Beck's tree frog (Ranoidea becki) is a large tree frog from Papua New Guinea.

Adult frogs are about 3.4 to 4.4 cm long.  They are dark green or dark brown in color with darker spots and stripes.  When dead frogs are saved for study, they have a white spot on their lip, but living frogs do not have this spot.

These frogs live high in the mountains and people have found them 3200 meters above sea level.  They live in or near bogs in grassy places.  They lay eggs underneath rocks.  Scientists do not know what the tadpoles look like.

As of the 2010s, scientists had only found this frog in five places.  They were places where human beings do not often go, so human activity does not bother these frogs.  They are dying because a sickness that affects frogs and other amphibians, chytridiomycosis, has spread to their mountains.

References

Frogs of Oceania

Beck's tree frog


Colbjørnsensgade is a street in the Vesterbro district of Copenhagen, Denmark. It runs from Vesterbrogade in the northwest to Tietgensgade in the southeast and is intersected by Istedgade. Located just one block from Copenhagen Central Station, the street is completely dominated by hotels.

History

Colbjørnsensgade and the two parallel streets Reventlowsgade and Bernstorffsgade were planned in 1881. The three streets were named after Andreas Peter Bernstorff, Christian Ditlev Frederik Reventlow and Christian Colbjørnsen, three of the driving forces behind the peasant reforms of the 1780s. The buildings along the street were not constructed until the 1890s.

Notable buildings and residents

Hotels in the street include Meininger Hotel Copenhagen (No. 5), Hotel Union (No. 7), Hotel Urban House (No. 11),  Omena Hotel København (No. 11), Good Morning City Copenhagen Star (No. 13), Hotel du Nord (No. 14), Saga Hotel (No. 18), Hotel Bjørnen (No. 27), Hotel Tiffany (No. 28) and Hotel Ansgar (No. 29). First Hotel Excelsior (No. 6) was merged into First Hotel Mayfair in Helgolandsgade on the other side of the block in 2017.

No. 3 is from 1880 and was designed by Johannes Emil Gnudtzmann. No. 1 is from 1892-94 and was designed by Georg Palludan. No. 6-8 are from 1892 and were designed by Julius Bagger.

Cultural references
Mastodont-Svend, alias the Butcher of Colbjørnsensgade, is the archenemy of Klap-i-Olsen ("Shut-Up-Olsen") in Wikke & Rasmussen's parodic 1980s DR television series Tonny Toupé Show.

References

External links

Streets in Vesterbro/Kongens Enghave

Colbjørnsensgade


Sir Alan James Carter Duncan  (born 31 March 1957) is a British former politician who served as Minister of State for International Development from 2010 to 2014 and Minister of State for Europe and the Americas from 2016 to 2019. A member of the Conservative Party, he was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Rutland and Melton from 1992 to 2019.

He began his career in the oil industry with Royal Dutch Shell, and was first elected to the House of Commons in the 1992 general election. After gaining several minor positions in the government of John Major, he played a key role in William Hague's successful bid for the Conservative leadership in 1997. Duncan received several promotions to the Conservative front bench, and eventually joined the Shadow Cabinet after the 2005 general election. He stood for the Conservative leadership in 2005, but withdrew early on because of a lack of support. Eventual winner David Cameron appointed him Shadow Secretary of State for Trade and Industry in December 2005; the name of the department he shadowed was changed to Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform in July 2007.

Following the 2010 general election, the new Conservative Prime Minister Cameron appointed Duncan as Minister of State for International Development. He left this post following the government reshuffle in July 2014, and was subsequently appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in September 2014, for services to international development and to UK–Middle East relations. While on the backbenches, Duncan served on the Intelligence and Security Committee between 2015 and 2016.

After two years out of government, he returned to frontline politics when new Prime Minister Theresa May appointed him as Minister for Europe and the Americas, and effective deputy to then-Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson, in July 2016. Duncan resigned as Minister of State on 22 July 2019 citing Johnson's election to the Tory leadership and, hence, the UK's premiership.

He became the first openly gay Conservative Member of Parliament, publicly coming out in 2002.

Early life
Duncan was born in Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire, the second son of James Grant Duncan, an RAF wing commander, and his wife Anne Duncan (née Carter), a teacher. The family travelled much, following Duncan's father on NATO postings, including in Gibraltar, Italy, and Norway.

Education
Duncan was educated at two independent schools: Beechwood Park School in Markyate, and Merchant Taylors' School in Northwood, at both of which he was 'Head Monitor' (head boy). He had two brothers, who also attended Beechwood Park School. Their family supported the Liberal Party, and Duncan ran (and lost) as a Liberal at a school mock election in 1970; two years later he joined the Young Conservatives.

He then attended St John's College, Oxford, where he coxed the college first eight, and was elected President of the Oxford Union in 1979. Whilst there, he formed a friendship with Benazir Bhutto, and ran her successful campaign to become the President of the Oxford Union. He gained a Kennedy Scholarship to study at Harvard University between 1981 and 1982.

Business career
After graduating from Oxford, Duncan worked as a trader of oil and refined products, first with Royal Dutch Shell (1979–81) and then for Marc Rich from 1982 to 1988 (Rich became a fugitive from justice in 1983). He worked for Rich in London and Singapore. Duncan used the connections he had built up to be self-employed from 1988 to 1992, acting as a consultant and adviser to foreign governments on oil supplies, shipping and refining.

In 1989, Duncan set up the independent Harcourt Consultants, which advises on oil and gas matters.  He made over £1 million after helping fill the need to supply oil to Pakistan after supplies from Kuwait had been disrupted in the Gulf War.

Political career
Duncan was an active member of the Battersea Conservative Association from 1979 until 1984, when he moved to live in Singapore, from which he returned in 1986. After Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher resigned in November 1990, he offered his home in Westminster as the headquarters of John Major's leadership campaign.

Member of Parliament
Duncan first stood for Parliament as a Conservative candidate in the 1987 general election, unsuccessfully contesting the safe Labour seat of Barnsley West and Penistone. For the 1992 general election he was selected as the Conservative candidate for Rutland and Melton, a safe Conservative seat, which he retained with a 59% share of the votes cast. In the Labour landslide of 1997, his proportion of the vote was reduced to 46% but increased at subsequent elections to a high of 62.8% in 2017.

From 1993 to 1995, Duncan was a member of the Social Security Select Committee. His first governmental position was as Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister of Health, a position he obtained in December 1993. He resigned from the position within a month, after it emerged that he had used the Right to Buy programme to make profits on property deals. It emerged that he had lent his elderly next-door neighbour money to buy his home under the Right to Buy legislation. The neighbour bought an 18th-century council house at a significant discount and sold it to Duncan just over three years later. Gyles Brandreth describes this event in his diary as "little Alan Duncan has fallen on his sword. He did it swiftly and with good grace."

After returning to the backbenches, he became Chairman of the Conservative Backbench Constitutional Affairs Committee. He returned to government in July 1995, when he was again appointed a Parliamentary Private Secretary, this time to the Chairman of the Conservative Party, Brian Mawhinney. In November 1995, Duncan performed a citizen's arrest on an Asylum Bill protester who threw paint and flour at Mawhinney on College Green.

Duncan was involved in the 1997 leadership contest, being the right-hand man of William Hague, the eventual winner. In this capacity, he was called "the closest thing [the Conservatives] have to Peter Mandelson". Duncan and Hague had both been at Oxford, both been Presidents of the Oxford Union, and had been close friends since at least the early 1980s.

Front-bench career
As a reward for his loyalty to Hague during the leadership contest, in June 1997, Duncan was entrusted with the positions of Vice Chairman of the Conservative Party and Parliamentary Political Secretary to the Party Leader. He became Shadow Health Minister in June 1998. A year later he was made Shadow Trade and Industry spokesman, and he was appointed a front-bench spokesman on Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs in September 2001.

When Michael Howard became Conservative Party leader in November 2003, Duncan became Shadow Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs, but as Howard had significantly reduced the size of the Shadow Cabinet, Duncan was not promoted to the top table. This continued to be the case when he was moved to become Shadow Secretary of State for International Development in September 2004. However, following the 2005 general election, the Shadow Cabinet was expanded to its original size once more, and Duncan joined it as Shadow Secretary of State for Transport.

He held this position for just seven months, becoming Shadow Secretary of State for Trade and Industry on 7 December 2005, after David Cameron's election to the party leadership the previous day. On 2 July 2007, he was appointed Shadow Secretary of State for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform, as new prime minister Gordon Brown had abolished the Department of Trade and Industry the previous week, replacing it with the aforementioned new department. In January 2009, Duncan became Shadow Leader of the House of Commons.

Failed leadership bid
Before the 2005 general election, he was rumoured to be planning a leadership campaign in the event that then-leader Michael Howard stepped down after a (then-likely and later actual) election defeat. On 10 June 2005, Duncan publicly declared his intention of standing in the 2005 leadership election. However, on 18 July 2005, he withdrew from the race, admitting in The Guardian that his withdrawal was due to a lack of 'active lieutenants', and urged the party to abandon those that he dubbed the 'Tory Taliban':

MPs' expenses 2009

On 15 May 2009, the satirical BBC programme Have I Got News for You showed footage of Duncan's previous appearance on the show in which he boasted about his second home allowance, denied that he should pay any of the money back and stated it was "a great system". The show then cut to footage of David Cameron announcing that Duncan would return money to the fees office, followed by Duncan's personal apology, in which he called for the system to be changed.

On 14 August, Duncan said (whilst being filmed without his knowledge by Don't Panic), that MPs, who were at the time paid around £64,000 a year, were having "to live on rations and are treated like shit. I spend my money on my garden and claim a tiny fraction on what is proper. And I could claim the whole lot, but I don't." These remarks attracted the attention of the press, and were criticised by commentators from all sides. Duncan apologised once more, and Cameron, though critical of Duncan's comments, denied that he would sack him from the Shadow Cabinet. Despite these assurances, on 7 September 2009, Duncan was "demoted" from the Shadow Cabinet, to become Shadow Minister for Prisons, after he and Cameron came to an agreement that his position was untenable.

Political funding
The Rutland and Melton Constituency Association has received £12,166.66 in donations since 2006. Duncan has received corporate donations from The Biz Club (£6,000, 2006–09), Midland Software Holdings (£8,000, 2007–09), and ABM Holdings (£1,500, 2009). Duncan has also had tens of thousands of pounds from private individual donors.

WikiLeaks 2010
According to The Daily Telegraph and The Guardian, to assess the possible policies of a future Conservative government, American Intelligence drew up a dossier on several members of that party, including Duncan. It compiled details of his political associations with leading Conservatives, including William Hague. The cable called for further intelligence on "Duncan's relationship with Conservative party leader David Cameron and William Hague", and asked: "What role would Duncan play if the Conservatives form a government? What are Duncan's political ambitions?"

Nuclear power
As shadow business secretary in 2008, Duncan stated, referring to the Hinkley Point C project, that "on no account should there be any kind of subsidy for nuclear power."

