The American wigeon (Mareca americana), also known as the baldpate, is a species of dabbling duck found in North America. Formerly assigned to Anas, this species is classified with the other wigeons in the dabbling duck genus Mareca. It is the New World counterpart of the Eurasian wigeon.

Taxonomy
The American wigeon was formally described in 1789 by German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the other ducks, geese, and swans in the genus Anas and coined the binomial name Anas americana. Gmelin based his description on Edme-Louis Daubenton's hand-colour plate of "Le Canard Jensen, de la Louisiane" and Thomas Pennant's description of the "American wigeon" in his Arctic Zoology. Pennant had been sent a specimen from New York. The American wigeon is now placed with the Eurasian wigeon and three other dabbling ducks in the genus Mareca that was introduced in 1824 by the English naturalist James Francis Stephens. The name of the genus comes from the Portuguese word Marréco for a small duck. The species is considered to be monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.

An alternative common name is the "baldpate" due to the whitish crown and forehead of the male bird.

Description

The American wigeon is a medium-sized bird; it is larger than a teal but smaller than a pintail. In silhouette, the wigeon can be distinguished from other dabblers by its round head, short neck, and small bill. It is  long, with a  wingspan and a weight of . This wigeon has two adult molts per year and a juvenile molt in the first year, as well.

The breeding male (drake) is a striking bird with a mask of green feathers around its eyes and a cream-colored cap running from the crown of his head to his bill. This white patch gives the wigeon its other common name, baldpate (pate is another word for head). His belly is also white. In flight, drakes can be identified by the large white shoulder patch on each wing. These white patches flash as the birds bank and turn. In nonbreeding (eclipse) plumage, the drake looks more like the female.

The hens are much less conspicuous, having primarily gray and brown plumage. Both sexes have a pale blue bill with a black tip, a white belly, and gray legs and feet. The wing patch behind the speculum is gray. They can be distinguished from most ducks, apart from Eurasian wigeon, by shape. However, that species has a darker head and all-grey underwing. The head and neck coloring of the female is different from the Eurasian wigeon. She nests on the ground, near water and under cover, and lays 6–12 creamy white eggs. Flocks often contain American coots.

The American wigeon is a noisy species, and in the field can often be identified by its distinctive calls. Drakes produce a three-note whistle, while hens emit hoarse grunts and quacks. The male whistle makes a wheezy , whereas the female has a low growl .

Distribution and habitat

It is common and widespread, breeding in all but the extreme north of Canada and Alaska and also in the Interior West through Idaho, Colorado, the Dakotas, and Minnesota, as well as eastern Washington and Oregon. The conservation status of this bird is least concern. The majority of the population breeds on wetlands in the Boreal Forest and subarctic river deltas of Canada and Alaska. Although wigeons are found in each flyway, they are most numerous in the Pacific Flyway. Key wintering areas here include the Central Valley of California and Washington's Puget Sound. Farther east, the Texas Panhandle, the Gulf Coast of Louisiana and Texas, and the Caribbean also support large numbers of wintering wigeons.

This dabbling duck is migratory and winters farther south than its breeding range, in the southern half of the United States, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, and the Mid-Atlantic coastal region, and further south into Central America, the Caribbean, and northwestern South America. It is a rare but regular vagrant to western Europe, and has been observed in significant numbers in Great Britain and Ireland since at least 1958.

In 2009, an estimated 2.5 million breeding wigeons were tallied in the traditional survey area—a level just below the 1955–2009 average. In recent decades, wigeon numbers have declined in the Prairie Pothole Region of Canada and increased in the interior and west coast of Alaska. The American wigeon is often the fifth-most commonly harvested duck in the United States, behind the mallard, green-winged teal, gadwall, and wood duck.

Behavior

The American wigeon is a bird of open wetlands, such as wet grassland or marshes with some taller vegetation, and usually feeds by dabbling for plant food or grazing, which it does very readily. While on the water, wigeons often gather with feeding coots and divers and are known to grab pieces of vegetation brought to the surface by diving water birds—so are sometimes called "poacher" or "robber" ducks. Wigeons also commonly feed on dry land, eating waste grain in harvested fields and grazing on pasture grasses, winter wheat, clover, and lettuce. Having a largely vegetarian diet, most wigeons migrate in the fall well before northern marshes begin to freeze. The American wigeon is highly gregarious outside of the breeding season and forms large flocks.

Breeding
Breeding begins in April-May. The nest is a depression on dry ground, often some distance from water. It is lined with grass and down and is hidden in vegetation. The clutch is 7–9, cream-colored eggs, which measure on average  and weigh .  They are incubated for 23–25 days by the female only. The male usually deserts the female before the end of the incubation period. The young are precocial and leave the nest within 24 hours of hatching. They can feed themselves. The young can fly when around 47 days of age.

References

Sources

External links

American Wigeon Species Account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
American Wigeon - Anas americana - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter

Mareca
Wigeons
Birds of Canada
Birds of the United States
Birds of the Dominican Republic
Birds of Haiti
Birds described in 1789
Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin

American wigeon


St. Luke's Episcopal Church is a historic church at 178 South Main Street in Buffalo, Wyoming, United States. It was built in 1889 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

Early days

St. Luke's Episcopal Church, as well as several other early Buffalo churches, had its beginning in the Sunday School which was held in the local schoolhouse in 1883.  In 1884, Bishop John Spalding organized an Episcopal mission developed into the congregation.  The first service was held in a private home in September 1884, and a group of wardens was chosen.  Other services were held at the schoolhouse, and at a local hotel.  Chaplain G.W. Simpson from Fort McKinney held services every Sunday at three o'clock.  The first resident minister, Reverend F.C. Elred, served from 1887 to 1891.

Church building

In 1888, the congregation decided to build a church on Main Street, and acquired several city lots.  The deeds were recorded on October 31, 1888.  The cornerstone was laid in 1889.  A local woman described the new building:

"St. Luke's Church was built of red brick, the bricks made and burned in the brickyards of Curran Brothers.  Its builder was Thomas Hutton, an ardent churchman as well as an artisan.  The style of St. Luke's is Gothic  It is considered the most perfect form of Gothic in the state.  People from far and wide have stopped while passing through to study the architecture.  The furniture of the chancel, the altar, and hangings were given by the Vanderbilit family of New York.  This is the history of the gift.  As you know, the officers of Fort McKinney helped to start St. Luke's.  A young man, a Lieutenant Webb, was related to the Vanderbilt family.  He knew that he could get the financial aid to buy the chancel furnishings.  He wrote to New York with splendid results.  The massive beams in the ceiling of the church were hewn in the sawmill of Martin Woodard who had his mill in the forests of the Big Horns.  They were brought down from the mountains over steep and rugged roads by 'Yorkie' Waters who had a large freighting outfit."

History

During the Johnson County War, several important funerals took place at St. Luke's.  When Deputy Marshall George A. Wellman was murdered by the "Taylor Gang", known as the "Red Sashes", the outlaws did not want the lawman to have the honor of a Christian funeral at St. Luke's. The outlaws, however, did not reckon with the courage and determination of The Rev. Charles Duell, members of St. Luke's and the Masons, all of whom carried concealed weapons during the funeral. The funeral took place on May 13, 1892.

In 1897, Dr. H.U. Onderdonk came to St. Luke's Parish as a lay reader.  He studied for Holy Orders, and was ordained in 1900.  Dr. Onderdonk served not only as physician and a clergyman, but also as a chemist, mathematician, nurse, and editor.  The church hall, built in 1925, is named "Onderdonk Hall" in his memory."

On March 19, 1919, St. Luke's Church became a self-supporting regular parish.  The church building is basically the same as it was when completed in 1889.  Care has been taken to retain its basic design while maintaining it in excellent condition.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.  Services are held every Sunday.

References

External links

Churches completed in 1889
Episcopal churches in Wyoming
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Wyoming
Gothic Revival church buildings in Wyoming
Buildings and structures in Buffalo, Wyoming
19th-century Episcopal church buildings
National Register of Historic Places in Johnson County, Wyoming

St. Luke's Episcopal Church (Buffalo, Wyoming)


St. Anne's Museum Quarter () was previously an Augustinian nunnery, St. Anne's Priory (). Since 1915 it has housed St. Anne's Museum, one of Lübeck's museums of art and cultural history containing Germany's largest collection of medieval sculpture and altar-pieces, including the famous altars by Hans Memling (formerly at Lübeck Cathedral), Bernt Notke, Hermen Rode, Jacob van Utrecht and Benedikt Dreyer.

These are exhibited on the building's first floor is a museum and art exhibition hall located near St. Giles Church and next to the synagogue in the south-east of the city of Lübeck, Germany.

On the building's second floor is exhibited a large collection of home decor items and interiors of different periods, showing how the area's citizens lived from medieval times up to the 1800s.

A modern addition houses special exhibits.

The museum is part of the Lübeck World Heritage site.

History of the building

St. Anne's Priory and the associated church, which was constructed rather quickly due to lack of space, were built 1502–1515 in late Brick Gothic style. The monastery was used mainly for the accommodation of unmarried women who were citizens in Lübeck. Following the suggestion of the Bishop of Lübeck the monastery and the church were dedicated to Saint Anne. A few years later the monastery was closed during the Reformation: the last of the nuns left in 1532. In 1610 a poorhouse was established here. Later, parts of the monastery were used as a prison. For this purpose another wing was built in 1778, the so-called Spinnhaus ("spin house"). The care of the poor and the custody of prisoners existed under one roof.

In 1843 parts of the monastery and the church were burnt down. During the restoration of the priory building, the church was demolished except for a few fragments that stayed as ruins.

Most of the rooms on the ground floor are preserved in their original condition: the cloister, the refectories, the Remter (the largest room of the nunnery, probably the working and day room of the nuns, and from 1733 the refectory of the poorhouse), the chapter house, and the sacristy of the nuns' church. In the south western corner of the cloister is the calefactory.

St. Anne's museum (Museum for history of art and culture)

In 1912 the senate of Lübeck decided to convert the monastery into a museum. This caused changes of the ground plan in order to adapt the floorboards and wainscots of private town-houses. The opening of the museum took place in 1915 with some delay due to World War I. From 1920 to 1933, Carl Georg Heise managed the museum. In this era the acquisition of the Behnhaus and the assembly of its collection took place. in 1934 the museums of Lübeck were nationalized. Since 2013 St. Anne's museum and St. Anne's Kunsthalle are merchandized together as St. Anne's Museum Quarter together with a modern combined exhibition.

Collections

Sacred art of the Middle Ages
Thanks to an early decree of the senate for the preservation of Memorials of the Antiquity and Art (1818) and the resulting collecting policy of Carl Julius Milde in the 19th century, the museum houses the largest collection of medieval polyptychs (altarpieces) in Germany. It possesses the Grönauer Altar, the only preserved Gothic high altar of a church in Lübeck. The other altars kept here were mostly donated by guilds or merchants to monastery churches, e.g. to the church of the castle monastery or to the Saint Catherine Church. Among them are
the altar of Saint Luke, by the painter Hermen Rode;
the altar of the Traveller to Scania, by Bernt Notke;
the altar of Saint Anthony, by Benedikt Dreyer;
the altar of the Passion, by Hans Memling, originally donated to Lübeck Cathedral by the Greverade family; and finally
a private altar, the triptych of the councillor Hinrich Kerckring, by Jacob van Utrecht, which found its adventurous way from the collection of Friedrich Wilhelm Brederlo in Riga to Lübeck.

