A gym, short for gymnasium (: gymnasiums or gymnasia), is an indoor venue for exercise and sports. The word is derived from the ancient Greek term "gymnasion". They are commonly found in athletic and fitness centers, and as activity and learning spaces in educational institutions. "Gym" is also slang for "fitness centre", which is often an area for indoor recreation. A "gym" may include or describe adjacent open air areas as well. In Western countries, "gyms" often describe places with indoor or outdoor courts for basketball, hockey, tennis, boxing or wrestling, and with equipment and machines used for physical development training, or to do exercises. In many European countries, Gymnasium (and variations of the word) also can describe a secondary school that prepares students for higher education at a university, with or without the presence of athletic courts, fields, or equipment.

Overview

Gymnasium apparatus like barbells, jumping boards, running paths, tennis-balls, cricket fields, and fencing areas are used for exercises. In safe weather, outdoor locations are the most conducive to health. Gyms were popular in ancient Greece. Their curricula included self-defense, gymnastics medica, or physical therapy to help the sick and injured, and for physical fitness and sports, from boxing to dancing to skipping rope.

Gymnasiums also had teachers of wisdom and philosophy. Community gymnastic events were done as part of the celebrations during various village festivals. In ancient Greece there was a phrase of contempt, "He can neither swim nor write." After a while, however, Olympic athletes began training in buildings specifically designed for them. Community sports never became as popular among ancient Romans as it had among the ancient Greeks. Gyms were used more as a preparation for military service or spectator sports. During the Roman Empire, the gymnastic art was forgotten. In the Dark Ages there were sword fighting tournaments and of chivalry; and after gunpowder was invented sword fighting began to be replaced by the sport of fencing, as well as schools of dagger fighting and wrestling and boxing.

In the 18th century, Salzmann, a German clergyman, opened a gym in Thuringia teaching bodily exercises, including running and swimming. Clias and Volker established gyms in London, and in 1825, Doctor Charles Beck, a German immigrant, established the first gymnasium in the United States. It was found that gym pupils lose interest in doing the same exercises, partly because of age. Variety in exercises included skating, dancing, and swimming. Some gym activities can be done by 6 to 8-year-olds, while age 16 has been considered mature enough for boxing and horseback riding.

In Ancient Greece, the gymnasion (γυμνάσιον) was a locality for both physical and intellectual education of young men. The latter meaning of intellectual education persisted in Greek, German and other languages to denote a certain type of school providing secondary education, the gymnasium, whereas in English the meaning of physical education pertained to the word 'gym'.
The Greek word gymnasion, which means "school for naked exercise," was used to designate a locality for the education of young men, including physical education (gymnastics, for example, exercise) which was customarily performed naked, as well as bathing, and studies. For the Greeks, physical education was considered as important as cognitive learning. Most Greek gymnasia had libraries for use after relaxing in the baths.

Nowadays, it represents a common area where people, from all ranges of experience, exercise and work out their muscles. You can also usually find people doing cardio exercises or pilates.

History

The first recorded gymnasiums date back to over 3000 years ago in ancient Persia, where they were known as zurkhaneh, areas that encouraged physical fitness. The larger Roman Baths often had attached fitness facilities, the baths themselves sometimes being decorated with mosaics of local champions of sport. Gyms in Germany were an outgrowth of the Turnplatz, an outdoor space for gymnastics founded by German educator Friedrich Jahn in 1811 and later promoted by the Turners, a nineteenth-century political and gymnastic movement. The first American to open a public gym in the United States using Jahn's model was John Neal of Portland, Maine in 1827. The first indoor gymnasium in Germany was probably the one built in Hesse in 1852 by Adolph Spiess.

Through worldwide colonization, Great Britain expanded its national interest in sports and games to many countries. In the 1800s, programs were added to schools and college curricula that emphasized health, strength, and bodily measure. Sports drawn from European and British cultures thrived as college students and upper-class clubs financed competition. As a result, towns began building playgrounds that furthered interest in sports and physical activity. Early efforts to establish gyms in the United States in the 1820s were documented and promoted by John Neal in the American Journal of Education and The Yankee, helping to establish the American branch of the movement. Later in the century, the Turner movement was founded and continued to thrive into the early twentieth century. The first Turners group was formed in London in 1848. The Turners built gymnasiums in several cities like Cincinnati and St. Louis, which had large German American populations. These gyms were utilized by adults and youth. For example, a young Lou Gehrig would frequent the Turner gym in New York City with his father.

The Boston Young Men's Christian Union claims to be "America's First Gym". The YMCA first organized in Boston in 1851 and a smaller branch opened in Rangasville in 1852. Ten years later there were some two hundred YMCAs across the country, most of which provided gyms for exercise, games, and social interaction.

The 1920s was a decade of prosperity that witnessed the building of large numbers of public high schools with a gymnasium, an idea founded by Nicolas Isaranga.

Today, gymnasiums are commonplace in the United States. They are in virtually all U.S. colleges and high schools, as well as almost all middle schools and elementary schools. These facilities are used for physical education, intramural sports, and school gatherings. The number of gyms in the U.S. has more than doubled since the late 1980s. Today, fitness gyms and private health clubs are a huge global business.

See also
 Aerobic exercise
 Bodybuilding
 Exercise trends
 Gym floor cover
 Gymkhana
 Largest high school gyms in the United States
 Outdoor gym
 Physical exercise

References

Bibliography

Educational facilities

Physical education
Physical exercise
Sports venues by type
Strength training
Recreation

Gym


Live at the Isle of Wight 1970 is a combo CD/DVD live album by Canadian singer-songwriter Leonard Cohen. Released in October 2009, it is his nineteenth album. The album was recorded in 1970 at the Isle of Wight.

Background
Cohen reluctantly agreed to tour Europe after his second album, Songs from a Room, became a hit in England, reaching #2 on the charts.  He was backed by a small country-influenced band called The Army that included guitarist Ron Cornelius and fiddle player Charlie Daniels.  The group had been assembled by Cohen's new producer Bob Johnston, who also assumed keyboard duties. Cohen was scheduled to perform on the last day of the festival and had the unenviable task of following Jimi Hendrix.  As can be seen in the footage shot by award-winning director Murray Lerner, the vibes at the festival were not good, with many fans upset that a wall had been erected to keep non-paying fans outside the concert grounds. A shaggy-haired Cohen appeared in the early morning of August 31, 1970 in front of an estimated crowd of at least 600,000.  As Kris Kristofferson, who had played his own troubled set earlier, recalls on the Leonard Cohen Live at the Isle of Wight 1970 DVD:
I think it was about four o'clock in the morning they went in and woke him up in his trailer and he took a long time to get out to the stage.  Everybody had been sittin' there in the filth, in their own squalor - half a million people there - for five days.  And Leonard finally came out of his trailer and he was wearing his pyjamas...I never have known why they didn't just hoot him off the stage like they did with a lot of people, especially me!  I can only think that he was such an honest performer and didn't scramble after anybody's attention.  He took his time gettin' out there, he took his time tunin' up and he wasn't intimidated by a half million people who'd been very ugly.

It was very late when Cohen, chin stubbled and now wearing a khaki safari jacket and jeans, finally took the stage.  In the liner notes to the album, film director Murray Lerner confesses to Sylvie Simmons: "As I watched him walk out there I thought this is going to be a disaster.  Because the mood was still very mixed.  There was definitely a sense of bad feeling, though there was also a sense of people being tired and not so aggressive as earlier.  But Cohen was essentially acoustic, just as Kristofferson was, and I thought the crowd would be expecting a bigger high in terms of the sound of the music.  I worried that what happened to Kristofferson would happen to him."  After glaring out at the darkness and strapping on his guitar, Cohen began by telling a story about his father taking him to the circus when he was a boy.  Leonard didn't much like the circus, he told them sedately, but he had enjoyed the part when a man would ask everyone in the audience to light a match.  He then asked the audience to do the same so he could see where they were.  Almost from the moment he began speaking, the mood of the crowd changed, and when he began singing - starting with "Bird on the Wire" - many of them became transfixed.  Kristofferson later commented to Cohen biographer Ira Nadel in the 1996 book Various Positions: A Life of Leonard Cohen that the Canadian singer "did the damndest thing you ever saw: he Charmed the Beast.  A lone sorrowful voice did what some of the best rockers in the world had tried for three days and failed."

Most of the songs that Cohen performs are from his first two albums, Songs of Leonard Cohen and Songs From a Room, although three songs - "Diamonds in the Mine," "Famous Blue Raincoat" and "Sing Another Song, Boys" would appear on his next studio album Songs of Love and Hate in 1971, with the latter being culled directly from the Isle of Wight appearance.  Cohen also speaks about the origins of some of the songs, revealing to the crowd that he'd written "One of Us Cannot Be Wrong" in a peeling room in the Chelsea Hotel when he was "coming off amphetamine and pursuing a blond lady that [he] met in a Nazi poster." He also dedicated "Seems So Long Ago, Nancy" to the woman he knew who in 1961, "went into the bathroom and blew her head off with her brother's shotgun.  She was right where you are now."  Lerner, whose footage of the 1970 festival did not begin to see release until 1995, was able to capture Cohen's performance and the serene, somewhat mesmerized demeanor of the spectators.  Kristofferson, Joan Baez and Judy Collins watched Cohen's set from the side of the stage and can be seen clapping and singing along to the song "Tonight Will Be Fine."

The performance of "Suzanne" was also used in the documentary film Message to Love by the same director.

Reception
Thom Jurek of AllMusic states, "Whether it's 'So Long, Marianne,' the poem 'They Locked Up a Man,' the stellar reading of 'The Partisan,' or the chilling version of 'Famous Blue Raincoat,' this is top-notch Cohen."

