Belinda Mulrooney (1872–1967) was an entrepreneur and purportedly the "richest woman in the Klondike". She made one fortune in the Klondike Gold Rush, lost it, and amassed a second, which lasted most of the rest of her life.

Biography
Mulrooney was born in County Sligo, Ireland. When she was young, her family either emigrated to Pennsylvania, where her father worked as a miner in Scranton, or sent her to live with relatives there. She set out on her own and operated a sandwich stand during the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. With her profits, she traveled to San Francisco in 1894 to set up an ice cream parlor. Undaunted when she lost everything in a fire, she found employment as a stewardess on the Pacific Coast Steamship Company ship S.S. City of Topeka plying its route from California to Alaska, earning extra money by selling necessities and luxuries to the passengers. Discovery of gold at Juneau, Alaska, motivated her to move north in 1896. Then came the Klondike Gold Rush in Canada to the east.

Instead of seeking her fortune as a prospector, Mulrooney bought supplies of "silk underwear, bolts of cotton cloth and hot water bottles" with her savings of $5,000 and transported them over the Chilkoot Pass to Dawson City, where she sold them for six times that amount in June 1897. She built a restaurant in Dawson, next a roadhouse called The Magnet, and then the Grand Forks Hotel and restaurant, near the gold fields. Prospering, she started buying mining claims as well; by the end of the year, she either owned or was a partner in five. She sold the hotel for $24,000 and set about building the finest hotel in Dawson. The Fair View Hotel opened its doors on 27 July 1898, with a restaurant and rooms for thirty guests.

Mulrooney once partnered with fellow Klondike legend Alex McDonald to salvage the cargo from a small ship wrecked on a sand bar. McDonald got there first and took all of the food, leaving only gum boots and whiskey for her. She got her revenge, however. The next spring, when McDonald needed boots for his workers, he had to pay her $100 a pair.

On 1 October 1900, Mulrooney married self-styled "Count" Charles Eugene Carbonneau, who claimed to be a French aristocrat, but was actually a champagne salesman and former barber from Quebec. By 1903 or 1904, the couple separated, and she lost her fortune. She obtained a divorce in December 1906.

Starting over, she moved to Fairbanks, Alaska, in 1904 or 1905 and prospered once again. She established the Dome City Bank in Fairbanks with her younger sister Margaret.

Mulrooney eventually retired to Yakima, Washington, where she had a large mansion built c. 1910. She supported her family until her money ran out. She then moved to Seattle, where she died in 1967.

Depictions in popular culture
Abbie Cornish played a fictionalized version of Mulrooney in the Discovery Channel miniseries Klondike. In the TG4 series An Klondike, she was portrayed by Bríd Ní Neachtain and appears in the fictional town of Dominion Creek instead of Dawson City.

Gallery

References

External links

 Higher resolution version of the photograph in the gallery of the Grand Forks Hotel and environs, from the Child Collection, University of Washington Special Collections

1872 births
1967 deaths
19th-century Irish people
People of the Klondike Gold Rush
Irish businesspeople
Canadian hoteliers
Canadian women in business
Irish emigrants to the United States
Businesspeople from Fairbanks, Alaska
Businesspeople from San Francisco
Businesspeople from Scranton, Pennsylvania
Businesspeople from Seattle
Businesspeople from County Sligo
People from Dawson City
People from Juneau, Alaska
People from Yakima, Washington

Belinda Mulrooney


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Rawalpindi (, Rāwalpindī) is a city in the Pothohar Plateau near Pakistan's capital city of Islamabad, in the province of Punjab. It is home to the headquarters of the Pakistan Army and also served as the nation's capital while Islamabad was being constructed during the 1960s. The city is home to many industries and factories. Benazir Bhutto International Airport is actually in Rawalpindi, formerly known as the "Chaklala Airport", serving the city along with the capital. Rawalpindi is in the Punjab province, 275 km (171 miles) to the north-west of Lahore. It is the administrative seat of the Rawalpindi District. About 3,363,911 people lived in Rawalpindi in the year 1998. The local language spoken is Pothwari.

R
Capital of Pakistan

Rawalpindi


Seattle Computer Products (SCP) was a Tukwila, Washington, microcomputer hardware company which was one of the first manufacturers of computer systems based on the 16-bit Intel 8086 processor. Founded in 1978, SCP began shipping its first S-100 bus 8086 CPU boards to customers in November 1979, about 21 months before IBM introduced its Personal Computer which was based on the slower 8088 and introduced the 8-bit ISA bus. SCP shipped an operating system for that hardware about a year before the release of the PC, which was modified by Microsoft for the PC and renamed IBM PC DOS. SCP was staffed partly by high-school students from nearby communities who soldered and assembled the computers. Some of them would later work for Microsoft.

Corporate history
Twenty-two-year-old Tim Paterson was hired in June 1978 by SCP's owner Rodney Maurice Brock (26 August 1930 – 30 November 2018). At the time, SCP built memory boards for microcomputers, but after attending a local seminar on Intel's just-released 8086 in late summer 1978, Paterson convinced Brock that his company should design a CPU board for the new chip. Paterson had a prototype working by May 1979, and he took his "computer" over to Microsoft, who were working on an 8086 BASIC, which was working before the end of May.

When the board began shipping in November, standalone Microsoft BASIC was offered as an option, but no operating system was available for it. Digital Research, whose 8-bit CP/M operating system was the industry standard, was working on an 8086-compatible version called CP/M-86, but the delay in its release was costing SCP sales. In order to fill this void, Paterson wrote QDOS (for Quick and Dirty Operating System) over a four-month period starting in April 1980. QDOS 0.11 was finished in August 1980, and SCP began shipping it in September 1980. The operating system was renamed to 86-DOS in December 1980.

Microsoft, having worked with SCP before and seeking an operating system they could modify for the IBM PC, bought the rights to market the 86-DOS operating system to other manufacturers for  that same month. On 27 July 1981, just prior to the launch of the IBM PC on the 12 August 1981, Microsoft bought the full rights to the operating system for an additional , giving SCP a perpetual royalty-free license to sell 86-DOS (including updated versions) with its computer hardware. Realizing that Microsoft was making significant profit on the 86-DOS operating system, SCP attempted to sell it along with a stand-alone inexpensive CPU (without any other circuitry). This was allowed as per SCP's license with Microsoft, which let SCP sell the operating system with their 8086-based computers; this operating system was marketed as "Seattle DOS", and a CPU was included in the box it shipped in.

