"Normal Is the Watchword" is the season premiere of the second season of the American mystery television series Veronica Mars, and the twenty-third episode overall. Written by series creator Rob Thomas and directed by John Kretchmer, the episode premiered on UPN on September 28, 2005.

The series depicts the adventures of Veronica Mars (Kristen Bell) as she deals with life as a high school student while moonlighting as a private detective. In this episode, Veronica reveals the events that transpired over the summer after the resolution of the murder of Lilly Kane (Amanda Seyfried). Meanwhile, Veronica investigates a scam involving students' forged drug tests, and a school bus mysteriously goes off a cliff.

"Normal Is the Watchword" featured several casting changes to the show, including the introduction of Kendall (Charisma Carpenter) and Gia (Krysten Ritter), as well as the promotion of three actors to series regular status. The episode received mostly positive reviews, and Thomas was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for his writing.

Synopsis

One day before senior year, Veronica is working a job at a restaurant. Soon, a boy named Kelvin (Charles Duckworth) comes into the restaurant and says that he failed his drug test, even though he has been clean for ten months. Veronica sees an interview with her father, Keith (Enrico Colantoni), on TV, and it is revealed that he wrote a book about the Lilly Kane case. The episode then flashes back to the romantic cliffhanger at the end of season one, and it is revealed that Logan was at the door. Logan reveals that the biker gang beat him up after he kicked Weevil (Francis Capra) in the face. Although he woke up with a knife and found one of the gang members was stabbed, Logan tells Veronica that he did not stab the gang member, and Veronica believes him. However, Leo (Max Greenfield) comes and arrests Logan. Wallace (Percy Daggs III) says that he and Meg (Alona Tal) also failed their drug test. Wallace informs Veronica about the details of the drug test, and the episode flashes back to show the details of Veronica and Logan starting to date over the summer. Veronica talks to all the students who were framed in the drug test, and they all say some people might want to harm them. Veronica has become estranged from Meg, and Veronica reveals that Logan was released from prison soon after he was arrested.

Veronica connects the five people who were framed to an incident where a student was publicly harassed in gym class. Keith is still dating Alicia Fennel (Erica Gimpel). Veronica and Wallace spend the night investigating students, and Veronica eventually deduces that Wallace ingested a small amount of an illegal substance, most likely in a gift basket earlier that year. In a flashback, Veronica and Logan make out in the car until the PCH bikers shoot out the car's windows. Veronica conducts a drug test on Wallace and finds that he's clean, which rules out the possibility that his food was spiked.

Veronica asks Keith for help in finding out the names of a company's shareholders, and discovers that the parents of the second-string athletes who have been promoted to starting positions as a result of the failed drug tests are all shareholders in the trading company. Veronica believes that one of the lab assistants was paid off to forge the results. The previous summer, Logan was involved with an arson crime. Logan sunbathes with Dick (Ryan Hansen) and Beaver (Kyle Gallner) poolside, and they ogle at the brothers' stepmother, Kendall Casablancas (Charisma Carpenter). Veronica sets up the parents and has Principal Clemmons listen in, and it is revealed that Duncan is now dating Veronica. In a flashback, Veronica breaks up with Logan. When Logan starts to get angry, Keith barges in and makes him leave. Logan is carrying on a relationship with Kendall.

On a field trip, Veronica meets Gia (Krysten Ritter). Dick arranges a limo ride home for the O-niners, but Veronica and Meg decline and take the school bus.  During the ride home, Veronica talks to Meg one more time, but she is still passive-aggressive. Veronica explains to the audience that she and Duncan are dating. At a rest stop, Veronica sees Weevil and they debate about the stabbed gang member. Meanwhile, Veronica's bus drives away without her. Instead, Weevil takes Veronica on his motorcycle before they run across the limo with Duncan, Gia, and the other O-niners in it. They tell Veronica that the field trip bus full of students drove off the cliff and into the sea, and they look over at the crashed bus.

Production
When it was renewed for a second season, Veronica Mars became the lowest-rated show in network history to be renewed and the only UPN drama from the 2004-05 television season to be renewed. Starting in the second season, Veronica Mars was moved to Wednesday nights, placing it in direct competition with ABC's popular Lost. Rob Thomas said that, "I wish the juggernaut that is Lost wasn't our direct competition." At the same time, Veronica Mars was placed after UPN's America's Next Top Model. On the date of the airing of this episode, Bell and Thomas talked to The New York Times, where Thomas commented, "We let Veronica say things that, if you get all day to think about it, would be the perfect retort."

The episode was originally titled "Urine Trouble", a joking pun on "You're in trouble." The episode's title refers to a phrase said by both Veronica and Wallace, indicating that things are supposedly "normal," though they are not. The episode was written by series creator Rob Thomas and directed by John T. Kretchmer. This episode marks Thomas's fourth writing credit for the series (after "Pilot", "Credit Where Credit's Due", and "Leave It to Beaver") and Kretchmer's fourth directing credit for the series. In the episode, Logan mentions that producers wanted Tara Reid to play Trina Echolls (Alyson Hannigan) in casting for the film adaptation of the Echolls' story. During casting of the role of Trina, Reid was actually almost cast in the part.

In the episode, Logan makes an obscene hand gesture known as the shocker, something that the UPN censors did not notice. Before the filming of "Normal Is the Watchword", Rob Thomas informed actor Teddy Dunn, who played Duncan Kane, that he was planning to remove the character from the show. Dunn has said that he was not too upset by the news, as he almost did not return for the season at all. On his role in the season, Dunn stated, "And so I knew going in that I had a finite amount of episodes, so it was like any other job. It was week-to-week and then I went on my merry way."

The episode features a brief cameo by Julie Chen, wife of UPN executive Leslie Moonves. The cast members did not know important plot information before they received the script for the episode, including who was at Veronica's door and that Veronica and Duncan would resume dating. "Ashes" by Embrace plays during the bus crash scene.

Casting

"Normal Is the Watchword" introduces several new characters and series regulars to the show. On casting the new season, Thomas explained that he "conceive[d] the show as a one-year mystery" and decided that he needed to introduce and eliminate several characters to be able to create an "equally fascinating mystery" for the series' second season. Thomas felt that he could not bring back the Kanes and the Echolls and "have them all involved in a new mystery"; he needed "new blood". In the opening credits, three new actors are given star billing. Two of these actors, Ryan Hansen as Dick Casablancas and Kyle Gallner as Cassidy "Beaver" Casablancas, served as recurring characters in the show's first season. In addition, this episode marks the first credit of Jackie Cook, played by Tessa Thompson, despite the fact that she does not appear in the episode.

Several important recurring characters of the show's second season are also introduced in "Normal Is the Watchword." Kendall Casablancas, portrayed by Charisma Carpenter, best known for her role as Cordelia Chase on Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel makes her first appearance in the episode. During casting, Heather Graham was considered for the role. However, Graham was filming Emily's Reasons Why Not. Carpenter said that she wanted to play the role because "the name is really spectacular." The episode also introduces the character of Gia Goodman, played by Krysten Ritter, who would later become known for her roles in Breaking Bad, Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23, and Jessica Jones. Ritter would reprise her role in the film continuation of Veronica Mars and called her role on the series "her first big acting job." Ritter was a fan of Veronica Mars before her role on the show, and she unsuccessfully auditioned for a guest role in the first season. However, the producers enjoyed Ritter's performance, so they told her that she "would be on the show at some point."

Reception

Ratings

In its original broadcast, "Normal Is the Watchword" garnered 3.29 million viewers and ranked 97th out of 112 in the weekly rankings. This was an increase over both the previous season's finale, "Leave It to Beaver", which received 2.99 million viewers, and the previous season premiere (the pilot episode), which garnered 2.49 million viewers. At the time, the episode was the highest-rated episode of Veronica Mars in the show's history. However, this ratings high would be surpassed by "One Angry Veronica".

Reviews

The episode received positive reviews. Rowan Kaiser, writing for The A.V. Club, gave a glowing review, saying that it had all the components that a season premiere should have. After praising many aspects of the episode, the reviewer wrote, "What ties it all together, though, is a storytelling form that indicates complete confidence from the show about what its viewers can deal with. It's half present-day, half-flashback. But the two different halves, combined with Veronica's voiceover, combine to present the information in pleasantly deceptive fashion."

Price Peterson of TV.com also gave a positive review, writing in his episode verdict that "It's frankly amazing how much information this episode packed into 42 minutes while still feeling breezy and funny…The episode also ended with that breathtakingly horrifying ending, a multiple-death shocker that served to remind me just how murder-lite Season 1 was." Television Without Pity gave the episode a "B+". Alan Sepinwall wrote that the season premiere was "a little heavy on the exposition" while also commenting that the same could be said about the pilot episode. Sepinwall went on to state, "I'm really enjoying all the new storylines and characters."

Cynthia Fuchs of PopMatters, gave a positive review, noting the various new storylines and how the characters, especially Veronica, handled this new set of events. "Like most adolescents, Veronica understands and anticipates this mix, even if she doesn't always deal with it in the most effective way. Even if you don't want to pick sides, you're bound to be assessed as having done so. And once you're labeled—09er or not—you can either spend your time fighting rumors or finding alternative measures. Veronica, so precociously and brilliantly aware of alternatives, makes this familiar process seem worth pondering one more time."

BuzzFeed ranked the episode 23rd on its ranking of Veronica Mars episodes, writing "take a close look at this episode; all the answers are right there." On a similar list, TVLine ranked the episode 18th, writing that it was notable for its introduction of characters and the bus crash plot line.

Accolades
For his work on the episode, Rob Thomas received a Writers Guild of America Award nomination for Best Episodic Drama. However, Thomas lost at the Writers Guild of America Awards 2005 to Lawrence Kaplow for the House episode "Autopsy".

References

External links

"Normal Is the Watchword" at Mars Investigations

2005 American television episodes
Veronica Mars (season 2) episodes

Normal Is the Watchword


Jean-Paul Cottret (born June 19, 1963 in Gien) is a French rally navigator, best known for his seven success in the Dakar Rally alongside Stéphane Peterhansel.

Biography
Cottret's partnership with Peterhansel began during the 1999 event, in which the pair placed seventh overall in the car category. Switching to the factory Mitsubishi team, the pair won the Dakar in 2004, 2005 and 2007 before adding a fourth success in 2012 at the wheel of an X-Raid prepared Mini.

In addition to their Dakar success, Cottret and Peterhansel have been successful in other minor rally raid events, such as the Abu Dhabi Desert Challenge, Spanish Baja and Rally Morocco.

