Sandra Keith Boynton (born April 3, 1953) is an American humorist, songwriter, director, music producer, children's author, and illustrator. Boynton has written and illustrated over seventy-five books for children and seven general audience books, as well as over four thousand greeting cards, and five music albums. She has also designed calendars, wallpaper, bedding, stationery, paper goods, clothing, jewelry, and plush toys for various companies.

Early life and education
The third of the four daughters of Jeanne () and Robert W. Boynton, Sandra was born in Orange, New Jersey, and grew up in the Mount Airy section of Philadelphia. Her father was a noted progressive educator, scholar (collaborating on textbooks with Shakespearean scholar Maynard Mack), and publisher and co-founder of Boynton/Cook Publishers. Boynton/Cook Publishers is now owned by Heinemann.

Boynton's parents became Quakers when she was two years old. From kindergarten through 12th grade, she and her sisters attended Germantown Friends School, where their father taught English and was Head of the Upper School. Boynton has frequently cited Germantown Friends' arts-centered curriculum as central to her own "upbeat offbeat" sensibility as well as its thorough integration of the values of pacifism, independent inquiry, and individualism. She also spent part of her 10th grade year at Ackworth School near Pontefract, England.

Boynton studied Latin for five years in high school, mostly in order to avoid science classes, the scheduling of which invariably conflicted with Latin.

She went to Yale University, entering in 1970 in the college's second year of coeducation. She spent the second semester of her junior year studying in Paris through Wesleyan University's program. At Yale, she majored in English and also sang sporadically with the Yale Glee Club. She had joined the Glee Club when additional singers were needed for a performance of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony at Carnegie Hall, under the direction of Leopold Stokowski. Boynton has described herself as "an enthusiastic but undistinguished alto".

At her graduation from Yale in 1974, she received a Special Master's Magna solemnly bestowed by Charles Davis, the Master of Boynton's residential college, Calhoun College. Unbeknownst to the graduation audience, the honor was actually a fiction. Boynton's grade point average did not in fact entitle her to any degree honor; but shortly before the ceremony, she had told Professor Davis in mock earnest that "my parents are here, so I'd really appreciate it if you could just mumble some Latin after my name".

Boynton intended to become a theater director. She attended the University of California, Berkeley for a year for graduate studies in drama, then transferred to the Yale School of Drama D.F.A. program, however she did not complete the program. With the birth of her first child in 1979, Boynton postponed indefinitely a career in the theater, judging the demands of that profession not easily compatible with raising a family.

During her undergraduate and graduate years, her teachers included Cleanth Brooks, Harold Bloom, Richard B. Sewall, Maynard Mack, Maurice Sendak, Richard Gilman, Rocco Landesman, David Milch, Stanley Kauffmann, and William Arrowsmith. In an autobiographical talk given at Yale in 2002, "The Curious Misuse of a Yale Education", Boynton refers to her book Grunt (an illuminated book and recording of plainchant in Latin and Pig Latin) as "the culmination of a lifetime spent joyfully squandering an expensive education on producing works of no apparent significance".

Career

Greeting cards
Boynton's greeting card designs for Recycled Paper Greetings were at the forefront of the Alternative Cards commercial movement that began in the mid-1970s. According to RPG co-founder and president Mike Keiser, nearly 500 million copies of Boynton's distinctive humorous cards—featuring an assortment of unnamed cartoon animal characters, spare layout, and droll messages—sold between 1973 and 2003. The best known of these is a 1975 birthday card bearing images of four animals and the message "Hippo Birdie Two Ewes", a pun playing on the phrase "Happy Birthday to You". The card has sold over ten million copies to date.

Books
Since the 1977 release of Hippos Go Berserk!, Boynton has published many children's books, as well as several illustrated humor books for the general market. Her books are most typically for very young children, offered in the laminated paperboard format known as board books. Nearly all of Boynton's books have been published by either Workman Publishing or Simon & Schuster. Four of her books have been New York Times best sellers: Chocolate: The Consuming Passion (1982); Yay, You! (2001); Consider Love (2002); and Philadelphia Chickens (2002), which reached the number one position on the list, and was on the list for nearly a year. Six Boynton books were on the 2001 Publishers Weekly All-Time Bestselling Children's Books list: Moo, Baa, La La La!, The Going to Bed Book, Barnyard Dance, A to Z, Blue Hat, Green Hat, and Oh My Oh My Oh Dinosaurs!. More than 85 million copies of her books have been sold.

Theater
In May 1995, Boynton wrote and directed a benefit reading, On Stage—featuring Jill Clayburgh, Joe Pacheco, and Jane Curtin—for Sharon Stage in Connecticut. In November 2005, and again in November 2007 she presented songs from Philadelphia Chickens, Dog Train, and Blue Moo at the Kennedy Center's Millennium Stage, co-hosting in 2007 with Davy Jones of the Monkees. In November 2006, she directed her son Keith in his own play, The Quotable Assassin, Off-Off-Broadway at Alternate Stages.

Music
In 1996, Boynton began writing and producing songs—which she has described as "renegade children's music" — with composer Michael Ford; these songs have been released as albums (Rhinoceros Tap 1996, Philadelphia Chickens 2002, Dog Train 2005, BLUE MOO: 17 Jukebox Hits from Way Back Never 2007, FROG TROUBLE Fall 2013 and Hog Wild in 2017) and also published as book and audio disc sets. The tracks were recorded, under Boynton's direction and Ford's musical direction, by an eclectic roster of actors and musicians, including Blues Traveler, Meryl Streep, Alison Krauss, Steve Lawrence, and Eydie Gorme, John Ondrasik of Five for Fighting, Kevin Kline, Laura Linney, "Weird Al" Yankovic duetting with Kate Winslet, Patti LuPone, The Bacon Brothers with Mickey Hart, Eric Stoltz, the Spin Doctors, Mark Lanegan, Hootie & the Blowfish, Natasha Richardson, Billy J. Kramer, Scott Bakula, Eric Bazilian and Rob Hyman, The Phenomenauts, Brian Wilson, Neil Sedaka, B.B. King, Sha Na Na, Steve Lawrence, Bobby Vee, Gerry & The Pacemakers, Davy Jones of The Monkees, Dwight Yoakam, Fountains of Wayne, Kacey Musgraves, Ryan Adams, Ben Folds, Brad Paisley, Josh Turner, Darius Rucker, and Linda Eder. Boynton received a 2003 Grammy nomination for Philadelphia Chickens. The first three of these albums have been certified gold by the RIAA. In November 2010, Boynton produced and released a full-length 300-kazoo plus orchestra performance of Maurice Ravel's Boléro, titled Boléro Completely Unraveled, performed by the Highly Irritating Orchestra. Boynton played solo kazoo on this recording noting "I am at the perfect level of musical incompetence for this."

She has written the text for four choral pieces composed by Fenno Heath, Director Emeritus of the Yale Glee Club, all of which have been performed by the Yale Alumni Chorus on international tour.

