{{Infobox musical
 | name    = A Very Potter Musical
 | image   = Very Potter Musical.jpg
 | alt     =
 | image_size = 200px
 | caption = AVPM soundtrack art
 | music   = Darren CrissA. J. Holmes
 | lyrics  = Darren CrissA. J. Holmes
 | book    = Matt LangNick LangBrian Holden
 | basis   = Harry Potterby J. K. Rowling
 | productions = 2009 University of Michigan
 | awards =  Entertainment Weeklys 10 Best Viral Videos of 2009
| Followed_by      = A Very Potter Sequel
}}A Very Potter Musical (originally titled Harry Potter: The Musical and often shortened to AVPM) is a musical with music and lyrics by Darren Criss and A. J. Holmes and a book by Matt Lang, Nick Lang and Brian Holden. The story is a parody, based on several of the Harry Potter novels by J. K. Rowling (particularly Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows), as well as their film adaptations.

A Very Potter Musical tells the story of Harry Potter's return to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, his participation in the House Cup Championship, the trials and tribulations of adolescence, and the return of the dark wizard Lord Voldemort and the Golden Trio's attempts to destroy the Horcruxes.

The musical was performed on April 9–11, 2009 on the University of Michigan campus and is currently available to watch online on YouTube. It was produced by StarKid Productions and directed by Matt Lang.Austrone, Xavier. "StarKid Interview: Starship Coverage & A VERY POTTER THREEQUEL!?"  Wizardinglife.com, November 22, 2010. Retrieved on July 16, 2011.Caulfield, Keith. "'My Dick' Rises to Become First Charting Student Musical" Billboard.com, March 18, 2010. Retrieved on July 16, 2011. The musical starred Darren Criss as Harry Potter, Joey Richter as Ron Weasley, Bonnie Gruesen as Hermione Granger, Jaime Lyn Beatty as Ginny Weasley, Lauren Lopez as Draco Malfoy, Brian Rosenthal as Quirinus Quirrell and Joe Walker as Lord Voldemort. In late June 2009, the group put the entire musical up on YouTube and it became a viral video, obtaining millions of views.

The popularity of this musical allowed Team StarKid to create subsequent musicals, such as Me and My Dick (2009), A Very Potter Sequel (2010), Starship (2011), Holy Musical B@man! (2012), Twisted: The Untold Story of a Royal Vizier (2013), The Trail to Oregon! (2014), ANI: A Parody (2014), Firebringer (2016), The Guy Who Didn't Like Musicals (2018), and Black Friday (2019). A third installment of the A Very Potter series, called A Very Potter Senior Year, premiered at LeakyCon on August 11, 2012. A fourth installment, titled A Very Potter Christmas (this time audio-only and not a musical), was released as a reward for backers of Team StarKid's Firebringer musical and was later released to the public during the A Very Potter Golden Birthday!!! stream.

Synopsis

Act I
Harry Potter rejoices that he is entering his second year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry with his best friend Ron Weasley and frumpy nerd Hermione Granger ("Goin' Back to Hogwarts"). Headmaster of Hogwarts Albus Dumbledore welcomes everyone back, skips the Sorting Ceremony and reintroduces the House Cup Tournament, in which a champion will be chosen on behalf of each House (Gryffindor, Ravenclaw, Hufflepuff, and Slytherin) to fight for the House Cup. Professor Severus Snape chooses the champions out of a magical trophy to be Harry (Gryffindor), Harry's crush Cho Chang (Ravenclaw), her current boyfriend Cedric Diggory (Hufflepuff), and Harry's obnoxious rival Draco Malfoy (Slytherin). No one can drop out due to the enchantment on the trophy.

Draco attempts to intimidate Harry by claiming that he will transfer to Pigfarts, a prestigious wizarding academy on Mars presided over by Headmaster Rumbleroar, a talking lion, but Hermione forces him to back off. Meanwhile, Defense Against The Dark Arts professor Quirinus Quirrell is secretly conspiring to revive the evil wizard Voldemort, who is parasitically attached to the back of his head. They bicker about this arrangement, which causes inconvenience to both of them due to their conflicting personalities ("Different As Can Be").

Harry convinces Hermione to do all of his school work for him while he writes a love song for Cho Chang. He tests out the song on Ron's younger sister Ginny ("Ginny's Song"), oblivious to her own crush on him. Harry, Ron and Hermione use his Cloak of Invisibility to sneak off and investigate what the first round of the tournament entails, leaving Ginny alone to lament her unrequited love ("Harry"). The trio discover that the first round will involve dragons and eavesdrop on Malfoy hinting at an unrealized crush on Hermione.

Voldemort convinces Quirrell to go out and celebrate the progress of their evil plan instead of grading papers. After returning from a night of drunken escapades, they reminiscence on past events and how they have become good friends from their time spent together ("Different As Can Be (Reprise)"). Harry continues to neglect his preparation for the tournament, and is caught off-guard when he is forced to face a deadly Hungarian Horntail in battle while his competitors fight imaginary dragons. With no other choice, Harry summons his guitar and serenades the dragon into submission, allowing him to move on to the next round ("The Dragon Song").

The annual Yule Ball is announced, and Ginny asks Harry to be her partner. Unfortunately, Harry is dead set on asking Cho and unknowingly rejects Ginny, causing her to run off in tears. Harry plays his song for Cho ("Ginny's Song Reprise (Cho's Song)") but is rejected because Cho had already agreed to go with Cedric, leaving him and Ron as the only two male students without partners. Quirrell relieves Voldemort of his worries surrounding their master plan as the two weigh the pros and cons of their upcoming physical separation. Voldemort realizes he has become close with Quirrell, and that he wishes to remain his friend.

At the Yule Ball, the normally-unattractive Hermione shows up with a gorgeous makeover, causing Ron and Malfoy to realize their feelings for her ("Granger Danger"). Harry develops an attraction to Ginny and asks her to dance, leaving Ron to get "drunk" on Butterbeer and fight over Hermione with Malfoy, causing her to lash out at both of them. Harry pulls back from a kiss with Ginny, stating that they cannot be together because of his friendship with Ron. Ginny leaves in tears and a flustered Harry attempts to regain his dignity by cutting in with Cho, causing him to get into a fight with Cedric. As they argue, they both grab an enchanted ladle planted by Quirrell, teleporting them to a mysterious graveyard.

Quirrell appears, kills Cedric with the Killing Curse and uses the full Body-Bind curse on Harry. As Quirrell and Voldemort submerge themselves in a large cauldron, Snape appears and uses his own hand and Harry's blood to complete a ritual that successfully revives Voldemort, who joyfully celebrates with his followers, the Death Eaters ("To Dance Again!"). Bellatrix Lestrange arrives to welcome back her master and former lover and reveals their plan to use Quirrell as a scapegoat for the murder of Harry. Heartbroken at the betrayal of their friendship, Quirrell falls out with Voldemort and is taken to Azkaban. Before Voldemort can kill Harry, Harry manages to use the ladle to escape back to Hogwarts, where he exclaims in horror that Voldemort has returned.

Act II

The Ministry of Magic doesn't believe that Voldemort's back,
despite proof such as Voldemort's new vlog and his review of 17 Again, with the star Zac Efron. Meanwhile, Harry, consumed by the stress this situation is causing him, pushes his friends away by acting egocentric. Malfoy tries to make fun of Harry, but he's once more humiliated in front of the student body and he promises revenge. Ginny tries to make sense of her relationship with Harry, but he explains to her that as long as Voldemort is around, they can't be together because he wants to protect her. When Ginny runs away in tears, Dumbledore in disguise calls Harry to his office to discuss about Voldemort.

Snape reveals himself as a Death Eater undercover and meets up with Voldemort, who's in a deep depression after his fight with Quirrell. Snape introduces Draco Malfoy to the Dark Lord, who informs him about a secret passage leading to Hogwarts in exchange for a rocket to Mars ("Pigfarts, Pigfarts, Here I Come"). Voldemort makes Draco sign a magical contract to make him kill Dumbledore. Harry, Ron and Hermione get to Dumbledore's office for the meeting. There, Dumbledore explains that Voldemort possesses some Horcruxes that make him immortal as long as they exist, he reveals that he has already destroyed five of the six Horcruxes and tells Harry to find the last one, hidden right there in Hogwarts. At that moment, the Death Eaters break into Dumbledore's office and arrest him. Malfoy is ready to follow through his part of the deal, but after a speech from Dumbledore he finds himself unable to give him the final blow. Snape takes the initiative and kills Dumbledore, traumatising Harry, who declares he has to kill Voldemort on his own.

Voldemort successfully takes over the Ministry of Magic, but he's still sad about the loss of Quirrell. Voldemort, Quirrell and Harry lament all the people they lost ("Missing You"). After that, a Death Eater informs Voldemort that Hogwarts has fallen, and Voldemort gets ready to leave for Hogwarts.

Ginny finds Harry and tries to convince him that he has the power to save everyone, but Harry is pessimistic and he complains about all the unrealistic expectations and the pressure on him for being the "Boy Who Lived". Ginny reassures him that he's not alone in his fight against evil ("Not Alone") and he makes up with Ron and Hermione. With Malfoy's help, who regretted his choices, Harry and Ron go to Dumbledore's office to destroy the last Horcrux, while Ginny and Hermione try to contact the Order of the Phoenix. Before they separate, Ron apologises to Hermione for his behaviour at the Yule Ball and the two share a passionate kiss.

Harry, Ron and Malfoy find out that the last Horcrux is Zac Efron's poster that Dumbledore kept in his office. The Horcrux tries to turn Ron against Harry by taking the form of Voldemort and Hermione and relying on his insecurities. Ron fights against it and destroys the Horcrux, rekindling his friendship with Harry.

A group of Death Eaters led by Bellatrix arrives in the office, after having captured Ginny and Hermione. Snape is revealed to be Dumbledore's agent and tries to save the students, but Bellatrix kills him. At that moment Ginny and Ron's mother, Molly Weasley (Lily Marks) intervenes and kills Bellatrix. With his last breath, Snape reveals that Harry became a seventh Horcrux the night his parents died.