Achievements

Dakar Rally

References

1963 births
People from Gien
Living people
French rally co-drivers
Dakar Rally co-drivers
Sportspeople from Loiret

Jean-Paul Cottret


The Menuhin Festival Gstaad is a music festival founded by the violinist Yehudi Menuhin held every summer since 1957 in the Swiss alpine town of Gstaad, after being asked by the director of tourism to "enhance the summer season with some concerts".

The Menuhin family settled in Gstaad in 1957, the year of the first Menuhin Festival Gstaad. It now consists of more than 50 concerts over a period of seven weeks, with a vast array of famous soloists and ensembles alike.

In 2012, it was held between Friday, 20 July and 8 September. Although Gstaad is the main focus of activities, many events take place in other venues in the Bernese Oberland. In 2012, the first concert was a recital by British violinist Julia Fischer in the church at Saanen. Other prominent soloists include pianist András Schiff, soprano Cecilia Bartoli, and cellist Sol Gabetta.

References

Classical music festivals in Switzerland

Menuhin Festival Gstaad


Christian Cyclopedia (originally Lutheran Cyclopedia) is a one-volume compendium of theological data, ranging from ancient figures to contemporary events. It is published by Concordia Publishing House as an update to the Concordia Cyclopedia of 1927, authored by Ludwig Fuerbringer. The 1927 version was an update to The Lutheran Cyclopedia (New York:  Charles Scribner's Sons, 1898), edited by Henry Eyster Jacobs and Charles A. W. Haas, of the General Council and its Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia. Because the shift from the 1898 to 1927 versions occurred between different denominations of Lutherans, the point of view for certain articles shifted accordingly. However, other articles have barely changed at all between even the 1898 and 2000 Cyclopedias.

See also

External links
Christian Cyclopedia Online internet version, 2000
Concordia Cyclopedia by L. Fuerbringer, 1927
Concordia Cyclopedia by L. Fuerbringer, 1927 (better quality scan)
1898 Lutheran Cyclopedia (Google Books)

American online encyclopedias
Christian encyclopedias
History of Lutheranism

Christian Cyclopedia


Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn (18 March 1545 – 9 September 1617) was Prince-Bishop of Würzburg from 1573. He was born in Mespelbrunn Castle, Spessart (Lower Franconia) and died in Würzburg.

Life

He was educated in Mainz, Leuven, Douai, Paris, Angers, Pavia, and Rome.

In Rome, he became a licentiate of canon and civil law. In 1567 he entered on his duties as canon of Würzburg, an office to which he had been appointed in 1554; in 1570 he became the dean of the cathedral chapter, and in 1573, at the age of twenty-eight, even before his ordination to the  priesthood, was appointed to the office of the Prince-Bishop of Würzburg.

During the first ten years of Echter's government, the attempt to unite the Abbey of Fulda and the Bishopric of Würzburg, after the deposition of the Prince-Abbot Balthasar von Dernbach, caused much confusion.

From the beginning, he carried out a thorough ecclesiastical restoration. To this end, he promoted the Jesuits and their ministry. Echter re-founded the University of Würzburg which was opened 2 January 1582. It became a model for all similar Counter-Reformation institutions. Under the Jesuits it flourished, grew rapidly, and furnished the see with the priests and officials needed to prosecute the Counter-Reformation.

The bishop took decisive steps against Protestants. He banished all Lutheran preachers from his territory and removed all priests who were unwilling to observe the rules of their office. Public officials had to be Catholics, and none but Catholic teachers could be appointed. He began, moreover, courses of careful instruction for non-Catholics, and to some extent threatened them with penalties and even with banishment. Within three years about 100,000 returned to the Catholic Church.

Echter died on 9 September 1617, aged 72, at Marienberg Fortress.

Burial

The main part of his body was buried at the Würzburg Cathedral. Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn broke with the tradition of heart burial at Ebrach Abbey and had his heart buried in the , a church which he had had built.

After the Neubaukirche was destroyed in World War II, the heart had to be temporarily transferred. To mark the 400-year anniversary of the re-founding of the  university, the heart was brought back to the rebuilt Renaissance church and placed within a heart monument weighing two tons. In the meantime, the church had been secularized and turned into the great hall of the university.

Evaluation and legacy
He is also identified by Dillinger (2009) as one of the "spearheads of Tridentine reform in Germany. For them, the fight against witches was clearly part of an apocalyptic battle against evil and for the purity of the church".

His most lasting monument, after the University of Würzburg, is the Julius Hospital (Juliusspital) in that town, which he founded with the endowment of the abandoned monastery of Heiligenthal. By skillful administration he improved the economic conditions, reduced taxes and improved the administration of justice. He proved himself one of the most capable rulers of his time. As the "founder and soul of the Catholic League", he exercised a decisive influence on the future of Germany.

Echter also had around 300 churches built or renovated as well as constructing numerous rectories and school buildings in his territory.

Würzburger Hofbräu makes a wheat beer called Julius Echter Hefe-Weissbier in honor of the bishop.

The Old Library of Magdalene College, Cambridge has books previously owned by the bishop in their collection.

References

External links
 Biography at NDB
 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia (basis of much of article)
Silver gilt medal at the Victoria and Albert Museum

1545 births
1617 deaths
People from Aschaffenburg (district)
17th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Bavaria
Counter-Reformation
Prince-Bishops of Würzburg
University of Würzburg
Burials at Würzburg Cathedral
Dukes of Franconia
Witch hunters
16th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Bavaria
Witch trials in Germany

Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn


Ruben Orbeli (, Ruben Abgari Orbeli; , Ruben Abgarovich Orbeli; 26 January (O.S. 7 February) 1880 – 9 May 1943) — a Soviet archeologist, historian and jurist, who was renowned as the founder of Soviet underwater archeology.  He was the elder brother of Joseph and Leon Orbeli, and Rusadan Orbeli's  father.

Biography
Born into a medieval noble family in Nakhchivan, Russian Empire in 1880. Ruben Orbeli completed his secondary education at a classical gymnasium in Tiflis. Some time later he went to study at S.Petersburg University. In 1903, after graduating the university Ruben Orbeli stayed there to be a professor of jurisprudence. From 1904 to 1906 Orbeli worked at society of magistrates and then he was elected a member of Saint Petersburg State University's juristic society. During this period he was sent to Germany for improvement his knowledge.

In 1906 Ruben Orbeli became a laws magistr of Saint Petersburg State University's and a laws doctor of Jene University's, also he was author and editor a series of articles in newspaper of Russian treasury department from this moment.

In 1918 Ruben became one of the founder Tambov State University, where he taught and read lecture. After that he returned to Saint Petersburg State University and worked in branch of USSR Science Academy.

In 1934 on Aleksey Krylov recommendation Ruben Orbeli was invited into the EPRON, while he took up a post of consultant and historian. From this time Armenian scientist was studying archaeological underwater monuments. Beginning from 1937 to 1939 he organized a series of underwater archeology expeditions to the Black Sea and other water basins. The during his science activities professor Orbeli created a method of keeping monuments that were risen out of water. He also introduced the term of underwater archaeology in science

Ruben Orbeli died on 9 May 1943. He was buried in an Armenian cemetery in Moscow.

See also
 Orbeli family

References

Ruben
1880 births
1943 deaths
Soviet archaeologists
Saint Petersburg State University alumni
People from Nakhchivan
Armenian archaeologists
20th-century archaeologists

Ruben Orbeli


The Great Race is a Native American legend surrounding the Red Racetrack, a ring shaped depression surrounding the interior of the Black Hills. The legend tells the story of when buffalo and man raced each other to establish order in the universe. The stories differ from tribe to tribe but the constant theme is that man established supremacy over the buffalo. This story is also associated with the origins of the Sun Dance and the Medicine Lodge. Taking place in July, Sun Dance is four to eight days of dancing in order to try to connect with the Great Spirit.

Suhtai
This story relates to the origins concerning the medicine lodge. Told by Fire Wolfe, "The venerable Suhtai Buffalo and Sun Dance priest." The story takes place before the Suhtai and the Tsistsistas became one tribe. In this time buffalo ate human beings. A Suhtai man dreamed that he was shooting at a certain buffalo however his arrow turned away and hit another buffalo standing far away. This dream occurred for three nights. Concerned, the young man spoke to the tribe's elders about his dreams. They responded by telling him that the dreams meant nothing. However, that night the young man had the same dream and the young man knew what he had to do. The next day he woke up early to go hunting. Just like in his dream when he shot at a buffalo his arrow diverted its path and hit another buffalo cow. The young man followed her until sundown but could never catch up with her so he went back to camp.

The next morning the young man went out looking for the buffalo cow again and found her standing in front of a tipi but, now she was a beautiful woman. The young man fell in love with her and they had a son who looked exactly like his mother.

One morning the young man discovered that his wife and child were missing. For four days the young man searched for his family and on the fourth day he came to a high ridge and a herd of buffalo were grazing below. As the young man approached the herd, a young buffalo calf came running out to meet him; this buffalo was his son. The young man told his son that he wished to follow them. However his son informed him that the trip was too long and that he would die. Still the young man continued despite his son's warning.  A few days later the buffalo decided to put the young man through a test, by seeing if he could identify his son in a group of other buffalo calf. Before the test the young man's son informed him that he would set up various signals so his father could identify him. When the test came the father and son had no problem communicating with each other so the young man passed the test.

The herd proceeded to carry on after this until a few days later when the young calf again approached his father. The calf's grandfather and grandmother wanted to kill the young man by charging at him. Again the young calf informed his father on how he could defeat them, instructing his father to stay calm and to have a pure heart. The grandfather then charged at the young man but was unable to kill him realizing that the young man had "a strong heart and great human power". The grandmother then proceeded to charge but she too realized that he had "a strong heart and great human power". Passing another test the herd carried on and so did the young man.

The young calf then approached his father again informing him that his grandfather was going to challenge him to a race in an attempt to kill the young man. The young calf told his father to take the black stick and not the red one and to run on the inside near the rim rock. He also instructed his father to duck down when his grandfather turned around for it was here that he would be trying to kill him. The race began and the young man ran along the inside of the track like his son instructed. The grandfather then turned around and charged at the young man. The young man ducked when the buffalo charged, and the buffalo ran by the young man off a cliff to his death.

