The 2015 Atlantic hurricane season had a little less storms than usual, 11 storms, and four of them reached hurricane status. It officially started on June 1 and ended on November 30. This is when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic. However the first named storm, Ana, developed nearly a month before the official start of the season, the first time this has happened since 2012's Beryl and the earliest a hurricane has happened since 2003's Ana. The season ended with the diminish of Kate 18 days before the official end.

Due to a strong El Niño, most agencies predicted that only 6–10 tropical cyclones would form; however, the number of tropical cyclones that formed this season was higher than what the agencies predicted.

Retirement
In the spring of 2016, the WMO (World Meteorological Organization) had retired the names Erika and Joaquin. Those names will not be used again in the Atlantic. Elsa and Julian were chosen to replace those names for the 2021 season.
Atlantic hurricane seasons
Atlantic hurricane season

2015 Atlantic hurricane season


Philotheca trachyphylla, commonly known as rock wax-flower, is a species of plant in the family Rutaceae and is endemic to  south-eastern Australia.  It is a shrub or small tree with glandular-warty, oblong to narrow egg-shaped leaves and white flowers arranged singly or in twos or threes, in leaf axils.

Description
Philotheca trachyphylla is a shrub or small tree that typically grows to a height of  and has cylindrical, glandular-warty branchlets. The leaves are oblong to elliptical or narrow egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, usually  long and  wide with small glandular-warty edges. The flowers are arranged singly or in twos or threes in leaf axils, each flower on a pedicel  long. The five sepals are more or less round, about  long and the petals are white, elliptical and  long. The ten stamens are linear, tapering towards the tip and hairy.

Taxonomy
Rock wax-flower was formally described in 1855 by Victorian Government Botanist  Ferdinand von Mueller who gave it the name Eriostemon trachyphyllus and published the description in his book, Definitions of rare or hithertoo undescribed Australian Plants. In 1998, Paul Wilson changed the name to Philotheca trachyphylla in the journal Nuytsia.

Distribution and habitat
Philotheca trachyphylla occurs on hillsides and in gullies within forests in New South Wales and Victoria. In New South Wales it is mainly found in coastal ranges south from Braidwood and in Victoria east from the Brythen-Ensay area.

References

trachyphylla
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Victoria (state)
Sapindales of Australia
Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller
Plants described in 1855

Philotheca trachyphylla


Howard Taylor Ricketts (February 9, 1871 – May 3, 1910) was an American pathologist after whom the family Rickettsiaceae and the order Rickettsiales are named.

He was born in Findlay, Ohio.  In the early part of his career, Ricketts undertook research at Northwestern University on blastomycosis. He later worked in the Bitterroot Valley of Montana and at the University of Chicago on Rocky Mountain spotted fever.  This early pathology, entomology and epidemiology research in Hamilton, Montana lead to the eventual formation of the Rocky Mountain Laboratories there.

While in Montana, Ricketts and his assistant discovered that the vector that carried the pathogen for Rocky Mountain spotted fever is a tick, the Rocky Mountain wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni; some other species of ticks, such as the American dog or wood tick, Dermacentor variabilis, also are vectors). It was not at once clear what kind of organism the pathogen was; eventually it was named Rickettsia, the first of the Rickettsiales to be identified. However, for decades, until electron microscopy and other technologies became sufficiently advanced, it was not known whether Rickettsiales were bacteria, viruses, or something in between. They now are known to be bacteria specialised for intracellular parasitism.

Ricketts was devoted to his research and, on several occasions, injected himself with pathogens to study their effects. The pathogen causing Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Rickettsia rickettsii was named after him. After this eponymous genus, the larger family and order were given their names.

In 1910, Ricketts became interested in a strain of murine-carried typhus known as tabardillo due to a major outbreak in Mexico City, and the apparent similarity of the disease to spotted fever. Days after isolating the organism that he believed caused typhus, he himself died of the disease. His last papers were written in collaboration with R. M. Wilder.

Ricketts was survived by his wife, Myra Tubbs Ricketts, and children.  His family established an annual student research prize, the Howard Taylor Ricketts Prize, at the University of Chicago in 1912. Noteworthy recipients of the Ricketts Prize include Julian Herman Lewis (1913), Lauretta Bender (1923), Sara Elizabeth Branham (1924), G. M. Dack (1925), and Maurice Hilleman (1945).

