Epitaph of Twilight, nogle gange Epitaph of the Twilight, er det episke digt, der spiller en stor rolle i .hack multimedia franchisesens historie, og er skrevet af den fictionelle forfatter Emma Wielant. Det fortæller om kampen mellem onder uden skygger, og the Cursed Wave (den Forbandede Bølge). Historien er centreret om et menneske og to halv-ånder, der søger efter the Twilight Dragon, som vil bekæmpe the Cursed Wave. Til at hjælpe dem på deres rejse til the Wavering Peninsula på kanten af verden, hvor the Twilight Dragon rygtes at eksistere, er Fili the White, og Bith the Black, assistenter af Apeiron, King of Light (Kongen af Lyset), og Helba, Queen of the Dark (Dronningen af Mørket). The Twilight Dragon kan ikke tale, men kan i stedet tale til dit hjerte. Hvis deres vilje til at slippe for the Cursed Wave er stor nok, vil the Twilight Dragon ødelægge den, men hvis ikke, vil den ikke.

Den originalle version blev udgivet på Emma Wielant's personlige hjemmeside. Eftersom at denne havde specielle sikkerheds foranstaltninger der gjorde at folk ikke kunne gemme, printe eller kopiere teksten, var den eneste måde at se den på ved at gå online. Da Pluto's Kiss skete, blev hjemmesiden i midlertid slettet. Og eftersom Emma allerede var død på dette tidspunkt, var Epitaph gået tabt. Dog begyndte rygter om at en meget stor fan havde taget sig tiden til at skrive det hele ned i hånden (højst sandsynligt Harald Hoerwick). Det var umidelbart denne kopi der blev brugt som grundlaget for Fragment, og senere The World. Men eftersom det kun var en kopi, manglede den nye version af Epitaph pålidelighed, og efter at være blevet oversat op til flere gange havde også ændret dens oprendelige budskab. Det er umuligt at sige hvad den originalle udgave indholdt, da mange folk ændrede det til deres egne ord, men små dele findes dog stadig. Selv i den virkelige verden findes der fan-versioner af Epitaph.

Det siges at det starter i området "Navel of Lake", eller Δ Hidden Forbidden Holy Ground i The World.

Epitaph of Twilight
 Disse er de kendte fragmenter der findes af den originalle version af Epitaph.

Intro
Fra .hack//Infection's intro.
Yet to return, the shadowed one.
Who quests for the Twilight Dragon
Rumbles the Dark Hearth,
And Helba, Queen of the Dark,
has raised finally her army.
Apeiron, King of Light beckons.
At the base of the rainbow they meet
Against the abominable Wave,
together they fight.
Alba's lake boils.
Light's great tree doth fall.
Power- now all to droplets turned
in the temple of Arche Koeln.
Returns to nothing,
this world of shadowless ones.
Never to return, the shadowed one,
Who quests for the Twilight Dragon.

The Phases in the Epitaph
Fundet i en E-mail fra Wiseman.
Unknown where the Cursed Wave was born…
After the stars doth cross the heavens,
The sky in the East doth darken and air doth fill with mourning.
From the chosen land beyond the forest, a sign of the wave comes.
Riding the Wave is Skeith, the Shadow of Death, to drown all that stands.
Mirage of Deceit, Innis, Betray all with the flawed image, and did aid the Wave.
And by the Power of Magus, a drop from the Wave doth reach the heavens, and creates a new Wave.
With the Wave, Fidchell, the power to tell the dark future, hope darkens, sadness and despair rule.
Gorre schemes when swallowed by the Cursed Wave.
Macha seduces with the sweet trap.
Wave reaches the Pinnacle, and escape none can. Tarvos still remains with more cruelty to punish and destroy.
And with the turbulent destruction after the Wave. Only a void remains. From deep within the void arrives Corbenik.
Perhaps then the Wave is just a beginning as well.

Epitaph 00
Fundet i Θ Cursed Despaired Paradise.
Shunning the field broken by Wave.
The shadowed girl whispers,
"Surely, I will return."
Alas, the truth unbeknownst.
Awaiting her at journey's end;
Eternal mourning for her land.

Epitaph 01
Fundet i Λ Dying Madness Haunted Land.
When the finger points to the
yonder moon,
The fool will not look at the fingertip.

Epitaph 02
Fundet i Σ Chatting Snarling Twins.
The whole cannot be changed.
We have already lost that chance.
Because the time left to us was short,
We were mistaken in our path.
But now do we realize,
We should change not the whole,
But the parts.

Epitaph 03
Fundet i Σ Resonating False Grasslands.
Wave soars and shrouds the eyes.
No means to fight an omnipresent force,
The shadowless ones just grieve.
Why must it be a Wave?
Divide, if it would just...
Then retaliate, we may.

Epitaph 04
Fundet i Σ Screaming Wind Sand's Fate Castle,
Over the Keel Mountains,
Meets an ape with human speech.
The ape asks,
"What clings to you?
Bear it – you cannot.
Accept it – you cannot.
But hidden – it is from you.
Recite its name."

Svar
Your own name—the name of your shadow, your dark side. (Dit eget navn—navnet på din skygge, din mørke side.)

Fidchell's Prophecy
Fremsagt af Phase Fidchell, Profeten.
Like a frenzied horse that is driven.
An unseen wind of plague shrieks across the border.
Pandemonium, wailing, and the stench of carnage fills the air.
There is no place to run. No hope of escape.
Those who are mourned will never return.
The hands of time cannot be turned back.

Noter fra Analysis
 "Wind of plague" referere til den spredte virus.
 "Border" referere til servere, sikkerheds zoner, og den virkelige verden.
 "Those who are mourned" referere til dem der ligger i koma.

"Epigraph"
Fra Another Birth Vol.2
The Keel Mountains traversed at last,
we met a dragon that spoke thus:
"Sheraton am I, who interprets the signs.
An answer to my question, give.
If you can, complete my role will be,
and I will leave this land.
Though equally it exists before everyone's eyes,
grasp it not one person can.
Tell me—what is it?"

Svar
"This moment." (Øjeblikket.)

"Mia's Words"
Fra Another Birth Vol. 3
Plaird of the Seven Sisters
Falling in love with a human,
Became a Shadowed One and
was exiled from the Dark.
Hence, her name came to be
called Plaird the Fallen.
At her wanderings' end,
she settled in seclusion
in Arche Haokar.
However, Those days
may not last.
A reunion may come, or
may not. Plaird's form
vanishes at the coming of the
harbinger of the Wave.

Ekstern henvisning
 The Epitaph of Twilight at .hack//Wiki

.hack

en:.hack#Setting

Epitaph of Twilight


A round turn is a commonly used term in futures trading and managed futures accounts and forex to represent a single completed trade (both a buy and a sell), as opposed to a side which is half of the full trade – either the buy or the sell.

Definition

As defined by the National Futures Association, a round turn is:
"intended to include all transactions where an actual futures position is closed out or offset. This would include futures positions closed out by delivery, cash settlement, through an exchange for physicals, and as a result of the transfer to the carrying FCM from another FCM of offsetting futures contracts."

Round turns are often tracked to know how many round tables occur in a year for (Commodity Trading Advisors).

Round turns per million

Unlike mutual funds which report turnover, managed futures have the concept of round turns per million.  Round turn per million measures how many 'round turns' are done per 1 million invested in a managed futures program.

References

Commodity markets

Round turn (finance)


Tamarind juice (also tamarind water) is a liquid extract of the tamarind (Tamarindus indica) tree fruit, produced by squeezing, mixing and sometimes boiling tamarind fruit pulp. Tamarind juice can be consumed as beverage appreciated for its fresh sour taste, or used for culinary purpose as a sour flavouring agent. The recent development uses tamarind juice as a mixture in cocktail.

As beverage
The juice of tamarind fruit is produced by squeezing and mixing the pulp of tamarind fruit with water. Sometimes the process also include the boiling of tamarind pulp to further extracting the tamarind fruit essence.

Then the mixed liquid is sieved to separate the juice from tamarind seeds, fibers and bits of fruit shell. The sour-tasting tamarind juice is often sweetened with the addition of liquid palm sugar and often served with ice.

In Indonesia, tamarind juice is called air asem (tamarind water), es asem (tamarind ice) or gula asem (sugared tamarind). It is a popular traditional drink in Java, which is mixed with gula jawa or gula aren (palm sugar). It is also often served as fresh and sour palate cleansing drink after consuming often bitter tasting Javanese jamu herbal drinks.

In Indonesia, tamarind juice is also produced industrially as UHT packed drink marketed as healthy drink sari asem asli or real tamarind juice. There are also commercially mass-produced canned and bottled tamarind juice, offered especially in Asian supermarket.

In Turkish cuisine, tamarind juice is known as demirhindi şerbeti which is tamarind made into sharbat beverage.

In Mexico and other Latin American countries, tamarind juice is known as agua de tamarindo or "tamarind water". It is one of the most common agua fresca variant in Mexico.

Culinary use

The juice of tamarind fruit pulp is often used as sour flavouring agent akin to vinegar in several Asian culinary traditions; e.g. Indonesian, Thai and Indian cuisine. In Indonesian cuisine, tamarind juice is an essential ingredients as a mixture in peanut sauce for gado-gado and pecel salad. It is also essential flavouring agent in asam pedas  and pindang fish stew and sayur asem vegetable in tamarind soup.

In the flavour of Thai cuisine, the distinctive sourness does not derive from vinegar or lime juice, but through the use of tamarind juice. It is used as a sour flavouring ingredient in pad thai rice noodle, tom khlong spicy sour soup and kaeng som kung sour fish curry.

In Indian cuisine, tamarind juice is often made into pulp, mixed with jaggery and used as flavouring agent for side dishes or condiment.

See also
 Tamarindo

References

External links

Fruit juice
Fruit drinks

Tamarind juice


Erkelenz station is a station in the town of Erkelenz in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It lies on the Aachen–Mönchengladbach railway and has been classified by Deutsche Bahn since January 2011 as a category 4 station. The station is served by the Wupper-Express and the Rhein-Niers-Bahn.

It consists of a simple station building from the 1950s with two platforms. Close to the station there are a park and ride lot and transfer facilities to express, regional and city buses.

While freight has declined in importance at Erkelenz station with the relocation of heavy traffic from rail to road in the 1980s, passenger traffic has developed to such an extent that the station today is the most important stop between Aachen and Moenchengladbach, based on entry and exit numbers. From 1992 to 2001, Erkelenz station was an InterRegio stop on the route towards eastern Germany (Aachen–Chemnitz). With the conversion of the railway line to electronic interlocking operation in November 2007, the crossovers were taken out, so the station is now regarded operationally as a halt, and the new German Ks-Signal system of signalling was installed. The former third platform track was taken out of use during the remodelling so that trains can no longer overtake at the station. Later, the third track was completely dismantled.