Music videos
In 2008, Boynton ventured into filmmaking, creating and directing music videos of her most popular recorded songs. Her first music video released in November 2009 as a book/DVD combination, was "One Shoe Blues", starring B.B. King and a cast of assorted sock puppets. Then she directed "Penguin Lament" starring John Ondrasik of Five for Fighting, "Philadelphia Chickens" which is mostly animation and includes cameos by Kevin Bacon and Michael Bacon, and "Be Like a Duck" which features all four of her children.

Awards
Boynton received the Irma Simonton Black Award for Chloe and Maude, the National Parenting Publications Gold Medal for Barnyard Dance and for Your Personal Penguin, a Grammy Award Nomination for Philadelphia Chickens, the Eustace D. Theodore Fellowship (Yale University), the National Cartoonists Society Greeting Card Award for 1992, and the National Cartoonists Society Book Illustration Award for Blue Moo: 17 Jukebox Hits From Way Back Never, in 2008. She is the 2008 recipient of the Milton Caniff Lifetime Achievement Award, the National Cartoonists Society's highest honor. Hippos Go Berserk! was awarded Mathical Hall of Fame status.

She has received the following film festival awards for her film shorts: the Rhode Island International Film Festival Providence Prize 2010 for One Shoe Blues starring B. B. King; the Flickers North Country Film Festival 2010 Crystal Image Award for emerging artist, as director of all four films; the 2D or Not 2D Animation Festival 2011 Golden Pencil Award for Philadelphia Chickens; the Forster Film Festival 2012 Winner of Song Category for "Be Like a Duck"; and the Wilmette International Children's Film Festival 2012 Best of Fest Live Action Short Film Winner for One Shoe Blues.

Personal life
Boynton was married to writer and Olympic Bronze medalist (and fellow Yale graduate) Jamie McEwan from 1978 until his death from cancer in 2014. In 1991, Boynton and McEwan moved with their children to the Hautes-Pyrénées region of France for a year so McEwan and his Whitewater Slalom doubles partner, Lecky Haller, could train with the French team for the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona. McEwan/Haller ended in 4th Place. McEwan was a member of several whitewater expeditions to Mexico, Bhutan, British Columbia, and a National Geographic–sponsored descent of part of the Tsang-Po River (Brahmaputra) in Tibet, an ill-fated trip detailed in The Last River by Todd Balf, and in Courting the Diamond Sow by expedition leader Wickliffe W. Walker. Boynton has illustrated two of McEwan's five children's books. They have four children: Caitlin McEwan, an actress and director; Keith Boynton, a playwright and filmmaker; Devin McEwan, a Whitewater Slalom racer and member of the 2001-2016 U.S. Teams, including the 2016 U.S. Olympic Team; and Darcy Boynton, a writer and teacher. All four children sang on Philadelphia Chickens and BLUE MOO.

Boynton has appeared on numerous national television, newspaper and radio programs. Media include The Today Show, USA Today, American Profile, NPR's All Things Considered, CBS Sunday Morning, The New York Times, and The Wall Street Journal.

Boynton works in a reconstructed 120-year-old barn on her property in rural Connecticut.

Albums
  Rhinoceros Tap (1996)
  GRUNT Pigorian Chant (1996)
  Philadelphia Chickens (2002)
  Dog Train: A Wild Ride on the Rock-and-Roll Side (2005)
  BLUE MOO: 17 Jukebox Hits from Way Back Never (2007)
  Boléro Completely Unraveled (2010)
  FROG TROUBLE Country Music (2013)
  HOG WILD: A Frenzy of Dance Music (2017)

Partial bibliography

Children's books
  Hippos Go Berserk!  (1977, renewed 1996, 2019, 2022)
  Hester in the Wild (1977)
  If At First (1980)
  A to Z (1982, renewed 1995)
  Blue Hat, Green Hat (1982, renewed 1995)
  Doggies (1982, renewed 1995)
  Horns to Toes (1982, renewed 1995)
  The Going to Bed Book (1982, renewed 1995)
  Moo, Baa, La La La! (1982, renewed 1995)
  Opposites (1982, renewed 1995)
  But Not the Hippopotamus (1982, renewed 1995)
  A is for Angry (1983, renewed 2015)
  Good Night, Good Night (1985, renewed 2021)
  ''Chloe and Maude'' (1985)
  The Story of Grump & Pout (written by Jamie McEwan) (1988)
  Birthday Monsters! (1993)
  Barnyard Dance! (1993)
  One, Two, Three! (1993)
  Oh My Oh My Oh Dinosaurs! (1993)
  RHINOCEROS TAP and 14 Other Seriously Silly Songs (book and audio CD) (1996)
  Snoozers (1997)
  Dinosaur's Binkit (1998)
  BOB and 6 More Christmas Stories (1999)
  Dinos To Go (2000)
  Hey!, Wake Up! (2000)
  Pajama Time! (2000)
  The Heart of Cool (written by Jamie McEwan) (2001)
  PHILADELPHIA CHICKENS (book and audio CD) (2002)
  Snuggle Puppy! (2003)
  Fuzzy Fuzzy Fuzzy (2003)
  Moo Cow Book (cloth) (2004)
  Belly Button Book! (2005)
  DOG TRAIN: A Wild Ride on the Rock-and-Roll Side (book and audio CD) (2005)
  Your Personal Penguin (book with song download) (2006)
  What's Wrong, Little Pookie? (2007)
  Bath Time! (2007)
  BLUE MOO: 17 Jukebox Hits from Way Back Never (book and audio CD) (2007)
  Fifteen Animals! (2008)
  Barnyard Bath! (2008)
  Let's Dance, Little Pookie (2008)
  Night-Night, Little Pookie (2009)
  One Shoe Blues (book and DVD) (2009)
  Happy Birthday, Little Pookie (2010)
  Perfect Piggies (2010)
  Are You a Cow? (customizable board book) (2010)
  Amazing Cows (2010)
  Happy Hippo, Angry Duck: a book of moods (2011)
  Little Pookie (2012)
  Christmas Parade (2012)
  Tickle Time! (2012)
  Are You a Cow? (2012)
  FROG TROUBLE Country Music (book and audio CD) (2013)
  The Bunny Rabbit Show (2014)
  Spooky Pookie (2015)
  EEK! Halloween! (2016)
  Dinosaur Dance! (2016)
  HOG WILD! (book and audio CD) (2017)
  But Not the Armadillo  (2018)
  Merry Christmas, Little Pookie (2018)
  I Love You, Little Pookie (2018)
  Dinosnores (2019)
  Silly Lullaby (2019)
  Your Nose! (2020)
  How Big is Zagnodd? (2020)
  Christmas Parade (2020)
  Jungle Night (Soundtrack with Yo Yo Ma on cello) (2021)
  Boo!, Baa, La La La! (2021)
  Woodland Dance! (2021)
  Moo, Baa, Fa La La La La! (2022)
  Pookie's Thanksgiving (2022)
  Peekaboo Rex! (2023)

General market books
  Gopher Baroque (1979)
  The Compleat Turkey (1980)
  Chocolate: The Consuming Passion (1982)
  Don't Let The Turkeys Get You Down (1986)
  Christmastime (1987)
  GRUNT Pigorian Chant (book and audio CD) (1996)
  Yay, You! (2001)
  Consider Love (2002)
  Chocolate: The Consuming Passion NEW EDITION (2015)

References

External links

 NCS Awards
 Fan page with gallery of her work
 "Kids' Favorite Sandra Boynton Makes Music Video", All Things Considered, December 21, 2009 – a short interview

1953 births
American children's writers
American pacifists
American Quakers
American women children's writers
Germantown Friends School alumni
Living people
People from Orange, New Jersey
Quaker children's writers
Wesleyan University people
American women cartoonists
American women illustrators
Women religious writers
Writers from New Jersey
Writers from Philadelphia
David Geffen School of Drama at Yale University alumni
American cartoonists
21st-century American women

Sandra Boynton


Prolagus imperialis was an extinct species in the genus Prolagus. It was one of the species in this genus that were recently discovered. Prolagus imperialis may have resembled a pika.

