic and Computer Engineering
 Natural Sciences and Mathematics
 odontology
 Medical technology
 Psychology

 agricultural sciences,
 engineering sciences
 architecture
 accounting
 social sciences

Together they are offering 60 bachelor programs, 52 master programs, and 13 doctorates.

Rankings
Federico Villarreal National University is one of the best public universities of Peru.

In 2021, the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) ranked the Federico Villarreal National University in the 27th place in the country, in its ranking.

Notable alumni
See also Category:Federico Villarreal National University alumni
Laura Bozzo (TV talk show presenter and lawyer)
 Mercedes Cabanillas (educator and politician)
 César Hildebrandt (journalist)
 José Luis Pérez-Albela (doctor-writer, former athlete and lecturer)
 Alejandro Aguinaga (administrator, surgeon and politician)
 Arturo Cavero Velásquez (singer of Creole music)
 José Antonio Chang (industrial engineer, rector and politician)
 Teófilo Cubillas (soccer player, accountant)
 Liliana La Rosa (nurse, university professor and former minister)
 Luis Nava Guibert (lawyer and politician)
 Julián Pérez Huarancca (novelist and short story writer)
 Nidia Vílchez (public and political accountant)
 César Villanueva (administrator and politician)
 José Watanabe (poet)
 Juan Sheput (industrial engineer, politician and university professor)
 Zulema Tomás (doctor, politician and ex health minister)

Cooperations

 University of Salamanca
 Complutense University of Madrid
 Harvard University - Laspau
 Virginia International University
 National University of Colombia
 Autonomous University of Asunción
 Technical University of Machala
 Municipal University of Sao Caetano do Sul
 University of Buenos Aires
 University of Seville
 University of La Laguna
 University of Atlántico

Continuing on the route of internationalization, since 2017, UNFV joined the Compostela Group of Universities.

References

External links
 Official site
 Comunidad UNFV

Federico Villarreal National University
Universities and colleges established in 1963
1963 establishments in Peru

Federico Villarreal National University


El Alamein is a town in Egypt. It is most famous for being the place where the British-led Allies won the Second Battle of El Alamein against the Nazis during World War II. The town has a railroad station, which was important to all of the battles that have happened there.

Cities in Egypt

El Alamein


Fàn Lübing (范履冰, died March 26, 690) was a Chinese politician during the Tang dynasty, serving as chancellor during the first reign of Emperor Ruizong. He was a member of the elite Fàn family.

During Emperor Gaozong's reign
It is not known when Fàn Lübing was born. Fàn passed the imperial examinations in the Jinshi class and served as Hucao Canjun(戶曹參軍) under Li Xian, Prince of Zhou son of Emperor Gaozong. During Emperor Gaozong's Shangyuan era (674–676), Fàn and several colleagues also known for literary talent—Liu Yizhi, Yuan Wanqing (元萬頃), Miao Chuke (苗楚客), Zhou Simao (周思茂), and Han Chubin (韓楚賓)—were asked to serve as advisors to Emperor Gaozong's powerful wife Empress Wu (later known as Wu Zetian), and they wrote a number of works on her behalf, including the Biographies of Notable Women (列女傳), Guidelines for Imperial Subjects (臣軌), and New Teachings for Official Staff Members (百僚新誡). Collectively, they became known as the "North Gate Scholars" (北門學士), because they served inside the palace, which was to the north of the imperial government buildings, and Empress Wu sought advice from them to divert the powers of the chancellors.

During Emperor Ruizong's first reign
Emperor Gaozong died in 683 and was succeeded by his son Li Zhe (i.e. Li Xian, Prince of Zhou) the Crown Prince (as Emperor Zhongzong), but Empress Wu retained actual power as empress dowager and regent. In 684, after he showed signs of independence, she deposed him and replaced him with his younger brother Li Dan the Prince of Yu (as Emperor Ruizong), but thereafter wielded power even more firmly. During her regency over Emperor Ruizong, Fàn Lübing served successively as Luantai Shilang (鸞臺侍郎)—the deputy head of the examination bureau of government (鸞臺, Luantai)—and deputy minister of civil service affairs (春官侍郎, Chunguan Shilang). As of 689, he was serving as the minister of civil service affairs (春官尚書, Chunguan Shangshu), when he was given the designation of Tong Fengge Luantai Pingzhangshi (同鳳閣鸞臺平章事), making him a chancellor de facto. He was also in charge of editing the imperial history. In 690, however, he was accused of having recommended as an official someone who later committed treason, and Empress Dowager Wu ordered him arrested and executed.

Descendants
Fàn had three sons, each of whom passed the imperial examinations in the Jinshi class.
Fàn Dongfen (范冬芬), also known as the ancestor of "the Fàns of Huizhou". His grandson Fàn Ping (范平) was the ancestor of another branch called "the Fàns of Jiangxi"
Fàn Dongqian (范冬倩)
Fàn Dongchang (范冬昌)

Fàn also had a 6th-generation grandson named Fàn Sui (范隋) who would serve as county magistrate of Lishui during the reign of Emperor Yizong of Tang. Fàn Sui was better known as the 5th-generation ancestor of Fàn Zhongyan.

Notes and references

 New Book of Tang, vol. 201.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 204.

690 deaths
7th-century Chinese historians
Chancellors under Emperor Ruizong of Tang
Tang dynasty historians
Year of birth unknown

Fan Lübing


Mark Rydell (born Mortimer H. Rydell; March 23, 1929) is an American film director, producer, and actor. He has directed several Academy Award-nominated films including The Fox (1967), The Reivers (1969), Cinderella Liberty (1973), The Rose (1979), and The River (1984). He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Director for On Golden Pond (1981).

Actor
Rydell initially trained in music. As a youth, he wanted to be a conductor.  He said he left music because of the proliferation of drugs among the musicians: "Heroin was the drug of choice," he said. "Knowing that I have an addict's personality in that a little is good but a lot is better, I knew I was in danger. So I went back to college and went to the Neighborhood Playhouse." He studied acting at The Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre in New York City. His first significant roles were as Walt Johnson on The Edge of Night, and as Jeff Baker on As the World Turns, which he played from December 12, 1956, to 1962. The role of Jeff was a particularly popular role with the audience. During the series run he directed Roots off broadway in 1961.

In 1962, Rydell declined to sign another long-term contract at ATWT, and producers had his character die in a car crash. He later won plaudits for his role of violent Jewish mob kingpin Marty Augustine in Robert Altman's The Long Goodbye (1973). His most recent significant film role was in Woody Allen's Hollywood Ending (2002).

TV director
Rydell moved into directing television and soon became very successful. He did episodes of Mr. Novak; Ben Casey; The Reporter; Slattery's People; I Spy; The Wild Wild West; The Long, Hot Summer; and Gunsmoke. He said later: "I come from the school of sitting around the table for two weeks examining every detail of the material, working out relationships with the actors, so they know what they are doing, bringing them to locations, so they can get comfortable."

Feature films
Rydell's first feature as director was The Fox (1967) which was a box-office hit, in part due to its then-rare lesbian content. He signed a multi picture contract with the film's producer Raymond Stross, but disliked working with him. Rydell said he ended up paying out four times his fee for the picture to get out of the contract. Nonetheless, he credits Stross for starting his film career. He directed Steve McQueen in The Reivers (1969). Rydell and friend Sydney Pollack, who had known each other since they were both actors, formed a company, Sanford Productions, and  signed a six picture contract with the Mirisch Brothers. They planned to make Good Luck, Miss Wyckoff, which was eventually made in 1979 by other filmmakers.

Rydell directed John Wayne in The Cowboys (1972). He made a romantic comedy, Cinderella Liberty (1973), with James Caan and Marsha Mason. Around this time he said he did not want to make genre movies: "I want to create my own genre." He was reunited with Caan on Harry and Walter Go to New York (1976) which was a box-office flop, and directed the pilot episode of Family (1976).