Another outstanding piece is the Group of Saint George (1504), which was initially made for St. Jürgen's Chapel in the Ratzeburger Allee by the sculptor Henning von der Heide. The work of Hans Kemmer, a pupil of Cranach, embodies the changes of the Reformation and the Renaissance in Lübeck.

Besides the carved and painted objects, the museum also exhibits sculptures of the Romanesque and the Gothic periods, of which the most precious piece is the Madonna of Niendorf, made by Johannes Junge, which was found in 1926 in a barn in Niendorf in Moisling, Lübeck. Also remarkable is the Parable of the Ten Virgins, which was initially set up in the church of the castle monastery.

Council, guild, and church silverware
A special collection of representative cups, goblets, pots, utility objects and derivative pieces give praise to the high technical skills of Lübeck's gold and silversmiths and the wealth of their customers. The date of origin for these objects is generally presumed to be after the reformation, due to Lübeck's mayor Jürgen Wullenwever ordering the melting down of medieval silverware in order to finance the war against Denmark (Count's Feud).

Lübeck's home decor
The development of the middle-class home decor from the Renaissance to the Classicism can be seen in several rooms, which are partially made of Lübeck's private town-houses. In front of the background of contemporary art – amongst others by Godfrey Kneller and Thomas Quellinus, who made the bust of the councilman Thomas Fredenhagen in the baroque high altar of St. Mary's Church —, which reflects the taste of Lübeck's citizens, and the appropriate decor, made of porcelain by Fürstenberg and Meissen, one can well emphasize the depicted era. The greatest influence has a completely conserved baroque floorboard made in 1736. Annexed to this part of the exhibition is a special collection of Faience from Northern Germany in the upper floor, emphasizing the manufactures in Kellinghusen, Stockelsdorf, and Stralsund. Further, a collection of toys sheds light on past time activities of young Hanseatics. But the oldest hobby horse of the museum is within a group of children on the Altar der Gertrudenbrüderschaft der Träger (around 1509), which originates from the circle of Henning von der Heyde.

Chamber of paraments
Surely another area worth noting is the chamber of paraments, which exhibits old liturgical clothes of some of Lübeck's churches and the main part of the parament treasure of St. Mary's Church in Gdańsk.

Photo collection
Among the treasures that are not shown to the public is a collection of photographs. The collection was built up during the 1920s by Carl Georg Heise; included are approx. 450 artistic photos, among them are 212 photos by Albert Renger-Patzsch. It is the Collection Showing the History of Photography and the Collection of Ideal Photography. Both collections were not continued after Heise's resignation in 1933 and  fell in oblivion for a long time. A few years ago they were brought back into circulation, because the Collection of Ideal Photography is the most comprehensive collection of photographs of the New Objectivity in German (amongst others are works are opus by Renger-Patzsch, Hugo Erfurth, Umbo, and Robert Petschow).

St. Anne's Kunsthalle

Besides the St. Anne's Museum the monastery also contains the St. Anne's Kunsthalle. The architecture of the Kunsthalle, which was built modernly in 2004 and has the ruins of the former church and the monastery that burnt down in 1843, was a gift of the Possehl Foundation. In 2003 the architecture of the Kunsthalle, which was planned by the architects Konermann Siegmund from Hamburg/Lübeck, received the quadrennial star prize of the Bund Deutscher Architekten (Federation of German Architects) of Schleswig-Holstein. The Kunsthalle exhibits modern art of the 20th century.

Emphasis on self-portraits of modernity
In September 2005, through the medium of Björn Engholm, the Kunsthalle St. Annen received the inimitable collection of Leonie von Rüxleben (1920 – 21 September 2005). This collection is the largest of its type in Germany. This collection enables the Kunsthalle to show approx. 1300 self-portraits of modernity in different exhibitions. But recently there appeared a conflict between the heirs of von Rüxleben and the museum's administration concerning the management of the inheritance.

Exhibitions
 Exil und Moderne (Exile and Modernity): 50 classical exhibits of classical modernity from the collection of the Washington University in St. Louis, 4 September 2005 and 29 January 2006.

Bibliography

 Karl Schaefer, Führer durch das Museum für Kunst- und Kulturgeschichte zu Lübeck, 1915
 Max Hasse, Der Lübecker Passionsaltar Hans Memlings als Denkmal mittelalterlicher Frömmigkeit in: Vom Lübecker Dom, Lübeck 1958, p. 33 ff
 Wolfgang J. Müller, Lübeck um 1250 – Kunsthistorische Betrachtungen zum neuen Stadtmodell in: Politik, Wirtschaft und Kunst des staufischen Lübeck, Lübeck 1976, p. 51 ff
 Jürgen Wittstock [Ed.], Kirchliche Kunst des Mittelalters und der Reformationszeit: die Sammlung im St.-Annen-Museum (Museum catalogues of Lübeck, Vol. 1). Lübeck: Museum für Kunst u. Kulturgeschichte, 1981,
 Hildegard Vogler, Madonnen in Lübeck, Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte, Lübeck 1993
 Die neue Sicht der Dinge. Carl Georg Heise's collection of photographs from the 1920s. Catalogue of the exhibition 1995, published by the Hamburger Kunsthalle and the Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte of the Hanseatic city Lübeck.
 Anna Elisabeth Albrecht: Steinskulptur in Lübeck um 1400: Stiftung und Herkunft. Reimer: Berlin 1997.
 Hildegard Vogler, Das Triptychon des Hinrich und der Katharina Kerckring von Jacob van Utrecht, Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte, Lübeck 1999
 Ulrich Pietsch, Die Lübecker Seeschiffahrt vom Mittelalter zur Neuzeit, Lübeck 1982,  (exhibition catalogue)
 Thorsten Rodiek, Kunsthalle St. Annen in Lübeck Ed. Herbert Perl, Junius Verlag Hamburg 2003,
 Uwe Albrecht, Jörg Rosenfeld, and Christiane Saumweber: Corpus der Mittelalterlichen Holzskulptur und Tafelmalerei in Schleswig-Holstein, Band I: Hansestadt Lübeck, St. Annen-Museum. Kiel: Ludwig, 2005.

External links

in German
 St. Annen Museum
 Restitution of Looted Art in Lübeck

In German and English
 St. Anne's Museum Quarter
 Exhibits of the St. Annen Museums within the portal of museums in Schleswig-Holstein
 Exhibits of the St. Annen Museums within the portal of museums in Schleswig-Holstein

In English
 Sacred Destinations Travel Guide for St. Annen

Art museums and galleries in Germany
Culture in Lübeck
Buildings and structures in Lübeck
Museums in Schleswig-Holstein
Art museums established in 1915
1915 establishments in Germany

St. Anne's Museum Quarter, Lübeck


Creator is the second album by American alternative rock band The Lemonheads.  It was issued twice, as an LP in 1988, and as a CD in 1992, which included three bonus live tracks, recorded at the radio station VPRO in The Netherlands.  It is one of only three albums to feature the full original lineup of Evan Dando, Ben Deily, and Jesse Peretz.

When the band first formed, Deily and Dando would swap instruments, playing guitar and singing on tracks each wrote himself, and drums for songs the other wrote. The first "official" Lemonheads drummer, Doug Trachten, was brought in for their first album Hate Your Friends. On Creator, John Strohm of the band Blake Babies plays drums on all of the original tracks, while Mark Natola played drums for the two live bonus songs at the end of the CD reissue.  Also, by the time the live tracks were recorded—during the European tour supporting the Lemonheads' final TAANG! album, Lick (1989)—Deily had left the band to complete his degree at Harvard College; lead guitar on those tracks (and the voice of "Evan Dando" during the interview segment) is provided by Corey Loog Brennan.

The cover is a photo of Ivan Kreilkamp, a school friend of Evan and Ben.  Ivan is attributed with coming up with the band's name.

Track listing
All songs written by Ben Deily, except where indicated.
"Burying Ground"
"Sunday"
"Clang Bang Clang" (Dando)
"Out" (Dando)
"Your Home Is Where You're Happy" (Charles Manson)
"Falling"
"Die Right Now" (Dando)
"Two Weeks in Another Town"
"Plaster Caster" (Gene Simmons)
"Come to the Window"
"Take Her Down"
"Postcard"
"Live Without"
"Luka" (Suzanne Vega)*
Interview*
"Mallo Cup" (Dando)*
Note: Tracks marked with a * are live bonus tracks, recorded in 1989 at VPRO in the Netherlands and issued on the 1992 CD release.

Personnel
The Lemonheads
Evan Dando - guitar, vocals
Ben Deily - guitar, vocals, keyboards
Jesse Peretz - bass
John Strohm - drums
Corey Loog Brennan - lead guitar on 14 & 16
Mark Natola - drums on 14 & 16

Note: Generally, Dando and Deily would sing lead vocals on songs each wrote. In addition, Dando sings lead on two cover songs on the album: the Kiss song "Plaster Caster" and "Your Home Is Where You're Happy," originally released on the 1970 Charles Manson album Lie: The Love & Terror Cult.

References

The Lemonheads albums
1988 albums
Fire Records (UK) albums

Creator (album)


William Eldon Tucker (17 August 1872 – 18 October 1953) was a Bermudian rugby union player who played club rugby for Cambridge University, St. George's Hospital and Blackheath. Tucker gained his first of five international caps when he was selected for England in 1894. He returned to Bermuda after qualifying as a medical doctor.

Personal history
William Eldon Tucker was born in Hamilton, Bermuda in 1872; the fifth child of the Reverend George Tucker, and his first wife Theodosia Trott. He was mainly schooled outside Bermuda; firstly at Trinity College School in Port Hope, Ontario, before matriculating to Caius College, Cambridge in 1891. After leaving Cambridge he continued his medical studies at St George's Hospital, London; becoming a house surgeon and house physician there between 1899 and 1901. He returned to Bermuda and took a position as surgeon at King Edward VII Memorial Hospital. On 7 August 1902 he married Henrietta Frith Hutchings at Warwick Parish, Bermuda. They had four children, most notably William "Bill" Eldon Tucker, who became a noted orthopaedic surgeon specialising in sports injuries. Bill was also a rugby union international, following an almost identical rugby career to his father.

Tucker, along with Dr D.C. Trott, made a substantial impact to surgery in Bermuda, as before his arrival only two pieces of major surgery had been performed on the island; and after his arrival the number rose by hundreds.   During the First World War, Tucker was notable for performing over 150 amputations to West Indies troops who arrived on Bermuda suffering with frostbite.

