"Waitin' on a Sunny Day" is a song by Bruce Springsteen that was first released in a recording with the E Street Band on his 2002 album The Rising.  Although the song was not released as a single in the United States, it was released as a single in Europe, and was a hit in Sweden.

History and themes
While many songs on The Rising were written in response to the September 11, 2001 attacks, "Waitin' on a Sunny Day" was written earlier. Springsteen wrote and recorded the song in 1998 or 1999, but that recording has not been released. On June 17, 1999, during the Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band Reunion Tour, Springsteen and the band played the song for a soundcheck, but did not play it during any of the actual shows on the tour. The song was finally recorded again in Atlanta during the Rising sessions and was released on that album.

The song combines a simple, bouncy melody and arrangement powered by drums, acoustic guitars and Soozie Tyrell's violin with a lyric that describes optimism in a couple's relationship:

It's raining, but there ain't a cloud in the sky
Must have been a tear from your eye
Everything'll be okay ...

The words of the chorus are deliberately simple, to the consternation of some critics:

I'm waitin', waitin' on a sunny day,
Gonna chase the clouds away
Waitin' on a sunny day.

Instrumental breaks during the middle and end of the song feature Clarence Clemons's saxophone set against a glockenspiel and a backing vocal chorus singing "oohs" and "aahs".

Although "Waitin' on a Sunny Day" was written prior to the September 11 attacks, the song's theme of wanting to be happy again takes on additional meanings within the context of the album's explicitly themed September 11 songs.  In his book The Gospel According to Bruce Springsteen, author Jeffrey Symynkywicz views the song as a reflection of the simpler world prior to September 11.

"Waitin' on a Sunny Day" is one of a few songs on The Rising that recall the E Street Band's R&B roots.  Springsteen has described it as "a good example of pop songwriting" and also as the type of song he tends to "want to throw out...directly into the trash can" until former producer Jon Landau talks him out of it.  Springsteen has also stated that he wrote the song in the style of Smokey Robinson.

Release
Although the song was not released as a single in the United States, it was released as a single in Europe, and reached number 15 in Sweden.  It also charted in Germany and the Netherlands.

It also charted in Australia.  There, it was released as part of a four-track single:

 "Waitin' on a Sunny Day"  [studio version]
 "Born to Run"  [live]
 "Darkness on the Edge of Town"  [live]
 "Thunder Road"  [live]

The three live tracks were culled from 2000 Reunion Tour shows featured on the Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band: Live in New York City DVD; the latter two had not appeared on the parallel Live in New York City CD release.

This four-track configuration was also released as an EP titled Waitin' on a Sunny Day in 2004.

Despite its success as a live track and hit status in Europe, it wasn't released on any Bruce Springsteen compilation album. However, it was released on the Bruce Springsteen Live Series album Songs of Summer. It's the most streamed track from its album on Spotify.

Music video

A music video was released in 2002 although it was not of the studio version and instead the live performance from the DVD, Live in Barcelona.

Live performances

The song has become a standout in concert performances by Springsteen and the E Street Band.  It was a centerpiece of The Rising Tour, often played immediately after the somber "Empty Sky" and "You're Missing" to lift the crowd's spirits.  From the beginning, his performances of it featured crowd interaction, with the song's simple chorus making it easy for the audience to assimilate and sing along en masse.  A Rising Tour performance documented on the 2003 Live in Barcelona concert DVD features a rearranged, drum-less opening section, a chorus given to sideman Steve Van Zandt, and Springsteen walking along the front row of the pit and then stopping the band to allow the crowd to sing by itself.

"Waitin' on a Sunny Day" received a segment during Bruce Springsteen's appearance on the VH1 Storytellers television program in 2005 (later released on his VH1 Storytellers DVD), then appeared in a few encores during the subsequent 2005 solo Devils & Dust Tour.    It was then played intermittently during Springsteen and the band's 2007–2008 Magic Tour.

It then resumed a full role during the 2009 Working on a Dream Tour, appearing in virtually all of the shows.  Springsteen commonly picked out one or more youngsters from the front of the pit area and had them sing along on the song.  Despite still being a "new" song compared to much of Springsteen's concert repertoire, it nonetheless got a strong audience response.  One such performance was included on video on the London Calling: Live in Hyde Park concert DVD in 2010.  Featuring drums, a Clemons baritone sax part and a Nils Lofgren slide guitar part all from the start, Springsteen played the song to the hilt, running along the front of the Hard Rock Calling audience (a general festival crowd that was not all Springsteen fans), encouraging and getting singalongs at every chorus, and getting a boy sitting on his parents' shoulders to sing.  Youngster-featured performances continued as a staple of the 2012 Wrecking Ball Tour. However, the song's constant presence and predictable format in concerts (almost always toward the end of the main set, with a crowd sing-along and a child picked out from the pit to sing) have caused it to be widely disliked among hardcore fans, many of whom take a bathroom break each time it is played. In response, an employee in Shore Fire Media said, "The song and singalong is enjoyed by tens of thousands every night. We love our devoted fans who go to multiple shows, but they have to remember they are still a minority of the total audience."

Chart performance

References

External links
Lyrics at official Springsteen website

2002 songs
2003 singles
Bruce Springsteen songs
Songs written by Bruce Springsteen
Song recordings produced by Brendan O'Brien (record producer)
Columbia Records singles

Waitin' on a Sunny Day


The blue-throated hillstar (Oreotrochilus cyanolaemus) is a hummingbird found only in a small portion of the southwestern Andes in Ecuador. It was discovered in 2017.

Taxonomy and evolution
The species name "cyanolaemus" is based on the Latinized Greek words for ultramarine blue (kuanos) and throat (laimos). Based on a sequences of a single mitochondrial gene, ND2, the species was found to be closely related to a clade composed of the black-breasted hillstar (O. melanogaster) and the green-headed hillstar (O. stolzmanni).

Description
The top of the head of the male blue-throated hillstar is iridescent emerald green, which extends from the forehead to the base of the crown. The iridescent highlights are blue-green. The nape of the neck, mantle, lower portion of the back, rump, and upperwing coverts are bright emerald green. Some feathers in these regions have blue-green edging, and some have bronze highlights. The uppertail coverts are emerald blue-green. The upper surface of the central flight feathers are blackish blue. The other flight feathers and the upperwing coverts are dull black to dusky greenish blue, with a blue sheen. The outermost primary feathers have a white edge. The feathers of the throat and chin are a glittering ultramarine blue, with white bases separated from the blue parts of the feather by a black line. The feathers of the throat have slightly green tips, and are longer on the sides of the throat than in the middle; the extent of these green tips varies between individuals. The bright blue throat patch was the basis for its name. The bird has a velvety black collar around its throat. The belly and the breast are a dull white color, and the feathers in these regions have black bases. There is a black longitudinal stripe in the middle of the belly. The sides and flanks of the bird are between green and greenish gray, with metallic green highlights. The undertail coverts are dull grayish-buff, while the lower surface of the tail is dull white. The flight feathers of the tail are blackish blue.

In the female of the species, the back is emerald green, with some variation between bluish and bronze-green. The uppertail coverts are brighter and more blue than in the male. The wing coverts are dusky bluish green, and the outer primaries have a white edge. The throat and chin are speckled; the feathers are black at the base, whitish in the middle, and grayish olive on the outer half, with a dark green spot. The sides of the throat are whiter than in the male. The extent of the dusky color in the throat varies between individuals. The flanks, belly, breast, and undertail coverts are grayish buff with occasional brighter olive green feathers, as are the ventral regions of the tail. The tail has white patches, the size and shape of which vary between individuals. The flight feathers of the tail are dusky bluish green.

In both sexes, the beak is black, with yellowish tomia. A holotype specimen weighed 8.15 g. Males of the species may be distinguished from congeners by the presence of the ultramarine throat, emerald green head and upperparts with bluish-green feather tips, and emerald green tips to the throat feathers. Females may be distinguished by the presence of a dusky-gray chin and upper throat in contrast to a whitish lower throat, and emerald green head and upperparts with bluish green feather tips on the head and a bluish green shine on the body. The males are most similar to those of the green-headed hillstar (O. stolzmanni) and the Ecuadorian hillstar (O. chimborazo); they are differentiated most clearly by the green throat patch in the green-headed hillstar, and the purple hood in the Ecuadorian hillstar. The vocalizations of the blue-throated hillstar are similar to those of its congeners; they are highly variable, and include rapid titters of rising and falling frequency, and single noted calls consisting of an "up–down stroke".

Habitat and ecology
The preferred habitat of the blue-throated hillstar is grassland with patches of shrubs in the Andean paramo. In the region that the type specimen was collected, the shrubs were dominated by Chuquiraga. The terrain in which it was found included hilly regions, steep terrain, rocky outcrops, and stream banks. O. cyanolaemus was observed to feed by clinging to branches sideways or upside down, or by perching next to flowers. It was observed feeding most frequently from Chuquiraga jussieui, and also from Macleania rupestris and Lleresia hypoleuca. Collected males were also found to have eaten flies. Some females were once observed making aerial sallies after swarming flies. Blue-throated hillstars were frequently observed being chased away from perches by Shining Sunbeams (Aglaeactis cupripenni). Aggressive interactions were also seen between it and the Viridian metaltail (Metallura williami).

Distribution and conservation
The species is endemic to an area of about  where it is found along bush-lined creeks on small ridges not surpassing 3700 m. The range of this species is restricted by the Jubones-León river valley to the north and northeast and the Puyango-Catamayo drainage basin to the south. No more than 750 individuals have been estimated to exist, and this population is highly threatened by fire, grazing, and gold mining.

