Alexandra Palace is a Grade II listed entertainment and sports venue in London, situated between Wood Green and Muswell Hill in the London Borough of Haringey. It is built on the site of Tottenham Wood and the later Tottenham Wood Farm. Originally built by John Johnson and Alfred Meeson, it opened in 1873 but following a fire two weeks after its opening, was rebuilt by Johnson. Intended as "The People's Palace" and often referred to as "Ally Pally", its purpose was to serve as a public centre of recreation, education and entertainment; North London's counterpart to the Crystal Palace in South London.

At first a private venture, in 1900, the owners planned to sell it and Alexandra Park for development. A group of neighbouring local authorities managed to acquire it. An Act of Parliament created the Alexandra Palace and Park Trust. The Act required the trustees to maintain the building and park and make them available for the free use and recreation of the public forever. The present trustee is the London Borough of Haringey, whose coat of arms shows lightning bolts depicting Alexandra Palace's pioneering role in the development of television.

In 1935, the trustees leased part of the Palace to the BBC for use as the production and transmission centre for their new television service. In 1936, it became the home of the BBC's first regular public television service. The broadcasting system was the 405-line monochrome analogue televisionthe first fully electronic television system to be used in regular broadcasting. Although other facilities soon superseded it after the war, Alexandra Palace continued to be used by the BBC for many years and its radio and television mast is still in use.

The original studios 'A' and 'B' still survive in the southeast wing with their producers' galleries and are used for exhibiting original historical television equipment. The original Victorian theatre with its stage machinery also survives and as of 2019, is back in use. The theatre and stage structure is on English Heritage's Buildings at Risk register. Alexandra Palace became a listed building in 1996, at the instigation of the Hornsey Historical Society.

A planned commercial development of the building into a mixed leisure complex including a hotel, replacement ice-skating rink, cinema, ten-pin bowling alley and exhibition centre, encountered opposition from public groups and was blocked by the High Court in 2007.

The Great Hall and West Hall are typically used for exhibitions, music concerts, and conferences, operated by the trading arm of the charitable trust that owns the building and park on behalf of the public. There is also a pub, ice rink, palm court, and a panoramic view of central London.

In 2013, Alexandra Park was declared a local nature reserve and is also a Site of Borough Importance for Nature Conservation, Grade 1.

The nearest railway stations are the Alexandra Palace with Great Northern services from Moorgate and London Underground station Wood Green on the Piccadilly line. Alexandra Palace is also served by London Buses route W3.

History

19th century
The "Palace of the People" was conceived by Owen Jones in 1859. The Great Northern Palace Company had been established by 1860, but was initially unable to raise financing for the construction of the Palace. Construction materials were acquired and recycled from the large 1862 International Exhibition building in South Kensington after it was demolished: the Government had declined to take it over. In 1863 Alexandra Park Co. Ltd. acquired the land of Tottenham Wood Farm for conversion to a park and to build the People's Palace, on a site that stands on a ridge more than  high, part of Muswell Hill. Alexandra Park was opened to the public on 23 July 1863.

The planned building was originally named "The Palace of the People"; it and its park were renamed to commemorate the popular new Princess of Wales, Alexandra of Denmark, who had married Prince Albert Edward on 10 March 1863. The Palace of the People, or the People's Palace, remained as alternative names. In September 1865, construction commenced but to a design by John Johnson and Alfred Meeson rather than the glass structure initially proposed by Jones.

In 1871, work started on the Edgware, Highgate and London Railway to connect the site to Highgate station. Work on both the railway and the Palace was completed in 1873 and, on 24 May of that year, Alexandra Palace and Park was opened. The structure covers some . The Palace was built by Kelk and Lucas, who also built the Royal Albert Hall in South Kensington at around the same time. Sims Reeves sang on the opening day before an audience of 102,000. Only 16 days later, Alexandra Palace was destroyed by a fire which also killed three members of staff. Only the outer walls survived; a loan exhibition of a collection of English pottery and porcelain, comprising some 4,700 items of historic and intrinsic value, was also destroyed.

The Palace was quickly rebuilt and reopened on 1 May 1875. The new Alexandra Palace contained a concert hall, art galleries, a museum, lecture hall, library, banqueting room and large theatre. The stage of the theatre incorporated machinery which enabled special effects for the pantomimes and melodramas then popular – artists could disappear, reappear and be propelled into the air. The theatre was also used for political meetings. An open-air swimming pool was constructed at the base of the hill in the surrounding park; it is long since closed and little trace remains except some reeds.

The grounds included a horse racing course with grandstand (named Alexandra Park Racecourse and nicknamed the "Frying Pan" and the "Pan Handle" because of its layout), which was London's only racecourse from 1868 until its closure in 1970, a Japanese village, a switchback ride, a boating lake and a 9-hole pitch-and-putt golf course. Alexandra Park cricket and football clubs have also played within the grounds (in the middle of the old racecourse) since 1888. A Henry Willis organ installed in 1875, vandalised in 1918 and restored and reopened in 1929, survives. In its 1929 restored form, Willis's masterpiece was declared by Marcel Dupré to be the finest concert organ in Europe.

20th century

In 1900, the owners of Alexandra Palace and Park were threatening to sell them for redevelopment, but a consortium of public-spirited men in the district, headed by Mr. Henry Burt JP, a member of the Middlesex County Council and of Hornsey District Council, at once embraced the opportunity of securing the Palace and the beautiful grounds for the people of London. A committee was formed by Burt and the consortium managed to raise enough money to purchase them just in time. By the Alexandra Park and Palace (Public Purposes) Act 1900, a charitable trust was created; representatives of the purchasing local authorities became the trustees with the duty to keep both building and park "available for the free use and recreation of the public forever".

In 1921 a plaque was erected at the entrance of the south terrace in honour of Burt. The Palace passed into the hands of the Greater London Council in 1967, with the proviso that it should be used entirely for charitable purposes, and their trusteeship was transferred to Haringey council in 1980.

During the First World War the park was closed and the Palace and grounds were first used as refugee camp for displaced Belgians, and then later from 1915 to 1919 as an internment camp for German and Austrian civilians. The camp commandant was Lt. Col. R. S. F. Walker until his death in May 1917.

The theatre was greatly altered in the early 1920s, with the general manager, W. J. MacQueen-Pope, spending the war reparation money on refurbishing the auditorium. He abandoned the understage machinery that produced the effects necessary in Victorian melodrama; some of the machinery is preserved, and there is a project to restore some of it to working order. After these changes, the theatre was leased by Archie Pitt, then husband of Gracie Fields, who appeared in the theatre. Fields also drew an audience of 5,000 people to the hall for a charity event.

In 1935, the trustees leased part of the Palace to the BBC for use as the production and transmission centre for their new BBC Television service. The antenna was designed by Charles Samuel Franklin of the Marconi Company. The world's first public broadcasts of (then) "high-definition" television were made from Alexandra Palace in November 1936, an event which is alluded to by the rays in the modern coat of arms of the London Borough of Haringey. Two competing systems, Marconi-EMI's 405-line system and John Logie Baird's 240-line system, were installed, each with its own broadcast studio and were transmitted on alternate weeks until the 405-line system was chosen in 1937. After the BBC leased the eastern part of the Palace the theatre was only used for props storage space.

The Palace continued as the BBC's main transmitting centre for London until 1956, interrupted only by the Second World War when the transmitter found an alternative use jamming German bombers' navigation systems. In 1944, a German doodlebug exploded just outside the organ end of the Great Hall and the Rose Window was blown in, leaving the organ exposed to the elements. In 1947 some of the pieces of the shattered rose window were incorporated in a new design by architect E.T. Spashett during renovation of bomb-damaged public buildings by the Ministry of Works. During the 1940s and 1950s the Palace also housed a public roller-skating rink and the Alexandra Palace Roller Skating Club.

In the early 1960s, an outside broadcast was made from the top of the tower, in which the first passage of a satellite across the London sky was watched and described. It continued to be used for BBC News broadcasts until 1969, and for the Open University until 1981. The antenna mast still stands and is used for local terrestrial television transmission, local commercial radio and DAB broadcasts. The main London television transmitter is now at Crystal Palace in south London.

Early in 1980, Haringey council took over the trusteeship of Alexandra Palace from the GLC, insuring it for £31 million, intending to refurbish the building but just six months later, during Capital Radio's Jazz Festival, a fire started under the organ and quickly spread. It destroyed half the building. Again the outer walls survived and the eastern parts, including the theatre and the BBC Television studios and aerial mast, were saved. Parts of the famous organ were destroyed, though it had been dismantled for repairs so some parts (including nearly all the pipework) were away from the building in store. Some of the damage to the Palace was repaired immediately but Haringey council overspent on the restoration, creating a £30 million deficit. It was then reopened to the public in 1988 under a new management team headed by Louis Bizat. Later the council was heavily criticised for the overspend in a report by Project Management International.