Middle East
In August 2011 he found himself under pressure to remove a video of himself accusing Israel of a "land grab" in the occupied territories. In an October 2014 speech to the Royal United Services Institute Duncan said: "Indeed just as we rightly judge someone as unfit for public office if they refuse to recognise Israel, so we should shun anyone who refuses to recognise settlements are illegal. No settlement endorsers should be regarded as fit to stand for public office, remain a member of a mainstream political party or sit in a parliament. How can we accept lawmakers in our country or any other country when they support lawbreakers in another?" In a BBC Radio interview linked to that speech and another given during a House of Commons debate on Palestinian statehood he said: "All know that the United States is in hock to a very powerful financial lobby which dominates its politics." Commenting on Duncan's statements, a spokesman for the Board of Deputies of British Jews called him "breathtakingly one-sided".

Libyan oil cell
In August 2011, it was reported that Duncan had played an instrumental role in blocking fuel supplies to Tripoli, Libya, during the Libyan conflict. In April 2011, the former oil trader convinced the UK prime minister to establish the so-called 'Libyan oil cell' which was run out of the Foreign Office.

The cell advised NATO to blockade the port of Zawiya to stifle Gaddafi's war effort. They also helped identify other passages the smugglers were using to get fuel into Libya via Tunisia and Algeria.

London-based oil traders were encouraged to sell fuel to rebels in Benghazi, with communication being established between traders and the rebels to route the fuel.

One Whitehall source commented: 'The energy noose tightened around Tripoli's neck. It was much more effective and easier to repair than bombs. It is like taking the key of the car away. You can't move. The great thing is you can switch it all back on again if Gaddafi goes. It is not the same as if you have bombed the whole city to bits.

Appointment to Privy Council
On 28 May 2010, he was appointed to the Privy Council, upon the formation of the Coalition government.

Comments by Israeli embassy official

In January 2017, Al Jazeera aired a series entitled The Lobby. The last episode showed Shai Masot, an official at the Israeli embassy in London, proposing an attempt to "take down" British "pro-Palestinian" politicians, including Duncan. The leader of the opposition Jeremy Corbyn wrote an open letter to Theresa May objecting to what he called an "improper interference in this country's democratic process" and urging the prime minister to launch an inquiry on the basis that "[t]his is clearly a national security issue". The Israeli ambassador Mark Regev apologised to Duncan for the "completely unacceptable" comments made in the video. A Foreign Office spokesman, effectively rejecting Corbyn's comments, said it "is clear these comments do not reflect the views of the embassy or government of Israel". Masot resigned shortly after the recordings were made public. Pro-Israel British activists and a former Israel embassy employee complained to Ofcom, but Ofcom dismissed all charges.

Political views

Duncan is a right-wing libertarian. The Guardian has variously described him as 'economically libertarian' and 'socially libertarian'. He has been described as the 'liberal, urbane face of the Conservative Party'. He was a moderniser within the Conservative Party.

One of the chapters in his book Saturn's Children is devoted to an explanation of his support for the legalisation of all drugs. This chapter was removed when the paperback edition was published to prevent embarrassment to the Party leadership; however, Duncan had, at one time, posted the chapter on his website, "for the benefit of the enquiring student". Duncan believes in minimising the size of government, and in Saturn's Children advocated limiting government responsibility to essential services such as defence, policing and health.

In 2002, Duncan was described by the BBC as a "staunch" Eurosceptic. However, he declared for the 'Remain' camp in the run-up to the UK's referendum on EU membership. On 2 October 2017, Duncan spoke at the Chicago Council of Global Affairs. In his speech he attributed Britain's majority vote to leave the EU to a "blue-collar tantrum against immigration".

He is on the council of the Conservative Way Forward (CWF) group. He is one of the leading British members of Le Cercle, a secretive foreign policy discussion forum. In contrast to most members of both CWF and Le Cercle, who hold pro-Republican Atlanticist views, he actively supported John Kerry in the US 2004 presidential election. This surprised some, but Duncan is a friend of Kerry, having met him while at Harvard.

Following the release of the Panama Papers, which contained revelations about David Cameron's income from overseas funds set up by his father, Duncan defended the Prime Minister. He urged Cameron's critics, especially MPs, to "admit that their real point is that they hate anyone who has got a hint of wealth in them" from whose viewpoint it followed that "we risk seeing a House of Commons which is stuffed full of low-achievers". Michael Deacon wrote in The Daily Telegraph: "There are two inferences to draw from Sir Alan's outburst. One is that he thinks the Commons should only be 'stuffed with' the rich. The second is that he thinks the vast majority of his constituents, not being rich, are 'low-achievers'. Probably not a view to advertise in his next election leaflet".

Personal life
Duncan was the first sitting Conservative MP voluntarily to acknowledge that he is gay; he did this in an interview with The Times on 29 July 2002, although he has said that this came as no surprise to friends. Indeed, in an editorial published on the news of Duncan's coming out, The Daily Telegraph reported, "The news that Alan Duncan is gay will come as a surprise only to those who have never met him. The bantam Tory frontbencher can hardly be accused of having hidden his homosexuality."

On 3 March 2008, it was announced in the Court & Social page of The Daily Telegraph that Duncan would be entering into a civil partnership with his partner James Dunseath, which would make him the first member of either the Cabinet or the Shadow Cabinet to enter into a civil partnership. The two were joined as civil partners on 24 July 2008 at Merchant Taylors' Hall in the City of London.

Duncan has a committed following in the gay community and is active in speaking up for gay rights. He was responsible for formulating the Conservatives' policy response to the introduction of civil partnership legislation in 2004, which he considered his proudest achievement of the Parliament between 2001 and 2005. He was among those who rebelled against his party by voting for an equal age of consent between heterosexuals and homosexuals on numerous occasions between 1998 and 2000. However, he voted against same-sex adoption in 2001.

Works and appearances

Books
Duncan is the author of three published nonfiction books:
 (economics)
 (political science)
 (political memoir of 2016–2020)

His pamphlet An End to Illusions proposed an independent Bank of England, the break-up of clearing banks, reduction of implicit tax subsidies given to owner-occupiers, curtailment of pension fund tax privileges, and new forms of corporate ownership.

Saturn's Children presents a detailed case regarding the history and consequences of government control over institutions and activities which were historically private, to the extent that many citizens assume that privately or communally developed municipal facilities and universities are creations of the state, and that prohibitions on drug use, sex, and personal defence have always existed.

In the Thick of It is Duncan's diary from the eve of the Brexit referendum in 2016 to the UK's eventual exit from the EU.

Television and radio
Duncan has appeared four times on the satirical news quiz Have I Got News for You: first appearing on 28 October 2005,
then 20 October 2006,
and again on 2 May 2008
and 24 April 2009.
His 2009 appearance featured a badly received ironic joke about murdering the latest Miss California, who stated that she opposed same-sex marriages.
He has appeared on many occasions as a panellist on BBC TV's Question Time and BBC Radio 4's Any Questions? In 2006, he took part in a documentary entitled How to beat Jeremy Paxman.

References

External links

 Alan Duncan MP  Official constituency website
 Alan Duncan Appearances C-SPAN

 Alan Duncan Profile at New Statesman Your Democracy

|-

|-

1957 births
Living people
Alumni of St John's College, Oxford
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Coxswains (rowing)
British drug policy reform activists
English libertarians
English people of Scottish descent
Gay politicians
Harvard University alumni
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
LGBT members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
English LGBT politicians
British LGBT rights activists
People educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood
People from Rickmansworth
Politics of Penistone
Presidents of the Oxford Union
Shell plc people
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Gay sportsmen
English LGBT sportspeople
LGBT rowers

Alan Duncan


Kanda is an area in north eastern Chiyoda, Tokyo in Japan. It forms a circle around about 30 neighborhoods. Kanda was a ward prior to 1947. When the 35 wards of Tokyo were reorganized into 23, it was merged with Kōjimachi to form the modern Chiyoda.

Kanda, together with Nihonbashi and Kyobashi is the core of Shitamachi, the original downtown center of Edo-Tokyo, before the rise of newer secondary centers such as Shinjuku and Shibuya.

It is home to the Kanda Myojin (Shinto) shrine, devoted to the ancient rebel Taira no Masakado, who led an uprising against the central government during the Heian period with the aim of establishing himself as "Shinnō" (New Emperor) of an eastern Court. In the Edo period, the shrine's festival was one of the three most famous in the city.  It is also home to the "Mausoleum of Confucius at Yushima", a temple dedicated to Confucianism.

A popular Japanese  franchise, Zenigata Heiji, from the literature related series by Kodô Nomura, features a fictitious police patrolman (the title character) whose beat is Kanda. Near the end of every show, Heiji fells the cruel villain by throwing a coin at him.

References

Tokyo

Kanda, Tokyo


Robert Ross Holloway (August 15, 1934 – June 30, 2022) was an American archaeologist, founder with Rolf Winkes of the Center for Classical Art and Archaeology at Brown University (now the Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World), and the Elisha Benjamin Andrews Professor Emeritus of Brown University, where he taught from 1964 to his retirement in 2006.

Biography and education

Holloway graduated from the Roxbury Latin School and Amherst College (summa cum laude). He took his Ph.D. at Princeton University in 1960, with a thesis "The elder turtles of Aigina".

Academic career

Holloway joined Brown University in 1964, and rose to become the Elisha Benjamin Andrews Professor Emeritus at his retirement. His research interests include Greek and Roman numismatics, Greek art and architecture, the archaeology of Bronze Age Southern Italy and Sicily, the archaeology of ancient Rome and the history of the Early Roman Republic.

Throughout his career, Holloway has used archaeology not merely to support early published texts. but to develop and write history, whether or not it agrees with the literary history. As a reviewer of his work on early Rome and Latium writes
[t]he reader will find out that this "archaeological history" of the primordia has scarcely any links with the records of Livy and of Dionysius of Halicarnassus. The "traditionalists", i.e. the ones who systematically and excessively interpret archaeological discoveries in full confidence of the global historicity of ancient records, might be somewhat upset, but in the field of history too, a face to face confrontation with the truth is much more advisable.
Another reviewer of his work on Constantine similarly indicates that the work was based on a body of evidence different from the traditional text-based studies:
Who was Constantine? A religious opportunist? A benevolent but autocratic patron of Christianity? An intolerant despot? All these characterizations have been cogently proposed on the basis of scholarly analysis of documentary evidence and the sifting of historical data derived from textual research. This new book looks at a different body of evidence and captures the character of the man and his era from another angle—the buildings and monuments he erected in the city of Rome.

