The Russo-Swedish War of 1495–1497, known in Sweden as the Stures' Russian War (), was a border war which occurred between the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Kingdom of Sweden. Although the war was relatively short, and did not lead to any territorial changes, it has significance as the first war between Sweden and Moscow. Sweden earlier fought wars against the Novgorod Republic, before Novgorod was formally annexed to Moscow in 1478.

Background

The Österland Border
During the High Middle Ages, the Kingdom of Sweden had expanded across the Baltic Sea and conquered the entirety of what is now Finland (referred to by the Swedes as Österland), and thereby came into contact with the Republic of Novgorod. The border between Sweden and the Republic of Novgorod was fixed by the 1322 Treaty of Nöteborg, which defined it as beginning at Vyborg Castle on the Gulf of Finland and then running north, up the middle of the Karelian Isthmus and across Savonia to terminate at the Gulf of Bothnia, probably in the area of the Pyhäjoki River, although the treaty is rather vague with regard to the northern segment of the border, presumably because this territory was initially considered to be useless wasteland.

Despite the signing of the Treaty, conflicts recurred periodically between Sweden and Novgorod through the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The Novgorodians were aggrieved by Swedish settlement on their side of the border, particularly in northern Ostrobothnia and eastern Savonia; the building of a Swedish castle at Olavinlinna () in 1475 was especially provocative.

However, Novgorod was not in a position to seek redress for its grievances as the Republic was by then in terminal decline. In 1472 it was defeated by its southeastern neighbour, the Grand Duchy of Moscow, and forced to accept vassal status, and in 1478 Grand Prince Ivan III formally dissolved the Republic and annexed Novgorod to Moscow.

Sweden and the Kalmar Union
In 1397 Sweden had, together with the Kingdoms of Denmark and Norway, formed the tripartite union known as the Kalmar Union. However, by the late fifteenth century its position in the Union had been thrown into question. From 1471 it was ruled by a regent (), Sten Sture the Elder and was de facto independent, but theoretically it was still part of the Union, a large proportion of its political class favoured close ties with Denmark-Norway. Successive Danish-Norwegian kings encouraged this unionist sentiment to try to force Sten to acknowledge royal sovereignty and to re-integrate Sweden fully into the Union.

In 1493, King Hans attempted to put further pressure on Sten by concluding an alliance with Grand Prince Ivan, promising that if he managed to take control of Sweden he would restore the Russo-Swedish border to the line stipulated by the Treaty of Nöteborg. Sten thus found himself menaced by hostile powers to both east and west.

For his part, Ivan did not entirely trust the promise of territorial concessions from Hans. Calculating that the Swedes would be too preoccupied with the threat of a Danish-Norwegian invasion to deal with a Muscovite incursion into Österland, he decided to seize the vital Swedish border fortress at Vyborg and thus present both the Swedes and Danes with a fait accompli.

War
In late 1495, Ivan sent Princes Daniil Shchenya and Vasily Shuisky to lay siege to the Swedish castle of Viborg, whose commander Knut Jönsson Posse happened to be married to one of Sten Sture's cousins. After a siege of three months, the Muscovites attempted to storm the castle in late November, but a massive explosion killed a large number of the attackers and stopped the assault in its tracks, and the siege was lifted soon afterward. The explosion went down in Swedish and Finnish folklore as 'the Vyborg Bang'.

The Muscovites subsequently switched tactics, and rather than trying to seize Swedish castles they instead attempted to force them into submission by ravaging Österland. Over the winter of 1495-6 Muscovite forces under Vasily Kosoy and Andrey Chelyadnin devastated the country around Tavastehus (), while other Muscovite raiding parties managed to get all the way to the gates of Åbo (), which was a major humiliation for Sten.

The Swedish regent responded by declaring the conflict to be a holy war, as the Muscovites, being Orthodox Christians, were considered heretics by the Catholic Swedes. In summer 1496 he succeeded in getting Pope Alexander VI to issue a papal bull officially recognising the war as a crusade against heretics, which was a propaganda boost for Sten and enabled him to impose extra taxes to fund the war effort. These taxes were however very unpopular in Sweden, especially for the Swedish Church, which was already suspicious of Sten for his efforts to encroach upon its traditional freedoms and blamed him for the outbreak of the war with Moscow.

In August a Swedish force under the command of Svante Nilsson sailed across the Gulf of Finland to attack Ivangorod, a castle which Ivan III had built to protect Ingria against the Livonian Order in what is now Estonia and Latvia. The castle was successfully captured and razed, whereupon Svante returned to Åbo to await reinforcements from Sweden.

Sten Sture himself arrived in Österland in early autumn 1496 with a fresh army, planning to overwinter at Åbo and then mount a campaign into Ingria in 1497. However, upon arrival he fell out with Svante Nilsson, who promptly sailed to Sweden and aligned himself with the unionist opposition against Sten. Given Svante's status as the general who had captured Ivangorod, this defection was a major blow to Sten, and in November he was forced to return to Sweden himself to address the gathering unrest against him. He also offered to make peace with Moscow, and a six-year truce was agreed in March 1497, bringing the war to an end.

Trivia
The conflict is known in Sweden as the Stures' Russian War () after Sten Sture the Elder and Svante Nilsson. Confusingly, Svante Nilsson actually belonged to the Natt och Dag family rather than the Sture family, but he was distantly related to Sten, and moreover his son Sten Svantesson later adopted the surname Sture (and is therefore known as Sten Sture the Younger), and so Svante is often described as a Sture himself.

References

Sources
 Palme, Sven Ulric, Sten Sture den äldre, AB Wahlström & Widstrand 1950, Stockholm
 Suvanto, S: Suomen poliittinen asema Sten Sturen vanhemman valtakautena vuosina 1483–1497 (Finlands politiska ställning under Sten Sture den äldres regering 1483–1497), Suomen historiallinen seura 1952, Helsinki
 Jaakkola, J: Suomen myöhäiskeskiaika II (Finlands senmedeltid), Werner Söderström OY 1959
 Suomen kansan historia I (Det finska folkets historia), Otava 1964, Helsinki
 Julku, K: Suomen itärajan synty (Den finska östgränsens tillkomst), Pohjoissuomen historiallinen yhdistys 1987, Rovaniemi
 Finlands historia I, Schildts Förlags AB 1992, Esbo
 Harrison, D: Gud vill det! Nordiska korsfarare under medeltiden, Ordfront förlag 2005, Stockholm
 Sveriges historia 1350–1600, Norstedts 2010, Stockholm

15th century in Finland
Wars involving the Grand Duchy of Moscow
Wars involving Sweden
History of the Karelian Isthmus
1490s conflicts
Russia–Sweden military relations
15th century in Sweden
15th-century military history of Russia
Conflicts in 1495
Conflicts in 1496
Conflicts in 1497
1495 in Europe
1496 in Europe
1497 in Europe
15th century in the Grand Duchy of Moscow

Russo-Swedish War (1495–1497)


This is a partial list of the British Air Ministry (AM) specifications for aircraft. A specification stemmed from an Operational Requirement, abbreviated "OR", describing what the aircraft would be used for. This in turn led to the specification itself, e.g. a two-engined fighter with four machine guns. So for example, OR.40 for a heavy bomber led to Specification B.12/36. Aircraft manufacturers would be invited to present design proposals to the ministry, following which prototypes of one or more of the proposals might be ordered for evaluation. On very rare occasions, a manufacturer would design and build an aircraft using their own money as a "private venture" (PV). This would then be offered to the ministry for evaluation. The ministry may well release a specification based on the private venture aircraft if the plane aroused interest from the RAF or the ministry due to its performance or some other combination of features.

The system of producing aircraft to a specification ran from 1920 to 1949 during which the Air Ministry was replaced by first the Ministry of Aircraft Production (MAP) in 1940 and then the Ministry of Supply (MoS) in 1946. The system was applied to commercial aircraft as well, two being the de Havilland Comet and Vickers Viscount. During the period, over 800 specifications were issued.

Specification designations
Each specification name usually followed a pattern. A leading letter was usually present to identify the aircraft purpose. The codes used included B for "heavy bomber", e.g., B.12/36, P for "medium bomber", e.g., P.13/36, F for "fighter", e.g., F.10/35, and A for "army co-operation", e.g., A.39/34. The second part was a number identifying it in sequence and then after the slash, the year it was formulated, so in the example given above, B.12/36 signifies a specification for a heavy bomber, the twelfth specification of all types issued in 1936. Specifications were not always issued in sequence.

Admiralty specifications were identified by the letter N (Naval), e.g., N.21/45, and experimental specifications identified by the letter E (Experimental), e.g., E.28/39, with training aircraft signified by the letter T (Training), e.g., T.23/31, and unpowered aircraft, signified by the letter X, e.g., X.26/40. The letter G (General) signified a general-purpose aircraft, e.g., G.9/45, with an M (Multi-role) being applied to aircraft intended for more than one specific purpose, e.g., M.15/35.

The letter C (Cargo) was applied to military transport aircraft, e.g., C.1/42, with the letter O (Observation) used for a naval reconnaissance aircraft, e.g., O.8/38 – the letter S (Spotter) used for the more specialised role of naval spotting, i.e., observing and reporting back the fall of naval gunfire, e.g., S.38/34 – and R (Reconnaissance) for a reconnaissance type – often a flying boat, e.g., R.3/33. Special purpose aircraft would be signified by a letter Q, this being used to specify aircraft such as target-tugs, radio-controlled target drones, etc., e.g., Q.32/55.

Sometimes the purpose for which an aircraft is used in service would change from that for which the specification to which it was designed was issued, and so there are some discrepancies and inconsistencies in designation, the Royal Navy in particular liking to specify multiple roles for its aircraft in an attempt to make the best use of the necessarily limited hangar space onboard its aircraft carriers. In this case this resulted in several types designed to specifications originally intended to signify the naval Spotting role also being used for other purposes, e.g., S.15/33, resulting in the Blackburn Shark and Fairey Swordfish, the latter aircraft being primarily utilised as a torpedo bomber. Similarly S.24/37, which produced the Fairey Barracuda, again primarily designed for spotting, the dive bomber/torpedo bomber requirements being regarded as secondary when the specification was issued, but for which roles it was almost exclusively subsequently used, the original spotting requirement having been made obsolete with the introduction of radar.

In addition, some (mostly early) specifications appear to have no letter prefix at all, e.g., 1/21, the Vickers Virginia III.

List of specifications (incomplete)
The names of the aircraft shown in the table are not necessarily those they carried when provided for evaluation as at this point an aircraft would usually be referred to as the Manufacturer X.XX/XX, e.g., the Avro B.35/46 – this is in addition to the manufacturer's own separate internal designation for the aircraft, e.g., Avro 698. With several manufacturers submitting designs to the same specification this could result in a number of different aircraft with the same X.XX/XX designation, e.g., Handley Page B.35/46, etc. Upon acceptance of the design(s) the final service names would usually be chosen by the Air Ministry when they placed a production order, in the above B.35/46 cases, where two aircraft were accepted to this specification, Vulcan and Victor respectively.