Thanks to the deal with Microsoft, additional capital allowed Seattle Computer to expand its memory business into providing additional memory for PC products. The company had its best year in 1982, reaping more than a million dollars in profit on about  in sales.

By 1985, however, SCP's business was having difficulty trying to compete with offshore products (Brock once said, "they were selling memory boards for less than his cost for parts"), and Brock decided to sell the company. The only major asset SCP had left was the license it received from Microsoft when it signed over ownership rights to 86-DOS. Brock planned to sell (via merger) the license to the highest bidder, with a company such as the Tandy Corporation in mind. After Microsoft objected to Brock's "exaggerated interpretation" of the agreement and informed Brock that his license was nontransferable, Brock sued for . The ensuing lawsuit was highly technical and grew to fill hundreds of pages in the months leading up to trial. The trial began at the end of 1986 and lasted three weeks. An out-of-court settlement was reached while the jury was deliberating. Microsoft paid SCP  and reclaimed its license for DOS.

SCP went out of business in the late 1980s as the market for Intel 8086 systems became dominated by PC compatible computers.

See also
 Microsoft Softcard (SCP developed prototypes of Z80 card for Apple II, further developed by Burtronix and manufactured by California Computer Systems for Microsoft)
 Pirates of Silicon Valley has a scene where Paul Allen visits Rod Brock at Seattle Computer Products.

References

External links

Electronics companies of the United States
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Defunct companies based in Seattle
1978 establishments in Washington (state)
1980s disestablishments in Washington (state)
Companies based in Tukwila, Washington
Computer companies established in 1978

Seattle Computer Products


Alithia (, meaning "The Truth") is one of the largest newspapers by circulation in Cyprus, with about 11,000 copies daily. It is headquartered in Nicosia and connected with the leadership of the conservative Democratic Rally party. According to the advertisement published in the Phileleftheros newspaper on 24 August 2014, citing as a source the company RAI Consultants, the Alithia Sunday issue's circulation in May 2014 was 6,722, and therefore it came sixth. Alithia published its first issue as a weekly on 5 December 1880 in Limassol. Therefore, it is the oldest still-circulating Greek paper on the island. In 1982, it became a daily publication.

See also

List of newspapers in Cyprus

References

Newspapers established in 1952
Greek-language newspapers
Newspapers published in Cyprus
1952 establishments in Cyprus
Cypriot news websites

Alithia


Chrysler is a brand of North American luxury vehicles owned by Stellantis. It competes with brands such as Cadillac and Lincoln. The automaker was founded in 1925 by Walter Chrysler from the remains of the Maxwell Motor Company. The brand primarily focused on building luxury vehicles as the broader Chrysler Corporation expanded, following a strategy of brand diversification and hierarchy largely adopted from General Motors. However, the company and the brand have struggled to adapt to changing markets. , the company's vehicle lineup consists of minivans and a single sedan which was last redesigned in 2010.

History

Early history
The first Chrysler cars were introduced on January 5, 1924, at the New York Automobile Show – one year before Chrysler Corporation itself was created. These cars, launched by Maxwell Motors, had a new high-compression six-cylinder, a seven-bearing crankshaft, carburetor air cleaner, replaceable oil filter, and four-wheel hydraulic brakes. Features like this had never been offered in a medium-priced car before, and the 32,000 first-year record sales proved the popularity of this model.

In 1926, Chrysler introduced the Chrysler 70, named for its ability to hit 70 mph. In 1927, Chrysler had four models: the Chrysler 50, 60, 70, and Imperial 80. Chrysler was in fourth place in sales, with 192,082 units delivered. In 1928, Chrysler invested $23 million to expand its plants.

1930s
In 1930, Chrysler began wiring the Chrysler Model 70 and 77 for radios. Chrysler also became the first car to offer the downdraft carburetor on its models. With the new carburetor, Chrysler also received a new cam-driven fuel pump. For the 1931 model, Chrysler received new radiator grilles, a new Chrysler Spitfire engine, and automatic spark control. The 1932 Chryslers introduced the Floating Power rubber engine mounts, which eliminated further vibrations from the chassis. A vacuum-controlled automatic clutch, Oilite bearings and the first universal joints with roller bearings were also added. In 1933, Chrysler models received a host of new improvements, including a new three-speed manual transmission that used helical gears- for silent use. Chrysler engines received new alloy valve seats for better reliability, along with new spring shackles, which improved lubrication. In 1934, the Chrysler 6 introduced an independent front coil spring suspension and received vent windows that rolled down with the side glass. Chrysler also introduced its revolutionary Chrysler Airflow, which included a welded Unibody, a wind-tunnel-designed aerodynamic body for a better power-to-power ratio and better handling. In 1935, Chrysler introduced the Plymouth-based Chrysler Airstream Six, which gave customers an economical modern alternative to the radically styled Airflows. The Airflow received an updated front hood and grille in 1935. For 1936, the Chrysler Airflow received an enlarged luggage compartment, a new roof, and a new adjustable front seat. The Airstream Six and Eight of the previous year were renamed the Chrysler Six and Deluxe Eight. The Automatic overdrive was optional for both cars. For 1937, the Airflow cars were mostly discontinued, besides the C-17 Airflow, which received a final facelift. Only 4600 C-17 Airflows were built in 1937. The Chrysler Six and Chrysler Eight were respectively renamed the Royal and Imperial and gained isolated rubber body mounts to remove road vibrations. In 1938, the Chrysler Royal received the new 95 HP Gold Seal Inline 6. In 1939, Chrysler unveiled Superfinish a process in which all major chassis components subject to wear were finished to a mirror-like surface. Other features new to Chrysler were push-button door locks, and rotary-type door latches.

