Irlandsfronten (the 'Ireland Front') was a Norwegian association for supporting the cause of Irish republicanism. The organization existed from 1972 to 1982.

Politically Irlandsfronten was dominated by people from the Socialist Left Party whereas its competitor, Irlandskomiteen was connected to the Workers Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist). In November 1982, the two groups merged and formed the United Ireland Committee.

As unveiled by the Lund commission, the organization was put under surveillance by Norwegian security police, as its members and leaders were considered as potential terrorists.

References

Irish republicanism
Organizations disestablished in 1982
Organizations established in 1972
Political advocacy groups in Norway
Socialist Left Party (Norway)

Ireland Front


Rio Alto Mining was a Vancouver-based international gold producer engaged in the exploration, development, and production of mineral resource properties throughout Latin America, with its principal asset, the La Arena mine, in La Libertad Region, Peru. The company and its assets were acquired by Tahoe Resources, Inc. in 2015, and the company no longer exists.

Operations
Rio Alto's annual gold production exceeded 200,000 ounces from its La Arena mine.

In 2008, Rio Alto purchased La Arena from Iamgold for $48 million. In May 2011, the company poured its first gold from operations at La Arena. Tahoe Resources announced a merger with Rio Alto Mining on February 9, 2015 for $1.12B.  The merger was completed on April 1, 2015.

References

Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Companies formerly listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange
Gold mining companies of Canada

Rio Alto Mining


This section of the Timeline of Quebec history concerns the events relating to the province of Quebec, Canada between the enactment of the British North America Act of 1867 and the end of the 19th century.

1860s
1867 — Following the Great Coalition, upon the request of its  colonial representatives their British North America Act is passed by the Parliament of Great Britain. Rather than remain a colony of Great Britain, the citizens of Quebec vote to join with New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Ontario to create the nation of Canada.
1867 — Quebec general election: In August, the first provincial elections are held under the British North America Act. The Bleus (Conservatives) support the confederation while the Rouges (Liberals) oppose it. 55% of Quebecers vote in favour of the new Confederation of Canada while 45% oppose.
1868 — Thomas D'Arcy McGee, Member of Parliament in Montreal-West, is assassinated by an Irish Fenian, Patrick J. Whelan.
1869 — January 16 - In Montreal, Hugh Graham and George T. Lanigan found the Montreal Evening Star.

1870s
1870 — A major forest fire ravages the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region, leaving a third of the population homeless.
1871 — The Parliament of New Brunswick passes the Common Schools Act.
1871 — Quebec general election: Conservatives win.
1873 — The House of Commons disallows "double mandates": the same person can no longer simultaneously hold a seat in the House of Commons and a provincial legislature.
1873 — Foundation of the Banque d'Hochelaga.
1874 — The Legislative Assembly of Quebec passes its own law to the same effect (abolishing double mandates).
1874 — The Montreal Stock Exchange is founded.
1875 — February 23: New electoral law: voting is now secret and takes place in all ridings on the same day.
1875 — Quebec general election: Conservatives win.
1877 — The Parliament of Prince Edward Island passes the Public Schools Act.
1878 — Quebec general election: Conservatives win one more seat than the Liberals, but Liberal Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière nonetheless remains premier.
1878 — The Legislative Assembly passes a law abolishing the Legislative Council, but the latter does not agree to its own demise (which would not occur until 1968).
1879 — The rules of ice hockey are established by three McGill students.

1880s
1881 — The First Acadian Congress is held in Memramcook, New Brunswick.
1881 — Quebec general election: Conservatives win.
1884 — The Acadian national flag is adopted.
1884 — Founding of La Presse (newspaper) in Montreal.
1885 — The Canadian Pacific railroad (from Montreal to Vancouver) is completed: the "last spike" is driven in on November 7.
1885 — Tried and found guilty, rebel Louis Riel is hanged on November 16.
1885 — Popular assembly held at Champ de Mars (in Montreal) on November 22 in reaction to Riel's hanging.  Honoré Mercier calls for the creation of a new political party, the Parti National.
1886 — Quebec general election: Liberals win, but Conservative minority government remains in office for a few more months.
1886 — The first transcanadian train leaves Montreal for Vancouver in British Columbia.
1887 — Honoré Mercier, leader of the Parti national (Liberals), becomes premier of Quebec. The name "Parti National" is soon abandoned and the party calls itself the Liberal party.

1890s
1890 — Quebec general election: Liberals win.
1891 — Quebec premier Honoré Mercier removed from office by Lieutenant-Governor Auguste-Réal Angers after being accused of corruption.  The following year he is cleared of all charges.
1892 — Quebec general election: Conservatives win.
1892 — Montreal has electric streetcars for the first time.
1896 — Wilfrid Laurier, born in Saint-Lin, Quebec, becomes the first Quebecer to be elected Prime Minister of Canada.
1896 — In a decision by the British Privy Council, the federal government loses the right to veto provincial laws.
1897 — Quebec general election: Liberals win.
1898 — The Parliament of Canada passes the Quebec Boundary Extension Act, 1898 extending the northern boundary of the province of Quebec to the Eastmain River.
Federal Referendum on Alcohol. Passes in all provinces except Quebec
1899 — The Second Boer War erupts in South Africa. 7000 English Canadians are willing to participate in support of Great Britain, while most French-speaking Quebecers are opposed. This foreshadowed the Conscription Crisis of 1917 and the Conscription Crisis of 1944.

References

See also

 1867
1867
Quebec 1867
.1866
.1870
.1880
.1890
1860s in Canada
1870s in Canada
1880s in Canada
1890s in Canada

Timeline of Quebec history (1867–1899)


Cove City is a town in Craven County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 378 at the 2020 U.S. census. It is part of the New Bern, North Carolina Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all  land.

History

Demographics

2020 census

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 378 people, 192 households, and 123 families residing in the town.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 433 people, 182 households, and 135 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 195 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 51.96% White, 46.88% African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.46% Asian, 0.23% from other races, and 0.23% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.69% of the population.

There were 182 households, out of which 20.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.4% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.8% were non-families. 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.81.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 19.9% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 21.5% from 25 to 44, 31.2% from 45 to 64, and 19.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.6 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $26,875, and the median income for a family was $33,438. Males had a median income of $26,042 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,893. About 14.0% of families and 14.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.4% of those under age 18 and 19.5% of those age 65 or over.

Education
 James W. Smith Elementary School

References

Towns in Craven County, North Carolina
Towns in North Carolina
New Bern micropolitan area

Cove City, North Carolina


Brij Bhushan Kabra (1937 – 12 April 2018) was an Indian musician who popularized the guitar as an instrument in Indian classical music.

Kabra was born in 1937 to Goverdhanlal Kabra in Jodhpur where he spent his youth. He was interested in sports and listened to Indian classical music but did not intend to become a musician and trained as a geologist. During a visit to Kolkata he discovered the Hawaiian lap slide guitar and convinced his father to let him learn it by promising to only play classical music. Kabra then lived in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, learnt the instrument by imitating records, and later studied under Ali Akbar Khan. He modified the guitar by adding sympathetic and drone strings.

Kabra became the first Indian musician to play raga on the guitar, performed publicly, and recorded the successful album Call of the Valley (1967) with bansuri player Hariprasad Chaurasia and santoor player Shivkumar Sharma. The guitar was seldom used in Indian classical music, and his guitar playing gained popularity in the 1970s hippie culture. Kabra recorded solo albums and concentrated on teaching since the 1990s but continued to perform.

He was awarded the Rajasthan Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for 1983–84, was made a fellow of the Rajasthan Sangeet Natak Akademi for 1995–96, and received the national Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for 2005.

Kabra died on 12 April 2018 in Ahmedabad at age 81.

References

External links

1937 births
2018 deaths
Hindustani instrumentalists
Indian guitarists
Rajasthani people
People from Jodhpur
Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award
Slide guitarists

Brij Bhushan Kabra


HNLMS Zwaardvisch (S814) was the lead ship of the Royal Netherlands Navy's , which was based on the British T class. The submarine was originally ordered as HMS Talent (P322) and built by Vickers Armstrong, Barrow. It served mainly in the Pacific against the Japanese during the war, operating under both British and US operational command in Ceylon and Australia. In 1950, the vessel was renamed HNLMS Zwaardvis. She was sold and broken up for scrap in 1963.

Design and description
Zwaardvisch was  long, had a beam of  and a draught of  forward and  aft. She displaced 1,290 tons surfaced and 1,560 tons submerged. Powered by twin  diesel engines, and twin  electric motors, the submarine was capable of achieving  while surfaced and  submerged. She had a range of  at  surfaced, and could submerge . She had a complement of 61 personnel and was armed with six internal forward-facing 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes, two external forward-facing torpedo tubes, two external amidships rear-facing torpedo tubes, one external rear-facing torpedo tubes, six reload torpedoes, a single QF 4 inch (100 mm) deck gun and three anti-aircraft machine guns.

Operational history

The submarine was laid down on 13 October 1942 and built by Vickers Armstrong, of Barrow. She was launched on 17 July 1943 as HMS Talent, but was not commissioned into the Royal Navy, instead being transferred to the Royal Netherlands Navy on 23 March 1943, and commissioned into service on 23 November 1943.  She was renamed Zwaardvisch, Dutch for "Swordfish".  She went on to lead a distinguished career.

Under the command of Lieutenant Hendrikus Goossens, Zwaardvisch moved to Rothesay the following month and began sea trials based out of Holy Loch until February 1944. Throughout late February and into March, the submarine undertook patrols into the Atlantic and then off the coast of Norway. Later, she attempted to find the  before returning to Dundee. A patrol to the Portuguese coast followed in May, after which she put into Gibraltar, where orders transferring the vessel to the Far East were received. Arriving in Trincomalee, Ceylon, in July 1944, Zwaardvisch came under the operational control of the British Far East Fleet, and conducted a patrol through the Strait of Malacca, during which time she attacked several ships, including Kim Hup Soen and two Malaysian sailing vessels, mainly with her deck gun.

Assigned to the British 8th Submarine Flotilla, Zwaardvisch operated out of Fremantle, Western Australia, after September 1944, at which time she was placed under the operational command of the US fleet. In October, she also sank the Japanese guard boat Koei Maru, the Japanese oceanographic research vessel Kaiyō No.2 and the . She also damaged the . On 6 October 1944, she sank the German submarine  with a spread of six torpedoes, hitting the U-168 twice, one torpedo detonating in the U-168's forward torpedo room. The submarine had been on a patrol around Java when she received directions via radio to establish an ambush off Surabaya, where she subsequently torpedoed and sank U-168, which had been on its way to Japan to transfer important military technologies.

