Michael Warren Scott (born April 26, 1955) is an American right-handed former pitcher in Major League Baseball for the New York Mets and the Houston Astros. He won the National League Cy Young Award in , becoming the first Astros pitcher to win the award. Scott is part of a select group of pitchers that have thrown a no-hitter and struck out 300 batters in the same season.

Early career
Scott was selected by the Mets in the second round of the 1976 Major League Baseball draft from Pepperdine University. He made his major league debut with the Mets in . By the end of the 1982 season, Scott had compiled a 14–27 record with a 4.65 ERA and three saves. After going 7–13 with a 5.14 ERA in 37 games with the Mets in 1982, he was traded to the Astros for Danny Heep at the Winter Meetings on December 10. In 1983, Scott had a mostly successful first season with the Astros making 24 starts and going 10–6 with a 3.72 earned run average. Scott struggled in 1984 going 5–11 with a 4.68 ERA for the Astros.

The turning point in Scott's career came in , when he became a student of pitching coach Roger Craig. Craig taught Scott the split-finger fastball, a pitch he had made famous while coaching the pitchers of the 1984 World Series champion Detroit Tigers. Scott became an 18-game winner in 1985 and was rewarded with a three-year deal with the Astros, valued at $2 million. However, there were rumors that Scott's dominating performance was the result of ball scuffing. Scott had been accused of using sandpaper by the Chicago Cubs in 1985. In August 1986, Roger Craig, then the manager of the San Francisco Giants, complained that Scott's real secret was that he scuffed the baseball. "It's great," Scott said of the charges. "Any time you have hitters coming to the plate thinking you're doing something, it takes their minds off the pitch . . . Nine times out of 10 the umpire will look at the ball and throw it right back to me."

1986
Scott had his most successful season in 1986, when he posted an 18–10 record with a 2.22 earned run average, striking out a league-leading 306 batters. On September 25 of that season, he threw a 2–0 no-hitter against the San Francisco Giants at the Astrodome to clinch the National League West division title for the Astros. This game was voted one of the top five games played in the Astrodome after the Astros moved to Enron Field following the 1999 season. He led a strong starting rotation that included Bob Knepper, Nolan Ryan, and Jim Deshaies. Scott had a stretch from May 9 to August 8 where he had a quality start (a minimum of six innings pitched without allowing more than three runs) in all twenty games started, setting a club record (the previous record was Don Wilson with fifteen in 1971). Scott's twenty starts would be a club record until Framber Valdez passed him on August 24, 2022.

Scott's outstanding form continued into the postseason, when Houston faced the Eastern Division champion New York Mets in the 1986 National League Championship Series. The Astros lost the series in six games but both Astros victories were courtesy of Scott's overwhelming starting pitching performances in Games 1 and 4. The Mets aggressively voiced their suspicions that Scott was doctoring the baseball to the media during the series, although nothing was ever found to support these claims.  So dominant was Scott in those two games — 0.50 ERA, 19 strikeouts, 8 hits and only one walk in 18 innings — that the Mets considered Game 6 something of a "must win"; a loss would have meant facing an apparently unbeatable Mike Scott in Game 7 in the Astrodome. The Mets won Game 6 in 16 innings, averting another Scott start, to win the league pennant.

In recognition of his regular season performance, Scott was awarded the 1986 National League Cy Young Award as the league's best pitcher. Scott was also voted the NL 1986 NLCS MVP, the first time in NLCS history that a member of the losing team was so honored (a year later, the San Francisco Giants' Jeffrey Leonard would become the second consecutive NLCS MVP of the losing team).

Later career

In , Scott was the National League starter in the All-Star Game, and threw two scoreless innings. He was also the opening day starter for the Astros. He went 16–13 with a 3.23 earned run average, eight complete games and three shutouts in 247.2 innings while finishing second in the National League with 233 strikeouts.

In , Scott once more was named the Astros' opening day starter. On June 12, he was denied a second no-hitter when the Atlanta Braves' Ken Oberkfell singled to right with two outs in the ninth inning. He had a 14–8 record with a 2.92 earned run average, eight complete games and five shutouts in 218.2 innings while having 190 strikeouts.

In , Scott won 20 games (while losing 10) and finished second in NL Cy Young Award voting, behind reliever Mark Davis of the San Diego Padres. He was for the third consecutive time the opening day starter for the Astros. He had a 3.10 earned run average, nine complete games and 172 strikeouts in 229 innings pitched.

Injuries began to plague him shortly thereafter. His 1990 season was his last full season. He had a 9–13 record with a 3.81 earned run average in 32 games, having four complete games, two shutouts and 121 strikeouts in 205.2 innings. He played in just two games in the 1991 season, losing both games while lasting a total of seven innings, giving up 10 earned runs and having three strikeouts. Scott retired after the  season. As of the 2021 season, he is fourth all-time for the Astros in wins (110) and fifth in strikeouts (1318), and sixth in games started (259). On October 3, 1992, he and his former teammate José Cruz had their jersey numbers retired by the Astros.

See also

 Houston Astros award winners and league leaders
 List of Houston Astros no-hitters
 List of Houston Astros team records
 List of Major League Baseball annual shutout leaders
 List of Major League Baseball no-hitters
 List of Major League Baseball single-inning strikeout leaders

References

External links

Audio: Scott clinches the '86 NL West title with a no-hitter

1955 births
Living people
Cy Young Award winners
National League All-Stars
National League ERA champions
National League strikeout champions
National League wins champions
New York Mets players
Houston Astros players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Santa Monica, California
Baseball players at the 1975 Pan American Games
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
Pepperdine University alumni
Major League Baseball players with retired numbers
Jackson Mets players
Tidewater Tides players
National League Championship Series MVPs
American sportsmen
Pan American Games medalists in baseball
Pepperdine Waves baseball players
Medalists at the 1975 Pan American Games
Rieleros de Aguascalientes players
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico

Mike Scott (baseball)


In economics, a time-based currency is an alternative currency or exchange system where the unit of account is the person-hour or some other time unit. Some time-based currencies value everyone's contributions equally: one hour equals one service credit. In these systems, one person volunteers to work for an hour for another person; thus, they are credited with one hour, which they can redeem for an hour of service from another volunteer. Others use time units that might be fractions of an hour (e.g. minutes, ten minutes – 6 units/hour, or 15 minutes – 4 units/hour). While most time-based exchange systems are service exchanges in that most exchange involves the provision of services that can be measured in a time unit, it is also possible to exchange goods by 'pricing' them in terms of the average national hourly wage rate (e.g. if the average hourly rate is $20/hour, then a commodity valued at $20 in the national currency would be equivalent to 1 hour).

History

19th century

Time-based currency exchanges date back to the early 19th century.

The Cincinnati Time Store (1827-1830) was the first in a series of retail stores created by American individualist anarchist Josiah Warren to test his economic labor theory of value. The experimental store operated from May 18, 1827, until May 1830. The Cincinnati Time Store experiment in use of labor as a medium of exchange antedated similar European efforts by two decades.

The National Equitable Labour Exchange was founded by Robert Owen, a Welsh socialist and labor reformer in London, England, in 1832. It was established in Birmingham, England, before folding in 1834. It issued "Labour Notes" similar to banknotes, denominated in units of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 hours. John Gray, a socialist economist, worked with Owen and later with Ricardian Socialists and postulated a National Chamber of Commerce as a central bank issuing a labour currency.

In 1848, the socialist and first self-designated anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon postulated a system of time chits.

Josiah Warren  published a book describing labor notes in 1852.

In 1875, Karl Marx wrote of "Labor Certificates" (Arbeitszertifikaten) in his Critique of the Gotha Program of a "certificate from society that [the labourer] has furnished such and such an amount of labour", which can be used to draw "from the social stock of means of consumption as much as costs the same amount of labour."

20th century

After criticizing the incoherency of capitalist, Leninist, and Trotskyist justifications of wage differentials in his 1949 Socialisme ou Barbarie text translated as "The Relations of Production in Russia" in the first volume of his Political and Social Writings http://libcom.org/files/cc_psw_v1.pdf, the political activist and philosopher Cornelius Castoriadis, responding to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, advocated that workers "proclaim the abolition of work norms and instaurate full equality of wages and salaries" in his 1957 Socialisme ou Barbarie text translated as "On the Content of Socialism, II" in the second volume of his Political and Social Writings http://libcom.org/files/cc_psw_v2.pdf.  (See also "The Hour of Work" section from "On the Content of Socialism, III," in the third volume: http://libcom.org/files/cc_psw_v3.pdf.)  He elaborated further on this advocacy of an "absolute equality of wages and incomes" in his 1974 text, "Hierarchy of Salaries and Incomes," also in the third volume: http://libcom.org/files/cc_psw_v3.pdf, and in the "Today" section (starting on page 90) of "Done and To Be Done" (1989), in the fifth volume of Castoriadis's Crossroads in the Labyrinth series: http://www.notbored.org/cornelius-castoriadis-crossroads-5-done-and-to-be-done.pdf

Edgar S. Cahn coined the term "Time Dollars" in Time Dollars: The New Currency That Enables Americans to Turn Their Hidden Resource-Time-Into Personal Security & Community Renewal, a book co-authored with Jonathan Rowe in 1992.  He also went on to trademark the terms "TimeBank" and "Time Credit".

Timebanking is a community development tool and works by facilitating the exchange of skills and experience within a community. It aims to build the 'core economy' of family and community by valuing and rewarding the work done in it. The world's first timebank was started in Japan by Teruko Mizushima in 1973 with the idea that participants could earn time credits which they could spend any time during their lives. She based her bank on the simple concept that each hour of time given as services to others could earn reciprocal hours of services for the giver at some stage in the future, particularly in old age when they might need it most. In the 1940s, Mizushima had already foreseen the emerging problems of an ageing society such as seen today. In the 1990s the movement took off in the US, with Dr Edgar Cahn pioneering it there, and in the United Kingdom, with Martin Simon from Timebanking UK and David Boyle, who brought in the London-based New Economics Foundation (Nef).

Paul Glover created Ithaca Hours in 1991. Each HOUR was valued at one hour of basic labor or $10.00. Professionals were entitled to charge multiple HOURS per hour, but often reduced their rate in the spirit of equity. Millions of dollars' worth of HOURS were traded among thousands of residents and 500 businesses. Interest-free HOUR loans were made, and HOUR grants given to over 100 community organizations.

