The Michael C. Carlos Museum is an art museum located in Atlanta on the historic quadrangle of Emory University's main campus. The Carlos Museum has the largest ancient art collections in the Southeast, including objects from ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, the Near East, Africa and the ancient Americas. The collections are housed in a Michael Graves designed building which is open to the public.

History

One of the oldest museums in Georgia, the museum's collections date back to 1876, when a general museum known as Emory College Museum was established on Emory University's original campus in Oxford, Georgia. After the university was relocated to Atlanta, a small group of professors officially founded the Emory University Museum in 1919. The collections were housed and displayed in various buildings around the campus.

Over the years, Atlanta businessman Michael C. Carlos donated over $20 million to create a permanent home for the museum, which opened in 1985. The museum was renamed again to the Emory University Museum of Art and Archaeology and was officially accredited by the American Alliance of Museums as a museum of antiquities and fine arts. Carlos died in December 2002 at the age of 75.

A major expansion in 1993 transformed the museum into one of Atlanta's top arts institutions. Upon the new building's opening, the museum became known as the Michael C. Carlos Museum, named after its most generous patron.

In June 2022, it was announced that Henry Kim would be the new associate vice provost and director of the Museum beginning August 22, 2022.

Collection and activities
The museum's collections comprise more than 25,000 works, and the facility attracts 120,000 visitors annually. In addition to permanent and temporary exhibitions, the museum is a source of educational programming, providing lectures, symposia, workshops, performances, and festivals. The Carlos Museum also operates a teaching laboratory and conservation center, and publishes scholarly catalogues. The museum also brings art, history, and archaeology to the classroom of Georgia children through its outreach program, Art Odyssey. The Carlos Museum also runs Odyssey Online, a Web site for school-age children that explores the various cultures reflected in the museum's collections.

The museum's permanent Egyptian holdings were bolstered with the acquisition of 145 works from Canada's Niagara Falls Museum in 1999. The elaborately decorated ancient coffins and mummies of both humans and animals form the centerpiece of the permanent exhibition of ancient Egyptian art. Also in 1999, Carlos bequeathed a $10 million gift specifically for the purchase of ancient Greek and Roman pieces. As a result, the museum now owns and exhibits the finest existing portrait of the Roman emperor Tiberius and one of the country's best examples of Hellenistic sculpture, a depiction of Terpsichore, the Greek muse of dance. A total of 450 works of art are now on display in galleries devoted to Greek and Roman art.

In 1999, the Carlos Museum purchased an unidentified male mummy that some thought could be a New Kingdom pharaoh. Through research and collaboration with Emory University medical experts, museum scholars were able to identify the mummy as pharaoh Ramesses I.  The museum returned the mummy to Egypt in 2003 as a gift of goodwill and international cultural cooperation. His remains are permanently on display in a plexiglass case at the Luxor Museum.

On June 6, 2006 the museum purchased a headless statue of Venus, for $968,000 at a Sotheby's auction in New York. A private collector in Houston, Texas, agreed to sell to whoever purchased the body, the head as well, which was last documented attached to the body in 1836. The head was sold for an additional $50,000.

References

External links
 Michael C. Carlos Museum

Carlos Museum, Michael C.
Institutions accredited by the American Alliance of Museums
Michael Graves buildings
Carlos Museum, Michael C.
Museums in DeKalb County, Georgia
Museums in Atlanta
Carlos Museum, Michael C.
Egyptological collections in the United States
Museums of ancient Rome in the United States
Museums of ancient Greece in the United States
Museums of Ancient Near East in the United States
Art museums established in 1876
1876 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
New Classical architecture
African art museums in the United States

Michael C. Carlos Museum


The parvocellular reticular nucleus is part of the brain located dorsolateral to the caudal pontine reticular nucleus.

The dorsal portion of the reticular nucleus has been shown to innervate the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus and its surrounding area.

Also, it projects to the facial nucleus, hypoglossal nucleus and parabrachial area along with parts of the caudal parvocellular reticular formation.

This nucleus is also involved in expiration with a part of the gigantocellular nucleus.

References

Medulla oblongata

Parvocellular reticular nucleus


Peter Alan Martin Clemoes (20 January 1920 – 16 March 1996) was a British historian.

Born in Southend-on-Sea and educated at Brentwood School, he originally wished to become an actor and won a scholarship to RADA but the Second World War intervened and he served with the Royal Corps of Signals. After the war he took a degree in English from Queen Mary College, London, which was followed by postgraduate work on Anglo-Saxon at King's College, Cambridge, gaining a PhD in 1956. He then held a research fellowship at the University of Reading until 1961 when he returned to Cambridge under Dorothy Whitelock, whom he replaced as Elrington and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon in the Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic in 1969.

His son Martin is the founder of Eye2eye Software Ltd, based in Cambridge, England.

Anglo-Saxon England
Clemoes was the editor of the journal Anglo-Saxon England, an annual survey of the literature on the subject, which also included a number of substantial papers.  The journal is a key publication in the field and is still published annually as of 2017.

External links

1920 births
1996 deaths
Alumni of Queen Mary University of London
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Academics of the University of Reading
Elrington and Bosworth Professors of Anglo-Saxon
People from Southend-on-Sea
20th-century British historians
British Army personnel of World War II
Royal Corps of Signals soldiers
Military personnel from Southend-on-Sea

Peter Clemoes


Muhammad Dipatuan Kudarat (or Muhammad di-Pertuan Kudrat; 1581–1671) (Jawi: ) was the 7th Sultan of Maguindanao from 1619 to 1671.

He was a direct descendant of Shariff Kabungsuwan, a Malay-Arab noble from Johor who brought Islam to Mindanao between the 13th and 14th centuries. During his reign, he successfully fought off Spanish invasions and halted the spread of Catholicism on the island of Mindanao, much like the other Muslim rulers in the southern Philippines.

The Soccsksargen province of Sultan Kudarat is named after him, as is the municipality of Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao, where his descendants, who bear the title of datu, engage in present-day politics.

Name and titles
In the name and titles of Sultan Muhammad Dipatuan Kudarat, Muhammad Dipatuan Kurlat in Maguindanaon or Muhammad di-Pertuan Kudrat in Malay, the Maguindanaon term Dipatuan is from the Malay title di-Pertuan which means "ruler" or "owner" and literally means "the one who has been made to rule".

The term Kudarat is ultimately from Arabic qudrat which means "power". This was sometimes pronounced as Kurlát in Maguindanao, following the regular sound changes from /d/ to /r/ and /r/ to /l/ for loanwords in the language, something that is also observed in other Philippine languages like Tagalog and Cebuano. This term is also present in Malay as kudrat.

Reign
Sultan Kudarat overshadowed his father, Buisan, and ruled with a strong hand. He was probably the strongest and greatest Mindanao sultan that ever lived. He fought the Spaniards well and held their sovereignty in check for many years. His sea warriors constantly attacked Luzon and Visayas for allowing themselves to become foot soldiers of the newly arrived Iberians, and providing them provisions and passage. His sultanate controlled the southern seas for a long time.

In 1636, General Corcuera led an expedition against him and after considerable difficulty reduced his fort and defeated his forces. Kudarat had a large quantity of gunpowder and firearms, and his fort was strongly fortified. The Spaniards captured 8 bronze cannons, 27 Lantaka or culverins, and 100 muskets.

In 1645, his relations with then Imperial Spain had undergone a distinct change. He had become more powerful, but he was naturally desirous of peace and made a treaty with the Spanish government. This treaty was in the nature of an alliance for mutual aid and protection. It secured better commercial facilities and gave the Jesuits the privilege of building a church in the sultan's capital. Thirteen years later hostilities were renewed and another campaign was directed against Simway. This time Kudarat succeeded in blocking the river at different places and successfully checked the invasion.

Kudarat was the most famous ruler of the Maguindanaoans. He succeeded his father as Sultan of Maguindanao in 1619 and was titled Katchil.

In 1619–1621, there was a war between him and the Rajah Buayan that was either dynastic in character or a contest for primacy in the Pulangi. Both sides asked help from the Dutch East Indies who decided to stay neutral but who warned them that the war was only to the advantage of the Spanish conquistador.