The final months of the war were spent in the South China Sea attacking Japanese merchantmen, and patrolling the Lombok Strait. In February 1945, Zwaardvisch was attacked and damaged by a Japanese aircraft and had to return to Fremantle the following month for repairs. Once these were complete, she returned to the Java Sea under the command of Lieutenant Jan van Dapperen, where she made further attacks on Japanese merchantmen throughout April and May before returning to Fremantle to repair faulty communications and weapons systems. Following the surrender of Germany in early May, the submarine returned to Britain to undertake further repairs in Dundee before transferring to Rotterdam in August 1945.

Apart from a voyage to the Dutch West Indies in 1947, she had a relatively quiet postwar career, being renamed Zwaardvis in 1950. She was decommissioned on 11 December 1962, and was sold to be broken up for scrap on 12 July 1963.

References

Citations

Bibliography

Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness
1943 ships
World War II submarines of the United Kingdom
Zwaardvisch-class submarines
World War II submarines of the Netherlands

HNLMS Zwaardvisch (P322)


Gürcütepe is a Neolithic site on the southeastern outskirts of Şanlıurfa in Turkey, consisting of four very shallow tells along Sirrin Stream that flows from Şanlıurfa. All four hills are now covered by modern buildings, so they are no longer recognizable. In the late 1990s a German archaeological team under the direction of Klaus Schmidt carried out soundings on all four hills and made extensive excavations on the second hill seen from the east.

Originally it was assumed that the four hills were settled in a specific time sequence, that one of these settlement phases would coincide with the nearby Göbekli Tepe. However, the excavations have indicated that all four hills were settled during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period; the easternmost hill is from the later Pre-Pottery Neolithic C period.

Gürcütepe joins a group of Neolithic localities in Turkey, all rammed-earth buildings possessing space subdivisions next to larger community buildings. The small finds correspond to what archaeologists previously knew already. Overall, the Gürcütepe gives the impression of a rural settlement which was significantly younger than Göbekli Tepe.

References
 M. Belle Bohn, Ch Gerber, M. Morsch, Klaus Schmidt:. Neolithische Forschungen in Obermesopotamien. Gürcütepe und Göbekli Tepe , In: Istanbul Releases 48, 1998, 5-78.
 Klaus Schmidt: Zuerst kam der Tempel, dann die Stadt. Bericht zu den Grabungen am Gürcütepe und am Göbekli Tepe 1996-1999 , In: Istanbul Releases 50, 2000, 5-40.
 Klaus Schmidt: Gürcütepe, in Die ältesten Monumente der Menschheit. Vor 12.000 Jahren in Anatolien [Great National Exhibition in 2007 in Baden Baden-Württemberg Landesmuseum Karlsruhe Palace, 20 January to 17 June 2007], ed. from the Badische Landesmuseum Karlsruhe. Theiss, Stuttgart 2007, , p 94th
 Klaus Schmidt: Sie bauten die ersten Tempel. Das rätselhafte Heiligtum der Steinzeitjäger, die archäologische Entdeckung am Göbekli Tepe. Munich, 3rd, expanded and updated edition of 2007.

External links
 Gürcütepe - Ancient Village or Settlement in Turkey

Archaeological sites of prehistoric Anatolia
Megalithic monuments in the Middle East
Tells (archaeology)
History of Şanlıurfa Province
Neolithic
Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
Archaeological sites in Southeastern Anatolia

Gürcütepe


Judith Coplon Socolov (May 17, 1921 – February 26, 2011) was a spy for the Soviet Union whose trials, convictions, and successful constitutional appeals had a profound influence on espionage prosecutions during the Cold War.

In 1949, three major cases against communists started in the United States: that of Coplon (1949–1967), that of Alger Hiss and Whittaker Chambers (1949–1950), and that of the Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders (1949–1958).

Background

Judith Coplon was born on May 17, 1921, in Brooklyn, New York.  Her father Samuel Coplon was a toymaker and mother Rebecca Moroh a milliner. She went to public school Joseph F. Lamb (PS 206) in Brooklyn, New York.  In high school she won an award for a good-citizenship award and a full scholarship to Barnard College. At Barnard, she majored in history and joined the Young Communist League. In 1943, she graduated cum laude.

She was recruited for Soviet espionage at Columbia University by Flora Wovschin and Marion Davis Berdecio.

Career

In 1944, Coplon obtained a job in the US Department of Justice. She transferred to the Foreign Agents Registration section, where she had access to counter-intelligence information, and was allegedly recruited as a spy by the NKGB at the end of 1944.

Espionage

Evidence later emerged that Coplon was recruited as a Soviet spy during the early months of 1945.  Coplon had a meeting with Vladimir Pravdin, the NKVD station chief in New York City on January 4, 1945. Pravdin was impressed by Coplon who was described as "very serious, shy, profound girl, ideologically close to us." He went on to argue:       We have no doubts about the sincerity of her desire to work with us. In the course of the conversation (Coplon) underlined how much she appreciated the credit we gave to her and that, now knowing for whom she was working, she would redouble her efforts. At the very first stage of her work (Coplon) thought she was helping the local compatriots (the CPUSA).... She thought the stuff acquired by her couldn't represent an interest to the compatriots but could for an organization like the Comintern or another institution bearing a relationship to us. She added that she hoped she was working specifically for us, since she considered it the highest honor to have an opportunity to provide us with modest help."     Soon she was recruited as a Soviet spy (codenamed Sima).

Coplon became one of the NKVD's most valued sources. Her main attention was focused on the main Justice Department counterintelligence archive that collected information from the various government agencies: FBI, OSS, and naval and army intelligence. She passed to her NKVD contact a number of documents from the archive. That included FBI materials on Soviet organizations in the United States and information on leaders of the Communist Party of the United States.

Detection

She came to the attention of the FBI as a result of a Venona message in late 1948. Coplon was known in both Soviet intelligence and the Venona files as "SIMA." She was the first person tried as a result of the Venona project, but for reasons of security, the Venona information was not revealed at her trial.

FBI Special Agent Robert Lamphere testified at her trial that suspicion had fallen on Coplon because of information from a reliable "confidential informant." An extensive counterintelligence operation planted a secret document for her to pass to the Soviets. FBI agents arrested Coplon on March 4, 1949, in Manhattan, as she met with Valentin Gubitchev, a KGB official employed by the United Nations while she was carrying what she believed to be secret US government documents in her purse.

Trials and appeals

Coplon's attorney was Archibald Palmer and Gubitchev's was Abraham Pomerantz.

Coplon was convicted in two separate trials, one for espionage that began on April 25, 1949 and another for conspiracy along with Gubitchev in 1950. Both convictions were later overturned, in 1950 and 1951 respectively, on appeal.

The appellate court, sitting in New York, concluded that while the evidence showed that she was guilty, FBI agents had lied under oath about the bugging. Moreover, the opinion said that the failure to get a warrant was not justified. The court overturned the verdict, but the indictment was not dismissed. In the appeal of the Washington trial, the verdict was upheld, but because of the possible bugging, a new trial became impossible. For political and evidentiary reasons, it never took place. The legal irregularities ensured that she was never retried, and the government ultimately dropped the case in 1967 along with the return of her bail money of $40,000.

National attention

The Coplon trials commanded nationwide attention. After her arrest but before her trials, Coplon received earnest attention from the media.

For example, Gertrude Samuels wrote for The New York Times, questioning the situation:    Why do some people become traitors? What turns some native-born Americans, as well as naturalized citizens, into Benedict Arnolds and Quislings? What motivates them to betray their country and themselves?...    Samuels examines four kinds of traitors: professional, people loyal to their birth lands, crackpots, and idealists. In this last group, she named Elizabeth Bentley and Whittaker Chambers. To understand this group, she argues, one must understand their drive for social justice—reasons "beyond FBI jurisdiction" while "few judges are bothered by motivations." NYT Book Review editor Sam Tanenhaus wrote in March 2011: At the time of her trial, Ms. Coplon drew a great deal of interest, particularly in the lively tabloid press of the day. A 27-year-old cum laude graduate of Barnard, employed in the internal security section of the Justice Department, she seemed the model postwar "government girl," fetchingly clad in snug sweaters and New Look skirts . .  [with the] sort of attention Lindsay Lohan's courtroom appearances attract today.

Personal life and death

In 1950 Coplon married one of her attorneys, Albert Socolov, and they remained married until her death in 2011. The couple had four children.

Once the trials concluded, Judith Coplon disappeared from the public space. She went on to pass a master's degree in education, published bilingual books and taught creative writing to women in prison.

See also
 Preceding case: Hollywood Ten (1947)
 Concurrent cases:
 Hiss–Chambers Case (1949–1950)
 Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders (1949–1958)
 House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC)

References

Further reading

 John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America (Yale University Press, New Haven, 1999) pp. 157–160
 Robert J. Lamphere and Tom Shachtman, The FBI-KGB War: A Special Agent's Story (Random House, New York, 1986) pp. 97–124
 Marcia Mitchell and Thomas Mitchell, The Spy Who Seduced America: Lies and Betrayal in the Heat of the Cold War – The Judith Coplon Story (Invisible Cities Press, Montpelier, 2002)
 Alexander Vassiliev and Allen Weinstein, The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America – The Stalin Era (Random House, New York, 1999) pp. 277–279, 298

Barnard College alumni
1921 births
Place of birth missing
2011 deaths
Place of death missing
American spies for the Soviet Union
American people in the Venona papers
McCarthyism
Anti-communism in the United States
20th-century American Jews
American people convicted of spying for the Soviet Union
21st-century American Jews
Women spies

Judith Coplon


Belkis Ayón (23 January 1967 – 11 September 1999) was a Cuban printmaker who specialized in the technique of collography. Ayón created large, highly detailed allegorical collagraphs based on Abakuá, a secret, all-male Afro-Cuban society. Her work is often in black and white, consisting of ghost-white figures with oblong heads and empty, almond-shaped eyes, set against dark, patterned backgrounds.

Early life
She was born in Havana, Cuba, in 1967. From 1979 to 1982: 20 she attended de Octubre Elementary School of the Arts, in Havana.
For four years from 1982 to 1986 she attended San Alejandro Academy, Havana. From 1986 to 1991, Ayón attended the prestigious Instituto Superior de Arte in Havana where she gained a bachelor's degree in Engraving, and joined its faculty after graduation.

Career
A central theme of Ayón's art is Abakuá, a secret, exclusively male association with a complex mythology that informs their rites and traditions. The fraternal society began in Nigeria at Cross River and Akwa Ibom and was brought to Haiti and Cuba through the slave trade in the 19th century.