The first British time bank opened in 1998 in Stroud, and a national charity and membership organisation, Timebanking UK, started in 2002.

21st century
According to Edgar S. Cahn, timebanking had its roots in a time when "money for social programs [had] dried up" and no dominant approach to social service in the U.S. was coming up with creative ways to solve the problem. He would later write that "Americans face at least three interlocking sets of problems: growing inequality in access by those at the bottom to the most basic goods and services; increasing social problems stemming from the need to rebuild family, neighborhood and community; and a growing disillusion with public programs designed to address these problems" and that "the crisis in support for efforts to address social problems stems directly from the failure of ... piecemeal efforts to rebuild genuine community." In particular Cahn focused on the top-down attitude prevalent in social services. He believed that one of the major failings of many social service organizations was their unwillingness to enroll the help of those people they were trying to help. He called this a deficit based approach to social service, where organizations view the people they were trying to help only in terms of their needs, as opposed to an asset based approach, which focuses on the contributions towards their communities that everyone can make. He theorized that a system like timebanking could "[rebuild] the infrastructure of trust and caring that can strengthen families and communities." He hoped that the system "would enable individuals and communities to become more self-sufficient, to insulate themselves from the vagaries of politics and to tap the capacity of individuals who were in effect being relegated to the scrap heap and dismissed as freeloaders."

As a philosophy, timebanking, also known as Time Trade is founded upon five principles, known as TimeBanking's Core Values:
 Everyone is an asset
 Some work is beyond a monetary price
 Reciprocity in helping
 Community (via social networks) is necessary
 A respect for all human beings

Ideally, timebanking builds community. TimeBank members sometimes refer to this as a return to simpler times when the community was there for its individuals. An interview at a timebank in the Gorbals neighbourhood of Glasgow revealed the following sentiment:

[the time bank] involves everybody coming together as a community ... the Gorbals has never—not for a long time—had a lot of community spirit. Way back, years ago, it had a lot of community spirit, but now you see that in some areas, people won't even go to the chap next door for some sugar ... that's what I think the project's doing, trying to bring that back, that community sense ...

In 2017 Nimses offered a concept of a time-based currency Nim. 1 nim = 1 minute of life. The concept was first adopted in Eastern Europe.
The concept is based on the idea of universal basic income. Every person is an issuer of nims. For every minute of one's life,  1 nim is created, which can be spent or sent to another person, like money.

Time dollars

Time dollars are a tax-exempt complementary currency used as a means of providing mutual credit in TimeBanking. They are typically called "time credits" or "service credits" outside the United States.  TimeBank members exchange services for Time Dollars. Each exchange is recorded as a corresponding credit and debit in the accounts of the participants. One hour of time is worth one Time Dollar, regardless of the service provided in one hour or how much skill is required to perform the task during that hour.  This "one-for-one" system that relies on an abundant resource is designed to both recognize and encourage reciprocal community service, resist inflation, avoid hoarding, enable trade, and encourage cooperation among participants.

Timebanks
Timebanks have been established in 34 countries, with at least 500 timebanks established in 40 US states and 300 throughout the United Kingdom. TimeBanks also have a significant presence in Japan, South Korea, New Zealand, Taiwan, Senegal, Argentina, Israel, Greece, and Spain. TimeBanks have been used to reduce recidivism rates with diversionary programs for first-time juvenile offenders; facilitate re-entry of for ex-convicts; deliver health care, job training and social services in public housing complexes; facilitate substance abuse recovery; prevent institutionalization of severely disabled children through parental support networks; provide transportation for homebound seniors in rural areas; deliver elder care, community health services and hospice care; and foster women's rights initiatives in Senegal.

Timebanking
Timebanking is a pattern of reciprocal service exchange that uses units of time as currency.  It is an example of a complementary monetary system.  A timebank, also known as a service exchange, is a community that practices time banking.  The unit of currency, always valued at an hour's worth of any person's labor, used by these groups has various names but is generally known as a time credit in the US and the UK (formerly a time dollar in the US).  Timebanking is primarily used to provide incentives and rewards for work such as mentoring children, caring for the elderly, being neighborly—work usually done on a volunteer basis—which a pure market system devalues.  Essentially, the "time" one spends providing these types of community services earns "time" that one can spend to receive services. As well as gaining credits, participating individuals, particularly those more used to being recipients in other parts of their lives, can potentially gain confidence, social contact and skills through giving to others.  Communities, therefore, use time banking as a tool to forge stronger intra-community connections, a process known as "building social capital". Timebanking had its intellectual genesis in the US in the early 1980s.  By 1990, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation had invested US$1.2 million to pilot time banking in the context of senior care.  Today, 26 countries have active TimeBanks.  There are 250 TimeBanks active in the UK and over 276 TimeBanks in the U.S.

Timebanking and the timebank
Timebank members earn credit in Time Dollars for each hour they spend helping other members of the community. Services offered by members in timebanks include: Child Care, Legal Assistance, Language Lessons, Home Repair, and Respite Care for caregivers, among other things. Time Dollars AKA time credits earned are then recorded at the timebank to be accessed when desired. A Timebank can theoretically be as simple as a pad of paper, but the system was originally intended to take advantage of computer databases for record keeping. Some Timebanks employ a paid coordinator to keep track of transactions and to match requests for services with those who can provide them. Other Timebanks select a member or a group of members to handle these tasks. Various organizations provide specialized software to help local Timebanks manage exchanges. The same organizations also often offer consulting services, training, and other materials for individuals or organizations looking to start timebanks of their own.

Example services offered by timebank members

The mission of an individual timebank influences exactly which services are offered. In some places, timebanking is adopted as a means to strengthen the community as a whole. Other timebanks are more oriented towards social service, systems change, and helping underprivileged groups. In some timebanks, both are acknowledged goals.

Time credit

The time credit is the fundamental unit of exchange in a timebank, equal to one hour of a person's labor. In traditional timebanks, one hour of one person's time is equal to one hour of another's. Time credits are earned for providing services and spent receiving services. Upon earning a time credit, a person does not need to spend it right away: they can save it indefinitely. However, since the value of a time credit is fixed at one hour, it resists inflation and does not earn interest. In these ways it is intentionally designed to differ from the traditional fiat currency used in most countries. Consequently, it does little good to hoard time credits and, in practice, many timebanks also encourage the donation of excess time credits to a community pool which is then spent for those in need or on community events.

Criticisms

Some criticisms of timebanking have focused on the time credit's inadequacies as a form of currency and as a market information mechanism. Frank Fisher of MIT predicted in the 1980s that such a currency "would lead to the kind of distortion of market forces which had crippled Russia's economy."

Dr. Gill Seyfang's study of the Gorbals TimeBank—one of the few studies of timebanking done by the academic community—listed several other non-theoretical problems with timebanking. The first is the difficulty of communicating to potential members exactly what makes timebanking different, or "getting people to understand the difference between timebanking and traditional volunteering." She also notes that there is no guarantee that every person's needs will be provided for by a timebank by dint of the fact that the supply of certain skills may be lacking in a community.

One of the most stringent criticisms of timebanking is its organizational sustainability. While some member-run TimeBanks with relatively low overhead costs do exist, others pay a staff to keep the organization running. This can be quite expensive for smaller organizations and without a long-term source of funding, they may fold.

Timebanking around the world

Timebanking UK
The first British time bank opened in 1998 in Stroud, Gloucestershire. Timebanking UK, or TBUK, was founded in 2002 by social activist Martin Simon, inspired by the growth of timebanking in the USA.  TBUK is a charity and membership organisation providing advice, resources, software and training to anyone who wants to set up a community time bank, develop an existing one, or learn more about timebanking. TBUK also advocates for timebanking at UK government and policy level, and supports organisations who wish to incorporate an asset-based approach into their practice.

By March 2021, almost six million hours had been exchanged by TBUK members, and there are time banks throughout the UK, from the Isle of Wight to Stanley in Perthshire.

TimeBank Ireland
TimeBank Ireland is a charitable organization established with the primary goal of promoting and implementing the concept of timebanking within the local communities of Ireland.

History

TimeBank Ireland was initially founded in approximately 2013. Over the subsequent years, the organization diligently worked towards achieving its charity status, which was officially granted in 2017. Since its inception, TimeBank Ireland has been dedicated to its mission of fostering community engagement and mutual aid through the timebanking model.

Achievements

In its early years, TimeBank Ireland experienced significant success in introducing timebanking to local communities. This innovative approach allowed members to exchange services using time as a currency, fostering a sense of community and collaboration. As a testament to its impact and reach, TimeBank Ireland now boasts members from various regions across the country.

Mission and Vision

TimeBank Ireland envisions a nation where community members actively support and uplift one another through the exchange of services, skills, and time. By promoting the ethos of mutual aid and reciprocity, the organization aims to strengthen community bonds and encourage a more collaborative and inclusive society.

Current Activities

With members scattered throughout Ireland, TimeBank Ireland continues to expand its reach and influence. The organization conducts regular workshops, community outreach programs, and awareness campaigns to educate the public about the benefits of timebanking and to encourage more individuals to join the movement.

Conclusion

TimeBank Ireland stands as a testament to the power of community-driven initiatives. Through its unwavering commitment to promoting timebanking, the organization has not only enriched the lives of its members but has also played a pivotal role in fostering a sense of community and collaboration across Ireland.

Global timebanking

In 2013 TimeRepublik  launched the first global Timebank. Its aim is to eliminate geographical limitations of previous timebanks.
Since 2015 TimeRepublik has been promoting Time Banking within local governments, municipalities, universities, and large companies.
In 2017 TimeRepublik won the first prize at the BAI Global Innovation Awards in the Innovation and Human Capital category

The Community Exchange System (CES) is a global network of communities using alternative exchange systems, many of which use timebanks. Timebanks can trade with each other wherever they are, as well as with mutual credit exchanges. The system uses a base 'currency' of one hour, and the conversion rates between the different exchange groups are based on national average hourly wage rates. This allows timebanks to trade with mutual credit exchanges in the same or different countries.