In 1991, the attorney-general stated that the overspending by the council as trustee was unlawful and so could not be charged to the charity. The council for some years did not accept this politically embarrassing finding and instead maintained that the charity "owed" the council £30 million, charged compound interest on what it termed a "debt" (which eventually rose to a claim of some £60 million), and to recoup it tried to offer the whole palace for sale.

An ice rink was installed at Alexandra Palace in 1990. Primarily intended for public skating, it has also housed ice hockey teams including the Haringey Racers, the Haringey Greyhounds, the London Racers and now the Haringey Huskies, as well as a figure skating club, the Alexandra Palace Amateur Ice Skating Club.

21st century

In June 2004, the first performances for about 70 years took place in the theatre, first in its foyer then in July in the theatre itself. Although conditions were far from ideal, the audience was able to see the potential of this very large space – originally seating 3,000, it could not be licensed for more than a couple of hundred. It was intended that the theatre would reopen, but much costly restoration would be required first. It will never again reach a seating capacity of 3,000 (not least because one balcony was removed in the early part of the 20th century as a fire precaution, when films started to be shown there). A major season of the theatre company Complicite was planned for 2005 but the project, which would have included some repair and access work, was cancelled due to higher-than-anticipated costs.

Plans by the current trustees, Haringey Council, to replace all the charitable uses by commercial ones by a commercial lease of the entire building, including a casino, encountered considerable public and legal opposition, and on 5 October 2007, in the High Court, Mr. Justice Sullivan granted an application by Jacob O'Callaghan, a London resident, to quash the Charity Commission's order authorising a 125-year lease of the entire building to Firoka Ltd.

In September 2009, Alexandra Palace main hall was allowed 2000 more occupation, up to 10,250 ("still saddled by a £37 million debt it owes its guardian, Haringey Council").

A masterplan for the future of the site was drawn up in 2012, comprising six 'big ideas' to restore and redevelop the Palace. The first of these to be implemented aims to transform the derelict eastern end of the Palace, making accessible the Victorian theatre and historic BBC Studios. In 2013 the Heritage Lottery Fund awarded a Round 1 pass to develop the proposals, creating a new entrance in the restored East Court, re-establishing the theatre as a flexible performance space and re-opening the BBC Studios as a visitor attraction. There was controversy regarding plans to demolish the brick infills in the colonnade on the south-east face of the building, which the BBC constructed after 1936 to form their television studios within. Following a public consultation and advice from English Heritage, Planning and Listed Building Consent was given for the proposals and in March 2015 HLF awarded Round 2 major grant funding securing a positive future for the historic areas.

In 2018, Feilden Clegg Bradley Studios made a £27m refurbishment of the long-abandoned Alexandra Palace theatre and east wing.

In 2018 it was announced that the Theatre would open for a BBC Proms performance on 1 September before officially reopening to the public on 1 December 2018 following the completion of the East Wing Restoration Project by the contractor Willmott Dixon. The opening programme included performances from Dylan Moran, Horrible Histories, Gilbert & George, Gareth Malone and an evening of jazz presented by Ronnie Scott's.

During the coronavirus pandemic, Alexandra Palace was used as a food distribution hub by Edible London for local residents.

Notable events

Recurring
Alexandra Palace has hosted a number of significant events over the course of its history. Recurring events held there include the Great British Beer Festival (1977–1980), the Brit Awards (1993–1995), the PDC World Darts Championship (2008–present) and the Masters snooker tournament (2012–2020 and 2022-2024).

In November every year, a large fireworks display is scheduled there as part of London's Bonfire Night celebrations.

1960s
The Observer'''s Wildlife Exhibition held here in 1963 was an important early event in highlighting awareness of worldwide endangered species, and it gained a large attendance (46,000).

In April 1967, a benefit event took place at the Palace. The 14 Hour Technicolor Dream, organised by the International Times, demonstrated the importance of the quickly developing Underground scene. Although venues such as the UFO Club were hosting counter-cultural bands, this was certainly the largest indoor event at the time. Performers included headlining act Pink Floyd as well as the Pretty Things, Savoy Brown, the Crazy World of Arthur Brown, Soft Machine, The Purple Gang, The Move and Sam Gopal's Dream (featuring Sam Gopal, Mick Hutchinson and Pete Sears). John Lennon attended, and Yoko Ono (who was soon to become Lennon's new romantic partner) presented her performance work "Cut Piece".

1970s

In 1970, Italian director Lucio Fulci filmed an important segment of his giallo film A Lizard in a Woman's Skin here. Alexandra Palace posed as a disused church. The rock band Led Zeppelin played at Alexandra Palace's Grand Hall in two sell out performances on the evenings of the 22/23 December 1972. Their concert tickets were priced at £1 each for the two-hour-long gig and were uniquely made available from specific Harlequin Record Shops within Central London.

In 1973, the Divine Light Mission held a "Festival of Love" there. Also in 1973, British rock band Wishbone Ash played a Christmas concert at the Palace, billed as "Christmas at the Palace".

The American band Grateful Dead played a series of three shows there between 9 and 11 September 1974 and a recording of portions of all three shows was released as part of the Dick's Picks series in March 1997.

The Campaign for Real Ale held the Great British Beer Festival there from 1977 to 1980 (the 1980 edition taking place in tents outside the fire-damaged Alexandra Palace). On the afternoon of 10 July 1980 (an accidental) fire destroyed the Great Hall, Banqueting Suite, Dressing Rooms and Ice Rink during contractors routine repairs and maintenance.

From 27 July to 5 August, The London Music Festival '73 was held here. It claimed to be the biggest indoor rock festival ever staged.

1980s
After the fire, the burnt-out shell of the great hall of Alexandra Palace was used as Victory Square in Michael Radford's 1984 film adaptation of George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four.

The Sinclair C5 battery electric vehicle was launched at the Palace in January 1985, one week after the closure of the 405-line television system that was inaugurated there 49 years earlier.

In November 1989, the Stone Roses played their first major gig in the South of England at Alexandra Palace, notable particularly as the band sold the venue out before being featured significantly in the music press or making any national television appearances.

1990s
Hugh Cornwell played his last performance with the Stranglers at Alexandra Palace in August 1990. This would be documented with the Saturday Night, Sunday Morning album and video.

Blur performed a major concert at the venue in October 1994 to promote their album Parklife. The recording of the concert was released on video in February 1995 with the title Showtime and used as the basis for the video for the band's song "End of a Century".

From 1993 to 1995, the Brit Awards were hosted at Alexandra Palace. In November 1996 it was the venue for the annual MTV Europe Music Awards.

In 1996, the Palace hosted the inaugural London Model Engineering Exhibition which continued each year until 2021 when it was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

2000s
In April 2000, the funeral service of the Labour MP Bernie Grant took place at the Palace. An estimated 3,000 people attended.

The fourth Mind Sports Olympiad was held at Alexandra Palace in August 2000, with more than 4,000 competitors from around the world taking part in mind sports.

In December 2002, The Miss World 2002 pageant was staged in the venue at short notice, having originally been scheduled for Abuja, Nigeria.

In June 2007, a Hackday event was hosted at Alexandra Palace by the BBC and Yahoo! During the event, the building was struck by lightning, causing the fire vents to open (and then get stuck open), and it rained inside the building.

Since December 2007, Alexandra Palace has hosted the PDC World Darts Championship, following 14 years from December 1993 to January 2007 of the tournament being held at the Circus Tavern in Purfleet, Essex. The Palace was previously home to the News of the World Darts Championship between 1963 and 1977.

April 2008 saw the relaunch of the regular antiques fairs, now held four times a year, organised by International Antiques & Collectors Fairs (IACF).

2010s

The band Portishead hosted one of two All Tomorrow's Parties festivals titled I'll Be Your Mirror in July 2011 at Alexandra Palace. The 50th anniversary programme of Songs of Praise was recorded there in September 2011 and broadcast the following month.

Since 2012, it is the venue for the Masters snooker tournament, held every January. The only year it was not held at the venue was 2021 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

During the 2012 Summer Olympics it served as the official hospitality venue for the Dutch Olympic team.

In November 2012, it was the venue for the annual Warped Tour, a music and extreme sports festival.

Alexandra Palace continues to be a prolific and high-profile music venue attracting internationally renowned artists. Suede appeared in March 2013, playing one of the first dates in support of Bloodsports, their first new album in more than a decade. In September 2013, Björk performed one of the final concerts of her Biophilia Tour. The show was the last concert to be held "in the round", a format which characterised the tour, and the first to be performed in this way at Alexandra Palace. The eclectic programming has included in 2015, Florence and the Machine playing 4 dates of their How Big, How Blue, How Beautiful Tour in the Palace as well as in 2016 alone, heavy metal band Slipknot, Drum & Bass DJ Andy C and the Last Shadow Puppets; with sell out shows by Twenty One Pilots and Panic at the Disco.

The bootcamp stage for series 13 of The X Factor was filmed at the Alexandra Palace from 6 to 8 July 2016.