Voldemort has arrived at Hogwarts and demands that the student body delivers Harry to him in exchange for their lives. Harry realises that he has to die to save everyone else and he turns himself in to Voldemort, who kills him. In a realm between life and death, Harry meets Dumbledore, who explains to him that by killing Harry, Voldemort involuntarily destroyed his seventh Horcrux. Dumbledore makes Harry return to the world of the living before leaving for Pigfarts riding Rumbleroar, the lion who acts as Headmaster at the Mars school.

Ron and Hermione gather the other Hogwarts students and convince them to fight because that's what Harry would have done ("Voldemort is Goin' Down"). When Harry shows himself still alive, everybody cheers, but Voldemort bursts into the room, shocked that Harry isn't dead. Harry explains that his sacrifice made the Hogwarts' students immune to Voldemort's magic, and that Voldemort's disregard about other people is eventually going to be his demise. Voldemort tries the Avada Kedavra curse, but Harry counterattacks the spell and kills him.

The student body celebrates Voldemort's death, and Neville Longbottom (Richard Campbell) finds Dumbledore's will in which the Headmaster awards Gryffindor with the House Cup and nominates Harry as the new Headmaster. Harry kisses Ginny after Ron gives them his blessing, and all the students throw a party.

At Azkaban, Quirrell hears about Voldemort's death and he's devastated. However, the last residue of Voldemort's soul comes to make amends with Quirrell, and the two gloriously reunite ("Not Alone (Reprise)/Goin' Back to Hogwarts (Reprise)").

Cast and charactersNotesA. J. Holmes, the piano player for the show, is involved in the actual musical twice, first leaving his duties as the piano player to give Ron some Twizzlers (not Red Vines, which would not appear until the next musical), and second being threatened by Voldemort when he starts playing sad music to accompany Voldemort thinking about Quirrell.

Musical numbersAct I "Goin' Back to Hogwarts" – Students of Hogwarts and Dumbledore
 "Different As Can Be (When I Rule the World)" – Voldemort and Quirrell
 "Ginny's Song" – Harry
 "Harry" – Ginny
 "Different As Can Be" (Reprise) – Voldemort and Quirrell
 "The Dragon Song" – Harry and the Hungarian Horntail
 "Ginny's Song Reprise (Cho's Song)" – Harry
 "Granger Danger" – Ron and Draco
 "To Dance Again!" – Voldemort, Quirrell and Death EatersAct II'''
 "Pigfarts" – Draco
 "Missing You" – Harry and Quirrell
 "Not Alone" – Ginny, Harry, Ron and Hermione
 "Voldemort is Goin' Down" – Ron, Hermione and Students of Hogwarts
 "Not Alone (Reprise)/Goin' Back to Hogwarts (Reprise)" – Everyone in the Wizarding World

 A rendition of "Granger Danger" performed by Darren Criss is played during the credits of the YouTube version of the production.

Development
While reading Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Nick Lang and a few others attending the University of Michigan discussed the possibility of Draco Malfoy having a crush on Hermione Granger because of him constantly bullying her, and created the concept of a song "Granger Danger", which led to the idea of making a Harry Potter musical. When the script was being written, they asked Darren Criss if they could use his songs "Sami", which was originally written for the web series Little White Lie, and "Not Alone", which they ended up using as a model for the show.

ProductionsHarry Potter: The Musical was performed April 9–11, 2009, on the University of Michigan campus. Soon after, the group posted the entire musical on YouTube. However, it was later taken down and edited to make it less inappropriate for the younger audiences, but was posted again, slightly edited and under the new name A Very Potter Musical in late June 2009. As of March 2018, the production in its entirety has around 100 million views.

Due to the nature of the musical, Team Starkid is allowed by Warner Brothers to host the musical on their channel and owns the rights to the songs and script, but as they do not own the rights to the Harry Potter characters they cannot make money off of the production, nor can they give the rights for the show to any other production company: the University of Michigan version is the only "official" production. This has not stopped unauthorized productions from being performed elsewhere, also done non-profit.

Recording

A cast recording of the production was released in 2009 through the StarKid Productions website. All of the songs featured on stage are present on the recording. The group also released the album through Bandcamp on July 29, 2010.

 Sequels

Two other musicals entitled A Very Potter Sequel and A Very Potter Senior Year were released by Starkid in 2010 and 2012 respectively.

Critical receptionEntertainment Weekly'' named the musical one of the 10 Best Viral Videos of 2009.

See also
 Lists of musicals
 Parodies of Harry Potter

References

External links

 StarKid Productions official website
 StarKid Productions on YouTube

2009 YouTube videos
2009 musicals
StarKid Productions musicals
Works based on Harry Potter
Musical parodies
Musicals based on novels
Fantasy parodies
LGBT-related musicals
University of Michigan
Musicals set in schools

A Very Potter Musical


The My Lai Massacre (pronounced IPA: [mi.˧˩˥'lɐːj˧˧], Thảm sát Mỹ Lai, Thảm sát Sơn Mỹ) was the killing of hundreds of civilians by United States soldiers at the village of My Lai, Vietnam on March 16, 1968. A memorial in My Lai lists the names of 504 victims.

Before the massacre, U.S. soldiers were told that all of the "true" civilians would be at the market and the remaining people would be members of the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam. When the soldiers got to the village they did not find any NLF troops. Despite this, many soldiers began to kill the villagers, mainly elderly people, women, and children.

The crew of a U.S. Army helicopter, intervened. That crew saved the lives of some of the (Vietnamese) civilians. They were able to save 11 people.

The killings were covered up by the United States Army, but eventually 26 soldiers were charged with being involved in the killings. However, only one, Lieutenant William Calley was found guilty.

The massacre caused public opinion in the United States to shift further towards wanting peace and wanting to get American soldiers out of Vietnam.

The intervention by the crew from a U.S. Army helicopter

The crew of a U.S. Army helicopter, intervened. That crew saved the lives of some of the (Vietnamese) civilians.

The pilot of the helicopter, Warrant Officer Hugh Thompson Jr., saw dead and wounded civilians as he was flying over the village of Sơn Mỹ. The helicopter was providing close-air support for U.S. soldiers (on the ground). The crew used two-way radio to call for help for the wounded civilians. The crew landed their helicopter next to a ditch, which they saw was full of bodies. They could see movement by survivors (in the ditch). Thompson spoke with two (American) soldiers next to the ditch. When Thompson was lifting-off with the helicopter, he saw that Seargeant Mitchell was shooting into the ditch. Thompson and his crew were witnesses to an unarmed woman being kicked and shot (, up close or) at point-blank range by officer Medina. Medina later claimed that he thought she had a hand grenade. Thompson then saw a group of civilians at a bunker, and soldiers were moving towards the civilians. Thompson landed, and told his crew that if the soldiers shot at the villagers while he was trying to get them out of the bunker, then his crew were to open fire on the soldiers.

Years after the event, the crew of the U.S. Army helicopter were awarded the Soldier's medal for bravery. This is the highest award for a soldier who doesn't have contact with the enemy. The three were Hugh Thompson Jr., Glenn Andreotta, and Lawrence Colburn. Andreotta received it posthumously. He died in the Vietnam war.

Massacres in Asia
War crimes
Vietnam War
20th century in Vietnam
1960s in Asia

My Lai Massacre


American Girl is a series of video games developed by various studios and distributed by American Girl.

Games in the American Girl series are based upon characters and stories set within the toy line's fictional universe, from historical-era characters like Kit Kittredge, to contemporary ones such as those from the Girl of the Year line or WellieWishers. Common gameplay elements within the series center upon educational activities, mostly focusing around American history and culture, though other aspects such as adventure, puzzle or even action elements are occasionally interspersed in some of the games.

Titles

Edutainment games
The first two games in the series marked American Girl's (then known as Pleasant Company) expansion into video games. They featured American Girl's historical character roster, which of the time consisted of six characters representing various periods of American history.
 The American Girls Premiere is the first entry in the series, developed and published by The Learning Company for American Girl and released in 1997 for personal computer platforms. The game allows the creation and direction of unique stage plays starring the Historical Characters, from Felicity Merriman to Molly McIntire. The Second Edition release, which was released in 1998, adds Josefina Montoya to the roster.
 The American Girls: Dress Designer is the second entry in the series, developed and released by Mattel Interactive for Windows in 1999. This was essentially an interactive version of the paper doll sets American Girl sold featuring their Historical Characters roster, from colonial era Felicity Merriman to World War II-era Molly McIntire. The game allows players to create and edit period clothes for the historical characters. Users can choose between different patterns, styles, designs and trim for each character, and they can also build and print out a fashion portfolio.

Besides Premiere and Dress Designer, Mattel Interactive also published Your Notebook (with help from Amelia), a software toy in the form of an interactive journal based on the Amelia's Notebooks children's book series by Marissa Moss, under the American Girl banner in 1999. Developed by KnowWonder, Your Notebook allowed the user to write their own journals with the help of the titular protagonist, and comes with stamps, text effects and styles to which the user can add to their entries.

Games published by THQ
In the late 2000s American Girl collaborated with THQ for a number of games based on their franchise. Three of the games were released exclusively for Microsoft Windows, all of which are presented in a 2.5D isometric viewpoint using pre-rendered characters and backgrounds, while the other two, namely Julie Finds a Way and Kit Mystery Challenge!, are released for the Nintendo DS.
 American Girl: Julie Saves The Eagles is the third entry in the series, developed by ImaginEngine and the first to be published by THQ for American Girl on October 15, 2007 for Microsoft Windows. The main goal in the game is to help Julie find ways to finance an eagle release. The game, along with Mia Goes for Great and A Treehouse of My Own, uses the open-source FreeType font rendering engine, as well as the Lua programming language for most of the game's logic. The game also won a Parents' Choice Award from the non-profit Parents' Choice Foundation in 2008.
 American Girl: Julie Finds a Way is the fourth entry in the series based on Julie's stories, developed by Webfoot Technologies and released by THQ on December 3, 2007 for the Nintendo DS. The game loosely follows the plot of the series; throughout the game various mini games are interspersed into the plot. The game also offers two-player multiplayer with three of the mini games. The game's world is divided into different zones, similar to Postal 2, rather than in a single continuous map like in the Grand Theft Auto series of games. Entrances to other areas are usually denoted by a lower-quality backdrop of the zone to be visited, or an interior model with a lower level of detail.
 American Girl: Mia Goes for Great is the fifth entry in the series, based on the 2008 Girl of the Year Mia St. Clair, released on February 4, 2008 for Microsoft Windows. The game lets players participate in a number of figure skating competitions. It also features a program builder allowing players to design and customize practice routines for Mia.
 Kit Mystery Challenge is the sixth entry in the series, developed by Webfoot Technologies and released by THQ in 2008 for the Nintendo DS. The game loosely follows the events of the Kit Kittredge story arc, although unlike in Julie Finds a Way, the game is presented as a mystery-solving game in the vein of the Nancy Drew series, and does not offer a multiplayer component. Core gameplay consists of mystery-solving elements, with players being presented in a third-person viewpoint. The player is tasked to look for clues to be used as evidence, interrogate suspects or ask for leads, and analyze all the evidence and facts gathered in order to solve the case. Players can also engage in a number of side missions, such as selling eggs to neighbors and other people around the city, or running errands for cash, which can be spent on various perks, upgrades and other items, like buying food supplies or paying part of the house's mortgage.
 American Girl: Kit - A Tree House of My Own is the seventh entry in the series, also based on Kit's story arc, developed by ImaginEngine in collaboration with Bon Art Studio and published by THQ on June 23, 2008. The game is composed of several minigames, such as a Puzzle Bobble clone, an anagrams game, and a few others. Players are also rewarded with tools and other prizes that Kit needs to start her own treehouse.