Upon entering service, in the absence of any already-planned variants a new type would initially have no mark number after the aircraft name, being simply referred to as the Manufacturer Service-name, e.g., the Avro Anson, however upon acceptance of a new variant the previous (initial) version automatically became the 'Mark I', so in the example given, the previous (first) version of the Anson retrospectively became the Avro Anson Mk I upon acceptance of an Avro Anson Mk II. Sometimes planned variants would be later cancelled leading to 'missing' mark numbers, or the extent of the changes may have justified given the new variant a completely new name, e.g., the Hawker Typhoon II subsequently becoming the Hawker Tempest, or the Avro Lancaster B.IV & B.V entering service as the Avro Lincoln. In a few cases the same aircraft ordered with differing engines would be allocated separate names for each variant, e.g., Hawker Typhoon and Hawker Tornado, or the Handley Page Hampden and Handley Page Hereford. Typographical designation of mark numbers (Mk.) varied over time and inconsistencies are common, e.g., Mark II, Mk. II, II, etc. Initially Roman numerals were used, changing to Arabic numerals post-World War II, e.g., Supermarine Spitfire Mk I to Supermarine Spitfire Mk 24.

Note 1: where possible mark numbers are given here in this list in the form that was used at the time of acceptance. Variations may be encountered due to changes in format/typographical convention.

Note 2: due to mergers and amalgamations within the UK aircraft industry sometimes the name of the manufacturer changed over time, e.g., English Electric later became part of the British Aircraft Corporation (BAC), so the English Electric Lightning then became the BAC Lightning; the British Aircraft Corporation itself and Hawker Siddeley (HS) then later merged and became British Aerospace, subsequently becoming BAe (now BAE Systems). Thus the previously mentioned Avro Vulcan was subsequently referred to as the Hawker Siddeley Vulcan; similarly, the Blackburn Buccaneer later became the Hawker Siddeley Buccaneer. Where possible, for clarity the aircraft in this list are listed under the ORIGINATING company's name or the name of the manufacturer under which it first entered production.

Specifications within the tables are listed in numerical order by year of issue; where a given number appears more than once, with one or more letter prefixes, the entries are presented in alphabetical order.

Air Board specifications (1917–1918)
In 1917, the Air Board began to issue specifications for new aircraft on behalf of the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Navy Air Service, with separate series for the RFC and Navy.

RAF specifications (1918–1920)
Data from: The British Aircraft Specifications File

1920–1929
Data from: The British Aircraft Specifications File

1930–1939

1940–1949

Post 1949 specifications. Air Staff Operational Requirements/targets

Naval requirement/Aircraft, Naval Staff requirements

General Staff Requirements For Aircraft

See also
 Operational Requirement (OR)
 British military aircraft designation systems
 General Staff Target – the British Army equivalent
 Specification (technical standard)
 List of Operational Requirements for nuclear weapons

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography
 Aeroplane Monthly magazine. Various articles, various issues, 1973–1987.

Further reading

 : This is a combined volume made up of

External links

British military aircraft
United Kingdom
Air Ministry
Air Ministry specifications
United Kingdom defence procurement

List of Air Ministry specifications


Sondra Crosby is an American medical doctor and Professor of Medicine at Boston University, specializing in internal medicine. She is also a faculty member of the Health Law, Bioethics and Human Rights department at the Boston University School of Public Health.
Crosby is notable for being one of the first doctors allowed to travel to Guantanamo to independently examine Guantanamo captives.

Crosby is notable for serving as the director of medical care at the Boston Center for Refugee Health and Human Rights.
She examined over 300 torture victims at the Center.

Crosby is one of the authors of Broken Laws, Broken Lives: Medical Evidence of Torture by the US, published by Physicians for Human Rights.
According to Physicians for Human Rights Crosby has "written over 200 affidavits documenting medical and psychological sequelae of torture."

In October 2009 Crosby submitted an affidavit following her examination of Guantanamo's longest term hunger striker, Abdul Rahman Shalabi.
She stated that if he didn't receive more calories he would die.
Crosby was one of the first doctors outside the DoD who was allowed to examine Guantanamo captives.

In October 2012 Crosby wrote a letter about Tariq al-Sawah's medical condition to camp authorities.
Crosby had examined al-Sawah on two occasions and described him as morbidly obese, and laid out a treatment plan.  His lawyer, Lieutenant Colonel Sean Gleason,  said in March 2013 that camp authorities had declined to  treat al-Sawah, and wouldn't even release his medical records.

In January 2018, Crosby traveled to the Ecuadorian embassy in London to examine Julian Assange.

Honors and awards

 The Leonard Tow Humanism in Medicine Award, presented by the Arnold P. Gold Foundation, 2008

References

External links
 Video - Sondra Crosby, MD at Broken Laws, Broken Lives
 Doctors Blast Guantanamo Treatment as Unethical Truthout 1 August 2007

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Boston University faculty
Place of birth missing (living people)

Sondra Crosby


Amazon is a 1990 drama that was directed by the Finnish film director Mika Kaurismäki, who co-wrote the script with Richard Reitinger and John Reaves, the latter of whom contributed additional writing. The movie premiered at the Toronto Festival of Festivals in September 1990.

While shooting the movie Kaurismäki tried to minimize the movie and crew's impact on the environment, which he tried to minimize by choosing equipment that would have the least impact on the shooting location, the surrounding areas, and its inhabitants.

Synopsis
The film centers upon a Finnish businessman named Kari and his two daughters. The trio has gone to Brazil, where he decides to investigate the possibility of starting a gold mining operation in the nearby rainforest, urged on Dan, an American expatriate interested in entering a business arrangement with Kari. He's warned against this by a local woman, Paola, who tells him that mining would have disastrous repercussions on the jungle and its inhabitants. The two begin to fall in love and Kari starts to doubt his plans. However, before he can truly act on these concerns with his prospective business partner, Kari and Dan are involved in an airplane accident that kills Dan and leave Kari terribly wounded. He's nursed back to health by a rainforest tribe, after which he returns to his daughters and Paola.

Cast
Kari Väänänen as Kari
Robert Davi as Dan
Rae Dawn Chong as Paola
Minna Sovio as Nina
Aili Sovio as Lea
Ruy Polanah as Julio Cesar
Pirkko Hämäläinen as Susanne
Expedito Barreira as Dealer
Luis Otavio as Money Changer
Sidney Martins as Thief
Ana Mel as Black Whore
Abimael Tosin as First Flight Customer

Reception
Critical reception has been mixed. In his review in The New York Times film critic Vincent Canby wrote that Amazon "is not the most exciting movie ever made, but it doesn't push. It is laid back. The flora and fauna are interesting and the cast is attractive." Variety was mixed, stating "Visually film is always stimulating but storytelling is wildly uneven, and director Mika Kaurismaki has an uncertain command of pic's tone. Acting is okay."

Pietari Kääpä commented upon the movie in his 2012 book Directory of World Cinema: Finland, calling it an "environmentally aware film" while also stating "In Amazon, we are made privy to a clear environmentalist argument about the need to preserve the Amazonian rainforest. But, simultaneously, it maintains many of these problematic binaries, such as humanity's exploitative relationship with nature."

Awards
Jussi Award for Best Sound Recording (1991, won)

References

External links

1990 films
English-language Brazilian films
English-language Finnish films
English-language German films
English-language French films
1990s Finnish-language films
1990s Portuguese-language films
Films set in Brazil
1990 drama films
American multilingual films
Finnish multilingual films
Brazilian multilingual films
American drama films
Brazilian drama films
Finnish drama films
French drama films
German drama films
1990s English-language films
1990 multilingual films
1990s American films
1990s French films
1990s German films

Amazon (1990 film)


Sir Francis Eure (ca. 1564–1621) was an English Member of Parliament for Scarborough and Chief Justice of North Wales. Serving from 1604 until 1614, he spent much of his time in Parliament on religious issues.

Early life
Eure was a younger son of William Eure, 2nd Baron Eure by his wife Margaret Dymoke. The Eures were an old gentry family of Yorkshire with a long history of service in the Scottish Marches. Eure's elder brother, Ralph, succeeded their father to the barony after his death in 1594, while his nephew, William, was an MP in the same constituency that Francis would later represent. It appears likely that Eure served in the Middle March during his brother's time as Lord Warden of the Marches.

Career
Francis Eure spent five years as a student at Gray's Inn before being advanced to the bar. His nephew, William, MP for Scarborough since 1601, had fallen into disgrace after an acrimonious dispute with Thomas Posthumous Hoby led to a fine from Star Chamber. Francis Eure stood for election in 1604 and took the seat. While his nephew was a notorious recusant, Francis Eure was a committed Protestant, which was reflected in the causes he championed during his decade of Parliamentary service. Among the bills he favored were acts to bar recusants from serving in Parliament, to punish simony and scandalous ministers, to discourage vexatious suits against clergymen, and enforce observation of the Sabbath. His brother attempted to have him appointed to the parliamentary seat of Richard Benson, the recently deceased MP for Ludlow, despite Francis already holding a seat, but the scheme failed.

Eure did not stand for Parliament in 1614, and later became Chief Justice of North Wales. Because of his local ties, he was expected to transfer to South Wales, but did not; this brought a complaint and call for his removal from a Catholic barrister. Eure refused to step down, and the complainant, Edward Floyd, was later imprisoned on other grounds.

Marriages and issue

Eure married twice, first to Elizabeth Lennard (sister of Sampson Lennard, MP), and second to Ellen Maurice, daughter of William Wynn Maurice of Clenennau, Caern., and widow of John Owen. By his first wife, he had three sons (including Sampson Eure) and one daughter. A son from this marriage, Horace, was the father of the 7th and 8th Barons Eure. By his second wife, he had one son, Compton Eure. Eure died 1 May 1621, survived by his second wife, who completed his establishment of six almshouses in Oswestry.

References

1621 deaths
English MPs 1604–1611
Eure family
Younger sons of barons
Year of birth uncertain

Francis Eure


Sir Walter Galpin Alcock  (29 December 186111 September 1947) was an English organist and composer. He held a number of prominent positions as an organist and played at the coronations of three monarchs. He was  professor of organ in the Royal College of Music, London.

Life and career
Alcock was born at Edenbridge, Kent. At the age of 15 he won a scholarship to the National Training School for Music, where he studied composition with Arthur Sullivan and the organ with John Stainer.

After a brief series of posts (Holy Trinity Sloane Street and St. Margaret's, Westminster), in 1893 he was appointed Organ Professor at the Royal College of Music. He was assistant organist of Westminster Abbey from 1896, and was concurrently organist of the Chapels Royal from 1902.  In 1916 he became organist of Salisbury Cathedral where he oversaw a strictly faithful restoration of the famous Father Willis organ, even going to such lengths as to refuse to allow parts of the instrument to leave the cathedral in case any unauthorised tonal alteration were made without his knowledge while allowing some discreet additions in the original style of the organ (as well as modernisation of the organ's actions) by Henry Willis III, the grandson of Father Willis.

