Winchester Palace was a 12th-century bishop's palace that served as the London townhouse of the Bishops of Winchester. It was located in the parish of Southwark in Surrey, on the south bank of the River Thames (opposite the City of London) on what is now Clink Street in the London Borough of Southwark, near St Saviour's Church (which later became Southwark Cathedral). Grade II listed remains of the demolished palace survive on the site today, designated a Scheduled Ancient Monument, under the care of English Heritage.

History

Southwark in the county of Surrey was formerly the largest manor in the Diocese of Winchester and the Bishop of Winchester was a major landowner in the area. He was a great power in the land, and traditionally served as the king's royal treasurer, performing the function of the modern Chancellor of the Exchequer. He thus frequently needed to attend the king  both at his court in Westminster, at the Tower of London and also was required to attend Parliament with other bishops and major abbots. The city of Winchester had been the  capital of the Saxon kings of England.  For that purpose, Henry of Blois built the palace as his comfortable and high-status London residence. Most of the other English bishops similarly had episcopal palaces in London, most notably Lambeth Palace, residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury.

From 1682 to 1686 the palace was remodelled adding Corinthian columns and pilasters, to give a more contemporary Renaissance look the sculpture and masonry being by Edward Strong the Elder.

The palace remained in use until around 1700, when it was converted and divided into tenements and warehouses. These were mostly destroyed by fire in 1814. Part of the great hall, and the west gable end with its rose window became more visible after a 19th-century fire and 20th-century redevelopment. It is believed that the great hall was built in about 1136.

The hall was enlarged and the rose window built in the 14th century, possibly by Bishop William of Wykeham  (reigned 1367–1398).

Below the hall was a richly decorated vaulted cellar with direct access to a wharf on the River Thames for bringing in supplies.  Royal visitors were entertained at the palace, including King James I of Scotland on his wedding to Joan Beaufort (niece of the then bishop, Cardinal Henry Beaufort) in 1424. The palace was arranged around two courtyards. Other buildings within the site included a prison, a brewery and a butchery. The palace environs comprised a garden, a tennis court and a bowling alley.

During the Civil War Sir Thomas Ogle was imprisoned here, during which time he tried to draw Thomas Devenish, a member of John Goodwin's Independent Congregation, into a royalist plot to split the Parliamentarian Independents from the Presbyterians in order to assist Charles I's numbers in Parliament.

The Clink Liberty
Associated with the palace was the Liberty of the Clink which also lay on the south bank of the River Thames, an area free from the jurisdiction of the City of London. It therefore became an area where activities which were suppressed in the City could flourish openly. Thus gaming houses, bowling alleys, theatres and brothels abounded. It took its name from the notorious Clink prison which lay within the Liberty and gave rise to the slang expression "in the clink" (i.e. in prison). The Bishops of Winchester received rents from the numerous brothels, leading to the local prostitutes being known as "Winchester geese".

Present day
The remains of Winchester Palace are listed as a Scheduled Monument and are managed by English Heritage.

References

External links

 Archaeology of Winchester Palace
 History and information : English Heritage

Buildings and structures completed in the 12th century
Episcopal palaces of the bishops of Winchester
Episcopal palaces in London
English Heritage sites in London
Scheduled monuments in London
Former houses in the London Borough of Southwark
Tourist attractions in the London Borough of Southwark
Ruins in London
Ruined palaces
Former palaces in England
Former buildings and structures in the London Borough of Southwark

Winchester Palace


Crisis hotlines are telephone numbers that people can call to get urgent and immediate counseling. Since the 1970s, most areas around the United States have had these lines. The lines were originally for suicides or stopping suicide. Now they also deal with family abuse, emotional troubles, and depression. There are also special text and call lines especially for teenagers.

History
In the United States, the first crisis help line began in 1958; the Los Angeles Suicide Prevention Center. It used trained voluneers to answer calls 24 hours a day. San Francisco Suicide Prevention started a hotline "Call Bruce" in 1962.

A similar service, Lifeline, was started in Australia in 1963.

Lifelink Samaritans Tas. Inc, began in Launceston, Tasmania in 1968.  It was started as a way to help people in emotional pain that could not talk with family and friends.
It answered calls 24 hours a day throughout the country of Tasmania.

References

Telephone numbers
Suicide

Crisis hotline


Vatakara, (), also spelled Vadakara (formerly Badagara), , is a Municipality in the state of Kerala, India. Vatakara is located between Kannur and Kozhikode. The municipality of Vatakara covers an area of  and is bordered by Mahé to the north and Payyoli to the south. It is the headquarters of Vatakara taluk, which consists of 22 panchayats. During the reign of the Kolathiris and Zamorins, Vatakara was known as Kadathanadu. During the British Raj, it was part of the North Malabar region of Malabar District in the state of Madras. The historic Lokanarkavu temple, made famous by the Vadakkan Pattukal (ballads of North Malabar), is situated in Vatakara. A new tardigrade (water bear) species collected from Vadakara coast has been named after Kerala State; Stygarctus keralensis.

Vadakara State assembly constituency is one of the 140 state legislative assembly constituencies in Kerala state in southern India. It is also one of the 7 state legislative assembly constituencies included in the Vatakara Lok Sabha constituency.[1] As of the 2021 assembly election, the current MLA is K.K Rema of Revolutionary Marxist Party of India.

Etymology

Geography

Vatakara is located at  and has an average elevation of . It is situated about 49 km to the north of Kozhikode City, approximately 44 km to the south of Kannur City, and adjacent to Mahé. The town lies by the side of a river variously called the Moorad river, the Kuttiady river, or Kottakkal river. The town's position relative to this river led to it being called Vadakkekara (north bank), later contracted to Vatakara. Towards the east, near the panchayats of Nadapuram and Kuttiady, Vadakara borders the Wayanad district along the Western Ghats section. In the west, like many of the towns in Kerala, Vatakara is flanked by the Arabian Sea.  The Kuttiyadi river meets the sea to the south of Vatakara, forming small islands and sandbars near the river mouth.

History
The  Kolathunadu  emerged  into  independent 10 principalities i.e., Kadathanadu (Vadakara), Randathara or Poyanad (Dharmadom), Kottayam (Thalassery), Nileshwaram, Iruvazhinadu (Panoor, Kurumbranad etc.,   under   separate   royal   chieftains   due   to   the   outcome   of   internal dissensions. The Nileshwaram dynasty on the northernmost part of Kolathiri dominion, were relatives to both Kolathunadu as well as the Zamorin of Calicut, in the early medieval period.

Vatakara was the capital of the historical region called Kurumba Nadu, home of the Kurumbar people. In the pre-British era, a major part of the current Vatakara taluk, including the area currently constituting the Vatakara municipality, was ruled by a chieftain as a feudatory to the Kolathiri kingdom. The remaining part of the taluk was initially part of the Polathiri kingdom and later ruled by the Zamorins of Calicut. The boundary between these kingdoms is believed to have been in the region in Vatakara known as Puduppanam, with the Moorad river forming a geographical boundary. The Kadathanad dynasty was established when a Polathiri royal was forced to cross over to Kolathunadu after an unsuccessful battle with the Zamorins, settled in the region, and married a Kolathiri princess.

Vatakara became an important trade center in the region by the early 18th century, exporting agricultural products such as coffee, pepper and coconut. Together with smaller nearby ports at Chombal, Muttungal and Kottakkal, Badagara became one of the major centers of trade at a level with those at Cannanore, Tellicherri and Calicut. Building on a thriving economy led by a strong sea trade, the Kadathanad rulers established a strong naval force which became known as the "Lord of the Seas", since it was the strongest naval force from the Malayalam-speaking region.

A significant factor in the rise of Vatakara as a trade center was the rise and subsequent fall of the Kunjali Marakkars of Kottakkal. During the 16th century CE, Kunjali Marakkars were the admirals of the Zamorin's naval fleet and were famous for their valor and sea battle tactics. The Marakkars established their stronghold in Kottakkal and built a fort there. The last Marakkar, Kunjali IV, was defeated at the beginning of the 17th century by the combined forces of the Zamorin, with whom he had fallen out, and the Portuguese, who resented the interference of Kunjali and his followers in their trade route. The fort was completely destroyed by a bombardment from the sea. However, the Marakkars' knowledge of ship handling and tactics continued to be passed down in the community of seafarers in this area of Vatakara, later allowing the ruler of Kadathanad to establish his supremacy in the sea and to enforce a 'pass' system for trade ships.

The region became a separate kingdom , when the then chieftain took the title of Kadathanad Rajah. During this period, there are records of frequent skirmishes between Kadathanad and the ruler of Kottayam as well as the foreign colonial powers of the British, based in Thalassery, and the French, based in Mahé.

In legend, Vatakara is the birthplace of Unniyarcha, Aromal Chekavar, and Thacholi Othenan, the heroes of the Vadakkanpattu (ballads of North Malabar). The Thacholi family home, Thacholi Tharavadu, is still preserved and the anniversary of Thacholi Othenan's birth is celebrated in the Thacholi Manikkothu Kavu temple.

Notable temples in the area include Lokanarkavu and Kottakkal Bhagavathi Temple, the second richest temple in North Malabar. Kalari Ullathil Temple is also situated near Vatakara town.The martial art Kalaripayattu originated in Vatakara.

Demographics
Most of Vatakara's inhabitants are labourers and farmers, while some are government employees. A large number of expatriates from Vatakara work in Middle Eastern countries, and their remittances have a strong influence on the local economy. Some emigrants work in nearby states like Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra.

As of the 2011 Census of India, Vatakara had a population of 75,740, with males constituting 48% of the population and females 52%. Vatakara has an average literacy rate of 83%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; male literacy is 85%, and female literacy is 80%. 11% of the population was under 6 years old.

Economy
Fishing is one of Vatakara's main commercial activities. The Moorad River flows into the Arabian Sea at a point close to the town.

Vatakara is organized around two commercial hubs, the old and new bus depots. The area around the old bus depot contains commercial establishments as old as 100 years. Recently, commerce has shifted to the area around the new bus depot and the road towards Kannur, with many new buildings, including hospitals and flats being built or planned.

Nut Street is the distribution center for nuts, including coconuts and areca nuts. Produce flows to collection outlets and is dried, packed, and transported to other states. Northern Kerala is well known for the production of coconuts.

Hospitals include the CO-OP Hospital, Asha Hospital, Janatha Hospital, Ceeyam Hospital and the Parco specialty hospital.

The Uralungal Labour Contract Co-operative Society is a unique labour cooperative initiative centered in Madappally that was inspired by the Indian sage Vagbhatananda. The society was registered in 1925.