Nature and Culture International is working with Ecuador's Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Tourism, Water Secretary, municipalities of Saraguro and Zaruma, Kawsay Foundation and local and indigenous communities to establish a new conservation area for this species. The proposed area – spanning around 175,000 acres in Cerro de Arcos – will protect the blue-throated hillstar's entire habitat in addition to critical páramo and cloud forest ecosystems, wetlands and important water sources. The area will also preserve portions of the Inca trail, an ancient trail used by the Inca empire to connect Cuzco with its northern capital, Quito.

References

 Hillstars
 Endemic birds of Ecuador
 Birds of the Ecuadorian Andes
 Birds described in 2018
Taxa named by Niels Krabbe

Blue-throated hillstar


An ESD simulator, also known as an ESD gun, is a handheld unit used to test the immunity of devices to electrostatic discharge (ESD). These simulators are used in special electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) laboratories. ESD pulses are fast, high-voltage pulses created when two objects with different electrical charges come into close proximity or contact. Recreating them in a test environment helps to verify that the device under test is immune to static electricity discharges.

ESD testing is necessary to receive a CE mark, and for most suppliers of components for motor vehicles as part of required electromagnetic compatibility testing.  It is often useful to automate these tests to eliminate the human factor.

There are three distinct test models for electrostatic discharge: human-body, machine, and charged-devices models. The human-body model emulates the action of a human body discharging static electricity, the machine model simulates static discharge from a machine, and the charged-device model simulates the charging and discharging events that occur in production processes and equipment.

Many ESD guns have interchangeable modules containing different discharge Networks or RC Modules (Specific resistance and capacitance values) to simulate different discharges. These modules typically slide into the handle of the pistol portion of the ESD simulator, much like loading some handguns. They change the characteristics of the waveshape discharged from the pistol and are called out in general standards like IEC 61000-4-2, SAE J113 and industry specific standards like ISO 10605. Resistance is referred to in ohms (Ω), capacitance is referred to in picofarad (pF or "puff"). The most commonly used discharge network is for IEC 61000-4-2 and ISO 10605, expressed as 150pF/330Ω. There are over 50 combinations of resistance and capacitance depending on the standards and the applicable electronics.

Test standards
Standards that require ESD testing include:
 ISO 10605
 Ford EMC
 ISO/EN 61000-4-2 needed for the CE mark
IEC 61000-4-2
ISO TR10605
MIL-STD-883
MIL-STD-1512
GR-78-CORE
RTCA/DO 160

References

Hardware testing
Electronic engineering
Electromagnetic compatibility

de:ESD-Simulationsmodelle

ESD simulator


Brad Parscale (born January 3, 1976) is an American digital consultant and political advisor who served as the senior adviser for data and digital operations for Donald Trump's 2020 presidential campaign. He previously served as the digital media director for Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign and as campaign manager for Donald Trump's 2020 presidential campaign from February 2018 to July 2020, being replaced by Bill Stepien. In September 2020, he stepped away from his company and the Trump campaign.

Parscale began working for the Trump Organization in 2011, developing and designing websites and creating and managing digital media strategies. In early 2015, Trump hired Parscale and his firm, Giles-Parscale, to create a website for his exploratory campaign. When Trump declared himself a Republican candidate in 2015, he asked Parscale to update the exploratory campaign site into a "full-fledged presidential campaign website."

Throughout the Republican primary, Parscale was responsible on behalf of Trump for managing the website, as well as digital media strategies and online fundraising campaigns. In June 2016, Parscale was officially named digital media director for the Trump for President campaign, overseeing all aspects of digital media and online fundraising, as well as traditional media strategy, like radio and television placements.

In January 2017, Parscale, along with senior Trump aide, Nick Ayers, launched America First Policies, an organization that promotes President Trump's agenda and White House initiatives.

Early life and education
Parscale was born in Topeka, Kansas. His father, Dwight Parscale, was an assistant attorney general in Kansas who ran unsuccessfully for Congress in 1974 at age 28 as a Democrat. Dwight Parscale owned a restaurant and operated a string of other businesses over the years, with Brad's mother, Rita. In the 1990s, Dwight Parscale was the CEO of NewTek, a computer products company.

Parscale, who is , played basketball at Shawnee Heights High School in Tecumseh, Kansas, graduating in 1994. He then attended two junior colleges, playing basketball well enough to get an athletic scholarship at the University of Texas at San Antonio. His father relocated NewTek to San Antonio while Parscale was playing basketball there.

Parscale left UT-San Antonio after one year; a knee injury cost him his sports scholarship. He transferred to Trinity University, also in San Antonio, where he earned a bachelor's degree in finance, international business and economics, graduating in 1999.

Career

Early years
Parscale moved to Orange County, California, following graduation from college, to work for his father, then the CEO of animation-software company Electric Image; Parscale worked as the sales manager. The company filed for bankruptcy in August 2002, and Parscale and his parents returned to San Antonio. Electric Image animation software was reconstituted as Electric Image Animation System 3D (eias3d.com).

In San Antonio, Parscale became a website developer. In October 2005, he incorporated his website business, which mostly produced simple websites for brick-and-mortar businesses in the area. Parscale has said that he started the company with an initial investment of $500; real estate records show that he owned three San Antonio homes at the time.

Giles–Parscale
After Parscale worked on several projects with graphic and web designer Jill Giles (who had her own small firm), the company Giles–Parscale was formed in July 2011. In early 2013, Parscale was also running another company, DevDemon, which marketed add-ons for web development; in a technology investment partnership (Turner Parscale LLC); and was involved in a physical therapy business. By May 2015, Giles-Parscale owned a 18,000 square foot building and had 46 employees and 800 clients.

In April 2012, the company was hired to build a website for Trump International Realty, after a deliberately low bid of $10,000. That led to further work in the Trump family: Trump Winery, the Eric Trump Foundation, and Caviar Complexe, Melania Trump's line of skin-care products. It also led to the firm's extensive work for the Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign, and Parscale becoming the campaign's digital director.

In mid-2017, Parscale spun off his political work to a new company, Parscale Strategy, and relocated that business to Florida. In August 2017, the remaining company operations were purchased by CloudCommerce, a penny-stock firm, in a deal valued at $9 million in stock, and were renamed Parscale Digital. CloudCommerce also acquired San Antonio-based Parscale Media, but not Florida-based Parscale Strategy; Parscale became a member of the CloudCommerce board of directors.

In June 2018, Giles Design Bureau was broken out as a separate entity, run by Giles, with a staff of 15; Giles remained a major stockholder in CloudCommerce.

2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign

In early 2015, Parscale's firm, Giles-Parscale, was hired to create a website for Donald Trump's exploratory campaign, charging $1,500 (~$ in ) for the work. Between October and December 2015, Giles-Parscale was paid $21,000 (~$ in ) by the Trump campaign.

Through the entire election cycle, Giles-Parscale was paid $94 million by the Trump campaign, much of which was used to pay for advertising and subcontractors. In 2016, Parscale was named the campaign's digital director.

Parscale used social media advertisements with an experiment-based strategy of different face expressions, font colors, and slogans like "Basket of Deplorables." Parscale's specific roles included heading the oversight of the digital advertising, television advertising, small dollar fundraising, direct mail, political and advertising budget, and liaising with Katie Walsh, who was then the Republican National Committee's chief of staff. He was also the head of data science and research, which included polling.

Parscale heavily used employees from Facebook, Twitter, Google, and other platforms for the campaign advertisements and embedded them on his staff to navigate the Facebook, Twitter, and Google platforms so that his staff could utilize all capabilities of these platforms. He denied having any assistance linked to Russia. Parscale did not have data scientists or any digital team during the Republican primary and did much of the social media advertising from his own home.

Parscale was able to utilize Facebook advertising to directly target individual voters in swing states. Parscale later said that he was able to target specific audiences who cared about infrastructure and promoted Trump and his message of improving American infrastructure. Although he hired Cambridge Analytica to assist with microtargeting and Cambridge Analytica stated that it was the key to Trump's victory, Parscale denied that he gained assistance from the firm because he thinks that Cambridge Analytica's use of psychographics doesn't work. Parscale also said: "I understood early that Facebook was how Donald Trump was going to win. Twitter is how he talked to the people. Facebook was going to be how he won."

The Trump campaign initially had solely Donald Trump's personal funding to back his campaign. Parscale set up a major grassroots campaign on Facebook that brought in funding quickly from across the U.S. Parscale attributed the success of his vast social media presence to using the assistance offered by companies such as Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat, and Google. He said that because the Trump campaign intended to spend $100 million on social media, companies in that area were prepared to assist the campaign in using that money effectively. The Washington Post later wrote that, in light of Trump's narrow electoral margin, Parscale could "justifiably take credit" for his victory.

The database of voter information that drove Parscale's social media advertising campaigns in the 2016 election was dubbed "Project Alamo", a name which eventually encompassed all of the associated fundraising and political advertising efforts.

2020 Donald Trump presidential campaign

On February 27, 2018, President Trump named Parscale his 2020 re-election campaign manager.

On March 2, 2018, Parscale founded "firewall company" Red State Data and Digital to allow working with the America First super PAC during the midterm elections, which Parscale said did not violate election rules prohibiting coordination between a campaign and a super PAC. Red State received more than $900,000 in business from America First Action.

On August 30, 2019, CNN reported that a pro-Trump super PAC paid thousands to a company owned by Parscale's wife.

In March 2020, The New York Times reported that Parscale was paying $15,000 (~$ in ) a month to Lara Trump and Kimberly Guilfoyle, the wife and girlfriend respectively of Eric Trump and Donald Trump Jr., for campaign work.

On April 29, 2020, CNN reported that Trump was angry with Parscale about low poll numbers.