Ayón researched the history of Abakuá extensively, with special emphasis on the most prominent and only female figure in the religion, Princess Sikan. According to a central Abakuán myth, Sikan once accidentally captured Tanze, an enchanted fish which imparted great power to those who heard its voice. When she took the fish to her father, he warned her to remain silent and never speak of it again. She did divulge the information however, to her fiancé, leader of an enemy tribe. Her punishment was a death sentence and with her, Tanze also died.

This story comes in the form of imposed silence in her work, a major theme. The concept of imposed silence is evident in the lack of mouths in all of her figures. Belkis Ayón demonstration of Sikan's betrayal in her collagraphs may be considered a transgression because, ironically, Ayon, a female artist, gives voice to the main antagonist Sikan, a woman, in Abakua mythology, which traditionally prohibits women. In this way, Belkis rebelled against the sexist and patriarchal culture argued to be ingrained in Cuban society by highlighting the religion's feminine presence.

To date, Ayón has been the only prominent artist to create an extensive body of work based on the Abakuán society. Because the society itself had created very few visual representations of its myths, Ayón had great freedom to visually interpret their myths for herself. Numerous Abakuán rituals are represented in her collagraphs, many of which draw on Christian as well as Afro-Cuban traditions. Abakuán beliefs existed in sharp contrast to the atheistic anti-religious position of the Cuban communist government at the time.

Style and technique
Ayón dedicated herself to collography, a printmaking technique for making works on paper. After the fall of the Soviet Union, supplies became difficult for artists to find. She painstakingly attached materials of widely differing textures (for example, vegetable peelings, bits of paper, acrylic, and abrasives) to a cardboard substrate, painting over the matrix to create dimension. Finally, running the resulting elaborate collage through a hand-cranked printing press. She often painted or carved the resulting prints, creating intricate patterns and areas of embossing that added even more depth and texture. Her works masterfully combine figuration and areas of abstract patterning, which sometimes complement and, at other times, camouflage the forms of her figures. Towards the end of Ayón's career, she worked on a large scale, sometimes joining as many as 18 sheets together to construct a single image, or attaching oversized prints to an armature that would give them architectural volume, towering over viewers.

Ayón is best known for working mainly in black, white, and shades of gray. In these prints, stark and haunting white figures are dramatically contrasted with dark images and backgrounds. The prints feature both animals — such as snakes, fish, and goats — and human forms, references to art history, and religious iconography.  Notable examples of her works include Longing (1988), Resurrection (1998) and Untitled ("Black figure carrying a white one") (1996). She did, however, use vibrant colors in some of her early works and in studies for prints. A notable example is La Cena (1991), a large-scale print for which she created a study in bright pink, red, yellow and green. Other examples of full-color work include Nasako Began (1986), Syncretism I (1986), and Careful Women! Sikan Careful!! (1987).

By disrupting the male-dominated Abakuán mythology through the creation of a more egalitarian iconography, Ayón defied society's norms. To do this she sometimes mixed images from the Abakuán and Christian religions, as in Giving and Taking (1997). In this work she depicted a Christian priest or saint with a white halo and a red robe next to an Abakuán figure clothed in black, with a black diamond behind his head. She sometimes replaced male figures with female figures, as in La Cena, where she portrayed some of the disciples at the Last Supper with ambiguously gendered figures. She also replaced Jesus with the image of Sikan.

Exhibitions and residencies
Ayón's work has been shown widely internationally. She has been featured in group exhibitions in Canada, South Korea, the Netherlands and Spain (2010). In 1993, she exhibited at the 16th Venice Biennale and won the international prize at the International Graphics Biennale in Maastricht, the Netherlands. Other Biennials she attended include the Havana Biennial, Bharat Bhavan International Biennial of Prints in India, and the San Juan, Puerto Rico Biennial of Latin American and Caribbean Engraving in which she was awarded a prize as well.

In 1998 Ayón received four residencies in the United States working at Temple University's Tyler School of Art, Philadelphia College of Art, Rhode Island School of Design, and at the Brandywine Workshop. The same year she was elected vice-president of the Association of Plastic Artists of National Union of Writers and Artists of Cuba.

Collections
Her work can now be found in the permanent collections of a number of museums, including the Museum of Contemporary Art Los Angeles and the Museum of Modern Art in New York. From 2 October 2016 to 12 February 2017, the Fowler Museum staged Ayón's first solo museum exhibition with the help of her estate; the exhibition subsequently traveled to El Museo del Barrio in New York and the Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art in Kansas City, and was widely well received. The first retrospective of her work in Europe showed 90 pieces of her work at the Reina Sofia museum in Madrid from 2021 until April 2022. Ayón's work Untitled (Sikán with White Tips), a monochromatic print made in 1993, is also featured in the collection of the Pérez Art Museum Miami (PAMM).

Death
Ayón killed herself with a gunshot to the head at home in Havana on 11 September 1999. She was 32. Reasons for her suicide still remain a mystery to her friends and family. However,The New York Times obituary quotes her as saying of her art, in the year that she died:
 These [works] are the things I have inside that I toss out because there are burdens with which you cannot live or drag along, ...Perhaps that is what my work is about — that after so many years, I realize the disquiet.

References

External links
 Belkis Ayón 1967–1999
 "Nkame: A Retrospective of Cuban Printmaker Belkis Ayón", Fowler Museum
 Southern World Arts News
 "Primera Individual En Eeuu De Belkis Ayón, Una Artista Prolífica En Su Corta Vida", Artishock, 5 November 2016
 Christina García, "Belkis Ayón in L.A. On Surfaces, Skins and Secrets", Cuba Counterpoints
 "El mundo misterioso de Belkis Ayón", Cuban Art News, 8 November 2016
 Andrea Gyorody, Critics Picks, ArtForum
 Simone Kussatz, "Fowler Museum: Belkis Ayón", Artillery Magazine, 21 December 2016
 "Best of 2016: Our Top 10 Los Angeles Art Shows", Hyperallergic, 28 December 2016
 "Exploring The Shadowy World Of A Cuban Feminist Legend"
 Sola Agustsson, "In Commanding Prints, Afro-Cuban Artist Belkis Ayón United Mythology and Cultural Critique", Artslant, 21 January 2017
 "Belkis Ayón" at The Farber Collection
 "Belkis Ayón Manso", AfroCubaWeb
 "NKAME: A Retrospective of Cuban Printmaker Belkis Ayón", El Museo del Barrio
 "Belkis Ayón", LUAG.

Videos
 "Belkis Ayón: A Documentary Video Work in Progress", Fowler Museum, 26 September 2016
 "Belkis Ayon", 9 December 2012

1967 births
1999 suicides
1999 deaths
20th-century Cuban women artists
20th-century Cuban painters
Artists from Havana
Artists who died by suicide
Suicides in Cuba
Cuban lithographers
Women lithographers
Academia Nacional de Bellas Artes San Alejandro alumni
Instituto Superior de Arte alumni
20th-century lithographers

Belkis Ayón


Giovanni Battista Brambilla (active 1770) was an Italian painter.

He was a native of Piedmont. He was a pupil of Carlo Delfino. He painted for churches in Turin, including a Martyrdom of St. Dalmazio for the church dedicated to that saint. He also painted altarpieces for churches in Villafranca. The Equestrian Portrait of Carlo Emanuele II, Duke of Savoy and of Vittorio Amedeo II, Prince of Piedmont (c. 1675) are on exhibit at the Palazzo Madama of Turin.

References

18th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Painters from Turin
18th-century Italian male artists

Giovanni Battista Brambilla


Francis Annesley, 1st Viscount Valentia,  (1 February  – 22 November 1660) was an English statesman during the colonisation of Ireland in the seventeenth century. He was a Member of Parliament for both the English and Irish houses, was elevated to the Irish peerage as Baron Mountnorris, and later gain the additional title Viscount Valentia. He is best remembered for his clash with the Lord Lieutenant, Thomas  Wentworth, who in order to render Annesley powerless had him sentenced to death on a spurious charge of mutiny, although it was clearly understood that the sentence would not be carried out.

Biography

Rise to power
Annesley, descended from the ancient Nottinghamshire family of Annesley, was the son of Robert Annesley, high constable of Newport, Buckinghamshire, and his wife Beatrice Cornwall,  daughter of John Cornwall of Moor Park, Hertfordshire, and was baptised 2 January 1586.

As early as 1606 he had left England to reside at Dublin, and he took advantage of the frequent distributions of Irish land made to English colonists in the early part of the seventeenth century to acquire estates in various parts of Ireland. With Sir Arthur Chichester, who became Lord Deputy of Ireland in 1604, he lived on terms of intimacy, and several small offices of state, with a pension granted 5 November 1607, were bestowed on him in his youthful days.

In the colonisation of Ulster, which began in 1608, Annesley played a leading part, and secured some of the spoils. In October 1609 he was charged with the conveyance of Sir Niall Garve O'Donnell and other Ulster rebels to England for trial. On 13 March 1611–12 James I wrote to the Lord Deputy confirming his grant of the fort and land of Mountnorris to Annesley "in consideration of the good opinion he has conceived of the said Francis from Sir Arthur's report of him". On 26 May 1612, Annesley was granted a reversion to the clerkship of the Checque of the Armies and Garrisons, to which he succeeded on 9 December 1625.

In 1614, County Armagh returned Annesley to the Irish parliament, and he supported the Protestants there in their quarrels with the Catholics. Meanwhile, his sister Bridget Annesley, a lady of the bedchamber in the household of Anne of Denmark may have been able to promote his career.

In 1616, he was sworn of the Irish Privy Council. On 16 July, the King knighted him at Theobalds; in 1618 he was acting as Principal Secretary of State for Ireland, although he may not have been formally appointed; on 5 August 1620 received from the king an Irish baronetcy; and, on 11 March 1620–21, received a reversionary grant to the viscounty of Valentia, which had recently been conferred on Sir Henry Power, a kinsman of Annesley, who had no direct heir.

In 1625, he was elected to represent the county of Carmarthen in the English parliament. Meanwhile, in 1622, Lord Falkland became Lord Deputy of Ireland. Dissensions between Annesley and the new governor in the council chamber were constant, and, in March 1625, the Lord Deputy wrote to Conway, the English Secretary of State, that a minority of the councillors, "amongst whom Sir Francis Annesley is not least violent nor the least impertinent", was thwarting him in every direction. But Annesley's friends at the English court contrived his promotion two months later to the important post of Vice-Treasurer and Receiver-General of Ireland, which gave him full control of Irish finance, and, in 1628, Charles I raised him to the Irish peerage as Baron Mountnorris of Mountnorris.