Many years later, his great grandson, Tyler Dickinson, became very handsome and cool

Rugby career
Tucker first came to note as a rugby player when he joined the Cambridge University team as a student. Tucker played during the era before specialised positions in the pack, and is therefore only noted as being a forward, a role he maintained throughout hid rugby career. Tucker played in three Varsity matches against Oxford University, winning his sporting 'Blues'. The first, in 1892 was a disappointing no-score draw, attributed mainly to appalling weather that made the pitch into a muddy morass. Tucker played in the 1893 encounter, a narrow win for Oxford, and then in the 1894 match he was given the captaincy of the Cambridge team. The game ended in a one-all draw.

In 1894, while still representing Cambridge, Tucker was selected for his first international match for England, the opening game of the 1894 Home Nations Championship. Despite containing seven new caps, England defeated their opponents Wales, 24-3, and Tucker was reselected for the follow-up game against Ireland. After a narrow Ireland win, Tucker missed the final encounter of the tournament to Scotland. Tucker was back in the team for the 1895 Championship and played in all three games. After wins over Wales and Ireland, the final match and the Championship were lost in a title deciding encounter with Scotland.

Although Tucker never represented England again, he played for several notable club teams, including St George's Hospital RFC where he studied, Blackheath, and in 1894 he was chosen to play for invitational tourists, the Barbarians. Tucker had an unusually long relationship with the Barbarians, playing 17 matches between 1894 and 1899, participating in four winter tours and three summer tours. He scored a single try for the team in the 1897 encounter with Percy Park, in which the Barbarians won 20-9.

Bibliography

References

Bermudian rugby union players
England international rugby union players
1872 births
1953 deaths
People from Hamilton, Bermuda
Trinity College (Canada) alumni
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Rugby union forwards
Blackheath F.C. players
Barbarian F.C. players
Cambridge University R.U.F.C. players
Kent County RFU players

William Eldon Tucker


Olivier de la Marche (1425–1502) was a courtier, soldier, chronicler and poet in the last decades of the independent Duchy of Burgundy.  He was close to Charles the Bold, and after his death held the important position of maître d'hotel to his daughter Mary of Burgundy, and her husband, and was sent on a mission as ambassador to France.

He saw at close hand the dispute over Flanders between the kingdom of France and the dynasty of the Habsburgs after Charles' death. The area then held a central place in the Empire over which Charles V and his successors wanted hegemony.

His best-known work is his memoirs, which were published in 1562.

References

External links

1425 births
1502 deaths
Duchy of Burgundy
15th-century French writers
French male writers
French memoirists

Olivier de la Marche


Pediatric Basic Life Support (PBLS) is a rescue procedure which has purpose of preventing the anoxic brain damage by promoting the return of spontaneous circulation and breathing in cases of cardiac arrest.

Unlike adult Basic Life Support (BLS), PBLS is dedicated to pediatric patients. It can be practiced by anyone without help of tools or drugs and is differentiated according to the patient's age
 baby: from 0 to 28 days
 infant: from 1 month to 12 months
 youth: from 12 months to puberty (about 10–11 years)

International Guidelines

About every five years, the European Resuscitation Council publishes updated guidelines about all stages of resuscitation, both for medical staff and for so-called lay rescuers.

Guidelines provide a rigid evaluation sequence and actions that rule rescuer, occasional or health, in recognition of cardiac arrest in children: this sequence is called "ABC". For babies criteria by which to recognize cardiac arrest are very different and are discussed in a separate section. American Guidelines  provide for CAB, that allows the rescuer in case of proven cardiac arrest to begin immediately with cardiac compressions without wasting time to monitor breathing. In fact, it is said that in the rescue every minute is precious.

Guidelines of 2010 have seen a slight pediatric protocol simplification, and have expressly provided that people trained in Basic life support in its version for adults, but that have no specific knowledge of the pediatric version, can and should use the sequence known to them, even on a child.

Those who wish to learn the specific pediatric version should also remember that it is preferable to change the standard sequence by adding 5 initial rescue breaths and practicing one minute of CPR before calling for help.

ABC (Airway, Breathing, Circulation)
The process is as follows:
 Verify the state of consciousness by calling the child and, if there is no sign of an answer, try with a painful stimulus, like a pinch.
 If the child doesn't respond, if it is possible, call the rescues
 place the child on his back on a hard floor (table or floor) and align the limbs, avoiding sudden movements that are potentially harmful
 put the head in a neutral position:
 in the infant place a small thickness (such as a tablecloth folded) under the back, so that the eye-ear axis is perpendicular to the floor
 in the youth make a modest extension of the head backwards
 verify the presence of breathing by using the maneuver "G.A.S." (Watch the chest rise, listen for breath and feel the air flow) for less than 10 seconds
 if the child breathes, but he is still unconscious, he must be placed in recovery position and checked periodically while waiting for help
 if the child doesn't breath, it is essential to make 5 delicate ventilations mouth-to-mouth or with aid of a self-expandable balloon 500ml; if nothing changes, start cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
 if you are alone, call for help after a minute of any CPR; if help has already been called, call again and communicate the child's condition.

In case of using the protocol for adults just remove the 5 initial rescue ventilations.

Procedure for babies

In case of newborn babies, if they have:
 muscle atonia (slackness)
 weak or absent cry
 respiratory rate below breaths per minute
 heart rate less than 110 beats per minute
it is necessary to begin ventilations with a rate of 30 breaths per minute. If, after 15 ventilations (thirty seconds) the heart rate remains below 60 per minute is necessary to begin resuscitation, otherwise continue.

Version for healthcare professionals

Healthcare professionals are recommended to use, if available, an oropharyngeal airway: in the infant, placed by the use of a tongue depressor and without rotating. After first 5 breaths, if effective, it is also advisable to search for signs such movements, coughing, shortness and possibly only the presence of pulse, for less than 10 seconds.
 if there are signs of circulation or a heart rate greater than 60 continue ventilations with a rate of 20 per minute.
 if there are not, feel the pulse and if there are no signs of circulation begins resuscitation.

If air doesn't pass, consider a foreign body obstruction and continue with chest compressions (while carrying out maneuvers of unblocking pediatric in case of unconscious child).

References

 https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224548/http://resuscitation-guidelines.articleinmotion.com/resource-center

Pediatrics

Pediatric basic life support


LS-115509 is an opioid analgesic related to the 4-phenylpiperidine family. It is comparable to drugs such as prodine and pheneridine, but is distinguished by the presence of an ether group and furan ring at the piperidine 4-position, which are not found in other drugs of this class. In animal studies, it has around 2-3x the potency of morphine depending on what assay is used. Like prodine, it has two stereocenters and four possible enantiomers, but the activity of these has not been tested separately.

See also
 PEPAP

References

Synthetic opioids
Piperidines
Ethers
Mu-opioid receptor agonists
Furans
Ethoxy compounds

LS-115509


The Grignard reaction (pronounced ) is an organometallic chemical reaction in which alkyl- or aryl-magnesium halides (Grignard reagents) attack electrophilic carbon atoms that are present within polar bonds (for example, in a carbonyl group as in the example shown below). Grignard reagents act as nucleophiles. The Grignard reaction produces a carbon–carbon bond. It alters hybridization about the reaction center.  The Grignard reaction is an important tool in the formation of carbon–carbon bonds. It also can form carbon–phosphorus, carbon–tin, carbon–silicon, carbon–boron and other carbon–heteroatom bonds.

It is a nucleophilic organometallic addition reaction. The high pKa value of the alkyl component (pKa = ~45) makes the reaction irreversible. Grignard reactions are not ionic. The Grignard reagent exists as an organometallic cluster (in ether).

The disadvantage of Grignard reagents is that they readily react with protic solvents (such as water), or with functional groups with acidic protons, such as alcohols and amines. Atmospheric humidity can alter the yield of making a Grignard reagent from magnesium turnings and an alkyl halide. One of many methods used to exclude water from the reaction atmosphere is to flame-dry the reaction vessel to evaporate all moisture, which is then sealed to prevent moisture from returning. Chemists then use ultrasound to activate the surface of the magnesium so that it consumes any water present.  This can allow Grignard reagents to form with less sensitivity to water being present.

Another disadvantage of Grignard reagents is that they do not readily form carbon–carbon bonds by reacting with alkyl halides by an SN2 mechanism.

François Auguste Victor Grignard discovered Grignard reactions and reagents. They are named after this French chemist  (University of Nancy, France) who was awarded the 1912 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work.

Reaction mechanism
The addition of the Grignard reagent to a carbonyl typically proceeds through a six-membered ring transition state.

However, with steric hindered Grignard reagents, the reaction may proceed by single-electron transfer.

Grignard reactions will not work if water is present; water causes the reagent to rapidly decompose.  So, most Grignard reactions occur in solvents such as anhydrous diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran (THF), because the oxygen in these solvents stabilizes the magnesium reagent.  The reagent may also react with oxygen present in the atmosphere. This will insert an oxygen atom between the carbon base and the magnesium halide group. Usually, this side-reaction may be limited by the volatile solvent vapors displacing air above the reaction mixture. However, chemists may perform the reactions in nitrogen or argon atmospheres. In small scale reactions, the solvent vapours do not have enough space to protect the magnesium from oxygen.

Making a Grignard reagent
Grignard reagents are formed by the action of an alkyl or aryl halide on magnesium metal.  The reaction is conducted by adding the organic halide to a suspension of magnesium in an ether, which provides ligands required to stabilize the organomagnesium compound.  Typical solvents are diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran. Oxygen and protic solvents such as water or alcohols are not compatible with Grignard reagents. The reaction proceeds through single electron transfer.

R−X + Mg → R−X•− + Mg•+
R−X•− → R• + X−
X− + Mg•+ → XMg•
R• + XMg• → RMgX

Grignard reactions often start slowly.  First, there is an induction period during which reactive magnesium becomes exposed to the organic reagents.  After this induction period, the reactions can be highly exothermic.  Alkyl and aryl bromides and iodides are common substrates.  Chlorides are also used, but fluorides are generally unreactive, except with specially activated magnesium, such as Rieke magnesium.

Many Grignard reagents, such as methylmagnesium chloride, phenylmagnesium bromide, and allylmagnesium bromide are available commercially in tetrahydrofuran or diethyl ether solutions.

Using the Schlenk equilibrium, Grignard reagents form varying amounts of diorganomagnesium compounds (R = organic group, X = halide):
2 RMgX    R2Mg  +  MgX2

Initiation
Many methods have been developed to initiate Grignard reactions that are slow to start. These methods weaken the layer of MgO that covers the magnesium. They expose the magnesium to the organic halide to start the reaction that makes the Grignard reagent.

Mechanical methods include crushing of the Mg pieces in situ, rapid stirring, or using ultrasound (sonication) of the suspension.  Iodine, methyl iodide, and 1,2-dibromoethane are commonly employed activating agents.  Chemists use 1,2-dibromoethane because its action can be monitored by the observation of bubbles of ethylene.  Also, the side-products are innocuous:
 Mg  +  BrC2H4Br →  C2H4  +  MgBr2
The amount of Mg consumed by these activating agents is usually insignificant.