Rydell directed The Rose (1979), starring Bette Midler, which was a huge hit. So too was On Golden Pond (1981), starring Henry Fonda and Katharine Hepburn, for which Rydell received an Oscar nomination as Best Director. "I'm this week's heat," he joked at the time. He was going to make a film based on the play Nuts but instead did  The River (1984), with Mel Gibson and Sissy Spacek. It was not a commercial success.  Neither was Rydell's next film, For the Boys (1991), with Caan and Midler.

Rydell made the TV movie McBride and Groom (1993) and the feature Intersection (1994). He directed the TV movies Crime of the Century (1996), which starred Isabella Rossellini and Stephen Rea, and James Dean (2001), which earned actor James Franco a Golden Globe award. Rydell also acted in the movie, playing Jack L. Warner (head of Warner Bros). He was credited as executive producer on An Unfinished Life (2005).

In 2006, Rydell directed the movie Even Money. His last credit to date was an episode of Masters of Science Fiction, "A Clean Escape".

Three years later – working with actor Martin Landau and screenwriter/playwright Lyle Kessler – he produced an education seminar, The Total Picture Seminar. The two-day event covers the disciplines of acting, directing, and writing for film. The three have worked together as a team for many decades at The Actors Studio teaching and coaching professional actors, writers, and directors. In 2010, Rydell joined the Advisory Board of Openfilm, an online video sharing site created to help aspiring independent filmmakers.

He executive produced the documentary A Coup in Camelot (2015).

Personal life
Mortimer H. Rydell was born on March 23, 1929, to a Jewish family in New York City.

Rydell married actress Joanne Linville in 1962. The couple had two children, Amy and Christopher, both actors. Rydell and Linville divorced in 1973. Rydell had another son, Alexander, from his second marriage to documentary producer Esther Rydell. That union ended in divorce in 2007.

Filmography

As director

Film
The Fox (1967)
The Reivers (1969)
The Cowboys (1972)
Cinderella Liberty (1973)
Harry and Walter Go to New York (1976)
The Rose (1979)
On Golden Pond (1981)
The River (1984)
For the Boys (1991)
Intersection (1994)
Even Money (2006)

Television
The Phil Silvers Show (episode on TV series) (1955)
Mr. Novak (episode on TV series) (1964)
Ben Casey (episodes on TV series) (1963–64)
The Reporter (episode on TV series) (1964)
Slattery's People (episode on TV series) (1965)
I Spy (episodes on TV series) (1965)
The Wild Wild West (episode on TV series) (1966)
The Long, Hot Summer (episodes on TV series) (1965–66)
The Fugitive (episode on TV series) (1966)
Gunsmoke (episodes on TV series) (1964–66)
Family (episode on TV series) (1976)
McBride and Groom (TV movie) (1993)
Crime of the Century (TV movie) (1996)
James Dean (TV movie) (2001)
Masters of Science Fiction (episode on TV mini-series) (2007)

As actor
Crime in the Streets (1956) as Lou Macklin
The Long Goodbye  (1973) as Marty Augustine
Punchline (1988) as Romeo
Havana (1990) as Meyer Lansky
A Man Is Mostly Water (2000) as Distributor
Hollywood Ending (2002) as Al
Senior Entourage (2020) as Mark

References

External links

The Total Picture Seminar – A Seminar with Martin Landau, Mark Rydell, and Lyle Kessler covering filmmaking.

1929 births
Living people
Film producers from New York (state)
American male film actors
American male soap opera actors
Film directors from New York City
Jewish American male actors
Male actors from New York City
Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre alumni
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American Jews

Mark Rydell


Intertel (previously the International Legion of Intelligence) is a high-IQ society founded in 1966, that is open to those who have scored at or above the 99th percentile (top 1%) on one of various standardized tests of intelligence. It has been identified as one of the notable high-IQ societies established since the late 1960s with admissions requirements that are stricter and more exclusive than Mensa.

History and goals
Intertel was founded in 1966 by Ralph Haines, following the example of Roland Berrill and Lancelot Ware (founders of Mensa), who wanted to create an association adapted to the gifted needs without any specific restriction of admission (with the exception of a minimum IQ). Intertel thus became the second oldest organization of this kind, Mensa being the first.

The organizations has three purposes, stated in its constitution:

 Encouraging a meaningful and lasting intellectual fellowship.
 Fostering an exchange of ideas on any and all subjects among persons throughout the world with a proven high intelligence.
 Assisting in research on matters relating to high intelligence.

Organization and activities
Intertel is divided into seven regions, with the majority being in North America. Region VI, also known as International, includes members from the rest of the world.

Aligned with one of the goals stated in its constitution, Intertel's members also participate in research on high intelligence.

In 1978, Intertel established the international "Hollingworth Award" in memory of renowned psychologist Leta Stetter Hollingworth, who specialized in research on gifted children. This award was annually presented until at least 1993, first sponsored by Intertel and then the Intertel Foundation.

Notable past and current members

See also
Mensa
Triple Nine Society

References

External links

High-IQ societies
Organizations established in 1966
Giftedness
Organizations based in the United States

Intertel


Gary Gregory Gach (born 1947) is an American author, translator, editor, and teacher living in San Francisco.  His work has been translated into several languages, and has appeared in several anthologies and numerous periodicals. He has hosted Zen Mindfulness Fellowship weekly for 12 years, and he swims in the San Francisco Bay.

Life

Gach was born in a Jewish American family in Hollywood, Los Angeles in 1947. He was student body president of John Burroughs Junior High School.  He claims to have had a mystic vision as a young boy. At 11, he read The Way of Zen by Alan Watts, beginning a lifelong interest in Buddhism.

He was formally introduced to meditation by Paul Reps and later studied Hasidic Judaism and Kabbalah, and was introduced to shikantaza by Dainin Katagiri Roshi, then Suzuki Roshi.  Alan Watts befriended and encouraged.  He took transmission in the Plum Village Tradition, and is lay ordained in its core community the Order of Interbeing/

He has worked as an actor, stevedore, typographer, legal secretary, editor-in-chief, webmaster, and teacher. He currently teaches Zen Buddhism at University of San Francisco where he also hosts the weekly Zen Mindfulness Fellowship.

Bibliography

Author
 1974: Preparing the Ground : Poems 1960-1970 (Heirs, International; San Francisco)
 1996: The Pocket Guide to the Internet: No-Sweat Guide to the Information Highway (Pocket Books; New York)
 1997: Writers.net: Every Writer's Essential Guide to Online Resources and Opportunities (Prima Publishing; Rocklin, New York)
 2001–2009: Complete Idiot's Guide to Understanding Buddhism  (Alpha Books, New York) ; 2nd edition, 2004 - ; 3rd edition, 2009 - .
 2018: Pause Breathe Smile – Awakening Mindfulness When Meditation Is Not Enough (Sounds True, Colorado)

Translator
 2005: (Co-translator with Brother Anthony (Taizé Community) and Kim Young-moo) Ten Thousand Lives by Ko Un, introduction by Robert Hass, (Green Integer: Los Angeles)
 2006: (Co-translator  with Brother Anthony  and Kim Young-moo) Flowers of a Moment, 185 brief poems by Ko Un; (BOA Editions, Ltd.: Rochester, New York)
 2007: (Co-translator  with Brother Anthony Of Taizé and Kim Young-moo) Songs for Tomorrow: Poems 1961-2001 by Ko Un (Green Integer: Los Angeles)
2023: (Co-translator with Erfan Mojib) Hafiz's Little Book of Life – Gardens of the World, Wine, Wisdom, & Ecstasy (Hampton Roads | Red Wheel / Weiser: Newburyport MA)

Editor
 1998: What Book!? : Buddha Poems from Beat to Hiphop, introduction by Peter Coyote (Parallax Press; Albany, California)   (American Book Award)

Awards
Gach is a recipient of an American Book Award (from the Before Columbus Foundation) in 1999 for What Book!?
Shortlisted for Northern California Book Award for Translation, for Songs for Tomorrow and finalist for Flowers of a Moment (Lannan Translations Selection). Nautilus Book Awards for Complete Idiot's Guide to Buddhism 3rd ed'n.