In October of the same year, an opportunity was given Annesley, of which he readily took advantage, to make Falkland's continuance in office impossible. He was nominated on a committee of the Irish privy council appointed to investigate charges of injustice preferred against Falkland by the Byrne Clan, who had held land in County Wicklow for centuries. The committee, relying on the testimony of corrupt witnesses, condemned Falkland's treatment of the Byrnes, and Falkland was of necessity recalled on 10 August 1629. On 13 June 1632, the additional office of Treasurer at Wars was conferred on Mountnorris.

Sir Thomas Wentworth
In 1633 the formidable  Sir Thomas Wentworth, afterwards Earl of Strafford, became Lord Deputy, and Mountnorris soon discovered that he was determined to insist on the rights of his office far more emphatically than Falkland. Although they were related by marriage, Wentworth disliked Mountnorris from the first as a gay liver, and as having been long guilty, according to popular report, of corruption  in the conduct of official duties.

In May 1634 Wentworth obtained an order from the English Privy Council forbidding his practice of taking percentages on the revenue to which he was not lawfully entitled; this order Mountnorris refused to obey. Fresh charges of malversation were brought against him in 1635, and, after threatening to resign office, he announced that all intercourse between the Lord Deputy and himself was at an end, and that he would take his case to the king personally.

Mountnorris's relatives took up the quarrel. His younger brother at a military review made an insulting gesture to Wentworth, who struck him with his cane in return, and another kinsman deliberately dropped a stool in Dublin Castle on Wentworth's gouty foot. At a dinner (8 April 1635) at the house of Lord Loftus, the Lord Chancellor of Ireland, one of his supporters, Mountnorris boasted of this last act as having been done in revenge of the Lord Deputy's conduct towards himself; he referred to his brother as being unwilling to take "such a revenge", and was understood to imply that some further insult to Wentworth was contemplated.

Downfall

Wentworth was now resolved to crush Mountnorris, and on 31 July following obtained the consent of Charles I to inquire formally into the Vice-Treasurer's alleged malversation and to bring him before a court-martial for the words spoken at the dinner in April. At the end of November, a committee of the Irish Privy Council undertook the first duty, and on 12 December Mountnorris was brought before a council of war at Dublin Castle and charged, as an officer in the army, with having spoken words disrespectful to his commander and likely to breed mutiny, an offence legally punishable by death. Mountnorris demanded as the privilege of peerage, a trial before the Irish House of Lords: he was told brusquely that a military court knew nothing of his privilege. Wentworth appeared as a suitor for justice; after he had stated his case, and counsel had been refused Mountnorris, the court briefly deliberated in Wentworth's presence, and pronounced sentence of death.

The Lord Deputy informed Mountnorris that he would appeal to the king against the sentence, and added, rather  tactlessly: "I would rather lose my hand than you should lose your head." In England the sentence was condemned on all hands; in letters to friends, Wentworth attempted to justify it in the cause of discipline, and even at his trial he spoke of it as in no way reflecting upon himself. The only real justification for Wentworth's conduct, however, lies in the fact that he had obviously no desire to see the sentence executed; he felt it necessary, as he confessed two years later, to remove Mountnorris from office, and this was the most effective means he could take. Hume attempts to extenuate Strafford's conduct, but Hallam condemns the vindictive bitterness he here exhibited in strong terms; and although Mr. S. R. Gardiner has shown that law was technically on Wentworth's side, and his intention was merely to terrify Mountnorris, Hallam's verdict seems substantially just.

As the result, Mountnorris, after three days' imprisonment, was promised his freedom if he would admit the justice of the sentence, but this he refused to do. On the report of the privy council's committee of inquiry he was stripped of all his offices, but on 13 February 1635–6 a petition to Strafford from Lady Mountnorris, which was never answered, proves that he was still in prison. In the petition, she pleaded eloquently with Strafford to remove his "heavy hand" from her dear husband, and appealed to the memory of his beloved second wife Arabella Holles, who was her cousin. She later managed to gain entry to his house, and went on her knees to him: Wentworth treated her courteously but remained implacable. Later in the year, Lady Mountnorris petitioned the king to permit her husband to return to England, and the request was granted.

Life after Strafford
The rest of Mountnorris's life was passed in attempts to regain his lost offices. On 11 May 1641, he wrote to Strafford enumerating the wrongs he had done him, and desiring, on behalf of his wife and children, a reconciliation with himself, and his aid in regaining the king's favour. But other agencies had already been set at work on his behalf. A committee of the Long Parliament had begun at the close of 1640 to examine his relations with Strafford, and on 9 September 1641, a vote of the commons declared his sentence, imprisonment, and deprivations unjust and illegal. The declaration was sent up to the  House of Lords, who made several orders between October and December 1641 for the attendance before them of witnesses to enable them to judge the questions at issue; but their final decision is not recorded in their journals.

In 1642 Mountnorris succeeded by special remainder to the viscounty of Valentia on the death of his cousin Sir Henry Power. In 1643 the House of Commons granted him permission, after much delay, to go to Duncannon in Ireland. In 1646 he was for some time in London, but he lived, when not in Ireland, on an estate near his birthplace, at Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire, which had been sold to him by Charles I in 1627. In 1648 Parliament restored him to the office of Clerk of the Signet in Ireland, and made him a grant of £500. Later he appears to have lived on friendly terms with Henry Cromwell, the Lord Deputy of Ireland during the Protectorate, and to have secured the office of Secretary of State at Dublin. In November 1656 he proposed to the English Government that he should resign these posts to his son Arthur. Henry Cromwell, writing to General Fleetwood, urges him to aid in carrying out this arrangement, and speaks in high terms of father and son. Lord Mountnorris died in 1660.

Family

He married firstly Dorothea (died 1624), daughter of Sir John Philipps, 1st Baronet of Picton Castle, Pembrokeshire, and his first wife Anne, daughter of Sir John Perrot, and they had eleven children of whom three sons and several daughters reached adulthood.

He married secondly Jane (died 1683/4), widow of Sir Peter Courten, 1st Baronet, of Aldington and daughter of Sir John Stanhope and his second wife Catherine Trentham, and half-sister of Philip Stanhope, 1st Earl of Chesterfield, and they had nine children of whom at least one son and one daughter reached adulthood.

Valentia died and was buried in Thorganby, Yorkshire, in November 1660. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Arthur, who was later created Lord Annesley and Earl of Anglesey.

Arms

Notes

References

1580s births
1660 deaths
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for constituencies in Wales
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Armagh constituencies
Viscounts in the Peerage of Ireland
Peers of Ireland created by Charles I
Annesley, Francis
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Francis
English MPs 1625
English MPs 1628–1629
English expatriates in Ireland

Francis Annesley, 1st Viscount Valentia


The postage stamp test is a test used to evaluate nocturnal erections in a workup of male impotence. A length of connected postage stamps connected by perforations that allow easy tearing are secured loosely around the male's flaccid penis just prior to sleeping. If the perforated connections between the individual stamps are torn upon awakening, this is taken as evidence of nocturnal tumescence. However, there is also a chance that the male may shift his position in bed in such a way as to unknowingly tear the perforated connections between the stamps without having achieved a nocturnal erection, thus causing a false positive.

References

Medical tests
Male genital procedures

Postage stamp test


Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a diverse group of animal and human illnesses. VHFs may be caused by five distinct families of RNA viruses: the families Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and several member families of the Bunyavirales order such as Arenaviridae, and Hantaviridae. All types of VHF are characterized by fever and bleeding disorders and all can progress to high fever, shock and death in many cases. Some of the VHF agents cause relatively mild illnesses, such as the Scandinavian nephropathia epidemica (a hantavirus), while others, such as Ebola virus, can cause severe, life-threatening disease.

Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms of VHFs include (by definition) fever and bleeding:
 Flushing of the face and chest, small red or purple spots (petechiae), bleeding, swelling caused by edema, low blood pressure (hypotension), and circulatory shock.
 Malaise, muscle pain, headache, vomiting, and diarrhea occur frequently.

The severity of symptoms varies with the type of virus. The "VHF syndrome" (capillary leak, bleeding diathesis, and circulatory compromise leading to shock) appears in a majority of people with filoviral hemorrhagic fevers (e.g., Ebola and Marburg virus), Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), and the South American hemorrhagic fevers caused by arenaviruses, but only in a small minority of patients with dengue or Rift Valley fever.

Causes
Five families of RNA viruses have been recognised as being able to cause hemorrhagic fevers.

 The order Bunyavirales includes the families Arenaviridae, Fimoviridae, and all members of the former family Bunyaviridae, especially Peribunyaviridae.
 The family Arenaviridae include the viruses responsible for Lassa fever (Lassa virus), Lujo virus, Argentine (Junin virus), Bolivian (Machupo virus), Brazilian (Sabiá virus), Chapare hemorrhagic fever (Chapare virus), Venezuelan (Guanarito virus) and Whitewater Arroyo virus hemorrhagic fevers.
 The former family Bunyaviridae includes
 the causative agents of Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HV-HFRS) (Hantaviridae),
 the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus from the genus Orthonairovirus (Nairoviridae),
 Garissa virus and Ilesha virus from the genus Orthobunyavirus (Peribunyaviridae), and
 the Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus from the genus Phlebovirus (Phenuiviridae).
 The family Filoviridae (order Mononegavirales) includes Ebola virus and Marburg virus.
 The family Flaviviridae (order Amarillovirales) includes dengue, yellow fever, and two viruses in the tick-borne encephalitis group that cause VHF: Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus and Kyasanur Forest disease virus.
 The family Togaviridae (order Martellivirales) includes Chikungunya virus which causes Chikungunya fever.
 Family Rhabdoviridae (order Mononegavirales): In September 2012 scientists writing in the journal PLOS Pathogens reported the isolation of a member of the Rhabdoviridae responsible for two fatal and two non-fatal cases of hemorrhagic fever in the Bas-Congo district of the Democratic Republic of Congo. The virus was named Bas-Congo virus. The non-fatal cases occurred in healthcare workers involved in the treatment of the other two, suggesting the possibility of person-to-person transmission. This virus is related to the Ephemerovirus and Tibrovirus genera.

The pathogen that caused the cocoliztli epidemics in Mexico of 1545 and 1576 is still unknown, and the 1545 epidemic may have been bacterial rather than viral.

Pathophysiology
Different hemorrhagic fever viruses act on the body in different ways, resulting in different symptoms. In most VHFs, it is likely that several mechanisms contribute to symptoms, including liver damage, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and bone marrow dysfunction. In DIC, small blood clots form in blood vessels throughout the body, removing platelets necessary for clotting from the bloodstream and reducing clotting ability. DIC is thought to cause bleeding in Rift Valley, Marburg, and Ebola fevers. For filoviral hemorrhagic fevers, there are four general mechanisms of pathogenesis. The first mechanism is dissemination of virus due to suppressed responses by macrophages and dendritic cell (antigen presenting cells). The second mechanism is prevention of antigen specific immune response. The third mechanism is apoptosis of lymphocytes. The fourth mechanism is when infected macrophages interact with toxic cytokines, leading to diapedesis and coagulation deficiency. From the vascular perspective, the virus will infect vascular endothelial cells, leading to the reorganization of the VE-cadherin catenin complex (a protein important in cell adhesion). This reorganization creates intercellular gaps in endothelial cells. The gaps lead to increased endothelial permeability and allow blood to escape from the vascular circulatory system.