In 1622, Kudarat appeared to have suffered some reverses which led him to sail to Cebu to pillage some artillery from the Spaniards. Soon after this, he was able to hold his own against attempts of Buayan Sultanate to solely control the lucrative Pulangi waterways.

In 1625–1626, because its Datu, an ally of Kudarat, was ousted, Kudarat attacked the island of Sarangani, burned its capital, slew scores of his enemies, and captured many others. The people of Sarangani were then made part of the Sultanate and tributary to him.

In 1627, Sultan Munkay Datu Maputi (Amunkaya), whose father, Rajah Buayan Silongan is the instructor of then young Kudarat in Kampilan and Kalis martial arts. Rajah Buayan Silongan and his brother, Datu Mangubal are the ones who led the first Mindanao defense against the Conquistador Figueroa, thus Kudarat grew up in his experienced court inland the Buayan Sultanate. This successor and young ruler of Buayan, recognized Kudarat as his co-equal partner in the defense of the great length of Pulangi. The next year, the Dutch sent an ambassador to discuss plans for a concerted effort against the Spaniards. Kudarat knew that the Dutch were using him as a tool for their own imperialistic policies; so he put in a few conditions of his own which the Dutch were not willing to accept. At this time, Kudarat was rightly apprehensive about Spanish missionary activities in areas like Butuan, Caraga, and Dapitan which the Iranun feared would be used as bases against them in the future as the usual coloniser pattern of the Spaniards in the Visayas.

The garrisoning of the Lumad into Reducciones in Caraga caused Kudarat to act. He induced the people there to resist with the result that it took the Spaniards more than two years to pacify the indigenous of Caraga. The Spaniards blamed the fierceness of the resistance to the persuasion and Kudarat's aid.

In 1634, his men called the Sulugs to join him in an attack on the Spanish Reduccion in Dapitan and further on the Visayas where Europeans always get men to populate most of their villages. To protect their settlements and contain the activities of the Maguindanaoans, the Spaniards, on Jesuit advice, built a strong fort in Sambuwangan (Zamboanga) the year after. Fear of the growing strength of Kudarat led the Spaniards to lead an expedition inland to Mindanao in 1637. The aims were to destroy his Kota (cottas), capture or kill him, and make Catholics of the Muslims as well as the non-Muslim Lumads in Mindanao. Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera, the experienced Spanish governor general from Mexico, personally led the expedition. He also brought with his thousands of soldiers and settlers from Peru.

Kudarat's capital of Lamitan (Ramitan, near Baras, Lanao del Sur) fell on
March 13, 1637, and one of the first things the Spaniards did was to burn its Mosque. Kudarat, with 2,000 of his warriors, retreated to three cottas in the nearby heights. In spite of the determined and brave defense of the Iranun, the cottas fell one by one. The Spaniards were able to capture treasures, signifying the accumulation of many years. Kudarat was wounded in the defense and he was brought to the interior of the Butig area by his warriors to recover. In a short while, he was able to raise a new army and get the sympathy of the Samal in Zamboanga and the Iranun on Illana Bay area.

Soon, Spanish shipping, forts and garrisons began to be harassed. The Spaniards, too, were having trouble with Buayan Sultanate's Datu Maputi attack, who, while happy about Kudarat's former reverses, had "no intention to have the Spaniards as his new masters".

In 1639, the Spaniards invaded the lands of the Maranaos. Kudarat hurried there to have a conference with the datus of the Lake Lanao. He explained to them the effects of submitting to the Spaniards and appealed to Maranao pride and love of
independence. In a matter of months, the Spaniards were forced to leave hurriedly the lands of the Maranaos for safer parts towards Zamboanga, which is Fort Pilar, and never ventured to inland Lanao again.

The famous speech of Sultan Kudarat is recorded by a Spanish ambassador to the Maguindanao Sultanate:

True as the speech, the Maranao after offering patient defense, thereafter enjoyed 250 years of peace during the whole duration of Spanish withdrawal in the archipelago in 1899.

By the end of 1639, an understanding was also reached between Kudarat and Datu Maputi for a united front against the Spanish invaders. Datu Manakior, Datu of Tawlan, who was previously friendly with the Spaniards, at this time, began to really suffer serious reverses in Mindanao with his European allies.

In 1642, Kudarat almost massacred a Spanish expedition coming to attack his new capital in Simuay. Spanish forts were soon abandoned as the Europeans retreated.

In 1645, the Zamboanga governor personally went to Simuay to beg a peace treaty with the redoubtable Datu. In this treaty, Kudarat was recognized as sovereign over the whole contiguous area from Sibugay River to Tagalook Bay (the present Davao Gulf) while Bukidnon and part of the present Cagayan de Oro were asserted as
belonging to his sphere of political and military influence. By this time, Kudarat had
formally assumed the title of Sultan.

In 1649, the peace between Kudarat and the Spaniards nearly broke when the latter made incursions in his territories and captured some of his indigenous vassals. Hasty explanations from the hurriedly-sent Spanish ambassador kept the tenuous peace.

However, in 1655, relations with the Spanish once again started to deteriorate. The
Maguindanao and Buayan sultanates refused to accept Jesuit missionaries due to their conduct. There were mutual accusations concerning bad faith regarding the return of captives and artillery. Things came to a head when Baratamay, the new Rajah of Buayan, had two Jesuit priests killed, one of them an Ambassador who had previously insulted the Sultan by insisting on his conversion to Catholicism. Anticipating a strong Spanish
retaliation, Sultan Kudarat wrote to his allies and vassals to take up arms against the Spaniards. Declaring Jihad, he wrote
to the Sultans of Sulu, Ternate, Brunei, and Makassar to support the struggle which he proclaimed was a defense of Islam and the Shari'ah. The Spanish offensive did not materialise, as they know that the Moro are ready according to their expectations. A tit for tat war then ensued. Once again, the Spaniards were expelled from the Great Pulangi.

In 1662, on account of the Koxinga threat, the Spaniards, in spite of Jesuit objections, decided to abandon their forts in Ternate and
Zamboanga (Sambuwangan). In 1663, Zamboanga was abandoned and the Samals there became vassals of Kudarat while most of the indigenous Catholic converts reverted to Islam. There was then to be a long peace between Kudarat as the Spaniards kept their distance.

In 1671, after a reign of more than fifty years, the Sultan died of old age. In his last years, he was being considered a "holy" man. Actually, he was learned man in Islamic jurisprudence Fiqh and was considered to be one of the best Panditas of the reign. He was an extremely pious man and fulfilled all of his Islamic duties. Utterly brave, he was invariably magnanimous in victory. His regal name was Nasir ud-Din, that is, "Helper of the Faith." He is buried near a sea embankment in Simuay.

He died at about 1671 at the age of 90, and his grandchildren referred to him always as Nasir ud-Din. He is always remembered in Mindanao even to this day.

Gallery

References

External links

Biographies
Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat

1581 births
1671 deaths
Filipino datus, rajas and sultans
Filipino Muslims
Filipino people of Malay descent
People from the Spanish colonial Philippines
Paramilitary Filipinos
16th-century monarchs in Asia
17th-century monarchs in Asia

Muhammad Kudarat


Denise Tolkowsky (11 August 1918 – 9 March 1991) was an English-born pianist and composer.

Biography
Denise Tolkowsky was born in Brighton, England, the daughter of a Russian father and Flemish singer and actress Anna Kennes. She studied music at the Royal Flemish Conservatory in Antwerp, with E. Durlet for piano, Edward Verheyden for harmony, Karel Candael for counterpoint and fugue and Flor Alpaerts for composition. She married pianist Alex de Vries and worked as a composer and concert pianist, sometimes performing in a duo with de Vries. He committed suicide in May 1964 and Tolkowsky set up Alex de Vries Fund in his honor, an organization to assist young musicians in starting their careers. Tolkowsky became director of the Flemish region of Yehudi Menuhin's Live Music Now in 1980. She died in Antwerp, Belgium.