Studies and examples

Elderplan

Elderplan was a social HMO which incorporated timebanking as a way to promote active, engaged lifestyles for its older members. Funding for the "social" part of social HMOs has since dried up and much of the program has been cut, but at its height, members were able to pay portions of their premiums in time credits (back then called Time Dollars) instead of hard currency. The idea was to encourage older people to become more engaged in their communities while also to ask for help more often and "[foster] dignity by allowing people to contribute services as well as receive them."

Gorbals timebank study

In 2004, Dr. Gill Seyfang published a study in the Community Development Journal about the effects of a timebank located in the Gorbals area of Glasgow, Scotland, "an inner-city estate characterized by high levels of deprivation, poverty, unemployment, poor health and low educational attainment." The Gorbals Timebank is run by a local charity with the intent to combat the social ills that face the region. Seyfang concluded that the timebank was effective at "building community capacity" and "promoting social inclusion." She highlights the timebank's success at "[re-stitching] the social fabric of the Gorbals." by "[boosting] engagement in existing projects and activities" in a variety of projects including a community safety network, a library, a healthy living project, and a theatre. She writes that "the timebank had enabled people to access help they otherwise would have had to do without," help which included home repair, gardening, a funeral, and tuition paid in time credits to a continuing education course.

Timebank Florianópolis

The Time Bank of the City of Florianópolis (BTF) is one of the first and best known Time Banks in Brazil. The initiative was conceived in September 2015 at a local Zeitgeist meeting, part of the international sustainability movement. BTF works from a Facebook group that has more than 20,000 members, and exchanges are counted in a spreadsheet shared with users. Scientific research on BTF indicates that the time bank is a means for creating social capital in local society and that BTF members have different socioeconomic characteristics compared to residents of the city of Florianópolis. Younger, non-white, employed, female individuals, working in the informal sector, with a higher education level and with a higher monthly income are more likely to be BTF members.

Spice Timebank
Spice is a social enterprise that has developed a time-based currency called Time Credits. Spice works across health and social care, housing, community development and education, supporting organisations and services to use Time Credits to achieve their outcomes. Spice grew out of the work of the Wales Institute for Community Currencies in the former mining districts of South Wales, UK.
Several Studies are done based on Spice Timebank or referenced this timebank. In a 2016 survey, based on a 1000 members of Spice timebank, 77% of respondents said Time Credits have had a positive impact on their quality of life, 42% reported that learned a new skill and 30% reported that they having less need to go to doctor.

See also
 Cincinnati Time Store
 Collaborative finance
 Community currency
 Community Exchange System (CES)
 Coproduction of public services by service users and communities
 Fiscal localism
 Labour theory of value
 Labour-time voucher
 Local exchange trading system (LETS)

References

Further reading

 Cahn, Edgar S. (1992). Time Dollars: The New Currency That Enables Americans to Turn Their Hidden Resource Time Into Personal Security and Community Renewal. Emmaus, Penn.: Rodale Press.

External links
 TimeBanking YouTube

Economics and time
Local currencies

Time-based currency


Chaturanga ()  is an Indian historical fiction novel written by Anand Neelakantan. It acts as a prequel to the film Baahubali: The Beginning and sequel to the book The Rise of Sivagami. It was originally released in English on 6 August 2020, Hindi, Telugu, and Tamil versions are scheduled to release.

Plot
The prologue of the novel starts with how Sivagami's parents were killed a day before her fifth birthday, 13 years ago. In the present day, after a failed coup by the Vaithalikas (immediately after the incidents of the first book). Sivagami was unintentionally elevated to the position of bhoomipathi () is given the orders to execute her foster father Thimma, who was suspected to be a Vaitlikas warrior. Sivagami stages a duel with her foster father and planned on assassinating Maharaja Somadeva. During the dual, Thimma, the ex-commander in chief who can read people's body language, attempts to kill the king but fails due to Kattapa's save. Sivagami is forced to kill Thimma and she is praised by the Kingdom.

Kattapa alongside his father Malayappa digs up Shivappa's grave and finds him alive, Shivappa accidentally fatally hits his father with a shovel and Shivappa runs away. Brinhalla helps Kattapa make it look like Malayappa committed suicide due to Shivappa's fake death. Kattapa is now looking for Shivappa. Shivappa is made the new leader of the Vaitlikas and alongside Brinhalla and Neelappa (who was Devaraya's former slave) plan to kill Kattapa. Bjjaladeva is given the mission to find where Pattaraya had gone, he goes alongside Keki who instructs him to start being nice to the public so Bjjaladeva could win the throne. Bjjaladeva finds Pattaraya with his daughter Mekhala, Mekhala can seduce Bjjaladeva and Pattaraya promises Bjjaladeva that he will be the future king. They kill an innocent slave which is brought back to Bjjaladeva to Mahishmati who falsely says this was Pattaraya's corpse.

Mahadeva affectionates slowly start working with Sivagamai as the two spend more time together. Ally meets Gundu Ramu who tells her to tell Sivagami that he was alive, she vows to do so. Jeemotha unsuccessfully enslaves Hidumba's enslaved children. Kattapa is given a few days of freedom by Maharaja Somadeva and he pursues his journey in finding SHivappa. Shivappa flees the village and his assistant Malla when Kattappa enters the village. Ally can give the message from Gundu Ramu to Sivagami and she is assigned to kill Kattappa by Brinhalla, she then exposes that she is in love with Kattapa. She exposes her feeling to Kattapa who then loved her back as well, however, she is remorseful that she was failing this mission of killing Kattapa and stages that Malla is her true dad. She then kills Malla and asks Kattapa to bring the body to her native village to the last rites of Malla. Shivappa is knocked out and made unconscious, his body is then secretly switched with Malla. They then go past the river where Ally is deciding if she should kill Kattappa right there and then.

Sivagmai learns about how Rhudra Bhatta (the head priest) is sacrificing innocent children. She decides to stop him alongside Rhudra Bhatta's daughter-in-law Gomati.  It is stated before Shivappa was knocked out unconscious, he hid in the attic of the orphanage. Moreover, rumors started to spread that he was a ghost. He is nearly caught but successfully escapes but is then knocked out. Rhudra Bhatta decides to sacrifice Akhila for his next ritual with Prine Bjjaladeva. Pattaraya alongside his daughter goes to the vassal state of Kandaraimadalam where he meets his lover and the biological mother of Mekhala, the imprisoned queen Chitraveni. Chitraveni promises to marry Pattaraya if he could get some Gaurikanta stones, which was the main reason for Mahishmati's sudden rise. It is told that Mahishmati was also formerly a vassal state of Kandaraimandalam. Pattaraya sends his daughter Mekhala to kill the governor, Mekhala fails and she is sent to work in the harem of puppet ruler King Narasimha.

Sivagami confronts Rhudra Bhatta who tells her the real story of Devaraya (Sivagami's father). It is said that slaves used to mine the Amma Gauri mountain which got them Gaurikanta stones. Gaurikanta stones helped Mahishmati rise but people believed Amma Gauri was mad that people were mining her mountain. Somadeva publicly promised to stop the mining in the Amma Gauri mountain and everyone start praying to Amma Gauri mountain. He deceived his people and made innocent children mine the mountains. Devaraya found this out and threatened to tell the people, Somadeva then got Devaraya executed and called him a traitor. Sivagami after hearing the story realized Rhudra Bhatta's son and Prince Bjjaladeva were coming so she kidnapped Rhudra Bhatta and held him hostage in a warehouse. Prince Mahadeva had followed Bjjaladeva and Bjjaladeva had to act like they were trying to get Rhudra Bhatta. Mahadeva finds Akhilla and rescues her. Gundu Ramu tries numerous attempts to escape Hidumba but fails until he is saved a befriended by Vamana. Sivagami burns Rhudra Bhatta alive but not before Rhudra Bhatta cursing her that she'll be betrayed by her husband and son. Mahadeva alongside his men catches Sivagami burning Rhudra Bhatta and orders her to be arrested.

References

See also
Baahubali: Before the Beginning
The Rise of Sivagami
Queen of Mahishmathi
Baahubali (franchise)

Indian English-language novels
Indian historical novels
Novels set in India
Indian novels adapted into television shows
Westland Books books
2020 Indian novels

Chaturanga (Neelakantan novel)


Estate could mean:
 Estate (law), a word used in common law when talking about all of a person's property, entitlements and obligations
Estate (social), a broad social category in the histories of certain countries
 Immovable property, real estate or real property
 Estate (house) may mean the grounds surrounding a very large property, such as a country house or mansion
Types of built-up area:
A housing estate - this is mostly UK usage
A trading estate or industrial estate. This is mostly UK usage.
 Station wagon, called an "Estate car" in British English
 States-General, may refer to one or more parliaments

Estate


Robert J. Higgins (born January 13, 1934) is a supernumerary justice on the Court of King's Bench of New Brunswick and a former member of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick who served as the leader of the New Brunswick Liberal Party from 1971 to 1978.

Robert Higgins was born in Saint John in 1934. He graduated from St. Francis Xavier University in 1956 then earned a law degree in 1960 from the University of New Brunswick. While practising law in the city of Saint John, New Brunswick, Higgins turned to politics and in the 1967 provincial election was the only successful Liberal Party candidate in the seven Saint John city ridings. He served in the 46th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly and on April 1, 1968, was appointed to the Cabinet by Premier Louis Robichaud as Minister of Economic Development. On February 11, 1970, he was appointed Minister of Municipal Affairs, serving until November 12 of that year when he was personally reelected in 1970 but when his party lost power.

Party leader
Following the defeat of his governing Liberals under the leader and Premier Louis Robichaud, Higgins was voted the party's leader and became Leader of the official opposition in the Legislative Assembly. He led the party to a plurality of the popular votes cast in the 1974 provincial election, but lost in total seats to the governing Progressive Conservative Party of Premier Richard Hatfield who earned strong support from the Acadian community. Prior to the 1978 election, Higgins staked his reputation and his position as party leader on an assertion that Premier Hatfield was personally involved in a scandal. The accusation could not be proven and Higgins stepped down as party leader in favor of Joseph Daigle.

After leaving politics, Higgins returned to the practise of law and would be appointed a justice of the Court of Queen's Bench of New Brunswick in Saint John. Since April 1999 he has been a justice with supernumerary status.