Mobile apps
Since 2011 American Girl released mobile apps for download on major smartphone and tablet platforms, mostly consisting of simple games and software toys for young girls. Most of the games, which are published by the company, are exclusive to iOS, though Isabelle Dance Studio and Grace Sweet Shop were later ported to Android; newer titles in the series also saw simultaneous iOS and Android releases. American Girl has since de-listed their mobile games from app stores, instead offering simple browser games through their Play minisite.
 Secret Wardrobe is a puzzle game for iOS based on historical characters Cécile Rey and Marie-Grace Gardner, released on Aug 29, 2011 to tie in with the aforementioned characters' debut. Gameplay consists of a simple puzzle game where in players have to put clothes in their corresponding places.
 Shave Ice is a puzzle game for iOS based on 2011 Girl of the Year Kanani Akina. Players take the role of Kanani as she serves shaved ice to customers.
 Cheer On! is a puzzle game for iOS, serving as a companion game for the now-defunct Innerstar University online community, released on Aug 29, 2011.
 Gymtastic is a platform game for iOS, released in 2012 to coincide with Girl of the Year McKenna Brooks' debut. Players guide McKenna through a series of gymnastic platforms, collecting stars, bonus items and avoiding obstacles that get in her way.
 Port to Port is an adventure game for iOS, centering on Caroline Abbott as she picks up and delivers cargo on the ports of Lake Ontario during the War of 1812. Core gameplay consists of guiding Caroline's ship to a certain port and picking up supplies to be delivered back to Sackets Harbor, while trying to avoid British warships along the way.
 Paint Ponies is an app based on Saige Copeland's stories. It was released to coincide with Saige's release and was available for free on the App Store. Players round up ponies by drawing shapes around them. Bonus points are awarded for chaining combos and drawing over power-ups. A coloring book mode with scenes from Saige's world is also included.
 Playful Pet is a digital pet app released by American Girl to tie in with their Coconut line of plush toys for the Truly Me doll line. Players choose a pet dog to take care of, to which they can accessorize and play with, along with a number of activities where they can unlock rewards for their pets.
 Tropical Toss is a memory based game for iOS based on the Truly Me doll line. The game takes place in a beach, and players are tasked to copy the instructor's moves as they bounce a beach ball in time with the movement.
 Friendship Ties is a crafts-based mobile app for iOS. The app allows young girls and their friends to design virtual bracelets, either through a pre-existing pattern or a user-created one, and add accessories like buttons and charms. The app also includes instructions on how to make real-world bracelets and other such accessories.
 Isabelle Dance Studio is an app based on Isabelle Palmer's stories, released in January 2014 for iOS in line with her debut. A port of the game to Android was also released in July the same year. Players take on the role of Isabelle as she performs her ballet routines. Points are scored by tapping on the stars for Isabelle to reach and to keep them up in the air. Collecting gems fills up the starburst meter, which the player can use to clear the screen and score more points. Bigger stars reward the player with multipliers and other bonuses. If at least one star hits the floor, or if the player accidentally taps on the black pearl, the game ends and players have to start from the beginning.
 Scene Sounds is a software toy for iOS, based on the Truly Me line. The app is essentially a soundboard allowing children and their friends to add background music and ambient sound effects while they play with their dolls. Common scenarios include Christmas, summer, winter, and a hair salon. A port for Android was released exclusively for the American Girl edition of the Nabi SE tablet and for Amazon FreeTime subscribers.
 Maryellen TV Console is a software toy for iOS, released in 2015 to coincide with Maryellen Larkin's debut. The app is specifically designed for certain iPad models, such as the iPad 2, the third-generation iPad, the fourth-generation iPad, and the iPad Air, as it is intended to run as a companion app for the Maryellen TV Console toy which acts as a specially-designed case for the aforementioned iPad models. Users can watch pre-made stop-motion scenes made with the Maryellen doll, or record their own with a selection of templates and background music. Users can also listen to a number of 1950s-style music that came with the app.
 Grace's Sweet Shop is a mobile game for iOS and Android. Players take on the role of Grace Thomas as they mix, bake and decorate pastries in a French bakeshop.
 Maryellen Rocket Rally is a space flight simulation game for iOS. The game features Maryellen Larkin as players design and launch space rockets, guiding them to fuel pickups and coins along the way. A port for Android was released exclusively for the American Girl edition of the Nabi SE tablet and for Amazon FreeTime subscribers.
 Lea Born for Adventure is an action-adventure mobile game for iOS. Players guide Lea Clark in a series of adventures in Brazil, where she guides baby turtles to safety and rescues a sloth.
 WellieWishers is a mobile game for iOS, released in June 2016 to coincide with the release of the WellieWishers line for younger girls. The app consists of a series of minigames, among them a basic digital pet where players can feed and pet a rabbit, a music-based minigame where the WellieWishers characters can stage a musical performance, and a minigame allowing players to make a mud pie. A freemium sequel for iOS and Android, subtitled Garden Fun, was developed by [x]cube Games and published by American Girl on October 4, 2017.

Common elements

Most games in the series puts players in the role of an American Girl character, typically a Historical/BeForever character like Kit Kittredge or a contemporary one such as any of the Girl of the Year characters like Grace Thomas, Isabelle Palmer or Lea Clark. The games' presentation may vary from one title to the next, from an edutainment game typical of The American Girls Premiere and Dress Designer, a Nancy Drew-esque mystery as seen in Kit Mystery Challenge, to an action-adventure platform game as seen in Lea Born for Adventure.

History

The first game in the series, The American Girls Premiere for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS, marked the debut of Pleasant Company into the digital software space. Linda Ehrmann, vice president of Internet business strategy consulting firm Grey Interactive, said that the video game had a due potential as it was entering a relatively untapped market, commenting that in the interactive media space, "girls are for the most part totally ignored".

Reception
The American Girls Premiere was released to mostly positive reception, and received accolades from various parenting organizations; subsequent games in the series however received tepid to negative scores from gaming publications - American Girl: Kit Mystery Challenge for example was panned for its repetitive gameplay, tank controls and lack of replay value.

Notes

References

American Girl
Android (operating system) games
Children's educational video games
IOS games
Lists of video games by franchise
Lua (programming language)-scripted video games
Nintendo DS games
Software for children
Video game franchises introduced in 1997
Video games about children
Video games based on Mattel toys
Video games based on toys
Video games developed in the United States
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games with historical settings
Windows games

American Girl (video game series)


Otto Singer (July 26, 1833 – January 3, 1894) was a German musician also active in the USA.

Life
Singer was born in Sora, Saxony. He was educated in Dresden, and later in Leipzig until 1865, and after a short residence in Weimar with Franz Liszt went to New York in 1869.

In 1873 he went to Cincinnati as assistant musical director, under Theodore Thomas, of the first May Musical Festival, in that year. He composed the cantata The Pilgrim Fathers for the festival of 1876, and Festival Ode for the opening of the music-hall in 1878. He also wrote a Rhapsodie for Piano and Orchestra in C major (1881) dedicated to Hans von Bülow. He remained with the Cincinnati College of Music until 1892, when he returned to New York, where he died.

He was an earnest and aggressive disciple of Liszt and Richard Wagner both in his compositions and piano performances. He conducted various singing societies, and in addition to the cantata mentioned he composed some piano sonatas and a piano concerto.

Otto Singer Jr., his son (September 14, 1863 – January 8, 1931), composer and conductor, produced piano transcriptions of all nine of Beethoven's symphonies, at least 57 of Liszt's songs, all four of Brahms's symphonies, vocal-piano reductions (vocal parts plus solo piano) of 12 of Wagner's operas (as well as instrumental solo piano versions for some of them), as well as transcriptions of other works by Richard Strauss, Brahms, Beethoven, Bruckner, Tchaikovsky, Mozart, and Mahler, among others.

He as the teacher of the American composer, Wilson G. Smith.

References

External links
For Otto Singer

For Otto Singer Jr.

1833 births
1894 deaths
People from Bautzen (district)
Musicians from the Kingdom of Saxony
German composers
German conductors (music)
German male conductors (music)
American male composers
American conductors (music)
American male conductors (music)
19th-century conductors (music)
19th-century American composers
19th-century German musicians

Otto Singer


Darach Ó Scolaí is an Irish novelist, playwright, publisher, and artist living in the County Galway Gaeltacht of Connemara. He was awarded the Oireachtas Prize for Literature in 2007 for his novel, An Cléireach.

Writing
His 2007 novel An Cléireach (The Clerk) (, pbk ), won the 2007 Oireachtas Prize for Literature, and was published by Leabhar Breac, Inverin. As well as another novel and a number of modern retellings of old Irish tales, he has written and illustrated a number of children's books.