Honors and awards
Honors and awards included:
International dance competition in Brussels, 1931
International Viotti Competition in Italy, silver medal
Young Talent competition in Brussels
Ferris-Tolkowsky Prize
Anna Kennedy Prize

Works
Tolkowsky wrote for theater, orchestra, chamber ensemble, solo piano and voice. She also wrote a number of songs. Selected works include:

Van 't kwezelke ballet, 1931
Le Jeu du Coeur ballet, 1939
People Of Earth ballet, 1939
Camp for mezzo soprano and chamber orchestra, text by Marcel Coole, 1939
Homage to Béla Bartók for flute, violin, piano and percussion, 1950
Adagio for Strings, 1950
Sonatine for piano
Rhythmic for piano
Etudes for piano
Preludes for piano
Variations for piano
Concerto for piano and orchestra, 1958
Variations on a Russian theme, 1961

References

1918 births
1991 deaths
20th-century classical composers
British music educators
British women classical composers
English classical pianists
English women pianists
English classical composers
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century English composers
20th-century English women musicians
British women music educators
Women classical pianists
20th-century women composers
20th-century women pianists

Denise Tolkowsky


Mutabar Tadjibayeva (Uzbek: Mo'tabar Tojiboyeva) is a journalist and human rights activist from Uzbekistan. She started the "Fiery Hearts Club" NGO. She also started the Uzbek news website Jarayon.  In 2009 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Work

In August 2003, Tadjibayeva got people in a group to demonstrate against corruption.  The police stopped the demonstration.  Tadjibayaeva was hurt and went to the hospital. In 2005, Tadjibayeva wrote about the Andijan Massacre.  Many people died when police stopped the demonstration. Tadjibayeva was in jail from October 2005 to June 2008.

Awards

In 2005, the international organization "Peace Women Across the Globe", part of the Nobel Committee, added Tadjibayeva's name to the list of "1000 women peace activists".  This made her a candidate for the Nobel Peace Prize.

Mutabar Tadjibayeva was on a top 10 list of women who worked for human rights.

In 2008, Tadjibayeva received the Martin Ennals Award.  When she received the award, she was still in prison.

For the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Fiery Hearts Club received the "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" Prize from France. Mutabar Tadjibayeva accepted the prize in Paris.

In March 2009, Tadjibayeva received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. State Department. Later she returned the award.

In 2011, Mutabar Tadjibayeva was on a list of ten most influential women in Central Asia.

References

Other websites
Jarayon Website "Fiery Hearts Club"

Uzbekistani people
1962 births
Living people
Human rights activists
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award

Mutabar Tadjibayeva


The Zastava PPZ is the latest generation of the CZ 99 series of handguns chambered in multiple calibers.

History
In 2007 Zastava started work on new generation of pistols based on CZ 99 series, under the working name
"CZ M-07". The M-07 was a general redesign of the CZ 99/999 Pistol. The top of the slide was flattened, sides were slanted (similarly to those of H&K USP), bore axis was lowered by 4 mm, trigger mechanism as well as slide release and decocking mechanism were also redesigned, longer beaver tail was added and magazine capacity was increased from 15+1 to 17+1.

In 2010 new prototype was unveiled on IWA Show in Nuremberg under the new working name "RASHOMON" The biggest difference was the new polymer frame featuring Interchangeable back strap and a full length MIL-STD-1913 rail. The slide also underwent a redesign as did the trigger, slide release and decocking mechanism. Weight was reduced to 650 grams (.45 ACP)

In 2012 new prototype was unveiled on IWA Show in Nuremberg under the new working name "PPZ"  further refinement of RASHOMON prototype. The Zastava PPZ is in the final stages of design, undergoing reliability testing as of April 2013.

Design details
The Zastava PPZ will feature a polymer frame, interchangeable back strap and an extended Mil-Std-1913 rail that will run the entire length of the slide.

PPZ is designed from the ground up around the .45ACP caliber, but 9×19mm version is also expected along with a .40 S&W version. It is expected that the design will be modular requiring only the barrel, recoil spring, magazine and possibly the extractor to convert the gun from one caliber to another.

There are unconfirmed rumors that the PPZ will be available in 7.62×25mm Tokarev caliber. It is estimated that the magazine capacity in .45 ACP caliber will be 14 rounds, 15 rounds in .40 S&W caliber, 17 or 18 rounds in 9×19mm (based on capacity increases prototyped in Zastava CZ 07 / M-07 prototype), while in 7.62×25mm the capacity is estimated to be 20 rounds.

See also
Zastava Arms
Zastava M88
Zastava CZ 99
Zastava CZ 999
Zastava EZ

External links
Official website of Zastava Arms
Danas.rs

Semi-automatic pistols of Serbia
.45 ACP semi-automatic pistols
Zastava Arms

Zastava PPZ


The High Sheriff of Roscommon was the British Crown's judicial representative in County Roscommon, Ireland from 1575 until 1922, when the office was abolished in the new Free State and replaced by the office of Roscommon County Sheriff. The sheriff had judicial, electoral, ceremonial and administrative functions and executed High Court Writs. In 1908, an Order in Council made the Lord-Lieutenant the Sovereign's prime representative in a county and reduced the High Sheriff's precedence. However the sheriff retained his responsibilities for the preservation of law and order in the county. The usual procedure for appointing the sheriff from 1660 onwards was that three persons were nominated at the beginning of each year from the county and the Lord Lieutenant then appointed his choice as High Sheriff for the remainder of the year. Often the other nominees were appointed as under-sheriffs. Sometimes a sheriff did not fulfil his entire term through death or other event and another sheriff was then appointed for the remainder of the year. The dates given hereunder are the dates of appointment.  All addresses are in County Roscommon unless stated otherwise.

High Sheriffs of County Roscommon

1621: William O'Mulloy of Ughterthiera
1641: William O'Mulloy of Ughterthiera
1650: George Lane of Tulsk
1657: James King of Charlestown
1659: Owen Wynne
1664: Edmund Donelan of Cloghan
1665:
1679: Edmund Donelan of Cloghan
1680:
1683: Robert Sandys
1685: Robert Sandys
1692: Walter Pollard of Castlepollard
1693: Theobald Mulloy

18th century

19th century

20th century

References

Roscommon
History of County Roscommon

High Sheriff of Roscommon


A lawn is an area of land planted with grass, and sometimes clover and other plants. Lawns are cut to a low, even height using a lawnmower. Lawns are used for aesthetic (for their beauty) and recreational purposes. Other words used to describe them are turf, pitch, field or green may be used, depending on the sport and the continent. They are often found around buildings, making them a type of yard.

Lawns are generally composed only of grass species, subject to weed and pest control, maintained in green colour, and are regularly maintained to ensure an acceptable length. Lawns are used around, apartments, houses, commercial buildings and offices. Approximately 80% of all homes in the United States have grass lawns. This has resulted in a $40 billion per year industry, with American grass lawns using more water than is used to grow all the wheat and corn in the United States.  In that sense, by water consumption, grass is the United States' leading "crop" by far, with the Environmental Protection Agency estimating that about 1/3 of all public water is used to water grass, with that number rising as high as 70% in some of the more dry regions of the United States.

The earliest mention of lawns comes from France during the 1500s. Lawns (as opposed to fields) found their way to England in the 1700s. One acre (0.4 hectare) of lawn would take three gardeners all day to mow using a tool called a scythe. Two centuries later, one person with a lawnmower could do it in an afternoon.

The cost of a lawn care business can vary greatly based on several factors such as the size of the business, the type of services offered, the location, and the equipment and supplies required. As a result, it's difficult to determine a specific price without more information.

 Initial costs: $10,000 to $50,000
 Monthly costs: $1,000 to $5,000

The initial costs typically include equipment, supplies, insurance, marketing, and licensing expenses. The monthly costs usually include operating expenses, such as fuel, maintenance, and payroll.

History
In the 16th Century Renaissance, lawns were deliberately cultivated by the wealthy in both France and England, though they were more likely planted with chamomile or thyme than with grass. Both of these ground covers make excellent alternatives to grass in modern lawns.

