A yo-yo club is a sporting side that is regularly promoted and relegated. The phrase is most typically used in association football in the United Kingdom, especially in reference to promotion to and relegation from the Premier League.

The name is derived from the toy yo-yo which goes up and down a string. In Germany the equivalent term is Fahrstuhlmannschaft; in Greece it is ομάδα ασανσέρ; in Hispanic countries it is equipo ascensor; in Danish elevatorhold; in Russia they often say команда-лифт; in Turkish asansör and in Chinese it is called 升降机; All seven terms literally mean "lift team" or "elevator team".  In the Netherlands, the term is heen-en-weer club - "to-and-fro club". In Polish, yo-yo clubs are referred to as wańka-wstańka, which translates to "roly-poly toy". In Romanian, clubs oscillating between the first and second tier are called ABBA, in reference to these leagues' former names, Divizia A and Divizia B.

In England the phrase has been used to describe, among others, Birmingham City,  Fulham, Hull City, Norwich City, Peterborough United, Queens Park Rangers, Rotherham United, Sunderland, Watford, West Bromwich Albion and Wigan Athletic.

West Brom were an archetypal yo-yo club throughout the first decade of the 21st-century, during which time they were promoted four times and relegated three times. Similarly, Crystal Palace reached the Premier League five times and were relegated the following season on the first four occasions, but have now survived in the top flight since 2013. In recent years, Norwich City and Fulham have become "tandem" yo-yo clubs; in every season between 2018 and 2022, one of each club has been promoted to the Premier League while the other has been relegated (Watford has also been involved from 2020-2022).

Argentina
Quilmes Atlético Club is the club with most promotions and relegations in Argentina, with eight times each.

Brazil
Santa Cruz is traditionally a yo-yo club. Playing from 1971 to 1981 on the top flight, since 1982 the club has spent nine seasons in the Brasileirão Série A, 18 seasons in the second division, three in the third division and three in the Brasileirão Série D. Due a severe administrative crisis, the club currently competes at the Campeonato Pernambucano.

Since 2014, Avaí has been promoted to the top flight on even numbered years and relegated to the second division on odd numbered years. Since 2016, Sampaio Corrêa has been relegated to Série C on even numbered years and promoted back to Série B on odd numbered years.

Since 2005, Coritiba has been relegated to the Brasileirão Série B four times (2005, 2009, 2017 and 2020), amassing six relegations from Serie A to Serie B in total, a record high in Brazil.

Other clubs who recently swung between divisions are América Mineiro, Criciúma, Sport Recife, Náutico, Figueirense, Ponte Preta, Bahia, Vitória, Guarani and Vasco. Most of them are from the Northeastern region of Brazil, from Santa Catarina and from smaller cities of São Paulo state.

England

Birmingham City
Birmingham City have been promoted to and relegated from the top division more times than any other English club, with 12 promotions and 12 relegations.

Birmingham's longest period in one division has been 18 years in the First Division, from 1921 to 1939. Their next longest was 10 years, also in the First Division, between 1955 and 1965.

Elected to Division Two in 1892, Birmingham were promoted to Division One in 1894 and relegated in 1896. Their next promotion came in 1901, and was followed immediately by relegation in 1902 and a third promotion in 1903. This time they lasted five years in the First Division, before relegation in 1908.

The next 70 years (including the breaks for the two world wars) were comparatively stable, with only three relegations and four promotions. After their seventh relegation, in 1979, they were promoted at the first attempt; the same happened in 1984 and 1985, but after their ninth relegation, in 1986, they spent 16 years out of the top flight.

During these 16 seasons Birmingham had two separate spells in the Third Division: from 1989 to 1992 (three seasons), and from 1994 to 1995 (one season).

They were promoted to the Premier League for the first time in 2002.  Their first spell in this league lasted four years, but in the four years from 2006 to 2009 they were relegated twice and promoted twice.

In 2011 they were relegated again, and this was the eighth time since 1979 that this had happened to Birmingham. Six of these relegations were between the top two divisions, and two were between the second and third. They have remained in the second-tier Championship since.

Brighton & Hove Albion

Brighton & Hove Albion have had only, until 2017, one brief spell in the top flight of English football, from 1979 to 1983, but in the 53 years since 1958 they have been relegated nine times and promoted 10 times.

Founder members of the Football League Third Division in 1920, they remained at that level (Third Division South from 1921) for 31 seasons (38 years, including the break for World War II). Since 1958, the longest period they have spent in any one division has been seven years in the Third, from 1965 to 1972.

After winning promotion to the Second Division for the first time in 1958, they suffered consecutive relegations in 1962 and 1963 to reach the Fourth Division for the first time. (The Fourth Division was created in 1958.)  Sixteen years later in 1979 they reached the other extreme when they won promotion to the First Division for the first time, but 17 years after that in 1996 they were back in the fourth tier of English football (now known as Football League Two).

In the six years from 2001 to 2006, Brighton experienced three promotions and two relegations, leaving them in the third tier (now known as Football League One), and in 2011 they were promoted to the Championship for the first time.

In 2017, Brighton finally achieved promotion back into the top flight for the first time in 34 years, finishing second and gaining automatic promotion.

Burnley F.C.
Since their entry into league football in 1888, Burnley F.C. have been promoted twelve times and relegated twelve times. Their first relation was in 1896/7 from Division One to Division Two, but returned the following season, having finished first in the lower division, only to be relegated again, two years later in the year 1900. In 1913, they were promoted once again to the top division, where they remained until 1930, when they were once again relegated. In 1947, they returned to the First Division, and spent several decades there, until they were relegated in 1971, returning two years later in 1973.

In 1976, they returned to Division Two, and in 1980, they were further relegated to Division Three, spending two seasons there before returning to Division Two in 1982, only to be relegated again to Division Three a year later in 1983. In 1985, they finished in 21st place in Division Three and were relegated to Division Four, finishing in their lowest historical league position, 22nd place in 1987. They spent seven seasons in Division Four before being promoted to what became Division Two coinciding with the restructuring of the professional league system with the arrival of the Premier League.

In 1994, they were promoted to the second tier of professional football, Division One, returning the following season. It wasn't until the year 2000 when Burnley returned to Division One which became known as the Championship from the 2004-2005 season onwards. They remained there for nine years before being promoted to the Premier League in 2010, remaining just one season before returning to the Championship one year later. Promoted again to the Premier League in 2014, they were relegated in 2015, only to return in 2016, where they remained until suffering a further relegation in 2022. In 2023, they won the Championship in first place, promoted again for the 2023 to 2024 season.

Grimsby Town
Grimsby Town are the most frequent yo-yo club, switching divisions a total of 32 times in their history with 15 promotions and 17 relegations as well as transferring from the Third Division South to the Third Division North in 1921.

Their longest consecutive spell in the same division was 8, immediately after they were founder members of division 2, between 1892 and 1901.

Promotion years: 1901, 1911, 1926, 1929, 1934, 1956, 1962, 1972, 1979, 1980, 1990, 1991, 1998, 2016, 2022

Relegation years: 1903, 1910, 1920, 1932, 1948, 1951, 1959, 1964, 1968, 1977, 1987, 1988, 1997, 2003, 2004, 2010, 2021

Hull City
Hull City have been promoted to the Premier League in 2008, 2013 and 2016, with relegations to the Championship in 2010, 2015 and 2017.

Leicester City

Leicester City had three separate spells in the Premier League between 1994 and 2004. The second lasted six years (1996 to 2002), but the other two only one year each (1994–95 and 2003–04). After each of the first two relegations they returned to the Premier League after only one season, but after being relegated in 2004, they were out of the top flight for ten seasons, until their promotion in 2014. In 2008, they were relegated to League One (the old Third Division) for the first time, but they were promoted back to the Championship at the first attempt. The team eventually was promoted back to the Premier League in 2013–14, making a total of five promotions and three relegations in 20 years. They remained in the Premier League since their last promotion, including winning the title in 2015–16, the first league trophy victory for Leicester, however they were once again relegated at the conclusion of the 2022/2023 season.

Manchester City
Founder members of the Football League Second Division in 1892, City gained promotion to the First Division for the first time in 1899.  They spent 63 of the following 73 seasons in the First Division (the top tier), despite suffering relegation six times – of their six spells in the Second Division over this period, the longest was three years, from 1963 to 1966.  But they were relegated twice in the 1980s, and two years after another relegation in 1996 they dropped into the Third Division (then known as the Second Division) for the first time in their history – their only season at that level, to date, being 1998–99.

City have now been back in the Premier League since 2002 and have won seven Premier League titles (2012, 2014, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022 and 2023) in recent history. Despite their previous reputation as a yo-yo club during the erratic years of the 1980s and 1990s, only five other clubs (Everton, Aston Villa, Liverpool, Arsenal, Manchester United) have spent more than the 95 seasons Manchester City have been in the top division of English football.

Middlesbrough
Middlesbrough changed divisions 10 times in the 16 years from 1982 to 1998.

Following relegation in 1954 they had been out of the First Division for 20 years, and had dropped into the Third Division for the first time in their history (1966–67).

After regaining their First Division place in 1974 they were relegated again in 1982, and in 1986 they dropped into the Third Division again.  This time they almost went out of business, but they quickly recovered and two successive promotions took them back into the First Division by 1988. They lasted only one season, and spent three more years in the Second Division before winning promotion to the newly created Premier League in 1992.

They stayed there for only one season, but regained their Premier League place two years later as First Division champions. Two years later, despite investing over £10 million in transfer fees for famous international players, a three-point penalty for failing to fulfil a fixture cost Boro their Premier League status. This time they regained it at the first attempt, and they held on to it for 11 years, but played seven consecutive seasons in the Championship following relegation in 2009. Middlesbrough gained promotion as Championship runners-up in the 2015–16 campaign only to suffer another relegation in the following season.

Millwall
Millwall have yo-yoed between the second and third tier of English Football throughout their 92 consecutive seasons in the Football League. They have spent two seasons in the top tier, 42 in the second, 43 in the third and five in the fourth tier. They have been promoted 11 times (five as champions) and relegated 10 times. They've been promoted a record eight times from the third tier, and relegated six times from the second tier.

Northampton Town
When the regional divisions were scrapped in 1957, the club was placed in Division Four. The 1960s proved to be a remarkable decade for the club.

Promoted in 1961, Northampton were Division Three champions in 1963 and in 1965 they won promotion to the First Division.
Having risen from the Fourth to the First Divisions, their decline was equally spectacular.

Relegated after one season at the top, by 1972 they were applying for re-election to the Fourth Division.

