Trebujeni is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of three villages: Butuceni, Morovaia and Trebujeni.

Situated at 30 km from Orhei and 60 km from Chisinau, the commune is situated on the banks of Raut river on the gorges formed by the withdrawal of the Sarmatian Sea.

History

The oldest traces of human habitation on the commune's territory dates back to the 14th century. Numerous archaeological remains were discovered on the foundation of what is today Old Orhei.
In the early fourteenth century, when southern and central Moldova was occupied by the Golden Horde, peasants in search of new lands sought refuge on the land that is Trebujeni today. Tatar-Mongols shortly conquered the territory and called it Șehr al-Djedid (New City). Skilled craftsmen were brought to the area which resulted in the construction of many public buildings, two inns, a mosque, three public baths of oriental style and a new stone fortress. Occupation of Old Orhei by Mongolians lasted until the early 60s, 14th century. After the defeat of the Tatar-Mongol army in 1362, the city was destroyed and left in ruins. In 1499 the city was plundered by Crimean Tatars and in 1508 the town was burned down by the Tatars. Later, near the former city's foundation, three villages were established: Trebujeni, Butuceni and Morovaia.

Geographic Location

The village is surrounded by a picturesque landscape, suitable for touristic activity. The climate is continental temperate with warm and long summers, colorful autumns and mild winters.

Economy

The local economy is based on agriculture and tourism. Most residents are involved in farming activities, of which 98% work in a peasant households. The services sector is represented by four commercial units and four boarding houses (Casa de sub stâncă, Casa din Luncă, Casa Verde, Vila Roz). Most people belong to the Christian Orthodox Church.

References

Communes of Orhei District

Trebujeni


The First Battle of the Masurian Lakes was a German offensive on the Eastern Front during the early part of World War I. It started on 7 September and ended on 14 September 1914. The battle was the second heavy defeat of a Russian army by the Germans. The first defeat was at the Battle of Tannenberg. At Masurian Lakes the Germans pushed the Russian 1st Army back out of Germany. They could not push the Russians back further because of the arrival of the Russian Tenth Army on the Germans' left flank (side). The Russians suffered a defeat and retreated losing about 125,000 men and 150 guns.

The strategy

Paul von Hindenburg, general of the German Eighth Army, knew the swampy area of East Prussia called the Masurian Lakes. He thought the Russians might attack there so he made plans in case of such an attack. At this time of the war, the Germans knew what the Russians were planning because they could read their messages. The Russians planned their attack on East Prussia with little intelligence of the area. They had no rail transport to move troops. They failed to plan for enough food and ammunition and moved only with horses and infantry. But they had superior numbers and were confident they could defeat the Germans.

When the two Russian armies first moved into East Prussia to form a pincer attack, Hindenburg completely defeated the Russian Second Army at the Battle of Tannenberg in August 1914. There the German victory came when German general Hermann von François disobeyed orders and attacked the Russian flank. Hindenburg then turned his army north to attack the Russian First Army at the Masurian Lakes in September. François played a major part in this second victory when his First Corps forced back the Russian flank. Under their general, Paul von Rennenkampf, the Russians dug in. He made use of the lakes, rivers and other natural obstacles. Hindenburg used frontal attacks to hold the Russians while his armies tried to surround the Russian trenches. Using a counterattack to hide his movements, Rennenkampf moved his army back to prevent them being surrounded. Over a period of several days the Russian army lost ground. The Russians fought hard but were driven back to the Russian border. Rennenkampf kept his troops in good order as they retreated.

The aftermath

The loss of 125,000 soldiers did little damage to the  800,00 -man Russian Army. But it also meant a loss of about 150 artillery cannons. At the time these were very valuable for the old Russian army. The Germans also had heavy casualties. This showed the German advantage of their modern rail system for supplying and arming their soldiers. But, the push made by the Germans into Russia caused their defeat at the Battle of Augustov. The victories at Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes made Hindenburg a hero in Germany. As a result of his fame, in 1916 he became Chief of the German Staff.

References

Other websites
 Tannenberg - drama of the world war: the first battle of the Masurian lakes
 Battle of the Masurian Lakes; Russians Withdraw from East Prussia

Battles of World War I
Military of Germany
Military of Russia
1910s in Russia
1914 in Europe
September events

First Battle of the Masurian Lakes


Dic Aberdaron (Richard Robert Jones; 1780–1843), also known as Dick of Aberdaron, was a Welsh traveller and polyglot.

Life

Aberdaron was born in 1780 in the coastal town of Aberdaron with the herbalist Alice Griffith as midwife. He had little or no formal education, but was reputed to have taught himself 14 or 15 languages, both ancient and modern, including Latin at the age of 11.

Aberdaron's Welsh, Greek and Hebrew dictionary is now kept at St Asaph Cathedral.

He is buried in the parish church of St Asaph, north Wales. William Roscoe, the writer, wrote a Memoir of him and the Welsh poet R. S. Thomas, who was once the vicar of Aberdaron, wrote a poem about him, simply titled Dic Aberdaron.  T. H. Parry-Williams wrote a somewhat different poem with the same title in Welsh, stressing his eccentricity and the pointlessness of his learning, since he never appears to have used any of his languages, but concludes: "Chwarae-teg i Dic – nid yw pawb yn gwirioni'r un fath" (Fair play to Dic – not everybody is silly in the same way).

Notes

External links

BBC article

Linguists from Wales
1780 births
1843 deaths
People from Aberdaron

Dic Aberdaron


is a Japanese former competitive figure skater and choreographer. She is the 1994 World champion, the 1990 World Junior champion and the 1993 & 1994 Japanese national champion. She placed 7th at the 1992 Winter Olympics and 5th at the 1994 Winter Olympics.

Personal life
Yuka Sato was born in Tokyo to figure skating parents. Her father, Nobuo Sato, competed at the 1960 Winter Olympics and 1964 Winter Olympics while her mother, Kumiko Okawa, competed in the 1964 Winter Olympics and 1968 Winter Olympics. Her parents, as of 2011, live near Yokohama.

Sato is a graduate of Hosei University. She was married to fellow figure skater Jason Dungjen.

Career

Eligible career
In the 1988–89 season, Yuka Sato won the Japanese junior title to qualify for the 1989 World Junior Championships, where she placed 10th. She also qualified for Japan's senior championships, where she won the bronze medal behind Midori Ito and Junko Yaginuma. Sato was taught by her parents in Japan until she was 16. Around 1989, she moved to Canada and joined Peter Dunfield, who coached her for the next five years.

In the 1989–90 season, Sato was the Japanese junior champion for the second year in a row and the silver medalist on the senior level. She assigned to the World Junior Championships, where she won gold, and to the 1990 World Championships, where she placed 14th.

In the 1990–91 season, Sato placed fifth at the 1990 NHK Trophy and at the 1990 Nations Cup.

In the 1991–92 season, Sato won the bronze medal at the 1992 Skate America and her second silver medal at the Japanese Championships. She was sent to the 1992 Winter Olympics, where she placed seventh, and the 1992 World Championships, where she finished eighth.

In the 1992–93 season, Sato defeated Nancy Kerrigan and Chen Lu to win the 1992 Skate America. She won the silver medal at the 1992 NHK Trophy, gold at the Prague Skate, and gold at the Japanese Championships. She placed fourth at the 1993 World Championships.

In the 1993–94 season, Sato won the bronze medal at the 1993 NHK Trophy and placed sixth at the pre-Olympic Piruetten competition in Norway. She won her second Japanese national title that season to qualify for the 1994 Winter Olympics and the 1994 World Championships. At the Olympics, she popped an intended triple Lutz in the short program and placed seventh in that segment of the competition. She completed six triple jumps in the free skate and finished fifth overall.

All of the Olympic medalists withdrew from the 1994 World Championships, which were held in Japan. She placed first after the technical program, with Surya Bonaly and Josee Chouinard in second and third, respectively. In the free skate, she was beaten by Bonaly 8–1 in the technical mark but won the presentation mark 8–1, and became the World champion by a 5–4 vote between the judges.

Later career
Following her win at the 1994 World Championships, Sato retired from amateur skating and began performing professionally in ice shows, including Stars on Ice. She won the 1995, 2000, 2001 and 2002 World Professional Championships and placed second at that competition in 1996 and 1998. Sato also performed as a pair skater with Jason Dungjen. She is credited as a stunt performer in the 2007 figure skating comedy motion picture Blades of Glory.

Sato has worked as a sports commentator for Japanese television. She commentated for NHK during the 2006 Winter Olympics, including the broadcast of Shizuka Arakawa's winning performance. She is a coach and choreographer at the Detroit Skating Club in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. She has coached Jeremy Abbott, Alissa Czisny, and Valentina Marchei. In addition to her coaching career she has also choreographed for several skaters. Her past and current clients include:

 Jeremy Abbott
 Alissa Czisny
 Valentina Marchei
 Mai Mihara
 Wakaba Higuchi
 Shun Sato
 Joannie Rochette
 Takahiko Kozuka
 Yan Han
 Vincent Zhou
 Kaori Sakamoto

Competitive highlights

References

External links

Pairs on Ice: Yuka Sato & Jason Dungjen

1973 births
Living people
Japanese female single skaters
Japanese female pair skaters
Figure skaters at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Olympic figure skaters for Japan
Figure skating commentators
Sportspeople from Tokyo
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists
Figure skating choreographers

Yuka Sato


Stasys Šačkus (September 9, 1907 – November 9, 1985) was a Lithuanian athlete and basketball player.

Biography
In 1928, he graduated Marijampolė Gymnasium. Later studied humanities studies at Vytautas Magnus University. Stasys actively participated in sport, academic and political life.

In 1934, he graduated Department of Physical Education Academy in Berlin.

During occupation of Lithuania by Nazi Germany, he was member of Lithuanian Activist Front, participated in June Uprising. He also was member of Lithuanian Freedom Army. On October 18, 1945, he was exiled to Siberia by Soviet authorities and imprisoned in Vorkuta Gulag. He later returned to Lithuania.

