Net neutrality in Canada is a debated issue, but not to the degree of partisanship in other nations, such as the United States, in part because of its federal regulatory structure and pre-existing supportive laws that were enacted decades before the debate arose.  In Canada, Internet service providers (ISPs) generally provide Internet service in a neutral manner. Some notable incidents otherwise have included Bell Canada's throttling of certain protocols and Telus's censorship of a specific website critical of the company.

However, the telecommunications concept currently is explicitly enforced by Canada's federal telecommunications regulatory body, The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), with the open support of the current federal government under Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.

History
In Canada, under the Federal Telecommunications Act of 1993, internet providers are considered utilities which are subject to regulations which in spirit predate later debates about net neutrality that state that service providers can't give "undue or unreasonable preference," nor can they influence the content being transmitted over their networks.  Furthermore, the CRTC, unlike the more directly political appointees of the American Federal Communications Commission (FCC), is a more arms-length regulatory body with more autonomous authority over telecommunications. For example, the CRTC's decisions rely more on a more judiciary process relying on evidence submitted during public consultations, rather than along party lines as the American FCC is prone to do.

In 2005, when Telus blocked access to labour union blogs during an employee strike, the question of net neutrality became more prominent.

In March 2006, the then Conservative government led by then Industry Minister Maxime Bernier updated the Telecommunications Policy Objectives and Regulation with new objectives to focus on three broad goals:
 Promoting affordable access to advanced telecommunications services in all regions of Canada, including urban, rural, and remote areas
 Enhancing the efficiency of Canadian telecommunications markets and the productivity of the Canadian economy
 Enhancing the social well-being of Canadians and the inclusiveness of Canadian society by meeting the needs of the disabled, enhancing public safety and security, protecting personal privacy and limiting public nuisance through telecommunications networks.

On February 7, 2007, The Canadian Press obtain documents where the Conservative government is reluctant to implement Net neutrality legislation. However, Bernier and his  advisers, despite acknowledging the arguments made by telecom companies, stated  that  "it would be premature at this time to draw any conclusions." The documents point to statements like public policy must consider consumer protection and choice, but it should also "enable market forces to continue to shape the evolution of the Internet infrastructure, investment and innovation to the greatest extent feasible.''

On May 28, 2008, the federal New Democratic Party (NDP) introduced a private member's bill, C-552, to the House of Commons that would explicitly entrench the principle of "net neutrality" and enact rules to keep the Internet free from interference by service providers. This bill died on the order paper at 1st reading on September 7, 2008, when Prime Minister Stephen Harper asked the Governor General for the dissolution of the 39th Session of Parliament.

On June 8, 2008, a private member's bill, C-555, entitled "The Telecommunications Clarity and Fairness Act" was introduced by Liberal MP David McGuinty (Ottawa–South) that sought to undertake, among other things, "an assessment of network management practices that favour, degrade or prioritize any packet transmitted over a broadband network based on source, ownership or destination". Like the NDP bill, this proposed legislation fell after the 39th Parliament was dissolved by the Governor General.

In November 2008, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) scheduled a review of the Internet traffic management of ISPs and is still in the review process. The CRTC took comments from the public until Monday, February 23, 2009.  In May 2009 An Act to amend the Telecommunications Act (Internet neutrality) was introduced during the second session of the 40th Parliament to ensure net neutrality.  This act (Bill C-398) did not become law.

On January 25, 2011, the CRTC ruled that usage-based billing could now be introduced. Prime Minister Harper signalled that the government may be looking into such a ruling: "We're very concerned about CRTC's decision on usage-based billing and its impact on consumers. I've asked for a review of the decision". Some have suggested that this adversely affects net neutrality, since it discriminates against media that is larger in size, such as audio and video. The new ruling significantly throttles the availability of access by small business owners as they would have to pay for services.

In April 2017, the CRTC took a series of decisions to support net neutrality but also allow ISP's to offer differential pricing to customers, but only in the areas of speed rates, monthly data usage etc. but not based on content.

On November 22, 2017, in an interview with Vice Motherboard, Canadian  Prime Minister Justin Trudeau expressed concern when the FCC in the United States proposed decreasing regulations concerning net neutrality. He stated that "Net neutrality is something that is essential for small businesses, for consumers, and it is essential to keep the freedom associated with the internet alive."

On December 14, 2017, Navdeep Bains, Minister of Innovation, Science and Economic Development concurred with that policy stating, "We believe that an open and accessible Internet is vital to the free flow of content and information, which, in turn, is vital to our democracy. Freedom, equality, diversity and openness are important values for our government, and we firmly intend to uphold these values."

Cases of net neutrality violation

Telus vs. Telecommunications Workers Union
In July 2005, while its union workers were locked out, Telus blocked its subscribers access to Voices for Change, which was a community website run by and for Telecommunications Workers Union members. Telus claimed the site suggested striking workers jam Telus phone lines and that it posted pictures of employees crossing the union picket lines. A Telus spokesperson said advocating jamming lines hurt the company, and access to those pictures threatened the privacy and safety of employees.

Telus said in a news release that it had reached an agreement with the operator of Voices for Change to allow re-enabled access to the website. The agreement included the removal of all content, including photographs, posted with the intent of intimidation.

Bell Canada traffic shaping
On April 3, 2008, the Canadian Association of Internet Providers requested that the CRTC require Bell Canada to immediately cease its traffic shaping and Internet traffic throttling. On November 20, 2008, the CRTC ruled that Bell Canada's traffic shaping was not discriminatory because it was applied to both wholesale and retail customers. The CRTC also called for public hearings to ensure that network management practices are administered fairly in the future.

Bell Mobile TV undue and unreasonable preference
On November 20, 2013, graduate student Benjamin Klass filed a Part 1 application to the CRTC claiming that Bell Mobility was "giving itself an unfair advantage by applying a separate data cap to its own new media". The CRTC ruled in favour of Klass' claims on January 29, 2015, ordering both Bell Mobility and Videotron to stop giving themselves "undue and unreasonable preference". Bell appealed the decision to the Federal Court of Appeal but the court dismissed the appeal in 2016

A 2019 Canadian documentary short entitled Dude, Where's my TV? presents Ben v. Bell, chronicles Klass' David and Goliath net neutrality battle with Bell.

Xplornet throttling complaints
In 2014, Xplornet faced 12 complaints over the use of throttling technologies. However, the CRTC decided not to impose penalties due to the fact that Xplornet had disclosed its policies before pledging to fix the problem.

Videotron's unlimited music service
In April 2017, the CRTC announced a ruling that required all data to be counted against a user's data cap, regardless of its source. The decision was made necessary by the introduction by Videotron of a cellular data plan that didn't count against the user's data cap any use of a "music over streaming" service in a restricted list of services (like Apple Music, Spotify and others). The rationale behind the decision was that the plan would give an unfair advantage to the services allowed on the list and would disadvantage small services that would want to enter the marketplace. The chairman of the CRTC, Jean-Pierre Blais, said at the time that "the aim [of] the decision was to encourage Internet service providers to compete on price, speed and network quality instead of acting as a gatekeeper."

Opinion on legislation
In 2007, Bell Canada spokeswoman Jacqueline Michelis in an e-mail to The Canadian Press argued that introducing net neutrality legislation was not necessary by stating "Our position on network diversity/neutrality is that it should be determined by market forces, not regulation." On June 18, 2009, the Conservative Party of Canada was non-committal on the issue, arguing that free market competition is preferable to regulation.

TekSavvy, Velcom, Acanac Inc. argue that throttling by Bell Canada at the ISP level makes it difficult to differentiate their services against Bell Canada, concerning issues about Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) and security, and the quality of service. According to TekSavvy, Bell Canada's congestion report to the CRTC shows that the "data suggests no congestion problems for at least 95 percent of the network in Ontario and Quebec." Wholesale ISPs do not throttle bandwidth, but since wholesalers do not have a full network infrastructure, they rely on Bell Canada's network for the last stretch of cabling to customers. When Bell Canada receives packets on the network, it may be throttled, slowing down the connection between the wholesale ISP and the customer. TekSavvy and Velcom support MLPPP which circumvents Bell Canada's throttling.

Yahoo! and Microsoft argue that net neutrality law is necessary because without such a law, ISPs will destroy the free and open nature of the Internet and also create a tiered, dollar-driven net that favours the wealthiest corporations over everyone else.

Rogers Communications Inc. supports Canada net neutrality framework.

Michael Geist has been writing about net neutrality in the Toronto Star. When he had an interview with CARTT.CA, he said that "from a policy and law perspective, we ought to be thinking about what kind of rules the government might consider to help facilitate some of that." Geist has used the Xplornet throttling complaints to indicate how Canada's current net neutrality framework does not uphold its principles. However, Ken Engelhart writing about net neutrality in the Financial Post argues that Canada's net neutrality framework can lead to over-regulation which can limit consumer choice.

Montreal Economic Institute: an op-ed published in the Morning Consult by a couple of staff members—former policy advisers to then Industry minister Maxime Bernier—argues in favor of net neutrality principles. However they favor a more "light touch regulatory regime that that can adapt to new business models and technological change " instead of ""strict preventive rules" when enforcing it. In addition, both of them feel like both sides are misinterpreting the debate about net neutrality While Marcel Boyer, in a 2009 article argued that net neutrality should be handled by anti-trust enforcement agencies such as the  Canadian Competition Bureau instead of the CRTC.

References

Canada
Internet in Canada

Net neutrality in Canada


Kilgore Trout is a fictional character created by author Kurt Vonnegut. Trout is a notably unsuccessful author of paperback science fiction novels.

"Trout" was inspired by the name of the author Theodore Sturgeon, Vonnegut's colleague in the genre of science fiction. Vonnegut was amused by the notion of a person with the name of a fish, and hence substituted "Trout" for "Sturgeon". Trout's appearances in a number of Vonnegut's works have led critics to also view the character as the author's own alter ego.

In an homage to Vonnegut, Kilgore Trout is also the ostensible author of the novel Venus on the Half-Shell (1975), written pseudonymously by Philip José Farmer.

Origins of the character
In 1957, Theodore Sturgeon moved to Truro, Massachusetts, where he befriended Vonnegut, then working as a salesman in a Saab dealership. At the time, both were writing in the genre of science fiction; Vonnegut had already published Player Piano, retitled Utopia 14 in paperback, while Sturgeon's then more-successful career (mainly as a short story writer) stretched back to 1938.  In fact, at the time of their initial meeting, Sturgeon was the most anthologized English-language science fiction author alive.

Sturgeon would continue writing, but his pace dipped noticeably after the end of the 1950s, and he published no original novels after 1961.  By the time of Kilgore Trout's first appearance (in 1965's God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater), both Vonnegut and Sturgeon had moved to different cities, and Vonnegut had begun to be perceived as a mainstream author.