Rail services
The following services stop at the station:

Notes

External links

Railway stations in North Rhine-Westphalia
Railway stations in Germany opened in 1852
1852 establishments in Prussia
Buildings and structures in Heinsberg (district)

Erkelenz station


Lakeview Terrace is a 2008 American crime and thriller movie. The movie's title is a reference for a racially and ethnically-combined middle class Lake View Terrace neighborhood of Los Angeles.

Plot
As a mixed race married couple, Chris and Lisa move themselves into a Los Angeles home. Shortly after that, however, the next-door neighbor, Abel Turner, who works with the Los Angeles Police Department, begins starting violent racial fights and arguments with Chris. Abel later starts making inappropriate comments on Chris' smoking and listening to hip hop music. As part of Abel's racist pattern of behavior, he also makes serious remarks about the ethnicity in his mixed race relationship to Lisa.

The following evening, Chris and Lisa have sex in the swimming pool near the house. Without the couple knowing, Abel's children, Marcus and Celia, look at the couple while they have sex. Abel then arrives to his home. He sees Chris and Lisa engaging in sex. Abel then becomes furious and angry. He then sets his home's security floodlights to shine into Chris' and Lisa's window, keeping them awake. Abel begins suggesting toward Chris that he doesn't like his (Chris') mixed-race marriage. He (Abel) wants the couple to move from their new neighborhood.

One evening, Chris and Lisa hear noises from the downstairs of the home. They discover the tires on Chris' car slashed. The couple suspect Abel and contact Los Angeles police. The cops, however, cannot do anything because of Abel's status within the Los Angeles Police Department. Chris fights back by shining his own security floodlights into Abel's bedroom.

Lisa's pregnancy
Lisa begins showing she is pregnant. This causes arguments between Lisa and her husband Chris. That's because Chris is not prepared for having children. Meanwhile, Abel is suspended without pay following his abuse against a suspect. That causes Abel to become even more furious. Abel continues harassing the couple with his hosting of a loud bachelor party. In the party, Abel subjects Chris to sexual harassment by a nightclub stripper. Chris later plants trees along the fence between the couple's and Abel's properties. That causes a near-violent altercation between Chris and Abel. The latter is against having trees hanging over his property. When Chris goes to a Los Angeles bar, Abel then enters. The latter begins informing Chris that his (Abel's) own wife was killed during a traffic accident while having an affair with a white male employer. Abel then says that's the reason he does not trust white men. That is also his reason for him being against mixed-race relationships.

Abel sends his informant, Clarence Darlington, to trash the couple's home in yet another effort of forcing them out. Lisa arrives home early and surprises the informant. They fight. Lisa is knocked out, though not before she triggers the alarm. Chris rushes home. He is followed by a frustrated Abel. When the latter comes upon his hired informant, he (Abel) shoots the informant dead to keep him quite. Lisa is rushed to the hospital. She is okay.

During wildfires
Wildfires are taking place in the surrounding hills. Local people are warned to leave their homes. Abel, who remains behind, enters Chris' and Lisa's house. He (Abel) hopes to retrieve Clarence's cell phone, fearing the phone will make him appear guilty. Chris and Lisa suddenly return home from the hospital before Abel finds the phone. While the couple pack up before leaving the residence, Chris discovers the cell phone. He calls the last number diales. Chris then learns Abel was responsible for the break-in. Abel learns that Chris has found the cell phone.

Fight
Abel goes over with his gun drawn. He and Chris fight between each other. Before Lisa can leave the area, Abel shoots her car. The gun hit causes Lisa to crash into a parked car. After pistol whipping Abel and knocking him out, Chris tries to free Lisa from the vehicle. But then, Abel fires his gun towards Chris. He (Abel) misses. Chris holds Abel's other gun at him and tells him to stay back. Los Angeles County sheriff officers reach the area. The police demand Chris drop his gun. They order Abel to not move any further. Chris' wife Lisa begs for him to comply with orders. Abel tells Chris to listen to her. Chris then says Abel should have listened to his wife and asks if he saw the wife's betrayal coming. Chris then states that Abel's aggression drove her into cheating on him. Abel then becomes furious, takes out his hidden gun and shoots Chris in his shoulder.

Cast
 Patrick Wilson as Chris Mattson
 Samuel L. Jackson as Officer Abel Turner
 Kerry Washington as Lisa Mattson
 Jaishon Fisher as Marcus Turner
 Regine Nehy as Celia Turner
 Jay Hernandez as Detective Javier Villareal
 Keith Loneker as Clarence Darlington
 Ron Glass as Harold Perreau
 Caleeb Pinkett as Damon Richards
 Justin Chambers as Donnie Eaton
 Lynn Chen as Eden
 Dale Godboldo as Dale
 Robert Pine as Captain Wentworth
 Bitsie Tulloch as Nadine
 Eva LaRue as Lt. Morgada
 Vanessa Bell Calloway as Aunt Dorrie
 Robert Dahey as Jung Lee Pak
 Ho-Jung as Sang Hee Pak

Reception

Critical response
Lakeview Terrace was rated 44% on the Rotten Tomatoes website. The critical consensus from the site read: "This thriller about a menacing cop wreaking havoc on his neighbors is tense enough but threatens absurdity when it enters into excessive potboiler territory." On the Metacritic, the movie had an average score near 47 out of 100. That meant "mixed or average reviews."

Roger Ebert's review
Roger Ebert from the Chicago Sun-Times gave the movie a strong and positive review. He awarded it his highest rating of four stars. Ebert then said: "Some will find it exciting. Some will find it an opportunity for an examination of conscience. Some will leave feeling vaguely uneasy. Some won't like it and will be absolutely sure why they don't, but their reasons will not agree. Some will hate elements that others can't even see. Some will only see a thriller. I find movies like this alive and provoking, and I'm exhilarated to have my thinking challenged at every step of the way."

Mick LaSalle's review
Mick LaSalle from the San Francisco Chronicle also liked Lakeview Terrace. LaSalle said: "In its overall shape and message, Lakeview Terrace is a conventional suspense thriller, but the details kick it up a notch. ... The fun of Lakeview Terrace is not in what happens but in how it happens." J.R. Jones of the Chicago Reader said Lakeview Terrace was: "one of the toughest racial dramas to come out of Hollywood since the fires died down – much tougher, for instance, than Paul Haggis's hand-wringing Oscar winner Crash."

The box office
The movie had a $20 million budget. It made about $44.7 million, around $39.2 million within the United States alone.

References

2008 crime thriller movies
2008 drama movies
2000s psychological movies
American crime thriller movies
Movies about interracial romance
Movies about race and ethnicity
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies directed by Neil LaBute

Lakeview Terrace


Sergei Segeyevich Bakinsky () was a Bolshevik politician, revolutionary, the first People's Commissar of Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets on nationalities.

Biography
Bakinsky was born in Riga, Russian Empire in a family of middle class merchant as Ludwig Markovich Bernheim. In 1904 he graduated from the 3rd Kazan Gymnasium and enrolled into Kazan University. In 1907 due to a student protest, Bakinsky was excluded from the university by the Ministry of Interior. In July 1907 he was convicted for two years with a right to emigrate. Outside of Russia Bakinsky worked as an editor for newspaper "Proletariat" and in 1908 he illegally returned to Russia.

Since 1904 Bakinsky is a member of the RSDLP(b) and in 1907 a secretary of the Government of Kazan party committee. In 1910 he finally received permission to live in Kazan, but due to persecution from authorities Bakinsky was forced to emigrate once again. In 1912–14 Bakinsky studied at the Saint Petersburg State University, while working as an editor for Pravda. Bakinsky was arrested three times and after the last rout of "Trudovaya Pravda" on July 8, 1914, he exiled to Kazan. In Kazan in 1915 Bakinsky has finally graduated from a law school of the university.

In 1915 Bakinsky moved to Moscow and joined the Zemgor union. During the first stages of World War I Bakinsky was at the Western and Caucasians fronts. At the end of 1916 he moved to Harbin. There, after the February Revolution, Bakinsky participated in creation of a local newspaper "Golos Truda" and worked as a director for the Bolshevik newspaper "Manchuzhuria" (later "Rabochiy Flag"). In July 1917 he left Harbin and traveled across Russia as agitation agent for the RSDLP(b).

In September 1917 Bakinsky moved to Kiev where he joined the preparation to the October Revolution. On October 28, 1917 he was arrested by junkers and cossacks along with other members of a newly created local revkom. In December 1917 Bakinsky participated in the first All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets in Kharkiv where he was elected to the Central Executive Committee of Ukraine and appointed as the People's Commissar on Nationalities in the People's Secretariat. Later he also acted as a People's Commissar on Transportation. In March 1918 Bakinsky was also appointed as a Chief of military formations at the Ukrainian Front.

After occupation of Ukraine by German Armed Forces (April 1918), Bakinsky directed formations of the Eastern Front and as a staff member of Jukums Vācietis until 1919. Later a member of Revolutionary Military Council at the Caspiy-Caucasian Front for Glavpostavprodarm. From May 1919 to June 1920 Bakinsky headed a transportation department of the People's Commissariat of Food. Later he was a member of organizational bureau in formation of the Congress of Eastern Nations in Baku, headed the transportation trade union of the Azerbaijan Railways.

From spring of 1921 to 1924 Bakinsky worked in rail transportation. In 1925 he was a trade representative in Latvia. From 1926 to summer of 1927 Bakinsky is a member of the Chief Concession Committee, later a director of abroad operations for the People's Commissariat of Trade of USSR. From summer of 1929 Bakinsky was a director and an inspector of the State Bank. In 1939 he was repressed.

Bibliography
 Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Vol.4. (Bakinsky).
 Antonov-Ovseyenko, V. Notes about the Civil War. Vol.1.
 Bosch, Ye. Years of struggle.
 Levi, Ye. Comrade Vlas.
 Erde, D. Revolution in Ukraine: from Kerensky times to the German occupation. "Proletariat". Kharkiv, 1927.
 Znamensky, N. Military organization at the Kazan Committee of RSDLP(b).
 Latsis, M. Four months in Kazan and near Kazan. Fight for Kazan. Collection of materials about the Czech-chartered intervention in 1918. Vol.1. Publishing and Press Combine. Kazan, 1924.
 Krestinsky, N. From epoch of "Zvezda" and "Pravda". Vol.3.
 Levin, Sh. Historical-reviewing collection.
 September 25, 1919. Blast at Leontyevsky pereulok (Leontyev Lane). Moscow, 1925.
 Livshits, S. Student social-democratic organizations prior to revolution.
 Kulik, I. Chronicles of Revolution. Vol.1. 1922
 Lapchinsky, G. Chronicles of Revolution. Vol.1. 1928

External links
 Activist of revolutionary movement in Russia: Biobibliography dictionary

1886 births
1939 deaths
Politicians from Riga
People from Kreis Riga
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
Old Bolsheviks
Soviet foreign ministers of Ukraine
Soviet diplomats
Russian military personnel of World War I
Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War
Kazan Federal University alumni
Great Purge victims from Latvia

Sergei Bakinsky


is an action-adventure game developed by Tose and published by Square Enix for the Nintendo DS handheld video game console. It is the sequel to Slime MoriMori Dragon Quest: Shōgeki no Shippo Dan for the Game Boy Advance. It was first released in Japan, and later in North America. It is a spin-off of the Dragon Quest series.

