James Clayton Dobson Jr.
(born April 21, 1936) is an American evangelical Christian author, psychologist, and founder of Focus on the Family (FotF), which he led from 1977 until 2010. In the 1980s he was ranked as one of the most influential spokesmen for conservative social positions in American public life. Although never an ordained minister, he was called "the nation's most influential evangelical leader" by The New York Times while Slate portrayed him as a successor to evangelical leaders Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson.

As part of his former role in the organization he produced the daily radio program Focus on the Family, which the organization has said was broadcast in more than a dozen languages and on over 7,000 stations worldwide, and reportedly heard daily by more than 220 million people in 164 countries. Focus on the Family was also carried by about sixty U.S. television stations daily. In 2010 he launched the radio broadcast Family Talk with Dr. James Dobson.

Dobson advocates for "family values"  the instruction of children in heterosexuality and traditional gender roles, which he believes are mandated by the Christian Bible. The goal of this is to promote heterosexual marriage, which he views as a cornerstone of civilization that must be protected from the dangers of feminism and the LGBT rights movement. Dobson seeks to equip his audience to fight in the American culture war, which he calls the "Civil War of Values".

His writing career started as an assistant to Paul Popenoe. After Dobson's rise to prominence through promoting corporal punishment of disobedient children in the 1970s, he became a founder of purity culture in the 1990s. He has promoted his ideas via his various Focus on the Family affiliated organizations, the Family Research Council which he founded in 1981, Family Policy Alliance which he founded in 2004, the Dr. James Dobson Family Institute which he founded in 2010, and a network of US state-based lobbying organizations called Family Policy Councils.

Early life and education
James Dobson was born to Myrtle Georgia (née Dillingham) and James C. Dobson Sr. on April 21, 1936, in Shreveport, Louisiana. From his earliest childhood, religion played a central part in his life. He once told a reporter that he learned to pray before he learned to talk, and says he gave his life to Jesus at the age of three, in response to an altar call by his father. He is the son, grandson, and great-grandson of Church of the Nazarene ministers.

Dobson's mother was intolerant of "sassiness" and would strike her child with whatever object came to hand, including a shoe or belt; she once gave Dobson a "massive blow" with a girdle outfitted with straps and buckles.

The parents took their young son along to watch his father preach. Like most Nazarenes, they forbade dancing and going to movies. Young "Jimmie Lee" (as he was called) concentrated on his studies.

Dobson studied academic psychology and came to believe that he was being called to become a Christian counselor or perhaps a Christian psychologist. He attended Pasadena College (now Point Loma Nazarene University) as an undergraduate and served as captain of the school's tennis team. In 1967, Dobson received his doctorate in psychology from the University of Southern California.

Career

Medicine
In 1967, he became an Associate Clinical Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Southern California School of Medicine for 14 years. At USC he was exposed to troubled youth and the counterculture of the 1960s. He found it "a distressing time to be so young" because society offered him no moral absolutes he felt he could rely upon. Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War was blossoming into a widespread rejection of authority, which Dobson viewed as "a sudden disintegration of moral and ethical principles" among Americans his age and the younger people he saw in clinical practice. This convinced him that "the institution of the family was disintegrating."

He spent 17 years on the staff of the Children's Hospital of Los Angeles in the Division of Child Development and Medical Genetics. For a time, Dobson worked as an assistant to Paul Popenoe at the Institute of Family Relations, a marriage-counseling center, in Los Angeles. Popenoe counseled couples on the importance of same-race marriage and adherence to gender norms for the purpose of eugenics. Under Popenoe, Dobson published about male-female differences and the dangers of feminism.

Dare to Discipline
Dobson became well known because of Dare to Discipline, his 1970 book about corporal punishment. In it, he encourages parents to strike children with switches or belts, which are to be kept on the child's dresser as a reminder of authority. Popenoe wrote the book's introduction. Dobson's book was a rebuttal to Benjamin Spock, whose parenting ideas were more permissive. Though the book was not overtly political, Dobson considered his parenting techniques to be the solution to the social unrest of the 1960s. By returning to the authoritarian parenting style popular in prior eras, Dobson hoped to preserve order, obedience, and social hierarchy. The book quickly sold over two million copies, establishing Dobson as a trusted authority among parents bewildered by the rapid changes of the era.

Christian Broadcasting
When the American Psychological Association de-pathologized homosexuality by removing it from their list of mental disorders in 1973, Dobson resigned from the organization in protest. In 1976 he took a sabbatical from USC and Children's Hospital; he never returned. With funding from a Christian publisher he began to broadcast his ideas on the radio and in public lectures. Saying that he feared to repeat the mistakes of his own absentee father by being away on the lecture circuit, Dobson video recorded and distributed his lectures. He sent a representative around the country to solicit funding from Evangelical businessmen and distribute the videos. A video about absent fathers called Where's Dad? proved particularly successful; an estimated 100 million people viewed it by the early 1980s.

Focus of the Family
In 1977 he founded Focus on the Family.He grew the organization into a multimedia empire by the mid-1990s, including 10 radio programs, 11 magazines, numerous videos, and basketball camps, and program of faxing suggested sermon topics and bulletin fillers to thousands of churches every week. In 1995 the organization's budget was more than $100 million annually.

Jimmy Carter organized a White House Conference on Families in 1979–1980 that explicitly included a "diversity of families" with various structures. Dobson objected to this, believing that only his preferred notion of the traditional family  one headed by a male breadwinner married to a female caregiver  should be endorsed by the conference. He also objected to the fact that he was not invited to the planning for the event. At Dobson's urging, his listeners wrote 80,000 letters to the White House asking for Dobson to be invited, which he eventually was. This demonstrated to Dobson his power to rally his followers for political ends.

Beginning in 1980, Dobson built networks of political activists and founded lobbying organizations that advocated against LGBT rights and opposed legal abortion, among other socially conservative policy goals. He nurtured relationships with conservative politicians, such as Ronald Reagan. He was among the founders of Family Research Council in 1981, a federal lobbying organization classified as a hate group, and Family Policy Councils that lobby at the level of state government. When Focus on the Family moved to Colorado Springs in 1991, the city started to be called "the Vatican of the Religious Right" with Dobson imagined as an evangelical pope.

Ted Bundy Interview
Dobson interviewed serial killer Ted Bundy on-camera the day before Bundy's execution on January 24, 1989. The interview became controversial because Bundy was given an opportunity to attempt to explain his actions (the rape and murder of 30 young women). Bundy claimed in the interview (in a reversal of his previous stance) that violent pornography played a significant role in molding and crystallizing his fantasies. In May 1989, during an interview with John Tanner, a Republican Florida prosecutor, Dobson called for Bundy to be forgiven. The Bundy tapes gave Focus on the Family revenues of over $1 million, $600,000 of which it donated to anti-pornography groups and to anti-abortion groups.

Alliance Defending Freedom
Six conservative Christian men, one of whom was Dobson, founded Alliance Defending Freedom in 1994. The group advocates for the criminalization of homosexuality in the US and abroad; it is among the most powerful opponents of LGBT legal rights. Dobson is a member of the Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood. He is a supporter of the Promise Keepers and a contributor to their 1994 book The Seven Promises of a Promise Keeper.

Support of Judge Roy Moore
Dobson was an ally of Judge Roy Moore starting in the early 1990s. He rallied his audience in support of the judge in 1997 and again in 2003 because of the Moore's refusal to remove a Ten Commandments display from the Alabama Judicial Building. Viewing Moore as "a man of proven character and integrity" Dobson endorsed Moore's political campaigns until 2017, when allegations came to light of Moore's sexual misconduct toward teen girls.

Purity Balls
Dobson encourages "daddy-daughter dating" in which fathers and daughters set aside time for special activities together. Because he believes heterosexuality must be cultivated, Dobson intended these romanticized attachments to model proper heterosexual partnership to girls age six or younger. An employee of Dobson's created the first purity ball  a father-daughter dance event promoting female chastity  in 1998. Dobson promoted the purity balls on his radio show. Along with other fundamentalist figures such as Billy Graham, Dobson is considered a founder of purity culture, a Christian subculture in which sexual immorality by women or LGBT people is considered a national threat.

Gendered Language in the Bible
In response to a 1997 article in World magazine claiming that the New International Version of the Bible was going to be printed with gender-neutral language, Dobson called a meeting at Focus on the Family headquarters of influential men in the religious publishing business. The group drafted the "Colorado Springs Guidelines" which require Bible translations to use male-default language such as the word "man" to designate the human race. As a result, plans for the gender-neutral Bible version were halted. When Dobson discovered his own Odyssey Bible used gender-neutral language, he discontinued it and offered refunds. According to World, Dobson's 1997 meeting eventually led to the publication of the English Standard Version in 2001, which avoids gender-neutral language. He opposed publication of Today's New International Version in 2002 because of the "political correctness" of the translation and the publisher's rejection of the Colorado Springs Guidelines.

Ex-gay organization
Focus on the Family established an ex-gay program called Love Won Out in 1998. The program promoted conversion therapy, the pseudoscientific practice of attempting to make gay people straight. Dobson increased his promotion of Love Won Out in 2000 upon discovering that opposition to gay marriage was helping the Christian Right gain members and voters. State-level affiliates of FotF drafted gay marriage bans in several states, starting with Nebraska Initiative 416 in 2000. Dobson broadcast that gay marriage was turning children from faithful Christian homes against God. His arguments caused large evangelical turnouts in support of the gay marriage prohibitions, resulting in defense of marriage amendments to thirty U.S. state constitutions.

Shift to Political Activity
Around two thousand radio stations aired Dobson's program to an audience of six to ten million by the early 2000s. With over two million addresses on his mailing list, his organization launched a publishing house. He was an established power broker. Richard Land called him "the most influential evangelical leader in America" at that time, saying his influence was comparable to Billy Graham in the 1960s-70s.

Dobson stepped down as president and CEO of Focus on the Family in 2003, and resigned from the position of chairman of the board in February 2009. Dobson explained his departure as twofold: firstly, to allow a smooth transfer of leadership to the next generation, and in this case, to Jim Daly whom he directly appointed as his replacement. And secondly, because he and Daly had divergent views on policy, "especially when it comes to confronting those who would weaken the family and undermine our faith." After he stepped down, Focus on the Family hired an orthodoxy expert to maintain Dobson's message. Free to become more explicitly political without imperiling Focus on the Family's tax exemptions, Dobson rededicated himself primarily to lobbying instead of advice to families. While Daly attempted to appeal to a new generation of evangelicals with softened messages on abortion and homosexuality, Dobson remained hard-line. Focus on the Family removed archives of Dobson's writing from their headquarters and website.