The "Kilgore Trout" name was a transparent reference to the older writer (substituting "Kilgore" for "Theodore" and "Trout" for "Sturgeon"), but since the characterization was less than flattering (both Sturgeon and Trout were financially unsuccessful and seemingly slipping into obscurity), Vonnegut did not publicly state the connection, nor did Sturgeon encourage the comparison. It was not until after Sturgeon's death in 1985 that Vonnegut explicitly acknowledged the matter, stating in a 1987 interview that "Yeah, it said so in his obituary in The New York Times. I was delighted that it said in the middle of it that he was the inspiration for the Kurt Vonnegut character of Kilgore Trout."

The impetus to create Kilgore Trout as a character, Vonnegut suggested in a 1979 NYPR interview, was the convenience it offered to turn science-fiction plots into humorous parables. "Kilgore Trout was more or less invented by a friend of mine, Knox Burger, who was my editor in the early days. He did not suggest that I do this, but he said, 'You know, the problem with science-fiction? It's much more fun to hear someone tell the story of the book than to read the story itself.' And it's true: If you paraphrase a science-fiction story, it comes out as a very elegant joke, and it's over in a minute or so. It's a tedious business to read all the surrounding material. So I started summarizing [them], and I suppose I've now summarized 50 novels I will never have to write, and spared people the reading of them."

Appearances in Vonnegut books
Trout appears in several of Vonnegut's books, but the character is deliberately inconsistent as Vonnegut habitually changes major details about his life and circumstances with each appearance. Trout is consistently presented as a prolific but unappreciated science-fiction writer; other details, including his general appearance, demeanor and his dates of birth and death, vary widely from novel to novel.  (Perhaps the most extreme instance of this occurs in Jailbird, wherein "Kilgore Trout" is merely a pseudonym of Dr. Robert Fender, a novelist and prison inmate.)  Vonnegut makes no attempt to reconcile these sometimes extreme differences, and his novels do not form an internally consistent world.

Trout performs a variety of roles in Vonnegut's works: he acts as a catalyst for the main characters in Breakfast of Champions, God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater, and Slaughterhouse-Five, while in others, such as Jailbird and Timequake, Trout is an active character who is vital to the story. Trout is also described differently in several books; in Breakfast of Champions, he has, by the end, become something of a father figure, while in other novels, he seems to be something like Vonnegut in the early part of his career. In Hocus Pocus, Trout is not mentioned by name, but the protagonist is deeply affected while reading a Trout-like science fiction story.  In early novels, Kilgore Trout lives in Ilium, New York, a fictional town whose name is based on Troy, New York (Illium was the Roman name for ancient Troy and Vonnegut lived and worked in nearby Schenectady for some time). In later novels, Trout inhabits a basement apartment in Cohoes, an ailing mill community. While living in Cohoes, Trout works as an installer of "aluminum combination storm windows and screens." The ghost of Trout's son, Leon Trotsky Trout, is the narrator of the novel Galápagos.

Trout, who has supposedly written over 117 novels and over 2,000 short stories, is usually described as an unappreciated science fiction writer whose works are used only as filler material in pornographic magazines. However, he does have at least three fans: Eliot Rosewater and Billy Pilgrim—both Vonnegut characters—have a near-complete collection of Trout's work or have read most of his work; in Galápagos, Leon Trotsky Trout goes on leave in Thailand and meets an unnamed Swedish doctor who is a fan of Kilgore Trout. This doctor helps Leon desert the US Marine Corps and defect to Sweden, where he receives political asylum as a conscientious objector to the Vietnam War.

Vonnegut revised Trout's biography on several occasions. In Breakfast of Champions, he is born in 1907 and dies in 1981. In Timequake, he lives from 1917 to 2001. Both death dates are set in the future as of the time the novels were written. More recently, in an article for In These Times Vonnegut "reports" that Kilgore Trout commits suicide by drinking Drāno. Trout "dies" at midnight on October 15, 2004, in Cohoes following his consultation with a psychic, who informs him that George W. Bush would once again win the U. S. Presidential election by a vote of 5-to-4 in the Supreme Court. The epitaph on his tombstone reads, "Life is no way to treat an animal."

In Breakfast of Champions, Kilgore Trout has part of his right ring finger bitten off by the book's other main character, Dwayne Hoover, when Kilgore attends an arts festival in the Midwest. Trout also has an encounter with his creator, Mr. Vonnegut, in the final chapter.  Vonnegut tells him that he is setting him free, in much the same way that Leo Tolstoy freed his serfs, and that the rest of his life will be much happier: his work will be republished by reputable publishers, and his ideas will become very influential, leading to him winning the Nobel Prize for medicine.  However, Vonnegut cannot grant Trout's request to "make me young."

In Jailbird (1979), Kilgore Trout is revealed to be the only lifer in the Federal Minimum Security Adult Correctional Facility near Finletter Air Force Base, Georgia. Jailbird, narrated by the fictional character Walter F. Starbuck, shows Kilgore Trout to be the only American convicted of treason during the Korean War. Kilgore Trout is the pseudonym of (the equally fictional) Dr. Robert Fender, whose doctorate is in veterinary science. While in prison, Fender also writes many science fiction novels under another pseudonym, Frank X. Barlow, and works as the chief clerk in the supply room of the prison.

Galápagos is narrated by Leon Trotsky Trout (1946–1986), the son and only child of Kilgore Trout. Leon ran away at the age of 16, ashamed of his father, and never had any contact with him thereafter, until his death, when Kilgore appeared at the door of the "blue tunnel" that leads to the Afterlife. Kilgore appears at the door to the tunnel, urging his son to enter and proceed to the Afterlife. Three times Leon refuses, on the grounds that he wants to see more of human life in the hope of understanding it. During Kilgore's fourth appearance at the entrance to the blue tunnel, he threatens his son: if Leon doesn't leave the Earth immediately, the blue tunnel won't appear again for one million years. Since Kilgore has never lied to Leon, Leon knows this will come true. He is momentarily distracted by events on Earth, and the tunnel disappears. Galápagos contains several flashback scenes that explain the breakup between Kilgore and his wife. Leon states that he became a US Marine because his father was one. Trout's appearance in Galápagos is somewhat problematic for Vonnegut's continuity because the novel explicitly states that Kilgore dies before 1986, when the events of the novel take place. Yet Timequake finds him alive more than ten years later. In Galápagos, Leon uses his omniscient status as a ghost to confirm that he never fathered a child, so that Kilgore never had any descendants.

In Timequake Kilgore's creed is "You were sick, but now you are well again. And there's work to be done." The novel also features Trout's last and presumably only poem:

It is stated in Timequake that Trout's father killed his mother when Trout was 12. This influences Trout later in life, when he is shown to say the phrase "ting-a-ling" whenever greeted or asked any questions.

Trout accidentally becomes a great hero, rescuing many lives after the timequake, and finally receives a measure of acclaim: he spends his last days in a literary colony, honored for his heroism and some of his discarded works, which were preserved by a security guard.

In A Man Without a Country, Vonnegut receives a brief phone call on January 20, 2004, from Kilgore Trout in which they discuss George W. Bush's State of the Union Address and the imminent death of the Earth due to human carelessness.

In God Bless You, Dr. Kevorkian, Vonnegut's final interview is with Trout.

In other works

At least one actual published work is attributed to Kilgore Trout: the novel Venus on the Half-Shell, written by Philip José Farmer but published under the name "Kilgore Trout". For some time it was assumed that Vonnegut must have written it. Richard E. Geis, publisher of the semi-pro zine Science Fiction Review wrote a review under the assumption that Vonnegut had written the novel. Vonnegut, unhappy with the content of the review, later contacted Geis via an obsecenity filled phonecall to convey his displeasure at Geis' review and personal comments about him.

Trout is referred to in Salman Rushdie's magical realism novel The Ground Beneath Her Feet—"Books by famous American writers... science fiction by Kilgore Trout..."

Trout was portrayed by Albert Finney in the 1999 film version of Breakfast of Champions, directed by Alan Rudolph.

In the novel Fallen Angels by Larry Niven, Jerry Pournelle and Michael Flynn, the folksinging fan Jenny Trout (a character based on real-life filksinger Leslie Fish) is said to be the daughter of Kilgore Trout.

In The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen: Black Dossier, Trout is referenced in passing as having written stories for a gentleman's magazine called Stagman, an obvious reference to 1950s men's magazines such as Stag, which existed a level beneath the relative acceptability of Playboy.

In The World of Kurt Vonnegut: The Bell Curse, by Kevin G. Summers, Trout appears for the first time in a licensed work.

In the Capcom video game Breath of Fire II for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, two rival aristocrats are named Kilgore and Trout.

Works by Kilgore Trout

Novels
 Barring-gaffner of Bagnialto or This Year's Masterpiece (novel mentioned in Breakfast of Champions)
 The Big Board (novel mentioned in Slaughterhouse-Five)
 The Era of Hopeful Monsters (novel mentioned in Galápagos)
 First District Court of Thankyou (novel mentioned in Jailbird and God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater)
 The Gospel from Outer Space (novel mentioned in Slaughterhouse-Five)
 The Gutless Wonder (novel mentioned in Slaughterhouse-Five)
 How You Doin'? (novel mentioned in Breakfast of Champions)
 Maniacs in the Fourth Dimension (novel mentioned in Slaughterhouse-Five)
 The Money Tree (novel mentioned in Slaughterhouse-Five)
 Now It Can Be Told (novel mentioned in Breakfast of Champions)
 Oh Say Can You Smell? (novel mentioned in God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater)
 The Pan-Galactic Memory Bank (novel mentioned in Breakfast of Champions)
 The Pan-Galactic Straw Boss a.k.a. Mouth Crazy (novel mentioned in Breakfast of Champions)
 The Pan-Galactic Three-Day Pass (novel mentioned in God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater)
 Plague on Wheels (novel mentioned in Breakfast of Champions)
 The Smart Bunny (novel mentioned in Breakfast of Champions)
 The Son of Jimmy Valentine (novel mentioned in Breakfast of Champions)
 2BR02B (novel mentioned in God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater)
 Venus on the Half-Shell (novel first mentioned in God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater)

Short stories
 "Albert Hardy" (short story mentioned in Timequake)
 "An American Family Marooned on the Planet Pluto" (short story mentioned in Timequake)
 "Asleep at the Switch" (short story mentioned in Jailbird)
 "Bunker Bingo Party" (short story mentioned in Timequake)
 "The Dancing Fool" (short story mentioned in Breakfast of Champions)
 "Dog's Breakfast" (short story mentioned in Timequake)
 "Dr. Schadenfreude" (short story mentioned in Timequake)
 "Empire State" (short story mentioned in Timequake)
 "Gilgongo!" (short story mentioned in Breakfast of Champions)
 "Golden Wedding" (short story mentioned in Timequake)
 "Hail to the Chief" (short story mentioned in Breakfast of Champions)
 "No Laughing Matter" (short story mentioned in Timequake)
 "The Planet Gobblers" (short story mentioned in Palm Sunday)
 "The Protocols of the Elders of Tralfamadore" (short story mentioned in Hocus Pocus" – no author attributed, but bears many elements characteristic of Trout's work. Tralfamadore is mentioned by Eliot Rosewater in God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater. Tralfamadore is also a main element of the plots of The Sirens of Titan and Slaughterhouse-Five)
 "The Sisters B-36" (short story mentioned in Timequake)
 "This Means You" (short story mentioned in Breakfast of Champions)

Memoir
 My Ten Years on Automatic Pilot (nonfiction book mentioned in Timequake)

Play
 The Wrinkled Old Family Retainer (play mentioned in Timequake'')

References

Author surrogates
Characters in American novels of the 20th century
Characters in American novels of the 21st century
Fictional characters from New York (state)
Fictional writers
Fictional suicides
Kurt Vonnegut characters
Literary characters introduced in 1965
Fictional characters from the 20th century

Kilgore Trout


Tokyo Juliet (or 東方茱麗葉 in Chinese) is a 2006 Taiwanese dramatic television series. It stars Ariel Lin and Wu Zun of the band Fahrenheit. The series is based on the manga of the same name by Miyuki Kitagawa.

