Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf is a Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") in the district of Holzminden, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Its seat is in the town Stadtoldendorf. It was formed on 1 January 2011 by the merger of the former Samtgemeinden Eschershausen and Stadtoldendorf.

The Samtgemeinde Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf consists of the following municipalities:

 Arholzen
 Deensen
 Dielmissen
 Eimen
 Eschershausen
 Heinade
 Holzen
 Lenne
 Lüerdissen
 Stadtoldendorf
 Wangelnstedt

Samtgemeinden in Lower Saxony

Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf


James Vincent O'Loghlin (25 November 1852 – 4 December 1925) was an Australian politician.

O'Loghlin was a member of the South Australian Legislative Council from 1888 to 1902, representing the Northern District, and was Chief Secretary under Charles Kingston from 1896 to 1899. He lost his Legislative Council seat in 1902; though he had been a liberal in state politics, he made unsuccessful campaigns for the Australian Senate as an Australian Labor Party candidate at the 1901 federal election and 1906 federal election. He was briefly appointed as a Labor Senator to a casual vacancy in 1907, but it was invalidated following an electoral dispute. He returned to state politics in 1910–1912, winning the South Australian House of Assembly seat of Flinders for Labor, but losing after one term.

He was elected to the Senate at his third attempt as a Labor candidate at the 1913 federal election, served overseas in World War I while in office, and remained with the Labor Party during the 1916 Labor split. He left office in 1920 after being defeated at the 1919 federal election, but was re-elected at the 1922 election, resuming his seat from 1923 until his death in 1925.

Early history
O'Loghlin was born in Gumeracha, South Australia, a son of Susan (ca.1813 – 14 December 1883) and James O'Loghlin (ca.1811 – 5 September 1876), a pioneer farmer, who arrived in South Australia from Ireland in 1840. After being educated at Mr. Besley's Roman Catholic School at Kapunda and the Classical and Commercial Academy (under Mr. J. H. Potter) in the same town, he started farming with his father at Kapunda, Pinkerton, and Blyth, and afterwards at Pekina.
He was next employed on the Hill River and Pinkerton stations, and later worked for the South Australian Carrying Company, which had a contract with the railways. He was next put in charge of the Farrell's Flat railway station, at that time a major junction. He was promoted to manager for the company at Gawler, where he remained until the contract system was abolished and the Government took over the whole of the railway goods traffic.
O'Loghlin next became a wheat-buyer for the millers W. Duffield and Co. of Gawler; and when that firm was amalgamated with the Adelaide Milling and Mercantile Company he was appointed their agent at Terowie.
While there, he and a Mr. Dawson, who had previously been editor of the Burra Record, founded the Terowie Enterprise and North-Eastern Advertiser, and subsequently became sole proprietor. He remained in the newspaper business for three years, and when in 1887 the Adelaide Milling Company moved him to Gladstone, he sold it.

Politics
Shortly after his move to Gladstone, O'Loghlin was elected to its Town Council. In 1888, he was one of ten who sat for the two Northern District seats of the South Australian Legislative Council. John Darling headed the poll, and he won second seat. He moved to Adelaide and took up the post of editor and manager of The Southern Cross, a South Australian Catholic newspaper.
He was a strong supporter of the Irish National League, and their South Australian delegate to the Irish-Australian Convention in Melbourne in November, 1883. He was also a prominent member of the Australian Natives' Association.
O'Loghlin's retained a great popularity in the Northern District, and at the end of his term and he stood for re-election in 1892 he was returned at the head of the poll. In March 1896 Kingston appointed him Chief Secretary and Minister of Defence, retaining those posts until 1 December 1899 when their government was defeated. During that period he was the sole Government member in the Legislative Council. He lost his seat at the 1902 elections, after fourteen years of continuous service.

In State Parliament O'Loghlin was a member of the Barossa Water Commission, and was also a member of the Royal Commission which enquired into railway communication with the Queensland border. As leader of the Legislative Council he was dignified and tactful, and won the friendship of members, as well as their respect.

He was Minister for Defence in the Kingston Government, and in 1899 organised the first two South Australian contingents for service in South Africa in 1899.

Federal Parliament

Though a liberal in his first stint in state politics, O'Loghlin unsuccessfully contested the 1901 federal election for the Australian Labor Party. Whilst O'Loghlin was not a candidate at the 1906 federal election, when Anti-Socialist Senator Joseph Vardon's election was declared void,  O'Loghlin was appointed by the Parliament of South Australia to the vacancy in the Australian Senate on 11 July 1907. However, on 20 December of the same year, O'Loghlin's appointment was declared void, and he and Vardon contested a special election on 15 February 1908, which was won by Vardon.

In between his two stints in federal politics, O'Loghlin had a brief return to state politics, holding Flinders, in the South Australian House of Assembly for one term from 1910 until his defeat in 1912.

In 1913 he was again a Labor candidate for the Senate, and was returned at the head of the poll, with John Newland and William Senior, and held his seat for six years. He was defeated in 1919, having been the only one of South Australia's five Labor senators not to defect to the Nationalist Party after the 1916 split over conscription. In 1922 O'Loghlin was elected with McHugh and Hoare, but died in 1925; the South Australian Nationalist Government successfully installed Nationalist Henry Barwell to his vacant seat.

Soon after the war broke out in 1914, though well past the fighting age, he had volunteered for overseas service, and in 1915 was sent as an officer commanding reinforcements for the First AIF to Egypt, Gallipoli, and France. On his return to Australia he was appointed a member of the Federal Parliamentary Recruiting Committee.

He died at his residence, "Glenvolo", Hawthorn, of tuberculosis, after a long period of ill-health. He left a widow, three sons, who were attending Christian Brothers' College, and one daughter, who was a pupil at the Convent of Mercy school in Angas Street, Adelaide.

Family
He married Blanche Besley ( – 23 April 1929), daughter of John Besley (ca.1832 – 3 July 1916) of Mount Gambier, his erstwhile schoolmaster, on 23 January 1907. Their children were:
son born 28 March 1908
daughter born 12 December 1909
son born 7 May 1912
son born 19 October 1918

A tribute
" He did good work for the State and the party he represented. ... He was not an orator in the ordinary acceptation of the term, but he had the gift of clear and lucid expression, and his utterances were always sincere, well thought out, and effective. As a Minister of the Crown in the Kingston Government he was a very active, loyal, and kindly colleague, and could always be relied upon for a just, if careful, decision As Chief Secretary he was alert and capable, and his record as a democratic legislator was of a high order. Senator O'Loghlin was also a capable journalist, and founded and edited with success the "Southern Cross". He had a racy pen, a fund of knowledge, and an excellent memory, all of which stood him in good stead in his writings."

Notes

References

Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for South Australia
Members of the Australian Senate
Members of the South Australian Legislative Council
Members of the South Australian House of Assembly
Australian journalists
Australian newspaper proprietors
1852 births
1925 deaths
People from Gumeracha, South Australia
20th-century Australian politicians
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of South Australia

James O'Loghlin (politician)


Penetrating trauma is an injury that occurs when an object pierces the skin and enters a tissue of the body, creating an open wound.

The penetrating object may remain in the tissues, come back out the way it entered, or pass through the tissues and exit from another area.

An injury in which an object enters the body or a structure and passes all the way through is called a perforating injury, while penetrating trauma implies that the object does not pass through.

References

Injuries

Penetrating trauma


Relational Investors is an activist investment fund based in San Diego, California. Founded in 1996 by Ralph V. Whitworth, the fund has $6 Billion in assets under management. The firm primarily invests in value stocks of companies with market capitalization of over $5 billion while charging a 1% management fee and a 20% incentive fee on returns above the S&P 500.

The fund tends to invest in specific target companies with the intent of exerting influence on management while getting its own board members elected. Typically, the fund looks for businesses with strong fundamentals and cash flows but are trading below their intrinsic value due to improper management.

Investment Strategy

Typically, Relational initiates a small stake in a target company of around $100 million. Then a request of audience is made to management and directors with a list of proposals to boost shareholder value.

If the target company is receptive, Relational will build its position to 5% to 10% of the equity. If the company rejects Relational's advances, however, the firm typically will act on the threat of mounting a proxy fight and going public with its proposals.

The Fund typically pushes for large buybacks and dividends to shareholders.

External links
 Relational Investors Official website
 Business Week company profile
 LinkedIn company profile

Financial services companies of the United States

Relational Investors


USS Kadashan Bay (CVE-76) was a  of the United States Navy. It was named after Kadashan Bay, located within Chichagof Island. The bay in turn was named after Paul K. Kadashan, an Alaskan Indian who established a homestead incorporating the bay in 1915. Launched in December 1943, and commissioned in January 1944, she served in support of the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign, the Battle off Samar, and the Invasion of Lingayen Gulf. Postwar, she participated in Operation Magic Carpet. She was decommissioned in June 1946, when she was mothballed in the Atlantic Reserve Fleet. Ultimately, she was sold for scrapping in February 1960.

Design and description

Kadashan Bay was a Casablanca-class escort carrier, the most numerous type of aircraft carriers ever built, and designed specifically to be mass-produced using prefabricated sections, in order to replace heavy early war losses. Standardized with her sister ships, she was  long overall, had a beam of , and a draft of . She displaced  standard,  with a full load. She had a  long hangar deck and a  long flight deck. She was powered with two Unaflow reciprocating steam engines, which drove two shafts, providing , thus enabling her to make . The ship had a cruising range of  at a speed of . Her compact size necessitated the installment of an aircraft catapult at her bow, and there were two aircraft elevators to facilitate movement of aircraft between the flight and hangar deck: one each fore and aft.

One /38 caliber dual-purpose gun was mounted on the stern. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by eight Bofors  anti-aircraft guns in single mounts, as well as twelve Oerlikon  cannons, which were mounted around the perimeter of the deck. By the end of the war, Casablanca-class carriers had been modified to carry thirty  cannons, and the amount of Bofors  guns had been doubled to sixteen, by putting them into twin mounts. These modifications were in response to increasing casualties due to kamikaze attacks. Casablanca-class escort carriers were designed to carry 27 aircraft, but the hangar deck could accommodate more. During the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign, she carried 16 FM-2 fighters, and 11 TBM-1C torpedo bombers, for a total of 27 aircraft. However, during the Battle off Samar, she carried 24 FM-2 fighters and 9 TBM-1C torpedo bombers for a total of 33 aircraft. During the Invasion of Lingayen Gulf, she carried 22 FM-2 fighters, 11 TBM-1C torpedo bombers, and a TBM-1CP reconnaissance plane.

Construction
The escort carrier was laid down on 2 September 1943, under a Maritime Commission contract, MC hull 1113, by Kaiser Shipbuilding Company, Vancouver, Washington. She was named Kadashan Bay, as part of a tradition which named escort carriers after bays or sounds in Alaska. She was launched on 11 December 1943; sponsored by Miss Audrey Ackerman; transferred to the United States Navy and commissioned on 18 January 1944, with Captain Robert Nisbet Hunter in command.