In 2004 Dobson founded Family Policy Alliance, a lobbying arm of his media empire. With a more permissive tax status than Focus on the Family, it is allowed to directly fundraise for political campaigns. The Alliance also coordinates the action of Dobson's network of state-based Family Policy Councils. Together, these organizations seek to encode traditional gender roles into public policy and law. They consider LGBT rights to be a threatening "LGBT agenda."

Throughout its existence, Dobson has attacked the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), a US government program to fight AIDS worldwide. In 2006 he claimed that "80 percent of this money is going toward terrible programs that are immoral as well as ineffective. For example, to promote condom distribution, people associated with these government programs have dressed up like condoms and created ceramic sculptures of male genitalia." He renewed his attack in 2023, falsely claiming that PEPFAR funds abortions. Focus on the Family received a grant of $49,505 through PEPFAR in 2017 to operate an abstinence-only purity pledge program.

Dr. James Dobson Family Institute
In 2010, Dobson founded the Dr. James Dobson Family Institute, a non-profit organization that produces his radio program, Dr. James Dobson's Family Talk. On this program, he speaks about his views, such as attributing mass shootings to "the LGBTQ movement" destroying the family. He stepped away from leadership of the Dr. James Dobson Family Institute in 2022, naming Joe Waresak the new president. He continues to broadcast his radio show.

Nashville Statement
In 2017 Dobson was among the first to sign the Nashville Statement, written by the Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood. The statement specifies conservative evangelical views on gender roles and sexuality, condemning LGBT-affirming Christians:  "We affirm that it is sinful to approve of homosexual immorality or transgenderism and that such approval constitutes an essential departure from Christian faithfulness and witness."

Dobson frequently appears as a guest on the Fox News Channel.

Personal life

Dobson married Shirley Deere on August 26, 1960. The couple have two children, Danae and Ryan.

Dobson turned control of some of Focus on the Family's youth-oriented magazine titles over to his son Ryan Dobson in 2009. Danae Dobson received a golden key necklace as a gift from her father when she voiced her commitment to sexual purity at age ten. James Dobson encouraged other parents to give similar gifts.

Awards
At the invitation of Presidents and Attorneys General, Dobson has also served on government advisory panels and testified at several government hearings. He was given the "Layman of the Year" award by the National Association of Evangelicals in 1982, "The Children's Friend" honor by Childhelp USA (an advocate agency against child abuse) in 1987, and the Humanitarian Award by the California Psychological Association in 1988. In 2005, Dobson received an honorary doctorate (his 16th) from Indiana Wesleyan University and was inducted into IWU's Society of World Changers, while speaking at the university's Academic Convocation.

In 2008, Dobson's Focus on the Family program was nominated for induction into the National Radio Hall of Fame. Nominations were made by the 157 members of the Hall of Fame and voting on inductees was handed over to the public using online voting. The nomination drew the ire of gay rights activists, who attempted to have the program removed from the nominee list and to vote for other nominees to prevent it from being approved. However, the program garnered enough votes and was subsequently inducted into the Radio Hall of Fame.

Social views

Views on marriage
James Dobson is a strong proponent of marriage defined as "one where husband and wife are lawfully married, are committed to each other for life," and have a homemaker mother and breadwinner father. According to his view, women are not deemed inferior to men because both are created in God's image, but each gender has biblically mandated roles. He recommends that married women with children under the age of 18 focus on mothering, rather than work outside the home.

Dobson views marriage as a transaction in which women exchange sex for protection:

He advises wives to use their social and sexual skills to coerce their husbands into becoming good partners. By doing this, according to Dobson, women will transform male lust into love, and male destructive impulses into useful accomplishments. Hence heterosexual marriage is the cornerstone of civilization, in Dobson's view, when women fulfill their role of civilizing their husbands.

In his 2004 book Marriage Under Fire, Dobson suggests that heterosexual marriage rates in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden have been falling, and that this is due to the recognition of same-sex relationships by those countries during the 1990s. He remarks that the "institution of marriage in those countries is rapidly dying" as a result, with most young people cohabiting or choosing to remain single (living alone) and illegitimacy rates rising in some Norwegian counties up to 80%.

Dobson writes that "every civilization in the world" has been built upon marriage. He also believes that homosexuality is neither a choice nor genetic, but is caused by external factors during early childhood. He anecdotally cites as evidence the life of actress Anne Heche, who was previously in a relationship with Ellen DeGeneres. Criticizing "the realities of judicial tyranny," Dobson has written that "[t]here is no issue today that is more significant to our culture than the defense of the family. Not even the war on terror eclipses it."

Critics have stated that Dobson's views on homosexuality do not represent the mainstream views of the mental health community, with Dan Gilgoff referring to the positions of the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association on homosexuality.

Views on schooling
Focus on the Family supports private school vouchers and tax credits for religious schools. According to Focus on the Family website, Dobson believes that parents are ultimately responsible for their children's education, and encourages parents to visit their children's schools to ask questions and to join the PTA so that they may voice their opinions. Dobson opposes sex education curricula that are not abstinence-only.

According to People for the American Way, Focus on the Family material has been used to challenge a book or curriculum taught in public schools. Critics, such as People for the American Way, allege that Focus on the Family encourages Christian teachers to establish prayer groups in public schools. Dobson supports student-led prayer in public schools, and believes that allowing student-led Christian prayer in schools does not violate the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Views on discipline of children

In his book Dare to Discipline, Dobson advocates the spanking of children as young as fifteen months and up to eight years old when they misbehave. In Dobson's opinion, parents must uphold their authority and do so consistently: "When you are defiantly challenged, win decisively." In The Strong-Willed Child, Dobson draws an analogy between the defiance of a family pet and that of a small child, and concludes that "just as surely as a dog will occasionally challenge the authority of his leaders, so will a little child—only more so."

Dobson says corporal punishment should end with the child asking for forgiveness and receiving a hug. After a spanking is a good time to have a "heart to heart" talk with a child, according to Dobson: "After the emotional ventilation, the child will often want to crumple at the breast of his parent" which provides an opportunity to re-bond and express love to the child.

The Strong-Willed Child says that if authority is portrayed correctly to a child, the child will understand how to interact with other authority figures:

If allowed to challenge parental authority, Dobson says, children would challenge God's authority when they grew older. Hence, rebellion must be punished to protect the child's salvation. Believing that "pain is a marvelous purifier" Dobson recommended corporal punishment as the most effective way to keep the child subordinate to adults. The parent should model both divine mercy and wrath to prepare the inherently sinful child for a relationship with God. Dobson warned of the dire consequences of failing to discipline one's children: "Eli, the priest, permitted his sons to desecrate the temple. All three were put to death."

He warns against "harsh spanking" because "It is not necessary to beat the child into submission; a little bit of pain goes a long way for a young child. However, the spanking should be of sufficient magnitude to cause the child to cry genuinely." In a 1997 book, he warns that "discipline must not be harsh and destructive to the child's spirit." Dobson considers disciplining children to be a necessary but unpleasant part of raising children that should only be carried out by qualified parents:

When asked "How long do you think a child should be allowed to cry after being punished? Is there a limit?" Dobson responded:

Sociologists John Bartkowski and Christopher Ellison have stated that Dobson's views "diverge sharply from those recommended by contemporary mainstream experts" and are not based on any sort of empirical testing, but rather are nothing more than expressions of his religious doctrines of "biblical literalism and 'authority-mindedness. In the 1980s Penelope Leach wrote that Dobson's approach is ineffective because, rather than establishing parental authority, spanking only communicates parental frustration and weakness.

Although childrearing experts have discredited corporal punishment, Dobson has not moderated his view. In 2015 he wrote that, when spanking fails to make a child obey, the problem may be that the parent is not hitting hard enough or frequently enough.

Views on tolerance and diversity
In the winter of 2004-2005, the We Are Family Foundation sent American elementary schools approximately 60,000 copies of a free DVD using popular cartoon characters (especially SpongeBob SquarePants) to "promote tolerance and diversity." Dobson contended that "tolerance" and "diversity" are "buzzwords" that the We Are Family Foundation misused as part of a "hidden agenda" to promote homosexuality. Kate Zernik noted Dobson asserting: "tolerance and its first cousin, diversity, 'are almost always buzzwords for homosexual advocacy.'" He stated on the Focus on the Family website that "childhood symbols are apparently being hijacked to promote an agenda that involves teaching homosexual propaganda to children." He offered as evidence the association of many leading LGBT rights organizations, including GLAAD, GLSEN, HRC, and PFLAG, with the We Are Family Foundation as shown by links which he claims once existed on their website.

The We Are Family Foundation countered that Dobson had mistaken their organization with "an unrelated Web site belonging to another group called 'We Are Family,' which supports gay youth." Dobson countered:

In September 2005, Tolerance.org published a follow-up message advertising the DVD's continued availability, including We Are Family Foundation president Nancy Hunt's speculation that many of the DVDs may be "still sitting in boxes, unused, because of Dobson's vitriolic attack."

Views on homosexuality
Dobson believes that God defines marriage as between one man and one woman only and describes this as the central stabilizing institution of society. Dobson believes that any sexual activity outside of such a union—including homosexuality—cannot be approved by God. In Dobson's view, homosexuality results from influences in a child's environment rather than an inborn trait. He states that homosexual behavior, specifically "unwanted same-sex attraction", has been and can be "overcome" through understanding developmental models for homosexuality and choosing to heal the complex developmental issues which led to same-sex attraction.

Focus on the Family ministry sponsors the monthly conference Love Won Out, where participants hear "powerful stories of ex-gay men and women." Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (P-FLAG) has protested against the conference in Orlando, questioning both its methodology and supposed success. In regards to the conference, Dobson has stated that "Gay activists come with preconceived notions about who we are and what we believe and about the hate that boils from within, which is simply not true. Regardless of what the media might say, Focus on the Family has no interest in promoting hatred toward homosexuals or anyone else. We also don't wish to deprive them of their basic constitutional rights ... The Constitution applies to all of us." Dobson strongly opposes the movement to legitimize same-sex relationships. In his book Bringing Up Boys, Dobson states, "[T]he disorder is not typically 'chosen.' Homosexuals deeply resent being told that they selected this same-sex inclination in pursuit of sexual excitement or some other motive. It is unfair, and I don't blame them for being irritated by that assumption. Who among us would knowingly choose a path that would result in alienation from family, rejection by friends, disdain from the heterosexual world, exposure to sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS and tuberculosis, and even a shorter lifespan?"

Sociologist Judith Stacey criticized Dobson for claiming that sociological studies show that gay couples do not make good parents. She stated that Dobson's claim "is a direct misrepresentation of my research." In response to Dobson's claim that "there have been more than ten thousand studies that have showed that children do best when they are raised with a mother and a father who are committed to each other," Stacey replied that "[a]ll of those studies that Dobson is referring to are studies that did not include gay or lesbian parents as part of the research base."