Norwich City
In 1971–72, Norwich City won the second tier and reached the top flight for the first time.  In the next 23 seasons the club was relegated to the second tier three times (1973–74, 1980–81, 1984–85) but they always bounced back to the top flight at the first attempt (1974–75, 1981–82, 1985–86).  Since being relegated in 1994–95, the club has been promoted a total of six times (2003–04, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2014–15, 2018–19, 2020–21) and relegated seven times (1994–95, 2004–05, 2008–09, 2013–14, 2015–16, 2019–20, 2021–22), with one of those seasons (2009–10) spent in the third tier.

Managers of the team that have celebrated promotion in the Premier League era are Nigel Worthington (2003–04), Paul Lambert (2009–10, 2010–11), Alex Neil (2014–15) and Daniel Farke (2018–19 and 2020–21), whereas managers in the same era suffering relegation have been Gary Megson (1994–95), Nigel Worthington (2004–05), Bryan Gunn (2008–09), Neil Adams (2013–14), Alex Neil (2015–16), Daniel Farke (2019–20) and Dean Smith (2021–22).

In 2018, Gregor Robertson, writing in The Times, described Norwich City as "The perennial yo-yo club".

Notts County

Notts County are the second most frequent yo-yo club, switching divisions a total of 29 times in their history with 13 promotions and 16 relegations.

Promotion years: 1897, 1914, 1923, 1931, 1950, 1960, 1971, 1973, 1981, 1990, 1991, 1998, 2010, 2023

Relegation years: 1893, 1913, 1920, 1926, 1930, 1935, 1958, 1959, 1964, 1984, 1985, 1992, 1995, 1997, 2004, 2015, 2019.

Notts County have spent a total of 30 seasons in the top flight of English football, all of which were in Division 1. They have never played in the Premiership, as they suffered relegation from the old First Division the season before it became the Premiership. They have spent a further 37 seasons in the second tier, 31 in the third tier, and 15 in the fourth tier. After the 2018–19 season, they dropped into the National League for the first time in their history. They got promoted back to League Two after the 2022-23 season.

Sheffield Wednesday
Prior to World War II, Sheffield Wednesday were one of England's most successful clubs; they won their fourth Football League title in 1930, and they won the FA Cup for the third time in 1935.  But they were relegated to the Second Division in 1937, and after promotion in 1950 they experienced three more relegations in the next eight years: in 1951, 1955, and 1958.  Each time they won promotion at the first attempt, and it was their manager Eric Taylor who referred to this period as "the yo-yo years".

After their fourth promotion in nine years, in 1959, Wednesday remained in the First Division until 1970 (and came close to winning their fourth F.A. Cup in 1966, when they lost a memorable final to Everton).  But in 1975 they dropped into the Third Division for the first time, and in 2010 they began their third spell at this level. However, in May 2012, they were promoted back to the Championship. Since 1970 they have had two periods in the top flight – totalling 14 seasons – but they have never yet repeated the frequent ups and downs of the 1950s.

Sunderland
After joining the Football League in 1890, Sunderland were one of the most successful clubs in the Country, winning the First Division on six occasions, the last in 1936; they also won the FA Cup on one occasion, in 1937 FA Cup Final.

In 1958, Sunderland were relegated for the first time in their history, they then spent six seasons in the second tier, gaining promotion in 1964, they were relegated in 1970 and spent a further six seasons in the Second Division; it was during this spell that Sunderland won their second FA Cup, beating Leeds United in the 1973 FA Cup Final.

Between 1976 and 1990 Sunderland yo-yoed between the top two divisions, with a one-season spell in the Third Division in 1987-88, when they were promoted back to the Second Division at the first time of asking.

In 1990, Sunderland reached the play-off final at Wembley Stadium. Despite losing the match against Swindon Town 1-0 Sunderland were promoted after Swindon were punished by the Football League for financial irregularities. The stay was short and they were relegated in 1991.

Under the management of Peter Reid, Sunderland were promoted to the Premiership in 1996; again it was a short stay, returning to the second tier in 1997.

Between 1997 and 2017, Sunderland never finished lower than third in the second tier of English Football, managing to achieve successive top 7 finishes in the Premiership 2000 and 2001 and a top 10 finish in 2011.

Sunderland spent 10 seasons in The Premier League between 2007 and 2017, when they were relegated to the Championship; one year later Sunderland were relegated to the third tier for the first time since 1987.

In total Sunderland have been promoted ten times and relegated 11 times.

Promotion Years
1964, 1976, 1980, 1988, 1990, 1996, 1999, 2005, 2007, 2022

Relegation Years
1958, 1970, 1977, 1985, 1987, 1991, 1997, 2003, 2006, 2017, 2018

Watford
Following promotion from the Southern League at the end of the 1919–20 season, Watford spent their existence in the Football League's basement Third Division South, restructured to the Fourth Division for the 1958–59 Season, before achieving their first promotion within the Football League structure, to the Third Division, at the end of 1959–60. Watford spent nine seasons at this level before a further promotion to the Second Division at the end of 1968–69. However, their stay at this level was short-lived and they were twice relegated, at the end of the 1971–72 and 1974–75 seasons, to sink back to the Fourth Division.

Under the auspices of chairman Elton John and manager Graham Taylor, Watford achieved promotions in consecutive seasons between 1977 and 1979 to reach the Second Division once again. This was followed by three seasons at that level, culminating in achieving runners-up position in 1981–82 and promotion to the First Division.

Watford were league runners-up in their first season as a First Division club, and were FA Cup losing finalists a year later. But they were back in the Second Division come 1988–89, and slipped into the third tier of the league (by then the new Football League Division Two) at the end of the 1995–96 season. They were promoted back to Division One two years later after winning the Division Two title, and a Division One playoff triumph the following year earned them promotion to the Premiership.

Watford were unable to adjust to the pace of Premiership football and were relegated at the end of their first top-flight season in more than a decade. They won the Championship playoff in 2005–06, but last place in the Premiership the following season ensured their 11th movement in 25 seasons. After finishing runners-up in the Championship in 2014–15, Watford were promoted once again and competed in the Premier League in 2015–16. The club finished 13th, thereby maintaining Premier League status for the first time, and subsequently finished 17th, 14th and 11th in its next three Premier League seasons, while also reaching an FA Cup final. They were relegated again in the 2019–20 season, despite notching a 3–0 win over Liverpool, who had been unbeaten in league play that season and ultimately went on to win their first-ever Premier League title. They bounced back at the first attempt, only to be relegated again at the end of the following season.

West Bromwich Albion
Since 2002, West Bromwich Albion have provided a classic example of the yo-yo. Between 2002 and 2010 they were promoted to the Premier League four times and relegated back to Division One (known since 2004 as The Championship) three times, and 2011 was the first year since 1999 that they were not involved in either a promotion or a relegation battle, in most cases right up to the last match of the season.

Albion were promoted in 2002, relegated in 2003, promoted in 2004, achieved what has become known as "The Great Escape" in 2005 when they became the first ever club to avoid relegation from the Premier League after being in bottom place at Christmas, relegated in 2006, lost the 2007 play-off final to Derby County, promoted in 2008, relegated in 2009 and promoted in 2010. They remained in the Premier League until the end of the 2017–18 season when the club was relegated to the Championship once again. Having lost to Aston Villa in the 2019 playoffs, they won automatic promotion in 2020. In 2021, they were relegated to the Championship again.

In 2000, Albion had been in real danger of relegation to Division Two right up to the last day of the season, and in 2001 they reached the Division One play-offs, losing in the semi-finals to Bolton Wanderers. Albion had also spent two years in the Third Division between 1991 and 1993, after being relegated from the top tier in 1986.

Wolverhampton Wanderers
Wolves were one of the most famous yo-yo clubs during the 1980s. They began the decade on a high by winning the League Cup in 1980, only to suffer relegation to the Second Division and narrowly avoid bankruptcy two years later. They regained their First Division status at the first attempt, only to endure successive relegations over the next few seasons and slip into the Fourth Division for the first time in 1986. Fourth Division championship glory came two years later and the following year Wolves were Third Division champions and promoted to the Second Division. During the 1980s, Wolves had moved divisions seven times in eight seasons. They have spent all but one of their 17 subsequent seasons in the league's second tier (Second Division, Division One and now the Championship), having been in the Premier League during the 2003–04 season. Wolves won the Football League Championship title in 2009, but were relegated in 2012 after three seasons in the Premier League and relegated again a year later. Wolves finally returned to the Championship at the first attempt as League One champions in 2013–14, and were promoted to the Premier League following the 2017–18 season. They went on to finish seventh on their return, which was their best performance since 1979–80, and claimed victories over four of the Big Six. Their league position was enough to qualify for the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League.

Overall total

The table below shows the total number of relegations and promotions (of select clubs) between the top four tiers of English football as of the beginning of the 2023-24 season.

In bold those who have competed in the Premier League; in italics those who have never competed in the top flight at all.

Germany

In German, yo-yo clubs are referred to as Fahrstuhlmannschaften (lit. lift teams or elevator teams). 1. FC Nürnberg has been promoted or relegated 16 times between the first-tier Bundesliga and the second-tier 2. Bundesliga. Arminia Bielefeld (14 moves), VfL Bochum, Hertha BSC (both 12), Karlsruher SC and MSV Duisburg (both 11) each are also considered to be yo-yo clubs in German club football, as well as Hansa Rostock (16 moves) and Union Berlin (12) if the league system in the former East Germany is included in the statistics. More recently, SC Paderborn 07 has become a yo-yo club. In 2014, the club was promoted to the first division. In 2017, it barely avoided relegation to the fourth division. In 2019, Paderborn reached the first division once again where they were immediately relegated to the second division once again.

Ghana
Bofoakwa Tano have been promoted or relegated nine times since finishing bottom in 1979. They were promoted back to the top flight in 1982, but were relegated again in 1985. The club reappeared in the top division in 1989–90, by which time the league had switched to winter. They were relegated again in 1990–91, promoted back in 1994–95, relegated in 1996–97, promoted in 1997–98. In 1999 they finished third from bottom, but avoided another relegation by winning a play-off. However, they were relegated again in 2006–07.

Hong Kong
Hong Kong Football Club has won many titles in the second-tier competition in Hong Kong Soccer League history, however, they have rarely enjoyed success when playing against the professional sides in top-tier competitions. Therefore, they have the local nickname the lift (Chinese: 升降機), which is the equivalent of the term yo-yo club.