Service history
Upon being commissioned, Kadashan Bay underwent a shakedown cruise off of San Diego. On 6 March, she departed San Diego on a cruise to Espiritu Santo. She made two runs, transporting 154 aircraft, before returning to San Diego on 13 May. Following a brief period of repairs and training, the escort carrier sailed on 10 July to join a Task Group 32.7 at Pearl Harbor. This task group was formed in preparation for the imminent Mariana and Palau Islands campaign. As a part of Carrier Division 27, under the command of Rear Admiral William Sample, she sailed alongside , , and , which served as the flagship. In August, she sailed for Tulagi, where final preparations were made for the imminent invasion.

Her task group departed Tulagi on 6 September, arriving off of Peleliu on 11 September. There, the escort carriers launched airstrikes to destroy defenses and to prepare the way for landings, although the impact by these bombings proved to be insufficient. The marines landed on 15 September, seizing the air field, and finding themselves in a battle of attrition against a determined Japanese garrison. Kadashan Bay stayed offshore the island, providing close air support until the beginning of October, when she retired to Manus to restock on supplies. After a short period of rest, she steamed towards Leyte Gulf on 14 October, providing cover for Task Group 78.6, a reinforcement group which would stay offshore of Leyte.

Upon arriving on 21 October and joining Taffy 2, she began conducting airstrikes in support of troops which had already landed. On 25 October, one of her fighters, piloted by Ensign Hans L. Jensen, on a routine patrol mission, sighted the Central Force of the Japanese fleet off of Samar. After reporting his sighting, he launched an unsupported attack against the leading cruiser, beginning the decisive Battle off Samar. Once learning of the size and the importance of the Japanese fleet, she launched three fighter and three torpedo strikes against the Japanese force, which was threatening Taffy 3. The large number of American planes was a contributing force in convincing Vice admiral Takeo Kurita to retire, and to not take advantage of his position. On 30 October, she retired for Manus, where she arrived on 3 November.

In late November, the escort carriers began departing Manus and congregating at Kossol Roads, and on 10 December, she sortied for Mindoro. From 12 to 13 December, she transited the Surigao Strait, and as she moved west, her task group came under heavy aerial attack. In these actions, her fighters accounted for eleven planes, with running battles continuing to the end of December. By now, preparations were underway for the Invasion of Lingayen Gulf. As part of Vice Admiral Daniel E. Barbey's San Fabian task group, she provided air cover for the ships as they proceeded behind the main force. Eventually, she rendezvoused with the main force covering the landings on 3 January 1945.

Kadashan Bay arrived off of Luzon on 8 January, where she prepared to commence operations. At 7:00 that morning, she, along with Marcus Island, launched two squadrons of fighters. At 7:16, radar detected a large contingent of Japanese aircraft,  to the east of the task group, which separated into three groups. The fighters moved to intercept, with other escort carriers contributing their own fighters. At 7:46, Kadashan Bay finished launching her last four fighters, and as they struggled for altitude, a Nakajima Ki-43 kamikaze aircraft dove towards the carrier. Whilst the newly launched fighters were helpless against the first kamikaze, they did manage to shoot down a different kamikaze, a Kawasaki Ki-61 fighter which attempted to follow up on Kadashan Bay.

The Nakajima Ki-43 that the fighter crews had spotted were also noticed by the crew of Kadashan Bay. The crew observed the plane break away from an engagement several miles east, and head straight towards the carrier. Consequently, the ship's crew started a hard left turn in an attempt to stall for time. Although the aircraft came under heavy anti-aircraft fire, it continued, aiming directly for the carrier's bridge. Perhaps as a result of the concentrated fire, it then plunged down, striking below the bridge at the waterline, tearing a  by  hole, destroying the junior officers' quarters. The kamikaze sparked a brief gasoline fire, which was quickly put under control. A more pressing concern was flooding, which was accentuated by the ship's turn. Her gasoline system was inoperative, and her bow sank  below design specifications. Remarkably, no-one was killed, and only three crewmen were wounded by the kamikaze. Nonetheless, the damage forced Kadashan Bay to retire from operations. On 10 January, she transferred her aircraft contingent to Marcus Island, and she returned to Leyte on 12 January for temporary repairs.

On 13 February, she arrived at San Diego for further repairs, and then reported at San Francisco for complete overhaul. Once overhaul was finished, she sailed for Pearl Harbor on 8 April, where she arrived on 14 April. She would spend the rest of the war ferrying aircraft and men throughout the Pacific. During July the escort carrier was designated as a replenishment carrier for the Third Fleet. She was en route from Pearl Harbor to begin her new duty when the news of Japan's surrender was received.

Post-war
After the end of the war, Kadashan Bay joined Operation Magic Carpet, which repatriated U.S. servicemen from throughout the Pacific. She reported at Guam in September and arrived at San Francisco on 26 September with her first group of veterans. For the next three months, the escort carrier conducted Magic Carpet runs, stopping at Pearl Harbor, Guam, Okinawa, and China. She arrived at San Pedro on 22 December to finish her last Pacific cruise, and departed San Diego on 10 January 1946, bound for Boston. Kadashan Bay arrived at Boston on 29 January, was decommissioned on 14 June 1946, and subsequently placed in the Atlantic Reserve Fleet there. She was reclassified CVU-76 on 12 June 1955. She was redesignated as an aircraft ferry on 7 May 1959, and given the hull symbol AKV-26. She was struck from the Navy list on 1 August 1959 and sold for scrap to Comarket Inc. in February 1960. She was broken up in Hong Kong, starting June 1960.

References

Sources

Online sources

Bibliography

External links

Casablanca-class escort carriers
World War II escort aircraft carriers of the United States
Ships built in Vancouver, Washington
1944 ships
S4-S2-BB3 ships

USS Kadashan Bay


Grace Anna Coolidge (née Goodhue; January 3, 1879 – July 8, 1957) was the wife of the 30th president of the United States, Calvin Coolidge. She was the first lady of the United States from 1923 to 1929 and the second lady of the United States from 1921 to 1923. She graduated from the University of Vermont in 1902 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in teaching and joined the Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech in Northampton, Massachusetts, to teach deaf children to communicate by lip reading, rather than by signing. She met Calvin Coolidge in 1904, and the two were married the following year.

As her husband advanced his political career, Coolidge avoided politics. When Calvin Coolidge was elected Governor of Massachusetts in 1919, she remained at home in Northampton with their children. After her husband's election as vice president in 1920, the family moved to Washington, D.C., living at the Willard Hotel. Coolidge did not speak out on political issues of the day, including women's rights. Instead, she dedicated herself to supporting popular causes and organizations, such as the Red Cross and the Visiting Nurse Association. Following the unexpected death of her young teenage son Calvin in 1924 from blood poisoning, she won the sympathy of the country. Unlike previous first ladies, who had withdrawn almost entirely from the public spotlight after personal tragedies, Coolidge resumed her role after a few months.

In 1929, Calvin Coolidge's term as president ended, and the couple retired to Northampton. After her husband's death in 1933, Coolidge continued her work with the deaf and wrote for several magazines. She served on the boards of Mercersburg Academy and the Clarke School. After the start of World War II, Grace joined a local Northampton committee dedicated to helping Jewish refugees from Europe, and loaned her house to WAVES. In 1957, she died of heart disease, and was buried in Plymouth, Vermont, beside her husband and her son.

Early life and marriage
Grace Anna Goodhue was born on January 3, 1879, in Burlington, Vermont, the only child of Andrew Issaclar Goodhue (1848–1923) and Lemira Barrett Goodhue (1849–1929). She was of English ancestry. Her father, a deacon, had served as the steamboat inspector for the Lake Champlain Transportation Company, appointed to the position in 1887 by President Grover Cleveland. Her mother was a housewife, who taught her many domestic skills, including knitting, cooking, cleaning, and gardening.

She began her education at age five at a local public grade school in Burlington and attended Burlington Public Grammar School. It was during this time that she took an interest in music and took private piano lessons. In 1893, she entered Burlington High School. There she studied Latin and French, as well as geology, biology, and chemistry. She also took a private course on elocution. She enrolled in 1898 at the University of Vermont, where she founded the Vermont Beta chapter of Pi Beta Phi Fraternity for Women, acted in productions of Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing and Twelfth Night, and joined the college's glee club. She would become the first First Lady to have earned a four-year undergraduate degree. From 1902 to 1904, inspired by a childhood friend who had pursued a career teaching deaf children, she studied lip reading at Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech and became a teacher there. The education of deaf children remained her lifelong passion.

Grace dated several young men during college. One relationship, that with Frank Joyner, was serious enough that marriage seemed inevitable. She ended the relationship in 1903 when she met a young rising attorney, Calvin Coolidge. Grace's vivacity and charm proved a perfect complement to Coolidge's reserved manner. In the summer of 1905, Coolidge proposed in the form of an ultimatum: "I am going to be married to you." Grace readily consented, but her mother objected and did everything she could to postpone the wedding. Coolidge never reconciled with his mother-in-law, who later insisted that Grace had been largely responsible for Coolidge's political success. On October 4, 1905, Goodhue and Coolidge married in a simple ceremony at her parents' house in Burlington: Coolidge House,  which was restored in 1993 by Champlain College*. They honeymooned for a week in Montreal and settled in Northampton, Massachusetts, where they occupied what is now known as the Calvin Coolidge House until 1930.

Calvin Coolidge's political career took off in 1907 when he was elected to the Massachusetts General Court. After his term in the state legislature ended, he served three consecutive one-year terms as Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts (1916–1919), and two one-year terms as Governor of Massachusetts (1919–1921). In 1920, he was elected vice president and took office in March 1921. Grace did not maintain much of a public profile.

The Coolidges had two sons, John (1906–2000) and Calvin (1908–1924).

In 1921, as wife of the Vice President of the United States, Grace Coolidge went from her housewife's routine into Washington society and quickly became the most popular woman in the capital.

First Lady
After Harding's death and Calvin Coolidge's succession to the Presidency, Grace planned the new administration's social life as her husband wanted it: unpretentious and dignified.

As First Lady, she was a popular hostess. She was also the first First Lady to speak in sound newsreels. The social highlight of the Coolidge years was the party for Charles Lindbergh following his transatlantic flight in 1927. The Coolidges were a particularly devoted couple, although the president never discussed state matters with her. She did not even know that he had decided not to seek re-election in 1928 until he announced it to the press. She received a gold medal from the National Institute of Social Science. In 1931 she was voted one of America's twelve greatest living women.

The first family was given a raccoon in 1926 as a Thanksgiving gift, and the family raised it as a pet. President Coolidge even gave the animal a collar that was sewn with the words "White House Racoon." After the Coolidges left the White House, the raccoon went to live at a zoo.