Dobson objected to a bill expanding the prohibition of sexual orientation-based discrimination in the areas of "public accommodation, housing practices, family planning services and twenty other areas." He said that, were such a bill passed, public businesses could no longer separate locker rooms and bathrooms by gender, which he claimed would lead to a situation where, "every woman and little girl will have to fear that a predator, bisexual, cross-dresser or even a homosexual or heterosexual male might walk in and relieve himself in their presence."

Views on mass shootings

In 2012, in a broadcast titled "A Nation Shaken by the Sandy Hook Tragedy," Dobson said that the mass shooting was a judgement by God because of American acceptance of gay marriage and legal abortion. Similarly, Dobson said the 2019 El Paso shooting and mass shootings in general happen because "the LGBTQ movement is closing in on the God-inspired and established institution of the family."

Views on abortion

Early in his career, Dobson appeared to accept abortion. He wrote a forward for a 1973 book, Sex is a Parent Affair, that takes a nonjudgemental stance toward abortion because "the Bible is silent on the subject" except for some interpretations of  which "may indicate a developing embryo or fetus was not regarded as a full human being." In general, the evangelical movement did not speak much about abortion until the 1980s.

Starting in the 1980s Dobson became an implacable enemy of legal abortion, and a major force in the anti-abortion movement. His message centered upon biblically moral mothers who sacrificed for their children; he chastised unmarried mothers or rebellious teenagers who selfishly treated unwanted pregnancy as an inconvenience rather than a sacred duty. He broadcast interviews with women who kept pregnancies because their trust in God overcame their own emotions and desires. For example, he published a story celebrating Jane Stillson, who chose to finish a pregnancy even though it prevented her from completing her treatment for cancer, thus risking her life.

Dobson contends that abortion invites women to reject God, diverts women from their natural role as mothers, and prevents more Christians from coming into the world. Ending abortion, in his view, would redeem society by binding women to their divine role. Focus on the Family and its allied lobbying organizations are among the US's most powerful advocates for restrictions on abortion access.

Views on gender

Dobson views the gender binary as fundamental to humanity; he believes God created men and women to differ "in every cell of their bodies."  These complementary differences make them well-suited to traditional gender roles. "Males and females differ biochemically, anatomically, and emotionally" according to Dobson. Men like to "hunt and fish and hike in the wilderness" while women prefer to "stay at home and wait for them." Because men have a fragile ego and women are emotionally vulnerable, "men derive self-esteem by being respected; women feel worthy when they are loved." Men and women are obligated to adhere to the "time-honored roles of protector and protected."

Though created for traditional gender roles, people are not born following these roles. The roles must be taught, Dobson says, and must be defended from anyone who questions them.  Dobson argues that confused gender relationships in a household result in homosexuality if a child displaces their sexual feelings onto the same-sex parent. Hence, parents should model a romance-like relationship with their opposite-sex child, according to Dobson, with the ultimate goal of steering the child toward heterosexual marriage as an adult.

Dobson considers transgender people a threat, writing in 2016 that "a married man with any gumption" would defend his wife's privacy in the bathroom from "a strange-looking man, dressed like a woman." He seemed to romanticize a time in the past in when men were masculine enough to shoot trans women. He also considers feminists a threat because they question the natural leadership of men. In his 1975 book What Wives Wish Their Husbands Knew About Women he denounces the "feminist propaganda" of strong female characters in movies, complaining when men are shown as inferior to a "confident superchick." This is dangerous, he says, because the true role of women is to harness the superior energy of men.

Political and social influence

Dobson's social and political opinions are widely read among many evangelical church congregations in the United States; he is also highly influential within the United States Republican Party. Among other conservative causes, his lobbying contributed significantly to banning same-sex marriage across many US states.

Social influence

Dobson's books on corporal punishment helped to legitimize the practice, providing it with theological grounding for Christian readers. When opposition to physical discipline became widespread in the 1980s and 1990s in American society, conservative Protestants emerged as perhaps the most ardent remaining supporters of corporal punishment. This support was bolstered by "authority-centered" parenting techniques advised in Dobson's books.

Dobson frequently cautions parents to use corporal punishment only in a limited and empathetic way. Theologian Donald Eric Capps and psychologist Adah Maurer argued in the 1990s that, in practice, parents frequently use indiscriminate violence against children. They argue Dobson's work provides parents with self-serving theological rationalizations for their violent outbursts. Capps and Maurer conclude that the popularity of corporal punishment in this era damaged children in ways that may last into adulthood.

Throughout his career at Focus on the Family, Dobson argued for gender role instruction. He believed that gender and sexuality were not fixed from birth, but required careful cultivation. He sought to provide boys with outlets for their natural aggression, and to teach girls how to develop romantic partnerships, which they use to channel and refine male destructive impulses into civilized behavior. Thus the feminist and LGBT rights movements, because they seek to disturb gender roles, are a threat not only to family harmony but to national strength. To preserve pious gender roles, Dobson distributed Christian-targeted psychological advice. His daily radio program Focus on the Family was (according to his organization) broadcast in more than a dozen languages and on over 7,000 stations worldwide, and reportedly heard daily by more than 220 million people in 164 countries.

During the 1960s and 70s effort to legalize abortion, journalism often reported the plight of women in need of abortion, such as Sherri Finkbine. Dobson, together with Francis Schaeffer and others, shifted the public conversation away from the suffering of women, toward the suffering of the fetus and the selfishness of women who seek abortion.

Through his books and broadcasts, Dobson sought to prepare parents to fight in the American culture wars, which he called the "Civil War of Values". He is a founder of purity culture, a nationwide chastity movement through which he significantly shaped American attitudes about sex and gender.

Political influence

Dobson has chosen to exercise political influence behind the scenes, as "political fixer." This helps him to maintain his credibility with his audience. He has never run for office or acted as the public head of a primarily political organization.

Starting in 1980, Dobson began to build a network of conservative activists. In 1981 he founded the Family Research Council as a political arm through which "social conservative causes" could achieve greater political influence. Through the 1980s he coordinated the creation of Family Policy Councils in most US states, lobbying organizations that act on the level of state politics. Beginning in the 1990s, Dobson and his vast activist organization helped pass state-level bans on gay marriage across the US. His top legislative goal was prohibiting gay marriage at the federal level, with a constitutional amendment. In 2005 he told his biographer "my greatest concern is for the relentless attack by homosexual activists who are determined to destroy the institution of marriage."

In late 2004, Dobson led a campaign to block the appointment of Arlen Specter to head of the Senate Judiciary Committee because of Specter's pro-abortion rights stance. Responding to a question by Fox News personality Alan Colmes on whether he wanted the Republican Party to be known as a "big-tent party," he replied, "I don't want to be in the big tent ... I think the party ought to stand for something." In 2006, Focus on the Family spent more than a half million dollars to promote a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage in its home state of Colorado.

Dobson founded a fund-raising and lobbying arm of FotF called Focus on the Family Action, now called Family Policy Alliance. As a 501(c)(4) organization, it faces fewer IRS restrictions on political activity than FotF. In the organization's first six months of existence, it raised nearly nine million dollars in support of six Republican candidates for competitive US Senate seats. All six won their races.

A May 2005 article by Chris Hedges in Harper's Magazine described Dobson as "perhaps the most powerful figure in the Dominionist movement" and "a crucial player in getting out the Christian vote for George W. Bush." Discernment Ministries, a site that describes dominionism as a heresy, characterized Dobson as belonging to the "Patriotic American" brand of dominionism, calling him "One of its most powerful leaders."

In November 2004, Dobson was described by the online magazine Slate as "America's most influential evangelical leader." The article stated "Forget Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson, who in their dotage have marginalized themselves with gaffes ... Dobson is now America's most influential evangelical leader, with a following reportedly greater than that of either Falwell or Robertson at his peak ... Dobson may have delivered Bush his victories in Ohio and Florida." Further, "He's already leveraging his new power. When a thank-you call came from the White House, Dobson issued the staffer a blunt warning that Bush "needs to be more aggressive" about pressing the religious right's anti-abortion, anti-gay rights agenda, or it would "pay a price in four years". Dobson has sometimes complained that the Republican Party may take the votes of social conservatives for granted, and has suggested that evangelicals may withhold support from the GOP if the party does not more strongly support conservative family issues.

However, in 2006, Dobson said that, while "there is disillusionment out there with Republicans" and "that worries me greatly," he nonetheless suggested voters turn out and vote Republican in 2006. "My first inclination was to sit this one out," but according to The New York Times, Dobson then added that "he had changed his mind when he looked at who would become the leaders of Congressional committees if the Democrats took over."

Dobson garnered national media attention once again in February 2008 after releasing a statement in the wake of Senator John McCain's expected success in the so-called "Super Tuesday" Republican primary elections. In his statement, Dobson said: "I cannot, and will not, vote for Senator John McCain, as a matter of conscience," and indicated that he would refrain from voting altogether if McCain were to become the Republican candidate, echoing other conservative commentators' concerns about the Senator's conservatism. He endorsed Mike Huckabee for president. After McCain selected an anti-abortion candidate, Sarah Palin, as his running mate, Dobson said that he was more enthusiastic in his support for the Republican ticket. When Palin's 17-year-old daughter's pregnancy was revealed, Dobson issued a press release commending Palin's stance, saying,

On June 24, 2008, Dobson criticized statements made by U.S. presidential candidate Barack Obama in Obama's 2006 "Call to Renewal" address. Dobson stated that Obama was "distorting the traditional understanding of the Bible to fit his own world view." On October 23, 2008, Dobson published a "Letter from 2012 in Obama's America" that proposed that an Obama presidency could lead to: mandated homosexual teachings across all schools; the banning of firearms in entire states; the end of the Boy Scouts, home schooling, Christian school groups, Christian adoption agencies, and talk radio; pornography on prime-time and daytime television; mandatory bonuses for gay soldiers; terrorist attacks across America; the nuclear bombing of Tel Aviv; the conquering of most of Eastern Europe by Russia; the end of health care for Americans over 80; out-of-control gasoline prices; and complete economic disaster in the United States, among other catastrophes. In the days after the 2008 presidential election, Dobson stated on his radio program that he was mourning the Obama election, claiming that Obama supported infanticide, would be responsible for the deaths of millions of unborn children, and was "going to appoint the most liberal justices to the Supreme Court, perhaps, that we've ever had."

Dobson supports intelligent design and has spoken at conferences on the subject, and frequently criticizes evolution. In 2007, Dobson was one of 25 evangelicals who called for the ouster of Rev. Richard Cizik from his position at the National Association of Evangelicals because Cizik had taken a stance urging evangelicals to take global warming seriously.