References

Further reading

External links

Guide to the Howard Taylor Ricketts Papers 1891-1977 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center

American pathologists
Deaths from typhus
1871 births
1910 deaths
Rickettsiales
People from Findlay, Ohio
Northwestern University alumni
University of Chicago faculty

Howard Taylor Ricketts


Hungry Eyes is a song recorded by American singer Eric Carmen. It was featured in 1987 movie Dirty Dancing. The song peaked at number four on the US Hot 100 and number two on the Adult Contemporary Tracks. The song is a rock ballad and has been covered by many artists worldwide.

1987 songs
Pop ballads
Torch songs

Hungry Eyes


Toyin Tofade is a Nigerian professor
born on the 8th of January 1969. She was the first black lady to become a president of the Albany college of pharmacy and health sciences. Toyin has three children named Shola Tofade, Sheun Tofade and Fola Tofade.She obtained a bachelor's degree in the pharmacy of Obafemi Awolowo university at ile-ife Osun state. She also had a Master's degree in the pharmacy practice and a doctor of pharmacy (pharm. d). And she also had a degree UNC Eshelman School Of Pharmacy ,chapel hill,  In 2016,Tofade became the Dean and Professor at the Howard University of Pharmacy College in Washington DC . She begins her term on the 1st of June 2021.

Christopher Di Lascia who chaired the presidential commitee said, "Dr Tofade posses all the desired qualities including her deep commitment to academic  scholarship ,and service. Toyin  Tofade  is a brilliant woman and knows almost everything about medicine which made her more famous. She has a husband that lives happily with is family.  He is a well handsome man who does not complain about his wife's job and he's very calm and humble.

References

1969 births
Living people
Nigerian academics
Pharmacists

Toyin Tofade


In mathematics, Gosper's algorithm, due to Bill Gosper, is a procedure for finding sums of hypergeometric terms that are themselves hypergeometric terms. That is: suppose one has a(1) + ... + a(n) = S(n) − S(0), where S(n) is a hypergeometric term (i.e., S(n + 1)/S(n) is a rational function of n); then necessarily a(n) is itself a hypergeometric term, and given the formula for a(n) Gosper's algorithm finds that for S(n).

Outline of the algorithm

Step 1: Find a polynomial p such that, writing b(n) = a(n)/p(n), the ratio b(n)/b(n − 1) has the form q(n)/r(n) where q and r are polynomials and no q(n) has a nontrivial factor with r(n + j) for j = 0, 1, 2, ... . (This is always possible, whether or not the series is summable in closed form.)

Step 2: Find a polynomial ƒ such that S(n) = q(n + 1)/p(n) ƒ(n) a(n). If the series is summable in closed form then clearly a rational function ƒ with this property exists; in fact it must always be a polynomial, and an upper bound on its degree can be found. Determining ƒ (or finding that there is no such ƒ) is then a matter of solving a system of linear equations.

Relationship to Wilf–Zeilberger pairs

Gosper's algorithm can be used to discover Wilf–Zeilberger pairs, where they exist. Suppose that F(n + 1, k) − F(n, k) = G(n, k + 1) − G(n, k) where F is known but G is not. Then feed a(k) := F(n + 1, k) − F(n, k) into Gosper's algorithm. (Treat this as a function of k whose coefficients happen to be functions of n rather than numbers; everything in the algorithm works in this setting.) If it successfully finds S(k) with S(k) − S(k − 1) = a(k), then we are done: this is the required G. If not, there is no such G.

Definite versus indefinite summation

Gosper's algorithm finds (where possible) a hypergeometric closed form for the indefinite sum of hypergeometric terms. It can happen that there is no such closed form, but that the sum over all n, or some particular set of values of n, has a closed form. This question is only meaningful when the coefficients are themselves functions of some other variable. So, suppose a(n,k) is a hypergeometric term in both n and k: that is, a(n, k)/a(n − 1,k) and a(n, k)/a(n, k − 1) are rational functions of n and k. Then Zeilberger's algorithm and Petkovšek's algorithm may be used to find closed forms for the sum over k of a(n, k).