Alcock had the unique distinction of playing the organ at Westminster Abbey at the coronations of three kings: Edward VII (1902), George V (1911) and George VI (1937).

Between 1917 and 1924, Alcock, with Charles Harford Lloyd, juggled the post of Director of the Madrigal Society, to assist the ageing Sir Frederick Bridge, who had been appointed to the role in 1888.

Alcock was knighted in 1933 for services to music. He was a distinguished teacher, whose published material for organ students is still thought valuable. Among his notable pupils were Edward Bairstow, Ralph Downes, and S. Drummond Wolff.

His hobbies included the construction of a model railway, on which choirboys at Salisbury would be given rides.

Alcock died at the age of 85. His funeral service was in Salisbury Cathedral.

In an obituary tribute Sir Thomas Armstrong wrote of "his firm foundations of good musicianship and sound tradition" and added:

Family
Walter Galpin Alcock was the son of Walter William Alcock and Mary Galpin. In 1871 Walter William was the superintendent of the Metropolitan Police Orphanage at Fortescue House, Twickenham.

In 1893 Alcock married Naomi Blanche Lucas. They had one son and five daughters. The eldest daughter, Naomi Judith, married Dingwall Bateson in 1922.

Notes

External links
Recordings by Alcock

1861 births
1947 deaths
20th-century English composers
English classical organists
British male organists
People from Edenbridge, Kent
Academics of the Royal College of Music
Knights Bachelor
Musicians awarded knighthoods
Composers awarded knighthoods
Members of the Royal Victorian Order
Musicians from Kent
20th-century British male musicians
20th-century British musicians
Male classical organists

Walter Galpin Alcock


Martin John Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow,   (born 23 June 1942) is a British cosmologist and astrophysicist. He is the fifteenth Astronomer Royal, appointed in 1995, and was Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, from 2004 to 2012 and President of the Royal Society between 2005 and 2010.

Education and early life
Rees was born on 23 June 1942 in York, England. After a peripatetic life during the war his parents, both teachers, settled with Rees, an only child, in a rural part of Shropshire near the border with Wales. There, his parents founded Bedstone College, a boarding school based on progressive educational concepts. He was educated at Bedstone College, then from the age of 13 at Shrewsbury School. He studied for the mathematical tripos at Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating with first class honours. He then undertook post-graduate research at Cambridge and completed a PhD supervised by Dennis Sciama in 1967. Rees' post-graduate work in astrophysics in the mid-1960s coincided with an explosion of new discoveries, with breakthroughs ranging from confirmation of the Big Bang, the discovery of neutron stars and black holes, and a host of other revelations.

Career and research
After holding postdoctoral research positions in the United Kingdom and the United States, he was a professor at Sussex University, during 1972–1973. He later moved to Cambridge, where he was the Plumian Professor at the University of Cambridge until 1991, and the director of the Institute of Astronomy.

He was professor of astronomy at Gresham College, London, in 1975 and became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1979. From 1992 to 2003, he was Royal Society Research Professor, and from 2003 Professor of Cosmology and Astrophysics. He was Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, during 2004–2012. He is an Honorary Fellow of Darwin College, King's College, Clare Hall, Robinson College and Jesus College, Cambridge.

Rees is the author of more than 500 research papers, and he has made contributions to the origin of cosmic microwave background radiation, as well as to galaxy clustering and formation. His studies of the distribution of quasars led to final disproof of steady state theory.

He was one of the first to propose that enormous black holes power quasars, and that superluminal astronomical observations can be explained as an optical illusion caused by an object moving partly in the direction of the observer.

Since the 1990s, Rees has worked on gamma-ray bursts, especially in collaboration with Péter Mészáros, and on how the "cosmic dark ages" ended when the first stars formed. Since the 1970s he has been interested in anthropic reasoning, and the possibility that our visible universe is part of a vaster "multiverse".

Rees is an author of books on astronomy and science intended for the lay public and gives many public lectures and broadcasts. In 2010 he was invited to deliver the Reith Lectures for the BBC, now published as From Here to Infinity: Scientific Horizons. Rees thinks the search for extraterrestrial intelligence is worthwhile and has chaired the advisory board for the "Breakthrough Listen" project, a  programme  of SETI investigations funded by the Russian/US investor Yuri Milner.

In addition to expansion of his scientific interests, Rees has written and spoken extensively about the problems and challenges of the 21st century, and interfaces between science, ethics, and politics. He is a member of the Board of the Institute for Advanced Study, in Princeton and the Oxford Martin School. He co-founded the Centre for the Study of Existential Risk and serves on the Scientific Advisory Board for the Future of Life Institute. He has formerly been a Trustee of the British Museum, the Science Museum, the Gates Cambridge Trust and the Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR).

In August 2014, Rees was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.

In 2015, he was co-author of the report that launched the Global Apollo Programme, which calls for developed nations to commit to spending 0.02% of their GDP for 10 years, to fund coordinated research to make carbon-free baseload electricity less costly than electricity from coal by the year 2025.

His doctoral students have included Roger Blandford, Craig Hogan, Nick Kaiser Priyamvada Natarajan, and James E. Pringle.

To mark the 300th anniversary of the Board of  Longitude  in 2014, he instigated a programme of  new challenge prizes of £5-10m under the name 'Longitude Prize 2014', which are administered by Nesta and for which  he chairs the advisory board. The themes of the first two prizes are the reduction of inappropriate antibiotic use, and enhancing  the safety and  independence of dementia sufferers. The Longitude Prize on Dementia was recently announced in 2022.

In his general writings and in the House of Lords his recent focus has been on the uses and abuses of advanced technology and on issues such as assisted dying, preservation of dark skies, and reforms to broaden the post-16 and undergraduate curricula in the UK. He is also a current member of the House of Lords Science and Technology Committee.

Selected bibliography
 Cosmic Coincidences: Dark Matter, Mankind, and Anthropic Cosmology (co-author John Gribbin), 1989, Bantam;
 New Perspectives in Astrophysical Cosmology, 1995;
 Gravity's Fatal Attraction: Black Holes in the Universe, 1995; , 2nd edition 2009,
 Before the Beginning – Our Universe and Others, 1997;
 Just Six Numbers: The Deep Forces That Shape the Universe, 1999;
 Our Cosmic Habitat, 2001;
 Our Final Hour: A Scientist's Warning: How Terror, Error, and Environmental Disaster Threaten Humankind's Future In This Century—On Earth and Beyond (UK title: Our Final Century: Will the Human Race Survive the Twenty-first Century?), 2003;
 What We Still Don't Know  yet to be published.
 From Here to Infinity: Scientific Horizons, 2011;
 On the Future: Prospects for Humanity, October 2018, Princeton University Press;
  (Online version is titled "How astronomers revolutionized our view of the cosmos".)
 The End of Astronauts (co-author Donald Goldsmith), 2022, Harvard University Press
 If Science is to Save us, 2022, Polity Press
 Rees, M.,"Cosmology and High Energy Astrophysics: A 50 year Perspective on Personality, Progress, and Prospects", Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 60:1–30, 2022.

Honours and awards
He has been president of the Royal Astronomical Society (1992–94) and the British Science Association (1995–96), and was a Member of Council of the Royal Institution of Great Britain until 2010. Rees has received honorary degrees from a number of universities including Hull, Sussex, Uppsala, Toronto, Durham, Oxford, Cambridge, Harvard, Yale, Melbourne and Sydney. He belongs to several foreign academies, including the US National Academy of Sciences, the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Science Academy of Turkey and the Japan Academy. He became president of the Royal Society on 1 December 2005 and continued until the end of the Society's 350th Anniversary Celebrations in 2010. In 2011, he was awarded the Templeton Prize. In 2005, Rees was elevated to a life peerage, sitting as a crossbencher in the House of Lords as Baron Rees of Ludlow, of Ludlow in the County of Shropshire. In 2005, he was awarded the Crafoord Prize. Other awards and honours include:

 1975 – Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1982 – Elected to the National Academy of Sciences
 1984 – Heineman Prize
 1987 – Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
 1989 – Balzan Prize for High Energy Astrophysics
 1992 – Knight Bachelor
 1993 – Bruce Medal
 1993 – Elected to the American Philosophical Society
 1995 – Honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Science and Technology at Uppsala University, Sweden
 1999 – Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement
 2000 – Bruno Rossi Prize
 2001 – Gruber Prize in Cosmology
 2003 – Albert Einstein World Award of Science
 2004 – Henry Norris Russell Lectureship of the American Astronomical Society
 2004 – Lifeboat Foundation's Guardian Award
 2004 – Royal Society's Michael Faraday Prize for science communication
 2005 – Life Peerage
 2005 – Crafoord Prize, with James Gunn and James Peebles
 2007 – Order of Merit – the personal gift of The Queen
 2007 – Caird Medal of the National Maritime Museum
 2007 – Honorary Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering
 2011 – Templeton Prize
 2012 – Institute of Physics Isaac Newton Medal
 2013 – Dirac Medal ICTP
 2016 – Honorary Doctorate, Harvard University (awarded in Cambridge, Massachusetts, US on 26 May 2016)
 2017 – Lilienfeld Prize
 2020 – Fritz Zwicky Prize for Astrophysics and Cosmology
 2020 – Elected a Legacy Fellow of the American Astronomical Society.
 2023 – Copley Medal

The Asteroid 4587 Rees and the Sir Martin Rees Academic Scholarship at Shrewsbury International School are named in his honour.

In June 2022, to celebrate his 80th birthday, Rees was the subject of the BBC programme The Sky at Night, in conversation with Professor Chris Lintott.

Personal life
Rees married the anthropologist Caroline Humphrey in 1986. He is an atheist but has criticised militant atheists for being too hostile to religion. Rees is a lifelong supporter of the Labour Party, but has no party affiliation when sitting in the House of Lords.

See also
Particle chauvinism

References

1942 births
Living people
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Plumian Professors of Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy
Academics of the University of Leicester
Academics of the University of Sussex
Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Astronomers Royal
British astrophysicists
British cosmologists
English atheists
20th-century British astronomers
British physicists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Former Anglicans
Knights Bachelor
Trustees of the Institute for Advanced Study
Masters of Trinity College, Cambridge
Members of the Order of Merit
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
People educated at Shrewsbury School
People's peers
Crossbench life peers
Presidents of the Royal Society
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
Professors of Gresham College
Scientists from York
Winners of the Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics
UNESCO Niels Bohr Medal recipients
Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)
Honorary Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Presidents of the Royal Astronomical Society
Global Apollo Programme
Presidents of the Association for Science Education
20th-century atheists
21st-century atheists
Fellows of the American Astronomical Society
Recipients of the Dalton Medal
Honorary Fellows of the British Academy
21st-century British astronomers
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Scientific American people
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
Reeves family
Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates

Martin Rees


Girl in Progress is a 2012 American drama film directed by Patricia Riggen, written by Hiram Martinez, and starring Eva Mendes, Matthew Modine, Patricia Arquette, Eugenio Derbez, and introducing Cierra Ramirez in her film debut as Ansiedad Gutierrez. It tells the story of a 14-year-old girl living with a busy mother who ends up acting like a grown-up and going through different tasks on her personal list. The film received a limited release on May 11, 2012. The film received the Favorite Movie Award at the 2012 ALMA Awards, which honors the accomplishments made by Hispanics in film, television, and music. Cierra Ramirez won the Favorite Movie Actress Supporting Role Award.