Track listing

The Songs (audio CD and 2LP)
 Introduction
 "Bird on the Wire"
 Intro to So Long, Marianne
 "So Long, Marianne"
 Intro: "Let's renew ourselves now..."
 "You Know Who I Am"
 Intro to Poems
 "Lady Midnight"
 "They Locked Up a Man (poem) / A Person Who Eats Meat / Intro"
 "One Of Us Cannot Be Wrong"
 "The Stranger Song"
 "Tonight Will Be Fine"
 "Hey, That's No Way to Say Goodbye"
 "Diamonds In The Mine"
 "Suzanne"
 "Sing Another Song, Boys"
 "The Partisan"
 "Famous Blue Raincoat"
 "Seems So Long Ago, Nancy"

The Songs (DVD and Blu-ray)
 "Intro: Diamonds In The Mine"
 "Famous Blue Raincoat"
 "It's A Large Nation"
 "Bird On The Wire"
 "One Of Us Cannot Be Wrong"
 "The Stranger Song"
 "Tonight Will Be Fine"
 "They've Surrounded The Island"
 "Hey, That's No Way To Say Goodbye"
 "Sing Another Song Boys"
 "Judy Collins Introduces Suzanne"
 "Suzanne"
 "Joan Baez On The Isle Of Wight"
 "The Partisan"
 "Seems So Long Ago, Nancy"
 Credits: So Long, Marianne
 Bonus Interviews: Bob Johnston, Judy Collins, Joan Baez, Kris Kristofferson.

Musicians
 Leonard Cohen - vocals, guitar
 Bob Johnston – organ, piano, guitar
 Ron Cornelius – guitar
 Elkin "Bubba" Fowler – banjo, bass
 Charlie Daniels – fiddle
 Corlynn Hanney – vocals
 Susan Musmanno – vocals

DVD certifications

References

Leonard Cohen live albums
2009 live albums
Columbia Records live albums
Video albums by Canadian artists

Live at the Isle of Wight 1970 (Leonard Cohen album)


The members of the 9th General Assembly of Newfoundland were elected in the Newfoundland general election held in November 1865. The general assembly sat from 1866 to 1869.

A coalition government led by Frederick Carter won the election and Carter served as Newfoundland's premier. Not all members of the coalition supported Canadian Confederation.

William Whiteway was chosen as speaker.

Sir Anthony Musgrave served as colonial governor of Newfoundland.

In 1869, draft terms for union of Newfoundland with Canada were presented to and accepted by the Canadian parliament. Premier Carter did not feel that he had a mandate to enter Confederation and called an election to allow the issue to be decided by the electorate.

Members of the Assembly
The following members were elected to the assembly in 1865:

Notes:

By-elections
By-elections were held to replace members for various reasons:

Notes:

References

Newfoundland
009
1866 establishments in the British Empire

9th General Assembly of Newfoundland


Downstream in manufacturing refers to processes that occur later on in a production sequence or production line.

Viewing a company "from order to cash" might have high-level processes such as Marketing, Sales, Order Entry, Manufacturing, Packaging, Shipping, Invoicing.  Each of these could be deconstructed into many sub-processes and supporting processes.

The Manufacturing process consists of such sub-processes as Design, Tooling, Inventory Management, Receiving, Assembly, and others.  The products being manufactured are created in a sequence of processes.  Any process occurring after another is considered to be downstream.

See also
 Agile manufacturing
 Lean manufacturing

Manufacturing

Downstream (manufacturing)


Małgorzata Babiarz, professionally known as Megitza, (born November 27, 1984 in Zakopane) is a Polish singer, double bass player, and composer. She combines Polish and Eastern European folk music, Romani music and gypsy jazz with world music, Latin music, pop, worldbeat, Americana and reggae.

In 2001, Megitza emigrated to Chicago, where she appeared in charity concerts and events such as Great Orchestra of Christmas Charity and where she promoted Polish culture. She began her professional career in 2008, when she formed the Megitza Quartet and released her debut album, Boleritza. She has since performed at the Milwaukee Avenue Arts Festival at the Jay Pritzker Pavilion, the 13th All Souls Jazz festival at the Chopin Theatre, the Chicago World Music Festival, and the Old Town School of Folk Music in Chicago. The Chicago Sun-Times has noted the quartet's "energetic" performances. According to the Chicago Tribune she and the group are primarily influenced by Eastern European folk, gypsy, Polish, and Greek music. Songs include  "Boleritza", "Mamo te Mera",  "Cisza", "17_14", and "What I Desire".

Biography
Megitza was born on November 27, 1984 in Zakopane, Poland. In 2001, she migrated to Chicago, where she has continued the cultivation of her Polish heritage, but also experimented with world music and gypsy music of Eastern Europe and Latin music. In 2003, Megitza was appointed the queen of the Polish Highlanders Alliance of North America. She organized a charity event, and proceeds were donated to orphanages in Poland. As a musician, Megitza has participated in charity concerts and events such as Great Orchestra of Christmas Charity. In 2004, Megitza received the highest score (126) at the Polish National intelligence quotient (IQ) contest in Chicago.
She promotes the culture of Poland and Podhale in Chicago and the United States.

Megitza is a self-taught vocalist and bass player. She began her career in 2008, when she formed the Megitza Quartet. The band is currently composed of Megitza on vocals and upright bass, Andreas Kapsalis on acoustic guitar, Marek Lichota on bayan (accordion), and Jamie Gallagher on drums and percussion. The Megitza Quartet is known for its high energy stage presence, and the quartet has been compared to artists such as Gypsy Kings, Ewa Demarczyk, Goran Bregović, Kayah and Lura. In 2008, Megitza released her debut album, Boleritza. The album includes traditional and original compositions. Roby Lakatos is a guest violinist on Boleritza, on two tracks: "Mamo Temera" and "17_14".

Her original compositions are primarily influenced by folk music of Polish highlanders (gorals of Podhale), Romani music, Balkan folk and World music. The Chicago Tribune notes Eastern European folk and "gypsy, Greek, and Polish influences". Notable songs include  "Boleritza", "Mamo te Mera",  "Cisza" and "17_14".

Performances and reception

Megitza is regarded as an influential artist representing Poles abroad. She has made hundreds of concerts and appearances at major festivals in America, especially in Chicago, including the Old Town School of Folk Music in August 2009, the Lotus World Music and Arts Festival in September 2009, the Milwaukee Avenue Arts Festival at the Jay Pritzker Pavilion in March 2010, at the lakefront in Dawes Park in July 2010, the Chicago World Music Festival (an event presented by the Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs and Special Events (DCASE), in partnership with the Chicago Office of Tourism and Culture (COTC) ), in September 2011, the Chicago Folk and Roots Festival in July 2011, the Chicago Summer Dance Festival, and Taste of Chicago, all in her adopted city. They also performed at the All Souls Jazz festival held at the Chopin Theatre of Chicago in November 2010, an event which Howard Reich of the Chicago Tribune said "Chicago's All Souls fest looks, feels and sounds like no other jazz soiree in this city". In July 2009 they performed the Slovak Roma wedding song "Mamko Moja" live on ABC7's "Chicagoing" with Bill Campbell.  Time Out Chicago described her as a "fiery" singer and the band's music as "energetic Roma folk" when they performed at "Women's Global Voices" with the likes of Ugochi and The Afro Soul Ensemble in March 2012, a concert presented by Sound Culture honoring Women's History Month." The Chicago Sun-Times has also noted the "energetic" performances of the quartet.

The Sound Culture Center for Global Arts described Megitza as "a true concert revelation – an unusual voice, charisma and beauty", describing her music as "dynamic, vibrant, full of energy, uniting listeners of all ages." Jazz Chicago said of the 2008 album, "Throughout, Babariaz's strong vocals engage the senses, while Lichota's romantic accordion is a treat as well. The blend of traditional folk music and originals are played and sung very well and make for an intriguing visit to the Old World." Although Megitza mainly performs in the United States, in July 2012 she performed at the Jazz Fest Wien in Vienna, Austria, and the Montreux Jazz Festival in Montreux, Switzerland, before performing extensively in Poland.

In Poland, the Megitza Quartet reached the finals of the fifth edition of Must Be the Music, and in 2015 the Megitza Trio entered the eighth season of Mam talent!, the Polish version of Got Talent, earning a "golden key" to advance directly to the semi-finals.

Discography

Studio albums

Music videos

References

External links
 Megitza's Official Website
 Megitza Quartet

Polish folk musicians
People from Zakopane
1984 births
Living people
Polish emigrants to the United States
Gypsy jazz musicians
World music singers
Polish double-bassists
Polish bass guitarists
Polish folk singers
Polish jazz singers
Polish pop singers
English-language singers from Poland
Polish lyricists
Women bass guitarists
Women double-bassists
Guitarists from Chicago
21st-century Polish singers
21st-century Polish women singers
21st-century double-bassists
21st-century bass guitarists

Megitza


They are settled mostly in Swabi and Sarkoy payan  of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

Horace Rose, an amateur ethnologist and administrator of the British Raj, noted them in 1911 , and partly in Abbottabad and Haripur districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. Across the Durand line, some members of the tribe live in Nangarhar and Kunar in Afghanistan. The Jadoons speak Pashto in Swabi and Afghanistan and Hindko in Abbottabad and Haripur .The name Jadoon is sometimes spelled as Gadoon and in one citation as Suddoon.
The Jadoon are descended from Ashraf also known as jadoon (Gadoon) of the Panni clan of the Ghurghusht Afghan. Panni, Kakar, Naghar and Dawi were four sons of Daney son of Ismail, also known as Ghurghusht. The people of this tribe call themselves jadoons, but Eastern Afghans who change the letter S`h into K`h and "j" into "G" style them Gadoons as the letter J and G are interchangeable in the Pushto language, just as jillani and Gillani are synonyms. The Jadoons were freedom fighters and they showed bravery against their rivals, especially the Sikhs and the British with other prominent Pashtun tribes of the region like the Swati, Tareens Khaji khail and Shilmani. Their leader Sakhi Jan Jadoon had been martyred during the freedom efforts against the Sikhs in the 19th century.Jadoon mainly live in Sarkoy Payan of Gadoon.

Jadoons living in Pakistan are subdivided into Mansoor & saalars subtribes. Subtribe Mansoor is further subdivided into three branches namely, DulatZai, MosaZai and Sheikhs, named after Daulat Khan, Mosa Khan & Hasan Khan, sons of Sheikh Mansoor. DaulatZais are settled in Mangal and Mirpur areas of District Abottabad of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region . Sulemanzai, khizarzai, bozai, sarkhailzai are also sub tribes of panni pakhtoon.

Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Pakistani tribes
Ethnic groups in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Abbottabad District

Jadoon


Karl-Heinz Kunde (January 6, 1938 – January 15, 2018) was a German former racing cyclist. He was born in Cologne. Kunde started 5 times in the Tour de France, but only finished two times, in 1964, 1965 and 1966.  Kunde was nicknamed Bergfloh and Karl, der Kurze (Karl the short). The French reporters named him Le petit Kunde due to his short height.

In 1973 Kunde ended his cycling career, and started a bicycle shop in Cologne.

Kunde died in Cologne on January 15, 2018 at the age of 80.

References

Other websites
 Profile at Cycling Archives

1938 births
2018 deaths
German cyclists
Sportspeople from Cologne

Karl-Heinz Kunde


Katana () is a fictional superheroine that appears in comic books published by DC Comics.

First appearing in 1983, Katana is a samurai warrior whose skill with a sword allows her to fight for justice as a superhero.

Her tragic backstory includes the death of her husband, Maseo, whose soul becomes trapped in her blade, the Soultaker.

Katana has been seen in many DC Comics superhero teams, including the Justice League and the Birds of Prey, but is most commonly seen with the team known as the Outsiders, a team of heroes hand-picked by Batman.

In the 2016 movie Suicide Squad, the character is played by actress Karen Fukuhara, which is part of the DC Extended Universe.

Other websites
Cosmic Teams: Katana

DC Comics superheroes

Katana (comics)


The Carpenters: A Christmas Portrait is a Christmas television special featuring The Carpenters that aired on ABC on December 19, 1978. It was the second Christmas TV special that the pop duo made and was taped in October 1978.

The special stars Richard and Karen Carpenter, with special guests Gene Kelly, Kristy and Jimmy McNichol, Georgia Engel, and Peter Pit.
The special is named after the Carpenters recently released Christmas album Christmas Portrait in October 1978.

Music
 "Christmas Waltz" (performed by Karen Carpenter)
 Opening Title Song ("We've Only Just Begun" instrumental)
 "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town" (performed by Karen Carpenter)
 "Jingle Bells" (performed by Karen Carpenter)
 "Brothers and Sisters" (performed by Carpenters with Kristy and Jimmy McNichol)
 "Merry Christmas Darling" (performed by Karen Carpenter)
 "Christmas in Killarney" (performed by Gene Kelly)
 "Selections from The Nutcracker" (instrumental, performed by Richard Carpenter)
 "Toyland" (performed by Richard Carpenter)
 "Christmas Angels" (performed by Karen Carpenter, Georgia Engel, and Kristy McNichol)
 "O Come All Ye Faithful" (performed by Gene Kelly, Karen Carpenter, Richard Carpenter)
 "Silent Night" (performed by Karen Carpenter and Georgia Engel)
 "Fum, Fum, Fum" (performed by Kristy and Jimmy McNichol)
 "Ave Maria" (performed by Karen Carpenter)
 Closing Music ("We've Only Just Begun" instrumental)

Synopsis
The synopsis of the special revolves around Karen and Richard throwing their annual Christmas party (just like the previous Christmas). They have invited all their special guests and the guests take turns giving their gifts to one another by song. Agnes and Harold Carpenter (Richard and Karen's parents) have cameos in this special. The last four songs just talk about the history of Christmas music and show a variety of selections from different cultures and languages.

External links
Video

Christmas Portrait
1978 television specials
1970s American television specials
Christmas television specials
American Broadcasting Company television specials
American Christmas television specials

The Carpenters: A Christmas Portrait


The Bordeaux–Paris professional cycle race was one of Europe's classic cycle races, and one of the longest in the professional calendar, covering approximately  – more than twice most single-day races. It started in northern Bordeaux in southwest France at 2am and finished in the capital Paris 14 hours later. The professional event was held from 1891 until 1988. It was held as an amateur event in 2014.

History

The event was first run on 23 May 1891, and the Derby of the Road as it was sometimes called, was notable in that riders were paced – allowed to slipstream – behind tandem or conventional cycles. From 1931, pacing was by motorcycles or small pedal-assisted Dernys. Pacing was also briefly by cars. In early events, pacing was provided from Bordeaux. In later events, it was introduced part-way towards Paris. From 1946 to 1985, more than half the distance was paced, Dernys being introduced at Poitiers or Châtellerault, roughly half-way.

The organisers of the inaugural event, Bordeaux Vélo Club and Véloce Sport envisaged that riders might take a few days, but the first edition was won in a continuous ride by George Pilkington Mills.  Mills raced through the night to win the 600 km long event in just over a day.  Post-war winners include Louison Bobet (1959), Tom Simpson (1963), and Jacques Anquetil (1965). The record for the most victories is held by Herman Van Springel, who won seven times between 1970 and 1981.

The first race

George Mills won the inaugural Bordeaux–Paris race in 1891. He was invited by the organisers, the newspaper Véloce Sport because of his reputation in an age when long-distance racing was the fashion. A race from Bordeaux in the south-west to the capital in Paris would be the longest annual event in France.

The race started at 5am in the Place du Pont Bastide in Bordeaux. There were 38 riders. As well as the British – Pilkington Mills, Holbein, Edge and Bates – there were a Pole and a Swiss. Mills fell on bad roads after 10 km when he touched with the Frenchman, Jiel-Laval, but neither was hurt. The English group moved to the front when the field began to straggle after the first hour. They led by a mile at dawn after averaging 14 mph. The historian Victor M. Head wrote: "At 10.30 Angoulème was reached and the Englishmen stopped to gulp down bowls of hot soup. When they restarted, Mills began to make all the running, drawing steadily away from his companions until, arriving at Ruffec, Charente, he was half an hour in the lead."

The rapid departure surprised the organisers. A report said:

Everything had been prepared to receive the riders properly [recevoir dignement]: full meals, baths, hot showers, nothing was forgotten, and there were good beds to welcome our heroes, because there was no doubt among the excellent people of Angoulème that it was impossible to ride 127 km on a bicycle without immediately needing several hours' rest. To the great stupefaction of the spectators, not one of the riders took advantage of what had been provided. The eventual winner, G.P. Mills, stopped for several moments at best. He had a plan: he let Holbein eat peacefully at the control because he knew that a real champion, Lewis Stroud, was waiting to show him the way out of town and that, with him as a precious, fast and durable pacer he could build up the lead he needed to win the race.

Mills reached Tours after 215 miles and more than 12 hours on the road. He rested for five minutes, ate raw meat "and a specially prepared stimulant", and set off an hour ahead of the other British riders. "By now," said Head, "the Frenchmen were hopelessly out of the running." He wrote:

Although the judges, the officials, and the large crowd had been waiting impatiently for three hours before the winner's weary, mud-caked figure was seen coming along the boulevard de la Porte Maillot, his reception was "wildly enthusiastic", as one writer put it , and he was escorted in triumph to his hotel. The time of 26h 36m 25s was truly remarkable when one considers the appalling road conditions, poor weather, and the delays, and all the other hardships encountered . The British victory was complete as Montague Holbein (27h 52m 15s) came in second, with Edge, nearly three hours away, third, and Bates fourth.

The Bicycle Union – later renamed the National Cyclists Union – had strict views about amateurism and had demanded its French equivalent ensure that all taking part met its own amateur ideals. Only then would the NCU allow Mills and other British amateurs to take part.
When Mills won, the Bicycle Union realised he was the works manager at a bicycle factory and decided he should be asked "whether he paid the whole of his expenses in the above-mentioned race." Only when he could prove that he had did the Bicycle Union concede that he was not a professional.

Results – 1891
Source:

Monsieur Bordeaux–Paris

In a timespan of 11 years, Belgian Herman Van Springel would win Bordeaux–Paris for a record of seven times.

Ten times Van Springel took part in the legendary long-distance race and as many times he stood on the podium: a unique feat. Van Springel was known for his exceptional stamina, although initially he did not have much interest in the tough race. "At the time, there was a rather persistent rumour in the peloton that anyone who rode Bordeaux-Paris was exhausted and therefore absolutely unable to play any significant role in the Tour de France. Some even claimed that such a one-off marathon race could mortgage the rest of your career." Van Springel later said.

In 1981, his last year as a professional cyclist, he won his seventh Bordeaux–Paris aged 37.

Last races
Bordeaux–Paris began to lose prestige in the 1980s. It required special training and clashed with riders' plans to compete in the Vuelta a España or Giro d'Italia stage races. Fields began to dwindle and the last motor-paced version was 1985; three non-paced versions were held from 1986 but 1988 proved the last as a professional race.

Winners

References

Other sources
 Gallica, Online Archive, Le Petit Journal Index
 Gallica, Online Archive, Le Petit Journal 24 May 1891 - Velocipedie - La Course de Bordeaux - Paris. Intermediate reports - Libourne, Barberieux, Poitier, Tours
 Gallica, Online Archive, Le Petit Journal 25 May 1891 - Velocipedie - La Course de Bordeaux - Paris.  Final report at Paris

Classic cycle races
Cycle races in France
Recurring sporting events established in 1891
1891 establishments in France
Recurring sporting events disestablished in 1988
1988 disestablishments in France
Super Prestige Pernod races

Bordeaux–Paris


The Marriage is an American sitcom that aired on NBC from July to August 1954. The series is noted as the first prime time network color television series. Broadcast live by NBC for seven episodes in the summer of 1954, the series stars real-life couple Hume Cronyn (who also produced the show) and Jessica Tandy as a New York lawyer and his wife with two children, played by Susan Strasberg and Malcolm Brodrick.

Synopsis
The half-hour show, written by Ernest Kinoy, debuted on July 8, 1954, originating from the Colonial Theatre in New York City, NBC's color television production facility.

The television series was adapted from an NBC radio series of the same title, also starring Cronyn and Tandy and written by Kinoy, that ran from October 1953 to February 1954. The television show was directed by Jack Garfein and Marc Daniels.