1940s
In 1940, Chrysler introduced sealed beam headlights on its cars, which in turn improved night visibility by 50%. Mid-year, in 1940, Chrysler introduced the Highlander as a special edition featuring popular features and a Scottish plaid interior. The luxury sport model, called the Saratoga, was also added to the New Yorker range as the Imperial became the exclusive limousine model. In 1941, Chrysler introduced the Fluid Drive semi-automatic transmission. 1942 Chryslers were redesigned with a wrap-a-round chrome grille and concealed running boards for this abbreviated model year; civilian production stopped by February 1942. In 1946, Chrysler redesigned the 1942 cars and reintroduced the Town & Country. In 1949, Chrysler came out with the first all-new redesign in almost a decade. In 1949, Chrysler moved the ignition to key only instead of having a key and push-button. They also reintroduced the nine-passenger station wagon body style to the line.

1950s
For 1950, Chrysler updated the overly conservative 1949 models by lowering cars slightly, updating the grille to appear more simple, replacing the chrome fin tail lamps with flush units, and removing the third brake light from the trunk lid. Also in 1950, Chrysler introduced disc brakes on the Imperial, the new Chrysler Newport hardtop, power windows, and the padded safety dash. Chrysler introduced their first overhead-valve, high-compression V8 engine in 1951; displacing 331 cubic inches, it was rated at 180 bhp, 20 more horsepower than the new-for-1949 Cadillac V8. It was unique as the only American V8 engine designed with hemispherical combustion chambers. After successfully winning Mexican Road Races, the engine was upgraded to 250 bhp by 1955. Although Chrysler didn't build a small sporty car (such as the Chevrolet Corvette and the Ford Thunderbird), they decided to build a unique sporting car based on the New Yorker hardtop coupe that featured a 300-bhp "Hemi" V8. To add to the car's uniqueness, the car was given a grille from the Imperial and side trim from the less-adorned Windsor. A PowerFlite 2-speed automatic transmission was the only available gearbox. It was marketed as the Chrysler 300, emphasizing the engine's horsepower, continuing a luxury sport approach introduced earlier with the Chrysler Saratoga.

A 1955 restyle by newly hired Virgil Exner saw a dramatic rise in Chrysler sales, which rose even more in 1957 when the entire line was dramatically restyled a second time with a sloping front end and high-flying tailfins at the rear. Although well received at first, it soon became apparent that quality control was compromised to get the new cars to market on an accelerated schedule. In 1957, all Chrysler products were installed with Torsion-Aire front suspension, which was a Torsion bar suspension only for the front wheels that followed two years after Packard installed Torsion-Level suspension on both the front and rear wheels.

Sales of all Chrysler models plummeted in 1958 and 1959 despite improvements in quality. Throughout the mid-and late-1950s, Chryslers were available in top-line New Yorker, mid-line Saratoga, and base Windsor series. Exner's designs for the Chrysler brand in the early 1960s were overblown versions of the late 1950s, which were unhelpful in sales. Exner left his post by 1962, leaving Elwood Engel, a recent transfer from Ford Motor Co, in charge of Chrysler styling.

1960s
Although early 1960s Chrysler cars reflected Virgil Exner's exaggerated styling, Elwood Engel's influence was evident as early as 1963, when a restyled, trimmer, boxier Chrysler was introduced. The Desoto lines, along with the Windsor and Saratoga series, were replaced with the Newport, while New Yorker continued as the luxury model, while Imperial continued to be the top-of-the-line brand. The Chrysler 300, officially part of the New Yorker product line, continued in production as a high-performance coupe through 1965, adding a different letter of the alphabet for each year of production, starting with the 300-B of 1956, through the 300-L of 1965. 1962 saw a "non-letter" 300, which was lower in price but was equipped with downgraded standard equipment. The '65 Chryslers were again dramatically restyled, with a thoroughly modern unit body and larger engines up to 440 cubic inches. They were squared off and slab-sided, with optional glass-covered headlamps that retracted when the headlights were turned on and a swept-back roofline for 2-door hardtop models. Chryslers through the 1960s were well-built, quality cars with innovative features such as unit bodies and front torsion bar suspension, and in 1963, Bob Hope was a spokesperson of The Chrysler Theatre, the same year the Chrysler Turbine Car was introduced.

1970s
The Cordoba was introduced by Chrysler for the 1975 model year as an upscale personal luxury car that replaced the 300, competing with the Oldsmobile Cutlass, Buick Regal, and Mercury Cougar. The Cordoba was originally intended to be a Plymouth—the names Mirada, Premier, Sebring, and Grand Era were associated with the project; all except Grand Era would be used on later Chrysler, Dodge, and Eagle vehicles, though only the Dodge Mirada would be related to the Cordoba. However, losses from the newly introduced full-size C-body models due to the 1973 oil crisis, along with the investment in the Turbine Car that didn't produce a product to sell, encouraged Chrysler executives to seek higher profits by marketing the model under the more upscale Chrysler brand.

The car was a success, with over 150,000 examples sold in 1975, a sales year that was otherwise dismal for the company. For the 1976 model year, sales increased slightly to 165,000. The mildly revised 1977 version also sold well, with just under 140,000 cars. The success of using the Chrysler nameplate strategy is contrasted to sales of its similar and somewhat cheaper corporate cousin, the Dodge Charger SE.Interiors were more luxurious than the Dodge Charger SE and much more than the top-line standard intermediates (Plymouth Fury, Dodge Coronet) with a velour cloth notchback bench seat and folding armrest standard. Optionally available were bucket seats upholstered in Corinthian leather with a center armrest and cushion or, at extra cost, a center console with floor shifter and storage compartment.

In 1977, Chrysler brought out a new mid-size line of cars called LeBaron (a name previously used for an Imperial model), which included a coupe, sedan, and station wagon.

1980s
In 1982, the LeBaron moved to the front-wheel drive Chrysler K platform, where it was the upscale brand's lowest-priced offering. It was initially available in just sedan and coupe versions. In early 1982, it was released in a convertible version, bringing to the market the first factory-built open-topped domestic vehicle since the 1976 Cadillac Eldorado. A station wagon version called the Town and Country was added as well. A special Town and Country convertible was also made from 1983 until 1986 in limited quantities (1,105 total), which, like the wagon, featured simulated wood paneling that made it resemble the original 1940s Town and Country. This model was part of the well-equipped Mark Cross option package for the latter years.