Holloway's field work has centered on Italy and Sicily in the Early and Middle Bronze Age. The radiocarbon dates from his excavations led to a shift of almost five centuries in Early Bronze Age chronology in this area, while the study of the Early Bronze Age blades from Buccino (Salerno) was one of the first to document the use of arsenic as a hardening agent in early bronze metallurgy. On the island of Ustica (74 km north of Palermo) his excavation of the citadel, the most perfectly preserved fortification of the Bronze Age in Italy or Sicily, discovered the first evidence of native stone sculpture in the same area. At the site of La Muculufa, Butera (slightly inland from the south coast of Sicily) he discovered a federal sanctuary of the Early Bronze Age, the first to be documented.

A Festschrift, Koine: Mediterranean studies in honor of R. Ross Holloway was published in his honor in 2009. The editor's preface summarizes his career:
Holloway's recognition of the significance of traditionally underappreciated indigenous cultures within the wider milieu of trans-Italian and trans-Mediterranean contact has provided a framework within which many later studies have been situated (e.g., the contributions by Hussein, Tsakirgis, and McConnell in this volume). Today, such thinking is central to innumerable discussions of economic, demographic and social complexity of the Mediterranean. And yet, the very ubiquity of this approach today underscores its profound and revolutionary impact at a time when the idea of the classical world was far more narrowly defined than it is now. The introduction says that his study of numismatics
has stressed [as well] both the skill of numismatic craft and the achievement of the craftsman for objects cast aside as mass produced and thus unable to speak to the individual.

In his academic career at Brown Holloway was instrumental in creating an independent home for the archaeology of the classical lands of the Mediterranean in the Center for Old World Archaeology and Art (COWA), now succeeded by the Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World. In 1981, together with Prof. Tony Hackens of the Catholic University of Louvain (Belgium), he founded the series Archaeologia Transatlantica which reached 22 volumes. This was replaced in 2009, at Brown by, the Joukowsky Institute Publications.

Awards and recognition

Holloway received the Gold Medal of the Archaeological Institute of America in 1995.

He held honorary doctorates from Amherst and the Catholic University of Louvain and was a corresponding member of the German Archaeological Institute, an honorary member of the Royal Belgian Numismatic Society, fellow of the Royal Numismatic Society (London), fellow of the American Academy in Rome, foreign member of the Italian Institute of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Studies (Florence), foreign member of the National Institute of Italic and Etruscan Studies (Florence).

Bibliography

Archaeology of Italy and Sicily

Italy and the Aegean: 3000-700 B.C., ("Archaeologia Transatlantica" ; 1), (Providence and Louvain), 1982. OCLC 8844116
The Archaeology of Ancient Sicily, Routledge (London,) 1991.
Translated into Italian as Archeologia della Sicilia antica, 1995.
The Archaeology of Early Rome and Latium, Routledge (London), 1994.
Satrianum, The Archaeological Investigations Conducted by Brown University in 1966 and 1967, Brown University Press (Providence), 1970.
Buccino, The Eneolithic Necropolis of San Antonio and Other Prehistoric Discoveries made by Brown University in 1968 and 1969, De Luca (Rome), 1973. OCLC 1056005
"Buccino, The Early Bronze Age Village of Tufariello," with N. P. Nabers, S. S. Lukesh, E. R. Eaton, N. B. Hartmann, G. Barker, H. McKerrall, W. L. Phippen and G. Leuci, Journal of Field Archaeology, vol. 2, 1975, pp. 11–81.
"La Muculufa, The Early Bronze Age Sanctuary: The Early Bronze Age Village (Excavations of 1982 and 1983)," Revue des Archéologues et Historiens d'Art de Louvain, 22, 1990: 11-67, with M. S. Joukowsky, J. Léon and S. S. Lukesh (Providence and Louvain) 1990.
"La Muculufa II Excavation and Survey 1988-1991 The Castelluccian Village and Other Areas," editor with T. Hackens, ("Archaeologia Transatlantica" 12), Providence and Louvain, 1995.
"Ustica I, The Results of the Excavations of the Regione Siciliana, Soprintendenza ai Beni Culturali ed Ambientali Provincia di Palermo in collaboration with Brown University in 1990 and 1991," with Susan S. Lukesh and other contributors, ("Archaeologia Transatlantica" ; 14) Providence and Louvain, 1995. OCLC 34671592
"Ustica II, The Results of the Excavations of the Regione Siciliana, Soprintendenza ai Beni Culturali ed Ambientali Provincia di Palermo in collaboration with Brown University in 1994 and 1999," with Susan S. Lukesh, ("Archaeologia Transatlantica" ; 19) (Providence) 2001. OCLC 47975697

Ancient art

A View of Greek Art, Brown University Press (Providence), 1973.
Influences and Styles in the Late Archaic and Early Classical Greek Sculpture of Sicily and Magna Graecia, Catholic University of Louvain, Institute of Archaeology and Art History, Monographs, 1975. OCLC 2276760
Constantine and Rome, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 2004 .  According to WorldCat, the book is held in 920 libraries

Numismatics

The Thirteen-Months Coinage of Hieronymos of Syracuse, Antike Münzen und Geschnittene Steine III, Walter De Gruyter (Berlin), 1969.
Art and Coinage in Magna Graecia, Edizioni Arte e Moneta (Bellinzona), 1978.
Wheaton College Collection of Greek and Roman Coins, Ancient Coins in North American Collections, with J. D. Bishop (New York) 1981.
The Coinage of Terina, with G,. K. Jenkins, Edizioni Arte e Moneta (Bellinzona) 1982.
Ripostigli del Museo Archeologico di Siracusa, International Center for Numismatic Studies, Biblioteca vol. 2 (Naples) 1989.
Morgantina Studies, II, The Coins, with T. V. Buttrey, K. T. Erim, T. Groves, Princeton University Press, 1989.
Ancient Greek Coins: Catalogue of the Classical Collection, Museum of Art, Rhode Island School of Design, ("Archaeologia Transatlantica" 15) Providence and Louvain-la-Neuve, 1998. OCLC 43916721

References

Cova, Elisabetta "Curriculum Vitae of R. Ross Holloway," Derek B. Counts and Anthony S. Tuck, eds., Koine, Mediterranean Studies in Honor of R. Ross Holloway, (Joukowsky Institute Publication  ; 1), Oxford and Oakville, 2009, pp. xiv-xx.  (contains a full bibliography to 2008)

1934 births
2022 deaths
American archaeologists
American numismatists
Roxbury Latin School alumni
Amherst College alumni
Princeton University alumni
Brown University faculty
People from Newton, Massachusetts

R. Ross Holloway


Hard Fate (Traditional Chinese - 翡翠戀曲)  is a 30-episode melodrama series which aired on TVB in 2004. It stars Flora Chan 陳慧珊, Damian Lau 劉松仁, Kevin Cheng 鄭嘉穎 and Niki Chow 周麗淇.

Synopsis
Early in the story, Leung Pak-yeen (Damian Lau) was in a dispute with his wife (Mary Hon) and they argued on a building rooftop. The wife fell from the building top and the murder was witnessed by one of the construction workers. The worker turned out to be an illegal immigrant in Hong Kong. He spent a great deal of time escaping Leung Pak-yeen and just about anyone who questioned his identity.

Soon the daughter of Leung Pak-yeen, Ceci (Niki Chow), spotted a newspaper with the construction worker. She attempted to track him down and failed numerous times. Upon cleaning up her dead mother's house, she discovered a diary written before her death. The book content was told as part of a flashback, which spoke about Leung Pak-yeen's true past. Apparently he went to mainland China to do illegal trafficking a long time ago for his business. He set up and sold out one of his partners to gain a bigger share of the trafficking profit. His partner was killed under the custody of the mainland police, and never made it out alive.

Ken (Kevin Cheng), the son of the partner, grew up thinking his father was just neglecting him. His girlfriend, Ceci, warned him about her findings in the diary, including her father's murder acts and motives. Ken soon realized his father did not neglect him when he was a child. Instead his father was set up by Leung Pak-yeen during the trafficking and killed. Both of them were motivated to track down the construction worker who witnessed at least one of the crimes.

Ken, Ceci, the construction worker would all end up in Hong Kong's High court in an attempt to put Leung Pak-yeen behind bars. Under oath, the construction worker would testify. Because of his poor credibility as an illegal immigrant and weak testimony going up against a top-notch lawyer, the case was lost. The father who was essentially responsible for the murder of two people earlier was now set free.

The story then shifted to the young couple with Ken and Ceci trying to put the event behind them and restart their life. Niki went from this immature girl to a more mature woman who was consumed with worries, especially with her murderous father set free.  Tiffany (Flora Chan) was married to the murderous father, Leung Pak-yeen, and had a baby. To continue the feud, the father, Leung Pak-yeen would compete with Ken in their jade business. Eventually Ken would gain the upper hand, and the father was forced once again to do trafficking to sustain his business. His wife, Tiffany, urged him not to take this dangerous route again. He claimed it was necessary for the survival of his business and ventured off to Shanghai. He got lucky and escaped Shanghai police. Returning to Hong Kong, his wife now mistrusts him. He has basically been hiding too many secrets about murders, trafficking, and many side stories involving sacrificing friendships for money.

To force her trust, Leung Pak-yeen kidnapped the baby to forcefully reconnect the relationship. Tiffany would become miserable as she tried to play games to get her baby back. In an effort to chase the baby down, CeCi was violently hit by an SUV. After numerous twists, turns, lies and deceptions Leung Pak-yeen would give up, committing a suicide. With the exception of his wife, everyone in his whole family died. Including Ceci who was unconscious from the accident, but then died after the second operation. Throughout the story, Tiffany was carrying a cursed jade necklace, which shared a similar fate with its previous owner. In the end, Ken, (Kevin Cheng) still manages to continue on with life, and has the same dream every night of marrying Ceci, (Niki Chow)

Cast
 Flora Chan as Mok Hei-yee /Tiffany (莫希兒)
 Damian Lau as Leung Pak-yin (梁柏言)
 Kevin Cheng as Leung Ka-ming /Ken (梁家明)
 Niki Chow as Leung Wing-Sze /Ceci (梁詠思)
 Mary Hon
 Maggie Shiu as Yip Suk-gwun /Ivy (葉淑君)
 Ha Ping  as Suen Yeen-chou (孫燕秋)
 Ha Yu as Mok Sai-long (莫世龍)
 Michelle Yip as Suen Yeen-chou (Younger Years)
 Michael Tong as Mok Sai-long (Younger Years)
 Stephen Au as Leung Pak-git (梁柏傑)
 Chan Hoi Yee as Oi Siu-kei (區小琪)
 Yee Zhi Yuen as Lau Tzi-kerng (劉志強)
 Hawick Lau   as Mok Hei Man (莫希文)
 Akina Hong
 Rebecca Chan
 Hui Siu Hung

External links
SPCNET - Hard Fate

TVB dramas
2004 Hong Kong television series debuts
2004 Hong Kong television series endings

Hard Fate


Fred Brenning Craddock, Jr. (April 30, 1928 – March 6, 2015) was an American priest. He was the Bandy Distinguished Professor of Preaching and New Testament Emeritus in the Candler School of Theology at Emory University. He was an ordained minister of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) from rural Tennessee. He was the director of the Craddock Center, a non-profit service group which operates in rural Appalachia.