Closely shorn grass lawns first emerged in 17th century England at the homes of large, wealthy landowners. While sheep were still grazed on many such park-lands, landowners increasingly depended on human labor to tend the grass closest to their homes.  Only the rich could afford to hire the many hands needed to scythe and weed the grass, so a lawn was a mark of wealth and status.

Lawns around the world

In many parts of the United States lawn care is an important part of home maintenance. a poorly kept up lawn can hurt the value of a home.  Families do many things on their lawn.  Neighborhood cookouts, birthday parties and outdoor games are just some of the uses.

World Famous Lawns include:
 One of the most famous lawns in France surrounds the Eiffel Tower. It is part of the Champ de Mars.
 The south lawn of the White House is a world famous lawn in Washington, D.C..
 The greens of Wimbledon, London where the Wimbledon Championships are played is the only major tennis tournament played on a grass court.
 Shinjuku Gyoen in Tokyo has large areas of lawns and gardens. It has some 1,500 cherry trees.

References

Gardens

Lawn


Erottaja () (), meaning "the separator", is a public square near the centre of Helsinki, Finland.

Erottaja square has been selected as the official geographic "zero point" of Helsinki. Distances to all other cities in Finland are measured starting from here. In practice, the square functions as the meeting point of central Helsinki's two famous streets, Esplanadi and Mannerheimintie. The square is the western endpoint of Esplanadi, with the eastern endpoint being at the market square. Mannerheimintie, the longest and most famous street in Helsinki, begins at Erottaja and continues northwest, past the districts of Töölö and Ruskeasuo, until finally merging with a highway leading outside the city. The starting points of both Finnish national roads, the Tampere Highway (E12) and the Lahti Highway (E75), are located approximately in Erottaja.

The name 'separator' originates from 19th century, when Erottaja separated actual city centre from Uusimaa () suburb.

There was also a minor bus station at Erottaja. Very few lines started or ended there, most of them started or ended at the Kamppi Center, at Elielinaukio or at Rautatientori. Helsinki route 20 (Erottaja - Lauttasaari) buses were a familiar sight for decades at Erottaja. Bus station as well as a well-known 'nakkikioski' (a kiosk selling sausages and other fast food) disappeared when the square was renovated in late 2010's.

The Swedish Theatre (Swedish: Svenska teatern, Finnish: Ruotsalainen teatteri) is located at Erottaja, at the western edge of the Esplanadi park. A sculpture named Usko toivo rakkaus (Swedish: Tro hopp kärlek), meaning "Faith hope love", by Eva Lange, was erected in front of it in September 2019.

Erottaja is also famous for being the most expensive lot in the original Finnish edition of Monopoly, even more expensive than Mannerheimintie (the second most expensive lot). This has earned the square fame even outside Helsinki.

References

Squares in Helsinki

Erottaja


Boletzkyida is a primitive order of teuthid coleoid cephalopod: the boletzkyids are thought to be the earliest forms of coleoid cephalopods, and appear to form a link between nautiloid orthocerids and more advanced coleoids. Boletzkyida was named and described by Bandel, Reitner, and Sturmer in 1983 (B.R.&S) from specimens found in the Lower Devonian black slate ("Hunsrück Slate") in Germany.

Taxonomy
Bandel, et al (1983) divided the Boletzkyida into two, not too dissimilar families, each based on a single genus. They are the Boletzkyidae based on the genus Boletzkya and the Naefiteuthidae based on the genus Naefiteuthis. The main difference between Boletzkya and Naefiteuthis is the length of the phragmocone at which time the living chamber becomes gladius-like and dominates the shell.

Ontogeny
Boletzkyd shells grew to as long as 16 cm. The juvenile portion is a phragmocone that closely resembles that of Silurian orthocerid Michelinoceras with a spherical protoconch (first chamber) and tubular living (or body) chamber with a simple rounded aperture. In the early juvenile stage the living chamber is about as long as the chambered phragmocone. Later in the juvenile stage the living chamber grows proportionally longer and develops a median dorsal and two lateral keels and has an aperture with a receded ventral or lower lip (B.R.&S). At full maturity the narrowly expanding, keeled living chamber dominates all but the first few centimeters of shell and is reminiscent of the gladii or pens of later squid.

Boletzkya probably hatched with a shell only about 3–4 mm long and was at least in outward appearance a miniature adult. With two septa the living chamber is as long as 5 mm. Later in the juvenile stage the phragmocone increased in size relative to the living chamber until, at an overall length of about 8 mm, it reached equal length. Shortly after this the dorsal median keel first appeared and the inner (ventral) apertural lip became retarded while the outer (dorsal) lip grows into a gladius-like proostracum (B.R.&S). Once started, the "gladius" grew rapidly. At a phragmocone of slightly more than 4 mm it reached a length of more than 3 times (15 mm). A 12–13 mm phragmocone had a "gladius" of 70 mm, and with only two more mm of phragmocone (15 mm) a "gladius" of 100 mm (B.R.&S).

Naefiteuthis is similar to Boletzkya and hatched at about the same size, except that it has almost no phragmocone and the keeled gladius-like living chamber developed almost immediately. Also the living chamber in Naefiteuthis expanded more rapidly than in Boletzkya, with an apical angle of 20–25 degrees versus only 5–10 degrees for Boletzkya. Naefiteuthis seems to have been more stout and perhaps more robust than Boletzkya which was apparently quite streamlined. Like Boletzkya, the Naefiteuthis hatchling was most likely a miniature adult.

Affinity

Nothing is known directly of the boletzkyid animal but judging from its most likely michelinocerid ancestors (B.R.&S) and their obvious squid descendants that it had 10 arms. A Michelinoceras from the Silurian of Bolivia was found (Mehl 1984) with imprints showing it had 10 arms and a distantly related Treptoceas  (Orthonybyoceras) from the Upper Ordovician near Cincinnati, Ohio were found with indications it, too, had 10 arms (Flower 1955). The 10 arms of squid (8 arms and 2 tentacles) are well known.

Boletzkyida brings the origin of the [Neo?]Coleoidea near simultaneous with that of the Ammonoidea and may put their ancestry directly in the nautiloid Orthocerida.

On another view...
the group's taxonomic position is uncertain, with a possible affinity with the Dibranchiata [=Coleoidea], conceivably at a stem-group level, which would place its divergence as before the ammonoids had diverged from other coleoids.

References

Further reading
 Klaus Bandel, J Reitner, and W. Sturmer, 1983, (B.R.& S); Coleoidea from the Lower Devonian Black Slate ("Hunsruck-Schiefer"); N Jb Geol Paleont Abh, 165, 3, 397-417, Stuttgart, April 1983.
 Flower, R.H. 1955; Trails and tentacular impression of orthoconic cephalopods; Journal of Paleontology 29(5), 857-867,
 Mehl, 1984; Radula und Fargarme bei Michelinoceras sp aus dem Silur von Bolivien; Palaontologiche Zeitshcrift 58, 211-229.
 Decapodiformes in Tree of Life Web Project.

Devonian cephalopods
Mollusc orders

Boletzkyida


The Chero is a caste found in the states of Bihar, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh in India.

History and origin
The community claims to have originally been tribal people. The Chero are essentially one of many tribal communities, such as the Bhar, Pasi and Kol, that inhabit the southeastern corner of Uttar Pradesh. Chero dynasty was ruling parts of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Jharkhand until they were deposed by Ujjainiya Rajputs and the East India Company. They are now found in a territory extending from Allahabad in the west to Muzaffarpur in the east. The Chero have two sub-divisions, the Mahto and Chaudhary.

In Bihar, the Chero are known as Charwa or Cheru and in Palamu, they are known as the Barahazari. The community is mainly found in Jharkhand, especially in Ranchi and Monghyr. Those of Palamau were substantial landowners.

Present circumstances
The Chero are classified as a Scheduled Tribe in Sonbhadra and Varanasi districts, but a Scheduled Caste in most parts of Uttar Pradesh. They are also classified as a Scheduled Tribe in Bihar and Jharkhand. They have OBC status in Odisha.