In 1982, the R-body line was discontinued, and the New Yorker nameplate transferred to the smaller M-body line. Up to this point, the Chrysler M-body entry had been sold as LeBaron, but that name was moved to a new K-car-based FWD line (refer to the Chrysler LeBaron article for information on the 1977–81 M-bodies). Following the nameplate swap, the M-body line was consolidated and simplified. 360 V8 engines were gone, as were coupes and station wagons (the K-car LeBaron's coupe and wagon replaced them). The Fifth Avenue option was still available as a $1,244 option package. It was adapted from the earlier LeBaron's package, with a distinctive vinyl roof, electroluminescent opera lamps, and a rear fascia adapted from the Dodge Diplomat. Interiors featured button-tufted, pillow-soft seats covered in either "Kimberley velvet" or "Corinthian leather," choices that would continue unchanged throughout the car's run. In addition, the carpet was thicker than that offered in the base New Yorker, Diplomat and Gran Fury/Caravelle Salon, and the interior had more chrome trim.

1983 was the last year for Chrysler's Cordoba coupe. Also in 1983, Chrysler introduced a new front-wheel-drive New Yorker model based on a stretched K-Car platform. Additionally, a less expensive, less equipped version of the new New Yorker was sold as the Chrysler E-Class in 1983 and 1984. More upscale stretched K-Car models were also sold as Chrysler Executive sedans and limousines.

For 1984, the New Yorker Fifth Avenue was now simply called Fifth Avenue, setting the name that would continue for six successful years. All Fifth Avenues from 1984 until 1989 were powered by a  V8 engine, with either a two-barrel carburetor making  (in all states except California) or a four-barrel rated at  (in California), mated to Chrysler's well-known Torqueflite three-speed automatic transmission. Fifth Avenue production was moved from Windsor, Ontario to St. Louis, Missouri. Beginning in late 1986 through the 1989 model year, they were manufactured at the American Motors plant in Kenosha, Wisconsin (purchased by Chrysler in 1987). The Fifth Avenue also far outsold its Dodge Diplomat and Plymouth Gran Fury siblings, with a much greater proportion of sales going to private customers despite its higher price tag. Production peaked at 118,000 cars for 1986, and the Fifth Avenue stood out in a by-now K-car-dominated lineup as Chrysler's lone concession to traditional RWD American sedans.

Chrysler introduced a new mid-size four-door hatchback model in 1985 under the LeBaron GTS nameplate. It was sold alongside the mid-size LeBaron sedan, coupe, convertible, and station wagon. The LeBaron coupe and convertible were redesigned in 1987. Unlike previous LeBarons, this new coupe and convertible had unique styling instead of being just two-door versions of the sedan. The new design featured hidden headlamps (through 1992) and full-width taillights.

The New Yorker was redesigned for the 1988 model year and now included a standard V6 engine. This generation of New Yorker also saw the return of hidden headlamps, which had not been available on the New Yorker since the 1981 R-body version. In 1989, Chrysler brought out the TC by Maserati luxury roadster as a more affordable alternative to Cadillac's Allante. It was a joint venture model between Chrysler and Maserati.

1990s

Chrysler re-introduced the Town & Country nameplate in the calendar year 1989 as a luxury rebadged variant of the Dodge Grand Caravan/Plymouth Grand Voyager minivan for the 1990 model year and continued to sell this incarnation of the Chrysler Town & Country until the end of the 2016 model year when Chrysler reintroduced the Pacifica nameplate for their minivan in the calendar year 2016 for the 2017 model year run. 1990 saw the previous relationship between New Yorker and Fifth Avenue return, as Fifth Avenue became a model of the New Yorker. There was some substantive difference, however, as the New Yorker Fifth Avenue used a slightly longer chassis than the standard car. The new New Yorker Fifth Avenue's larger interior volume classified it as a full-size model this time despite having smaller exterior dimensions than the first generation. For 1990, Chrysler's new 3.3L V6 engine was the standard and only choice, teamed with the company's A-604 four-speed electronic automatic transaxle. Beginning in 1991, a larger 3.8L V6 became optional. It delivered the same 147 horsepower as the 3.3 but had more torque.

The New Yorker Fifth Avenue's famous seats, long noted for their button-tufted appearance and sofa-like comfort, continued to be offered with the customer's choice of velour or leather, with the former "Corinthian leather" replaced by that of the Mark Cross company. Leather-equipped cars bore the Mark Cross logo on the seats and, externally, on an emblem attached to the brushed aluminum band ahead of the rear door opera windows. In this form, the New Yorker Fifth Avenue resembled the newly revived Chrysler Imperial, although some much-needed distinction was provided between the cars when the New Yorker Fifth Avenue (along with its New Yorker Salon linemate) received restyled, rounded-off front and rear ends for the 1992 model year, while the Imperial continued in its original crisply-lined form.

The early 1990s saw a revival of the Imperial as a high-end sedan in Chrysler's lineup. Unlike the 1955–1983 Imperial, this car was a model of Chrysler, not its own marque. Based on the Y platform, it represented the top full-size model in Chrysler's lineup; below it was the similar New Yorker Fifth Avenue, and below that was the shorter wheelbase New Yorker. The reintroduction of the Imperial was two years after the Lincoln Continental was changed to a front-wheel-drive sedan with a V6 engine. Other domestic competitors in this segment included the Cadillac Sedan de Ville/Fleetwood, Oldsmobile 98, and Buick Electra/Park Avenue. Though closely related, the Imperial differed from the New Yorker Fifth Avenue in many ways. The Imperial's nose was more wedge-shaped, while the New Yorker Fifth Avenue's had a sharper, more angular profile (the New Yorker Fifth Avenue was later restyled with a more rounded front end). The rears of the two cars also differed. Like the front, the New Yorker Fifth Avenue's rear came to stiffer angles, while the Imperial's rear end came to more rounded edges. Also found on the Imperial were full-width taillights, which were similar to those of the Chrysler TC, as well as the early 1980s Imperial coupe, while the New Yorker Fifth Avenue came with smaller vertical taillights.