Cast
Ariel Lin 林瀨穗 Lin Lai Sui
Wu Chun as 紀風亮 Ji Feng Liang
Simon Yam as 褚形 Chu Xing
Tang Zhi Ping as Ai Li Ou
Huang Hong Sheng as 陸一彌 Lu Yi Mi
Kagami Tomohisa as 克行 Ke Xing
Lu Jia Xin as Gan Li Sha
Cai Shu Zhen as Gao Gang Quan
Cai Yi Zhen as 裴美子 Pei Mei Zi (Pei Mitsu)
Wu Jun Qiang as Guang Xi

2006 television series debuts
2006 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in Taiwan

Tokyo Juliet


Lou Taylor Pucci (born July 27, 1985) is an American actor who first appeared on film in Rebecca Miller's Personal Velocity: Three Portraits in 2002. Pucci had his breakthrough leading role in Thumbsucker (2005), for which he won a Special Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival and the Silver Bear for Best Actor at the Berlin Film Festival. Pucci then starred in The Chumscrubber (2005), Fast Food Nation (2006), The Go-Getter (2007), Explicit Ills (2008), and Carriers (2009). Pucci had starring roles in the 2013 Evil Dead remake, as well as The Story of Luke (2013) and Spring (2014).

Early life and education
Pucci was born in Seaside Heights, New Jersey. His mother, Linda Farver, is a former model and beauty queen (Miss Union County), and his father, Louis Pucci, worked as a guitarist for the bands The Watch and Leap of Faith. He has two brothers. At the age of two, he moved to Keansburg, New Jersey. He is a graduate of Christian Brothers Academy in Lincroft, New Jersey.

Career
He first acted at the age of ten in a hometown production of Oliver!. Two years later he acted as an understudy on Broadway playing Freidrich in The Sound of Music.  He can be seen in Arie Posin's The Chumscrubber, the HBO miniseries Empire Falls, and starring as the lead in Mike Mills' film Thumbsucker, for which he received the Special Jury Prize for Acting at the 2005 Sundance Film Festival and the Silver Bear Award for Best Actor at the 2005 Berlin Film Festival. He also played "St. Jimmy" in Green Day's  "Jesus of Suburbia" music video (with Thumbsucker co-star Kelli Garner).

In 2009, Pucci had three films that screened at the Sundance Film Festival: Brief Interviews with Hideous Men, directed by John Krasinski; The Informers, with Billy Bob Thornton, Winona Ryder, Kim Basinger and Mickey Rourke, based on Bret Easton Ellis' collection of short stories of the same name; and The Answer Man (formerly Arlen Faber and The Dream of the Romans) with Jeff Daniels and Lauren Graham. Pucci was also a juror for the short film competition.

Pucci had roles in multiple indie films for the latter part of the decade, and had a leading role playing an autistic man in The Story of Luke (2013), alongside Seth Green. He also had a starring role in the Evil Dead (2013) remake, based on Sam Raimi's 1981 original and played one of the leading roles in the thriller Spring. In November 2014, Pucci starred as Teddy Courtney in a Law & Order: Special Victims Unit-Chicago P.D. crossover.

He also portrayed Ben in the horror film Ava's Possessions. In 2016, he starred alongside Michael Shannon in the western thriller Poor Boy, which premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in April 2016.

In 2018, Pucci guest-starred in the first 3 episodes of Lifetime's thriller series You as Benji. In 2019 he guest-starred as Nock Nock in the FX comedy series You're the Worst, then went on to play a recurring role in American Horror Story: 1984.

Filmography

Film

Television

Music videos

References

External links

1985 births
American male film actors
Christian Brothers Academy (New Jersey) alumni
Living people
People from Keansburg, New Jersey
People from Seaside Heights, New Jersey
Sundance Film Festival award winners
Silver Bear for Best Actor winners
21st-century American male actors

Lou Taylor Pucci


CMS Made Simple (CMSMS) is a free, open source (GPL) content management system (CMS) to provide developers, programmers and site owners a web-based development and administration area. In 2017 it won the CMS Critic annual award for Best Open Source Content Management.

Software Design
CMS Made Simple is an open source package, built using PHP with support for MySQL. Although PostgreSQL was previously supported, the developers chose to remove PostgreSQL support and recent versions no longer support any database except MySQL. The template system is driven using the Smarty Template Engine. CMS Made Simple aims to provide easy development and customization with themes, add-on modules, dynamic menus, tags and translations. When developing a new feature, the tab opens full of default text. The developer starts by erasing the bits he doesn't need, and then adding further tags that link to plugins, known here as modules. As it suggests you customise existing working markup code.

Features and Intended Audience
CMS Made Simple has a web-based admin section for theme, template, and style-sheet development, installing and updating add-on modules, configuring page content blocks, and user groups and permissions.

As a development tool, CMS Made Simple has an intended audience of the more experienced developer.  Developing an effective site requires a working knowledge of at least HTML and CSS.  Whilst there is support for installation and subsequent application of a pre-designed theme (such as those available on Drupal), the system allows for the direct coding of page templates in HTML/CSS with the dynamic elements called in using Smarty tags.

Once a CMS Made Simple website is built, using the system for day-to-day content management tasks such as maintenance of a gallery, maintenance of news/blogs and page editing is designed to be straightforward and manageable by non-technical individuals such as site owners.

Modules and Themes

Modules
CMS Made Simple itself is designed as a base package that does not impose unnecessary modules and functionality on the user. It requires that site owners add modules and tags appropriate to the site. A small number of core modules are included with the default installation, notably a news manager, search function, and WYSIWYG editor (MicroTiny, a small, streamlined version of  TinyMCE).

Plugins: add-on modules
 Galleries
Member areas (password protected)
Company and User Directories
 Guestbooks
 Form Builders
 Captchas
 E-Commerce / shops
 Calendars
 Blogs
 RSS
Custom module creators

Numerous additional modules are available via the module repository or Module Manager

Themes
The internal template and stylesheet system allows for end-user theme creation, but others are available in a themes repository to download. Developers can choose the one that is closest to their wishes and customise further.

Support
Support for CMS Made Simple includes the content installed by default, built-in help, online docs, commercial/paid support, and a community.

CMS Made Simple holds an annual meeting for its enthusiasts known as The Geek Moot where how-to seminars and Q&A discussions are held.

History and Awards
'Best Open Source CMS' Winner in the CMS Critic 2017 Awards.

'Peoples Choice Award' in the CMS Critic 2014 Awards.

'Best Budget CMS - Critics Choice' Nominee in the CMS Critic 2012 Awards.

'Best Open Source CMS' Winner in the Packt Publishing 2010 Awards.

Oct, 2009 - Three Quarters of a Million Downloads Reached
 Aug, 2010 - CMS Made Simple Reaches One Million Downloads

See also

 Content management system
 List of content management systems

References

External links
Official sites
 Official site of CMS Made Simple
 Official Support Forum
 Official Core & Module Development Forge
 Official Documentation
Tutorials
 Tutorial for beginners

Free content management systems

CMS Made Simple


Frank Eastman Tate (born July 18, 1943) is an American jazz double-bassist. He plays a five-string double-bass.

Tate was born in Washington, DC but raised in Arlington, Virginia, where he learned to play trumpet in his youth. He picked up bass when he was 23 years old, and from 1972 to 1975 was the house bassist at the Blues Alley club. He relocated to New York City in 1975, and in the later 1970s played with Bobby Hackett, Dave McKenna, Red Balaban, and Marian McPartland. He joined Zoot Sims's band in 1980 and worked with him until 1983. He led a band in Ireland at the Queen's University Festival in 1983 that featured Al Cohn, John Bunch, Billy Hart, and Spanky Davis; he played the festival again in 1985 with Scott Hamilton, Dave McKenna, and Davis once again. Later, in the 1980s, he played with Pearl Bailey, Ruby Braff, and the Alden-Barrett Quintet.

References
"Frank Tate". The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz. 2nd edition, ed. Barry Kernfeld, 2004.

Further reading
Interview, The Note, vol. 3 (1), 1991, p. 2.
"Frank Tate". Jazz Journal International vol. 45 (2), 1992, p. 18, and vol. 45 (3), p. 10.

American jazz double-bassists
Male double-bassists
1943 births
Living people
Jazz musicians from Virginia
21st-century double-bassists
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians

Frank Tate (musician)


Phase difference can be defined as the difference between the position of the two waves propagating in the same direction (in a particular time), they don't rise or fall together. At a particular time, they make a difference in amplitude in their motion. For an example, if we consider two pendulum having same time period, now one is starting oscillating after a while another pendulum sets for oscillating then a phase difference is being established in between them.

Wave physics

Phase difference


Elizabeth Belle Drewry (1907 – January 5, 2000) was an American archivist, recognized for her long career at the National Archives and the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum. The first woman to become the head of a Presidential library, she was an expert in American World War I history and published Historical Units of the First World War (1942). In 1965, she received a Federal Women's Award, presented personally by President Lyndon B. Johnson for her work at the National Archives.

Education

Drewry was a native of Washington, D.C. and a graduate of Holy Cross High School. She went on to attend George Washington University, where she earned a bachelor's and master's degree, and then Cornell University, where she earned her doctorate. Her thesis dealt with Episodes in westward expansion as reflected in the writings of General James Wilkinson, 1784-1806.

Career

Drewry began her career as the head of the history department at Penn Hall Junior College in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania.

In 1936, she joined the National Archives as a reference supervisor. She spent a quarter of a century with the agency, ending her federal career as chief of the records retirement branch of the Office of Records Management. During the 1950s, she spearheaded an effort to introduce a uniform records retention and disposal system.