In 2006, Robert Higgins was inducted in St. Francis Xavier University Hall of Honor. Higgins was also awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of New Brunswick.

Personal life
Robert Higgins is married to Rosemary Higgins [Keenan].  They have four children.

References

External links
 Court of Queen's Bench of New Brunswick
 Robert Higgins profile at St. Francis Xavier University

1934 births
Living people
Lawyers in New Brunswick
Judges in New Brunswick
Politicians from Saint John, New Brunswick
St. Francis Xavier University alumni
University of New Brunswick alumni
New Brunswick Liberal Association MLAs
Members of the Executive Council of New Brunswick
New Brunswick Liberal Association leaders
University of New Brunswick Faculty of Law alumni

Robert J. Higgins


Design for Scandal is a 1941 American romantic comedy film directed by Norman Taurog. Rosalind Russell stars as a judge targeted by a newspaper tycoon unhappy with her decision in his divorce case.

Plot
When wealthy newspaper publisher Judson M. Blair divorces his wife Adele, judge Cornelia C. Porter awards Adele alimony of $4,000 per month for five years or until she remarries. After learning from his lawyer Northcott that Porter refuses to hear an appeal, Blair is furious and unsuccessfully tries to wield his influence with Porter's boss Judge Graham to have Porter transferred.

Reporter Jeff Sherman, recently fired by Blair, offers a solution in exchange for a promotion, a raise, a bonus and an unlimited expense account. Blair accedes to all of his demands. Sherman convinces his manicurist girlfriend Dotty to pretend to agree to marry him in the near future. He then tries to romance Porter, intending to threaten her with an alienation-of-affections scandal to force her to reduce Blair's alimony burden.

When Porter takes a two-month vacation, Sherman follows her. Having researched Porter's interests, Sherman pretends to be a sculptor. To obtain an artist's studio in the fully booked resort town, Sherman persuades sculptor Alexander Raoul that Blair has offered him a commission to decorate his building. Sherman then begins to woo Porter. She considers him a nuisance, but he is eventually able to win her love. To his dismay, he finds that he has fallen for her as well.

Porter learns about the scheme before Sherman can confess, and has both Blair and Sherman arrested. At their trial, Sherman acts as his own lawyer and calls Porter to the witness stand, where he asks her to marry him. Under oath, she is forced to admit that she did love him at one point, and she runs out in tears. When Sherman chases after her, he is knocked down. Believing that he has been hurt, Porter rushes back to him, and they are reconciled. Blair becomes irate when he discovers that after he had convinced his ex-wife to agree to a lump-sum settlement, she promptly married another wealthy magnate.

Cast

Box office
According to MGM records, the film earned $659,000 in the U.S. and Canada and $398,000 elsewhere, resulting in a profit of $139,000.

References

External links

1941 films
1941 comedy-drama films
1941 romantic comedy films
1941 romantic drama films
1940s romantic comedy-drama films
American black-and-white films
American romantic comedy-drama films
1940s English-language films
Films directed by Norman Taurog
Films scored by Franz Waxman
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
1940s American films

Design for Scandal


Constitution Park is located in Cumberland, Maryland in the East Side Cumberland district. The park has two playgrounds, tennis and basketball courts, several pavilions, a duck pond and a public swimming pool.  A museum area contains a train caboose, fire truck, a P-80 dual seat trainer and an M56 Scorpion.

The park is also home to Johnnie Long Ballfield, which hosts Dapper Dan Little League Games.  It also includes the Mayor's Monument and a scenic overlook, both directly behind the ballfield.

During the summer, the craft house across from the park pool is used as a day camp.  The park also has an amphitheater, where concerts are held throughout the summer.

Constitution Park is maintained by the Cumberland Parks and Recreation Department.

References

External links
 Official website
 City of Cumberland

Parks in Allegany County, Maryland
Parks in Cumberland, MD-WV-PA
Works Progress Administration in Maryland

Constitution Park (Maryland)


Microsoft Vine was a service used to keep in touch with people in case of an emergency.

Vine was designed to keep family and friends in touch when other communication methods are either broken or not particularly efficient. Times of crisis usually involve a breakdown in mobile phone or other key communication infrastructures, and Vine was designed to be as hardy as possible to keep people connected.

History
The idea for Microsoft Vine came to Microsoft GM Public Safety Initiatives Tammy Savage during Hurricane Katrina in 2005.

Development on Vine started in the latter part of 2006. A private beta was made available in April 2009.

Microsoft made the decision to discontinue Microsoft Vine effective 11 October 2010; a notice was placed on the main Vine page on 10 September 2010. informing users of the decision, stating "The decision to discontinue future development of Microsoft Vine was not easily made. Multiple options were thoroughly explored and evaluated with rigor and in the end it was determined that Microsoft Vine is not sustainable as a standalone offering."

Legacy
According to the email sent by Microsoft to Vine users regarding the discontinuation of Vine, "The key learnings acquired over the past year from the Vine beta will be used to inform and strengthen future product concepts and offerings".

As a consequence, on January 16, 2013, Microsoft announced a new mobile app for Windows Phone, Android, and iOS called "HelpBridge" which "enables people to get and give help and find out about loved ones quickly after a natural disaster"

Usage
According to the Microsoft Vine web site:

"The Microsoft Vine Beta connects you to the people and places you care about most, when it matters. Stay in touch with family and friends, be informed when someone needs help. Get involved to create great communities. Use alerts, reports and your personal dashboard to stay in touch, informed and involved."

Vine could be accessed via a desktop client (Windows only), text message or email.

Other planned devices included:
 any computer at all
 web browsers
 voice and landline telephones
 satellite phones
 OnStar

According to the Microsoft Vine Facebook page, Vine could be used to:
 Get help with childcare
 Connect with trusted neighbors
 Report a last-minute field change

It could also be used to contact family members in case of events such as a fire or medical emergency.

References

External links
 Microsoft Vine's blog

Microsoft websites

ru:Vine

Microsoft Vine


Scrambled eggs is a dish made from beaten whites and yolks of  eggs (usually chicken). The dish often contains other ingredients.  Cream, butter, milk, water or oil (used in China) will dilute the egg proteins to create a softer texture.

Sample recipe
The eggs and a large piece of butter are put into a saucepan over a low heat.  The egg whites and egg yolks are then "scrambled" or mixed together.   The mixture should be mixed together all the time they are being cooked.

When cooked a little créme frâiche is added.  This is because the eggs will be hot enough to carry on cooking themselves.  Adding a cool liquid will stop the eggs from overcooking. Some salt and pepper or other seasoning can be added to taste as well.

In the home the eggs can be mixed together first and then poured into a pan.  The créme frâiche does not need to be added if the eggs will be eaten almost immediately.

Properly made, the eggs should be moist and creamy consistency.  If any liquid is coming from the eggs, it means the eggs have been overcooked or that the add the vegetables were undercooked.

Other methods of preparation
Using a double boiler  or bain-marie means that the heat is constant, and does not to be adjusted  to make sure the eggs do not brown or burn.  The baine marie method is slower than cooking directly in a pan over a heat but makes it easier to  cook the eggs perfectly. The eggs must be taken out of the bain marie when cooked, otherwise they will carry on cooking and spoil.

Scrambled eggs may also be made in a  microwave oven by put the ingredients in a glass bowl and cooking for 30 seconds then whisking, then cooking and whisking again until the desired consistency is achieved.

Variations of Scrambled Egg Dishes
Many things can be added to scrambled eggs.  Often the end result can have a different name, for example:

scrambled eggs à l'arlésienne (Scrambled eggs as made in the town of Arles, France)- add the diced, cooked pulp of courgettes (zucchini), a little garlic, and tomato fondue.  Put the cooked eggand vegetable mixture into the hollowed, cooked courgettes shells, on an oiled gratin dish sprinkled with Parmesan cheese and brown the oven.

scrambled eggs à l'américaine scrambled eggs in the American way - Add cubes of smoked bacon fried in butter to eggs.

scrambled eggs Rossini named after the composer Rossini- Cook some scrambled eggs.  Sauté some thin slices of foie gras in butter.  Cook some sliced truffle in butter.  Plate the scrambled eggs on a serving dish, garnish with foie gras and truffles, then coat with a very reduced Madeira demi-glace sauce.

Related pages
List of egg dishes

Notes

References
Escoffier, Georges Auguste. Escoffier: The Complete Guide to the Art of Modern Cookery. Translated by H. L. Cracknell and R.J. Kaufmann. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2002.
McGee, Harold. On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen. New York: Scribner, 2004.
Robuchon, Joël, Members of the Gastronomic Committee. Larousse Gastronomique. New York: Clarkson Potter/Publishers, 2001.

Other websites
An article on cooking scrambled eggs
Scrambled eggs recipe

Egg dishes
Breakfast foods

Scrambled eggs


The Mittelmark (German for "Middle March") is a historical region in eastern Germany that was the core territory of the Margrave of Brandenburg between the Oder and Elbe rivers.

The name refers to the location of the territory between the Altmark (Old March) and the Neumark (New March) and it lay roughly in the area of the earlier Nordmark.

The name of Mittelmark was used for a short-lived province of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1713 and again from 1993 to  for the district of Potsdam-Mittelmark in the German state of Brandenburg. However, the southern part of the district containing Bad Belzig did not historically belong to Mittelmark, it was instead a part of Saxony.

External links
Map of the decline of the March of Brandenburg showing Mittelmark

Geography of Brandenburg
Margraviate of Brandenburg

Mittelmark


Animal Crossing Plaza was a discontinued free to play social networking service developed and published by Nintendo for the Wii U. A spin-off of Animal Crossing: New Leaf of the Animal Crossing series, Plaza was released as a tie-in to Miiverse, Nintendo's now-defunct social networking service. The application is no longer actively supported by Nintendo, and was removed from the Nintendo eShop on December 22, 2014.

Gameplay
Animal Crossing Plaza allowed users to interact with other players of the Nintendo 3DS game Animal Crossing: New Leaf. The application was similar to Nintendo's Wara Wara Plaza, and allowed users to post messages for other players, receive news and updates about New Leaf, and participate in polls. The game connected with New Leaf via SD card, allowing players to post and archive New Leaf screenshots, and share in-game clothing designs using QR codes. Users could also upload Plaza posts directly to Nintendo's Miiverse social networking service. The game's overworld was populated by non-player characters from the Animal Crossing series, who users could interact with.