2020s
In June 2020, Nick Cave recorded the live album and concert film Idiot Prayer in the West Hall. On the record, he performs songs from throughout his career solo on the piano.

On 18 April 2021, London Grammar performed their third album, Californian Soil'', live at Alexandra Palace.

The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge presented the Earthshot Prizes, with many celebrity guests, at Alexandra Palace on 17 October 2021.

Fontaines D.C. performed the last show of their 2021 UK tour at Alexandra Palace on 27 October 2021.

On 19 May 2022, Charli XCX took to the stage for her largest show to date, midway through her Europe and North American tour: Crash the Live Tour.

On 5 March 2023, Pendulum performed a stand alone sold out show after a last minute venue change from the Brixton Academy following a crush at a previous gig.

Notes and references

External links

ALEXANDRA PARK AND PALACE CHARITABLE TRUST 2016 ANNUAL REVIEW Charity Commission for England and Wales

Alexandra Palace (Victorian London)
Alexandra Palace theatrestrust.org.uk
Pictures and Information About Alexandra Palace History
Alexandra Palace – West Corridor Murals   History of the Peoples Palace

Society
Save Ally Pally  : campaign to maintain the charitable status for the public
Hornsey Historical Society
Friends of Alexandra Park
Friends of Alexandra Palace Theatre

Television
Alexandra Palace Television Society
BBC Television at Alexandra Palace
History of early BBC TV broadcasts, with photos – 9 July 2003

Structures on the Heritage at Risk register in London
History of the London Borough of Haringey
History of Middlesex
Middlesex
Former buildings and structures in the London Borough of Haringey
Music venues in London
Television studios in London
Media and communications in the London Borough of Haringey
Exhibition and conference centres in London
History of television in the United Kingdom
BBC Television
BBC offices, studios and buildings
Indoor ice hockey venues in England
Grade II listed buildings in the London Borough of Haringey
Darts venues
Snooker venues
Palaces in London
Grade II listed palaces
Tourist attractions in the London Borough of Haringey
Badminton venues
Rebuilt buildings and structures in the United Kingdom
John Johnson buildings

Alexandra Palace


The  is a Japanese aristocratic family of samurai origins that originated on the Tanegashima Island, just south of Kyūshū. From the late Sengoku era to the start of the Meiji era, the Tanegashima were retainers of the Shimazu clan of the Satsuma Domain. In 1900, they were appointed Baron.

Origin
The Tanegashima clan claims Taira ancestry. According to the family genealogy, its founder Nobumoto (信基) was a great-grandson of Taira no Kiyomori. Surviving the Genpei War (1180–1185), he was adopted by Hōjō Tokimasa, changed his name to Tokinobu (時信) and was given the island of Tanegashima at the beginning of the Kamakura period. However, this story is considered unhistorical because no contemporary source supports it.

The actual origin of the Tanegashima clan was the Higo clan. In 1203, Hōjō Tomotoki, the founder of the Nagoe branch of the Hōjō clan, was appointed as a jitō or land steward of the estate of Shimazu, which covered Tanegashima Island. Since the Nagoe family resided in Kamakura, the Higo clan was sent to the estate to rule it on behalf of the Nagoe family. Some members of the Higo clan seem to have spread to Tanegashima. The Higo clan made itself autonomous in Tanegashima after the Hōjō clan was annihilated. During the Nanboku-chō period, it began to claim the clan name of Tanegashima, which implied the ownership of the island.

Semi-autonomy
During the Nanboku-chō period, the Tanegashima clan began to contact with the Shimazu clan, who had gained the position of the shugo or governor of Satsuma, Ōsumi and Hyūga Provinces. Shimazu long suffered from internal struggles and faced resistance from local rulers. The Tanegashima clan enjoyed a high degree of autonomy until Shimazu unified southern Kyūshū in the late 16th century.

Shimazu ceded control of various southern islands to Tanegashima. In 1409, Higo (Tanegashima) Kiyotoki was given the islands of Yaku and Kuchierabu by Shimazu Motohisa, the head of the Ōshū branch of the Shimazu clan, who rivaled the Sōshū branch family. In 1424, however, Tanegashima was forced to give Kuchierabu back to the Ōshū family although it regained the island three years later. In the 1420s, the Ōshū family gave the Upper Three Islands (Kuroshima, Iōjima and Takeshima) to the Tanegashima clan. Around 1430, however, they were recaptured by Shimazu. In 1436, Shimazu Mochihisa, the head of Sasshū, another branch family, gave Kiyotoki's son Hatatoki two of the Seven Islands, which are identified as Gaja and Taira Islands.

The Tanegashima clan established firm control over Yakushima, which was known for forestry. In 1524 Tanegashima Tadatoki built two fortresses on Yakushima. In 1543, Tadatoki's son Shigetoki was attacked by Nejime Shigetake, a ruler of Ōsumi Province, and fled to Tanegashima. Shigetoki handed over Yakushima to Nejime but restored it by force the following near. Tanegashima continued to battle against Nejime until 1572.

Trade
Tanegashima Tokiuji, Tadatoki's father, established a channel of communication to Kinai (central Japan). In the 1460s the population of Tanegashima, Yakushima and Kuchierabu converted en masse to the Hokke sect of Nichiren Buddhism. This established a firm link to Honnō-ji of Kyoto and Honkōji of Settsu Province, the sect's strongholds. Historical sources show that gifts dedicated to Honnō-ji by Tanegashima Tokiuji included Chinese and South Asian products such as silk fabric and pepper. In addition to Buddhist monks, craftsmen were moved from Kinai to Tanegashima. The heads of the Tanegashima clan personally visited Kinai and developed a network of contacts. Using this network, Tanegashima Shigetoki served as an intermediary between the imperial court and the Sōshū branch of the Shimazu clan, who later re-unified the Shimazu clan.

Tanegashima Island functioned as a relay station of one of the main routes of Chinese trade that connected Sakai to Ningbo. The Tanegashima clan cooperated with the Hosokawa clan, one of two powers who controlled Chinese trade. Tanegashima also engaged in trade with Okinawa-centered kingdom of Ryūkyū, which is attested by some letters given to Tanegashima by Ryūkyū in the 16th century. It is known that Japanese trade ships to Ming China exported Southeast Asian products such as pepper and sappanwood. They were probably obtained by the Tanegashima clan via Ryūkyū. Historians draw attention to a letter given to Ryūkyū by the Ōuchi clan in 1542, which requested Ryūkyū to detain Tanegashima's ships. The Ōuchi clan, who rivaled the Hosokawa clan in Chinese trade, seems to have intended to bar Hosokawa from trade.

Tanegashima is traditionally known as the site of the introduction of European firearms to Japan although this account is frequently questioned by historians. It is said that firearms were introduced in 1543 by the Portuguese who drifted to Tanegashima. The Tanegashima clan, led by its 15 year old daimyō Tanegashima Tokitaka, quickly acquired the methods of producing firearms and gunpowder. Due to Tanegashima's role in the spread of firearms, firearms were colloquially known as "Tanegashima" in Japan.

Vassalage to Shimazu
Although Tanegashima had long enjoyed semi-autonomy, the newly unified Shimazu clan gradually tightened control over the clan. In 1582, Tanegashima's trade with Ryūkyū was put under control of Shimazu. Shimazu also forbade Tanegashima from selling lumber to the rulers of Kyūshū except Shimazu.

After subjugating Shimazu, Toyotomi Hideyoshi finalized Tanegashima's vassalage to Shimazu. In 1595, the Tanegashima clan was moved from its medieval homeland to Chiran, Satsuma Province. Although Tanegashima was given back to the Tanegashima clan in 1599, the islands of Yaku and Kuchierabu remained under Shimazu's direct rule. In 1598, Tanegashima Hisatoki was appointed as karō or top-ranking official. This family rank was maintained throughout the Edo period. When Hisatoki died in 1612 leaving his successor in the mother's womb, Shimazu intervened in Tanegashima's governance, making it a dutiful subject.

The 24th head Hisamichi (久道) died in 1829 without male issue. His widow Shōjuin, who was a daughter of Shimazu Narinobu and a sister of Shimazu Narioki, administered Tanegashima for 15 years. In 1842 Tanegashima finally adopted Hisamichi (久珍) from the Shimazu clan.

The 27th head Moritoki was made a baron in 1900. As of 2012, Tanegashima Tokikuni served as the 29th head of the clan.

Footnotes

External links
Information on the Tanegashima clan (in Japanese)

Japanese clans
History of Kagoshima Prefecture
Samurai
Taira clan

Tanegashima clan


Informationist poetry was a literary movement of the 1990s in Scotland.  The poets usually associated with this movement are: Richard Price – who coined the term in 1991 in the magazine Interference – Robert Crawford, W. N. Herbert, David Kinloch, Peter McCarey and Alan Riach.