Nomenclature
Prolagus imperialis was named after Poggio Imperiale, the place where its fossils were discovered. Its name might mean "first rabbit of Poggio Imperiale".

Size
Prolagus imperialis is larger than the species which was discovered along with it, Prolagus apricenicus. Also, Prolagus imperialis is the largest of all Prolagidae, weighing about 5 kilograms.

References

Pikas
Prehistoric mammals

Prolagus imperialis


Salavat Yulayev () is a 1940 Soviet film directed by Yakov Protazanov, about Bashkir national hero, poet Salawat Yulayev (1754-1800) and Pugachev's Rebellion.

Synopsis
Son of the village elder, young Salavat, is forced to permanently leave his native village for physically assaulting an officer of the king. A runaway convict Khlopusha, helps him escape from pursuing soldiers. Salavat does not trust Khlopusha, because he thinks of every Russian as an enemy. But the shared shackles and forced labor in the mines bring them closer together. The friends manage to escape from prison. Two years Salavat and Khlopusha wander around the vast expanses of the Urals. In one of the Cossack farms they meet Pugachev and become his staunch supporters. Salavat is sent home to his native village. The people elevated by them flock to Pugachev's banner. Together with the Russian peasants and workers of the Ural fortified factories, the Bashkir cavalry led by Colonel Salavat is in combat. To fight Pugachev, the tsarist government sends perfectly armed regular troops under the command of Michelson. Betrayal of the Cossack elders helps aggressors to cause serious damage to the people on Pugachev side. Khlopusha is killed in combat. Pugachev is captured by the traitors. Rich Bashkirs manages to find Salavat, and they give him over to the authorities but his friends manage to organize an escape. Far away in the mountains, parting with his associates, Salavat encourages them: "The Bashkir people will live at ease!"

Cast
 Arslan Muboryakov
 Mikhail Bolduman
 Sergei Blinnikov
 Nikolai Kryuchkov
 Nina Nikitina
 Irina Fedotova
 Lev Potyomkin
 Andrei Fajt
 Georgy Millyar

External links

1940 films
1940s biographical drama films
Soviet biographical drama films
Russian biographical drama films
1940s historical drama films
Soviet historical drama films
Russian historical drama films
Gorky Film Studio films
Soviet black-and-white films
Films directed by Yakov Protazanov
Films scored by Aram Khachaturian
Russian black-and-white films

Salavat Yulayev (film)


Rosa Luz Alegría Escamilla (born 1949) is a Mexican physicist who was the first woman to serve in the Mexican Executive Cabinet.

Alegría studied physics in the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM).  During her time at the university she got involved with UNAM's Consejo General de Huelga ("General Strike Council", CGH).

During Luis Echeverría's presidency she started to work in the public service. President José López Portillo appointed her under-secretary of planning and budget (Subsecretaria de Programación y Presupuesto), and later, on August 13, 1980, she was appointed Secretary of Tourism, becoming the first female Secretary of State in Mexico.

Alegria's appointment as Secretary of State occurred in an administration famous for nepotism.

References

1949 births
Living people
20th-century Mexican physicists
Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
Mexican Secretaries of Tourism
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
Politicians from Mexico City
Women Secretaries of State of Mexico
20th-century Mexican politicians
20th-century Mexican women politicians
20th-century Mexican women scientists

Rosa Luz Alegría


Everything Goes (stylized as everything goes) is a 2004 short film directed by Andrew Kotatko. It is based on the 1978 short story Why Don't You Dance? from Raymond Carver's 1981 collection What We Talk About When We Talk About Love. The film stars Hugo Weaving, Abbie Cornish and Sullivan Stapleton. Everything Goes won the award for Best Short Film at the 2004 Inside Film Awards and was the only Australian film selected for the prestigious Clermont-Ferrand International Short Film Festival in 2005.

Synopsis

The film depicts the unlikely relationship that forms between a young couple (Cornish and Stapleton) looking to begin their future together and a lonely middle-aged man (Weaving) trying to rid himself of the past.

Cast
Hugo Weaving as Ray
Abbie Cornish as Brianie
Sullivan Stapleton as Jack
Nikki Bennett as Ray's Wife

Reviews

The film received positive reviews from critics. In an article on Australian cinema for Cinematical.com, respected American film critic Jeffrey M. Anderson praised Everything Goes as "everything a great short film can be" and noted that "Kotatko makes spectacular use of light and space, using Carver's words when necessary and conjuring up wordless images just as potent".

References

External links

 Everything Goes at Cinematical.com

2004 films
Australian drama short films
2004 drama films
2000s English-language films
2000s Australian films

Everything Goes (film)


Philippe Gomès (born 27 October 1958) is a New Caledonian politician and, from 5 June 2009 to 11 March 2011, President of the Government of New Caledonia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. He served as a member of the National Assembly from 2008 until 2022.

Biography
Gomès was born in Algiers, Algeria. He was appointed by the Congress of New Caledonia after the provincial election held on 10 May 2009. He is backed by a wide coalition of the four main loyalists (i.e. anti-independence) parties that control 36 of the 54 seats in the Congress, now political allies after having fought each other during the campaign : The Rally–UMP, Caledonia Together (Gomès' party), Future Together and Movement for Diversity. In the Government, 7 of the 11 members come from those pro-France parties.

A former member of RPCR (older name of The Rally–UMP and historical anti-independence party in New Caledonia), Gomès left it in 2004 to found with others dissidents (like Marie-Noëlle Thémereau or Harold Martin) the Future Together (Avenir ensemble) party that defeated RPCR in the provincial election on 9 May 2004. Then, Philippe Gomès became president of the South Province, by far the most economically developed and most urbanized part of New Caledonia. After a conflict between him and some members of the party, including Harold Martin or Didier Leroux, he entered again in dissent, leaving Future Together to create his own movement called Caledonia Together (Calédonie ensemble).

He was also mayor of La Foa, a rural commune on the West Coast of Grande Terre (the main island of the archipelago), from 1989 to 2008. In this village, he notably created an annual film festival, the first and the only one in New Caledonia. Its first president was the French film director Jean-Pierre Jeunet, and among his successors have included Claude Pinoteau, Jane Campion, Claude Brasseur or Patrice Leconte.