References

External links
 Author page
 Gach's personal home page
 Teachings of the Buddha – interview by Marjorie Chiew, The Star (Malaysia), (December 12, 2010)
 Interview with Gach at Writers Write (August 1997)
 Materials on file at Internet Archive.

American Buddhists
20th-century American poets
20th-century American Jews
Jewish poets
Buddhism in the United States
English-language haiku poets
Living people
Buddhist writers
1947 births
20th-century American translators
American male poets
American Book Award winners
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American Jews

Gary Gach


The Poison Girls were an English anarcho-punk band from Brighton. The singer/guitarist, Vi Subversa, was a middle-aged mother of two at the band's inception, and wrote songs that explored sexuality and gender roles, often from an anarchist perspective. The original Poison Girls line-up also included: Lance D'Boyle (drums); Richard Famous (guitar/vocals); Nil (tapes/bass/electric violin); and Bernhardt Rebours (bass/synthesiser/piano).

History
Poison Girls formed in Brighton in 1976, before moving to Burleigh House in Essex, near to Dial House, the home of fellow anarchist band Crass, with whom they worked closely for a number of years, playing over 100 gigs with the band. In 1979 they contributed to the revival of the peace movement by playing a number of benefit gigs with Crass and paying for the production of the first CND badges since CND's heyday. Again in 1979, and again with Crass, they proved influential to the establishment of the short lived Wapping Autonomy Centre by contributing the track "Persons Unknown" to a split single with Crass (who contributed "Bloody Revolutions") and raising over £10,000. Their song "Bully Boys", an attack on violent machismo led to the band being attacked by members of the National Front. The band also set up the label X-N-Trix alongside a publishing arm for the Impossible Dream magazine and recording studios for other artists.

Though their last studio recording to date was in 1985, a number of Poison Girls compilations have since been released, and their songs frequently appear on punk anthologies.

Poison Girls were involved with the production of Aids — The Musical, through a company called The Lenya Hobnoobs Theatre Company. They did another show called Mother Russia was a Lesbian in 1992, and reunited for a show at the London Astoria II in 1995, celebrating the 60th birthday of Vi Subversa. Currently, Richard Famous works as a painter and decorator. The pair have performed as That Famous Subversa, until Subversa's death in February 2016.

Members
Vi Subversa - vocals/guitar
Richard Famous - guitar/vocals
Lance d'Boyle (Gary Lance Robins) - drums/backing vocals (1976–84)
Bella Donna - bass (1976–77)
Pete Fender - bass (1978, 1984)
Scott Barker - bass (1978)
Bernhardt Rebours - bass/synth/piano/backing vocals (1979–81)
Nil - tapes.(1979–1981), electric violin and Bass (1980–1995)
Chris Grace - bass (1982–83)
Mark Dunn - bass (1983–84)
Cynth Ethics (Sian Daniels) - synth/vocals (1983–85)
Martin Heath - bass (1984)
Max Vol - bass (1984–87)
Agent Orange - drums (1984–87)
Andy Demetriou - bass (1989-89)

Discography

Albums
(1979) Hex (EP - X-N-Trix Records, re-released in 1980 on Crass Records)
 (1980) Chappaquiddick Bridge (plus "A Statement" flexi disc - Crass Records)
 (1982) Where's the Pleasure? (X-N-Trix Records)
 (1985) Songs of Praise (features cover artwork by Clifford Harper - X-N-Trix Records)

Live
 (1981) Total Exposure (X-N-Trix Records)

Singles
(1979) "Closed Shop" / "Piano Lessons" (split 12" single with Fatal Microbes - X-N-Trix Records / Small Wonder Records)
(1980) "Persons Unknown" (joint single with Crass as a benefit to raise funds to start an Anarchist Centre - Crass Records)
(1980) "Bully Boys" / "Pretty Polly" (flexi disc free with fanzine In The City #15)
(1980) "All Systems Go!" (7" - Crass Records)
(1983) "Are You Happy Now?" / "White Cream Dream" (12" - Illuminated Records)
(1983) "One Good Reason" (7" - Illuminated Records)
(1984) "I'm Not A Real Woman" (12" - X-N-Trix Records)
(1985) "The Price of Grain and the Price of Blood" (12" - Upright Records)

Compilations
(1984) 7 Year Scratch (double compilation from previous releases plus live material - X-N-Trix Records)
(1984) Who? What? Why? When? Where? (song "The Offending Article" included on compilation by Conflict, Mortarhate Records).  The album had little circulation on its initial release, but gained greater currency when re-released in 2003.
(1995) Statement - The Complete Recordings (4 CD boxed set with accompanying lyric and history booklets - Cooking Vinyl)
(1995) Real Woman (Cooking Vinyl Records)
(1997) Their Finest Moments (Nectar Masters Records)
(1998) Poisonous (Recall 2 cd Records)

References

Further reading

External links
 Official Poison Girls Website
 On-line discography

Anarcho-punk groups
English rock music groups
Musical groups from Brighton and Hove
Musical groups established in 1976
Musical groups disestablished in 1987

Poison Girls


Phillips Foods, Inc. and Seafood Restaurants is a family owned and operated seafood company in the mid-Atlantic region, United States. Phillips Foods, Inc., seafood manufacturers as well as restaurateurs, specializes in crab meat and crab cakes, and produces a line of fish and shrimp products. The company is headquartered in Baltimore, Maryland. Phillips Seafood Restaurants have casual dining, buffet service and carryout.

History
In 1914, Augustus E. Phillips established the company's first seafood processing plant on Hooper's Island in Maryland's Chesapeake Bay. The A.E. Phillips packing plant processed seafood from many of the watermen in the region. In 1956, after a surplus season of crabs, son Brice Phillips and wife Shirley opened the first "crab shack" in Ocean City, Maryland. Brice and Shirley began building a new dining room each year at Phillips Crab House until it finally seated 1400 people.

In 2002, the company was sued for violating the Lanham Act, a statute that provides consumer protection against false advertising. The plaintiff's claimed that Phillips was deceiving its customers after it said that it was following the original recipe while it used Asian crab meat instead of Maryland blue crab.

Phillips Seafood Restaurants currently has 5 company-owned restaurants along the eastern coast of the United States, as well as a network of franchise locations in airports, travel plazas, casinos and sporting arenas.

Crab manufacturing
Phillips is a leading global manufacturer of crab meat, and employs over 2,000 people worldwide. The company's crab processing facilities are found in the United States and Southeast Asia. Ten plants are located worldwide. In 1990, Phillips opened crab processing facilities in Southeast Asia to ensure a year-round supply of swimming crab meat for their restaurants. Phillips Foods has global sales offices in Baltimore, MD and Bangkok, Thailand. While most of the seafood production goes to the United States, the company has a growing market in Asia, Europe, and Australia

Products
Known primarily for their crab cakes, the company has an array of other products available to the retail and foodservice markets, such as crab meat, appetizers, fish, seafood cakes, soups, entrées, spices and sauces. Although the company's reputation was built on its origins as a producer of Maryland blue crab, it now markets primarily crab from Southeast Asia.

See also

List of seafood restaurants

References

1916 establishments in Maryland
American companies established in 1916
Companies based in Baltimore
Hoopers Island
Regional restaurant chains in the United States
Restaurants established in 1916
Restaurants in Maryland
Seafood companies of the United States
Seafood restaurants in the United States
Family-owned companies of the United States
Fish processing companies


In mathematical logic, a formula is in negation normal form (NNF) if the negation operator (, ) is only applied to variables and the only other allowed Boolean operators are conjunction (, ) and disjunction (, ).

Negation normal form is not a canonical form: for example,  and  are equivalent, and are both in negation normal form.

In classical logic and many modal logics, every formula can be brought into this form by replacing implications and equivalences by their definitions, using De Morgan's laws to push negation inwards, and eliminating double negations.  This process can be represented using the following rewrite rules (Handbook of Automated Reasoning 1, p. 204):

(In these rules, the  symbol indicates logical implication in the formula being rewritten, and  is the rewriting operation.)