Sporting activities
During his years in gymnasium, he became one of the best Lithuanian athlete. Before World War II, he accomplished pentathlon, pole vault and 110 meter hurdling records. Šačkus is the most famous for his discus throwing. He is the first to overcome 40 meter point with his 44-meter result.

He participated in various athletics competitions in Berlin, London, New York City, Tallinn, Riga. He was the first Lithuanian sportsman to participate in the first athletics competition - 1934 European Athletics Championships in Turin, Italy.

In addition, Šačkus also was Lithuania national basketball team player, won EuroBasket gold medals for the first time in Lithuania history during EuroBasket 1937. He also won two gold medals in Lithuanian National Olympic Games. In 1939, he was the first Lithuanian to be awarded international category basketball referee name.

Later he was Republic Basketball Committee chairman, gymnastics federation (LGSF) sports club "Vaidotas" member, LGSF football team manager. He was awarded honored coach name.

Sources
 Vidas Mačiulis, Vytautas Gudelis. Halė, kurioje žaidė Lubinas ir Sabonis. 1939–1989 – Respublikinis sporto kombinatas, Kaunas, 1989

1907 births
1985 deaths
FIBA EuroBasket-winning players
Lithuanian men's basketball players
Gulag detainees

Stasys Šačkus


Frances Elizabeth Caroline Willard (September 28, 1839 – February 17, 1898) was an American educator, temperance reformer, and women's suffragist. Willard became the national president of Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) in 1879 and remained president until her death in 1898. Her influence continued in the next decades, as the Eighteenth (on Prohibition) and Nineteenth (on women's suffrage) Amendments to the United States Constitution were adopted. Willard developed the slogan "Do Everything" for the WCTU and encouraged members to engage in a broad array of social reforms by lobbying, petitioning, preaching, publishing, and education. During her lifetime, Willard succeeded in raising the age of consent in many states as well as passing labor reforms including the eight-hour work day. Her vision also encompassed prison reform, scientific temperance instruction, Christian socialism, and the global expansion of women's rights.

Early life and education

Willard was born in 1839 to Josiah Flint Willard and Mary Thompson Hill Willard in Churchville, near Rochester, New York. She was named after English novelist Frances (Fanny) Burney, the American poet Frances Osgood, and her sister, Elizabeth Caroline, who had died the previous year. She had two other siblings: her older brother, Oliver, and her younger sister, Mary. Her father was a farmer, naturalist, and legislator. Her mother was a schoolteacher. In 1841 the family moved to Oberlin, Ohio, where, at Oberlin College Josiah Willard studied for the ministry, and Mary Hill Willard took classes. They moved to Janesville, Wisconsin in 1846 for Josiah Willard's health. In Wisconsin, the family, formerly Congregationalists, became Methodists. Frances and her sister Mary attended Milwaukee Normal Institute, where their mother's sister taught.

In 1858, the Willard family moved to Evanston, Illinois, and Josiah Willard became a banker. Frances and Mary attended the North Western Female College (no affiliation with Northwestern University) and their brother Oliver attended the Garrett Biblical Institute.

Teaching career

After graduating from North Western Female College, Willard held various teaching positions throughout the country. She worked at the Pittsburgh Female College, and, as preceptress at the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary in New York (later Syracuse University). She was appointed president of the newly founded Evanston College for Ladies in 1871. When the Evanston College for Ladies became the Woman's College of Northwestern University in 1873, Willard was named the first Dean of Women at the university. However, that position was to be short-lived with her resignation in 1874 after confrontations with the University President, Charles Henry Fowler, over her governance of the Woman's College. Willard had previously been engaged to Fowler and had broken off the engagement.

Activist (WCTU and suffrage)

After her resignation, Willard focused her energies on a new career: the women's temperance movement. In 1874, Willard participated in the founding convention of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) where she was elected the first Corresponding Secretary. In 1876, she became head of the WCTU Publications Department, focusing on publishing and building a national audience for the WCTU's weekly newspaper, The Union Signal. In 1885 Willard joined with Elizabeth Boynton Harbert, Mary Ellen West, Frances Conant, Mary Crowell Van Benschoten (Willard's first secretary) and 43 others to found the Illinois Woman's Press Association.

In 1879, she sought and successfully obtained presidency of the National WCTU. Once elected, she held the post until her death. Her tireless efforts for the temperance cause included a 50-day speaking tour in 1874, an average of 30,000 miles of travel a year, and an average of 400 lectures a year for a 10-year period, mostly with the assistance of her personal secretary, Anna Adams Gordon.

Meanwhile, Willard sought to expand WCTU membership in the South, and met Varina Davis, the wife of former Confederate President Jefferson Davis, who was secretary of the local chapter of the Women's Christian Association in Memphis (where one daughter lived). Willard had tried and failed to convince Lucy Hayes (wife of President Rutherford B. Hayes) to assist the temperance cause, but writer Sallie F. Chapin, a former Confederate sympathizer who had published a temperance novel, supported Willard and was a friend of the Davises. In 1887, Davis invited Willard to her home to discuss the future of her unmarried daughter Winnie Davis, but both Davis women declined to become public supporters, in part because Jefferson Davis opposed legal prohibition. In 1887, Texas held a referendum on temperance, in part because former Confederate postmaster John Reagan supported temperance laws. When newspapers published a photograph of Willard handing Jefferson Davis a temperance button to give to his wife, Jefferson Davis publicly came out against the referendum (as contrary to states' rights) and it lost.  Although Varina Davis and Willard would continue to correspond over the next decade (as Varina moved to New York after her husband's death, and Willard spent most of her last decade abroad); another temperance referendum would not occur for two decades.

As president of the WCTU, Willard also argued for female suffrage, based on "Home Protection,"  which she described as "the movement … the object of which is to secure for all women above the age of twenty-one years the ballot as one means for the protection of their homes from the devastation caused by the legalized traffic in strong drink." The "devastation" referred to violent acts against women committed by intoxicated men, which was common both in and outside the home. Willard argued that it was too easy for men to get away with their crimes without women's suffrage.  The "Home Protection" argument was used to garner the support of the "average woman," who was told to be suspicious of female suffragists by the patriarchal press, religious authorities, and society as a whole. The desire for home protection gave the average woman a socially appropriate avenue to seek enfranchisement. Willard insisted that women must forgo the notions that they were the "weaker" sex and that they must embrace their natural dependence on men. She encouraged women to join the movement to improve society: "Politics is the place for woman." The goal of the suffrage movement for Willard was to construct an "ideal of womanhood" that allowed women to fulfill their potential as the companions and counselors of men, as opposed to the "incumbrance and toy of man."

Willard's suffrage argument also hinged on her feminist interpretation of Scripture. She claimed that natural and divine laws called for equality in the American household, with the mother and father sharing leadership. She expanded this notion of the home, arguing that men and women should lead side by side in matters of education, church, and government, just as "God sets male and female side by side throughout his realm of law."

Willard's work took to an international scale in 1883 with the circulation of the Polyglot Petition against the international drug trade. She also joined May Wright Sewall at the International Council of Women meeting in Washington, DC, laying the permanent foundation for the National Council of Women of the United States. She became the organization's first president in 1888 and continued in that post until 1890. Willard also founded the World WCTU in 1888 and became its president in 1893. She collaborated closely with Lady Isabel Somerset, president of the British Women's Temperance Association, whom she visited several times in the United Kingdom.

In 1892 she took part in the St. Louis convention during the formation of the People's (or Populist) Party. The convention was brought a set of principles that was drafted in Chicago, Illinois, by her and twenty-eight of the United States' leading reformers, whom had assembled at her invitation. However, the new party refused to endorse women's suffrage or temperance because it wanted to focus on economic issues.

After 1893, Willard was influenced by the British Fabian Society and became a committed Christian socialist.

Death and legacy

In 1898, Willard died quietly in her sleep at the Empire Hotel in New York City after contracting influenza while she was preparing to set sail for England and France. She is buried at Rosehill Cemetery, Chicago, Illinois.

She bequeathed her Evanston home to the WCTU. The Frances Willard House was opened as a museum in 1900 when it also became the headquarters for the WCTU. In 1965 it was elevated to the status of National Historic Landmark.

Memorials and portrayals
The famous painting, American Woman and her Political Peers, commissioned by Henrietta Briggs-Wall for the 1893 Chicago Columbian Exposition, features Frances Willard at the center, surrounded by a convict, American Indian, lunatic, and an idiot. The image succinctly portrayed one argument for female enfranchisement: without the right to vote, the educated, respectable woman was equated with the other outcasts of society to whom the franchise was denied.

After her death, Willard was the first woman included among America's greatest leaders in Statuary Hall in the United States Capitol. Her statue was designed by Helen Farnsworth Mears and was unveiled in 1905.

The Frances Elizabeth Willard relief by Lorado Taft and commissioned by the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union in 1929 is in the Indiana Statehouse, Indianapolis, Indiana. The plaque commemorates the fiftieth anniversary of Willard's election as president of the WCTU on October 31, 1879: "In honor of one who made the world wider for women and more homelike for humanity Frances Elizabeth Willard Intrepid Pathfinder and beloved leader of the National and World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union."

There's a small memorial at Richardson Beach in Kingston, Ontario, Canada put there by the Kingston Woman's Christian Temperance Union on Sept. 28, 1939.

Willard is featured on a US postage stamp released on March 28, 1940, as part of the Famous Americans series.

Willard appears as one of two main female protagonists in the young adult novel Bicycle Madness by Jane Kurtz.

In 2000, Willard was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.

Namesakes
Willard Hall in Temperance Temple, Chicago, was named in her honor.

In 1911, the Willard Hall and Willard Guest House in Wakefield Street, Adelaide, South Australia were opened by the South Australian branch of the WCTU.

Frances E. Willard elementary school. Evanston, Illinois.

Frances E. Willard Elementary School, Pasadena, California.

The Frances Willard House Museum and Archives is located in Evanston, Illinois.

A dormitory at Northwestern University, Willard Residential College, opened in 1938 as a female dormitory and became the university's first undergraduate co-ed housing in 1970.

The Frances E. Willard School in Philadelphia was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.