On June 13, 2007, the National Right to Life Committee ousted Colorado Right to Life after the latter ran a full-page ad criticizing Dobson.

On May 30, 2010, Dobson delivered the pre-race invocation at the NASCAR Coca-Cola 600 automobile race, raising criticism about his association with a sport associated with sponsors and activities which would not meet his definition of family-friendly.

At a National Day of Prayer event in the U.S. Capitol, Dobson called Barack Obama "the abortion president." He said, "President Obama, before he was elected, made it very clear that he wanted to be the abortion president. He didn't make any bones about it. This is something that he really was going to promote and support, and he has done that, and in a sense he is the abortion president." Among others, Rep. Janice Hahn complained because Dobson used the National Day of Prayer for partisan purposes. She said, "Dobson just blew a hole into this idea of being a nonpartisan National Day of Prayer. It was very disturbing to me ... and really a shame. James Dobson hijacked the National Day of Prayer—this nonpartisan, nonpolitical National Day of Prayer—to promote his own distorted political agenda."

Dobson endorsed Ted Cruz in the 2016 Republican primaries. Dobson would later go on to endorse Trump in the general election against Hillary Clinton. Dobson has been named by Christianity Today as one of the Trump Administration's top "Evangelical Faith Advisers".

In 2020, Dobson worked alongside other conservative Evangelicals and Evangelical organizations, including Jim Daly and Focus on the Family, to support the reelection of President Donald Trump. He echoed his support of the President throughout the impeachment proceedings earlier that year.

Dobson praised the 2022 U.S. Supreme Court case Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, which overruled Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey, saying, "Praise God! We have just received the news for which we have been praying and working!"

Ecumenical relations
Dobson and Charles Colson were two participants in a 2000 conference at the Vatican on the global economy's impact on families. During the conference, the two Protestants met with Pope John Paul II. Dobson later told Catholic News Service that though he has theological differences with Roman Catholicism, "when it comes to the family, there is far more agreement than disagreement, and with regard to moral issues from abortion to premarital sex, safe-sex ideology and homosexuality, I find more in common with Catholics than with some of my evangelical brothers and sisters."

In November 2009, Dobson signed an ecumenical statement known as the Manhattan Declaration calling on evangelicals, Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians not to comply with rules and laws permitting abortion, same-sex marriage and other matters that go against their religious consciences.

Criticism

U.S. Surgeon General C. Everett Koop, a fellow evangelical Christian who wanted Dobson as an ally in his battle against the AIDS crisis, was deeply disappointed when Dobson embraced pseudoscientific and homophobic claims about AIDS. "The Christian activity in reference to AIDS of both D. James Kennedy and Jim Dobson is reprehensible," Koop said in 1989. He viewed the AIDS crisis as "an opportunity for Christian service" that Dobson was squandering.

In her 2020 book Jesus and John Wayne, Calvin University professor Kristin Kobes Du Mez criticizes the ideal of Christian masculinity created by Dobson, Mark Driscoll and others: "It was a vision that promised protection for women but left women without defense, one that worshiped power and turned a blind eye to justice, and one that transformed the Jesus of the Gospels into an image of their own making."

Don Jacobson, who published books by Dobson and other conservative Christian authors at his Multnomah Press, later rejected the Christian nationalism his press had helped cultivate. After reading historical Christian justifications for murder and conquest of American Indians, he came to view American exceptionalism as incompatible with Christian love.

Gil Alexander-Moegerle, a former Focus on the Family executive and radio show co-host, wrote the highly critical book James Dobson's War on America in 1997. In it, he says that Dobson's loving, caring public persona is a sham; the real Dobson is racist, sexist, homophobic, materialistic, power-hungry, and shameless. He says that the Nazarene religious concept of entire sanctification is key to understanding Dobson's views: "James Dobson believes that he has been entirely sanctified, morally perfected, that he does not and cannot sin. Now you know why he and moralists like him make a life of condemning what he believes to be the sins of others. He is perfect."

Some fundamentalist Christians consider Dobson a heretic for presenting secular concepts from psychology and self-help literature as though they are justified by the Bible.

Theologian Donald Eric Capps contends that Dobson's corporal punishment techniques exploit children by turning their natural need to be loved against them. Dobson's advice to "break the will" of the child is a recipe for child abuse, according to Capps, and is antithetical to loving one's child. He also argues that corporal punishment may sexualize children. For evidence of this, he points to Dobson's vivid childhood recollection of being beaten with his mother's girdle. Capps believed that using physical pain to heighten a child's relationship to God is "perverted."

Publications
Dobson has authored or co-authored 36 books, including:

Books as sole author

Books with others
  (Foreword)

Notable articles and reports
 Dobson served on the committee that wrote the Meese Report on pornography.

See also

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading
 Apostolidis, Paul. Stations of the Cross: Adorno and Christian Right Radio (2000). excerpt and text search, analysis of Dobson's radio programs

 Løvdal, Hilde, Family Matters: James Dobson and the Focus on the Family's Message to American Evangelicals, 1970–2010 (PhD dissertation, University of Oslo, Norway, 2012).

External links

 Dr. James Dobson's Family Talk

 "And on the Eighth Day, Dr. Dobson Created Himself" – article by Eileen Welsome in 5280 Magazine

1936 births
Living people
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American psychologists
20th-century evangelicals
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American psychologists
21st-century evangelicals
Activists from California
Alliance Defending Freedom people
American anti-abortion activists
American evangelicals
American evangelists
American radio personalities
American radio producers
California Republicans
Christians from California
Christians from Colorado
Christians from Louisiana
Evangelical writers
Focus on the Family people
Intelligent design advocates
Leaders of Christian parachurch organizations
Louisiana Republicans
Point Loma Nazarene Sea Lions men's tennis players
Promise Keepers
University of Southern California alumni
University of Southern California faculty
Writers from Shreveport, Louisiana

James Dobson


The following is a list by date of acts and failed attempts that can be considered terrorism.

Note: there is no single official definition of terrorism in common use. Events listed here are commonly called terrorism, or meet some of the commonly used parts of the definition.

17th century
 1605: Failed Gunpowder Plot to blow up English Parliament while King James I of England was there.

19th century
 1856, 1858, 1859: Attacks by John Brown in his fight against slavery, which now would mainly not be considered terrorism.
 1865 – 1882: Jesse James and his gang attack "Northern" railroads and banks in a personal continuation of the American Civil War
 1881: Tzar Alexander II of Russia is assassinated (killed) by a "People's Will" (Narodnaya volya) terrorist.
 1881 – 1884: Waves of pogroms against the Jews sweep southern Russia. The word pogrom—meaning "destructive, often murderous riot"—becomes known internationally.
 1886: Bomb at Haymarket Square, Chicago during a labor rally kills 12.

1910s–1960s
 1910: A bomb at the Los Angeles Times newspaper building in Los Angeles, California killed 21 workers.
 1911: Siege of Sidney Street, East London.
 1914: Assassination of Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, technically starts World War I.
 1920: Jerusalem pogrom of April 1920 incited by Haj Amin Al-Husseini (later the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem).
 1920: Wall Street Bombing - A bomb exploded on Wall Street in New York City, killing 40 people and wounding 300 others.
 1929: The ancient Jewish community of Hebron is destroyed in the Hebron massacre. [1]
 1946: Bombing of King David Hotel, the British Army HQ, by the right-wing Zionist terrorist group Irgun.
 1963: 16th Street Baptist Church bombing. A member of the Ku Klux Klan bombed a Church in Birmingham, Alabama, killing four girls.
 1966: Ulster Volunteer Force declares war on the then-quiet IRA; June 26 engage in 3 sectarian murders
 1967: Sirhan Sirhan, a Palestinian, assassinates Robert F. Kennendy in Los Angeles, California
 1969, 12 December: Piazza Fontana bombing - A bomb in a bank killed 17 people in Milan, Italy.

1970s
 1970: October Crisis (Quebec): FLQ murder of Pierre Laporte, kidnapping of James Cross
 1970: Nahariya/Avivim school bus attack by Palestinian PLO terrorists.
 1971, 4 December: McGurk's Bar bombing: UVF bomb in Belfast's North Queen Street kills 15 people.
 1972: Lod Airport massacre by the Japanese Red Army terrorists.
 1972: Munich massacre by Black September.
 1972: Bloody Friday nine are killed and many injured as Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) set off 22 bombs.
 1973, 20 December: ETA Basque terrorist group kills Spanish Prime Minister Admiral Carrero Blanco by bombing his car in Madrid, one more person dead.
 1974: Guildford pub bombings by the IRA leaves 5 dead and 44 injured.
 1974: Birmingham pub bombings by the IRA kill 21; 182 people are injured.
 1974: Kiryat Shmona massacre at an apartment building by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Palestinian terrorists
 1974: Maalot massacre at the Maalot High School in Northern Israel by Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Palestinian terrorists
 1974: Dublin and Monaghan bombings by the UVF, who detonate 3 car bombs in Dublin and one in Monaghan; 33 dead - the deadliest toll of any one day in the Troubles.
 1974: TWA Flight 841
 1974, 13 September: ETA Basque terrorist group bombs the "Rolando" cafeteria in Madrid, kills 12.
 1975: Tel Aviv Savoy Hotel guest attacked by Palestinian PLO terrorists
 1975, 31 July: Three members of Ireland's popular Miami Showband killed in UVF gun attack.
 1976: Hijacking of Air France Flight 139 (Tel-Aviv-Paris) and the following Operation Entebbe
 1976: Orlando Letelier assassinated in Washington by Chilean government
 1976: 73 died when a Cubana aircraft was bombed while flying from Barbados to Havana.
 1977, 7 April: Federal Prosecutor Siegfried Buback and his driver were shot by two Red Army Faction members.
 1977, 30 July: Jürgen Ponto, then head of the Dresdner Bank, was shot and killed by the Red Army Faction in a kidnapping failed.
 1977, 5 September: Hanns Martin Schleyer was kidnapped by the Red Army Faction. He was murdered by the Red Army Faction on October 19 1977.
 1977, 13 October: Lufthansa flight LH 181 was kidnapped by a group of four Arabs around the leader "Captain Martyr Mahmud".
 1978 – 1995: The Unabomber kills three and injures 29 in a string of anti-technology bombings
 1978: A bomb is detonated outside the CHOGM meeting in Sydney Australia, killing 2 people. 3 Ananda Marga members are later arrested and jailed for the attack. They were then proven innocent of any crime by the supreme court.
 1978: Palestinian Fatah terrorists on the Tel Aviv - Haifa highway kill 34 Israelis.
 1979, 27 August: Lord Mountbatten and three others are killed by IRA bomb on board his boat off Mullaghmore. The same day two IRA bombs kill 18 British Soldiers near Warrenpoint.
 1979, 29 July: ETA Basque terrorist group bombs two railway stations in Madrid, kills 7.