Stage and screen plays
Two of the author's plays have been produced for the stage, Coinneáil Orainn and An Braon Aníos, and two short screenplays have been filmed, Cosa Nite and An Leabhar. Coinneáil Orainn won the Walter Macken Prize in 2005 and a BBC Stewart Parker Award in 2006. Both Coinneáil Orainn and An Braon Aníos have been published, as well as a prose edition of Cosa Nite. Along with Ciarán Ó Cofaigh he founded the film and television production company Rosg, and was co-director of the company until 2005. In 2006 he founded the stage production company Salamandar, and directed his own play An Braon Aníos.

Publishing
In 1995 he co-founded the publishing house Leabhar Breac at Inverin (Indreabhán, Co. na Gaillimhe) with his brother, the typographer and designer Caomhán Ó Scolaí. Amongst other titles Leabhar Breac published the 2006 Gradam Uí Shúilleabháin award-winning novel Fontenoy by Liam Mac Cóil, and Seán Mac Mathúna's 2007 novel, Hula Hul.

Art symposium
In Inis Oirr, along with Val Ballance he co-founded the annual artists' symposium Ealaín ar Oileán, which he now directs. The symposium has been held annually in Áras Éanna, Inis Oírr, since 2004.

Published work
Súil an Daill, (a novel)  Leabhar Breac 2021.
Na Comharthaí, (a novel) Leabhar Breac 2014
Oileán an Órchiste (a translation of Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson), Leabhar Breac 2000
An Cléireach, (a novel) Leabhar Breac 2007
An Braon Aníos, (a play) Leabhar Breac 2007
Coinneáil Orainn, (a play) Leabhar Breac 2005
An Ceithearnach Caolriabhach (an illustrated retelling of a 15th-century tale), Leabhar Breac 2000
Feis Tigh Chonáin (a retelling of a 16th-century tale), Leabhar Breac 1998

Staged work
2009: An tSeanbhróg, Salamandar 2009
2008: Craos, Salamandar 2008
2006: An Braon Aníos, Salamandar 2006
2005: Labhraí Loingseach, Fíbín
2005: Coinneáil Orainn, An Taibhdhearc

Filmed work
2010: Na Cloigne, dir. Robert Quinn, prod. Ciarán Ó Cofaigh, Rosg
2001: An Leabhar, dir. Robert Quinn, prod. Ciarán Ó Cofaigh, Rosg
1999: Cosa Nite, dir. Dearbhla Walsh, prod. Ciarán Ó Cofaigh, Rosg

Documentary work for television
 1999Na Glúnta, co-directors Ciarán Ó Cofaigh & Darach Ó Scolaí, prod. Ciarán Ó Cofaigh, Rosg

External links
 Darach Ó Scolaí's website
 Leabhar Breac website
 Ealaín ar Oileán website
 Rosg website
 Bliainiris website
 Salamandar website

Irish novelists
Irish-language writers
People from County Galway
Living people
20th-century Irish people
21st-century Irish people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Irish male novelists

Darach Ó Scolaí


The Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization (), abbreviated as the Young Pioneers, was a compulsory youth organization of the Soviet Union for children and adolescents ages 9–14 that existed between 1922 and 1991.

History

After the October Revolution of 1917, some Scouts took the Bolsheviks' side, which would later lead to the establishment of ideologically altered Scoutlike organizations, such as ЮК (Юные Коммунисты, or young communists; pronounced as yook) and others.

During the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1921, most of the Scoutmasters and many Scouts fought in the ranks of the White Army and interventionists against the Red Army.

Those Scouts who did not wish to accept the new Soviet system either left Russia for good (like Oleg Pantyukhov and others) or went underground.

Foundation of the Young Pioneers

However, clandestine Scouting on both sides of the war did not last long. The Russian Union of the Communist Youth (RKSM, later known as Komsomol) persistently fought with the remnants of the Scout movement. Between 1918 and 1920, the second, third, and fourth All-Russian Congresses of RKSM decided to eradicate the Scout movement and create an organization of the communist type, that would take Soviet children and young adults under its umbrella. This organization would properly educate young people with communist teachings.

On behalf of the Soviet Council of People's Commissars, Nadezhda Krupskaya (Vladimir Lenin's wife and the People's Commissar of State for Education) was one of the main contributors to the cause of the Pioneer movement. In 1922, she wrote an essay called "Russian Union of the Communist Youth and boy-Scoutism." However, it was the remaining scoutmasters themselves who supported the Komsomol and the Red Army, like Innokentiy Zhukov and some others around Nikolaj Fatyanov's "Brothers of the fire", who introduced the name "pioneer" to it and convinced the Komsomol to keep the scout motto "Be prepared!" and adapt it to "Always prepared!" as the organizational motto and slogan.

Just some days before the Komsomol conference the Moscow scoutmasters adopted a "Declaration of the scoutmasters of Moscow concerning the question of the formation of a children's movement in the RSFSR" on May 13, 1922. Thereby they suggested to use the scouting system as a foundation of the new communist organization for children, and give the "Young pioneers" name to it.

The main contribution of the scoutmasters was the introduction of the new expression system scouting into the discourse on communist children's and young adult organizations. By doing so they avoided the dissolution of the scout organization as it would happen sooner or later to any organization opposed to the Komsomol.

On May 19, 1922 the second All-Russian Komsomol Conference adopted the scoutmasters' suggestions and decided to "work on the question of a children's movement by using the re-organized system of scouting." During the following years many of the remaining former scoutmasters, who later became the first pioneer leaders in their respective areas, founded pioneer groups and educated future pioneer leaders in these.

May 19, 1922 was later on considered the birthday of the All-Union Pioneer Organization (Всесоюзная пионерская организация, or Vsesoyuznaya pionerskaya organizatsiya) and is marked as the official Pioneer Day. By October 1922 pioneer units nationwide were united to form the Spartak Young Pioneers Organization (SYPO) (), which was officially granted the honorific title "V. I. Lenin" by a decision of the Central Committee of Komsomol of January 21, 1924, becoming the Vladimir Lenin Spartak Young Pioneers Organization (VLSYPO). Since March 1926 it bore the name Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization (VLAUPO).

Growth

By the middle of 1923, the young organization had 75,000 members with hundreds of mature adult and teen instructors. Among other activities, Young Pioneer units, helped by the Komsomol members and leadership at all levels, played a great role in the eradication of illiteracy (Likbez policy) since 1923. Membership was at 161,000 in the beginning of 1924, 2 million in 1926, 13.9 million in 1940, and 25 million in 1974. Many Young Pioneer Palaces were built, which served as community centers for the children, with rooms dedicated to various clubs, such as crafts or sports. Thousands of Young Pioneer camps were set up where young people went during summer vacation and winter holidays. All of them were free of charge, sponsored by the government and the Trade Unions. By the 1930s, as Stalin's cult of personality was taking shape and the nation becoming a growing economic and later on a military superpower via the Five Year Plans and the expansion and modernization of the armed forces, the Pioneers were promoted as models of a true socialist future generation of youth determined to help bring the Soviet Union towards the total victory of communism at home in all sectors of society.

During the Second World War the Pioneers worked hard to contribute to the war effort at all costs. Thousands of them died in battles as military personnel and in the resistance against Nazi Germany in its occupied territories as partisans and Pioneers under secrecy in enemy-occupied towns and cities, even in concentration camps. Four Pioneers would later receive the title Hero of the Soviet Union, and countless others were awarded various state orders, decorations and medals for acts of bravery and courage in the battlefield, on enemy lines and occupied territories. Pioneers in areas away from military operations assisted in the home front efforts to support the men and women fighting in the front lines, as well as in preparing to meet the requirements for wartime conscription service.

Present
Following the Dissolution of the Soviet Union and Boris Yeltsin's banning of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1991, the organization also disbanded. However, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation had a successor organization which utilized the same uniforms and structure as the original pioneers.

Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, as part of the Big Change initiative, the Russian Government held a  parade through Red Square on May 22, 2022 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Pioneers and the 104th anniversary of Komsomol. During which, a new organization, the All-Russian Young Pioneers was officially created with 5,000 children signing up. The state run organization maintains the uniforms of the Soviet pioneers, and the organization openly uses the Hammer and sickle and the bust of Lenin on its flags. Vladimir Putin, giving a speech at the rally, said; "[the idea for the movement was] exclusively the presidential administration's" Various Russian political commentators, from Cosmonaut Aleksandr Volkov to radio personality Sergey Dorenko came out in support of the new movement, saying that it will instill patriotic values in children, and prevent them from becoming subversive to the Russian state. The Russian government has estimated that 18 million Russian children could join the new pioneers to develop "socially significant and creative activity, high moral qualities, love and respect for the Fatherland." Gennady Zyuganov, leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, has come out in support of the organization inheriting the legacy of the Pioneers.

Structure
Its main grouping of members until 1942 was the "Young Pioneer detachment," which then typically consisted of children belonging to the same secondary school.

From 1942 to October 1990 (when the organization was broken up) the "squad" (отряд) was made up of children belonging to the same class within a school, while a school was referred to as a "Young Pioneer druzhina." Larger squads were split into sub-units called zveno (Звено, literally "chain link").

There was also an age-scale structure: children of 10–11 years were called Young Pioneers of the first stage; children of 11–12 years were Young Pioneers of the second stage; young adults of 9–15 years were Young Pioneers of the third stage. Aged 14, Young Pioneers could join the Komsomol, with a recommendation from their Young Pioneer group.

The main governing body was the Central Soviet of the Young Pioneer organization of the Soviet Union, which worked under the leadership of the main governing body of Komsomol.

Its official newspaper was Pionerskaya Pravda.

Main goals and requirements of membership
The main goals and duties of Young Pioneers and requirements of membership were specified by the Regulations of the Young Pioneer organization of the Soviet Union; by the Solemn Promise (given by each Young Pioneer joining the organization); by the Rules of the Young Pioneers; and by the Young Pioneer Motto, всегда готов! (vsegda gotov!, "Always Ready!"). There were two major revisions of them: in 1967 and 1986.

Although membership was theoretically optional, almost all the children in the Soviet Union belonged to the organization; it was a natural part of growing up. Still, joining was not automatic. In the 3rd grade of school, children were allowed to join the Young Pioneer Organization, which was done in batches, as a solemn ceremony, often in a Pioneers Palace. Only the best students were allowed into the first batch, slightly less advanced and well-behaved were allowed into the second batch, several weeks later. The most ill-behaved or low-performing students were given time to 'catch up' and could be allowed to join only in the 4th grade, a year after the first batch of their classmates. Not being admitted at all was odd, and lack of desire to join was considered suspicious.