Transformation into negation normal form can increase the size of a formula only linearly: the number of occurrences of atomic formulas remains the same, the total number of occurrences of  and  is unchanged, and the number of occurrences of  in the normal form is bounded by the length of the original formula.

A formula in negation normal form can be put into the stronger conjunctive normal form or disjunctive normal form by applying distributivity. Repeated application of distributivity may exponentially increase the size of a formula. In the classical propositional logic, transformation to negation normal form does not impact computational properties: the satisfiability problem continues to be NP-complete, and the validity problem continues to be co-NP-complete. For formulas in conjunctive normal form, the validity problem is solvable in polynomial time, and for formulas in disjunctive normal form, the satisfiability problem is solvable in polynomial time.

Examples and counterexamples
The following formulae are all in negation normal form:

The first example is also in conjunctive normal form and the last two are in both conjunctive normal form and disjunctive normal form, but the second example is in neither.

The following formulae are not in negation normal form:

They are however respectively equivalent to the following formulae in negation normal form:

References

 John Alan Robinson and Andrei Voronkov, Handbook of Automated Reasoning 1:203ff  (2001) .

External links
 Java applet for converting logical formula to Negation Normal Form, showing laws used

Propositional calculus
Normal forms (logic)

Negation normal form


Landscape products refers to a group of building industry products used by garden designers and landscape architects and exhibited at trade fairs devoted to these industries. It includes: walls, fences, paving, gardening tools, outdoor lighting, water features, fountains, garden furniture, garden ornaments, gazebos, garden buildings, pond liners.

Geosynthetics are another group of products used extensively in landscape construction for drainage, filtration, reinforcement and separation. Geotextiles are used for drainage to either convey or allow water penetration and to prevent the mixing of two different materials; geomembranes are used to contain liquids in ponds or wastes in landfills; geogrids and geocells are used for load support and to increase the bearing capacity of weak soils; and geocells are used for slope and channel protection and erosion control.

The skills of combining these products to produce places are known as landscape design and landscape detailing.

See also
Garden design
Soft landscape materials
Hard landscape materials

References

Gardening aids
Garden design

Landscape products


Norah Jones (born Geethali Norah Jones Shankar; March 30, 1979) is an American singer, songwriter, and pianist. She has won several awards for her music and, as of 2023, had sold more than 50 million records worldwide. Billboard named her the top jazz artist of the 2000s decade. She has won nine Grammy Awards and was ranked 60th on Billboard magazine's artists of the 2000s decade chart.

In 2002, Jones launched her solo music career with the release of Come Away with Me, which was a fusion of jazz with country, blues, folk and pop. It was certified diamond, selling over 27 million copies. The record earned Jones five Grammy Awards, including the Album of the Year, Record of the Year, and Best New Artist. Her subsequent studio albums—Feels Like Home (2004), Not Too Late (2007), and The Fall (2009)—all gained platinum status, selling over a million copies each. They were also generally well received by critics. Jones's fifth studio album, Little Broken Hearts, was released on April 27, 2012; her sixth, Day Breaks, was released on October 7, 2016. Her seventh studio album, Pick Me Up Off the Floor, was released on June 12, 2020. Jones made her feature film debut as an actress in My Blueberry Nights, which was released in 2007 and was directed by Wong Kar-Wai.

Jones is the daughter of Indian sitarist and composer Ravi Shankar and concert producer Sue Jones, and is the half-sister of fellow musicians Anoushka Shankar and Shubhendra Shankar.

Early life
Jones was born Geethali Norah Jones Shankar on March 30, 1979, in Manhattan, New York City, to American concert producer Sue Jones and Indian Bengali musician Ravi Shankar.

After her parents separated in 1986, Jones lived with her mother, growing up in Grapevine, Texas. As a child, Jones began singing in church and also took piano and voice lessons. She attended Grapevine Middle School and Grapevine High School before transferring to Booker T. Washington High School for the Performing and Visual Arts in Dallas. Her music took its first form early on in the local Methodist Church where she regularly sang solos. While in high school, she sang in the school choir, participated in band, and played the alto saxophone. At the age of 16, with both parents' consent, she officially changed her name to Norah Jones.

Jones always had an affinity for the music of Bill Evans and Billie Holiday, among other "oldies". She once said, "My mom had this eight-album Billie Holiday set; I picked out one disc that I liked and played that over and over again".

She attended Interlochen Center for the Arts during the summers. While at high school, she won the Down Beat Student Music Awards for Best Jazz Vocalist (twice, in 1996 and 1997) and Best Original Composition (1996).

Jones attended the University of North Texas (UNT), where she majored in jazz piano and sang with the UNT Jazz Singers. During this time, she had a chance meeting with future collaborator Jesse Harris. She gave a ride to a band playing at the university whose members happened to be friends of Harris. He was on a cross-country road trip with friend and future Little Willies member Richard Julian, and stopped to see the band play. After meeting Jones, Harris started sending her lead sheets of his songs.

In 1999, Jones left Texas for New York City. Less than a year later, she started a band with Harris, and her recordings with them were bestsellers.

Musical career
Jones was a lounge singer before becoming a recording artist. Before releasing her first studio album, she performed with Wax Poetic, Peter Malick, and jazz guitarist Charlie Hunter.

2000–2001: New York City, First Sessions

As Peter Malick states in the liner notes, "I started looking for a singer who might be open to recording [my latest songs] for me. On a Tuesday night, I walked into the Living Room just as the singer announced the last song of the set. The Dinah Washington classic 'Since I Fell for You' filled the room and I was struck breathless. Here, in the tradition of Billie Holiday, was a stunningly beautiful, blues infused voice. This was my first contact with Norah Jones." Malick asked her to participate in sessions at Room 9 from Outer Space in South Boston, during August and September 2000. They recorded Malick's songs "New York City", "Strange Transmissions", "Deceptively Yours" and "Things You Don't Have to Do" in addition to cover versions of "All Your Love" by Sam Maghett and "Heart of Mine" by Bob Dylan. These songs became the album New York City (Koch, 2003) by the Peter Malick Group Featuring Norah Jones.

After moving to New York City, Jones signed to Blue Note, a label owned by EMI Group. The signing came as an indirect result of her performing as lead singer for the JC Hopkins Biggish Band. Shell White, who was the wife of J. C. Hopkins, worked for EMI Publishing and gave Jones's three-track demo to Bruce Lundvall, the label's president, and Brian Bacchus, its artists and repertoire agent (A&R). The demo contained two jazz standards and a song by Jesse Harris. The two executives agreed that Jones had potential. Despite their misgivings about the direction of her music, they signed her to the label. Bacchus told HitQuarters, "We let her find her own direction ... We knew that if she could develop her songwriting and we could find great songs, it would work."

2002: Come Away with Me

Bacchus thought producer and engineer Jay Newland's experience in jazz, blues, rock, country, and folk music would give a "feeling for her sound." Jones and Newland recorded nine demo tracks. Four appeared on the sampler First Sessions (2001). The rest were set aside for her debut album. Come Away with Me (2002) was praised for its blend of acoustic pop with soul and jazz. Debuting at No. 139, it reached No. 1 on the U.S. Billboard 200. The single "Don't Know Why" hit No. 1 on the Top 40 Adult Recurrents in 2003 and No. 30 in the Billboard Hot 100 Singles Chart. At the 45th Grammy Awards in 2003, Jones was nominated for eight Grammy Awards and won five: Best New Artist, Album of the Year, Best Pop Vocal Album, Record of the Year, and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for "Don't Know Why". This tied Lauryn Hill and Alicia Keys for most Grammy Awards received by a female artist in one night. Jesse Harris won Song of the Year for "Don't Know Why" while Arif Mardin won Producer of the Year. The album won Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical. Come Away with Me was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for having sold one million copies. In February 2005, it was certified diamond for selling ten million copies.

2004: Feels like Home

Feels like Home (2004) debuted at the top of the charts in at least 16 countries, including Germany, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. At the 47th Grammy Awards in 2005, the album was nominated for three Grammys, winning one, Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for "Sunrise". For "Here We Go Again", a duet with Ray Charles, she won Record of the Year and Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. Time magazine named Jones one of the most influential people of 2004.