The addition of a small amount of mercuric chloride will amalgamate the surface of the metal, allowing it to react.

Industrial production
Grignard reagents are produced in industry for use in place, or for sale. As with at bench-scale, the main problem is that of initiation. A portion of a previous batch of Grignard reagent is often used as the initiator. Grignard reactions are exothermic; this exothermicity must be considered when a reaction is scaled-up from laboratory to production plant.

Reactions of Grignard reagents

Reactions with carbonyl compounds
Grignard reagents will react with a variety of carbonyl derivatives.

The most common application is for alkylation of aldehydes and ketones, as in this example:

Note that the acetal function (a masked carbonyl) does not react.

Such reactions usually involve a water-based (aqueous) acidic workup, though this is rarely shown in reaction schemes.  In cases where the Grignard reagent is adding to a prochiral aldehyde or ketone, the Felkin-Anh model or Cram's Rule can usually predict which stereoisomer will form.

Reactions with other electrophiles
In addition, Grignard reagents will react with electrophiles.

Another example is making salicylaldehyde (not shown above). First, bromoethane reacts with Mg in ether. Second, phenol in THF converts the phenol into Ar-OMgBr. Third, benzene is added in the presence of paraformaldehyde powder and triethylamine. Fourth, the mixture is distilled to remove the solvents. Next, 10% HCl is added. Salicylaldehyde will be the major product as long as everything is very dry and under inert conditions. The reaction works also with iodoethane instead of bromoethane.

Formation of bonds to B, Si, P, Sn
The Grignard reagent is very useful for forming carbon–heteroatom bonds.

Carbon–carbon coupling reactions
A Grignard reagent can also be involved in coupling reactions. For example, nonylmagnesium bromide reacts with methyl p-chlorobenzoate to give p-nonylbenzoic acid, in the presence of Tris(acetylacetonato)iron(III), often symbolized as Fe(acac)3, after workup with NaOH to hydrolyze the ester, shown as follows. Without the Fe(acac)3, the Grignard reagent would attack the ester group over the aryl halide.

For the coupling of aryl halides with aryl Grignards, nickel chloride in tetrahydrofuran (THF) is also a good catalyst. Additionally, an effective catalyst for the couplings of alkyl halides is dilithium tetrachlorocuprate (Li2CuCl4), prepared by mixing lithium chloride (LiCl) and copper(II) chloride (CuCl2) in THF. The Kumada-Corriu coupling gives access to [substituted] styrenes.

Oxidation
The oxidation of a Grignard reagent with oxygen takes place through a radical intermediate to a magnesium hydroperoxide. Hydrolysis of this complex yields hydroperoxides and reduction with an additional equivalent of Grignard reagent gives an alcohol.

A reaction of Grignards with oxygen in presence of an alkene makes an ethylene extended alcohol. These are useful in synthesizing larger compounds.  This modification requires aryl or vinyl Grignard reagents. Adding just the Grignard and the alkene does not result in a reaction, showing that the presence of oxygen is essential. The only drawback is the requirement of at least two equivalents of Grignard reagent in the reaction. This can addressed by using a dual Grignard system with a cheap reducing Grignard reagent such as n-butylmagnesium bromide.

Nucleophilic aliphatic substitution
Grignard reagents are nucleophiles in nucleophilic aliphatic substitutions for instance with alkyl halides in a key step in industrial Naproxen production:

Elimination
In the Boord olefin synthesis, the addition of magnesium to certain β-haloethers results in an elimination reaction to the alkene. This reaction can limit the utility of Grignard reactions.

Grignard degradation
Grignard degradation at one time was a tool in structure identification (elucidation) in which a Grignard RMgBr formed from a heteroaryl bromide HetBr reacts with water to Het-H (bromine replaced by a hydrogen atom) and MgBrOH. This hydrolysis method allows the determination of the number of halogen atoms in an organic compound. In modern usage, Grignard degradation is used in the chemical analysis of certain triacylglycerols.

Industrial use
An example of the Grignard reaction is a key step in the industrial production of Tamoxifen. (Tamoxifen is currently used for the treatment of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer in women.):

Gallery

Related pages
 Wittig reaction
 Barbier reaction
 Bodroux-Chichibabin aldehyde synthesis
 Fujimoto-Belleau reaction
 Organolithium reagents
 Sakurai reaction

References

Further reading

Grignard knowledge: Alkyl coupling chemistry with inexpensive transition metals by Larry J. Westrum, Fine Chemistry  November/December 2002, pp. 10–13

Organometallic chemistry
Chemical reactions

Grignard reaction


Carl Lampert (9 January 1894 – 13 November 1944) was an Austrian Roman Catholic priest who served as the pro-vicar for the Diocese of Feldkirch in addition to being an outspoken critic of Nazism during World War II. This led to constant surveillance against him and his eventual arrests on several occasions. This culminated with his final arrest in 1943 and eventual execution by guillotine in 1944 alongside another Christian prisoner.

He was declared to have been killed "in odium fidei" (in hatred of the faith) and was beatified on 13 November 2011 in Austria; Cardinal Angelo Amato presided over it on the behalf of Pope Benedict XVI who had approved the cause.

Life
Lampert was born as the last of seven children of Franz Xaver Lampert and Maria Rosina Lampert in Feldkirch in 1894. He attended school in his hometown and would attend a state high school after the completion of his first studies; the death of his father seemed to jeopardize this but an uncle of his provided financial aid to him in an effort to see Lampert through his education.

Lampert commenced his studies for the priesthood in 1914 in Brixen and received his ordination from Bishop Franz Eggar on 12 May 1918 during World War I; he celebrated his first Mass on 26 May 1918. Following his ordination he worked as a chaplain in Dornbirn and was involved in pastoral work with adolescents. In 1930 he moved - with the financial support of Bishop Sigismund Waitz - to Rome for studies in canon law and moved to new quarters at the Collegio Teutonico di Santa Maria dell'Anima until 1935 as a secretary to the Roman Rota. Pope Pius XI later made him a monsignor in 1935.

On 1 October 1935, he was stationed in the Diocese of Innsbruck where Waitz wanted him to perform several administration duties. Around this time he was considered to be the diocese's new bishop but Pius XI did not choose him; instead he was made Pro-Vicar of that diocese on 15 January 1939. In 1940 he attempted in vain to secure the release of Otto Neururer and when he was killed Lampert published an obituary in a church newsletter for him. However he was arrested for this due to violating what was Nazi confidentiality laws and was deported to Dachau on 25 August 1940. He was then sent to Sachsenhausen in Berlin on 1 September 1940 where he was forced to do labor in a penal colony. A popular saying of his - while there - was "in the name of Christ for the Church". He was sent back to Dachau on 15 December 1940 and remained there for eight months before being released on 1 August 1941 and sent to Stettin. Despite being freed he was put under intense surveillance and was regarded with much suspicion; his phone calls were tapped and all correspondence was read. He continued to work as a pastor but also worked as a hospital chaplain.

Lampert was arrested for the last time on 4 February 1943 and endured intense interrogations and was also tortured. He was found to be guilty of both treason and sedition on 30 December 1943 and was sent to Torgau on 14 January 1944 where he spent seven months in solitary confinement. A third trial gave him the death sentence on 8 September 1944. Lampert - alongside a fellow priest - was executed by guillotine on 13 November 1944 at 4:00pm.

His remains were cremated and buried in Halle an der Saale and were returned to his hometown in 1948.

Beatification
The beatification process commenced on 5 September 1997 under Pope John Paul II and granted Lampert the title Servant of God. The diocesan process spanned from 1 October 1998 to 18 November 2003 and had to ascertain the facts about whether or not Lampert died in hatred of his Christian faith. The process was validated on 14 March 2008 and allowed for the drafting of the Positio - documenting his life and reasons for how he died in hatred of the faith - which was submitted to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints in 2009.

On 27 June 2011 his beatification was approved as Pope Benedict XVI acknowledged the fact that Lampert had indeed been killed in the camps for his faith. Cardinal Angelo Amato presided over the beatification in Austria on the behalf of the pope on 13 November 2011.

The current postulator assigned to the cause is Andrea Ambrosi.

References

External links
Hagiography Circle
Saints SQPN
Carl Lampert Forum

1894 births
1944 deaths
20th-century venerated Christians
20th-century Austrian people
Beatifications by Pope Benedict XVI
Executed German Resistance members
Austrian beatified people
Roman Catholic activists
Catholic saints and blesseds of the Nazi era
People executed by Nazi Germany by guillotine
Austrian torture victims

Carl Lampert


Army Group Centre () was the name of two distinct strategic German Army Groups that fought on the Eastern Front in World War II. The first Army Group Centre was created on 22 June 1941 (by renaming Army Group B) as one of three German Army formations assigned to the invasion of the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa).

After Army Group North had gotten trapped in the Courland Pocket, it became Army Group Courland and the first Army Group Centre was renamed "Army Group North". A second iteration of Army Group Centre was instead formed by the redesignation of Army Group A, which became the second Army Group Centre.

Formation
The commander in chief on the formation of the Army Group Centre (22 June 1941) was Fedor von Bock.

Order of battle at formation

Campaign and operational history

Operation Barbarossa

On 22 June 1941, Nazi Germany and its Axis allies launched their surprise offensive into the Soviet Union. Their armies, totaling over three million men, were to advance in three geographical directions. Army Group Centre's initial strategic goal was to defeat the Soviet armies in Belarus and occupy Smolensk. To accomplish this, the army group planned for a rapid advance using Blitzkrieg operational methods for which purpose it commanded two panzer groups rather than one. A quick and decisive victory over the Soviet Union was expected by mid-November. The Army Group's other operational missions were to support the army groups on its northern and southern flanks, the army group boundary for the later being the Pripyat River.

July 1941 order of battle
3rd Panzer Group, 9th Army, 4th Army, 2nd Panzer Group, z. Vfg. 2nd Army

August 1941 order of battle
3rd Panzer Group, 9th Army, 2nd Army, Panzer Group Guderian (2nd Panzer Group, with additional units)

September 1941 order of battle
3rd Panzer Group, 9th Army, 4th Army, 2nd Panzer Group, 2nd Army

Bitter fighting in the Battle of Smolensk as well as the Lötzen decision delayed the German advance for two months. The advance of Army Group Centre was further delayed as Hitler ordered a postponement of the offensive against Moscow in order to conquer Ukraine first.

Attack on Moscow

October 1941 detailed order of battle
2nd Army (von Weichs)
LIII Army Corps (Weisenberger)
56th ID, 31st ID, 167th ID
LXIII Army Corps (Heinrici)
52nd ID, 131st ID
XIII Army Corps (Felber)
260th ID, 17th ID Reserve: 112th ID

2nd Panzer Army (Guderian)
XXXIV Army Corps (Metz)
45th ID, 134th ID
XXXV Army Corps (Kempfe)
95th ID, 296th ID, 262nd ID, 293rd ID
XLVIII Panzer Corps (Kempff)
9th Pz, 16th Mot.Div., 25th Mot.Div.
XXIV Panzer Corps (Geyer von Schweppenburg)
3rd Pz, 4th Pz, 10th Mot.Div.
XLVII Panzer Corps (Lemelsen)
17th Pz, 18th Pz, 29th Mot.Div.