Ireland
Irish club Finn Harps are known as a yo-yo club due to the regular frequency of the club's relegation and promotion to and from the League of Ireland Premier Division and the League of Ireland First Division. Drogheda United are another example of the yo-yo club as they swapped divisions every season between 1993–94 and 2000–01.

Italy
Historically, yo-yo clubs between Italy's top two divisions, Serie A and Serie B, have included Cagliari, Chievo, Hellas Verona, Bari, Brescia, Empoli and Lecce. In more recent years, Frosinone, Crotone and Benevento have seen multiple promotions and relegations in successive seasons.

Netherlands

Dutch football club FC Volendam are known as the Heen-en-weer club (The to-and-fro club): they won promotion from the Eerste Divisie to the Eredivisie in 1959, were relegated in 1960, were promoted in 1961, were relegated in 1964, were promoted in 1967, were relegated in 1969, were promoted in 1970, were relegated in 1972, were promoted in 1977, were relegated in 1979, were promoted in 1983, were relegated in 1985, were promoted in 1987, were relegated in 1998, were promoted in 2003 and were relegated in 2004. In 2008 FC Volendam promoted once again, only to finish last and be therefore relegated the following year. For the 2009–10 season, the club is playing in the Eerste Divisie.

In the 21st Century VVV Venlo have also frequently oscillated between the top two divisions.

Norway

Starting in 1979 and ending in 1987, SK Brann were promoted in every odd-numbered year and relegated in every even-numbered year. This is the world record for consecutive relegations-promotions.

Poland
The Polish club Wisła Płock is often referred to as a yo-yo club (wańka-wstańka in Polish). They were promoted to the Polish First League in 1994 (known as Petrochemia Płock at the time), but were relegated after one season. Promoted again in 1997, they again were relegated after one season. Their next promotion came (after changing their name to Petro Płock) in 2000, and this time they managed to avoid relegation after one season. However, the next season (known now as Orlen Płock) they were again relegated. In 2002, reverting to the original name Wisła Płock, they were promoted to First League, and finally enjoyed relative stability, even reaching the Polish Cup final in 2003 and winning it in 2006. However, relegation was again in order in 2007. After that, they spent three years in the second tier before being relegated to the third in 2010. They immediately got promoted to the second tier, but got relegated from it again in 2012. They were once again promoted to the second tier the following season, spending three years in it, before finally returning to the Ekstraklasa in 2016. In spite of this "yo-yoing," Wisła have avoided the fate of other relegated clubs in Poland, such as bankruptcy (e.g. Szczakowianka Jaworzno) or further relegation to lower divisions (e.g. Raków Częstochowa).

Scotland
Dunfermline currently hold the record for relegations from the top flight, experiencing demotion from this level on ten occasions (1928, 1937, 1957, 1972, 1975, 1988, 1992, 1999, 2007, 2012). The Pars have also been relegated to Scotland's third tier on three occasions (1983, 2013, 2022) meaning they have endured 13 relegations in their history.

Dundee have been the country's foremost yo-yo club since league reconstruction in 1975, with eight relegations over this period and nine overall (1938, 1976, 1980, 1990, 1994, 2005, 2013, 2019, 2022). Falkirk have also been relegated from the country's top division nine times (1935, 1951, 1959, 1969, 1974, 1988, 1993, 1996, 2010) with 11 relegations overall including twice to the third tier, in 1977 and 2019.

Partick Thistle and  Kilmarnock are the next closest competitors having both been relegated from the top flight seven times (1899, 1901, 1970, 1982, 1996, 2004, 2018; and 1947, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1981, 1983, 2021 respectively). Thistle have also experienced relegation from the second tier to the third on three occasions (1998, 2005, 2020), taking their total relegation count to ten, with Kilmarnock emulating this feat in 1989 to take their total to eight.

Other notable clubs with multiple relegations include St Johnstone, relegated six times, with five of those coming from the top league (1930, 1962, 1984, 1994, 2002) and once to the third tier (1985), and both St Mirren (1935, 1967, 1971, 1992, 2001, 2015) and Dundee United (1927, 1930, 1932, 1995, 2016, 2023) with six relegations apiece, though never from a level below the top flight.

Hearts having never been relegated prior, experienced a significant yo-yo spell in the 1970s and 1980s, demoted three times at the end and beginning of these decades and relegated five time overall (1977, 1979, 1981, 2014, 2020). Their city rivals Hibs have experienced demotion on four occasions (1931, 1980, 1998, 2014) as have Motherwell (1953, 1968, 1979, 1984).

Celtic and Aberdeen are the only clubs never to have been relegated from the top flight, though Aberdeen did finish in bottom place in season 1999-2000 only to be saved from relegation due to Falkirk not meeting the necessary stadium requirements at the time.

Stirling Albion F.C. are Scotland's number one yo-yo club overall, winning promotion from the Second Division six times from 1949 to 1965 alone and having been relegated a record 14 times in their history since the club's formation in 1945.

Sweden
In Sweden the term has been used especially for Hammarby IF's men's football team but also Katrineholms SK's men's bandy team during the early-mid 1990s.

Turkey

In Turkey, these kinds of clubs are called asansör takım (elevator team). Karşıyaka S.K. relegated from first level in 1964, 1967, 1972, 1991, 1994 and 1996. Karşıyaka also played in third level between 1973–1980 and 2001–2003. Also Sakaryaspor has an interesting statistic. They promoted in 1981, relegated in 1986. But they promoted again after the 1986–87 season. However they could only stay in first level for three seasons and relegated again in 1990. They came back to first level for a single season in 1998–99. They were back again in first level in 2004–05, but relegated same season. They won the 2005–06 play-offs and promoted to first level again, just to relegate after one season. They almost repeated same thing when they reached play-offs in 2007–08 but this time they lost and finally "stayed" in second level for a second season in row. Sakaryaspor later relegated to once to third level in 2008–09 season. Sakaryaspor returned second level after play-offs in the 2010–11 season but this return was brief due to money shortage. After two successive relegations between 2011 and 2013, they were placed in fourth level. all in all, Samsunspor was promoted to first level in 1969, 1976, 1982, 1985, 1991, 1993, 2011 and 2023; relegated from first level in 1975, 1979, 1983, 1990, 1992, 2006 and 2012. Samsunspor currently plays in the Süper Lig, which is first tier in the Turkish league system.

Adanaspor is one of the most yo-yoed teams. They were promoted to first league in 1971, relegated in 1984, promoted again in 1988, relegated again in 1991, promoted in 1998, relegated in 2001 and promoted to first league last in 2002. They suffered from financial difficulties between 2003–2006 and were relegated to Third League, which is fourth level of Turkish league system in 2006 after three successive relegations. They also didn't win any match at third level in the 2005–06 season. But they recovered to Bank Asya First League in 2008 after two successive promotions.

Kasımpaşa S.K. is one of the recent yo-yo clubs, having been relegated from Süper Lig in 2008 and 2011, and promoted in 2007, 2009 and 2012. They also moved to and fro between Bank Asya First League, the second tier of Turkish football, and TFF Second League, the third level, before being promoted to Süper Lig. They also played in amateur level between 1979 and 1984 and fourth level between 2001 and 2005.

Other yo-yo clubs in Turkey are below:

Mersin İdman Yurdu:

1st Level: 1967–1974, 1976–1978, 1980–1981, 1982–1983, 2011–2013, 2014–

2nd Level: 1963–1967, 1974–1976, 1978–1980, 1981–1982, 1983–2001, 2002–2006, 2009–2011, 2013–2014

3rd Level: 2001–2002, 2006–2009

Adana Demirspor

1st Level: 1960–1961 (Played home matches in Ankara), 1973–1984, 1987–1990, 1991–1992, 1994–1995

2nd Level: 1963–1973, 1984–1987, 1990–1991, 1992–1994, 1995–1999, 2002–2004, 2012–

3rd Level: 1999–2002, 2004–2012

Amateur Level: 1958–1960, 1961–1963

Antalyaspor (since 2010 as Medical Park Antalyaspor due to sponsorship agreement)

1st Level: 1982–1985, 1986–1987, 1994–2002, 2006–2007, 2008–2014

2nd Level: 1966–1982, 1985–1986, 1987–1994, 2002–2006, 2007–2008, 2014–

Diyarbakırspor (It was dissolved due to enormous unpaid debts in 2013)

1st Level: 1977–1980, 1981–1982, 1986–1987, 2001–2006, 2009–2010

2nd Level: 1976–1977, 1980–1981, 1982–1986, 1987–2001, 2006–2009, 2010–2011

3rd Level: 1968–1976, 2011–2012

4th Level: 2012–2013

Şekerspor (Also played as Şekerhilal, Etimesgut Şekerspor, Akyurt Şekerspor, Beypazarı Şekerspor and Çamlıdere Şekerspor, now is Polatlı Şekerspor)

1st Level: 1959–1963, 1964–1966, 1967–1969, 1972–1973, 1997–1998

2nd Level: 1963–1964, 1966–1967, 1969–1972, 1973–1992, 1994–1997, 1998–2003

3rd Level: 1992–1994, 2003–2005, 2006–2013

4th Level: 2005–2006, 2013–

Göztepe

1st Level: 1958–1977, 1978–1980, 1981–1982, 1999–2000, 2001–2003

2nd Level: 1977–1978, 1980–1981, 1982–1999, 2000–2001, 2003–2004, 2011–2013

3rd Level: 2004–2005, 2009–2011, 2013–

4th Level: 2005–2007, 2008–2009 (Göztepe took place of Aliağaspor in 2008)

Amateur Level: 2007–2008

Kayseri Erciyesspor (Kayserispor before 2004–2005 season)

1st Level: 1973–1975, 1979–1980, 1985–1986, 1992–1996, 1997–1998, 2005–2007, 2013–

2nd Level: 1966–1973, 1975–1979, 1980–1985, 1986–1989, 1991–1992, 1996–1997, 1998–2007, 2007–2013

3rd Level: 1989–1991

Çaykur Rizespor (Rizespor before 1990–1991 season)

1st Level: 1979–1981, 1985–1989, 2000–2002, 2003–2008, 2013–

2nd Level: 1974–1979, 1981–1985, 1989–1993, 1994–2000, 2002–2003, 2008–2013

3rd Level: 1968–1974, 1993–1994

Giresunspor

1st Level: 1971–1977

2nd Level: 1967–1971, 1977–1978, 1979–1986, 1988–1991, 1993–1995, 1997–2000, 2007–2012, 2014–

3rd Level: 1977–1978, 1986–1988, 1991–1993, 1995–1997, 2000–2001, 2005–2007, 2012–2014

4th Level: 2001–2005

Manisaspor (Before 1965 Manisa Sakaryaspor, aka Vestel Manisaspor twice)

1st Level: 2005–2008, 2009–2012

2nd Level: 1964–1978, 1980–1983, 1985–1986, 1991–1993, 1994–1995, 2002–2005, 2008–2009, 2012–

3rd Level: 1978–1980, 1984–1985, 1986–1991, 1993–1994, 1995–2002

Amateur Level: 1958–1964, 1983–1984

References

External links
 Yoyo teams worldwide (RSSSF)

Association football terminology

Yo-yo club


The Queensland Police Service (QPS) is the principal law enforcement agency responsible for policing the Australian state of Queensland. In 1990, the Queensland Police Force was officially renamed the Queensland Police Service and the old motto of "Firmness with Courtesy" was changed to "With Honour We Serve". The headquarters of the Queensland Police Service is located at 200 Roma Street, Brisbane.