The animals then proceeded to hold a council and decided to have a great race between man and buffalo. If man won he would eat buffalo and buffalo would no longer eat man. However, if buffalo won they would eat man and man would no longer eat buffalo. All birds and animals showed up and painted their bodies the colors that they are now today. The buffalo selected Slim Walking Woman to be their racer "for she was the fastest and most long winded". The animals and birds chose their sides and an overwhelming number sided with buffalo. Only swift hawk, crow, magpie, and eagle sided with the young man. The race began and Slim Walking Woman got off to an early lead as magpie flew very high. Many racers passed out from exhaustion. Slim Walking Woman lead the whole race but just as she was about to pass the finish line magpie plunged from the sky passing her right before she crossed the line.

After the race the buffalo elders said they must have the medicine lodge. In it "all will be performed that has happened since the beginning of this great race. On the fourth day of the ceremony it will belong to human beings". The ceremony gave man the power over buffalo and from then on the Suhtaio considered themselves to be the buffalo people.

Lakota
The Lakota were the last native occupants of the Black Hills and had the land seized from them by the United States government in 1877. The Great Race story explains the origin of the Black Hills and the establishment of order in the universe. Lakota associate the Racetrack with gathering sacred stones for the Sundance ceremonies. They believe the race took place at Inyan Kara and occurs before the summer equinox. Normally this story is not associated with the Falling Star stories that originated in the 1930s and 1940s by Nicholas Black Elk. Lakota versions of the story refer specifically to the Black Hills and the Race Track. The Lakota version says that the race was between the "two-leggeds" and the "four-leggeds" and would determine who would eat who. Lakota also suggest that the race still goes on today as animals from around the world gather in order to reenact the race. Lakotas also believe that the race track was where sundance originated and order in was established.

Cheyenne
The Cheyenne/Suhtai inhabited the Black Hills from 1670–1876, also believing that the Great Race took place on Inyan Kara Mountain. The Cheyenne Great Race myth explains the origins of the Cheyenne Sundance or Medicine Lodge. The Cheyenne tradition of the great race is related to the Suhtai's version. It is unknown if the Cheyenne's associated the great race with a constellation like the Lakota. The story of the Great Race plays an important role in Cheyenne cosmology, in establishing order among living things. In the Cheyenne and Lakota versions the race starts and ends at Buffalo Gap. Other versions of the story refer to the first Sun Dance near Bear Lodge Butte and Sundance Mountain.

Current day traditions related to the story
During the Sundance, the arrow thrust through the piece of meat represents the arrow in the side of the buffalo woman. Both arrow and meat are placed in the Thunder's nest as an offering. The man's child looking like his mother is in accord with the Cheyenne kinship system by which a child belongs to the mother's people. The child became a buffalo calf because the buffalo people were his mother's tribe. Red and black paint used on the rafter beams and center pole of the Medicine Lodge are symbols of the painted sticks using in the great race. During the final dance in the Medicine Lodge, the instructor and pledger dance side by side. While they are dancing, the instructor pushes the pledger against the cottonwood brush surrounding the altar. This represents the attempt of the buffalo grandfather to push the Suhtai over the edge of the cliff. The only part of the buffalo not eaten by the Cheyenne was the sweetbreads (thymus gland) which the Cheyenne call 'human fat'. This was because the "buffalo originally ate human beings." It is believed that some buffalo that had killed a man were surprised by enemies. They fled, taking some human flesh with them. This fat became internalized in the buffalo, leaving a residue of human flesh in the buffalo's body to this day.

See also
 The red road

References

Bison
Black Hills
Cheyenne
Lakota mythology
Traditional narratives of indigenous peoples of the Americas

Great Race (Native American legend)


Terry Greedy (born 27 August 1955) is an Australian retired soccer player who played as a goalkeeper. He represented the Australian national team between 1983 and 1985, making 16 international appearances. At club level, he played in the National Soccer League for St George Saints and APIA Leichhardt.

Early life
Terry Greedy was born in Lismore, New South Wales, where he played in local junior soccer for Eastwood United and trained as a schoolteacher.

Club career
After completing his teacher training in 1978, Greedy was able to move to the Sydney area to pursue a soccer career. Over the next four years, he played semi-professionally in the New South Wales State League for Bankstown and Melita Eagles. Melita coach Attila Abonyi recommended Greedy to his former club St George Saints, where Abonyi's friend and former teammate Frank Arok was coach. Greedy subsequently signed for St George and became a top-flight player in the National Soccer League (NSL) at the age of 27. He played in the NSL for St George from 1982 to 1986, winning the league in 1983, and for APIA Leichhardt in 1988.

International career
Following Arok's appointment as the coach of the Australian national team in 1983, Greedy was called up to the squad for a series of matches against the touring England team in June that year, making his international debut in the first match of the series at Sydney. He was the first choice goalkeeper over the next two years, including the qualifying matches for the 1986 World Cup. After winning the Oceania qualifying group, Australia faced Scotland in a two-legged play-off to qualify for the finals, but lost 2–0 on aggregate. According to Greedy, he chose to retire from the national team after these matches on a point of principle following a dispute over money between the players and the national federation.

Despite his brief international career, Greedy was later named in the Socceroos Team of the Decade for the 1980s. He made 16 full international appearances and – including unofficial matches against club teams – played for Australia 36 times in total. He also played for New South Wales state representative teams.

After soccer
Greedy was inducted into the Football Federation Australia Hall of Fame in 2007. Outside of his sport, he continued to pursue a teaching career and retired around 2015 having latterly been a school principal in Woy Woy, New South Wales.

References

Living people
1955 births
Sportspeople from Lismore, New South Wales
Australian men's soccer players
Men's association football goalkeepers
Australia men's international soccer players
Parramatta FC players
St George FC players
APIA Leichhardt FC players
National Soccer League (Australia) players
Sportsmen from New South Wales
Soccer players from New South Wales

Terry Greedy


The bylin watter reactor (BWR) is a teep o light watter nuclear reactor used for the generation o electrical pouer. It is the saicont maist common teep o electricity-generating nuclear reactor efter the pressurized watter reactor (PWR); it is forby a teep o light watter nuclear reactor. The main differ atween a BWR an a PWR is that in a BWR, the reactor core heats watter, whilk turns intae staem an syne drives a steam turbine. In a PWR, the reactor core heats watter, whilk disnae byle. This het watter syne exchanges heat wi a laicher pressure watter seestem, whilk turns intae staem an drives the turbine. The BWR wis developpit bi the Idaho National Laboratory an General Electric (GE) in the mid-1950s. The main manufacturer thir days is GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy, whilk specializes in the design an construction o this teep o reactor.

Nuclear pouer reactor teeps
watter

Bylin watter reactor


The Wildwoods Convention Center is a convention center and indoor arena in Wildwood, New Jersey.  Built in 2001 to replace an older Convention Hall, the center has exhibition space of .  The building includes the Oceanfront Arena, an indoor arena that can seat up to 7,000 spectators.  It is owned by the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority and managed by The Greater Wildwoods Tourism Improvement and Development Authority (GWTIDA). The architect for the Convention Center is LMN Architects.

History
In 1972, Wildwood Convention Hall, a  building, opened with several stores in front. Located on the Boardwalk at 4522 Ocean Avenue, it was used until the need for a larger convention center and arena were made in 1999. NJSEA promptly joined in, and broke ground in 2000, tearing a  hole in the boardwalk in the process, opening the new building in 2001, and the following year, razed the old hall, creating the new dramatic entrance way for the facility.

The Wildwood Hi-Rollers played home games at the Wildwoods Convention Center during the 1981–82 Continental Basketball Association season.

On January 28, 2020, then President Donald Trump held a rally at the Wildwoods Convention Center.

Annual events
WWE's Raw brand has staged an annual event every July in the arena, setting a record attendance in 2005. In addition, annual concerts celebrating the 1960s (in May) and 1950's (in October) are staged there, as well as an annual high school basketball tournament billed as the largest in the country running from December 26 (the day after Christmas) through New Year's Eve (December 31) for both boys and girls teams. This venue was bidding for Miss World 2015, but lost to the Beauty Crown Grand Theatre in Sanya, Hainan Island, China PR.

References

External links
Homepage

Indoor arenas in New Jersey
Sports venues in New Jersey
Convention centers in New Jersey
The Wildwoods, New Jersey
Event venues established in 2001
2001 establishments in New Jersey
Sports venues completed in 2001
Basketball venues in New Jersey

Wildwoods Convention Center


Absalon (21 March 1201) was a Danish statesman and prelate of the Catholic Church who served as the bishop of Roskilde from 1158 to 1192 and archbishop of Lund from 1178 until his death. He was the foremost politician and church father of Denmark in the second half of the 12th century, and was the closest advisor of King Valdemar I of Denmark. He was a key figure in the Danish policies of territorial expansion in the Baltic Sea, Europeanization in close relationship with the Holy See, and reform in the relation between the Church and the public. He combined the ideals of Gregorian Reform with loyal support of a strong monarchical power.

Absalon was born into the powerful Hvide clan, and owned great land possessions. He endowed several church institutions, most prominently his family's Sorø Abbey. He was granted lands by the crown, and built the first fortification of the city that evolved into modern-day Copenhagen. His titles were passed on to his nephews Anders Sunesen and Peder Sunesen. He died in 1201, and was interred at Sorø Abbey.

Early life
Absalon was born around 1128 near Sorø, Zealand. Due to his name being unusual in Denmark, it is speculated that he was baptized on the Danish "Absalon" name day, 30 October. He was the son of Asser Rig, a magnate of the Hvide clan from Fjenneslev on Zealand, and Inger Eriksdotter. He was also a kinsman of Archbishop Eskil of Lund. He grew up at the castle of his father, and was brought up alongside his older brother Esbern Snare and the young prince Valdemar, who later became King Valdemar I of Denmark. During the civil war following the death of Eric III of Denmark in 1146, Absalon travelled abroad to study theology in Paris, while Esbern fought for Valdemar's ascension to the throne. In Paris, he was influenced by the Gregorian Reform ideals of churchly independence from monarchical rule. He also befriended the canon William of Æbelholt at the Abbey of St Genevieve, whom he later made abbot of Eskilsø Abbey.

Absalon first appears in Saxo Grammaticus's contemporary chronicle Gesta Danorum at the end of the civil war, in the brokering of the peace agreement between Sweyn III and Valdemar at St. Alban's Priory in Odense. He was a guest at the subsequent Roskilde banquet given in 1157 by Sweyn for his rivals Canute V and Valdemar. Both Absalon and Valdemar narrowly escaped assassination by Sweyn on this occasion, and escaped to Jutland, whither Sweyn followed them. Absalon probably did not take part in the following battle of Grathe Heath in 1157, where Sweyn was defeated and slain. This led to Valdemar ascending to the Danish throne. On Good Friday 1158, bishop  died, and Absalon was eventually elected bishop of Roskilde on Zealand with the help of Valdemar, as the king's reward for Hvide family support.