References

1928 births
2015 deaths
Emory University faculty
Writers from Tennessee

Fred Craddock


The Münster–Rheine railway is a nearly 39 km long main line railway from Münster to Rheine in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is entirely double track and electrified.

It was opened by the Prussian government-funded Royal Westphalian Railway Company in 1856 and is one of the oldest railways in Germany.

History
The Royal Westphalian Railway (, KWE) built its main line from Hamm to Warburg in the early 1850s. In 1855, the KWE took over the Munster-Hamm Railway Company (Münster-Hammer Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft), together with its line to Munster, which it then extended further north to Rheine. It opened its line on 23 June 1856, reaching Rheine station on the same day as both of the two sections of the Hanoverian Western Railway were completed to the station: the line from Löhne and the Emsland Railway to the North Sea port of Emden.

In 1879, the Rhenish Railway Company (Rheinische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft, RhE) opened its own North Sea route from Duisburg via Rheine to Quakenbrück and so made the station one of the major railway junctions in north-western Germany.

Current operations

Two Regional-Express service operate on the line: the RE 15 (the Emsland-Express) and the RE 7 (Rhein-Münsterland-Express), both hourly. The RB 65 Regionalbahn service (the Ems-Bahn) runs at 30-minute intervals on the line. Every two hours InterCity services between Norddeich Mole and Luxembourg run on the line.

References

Railway lines in North Rhine-Westphalia
Railway lines opened in 1856
1856 establishments in Germany
Münster (region)
Emsland (region)
Buildings and structures in Steinfurt (district)

nl:Spoorlijn Münster - Rheine

Münster–Rheine railway


Okami (淤加美神, Okami-no-kami) in the Kojiki, or in the Nihon Shoki:  or , is a legendary Japanese dragon and Shinto deity of rain and snow. In Japanese mythology, the sibling progenitors Izanagi and Izanami gave birth to the islands and gods of Japan. After Izanami died from burns during the childbirth of the fire deity Kagu-tsuchi, Izanagi was enraged and killed his son. Kagutsuchi's blood or body, according to differing versions of the legend, created several other deities, including Kuraokami.

Name
The name Kuraokami combines kura 闇 "dark; darkness; closed" and okami 龗 "dragon tutelary of water". This uncommon kanji (o)kami or rei 龗, borrowed from the Chinese character ling 龗 "rain-dragon; mysterious" (written with the "rain" radical 雨, 3 口 "mouths", and a phonetic of long 龍 "dragon") is a variant Chinese character for Japanese rei < Chinese ling 靈 "rain-prayer; supernatural; spiritual" (with 2 巫 "shamans" instead of a "dragon"). Compare this 33-stroke 龗 logograph with the simpler 24-stroke variant 靇 ("rain" and "dragon" without the "mouths"), read either rei < ling 靇 "rain prayer; supernatural" or ryō < long 靇 "sound of thunder", when used for ryo < long 隆 reduplicated in ryōryō < longlong 隆隆 "rumble; boom".

Marinus Willem de Visser (1913:136) cites the 713 CE Bungo Fudoki 豊後風土記 that okami is written 蛇龍 "snake dragon" in a context about legendary Emperor Keikō seeing an okami dragon in a well, and concludes, "This and later ideas about Kura-okami show that this divinity is a dragon or snake." Grafton Elliot Smith provides a Trans-cultural diffusionist perspective.
The snake takes a more obtrusive part in the Japanese than in the Chinese dragon and it frequently manifests itself as a god of the sea. The old Japanese sea-gods were often female water-snakes. The cultural influences which reached Japan from the south by way of Indonesia — many centuries before the coming of Buddhism — naturally emphasized the serpent form of the dragon and its connexion with the ocean. (1919:101)

Lineage
In the Kojiki, he is the father of female deity Hikawa-hime (日河比売, or Hikaha-hime) married Susanoo's grandson, the male deity Fuwanomojikunusunu (布波能母遅久奴須奴神, or Fuhanomojikunusunu) and from their union gave birth to the male deity Fukafuchi-no-Mizuyarehana (深淵之水夜礼花神). Fukafuchi-no-Mizuyarehana is the great-grandfather of the male deity Ōkuninushi (大国主神).

Then, the great-grandson of Ōkuninushi, Mikanushi-hiko (甕主日子神) married Hinarashi-hime (比那良志毘売), who is the daughter of Okami, sister of Hikawa-hime. From the union of Mikanushi-hiko and Hinarashi-hime gave birth to the male deity Tahirikishimarumi (多比理岐志麻流美神).

Kojiki
The ca. 680 CE Kojiki transcribes Kuraokami Kami with man'yōgana as 闇淤加美 "dark o-ka-mi god". In the Kojiki version of this myth, Izanagi killed Kagutsuchi with his giant sword, and the blood subsequently created eight kami "gods; spirits". The final two generated from blood that dripped off the hilt onto Izanagi's fingers were Kuraokami and Kuramitsuha Kami 闇御津羽神 "dark mi-tsu-ha god".
Then His Augustness the Male-Who-invites, drawing the ten-grasp sabre that was augustly girded on him, cut off the head of his child the Deity Shining-Elder. Hereupon the names of the Deities that were born from the blood that stuck to the point of the august sword and bespattered the multitudinous rock-misses were: the Deity Rock-Splitter, next the Deity Root-Splitter, next the Rock-Possessing-Male-Deity. The names of the Deities that were next born from the blood that stuck to the upper part of the august sword and again bespattered the multitudinous rock-masses were: the Awfully-Swift-Deity, next the Fire-Swift-Deity, next the Brave-Awful-Possessing-Male-Deity, another name for whom is the Brave-Snapping-Deity, and another name is the Luxuriant-Snapping Deity. The names of the Deities that were next born from the blood that collected on the hilt of the august sword and leaked out between his fingers were: the Deity Kura-okami and next the Deity Kura-mitsuha. All the eight Deities in the above list, from the Deity Rock-Splitter to the Deity Kura-mitsuha, are Deities that were born from the august sword. (tr. Chamberlain 1919:36)
Basil Hall Chamberlain notes, "The etymology of both these name is obscure. Kura, the first element of each compound, signifies 'dark'."

Another Kojiki section listing ancestors of Ōkuninushi 大国主 "great country master" says Okami Kami's daughter Hikaha Hime 日河比売 "sun river princess" had a daughter Fukabuchi no mizu Yarehana 深淵之水夜礼花 "deep pool water lost flower".
The Deity Fuha-no-moji-Ku-nu-su-nu … wedded Princess Hikaha, daughter of the Deity Okami, and begot a child: Water-Spoilt-Blossom-of-Fuka-buchi. This Deity wedded the Deity Ame-no-tsudohe-chi-ne, and begot a child: the Deity Great-Water-Master. This Deity wedded the Deity Grand-Ears daughter of the Deity Funu-dzu-nu, and begot a child: the Deity Heavenly-Brandishing-Prince-Lord. This Deity wedded the Young-Princess-of-the-Small-Country, daughter of the Great-Deity-of-the-Small-Country, and begot a child: the Deity Master-of-the-Great-Land. (tr. Chamberlain 1919:78-9)

Nihongi
The ca. 720 CE Nihon Shoki writes Kuraokami with kanji as 闇龗 "dark rain-dragon". In the Nihongi version, Izanagi killed Kagutsuchi by cutting him into three pieces, each of which became a god: Kuraokami, Kurayamatsumi (闇山祇) "dark mountain respect", and Kuramitsuha 闇罔象 "dark water-spirit". This mitsuha 罔象 is a variant of mōryō 魍魎 "demon; evil spirit" (written with the "ghost radical" 鬼). Kurayamatsumi is alternately written Takaokami 高靇 "high rain-dragon". De Visser (1913:136) says, "This name is explained by one of the commentators as "the dragon-god residing on the mountains", in distinction from Kura-okami, "the dragon-god of the valleys".
At length he drew the ten-span sword with which he was girt, and cut Kagu tsuchi into three pieces, each of which became changed into a God. Moreover, the blood which dripped from the edge of the sword became the multitudinous rocks which are in the bed of the Easy-River of Heaven. This God was the father of Futsu-nushi no Kami. Moreover, the blood which dripped from the hilt-ring of the sword spurted out and became deities, whose names were Mika no Haya-hi no Kami and next Hi no Haya-hi no Kami. This Mika no Haya-hi no Kami was the parent of Take-mika-suchi no Kami.
Another version is: "Mika no haya-hi no Mikoto, next Hi no haya-hi no Mikoto, and next Take-mika-tsuchi no Kami. Moreover, the blood which dripped from the point of the sword spurted out and became deities, who were called Iha-saku no Kami, after him Ne-saku no Kami, and next Iha-tsutsu-wo no Mikoto. This Iha-saku no Kami was the father of Futsu-nushi no Kami."
One account says: "Iha-tsutsu-wo no Mikoto, and next Iha-tsutsu-me no Mikoto. Moreover, the blood which dripped from the head of the sword spurted out and became deities, who were called Kura o Kami no Kami, next Kura-yamatsumi no Kami, and next Kura-midzu-ha no Kami. (tr. Aston 1896:23)
William George Aston (1896:24) footnotes translations for these kami names: Kuraokami "Dark-god", Kurayamatsumi "Dark-mountain-body-god", and Kuramitsuha "Dark-water-goddess". De Visser (1913:136–137) says Kuramitsuha could be translated "Dark-water-snake", "Valley-water-snake", or "Female-water-snake".

Man'yōshū
The Man'yōshū poetry collection mentions an Okami 於可美 "rain dragon" living on an oka 岡 "ridge; knoll; hill". Lady Fujiwara, a daughter of Fujiwara no Kamatari, replies to a poem from her husband Emperor Tenmu () about an unseasonable snowstorm.
It was by speaking
To the dragon of my hill
I caused this snowfall;
A few flakes may have scattered.
No doubt, out there where you are. (2:104, tr. Cranston 1993:490)
Compare Edwin Cranston's translation with that of Burton Watson (1986:22), "I told the water god on my hill to let the snow fall. It scattered, and some must have fallen over your way!"

Okami shrines
The diverse Japanese kami of water and rainfall, such as Suijin 水神 "water god" and Okami, are worshipped at Shinto shrines, especially during times of drought. For instance, Niukawakami Jinja 丹生川上神社 in Kawakami, Nara is a center of prayers for Kuraokami, Takaokami, and Mizuhanome 罔象女. Some other examples of shrines to Okami are:
Okami Jinja () in Daitō, Osaka
Okami Jinja () in Minamiaizu, Fukushima
Okami Jinja () in Hirakata and Izumisano, Osaka
Kuraokami Jinja () in Ichikai, Tochigi
Takaokami Jinja () on Mount Miwa
Takaokami Jinja () in Shōbara, Hiroshima
Kunitsu Okami Jinja () on Iki Island
In addition, the water-god Takaokami is worshipped at various shrines named Kibune Jinja (), found in places such as Sakyō-ku, Kyoto and Manazuru, Kanagawa.