Since March 2011, he served in the New Caledonia Government, as minister for Transfers of civil security, civil and commercial rules, and of civil status.

On 17 June 2012, he was elected as member of the National Assembly of France in the 2nd constituency of New Caledonia. He joined the Union of Democrats and Independents group in the National Assembly, chaired by former minister Jean-Louis Borloo.

In the 2022 legislative election, Gomes lost his seat in the National Assembly for New Caledonia's 2nd constituency to Nicolas Metzdorf.

References

1958 births
Living people
Politicians from Algiers
Presidents of the Government of New Caledonia
People from South Province, New Caledonia
Members of the Congress of New Caledonia
The Rally (New Caledonia) politicians
Mayors of places in New Caledonia
New Caledonian people of French descent
French people of Algerian descent
Pieds-Noirs
French people of Portuguese descent
New Caledonian people of Algerian descent
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 15th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Union of Democrats and Independents politicians
Members of Parliament for New Caledonia

Philippe Gomès


The Bullet cluster (1E 0657-558) consists of two colliding clusters of galaxies. Strictly speaking, the name Bullet cluster refers to the smaller subcluster, moving away from the larger one. It is at a co-moving radial distance of 1.141 x 109 parsecs (3.7 billion light-years).

Gravitational lensing studies of the Bullet cluster are claimed to provide the best evidence to date for the existence of dark matter.  However, this interpretation of the gravitational lensing results is disputed. Observations of other galaxy cluster collisions, such as MACS J0025.4-1222, are similarly claimed to support the existence of dark matter.

Mordehai Milgrom, the original proposer of MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics), has posted on-line a rebuttal of claims that the Bullet Cluster proves the existence of dark matter. Milgrom claims that MOND correctly accounts for the dynamics of galaxies outside of galaxy clusters, and even in clusters such as the Bullet Cluster it removes the need for most dark matter, leaving only a factor of two which Milgrom expects to be simply unseen ordinary matter (non-luminous baryonic matter) rather than cold dark matter. Without MOND, or some similar theory, the matter discrepancy in galaxy clusters is a factor of 10, i.e. MOND reduces this discrepancy five-fold to a factor of 2.

References

Galaxy clusters

Bullet cluster


The Arctic ice pack or arctic ice cap is an ice shield covering the Arctic Ocean. It changes during the year. Usually, the ice melts in spring and summer, and increases during autumn and winter. The minimum cover is around mid-September.  Summer ice cover in the Arctic is about half of winter cover.  Some of the ice survives from one year to the next. Currently, 28% of Arctic basin sea ice is multi-year ice. Multi-year ice is thicker than seasonal ice: up to  thick over large areas, with ridges up to  thick.  As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.

Climatic importance

Energy balance effects
Sea ice is important for the heat balance of the polar oceans:  it insulates the (relatively) warm ocean from the much colder air above. With ice,  less heat is lost from the oceans. Sea ice is highly reflective of solar radiation, reflecting about 60% of incoming solar radiation when bare and about 80% when covered with snow. This is due to a feedback known as the albedo effect. This is much greater than the reflectivity of the sea (about 10%). The ice also affects the absorption of sunlight at the surface.

Hydrological effects
The sea ice cycle is also an important source of dense (saline) bottom water. When sea water freezes it leaves most of its salt content behind. The remaining surface water, made dense by the extra salinity, sinks and produces dense water masses such as North Atlantic Deep Water. This production of dense water is essential in maintaining the thermohaline circulation, and the accurate representation of these processes is important in climate modelling.

Odden
The Odden ice tongue in the Greenland Sea is an area where so-called pancake ice is the most common type of ice. Odden means headland in Norwegian. During the winter, it grows eastward from the East Greenland ice edge around 72°N to 74°N. The Jan Mayen Current brings some very cold polar surface water, which it takes from the East Greenland Current. Most of the old ice continues south, driven by the wind, so a cold open water surface is exposed on which new ice forms as frazil and pancake in the rough seas.

Changes in size and volume of sea ice

Records of Arctic Sea ice from the United Kingdom's Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research go back to the turn of the 20th century. Before 1950, the data is not as good as after 1950.  Reliable measurements of sea ice edge begin within the satellite era. From the  late 1970s, there were different satellites that could provide data which was independent of solar illumination or weather conditions. The frequency and accuracy of passive microwave measurements improved with the launch of the DMSP F8 Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSMI) in 1987. Both the sea ice area and extent are estimated. The latter is lager, as it is defined as the area of ocean with at least 15% sea ice.

A modeling study of the 52-year period from 1947 to 1999 found a statistically significant decrease in Arctic ice volume of  3% per decade, caused by an increase in tempertature.  A computer-based, time-resolved calculation of sea ice volume, fitted to various measurements, revealed that monitoring the ice volume is much more important for evaluating sea ice loss than pure area considerations.

The trends from 1979 to 2002 have been a statistically significant Arctic sea ice decrease of 2.5% ± 0.9% per decade during those 23 years. Climate models simulated this trend in 2002. The September minimum ice extent trend for 1979–2011 declined by 12.0% per decade during 32 years.  In 2007 the minimum extent fell by more than a million square kilometers, the biggest decline since accurate satellite data has been available, to . New research shows the Arctic Sea ice to be melting faster than predicted by any of the 18 computer models used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in preparing its 2007 assessments. In 2012, a new record low of about  was reached.

In the overall mass balance, the volume of sea ice depends on the thickness of the ice as well as the area covered. While the satellite era has enabled better measurement of trends in area, accurate ice thickness measurements remain a challenge. "Nonetheless, the extreme loss of this summer's sea ice cover and the slow onset of freeze-up portends lower than normal ice extent throughout autumn and winter, and the ice that grows back is likely to be fairly thin". As more and more of the sea ice is thinner first-year ice the greater effect storms have on its stability with turbulence resulting from major extratropical cyclones resulting in extensive fractures of sea ice.

References

Climate change
Arctic islands
Oceanography

Arctic ice pack


Sandbank ( or Taigh a' Chladaich) is a village on the Cowal peninsula in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. It is located  north of Dunoon on the coastal A815 (low road) or the inland A885 (high road) and sits on the southern shore of the Holy Loch, branching off the Firth of Clyde.

History

Robertsons Yachtbuilders

Alexander Robertson started repairing boats in a small workshop at Sandbank in 1876, and Alexander Robertson & Sons went on to become one of the foremost wooden boat builders on Scotland's River Clyde. The 'golden years' of Robertson's yard were in the early 1900s when they started building classic 12- and 15-metre racing yachts. Robertsons was well known for the quality of its workmanship and was chosen to build the first 15-metre yacht designed by William Fife (Shimna, 1907). More than 55 boats were built by Robertsons in preparation for the First World War and the yard remained busy even during the Great Depression in the 1930s, as many wealthy businessmen developed a passion for yacht racing on the Clyde. During World War II the yard was devoted to Admiralty work, producing a wide range of large high-speed Fairmile Marine Motor Boats. After the war the yard built the successful one-class Loch Longs and two David Boyd designed 12-metre challengers for the America's Cup: Sceptre (1958) and Sovereign (1964). Due to difficult business conditions the Robertson family sold the yard in 1965, and it was turned over to GRP production work until it closed in 1980. During its 104-year history, Robertson's Yard built 500 boats, many of which are still sailing today. The yard ceased trading in the early 1980s and the site was levelled soon after. The site has since been consumed by residential building and the new Holy Loch Marina development.