The Frances Willard Schoolhouse in Janesville, Wisconsin was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

Willard Middle School, established in Berkeley, California in 1916, was named in her honor. Willard Park, also in Berkeley and adjacent to the middle school, was dedicated to Frances Willard in 1982.

Frances Willard Elementary School is a public school in Scranton, Pennsylvania.

Frances Willard Avenue in Chico, California is named in her honor. She was a guest of John and Annie Bidwell, the town founders and fellow leaders in the prohibitionist movement. The avenue is adjacent to the Bidwell Mansion.

The Frances E. Willard Temperance Hospital operated under that name from 1929 to 1936 in Chicago. It is now Loretto Hospital in the Austin neighborhood of Chicago.

FEW Spirits, a distillery located in Evanston, Illinois, uses Willard's initials as its name.

Relationships
The loves of women for each other grow more numerous each day, and I have pondered much why these things were. That so little should be said about them surprises me, for they are everywhere.... In these days when any capable and careful woman can honorably earn her own support, there is no village that has not its examples of 'two hearts in counsel,' both of which are feminine.– Frances Willard, The Autobiography of an American Woman: Glimpses of Fifty Years, 1889

Contemporary accounts described Willard's friendships and her pattern of long-term domestic assistance from women. She formed the strongest friendships with co-workers. It is difficult to redefine Willard's 19th-century life in terms of the culture and norms of later centuries, but some scholars describe her inclinations and actions as aligned with same-sex emotional alliance (what historian Judith M. Bennett calls "lesbian-like").

Controversy over civil rights issues
In the 1890s, Willard came into conflict with African-American journalist and anti-lynching crusader Ida B. Wells. While trying to expose the evils of alcohol, Willard and other temperance reformers often depicted one of the evils as its effect to incite purported black criminality, thus implying that this was one of the serious problems requiring an urgent cure. The rift first surfaced during Wells' speaking tour of Britain in 1893, where Willard was also touring and was already a popular reformist speaker. Wells openly questioned Willard's silence on lynching in the United States and accused Willard of having pandered to the racist myth that white women were in constant danger of rape from drunken black males to avoid endangering WCTU efforts in the South. She recounted a time when Willard had visited the South and blamed the failure of the temperance movement there on the population: "The colored race multiplies like the locusts of Egypt," and "the grog shop is its center of power.... The safety of women, of childhood, of the home is menaced in a thousand localities."

Willard repeatedly denied Wells' accusations and wrote that "the attitude of the society [WCTU] toward the barbarity of lynching has been more pronounced than that of any other association in the United States," and she maintained that her primary focus was upon empowering and protecting women, including the many African-American members of the WCTU. While it is true that neither Willard nor the WCTU had ever spoken out directly against lynching, the WCTU actively recruited black women and included them in its membership.

After their acrimonious exchange, Willard explicitly stated her opposition to lynching and successfully urged the WCTU to pass a resolution against lynching. She, however, continued to use the rhetoric that Wells alleged incited lynching. In her pamphlets Southern Horrors and The Red Record, Wells linked rhetoric portraying white women as symbols of innocence and purity that black men could not resist, as facilitating lynchings.

Wells also believed that Willard condoned segregation by permitting the practice within WCTU's southern chapters. Under Willard's presidency, the national WCTU maintained a policy of "states rights" which allowed southern charters to be more conservative than their northern counterparts regarding questions of race and the role of women in politics.

Publications
 Woman and Temperance, or the Work and Workers of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. Hartford, Conn: Park Pub. Co., 1883.
 How to Win: A Book For Girls. NY: Funk & Wagnalls, 1886. reprinted 1887 & 1888.
 Nineteen Beautiful Years, or, Sketches of a Girl's Life. Chicago: Woman's Temperance Publication Association, 1886.
 Glimpses of Fifty Years: the Autobiography of an American Woman. Chicago: Woman's Temperance Publishing Association, 1889.
 A Classic Town: The Story of Evanston. Woman's Temperance Publishing Association, Chicago, 1891.
 President's Annual Address. 1891, Woman's Christian Temperance Union.
 A Woman of the Century (1893) (ed. Willard, Frances E. & Livermore, Mary A.) - available online at  Wikisource.
 A Wheel Within a Wheel: How I Learned to Ride the Bicycle. 1895.
 Do Everything: a Handbook for the World's White Ribboners. Chicago: Woman's Temperance Publishing Association, [1895?].

See also

 List of civil rights leaders
 List of suffragists and suffragettes
 List of women's rights activists
 Timeline of women's suffrage
 Descendants of Simon Willard

Sources

References
 Baker, Jean H.  Sisters:  The Lives of America's Suffragists Hill and Wang, New York, 2005  .
 Gordon, Anna Adams The Beautiful Life of Frances E. Willard, Chicago, 1898
 McCorkindale, Isabel Frances E. Willard centenary book (Adelaide, 1939) Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Australia, 2nd ed.
 Strachey, Ray  Frances Willard, her life and work - with an introduction by Lady Henry Somerset, New York, Fleming H. Revell (1913)

Further reading

Anna Adams Gordon, The beautiful life of Frances Elizabeth Willard, 1898 Book online
 William M. Thayer, Women who win, 1896 s. 341–369 (355–383) Book online

Primary sources
 Let Something Good Be Said: Speeches and Writings of Frances E. Willard, ed. by Carolyn De Swarte Gifford and Amy R. Slagell, University of Illinois Press, 2007 .
 Correspondence and images of Frances Willard from Kansas Memory, the digital portal of the Kansas historical Society.

External links

 Alpha Phi International Fraternity
Frances E. Willard Papers, Northwestern University Archives, Evanston, Illinois
Frances E. Willard Journal Transcriptions, Northwestern University Archives, Evanston, Illinois
 Frances Willard House
 Frances Elizabeth Willard (1839-1898) on harvard.edu

1839 births
1898 deaths
American suffragists
American temperance activists
Methodists from Wisconsin
American Christian socialists
American Congregationalists
Burials at Rosehill Cemetery
Northwestern University faculty
Writers from Evanston, Illinois
People from Janesville, Wisconsin
LGBT feminists
American LGBT writers
American rhetoricians
American socialist feminists
Writers from Wisconsin
19th-century Methodists
Writers from New York (state)
Milwaukee-Downer College alumni
Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees
Presidents of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union
Methodist socialists
Deans of women
Female Christian socialists
Deaths from influenza
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from A Woman of the Century
Proponents of Christian feminism

Frances Willard


USS Swallow (MSC(O)-36/AMS-36/YMS-461) was a  built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was originally laid down as PCS-1416, and, when renamed later in her career, became the third U.S. Navy ship named for the swallow.

History
Swallow was laid down as PCS-1416 on 8 June 1943 by Stadium Yacht Basin, Inc., of Cleveland, Ohio; redesignated YMS-461 on 27 September 1943; launched on 8 January 1944, and commissioned on 22 June 1944.

YMS-461 departed Cleveland on 3 July and sailed down the St. Lawrence River. She made stops at Montreal, Quebec, and Halifax, before arriving in Norfolk, Virginia, on 22 August. She completed shakedown training out of Norfolk on 2 September and began patrolling the U.S. East Coast under the command of the Commander Eastern Sea Frontier. She patrolled for enemy submarines and escorted coastal convoys until mid-March 1945.

On 17 March, she got underway from Norfolk and sailed south, stopping at Miami, Florida, and Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, before transiting the Panama Canal at the end of the first week in April. She stopped at San Diego, California, from 20 to 27 April, and at Pearl Harbor on 6 May, then continued on to the Central Pacific Ocean. After brief stops at Eniwetok and Guam, she arrived off Okinawa on 27 June and served there for almost two months.

Late in August, she moved to Tokyo Bay and, for the next few months, operated in that area. In February 1946, she returned to the Marianas, at Saipan, then continued east via Eniwetok to Pearl Harbor, where she arrived on 14 March. She reached San Francisco, California, on the 26th, remained there in overhaul until 20 October, and then shifted to San Diego. On 16 November, YMS-461 headed back to the Far East. She stopped at Pearl Harbor, Johnston Island, and Eniwetok Atoll, before entering Apra Harbor at Guam on 9 January 1947. On 18 February 1947, she was named Swallow and redesignated AMS-36.

Swallow served in the Far East, operating out of Yokosuka and Sasebo, Japan, for the remainder of her career which included minesweeping duties during the Korean War.

In October 1950, Swallow was part of a group consisting of , , , , , , , , four Republic of Korea minesweepers, and a helicopter from  that cleared the heavily mined port of Chinnampo in less than two weeks.

On 7 February 1955, she was redesignated MSC(O)-36. She was decommissioned on 16 April 1955 and loaned to Japan. She served the Japanese Maritime Self Defense Force as Yugeshima (MSC-660) and was later redesignated YAS-41.

On 1 May 1968 she was returned to the custody of the United States Navy; and her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on the same day. Her hulk was sold to Kitajima Choke Co., of Sasebo, Japan, on 5 September 1969, for scrapping.

Awards and honors
YMS-461 earned three battle stars for World War II service.

References

External links

PCS-1376-class minesweepers
YMS-1-class minesweepers of the United States Navy
Ships built in Cleveland
1944 ships
World War II minesweepers of the United States
Korean War minesweepers of the United States
YMS-1-class minesweepers of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force

USS Swallow (AMS-36)


Regional heritage consists of the natural and cultural environments and associated intangible cultural heritage that is perceived to be of importance in a region. The word "regional heritage" is a parallel to the word world heritage but does not refer to a specific object, but rather sets of sites, buildings and landscapes perceived to be valuable. Regional heritage are not formally appointed. Instead, it is subject to constant evaluation and discussion, and appears more or less clearly in the consensus among local, regional and national stakeholders.

Regional heritage is physical environments, as perceived by humans. And in addition, its history, stories, customs and the "genius loci" that are constantly recreated and is transferred from generation to generation, creating a sense of identity and continuity.

Keith Dewar writes: "Heritage can be world heritage, regional heritage, or it can belong to a particular culture or simply to an extended family. Heritage should not be seen simply as cultural elements, since the natural environment also contains places of significance. Heritage value can be found in a national park or a farm woodlot. Natural sites are not necessarily in the past; they exist and are alive in the present."