Later life and death
Calvin Coolidge summed up his marriage to Grace in his autobiography: "For almost a quarter of a century she has borne with my infirmities, and I have rejoiced in her graces."

For more privacy in Northampton, the Coolidges purchased The Beeches, a large house with spacious grounds. The former president died there after a sudden heart attack on January 5, 1933, at the age of 60. After her husband's death, Grace Coolidge continued her work on behalf of the deaf. She was also active in the Red Cross, civil defense, and scrap drives during World War II. Grace kept her sense of fun and her aversion to publicity until her death on July 8, 1957, at the age of 78. She is buried next to her husband in Plymouth, Vermont.

See also
Rebecca (raccoon), her White House pet
Woman's World's Fair

References

Further reading

Ross, Ishbel, Grace Coolidge and Her Era (1962)

External links

 Coolidge Presidential Foundation

 Grace Coolidge: First Lady of Baseball
 Wombats and Such: Family Pets of Grace and Calvin Coolidge

Grace Coolidge at C-SPAN's First Ladies: Influence & Image

1879 births
1957 deaths
19th-century American women
20th-century American educators
20th-century American women educators
Burials in Vermont
Calvin Coolidge
Coolidge family
First ladies and gentlemen of Massachusetts
First ladies of the United States
Massachusetts Republicans
People from Burlington, Vermont
People from Northampton, Massachusetts
Second ladies of the United States
University of Vermont alumni
Vermont Republicans
Educators of the deaf
Burlington High School (Vermont) alumni

Grace Coolidge


Andreas Krause Landt (born 1963), also known as Andreas Lombard, is a German journalist and publisher of Jewish ancestry, and the author of popular history books.

Biography
Krause Landt was born in Hamburg in 1963, the paternal grandson of the French Calvinist pastor . He studied philosophy, German literature, and history at Heidelberg University and the Free University of Berlin, completing his studies in 1993 with a Magister's thesis entitled "Topographies of the sublime: alienation and aestheticism in the work of Peter Weiss".

He then worked writing screenplays for dubs and from 1996 as a freelance journalist, notably for the Berliner Zeitung and Deutschlandradio Kultur.

In 2005 he founded the publisher , which publishes mainly works on 19th- and 20th-century history. In 2007 Krause Landt received the Gerhard Löwenthal Prize for journalism in recognition of his work at Landt Verlag.

On 30 July 2013, Krause Landt expressed a stance against adoption of children by same-sex couples.

Andreas Lombard is the editor in chief of the conservative magazine CATO.

References

External links
Landt Verlag

1963 births
Living people
German people of Jewish descent
Journalists from Hamburg
German male journalists
German publishers (people)
21st-century German historians

Andreas Krause Landt


In mathematical logic, a first-order language of the real numbers is the set of all well-formed sentences of first-order logic that involve universal and existential quantifiers and logical combinations of equalities and inequalities of expressions over real variables. The corresponding first-order theory is the set of sentences that are actually true of the real numbers. There are several different such theories, with different expressive power, depending on the primitive operations that are allowed to be used in the expression. A fundamental question in the study of these theories is whether they are decidable: that is, is there an algorithm that can take a sentence as input and produce as output an answer "yes" or "no" to the question of whether the sentence is true in the theory.

The theory of real closed fields is the theory in which the primitive operations are multiplication and addition; this implies that, in this theory, the only numbers that can be defined are the real algebraic numbers. As proven by Tarski, this theory is decidable; see Tarski–Seidenberg theorem and Quantifier elimination. Current implementations of decision procedures for the theory of real closed fields are often based on quantifier elimination by cylindrical algebraic decomposition.

Tarski's exponential function problem concerns the extension of this theory to another primitive operation, the exponential function. It is an open problem whether this theory is decidable, but if Schanuel's conjecture holds then the decidability of this theory would follow. In contrast, the extension of the theory of real closed fields with the sine function is undecidable since this allows encoding of the undecidable theory of integers (see Richardson's theorem).

Still, one can handle the undecidable case with functions such as sine by using algorithms that do not necessarily terminate always. In particular, one can design algorithms that are only required to terminate for input formulas that are robust, that is, formulas whose satisfiability does not change if the formula is slightly perturbed. Alternatively, it is also possible to use purely heuristic approaches.

See also

References

Formal theories of arithmetic
Real numbers
Real algebraic geometry

Decidability of first-order theories of the real numbers


Thomas Sherwood Haymond (January 15, 1794 – April 5, 1869) was a prominent lawyer and United States Congressman (1849–51) from Western Virginia (now West Virginia).

Biography
The grandson of Major William Haymond, Haymond was born in 1794 in Fairmont, West Virginia to William Haymond Jr. and Cynthia Carroll. He attended private schools as a child and went on to attend the College of William and Mary. He served as a private in the War of 1812, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1815, commencing practice in Morgantown. He was president of the county court of the newly formed Marion County in 1842 before being elected as a Whig to the United States House of Representatives to fill a vacancy in 1849, serving until 1851.

Haymond was a brigadier general in the Virginia Militia and, at the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, entered the Confederate Army as a colonel, serving throughout the war.

Haymond died in Richmond, Virginia, on April 5, 1869 and was interred in Palatine Cemetery near Fairmont.

External links
 Retrieved on 2008-10-19

1794 births
1869 deaths
Virginia lawyers
College of William & Mary alumni
Confederate States Army officers
People of West Virginia in the American Civil War
People of Virginia in the American Civil War
Lawyers from Fairmont, West Virginia
Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia
19th-century American politicians
Politicians from Fairmont, West Virginia

Thomas Haymond


The 2008 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup Final was played on September 3, 2008, at Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium in Washington, D.C. The match determined the winner of the 2008 U.S. Open Cup, a tournament open to amateur and professional soccer teams affiliated with the United States Soccer Federation. This was the 95th edition of the oldest ongoing competition in United States soccer. The match was won by D.C. United, who defeated Charleston Battery 2–1. Ian Fuller scored Charleston's only goal. Luciano Emilio and Fred scored D.C.'s two goals as the club won their second U.S. Open Cup title.

Charleston Battery entered the tournament as only the second club in the second pro era to make the final as a minor league team, a feat that would not happen again until 2022. D.C. United previously had won the 1996 edition of the tournament and made it to the 1997 finals, where they lost to Dallas Burn (now FC Dallas).

D.C. United entered the tournament as the competition's defending champions. They had previously won the tournament in 1996 as well. Both Sounders FC and D.C. United had to play through two qualification rounds for MLS teams before entering the official tournament. Prior to the final, there was a public dispute between the owners of the two clubs regarding the selection of D.C. United to host it at their home field, RFK Stadium.

D.C. United qualified automatically for the third round proper of the U.S. Open Cup tournament by finishing amongst the top six in the 2009 Major League Soccer season standings. While United entered in the third round, Charleston Battery, as a USL First Division club, had to start their U.S. Open Cup campaign in the first round proper. To reach the final, United had to win three games, while the Battery had to win five games. D.C. United won the bidding process to host the final.

As the tournament champions, United earned a berth in the preliminary round of the 2009–10 CONCACAF Champions League, as well as a $100,000 cash prize. The Battery received $50,000 as the runner-up.

Route to the final

The U.S. Open Cup is an annual American soccer competition open to all United States Soccer Federation affiliated teams, from amateur adult club teams to the professional clubs of Major League Soccer (MLS). The 2008 tournament was the 95th edition of the oldest ongoing soccer tournament in the United States.

Each year, MLS, which has teams that play in both the United States and Canada, is allowed to enter eight of its U.S.-based teams in the tournament. The top six MLS teams from the previous season's league table qualify automatically for the tournament, while the remaining two spots are determined by preliminary qualification matches. D.C. United, who finished first in the regular season, earned a direct bye into the third round proper.

For the then-second tier  USL First Division, the league was allowed to enter all of its U.S.-based teams into the tournament. Unlike MLS clubs, who enter in the third round, USL First Division sides entered in the first round of the tournament. As a USL First Division club, Charleston Battery entered in the first round.

Charleston Battery

Until Charleston Battery's run to the 2008 final, the closest the Battery ever came to reaching the final was in 1999. There, the Battery reached the Open Cup semifinals. During their 1999 run, their string of victories included a 4–3 extra time victory over D.C. United, in which was cited as one of the largest upsets in American soccer history, and as well as the starting of a rivalry later regarded as the Coffee Pot Cup.

The Battery entered the competition in the first round proper, playing USASA-side, ASC New Stars of Houston, Texas on June 10. A hat trick from Darren Spicer gave the Battery a 3–0 victory over the New Stars, earning them a berth into the second round of the tournament proper.

D.C. United

Before 2008, D.C. United had reached the U.S. Open Cup final on two occasions, in 1996 and again in 1997, winning the cup in the former appearance. On July 1, 2010, United began their cup campaign, by hosting the Rochester Rhinos of the USL First Division at the Maryland SoccerPlex in Boyds, Maryland in front of a crowd of 2,752. United defender, Marc Burch scored both goals for United, all in  the second half. In the 78th minute, Burch took a low free kick from 30 yards out that opened the score sheet for United. Just moments later, in the 85th minute, Burch tallied his second goal on the night also off of a free kick. The set piece was taken from 20 yards out, which deflected off a wall of Rochester defenders before finding the back of the net.

On July 8, United hosted Chicago Fire, again at Maryland SoccerPlex for the quarterfinals. In front of a crowd of 4,118; United pulled off an extra time 2–1 victory over the Fire thanks to a goal in the 99th minute from Bryan Namoff. The Fire scored the opening goal in the 36th minute, thanks to a brace from Chicago's Daniel Woolard. Woolard, received a long pass from teammate Logan Pause and caught United's defense off guard. Woolard then dribbled around United goalkeeper, Zach Wells to give Chicago the 1–0 lead. In the 77th minute, United equalized thanks to United's Francis Doe received a pass from Jaime Moreno and drilled a low shot from 10 yards out. The controversy of the match swirled around a brawl between Chicago's Cuauhtémoc Blanco and D.C.'s Marc Burch. According to reports, Blanco was ejected for punching Burch in the 108th minute, while Burch was subsequently ejected for retaliating against Blanco. Following the match, the United States Soccer Federation banned Blanco from the U.S. Open Cup for two years.

For the semifinal match, United took on the defending champions, New England Revolution.  The August 12 match was scheduled at United's main stadium, RFK Stadium. An announced crowd of 6,797 were on hand to see United take on the Revolution. For the match, both sides fielded a mix of starters and reserves. In the 4th minute of play, United scored a quick goal off of Luciano Emilio was successfully converted a cross from Namoff.  Thirty minutes later, the Revolution were able to pull one back, from a 34th-minute equalizer from Joe Germanese. The scoreline would remain level through halftime. Three minutes into the second half, United regained the lead, when Santino Quaranta bagged a pass from Moreno. The match continued to play in United's advantage when New England's Wells Thompson earned a caution in the 54th minute, when he collided with United goalkeeper, Wells. Thompson was dismissed from the match in the 71st minute through a reckless challenge on Moreno. The foul was deemed by the center official, Jorge Gonzalez, as a yellow card worthy foul. Since the foul resulted in a second yellow card, Thompson received a red card. Ten minutes later, Emilio gave United a 3–1 lead in the 81st minute by heading a cross from Iván Guerrero.