Drewry was a specialist in World War I history. Her book, Historical Units of the First World War, was published in 1942 by the Government Printing Office. She also served as an adviser to the Thomas A. Edison Foundation.

After Herman Kahn left the Library to take up a post as Special Assistant to the Archivist of the United States, Drewry stepped into the role of Director. She was the first woman to head a Presidential Library, and served there from 1961 to 1969.  From 1963 to 1967 she served as a Council Member of the Society of American Archivists (SAA). She was one of only fourteen women to hold an elected office in the SAA before 1972, when the committee  on  the  Status
of  Women  in  the  Archival  Profession was formed.  Drewry was instrumental in the effort to raise funds to expand the Library to house Eleanor Roosevelt's papers; construction was completed in 1972.

After her retirement from the Library, Drewry spent several years as the director of a girls summer camp in Chambersburg, Camp Robin Hood.

Awards and honors

 Federal Women's Award
 Fellow, Society of American Archivists

References

Female archivists
1907 births
2000 deaths
Cornell University alumni
Fellows of the Society of American Archivists

Elizabeth B. Drewry


Cboe Global Markets is an American company that owns the Chicago Board Options Exchange and the stock exchange operator BATS Global Markets.

Cboe Global Markets owns and operates four options exchanges:
 Cboe Options Exchange (Chicago Board Options Exchange),
 Cboe C2 Options Exchange,
 Cboe BZX Options Exchange, and
 Cboe EDGX Options Exchange;
seven equities exchanges:
 Cboe BZX Exchange,
 Cboe BYX Exchange,
 Cboe EDGX Exchange,
 Cboe EDGA Exchange,
 Cboe  Exchange,
 Cboe  Exchange, and
 Cboe DXE Exchange;
one futures exchange:
 Cboe Futures Exchange;
and one foreign exchange marketplace:
 Cboe FX.

History
Founded in 1973 by the Chicago Board of Trade and member owned for several decades, on March 11, 2010 the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) filed paperwork to launch an initial public offering and began trading on the NASDAQ stock exchange on June 15, 2010.

In September 2011, CBOE Stock Exchange (CBSX) entered into an agreement to acquire the National Stock Exchange. The acquisition was completed on December 30, 2011 with both exchanges to operate under separate names. The National Stock Exchange continued to be based in Jersey City. The National Stock Exchange ceased trading operations on May 30, 2014. The closure brought the number of active stock exchanges in the United States to 11, as the CBOE Stock Exchange had closed the month prior. Wrote Bloomberg, that left "just one public exchange, Chicago Stock Exchange Inc., that isn't owned by Bats, Nasdaq OMX Group Inc., or IntercontinentalExchange Group Inc."

In June 2015, CBOE announced its acquisition of the LiveVol platform, a market data services provider.

In January 2016, CBOE announced it had purchased a majority stake in Vest Financial, an investment adviser specializing in "options-centric products".

In September 2016, it was announced that CBOE was purchasing BATS Global Markets, effective in early 2017, for approximately US$3.2 billion.

In October 2017, the company rebranded from CBOE Holdings to Cboe Global Markets in a global rebrand.

In June 2021, Cboe announced that it had completed its acquisition of Chi-X Asia Pacific which had operated an alternative market operator and provided innovative market solutions. Through the acquisition, Cboe established a significant presence in the Asia Pacific region for the first time by gaining access to two of the world's largest securities markets in Japan and Australia.

In May 2022, Cboe completed its acquisition of Eris Digital Holdings (ErisX), a US-based digital asset spot market, regulated futures exchange, and regulated clearinghouse.

See also
 Chicago Board Options Exchange
 Direct Edge
 BATS Global Markets

References

External links

American companies established in 1973
1973 establishments in Illinois
Financial services companies established in 1973
Companies based in Chicago
Companies listed on Cboe BZX
Economy of Chicago
Stock exchanges in the United States
Options exchanges in the United States
2010 initial public offerings

Cboe Global Markets


Dharmapuri taluk is a taluk in the Dharmapuri district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Dharmapuri.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Dharmapuri had a population of 441,115 with 225,969  males and 215,146 females. There were 952 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 64.96. Child population in the age group below 6 was 24,262 Males and 22,372 Females.

References

Dharmapuri district

Dharmapuri taluk


WWE, an American professional wrestling promotion based in Stamford, Connecticut, has been promoting events in Saudi Arabia since 2014. After initially holding non-televised house shows, in 2018 WWE announced a 10-year strategic partnership with the Ministry of Sport, which would include the hosting of pay-per-view (PPV) events in Saudi Arabia. WWE announced on November 4, 2019, that it had "expanded" its partnership with the General Authority for Entertainment through 2027, under which it would hold two "large-scale events" in the country per-year. These events have been held at venues in either the capital city of Riyadh, or Jeddah.

The first event in the agreement was Greatest Royal Rumble—a one-off edition of WWE's annual Royal Rumble PPV—on April 27, 2018. In November of that year, WWE held a second PPV in Saudi Arabia, Crown Jewel. Beginning in 2019, WWE began to regularly hold two PPVs in Saudi Arabia per-year, with one Super ShowDown event in the first half of the year, and Crown Jewel in late-October or early-November. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and WWE's suspension of touring, Crown Jewel was not held in 2020. Super ShowDown was not held in 2021, but Crown Jewel would return. Beginning in 2022, Super ShowDown was replaced by events within WWE's existing PPV chronologies, including Elimination Chamber and a revival of Night of Champions.

The partnership has faced criticism over Saudi Arabia's poor human rights record (including its suppression of women's and LGBT rights), the country's use of sport to direct public attention from it, as well as the 2018 assassination of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi. Some WWE performers have declined to participate in the Saudi shows due to objections over the government's policies. Due to the aforementioned restrictions on women's rights, members of WWE's women's division did not perform in the Saudi shows until Crown Jewel in 2019, where Natalya and Lacey Evans participated in WWE's first women's match in the country.

The Wrestling Observer Newsletter gave the relationship between WWE and Saudi Arabia their annual "Most Disgusting Promotional Tactic" award in both 2018 and 2019, the first time in history it has been given twice to the same maneuver. WWE's Saudi shows also took the publication's "Worst Major Wrestling Show" for three consecutive years, including 2018's Crown Jewel, and the 2019 and 2020 Super ShowDown respectively.

History
In December 2013, it was announced that WWE would begin holding shows in Saudi Arabia, and in April 2014, the promotion held their first house shows in Riyadh; these were three separate shows at Green Halls Stadium. In October 2015, WWE held three house shows in Jeddah, at the King Abdullah Sports City Sports Hall. In November 2016, WWE returned to Green Halls Stadium for two non-televised events, which exclusively featured wrestlers from the SmackDown brand. In 2017, WWE launched the Arabic-language recap show, WWE Wal3ooha, which airs in Saudi Arabia.

On March 5, 2018, WWE and the Saudi General Sports Authority (renamed Ministry of Sport in 2020) advertised the Greatest Royal Rumble, a televised live event to be held on April 27, 2018, at King Abdullah International Stadium in Jeddah. The event was announced as the first in a 10-year strategic multi-platform partnership between WWE and the Saudi General Sports Authority in support of Saudi Vision 2030, the country's social and economic reform program.

WWE announced on November 4, 2019, that it had "expanded" its partnership with the General Entertainment Authority through 2027, under which it would hold two "large-scale events" in Saudi Arabia per-year.

Controversies

Women's rights

WWE received criticized for holding the events without female wrestlers, who were unable to perform in Saudi Arabia between 2014 and 2019, due to the country's limitation on women's rights. Triple H, WWE's Executive Vice President of Talent, Live Events and Creative, stated: "I understand people are questioning it, but every culture is different and just because you don't agree with a certain aspect of it, you can't dictate to a country about how they handle things... WWE is at the forefront of a women's evolution in the world [and] we have had discussions about [women competing] and hope in the next few years, they will".

Consistent with the change in law for sporting events in 2017, women were able to attend WWE events if accompanied by a male guardian. This was in response to "a series of social changes" by Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman, who repealed the previous legislation completely banning women from public events. During the Greatest Royal Rumble, WWE aired a promotional video which included female wrestlers in their ring gear. The Saudi General Sports Authority issued an apology for "indecent material" that aired at the event.

During the second Crown Jewel event in 2018, Renee Young provided commentary at the show; she reprised her role at 2019's Super ShowDown. Hours before 2019's Super ShowDown, reports emerged that WWE were attempting to add a women's match, which would have seen Alexa Bliss face Natalya. The two women joined WWE personnel for the trip, but the match was ultimately rejected by the Saudi Arabian government.

On October 30, 2019, WWE announced that a match between Natalya and Lacey Evans had been approved for the 2019 Crown Jewel event, making it the first-ever women's match in Saudi Arabia. At the event, Evans wore a full bodysuit instead of her normal ring attire (Natalya's normal ring attire is a full bodysuit) and both wore T-shirts promoting their WWE shirts for sale, due to the country's conservative dress policy. WWE largely celebrated the match as groundbreaking, which they later nominated for a WWE Year-End Award for Moment of the Year, with WWE CBO Stephanie McMahon stating in an interview: "You can either sit on the sidelines and there are plenty of companies and brands that decide to do that or you can be a part of hopefully enacting change. You can be a part of progress. Nothing worthwhile is ever easy. It takes time. It takes perseverance. Now here we are with the first ever women's match in Saudi Arabia. It's pretty mind blowing."

However, reactions from other media outlets were mixed. While some were positive, such as Heavy.com, who stated that the match was "put in place to break barriers and further WWE's 'Women's Evolution' for the proud ladies in attendance and watching all over the world. And for that, I have to give it the utmost props", or Canoe.com who stated that "The historic match was about and meant so much more [than its result]."  Newsweek called the match part of "Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman's [intent on] luring major sports event [...] to position the ultra-conservative Islamic country as more liberal and diversify its economy away from depending on the oil industry as part of its Saudi Vision 2030 plan", with Saudi Arabian Amnesty International researcher Dana Ahmed calling the match "a prime example how the Saudi Arabian authorities are using elite sports to try to 'sportswash' their dire human rights record and image internationally". CBS Sports criticized Michael Cole's commentary, pointing out that he was "trying to put over the progressiveness of Saudi Arabia" during the match.

At Super ShowDown in 2020, Bayley defended her SmackDown Women's Championship against Naomi, making it the first time a women's championship was defended in Saudi Arabia.

Killing of Jamal Khashoggi

One month prior to the 2018 edition of Crown Jewel, Saudi Arabia received substantial negative press due to the killing of Jamal Khashoggi at the hands of Saudi agents. This led to the WWE facing calls to cancel the event, with prominent U.S. Democratic and Republican politicians criticizing the company's endeavors in Saudi Arabia. Questions were raised whether because of the position of then-Administrator of the Small Business Administration Linda McMahon, who is married to the WWE Chairman Vince McMahon and a former WWE executive herself, WWE's endeavors in Saudi Arabia could still be viewed as a strictly private business enterprise. Due to this, Democratic Senator Bob Menendez urged the US government to pressure WWE into canceling the event, while Republican Lindsey Graham, among others, called for WWE to reconsider their business deal with the Saudi kingdom. WWE continued to promote the show, but erased all references to Saudi Arabia as the event's location.