Family tree

References
Aston, William George, tr. 1896. Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697. 2 vols. Kegan Paul.
Chamberlain, Basil H., tr. 1919. The Kojiki, Records of Ancient Matters.
Cranston, Edwin A. 1993. A Waka Anthology. Stanford University Press.

Smith, G. Elliot. 1919. The Evolution of the Dragon . Longmans, Green & Company.
. J. Müller.
Watson, Burton and Sato, Hiroaki. 1986. From the Country of Eight Islands: An Anthology of Japanese Poetry. Columbia University Press.

External links
Kuraokami, Takaokami, Kuramitsuha, Encyclopedia of Shinto
Kura Okami, The Serene Dragon

Dragon deities
Ice and snow deities
Japanese dragons
Japanese gods
Kunitsukami
Rain deities
Winter deities

Kuraokami


Monique Gendron is a Canadian organist of international renown. She won first prize at the St Albans International Organ Festival in England and at the Grand Prix of Chartes in France. She has recorded sonatas by Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel with oboist Bernard Jean and has performed in concert series presented by Les Amis de l'orgue de Québec. She has performed in concerts and recitals throughout North America and Europe. She currently teaches on the faculties at the Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Hull and the Académie de musique du Québec.

Born in Montréal, Gendron earned a bachelor's degree from Université de Montréal and a premiere prix in organ performance from the Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal. In 1956 she won a scholarship from Les Amis de l'art and she won the John Robb Organ Competition in 1963 1963, as well as in 1966. In 1966 she was awarded the Prix d'Europe which enabled her to pursue graduate studies in France at the École Normale de Musique de Paris where she earned a Master of Music. She also holds a diploma in organ performance from the University of Vienna. Some of her teachers are Marie-Claire Alain, Anton Heiller, and Michael Radulescu.

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Canadian organists
Women organists
Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal alumni
École Normale de Musique de Paris alumni
Université de Montréal alumni
University of Vienna alumni
21st-century organists
21st-century women musicians

Monique Gendron


The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) publishes many books which contain its complete list of definitions. The definitions are divided initially into seven IUPC Colour Books: Gold, Green, Blue, Purple, Orange, White, and Red. There is also an eighth book, the "Silver Book".

Blue Book
Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, commonly referred to by chemists as the Blue Book, is a collection of recommendations on organic chemical nomenclature published at irregular intervals by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). A full edition was published in 1979, an abridged and updated version of which was published in 1993 as A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds. Both of these are now out-of-print in their paper versions, but are available free of charge in electronic versions. After the release of a draft version for public comment in 2004 and the publication of several revised sections in the journal Pure and Applied Chemistry, a fully revised version was published in print in 2013.

Gold Book

The Compendium of Chemical Terminology is a book published by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) containing internationally accepted definitions for terms in chemistry. Work on the first edition was initiated by Victor Gold, thus spawning its informal name: the Gold Book.

The first edition was published in 1987 () and the second edition (), edited by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson, was published in 1997. A slightly expanded version of the Gold Book is also freely searchable online. Translations have also been published in French, Spanish and Polish.

Green Book

Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, commonly known as the Green Book, is a compilation of terms and symbols widely used in the field of physical chemistry. It also includes a table of physical constants, tables listing the properties of elementary particles, chemical elements, and nuclides, and information about conversion factors that are commonly used in physical chemistry.  The most recent edition is the third edition (), originally published by IUPAC in 2007. A second printing of the third edition was released in 2008; this printing made several minor revisions to the 2007 text. A third printing of the third edition was released in 2011. The text of the third printing is identical to that of the second printing.

Orange Book

The Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature is a book published by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) containing internationally accepted definitions for terms in analytical chemistry. It has traditionally been published in an orange cover, hence its informal name, the Orange Book.

Although the book is described as the "Definitive Rules", there have been three editions published; the first in 1978 (), the second in 1987 () and the third in 1998 (). The third edition is also available online. A Catalan translation has also been published (1987, ).

Purple Book

The first edition of the Compendium of Macromolecular Terminology and Nomenclature, known as the Purple Book, was published in 1991. It is about the nomenclature of polymers. The second and latest edition was published in December 2008 and is also available for download.

Red Book

Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, by chemists commonly referred to as the Red Book, is a collection of recommendations on inorganic chemical nomenclature. It is published at irregular intervals by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The last full edition was published in 2005, in both paper and electronic versions.

Silver Book
The IUPAC also publishes a Silver Book, not listed with the other "colour books", titled Compendium of Terminology and Nomenclature of Properties in Clinical Laboratory Sciences.

White Book
The Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents (1992) or White Book contains definitions pertaining to biochemical research compiled jointly by IUPAC and the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.

See also
 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry nomenclature
 IUPAC polymer nomenclature

References
11. Website publication of Silver Book: The Silver Book and the NPU Format for Clinical Laboratory Science Reports Regarding Properties, Units, and Symbols . Published Online: 2017-04-25; Published in Print: 2017-04-25

External links

IUPAC Color Books (main page)
Gold Book: Online version
Green Book:
Red Book:
Blue Book:
Purple Book:
Orange Book:
Silver Book:
White Book:

Chemistry reference works
Chemical nomenclature

IUPAC Color Books


Robert Lawlor (August 11, 1938 – November 29, 2022) was an American mythographer, symbologist and New Age author of several books.

Life and career
Robert Lawlor was born in Schenectady, New York on August 11, 1938.

After training as a painter and a sculptor, he became a yoga student of Sri Aurobindo and lived for many years in Puducherry, where he was a founding member of Auroville. In India, he discovered the works of the French Egyptologist and esotericist, R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz, which led him to explore the principles and practices of ancient sacred science.

Between 1965 and 1968, Robert met his wife, Deborah Lawlor. In 1972, they left Auroville for a year so Robert could study sacred geometry and read Sri Aurobindo. They came back to Auroville in 1973 until 1975.

In 1979, Lawlor (then living in Tasmania) participated in the Lindisfarne Fellows Conference, held at Zen Center's Green Gulch Farm, with Keith Critchlow from London. In 1980, Lawlor met together with William Irwin Thompson and Rachel Fletcher to teach in the Lindisfarne Institute's Summer Program in Sacred Architecture, which provided the context for the design and building of the Lindisfarne Chapel. Critchlow's Twelve Criteria for Sacred Architecture derives from a lecture given at this time. In 1981, a gathering of about 50 members of the Lindisfarne Association met in Crestone, Colorado under the name, Homage to Pythagoras, which included Lawlor, Thompson, Fletcher, Critchlow, Christopher Bamford, Arthur Zajonc, Anne Macaulay, Kathleen Raine, Robert Bly, Joscelyn Godwin, John Michell, and Ernest McClain.

Robert Lawlor died on King Island, Tasmania on November 29, 2022, at the age of 84. His is buried alongside his third wife, author Johanna Lambert.

Published works
 The Temple in Man, R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz (translated by Robert and Deborah Lawlor), Inner Traditions, 1977,  (1982)
 Symbol and the Symbolic: Ancient Egypt, Science, and the Evolution of Consciousness, R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz (translated by Robert and Deborah Lawlor), 1978,
 Mathematics useful for understanding Plato, Theon of Smyrna, Platonic Philosopher, translated from the 1892 Greek/French edition of J. Dupuis by Robert and Deborah Lawlor, Secret Doctrine Reference Series, Wizards Bookshelf, San Diego, 1979
 Lindisfarne Letter 10: Geometry and Architecture, 1980
 Lindisfarne Letter 12: The Lindisfarne Chapel, 1981
 Lindisfarne Letter 14: Homage to Pythagoras, 1982, ASIN B000H06P2U
 Sacred Geometry: Philosophy and practice, Thames & Hudson, 1989 (1st edition 1979, 1980, or 1982),
 Earth Honoring: The New Male Sexuality, Park Street Press, 1991,
 Voices of the First Day: Awakening in the Aboriginal dreamtime, Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions International, Ltd., 1991,
 Homage to Pythagoras: Rediscovering Sacred Science, Christopher Bamford, 1994,  (features 2 of Lawlor's essays, Ancient Temple Architecture and Pythagorean Number as Form, Color, and Light from the early 1980s Lindisfarne Letters)
 The Geometry of the End of Time, Robert Lawlor (2015),

See also
 Sacred geometry
 Bija
 Guruwari
 Lotus (symbolism)
 Mimi (folklore)
 Maban
 Rainbow Serpent

Notes and references

External links
An Essay Review of Robert Lawlor's Voices of the First Day: Awakening in the Aboriginal Dreamtime by Mary Lynn Adzema
Robert Lawlor in Conversation with Phong Bui (May 2009)
"Robert Lawlor Tells a 'White' Lie" Mitchell Rolls

Obituary

1939 births
2022 deaths
Mythographers
New Age writers
Sacred geometry
Symbologists
People from Schenectady, New York

Robert Lawlor


CAM ships were World War II-era British merchant ships used in convoys as an emergency stop-gap until sufficient escort carriers became available. CAM ship is an acronym for catapult aircraft merchant ship.

They were equipped with a rocket-propelled catapult launching a single Hawker Hurricane, dubbed a "Hurricat" or "Catafighter" to destroy or drive away an attacking bomber. Normally the Hurricane fighter would be lost when the pilot then bailed out or ditched in the ocean near the convoy. CAM ships continued to carry their normal cargoes after conversion.

The concept was developed and tested by the five fighter catapult ships, commissioned as warships and commanded and crewed by the Royal Navy – but the CAM ships were merchant vessels, commanded and crewed by the Merchant Navy.

Origin

The German Luftwaffe had Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor aircraft with a range of nearly . After the Fall of France, these aircraft could operate from western France against British merchant ships in the Atlantic. Flying from Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport, Fw 200s of I/KG40 could reach the convoy lanes west of Britain while staying outside the range of British land-based fighters. The Royal Navy had no aircraft carriers available to provide close air cover for the convoys. The Fw 200s could shadow convoys, directing U-boat attacks on them, or drop bombs on convoy ships, without opposition and to deadly effect.

To counter this threat, the Admiralty developed the fighter catapult ship a converted freighter, crewed by naval sailors, carrying a single Hawker Hurricane fighter. When an enemy bomber was sighted, the fighter would be launched into the air with rockets, and fly up to destroy or drive away the bomber. Being large and slow, the Fw 200 became a rather vulnerable target. After the combat, the fighter pilot would bail out or ditch in the ocean near the convoy, and be picked up if all went well.

The Admiralty had already experimented with this system. They ordered 50 rocket-propelled aircraft catapults to be fitted to merchant ships. The planes were Hurricane Mark Is, converted to Sea Hurricane IAs.