Reception
The New York Times television critic called the show "new and different and delightful," and wrote, "'The Marriage' is a sparkling, crisp portrayal of some charming people." The Washington Post called it among the best of the summertime replacement series, praising its "adult approach to situation comedy," with believable situations and intelligent characters.

The show was suspended after August 19, when Cronyn and Tandy left to tour on stage. There was talk in late 1954 of resuming the series, but it did not happen.

References

External links

1953 American television series debuts
1954 American television series endings
1950s American sitcoms
English-language television shows
American live television series
NBC original programming
Television shows set in New York City

The Marriage (American TV series)


Emil Fredericksen or Fredreksen (1867–1950) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor. He earned the award for rescuing injured shipmates despite hazardous conditions following a 1905 boiler explosion aboard his ship, .

Biography
Born in Copenhagen in 1867, Fredericksen immigrated to the United States at age 17. He enlisted in the U.S. Navy in 1897 and served on more than 20 ships in roles such as boilermaker, fireman and quartermaster. He was stationed aboard the gunboat  as a watertender, a position which required him to tend the fires and boilers in the ship's engine room.

On July 21, 1905, Bennington was off San Diego, California, when a boiler exploded, killing 66 and seriously wounding 46 of the 179 men aboard. In the immediate aftermath, Fredericksen "[w]as prominent in the work of rescuing the injured from confined spaces below decks" despite those areas being "filled with blinding steam and the decks covered with scalding water; and while the ship was heavily listed, rapidly filling, and thought liable to sink at any moment." Eleven sailors, including Fredericksen, were awarded the Medal of Honor on January 5, 1906, for their efforts to save their crewmates and the ship.

Fredericksen served on active duty in the U.S. Navy until 1925 and in the Naval Reserve until 1930, reaching the rank of chief watertender. After leaving active duty, he lived in Keyport, Washington, and worked for the Howard S. Wright & Co. construction company in nearby Bremerton. In 1944 he moved to Seattle and died of natural causes at the U.S. Marine Hospital in 1950.

Fredericksen had no known next of kin and was buried at Seattle's Evergreen Washelli Memorial Park without ceremony and with only a temporary grave marker. The location of his grave was lost to history until 2016, when a researcher with the Medal of Honor Historical Society tracked him through pension records and re-discovered his burial place. A graveside memorial service with full military honors was held on March 25, 2016.

Medal of Honor citation
 Rank and organization: Watertender, U.S. Navy
 G.O. No.: 13, 5 January 1906

Citation:

Serving on board the U.S.S. Benington, for extraordinary heroism displayed at the time of the explosion of a boiler of that vessel at San Diego, Calif., 21 July 1905.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients in non-combat incidents

References

External links

1867 births
1950 deaths
Military personnel from Copenhagen
Danish emigrants to the United States
United States Navy sailors
Foreign-born Medal of Honor recipients
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
Non-combat recipients of the Medal of Honor

Emil Fredericksen


Jaws: The Revenge is a 1987 horror film produced and directed by Joseph Sargent. The fourth and final film in the franchise, it stars Lorraine Gary, who came out of retirement to reprise her role from the first two films, along with new cast members Lance Guest, Mario Van Peebles, Karen Young and Michael Caine.

The film focuses on a now-widowed Ellen Brody (Gary) and her conviction that a great white shark is seeking revenge on her family, particularly when it kills her youngest son, and follows her to the Bahamas.

The film was made in less than nine months. Production began in September 1986 so that the film could be released the following summer. Jaws: The Revenge was shot on location in New England and in the Bahamas, and completed on the Universal lot. As with the first two films, Martha's Vineyard was the location of the fictional Amity Island for the opening scenes. Delays caused by the mechanical sharks and the weather led to concerns about whether the release date would be met. Ultimately, some critics suggested that the rushed production compromised the quality of the film.

Jaws: The Revenge was a box-office bomb, and was the lowest grossing film of the franchise, with only $51.9 million (domestically). It was also universally lambasted by critics and audiences alike, who lamented the convoluted story, poor acting, and cheap-looking effects and felt like that franchise had run its course. The film introduced the infamous tagline "This time, it's personal."

Plot
On Amity Island, Martin Brody, famous for his deeds as the police chief, has died from a heart attack. Martin's widow, Ellen, still lives in Amity, close to her younger son, Sean, and his fiancée, Tiffany. Sean works as a police deputy, and when he is dispatched to clear a log from a buoy a few days before Christmas, a great white shark appears and tears off his arm. He screams for help, but the singing on land drowns out his cries. The shark sinks his boat and drags him underwater to his death.

Martin's older son, Michael, his wife, Carla, and their five-year-old daughter, Thea, come to Amity for the funeral. Michael works in the Bahamas as a marine biologist, and on his arrival, Ellen demands he stop his work. Having just received his first grant, Michael is reluctant. Thea convinces Ellen to return to the Bahamas with them.

The pilot of their small plane, Hoagie, takes an interest in Ellen when he flies them back. Wanting to take her mind off her recent losses and finding herself attracted, she begins spending time with him. Michael introduces his mother to his colleague Jake and his wife Louisa, and they spend Christmas and New Year's together.

A few days later, Michael, Jake, and their crew encounter the shark, which followed the family from Amity. Jake is eager to research it because great white sharks have never been seen in the Bahamas due to the warm water. Michael asks him not to mention the shark to his family. During the day, Ellen can keep her mind off the shark, but at night she has nightmares of being attacked by it. She is also able to feel when the shark is about to attack one of her loved ones.

Jake decides to attach a device to the shark that can track it through its heartbeat. Using chum to attract it, Jake stabs the device's tracking pole into the shark's side. The next day, the shark ambushes and chases Michael through a sunken ship, and he narrowly escapes.

Thea goes on an inflatable banana boat with her friend Margaret and her mother. While Carla presents her new art sculpture, the shark attacks the back of the boat, killing Margaret's mother. After Thea is safe, Ellen boards Jake's boat to track down the shark, intending to kill it to save her family. After hearing about what happened, Michael confesses he knew about the shark, infuriating Carla.

Michael and Jake are flown by Hoagie to search for Ellen, and find the shark in pursuit of their boat. During the search, Hoagie explains to Michael about Ellen's belief that the shark that killed Sean is hunting her family. When they find her, Hoagie lands the plane on the water, ordering Michael and Jake to swim to the boat as the shark drags the plane and Hoagie underwater.

Hoagie escapes from the shark, and Jake and Michael hastily put together a device that emits electrical impulses. As Jake moves to the front of the boat, the shark lunges up and mauls him. Jake manages to get the device into the shark's mouth before being dragged underwater. Michael begins blasting the shark with the impulses, which drive it mad; it repeatedly jumps out of the water, roaring in pain.

Michael continues blasting the shark with the impulses, causing it to leap out of the water again. Ellen steers the sailboat towards the shark, while thinking back to the shark's attack on Thea and also imagining Sean's death, and Martin defeating the first shark. As the shark is rearing up, she rams the broken bowsprit of the boat into it.

In the original version of the film that was screened in the U.S., the shark bleeds out and dies after being impaled. In the revised ending (for international theaters and DVD release), the impaling causes the shark to immediately explode and its corpse sinks to the bottom of the ocean (footage from the ending of the first film is used to show this). Also in the revised ending, Michael hears Jake calling for help, seriously injured but still alive (Jake died in the original cut). A short time later, Hoagie flies Ellen back to Amity Island.

Production

Development
As MCA Universal was going through a difficult period, its CEO Sidney Sheinberg saw that a third sequel to Jaws was likely to make a good profit, following the commercial success of Jaws 3-D, despite generally attracting negative reviews. Sheinberg also saw an opportunity to promote the Jaws ride at Universal Studios.

The studio fast-tracked Jaws: The Revenge into production in September 1986 so that it could be released the following summer. Steve De Jarnatt had been approached from Universal's Head of Production Frank Price about writing the script for Jaws IV, as it was then known as.  De Jarnatt's script, however, was shelved when Price resigned in September 1986 following the disappointing performance of Howard the Duck. Around this time, Sheinberg approached Joseph Sargent about directing the film. Sargent had worked with Lorraine Gary in 1973's The Marcus-Nelson Murders, for which he won his first Directors Guild of America Award. Indeed, Steven Spielberg cites this television film, which later spawned Kojak, as motivation for casting Gary as Ellen Brody in the original Jaws film, in addition to the fact she was the wife of the studio's chief executive Sidney Sheinberg at that time. Regarding Revenge, Gary remarked in an interview: "I made a good deal on this film, but I didn't make as good a deal as I would have if I weren't married to Sid."

In an interview with the Boston Herald, Sargent called Revenge "a ticking bomb waiting to go off", saying that...  MCA Inc. president Sid Sheinberg "expects a miracle." Sheinberg asked Sargent to direct the film in late September 1986. According to Sargent, Sheinberg "cut through all the slow lanes and got Jaws: The Revenge off and running." In a 2006 interview, Sargent stated that the premise was born "out of a little bit of desperation to find something fresh to do with the shark. We thought that maybe if we take a mystical point of view, and go for a little bit of ... magic, we might be able to find something interesting enough to sit through."

Sargent hired Michael De Guzman to write a script, within five weeks, with the shooting script being completed during production.  According to the writer, they had the "bare bones of a story" by October 1986, and by the 2nd November they had a workable outline for the production team. The first draft was completed in mid-December, and the final draft of the screenplay was dated 23 January 1987, just nine days before filming began in Edgartown.

The film was developed under the working title Jaws '87, but by February 1987, the title Jaws: The Revenge was being used. The colon within the title is used by some sources although the colon is not included in the film's opening credits, or on the poster.

The film has no continuity from Jaws 3-D. In its predecessor, Mike is an engineer for SeaWorld, whereas in Jaws: The Revenge, he is a marine research scientist. One of the Universal press releases for Jaws: The Revenge refers to this fourth film in the series as the "third film of the remarkable Jaws trilogy." The underwater chase scene between Mike and the shark in Revenge was lifted from an early screenplay draft of Jaws 3-D. De Guzman's script featured a cameo by Matt Hooper, while the producers still hoped to recruit Richard Dreyfuss to the project.