Rocket Slime stars the common enemy and mascot of the series, a Slime, this one in particular being named Rocket (Surarin in the Japanese version). Rocket lives in a town called Boingburg, inhabited by other Slimes, each one being a type of Slime species found in the series. There are no humans in Rocket Slime; instead, its world is inhabited by Slimes and other enemies from the series. It features two forms of gameplay; the first being an overhead style, where the player maneuvers Rocket around a variety of stages, and another where the Schleiman Tank must do battle against an opposing tank, firing ammunition found throughout the first portion of the game.

Gameplay

The player views Rocket Slime from an overhead view, and controls Rocket entirely with the face and shoulder buttons. Rocket has the ability to jump as well as hover, though his primary technique is the Elasto Blast, an attack that launches Rocket forward. The Elasto Blast's strength is determined by how long the player allows for it to charge. This technique is constantly used throughout the game, used to pick up objects and attack enemies. When an enemy or object is hit by the Elasto Blast, it is sent flying, requiring the player to move forward and grab the item or enemy before they land if they wish to pick them up. The player may hold up to three items and/or enemies at any given time. Any item or enemy may be used as a weapon against an enemy if thrown at them. Rocket has a health meter that consists of multiple hearts, where Rocket will lose half a heart if damaged. The player may increase it by finding a rare item.

Each stage has a certain number of Slimes, and a variety of different items and enemies that can be found within. The game uses a day/night system, causing differences in enemies. Enemies that can be found awake during the day are asleep at night, and vice versa. There are several differences in the levels, but one thing they have in common are the railways. These railways typically lead back to Boingburg, allowing the player to send items, enemies, and other Slimes back to Boingburg, or leave the level via the railways. When a Slime is sent back, the Slime will send a letter to the player, including either an item or a recipe for an item. When an enemy is sent back, that enemy will become a resident of Boingburg, though only one enemy per species is allowed. When an item is sent back, it can be used as ammunition for Rocket's tank or sold at a shop. Another common element are the tank battles, where the player may battle a Plob tank. Defeating a tank gives Rocket a specific item and sometimes a Slime, who returns to Boingburg. Most stages have a boss battle near the end of the stage. All bosses have a health meter, which must be depleted for Rocket to progress any further. When the player leaves the stage, a screen is shown detailing what Slimes the player acquired in this session of the stage, as well as any items and enemies that they collected.

In between stages, the player is sent back to Boingburg to rest. In the beginning after the Plob attack, there are no Slimes remaining, and the Plobs have destroyed much of the town, leaving large spiked balls blocking much of the houses and the village. Most of these spiked balls have ST written on them, meaning "Slime Tons". The number listed is the number of Slimes the player must rescue in order to get rid of the spiked ball in question. After a certain point in the game, the rescued Slimes rebuild Boingburg and return it to its state in the prologue. There are several things the player may do while in Boingburg. Early on, the player only has the ability to save their game, but eventually gains access to much more, including tank customization, a shop, a tank arena, a surfing mini-game, and an area where the player may synthesize items using recipes that are collected throughout the game.

Tanks

Another primary game mechanic is the tank battles. Tank battles either occur in the stages or at the tank battle arena in Boingburg. In stages, when the player encounters a platform with an enemy on it standing in front of a slime-shaped tank, they may summon their tank to do battle with them. When the player goes into the battle, the top screen displays a zoomed out view of the two tanks on either side of the screen, and the bottom screen displays the standard gameplay. Each tank has two cannons that ammunition may be loaded into, and an HP meter, the latter which varies from tank to tank. Ammunition comes from varying points in the tank; the location of these drop points varies depending on which tank is being used. The player picks up ammunition using the Elasto Blast, like they pick up items in the other mode of play. They then may throw the ammunition into one or both of the cannons, causing the ammunition to be fired at the opposing tank. The opponent, however, will also fire ammunition at the player's tank. If two pieces of ammunition collide with each other, both pieces will fall to the ground, though some pieces of ammunition have more defensive and/or offensive power than others.

The player may leave their tank, either by shooting themself out of one of the cannons or by leaving the tank and breaking into the opposing tank. If the player makes it to the other tank by means of the cannon, they will enter the main area of their tank. While in their tank, the player may use the Elasto Blast attack to break their computers, making it more difficult for them to retaliate. The player may also attack their opponents or steal ammunition to use in their tank. The opponent may also do the same, either breaking in or going in via the cannon. A tank is not destroyed when its HP is depleted; instead, a door protecting the tank's engine (shaped like a heart) is destroyed, and at which point, the opposing tank's crew will invade and try to destroy the engine. If it is destroyed, the tank battle is over. Most tank battles that the player wins rewards the player with a particular item and a Slime, the Slime only appearing once per tank battle.

In Boingburg, the player may load ammunition into their tank. This ammunition consists of items the player has collected throughout the game. After a certain point in the game, the player may also choose three computer-controlled tank assistants. These consists of particular Slimes that are able to participate. Under certain conditions, the player may also gain the ability to recruit enemies. Each tank assistance has a unique set of commands that they can be ordered to follow. While in Boingburg, the player may play multi-player with another player who owns a Nintendo DS system and Dragon Quest Heroes: Rocket Slime. If another player does not own a copy, they may only play a tank battle demo.

Story
Dragon Quest Heroes: Rocket Slime is based in the fictional world of Slimenia, specifically in the capital city of Boingburg. It begins with four Slimes, Rocket, Hooly, Bo, and Swotsy, who are playing in front of the castle. Hooly has gotten his hands on a valuable flute, and in response to the flute being blown by Rocket, his father comes running over, forcing Hooly to stick the flute in Rocket's mouth. Afterward, an organization of platypus-like creatures known as the Plob invades Boingburg, capturing 100 of its 101 inhabitants. They are organized by who has the most tails, with the lowest ranked villains having one, and the Plobfather has seven. Because he was distorted and long, the Plob mistakenly believed Rocket was not a Slime but a worm, and discarded him into Forewood Forest. There, Rocket begins his journey to rescue his fellow slimes, who have been locked up in large treasure chests. Rocket later happens upon a large tank called the Schleiman Tank, which he activates with the flute that he had acquired. This tank now allows him to battle other tanks employed by the Plob; including the Carrot Top, Platypanzer and Cactiballistix. He also must do battle with many other enemies, including the leader, Don Clawleone (a.k.a. The Plobfather), Flucifer (The Dark One) and a mysterious slime named Slival and his Schwartzman Tank. Slival becomes his nemesis and is encountered a lot throughout the game, including at Mt. Krakatroda for a final battle.

Development
Dragon Quest Heroes: Rocket Slime was created by Yuji Horii, creator of the Dragon Quest franchise, and Yoshiki Watabe, who also worked on Dragon Quest V: Hand of the Heavenly Bride and Dragon Quest VIII: Journey of the Cursed King, as well as its predecessor, Slime MoriMori Dragon Quest: Shōgeki no Shippo Dan. While planning a version of the original Dragon Quest for the Game Boy, Watabe and Horii discussed making a game aimed at children. The duo wanted to use a character from a well-known franchise and decided it should be the Slime character from Dragon Quest. The developers did not want to give the protagonist a sword and shield, feeling it would make the slime character into a blue Link from The Legend of Zelda. They also rejected having the character breathe fire or run fast like Sonic the Hedgehog, so they refocused on what a slime could do, and that his how they discovered that his movements should be stretching and catapulting itself like a slingshot. Because Watabe believed the dual screen function was the focus of the Nintendo DS, he wanted to make use of the dual screen in a way that was not done in the original Slime game. Early in the title's life, the developers had a version of it that uses the touch screen to use Rocket's Elasto Blast technique, but scrapped the idea, due to it being too hard to control. To build on the slingshot paradigm in the second game in the series, the design team added tanks. The developers also chose to keep humans out of the game, due to that if they did appear, they would probably just run around killing all the Slimes. Watabe explained that the system of enemies having tails came from his desire to explain to children the idea of a gang and a hierarchy, loosely based on his own experience with bosses.

The success of Dragon Quest VIII in the west prompted an international release for the Slime series. The protagonists name is Rocket, which was influenced by wanting western audiences not to associate the character Slime with an inert blob, but show it was a powerful character that can "rocket" around. Also due to lack of familiarity with ''Dragon Quest'' slimes, the games title was modified to include mention of the Dragon Quest series. Efforts were made to make the game's script feel less British than a typical Dragon Quest title, to give the game a more modern feel. Watabe said that if Dragon Quest Heroes sold well, that the developer would look into a sequel, and they may also include Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection support. Rocket Slime was developed originally for gamers who were eight to ten years old, but in the west the average purchasers age was twenty five. Enthusiasm was also higher for sequels in the west, while there was less enthusiasm in Japan.

Reception

Dragon Quest Heroes: Rocket Slime sold over 293,000 copies in Japan by the end of 2006. It has received generally positive reception, holding an aggregate of 83/100 from Metacritic Nintendo Power praised its multi-player tank battle mode, calling the game a "well-placed and satisfying adventure". Play Magazine commented that Rocket Slime is a quality spin-off, adding that other developers should take a cue from it. Game Informer commented that the slimes in Rocket Slime have an "irresistible charm", calling the exploration gameplay "clever". Electronic Gaming Monthly praised it, calling it a "kid's game that completely rocks". Edge noted that while it wasn't a bold game, it had little to criticize, calling its developers "masters of their craft". NGamer UK called the dialogue "so bad it's good".

References

External links

2005 video games
Action-adventure games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
Tose (company) games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Koichi Sugiyama
Rocket Slime
Multiplayer and single-player video games

Dragon Quest Heroes: Rocket Slime


Theyyam (/t̪eːjjəm/; romanised: teyyam) are Hindu ritual practiced in northern Kerala and some parts of Karnataka. Theyyam is also known as Kaḷiyāṭṭaṁ or Tiṟa. Theyyam consists of traditions, rituals and customs associated with temples and sacred groves of Malabar. The people of the region consider Theyyam itself as a channel to a god and they thus seek blessings from Theyyam.

In Kasaragod and Kannur districts, this ritual art is mainly performed in the kavus (temples) or ancestral houses of Thiyyar, Nambiar, Vaniyar, and Maniyani communities.

Theyyam is typically performed by people from castes and tribes like Pulayar, Vannan, Malayan, Anhoottan, Munnoottan, Mavilan, Koppalan, Velan, Chingathan, Kalanaadi, Paravan, Nalikeyavar, etc. Of these, Kalanaadi people perform only in Wayanad district, while Parava, Pampatha, Nalikeyavar perform in places north of Kerala like Udupi, Krishnapuram, etc.