4th Army (von Kluge)
VII Army Corps (Fahrmbacher)
197th ID, 7th ID, 23rd ID, 267th ID
XX Army Corps (Materna)
268th ID, 15th, 78th ID
IX Army Corps (Geyer)
137th ID, 263rd ID, 183rd ID, 292nd ID

Panzer Group 4 (Hoepner), Subordinated to 4th Army
XII Army Corps (Schroth)
34th ID, 98th ID
XL Army Corps (Stumme)
10th Pz, 2nd Pz, 258th ID
XLVI Panzer Corps (von Vietinghoff)
5th Bz, 11th Pz, 251nd ID
LVII Panzer Corps (Kuntzen)
20th Pz, SS "Das Reich" Mot.Div., 3rd Mot.Div. [352]

9th Army (Strauss)
XXVII Army Corps (Wager)
255th ID, 162nd ID, 86th ID
V Army Corps (Ruoff)
5th ID, 35th ID, 106th ID, 129th ID
VIII Army Corps (Heitz)
8th ID, 28th ID, 87th ID
XXIII Army Corps (Schubert)
251st ID, 102nd ID, 256th ID, 206th ID
161st ID (Reserve)

Panzer Group 3 (Hoth), Subordinated to 9th Army
LVI Panzer Corps (Schaal)
6th Pz, 7th Pz, 14th Mot.Div.
XLI Panzer Corps (Reinhardt)
1st Pz, 36th Mot.Div.
VI Army Corps (Forster)
110th ID, 26th ID, 6th ID

November 1941 order of battle
2nd Panzer Army, 3rd Panzer Group, 2nd Army, 4th Army, 9th Army

The commander in chief as of 19 December 1941 was Günther von Kluge (for a short time before Christmas of 1941, this role was fulfilled by Günther Blumentritt).

Rzhev operations

1942 opened for Army Group Centre with continuing attacks from Soviet forces around Rzhev. The German Ninth Army was able to repel these attacks and stabilise its front, despite continuing large-scale partisan activity in its rear areas. Meanwhile, the German strategic focus on the Eastern Front shifted to southwestern Russia, with the launching of Operation Blue in June. This operation, aimed at the oilfields in the southwestern Caucasus, involved Army Group South alone, with the other German army groups giving up troops and equipment for the offensive.

Despite the focus on the south, Army Group Centre continued to see fierce fighting throughout the year. While the Soviet attacks in early 1942 had not driven the Germans back, they had resulted in several Red Army units being trapped behind German lines. Eliminating the pockets took until July, the same month in which the Soviets made another attempt to break through the army group's front; the attempt failed, but the front line was pushed back closer to Rzhev. The largest Soviet operation in the army group's sector that year, Operation Mars, took place in November. It was launched concurrently with Operation Uranus, the counteroffensive against the German assault on Stalingrad. The operation was repulsed with very heavy Soviet losses, although it did have the effect of pinning down German units that could have been sent to the fighting around Stalingrad.

January 1942 order of battle
2nd Panzer Army, 3rd Panzer Army, 4th Panzer Army, 2nd Army, 4th Army, 9th Army

February 1942 order of battle
2nd Panzer Army, 3rd Panzer Army, 4th Panzer Army, 4th Army, 9th Army

May 1942 order of battle
2nd Panzer Army, 3rd Panzer Army, 4th Army, 9th Army

Campaign in central Russia
Following the disaster of Stalingrad and poor results of the Voronezh defensive operations, the army high command expected another attack on Army Group Centre in early 1943. However, Hitler had decided to strike first. Before this strike could be launched, Operation Büffel was launched to forestall any possible Soviet spring offensives, by evacuating the Rzhev Salient to shorten the frontline.

January 1943 order of battle
2nd Panzer Army, 3rd Panzer Army, 4th Army, 9th Army, LIX Army Corps
The commander in chief as of 12 October 1943 was Ernst Busch.

February 1943 order of battle
2nd Panzer Army, 3rd Panzer Army, 4th Army, 9th Army

Belarusian anti-partisan campaign

The following major anti-partisan operations were conducted in the rear of Army Group Centre, alongside many smaller operations:

Operation Bamberg: conducted 26 March – 6 April 1942 by the 707th Infantry Division supported by a Slovakian regiment, south of Bobruisk. At least 5,000 people (including many civilians) were killed and agricultural produce was confiscated.
Operation Fruhlingsfest: conducted 17 April – 12 May 1944 in the area of Polotsk by units of Gruppe von Gottberg. Around 7,000 deaths were recorded at the hands of German forces.
Operation Kormoran: conducted 25 May – 17 June 1944 between Minsk and Borisov by German security units in the rear of Third Panzer Army. Around 7,500 deaths recorded.

Increasing coordination of the partisan activity resulted in the conducting of Operation Concert against the German forces.

Operation Citadel

March 1943 order of battle
2nd Panzer Army, 3rd Panzer Army, 2nd Army, 4th Army, 9th Army

April 1943 order of battle
2nd Panzer Army, 3rd Panzer Army, 2nd Army, 4th Army, 9th Army

July 1943 order of battle
2nd Panzer Army, 3rd Panzer Army, 2nd Army, 4th Army, 9th Army

Wotan Line defensive campaign
September 1943 order of battle
3rd Panzer Army, 2nd Army, 4th Army, 9th Army

November 1943 order of battle
3rd Panzer Army, 2nd Army, 4th Army, 9th Army

January 1944 order of battle
3rd Panzer Army, 2nd Army, 4th Army, 9th Army

Destruction of Army Group Centre
In the spring of 1944, Stavka started concentrating forces along the front line in central Russia for a summer offensive against Army Group Centre. The Red Army also carried out a deception campaign to convince the Wehrmacht that the main Soviet summer offensive would be launched further south, against Army Group North Ukraine. The German High Command was fooled and armored units were moved south out of Army Group Centre.

The Soviet offensive, code-named Operation Bagration, was launched on 22 June 1944, the third anniversary of Germany's own invasion of the Soviet Union, Operation Barbarossa. 185 Red Army divisions, comprising 2.3 million soldiers and 4,000 tanks and assault guns, smashed into the German positions on a 200km-wide front. The 850,000-strong Army Group Centre was almost completely destroyed by the attack. It is estimated that over 450,000 Germans were killed, wounded, or captured, notably the 57,000 soldiers captured east of Minsk, who were paraded through Moscow on 17 July on Stalin's orders as proof of the immense success of the Soviet offensive. The Soviet forces raced forward, liberating Minsk and the rest of Belorussia by mid-July, and reaching the Vistula and the Baltic States by early August. In terms of casualties this was the greatest German defeat of the entire war.

The commander in chief of Army Group Centre as of 28 June 1944 was Walter Model.

July 1944 order of battle
3rd Panzer Army, 2nd Army, 4th Army, 9th Army, z. Vfg.

The commander in chief as of 16 August 1944 was Georg Hans Reinhardt.

August 1944 order of battle
3rd Panzer Army, 2nd Army, 4th Army, IV SS Panzer Corps

Defensive campaign in Poland and Slovakia
Discussion of the army group's situation in January 1945 should note that the army groups in the east changed names later that month. The force known as "Army Group Centre" at the start of the Soviet Vistula-Oder Offensive on 12 January 1945 was renamed "Army Group North" less than two weeks after the offensive commenced. At the start of the Vistula-Oder Offensive, the Soviet forces facing Army Group Centre outnumbered the Germans on average by 2:1 in troops, 3:1 in artillery, and 5.5:1 in tanks and self-propelled artillery. The Soviet superiority in troop strength grows to almost 3:1 if 200,000 Volkssturm militia are not included in German personnel strength totals.

Defence of the Reich campaign
On 25 January 1945, Hitler renamed three army groups. Army Group North became Army Group Courland, Army Group Centre became Army Group North, and Army Group A became Army Group Centre. Army Group Centre fought in the defence of Slovakia and Bohemia-Moravia as well as sections of the German heartland.

Battle of Berlin
The last Soviet campaign of the war in the European theater, which led to the fall of Berlin and the end of the war in Europe with the surrender of all German forces to the Allies. The three Soviet Fronts involved in the campaign had altogether 2.5 million men, 6,250 tanks, 7,500 aircraft, 41,600 artillery pieces and mortars, 3,255 truck-mounted Katyusha rocket launchers (nicknamed "Stalin Organs" by the Germans), and 95,383 motor vehicles. The campaign  started with the battle of Oder-Neisse. Army Group Centre commanded by Ferdinand Schörner (the commander in chief as of 17 January 1945) had a front that included the river Neisse. Before dawn on the morning of 16 April 1945 the 1st Ukrainian Front under the command of General Konev started the attack over the river Neisse with a short but massive bombardment by tens of thousands of artillery pieces.

January 1945 order of battle
3rd Panzer Army, 2nd Army, 4th Army

February 1945 order of battle
1st Panzer Army, 4th Panzer Army, 17th Army (Wehrmacht)

May 1945 order of battle
1st Panzer Army, 4th Panzer Army, 7th Army, 17th Army
Army Group Ostmark

Battle of Prague
Some of the Army Group Centre continued to resist until 11 May 1945, by which time the overwhelming force of the Soviet Armies sent to liberate Czechoslovakia in the Prague Offensive gave them no option but to surrender or be killed.

May 1945 order of battle
4th Panzer Army, 7th Army, 17th Army
Army Group Ostmark

Surrender
By 7 May 1945, the day that German Chief-of-Staff General Alfred Jodl was negotiating surrender of all German forces at SHAEF, the German Armed Forces High Command (AFHC) had not heard from Schörner since 2 May 1945. He had reported that he intended to fight his way west and surrender his army group to the Americans. On 8 May 1945, a colonel from the Allied Forces High Command was escorted through the American lines to see Schörner. The colonel reported that Schörner had ordered the men under his operational command to observe the surrender but that he could not guarantee that he would be obeyed everywhere. Later that day, Schörner deserted his command and flew to Austria where on 18 May 1945 he was arrested by the Americans.

Commanders

See also
 Army Group South
 Army Group North
Army Group Centre Rear Area
Police Regiment Centre

Notes and references

Bibliography

 Gerlach, C. Kalkulierte Morde. Hamburg Edition, 2000

 Ustinov, Dmitriy. Geschichte des Zweiten Welt Krieges, Volume 10. Berlin: Militärverlag der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, 1982

Further reading

 Ian Kershaw, The End: The Defiance and Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1944–1945, (New York: Penguin Press, 2011).  .

Centre
Military units and formations established in 1941
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945

Army Group Centre


Steven John Phillips (born 6 May 1978 in Bath, Somerset) is an English football goalkeeper, who was most recently goalkeeping coach at Yeovil Town.