Initially, the 1990 Imperial was powered by the  3.3L EGA V6 engine, which was rated at  of torque. For 1991, the 3.3L V6 was replaced by the larger 3.8L EGH V6. Although horsepower only increased to , with the new larger 3.8L V6 torque increased to  at 2750 rpm. A four-speed automatic transmission was standard with both engines.

Also new for 1990 was a redesigned LeBaron sedan, which offered a standard V6 engine. Later models would also be available with 4-cylinder engines.

The Town & Country minivan was restyled for 1991 in conjunction with the restyling of the Dodge and Plymouth minivan models. 1991 would also be the last year for the TC by Maserati, leaving the LeBaron as the brand's sole coupe and convertible options.

The first generation of the Chrysler Concorde debuted at the 1992 North American International Auto Show in Detroit as a 1993 model. It debuted as a single, well-equipped model with a base price of US$18,341. Out of all the LH sedans, the first generation Concorde was most closely related to the Eagle Vision. The Concorde was given a more traditional image than the Vision. The two shared nearly all sheet metal in common, with the main differences limited to their grilles, rear fascias, bodyside moldings, and wheel choices. The Concorde featured a modern take on Chrysler's signature waterfall grille. It was split into six sections divided by body-colored strips with the Chrysler Pentastar logo on the center strip. The Concorde's rear fascia was highlighted by a full-width and full-height lightbar between the taillights, giving the appearance that the taillights stretched across the entire trunk. In keeping with its upscale position, Concorde's body side moldings incorporated bright chrome (later golden-colored) work not found on its Dodge or Eagle siblings. On Concordes with gray lower body paint color, the gray came all the way up to the chrome beltline; on Visions, the gray lower body paint area was smaller and much more subtle. Wheel styles, which included available aluminum wheels with a Spiralcast design, were also unique to the Chrysler LH sedans (Concorde, LHS, New Yorker); Dodge and Eagle had their own different wheel styles.

Introduced in May 1993 for the 1994 model year, the Chrysler LHS was the top-of-the-line model for the division, as well as the most expensive of the Chrysler LH platform cars. All the LH-series models shared a  wheelbase and were developed using Chrysler's new computer drafting system. The car was differentiated from the division's New Yorker sedan by its bucket leather seats (the New Yorker had a bench seat) and standard features such as alloy wheels that were options on the New Yorker. Further differences between the Chrysler LHS and its New Yorker counterpart were a floor console and shifter, five-passenger seating, lack of chrome trim, an upgraded interior and a sportier image. The New Yorker was dropped after the 1996 model year in favor of a six-passenger option on the LHS. The LHS received a minor face change in 1995 when the corporate-wide Pentastar emblem was replaced with the revived Chrysler brand emblem. Standard features of the LHS included a 3.5L EGE 24-valve  V6 engine, body-colored grille, side mirrors and trim, traction control, aluminum wheels, integrated fog lights, 8-way power-adjustable front seats, premium sound systems with amplifiers, and automatic temperature control. Unlike the New Yorker, leather seats were standard.

The final generation of the New Yorker continued with front-wheel drive on an elongated version of the new Chrysler LH platform and was released in May 1993 along with the nearly identical Chrysler LHS as an early 1994 model, eight months after the original LH cars: the Chrysler Concorde, Dodge Intrepid, and Eagle Vision, were introduced. The New Yorker came standard with the 3.5L EGE which produced . Chrysler gave the New Yorker a more "traditional American" luxury image and the LHS a more European performance image (as was done with the Eagle Vision). Little separated New Yorker from LHS in appearance, with New Yorker's chrome hood trim, body-color cladding, standard chrome wheel covers, 15-inch wheels, column shifter, and front bench seat being the only noticeable differences. An option is provided for 16-inch wheels and a firmer suspension type ("touring suspension"). This option eliminated the technical differences between New Yorker and LHS. LHS came with almost all of New Yorker's optional features as standard equipment and featured the firmer tuned suspension to go with its more European image.

During the 1994 model run, various changes were made to the New Yorker. On the outside, New Yorker was switched to new accent-color body cladding, whereas LHS received body-color cladding. This change aligned New Yorker with the Chrysler Concorde, which also had accent-color cladding. Instead of standard 15-inch and optional 16-inch wheels, for the sake of enhanced stability, 16-inch wheels became standard, and the 15-inch versions were dropped. Likewise, the touring suspension option available on early 1994 New Yorker models was discontinued, leaving only "ride-tuned" suspension.

In 1995, the Chrysler Sebring was introduced as a coupe, replacing the LeBaron coupe, and the new JA platform Chrysler Cirrus replaced the outgoing LeBaron sedan. A year later, a convertible version of the Sebring went on the market and replaced the LeBaron convertible. In 1999, Chrysler introduced the new LH platform 300M sedan alongside a redesigned LHS. The 300M was originally designed to be the next-generation Eagle Vision, but since the Eagle brand had been discontinued in 1998, it instead became a Chrysler sedan.

2000s
In 2000, the Voyager and Grand Voyager minivans were repositioned as Chrysler models due to the phasing out of the Plymouth brand. In 2001, a sedan was added to the Sebring model line and served as a replacement for the discontinued Cirrus. That same year, the Chrysler brand added a retro-styled PT Cruiser as well as the Prowler roadster which had previously been a Plymouth model. By 2004, all Chrysler brand minivans were now sold under the Town & Country nameplate.

The 2000s also saw the Chrysler brand move into the fast-growing crossover/SUV segment with the introduction of the Chrysler Pacifica crossover in 2004 and the Chrysler Aspen SUV in 2007. The Pacifica would be discontinued in 2008 (the nameplate would return on a new minivan model in 2017), and the Aspen would be discontinued in 2009.

Between 2004 and 2008, Chrysler offered a two-seat coupe and convertible model called Crossfire. This was in addition to Chrysler's five-seat Sebring coupe (through 2005) and four-seat convertible being sold at the time.