The anthology Contraflow on the SuperHighway  (Southfields, 1994), edited by Price and Herbert, set the parameters for the movement; Vennel Press published collections by the Informationists; and the magazines Verse, Gairfish and Southfields addressed Informationist concerns. Iain Bamforth, Kathleen Jamie, Alison Kermack and Don Paterson, though not included in the anthology, are referenced in Price's introduction as contemporaries with similar interests and aesthetics.

One of the features of Informationist poetry is its engagement with and deliberate mixing of different linguistic registers, and the interrogation of language's power-bearing qualities in the process. Informationism can be seen as a descendant of Oulipo for its creative use of rules-based procedures, notably in the work of Peter McCarey's monumental Syllabary project, which attempts a poem for every spoken syllable in the English language, randomising the presentation on its dedicated website. All the poets are also translators of poetry and internationalism and translation itself are arguably themes in their work.

Informationism can also be fruitfully grouped with the later flarf movement as both explore technological innovation, jargons of various kinds and the interconnectedness of the "information society" in an often irreverent and perhaps subversive mode. However, the combination of lyric and experimental aesthetics probably bears better comparison with American Hybrid poets such as Peter Gizzi and Harryette Mullen (after the anthology edited by Cole Swensen and David St. John in 2009). The twentieth-century poets Hugh MacDiarmid and Edwin Morgan were particularly influential on the Informationists.

In 2013 and 2014, Kinloch, McCarey and Price toured with Iain Bamforth as Informationists in "The Last Men on Mercury" tour, reading in Manchester, London, Geneva, Strasbourg and Glasgow.

External links
 Note on origins of Informationist poetry
 Overview of the Informationists
 Poetry in the Age of IT: Informationist Poetry Since the 1990s
 Richard Price Looks Back at Informationism in 2012
 The Syllabary

Poetry movements
Scottish literary movements
British literary movements
20th-century British literature

Informationist poetry


Aileen Pringle (born Aileen Bisbee; July 23, 1895 – December 16, 1989) was an American stage and film actress during the silent film era.

Biography

Early life
Born into a prominent and wealthy San Francisco family and educated in Europe, Pringle began her acting career shortly after her 1916 marriage to Charles McKenzie Pringle, the son of a wealthy titled British Jamaican landowner and a member of the Privy and Legislative Councils of Jamaica.

Career rise
Many of Pringle's early roles were only modestly successful, and she continued to build her career until the early 1920s. One of Pringle's first high-profile roles was in the Rudolph Valentino film Stolen Moments (1920).  She was selected by friend and romance novelist Elinor Glyn to star in the 1924 film adaptation of her novel Three Weeks with matinee idol Conrad Nagel. The role catapulted Pringle into leading-lady status and her career began to build momentum.

Later career

Pringle's acting career continued throughout the early 1920s, however, she allegedly was disliked by many of her co-workers for her allegedly haughty and dismissive behavior. She was prone to make witty, sometimes caustic, comments on Hollywood and her fellow actors. During a romantic scene in Three Weeks, in which actor Conrad Nagel carried her in his arms to the bedroom, lip readers saw her say: "If you drop me, you bastard, I'll break your neck". Pringle's apparent disdain for her profession began to hurt her career.and by the late 1920s her roles became fewer.

During the late silent and early period of talking pictures, Pringle co-starred in a series of light films with actor Lew Cody, including Adam and Evil (1927), Tea for Three (1927), Wickedness Preferred (1928), The Baby Cyclone (1928), Beau Broadway (1928), A Single Man (1929) and By Appointment Only (1933). Of Pringle's performance in Adam and Evil, Mourdant Hall in the August 9, 1927 edition of The New York Times wrote, "Evelyn Trevelyn, the Eve of this tale, is alluded to by Ralph Spence is (sic) one of the titles as a "spare rib." She is impersonated by Aileen Pringle and therefore is an asset to the scenes."

Although disliked by some Hollywood insiders, Aileen Pringle often was dubbed by the press as the "Darling of the Intelligentsia" because of her close friendship with such literary figures as Carl Van Vechten, Joseph Hergesheimer, Rupert Hughes, and H.L. Mencken who became a lifelong friend of the actress. She brokered the meeting of Mencken and Valentino, of which Mencken wrote an account, some weeks after Valentino had died. Mencken does not name her but describes her as "discreet as she is charming." Ralph Barton, American artist, was also a devoted friend and used her as the model for Dorothy in his illustrations for Gentlemen Prefer Blondes by Anita Loos.
Another admirer was George Gershwin who met her in Hollywood and wrote much of the Second Rhapsody at her Santa Monica, California, home. Her wit, keen intellect and sparkling personality made her a sought-after companion.

After her 1926 divorce from Charles Pringle, Aileen Pringle further focused on her acting career, including Dream of Love (1928) with Joan Crawford and Wall Street (1929) co-starring Ralph Ince, brother of Thomas Ince. However, with the advent of sound film, the studios heavily began promoting a new crop of starlets and Pringle's career faded.

During the sound era, she continued to take small parts in major films and even uncredited roles. In 1944 Pringle married the author James M. Cain, but the union lasted only two years and ended in divorce. By the late 1940s, Pringle retired from the screen and lived a wealthy retirement in New York City, where she died in 1989 at the age of 94.

For her contribution to the motion picture industry, Aileen Pringle was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6723 Hollywood Blvd. in Los Angeles, California.

Filmography

References
Notes

Bibliography
 Kenneth Anger, "Hollywood Babylon", San Francisco California: Straight Arrow Books, 1975.
 "Films In Review", October 1979, Vol.XXX No.8. Article on Aileen Pringle by De Witt Bodeen. ISSN 0015-1688.
 "Films In Review", March 1990, Vol.XLI No.3. Article on Aileen Pringle by Stuart Oderman. ISSN 0015-1688
Rodgers, Marion Elizabeth (2005) Mencken: The American Iconoclast. Oxford University Press.
Bruce Kellner. The Last Dandy: Ralph Barton, American Artist, 1891-1931. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1991.

External links

Aileen Pringle at Silent Ladies & Gents
Aileen Pringle Papers. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
Aileen Pringle at Virtual History

American film actresses
American silent film actresses
Actresses from San Francisco
1895 births
1989 deaths
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
20th-century American actresses

Aileen Pringle


Stephen J. Shoemaker is an American scholar, specialising in ancient and early medieval Christianity and early Islam. He serves as a professor of religious studies at the University of Oregon. His work has focused on early devotion to the Virgin Mary, Christian Apocrypha and formative Islam and its relationship with Near Eastern Christianity. Shoemaker received his Ph.D. from Duke University.

Bibliography

 The Ancient Traditions of the Virgin Mary's Dormition and Assumption (Oxford University Press, 2002)
 The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011)
 Mary in Early Christian Faith and Devotion (Yale University Press, 2016)
 The Apocalypse of Empire: Imperial Eschatology in Late Antiquity and Early Islam (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018)
 The Dormition and Assumption Apocrypha (Peeters Publishers, 2018)
 A Prophet Has Appeared: The Rise of Islam through Christian and Jewish Eyes (University of California Press, 2021)
 Creating the Qur'an: A Historical-Critical Study (University of California Press, 2022)

References

American science writers
American scholars of Islam
University of Oregon faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Stephen J. Shoemaker


Paula Patricia Heredia Suarez (born October 13, 1957 in San Salvador, El Salvador) is a filmmaker based in New York City. She is the daughter of radio and television pioneer Leonardo Heredia and writer and journalist, Mercedes Suarez.

Career
Since 1987, Heredia has worked in New York as a director and film editor of documentaries. In 1996 she was awarded with an ACE-EDDIE  (American Cinema Editors Award) for her work on the documentary film Unzipped a documentary portraying fashion designer Isaac Mizrahi. In 2001 she joined the producing team of HBO's film In Memoriam, NYC 9/11/01 for which she was awarded a Primetime Emmy for Outstanding Picture Editing For Non-Fiction Programming.

In 2005, with partner and husband Larry Garvin, she founded Heredia Pictures, LLC, which produced Africa Rising, a film about the work of five activists leading a grassroots movement of end female genital mutilation in Africa. Heredia Pictures is currently producing Slavery and the Law.

Heredia keeps close ties with her country of origin, El Salvador and in 1996 she founded a non-profit organization, Clementina, Inc. with programs promoting education, culture and international exchange based in the small town of Suchitoto. Her flagship program is Cinema Digital, a program that teaches local youth the aesthetics and technology of how to make films with digital technology.

Under her direction, in 2006 Cinema Digital produced the short film La Pajara Pinta. This film was the result of a four years engagement with the children, parents and teachers of El Limon, a small mountain community in El Salvador. Currently, with the trainees of Cinema Digital, Heredia is in production of Alborada, which is slated to be released in 2011.

Heredia heads the international committee of New York Women in Film and Television, serves on the board of advisors of Robert De Niro Tribeca Film Institute's All Access, serves on the board of directors of Clementina, Inc.

In 2005, she was chosen for the book: The Art of the Documentary by Megan Cunningham, which features Heredia's work and her creative process.