The 3–1 victory against New England sealed United a spot in their first Open Cup final since 1997.

Match details

Notes

External links
 2008 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup Final match highlights

Final
U.S.
Charleston Battery
Soccer in Washington, D.C.
U.S. Open Cup finals
Lamar Hunt

2008 U.S. Open Cup final


Catherine Marie Cortez Masto (born March 29, 1964) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the senior United States senator from Nevada, a seat she has held since 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, Cortez Masto served as the 32nd attorney general of Nevada from 2007 to 2015.

Cortez Masto graduated from the University of Nevada, Reno and Gonzaga University School of Law. She worked four years as a civil attorney in Las Vegas and two years as a criminal prosecutor for the U.S. Attorney's Office in Washington, D.C. before being elected Nevada attorney general in 2006, replacing George Chanos. Reelected in 2010, she was not eligible to run for a third term in 2014 because of lifetime term limits established by the Constitution of Nevada.

Cortez Masto narrowly defeated Republican Joe Heck in the 2016 United States Senate election in Nevada to replace outgoing Democratic senator Harry Reid, becoming the first woman elected to represent Nevada in the Senate and the first Latina elected to serve in the upper chamber. She took office on January 3, 2017, and became Nevada's senior senator in January 2019, when Dean Heller left the Senate following his defeat. She was narrowly reelected in 2022, defeating Republican nominee Adam Laxalt.

Early life and education
Cortez Masto was born in Las Vegas, Nevada, the daughter of Joanna (née Musso) and Manny Cortez. Her father, an attorney, was the longtime head of the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority and served as a member of the Clark County Commission. Now deceased, Manny Cortez had a long-standing friendship with Harry Reid. Her father was of Mexican descent, and her mother is of Italian ancestry. Her paternal grandfather, Eduardo Cortez, immigrated to Nevada from Chihuahua, Mexico.

Cortez Masto attended Ed W. Clark High School, and earned a Bachelor of Science degree in finance from the University of Nevada, Reno in 1986 and a Juris Doctor from Gonzaga University School of Law in 1990.

Early career
Cortez Masto was admitted to the State Bar of Nevada in 1990, the U.S. District Court, the District of Nevada in 1991, and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in 1994. Her career includes four years as a civil attorney in Las Vegas and two as a criminal prosecutor for the U.S. Attorney's Office in Washington, D.C. She also served as former Nevada Governor Bob Miller's chief of staff.

In November 2003, Cortez Masto was named executive vice chancellor of the Nevada System of Higher Education. There was some controversy, because she was hired directly by the chancellor, not the university system's board of regents; the chancellor said the regents had recommended that he hire an assistant, and in December the board voted unanimously to approve her annual salary of $215,000.

Nevada Attorney General

Cortez Masto was the Democratic nominee for state attorney general in 2006 and defeated Republican nominee Don Chairez 59% to 36%, with 5% for "None of these". She was reelected in 2010, defeating Republican Travis Barrick 52% to 36%, with 8% for Independent American candidate Joel F. Hansen and 4% for "None of these".

In 2009, Cortez Masto's office launched an investigation into Brian Krolicki, then Nevada's Republican lieutenant governor. Krolicki faced felony charges related to allegations that he mishandled the Nevada College Savings Trust Fund when he was state treasurer. During the investigation, the Las Vegas Review-Journal discovered that Cortez Masto's husband, Paul, planned to host a fundraising party for Robert S. Randazzo, a Democratic candidate for lieutenant governor, four days before the attorney general's office was scheduled to prosecute Krolicki. Cortez Masto said she was unaware of the fundraising party. The charges against Krolicki were ultimately dismissed in Clark County District Court. The dismissal of charges against Krolicki was regarded as a political setback for Cortez Masto, who, according to the Las Vegas Sun, "opened herself to charges of politicizing her office and prosecutorial misconduct".

In 2010, Cortez Masto's office began investigating Bank of America, accusing the company of raising interest rates on troubled borrowers. Her office sought to end Nevada's participation in a loan modification settlement in order to sue the bank over deceptive marketing and lending practices. Bank of America denied any wrongdoing. The lawsuit was settled in 2012 for $750 million for lien reductions and short sales.

Cortez Masto defended the state of Nevada in the lawsuit Sevcik v. Sandoval. The suit challenged Nevada's denial of same-sex marriage, as prohibited by the state's constitution and statutory law. After initially defending the same-sex marriage ban, Cortez Masto and the state abandoned their defense in light of a ruling by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.

U.S. Senate

Elections

2016

Cortez Masto declined to run for governor of Nevada in the 2014 election. When U.S. Senator Harry Reid decided not to run for reelection in the 2016 election, he endorsed her as his successor. Cortez Masto's campaign relied heavily on the political infrastructure Reid had assembled. Her Republican opponent was U.S. Representative Joe Heck.

Cortez Masto, who supports increased investments in renewable energy technology, was supported by the League of Conservation Voters. She was also financially supported by pro-choice groups, such as EMILY's List and Planned Parenthood, and by End Citizens United, a political action committee seeking to overturn Citizens United v. FEC.

Cortez Masto won 47% of the vote (520,658 votes) to Heck's 45% (494,427 votes). While Heck carried 16 of Nevada's counties and its equivalents, Cortez Masto won Clark County, home to over 70% of the state's population, by over 82,000 votes, over three times her statewide margin of 27,000 votes. She took office on January 3, 2017, becoming the first Latina in the U.S. Senate.

2022

On February 24, 2021, Cortez Masto announced that she would run for reelection in 2022. Among her challengers was her successor as attorney general and 2018 nominee for governor Adam Laxalt. Cortez Masto trailed in many polls and was widely seen as the most vulnerable incumbent Democratic U.S. senator. But she narrowly defeated Laxalt, securing a second term.

Tenure

117th Congress (2021–23)
Cortez Masto was participating in the certification of the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count when Trump supporters stormed the U.S. Capitol. She was on the Senate floor, preparing to speak, when the Capitol was breached. Cortez Masto could hear the attackers just outside the chamber, which was secured by Capitol Police. As the attackers neared the chamber, she and her fellow senators were moved to an undisclosed secure location. Cortez Masto tweeted while sheltering in place, calling the attack "un-American and unacceptable".

Committee assignments
 Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs
 Subcommittee on Economic Policy
 Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Protection
 Subcommittee on Securities, Insurance, and Investment
 Committee on Energy and Natural Resources
 Subcommittee on Energy
 Subcommittee on Public Lands, Forests and Mining (Chair)
 Committee on Rules and Administration
 Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation
 Subcommittee on Communications, Technology, Innovation, and the Internet
 Subcommittee on Consumer Protection, Product Safety, Insurance and Data Security
 Committee on Indian Affairs
 Special Committee on Aging

Caucus memberships
 Congressional Hispanic Caucus
 Congressional Caucus for Women's Issues

Political positions

As of October 2022, Cortez Masto has voted in line with Joe Biden's stated position 92.9% of the time.

Cannabis
Cortez Masto cosponsored the bipartisan STATES Act proposed in the 115th U.S. Congress by senators Elizabeth Warren and Cory Gardner that would exempt individuals or corporations in compliance with state cannabis laws from federal enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act.

Environment
Cortez Masto recognizes the existence of human-caused climate change and believes that the federal government should limit power plants' greenhouse gas emissions. She supports the growth of green jobs and increasing Nevada's reliance on solar power and other forms of clean energy. She opposes the use of Yucca Mountain as a nuclear waste repository.

Filibuster
Cortez Masto supports reforming the filibuster of the United States Senate into a talking filibuster.

Foreign policy
In October 2017, Cortez Masto condemned the genocide of the Rohingya Muslim minority in Myanmar and called for a stronger response to the crisis.

In April 2019, Cortez Masto was one of 34 senators to sign a letter criticizing Donald Trump for cutting off foreign assistance to El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras.

Gun policy
The NRA Political Victory Fund (NRA-PVF) has given Cortez Masto an F grade because of her support for gun control. During the 2016 election, the organization spent $1 million on an attack ad against her. Cortez Masto opposes allowing people on the terrorist watchlist to buy guns, saying that "makes no sense".

In response to the 2017 Las Vegas shooting, she co-sponsored a bill with Dianne Feinstein to ban bump stocks. She said that it can be a start toward decreasing gun violence and mass shootings.

Health care
Cortez Masto does not support the repeal of the Affordable Care Act (also known as Obamacare). She does support improving upon the act, which she has called "imperfect". She has co-sponsored the Marketplace Certainty Act to bring more stability to the health insurance marketplace.

Housing
In April 2019, Cortez Masto was one of 41 senators to sign a bipartisan letter to the housing subcommittee asking for increased funding for the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Section 4 Capacity Building.

Immigration
In April 2018, Cortez Masto was one of five senators to send a letter to acting director of ICE Thomas Homan about the standards the agency uses to determine how to detain pregnant women.

In June 2019, following the Housing and Urban Development Department's confirmation that DACA recipients did not meet eligibility for federal backed loans, Cortez Masto and 11 other senators introduced the Home Ownership Dreamers Act, legislation that mandated that the federal government was not authorized to deny mortgage loans backed by the Federal Housing Administration, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, or the Agriculture Department solely due to applicants' immigration status.

In July 2019, Cortez Masto and 15 other Senate Democrats introduced the Protecting Sensitive Locations Act, which mandated that ICE agents get approval from a supervisor ahead of engaging in enforcement actions at sensitive locations, except in special circumstances, and that agents receive annual training in addition to being required to report annually on enforcement actions in those locations.

LGBT rights
Cortez Masto supports same-sex marriage.

Reproductive rights

Cortez Masto supports legalized abortion. In the 2016 election, she was endorsed by Planned Parenthood and funded by their action fund.

She does not believe that companies should be allowed to withhold coverage for birth control based on religious beliefs.

Personal life
Cortez Masto lives in Las Vegas with her husband, Paul Masto, a retired United States Secret Service special agent. She is Roman Catholic.