Bishop and advisor
Absalon was a close counsellor of Valdemar, and chief promoter of the Danish crusades against the Wends. During the Danish civil war, Denmark had been open to coastal raids by the Wends. It was Absalon's intention to clear the Baltic Sea of the Wendish pirates who inhabited its southern littoral zone, which was later called Pomerania. The pirates had raided the Danish coasts during the civil war of Sweyn III, Canute V, and Valdemar, to the point where at the accession of Valdemar one-third of Denmark lay wasted and depopulated. Absalon formed a guardian fleet, built coastal defenses, and led several campaigns against the Wends. He even advocated forgiving the earlier enemies of Valdemar, which helped stabilize Denmark internally.

Wendish campaigns

The first expedition against the Wends conducted by Absalon in person, set out in 1160. These expeditions were successful, but brought no lasting victories. What started out as mere retribution, eventually evolved into full-fledged campaigns of expansion with religious motives. In 1164 began twenty years of crusades against the Wends, sometimes with the help of German duke Henry the Lion, sometimes in opposition to him.

In 1168 the chief Wendish fortress at Arkona in Rügen, containing the sanctuary of their god Svantevit, was conquered. The Wends agreed to accept Danish suzerainty and the Christian religion at the same time. From Arkona, Absalon proceeded by sea to Charenza, in the midst of Rügen, the political capital of the Wends and an all but impregnable stronghold. But the unexpected fall of Arkona had terrified the garrison, which surrendered unconditionally at the first appearance of the Danish ships. Absalon, with only Bishop Sweyn of Aarhus and twelve "housecarls", thereupon disembarked, passed between a double row of Wendish warriors, 6000 strong, along the narrow path winding among the morasses, to the gates of the fortress, and, proceeding to the temple of the seven-headed god Rugievit, caused the idol to be hewn down, dragged forth and burnt. The whole population of Garz was then baptized, and Absalon laid the foundations of twelve churches in the isle of Rügen. Rügen was then subjected to Absalon's Bishopric of Roskilde.

The destruction of this chief sally-port of the Wendish pirates enabled Absalon to considerably reduce the Danish fleet. But he continued to keep a watchful eye over the Baltic, and in 1170 destroyed another pirate stronghold, farther eastward, at Dziwnów on the isle of Wolin. Absalon's last military exploit came in 1184, off Stralsund at Whitsun, when he soundly defeated a Pomeranian fleet that had attacked Denmark's vassal, Jaromar of Rügen.

Policies
Absalon's main political goal was to free Denmark from entanglements with the Holy Roman Empire. Absalon reformed the Danish church organisation to closer match Holy See praxis, and worked to keep Denmark a close ally of the Holy See. However, during the schism between Pope Alexander III and Antipope Victor IV, Absalon stayed loyal to Valdemar even as he joined the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in supporting Victor IV. This caused a split within the Danish church, as it possibly forced Eskil of Lund into exile around 1161, despite Abaslon's attempts to keep the Danish church united. It was contrary to Absalon's advice and warnings that Valdemar I rendered fealty to the emperor Frederick Barbarossa at Dole in 1162. When Valdemar returned to Denmark, he was convinced to strengthen the Danevirke fortifications at the German border, with the support of Absalon.

Absalon built churches and monasteries, supporting international religious orders like the Cistercians and Augustinians, founding schools and doing his utmost to promote civilization and enlightenment. In 1162, Absalon transformed the Sorø Abbey of his family from Benedictine to Cistercian, granting it lands from his personal holdings. In 1167, Absalon was granted the land around the city of Havn (English: "Harbour"), and built there a castle for coastal defense against the Wends. Havn quickly expanded into one of Scandinavia's most important centers of trade, and eventually evolved into modern-day Copenhagen. It was also Absalon who held the first Danish Synod at Lund in 1167. He was interested in history and culture, and commissioned Saxo Grammaticus to write Gesta Danorum, a comprehensive chronicle of the history of the Danes. In 1171, Absalon issued the "Zealand church law" (), which reduced the number of Canonical Law offenses for which the church could fine the public, while instituting the tithe payment system. Violation of the law was specified as subject to a secular legal process.

Archbishop of Lund
Archbishop Eskil returned from exile in 1167. Eskil agreed on canonizing Valdemar's father Knud Lavard in 1170, with Absalon assisting him at the feast. When Eskil stepped down as Archbishop of Lund in 1177, he chose Absalon as his successor. Absalon initially resisted the new position, as he did not want to lose his power position on Zealand, but complied with Papal orders to do so in 1178. By a unique Papal dispensation, Absalon was allowed to simultaneously maintain his post as Bishop of Roskilde. As the Archbishop of Lund, Absalon utilized ombudsmen from Zealand, demanded unfree labour from the peasantry, and instituted tithes. He was a harsh and effective ruler, who cleared all Orthodox Christian liturgical remnants in favour of Papal standards. A rebellion in the Scanian peasantry forced him to flee to Zealand in 1180, but he returned and subdued the Scanians with the help of Valdemar.

Valdemar died in 1182 and was succeeded by his son, Canute VI, whom Absalon also served as counsellor. Under Canute VI, Absalon was the chief policymaker in Danish politics. Absalon kept his hostile attitude to the Holy Roman Empire. On the accession of Canute VI in 1182, an imperial ambassador arrived at Roskilde to get the new king to swear fealty to Frederick Barbarossa, but Absalon resolutely withstood him.

Death
When Absalon retired from military service in 1184 at the age of fifty-seven, he resigned the command of fleets and armies to younger men, like Duke Valdemar, the later king Valdemar II. He instead confined himself to the administration of the Danish empire. In 1192, Absalon made his nephew  his successor as Bishop of Roskilde, while his other nephew Anders Sunesen was named the chancellor of Canute VI. Absalon died at Sorø Abbey on 21 March 1201, 73 years old, with his last will granting his personal holdings to the Abbey, apart from Fjenneslev which went to Esbern Snarre. He had already given Copenhagen to the Bishopric of Roskilde. Absalon was interred at  Sorø Abbey, and was succeeded as Archbishop of Lund by Anders Sunesen.

Legacy

Saxo Grammaticus' Gesta Danorum was not finished until after the death of Absalon, but Absalon was one of the chief heroic figures of the chronicle, which was to be the main source of knowledge about early Danish history. Absalon left a legacy as the foremost politician and churchfather of Denmark in the 12th century. Absalon was equally great as churchman, statesman, and warrior. His policy of expansion was to give Denmark the dominion of the Baltic for three generations. That he enjoyed warfare there can be no doubt; yet he was not like the ordinary fighting bishops of the Middle Ages, whose sole indication of their religious role was to avoid the shedding of blood by using a mace in battle instead of a sword. Absalon never neglected his ecclesiastical duties.

In the 2000s, "Absalon" was adopted as the name for a class of Royal Danish Navy vessels, and the lead vessel of the class. HDMS Absalon (L16) and Esbern Snare (L17) were launched and commissioned by Denmark in 2004 and 2005.

References

Further reading
 Saxo, Gesta Danorum, ed. Holder (Strassburg, 1886), books xvi.
 Steenstrup, Danmarks Riges Historie. Oldtiden og den ældre Middelalder, pp. 570–735 (Copenhagen, 1897–1905).
 Absalon's Testamentum, in Migne, Patrologia Latina 209,18.

External links

Roman Catholic archbishops of Lund
1120s births
1201 deaths
12th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Denmark
Burials at Sorø Abbey
Royal Danish Navy
12th century in Skåne County

Year of birth uncertain

Absalon


Post was transported over water in the United States in the later nineteenth and the twentieth century.

Origins
Route agents and, later, railway post office (RPO) clerks were placed on inland boat lines at a very early date; postmarks go back to 1857.  By the 1890s the river packets and steamers on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers usually carried RPO mail units, such as the old Cairo & Memphis, and the Vicksburg & New Orleans. Many lakes had this service. In 1902, 82 clerks were serving on 49 boat routes. The last year-round service of this type was in the state of Washington, where the Bellingham & Anacortes lasted until 1950.

The longest Boat RPOs operated between New York and San Juan, Puerto Rico, New York and the Canal Zone, plus several routes from Seattle, Washington, to Alaska ports. These were discontinued at the onset of World War II.

Last services
Two boat RPOs outlived their railway route counterparts. The last rail route made its final trip between New York and Washington, D.C., on June 30, 1977. The Wolfboro & Merrymount RPO lost its Boat RPO status upon its last trip of the season on Lake Winnipesaukee on September 15, 1978. The title "RPO" was completely erased when the New Hampshire RPO closed its operating season on September 30, 1978. These two boat routes still carry mail and operate as water-borne rural free delivery routes, but no longer have their distinctive RPO postmark.

See also

References
 Wilking, Clarence (1985). The Railway Mail Service, Railway Mail Service Library, Boyce, Virginia .  Available as an MS Word file at http://www.railwaymailservicelibrary.org/articles/THE_RMS.DOC.

Postal vehicles
United States Postal Service

Boat railway post office


Vincent Chileshe is a Zambian coach and former goalkeeper.  He was crowned Zambian player of the year in 1977 at the age of 20, the first goalkeeper to achieve that feat, and was in goal for Zambia at CAN 1978. He is currently coaching Zambian Division 2 side Young Green Eagles.

Early life
Chileshe was born in Mporokoso in 1957 and was among three goalkeepers in the family. His elder brother Richard played for Bancroft Blades (now called Konkola Blades) in the late 1960s while his younger brother Stephen was a reserve goalkeeper at Nchanga Rangers in the 1980s when Chileshe kept goal for the main team.

Besides playing for his school Ndelela Primary, Chileshe joined Kalala Amateur Football Club in 1969 at the age of twelve. He was inspired to become a goalkeeper by Mufulira Wanderers goalkeeper Tolomeo "Juva" Mwansa and while listening to football commentaries, Chileshe would tell his friends that he also wanted to be a national team goalkeeper and to be heard on radio.

Playing career
Kalala also served as a nursery for the Luanshya All Blacks Football Club which he joined three years later as a reserve goalkeeper. He became a regular in 1975 by which time Roan United had developed interest in him.

He crossed over to Roan but it was not easy to win a regular place because national team goalkeeper Emmanuel Mwape was their number one choice and the reserve goalkeeper was Simon Chande who was equally good.