2007: Not Too Late

Jones released her third album, Not Too Late, on January 30, 2007. The album was the first for which she wrote or co-wrote every song. She has said some of these songs are much darker than those on her previous albums. Not Too Late was mostly recorded at Jones's home studio. It is her first album without producer Arif Mardin, who died in the summer of 2006. Jones described the sessions as "fun, relaxed and easy" and without a deadline; Blue Note executives reportedly did not know she was recording an album. The song "My Dear Country" is political commentary; she wrote it before the United States Presidential election day in 2004. Not Too Late reached the No. 1 position in twenty countries. Not Too Late had the third-best first week of sales in 2007, behind Avril Lavigne's The Best Damn Thing and Linkin Park's Minutes to Midnight. It reached No. 1 in the U.S., selling 405,000 copies. EMI announced that Not Too Late reached gold, platinum or multi-platinum in 21 countries as of February 2007. The album has sold 4 million copies worldwide. That same year she sang "American Anthem" for the Ken Burns documentary The War.

2009: The Fall

Jones's fourth studio album, The Fall, debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 in November 2009, selling 180,000 copies in its first week. Although it was her first album that did not reach No. 1 in the United States it did receive critical acclaim. As part of the promotional drive for the album, Jones performed on Dancing with the Stars, Late Show with David Letterman, Good Morning America and other television programs. The Fall featured a St. Bernard on the cover; his name is Ben. The album's lead single, "Chasing Pirates", peaked at No. 13 on Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks and No. 7 on Jazz Songs. Billboards 2000–2009 decade awards ranked Jones as the top jazz recording artist, at No. 60 best Artist. Come Away With Me was elected the No. 4 album and No. 1 jazz album. Jones earned a platinum certification by the RIAA for sales of 1 million copies of The Fall. The album sold 1.5 million copies worldwide and was certified gold or platinum in 14 countries as of 2010. "Baby, It's Cold Outside", a duet with Willie Nelson, was nominated in the Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals category. In 2009, Jones performed "Come Away With Me" and "Young Blood" at the end of the Apple Inc.'s It's Only Rock and Roll press conference on September 9 in San Francisco, for the release of iTunes 9 and video camera-equipped iPods, among other items She also made a guest appearance and performed with other artists on the season three finale of the NBC series 30 Rock Jones started her fourth world tour on March 5, 2010.

2012: Little Broken Hearts

After working with Danger Mouse and Daniele Luppi on some of the tracks for their album Rome, Jones worked with Danger Mouse again on her fifth studio album, Little Broken Hearts, which was released on May 1, 2012. She played the album in its entirety at SXSW 2012. American Songwriter called Little Broken Hearts the "most dramatic and rewarding departure she's made in her career." On May 25, 2012, she began her fifth world tour in Paris, with performances in Europe, North America, Asia, South America, and Australia. She performed in London at the Roundhouse on September 10, 2012, as part of the iTunes Festival which was broadcast on the internet. She toured three cities in India for the first time because her father wanted her to do so. She also performed a headlining performance at Summer's Day, music festival produced by Only Much Louder. The tour started at Summer's Day in Mumbai on March 3 and included stops in New Delhi on March 5 and Bangalore on March 8.

2016: Day Breaks

Her sixth studio album, Day Breaks, which included nine new songs and three cover versions, was released on October 7, 2016. "Carry On", the album's lead single, was released to digital outlets on the same day. The album marked a return to her piano after dabbling in folk and pop on the last two records. Jones said the goal of this record was to do everything live. She said in an interview with Billboard, "When you have great musicians, there's no reason to overdub. That strips the soul out of the music."

2020-present: Pick Me Up Off the Floor and I Dream of Christmas

Her seventh studio album, Pick Me Up Off the Floor, was released on June 12, 2020. It debuted at number 87 on the US Billboard 200, making it Jones's first album not to debut in the top three.

In 2023, Jones was featured on rapper  Logic's song "Paradise II" from his first independent studio album College Park.

Additional projects and collaborations
Jones made a cameo appearance as herself in the 2002 movie Two Weeks Notice, which starred Hugh Grant and Sandra Bullock. The film shows her briefly at the piano, singing for a charity benefit.

In 2003, The Peter Malick Group and Jones released an album, New York City. Jones appeared on OutKast's Speakerboxxx/The Love Below album, on "Take Off Your Cool". This album won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year (Jones was not credited). Also in 2003, Jones appeared on Joel Harrison's album of jazz interpretations of country and folk songs, Free Country, as lead vocalist on "I Walk the Line" and "Tennessee Waltz".

Jones formed The Little Willies in 2003, alongside Richard Julian on vocals, Jim Campilongo on guitar, Lee Alexander on bass, and Dan Rieser on drums. The alt country band released its eponymous first album in 2006 and For the Good Times in 2012.

Jones appeared in the 2004 special, Sesame Street Presents: The Street We Live On. Jones appeared in the concert and DVD "Return to Sin City – A Tribute to Gram Parsons". Jones performed the song "She" and then, together with Keith Richards of The Rolling Stones, sang "Love Hurts".

In 2005, Jones appeared on the Foo Fighters' album In Your Honor, performing piano and vocals on the song "Virginia Moon". The track was nominated for a Grammy for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals, in 2006.

Jones appeared on Ryan Adams' & The Cardinals' 2005 album, Jacksonville City Nights, on the track "Dear John", which she co-wrote with Adams. In 2011, Jones also played piano and vocals on numerous tracks on Ryan Adams' 2011 studio album Ashes & Fire.

Jones worked with Mike Patton in 2006, providing vocals on the track "Sucker" on the Peeping Tom project. The song attracted attention as it was the first time Jones used profanity in a recording.

In 2007, Jones made her acting debut as the protagonist in a film directed by Wong Kar-wai. The film, My Blueberry Nights, opened for the 2007 Cannes Film Festival as one of the 22 films in competition. She wrote and performed a song, "The Story", for the movie.

In January 2007, Jones recorded a live session at Abbey Road Studios for Live from Abbey Road. The episode, on which John Mayer and Richard Ashcroft also appeared, was aired on UK Channel 4 and on the Sundance Channel. She appeared twice on the PBS series Austin City Limits, on November 2, 2002, and October 6, 2007. The latter appearance was the season opener.

In a change of direction predating The Fall, Jones (referring to herself as "Maddie" and virtually anonymous in a blond wig) sang and played guitar with rock band El Madmo. The band consists of Jones, Daru Oda and Richard Julian and released an eponymous album on May 20, 2007.

In 2008, she recorded a duet with A Tribe Called Quest front man Q-Tip, titled "Life Is Better" from his "Renaissance" LP.

Jones appears in Herbie Hancock's 2007 release River: The Joni Letters, singing the first track, "Court and Spark". This album won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year at the 50th Grammy Awards in 2008; Jones was credited as a featured artist, her ninth Grammy win.

Jones is one of the participants in the so-called "Hank Williams Project" overseen by Bob Dylan, and reportedly including contributions from Willie Nelson, Jack White, Lucinda Williams, and Alan Jackson. On March 31, 2008, Jones commemorated the 20th anniversary of The Living Room with a midnight performance at the intimate Manhattan music venue where the singer got her start. She played a new song entitled "How Many Times Have You Broken My Heart" and explained that it originated from newly found Hank Williams lyrics she was asked to put to music. Jones also performed the song in late 2008 on Elvis Costello's talk/music television series, Spectacle: Elvis Costello with....

Jones was a judge for the 5th annual Independent Music Awards, supporting independent artists' careers.

In 2010, Jones contributed "World of Trouble" to the Enough Project and Downtown Records' Raise Hope for Congo compilation. Proceeds from the compilation fund efforts to make the protection and empowerment of Congo's women a priority, as well as inspire individuals around the world to raise their voices for peace in Congo.