The current Commissioner is Katarina Carroll. The Commissioner reports to the Minister for Police, presently Mark Ryan.

History

Queensland came into existence as a colony of the British Empire on 1 December 1859. The region was previously under the jurisdiction of the New South Wales governance with towns policed by small forces controlled by the local magistracy. The Police Act of 1838 (2 Vic. no. 2) which officially codified a variety of common behaviours as criminal and regulated the police response to them, continued as the template for policing. On 13 January 1860, Edric Norfolk Vaux Morisset was appointed the Inspector-General of the Queensland Police. Queensland was divided into 17 districts, each with its own police force headed by a Chief Constable under authority of a local magistrate. The position of Inspector-General was abolished soon after it was established, in July 1860, and most of the operations of the police until 1863 reverted to the control of local police magistrates and justices.

The Queensland Police underwent a major reform in 1864 and the newly re-organised force commenced operations with approximately 143 employees under the command the first Commissioner of Police, David Thompson Seymour. The service had four divisions: Metropolitan Police, Rural Police, Water Police, and Native Police. At the turn of the century there were 845 men and 135 Aboriginal trackers at 256 stations in Queensland.

1900s
In 1904 the Queensland Police started to use fingerprinting in investigations. In the 1912 Brisbane general strike the Queensland Police were used to suppress striking workers. The first female police officers, Ellen O'Donnell and Zara Dare, were inducted in March 1931 to assist in inquiries involving female suspects and prisoners. Following World War II a number of technological innovations were adopted including radio for communication within Queensland and between state departments. By 1950 the Service had a staff of 2,030 police officers, 10 women police and 30 trackers. In February 1951, a central communication room was established at the Criminal Investigation Branch in Brisbane.

1960s and 1970s
On 14 May 1963, the Juvenile Aid Bureau was established. In 1965 female officers were given the same powers as male officers. The Queensland Police Academy at Oxley, Brisbane, was completed in 1972. Bicycles were phased out in 1975 and more cars and motorcycles were put into service. The Air Wing also became operational in 1975 following the purchase of two single-engine aircraft.

1980s
The decade was a turbulent period in Queensland's political history. Allegations of high-level corruption in both the Queensland Police and State Government led to a judicial inquiry presided over by Tony Fitzgerald. The Fitzgerald Inquiry which ran from July 1987 to July 1989 led to charges being laid against many long-serving police, including Jack Herbert, Licensing Branch Sergeant Harry Burgess, Assistant Commissioner Graeme Parker and Commissioner Terry Lewis. Lewis was jailed and served ten and a half years.

The Fitzgerald Inquiry also led to a perjury trial against former Premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen, which ended with a hung jury. The Director of Public Prosecutions elected not to pursue a retrial due to Bjelke-Petersen's age and health. It was later revealed that the jury foreman for the trial was a member of the Young Nationals and identified with the 'friends of Joh' movement.

The Criminal Justice Commission was established in 1989 by the Queensland Criminal Justice Act 1989, following widespread corruption amongst high-level Queensland politicians and police officers being uncovered in the Fitzgerald Inquiry. It has since merged in 2002 with the Queensland Crime Commission to form the Crime and Misconduct Commission. The Criminal Justice Commission was responsible for significant research into the Queensland Police Service.

A new computerised message switching system was put into use throughout Queensland in 1980. At the time it was one of the most effective police communication systems in Australia.

1990s
The Police Powers and Procedures Act 1997 was passed by the Queensland Government on 1 July 1997 and took effect 6 April 1998. Law enforcement equipment introduced in the 1990s include oleoresin capsicum (OC) spray, the Smith & Wesson revolver firearm and later the Glock semi-automatic pistol, the long 26" baton to the 21" extendable baton, and linked to hinged handcuffs in 1998, and Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) laser-based detection devices and an Integrated Traffic Camera System in 1999 to enforce traffic speed limits.

2000s
The Police Powers and Responsibilities Act 2000 came into force in July 2000 which consolidated the majority of police powers into one Act. The Queensland Police contributed to the national CrimTrac system and the National Automated Fingerprint Identification System (NAFIS), established in 2000. The Crime and Misconduct Act 2001 commenced 1 January 2002 and redefined the responsibilities of the Service and the Crime and Misconduct Commission (CMC) with respect to the management of complaints. The CMC also has a witness protection function. The CMC has investigative powers, not ordinarily available to the Queensland Police, for the purposes of enabling the commission to effectively investigate particular cases of major crime. The CMC also has the power to investigate cases of misconduct in the Queensland public sector, particularly the more serious cases of misconduct. In 2013, the CMC became the Crime and Corruption Commission.

In 2002 there were 8,367 police officers (20.2% female) and 2,925 staff members at 321 stations, 40 Police Beat shopfronts and 21 Neighbourhood Police Beats throughout the state. By 2004 the Service had grown to 9,003 police officers (21.8% female) and 2,994 other staff members. As at 30 June 2016 there were 11,971 police officers (26.3% female) and 2,794 other staff members.

The Taser conducted electrical weapon (CEW) was trialled by some officers in 2006 and was eventually issued in 2009. In mid-2007, approximately 5,000 officers participated in the Pride in Policing march through Brisbane.

2010s
In 2013 following a change in government, another government department named the Public Safety Business Agency was created. This was following a recommendation of the Keelty review into police and community safety operations. Human resources, information technology and other divisions were transferred from the Service and other departments to the new agency. In mid-2016, some services were moved back to the Service. Eight geographic regions (Far Northern, Northern, Central, North Coast, Metropolitan North, Metropolitan South, Southern, and South Eastern) was reduced to five (Northern, Central, Southern, Brisbane, South Eastern). Some statewide functions and administrative divisions were also adjusted.

Following the G20 political forum, the Service created its third unit citation. The other two Queensland Honours citations were the 'flood and cyclone' (2011) and the 'QP150' (2014) for the Service's sesquicentennial year.

The Queensland Police marked 150 years of service to the State of Queensland on 1 January 2014.

In 2015 the Commissioner approved officers and staff members to march in the Brisbane Pride Festival as part of showing organisational diversity, and accessibility of policing services to the LGBTI communities.

2020s
In February 2020, an organisational restructure was announced; but a month later, staffing then being diverted to support the health response to the COVID-19 pandemic, including border closures, and maintaining quarantine hotels.  Early in 2021, due to two separate incidents, a new 'Youth Crime Taskforce' was formed under an assistant commissioner, and another section was elevated to command level to become the Domestic, Family Violence and Vulnerable Persons Command.

A commission of inquiry was created in May 2022 to examine policing responses to domestic and family violence prevention, with an August appearance of Commissioner Carroll.  The commission was told of a lack of staffing of the Domestic, Family Violence and Vulnerable Persons Command compared to other areas, of discrimination within the organisation, and of senior officers' racist and misogynistic behaviour.  A deputy commissioner resigned the next day.

Criticisms
The Queensland Police Special Bureau was formed on 30 July 1940 and renamed Special Branch on 7 April 1948. It was criticised for being used for political purposes by the Bjelke-Petersen government in the 1970s and 1980s, such as enforcing laws against protests (sometimes outnumbering the protesters or using provocateurs to incite violence so the protesters could be arrested) and investigating and harassing political opponents. It was disbanded in 1989 following a recommendation by the Fitzgerald Inquiry into police corruption. Special Branch records were shredded.

In 1991, an arrest was recorded by journalist Chris Reason on live TV. In the video, a plain clothes officer and other officers are seen restraining a man and putting him in the back of a car. The man was reportedly an international criminal from Europe but it was later found to be some one else. This was an embarrassment for the QPS and it came to be known as 'Democracy Manifest'.

In 1994 six police officers, becoming known as the 'Pinkenba Six', took three Aboriginal boys from Fortitude Valley and left them at Pinkenba as an unofficial way to punish the boys for suspected offences. The police officers were charged with abduction but were subsequently acquitted in court; the police service put them on twelve months probation for their errors of judgement.

The Service has been accused of institutional racism after its fierce support of Senior Sergeant Chris Hurley who stood trial for the 2004 assault and manslaughter of Mulrunji Doomadgee. Senior Sergeant Hurley was initially subject of a Coronial Inquest by Coroner Christine Clements where he was found to have a case to answer despite conflicting medical evidence. The Director of Public Prosecutions Leanne Clare refused to place Senior Sergeant Hurley on trial for lack of evidence. After reviewing the evidence the Crime and Misconduct Commission (CMC) also found that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute for wrongdoing. The Queensland Attorney General Kerry Shine ordered a review despite advice from the State Solicitor-General Walter Sofronoff QC highlighting the lack of evidence. A review by New South Wales Former Chief Justice Sir Laurence Street found there was a case to answer. Senior Sergeant Hurley was found not guilty by a jury in the Townsville Supreme Court and the findings of the Coronial Inquest were subsequently overturned by the Queensland District Court. The District Court ruled that Coroner's finding '...was against the weight of the evidence'.

Also in 2006 and 2008 footage was caught of police beating homeless men after they were pinned to the ground. It came a year after a report by organisations including the Queensland Council of Social Service (QCOSS) and community groups such as the Red Cross, which detailed widespread harassment by police of the socially vulnerable. Approximately 75% of interviewees made such claims, but the report was ignored by the government. Police Minister Judy Spence said of the report
'At a cursory glance, it looks like a compendium of views from nameless, homeless people'.