It was proposed that Martin Brody be the shark's first victim. When Roy Scheider was unavailable, Sargent reports that his character had been dead for 18 months "when we enter the story... and deal with Ellen Brody's emotional problem--her obsession with the death of another member of her family." For De Guzman, it "is a story of obsession and fear. Whether what Ellen Brody has in her mind is true or not will be left up to the audience to decide. No statement is being made in that regard... but it's about any kind of fear so great and so strong that it begins to take control of a human being's life."

De Guzman and Sargent were inspired by the first film's "less is more" approach. Replicating the idea of the yellow barrels in the original, they believed that having the shark swallow meat attached to a sonar device, emitting the sound of the shark's heartbeat, would create tension and be more effective than constantly  seeing the shark or people being eaten. De Guzman asserts that the strongest characters in drama are often those off-screen, another justification for not showing the shark too often. Sargent expected the audience to appreciate what they tried to do, and had ambitions that it would not be seen as "a tired version of the first one."

Casting

Lorraine Gary portrayed Ellen Brody in the first two films. In a press release, Gary says Jaws: The Revenge is "also about relationships which ... makes it much more like the first Jaws." This was Gary's first film role since she had appeared in Spielberg's 1941 eight years earlier, as well as being her final film role. The press release proposes that the character "had much more depth and texture than either of the other films was able to explore. The promise of further developing this multi-dimensional woman under the extraordinary circumstances ... intrigued Gary enough to lure her back to the screen after a lengthy hiatus."

Gary is the only principal cast member from the original film who returned. Roy Scheider and Richard Dreyfuss refused to participate. Scheider had other commitments, and also had clearly expressed a desire not to play the character again. Lee Fierro made a brief cameo as Mrs. Kintner (the mother of Alex Kintner who was killed in Jaws), as did Fritzi Jane Courtney, who played Mrs. Taft, one of the Amity town council members in both Jaws and Jaws 2. Cyprian R. Dube, who played Amity Selectman Mr. Posner in both Jaws and Jaws 2, is upgraded to mayor following the death of Murray Hamilton, who played Larry Vaughan, the mayor in the first two Jaws films.

Gary states that one of the reasons she was attracted to the film was the idea of an on-screen romance with Oscar winner Michael Caine.

The first day we were to work together I was nervous as a school girl. We were shooting a Junkanoo Festival with noisy drums and hundreds of extras. But he never faltered in his concentration and he put me completely at ease. It was all so natural. He's an extraordinary actor – and just a nice human being.

Caine had mixed feelings about both the production and the final version. He thinks that it was a first for him to be involved with someone his own age in a film. He compares the relationship between two middle-aged people to the romance between two teenagers. Although disappointed not to be able to collect an Academy Award because of filming in the Bahamas, he was glad to be involved in the film. In the press release, he explains that "it is part of movie history ... the original was one of the great all-time thrillers. I thought it might be nice to be mixed up with that. I liked the script very much." However, Caine later claimed: "I have never seen it [the film], but by all accounts it is terrible. However, I have seen the house that it built, and it is terrific!" In his 1992 autobiography What's it All About?, he says that the film "will go down in my memory as the time when I won an Oscar, paid for a house and had a great holiday. Not bad for a flop movie."

Lance Guest played Ellen's eldest son Mike. Guest had dropped out of his sophomore year at UCLA (1981) to appear in another sequel to a horror classic; Halloween II. Karen Young played his wife Carla. She commended the director's emphasis upon characterization.

Mario Van Peebles played Jake, Michael's colleague. His father, Melvin Van Peebles, has a cameo in the film as Nassau's mayor. Mitchell Anderson appeared as Ellen's youngest son, Sean. Lynn Whitfield played Louisa, and stunt performer Diane Hetfield was the victim of the banana boat attack.

In addition to the 124 cast and crew members, 250 local extras were also hired. The majority of the extras were used as members of the local high school band, chorus and dramatic society that can be seen as the Brodys walk through the town, and during Sean's attack. A local gravestone maker produced 51 slabs for the mock graveyard used for Sean's funeral.

Filming
Principal photography for Jaws: The Revenge took place on location in New England and in the Bahamas, and completed on the Universal lot. Like the first two films of the series, Martha's Vineyard was the location of the fictional Amity Island for the film's opening scenes. Edgartown welcomed the production because it brought more business to the tourist town, which was usually very quiet in February. Production commenced on February 2, 1987, by which time "snowstorms had blanketed" the island for almost a month, "providing a frosty backdrop for the opening scenes." Cinematographer John McPherson recalls that filming in the Vineyard was very cold, and required seven generators and lots of equipment. He says the six-day shoot covered 22 pages of the script.

The cast and crew moved to Nassau in the Bahamas on February 9, beginning principal photography there the next day. Like the production of the first two films, they encountered many problems with varying weather conditions. The location did not offer the "perfect world" that the 38-day shoot required. Cover shots were filmed on shore and in interior sets. Cinematographer McPherson reports that some scenes had to be filmed across several days, presenting challenges for matching the weather.

The underwater sequences were coordinated from a 85ft boat called Moby II. Second Unit Director Jordan Klein says that it was initially challenging for the actors to get used to the "foreign environment" of performing underwater. Stunt performer Gavin McKinney stood in for Lance Guest in the scene with the moray eel because it was potentially dangerous.

Principal photography completed in Nassau on 26th May, although the special effects team continued working until 4th June. Production then moved to the two sets which had been constructed at Universal Studios for the Neptune's Folly sequences, and also some reshoots of Sean's death. A tank had been painted to replicate Nassau's sea bed, and a huge backdrop was painted to look like the Bahamas sky. However, as John McPherson points out, the backdrop looked rather artificial, which the production had no remaining time to resolve.

The film was shot in the Super 35 format, with Arriflex cameras equipped with Zeiss Superspeed lenses for underwater sequences. Cinematographer John McPherson also supervised the underwater unit, which was headed by Pete Romano. Whereas underwater photography was normally filmed with an anamorphic lens, requiring overhead lighting, Romano filmed these "sequences with Zeiss, a 35 mm super-speed lens, which allows the natural ambiance to come through on film."

The special effects team, headed by Henry Millar, had arrived at South Beach, Nassau on January 12, 1987, almost a month before principal photography commenced there. In the official press release, Millar says that when he became involved "we didn't even have a script ... but as the story developed and they started telling us all what they wanted ... I knew this wasn't going to be like any other shark anyone had ever seen."

The shark was to be launched from atop an  long platform, made from the trussed turret of a  crane, and floated out into Clifton Bay. Seven sharks, or segments, were produced. They were constructed of fibreglass, a metal frame and latex skin. The models were operated from a platform capable of rotating 180 degrees underwater, with a hydraulic arm operating the sharks.

Two models were fully articulated, two were made for jumping, one for ramming, one was a half shark (the top half) and one was just a fin. The two fully articulated models each had 22 sectioned ribs and movable jaws covered by a flexible water-based latex skin, measured  in length and weighed 2500 pounds. Each tooth was half-a-foot long and as sharp as it looked. All models were housed under cover ... in a secret location on the island.

Universal had originally considered tasking Industrial Light & Magic to create a miniature free-swimming shark akin to the whale in Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home. The whale's designer suggested that the model could be easily converted into a shark, but its scale would be too problematic, and the proposal was aborted.

Instead, Ted Rae, who had worked on Jaws 3-D, was commissioned to create a stop-motion shark for Jaws: The Revenge. When designing and sculpturing the models, Rae tried to strike a balance between matching the full-scale sharks built by Millar, and the live action footage. Rae criticised the full-scale models, saying they "looked like a concrete log with teeth... and doesn't look as good as the shark in the first film." The animatronic puppets would subsequently appear in 3 or 4 shots in the completed film. Rae also constructed shark and miniature boat for the climatic sequences; however, Sargent didn't like Rae's footage, and took the models to Universal for completion there.

The film company returned to Universal to finish shooting on April 2.Additional underwater photography was completed in a water tank, measuring  by  across, and  in depth, in Universal Studio's Stage 27. Also, a replica of Nassau's Clifton Bay and its skyline was created on the man-made Falls Lake on the studio backlot. Principal photography was completed in Los Angeles on May 26. Millar's special effects team, however, remained in Nassau, completing second unit photography on June 4.

Adverse weather conditions and problems with the mechanical sharks meant that the product was delayed and exceeded its $23m budget. Despite this, the production was hurried in order to meet the July 1987 release date. According to associate producer and production manager Frank Baur during the sequel's filming, "This [Revenge] will be the fastest I have ever seen a major film planned and executed in all of my 35 years as a production manager."

A television documentary, "Behind the Scenes with Jaws: The Revenge", was broadcast in the U.S. on July 10, 1987. Twenty-two minutes in length, it was written and directed by William Rus for Zaloom Mayfield Productions.

Ending changes
In the original theatrical version's ending, Ellen rammed the shark with Mike's boat, mortally wounding it. The shark then causes the boat to break apart with its death contortions, forcing the people on the boat to jump off to avoid going down with it. American audiences disapproved of this ending. Following this, a different ending was ordered to be shot for foreign distribution in which the shark gets stabbed with the bow sprit and then inexplicably explodes, with Jake being found wounded but alive. Universal used this ending on home media releases.

A rumor persisted that the re-shooting of the ending prevented Michael Caine from collecting his Academy Award for Hannah and Her Sisters in person. The re-shot ending reportedly began filming only five days after the film was released in the United States. The new ending was the version released in other Western countries.  The original ending can be seen on cable broadcasts. In his review of the film, Roger Ebert said that he could not believe "[t]hat the director, Joseph Sargent, would film this final climactic scene so incompetently that there is not even an establishing shot, so we have to figure out what happened on the basis of empirical evidence."

Music

The score was composed and conducted by Michael Small, who had previously provided music for Klute, Marathon Man (both of which featured Jaws star Roy Scheider) and The Parallax View. John Williams' original shark motif is integrated into the score, although Small removed the Orca theme. Soundtrack.net says that "Small's score is generally tense, and he comes up with a few new themes of his own." The film also contained the songs "Nail it to the Wall", performed by Stacy Lattisaw, and the 1986 hit "You Got It All", performed by The Jets.