Climate

Transportation
 Train: Vatakara Railway Station is one of India's model railway stations, and is connected to all major metros and one of the top stations in north Kerala after Calicut and Kannur
 Air: Kannur International Airport is the closest airport, approximately 48 km away. Calicut International Airport is approximately 60 km away.
 Road: National Highway 66 (NH66) passes through Vatakara town, connecting Vatakara to Kozhikode to the south (45 km) and to Kannur (44 km) and Mangalore (188 km) to the north. A preliminary survey is being performed for a National Highway to connect Vatakara to Bangalore through Nadapuram.
 Vadakara distance between Vadakara to Mananthavady by bus is approximately 65 km. Bus travelling is one of the ways to reach from Vadakara to Mananthavady Wayanad
 Perambra via Thamarassery 55 km and 83 km from *Vadakara to *Kalpetta

Notable places

Temples
 Lokanarkavu temple

The Lokanarkavu temple is located at Memunda, 5 km from Vadakara. It is closely associated with the heroes and heroines of Vadakkanpattu: Thacholi Othenan, the hero of Kadathanadu, was a devotee of the Lokanarkavu goddess, Lokanarkavilamma, an aspect of Durga. Three rock-cut caves near the temple are decorated with candid murals and carvings. The annual festival celebrating Durga, locally called Pooram, takes place during March/April. Two temples adjacent to the Lokanarkavu temple focus on the worship of Vishnu and Shiva.
 Payamkuttimala temple
 The temple of Muthappan at Memunda is managed by the tourism department of the Kerala Government. As of 2018, plans were under way for a modernization of the surroundings of the temple. The Theyyam form of worship is practiced here.
 Chendamangalam temple
 The Chennamangalam temple is one of the oldest temples in Kerala, and also one of the very few temples which has Dhwaja Pratishtha. It is situated 2 km from Vatakara town, near to Chorode. The deities primarily worshipped are Shiva and Ayyappan. This temple is similar in nature to the Sabarimala temple. When pilgrimages to Sabarimala were impossible due to a fire, Chennamangalam temple served as an alternative destination.
 Kozhukkannur Neyyamruth Madom
 Kozhukkannur Neyyamruth Madom is located at Purameri.  In the Kottiyoor festival, the madom forms a centre from which Neyamruthu (ghee) offerings are taken to the Kottiyoor temple on foot.

Additional temples in the region include Kizhakkedathu temple, Sivapuram Sree Mahadeva Kshethram, Arathil Bhagavathi Kottakkal temple, Thuneri Sree Vettakkorumakan Kshethram, Ponmeri Shiva temple, Kalleri Kuttichathan temple, Kaliyampalli temple and Nagath Sri Muchilottu Bhagavathi temple.

 Thacholi Othenan
Thacholi Meppayil Kunjhu Othenan or Mepayil Tacholi Manikoth Kovilakathu Kunji Othena Kurup (Udayana Kurup of Thacholi Manikoth House) or more popularly Thacholi Othenan was a legendary hero who is believed to have lived during 16th century in North Malabar region of Kerala, India. He is praised in the Vadakkan Pattukal (ballads of North Malabar).[6] [7] Thacholi Ambadi, another renowned martial arts expert, was Othenan's son.

Kunjali Marakkar memorial

The location of the Marakkar fort on the southern bank of the Moorad river, 46 km south of Kozhikode, is now known as Kottakkal. A building in Kottakkal that belonged to Kunjali Marakkar serves as a small museum, with collections of ancient swords, cannonballs and knives.The Kunjali Marakkar or Kunhali Marakkar was the title given to the Muslim naval chief of the Inscriptions on the Kunjali Marakkar Memorial at Kottakkal, Vatakara.

Sandbanks recreation area

The Sandbanks recreation area is located on a small peninsula with the Moorad river on the east and the Arabian Sea on the west, approximately 3 km towards the south of Vatakara town. The Sandbanks Bungalow, which was built by Mr Wilfred Vincent Reilly in 1946, stands on this peninsula. The area is owned by the Aditya Birla Management Corporation Ltd and managed by Vadakara Municipality. A coastal police station is being built on the peninsula.

Theyyam
Theyyam or Thirayattam is a ritual performance art form that depict the cultural heritage of North Malabar, especially of ancient Kolathunad. Theyyam depicts Shiva bhutaganas, Kali and other deities and cultural heroes. The drama is enacted based on ancient stories and the language used is "Tottam pattu", a primitive form of Malayalam. Theyyam shows the Buddhist influence from centuries ago. Theyyam is usually held from October to May every year. The colour of Theyyam is typically red. Velan is described in the Sangam literature 500 CE. It could have been a tribal ritual art which evolved under Buddhism and the Brahminic revival of Hinduism. This art form is addressed as "Kaliyattom" North of Pazhayangadi Puzha, Kannur, as "Theyyam" South of the river and as "Tirayattom" around Vadakara (Kadathanadu).

Villages in Vatakara Taluk
Villages in Vatakara Taluk

The position of the Vatakara Taluk in Kozhikode district is given below:

The villages included in the Taluk are:
 Ayancherry
 Azhiyur
 Chekkiad
 Chorode
 Edachery
 Eramala
 Kalleri
 Kavilumpara
 Kayakkodi
 Kottappally
 Kunnummal
 Kuttiady
 Maniyur
 Maruthomkara
 Nadakkuthazha
 Nadapuram
 Narippatta
 Onchiam
 Palayad
 Purameri
 Tinur
 Thiruvallur
 Thuneri
 Valayam
 Vanimal
 Velom
 Vilangad
 Villiappally

Educational institutions

There are many schools, colleges and tuition centers in Vatakara.

Vidya Prakash Public School, Rani Public School, Chorode and Gokulam Public School are the 3 main private schools in Vadakara.

1.Government College, Madappally Vadakara is a post-graduate campus affiliated with the University of Calicut.

2. The 62nd Regional Centre of the Indira Gandhi National Open University, Vadakara was established at Vatakara in January 2011, serving students from the Malabar region, including the Kasargod, Kannur, Wayanad, Kozhikode, and Malappuram districts.

3. College of Engineering Vatakara

College of Engineering Vadakara is an engineering college in Kozhikode district of Kerala, established in 1999. The first engineering college under the Co-operative Academy of Professional Education, Thiruvananthapuram, established by Govt. of Kerala, started functioning in June 1999.

4. Model Polytechnic College

Model Polytechnic College, Vadakara is running under the Institute of Human Resources Development established by Government of Kerala.

5. Government Technical High School was established in 1965 and it is managed by the Department of Education. It is located in urban area. It is located in VATAKARA ...

Notable residents
 Thacholi Othenan
 Thacholi Ambadi
 Unniyarcha
 K. K. N. Kurup
 T. P. Chandrasekharan
 Punathil Kunjabdulla
 Mullappally Ramachandran
 V. T. Murali
 C. K. Nanu
 Meenakshi Amma
 Cherusseri Namboothiri
 Akbar Kakkattil
 V. R. Sudheesh
 K. K. Rema
 Shabeer Kallarakkal

Tourism
Sargaalaya Crafts Village

Sargaalaya Crafts Village at Iringal, Vadakara sells traditional local art and crafts.

Vadakara sandbanks

Local beaches include Vadakara sandbanks,park and Kolavipalam Beach at Kolavipalam between Vatakara and Payyoli, to the south of the Murad River.

Kunjali Marakkar Museum-

The Kunjali Marakkar Museum is located at about 1.5 km from the Sargaalaya Craft Village, at Kottakkal, Iringal (working hours: 9 A.M. to 5 P.M. and Monday is Holiday). It is the old residence of a legendary warrior, who fought valiantly against the Portuguese invaders. Marakkars are believed to be originally Moplas of Malabar, probably differing in exact origin and sub sect and have been traders by profession. The title of Marakkar possibly also derived from the 'Malayala' word, marak-kalam, meaning boat [Sea traders]. We can learn from history that the Muslim Naval Chief of the Zamorin (Samoothiri) Kingdom of Calicut (Kozhikode), namely the Kutti Mohammed Ali was bestowed the title of Kunjali in 1507. He was later succeeded by Kutti Pokker Ali (Kunhali II) and then, by the famed supporter of Kunhali II, namely Patu Marakkar (Kunhali III) and subsequently, the nephew of Kunhali III, by name Mohammed Marakar became Kunhali IV. These four Kunhali Marakkars have played such a prominent role in the Zamorin's naval wars with the Portuguese from 1502 to 1600 that they are accredited with the honour of organizing the first naval defense of the Indian coast.

Once you enter the massive gates with the 'sword and shield' insignia emblazoned on black cast iron door, a small and well-maintained garden with bright flowers, a porch and a handsome cottage and the Museum, renovated in 2013 welcome you. A very dedicated and soft-spoken guide is readily available there to narrate the entire episodes with patience. Some of the prominent displays include the model of the forted village of Kottakkal [Kotta (fort)] constructed by Kunjali Marakkar III, the arms such as the sword used by Kunjali Marakkar, cannonballs and many other war relics of the country's earliest naval heroes, who led the first successful defense of India's coast against the European sea power.

Payamkuttimala,ECO tourisum

A panoramic view of Vadakara and its surroundings is what Payamkuttimala in Kozhikode district has to offer. Located from Panikkotti on Vadakara – Tiruvallur road, lots of travellers come to the hill station to watch the sunrise and sunset and gaze at the Arabian Sea. Set about 2,000 feet above sea level, the small hillock also houses a Muthappan Madapura and dead laterite rocks.

Lokanarkavu Temple is an ancient Hindu temple situated in Memunda 4 km from Vatakara, in Kozhikode District, North Malabar region of Kerala state of south India. Lokanarkavu is a short form of Lokamalayarkavu which means lokam (world) made of mala (mountain), aaru (river) and kavu (grove). The closest railway station is at Vatakara, which is 5 km from temple. The nearest airport is Kannur airport which is 54 km away.

Pooram is the important festival here and it is conducted with great pomp and show. The week-long festival begins with Kodiyettam (flag hoisting) and concludes with Arattu. The temple dedicated to goddess Durga has great historical importance as Thacholi Othenan, the legendary martial hero of Kerala, used to worship here every day.

Lokanarkavu and Kalarippayattu
Thirty days Mandala Utsavam in Malayalam month Vrischikam (November–December) and pooram in Malayalam month meenam (March–April) are the annual festival at the Lokanarkavu Bhagavathy Temple. This is the only temple where a peculiar folk dance called Poorakkali is presented during festivals. The dance, resembles the martial art Kalarippayattu. Even today, all Kalaripayattu artists seek the blessings of the deity before their debut due to the association of Lokanarkavu Temple with legendary hero thacholi othenan.

Kakkayam Dam

Kakkayam is a dam site located at Koorachundu in, Kerala. Kakkayam is on the outskirts of the Western Ghats, and Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary, a 7,421-hectare (18,340-acre) abode of wild animals including elephants and bisons. Kakkayam has an abundant wildlife population and is also a trekking and rock climbing destination.

This reservoir is part of the Kuttiyadi Hydro Electric Project & is located at a height of about 750 m (2,460 ft) above sea level. The pen stock runs down from the dam site and goes through various tunnels and hills to the Kuttiyadi Main power house at Kakkayam with an installed capacity of 225MW. Water coming out of this power house is diverted to two small hydro electric projects namely Kuttiyadi Tail Race power house and kakkayam small hydro electric project with an installed capacity of 3.75 MW and 3 MW Respectively.After this the tail water joins the river and is utilized for Peruvannamoozhi Irrigation Project.

Kalleri Kuttichathan Temple.

Kalleri is famous and civilized village area that is belongs to Vatakara taluk, north to Kozhikode. Kalleri is located at Vatakara Thanneerpanthal route 8 km from Vatakara, near Villiappaly. It is a very beautiful place and is suitable for rest with nature.There is a canal at Kalleri, which is a part of Vadakara – Mahi canal. Land of Kalleri is encircled by Kallerikunnu at west and Aroora mala (mountain) at east. The famous Kalleri Kuttichathan temple located here. Thousands of devotees are visiting this temple every week.