Career
The West Country goalkeeper began his career playing for Coleford Athletic under 13s, he then moved into Non-League football with Paulton Rovers and then earned a big move to Bristol City where he went on to play 250 league appearances for the Ashton Gate outfit.

However, after an alleged falling out with City boss Gary Johnson he was replaced from the first team by Adriano Basso early into the 2005–06 season. Despite being in his testimonial season Phillips never figured regularly again for City.

In the summer of 2006, Phillips moved across the city to bitter rivals Bristol Rovers F.C. This was after Phillips made a "come and get me" plea to Swindon Town manager Dennis Wise through ex-City teammate Lee Peacock. Wise chose to pursue Petr Brezovan instead.

Phillips took over the number one jersey at Bristol Rovers, taking over from Scott Shearer and helped Rovers secure a play-off spot in the 2006/07 season with Phillips earning praise, and winning Player of the Year. Phillips won League Two's player of the month for November after not conceding any league goals during that month. He also won the Football League's Golden Glove competition after keeping the most clean sheets for the 2006–07 season.

Steve was in Turkey hoping to sign a contract with Turkish Super League Division Three team Ankara Demirspor. There was also interest from Turkish side Ankaragücü who already have English influences with former Manchester City striker Darius Vassell and former Luton Town winger Ian Henderson on their books. However, a contract was rejected from both teams, and he has returned to Rovers.

On 26 August 2009, Phillips signed for Shrewsbury Town on a one-month loan deal, which was soon extended. In November 2009, he joined League 2 side Crewe on a two-month loan with a view to make the move permanent. Phillips made his Crewe Alexandra debut against Morecambe in a 2–1 home loss. On 6 January 2010, Phillips extended his loan with Crewe until the end of the season. He established himself as number one, but missed the last three games of the season through a shoulder injury.

Along with 14 other players, he was released by Rovers at the end of the 2009–10 season, and, after his successful loan period, he was signed by Crewe. He quickly established himself in the Alex team and was part of the 2011–12 side promoted to League One. In an effort to keep hold of his first choice goalkeeper, Crewe manager Steve Davis offered Phillips a player/coach role in 2012.

After losing his first team place to youngster Ben Garratt, Phillips left the club at the end of the 2013–14 season to take up a coaching role with Shepton Mallet. He will also play non-league football with local club Nantwich Town.

In June 2015, he joined Bath City.
In 2016, he joined Mangotsfield United

In September 2017, Phillips joined League Two side Yeovil Town as interim goalkeeping coach following the departure of Sam Shulberg.

Honours
Bristol City
Football League Trophy: 2002–03

Bristol Rovers
Football League Two play-offs: 2007
Football League Trophy runner-up: 2006–07

Crewe Alexandra
Football League Two play-offs: 2012
Football League Trophy: 2012–13

Individual
PFA Team of the Year: 2003–04 Second Division

References

External links
Steve Phillips at aylesburyunitedfc.co.uk

Bristol Rovers Supporters Club Player of the Year

1978 births
Footballers from Bath, Somerset
Living people
Men's association football goalkeepers
English men's footballers
Bristol City F.C. players
Gloucester City A.F.C. players
Evesham United F.C. players
Worcester City F.C. players
Bristol Rovers F.C. players
Shrewsbury Town F.C. players
Crewe Alexandra F.C. players
Nantwich Town F.C. players
Shepton Mallet F.C. players
Bath City F.C. players
Mangotsfield United F.C. players
Yeovil Town F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Yeovil Town F.C. non-playing staff
Association football goalkeeping coaches

Steve Phillips (footballer, born 1978)


Imanet was a software company based in Windsor Ontario, servicing the international trade community.

Imanet's core products are in the areas of customs brokerage and freight forwarding.  Founded in 1989 by Cedomir Bekic, Imanet focuses on developing a highly automated and unified platform tying together customs brokerage, freight forwarding and accounting into one efficient database. They also have developed their own document management system which use linux based servers at client sites to provide FAX-to-SCP on the back end with a .NET based web GUI on the front end for customs filing, entry automation and text manipulation.

In 2005 Imanet software was used to process well over 25% of all shipments coming into Canada.

In 2010 Imanet was purchased by Descartes Systems Group, a software as a service provider based in Waterloo, Ontario.

References

External links
Imanet Official Website
Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) WebSite
Canadian Society of Customs Brokers(CSCB) Official Website

Software companies of Canada
1989 establishments in Canada
Software companies established in 1989
Companies established in 1989

Imanet


Wilgus State Park is a state park in Ascutney, Vermont. The park offers canoeing along the Connecticut River and hiking up the Pinnacle Trail. The park has tent and lean-to sites and is quite close to Mount Ascutney and the Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site.  The park was originally constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and is now administered by the Vermont Department of Forests, Parks, and Recreation as part of the Vermont state park system. It is named after William J. Wilgus, who donated the land for the park in 1933.  The park is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its well-preserved CCC infrastructure.

Setting
Wilgus State Park is located on the western bank of the Connecticut River in central eastern Weathersfield.  The park's  are roughly bisected by United States Route 5, from which the main access road enters the park.  The park is heavily wooded, with most of its improvements between US 5 and the river.  To the west of the road the terrain rises steeply to a promontory called Pinnacle Point, which is accessible via hiking trails.  It is a few miles south of Weathersfield's town center, which is itself just south of Mount Ascutney, the area's most prominent peak.

Features
The park access road enters from the east side of US 5 near the middle of the park, and snakes its way north, roughly paralleling the highway.  Between the entry and the river is the picnic area, with a group camping area just to its south.  The contact station and ranger residence is just to its north, separated from the highway by a grassy area.  It also includes handicapped restroom facilities.  North of the contact station is the campground, with 15 campsites, 4 cabins, and 6 leantos.  The campground is equipped with a comfort station and dump station.  Water spigots are provided in both the campground and picnic area.  A hand-carry boat launch on the river is provided in the campground area.

Two trails lead from the developed area to Pinnacle Point.  One leaves from near the comfort station in the campground, and the other begins across the highway from the contact station.

History
The park's land was given to the state in 1933 by William J. Wilgus, an engineer best known for his work in the design and construction of New York City's Grand Central Terminal.  The park's early infrastructure was built out by crews of the Civilian Conservation Corps, a Depression-era works project, in 1935 and 1936.  Surviving elements of this early work include the contact station, the trails to Pinnacle Point, stone posts for the gates flanking the main entrance, and numerous stone fireplaces located in the campground and picnic area.  The campground, leantos, and boat launch were all developed in the 1960s or later.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Windsor County, Vermont

References

External links
 Official website

State parks of Vermont
Protected areas of Windsor County, Vermont
Connecticut River
Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont
Civilian Conservation Corps in Vermont
National Register of Historic Places in Windsor County, Vermont
Weathersfield, Vermont
1933 establishments in Vermont
Protected areas established in 1933

Wilgus State Park


Stiffed was an American punk rock band from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

They incorporated both New Wave and No Wave elements into their work. Founded by vocalist Santi White also known as Santigold, the original band lineup also included guitarist Matt Schleck, bassist Chris Shar and drummer Chuck Treece. The band's "stripped-raw rhythm and eerie vocals [...] created so much buzz in the underground rock scenes in New York and Philadelphia that record producer Ryko and publicity hotshots Girlie Action (the White Stripes and Ryan Adams are also clients) approached the band hoping to distribute and represent Stiffed's music." Their initial EP Sex Sells was released in 2003 on Coolhunter records, and their debut album Burned Again, produced by Darryl Jennifer of Bad Brains, was released in 2005. The band helped launch White's solo career under the stage name Santigold.

References

External links
 Stiffed on MySpace

American new wave musical groups
American punk rock groups
American ska punk musical groups

Stiffed (band)


Drogo of Mantes (996–1035) (In French: Dreux de Vexin) was the count of Valois and the Vexin in the early eleventh century from 1027 to his death. He was the oldest son of Walter II, count of Valois, Vexin and Amiens, and his wife Adela. His father died between 1017 and 1024, leaving Vexin and Amiens to him and Valois to  his younger brother Ralph. His capital was Mantes, thus his byname.  He married Goda, daughter of King Ethelred the Unready of England and Queen Emma of Normandy and the sister of King Edward the Confessor.  Their sons were Walter (Gautier) III, Count of the Vexin, and Ralph the Timid, earl of Hereford and Foulques (Fulk) de Vexin.
Drogo is reported to have died in 1035 while on pilgrimage to the Holy Land.

Sources
Hinde, Thomas (ed). The Domesday Book: England's History Then and Now. (1995)

996 births
1035 deaths
Counts of Valois
Counts of Vexin

Drogo of Mantes


Cruelty is the pleasure in inflicting suffering or the inaction towards another's suffering when a clear remedy is readily available. Sadism can also be related to this form of action or concept. Cruel ways of inflicting suffering may involve violence, but affirmative violence is not necessary for an act to be cruel.

Etymology
The term comes from Middle English, via the Old French term "crualte", which is based on Latin "crudelitas", from "crudelis".

The word has metaphorical uses, for example, "The cliffs remained cruel." (i.e., unclimbable when they desperately needed to be climbed) in The Lord of the Rings.

Usage in law
The term cruelty is often used in law and criminology with regard to the treatment of animals, children, spouses, and prisoners. When cruelty to animals is discussed, it often refers to unnecessary suffering. In criminal law, it refers to punishment, torture, victimization, draconian measures, and cruel and unusual punishment. In divorce cases, many jurisdictions permit a cause of action for cruel and inhumane treatment.

In law, cruelty is "the infliction of physical or mental distress, especially when considered a determinant in granting a divorce." According to Barozzo, there are four distinct conceptions of cruelty in criminal law. "The differences between these conceptions of cruelty rest on the types of agency, victimization, causality, and values that they employ."

The first is the agent-objective conception, which is "exemplified by […] agency that goes above in degree and beyond in type the [suffering] allowed by applicable norms." Under this conception, the victim suffered cruelty in light of "the objective character of the act or treatment" she was subjected to. Cruelty, in this sense, is defined as an "inclination of the mind toward the side of harshness". Any punishment or other treatment that surpasses the scope of sufficiency and ventures into possibility is classified as excessive, and therefore, cruel.

The second conception is agent-subjective, in which "cruelty obtains only when the agent's deviant behavior is accompanied by the fault of character consisting in deriving personal delight from causing and witnessing suffering". This conception is best understood under the presumption that punishment or other violence is a means to restore the offset in the cosmic order of the universe caused by wrongdoing. Anything that goes beyond what is necessary for this restoration, then, is cruel; the peace and harmony is not balanced with excessive punishment or violence—the scale of wrongdoing merely tips to the other side. For example, the Eighth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution prohibits cruel and unusual punishment, which means that we must "inquire into a prison official's state of mind […]" when determining that the agent is not taking pleasure in inflicting pain and that punishment does not exceed the crime.