In 2005, Chrysler introduced the LX platform Chrysler 300 sedan, which replaced both the 300M and Concorde. It was the brand's first rear-wheel-drive sedan since the discontinuation of the Chrysler Fifth Avenue in 1989. It was also the first time a Chrysler sedan was available with a V8 engine since 1989.

2010s
The 2010s saw the Chrysler Corporation working more closely with Italian automaker Fiat, culminating with the 2014 merger of the two companies, becoming Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA). FCA set a long-term goal of reviving the Chrysler brand as a full luxury brand to compete again with Cadillac and other luxury brands, partly by rebadging automobiles from other brands in the group. However, none of these plans ultimately came to fruition in the decade.

In 2011, the brand's winged emblem was modified, eliminating the historic blue ribbon center which dated from the 1930s, replacing it with a blue-backed "Chrysler" nameplate. Also that year, the Chrysler 300 was restyled, and the Sebring was rebranded as the Chrysler 200. In May 2014, FCA announced it would make the brand a mainstream brand with premium features. A redesigned Chrysler 200 was introduced for 2015 but would be discontinued in 2017 as FCA shifted focus more towards SUVs and minivans. For 2017, the Chrysler Pacifica nameplate returned on a new minivan, replacing the long-running Town & Country, Voyager and Grand Voyager.

During this time, Chrysler's quality and customer satisfaction ratings had been below average, according to Consumer Reports and J.D. Power. Chrysler did have a few quality successes during this period. Strategic Vision named Chrysler an overall winner in 2015 for strong customer appeal, and with the rise in quality of all cars, the difference between high and low "problem-counting" ratings is relatively small.

2020s
In the early 2020s, the Chrysler was facing an uncertain future with just two vehicle models in its lineup: the Chrysler Pacifica minivan and the Chrysler 300 sedan, which was last redesigned in 2010. In March 2023, Stellantis CEO Carlos Tavares said the brand would be "relaunched" with new models. One of those models is expected to be the Chrysler Airflow, an electric crossover SUV. Further, the company says it plans make the Chrysler brand fully electric by 2028.

Current vehicles

The brand's current lineup consists of the Chrysler 300 sedan and the Chrysler Pacifica minivan.

References

External links

Chrysler
Stellantis
Car brands
Car manufacturers of the United States
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan
Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers
Auburn Hills, Michigan
Companies based in Oakland County, Michigan
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1925
American companies established in 1925
American subsidiaries of foreign companies
1925 establishments in Michigan

Chrysler (brand)


Year 1018 (MXVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (liNk will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events
 By place

 Asia
 The Liao Dynasty invades Goryeo.
 Largest amphibious invasion force in history at the time. Chola army that invaded Lanka (Sri Lanka) with a massive manpower of 150,000 troops.
 Battle of Kwiju: Korean General Gang Gam-chan gains a victory over Liao Dynasty forces during the Third Goryeo-Khitan War.

 Europe
 January 30 – The Peace of Bautzen is signed between Poland and Germany.
 July 22–23 – Bolesław I Chrobry, Duke of Poland, defeats Yaroslav the Wise in the Battle of the River Bug. Yaroslav retreats to Novogrod, abandoning Kiev.
 July 29 – Dirk III, Count of Holland, defeats an army sent by Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, in the Battle of Vlaardingen.
 August – Leader of the remaining Bulgarian resistance, Ivats, is blinded and captured by strategos Eustathios Daphnomeles, confirming Bulgaria's position as part of the Byzantine Empire.
 August 14 – Bolesław accepts the surrender of Kiev by the Pechenegs. He reinstates Sviatopolk as Grand Prince of Kiev.
 c. October? – In Southern Italy, at the second battle of Cannae, the Lombard adventurer Melus of Bari and his Norman mercenaries are defeated by the Byzantine army led by the Catepan Basil Boioannes.
 Probable date
 Battle of Carham: Malcolm II of Scotland and Owen the Bald of Strathclyde are victorious over Eadwulf Cudel, Earl of Bamburgh, confirming Scottish dominance over Lothian.
 Cnut replaces his brother Harald II of Denmark on the Danish throne.

 By topic

 Religion
 Buckfast Abbey is founded.
 The city of Koblenz is given to the archbishop of Trier.

Births
 Harthacanute (or 1019) (d. 1042)
 Michael Psellus, Greek philosopher and historian

Deaths
 June 23 – Margrave Henry I of Austria
 Aeddan ap Blegywryd, King of Gwynedd
 Harald II of Denmark

References

1018


Massader of Palestine is the arm of the Palestinian Investment Fund for Development of Natural Resources and Infrastructure Projects. The company plays an important role in developing large-scale strategic projects that aim to develop and use Palestinian natural resources (hydrocarbon resources and renewable resources) and provide various sources of national energy sources, in addition to developing the basic infrastructure for the electricity sector, all with the aim of establishing a firm foundation for an independent Palestinian state.

The company aims to develop the natural resources of Palestinian oil and gas, develop productive infrastructure for the electricity and water sectors, contribute to achieving economic independence in the energy and water sectors, reduce the level of dependence on imported supplies, contribute to enabling the development of heavy industries such as cement and steel.

The Middle East Solar Energy Industries Association Award
Massader has won the award for the best solar energy project, from Middle East Solar Industry Association, for the project of installing photovoltaic panels on the roofs of 500 schools and universities throughout Palestine, for a total of 35 megawatts of solar energy.

References

Organizations based in Palestine

Massader


The Castle Hill Park is a romantic park created on the initiative of Carl Habsburg in the 1840s on the Castle Hill in Cieszyn, Poland.

History
A decision to rebuild Castle Hill was taken after the defensive stronghold constructed on it was destroyed during the Thirty Years' War. There are only a few historical sources that inform us about development of the grounds around the castle and allocating them for green areas. A development plan from 1836 indicates that at the upper castle there was a garden of irregular shape with a small square in the centre and four paths going outwards. Between the former upper and lower castle, there was a second garden shaped as an irregular polygon. In 1837 Carl Habsburg ordered the blowing up of the remains of the upper castle and the building of a castle in the Classicist style on the ruins of the lower castle. The new building was a summer residence of the Habsburg called the Hunting Palace of the Habsburg. The park at Castle Hill was designed by Joseph Kornhäusel, the court architect of the Viennese court. In 1914 in the north-west part of the hill artificial ruins were erected to emphasize the romantic nature of the park. Among the trees which grow on in the park on Castle Hill, eight are monuments of nature.