Vadakara Population Census 2011 - 2022
Vadakara is a Municipality city in district of Kozhikode, Kerala. The Vadakara city is divided into 44 wards for which elections are held every 5 years. The Vadakara Municipality has population of 75,295 of which 35,531 are males while 39,764 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.

Population of Children with age of 0-6 is 7823 which is 10.39% of total population of Vadakara (M). In Vadakara Municipality, Female Sex Ratio is of 1119 against state average of 1084. Moreover, Child Sex Ratio in Vadakara is around 952 compared to Kerala state average of 964. Literacy rate of Vadakara city is 94.88% higher than state average of 94.00%. In Vadakara, Male literacy is around 97.12% while female literacy rate is 92.91%.

Vadakara Municipality has total administration over 15,787 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorize to build roads within Municipality limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.

Vadakara Religion Data 2011

See also
lokanarkavu temple
Unniyarcha
Cities and towns in Kozhikode district
Vatakara area

Vatakara


Dualism is the belief that minds and bodies are separate things. One of the main dualist views comes from René Descartes and is named Cartesian dualism after him. It is also called substance dualism because he thought that minds and bodies were two completely different substances (like matter) in the world.

Philosophy

Dualism (philosophy of mind)


German Medical Online is a portal for the worldwide presence of German medicine.

The Portal provides information about the medical sector in Germany, about Medical Treatment in Germany and Medical Equipment from Germany and serve as a source of information and contact for international users.

The Portal is divided in 5 categories:
 Leading Hospitals, Clinics, Medical Centers
 Leading Medical Specialists, Medical Doctors
 Medical Equipment, MedTech, Instruments
 Pharma Companies, Laboratories
 Patient and Travel Services, Hotels

The Portal has been founded in January 2008 and presented at the Arab Health Exhibition in Dubai to an international audience.

The resource is provided by the Bennad Ltd., the publisher of the German Medical Journal.

References
 German Medical Online - About GMO

External links
 German Medical Online Portal
 Twitter
 Facebook
 German Medical Journal

German medical websites

German Medical Online


A subscription is a product or service which is paid for periodically, rather than all at once. Magazines and newspapers are often subscription products. Public utility services like internet connections or cable television are examples of subscription services. Subscriptions fees are usually charged for a consistent time period, typically in weeks, months, or years.

In a traditional business model, revenue flows linearly – from marketing to sales and finance. But in subscription businesses, the revenue flow is cyclical. While the purposes of all functions remain unchanged, their revenue implications are amplified since customers need to be 'won' not just once but through every recurring billing cycle.

Subscription business models were first introduced in the 1600s by newspaper and book publishers. With the rise of technology and software as a service (SaaS) products, many companies are moving from a business revenue model where revenue is made from a customer's one-time purchase to a subscription model where revenue is made on a recurring basis in return for consistent access to the delivery of a software good or service.

Types of subscription business models
Subscription business models can include a variety of companies and industries. Those industries include:

 cable television,
 satellite radio,
 websites,
 gyms,
 lawn care,
 storage units,
 coffee and many more.

Publishing
In publishing, the subscription model typically involves a Paywall, Paysite or other "toll-access" system (named in opposition to open access). As revenues from digital advertising diminish, a paid subscription model is being favoured by more publishers who see it as a comparatively stable income stream.

References

Business

Subscription


North View Secondary School (NVSS) was a government secondary school located in Yishun, Singapore.

History
On 2 Jan 1988, the school was formed with an enrolment of 483 pupils. Kwek Hiok Chuang was appointed Principal of the school. The school had 35 teaching staff and 12 non-teaching staff. Classes were held at two locations - the Secondary One pupils were housed in Yishun Secondary School while the Secondary Two to Five pupils were in the former Upper Thomson Secondary School building.

The new school building situated at Yishun Ring Road was officially handed over to MOE by PWD on 15 June 1988. The principal, Kwek received the school keys from the PWD representative, Tan Lip Pheow, the Architect-in-charge of the school, on behalf of the Ministry of Education. The school building which costs $7.2m is the S101 model.

On 27 Jun 1988, the school began functioning at the new premises. The Heads of Department scheme was implemented in the school. On 15 Mar 1991 the school was officially opened by Mr Charles Chong, Member of Parliament for Sembawang GRC.

On 18 Dec 1992 Raymond Ong Eng Kong was appointed as the new principal. Ong was from the Public Relations Department, Ministry of Education. Kwek was transferred to Anderson Secondary School as its principal. At the same time Mohd Khairunan Bin Ali was appointed as the new Vice-Principal. On 23 July 1995, Ong died.

From late 1995 to December 1999, Nadarajah Satianathan was the principal of North View Secondary School. From early 1998 to June 1999, two  extension blocks were constructed - an admin and a classroom block. The admin-block houses the office, staff-room, library, conference room, computer laboratories and three media resource rooms.

The school was merged into Northland Secondary School in 2017, marking an end to 29 years of the school's history.

References

External links

Secondary schools in Singapore
Educational institutions established in 1988
Schools in Yishun
Yishun
1988 establishments in Singapore
Educational institutions disestablished in 2017
2017 disestablishments in Singapore

North View Secondary School


Hortensia Fussy (also Hortensia; born 25 March 1954 in Graz) is an Austrian sculptor.

Biography

Hortensia studied sculpture at the School of Applied Arts Graz with Josef Pillhofer from 1970 to 1972 and at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna with Fritz Wotruba from 1972 to 1975. She was his last student. Since 1975 she has been a freelance artist. She held her first exhibition in 1984 at Galerie Würthle, and since then numerous solo exhibitions in Europe, the United States, and Africa. From 2003 to 2012 she ran the Hortensia Drawing School for Figure and Landscape, Bad Gams, Western Styria.

On 2 May 2015, she opened the "Sculpture House Hortensia" in Bad Gams, Western Styria. As a permanent exhibition space, it houses sculptures from all creative periods. The sculpture workroom and the drawing room are located opposite the house.

For her "extensive artistic work" she was awarded the Golden Decoration of Honor for Services to the Republic of Austria by Federal President Alexander Van der Bellen in 2019.

Artistic activity
The work of the Austrian sculptor, draftswoman and painter focuses on the human figure. "Her sculptural work is in the tradition of classical modernism. She creates modern classical-figurative works, which are characterized by reduction of shape and rigor, occasional archaism, absolute technical certainty and full mastery of artistic means. Her oeuvre is an important position of Austrian figurative sculpture."

"Hortensia Fussy continues a line of development in the visual arts of Austria, at the beginning of which one can place Gustav Klimt and Egon Schiele, and which was continued by artists such as the painter Herbert Boeckl and the sculptor Josef Pillhofer. However, the greatest influence on Hortensia Fussy's artistic career may have come from her teacher, the eminent Austrian sculptor Fritz Wotruba.".

Sculptures against the trend

Through her consistent effort to assign the highest value within her artistic work to the quality of shape, Hortensia consciously opposes the prevailing art trend: "Like her two great teachers, she again goes a step further, as her sculptures no longer show a fault line between pure shape and nature study. Her approach is consistently idiosyncratic and free of short-living trends. Hortensia creates classically figurative works that appear strictly composed and clear, and whose magic and sensuality are primarily coming from one aspect: the harmony of shape and nature. The subject of the representation is predominantly the human figure, the "royal motif" among all pictorial representations. In a quite long process of creation and development she forms her sculptures of appealing unity, her works are free of alienation, irritation or other disturbing factors."

In an early phase of her work, "Hortensia pays special attention to the transformation from the second into the third dimension, which transcends the usual connection between preliminary drawn study and executed sculpture. With sculptures based on paintings by Piero della Francesca, Francisco de Goya, Albrecht Dürer, Jan Vermeer, or Gustave Courbet, she embarked on this path of 'spatialization' in the early 1980s.", among others with the Figure after Goya, 1980; Figure after Dürer, 1981; Hommage a Courbet, 1988-95.

Shape is always Hortensia's central theme and the starting point of her artistic work. "Under the heading Shape and Figure, Hortensia deals with some principles according to which the perceptual material taken in by the eyes is ordered in order to be grasped by the human mind." In the interplay of the two concepts, an approach to Hortensia's aesthetic imperative opens up: "Earthy, centered, sensual, and moderate are what my figures should be! " "The point here is that the negative, the positive, that the roundness, the horizontal, the diagonal, that is, essential spatial dimensions, which ultimately also determine our vision, can change the view of things within the viewer. ""For this process stands, for example, the sculpture Large Form Daria. The female figure lives from the reduced, crystalline forms. Dominantly placed in bronze in the open space, she is enough for herself. She is free of all thoughts and content remnants, of space and time, stripped of all obligations, with the exception of the legality of form: a world language of art!"
From 2002 to 2010, the artist carried out a series of exhibitions under the title "Shape and Figure", including at the Styrian Fire Museum, 2002; Bratislava, 2003; Washington, 2004; Moscow, 2008; Deutschlandsberg Castle, 2009-2010.

Permanently exhibited works (selection)
 Monument to President Rudolf Sallinger, Rudolf Sallinger Square, Vienna.
 Caryatid, Deutschlandsberg Castle
 Figure after Goya, Vienna Insurance Group Collection, Ringturm Vienna.
 Hommage a Courbet - Palais Harrach, Vienna (until 2014), since then Rathausplatz Deutschlandsberg
 Muse3 (after Correggio) - Langenzersdorf Museum (formerly Hanak Museum)
 [[Monument Commendatore Reinhold Purr - Styrian Fire Museum
 Head Space Group - Municipality of Deutschlandsberg

Graphic work

Since 1969, Hortensia has been making drawings. Her graphic work is extensive and of high quality: "Above all, her way of drawing, of leaving graphisms standing, of executing strokes to make sense of lines without attaching meaning to them, of using hatching to emphasize brightness and develop darks, is unrivaled."</ref ""The line that Hortensia draws feels its way along the boundaries of the motif, and its power of abstraction clarifies the formations. "Nature" and human work intertwine and highlight each other. Light becomes color: if line abstracts figures, color breathes sensual life into abstraction. "

Parallel to the sculptural work (sculptures, nude drawings), cycles of drawings and watercolors are created during numerous trips in Europe and Africa as spatial images of landscapes, mountain ranges and architecture (among others, Landscape cycle Spain (1983-1985), Tuscany and Umbria (1987-1990), Portugal (1997), Dalmatia (1999-2002), Egypt (2000), Sicily (2002), Italian Dolomites (2003-2018)).
Nude drawings, architectural drawings and watercolors are shown in her exhibitions under the title "Form and Space", most recently in 2018 in the "Stone Room" of the Landhaus in Graz.
"Hortensia's figures create an oasis for beauty, not as a vanishing point, but as an expression of clarity and insight. Hortensia is committed to these values as a draftswoman and sculptor. She is concerned with the sensual experience of reality, with the restriction that only the use of unambiguous pictorial means creates the prerequisite for artistically translating the sensual experience. The artist tries to extract what seems essential to her from the abundance of impressions. It is a process of omission, of reduction, a selection that eliminates what would weaken the invisible order and picks up what can be ordered - for only this narrow ridge is essential to her, where pictorial order and pictorial spirit meet."