Jones released ...Featuring, a compilation album of collaborations she has done with well-known musicians, including the Foo Fighters, Willie Nelson, Dirty Dozen Brass Band, Outkast, Q-Tip, Talib Kweli, Belle and Sebastian, Ray Charles, Ryan Adams, Dolly Parton, Herbie Hancock, M. Ward, and others. Jones said, "It's so exciting and flattering and fun when I get asked to sing with somebody that I admire.... It takes you a little bit out of your comfort zone when you're doing something with another artist. You don't know what to expect—it's kind of like being a little kid and having a playdate." The 18-track Blue Note disc was released on November 16, 2010.

Jones recorded a Christmas duet, "Home for the Holidays", with Cyndi Lauper.

As a tribute to Steve Jobs, Jones appeared on the Apple Campus in October 2011, performing "Nearness of You" and "Painter Song". She finished her live, three-song set by performing Bob Dylan's "Forever Young" in honor of Jobs, because "he liked Bob Dylan".

Jones collaborated with Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane on his Grammy-nominated 2011 debut studio album Music Is Better Than Words on the song "Two Sleepy People". Jones also had a cameo appearance in MacFarlane's 2012 feature film Ted. Additionally for the film, she collaborated with MacFarlane and Family Guy composer Walter Murphy on the song "Everybody Needs a Best Friend", recorded on the motion picture soundtrack album and nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. Jones would later collaborate with MacFarlane on his second studio album Holiday for Swing on the song "Little Jack Frost Get Lost".

Jones sang "It Came Upon Midnight Clear", "Silent Night" and "Pooping Log (Caga Tió)" on the Holiday Special 2011 of Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations.

In September 2012, she appeared in "30 Songs/30 Days" to support Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide, a multi-platform media project inspired by Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn's book.

Jones is featured on Robert Glasper's 2013 album Black Radio 2, singing "Let It Ride".

In October 2013, it was revealed that Jones and Green Day front man Billie Joe Armstrong would be releasing a duets LP. The album, consisting of covers from the Everly Brothers' album Songs Our Daddy Taught Us, was titled Foreverly and released on November 25, 2013. Jones collaborated with her half-sister, Anoushka Shankar, on Shankar's album Traces of You, released on October 22, 2013. She contributed vocals to three songs on the album.

Jones recorded an album with her country music project, an all-female trio called Puss n Boots, which consists of Jones, Sasha Dobson and Catherine Popper. The album, titled No Fools, No Fun, was released on July 15, 2014, through Blue Note Records.

In 2014, Jones played with her label-mates including Jason Moran, John Patitucci, Brian Blade and Wayne Shorter in celebration of the 75th anniversary of Blue Note Records in the Concert Hall of John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. Later, Jones joined Mavis Staples for two songs at the Newport Folk Festival to celebrate Staples' 75th birthday.

Jones is featured on Harold Mabern's 2014 album Afro Blue, singing "Fools Rush In" and "Don't Misunderstand". On September 28, 2014, she appeared at the George Fest tribute concert to George Harrison in Los Angeles, where she sang "Something" and "Behind That Locked Door". Three days beforehand, Jones performed "Behind That Locked Door" live on the TBS television show Conan. Her performance at George Fest was included on the 2016 album and film release of the event.

Jones duets with The Rolling Stones' Keith Richards on the song "Illusions", from his 2015 album Crosseyed Heart.

On May 6, 2015, Jones sang "Don't Know Why" on The Late Show with David Letterman, as she had thirteen years before for her first appearance on the Letterman show. The episode was broadcast within two weeks of Letterman's retirement as host. During the same year, she sang "Little Bird" and "God Only Knows" at Brian Fest.

Jones donated her voice to the end credits song from the film A Dog Named Gucci, on the song "One Voice". The song also features singers Aimee Mann, Susanna Hoffs, Lydia Loveless, Neko Case, Kathryn Calder and Brian May. It was produced by Dean Falcone, who wrote the film's score. "One Voice" was released on Record Store Day, April 16, 2016, with profits from the sale of the single going to benefit animal charities.

In 2017, Jones recorded a rendition of "Unchained Melody", a song made famous by The Righteous Brothers, for Resistance Radio: The Man in the High Castle Album, a soundtrack to Amazon's The Man in the High Castle TV series. The song and soundtrack were produced by Danger Mouse, with whom Jones worked on her 2012 album, Little Broken Hearts.

Begin Again was released through Blue Note Records on April 12, 2019. The collection is a compilation of singles Jones recorded from 2018 to 2019, and includes collaborations with Jeff Tweedy and Thomas Bartlett. Jones planned to tour Australia and the US in support of the album, before cancelling shows due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

In 2020, Jones duetted with US jazz star Kandace Springs on the song "Angel Eyes" from her covers album The Women Who Raised Me.

In 2023, Jones was featured on the single "Paradise II" off of rapper Logic's eighth studio album College Park.

Tours
 Come Away with Me Tour (2002–04)
 Norah Jones & The Handsome Band Tour (2004–05)
 Not Too Late Tour (2007–08)
 The Fall Tour (2010)
 Little Broken Hearts Tour (2012–13)
 Daybreaks World Tour (2016–17)
 North American Tour (2019)
 Summer Tour (2022)

Personal life
Jones was in a relationship with bassist Lee Alexander from 2000 to 2007. After a period of estrangement from her father, Ravi Shankar, Jones traveled to New Delhi to spend time with him and wrote some material that was later recorded for the album The Fall. Jones has two children with her husband, keyboardist Pete Remm.

Discography

Studio albums
 Come Away with Me (2002)
 Feels like Home (2004)
 Not Too Late (2007)
 The Fall (2009)
 Little Broken Hearts (2012)
 Day Breaks (2016)
 Pick Me Up Off the Floor (2020)
 I Dream of Christmas (2021)

Collaborative albums
 New York City  (2003)
 Here We Go Again: Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles  (2011)
 Rome  (2011)
 Foreverly  (2013)

Filmography

Awards and nominations

See also
 Fry Street Fire – Norah Jones was an honorary Chairwoman of "Save Fry Street".
 Indians in the New York City metropolitan area

References

External links

Norah Jones
1979 births
Living people
American people of Bengali descent
American Hindus
21st-century American keyboardists
21st-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American women singers
American actresses of Indian descent
American country singer-songwriters
American women country singers
American women jazz singers
American women musicians of Indian descent
American women pop singers
American women singers of Indian descent
American women singer-songwriters
American folk singers
American jazz pianists
American jazz singers
American musicians of Indian descent
American pop keyboardists
American pop pianists
American street performers
American women pianists
Ballad musicians
Blue Note Records artists
Brit Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
Jazz musicians from Texas
Jazz-pop pianists
Jazz-pop singers
Musicians from Dallas
Bengali musicians
People from Grapevine, Texas
Singers from New York City
Singer-songwriters from Texas
University of North Texas College of Music alumni
World Music Awards winners
Writers from Dallas
Writers from Manhattan
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)

Norah Jones


The 1929 Memorial Cup final was the 11th junior ice hockey championship of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association. The George Richardson Memorial Trophy champions Toronto Marlboros of the Ontario Hockey Association in Eastern Canada competed against the Abbott Cup champions Elmwood Millionaires of the Manitoba Junior Hockey League in Western Canada. In a best-of-three series, held at the Mutual Street Arena in Toronto, Ontario, Toronto won their 1st Memorial Cup, defeating Elmwood 2 games to none.

Scores
Game 1: Toronto 4-2 Elmwood (OT)
Game 2: Toronto 4-2 Elmwood

Winning roster
Eddie Convey, Charlie Conacher, Clarence Christie, Jim Darragh, Bob Gamble, Max Hackett, Red Horner, Busher Jackson, Alex Levinsky, Alf Moore, Laurie Moore, Harry Montgomery, Ellis Pringle.  Coach: Frank J. Selke

References

External links
 Memorial Cup
 Canadian Hockey League

Memorial Cup
Ice hockey competitions in Toronto
1929 Memorial Cup
1920s in Toronto
1929 in Ontario

1929 Memorial Cup


Bacon's Rebellion was an armed uprising in British Colonial Virginia in 1676. It is named after Nathanial Bacon, a man who moved from England to Virginia.  He fought against his cousin, William Berkeley, who was governor of Virginia at the time.  Bacon wanted to fight against all the Native Americans in Virginia and make them leave.  Berkeley only wanted to attack Native Americans who attacked white settlers first.