U.S. Navy years

Sandbank was the site of the shore facilities of the U.S. Navy submarine base in the Holy Loch from 1961 to 1992, part of the US Atlantic Fleet. It was, for 30 years, until the end of the Cold War, the home port of the U.S. Navy's Submarine Squadron 14 (SUBRON 14, short name). Nowadays, part of the old navy complex that was the former location of Morris & Lorimer's boat building yard, is a timber loading berth and marina.

Holy Loch Marina
Sandbank is the location of the Holy Loch Marina, a development with over 200 berths.

Cemetery
Cowal Cemetery is located on the high road (A885) between Sandbank and Dunoon. It was established in 1972.

Gallery

References

External links

 Holy Loch Marina - website

Villages in Cowal
Firth of Clyde
Highlands and Islands of Scotland

Sandbank, Argyll


Luís Carlos Tóffoli, usually nicknamed Gaúcho (7 March 1964 – 17 March 2016), was a Brazilian football player and manager. He was born in Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul.

After spending his youth years at Rio de Janeiro club Flamengo, he began his professional career in 1984 at Grêmio. The following year he transferred to Atlético Goianiense.

In 1990, he returned to his youth club, signing a three-year deal with Flamengo. There he won the 1990 Copa do Brasil, the 1991 Rio State Championship and the 1992 Série A. During this period he played 198 matches and scored 98 goals. At the end of his contract he joined Italian Serie A side Lecce, where he failed to make a breakthrough with only five games played. He left the club halfway through the season and signed with Boca Juniors, where once again he failed to repeat his good performances.

Gaúcho died of prostate cancer on 17 March 2016.

References

1964 births
2016 deaths
Brazilian footballers
Brazilian football managers
Deaths from prostate cancer

Gaúcho (footballer, born 1964)


Technical description[edit]
For a key to the terms used, see Glossary of entomology terms.
Males and females. Upperside: black or brownish black, in fresh specimens in certain lights with a dull purplish flush. Fore wing: uniform, with a very slender thread-like edging of white to the costa. Hindwing: a large conspicuous orange-red patch on the posterior terminal half of the wing between the dorsum and vein 7; this patch does not extend quite to the termen but leaves a narrow edging of the black ground-colour which is produced inwards in short conical projections in interspaces 2 to 5. Cilia of both fore and hind wings chequered with black and white alternately. Underside: silvery white. Forewing: a quadrate spot on the discocellulars, a broad transverse discal band and the terminal third of the wing jet-black; the discal band is irregular, dislocated on vein 3, the posterior portion shifted inwards and joined onto the black area on the posterior terminal third of the wing by projections of black on the dorsum, along veins 3 and between veins 4 and 5; the black area on terminal third of the wing encloses a transverse postdiscal series of small round and a subterminal transversely near series of spots of the white ground-colour. Hind wing: two spots near base, a subbasal transverse series of three spots, a medial similar series of four somewhat elongate spots and a transverse short postdiscal bar between veins 4 and 6, jet-black; terminal third of the wing above vein 7 jet-black, below that vein deep orange-red, the whole area (both the black and the red) medially traversed by a transverse curved series of round spots of the white ground-colour and margined outwardly by a series of transverse, very short and very slender lines of the same in the interspaces; anticiliary line black. Cilia of both fore and hind wings chequered as on the upperside; a short filamentous tail at apex of vein 2 black, tipped white. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black, shafts of the antennae ringed with white; beneath: palpi, thorax and abdomen while.[1]

Talicada nyseus


Expo 58, also known as the 1958 Brussels World's Fair (, ), was a world's fair held on the Heysel/Heizel Plateau in Brussels, Belgium, from 17 April to 19 October 1958. It was the first major world's fair registered under the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE) after World War II.

Background
Expo 58 was the eleventh world's fair hosted by Belgium, and the fifth in Brussels, following the fairs in 1888, 1897, 1910 and 1935. In 1953, Belgium won the bid for the next world's fair, winning out over other European capitals such as Paris and London.

Nearly 15,000 workers spent three years building the  site on the Heysel/Heizel Plateau,  north-west of central Brussels. Many of the buildings were re-used from the 1935 World's Fair, which had been held on the same site.

The theme of Expo 58 was "Bilan du monde, pour un monde plus humain" (in English: "Evaluation of the world for a more humane world"), a motto inspired by faith in technical and scientific progress, as well as post-war debates over the ethical use of atomic power.

The exhibition attracted some 41.5 million visitors, making Expo 58 the second largest World's Fair after the 1900 Exposition Universelle et Internationale de Paris, which had attracted 48 million visitors. Every 25 years starting in 1855, Belgium had staged large national events to celebrate its national independence following the Belgian Revolution of 1830. However, the Belgian Government under Prime Minister Achille Van Acker decided to forego celebrations in 1955 to have additional funding for the 1958 Expo. Since Expo 58, Belgium has not organised any more world's fairs.

Exhibition

More than forty nations took part in Expo 58, with more than forty-five national pavilions, not including those of the Belgian Congo and Belgium itself.

The site is best known for the Atomium, a giant model of a unit cell of an iron crystal (each sphere representing an atom). More than 41 million visitors visited the site, which was opened with a call for world peace and social and economic progress, issued by King Baudouin I. The Atomium was originally foreseen to last only the six months of the exhibition; but it was never taken down, its outer coating was renewed on the 50th anniversary of the exhibition, and it stands nowadays as just as much an emblem of Brussels as the Eiffel Tower is of Paris.

Notable exhibitions include the Philips Pavilion, where "Poème électronique", commissioned specifically for the location, was played back from 425 loudspeakers, placed at specific points as designed  by Iannis Xenakis, and Le Corbusier.

Belgian Congo Section
The Belgian Congo section was located in  in close proximity to the Atomium model. The Belgian Congo, today known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo, was at that time a Belgian colonial holding. Expo organizers also included participants from the UN Trust Territories of Ruanda-Urundi (today, Rwanda and Burundi) in the Belgian Congo section, without differentiation. This section was divided into seven pavilions: the Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi Palace, agriculture; Catholic missions; insurance, banks, trade; mines and metallurgy; energy, construction, and transport; a village indigène (indigenous village). The Belgian Congo section was, above all, intended to display the "civilizing" work of the Belgian colonialism.  The ville indigène is of the most notable modern "human zoos" of the 20th century.

Human zoo
Another exhibition at the Belgian pavilion was the Congolese village that some have branded a human zoo.