Electoral history

See also
 List of female state attorneys general in the United States
 List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress
 Women in the United States Senate

References

External links

 Senator Catherine Cortez Masto official U.S. Senate website
 Catherine Cortez Masto for Senate  campaign website

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1964 births
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
American gun control activists
American politicians of Mexican descent
American Roman Catholics
Democratic Party United States senators from Nevada
Female United States senators
Gonzaga University School of Law alumni
Hispanic and Latino American members of the United States Congress
Hispanic and Latino American women in politics
Living people
Nevada Attorneys General
Nevada Democrats
Nevada lawyers
Politicians from Carson City, Nevada
Politicians from Las Vegas
University of Nevada, Reno alumni
Women in Nevada politics
American people of Italian descent
Catholics from Nevada

Catherine Cortez Masto


Tondwal is a clan of Sursaini with origins in the Punjab region.  Tandwal/tanduwal are a branch of Tondwal.  This is a very large Saini clan.  This clan live in the Indian states of Punjab, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and also in the towns of Chandigarh and Delhi.  This clan also overlap with other castes and clans, including Rajput, Sisodia, and Kumavat Kshatriya.

See also
Caste system in India

Punjabi tribes
Saini

Tondwal


Luis Fermín de Carvajal, 1st Count of la Unión (1752 – 20 November 1794) became a general officer in the army of the Kingdom of Spain. In 1794 during the French Revolutionary Wars, he commanded the Spanish Army in a mostly unsuccessful effort to hold back the army of the First French Republic. He died in battle fighting the French.

Early career and 1793
The son of Fermín Francisco de Carvajal-Vargas, 1st Duke of San Carlos, Luis Fermín De Carvajal was born in 1752 in Lima. King Charles III of Spain conferred upon him the title Conde de la Unión on 2 August 1778. At the outbreak of the War of the Pyrenees in 1793, he commanded the fortress of San Fernando at Figueres. Under the command of Antonio Ricardos the Spanish army was generally successful in 1793, capturing and holding part of French Roussillon. As a lieutenant general, De la Unión led a division under Ricardos in a victory at the Battle of Truillas on 22 September 1793. When Ricardos died in Madrid in early 1794, and his successor, Alejandro O'Reilly, soon after, King Charles IV of Spain appointed de la Unión to command the army.

In command
In April 1794, the newly organized and reinforced French Army of the eastern Pyrenees under Jacques François Dugommier launched a powerful offensive against the Spanish foothold in France. On 30 April and 1 May, the French defeated de la Unión at the Battle of Boulou, forcing the Spanish army south of the Pyrenees. The French recaptured the port of Collioure at the end of May, and blockaded the Spanish garrison of the Fort de Bellegarde at the Pass of Le Perthus. De la Unión made two attempts to break through the blockade. The first try was repulsed at La Junquera on 7 June. The second attempt ended in failure at the Battle of San Lorenzo de la Muga on 13 August and Bellegarde fell on 17 September.

De la Unión built a chain of 90 redoubts running from Sant Llorenç de la Muga to the coast. The lines were designed to protect the Alt Emporda from French invasion, but were manned by troops of uneven quality. The best units were the Spanish Guard and Walloon Guards, with three battalions each. Regular line infantry and provincial militia also manned the defenses.

The French blow fell in the early hours of 17 November and the Battle of the Black Mountain ensued. On the first day, the French gained ground on the western flank, but were repulsed in the center and on the eastern flank. A Spanish artillery shell killed Dugommier on the 18th and his successor Dominique Catherine de Pérignon ordered a temporary halt in the fighting. On 20 November, Pérignon resumed the attack and the French rapidly broke through the first and second Spanish lines. The French assaulted the 25-gun Notre-Dame-del-Roure redoubt for three hours, finally seizing the key position at 3:00 PM. Arriving at Pont de Molins, de la Unión led a counterattack by 1,300 cavalry against two brigades of French infantry. During the subsequent struggle, he fell, fatally hit by two bullets.

The battle ended in a rout of the Spanish army. The French inflicted 10,000 casualties on the Spanish, while suffering only 3,000 losses. Jerónimo Girón-Moctezuma, Marquis de las Amarillas succeeded to the army command and retreated south of the Rio Fluvià where he was unable to save the fortress of San Fernando from capture. Girón was soon replaced in command by José de Urrutia y de las Casas. Pérignon and Pierre Sauret successfully concluded the Siege of Roses in early February. The Peace of Basel ended the conflict in July 1795.

Footnotes

References

 Ostermann, Georges. "Pérignon: The Unknown Marshal". Chandler, David, ed. Napoleon's Marshals. New York: Macmillan, 1987.
 Smith, Digby. The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill, 1998.

External links
 L'Assaut du Sanctuaire del Mare-de-Deu-del-Roure by Bernard Prats in French

Spanish generals
Spanish soldiers
Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars killed in battle
1752 births
1794 deaths
Peruvian soldiers

Luis Fermín de Carvajal, Conde de la Unión


Gum or GUM may refer to:

Types of gum
 Adhesive
 Bubble gum
 Chewing gum
 Natural gum, viscous materials of natural origin
 Gum (botany), sap or other resinous material associated with certain species of the plant kingdom
 Gum arabic, made from the sap of Acacia senegal, an Old World tree species
 Gum copal, resin produced from the sap of Daniellia, a genus of Afrotropical forest trees
 Gum ghatti, made from the sap of Anogeissus latifolia, an Asian tree species
 Gum guaicum, substance produced from Guaiacum officinale, a neotropical tree species
 Gum guar, made from the seeds of guar, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, an Old World annual legume
 Gum karaya, made from the sap of Sterculia urens, an Asian tree species
 Spruce gum from the resin of spruce trees
 Kauri gum, from the fossilized resin of Kauri trees
 Locust bean gum, made from the seeds of carob, Ceratonia siliqua
 Xanthan gum, a common food thickener and stabilizer
 Gum base, the provides the basic textural and masticatory properties of chewing and bubble gums
 Gum metal, titanium alloy with high elasticity
 Postage stamp gum, substance applied to the back of a stamp to enable it to adhere to a letter
 Spirit gum, used to affix applications to the body

People
 Gum (footballer) (born 1986), Brazilian footballer
 Gum Mo-jam, military leader
 Allen Gum (born 1969), American college baseball coach
 Jay Watson (born 1991),  GUM, Australian musician

Places
 Guam, ISO-3166-1 alpha-3 and IOC country code
 Guam International Airport (IATA airport code: GUM)
 Gum (crater), lunar impact crater
 Gum-Gum, township in Malaysia
 Gum Springs, Arkansas
 Gum Wall, a brick wall covered in used chewing gum in Seattle
 White Gum Valley, Western Australia
 The Old Gum Tree in Glenelg North, South Australia

Science
 Gum bichromate, 19th-century photographic printing process
 Gum depigmentation, a procedure used in cosmetic dentistry
 Gum over platinum, a chemical photographic process
 Gums, or gingiva, the soft tissue partly covering teeth
 Genitourinary medicine, deals with reproductive problems

Entertainment
 "The Gum", episode of the comedy television show Seinfield
 Glasgow University Magazine, in Scotland
 Mr. Gum, central character in a series of novels for children by Andy Stanton
 Gum (character), a playable character from the Jet Set Radio video game franchise
 Gums, a character in the British comic Monster Fun
 Great Uncle Matthew, a character in the novel Ballet Shoes by Noel Streatfeild
 Gum, a character from the 2016 adult animated film Sausage Party
 Gum Girl, a protagonist The Gumazing Gum Girl! book series by Rhode Montijo

Other uses
 GUM (department store), in Moscow, Russia
 Global United Media, Indian film company
 Gum Air, an airline in Paramaribo, Suriname
 Gum languages of New Guinea
 Gum tree, any of various related species of Eucalypt trees
 Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, known as the GUM, a metrology guide pertaining to measurement uncertainty
GUM, a business unit of the Sunstar Group which designs and manufactures dental cleaning tools like toothbrushes and gum stimulators
 Mother Gum, a character who is Princess Bubblegum's parent in the animated series Adventure Time

See also
 Gummy (disambiguation)
 Gum-digger, a person who dug for kauri gum in New Zealand
 Gumball (disambiguation)
 Gumshoe (disambiguation)

Gum


Bill Haley's Chicks was the eighth album of rock and roll recordings by Bill Haley & His Comets for Decca Records, Decca 8821. Released in January 1959 and produced by Milt Gabler, the album was the third "theme" album Haley recorded for Decca, following Rockin' the Oldies (rock and roll versions of standards) and Rockin' Around the World (rock and roll versions of folk songs). This album is built on the theme of women's names, with each song being about a different girl. Included on the album is "Skinny Minnie", which was a major hit for the band in 1958, reaching no.22 on Billboard and no.25 on Cashbox, along with a mixture of originals and cover versions of standards and jazz songs. "Lean Jean", a song musically and thematically almost identical to "Skinny Minnie", also charted in 1958, reaching no. 52 on Cashbox. The song "B.B. Betty", co-written by Bill Haley and released as a Decca 45 single, featured a solo vocal by Haley's steel guitar player, Billy Williamson.

Track listing

 "Whoa Mabel!" (Bill Haley, Milt Gabler, Rusty Keefer, Catherine Cafra)
 "Ida, Sweet as Apple Cider" (Eddie Leonard, Eddie Munson)
 "Eloise" (Bill Haley, Milt Gabler, Rusty Keefer, Catherine Cafra)
 "Dinah" (Sam M. Lewis, Joe Young, Harry Akst)
 "Skinny Minnie" (Bill Haley, Milt Gabler, Rusty Keefer, Catherine Cafra)
 "Mary Mary Lou" (Cayet Mangiaracina)
 "Sweet Sue, Just You" (Will J. Harris, Victor Young)
 "B.B. Betty" (Bill Haley, Milt Gabler, Rusty Keefer, Catherine Cafra)
 "Charmaine" (Erno Rapee, Lew Pollack)
 "Corrine, Corrina" (Bo Chatmon, Mitchell Parish, J. Mayo Williams)
 "Marie" (Irving Berlin)
 "Lean Jean" (Stella Lee, Johnny Grande, Ralph Jones, Rudy Pompilli)

Personnel
 Bill Haley – rhythm guitar, vocals on all but 8
 Franny Beecher – lead guitar
 Billy Williamson – steel guitar, vocal on 8
 Johnny Grande – piano
 Al Rex – bass guitar
 Ralph Jones – drums
 Rudy Pompilli - tenor saxophone, clarinet on 2

References

External links
 Bill Haley discography

1959 albums
Bill Haley & His Comets albums
Albums produced by Milt Gabler
Decca Records albums

Bill Haley's Chicks


Jamie Paul Hart (born 31 December 1975) is a former English cricketer.  Hart was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace.  The son of football manager Paul Hart, he was born in Blackpool, Lancashire.

Hart made his debut for Nottinghamshire in a List A match against Somerset in 1995.  He represented the county in one further List A match during 1995, which came against Sussex.  The following season he played his only first-class match for the county against Yorkshire in the County Championship.  In his only first-class match, he scored an unbeaten 18 runs and bowled 18 wicket-less overs.