The pilots for these aircraft were drawn from the Royal Air Force (RAF). The RAF formed the Merchant Ship Fighter Unit (MSFU) on 5 May 1941 in RAF Speke by the River Mersey in Liverpool.  Wing Commander E.S. Moulton-Barrett commanded the unit providing training for volunteer pilots, fighter direction officers (FDOs), and airmen. After training, MSFU crews were posted to Liverpool, Glasgow, or Avonmouth where they assisted in loading their Hurricanes onto the catapults. Each team consisted of one pilot for Atlantic runs (or two pilots for voyages to Russia, Gibraltar, or the Mediterranean Sea), with one fitter, one rigger, one radio-telephone operator, one FDO, and a seaman torpedoman who worked on the catapult as an electrician.

MSFU crews signed ship's articles as civilian crew members under the authority of the civilian ship's master. The ship's chief engineer became responsible for the catapult, and the first mate acted as catapult duty officer (CDO), responsible for firing the catapult when directed. The single Hurricane fighter was launched only when enemy aircraft were sighted and agreement was reached using hand and flag signals between the pilot, CDO, and ship's master.

The first four or five ships were taken into Royal Navy service as "auxiliary fighter catapult ships", and later conversions were officially named CAMs and crewed by merchant sailors. The first CAM ship, Michael E, was sponsored by the Royal Navy while the RAF MSFUs were working up. After a trial launch off Belfast, Michael E sailed with convoy OB 327 on 28 May 1941. She was sunk by U-108 on 2 June.
The first RAF trial CAM launch was from Empire Rainbow, at Greenock on the River Clyde on 31 May 1941; the Hurricane landed at Abbotsinch. Six CAM ships joined convoys in June 1941. When a CAM ship arrived at its destination, the pilot usually launched and landed at a nearby airfield to get in as much flight time as possible before his return trip. Pilots were rotated out of CAM assignments after two round-trip voyages to avoid the deterioration of flying skills from the lack of flying time during the assignment.

CAM sailings were initially limited to North American convoys with aircraft maintenance performed by the Royal Canadian Air Force at Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. CAM ships sailed on Gibraltar and Freetown convoys beginning in September 1941, after an aircraft maintenance unit was established at the RAF base at North Front, Gibraltar. No CAM aircraft were provided during January and February 1942 after it proved impossible to maintain the catapult-mounted aircraft in flying order during the North Atlantic winter. CAM sailings resumed on 6 March 1942 on North Atlantic convoys and in April on the Arctic Russian convoys with an RAF aircraft maintenance unit in Archangelsk.

CAM ships
Eight CAM ships were requisitioned from private owners, two of which were sunk:

  Daghestan
 Daltonhall
 Eastern City
 Helencrest
 Kafiristan
 Michael E (sunk)
 Novelist
 Primrose Hill (sunk).

27 CAM ships were Ministry of War Transport owned Empire ships, ten of which were sunk:

  Empire Burton (sunk)
 Empire Clive
 Empire Darwin

 Empire Dell (sunk)
 Empire Eve (sunk)
 Empire Faith
 Empire Flame
 Empire Foam
 Empire Franklin
 Empire Gale
 Empire Heath
 Empire Hudson (sunk)
 Empire Lawrence (sunk)
 Empire Moon
 Empire Morn
 Empire Ocean
 Empire Rainbow (sunk)
 Empire Ray
 Empire Rowan (sunk)
 Empire Shackleton (sunk)
 Empire Spray
 Empire Spring (sunk)
 Empire Stanley
 Empire Sun
 Empire Tide
 Empire Wave (sunk).

Take-off procedure

 The trolley receiving bar was removed at dawn.
 The airmen started the aircraft and warmed up the engine at intervals.
 The pilot climbed into the aircraft when enemy aircraft were reported.
 The ship hoisted the international flag code F when the decision was made to launch. (CAM ships were usually stationed at the head of the outboard port column of a convoy so they could manoeuvre into the wind for launch.)
 An airman removed the pins, showed them to the pilot, and took them to the Catapult Duty Officer (CDO).
 The pilot applied 30 degree flaps and 1/3 right rudder.
 The CDO raised a blue flag above his head to inform the ship's master of his readiness to launch.
 The ship's master manoeuvred the ship into the wind and raised a blue flag above his head to authorise the launch. (The ship's master stood on the starboard bridge wing to avoid the catapult rocket blast which sometimes damaged the port side of the bridge.)
 The CDO waved his blue flag indicating he was ready to launch upon a signal from the pilot.
 The pilot opened full throttle, tightened the throttle friction nut, pressed his head back into the head-rest, pressed his right elbow tightly against his hip, and lowered his left hand as a signal to launch.
 The CDO counted to three, waited for the bow to rise from the trough of a swell, and moved the switch to fire the catapult rockets.

CAM combat launches

In total, there were eight combat launches from CAM ships. Eight German aircraft were destroyed (three Fw 200 Condors, four Heinkel 111s and a Junkers 88), one damaged and three chased away. Eight Hurricanes were ditched and one pilot lost.

Additionally, one Condor was destroyed in August 1941 by a Hurricane launched from a Royal Navy Fighter Catapult Ship. This was flown by Robert W. H. Everett.

Programme termination
As adequate numbers of escort carriers became available, CAM sailings on North American and Arctic Russian convoys were discontinued in August 1942. The aircraft maintenance unit was withdrawn from Archangelsk in September 1942. Catapults were removed from 10 of the 26 surviving CAM ships while the remaining 16 continued to sail with the Mediterranean and Freetown convoys.  Headquarters RAF Fighter Command ordered all MSFUs to be disbanded commencing 8 June 1943. The combat launches from homeward bound convoy SL 133 were from the last two operational CAM ships to sail; the last MSFU was disbanded on 7 September 1943. Twelve of the 35 CAM ships had been sunk while sailing on 170 round trip voyages. Two more ships, Cape Clear and City of Johannesburg, were briefly fitted with dummy catapults and aircraft for deception purposes in late 1941.

See also
 Merchant aircraft carrier
 Fighter catapult armed auxiliary ship
 Brodie landing system
 Aviation-capable naval vessel

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

 Alan Payne, The Catapult Fighters, Australian Naval Historical Society

British Merchant Navy

North Atlantic convoys of World War II

CAM ship


Popović (; ) or Popovich or Popovitch () is a common Serbian, Russian, Montenegrin, Bosnian, Romanian, Croatian, Ukrainian and Belarusian surname, and sometimes a patronymic meaning son of a priest.

Geographical distribution
As of 2014, the frequency of the surname Popović was highest in Montenegro (1: 68), followed by Serbia (1: 145), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1: 354), Croatia (1: 690), Slovenia (1: 1,485) and North Macedonia (1: 2,066).

The frequency of the surname Popovich was highest in Ukraine (1: 1,530), followed by Moldova (1: 4,735), Belarus (1: 9,762) and Russia (1: 10,762).

People with the surname

 Aleksandar Popović (disambiguation), multiple people
 Ana Popović, Serbian blues musician
 Andrija Popović, former Montenegrin waterpolo player, Member of Montenegrin Parliament
 Alyosha Popovich, a bogatyr (i.e., a medieval Russian knight-errant)
 Barbara Popović, Macedonian singer
 Bogdan Popović, Serbian literary critic and historian. Brother of Pavle Popović, also a literary critic
 Bojan Popović, Serbian basketball player
 Bojana Popović, Montenegrin handball player
 Boris Popovich, a Russian international footballer
 Constantin Popovici, a Romanian platform diver
 Cvjetko Popović, member of Mlada Bosna
 Daniel (Montenegrin singer), Croatian singer Danijel Popović
 Davorin Popović, singer, longtime frontman of Indexi
 Derek Popovich (born 1981), American soccer player
 Dimitrije Popović, Croatian painter
 Dušan Popović (disambiguation), several people
 Evgenije Popović, Montenegrin politician, writer and diplomat
 Greg Popovich, American business executive
 Gregg Popovich (born 1949), American basketball coach
 Hristina Popović  (born 1982), Serbian actress
 Ioan Popovici-Bănățeanul, an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian prose writer and poet
 Janko Popović Volarić (born 1980), Croatian actor
 Joško Popović, Croatian national football team player
 Jovan Sterija Popović, Serbian playwright
 Justin Popović, Christian Orthodox theologian
 Koča Popović, Serbian communist politician
 Krsto Zrnov Popović, Montenegrin captain
 Lazar Popović, Serbian football player
 Leona Popović, Croatian alpine ski racer
 Ljuba Popović, Serbian surrealist painter
 Marina Popovich, a Soviet test pilot, Pavel Popovich's wife
 Marko Popović (born 1982), Croatian basketball player
 Mark Popovic, Canadian hockey player of Serbian descent
 Marko Popović (disambiguation),
 Marko Miljanov Popović, Montenegrin writer
 Mića Popović, Serbian painter
 Mihai Popovici, an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian politician
 Danijel (singer), Montenegrin singer Milan Popović
 Milan Popović (disambiguation), several people
 Milentije Popović, Serbian communist politician
 Milt Popovich, American former National Football League player
 Mina Popović, Serbian national volleyball team player
 Miodrag Popović, Serbian actor
 Nebojša Popović, Serbian basketball player, coach and administrator
 Oliver Popović, Serbian basketball player and coach
 Paul Popovich, former Major League Baseball player
 Paul Popowich, Canadian actor
 Pavle Popović, Serbian literary critic and historian
 Pavel Popovich, Soviet cosmonaut
 Petar Popović (Croatian basketballer)
 Petar Popović (Serbian basketballer)
 Peter Popovic, Swedish ice hockey defenceman
 Peter S. Popovich, American lawyer, politician, and judge
 Sasha Montenegro, Montenegrin-Mexican actress born Alexandra Asimović Popović
 Sanja Popović, Croatian volleyball player
 Silvija Popović, Serbian national volleyball player
 Srđa Popović (activist), Serbian activist of Otpor!
 Srđa Popović (lawyer), Yugoslav and Serbian civil rights lawyer and activist
 Tiberiu Popoviciu, Romanian mathematician
 Tony Popovic, Australian football (soccer) coach of Croatian descent
 Vasilije Popović (disambiguation), multiple people
 Vladica Popović, Serbian football player
 Vladimir Popović (disambiguation), multiple people
 Yaroslav Popovych, Ukrainian professional cyclist
 Zoran Popovich (1931–2018), Pennsylvania mayor and judge

See also
 Popowicz
 Popov
 Popovici
 Popovitsa

References

Occupational surnames
Surnames of Serbian origin
Surnames of Montenegrin origin
Russian-language surnames
Surnames of Croatian origin

Popović


The , later published as the Hawaii Times, was a Japanese-English language newspaper based in Honolulu, Hawai'i. Established as the Yamato Shimbun by Shintaro Anno in 1895, the paper began as a six-page semi-weekly printed on a lithograph machine, and changed hands four times before being taken over by Yasutaro "Keiho" Soga in 1905. Soga changed the name of the paper to the Nippu Jiji, Japanese for "newspaper for telling timely news," on November 3, 1906, and under his direction the paper was expanded to a twelve-page daily printed on a rotary press with a circulation of 15,000.