Personal life
Heredia grew up in El Salvador, Honduras and Costa Rica.  She studied fine arts at the University of Costa Rica and filmmaking at NYU and has an Arts and Film degree from the State University of New York Empire State College. In 1985 she married Larry Garvin, a writer and business manager who was born in Argentina and raised in Venezuela, Chile and New York. Garvin and Heredia divide their work between Suchitoto, El Salvador and New York City.

References

 https://web.archive.org/web/20110615235318/http://www.elsalvador.org/Embajadas/eeuu/Prensa2.nsf/aac7d56ca8fd884b852563be00610639/ddcdea1596a0293b85256ed80047bae6?OpenDocument
 https://web.archive.org/web/20100630152019/http://casaclementina.org/ABOUT%20US%20-%20Nosotros.html
 https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0378870/bio
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110615235436/http://www.elsalvador.org/embajadas/eeuu/home.nsf/58dea9e924511c7a85256af8005907a1/3e9dd3fa22dc4a7885256c0f005e3d5f?OpenDocument
 https://web.archive.org/web/20100626081454/http://archivo.elfaro.net/secciones/Noticias/20050221/Platicas1_20050221.asp

1957 births
Living people
People from San Salvador
Artists from New York City
University of Costa Rica alumni
Empire State College alumni
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
Film directors from New York City

Paula Heredia


Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales (19 February 1594 – 6 November 1612) was the oldest son of King James I & VI and Anne of Denmark. His name comes from grandfathers Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley and Frederick II of Denmark.

Prince Henry was widely seen as a bright heir to his father's throne. However, he died before his father because of typhoid fever. Because of this, the English and Scottish thrones' power went to his younger brother Charles.

Several places in Virginia Colony were named in honor of Prince Henry before and after his death.

Early life
He was born at Stirling Castle and became Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland when he was born. His father made Alexander Erskine, Earl of Mar, take care of him. He did not let his mother take care of him. This was because James worried that the mother's slight liking for Catholicism might have some effect on the son. Although this made lots of fights between Anne and James, Henry was kept under the care of Mar's family until 1603. This was when James became King of England and his family moved south.

Sir George Lauder of The Bass was his teacher until he went to England. Sir George was a Privy Counsellor – described as the King's "familiar councillor" – and he was also taught in music by Alfonso Ferrabosco the younger.

References

House of Stuart
1594 births
1612 deaths
Deaths from typhoid fever

Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales


The Vologne () is a river of the Vosges department in France. It is a right tributary of the Moselle. Its source is in the Vosges Mountains, on the northwestern slope of the Hohneck. It flows through the lakes of Retournemer and Longemer, and passes the villages of Xonrupt-Longemer, Granges-sur-Vologne, Lépanges-sur-Vologne and Docelles, finally flowing into the Moselle in Pouxeux.

Geography
The source of the Vologne is within the Jardin d'altitude du Haut Chitelet.
It flows through the lake of Retournemer and Lac de Longemer before receiving the Jamagne, a spillway of Lac de Gérardmer. It flows by Granges-sur-Vologne, receives the Corbeline, the Neuné (south of Bruyères) and the Barba at Docelles, then flows into the Moselle at Jarménil, 10 km upstream of Épinal. It is  long and its drainage basin has an area of .

Tributaries

Hydrology
The Vologne is a substantial river, as a result of its neighbours in the region of the Vosges Mountains. Its flow rate has been observed for a period of 40 years at Cheniménil, a locality in the Vosges department situated slightly before its confluence with the Moselle. The river's watershed at that point is , almost the entire watershed, which is .

The interannual mean flow rate, or discharge of the Vologne at Cheniménil is .

The Vologne exhibits quite marked seasonal variations in flow rate, as is often seen in Eastern France, with winter–spring high water bringing the monthly flow rate to a level between  from November to April inclusive with a maximum in February. The low water for July to September brings the average monthly flow rate down to  in August. Nonetheless these are only averages and there are significant fluctuations over short times.

At low water, the 3-year low instantaneous flow rate can drop to  in the case of a dry five-year period, which is low but normal for Eastern French regions.

Flooding of the Vologne can also be significant. Thus the maximum instantaneous flow rate recorded was  on 9 April 1983, while the maximum daily average flow rate was  the following day. The instantaneous maximal flowrate 2 (IMFR2) and IMFR5 metrics were  respectively. The IMFR10, or flow rate calculated from the 10-year flood, is , the IMFR20 is  and the IMFR50 was . These values are of the order of a fifth of those of the Meurthe, and thus comparable when one takes into account the respective extents of their watersheds. It also appears from this that the floods of April 19 discussed above were of the order of 50-year floods, i.e. which might be expected to occur twice per century.

The Vologne is a very substantial river despite the relative smallness of its basin. The rainfall of the Vosges region which feeds it is also very significant. The runoff curve number in its watershed is  annually, which is very high, almost three times the ensemble average over France, and almost twice the French basin of the Moselle,  at Hauconcourt. The specific flow rate reaches 27.4 litres per second per square kilometre of basin.

Water quality
In 2006, the Rhine-Meuse water agency assigned the Vologne's water analysed at the level of Jarménil, a quality rating of 1B, or "bonne" (good) during each of the years in the 10-year period 1997–2006, except in 2002, when the river achieved level 1A, or "très bonne" (very good). In 2006 a slightly excessive level of ammonium (NH+) ions were observed, but with an oxygen saturation of 79 percent (or 7.9 mg/L) the oxygenation was sufficient.

History and economy

Until the beginning of the 20th century, the famous "pearls of the Vologne" were harvested. Their harvest is attested from the 16th century. The pearls, rather small, were prized by the bourgeoisie and the nobility up until the 19th century, at which time their rarity caused interest to wane. Pearl fishing was regulated and overseen by "gardes-perles" watchers. The name of lordly residence which dominates Cheniménil, the Château sur Perle, refers to the old pearl industry.

The molluscs which produce these pearls are called freshwater pearl mussels (scientific name Margaritifera margaritifera). They measure about  and have a life expectancy of about 80 years. This substantial lifetime gives rise to a very slow regeneration rate for the population, which in turn explains the quasi-disappearance of the species owing to fishing, certainly, but also to the pollution of the river by textile factories.

The textile industry itself has now almost disappeared, and while this is a cultural, economic and social setback, it has afforded the Vologne a steady improvement in water quality over recent years. Its high trout population density won it the right to hold certain rounds of the World Fly Fishing Championships in July 2002.

The upper Vologne valley is a popular destination for tourism in the Vosges department. Places to visit there, aside from the lakes, include the Saut des Cuves cascade on an ancient glacial lock, and the Pont des Fées (Fairies' Bridge) built in 1763.

The Vologne is classed as a cours d'eau de première catégorie (category 1 watercourse) over the whole of its length.

Grégory Villemin
On 16 October 1984, the body of a four-year-old, Grégory Villemin, was found in the Vologne near Docelles. The case was highly publicised in France and became known as the Affaire Grégory. As of 2021 the case remains unsolved.

Environmental protection
The site known as de la Vallée de la Vologne has been protected since 8 December 1910. Only the part within the commune of Granges, about , benefits from protection. This valley is flanked by two steep slopes rising from  that are covered from the base to the summit with ancient trees, enormous rocks or scree. The Vologne flows at the foot of the valley, past naturally growing trees and dark rocks which line its route. The river, the railway line and the road occupy the bottom of the valley, whose width, at certain places, is no more than ; the slopes are so close to each other that the sun can barely penetrate.

See also
 List of rivers in France

References

External links

  Heights and flowrates of the Vologne at Cheniménil – Vigicrues website

Rivers of France
Rivers of Vosges (department)
Rivers of Grand Est

Vologne


John Sembe Morlu II is an economist.

In 2006, after an extensive international search, the European Union recruited Morlu to become the Auditor-General of Liberia. Morlu assumed office in April 2007 and his tenured ended in April 2011. Morlu has extensive background in public accounting and management consulting, working major companies in the USA such as Unisys and BearingPoint.

John Morlu produced more  reports, including financial, compliance, internal controls, operational and also fraud investigative reports that indicted high-profile officials. Morlu audits are highly cover by local and international media including Newsweek, Businessweek, Africa Confidential. Morlu audit reports are also referenced in State Department Reports and UN Secretary General Reports to the Security Council on Liberia. Morlu is highly credited for financial management improvements in Liberia https://web.archive.org/web/20120125195826/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/west-africa/liberia/177%20Liberia%20-%20How%20Sustainable%20is%20the%20Recovery.pdf

John Morlu is a CPA in the District of Columbia. He also holds multiple professional certifications include CFE, CMA, CIA, CITP, CGMA, CGFM, CGA and CFM. Morlu holds an MBA in Finance from Johns Hopkins University, a Masters in International Commerce and Policy from George Mason University, and double bachelors in Economics and International Relations from the University of Virginia.