1980s
 1980: Oscar Romero assassinated by death squads in El Salvador
 1980: Four United States nuns killed by death squads in El Salvador
 1980: December U.S. trained Salvadoran Army unit executes 800 civilians at the village of El Mozote
 1980: Bologna massacre: neo-fascist bomb kills 85 people in Bologna railway station
 1980: Iranian Embassy siege: Iraqi agents took over the Iranian Embassy in London, gaining hostages. After a number of days, one hostage was killed by the Iraqis, and the Special Air Service assaulted the building to rescue the remaining hostages. One hostage died during the assault.
 1982: Two bombs in Hyde Park and Regent's Park, London by the IRA kill 11 people. Seven horses are also killed.
 1983: United States Embassy Bombing in Beirut, Lebanon kills 63.
 1983, 20 May: Church Street bombing in Pretoria, South Africa by Umkhonto we Sizwe, killing 19 people.
 1983: 1983 Beirut barracks bombing in Beirut kills 241 U.S. Marines.
 1983: Harrods bomb by the IRA. Six are killed (including three police officers) and 90 wounded during Christmas shopping at the West London department store.
 1983: Gulf Air Flight 771
 1984: IRA bomb in the Grand Hotel Brighton 5 are killed in an attempt to kill members of the British cabinet.
 1985: TWA Flight 847 hijacking
 1985: Achille Lauro cruise ship hijacking by Palestinian Liberation Front
 1985: IRA mortar attack kills nine soldiers in Newry
 1985: Air India flight 182 is blown up by a bomb put on board the flight from Canada by Sikh nationalists. All 329 passengers are killed. The single most deadly terrorist attack prior to September 11, 2001.
 1985: EgyptAir Flight 648 hijacked by Abu Nidal group, flown to Malta, where Egyptian commandos storm plane; 60 are killed by gunfire and explosions.
 1985: Rome and Vienna Airport attacks
 1985: Investigators associated with the WHO reported that U.S.-funded Contras repeatedly destroyed health-care facilities and murdered health-care workers in Nicaraqua.
 1986: New Year's Eve fire at the Dupont Plaza Hotel in San Juan, Puerto Rico, claimed 97 lives, mainly in the casino area. Fire set by 3 hotel workers, trying to make tourists stay away from Puerto Rico as a protest to their working wages.
 1986: TWA Flight 840 bombed on approach to Athens airport; 4 Americans, including an infant, are killed.
 1986, 15 July: ETA Basque terrorist group bombs a Guardia Civil police truck, kills 12.
 1986: Berlin discotheque bombing On April 6, the La Belle discotheque, a known hangout for U.S. soldiers, was bombed, killing 3 and injuring 230 people, for which Libya is held responsible.
 1986: Pan Am Flight 73 is hijacked; 22 people die when plane is stormed in Karachi, Pakistan.
 1987, 8 November: Enniskillen bombing. Remembrance Day parade in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh is bombed by the IRA and 11 are killed and 63 injured
 1987, 19 June: Hipercor bombing: ETA Basque terrorist group bomb in Hipercor mall's parking in Barcelona, kills 21; 45 injured.
 1987: KAL Flight 858 bombed by North Korea.
 1987, 11 December: ETA Basque separatist terrorist group bomb a Guardia Civil police bedrooms in Zaragoza, kills 11, 40 injured.
 1988, 21 December: Pan Am Flight 103. A bomb onboard exploded, causing the plane to crash, killing all 259 people on the plane and 11 on the ground in Lockerbie, Scotland.
 1989: Deal barracks bombing: eleven Royal Marines bandsmen are killed and 22 injured when their barracks in Deal, Kent are bombed by the IRA.
 1989: UTA Flight UT-772
 1989: Avianca Flight 203 bombed over Colombia

1990s
 1990: A series of car bombings directed by the IRA in Northern Ireland leave 7 people dead and 37 wounded.
 1991: Two IRA members are killed by their own bomb in St Albans.
 1991, 29 May: ETA Basque terrorist group bombs the Guardia Civil police barracks in Vic (Barcelona), kill 10.
 1992: Israeli Embassy bombing in Buenos Aires, Argentina; 29 die.
 1992: Eight Protestant builders killed by an IRA bomb on their way to work at an Army base near Omagh.
 1993: World Trade Center bombing
 1993: Failed New York City landmark bomb plot
 1993, 21 June: ETA Basque terrorist group bombs a militar truck in Madrid, kills 7, 36 injured.
 1993: Mumbai car bombings in India
 1993: IRA bomb in Warrington kills two children.
 1993: IRA detonate a huge truck bomb in the City of London at Bishopsgate, killing two and causing approximately £350m of damage.
 1993, 23 October: A bomb at a fish shop on the Protestant Shankill Road, Belfast kills 10 people, including two children.
 1993, 30 October: Seven people killed in a Loyalist UFF gun attack in a bar in Greysteel, Co Derry.
 1994: Bombing of Jewish Center in Buenos Aires, Argentina kills 86 and wounds 300.
 1994: Baruch Goldstein kills 29 Arabs in machine gun attack on mosque in Hebron.
 1994: Air France Flight 8969 is hijacked by GIA members who planned to crash the plane on Paris but did not succeed.
 1994: A small bomb explodes on board Philippine Airlines flight 434, killing a Japanese businessman. Authorities found out that Ramzi Yousef planted the bomb to test it for his planned terrorist attack.
 1994, 18 June: Six Catholic men shot dead by Loyalists in a pub in Loughinisland, Co Derry.
 1995: Operation Bojinka is discovered on a laptop computer in a Manila, Philippines apartment by authorities after an apartment fire occurred in the apartment.
 1995: Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway
 1995, 19 April: ETA Basque terrorist group tries to kill Jose Maria Aznar (then leader of the Popular Party, later Spanish Prime Minister) bombing his car, kills 1 woman.
 1995: Oklahoma City bombing
 1995 islamist terror bombings in France by a GIA unit (Khaled Kelkal being one of the operational leaders)
 1995: Bombing of military compound in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
 1995:, 11 December: ETA Basque terrorist group bombs a militar truck in Madrid, kills 6 civilian public servants.
 1996: Central Bank Bombing in Sri Lanka kills 90 and wounds 1,400.
 1996: A series of four suicide bombings in Israel leave 67 dead and 161 wounded within 10 days.
 1996: Centennial Olympic Park bombing, killing one and wounding 111.
 1996: 1996 Docklands bombing - IRA break their ceasefire and kill two in a bomb at the Canary Wharf towers in London.
 1996: 1996 Manchester bombing
 1996: Khobar Towers bombing
 1997: Islamic terrorists attack tourists in Luxor, Egypt, killing 71 people, most of them European and Japanese vacationers.
 1997: A terrorist opened fire on tourists at an observation deck atop the Empire State Building in New York City, killing a Danish national and wounding visitors from the United States, Argentina, Switzerland and France before turning the gun on himself. A handwritten note carried by the gunman claimed this was a punishment attack against the "enemies of Palestine".
 1997, 22 December: 46 killed while praying in Acteal, Chiapas, Mexico. A paramilitary group associated with ex-president Salinas is held responsible.
 1998: U.S. embassy bombings
 1998: Omagh bombing by the so-called "Real IRA" kills 29.
 1999: Gunmen opened fire on Shi'a Muslims worshipping in an Islamabad mosque killing 16 people injuring 25.
 1999: David Copeland's nail bomb attacks against ethnic minorities and gays in London.
 1999: Ahmed Ressam is arrested on the United States-Canada border in Port Angeles, Washington; he confessed to planning to bomb the Los Angeles International Airport as part of the 2000 celebration terrorist attacks plot
 1999: Jordanian authorities foil a plot to bomb United States and Israeli tourists in Jordan and pick up 28 suspects as part of the 2000 celebration terrorist attacks plot
 1999: Indian Airlines Flight 814, which just took off from Kathmandu, Nepal for Indira Gandhi International Airport in Delhi, India is hijacked, one passenger is killed and some hostages are released. After negotiations between the Taliban and the Indian government, the last of the remaining hostages on board Flight 814 are released
 1999: Russian Apartment bombings lead Russia into Second Chechen War.
 Fatal Terrorist Attacks in Israel Since the DOP (Sept 1993)

2000s

 2000: The last part of the 2000 celebration terrorist attacks plot fails, as the boat meant to bomb USS The Sullivans sinks
 2000: Beginning of a campaign of attacks on civilians in Israel - see Terrorism against Israel in 2000.
 2000: USS Cole bombing
 2000: German police foil Strasbourg cathedral bombing plot
 2001: September 11, 2001 attacks ("9/11") kill nearly 3,000 in New York City, New York, and hundreds in Arlington, Virginia and Pennsylvania.
 2001: 2001 bomb plot in Europe foiled
 2001: Anthrax attacks on the offices the United States Congress and New York State Government offices, and on employees of television networks and tabloid.
 2001, 13 December: 2001 Indian Parliament attack.
 2001: Palestinian attacks against Israeli civilians continue - see Terrorism against Israel in 2001.
 2001: Richard Reid, attempting to destroy American Airlines Flight 63, is subdued by passengers and flight attendants before he could detonate his shoe bomb
 2002: Singapore embassies terrorist attack plot foiled
 2002: Ghriba synagogue bombing in Tunisia
 2002: 2002 Karachi bus bombing
 2002: June 14 attack outside U.S. Consulate in Karachi
 2002: Limburg tanker bombing in Yemen
 2002: Kidnapping and murder of journalist Daniel Pearl
 2002: Bali car bombing of holidaymakers
 2002: Zamboanga bombings in the Philippines
 2002: Moscow theatre siege
 2002: Most deadly year of Palestinian terror campaign against Israel, including the Passover Massacre in which 30 people are killed - see Terrorism against Israel in 2002.
 2002: 2002 Mombasa attacks
 2002: Beltway sniper attacks
 2003: Palestinian terror attacks against Israel continue, including the Maxim restaurant massacre. See Terrorism against Israel in 2003.
 2003: Chechen militants carry out several deadly suicide bombings across Russia and nearby provinces, killing more than 250 people.
 2003: Riyadh Compound bombings—bombings of United States expat housing compounds in Saudi Arabia kill 26 and injure 160. Al-Qaeda blamed.
 2003: 2003 Casablanca bombings in Casablanca, Morocco leaves 45 dead. The attack involved 12 bombers and 5 targets. The targets were "Western and Jewish". Attack attributed to a Moroccan al-Qaeda-linked group.
 2003: Canal Hotel bombing in Baghdad, Iraq kills 22 people including the top UN representative, Sergio Vieira de Mello.
 2003: In response to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, terrorists in that country stage dozens of suicide bombings targeting Iraqi and Coalition targets.
 2003: 2003 Istanbul bombings: Within five days in November, al-Qaeda truck bombs go off at two synagogues, the British Consulate, and the HSBC Bank in Istanbul, Turkey, killing 57 people.
 2003, 15 October: A bomb is detonated by Palestinians against a United States diplomatic convoy in the Gaza Strip.
 2004: Violence in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict 2004
 2004: 109 Kurds are killed in 2 suicide bombings in Arbil, Iraq.
 2004: February 2004 Moscow Metro bombing: Bomb on Moscow Metro kills 41.
 2004: Suicide bombings at Shia holy sites in Iraq kill 181 and wound more than 500.
 2004: Attack on procession of Shia Muslims in Pakistan kills 43 and wounds 160.
 2004: March 9, 2004 attack of Istanbul restaurant
 2004: Bombing of Spanish commuter trains kills 191 people and injures more than 1,400.
 2004: 21 April 2004 Basra bombings
 2004, 21 April: bombing of a security building in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia kills 5.
 2004: Islamic militants seize hostages at a compound housing foreign oil workers; at least 25 are killed.
 2005: 7 July 2005 London bombings ("7/7") killed 52 victims and 4 suicide bombers in London.
 2006, 11 July: 2006 Mumbai train bombings
 2007, 18 October: 2007 Karsaz bombing
 2008, 26 July: Ahmedabad bombings
 2008, 20 September: Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing
 2008, 26 November – 29 November: Mumbai attacks on Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, the Oberoi Trident,the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower, Leopold Cafe, Cama Hospital
 2008, 24-27 December: 2008 Christmas massacres
 2009, 14-17 December: Makombo massacre