The community has a traditional caste council that maintains a strong social control on the community. With Sanskritization they are Hindu, but also worship several their own indigenous tribal deities, such as Sairi-ma, Ganwar Bhabhani and Dulha Deo.
The Chero of Jharkhand have two sub-divisions, the Barahazari and the Terahazari. These two groups are endogamous, and do not intermarry. They practice clan exogamy, and their main clans are the Mawar, Kuanr, Mahato, Rajkumar, Manjhia, Wamwat, and Hantiyas. These clans are of unequal status, and the Chero practice clan hypergamy. The Chero of Jharkhand are mainly farmers, with many were substantial landowners.

The 2011 Census of India for Uttar Pradesh showed the Chero Scheduled Caste population as 596.

References

Works cited

Scheduled Castes of Uttar Pradesh
Indian castes
Scheduled Castes of Bihar
Scheduled Tribes of Uttar Pradesh

Chero


Fulaga (pronounced ) (proper name: Vulaga) is a crescent-shaped reef-limestone island in Fiji's Southern Lau Group.

The spectacular lagoon and the fact that the island is a Pritchardia thurstonii habitat contribute to its national significance as outlined in Fiji's Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan.

Geography
Situated at 19.17° South and 178.65° West, it covers an area of 18.5 square kilometres.  It has a maximum elevation of 79 metres.  The limestone belongs to the Koroqara Limestone (Tokalau Limestone Group) and is probably Late Miocene in age.  In form it is a basin which has been breached in the north, flooding the interior, which has many islets and rocks. The island thus has this unique, beautiful lagoon  that adequately supplies the inhabitants with different varieties of fish and sea shells. There are three terrace levels, two with maximum elevations 55 m and 40 m, the third being lower.  There is an elevated notch 2 m above mean sea level.

Demographics
There are three villages, Muanaicake, Muanaira and Naividamu.  Total population was almost 600 in the middle 20th century but is now less than 400, due to migration to the mainland for secondary school education for children, and employment for parents.

In Tradition
The people are traditional carvers, skilled in the making of outrigger canoes and 'tanoa' (or 'kumete' in their dialect) which are wooden bowls carved out of local hardwood and used in formal and informal Yaqona Ceremonies and social gatherings across Fiji.

Footnotes

References
The Fiji Islands: A Geographical Handbook, By Ronald Albert Derrick,Published 1951, Govt. Print. Dept, Fiji.
Fiji by Casey Mahaney, Astrid Witte Mahaney, Published 2000 by Lonely Planet,
New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics; Published by The Royal Society of New Zealand
The Cyclopedia of Fiji: A Complete Historical and Commercial Review of Fiji, Published 1984, By R. McMillan, Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized 3 Apr 2007.

External links
 A Map of Fulaga

Islands of Fiji
Lau Islands
Preliminary Register of Sites of National Significance in Fiji

Fulaga


Ivan Howard Venning (born 26 December 1945) is an Australian politician and was the Liberal Party member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1990 until 2014. He did not re-contest his seat at the 2014 state election.

Venning was one of five children and the eldest son to Howard and Shirley Venning. Howard himself entered state parliament at the 1968 election and served for 11 years. Venning attended Crystal Brook Primary School and Prince Alfred College in Adelaide, and worked on the family farm until 1966, when he was called up for National Service, serving in the Royal Australian Artillery as a gunner, operator and batman to the Commanding Officer III Battery. Venning also served for 10 years in local government, and is a Justice of the Peace.

Venning was elected to parliament at the 1990 Custance by-election. The seat was abolished in place of Schubert in time for the 1997 state election.

In 1994, Venning was elected as Chair of the Environment, Resources and Development (ERD) Committee—a position he held for four years, and has served in the committee since 2006. He also served on the Public Works Committee for four years. He was Opposition Whip from 2006 to 2010.

Notes

References

Schubert 2006 Poll Bludger Profile
Schubert 2010 Poll Bludger Profile

Members of the South Australian House of Assembly
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of South Australia
1945 births
Living people
People educated at Prince Alfred College
Amateur radio people
21st-century Australian politicians

Ivan Venning


Kenneth Cole Productions, Inc. is an American fashion house that was founded in 1982 by Kenneth Cole.

History and operations
Cole originally named the company Kenneth Cole Incorporated in September 1982 and planned to showcase his new line of shoes during market week at the Hilton New York Hotel. Finding that he could not afford to purchase a hotel room or showroom to exhibit his line, he borrowed a truck and asked the mayor's office for permission to park two blocks away from the Hilton Hotel in front of a fancy shoe building. Upon learning that permits were only granted to utility companies and production companies shooting full-length motion pictures, Cole changed the name of the company to Kenneth Cole Productions, Inc. and applied for a permit to shoot a full-length motion picture entitled "The Birth of a Shoe Company".

With Kenneth Cole Productions painted on the side of the truck, they opened for business on December 2, 1982, in front of 1370 Avenue of the Americas. They had a fully furnished forty-foot trailer, klieg lights, a director, a rolling camera, models as actresses, and two NYPD policemen as doormen. A velvet rope allowed a limited number of people into the trailers and in two and a half days they sold forty thousand pairs of shoes. The company remains Kenneth Cole Productions, Inc. to this day to honor this unusual beginning.

In 1984, Kenneth Cole opened his first store on Columbus Avenue in Manhattan, followed shortly thereafter by another store on Union Street in San Francisco. Kenneth Cole retail and Company Stores can now be found worldwide in countries such as Mexico, Canada, Venezuela, Colombia, Israel, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Philippines, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Singapore, Australia, Morocco, South Africa and India.

In 2013, Elana Drell Szyfer was named executive vice president of global brand strategy for Kenneth Cole Productions and, before this, she was CEO of Ahava Corp.

Kenneth Cole Productions announced in November 2016 that it would be closing all of its outlet stores within six months to focus on e-commerce and other lines of revenue outside of operating physical stores. Two full-priced stores would remain open in New York and Virginia. In January 2017 Kenneth Cole Productions closed the balance of their outlet stores to pursue its e-commerce business.

Advertising
Kenneth Cole Productions, Inc. is well known for its socially conscious and often controversial advertising. Campaigns often incorporate topical issues, such as addressing Imelda Marcos's shoe fetish in 1986 with the line, "Imelda Marcos bought 2,700 pairs of shoes. She could've at least had the courtesy to buy a pair of ours." In 1994, the company ran its first partisan political ad for the New York state gubernatorial race featuring George Pataki and Mario Cuomo, Cole's father-in-law. The ad was an image of a muddy boot with the words: "Next time you hear George Pataki speak, might we suggest the appropriate footwear." George Pataki did end up becoming governor and Cole received some backlash for his decision to run the ad.

Not all of their ads are as overtly political, but most have a humorous tint to them, often incorporating word plays or puns. Some of his better-known lines include: "What you stand for is more important than what you stand in," "Are you putting us on?" and "Today is not a dress rehearsal." Popular topics in his advertising include HIV/AIDS, homelessness, gun control, abortion, the environment and same-sex marriage.

The current advertising campaign uses the tagline "We need more than a surface mentality. The writing is on the wall."

Charity and social causes
Kenneth Cole Productions, Inc. is active in charities and often uses advertising, publicity and other corporate initiatives to support charitable causes. He is a longtime board member and current Chairman of the Board for The Foundation for AIDS Research (amfAR).
His involvement with amfAR began in 1985 when he organized a public service campaign that was photographed by Annie Leibovitz and featuring high-profile models such as Christie Brinkley, Paulina Porizkova and Andie MacDowell. The tagline was, "For the future of our children. Support the American Foundation for AIDS Research. We do." At the time, AIDS was still a relatively unknown and misunderstood disease. Cole managed to procure nearly 3 million dollars worth of donated exposure and press. In 1987, he was invited to join amfAR's board.

In 2005, Cole spearheaded the "We All Have AIDS" awareness campaign with advertisements photographed by Mark Seliger and featuring Nelson Mandela, Tom Hanks, Will Smith, Elton John, Sharon Stone, Richard Gere, Elizabeth Taylor, Alicia Keys, Desmond Tutu, Natasha Richardson, Eric McCormack, Ashley Judd, Whoopi Goldberg, Harry Belafonte, Greg Louganis and Rosie O'Donnell as spokespeople. He also has annual World AIDS Day promotions in his retail stores.