In 2008, the CMC investigated an officer after he used a Taser on a restrained teenage girl at South Bank, but recommended the officer only receive 'managerial guidance'. The incident was also against police policy to use tasers on minors. Police later charged the girl with breaching a move on order, but the case was thrown out with the magistrate criticising police's over-reaction. A subsequent inquiry by the CMC into the use of the TASER by the Queensland Police Service found there was no systemic abuse of the device by officers, despite the chairman saying the incident 'showed a concerning pattern within QPS towards the handling of policing incidents'. CCTV video footage was released, delayed by possible civil action, showing the girl lashing out and kicking the officer, knocking the Taser out of his holster before he used it as she was held on the ground by two security guards.

In June 2009 a man died after allegedly being tasered by Queensland police 28 times. The policeman in question claimed the deceased was tasered a much lower number of times, suggesting the device was making erroneous readings. The coronial inquest later found this not to be the case, and that the officer tasered the man 28 times for up to five seconds at a time.

In early 2010 searches were made by the CMC (Crime and Misconduct Commission) on police stations in Queensland. The results of the searches and interrogations of police officers are being kept confidential, but come less than a year after a CMC report claiming:

the evidence revealed an attitude on the part of a not insignificant number of police officers, and their supervisors, that it was acceptable to act in ways that ignored legislative and QPS policy requirements, that were improper, and in some cases were dishonest and unlawful. Based on past experiences, the CMC had no confidence that the attitudes of those police officers would change without the pressure of public exposure.

The CMC report focused on police corruption, and not police brutality that accounted for ten times as many complaints in Surfers Paradise – 130 reports to 13 in the 18 months to March 2010.

In 2016 several human rights organisations signed an open letter calling for a public investigation the Queensland Police Service, and for preventative measures to be implemented against police abuse.

Queensland police were criticised for using excessive force against protesters in 2021.

Arising from an earlier Women's Safety and Justice Taskforce, in May 2022 a commission of inquiry was announced to examine policing responses to domestic and family violence prevention, with possible systemic cultural issues within the organisation, and whether there was the capability, capacity, and structure to respond to the violence.  Giving evidence in August 2022, Police Commissioner Carroll accepted 'there was a problem within QPS with misogynistic and disrespectful views towards women affecting how police officers responded to domestic and family violence'. In October 2022, there were calls for reforms and deeper investigations into Queensland police by figures such as Opposition MP David Crisafulli and human rights activist Gracelyn Smallwood.

Regions

Between 1991 and 2013 there were eight geographic regions (Far Northern, Northern, Central, North Coast, Metropolitan North, Metropolitan South, Southern, and South Eastern), three commands (State Crime Operations, Operations Support, and Ethical Standards), and four divisions (Human Resources, Finance, Administration, and Information Management).

As of 2017, there are seven police regions and eight commands in the State of Queensland, each under command of an assistant commissioner. By 2020, there were four administrative areas, each overseen by a deputy commissioner organizing the respective regions and commands as such: Regional Operations (Northern, Central, Brisbane, Southern, and South Eastern), Specialist Operations (Community Contact Command, Intelligence, Counter-Terrorism and Major Events Command, Operations Support Command, State Crime Command, Road Policing Command, and Commonwealth Games Group), and Strategy, Policy and Performance (Crime and Corruption Commission Police Group, Ethical Standards Command, Legal Division, Organisational Capability Command, and People Capability Command).  The regions were further divided into districts and further still into divisions. A new government department, the Public Safety Business Agency, existed from 2013 to 2021 which took over the portfolios of human resources, finance, administration, education and training, and information technology).

By 2023, with the announced incorporation of the Disaster & Emergency Management into the QPS from the Queensland Fire and Emergency Services, the QPS Organisation Structure took on the following form:

 Regional Operations
 Far Northern Region
 Northern Region
 Central Region
 North Coast Region
 Brisbane Region
 South Eastern Region
 Southern Region
 Regional Services
 Operations Support Command
 Road Policing and Regional Support Command
 Domestic, Family Violence and Vulnerable Persons Command
 People Capability Command
 Communications, Culture and Engagement Division
 Strategy and Corporate Services
 Finance Services Division
 Frontline and Digital Services
 Human Resources Division
 Health, Safety and Wellbeing Division
 Organisational Capability Command
 Policy and Performance Division
 Specialist Operations
 Crime and Intelligence Command
 Crime and Corruption Commission Police Group
 Security and Counter-Terrorism Command
 Legal Division
 Ethical Standards Command
 Internal Audit
 Chief Risk Officer
 Youth Crime Task Force
Disaster and Emergency Management
Reform Implementation Task Force
State Disaster Coordinator
Disaster Response and Management
Olympic Games Group
State Discipline
Special Coordinator - Police and Emergency Services Reform

Ranks and structure

The Queensland Police Service has three classes of uniformed personnel: police officers ('sworn' and 'unsworn'), and staff members (public servants: police liaison officers, watchhouse officers, protective services officers and pipes and drums musicians). Both classes wear the same blue uniform with shoulder patches, however:
 pipes and drums musicians have hard board epaulettes and with pipes and drums wording;
 police liaison officers (PLOs) are distinguished by a yellow chequered band and a 'Police Liaison Officer' badge;
 watchhouse officers have grey epaulettes stating 'watchhouse officer'; and
 protective services officers have maroon epaulettes stating 'protective services officer' and wear maroon shoulder patches.

In 2016 the State Government Protective Security Service (SGPSS), then under the Department of Public Works, was transferred to the Queensland Police Service and renamed the Protective Services Group. Protective Services Officers are sworn staff members under the Police Service Administration Act 1990, and wear an ink-navy shirt with a maroon-coloured police shoulder patch with 'Protective Services' above it, and maroon epaulettes.

As of 2015 all police officer rank insignia changed to an 'ink blue' background with insignia embroidered in white. There has been the addition of a 'recognition of service' horizontal bar between rank insignia and the words 'Queensland Police' for officers who have been on rank for a particular length of time. This 'recognition of service' is only for the ranks from senior constable to senior sergeant as highlighted below.
Ranks of the Queensland Police Service are as follows:

In 2023 the rank of Chief Inspector was introduced into the service.

Staff members
 Torres Strait Island Police Liaison Officer (green/white/blue epaulette with embroidered 'TORRES STRAIT ISLAND POLICE LIAISON OFFICER' and rank)
 Police Liaison Officer (yellow epaulette with embroidered 'POLICE LIAISON OFFICER' or 'SENIOR POLICE LIAISON OFFICER')
 Protective Services Officer (maroon epaulette with embroidered 'PROTECTIVE SERVICES' and 'PROTECTIVE SERVICES OFFICER' OR 'SENIOR PROTECTIVE SERVICES OFFICER'. Additionally, horizontal white bars indicate the officer's public service pay grade.)
 Recruit (light blue epaulette with embroidered 'POLICE RECRUIT')

Constable ranks
 Constable (plain blue)
 Senior Constable (two embroidered chevrons)

Non-commissioned ranks
 Sergeant (three embroidered chevrons)
 Senior sergeant (embroidered crown with laurels)

Commissioned ranks
 Inspector (three pips)
 Chief Inspector (one crown) (rank introduced in 2023)
 Superintendent (one crown and one pip)
 Chief superintendent (one crown and two pips)
 Assistant commissioner (crossed tipstaves with laurels)
 Deputy commissioner (one pip and crossed tipstaves with laurels)
 Commissioner (one crown and crossed tipstaves with laurels)

Rank insignia is worn only by uniformed officers. Prior to mid-2009, only officers at the rank of inspector and above (commissioned officers) had the words 'Queensland Police' embroidered on their epaulettes, however new uniform mandates saw the introduction of the words 'Queensland Police' on all epaulettes issued to police officers after this date. The epaulettes of commissioned officers are significantly larger than the epaulettes of lesser ranks. Different salary bands apply within the same rank commensurate with years of service. Officers relieving at a higher rank temporarily wear the epaulettes of the higher rank.

Police officers and other members may be eligible to wear Queensland and Australian honours.

Specialist areas

Officers must serve a minimum of three years in general duties before being permitted to serve in specialist areas such as:
 Child Protection and Investigation Unit (CPIU), formerly the Juvenile Aid Bureau (JAB)
 Criminal Investigation Branch (CIB)
 Dog Squad
 Explosive Ordnance Response Team (EORT)
 Forensic Crash Unit, formerly the Accident Investigation Squad (AIS), and before that, the Traffic Accident Investigation Squad (TAIS)
 Forensic Services Branch
 Mounted Unit
 Police Prosecutions Corps (PPC)
 Railway Squad
 Scenes of Crime
 Special Emergency Response Team (SERT)
 Major and Organised Crime (Rural) (MOCS), formerly Stock and Regional Crime Investigation Squad (SARCIS), formerly the Stock Squad
 Taskforce Maxima (investigating, disrupting and dismantling outlaw motorcycle gangs)
 Highway Patrol, formerly road policing units (RPU), formerly Traffic Branch
 Intelligence analyst
 Water Police
 Public Safety Response Team (PSRT), including the Mobile Response Capability (MRC)
 District Education and Training Office (DETO)
 Police Citizens Youth Club (PCYC)
 Tactical Crime Squad (TCS)
 Rapid Action and Patrol (RAP)
 , relating to helicopters and remote pilotless aircraft, separate to a police airwing which are fixed wing transport aircraft.

Commissioners

The following list chronologically records those who have held the post of Commissioner of the Queensland Police Service.

Equipment
Standard equipment issued and worn on duty belt or load bearing vest by a uniformed police officer:
 Glock 22 pistol .40-calibre
 3x magazines plus 45 rounds of ammunition
 Extendable baton (21") concealed within pouch
 Saflok Mark 5 hinged handcuffs
 Motorola APX 8000 radio and radio pouch
 OC (oleoresin capsicum) spray within pouch
 X26 Taser
 Axon Enterprise Body 2, Flex 2, Body 3 body worn cameras (BWC)
 Apple iPads and iPhones to access the operational computer QPRIME, given the name 'QLiTE'.
 Load bearing vest

Officers, if necessary, can access the Remington Patrolman R4 carbine service rifle if qualified.

Supplier of belt and pouches is TripleB Leathercraft and Tote Systems.

Other equipment provided to officers include:
 Maglite
 Lightweight medic gloves and voice recording devices

An equipment vest was created called the general accoutrement vest (GAV) which proved extremely unpopular and rarely used by officers, and in the 2010s was replaced by the load bearing vest (LBV) which is worn by most operational officers.  The LBV was designed to transfer the weight from the hips to the torso, and held the radio, handcuffs and OC spray.  In early 2023, an integrated load-bearing vest (ILBV) was being rolled out to replace the LBV, and included an overt ballistic vest into one vest, designed to increase officer safety, as well as visibility.