There are about 456 types of Theyyams documented. Theyyam is mainly performed by males, except the Devakkoothu theyyam; the Devakkoothu is the only Theyyam ritual performed by women. Devakoothu is performed only in the Thekkumbad Kulom temple.

In Kerala, Theyyam is performed predominantly in the North Malabar region (consisting of present-day Kasargod, Kannur Districts, Mananthavady Taluk of Wayanad and Vadakara and Koyilandy Taluks of Kozhikode). A similar custom is followed in the Tulunadu region of neighbouring Karnataka known as Bhuta Kola.

Theyyam season starts from the tenth day of the Malayalam month of Thulam (usually falls during October, and known as paththaam-udayam) and lasts up to seven months till the middle of Edavam month (typically around May end, June). The last Kaliyaattam  for the season is performed at Madayi Kavu and Kalarivathukkal Bhagavathy Temple, both being the family shrines of Kolathiri royal family.

History

Theyyam has a long history.  "There can be no doubt", say Bridget and Raymond Alchin, "that a very large part of this modern folk religion is extremely ancient and contains traits which originated during the earliest periods of Neolithic, Chalcolithic settlement and expression."

There are approximately 400 types of Theyyam, including Vettakkorumakan, Kathivanoor Veeran, Vishnumoorthy Theyyam, Muchilot Bhagavathi and Sree Muthappan.

The word Theyyam came from Daivam (God). Theyyam may have its origins from Ancestor worship. It has been observed that a vast majority of the Theyyam deities have their origin from people who were in the lower castes of the Kerala's caste system. The ancestor worship ritual was later evolved into the elaborate dance ritual that is seen nowadays. Incorporating many other local beliefs.

Classification of sub-cults

According to K. K. N. Kurup, it can be said that all the prominent characteristics of primitive, tribal, religious worship had widened the stream of Theyyam, where "even the followers of Islam are associated with the cult in its functional aspect" and made it a deep-rooted folk religion of millions. For instance, Bhagavathi, the mother goddesses had and still have an important place in Theyyam. Besides this, the practices like spirit-worship, ancestor-worship, hero-worship, masathi-worship, tree-worship, animal worship, serpent-worship, the worship of the goddesses of disease and the worship of Gramadevata (Village-Deity) are included in the mainstream of the Theyyam. Along with these gods and goddesses there exist innumerable folk gods and goddesses. Most of these goddesses are known as Bhagavathy.

Different branches of mainstream Hindu religion such as Shaktism, Vaishnavism and Shaivism now dominate Theyyam. However, the forms of propitiation and other rituals are continuations of a very ancient tradition. In several cult-centres, blood offering is seen, which is forbidden in Buddhism and Jainism. In such centres, separate places outside the precincts of the shrine are selected for blood offerings and for the preparation of the traditional Kalam (Square made for this sacrifice occasion) known as Vadakkan Vathil. The Theyyam deities propitiated through cock-sacrifice will not enter such shrines. This religious cockfight over blood sacrifice, which does also include the cockfight as a blood sacrifice, is a prime example of "cultural synthesis of 'little' and 'great' cultures".

On account of the late revival of the Vaishnavism movement in Kerala, it does not have a deep impact on Theyyam . Only a few deities are available under this category. Two major Theyyam deities of Vaishnavism are Vishnumoorthi and Daivathar. Vaishnavism was very popular in the Tuluva region in the 13th century when it came under the rule of Vishnuvardhana of the Hoysala dynasty. He was a great champion of Vaishnavism. Most probably he was initially deified as Vishnumoorthi and incorporated into the Bhoota cult of the Tuluvas and then further incorporated as a prominent folk deity into the Theyyam as well. To some, the legend of Vishnumoorthi is symbolizes the god's migration from Mangalore to Kolathunadu.

All other categories of Theyyam deities can be classified under Shaivism or Shaktism. Even spirits, ancestors, heroes, and animals are deified and included in those categories. Briefly, Theyyam provides a good example for the religious evolution of, and the subsequent different stages in modern Hinduism, with the overall understanding that within Hindu syncretism lay propitiation as ancient practices and rituals of ancient worship intended for the blessings of the supernatural not unlike, "in Indus Valley and other ancient civilizations, mother goddess had been invoked for fertility and prosperity".

Patronage
Out of devotion, ruling clans established their own shrines and Kavus for Theyyam deities where non-sattvic rituals and customs are observed. The goddesses like Rakteshwari, Chamundi, Someshwari, Kurathi, and the gods like Vishnumoorthi are propitiated in these household shrines. There, the Theyyam dancers appear during the annual festivals of gods and goddesses. The rituals in such shrines are different from those of the Brahmanical temples. The impact of this cultural fusion could be traced to the social organisation based on the caste system and in the agrarian relations. The inviting of Brahmin Thanthri to consecrate the idols of Kavu is a recent development.

Ritual performance

The dance or invocation is generally performed in front of the village shrine. It is also performed in the houses as ancestor-worship with elaborate rites and rituals.

There is no stage or curtain or other such arrangements for the performance. The devotees would be standing or some of them would be sitting on a sacred tree in front of the shrine. In short, it is an open theatre. Performance of a particular deity according to its significance and hierarchy in the shrine continues for 12 to 24 hours with intervals. The chief dancer who propitiates the central deity of the shrine has to reside in the rituals. Further, after the sun sets, this particular dancer would not eat anything for the remainder of that day. His make-up is done by specialists and other dancers. The first part of the performance is usually known as Vellattam or Thottam. It is performed without proper make-up or any decorative costume. Only a small, red headdress is worn on this occasion.

The dancer along with the drummers recites the particular ritual song, which describes the myths and legends, of the deity of the shrine or the folk deity to be propitiated. This is accompanied by the playing of folk musical instruments. After finishing this primary ritualistic part of the invocation, the dancer returns to the green room. Again after a short interval, he appears with proper make-up and costumes. There are different patterns of face painting. Some of these patterns are called vairadelam, kattaram, kozhipuspam, kottumpurikam, and prakkezhuthu. Mostly primary and secondary colours are applied with contrast for face painting. It helps in effecting certain stylization in the dances. Then the dancer comes in front of the shrine and gradually "metamorphoses" into the particular deity of the shrine. The performance signifies the transitional inversion, reversal, and elevation of status denoting the anti-structural homogeneity of Theyyam. He, after observation of certain rituals places the head-dress on his head and starts dancing. In the background, folk musical instruments like chenda, tudi, kuzhal and veekni are played in a certain rhythm. All the dancers take a shield and kadthala (sword) in their hands as continuation of the weapons. Then the dancer circumambulates the shrine, runs in the courtyard and continues dancing there. The Theyyam dance has different steps known as Kalaasams. Each Kalasam is repeated systematically from the first to the eighth step of footwork. A performance is a combination of playing of musical instruments, vocal recitations, dance, and peculiar makeup (usually predominantly orange) and costumes. The Kathivanoor Veeran Theyyam is one of the famous theyyam in Kerala

Types of Theyyams
There are about 456 types of Theyyam (theyyakkolams), among which 112 are famous. Some of the famous Theyyams are:

Muchilot Bhagavathi
Muchilot Bhagavathi is a virgin goddess and the tutelary deity of the Vaniyas of North Malabar. According to local legend she was a Brahmin woman born in the mana called Maniyottu in the village of Peringellur, near Taliparamba and elevated to the status of a deity but according to the holy manuscript(Pattola) Muchilot Bhagavathi is the kaliyuga avatar of Sita devi of treta yuga, Maya Devi of Dwarapa era and Gaiyatri Devi who appeared before Viswamitra Maharishi.While travelling in the earth she rested at the home of Muchilot pada nair, who was a soldier belonging to Muchilot clan among vāṇiyas.

Kathivanur Veeran

The Kathivanur Veeran theyyam is performed in the memory of the great Thiyya community warrior Mandhappan Chekavar.

Vishnumoorthi

It is the most popular Vaishnava Theyyam. This theyyam narrates and performs the story of Hiranyakashipu's death by the Lord Vishnu in his avatar of Narasimham. Because of this, Vishnumoorthi has another name, 'Narasimha Moorthi' [half man and half lion avtar of Vishnu].

Sree Muthappan Theyyam

Muthappan theyyam consists of two divine figures is considered as the personification of two divine figures— the Thiruvappana or Valiya Muttapan (Vishnu) and the Vellatom or Cheriya Muttapan (Shiva). Muthappan Theyyam is different from other theyyams as it is performed all around the year. Muthappan Anthithira is another theyyam dedicated to Muthapan. The uniqueness of it is that it is performed only once in all the Muthapan temples.

Padikutti Amma
The Padikuttiyamma is believed to be the mother of Muthapan. The Padikutti Amma Theyyam is performed in the Palaprath Temple in Kodallur near Parassini Kadavu in the Meenam (a Malayalam month).

Gulikan
Gulikan represents Yama, the Hindu god of death. The Benkanakavu (Venganakavu) in Nileshwar is the most famous temple dedicated to Gulikan.

Padamadakki Bhagavathy
It is performed in the Koroth Temple. The legend behind the Padamadakki Bhagavathy theyyam is that the Nileswarr Raja prayed to the goddess for help from the invading army from Karnataka and Devi sent Padamadakki Bhagavathy for help. Upon seeing the Padamadakki Bhagavathy, the attacking army became unconscious and thus the war was averted.

Manakkott Amma
Manakkott Amma Theyyam is performed in the Vairajathan Temple in Nileshwar. The Manakott was a woman born in a Nair family. She opposed the caste system that existed at that time. When she broke a caste rule, she was killed by the head of the family. She was pregnant at that time. Her murder caused a lot of problems in their family and was finally destroyed. Later she emerged as a goddess.

Kuttichathan

Kuttichathan is a famous theyyam. The theyyam is associated with the Brahmin Family of Kalakatt Illam situated in Payyannur. It is believed that Kalakattachan, angry on him being a threat to his respect in the society, tore Kuttichathan into 396 pieces. There emerged 396 Chathans from the torn pieces and set the Namboothiri's house to fire, and burnt nearby Brahmin houses. This is the myth behind Kuttichathan. It is claimed that Kuttichathan can grant any wish if the devotee prays to Him with faith.

Chamundi
Chamundi theyyam is majorly of three types, namely Madayil Chamundi, Rakta Chamundi, and Kundorra Chamundi.

Madayil Chamundi
Chamundi is the same Kali who killed the Chandamundans and got up and drank the blood of the Raktabijasura without letting a drop fall to the ground. Chamundi is also known as 'Rakta Chamundi' and 'Rakteshwari' because she is immersed in blood. It is said that in the battle with the savages, Kali followed them to the underworld and fought. It is called 'Pathalamoorthy' and 'Madayil Chamundi' because she went to the underworld.

Known as Kundora Chamundi, Kundadi Chamundi and Kundoor Chamundi, this goddess is the image of Kali who killed Darikasura. This theyyam is built by Velanmar.