In 2001, he represented the Nottinghamshire Cricket Board in 2 List A matches against Bedfordshire in the 2001 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy and Oxfordshire in the 1st round of the 2002 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy which was held in 2001.  At the same time, he also played 2 List A matches for the Leicestershire Cricket Board in the same rounds of the same competition's against the Warwickshire Cricket Board and the Kent Cricket Board.  In his combined total of 6 List A matches, he scored 13 runs at a batting average of 3.25, with a high score of 10.  With the ball he took 6 wickets at a bowling average of 42.50, with best figures of 3/36.

After retiring early from cricket due to injury he became a football agent and has represented several high profile English players.

References

External links
Jamie Hart at Cricinfo
Jamie Hart at CricketArchive

1975 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Blackpool
English cricketers
Nottinghamshire cricketers
Nottinghamshire Cricket Board cricketers
Leicestershire Cricket Board cricketers
Cricketers from Lancashire

Jamie Hart (cricketer)


Guillaume-Hippolyte Van Volxem (13 February 1791 – 17 April 1868) was a Belgian lawyer and liberal politician.

As a graduate of the l'École de droit de Bruxelles, he becomes a lawyer at the bar of Brussels.

He began his political career in 1830, when he was designated as temporary member of the national congress. In the same year, he was elected as alderman in Brussels and he was re-elected in 1836. Later he became a member of the provincial council of the Brabant and a member of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives (1837–1845).

After the death of Nicolas-Jean Rouppe in 1838, he became the second burgomaster of the Belgian capital since the country's independence in 1830, as the communal council designates himon 13 September 1838 to fulfill the functions of burgomaster of Brussels (1838–1841). He resigned as burgomaster when on 13 April 1841, he became Minister for Justice (1841–1842) in the cabinet of Jean-Baptiste Nothomb who succeeded on that day the liberal Joseph Lebeau, who had resigned. But van Volxem only stayed minister for twenty months, because Nothomb on 14 December 1842, took on its own account the position of Minister for Justice, in addition to the post of Prime Minister.

On 16 April 1843, the post of Minister for Justice went to the catholic Jules d'Anethan after the Belgian elections in the spring of 1843. In 1845, at 54 years of age, Guillaume van Volxem withdrew from political life. He was the father of Jules Van Volxem.

See also
 List of mayors of the City of Brussels

References
 Du Bois, A., Les Bourgmestres de Bruxelles, in : Revue de Belgique, April 1896, p. 365-396.
 De Paepe, Jean-Luc, Raindorf-Gérard, Christiane (red), Le Parlement Belge 1831–1894. Données Biographiques, Brussel, Académie Royale de Belgique, 1996, p. 593-594.

Members of the National Congress of Belgium
1791 births
1868 deaths
Mayors of the City of Brussels

Guillaume Van Volxem


Soejoedi Wirjoatmodjo (December 27, 1928 in Surakarta – June 17, 1981 in Jakarta) was an architect in Indonesia who was active during the late 1960s and mid 1970s. In 1964, he was asked by President Sukarno to be in charge as chief architect for national architectural projects in the Jakarta. Soejoedi is considered to be the first native architect of the Post-Colonial period that is considered as a proponent of modernist architects and designers.

Biography
Soejoedi was born in Surakarta in 1928. As a young man, he supported nationalist ideals. During the period of National Revolution, Soejodi joined the Student Fighters of Brigade 17 in Surakarta to counter military offensive from the Dutch between 1945 and 1949. When the Dutch leave Indonesia in 1949, one year later Soejoedi applied as an architect in the Building Department of the Technical College in Bandung, which still had a professional Dutch lecturer. From the quality of his works, Soejoedi was nominated and won a scholarship from the French government for a study in L'Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris in 1955. He pursued his study in Paris, but he did not feel comfortable because of personal reason of homesick. Soejoedi's mentor in Bandung, Prof. Ir. Vincent Rogers van Romondt, arranged his further study at the Technical College of Delft, the Netherlands so that he did not need to start from scratch. During his study, Soejoedi had the opportunities to see the works of Dutch modern architects e.g. Jacob Bakema and Aldo van Eyck. However, he did not work his design thesis at the college. Instead, he worked part-time as drafter at , at that time a small firm. For the bureau, he worked for Rotterdam city reconstruction.

Political circumstances over West New Guinea increased tension between Indonesia and the Netherlands. These forced several Indonesian students to leave the Netherlands in 1957, including Soejoedi, who had to leave before being able to receive a degree in architecture. Soejoedi had to find somewhere else for the completion of his academic qualification in architectural engineering. In the same year, Soejoedi moved to Berlin to pursue his architectural degree in the Technical University of Berlin. He eventually graduated in 1959 with a design thesis on pesantren, the Islamic boarding school and training center, with the best marks.

Meanwhile, the increasing tension between the Dutch and the Republic of Indonesia as a consequence of President Sukarno's policy for taking over all foreign companies by the state corporations, caused harm on the higher education institutions, mainly because most of the teaching staff were Dutch nationals. The country needed qualified locals like Soejoedi to work in colleges and other institutions. In 1960, Soejoedi returned from Germany to Indonesia and worked in Bandung as lecturer. After few months, Soejoedi was promoted to be head of the department of architecture at his institution, now renamed the Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB).

During his tenure as head of department, he emphasised the use and exploration of modern technology for building construction and material, especially concrete and steel structure. Between 1960 and 1964, he designed and built several buildings and family houses in Bandung. As a lecturer, he taught about artistic approaches. Form, function, and material are necessarily to be integrated as a geometrical and sculptural composition that works for specific purpose and context, and a strong embodiment to site.

In 1964, Soejoedi was called by President Sukarno to be in charge as chief architect for national architectural projects in Jakarta. As a nationalist, he took this request very seriously. He brought some colleagues and students from the institute and established his own firm in Jakarta, PT. Gubahlaras, in 1969. The vision of his firm is to unveil modern Indonesia through architectural endeavor.

Design philosophy
Soejoedi believed in architectural modernity as a vehicle of liberation from the traces of colonialism. He introduced Indonesian locality not as an imitation of traditional icons, forms, and styles; but in the search for spatial principles. He placed the Javanese concept of spatial category into his design: the balance of the realm of outside (jaba) and inside (njero), and the gradation of values from preliminary (purwa), intermediary (madya), and inner sanctum (utama or ndalem).

Soejoedi's design is characterized with pure geometrical composition. He put emphasis on the site of his building, making sure that the building is harmonious with said site and its conditions. Unlike Friedrich Silaban's grand design e.g. the Istiqlal Mosque, Soejoedi tried not design something that seems too grandiose or megalomaniac. Soejoedi realized that architecture is not a pure work of art, but also a public and utilitarian endeavor with respect to aesthetic and human experience such as: safety, comfort, and health. In this regard, Soejoedi always tried to open the dialogue between reason and intuition; for him, architecture is the field and playground for both human faculties in the search for something humanly useful and beautiful.

Post-colonial architecture works

Among Soejoedi's work is the Conference of the New Emerging Forces, the Conefo (1964-1983). For this work, Soejoedi interpreted President Sukarno's intention for an image of a total independence from the East communist bloc and the West democratic capitalist bloc by designing a modern complex with no recognizable traces of precedent buildings.

Another of Soejoedi's project, probably the most infamous, is Duta Merlin Hotel project. The project was designed to replace the colonial hotel of Hotel des Indes, a masterpiece of Indies architect F.J.L. Ghijsels which was designed as an extraordinary adaptation of Art Deco in the tropical climate of Java, then known as the New Indies Style. For Soejoedi, establishing a new architecture for a national pride was probably more important than maintaining an old building with traces of colonialism of the past.

Below are some of Soejoedi's project.
ASEAN Secretariat Building, Jakarta (1975)
Balai Sidang Senayan, Jakarta (1960-1965)
Department of Agriculture complex, Jakarta
Department of Forestry Tower (Manggala Wana Bhakti), Jakarta (1977)
the Republic of Indonesia's Embassy, Kuala Lumpur
French Embassy, Jakarta (1971, demolished in 2012)
Gedung Pusat Grafika, Jakarta (1971)
Office of the Ministry of Transportation
Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air Sutami
the Republic of Indonesia's Embassy, Belgrade
the Republic of Indonesia's Embassy, Colombo

See also
 Architecture of Indonesia

References

Cited works

External links

1928 births
1981 deaths
20th-century Indonesian architects

Soejoedi Wirjoatmodjo


Chicken and waffles is an American dish combining chicken with waffles. It is part of a variety of culinary traditions, including Pennsylvania Dutch cuisine and soul food, and is served in certain specialty restaurants in the United States. Originating as a Pennsylvania Dutch meal, the dish has received notability in the Southern United States.

Description
Chicken and waffles, as a combined recipe, first appeared in the United States' colonial period in the 1600s in Pennsylvania Dutch country. The traditional Pennsylvania Dutch version consists of a plain waffle with pulled, stewed chicken on top, covered in gravy.

A version using fried chicken is associated with the American South. The soul-food version of chicken and waffles grew in popularity after the opening of the Wells Supper Club in Harlem, New York, in 1938. The waffle is served as it would be for breakfast, with condiments such as butter and syrup. This version of the dish is popular enough in Baltimore, Maryland to become a local custom.

History

The origins of the dish are unknown. Waffles entered American cuisine in the 1600s with European colonists. The food's popularity saw a notable boost after 1789 with Thomas Jefferson's purchase of four waffle irons in Amsterdam.

In the early 1800s, hotels and resorts outside Philadelphia served waffles with fried catfish. Such establishments also served other dishes such as fried chicken, which gradually became the meat of choice due to catfish's limited, seasonal availability. Waffles served with chicken and gravy were a common Sunday dish among the Pennsylvania Dutch by the 1860s. By the end of the 19th century, the dish was a symbol of Pennsylvania Dutch Country, brought on in part by its association with tourism. A 1901 memoir recalled a tavern in the Pittsburgh neighborhood East Liberty in western Pennsylvania that was known for "suppers of spring chickens and waffles".

By the 1840s, broiled chicken and waffles were the celebrated specialty at Warriner's Tavern in Springfield, Massachusetts, owned by "Uncle" Jeremy Warriner and his wife "Aunt" Phoebe, two well-known abolitionists. Prior to the Civil War, chicken and waffles were extravagant breakfast staples in plantation houses through much of the South, prepared by the well-trained cooks.

In 1909, a Griswold's waffle iron advertisement promised, "You can attend a chicken and waffle supper right at home any time you have the notion if you are the owner of a Griswold's American Waffle Iron."