List of trees and monuments of nature
The following trees growing in the part are worth mentioning:
 Pedunculate elms (263 cm/22 m and 223 cm/19 m), the first growing right at the entrance to the park on the left side of the aisle and the other slightly higher behind the wall from the side of Olza river
 Chestnuts (397 cm/23 m and 380 cm/23 m) grow next to each other in the lower part of the park on the right side of the path - monuments of nature
 European ash trees (407 cm/25 m and 440 cm/ 23 m), one is growing in the vicinity of the administration building of Cieszyn Castle  - Zamkowa 3B Street, the second, double-trunked, dominates the panoramic terrace. The other ash trees grow on a scarp below the Piast Tower from the side of the castle brewery (273 cm/19 m) and over the location of the former carriage house where currently there are only fragments of walls (292 cm /21 m and 296 cm/21 m)
 Common hornbeams, the first one (191 cm/19 m) grows in the fork of a path leading from the entrance to the Rotunda and the Piast Tower, the remaining ones (201 cm/19 m and 189 cm/19) near the artificial ruins
 Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) (187 cm/20 m) is located half way to the panoramic terrace, near the common hornbeams - monument of nature
 English yew variety: Dovastona, occupies an area of more than 100 m2 (12.5 m in diameter crown/ 2.5 m)
 Yellow chestnuts - two examples of that species grow in the centre of the park, one (198 cm/18 m) at the remains of the basement of the old fortifications near the Rotunda, the second (145+246 cm/20 m) on the lawn in front of the Piast Tower, next to the Rotunda - monuments of nature
 Field maple (194 cm/18 m) grows at the top of the scarp by the path leading from the panoramic terrace to the artificial ruins
 Cornelian cherry (59 cm/9 m) the bush grows at the top of the scarp by the path leading from the panoramic terrace to the artificial ruins
 Japanese cork tree (11 cm/2.5 m and 27 cm/4 m), the specimens growing on the edge of the lawn located on the top of Castle Hill
 Norway maple (291 cm/22 m) grows in front of the entrance to the Piast Tower
 Small-leaved lime tree  (306 cm/20 m and 298 cm/19 m), standing near the Piast Tower from the side of the castle brewery sycomore maples (381 cm/24 m, 249 cm/19 m and 270 cm/20 m), the three largest specimens grow on the scarp from the side of the brewery
 Paper birch (82 cm/11 m), grows in the vicinity of stone stairs leading to the Piast Tower
 Chinese sephora (28 cm/ 4.5 m), grows at the edge of the park near the maple tree - a monument of nature
 Soulange's Magnolia variety Alexandra (58+44 cm/6 m), grows in the lower part of the park
 Japanese magnolia  (52 to+68 cm/6 m), grows behind the chestnut trees - monuments of nature
 Salix babylonica  (weeping willow) variety of a bent willow (20 cm/3.5 m), grows in front of the entrance to the park, near a monument commemorating Jan Kubisz
 Ginkgo of column variety - a monument of nature (165 cm/17 m), grows in the inner courtyard of the Castle
 English oaks of a conical form (170 cm/18 m and 117 cm/17 m), grow in the inner courtyard of the Castle

Footnotes

Parks in Poland
Tourist attractions in Cieszyn

Castle Hill Park, Cieszyn


Henry Rago (1915–1969) was a poet, educator, and editor.

Overview
Rago was editor of Poetry Magazine for 14 years from 1955-1969. He was also a Professor of Theology and Literature at the University of Chicago jointly in the Divinity School and in the New Collegiate Division. His seminars and research explored the relations between poetry and religion, among other interdisciplinary concerns. He was co-chairman of the program in the History and Philosophy of Religion in the New Collegiate Division.

He died at age 53 on May 26, 1969 in Chicago. Rago had, just that year, resigned his editorship at Poetry to take a year of lecturing and writing on a grant from the Ford Foundation to be followed by a full time position at the University of Chicago. He was at work on a book titled The Vocation of Poetry.

His poems were widely published in magazines and newspapers during his lifetime, beginning at age 16 in Poetry Magazine. His book of poems, A Sky of Late Summer, was published by Macmillan in 1963.

Stanley Kunitz wrote:

Hayden Carruth writes:

He has recorded poems for the archives of the Library of Congress and for the Lamont Library at Harvard among the many places throughout the world he lectured on literature and philosophy, and read his poems.

Henry Rago was married to painter Juliet Rago and had four children.

References

Further reading
Henry Rago, Editor of Poetry Magazine. New York Times, May 28, 1969.
Henry Rago, Chicago Poet, is dead at 53. Chicago Tribune, May 27, 1969.
Issue of Poetry Magazine, dedicated to Henry Rago:
https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/issue/71000/november-1969

1915 births
1969 deaths
University of Chicago faculty
20th-century American poets

Henry Rago


Bart Denton Ehrman (born October 5, 1955) is an American New Testament scholar focusing on textual criticism of the New Testament, the historical Jesus, the origins and development of early Christianity. He has written and edited 30 books, including three college textbooks. He has also authored six works included in The New York Times Best Seller list. He is currently the James A. Gray Distinguished Professor of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Biography
He is a 1978 graduate of Wheaton College in Illinois, where he received his bachelor's degree. He received his Ph.D. (in 1985) and M.Div. from Princeton Theological Seminary, where he studied textual criticism of the Bible, development of the New Testament canon and New Testament apocrypha under Bruce Metzger. Both baccalaureate and doctorate were conferred magna cum laude.