History

Bill Gosper discovered this algorithm in the 1970s while working on the Macsyma computer algebra system at SAIL and MIT.

References

Computer algebra
Hypergeometric functions

Gosper's algorithm


Lafayette Green Pool (July 23, 1919 – May 30, 1991) was an American tank-crew and tank-platoon commander in World War II and is widely recognized as the US tank ace of aces, credited with 12 confirmed tank kills and 258 total armored vehicle and self-propelled gun kills, over 1,000 German soldiers killed and 250 more taken as prisoners of war, accomplished in only 81 days of action from June 27 to September 19, 1944, using three different Shermans. He received many medals and decorations, including the Distinguished Service Cross, the Legion of Merit, the Silver Star, the Purple Heart, the Belgian fourragère, and the French Legion of Honour.

Early life
Lafayette Green Pool was born in Odem, Texas, on July 23, 1919. He had a twin brother, John Thomas, (who served in the Navy during World War II) and a sister, Tennie Mae. Lafayette attended high school in Taft, Texas, graduating in 1938; he later attended Texas College of Arts and Industries in Kingsville, Texas, studying engineering and participated very successfully in amateur boxing. Pool left college after one year when he was inducted into military service in the summer of 1941.

World War II service

Pool was drafted into the United States Army on June 14, 1941, from Fort Sam Houston in his native Texas and assigned to the new 3rd Armored Division. Pool married Evelyn Wright while on leave in December 1942. While undergoing training at the Desert Training Center and Indiantown Gap, Pennsylvania, Pool was noted as a very aggressive sergeant, always wanting the best from his men; he even refused a commission as an officer so he could remain close to the front. Pool was promoted to staff sergeant and deployed overseas with the 3rd Armored Division in September 1943.

Pool served with the 3rd Platoon of Company I, 32nd Armored Regiment, 3rd Armored Division, in France between June and September 1944. He successively commanded three Sherman tanks; an M4A1, and two M4A1(76)Ws, all of which bore the nickname "IN THE MOOD" (they were not suffixed with a letter or Roman numeral). He kept the same crew throughout the majority of the war. Corporal Wilbert "Red" Richards was the driver, Private First Class Bertrand "School Boy" Close the assistant driver and bow gunner, Corporal Willis "Ground Hog" Oller the gunner, and Technician Fifth Grade Delbert "Jailbird" Boggs the loader.

Pool's first tank, an M4A1, lasted from June 23 until June 29, when Combat Command A (CCA) attacked for the first time at Villiers-Fossard. It was hit by a Panzerfaust, forcing Pool and his crew to bail out of the stricken tank. His second tank, his first M4A1(76)W, lasted from around July 1 to August 17, when he was leading CCA in clearing remaining German forces from the village of Fromental. This tank was knocked out by friendly fire from a Lockheed P-38 Lightning. His third and last tank, another M4A1(76)W, was destroyed on the night of September 19, 1944, while CCA was attempting to penetrate the Siegfried Line at Münsterbusch, southeast of Aachen, Germany. The tank was hit by an ambushing Panther, and while Pool's driver was trying to back his damaged Sherman up, the Panther hit it a second time. Positioned precariously on the edge of a ditch, the tank was tipped over by the second round. The round killed Pool's replacement gunner, Private First Class Paul Kenneth King, (Corporal Oller had been temporarily transferred back to the United States) and threw Pool out of the commander's hatch, severely injuring him in the leg with shrapnel. The leg was so badly mangled that it later had to be amputated  above the knee. As a result, Pool would not return to amateur boxing after the war.

Honors and awards

Later life and death

After 22 months of rehabilitation and being fitted with a prosthesis, Pool opened a filling station and garage at his home in Sinton, Texas, followed by several other businesses, before he re-enlisted in the Army and went into the Transportation Corps. With the intervention of General Roderick R. Allen, he finally managed to "come home" to the 3rd Armored Division in 1948, where he became an instructor in automotive mechanics.

He retired from the U.S. Army on September 19, 1960, with the rank of Chief Warrant Officer Two at Fort Sam Houston, Texas. Afterwards he went to business college, followed by a job as a preacher for $25.00 a week. He also coached Little League Baseball.