History

The white people living in Virginia had problems in the 1670s.  They grew tobacco to sell, but the prices had gone down.  Also, manufactured goods from England cost more and because of mercantilism, the colonists were not allowed to make their own things. This made them want someone to blame.  Many of them blamed American Indians who also lived in Virginia.

First, the Doeg Indians attacked a plantation belonging to Thomas Matthews.  Matthews owed them money and had not paid.  The colonists attacked the Indians back.  But they attacked the wrong group.  They attacked Susquehanaug Indians, not Doeg Indians.  Then many groups of American Indians began to attack the colonists.

William Berkeley tried to make peace.  He invited Indian chiefs to a meeting, but they were murdered.  Colonists kept attacking Native Americans no matter what Berkeley said.  Then Berkeley started a meeting called the Long Assembly.  He took gunpowder away from peaceful Native Americans and promised the colonists he would send the army to attack Native Americans who were not peaceful (according to him).  However, he raised taxes to pay the army.  The colonists did not like this.  At the Long Assembly, Berkeley also made rules for trading with Native Americans so no one could give them guns or other war supplies.  But he gave favors to his friends.  The colonists did not like this either.

Bacon and his friends kept attacking different groups of American Indians.  Berkeley came with "well-armed gentlemen" to find Bacon.  Bacon and 200 men ran away into the woods.  Berkeley declared Bacon a rebel.  Bacon kept attacking American Indians.

Berkeley offered to pardon Bacon if he would stop, turn himself in, and go to England for trial.  But the Virginia government, the House of Burgesses, said Bacon had to come and beg forgiveness.  Other Virginians liked Bacon's actions so much that they voted for him to be in the House of Burgesses.

When Bacon showed up to the June Assembly, Berkeley caught him.  But instead of putting him in prison, he pardoned him.  Bacon took his seat in the Assembly.

At the Assembly, Bacon got into a fight about what to do about Native Americans.  He walked out and came back with armed men.  Bacon told Berkeley to name him General and let him keep fighting American Indians.  Berkeley said no and told Bacon to shoot him instead.  But eventually, Berkeley changed his mind and told Bacon to keep fighting Indians.  After that, Bacon had more control over Jamestown than Berkeley did.  Berkeley even left the town for a while.

Bacon and Berkeley fought with armies over who would control Jamestown.  They both tried to get white indentured servants and black slaves to join their side.  More of these servants and slaves wanted to join Bacon because they knew that they could get more land if there were no American Indians living nearby.  At one point, Bacon's fighters set Jamestown on fire.  They kept fighting until Bacon died of disease in October 1676.

Berkeley retook Jamestown and hanged 23 people who had helped Bacon.  He also took property away Bacon's supporters without a trial.  King Charles II told Berkeley he could not be governor of Virginia any more.  Berkeley went back to England and died there in 1677.

Historians' view

Some people say Bacon was one of the people who pushed for reform at the Assembly of June 1676, but he wasn't.  The Assembly did decide to let freed slaves vote and other good things, but those laws had already been started before Bacon's rebellion.

Before and during the 20th century, historians thought of Bacon's Rebellion as the first time Americans fought against unjust government.  They said it was like the American Revolutionary War, but sooner.  The Revolution started exactly one hundred years later in 1776.

21st century historians disagreed.  They said it was about two selfish leaders instead: Berkeley and Bacon.

Historians note that white and black people fought together on the same side, both poor free whites, poor free blacks, indentured white servants and enslaved blacks.

References

History of Virginia
Rebellions in North America
17th-century rebellions

Bacon's Rebellion


Thestor pictus, the Langeberg skolly, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found in South Africa, where it is found in fynbos-covered mountain slopes above Garcia's Pass on the Langeberg.

The wingspan is 26–28 mm for males and 27–29 mm for females. Adults are on wing from the end of September to November, with a peak in October. There is one generation per year.

Larvae have been found in the nests of the pugnacious ant Anoplolepis custodiens, but the larval food is unknown.

References

Butterflies described in 1941
Thestor
Endemic butterflies of South Africa

Thestor pictus


"Texas Size Heartache" is a song written by Zack Turner and Lonnie Wilson, and recorded by American country music singer Joe Diffie. It was released in March 1998 as  the first single from his Greatest Hits compilation album, for which it was one of three newly recorded songs.  It reached a peak of number 4 on the country music charts in mid-1998. The song's b-side, "Poor Me," was also issued as a single later in 1998, reaching number 43 on the same chart.

Critical reception
Deborah Evans Price, of Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably, calling it an "uptempo tune marked by stellar guitar work and lots of tasty fiddle playing." On Diffie's vocals, she says that he is "in good voice, and though the lyric is lightweight, Diffie's buoyant performance and Cook's inventive production turn the song into a winner."

Music video
The music video was directed by Michael Oblowitz and premiered in early 1998.

Chart positions
"Texas Size Heartache" debuted at number 69 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of April 4, 1998.

Year-end charts

References

Songs about heartache
1998 singles
1998 songs
Joe Diffie songs
Song recordings produced by Don Cook
Epic Records singles
Songs written by Zack Turner
Songs written by Lonnie Wilson

Texas Size Heartache


A tarpaulin ( , ) or tarp is a large sheet of strong, flexible, water-resistant or waterproof material, often cloth such as canvas or polyester coated with polyurethane, or made of plastics such as polyethylene. Tarpaulins often have reinforced grommets at the corners and along the sides to form attachment points for rope, allowing them to be tied down or suspended.

Inexpensive modern tarpaulins are made from woven polyethylene; This material has become so commonly used for tarpaulins that people in some places refer to it colloquially as "poly tarp" or "polytarp".

Uses

Tarpaulins are used in many ways to protect persons and things from wind, rain, and sunlight. They are used during construction or after disasters to protect partially built or damaged structures, to prevent mess during painting and similar activities, and to contain and collect debris. They are used to protect the loads of open trucks and wagons, to keep wood piles dry, and for shelters such as tents or other temporary structures.

Tarpaulins are also used for advertisement printing, most notably for billboards. Perforated tarpaulins are typically used for medium to large advertising, or for protection on scaffoldings; the aim of the perforations (from 20% to 70%) is to reduce wind vulnerability.

Polyethylene tarpaulins have also proven to be a popular source when an inexpensive, water-resistant fabric is needed. Many amateur builders of plywood sailboats turn to polyethylene tarpaulins for making their sails, as it is inexpensive and easily worked. With the proper type of adhesive tape, it is possible to make a serviceable sail for a small boat with no sewing.

Plastic tarps are sometimes used as a building material in communities of indigenous North Americans. Tipis made with tarps are known as tarpees.

Types
Tarpaulins can be classified based on a diversity of factors, such as material type (polyethylene, canvas, vinyl, etc.), thickness, which is generally measured in mils or generalized into categories (such as "regular duty", "heavy duty", "super heavy duty", etc.), and grommet strength (simple vs. reinforced), among others.

Actual tarp sizes are generally about three to five percent smaller in each dimension than nominal size; for example, a tarp nominally  will actually measure about .
Grommets may be aluminum, stainless steel, or other materials. Grommet-to-grommet distances are typically between  and . The weave count is often between 8 and 12 per square inch: the greater the count, the greater its strength. Tarps may also be washable or non-washable and waterproof or non-waterproof, and mildewproof vs. non-mildewproof. Tarp flexibility is especially significant under cold conditions.

Type of material

Polyethylene

A polyethylene tarpaulin ("polytarp") is not a traditional fabric, but rather, a laminate of woven and sheet material. The center is loosely woven from strips of polyethylene plastic, with sheets of the same material bonded to the surface. This creates a fabric-like material that resists stretching well in all directions and is waterproof. Sheets can be either of low density polyethylene (LDPE) or high density polyethylene (HDPE). When treated against ultraviolet light, these tarpaulins can last for years exposed to the elements, but non-UV treated material will quickly become brittle and lose strength and water resistance if exposed to sunlight.