On October 19, the day tickets were to go on sale, the Saudi government confirmed the death of Khashoggi within the consulate and WWE.com removed ticket information from the event page. On October 25, WWE confirmed the event would go on as planned, citing contractual obligations to the General Sports Authority. Speaking with Sky Sports on pushing forward with the event despite the murder, Stephanie McMahon spoke of "an incredibly tough decision, given that heinous act", but said that in the end it was strictly a business decision.

Wrestlers refusing to work
Sami Zayn did not participate in the Greatest Royal Rumble as Zayn is of Syrian descent, and Saudi Arabia had strained relations with Syria. Noam Dar, an Israeli wrestler, of 205 Live has never participated in any of the Saudi events due to the Arab League boycott of Israel and the Arab–Israeli conflict.

During Crown Jewel (2018), Daniel Bryan was scheduled to face AJ Styles for the WWE Championship, but he refused to work the show due to the Khashoggi murder. As a result, his title match was bumped up to the October 30 episode of SmackDown, and he was replaced by Samoa Joe. John Cena, who was scheduled to participate in the WWE World Cup at the event and had called it "an honor and a privilege" to compete in Saudi Arabia during the Greatest Royal Rumble, was replaced by Bobby Lashley, as he reportedly refused to work the show in wake of the Khashoggi murder. In February 2019, Fightful reported that prior to his leukemia diagnosis, Roman Reigns had informed Vince McMahon that he also would not be taking part in the Crown Jewel PPV due to the controversy surrounding the event.

In 2019 for Super ShowDown, Kevin Owens and Aleister Black told WWE that they would not travel to Saudi Arabia, in addition to Zayn and Bryan once again not competing on the show. Kevin Owen's refusal to work the show allegedly comes from his friendship with Sami Zayn. As a result of his absence, he was replaced in the WWE Championship match by Dolph Ziggler.

Despite Dar not participating in the Saudi Arabia shows due to the Arab–Israeli conflict, Goldberg and Paul Heyman have worked multiple Saudi Arabia shows without incident despite both being Jewish and in Heyman's case his own mother having been a Holocaust survivor. Goldberg would go on to defend WWE on the shows following his victory over Bobby Lashley at the 2021 Crown Jewel, saying that he feels the country is heading in the right direction in "Westernizing" the country and the Middle East region as a whole, citing the progress just in WWE's shows alone in the Kingdom. Goldberg did, however, later admit on Pat McAfee's podcast that he was initially scared to go to Saudi Arabia due to his strong Jewish heritage, but felt more comfortable after receiving a positive response from the Saudi fans and understood the bigger picture of the shows.

Since Saudi Arabia has strict laws against apostasy which is punishable by death, Montel Vontavious Porter (Hassan Assad), who is a former Muslim converted during his prison term, avoided travel to the country for Crown Jewel in 2022.

After Saudi Arabia–Syria relations were re-established in May 2023, Zayn and Owens were scheduled to perform at Night of Champions later that month in Jeddah. This was in turn Zayn's first Saudi event since a WWE Live tour in April 2014 and Owens' first Saudi event since Greatest Royal Rumble in April 2018.

Travel issues
After Crown Jewel in 2019, a charter flight back to the United States carrying roughly 200 WWE employees (including performers and other staff) was delayed at King Fahd International Airport for multiple hours. WWE and the airline Atlas Air officially stated that the flight had been grounded for mechanical issues, but reports from former WWE Spanish-language commentator Hugo Savinovich and wrestling journalist Dave Meltzer suggested that disputes with the Saudi government over missed payments to WWE for the previous shows were a factor in the delays (including the presence of Saudi military police). 20 WWE employees, including CEO Vince McMahon and 12 wrestlers, booked their own flights back to the United States, while the following night's SmackDown in Buffalo was retooled to primarily feature talent from the women's division and NXT (which did not participate in the event).

Lawsuit
On March 6, 2020, a retirement fund for firefighters filed a lawsuit against WWE in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, stemming from concerns related to the fund's holding of WWE stock. According to Forbes, it is "an attempt at class action alleging that WWE defrauded investors via its handling of their deals with the Saudi royal family, who also control OSN, the network that airs WWE programming in Saudi Arabia." The lawsuit claims that the Saudi Arabian government failed to pay WWE millions of dollars owed from their deal with the company, that WWE's failed to disclose said payment issues and that OSN unlawfully terminated a broadcast deal with WWE.

Live events

House shows

Pay-per-view and livestreaming events

See also

 Sportwashing

References

Entertainment events in Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia–United States relations
Wrestling Observer Newsletter award winners

WWE in Saudi Arabia


Arminiya, also known as the Ostikanate of Arminiya (, Arminia vostikanut'yun) or the Emirate of Armenia (, imārat armīniya), was a political and geographic designation given by the Muslim Arabs to the lands of Greater Armenia, Caucasian Iberia, and Caucasian Albania, following their conquest of these regions in the 7th century. Though the caliphs initially permitted an Armenian prince to represent the province of Arminiya in exchange for tribute and the Armenians' loyalty during times of war, Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan introduced direct Arab rule of the region, headed by an ostikan with his capital in Dvin. According to the historian Stephen H. Rapp in the third edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam:

History

Early period: the Arab conquest of Armenia

The details of the early conquest of Armenia by the Arabs are uncertain, as the various Arabic sources conflict with the Greek and Armenian sources, both in chronology and in the details of the events. However, the broad thrust of the Arab campaigns is consistent between the sources, allowing for a reconstruction of events by modern scholars.

According to the Arabic sources, the first Arab expedition reached Armenia in 639/640, on the heels of their conquest of the Levant from the Byzantines and the start of the Muslim conquest of Persia. The Arabs were led by Iyad ibn Ghanim and penetrated as far as Bitlis. A second expedition occurred in 642, only to be defeated and pushed out of the country. After this setback, the Arabs only undertook a raid from Adharbayjan in 645, led by Salman ibn Rabi'a, but this only touched the Armenian borderlands. The Muslim sources place the actual conquest of the country in 645/646, under the command of Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri. The Arabs first moved against the western, Byzantine portion of the country, captured Theodosiopolis and defeated a Byzantine army, before subduing the Armenian princes around Lake Van and marching onto Dvin, the capital of the former Persian portion of Armenia. Dvin capitulated after a few days of siege, as did Tiflis further north in Caucasian Iberia. During the same time, another Arab army from Iraq, under Salman ibn Rabi'a, conquered Caucasian Albania (Arran).

Although Arab sources imply that the country was henceforth effectively under Arab rule, modern historians generally consider the contemporary account of the Armenian bishop Sebeos, partly corroborated by the Byzantine chronicler Theophanes the Confessor more reliable, and have proposed different reconstructions of the early Arab raids between 640 and 650, based on a critical reading of the sources; it is clear, however, that the country did not submit to Arab rule at this time.

Armenian histories report that the Arabs first arrived in 642, penetrating to the central region of Ayrarat, and sacked Dvin, returning with over 35,000 captives. In 643, the Arabs invaded again from the direction of Arran, ravaged Ayrarat and reached Iberia, but were defeated in battle by the Armenian leader Theodore Rshtuni and forced back. After this success, Rshtuni was recognized as ruler of Armenia by the Byzantine emperor Constans II, in exchange for accepting Byzantine suzerainty. When Constans' truce with the Arabs ended in 653, however, to avoid a new Arab invasion, Rshtuni voluntarily agreed to submit to Muslim overlordship. Emperor Constans then campaigned in person in Armenia, restoring Byzantine rule, but soon after his departure in early 654 the Arabs invaded the country. With their assistance, Rshtuni evicted the Byzantine garrisons from Armenia and secured Arab recognition as presiding prince of Armenia, Iberia, and Albania. The Byzantines under general Maurianos tried to recover control of the region, but without success. In 655, even Byzantine Armenia was invaded, and the Arabs occupied Theodosiopolis (Arabic Qaliqala) and cemented their control of the country by taking Rhstuni to Damascus, where he died in 656, and appointing his rival Hamazasp IV Mamikonian in his stead. However, with the outbreak of the First Muslim Civil War in 657, effective Arab authority in the country ceased, and Mamikonian returned to Byzantine overlordship almost immediately.

In 661, however, Mu'awiya, now the victor of the Muslim civil war, ordered the Armenian princes to re-submit to his authority and pay tribute. In order to avoid another war, the princes complied. The Arab policy of demanding that the tribute be paid in money had an effect on Armenian economy and society. Coins were struck in Dvin. The Armenians were forced to produce a surplus of food and manufactured goods for sale. A strong urban life was developed in Caucasia as the economy revived.

Establishment of direct Muslim control
For most of the second half of the 7th century, Arab presence and control in Armenia was minimal. Armenia was considered conquered land by the Arabs, but enjoyed de facto autonomy, regulated by the treaty signed between Rhstuni and Mu'awiya. Indeed, as Aram Ter-Ghewondyan comments, under Arab suzerainty "the country enjoyed a degree of independence such as it had not known since the fall of the Arsacids" in the 5th century. According to the terms of the treaty, the Armenian princes were submitted to—relatively low—taxation and the obligation to provide soldiers when requested, for which the princes were to be paid an annual subsidy of 100,000 dirhams. In exchange, no Arab garrison or official was installed in Armenian lands, and Arab assistance was even promised in the event of Byzantine attack.

The situation changed in the reign of the caliph Abd al-Malik (). Beginning in 700, the Caliph's brother and governor of Arran, Muhammad ibn Marwan, subdued the country in a series of campaigns. Although the Armenians rebelled in 703 and received Byzantine aid, Muhammad ibn Marwan defeated them and sealed the failure of the revolt by executing the rebel princes in 705. Armenia, along with the principalities of Caucasian Albania and Iberia (modern Georgia) was grouped into one vast province called al-Arminiya (الارمينيا), with its capital at Dvin (Arabic Dabil), which was rebuilt by the Arabs and served as the seat of the governor (ostikan)  and of an Arab garrison. For much of the remaining Umayyad period, Arminiya was usually grouped together with Arran and the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia) under a single governor into an ad hoc super-province.

Arminiya was governed by an emir or wali headquartered at Dvin, whose role however was limited to defence and the collection of taxes: the country was largely run by the local princes - the nakharars. The province was divided into four regions: Arminiya I (Caucasian Albania), Arminiya II (Caucasian Iberia), Arminiya III (the area around Aras River), Arminiya IV (Taron). The local nobility was headed, as in Sasanian times, by a presiding prince (իշխան, ishkhan), a title which in the 9th century, beginning probably with Bagrat II Bagratuni, evolved into the title of "prince of princes" (իշխանաց իշխան, ishkhanac' ishkhan). Acting as the head of the other princes, the ishkhanac' ishkhan was answerable to the Arab governor, being responsible for the collection of the taxes owed to the caliphal government and the raising of military forces when requested.