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Liberian economists
University of Virginia alumni
George Mason University alumni
Johns Hopkins Carey Business School alumni

John Morlu


The so-called  Blond Kouros's Head of the Acropolis  is the head of a lost marble statue of a young man (Kouros or Ephebe sculpture type) of ca 480 BC, in the Acropolis Museum in Athens, Greece The head and part of the pelvis were found in 1923 northeast of the museum site on the Acropolis of Athens. It belongs to the late archaic or early classical period (Severe style). The curly hair points more to the Archaic than the Classical period.

It measures 25 cm in the vertical, in the horizontal under the ears 12.5 cm and in the depth 22.8 cm. (Schrader 1939:197).

This sculpture could have been created by one of the teachers of Phidias, Hegias of Athens or Ageladas of Argos.

The original blond painting of the curly hair is faded. Only remnants of the paint are visible today.

Gallery
Copy of blond Kouros' head,  color rendition believed to have been used by the artist, painted by Dr. Alfons Neubauer of the Glyptothek, Munich

Notes

Bibliography
 Hans Schrader: Die Archaischen Marmorbildwerke der Akropolis (Textband). Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main 1939, pp 197ff. Nr. 302.
 Vinzenz Brinkmann: Die Polychromie der archaischen und frühklassischen Skulptur (= Studien zur antiken Malerei und Farbgebung. Bd. 5). Biering & Brinkmann, München 2003, , Kat. Nr. 110

External links

 Virtuelles AntikenMuseum Göttingen
 Acropolis Museum
5th-century BC Greek sculptures
Archaeological discoveries in Greece
1923 archaeological discoveries
Acropolis Museum

Blond Kouros's Head of the Acropolis


Thiên Đường Cave (Paradise Cave) is a cave in Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park, UNESCO's World Heritage Site, 60 km northwest of Đồng Hới city.
Thiên Đường Cave is located on an elevation of 200 meters above the sea level, near the west branch of Ho Chi Minh Highway, in Son Trach Commune, Bố Trạch District, Quảng Bình Province, Vietnam. The cave was discovered by a local man in 2005 and the first 5 km of this cave was explored by explorers from British Cave Research Association in 2005, the whole 31 km was explored and publicly announced by the British cave explorers. This cave is 31 km long, longer than Phong Nha Cave which had been considered the longest cave in this national park. The height can reach to 72 m and 150 m wide. The limestone formation is also more spectacular than that of Phong Nha Cave. The British cave explorers were impressed  by the beautiful and spectacular stalactites and stalagmites inside this cave and they named it Thiên Đường Cave (Paradise Cave).
In 2012, a new species of troglobiontic scorpion species, Vietbocap thienduongensis was found in here.

Tourist activities
The access road and internal road of this cave was built by a local company (Truong Thinh Group) and the cave has been opened to tourists since 3 September 2010. The car park is 1.6 km from the entry of the cave, and tourists can go by golf cart or walk on a paved road to the cave mouth. And only 1 km is open for tourists.

See also

Hang Sơn Đoòng
Hang Én

References

Caves of Vietnam
Landforms of Quảng Bình province
Show caves in Vietnam
Tourist attractions in Quảng Bình province

Thiên Đường Cave


The 1999–2000 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final was held in Lyon, France, from January 13 to 16, 2000. It was the culmination of the 1999–2000 Grand Prix Series. Skaters qualified for the event by accumulating points throughout the season. The events of the series were the 1999 Skate America, the 1999 Skate Canada International, the 1999 Sparkassen Cup on Ice, the 1999 Trophée Lalique, the 1999 Cup of Russia, and the 1999 NHK Trophy. The top six skaters in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing met at the final to crown the Grand Prix Final Champion.

The format of the event differed from other years. Singles and pair skaters competed in the short program and the free skating, and ice dancers competed in the original dance and the free dance. The top four finishers in each discipline were split in groups of two and then competed head-to-head in different free skating finals.

Results

Men

Ladies

Pairs

Ice dancing

External links
 1999–2000 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final

1999 in figure skating
2000 in figure skating
Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final
Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final


Chenkol () is a 1993 Indian Malayalam-language action drama film directed by Sibi Malayil and written by A. K. Lohithadas. A sequel to his 1989 film Kireedam, the story continues Sethumadhavan's (Mohanlal) story after his prison term and his life back into society. The movie was produced by Krishnakumar. It also features Thilakan, Surbhi Javeri Vyas, Keerikkadan Jose, and Kaviyoor Ponnamma. The film's music was composed by Johnson. Lohithadas won the Kerala Film Critics Award for Best Script for the film.

Plot
Sethumadhavan is released after serving imprisonment of seven years in central jail for murdering Keerikadan Jose, a hardcore criminal. Though it was by accident, which he did to save his life, the society is not ready to accept it. For them, he is now a hardcore criminal, who had killed someone who ruled the streets for long years. Upon release, Sethu visits the medical college to meet his younger brother Rameshan who is doing a course in medicine. However, Rameshan responds coldly and indirectly asks Sethu not to make any further visits as it may hurt his reputation.

Sethu realizes that the world around him has undergone a severe change. At home though, his mother Ammu is elated to see him, but his father Achuthan Nair is not too keen on having him at home. Achuthan Nair, who always wanted Sethu to be a police inspector, broke down completely after Sethu's conviction and has turned into an alcoholic. Remorseful, Sethu looks forward to building up a life outside the jail, but he fails to find employment due to the tag of an "ex-convict" labelled on him.

Sethu tries to catch up with his old friend Najeeb, who tells him about the present physical condition of Parameshwaran, whom Sethu had severely assaulted in a bid to save his own life. Fully paralysed, Parameshwaran now runs a cycle repair shop with the help of his wife and daughter. Sethu meets Parameshawaran, who is now a completely changed man. With the help of Parameshwaran, Sethu begins selling fish for a living. Keerikadan Jose had an affair with another woman named Madhavi Varma and had two children, Indu and her brother. The illegitimate wife and children of Keerikadan Jose suffer constant threats from his family after his death. The siblings of Jose, who were looking for a chance to unleash vengeance upon Sethu, attack him violently. He is saved by Indu, who happens to be the illegitimate daughter of Keerikadan Jose. She expresses sympathy for him and encourages him to live a new living. Once, in a bid to escape from the Keerikadan brothers, Sethu beats them up. Achuthan Nair blames Sethu and asks him to stay away from their house, which he agrees to. However, Sethu gradually realizes that for his surroundings, he is still a criminal.

The local police officer warns Sethu for no reason and humiliates him, which creates deep mental anguish in him. Sethu undergoes deep psychological torture, which slowly transforms him into another person. To counter the attacks from Keerikadan's family, Sethu becomes a thug of a local businessman. He slowly becomes a hardcore criminal and has several criminal cases pending in the police station, but he overcomes them and withdraws the cases with the help of local politicians. With time, his relationship with Indu grows, and he asks her mother for her hand in marriage, which she refuses, flatly citing that he is a criminal whose life has no guarantee. This incident strikes him deeply, and he decides to change. In the meantime, Sethu shockingly finds out that his sister, under the veil of drama acting, is into prostitution, that too with their father acting as the pimp. This deals him a severe mental blow, and he reacts violently to his father. Achuthan Nair, unable to face his son, commits suicide by hanging himself on the ceiling fan of a hotel where the business takes place. Sethu now shifts back to his old village with the rest of his family and starts farming.

Slowly, Madhavi agrees to get Indu married to Sethu, but their teenage son maintains a bitter hatred towards Sethu. Karadi Antony, a dangerous criminal and the younger brother of Keerikadan, is now released from jail and is back to avenge his brother's death. He hunts down Sethu and Indu's family but is killed by Sethu. However, he is shocked when the illegitimate son of Keerikadan (brother of Indu), at this crucial moment, fatally stabs Sethu. Sethu advises him to run away from the spot to save himself, otherwise, he too will end up as another criminal of circumstances. Watching him run away, Sethu closes his eyes. At the time of his death, the tagline shows the following; "The story of a prince who lost his crown and a sceptre ends here".

Cast

 Mohanlal as Sethumadhavan
 Thilakan as Retd Police Head Constable Achuthan Nair, Sethu's father
 Surbhi Javeri Vyas as Indu
 Jojan Kanjany as Karadi Antony
 Usha as Latha, Sethu's younger sister
 Mohan Raj as Keerikkadan Jose, Indu's foster father
 Kaviyoor Ponnamma as Ammu, Achuthan Nair's wife and Sethu's mother
 Sreenath as Keshu, Sethu's friend
 Sankaradi as  Krishnan Nair, Sethu's maternal uncle and Devi's father
 Santhakumari as Bharathi, Krishnan Nair's wife, Devi's mother, and Sethu's aunt
 Cochin Haneefa as Haidrose
 Kundara Johny as Parameshwaran
 Spadikam George as Keerikkadan Thomas, Jose's elder brother
 Meghanathan as Keerikkadan Sunny, Jose's younger brother
 Mamukkoya as Police Constable Hameed
 Shammi Thilakan as SI John Mathew
 Maniyanpilla Raju as Najeeb, a shopkeeper and Hameed's son
 Shanthi Krishna as Madhavi Varma, Jose's second wife and Indu's mother
 Yadukrishnan as Rameshan, Sethu's youngest brother and a student of medicine
 Kanakalatha as Ambika, Sethu's divorced elder sister
 Nandhu as Ratheesh, Prisoner
 Shivaji as Diwakaran
 Kothuku Nanappan

Soundtrack
The songs were composed by Johnson master and lyrics were penned by Kaithapram.