In June 2020, while working to get supporters to an upcoming campaign rally with President Trump in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Parscale reported that he had received over 800,000 requests for tickets to the event, according to The Washington Times. Despite this claim, many seats remained empty at the 19,000-seat arena. The Tulsa fire marshal estimated that fewer than 6,200 attended. In December 2020, Politico named Parscale's predictions for the size of the rally among "the most audacious, confident and spectacularly incorrect prognostications about the year".

On July 15, 2020, Trump tweeted that Parscale would be replaced in the role of campaign manager by Bill Stepien, but that Parscale would continue to advise the campaign.

Parscale's spending decisions for the Trump campaign were questioned after his departure as campaign manager. By that time, more than $800,000 had been spent by the Trump campaign on boosting Parscale's social media pages, and $39 million had been paid to two companies owned by Parscale. The campaign also purchased ads which appeared to be intended to please Trump himself, including more than $1 million in ads for the Washington, D.C. media market. Parscale was the only one of Trump's first four campaign managers to give Trump's campaign a maximum contribution for the 2020 election. The New York Times reported that Parscale "was often the subject of unproven accusations from his colleagues — as well as Mr. Trump — that he was pocketing money from the campaign."

On September 30, 2020, Parscale provided a statement to Politico announcing that he was "stepping away from my company and any role in the campaign for the immediate future to focus on my family and get help dealing with the overwhelming stress"; campaign communications director Tim Murtaugh confirmed the statement.

Post-2020 election activities

Following the election, Parscale criticized the Trump campaign's strategy following his removal as campaign manager. He argued that Trump's response to the COVID-19 pandemic ultimately led to his defeat, but echoed Trump's claims of voter fraud as a factor.

After the election, Parscale turned to real estate flipping, restarted his political consulting firm, and formed a data analysis startup. In October 2021, he was working for the 2022 Ohio gubernatorial campaign of former Republican congressman Jim Renacci against incumbent Republican Governor Mike DeWine.

Reaction to January 6th attack on the United States Capitol

On July 12, 2022, the 7th hearing of the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack reported that after the attack, Parscale exchanged text messages with senior campaign advisor and "Save America" rally liaison Katrina Pierson. In these messages, Parscale equated Donald Trump's rhetoric with fomenting civil war and blamed his former boss for the death of supporter Ashli Babbitt. He expressed remorse for helping him become President:

One month later, Parscale tweeted the following message to his Twitter followers, but addressed it directly to the ex-President:

Personal life
Parscale became a father in July 1999, several weeks after graduating from college. His daughter's mother was a 22-year-old woman whom he had met while she was working at a San Antonio tanning salon. The couple married in March 2003. Parscale filed for divorce in August 2004; the divorce was finalized in October 2007.

In the summer of 2012, he married Candice Blount. The couple had a twin son and daughter who were born in 2016 and died shortly thereafter.

On September 27, 2020, Parscale was hospitalized after his wife told Fort Lauderdale police that he had guns and he was threatening to harm himself; upon arriving at Parscale's home, an officer reported that Parscale appeared to be distraught and under the influence of alcohol. Officers seized 10 firearms from the home and reported that Parscale's wife had cuts and bruises on her arms and face, which she said Parscale had inflicted earlier in the week, though she later said that her statements had been "misconstrued" and denied that Parscale had been violent toward her. Parscale was detained and involuntarily committed and psychiatrically examined under terms of the Baker Act. No charges were filed related to the incident, though a judge ordered Pascale to turn over his firearms, which he did. Politico reported that the couple had shared that they had felt distressed since the 2016 death of their prematurely born twins.

References

External links

Giles–Parscale
Americafirstpolicies.org
TechBloc

1976 births
American campaign managers
American people of English descent
Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign
Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign
Kansas Republicans
Living people
People associated with the 2016 United States presidential election
People from Topeka, Kansas
Trinity University (Texas) alumni

Brad Parscale


Albert Anson Booth (October 17, 1850 – June 7, 1914) was an American pioneer and early settler and county official in Barnes County, North Dakota in the U.S. state of North Dakota. He helped found Edna Township in Barnes County and served on its township board and as a county commissioner.

Early life
Albert Booth was born in Waukau, Wisconsin, October 17, 1850, to Elliot and Phercelia (Fitch) Booth. His father was a miner during the Gold Rush of 1849. As a child, the family moved to Syracuse, New York, where he lived until 1869. After returning to Wisconsin, he took up residence in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin where he worked as a machinist and logger for the Hamilton Finley Lumber Company. His father died in Stockton, California, in 1885, and his mother died in Fond du Lac in 1876.

Booth was a member of the Masons, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and the Ancient Order of United Workmen.

North Dakota
Albert Booth moved to Barnes County on May 24, 1879, where he established a homestead in Section 24 of Township 142N, R60W. Even though it was far from the nearest railroad, he established a successful stock farm where he raised registered shorthorn cattle.

He married Eliza Carter of New York in Waupun, Wisconsin on December 17, 1879. They had eight children: Edna, Alice, Elizabeth, Leila, twins Albert and Blanche, Frank, and Roy. Edna (born 1881) was the first white child born in the township, and it was after her that Edna Township is named. Booth also established a rural post office out of his home on July 25, 1882, also originally named Edna, but ultimately named Booth. The post office was discontinued on November 14, 1884.

Booth, a Republican, was not particularly active in politics, but did serve both as a county commissioner and chairman of the township board of supervisors. He died in 1914 in Cass County, North Dakota.

References
This article incorporates text from the Compendium of History and Biography of North Dakota (1900), a publication now in the public domain.

American pioneers
County commissioners in North Dakota
People from Barnes County, North Dakota
People from Cass County, North Dakota
People of Dakota Territory
1850 births
1914 deaths
North Dakota Republicans
People from Waukau, Wisconsin
19th-century American politicians

Albert A. Booth


Louis Ferdinand, Prince of Prussia (; 9 November 1907 –  26 September 1994) was a member of the princely House of Hohenzollern, which occupied the Prussian and German thrones, until the abolition of those monarchies in 1918. He was also noteworthy as a businessman and patron of the arts.

Biography

Louis Ferdinand was born in Potsdam as the third in succession to the throne of the German Empire, after his father, German Crown Prince William and elder brother Prince Wilhelm of Prussia. The monarchy was abolished after Germany's revolution in 1918. When Louis Ferdinand's older brother Prince Wilhelm renounced his succession rights to marry a member of the untitled nobility in 1933 (he was later to be killed in action in France in 1940 while fighting in the German army), Louis Ferdinand replaced him as second in the line of succession to the defunct German and Prussian thrones after the former Crown Prince.

Louis Ferdinand was educated in Berlin and deviated from his family's tradition by not pursuing a military career. Instead, he travelled extensively and settled for some time in Detroit, where he befriended Henry Ford and became acquainted with Franklin D. Roosevelt, among others. He held a great interest in engineering. Recalled from the United States upon his brother's renunciation of the throne, he became involved in the German aviation industry, but was barred by Hitler from taking any active part in German military activities.

Louis Ferdinand dissociated himself from the Nazis after this. He was not involved in the 20 July plot against Hitler in 1944 but was interrogated by the Gestapo immediately afterwards. He was released shortly afterwards.

He married his second cousin once removed, Grand Duchess Kira Kirillovna of Russia, in 1938 in first a Russian Orthodox ceremony in Potsdam and then a Lutheran ceremony in Huis Doorn, Netherlands. Kira was the second daughter of Grand Duke Kyril Vladimirovich and Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The couple had four sons and three daughters. His two eldest sons both renounced their succession rights in order to marry commoners. His third son and heir apparent, Prince Louis Ferdinand, died in 1977 during military maneuvers, and thus his one-year-old grandson Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia (son of Prince Louis Ferdinand) became the new heir apparent to the defunct Prussian and German Imperial throne. Upon Louis Ferdinand's death in 1994, Georg Friedrich became the pretender to the defunct thrones and head of the Hohenzollern family. After the reunification of Germany, Louis Ferdinand arranged to have the remains of several Hohenzollern members reinterred at the imperial vault in Potsdam.

The prince was a popular figure. In 1968 Der Spiegel reported that in a survey of their readers by Quick magazine about who would be the most honorable person to become President of the Federal Republic of Germany, Louis Ferdinand, the only one of twelve candidates who was not a politician, won with 39.8% before Carlo Schmid and Ludwig Erhard. In a similar survey by the tabloid Bild, readers chose Louis Ferdinand by 55.6%. In an interview with Quick, the prince indicated that he might accept the presidency but would not relinquish his claim to the imperial or Prussian crowns.

Prince Ferdinand of Hohenzollern, a member of the senior Swabian branch of the Hohenzollern dynasty, Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, is his godson.

Ancestry

Notes

External links

European Royal History entry on Prince Louis-Ferdinand

1907 births
1994 deaths
House of Hohenzollern
Crown Princes of Prussia
Prussian princes
Pretenders to the German throne
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
Knights of the Golden Fleece
German monarchists
People from Potsdam
People from the German Empire
German people of Prussian descent
German people of Russian descent
German people of British descent
Dachau concentration camp survivors

Louis Ferdinand, Prince of Prussia


Gustaw Konstanty Orlicz-Dreszer (October 2, 1889 − July 16, 1936) was a Polish general, and a political and social activist.

Before World War I, Orlicz-Dreszer was involved in pro-independence activities in partitioned Poland. On 3 August 1914, at the outset of the war, he was mobilised as a reserve officer in a Russian hussar regiment. On 14 August, he deserted and crossed the front line. From 1914 to 1917 he served in the 1st Brigade of the Polish Legions.  He was arrested during the Oath Crisis.  From 1918 he served in the Polish Army.