See also
World heritage
Cultural heritage
Natural heritage
Intangible cultural heritage
Cherokee Strip Regional Heritage Center

References
 Ylva Blank & Malin Weijmer "The Spatial Scales of Cultural Heritage: National, European and Regional Heritage Policy", Nordisk Kulturpolitisk Tidskrift, 12(2) 2009, s. 55–83.
 Cunningham, A. B. "Indigenous knowledge and biodiversity: global commons or regional heritage?", Cultural Survival Quarterly, 1991.
 Keith Dewar "Heritage", i J. Jenkins, J. J. J. Pigram, Encyclopedia of Leisure and Outdoor Recreation, Routledge, 2003, s. 224.

External links
 Waterloo Regional Heritage Foundation
 Cherokee Strip Regional Heritage Center
 Red Lake Regional Heritage Centre
 Wellington Region Heritage Promotion Council
 Regionarv Småland
 Regional-Erbe Birkenfelder Land

Cultural heritage
heritage

Regional heritage


Sahuka is a village and former Rajput princely state on Saurashtra peninsula, in Gujarat state, western India.

History
Sahuka was one of the many petty princely states of Jhalawar prant, which during the British raj was handled by the colonial Eastern Kathiawar Agency.

It comprised only the single village and was ruled by a Jhala Rajput Chieftain. It had a population in 1901 of 801, yielding a state revenue of 9,200 Rupees (1903-4, nearly all from land), paying a tribute of 584 Rupees, to the British and Junagadh State.

External links
 Imperial Gazetteer on DSAL - Kathiawar

Princely states of Gujarat

Sahuka


WHDT (channel 9) is an independent television station licensed to Stuart, Florida, United States, serving the West Palm Beach area. It is owned by the E.W. Scripps Company alongside NBC affiliate WPTV-TV (channel 5); Scripps also provides certain services to Fox affiliate WFLX (channel 29) under a shared services agreement (SSA) with Gray Television. The stations share studios on South Australian Avenue in downtown West Palm Beach (mailing address says Banyan Boulevard, also known as 1st Street), while WHDT's transmitter is located near Wellington west of US 441/SR 7.

History
The station was founded on May 25, 2000; WHDT became the first digital television station in the United States, following a ruling by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) that the station could provide primary over-the-air service using only a digital signal. On June 1, 2001, the station conducted the first over-the-air broadcast using a progressive high definition format operating at 720p/60 fps, with custom-designed 35 mm frame-transfer cameras.

WHDT established the legal precedent requiring local cable systems to carry the primary programming of all digital television stations in both high definition format and in standard definition analog format. It is the first television station to have its high definition and standard definition feeds carried on cable providers under the FCC's digital "must-carry" rules. The station originally operated as the first broadcast partner of the Deutsche Welle World Television Service. WHDT was one of three stations operated by WHDT World Television Service (DE), a business unit of Marksteiner AG.

The station's two translators, WHDT-CD in Miami (now WLPH-CD) and WHDT-LD in Boston are notable as those stations were the first and second digital translators to be authorized by the FCC. WHDT-CD has a longer history than its full-power cousin. The station was first licensed as W25AL on September 21, 1987. In 1989, it was moved to Coral Springs as W55BO, which functioned as a translator of Miami CBS owned-and-operated station WCIX (channel 6, now WFOR-TV on channel 4). Ownership of the station was transferred to Günter Marksteiner in 1996. The station continued to carry a full schedule of CBS programming until 1997, when it was relocated to North Miami and began digital translator operations for WHDT in December 2001. In January 2014, the call sign was changed to WLPH-CD, and in March, the station was sold to LocusPoint Networks.

In August 2010, WHDT became the first high-definition affiliate of the Retro Television Network. The network's classic television programming was aired up-converted to 16:9 HD format as opposed to being remastered from the original film masters. On October 27, 2011, WHDT announced that it would disaffiliate from RTV and begin carrying programming from WeatherNation TV; it switched to WeatherNation on the weekend of October 29.

On June 15, 2012, WHDT launched The Auto Channel (TACH-TV), a full high-definition broadcast service dedicated to automobile enthusiasts.

From July 13 to December 31, 2015, WHDT carried SonLife Broadcasting Network (SBN), the Christian television network of Jimmy Swaggart Ministries.

On April 1, 2016, the station affiliated with Gun TV upon that network's launch the same day. Gun TV ceased operations in January 2017 and was subsequently dropped by the station.

On January 15, 2017, the station added the educational series TED Talks to its nightly lineup.

On December 3, 2018, it was announced that WHDT would be sold to the E. W. Scripps Company for $25 million. The sale was completed on April 4, 2019.

Programming
Prior to 2019, WHDT produced high definition program content for syndication and for broadcast. Its programming included evening news and weather, documentaries, independent films, classical music concerts, equestrian sports, automotive news and motorsport programs, aviation, fishing, cooking, travel and syndicated entertainment shows. The station maintains a full high definition schedule, including paid programming.

On July 6, 2021, WHDT switched programming over from Court TV to a news-formatted independent station under Scripps' newly launched statewide streaming news service known as the Florida 24 Network which includes syndicated programs (as of 2023) AgDay, Business First A.M., The Kelly Clarkson Show and The List (the latter two also air in different timeslots on WPTV) as well as rebroadcasts of sister station WPTV's weekday 11 a.m. and weekend morning/evening newscasts. Court TV was later relocated to subchannel 9.2.

News operation
WHDT previously broadcast ten hours of locally produced news each week, exclusive of rebroadcast of news highlights on weekends. The station's WHDT World News aired each day at 5 and 11 p.m.; the weekend edition was a compilation of notable segments from the weekday broadcasts. The newscasts were produced by WHDT World Television Service, with offices in West Palm Beach, Miami, Boston, Chicago, Sacramento, Los Angeles and Washington, D.C. The hub newscasts originated from Boston and Chicago and featured local and national stories as well as extended interview segments, a brief weather segment from the National Weather Service with a forecast for the West Palm Beach area, an entertainment segment ("Hollywood News"), and political, financial and science reports from contributing editors.

Technical information

Subchannels

As part of the digital television transition, UHF channels 52-69 were removed from the broadcast spectrum. Consequently, WHDT moved its digital signal from channel 59 to channel 42 after WXEL-TV shut off its analog signal on channel 42 on June 12, 2009. Because WXEL-TV continued to use its former analog channel number 42 as a virtual channel, WHDT was assigned 9 as its new virtual channel. WHDT is assigned to RF channel 34 in the repacked UHF TV band following conclusion of the Incentive Spectrum Auction in early 2017.

Former translator
Until 2019, the station's programming was simulcast on translator station WHDN-CD (channel 9) in Naples, Florida.

See also
 WHDT-LD (former partner station in Boston)

References

External links

Television channels and stations established in 2000
HDT
E. W. Scripps Company television stations
2000 establishments in Florida
Independent television stations in the United States
Court TV affiliates
Scripps News affiliates
Stuart, Florida

WHDT


"Canberra Airport" redirects here.

Canberra International Airport , known as Canberra Airport, is the airport for Australia's capital city, Canberra, and the city of Queanbeyan, NSW. It is in North Canberra. Canberra Airport is the 8th busiest airport in Australia. The airport is also the base for Brindabella Airlines. Canberra is an international airport.

Canberra Airport is managed and operated by the Canberra Airport Group Pty Ltd. The Airport has two runways, the 17/35 and the 12/30. Flights in and out of the airport are mainly to and from eastern Australia. Canberra Airport handled more than three million passengers in 2009. Since 2009, the Canberra Airport Main Terminal is being rebuilt and should be completed in 2012. The Southern Extension of the new terminal was completed in November 2010. The Western Extension has not been started.

Location
The Airport is about 8–10 minutes drive from the city centre, 15 minutes from the suburb of Gungahlin and 10 minutes from Queanbeyan. Travel times can be much longer at peak times due to traffic congestion.

The land is currently divided into five areas:
The passenger terminal and general aviation buildings are on the western side of the main runway.
The Brindabella Business Park is next to the passenger terminal.
The ex-RAAF Base Fairbairn, now called Fairbairn, is on the eastern side of the main runway. Fairbairn is home to RAAF No 34 Squadron. This is the RAAF VIP transport aircraft and the area is regularly used by visiting heads of state and military aircraft in transit.
The rest of the ex-RAAF base area has been named Fairbairn and is being developed as another "business park" area.
There are shops and a mixed use section on Majura Road which has been named Majura Park.

History
The airport was built in the 1920s, not long after the National Capital site was decided. In 1939, the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) took over the airport, but kept an area for civil aviation.

On 13 August 1940, in Canberra air disaster, a RAAF Lockheed Hudson flying from Melbourne crashed into a small hill east of the airport. Four crew and six passengers were killed. The Chief of the General Staff and three Federal Government ministers were among the dead. James Fairbairn, Minister for Air and Civil Aviation, also died. The Fairbairn Airbase was named after him. In 1962 the military side of the Airport was renamed RAAF Base Fairbairn. The north-east part of the Airport is called the Fairbairn Business Park.

Canberra International Airport Pty Ltd took over the airport in 1998. They leased the RAAF area to the Department of Defence. It was closed as a RAAF base in 2003, (although No. 34 Squadron RAAF remains based there). The RAAF area was renamed Defence Establishment Fairbairn.

Redevelopment of the Airport, including new terminal buildings, started in 1998. In early December 2007, plans were announced to construct a new terminal, but these plans were placed on hold in late 2008. A 600m extension to the airport's runway and upgrades to runway systems were completed in 2006.

Airlines and destinations
 Brindabella Airlines: Albury, Newcastle, Tamworth
 Qantas: Adelaide, Brisbane, Darwin, Melbourne, Perth, Sydney
 QantasLink: Brisbane, Melbourne, Sydney
 Virgin Australia: Adelaide, Brisbane, Gold Coast, Hobart, Melbourne, Sydney, Townsville

References

Other websites

 Canberra Airport official site

Airports in Australia
Buildings and structures in the Australian Capital Territory
1920s establishments in Australia

Canberra International Airport


Odd Is on Our Side is the second graphic novel featuring Dean Koontz's character Odd Thomas. It was released in October 2010. It is written by Fred Van Lente and Koontz, with illustrations by Queenie Chan in a manga style.