Body worn video technology was introduced following a trial in 2015.

Fleet

In the 1980s to 2010s, the Holden Commodore, Ford Falcon and Toyota Aurion made up most of the fleet of both general duties and highway patrol operations.  In more recent years the ceasing of Australian-produced models has meant overseas alternatives. The Hyundai Sonata have been used as general duties vehicles, while the Subaru Levorg and Kia Stinger have been employed for use as highway patrol vehicles. Hyundai iLoads and modified Toyota Hiluxes are used as prisoner transport vehicles, or commonly referred to as "paddy wagons". The Toyota Camry Hybrid and Kia Sorento Hybrid has become the primary general duties vehicles in metropolitan areas, replacing the remaining Holden Commodores, as well as older Hyundai Sonatas. Queensland Police aims to have a 100% hybrid sedans and SUV fleet by 2025.

In 2023, US-built pickup trucks have been spotted in service, with vehicles such as the Chevrolet Silverado being utilised by the Mounted Unit.

The SERT (Special Emergency Response Team) unit also has two specialised armoured vehicles, Lenco BearCats, at its disposal for use in riot control and other potentially dangerous situations throughout the Brisbane/South Eastern and northern police regions, with one vehicle stationed in Brisbane and Cairns each. Additionally, the EORT (Explosive Ordnance Response Team) in 2017 purchased a Lenco BombCat, a bigger and stronger vehicle based on a BearCat.

From 1996 to 2015, nominated vehicles were fitted with other 200 in-car computers supplied by the state transport department, the Mobile Integrated Network Data Access (MINDA) units. From April 2012, automatic number plate recognition technology was fitted to road policing unit vehicles, follow earlier trials. Queensland Police has received its first police helicopter, based on the Gold Coast in 2012. The helicopter was used for a six-month trial period. The highly anticipated $1.6 million Bell 206 Long Ranger has already been hailed a success, assisting police in 24 different dispatches in its first three days of operation, and will be used extensively during major events such as Schoolies Week and the Gold Coast 600. The helicopter is fitted out with state-of-the-art equipment such as infrared and thermal imaging cameras, and other equipment based on the NSW Police Force helicopters. A second helicopter a BO 105 was introduced by July 2014 in time for the G20 summit in November, responsible for patrolling Brisbane and the Sunshine Coast. The helicopters have Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) and Searchlight (TRAKKA beam) capabilities.
In a first for an Australian police department, Queensland Police have purchased numerous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs; i.e. drones) which have already been used for surveillance purposes in numerous situations where sending in officers is deemed too risky such as during sieges or hostage rescue operations. They can also be used to aerially examine crime scenes.

Queensland Water Police operate three purpose-designed  patrol vessels and numerous smaller rigid-hulled inflatable boats.

Officers killed in the line of duty

 12 December 2022: Constables Matthew Arnold and Rachel McCrow were killed in a shooting ambush in Wieambilla, near Dalby, southern Queensland.  A neighbour was also killed, and two other officers injured.
 26 June 2021: Senior Constable David Masters, 53, was struck and killed by a stolen vehicle on the Bruce Highway in Burpengary, north of Brisbane.
 29 May 2017: Senior Constable Brett Forte was shot and killed at Adare, north of Gatton, after attempting to apprehend a suspected offender. The gunman, Rick Maddison, was shot and killed the next day by police while trying to escape after a siege in a farmhouse at Ringwood, north-west of Gatton. On 8 June 2018, the police helicopter Polair 2 was named Brett A. Forte in his honour. Polair 2 had provided air support during the siege.
 29 May 2011: Detective Senior Constable Damien Leeding (CIB) was shot when he confronted an armed offender at the Pacific Pines Tavern on the Gold Coast. Leeding died in hospital on 1 June three days after being shot.
 1 December 2010: Sergeant Daniel Stiller, 33, was killed when his motorcycle collided with a jack-knifing truck on the Bruce Highway while on 'wide load' escort duty.
 18 July 2007: Constable Brett Irwin, 33, was shot while executing an arrest warrant for breach of bail at Keperra, in northwest Brisbane.
 22 August 2003: Senior Sergeant Perry Irwin, 42, was shot while investigating reports of gunfire in bushland at Caboolture, north of Brisbane.
 21 July 2000: Senior Constable Norman Watt, 33, was shot during an armed stand-off at Alton Downs near Rockhampton, Central Queensland.
 21 May 1996: Constable Shayne Gill, Struck by a motor vehicle while on radar duty on the Bruce Highway near Glasshouse Mountains.
 29 June 1989: Constable Brett Handran was shot attending a domestic dispute in Wynnum, in east Brisbane.
 29 July 1987: Senior Constable Peter Kidd was shot in a raid at Virginia, in north Brisbane.
 29 February 1984: Constable Michael Low was shot attending a domestic dispute at North Rockhampton, central Queensland.
 2 November 1975: Senior Constable Lyle Hoey was deliberately run down by a car near Mount Molloy in North Queensland.
 9 April 1969: Senior Constable Colin Brown was shot while investigating the behaviour of a farm employee on a property near Dayboro, north of Brisbane.
 27 March 1968: Constable Douglas Gordon was shot attending a domestic disturbance at Inala, in south Brisbane.
 26 October 1964: Senior Constable Desmond Trannore was shot attending a domestic disturbance near Gordonvale, North Queensland.
 14 February 1963: Senior Constable Cecil Bagley was electrocuted when he tried to rescue a neighbour being electrocuted in his car at Mount Gravatt, south Brisbane. Although at home, his death was deemed to have occurred while on duty because, as a police officer, he was always expected to respond in an emergency situation.
 16 August 1962: Constable Douglas Wrembeck stopped to question a motorist in South Brisbane and was killed when he was struck by a car driven by a hit-and-run driver.
 19 February 1962: Constable Gregory Olive was shot in the chest at close range when he knocked on a front door to make inquiries at Kelvin Grove, Brisbane.
 1 April 1956: Constable First Class Roy Doyle died in hospital at Mackay from head injuries sustained when he hit a submerged block of concrete while attempting a rescue in the flooded Pioneer River at Mackay on 29 March 1956.
 28 November 1938: Constable George Robert Young of the water police was one of four men on a RAAF amphibious aircraft which crashed killing all on board. They were searching for the body of missing woman Marjorie Norval in the estuaries of Moreton Bay when the aircraft hit high tension wires.
 6 August 1930: Constable Ernest James Dawson was on traffic duty on the Yungaburra Road near Lake Barrine when he lost control of his motorcycle. Despite emergency surgery which appeared initially successful, complications arose and he died in Brisbane General Hospital on 18 January 1931.
 27 September 1906: Sergeant Thomas Heaney died at South Brisbane from head fractures sustained when he was hit multiple times over the head with a metal bar during an arrest on 7 June 1905 at Woolloongabba, Brisbane.
 23 December 1905: Constable Albert Price was stabbed while making an arrest at Mackay.
 16 September 1904: Constable First Class Charles O'Kearney was knocked down by a horse being deliberately ridden towards him in retaliation for an arrest in Laidley.
 29 March 1903: Acting Sergeant David Johnston was killed by being hit on the head with an axe by a prisoner in the watchhouse at Mackay.
 30 March 1902: Constable George Doyle was shot while attempting to capture the Kenniff brothers, who had a long history of stealing cattle and horses, in Upper Warrego.
 2 July 1895: Senior Constable William Conroy was stabbed several times trying to prevent a man from stabbing the man's wife on Thursday Island.
 6 September 1894: Constable Edward Lanigan was shot in the chest while trying to prevent another policeman from being shot during an arrest at Montalbion (a mining town near Irvinebank).
 10 May 1894: Constable Benjamin Ebbitt died at South Brisbane having never recovered from an assault during an arrest on 9 November 1890 at Croydon.
 4 February 1893: Constable James Sangster, 25, drowned while attempting a rescue of two members of the Jackson family during the 1893 flood of the Bremer River at North Ipswich. He is commemorated by the James Sangster Memorial at North Ipswich, which was initiated by the Jackson family and funded by public subscription.
 27 October 1889: Senior Constable Alfred Wavell was shot at Corinda (southwest of Burketown) by a man who had escaped from the Normanton lock-up.
 26 January 1883: Constable William Dwyer was struck on the head by a tomahawk by an Aboriginal near Juandah Station via Taroom.
 24 January 1883: Cadet Sub-Inspector Mark Beresford was speared in the thigh and hit on the head by Aboriginals in the Selwyn Ranges to the south of Cloncurry.
 24 September 1881: Sub-Inspector Henry Kaye was speared through the chest by Aboriginals at Woolgar gold fields (100 km north of Richmond).
 24 January 1881: Sub-Inspector George Dyas was found buried after being speared in the back by Aboriginals while he camped near the 40 Mile Waterhole near Normanton.
 6 November 1867: Constable Patrick Cahill and Constable John Power were poisoned and shot in the head at the Mackenzie River Crossing while escorting a consignment of bank notes and bullion from Rockhampton to Clermont.

See also

 Crime in Brisbane
 Crime in Australia
 Lucas Inquiry
 Queensland Council for Civil Liberties
 History of the Queensland Police

Notes

References

Attribution
This article was originally based on material from Queensland Police Commissioners, © State of Queensland (Queensland Police Service) 2019, released under CC-BY-4.0 licence, accessed on 23 April 2019.

External links
 Queensland Police Service
 Public Safety Business Agency
 Dangerous Liaisons - CMC investigation, July 2009
 G.E. Fitzgerald (1989) "Report of a Commission of Inquiry Pursuant to Orders in Council" Commission of Inquiry into Possible Illegal Activities and Associated Police Misconduct  Queensland Government Printer.
 Two books about crime and corruption in the Queensland police—Gold Coast Writers Association, 2014.
 Queensland Police Service: Disaster management and social media: a case study

1864 establishments in Australia
Emergency services in Queensland
Law enforcement agencies of Queensland

Queensland Police Service


St Monica's Catholic Church is a parish of the Roman Catholic Church in the Palmers Green area of north London. The parish church is situated at the junction of Stonard Road and Green Lanes in the London Borough of Enfield.

It is one of only two parishes in the Diocese of Westminster to be dedicated to Saint Monica, the other being that of St Monica's Priory, Hoxton.

Originally founded as a mission church, it then became established as a parish, with a presbytery built alongside in 1931.

As of 2021, the church has two priests, a parish sister and a lay youthworker. The church activities include community programmes and social action alongside worship and pastoral care.