In 1976, Chande left Roan for Kitwe side Rokana United but after a short while, shifted camp to Kabwe Warriors. Because of this, Rokana lured Mwape to Kitwe which opened the door for Chileshe at Roan. Another break for Chileshe was the choice of Luanshya's TVT College as a camping venue for the national team and being the nearest club, Roan would be invited for practice matches leading to him being noticed by national team coaches. Before the end of the year, Chileshe who was also captain of the Zambia Schools team, was called to the national team.

He made his international debut on 26 March 1977 at the age of 19 in a friendly against Malawi which Zambia won 8–1 and he did enough to convince fans that a talented goalkeeper had arrived on the scene. Nicknamed "The Black Cat" he won the Zambian FA cup when Roan beat Mufulira Wanderers 3 – 2 in a thrilling final played at Independence Stadium and was in Zambia's team at the CECAFA tournament later that year. At the end of the season, Chileshe was the surprise choice for the footballer of the year award by the Football Association of Zambia (FAZ). Amid a lot of public discontent because fans felt the player was too raw and unknown to merit the top award, and that Godfrey Chitalu should have been the winner as he had done more on the pitch than any other player, and without him, Zambia would not have qualified to the 1978 CAN tournament. Chileshe was however backed by national team captain Ackim Musenge who said he deserved the award, rather than picking on old timers all the time. Chileshe himself said he did not expect the award but he was pleased that he had won it. "Like all the other players, I was rather surprised at my selection. We all thought one of the old guard would be given the award."

The young goalkeeper was in goal at CAN 1978 in Ghana where Zambia were eliminated after a defeat, a win and a draw against the hosts, Upper Volta and Nigeria respectively.

In September 1979, Chileshe surprised many fans when he featured as a centre-forward in a league match against Rokana United at Kafubu Stadium. Not only did he create the first goal scored by Zambani Sailota, he scored the second in a 3–0 win. Ironically, he scored past his predecessor Emmanuel Mwape. Unlike other Zambian goalkeepers who started out as strikers and later played as forwards after establishing themselves in goal, he had always been known to be a goalkeeper.

In 1981, Chileshe was loaned to league champions Nchanga Rangers to help them in their quest to win the African Club Champions Cup but disaster struck when Chileshe broke his right leg in the 85th minute of a league match against Mufulira Wanderers in April 1981 when he collided with Ashols Melu. Several Rangers players were in tears as their goalkeeper was carried off to the hospital Chileshe was ruled out for the rest of the season and this proved to be a blow to Rangers' continental cup aspirations as they were eliminated in the quarter-finals by Vita Club of Zaire 4–3 on aggregate in September.

When he recovered, Chileshe made the move to Rangers permanent but moved to Division I side Zesco United in 1984, helping them to a runners-up slot in the BP Challenge Cup, when they lost 2–0 to Mufulira Wanderers. Despite being on the losing side, Chileshe was voted man of the match after pulling off a string of brilliant saves. He was then recalled to the national team and was one of the reserve goalkeepers when Zambia emerged victorious at CECAFA 1984 and he described it as a very emotional moment because he had participated in 4 previous tournaments and they had always failed to finish first. He retired from international football soon after that, his last appearance for Zambia coming on 2 February 1985 in a friendly against Zimbabwe in Gweru.

Coaching career
In 1986, Chileshe was appointed player-coach at Zesco and won them the 1986 Division I title and promotion to the premier league and also led them to another BP Challenge Cup runners-up slot when they lost to Division I side Zanaco in 1987.

In 1990, Chileshe decided to go to Swaziland where he coached various teams in a period of 5 years: Police Leopards, Manzini Wanderers and Mbabane Swallows. In 1996, he joined Botswana Police IX as coach for a year before heading back home. On his return in 1997, he was appointed coach for Division I Nakambala Leopards and led them to 4th position on the log. However, the team was caught up in sponsorship problems and he left to coach another Division I team TAP Dragons from 1998–2000 when he became coach for City of Lusaka.

Chileshe gave up the City job after being offered the goalkeeping coach's job for the Swaziland national team where he worked with Dodge Mahlahlela and Kinnah Phiri. Chileshe was in Swaziland until 2002 when his contract expired and is currently coaching FAZ Division II side Young Green Eagles in Kafue.

References
Anon. (2005) "Living Legends – Vincent Chileshe" Touchline Soccer, November –January 2004/2005.

Notes

External links

11v11 Profile

Living people
1957 births
People from Mporokoso District
Zambian men's footballers
Zambia men's international footballers
1978 African Cup of Nations players
Men's association football goalkeepers
Zambian football managers
ZESCO United F.C. players
Roan United F.C. players
Nchanga Rangers F.C. players

Vincent Chileshe


The FIFA Fan Festivals are public viewing events organized by FIFA and the host cities during the FIFA World Cup. FIFA Fan Festivals (initially named FIFA Fan Fests) followed the success of public viewing at the 2002 FIFA World Cup in South Korea and became an essential part of the tournament since the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany. Fan Festivals take place in iconic locations of the host cities and feature broadcasts of football matches on giant screens, live concerts, parties, food, beverages, and other activities and entertainment. In 2022, FIFA reintroduced Fan Festivals under the new name for the 2022 FIFA World Cup held in Qatar.

History

Background
Public screenings of sports and particularly football tournaments weren't a new thing by the beginning of the 21st century. The first 1930 FIFA World Cup in Uruguay was broadcast on radio and fans gathered around receiving stations. FIFA pioneered TV broadcasts of football tournaments during the 1954 World Cup in Switzerland, and people in many countries carried TVs on the streets and watched them collectively with their neighbors. The 1998 FIFA World Cup in France was the first one to be broadcast on giant screens in city centers, but at that time the invention of massive public viewing was an anticipated effect of ticket shortage caused by a variety of factors.

2002, South Korea

The 2002 FIFA World Cup co-hosted by South Korea and Japan, the first World Cup to be held in Asia, surprised the world with Korea's unique culture of public viewing and street cheering. Japanese authorities considered enthusiastic fan behavior deviant, acted restrictive on the matter of public viewing and limited it to specific sites, i.e. the National Stadium in Tokyo where nearly 45 thousand people gathered to watch broadcasts of games taking place at Osaka and Sendai. Korean public administration, on the contrary, tolerated public demonstration of fan excitement and supported the creation of public viewing areas (PVAs) in an urban environment where people could watch the games on so-called "big screens". In addition to PVAs set up by local authorities and electric bulletin boards on the buildings many local companies arranged mobile screens on trucks.

The South Korea national football team showed remarkable performance throughout the tournament, and its supporters swarmed the streets and squares to watch broadcasts on the screens and celebrate collectively. The police tolerated extreme demonstrations of fan excitement, and Korean media portrayed street supporters in a positive light. Korean-style street cheering organized by the national team's supporting group Red Devils became a worldwide impression as nearly 7 million Koreans (1 in 7 of the population) gathered at PVAs during the semi-final game between South Korea and Germany. Public broadcasts and street cheering provided World Cup with a different "culture of viewing" that combined experience of high-quality TV broadcast and out-of-home reception at the stadium where companionship intensified the entertainment and enhanced the feelings.

2006, Germany

In preparation for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, FIFA and the Organizing Committee sought a way to accommodate people planning to visit the World Cup. The experience of past World Cups and public viewing was conceptualized in 4-weeks long events for football supporters to meet, board, interact, partake in cultural activities, and watch all 64 games on giant video walls. Since 2004 the details on costs, logistics, safety issues, marketing, and broadcast rights were jointly hammered out by FIFA and the Host Cities Those public viewing events that became known under the name of Fan Fests served as an idea to provide football supporters without tickets a legitimate opportunity to partake in the World Cup. Unlike the past tournaments where ticketless fans were treated as security risks, the World Cup in Germany welcomed all football supporters thus generating a positive atmosphere even before the tournament began. Even though security planners and media were skeptical and cautious on the matter of public viewing, the skepticism was cast aside with the beginning of the World Cup.

Fan Fests for the 2006 FIFA World Cup were set up in 12 Host Cities and attracted 21 million visitors throughout the tournament according to German National Tourist Board (FIFA claimed there were over 18 million visitors). Berlin "Fanmeile" located at pedestrianized Straße des 17. Juni between Brandenburg Gate and Victory Column with 14 consecutive video walls attracted 9 million fans over the duration of the World Cup with nearly 1 million supporters for each German football team game. For the first time in German history, an event scored more visitors than Oktoberfest. Cologne Fan Fest scored 3 million visitors followed by 1.9 million in Frankfurt, 1.5 million in Stuttgart, 1.46 million in Hamburg, 1 million per Dortmund and Munich, 500 thousand per Nuremberg and Hannover, 471 thousand in Leipzig, 350 thousand in Gelsenkirchen and 205 thousand in Kaiserslautern. Those numbers exceeded all expectations, and some of the Host Cities had to expand the Fan Fest areas in the middle of the World Cup. The most popular Fan Fests were located in the inner city areas, and the approach to keep the city center generally "fan-free" applied by the authorities of Nuremberg proved ineffective as many football supporters preferred to stay in the picturesque city center. According to surveys conducted during the 2006 FIFA World Cup at the Fan Fests in Berlin, Frankfurt, and Munich 28% of visitors traveled over 100 kilometers to attend the event, and up to 84% came there together with friends. Around 21% of foreigners interviewed at Fan Fests visited Germany to see the World Cup without tickets to any game. Media coverage of events had an additional positive effect as pictures of fans celebrating in front of giant screens attracted even more visitors from neighboring European countries that spontaneously decided to take part in celebrations at Fan Fests.

Despite minor inconsistencies in planning and execution, the Fan Fest concept was so successful, that numerous people later claimed personal responsibility for the invention. The visitors' expectations regarding Fan Fests were fulfilled. Throughout the World Cup Fan Fests served as modern market squares where communication and interaction strengthen the feeling of community. Out-of-home media reception made the emotional aspect of escape from everyday life more intense for participants. Pictures of football supporters celebrating in front of video walls became a typical illustration of the atmosphere in the country, while "Fanmeile" was later picked up as German Word of the Year. In 2007 FIFA and 12 Host Cities received the German Marketing Prize for Sports for the innovative nature and marketing concept of Fan Fests during the 2006 World Cup Finals. FIFA and the Host Cities succeeded in creating and comfortable environment for foreign fans as 95% of them surveyed at Fan Fests agreed that it was an unequivocal declaration of the international nature of the World Cup, and was not a mere event for Germans. A thought-out implementation of public viewing at such a large-scale football event as the 2006 World Cup set a precedent. Immediately after the 2006 World Cup, FIFA announced that it registered the trademark for Fan Fests, took over the organization and marketing, and will make Fan Fests an integral part of future FIFA World Cups.