Plot summary

It is Halloween in Pico Mundo, California, and there is a whiff of something wicked in the autumn air. While the town prepares for its annual festivities, young fry cook Odd Thomas cannot shake the feeling that make-believe goblins and ghouls are not the only things on the prowl. And he should know, since he can see what others cannot: the spirits of the restless dead. But even his frequent visitor, the specter of Elvis Presley, cannot seem to point Odd in the right direction.

With the help of his gun-toting girlfriend, Stormy, Odd is out to uncover the terrible truth. Is something sinister afoot in the remote barn guarded by devilish masked men? Has All Hallows Eve mischief taken a malevolent turn? Or is the pleading ghost of a trick-or-treater a frightening omen of doom?

Characters

Odd Thomas
Odd Thomas is the protagonist of the Odd Thomas series. He is a short-order cook at the Pico Mundo grill, who has the ability to see the lingering dead. He uses this ability to try and bring peace to the ghosts he encounters, so that they can move on to the next life. Traumatic childhood experiences left him extremely uncomfortable with guns, so he relies on his resourcefulness to escape the sometimes hostile situations in which he finds himself.

Stormy Llewellyn
Stormy Llewellyn is Odd's girlfriend and soulmate. She grew up in an orphanage, except for a six-month stint in which she was adopted by a family, only to be sexually abused. Stormy intends to marry Odd, but she is waiting until she overcomes her traumatic past. She does not share Odd's fear of guns, and carries a pistol with which she provides backup for Odd on his adventures.

Chief Wyatt Porter
Wyatt Porter is the Chief of Police in Pico Mundo, and serves as a father figure to Odd. He is one of the few people who are aware of Odd's abilities, and has sometimes been able to catch elusive criminals with Odd's paranormal help.

Anachronisms
This graphic novel contradicts events in future novels, such as mentioning a Nintendo Wii, released four years after the first novel and Stormy's death.

References

External links

2010 graphic novels
American graphic novels
Comics based on fiction
Comics by Fred Van Lente
Novels by Dean Koontz
Original English-language manga
Del Rey Manga
Fiction books about precognition
Halloween novels

Odd Is on Our Side


The Athabasca Sand Dunes Provincial Park was created to protect the Athabasca sand dunes, a unique boreal shield ecosystem located in the far-north Northern Saskatchewan Administration District. The Athabasca sand dunes are the most northerly active sand dune formations on Earth.

It first came to attention that it should be a protected area in 1969, finally becoming the Athabasca Sand Dunes Provincial Wilderness Park on August 24, 1992.

The park extends for  along the southern edge of Lake Athabasca and lies within the Athabasca Basin of the Canadian Shield. The sand dunes are 400 to 1,500 metres long, and their maximum height is approximately 30 metres. The park is accessible by float plane or boat only.

The William River flows through the western section of the park ending in a large river delta. The McFarlane River flows through the far eastern section of the park. The park goes around the Fond du Lac 231 Indian reserve located on the McFarlane River. The First Nations village of Fond du Lac is about  by air from the park's eastern boundary.

Geology
The Athabasca Sand Dunes are estimated to be approximately 8,000 years old, formed near the end of the last glacial period. As glaciers receded, meltwater washed enormous quantities of sand, silt and sediment from local sandstone into Lake Athabasca, whose water level was at the time much higher than currently. As the lake level declined to its modern depth, the large sand deposits were revealed. The sand dunes are quite unstable, being constantly shifted by winds, which  push the dunes at the edges of the area into the surrounding forest. Evidence also suggests that fires have greatly influenced the winds shaping the dunes. Unlike the dunes closer to the lake, the southern dunes are in fact quite stable relative to other areas in the region.

Geological features that can be found in the region include eskers and beach ridges. In addition, portions of the Williams River in the region flow through braided channels in the sand. Some of the dune field is covered with desert pavement.

The dunes are generally parabolic in shape. The sand almost completely covers the underlying sandstone deposits; the bedrock is around  below ground on average. The entire sandy region, including areas south of the dunes, serves as an enormous aquifer, which as a result significantly affects plant life and dune development.

Endemic flora
This area is home to rare and endemic plant species not found anywhere else. Some of the plants which may be found in this area are felt-leaved willow (Salix silicicola), Mackenzie hairgrass (Deschampsia mackenzieana), Tyrrell's willow (Salix planifolia tyrrellii), and floccose tansy (Tanacetum huronense var. floccosum).

Maps

 Mouth of the William River
 Mouth of the McFarlane River
 Map

See also
List of protected areas of Saskatchewan
Tourism in Saskatchewan

References

External links

Provincial parks of Saskatchewan
Division No. 18, Saskatchewan
Dunes of Canada
Lake Athabasca
Protected areas established in 1992
1992 establishments in Saskatchewan
Northern Saskatchewan Administration District

Athabasca Sand Dunes Provincial Park


Qualiflyer was a frequent-flyer program and, to some extent, an airline alliance created in April 1992 by Austrian Airlines, Crossair and Swissair. When Swissair began acquiring stakes in other European airlines in 1998, Qualiflyer was extended to become their frequent flyer programs as well. This spawned the alliance known as The Qualiflyer Group. With the failure of Swissair in 2002, the group dissolved along with the program and a company was formed to give each former member airline an individual frequent-flyer program.

History

Qualiflyer was formed in April 1992, as Europe's first frequent-flyer program, for Swissair, Crossair and Austrian Airlines. Originally, Swissair's partner airline Crossair and its high-end hotel chain Swissôtel also participated in the program. Qualiflyer's affiliation to one of the world-class airlines caused membership to grow quickly to 2 million members in the first eight years. After that, other airlines joined in the program, and the program received even larger amounts of membership.

In 1998, Swissair, one of the more conservative European airlines, decided to have a hand at expansion. Instead of doing this by joining one of the new airlines alliances Star Alliance and oneworld and SkyTeam, it decided to acquire minority stakes in several airlines.  Among these were Sabena, TAP Air Portugal, Air Europe, and LOT Polish Airlines. These airlines all came to participate in the Qualiflyer program. The Qualiflyer Group would ultimately be a contributing factor in Swissair's demise.

Currently Swiss International Air Lines, the successor company of Swissair, is participating in the Miles & More frequent flyer program with Lufthansa.

Logo and livery
The Qualiflyer Group logo resembled a blue globe surrounded by two swooping arms. The entire globe was encircled by ten stars symbolizing the ten member airlines. Airlines participating in the group were required to fly airplanes with a rather large Qualiflyer logo sticker applied. Swissair and Sabena principally had several airplanes painted with a blue underbelly with "The Qualiflyer Group" titles applied near the nose.

Club levels
The Qualiflyer program always made a distinction between genuine frequent flyers and other traveling members. That is why, when Qualiflyer launched in 1992, two account types were introduced: the Qualiflyer basic level, for everyone wishing to collect miles, and the Qualiflyer Travelclub, for more frequent travelers. To meet the needs of particular target groups better, further club levels were added. The Travelclub Gold, for very frequent travelers and Qualiflyer Circle for an exclusive group of selected members. The existence of the "Circle" was not actively communicated, to ensure optimum exclusivity. The Circle was introduced in 1994 and the Travelclub Gold membership only many years later in 2001. For every level, further benefits were offered.

Member airlines
The following airlines were at one point members of the Qualiflyer Group or partners of just the frequent flyer program:

Awards
Qualiflyer won industry awards in a wide range of categories.

Freddie Awards

 1997
 Gold for best flight reward
 Gold for best accrual bonus

 2000
 3rd best newsletter
 3rd best program for spending miles

 2001
 2nd best award redemption
 2nd best program for spending miles
 3rd best frequent flyer program of the year
 3rd best accrual bonus
 3rd best credit card partnership

 2002
 2nd best frequent flyer program of the year
 2nd best award redemption
 3rd best newsletter
 3rd best website

Swiss Dialogue Marketing Awards
This award honors the best dialogue marketing campaigns and is selected by a jury of dialogue marketing experts.
 2002
 Gold award for relaunch of the Qualiflyer Circle welcome kit
 Silver award for launch of Travelclub Gold

References

External links
 Qualiflyer Website (Archive)

Products introduced in 1992
2002 disestablishments in Switzerland
Airline alliances
Defunct companies of Switzerland
Swissair
Frequent flyer programs

Qualiflyer


, also known as Saint Seiya: Chapter Sanctuary, is a 3D action video game for the PlayStation 2 console based on the Saint Seiya manga series by Masami Kurumada. It was developed by Dimps Corporation and published by Bandai. It was originally released in Japan on April 7, 2005, and in Europe on June 30, 2005. The European release includes translations into English, Italian, French, German and Spanish.

The game features the Bronze Saints of Athena as playable characters, although others can be unlocked as the player advances in the story mode of the game. This mode allows the player to follow the storyline of the first saga of the manga, the Sanctuary saga. An alternate battle mode allows players to freely choose two characters with which to duel, both in single-player and multiplayer mode.

Gameplay
The game features a story mode, which allows the player to reenact the events of the first arc of the Saint Seiya series, the Sanctuary chapter. The player can choose to fight either on the side of the protagonists or of the antagonists. It features many CG cinematics of important scenes from the original series, as well as the opening movie from the anime. There is also a versus and a practice mode, which consist of duels that can be played either in single-player or multiplayer mode.

Development
The original Japanese version of Saint Seiya: The Sanctuary, the first 3D game developed for the PlayStation 2 inspired by the Saint Seiya series, was developed by Dimps Corporation and published by Bandai. It was released on April 7, 2005. In Europe, it was released on June 30 of the same year. The game features five immediately playable characters, the Bronze Saint protagonists of the series, and twenty-four hidden characters that play a major part in the Sanctuary arc of Saint Seiya and which can be unlocked throughout the course of the game. The European version of the game includes voice-overs in French as the default audio setting and translations into English, Italian, French, German and Spanish. It also contains alternative music tracks that differ from the Japanese version due to copyright issues. As an added incentive to the purchase of the game before it first came out, Bandai gifted Japanese players who preordered the game via the official PlayStation website with a memory card holder in the shape of the game's "most powerful item in the universe", the golden box of the Sagittarius Cloth.