Underlying Hortensia's works is the consistent application of the pictorial alphabet she herself developed with such clarity. "The conscious use of the pictorial alphabet, as a summary of 24 angular connections from combination of a vertical, horizontal or oblique line, becomes with her a drawing procedure for grasping given space." Thus, these pictorial signs are a kind of script for translating vivid reality into the pictorial work. The pictorial alphabet was documented in the book Hortensia - Shape and Space (2014).

"Hortensia has developed her own conception of the human figure as a reorientation: This makes her œuvre both modern and timeless.".

Awards
 1987: Theodor Körner Award
 1999: Liesl Bareuther Award, Künstlerhaus Wien
 2014: Grand Medal of Honor of the Province of Styria
 2019: Decoration of Honor for Services to the Republic of Austria (1952)|Golden Decoration of Honor for Services to the Republic of Austria

Solo exhibitions (selection)
 1984: Gallery Würthle, Vienna, Austria
 1990: Gallery Norbert Blaeser, Düsseldorf, Germany
 1996: Neustadt City Hall, Prague, Czech Republic
 1997: International Festival Sarajevo Winter, Bosnia & Hercegovina
 1998: Forum Lagos 1998, Portugal
 1998: Kulturhaus, Graz, Austria
 1999: UKV Saarbrücken, Germany
 2001: Cairo Opera Art Gallery, Egypt.
 2002: Shape and Figure, Styrian Fire Museum Groß St. Florian, Austria
 2004: Austrian Embassy, Washington, USA
 2008: Central House of Artists, Moscow, Russia
 2009-2010: Museum Archeo Norico, Castle Deutschlandsberg, Austria
 2011: Sculptures and their perspectives, University of Graz, UZT, Austria
 2014: Shape and Space, Museum Archeo Norico, Deutschlandsberg Castle, Austria.
 2016: Shape and Space, Langenzersdorf Museum (formerly Hanak Museum), Austria.
 2018: Grazer Landhaus, Steinerner Saal
 2023: The Breath of Bronze, Werner Berg Museum, Sculpture Garden.

Literature
 Form and Figure, 2002.
 Shape and Figure (Sculptures), 2008, ISBN 978-80-969998-0-4.
 Double Games, 2009, ISBN 978-3-9502799-0-0.
 Shape and Space, 2014, ISBN 978-3-9502799-1-7.
 Sculpture House Hortensia, 2020, ISBN 978-3-9502799-2-4.

References

External links

 Homepage of Sculpture House Hortensia

1954 births
Living people
20th-century Austrian women artists
21st-century Austrian women artists
20th-century Austrian sculptors
21st-century Austrian sculptors
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alumni
Austrian women sculptors
Artists from Graz
Pseudonymous artists

Hortensia Fussy


José Raúl Anguiano Valadez (February 26, 1915 – January 13, 2006) was a notable Mexican painter of the 20th century, part of the "second generation" of Mexican muralists which continued the tradition of Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco and David Alfaro Siqueiros but experimented with it as well. Anguiano was born during the height of the Mexican Revolution, which would inspire a majority of his mural painting. He studied painting in his hometown of Guadalajara before moving to Mexico City to begin his career. His first major exhibition was held at the Palacio de Bellas Artes, at age 20. His works include over 100 individual and collective exhibitions with 50 murals, mostly in Mexico and the United States. As he continued his artistry with aspects of the Mexican muralism movement, he also experimented with other styles such as Cubism, Surrealism and Expressionism, with themes such as clowns and prostitutes. However, his most famous painting is "La espina" (The thorn) which depicts a Mayan woman digging a thorn out of her foot with a knife. His later works concentrated on depicting Mexico in vivid colors and traditional imagery.

Life
Raúl Anguiano was born in Guadalajara, Mexico, on February 26, 1915, at the height of the Mexican Revolution. He was the eldest of ten children, whose father was a cobbler.

He began drawing at age five using images of movie stars and other famous people as models, including Mary Pickford, Pola Negri, Charlie Chaplin, Álvaro Obregón, Venustiano Carranza and bullfighter Rodolfo Gaona. Anguiano states that one of his very early artistic influences was a painting of the Holy Family by Rafael Sanzio. At age 12, he left his school to attend Guadalajara's former Escuela Libre de Pintura, where he learned basic artistic techniques and became interested in pre-Hispanic and popular art. He studied with Ixca Farias, José Vizcarar and José Salomé Piña before leaving the school in 1933 to organize a group of painters called Jóvenes Pintores Jaliscienses.

During his studies and early career, Anguiano worked with various models such as workmen, laborers and a few notable people such as Pita Amor.  In 1934, he moved to Mexico City, where he met Diego Rivera and José Clemente Orozco and studied their work. He painted his first mural in the same year while in a school and joined the Liga de Escritores y Artistas Revolucionarios.

During Anguiano's long career, almost eight decades, his main studio was in Coyoacán, Mexico City but he had a second home in Huntington Beach, California.

Anguiano died on January 13, 2006, at the Hospital Central Militar in Mexico City after becoming ill with heart problems while in Los Angeles. He was buried at the family crypt at the Panteón Jardín.

Career
His first major show was in 1935, when he was only twenty. He was the youngest painter to be featured at an exhibition at the Palacio de Bellas Artes. The work at this exhibition was featured with Máximo Pacheco, with themes of industry, factories, smelting and the workers' movement. Since then he has exhibited individually and collectively over one hundred times in museums, galleries and other institutions in countries such as Cuba, Chile, Colombia, Brazil, United States, France, Italy, the former Soviet Union, Israel, Germany and Japan. Some of his exhibitions before he died included  a  retrospective in Los Angeles for the 1984 Olympic Arts Festival,  a presentation of a series of four color lithographs, held at the Hall of Graphic Arts SAGA 88, from 1989 to 1990, in Paris; and the retrospective look at Anguiano's work in graphics (1938-1940), held at the Museo de la Estampa in Mexico City in 1990. His creations remain in permanent collections in the San Francisco Museum of Art, the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the Royal Museums of Art and History in Brussels,  as well as museums in Mexico City, Beijing and the Vatican .

In 1936, when he was only twenty one, he was commissioned to paint his first mural called La educación socialista, a seventy meter wide piece at the Carlos A. Carrillo School in Mexico City. During this career, he painted about fifty murals mostly in Mexico and the United States but murals can also be found in Jamaica and even the Vatican, which houses his mural La Crucifixión.

Some of his more noted murals include Rituales Mayas for the Museo Nacional de la Antropología and Trilogía de Nacionalidad for the Procuraduría General de la República. Other murals in Mexico include those at the Secretaría de Educación Pública, Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales and Cámara Nacional de Comercio, all in Mexico City as well as murals in the states of Jalisco and Guanajuato. Most of the U.S. murals are located in California such as The Mayas: Magic, Science and the History of the Maya, in the Bowers Museum in Santa Ana (1999)  and his last mural, at the East Los Angeles College, which was also his largest, measuring sixty eight by thirteen feet at the Performing Arts Auditorium.  It is an autobiographical work which depicts the history of 20th-century Mexican art and depicts his fellow muralists Rivera, Orozco and David Siqueiros.

From the time he moved to Mexico City in 1934 until close to his death, he was also an art teacher. He began by teaching in the primary schools but most of his teaching was done at the university level. He taught at Escuela de Artes Plásticas at the Universidad Autónoma de México, the La Esmeralda academy and the Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México. His first teaching work in the United States was for a brief time in 1941 and he agreed to teach primary school again in the summer of 2000 at the Santa Ana Unified School District.

Anguiano illustrated several books and about fifty catalogs of his work. He lectured throughout Mexico, the United States and Europe. During an expedition to the Bonampak archeological site, he sketched figures on the murals there, later using them to write a book about the experience called 'Expedicion a Bonampak first published in 1959.

His art career was also linked to a number of organizations that he joined or created. In 1937, he joined the Liga de Escritores y Artistas Revolucionarios. He was one of the founders of the Taller de Gráfica Popular along with Leopoldo Méndez, Alfredo Zalcoe and Pablo O'Higgins, which produced etchings and lithographs with political themes. He was a founder of the La Esmeralda Academy, Instituto Nacional de Bellas Arts a Bonampak and the Salón de la Plástica Mexicana.

By the time of his death, Anguiano's paintings were selling for over 100,000USD.  He was one of the first artists, along with Siqueiros, to take advantage of the Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público's program that allowed artists to pay taxes with artworks. During his life he donated works to charities such as the Red Cross, UNICEF, the Rotary Club, hospitals, and more. Near the end of his life He bequeathed most of his movable works to Mexico City and to a museum named after him in Guadalajara.

Recognitions include the José Clemente Orozco Insignia from the state of Jalisco in 1956, the  Medalla de Oro del Salón Panamericano de Arte in Porto Alegre, Brazil, membership in Mexico City's Academy of Arts since 1982 and named Creator Emeritus of the National System to the Creators of Art in 1993.

Artistry
Anguiano is an important artist of the 20th century, known nationally and best known internationally for his oil paintings depicting the indigenous peoples of Mexico. In addition to oils, he produced etchings, pencil and ink drawings, lithographs, illustrations, sculpture and ceramics.

He is considered to be part of the Mexican muralism movement, although younger than the three most important figures (Rivera, Orozco and Siqueiros) and he was one of the last to work with Diego Rivera. He was part of the continuance of their tradition, called the "second generation" along with Juan O'Gorman, Jorge González Camarena, José Chávez Morado, Alfredo Zalce, Jesús Guerrero Galván and Julio Castellanos. They challenged the political and status quo and experimented with muralism but kept certain traditional artistic canons. He stated "My forms of expression are based on realism, but not on naturalistic realism."

Most of Anguiano's work focuses on indigenous and rural Mexico, its festivals, history traditions and religion, which for him was Mexico. Anguiano's mural work is mostly inspired by the Mexican Revolution and the efforts of those related to Álvaro Obregón afterwards. Oils and other works had themes from pre Hispanic ruins, especially Mayan stele, landscapes and the life and customs of the Lacandon Jungle. Work such as La Espina, Lacandonas asando monos zarahuatos and Nákin de perfil, depicted  indigenous as contemporary people, rather than historical. He also depicted the problems facing them such as the destruction of the environment. His work is credited with helping to educate many about rural life in Mexico as well as discrimination against the indigenous. He said that in his work he "sought to glimpse the soul of the Mexican people". He masterpiece is considered to be La Espina, which was used for many years to illustrate public school textbooks. It depicts a Lacandon Maya woman seated and digging a spine out of her foot with a knife. The work sold for $156,000 USD at Christie's Latin American auction in New York on 25 May 2004.

Although firmly a member of the Mexican muralism movement, Anguiano experimented with a number of artistic styles over his career, with his most important influences being Picasso and José Clemente Orozco. Anguiano's earliest works are similar to Cubism, with clear influence from Picasso.  He had an important surrealist period from 1936 to about 1946, recreating images from his dreams and his worries about the events of his time. Works from this period include La Llamada del Instanto, Caín, Volviendo a la Tierra and El Sueño Marino, with themes including on circus performers and prostitutes. Also during this period, Anguiano produced a series of drawings based on his dreams, with cold tones and silver-greys predominating. In the 1940s, he painted mostly realistic works, focusing on portraying native Mayan women, after visiting the Lacandon Jungle in Chiapas. From 1957 to 1966 he painted Expressionist works. From 1952 to 1969 he works focused on cinema and returned to Realism in 1970, and from then on, his works feature traditional figurative imagery with vivid color and clear references to Mexico.
In addition to his notable work portraying Mexico, one important aspect of his work was the creation of portraits. His notable portraits include those of Alfa Henestrosa, María Asunsolo, Pita Amor, his wife Brigita Anguiano, La Abuela, Cabeza de Viejo and La Muchacha del Abrigo Verde''. He also did portraits of many of Mexico's heroes for textbooks for public schools. He also created lithographs based on popular sayings.