During the Polish-Soviet War he commanded the 4th Cavalry Brigade and the 2nd Cavalry Division. From 1921 to 1923 he was Cavalry Inspector.  In 1923 he was promoted to Brigadier General. In November 1924, he was one of the officers who resigned from active service in the so-called strike of the generals; the joint resignation of the officers was, however, rejected. In 1924−26 he commanded the 2nd and then the 3rd Cavalry Division.  During the [[May Coup (Poland)|May 1926 Coup d'État]] he supported Józef Piłsudski.

In 1930 Orlicz-Dreszer became a member of ZG Liga Morska i Kolonialna (Maritime and Colonial League).  He created and promoted a development program for the Polish merchant marine. From 1930 to 1936 he served as Inspector of the Polish Army and in 1936 as Inspector of Air Defense.

Orlicz-Dreszer died in a plane accident, crashing in a RWD-9 plane into the Baltic Sea near Gdynia while flying excessively low.

Awards
 Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari.
 Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (previously awarded the  Commander's Cross)
 Cross of Independence with Swords
 Cross of Valour (Krzyż Walecznych''), four times
 Gold Cross of Merit
 Commander of the Legion of Honour (France)

Sources

References

Bibliography
 Sławomir Koper, Życie prywatne elit Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej, Warszawa 2011
 Dziennik Personalny Ministra Spraw Wojskowych nr 54 z 23.12.1926
 Przemysław Olstowski Generał Gustaw Orlicz-Dreszer, Wyd. Adam Marszałek, Toruń 2000
 Zbigniew Mierzwiński: Generałowie II Rzeczypospolitej. Warszawa 1990: Wydawnictwo Polonia, pages 201-208
 Cezary Leżeński / Lesław Kukawski: O kawalerii polskiej XX wieku. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1991, page 22

1889 births
1936 deaths
People from Wołomin County
People from Warsaw Governorate
Polish Lutherans
Polish people of German descent
Polish generals
Association of the Polish Youth "Zet" members
Polish Military Organisation members
Polish military personnel in the Imperial Russian Army of World War I
Polish legionnaires (World War I)
Polish people of the Polish–Soviet War
People of the Polish May Coup (pro-Piłsudski side)
Recipients of the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari
Recipients of the Cross of Independence with Swords
Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland)
Recipients of the Gold Cross of Merit (Poland)
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
20th-century Lutherans
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1936

Gustaw Orlicz-Dreszer


Dorothy Rogers (1882–1952) was a famed creator of miniature needlework carpets exhibited during her lifetime and avidly collected after her death. Rogers began her lifetime obsession in her twenties while building a dollhouse for her young daughter. Her husband, an English army Colonel stationed in India, soon joined her in her craft, and the two spent decades engaged in intensive collaborative research and innovation. Rogers modeled many carpets on existing examples in prominent British collections (exploring Turkish, Shirvan, Caucasian, Daghestan, Hamadan, Khamseh, and Baluchi designs) while providing subtle alterations to existing styles. A number of Rogers' carpets contain personalized and possibly coded inscriptions.

Rogers' carpets were purchased by major collectors of the time including Queen Mary, who exhibited them in her celebrated Dolls' house. An April 1947 feature article in The Illustrated London News describes Rogers' "enchanting rugs" as "miracles of fine beauty and craftsmanship" which "may well be said to exceed in precise craftsmanship even the exquisite French tapestries" then on display in the Victoria and Albert Museum. Rogers' carpets typically average between 250 and 400 stitches per square centimeter (1600 to 2500 stitches per square inch) and are worked in wool upon a fine canvas backing.

Although Dorothy Rogers' own dollhouse has long since ceased to exist, many of its carpets and furnishings were exhibited and auctioned in March 1985 by Spink & Son Ltd. in London.

References
The Rogers Collection: A unique collection of superbly worked Miniature Needlework Carpets made by the late Mrs. D.J. Rogers in the Oriental style together with a selection of Furniture and Effects from the Rogers Dolls House Collection, Spink & Son Ltd., London, England, 1985.

1882 births
1952 deaths
Afghan rugs and carpets
Azerbaijani rugs and carpets
British rugs and carpets
Dollhouses
Kurdish rugs and carpets
Needlework
Pakistani rugs and carpets
People from British India
Persian rugs and carpets
Rugs and carpets
Turkic rugs and carpets
Turkish rugs and carpets

Dorothy Rogers


South University is a private university with its main campus and online operations in Savannah, Georgia, United States. Founded in 1899, South University consists of its School of Pharmacy, College of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Professions, College of Business, College of Theology, and College of Arts and Sciences. The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges.

History
South University was founded in Savannah, Georgia, in 1899 as Draughan's Practical Business College.  The private school taught accounting, banking, typewriting, bookkeeping and shorthand.

The South family acquired the institution in 1974 and changed its name to Draughan's Junior College. In 1986, the name was changed to South College. In 2001, the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools accredited South College at the master's level and the school was renamed South University.

The institution's name change to South University resulted in a 2002 legal dispute with Sewanee: The University of the South, which had registered the name "The University of the South" with the U.S. Patent Office. The issue was resolved in 2003 with both schools retaining their names.

In 2003, Education Management Corporation (EDMC) acquired South University. The following year, the university expanded from its main campus in Savannah, Georgia, to eleven other locations in the United States and began offering online courses. By 2013, 52 percent of South University students were enrolled entirely online.

Period of multiple ownerships (2010s)
In 2015, EDMC, South University's former parent company, was found to have violated the False Claims Act on multiple occasions through its student recruitment practices and marketing strategies. As part of the settlement, the university was ordered by the federal court to forgive more than $100.8 million in student loan debt held by more than 80,000 former students. U.S. Attorney David J. Hickton of the
Western District of Pennsylvania stated that 'Companies cannot enrich their corporate coffers at the expense of students seeking a quality education, or on the backs of taxpayers who are funding our critical financial aid programs ... 'Today's global settlement sends an unmistakable message to all for-profit education companies: the United States will aggressively ferret out fraud and protect innocent students and taxpayer dollars from this kind of egregious abuse.'

In December 2016, South University was placed on probation by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) due to financial concerns regarding its parent company at the time, EDMC. South University was removed from probation in December 2017 after the sale to Dream Center Education Holdings and SACS approved the university's conversion to not-for-profit status (although the U.S. Department of Education classifies the institution as for-profit.).

South University's Savannah campus (which includes its online students) celebrated its largest graduating class in the institution's history in June 2017, when more than 3,500 students received degrees. On October 17, 2017, the university's former parent company, Education Management Corporation, reported that it had sold its schools to the Los Angeles-based Dream Center Foundation, a non-profit organization.

In 2019 South University fired a large majority of their workforce including the online support staff located in Chandler, Arizona, closing the site. South University was expected to be transferred to Education Principle Foundation. In the meantime, all South campuses were being operated independently. The court appointed receiver, Studio Enterprise, and the university had until April 11, 2019, to negotiate to separate South & remaining Art Institute schools from the Dream Center Education IT Platform by September 11, 2019. Writing for the Republic Report, David Halperin opined that "[s]hould they fail to agree, the plan of reorganization will likely fail, thereby dooming South University and the Art Institutes." The court-appointed receiver has also reported that "there is a 'scattered matching of revenues and expenses' among all the former EDMC schools, making it difficult to determine the true financial picture at the schools in receivership and those controlled by Education Principle Foundation."

Return to independence (2020s)
In 2020, South University received $7,726,170 in federal funding under the CARES Act. South was allocated an additional $5.1 million under HEERF II. On December 4, 2020, South University closed on a loan from Blue Ridge Bank under the Federal Reserve's Main Street Lending Program, assuming $50 million in debt, with a $35 million balloon payment in 2025.

In 2021 a class action lawsuit was filed against Education Principle Foundation and South University for making illegal robocalls.

In 2022, South University was one of 153 institutions included in student loan cancellation due to alleged fraud. The class action was brought by a group of more than 200,000 student borrowers, assisted by the Project on Predatory Student Lending, part of the Legal Services Center of Harvard Law School. A settlement was approved in August 2022, stating that the schools on the list were included "substantial misconduct by the listed schools, whether credibly alleged or in some instances proven." In April 2023, the Supreme Court rejected a challenge to the settlement and allowed to proceed the debt cancellation due to alleged fraud.

In July 2023, South University returned to being a private institution, twenty years after it was acquired by EDMC. The South University Board of Trustees and Education Principle Foundation Board unanimously voted to separate South University from the Education Principle Foundation, creating an independent institution managed by its Board of Trustees.

Campuses
Savannah, online (7,707 students)
Montgomery, Alabama (361 students)
West Palm Beach, Florida (528 students)
Tampa, Florida (712 students)
Savannah, Georgia (787 students)
Columbia, South Carolina (510 students)
Round Rock (Austin), Texas (300 students)
Glen Allen (Richmond), Virginia (442 students)
Virginia Beach, Virginia (240 students)

Off-campus instructional sites
Atlanta, Georgia (at the Art Institute of Atlanta)
High Point, North Carolina
Orlando, Florida

Academics

Faculty
South University relies on an unbundling of academic labor.  The online campus has 41 full-time instructors and 539 part-time instructors for 7,707 students.  South's largest physical campus, in Tampa, Florida, has 16 full-time instructors and 65 part-time instructors for 712 students.

Accreditation
South University is regionally accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC) to award doctoral, master's, bachelor's, and associate degrees. The institution is classified by SACSCOC as a Level VI institution, meaning it offers four or more doctoral degree programs. The university also offers post-graduate certificate programs through its College of Nursing and Public Health.