Development
Animal Crossing Plaza was announced in a Nintendo Direct on August 7, 2013, and was released digitally on the Nintendo eShop that same day. Plaza was planned as a limited-time application, with Nintendo stating in its announcement of the application that it would only be supported through the end of 2014.

On December 8, 2014, Nintendo released a statement confirming that it would cease ongoing support for Plaza. The application was removed from the Nintendo eShop on December 22, 2014, and the ability to create new posts within the application was removed on December 31, 2014. Plaza remains accessible to users who downloaded the application prior to its removal from eShop, though its social features are no longer usable.

References

External links
 Official English website
 Official Japanese website

2013 video games
Animal Crossing video games
Wii U-only games
Wii U games
Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development games
Nintendo Network games
Wii U eShop games
Video games developed in Japan
Social simulation video games
Video game spin-offs
Delisted digital-only games

Animal Crossing Plaza


In biology, trinomial nomenclature is used to name living things at a rank lower than species. The term trinomial nomenclature means "three-part name" or "system of three-part names".

If living things are divided into more categories than species such as a sub species then it gets a three part scientific name. The first part indicates the genus, the second part indicates the species, and the third part is particular to the living thing (at whatever rank it has been assigned).

Related pages
 Biological classification
 Binomial nomenclature

Taxonomy

Trinomial nomenclature


Tofieldiaceae is a family of flowering plants in the monocot order Alismatales. The family is divided into four genera, which together comprise 28 known species (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 ). They are small, herbaceous plants, mostly of arctic and subarctic regions, but a few extend further south, and one genus is endemic to northern South America and Florida. Tofieldia pusilla is sometimes grown as an ornamental.

William Hudson (1730-1793) named Tofieldia for the British botanist Thomas Tofield (1730–1779). The family Tofieldiaceae was erected by Armen Takhtajan in 1995. Molecular phylogenetic studies of DNA sequences have shown it to be the second diverging clade in Alismatales, after the most basal clade, the family Araceae. Before the segregation of Tofieldiaceae was confirmed by cladistic methods, its genera had usually been assigned to Nartheciaceae, Liliaceae, or Melanthiaceae. Tofieldiaceae is recognized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group in their APG III system of plant classification.

The circumscription of genera in Tofieldiaceae has been controversial. Many authors do not recognize Triantha as a separate genus from Tofieldia. A few authors have sunk other genera into Tofieldia as well. A phylogenetic analysis, based on two nuclear genes and ten chloroplast genes, has confirmed that all five of the genera are monophyletic and that Triantha and Tofieldia are close sister taxa.

Description
Small herbaceous perennials. Leaves equitant (distichous and overlapping), isobifacial. Inflorescence a raceme. Calyculus present. Tepals free. Fruit a capsule, usually septicidal.

Genera
Harperocallis McDaniel
Pleea Michx.
Tofieldia Huds.
Triantha (Nutt.) Baker
†Dicolpopollis

Phylogeny
The following phylogenetic tree is based on a DNA paper that was published in 2011, modified to accommodate the transfer of the species in Isidrogalvia to Harperocallis.

References

External links

 CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: R-Z At: Botany & Plant Science At: Life Science At: CRC Press
 Tofieldiaceae at: Plant Names at: IPNI
 Genus List at: Tofieldiaceae at: Alismatales at: Trees at: APweb at: botanical databases at: About Science & Conservation at: Missouri Botanical Garden
 Harperocallis flava and Pleea tenuifolia and Tofieldia and Triantha at: Liliaceae at: Volume 26 at: FNA at: eFloras.org
NCBI Taxonomy Browser
links at CSDL, Texas

Alismatales families
Cretaceous plants

Tofieldiaceae


James F. Coleman is an American musician who plays keyboards and sampler. He was a member of the 1990s noise rock band Cop Shoot Cop, and afterwards worked as a solo musician specializing in instrumental electronic music and film scores.

Biography
He was a founding member of New York's Cop Shoot Cop, and performed under a variety of stage names: Cripple Jim (he toured on crutches due to a broken leg), and usually as Filer. For most of their existence the band had two bassists and no guitar, leaving Coleman's keyboards to occupy much of the middle-frequency range normally filled by a guitarist in a rock band. Coleman's use of found sounds and other unusual noises was described as "inventive" by critics Art Black David Sprague of Trouser Press. On Release (1994), Cop Shoot Cop's final album, Coleman relied more on conventional piano playing rather than his early sample-based approach.

He has recorded solo albums as Phylr and the closely related project Here (with Teho Teardo) and collaborates with JG Thirlwell as Baby Zizanie.

Most recently, Coleman has released the ambient album Trees (2012) under his own name. He has been doing sporadic live shows of this material in Europe and the US.

Additionally, Coleman has scored a good number of indie films and TV series. Indie features emerging in 2014 are "Exposed" by Beth B and "Stay Then Go" by Shelli Ainsworth. He has worked with directors such as Todd Phillips, Hal Hartley, Richard Kern and Danny Leitner.

Coleman is currently working on a number of music tracks that are based on recordings of people's near death experiences.

In 2018-2019, Coleman co-formed a new group called Human Impact.

References

External links
www.jimcolemanmusic.com
InvisibleRecords.com: Phylr
The Damn! Interviewz: Interview of: Jim Coleman, a.k.a. PHYLR

American keyboardists
Cop Shoot Cop members
Place of birth missing (living people)
Noise rock musicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Human Impact members

Jim Coleman (musician)


Pitirim Alexandrovich Sorokin (; ;  – 10 February 1968) was a Russian American sociologist and political activist, who contributed to the social cycle theory.

Background
Pitirim Alexandrovich Sorokin was born on , in Turya, a small village in Yarensky Uyezd, Vologda Governorate, Russian Empire (now Knyazhpogostsky District, Komi Republic, Russia), the second son to a Russian father and Komi mother. Sorokin's father, Alexander Prokopievich Sorokin, was from Veliky Ustyug and a traveling craftsman specializing in gold and silver. At the same time, while his mother, Pelageya Vasilievna, was a native of Zheshart and belonged to a peasant family. Vasily, his elder brother, was born in 1885, and his younger brother, Prokopy, was born in 1893. Sorokin's mother died on March 7, 1894, in the village of Kokvitsa. After her death Sorokin and his elder brother Vasily stayed with their father, traveling with him through the towns searching for work. At the same time, Prokopy was taken in by his aunt, Anisya Vasilievna Rimsky. The latter lived with her husband, Vasily Ivanovich, in the village of Rimia. Sorokin's childhood, spent among the Komi, was complicated, but enriched by a religious and moral education. The moral qualities (such as piety, a firm belief in good and love) cultivated in him at that time would yield their fruits in his subsequent work (his amitology and call to overcome the crisis of modernity).

Pitirim and his older brother's father developed alcoholism. Because of this, their father had severe anxiety and panic attacks to the point where he was physically abusive to his sons. After a brutal beating that left a scar on Pitirim's upper lip, Pitirim, at the age of eleven, along with his older brother,  decided that he wanted to be independent and no longer under their father's care.

In the early 1900s, supporting himself as an artisan and clerk, Sorokin attended the Saint Petersburg Imperial University in Saint Petersburg, where he earned his graduate degree in criminology and became a professor.

Sorokin was an anti-communist. During the Russian Revolution he was a member of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, a deputy of the Russian Constituent Assembly, a supporter of the White movement, and a secretary to Prime Minister Alexander Kerensky. After the October Revolution, Sorokin continued to fight communist leaders and was arrested by the new regime several times before he was eventually condemned to death. After six weeks in prison, Sorokin was released and went back to teaching at the University of Saint Petersburg, becoming the founder of the sociology department at the university.  As he had been a leader among the Democrats leading up to the Russian Revolution, he was sought by Vladimir Lenin's forces after Lenin consolidated his power.

Accounts of Sorokin's activities in 1922 differ; he may have been arrested and exiled by the Soviet government, or he may have spent months in hiding before escaping the country.  After leaving Russia, he emigrated to the United States, where he became a naturalized citizen in 1930.  Sorokin was personally requested to accept a Harvard University position, founding the Department of Sociology and becoming a vocal critic of his colleague, Talcott Parsons.

Sorokin was an ardent opponent of communism, which he regarded as a "pest of man". People viewed him as a leader, but some viewed him as an outcast which can be reason to why he was exiled. At the time people were not understanding of his ideas that would promote emancipation and change, and these theories he provided were not always well accepted.

Sorokin was a sociology professor at the University of Minnesota from 1924 to 1929 when he accepted an offer of a position by the president of Harvard University to join the Harvard faculty, where he continued to work until 1959. One of his students was writer Myra Page.

Inspiration
In 1910, young Sorokin was shaken to the core by the death of the great Russian writer Leo Tolstoy. In the article "LN Tolstoy as a philosopher" (1912) he carried out a reconstruction of the religious and moral teaching of Tolstoy, which he regarded as the philosophical representation of a harmonious and logical system (Sorokin, 1912: 80–97). Tolstoy's teaching exceeded the habitual bounds of traditional philosophy and flowered into a certain kind of moral philosophy, which attracted Sorokin immensely. He marked out the structure of Tolstoy's teaching by grounding it in 'the tradition of four great philosophical problems: the essence of the world; the nature of ego; the problem of cognition and the issue of values' (Johnston et al., 1994: 31). According to Tolstoy, God is the basis of our existence and love is the way to God. Sorokin formulated the main principles forming the foundation of Tolstoy's Christian ethics: the principle of love, the principle of non-violent resistance to evil and the principle of not doing evil. He adhered to these principles for the whole of his life, which is demonstrated in the course of this article.

Works and interests
Before his achievements as a professor in the United States, he published his 1924 Leaves of a Russian Diary by (E.P. Dutton & Co.), giving a daily, and sometimes hourly account of the Russian Revolution. He first started in February 1917 where he was in the forefront of creating a provisionary government, only to see it unravel and lose power to the Bolsheviks in October 1917. In 1950, Sorokin published an addendum to the book called The Thirty Years After. It is a personal and brutally honest account of the revolution and his exile.