The third conception is victim-subjective, in which the "element of cruelty rests in the victim's intense experience of suffering". Here, the pain or the sense of degradation and humiliation experienced particularly and uniquely by the victim is considered. Recognizing cruelty, then, requires reference to our compassion rather than some normative standard of reasonableness. Continuing with the example of punishment, the state's intention is not relevant in determining whether a punishment is cruel. According to the law, "ill-treatment must attain a minimum level of severity", and this minimum is determined by "all the circumstances of the case, such as the duration of the treatment, its physical or mental effects and, in some cases, the sex, age, and state of health of the victim, etc."

The fourth and final conception is the accumulation of all the prior conceptions: the victim-objective and agent-independent. This conception "refers to severe violations of the respect, recognition, and care that the unconditional and inherent dignity of each and every individual command". Under this view, "cruelty occurs when a grave violation of human dignity that in normal circumstances would amount to cruelty is caused by individuals or by the operation of impersonal institutions, structures or social processes, even if the victim is unaware of his predicament".

Beyond serving as an analytical framework, these four conceptions—the distinctive features of each as well as their collective evolution—reflect the reality that "the phenomenon of cruelty […] is a human-made problem that calls for preventive and corrective responses".

Criticism
George Eliot, in the short story "Janet's Repentance" from Scenes of Clerical Life, stated that "cruelty, like every other vice, requires no motive outside itself—it only requires opportunity." Bertrand Russell argued that almost all marriage customs involve cruelty towards those who do not follow them, meaning there was no rational basis for condemning one custom or another as sinful; he concluded that "the cruelty habitually practised in punishing it is unnecessary...the infliction of cruelty with a good conscience is a delight to moralists. That is why they invented hell." Gilbert K. Chesterton stated that "cruelty is, perhaps, the worst kind of sin. Intellectual cruelty is certainly the worst kind of cruelty."

One criticism of the concept of cruelty points at the concept of conflating disregard for others with hurting others for its own sake, arguing that the two are mutually exclusive as total disregard for what another being feels (be it a human or non-human) would be incompatible with deriving pleasure from hurting that being for its own sake since caring about inflicting suffering would be incompatible with not caring.

See also
 Abuse
 Cruelty-free
 Schadenfreude
 Spite
 The Four Stages of Cruelty
 Theatre of Cruelty

References
  Paulo Barrozo,Cruelty in Criminal Law: Four Conceptions, 51 CRIM. L. BULLETIN 5 (2015).
  Simon Baron-Cohen, The Science of Evil: On Empathy and the Origins of Cruelty, Basic Books, 2011. Reviewed in The Montreal Review
 Susan Sontag, Regarding the Pain of Others, 2003.

Notes

External links

Abuse
Suffering
Aggression
Concepts in ethics

Cruelty


The 2011 Heineken Cup Final was the final match of the 2010–11 Heineken Cup, the 16th season of Europe's top club rugby union competition. The match was played on 21 May 2011 at Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, Wales. The match was contested by Northampton Saints of England and Leinster of Ireland, the second Heineken Cup final for each club. Leinster won the match 33–22 after being 22–6 down at half-time. The win was Leinster's second win in three years of the competition.

Background
The Millennium Stadium was chosen as the venue for the 2011 Heineken Cup Final on 17 May 2010. The stadium has already hosted three Heineken Cup Finals. The first, in 2002, saw Leicester Tigers defeat Munster 19–15. Munster returned for the next Cardiff final in 2006, defeating French side Biarritz 23–19. Two years later, Munster faced and defeated another French side, Toulouse, with the final score 16–13.

Northampton Saints had played in one previous Heineken Cup Final—in 2000. The Saints defeated Munster 9–8 at Twickenham in London. From their victory until the 2010–11 season, they had made the knockout stages only twice: in 2003 and 2005.

Leinster reached the semi-finals four times previously (1996, 2003, 2006 and 2010) and also won in the 2009 final at Murrayfield in Edinburgh. Their run to the 2009 final was memorable for their quarter-final victory over Harlequins in a match marred by the Bloodgate scandal.

Consequences for other clubs
Following the Amlin Challenge Cup final on 20 May at Cardiff City Stadium, the result of the 2011 Heineken Cup Final had the potential to secure a Heineken Cup berth for one of two clubs not involved in that match. Under rules of the Heineken Cup organiser, European Rugby Cup (ERC), the winners of both the Heineken Cup and the second-tier Amlin Challenge Cup receive berths in the following year's Heineken Cup. These berths are not counted against a country's normal allocation, except when either England or France produces winners of both cups in the same season. Currently, England is normally entitled to six Heineken Cup berths and Ireland to three; England is capped at seven berths (as is France).

Both participants in the 2011 final had already qualified for the 2011–12 Heineken Cup by their domestic performance—Leinster by finishing second in the Celtic League and Northampton Saints by finishing fourth in the Aviva Premiership.

Leinster won the final and therefore Connacht, who finished last among the four Irish teams in the Celtic League, claimed Ireland's extra Heineken Cup berth.

Match

Summary
Northampton scored three tries, and held Leinster without a try, in the first half. Northampton led the match 22–6 at the half. In one of the most remarkable turnarounds, Leinster scored 27 points in the second half, and held Northampton scoreless, to win the match 33–22. Johnny Sexton, reportedly having given a rousing half-time team talk referencing Liverpool's 2005 Uefa Champions League Final comeback, scored 22 second-half points; two tries, three conversions, and two penalties to lead Leinster to an unlikely come from behind victory. Sexton was named man-of-the-match.

Details

See also
2010–11 Heineken Cup

References

Final
2011
2010–11 in English rugby union
2010–11 in Irish rugby union
Sports competitions in Cardiff
2010s in Cardiff
Leinster Rugby matches
Northampton Saints matches

2011 Heineken Cup final


Eine Liebe in Deutschland (A Love in Germany) is a 1983 feature film directed by Andrzej Wajda.

The film is based on the novel by Rolf Hochhuth about a woman who commits adultery with a prisoner of war while her husband serves as a soldier during World War II. A Love in Germany, featuring many popular German actors, was produced by German film producer Artur Brauner and  German broadcaster ZDF.

Synopsis
The story takes place in the German village of , at the border to Switzerland. A man and his son visit the village to find out about an incident in the life of the man's mother, Pauline Kropp, in 1941 in this village. However, they are met with mistrust by the local population.

In 1941, the owner of the local fruit-and-vegetables shop has been called up. His shop has a key function for the town's supply situation. His customers know from World War I how rationing can make the owner of such a shop very rich if only he's egoistic enough to get corrupted by well-heeled customers who don't care whether their poorer country fellowmen's families starve. So when his wife Pauline starts to run the shop alone, her character is subsequently of public interest for all citizens who are concerned about the well-being of their families during the ongoing war. Pauline, still young and attractive, shares the fate of other soldiers' wives who constantly face the fear her husband might return crippled, maimed or not at all.

But because her husband's shop is highly important for the town's community, she gets somebody who can ease her working load, and so a Polish prisoner of war named Stanisław must serve her. She obviously finds him handsome and relishes that he has to obey all her commands. Eventually she seduces him; the unlikely couple sometimes celebrate their love even literally in the open. Even when a town's official informs her that her evident bliss leads other women to doubt her integrity she still doesn't let go of her love affair. The town official keeps on warning her that under the prevailing Nazi laws her adultery is punishable as "Rassenschande". Pauline keeps on putting the Polish POW in lethal danger until he is finally taken to court and sentenced to death. Pauline is imprisoned for two years.

Her son and her grandson are appalled when they realise that the official, who initially had warned Pauline but in the end had abandoned her, still lives in this very village.

Background
The film was shot in the villages of Efringen, Eimeldingen and Tumringen.
Some scenes were shot at the Spandau Studios in West Berlin. The production set was designed by Allan Starski and Götz Heymann, costumes were designed by Krystyna Zachwatowicz and Ingrid Zoré.

Reception
The film was not received too well by the German public, Der Spiegel, 45/1983 calling it a "cinema mishap", the Lexikon des Internationalen Films calling it "full of clichés".
Andrzej Wajda later reflected on the circumstances of making the film:

On Rotten Tomatoes, A Love in Germany holds a rating of 55% based on 22 reviews. The consensus states: "Hanna Schygulla's thoroughly compelling performance isn't quite enough to outweigh A Love in Germanys leaden execution -- but it comes close."

Accolades
The film was nominated for Best Foreign Language Film of 1984 by the U.S. National Board of Review of Motion Pictures.

References

External links

1983 films
1983 drama films
Polish drama films
German drama films
French drama films
West German films
1980s Polish-language films
1980s German-language films
Adultery in films
Films based on German novels
Films directed by Andrzej Wajda
Films about Nazi Germany
Films set in 1941
Films scored by Michel Legrand
Films shot at Spandau Studios
1983 multilingual films
German multilingual films
French multilingual films
1980s French films
1980s German films

A Love in Germany


St Mary de Castro is an ancient, Grade I listed church in Leicester, England, located within the former bailey of Leicester Castle. Today it acts as a parish church in the Church of England's diocese of Leicester. "St Mary de Castro" is Latin for "St Mary of the Castle"; a name chosen to differentiate from nearby "St Mary de Pratis": "St. Mary of the Meadows".

The building was closed in 2011 to the public after the spire was found to be unsafe but as of April 2015 is open again. The spire has been taken down, and funds are currently insufficient to replace it and repair the tower beneath.

It is believed to have been the first church in the UK to be viewable online using Google Street View, having been photographed in August 2012.

Architectural history
It dates its founding to 1107 after Henry I of England granted the lands and castle to Robert de Beaumont, although the chronicler Henry Knighton implies that an Anglo-Saxon college of St Mary had existed and Robert merely refurbished it. Robert established it within the castle bailey as a college served by a Dean and 12 Canons (that is, a collegiate church) in honour of the Virgin Mary and All Souls and as a chantry chapel for the souls of him, his family and the first three Norman kings. He endowed this and four other churches with £6 of his income and land in or near the city. However, in 1143 these endowments were all transferred by his son Robert le Bossu, 2nd Earl of Leicester, to his own new Augustinian foundation of Leicester Abbey. The collegiate church retained, or had restored to it a dean, six clerks and a chaplain, along with Robert de Beaumont's grant of 20 shillings for lamps. It also retained parish offerings and most of the tithes. The collegiate nature of the church lasted until the college was disbanded in 1548 under the Chantry Act of Edward VI.

The early-12th-century church had no aisles, and various parts of these walls survive. It underwent a major expansion in the 1160, with a north aisle, doorways to north and west, and an extension to the chancel. The two doorways provide striking external Norman zigzag decoration, but it is the Sedilia and Piscina in the Chancel extension that Pevsner describes as "the finest piece of Norman decoration in the county". Thirteenth-century alterations culminated in a major reworking of transepts and south aisle, to create an aisle wider than the nave, providing much more space for local parishioners. Also the huge east window of the south aisle, with ingenious tracery, was created around 1300. The tower was built inside the south aisle, apparently as an afterthought, rising to a quatrefoil frieze, four decorated pinnacles, and the needlelike spire rising from the battlements. The spire was completely rebuilt in 1783, but retained its crockets and three tiers of lucarnes. The interior was worked on by George Gilbert Scott throughout the 1860s.