School of Pharmacy

South University became the first university in the Savannah area to offer a health professions doctorate when it launched its Doctor of Pharmacy program in 2002. South University's accelerated Doctor of Pharmacy degree (Pharm.D.) program is one of only a limited number nationwide that provides four academic years of study within three calendar years. The degree program is offered at both the Savannah, Georgia and Columbia, South Carolina campuses.

The Doctor of Pharmacy program is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPTE).

College of Health Professions
South University and Emory University are the only two institutions in the state of Georgia that offer a Master of Medical Science in Anesthesia Science program. South University's program is accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs upon the recommendation of the Accreditation Review Committee for the Anesthesiologist Assistants (ARC-AA). An Anesthesiologist assistant is qualified by virtue of their education and training at the master's degree level to deliver anesthesia as a member of an anesthesia care team led by a physician anesthesiologist.

The university launched its Master of Science in Physician Assistant program in 2002, and it is one of only five programs in the state of Georgia. A Physician Assistant is prepared to work in a medical setting with the ability to evaluate, monitor, diagnose, counsel, refer patients and prescribe medication.

The Master of Science in Physician Assistant program is offered at South University's Savannah, Tampa, West Palm Beach, and Richmond campuses and is accredited by The Accreditation Review Commission on Education for the Physician Assistant (ARC-PA).

College of Nursing and Public Health
South University's College of Nursing and Public Health prepares students to practice at all levels of the nursing profession by providing programs at the bachelor's, master's, doctorate and post-graduate certificate level. Programs include an RN to Bachelor of Science in Nursing and Doctor of Nursing Practice. The university also offers Master of Science with a Specialization in Family Nurse Practitioner.

The institution's College of Nursing and Public Health programs are accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE).

College of Business
The College of Business offers undergraduate degrees in areas that include business administration, healthcare administration and information technology. Graduate programs include a Master of Business Administration and Accelerated Master of Business Administration (AMBA) in Healthcare Administration.

The Bachelor of Business Administration, Bachelor of Science in Healthcare Management, Master of Business Administration, Accelerated Master of Business Administration, Master of Business Administration in Healthcare Administration and Accelerated Master of Business Administration in Healthcare Administration programs at South University, Savannah are accredited by the Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs (ACBSP).

College of Theology
South University's College of Theology was established in 2013, and graduated its first Doctor of Ministry (D.Min.) student in 2016.

The South University College of Theology differs from traditional seminaries, because rather than focusing on the doctrine of one faith, it prepares its students (who come from different denominations and religious backgrounds) to minister in the Christian tradition to people of various faiths and, potentially, in various times of spiritual crisis.

College of Arts & Sciences
The College of Arts & Sciences houses South University's undergraduate programs in Criminal Justice, Legal Studies and Paralegal Studies.

Student body
South University's undergraduate online campus (3,481 students) is 46 percent black, 37 percent white, and 10 percent Hispanic. Eighty-five percent are eligible for low-income Pell Grants and 79 percent receive federal loans.

Student life

Honor societies
South University students are eligible for membership in a number of national and international honor societies. These include the Delta Mu Delta International Honor Society in Business, Sigma Theta Tau, which recognizes outstanding academic achievement by nursing students, and Pi Gamma Mu, which is the International Honor Society in Social Sciences. South University Doctor of Pharmacy students are eligible for membership in Rho Chi, the academic honor society in Pharmacy. South University's College of Theology was granted a chapter of Theta Alpha Kappa, the National Honor Society for Religious Studies and Theology in 2017.

Notable Alumni
Tapai Alailepule Benjamin Vaivao, American Samoan politician

Finances
In 2020, South University had $77 million in assets and $92 million in liabilities, losing $6,054,000 in value. The schools spent $87.4 million on employee compensation and $27.7 million in advertising. Twenty million dollars went to Studio Enterprise.

According to the US Department of Education's College Scorecard, South University is on Heightened Cash Monitoring 2 "requiring additional oversight because of financial or federal compliance issues."

Student outcomes
According to the College Scorecard, the Savannah online campus has an undergraduate graduation rate of 8 percent. Forty percent of South University's students earn more than a high school graduate after attending. Nine percent of South University's student debtors are making progress with their federal student loans two years after completion.

References

External links

Universities and colleges established in 1899
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Private universities and colleges in Georgia (U.S. state)
Universities and colleges in Oakland County, Michigan
Universities and colleges in Savannah, Georgia
1899 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)

South University


Edward H. Lauer was an athletic director for the University of Iowa from 1929-1934.  He was the fourth athletic director in school history, and he guided the athletic department through a one-month Big Ten suspension from athletic competition and the first few years of the Great Depression.

Background

Edward Lauer graduated from the University of Michigan in 1916.  He was named a professor at the University of Iowa in 1921.  In 1927, Lauer was named director of Iowa's Extension Division.

Athletic director

Paul Belting, Iowa's athletic director, abruptly resigned at the end of his five-year contract on April 26, 1929.  University president Walter Jessup appointed Edward Lauer to become the fourth athletic director in school history on May 7, 1929, and Lauer agreed to take over the duties of athletic director on June 1, 1929.  On May 25, Lauer attended his first Big Ten meeting of athletic directors in Chicago, Illinois.  At that meeting, Lauer was told that Iowa would be suspended from Big Ten athletic competition on January 1, 1930, due to alleged recruiting violations.

Lauer, who had no known connection to any of the alleged violations, began a long process to get Iowa's athletic department reinstated.  He attended a Big Ten meeting in December 1929, where Iowa's request for reinstatement was denied.  Finally, on February 1, 1930, the suspension of Iowa's athletic department was rescinded by the Big Ten.

Departure

After five years as Iowa's athletic director, Lauer resigned in June 1934.  Iowa named their football coach, Ossie Solem, to succeed him.  Lauer took a job with the University of Washington, where he was named dean of the College of Arts & Sciences.

References

Iowa Hawkeyes athletic directors
University of Michigan alumni

Edward Lauer


Biosphere reserves are areas comprising terrestrial, marine and coastal ecosystems. The biosphere reserve title is handed over by UNESCO. Each reserve promotes solutions reconciling the conservation of biodiversity with its sustainable use. Biosphere reserves are 'Science for Sustainability support sites' – special places for testing interdisciplinary approaches to understanding and managing changes and interactions between social and ecological systems, including conflict prevention and management of biodiversity. Biosphere reserves are nominated by national governments and remain under the sovereign jurisdiction of the states where they are located. Their status is internationally recognized.

History

Early activities (1977–2000)
In 1977, the Puerto Galera Biosphere Reserve was inscribed in the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves. During that time, countries who have yet to ratify the UNESCO Convention were allowed to nominate sites in the biosphere reserve network. However, UNESCO participation of the Philippines was extremely limited due to the brutal Marcos dictatorship.

The Philippines ratified the UNESCO Convention on September 19, 1985, effectively becoming a member of the organization on the same date. However, activities concerning UNESCO nominations were only made after the successful People Power Revolution of 1986, which restored democracy in the Southeast Asian nation. UNESCO activities and preparations came afterwards under the support of President Corazon Aquino and notably through staunch heritage conservationist and architect, Augusto Villalón, who UNESCO hails as "one of Asia's most renowned experts in heritage conservation" and "the father of heritage conservation in the Philippines". In 1990, the Aquino administration partnered with UNESCO for the International Literacy Year programme. On the same year, the Palawan Biosphere Reserve was inscribed in the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves. In 1991, the Philippines under President Corazon Aquino won a mandate to the World Heritage Committee, serving until 1997, the first time the Philippines had a role in the powerful UNESCO committee.

From 1993 to 1999, five UNESCO sites, spanning nine locations, were inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List through the initiative of the Philippine government and Villalón's Heritage Conservation Society. These sites included the Baroque Churches of the Philippines (1993), Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (1993), Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras (1995), Historic City of Vigan (1999), and the Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park (1999). In 1994, the Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary was declared as a Ramsar wetland site under the Ramsar Convention of UNESCO. In 1995, the Philippines hosted UNESCO's "Regional Thematic Study Meeting on Asian Rice Culture and its Terraced Landscape" in the capital, Manila. In 1997, the Philippines participated in the "Asia-Pacific World Heritage Youth Forum" held in China and the "Asia-Pacific Heritage Site Managers' Workshop" held in Thailand. Villalón afterwards retired from the UNESCO Commission in 1999. The National Museum nominated the Philippine Paleographs (Hanunoo, Build, Tagbanua and Pala'wan) in 1999 to the UNESCO Memory of the World Register and was inscribed on the same year, becoming the first international documentary heritage coming from the Philippines. Additionally, three sites, namely, Naujan Lake National Park, Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, and Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary, were declared as Ramsar wetland sites under the Ramsar Convention of UNESCO.

Pre-Heritage Act decade (2001–2010)

In 2001, the Heritage Conservation Society started its appeal to the officials of Batanes to establish conservation programs for a possible UNESCO inscription as the Batanes Protected landscapes and seascapes has been a UNESCO tentative site in 1993. On the same year, the Hudhud chant of the Ifugao was declared as one of the Eleven Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. However, UNESCO also enlisted the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras in the List of Sites in Danger, prompting local officials to initiate a province-wide conservation program for the terraces. Before the year ended, the Nelson Tower was named as an Honourable Mention in the UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards.

In 2003, Radio Veritas Asia, Raja Broadcasting Network, and Punzalan Personal Archives nominated the Radio Broadcast of the Philippine People Power Revolution in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register. The nomination was inscribed on the same year. Additionally, the Gota de Leche Building was named as an Honourable Mention in the UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards.

Additionally, the country nominated Batanes to the world heritage list, but it was deferred by UNESCO due to lack of conservation. The site officially was put in deferred status in 2005. In 2005, the Darangen epic chant of the Maranao was declared as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. On the same year, the Far Eastern University was named as an Honourable Mention in the UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards.