Puthiyaramban Daivam
"Puthiyaramban was the lead fighter of allada swaroopam". It is believed that Puthiyaramban was having supernatural power. As a leading warrior he has deep knowledge and skill in Kalari (martial art).After his great victory, He was betrayed in nanummel kali (kalari). Believed that he became god after his death. Puthiyaramban Theyyam is performed in Puthiyaramban Tharavadu, Sree Kappattu Kazhagam, Sree Kannamangalam Kazhagam and Udinoor kulom.

Recent development

A Theyyam museum is proposed to be built at Chanthappura in Kalliassery assembly constituency of Kannur district in 2019.

See also
Kathivanoor Veeran
Temples of Kerala
Uttama Villain
Padayani
Neeliyar Bhagavathi
Thirayattam
Thiyyar history

References

Further reading
 Mathew, Raisun & Pandya, Digvijay. "Carnivalesque, Liminality and Social Drama:  Characterising the Anti-Structural Potential of Theyyam." Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities, vol. 13, no. 3, 2021, pp. 1–11, DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v13n3.28
 .
 .

 Nambiar, Balan (1981). "Gods and Ghosts – Theyyam and Bhuta rituals". Doshi, Saryu (ed) The performing Arts, Marg Volume 34, Issues 3–4, Bombay, 1981, pp 62–73

 Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi (ed) THEYYAM (a symposium), Lumiere Printing Works, Trichur, 1978
  New Delhi has a collection of 1800 slides with research notes by Balan Nambiar

External links

: A complete theyyam website | Theyyam in Malabar
 , including images.
A Journey through theyyams on YouTube

Dances of Kerala
Ritual dances
Arts of Kerala
Hinduism in Kerala

Theyyam


Charles Chellapah (1939 – 14 February 1966) was a Singaporean photojournalist of Indian origin who was killed on assignment during the Vietnam War.

Biography
Chellapah (also known as Canagaratnam Chellappah) was born in Indonesia. Unable to find a job as a photojournalist he emigrated to Singapore. Stringing for the now defunct Malay Times Chellapah worked for two years in Jesselton, Borneo before arrived in Saigon on 21 January 1966. Freelancing for the Associated Press, he went to a place American GIs called "Hell's Half Acre". Some 25 miles north of Saigon, it was a densely jungled rubber plantation honey-combed with Viet Cong Tunnels and overrun by snipers. His dramatic close-up images of casualties and combat prompted AP photo editor Horst Faas to warn Chellappah to be more cautious and take fewer chances. On 14 February 1966, Chellapah was killed in another landmine blast while attempting to rescue soldiers hurt from a mine blast.

References
 Eastpix's coverage about Singaporean photographers killed in Vietnam war

Singaporean photographers
War photographers killed while covering the Vietnam War
1939 births
1966 deaths
Date of birth missing
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing

Charles Chellapah


is the title of a special episode of Crayon Shin-chan initially played as part of a full hour special titled  that aired on August 3, 2007. It featured a crossover between Shin-chan and the tokusatsu series Kamen Rider Den-O, as well as three regular summer-themed episodes. The Den-O characters are drawn in the style of Shin-chan's regular characters.

To tie in with the special episode, Bandai produced figures of Den-O, Momotaros, Shin-O, and Buriburizaemon as they appeared in the episode.

Story

When Misae is trying to get Shin-chan ready for the bus on time, he suddenly has to go to the toilet. As Misae pleads to him to hold it in until he gets to school, Shin-chan manages to get inside, but instead of the toilet he finds himself on the DenLiner and on Ryotaro's face. He quickly becomes smitten with Hana and Naomi, much to their chagrin, while everyone tries to figure out why Shin-chan has managed to get on the DenLiner. Back in the Nohara house, Misae bangs on the door as the Fatmass Imagin tries to grant Misae's wish, which is to get Shin-chan to the bus on time.

Back on the DenLiner, Hana realizes that it must be due to an Imagin, which Shin-chan mispronounces as , including calling Momotaros a red Buriburizaemon, who Momotaros identifies (and summons) as the legendary Imagin. When Ryotaro transforms into Kamen Rider Den-O Sword Form so they can defeat the evil Imagin that has appeared, Shin-chan jumps up and manages to transform with him into Kamen Rider Shin-O. When the door opens on Misae, she is insulted by Momotaros just as the Fatmass Imagin attacks the group. Den-O takes a beating until Shin-O glues the Fatmass Imagin's three fat masses together, leading the Imagin to want to go back in time to erase any day Shin-chan was on time, only to find none exist.

Den-O destroys the Fatmass Imagin, saving Shin-chan and Misae who leave just in time to find that the bus has left without them. The Owner, impressed by how Shin-chan has helped them protect the flow of time, allows Misae and Shin-chan to go back in time to just before the bus arrived. Bidding farewell to their new friends, Shin-chan realizes he still has to use the toilet, but while fighting with Misae to get to the toilet, soils himself just as the bus rolls up.

Characters

 : Shinnosuke is a kindergarten-aged boy whose antics and grasp of the Japanese language are the basis for his series. While going to the bathroom one morning before school, Shin-chan is accidentally transported aboard the Den-Liner. While there, he causes mischief for the crew and passengers. He becomes Kamen Rider Shin-O to help Den-O fight an Imagin that has contracted itself with his mother.
 : Misae is Shin-chan's mother, a homemaker of 29 who does not have a lot of patience for her son when he starts misbehaving. Her intent for Shin-chan to get to school on time leads to her contract with the evil Fatass Imagin, endangering herself and the DenLiner crew.

: Ryotaro Nogami is a very unlucky young man who discovers the Rider Pass which allows him to become Kamen Rider Den-O to fight the Imagin and protect the flow of time. He is contracted to the Imagin Momotaros.
: Hana is a young woman whose very timeline was erased and is only unaffected because she is a Singularity Point. She helps Ryotaro protect the flow of time.
: Naomi is the DenLiner's waitress. She has a childlike personality and is not surprised easily.
: The Owner of the DenLiner is a strange old man who speaks in riddles when it comes to the nature of the flow of time.
: Momotaros is the hot-headed Imagin who would rather fight other Imagin than grant a wish to change the flow of time. He is the first Imagin that possesses Ryotaro, aiding him in battle by allowing Den-O to become Sword Form. He is also the subject of most abuse from Hana. Momotaros plays a part in summoning Buriburizaemon into the present by removing his shoulder pads and clapping them together like two coconuts.

New characters
: An Imagin that forms a contract with Misae while she's trying to get Shin-chan out of the bathroom so she can get him to the bus on time.
: This Imagin is depicted as , an anthropomorphic pig who appears in Shin-chan when ancient Japan is discussed, a quite cowardly/lazy/treacherous/funny sort who talks like a hero. He disappears when trying to speak.

Cast
:
, :
:
:
:
:
:

References

Crayon Shin-chan
Den-O vs. Shin-O
Crossover anime and manga

Kamen Rider Den-O + Shin-O


Capitol Collectors Series is a compilation album of the American folk music group the Kingston Trio's recordings from their time with the Capitol Records label. It contains songs from both the Dave Guard and John Stewart trios. All the songs included were released as singles by the group with two ("The Tijuana Jail", Coo Coo U") having never appeared on any of their principal recordings.

Reception

The Allmusic critic, Bruce Eder, called the compilation the first serious and broad compilation of the trio although noting the lack of some important tracks. He criticized the emphasis on singles rather than album tracks. He also wrote, "The four-CD set The Capitol Years can be recommended more highly to those who really want to understand the group's appeal and music, or just to remember the stuff they heard back when. This disc is a good introduction to one side of the Kingston Trio's work, but it shouldn't be the last compilation that one buys on the group."

Track listing
"Scarlet Ribbons" (Evelyn Danzig, Jack Segal) - 2:19
"Tom Dooley" (Alan Lomax, Frank Warner) – 3:05
"Raspberries, Strawberries" (Will Holt) – 2:07
"The Tijuana Jail" (Denny Thompson) - 2:50
"M.T.A." (Bess Lomax Hawes, Jacqueline Steiner) - 3:16
"A Worried Man" (Traditional, Tom Glazer, Dave Guard) - 3:27
"Coo Coo-U" (Bill Loughborough, David Wheat) - 2:19
"El Matador" (Jane Bowers, Irving Burgess) - 2:27
"Bad Man Blunder" (Lee Hays, Cisco Houston) - 2:39
"Everglades" (Harlan Howard) - 2:21
 "Where Have All the Flowers Gone?" (Pete Seeger, Joe Hickerson) - 3:04
"Scotch and Soda" (Dave Guard) – 2:34
 "Jane, Jane, Jane" (Stan Wilson) – 2:53
 "One More Town" (John Stewart) – 2:59
 "Greenback Dollar" (Hoyt Axton, Kennard Ramsey) - 2:51
 "Reverend Mr. Black" (Leiber, Stoller, Billy Edd Wheeler) - 3:16
 "Desert Pete" (Billy Edd Wheeler) - 2:49
 "Ally Ally Oxen Free" (Rod McKuen, Sammy Yates) - 2:06
 "Patriot Game" (Dominic Behan) – 2:53
 "Seasons in the Sun" (Rod McKuen, Jacques Brel) – 2:53

Personnel
Dave Guard – vocals, banjo, guitar
Bob Shane – vocals, banjo, guitar
Nick Reynolds – vocals, tenor guitar, bongos, conga
John Stewart – vocals, banjo, guitar
David "Buck" Wheat – double bass

References

External links
Liner notes and song information

The Kingston Trio albums
Albums produced by Voyle Gilmore
1990 compilation albums
Capitol Records compilation albums

Capitol Collectors Series (The Kingston Trio album)


Harold Benjamin Soref (18 December 1916—14 March 1993) was a Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) in the United Kingdom for Ormskirk, Lancashire, first elected at the 1970 general election. He subsequently lost the seat to Labour in February 1974. Soref was a leading member of the Conservative Monday Club.

Early life

Harold Soref was the son of Paul Soref, a merchant shipper of Romanian Jewish origin, and his wife Zelma (née Goodman), who lived in Hampstead, north west London. Harold was educated at Hall School, Hampstead, and St. Paul's School, Hammersmith, before going up to Queen's College, Oxford. In World War II, he served with the Royal Scots regiment, and with the Intelligence Corps from 1940 to 1946.

Political career
Soref had an early interest in colonial affairs, and was an elected delegate, in 1937, to the first All-British Africa Conference at Bulawayo in Southern Rhodesia, held with the intention of forming the Africa Defence Federation. He was a founder member of the Conservative Commonwealth Council, and a member of the governing council of the Anglo-Rhodesian Society, and the Anglo-Zanzibar Society. Soref was also a member of Sir Oswald Mosley's British Union of Fascists, and a standard bearer at the BUF's 1934 Olympia meeting.