A census and survey of Arminiya was undertaken , followed by a significant increase in taxation so as to finance the Caliphate's increasing military needs in the various fronts. The Armenians participated with troops in the hard-fought campaigns of the Second Arab–Khazar War in the 720s and 730s. As a result, in 732, governor Marwan ibn Muhammad (the future Caliph Marwan II) named Ashot III Bagratuni as the presiding prince of Armenia, an act which essentially re-confirmed the country's autonomy within the Caliphate.

Abbasid period until 884

With the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate after the Abbasid Revolution, a period of repression was inaugurated. This was followed by Caliph al-Mansur revoking the privileges and abolishing the subsidies paid to the various Armenian princes (the nakharars) and imposing harsher taxation, leading to the outbreak of another major rebellion in 774. The revolt was suppressed in the Battle of Bagrevand in April 775. The failure of the rebellion saw the near-extinction, reduction to insignificance or exile to Byzantium of some of the most prominent nakharar families, most importantly the Mamikonian. In its aftermath, the Caliphate tightened its grip on the Transcaucasian provinces: the nobility of neighbouring Iberia was also decimated in the 780s, and a process of settlement with Arab tribes began which by the middle of the 9th century led to the Islamization of Caucasian Albania, while Iberia and much of lowland Armenia came under the control of a series of Arab emirates. At the same time, the power vacuum left by the destruction of so many nakharar clans was filled by two other great families, the Artsruni in the south (Vaspurakan) and the Bagratuni in the north.

Despite several insurrections, the Emirate of Armenia lasted until 884, when the Bagratuni Ashot I, who had managed to win control over most of its area, declared himself "King of the Armenians". He received recognition by Caliph Al-Mu'tamid of the Abbasid dynasty in 885 and Byzantine Emperor Basil I of the Macedonian dynasty in 886.

Ashot was swiftly able to expand his power. Through family links with the two next most important princely families, the Artsruni and the Siwnis, and through a cautious policy towards the Abbasids and the Arab emirates of Armenia, by the 860s he had succeeded in becoming in fact, if not yet in name, an autonomous king.

Arab governors of Armenia

Early governors
These are reported as governors under the Caliphs Uthman (r. 644–656) and Ali (r. 656–661), as well as the early Umayyads:
Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman
Mughira ibn Shu'ba
 Al-Qasim ibn Rabi'a ibn Umayya ibn Abi al-Salt al-Thaqafi
 Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri
 Al-Ash'ath ibn Qays al-Kindi (ca. 657)
Al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra (ca. 686)

Emirs (Ostikans)
With the submission of Armenia to Muhammad ibn Marwan after 695, the province was formally incorporated into the Caliphate, and an Arab governor (ostikan) installed at Dvin:
 Muhammad ibn Marwan (c. 695–705), represented by the following deputies:
 Uthman ibn al-Walid ibn Uqba
 Abdallah ibn Hatim al-Bahili
 Abd al-Aziz ibn Hatim al-Bahili (706–709)
 Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik (709–721)
 Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah (721–725)
 Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik (725–729)
 Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah (729–730)
 Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik (730–732)
 Marwan ibn Muhammad (732–733)
 Sa'id ibn Amr al-Harashi (733–735)
 Marwan ibn Muhammad (735–744)
 Ishaq ibn Muslim al-Uqayli (744–750)
 Abu Ja'far Abdallah ibn Muhammad (750–753)
 Yazid ibn Asid ibn Zafir al-Sulami (753–755)
 Sulayman (755–?)
 Salih ibn Subai al-Kindi (c. 767)
 Bakkar ibn Muslim al-Uqayli (c. 769–770)
 al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba (770/771–773/774)
 Yazid ibn Asid ibn Zafir al-Sulami (773/774–778)
 Uthman ibn 'Umara ibn Khuraym (778–785)
 Khuzayma ibn Khazim (785–786)
 Yusuf ibn Rashid al-Sulami (786–787)
 Yazid ibn Mazyad al-Shaybani (787–788)
 Ubaydallah ibn al-Mahdi (788–791) (?)
 Abd al-Qadir (791)
 Al-Fadl ibn Yahya al-Barmaki (791–793)
 Umar ibn Ayyub al-Kinani (793)
 ? (793)
 Khalid ibn Yazid al-Sulami (793–794)
 Al-Abbas ibn Jarir ibn Yazid al-Bajali (794)
 Musa ibn Isa ibn Musa al-Hashimi (794–795)
 Yahya ibn Sa'id al-Harashi (795)
 Ahmad ibn Yazid ibn Usayd al-Sulami (795–797)
 Sa'id ibn Salm al-Bahili (797–799)
 Nasr ibn Habib al-Muhallabi (799)
 Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan (799)
 Yazid ibn Mazyad al-Shaybani (799–801)
 Asad ibn Yazid al-Shaybani (801–802)
 Muhammad ibn Yazid al-Shaybani (802–803)
 Khuzayma ibn Khazim (803–?)
 Sulayman ibn Yazid (807–808)
 Asad ibn Yazid al-Shaybani (c. 810)
 Ishaq ibn Sulayman al-Hashimi (c. 813)
 Khalid ibn Yazid ibn Mazyad al-Shaybani (813–?) (828–832), (841), (c. 842–844)
 Muhammad ibn Khalid al-Shaybani (c. 842/844–?)
 Abu Sa'id Muhammad al-Marwazi (849–851)
 Yusuf ibn Abi Sa'id al-Marwazi (851–852)
 Bugha al-Kabir (852–855)
 Muhammad ibn Khalid al-Shaybani (857–862)
 Ali ibn Yahya al-Armani (862–863)
 al-Abbas ibn al-Musta'in (863–865)
 Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz (866–867)
 Abi'l-Saj Devdad (867–870)
 Isa ibn al-Shaykh al-Shaybani (870–875, nominally until 882/3)
 Ja'far Al-Mufawwid (875–878)
 Muhammad ibn Khalid al-Shaybani (878)

Presiding princes of Armenia

Mjej II Gnuni Մժեժ Բ Գնունի, 628–635
David Saharuni Դավիթ Սահառունի, 635–638
Theodore Rshtuni Թէոդորոս Ռշտունի, 638–645
Varaztirots II Bagratuni Վարազ Տիրոց Բ Բագրատունի, 645
Theodore Rshtuni Թէոդորոս Ռշտունի, 654–655
Mushegh IV Mamikonian Մուշէղ Բ Մամիկոնեան, 654
Theodore Rshtuni Թէոդորոս Ռշտունի, 654–655
Hamazasp IV Mamikonian Համազասպ Բ Մամիկոնեան, 655–658
Gregory I Mamikonian Գրիգոր Ա Մամիկոնեան, 662–684/85
Ashot II Bagratuni Աշոտ Բ Բագրատունի, 686–690
Nerses Kamsarakan Ներսէս Կամսարական, 689–691
Smbat VI Bagratuni Սմբատ Զ Բագրատունի, 691–711
Ashot III Bagratuni Աշոտ Գ Բագրատունի, 732–744
Gregory II Mamikonian Գրիգոր Բ Մամիկոնեան, 745–746
Ashot III Bagratuni Աշոտ Գ Բագրատունի, 746–748
Gregory II Mamikonian Գրիգոր Բ Մամիկոնեան, 748
Mushegh VI Mamikonian Մուշէղ Բ Մամիկոնեան, 748–753
Sahak VII Bagratuni Սահակ Է Բագրատունի, 755–761
Smbat VII Bagratuni Սմբատ Է Բագրատունի, 761–775
Ashot IV Bagratuni Աշոտ Դ Բագրատունի, 806–826
Bagrat II Bagratuni Բագրատ Բ Բագրատունի, 830–851
Ashot V Bagratuni Աշոտ Ա Հայոց Արքայ, Աշոտ Ե իշխան Հայոց, 862–884

See also
 Greater Armenia
 Islam in Armenia

Notes

Sources

 Robert H. Hewsen. Armenia: A Historical Atlas. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2001, Pp. 341.
 Garbis Armen. Historical Atlas of Armenia. A. N. E. C., New York, 1987, Pp. 52.
 George Bournoutian. A History of the Armenian People, Volume I: Pre-History to 1500 AD, Mazda Publishers, Costa Mesa, 1993, Pp. 174.
 John Douglas. The Armenians, J. J. Winthrop Corp., New York, 1992.

Former emirates
885 disestablishments
States and territories established in the 7th century
States and territories disestablished in the 9th century
States in medieval Anatolia
Former principalities
Subdivisions of the Abbasid Caliphate
Subdivisions of the Umayyad Caliphate

Arminiya


Arkose is a kind of sandstone which is rich in the mineral feldspar. It is made mostly of quartz, but also has  at least 25% feldspar. It may also consist of fragments (bits) of rock. Arkose usually contains small amounts of calcite cement, which may also contain iron oxide. Arkose is normally grey to reddish in colour. The sand grains making up arkose are usually coarse.

Arkose is generally formed from the weathering of igneous or metamorphic rocks. These are usually granite rocks, which contain a lot of feldspar and quartz. Arkose is often found with conglomerate deposits where the sediment is made of granite. The  central Australian monolith Uluru is made of late Neoproterozoic/Cambrian arkose, deposited by the erosion of a granite-based mountain range.

References

Sandstones

Arkose


Mary Marshall Dyer (1780–1867) was a voice for the largely forgotten anti-Shakerism sentiment in rural New Hampshire, United States. In 1813 she joined the Shakers of Enfield, New Hampshire. Disappointed in her lack of a leadership role and frustrated by the constraints of Shaker life, Dyer left the community in 1815. Her husband, Joseph, remained, as did all five of the Dyer children. Mary Dyer accused the Shakers of alienating her from her children. Fearing for her children's safety and left without any means of financial support, she gave public talks and wrote tracts against the Shakers in an attempt to gain public, and legislative, support for her cause.

Her principal writings included A Brief Statement of the Sufferings of Mary Dyer and A Portraiture of Shakerism in 1822. In 1819, she attempted to raise a mob to storm the Enfield Shaker Community to take her children back, but this effort failed. Joseph Dyer remained devoted to the community and criticized her in strong terms, responding in print to his wife's published accusations. Four of her five children remained Shakers for life. Her son, Jerrub, left the Shakers late in life, but did not appear to have a close relationship to his mother. By the 1850s Dyer's anti-Shakerism seemed extreme, in New England at least where the Shakers were now considered "quaint" rather than dangerous. Mary Dyer died a largely forgotten figure in 1867.