Pool died in his sleep on May 30, 1991, in Killeen, Texas, at the age of 71. He is interred at Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery in San Antonio, Texas. He was survived by his wife Evelyn, four sons and four daughters.

His son, Captain Jerry Lynn Pool, Sr., was declared missing in action during the Vietnam War in 1970. According to the U.S. Army, on March 24, 1970, Captain Pool was a team leader in the 5th Special Forces Group, and was being extracted by Bell UH-1 Iroquois helicopter from 14 miles inside Ratanakiri province in Cambodia. As the helicopter began its ascent, it was hit by enemy fire, exploded, and crashed, killing Pool and six other soldiers instantly. Pool's remains were recovered on April 12, 1995, and identified on June 20, 2001. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

See also

 Sydney Valpy Radley-Walters – tanker ace of aces for the World War II Western Front Allies
 Tank ace

References

External links
 Enlistment records of Lafayette G. Pool

1919 births
1991 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
People from Killeen, Texas
People from Sinton, Texas
United States Army non-commissioned officers
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
American amputees
American twins

Lafayette G. Pool


Alice Ravenhill (1859, Epping Forest, England – 1954, British Columbia) was an educational pioneer, a developer of Women's Institutes, and one of the first authors to propound aboriginal rights in B.C. She is also the author of numerous articles and books, including her autobiography which she wrote when she was 92.

Biography

Ravenhill was born in Snaresbrook in 1859. Early in life she took an interest in social issues, causing her to undertake studies in public health, child development, and home economics. She qualified as a sanitary inspector in London. She began her career as an educator in 1893, as a county council lecturer in Bedfordshire and Lincolnshire. In 1894, Ravenhill began three years' service as the secretary to the Royal British Nurses' Association. This was followed by working two years as a lecturer to the Co-operative Society and Women's Co-operative Guild.

At the start of the twentieth century, Ravenhill became a lecturer in Social and Household Science at the University of London. As a representative of the British Board of Education, Ravenhill travelled to the United States to learn more about the teaching of home economics in American universities. Through her studies and work activities, Ravenhill became a leader in developing home economics curricula in post-secondary institutions. She was also active in social welfare issues and was the first woman elected as a Fellow of the Royal Sanitary Institute.

In 1908 hygiene lecturer Ravenhill, Hilda D. Oakeley and Thereza Rucker created a home science course at King's College, London in the Women's Department. Ravenhill had already developed the idea in 1901–1905. By 1920 it was a subject for a degree and in 1928 the King's College of Household and Social Science was formed to further their initial idea.

In 1910, Ravenhill emigrated to Canada and settled at Shawnigan Lake on Vancouver Island with her sister Edith, brother Horace, and Horace's son Leslie. She planned to stay only three or four years until her nephew was sufficiently independent. World War I intervened, the beloved nephew was killed in the Second Battle of Ypres, and Ravenhill never returned to England.  She organized branches of the Women's Institute and travelled extensively throughout the United States and Canada as a lecturer, until accepting the post as Director of Home Economics at the State College in Logan, Utah. Ravenhill held this position until 1919 at which point she became very ill and had to return to British Columbia to convalesce for several years in Victoria with nursing care by her sister Edith.

In about 1926, Ravenhill was asked by the Women's Institute to research aboriginal designs suitable for hooked rugs. This interest led to Ravenhill learning more about the aboriginal culture of British Columbia, ultimately leading her to become a proponent of native rights. In 1938 she published Native Tribes of British Columbia, a book intended to serve as an elementary school curriculum text. Two years later, in collaboration with Anthony Walsh, she founded the Society for the Furtherance of Indian Arts and Crafts in British Columbia, which later became the British Columbia Indian Arts and Welfare Society. She was the first secretary of the Society, and in its first eighteen months of existence, wrote over one thousand letters on its behalf.  She was instrumental in the publication of two children's books, "Tale of the Nativity" which was done by Anthony Walsh's students at the Inkameep Indian School, and "Meet Mr. Coyote", done by Noel Stewart and his students at St. George's Indian Residential School in Lytton, B.C.

Ravenhill received an honorary Doctor of Science from the University of British Columbia in 1948 and an honorary Doctor of Home Economics from the American Association of Home Economics in 1950.