In line with the Soviet doctrine of state atheism, the «Young Pioneer Leader's Handbook» stated that "every Pioneer would set up an atheist's corner at home with anti-religious pictures, poems, and sayings", in contrast to the traditional Russian Orthodox icon corners. The Young Pioneers, "as representatives of atheism and political change, encountered massive resistance in rural areas". In the same vein, some students refused to join the organization because of its promotion of Marxist-Leninist atheism.

Symbols, attributes, rituals and traditions

The main symbols of Young Pioneers were the red banner, flag, Young Pioneer's red neck scarf and the organizational badge. Attributes: the bugle, the drum, the organizational uniform (with badges of rank). Some rituals and traditions of the organization were: the Young Pioneer salute, Young Pioneer parade, color guard duty and flag raising. Most common traditions were the Young Pioneers rally (usually round a bonfire, similar to Scout Jamborees) and festivals.

Uniform

The uniform was one of many things that identified Pioneers with each other and the people. The uniform, part of the school uniform worn at school, included the red neckerchief and the organizational and rank badges on the white shirt with long or short pants for boys and long or short skirts for girls, with optional side caps as headdress. Full dress uniforms, used in occasions, were light blue or white with red side caps, the red neckerchief and the badges, with crimson sashes for color bearers and the color escorts. When on outdoor duties brown polo shirts with pants or skirts depending on gender were used, with an optional side cap. Sea service uniforms used sailor caps and blue and white shirts (with telnyashkas) and pants or skirts depending on the gender, with a brown belt. Instructors and mature adult leaders wore the same uniforms and the caps in every occasion and in all meetings. In its early years the Pioneers wore campaign hats in major events.

The Solemn Promise

On the day a child joined the Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization, they would have to recite the following Solemn Promise in front of a group of other Pioneers (1986 revision is presented below). After reciting, the new member had the Pioneer's scarlet neckerchief tied by an older Pioneer, and thus, becoming a full-fledged member of the organization.

I, (last name, first name), joining the ranks of the Vladimir Ilyich Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization, in the presence of my comrades solemnly promise: to passionately love and cherish my Motherland, to live as the great Lenin bade us to, as the Communist Party teaches us to, as require the laws of the Pioneers of the Soviet Union. ()

Motto

The motto of the Young Pioneers of the Soviet Union consisted of two parts, the summons and the answer or response (1986 revision is presented below).
Summons - Pioneer, to fight for the cause of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, be prepared! ().
Response - Always prepared! ().
This, like other rituals and customs of the organization, reflected its origin in the Scouts movement (their motto is "Be Prepared").

Rules
The latest revision of the official Rules of the Young Pioneers of the Soviet Union was in 1986, it is presented below. The Rules often appeared on many children's items, such as school notebooks.

Pioneer is a young builder of communism, labors for the welfare of the Motherland, prepares to become its defender.
Pioneer is an active fighter for peace, a friend to Young Pioneers and workers' children of all countries.
Pioneer follows the communists' example, prepares to become a Komsomol member, leads the Little Octobrists.
Pioneer upholds the organization's honour, strengthens its authority by deeds and actions.
Pioneer is a reliable comrade, respects the elders, looks after younger people, always acts according to conscience.
Pioneer has a right to elect and be elected to Young Pioneer self-government institutions, to discuss the functioning of the Young Pioneer organization on Young Pioneer gatherings, meetings, gatherings of Soviets of Young Pioneer detachments and Young Pioneer groups, in the press; to criticize shortcomings; to submit a proposal to any Soviet of the Young Pioneer organization, including the Central Soviet of the V. I. Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization; to ask for a recommendation of the Soviet of Young Pioneer group to join the VLKSM when on the right age to join.

Songs
Young Pioneer songs were usually sung at various Young Pioneer meetings, in Young Pioneer camps, and at schools. One of the earliest and the most popular song was the Young Pioneer March. It was written in 1922 by  (music by Sergei Dyoshkin) and was sometimes called The Anthem of Young Pioneers. There were a great many other songs, here are some very popular ones:
Accepting you into Young Pioneers (music by Aleksandra Pakhmutova, lyrics by N.Dobronravov)
Song about the first Young Pioneer detachment (A.Dolukhanian, S.Runge)
Our land (Dmitry Kabalevsky, A.Prishelets)
Gaidar is marching first (Aleksandra Pakhmutova, N.Dobronravov)
The eaglet (V.Bely, Ya. Shvedov)
Rise up in bonfires, thee blue nights (S. Kaidan-Deshkin, A. Zharov)
Whirlwinds of Danger (Whirlwinds of danger are raging around us) - (W. Święcicki, translated by G. Kryzhanovsky)
The little joyful drummer (L. Schwarz, Bulat Okudzhava)
March of Young Pioneer groups (N.Gubarkov,  G. Khodosov)
May there always be sunshine (A.Ostrovsky, L.Oshanin)
That's Me and You (Y. Chichkov)

Colours of units of the VLAUPO
These colours, in gold fringe, were in red with the organizational badge and motto in the obverse and in the reverse the name of the school detachment (elementary or secondary) or area authority (village/selsoviet, town/city, district/autonomous district, oblast/autonomous republic/autonomous oblast and republican) of the VLAUPO in gold lettering.

Awards

The Young Pioneers who excelled in academic study, work, sports or social activity were elected to the self-governing institutions, were sent as delegates to the Young Pioneers gatherings (including All-Union ones). The most notable were recognized in the organization's Book of Honor. During World War II, many Young Pioneers fought against Nazis in partisan detachments and/or Party underground units, which existed near their homes on territories occupied by Nazi Germany and their allies, while Pioneers in areas away from enemy lines helped in the home front efforts. Nearly 30,000 of them were awarded various orders and medals; four Young Pioneers became Heroes of the Soviet Union. One of the famous young pioneer All-Union camps was "Artek" located in Crimea opened in the 1930s. The camp was located on the top of the mountain "A-yu-dahg" which means "Bear's Mountain". Only the best students were selected to go there based on their grades and leadership. Young communists from other countries were welcome as well.

In popular culture
In the 1935 live-action animated film The New Gulliver (a Communist retelling of Jonathan Swift's classic novel), the framing story takes place at the Artek Young Pioneer camp, and the main character, Petya Konstantinov is an exemplary Pioneer boy.

The 1936 musical composition Peter and the Wolf written by Sergey Prokofiev is about a Young Pioneer called Peter who captures a wolf.

The 1964 satirical comedy film Welcome, or No Trespassing, directed by Elem Klimov, takes place in a Young Pioneer camp.

The 1972 stop motion animated film Cheburashka features a group of Young Pioneers, and the titular character and his friend, Crocodile Gena decide to become Pioneers themselves.

Gallery

See also

Ready for Labour and Defence of the USSR
Solemn Promise, Motto and Rules of Young Pioneers
Young Pioneer camp
Young Pioneer Palace
Komsomol
League of Militant Atheists
Little Octobrist
Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation (East German equivalent)
Pioneer Organization of the Socialist Youth Union (Czechoslovak equivalent)
Union of Pioneers of Yugoslavia
Young Pioneers of China

References

External links

 Chronology of the organization
Schools Hit Books For New Methods, an article about the situation with youth organizations in post-Soviet Russia (archived)
 Photos, symbols, songs and personal experience by a former Young Pioneer
Young Pioneers – This site has information about the Pioneer movement in the Soviet Union as well as in other Communist countries

Pioneer movement
1922 establishments in Russia
1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
Youth organizations based in the Soviet Union
Youth organizations established in 1922
Organizations disestablished in 1991
Articles containing video clips

Young Pioneers (Soviet Union)


Tuilleadh feasa ar Éirinn óigh ("More knowledge on the entirety of Ireland") is a medieval Gaelic-Irish topographical text, composed by Giolla na Naomh Ó hUidhrín (died 1420).

Overview

Tuilleadh feasa ... is both a supplement and a continuation of Seán Mór Ó Dubhagáin's Triallam timcheall na Fodla. Of the two, James Carney wrote:

 "These two poems together constitute a compendium of the topography of pre-Norman Ireland, as seen, however, by poets who lived two centuries after the invasion. Triallam timcheall na Fodla ... is an account of the territories of the northern half of Ireland and Leinster, indicating the ruling family or families of each district. Tuilleadh feasa ar Éirinn óigh ... treats in similar fashion of the southern half of Ireland, including Leinster, of which we have therefore two independent accounts. The introductory stanzas of Ó hUidhrín's poem, in which he defines the scope of his work and its relation to that of his predecessor, may be summarised as follows: I shall tell you here of the noble kindreds of Ireland who have been omitted by Ó Dubhagáin. It is not through want of knowledge that he has not described Leinster, for he has treated of Conn's half only. To describe the southern half, Munster, Leinster, and the lands about the lower Shannon, falls within my province."

See also

 Críchad an Chaoilli
 Crichaireacht cinedach nduchasa Muintiri Murchada
 Leabhar Adhamh Ó Cianáin
 O Doyne manuscript

References

 Topographical Poems by Seaán Mór Ó Dubhagáin and Giolla-Na-Naomh Ó Huidhrín, ed. James Carney, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1943.
 O hUidhrin, Giolla-na-naomh, Aidan Breen, in Dictionary of Irish Biography, p. 574, Cambridge, 2009.

Irish-language manuscripts
Medieval manuscripts
Medieval genealogies and succession lists

Tuilleadh feasa ar Éirinn óigh


The Bella Rose Arts Centre is a community-based proscenium theatre performing arts centre located inside of Halifax West High School in the Clayton Park neighbourhood of the Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia. The 600 seat, professional grade, multi-purpose theatre has the capacity to handle almost any type of event from music and dance shows, to theatrical productions, and conferences. It currently functions primarily as a rental venue.

Foundation

The idea of the theatre was founded during the planning process of the new Halifax West High School after the old Halifax West High School became condemned due to toxic mould contamination in July 2000.

Though the old Halifax West High School did not have a theatre or auditorium—having just a gymnasium with a stage in it—the communities of Clayton Park and surrounding areas fought for a theatre during the planning process of the new school. The Nova Scotia Department of Education would however not fund a theatre seeing it as an unnecessary add-on to an already expensive new High School.