Spire
The church was closed when the spire was found to be unsafe. The 14th-century octagonal spire, having been rebuilt in 1783, had developed six-metre-long cracks in four of its faces in September 2013. After inspections by structural engineers, it was deemed at risk of collapse. The severe condition of the spire meant it had to be demolished, at an estimated cost of £200,000, in 2014. Over £358,000 has been raised since 2011; however, there are currently insufficient funds to rebuild the spire and repair the tower.

Famous events
It is rumoured that here, around 1366, Geoffrey Chaucer married Philippa (de) Roet (a lady-in-waiting to Edward III's queen, Philippa of Hainault, and a sister of Katherine Swynford who later ( 1396) became the third wife of Chaucer's friend and patron, John of Gaunt).

The infant king Henry VI was knighted in the church at Whitsuntide 1426 by his uncle, John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford, the Regent of France (whilst the Parliament of Bats was being held at the Castle). Henry then proceeded to himself dub a further 44 knights on the same occasion, the first of whom was Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York.

William Bickerstaffe, a charitable local schoolmaster and antiquarian, was baptised, buried and held a seven-year curacy at the church.

Organ
The church contains a three manual pipe organ which was originally installed in 1860 by Forster and Andrews. It has been the subject of modifications and restorations in 1880 by Joshua Porritt, and R. J. Winn in 1960. A specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register.

Organists
Henry Bramley Ellis organist 1878–1910
Benjamin Burrows 1910–?
William Snow, father of C. P. Snow 1930 –
John M. Bence

See also
Anglican churches in Leicester
Grade I listed buildings in Leicester

References

External links

Parish website
Google Streetview Insideview of St Mary de Castro

12th-century church buildings in England
History of Leicester
Grade I listed churches in Leicestershire
Church of England church buildings in Leicester
Burial sites of the Bohun family
Anglo-Catholic church buildings in Leicestershire
Anglo-Catholic churches in England receiving AEO

Church of St Mary de Castro, Leicester


Kali Charan Bahl is an associate professor emeritus in two departments: South Asian Languages and Civilizations and Linguistics at the University of Chicago. He specialized in Hindi and related languages or dialects.

Bahl has published more than half a dozen books, in both Hindi and English, about the grammar, semantics, and dialectology of Hindi. He also did research in the 1960s on Korwa, a Munda language.

Upon retirement, he made a large donation of his personal collection of books and documents to Regenstein Library.

Works
 Norman H. Zide, Colin P. Masica, Kalicharan Bahl and Anoop C. Chandola, Editors. A Premchand Reader. Honolulu: East-West Center Press. 1962.
 1963.  Korwa Vocabulary.  Mimeo., Chicago.
 Reference grammar of Hindi (a study of some selected topics in Hindi grammar, 1967
 On the present state of modern Rajasthani grammar, Rājasthānī Sódha Saṃsthāna, 1972
 Ādhunika Rājasthānī kā saṃracanātmaka vyākaraṇa, Rājasthānī Śodha Saṃsthāna, 1980
 Studies in the semantic structure of Hindi: synonymous nouns and adjectives with karana, Motilal Banarsidass, 1974
 Study in the transformational analysis of the Hindi verb, 196u.
 The concept of person as a relational category in Modern Standard Hindi and interpersonal speech-behavior on the parts of its partakers, University of Chicago, 2007.

References

20th-century Indian linguists
University of Chicago faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people

Kali Charan Bahl


The following is a list of speed records for various types of vehicles. This list only presents the single greatest speed achieved in each broad record category; for more information on records under variations of test conditions, see the specific article for each record category. As with many world records, there may be some dispute over the criteria for a record-setting event, the authority of the organization certifying the record, and the actual speed achieved.

Land vehicles

By type of vehicle

By surface

Rail vehicles

Aircraft

Aircraft speed records are based on true airspeed, rather than ground speed.

Noted unofficial records

Watercraft

Spacecraft

In order to unambiguously express the speed of a spacecraft, a frame of reference must be specified. Typically, this frame is fixed to the body with the greatest gravitational influence on the spacecraft, as this is the most relevant frame for most purposes. Velocities in different frames of reference are not directly comparable; thus the matter of the "fastest spacecraft" depends on the reference frame used.

Because of the influence of gravity, maximum velocities are usually attained when a spacecraft is close to its primary body: either just after launch, at a point of closest approach (periapsis), or during the early stages of atmospheric entry.

See also
Orders of magnitude (speed)

References

Vehicle speed
World records
Vehicles

List of vehicle speed records


The daxophone, invented by Hans Reichel, is an electric wooden experimental musical instrument of the friction idiophones category.

Etymology
The dax in daxophone is derived from the German word Dachs, meaning "badger" and referencing the many animal sounds that the daxophone is capable of generating, changed to dax so that the instrument name echoes Adolphe Sax's saxophone.

History
The first usage of the daxophone in a musical work was the release of Hans Reichel's  album The Dawn of Dachsman in 1987. Even with Hans Reichel's second album featuring the daxophone, Shanghaied on Tor Road: The World's 1st Operetta Performed on Nothing but the Daxophone, the instrument had remained very obscure. It was not until after his release of Yuxo: A New Daxophone Operetta that the daxophone began to gain notability through the internet, spawning YouTube videos and inspiring other artists such as Michael Hearst to create their own albums featuring the daxophone. Even today, the daxophone remains fairly obscure, and as such it has not been mass-produced, though a small number of daxophone luthiers sell their own versions of the instrument. Luthier Yuri Landman has designed a simple-to-build daxophone for DIY workshops he regularly gives throughout Europe on academies, art spaces and festivals where participants build their own rudimentary version. Luthier Daniel Fishkin has extended Reichel's original concept considerably, developing several unique soundboards suitable for different types of musicians, from hobbyists to professionals. Daxophone maker Richard van Hoesel has developed a curved soundplate, which  significantly improves its ability to stay in contact with tongues as they are bent up and down by the dax and bow. This avoids the unpredictable volume changes and other undesirable effects that otherwise arise with daxophones with flat soundplates unless each tongue is carefully contoured on the underneath side as Hans Reichel suggested.

Construction
The daxophone consists of a wooden piece called a tongue, approximately 330 mm in length, 30 mm in width, and 5 mm in height, and fixed to a wooden block (often attached to a tripod, but also clamped to a table top), which holds one or more contact microphones. This wooden block has a cavity which is carved with a chisel for the insertion of two contact microphones, and a snakewood soundboard laid on top with the contact microphones glued to it. A wide range of voice-like timbres can be produced, depending on the shape of the tongue and the type of wood. The tongue shape is made with a coping saw, a scroll saw, or bandsaw. Denser woods such as ebony and oak produce a mellower sound than light woods. These sounds are notable for their comical, often human sounds.

Another vital part is the dax, sanded into a curved shape approximately 150 mm long and 50 mm tall, with a custom width tailored to the player's hands, and curved on both sides to allow for frictionless pitch changing. One side of the dax is fretted according to a random logarithmic succession, while the other is left unfretted and covered with a sheet of cardboard for a mellower sound and to preserve the surface. Two large fingerholes are drilled through the sides.

Reichel has documented the construction of the instrument in a way that a skilled woodworker could build their own. Plans are downloadable from his website, with a collection of proven shapes for the tongue delivered in the file format of a font, thus playing on Reichel's other profession as a typeface designer.

Usage

Normally, the daxophone is played by bowing the free end with a bow, most commonly a double bass bow, but it can also be struck or plucked, which propagates sound in the same way a ruler halfway off a table does. Vibrations then continue to the wooden-block base, which in turn is amplified by the contact microphone(s) therein. The timbre is adjusted by where it is bowed, and where along its length it is stopped with the dax. One side of the dax is fretted according to a randomly chosen logarithmic succession. The frequency interval between each fret in the succession will change due to the difference in pitch range between tongues, which is why the unfretted side is more frequently used for playing tonally in known compositions.

In popular culture
The 2022 horror film Smile features the daxophone as the lead instrument in its music score.

List of known daxophonists and discography
Kriton Beyer, aka kriton b.
 Nuc Box Hums (2017, Creative Sources Recordings – CS 408 CD)
 Redox Reaction – Live at Petersburg Art Space, Berlin (2021, Confront Recordings, London)
 Uproot – morphemes (2022, Procrustean Bed Records, PBR011)
Samuel Burt
Daniel Fishkin
You're A Strong One
Dark Listening
Michael Hearst (born 1972)
Michael Hearst Songs For Unusual Creatures (2012) (Urban Geek Records)
Richard van Hoesel
Hans Reichel (1949-2011)
The Dawn of Dachsman (1987, FMP)
Shanghaied on Tor Road: The World's 1st Operetta Performed on Nothing but the Daxophone (1992, FMP CD 46)
Lower Lurum (1993/1994, Rastascan BRD 016)
Yuxo: A New Daxophone Operetta (2002, A/L/L 003)
John C.L. Jansen
Music for Amplified Wood and Strings
Robert Schwimmer
Mark Stewart
Kazuhisa Uchihashi
King Pawns: Live in Berlin 2006 (with Hans Reichel, Innocentrecords ZEN-006)
Talking Daxophone (2018, Daxophone solo series, Innocentrecords icr-23)
Singing Daxophone (2021, Daxophone solo series 2, Innocentrecords icr-25)
Rei de Vries (born 1998)
Debut (Sound Lounge) (On Three D Radio, with Cellist Vladimir Dale)
Oneohtrix Point Never (real name Daniel Lopatin)
 Black Snow from Age Of (2018, Warp Records via Inertia Music)
[bugs cry what(吉本裕美子Yumiko Yoshimoto + 狩俣道夫Michio Karimata ) jigen production2019

See also
Musical saw

References

External links

Hans Reichel's FMP releases
Reichel's step-by-step construction of a daxophone

Album by American daxophonist Daniel Fishkin, featuring some live-looped daxophone recordings
video showcasing the process of building daxophones by Daniel Fishkin
The Daxophone - An Acoustic Synthesizer - Audio demonstration by Richard van Hoesel

Individual friction plaques
Bowed instruments
Amplified instruments
Experimental musical instruments
Continuous pitch instruments

Daxophone


The Dutch Single Top 100, also called the Single Top 100, is a music chart from the Netherlands that lists singles that people like. It is one of three official Dutch charts. The others are the Dutch Top 40 and the Mega Top 30. The Single Top 100 is often talked about on Dutch TV shows.

Dutch Single Top 100


Carbona is an unincorporated community in San Joaquin County, California, United States. Carbona is located on West Linne Road,  south southeast of Tracy. Carbona's post office is Tracy but has its own ZIP code 95304.

History
Carbona was originally a railroad station built at the junction with the Alameda and San Joaquin Railroad spur line to the Tesla coal mines in Corral Hollow.  The spur line was closed in 1916, by the Western Pacific Railroad following a flood in 1911 when the railroad line, coal other facilities were destroyed and the towns of Carnegie and Tesla were abandoned.

References

Unincorporated communities in California
Unincorporated communities in San Joaquin County, California

Carbona, California