In August 2006, it was announced that Kenneth Cole Productions would stop selling fur in all of their garments for the Fall 2007 Fashion Season.

Cole is also active with HELP USA (his wife Maria Cuomo Cole is currently Chair of the Board), a non-profit organization that is the nation's largest provider of housing, jobs and services for the homeless. He partnered with rock star Jon Bon Jovi to create a line of jackets, T-shirts and fragrance under the Kenneth Cole New York label. The proceeds from the sale of these items supported HELP USA.

Other charity campaigns include establishing relief funds for victims of 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina through the sale of T-shirts, giving discounts at his retail stores for donating shoes or clothes to the homeless and hosting numerous charity shopping nights at retail stores throughout the nation.

Criticism
Kenneth Cole Productions has occasionally experienced difficulty adequately staffing its stores in order to properly rotate employees through mandatory rest and meal breaks. For example, on April 16, 2007, the Supreme Court of California unanimously affirmed a trial court judgment requiring the company to pay an additional hour of pay for each day that a store manager had been forced to work a nine-hour shift without a break.

References

External links
Official site
Kenneth Cole Awareness

Clothing brands of the United States
Clothing retailers of the United States
Clothing companies based in New York City
Shoe companies of the United States
Fashion accessory brands
American companies established in 1982
Clothing companies established in 1982
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
1982 establishments in New York City

Kenneth Cole Productions


Q is the name of a fictional character from Star Trek.  It is also the name of his race.  Q appears in Next Generation, Deep Space Nine, Voyager, and Lower Decks and in related media. John de Lancie plays the Q character. He is an extra-dimensional being.  The human characters do not know how he came to exist.  He has power over time, space, the laws of physics, and reality itself.  He is capable of changing reality and even the past when he wants to. Q only sometimes uses contractions in his speech.

Star Trek uses the name "Q" for the names of all the individuals from the Q species.  All male and female Q  characters refer to each other as "Q." They also call their whole race "Q" and call their home "the Q Continuum" – an alternate dimension accessible to only the Q and people they choose to bring there. The true nature of the realm is said to be beyond the comprehension of "lesser beings" such as humans. When humans go there, they see it in ways they can understand; e.g., a run-down gas station in the "middle of nowhere."

Beginning with the pilot episode "Encounter at Farpoint" of The Next Generation, Q became a recurring character.  Most of his scenes are both dramatic and funny.  He enjoys annoying Jean-Luc Picard, the serious human captain of the Enterprise D. He serves as a major antihero throughout The Next Generation. He is an important part of both the first and last episodes of the show. Q is first presented as a cosmic force judging humanity to see if it is becoming a threat to the universe. However, as the series continues, his role morphs more into one of a teacher to Picard and the human race generally, although he often does this in ways that seem destructive or disruptive or meant for his own fun. Other times, notably during "Deja Q" and Voyager, Q appears to the crew seeking assistance.  For example, one time all the other Q turned Q human as a punishment.

Gene Roddenberry chose the letter "Q" in honor of his friend Janet Quarton.

References

Star Trek characters

Q (Star Trek)


Claud Raymond VC (2 October 1923 – 22 March 1945) was a British recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. As a member of an old County Kerry family with strong links to the Indian Army, Raymond is also regarded as an Irish VC.

Details
Claud Raymond was the son of Lieutenant Colonel Maurice Claud Raymond CIE, MC, and Margaret Lilias Nancy Raymond (née Brown), of Fulham. He was 21 years old, and a Lieutenant in the Corps of Royal Engineers, British Army during the Second World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

On 21 March 1945 at Talaku, Burma (now Myanmar), Lieutenant Raymond was second-in-command of a reconnaissance patrol when they were fired on by a strongly entrenched enemy detachment and the lieutenant at once led his men towards the position. He was first wounded in the shoulder and then in the head, but continued leading his men forward, when he was hit a third time, his wrist being shattered. He still carried on into the enemy defences where he was largely responsible for capturing the position. In spite of the gravity of his wounds, he refused medical aid until all the other wounded had received attention. He died the next day, aged 21.

Legacy
Raymond grew up in Seaford, Sussex, and is remembered on the town's war memorial. A road in the town is also named after him.

The Medal
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Engineers Museum in Chatham, Kent.

References

British VCs of World War 2 (John Laffin, 1997)
Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross (Richard Doherty & David Truesdale, 2000)
Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)
The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)
The Sapper VCs (Gerald Napier, 1998)

External links

CWGC entry
Royal Engineers Museum Sappers VCs

1923 births
1945 deaths
British Army personnel killed in World War II
Military personnel from the Isle of Wight
Royal Engineers officers
People from Seaford, East Sussex
People educated at Wellington College, Berkshire
Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
British World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross
British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross
Burials at Taukkyan War Cemetery

Claud Raymond


Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y Gatmaitan (August 30, 1850 – July 4, 1896), was a leading propagandist of the Philippine Revolution in 1896.

Marcelo H. del Pilar was born in Cupang (now Barangay San Nicolas), Bulacan, on August 30, 1850, to parents Julián del Pilar and Blasa Gatmaytan. He studied at the Colegio de San José and later at the University of Santo Tomas, where he finished his law course in 1880. In 1882, del Pilar founded the nationalist newspaper Diariong Tagalog (Tagalog Newspaper). He organized various anti-friar demonstrations while in the Philippines. He also wrote anti-friar pamphlets like the Dasalan at Tocsohan, Caiigat Cayo, etc. Del Pilar went to Spain in 1888 to escape persecution by the Spanish authorities. He became the second editor of La Solidaridad (Solidarity) in Madrid.

Publication of the La Solidaridad stopped in 1895 due to lack of money. Del Pilar decided to return to the Philippines to lead a revolution against Spain. However, he cancelled his trip due to his illness. Del Pilar died of tuberculosis in Barcelona on July 4, 1896, a pauper, away from his wife and 2 children.

References

 Villarroel, Fidel, (1997). Marcelo H. del Pilar, his religious conversions. Manila : University of Santo Tomas Pub. House.

1850 births
1896 deaths
Filipino journalists
Spanish writers

Marcelo H. del Pilar


Effi Briest () is a realist novel by Theodor Fontane. Published in book form in 1895, Effi Briest marks both a watershed and a climax in the poetic realism of literature. It can be thematically compared to other novels on 19th-century marriage from a female perspective, such as Anna Karenina and Madame Bovary, which are also adultery tragedies.

Plot introduction
Seventeen-year-old Effi Briest, the daughter of a German aristocrat, is married off to 38-year-old Baron Geert von Innstetten, who courted her mother Luise and was spurned for his status, which he has now improved.

Plot summary
Effi Briest, who is attracted by social status, moves to the fictional Pomeranian port of Kessin (loosely modeled on Swinemünde). Her husband Innstetten is away for weeks at a time, and Effi, who is shunned by local nobles, finds but one friend. Her suspicions that their house may be haunted are not entirely laid to rest by Innstetten. When she says there may be a ghost, he derides her fears. The scorn he would bear if people knew of her terror would stall his career; hence his angry reply.

When Major Crampas arrives, Effi cannot help relishing his attentions despite Crampas being a married womaniser, and their love is consummated. Her husband looks down on Crampas, whom he finds a lewd philanderer with cavalier views of law. Crampas views Innstetten as a patronising prig.

Years later, Effi's daughter Annie is growing up, and the family moves to Berlin due to Innstetten's ascent. All seems well, but when Effi's letters to Crampas are found by her husband, he decides to divorce her. He gets custody of Annie and influences her to disdain Effi. When Effi and Annie meet briefly some years later, it is clear the two are estranged, and Effi stops trying to establish a good relationship with Annie.

The Briests disown Effi, thinking it ill behooves them to deal with someone who tarnished their name. Innstetten tells Crampas he wants to duel; he agrees and is killed by Innstetten. But the halcyon days of Innstetten's past life are over, and career success fails to delight him.