The Ministry of Colonies built the Congolese exhibit, intending to demonstrate their claim to have "civilized" the "primitive Africans." Native Congolese art was rejected for display, as the Ministry claimed it was "insufficiently Congolese." Instead, nearly all of the art on display was created by Europeans in a purposefully primitive and imitative style, and the entrance of the exhibit featured a bust of King Leopold II, under whose colonial rule millions of Congolese died. The 700 Congolese chosen to be exhibited by the Ministry were educated urbanites referred to by Belgians as évolués, meaning literally "evolved," but were made to dress in "primitive" clothing, and an armed guard blocked them from communicating with white Belgians who came to observe them. The exotic nature of the exhibit was lauded by visitors and international press, with the Belgian socialist newspaper Le Peuple praising the portrayal of Africans, saying it was "in complete agreement with historical truth." However, in mid-July the Congolese protested the condescending treatment they were receiving from spectators and demanded to be sent home, abruptly ending the exhibit and eliciting some sympathy from European newspapers.

National pavilions

Austria
The Austrian pavilion was designed by Austrian architect Karl Schwanzer in modernist style. It was later transferred to Vienna to host the museum of the 20th century. In 2011 it was reopened under the new name 21er Haus. It included a model Austrian Kindergarten, which doubled as a day care facility for the employees, the Vienna Philharmonic playing behind glass, and a model nuclear fusion reactor that fired every 5 minutes.

Czechoslovakia

The exposition "One Day in Czechoslovakia" was designed by Jindřich Santar who cooperated with artists Jiří Trnka, Antonín Kybal, Stanislav Libenský and Jan Kotík. Architects of the simple, but modern and graceful construction were František Cubr, Josef Hrubý and Zdeněk Pokorný. The team's artistic freedom, so rare in the hard-line communist regime of the 1950s, was ensured by the government committee for exhibitions chairman František Kahuda. He supported the famous Laterna Magika show, as well as Josef Svoboda's technically unique Polyekran. The Czechoslovak pavilion was visited by 6 million people and was officially awarded the best pavilion of the Expo 58.

Liechtenstein
The Liechtenstein pavilion featured a bronze bust of Franz Joseph II at the entrance, a collection of weapons, stamps, and important historical documents from the Principality, paintings from the Prince's personal collection, and exhibits showcasing Liechtenstein's industry, landscape, and religious history. Also featured in the building was an interior garden with a circular walkway enabling visitors to browse the entire pavilion.

Mexico
This was designed by the architect Pedro Ramírez Vázquez. It was awarded the exposition's star of gold.

City of Paris
The city of Paris had its own pavilion, separate from the France exhibit.

United Kingdom
This was produced by the designer James Gardner, architect Howard Lobb and engineer Felix Samuely. The on-site British architect was Michael Blower, Brussels born and bilingual.

USSR

The Soviet pavilion was a large impressive building which was folded up and taken back to Russia when Expo 58 ended. There was a facsimile of Sputnik on display, which mysteriously disappeared and the USSR accused the US of stealing it. There was a bookstore selling science and technology books in English and other languages published by the Moscow Press. In the exposition there was also a model of Lenin the first nuclear icebreaker, and Soviet automobiles: GAZ-21 Volga, GAZ-13 Chaika, ZIL-111, Moskvitch 407 and 423, trucks GAZ-53 and MAZ-525. The Soviet exposition was awarded with a Grand Prix.

United States
The US pavilion was quite spacious and included a fashion show with models walking down a large spiral staircase, an electronic computer that demonstrated a knowledge of history, and a color television studio behind glass. It also served as the concert venue for performance by the Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra under the direction of Edward Lee Alley. It was designed by architect Edward Durell Stone.  It would also play host to the University of California Marching Band which had financed its own way to the fair under the direction of James Berdahl. The United States pavilion consisted of 4 buildings, one of which hosted America the Beautiful, a 360° movie attraction in Circarama made by Walt Disney Productions. The film would subsequently travel to the American National Exhibition in Moscow in 1959, and would find its first American audiences at Disneyland in Anaheim in 1960.

Federal Republic of Germany
The West German pavilion was designed by the architects Egon Eiermann and Sep Ruf. The world press called it the most polished and sophisticated pavilion of the exhibition.

Yugoslavia

The pavilion of Yugoslavia was designed by the architect Vjenceslav Richter, who originally proposed to suspend the whole structure from a giant cable-stayed mast. When that proved too complicated, Richter devised a tension column consisting of six steel arches supported by a pre-stressed cable, which stood in front of the pavilion as a visual marker and symbolized Yugoslavia's six constituent republics. Filled with modernist art, the pavilion was praised for its elegance and simplicity and Richter was awarded as Knight of the Order of the Belgian Crown. After the end of Expo 58, the pavilion was sold and reconstructed as a school in the Belgian municipality of Wevelgem, where it still stands.

Gallery

Transport
 As many visitors were expected, SABENA temporarily increased capacity by renting a couple of Lockheed Constellations.
 For the same reason, and well in time, it was decided to add a new terminal to the Melsbroek national airport; it was to be at the west side of the airport, on the grounds of the municipality of Zaventem, which has since given its name to the airport. A very modern addition was the railway station in the airport, offering direct train service to the city centre, though not to the expo itself.
 Several tram lines were built to serve the site, those to Brussels remain in service. One line (81) was temporarily deviated to go all the way through Brussels with endpoints at both ends of the Expo.

Mozart's Requiem incident

The autograph of Mozart's Requiem was placed on display. At some point, someone was able to gain access to the manuscript, tearing off the bottom right-hand corner of the second to last page (folio 99r/45r), containing the words "Quam olim d: C:".  the perpetrator has not been identified and the fragment has not been recovered.

International film poll
The event offered the occasion for the organization by thousands of critics and filmmakers from all over the world, of the first universal film poll in history. The poll received nominations from 117 critics from 26 nations. Броненосец Потёмкин (Battleship Potemkin) received 100 votes with The Gold Rush second with 95.

A jury of young filmmakers (Robert Aldrich, Satyajit Ray, Alexandre Astruc, Michael Cacoyannis, Juan Bardem, Francesco Maselli and Alexander Mackendrick) were due to select a winner from the nominees but voted not to.  Instead they indicated the following as still holding value to young filmmakers: Battleship Potemkin; Grand Illusion; Mother; The Passion of Joan of Arc; The Gold Rush and Bicycle Thieves.

See also

 The logo for Expo 58 was designed by Lucien De Roeck, and posters based on it were produced by De Roeck and by Leo Marfurt
 The 50th anniversary of Expo 58 was selected as the main motif of a high-value collectors' coin: the Belgian €100 50th Anniversary of the International Expo in Belgium commemorative coin, minted in 2008. In the obverse, the logo of the event is depicted together with the number 50, representing its 50th anniversary.

References

Notes

Bibliography
The Architecture of Expo 58 by Rika Devos & Mil De Kooning (eds). Dexia/Mercatorfonds, 2006.