History

The parish church was founded as a mission church in 1910. Father Thomas Heditch was appointed rector of the new parish in 1910, but fell ill in the spring of 1912. He went on a pilgrimage to Lourdes, but did not return. Then Father Patrick Gallagher was appointed rector on 27 June 1912.

Father Gallagher (whose Grandnephew was Dr Joseph Cassidy the former Archbishop of Tuam) originally came from the parish of Midfield, County Mayo in Ireland. He was a late recruit to the priesthood, having previously been a builder based in the Northeast of England (He had this business along with his brother John, Cassidy's grandfather; John would go on to own the Railway Hotel, now Douglas Kelly's Solicitors, in Swinford, Co. Mayo after they disbanded their building company). After a family tragedy he joined the priesthood, and became the main driving force in the building of St. Monica's Church. Using his considerable resources and connections within the building industry, Fr Gallagher managed to build the church within two years of his arrival.

The church's official opening was on Monday 4 May 1914 by Francis Cardinal Bourne in front of nearly 600 lay people and 40 clergy. The church, together with the presbytery, was built for £6,600 including the cost of the site.

Then in 1954 Fr Gallagher built St. Monica's Primary School on land in nearby Cannon Hill in Southgate. This was to be his last and dearest ambition achieved, for three years later on 11 December 1957, Fr Gallagher finally passed from this world with his work complete. He is buried with his family in Stanley, County Durham in the northeast of England.

The church started an amateur dramatic society, Saint Monica's Players (SMP), in 1958 that continues to perform musicals across Enfield today.

From 1935 to 1987, the parish hall was used for a repertory theatre, the Intimate Theatre.

The Interior

In 1920, Father Gallagher attended the Passion Play at Oberammergau in Bavaria, Germany.  He was impressed by the wood carving industry there. He promptly ordered the Sacred Heart altar and a Lady altar (which has since been removed), the statues of St Monica and St Joseph, two confessional boxes and a handsome pulpit with an effective sounding board (also removed).

The Sacred Heart Chapel

Situated in the traditional south west corner of the church, the Sacred Heart Chapel was an anonymous gift from an early parishioner.  The walls are lined with stone mosaic in various patterns and rich colours in the Byzantine style.  Two angels bear parts of one of Jesus' revelations to Sister Margret Mary in the 1670s:  'Behold this Heart' on the left and 'Which has so loved men' on the right.  The Sacred Heart statue is in the centre of the wooden altar, surrounded by intricate carving.  The painted panels on each side of the statue depict on the left, St Peter receiving the keys of the Church from Jesus, while on the right, Jesus showing his Sacred Heart to Sister Margret Mary, in the chapel where she lived and worked.  The stained glass window, by Franz Mayer & Co of Munich, portrays Jesus surrounded by children and has the superscription: 'Suffer little children to come unto me' (Mark 10:14).  A line below the images invites people to 'Pray for the Donors'.

Statues

The statue of St Monica, with St Augustine as a baby in a boat at her feet, stands in front of the modern Reconciliation Room.  This was built in the Baptistery, which itself was added to the church in 1964.
The statue of St Joseph, holding a lily, the symbol of the Christian virtue of chastity, is adjacent to the Sacred Heart Chapel.
The Statue of St Mary is in a niche on the north wall and has a popular candle stand and the Book of Remembrance below.

The Stations of the Cross

Originally framed, the fourteen Stations of the Cross, carved in oak, were commissioned by Father Gallagher.  We have been unable to find where they came from and when.  The frames are long gone now and set against the plain walls of the Church, the individual images tell the story of Christ's crucifixion in a simple and dignified way.

The Organ

The organ, used for the first time at Christmas in 1924, was described by The Tablet as 'An instrument of great power and beautiful tone'.  There was a service to bless it in early January 1925.  Cardinal Francis Bourne was due to attend but was indisposed.  St Monica's was the second home for the organ, but no-one knows where it was previously.  It was refurbished in spring 2014.  It is positioned in the organ loft, which sits above the church porch.

The Crucifix

The large wooden crucifix with an expressive, carved Christ (origin unknown) has been hung in various places around the Church down the years.  Currently in hangs along the south wall and every year on Remembrance Sunday, the congregation turns to face it for a brief service of Remembrance and two minutes' silence.

Sanctuary Window

The sanctuary window above the altar was originally plain glass.  For some years it had a curtain across it and the large wooden cross hung there.  In 1984, an anonymous donor provided the new window.  It was painted by the Maltese artist Carmel Cauchi (born 1927) who said 'It shows Christ in the glory of His resurrection. Jesus is the light'.

Lighting

New lights were installed in 2010, in time for the celebration of the centenary of the founding of the parish. Designed by Bruce Kirk of Light Perceptions, they were built in Lancashire.  Their design reflects that of the original lights from 1914.

Parish Priests
 1910 - Father Thomas Heditch
 1912 - Father Patrick Gallagher
 1957 - Father Reginald Crook
 1964 - Father Raymund Geraerts
 1979 - Father Robin Whitney
 1994 - Father Brian Creak
 2004 - Canon Roger Taylor
 2008 - Canon Shaun Lennard
 2017 - Canon Mehall Lowry

Curates
 1916 - Father Wilfred Harrington
 1918 - Father John Sheeran
 1921 - Father William Gordon
 1936 - Father Patrick Murphy
 1949 - Father Henry Dodd
 1950 - Father Edward Short
 1951 - Father Peter Boshell
 1958 - Father Adrian Peeler
 1963 - Father Hilary Crewe
 1967 - Father Keith Abram
 1972 - Father Samuel Steer
 1979 - Father Frans Azzopardi
 1986 - Father Patrick Miscampbell OSB
 1990 - Father Stephen Weaver
 1995 - Father Dennis Touw
 2002 - Father Joe Mazarello
 2004 - Father Shaun Church
 2007 - Father Philip Dyer-Perry
 2011 - Father Andrew Gallagher
 2014 - Father Paulo Bagini
 2017 - Father John Warnarby
 2019 - Father Stewart Hasker
 2022 - Father Paul Zhao SVD
 2023 - Father David Knight

References

External links

BBC: News Read on Father Roger in Action
Westminster Diocese
Saint Monica's Enfield amateur dramatic society

20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United Kingdom
Churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Westminster
Saint Monica
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1914
Roman Catholic churches in the London Borough of Enfield

St Monica's Church, Palmers Green


Picnic is a brand of chocolate bar consisting of milk chocolate and peanuts, covering chewy nougat, caramel, biscuit and puffed rice. Picnic bars are lumpy in shape. It is sold in Australia, parts of Canada (such as Quebec), New Zealand, New York City, San Francisco Bay Area, India, Ireland, Russia, Ukraine, South Africa (packaged as "Lunch Bar"), Ireland, Germany and the United Kingdom. The UK, German and Indian versions differ from the Australasian version in that they also contain raisins.

Overview
The MacRobertson Picnic bar was first released in Australia in 1950 (also released in UK by Fry in the 1950s). In 1967, Cadbury acquired MacRobertson Chocolates, a well-respected Australian confectionery manufacturer founded in 1880. The move gave Cadbury another major manufacturing base on the Australian mainland - at Ringwood in Melbourne, Victoria. It also added a range of unique confectionery brands, including Old Gold (launched in 1919), Picnic, Cherry Ripe (created in 1924) and Freddo Frog (created in 1930), which were household names.

A marketing slogan for the Picnic, released in the early 2000s, was "Deliciously ugly". During the 1970s the Australian slogan for Picnic was "More like a banquet than a picnic". Picnic is manufactured by Cadbury UK. In the early 1990s, a UK television commercial featured a singing camel called Calvin, in which the Animatronic camel performed a parody of "My Coo Ca Choo" originally by Alvin Stardust. The lyrics describe the ingredients of the chocolate bar, chants of the words "Chew" and "Goo" while a series of captions appear during the course of the advert, parodying The Chart Show who would display random captions offering facts on the artist and tour dates, while the music video plays. The tagline of the commercial was "There's no goo in it when Calvin's chewin' it". The commercial also had airtime in Russia and Ukraine, with the fact-captions translated.

In Australia, limited-edition variants Picnic Honeycomb (a Picnic bar with honeycomb pieces), Picnic Hedgehog (a picnic bar with biscuit pieces) and Picnic Rocky Road (a Picnic bar with mini marshmallows and gumdrops) have been sold in recent years. In 2010, a limited edition Almond Picnic bar was made available in New Zealand and is now also available in Australia under the name Roast Almond Feast.

In April 2009 Cadbury altered the weight of the standard Picnic bar from 50 grams down to 48.4 grams.
Again in August 2014 Cadbury altered the weight of the standard Picnic bar down to 46g in Australia, with a noticeable
reduction in the width of the bar, yet still in the old size wrapper.

In the UK the standard bar is 48.4 grams as of 2018 and is also available in multipacks. In 2011, a fruit and nut picnic bar was released in Australia.

Now in Russia as of 2018, there are two variants of the bar available, classic one with peanuts and raisins and another one with walnuts, at first released as of limited-edition but later included in the permanent line.[3]

See also

 List of chocolate bar brands

References

External links

Chocolate bars
Cadbury brands
Products introduced in 1958
Australian snack foods
Mondelez International brands

Picnic (chocolate bar)


Charles Sydney Smith (October 4, 1828 – August 12, 1907) was 16th mayor of Providence, Rhode Island, in office between 1889 and 1891.

Personal life
Charles Sydney Smith was born October 4, 1828, in Warren, Rhode Island. At age 12 he moved with a relative to Bureau County, Illinois, which was at that time the far West. He spent four years there working on a farm. The nearest school was three miles away, and he attended school only a few weeks each winter.

Smith's first wife was Lavinia Winberg Gorgas, daughter of George Gorgas of Philadelphia. They married on December 12, 1849, and had two children. She died February 26, 1857, aged 23 years. In 1858 Smith married Mary Ann Fish, daughter of John and Nancy Fish of East Greenwich, Rhode Island; they had one daughter.

Smith was an active mason for over forty years. He died in his home at 315 Elmwood Avenue in Providence of pneumonia, early in the morning of August 12, 1907. He had been bedridden for a week, and unconscious for three days.

Jewelry career
By age 18, Smith was in Newark, New Jersey, learning the jewelry trade. He returned to Rhode Island, eventually working for Sackett, Davis, & Co, jewelers on Richmond Street in Providence.

Jewelry manufacture and trade was emerging as one of the major industries in Providence at the time. By some accounts, there were 57 firms and 590 workers in the jewelry trade in pre-Civil War Providence.