Plot
Grace Gutierrez is a single mom raising her teenage daughter Ansiedad. Grace is busy juggling work, bills, and her relationship with the married Dr. Harford, leaving Ansiedad to take care of herself as well as her mother most of the time.

When Ansiedad's English teacher Ms. Armstrong inspires her with coming-of-age lessons, Ansiedad decides it's time to rebel and grow up quickly so she will finally be mature enough to move out. She creates a list of tasks she must complete to reach her big goal: run away to New York.

Her first task is to remind everyone that she is a good girl – she signs up for her school's chess team and wins a match, and goes to a nursing home and regularly visits an old woman who Ansiedad names 'Maud'.

Next, Ansiedad must befriend the most popular girl in school namd Valerie. After much humiliation and bribery, Ansiedad successfully completes this task, but is forced to betray her best friend Tavita to make this happen, calling her fat and useless. Tavita begins to cry from Ansiedad's harsh comments and runs off to her boyfriend Ferguson. Ansiedad witnesses Ferguson harshly breaking up with Tavita, telling her that what they do in his basement will never mean they will be together. After Ferguson storms away, a crying Tavita tells Ansiedad that she was never there for her and that she hates her.

Ansiedad moves onto her next tasks, requiring her to have her first kiss and lose her virginity. For these tasks, she targets one of the most popular boys in school, the so-called womanizer Trevor. She confirms that he'll be at a particular party that night, then asks him to take her virginity there. He agrees, and they kiss awkwardly. Ansiedad checks "first kiss" off her list, disappointing Trevor, who thought that she might have liked him. At the party, Trevor takes Ansiedad to an upstairs bedroom, much to Valerie's anger. Locking the door, Trevor tells Ansiedad that he thinks she's pretty, but she tells him off for being nice to her. Trevor then tells Ansiedad that he only acts as a womanizer to bug his dad, but Ansiedad tells him she doesn't care. As she strips down and gets into bed, Ansiedad realizes how scared she is, changing her mind when a naked Trevor emerges from the bathroom. She quickly dresses and runs out where Valerie stops her and calls her a slut. The party guests refuse to believe Ansiedad's protests that she and Trevor didn't have sex which is made worse when Trevor yells out that they did. Ansiedad runs home, crying out for her mother, who is not home. She trashes the house in anger and cries until the next morning.

Grace had fallen asleep at the house of her co-worker Mission Impossible who is in love with Grace. She wakes in the morning to find Mission gone. She hurries to work and finds that someone has robbed the family-owned business' money, which means they will be closing down. Grace finds Mission in the back of the restaurant and he tells her he stole the money so Grace could pay Ansiedad's tuition. Grace tells him what an idiot he is and he promises to return the money.

When Grace visits Ms. Armstrong about Ansiedad, she learns what she has been doing and Ms. Armstrong reprimands Grace for her negligence. Ansiedad has boarded a bus to New York only to be stopped by her mother. Ansiedad and Grace argue, but Grace stops Ansiedad by saying "I don't want what happened to your friend to happen to you". Ansiedad asks what happened and Grace says that Tavita took weight pills and almost died. Ansiedad and Grace hug each other and wait at Tavita's house to see how she's doing.

Ms. Armstrong gives Ansiedad's class their last assignment for the year: write a conclusion about coming of age stories. A series of shots show that Mission returns the money, Ansiedad starts to dress and act like a normal 14-year-old, and Grace watches Ansiedad play chess and embarrasses her with enthusiastic cheering even though Ansiedad's smile shows she is happy that Grace is there.

Ansiedad apologizes to Tavita who hugs her. When Tavita asks her if she wants to hang out, but Ansiedad smiles and says that her mom is waiting for her. Grace and Ansiedad then board a city bus home.

Cast
 Eva Mendes as Grace Gutierrez, a woman who considers herself a hard working mother, but Ansiedad begs to differ because Grace is never home when Ansiedad needs her and she puts herself before her daughter.
 Matthew Modine as Dr. Harford, Grace's boyfriend who is a gynecologist and a married man.
 Cierra Ramirez as Ansiedad "Ann" Gutierrez, is a hardworking 14-year-old girl who is never noticed by her mother and plots to runaway and start her adulthood young.
 Patricia Arquette as Ms. Armstrong, Ansiedad's English teacher.
 Eugenio Derbez as Mission Impossible, a co-worker of Grace who sympathizes her plight.
 Raini Rodriguez as Tavita, Ansiedad's best friend.
 Russell Peters as Emile
 Brenna O'Brien as Valerie, a popular girl that Ansiedad befriends.
 Landon Liboiron as Trevor, a popular womanizing student.
 Anna Maria Estrada as Tavita's Mom
 Kendall Cross as Alice Hartford
 Blu Mankuma as Principal
 Rady Panov as Ferguson, Tavita's boyfriend.
 Colin Foo as Lo Mein
 Patti Allan as Woman
 Lossen Chambers as Lady Customer

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating 33% based on reviews from 46 critics. The website's consensus stating: "Despite a well-intentioned and novel premise, Girl in Progress is plagued by jarring tonal shifts and does little to break its characters out of cliches." On Metacritic it has a score of 45 out of 100, based on reviews from 17 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Awards

References

External links

2012 drama films
2012 films
American coming-of-age drama films
2010s Spanish-language films
Films directed by Patricia Riggen
Films scored by Christopher Lennertz
Films shot in Connecticut
Films shot in Massachusetts
Lionsgate films
Films about mother–daughter relationships
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

Girl in Progress


Alan Giles Sharp (November 7, 1929 – August 11, 2016) was a major general in the United States Air Force who served as vice commander of the United States Air Force Reserve, with headquarters at Robins Air Force Base, Georgia.

Sharp was born in 1929, in Salt Lake City into a Mormon family. He attended high school in Cape Town, Union of South Africa, and graduated from the University of Utah in 1953. He completed Air War College in 1977. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant through the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps program in March 1953. After completing pilot training at Goodfellow Air Force Base, Texas, he was assigned to Sewart Air Force Base, Tenn., flying C-119s with the 48th Troop Carrier Squadron. He participated in Operation DEW Line during the construction of the Distant Early Warning Radar System across northern Canada.

After his release from active duty in 1957, Sharp joined the Air Force Reserve and was assigned to the 733rd Troop Carrier Squadron, Hill Air Force Base, Utah, flying C-46 Commandos. He later served as flight commander, group operations staff officer and flight examiner in C-119s and C-124s. After being recalled to active duty during the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962, he returned to reserve status and subsequently became deputy commander for operations of the 945th Military Airlift Group at Hill in July 1969.

He was appointed commander of the 940th Tactical Airlift Group, McClellan Air Force Base, California, in November 1972. In July 1976 he took command of the 445th Military Airlift Wing (Associate), Norton Air Force Base, Calif., and qualified as a C-141 pilot. He became commander of the 514th Military Airlift Wing (Associate), McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey, in July 1977. He was named commander of the 94th Tactical Airlift Wing at Dobbins Air Force Base, Ga., in April 1981 and became commander of 14th Air Force there in January 1983. He assumed his present duties in December 1986.

Sharp joined the Air Reserve Technician force in February 1960. He served continuously in that capacity, except for a period from 1962 to 1964.

He is a command pilot with more than 8,000 flying hours. His military decorations and awards include the Distinguished Service Medal, Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster, Meritorious Service Medal with oak leaf cluster, Air Force Commendation Medal, Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with three oak leaf clusters, Combat Readiness Medal with four oak leaf clusters, National Defense Service Medal with service star, Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal, Vietnam Service Medal with seven service stars, Air Force Longevity Service Award Ribbon with six oak leaf clusters, Armed Forces Reserve Medal with two hourglass devices, Small Arms Expert Marksmanship Ribbon, Air Force Training Ribbon, Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm, and Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal.

His civic affiliations include the Reserve Officers Association, Air Force Association and Military Order of the World Wars.

He was promoted to major general May 24, 1984, with same date of rank. Sharp retired on December 1, 1990. He is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

References

1929 births
2016 deaths
United States Air Force generals
Air War College alumni
University of Utah alumni

Alan G. Sharp


Minerva Cuevas (born 1975) is a Mexican conceptual artist known for site-specific interventions guided by social and political research and social change ideals. Her production includes installation, video works and photographic works as well as contextual interventions in specific locations. She lives and works in the neighborhood of el Centro Histórico in Mexico City, often directing her artistic and social efforts towards questioning the capitalist system. She is a member of Irational.org and the founder of the Mejor Vida Corp. (1998) and International Understanding Foundation (2016).

Early life and education
Cuevas studied at the National School of Plastic Arts, UNAM from 1993 to 1997.

Cuevas also worked with the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art San Francisco Museum of Modern Art as part of their Public Knowledge curatorial initiative. She engaged with local San Franciscans about the city's changing ecology as explored through the theme of fire.

She was cited in Rubén Gallo's book New Tendencies of Mexican Art. In this 2004 book, Gallo recognizes how Cuevas's connection to the streets of Mexico City and the struggles of working people guides her multimedia, often web-based artwork and social activism.

Notable works

Mejor Vida Corp
In 1998, Cuevas founded a project titled Mejor Vida Corp (MVC or Better Life Corporation). A non-profit organization. MVC provides free products and services, the project distributes "international ID cards, subway tickets, and barcodes for grocery stores"—all examples of what art historian Pamela M. Lee describes as "movement as a movement," incremental disruptions of neo-liberalist policy through social welfare endeavors. Cuevas is the sole proprietor of the Mejor Vida Corporation, working as the owner, CEO, CFO, public relations officer, fundraiser, and more. The program addresses social and economic issues, in what becomes a complex and sophisticated critique of a traditional institution, the capitalist corporation. Professor of Latin American Studies Scott Baugh analyzes this, concluding that, through the satire and parodying of an official business website, Cuevas embodies the "traditions of the film avant-garde and of the Latina/Latino cultural expression…[which] tend to resist, by definition and pragmatically, the conventionality of the mainstream."

According to Baugh, the digitized radio transmissions of Cuevas's MVC introduce an accessible voice that bypasses the Eurocentric conventions of corporate media and establishes a new mode of active communication with the Mexican working class.

Video and installation

As detailed by art critic Jean Fisher, Cuevas's written accompaniment to the performance piece, Drunker (1995), presents substance abuse "as a means to 'obliterate' the anguish of trauma, where the sufferer is caught between the compulsion to bear witness to the catastrophe and the impossibility of articulating it."