A soundtrack album was announced when the film opened; however, the release was cancelled following the film's disappointing performance at the box office. A promotional version of the album was released in 2000 on Audio CD and Compact Cassette. Reviews for the soundtrack album were more favorable than for the film. Indeed, writing for Film Score Monthly, AK Benjamin says that "on a CD, Small's material fares better since it's not accompanied by the film." Dismissing the film as "engagingly unwatchable", he says that "Small certainly gave Revenge a lot more than it deserved – and this a much better score than Deep Blue Sea ... whatever that means." Benjamin portrays Small as 'knowing' and his work as being superior to the film.

The hysterical coda tacked onto the end of "Revenge and Finale" is almost worth the price of the disc, as it no doubt sums up Small's opinion of the film. It's sad that the great Michael Small was delegated utter crap like Jaws the Revenge in the late '80s – and even worse that he never found his way back to the material that he deserves.

Upon Small's death in 2003, The Independent wrote that the "composer of some distinction ... had the indignity of working on one of the worst films of all time". Like most reviews of the soundtrack, the article criticizes the film whilst saying "Small produced a fine score in the circumstances, as if anyone noticed."

In 2015, Intrada Records, which previously reissued Jaws 3-D on compact disc, released the complete score. Intrada was given access to the complete session mixes, meaning that the disc included every cue recorded, including alternate print takes of several cues.

Release
The film opened at the height of summer on July 17, 1987, in 1,606 theaters, where it debuted in third place, behind RoboCop and a re-screening of Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $7,154,890, almost half of what Jaws 3-D had grossed in its first weekend. Jaws: The Revenge was only in the top 10 for two weeks, before dropping to No. 12 in its third week. By the end of its theatrical run, Jaws: The Revenge had grossed a worldwide total of $51,881,013. Although this made it a financial success on its $23 million budget, Jaws: The Revenge grossed by far the lowest of the entire Jaws franchise: the original film grossed nine times more in 1975 on only 675 theaters.

Television airings
Jaws: The Revenge was originally screened on AMC in the United States and on BBC in the United Kingdom. The AMC version includes a number of deleted and extended scenes that were removed from the original theatrical release. These include spoken narration prior to the opening credits explaining that some circumstances can be due to fate, and more dialogue between Ellen and Hoagie as well as between Michael and Jake. There are additional shots of the shark diving towards the submersible and slightly different angles showing Jake's death.

The film's first broadcast on BBC became notorious for showing the film in an open matte (4:3) format, rather than the 2.35:1 ratio in which the film was intended to be exhibited. This meant that some wires needed to operate the mechanical shark were visible, rather than being obscured by black bars or a pan and scan system.

Home media
Jaws: The Revenge was the first film of the series to be released on DVD. It was released on Region 1 as a 'vanilla' disc by Goodtimes, featuring Spanish and French subtitles. The feature is presented in a non-anamorphic 2.35:1 widescreen transfer. The soundtrack was presented in Dolby Digital 4.1, with one reviewer saying that the "stereo separation is great with ocean waves swirling around you, the bubbles going by during the scuba scenes, and Hoagie's airplane flying around behind you." The same reviewer praised the image transfer of McPherson's "extremely well photographed" cinematography. The film was re-released on DVD by Universal on June 3, 2003, in an anamorphic transfer. In 2015, Jaws: The Revenge was re-released on DVD as part of a three movie multi-pack, along with Jaws 2 and Jaws 3-D.

Universal Pictures released Jaws: The Revenge on Blu-ray on June 14, 2016. The bonus features on the disc are the film's theatrical trailer and the restored original theatrical ending in high definition.

Reception

Critical response
Jaws: The Revenge was universally panned by critics and audiences alike.   Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C−" on an A+ to F scale.

For her performance, Gary was nominated for both a Saturn Award for Best Actress and a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress; she lost to Jessica Tandy for *batteries not included and Madonna for Who's That Girl, respectively. It was rated by Entertainment Weekly as one of "The 25 Worst Sequels Ever Made". It was voted number 22 by readers of Empire magazine in their list of The 50 Worst Movies Ever.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film zero stars, writing in his review that it "is not simply a bad movie, but also a stupid and incompetent one." He lists several elements that he finds unbelievable, including that Ellen is "haunted by flashbacks to events where she was not present". Ebert joked that Caine could not attend the ceremony to accept his Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor earned for Hannah and Her Sisters because of his shooting commitments on this film, because he may not have wanted to return to the shoot if he had left it. On their review show, both Ebert and his colleague Gene Siskel slated the film, also pointing out a number of "logical errors amongst many logical errors" including a scene near the end where Michael Caine's shirt is dry despite the character having just hauled himself out of the water. Siskel concluded his review by saying "let's hope this is the end of the Jaws saga".

Critics also addressed the implausibility of some aspects of the plot. Given the Brodys' history, Caryn James of The New York Times asked "Why hasn't this family moved to Nebraska?" The sequence in which the shark "literally leaps out of the water and can roar like a lion" became so notorious that it inspired the title of the 2022 making-of book The Shark is Still Roaring. Other implausible elements include the shark swimming from a Massachusetts island to the Bahamas (approx. ) in less than three days, somehow knowing that the Brody family went to the Bahamas, or following Michael through an underwater labyrinth, as well as the implication of such a creature seeking revenge. The Independent pointed out that "the film was riddled with inconsistencies [and] errors (sharks cannot float or roar like lions)". Consequently Entertainment Weekly pointed out that the promotional material's claim that it is "the most incredible" Jaws film is "technically correct".

In contrast, however, I.Q. Hunter writes, "the cheap shark effects aren't especially disastrous considering what was possible before CGI." Derek Winnert ends his otherwise lukewarm review by stating, "the Bahamas backdrops are pretty and the shark looks as toothsome as ever". Critics commented upon the sepia-toned flashbacks to the first film. A scene with Michael and Thea imitating each other is interspersed with shots from a similar scene in Jaws of Sean (Jay Mello) and Martin Brody. Similarly, the shark's destruction contains footage of Martin Brody aiming at the compressed air tank, saying "Smile, you son of a ... ". Caryn James comments that "nothing kills a sequel faster than reverence ... Joseph Sargent, the director, has turned this into a color-by-numbers version of Steven Spielberg's original Jaws."

In a 2019 scholarly article, I.Q. Hunter argues that the film "is valuable as a case study because it is not a 'standard' SoBIG ["so bad it's good"] failure. It is neither a weird anomaly with a passionate and visible fan-base, nor the product of an archaic cash-strapped production context. Nor was it a massive flop, redolent of budgetary overkill and artistic vanity. Jaws: The Revenge is simply, by universal consensus, a very bad film."

Accolades

Legacy
The increasing number of sequels in the Jaws series was spoofed in the 1989 film Back to the Future Part II (which was produced by Steven Spielberg and featured Jaws 3 star Lea Thompson), when Marty McFly travels to the year 2015 and sees a theater showing Jaws 19 (fictionally directed by Max Spielberg), with the tagline "This time it's REALLY REALLY personal!". This alludes to the tagline of Jaws: The Revenge: "This time it's personal." After being "attacked" by a promotional volumetric image of the shark outside the theatre, Marty says "the shark still looks fake." In celebration of "Back to the Future Day" in 2015, Universal released a parody trailer for Jaws 19, where the sequels after The Revenge would have included sharks in various environments, prequels, and even a love story titled Jaws 17: Fifty Scales of Grey.

The film is listed in Golden Raspberry Award founder John Wilson's book The Official Razzie Movie Guide as one of The 100 Most Enjoyably Bad Movies Ever Made.

Novelization

The novelization was written by Hank Searls, who also adapted Jaws 2. While Searls' Jaws 2 novelization was based on an earlier draft of that film and was significantly different from the finished film, his Jaws: The Revenge novelization sticks fairly close to the final film, although it does contain some extra subplots to, as Paul Downey writes, "establish a more cohesive plot". The novel contains a subplot in which Hoagie is a government agent and he transports laundered money. The only reference to this in the film is when Michael Brody asks "What do you do when you're not flying people?" to which Hoagie replies, "I deliver laundry." In Searls' novel, the character of Jake is ultimately killed by the shark; Jake was originally supposed to die in the film, but the script was changed to allow him to survive.

The novelization suggests that the shark may be acting under the influence of a vengeful voodoo witch doctor (who has a feud with the Brody family), and the shark's apparent revenge has magical implications. Taken from the earlier drafts of the screenplay, the shark is directed by a voodoo curse laid by Papa Jacques, a Haitian witch doctor. Film scholar I.Q. Hunter explains, "The revenge of the title is, therefore, Papa Jacques' and not the shark's, which entirely changes the story's meaning: the shark, impelled by 'stranger forces man could never understand,' is an instrument of postcolonial revenge." Searls explained to the Poughskeepsie Journal that "in the book, I don't contend that the shark is thinking at all. That's why I've got the voodoo guy standing in for him."  Searls says that it works in the book, but it was "too corny" for the film. However, at one point in the theatrical version, Michael Brody says, "Come on, sharks don't commit murder. Tell me you don't believe in that voodoo."

Reviews of the novel were mixed. Author and journalist Matt Serafini calls it a "fast-moving and vivid read", rating it higher than the actual movie. However, writing for The Miami Herald, Joe Achenbach calls it "the literary equivalent of a sausage".

See also
 List of killer shark films
 List of films considered the worst
 List of films with a 0% rating on Rotten Tomatoes

References

Bibliography

External links

 Jaws: The Revenge at the TCM Movie Database

1987 films
1987 horror films
American natural horror films
American sequel films
Alternative sequel films
1980s English-language films
American films about revenge
Films about sharks
Films about dysfunctional families
Films directed by Joseph Sargent
Films set in the Bahamas
Films set in Massachusetts
Films shot in California
Films set on beaches
Films set on fictional islands
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films shot in Martha's Vineyard
Films shot in the Bahamas
4
Films about shark attacks
Universal Pictures films
Films scored by Michael Small
Films based on works by Peter Benchley
Films based on American novels
1980s American films

Jaws: The Revenge


The Macon City Auditorium is a historic structure in Macon, Georgia, United States, that has hosted performances, meetings, and events for the community since 1925. It was designed by New York architect Egerton Swartwout. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Municipal Auditorium in 1971.