Awards

 Kerala State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer - Dr. K. J. Yesudas
 Kerala Film Critics Award for Best Script - A. K. Lohithadas

Reception
The film was released on 10 December 1993. In an interview in August 1997, praising Mohanlal's performance, Lohithadas said that "I feel he performed the best in Chenkol. Then comes Kireedom. And Bharatham comes only later. In Chenkol he surprised me with his expressions. There was an amazing quality in the way he walked, talked and even sat".

References

External links

1993 films
1990s Malayalam-language films
Indian sequel films
Indian action drama films
Indian prison films
Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram
EKireedom2
Films directed by Sibi Malayil
Films with screenplays by A. K. Lohithadas
Films scored by Johnson

Chenkol


Lightning Strikes is a studio album by American rapper Aceyalone. It was released on Decon in 2007. The production is handled by Bionik.

Critical reception
Nate Patrin of Pitchfork gave the album a 5.5 out of 10, saying, "The problem is that, even with Aceyalone's lyrical style toned down a little, the attempted merging of underground rap and pop-reggae makes Lightning Strikes sort of a mess, even if it's the kind of mess where half the tracks are fairly likable." Scott Thill of XLR8R gave the album a 7 out of 10, saying, "Yes, anything from Acey is worth your cash, but I can't wait until he goes retro with analog drums on reel-to-reel."

Track listing

References

External links

2007 albums
Aceyalone albums
Decon albums

Lightning Strikes (Aceyalone album)


Yaacov Schul (born 1951) is an Israeli professor of cognitive and social psychology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Biography
Prof. Schul received his B.A. in Psychology and Mathematics in 1976 from the Hebrew University, and his Ph.D. in Social Psychology in 1981 from the University of Michigan.
He has been professor of social psychology at the Hebrew University since 1981, and held various positions at the Hebrew University, including vice rector.
He is married, a father of two and a grandfather of four.

Research contributions
Schul's theoretical orientation within Psychology is Social Cognition. His early research explored the process of impression formation in an attempt to characterize the operations involved according to their sensitivity to different features of the information, to investigate how each of these operations influence the representation in memory of the original information, and to explore how these representations influence different kinds of judgments. The early work evolved into two lines of research. The first explored the process by which people evaluate their own activity and the activity of others. The second line of studies examined the conditions under which people can successfully ignore invalid information. The research on discounting developed into the study of distrust, negation processing, and research on reliance on weak internal cues such as metacognitive experiences.

Processing of negations
In collaboration with Mayo, Schul studies the negation processes and their consequences, suggesting the existence of two basic negation models: One ("The Schema-Plus-Tag model") explains the possible failure of the negation process, while the other ("The Fusion model") proposes a successful negation. The work with Yaniv highlighted the implications of acceptance versus rejection to decision-making outcomes. Schul's recent studies concern the similarities and differences between negation processes that are triggered by communicated negations (e.g., "Honey is not made by butterflies") and by false information (e.g., "Honey is made by butterflies") in an attempt to understand people's sensitivity to misinformation.

Trust and Distrust and reliance on gut feelings
Past research highlighted many biases that stem from reliance on gut feelings.  Schul's research suggests that such reliance is not ubiquitous.  Schul, Mayo and Burnstein distinguished a mindset of trust from a mindset of distrust.  In a series of studies they demonstrated that whereas a mindset of trust is associated with reliance on gut feelings and activation of congruent associations; a mindset of distrust, triggers thinking about incongruent associations and more willingness to consider alternative positions. The research with Yahalom further shows that suspicion in people's motivation weakens reliance on the metacognitive cues associated with ease of retrieval. The research with Shidlovski and Mayo explored a particularly important type of gut feeling: the sense of truth.  This feeling can be triggered by mental representations that have flow characteristics similar to experienced events.  It is found that even after acknowledging an experience as false, people still can associate such experience with markers of implicit truth.

Processing of weak cues
The research with Eitam and Hassin indicates that sensitivity to weak cues depends on the usefulness of these cues to one's goals. The research by Milyavsky, Hassin, and Schul extended these findings to information presented subliminally. The research with Yahalom shows the importance of contextual fit.

In a mainly theoretical article, Keren & Schul critically examined the viability of two-system frameworks that have recently surged in the psychological literature. The article offers a critical evaluation of the conceptual underpinnings of two-system models and scrutinizes the assumptions underlying these models. In their conclusion, Keren & Schul encouraged researchers to adopt more rigorous conceptual approach and more stringent criteria for testing the empirical evidence in support of psychological theories.

References

External links
 Yaacov Schul at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem website

1951 births
Living people
Israeli psychologists
Social psychologists
Academic staff of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
University of Michigan alumni

Yaacov Schul


Kevin Magee (born 16 July 1962 in Horsham, Victoria) is an Australian former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer who raced in 36 grands prix during his career, winning the 1988 Spanish Grand Prix. He is currently a television commentator for Fox Sports Australia.

Career

Early career
His career began with production and Superbike racing, at home in Australia and also in Japan. He gained early notice racing the Bob Brown Ducati in Australian Superbike races and then joined Mike Dowson at the Warren Willing-managed Yamaha Dealer Team to race the then premier Production race series as well as the growing Superbike series. In 1986 he gained international attention when he and Dowson scored a second place in the Suzuka 8 Hours Formula One race on a lower-spec Superbike. His Grand Prix debut was delayed after he broke his leg crashing at the Arai 500 race at Bathurst when, leading by a clear margin, he was confused by his pitboards and thought another rider was closing in on him. At the end of year big-money Swann-Series he was given the opportunity to ride a Yamaha factory Grand Prix bike and distinguished himself by winning two of the six races.

Grand Prix
In 1987, he got his break in the 500cc world championship with three wildcard appearance on the Kenny Roberts Yamaha team. Crashing in the opening Japanese Grand Prix, he earned a point in the rain-affected Dutch TT before scoring an impressive third place in his third ever Grand Prix at the Portuguese Grand Prix round. Having teamed up with Martin Wimmer to win the 1987 Suzuka 8 Hours endurance race, and having also won the 1987 round of the now-defunct Formula 1 motorcycle championship at Sugo, he became the only rider to stand on the podium of three different World Championships in a calendar year.

In 1988, he was awarded Randy Mamola's place in the Kenny Roberts team, competing as teammate to Wayne Rainey for the next two seasons. He also returned to the Suzuka 8 Hours race, teaming with Wayne Rainey to claim another win.

Magee won his first Grand Prix at the 1988 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix at Jarama and the future looked bright for the young rider. However, at the 1989 United States motorcycle Grand Prix, he was involved in a terrible crash with Bubba Shobert on the cool off lap after the race, wherein Shobert drove into the back of Magee's motorcycle.  Magee stopped his motorcycle in the middle of the track and performed a rear-wheel "burnout", presumably due to frustration that dwindling fuel had cost him 3rd place in the race. The wreck occurred while Shobert was congratulating racer Eddie Lawson and it ended Shobert's career. Ironically, Magee would crash at the same spot during the 1990 race, suffering head injuries that put him out for the season. In 1991 he appeared a couple of times for Suzuki and once for Team Roberts, along with another wildcard Grand Prix appearance in 1993.

Magee also entered a few Superbike World Championship races, winning twice at his home race at Phillip Island in 1991 and 1992. He also raced in the AMA Superbike series in 1994, for the American Honda team before announcing his retirement. Magee was never able to capture the early brilliance of his career after his accident with Shobert.

Post Racing
Magee is still a familiar face with Australian motorcycle-racing fans in his position as co-commentator on Australian Grand Prix and Superbike telecasts on Australia's largest Pay-TV provider Foxtel teaming with Warren Smith on Fox Sports. He is also an occasional tester and writer for Two Wheels magazine. In 2020 he appeared in the documentary movie Dark Rider, as navigator for the blind motorcycle rider Ben Felten, setting the world speed record for a blind rider.

Family
On 27 April 2002 Kevin's 19-year-old nephew Liam Magee, the son of his older brother Peter, was racing in the Australian Superbike Championship when he was killed in practice for the round at the Mallala Motorsport Park in South Australia. The younger Magee crashed at turn 4 (the kink, on the back straight) his bike slid off the track into the concrete retaining wall located only a short distance from the track and he died at the scene, the bike reportedly travelling at over 100 km/h at the time of impact. The concrete wall Liam Magee hit had replaced an old tyre wall in 1998 in an effort to provide more grandstand seating for the circuit.