Sorokin's academic writings are extensive; he wrote 37 books and more than 400 articles. His controversial theories of social process and the historical typology of cultures are expounded in Social and Cultural Dynamics (4 vol., 1937–41; rev. and abridged ed. 1957) and many other works. Sorokin was also interested in social stratification, the history of sociological theory, and altruistic behavior.

Sorokin's work follows a pattern throughout time from an early period of miscellaneous writings, sociocultural dynamics and social criticism, and then altruism. He believed that altruism had a lot of scientific support for it. After going to Harvard in 1930, Sorokin found his calling and began his famous study of world civilization which led to the work for which he is best known, Social and Cultural Dynamics. This work set the tone for the condemnation of our Sensate culture which is prominent in all of Sorokin's writings since 1937. This condemnation is part of the reason he was always challenged because people were not ready and acceptive of the idea of change and nobody was willing to take responsibility for their actions. Sorokin's extensive study convinced him that our civilization is overly materialistic, disorganized, and in imminent danger of collapse. He spent the next dozen years in warning the public of the danger and seeking a way out and a way to change society.

One of his works, Russia and the United States (1944) is considered wartime propaganda for the peace.  Sorokin argues that American and Russian culture have so much in common that these two nations, destined to be the leading postwar power centers, will have a secure basis for friendship. Both nations exemplify unity in diversity. Their cultures favor breadth of outlook, cosmopolitanism, and a healthy self-esteem tempered with tolerance of other societies.

His works are timeless due to the fact they were able to open up new fields of study and make way for more innovative ways of thinking. His works covered a wide variety of topics from rural sociology, war, revolution, social mobility, and social change. He stayed true to his works though and part of the reason he was able to fight for so much change and reform was his commitment to his religion. He was of Komi descent and they were considered some of the most hardworking and religious people in Europe.

He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a world constitution. As a result, for the first time in human history, a World Constituent Assembly convened to draft and adopt the Constitution for the Federation of Earth.

Social differentiation, social stratification, and social conflict
Sorokin's work addressed three significant theories: social differentiation, social stratification, and social conflict. The idea of social differentiation describes three types of societal relationships. The first is familistic, which is the type that we would generally strive for. It is the relationship that has the most solidarity, the values of everyone involved are considered, and there is a great deal of interaction.

Social stratification refers to the fact that all societies are hierarchically divided, with upper and lower strata and unequal distribution of wealth, power, and influence across strata. There is always some mobility between these strata. People or groups may move up or down the hierarchy, acquiring or losing their power and influence.

Social conflict refers to Sorokin's theory of war. Whether internal to a nation or international, peace is based on the similarity of values among a country or between different nations. War has a destructive phase when values are destroyed and a declining phase, when some of the values are restored. Sorokin thought that the number of wars would decrease with increased solidarity and decreased antagonism. If a society's values stressed altruism instead of egoism, the incidence of war would diminish.

Three principal types of culture integration
Sorokin's magnum opus is regarded by many to be Social and Cultural Dynamics. He classifies societies according to their 'cultural mentality'. This can be "ideational" (reality is spiritual and immaterial), "sensate" (truth is material and all things are in flux), or "idealistic" (a synthesis of the two).

He suggested that significant civilizations evolve from a conceptual to an idealistic, and eventually to a sensate mentality. Each of these phases of cultural development not only seeks to describe the nature of reality, but also stipulates the nature of human needs and goals to be satisfied, the extent to which they should be satisfied, and the methods of satisfaction. Sorokin has interpreted the contemporary Western civilization as a sensate civilization, dedicated to technological progress and prophesied its fall into decadence and the emergence of a new ideational or idealistic era. In Fads and Foibles, he criticizes Lewis Terman's Genetic Studies of Genius research, showing that his selected group of children with high IQs did about as well as a random group of children selected from similar family backgrounds would have done.

Five dimensions of love
According to Pitirim A. Sorokin, a pioneer of balanced research in altruism, the energy of love has at least five dimensions: Intensity, Extensity, Duration, Purity and the Adequacy of its manifestation in objective actions, in relation to its inner purpose. In intensity, love ranges between zero and the highest possible point, arbitrarily denoted as infinity. In extensity, love ranges from the zero point of love of oneself only, up to the love of all mankind, all living creatures, and the whole universe. In duration, love may range from the shortest possible moment to years or throughout the whole life of an individual or of a group. In purity, love ranges from the love motivated by love alone – without the taint of a 'soiling motive' of utility, pleasure, advantage, or profit, down to the 'soiled love' where love is but a means to a utilitarian or hedonistic or other end, where love is only the thinnest trickle in a muddy current of selfish aspirations and purposes. In the adequacy of love, it is based upon the expectation of each person to show love, be nice and understand the consequences of one's actions.

In his work on love, "Altruistic Love", Sorokin hopes to make the first steps toward discovering what kinds of people are likely to become saintly or neighborly, and eventually to lay the groundwork for producing more people that fit this profile for the betterment of society. He did this by studying the lives of saints, neighbors and other people based upon their sex, gender, race and socioeconomic status.

Politics
Sorokin was heavily involved in politics, his interests being in issues concerning the legitimacy of power, Russia's representative democracy, and how it connects to the country's national question regarding its democratic structure. He believed that after the fall of communism, a new version of Russia would arise. He also believed that pushing Russia out of its crisis would encourage the world to utilize altruistic love, a vital part of his research.

Sorokin also created the Center for the Study of Creative Altruism in Harvard, and there he developed and proposed his ideas about the ethics of love and social solidarity. With this program, he was able to express how we can save humanity through altruistic actions made out of love.

Involvement with other sociologists
With the financial assistance of Eli Lilly, a friend of Sorokin who was a pharmaceutical heir, he was able to do further research in creative altruism. From this research, he gained much popularity and was well respected by other sociologists and sociology. He was referred to as the "founder of the sociology of altruism". Thus, he was allowed to create "The Harvard Research Center in Creative Altruism" in 1949 and had two instructors under him, Alfredo Gotsky and Talcott Parsons.

Although Sorokin and Parsons worked together as colleagues, Sorokin heavily criticized Parsons' works due to having opposing views. Sorokin disapproved of America's ways of civilization and felt as if it was in decline, creating tension between Sorokin and Parsons (Parsons being an American sociologist while Sorokin was Russian). The rift between them was put to the test when Harvard University and the American sociology community favored Parsons views, and Sorokin's administrative position in Harvard was seized.

Sorokin's research also focused on rural society, making him more approachable and referable by other moral conservatives. This initiated his collaboration with Carle Zimmerman, and together they expanded on the perspective of rural-urban sociology. They believed that the rural way of life was established from the following characteristics: a conservative and traditional family, an economy based on manual labor or from a family and home business and their connection to it, whether it be sociologically, demographically, or economically.

American Sociological Association
Pitirim A. Sorokin served as the 55th President of the American Sociological Association. His presidential status did not come easily, as many of his peers found his election to be long overdue. Sorokin in 1952 lost the election to Florian Znaniecki, and was not given the customary second nomination. In 1963 after the influence from his former students and other high rank sociologists, he became the first write in nominated sociologist to be elected as president with 65% of the vote.

One of Sorokin's popular works was his presidential address, which was titled "Sociology of Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow". In this address Sorokin talked a lot about sociologies' transformation from discovery to investigation. A lot of sociologists at the time are beginning to refine older theories and works, while adapting to growth in society. Sorokin himself worked to verify the methods of preceding sociologists, while taking a look into the future of sociology and in what aspects it could grow and be influenced. He acknowledged how sociology was now viewed as meaningful and a "realm of reality". Some influences of sociology Sorokin looked at was cultural systems, social systems, and individuals who create, realize and exchange.

Major impacts on influential figures
Sorokin impacted the historian Allan Carlson. He agreed with Sorokin and his disapproval of communism. Carlson also considered himself pro-family and agreed with Sorokin's views on how a family's most ideal environment is living in intimate, small village-like towns.

Sorokin also impacted the forty-eighth vice president, Michael Pence, who quoted him while defending his failed House Resolution, the Marriage Protection Amendment in 2006, when there were same-sex marriage debates. Pence stated, "Marriage matters according to the researchers. Harvard sociologist Pitirim Sorokin found that throughout history, the societal collapse was always brought about following the advent of the deterioration of marriage and family".

Sorokin wrote president John F. Kennedy in 1961 when the United States were at a peak level of friction with Russia. In his letter, Sorokin expressed himself as knowledgeable in interacting with communist leaders. He also attempted to call for no war, as he believed none of the underlying issues would be solved until "mutual relationships be replaced by real friendly relationships". He also calls for Kennedy to refer to his sociological work "Mutual Convergence of the United States and the U.S.S.R. to the Mixed Sociocultural type" to help his decision on war and what to do with the relationship between the United States and Russia.

Personal life and death
Sorokin married Dr. Helen Baratynskaya, with whom he had two sons, Peter and Sergey. His son, Peter P. Sorokin, co-invented the dye laser.

Sorokin suffered from a severe illness, and after struggling for two years, he died on 10 February 1968, aged 79, in Winchester, Massachusetts. A Russian Orthodox service was held at home for the family, followed by an eclectic service at the Memorial Church of Harvard University.

The University of Saskatchewan currently holds Sorokin's papers in Saskatoon, Canada, where they are available to the public. In March 2009, the Sorokin Research Center was established at Syktyvkar State University facilities in Syktyvkar, Republic of Komi, for the purpose of research and publication of archive materials, mainly from the collection at the University of Saskatchewan. The first research project, "Selected Correspondence of Pitirim Sorokin: Scientist from Komi on The Service of Humanity" (in Russian), has been drafted and will be in print in the fall of 2009 in Russia.