Located nearly across the street from Macon's historic City Hall, the auditorium is designed in a similar Classical style, surrounded on three sides by limestone Doric columns.

The building is capped by a copper dome, claimed by many locals to be the largest in the world, though verifying the fact has proved difficult. Below the dome, the Great Hall seats 2,688 total, split between the  floor (typically configured with folding chairs and tables for various uses) and a balcony with fixed seating for 988. Over the stage, a Don Carlos Dubois and Wilbur Kurtz mural contains scenes from Macon area history from the Spanish explorations of Hernando de Soto to the early twentieth century.

Though it is significantly older than, and geographically separate from, the other building in the complex, the auditorium is maintained as part of the Macon Centreplex, which also includes the Macon Coliseum. The latter two facilities comprise a single building on the east side of the Ocmulgee River, and for many in the general public, "the Centreplex" refers specifically to that property, while the downtown structure continues to be colloquially known simply as "the Auditorium".

The Macon Coliseum has about 9,000 seats while the Macon City Auditorium has 2,688.

Recent events

 Oprah Winfrey filmed her 2007 episode, "Oprah's Favorite Things", in the Macon City Auditorium on November 17, 2007.
 2016 Celtic Women Destiny Tour

References

External links

The Macon Centreplex website's page for the auditorium

Convention centers in Georgia (U.S. state)
Concert halls in the United States
Buildings and structures in Macon, Georgia
Neoclassical architecture in Georgia (U.S. state)
Buildings and structures completed in 1925
National Register of Historic Places in Bibb County, Georgia
Event venues on the National Register of Historic Places in Georgia (U.S. state)

Macon City Auditorium


Lucera (Lucerino: ) is an Italian city of 34,243  inhabitants in the province of Foggia in the region of Apulia, and the seat of the Diocese of Lucera-Troia.

Located upon a flat knoll in the Tavoliere Plains, near the foot of Daunian Mountains, Lucera was the capital of Province of Capitanata and the County of Molise from 1579 until 1806.

Climate

The city is characterized by a Mediterranean climate, with long, hot summers, with extreme temperature changes during the day, and mild winters, although due to its proximity to the Daunian mountains the temperature can drop to values below . The winds are quite frequent and, although sometimes quite strong, are usually moderate.

The average annual temperature is around , and rainfall amounts to an average value of . Snowfalls are rare.

History

Ancient era and early Middle Ages
Lucera is located in the territory of the ancient tribe of the Daunii. Archeological excavations show the presence of a Bronze Age village inside the city boundaries. Lucera was probably named after either Lucius, a mythical Daunian king, or a temple dedicated to the goddess Lux Cereris. A third possibility is that the city was founded and named by the Etruscans, in which case the name probably means Holy Wood (luc = "wood", eri = "holy").

In 321 BC, the Roman army was deceived into thinking Lucera was under siege by the Samnites. Hurrying to relieve their allies the army walked into an ambush and were defeated at the famous Battle of the Caudine Forks. The Samnites occupied Lucera but were thrown out after a revolt. The city sought Roman protection and in 320 BC was granted the status of Colonia Togata, which meant it was ruled by the Roman Senate. In order to strengthen the ties between the two cities, 2,500 Romans moved to Lucera. From then on, Lucera was known as a steadfast supporter of Rome.

During the civil wars of the late Republic, Pompey set up his headquarters in Lucera, but abandoned the city when Julius Caesar approached. Lucera quickly switched its allegiance and Caesar's clemency spared it from harm. In the next civil war between Octavian and Mark Anthony the city did not escape as lightly. After the war, Octavian settled many veteran soldiers on the lands of the ruined city. This helped Lucera recover quickly and marked an era of renewed prosperity. Many of the surviving Roman landmarks hail from this Augustan period, among them the Luceran amphitheatre.

With the fall of the Western Roman Empire the city of Lucera entered into a state of decline. In 663 AD, it was captured from the Lombards and destroyed by the Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II. A year later in 664 AD, the town was sacked by the Byzantine Empire to ward off muslim expansion into southern Italy.

Islamic period

In 1224, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, responding to religious uprisings in Sicily, expelled all Muslims from the island, transferring many to Lucera (Lugêrah, as it was known in Arabic) over the next two decades. In this controlled environment, they could not challenge royal authority and they benefited the crown in taxes and military service. Their numbers eventually reached between 15,000 and 20,000, leading Lucera to be called Lucaera Saracenorum because it represented the last stronghold of Islamic presence in Italy.  During peacetime, Muslims in Lucera were predominantly farmers. They grew durum wheat, barley, legumes, grapes and other fruits. Muslims also kept bees for honey.

The colony thrived for 75 years until it was sacked in 1300 by Christian forces under the command of Giovanni Pippino di Barletta, with the acquiescence of Charles II of Naples. The majority of the city's Muslim inhabitants were slaughtered or – as happened to almost 10,000 of them – sold into slavery. Their abandoned mosques were demolished, and churches were usually built in their place, including the cathedral of S. Maria della Vittoria. The city and its history of this period find mention in the novel A Sultan in Palermo by Tariq Ali.

After the Muslims were removed from Lucera, Charles tried to settle Christians in the city. Those Muslims that converted to Christianity got part of their property back, but none was restored his former position of political or economic influence. As time progressed, grain production fell in the city, and in 1339 the city was hit by a famine. Christians were allowed to farm as the Muslims.

Main sights
Sights in Lucera include:
the Roman Amphitheater, dating to Augustus' times and one of the largest in southern Italy. It was discovered in 1932: during the excavations, a statue of Augustus was found in the site. It measures c. , of elliptical plan, and could host from 16,000 to 18,000 spectators. The area measures 75.2 x 43.2 m. The amphitheater could be accessed from two large portals, one towards Lucera and one towards Foggia; the two side accesses, as well as the external walls, are no more visible. It was perhaps destroyed in the capture of the city by the Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II in 663.
the medieval Castle
the Church of St. Francis
the Cathedral, built in 1300 on the grounds of the last standing medieval mosque in Italy, which had been destroyed the same year.
Church of the Carmen
Church of St. Dominic
Church of St. Antony the Abbot, whose dome was once part of the city's mosque.
Church of St. John the Baptists

Economy
The commune of Lucera is home to the Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) wine of Cacc'e mmitte di Lucera. This red Italian wine is said to have gotten its name from the local dialect referring to the act of pouring a wine from cask to goblet and going back for seconds. The DOC includes 80 hectares (198 acres) of land around the commune with all grapes destined for DOC wine production needing to be harvested to a yield no greater than 14 tonnes/ha. The wine is made primarily (35-60%) from the Uva di Troia grape (known in Lucera under the synonym Sumarello), Montepulciano, Sangiovese and Malvasia nera (the latter three grapes collectively making up between 25-35% of the blend). White wine grape varieties are also permitted in this red wine with Trebbiano Toscano, Bombino bianco and Malvasia del Chianti collectively allowed to account for between 15-30% of the blend. The finished wine must attain a minimum alcohol level of 11.5% in order to be labelled with the Cacc'e mmitte di Lucera DOC designation.

International relations

Twin towns – Sister cities
Lucera is twinned with:
 Jesi, Italy, since 1970
 San Cipirello, Italy, since 1989
 Trogir, Croatia, since 1970

See also
History of Islam in southern Italy
Bishopric of Lucera–Troia

References

Sources
Alexander Knaak: Prolegomena zu einem Corpuswerk der Architektur Friedrichs II. von Hohenstaufen im Königreich Sizilien 1220–1250, Marburg 2001.  (For the medieval Lucera Castle of the Hohenstaufen see pp. 24–38)
 Aalulbayt Library,
Taylor, Julie. Muslims in Medieval Italy: The Colony at Lucera. Lexington Books,  2005.
 University of Michigan-Dearborn,  UM-Dearborn professor publishes history of Muslim community in medieval Italy (press release), 20 November 2003

Cities and towns in Apulia

Lucera


Palmitos Park is a  botanical garden, aviary and zoo on the island of Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain.

Geography & climate
The park is located in a countryside area, near Pilancones Natural Park, towards south of the island; about  north of the tourist beaches and dunes of Maspalomas, but towards the interior. The park has a humid subtropical climate.

Layout
There is a terrace near a fountain, along a path that leads up to the amphitheater where flying birds of prey perform in shows. Next to the amphitheater there is a snack bar, and a small cafe can be found in the park.

One feature of the park is the great wealth of cacti and succulents. There are over 160 different cactus types, and 1000 palm trees of 42 different types.

Parrot-like birds are well represented in the park, but other types of birds can also be found, including swans and ducks. Overall, there are over 1,500 exotic birds of 230 different species. Many fly freely around the park.

Palmitos Park holds Europe's largest butterfly venue, as well as the biggest Orchid collection on the island.

Near the exit - behind the souvenir shop, one can admire hummingbirds that fly very visibly in front of their food.

Sections of the park
Butterfly house with (mainly living) butterflies.
Pond with water birds
Dolphinarium with 6 dolphins, and live dolphin shows interacting with the audience.
Dolphin Photo Opportunity where members of the public can have their photo taken while stroking a dolphin (additional fee)
Swim with Dolphins opportunity (additional fee)
Glass cages with hummingbirds
House of orchids
Terrace near fountain
Amphitheater with shows with flying birds of prey
Presentation room with documentaries and shows with trained parrots
Souvenir shop
Aquaria with many kinds of fish and other underwater animals

Gallery

2007 Gran Canaria forest fires
On July 31, 2007 it was reported in the media that almost 65% of the park was burned due to ten forest fires, and that some exotic bird species - such as the toucan - may have been killed. The forest fires caused evacuations of certain parts of Gran Canaria and Tenerife. A local Forest Ranger was accused of starting the fires intentionally in order to keep him in employment as his contract was due to expire.

Over 2000 people from the village of Mogán were evacuated, as well as El Salobre. No human people died during the fire, but many houses were burned to the ground. Smoke was clearly visible from space.