After many hours of planning and community consultation it was decided that if there was going to be a theatre inside of the new Halifax West High School that the money for it would have to come from sources other than the government. The Halifax West Community Theatre Association was then founded to ensure that a theatre would be included in the overall plans for the new Halifax West High School.

The Halifax Regional School Board turned over the old Halifax West High School that was located on Dutch Village Road over to the Halifax Regional Municipality who then demolished the building sold the lot to a local developer for an undisclosed amount. Of that undisclosed amount approximately $300 000 CAD was then donated to the Halifax West Community Theatre Association so that an empty shell could be included in the High School's initial construction that would one day hold the theatre after fundraising was complete.

Fundraising
Once the new Halifax West High School was completed, the Halifax West Community Theatre Association began fundraising for the new theatre calling it Theatre Halifax. The centre remained known as Theatre Halifax until February 12, 2007, when it was announced that Mickey MacDonald, a local entrepreneur and businessman pledged to donate $300 000.00 CAD towards the theatre. The theatre was then renamed the Bella Rose Arts Centre in honour of his mother, Bella MacDonald and his daughter, Bella Rose MacDonald. The Halifax West Theatre Association was also later renamed to the Bella Rose Arts Centre Society to reflect this generous donation.

The theatre's fundraising efforts include; general donations from individuals, corporations and local governments, holding raffles and selling advertising space on tickets, ticket envelopes, and on the centre's website.

The most notable fundraising campaign is the Name-A-Seat campaign which allows anyone to purchase an inscribed plate in one of the theatre's 600 seats.

The Bella Rose Arts Centre Society is a Canadian registered charity.

Construction
The concrete shell that was put in place for the theatre was fairly limited; the original plan for the theatre only included 503 orchestra seats, no balcony, and no catwalks. The Halifax West Community Theatre Association, during the final planning stages, decided to put in an additional 97-seat balcony and two catwalks. This required some slight modifications to the exterior of the theatre shell on the second floor of the high school to add access to these areas.

After most of the fundraising efforts were completed, construction on the theatre started in February 2007 and was completed in June 2007.

Amenities

 The Bella Rose Arts Centre is a proscenium theatre with a stage that has a performance space that is 34 feet wide and 23 feet deep. The stage has a sprung, professional grade dance floor.
 There are 503 seats in the orchestra and 97 seats in the balcony for a total of 600.
 There are 6 accessibility spots available for wheelchair users.

Notable events and performances
 Brooks Diamond Productions - DRUM! (October 2008)
 2008 Halifax Regional Municipality Swearing In Ceremony (November 2008)
 Premier Rodney MacDonald - Ceilidh for Kids (November 2010)
 Ballet Jörgen Canada - Original Dance (April 2009)
 Halifax Theatre for Young People - The Gravesavers (May 2009)
 Halifax West High School - How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying (May 2009)
 So You Think You Can Dance Canada - Season 3 - Halifax Auditions (March 2010)
 TV with TV's Jonathan Torrens - TV Mystery Shows (April 2010)
 Halifax Theatre for Young People - Merlin (April 2010)
 Halifax West High School - A Chorus Line (May 2010)
 Halifax Boys' Honour Choir with special guests Men of the Deeps - Mining the Memories (March 2011)
 Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog On Stage (May 2011)

Theatres in Nova Scotia
Community theatre
Buildings and structures in Halifax, Nova Scotia
Music venues in Halifax, Nova Scotia

Bella Rose Arts Centre


Carex fumosimontana, the Great Smoky Mountain sedge, is a species of sedge endemic to the Great Smoky Mountains in the southeastern United States. It was first formally described in 2013 by American botanist Dwayne Estes in Brittonia.

It is part of the Carex crinita complex within the section Carex sect. Phacocystis. It is a small complex of species characterized in part by their thick, pendulous spikes, rough, three-veined pistillate scales, leaves over 2 mm in width, and ladder-fibrillose sheathes. Carex fumosimontana is most similar to Carex gynandra, but can be distinguished from other species in this complex by a combination of the following characters: dark reddish brown pistillate scales, reddish sheaths, elliptical rather than ovate perigynia, and smooth or minutely papillose perigynia.

Carex fumosimontana occurs in openings within the spruce-fir forests of the Great Smoky Mountains in North Carolina and Tennessee. It is found in mesic sedge meadows and seeps at the edge of rock outcrops. The name is from the Latin for "smoky" and "mountain", in reference to the type locality.

References

fumosimontana
Plants described in 2013
Endemic flora of the United States
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Carex fumosimontana


Dickinsonia is  an early type of pre-Cambrian life.  They were very different from current organisms. They are considered to be one of the early forms of multicellular organisms.  Their bodies were shaped like discs. Based on the fossils, they were between four millimeteers an 1.4m in size. They were only a few millimetres thick.  Their body was segmented: there is a large central furrow, and smaller ones around the body of the organism. Their body was symmetric.  Mostly based on the shape and size of the fossils found, they have been classified into different species.

The Dickinsonia species probably did not move around the ocean on their own: they used ocean currents to float around. Possibly they had a way to attach to the ocean floor.  Their feeding probably resembled that of the  placozoa.

Problems with classification
They were also compared to modern-day Cnidarians, Polychaetes, and Turbellaria. Because of the prominent central part, they were also seen as Chordates.  Because of their feeding habit, they were classified as similar ot the Placozoa. It was suggested, that they lived in symbiosis with organisms doing photosynthesis, and were possibly comparable to modern-day Lichen; if the mechanism worked the same as in modern-day lichens, they would be fungi.

Dickinsonia are animals
A study published in 2018, has shown Dickinsonia  were animals.

"The fossils contained almost exclusively cholesteroids, a marker found only in animals... Thus, Dickinsonia were basal animals. This supports the idea that the Ediacaran biota may have been a precursor to the explosion of animal forms later seen in the Cambrian, about 500 million years ago".

Very little cholesterol was found outside the specimen in the surrounding rock. The Ediacara biota (571 million to 541 million years ago) is the first complex organisms in the geological record large enough to be seen without magnification.

History of discovery
The first fossils were found in the Flinders Ranges, in Australia in the 1940s. Reginald Sprigg, a paleontologist, published the first scientific study of Dickinsonia in 1947. Sprigg named the genus after Ben Dickinson, who was the director of the Mines of South Australia, at the time.  In the study, Sprigg thought t he had found the fossil of a jellyfish. In 1956, Harrington and Moore classified Dickinsonia as Cnidarians.In 1966, they were classified as Annelids. Most Annelid fossils are quite different from fossilized Dickinsonia, but they resemble some fossilized marine worms.  S. Manton contradicted this interpretation in 1967. Because of these incertainities, the discussion about how to classify Dickinsonia is still ongoing.

References

Ediacaran

Dickinsonia


Blackcurrant seed oil is derived from the seeds of Ribes nigrum (black currant, or European currant). It contains an unusually high amount of omega-6 (15–20 percent) as well as a high amount of omega-3 fatty acids (12–14 percent). It also contains linoleic acid as well as 2–4 percent stearidonic acid. There are some indications that blackcurrant seed oil is anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective. In European folk medicine, black currant once had a considerable reputation for controlling diarrhea, promoting urine output (as a diuretic) and reducing arthritic and rheumatic pains. It is primarily used medicinally and as a diet supplement.

References

Vegetable oils

Blackcurrant seed oil


Loco (1823–2 February 1905) was a Copper Mines Mimbreño Apache chief who was known for seeking peace at all costs with the US Army, despite the outlook of his fellow Apaches like Victorio and Geronimo.

Name
Loco's Apache name was Jlin-tay-i-tith, "Stops His Horse". One theory suggested that he earned his nickname, "Loco", because he was 'crazy' enough to trust the white men."  Yet, this view is not held by most historians. Bud Shapard, former chief of the Bureau of Research at the BIA from 1978 to 1987, points out that he got his name from his actions at a battle against the Mexicans, where he supposedly braved gunfire in order to save an injured warrior. Loco related this story to John Gregory Bourke in 1882 as well.

Time as chief
After the deaths of Cuchillo Negro, chief of the Warm Springs Tchihende, (1857) and Mangas Coloradas, chief of the Copper Mines Tchihende, (1863), the Copper Mines Mimbreños and the Warm Springs Mimbreños, under Pindah's pressure, were forced to leave the Pinos Altos area, near Santa Rita del Cobre, and try to concentrate in the Ojo Caliente area. Both of the tribe's bands after Delgadito's death in 1864 had dual chiefs: the Copper Mines Tchihende were under Loco and the Warm Springs Tchihende were under Victorio (who, already chosen as his son-in-law by Mangas Coloradas, was preferred to the older Nana).

The Mimbreños accepted to settle in a reservation  at Ojo Caliente and later at Cañada Alamosa, but the Mimbreño reservation was abolished, and Victorio's and Loco's people was sent to the Mescalero reservation at Tularosa. When the Government stated to deport the Mimbreños to San Carlos, in 1877 Victorio and Loco led back their people to Ojo Caliente, but, in 1878, 9th Cavalry was sent to bring them back to San Carlos. Victorio took again the warpath, but Loco was arrested and could not join Victorio in his last war in 1879–1880, remaining in the San Carlos reservation.

In 1882, when a party of Apaches including Geronimo forced Loco to leave for Mexico, Loco instead waged guerilla warfare against the Chiricahuas.  In 1886, Loco went to Washington, D.C. to negotiate; however, like Geronimo, he was made prisoner and sent to Florida.

Legacy
Unlike the militants Geronimo and Victorio, Loco was an advocate for peace.

Loco was a strong proponent of education and was the first chief to send his children to school while at San Carlos Agency in 1884. Another of his sons was the first to attend the Indian school in Alabama in 1889.

References

Chiricahua people
1823 births
1905 deaths
Native Americans imprisoned at Fort Marion
People of the American Old West
Apache Wars
Native American leaders
Native American people of the Indian Wars

Loco (Apache)


Minister of National Defence for Air (Canada) was the minister responsible for the Royal Canadian Air Force during World War II. post created by the 1940 War Measures Act. The act specifically amended the National Defence Act of 1923.