The reasons for variation among patients infected with the same virus are unknown but stem from a complex system of virus-host interactions. Dengue fever becomes more virulent during a second infection by means of antibody-dependent enhancement. After the first infection, macrophages display antibodies on their cell membranes specific to the dengue virus. By attaching to these antibodies, dengue viruses from a second infection are better able to infect the macrophages, thus reducing the immune system's ability to fight off infection.

Diagnosis
Definitive diagnosis is usually made at a reference laboratory with advanced biocontainment capabilities. The findings of laboratory investigation vary somewhat between the viruses but in general, there is a decrease in the total white cell count (particularly the lymphocytes), a decrease in the platelet count, an increase in the blood serum liver enzymes, and reduced blood clotting ability measured as an increase in both the prothrombin (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin times (PTT). The hematocrit may be elevated. The serum urea and creatine may be raised but this is dependent on the hydration status of the patient. The bleeding time tends to be prolonged.

Prevention

With the exception of yellow fever vaccine and Ebola vaccines, vaccines for VHF-associated viruses are generally not available. Post-exposure prophylactic (preventive) ribavirin may be effective for some bunyavirus and arenavirus infections.

VHF isolation guidelines dictate that all VHF patients (with the exception of dengue patients) should be cared for using strict contact precautions, including hand hygiene, double gloves, gowns, shoe and leg coverings, and face shield or goggles. Lassa, CCHF, Ebola, and Marburg viruses may be particularly prone to nosocomial (hospital-based) spread. Airborne precautions should be utilized including, at a minimum, a fit-tested, HEPA filter-equipped respirator (such as an N95 mask), a battery-powered, air-purifying respirator, or a positive pressure supplied air respirator to be worn by personnel coming within 1.8 meter (six feet) of a VHF patient. Groups of patients should be cohorted (sequestered) to a separate building or a ward with an isolated air-handling system. Environmental decontamination is typically accomplished with hypochlorite (e.g. bleach) or phenolic disinfectants.

Management
Medical management of VHF patients may require intensive supportive care. Antiviral therapy with intravenous ribavirin may be useful in Bunyaviridae and Arenaviridae infections (specifically Lassa fever, RVF, CCHF, and HFRS due to Old World Hantavirus infection) and can be used only under an experimental protocol as IND approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Interferon may be effective in Argentine or Bolivian hemorrhagic fevers (also available only as IND).

Epidemiology
 Cocoliztli in Mexico 1545 and 1576 (suspected)
 The Great Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793 in Philadelphia, PA, US. Nearly 10% of the population of 50,000 died from the disease.
 Mékambo in Gabon is the site of several outbreaks of Ebola virus disease.
 Orientale Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo villages of Durba and Watsa were the epicenter of the 1998–2000 outbreak of Marburg virus disease.
 Uíge Province in Angola was the site of another outbreak of Marburg virus disease in 2005, the largest one to date of this disease.
 A VHF outbreak in the village of Mweka, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) that started in August 2007, and that has killed 103 people (100 adults and three children), has been shown to be caused (at least partially) by Ebola virus.
 A viral hemorrhagic fever is a possible cause of the Plague of Athens during the Peloponnesian War.
 A viral hemorrhagic fever is an alternate theory of the cause of the Black Death and the Plague of Justinian
 The initial, and currently only, outbreak of Lujo virus in September–October 2008 left four of five patients dead.
 The 2014 West Africa Ebola outbreak, which was the biggest outbreak in history.

Biowarfare potential
The VHF viruses are spread in a variety of ways. Some may be transmitted to humans through a respiratory route. The virus is considered by military medical planners to have a potential for aerosol dissemination, weaponization, or likelihood for confusion with similar agents that might be weaponized.

See also

 Biosafety
 Jordi Casals-Ariet
 Dr. Matthew Lukwiya (1957–2000)
 C. J. Peters

References

External links

Animal viral diseases
Tropical diseases

Viral hemorrhagic fever


James Edward Bromwell (March 26, 1920 – September 11, 2009) was a two-term Republican U.S. Representative from Iowa's 2nd congressional district. He was elected in 1960, re-elected in 1962, and defeated in 1964.

Born and raised in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Bromwell attended Andrew Johnson Elementary School in Southeast Cedar Rapids. He graduated from Franklin High School in 1938. He then enrolled at the University of Iowa and received his undergraduate degree in 1942.

Further schooling was interrupted by World War II. He entered the United States Army as a private, and was assigned to work in the European theater for the Headquarters Information and Education Division, which was a part of the Morale Department of the former Department of War.  Bromwell served four years, and was discharged as a captain.

Bromwell then resumed his studies, earning admission to the Harvard Business School and graduating in 1947. He returned to the University of Iowa, graduating from the University of Iowa College of Law in 1950. He was admitted to the bar and began practice in Cedar Rapids.

In 1960, Bromwell ran as a Republican against one-term incumbent Democratic Congressman Leonard G. Wolf, defeating him as part of a good year for Republicans in Iowa.  He won re-election in 1962, defeating Frank W. Less.

In 1964, however, he was challenged by fellow Franklin High School and Harvard graduate and attorney John C. Culver. As part of a national Democratic landslide, Bromwell—like all but one Republican House candidate in Iowa—lost in 1964. His congressional service began on January 3, 1961, and ended on January 3, 1965.

He resumed the practice of law in Cedar Rapids. In 1968, he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for United States Senator in 1968, losing to David Stanley, who in turn lost to Harold Hughes.

Failure to file tax return
In 1973, Bromwell pleaded guilty in U.S. District Court in Cedar Rapids to a charge of failing to file a federal tax return in 1969, and received a $10,000 fine and one-year suspended sentence. The following year, the Iowa Supreme Court Grievance Commission found that Bromwell had conceded that he had failed to file federal tax returns for 1965 through 1972, and recommended that the Iowa Supreme Court suspend his license to practice law for eighteen months.

Bromwell returned to practice following the end of his suspension, and retired from the practice of law in 1986, residing in Cedar Rapids.

He died on September 11, 2009.

References

External links
 The James Bromwell Papers are housed at the University of Iowa Special Collections & University Archives.

1920 births
2009 deaths
Politicians from Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Military personnel from Iowa
University of Iowa alumni
Harvard Business School alumni
University of Iowa College of Law alumni
Iowa lawyers
United States Army officers
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Iowa
Iowa politicians convicted of crimes
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American lawyers

James E. Bromwell


Erra Matti Dibbalu also called as Red Sand Hills, a notified National Geo-heritage Monument, is situated at the outskirts of Visakhapatnam City. It is located very near to the Bay of Bengal and is one of Visakhapatnam's many heritage sites.

About
These Erra Matti Dibbalu are nature's assets to Visakhapatnam. The Geological Survey of India is helping to make these sites attain geo-heritage site status.

References

Tourist attractions in Visakhapatnam
Geography of Visakhapatnam
Uttarandhra
National Geological Monuments in India

Erra Matti Dibbalu


The Picos de Europa National Park () is a National Park in the Picos de Europa mountain range, in northern Spain. It is within the boundaries of three autonomous communities, Asturias, Cantabria and Castile and León, which are represented on the body which runs the park. The park is also a popular destination for hikers and trekkers.

History
It was the first of the National Parks of Spain. When it was created 22 July 1918 with help from Pedro Pidal, 1st Marquess of Villaviciosa de Asturias, it covered the western part of today's national park, centered on the Lakes of Covadonga.
The Parque Nacional de la Montaña de Covadonga, as it then was called, had an area of 169.25 km². On 30 May 1995 and then on 3 December 2014, the park was extended to include its current total area of 671.27 km².

On 9 July 2003, UNESCO approved Biosphere Reserve status for the National Park.  Picos de Europa is one of several biosphere reserves in the Cantabrian Mountains which are being integrated into a single super-reserve to be known as "Gran Cantábrica".

Geography

The total area of the park is 671 km² and is shared by  Castilla y León, Asturias, and Cantabria. The highest point of the park is in Torre de Cerredo peak,  2,648 m AMSL and the lowest point is 75 m AMSL in the Deva River, that is, a vertical drop of 2,573 m.

The geological features of the park show the effects of glacial erosion on the limestone massifs that form the Cantabrian Mountains.
The human population is about 1300.

Vega de Liordes, an enclave in the León sector of Picos de Europa belonging to the municipality of Posada de Valdeón registered , a record low temperature, on January 7, 2021.

Flora and fauna
Several types of woods can be found in the area; trees include beeches and Cantabrian Holm Oaks.

There are many protected animal species, like the Cantabrian capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus cantabricus), the Bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus), the Cantabrian brown bear and the Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus). The most representative animal of the Picos de Europa is the Cantabrian chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica parva) or rebeco, of which there are many sculptures around the park.

See also

 Redes Natural Park
 San Glorio
 Flora of Cantabria

References

External links

Official web of the Spanish Ministry of Environment
Information and tourism office
iberianature.com - English-language web site on nature in Spain and Portugal

Green Spain
National parks of Spain
Biosphere reserves of Spain
Protected areas of Asturias
Protected areas of Cantabria
Protected areas of Castile and León
Picos de Europa
Protected areas established in 1918
Cantabrian Mountains
Primeval Beech Forests in Europe
Natural parks of Asturias
Natural parks of Cantabria

Picos de Europa National Park


Clover would have been an experiment to measure the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background. It was approved for funding in late 2004, with the aim of having the full telescope operational by 2009. The project was jointly run by Cardiff University, Oxford University,  the Cavendish Astrophysics Group and the University of Manchester.

History
The Clover Project was meant to consist of two independent telescopes, one operating at 95 GHz with the other operating at both 150 and 225 GHz. Both telescopes were to be sited near the CBI site in the Atacama Desert, Chile. The two telescope receivers would have been large format focal plane arrays of either 100 or 200 bolometric detectors.

The aim of the experiment was to measure the B-mode polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background between multipoles of 20 and 1000 down to a sensitivity limited by the foreground contamination due to lensing. This would have allowed the detection of primordial gravitational waves in the universe so long as the ratio of scalar perturbations (caused by density fluctuations in the early universe) to the tensor perturbations caused by gravitational waves was greater than .