In 1951, he was the Conservative Party's prospective parliamentary candidate in Dudley, and again in 1955, for Rugby; he was unsuccessful on both occasions. Soref was elected as the Conservative MP for Ormskirk in 1970 but, as it was a marginal constituency, and following boundary changes, he lost it in 1974 to Labour's Robert Kilroy-Silk.

Monday Club

Soref was an early member (in 1963) of the Conservative Monday Club, a right-wing grouping in the party. He served a term as its National Vice-Chairman, and was for some time a very active Chairman of their Africa and Rhodesia study groups and policy committees. He was several times a member of the club's executive council, including from 1970 to 1975.

In July 1972, Soref had discussions, on behalf of the Monday Club, with the Home Office, on the 1,500 Trotskyists camping in Essex, which included groups from North America. They were, he said, being given instruction in urban guerrilla warfare. Soref and Patrick Wall, a fellow MP, also raised the issue of 'educational kits' being distributed to secondary schools, which were said to contain information on guerrilla warfare tactics in Southern Africa. They described the kits as "subversive Communist propaganda".

Soref condemned Idi Amin's decision to expel Ugandan Asians with British passports as "discriminatory racialism". He was a leading speaker at the Monday Club's "Halt Immigration Now" rally in Westminster Central Hall the same year, when a resolution was passed calling on the government to halt all immigration, repeal the Race Relations Act (1968), and start a full repatriation scheme.

On 30 September 1972, the Daily Telegraph remarked that "Mr. Harold Soref is nothing if not consistent", commenting that when an all-party delegation began a tour of Red China, he left defiantly for Taiwan.

In October 1972, Soref said that the Irish Republican Army (IRA) were planning a direct assault in England, and that the IRA were receiving weapons from Libya, as well as detailing their contacts with other terrorist movements.

In August 1973, in the House of Commons, Soref told the Minister of Agriculture that it was "preposterous" that British housewives should have to pay high prices for beef when there were plentiful supplies available in Rhodesia. In September, he protested to Sir Alec Douglas-Home that Herbert Chitepo, whom Soref described as a "terrorist", had received a British passport 'in error', and said that London was being turned into an 'open house' for about 50 revolutionary movements.

In 1973, Soref successfully fought the Home Office deportation order against New Zealander Peter Wildermoth, and his intercessions, in December 1973, secured the freedom of Gerald Hawksworth, who was imprisoned in Tanzania after being kidnapped by the Zimbabwe African National Union. He subsequently gave a Monday Club dinner at Westminster Palace to celebrate Hawksworth's release.

In 1974, Soref was appointed as the Monday Club's vice-chairman, and spoke at Oxford University in May that year. He had a police escort into the building, but gangs of left-wing students with masked faces howling "Death to Soref" forced their way into the hall; he was forced to escape violence down a back staircase and over a six-foot wall, with his pursuers close behind, jumping onto the back of his car as it drew away. Later that night, the Chairman of the Oxford University Monday Club, Andrew Bell, the son of MP Ronald Bell, had his bedroom window smashed by hand-thrown missiles.

Soref, as Chairman of the club's Africa Group, often had letters published in the press criticising Labour politician James Callaghan's "biased attitudes on Rhodesia where communist-supported guerillas were in action". He had also said that "the Secretary of State during his recent safari displayed his dedication to 'Black Power'". Another of his protests was to Lord Aylestone of the Independent Broadcasting Authority over the Weekend World television programme about Rhodesia which, he said, "gave more support to terrorists than to their victims."

Soref was an outspoken critic of the IRA, and issued a press statement on behalf of the Monday Club in November 1974 calling for capital punishment "for traitors and those engaged in civil war". The previous month, gunmen shot at a London businessman's chauffeur-driven car close to Soref's residence, and Scotland Yard were convinced that it was mistaken identity and the work of the IRA, because of the striking resemblance between the victim, who later died, and Soref. The shooting had taken place at the time Soref normally arrived home, but he had been delayed that night. Both the victim and Soref had similar cars. Later, Soref received an anonymous telephone call saying that the shots were meant for him.

On 26 January 1981, Soref presided at the Monday Club's Africa Group Dinner at St Stephen's Club, Westminster, when the MP Nicholas Winterton was the guest of honour.

Business career
In 1947, Soref founded Jewish Monthly magazine, which he also edited until 1951.

From 1959, Soref was Managing Director of Soref Brothers Limited, becoming Chairman in 1976, and remaining at the firm until 1988.

Personal life and death
Soref died in London on 14 March 1993, aged 76.

References

Sources
 Dod's Parliamentary Companion 1973, 160th edition, Sell's Publications Ltd., Epsom, Surrey.
 Copping, Robert, The Monday Club - Crisis and After (Foreword by John Biggs-Davison, M.P.), Current Affairs Information Service, Ilford, Essex, May 1975, (P/B), pps: 6 - 10,15,16,18, 22–23.
 Soref, Harold, with John Biggs-Davison, M.P., Julian Amery, M.P., Stephen Hastings, M.C.,M.P., and Patrick Wall, M.C.,M.P., Rhodesia and the Threat to the West, Monday Club, London, 1976, (P/B).
 Who's Who, London, 1986, p. 1631,

External links

1916 births
1993 deaths
Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford
British Army personnel of World War II
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
English people of Romanian-Jewish descent
Intelligence Corps officers
Royal Scots officers
UK MPs 1970–1974

Harold Soref


Abell 2067 is a galaxy cluster in the constellation of Corona Borealis. On a larger scale, Abell 2067, along with Abell 2061, Abell 2065, Abell 2079, Abell 2089, and Abell 2092, make up the Corona Borealis Supercluster. Abell 2061 lies 1.8 megaparsecs south of it and the two are likely interacting.

References

Corona Borealis
2067
Galaxy clusters

Abell 2067


Ansel Collins is a Jamaican musician, composer, singer, songwriter and producer, best known for his work with Dave Barker as Dave and Ansel Collins.

Biography
Born 1949 in Kingston, Jamaica, Collins began his career as a drummer, moving to keyboards in the mid-1960s. In the late 1960s, he performed with the Invincibles band (whose members also included Lloyd Parks, Sly Dunbar and Ranchie McLean. He played on The Maytals' "Pressure Drop" and "Sweet and Dandy". After working with Lee "Scratch" Perry, Collins was part of the duo Dave and Ansel Collins along with Dave Barker, with whom he had a number one hit in the United Kingdom in 1971 with "Double Barrel". His keyboard playing exemplified the Skinhead reggae style. Collins is also a producer and has released solo records, including single sides "Cock Robin", "Atlantic One", "Stalag" and "Nuclear Weapon" between 1969 and 1971, as well as a handful of later albums. He was a member of 1970s Channel One studio band The Revolutionaries, as well as the Impact All Stars and Sugar Minott's Black Roots Players, performing on many of the classic songs of the roots reggae era (album 1979 Black Roots). He was also part of Jimmy Cliff's backing band, Oneness, in the 1970s. He continued to record during the 1980s, mainly as a session musician, and released a solo album in 1986.

He also worked with backing bands such as Lynn Taitt and the Jets (including the reggae producer Joe Gibbs). In the 1970s, he was the regular member of the backing band The Aggrovators and the band Soul Syndicate. In 1978 he was the member of the band The Gladiators (1978 album Proverbial Reggae). He played keyboards on the several albums of the various musicians: albums of the dub musician Scientist Scientist Rids the World of the Evil Curse of the Vampires and Scientist in the Kingdom of Dub (1981), album of Rico Rodriguez Man from Wareika (1977), album of Lincoln Thompson Natural Wild (1980), album of Augustus Pablo This Is Augustus Pablo (1974), albums of Black Uhuru Sinsemilla (1980) and Chill Out (1982), albums of Jimmy Cliff Give Thankx (1978), album of King Tubby and Prince Jammy His Majesty's Dub (1976), Cliff Hanger (1985) and Humanitarian (1999), album of The Royals Pick Up the Pieces (1977), album of Mighty Diamonds Right Time (1976), album of Gregory Isaacs Cool Ruler (1978), album of Prince Far I Health and Strength (1998), but also on the albums of the musicians like Serge Gainsbourg (Aux armes et cætera, 1979). Mid-1970s, reggae Culture began working with some of the premier musicians of the day including Ansel Collins, Robbie Shakespeare, Sly Dunbar,  Cedric Brooks and the ever-present percussionist Sticky. Collins worked with the guitarist Earl "Chinna" Smith and with the deejay Errol Scorcher on a series off recordings including "Mosquitoes", which was also a hit.

Roots reggae singer I Wayne was raised by his aunt and her husband Ansel Collins.

Albums
Double Barrel (1971) Trojan (Dave and Ansel Collins)
Riding High (1977) Shelly Power
So Long (1978)
Ansel Collins (1986) Heartbeat
Jamaican Gold (2002) Moll Selekta (Ansel Collins/Sly & Robbie)

References

External links
Ansel Collins at discogs.com
Ansel Collins at Roots Archives

1949 births
Musicians from Kingston, Jamaica
Jamaican reggae musicians
Living people

Ansel Collins


Safari is a web browser developed by Apple. It is built into Apple's operating systems, including macOS, iOS, iPadOS and their upcoming VisionOS, and uses Apple's open-source browser engine WebKit, which was derived from KHTML.

Safari was introduced in Mac OS X Panther in January 2003. It has been included with the iPhone since its first generation, which came out in 2007. At that time, Safari was the fastest browser on the Mac. Between 2007 and 2012, Apple maintained a Windows version, but abandoned it due to low market share. In 2010, Safari 5 introduced a reader mode, extensions, and developer tools. Safari 11, released in 2017, added Intelligent Tracking Prevention, which uses artificial intelligence to block web tracking. Safari 13 added support for Apple Pay, and authentication with FIDO2 security keys. Its interface was redesigned in Safari 15.

Background
After its 1994 release Netscape Navigator rapidly became the dominant Mac browser, and eventually came bundled with Mac OS. In 1996, Microsoft released Internet Explorer for Mac, and Apple released the Cyberdog internet suite, which included a web browser. In 1997, Apple shelved Cyberdog, and reached a five-year agreement with Microsoft to make IE the default browser on the Mac, starting with Mac OS 8.1. Netscape continued to be preinstalled on all Macintoshes. Microsoft continued to update IE for Mac, which was ported to Mac OS X DP4 in May 2000.

History and development

Conception

During development, several codenames were used including "Freedom", "iBrowse" and "Alexander" (a reference to conqueror Alexander the Great, an homage to the Konqueror web browser).

Safari 1
On January 7, 2003, at Macworld San Francisco, Apple CEO Steve Jobs announced Safari that was based on WebKit, the company's internal fork of the KHTML browser engine. Apple released the first beta version exclusively on Mac OS X the same day.  Later that date, several official and unofficial beta versions followed until version 1.0 was released on June 23, 2003. On Mac OS X v10.3, Safari was pre-installed as the system's default browser, rather than requiring a manual download, as was the case with the previous Mac OS X versions. Safari's predecessor, the Internet Explorer for Mac, was then included in 10.3 as an alternative.