In December 2005, the Philippines participated in the UNESCO Regional Workshop on Periodic Reporting Follow-up for North-East and South-East Asia, held in Malaysia. The country also participated in the Seeing with Young Eyes – Teacher Training Workshop of UNESCO in 2006, which was also conducted in Vigan in 2001. In August 2007, the "Living Landscapes and Cultural Landmarks: World Heritage Sites in the Philippines" was launched by Villalón. On the same year, the Batanes nomination was put in "referred status", pending for the dossier to be submitted by the local Ivatan authorities.

In 2007, the U.P. Center for Ethnomusicology nominated the José Maceda Collection to the UNESCO Memory of the World Register. The documentary heritage was inscribed on the same year. In 2008, the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists were established; both the Hudhud chant of the Ifugao and the Darangen epic chant of the Maranao were inscribed on the same year.

Middle of 2008, all the documents were ready except for the Batanes dossier. UNESCO set early 2010 as the deadline for the dossier for site inscription, however, the local officials of Batanes failed to make a dossier, and thus, the site was officially taken out from referred status. Due to this, the nomination reverted to zero. This failure led the Heritage Conservation Society to focus on the nomination of Davao Oriental's Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary, which became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2014. In September 2008, the Philippines participated in the "Workshop for the World Heritage property of Lumbini, the birthplace of Lord Buddha" held in Nepal. In 2009, the boundaries of Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park was expanded.

In April 2010, the Philippines participated in the "Sub-regional Workshop on the second cycle of Periodic Reporting in Asia and the Pacific" held in China. In late 2010, conservationists from the Heritage Conservation Society went to Batanes again to initiate a second nomination attempt. The organization found that non-traditional concrete structures were being established by locals in various sections of the islands, effectively diminishing the site's cultural value. The society appealed to the local government to stop the non-traditional buildings, but the local government retaliated against the conservationists. A report noted that traditional Ivatan houses were being converted into hollow block houses for the benefit of local politicians. In 2011, the government of Batanes formally nominated their province in UNESCO, but failed due to lack of cultural protections, lack of a holistic dossier, and the establishment of non-traditional buildings which have been approved by the provincial and municipal governments of Batanes at the time. Prompted by failures of past officials, the local governments of Batanes afterwards converged and declared a province-wide cultural and natural conservation program. The National Museum of the Philippines initiated the establishment of a branch museum in the province to preserve Ivatan heritage. The Heritage Conservation Society and National Commission for Culture and the Arts aided the conservation programs led by the Ivatan officials. The Philippine government has stated that once all conservation programs are deemed successful and fulfilled, the Philippines will again nominate Batanes to the UNESCO world heritage list.

Heritage Act enacted (2010–2016)

On April 10, 2010, the National Cultural Heritage Act (Republic Act No. 10066) formally came into effect. The law created the Philippine Registry of Cultural Property and took other steps to conserve, preserve, and restore Filipino cultural properties. In October 2011, two typhoons severely damaged the UNESCO-inscribed Rice Terraces in Ifugao, prompting a massive rehabilitation program. In 2011, the University of Michigan Library in partnership with the Philippine government nominated the Presidential Papers of Manuel L. Quezon. They were added to the UNESCO Memory of the World Register.

In mid-2011, the Philippines participated in the UNITAR Series on the Management and Conservation of World Heritage Sites with a theme of "Preparing World Heritage Nominations: Continuity and Change within UNESCO's New Manual". The country was represented by the Heritage Conservation Society, the Batanes government, and the National Museum of the Philippines. Three factors were cited for the lack of world heritage declarations in the Philippines, namely, (1) the lack of awareness about UNESCO World Heritage among local stakeholders, especially the indigenous communities, local governments and residents that live around these potential sites, (2) the absence of competent people who are fully aware of the processes involved in preparing and providing the correct documents for nomination as World Heritage, and (3) the lack of government funding to prepare and support these nominations, among many others. It was also noted that describing a nominated property as "unique" is the worst argument one could give for UNESCO nomination as all sites are not unique and there are always similar properties it can be compared with. The Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) based on at least one of the ten criteria should be clearly established as well, according to UNESCO. According to UNESCO, the most important part of the nomination is the comparative analysis of the site as extensive comparison with other similar properties is vital to prove OUV and push nomination forward. Due to this, the Filipino delegations acknowledged the need to rewrite the dossier for Batanes, as it had been rejected before due to lacking information for an actual nomination to be accepted by UNESCO. Due to these findings, the Philippine government would later establish three legs for the UNESCO Pamana (Heritage) Workshop from 2016 to 2017 for the tentative sites and possible tentative sites of the country.

By November 2011, the Batangas government proposed to establish a "Hollywood sign" on top of the Taal Volcano, which at the time was a UNESCO tentative site, receiving criticism. The government later retracted the proposal. In March 2012, the Swiss-based Jaeger-LeCoultre initiated an auction which benefited the conservation programs for the Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park. In June 2012, the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras was officially removed from the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Danger, marking the country's most successful cultural landscape rehabilitation achievement. In the same month, the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park was declared as a Ramsar wetland site under the Ramsar Convention of UNESCO. In September 2012, the Philippines participated in the "Joint International Symposium: Involving Communities for Better Conservation and Management of Asian World Heritage Sites" held in South Korea. In October 2012, the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park won the Future Policy Award for marine resource management, the first Philippine site to receive the prestigious international conservation award. On the same month, the Heritage City of Vigan was recognized for "best practice in World Heritage Site management." The country also participated in the "Doha Climate Change Conference".

In 2013, the Philippines under President Noynoy Aquino won its second mandate to the powerful World Heritage Committee, serving until 2017. In January of the same year, an American vessel ran aground in the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park. The United States government afterwards paid 87 million pesos in compensation. In March 2013, the Las Piñas-Parañaque Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area was declared as a Ramsar wetland site under the Ramsar Convention of UNESCO. In June 2013, the Philippines participated in the "International World Heritage Youth Forum: Living with Heritage: Temple, Environment and People (T.E.P.)" held in Cambodia. On the same month, the country aided in the UNESCO publication of the "Beach Forest Species and Mangrove Associates in the Philippines", and also participated in the discussions on culture and education for the incoming 2015 Development Agenda, as well as the goodwill ambassadorial meeting. In May 2013, the Philippines participated in the UNESCO publication of the "Best Practices of Island and Coastal Biosphere Reserves." On the same month, a Chinese vessel crashed in the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, destroying approximately 3,902 square meters (42,000 square feet) of coral. Additionally, brutally-killed endangered pangolins from the Palawan Biosphere Reserve were inside the Chinese ship. Pangolins are protected under Philippine laws and the international treaty, CITES, where the Philippines is a signatory. Later that month, the Philippines participated in the testing of the Pacific tsunami warning system backed by UNESCO.

In September 2013, the Philippines launched the "Pamana: World Heritage in the Philippines" funded by UNESCO. In October 2013, the Philippines participated in the Budapest Water Summit. On the same month, the 7.2-magnitude Central Visayas earthquake damaged and destroyed numerous cultural properties in the Philippines. Three weeks later, in November 2013, Typhoon Haiyan, the most powerful typhoon of the century, hit the country, destroying and damaging more heritage sites. UNESCO expressed its condolences to the Philippines and pledged support for the victims. President Aquino afterwards launched the national government's programs to preserve and restore all heritage sites damaged by natural calamities including those declared as UNESCO world heritage sites, while also launching the establishment, expansion and modernization of more museums throughout the country, including the National Museum of the Philippines, which houses UNESCO-inscribed documentary collections. On the same month, the Philippines was elected in the World Heritage Committee, and participated in the ESD Awareness meetings held for journalists around the world. In December 2013, UNESCO signed a Cooperation Agreement with the Philippines and other state members of ASEAN. In early 2014, the faithful restoration of the sites began, and would continue for approximately one decade.

In August 2014, the Philippines participated in the UNESCO and IKMAS Roundtable for the improvement of inclusive policy approaches and data gaps in ASEAN. In April 2014, the Philippines participated in the "UNESCO Asia Pacific World Heritage Project on Marine Biodiversity & Climate Change Awareness among Youth" held in New Caledonia, as well as the UNESCO Social Inclusion Policies meeting. Afterwards, the National Commission for Culture and the Arts launched the Sagisag Kultura, a long-term cultural mapping program that lists and discusses the cultural icons of the Philippines, both intangible and tangible, living and non-living. In June 2014, the Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary was inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List, becoming the sixth world heritage site of the country since the country's last inscription in 1999. On the same month, the Philippines participated in the Young Scientists and Michel Batisse Awards, where the Filipino delegation was awarded for biodiversity conservation. In August 2014, the Philippines hosted UNESCO and its international delegations to the World Heritage Volunteer Programme, held in Ifugao province. In June 2014, the Philippines hosted UNESCO's Global Network of Island and Coastal Biosphere Reserves, held in Palawan. In November 2014, UNESCO applauded the Philippines for adopting an open licensing and MOOCs for the University of the Philippines, one of the only five universities in Southeast Asia to do so. In November 2014, the Philippines participated in the launching of the "New Guide - Promoting Disaster Risk Reduction through Education" for the benefit of climate vulnerable nations. On the same month, the Philippines participated in the "UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity". In December 2014, the Philippines participated in the "Asia Rounds of the Price Media Law Moot Court Competition" held in Beijing.