2010s

 2011, 22 July: 2011 Norway attacks
 2013, 10 January: January 2013 Pakistan bombings
 2013, 11 May: 2013 Reyhanli car bombings
 2015, 7 January: Charlie Hebdo shooting
 2015, 20 July: 2015 Suruc bombing
 2015, 17 August: 2015 Bangkok bombing
 2015, 10 October: 2015 Ankara bombings
 2015, 18 November: November 2015 Paris attacks
 2016, 17 February: February 206 Ankara bombing
 2016, 22 March: 2016 Brussels bombings
 2016, 28 June: Atatürk Airport attack
 2016, 14 July: 2016 Nice attack
 2016, 10 December: December 2016 Istanbul bombings
 2016, 19 December: 2016 Berlin attack
 2017, 1 January: Istanbul nightclub shooting
 2017, 17 August: 2017 Barcelona attack
 2017, 14 October: 14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings
 2018, 13 July: 2018 Mastung and Bannu bombings
 2019, 27 January: 2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings
 2019, 21 April: 2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings
 2019, 4 August: 2019 Cairo bombing

2020s
See also: aircraft hijacking, IRA, suicide bombing, assassinations, Dupont Plaza Hotel

History-related lists

List of terrorist incidents


Enrique Díez-Canedo Reixa (Badajoz, January 7, 1879 – Cuernavaca, June 6, 1944), was a Spanish postmodernist poet, translator and literary critic.

Early life
His maternal relatives came from an Extremaduran village called Alburquerque, but during his early years the family moved successively to Badajoz, Vigo, Port Bou, Valencia, and Barcelona; in this last city his parents died in a short period of time. Being an orphan, he moved to Madrid to study Law and, once he graduated and settle down, taught art history at the Escuela de Artes y Oficios, and French language and literature at the Escuela Central de Idiomas.

Career
He sympathised with Krauseanism and was a denizen of the Ateneo, where he organized a number of acts (homages to Rubén Darío, Benito Pérez Galdós and Mariano de Cavia; and presentations like the one with José María Gabriel y Galán). He frequented the gathering of the Café Regina, where he became friend of Manuel Azaña, and started his poetic path publishing his first poems in Versos de las horas, 1906.

At the same tame, he started to collaborate with the press through El Liberal, where he publishes in 1903 a poem with an award given by that newspaper. This collaboration was followed by others in the magazine Renacimiento, and shortly after that his activities in journalism extend to literary and art criticism. He collaborates as a poetry critic in the magazine La Lectura, as an art critic in Diario Universal and in Faro, a publication that popularized the ideas of young men such as José Ortega y Gasset, Adolfo Posada, Gabriel Maura and Pedro de Répide. He also worked for Revista Latina and the Revista Crítica, directed by Francisco Villaespesa and Carmen de Burgos respectively. As a theatre critic he started with a series of articles in El Globo, 1908. He was among the contributors of the Madrid-based avant-garde magazine Prometeo.

Diplomatic career
He was in Paris between years 1909 and 1911 as a secretary of the Ecuadorian ambassador. That didn't interrupt his journalist work, because he also wrote in España, El Sol, La Voz, La Pluma and Revista de Occidente. He also wrote for La Nación, from Buenos Aires. In 1921 he collaborated with Juan Ramón Jiménez in the making of the magazine Índice, because of his friendship with the Spanish poet.

Mentor
Díez-Canedo also was involved in some publications with the purpose of introducing new writers and, for example, he published the first verses of León Felipe in the magazine España and also helped Juan Ramón Jiménez to publish some of his collaborations in El Sol. Thanks to him, a poem by Gerardo Diego was published in España. He also helped with reviews and critic articles about the works they were publishing. Among other numerous examples, it can be mentioned the case of Versos Humanos, by Gerardo Diego, of which he made an acute critic in La Nación.

Translator
As a translator, he worked mainly with material from English and French, but also from Catalan and German. He translated authors like Paul Verlaine, Francis Jammes, Michel de Montaigne, John Webster, H. G. Wells, Heinrich Heine, Eugenio d'Ors and Walt Whitman.

Already in the middle of the Civil War, he collaborated with Hora de España''' and participated in the Second International Writers in Defense of the Culture Congress; he directed the Madrid magazine as well.

In 1935 he was elected as a member of the Real Academia Española.

WorksVersos de las horas, 1906, poetry.La visita del sol, 1907, poetry.La sombra del ensueño, 1910, poetry.Imágenes, 1910, poetry.Sala de retratos, 1920, prose.Conversaciones literarias, 1921, literary criticism.Algunos versos, 1924, poetry.Epigramas americanos, 1928, poetry.Los dioses en el Prado'', 1931.

References

1879 births
1944 deaths
People from Badajoz
Spanish literary critics
Spanish poets
Spanish translators
Writers from Extremadura
Members of the Royal Spanish Academy
Catalan–Spanish translators
English–Spanish translators
French–Spanish translators
German–Spanish translators
Portuguese–Spanish translators
20th-century Spanish writers
Spanish male poets
Ambassadors of Spain to Argentina
Exiles of the Spanish Civil War in Mexico

Enrique Díez Canedo


The Australia's Future Tax System Review, informally known as the Henry Tax Review was commissioned by the Rudd Government in 2008 and published in 2010.  The review was intended to guide tax system reforms over the next 10 to 20 years.

Remit
The review was commissioned as one of the specific outcomes from the Australia 2020 Summit held in April 2008.

The review was a "root and branch" review, restricted only in that it could not consider increasing the rate or broadening the base of the Goods and Services Tax, imposing tax on superannuation payments to retirees over 60 years of age, or already-announced personal income tax changes.

Panel
The review panel members were:

 Dr Ken Henry (Chair), Secretary to the Treasury
 Dr Jeff Harmer, Secretary, Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs
 Professor John Piggott, Professor of Economics and Associate Dean, Research, Australian School of Business, University of New South Wales
 Ms Heather Ridout, Chief Executive, Australian Industry Group
 Mr Greg Smith, Adjunct Professor, Economic and Social Policy, Australian Catholic University

Recommendations
The report made 138 recommendations, under nine themes.

 Concentrating revenue raising on four efficient tax bases: personal income, business income, private consumption, and economic rents from natural resources and land.  Other taxes may be retained if they serve a specific policy purpose such as discouraging smoking or traffic congestion.  Taxes fitting into none of these categories should eventually be abolished.
 Configuring taxes and transfers to support productivity, participation and growth.
 An equitable, transparent and simplified personal income tax: a much higher tax-free threshold (around AUD 25,000), only two tax brackets, and a simplification of superannuation, deductions and offsets.
 A fair, adequate, and work supportive transfer system.
 Integrating consumption tax compliance with business systems.
 Efficient land and resource taxation.
 Completing retirement income reform and securing aged care.
 Toward more affordable housing: substantially increase rent assistance, gradually move to a uniform land tax and remove transfer taxes (stamp duty), and gradually move to a neutral treatment of rental and owner-occupied housing.
 A more open, understandable and responsive tax system.

Reception

Rudd government
Rudd endorsed and implemented only 3 of the 138 recommendations.

The major item from the Henry Review implemented by the Rudd Government was the move to create a resources Super Profit Tax. The proposal was highly controversial, and has been suggested as the main reason why Rudd lost power. Following his replacement by Julia Gillard as Prime Minister, the proposed tax was replaced by a Mineral Resource Rent Tax. Most of the remaining recommendations were not implemented.

Liberal/National Coalition

Greens

Commentators
Former Liberal Leader John Hewson has been supportive.

References

External links
 Australia's Future Tax System Review official homepage.

Taxation in Australia
2008 establishments in Australia
Tax reform

Henry Tax Review


The Slovene language has a range of pronouns that in some ways work quite differently from English ones. This page details their usage. For declensions, see Slovene declension#Pronouns.

Pronoun
Pronouns can replace a noun in a sentence; this is, as opposed to, say, an adjective or an adverb.

Personal pronouns
A personal pronoun denotes the speaker (I), the addressee (you) or a third person (it). Personal pronouns in Slovene are inflected in a somewhat unusual way, for there are many different forms for each of the pronouns.

Several of the pronouns have unstressed and clitic forms that are unstressed, and may attach to another word. For example:
 Zanj mi je dal denar. "He gave me the money for him." (Note: if the 'he' was referring to the same person, the reflexive personal pronoun would be used.)
 Za njega mi je dal denar. "He gave me the money for him (in particular)."
 Sledili smo jim. "We followed them."
 Spodbudili smo jih, da naj se pokažejo vredne našega zaupanja, a so nas nesramno zavrnili. "We encouraged them to prove themselves worthy of our trust, but they rejected us rudely."
 Nanjo se je zgrnila ena nesreča za drugo. "She was struck by one misfortune after another."
 Da bi le njim to lahko dopovedali! "If only we could make them understand this!"
 Zame ni več rešitve: pugubljena sem. "For me there is no solution any more: I am doomed."
 Pogledal ga je s kancem ironije v očeh. "He looked at him with a drop of irony in the eyes."
 Pogledal je njega. "He looked at him (in particular)."