A traditional story about the origin of the dish in soul food states that because African Americans in the South rarely had the opportunity to eat chicken and were more familiar with flapjacks or pancakes than with waffles, they considered the dish a delicacy. For decades, it remained "a special-occasion meal in African American families." The combination of chicken and waffles does not appear in early Southern cookbooks such as Mrs. Porter's Southern Cookery Book, published in 1871, or in What Mrs. Fisher Knows About Old Southern Cooking, published in 1881 by former slave Abby Fisher. Fisher's cookbook is generally considered the first cookbook written by an African American. The lack of a recipe for the combination of chicken and waffles in Southern cookbooks from the era may suggest a later origin for the dish. Popular culture may have associated the dish with the South by 1917, when Edna Ferber's Fanny Herself mentioned a Chicago restaurant falsely advertising "Southern chicken dinner with waffles and real maple syrup, 35 cents each."

Fried chicken and waffles came to Los Angeles by 1931, when they were served at The Maryland, a restaurant that marketed the dish as a Southern specialty. James M. Cain's 1941 novel Mildred Pierce concerns a woman who finds success serving "chicken-and-waffle dinner" at her Glendale restaurant.

In New York City , the dish was served in the African-American community in Harlem as early as the 1930s in such locations as Tillie's Chicken Shack, Richard Wells' jazz nightclub, and particularly the Wells Supper Club. In 1935, the trumpeter Bunny Berigan composed a jazz instrumental titled "Chicken and Waffles".

Since the 1970s, chicken and waffles have gained popularity in Los Angeles due to the fame of former Harlem resident Herb Hudson's restaurant Roscoe's House of Chicken and Waffles, which has become known as a favorite of some Hollywood celebrities, referenced in several movies, and spun off several more into a small chain.

See also
 Chick'nCone

References

External links

American chicken dishes
American cuisine
Waffles
Soul food
Food combinations
Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch
Cuisine of the Southern United States

Chicken and waffles


Powerlifting is a strength sport that consists of three main lifts: the squat, the bench press, and the deadlift. It is a competitive sport in which athletes attempt to lift the heaviest weights possible in each of these three lifts. Powerlifting is often confused with weightlifting, another strength sport that involves the snatch and the clean and jerk. However, powerlifting focuses solely on the three lifts mentioned above.

Weightlifting

Powerlifting


Action in the North Atlantic, also known as Heroes Without Uniforms, is a 1943 American black-and-white war film from Warner Bros. Pictures, produced by Jerry Wald, directed by Lloyd Bacon, that stars Humphrey Bogart and Raymond Massey as officers in the U.S. Merchant Marine during World War II. Typical of other films in the era, Action in the North Atlantic was created as a morale-boosting film during this world war and a film that told the story of unsung heroes. As noted by film critic Bosley Crowther, "... it's a good thing to have a picture which waves the flag for the merchant marine. Those boys are going through hell-and-high-water, as 'Action in the North Atlantic' shows."

Plot
An American oil tanker, the SS Northern Star, commanded by Captain Steve Jarvis, is sunk in the North Atlantic Ocean by a German U-boat. Along with First Officer Joe Rossi, Jarvis boards a lifeboat with other crewmen, which is rammed and sunk by the U-boat that torpedoed their ship. The survivors are finally rescued after 11 days adrift on a balsa wood life raft.

During their brief liberty, Steve spends time with his wife Sarah, while Joe meets and marries singer Pearl O'Neill. At the maritime union hall, the Northern Star survivors await assignment to a new ship, which turns out to be a brand new Liberty ship, the SS Seawitch, commanded by Jarvis, with Rossi once again his First Officer.

The Seawitch, armed with anti-aircraft guns manned by trained Navy gunnery personnel, embarks with a convoy carrying vital war supplies to the Soviet port of Murmansk. However, the convoy is forced to disperse when a wolfpack of U-boats torpedoes them one by one. The Seawitch, now on her own, takes successful evasive action, hiding out at the edge of the Arctic icepack to evade a U-boat hunting her.

After the U-boat breaks off the search, Seawitch lights her boilers off again and heads for Murmansk. The Luftwaffe is called in to try and find the ship. The German maritime patrol planes locate Seawitch and attack with bombs and machine guns. In the ensuing action, Captain Jarvis is seriously wounded, and eight members of the crew and the Armed Guard force are killed. It is up to First Officer Rossi and the surviving members of the Seawitch's crew to get her to port. The fliers had reported locating the Liberty ship, and the U-boat returns to try and sink her. The submarine hits the ship with one torpedo, but Rossi fools the submarine captain into surfacing to finish off the wounded Liberty with his deck gun by setting smoky fires on deck. The Seawitch, listing and damaged, maneuvers and rams the U-boat, sinking it with all hands.

Fires out but still holed, the damaged Liberty continues to Murmansk, wondering if they can make it – which they do, thanks to a squadron of Russian fighters escorting them in. In the end, Joe Rossi, looking at what's left of the convoy in port, worries about the challenges that await them on their return trip.

The movie ends with an excerpt from a speech by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, paying tribute to the courage and valor of America's Merchant Mariners and the important contribution they are making to the war effort.

Cast
 Humphrey Bogart as First Officer Joe Rossi
 Raymond Massey as Captain Steve Jarvis
 Alan Hale, Sr. as Alfred "Boats" O'Hara
 Julie Bishop as Pearl O'Neill
 Ruth Gordon as Sarah Jarvis
 Sam Levene as Abel "Chips" Abrams
 Dane Clark as Johnnie Pulaski
 Peter Whitney as Whitey Lara
 Dick Hogan as Cadet Ezra Parker

Uncredited roles

 Charles Trowbridge as Rear Admiral Hartridge
 J. M. Kerrigan as Caviar Jinks
 Kane Richmond as Ensign Wright
 Wilhelm von Brincken as German Sub Captain
 Chick Chandler as Goldberg
 George Offerman, Jr. as Cecil
 Don Douglas as Lieutenant Commander
 Art Foster as Pete Larson
 Ray Montgomery as Aherne
 Glenn Strange as Tex Mathews
 Creighton Hale as Sparks
 Elliott Sullivan as Hennessy
 Alec Craig as McGonigle
 Ludwig Stössel as Captain Ziemer
 Dick Wessel as Cherub
 Frank Puglia as Captain Carpolis
 Iris Adrian as Jenny O'Hara
 Irving Bacon as Bartender
 James Flavin as Lieutenant Commander
 William Hopper as Canadian Soldier
 Louis V. Arco as German Submarine Commander

Production
Warner Brothers' working title for the film was Heroes Without Uniforms, intended to be a two-reel documentary about the Merchant Marine. As the war continued, much combat action footage became available and the project was changed to a feature film with Edward G. Robinson and George Raft initially cast in the starring roles. Technical adviser Richard Sullivan was a 23-year-old Merchant Marine cadet who survived the sinking of his ship by a U-boat.

Eventually Robinson had to drop out to do Destroyer at Columbia and was replaced by Raymond Massey. Raft was put into Background to Danger and was replaced by Humphrey Bogart.

Because war restrictions did not permit filming at sea, the film was shot entirely on Warner Brothers studio sound stages and back lots. According to Bill Collins Presents the Golden Years of Hollywood, the ships sets were built in halves on two sound stages, with the tanker sinking sequence shot first on the studio's "Stage Nine".

Director Lloyd Bacon's contract with Warner Brothers expired during production. Jack L. Warner wanted to wait until the film was finished before entering discussions about a new contract, but Bacon was not willing to continue without one. Warner fired him and brought in Byron Haskin and Raoul Walsh to complete filming, which ran 45 days over schedule.

An anecdote about Action in the North Atlantic claims Bogart and Massey, off-duty and somewhat intoxicated, were watching their stunt men performing a dive off a burning ship.  The two actors started making bets on which stunt man was braver, and eventually the stars themselves made the dive.

Authentic models of German and Soviet aircraft were used in the film, and all dialogue involving non-Americans was in the native tongue of the speaker, without subtitles, both rarities in films of this era.

The journalist Helen Lawrenson was paid compensation by Warners because dialogue was plagiarised from articles she had written about U.S Merchant Mariners ("Damn the Torpedoes", Harpers, July 1942, and "They Keep 'Em Sailing", Colliers, 8 August 1942).

Reception
When Action in the North Atlantic was premiered in New York City, more than a dozen Merchant Mariners and several hundred U.S. sailors presented Jack Warner with the Merchant Marine Victory Flag. Henry J. Kaiser, the ship-building magnate, thought the film was such a morale booster that he wanted it shown to all his employees.

According to a news item in The Hollywood Reporter on June 24, 1943, copies of Action in the North Atlantic were provided to the Merchant Marine schools for use in training when the War Shipping Administration judged that technical and educational material in the film  would "aid considerably the training program". The studio donated three prints for official use at the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy in Kings Point, New York, at cadet basic schools in San Mateo, California, and Pass Christian, Mississippi.

Film critic Bosley Crowther reviewed the film for The New York Times, stating, "... tingling, informative picture which thoroughly lives up to its tag of "Action in the North Atlantic' ... some excellent performances help to hold the film together all the way. Raymond Massey and Humphrey Bogart are good and tough as the captain and first mate ..."

In a one-hour Lux Radio Theatre broadcast on May 15, 1944, Raymond Massey and Julie Bishop reprised their roles while George Raft co-starred, replacing Bogart.

Box office
According to Warner Bros records, the film earned $2,144,000 domestically and $1,316,000 abroad.

Awards and honors
Action in the North Atlantic received an Academy Award nomination for Best Writing (Best Original Story) for Guy Gilpatric.

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Higham, Charles and Joel Greenberg, Hollywood in the Forties. London: A. Zwemmer Limited, 1968. .
Morella, Edward and Edward Z. Epstein and John Griggs. The Films of World War II. Secaucus, New Jersey: The Citadel Press, 1973. .
 Schatz, Thomas. Boom and Bust: American Cinema in the 1940s. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1999. .
 Walker, John ed. Halliwell's Film Guide (10th edition). New York: Harper Collins, 1994. .

External links

1943 films
1940s war drama films
American black-and-white films
American war drama films
American World War II propaganda films
Films directed by Lloyd Bacon
Films directed by Byron Haskin
Films scored by Adolph Deutsch
Warner Bros. films
World War II naval films
1943 drama films
World War II films made in wartime
1940s English-language films

Action in the North Atlantic


Big Cyc ("Cyc" is Polish for "Tit") is a Polish rock band formed in March 1988.

The band is well known in Poland for their controversial behaviour. The cover of their first album, Z partyjnym pozdrowieniem (Polish for With a Party Greeting), was an image of Vladimir Lenin with a Mohawk hairstyle. The title of their second album, Nie wierzcie elektrykom (Don't Trust Electricians) refers to the Polish president Lech Wałęsa, an electrician by profession. Their fourth album cover, Wojna plemników (War of Spermatozoons) featured a nun drying condoms on a clothes line. In May 1999, the band leader Krzysztof Skiba was charged with indecent exposure and fined the equivalent of US$308 for mooning the Polish prime minister Jerzy Buzek during a festival in February 1999.