External links

 Official website of the BIE
 1958 Brussels - approximately 160 links
 Expo '58 and a Flash-based
 A Brief History of Belgium's World's Fair Showcase
 Brussels World's Fair approaches completion, a March 17, 1958 Universal  newsreel clip from the Internet Archive
 worldfairs website

World's fairs in Brussels
1958 in Belgium
1950s in Brussels
1958 festivals
Nuclear power in Belgium

Expo 58


Ukek or Uvek (, ) was a city of the Golden Horde, situated  on the banks of the  Volga River, at the Uvekovka  estuary. Ukek marked the half-way distance between Sarai, the capital of the Golden Horde, and Bolghar, the former capital of   Volga Bulgaria. Probably established in the 1240s, Ukek became an important trade center by the early 14th century. Its ruins are at about 10 km downstream of the modern city of  Saratov. A village situated next to the ruins still has the name Uvek (Увек).

Several medieval chroniclers make reference to Ukek. Ibn Battuta stopped here, and called it "a city of middling size, with fine buildings and abundant commodities, and extremely cold." It is also marked on some contemporary maps, including the 1367 map by Dominico & Francisco Pizzigani and the 1459 map by Fra Mauro.
Timur's troops sacked the city in 1395. The ruins of Ukek were described by Anthony Jenkinson in 1558.

In 2014 archaeologists associated with the Saratov museum unearthed what they believed to be the remains of two Christian temples, along with artefacts identified as being imported from Rome, Egypt, Iran and China, indicating the wealth of the city.

Literature
Christian Martin Joachim Frähn: Über die ehemalige mongolische Stadt Ukek im Süden von Saratow und einen dort unlängst gemachten Fund, Sankt Petersburg, Buchdruckerei der Kaiserlichen Akademie, 1835
Leonard F. Nedashkovsky: Ukek : the Golden Horde city and its periphery, Oxford, 2004  Germany tried to reach Ukek in 1942.  The Whites fought the Reds in Ukek in 1919–1920.

References

History of Tatarstan
Geography of Saratov Oblast
Defunct towns in Russia
Destroyed populated places
Populated places on the Volga
Golden Horde
Former populated places in Russia
Cultural heritage monuments in Saratov Oblast
Objects of cultural heritage of Russia of federal significance

Ukek


Zaratite is a bright emerald green nickel carbonate mineral with formula Ni3CO3(OH)4·4H2O. Zaratite crystallizes in the isometric crystal system as massive to mammillary encrustations and vein fillings. It has a specific gravity of 2.6 and a Mohs hardness of 3 to 3.5. It has no cleavage and is brittle to conchoidal fracture. The luster is vitreous to greasy.

It is a rare secondary mineral formed by hydration or alteration of the primary nickel and iron bearing minerals, chromite, pentlandite, pyrrhotite, and millerite, during the serpentinization of ultramafic rocks. Hellyerite, NiCO3·6H2O, is a related mineral.

It was found originally in Galicia, Spain in 1851, and named after Spanish diplomat and dramatist Antonio Gil y Zárate (1793–1861).

See also
 Nickel(II) carbonate

References

Carbonate minerals
Cubic minerals
Nickel minerals

Zaratite


Betsy Norden (born October 17, 1945) is an American soprano who appeared with the Metropolitan Opera over 500 times.

Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, she studied at Boston University, and began her career in musical comedy. Norden joined the Met chorus in 1969, and sang her first solo role there on January 27, 1972, as the Peasant Girl in Le nozze di Figaro, opposite Cesare Siepi in the name part, with Karl Böhm conducting. The lyric soprano went on to sing thirty-nine different roles at the Met, including Despina in Cosi fan tutte, Zerlina in Don Giovanni, Oscar in Un ballo in maschera, Musetta in La bohème, Liu in Turandot, Sophie in Werther, Gretel in Hänsel und Gretel, and Constance in Dialogues des Carmélites, as well as numerous secondary roles.

On December 27, 1975, she sang four different roles on the same day (possibly a Met record) during the matinee and evening performances of Hänsel und Gretel and Il trittico.

Norden was seen in several of the Met's telecasts, including Don Carlos (conducted by James Levine), Lulu (directed by John Dexter), Il trittico (with Renata Scotto), Rigoletto, Hänsel und Gretel, Don Carlos again (with Plácido Domingo and Mirella Freni), and Dialogues des Carmélites (as Sister Constance of St Dénis, possibly her most successful role).

Her final appearances at the Metropolitan were in the 1992 world-premiere production of The Ghosts of Versailles (with Teresa Stratas and Marilyn Horne), the televised performance of which was her last Met appearance.

Norden has also appeared with various American opera companies, including those of Philadelphia and San Francisco. She has appeared as concert soloist with various ensembles including the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra, the Minnesota Orchestra, the Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra, Mostly Mozart Festival Orchestra, and the New York Chorale Society.

In 1977, she recorded Arthur Shepherd's Triptych, for High Voice and String Quartet with the Emerson String Quartet for New World Records. In 1987, she recorded an album of "Cantatas & Arias," with trumpeter Bob Haley, for Crystal Records.

Norden married Bob Haley on December 10, 1972, and has two sons.

Videography
 Verdi: Don Carlos [as Thibault] (Scotto, Troyanos, Moldoveanu, Milnes, Plishka, Hines; Levine, Dexter, 1980) [live]
 Berg: Lulu [as the Girl] (Migenes, Lear, Riegel, Mazura; Levine, Dexter, 1980) [live]
 Puccini: Il trittico [as Sister Genovieffa & Nella] (Scotto; Levine, Melano, 1981) [live]
 Verdi: Rigoletto [as the Contessa di Ceprano] (Éda-Pierre, Pavarotti, L.Quilico; Levine, Dexter, 1981) [live]
 Humperdinck: Hänsel und Gretel [as the Dew Fairy] (Blegen, von Stade, Devlin; Fulton, Merrill/Donnell, 1982) [live]
 Verdi: Don Carlos [as Thibault] (Freni, Bumbry, Domingo, L.Quilico; Levine, Dexter, 1983) [live]
 Corigliano: The Ghosts of Versailles (Stratas, Horne, Hagegård, G.Quilico; Levine, Graham, 1992) [live]

References
 The Metropolitan Opera Encyclopedia, edited by David Hamilton, Simon & Schuster, 1987.
 Metropolitan Opera, MetOpera Database

External links
  - Act I, Scene V  with Maria Ewing (1987).

American operatic sopranos
Living people
1945 births
Boston University alumni
20th-century American women opera singers
Singers from Ohio
Singers from Cincinnati
21st-century American women

Betsy Norden


The 1961 LPGA Championship was the seventh LPGA Championship, held October 12–15 at Stardust Country Club in Las Vegas, Nevada.

Defending champion Mickey Wright won the third of her four LPGA Championships, nine strokes ahead of runner-up Louise Suggs, the 1957 winner. It was Wright's third major title of the year and the seventh of her thirteen career majors. It was her tenth tour victory of the 1961 season.

Stardust Country Club opened earlier in the year and hosted the LPGA Championship for six consecutive years, through 1966. After several ownership and name changes, it became Las Vegas National Golf Club in 1998.

The purse was substantially increased in 1961 to $15,000 with a winner's share of $2,500, up from $8,500 and $1,500 in 1960.