Locations

 Berlin — Straße des 17. Juni (between Brandenburg Gate and Victory Column)
 Cologne — , Roncalliplatz, Rheinauhafen and Deutzer shipyard
 Frankfurt —  (at banks of Main river)
 Stuttgart — Schlossplatz
 Hamburg — Heiligengeistfeld
 Dortmund —
 Munich — Olympiapark
 Nuremberg — Volksfestplatz
 Hannover —
 Leipzig — Augustusplatz
 Gelsenkirchen — Glückauf-Kampfbahn
 Kaiserslautern — , Barbarossastrasse

2010, South Africa

FIFA had further developed the Fan Fest concept for 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. That time FIFA went global with 6 international Fan Fests in Berlin, Mexico City, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Rome, and Sydney in addition to 10 national Fan Fests in Cape Town, Durban, Sandton, Soweto, Port Elizabeth, Bloemfontein, Nelspruit, Polokwane, Rustenburg, and Pretoria. According to FIFA, the Fan Fests in Host Cities attracted over 2.6 million fans with Durban, Cape Town, and Port Elizabeth being the most popular location with 741 thousand, 557 thousand, and 276 thousand visitors respectively. International Fan Fest totaled 3.5 million fans with 350 thousand fans in Berlin at Germany v. Spain semi-final followed by 93.5 thousand spectators in Mexico City for the Argentina v. Mexico match and 83.7 thousand people in Rio de Janeiro for the Brazil v. Côte d'Ivoire game. Australian fans ignored the time zone difference to attend Fan Fest to watch Australia v. Germany game in the middle of the night.

South African government considered the 2010 World Cup a huge success for the national economy. Hosting an international tournament helped the Host Cities to attract investments in sports venues, telecommunications, and transport infrastructure, boosted tourism, and promoted national identity (that was especially important for the country that was under apartheid for 46 years). 2010 World Cup's legacy included development projects that benefited local communities and were directly related to FIFA Fan Fests. Mangaung Outdoor Sports Centre in Bloemfontein meant to become a Fan Fest location underwent repairs and upgrades that remained after the tournament was over. Cape Town authorities provided NGOs working on environment protection and sustainability initiatives a notable presence at World Cup's main Fan Fest at Grand Parade. Development projects in the City of Tshwane ranged from the extension of CCTV to providing additional security for fans to support informal traders, vendors, and artists. Local catering vendors were certified and allowed to operate at Fan Fests and other venues; traders were provided an opportunity to sell local goods to visitors and artists participated in Fan Fest activities. All of them were added to the government database to be considered for future cooperation with the City of Tshwane authorities. In 2012 FIFA launched the 2010 FIFA World Cup Legacy Trust to support a wide range of development projects in sports, education, health, and humanitarian activities in South Africa.

Locations

 Cape Town — Grand Parade
 Durban — New Beach
 Johannesburg / Sandton — Innesfree Park
 Johannesburg / Soweto — Elkah Stadium
 Bloemfontein — Mangaung Outdoor Sports Centre,
 Port Elizabeth — St George's Park
 Nelspruit — Bergvlam High School
 Polokwane — Polokwane Cricket Club
 Rustenburg — Fields College School
 Pretoria — Centurion Cricket Ground

International
  Berlin — Olympischer Platz (in front of Olympiastadion) and Strasse des 17. Juni (Victory Column)
  Mexico City — Zócalo (Plaza de la Constitución)
  Paris — Jardins du Trocadéro
  Rio de Janeiro — Copacabana
  Rome —  (Villa Borghese gardens)
  Sydney — Darling Harbour

2014, Brazil

2014 FIFA World Cup Fan Fests took place in 12 Host Cities: Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Brasília, Belo Horizonte, Cuiabá, Curitiba, Fortaleza, Manaus, Natal, Porto Alegre, Salvador, and Recife. Fan Fest was set up in iconic locations, common places for public celebrations. Brazilian football star Ronaldo became the Fan Fest ambassador for the 2014 World Cup in addition to his role as a member of the Organizing Committee. Due to the high cost of the World Cup infrastructure, the Host Cities wanted to attract private investors to co-finance Fan Fests for football supporters. I. e., the Municipality of Recife squandered public funds on the construction of Itaipava Arena Pernambuco (14th most expensive stadium in the world by that time with a total cost of 274 million) and claimed itself unable to fund the original Fan Fest project. In March 2014, Recife authorities declared they would wait for external financing for Fan Fest. The deadlock was resolved one month before the World Cup in May when FIFA and its Brazilian partner stepped in to organize Fan Fest in Recife on their own.

2014 World Cup Fan Fests attracted over 5.1 million fans, including nearly 1 million tourists from 202 countries. The Fan Fest at Copacabana Beach in Rio de Janeiro was the most popular, with 937 thousand attendees throughout the World Cup, followed by São Paulo with 806 thousand visitors, Fortaleza with 781 thousand, and Manaus with 504 thousand guests. The Argentina v. Germany game was the most popular, with 265 thousand fans on Fan Fests in all 12 Host Cities.

Locations

 Rio de Janeiro – Praia de Copacabana (Copacabana Beach)
 Sao Paulo – Vale do Anhangabaú (Anhangabaú Valley)
 Brasília – Taguaparque (Taguatinga)
 Belo Horizonte –  (Expominas Expositions Centre)
 Cuiabá – Parque de Exposições (Expositions Park)
 Curitiba –  Pedreira Paulo Leminski (Paulo Leminski Quarry)
 Fortaleza – Praia de Iracema (Iracema Beach)
 Manaus –  (Black Beach)
 Natal –  (Fort Beach)
 Porto Alegre –  (Sunset Amphitheatre)
 Recife – Cais da Alfândega (Customhouse Wharf).
 Salvador – Farol da Barra (Barra Lighthouse)

2018, Russia

For the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, Fan Fests took place in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kazan, Sochi, Volgograd, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov on Don, Kaliningrad, Yekaterinburg, Samara, and Saransk. In November 2017, FIFA unveiled Russia national football team's record goalscorer Aleksandr Kerzhakov and French 1998 World Cup and Euro 2000 winner Marcel Desailly as ambassadors for Fan Fests of the 2018 Cup.

According to FIFA, the Fan Fests attracted 7.7 million people, exceeding the numbers of the 2014 World Cup in Brazil by a quarter. The festivals at Sparrow Hills in Moscow and Konyushennaya Square in St. Petersburg exceeded 1 million participants each with 1.87 and 1.303 million fans, respectively. 738 thousand people participated in Fan Fest in Kazan. Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, and Volgograd totaled 600 thousand each; followed by 500 thousand per Sochi and Rostov-on-Don, 400 thousand in Saransk, 385 thousand in Kaliningrad, and 310 thousand in Ekaterinburg. The Russia — Uruguay match alone attracted nearly half a million fans to Fan Festivals all over the country. The broadcast time for all the games totaled 917 hours and the event schedule for Fan Fests reached 323 hours.

Locations

 Moscow — Sparrow Hills (in front of Moscow State University)
 St. Petersburg — Konyushennaya Square
 Kazan — Kazan Family Center (on the bank of Kazanka River)
 Sochi — Sochi Seaport Area (square of South Mall of the Seaport)
 Volgograd — 62 Armii Embankment
 Nizhny Novgorod — Minina i Pozharskogo Square
 Rostov on Don — Teatralnaya Square
 Kaliningrad — Central Square (near the House of Soviets)
 Yekaterinburg — Mayakovsky Central Park of Entertainment and Culture
 Samara — Kuybyshev Square
 Saransk — Sovetskaya Square

2022, Qatar

For the 2022 World Cup in Qatar, which became the first sports mega-event to be hosted in the Middle East, FIFA reimagined and reintroduced Fan Fest as a more diverse and inclusive Fan Festival. The new vision combined public viewing on a giant screen with a wider variety of cultural activities, art, music, and gastronomy. Fan Festivals introduced numerous digital and physical football-related activities, such as exclusive football games with the participation of FIFA Legends. FIFA+ digital platform became an essential part of the Fan Festivals to provide fans access to every important moment of the World Cup.<

The main Fan Festival took place at Al Bidda Park along the scenic Doha Corniche (bayside promenade) on November 20 — December 18, 2022. The 146,000 m² site accommodated up to 40,000 guests at a time. In 2022, FIFA also introduced a new licensing model, which allowed its partners to launch local Fan Festivals in major cities outside the host countries to make the tournament experience more accessible to the global fan community. This approach was meant to answer the challenges of running FIFA mega-events in smaller countries like Qatar. In partnership with Coca-Cola, FIFA launched Fan Festival in Riyadh. It also partnered with AB InBev brands to run BudX Fan Festivals in London, Seoul, and Dubai, Corona Fan Festival in Mexico, and Brahma Fan Festivals in San Paolo and Rio de Janeiro. These international events welcomed a combined total of 460,000 visitors.

To respect the Muslim traditions that prohibit alcohol consumption, which is considered an essential dionysian festive social ritual of the fan culture, FIFA decided to place some restrictions. Alcohol beverages were only served at the Fan Festival site between 6:30 PM and 1 AM, Within the context of the 2022 World Cup, this approach seamlessly complemented the new vision of Fan Festivals as it provided families with kids an alcohol-free zone for most of the day.

FIFA Fan Festival at Al Bidda Park attracted around 70,000 daily visitors, and a total of 1.8 fans attended the festival site over during the World Cup. For the first time in Fan Festivals history, the 2022 edition got its official anthem by Myriam Fares, Nicki Minaj, and Maluma. 146 music artists performed at the main Fan Festival venue, including Nora Fatehi, Gims, Calvin Harris, Patoranking, Kizz Daniel, Diplo, Trinidad Cardona, Stonebwoy, Sean Paul, and Michael Jackson impersonator Rodrigo Teaser.

Locations

 Doha — Al Bidda Park

International
  Dubai — Dubai Harbour
  London — Outernet
  Mexico City — Plaza de la República
  Rio de Janeiro — Copacabana
  São Paulo — Vale do Anhangabaú
  Seoul — S Factory

2023, Australia and New Zealand

From 20 July to 20 August 2023, Fan Festivals were rolled out for the first time for the Women's World Cup in Australia and New Zealand—the biggest women's sporting event worldwide. Nine venues were launched in the host cities of Adelaide, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth, Sydney, Auckland, Dunedin, Hamilton, and Wellington. The Fan Festival in Auckland was closed for the first day on July 20 to pay respect to shooting victims in downtown Auckland that day.