It was hoped that the telescope would have spent around 2 years observing a total of around 1,000 degrees of sky, made up of several patches of sky where polarized foregrounds (synchrotron and thermal dust emission) are at a minimum.

Clover was canceled in March 2009 as STFC were unable to provide the requested additional funds of 2.55 million pounds to finish the project.

References

Further reading

Journal articles

Cardiff University
Cosmic microwave background experiments
Science and Technology Facilities Council

Clover (telescope)


The United States Post Office in Dobbs Ferry, New York serves the ZIP Code 10522, which covers the village of Dobbs Ferry. It is a brick Colonial Revival structure located at the corner of Main and Oak streets, in the downtown section.

It was built in 1936, as part of a massive postal construction effort. Its architecture features a high level of detail and ornament for the Colonial Revival style. Only two other post offices in New York in that style share the same level of detail. For this reason it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

Building
The post office is a one-story, five-by-five-bay steel frame building occupying the corner lot. The ground slopes slightly from the rear to the west-facing front facade (the Hudson River is a short distance in that direction). Thus it was built on a raised foundation. From the rear a three-bay wing projects, giving access to the parking lot.

The foundation and exteriors are faced with red brick laid in common bond. The front section, one bay deep, has a roof done in copper with parapeted gables on the end walls. The remainder of the roof is flat. Cast-stone coping outlines the entire roof, and the front has a boxed wood cornice. Bronze lettering above the entrance identifies it as the Dobbs Ferry post office.

The entrance centers the entire main facade. It is arched, with flanking wooden pilasters topped with dosserets and a denticulated (toothed) broken-bed pediment. The windows feature splayed brick lintels and capping keystones. Two iron lantern-style lamps frame the door.

Inside, the lobby takes an L-shaped form through four of the five bays. It features orange quarry tile and a counter-height dado. The plaster ceiling is coved, and the original wood frames on the bulletin boards and windows, as well as iron grilles on the screenline, remain.

History
Dobbs Ferry had had a post office under its earlier names of Wickquaequeeck and Greenburgh prior to its incorporation in 1872 and change to its current name a decade later. In 1915 the U.S. Post Office, then under the auspices of the Treasury Department, began to standardize its local branches across the country. This trend reached Dobbs Ferry when it became one of 136 new post offices authorized for New York State under an amendment to the Public Buildings Act of 1931.

Congress did not get around to appropriating the money for a new Dobbs Ferry post office until 1934. In November of that year the current property was acquired for $11,700, and an existing store and residence condemned to make way for the new building. Congress then made $95,000 available for construction, and the Summit Brothers firm began work the next year. The new post office opened for business in 1936.

The design, by Treasury supervising architect Louis Simon, used a Colonial Revival style, common for many post offices in and out of New York from 1905 onward. Most of these were simple, somewhat spartan structures, and the level of ornamentation at Dobbs Ferry is a departure from the norm. In New York, only the Granville and Hudson Falls post offices share the parapeted gables and window keystones.

It has remained largely intact since its construction. Modern aluminum doors have been installed at the entrance, as well as modern lighting inside. The most significant alteration was the replacement of the original double staircase to the front entrance with a wheelchair-accessible ramp, mandated in federal buildings by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in southern Westchester County, New York

References

Dobbs Ferry
National Register of Historic Places in Westchester County, New York
Government buildings completed in 1936
Buildings and structures in Westchester County, New York

United States Post Office (Dobbs Ferry, New York)


The 1983 World Championship Tennis circuit was one of the two rival professional male tennis circuits of 1983. It was organized by World Championship Tennis (WCT).
The WCT circuit withdrew from the Grand Prix circuit in 1982 and established its own full calendar season consisting of 20 tournaments. For the 1983 season the WCT circuit was downsized to eight tournaments and ran from January to May.

Calendar

See also
 1983 Grand Prix circuit

References

External links
 ATP 1983 results archive

World Championship Tennis circuit seasons
World Championship Tennis

1983 World Championship Tennis circuit


Georgina Evelyn Cave Gaskin (née France) (8 December 1866 – 29 October 1934), known as Georgie Gaskin, was an English jewellery and metalwork designer, as well as an illustrator.

With her husband Arthur Gaskin, Georgie was one of the original members of the Birmingham Group of Artist-Craftsmen which formed around Joseph Southall in the 1890s, and reflected the influence of the Arts and Crafts movement at the Birmingham School of Art under the headmastership of Edward R. Taylor.

Georgie France was born in Shrewsbury, the elder daughter of William Hanmer France and Frances Emily Cave-Brown-Cave. She studied at the Birmingham School of Art, while there she met Arthur Gaskin, who also studied, as well as taught, there. They married on 21 March 1894. and had two daughters, Joscelyne (b. 1903) and Margaret (b. 1907). Arthur and Georgie Gaskin began their married life living in Acocks Green, Birmingham, before moving to Olton, Solihull. Another move, in 1924, took them to the High Street in Chipping Campden. A few years after Arthur's death in 1928, Georgie moved to West Malling, Kent where she died in 1934. They are buried together, in the churchyard of St James's Church in Chipping Campden.

The Gaskins were leading jewellers of the Arts and Crafts movement, mostly in the Birmingham area. In 1899 the Gaskins started producing jewellery together, under the name of Mr and Mrs Arthur Gaskin. Despite having no technical expertise initially, they learnt many skills and employed others where necessary. Georgie designed all of the jewellery that they made together, though both were involved in making it.
They produced silver and enamel work, book illustrations and jewellery both independently and in partnership. Georgie's jewellery was initially quite simple, consisting of silver wirework set with coloured stones and enamel, as time went on it became more ornate, often being set with gems by the time of the First World War. She continued to design jewellery until shortly before her death.

The Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery holds the largest collection of the Gaskins' work in all media.

References

1866 births
1934 deaths
Arts and Crafts movement artists
British jewellery designers
English jewellers
English designers
19th-century English people
Alumni of the Birmingham School of Art
Women jewellers`

Georgie Gaskin


John Satterwhite (December 2, 1943 – August 21, 2014) was an American Olympic shooter and World Championship skeet shooter. Satterwhite was captain of the 1976 United States Olympic and 1979 World Championship teams. Prior to his skeet shooting career, he served in the United States Air Force, where he taught survival shooting to aircrew and instructed in rifle and pistols. Until his death, Satterwhite was a consultant to law enforcement agencies, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the United States Navy Crises Response teams.

Born John Charles Satterwhite in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, he was the only child of John Floyd Satterwhite and Beulah Mae (Boots) Satterwhite.  John spent his formative years in Tupelo, Mississippi, and graduated from Tupelo High School in 1961.

John had many interests and accomplishments related to shooting and the outdoors.  His shooting accomplishments are legendary.  He was an Air Force Marksmanship Instructor and trained thousands of servicemen in rifle and pistol marksmanship including many B-52 and KC-135 crews during the Vietnam War. He served as a consultant to Law-Enforcement agencies, Special Weapons and Tactics Teams, and U.S. Navy Crisis Response Teams.  He was the All Armed Forces National Skeet Champion in 1968 and the All Armed Forces International Style Champion in 1975.  John was also a four time United States International Skeet Champion in 1968, 1974, 1975, and 1976. In 1979, he was a member of the World Championship and World Record holding U.S. Skeet team in Montacatini, Italy.  He was also the Captain of two U.S. Pan American Shooting teams (1975 and 1979), the 1976 Olympic Shooting Team, and the 1979 U.S. World Shooting Championships team.  Among many individual shooting honors, he was for many years the U.S. High Average leader in International Skeet, the 20 Gauge National High Average leader in the NSSA (American Style Skeet), a member of several military All-American shooting teams, and won 12 medals in International and World Competitions 6 of which were Gold.

He is one of the Legends of Sport featured in The Olympic Room in the Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame and was inducted into the Legends of the Outdoors Hall of Fame in Nashville, Tennessee in 1975.

A few months before his death, John retired from the State of Mississippi's Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Parks, where he had served for several years as the Shooting Sports Coordinator for the State of Mississippi.  In this role, John was Mississippi's ambassador at large for shooting and the sporting life.

References

External links
 Armed Forces Skeet Association
 Champion Shots
 The SWPCL competitions
 John Satterwhite's profile at Sports Reference.com
 John Satterwhite's obituary

American male sport shooters
Skeet shooters
Shooters at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympic shooters for the United States
1943 births
2014 deaths
Pan American Games medalists in shooting
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Shooters at the 1979 Pan American Games

John Satterwhite


Music for Mallet Instruments, Voices and Organ is a 1973 composition by American composer Steve Reich.  The piece is scored for glockenspiels, marimbas, metallophone (vibraphone without resonator fans), women's voices, and organ, and runs about 17 minutes.

The piece is in four sections, played without a break, marked off by changes in key and meter: 1) F dorian, in 3/4 time; 2) A flat dorian, in 2/4; 3) B flat minor, in 3/4; and 4) D flat, in 3/4.

The piece features two interrelated musical processes: the building up of a duplicate of a preexisting pattern played by the marimbas and the glockenspiels, and the augmenting (lengthening of the duration of notes) of repeated chord cadences of the women's voices and organ. The women's voices sing a simple vowel sound, "ee", doubling upper notes of chords played by the organ.

The decision to double organ and women's voices was made by Reich after several months of experimentation. First he tried doubling four wind instruments with two men's and two women's voices. One attempt along this line was made with two bass clarinets and two clarinets; another involved bass trombone, trombone, flugelhorn, and trumpet. He found that the performers, both the wind players and the vocalists, had difficulty keeping in tune for long chords. Reich substituted organ for the wind instruments, and then eliminated the men's voices to avoid a sound that was "too heavy and slow moving."

References

http://www.boosey.com/pages/cr/catalogue/cat_detail.asp?musicid=6361.

1973 compositions
Compositions by Steve Reich


Aruvanpalli Puthiyapurakkal Abdullakkutty (born 8 May 1967) is an Indian politician. He was elected as the National Vice President of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) on 26 September 2020. He has also served as the BJP Vice President of Kerala state. He is also a former member of Lok Sabha from Kannur and ex-MLA from Kannur constituency of Kerala state.

Early life and politics
He was a leader  during his college days, Abdullakutty became the General Secretary of Calicut University Students' Union in 1989. He served as Member of the Kannur District Panchayat from 1995 to 1999. He was elected to Parliament from Kannur Lok Sabha constituency twice (1999–2009) and was one of the youngest MPs of the country during that time. In 2008, he praised Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi, and was expelled from CPI(M) in 2009. He subsequently joined Indian National Congress. He represented the Kannur Lok Sabha constituency of Kerala in the 13th and 14th Lok Sabha (two terms) and was a Member of Kerala Legislative Assembly from 2009 to 2016.