The post was merged into the current post of the Minister of National Defence (Canada) in 1946.

List of ministers
 Charles Gavan Power 1940–1945
 Angus Lewis Macdonald  1944–1945 acting
 Colin William George Gibson 1945 acting
 Colin William George Gibson 1945–1946

Ministers with military experience

Gibson was Lieutenant Colonel of the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry and later Commandant of the Hamilton Garrison.

Both Macdonald, who was a Lieutenant and Power served as Captain and Acting Major with the Canadian Expeditionary Force in the army during World War I.

See also

 Minister of Militia and Defence
 Minister of the Naval Service
 Minister of National Defence
 Minister of Aviation
 Minister of National Defence for Naval Services
 Minister of Overseas Military Forces

Canadian military aviation
National Defence


Cambium is a tissue in plants which is made of dividing cells. In trees it is found between phloem and xylem tissue.

There are several types of cambium depending on where it is in a tree or plant. Usually we only see the cork cambium, which makes the tough outer layer, the bark. Unlike the bark, cambium is made of living cells. They are one of the ways in which trees can go on growing for many years.

Botany
Trees
Plant tissues

Cambium


Mark Lisi (born October 11, 1977) is an American former soccer player who played midfielder for New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer until his retirement due to debilitating injuries at the finish of the 2006 season. Lisi Court in Franklin Township, NJ is named after him.

Career

Lisi, who was born in Englewood, Colorado, played college soccer at Clemson University from 1997 to 2000.  As a freshman, Lisi recorded three goals and six assists, despite starting only four games for the Tigers.  As a sophomore, he was named second-team All-American and first-team All-ACC, after scoring 10 goals and 17 assists for the team.  His junior season was not as impressive, as he finished with only 5 goals and 6 assists, but he was named first-team All-ACC nevertheless.  In his senior season, he scored 14 goals and 8 assists, and was named a first-team All-American. He finished his career at Clemson with 33 goals and 37 assists.

Upon graduating, Lisi was selected third overall in the 2001 MLS SuperDraft by D.C. United.  He immediately earned a starting role with a mediocre D.C. team, and finished the year with four goals and five assists in 25 games.  However, shortly into the 2002 season, Lisi was traded along with Craig Ziadie to the MetroStars in exchange for Petter Villegas and Orlando Perez.  Lisi played mostly as a reserve for the Metros, and finished the year with two goals and an assist in a combined 23 games played.  The next year, Lisi saw an enlarged role with the Metros, starting 20 games and finished the year second in the league with 11 assists, along with one goal.  However, Lisi lost his starting role in 2004, as Eddie Gaven emerged as a certain starter, and the team acquired Joselito Vaca.  He only started eight games, missed a lot of time due to various injuries, yet finished the season with four assists. In 2005, Lisi played in 28 league games, and totalled five assists.  In 2006, Lisi saw only nine games for the team, missing almost the entire season due to knee injury, and retired at the end of the season.  At the time of his retirement, he was the team's longest-serving player.

References

External links
footballdatabase.com

1977 births
Living people
American men's soccer players
Clemson Tigers men's soccer players
D.C. United players
New York Red Bulls players
Major League Soccer players
D.C. United draft picks
Soccer players from Colorado
All-American college men's soccer players
Men's association football midfielders

Mark Lisi


In economics and particularly in international trade, an offer curve shows the quantity of one type of product that an agent will export ("offer") for each quantity of another type of product that it imports. The offer curve was first derived by English economists Edgeworth and Marshall to help explain international trade.

The offer curve is derived from the country's PPF. We describe a Country named K which enjoys both goods Y and X. It is slightly better at producing good X, but wants to consume both goods. It wants to consume at point C or higher (above the PPF). Country K starts in Autarky at point C. At point C, country K can produce (and consume) 3 Y for 5 X. As trade begins with another country, and country K begins to specialize in producing good X. When it produces at point B, it can trade with the other country and consume at point S. We now look at our Offer curve and draw a ray at the level 5 Y for 7 X. When full specialization occurs, K then produces at point A, trades and then consumes at point T. The price has reduced to 1 Y for 1 X, and the economy is now at equilibrium. The trade is balanced at the equilibrium.

References
Salvatore, Dominick. "International Economics." John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2001.

International economics
Microeconomics
Economics curves

Offer curve


Barr v. City of Columbia, 378 U.S. 146 (1964), is a United States Supreme Court decision that reversed the breach of peace and criminal trespass convictions of five African Americans who were refused service at a lunch counter of a department store. The Court held that there was insufficient evidence to support the breach of peace convictions, and reversed the criminal trespass convictions for the reasons stated in another case that was decided that same day, Bouie v. City of Columbia, which held that the retroactive application of an expanded construction of a criminal statute was barred by due process of ex post facto laws.

Background

Five African American students from Benedict College went to the Taylor Street Pharmacy in Columbia, South Carolina, and sat down at its lunch counter and waited for service. The store allowed persons of all races to use all facilities except for the lunch counter, which served whites only. The store manager had arranged for police to be present for any sit-in demonstrators, and then, consistent with the restaurant's policy of refusing service to blacks, the restaurant manager requested the persons to leave. When they refused, they were arrested for breach of the peace and criminal trespass. At trial the defendants their arrest, prosecution, and conviction by the state for requesting service at a restaurant that refused service to African Americans would violate the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. The trial court convicted the students, and the Supreme Court of South Carolina affirmed in an unreported decision.

Opinion of the Court
The Supreme Court first considered the breach of peace convictions and noted that the students had simply remained sitting at the lunch counter when asked by the manager to leave. The State had argued that the students simply remaining could cause others to breach the peace when they saw the students. The Court rejected that argument, and did not find that the evidence supported a breach of peace conviction, and reversed.

Regarding the trespass convictions, the majority opinion by Justice Black did not reach the broad question posed by the defendants as to "whether the Fourteenth Amendment of its own force forbids a State to arrest and prosecute those who, having been asked to leave a restaurant because of their color, refuse to do so." Instead, the Court considered its ruling in Bouie v. City of Columbia, which had been announced the same day, which found that the South Carolina Supreme Court had expanded the scope of acts that were covered under its criminal trespass statute. The Supreme Court in that case held that retroactive application of this expanded scope violated due process as an ex post facto law, and the Barr decision references that decision for its holding.

The concurring opinion of Justice Douglas simply stated that he would reverse based upon his opinions in Bell v. Maryland, another case involving a sit-in demonstration by African American students that was announced the same day as the Barr decision. Justice Goldberg, joined by Chief Justice Warren, stated that they would reverse for the reasons stated in the majority opinion in Bell. Justices Black, Harlan, and White stated that they dissented for the same reasons stated in their Bouie dissent, that the actions in the restaurant did not constitute state action.

Subsequent developments
Barr v. City of Columbia was one of five cases involving segregation protests decided on June 22, 1964. The other four cases were Griffin v. Maryland, Robinson v. Florida, Bouie v. City of Columbia, and Bell v. Maryland. In none of these cases did the Supreme Court reach the merits of any argument addressing whether private actions of segregation which are enforced by state courts constituted a state action which violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. These decisions were announced two days after the Senate ended a filibuster and passed the bill which would become the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which outlawed segregation in public accommodations. It has been suggested that the Supreme Court refrained from reaching the merits in these cases in consideration of the Act, had it done so it would have eliminated the basis for passage of the Act.

See also
 Civil Rights Movement

References

External links

1964 in United States case law
United States Constitution Article One case law
United States ex post facto case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court
History of Columbia, South Carolina
African-American history of South Carolina
Lunch counters
Civil rights movement case law
Restaurants in South Carolina
Benedict College

Barr v. City of Columbia


Kalle Vellevoog (born April 14, 1963, in Tallinn) is a notable Estonian architect.

Kalle Vellevoog studied in the State Art Institute of the Estonian SSR (today's Estonian Academy of Arts) in the department of architecture. He graduated from the academy in 1986.

From 1986 to 1990 Kalle Vellevoog worked in the Tallinn office of the soviet design bureau Tsentrosojuz Projekt. From 1990 Kalle Vellevoog works in the architectural bureau JVR OÜ.

Most notable works by Kalle Vellevoog are the housing area of Seedri street in Pärnu, the apartment building on Kaupmehe street, the apartment building on Pähkli street and the apartment building on Seedri street. Kalle Vellevoog is a member of the Union of Estonian Architects and from 1998 to 2002 was the chairman of the union and in 2002 to 2004 the vice chairman.

Works
Apartment building on Suur-Patarei street, 1998
Office building on Türi Street, 1999 (with Velle Kadalipp)
Private houses on Seedri Street in Pärnu, 2003
Apartment building on Kaupmehe Street, 2004 (with Velle Kadalipp)
Apartment building in Pärnu, 2004
Housing area in Tallinn, 2005 (with Velle Kadalipp)
Apartment building on Tatari Street, 2005 (with Velle Kadalipp)
Apartment building in Haapsalu, 2006
Office building in Tallinn, 2006
Apartment building on Seedri Street in Pärnu, 2007

References
Union of Estonian Architects
Architectural Bureau JVR OÜ, architects

1963 births
Living people
Architects from Tallinn
Recipients of the Order of the White Star, 3rd Class
Estonian Academy of Arts alumni

Kalle Vellevoog


The Speaking Out movement is a social movement against emotional, physical and sexual abuse in the professional wrestling industry, where people publicize their allegations of misconduct committed by powerful and/or prominent individuals. Similar to other empowerment movements based upon breaking silence such as #MeToo, the purpose of #SpeakingOut (a hashtag that began to spread on Twitter in June 2020) is to empower wrestling-related people to tell their stories of abuse they have experienced.

History

On June 17, 2020, independent wrestler David Starr was accused of sexual assault by a former girlfriend of his, which Starr denied. After the allegation came out, several wrestling promotions stripped Starr of his titles and fired him.

The following day, numerous people in and out of the pro wrestling industry accused several wrestlers, promoters, personalities, and journalists of sexual misconduct. The hashtag "Speaking Out" began to spread on social media when people told their stories. #SpeakingOut was a trending topic on Twitter. Soon after, one of the victims making the accusations stated that Yorkshire Police were investigating the accusations and that she and another victim had a list of 70 wrestlers with 100 incidents documented.