Following the Fan Festival concept introduced at the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar, the venues in Australia and New Zealand provided public viewing of games, various sports and cultural activities, street entertainers, gastronomy by award-winning chefs, and local street food, lectures, discussions, and art performances.

The music line-ups presented performers working in different genres, from pop to folk, including Kimbra, San Cisco, Montaigne (in Adelaide), Running Touch, Kita Alexander, FELIVAND, Sahara Beck, Eliza & The Delusionals (in Brisbane), Sycco, Samantha Jade (in Melbourne), Katy Steele, Crucial Rockers, Joan & The Giants, Abbe May (in Perth), Jessica Mauboy, Steph Strings, Jacoténe, Jack River, Mia Wray, Tia Gostelow, Mikayla Pasterfield, Little Green (in Sydney), JessB, Ladi6, Troy Kingi, Tuawahine, Hollie Smith, Kaylee Bell (in Auckland), Bic Runga, Topp Twins, Ladyhawke (in Dunedin), AACACIA, Robinson, Ella Monnery, Lou'ana (in Hamilton), Rubi Du, Maisey Rika, Che Fu (in Wellington).

The Playground areas at Fan Festivals offered different activities and games to showcase football skills: hungerball, bubble football, football golf, football snooker, football darts, reaction station, penalty practice shoot-out, and shooting speedometer. The visitors could participate in VR experiences, silent disco, glitter make-up sessions by local drag queens, and ingenious cultural events, such as Poi workshops and tā moko lessons at Fan Festivals in New Zealand.

Fan Festivals introduced an intense program of lectures and panel discussions on the history and future of women in sports, culture, business, and society; on inclusion, sustainability, and gender equality in sports; and on empowering LGBTQ+ community through football. The guests included renowned members of the Australia women's national soccer team (the Matildas): Jill Latimer, Emma Wirkus, Tracey Jenkins, Sharon Black, Victoria Balomenos, Kristyn Swaffer, and FIFA Legends.

The first cultural events within the Fan Festival sites started in March 2023 with the outdoor exhibitions of the 2023 Women's World Cup official poster and host cities posters in Adelaide and Wellington. In all host cities, FIFA opened FIFA Museums with exhibitions dedicated to the history of the World Cup and past world champions. Additionally, the FIFA Museum in Sydney also presented a "Calling the Shots: Faces of Women's Football" exhibition, which attracted over 50 thousand visitors, and the FIFA Museum in Auckland launched its own pop-up exhibition space, "The Rainbow of Shirts."

A total of 777 thousand people attended Fan Festivals in 9 host cities at the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup. The venue in Tumbalong Park, Darling Harbour, Sydney, was the largest, with 250 thousand visitors over 31 days of the tournament. The attendance peaked on August 12, 2023, for New Zealand's quarter-final win over France, with 68 thousand people across all venues.

Locations

 Adelaide — Festival Plaza
 Brisbane — South Bank Parklands
 Melbourne — Federation Square
 Perth — Forrest Place
 Sydney — Tumbalong Park

 Auckland — The Cloud
 Dunedin — Dunedin Town Hall
 Hamilton — Globox Arena
 Wellington — Shed 6

2026, North America

In June 2022, FIFA announced the list of host cities and stadiums for the 2026 FIFA World Cup which will be collectively hosted by the United States, Canada, and Mexico. The list included Toronto and Vancouver in Canada; Guadalajara, Mexico City, and Monterrey in Mexico; Atlanta, Boston, Dallas, Houston, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Miami, New York / New Jersey, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Seattle in the United States. Proposed Fan Festival spaces included iconic locations such as the Liberty State Park (Jersey City, New Jersey), Central Park (New York), and the National Mall (Washington, D.C.).

Organization

Sponsorship

FIFA offers its affiliates various sponsorship and partnership opportunities that provide recognition across FIFA Fan Fests in Host Cities. 2010 World Cup Fan Fests introduced The Coca-Cola Company as Presenting sponsor, MTN Group and Neo Africa as sponsors, and South African Broadcasting Corporation as the Official broadcaster. FIFA Fan Fests at the 2014 World Cup were sponsored by AmBev, The Coca-Cola Company, Hyundai Kia, Banco Itaú, Johnson & Johnson, Oi, and Sony. 2018 FIFA Fan Fest in Russia introduced Adidas, The Coca-Cola Company, Wanda, Gazprom, Hyundai Group, Qatar Airways, and Visa as FIFA Partners, and Budweiser, Hisense, McDonald's, Mengniu, and Vivo as World Cup sponsors. 2022 FIFA Fan Festivals in Qatar introduced Adidas, The Coca-Cola Company, Wanda, QatarEnergy, Hyundai Group, Qatar Airways, and Visa as FIFA Partners, and Budweiser, Hisense, McDonald's, Mengniu, and Vivo as World Cup sponsors.

Regulations
FIFA requires the host countries to apply specific by-laws and regulations for the duration of the World Cups. Those measures are meant to provide FIFA, its sponsors, and partners exclusive rights within and around sports venues and Fan Festivals. Such regulations are included in World Cup-specific laws such as Special Measures Act in South Africa, General World Cup Law in Brazil, and The Federal Law on Carrying out the FIFA World Cup in 2018 and FIFA Confederation Cup in 2017 in Russia. Regarding FIFA Fan Festivals those legislations regulate advertising, signage, street trading and vending, beautification, and decorum. According to those laws, FIFA, its sponsors, partners, and authorized third parties get exclusive rights to advertise and sell goods, food, and beverage within and around Fan Festivals. Nonetheless, softened those restrictions every World Cup. In 2006 it happened due to protests from Organising Committee pressured by German companies. In 2010, local informal business was integrated into World Cup events through development projects promoting local culture. In 2014, local businesses, NGOs, community organizations, and local authorities achieved that through negotiations.

Experience
The entrance-free FIFA Fan Festivals provide visitors with an inclusive, special, and highly emotional way to watch World Cup games. That way Fan Festivals attract people who would otherwise never go to a sports venue. I.e. according to monitoring and surveys during the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany, the share of female supporters at Fan Fests reached 44% thereby notably exceeding the share of women at stadiums. FIFA doesn't prohibit alcohol consumption at Fan Festivals as monitoring through the 2006 World Cup in Germany, 2010 World Cup in South Africa and 2014 World Cup in Brazil proved the sale of alcohol cause no public disturbance or violence while the absence of alcohol at Fan Festivals may discourage fans from visiting PVAs and guide them towards peripheral bars and areas where they may be targeted by hooligans. Due to FIFA's policy, Brazil even had to temporarily lift its ban on alcohol sales at football matches enforced in 2003 in a bid to curb fan violence.

In addition to live broadcasts, FIFA Fan Festivals offer food and beverages, merchandise, and various entertainment events by local and international artists. The start of the 2006 World Cup was celebrated by a concert at Fan Fest in Berlin, kicked off by Scottish rock band Simple Minds and followed by Canadian pop singer Nelly Furtado, English band Right Said Fred and Italian singers Gianna Nannini and Andrea Bocelli. Live concerts and shows followed on other World Cup days when there were no games scheduled. In South Africa, Ziggy Marley performed at Fan Fest in Johannesburg while Port Elizabeth Fan Fest presented a concert by Fatboy Slim, Locnville, and Just Jinjer. International Fan Fests' line-ups included Velile, K'naan, Uwu Lena, and Eisblume in Berlin, La Sonora Dinamita in Mexico, and Stan Walker and Cassie Davis in Sydney. In 2010 the event schedule for Fan Fests totaled 2600 hours in Host Cities and 1600 hours at International Fan Fests. In Brazil FIFA's broadcasting partner, TV Globo, organized 754 live music performances at Fan Fests in Host Cities through 25 days of the World Cup. Cristiano Araújo, Claudia Leitte, Jota Quest, Skank, Luan Santana, and Gusttavo Lima performed for Brazilian and foreign fans at 10 fan zones. Fan Fest organizers also aimed to promote local culture via various entertaining activities and provide a family-friendly environment where children could follow the parents or play in secured child-friendly areas. 2018 FIFA Fan Fests in Russia introduced Zemfira, Bravo, Kasta, Vadim Samoilov from Agatha Cristie, Billy's Band, Chaif, Diskoteka Avariya IOWA, Benny Benassi, Paul Oakenfold, Pendulum, and Kadebostany.

FIFA-licensed festivals and public viewing
FIFA sets up official Fan Festivals and owns the trademark. It also licenses other formats of fan events and public viewing. Under the new International FIFA Fan Fest licensing model, introduced in 2022, FIFA partners can launch local Fan Festivals in strict accordance with FIFA guidelines. FIFA also allows organizing non-official commercial and non-commercial public viewing areas (PVAs). Those private public PVAs should not use any FIFA branding or suggest any official link with the FIFA World Cup trademark, though the World Cup theme is allowed.

The funds raised through licensing commercial public viewing areas are allocated to various social development programs via FIFA-affiliated bodies. In 2006, the funds were donated to SOS Children's Villages and the official 2006 World Cup charity campaign "Six villages for 2006", the profits of the 2010 World Cup were used to rebuild 20 football centers in South Africa as a part of FIFA's "20 Centres for 2010" campaign. In 2014, the licensing fees went to community organizations that use football as a catalyst for social development a part of FIFA Football for Hope social development program.

Gallery

References

External links

 FIFA Fan Fest 2018 Website
 FIFA Fan Fest History
 FIFA Website

FIFA World Cup culture
Fan Fest
Association football fandom

FIFA Fan Festival


Shakespeare in Love is a 1998 British-American romantic comedy-drama movie starring Gwyneth Paltrow, Ben Affleck and Judi Dench. It won 7 Academy Awards, including Best Picture of 1998. This movie is about the involvement of William Shakespeare in a serious love affair with Viola (played by Paltrow).

Release dates

Other websites

1998 comedy-drama movies
1998 romantic comedy movies
1998 romantic drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
Best Picture Oscar
British comedy-drama movies
British romantic comedy movies
British romantic drama movies
1990s English-language movies
Movies directed by John Madden
Movies set in the 16th century
Universal Pictures movies

Shakespeare in Love


The Museu de la Música de Barcelona (English: Music Museum of Barcelona) is a museum in Barcelona, Spain that houses a collection of musical instruments from around the world as well as biographical documents, from ancient civilisations to new technologies from the 21st century. The museum collection comprises 2000 musical instruments, 500 of which are on display, including one of the best guitar collections of the world. The museum covers historical, conservational and research aspects and promotes the city's musical heritage.