Effi's parents take her back when she becomes the victim of nervous disorder, depression. Facing death, she asks Luise to tell Innstetten about her regrets and willingness to forgive him. Her death forms a rather symmetrical ending that matches the novel's start. In the end scene, her parents vaguely concede guilt for her fate without daring to question the social canons that sparked the tragedy, citing the German maxim, "That would be too wide a field" (ein weites Feld).

Background
Manfred von Ardenne's grandmother Baroness Elisabeth von Ardenne (née Baroness Elisabeth von Plotho) is said to have inspired Effi Briest.

The youngest of five children, Elisabeth was born in Zerben (currently part of Elbe-Parey) in 1853. Her easeful life was cut short by her meeting Armand Léon von Ardenne (1848–1919). She is said to have shown little interest in Ardenne; having rejected his first proposal, she changed her mind during the Franco-Prussian War, which left Ardenne injured. They became engaged on 7 February 1871 and wed in 1873.

His ascent made them move to Düsseldorf in the summer of 1881, where they met the famed and unhappily married judge Emil Hartwich (1843–1886). Elisabeth and Hartwich had much in common including their love of theatre. Despite risk of discovery, they did not cease corresponding when the Ardennes went back to Berlin on 1 October 1884.

Hartwich would come irregularly. During the summer of 1886, which Hartwich spent in Berlin, he and Elisabeth chose to marry each other. But Ardenne saw his secret suspicions confirmed when he found Elisabeth's and Hartwich's year-long correspondence. He filed for divorce and dueled Hartwich on 27 November 1886, drawing strong coverage. Hartwich died from his injuries on 1 December. Ardenne was sentenced to two years in prison but his term was reduced to 18 days.

His divorce on 15 March 1887 gave him full custody of his children, and his ex-wife set about caring for the deprived and disabled. Her name was temporarily removed from the family chronicles. In 1904, her daughter Margot was the first to try to find her; her son Egmont saw her in 1909. She died in Lindau on 4 February 1952 and was interred in a Berlin grave of honor ().

Fiction and truth
Fontane changed myriad details so as not to imperil privacy of those involved. He also made changes for the sake of drama. Elisabeth married at age 19 instead of 17, with Ardenne being five, not twenty, years her senior. She fell in love with Hartwich after twelve years—not twelve months—of marriage, and Ardenne did not kill her paramour years after the dalliance, but when they were still courting. Fontane knew that Elisabeth did not retreat as Effi did; instead, she began to work and devote herself to the needy. Elisabeth died at 98 (in fact vastly outliving Fontaine himself); Effi dies at 29 in the novel.

Some dates were altered, too. Effi marries on 3 October; Elisabeth wed on 1 January. Effi bears Annie on 3 July, while Margot's birthday was 5 November; Egmont's was 4 January. Elisabeth was born on 26 October; Effi has an August birthday.

Legacy
Today Effi Briest is widely discussed and taught at German schools. It has greatly influenced German writers, including Thomas Mann in his creation of Buddenbrooks. Mann said that if one had to reduce one's library to six novels, Effi Briest would have to be one of them.

Editions
First published as a serial novel in Deutsche Rundschau, 1894 – 1895.
Penguin Books, 1967
English translation by Hugh Rorrison and Helen Chambers, Angel Books 1996 , reissued by Penguin (in Penguin Classics) 2001
English translation by Mike Mitchell, Oxford University Press 2015  (in the Oxford World's Classics series)

Film and television adaptations
 The False Step, Germany, 1939
 Director: Gustaf Gründgens
 Cast: Marianne Hoppe (Effi), Karl Ludwig Diehl (Innstetten), Paul Hartmann (Crampas)
 Roses in Autumn, West Germany, 1955
 Director: Rudolf Jugert
 Cast: Ruth Leuwerik (Effi), Bernhard Wicki (Innstetten), Carl Raddatz (Crampas)
 Effi Briest, East Germany 1968, West Germany 1971
 Director: Wolfgang Luderer
 Cast: Angelica Domröse (Effi), Horst Schulze (Innstetten), Dietrich Körner (Crampas)
 Fontane Effi Briest, West Germany 1974
 Director: Rainer Werner Fassbinder
 Cast: Hanna Schygulla (Effi), Wolfgang Schenk (Innstetten), Ulli Lommel (Crampas)
 Effi Briest, Germany 2009
 Director: Hermine Huntgeburth
 Cast: Julia Jentsch (Effi), Sebastian Koch (Innstetten), Mišel Matičević (Crampas)
 Beach House, United States 2018
 Director: Jason Saltiel
 Cast: Willa Fitzgerald (Emma),  Murray Bartlett (Paul), Orlagh Cassidy (Catherine), (Thomas M. Hammond) (Henry)
 Loosely based on the novel, Catherine's daughter Emma is also seen reading the novel on the beach.

See also
 Adultery in literature

References

External links
Effi Briest, translated and abridged by William A. Cooper, 1914

 Summaries for Effi Briest
  (German and English)

1896 German novels
Adultery in novels
Novels by Theodor Fontane
Briest, Effi
Briest, Effi
Novels set in Germany
Novels set in Berlin
German novels adapted into films

Effi Briest


Eric Michael Wedge (born January 27, 1968) is an American former baseball Major League Baseball (MLB) catcher and manager.

As a player, Wedge attended Northrop High School in Fort Wayne and played on the school's state champion baseball team in 1983. He went on to attend Wichita State, and played on the Shockers team that won the 1989 College World Series. From 1989–1997 he played in the minor league systems of the Boston Red Sox, Colorado Rockies, Detroit Tigers, and Philadelphia Phillies, and played in 39 major league games with the Red Sox and Rockies between 1991 and 1994.

Wedge managed in the Cleveland Indians minor league system from 1998–2002 before being named manager of the Indians for the 2003 season. He led the Indians to a postseason berth in 2007, and won the American League Manager of the Year Award that year. He managed the Indians through the 2009 season. He then managed the Seattle Mariners from 2011 to 2013, and then worked as player development advisor for the Toronto Blue Jays from 2016 to 2019. Wedge returned to manage the Wichita State Shockers from 2020 to 2022.

Collegiate playing career
Wedge played catcher and center field for Wichita State University from 1987–1989, leading the school to a 68–16 record and the College World Series championship in 1989. He hit .380 for the Shockers that year, led the NCAA in walks and total bases and finished second in runs, RBI, and home runs. Wedge's performance earned him first-team All-America honors,
the Missouri Valley Conference Player of the Year award
and he was runner-up to Ben McDonald for the Rotary Smith Award for College Baseball Player of the Year.

In 1988, he played collegiate summer baseball in the Cape Cod Baseball League (CCBL) for the Yarmouth-Dennis Red Sox, where he was named to the all-league team. In 2011, he was inducted into the CCBL Hall of Fame.

Professional playing career
The Boston Red Sox selected Wedge in the third round of the 1989 Major League Baseball draft. While in the Red Sox major league system, he played for the Elmira Pioneers (1989), New Britain Red Sox (1989–1991), Winter Haven Red Sox (1991) and Pawtucket Red Sox (1991–1992, 1994–1995). On October 5, 1991, he made his major league debut in his only appearance of the season for Boston with a pinch hit single off Chris George of the Milwaukee Brewers.
In 1992, he appeared in 27 games for Boston (20 as a designated hitter, 5 as a catcher and 2 as a pinch hitter), hitting .250.

In November 1992, the Colorado Rockies selected Wedge from the Red Sox in the 1992 Major League Baseball expansion draft. He played for the Central Valley Rockies and Colorado Springs Sky Sox in 1993 and was a September call-up for Colorado that season, appearing in 9 games (8 as a pinch hitter and 1 as a catcher) and hitting .182 with 1 RBI.

The Rockies released Wedge at the end of spring training in 1994 and he was re-signed by the Red Sox on May 2.
He split catching duties with Scott Hatteberg for Pawtucket that season and made his final big league appearances with Boston in July, going 0-for-6 in two games as a designated hitter. He returned to Pawtucket for the 1995 season and again split catching duties with Hatteberg.