Final leaderboard
Sunday, October 15, 1961

Source:

References

External links
Las Vegas National Golf Club

Women's PGA Championship
Golf in Las Vegas
LPGA Championship
LPGA Championship
LPGA Championship
LPGA Championship
Women's sports in Nevada

1961 LPGA Championship


Khon Uad Phee (, , since November 3, 2010) or Man vs Ghost is a Thai variety talk show television programme about ghosts and life after death. It's the most famous ghost television of Thailand. The sections of television programme: Clip Battle, Sound Bantao Tuk Phee (Ghost and karma solution by supernatural belief), La Tha Phee (Ghost Hunter) and Kho Kid Chak Khun Riew (Ideas from Mr. Riew)

Broadcast

2010-2011
Via Channel 7 (Thailand) by Workpoint Entertainment. Airdates on November 3, 2010, until December 28, 2011, 11.05 PM. - 01.05 AM. (UTC+7)

2012-present
Via Channel 5 by Workpoint Entertainment. Airdates since January 4, 2012 10.35 PM. - 00.20 AM. (UTC+7)

Television moderators

Main(Hosts)
 Krit Sripoomseth (Krit)
 Kapon Tongplub (Pong)
 Boriboon Chanrueng (Tuk)
 Panrawat Limrattanaaphon (Riew)
 Chenchira Riabroicharoen (Jane)
 Pharanyu Rotchanawuthitham (Taek)

Guest
 Nong Choosak Eamsuk (replaced Tuk Boriboon) (November 10 and 17, 2010)
 Gift Wattana Kamthonthip (replaced Tuk Boriboon) (December 1, 2010)
 Gung Worrachat Thammawichin (replaced Tuk Boriboon) (November 2, 2011)

Sections of programme

Clip Battle
Three moderators (Krit, Pong and Tuk) bring each own clip see the ghost in Thailand or other countries to compete. Whose least one will be punished. In several week, it may be have a clip from Thailand people that he will get 5,000 baht.

Clip from Thailand

References

External links
 Workpoint
 Khon Uad Phee Clip

2010 Thai television series debuts
Television series by Workpoint Entertainment
Ghosts in television
2010s Thai television series
Channel 7 (Thailand) original programming

Khon Uad Phee


William Taylor Copeland, MP, Alderman (1797 – 12 April 1868) was a British businessman and politician who served as Lord Mayor of London and a Member of Parliament.

Family and business
The family traces its descent back to John of Copeland also referred to as John de Coupland, who in 1346 captured the King of Scotland at the Battle of Neville's Cross.

Copeland was the only son of William Copeland, partner of Josiah Spode in the Stoke Potteries, of Staffordshire and of Portugal Street, London. He succeeded his father as head of the porcelain firm in Portugal Street, London and eventually bought out the interests of the Spode family in the business in the Potteries and London. He ran the business in partnership with Thomas Garrett between 1833 and 1847. After the dissolution of the  Copeland and Garret partnership, it traded as W.T. Copeland and Sons.

In 1866 Copeland was appointed china and glass manufacturer to the Prince of Wales. He became a director of the London and Birmingham Railway Company. He was also a major investor in Fenton Park Colliery.

William Taylor Copeland was a Director of the North Staffordshire Railway Company from 1846 to 1852.   He was also the first Chairman of the Provisional Directors of the Trent Valley Railway Company (TVRC), appointed on 11 April 1844 at their first meeting.  He resigned his post in February 1845, his letter of resignation being read and accepted at the TVRC Board meeting on 15 February.   His successor was Edmund Peel, brother of Sir Robert Peel.

In 1826 he married Sarah Yates. They had ten children, of whom a daughter and four sons survived. The sons were William Fowler Mountford Copeland (1828–1908), Edward Capper Copeland (1835–1875), Alfred James Copeland (1837–1921), and Richard Pirie Copeland (1841–1913).

His cousin, William Copeland Astbury, wrote  about William Taylor Copeland, the family, and the Copeland Spode business in his diaries, 1831–1848.

An artistic legacy

"The Hunt" collection, first introduced in 1930 as everyday earthenware, was inspired in 1830, when W.vT. Copeland, of Spode, offered the great sporting artist John Frederick Herring Sr. a house on his Essex estate. The relationship between the two men resulted in a collection of paintings. Most of the scenes used for "The Hunt" are taken from these works. The title of the featured painting is on the backside along with the official royal insignia of Spode, encapsulating its English heritage. More than two centuries of tableware tradition and the sporting life are represented in each piece.

J. F. Herring, born in 1795, undertook commissions to paint horses for titled owners. In about 1830 he was in debt and W.T. Copeland took up the bills and offered the artist a house on his estate in Essex. He also commissioned Herring to paint his own racehorses, pictures of fox hunting and scenes of rural life incorporating horses. It is from these paintings that most of the scenes for "The Hunt" are derived, although some were derived from the work of other sporting artists.

Public life
Copeland was active in the civic life of the City of London. He was elected alderman for Bishopsgate ward in 1828, served as Sheriff of London and Middlesex in 1828–29 and in 1835 was elected Lord Mayor of London (the third youngest man to hold that office) for 1835–36.

He was a member of the Goldsmiths' Company and its master in 1837–38. For seven years he was president of the royal hospitals of Bridewell and Bethlem, as well as a member of the Irish Society and President of the Honourable Artillery Company. In 1834 he was the first President of Forest School.

Copeland was active in Ireland as a Whig politician. He contested the Irish UK parliament constituency of Coleraine at the 1831 and 1832 general elections. On both occasions he lost the initial poll, but was declared duly elected on petition. In the 1835 general election Copeland was re-elected MP for Coleraine, by a majority of five. He sat for the borough until 1837.

Copeland then contested the Stoke-upon-Trent constituency in England, as a Conservative candidate. He sat for that seat between 1837 and 1852 (when he was defeated) and again from 1857 until he retired in 1865.

See also
William Henry Goss
John Frederick Herring Sr.
Spode

References

Further reading

British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885, compiled and edited by F W S Craig (2nd edition, Aldershot: Parliamentary Research Services, 1989)
Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801-1922, edited by B.M. Walker (Royal Irish Academy 1978)
The Parliaments of England by Henry Stooks Smith (1st edition published in three volumes 1844-50), 2nd edition edited (in one volume) by F.W.S. Craig (Political Reference Publications 1973)
Who's Who of British Members of Parliament: Volume I 1832-1885, by Michael Stenton (The Harvester Press 1976)

External links

 Spode website
 Spode Society

1797 births
1868 deaths
English pottery
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Londonderry constituencies (1801–1922)
People from Stoke-on-Trent
Staffordshire pottery
UK MPs 1831–1832
UK MPs 1832–1835
UK MPs 1835–1837
UK MPs 1837–1841
UK MPs 1841–1847
UK MPs 1847–1852
UK MPs 1857–1859
UK MPs 1859–1865
Whig (British political party) MPs for Irish constituencies
Sheriffs of the City of London
19th-century lord mayors of London
19th-century English politicians

William Taylor Copeland