Books

Ravenhill left her papers, including articles written by her, to the Special Collections division of the UBC Library . Books written by Ravenhill include:

 Lessons In Practical Hygiene For Use In Schools (1907)
  Moral Instruction And Training In Girls' Elementary Schools In England (1908)
 The Native Tribes of British Columbia (1938)
 A Corner Stone of Canadian Culture: An Outline of the Arts and Crafts of the Indian Tribes of British Columbia (1944)
 Memoirs of an Educational Pioneer  (1951)
 Folklore of the Far West, With Some Clues to Characteristics and Customs (1953)

References

Sources
 BC Bookworld biography
 Ravenhill, Alice, Memoirs of an Educational Pioneer

External links

1859 births
1954 deaths
Education in British Columbia
English emigrants to Canada
Canadian educators
Canadian women educators
Academics in British Columbia
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
People from Vancouver Island
Utah State University faculty
Co-operative Women's Guild

Alice Ravenhill


CNT may be:

 Croatian National Theatre (Hrvatsko narodno kazalište)
 Central Nacional de Trabajadores, the National Workers' Central (Paraguay)
Central Nacional de Televisão - television network established in Curitiba, Brazil, named today TVJB
 Confederación Nacional del Trabajo - National Confederation of Labor in Spain
 Confédération nationale du travail (CNT-F)
 Confédération Nigérienne du Travail, the Nigerien Confederation of Labour
 Carbon nanotube
 Computer Network Technology Corporation, an enterprise acquired by McData in January 2005
 The Columbia Non-neutral Torus experiment at Columbia University.
 The Center for Neighborhood Technology

CNT


Tissana is a coastal village near the city of Waterloo in the Western Area Rural District of Sierra Leone. Tissana village is near the neighborhood village of Russell along the Freetown-Waterloo highway. The major economic activities in Tissana are the processing of salt, palm oil, and tourism.

Tissana is known for its highly respected culture and its deep traditional African beliefs and practices. Tissana village is home to the Poro, Bondo, Goboi and Jollay secret societies. The village traditionally performs native cultural dances.

The inhabitants of Tissana are ethnically and religiously diverse among traditional African beliefs, Muslims, and Christians. Its population is predominantly from the Temne, Sherbro, Susu, Mende and Krio ethnic groups. Tissana is home to a large mosque and a church as well as a small hospital and public schools. The village is also known for its religious tolerance.

History
The village of Tissana was founded by Sherbro fishermen and farmers from the town of Shenge. They named the area Tissana which means new town in the Sherbro language.

External links
http://www.ecosalone.com/Tissana%20Sierra%20Leone.html

Villages in Sierra Leone
Western Area

Tissana


In the ecclesiastical law of the Church of Scotland, the Barrier Act of 1697 is a measure which compels the General Assembly to consult the wider Church before innovating in the areas of worship, doctrine, discipline or church government.

It is a provision which prevents the General Assembly from making core innovations which might profoundly affect the polity of the church without first referring these to the presbyteries.  A matter which falls under the Barrier Act must first be passed by the General Assembly, then be referred in the form of an overture to the presbyteries and ratified by a majority of these, before being returned to the General Assembly of the following year and passed again there.  This is intended to prevent rash decisions to the long-term detriment of the church.  Important matters which fell under the Barrier Act in recent years include the ordination of women, which was passed in the 1960s, and the proposed union with the Scottish Episcopal Church, which failed to receive the support of the presbyteries in the 1980s.

References

Church of Scotland
Church order
Presbyterian Church organisation

Barrier Act


Svomas or SVOMAS ( or СВОМАС), an abbreviation for Svobodnye gosudarstvennye khudozhestvennye masterskiye () (Free State Art Studios), was the name of a series of art schools founded in several Russian cities after the October Revolution.

The Moscow Svomas was founded in 1918, replacing the Stroganov Moscow State Academy of Arts and Industry (which became the First Free Art Studio), and the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture (which became the Second Free Art Studio). In 1920, the school was replaced by Vkhutemas design school. The Petrograd Svomas was created in 1919 by renaming the Petrograd Free Art Educational Studios (Pegoskhuma), which had been formed a year earlier when the Academy of Arts was abolished; in 1921 it was replaced by the Petrograd State Art-Educational Studios of the Reconstructed Academy of Arts.