During May 2019, in a Facebook post, Abdullakutty praised some of Prime Minister Narendra Modi's schemes, such as the Swachh Bharat Mission (cleanliness drive), and the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana for free LPG connection. He added that the "NDA's victory was an acceptance of Prime Minister Modi's development agenda and the secret of his success was that he adopted Gandhian values", and further stated that "Through 'Swacchhta Bharat' PM gave toilets to 9.26 crore families, also gave free LPG connections to six crore families." After Abdullakutty's favorable appraisal of the prime minister, he was expelled from his party, the Indian National Congress (INC) in June 2019.

After a meeting with Narendra Modi and BJP President Amit Shah on 24 June 2019, Abdullakutty was invited to join the BJP, and he formally joined BJP on 26 June 2019. Abdullakutty received the BJP membership from party working president J. P. Nadda, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, V. Muraleedharan, Dharmendra Pradhan, Minister of Petroleum & Natural Gas and Minister of Steel, Bhupender Yadav, Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha and National General Secretary of the BJP, Rajeev Chandrasekhar, MP (Upper house) and the vice-chairman of the Kerala wing of Bharatiya Janata Party-led coalition National Democratic Alliance (NDA) was among those present to greet him. He contested as NDA candidate in 2021 Malappuram Lok Sabha by-election against IUML Candidate M P AbduSamad Samadani and SFI national president VP Sanu and lost in a big margin.

Controversies
On 17 January 2009, CPI(M) Mayyil Area committee suspended Abdullakutty from the party for one year for praising the then Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi's Gujarat development model.

On 11 March 2014, Kerala Police registered an FIR against Kannur MLA AP Abdullakutty on rape charges based on the complaint filed by solar scam accused Saritha S Nair on Monday. In her complaint Saritha Nair alleged that she was raped by Abdullakutty at Mascot hotel in Thiruvananthapuram prior to her arrest in the solar scam. Cantonment women's police in Thiruvananthapuram said that no date or time of the incident is mentioned in her complaint.

References

External links

Living people
1967 births
Politicians from Kannur
21st-century Indian Muslims
India MPs 1999–2004
India MPs 2004–2009
Malayali politicians
Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala
Lok Sabha members from Kerala
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Kerala
Kerala MLAs 2011–2016
Kerala MLAs 2006–2011

A. P. Abdullakutty


Johann Leonhard Hug (1 June 1765 in Constance – 11 March 1846 in Freiburg im Breisgau), was a German Roman Catholic theologian, orientalist and biblical scholar.

Life

In 1783 he entered the University of Freiburg, where he became a pupil in the seminary for the training of priests, and soon distinguished himself in classical and Oriental philology as well as in biblical exegesis and criticism. In 1787 he became superintendent of studies in the seminary, and held this appointment until the breaking up of the establishment in 1790. In the following year he was called to the Freiburg chair of Oriental languages and Old Testament exegesis; to the duties of this post were added in 1793 those of the professorship of New Testament exegesis.

Declining calls to Breslau, Tübingen, and thrice to Bonn, Hug continued at Freiburg for upwards of thirty years, taking an occasional literary tour to Munich, Paris or Italy. In 1827 he resigned some of his professorial work, but continued in active duty until in the autumn of 1845 he fell ill and died on 11 March 1846. Johann Martin Augustin Scholz was his pupil.

Works

Hug's earliest publication was the first installment of his Einleitung; in it he argued against Johann Gottfried Eichhorn in favour of the "borrowing hypothesis" of the origin of the Synoptic Gospels, maintaining the priority of Matthew, and asserting that the present Greek text was the original.

His subsequent works were dissertations on the origin of alphabetical writing (Die Erfindung der Buchstabenschrift, 1801), on the antiquity of the Codex Vaticanus (1810), and on ancient mythology (Untersuchungen über den Mythos der berühmtern Völker der alten Welt. Vorzüglich der Griechen; dessen Entstehen, Veränderungen und Innhalt, 1812); a new interpretation of the Song of Solomon (Des hohe Lied in einer noch unversuchten Deutung, 1813), to the effect that the lover represents King Hezekiah, while by his beloved is intended the remnant left in Israel after the deportation of the ten tribes; and treatises on the indissoluble character of the matrimonial bond (De conjugii christiani vinculo indissolubili commentatio exegetica, 1816) and on the Alexandrian version of the Pentateuch (1818).

His Einleitung in die Schriften des Neuen Testaments, his major work, was completed in 1808 (fourth German edition, 1847; English translations by Daniel Guilford Wait, London, 1827, and by David Fosdick and Moses Stuart, New York, 1836; French partial translation by J. E. Cellerier, Geneva, 1823). In the portion relating to the history of the text he holds it to have been current up to the middle of the 3rd century only in a common edition, of which recensions were afterwards made by Hesychius, an Egyptian bishop, by Lucian of Antioch and by Origen).

From 1828 until it ceased to be published in 1834, Hug was a regular contributor to the Zeitschrift für die Geistlichkeit des Erzbisthums Freyburg. Hug was also the first editor (from 1839 until his death in 1846) of the newly founded Zeitschrift für Theologie, published by the Catholic Theological Faculty in Freiburg.
  Hug's introduction to the New Testament, transl. by D. Fosdick and Moses Stuart, Andover 1836
 Die mosaische Geschichte des Menschen, Frankfurt 1793;
 Die Ursprünge der menschlichen Erkenntnis, Basel 1796;
 Einleitung in die Schriften des Neuen Testaments, 2 Te., 1808 (18472);
 De antiquitate Codicis Vaticani commentatio, Freiburg: Herder 1810;
 Untersuchungen über den Mythos der berühmtern Völker der alten Welt Vorzüglich der Griechen; dessen Entstehen, Veränderungen und Innhalt, Freiburg 1812 (18232);
 Das hohe Lied einer noch unversuchten Deutung, 1813;
 J. L. M., Schutzschr. f. seine Deutung des Hhld. u. dessen weitere Erl., Freiburg 1815;
 De conjugii christiani vinculo indissolubili commentatio exegetica, 1816;
 De Pentateuchi versione Alexandrina commentatio, 1818;
 Gutachten über das Leben Jesu v. David Friedrich Strauß (1835), 2 Te., 1840–44 (l8542)

References

External links

 Johann Leonhard Hug (1765–1846) - Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
 Bibliographie Johann Leonhard Hug - Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
 A. Maier, Gedächtnissrede auf Joh. Leonh. Hug (Freiburg 1847)
 W. Müller, Hug, Johann Leonhard, in: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Band 10, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1974, p. 8.
 K. Werner, Geschichte der kath. Theol. in Deutschland, 527–533 (1866).
 Works of Hug at the Internet Archive

Attribution

1765 births
1846 deaths
People from Konstanz
19th-century German Catholic theologians
German orientalists
German biblical scholars
Roman Catholic biblical scholars
Old Testament scholars
New Testament scholars
19th-century German male writers
German male non-fiction writers

Johann Leonhard Hug


Sergey Aleksandrovich Volkov (; born 1 April 1973) is a retired Russian cosmonaut and engineer. He was a member of three missions to the International Space Station, spending more than a year in total in space. During his missions he did four spacewalks lasting more than 23 hours in total.
Volkov retired from the Cosmonaut group in February 2017.

Personal
Volkov is the first second-generation cosmonaut (and space walker), the son of cosmonaut Aleksandr Volkov. He was born on 1 April 1973 in Chuhuiv, Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine. Volkov and his wife Natalia have a son who was born in 2001. His recreational activities include tennis, windsurfing, reading, and visiting museums.

Education
Volkov graduated from Star City high school in 1990 and entered the Tambov Air Force Academy for Pilots. He graduated in 1995 with a degree of pilot/engineer.

Awards
Volkov was awarded the Hero of the Russian Federation medal and Russian Federation Armed Forces medals.

Experience
After graduating from Tambov Air Force Academy, Volkov served in the air force as an assistant aircraft commander. He has mastered the Aero L-29 and L-39, the Ilyushin Il-22, and the Tupolev Tu-134, and has also accumulated 450 flight hours. He is a Class 3 military pilot.

Cosmonaut career

From December 1997 to November 1999, Volkov underwent general cosmonaut training, and in November 1999, was qualified as a test cosmonaut. Since January 2000, he has been part of a group of test cosmonauts training for missions to the International Space Station (ISS).

From August 2001 to February 2003, Volkov trained as part of the Expedition 7 backup crew as a Soyuz-TMA Commander and ISS Flight Engineer. From March 2003 to December 2004, he trained as part of the Expedition 11 primary crew for launch on the Space Shuttle. From January 2005 to February 2006, he trained as part of a group of test cosmonauts for missions to the ISS. In February 2006, he was appointed as a member of the Expedition 13 backup crew and Visiting Crew 10 as a Soyuz TMA Flight Engineer 2 and an ISS Visiting Crew Flight Engineer.

Expedition 17
In June 2006, he was appointed a member of the Expedition 17 prime crew as Soyuz TMA Commander and ISS Commander. The Soyuz TMA-12 spacecraft carrying Volkov along with fellow cosmonaut Oleg Kononenko and South Korean spaceflight participant Yi So-Yeon blasted into space on 8 April 2008. Volkov served as the commander of the ISS expedition 17. He is the youngest ISS commander to date. His mission lasted from April to October 2008.

Volkov, Kononeko and space tourist Richard Garriott, the son of astronaut Owen K. Garriott returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TMA-12 on 24 October 2008. Garriott is the first second-generation American space explorer. The spacecraft landed at 03:36 GMT 55 miles north of Arkalyk, Kazakhstan. Later they were lifted to the Kazakhstan Baikonur Cosmodrome by helicopter and then flown to Zvezdny Gorodok (Star City) in Moscow.

Expedition 28/29
On 7 June 2011 (UTC) Volkov returned to space aboard Soyuz TMA-02M to join the crew of Expedition 28.
Expedition 28 crews worked with 111 experiments involving approximately 200 researchers across a variety of fields, including human life sciences, physical sciences and Earth observation, and conduct technology demonstrations ranging from recycling to robotics. Seventy-three of these experiments are sponsored by NASA, including 22 under the auspices of the U.S. National Laboratory program, and 38 are sponsored by international partners. More than 540 hours of research are planned. As with prior expeditions, many experiments are designed to gather information about the effects of long-duration spaceflight on the human body, which will help us understand complicated processes such as immune systems with a plan for future exploration missions.
The station command changed from US astronaut Michael Fossum to US astronaut Daniel Burbank. With undocking of Soyuz TMA-02M, carrying Volkov, Fossum and Satoshi Furukawa on 21 November 2011 at 23:00 UTC the Expedition 29 concluded and the new ISS Expedition 30 began.
An EVA by Volkov and crewmate Aleksandr Samokutyayev occurred on 3 August 2011 to move a small crane, install a communications terminal and remove and inspect antennas. Other tasks included installing a materials science experiment and deploying a micro-satellite. The duration of the spacewalk was 6 hours 23 minutes.