Raúl Anguiano Museum
There are two museums in Mexico dedicated to Anguiano's work in Mexico City and Guadalajara, but the latter is the more important. The Raúl Anguiano Museum was inaugurated in 2003 to provide a space to store and exhibit over one hundred works the artist donated to the state before his death. The museum has a mission of researching and promoting the aesthetic values related to Anguiano's work. It is the newest and most modern of Guadalajara's art museums. It has three exhibition halls on two floors, a multipurpose room and a room for children called Niño Anguiano. There are also workshops, study areas, a patio area with sculptures and twelve murals by various artists in various areas of the museum.

Museum collections

 Art Museum of Southeast Texas, Beaumont, Texas

References

1915 births
2006 deaths
Art Students League of New York alumni
20th-century Mexican painters
20th-century Mexican male artists
Mexican male painters
21st-century Mexican painters
21st-century Mexican male artists
Mexican muralists
Artists from Guadalajara, Jalisco
Academic staff of Escuela Nacional de Pintura, Escultura y Grabado "La Esmeralda"

Raúl Anguiano


Tavua () is a town in Fiji, 91 kilometres from Nadi and 9 kilometres from the gold mining settlement of Vatukoula. It was formally incorporated as a Town in 1992 with the appointment of its first Mayor, Iliesa Vula from Tavualevu. The town covers a land area of 100 square kilometres, and had a population of 2,418 at the 1996 census.

Tavua is supposed to be governed by a 9-member Town Council, elected for a three-year term, who elect a Mayor from among themselves for a one-year term, renewable indefinitely. At the most recent municipal election, held on 22 October 2005, all 9 seats were won by the Tavua Ratepayers, Landowners, and Tenants Association. The new council reelected Chandra Singh, Mayor since 2001, for another term.

In 2009, the Military-backed interim government dismissed all municipal governments throughout Fiji and appointed special administrators to run the urban areas. As of 2015, elected municipal government has not been restored. The special administrator of Tavua is Tulsi Ram. He took office in January 2015, replacing Jay Whyte.

Notable Tavuans
Olympic javelin thrower Leslie Copeland was born in Tavua. Hong Kong and Bristol Rugby Union player Luke Nabaro was born and raised there.

References

Ba Province
Populated places in Fiji

Tavua, Fiji


Jas Hennessy & Co. is a company that makes cognac. Its headquarters are in Cognac, France. The company sells more than 50 million bottles a year worldwide. It is the world's largest Cognac maker. It is owned by Moët Hennessy, which is co-owned by LVMH (66%) and Diageo (34%).

History
Hennessy was established in 1765 by Irishman Richard Hennessy. His son James created the brand Hennessy and named the company Jas Hennessy & Co. He greatly expanded his father's business. While an Irishman, he served in the French Navy. He set up the distillery on the Charent River in Cognac.

The company has been run by eight generations of Hennessys. Their master distillers have been seven generations of the Fillioux family. In 1971 in a merger with champagne  maker Moet et Chandon, Kilian Hennessy changed the company name to Moet Hennessy.

International sales
In 1795 they sold theory cognac in North America. In 1840 Hennessy set up an agency in London for their products. In 1868 they exported to Japan followed by China in 1872. In 1992 Hennessy celebrated their 200th anniversary. They chartered a sailing ship and named it the "Spirit of Hennessy".
In 2009 Hennessy produced a limited edition of Hennessy VS in honor of US President Barack Obama. In gold lettering the bottles are marked "In Honour of the 44th President". Currently their biggest market is China.

References

Other websites
 Hennessy
 About Hennessy Cognac

Drink companies
Companies of France
1765 establishments
18th-century establishments in Europe

Hennessy


"Godfellas" is the twentieth episode in the  third season of the American animated television series Futurama, and the 52nd episode of the series overall. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 17, 2002. The episode was written by Ken Keeler and directed by Susie Dietter. It features Bender becoming the god of a tiny civilization, and explores various religious issues. The episode won the first Writers Guild of America Award for animation.

Plot
During a space pirate attack, Bender—trying to find some peace and quiet in a torpedo tube—is accidentally fired into space. Because Bender was launched when the ship was at its top speed, it is impossible to catch up with him. After an asteroid crashes into Bender, a civilization of tiny humanoid "Shrimpkins" grows on him and worships him as a god. Bender enjoys his new-found status, picking a prophet named Malachi and having him bring "The One Commandment" ("God Needs Booze") to the Shrimpkins, who brew what for them are vast quantities of "Lordweiser" beer. The Shrimpkins begin praying for rain, sun and wealth, and Bender attempts to heed their prayers, failing and unintentionally harming the Shrimpkins in the process. Malachi tells him that the Shrimpkins who migrated to his buttocks feel their prayers are unheeded and have become atheists. The atheists threaten war with Bender's worshipers. Bender, horrified that his previous attempts to help the Shrimpkins only harmed them, refuses to intervene. The micro-civilization is destroyed when the Shrimpkin factions launch atomic weapons out of Bender's nuclear piles.

Bender continues floating through space until he encounters a cosmic entity. During their time together, the entity tells Bender that it has had much the same experience with helping those who pray to it, and has given up on directly interfering in its worshippers' lives. It now uses a "light touch", which it compares to safecracking, pickpocketing, or (as Bender adds) insurance fraud. Bender asks if he can be sent back to Earth, but the entity claims that it does not know where Earth is.

Meanwhile, Fry and Leela search for a way to locate Bender, which leads them to a sect of monks who use a radio telescope to search for God in space. Leela locks up the pacifist monks and Fry spends the next three days searching for Bender. Leela convinces him to give up the search, considering the odds of finding Bender astronomical. Fry spins the telescope's trackball and finds the cosmic entity by accident as he wishes out loud he had Bender back. The entity hears him and flings Bender toward Earth, where he lands just outside the monastery. Bender recounts his tale and Fry boasts they "climbed a mountain and locked up some monks", which reminds Leela that they never let them out. Fry is reluctant to return to the monastery and claims that their God will surely help them. Bender tells them that God cannot be counted on, and demands they rescue the monks themselves. The cosmic entity chuckles and repeats advice it gave to Bender earlier: "When you do things right, people won't be sure you've done anything at all."

Production
Billy West states on the audio commentary that the voice of "God" is based on Vic Perrin's "Control Voice" from The Outer Limits.

Themes
The episode touches on the ideas of predestination, prayer, and the nature of salvation, in what theology writer Mark Pinsky referred to as a theological turn to the episode, which may cause the viewer to need "to be reminded that this is a cartoon and not a divinity school class". By the end of the conversation, Bender's questions still have not been fully answered and like many of the conversations between humans and God in the Bible, Bender is left wanting more from the voice than it has given him. Pinsky also notes that the monks visited by Fry and Leela occupy the monastery of "Teshuvah", which is the Hebrew word for repentance.

The book Toons That Teach, a text used by Christian youth groups to teach teenagers about spirituality, recommends this episode in a lesson teaching about "Faith, God's Will, [and] Image of God".

Cultural references
The first half of this episode explores themes similar to "Microcosmic God" by Theodore Sturgeon, in which a small race of beings worship their human creator as a God, earnestly carrying out his every command. The story has previously inspired episodes of The Twilight Zone and Groening's own The Simpsons.

The observatory located in a monastery is also a reference to "The Nine Billion Names of God" by Arthur C. Clarke.

Reception and legacy
This episode won the first Writers Guild of America Award for animation in 2003, where it competed against animated specials, long form programs and episodic animation. Series creator Matt Groening has cited it as one of the best episodes of the series.  The Reno Gazette-Journal called the episode amazing and noted it as one of the prime episodes in season four (the episode is part of the third production season but fourth broadcast season). Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club gave the episode an A. In 2008, Empire placed Futurama 25th on their list of "The 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time" and cited "Godfellas" as the show's best episode. In 2013, it was ranked number 7 "as voted on by fans" for Comedy Central's Futurama Fanarama marathon.

In its initial airing, the episode received a Nielsen rating of 2.6/4, placing it 97th among primetime shows for the week of March 11–17, 2002.

"God" later reappears introducing the season 6 episode "Reincarnation".

References

External links

Godfellas at The Infosphere.

Futurama (season 3) episodes
2002 American television episodes
Religion in science fiction
Fiction about God
Television episodes written by Ken Keeler
Television episodes about religion

Godfellas


Annette Catherine Dolphin (born 1951)  is a Professor of Pharmacology in the Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology at University College London (UCL).

Education
Dolphin was educated at the University of Oxford where she was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree in Biochemistry in 1973, and the Institute of Psychiatry at King's College London where she was awarded a PhD in 1977 for research on noradrenaline receptors.

Career and research
Dolphin is a leader in the field of neuronal voltage-gated calcium channels. She is distinguished for her work on the regulation of calcium channel trafficking and function, and the modulation of that function by activation of G-protein coupled receptors. Her work on the control of calcium channel trafficking by auxiliary calcium channel subunits has been particularly influential. She has elucidated the topology and processing of this family of proteins.

Before working at UCL, Dolphin held appointments at the Collège de France, Yale University, the National Institute for Medical Research, St George's, University of London and the Royal Free Hospital.

Awards and honours
Dolphin has received a number awards for her research, including the British Pharmacological Society (BPS) Sandoz Prize and the Pfizer Prize in Biology. She has also been awarded prize lectures such as the G. L. Brown Prize Lecture of The Physiological Society, the Julius Axelrod Distinguished Lecture in Neuroscience of the University of Toronto, the BPS Gary Price Memorial Lecture and, most recently, the Mary Pickford Lecture of the University of Edinburgh and the Physiological Society Annual Review Prize Lecture in 2015.

She was elected a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci) in 1999 and a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2015.

References

Living people
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)
Academics of University College London
Alumni of King's College London
British pharmacologists
British women scientists
Female Fellows of the Royal Society
Alumni of the University of Oxford
1951 births

Annette Dolphin


Sergiu Celibidache (; 13 August 1996) was a Romanian conductor, composer, musical theorist, and teacher. Educated in his native Romania, and later in Paris and Berlin, Celibidache's career in music spanned over five decades, including tenures as principal conductor of the Munich Philharmonic, Berlin Philharmonic, Sicilian Symphony Orchestra and several other European orchestras. Later in life, he taught at Mainz University in Germany and the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Celibidache frequently refused to release his performances on commercial recordings during his lifetime, claiming that a listener could not have a "transcendental experience" outside the concert hall. Many of the recordings of his performances were released posthumously. He has nonetheless earned international acclaim for his interpretations of the classical repertoire and was known for a spirited performance style informed by his study and experiences in Zen Buddhism. He is regarded as one of the greatest conductors of the 20th century.