The aim of Svomas was to spread awareness of and competence in the arts to the previously underprivileged workers and peasants. Entrance examinations were abolished, art history courses were optional, the faculty was replaced by avant-garde artists, and students were free to choose their professors.

References

Russian avant-garde
Universities and institutes established in the Soviet Union
Art schools in Russia
1918 establishments in Russia

Svomas


Eugène-René Poubelle (15 April 1831 – 15 July 1907) was a French lawyer and diplomat who introduced waste containers to Paris and made their use compulsory. This introduction was so innovative at the time that Poubelle's surname became synonymous with waste bins (la poubelle) and remains the most common French word for a bin.

Biography

Eugène Poubelle was born to a bourgeois family in Caen. He studied to become a  lawyer and obtained a PhD. He taught at universities in Caen, Grenoble and Toulouse before being made préfet, or government representative and regional administrator, in the Charente in April 1871. He then successively became préfet for Isère, Corsica, Doubs, Bouches-du-Rhône and finally, from 1883 to 1896, for the Seine département.

Préfet of the Seine was a very powerful position, and the préfet effectively exercised in Paris the powers that the elected mayor would have had in other French cities. On 7 March 1884 Poubelle decreed that owners of buildings must provide their residents with three covered containers of 40 to 120 litres to hold household refuse. The refuse was to be sorted into compostable items, paper and cloth, and crockery and shells.

The population of Paris, close to two million, needed a system to empty the containers regularly. Parisians began to name their boxes after Poubelle, a habit encouraged by the newspaper Le Figaro, which called them Boîtes Poubelle. The boxes met resistance, owners of buildings resenting the cost of providing and supervising the bins, and traditional rag-and-bone men, the chiffonniers, seeing a threat to their living.

The boxes deteriorated but the principles of what Poubelle established survived. But not until the end of the Second World War did dustbins and their collection by municipalities become common. By then poubelle as a noun had been established, and was first recognized by a supplement of the Grand Dictionnaire Universel du 19ème Siècle in 1890.

Eugène Poubelle also campaigned successfully for direct drainage. A resurgence of cholera in 1892 led to his decreeing in 1894 that all buildings were to be connected direct to the sewers at the expense of the building's owner.

Later career
Poubelle became ambassador to the Vatican in 1896 and to the Roman court in 1898. He was consul general of the canton of  Saissac in the Aude from 1898 to 1904, and president of the Société Centrale d'Agriculture de l'Aude, where he defended the interests of wine in Southern France, also called "Le Midi" by the French.

Death and commemoration
Poubelle died in Paris on 15 July 1907 and is buried in the Herminis cemetery near Carcassonne; a bust depicting him is displayed outside the city's Musée des Beaux-Arts. Rue Eugène Poubelle, a street between the Avenue de Versailles and the Quai Louis-Blériot in Paris's 16th arrondissement, is named after him.

On April 15, 2021, Google celebrated his 190th birthday with a Google Doodle.

See also
History of waste management

References

External links
 Story of the waste from Lutetia to Paris, The work of the Prefet Eugène Poubelle, Planete echo association, Paris, French

1831 births
1907 deaths
19th-century French lawyers
19th-century French diplomats
People from Caen
Prefects of France
Prefects of Isère
Prefects of Corsica (department)
Prefects of Doubs
Prefects of Bouches-du-Rhône

Eugène Poubelle


Malkoč-beg (died in 1565) was an Ottoman Bosnian military officer, the first governor of the Croatian vilayet. He participated in the siege of Klis, and was later appointed as sanjak-bey of the Sanjak of Klis.

Family

Malkoč-beg was the son of Karaosman-beg, captain of the Ottoman cavalry military units and sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Herzegovina whose türbe is in Kopčić near Bugojno.

Some authors adopted view of Safvet-beg Bašagić that Malkoč-beg Karaosman, originally from a village  near Prozor, which is disputed by some other authors. According to some incomplete documents some of the descendants of Malkoč-beg received ziamet in Duge, hence the last name, or Dulali which was how their descendants were referred to.

Malkoč-beg had seven sons (Džafer, Osman, Omer, Ibrahim, Alija, Husein and Hasan) and one daughter (Hani).