Spacewalks

Volkov conducted his first spacewalk on 10 July 2008 when he ventured into space from the Pirs docking compartment airlock of the ISS. He and cosmonaut Kononenko inspected their Soyuz TMA-12 spacecraft and retrieved a pyro bolt from it. The spacewalk lasted 6 hours and 18 minutes and Volkov served as the lead spacewalker.

On 15 July 2008 Volkov, together with Kononenko, again went outside from Pirs to conduct a spacewalk. The two spacewalking cosmonauts installed one experiment and retrieved another. They also continued to outfit the station's exterior, including the installation of a docking target on the Zvezda service module. The spacewalk was in Russian Orlan suits and Volkov, as the lead spacewalker wore the suit with red stripes. This spacewalk lasted 5 hours and 54 minutes.

An EVA by Volkov and crewmate Aleksandr Samokutyayev occurred on 3 August 2011 to move a small crane, install a communications terminal and remove and inspect antennas. Other tasks included installing a materials science experiment and deploying a micro-satellite. The duration of the spacewalk was 6 hours 23 minutes.

The fourth EVA of Volkov's career was during Expedition 46, with veteran cosmonaut Yuri Malenchenko. The spacewalkers performed works with the experiment Test at two locations: they took away samples from the outer surface of the docking compartment Pirs hatch and in the area of the cover window #8 at the service module Zvezda. The goal of the experiments was to develop methods for detecting leaks and control of elements of the exterior surface of the ISS.
The cosmonauts also dismantled a monoblock responsible for exposing samples of organic and biological materials in open space (experiment Expose-R) and set the unit samples #2 from an experiment for the study of space influence on the mechanical properties of materials. At the same module, they had to replace a removable cassette container, where the samples are placed on the exterior of stations in conditions of prolonged exposure, change the orientation of the pressure control unit on the module Poisk.
One of the important tasks were works on an experiment with the goal to develop technologies for sticking film thermal control coating, secure package screen-vacuum thermal insulation on the surface to be repaired and transactions that require bonding film materials in space flight.
For more convenient travel on the outer surface of the ISS the spacewalkers installed handrails on the soft part of the conical device of the Functional Cargo Block Zarya. Upon completion of the main tasks, the cosmonauts started a photo documentation of the external surface of the ISS Russian segment. The spacewalk concluded after 4 hours 45 minutes.

Russian EVA #28

On 3 August 2011 Volkov participated in his third spacewalk. He and cosmonaut Aleksandr Samokutyayev worked for six hours and 23 minutes performing a variety of tasks for both science and maintenance outside the Russian segment of the ISS. Outside the Zvezda service module, Volkov and Samokutyayev installed laser communications equipment. They also photographed an antenna with signs of degraded performance. After ground controllers took time to work on an antenna problem, the two cosmonauts also deployed a small satellite named Radioskaf-V which was originally planned for deployment at the beginning of the spacewalk. The satellite contained an amateur radio transmitter and a student experiment. The primary task of the spacewalk the relocation of the Strela 1 boom from the Pirs module to the Poisk module, had to be called off due to time constraints. The cosmonauts removed an antenna that helped guide the Poisk module to a docking in November 2009 and was returned to the ISS at the end of the spacewalk. They also successfully installed the materials science experiment – BIORISK on a handrail outside the Pirs module. BIORISK experiment studies the effect of microbes on spacecraft structures and whether solar activity affects microbial growth. Finally, Volkov and Samokutyayev took more photographs holding photos of the first cosmonaut Yury Gagarin, spacecraft designer Sergei Korolyov and Soviet astronautic theory pioneer Konstantin Tsiolkovsky with Earth in the background before entering the Pirs module, closing the hatch and completing the Russian EVA #28.

Lawsuit with the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center
In February 2012, the Russian Government excluded the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center from the list of organizations served by military officers. All military personnel serving as cosmonauts were forced to retire from military service and become civilian specialists at significantly lower rates of pay (the premium for military officers working as cosmonauts was between 55% and 120% of their nominal salaries). Sergey Volkov successfully sued the training center, winning back 1,382,000 Russian roubles (approximately $40,000) in lost pay.

Expedition 45/46
Volkov launched for his third trip to the ISS as commander of Soyuz TMA-18M alongside Visiting Crew Members Andreas Mogensen and Aidyn Aimbetov on the 2nd September 2015. They docked to the Poisk Module 2 days later (a higher station orbit prevented the normal 6 hr rendezvous from being possible) on the 4th September. Mogensen and Aimbetov landed on Soyuz TMA-16M while Volkov remained onboard until March 2016 when he landed with Scott Kelly and
Mikhail Korniyenko.
The fourth EVA of Volkov's career was during Expedition 46, with veteran cosmonaut Yuri Malenchenko. The duration was 4 hours 45 minutes.
with undocking of Soyuz TMA-18M, carrying Volkov, Korniyenko and Kelly, on 2 March 2016 at 01:02:48 UTC, the Expedition 46 concluded and the new ISS Expedition 47 began. The landing of TMA-18M occurred two and half hours later, which concluded the 11-month mission of Kelly and Korniyenko.

References

External links

Volkov's Twitter page
Spacefacts biography of Sergei Volkov
NASA biography
Roscosmos biography

1973 births
Living people
People from Chuhuiv
Russian cosmonauts
Volkov, Sergey
Crew members of the International Space Station
Heroes of the Russian Federation
Spacewalkers

Sergey Volkov (cosmonaut)


Dr. Asir Jawahar Thomas Johnsingh (born 14 October 1945) is an Indian vertebrate ecologist from Tamil Nadu. Johnsingh's study of the Dhole in Bandipur National Park was ground-breaking in that it was the first study of a free-ranging animal by an Indian scientist.

He comes from Nagercoil and is an advisor to the Ministry of Environment and Forests. He gives motivational speeches and is a wildlife enthusiast. He is also the author of various environmental books.

He was the first Indian environmentalist to study the threat caused to the Western Ghats. He is also a Padma Shri awardee and has received various other distinguished awards including the $100,000 ABN AMRO Award.

References

People from Kanyakumari district
1945 births
Living people
Indian ecologists
Scientists from Tamil Nadu
20th-century Indian biologists
People from Nagercoil

A. J. T. Johnsingh


Horst Korsching (12 August 1912 – 21 March 1998) was a German physicist.  He was arrested by the allied British and American Armed Forces and incarcerated at Farm Hall for six months in 1945 under Operation Epsilon.

Education

Born in Danzig, Korsching began his studies of physics at the Humboldt University of Berlin in 1932.  In 1937, he joined the scientific staff at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Physik (KWIP, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics), an institute under the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft (KWG, Kaiser Wilhelm Society) and located in Dahlem-Berlin.  He received his doctorate under Hermann Schüler.

Career

At the KWIP, he was a colleague of Karl Wirtz, and his research was on determination of the nuclear moment and thermodiffusion.  During the war years, he worked on isotope separation under Kurt Diebner and Werner Heisenberg.  He went with the staff of the KWIP when it was moved to Hechingen in 1943 to avoid bombing casualties.  In late spring 1945, Korsching was arrested by the allied British and American Armed Forces and incarcerated at Farm Hall for six months under Operation Epsilon.

From 1946, after his incarceration, Korsching worked at the Max-Planck Institut für Physik (MPIP), which was the renamed Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Physik and had been opened in the British Occupation Zone in Göttingen.  In 1958, he moved with the MPIP when it was relocated to Munich.

Internal report

The following were published in Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte (Research Reports in Nuclear Physics), an internal publication of the German Uranverein.  Reports in this publication were classified Top Secret, they had very limited distribution, and the authors were not allowed to keep copies.  The reports were confiscated under the Allied Operation Alsos and sent to the United States Atomic Energy Commission for evaluation.  In 1971, the reports were declassified and returned to Germany. The reports are available at the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center and the American Institute of Physics.

Horst Korsching Trennung von schwerem und leichtem Benzol durch Termo-Diffusion in flüssiger Phase, 5 September 1941. G-102.
 Horst Korsching Zur Frage des Isotopeneffekts bei Thermodiffusion in flüssiger Phase, 25 February 1942. G-174.

Selected literature

H. Schüler und H. Korsching Zur Frage nach Gesetzmäßigkeiten beim Aufbau des Atomkernes, Naturwissenschaften Volume 24, Number 50, Pages 796-797 (December, 1936)
Horst Korschung Quadrupolmoment von 83Kr36, 131Xe54 und mechanisches Moment von 83Kr36, Zeitschrift für Physik Volume 109, Numbers 5-6, Pages 349-357 (May, 1938).  The author is cited as being at a facility in Berlin-Dahlem.  The article was received 10 March 1938.
H. Schüler und H. Korsching Magnetische Momente von 171, 173 Yb und Isotopenverschiebung beim Yb I , Zeitschrift für Physik Volume 111, Numbers 5-6, Pages 386-390 (May, 1938).  The authors were cited as being at a facility in Berlin-Dahlem.  The article was received 1 November 1938.
Horst Korsching and Karl Wirtz Trennung von Flüssigkeitsgemischen mittels kombinierter Thermodiffusion und Thermosiphonwirkung: Methode von Clusius und Dickel, Naturwissenschaften Volume 27, Number 7, Page 110 (February, 1939)
Horst Korsching Trennung von Benzol und Hexadeuterobenzol durch Thermodiffusion in der Flüssigkeit, Naturwissenschaften Volume 31, Numbers 29-30, Pages 348-349 (July, 1943)
Horst Korsching Ein abgeändertes Verfahren bei der Trennung von Lösungsbestandteilen durch Thermodiffusion in der Flüssigkeit, Naturwissenschafte Volume 32, Numbers 27-39, Page 220 (July, 1944)

Books

Horst Korsching and Karl Wirtz Trennung der Zinkisotope durch Thermodiffusion in flüssiger Phase (Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1939)

Bibliography

Bernstein, Jeremy Hitler's Uranium Club: The Secret Recording's at Farm Hall (Copernicus, 2001)
Hentschel, Klaus, editor and Ann M. Hentschel, editorial assistant and Translator Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources (Birkhäuser, 1996)
Walker, Mark German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power 1939–1949 (Cambridge, 1993)

External links
MPIWG – Max Planck Institute for the History of Science

References

1912 births
Nuclear program of Nazi Germany
1998 deaths
Operation Epsilon
20th-century  German  physicists

Horst Korsching