Cuevas's solo exhibitions engage a variety of artistic forms, culminating in multisensory installations that, while operating in high art institutions, advocate public interventionism. Many of these contain specific visual and auditory allusions that generate social commentary. In particular, Cuevas's Social Entomology, exhibited at the Van Abbemuseum in 2007, employs projected cellular and animal imagery, overlaid with a metaphorical orchestral soundtrack entitled Insect Concert, to remark on human societal structure and its exploitative relationship with the natural world. Critic Francis McKee explains the technological nature of Social Entomology as Cuevas's evidence for modern humanity's commodification of animals and the natural world.

In a text entitled "Corporatocracy, Democracy and Social Change (in Mexico and Beyond)," Cuevas co-authors a discourse on the contemporary dissonance between humanity and the natural world. Her remarks affirm her opposition to the anthropocentric attitude driving industrialization, which has historically occurred at the expense of, not only animals and the natural world, but also indigenous and agrarian peoples. Moreover, initially explored in her Information/Misinformation billboard series, Cuevas's thoughts on the communicative importance of "national rumor" in a modern age find footing in the written record of the Lier En Boog philosophy and art symposium, Ljubljana: Information Strategies, in which she participated in 2002.

Awards and fellowships
Cuevas was awarded the DAAD grant in Berlin (2005), reinvited in 2019 for a solo show at the daadgalerie in Berlín, Germany, was part of the Delfina Studios residency program in London (2001).

Exhibitions

Biennials
Liverpool Biennial. 2010
6th Berlin Biennale. Germany. 2010
The History of a decade that has not yet been named. Lyon Biennial. France. 2007
Três Fronteiras Bienal do Mercosul. Porto Alegre, Brazil. 2007
How to live together. 27th Bienal de São Paulo Brazil. 2006
Belonging. Sharjah Biennial. United Arab Emirates. 2005
On Reason and Emotion. Biennale of Sydney. Australia. 2004
Poetic Justice. XX Istanbul Biennial. Istanbul. Turkey. 2003
Information-Misinformation. 24th Biennial of Graphic Arts. Ljubljana, Slovenia. 2001
Bienal internacional de Fotografía, Centro de la Imagen. DF. MEX, 1999

Selected solo shows
No Room to Play. daadgalerie, Berlin. 2019
Dissidência. Videobrasil, São Paulo. 2018
Feast and Famine. kurimanzutto, Ciudad de México. 2015
Minerva Cuevas. Museo de la Ciudad de México. 2012
Minerva Cuevas. VanAbbe Museum. Netherlands. 2008
La Venganza del Elefante, kurimanzutto, Mexico City. 2007
Phenomena. Kunsthalle Basel. Switzerland. 2007
Egalité. Le Grand Café-Centre d'art Contemporain. Saint-Nazaire, France. 2007
Reconstrucción. Casa del Lago. UNAM. Mexico City. 2006
The Economy of the Imaginary. Luckman Fine Arts Complex. Los Angeles, CA. USA . 2006
Not Impressed By Civilization. The Banff Centre. Alberta, Canada. 2005
On Property Reg Vardy Gallery. Sunderland, United Kingdom. 2005
Schwarzfahrer are my heroes. DAAD Galerie, Berlin, Germany. 2004
MVC Biotec Vienna Secession. Vienna, Austria. 2001
Mejor Vida Corp. Museo Rufino Tamayo. Mexico City. 2000

Collections
Cuevas' work is held in many permanent collections including: the Tate, Centre Georges Pompidou, Guggenheim, MUAC, UNAM, Mexico City, Museum Ludwig, Cologne and the Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven.

References

External links
Official site

Mexican contemporary artists
Living people
1975 births
Artists from Mexico City

Minerva Cuevas


The Peabody Institute of the Johns Hopkins University is a private music and dance conservatory and preparatory school in Baltimore, Maryland. Founded in 1857 and affiliated with Johns Hopkins in 1977, Peabody is the oldest conservatory in the United States and one of the world's most highly-regarded performing arts schools.

History
Philanthropist and merchant George Peabody (1795–1869) founded the institute in 1857 and opened it in 1866 with a bequest of about $800,000. This sum, from his personal fortune, was amassed initially in Massachusetts and later augmented in Baltimore (where he lived and worked from 1815 to 1835). It vastly increased through banking and finance during following residences in New York City and London, where he became the wealthiest American of his time.

Completion of the white marble Grecian-Italianate west wing/original building housing the institute, designed by Edmund George Lind, was delayed by the Civil War. It was dedicated in 1866, with Peabody himself, traveling across the North Atlantic Ocean, speaking at the ceremonies on the front steps in front of landmark Washington Monument circle before a large audience of notaries and citizens including hundreds of assembled pupils from the Baltimore City Public Schools. Under the direction of well-known musicians, composers, conductors, and Peabody alumni, the conservatory, concerts, lecture series, library and art gallery, led by men of literary and intellectual lights along with an annual awarding of gold, silver and bronze medals with certificates and cash prizes to top graduates of the city, known as the "Peabody Prizes", attracted a considerable national attention to the Institute and the city's growing culture. Under strong academic leadership, the Peabody evolved into an internationally renowned cultural and literary center through the late 19th and the 20th centuries, especially after a major expansion in 1877–1878, with the completion of its eastern half housing the George Peabody Library with iconic five stacked tiers of wrought iron balconies holding book stacks/shelves, surmounted by a beveled glass skylight, one of the most beautiful and distinctive libraries in the U.S.

The institute building's 1878 east wing on East Mount Vernon Place, containing the affiliated George Peabody Library, joined the other rows of architecturally significant structures of townhouses, mansions, art gallery, clubs, hotels, and churches around the Washington Monument which developed into the Mount Vernon neighborhood on the former estate of Revolutionary War commander John Eager Howard. The institute grew from a local academy, with an art and sculpture gallery, public lecture series, and the extensive non-circulating reference library which predated the later first public library system in America. That library was created and endowed in 1882 by Peabody's friend Enoch Pratt. In turn, both Peabody and Pratt inspired the expansive philanthropic efforts of Scottish-American steel tycoon Andrew Carnegie.

In 1955, Peabody inaugurated a sacred music department led by Arthur Howes, which is now defunct. Its electronic music department, founded by composer Jean Eichelberger Ivey in 1967, was the first in any American conservatory, and remains the home of two historic Moog modular synthesizers from its first decade in operation.

In 1978, Peabody began working with Baltimore's Johns Hopkins University under an affiliation agreement. In 1985, the institute officially became a constituent school of Johns Hopkins.

Peabody is one of 156 schools in the United States that offers a Doctorate of Musical Arts degree. It houses two libraries: the historical George Peabody Library (originally the Peabody Institute Library) established when the Institute opened in 1866, renowned for its collection of 19th-century era and other rare books, and the Arthur Friedheim Library (named for Russian-born pianist/conductor Arthur Friedheim), a separate music reference academic library added to supplement the George Peabody Library that includes more than 100,000 books, scores, and recordings.

The conservatory was later supplemented by a preparatory school and an auditorium. Under instructions from Peabody's original 1857 bequest—an art and sculpture gallery, non-circulating public research library, with a public lecture series and a system of awards for top honor graduates of Baltimore's public secondary schools. "Peabody Prizes" are awarded to top high school graduates beginning the following year at commencement exercises and continued for 122 years as an honored annual tradition with public announcements to city media.

Additional structures along East Centre Street and Saint Paul Street, including a parking garage and two dormitory towers, were constructed in 1971. During the early 1990s, several remaining townhouses on East Mount Vernon Place to the east intersection with St. Paul were acquired and rebuilt, along with other townhouses to the south with distinctive iron scrollwork balconies facing North Charles Street. This enabled The Peabody to round out its tight campus of attached buildings to the entire city block bounded by Charles (Washington Place), Monument (Mount Vernon Place), St. Paul, and Centre Streets.

The Peabody campus is included in the Mount Vernon Place Historic District, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1971.

The Peabody Institute's historic main building on Mount Vernon Place, built during 1857-1878, was designated a Baltimore City Landmark on October 14, 1975.

Preparatory
Peabody Preparatory offers instruction and enrichment programs for school-age children across various sites in Baltimore and its surrounding counties: "Downtown" (Baltimore, main campus), Towson, Annapolis (Maryland Hall for the Creative Arts) and Howard County (in cooperation with three schools).

Notable students

 Tori Amos, singer, songwriter, pianist; the youngest student ever admitted to the institute.
 Dominick Argento, composer
 James Atherton, tenor
 Zuill Bailey, cellist
 Manuel Barrueco, guitarist
 Carter Brey, cellist
 Petrit Çeku, Guitarist
 Angelin Chang, pianist
 George Colligan, pianist/trumpeter/drummer/composer
 Tony Conrad, violinist and composer
 Charles Covington, pianist
 Viet Cuong, composer
 Gemze de Lappe, dancer
 Charity Sunshine Tillemann-Dick, operatic soprano
 Ruth Wales du Pont, socialite, philanthropist, and classical composer
 Joshua Fineberg, composer
 Virgil Fox, organist
 James Allen Gähres, conductor (music)
 Philip Glass, composer
 Hilary Hahn, violinist
 Michael Hedges, guitarist
 Michael Hersch, composer
 Margarita Höhenrieder, pianist
 Kim Kashkashian, violist
 Fred Karpoff, pianist and artist-teacher
 Kevin Kenner, pianist
 Custer LaRue, soprano
 O'Donel Levy, guitarist
 Richard Leibert, organist
 David Meece, pianist, singer, songwriter
 Su Meng, Guitarist
 Sylvia Meyer, harpist; the first female member of the National Symphony Orchestra
 Thomas F. McNulty, a president of the WWIN-FM Baltimore and a member of the Maryland House of Delegates from 1942 to 1946
 Jessye Norman, operatic soprano
 Piotr Pakhomkin, Guitarist
 Rebecca Pitcher, actress; primarily known for playing Christine in the Broadway adaption of The Phantom of the Opera
 Awadagin Pratt, pianist
 Lance Reddick, actor, musician
 Ilyich Rivas, conductor (music)
 Jake Runestad, composer
 Lillian Smith, author of Strange Fruit
 Ana Vidović, Guitarist
 André Watts, pianist
 Hugh Wolff, conductor and director of orchestras at the New England Conservatory of Music.
 Eliza Woods, composer and pianist
 Igor Zubkovsky, cellist

Notable faculty

 Diran Alexanian, cello

 Manuel Barrueco, guitar
 Oscar Bettison, composition
 George Frederick Boyle, piano
 Garnett Bruce, opera
 Elliott Carter (1946–48), composition
 Thomas Dolby, Music for New Media
 Du Yun, composition
 David Fedderly, tuba
 Leon Fleisher, piano
 Virgil Fox, organist
 Elizabeth Futral, voice
 Denyce Graves, voice
 Richard Franko Goldman, Director (1968–1977), President (1969–1977)
 Asger Hamerik, Director (1871–1898)
 Michael Hersch, composition
 Ernest Hutcheson, piano
 Sean Jones, jazz
 Richard Johnson, jazz
 Jean Eichelberger Ivey, composition, electronic music

 Katharine Lucke (1875-1962) - organ, composition
 Nicholas Maw (1935–2009), composition
 Anthony McGill, clarinet
 Gustav Meier, conducting
 Edward Palanker, clarinet
 Amit Peled, cello
 Marina Piccinini, flute
 Joel Puckett, theory
 Kevin Puts, composition
 Hollis Robbins, humanities
 Berl Senofsky, violin

 John Shirley-Quirk, voice
 Robert van Sice, percussion
 Barry Tuckwell, horn
 Frank Valentino, voice
 John Walker, organ
 Warren Wolf, jazz
 Eliza Woods, piano
 Chen Yi, composition (1996-1998)

See also
Music school
Music schools in the United States

References

External links

Johns Hopkins University
Universities and colleges in Baltimore
Music schools in Maryland
Universities and colleges established in 1857
Mount Vernon, Baltimore
Music of Baltimore
1857 establishments in Maryland
Historic district contributing properties in Maryland
Mount Vernon Place Historic District
Baltimore City Landmarks

Peabody Institute


Frederick Steele (January 14, 1819 – January 12, 1868) was a career military officer in the United States Army, serving in the Mexican-American War, the Yuma War, and as a major general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He was most noted for retaking much of secessionist Arkansas for the Union cause, escaping the besieged port-city of Camden through successful deception tactics, and defeating Sterling Price and E. Kirby Smith at Jenkins Ferry.