The nominative forms of personal pronouns are not used in neutral sentences, only when emphasizing the subject, especially so for the first person singular jaz "I". This is because unlike in English, the form of the verb gives all applicable information such as the gender, grammatical number and person by itself.

 Jaz mislim drugače. "I (in particular, or contrasting) think otherwise."

The reflexive pronoun begins with s- and is used to refer back to the subject, or to some other word.

For example:
 Umivam si roke. "I am washing my hands."
 Umivate si roke. "You are washing your hands."
 Umivam se. "I am washing myself."
 Umivate se. "You are washing yourselves."

Similarly as in German and English, the reflexive pronoun can sometimes be replaced by the reciprocal phrase drug drugega "each other, one another". Thus:
 Drug drugemu umivata roke. "The two of them are washing each other's hands."
 Umivata drug drugega. "The two of them are washing each other."

The accusative se can bind with prepositional words just like other personal pronouns:
 Nase je nanesla lepotilno kremo. "She put beautifying cream on herself."
 Ampak ko dela zase, dela učinkovito. "But when he/she works for him-/herself, he/she works efficiently."

Other cases and examples:
 Sebi gradi grobnico. "He/She is building a tomb for him-/herself."
 Gradi si grobnico. "He/She is building a tomb for him-/herself." (The emphasis here is not so much on for whom the tomb is, but rather the tomb or the building itself.)
 S sabo/seboj ni zadovoljna. "She is not happy with herself."
 Najprej počisti pri sebi, potlej šele kritiziraj druge! "First clean up at yourself, only then criticise others!"
 Ko je videl odsev sebe v ogledalu, mu je ta pogled povsem pokvaril dan. "When he saw the reflexion of himself in the mirror, this sight completely ruined the day for him." (Not a widely used construction, this would be more usually expressed with the possessive adjective: Ko je videl svoj odsev v ogledalu ...)

Interrogative pronouns

The interrogative pronouns introduce direct and indirect questions. There are two nominative forms: kdo "who" and kaj "what".

 Kaj je ta stvar, ki se premika? "What is this thing that is moving?"
 Vprašal sem ga, o kom je bil govoril. "I asked him about whom he had been talking."
 Komu naj dam to? "To whom ought I to give this?"
 Česa ne smem storiti? "What may I not do?"

Relative pronouns

The substantival relative pronoun is derived from the interrogative by adding -r: kdor "who, that", kar "which, that".

 Kdor krade, ni pošten. "Someone who steals is not honest."
 Kar poveš, tega ne moreš več obvladovati. "Something that you say, that you cannot control any more."
 Odrekli so ji možnost do izbire odvetnika, s čimer je bila kršena njena ustavna pravica. "They refused her the option of choosing a solicitor, with which her constitutional right was violated."

Negative pronouns

The negative pronoun is derived from the interrogative as well, and starts with ni-: nihče "nobody, anybody", nič "nothing, anything".

A negative pronoun demands a negative predicate, resulting in the so-called double negation:

 Nihče me nikoli ni maral. "Nobody ever liked me."
 Nikjer ni nikogar. "There is no one anywhere."
 Nič ni resnično. "Nothing is real."
 Od nikogar ne želim ničesar. "I want nothing from no one." or more freely "I don't want anything from anyone."
 Nikogaršnja neolikanost ni nikdar in nikjer in na nikakršen način nikomur pridobila nič drugega kot neodobravanje. "No one's impropriety gained ever anyone anywhere and in whatever way anything else than disapproval."

Universal pronouns

The universal pronouns are vsakdo "everyone" and vse "everything, all".

 Vsemu so namenjali pozornost. "They dedicated attention to everything."
 Vsakogar bodo vrgli iz službe, če ne bo izpolnjeval zahtev. "They will sack everyone who will not fulfil requirements."

Vsak "each, every" is an adjective that can function as a pronoun. Also in this category are vsakateri and vsakteri, both meaning "everyone", which are old-fashioned and not used in modern language.

Indefinite pronouns

The indefinite pronoun is derived from the interrogative, and starts with ne-: nekdo "someone, anyone", nekaj "something, anything". It refers to an unknown or deliberately untold person or object. The inflection follows the pattern of kdo and kaj.

 Nekoga so videli stati ob oknu, a niso mogli ugotoviti, kdo bi to lahko bil. "They saw someone standing near the window, but they could not figure out who could have been that."
 Zgodilo se je nekaj strašnega! "Something horrible has happened!"
 Zataknilo se jima je pri nečem, a nikakor se ne morem spomniti, pri čem. "They faltered at something, but I cannot in any way remember at what."
 Nekdo prihaja. Skrijmo se. "Someone is coming. Let us hide."

The interrogatives kdo and kaj, can also refer to any unspecified person or object, or one that can be chosen at will.

 Sporoči mi, prosim, če se bo kaj spremenilo. "Please let me know if anything changes."
 Seveda dvomim o čem: kaj to ni normalno? "Naturally I doubt about something: is this not normal?"
 Česa podobnega še nisem videl! "I have never seen anything like that!"
 Uporabi klorovodikovo kislino ali kaj drugega, da nevtraliziraš to bazo. "Use hydrochloric acid or something else to neutralise this base."
 Denar, ki si ga kdo sposodi, seveda ni njegov, pač pa z njim le upravlja. "Money that someone borrows is obviously not his; he merely manages it."
 Naj stopi kdo vendar do tega DJ-ja in ga nekajkrat lopne po glavi. "May someone go to this DJ and smack him on the head a few times."
 Ojej, kakšne lepe govorice! O tem se res moram s kom pogovoriti. "Oh dear, what beautiful gossip! I really must talk to someone about this."

Relative indefinite pronouns

The relative indefinite pronouns are kdorkoli or kdor koli (whoever) and karkoli or kar koli (whatever). The meaning conveyed is very similar to the unspecified pronoun. The inflexion follows the pattern of the relative pronoun with -koli or  koli appended. The space, as shown, is optional, but for sake of consistency, once one method has been adopted, one should not use the other.

 Kdorkoli pokliče 112, mora znati povedati, kaj je narobe. "Whoever rings 112 must know how to say what is wrong."
 Kogarkoli poslušam od  politikov, vsi govorijo iste neumnosti. "To whichever of these politicians I listen, they all speak the same stupidities."
 Karkoli stori, stori to dobro. "Whatever he/she does, he/she does it well."

Manifold pronouns

The manifold pronouns are marsikdo "many (people)" and marsikaj "many (things)". The inflexion follows the basic pattern of kdo and kaj. Although these pronouns refer to multiple people or things, they are grammatically singular. In addition to marsi-, other prefixes are possible, such as redko- (redkokdo "rarely anyone"), mnogo- (mnogokdo, same as marsikdo, although perhaps somewhat less usual) and malo- (malokdo "few (people)").

 Marsikdo pravi, da je lepše živeti na deželi, a jaz jim seveda ne verjamem. "Many people say that it is nicer to live in the countryside, but I of course do not believe them."
 Res je, da marsičesa ne vem, pa vendar veš ti še mnogo manj. "It is true that I do not know many things, but you know far less still."
 Z marsičim je že bila obdarjena, a česa takšnega, kar ji je prinesel egiptovski odposlanec, ni bila nikdar poprej še videla. "Many things she had been gifted, but something like that which the Egyptian emissary brought she had never before seen."
 Redkokdo bi priznal, da je storil takšno napako. "Rarely anyone would admit that he has made such a mistake."
 Mnogokaj mi je šlo po glavi, a bolje je, da ne povem, kaj. "Many things went through my mind, but it is better that I do not say which."
 Maločesa se loti, če ve, da se popolnosti pri stvari ne da doseči. "He attempts to do few things if he knows that perfection cannot be achieved at them."

Determiners

Possessive determiners

These all inflect as regular adjectives.

Example sentences:
 Moj bog pravi drugače! "My god says otherwise!"
 Njegove oči so kot kupi koruze na polju. "His eyes are like heaps of maize on a field."
 Letalo je bilo last vojske in njene države. "The aeroplane was the property of the military and her (the military's or another person's, depending on the context) country.
 Vaše kraljevo veličanstvo, klanjam se pred Vami. "Your royal highness, I bow before You."
 Cerkev je njen grob na pokopališču prodala, kajti njeni potomci niso imeli dovolj denarja, da bi plačali pristojbino. "The church has sold her grave at the graveyard, since her descendants did not have enough money to pay the fee."
 S tvojim avtom smo šli: saj ne zameriš, kajne? "We went with your car: you do not resent (us), do you?"

The reflexive determiner svoj is used much as the reflexive pronoun is used, to point back to the subject or another word.

 Stopam v svojo sobo. "I am walking into my room."
 Kupili so jim lepo darilo; vso svojo domiselnost so vložili v njegovo izbiranje. "They bought them a beautiful gift; all their ingenuity they have invested into its choosing."
 Svojega leva je pustila na dežju. "She left her lion in the rain."

The reflexive possessive and 'normal' possessive pronouns make some ambiguous English sentences perfectly clear in Slovene. The sentence "She has taken her towel into the bathroom" can be translated into the following two ways:

 Njeno brisačo je vzela v kopalnico. (the towel she has taken belongs to another person)
 Svojo brisačo je vzela v kopalnico. (the towel she has taken is her own)

Other determiners

Quantitative adverbial pronouns are non-inflected at all times. All other pronouns are normally inflected.

Examples:
 Čeprav mi je tisti avtobus bolj všeč, moram na tega, kajti tisti drugi vozi v drugo smer. "Even though I like that bus more, I have to board this one, for that other one is driving in another direction."
 Mnogokakšna želja se mi je že uresničila, vendar mi je marsikatera prinesla tudi kakšne stranske neprijetnosti. "Many a wish has come true for me, however many (a wish) has brought me some side inconveniences."
 Vlak, ki smo ga videli, je pravzaprav tisti, na katerega bi se bili morali usesti. "The train that we have seen is actually the one onto which we should have boarded." (literally: sat on)
 čigav svinčnik je to? "Whose pencil is this?"
 Nekakšna radirka je bila nameščena na drugem koncu. "Some type of rubber was mounted on the other end."
 Enak kalkulator imam kot ti. "I have the same type of calculator as you."
 Vzemi mnenje, katerega ne odobravaš, in ga poskusi spremeniti. "Take an opinion that you do not approve of and try to change it."
 Nekoliko pozni ste, a nič ne de. "You are somewhat late, but that is all right."
 Zaradi nekega bedaka mi je vsako letalo ušlo. "Because of some fool, every aeroplane got away from me. (I missed every plane because of some fool; in the sense that this person has taught me to get to an airport too late or similar, not that all planes have left without me.)
 Toliko truda za nič učinka. "So much effort to no avail."