The paper gained prominence through its support of the territory-wide strikes of sugarcane plantation workers in 1909 and 1920, publishing sympathetic editorial columns and featuring extensive reports on the often slave-like living and working conditions of the, in many cases indentured, laborers. Also active in covering legislative attempts to curb the practice of Japanese language education in the islands (and the subsequent lawsuit against the territorial government), the Nippu Jiji became a key source of information for Japanese Americans in Hawaii before World War II and continued to wield a significant influence through the war years and after. The paper ceased operations in 1985.

Early history
In its early years, the Nippu Jiji was a paper directed at Hawaii's Japanese plantation workers. These laborers and, later, their families, made up the bulk of its subscription, and so the paper's content was largely catered to their interests and concerns. In 1909, exploitative conditions on the plantations was at the top of the list, and under Yasutaro Soga's direction the Nippu Jiji became active in disseminating information related to the newly formed labor movement. The paper published in-depth accounts of the conditions in the fields and company housing, pushing the issue further into the public eye and pulling plantation owners and haole politicians into the debate. The strike failed, although it was the first to unite workers from multiple plantations and the island-wide work stoppage ultimately cost plantation owners $2,000,000 and forced them to make some concessions. Soga was convicted of conspiracy to incite violence for his role in organizing the strike, and sentenced to ten months in Oahu Prison. Some ten years later, the Nippu Jiji similarly supported a second, also unsuccessful, strike.

In 1919, the Nippu Jiji became the first Japanese language newspaper in Hawaii to introduce an English section, an attempt to reach out to American-born Nisei and, in Soga's words, "promote better understanding between the Japanese and the Americans." It was also a move to counteract widespread distrust of Japanese Americans, heightened by Japan's military successes in Russia and China, as well as the fact that the immigrant Issei and their children had by then become the islands' largest ethnic group. In 1921, Lawrence M. Judd (then a territorial senator) introduced an American Legion backed bill to require all foreign language publications to provide full translations of their content. Part of a larger movement to "Americanize" Hawaii's large and multi-ethnic immigrant population, the bill would have forced publishers to either expand at a tremendous cost increase or shrink their foreign language section to make room for the translations, and Soga editorialized against it. (The bill was later changed to require translations only from newspapers whose publishers had previously been convicted of violence, intimidation or promoting distrust between groups of people. Soga's 1909 conspiracy conviction, and the law itself once passed, were largely ignored.)

Soon after, the Nippu Jiji became involved in a political controversy regarding the 163 Japanese language schools then operating in Hawaii. The territorial legislature began imposing restrictions on instructor certifications, textbook content, and the amount of time students were allowed to spend at Japanese school in 1920 (after several unsuccessful attempts to pass more restrictive laws in 1918 and 1919). The Federal Commission of Education declared in 1920 that the 20,000 students attending these schools were being "retarded in accepting American customs, manners, ideals, principles, and standards." In April 1923, the territorial legislature enacted the Clark Bill, establishing a per-student tax on the language schools and forcing schools unable to afford the tax to close. Some teachers and parents elected to push back and sued to repeal the restrictions; the Nippu Jiji, drifting away from the leftist stance it took during the sugar strikes, printed articles opposing litigation and urging the community instead to work with the politicians who had drafted the laws.

World War II and later years
Martial law was declared in Hawaii a few hours after the December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, and Governor Joseph Poindexter conceded his authority to Commanding General Walter Short. Five days later the Nippu Jiji, along with every other Japanese-language newspaper, was forced to close. Yasutaro Soga and others at the paper were interned. However, the military government soon discovered that without the Japanese newspapers they had no way of communicating with the many Issei who could not read English, and on January 9, 1942, the Nippu Jiji and its main pre-war rival, the Hawaii Hochi, were ordered to reopen and operate under Short's directives. Military supervising staff were assigned by the censorship office, and took over administration of the newspaper and much of the English writing. Existing staff members translated the English articles into Japanese, which were then sent on to FBI or Army linguists for approval before going into print. As part of the military government's policy of pushing for the assimilation and Americanization of the Islands' Japanese American population, both papers were forced to change their names to English titles, and on November 2, 1942, the Nippu Jiji became the Hawaii Times (and would continue to publish under this name until its closure).

With the Hawaii Herald (formerly the Hawaii Hochi) as its only competition during the war, the Times maintained its place in the community as an influential and widely read newspaper, and continued to reach a large audience for years after the war. The paper closed in 1985, and nearly 30,000 photos and documents left behind were claimed by University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Professor Dennis M. Ogawa and the Hawaii Times Photo Archives Foundation. The collection is currently being processed for public access.

See also
Hawaii Hochi
Japanese in Hawaii
Oahu Sugar Strike of 1920
Japanese language education in the United States

References

External links
Nippu Jiji Photograph Archive, Densho Digital Repository
Nippu Jiji Photo Collection website
Hoji Shinbun Digital Collection, Hoover Institution, Stanford University
Nippu Jiji Archival Collection

1895 establishments in Hawaii
1985 disestablishments in Hawaii
Japanese-language newspapers published in the United States
Defunct newspapers published in Hawaii
Japanese-American culture in Honolulu
Japanese-American history
Newspapers established in 1895
Publications disestablished in 1985

Nippu Jiji


The Blue Ribbon Bacon Festival is an annual festival in Des Moines, Iowa. Founded by members of the Iowa Bacon Board, the festival sold 200 tickets to the first festival in 2008.  Today, the bacon celebration has grown to host approximately 14,000 bacon-lovers in all. Ticket holders can compete in a bacon-eating contest, listen to lectures about bacon, and sample bacon from vendors.  Festival organizers have extended the celebration internationally through the Blue Ribbon Bacon Tour.

Description
For the price of an admission ticket, each attendee has been entitled to a T-shirt, a choice of bacon samples, and a koozie (an insulation-wrapping for a canned beverage, like beer or soda pop). The Festival also has featured lectures about bacon, a bacon-eating contest, and live performances by entertainers.

In 2012, a major change was made from the "all you can eat" bacon, which was included in the ticket price from years earlier, to a pay as you eat price structure. Justification for the added cost was to reduce lines for bacon goods vendors bring in and cook. Vendor Bacon items run $3 to $8 a piece on top of the ticket price.

History
The Blue Ribbon Bacon Festival was founded in 2008 by Brooks Reynolds, an Iowa realtor, on National Pig Day, 1 March 2008.

The Festival attracted 200 people in 2008 and 300 in 2009. The 2010 Festival sold all 600 tickets in 30 minutes: That year, the Festival served roughly 30 thousand bacon-strips (that is, about 50 strips per person); the bacon's total weight was , that is,  per person. The next year, in 2011, the Festival sold all 1,500 tickets in 4 minutes.

Themes

State of Bacon film
In 2013, the Iowa Bacon Board in conjunction with Digital Cuvée, a production company founded by Jason Cook, set out to make a film entitled State of Bacon utilizing the festival as the centerpiece of the story. In the style of Christopher Guest or Sasha Cohen, the film is a mockumentary, utilizing actors to interact in the real world, as a mash-up style to tell each storyline, and overall transport viewers to the wild and crazy world of Bacon Wonderland.

Tour
After having worked at the Festival, some of its entertainers formed the Blue Ribbon Bacon Tour. One of the Tour's regular participants, Heather Lauer, appeared on the 2009 Tour's stop in Pittsburgh; there, for thirty dollars, participants could compete in a bacon-eating contest and (without additional cost) taste bacon-samples from vendors. Before joining this Tour, Lauer had written the book, Bacon: A love story.

References

External links
 Photo Gallery of 2009 festival
 Video highlights of 2010 festival

Bacon
Food and drink festivals in the United States
Tourist attractions in Des Moines, Iowa
Festivals in Iowa

Blue Ribbon Bacon Festival


The National Archives at College Park (also known as "Archives II") is a major facility of the National Archives and Records Administration of the United States which is located in College Park, Maryland.  The facility serves as the primary base of operations for the bulk of the senior offices within the organization of the National Archives.  The facility operates in tandem with the National Archives Building in Washington, D.C. which serves as the ceremonial headquarters of the National Archives in that this is where the Archivist of the United States maintains their primary office.

History
The National Archives building at College Park held its groundbreaking in 1989 and opened in 1994 on a parcel of campus donated by the University of Maryland, mostly to alleviate space constraints at the aged National Archives Building in Washington, D.C. By that time, the original facility had become incapable of holding further numbers of records transferred in from various branches of the government.  Due to its more modern facilities, the Archives at College Park quickly assumed a role as the de facto headquarters of the National Archives, hosting several of the more important operational and administrative offices.  Officially, the seat of the National Archives remains at the National Archives building in Washington, D.C.

Holdings
The National Archives at College Park primarily holds government records of the 20th century and receives current holdings from the 21st century as they become available from government agencies.  The center also possesses a small number of 19th century (and earlier) records; however, the bulk of these historic holdings are maintained at the National Archives Building in Washington.  A security vault is maintained at College Park which contains high profile historical artifacts.  Among these include burned wreckage from the Branch Davidian compound in Waco, Texas as well as the last will and testament of Adolf Hitler.

Approximately 80% of the records on file at College Park are open to the public.  The remainder are considered classified records and may only be reviewed by authorized government agencies.  For records which contain personally identifiable information, but which are not classified, the National Archives at College Park maintains a Special Access Office (typically known as the "FOIA branch") which reviews and redacts records prior to release to a public researcher.

In 1995, the Berlin Document Center provided to the National Archives at College Park a large number of microfiche records relating to Nazi Germany.  These included service records of the SS, SA, NSDAP, as well as German governmental ministry records from World War II.  The center did not transfer personnel records of the regular German armed forces, which are maintained still at various facilities in Germany.

Organization

The National Archives at College Park is overseen by the Access Coordinator for the Washington, D.C. archives region.  The building does not have a single director, but is instead divided into several divisions which maintain day-to-day operations.  The building also contains the office of the chief operating officer as well as several other senior National Archives executives.  The Archivist of the United States maintains an auxiliary office on the premises, but mostly conducts business from the archives building in Washington.

Research Room operations
The National Archives at College Park maintains the most number of research rooms of any National Archives facility, in total there are five separate research rooms including a researcher orientation and registration center. The research rooms are organized as follows.

 1st Floor: Researcher Registration and Orientation
 2nd Floor: Textual Research Room
 3rd Floor: Cartographic Research Room
 4th Floor: Microfilm Research Room and Moving Image and Sound Research Room
 5th Floor: Photographic Research Room
 6th Floor: Classified Research Room

The director of research room operations also oversees "pull and refile section" which physically retrieve records from the archival record area and deliver them to on-site researchers in the research room.  Written correspondence concerning reference requests is handled through the Textual Records Division which is a separate office from the research room.