History

The members of Big Cyc met at the University of Łódź. Jędrzejak played guitar in a student reggae band Rokosz (laureate of the Golden Ten during the Jarocin Festival), Skiba performed in student theatre Pstrąg and in many school cabarets, also co-creating street happenings named "The Orange Alternative". In 1988 Rokosz broke up, and Jędrzejak wanted to create a new rock band. In this new group such artists as Jarosław Lis (drums), Roman Lechowicz (guitar) and Robert Rejewski (vocal) performed. After some time, Rejewski was replaced by Skiba, who introduced a significant creative potential. Jędrzejak, Lis, Skiba, and Lechowicz became the four of Big Cyc. The members of the band took pseudonyms: Dżej Dżej (Polish for JJ, Jędrzejak), Dżery (Polish for Jerry, Lis), and Piękny Roman (Polish for Pretty Roman, Lechowicz). Skiba remained with his own name.

In March 1988 the student club and hostel number 2 Balbina housed the first show of Big Cyc, during a cultural event Uroczysta akademia na cześć 75-lecia wynalezienia damskiego biustonosza (A solemn ceremony to celebrate the 75th anniversary of invention of women's brassiere).
The nationwide media were invited (among others): Teleexpress, Polish Radio Channel 3), and the cabaret performance was introduced by Piotr Trzaskalski, then a student.

Big Cyc made many successful songs, and in 1990 in a new political environment - after Solidarity's victory and the fall of communism in Poland - they published their first album, With the Party's salutations. 12 hits in lambada-hardcore style. The album contained hilarious poetics mocking the atmosphere of the late PRL (Polish People's Republic) - which the title and the cover – Lenin's portrait with punk-like mohawk – bear witness to. The record introduced such well-known compositions as: "Piosenka góralska", "Berlin Zachodni" (reminiscences from first performances in Western society) and "Ballada o smutnym skinie". It became a hit in Poland, and in short time Big Cyc became well known in the country. Soon after, the band played part in the film named The Chemical Weapon, devoted to life and creative activity of the group, accomplished by independent creators team Garage-Film.

The following records never caused such sensation as the debut. The authors precisely stigmatized Polish reality, but the music background was weaker and less innovative.
The second one, Nie wierzcie elektrykom ("Don't Believe Electricians") (1991) carried a prophecy of Lech Wałęsa's failed presidency, the third Miłość, muzyka, mordobicie ("Love, music, brawl") (1992), brought an ironic critic of the musical environment – the Jarocin Festival. The Fourth record, Wojna plemników ("War of spermatozoon's") (1993) was condemned by members of the Catholic party ZChN (National-Christian Union) for moral boldness and provoking cover. Nie zapomnisz nigdy "You'll never forget" from 1994 was a collection of the greatest hits and some new songs, among which "It's for you my brother" can be stated as a bands ideological hymn. Subsequent one, Golonka, flaki i inne przysmaki ("Pig Knuckles, Intestines and Other Delicacies") (1995) became a sneer of the pseudo-grunge wave and TV-commercial culture ("Hairdresser drama").

Successive songs and albums of Big Cyc took a sarcastic look on the reality of Polish politics and people. Often in ironic manner, the songs expose issues like problems of Polish youth, economic disproportions, drug addiction, or silliness of TV commercials. In 1996, Big Cyc published their seventh album, called Z gitarą wśród zwierząt (With guitar among animals), which contains the most famous song in history of the band, Makumba, the stereotypical story of an African student in Poland. In that period the musicians ridicully but bitterly commented their world. They didn't fail to notice new social phenomena: growing disproportions in wealth, clericalism, corruption, formation of gangs and mafia in Poland, and contrasted it with freedom and neutrality of the young people. Another vocalist, Jarosław Janiszewski from "Bielizna", appeared in this record, and soon he created a parallel band, named "Czarno-Czarni", with the members of Big Cyc.

Celebrating the 9th anniversary in 1997 the band introduced subsequent record, with quite shocking title: Pierwsza komunia, drugie śniadanie, trzecia Rzeczpospolita ("First Communion, second breakfast, third Rzeczpospolita"), was chosen by the public present. Wszyscy święci ("All saints") (1998), based on texts of a dead poet Wieslaw Dymny, proved to be an interesting experiment. Two subsequent records: Świat według Kiepskich ("World according to Kiepscy") (2000) and Zmień z nami płeć ("Change your sex with us")(2001) were less popular. Nevertheless the texts of do not lose their inner sharpness and validity, they ridiculed pop-folk fashion or the dres dressing tendency. Świat według Kiepskich, was named after a Polish sitcom of the same name. Recently the politics have returned as the major subject of their satires—the "golden braid" concerning Renata Beger, the member of the Sejm (Polish parliament), the "Mohair berets" a satire on Polish government elected in 2005 and a commentary on vocal older generation in Poland, viewed by many younger people as old-fashioned, or criticizing the president of Belarus—Alexander Lukashenko. With the release of Czarne Słońce Narodu in 2016 came the song "Antoni Wzywa do Broni" ("Antoni Calls to Arms"), a song about Antoni Macierewicz, Poland's Minister of National Defence, and Smolensk. It sparked heated arguments across the internet.

The band has never forgotten about its happening origin. Several times it managed to present, in an unconventional way, the absurd and disabilities of public life. The musicians had chained themselves to radiators in publishing house "Polish Records", protesting against unwillingness to pay artist's royalty, they have eaten tax forms (along with politician Janusz Korwin-Mikke) fighting with too high taxes, and they protested under the Minister of Culture's cabinet unmasking partiality of the financial politics.

Some time ago a new member joined, Piotr Sztajdel Gadak, as keyboard player. Jan Borysewicz, Marek Piekarczyk, Paweł "Konjo" Konnak, Wiesława Warszawska and Viganna Papina also have had a chance to perform with Big Cyc.

Members
Jacek Jędrzejak aka Dżej Dżej (Polish pronunciation for J.J., born August 22, 1963) — Songwriting, bass guitar
Jarosław Lis aka Dżery (Polish pronunciation for Jerry, born April 18, 1963) — Percussion (drums)
Roman Lechowicz aka Piękny Roman (Polish for Pretty Roman, born September 27, 1963) — Guitar
Krzysztof Skiba aka Skiba (born July 7, 1964) — Songwriting, vocals
Piotr Sztajdel aka Gadak — Keyboards

Discography

Studio albums
Z partyjnym pozdrowieniem. 12 hitów w stylu lambada hardcore — (With a Party Greeting; 12 Hits in a Lambada Hardcore Style) 1990
Nie wierzcie elektrykom — (Don't trust the electricians) 1991
Miłość, muzyka, mordobicie — (Love, music, brawl) 1992
Wojna plemników — (War of spermatozoons) 1993
Frankenstein's children 1994 — German release compilation album
Nie zapomnisz nigdy — (You'll never forget) 1994
Golonka, flaki i inne przysmaki — (Pigs Knuckle, tripes, and other delicacies) 1995
Z gitarą wśród zwierząt — (Among the animals with a guitar) 1996
Pierwsza komunia, drugie śniadanie, trzecia Rzeczpospolita - (First Communion, second breakfast, third Rzeczpospolita—second breakfast is a Polish idiom for lunch) 1997
Wszyscy święci — (All saints) 1999
Świat według Kiepskich - (The world according to Kiepskis) 2000
Zmień z nami płeć — (Change your sex with us) 2002
 Moherowe Berety - (Mohair Berets) 2006
Szambo i Perfumeria — (Cesspool & Perfumery) 2008
Zadzwońcie po milicję — (Call the police) 2011
Jesteśmy Najlepsi — (We're the best) 2015
Czarne Słońce Narodu — (The Black Sun of the Nation) 2016

Compilation albums

Live albums

References

External links

 Official site of Big Cyc (in Polish)
 Article about the mooning incident

Musical groups established in 1988
Polish rock music groups

Big Cyc


Child slavery the fact that children are made slaves, or they are made to work like slaves. Even though slavery has been made illegal, child slavery is still a problem in many developing countries. Many children have to live and work in slave-like conditions. Another problem is that children are being trafficked.

Some children are recruited to serve as child soldiers in wars, others are forcibly being married as children.Apart from the aspect that children have to work like adults, some are being forced to work as prostitutes.

Child labour
Slavery

Child slavery


A staysail ("stays'l") is a fore-and-aft rigged sail whose luff can be affixed to a stay running forward (and most often but not always downwards) from a mast to the deck, the bowsprit, or to another mast.

Description

Most staysails are triangular; however, some are four-cornered, notably some fisherman's staysails.

Triangular staysails set forward of the foremost mast are called jibs, headsails, or foresails. The innermost such sail on a cutter, schooner, and many other rigs having two or more foresails is referred to simply as the staysail, while the others are referred to as jibs, flying jibs, etc.

Types of staysail include the tallboy staysail (a narrow staysail carried between the spinnaker and the mainsail on racing yachts), the genoa staysail (a larger one carried inside the spinnaker when broad reaching), and the bigboy staysail (another name for the shooter or blooper, carried on the leeward side of the spinnaker).  Unlike the cutter staysail, none of these sails have their luff affixed to a stay.

On large rigs, staysails other than headsails are named according to the mast and mast section on which they are hoisted. Thus, the staysail hoisted on a stay that runs forward and downwards from the top of the mizzen topgallant mast is the mizzen topgallant staysail. If two staysails are hoisted to different points on this mast, they would be the mizzen upper topgallant staysail and the mizzen lower topgallant staysail.

Uses
In square rigged ships the staysails can help in tacking, overcoming the lumbering square sails' tendency to prevent bearing up to windward, especially in light winds. Where a ship attempts to tack but fails and has to bear away again on the original tack, she is said to have missed her stays. In cutter rigged yachts the genoa will often need to be furled before changing tack due to the difficulty in passing the big sail between the two forestays. Here the staysail can help bring the bow through the wind more effectively.

In addition to providing more overall sailing force, a staysail can be used to modify a ship's sail plan to be more efficient in different types of weather. For example, in high winds a captain might reef a headsail, but that impacts the sail shape and can result in slower ship speed. Instead, the headsail could be furled entirely and a staysail used instead, resulting in higher ship speed.

See also

 Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)
 Glossary of nautical terms (M-Z)

References

Sailing rigs and rigging

Staysail


Aller Hill () is an 18.4 hectare (45.4 acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest near Aller in Somerset, notified in 1988.

The site contains three species of plant which are nationally rare and a further three which are of restricted distribution in Somerset. The central area contains a sward dominated by sheep's fescue (Festuca ovina) in combination with yellow oat grass (Trisetum flavescens) and quaking-grass (Briza media). Salad burnet (Sanguisorba minor) forms a major component of the sward with rough marsh-mallow (Althaea hirsuta) and nit-grass (Gastridium ventricosum), two
nationally rare species, also present.

Aller and Beer Woods on the slopes of the hill are also designated as a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest.

References

Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Somerset
Hills of Somerset
Sites of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1988
Somerset Levels

Aller Hill