Early life and education

Sergiu Celibidache was born on 28 June 1912 to Demostene Celebidachi, a cavalry officer of the Romanian army and later prefect of the Iași region and Maria Celebidachi (née Brăteanu), in Roman, a small city in the Moldavia region of Romania, where his father was a government official. He grew up in Iași, where his family soon moved after his birth. He was already improvising at the piano by the age of four, and after a traditional schooling in mathematics, philosophy and music in Iași, was sent by his father to Bucharest and then to Paris, where he continued his studies. His father had expected him to pursue a political career in Romania, but in 1936 Celibidache enrolled in the Hochschule für Musik (Academy of Music) in Berlin (German authorities erroneously changed his surname from Celebidachi to Celibidache, the form he was known under), where he studied composition with Heinz Tiessen and conducting with Kurt Thomas, Walter Gmeindl and Fritz Stein. He continued with doctoral studies at the Friedrich Wilhelm University (Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität), where he studied philosophy with Nicolai Hartmann and Eduard Spranger and musicology with Arnold Schering and Georg Schünemann. He submitted a dissertation on Josquin des Prez and received his degree in 1944. Throughout the 1940s, he accompanied and was romantically involved with Romanian-born dancer and choreographer Iris Barbura. During his studies in Berlin, Celibidache was introduced to Zen Buddhism by his teacher Martin Steinke, and Buddhism informed Celibidache's worldview and work for the rest of his life. In a 1986 interview, he said, "I was born a Christian Orthodox, and studied philosophy, but I still couldn't find solutions to my problems. It was through Steinke that I found [...] the way of Zen. All I can say is that without Zen I couldn't have known this strange principle that the beginning is in the end, and the end is in the beginning. Music is nothing but the materialization of this principle."

Career

From 1945 to 1952 Celibidache was principal conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic. He got his big break shortly after the end of World War II in tragic circumstances: Leo Borchard, who was cleared to conduct by the American forces, was shot during a nocturnal car ride, and no other de-Nazified conductors were available. But he fought selflessly to have Wilhelm Furtwängler (a great influence on Celibidache) reinstated as orchestra leader, and from 1947 to 1952 they shared the responsibilities of conducting the Philharmonic. Furtwängler, the principal conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic from 1922 to 1945, was required to submit to the denazification process. The young Sergiu Celibidache thereby became the top orchestra's interim conductor, from 1945 until 1952. Following that, Furtwängler was once again on the podium. When in 1954 Furtwängler died, the Philharmonic selected not the predestined Celibidache to be Furtwängler's official successor – but rather Herbert von Karajan. Sergiu Celibidache was so incensed by being passed over that he vowed to never again conduct the famous orchestra. It took 38 years before a collaboration could once again take place: the concert of Bruckner's Symphony No. 7 happened only at the instigation of the German president at the time, Richard von Weizsäcker.
Celibidache later worked with radio orchestras in Stockholm, Stuttgart and Paris. He also worked in Britain in the late 1940s and 1950s, due partly to the promotional efforts of the pianist Eileen Joyce and her partner, an artists' agent. Joyce said that Celibidache was the greatest conductor she had ever worked with: "he was the only one who got inside my soul". In 1970 he was awarded Denmark's Sonning Award. From 1979 until his death he was music director of the Munich Philharmonic. He regularly taught at Hochschule für Musik Mainz in Germany and in 1984 taught at the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Teaching was a major focus throughout his life and his courses were frequently open to all without fee. Among his notable students are Konrad von Abel, Françoys Bernier, Raffaele Napoli, Rony Rogoff, Bernhard Sieberer, Markand Thakar, and Nils-Göran Areskoug.

He appeared in the film Ambassadors of Music (1952), conducting the Berlin Philharmonic in a performance of Ludwig van Beethoven's Egmont overture.

Later years

A controversy arose over sexist and discriminatory behaviour that came to light during a 12-year legal battle during his tenure at the Munich Philharmonic with trombonist Abbie Conant. Celibidache claimed Conant lacked the "necessary strength" and "emotional empathy" to lead the trombone section. She was asked to sit in the second chair and was paid less than her male colleagues on grounds of her gender. Celibidache was not invited to give testimony at the trials. Finally, the courts found in favour of Conant. As a consequence, Conant was paid the same as her male colleagues.

Celibidache died at the age of 84 on 14 August 1996 at Nemours, near Paris. He was buried in the Cimetière de Neuville sur Essonne.

Performance style

Celibidache's approach to music-making is often described more by what he did not do instead of what he did.  For example, much has been made of Celibidache's "refusal" to make recordings even though almost all of his concert activity actually was recorded  - having accepted live radio broadcasts -  with many released posthumously by major labels such as EMI and Deutsche Grammophon with the consent of his family. In his view, music is made of the cumulation of thousands of "Nos" and one final "yes" when the conditions are eventually all gathered during a concert. It was all about the live experience, the ability to be "in the now".

Celibidache's focus was indeed on creating, during each concert, the optimal conditions for what he called a "transcendent experience".  Aspects of Zen Buddhism, such as ichi-go ichi-e, strongly influenced his music making. He believed that transcendental experiences were extremely unlikely to ensue when listening to recorded music, so he eschewed them. As a result, some of his concerts did provide audiences with exceptional and sometimes life-altering experiences, including, for example, a 1984 concert in Carnegie Hall by the Orchestra of the Curtis Institute that New York Times critic John Rockwell described as the best of his 25 years of concert-going.

Celibidache was well known for his demands for extensive rehearsal time with orchestras. An oft-mentioned feature of many of his later concerts, captured in the live recordings of them, is a slower tempo than what is considered the norm, while in fast passages (especially in his earlier performances) his tempi often exceeded metronome markings by far. In Celibidache's own view, however, criticism of a recording's tempo is irrelevant, as it is not (and cannot be) a critique of the performance but rather of a transcription of it, without the ambience of the moment, for him, a key factor in any musical performance. As Celibidache explained, the acoustic space in which one hears a concert directly affects the likelihood of the emergence of his sought-after transcendent experience.  The acoustic space within which one hears a recording of one of his performances, on the other hand, has no impact on the performance, as it is impossible for the acoustic features of that space to stimulate musicians to play slower or faster.

That his recorded performances differ so widely from the majority of other recordings has led them to be seen by some as collectors' items rather than mainstream releases and 'one-offs' rather than reference recordings.

Personal life
In 1965, Celibidache married Ioana Procopie Dumitrescu (1924-2012). They had one son, Sergiu Ioan Celibidache ("Serge"), born 19 June 1968.