The Museu de la Música is administered by the City Council. Since 2007 its headquarters are found on the second floor of the L'Auditori de Barcelona in the Fort Pienc neighbourhood.

See also
 List of music museums

References

External links
 Music Museum of Barcelona: official website
 Museum über die Geschichte der Musik (german)

Museums in Barcelona
Music museums
Music organisations based in Spain

Museu de la Música de Barcelona


Brad Cohen (born December 18, 1973) is an American motivational speaker, teacher, school administrator, and author who has severe Tourette syndrome (TS). Cohen described his experiences growing up with the condition in his 2005 book, Front of the Class: How Tourette Syndrome Made Me the Teacher I Never Had, co-authored with Lisa Wysocky. The book has been made into a 2008 Hallmark Hall of Fame TV movie titled Front of the Class, and adapted into a hit 2018 Bollywood film Hichki.

Cohen was born December 18, 1973. During his childhood, Cohen was accused of being a troublemaker in school and was punished by his teachers for the tics and noises caused by TS.  He decided to "become the teacher that he never had".  After he graduated and received his teaching certificate, 24 elementary schools rejected him before he was hired at Tritt Elementary School in Cobb County, Georgia.  As a new teacher, he was named Georgia's First Class Teacher of the Year.

Early life
Cohen grew up in St. Louis, Missouri, in a Jewish family. His parents divorced during his early childhood. Cohen barked and twitched constantly during his waking hours, and would knock his knee against the inside of the car door.  Someone asked his mother once if she had considered an exorcist.  His mother was compassionate, but his father did not understand why his son did the things he did, often getting frustrated and punishing him for making noises or other physical tics.

Doctors initially told Cohen's mother that his tics were an emotional reaction to his parents' divorce.  Teachers did not understand Cohen; they thought he was mischievous, due to the noises (tics) caused by his TS.  His fifth-grade teacher forced him to walk to the front of the classroom to apologize for the noises he made and promise that he would never make them again. He felt humiliated and decided that he would become the teacher he never had, saying:  "I always felt like the kid in the corner. I really needed support and acceptance from my teacher and didn't get it. From then on, I knew that I wanted to be that teacher—one who would offer support and acceptance and really be there for each kid."  When Cohen was 12 years old, his mother identified his behavior as TS from her own research. She took him to a Tourette syndrome support group meeting, where Cohen realized that other attendees "seemed resigned to a life of defeat" and was "inspired to triumph over the disorder".

In the beginning of eighth grade, after Cohen appeared on the Sally Jessy Raphaël show, his middle-school principal decided to let Cohen speak to the school about his Tourette syndrome. Cohen continued to educate people about TS, increasing his confidence and speaking skills.

Cohen graduated from Parkway Central High School in 1992, and was president of the St. Louis Council of Aleph Zadik Aleph.

College and later life
Cohen attended Bradley University in Peoria, Illinois, where he majored in elementary education and was a member of Alpha Epsilon Pi. During his first week at school, he was kicked out of a local fast food restaurant when an employee thought he was drunk and threatened to call the police, even as Cohen and his friends were trying to explain about his vocal tics and TS.  Within hours, fellow students began to organize a boycott of the restaurant; the manager phoned Cohen and asked him to come back to the restaurant so he could apologize in person.

After graduating cum laude with many academic honors, Cohen moved to Atlanta, Georgia in the 1990s to seek employment, applying to numerous elementary schools for a teaching position. He interviewed with administrators, but his interviews were always punctuated by his tics.  He was rejected 24 times before Mountain View Elementary School hired him to teach the second and third grades. Cohen, who taught about his Tourette syndrome at the beginning of each year, was popular with students; one parent requested his child be removed from his class, but asked to have the child moved back only weeks later. He was awarded the Sallie Mae First Class Teacher of the Year in 1997. Cohen later taught second grade at Tritt Elementary School in suburban Atlanta, before leaving the classroom on the path to becoming a school administrator, supervising other teachers.  As of 2013, he is assistant vice principal at Addison Elementary School in Cobb County, Georgia.

Cohen was less lucky in romance, saying, "We called it second-date syndrome:  I couldn't get past the first date."  Cohen met Nancy Lazarus of Charleston, South Carolina, through an Internet dating service; they married in June 2006 and have two children.

Accomplishments
Cohen's book, Front of the Class: How Tourette Syndrome Made Me the Teacher I Never Had, co-written with Lisa Wysocky, was published in 2005. It won the Independent Publisher Book Award for Best Education Book for that year.   According to the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, the book is "well worth reading, giv[ing] insight into what it is like to live with Tourette's—such as when Brad's noises disturbed other people at restaurants, sports bars, golf courses and movie theaters, and when Brad could get a first date with a woman but never a second".

He continued to act as a spokesman for the condition, appearing on The Oprah Winfrey Show on May 26, 2006. He has been featured in a public service announcement for the national Tourette Syndrome Association, and he serves as the vice president for the Tourette Syndrome Association of Georgia. He was a chairman of Relay for Life, a Little League coach, a Major League Baseball mascot, and has received recognition and several awards for volunteerism and community involvement.

Hallmark Hall of Fame movie

The book was made into a Hallmark Hall of Fame TV movie Front of the Class; the movie aired on CBS on December 7, 2008.

Following his 2006 appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show, in 2007 Cohen spoke at a conference after Timothy Shriver of the Special Olympics.  According to Shriver, "The audience 'was laughing, then crying, then laughing, then crying, then cheering, and at the end, they gave him a huge standing ovation.  Shriver suggested the movie to Cohen, and became the executive producer one year later.  Cohen was concerned that the movie should stay truthful and avoid sensationalizing Tourette syndrome. He was pleased with the overall result, although he noted some dates in his life were sped up for effect (for example, the date of his wedding).  Cohen said the portrayal of his tics is "very, very authentic".

Although tics steadily decline for most children as they pass through adolescence, Cohen still has frequent and loud vocal tics and barking. He joked:  "I'm hoping I don't get kicked out of my own movie."

Citations

Bibliography

 Cohen, Brad and Lisa Wysocky (2008).  Front of the Class:  How Tourette Syndrome Made Me the Teacher I Never Had.  St. Martin's Griffin, New York.  .

External links
 Cohen's blog
Front of the Class - Cohen's book
Video  clip from The Oprah Winfrey Show

1973 births
Schoolteachers from Georgia (U.S. state)
American education writers
American memoirists
Jewish American writers
People with Tourette syndrome
Writers from Atlanta
Writers from St. Louis
Living people
21st-century American Jews

Brad Cohen


Mossy Liquor is the title of a vinyl LP released by Robyn Hitchcock in 1996. The album preceded the release of the Moss Elixir CD by a few weeks, and half of it was made up of demos or alternative versions of the Moss Elixir material.

Opening with a Swedish language rendition of "Alright, Yeah", side one also features four all new tracks, including the instrumental "Shuffling over the Flagstones", the casual "Cool Bug Rumble", and two particularly strong songs in "Wide Open Star" and "Each of Her Silver Wands", the latter remade several years later by a reunited Soft Boys line up.

The rest of the new material includes "As Lemons Chop" and the archaeological comedy "Trilobite", rounded off with a previously unheard and untitled guitar instrumental acting as an extended coda to the demo version of "Heliotrope".

The sleeve was created by switching the front and back images from Moss Elixir.

Track listing
 "Alright, Yeah" (in Swedish)
 "Beautiful Queen" (Demo)
 "Shuffling over the Flagstones"
 "Cool Bug Rumble"
 "Wide Open Star"
 "Each of Her Silver Wands"
 "DeChirico Street" (Demo)
 "As Lemons Chop"
 "Sinister but She Was Happy" (Demo)
 "Trilobite"
 "The Devil's Radio" (Demo)
 "Heliotrope" (Demo)

1996 albums
Robyn Hitchcock albums
Demo albums

Mossy Liquor


Walhello was a spider based search engine developed in the Netherlands. The Walhello spider is called "appie".

The Walhello search engine was created in 2000. Walhello's claims to have indexed over 2 billion pages, significantly less than larger search engines such as Google or Yahoo. An advanced search option proximity search functionality was provided, allowing users to define the proximity in which all search items must be found on a website. Walhello also allowed users to specify the language in which search results must be found.

The search engine ran on a cluster of Linux servers, and is programmed in C. Walhello also provided an advertising service. The search engine had a small second index which contained only paid listings, and are shown beside search results if they match the search query.

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120511230539/http://www.walhello.com/ - Walhello Search Engine

Internet search engines

Walhello


The Mandelbaum Gate is a novel written by Scottish author Muriel Spark published in 1965. The title refers to the Mandelbaum Gate in Jerusalem, around which the novel is set.

In 1965, it won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize that year. In 2012, it was shortlisted for the Best of the James Tait Black. It was included in Anthony Burgess's 1984 book Ninety-Nine Novels: The Best in English since 1939 — A Personal Choice.

Plot introduction
The book is set in Jerusalem in 1961 (with the backdrop of the Adolf Eichmann trial). Whilst on a pilgrimage to Holy Land, half Jewish Catholic-convert Barbara Vaughan is planning to meet her fiance Harry Clegg, an archaeologist working in Qumran (where the Dead Sea Scrolls were found).  To do this she must pass through the Mandelbaum Gate into Jordanian held Jerusalem; due to her Jewish roots this is a dangerous operation and she enlists the help of Freddy Hamilton, a staid British diplomat and various Arab contacts who may or may not be sympathetic to her cause.

References

1965 British novels
Novels by Muriel Spark
Novels set in Israel
Fiction set in 1961
Catholic novels
Alfred A. Knopf books
Macmillan Publishers books

The Mandelbaum Gate


Vegar Heggenes Gjermundstad (born 14 March 1990) is a Norwegian football defender who plays for Førde IL.

Career
He hails from Vadheim. He started his career in Vadheim IL and IL Høyang, but moved in 2006 to attend the school Norsk Toppidrettsgymnas as well as to play for FC Lyn Oslo. In the summer of 2008 he signed for Lyn's senior team. He has two Norwegian Premier League games in 2009, making his debut on 19 April 2009 against Strømsgodset and starting his first game on 3 May 2009 against Stabæk Fotball. His 27th and last game came in May 2010. Following the bankruptcy of Lyn, he joined Sogndal IL in July 2010.

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Norwegian men's footballers
Lyn Fotball players
Sogndal Fotball players
Hønefoss BK players
People from Høyanger
Men's association football defenders
Footballers from Vestland

Vegar Gjermundstad