Ehrman has taught at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill since 1988, after four years of teaching at Rutgers University. At UNC he has served as both the Director of Graduate Studies and the Chair of the Department of Religious Studies. Ehrman currently serves as co-editor of the series New Testament Tools, Studies, and Documents (E. J. Brill), co-editor-in-chief for the journal Vigiliae Christianae, and on several other editorial boards for journals and monographs. Ehrman formerly served as President of the Southeast Region of the Society of Biblical Literature, chair of the New Testament textual criticism section of the Society, book review editor of the Journal of Biblical Literature, and editor of the monograph series The New Testament in the Greek Fathers (Scholars Press)

In 2006 he appeared on The Colbert Report and The Daily Show, to promote his book Misquoting Jesus, and in 2009 reappeared on The Colbert Report with the release of Jesus, Interrupted. Ehrman has appeared on the History Channel, the National Geographic Channel, Discovery Channel, A&E, Dateline NBC, CNN, and NPR's Fresh Air and his writings have been featured in Time, Newsweek, The New York Times, The New Yorker, and The Washington Post

Bibliography

References

Further reading

Other websites

1955 births
Living people
American agnostics
People from Lawrence, Kansas
Writers from Kansas

Bart D. Ehrman


Fred Rerun Berry (born Fred Allen Berry; March 19, 1951 – October 21, 2003) was an American actor and street dancer. He was best known for his role as Freddie "Rerun" Stubbs on the 1970s television show What's Happening!!

Career
Berry was born on March 19, 1951, in St. Louis, Missouri, and grew up in an inner-city projects. He had aspirations of becoming a successful dancer and actor as a child. Early in his career, Berry was a member of the Los Angeles-based dance troupe The Lockers, with whom he appeared on the third episode of Saturday Night Live in 1975. He additionally appeared on the dance music show Soul Train, and was featured in the program's signature line dance segment doing the memorable early 1970s dance step "the slo-mo".

Berry achieved more widespread fame playing the character Freddie "Rerun" Stubbs on the ABC sitcom What's Happening!!, which aired from 1976 to 1979 as he was in his mid 20s. The role was originally set for a skinny and white actor. The character was called Rerun sobriquet because he continuously repeated all of his classes during summer school. Rerun became one of the show's top characters, wearing a trademark red beret and suspenders while sporting the dance moves that Berry previously used during his time with The Lockers. In 1985, Berry returned to reprise his role in the series What's Happening Now!!. He was fired before the first season ended due to a salary dispute, in which Berry requested more money than the rest of the cast.

Berry struggled with drug and alcohol issues throughout his life. In 1996, he told People magazine, "I was a millionaire by the time I was 29, but then the stress of success got to me. The fat jokes got to me. And I got heavily into drugs and alcohol." In a 1996 interview, he said that he had been experimenting with drugs and alcohol since he was a teenager, and becoming more successful meant he could afford more drugs. Berry attempted suicide three times, but later recovered and spent his time visiting many churches.

During the 1990s, Berry became a motivational speaker and Baptist minister, and lost 100 lbs after being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.

Personal life and death
Berry was married six times to four different women, the first two of whom he married twice each. He had three children: DeShannon, Portia and Freddy, who works as Fred Berry Jr.

Berry was born with the name Allen as his middle name, later legally changing his middle name to Rerun due to the widespread public association to his role as the character on What's Happening!!.

On October 21, 2003, Berry was found dead at his Los Angeles home, where he was recovering from a stroke. The cause of death was listed as natural causes. He is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in the Hollywood Hills of Los Angeles.

Filmography
Hammer (1972) – Dancer (uncredited)
What's Happening!! (1976-1979) – Freddie "Rerun" Stubbs
The Brady Bunch Variety Hour (1977) – Rerun (one episode)
Vice Squad (1982) – Sugar Pimp Dorsey
A Stroke of Genius (1984)
Alice (1984) – Bobo (one episode)
What's Happening Now!! (1985-1986) – Freddie "Rerun" Stubbs
Martin (1993) – Himself (one episode)
In the Hood (1998) – Uncle Paul
Big Money Hustlas (2000) – Bootleg Greg
Bum Runner (2002) – Can Man (short film)
Scrubs (2003) – Himself (one episode)
Dickie Roberts: Former Child Star (2003) – Himself
In the Land of Merry Misfits (2007) – Himself (posthumous release)

Other selected appearances
Battle of the Network Stars III (1977) – Himself
"I Wonder Who She's Seeing Now" by The Temptations (1988) – Club Patron (music video)
The Howard Stern Show (1992) – Himself (one episode)
In Living Color (1993) – Himself (one episode)
Murder Was the Case: The Movie (1995) – Rerun (music video short)
The Freshest Kids: A History of the B-Boy (2001) – Himself
I Love the '70s (2003) – Himself (one episode)

References

External links

 Lockerlegends.net Fred Berry

1951 births
2003 deaths
African-American Baptist ministers
American male television actors
20th-century American male actors
Male actors from St. Louis
Male actors from Los Angeles
African-American male actors
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people
20th-century Baptist ministers from the United States

Fred Berry


Elvis: What Happened? is a book about the personal life of singer Elvis Presley. The book, which is based on the personal accounts of three of Elvis' former bodyguards, went into detail on the singer's dangerous drug-dependence. His death, only two weeks after the book's publication in July 1977, made it highly topical and helped boost its sales to over 3 million.

The guards, Robert Gene West, his cousin Sonny West, and David Hebler, had been fired, officially for cost-saving reasons, but at the time, many suspected it was because they had been heavily critical of Elvis' increasing intake of, and dependence upon, various drugs.

With help from reporter Steve Dunleavy, they produced the tell-all memoir which they claimed to be a friendly warning, rather than a money-making exercise. Since the singer's death, most of its claims have proven accurate.

References

1977 books
Elvis Presley

Elvis: What Happened?


The Federal Alcohol Administration was a United States government agency created in 1935 (as part of the Department of the Treasury) by the Federal Alcohol Administration Act, title 27 chapter 8 of the United States Code. It was created to regulate the alcohol industry after the repeal of Prohibition, replacing a previous body (the Federal Alcohol Control Administration) which did not have statutory powers. The Act still partly continues in force, underpinning the powers of the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB).

See also
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF)
Joseph H. Choate, Jr., head of the preceding Federal Alcohol Control Administration

External links
Federal Alcohol Administration Act, from the Cornell University Legal Information Institute
ATF History accessed Feb 7 2010

Government agencies established in 1935
Alcohol Administration
Alcohol Administration

Federal Alcohol Administration