Early life
Steele, son of Nathaniel & Dameras (Johnson) Steele, was born in Delhi, New York. He was an 1843 graduate of West Point, and later served in the Mexican–American War, where he participated in many engagements. Steele was meritoriously mentioned for distinguished bravery, and was promoted to first lieutenant in June 1848. He served in California during the Yuma War until 1853, and then to Fort Ridgely in Minnesota Territory and then Kansas Territory, and Nebraska Territory until the Civil War.  He received his captain's commission on February 5, 1855.

Civil War
On May 14, 1861, Steele was appointed major in the 11th U.S. Infantry and fought at the Battle of Wilson's Creek. On September 23, 1861, he became colonel of the 8th Iowa Infantry. On January 30, 1862, Steele was appointed brigadier general of U.S. volunteers, to rank from January 29, 1862. He commanded the District of Southeast Missouri, but following the Union victory at the Battle of Pea Ridge he took command of the 1st Division in the Army of the Southwest and briefly commanded the army from August 29 to October 7, 1862. On March 17, 1863, President Lincoln appointed Steele major general of volunteers, to rank from November 29, 1862. The President sent the nomination to the U.S. Senate on March 6, 1863, and the Senate confirmed it on March 13, 1863.

Steele's division was transferred to the Army of the Tennessee becoming the 11th Division in the XIII Corps. He fought at the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou in December 1862 and in the Battle of Arkansas Post in January 1863. His division was renamed the 1st Division in Major General William T. Sherman's XV Corps during the Siege of Vicksburg.

On August 26, 1863, after the fall of Vicksburg, Steele received a brevet promotion to colonel in the U.S. Army. On July 27, 1863, he was placed in command of the Army of Arkansas. His army successfully captured Confederate-held Little Rock in September 1863 and subsequently pushed official Union boundaries south through the state. He was assigned command of VII Corps in the Department of Arkansas in the Trans-Mississippi Theater, holding command from January 6, 1864, to December 22, 1864. Receiving intelligence from captured rebels there, and with his army on one quarter rations, Steele conducted a successful feint operation toward the rebel capital at Washington, Arkansas, and left Thayer's division on the prairie, while he moved his main column eastward to Camden, believing that it contained stockpiles of provisions and forage for his horses. Upon entering Camden after brushing aside light opposition on April 15, Steele discovered that the enemy had destroyed most of the provisions and supplies there. But he also discovered messages in the Camden telegraph office carelessly left behind by the fleeing rebels confirming the earlier rumors and intelligence that General Banks had been repulsed at Mansfield Louisiana, and that Banks's army was in retreat down the Red river. Steele made the decision based on this confirmed intelligence, to await provisions en route from Little Rock and to scour the countryside for additional grain and forage, await developments in Louisiana and then decide whether to continue south or return to Little Rock. Price, meanwhile besieged Camden from the west, north and south. One supply train reached Camden from Little Rock by way of Pine Bluff on April 22, temporarily relieving the food crisis in VII Corps. When Steele dispatched the wagons under escort back to Pine Bluff for more provisions on April 23, it was intercepted and ambushed by a task force of 5 rebel cavalry brigades under James Fagan at Marks Mills April 25, where two thirds of the Union 2nd Brigade was taken prisoner. Learning of this disaster, Steele again employed a successful deception to exit from Camden, which operation was effected without detection on the night of April 26–27. Proceeding due north on the Military road to Little Rock, elements of Marmaduke's division caught up with VII Corps on the ridge above Jenkins Ferry on the Saline River on April 29, but were easily repulsed and kept at bay enabling Steele to install a pontoon bridge over the Saline and establish strong interior defensive works to guard the crossing. By now, rebel Department of the Trans-Mississippi commander E. Kirby Smith had arrived in Arkansas to take command of Price's force in the field.  Smith brought with him two divisions of Arkansas and Texas infantry.

Fighting at Jenkins Ferry commenced in a downpour the morning of 30 April. Critical mistakes in troop management by both Price and Kirby Smith resulted in the rebel army committing its divisions in a piecemeal fashion, allowing Steele and his subordinates, Brigadier Generals Frederick  Salomon and Samuel Rice, to engage and defeat the attacking rebels in turn with light casualties. The Confederates suffered heavily in this defeat; rebel Generals Marmaduke, Mosby Parsons and John Walker were effectively repulsed in three poorly executed rebel assaults. Through a further deception operation (reported independently after the war by a Union officer of the 77th Ohio and a Confederate sergeant in General Jo Shelby's command) General James Fagan's heretofore mentioned task force of 5 cavalry brigades was misdirected away from Jenkins Ferry and did not reach there until the fighting ended. Steele took his army back to Little Rock. In point of fact, Steele sent several messages to Union Army Chief of Staff Henry Halleck, to Sherman and to his Department commander General John Schofield prior to the expedition, warning of a dearth of forage and provisions in southwest Arkansas, and also calling the military competency of political general Nathaniel Banks into question. Steele was finally compelled, against his better judgment, by newly appointed General-in-Chief Ulysses Grant (and Steele's classmate at West Point) to undertake the expedition to cooperate with Banks. Thus, when the intelligence confirmed Bank's failure against Dick Taylor in Louisiana, Steele had already formulated a plan to save the VII Corps.

Steele led a force of African American soldiers, officially designated the "Column from Pensacola", in Major General Edward Canby's Army of West Mississippi between February 18, 1865, and May 18, 1865. His troops fought at the battles of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely.

On April 10, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Steele for appointment to the brevet rank of brigadier general in the regular army, for services in the capture of Little Rock, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the appointment on May 4, 1866. On June 30, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Steele for appointment to the brevet rank of major general in the regular army, for the Siege of Vicksburg and services during the war, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the appointment on July 25, 1866.

Postbellum career
Steele was transferred to Texas in June 1865 and placed in command of United States forces along the Rio Grande. He subsequently commanded the Department of the Columbia, overseeing the Snake War. from December 1865 until November 1867.  On July 28, 1866, Steele had been appointed to the permanent grade of colonel of the 20th U.S. Infantry Regiment. Meanwhile, he had been mustered out of the volunteer service on March 1, 1867.

In November 1867, Frederick Steele took a leave of absence for health reasons.  He died two months later on January 12, 1868, in San Mateo, California from an injury suffered in a fall in a buggy accident caused when he suffered an apoplectic fit. He is buried in Woodlawn Memorial Park Cemetery, Colma, California.

A monument to Steele stands on the Vicksburg National Military Park.

See also
 List of American Civil War generals (Union)

Notes

References
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Winters, John D. The Civil War in Louisiana. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1963. .
Attribution

External links

 Steele monument at Vicksburg
 General Frederick Steele Papers housed at Stanford University Libraries

Union Army generals
1819 births
Steele, Fredericke
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
Members of the Aztec Club of 1847
People from Delhi, New York
United States Military Academy alumni
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
Snake War
Burials at Woodlawn Memorial Park Cemetery (Colma, California)

Frederick Steele


Gaspar Besares-Soraire (La Banda, Santiago del Estero, 1900-Buenos Aires, 1984) was an Argentine painter, draughtsman, sculptor and professor of some renown during the first half of the 20th century.

Amongst his notable works are La Salamanca (part of the collection of the Legislatura de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires) and his illustrations in the historical political satire magazine Caras y Caretas.

By donating 38 paintings, sculptures and engravings, he helped found the first art museum in his native city.

Argentine painters
Argentine male painters
1900 births
1984 deaths

Gaspar Besares-Soraire


Harold Franklin England (October 2, 1932 – November 6, 2003) was an American actor.

Personal life
He was born on October 2, 1932 to W. F. England and Della Irene England in Kings Mountain, North Carolina. He attended Kings Mountain High School and graduated with honors. After graduating from high school, he enrolled at Mars Hill Junior College to study for the ministry, but left a year later to study pre-law at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. After a year of pre-law, he switched to dramatics and joined the campus theater group Carolina Playmakers. He graduated with a bachelor of arts degree in dramatic arts. He died on November 6, 2003 of heart failure at Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center. Fred W. Bennett, a producer, was his life partner for forty years.

Career
After graduating from university, England went to New York and starred in a number of off-Broadway productions, including Candide and The Seagull. He understudied Robert Morse  for two years in the Broadway production How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, and then starred in several Broadway productions including Love Me Little, Say Darling, and The Beggars Opera. He was a life member of the Actors Studio.

England also had over 100 guest starring roles in television, and appeared in over 200 TV commercials. He once had a lawsuit brought against him for $25,000 by Kentucky Fried Chicken, which he had completed a commercial for, for breach of contract, because he had also completed a commercial for their rival McDonald's; it was later settled out of court.

On November 5, 1970, he played the character warlock, Waldo, in the Bewitched episode, "Samantha's Bad Day in Salem."

Filmography

References

External links

1932 births
2003 deaths
People from Kings Mountain, North Carolina
20th-century American male actors

Hal England


Yolexis Ulacia Carrazana (born 1978) is a Cuban baseball relief pitcher.

Career
After nine seasons in the Cuban leagues (through the 2007-2008 campaign), he had gone 50-38 with 68 saves and a 3.24 earned run average (ERA) in 334 games for Villa Clara.

Ulacia was the winning pitcher in the Cuban Serie Nacional All-Star Game in both 2003 and 2004. In the winter of 2003-04, he led all pitchers with 45 games pitched. He led again in that department with 42 appearances in 2004-05 and 39 in 2006-2007.