Textual Records
The Textual Records Division of Archives II prepares records for release to the public and also responds to written inquires concerning records already on file.  Until 2020, the three main branches of the textual records division were:

 Accessioning: Physically receives records into the National Archives from government agencies.  The Accessioning Branch is divided into two divisions, the first for records which are automatically and annually transferred to the National Archives each year (known as "Annual Move" records) while the second division deals with records which are offered to the National Archives on a case by case basis from the government (known as "Direct Offer" records).  A small portion of the Accessioning office is also devoted to reviewing donated records to the National archives, which are known as "gifted" records.
 Processing: The Processing Branch organizes newly received records into understandable and coherent files which may be easily understood by researchers.  This normally involves creating file lists for records and reboxing the records into user friendly containers rather than the shipping type boxes in which records are provided by the government.  The Processing Branch further enters records information into the National Archives Catalog.
Reference: The Reference Branch of Textual Records responds to all written correspondence concerning the holdings at College Park and provides referral information for other records in other National Archives facilities.  The reference archivists also work in tandem with research room operations and provide on-site consultation for researchers seeking specific types of records.  There are two divisions of the reference branch respectively, concerning military records and records of the civilian United States government.  Military records at College Park pertain primarily to organizational records, orders, and after action reports.  Military personnel records of individual service members are stored at the Military Personnel Records Center in St. Louis.

Beginning in 2020, the Textual Records Division of Archives II underwent a major reorganization where the offices of Accessioning, Processing, and Reference were merged into two new offices as follows:

 Accessioning, Basic Processing, & Holdings Security
 Reference, Research Rooms, & Augmented Processing

The merger also placed operation of the research rooms, previously as their own office branch, under the Textual Records Division and further divided into:

 Reference and Researcher Registration
 Research Room Pulls and Monitoring

Special Media records
Special media records at College Park include cartographic, photographic, and record series consisting of motion pictures which includes records on videotape.  The special media records division also maintains two conservation labs for film preservation as well as the upkeep of records on cassette tape.  Records on microfilm are typically not considered special media, but rather as regular textual records.

Electronic records
Beginning in the early 2000s, the National Archives began a dedicated effort to provide specific records support for electronic data. The Electronic Records Division is essentially a mirror of the textual (paper) division of the National Archives at College Park and contains its own accessioning, processing and reference branch for dealing with electronic records. The branch also maintains a "Digital Preservation Service Office" for the upkeep of records in electronic format.

Relationship to Archives I
To avoid duplicate offices, the National Archives at College Park oversees several of the functions of the main National Archives building in downtown Washington.  The overseen offices are known as "Archives I offices" and consist of the Archives I Research Room, overseen by Research Room operations in College Park, as well as the Archives I Processing Branch which is considered an extension of the processing office of Archives II.

All references correspondence from the Archives I building is under direction of the Archives II Textual Records Division.  The intake and accessioning of all records to Archives I (which in the modern day are few) is also overseen by College Park and Archives I does not maintain an independent accessioning office.

References

External links

College Park, Maryland
Buildings and structures in Prince George's County, Maryland
National Archives and Records Administration

National Archives at College Park


A bondage suit, also commonly called a gimp suit, is a form-fitting garment designed to cover the body completely (usually including the hands and feet). It often has an attached hood; if it does not, it often is worn with a bondage hood or "gimp mask". The suit may be made from any material—leather, PVC, rubber, spandex, and darlexx are the most usual.

Catsuits may be worn in conjunction with corsets, bondage harnesses or other restraints as part of a bondage suit.

Use
A bondage suit is sometimes used in BDSM to objectify the wearer, or gimp, and reduce them to the status of a sexual toy, rather than a sexual partner. But sometimes it is simply for aesthetic or tactile reasons.  In some cases there are suitably placed openings to allow the breasts, genitals, and mouth to be directly accessible while the suit is worn.

In popular culture
Such suits are sometimes called a gimp suit,
a term popularized by its use in Quentin Tarantino's movie Pulp Fiction.

See also

Bondage hood
Doll fetish

References

BDSM equipment
Fetish clothing

Bondage suit


The National Government of 1937–1939 was formed by Neville Chamberlain on his appointment as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom by King George VI. He succeeded Stanley Baldwin, who announced his resignation following the coronation of the King and Queen in May 1937.

As a National Government it contained members of the Conservative Party, Liberal Nationals and National Labour, as well as a number of individuals who belonged to no political party. In September 1939, Chamberlain requested the formal resignations of all his colleagues, reconstructing the government in order to better confront Nazi Germany in the Second World War.

Policies

Foreign policy

Chamberlain is best known for his appeasement policy, and in particular for his signing of the Munich Agreement in 1938, conceding the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia to Germany. He said it brought "peace in our time" and was widely applauded. He also stepped up Britain's rearmament program, and worked closely with France. When in 1939 Hitler continued his aggression, taking over the rest of Czechoslovakia and threatening Poland, Chamberlain pledged to defend Poland's independence if the latter were attacked. Britain and France declared war when Germany attacked Poland in September 1939.

Domestic policies
Chamberlain wanted to focus on domestic issues. He obtained passage of the Factories Act 1937, designed to better working conditions in factories, and placed limits on the working hours of women and children. The Coal Act 1938 allowed for nationalisation of coal deposits. Another major piece of legislation passed that year was the Holidays with Pay Act 1938.  The Housing Act 1938 provided subsidies aimed at encouraging slum clearance, and maintained rent control. Chamberlain's plans for the reform of local government were shelved because of the outbreak of war in 1939. Likewise, the proposal to raise the school-leaving age to 15, scheduled for implementation on 1 September 1939, could not go into effect.

Cabinet

May 1937 – September 1939
Neville Chamberlain – Prime Minister and Leader of the House of Commons
The Viscount Hailsham – Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain
The Viscount Halifax – Leader of the House of Lords and Lord President of the Council
The Earl De La Warr – Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal
Sir John Simon – Chancellor of the Exchequer
Sir Samuel Hoare – Secretary of State for the Home Department
Anthony Eden – Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
William Ormsby-Gore – Secretary of State for the Colonies
Malcolm MacDonald – Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs
Leslie Hore-Belisha – Secretary of State for War
The Marquess of Zetland – Secretary of State for India and Burma
The Viscount Swinton – Secretary of State for Air
Walter Elliot – Secretary of State for Scotland
Duff Cooper – First Lord of the Admiralty
Oliver Stanley – President of the Board of Trade
The Earl Stanhope – President of the Board of Education
William Shepherd Morrison – Minister of Agriculture
Ernest Brown – Minister of Labour
Sir Kingsley Wood – Minister of Health
Leslie Burgin – Minister of Transport
Sir Thomas Inskip – Minister for Coordination of Defence

For a full list of ministerial office-holders, see National Government 1935-1940.

Key office holders not in the Cabinet
The Earl Winterton – Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
The Lord Hutchison – Paymaster General
Herwald Ramsbotham – Minister of Pensions
George Tryon – Postmaster General
Sir Philip Sassoon – First Commissioner of Works
Sir Donald Somervell – Attorney General
Sir Terence O'Connor – Solicitor General
David Margesson – Chief Whip
Osmund Somers Cleverly – Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister

Changes
February 1938 – Lord Halifax succeeds Eden as Foreign Secretary. Halifax is succeeded as Lord President by Lord Hailsham, who is succeeded as Lord Chancellor by Lord Maugham. Halifax is succeeded as Leader of the House of Lords by Lord Stanhope, who remains President of the Board of Education as well.
March 1938 – Lord Winterton, the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, enters the Cabinet.
May 1938 – Orsmby-Gore inherits the title Baron Harlech. He subsequently steps down from the government and is succeeded by Malcolm MacDonald as Colonial Secretary. Lord Stanley succeeds MacDonald as Dominions Secretary. Kingsley Wood succeeds Lord Swinton as Secretary of State for Air. Walter Elliot succeeds Wood as Minister of Health. John Colville succeeds Elliot as Scottish Secretary.
June 1938 – The Earl of Munster succeeds Lord Hutchison as Paymaster-General.
October 1938 – Lord Stanhope succeeds Duff Cooper (resigned) as First Lord of the Admiralty, remaining also Leader of the House of Lords. Lord De La Warr succeeds Stanhope at the Board of Education. Sir John Anderson succeeds De La Warr as Lord Privy Seal, with special responsibility for Air Raid Precautions. Malcolm MacDonald succeeds Stanley (deceased) as Dominions Secretary, remaining also Colonial Secretary. Lord Runciman succeeds Lord Hailsham as Lord President.
January 1939 – Sir Thomas Inskip succeeds Malcolm MacDonald as Dominions Secretary. MacDonald remains Colonial Secretary. Lord Chatfield succeeds Inskip as Minister for Coordination of Defence. William Morrison succeeds Lord Winterton at the Duchy of Lancaster, who becomes Paymaster General outside the Cabinet. Sir Reginald Dorman-Smith succeeds Morrison as Minister of Agriculture. Lord Winterton leaves the Cabinet and the post of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, becoming Paymaster-General in succession to the Earl of Munster.
April 1939 – Leslie Burgin becomes Minister without Portfolio pending the legislation to create the Ministry of Supply. He is succeeded as Minister of Transport by Euan Wallace.
June 1939 – Herwald Ramsbotham succeeds Sir Philip Sassoon (deceased) as First Commissioner of Works and is succeeded as Minister of Pensions by Sir Walter Womersley.
July 1939 – Leslie Burgin becomes Minister of Supply.

List of ministers
Members of the Cabinet are in bold face.

Notes

References

Bibliography

Secondary sources
 Butler, David, and Butler, G. Twentieth Century British Political Facts 1900–2000
 Cowling, Maurice. The Impact of Hitler: British Politics and British Policy, 1933–1940 (Cambridge University Press, 1975).
 Feiling, Keith. A Life of Neville Chamberlain (London: Macmillan, 1970)
 Macklin, Graham. Chamberlain (Haus Books, 2006)
 Mowat, Charles Loch. Britain between the Wars: 1918–1945 (1955), pp. 413–79
 Raymond, John, ed. The Baldwin Age (1960), essays by scholars 252 pages; online
 Roberts, Andrew. 'The Holy Fox': The Life of Lord Halifax (1997).
 Self, Robert C. Neville Chamberlain: A Biography (2006) excerpt and text search
 Smart, Nick.  The National Government. 1931–40 (Macmillan 1999)
 Taylor, A. J. P. English History 1914–1945 (1965), pp. 321–88
 Thorpe, Andrew. Britain in the 1930s. The Deceptive Decade, (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992).

Primary sources
 Chamberlain, Neville. The Neville Chamberlain Diary Letters: The Downing Street Years, 1934–1940 edited by Robert Self (2005)

1930s in the United Kingdom
1937 establishments in the United Kingdom
1939 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
British ministries
Cabinets disestablished in 1939
Cabinets established in 1937
Coalition governments of the United Kingdom
Interwar Britain

Ministries of George VI
Ministry 1

National Government (1937–1939)