Discography

Notable releases have been his Munich performances of Beethoven, Johannes Brahms, Anton Bruckner, Robert Schumann, Johann Sebastian Bach, Gabriel Fauré and a series of live performances with the London Symphony Orchestra and the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra:
 1945: Debussy/Roussel: Petite Suites, with Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra (Naxos)
 1945: Prokofiev: Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, Prokofiev Symphony in D major, Op. 25 "Classical" (HMV C 3729-30) 78 rpm
 1948: Tchaikovsky: Symphony No. 5 in E minor, Op. 64 LPO (Decca AK 2036-41 78 rpm)
 1949: Mozart: Symphony No. 25 in G minor, K. 183  (Decca AK 2197-9 78 rpm)
 1951: Mozart: Symphony No. 25 in G minor, K. 183 (Decca LXT 2558)
 1951: Tchaikovsky: Symphony No. 5 in E minor, Op. 64 LPO (Decca LXT 2545)
 1969: Tchaikovsky: Symphony No. 5 in E minor, Op. 64 LPO (Decca Eclipse ECM 833)
 1985: Beethoven: Concerto for Violin and Orchestra (Electrecord)
 1988: Mendelssohn: Sinfonia N. 4 "Italian"; Dvořák: Sinfonia N. 9 Dal Nuovo Mondo (Frequenz)
 1990: Tchaikovsky: Symphony No. 5; Nutcracker Suite (London)
 1991: Mozart: Requiem; Vivaldi: Stabat Mater (Arkadia)
 1991: Tchaikovsky: Symphony No. 6 "Pathetique"; Roméo et Juliette (Arkadia)
 1994: Brahms: Symphony No. 2 & Haydn Variations, Op. 56a (Fonit-Cetra Italia)
 1994: Brahms: Symphony Nos. 3 & 4 (Fonit-Cetra Italia)
 1994: Bruckner: Symphony No. 7 (Andromeda)
 1994: Mozart: Grand Mass, K. 427 (Cetra)
 1995: Beethoven: Symphony Nos. 2 & 4 (Nas)
 1997: Bartók: Concerto for Orchestra (EMI Music Distribution)
 1997: Beethoven: Symphony Nos. 4 & 5 (EMI Music Distribution)
 1997: Debussy: La Mer; Iberia (EMI Music Distribution)
 1997: Haydn: Symphony Nos 103 & 104 (EMI Music Distribution)
 1997: Mozart: Symphony No. 40; Haydn: "Oxford Symphony" (EMI Music Distribution)
 1997: Ravel: Ma Mère l'Oye; Bolero, Le tombeau de Couperin; Alborada del Gracioso (Fonit-Cetra Italia)
 1997: S. Celibidache Conducts Beethoven & Brahms (Tahra)
 1997: Schubert: Symphony No. 9 (EMI Music Distribution)
 1997: Schumann: Symphonies 3 & 4 (EMI Music Distribution)
 1997: Tchaikovsky: Romeo and Juliet Fantasy–Overture; Mussorgsky: Pictures at an Exhibition (EMI Music Distribution)
 1997: Tchaikovsky: Symphony No. 5 (EMI Music Distribution)
 1997: Tchaikovsky: Symphony No. 6 (EMI Music Distribution)
 1997: The Young Celibidache, Vol. II (Tahra)
 1997: Wagner: Orchestral Music (EMI Music Distribution)
 1998: Bruckner 3 (EMI Music Distribution)
 1998: Bruckner 4 (EMI Music Distribution)
 1998: Bruckner 6 (EMI Classics)
 1998: Bruckner 7; Te Deum (EMI Music Distribution)
 1998: Bruckner 8 (EMI Classics)
 1998: Bruckner 9 in Concert and Rehearsal (EMI Classics)
 1998: Bruckner: Mass in F minor (EMI Music Distribution)
 1998: Bruckner: Symphonies No. 3-9; Mass in F minor, Te Deum (EMI Classics)
 1998: Shostakovich: Symphonie No. 7 (Magic Talent)
 1999: Beethoven: Symphonies No. 2 & 4 (EMI Music Distribution)
 1999: Beethoven: Symphony No. 3 (EMI Music Distribution)
 1999: Beethoven: Symphony No. 6; Leonore (EMI Music Distribution)
 1999: Brahms: Ein deutsches Requiem (Audiophile Classics)
 1999: Brahms: Symphonies Nos. 2, 3, 4 (EMI Music Distribution)
 1999: Brahms: Symphony No. 1; Ein deutsches Requiem (EMI Music Distribution)
 1999: Celibidache Conducts Beethoven 7 & 8 (EMI Music Distribution)
 1999: Mussorgsky: Pictures at an Exhibition; Stravinsky: The Fairy's Kiss Suite (Deutsche Grammophon)
 1999: Prokofiev: Scythian Suite; Symphony No. 5 (Deutsche Grammophon)
 1999: Rimsky-Korsakov: Sheherazade; Stravinsky: The Firebird Suite (Version 1923) (Deutsche Grammophon)
 1999: Schumann: Symphony No. 2; Brahms: Haydn Variations (EMI Music Distribution)
 1999: Sergiu Celebidache (Box) (No Noise)
 1999: Strauss: Don Juan; Tod und Verklärung; Respighi: Pini di Roma (Rehearsals) (Deutsche Grammophon)
 1999: Tchaikovsky: Symphony No. 2 Op. 17 "Piccola Russia"; Dvořák: Concerto Op. 104 (Urania)
 1999: Tchaikovsky: Symphony No. 2; Brahms: Symphony No. 4 (Arkadia)
 2000: Brahms: Symphony No. 2; Mozart: Symphony No. 25 (Urania)
 2000: Bruckner: Symphonies Nos. 3–5 (Box Set) (Deutsche Grammophon)
 2000: Bruckner: Symphony No. 3 (Deutsche Grammophon)
 2000: Bruckner: Symphony No. 4 (Deutsche Grammophon)
 2000: Bruckner: Symphony No. 5 (Rehearsal) (Deutsche Grammophon)
 2000: Bruckner: Symphony No. 5; Mozart: Symphony No. 35 (Deutsche Grammophon)
 2000: Franck: Symphony in D; Hindemith: Mathis der Mahler (Deutsche Grammophon)
 2000: Richard Strauss: Till Eulenspiegel; Don Juan; Shostakovich: Symphony No. 9 (Deutsche Grammophon)
 2000: Schubert: Symphony No. 8 "Unfinished"; Tchaikovsky: Nutcracker Suite (Aura Classics)
 2000: Sibelius: Symphonies Nos. 2 & 5 (Deutsche Grammophon)
 2001: Sergiu Celibidache (Classica d'Oro)
 2001: Sergiu Celibidache et la Philharmonie de Berlin (Tahra)
 2001: Shostakovich: Symphony No. 7 "Leningrad" (Classica d'Oro)
 2002: Prokofiev: Symphonies Nos. 1 & 5; Violin Concerto No. 1 (Classica d'Oro)
 2003: Mendelssohn: Symphony No. 4 "Italian"; Bizet: Symphony in C (Archipel)
 2004: Bach: Mass in B minor (EMI Classics)
 2004: Bruckner: Symphonies Nos. 3–5, 7–9 [Box Set] (Deutsche Grammophon)
 2004: Celibidache Conducts Milhaud & Roussel (EMI Music Distribution)
 2004: Celibidache Plays Mozart's Requiem (EMI Classics)
 2004: Fauré: Requiem; Stravinsky: Symphony of Psalms [Live] (EMI Music Distribution)
 2004: Overtures by Berlioz, Mendelssohn, Schubert, Smetana & Strauss (EMI Music Distribution)
 2004: Prokofiev: Symphonies 1 & 5 (EMI Music Distribution)
 2004: Rimsky-Korsakov: Scheherazade (EMI Music Distribution)
 2004: Shostakovich: Symphony No. 7 'Leningrad' (Pickwick)
 2006: Celibidache: Der Taschengarten (Universal Classics & Jazz)
 2006: Celibidache: The Complete EMI Edition [Limited Edition] [Box Set] (EMI Classics)
 2006: Sergiu Celibidache: Lesen & Hören [CD+Book]
 2007: Beethoven: Symphony No. 3 "Eroica"; Overture Leonre III (Archipel)
 2007: Bruckner: Symphony No. 5
 2007: Schumann: Symphony No. 4; Mussorgsky: Pictures at an Exhibition
 2008: Sergiu Celibedache Conducts Kölner Rundfunk-Sinfonie-Orchester (Orfeo)
 n.d.: Anton Bruckner: Symphonies Nos. 5 & 8; Brahms: Haydn Variations, Op. 56 (Exclusive)
 n.d.: Anton Bruckner: Symphony No. 7 in E major (As Disc)
 n.d.: Antonín Dvořák: Symphony N. 7; Johann Strauss Jr.: Die Fledermaus Overture (Artists)
 n.d.: Bach: Mass in B minor (Exclusive)
 n.d.: Beethoven: Concerto No. 5 for Piano and Orchestra "Emperor" (Electrecord)
 n.d.: Beethoven: Symphonies Nos. 2 & 4 (Artists)
 n.d.: Beethoven: Symphony No. 7; Bach: Brandenburg Coincerto No. 3; Ravel: Le Tombeau de Couperin (Archipel)
 n.d.: Berlioz: Symphonie fantastique, Op. 14; Roméo et Juliette (Arkadia)
 n.d.: Brahms: Ein deutsches Requiem (Myto Records)
 n.d.: Brahms: Symphonies Nos. 1–4 [Box Set] (Deutsche Grammophon)
 n.d.: Brahms: Symphonies Nos. 2 & 3 (Deutsche Grammophon)
 n.d.: Brahms: Symphonies Nos. 2–4; Variations on a theme from Haydn (Acum)
 n.d.: Brahms: Symphony No. 1 (Acum)
 n.d.: Brahms: Symphony No. 1 (Deutsche Grammophon)
 n.d.: Brahms: Symphony No. 4 (Rehearsal) (Deutsche Grammophon)
 n.d.: Brahms: Symphony Nos. 2 & 3 (Legend)
 n.d.: Brahms: The Complete Symphonies; Haydn Variations; Alto Rhapsody (Living Stage)
 n.d.: Bruckner: Symphonies 4 & 9 (Exclusive)
 n.d.: Bruckner: Symphonies 7 & 8 (Deutsche Grammophon)
 n.d.: Bruckner: Symphonies 7–9 [Box Set] (Deutsche Grammophon)
 n.d.: Bruckner: Symphony 7 (Deutsche Grammophon)
 n.d.: Bruckner: Symphony 9 (Deutsche Grammophon)
 n.d.: Bruckner: Symphony No. 3 (Exclusive)
 n.d.: Bruckner: Symphony No. 7 (Arkadia)
 n.d.: Bruckner: Symphony No8, WAB108; Schubert: Symphony in Bf No5, D485 (Deutsche Grammophon)
 n.d.: Celibidache [Box Set] (Deutsche Grammophon)
 n.d.: Celibidache Conducts Debussy & Ravel (Box Set) (Deutsche Grammophon)
 n.d.: Celibidache Conducts Debussy (FED)
 n.d.: Celibidache Conducts Debussy / Respighi / Milhaud (Originals)
 n.d.: Celibidache Conducts Mussorgsky, Stravinsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Prokofiev (Box Set) (Deutsche Grammophon)
 n.d.: Celibidache Conducts Ravel & Stravinsky (Originals)
 n.d.: Celibidache Conducts Stravinsky (Arlecchino)
 n.d.: Celibidache Conducts Tchaikovsky (Grammofono 2000)
 n.d.: Celibidache Festival (Originals)
 n.d.: Celibidache, Vol. 1: Symphonies (EMI Classics)
 n.d.: Celibidache, Vol. 3: French & Russian Music (EMI Classics)
 n.d.: Celibidache, Vol. 4: Sacred Music & Opera (EMI Classics)
 n.d.: Debussy: Ibéria; Ravel: Rapsodie espagnole; Alborada del gracioso (Deutsche Grammophon)
 n.d.: Debussy: La Mer (Rehearsal) (Deutsche Grammophon)
 n.d.: Debussy: La Mer; La Damoiselle élue; Milhaud: Saudades do Brazil (Fonit-Cetra Italia)
 n.d.: Debussy: Nocturnes; La Mer (Deutsche Grammophon)
 n.d.: Dvořák: Concerto in B minor / Eight Slavonic Dances (Arkadia)
 n.d.: Dvořák: Violin Concerto; Symphony 9 (Concerto)
 n.d.: Franck: Symphonie en Ré mineur; Wagner: Siegfried-Idyll; Tristan und Isolde prelude (Arkadia)
 n.d.: Great Conductors of the 20th Century, Vol. 39: Sergiu Celibidache (EMI Music Distribution)
 n.d.: Haydn: Symphony No. 103; Mozart: Symphony No. 38 (Originals)
 n.d.: Haydn: Symphony No. 104 "London"; Debussy: Jeux; Igor Stravinsky: Jeux de Cartes (Urania)
 n.d.: Legendary Performers Vol. 2 (As Disc)
 n.d.: Mozart: Great Mass in C minor, K. 427; Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra, K. 365; Haffner Serenade, K. 250 (Acum)
 n.d.: Mozart: Great Mass in C minor, K. 427; Haffner Serenade, K. 250 (Fonit-Cetra Italia)
 n.d.: Mozart: Requiem (Artists)
 n.d.: Mozart: Requiem (Il Sabato)
 n.d.: Mozart: Symphonies Nos. 40 & 41; Schubert: Symphony No. 5; Schumann: Symphony No. 2 (Living Stage)
 n.d.: Mozart: Symphony No. 41; Schubert: Symphony No. 5 (Memories)
 n.d.: Mussorgsky: Pictures at an Exhibition; Cherubini: Symphony in D major; Bäck: Intrada for Orchestra (Originals)
 n.d.: Mussorgsky: Pictures at an Exhibition; Strauss: Don Juan (Artist)
 n.d.: Prokofiev: Romeo E Giulietta/Berlioz: Romeo E Giulietta/Tchaikovsky: Romeo E Giulietta (Fonit-Cetra Italia)
 n.d.: Prokofiev: Romeo et Juliet (Extracts) (Deutsche Grammophon)
 n.d.: Prokofiev: Symphony No. 5; Prokofiev, Berlioz, Tchaikovsky: Romeo et Juliet (Acum)
 n.d.: Ravel: La Valse; Daphnis et Chloé; Suite No. 2; Le Tombeau de Couperin (Deutsche Grammophon)
 n.d.: Richard Strauss: Tod und Verklärung; Vier letzte Lieder; Igor Stravinsky: L'oiseau de feu; Ravel: Daphnis et Chloé (Acum)
 n.d.: Rimsky-Korsakov: Schéhérazade (Originals)
 n.d.: RTSI Orchestra Conducted by Sergiu Celibidache: Schubert, Tchaikovsky
 n.d.: Schubert/Schumann: Symphonies (Fonit-Cetra Italia)
 n.d.: Schubert: Symphonies Nos. 5 & 8; Schumann: Symphonies No. 1 "Primavera" & 2 (Acum)
 n.d.: Schubert: Symphonies Nos. 8 & 9; Franck: Symphony in D minor; Mussorgsky-Ravel: Pictures at an Exhibition (Urania)
 n.d.: Schumann: Piano Concerto in A minor, Op. 54; Richard Strauss: Vier letzte Lieder (Artists Live Recording)
 n.d.: Schumann: Symphony Nos. 1 & 2 (Cetra)
 n.d.: Sergiu Celibidache alla RAI, Vol. 1: Johannes Brahms – Sinfonie 1–4, Variazione su un tema di Haydn (Fonit-Cetra Italia)
 n.d.: Sergiu Celibidache Alla Rai, Vol. 5 (Fonit-Cetra Italia)
 n.d.: Sergiu Celibidache Conducts (Artists)
 n.d.: Sergiu Celibidache Conducts (EMI Classics)
 n.d.: Sergiu Celibidache Conducts (Enterprise)
 n.d.: Sergiu Celibidache Conducts (Urania)
 n.d.: Sergiu Celibidache Conducts Beethoven: Symphonies Nos. 2 & 4 (FED)
 n.d.: Sergiu Celibidache conducts Blacher, Mendelssohn, Brahms, Cherubini, Schwarz-Schilling (Tahra)
 n.d.: Sergiu Celibidache Conducts Brahms: Ein Deutsches Requiem, Op. 45 (IDIS)
 n.d.: Sergiu Celibidache conducts Franck, Tchaikovsky (IDIS)
 n.d.: Sergiu Celibidache Conducts Mendelssohn, Haydn, Beethoven (IDIS)
 n.d.: Sergiu Celibidache conducts Schubert & Schumann (IDIS)
 n.d.: Sergiu Celibidache Conducts the Berliner Philharmoniker (Myto Records)
 n.d.: Sergiu Celibidache, Vol. 1 (Arlecchino)
 n.d.: Sergiu Celibidache: From the collection of Deutsches Rundfunkarchiv (Music & Arts)
 n.d.: Sergiu Celibidache: Magier des Klangs (Documents)
 n.d.: Shostakovich: Symphonies 1 & 9; Barber: Adagio for Strings (EMI Classics)
 n.d.: Shostakovich: Symphony No 5, Op. 47; Symphony No. 9, Op. 70 (Arkadia)
 n.d.: Shostakovich: Symphony No. 7 "Leningrad" (Grammofono 2000)
 n.d.: Strauss: Don Juan; Tod und Verklärung; Respighi: Pini di Roma (Deutsche Grammophon)
 n.d.: Strauss: Ein Heldenleben (Deutsche Grammophon)
 n.d.: Stravinsky: L'Oiseau de feu; Ravel: Daphnis et Chloé; La Valse; Pavane pour une infante défunte (Cetra)
 n.d.: Tchaikovsky: Symphony No. 4; Nutcracker Suite (Angel Records / EMI Classics)
 n.d.: Tchaikovsky: Symphony No. 6; Monteverdi: Vespers of 1610 – Ave Maris Stella (Archipel)
 n.d.: The Art of Sergiu Celibidache, Volume 1–7 (Arlecchino)
 n.d.: The Complete RIAS Recordings (Audite)
 n.d.: The Stuttgart Recordings, Vol. 3 (Deutsche Grammophon)
 n.d.: The Unpublished Celibidache in Naples (Originals)
 n.d.: Verdi: Requiem (EMI Classics)
 n.d.: Wagner: Tristan und Isolde, WWV90; Siegfried Idyll, WWV103 (Arkadia)