Major works
In English or English translation
Contemporary Sociological Theories  (1928), New York: Harper.online free
Principles of Rural-Urban Sociology (1929, with Carle C. Zimmerman) New York : H. Holt. Preface: "a summary of Source book in rural sociology," in three volumes, prepared under the auspices of the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture and the University of Minnesota, to be published in 1930 or 1931"
The Sociology of Revolution (1935) OCLC 84193425. FReprint, H. Fertig, 1967.
Social and Cultural Dynamics (1937–1941), Cincinnati: American Book Company, 1937–1941. 4 vols.
The Crisis of Our Age (1941), New York : Dutton, 1941 "Based upon four volumes of the author's Social and cultural dynamics."
 Man and Society in Calamity: The Effects of War, Revolution, Famine, Pestilence upon the Human Mind, Behavior, Social Organization and Cultural Life, E.P. Dutton and Company, Inc., 1942
 Russia and the United States (1944)
 Society, Culture, and Personality:  Their Structure and Dynamics,  A System of General Sociology (1947), Harper & Brothers Publishers:, New York & London. (723 double columned pages plus an 11 triple coumned page Index and a 7 triple columned page Index of Names)
 With Geyl, Pieter and Toynbee, Arnold J. The Pattern of the Past: Can We Determine It? (Boston: Becon, 1949)
Social Philosophies of an Age of Crisis (1950)
Altruistic Love: A Study of American "good Neighbors" and Christian Saints (1950)
Leaves From a Russian diary, and Thirty Years After (1950), Boston: Beacon Press. OCLC 1476438
  (with introduction by Stephen G. Post in 2002 edition) (552 pages)
 Fads and Foibles in Modern Sociology and Related Sciences (1956),  Chicago:, H. Regnery Co. OCoLC 609427839. Reprinted by Greenwood Publishing Group, 1976, .
 The American Sex Revolution (1956), Boston : Porter Sargent Publishers

 (with Lunden, W. A.), Power and Morality: Who Shall Guard The Guardians? (1959), Boston, MA: Porter Sargent Publishers.
A Long Journey: the Autobiography of Pitirim A. Sorokin (1963) College and University Press, LC 426641.

Sociology of Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow (1963)

 Hunger As a Factor in Human Affairs (1975), University Presses of Florida.

See also
 Komi Republic
 Sorokin Research Center
 Social cycle theory
 War cycles
 Sociology of revolution
 Perversion for Profit

References

Sources
 Cuzzort, R. P. and King, E. W. (1995), Twentieth-Century social thought  (5th ed.). New York, NY: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
 Gambescia, C. (2002),  Invito alla lettura di Sorokin. Rome, Italy: Edizioni Settimo Sigillo.
 Johnston, B.V (1995).  Pitirim A. Sorokin an Intellectual Biography . Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.

 Yuri Doykov (2008–2009), Pitirim Sorokin: The Man Out of Season – A Biography (in Russian).
 Vol. 1 (Archangelsk, 2008. 432 pages)
 Vol. 2 (Archangelsk, 2009. 488 pages)
 Doykov Yuri (2009), Pitirim Sorokin in Prague, Archangelsk. 146 pages (in Russian).
 Doykov Yuri (2009), Pitirim Sorokin, Minneapolis (Minnesota) – Archangelsk. 184 pages (in Russian).
 Doykov, Yuri (2023). "Why was Pitirim Sorokin silent? From the Lubyanka to Harvard (1918-1930)" - Achangelsk. 91 pages (in Russian).

External links

 The Pitirim A. Sorokin Foundation (USA)
 The Pitirim A. Sorokin Foundation (in Russian)
 The Pitirim A. Sorokin Foundation in LiveJournal (in Russian)
 Community in LiveJournal (in Russian)
 American Sociological Association page
 Pitirim Sorokin Collection in Canada
 Culture in crisis: the visionary theories of Pitirim Sorokin
 Pitirim Sorokin and Walter A. Lunden, Power and Morality - extracts (1959)
 Pitirim Sorokin's Integral Sociology (in Georgian)

1889 births
1968 deaths
20th-century American philosophers
20th-century Russian philosophers
American people of Komi descent
American people of Russian descent
American sociologists
Complex systems scientists
Cross-cultural studies
Economic historians
Harvard University faculty
Komi people
People from the Komi Republic
People from Yarensky Uyezd
Presidents of the American Sociological Association
Prisoners of the Peter and Paul Fortress
Revolution theorists
Russian anti-communists
Russian Constituent Assembly members
Russian sociologists
Saint Petersburg State University alumni
Socialist Revolutionary Party politicians
Soviet dissidents
Soviet emigrants to the United States
Systems scientists
Theoretical historians
University of Minnesota faculty
World historians
World Constitutional Convention call signatories
Russian scientists

Pitirim Sorokin


Bilston East is a ward of Wolverhampton City Council, West Midlands. It covers the southern and eastern parts of the town of Bilston, as well as Bradley. It borders the Spring Vale, Ettingshall, and Bilston North wards, as well as the Metropolitan Boroughs of Walsall, Sandwell, and Dudley. It forms part of the Wolverhampton South East constituency.

Bilstons town centre, market, and West Midlands Metro station all lie in the ward.

Wards of Wolverhampton City Council

Bilston East (ward)


Lincoln Law School of San Jose is a private, non-profit law school located in San Jose, California. Founded in 1926, the law school was formerly part of Lincoln University, prior to achieving independence as an institution in 1993.

History
The school traces its roots to 1919 when Dr. Benjamin Lickey and his wife Susan Lickey founded a law study program in San Francisco as a way to provide veterans and working-class students a part-time night school for law studies. 1932 graduate Kenneth Fung was the first Chinese American to be admitted to the practice of law in the state.

The school was incorporated in 1926 as a part of Lincoln University and located in San Francisco, becoming a non-profit institution in 1949. In 1961, a second law school campus was opened in San Jose, graduating its first class in 1965. By 1987, Lincoln University's entire law school program was concentrated in San Jose. In 1993, the San Jose campus formally separated from Lincoln University becoming an independent, public benefit, non-profit corporation, changing its name to Lincoln Law School of San Jose. The school moved to downtown San Jose in 1999. In 2000, the 25-year-old Peninsula University School of Law merged into Lincoln Law School.

Academics
Lincoln is exclusively an evening-study program that lasts 4 or 4.5 years, depending upon the starting date of the student. 84 units of study are required for graduation with each unit equal to 15 hours of in-class instruction. Students usually attend classes 3 or 4 nights a week, with a few options for elective or seminar classes scheduled during the daytime on Saturdays.

Accreditation
The school has been approved by the Committee of Bar Examiners of the State Bar of California since 1993, but the school is not accredited by the American Bar Association.  As a result, graduates are generally only eligible to take the California bar exam and practice in California.

As of July 1, 2022, the school reported that it did not meet the State Bar of California five-year bar passage rate of 40 percent for state-accredited law schools and as a result, the school's accreditation will terminate on December 31, 2022.  The law school will operate as a registered, unaccredited fixed-facility law
school effective January 1, 2023.

Law Review
Lincoln has published a student-produced law review since 1965.

Notable people
Alumni
 David D. Cortese, current California State Senator and former Santa Clara County Supervisor
 Linda J. LeZotte, former San Jose City Councilmember
 Vartkes Yeghiayan, lawyer and legal activist for the victims of the Armenian genocide
Faculty
 Maya Harris, former Chair of the Kamala Harris 2020 presidential campaign
 James S. Ware, former Chief Judge of the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California
 Rod Diridon Sr., former Chair of the California High-Speed Rail Authority
 Desiree Reed-Francois, current Athletic Director of the University of Missouri

Notes

External links

Universities and colleges established in 1919
1919 establishments in California
Law schools in California
Universities and colleges in San Jose

Lincoln Law School of San Jose


Knockdown texture is a drywall finishing style.  It is a mottled texture, more intense than a simple flat finish, but less intense than orange peel, or popcorn, texture.

Knockdown texture is created by watering down joint compound to a soupy consistency.  A trowel is then used to apply the joint compound.  The joint compound will begin to form stalactites as it dries.  The trowel is then run over the surface of the drywall, knocking off the stalactites and leaving the mottled finish.

A much more common, and faster technique is to apply the texture mud (which is slightly different from joint compound, in that it has less shrinkage upon drying) with a texture machine – a compressor and a texture spray hopper which sprays mud instead of paint. This applies what is referred to as a splatter coat. The use of a compressor allows this to be applied to walls as well as ceilings. When knocking this down, the mud is allowed to dry for a short period, then skimmed with a knockdown knife – a large, usually plastic (to reduce noticeable edges) knife.

While many are familiar with the traditional and mechanical methods of its application, recent advancements have introduced aerosol spray textures that can emulate the knockdown effect, bridging the gap between the flat finish and more intense textures like orange peel. One such product gaining attention is offered by ExperTexture, which has innovatively packaged the complexity of both knockdown and orange peel texture into one user-friendly aerosol can. These products are particularly advantageous for smaller-scale patch and repair jobs, providing homeowners and professionals an efficient alternative without compromising on the classic knockdown aesthetic.

Knockdown texture reduces construction costs because it conceals imperfections in the drywall that normally require higher more expensive stages of sand and prime for drywall installers.

Construction

Knockdown texture


(God's time is the very best time), , also known as Actus tragicus, is an early sacred cantata composed by Johann Sebastian Bach in Mühlhausen, intended for a funeral.

The earliest source for the composition is a copied manuscript dated 1768, therefore the date of the composition is not certain. Research leads to a funeral of a former mayor of Mühlhausen on 16 September 1708. The text is a carefully compiled juxtaposition of biblical texts, three quotations from the Old Testament and four from the New Testament, combined with funeral hymns, of which two are sung and one is quoted instrumentally, and some additions by an anonymous author. Bach scored the work for four vocal parts and a small ensemble of Baroque instruments, two recorders, two violas da gamba and continuo. The work is opened by an instrumental Sonatina, followed by through-composed sections which have been assigned to four movements. The structure is symmetrical around a turning point, when the lower voices, who contemplate the Old Covenant, are overcome by a soprano calling for Jesus.

History
Although Bach's manuscript is lost, the work is agreed to be one of the earliest Bach cantatas, probably composed during the year he spent in Mühlhausen 1707/1708 as organist of the Divi Blasii church, at the age of 22. Various funerals known to have taken place at this time have been proposed as the occasion for the composition, for example that of his uncle Tobias Lämmerhirt from his mother's family, who died in Erfurt on 10 August 1707, and that of Adolph Strecker, a former mayor of Mühlhausen, whose funeral was 16 September 1708.

The earliest surviving manuscript, in the hand of Christian Friedrich Penzel, was copied in 1768 after Bach's death. It introduced the title Actus tragicus. The cantata was published in 1876 as part of the first complete edition of Bach's works: the Bach-Gesellschaft-Ausgabe, edited by Wilhelm Rust.