In the early nineteenth century, a married mother with a living husband had few legal rights over her children; the husband was their legal guardian, and when he indentured their children to the Shakers, Shakers became the Dyer children's legal guardians. Thus the Shakers' holding of the children was legal under the law of that time and place. Given those laws, Mary Dyer was the parent who attempted kidnapping.

Unlike others who also published books on Shaker-related parental kidnappings and lobbied for laws against such practices involving Shaker parents (Capt. Joseph Smith, 1810; Eunice Chapman, 1819), Dyer took an active part in assisting others involved in such cases and in educating the public about what she saw as the anti-family ideology and activities of the Shakers. Her activism reached from 1815 until her death in 1867.

The Dyer family

Mary Marshall Dyer (1780–1867)
Joseph Dyer (Jun. 19, 1772–1858)
Caleb Marshall Dyer (Aug. 25, 1800 – Jul. 18, 1863)
Betsey Dyer (Jan. 6, 1802 –1824)
Orville Dyer (Jun. 15, 1804 – 1882)
Jerrub Dyer (Mar. 27, 1806 – 1886)
Joseph Dyer Jr. (Feb. 9, 1809 – 1840)

Publications
Dyer, Mary M., A brief statement of the sufferings of Mary Dyer occasioned by the society called Shakers, 1818, William S. Spear, Boston, 35 pp.
Dyer, Mary M., A portraiture of Shakerism, exhibiting a general view of their character and conduct, from the first appearance of Ann Lee in New-England, down to the present time, Printed for the Author [Concord, N.H.], Jun. 1823 ("1822"), 446 pp
Dyer, Mary M., Reply to the Shakers' statements called a "Review of the Portraiture of Shakerism," with an account of sickness and death of Betsy Dyer; a sketch of the journey of the author and testimonies from several persons, 1824, Marshall (Concord, N.H.), 112 pp.
Marshall, Mary M. [Mary. M. Dyer], The Rise And Progress Of The Serpent From The Garden Of Eden, To The Present Day: With A Disclosure Of Shakerism, Exhibiting A General View Of Their Real Character And Conduct—From The First Appearance Of Ann Lee. Also, The Life And Sufferings Of The Author, Who Was Mary M. Dyer, But Now Is Mary Marshall, Concord, N.H., 1847, 269 pp.
Dyer, Joseph, A compendious narrative, elucidating the character, disposition and conduct of Mary Dyer from the time of her marriage, in 1799, till she left the society called Shakers, in 1815, with a few remarks upon certain charges which she has since published against that society. Together with sundry depositions, [Feb.] 1819 ("1818"), Concord [N.H.], Printed by Isaac Hill for the author, Concord, N.H., 88 pp. (Early American Imprints: 43899; 47864); 2nd edition, 1826, Pittsfield
Dyer, Mary M., Shakerism Exposed, 1852, Dartmouth Press (Hanover, N.H.), 32 pp.

References

External links

Review of a book about Mary Dyer
Excerpt from the preface of Dyer's book, A Portraiture of Shakerism, 1823

1780 births
1867 deaths
People from Enfield, New Hampshire
Anti-Shakerism
Former Shakers
American critics of Christianity

Mary Marshall Dyer


Spirit Love Show is an American reality television miniseries created by Shin Koyamada, Nia Lyte and Claudia Hallowell in 2013. The show was distributed by the Spirit Show Network and directed by Jay Lee from Sony Pictures' Zombie Strippers. The hosts of the show are Nia Lyte, a TED Talk speaker and host from a television show Best of Art Basel, distributed on Comcast, Ovation TV and Xfinity TV, and Claudia Hallowell who also wrote.

Summary
Spirit Love Show explores what love is to people of all ages: children, teenagers, adults and people who have been married for over half a century. The show features David Marciano, The Jeffrey Foundation, Reins of H.O.P.E. and others. Through interviews, the show will find what love means to individuals and couples in all walks of life as well as people of different cultures. In addition, the show will showcase what individuals, couples, groups and companies are doing to express love in the world to bring hope and inspiration.

Cast
Hosts
Nia Lyte - Host
Claudia Hallowell - Host

Featuring
David Marciano - an award winner actor from television series Due South and the FX police drama The Shield
International tourists at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood
Julie Sardonia - a founder of Reins of H.O.P.E.
Alice Morris - a founder of The Jeffrey Foundation
John & Claire Yzaguirre - Marriage & Family Counselors
Therapy Dogs, Inc
Speed Dating
Oxnard Multicultural Festival
GBK Emmy's Gifting Suite

Episodes

References

External links

2010s American reality television series
English-language television shows
Dating and relationship reality television series

Spirit Love Show


The Jumping-Off Place is a children's novel by Marian Hurd McNeely about homesteading in South Dakota. It is set on the Dakotan prairie in the early 1900s. The novel, illustrated by William Siegel was first published in 1929 and was a retrospective Newbery Honor recipient for 1930.

Plot
The four orphaned Linville children - Becky, Dick, Phil, and Joan - move to South Dakota in 1910 to "prove up" on a homestead claim originally filed by their uncle Jim, who raised them and who died suddenly just before the story starts. They deal with unexpected expenses, unpleasant neighbors, claim jumpers, bad weather, and other problems, but eventually triumph over them all and gain the respect and friendship of the nearby town's inhabitants. Though they had originally intended to sell or rent the claim once they owned it, they decide at the end of the book to stay in South Dakota, having come to love the prairie.

References

1929 American novels
American children's novels
Children's historical novels
Newbery Honor-winning works
Novels set in South Dakota
Novels set in the 1910s
Novels about orphans
1929 children's books
Children's books set in the 1910s
Children's books set in South Dakota

The Jumping-Off Place


South Zeal is a village on Dartmoor, in Devon, United Kingdom.

It has a Church of England chapel and a Methodist chapel. The church is situated in the smaller South Tawton village, down the road, for which the parish is named.  The differences have their basis in history when South Tawton was a manor and South Zeal was a village in that manor, where the manor hall was situated. The manor house, constructed around a former monastery which itself was built around a Neolithic standing stone called the South Zeal Menhir, is now the Oxenham Arms, an inn and hotel in the centre of the village.

Since 1981 it has been the site of the annual Dartmoor Folk Festival founded by local musician Bob Cann.

Amenities
South Zeal also contains South Tawton Primary School, which provides education to children in the area up to the age of 11.

The village is also served by a post office, a bakery, Owlsfoot Garage and Meadowcroft Residential Home. The recreation ground is home to a play park as well as the skate park. It is also home to South Zeal United F.C. who have two men's senior teams play in the Devon and Exeter football league.

References

External links

Beacon Villages official website
South Zeal & its Dartmoor Environment
Dartmoor Folk Festival
History of St Mary's Chapel

Villages in Devon
Dartmoor

South Zeal


Stipa speciosa (syn. Achnatherum speciosum is a species of grass known by the common name desert needlegrass. It is native to much of the south-western United States from California to Colorado, where it grows in dry areas, especially sagebrush habitat. It is also known from Mexico and parts of South America.

Description
This is a short perennial bunchgrass reaching a maximum height of 1–2 ft. The leaf blades are less than a millimeter wide and rolled along the edges. The bases are stiff and remain as the dense grass clump dries. The inflorescence is up to about 2 inches long and is dense and fluffy. Each spikelet is very hairy and has a bent awn up to about a centimeter long which is coated in long hairs.

The stiff awn and the sharp tip of the spikelet make the seeds hazardous for animals. The hairs on the seed help in catch in animal coats and drift on the wind for dispersal. The awn also twists when wet, helping the seed bury itself in the soil.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment — Achnatherum speciosum
USDA Plants Profile — Achnatherum speciosum (desert needlegrass)
Grass Manual Treatment: Achnatherum speciosum
US Forest Service: Ecology
 University of Michigan - Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany
Achnatherum speciosum — U.C. Photo gallery

speciosa
Bunchgrasses of North America
Bunchgrasses of South America
Grasses of the United States
Grasses of Mexico
Native grasses of California
Flora of Central Mexico
Flora of Northwestern Mexico
Flora of the Southwestern United States
North American desert flora
Flora of the California desert regions
Flora of the Sonoran Deserts
Flora of the Great Basin
Natural history of the Mojave Desert
Flora of California
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Flora of Baja California
Flora of Oregon
Flora of New Mexico
Flora of Southern America
Plants used in Native American cuisine
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Stipa speciosa


In the United States, the National Wildfire Coordinating Group operates a nationwide, web-based database system for managing wildland firefighting resources. The system, called National Interagency Resource Ordering and Status System or Resource Ordering and Status System, (or simply ROSS), improves efficiency of borrowing and sending home of fire equipment in a large, campaign-type fire. It coordinates equipment movements across bureaucratic lines, making state and federal resources look more like a single pool of equipment and staff.

In the past, borrowing equipment and staff, called resources, from other agencies required people in a command center to place telephone calls and make radio inquiries to find out what was available. Some agencies had internal computer systems to manage equipment and staff moves but they could not exchange data with the systems of other agencies.  This made processes produce non-repeatable results and was labor-intensive, tying up staff on the telephone during their busiest periods. ROSS speeds the process and gives system users an enhanced understanding of:
what quantity of resources are assigned to a fire.
what quantity of resources are on the way to the fire.
how deeply their resources have been depleted by requests.
how soon local equipment will return from a distant assignment.

Participating agencies include many state fire suppression organizations such as CAL FIRE, and federal entities such as the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Land Management, Department of the Interior, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Service, National Information Technology Center, and the United States Forest Service. The National Wildfire Coordinating Group membership is made up of representatives from each of these Federal land management agencies and the National Association of State Foresters.

See also
Incident Command System

External links
ROSS home page
National Association of State Foresters.

Wildfire suppression
Firefighting in the United States

Resource Ordering Status System


Ajoo (Born Noh Ah-joo, ( on July 6, 1990) is a South Korean singer who debuted in 2008 with the single "1st Kiss".

Although his first single did not do as well as expected on music charts he made a comeback with "Paparazzi" which features labelmate and popular female solo artist Younha. Younha also wrote the lyrics for the song and appeared in the music video.

He released a single in early 2009 titled "" ("Wealthy 2nd Generation"), which deals with the topic of rich, spoiled children.  The song was banned in its original state from KBS, saying that the song was encouraging excessive, indulgent lifestyles; this was criticized by the public, saying that KBS's own dramas were guilty of the same thing, namely its hit Boys Over Flowers.

In 2010 he starred in a Thai film Kaorak thi kaoli Sorry saranghaeyo by Poj Arnon, as himself.

Discography

References

1990 births
K-pop singers
Living people
South Korean pop singers
South Korean male film actors
21st-century South Korean male  singers

Ajoo


In British research policy, the Haldane principle is the idea that decisions about what to spend research funds on should be made by researchers rather than politicians. It is named after Richard Burdon Haldane, who in 1904 and from 1909 to 1918 chaired committees and commissions which recommended this policy, which has evolved over time since then.