After 26 games in 2008-2009, he had 17 saves and made the Cuban roster for the 2009 World Baseball Classic. In the Classic, Ulacia saved one game and allowed one run in one inning. The run came on a hits by Munenori Kawasaki and Shuichi Murata surrounding a bunt by Norichika Aoki.

Ulacia was 4-3 with 19 saves and a 2.77 ERA in 2008-2009, walking only 9 in 52 innings. He was second in saves behind Vladimir García.

External links

1978 births
Living people
Cuban baseball players
2009 World Baseball Classic players
Baseball pitchers

Yolexis Ulacia


Maria Kliegel (born 14 November 1952) is a German cellist.

Professional career
Kliegel was born in Dillenburg, Hesse. She studied under Janos Starker starting at the age of 19.  She won first prize at the American College Competition, First German Music Competition and Concours Aldo Parisot, and was also the Grand Prize winner at the second Mstislav Rostropovich International Cello Competition in 1981.

Russian composer Alfred Schnittke recognized her interpretation as the standard recording of his work when she recorded his First Concerto for Cello and Orchestra in 1990. On top of this, she has done many recordings for Naxos, including concertos and other cello works by Beethoven, Bloch, Brahms, Bruch, Dohnányi, Dvořák, Elgar, Lalo, Saint-Saëns, Shostakovich, Schumann, Tavener and Tchaikovsky. She has also recorded a large volume of chamber music by Brahms, Chopin, Demus, Gubaidulina, Kodály, Mendelssohn and Schubert. She will soon be recording Beethoven's complete works for cello and piano, Haydn's cello concertos and Bach's solo cello suites.

She formerly played a Stradivarius, which has become known as the ex-Gendron, for the famous French cellist Maurice Gendron. Currently, she performs on a cello made by Carlo Tononi in Venice c. 1730.

Since 1986 she has taught a master class at the Hochschule für Musik Köln.

Maria Kliegel and Nelson Mandela

In 1995, moved after reading Nelson Mandela's autobiography, Maria Kliegel decided to find a way to pay tribute to him through classical music. Thus was born the idea of creating a piece called Hommage à Nelson M. for cello and percussion. By combining these instruments, Maria Kliegel wanted to build a musical bridge between the European musical tradition and the native sense of rhythm of South Africa's black population. After contacting composer Wilhelm Kaiser-Lindemann and pitching the idea to him, she found an ally in him. It became the goal of both of them to bring the work to a South African premiere with Mandela as the guest of honor.

Thanks to her friendship with the then president of North Rhine-Westphalia and later German president Johannes Rau, she managed to deliver a letter to Mandela during his state visit to Germany, informing him of the resulting idea.

Since concert plans in South Africa could not be concretized, and the artist wanted to send the composition as a message to the world as soon as possible, the premiere took place in December 1996 before a very moved audience at the Tonhalle in Düsseldorf.

In 1997, Maria Kliegel received an invitation to give a concert on September 24, South African Heritage Day, at the Nico Theatre in Cape Town. Nelson Mandela, then president of South Africa, was to sit in the front row as the guest of honor. Unfortunately, a day before the concert, Mandela ultimately canceled his arrival due to other presidential duties. He did, however, ensure that Mandela's most trusted friend Govan Mbeki, father of the next president Thabo Mbeki, was at the concert as his representative. The latter, already 85 years old at the time, returned backstage after the performance, visibly moved, and invited Maria Kliegel to visit him in parliament the next day assuring him that he would tell his friend Nelson everything in detail.

After returning to Germany, a few weeks later Maria Kliegel received an invitation from President Mandela to visit him at his residence in Cape Town. And so, finally, a meeting took place on November 11, 1997, during which Maria Kliegel performed a private solo concert at Nelson Mandela's home.

Nelson Mandela, very moved by the composition, thanked Maria Kliegel with a handshake. At the end of the meeting, the artist presented Mandela with a rose bush, because, as she read in his autobiography, he loved plants and since childhood always planted small or large gardens whenever he had the opportunity to do so - even in prison. He again extended his hand to her in thanks, and then said: "I will take care of this rose for many years, it will always be a special bond between us."

In 1999, the Naxos label released a recording of Hommage à Nelson M., performed by Maria Kliegel and percussionist Stephan Froleyks, with part of the proceeds from sales donated to the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund.

Selected recordings

 Camille Saint-Saëns, Cello concerto n°1 & n°2, Suite op.16, The Swan, Allegro Appassionato op.43, Bournemouth Sinfonietta, conductor Jean-François Monnard. CD Naxos 1995

References

External links
Maria Kliegel biography and discography at Naxos

1952 births
Living people
People from Dillenburg
German classical cellists
German women classical cellists

Maria Kliegel


James (Jim) W.H. Monger is an emeritus scientist of the Geological Survey of Canada and a world leader in the application of plate tectonics to the study of mountain chain formation.

Education
Monger obtained his BSc at the University of Reading, his MSc at the University of Kansas, and his PhD at the University of British Columbia (1966).

Career
Dr. James Monger is an authority on Cordilleran geology. Monger concentrated his research on field studies and detailed geological mapping of upper Paleozoic and lower Mesozoic volcanic and sedimentary layers. He used this work to demonstrate that the Canadian Cordillera is a collage of displaced terranes that have been accreted to the western margin of North America.

Over his 40-year career as a research geoscientist with the Geological Survey of Canada he contributed the following to geological studies;
 the first plate tectonic interpretations of the evolution of the Canadian Cordillera
 the first metamorphic map of the Canadian Cordillera
 an award-winning paper on suspect terranes that evolved into the first terrane map of the Cordillera
 a proposal for the collisional origin for the two major plutonic belts
 the first trans-Cordilleran structure section that integrated geological, geophysical and geochemical data.

Monger led the Global Geoscience Transects Project. He had an essential role in the Canadian LITHOPROBE Project.

In 1997, Dr. Monger began working at the Simon Fraser University as an adjunct professor in the Department of Earth Science. There he has developed and taught an undergraduate course and collaborate on research projects with earth science faculty and researchers

Personal life
As of 2006, he was living on the Saltspring Island in  British Columbia, Canada.

Awards
1995 - Presented the R. J. W. Douglas Medal by the Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists
2002 - The Logan Medal is the highest award of the Geological Association of Canada.

Publications
 1987 - authored Circum-Pacific Orogenic Belts and Evolution of the Pacific Ocean Basin.
 2003 - co-authored with R. A. Price, Transect Of The Southern Canadian Cordillera From Calgary To Vancouver: Field Trip Guidebook 2003
 2005 - co-authored with William Henry Mathews, Roadside Geology of Southern British Columbia

References
  Geological Association of Canada Newsletter December 1997
 Geological Association of Canada Newsletter June 2002
 Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Awards
 Books by J.W.H. Monger
 Simon Fraser University Department of Earth Sciences
 Simon Fraser University press clippings
 A History of the Canadian Cordillera

Living people
Canadian geologists
Geological Survey of Canada personnel
Alumni of the University of Reading
University of Kansas alumni
University of British Columbia alumni
Logan Medal recipients
Year of birth missing (living people)

James Monger


"Let's Dance" is a song by Nikki Webster, released as the second single from her third album Let's Dance, released in 2004. It was written by Delta Goodrem, Mark Holden and Axel Breitung. It peaked at No. 37 on the ARIA Singles Chart in June 2004.

Music video
The music video for "Let's Dance" was directed by Paul Varolo and filmed at The McDonald College. It shows children following an arrow to 'Nikki Webster "Let's Dance" Audition' and rehearsing the dance routine with Webster. For the last 50 seconds of the video, a smaller group of dancers perform the routine in costume. A Current Affair ran a story and interview about Nikki shooting her new music video.

When Webster appeared on Video Hits to promote the single, she taught the dance to host Axle Whitehead, and on So Fresh to hosts Elysia Pratt and David Whitehill.

Live performances
Webster performed "Let's Dance" at the Australia Day Eve concert in Canberra, more than four months before the single's release. The performance is included on The Best of Nikki Webster DVD.

Webster also performed the song on Good Morning Australia on June 9, 2004.

Track listing
"Let's Dance" – 3:58
"Let's Dance" (karaoke mix) – 3:58
"Let's Dance" (video) – 3:58

Charts

References

2004 singles
Nikki Webster songs
Songs written by Mark Holden
Songs written by Delta Goodrem
Songs written by Axel Breitung
2004 songs
Songs about dancing

Let's Dance (Nikki Webster song)


Clomethiazole (also called chlormethiazole) is a sedative and hypnotic originally developed by Hoffmann-La Roche in the 1930s. The drug is used in treating and preventing symptoms of acute alcohol withdrawal.

It is structurally related to thiamine (vitamin B1), but acts like a sedative, hypnotic, muscle relaxant and anticonvulsant, having the same mechanism of action as traditional barbiturates. It is also rarely used for the management of agitation, restlessness, short-term insomnia and Parkinson's disease in the elderly, when all other treatment options have failed. In the UK, it is sold under the brand Heminevrin (AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals). Other brand names include Nevrin in Romania, Distraneurin in Germany and Distraneurine in Spain. The drug is marketed either as a free base in an oily solution containing 192 mg in capsule form, or as clomethiazole edisylate syrup. Due to its high toxicity compared to similar drugs it is not recommended as a first-line treatment for any indication and is particularly dangerous to patients with an elevated risk for drug abuse such as those with a personal or familial history of addiction.

Pharmacology
Clomethiazole acts as a positive allosteric modulator at the barbiturate/picrotoxin site of the GABAA receptor. It works to enhance the action of the neurotransmitter GABA at this receptor. GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and produces anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative, and hypnotic effects. Clomethiazole appears to also have another mechanism of action mediating some of its hypothermic and neuroprotective effects. The oxazole homologue is also known providing a little QSAR information.

As opposed to barbiturates, clomethiazole doesn't affect the electrophysiological responses to excitatory aminoacids, and additionally, it also directly acts on chloride ion channels.

Clomethiazole is a potent CYP2E1 enzyme inhibitor which slows down the metabolism of ethanol, hence its use in alcohol withdrawal. It is also an inhibitor of CYP2B6 and possibly CYP2A6 and thus can affect the plasma clearance of substrates of those enzymes.

When clomethiazole is administered via IV in addition to carbamazepine, its clearance is increased by 30%, which results in a proportional reduction in plasma concentration. Therefore, when co-administered with carbamazepine or other potent CYP3A4 inducers via IV, it is necessary to increase the dose of clomethiazole.

Adverse effects
Long term and frequent use of clomethiazole can cause tolerance and physical dependence. Abrupt withdrawal may result in symptoms similar to those of sudden withdrawal of alcohol or benzodiazepines.

Overdose
Clomethiazole is particularly toxic and dangerous if overdosed and can be potentially fatal. Alcohol multiplies the effect. As the drug can be fatal in high doses, prescribing clomethiazole outside of a controlled environment, for example a hospital, is not recommended, especially because there are much less toxic alternatives, such as diazepam. Diazepam is one of many drugs belonging to the benzodiazepine class, with a long half-life (50–100 hours) and a very low risk of a fatal overdose, so long as the patient does not also consume alcohol or certain other types of medication.