Theme
The text consists of different Bible passages from the Old and New Testament, as well as individual verses of hymns by Martin Luther and Adam Reusner, which all together refer to finitude, preparation for death and dying. There are two distinct parts to the cantata: the view of the Old Testament on death shown in the first part is confronted by that of the New Testament in the second part, leading to a symmetrical structure. The juxtaposition of texts from the Old and New Testament appeared before in the Christliche Betschule (Christian school of prayer) by Johann Olearius. Markus Rathey, professor at the Yale Institute of Sacred Music, has argued that the sermon given at the funeral of Strecker is similar in ideas to the themes of the cantatas. This may be an indication that Bach composed the work for this occasion.

Music

Structure and scoring
Bach scored the cantata for four vocal parts (soprano (S), alto (A), tenor (T), and bass (B)) and a chamber ensemble of Baroque instruments: two alto recorders (Fl), two violas da gamba (Vg), basso continuo. The duration is given as 23 minutes.

The sections comprising the cantata are traditionally grouped into four movements. The musicologist Carol Traupman-Carr notes: "Although movements are marked by tempo changes, occasionally key changes, meter changes, and double bar lines, Cantata 106 appears to be a continuous work. Bach helps create a more seamless effect by occasionally resolving the cadence of one section at the downbeat of another, thus blurring the beginnings and endings of traditional movements." The keys and tempo markings are taken from the first publication. The keys in the Neue Bach-Ausgabe and other more recent publications start in F major.

Movements

1
In the opening sonatina, marked Molto adagio, two obbligato alto recorders mournfully echo each other over a sonorous background of viola da gambas and continuo.

2
The first vocal movement combines several aspects of getting ready to die, based mostly on texts from the Old Testament. Bach expresses their ideas in a variety of musical form and scoring. The movement opens (2a) on a text in free poetry, "" (God's time is the best of all times). The chorus has no initial tempo marking, but has a fugal section marked Allegro, and the end is Adagio assai.

The thought from Psalm 90 (2b), ""  (Ah, Lord, teach us to consider that we must die) is rendered as an arioso of the tenor, marked Lento. The melodic line is broken by rests of reflection.

The warning to be prepared for death (2c) from Isaiah, "" (Put your house in order; for you will die), is performed as an aria by the bass, marked Vivace. Arpeggios of the recorder accompany the voice which has been described as "evocative of the command of God".

Marked Andante, the movement concludes (2d) with the central piece in the symmetrical composition. It presents a contrast: while the lower choral voices recall the Old Covenant, "" (It is the ancient law: human, you must die!), based on Jesus Sirach, the solo soprano turns to accepting death as a union with Jesus, singing three times "" (Yes, come, Lord Jesus!). The personal decision is supported by the instrumental quotation in the recorders of Johann Leon's hymn "" (I have brought my affairs home to God). The final call to Jesus closes the movement, leading to a long rest. The musicologist Wendy Heller writes:

3
The second vocal movement is a similar combination of ideas, now mostly from the New Testament. It quotes twice what Jesus said on the cross according to the Gospel of Luke. The first quotation (3a), "" (Into Your hands I commit my spirit), with an added explanation "" (You have redeemed me, Lord, faithful God), from Psalm 31, is rendered as an alto aria.

The second quotation (3b), "" (Today you will be with Me in Paradise), is a bass arioso, supported by Martin Luther's hymn "" (With peace and joy I depart), after the  (also following Luke), sung by the alto as a cantus firmus.

4
The work concludes with the closing seventh stanza of Adam Reusner's hymn "", "" (Glory, praise, honor, and majesty), as a choral movement, but not a simple four-part setting. Introduced by an instrumental passage recalling motifs from the Sonatina, the first lines of the hymn are set for four parts. The movement ends in a double fugue on Amen marked Allegro. The musicologist Julian notes that the fugal section became the "major focus of the piece".

Evaluation
The cantata ranks among Bach's most important works. The Bach scholar Alfred Dürr called the cantata "a work of genius such as even great masters seldom achieve... The Actus tragicus belongs to the great musical literature of the world".

Recordings
The cantata can be performed with only four singers, as in the recording by Joshua Rifkin, while other recordings feature a choir with multiple voices to a part. The following entries are taken from the listing on the Bach Cantatas Website. Choirs with one voice per part (OVPP) and  instrumental groups playing period instruments in historically informed performances are marked by green background.

Notes

References

External links
 Gottes Zeit ist die allerbeste Zeit, BWV 106: performance by the Netherlands Bach Society (video and background information)

 God's time is the very best time (Actus tragicus) BWV 106; BC B 18 / Sacred cantata (Funeral)) Bach Digital on Bach digital
 Cantata BWV 106 – Gottes Zeit ist die allerbeste Zeit (Johann Sebastian Bach) ChoralWiki
 Bach Cantata Gottes Zeit (Actus Tragicus) – BWV 106 score Downloadable score (pdf) with modern clefs by atticbooks, 2016
 Brian Robins: Johann Sebastian Bach / Cantata No. 106, "Gottes Zeit ist die allerbeste Zeit," ("Actus Tragicus"), BWV 106 (BC B18) AllMusic
 Joe Hickman: A Performers Guide To J.S. Bach's Cantata BWV 106 in The Choral Journal, Vol. 27, No. 2 (September 1986), pp. 15–18, American Choral Directors Association

Church cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach
Christian funeral music
1707 compositions
1708 compositions


Nathaniel Caleb Atkinson (born 13 June 1999) is an Australian professional soccer player who plays as a right back for Scottish Premiership club Heart of Midlothian and the Australia national team.

Club career

Early career
Born in Launceston, Tasmania, Atkinson was part of the youth setup at Riverside Olympic before joining the NTC program at Football Tasmania. In 2016, Atkinson joined the Melbourne City academy after a successful trial with the club. He played with the Melbourne City NPL side in the NPL Victoria from 2016 to 2017. Towards the end of the 2016–17 season, Atkinson began training with the Melbourne City first team.

Melbourne City
Going into the 2017–18 season, Atkinson was given the 37 shirt. He made his competitive debut for the first team in a FFA Cup match against Peninsula Power at Dolphin Oval on 1 August 2017. He came on as a late stoppage time substitute for Bruno Fornaroli as Melbourne City won the match 2–0. On 10 December 2017, due to the suspension of Melbourne City's regular right-back Manny Muscat, Atkinson made his A-League debut for the club against the Central Coast Mariners. Despite being named as a right back before the match, Atkinson played the match as a right winger as Melbourne City managed to win 1–0. After the match, Melbourne City head coach Warren Joyce praised Atkinson, saying "I thought he took his opportunity well. He's one that caught my eye as soon as I came to the club."

On 12 January 2018, after a promising start, Atkinson signed a two-year senior contract with Melbourne City.

In September 2020, Atkinson signed a two-year contract with Perth Glory. However, three weeks later, his contract was terminated due to the COVID-19 pandemic situation, allowing him to sign another two-year contract with Melbourne City.

Heart of Midlothian

On 24 December 2021, Atkinson signed a three-and-a-half year contract with Scottish Premiership club Heart of Midlothian, with the deal going through on 10 January 2022.

International career
In January 2017, Atkinson was selected to train with the Australia U20 side.

In November 2019 he was one of four players suspended by the Australia U23 due to "unprofessional conduct".

Atkinson qualified for the Tokyo 2020 Olympics. He was part of the Olyroos Olympic squad. The team beat Argentina in their first group match but were unable to win another match. They were therefore not in medal contention.

He was called up to the senior Australia squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualifiers on 24 and 29 March 2022.

Atkinson was named in Australia's squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in November 2022.

Honours
Melbourne City
 A-League Men Premiership: 2020–21
 A-League Men Championship: 2021

Individual
 Joe Marston Medal: 2021

Career statistics

Club

International

Notes

References

External links
 Melbourne City FC Profile .

1999 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Launceston, Tasmania
Soccer players from Tasmania
Australian men's soccer players
Melbourne City FC players
Perth Glory FC players
Heart of Midlothian F.C. players
Men's association football midfielders
National Premier Leagues players
A-League Men players
Footballers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic soccer players for Australia
2022 FIFA World Cup players
Australian expatriate men's soccer players
Australian expatriate sportspeople in Scotland
Expatriate men's footballers in Scotland

Nathaniel Atkinson


Richard John Grecco (born 4 March 1946) is a Canadian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the 13th Bishop of Charlottetown from 2009 to 2021.

Biography
Born in Thorold, Ontario to Anthony and Lily Grecco, Richard Grecco attended St. Augustine's Seminary, Toronto and was ordained to the priesthood on 2 September 1973. He furthered his studies at the Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome and the University of St. Michael's College, Toronto, from where he obtained a doctorate in theology in 1982. He served as a parish priest and a professor of moral theology at St. Michael's College, Toronto and St. Joseph's College, Edmonton.

On 5 December 1997, Grecco was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of London, Ontario and Titular Bishop of Uccula by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on 2 February 1998 from Bishop Thomas Fulton, with Bishops John O'Mara and John Sherlock serving as co-consecrators. He selected as his episcopal motto: "Hope in the Lord".

Grecco was named Auxiliary Bishop of Toronto on 27 April 2002. In Toronto, he served as the senior vicar general and the episcopal vicar of the Central Pastoral Region and Scarborough, composed of approximately 98 parishes. He also worked with many lay associations and ethnic communities in the Toronto Archdiocese, and served on numerous boards and committees including the National Executive for Development and Peace and the Pontifical Mission Society.

On 11 July 2009, Pope Benedict XVI appointed Grecco the thirteenth Bishop of Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. He succeeded Vernon Fougère, who retired due to poor health after a 17-year-long tenure. As Bishop, he was the spiritual leader of 63,240 Catholics in Prince Edward Island.

On March 4, 2021, his 75th birthday, he resigned as the Bishop of Charlottetown having reached the retirement age set by  canon law.

Pope Francis appointed Bishop Joseph Dabrowski as Grecco's successor, 2 April 2023.

See also

References

1946 births
Living people
People from Thorold
Roman Catholic bishops of Charlottetown
Almo Collegio Capranica alumni

Richard Grecco