Sequel

Saint Seiya: The Sanctuary has also got a sequel, with title . It has been released by Namco Bandai Games, in Japan and Europe, and on sale in 2007.

Reception

The game received "generally unfavorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.  In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of one six, one five, and two sixes for a total of 23 out of 40.

References

External links

2005 video games
2007 video games
Fighting games
Saint Seiya video games
Video game sequels
Dimps games
Bandai games
Bandai Namco games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 2-only games
Video games based on Greek mythology
Video games developed in Japan
Multiplayer and single-player video games

Saint Seiya: The Sanctuary


Wenona Girl (foaled 1957) was a leading Australian Thoroughbred horse racemare that had 27 wins over distances ranging from 4½ furlongs to 1½ miles. She won 22 principal races, 15 of which were later designated group one (G1) races. Wenona Girl's principal wins included the VRC Sires Produce Stakes, AJC Sires Produce Stakes, George Adams Handicap, One Thousand Guineas, VATC Futurity Stakes, AJC George Main Stakes, AJC All Aged Stakes, AJC Adrian Knox Oaks Stakes, Rawson Stakes and Rosehill Guineas, all of which were later classified as G1 races. At the time of her retirement she was the highest stakes winning mare to have raced in Australia. At stud she was a good broodmare. Wenona Girl was later inducted into Australian Racing Hall of Fame.

Breeding
She was sired by the Leading sire in Australia, Wilkes (FR), her dam was the good racemare, Golden Chariot by Golden Sovereign (IRE). Golden Chariot won the VATC One Thousand Guineas and was the dam of two other stakes-winners, Emblem and Grammar Lad both sired by Wilkes. Wenona Girl was line-bred to Teddy in the fourth generation (4m x 4f).

Racing career
Wenona Girl was trained by Maurice McCarten who also trained the brilliant sprinter, Todman. McCarten won the Sydney trainers' premiership four times in succession and finished second to Tommy J. Smith ten times.

At two years
She won her first start, the 1959 AJC Gimcrack Stakes followed by with a win in the VRC Sires Produce Stakes and AJC Sires Produce Stakes. In Melbourne in the early autumn she was second (by 1½ lengths) in the Merson Cooper Stakes to Impulsive. She then returned to Sydney, finishing second (by 1½ lengths) in the Golden Slipper to Sky High and won the AJC Sires Produce Stakes from Persian Lyric and Sky High. Wenona Girl finished her two-year-old season with a tally of eight starts for 6 wins and 2 seconds.

At three years
As a three-year-old Wenona Girl won the Hobartville Stakes from Sky High and Persian Lyric, ran second (by a ½ length) in the Canterbury Guineas to Persian Lyric with Sky High third and won the Rosehill Guineas from Sky High and Persian Lyric.  Wenona Girl was unplaced in the AJC Australian Derby which was won by Persian Lyric from Le Storm and Sky High. She won the Flight Stakes over 1 mile (1,600 metres) at Randwick Racecourse in Sydney. Racing in Melbourne Wenona Girl won the 1,000 Guineas from Impulsive and Lady Sybil, the Wakeful Stakes from Glimpse and Smokeview and was third behind Lady Sybil and Smokeview in the VRC Oaks.

In the autumn of 1961 Wenona Girl won the Ranvet Stakes from Persian Puzzle and the New Zealand mare, Key and then won the AJC Adrian Knox Oaks Stakes. Wenona Girl finished her three-year-old racing season with a tally of 15 starts in principal races for 7 wins, 2 seconds and 1 third.

At four years
That spring as a four-year-old mare, Wenona Girl ran second to Sky High in the Canterbury Stakes and won the Tatts Tramway Handicap. In the autumn of 1962 Wenona Girl won the C F Orr Stakes and was then second, by a half head, to New Statesman in the Oakleigh Plate.  Returning to Sydney she ran second to Kilsherry with Fine and Dandy finishing third to her in the All Aged Stakes.

At five years
For the second successive year Wenona Girl ran second to Sky High in the weight for age (w.f.a.) Canterbury Stakes and followed by a third to Sky High and Tipperary Star in the (w.f.a.) Warwick Stakes.   She ran third in the Tramway Handicap behind Bogan Road and Birthday Card. Wenona Girl finished to Bush Bell with Fine and Dandy third in the Theo Marks Quality Handicap, AJC Daily & Sunday Telegraph Stakes, and had another second to Rochdale, with New Statesmen third in the Epsom Handicap, and yet another second in the George Main Stakes. Wenona Girl then won the AJC Challenge Stakes before she finished second in the C F Orr Stakes to Aquanita, won the VRC Lightning Stakes from Proud Miss and Sky High; and won the VATC Futurity Stakes from Kilsherry. Back in Sydney she won AJC Malayan Racing Association Cup and the All Aged Stakes from Silver Bore.

Wenona Girl finished her three-year-old racing season with a tally of 16 starts in Melbourne and Sydney races for 4 wins, 6 seconds and 4 thirds.

At six years
Wenona Girl was third in the Canterbury Stakes behind Kevejon and Sky High, second in the Warwick Stakes to Cele's Image, second in the Liston Stakes behind Nicopolis and third in the Hill Stakes behind Toi Port and Sky High. Returning to Sydney she won the (w.f.a.) George Main Stakes before going to Melbourne and winning VRC Linlithgow Stakes (now the VRC Salinger Stakes), VRC George Adams Stakes and VRC Lightning Stakes. During the autumn in Sydney Wenona Girl won the G1 races, the STC Rawson Stakes, for the second time and finally won the All Aged Stakes, with Time and Tide (Fine and Dandy¹s brother) in third place.

Racing summary
Wenona Girl had a total of 68 race starts for 27 wins (including 22 principal race wins [now known as Stakes Races]), 19 seconds and 7 thirds for earnings of AU£70,825. She defeated Sky High seven times.

Stud record
Wenona Girl was the dam of 7 foals, 4 raced for 3 winners including:
 Day Girl chestnut filly 1965, by Todman, Unraced, dam of Touched By Love (dam of 9 winners)
 Special Girl chestnut filly 1966 by Todman, 8 wins 5 to 7 f. and $21,075
 Star Studded chestnut filly 1967 by Star Kingdom, a Sydney winner and dam of Star Bolt (10 wins 1,200 to 2,000 m. and $53,180)
 Gooree Girl chestnut filly 1970 by Todman, unraced
 Condagain (also known as Incorrigible) bay or brown colt 1974 by Convamore (IRE)
 St. Claude brown colt 1973 by Convamore (IRE)
 Pilmuir (NZ) (1978), dam of Kinjite (NZ) winner of AJC Epsom Handicap and  $2.2 million in stakes, sire of 9 stakes-winners.

Honours
The 1,200 metre Group 3 the Wenona Girl Handicap contested at Randwick Racecourse is named in her honour. Wenona Girl was inducted into the Australian Racing Hall of Fame in 2008.

See also
List of leading Thoroughbred racehorses

References

1957 racehorse births
1980 racehorse deaths
Australian Racing Hall of Fame horses
Racehorses bred in Australia
Racehorses trained in Australia
Thoroughbred family 5

Wenona Girl


A carbocation is an ion with a positively-charged carbon atom. The charged carbon atom in a carbocation is a "sextet" (that is, it has only six electrons in its outer valence shell instead of eight valence electrons.) Carbon atoms with eight valence electrons have the maximum stability (octet rule). Therefore, carbocations are often reactive, seeking to fill the octet of valence electrons as well as regain a neutral charge. Logic would say that carbocation have sp3 hybridization with an empty sp3 orbital giving positive charge. However, the reactivity of a carbocation more closely resembles sp2 hybridization with a trigonal planar molecular geometry.

Definitions
A carbocation was previously often called a carbonium ion but chemists question the exact meaning. In present-day chemistry, a carbocation is any positively charged carbon atom. Two special types have been suggested: carbenium ions are trivalent and carbonium ions are pentavalent or hexavalent. University level textbooks only discuss carbocations as if they are carbenium ions, or discuss carbocations with a fleeting reference to the older phrase of carbonium ion or carbenium and carbonium ions. One textbook to this day stays with the older name of carbonium ion for carbenium ion and reserves the phrase hypervalent carbenium ion for CH5+.

History
In 1891, G. Merling reported that he added bromine to tropylidene (cycloheptatriene) and then heated the product to obtain a crystalline, water soluble material, . He did not suggest a structure for it; however Doering and Knox convincingly showed that it was tropylium (cycloheptatrienylium) bromide. This ion is predicted to be aromatic by the Hückel Rule.

In 1902, Norris and Kehrman independently discovered that colorless triphenylmethanol gave deep yellow solutions in concentrated sulfuric acid. Triphenylmethyl chloride similarly formed orange complexes with aluminium and tin chlorides. In 1902, Adolf von Baeyer recognized the salt-like character of the compounds formed.

He called the relationship between color and salt formation halochromy of which malachite green is a prime example.

Carbocations are reactive intermediates in many organic reactions. This idea, first proposed by Julius Stieglitz in 1899 was further developed by Hans Meerwein in his 1922 study of the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement. Carbocations were also found to be involved in the SN1 reaction, the E1 reaction, and in rearrangement reactions such as the Whitmore 1,2 shift. The chemical establishment was reluctant to accept the notion of a carbocation and for a long time the Journal of the American Chemical Society refused articles that mentioned them.

The first NMR spectrum of a stable carbocation in solution was published by Doering et al. in 1958. It was the heptamethylbenzenonium ion, made by treating hexamethylbenzene with methyl chloride and aluminium chloride. The stable 7-norbornadienyl cation was prepared by Story et al. in 1960 by reacting norbornadienyl chloride with silver tetrafluoroborate in sulfur dioxide at −80 °C. The NMR spectrum established that it was non-classically bridged (the first stable non-classical ion observed).