Response
Many wrestlers, personalities, and journalists overwhelmingly supported those that spoke out on their experiences.

All Elite Wrestling
All Elite Wrestling wrestler Jimmy Havoc was accused of emotional and verbal abuse by former partner, Rebecca Crow. On June 19, 2020, AEW announced in a statement that Havoc would be attending therapy for a number of issues and they would come to a decision about his employment at a later date. Havoc would be released by AEW on August 13.

On June 22, audio from a podcast went viral where Sammy Guevara joked that he wanted to rape WWE women's wrestler Sasha Banks. AEW subsequently suspended Guevara without pay, with Guevara agreeing to undergo extensive sensitivity training. It was also announced that Guevara's salary would be donated to the Women's Center of Jacksonville. Later that day, Banks stated that she and Guevara had been in contact with each other, that he had apologized to her, and that they had engaged in an "open discussion" to help him understand the severity of his comments. Guevara would complete his training and return on July 22.

On June 23, Darby Allin was accused of emotional, mental, and sexual abuse by Hawlee Cromwell, an independent wrestler with whom he allegedly had a relationship.

Chikara
On June 19, Chikara removed Kobald from their roster following allegations made against him. Chikara owner Mike Quackenbush was also accused of knowingly overseeing a company that enabled abuse and neglect, which led to many wrestlers on the Chikara roster such as Hallowicked, Kimber Lee, Jacob Hammermeier, Frightmare and Green Ant resigning from the promotion. On June 24, Chikara announced they had shut down completely.

Impact Wrestling
Wrestlers Joey Ryan, Michael Elgin, and Dave Crist were accused of misconduct. Impact Wrestling's parent company, Anthem Sports & Entertainment, released a statement saying they were reviewing the allegations. Ryan, who had eighteen different allegations against him, would release a statement without addressing specific allegations. It was later revealed that Ryan and Crist's contracts were terminated, while Elgin was suspended. On June 26, Impact Wrestling announced Elgin would be removed from all future programing. On July 2, Elgin released a video denying the allegations made against him. On July 18, Ryan also released a video denying almost all the allegations made against him. He filed lawsuits against some of his accusers as well as a lawsuit against Impact. On March 8, 2021, Ryan issued a statement saying he would drop several lawsuits. Two days later, he issued a second statement saying he would drop another lawsuit.

TJP came out with allegations of being taken advantage of by older female wrestlers when he was fifteen.

Major League Wrestling
On June 20, Major League Wrestling ring announcer Mark Adam Haggerty was accused of sending inappropriate text messages to a minor. An hour later, MLW and two other promotions announced that they would no longer be working with Haggerty.

National Wrestling Alliance
On June 18, National Wrestling Alliance Vice President Dave Lagana was accused of sexual misconduct. The following day, Lagana resigned from his position.

New Japan Pro-Wrestling
New Japan Pro-Wrestling star Will Ospreay was accused by a former female wrestler, Pollyanna, of having her blacklisted after she made allegations towards another wrestler, Scott Wainwright, who is a friend of Ospreay's. While Ospreay denied the accusation, International Wrestling League would release a statement that contradicted his denial. In October 2020, IWL clarified their statement.

Ring of Honor
On June 22, Marty Scurll was accused of taking advantage of a 16-year-old girl who was inebriated. Scurll would release two statements in which he did not deny the allegations, but claimed the encounter was consensual while both participants were intoxicated. On June 25, Ring of Honor announced that they launched an investigation concerning the allegations. On January 4, 2021, it was announced that Scurll had left ROH.

On July 6, former ROH Women's Champion Kelly Klein alleged that Jay Lethal sexually harassed women and ROH covered it up. He had been previously accused by Taeler Hendrix of sexually harassing her in 2018. Lethal released a statement denying the allegations.

WWE

Joe Coffey was accused of harassing a woman, sending unsolicited naked photos, sending voice messages, and unsolicited stalking. On June 30, he was suspended by WWE.

Jack Gallagher was accused of sexual assault. On June 19, he was released by WWE. His profile was later deleted from WWE.com. On October 4, Gallagher issued a statement concerning the circumstances that led to his release.

Jordan Devlin was accused of physical abuse by a former partner. Devlin denied the allegations. He would be suspended indefinitely by Progress Wrestling following the allegations.

Matt Riddle was accused of sexual misconduct by a female wrestler. Riddle denied the allegation through his attorney. It was later reported that WWE was aware of the allegation against Riddle when he was signed in 2018 and had investigated it at the time. On July 8, Riddle admitted to having an affair with his accuser, but reiterated his denial of the accusations against him. On September 16, Riddle dropped his petition for a restraining order against his accuser. The following day, Riddle filed a civil lawsuit against his accuser. On October 8, it was reported that Riddle's accuser filed a countersuit against Riddle, WWE, Gabe Sapolsky, and Evolve Wrestling. On March 24, 2021, a judge ruled to terminate WWE and Gabe Sapolsky as defendants in the lawsuit. Riddle's request for termination of the lawsuit was denied. On July 13, 2021, it was reported Riddle's accuser dropped her lawsuit against him.

Travis Banks was accused of emotional abuse by former student Millie McKenzie, who had a relationship with Banks while aged 17. McKenzie also stated that Banks has had similar relationships with other trainees. Banks responded to the allegations via a statement. McKenzie proceeded to tweet screenshots of a text conversation between the two where Banks, who seemed to be intoxicated by the nature of his messages, had stalked McKenzie and was harassing her in a hotel room. Banks would be released by Progress Wrestling and WWE following the allegations and his profile was also deleted from WWE.com.

Ligero was accused of indecent assault, sending inappropriate messages, and engaging in inappropriate conduct. While he denied the indecent assault allegation, he admitted that he did send inappropriate messages and engaged in inappropriate conduct. Ligero would be released by Progress Wrestling and WWE following the allegations and his profile was also deleted from WWE.com.

Velveteen Dream was accused of having inappropriate communications with minors as well as attempting to groom them. He had previously been accused of sending inappropriate photos to minors several months earlier, which at that time he denied. Following Velveteen Dream's return on the August 12, 2020 episode of NXT, which was met with heavy criticism from fans, Triple H stated that WWE had investigated the allegations and they "didn't find anything". Following his release, Velveteen Dream issued a statement denying the allegations on May 24, 2021, and his profile was deleted from WWE.com.

NXT UK referees Joel Allen and Chris Roberts were released by WWE on June 30 following allegations against them.

WWE released a statement concerning Devlin and Riddle saying they took the matters seriously and were looking into it. WWE would later issue a second statement saying that they would take action upon those who were arrested or convicted.

Various independent promotions
In March 2020, three months prior to the Speaking Out movement taking place, 3-2-1 Battle! cut ties with head booker/trainer Steve West following allegations made against him. The entire management team was forced to step down as well. An attempt to revive the promotion with a new management team was quickly abandoned.

Black Label Pro released wrestler Johnathan Wolf on June 19, following allegations of sexual assault and mental abuse. Game Changer Wrestling subsequently removed Wolf from their The Wrld on GCW Part 2 show on June 20.

Mikey Whiplash was accused of sexual harassment and physical abuse. Fierce Wrestling would cut ties with him following the allegations.

Inspire Pro Wrestling ended their relationship with wrestler Andy Dalton on June 20 following allegations that Dalton had sent inappropriate messages to a minor.

Following a string of sexual misconduct allegations made towards Singaporean wrestler Alex Cuevas, Singapore Pro Wrestling and Philippine Wrestling Revolution cut all ties with him.

On June 20, independent wrestler Kyle Boone tweeted about being assaulted and bullied by Kongo Kong at an independent wrestling event. Boone stated that he was forced to show his penis in front of the entire locker room and give him the money he made from the show and selling merch. Kong responded by saying when he started in the business, it was not uncommon to rib rookies. He continued his statement by saying if he had known sooner, he would have tried to hash it out like adults. He was not given any indication that something was wrong as it was all "hugs and smiles". He also stated he would only pick on people he liked and saw something in.

On June 21, Bar Wrestling was shut down following several multiple sexual assault allegations against owner Joey Ryan.

Progress Wrestling announced that the promotion underwent structural changes after several wrestlers were either suspended or fired due to the numerous allegations made against them. The promotion also announced that they would shut down until they were satisfied with the changes.

Former NWA/WCW and WWE manager Jim Cornette and his wife faced allegations from independent wrestler Phil Earley that he forced trainees to engage in sexual intercourse with her and would watch while he was in charge of Ohio Valley Wrestling. Cornette denied the allegations.

Saraya Knight retired on June 23 following allegations that she had abused both trainees and fellow colleagues.She later announced she would take legal action against her accusers. and eventually returned to work for her family's promotion WAW in December.

Revolution Pro Wrestling fired trainer Andy Simmonz and one training student on June 24 following allegations against both.

Rockstar Pro Wrestling announced a new code of conduct in response to the Speaking Out movement.

Jeff Duncan (aka The Natural) was removed as one of the co-owners of Elite Canadian Championship Wrestling amid sexual harassment and bullying allegations. Duncan would later issue a statement regarding the allegations.

Over the Top Wrestling announced that the promotion underwent staff and policy changes in response to the Speaking Out movement.

Westside Xtreme Wrestling cut ties with wrestlers Julian Pace and Jay Skillet after allegations were made against them.

Wrestling journalism
Michael Brandon Stroud, professional wrestling editor for Uproxx, had his "With Spandex" vertical suspended after he was accused of sexual assault. Uproxx later announced on July 2 that Stroud was fired from the publication and "With Spandex" would be shut down, with future pro wrestling coverage to appear on Uproxx Sports.

British Parliament inquiry
On September 24, 2020, the All-Party Parliamentary Group, an informal cross-party group of MPs which has no official status within Parliament, launched an inquiry into the UK wrestling scene after the numerous allegations that came out of the Speaking Out movement. Progress and Trust Wrestling announced they would be working with the APPG. The inquiry is headed by Alex Davies-Jones.

See also
 Believe women
 MeToo movement
 Hashtag activism
 Call-out culture

References

2020 controversies
2020 in professional wrestling
2020 introductions
2020 in Internet culture
21st-century social movements
Hashtags
Internet-based activism
Professional wrestling controversies
Sexual misconduct allegations
Violence against men
Violence against women

Speaking Out movement