In 2015, Balanga City was declared as the country's first UNESCO Learning City by the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning. On March 20, 2015, the UNESCO Tentative List of the Philippines was revised after recommendations from the UNESCO due to changes within the proposed sites, notably due to human causes and natural causes such as the 2013 central Philippines typhoon-earthquake. Among the sites that were removed from the tentative list were Taal Volcano Protected Landscape, Panglao Island, Mount Apo Natural Park, Maragondon Church, San Sebastian Church (Manila), Baclayon Church, Spanish Colonial Fortifications of the Philippines, Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary, Liguasan Marsh, Mount Matutum Protected Landscape, Mount Kitanglad, and Mount Kalatungan. In April 2015, a new management plan was launched for Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park which focuses on the site's "Outstanding Universal Value".

In May 2015, the Philippines applied for better protection for marine World Heritage Sites at the UNESCO-affiliated International Maritime Organisation. In August 2015, the Philippine Heritage Map was launched by Arches, Getty Conservation Institute, World Monuments Fund, National Commission for Culture and the Arts, National Museum of the Philippines, and the National Historical Commission of the Philippines. On the same month, the Philippines participated in the UNESCO-initiated World Heritage Volunteers 2015 Action Camps. In September 2015, the Philippines participated in the "10th International Training Programme on Disaster Risk Management of Cultural Heritage" held in Japan. In December 2015, the Punnuk – tugging ritual of the Ifugao was included in Tugging Rituals and Games of the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.

In January 2016, the Philippines participated in the international dialogue on "Understanding rights practices in the World Heritage system: lessons from the Asia-Pacific and the global area" held in Switzerland. In March 2016 the Albay Biosphere Reserve was inscribed in the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves. On the same month, the Aquino government successful restored various heritage sites, including churches, that were destroyed by calamities in 2013. Some sites in Cebu were turned over to their proper caretakers, while the remaining continued to undergo into each of their strategic restoration programs. On April 14–15, 2016, the first leg of the UNESCO Pamana (Heritage) Workshop of the Philippine government was administered in Puerto Princesa, Palawan. In the same month, the International Maritime Organization approved "in principle" the "Particularly Sensitive Sea Area Status" for Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park.

In June 2016, the Heritage Conservation Society and the United States embassy conducted a cultural-tourism program for the Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary, a step closer for the site's re-submission in the UNESCO tentative list. On September 15–16, 2016, the second part of the UNESCO Pamana (Heritage) Workshop was administered in Mati, Davao Oriental. In October 2016, the Negros Occidental Coastal Wetlands Conservation Area was declared as a Ramsar wetland site under the Ramsar Convention of UNESCO.

Present prospects (2017–present)

In January 2017, Nickelodeon announced an underwater resort within the UNESCO tentative site of Coron Natural Biotic Area, which is also part of the Palawan Biosphere Reserve, receiving criticism from various sectors and majority of Coron residents. The planned resort was later aborted in August 2017. On March 23–24, the third and final leg of the UNESCO Pamana (Heritage) Workshop was administered in Legaspi City, Albay on March 23–24, 2017. In May 2017, the Philippines participated in the "UNESCO Expert Meeting for the World Heritage Nomination Process of the Maritime Silk Routes" held in the United Kingdom. In July 2017, the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park was declared by UNESCO to have been protected from international shipping impacts. On the same month, the Philippines participated in the "World Heritage Young Professionals Forum 2017 " held in Poland. In September 2017, the Philippines participated in the "Capacity Building Workshop on Nature-Culture Linkages in Heritage Conservation in Asia and the Pacific" held in Japan. In October 2017, the Philippines participated in the "Photo Exhibit: Coral Reefs on UNESCO's World Heritage List" held in France. In November 2017, Baguio was declared as a "Creative City for Crafts and Folk Arts" and was inscribed in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network, becoming the country's first inscription in the network.

In 2018, the NCCA initiated a 3D laser scan program for all UNESCO cultural world heritage sites in the country as preparation for disasters in the future. The project ended in March 2018. On 30 May, the Culion Leprosy Archives was inscribed the UNESCO Memory of the World Committee for Asia and the Pacific (Mowcap), a step closer to the international memory list. In July 2018, the Philippines participated in the "2018 Capacity Building Workshop on Nature-Culture Linkages in Heritage Conservation in Asia and the Pacific" held in Japan. On October 1, 2018, it was revealed that a planned highrise building of Summithome Realty Corporation near San Sebastian Church had negatively affected the site's possible re-inclusion in the UNESCO tentative list, sparking criticism. On November 19, 2018, UNESCO warned the Philippines on the possible delisting of the Baroque Churches of the Philippines from the world heritage site due to a planned China-funded bridge approved by the Duterte government that would negatively impact the buffer zone of Manila's San Agustin Church. Despite receiving criticism, the government stated that the planned bridge will still commence. The bridge has staunchly been rejected by some officials of the NCCA.

In 2019, the CIPDH-UNESCO launched the #MemoriasSituadas project, which maps sites of memory linked to serious human rights violations. The Bantayog ng mga Desaparecido of the Philippines was inscribed in the project. The monument honors the victims of the brutal Marcos dictatorship. In May 2019, an NCCA report noted that the bridge construction near Intramuros has stopped. The Filipino heritage community has disputed the reports as construction in the field is still ongoing up to the present. In December 2019, the Buklog, thanksgiving ritual system of the Subanen, was added to the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists. In October 2020, it was announced that 21 churches that were damaged or destroyed by Typhoon Yolanda and the 2013 Bohol earthquake were formally restored. The strategic restoration programs were initiatives of the previous Aquino government. In 2021, the Sasmuan Pampanga Coastal Wetlands was declared as a Ramsar Wetland Site. In May 2023, UNESCO declared Bohol as the country's first Global Geopark

Reserves
The Philippines currently has three UNESCO Biosphere Reserves. The first Biosphere of the country was designated in 1977.

The Palawan Biosphere Reserve is the only biosphere reserve in the country that contains a Ramsar Wetland Site (Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park) and two UNESCO World Heritage Sites (Tubbataha Reefs National Park and the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park)

The Philippines became a committee member of the Man and Biosphere Programme of UNESCO in 2016 and shall retain the position until 2019.

Ecological frontiers like Eastern Mindanao, Eastern Visayas, Sibuyan island, Western Panay, the Sierra Madre, Southern Mindanao, the Sulu Archipelago, and the Cordilleras are theoretically capable of standing as UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in the future, along with specific Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) designated by Haribon Foundation and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. In comparison to the 3 biosphere reserve of the Philippines, Indonesia has 11 biosphere reserves, China has 33, India has 10, Iran has 11, Japan has 9, Kazakhstan has 8, South Korea has 5, Sri Lanka has 4, and Vietnam has 9. The Philippines is one of the 18 ecological hotpot countries of the world, containing more than 228 Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs).

Albay is the latest to be added to UNESCO's World Network of Biosphere Reserves in 2016. The government plans to nominate reserves in the Philippines annually once its committee membership ends.

Reserves by Philippine regions
Exclusive UNESCO Biosphere reserved refer to reserved locating in a single community/region. Shared reserves refer to reserved with entries in multiple communities/regions.

Proposed Reserves
On July 27, 2018, the provincial government of Apayao announced their intent to start the long process to declare the Calanasan rainforests as a protected area and a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve or World Heritage Site. The site is the stronghold of Philippine eagles in Luzon, the largest island in the Philippines. The province also noted that they have sent four of their personnel to train in the United States under the US Foreign Service to hasten the declaration of the site.

See also
 List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines
 List of Ramsar sites in the Philippines
 List of protected areas of the Philippines

References

Philippines geography-related lists

Biosphere reserves of the Philippines


The siege of Famagusta happened in Venetian-controlled Famagusta, the last Christian possession in Cyprus. Famagusta fell to the Ottomans in August 1571 after a siege that lasted nearly a year.

Background

The large and wealthy island of Cyprus had been under Venetian rule since 1489. Together with Crete, it was one of the major overseas possessions of the Republic. Its population in the mid-16th century is estimated at 160,000. Aside from its location, which allowed the control of the Levantine trade, the island possessed a profitable production of cotton and sugar.

The defences of Cyprus, Crete, Corfu, and other Venetian possessions were upgraded in the 1560s, employing the services of the noted military engineer Sforza Pallavicini. Their garrisons were increased, and attempts were made to make the isolated holdings of Crete and Cyprus more self-sufficient by the construction of foundries and gunpowder mills. However, it was widely recognized that, unaided, Cyprus could not hold for long. Its exposed and isolated location so far from Venice, surrounded by Ottoman territory, put it "in the wolf's mouth" as one contemporary historian wrote. In the event, lack of supplies and even gunpowder would play a critical role in the fall of the Venetian forts to the Ottomans. Venice could also not rely on help from the major Christian power of the Mediterranean, Habsburg Spain, which was embroiled in the suppression of the Dutch Revolt and domestically against the Moriscos. Another problem for Venice was the attitude of the island's population. The harsh treatment and oppressive taxation of the local Orthodox Greek population by the Catholic Venetians had caused great resentment, so that their sympathies generally lay with the Ottomans.

The Turks decided to conquer Cyprus and on 27 June 1570 the invasion force, some 350–400 ships and 80,000–150,000 men, set sail for Cyprus. They besieged and destroyed the capital Nicosia and other Venetian fortifications. The incomplete Venetian walls of Nicosia were of no use in stopping the powerful Ottoman Army, and as many as 20,000 members of the garrison and citizens of the city were massacred; 2,000 boys were spared to be sent as sexual slaves to Constantinople.

On 15 September 1570 the Turkish cavalry appeared before the last Venetian stronghold in Cyprus, Famagusta. At this point already, overall Venetian losses (including the local population) were estimated by contemporaries at 56,000 killed or taken prisoner. The Venetian defenders of Famagusta numbered about 8,500 men with 90 artillery pieces and were commanded by Marco Antonio Bragadin. They would hold out for 11 months against a force that would come to number more than 200,000 men, with 145 guns, providing the time needed by the Pope to cobble together an anti-Ottoman league from the reluctant Christian European states.