In 1962, Olah directly observed the tert-butyl carbocation by nuclear magnetic resonance as a stable species on dissolving tert-butyl fluoride in magic acid. The NMR of the norbornyl cation was first reported by Schleyer et al. and it was shown to undergo proton-scrambling over a barrier by Saunders et al.

Properties
In organic chemistry, a carbocation is often the target of nucleophilic attack by nucleophiles like hydroxyl (OH−) ions or halogen ions.

Carbocations are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the ionized carbon. Primary carbocations have one or zero carbons attached to the ionized carbon, secondary carbocations have two carbons attached to the ionized carbon, and tertiary carbocations have three carbons attached to the ionized carbon.

Stability of the carbocation increases with the number of alkyl groups bonded to the charge-bearing carbon. Tertiary carbocations are more stable (and form more readily) than secondary carbocations; primary carbocations are highly unstable because, while ionized higher-order carbons are stabilized by hyperconjugation, unsubstituted (primary) carbons are not. Therefore, reactions such as the SN1 reaction and the E1 elimination reaction normally do not occur if a primary carbocation would be formed. An exception to this occurs when there is a carbon-carbon double bond next to the ionized carbon. Such cations as allyl cation CH2=CH–CH2+ and benzyl cation C6H5–CH2+ are more stable than most other carbocations. Molecules which can form allyl or benzyl carbocations are especially reactive.

Carbocations undergo rearrangement reactions from less stable structures to equally stable or more stable ones with rate constants in excess of 109/sec. This fact complicates synthetic pathways to many compounds. For example, when 3-pentanol is heated with aqueous HCl, the initially formed 3-pentyl carbocation rearranges to a statistical mixture of the 3-pentyl and 2-pentyl. These cations react with chloride ion to produce about 1/3 3-chloropentane and 2/3 2-chloropentane.

Some carbocations such as the norbornyl cation exhibit more or less symmetrical three centre bonding. Cations of this sort have been referred to as non-classical ions. The energy difference between "classical" carbocations and "non-classical" isomers is often very small, and there is generally little, if any activation energy involved in the transition between "classical" and "non-classical" structures. The "non-classical" form of the 2-butyl carbocation is essentially 2-butene with a proton directly above the centre of what would be the carbon-carbon double bond.  "Non-classical" carbocations were once the subject of great controversy. One of George Olah's greatest contributions to chemistry was resolving this controversy.

Specific carbocations
Cyclopropylcarbinyl cations can be studied by NMR:

In the NMR spectrum  of a dimethyl derivative, two nonequivalent signals are found for the two methyl groups indicating that the molecular conformation of this cation not perpendicular (as in A) but is bisected (as in B) with the empty p-orbital and the cyclopropyl ring system in the same plane:

In terms of bent bond theory, this preference is explained by assuming favorable orbital overlap between the filled cyclopropane bent bonds and the empty p-orbital.

References

Other websites
 Press Release The 1994 Nobel Prize in Chemistry". Nobelprize.org.9 Jun 2010

Www.ncertnic.in

Chemistry

Carbocation


Pettingen Castle () is located in the village of Pettingen some 4 km north of Mersch in central Luxembourg. It is one of the best preserved fortified castles in the country.

History
In the 10th century the fortress was known as Pittigero Mazini but received the name of Pettingen in the 13th century. Towards the end of the Middle Ages, the Lords of Pettingen were important members of Luxembourg society. They were present at Ermesinde's wedding, at the coronation of Henri IV and at the signing of John the Blind's marriage contract.

At the beginning of the 14th century Arnold of Pettingen married Marguerite of Rousy, the great granddaughter of Ermisinde. He had a son, Arnold the Young, whose daughter Irmengard, by  marrying Jean de Créhange, associated the Lords of Pettingen with his renowned family. Their grandson, also called Jean, fought for René, the Duke of Lorraine in the war against Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. In revenge, Charles completely destroyed the Castle of Pettingen whose treasures were confiscated by the Governor of Luxembourg in 1494. However, as a result of a decree made at the Great Council of Mechelen in 1503, half of the treasures were returned and the castle was reconstructed in its present form. The four corner towers were added in 1571. In 1684 Louis XIV's troops bombarded the castle, leaving it as it stands today. The ruins, which belonged to the house of Créhange, were inherited by the Comtes de Lapérouse whose descendants sold it to the Duke of Arenberg in 1837. In 1910 his descendant, the Prince of Arenberg, removed everything of value from the castle. In 1920 the southern wall collapsed.

In 1947 the castle was acquired by the State of Luxembourg. Consolidation work was carried out on the walls and on the castle's two towers in 1950.

The castle today
The ruins are open to the public. The ramparts with two round towers on the north-eastern side still stand. The site forms a 30 by 30 metre square surrounded by a former moat 15 metres wide fed by the Weillerbach which flowed into the River Alzette.

Gallery

See also
List of castles in Luxembourg

References

External links

Illustrated leaflet

Castles in Luxembourg
Mersch

Pettingen Castle


Graham David Scott (born 10 October 1968) is an English professional football referee who officiates in the Premier League.

Education
He was educated at Abingdon School from 1980 until 1987 and the London School of Economics.

Football career
Scott played football at youth as a goalkeeper for Abingdon Town. A long-term back injury was a persistent problem; fearing permanent damage, he retired from playing competitive football at the age of 27.

He started refereeing in 1997, originally at lower-league level and harbouring little serious ambition of progressing to the highest echelon of football officiating. However, following positive feedback from players he decided to take the role more seriously. He joined the National List of referees in 2008, officiating many important games, including Crawley Town's upset of Bolton in the 2012–13 Football League Cup. In November 2014 he officiated his first Premier League match, between Burnley and Aston Villa.

In 2015, he was promoted to the Select Group of Referees, who officiate the matches in the Premier League, replacing long-time referee Chris Foy. In 2016, former referee Keith Hackett suggested that this promotion was "a mistake". The PGMOL sought to demote Scott at the end of the 2016–17 season after he refereed just eight Premier League matches all season  – of the 19 Select Group referees, only Lee Probert refereed fewer matches. However, Scott appealed against his demotion and retained his place for the 2017–18 season. A number of improved performances has led to him to officiate an increased number of matches, with 13 Premier League matches and an EFL League Cup semi-final by the end of January 2018. He has established a reputation for consistent game management, as well as actively discouraging time-wasting, diving, and dissent, which has garnered some praise from football pundits and journalists.

See also
 List of Old Abingdonians

References

1968 births
Living people
English football referees
People educated at Abingdon School
People from Oxfordshire
Premier League referees

Graham Scott (referee)


Apollonides () or Apollonidas was governor of Argos in ancient Greece. He was raised to this office by Cassander. In the year 315 BCE, he invaded Arcadia, and got possession of the town of Stymphalus (modern Stymfalia). The majority of the Argives were hostile towards Cassander, and while Apollonides was engaged in Arcadia, they invited Alexander, the son of Polyperchon, and promised to surrender their town to him. But Alexander was not quick enough, and Apollonides, who seems to have been informed of the plan, suddenly returned to Argos. About 500 senators were at the time assembled in the prytaneum: Apollonides had all the doors of the house well guarded, that none of them might escape, and then set fire to it, so that all perished in the flames. The other Argives who had taken part in the conspiracy were partly exiled and partly put to death.

Notes

4th-century BC Greek people
Ancient Argives

Apollonides (governor of Argos)


Lagodekhi () is a town, located at the foot of the Greater Caucasus mountains between the rivers Lagodekhiskhevi  and Shromiskhevi, in the historical region of Hereti (now part of Kakheti). Lagodekhi has a number of nearby waterfalls and includes the Lagodekhi Nature Reserve, established in 1912 and first noted by Polish botanist Ludwik Młokosiewicz for having a variety of tree species. Three kilometers east of the town is the border crossing with Azerbaijan's Balakan Province. Lagodekhi is in the Kakheti district of Georgia.

History

Lagodekhi was founded in the 8th century, under the name of Lakuasti, when the Eristavi Archil I ordered to build a fortress.

In the 11th century, Lagodekhi was an important monastery in the historical region of Hereti.

In the 1610s, after the invasion of Shah Abbas, the territory of Lagodekhi was devastated.

In 1830, as a stronghold on the Lezgin cordon Line, the military settlement of Lagodekhi was founded.  Until 1917 in the territory of Lagodekhi was the headquarters of the regiment. Next to the regiment itself, at the same time, the construction of a small settlement began, where most of those who ended military service remained, but for some reason did not want to return to their homeland. As a result, the support post was transformed into a civilian settlement in 1857.

From 1864 to 1897 the construction of the Orthodox Church in the name of the Protection of the Blessed Virgin Mary went on.
In 1912, the Lagodekhi Nature Reserve was founded.

See also
Kakheti
Hereti
Lagodekhi Municipality
Lagodekhi Nature Reserve

Notes

External links
Lagodekhi National Park Official Site
Georgian Civil Development Association - Lagodekhi Official Site
Lagodekhi Municipality on Kakheti Region Official Web-site
Magistrate Judge in the Lagodekhi Municipality Official Site

Cities and towns in Kakheti
Tiflis Governorate

Lagodekhi


Phùng Quang Thanh (2 February 1949 – 11 September 2021) was Vietnam's Minister of Defense from 2006 to 2016.

Phùng Quang Thanh was an officer of the Vietnam People's Army and a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Enlisted in 1969, he fought in various battles during the Vietnam War and was honored with the title Hero of the People's Armed Forces in 1971 at age 22. He was appointed Minister of Defence in June 2006, succeeding General Phạm Văn Trà who had previously retired.

Military career
Phùng Quang Thanh was born on 2 February 1948 in Thạch Đà commune, Mê Linh, Hanoi. In 1967, he joined the army at the age of 18 and was admitted to the Communist Party of Vietnam, then known as the Vietnam Workers' Party, one year later.

In his early years, Thanh fought in various battles of the Vietnam War notably in the Quảng Trị campaign and during the counter-offensive of the Vietnam People's Army against Operation Lam Son 719 where he served as company commander (đại đội trưởng) in the 9th Battalion, 64th Regiment, 320th Division.