Due to clomethiazole's action at the barbiturate complex the benzodiazepine antidote flumazenil cannot reverse the effects of overdose; overdose treatment is restricted to the application of a mechanical ventilation apparatus until enough of the drug has been metabolized and/or excreted for the patient to breathe sufficiently without assistance.

Drummer Keith Moon of the rock band The Who died of a clomethiazole overdose.

See also
 Drug of last resort
 Therapeutic index

References

GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Glycine receptor agonists
Hypnotics
AstraZeneca brands
Organochlorides
Sedatives
Thiazoles

Clomethiazole


The Dhund Abbasi (also written Dhúnd; ) is a sub tribe of the Abbasi Tribe in Northern Pakistan. They are mainly settled in Abbottabad District and Murree Hills, Along with Tehsil Kahuta and in District Rawalpindi of Punjab Province. They are also found in District Haripur and Mansehra of Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. Apart from Abbottabad and Murree, there are large populations of Dhund Abbasis living in the Bagh District and Muzaffarabad District of Azad Kashmir. The tribe speaks the Dhundi-Kairlali hill dialect of Pahari-Pothwari.
The word Dhund was an honorary name given to one of their forefathers.

Origins
The tribe traces its roots back to Al-'Abbas ibn 'Abd al-Muttalib, the uncle of Prophet Mohammad. The Dhund Abbasis are progeny of the Abbasid dynasty, who ruled over the Muslim empire from the Umayyads in 750 CE, and were known as the Abbasid Caliphate. The dynasty governed for 500 years from Baghdad, Iraq. The rule of the Abbasids extended eastwards across Afghanistan into the South Asian subcontinent, covering the eastern part of modern-day Pakistan.

The ancestor of the tribe, Ghayyas Ud Deen Zorab Shah, also known as, Sardar Zorab Khan Abbasi (998 AD - 1070 AD) was Governor General and Commander of Armed Forces in parts of Afghanistan during the reign of Mehmood Ghaznavi of Ghaznavid Empire. He came to the subcontinent in 1020 AD with Mehmood Ghaznavi during the reign of Abbasi Caliph Al Qadir Billah (990 AD to 1031AD) and attacked on the state of Kashmir. When Zorab Khan reached Kashmir along with his Army, the King of Kashmir agreed to pay tax to him as well as offering his daughter in an arranged marriage. Zorab Khan settled in Kashmir state as an Ambassador of Abbasid Dynasty. His Grave is in Darkot, a village in the Kohota Tehsil of District of Rawalpindi. Sardar Zorab Khan was the son of Taif Shah who was an Abbasid Commander in Khurasaan during the reign of Abbasi Caliph Al Ta'eh Li'Amr'illah, who ruled from 974 to 991 AD. He later joined Subgtageen (the father of Mehmood Ghaznavi) in Khurasaan.

Sardar Zorab Khan Abbasi had only one son named Ghai Mohammad Akbar, also known as, Sardar Akbar Ghai Khan Abbasi, whose grave is next to his father's grave in Darkot, Kahuta. Sardar Akbar Ghai had five sons name as Kanwar Khan (Kahundar Khan), Sardar Khan (Sarrara Khan), Salim Khan, Sana Wali Khan (Tanawali Khan) and Molam Khan. He was the forefather of Dhund, Jaskam, Ghayyal, Sarrara and Tanoli Abbasi Tribes. Kanwar Khan had three sons named Firadam Khan, Bahadur Khan and Kalo Khan (Kalo Raey Khan). Firadam Khan, who's progeny was inhabited in Rajori, Indian Occupied Kashmir, and Bahadur Khan who's sons live in Qaseer, Indian Occupied Kashmir. Kalo Khan (1083 AD - 1150 AD) moved from Poonch Region to Chalhaar, Palandari now Azad Kashmir, he married the the daughter of Raja Rustam Raey Khan, a Kashmiri King and became his successor. He gets the title of "Raey" so Kalo Khan name becomes Kalo Raey Khan. He married to the daughter of Raja Dhani Raey Khan of Kashmir. Dhund, Jasgam and Ghayyal Abbasi Tribes of Murree, Hazara and Azad Kashmir back their family roots to Kalo Raey Khan (Kalo Khan). Kalo Khan had son named Qudrat Ullah Khan (Qound Khan) and Qudrat Ullah Khan had Naik Mohammad Khan (Nakodar Khan) and Naik Mohammad Khan had Daleel Mohammad Khan and Daleel Mohammad Khan had Rasib Khan. Rasib Khan had two sons named Shah Wali Khan Abbasi (Dhund Khan) and Bagh Wali Khan Abbasi (Bagh Khan). The Dhund Abbasi's of Murree, Hazara Divison and Azad Kahmir back their roots to Shah Wali Khan (Dhund Khan) while the Ghayyal & Jaskam Abbasi of Azad Kashmir & Kahuta trace their roots back to Bagh Wali Khan Abbasi (Bagh Khan). This incident is recorded in Ansaab Zafarabad Hind 1800 AD & Abbasiyan E Hind written in 1819 AD by Mufti Najam Ud Deen Samarqandi. Many historical references to Dhund's Abbasi are in old Kashmir History books, written in 16th and 17th century.

The word Dhund was an honorary name given to their forefather Hazrat Shah Wali Ullah Khan Abbasi (1192 AD - 1258 AD), Also Known as Dhund Khan Abbasi by their Spritual Sheikh Hazrat Baha'ud Deen Zakria Multani. Sardar Shah Wali Ullah Khan Abbasi was also a Sufi Saint. He was the Great Grand Son of Sardar Zorab Khan Abbasi. Shah Wali's Brother name was Bagh Wali Khan (Forefather of Ghayyal & Jaskam Abbasi Tribe) living in Poonch and Bagh Districts of Azad Kashmir, along with Tehsil Kahuta of District Rawalpindi.

One of the famous members of the Dhund Abbasi Tribe is Peer Nehmat Shah, also known as Dada Dhummat Khan Abbasi (1295 AD - 1370 AD). Dada Dhummat Khan Abbasi was a Sufi Saint and his shrine is in Ghora Gali, Murree. He moved from Poonch Region of Kahsmir to Murree Hills in mid fourteenth century. He was the GrandFather of All Abbasi Tribes of Murree Hills & Hazara KPK Region adjacent to Murree Hills and also GrandFather of Abbasi Tribe's of Tehsil Dheerkot, District Bagh & District Muzzaffarabad of Kashmir.

One of Famous Spritual Grandsons of Peer Nehmat Shah's is Hazrat Sardar Abdul Rehman Khan Abbasi (1406 AD - 1480 AD) locally Known as Dada Rattan Khan Abbasi and Hazrat Sardar Qasim Khan Abbasi (Chand Khan Abbasi), who's Shrine is in Chamankot, Tehsil Dheerkot District Bagh Azad Kashmir. They are forefathers of Ratnaal & Chandaal Dhund's Abbasi clan, living in Circle, Bakote, KPK, Murree Hills, and Azad Kashmir.

Dhunds are the largest and most prominent tribe of Murree. Historically, besides Murree, the lands of the Dhund Abbasis include parts of present day Islamabad Capital Territory, Tehsil Kahuta and Kotli Sattian of Rawalpindi, District Abbottabad, Haripur and Mansehra of KPK and Deerkot tehsil in the Bagh district of Azad Kashmir. Besides there is a large population of Dhund tribe in Kahuta tehsil, who are known as Jasgam. According to Gazetteer Rawalpindi 1893-4 they had thirteen villages in Tehsil Kahuta to at the time.

According to Census of India 1881, the total population of Dhund Abbasis, excluding Abbasis tribes of Kashmir, in Rawalpindi and Hazara districts was 32,690 of which 18,268 lived in Rawalpindi and 14,412 in Hazara. Furthermore, Abbasis constitute overwhelming majority the population of Dheerkot Tehsil in the Bagh district of Azad Kashmir.

Current data is not available but the total population of all Abbasi Tribes in Murree and the surrounding areas of Rawalpindi, Islamabad, the Hazara division of KPK and Azad Kashmir is thought to be around 2 to 3 million.

The predecessors of the tribe and the reverend Saint Dada (affectionately called grandfather in the area) and Hafiz Siraaj Ud Deen, locally known as Peer Dada Malak Sooraj Oliya. Abbasi of Potha Sharif was a contemporary of Hazrat Bari Imam, another great saint whose mausoleum is in present day Islamabad. Dada Malik Sooraj Oliya was the grand son of Hazrat Abdul Rehman locally known as Dada Rattan Khan Abbasi who's shrine is in Chamankot, Tehsil Dheerkot Azad Kashmir. Bari Imam lived in the times of Mughal emperor Jahangir. This may mean that the Abbasis were present in considerable numbers at that time.

Osama Ali Abbasi
Naqeeb Ul Abbasiyeen Northern Pakistan

Related pages
 Karlal
 Murree
 Bagh

References

Further reading

Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Pakistani tribes
Ethnic groups in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Abbottabad District

Dhund (tribe)


The Northern Cape Division of the High Court of South Africa (formerly named the Northern Cape High Court and the Northern Cape Provincial Division, and commonly known as the Kimberley High Court) is a superior court of law with general jurisdiction over the Northern Cape province of South Africa. The division sits at Kimberley.

History
A Supreme Court was created for the British colony of Griqualand West by proclamation in 1871. The Cape Colony annexed Griqualand West according to the Griqualand West Annexation Act on 27 July 1877, with the date for annexation set for 18 October 1880. According to this act, the court was subordinated to the Cape Supreme Court and became known as the High Court of Griqualand West.
On the creation of the Union of South Africa it became the Griqualand West Local Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa and remained subordinate to the Cape Provincial Division. In 1969 it became a provincial division in its own right as the Northern Cape Provincial Division. In 1997, on the adoption of the current Constitution of South Africa, it became a High Court, and in 2009 it was renamed the Northern Cape High Court by the Renaming of High Courts Act. In 2013, in the restructuring brought about by the Superior Courts Act, it became the Northern Cape Division of the High Court of South Africa.

References

External links
 Decisions of the Northern Cape Division

High Court of South Africa
High Court
Kimberley, Northern Cape
1871 establishments in Griqualand West
Courts and tribunals established in 1871

Northern Cape Division


Grawp is a fictional character in the Harry Potter book series written by J. K. Rowling. He is the giant half-brother of Hagrid. Grawp and Hagrid were born of the same mother, the giantess Fridwulfa. Hagrid's father was a wizard but Grawp's father was a giant. Grawp refers to Hagrid by the name "Hagger" and Hermione as "Hermy". He was said to be rather small compared to the other giants. He seemed to likes pink, the reason he was provoked when he saw Hermione's pink shirt. He participated in the Battle of Hogwarts and survived.

Harry Potter characters

Grawp