Wedge played his final two seasons with the Toledo Mud Hens in the Detroit Tigers organization and the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons in the Philadelphia Phillies organization in 1996 and 1997, respectively.

Managerial career

Minor leagues
Wedge made his managerial debut in 1998 with the Columbus RedStixx of the South Atlantic League, leading the Cleveland single-A affiliate to an overall record of 59–81. In 1999, he was the manager of Cleveland's Carolina League affiliate in Kinston. His team took first place during the first half of the season with a 37–32 record and second place during the second half with a 42–26 record. After the season, he was named the Carolina League Manager of the Year.

The Indians promoted Wedge to manager of the double-A Akron Aeros in 2000. The Aeros finished the season 75–68, just missing the Eastern League post-season after losing a one-game playoff with Harrisburg. In 2001, he continued his ascent through the Indians' managerial ranks, leading their triple-A affiliate, Buffalo Bisons, to a 91–51 first-place finish in the International League's North Division and a berth in the post-season where they lost to Scranton-Wilkes Barre in the semi-finals. Wedge again earned post-season honors when he was named the International League Manager of the Year and Baseball America's Triple A Manager of the Year. He returned at the helm of the Bisons in 2002 and again led them to the post-season, finishing 87–57 and second in the North Division. This time, they defeated Scranton in the semi-finals but were swept by the Durham Bulls in the finals. Wedge was honored with his third post-season award when The Sporting News named him Minor League Manager of the Year.

Cleveland Indians
On October 29, 2002, Wedge was named the 39th manager of the Cleveland Indians. Over his first three years as manager, the Indians improved steadily from fourth place in the American League Central Division with a 68–94 record in 2003, to 80–82 and third place in 2004 and to 93–69 and second place in 2005. The 93 wins in 2005 were the eighth most in the more than hundred-year history of the franchise and the team narrowly missed qualifying for the playoffs for the first time since 2001 when they were eliminated on the last day of the season. In the American League Manager of the Year balloting for 2005, Wedge finished as runner-up to Ozzie Guillén.

The 2006 season was a disappointing one for Wedge and the Indians. Entering the season, they were expected to compete for the division title, but got off to a poor start and were essentially out of the race by mid-season, trailing the division-leading Detroit Tigers at the All-Star break by  games. They finished the season in fourth place with a 78–84 record, 18 games behind the Central Division champion, Minnesota Twins.

Wedge and the Indians had more success in the 2007 season going 96–66 and winning the Central Division title for the first time since 2001. Wedge then led the Indians to beat the Yankees in four games to win the Division Series, and moved on to play the Boston Red Sox in the Championship Series, where they lost in seven games after losing three straight games when leading the series 3-1. Wedge received The Sporting News Manager of the Year Award and the MLB Manager of the Year Award for the American League in 2007. The following year the Indians would go 81-81, finishing third in the Central. The club, which was just four wins shy from winning 100 games in 2007, fell to the other end of the spectrum in 2009, finishing three losses from the century mark at 65-97 and further down in the Central standings at fourth.

On September 30, 2009, the Cleveland Indians announced that Wedge would not be retained as manager after the season ended.

Seattle Mariners
On October 18, 2010, Wedge was named the Mariners manager, and agreed to a three-year contract. In 2011, the team finished 67–95, in last place in the AL West Division, 29 games out of first place.  The following year he led the team to a 75—87 finish, another last place finish. Wedge suffered a stroke in July 2013 and missed 28 games. On September 27, 2013, Wedge announced he would not return as the Mariners manager for the 2014 season, declining their contract offer for a one–year contract extension.

Toronto Blue Jays
On February 6, 2016, Wedge was hired as a player development advisor by the Toronto Blue Jays.  He interviewed for the vacant New York Yankees managerial position in November 2017.

Wichita State Shockers
On May 29, 2019, Wedge was named head baseball coach of the Wichita State Shockers. On December 8, 2022, the school announced he would not return as coach.

Major League managerial record

Collegiate coaching record

Broadcasting career
Wedge joined Baseball Tonight on ESPN as a Studio Analyst for the 2014 and 2015 seasons alongside Ozzie Guillén and Dallas Braden. Wedge's analysis was featured in a segment called "Cutting The Wedge."

Personal life
2018 marked Wedge's fourteenth year hosting a baseball camp organized by World Baseball Academy and sponsored by Automotive Color &
Supply Corp at The ASH Centre in Fort Wayne, IN. Also in January 2007, he was inducted into the Indiana High School Baseball Hall of Fame
and in February 2007, he was inducted into the Kinston Professional Baseball Hall of Fame.
In total, Wedge has been inducted to 16 Hall of Fames.

Wedge and ex-wife Kate have a daughter and a son. Wedge resides in Wichita, KS.

References

External links

1968 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Fort Wayne, Indiana
Cleveland Indians managers
ESPN people
Seattle Mariners managers
Boston Red Sox players
Colorado Rockies players
Pawtucket Red Sox players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Winter Haven Red Sox players
Baseball players from Fort Wayne, Indiana
Minor league baseball managers
Manager of the Year Award winners
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) managers
Yarmouth–Dennis Red Sox players
Wichita State Shockers baseball players
All-American college baseball players
Wichita State Shockers baseball coaches
Central Valley Rockies players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Elmira Pioneers players
New Britain Red Sox players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons players

Eric Wedge


Sony is a technology company, based in Japan, which makes many electric products. Among its most popular products is the video game console PlayStation, which was followed by PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4 and now the PlayStation 5. They also sold the Walkman invented by Andreas Pavel - a small music audio cassette player that could fit in your pocket - they later made Walkman systems that could play CDs, MiniDiscs or MP3s instead of tapes, and they often could receive radio too.

The company also makes music players, televisions, headsets, mobile phones (Sony Ericsson) and computers (named Sony Vaio), and game players (PlayStation).

It owns the American movie studios, Columbia Pictures and TriStar Pictures, through Sony Pictures.

History

Sony began its activity from a department store in Tokyo. At that time, 1946, the store was damaged by bombs. One engineer and one physicist invested a capital of about $1,600 to create a company which would include 20 employees. The name of the engineer was Masaru Ibuka and the name of the physicist was Akio Morita. People working in their new company repaired electrical equipment. Later they started creating their own products.

The company achieved success in 1954, when it received license that allowed producing transistors. Although transistors were already created in United States, they were not used in production of radios. Sony produced its first transistor radio in May of 1954.

From that period Sony started leading in the field of electronics. Its revolutionary devices included: Trinitron Color Television, created in 1968; color video cassette, produced in 1971 as well as the world's second home video system, created in 1975. Other revolutionary inventions of Sony include: 1979 – Walkman; 1981 – Electronic camera; 1982 – CD player; 1983 – Camcorder and the list continuous with many other devices. One of the most popular Sony products was Sony PlayStation, created in 1995. With its help Sony became the leader in videogames.

In 45 years Sony has grown from a small firm, employing 20 workers, to a multinational corporation, employing about 100,000 workers. The company created its American branch in 1960 and its UK branch in 1968. In recent years the company focused on leadership in software and hardware. Sony acquired, in 1988, CBS Records and formed Sony Music Entertainment. A year later the company bought Columbia Pictures to create Sony Pictures Entertainment.

Sony would later join forces with BMG to form "Sony BMG." BMG Music Publishing was sold to Universal in 2007. Sony bought all of BMG's record labels in 2008, ending the "BMG" name.

References

Other websites
 Sony website

1946 establishments in Asia

1940s establishments in Japan
Conglomerate companies

Sony


Ipini is a tribe of bark beetles. It is a monophyletic group.

Beetles of this tribe specialize on conifers. Many species, such as the six-spined engraver beetle (Ips sexdentatus) and the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus), produce galleries in wood for their eggs and larvae.

Almost all beetles in this tribe have polygynous mating systems with harems of females. An exception is the monogamous Ips latidens.

Genera include:
Acanthotomicus
Ips
Orthotomicus
Pityogenes
Pityokteines
Pseudips

References

External links

 Ipini. Fauna Europaea. 2013.

Scolytinae
Beetle tribes

Ipini