Slovene grammar
Pronouns by language

Slovene pronouns


Wayfarer glasses are thick-framed, usually plastic/acetate eyeglasses or sunglasses with square or trapezoidal rims. The style was invented by Ray-Ban in 1956 and represented a refreshing break from the metal wire-rim glasses of the past. The original design resembles Cadillac tail fins. Wayfarer glasses are seen by many as synonymous with punk, hipster or geek chic style.

Eyeglasses

Ray-Ban Wayfarer


Nagabhata I (730-760 CE) was a Rajput king. He founded the Pratihara dynasty. He ruled the Avanti (or Malava) region in present-day Madhya Pradesh. He  ruled gujarat which was earlier known as Gurjara Pradesh that's why he was called rajput prathihar king and their empire , which includes parts of present-day Gujarat and Rajasthan. Nagabhata was famously known for defeating the Arab army. But was defeated by the Rashtrakuta king Dantidurga.

Early life
Nagabhata has been named as the founder of the powerful Pratihara dynasty in the Gwalior inscription. This inscription dates to the time of his descendant Mihira Bhoja. Nagabhata is said to have come to throne around 730 CE.

Military career

Arab invasion
According to the Gwalior inscription of his descendant Mihira Bhoja, Nagabhata fought against a Mlechchha invasion. These mlechchhas are identified to be Arab Muslim invaders. The invasion was led by officers of Junaid. Junaid was a general and governor of Sindh under the Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. Nagabhata succeeded in defeating the Arab army.

Rashtrakuta invasion
Nagabhata I appears to have been defeated by the Rashtrakuta ruler Dantidurga. According to the Rashtrakuta records, the ruler of Malava was among the kings defeated by Dantidurga.

References

730s births
760s deaths

Nagabhata I


The Tall Stranger is a 1957 American western movie directed by Thomas Carr and is based on the novel of the same name by Louis L'Amour. It stars Joel McCrea, Virgina Mayo, Barry Kelley, Michael Ansara, Leo Gordon, Whit Bissell, George J. Lewis and was distributed by Allied Artists.

Other websites

1957 movies
1950s Western (genre) movies
American Western (genre) movies

The Tall Stranger


Cartoon Network is one of two digital children's television channels that air animated series: Cartoon Network MENA (formerly known as Cartoon Network EMEA), which serves the Middle East and North Africa division along with Cyprus; and Cartoon Network Africa, which exclusively serves Sub-Saharan Africa. Both feeds are owned by Warner Bros. Discovery under its International division.

The network began as part of the larger UK/pan-European service on 17 September 1993; the UK branch would separate itself in October 1999, but kept a nearly identical schedule until August 2001.

Cartoon Network EMEA used to share channel space with TNT Africa; the latter would air from 21:00 to 06:00 CET, while the former would run for the rest of the day.

On 1 July 2016, an HD feed on beIN known as Cartoon Network MENA was launched, replacing Cartoon Network Africa in the MENA region. It features both English and Arabic audio tracks. In addition to being offered by various Gulf IPTV providers (as well as Cablevision in Lebanon and most Cypriot TV providers except for Nova), Cartoon Network MENA also has a different management team, different branding and a fully separate schedule from Cartoon Network Africa.

History

Since September 17, 1993, Cartoon Network Europe has been broadcasting from the Astra 1C satellites for Central Europe and Intelsat 707 for Eastern Europe. Broadcasting was carried out from 5:00 to 19:00, and the TNT UK channel was broadcast in the evening. Initially, the channel was legally called Cartoon Network Europe, and it also featured several soundtracks in the following languages: English, Spanish, Swedish, Danish, French and Italian.

At first, Cartoon Network broadcast cartoons from Warner Bros, MGM and Hanna-Barbera, such as: Looney Tunes, Merrie Melodies and Tom and Jerry. A few years later, he began broadcasting his own animated series: The Powerpuff Girls,Dexter's Laboratory, etc. As a result, most of the programs from Warner Bros were relegated to the background, and the original animated series took up most of the air.

In August 1996, Cartoon Network increased the broadcast time to 21:00, and in December of the same year switched to round-the-clock broadcasting.

On October 15, 1999, Cartoon Network Europe was renamed Cartoon Network UK, and became available only for the UK, Ireland and Malta. The TV channel switched to paid TV broadcasting, and was encrypted on Astra 1C using VideoCrypt. For Europe, Africa and the Middle East, Cartoon Network EMEA was launched, which was free and transitional, as Warner began to localize its channels across Europe. Cartoon Network EMEA copied Cartoon Network UK schedule until 2001, but there were exceptions, shows such as Dragon Ball Z and Angela Anaconda were not broadcast, as there were no pan-European broadcast rights.

In April 2005, Cartoon Network was completely dubbed into Russian, and Greek subtitles were added on 20 June 2005.

In 2011, Cartoon Network EMEA was renamed to Cartoon Network Pan Feed.

Cartoon Network switched to widescreen on 6 October 2014, and also rebranded with the CHECK It 3.0 graphics package on that same day.

On July 1, 2016, Cartoon Network Pan Feed was launched in the MENA region, which replaced the African channel in the Arab world, broadcasting in 1080i HD with a soundtrack in Arabic. The channel has a different schedule, program composition and censorship rules (sometimes scenes that are not affected in the Arabic feed are edited). It is also offered with Greek subtitles in Cyprus.

Cartoon Network MENA's English-language website can be found at CartoonNetworkME.com, Another site, CartoonNetworkMENA.com, launched around the same time and serves as a hub where users can choose between the English- or Arabic-language versions.

Since November 10, 2020, Boomerang has received a Czech license (RRTV) in order to ensure the continuation of legal broadcasting in the European Union in accordance with the EU Directive on Audiovisual Media Services (AVMSD) and the law on the single market after the UK leaves the European Union. Since the Czech Republic has minimum broadcasting rules, it was chosen for licensing purposes in the EU. Cartoon Network Pan Feed was renamed Cartoon Network Pan-European, and later renamed Cartoon Network MENA again. Broadcasting center of the TV channel is still located in London

In an interview with C21 in May 2021, WarnerMedia EMEA mentioned that they're looking to add programs for girls and family which consist of live-action and animated series.

Sister channels

Boing

Boing is a television channel that airs repeats of programs formerly seen on Cartoon Network and Boomerang. It launched on 30 May 2015, as the fourth extension of Turner's larger Boing brand.

Cartoonito

Cartoonito is a television channel which airs cartoons. Two versions of the channel exist; one for the Arab World, Greece and Cyprus (Boomerang MENA), and another for Sub-Saharan Africa (Cartoonito Africa). It originally launched on 5 June 2005 as Boomerang EMEA.

On 1 July 2016, Boomerang MENA was launched, replacing the African feed in the Middle East and North Africa; it airs in 1080i with English and Arabic audio tracks on beIN, and is also available in Greece and Cyprus, albeit with a Greek audio track.

The morning Cartoonito block launched on 4 April 2022. On 25 March 2023 the channel rebranded to Cartoonito completely.

Toonami
Toonami is a television channel catered towards young adults consisting of DC animation from Batman, Superman and Young Justice. It launched in 2017 on Kwesé TV until the platform went defunct in 2019. Then it was made available on Cell C's defunct streaming service Black for that same year.

In March 2020, the channel was revived as a 2-month pop-up channel on DStv thereafter it was made available full-time on the StarTimes platform after its closure. As of March 2021, Toonami can also be found on Canal+, Intelvision, Azam TV and Zuku TV.

See also

Cartoon Network around the world
TNT Africa
List of programs broadcast by Cartoon Network

References

External links
Switch options website
Official Middle East website (in English)
Africa website

Children's television networks
Middle East and Africa
Television channels and stations established in 1993
Television channels and stations established in 1999
Television channels and stations established in 2016
Television stations in South Africa
Television channels in Greece
Television channels in Cyprus
Mass media in Dubai
Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA

Cartoon Network (Middle Eastern and African TV channel)


were the most common of war banners used on the medieval Japanese battlefield. The term can be translated to literally mean symbol flag, marker banner, or the like. Unlike the later nobori, which were stiffened, these banners were simple streamers attached to a shaft by a horizontal cross-piece. Later, some hata-jirushi were hemmed on the sides to create a sleeve for a pole on the side and top, or had pieces of fabric attaching their side and top to poles to make the banners visible from the front. There are two variants of the Hata-jirushi: One end of the cross-piece was attached to the shaft or the cross-piece was suspended from the shaft, similar to the Vexillum.

Hata-jirushi served much the same purpose as the nobori, which replaced them, identifying and distinguishing regiments or sections of an army.

Gallery

Sources

References

Turnbull, Stephen (1998). The Samurai Sourcebook. London: Cassell & Co.

External links
 Guns Scrolls and Swords exhibit at the Harold B. Lee Library, includes full text PDFs of Hata Uma–Jirushi Ezu
 Seiki shuzu, manuscript illustrating hata and uma-jirushi

Military communication in feudal Japan
Japanese heraldry
Samurai weapons and equipment

ja:馬印

Hata-jirushi


Natalia Carolina Verbeke Leiva (born 23 February 1975) is an Argentinian-Spanish actress. She gained notoriety for her performance in The Other Side of the Bed.

Biography
Natalia Verbeke was born on 23 February 1975 in Buenos Aires. At age 11, she moved to Madrid to join her parents, Argentine emigrants to Spain. She completed her secondary education at the Beatriz Galindo high school in the Madrilenian district of Salamanca. She trained her acting chops at Real Escuela Superior de Arte Dramático (RESAD) and at Escuela Guindalera under .

Verbeke made her debut performance in a feature film in Un buen novio (1998), in which she starred alongside Fernando Guillén Cuervo. It was followed by roles in films such as Nobody Knows Anybody, Son of the Bride, and The Other Side of the Bed, the latter of which earned Verbeke wide popularity.

She received two Ondas Awards for the latter two films. In 2005, she starred as María in By Force. In 2011 she featured in French film The Women on the 6th Floor with Fabrice Luchini and Sandrine Kiberlain.

Onstage, Verbeke has performed in a production of A Midsummer Night's Dream in England. On television, she has starred in El pantano (The Reservoir), Al filo de la ley (At the Edge of the Law), and Los Serrano (The Serranos).

She has had one daughter from her relationship with rugby player Marcos Poggi.

Filmography

Film

Television

Accolades

References

Further reading

External links

Actresses from Buenos Aires
Argentine people of Belgian descent
Argentine emigrants to Spain
Spanish people of Flemish descent
Living people
1975 births
20th-century Spanish actresses
21st-century Spanish actresses
Spanish television actresses
Spanish film actresses

Natalia Verbeke