Safari 2
In April 2005, Engineer Dave Hyatt fixed several bugs in Safari. His experimental beta passed the Acid2 rendering test on April 27, 2005, marking it the first browser to do so. Safari 2.0 which was released on April 29, 2005, was the sole browser Mac OS X 10.4 offered by default. Apple touted this version as it was capable of running a 1.8x speed boost compared to version 1.2.4 but it did not yet feature the Acid2 bug fixes. These major changes were initially unavailable for end-users unless they privately installed and compiled the WebKit source code or ran one of the nightly automated builds available at OpenDarwin. Version 2.0.2, released on October 31, 2005, finally included the Acid2 bug fixes.

In June 2005 in efforts of KHTML criticisms over the lack of access to change logs, Apple moved the development source code and bug tracking of WebCore and JavaScriptCore to OpenDarwin. They have also open-sourced WebKit. The source code is for non-renderer aspects of the browser such as its GUI elements and the remaining proprietary. The final stable version of Safari 2 and the last version released exclusively with Mac OS X, Safari 2.0.4, was updated on January 10, 2006, for Mac OS X. It was only available within Mac OS X Update 10.4.4, and it delivered fixes to layout and CPU usage issues among other improvements.

Safari 3
On January 9, 2007, at Macworld San Francisco, Jobs unveiled that Safari 3 was ported to the newly-introduced iPhone within iPhone OS (later called iOS). The mobile version was capable of displaying full, desktop-class websites. At WWDC 2007, Jobs announced Safari 3 for Mac OS X 10.5, Windows XP, and Windows Vista. He ran a benchmark based on the iBench browser test suite comparing the most popular Windows browsers to the browser, and claimed that Safari had the fastest performance. His claim was later examined by a third-party site called Web Performance over HTTP load times. They verified that Safari 3 was indeed the fastest browser on the Windows platform in terms of initial data loading over the Internet, though it was only negligibly faster than Internet Explorer 7 and Mozilla Firefox when it came to static content from the local cache.

The initial Safari 3 beta version for Windows, released on the same day as its announcement at WWDC 2007, contained several bugs and a zero day exploit that allowed remote code executions. The issues were then fixed by Apple three days later on June 14, 2007, in version 3.0.1. On June 22, 2007, Apple released Safari 3.0.2 to address some bugs, performance problems, and other security issues. Safari 3.0.2 for Windows handled some fonts that were missing in the browser but already installed on Windows computers such as Tahoma, Trebuchet MS, and others. The iPhone was previously released on June 29, 2007, with a version of Safari based on the same WebKit rendering engine as the desktop version but with a modified feature set better suited for a mobile device. The version number of Safari as reported in its user agent string is 3.0 was in line along with the contemporary desktop editions.

The first stable, non-beta version of Safari for Windows, Safari 3.1, was offered as a free download on March 18, 2008. In June 2008, Apple released version 3.1.2, which addressed a security vulnerability in the Windows version where visiting a malicious web site could force a download of executable files and execute them on the user's desktop. Safari 3.2, released on November 13, 2008, introduced anti-phishing features using Google Safe Browsing and Extended Validation Certificate support. The final version of Safari 3 was version 3.2.3, which was released on May 12, 2009, with security improvements.

Safari 4

Safari 4 was released on June 8, 2009. It was the first version that had completely passed the Acid3 rendering test, as well as the first version to support HTML5. It incorporated WebKit JavaScript engine SquirrelFish that significantly enhanced the browser's script interpretation performances by 29.9x. SquirrelFish was later evolved to SquirrelFish Extreme, later also marketed as Nitro, which had 63.6x faster performances. A public beta of Safari 4 was experimented in February 24, 2009.

Safari 4 relied on Cover Flow to run the History and Bookmarks, and it featured Speculative Loading that automatically pre-loaded document information that is required to visit a particular website. The top sites can be displayed up to 24 thumbnails based on the frequently visited sites in a startup. The desktop version of Safari 4 included a redesign similar to that of the iPhone. The update also commissioned many developer tool improvements including Web Inspectors, CSS element viewings, JavaScript debuggers and profilers, offline tables, database management, SQL support and resource graphs. In additions to CSS retouching effects, CSS canvas, and HTML5 content. It replaced the initial Mac OS X-like interface with native Windows themes on Windows using native font renderings.

Safari 4.0.1 was released for Mac on June 17, 2009, and fixed Faces bugs in iPhoto '09. Safari 4 in Mac OS X v10.6 "Snow Leopard" has built-in 64-bit support, which makes JavaScript load up to 50% faster. It also has native crash resistances that would maintain it intact if a plugin like Flash player crashes, though other tabs or windows would not be affected. Safari 4.0.4, the final version which was released on November 11, 2009, for both Mac and Windows, which further improved the JavaScript performances.

Safari 5

Safari 5 was released on June 7, 2010, and was the final version (version 5.1.7) for Windows. It featured a less distractive reader view, and had a 30x faster JavaScript performances. It incorporated numerous developer tool improvements including HTML5 interoperability, and the accessibility to secure extensions. The progress bar was re-added in this version as well. Safari 5.0.1 enabled the Extensions PrefPane by default, rather than requiring users to manually set it in the Debug menu.

Apple exclusively released Safari 4.1 concurrently with Safari 5 for Mac OS X Tiger. It included many features that were found in Safari 5, though it excluded the Safari Reader and Safari Extensions. Apple released Safari 5.1 for both Windows and Mac on July 20, 2011, for Mac OS X 10.7 Lion; it was faster than Safari 5.0, and included the new Reading List feature. The company simultaneously announced Safari 5.0.6 in late June 2010 for Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard, though the new functions were excluded from Leopard users.

Several HTML5 features were provided in Safari 5. It added supports for full-screen video, closed caption, geolocation, EventSource, and a now obsolete early variant of the WebSocket protocol. The fifth major version of Safari added supports for Full-text search, and a new search engine, Bing. Safari 5 supported Reader, which displays web pages in a continuous view, without advertisements. Safari 5 supported a smarter address field and DNS prefetching that automatically found links and looked up addresses on the web. New web pages loaded faster using Domain Name System (DNS) prefetching. The Windows version received an extra update on Graphic acceleration as well. The blue inline progress bar was returned to the address bar; in addition to the spinning bezel and loading indicator introduced in Safari 4. Top Sites view now had a button to switch to Full History Search. Other features included Extension Builder for developers of Safari Extensions. Other changes included an improved inspector. Safari 5 supports Extensions, add-ons that customize the web browsing experience. Extensions are built using web standards such as HTML5, CSS3, and JavaScript.

Safari 6

Safari 6.0 was previously referred to as Safari 5.2 until Apple changed the version number at WWDC 2012. The stable release of Safari 6 coincided with the release of OS X Mountain Lion on July 25, 2012, and was integrated within OS. As a result, it was no longer available for download from Apple's website or any other sources. Apple released Safari 6 via Software Update for users of OS X Lion. It was not released for OS X versions before Lion or for Windows. The company later quietly removed references and links for the Windows version of Safari 5. Microsoft had also removed Safari from its browser-choice page.

On June 11, 2012, Apple released a developer preview of Safari 6.0 with a feature called iCloud Tabs, which syncs with open tabs on any iOS or other OS X device that ran the latest software. It updated new privacy features, including an "Ask websites not to track me" preference and the ability for websites to send OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion users notifications, though it removed RSS support. Safari 6 had the Share Sheets capability in OS X Mountain Lion. The Share Sheet options were: Add to Reading List, Add Bookmark, Email this Page, Message, Twitter, and Facebook. Tabs with full-page previews were added, too. The sixth major version of Safari, it added options to allow pages to be shared with other users via email, Messages, Twitter, and Facebook, as well as making some minor performance improvements. It added supports for  in CSS. Additionally, various features were removed including Activity Window, a separate Download Window, direct support for RSS feeds in the URL field, and bookmarks. The separate search field and the address bar were also no longer available as a toolbar configuration option. Instead, it was replaced by the smart search field, a combination of the address bar and the search field.

Safari 7

Safari 7 was announced at WWDC 2013,  and it brought a number of JavaScript performance improvements. It made uses of Top Site and Sidebar, Shared Links, and Power Saver which paused unused plugins. Safari 7 for OS X Mavericks and Safari 6.1 for Lion and Mountain Lion were all released along with OS X Mavericks in the special event on October 22, 2013.

Safari 8
Safari 8 was announced at WWDC 2014 and was released for OS X Yosemite. It included the JavaScript API WebGL, stronger privacy management, improved iCloud integration, and a redesigned interface. It was also faster and more efficient, with additional developer features including JavaScript Promises, CSS Shapes & Composting mark up, IndexedDB, Encrypted Media Extensions, and SPDY protocol.

Safari 9
Safari 9 was announced in WWDC 2015 and was shipped with OS X El Capitan. New features included audio muting, more options for Safari Reader, and improved autofill. It was not fully available for the previous OS X Yosemite.

Safari 10

Safari 10 was shipped with macOS Sierra and released for OS X Yosemite and OS X El Capitan on September 20, 2016. It had a redesigned Bookmark and History views, and double-clicking will centralized focus on a  particular folder. The update redirected Safari extensions to be saved directly to Pocket and Dic Go. Software improvements included Autofill quality from the Contrast card and Web Inspector Timelines Tab, in-line sub-headlines, bylines, and publish dates. This version tracks and re-applies zoomed level to websites, and legacy plug-ins were disabled by default in favor of HTML5 versions of websites. Recently closed tabs can be reopened via the History menu, or by holding the "+" button in the tab bar, and using Shift-Command-T. When a link opens in a new tab; it is now possible to hit the back button or swipe to close it and go back to the original tab. Debugging is now supported on the Web Inspector. Safari 10 also includes several security updates, including fixes for six WebKit vulnerabilities and issues related to Reader and Tabs. The first version of Safari 10 was released on September 20, 2016, and the last version (10.1.2) was released on July 19, 2017.

Safari 11
Safari 11 was released on September 19, 2017 for OS X El Capitan and macOS Sierra. It was shipped with macOS High Sierra. Safari 11 included several new features such as Intelligent Tracking Prevention which aimed to prevent cross-site tracking by placing limitations on cookies and other website data. Intelligent Tracking Prevention allowed first-party cookies to continue track the browser history, though with time limits. For example, first-party cookies from ad-tech companies such as Google/Alphabet Inc., were set to expire in 24-hours after the visit.

Safari 12

Safari 12 was released for macOS Mojave on September 24, 2018. It was also available to macOS Sierra and macOS High Sierra on September 17, 2018. Safari 12 included several new features such as Icons in tabs, Automatic Strong Passwords, and Intelligent Tracking Prevention 2.0. Safari version 12.0.1 was released on October 30, 2018, within macOS Mojave 10.14.1, and Safari 12.0.2 was released on December 5, 2018, under macOS 10.14.2. Support for developer-signed classic Safari Extensions has been dropped. This version would also be the last that supported the official Extensions Gallery.  Apple also encouraged extension authors to switch to Safari App Extensions, which triggered negative feedback from the community.