The siege
Marcantonio Bragadin led the defence of Famagusta with Lorenzo Tiepolo, Captain of Paphos, and general Astorre Baglioni (the last "Governor" of Venetian Cyprus).

The Ottoman forces kept pressure on for eleven months, while their artillery relentlessly pounded the city's bulwarks. According to Venetian chroniclers, about 6,000 garrison troops stood against some 250,000 Turks with 1,500 cannons, backed by about 150 ships enforcing a naval blockade to stave off any reinforcements. These numbers are, however, likely exaggerated.

The besieged garrison of Famagusta put up a heroic struggle lasting well beyond the most optimistic assumptions, against far superior enemy numbers and without any hope of help from the motherland. Furthermore the Turks were employing new tactics. The entire belt of walls surrounding the town and the exterior plain was filled with earth up to the top of the fortifications. In the meantime a number of tunnels were dug towards and under the city walls to undermine and breach them.

In July, 1571 the Turks eventually breached the fortifications and their forces broke into the citadel, being repulsed only at the cost of heavy losses. With provisions and ammunition running out, and no sign of relief from Venice on August 1, Bragadin asked for terms of surrender.

Venetian chronicles claim the Turks lost some 52,000 men in five major assaults, including the first son of the Turk commander, Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha. The Venetian garrison lost nearly 8,000 soldiers and was reduced to just nine hundred soldiers, many of them wounded and starving (like the local civilians who in the last month were continuously begging Bragadin to surrender).

Death of Bragadin and legacy

Famagusta's last defenders made terms with the Ottomans before the city was taken by force, since the traditional laws of war allowed for negotiation before the city's defenses were successfully breached, whereas after a city fell by storm all lives and property in the city would be forfeit.

The Ottoman commander generously agreed that, in return for the city's surrender, all Westerners in the city could exit under their own flag and be guaranteed safe passage to Crete; Greeks could leave immediately, or wait two years to decide whether to remain in Famagusta under Ottoman rule, or depart the city for any destination of their choice. For the next three days, evacuation proceeded smoothly. Then, at the surrender ceremony on August 5 where Bragadin offered the vacated city to Mustafa, the Ottoman general, after initially receiving him with every courtesy, began behaving erratically, accusing him of murdering Turkish prisoners and hiding munitions.

Bragadin denied it, and probably told Mustafa that he was trying to find an excuse to get revenge because a few hundred Venetian soldiers were able to resist for many months his 250,000 Ottoman soldiers. Suddenly, Mustafa pulled a knife and cut off Bragadin's right ear, then ordered his guards to cut off the other ear and his nose. Mustafa even ordered the killing of governor Astorre Baglioni, who was complaining that the Ottomans were not respecting the surrender agreement.  Mustafa then after years of siege due to an inexplicable turn of events and surfacing of incriminating material from "sources" learnt that Bragadin was accused of having earlier broken a promise of safe passage to a small convoy of Muslim pilgrims by murdering them despite promising their safety.

There followed a massacre of all Christians still in the city, with Bragadin himself abused. After being left in prison for two weeks, his earlier wounds festering, he was "dragged round the walls with sacks of earth and stone on his back; next, tied to a chair, he was hoisted to the yardarm of the Turkish flagship and exposed to the taunts of the sailors. Finally he was taken to the place of execution in the main square, tied naked to a column, and flayed alive while Bragadin was praying the Miserere and invoking Jesus. Bragadin's quartered body was then distributed as a war trophy among the army, and his skin was stuffed with straw and sewn, reinvested with his military insignia, and exhibited riding an ox in a mocking procession along the streets of Famagusta. The macabre trophy, together with the severed heads of general Alvise Martinengo, Gianantonio Querini, and castellan Andrea Bragadin, was hoisted upon the masthead pennant of the personal galley of the Ottoman commander, Amir al-bahr Mustafa Pasha, to be brought to Constantinople as a gift for Sultan Selim II.

Bragadin's fame rests upon the resistance that he made against the vastly superior besieging forces. From a military point of view, the besieged garrison's perseverance required a massive effort by the Ottoman Turks, who were so heavily committed that they were unable to redeploy in time when the Holy League built up the fleet which was later victorious against the Muslim power at Lepanto: this was the legacy of Bragadin and his Venetians to Christianity, as Theodore Mommsen wrote. Historians to this day debate just why Venice did not send help to Bragadin from Souda, Crete. It is alleged that some Venetians thought about putting their limited military assets to better use in the forthcoming clash, already in sight, which would climax in the Battle of Lepanto.

When news of Bragadin's death reached Venice, he was regarded as a "martyr" and his story galvanized Venetian soldiers in the fleet of the Holy League. The Venetian seamen went on to fight with greater zeal than any of the other combatants at the decisive Battle of Lepanto where an Ottoman fleet was crushed by the combined force of much of southern Europe.

References

Bibliography

 Foglietta, U. The Sieges of Nicosia and Famagusta. London: Waterlow, 1903.
 Hopkins, T. Confrontation at Lepanto - Christendom vs. Islam

 Gigi Monello, Accadde a Famagosta, l'assedio turco ad una fortezza veneziana ed il suo sconvolgente finale, Scepsi & Mattana Editori, Cagliari, 2006.
 Frate Agostino, La perdita di Famagosta e la gloriosa morte di M.A. Bragadino, a cura di Gigi Monello, Scepsi & Mattana Editori, Cagliari, 2013.

 Zorzi, Alvise. La Repubblica del Leone. Storia di Venezia Bompiani ed. Milano, 2009

See also
 Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–73)
 Venetian Cyprus
 Republic of Venice
 Ottoman Cyprus
 Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha
 Astorre Baglioni

Conflicts in 1570
Conflicts in 1571
Famagusta
Famagusta
Famagusta
Famagusta
Military history of Cyprus
Venetian Cyprus
Massacres committed by the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)

Siege of Famagusta


José da Costa e Silva (25 July 1747 – 21 March 1819) was a Portuguese architect. His work helped establish Neoclassical architecture in Portugal and colonial Brazil.

Costa e Silva studied architecture in Rome, where he had contact with Italian Neoclassicism. He later became Royal architect, and headed several important projects in Portugal. Among his most important works are the Royal Theatre of São Carlos (1792) in Lisbon and the Military Hospital (1792) near Torres Vedras. He is also believed to be the author of Seteais Palace (1801) in Sintra. In Lisbon, Costa e Silva and the Italian Francisco Xavier Fabri created the project for the Royal Palace of Ajuda (after 1802), which was however too grandiose and could not be completed.

In 1807, Costa e Silva went to Brazil together with John VI and the Portuguese court, which had to escape the invasion of Portugal by Napoleonic troops. In Rio de Janeiro, which became capital of the Portuguese Empire, Costa e Silva designed an opera house in Neoclassical style. This opera house, called Royal Theatre of St John and modelled after the São Carlos of Lisbon, was one of the first Neoclassical buildings in Brazilian soil. It was later destroyed in a fire.

References

Portuguese architects
Brazilian architects
1747 births
1819 deaths
18th-century Portuguese people
19th-century Portuguese architects
People from Vila Franca de Xira
18th-century architects

José da Costa e Silva


The West Parish Burying Ground, also known as the River Street Burying Ground or River Street Cemetery, is a cemetery located at River and Cherry streets in West Newton, Massachusetts, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Established in 1777, the cemetery is owned and maintained by the City of Newton; the Second Church in Newton, its original owner, was known as the West Parish.

Description and history
The cemetery occupies a roughly rectangular plot about  in size at the northwest corner of River and Cherry Streets, just north of the village center of West Newton.  The street sides of the property are bounded by a low fieldstone wall, which is topped by a distinctive wrought iron cross-link fence.  The entrance, on River Street, is marked by dressed granite posts, and is secured by a chain-link gate.  There is no paved interior circulation lane, but a rectilinear grid of pathways is discernible in the landscape.  The cemetery is divided into a combination of family plots and single plots, with headstones generally oriented facing west.  When surveyed in 2004, there were 170 grave markers, down from about 200 at the turn of the 20th century.

Newton was first settled in 1660, was incorporated as a town in 1688, and as a city in 1873.  Its first parish meetinghouse, with accompanying cemetery, were located in what is now Newton Corner.  By the mid-18th century the population in western Newton had grown to the point of meriting a separate parish.  The Second Church in Newton was established in 1778, and this burying ground was formally established in 1781.  Its earliest burials, however, took place in 1777, with at least five members of the Fuller family, who gave the land, interred there.  The Fuller family is buried in one of several tomb mounds that dot the landscape.  Use of the cemetery declined significantly after the large Newton Cemetery was established in 1855 (in the then-popular rural cemetery style), and its last recorded burial was in 1891.  The cemetery was transferred from the parish to the city in the 1880s.  The city made a detailed record of the cemetery, including its burials, layout, and landscaping, in 1901.

The cemetery is owned today by the City of Newton. Historic Newton manages the preservation of the graves and tombs of Newton's City-owned historic burying grounds. The burying grounds are not open to the public.

Notable grave sites
Rev. William Greenough, died November 10, 1831, first pastor of the Second Church in Newton.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Newton, Massachusetts
 East Parish Burying Ground

References

External links

 Interment.net list of inscriptions for River Street Cemetery
 Interment list for West Parish Burying ground from Find a Grave
 Historic Newton Homepage

National Register of Historic Places in Newton, Massachusetts
Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Cemeteries in Newton, Massachusetts

West Parish Burying Ground