Civil War
In September 1861, after the start of the Civil War, Smith joined the 4th Rhode Island Infantry, where he became First lieutenant and quartermaster under General Parke. He took part in Burnside's North Carolina Expedition and participated in the battles of Roanoke, New Bern, and Fort Macon. He returned to Rhode Island in Fall 1862, once again working for Sackett, Davis & Co, where he eventually became superintendent. In 1870 he partnered with Samuel W. Saxton of New York to form Saxton, Smith & Co, which made solid gold chains. He was also president of the United Wire and Supply Company.

Political life
Smith served in politics for over thirty years. He served on the common council, state assembly, and state senate before running for mayor. He was elected mayor in 1890 and served for one term. His efforts to bring law and order to Providence resulted in his defeat for re-election by a "tolerant electorate [which was] inclined to look the other way."

After his mayorship, Smith was elected Commissioner of Sinking Funds.

References

1828 births
Mayors of Providence, Rhode Island
1907 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia in Rhode Island
American jewellers
Rhode Island Republicans
People from Warren, Rhode Island
American Freemasons
19th-century American businesspeople

Charles Sydney Smith (mayor)


NYC was a Japanese band. The band's members are  Ryosuke Yamada and Yuri Chinen, who are members of another Japanese band called Hey! Say! JUMP, and Johnny's Jr. Yuma Nakayama in 2010. Before that, seven-members unit NYC Boys (stylized NYC boys) was formed on June 7, 2009, to promote the FIVB World Grand Prix 2009, an event that began on July 31 and ended on August 23, 2009. They performed the theme song "NYC" in Tokyo and Osaka before each game.

History
On June 7, 2009, at the concert "Forum Shinkiroku!! Johnny's Jr. 1 Day 4 Performances Yaruzo!", it was announced that Ryosuke Yamada and Yuri Chinen of Hey! Say! JUMP would join Yuma Nakayama w/B.I.Shadow to form NYC Boys. On July 15, 2009, their first single "NYC/Akuma na Koi", "NYC" being the theme song for the FIVB World Grand Prix 2009, was released. During the announcement for forming NYC Boys, it was said that the group will be a temporary one, only active for the time of the Volleyball Tournament which was from July 31 to August 23, but even after the end of the tournament, the members of the group meet periodically to perform their songs.

In November, the media announced that they would be guest appearing on Japan's highest rated annual music television show, Kōhaku Uta Gassen, on December 31, 2009. Other guest appearances this year include FNS Kayosai on December 2, 2009. On January 1, 2010, media announced that the group would not be a temporary one anymore and that Ryosuke Yamada and Yuri Chinen would be working as members of both Hey! Say! JUMP and NYC Boys in the future.

On March 3, 2010, it was announced on the Johnny's website that NYC without the boys (B.I.Shadow) will release a new single entitled "Yūki 100%" which is opening theme song for an anime entitled Nintama Rantarō. The coupling song entitled "Yume no Tane" will be the ending theme. Their single was released last April 7, 2010. The said song "Yūki 100%" topped Japan Billboards' Weekly Hot 100 and Oricon's Weekly Chart.

On October 20, 2010, NYC released a single titled Yoku Asobi Yoku Manabe. The single became #1 on the Oricon weekly charts in its first week of sales.

On March 9, 2011, the group released a new single with the name of 'Yume Tamago', which peaked first on the Oricon Daily Singles chart with 31,393 sales and ended up in fourth position on the Oricon Monthly singles chart with 154,140 sales, being certified gold by the RIAJ.

In February 2012, NYC released their 4th single which is titled Wonderful Cupid and contains Yuma Nakayama's solo song Glass no Mahou.

In May 2012, NYC released their 5th single which is titled HAINA!.

Members

Current members
 N Nakayama Yuma
 Y Yamada Ryosuke
 C Chinen Yuri

Former members
 Boys
 Kento Nakajima
 Kikuchi Fuma
 Hokuto Matsumura
 Yugo Kochi

Discography

Single

Concert
 Forum Shinkiroku!! Johnny's Jr. 1 Day 4 Performances Yaruzo! Concert (June 7, 2009)
 Johnny's Theater "Summary" 2010
 Hey! Say! JUMP & Yuuki 100% Concert with NYC (April 10, 2011 - May 29, 2011)

References

External links
Johnny's Net

J-pop music groups
Johnny & Associates
Japanese idol groups
Japanese musical trios
2010 establishments in Japan
Musical groups established in 2010
Musical groups from Tokyo

NYC (band)


Maria Järvenhelmi (born 14 June 1975) is a Finnish actress and singer. She has appeared in 27 films and television shows since 1990. She starred in the film Lights in the Dusk, which was entered into the 2006 Cannes Film Festival. Järvenhelmi is also part of the Finnish band Notkea Rotta where she is known by her stage name Meno-Anu.

Selected filmography
 Taivas tiellä (2000)
 Bad Luck Love (2000)
 Rollo and the Spirit of the Woods (2001)
 Rölli ja metsänhenki (2001)
 Lights in the Dusk (2006)
 The House of Branching Love (2009)
 The Kiss of Evil (2011)
 The Role (2013)

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
Finnish film actresses
20th-century Finnish women singers
20th-century Finnish actresses
21st-century Finnish actresses
21st-century Finnish women singers

Maria Järvenhelmi


Until January 1, 2007, Langeskov municipality was a municipality (Danish, kommune) in Funen County near the northeast coast of the island of Funen in central Denmark.  The municipality covered an area of 43 km2, and had a total population of 6,365 (2005). Its last mayor was Ejvind Høyer Nielsen, a member of the Conservative People's Party (Det Konservative Folkeparti) political party. The main town and the site of its municipal council was the town of Langeskov in Rønninge Parish.  Other towns in the municipality were Birkende, Marslev, and Rønninge, which also lend their names to the parishes within the municipality.

Langeskov municipality was known locally for being good at attracting industry, and had a better economy than most, if not all, of the neighbouring municipalities. Langeskov is the home of a local newspaper, Nordøstfyns Avis (The North-East Funen Paper).

The municipality was created in 1970 as the result of a  ("Municipality Reform") that merged three parishes: Birkende parish, Marslev parish, and Rønninge parish. The two former formed Marslev-Birkende municipality, while Rønninge was an independent municipality. The founders of Langeskov municipality had originally hoped that more parishes would join the new municipality, but Kølstrup chose Kerteminde municipality instead and Rolfsted joined Årslev municipality. As a result, Langeskov municipality became relatively small.

Langeskov municipality ceased to exist as the result of Kommunalreformen ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007).  It was merged with Kerteminde and Munkebo municipalities to form an enlarged Kerteminde municipality.  This created a municipality with an area of 203 km2 and a total population of 23,071 (2005).  The municipality belongs to Region of Southern Denmark.

Famous residents of the municipality
The best known citizen of the municipality was Hans Tausen, who in the sixteenth century was one of the leading figures in Denmark's Lutheran Reformation.  He was born in the village of Birkende.

External links
 The new Kerteminde municipality's official website (Danish only)

References
 Municipal statistics: NetBorger Kommunefakta, delivered from KMD aka Kommunedata (Municipal Data)
 Municipal mergers and neighbors: Eniro new municipalities map

Former municipalities of Denmark

Langeskov Municipality


Come Rain, Come Shine (; literally "I Love You, I Love You Not") is a 2011 South Korean film by Lee Yoon-ki. A young woman (Im Soo-jung) informs her husband of five years (Hyun Bin) that she is leaving him for another man (Ha Jung-woo), but the husband remains calm and even helps her pack. The experimental film traces in real-time parts of their last three hours together while the wife prepares to move out. The film premiered in competition at the 61st Berlin International Film Festival in 2011.

Plot
The film opens with a 9-minute long take of a married couple riding in a car together. After several minutes of small talk, the woman (Im Soo-jung) tells the man (Hyun Bin) that she's leaving him for another man. The rest of the film takes place in the couple's home during a rainstorm on their last day together, as the husband helps his wife pack. Various quiet, introspective scenes show them doing things such as making coffee, smoking a cigarette, and reminiscing over nostalgic items. While eating together, the woman asks the man why he isn't angry with her, saying that he has a right to be. The man says that he knows she doesn't change her mind when she decides on something and feels that he is partially to blame for their rift. She then accuses the man of being selfish for acting as "the perfect man" during their breakup. Their conversation is interrupted by the meowing of a lost kitten outside. They bring it inside, but it escapes and hides elsewhere in the house. Soon, their neighbors come looking for the kitten and are invited inside. Strained conversation ensues, and the neighbors inform the couple that the rain has flooded the roads, preventing travel to Seoul. The husband answers a phone call from his wife's new lover and passes it to her. She tells him she'll have to put off leaving until the next day due to the flooding. He asks her, "Is there anything holding you back?" To which she doesn't answer. The neighbors leave without the kitten, telling the couple to call them when it comes out. Now unable to go to their planned dinner reservation, the couple prepares dinner together. The man begins sniffling while cutting onions, and goes to the bathroom to wash his eyes, silently standing while letting the faucet run. The film ends with the kitten coming out of hiding and the woman telling it that everything is going to be okay.

Production
Director Lee Yoon-ki is known for his delicate portrayal of emotions. The three-hour confrontation between the couple on screen is told almost in real-time. He recommended the audience become immersed in the emotional exchange between wife and husband. "I wanted to reveal a sense of loneliness between the two characters and the actors successfully portrayed the subtle sentiment," Lee said. "The house itself is the third character in this movie, as memories are compiled within." Lee said he is drawn to simple and plain narratives ("the more I have things to say") and is more interested in character-driven pieces. He based the film on the Japanese short story A Cat That Cannot Return by Inoue Areno.

The two actors joined Lee's project without pay. Im Soo-jung said, "There are many producers and directors dedicated to the diversity of Korean movies, but many productions are in financial trouble. I was happy to support a movement to make better movies. It was a great opportunity to work on an experimental film with such a talented actor and wonderful director."

Hyun Bin said, "Anyone can easily empathize with the experience of breaking up, which is heartbreaking but at the same time opens up the possibility for new beginnings and new kinds of joy." Im added, "There is no right answer in love."

Reception
The Hollywood Reporter gave a negative review of the film, summarizing it as "a film so subdued and delicately wrought it will go unnoticed by most audiences."

Awards and nominations

References

External links

2011 films
2011 romantic drama films
South Korean romantic drama films
Films directed by Lee Yoon-ki
Next Entertainment World films
2010s Korean-language films
2010s South Korean films

Come Rain, Come Shine