Honors, awards, and decorations
 1954: Grand Cross of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
 1955: Berliner Kunstpreis (Germany)
 1970: Chevalier of the Order of Vasa (Sweden)
 1970: Léonie Sonning Music Prize (Denmark)
 1984: Franco Abbiati Prize (Italy)
 1987: Nettuno d'oro (Italy)
 1991: Bavarian Order of Merit (Germany)
 1992: Honorary Citizen of the City of Munich (Ehrenbürgerrecht von München)
 1992: Honorary Member of the Romanian Academy
 1993: Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art (Germany)
 1994: Doctor honoris causa, Iași Academy of Art and University of Iași
 1994: Honorary Citizen (Cetățean de Onoare) of Iași (Romania)
 1994: Order of Merit of Rhineland-Palatinate (Germany)
 1995:  Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres (France)

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 A collection of anecdotes revealing Sergiu Celibidache's personality
 Life After Death Reviews of posthumous Celibidache CD releases
 Sergiu Celibidache Foundation website

1912 births
1996 deaths
Romanian people of Greek descent
20th-century conductors (music)
Knights of the Order of Vasa
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People from Roman, Romania
Recipients of the Léonie Sonning Music Prize
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Romanian emigrants to France
Romanian conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Romanian musicians
20th-century male musicians
Naturalized citizens of Germany

Sergiu Celibidache


An Gearanach is a Scottish mountain situated in the Mamore Forest, five and a half kilometres north of Kinlochleven in the Lochaber region of the Highland council area.

Overview
An Gearanach reaches a height of 982 metres (3222 feet) making it Munro number 167 in height order and with a prominence of 151 metres it just qualifies as a Marilyn. It is part of a group of mountains commonly called the Mamores which lie between Loch Leven and Glen Nevis and consist of 10 Munros and two Corbetts. The translation of the mountains name from Gaelic is uncertain with some publications giving it as "short ridge" from "Geàrr Aonach" while others give a translated name of "the complainer" or "the sad place".

Geography
The upper slopes of An Gearanach are basically a north-south summit ridge just over a kilometre in length with steep flanks which drop into the valleys of the Allt Coire a' Mhail to the west and the Allt Coire na Gabhalach to the east. At the northern end of the mountain are three ridges which go roughly NW, north and NE descending to upper Glen Nevis. To the south is a ridge which descends to the Bealach a' Chadah (857 metres) before continuing to the adjoining Munro of Stob Coire a' Chàirn. An Gearanach is a popular mountain, not just because of its Munro status but because it is part of one of the best and most exposed ridge walks in the whole of Scotland, the Ring of Steall. This route takes in the three other Munros of Stob Coire a' Chàirn, Am Bodach and Sgurr a' Mhàim during a circuit of the Allt Coire a' Mhàil, a glen which feeds the An Steall Ban waterfall. The An Steall Bàn ("the white spout") is a fine sight as it drops 120 metres down the northern lower slopes of An Gearanach. The base of the falls is passed on the approach to the mountain from Glen Nevis.

An Gearanach has a subsidiary peak, An Garbhanach ("rough ridge"), which lies 400 metres to the south: the two are connected by a narrow ridge which at one point is quite tricky as it tapers to a knife edge arête dropping into deep glens on either side and requires a good head for heights. There has always been some uncertainty about which is the highest point, with both An Gearanach and An Garbhanach given a height of 3,200 feet on pre metric maps in the 1970s. An Garbhanach reaches a height of 975 metres and in 1921 was accidentally elevated to Munro status and An Gearanach reduced to a "top" due to the vagaries of old fashioned mapping techniques. The mistake was rectified in the 1933 revision of Munro's tables with an explanation that it had all been a mistake. The northern slopes of An Gearanach require some care when descending from the mountain to Glen Nevis and there have been fatalities as walkers have left the stalkers path and tried to descend directly to Glen Nevis and got into difficulties on the crags above the An Steall Ban waterfall.

Ascents
An Gearanach can be climbed from either Glen Nevis or Kinlochleven. The approach from Glen Nevis is shorter and has the advantage of approaching through the lovely Nevis gorge and past the foot of the An Steall Ban waterfall. After crossing the Water of Nevis on a wire suspension bridge and passing the foot of the waterfall, a stalkers path zig zags up the hillside to gain the NNE ridge and up to the summit. The approach from Kinlochleven involves firstly ascending Stob Coire a' Chàirn by the stalkers' path up Coire na Ba before continuing to An Gearanach giving an out and back trip of 14 kilometres.

References
 The Munros (SMC Guide), Donald Bennett et al.,
 100 Best Routes on Scottish Mountains, Ralph Storer,
 The High Mountains of Britain and Ireland, Irvine Butterfield,
 The Magic of the Munros, Irvine Butterfield,
 The Munros, Scotland's Highest Mountains, Cameron McNeish,
 Hamish's Mountain Walk, Hamish Brown,
Footnotes

Munros
Marilyns of Scotland
Mountains and hills of the Central Highlands
Mountains and hills of Highland (council area)

An Gearanach


The Johan Enschedé Hof is a hofje in Haarlem, Netherlands, on the Korte Begijnestraat. Via a rear entrance it is linked to the Hofje van Bakenes.

Building
It was designed and built in 2007 by Joost Swarte and Henk Döll who also collaborated on the Haarlem theater, the Toneelschuur, located around the corner. It was named after Johannes Enschedé III, the man under whom the printing company of the same name grew to be located on this spot. This hofje is managed by the same regents that manage the Hofje van Bakenes, which can be reached through the rear entrance. The hofje has 10 apartments, of which 8 are for women over 65 and two are for elderly couples.

The hofje garden is open to visitors from 10:00 until 17:00.

References

Hofjes
Buildings and structures completed in 2007
Joh. Enschedé

Johan Enschedé Hof


Transvaal is a historical geographic term associated with land north of (i.e., beyond) the Vaal River in South Africa. A number of states and administrative divisions have carried the name Transvaal.

 South African Republic (1856–1902; ), a Boer republic also known as the Transvaal in English
 Transvaal Colony (1902–1910), British colony
 Transvaal (province) (1910–1994), province of the Union and Republic of South Africa

See also
 Transvaal Park, a Russian waterpark (2002–2004)
 Golden Lions, the modern South African rugby team formerly known as "Transvaal"
 Gauteng cricket team, the modern South African cricket team formerly known as "Transvaal"
 S.V. Transvaal, a football club located in Suriname, named after the South African region
 Gauteng Division, a division of the High Court of South Africa, formerly the Transvaal Provincial Division (1902–2009)

Transvaal


Gabriella Licudi (born Gabrielle Carmen Stuttard, 14 September 1941 – 18 September 2022) was a British actress.

Biography
Born in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, Licudi was the daughter of Northern Ireland-born naval engineer Wilfred James Stuttard and Olga Maria Licudi of Gibraltar. She was educated in England, France and Spain before settling permanently in England at the age of fifteen. Initially planning to teach elocution, she studied at the Central School of Speech and Drama, where she was spotted by an agent while performing in a class production in 1961. Her first major role on stage was John Mortimer's Two Stars for Comfort, starring Trevor Howard which ran for nine months in London's West End. Film producer Samuel Bronston attended a performance and offered her a small role in The Fall of the Roman Empire (1964).

Other roles included the part of a widowed expatriate opposite Patrick McGoohan in the 1965 episode of Danger Man titled "English Lady Takes Lodgers". Licudi also appeared in the James Bond spoof Casino Royale (1967) opposite Deborah Kerr, the Henry Hathaway film The Last Safari (1967), and a lead role in Don Levy's experimental feature Herostratus (1967). She also starred in the 1968 BBC production of the Conan-Doyle classic 'The Hound of the Baskervilles' alongside Peter Cushing as Holmes and Nigel Stock as Watson.

Licudi made her last film appearances in the early 1970s. She and her South African husband ran a safari lodge for several years before she eventually returned to London to run her own production company.

Licudi died on 18 September 2022, four days after her 81st birthday.

Selected filmography

 All Night Long (1962) - Girl (uncredited)
  Edgar Wallace Mysteries (Candidate for Murder) (1962) - Party Guest
 Unearthly Stranger (1964) - Julie Davidson
 The Fall of the Roman Empire (1964) - Tauna (uncredited)
 You Must Be Joking! (1965) - Annabelle Nash
 The Liquidator (1965) - Corale
 Casino Royale (1967) - Eliza
 The Jokers (1967) - Eve
 Herostratus (1967) - Clio
 The Last Safari (1967) - Grant
  The Hound of the Baskervilles (1968) TV serial - Beryl Stapleton
 Madame Sin (1972) - Nun
 Soft Beds, Hard Battles (1974) - Simone

References

External links

1941 births
2022 deaths
Alumni of the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama
British film actresses
English people of Gibraltarian descent
English people of Northern Ireland descent
Actors from Aylesbury
Actresses from Buckinghamshire

Gabriella Licudi