During the combat on 10 February 1971, Thanh led a squad (tiểu đội) in defending a hill against a company of airborne troops of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) with aerial support, finally, his unit was able to drive back the attack after putting out of action 38 enemy soldiers for which Thanh alone was credited with eight killed. Two days later, he was once more recognized when Thanh, despite being wounded in the left hand, remained in battle and commanded his platoon to accomplish the mission. For this feat of arm, Thanh was awarded the prestigious title Hero of the People's Armed Forces (Anh hùng lực lượng vũ trang nhân dân) on 20 September 1971.

In June 1971 he was ordered to leave combat to study in the School for Infantry Officers, later in the Academy of Infantry, he was also appointed commander of the 9th Battalion, 320th Division, 1st Army Corps (Vietnam People's Army) (Quân đoàn 1) from 1972. During the war, he received total three Liberation Distinguished Service Medals, 1st Order (Huân chương Chiến công Giải phóng hạng nhất), three Brave Soldier Titles (Danh hiệu Dũng sĩ) and other awards.

After the Vietnam War, Thanh continued to hold several positions in the 1st Army Corps from chief of staff of the 64th Regiment to acting commander of the 312th Division in 1988. In 1991, after two years studying in the Soviet Union and the Military Academy of Vietnam, Thanh was promoted to commander (sư đoàn trưởng) of the 312th Division. Afterwards, he served in the General Staff of the Vietnam People's Army from 1993 to 1997 and as commander (tư lệnh) of the 1st Military Zone from 1997 to 2001.

In May 2001, Thanh became Chief of the General Staff and Deputy Minister of Defence of Vietnam. Five years later, he was elected to the Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam and began to hold the position of Minister of Defence of Vietnam, succeeding General Phạm Văn Trà.

2015 health rumours
General Thanh visited France for medical care on 24 June 2015, due to complications from a wartime lung injury. The month-long absence sparked rumors of an assassination attempt; he was reported dead on 19 July by a German newspaper but this later was found to be false; he made a full return to Hanoi on 25 July.

Rank
Phùng Quang Thanh was promoted to major general in 1996, lieutenant general in 1998, colonel general in 2003 and army general in 2006.

Notes

1949 births
2021 deaths
Generals of the People's Army of Vietnam
Hero of the People's Armed Forces
Government ministers of Vietnam
Members of the 10th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam
Members of the 11th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam
Members of the 9th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam
Members of the 10th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam
Members of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam
North Vietnamese military personnel of the Vietnam War
Ministers of Defence of Vietnam
People from Hanoi
Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union alumni
Vietnamese expatriates in the Soviet Union

Phùng Quang Thanh


SuperKEKB is a particle collider located at KEK (High Energy Accelerator Research Organisation) in Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. SuperKEKB collides electrons with positrons at the centre-of-momentum energy close to the mass of the Υ(4S) resonance making it a second-generation B-factory for the Belle II experiment. The accelerator is an upgrade to the KEKB accelerator, providing approximately 40 times higher luminosity, due mostly to superconducting quadrupole focusing magnets. The accelerator achieved "first turns" (first circulation of electron and positron beams) in February 2016. First collisions occurred on 26 April 2018.  At 20:34 on 15 June 2020, SuperKEKB achieved the world's highest instantaneous luminosity for a colliding-beam accelerator, setting a record of 2.22×1034 cm−2s−1.

Description
The SuperKEKB design reuses many components from KEKB. Under normal operation, SuperKEKB collides electrons at 7 GeV with positrons at 4 GeV (compared to KEKB at 8 GeV and 3.5 GeV respectively). The centre-of-momentum energy of the collisions is therefore at the mass of the Υ(4S) resonance (10.58 GeV/c2). The accelerator will also perform short runs at energies of other Υ resonances, in order to obtain samples of other B mesons and baryons. The asymmetry in the beam energy provides a relativistic Lorentz boost to the B meson particles produced in the collision. The direction of the higher-energy beam determines the 'forward' direction, and the affects the design of much of the Belle II detector.

As with KEKB, SuperKEKB consists of two storage rings: one for the high-energy electron beam (the High Energy Ring, HER) and one for the lower energy positron beam (the Low Energy Ring, LER). The accelerator has a circumference of 3016m with four straight sections and experimental halls in the centre of each, named "Tsukuba", "Oho", "Fuji", and "Nikko". The Belle II experiment is located at the single interaction point in Tsukuba Hall.

Luminosity
The target luminosity for SuperKEKB is 6.5×1035 cm−2s−1, this is 30 times larger than the luminosity at KEKB. The improvement is mostly due to a so-called 'nano-beam' scheme, originally proposed for the cancelled SuperB experiment. In the nano-beam scheme at SuperKEKB, the beams are squeezed in the vertical direction and the crossing angle is increased, which reduces the area of the crossing. The luminosity is further increased by a factor of two, due to a higher beam current than KEKB. The focus and crossing angle is achieved by two new superconducting quadrupole magnets at the interaction point that were installed in February 2017.

On June 15, 2020, SuperKEKB set a new world record for the highest instantaneous luminosity for a colliding-beam accelerator: 2.22×1034 cm−2s−1. (On June 21, 2020, SuperKEKB broke its own record and achieved an instantaneous luminosity of 2.40×1034 cm−2s−1.) The previous world record of 2.14×1034 cm−2s−1 was achieved by LHC in 2018.

See also
 KEKB
 Large Electron-Positron Collider
 Large Hadron Collider

References

External links
 SuperKEKB webpage
 KEK webpage
 SuperKEKB  on INSPIRE-HEP
 Belle II  on INSPIRE-HEP

Particle physics facilities
Particle experiments
B physics
Accelerator physics
Particle accelerators
Science and technology in Japan
Tsukuba, Ibaraki

SuperKEKB


The RAAF Woomera Test Range is a weapons testing facility in South Australia. It is run by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). It covers and area of , and is the world's largest weapons test facility on land. The range is a restricted area, called the Woomera Prohibited Area. The airspace above it is also restricted, and is called the Woomera Restricted Airspace.

The range was originally set up as a place for the British to test missiles during World War II. The British asked to do weapons testing here (in the centre of Australia), because not many people lived there. A Commonwealth weapons design and test project, called the Australian-Anglo Joint Project, was signed in 1946. The range originally had an area of .

Between 1955 and 1963, the British ran a series of seven nuclear-weapon tests at Maralinga, then inside the range. The Joint Project ran until 1980, when the British withdrew from the program. The range is still used as a testing site by the Australian Defence Force. Access is leased to foreign militaries and private companies for their own testing of weapons.

It is named after the Dharuk word for a spear-thrower.

References

Other websites
Official website

Military of Australia
South Australia

Woomera Test Range


Enrico Verson   (25 April 1845 in Padua – 15 February 1927 in Padua) was an Italian entomologist,

A physician, Verson worked initially at the experimental station of Gorizia before founding the second research station on the silkworm in the world, the Stazione Bacologica Sperimentale in 1871. Verson made many observations on the biology of the silkworm and made anatomical discoveries such as the cells of Verson (apical cells of the genital apparatus of certain insects) and glands of Verson (glands of the exoskeleton (skin) of the caterpillars playing an important part in the moult).

He had a considerable influence on the Italian entomologists of his and the following generation like Antonio Berlese (1863–1927), Adolfo Targioni Tozzetti (1823–1902) and Filippo Silvestri (1873–1949).

1845 births
1927 deaths
Italian entomologists

Enrico Verson


Adityawarman (formal regnal name Maharajadiraja Srīmat Srī Udayādityawarma Pratāpaparākrama Rājendra Maulimāli Warmadewa. ) was a king of Malayapura Suvarnabhumi, and is the successor of the Mauli dynasty based on central Sumatra. He was the cousin of Jayanegara, king of Majapahit from 1309 to 1328, and the grandson of Tribhuwanaraja, king of Melayu Kingdom. Adityawarman was awarded the Senior Minister of Majapahit (wreddamantri) and used this authority to launch Majapahit military expansion plans and conquered east coast region in Sumatra. Adityawarman then founded the royal dynasty of Minangkabau in Pagaruyung and presided over the central Sumatra region to take control of the gold trade between 1347 and 1375.

Early life
Adityawarman was born around in 1294 in Trowulan, East Java, the capital of the kingdom of Majapahit, as recorded in the poem of Pararaton. According to Kuburajo inscription found in Limo Kaum, West Sumatra, Adityawarman's father was Majapahit nobleman Adwayawarman; and according to the 15th East Javanese text Pararaton his mother was Dara Jingga, a Malay princess of Dharmasraya. He might have visited China for a diplomatic expedition in 1325 if, as some historians believe, he is the envoy whom a Chinese source calls Sengk'ia-lie-yu-lan.

According to George Coedes, "His name appears in Java as early as 1343 on an image of Bodhisattva Manjusri that was originally located in Candi Jago."  This is the sanctuary built by Kertanegara for his father Visnuvardhana. In one of various inscriptions about him, he explicitly calls himself Lord of the Golden Earth (Kanakamedinindra). An inscription in localised Malay Sanskrit found on the back of the Amoghapasa statue found at Rambahan, West Sumatra, dated 1347, written (and perhaps composed) by Adityawarman, commemorates his role as protector and source of welfare to the people of the capital of Malaya (Malayapura) and his power as an embodiment of Amoghapasa. "At Malayapura, Adityawarman bore the royal title of Udayadityavarman (or Adityavarmodaya) Pratapaparakrama Maulimalivarmadewa, a title which one scholar believes he can detect an attempt at synthesis of the royal title traditionally in use in Srivijaya and Malayu." His kingdom is believed to be the predecessor of the present-day Minangkabau matrilineal society in Indonesia.

Adityawarman's inscriptions as a Sumateran ruler, shows that he was a devotee of Tantric Buddhism. He ruled until at least 1375, the year of his last known inscription. He was described as the Lord of Suravasa; and the name Suruaso itself is still used to refer to the area near Pagaruyung, Kingdom of the Minangkabau people.

His son was Ananggawarman.

See also
 Dharmasraya
 Pagaruyung Kingdom

References

Further reading

Indonesian Buddhist monarchs
Majapahit
West Sumatra
1294 births
1375 deaths
14th-century Indonesian people
14th-century monarchs in Asia

Adityawarman