Safari 13
Safari 13 was announced at WWDC 2019 on June 3, 2019. Safari 13 included several new features such as prompting users to change weak passwords, FIDO2 USB security key authentication support, Sign in with Apple support, Apple Pay on the Web support and increased speed and security. Safari 13 was released on September 20, 2019, on macOS Mojave and macOS High Sierra, and later shipped with macOS Catalina.

Safari 14
In June 2020 it was announced that macOS Big Sur will include Safari 14. According to Apple, Safari 14 is more than 50% faster than Google Chrome. Safari 14 introduced new privacy features, including Privacy Report, which shows blocked content and privacy information on web pages. Users will also receive a monthly report on trackers that Safari has blocked. Extensions can also be enabled or disabled on a site-by-site basis. Safari 14 introduced partial support for the WebExtension API used in Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Firefox, and Opera, making it easier for developers to port their extensions from those web browsers to Safari. Support for Adobe Flash Player will also be dropped from Safari, 3 months ahead of its end-of-life. A built-in translation service allows translation of a page to another language. Safari 14 was released as a standalone update to macOS Catalina and Mojave users on September 16, 2020. It added Ecosia as a supported search engine.

Safari 15
Safari 15 was released for macOS Big Sur and macOS Catalina on September 20, 2021, and later shipped with macOS Monterey. It featured a redesigned interface and tab groups that blended better into the background. There were also a new home page and extension supports on the iOS and iPadOS editions. Starting this update, Safari versions would support iOS and iPadOS, ending the iOS version of separate updates.

Safari 16
Safari 16 was released for iOS 16, macOS Monterey and macOS Big Sur on September 12, 2022, and later shipped with macOS Ventura and iPadOS 16. Safari 16 added support for non-animated AVIF and contains several bug fixes and feature polishing. Safari 16 also includes shared tab groups, website settings synchronisation between devices connected to a same iCloud account, the ability to add backgrounds for a start page, new languages for built-in translation, built-in image translation, new options to edit strong passwords… iOS 16.4 also introduced Web Push notifications.

Safari 17
Safari 17 was released in September 2023 with iOS 17, iPadOS 17 and macOS Sonoma. Safari 17 includes a new feature named "Profiles", that allows users to separate their browsing experience for different use cases. Every profile has a special favorites bar, navigation history, extensions, tab groups, and cookies. Just like iOS 16.4, Safari 17 introduces web apps that can be added to the dock. Cookies are copied into web apps so that users stay logged in the web app if they already are in Safari. Safari can also now read pages with a new option in the navigation bar menu.

New privacy features include locked private browsing when not in use, tracking-free URLs, private relay based on the country's location and time instead of general position.

Safari has also been adapted to Vision Pro with a new spatial UI, and Apple has redesigned the Develop menu for web developers.

Safari 17 added AV1 hardware decoding support for devices with hardware decoding support.

iOS versions

Safari Technology Preview
Safari Technology Preview was first released alongside OS X El Capitan 10.11.4. Safari Technology Preview releases include the latest version of WebKit, which included Web technologies in the future stable releases of Safari so that developers and users can install the Technology Preview release on a Mac, test those features, and provide feedback.

Safari Developer Program
The Safari Developer Program was a program dedicated to in-browser extension and HTML developers.
It allowed members to write and distribute extensions for the browser through the Safari Extensions Gallery. It was initially free until it was incorporated into the Apple Developer Program in WWDC 2015, which costs $99 a year. The charges prompted frustrations from developers. Within OS X El Capitan, Apple implemented the Secure Extension Distribution to further improve its security, and it automatically updated all extensions within the Safari Extensions Gallery.

Features
Until Safari 6.0, it included a built-in web feed aggregator that supported the RSS and Atom standards. Current features included Private Browsing (a mode in which the browser retains no record of information about the user's web activity), the ability to archive web content in WebArchive format, the ability to email complete web pages directly from a browser menu, the ability to search bookmarks, and the ability to share tabs between all Mac and iOS devices running appropriate versions of software via an iCloud account.

Web compatibility
Safari pioneered several now standard HTML5 features (such as the Canvas API) in its early years.

In 2015 it had been criticized for failing to keep pace with some modern web technologies.

Intelligent Tracking Prevention
In September 2017 Apple announced that it will use artificial intelligence (AI) to reduce the ability of advertisers to track Safari users as they browse the web. Cookies used for tracking will be allowed for 24 hours, then disabled, unless AI judges the user wants the cookie. Major advertising groups objected, saying it will reduce the free services supported by advertising, while other experts praised the change.

Plugin support
Apple used a remotely updated plug-in blacklist to prevent potentially dangerous or vulnerable plugins from running on Safari. Initially, Flash and Java contents were blocked on some early versions of Safari. Since Safari 12, support for NPAPI plugins (except for Flash) has been completely dropped.  Safari 14 finally dropped support for Adobe Flash Player.

WebExtension support
Beginning in 2018, Apple made technical changes to Safari's content blocking functionality which prompted backlash from users and developers of ad blocking extensions, who said the changes made it impossible to offer a similar level of user protection found in other browsers. Internally, the update limited the number of blocking rules which could be applied by third-party extensions, preventing the full implementation of community-developed blocklists. In response, several developers of popular ad and tracking blockers announced their products were being discontinued, as they were now incompatible with Safari's newly limited content blocking features.  Beginning with Safari 13, popular extensions such as uBlock Origin no longer work with Safari.

iCloud sync
Safari can sync bookmarks, history, reading list, and tabs through iCloud. This happens by default if a user's Mac, iPhone or iPad is logged in to iCloud, but syncing can be disabled in the Settings app (on iOS and iPadOS) or System Settings (on Mac).

iCloud Tabs lets users see a list of their other devices' open tabs that have not been added to a tab group. On iOS and iPadOS, these iCloud Tabs are shown below the grid of open tabs. On the Mac, they are shown at the bottom of the Tab Overview, or in an optional iCloud Tabs toolbar item.

Tab Groups
Safari 15 added tab groups. These tab groups, and the tabs they contain, are synced across devices; when a tab is opened in a tab group on one device, it is added to that tab group on all devices, without needing to manually open it through iCloud Tabs. macOS Ventura added Shared Tab Groups, which can be shared through iMessage. New tabs and closed tabs will sync for all participants, and a small thumbnail with users' profile pictures will be visible on the tab they are currently viewing.

Continuity
Safari supports the Handoff feature, which allows users to continue where they left off on another device.

Architecture
On macOS, Safari is a Cocoa application. It used Apple's WebKit for rendering web pages and running JavaScript. WebKit consisted of WebCore (based on Konqueror's KHTML engine) and JavaScriptCore (originally based on KDE's JavaScript engine, named KJS). Like KHTML and KJS, WebCore and JavaScriptCore were free software and were released under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License. Some Apple improvements to the KHTML code were merged back into the Konqueror project. Apple had also  released some additional codes under the open source 2-clause BSD-like license. The version of Safari included in Mac OS X v10.6 (and later versions) is compiled for 64-bit architecture. Apple claimed that running Safari in 64-bit mode would increase rendering speeds by up to 50%.

WebKit2 has a multiprocess API for WebKit, where the web-content is handled by a separate process than the application using WebKit. Apple announced WebKit2 in April 2010. Safari for OS X switched to the new API with version 5.1. Safari for iOS switched to WebKit2 with iOS 8.

Platforms

Mac

iOS/iPadOS
Safari for iPhone was well-received upon the original iPhone's 2007 release, with news outlets calling it "far superior" to other mobile browsers at the time.

Since the 2019 release of iPadOS, Safari for iPad's user agent was changed to present itself to websites as Safari for Mac and shows the desktop version of websites, except in the miniature Slide Over multitasking view. Apple improved multitouch compatibility for desktop websites through a number of tweaks to the WebKit engine, for example with heuristics to determine whether to translate a tap into a hover or a click. The iPadOS version also gained a download manager, support for Media Source Extensions to allow users to watch Netflix in Safari, and support for the custom keyboard shortcuts in web apps like Gmail, which override Safari's own keyboard shortcuts.

Apple has been criticized for anticompetitive practices related to Safari on iOS. Before iOS 14 (2020), users could not change their default browser, so links always opened in Safari. App Store rules still require all third-party iOS browsers to use Safari's WebKit browser engine, inheriting its limitations. Apple's stated motivation for this browser engine restriction was to increase security, an argument disputed by the UK's Competition and Markets Authority. The European Union's Digital Markets Act regulation, passed in 2022, requires Apple to allow alternative browser engines. In response, Google and Mozilla began porting their browser engines to iOS.

Windows
Safari for Windows was introduced at WWDC 2007.

After Safari's release, Apple Software Update—an updater program bundled with QuickTime and iTunes for Windows—automatically selected Safari for installation, as a "Recommended" program. When users ran the updater manually, the option to install Safari was checked by default. This was criticized by John Lilly, then-CEO of Mozilla, who said it "borders on malware distribution practices". By late 2008, Apple Software Update stopped installing new software by default, though it still offered Safari in its list of available programs (with its checkbox unticked).

Market share

In 2009, Safari had a market share of 3.85%. It remained stable in that rank for five years with market shares of 5.56% (2010), 7.41% (2011), 10.07% (2012), and 11.77% (2013). In 2014, it caught up with Firefox with a market share of 14.20%. In 2015, Safari became the second most-used web browser worldwide after Google Chrome, and had a market share of 13.01%. From 2015 to 2020, it occupied market shares of 14.02%, 14.86%, 14.69%, 17.68% and 19.25, respectively. , Google Chrome continued to be the most popular browser with Safari (19.22%) following behind in second place.

In May 2022, according to StatCounter, Apple's Safari dropped to the third most popular desktop browser after being overtaken by Microsoft's Edge. Safari was then used by 9.61 percent of desktop computers worldwide. One year later, Safari retook second place.

Criticism

Security updates for Snow Leopard and Windows
Software security firm Sophos detailed how Snow Leopard and Windows users were not supported by the Safari 6 release at the time, while there were over 121 vulnerabilities left unpatched on those platforms. Since then, Snow Leopard has had only three minor version releases (the most recent in September 2013), and Windows has had none. While no official word has been released by Apple, the indication is that these are the final versions available for these operating systems, and both retain significant security issues.

See also
 List of web browsers
 History of web browsers
 United States v. Google Inc. in which the FTC alleged that Google misrepresented privacy assurances to Safari users

References

External links

2003 software
 Apple Inc. software
 Companies' terms of service
Computer-related introductions in 2003
IOS
 IOS web browsers
 IOS-based software made by Apple Inc.
macOS web browsers
 Software based on WebKit
 Web browsers

Safari (web browser)