The 1904 committee recommended the creation of the University Grants Committee which has evolved via the Universities Funding Council into the current higher education funding councils: Research Councils UK, Higher Education Funding Council for England, Scottish Funding Council and Higher Education Funding Council for Wales.

Haldane Principle 1918
In 1918 Haldane's committee produced the "Haldane Report".  The report suggested that research required by government departments could be separated into that required by specific departments and that which was more general.  It recommended that departments should oversee the specific research but the general research should be under the control of autonomous research councils, which would be free from political and administrative pressures that might discourage research in certain areas.  The principle of the autonomy of the research councils is now referred to as the Haldane Principle. The first research council to be created as a result of the Haldane Report was the Medical Research Council.

Haldane Principle 1939–1971
The principle has remained enshrined in British Government policy, but has been criticised and altered over the years.  In 1939 J. D. Bernal argued that social good was more important than researchers' freedom in deciding the direction of research.  Solly Zuckerman criticised it in 1971 for its artificial separation of basic and applied science, and the consequent elevation of the status of the former.

A major revision to the application of the Haldane Principle in British research funding came in the early 1970s with the Rothschild Report of 1971, and its implementation which transferred about 25% of the then Research Council funds, and the decisions on the research to be funded with them, back to government departments, a move later undone by Margaret Thatcher's government.

Haldane Principle 2010
In a written ministerial statement on 10 December 2010 the Minister for Universities and Science (David Willetts) further elaborated on the definition of the Haldane Principle. Broadly he defined the principle that the tactical implementation of government funding, i.e. which projects to fund should be a decision for academics using a process of peer review.

David Willetts also gave a further definition of how this tactical implementation might be guided. "Overall, excellence is and must remain the driver of funding decisions, and it is only by funding excellent research that the maximum benefits will be secured for the nation."

David Willetts continued that overall strategic budget setting was the responsibility of government. "At the other end of the spectrum there are decisions that ultimately must be for Ministers, albeit informed by external advice; these include the overall size of the funding for science and research and its distribution between the research councils, the national academies and higher education research funding."

Haldane Principle 2017
There is currently a debate about the extent to which the principle is still applied in practice.

The Higher Education and Research Act 2017, which merged the research councils and the research part of the Higher Education Funding Council for England into UK Research and Innovation, enacted the Haldane principle as section 103(3): The "Haldane principle" is the principle that decisions on individual research proposals are best taken following an evaluation of the quality and likely impact of the proposals (such as a peer review process). The law did not use David Willetts' definition that "Overall, excellence is and must remain the driver of funding decisions, and it is only by funding excellent research that the maximum benefits will be secured for the nation."

References

Sources
 Putting Science and Engineering at the Heart of Government Policy - Innovation, Universities, Science and Skills Committee Contents: The Haldane Principle Today, accessed online at https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmdius/168/16807.htm
 Duffy, M.P. (1986). The Rothschild Experience: Health Science Policy and Society in Britain. Science, Technology, & Human Values 11 68-78. (Available at JSTOR with subscription.) Duffy cites the following sources:
Bernal, J.D. (1939) The Social Function of Science. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Zuckerman, S. (1971). Times Literary Supplement p. 1385 (5 November 1971).
The Rothschild Report (1971). A Framework for Government Research and Development. London: HMSO.
The Haldane Report (1918). Report of the Machinery of Government Committee under the chairmanship of Viscount Haldane of Cloan. London: HMSO.
Noam Chomsky, "Academic Freedom and the Corporatization of Universities"
Alexander Bird and James Ladyman "Free Inquiry"

Further reading
 Gummett, P. (1980) Scientists in Whitehall. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

External links
 David Edgerton: The 'Haldane Principle' and other invented traditions in science policy, in: History and Policy, July 2009

Politics by issue
Research
Science policy

Haldane principle


Charles Algernon Whitmore (24 September 1851  – 10 September 1908) was a British barrister and Conservative Party politician. He sat in the House of Commons from 1886 to 1906, as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Chelsea.

Early life
Whitmore was the son of the county court judge Charles Shaplabd Whitmore QC and his wife Elizabeth Katherine, a sister of Sir Henry Brownrigg, Bt. He was educated at Eton and Balliol, and became a Fellow of All Souls in 1874, before being called to the bar in 1876 at the Inner Temple.

Political career
At the 1885 general election, Whitmore  unsuccessfully contested the parliamentary borough of Chelsea in London, where he lost by 175 votes (2%) to the sitting MP, the Liberal Sir Charles Dilke, Bt.

However, in early 1886 Dilke was involved in a high-profile divorce case which grew into a high-profile sex scandal, and at the next general election, in July 1886, Whitmore defeated Dilke with a majority of 176 votes. He served for a time as private secretary to the Home Secretary Henry Matthews, who as a barrister had conducted the cross-examination of Dilke, destroying the latter's career.

Whitmore served as the Second Church Estates Commissioner, and in 1895 he was elected by London County Council as an Alderman for the Moderate Party, serving until 1901.  He was re-elected as MP for Chelsea at three further elections, but at the 1906 general election he was defeated by the Liberal candidate Emslie Horniman.

References

External links

1851 births
1908 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1900–1906
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Members of London County Council
Members of the Inner Temple
Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
Church Estates Commissioners
English barristers

Charles Algernon Whitmore


Mark Demling is a retired American soccer defender who currently coaches high school soccer.  Demling spent seven seasons in the North American Soccer League and one in Major Indoor Soccer League.

Youth and college
Demling grew up in St. Louis, Missouri beginning to play soccer when he was seven at St. Thomas More parish in the C.Y.C. league.  He played Junior soccer for St. Philip Neri winning the National Junior Cup title in the 1968-69 season.  He attended St. Louis University High School, graduating in 1970.  He then entered Saint Louis University where he played on the men's soccer team from 1970 to 1973.  He immediately made an impact on the team, becoming a starter his freshman season.  That year, the Billikens won the NCAA Men's Soccer Championship.  St. Louis U would lose in the NCAA final in 1971.  The team repeated as champions in 1972 and 1973, the last season with Demling as team captain.  The Billikens have named an annual award after Demling, given to the soccer player who gives his most to the team. St. Louis University inducted Demling into its Hall of Fame in 1999.

Club career
In 1973, the expansion San Jose Earthquakes of the North American Soccer League (NASL) selected Demling with its first draft pick.  He played from 1974 to 1978 with the Earthquakes.  However, he lost the entire 1975 season due to a broken leg suffered in the 1975 NASL Indoor Final.  In 1978, the Earthquakes traded Demling to the San Diego Sockers after only two games.  While he then played twelve games with the Sockers through the remainder of the 1978 season, he saw time in only one game in 1979.  In 1980, he was back in San Jose where he played a single game with the Earthquakes.  In 1980, he left the NASL and signed with the San Francisco Fog of the Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL).  The Fog lasted only one season before moving to Kansas City to become the Kansas City Comets.

Post-playing career

Sports clothing
After retiring from the Fog, Demling entered the apparel industry.  He has sold soccer shoes and clothing for Nike and Patrick sportswear.  He has also managed a shoe distribution center in Hayward, California.

Broadcaster
Demling has also served as a radio and television soccer broadcaster.  In 1996, he was hired to provide TV commentary for the San Jose Clash.

Coaching
In 1999, Demling coached eighth-grade soccer at Blach Junior High School in Los Altos, California, taking the team to the Valley Junior High School Athletic League championship.  On May 9, 2000, St. Francis High School hired Demling as its boys' soccer coach.

References

External links
 Newspaper profile with photo of Demling as a player
 NASL/MISL stats

Living people
American men's soccer players
Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) indoor players
San Diego Sockers (1978–1996) players
San Jose Earthquakes (1974–1988) players
San Francisco Fog (MISL) players
Saint Louis University alumni
Saint Louis Billikens men's soccer players
1951 births
Men's association football defenders
High school soccer coaches in the United States

Mark Demling


Tera Term (alternatively TeraTerm) is an open-source, free, software implemented, terminal emulator (communications) program. It emulates different types of computer terminals, from DEC VT100 to DEC VT382. It supports Telnet, SSH 1 & 2 and serial port connections. It also has a built-in macro scripting language (supporting Oniguruma regular expressions) and a few other useful plugins.

History
The first versions of Tera Term were created by T. Teranishi from Japan. At the time, it was the only freely available terminal emulator to effectively support the Japanese language. Original development of Tera Term stopped in the late 1990s at version 2.3, but other organizations have created variations.

In October 2002, Ayera Technologies released TeraTerm Pro 3.1.3 supporting SSH2 and added multiple other features like a built-in web server for API integration with external systems, recurring "keep-alive" commands, and ODBC database support via the TT Macro Scripting Language. Ayera Technologies did not make their source open, but does provide limited technical support.

In 2004, Yutaka Hirata, a software designer from Japan, restarted development of the open source version of Tera Term. He added his own implementation of SSH2 and many new features on top of what was part of version 2.3.

To avoid confusion with version numbers and to indicate that Tera Term developed by Yutaka was more recent than version 3.1.3 from Ayera Technologies, it was decided to give this branch of Tera Term Professional version numbers starting 4.xx.

In January 2005, Boris Maisuradze, together with Yutaka Hirata, started the TeraTerm Support forum where they answered questions from Tera Term users. Posting in this forum was the best way to suggest new features for Tera Term or propose new commands for the Tera Term Macro language. For more than 10 years the forum was hosted on LogMeTT.com website maintained by Boris Maisuradze. Boris also developed several freeware tools that became part of TeraTerm package. Later Boris decided to retire from this project. LogMeTT.com website was shut down and support forums moved to TeraTerm Project site.

Since 2007, Tera Term has been maintained by Tera Term Project (Japanese Developer team) as open source software.

Features

Tera Term supports:

Serial port connections over UART.
TCP/IP (Telnet, SSH1, SSH2) connections.
Log replaying.
Named pipe connection.
IPv6 communication.
VT100 emulation and selected VT200/VT300 emulation.
Tek4010 emulation.
File transfer protocols (Kermit, XMODEM, YMODEM, ZMODEM, B-PLUS and Quick-VAN).
 Scripts using the "Tera Term Language".

Common versions
1.4 Last version supporting Win16; source available in Pascal
2.3 Last version released by T. Teranishi
3.1.3 Last version released by Ayera. Has issues with scroll window boundaries. Title bar identifies it as version 3.1
4.xx Latest OSDN release

Sample images

See also

Comparison of SSH clients
PuTTY
Telix - MSDOS era terminal

References

External links
Original website of T.Teranishi
TeraTerm Home Page in English
Project Top Page in Japanese
Download link to the latest versions (OSDN Japan)
Ayera Technologies web site with version 3.1.3
Tera Term TTL Scripting example for CLI based devices

Cryptographic software
Free terminal emulators
Telnet
Windows-only free software
Software using the BSD license

Tera Term