Because Palmitos Park was severely affected by the fire, it was closed for a whole year. The park opened for the public again August 4, 2008. It has a new section with information about the forest fire.

Notes

External links

Gran Canaria
Aviaries
Botanical gardens in the Canary Islands
Tourist attractions in the Canary Islands
Zoos in Spain
Aspro Parks attractions

Palmitos Park


Dukedom is an unincorporated community in both Graves County, Kentucky and Weakley County, Tennessee, straddling the state line in the western part of both states. The location is ; The elevation is 487 feet above sea level.

The community is notable as the location of the Knob Creek Church of Christ, established in June 1834, the first Restoration Movement congregation to adopt the name Church of Christ.

Demographics

History
A post office was established on the Tennessee side in 1833. The community probably derives its name from Duke A. Beadles, first postmaster.

American Civil War
Dukedom is connected with General Nathan Bedford Forrest, who served for the Confederacy in the Civil War. A Kentucky highway historical marker in the community reads:

CSA Gen. N. B. Forrest with main body of cavalry passed this way before and after destructive raid on Paducah, March 25, 1864. Returning, Kentucky regiments, camping near here, given leave to seek food, horses, get recruits, visit families. Not one deserted. News item led Forrest to send men back through here again, April 14, to capture horses missed before.

Notable residents
Jimmy Work, country musician

References

Unincorporated communities in Kentucky
Unincorporated communities in Graves County, Kentucky
Unincorporated communities in Weakley County, Tennessee
Unincorporated communities in Tennessee

Dukedom, Kentucky and Tennessee


Carl Ames Strock (born c. 1948) was a United States Army officer, and was Chief of Engineers and the Commanding General of the United States Army Corps of Engineers. He was born in Georgia and grew up in an Army family. He enlisted in the Army and received his commission as an infantry second lieutenant following graduation from Officer Candidate School in 1972. After completing Ranger and Special Forces training, he served primarily with infantry units before transferring to the Engineer Branch of the U.S. Army in 1983. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in civil engineering from the Virginia Military Institute and a master's degree in civil engineering from Mississippi State University. He is a Registered Professional Engineer.

Prior to his selection as the Chief of Engineers and Commanding General of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, he served as Director of Civil Works, Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. In September 2003, he returned from a six-month tour of duty in Iraq as the Deputy Director of Operations for the Coalition Provisional Authority. His previous assignment was Director of Military Programs, Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

As the Chief of Engineers, Strock was at the center of attention concerning issues surrounding the flooding of New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina in 2005.  In June 2006, General Strock accepted responsibility on behalf of the Corps for the failure of the flood protection, calling it "a system in name only."

Strock stepped down as the Chief of Engineers and retired in 2007.  He was replaced by LTG Robert L. Van Antwerp Jr. on 5 March 2007 as the 52nd Chief of Engineers.

Strock's command assignments include:

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Northwestern Division;
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Pacific Ocean Division;
Engineer Brigade, 24th Infantry Division, Fort Stewart, Georgia;
307th Engineer Battalion, 82nd Airborne Division, where he led the battalion through Operation Just Cause in Panama and Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm in Saudi Arabia and Iraq;
Rifle Company Commander, 1st Battalion (Mechanized), 26th Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division (Forward) in Germany;
Operational Detachment Commander, 2nd Battalion, 5th Special Forces Group at Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

Other assignments include:

Chief of Staff, U.S. Army Engineer Training Center and Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri;
Personnel Staff Officer, Army Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel, Washington, D.C.;
Colonels Assignment Officer, U.S. Army Personnel Command, Washington D.C.;
Exchange Officer and Instructor, Royal School of Military Engineering in England;
Battalion Operations Officer, Assistant Division Engineer, and Battalion Executive Officer for the 307th Engineer Battalion, 82nd Airborne Division;
Resident Engineer, Columbus Air Force Base, Mississippi;
Project Officer, Tennessee- Tombigbee Waterway, Mississippi and Alabama;
Scout Platoon Leader and Company Executive Officer, 1st Battalion (Airborne), 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 82nd Airborne Division.

References
This article contains public domain text from

External links
Official biography

Living people
Military personnel from Georgia (U.S. state)
United States Army generals
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Virginia Military Institute alumni
United States Army Corps of Engineers personnel
1948 births
Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal

Carl A. Strock


Reggie Gray (born April 29, 1984) is an American football wide receiver and kickoff returner who is currently a free agent.

High school
Gray attended Morgan Park High School in Chicago, Illinois, where he was a team captain and led his team to the 2001 City Championship, in which they defeated Dunbar in a shootout. He scored the game-winning touchdown on a 45-yard bomb with 41 seconds left in the game. He was an All-State wide receiver, defensive back, and kick returner. He amassed over 2000 all purpose yards, with 25 touchdowns. Had 10 returned kicks for touchdowns, and intercepted 10 passes.

College career
In college, Reggie played receiver for the Western Illinois Leathernecks, wearing jersey #85.

Professional career

Bloomington Extreme
Reggie played two seasons for the Bloomington Extreme before signing a contract on February 8, 2008 with the Chicago Rush of the Arena Football League. The Extreme were associated with the league known as United Indoor Football until the autumn of 2008 when that league joined with the Intense Football League to form the newest incarnation of the Indoor Football League.

Chicago Rush
Reggie was a member of the Chicago Rush during the 2008 off-season, failing to make the Rush roster.

Chicago Slaughter
With the Chicago Rush shut down by the AFL's decision to suspend its season, Gray joined several of his Rush team members in a move to the Chicago Slaughter of the rival Continental Indoor Football League. During that season, he led the league in all-purpose yards with 1,318. The Slaughter went undefeated, winning the 2009 CIFL Championship Game 58–48 over the Fort Wayne Freedom. Gray had a 46-yard kickoff return for a touchdown.

Gray returned to the Slaughter in 2010 after being cut by the Tampa Bay Storm. The Slaughter moved to the larger Indoor Football League in 2010.

Chicago Rush
Gray signed with the Chicago Rush for the 2011 Arena Football League season. He was reunited with college teammate Russ Michna and in his first year on the regular roster, Gray caught 130 passes for 1,969 yards and 49 receiving touchdowns. With 4 more kickoff returns for touchdowns, Gray finished the year with 53 total touchdowns. The receptions and receiving yards broke Bobby Sippio's Rush franchise records. Gray was voted on Second Team All-Arena and made the All-Ironman Team as a WR/KR. Following the 2013 season. Gray was named a second team All-Arena selection for the 3rd time in his career.

San Jose SaberCats
On September 11, 2013, Gray was assigned to the San Jose SaberCats. He was named the ArenaBowl MVP when San Jose won the ArenaBowl in 2015.

Jacksonville Sharks
On May 31, 2016, Gray was assigned to the Jacksonville Sharks.

Qingdao Clipper
Gray was selected by the Qingdao Clipper of the China Arena Football League (CAFL) in the ninth round of the 2016 CAFL Draft. He earned All-Pro North Division All-Star honors after catching 42 passes for 691 yards and 13 touchdowns. He is listed on the Clipper's roster for the 2018 season.

Baltimore Brigade
Gray was assigned to the Baltimore Brigade in January 2017.

Washington Valor
On March 30, 2018, he was assigned to the Washington Valor. On April 24, 2019, Gray was assigned to the Valor once again.

References

External links
Chicago Rush bio page

1984 births
Living people
Players of American football from Chicago
American football wide receivers
Western Illinois Leathernecks football players
Chicago Slaughter players
Bloomington Extreme players
Chicago Rush players
San Jose SaberCats players
Jacksonville Sharks players
Qingdao Clipper players
Baltimore Brigade players
Washington Valor players

Reggie Gray


Bhattoji Dikshita was a 17th-century Maharashtrian Sanskrit grammarian, author of the , literally "Illumination of the established (position)".

He was active in a revival of the grammatical methods of Pāṇini, in his work arranging Pāṇini's sutras with a commentary for teaching purposes. It has been described as "an encyclopedia of the opinions and views of the great Sanskrit grammarians of antiquity" (Suryakant Bali).

The work was edited in three abridged versions by his student Varadarāja. He belonged to the Deshastha Brahmin Community

Siddhānta Kaumudī

Siddhānta Kaumudī is a celebrated Sanskrit treatise by Bhaṭṭoji Dīkṣita (early 17th century) on the Aṣṭādhyāyī and is believed to be more popular than Pāṇini's work. It re-arranges the sūtras of Pāṇini under appropriate heads and offers exposition that is orderly and easy to follow.

The sutras are arranged in two parts – the first part deals with the rules of interpretation, sandhis, declensions, formation of feminines, case endings, compounds, secondary derivations and the second part with conjugation, primary suffixes, Vedic grammar and accents.

Commentaries on Siddhānta Kaumudī

Bālamanoramā
Bālamanoramā of Vāsudeva Dīkṣita's is one of the most celebrated commentary on Siddhanta Kaumudi. He goes into great detail explaining derivations and is thereby most useful to beginners (bāla, lit. "child").

Prauḍhamanoramā
Prauḍhamanoramā is an auto-commentary on Siddhānta Kaumudī by Bhaṭṭoji Dīkṣita. Both the Siddhānta Kaumudī and Prauḍhamanoramā are commented on by many others also.

Tattva Bodhinī
Tattva Bodhinī by Jñānendra Sarasvatī is a terser, more scholarly and demanding commentary, essentially a distillation of the Prauḍhamanoramā.

Laghuśabdenduśekhara

śabda Kaustubha

Editions:
 Baburam, "Samvat 1868, Sake 1733" (i.e. 1811)
 Bhuvaneshvari Ashrama (1904)
 Srisa Chandra Vasu, Vaman Das Vasu, Allahabad (1906)
 ed. P.V. Naganatha Sastri (1990), Motilal Banarsidass,
 ed. S. C. Vasu, Motilal Banarsidass (2003)

External links
Siddhanta Kaumudi of Bhattoji Dikshita English Translation in 6 Volumes
http://laghusiddhanta.vedicsociety.org/

Sanskrit grammarians
17th-century Indian linguists
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Scholars from Maharashtra

Bhaṭṭoji Dīkṣita