Motorcycle Grand Prix results

Points system from 1969 to 1987:

Points system from 1988 to 1992:

Points system from 1993 onwards:

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

References

1962 births
Living people
Australian motorcycle racers
500cc World Championship riders
Superbike World Championship riders
Sportsmen from Victoria (state)
Australian sports broadcasters

Kevin Magee (motorcyclist)


The People's Story Museum is a museum housed in the historic Canongate Tolbooth, which houses collections telling the story of the working-class people of Edinburgh from the late 18th century to the present day. This is done through use of oral history, reminiscence and written sources.

Collections

The museum houses Britain's largest collection of early reform flags and banners: 144 in all. These include banners in support of political reform, trade unions and the anti-apartheid movement. The museums also houses waxworks and which illustrate the written histories of Edinburgh people.

Galleries

There are three galleries and a film screening room in the museum. The first gallery looks at life in tenement houses in the 18th century. The second gallery houses many banners from the museum's collection and tells the stories of Edinburgh citizens in the 20th century, through waxworks and written histories. The final galleries describe Edinburgh in the mid- to late-20th century.

The film in the screening room shows personal stories of four Edinburgh citizens who grew up in the city and worked in the printing and building trades, in a co-op store and as a servant.

References

External links

Museums in Edinburgh

The People's Story Museum


Burkard Hillebrands (born 1957)  is a German physicist and professor of physics. He is the leader of the magnetism research group in the Department of Physics  at the Technische Universität Kaiserslautern.

Academic career

Burkard Hillebrands was born in 1957. He studied physics at the University of Cologne (1977–1982) and was awarded his PhD in 1986 at the University of Cologne under the supervision of Gernot Güntherodt.

After a postdoctoral stay at the Optical Sciences Center in Tucson, Arizona he received his habilitation from the RWTH Aachen in 1993. He was employed as an associate professor at the University of Karlsruhe in 1994. In 1995 he accepted a full professor position at the Technische Universität Kaiserslautern. Between 2006 and 2014, he served as the Vice President for Research, Technology and Innovation of the Technische Universität Kaiserslautern. He is a member of the Academy of Science and Literature Mainz and since 2017 has been its vice president and chair of the Commission for Mathematics and Physical Sciences. Since 2018 he is member of the National Academy of Science and Engineering (acatech). Hillebrands was the Scientific Director and Chairman of the Executive Board of the Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW), Dresden for the period from July 2016 to March 2018.

He serves or has served as either chairperson or vice-chairperson in various coordinated initiatives of the German Science Foundation and the European Community, such as the German priority programme "Ultrafast Magnetization Processes" (2002–2008, coordinator), the EU research training networks "Ultrafast Magnetization Processes in Advanced Devices (ULTRASWITCH)" (2002–2006), "Spin Current Induced Ultrafast Switching (SPINSWITCH)" (2004–2010, coordinator)", the Japanese-German research unit "ASPIMATT: Advanced Spintronic Materials and Transport Phenomena" (2010–2015, vice-coordinator), and the transregional collaborative research center "Condensed Matter Systems with Variable Many-Body Interactions (SFB/TRR 49)" (2007–2019, vice-coordinator). From 2016, he also serves as vice-coordinator of the transregional collaborative research center SFB/TRR 173 named "Spin in its collective environment (Spin+X) of the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG). He is a member of the State Research Center for Optics and Material Sciences (OPTIMAS) at TU Kaiserslautern. From 2015 to 2017, he was secretary of the C.9 Commission of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP), and from 2018 to 2021 he was the C.9 Commission Chair. He is founding member of the European Magnetism Association since 2016 and was its president for the term 2019-2022.

Awards and honours

 2004: Fellow of Institute of Physics (Great Britain)
 2005: IEEE Magnetics Society Distinguished Lecturer Award
 2010: Fellow of the American Physical Society
 2010: Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
 2010: Member of Academy of Science and Literature, Mainz
 2016: ERC Advanced Grant
 2018: Member National Academy of Science and Engineering (acatech)
 2022: Member of the European Academy of Sciences (EURASC)
 2023: Achievement Award of the IEEE Magnetics Society

Research

Hillebrands' research field is mostly in spintronics. His special interests are in spin dynamics and magnonics, material properties of thin magnetic films, heterostructures as well as multilayers nanostructures. In the field of spin dynamics and magnonics he is particularly interested in  the properties of spin waves and their quanta, magnons, and their application to future information technologies. He is also interested in research on dynamic magnetic excitations in confined magnetic structures, linear and nonlinear spin wave propagation phenomena, magnon gases and condensates, magnon supercurrents, magnonic crystals and magnetic storage. A further focus of interest lies on spin transport phenomena, in particular on conversion processes between magnon, spin and charge currents (spin Hall effects, spin Seebeck effects). His particular technical interest lies in the development of space-, time- and phase resolved Brillouin light scattering spectroscopy and time resolved Kerr effect techniques.

Publications

Hillebrands has published more than 425 articles in peer-reviewed international scientific journals, five patents and patent applications, seven book contributions, and he is co-editor of the Springer TAP book series on Spin Dynamics in Confined Magnetic Structures.

References

External links

Academic staff of the Technical University of Kaiserslautern
Living people
1957 births
20th-century German physicists
20th-century German inventors
German electrical engineers
University of Cologne alumni
21st-century German physicists
Fellows of the American Physical Society

Burkard Hillebrands


The Church of St Cuthbert is a grade I listed building in Bellingham, Northumberland, owned by the Church of England.  Parts of the church date to the 13th century and it survived the raids of the border reivers which burnt down many structures in the village.  The structure consists of a nave, chancel and a large south chapel.  The chancel is noted for having a remarkable roof consisting of strips of Lakeland slate.  The graveyard contains the "Lang Pack", a tomb associated with a nearby country house robbery legend.

Church

Description
The Church of St Cuthbert is located at the western end of Bellingham High Street, behind the Black Bull Hotel and somewhat out of sight of passing traffic.  Parts of the church date to the 13th century and it survived the border reiver period, unlike many of the other mediaeval buildings in the village which were burnt down in raids.  During building works in 1861 three cannonballs were recovered from within the roof, probably dating from 1597 when Bellingham was attacked by Walter Scott, 5th of Buccleuch.  St Cuthbert's Well is located adjacent to the church and is said to have been discovered by the 7th-century Saint Cuthbert.  Said to have healing powers the water was used by the church for baptisms.  The structure was granted protection as a grade I listed building on 10 November 1951.

Structure

The church was extensively rebuilt in 1609 and restored in 1865, when a bellcote was added at the western end.  It consists of a nave, chancel and large south chapel.  The nave has six bays with lancet windows, probably dating to the 17th century, between.  A shallow arch doorway, with 17th-century door, is set into the third bay on the north side with a 19th-century copper lamp above the entrance.  A similar doorway on the south side of the nave has been blocked up.  The western end of the nave had two large stone buttresses added in the 19th-century and a lancet window installed between them.  The buttresses on the rest of the structure are generally 17th-century.  The nave has a barrel vault roof of stone slabs supported by 15 transverse ribs.  This roof has been described as being particularly remarkable for being made of alternating strips of single and double thickness slabs of Lakeland slate.

The chancel is 13th century and has an original window on the south wall, with three later lancet windows on the Easter end.  Th  The structure contains a 13th-century double chamfered chancel arch.  The north wall holds monuments to Archibald Reed (1729) and Theresa and Harriet Charlton (1829), with a monument to Charlton of Redesmouth (1628) standing outside the south wall.  The south chapel is remarkably large and accessed from the nave via a rounded, double-chamfered arch dated to 1609.  The chapel contains a 13th-century window and a 17th-century square window and has a barrel vault roof formed of stone slabs.

Lang Pack
The graveyard contains a remarkable tomb monument known as the Lang Pack, located a few steps away from the church entrance.  This tomb has been linked with a legend associated with the nearby Lee Hall.  It is said that the hall's owner, Colonel Ridley, closed up the hall for the winter of 1723 and relocated to London for the season, leaving the hall under the watch of a skeleton staff of three servants with strict instructions to admit nobody.  The legend states that one night the hall was visited by a pedlar looking for somewhere to stay.  He was refused admission but the servants allowed him to leave his large pack in the hall.  Late in the night the pack was observed to move and was shot by one of the servants with a pistol.  When the bag was opened it was found to contain the body of a man.  As he had a whistle around his neck the servants deduced that he was planning to burgle the hall and would have blown the whistle to alert his gang once the door was open.  The servants armed themselves, blew the whistle and drove off the gang when they arrived.

It is said that the tomb at the church contains the body of the man found in the long pack ("Lang Pack") and a sign in the churchyard names it as such.  The legend may have its basis in fact, as country house heists were common in this period.  The story is remembered in a poem by Bellingham resident Robert Allen written in the Geordie dialect.

References

Church of England church buildings in Northumberland
Grade I listed churches in Northumberland
13th-century church buildings in England
Cuthbert

Church of St Cuthbert, Bellingham