Canvas
Canvas tarpaulins are not 100% waterproof, though they are water resistant. Thus, while a small amount of water for a short period of time will not affect them, when there is standing water on canvas tarps, or when water cannot quickly drain away from canvas tarps, the standing water will drip through this type of tarp.

Vinyl
Polyvinyl chloride ("vinyl") tarpaulins are industrial-grade and intended for heavy-duty use. They are constructed of  coated yellow vinyl. This makes it waterproof and gives it a high abrasion resistance and tear strength. These resist oil, acid, grease and mildew. The vinyl tarp is ideal for agriculture, construction, industrial, trucks, flood barrier and temporary roof repair.

Silnylon

Tarp tents may be made of silnylon.

U.S. color scheme

For years manufacturers have used a color code to indicate the grade of tarpaulins, but not all manufacturers follow this traditional method of grading. Following this color-coded system, blue indicates a lightweight tarp, and typically has a weave count of 8×8 and a thickness of . Silver is a heavy-duty tarp and typically has a weave count of 14×14 and a thickness of .

Some of the more common colors in that scheme are:

Etymology
The word tarpaulin originated as a compound of the words tar and palling, referring to a tarred canvas pall used to cover objects on ships. Sailors often tarred their own overclothes in the same manner as the sheets or palls. By association, sailors became known as "jack tars".

In the mid-19th century, paulin was used for such a cloth.

See also
 Awning
 Basha (tarpaulin)
 Fly (tent)
 Gym floor cover
 Loue (tent)
 Tarp tent
 Tent
 Tonneau cover
 Visqueen

References

Camping equipment
Textiles
Manufactured goods

Tarpaulin


The pine siskin (Spinus pinus) is a North American bird in the finch family. It is a migratory bird with an extremely sporadic winter range.

Taxonomy
The pine siskin was formally described in 1810 by the American ornithologist Alexander Wilson under the binomial name Fringilla pinus. The specific epithet pinus is the Latin word for a "pine-tree". The type locality is Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The pine siskin is now placed in the genus Spinus that was introduced in 1816 by the German naturalist Carl Ludwig Koch in 1816.

Three subspecies are recognised:
 S. p. pinus (Wilson, A, 1810) – Alaska, Canada and west, northeast USA
 S. p. macropterus (Bonaparte, 1850) – northwest and central Mexico
 S. p. perplexus Van Rossem, 1938 – south Mexico to Guatemala

Description
These birds are fairly small, being around the same size as the widespread American goldfinch. In both sexes, total length can range from , with a wingspan of  and weight of .

Adults are brown on the upperparts and pale on the underparts, with heavy streaking throughout. They have short forked tails. Their bills are conical like most finches but are more elongated and slender than those of other co-occurring finches. Variably, pine siskins have yellow patches on their wings and tails, which may also consist of white streaks on the wings. Although they can be confused by the more inexperienced for other finches or even American sparrows, pine siskins are distinguished by their heavy streaking, relatively slender bills, notched tail, yellow or whitish patches on the wings and smallish size.

Separation from the Eurasian siskin
The pine siskin in its typical morph is a drab bird, whereas the Eurasian siskin (a bird the species does not naturally co-exist with), in many plumages, is much brighter. Adult male Eurasian siskins are bright green and yellow with a black cap, and an unstreaked throat and breast; the pine siskin does not have a corresponding bright plumage. Adult female Eurasian siskins also usually have green and yellow plumage tones: for example, yellow in the supercilium and on the sides of the breast, green tones in the mantle and yellow in the rump. Adult pine siskins of the typical morph do not have green and yellow tones, although juveniles can have a yellowish-buff wash on their underparts and buff-toned wingbars, for a short period prior to their autumn migration. The ground colour of the underparts of the Eurasian siskin is normally pure white, whereas on the pine siskin it is usually a dirtier colour. In female and juvenile Eurasian siskins, the centre of the belly and lower breast are often largely or entirely unstreaked, whereas in most pine siskins the streaking extends across the whole of the underparts. The wingbars of the Eurasian siskin are broad and yellow (with the tips white) whereas they are normally narrower and buffish white in the pine siskin, contrasting with the bright yellow flash at the base of the primaries. Pine siskins have a longer bill, usually with a straight culmen, compare with a short bill in Eurasian siskins, with a decurved culmen. There is a green morph of the pine siskin, closer in appearance to the Eurasian siskin; these birds make up only 1% of the population. These are closer in appearance to female Eurasian siskins, but differ in that they have a yellow wash on the undertail-coverts (white on the Eurasian siskin), no yellow in the supercilium, reduced underparts streaking, and much yellow at the base of the tail and remiges; there may also be a difference in the extent of yellow in the underparts, but this needs further study.

Distribution and habitat
Their breeding range spreads across almost the entirety of Canada, Alaska and, to a more variable degree, across the western mountains and northern parts of the United States. As their name indicates, the species occurs mostly as a breeder in open conifer forests. Northern pine forests supports the majority of the species breeding population. However, stands of ornamental conifers or deciduous trees may support nesting birds in partially developed parks, cemeteries, and suburban woodlands. While they favor feeding in open forest canopies where cone seeds are abundant, they'll forage in habitats as diverse as deciduous forests and thickets, meadows, grasslands, weedy fields, roadsides, chaparral, and backyard gardens and lawns. They flock to backyard feeders offering small seeds. Mineral deposits can lure them to otherwise unattractive habitats like winter road beds that are salted to melt snow and ice. The nest is well-hidden on a horizontal branch of a tree, often a conifer.

Migration by this bird is highly variable, probably related to food supply. Large numbers may move south in some years; hardly any in others. This species is one of a few species that are considered "irruptive winter finches" because of the high variability of their movements based on the success of crops from year to year.

Behavior and ecology

Feeding

These birds forage in trees, shrubs and weeds. They mainly eat seeds, plant parts and some insects. In winter, they often feed in mixed flocks including American goldfinches and redpolls. Small seeds, especially thistle, red alder, birch, and spruce seeds, make up the majority of the pine siskin's diet. In a part of their esophagus called the crop, the species can store up to 10% of their body weight in seeds overnight, providing extra food on cold days. They will alternately eat the young buds of willows, elms and maples, and the soft stems and leaves of weeds and even young garden vegetables. They glean the seeds of grass, dandelions, chickweed, sunflowers and ragweed. Bird feeders often attract pine siskins, where they may eat fragments of heavy-shelled seeds, such as black oil sunflowers, left behind by heavier-billed bird species. In summer, they will eat many insects, especially aphids, as well as a few spiders and grubs, which they then feed to the young as a protein-rich food that contributes to their growth. By the time of winter, even first-year siskins predominately eat seeds.

Pine siskins can survive in very cold temperatures. The metabolic rates of this species are typically 40% higher than a "normal" songbird of their size. When temperatures plunge as low as , they can accelerate that rate up to five times normal for several hours. They also put on half again as much winter fat as their common redpoll and American goldfinch relatives. They also can protect their young from cold as well. Nests are often heavily insulated with thick plant materials and females may literally never cease incubating their eggs and hatchlings, while being fed by their male mate.

Conservation status
Although considered Washington's most common finch, the pine siskin has suffered a significant annual decline in population since 1966, according to the Breeding Bird Survey. Due to the irruptive nature of this species, populations vary widely from year to year, and trends can be difficult to interpret. Parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds can have a significant impact on pine siskin productivity, and forest fragmentation has increased their contact with cowbirds. Maintaining large tracts of coniferous forest will help keep this bird common.

References

External links

 Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the pine siskin
 Pine siskin photo at islandlight.ca

 Pine siskin Species Account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology

Spinus (genus)
Birds of North America
Birds of Canada
Birds of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Birds of the United States
Birds of Mexico
Birds described in 1810
Taxa named by Alexander Wilson (ornithologist)

Pine siskin