In the 1563 defter of the Sanjak of Pakrac it is mentioned that the captain of the region around river Sava was Husein, son of Malkoč-beg. According to Evliya Çelebi, Ibrahim built a mosque in Donji Vakuf. Together with his sons Džafer and Husein, Malkoč-beg fought against Christian armies on the territory between rivers Una and Kupa. Because of his successful conquests he was promoted to the position of sanjakbey. In 1562 he personally wrote a document in Dubrovnik, as sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Herzegovina.

According to Šabanović, Malkoč-beg died on 26 October 1565 in Banja Luka, where he was buried beside his son Džafer who died five years earlier. According to Mazalić, Malkoč-beg died in 1562 in Pécs and was buried in the grave of his father.

Annotations
Malkoč-beg Karaosman. He is also known as Karaosmanović.

See also
 Malkoçoğlu family

References

External links

16th-century people from the Ottoman Empire
Governors of the Ottoman Empire
Military personnel of the Ottoman Empire
Bosnian Muslims from the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Bosnian nobility
Ottoman period in the history of Croatia
Devshirme
Year of birth unknown
1565 deaths
Sanjak of Herzegovina

Malkoč Bey


Professor Peter Gerald Moore  (5 April 1928 – 14 June 2010) was an,  academic, actuary and statistician.  He was Professor of Statistics at London Business School, 1965–1993 and its principal from 1984 to 1989.

Moore was a graduate of KCS Wimbledon, and subsequently at University College London where he took a first class honors degree in statistics. He also completed a PhD at UCL, including time spent studying at Princeton, NJ (US) as a Commonwealth Fund Harkness Fellow. Following National Service with the Royal Horse Artillery where he rose to the rank of Major, he joined the Territorial Army and was awarded the Territorial Decoration in 1963.

He was a partner in consulting actuaries Duncan Fraser from 1974 to 1977. In 1984 he became the first president of the Institute of Actuaries from outside the insurance industry (1984-1986), subsequently also becoming the President of the Royal Statistical Society (1989-1991). A freeman of the city of London, he served as master of the Tallow Chandlers Company from 1994-1995. He was awarded the Guy medal (1970) and the Chambers Medal (1995) He served as a director of many FTSE 100 companies, government committees and helped establish the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.  He was a prolific writer, publishing many books on statistics and risk in management decisions. His books include:
Standard Statistical Calculations 1965,
Basic Operational Research 1971,
Reason By Numbers 1980,
The Anatomy of Decisions 1989,

Moore received an honorary doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 1985

His primary career legacy remains the London Business School. As a founding member of the faculty, he helped shape the curriculum and build the institution into a world leading provider of management education. In his roles as Vice Principal and Principal (now Dean) through the 1970s and 1980s, he grew the organisation, programs, student base and facilities.

References

1928 births
2010 deaths
Presidents of the Royal Statistical Society
British statisticians
Academics of London Business School

Peter G. Moore


In geometry, Bang's theorem on tetrahedra states that, if a sphere is inscribed within a tetrahedron, and segments are drawn from the points of tangency to each vertex on the same face of the tetrahedron, then all four points of tangency have the same triple of angles. In particular, it follows that the 12 triangles into which the segments subdivide the faces of the tetrahedron form congruent pairs across each edge of the tetrahedron. It is named after A. S. Bang, who posed it as a problem in 1897.

References

Theorems in geometry
Euclidean solid geometry

Bang's theorem on tetrahedra


The 1974 Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur Agreement was signed on 28 January 1974 by the fifth Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Tuanku Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Badlishah on behalf of the Federal Government of Malaysia; and the Sultan of Selangor Almarhum Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Sir Hishamuddin Alam Shah, on behalf of State Government of Selangor. This agreement was signed at Istana Negara, Kuala Lumpur signifies the official handling Kuala Lumpur territory over to the Federal Government, which resulted in the establishment of the Federal Territory.

There are four provisions made in this agreement, namely, the transfer of jurisdiction powers to the Federal Territory, encompassing the areas of the Federal Territory, concerns on return, financial calculation and Board of Advisors.

The proclamation of the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, 1974
The Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur was proclaimed on 1 February 1974 and signed by the second Malaysian prime minister, Tun Abdul Razak bin Hussein. This proclamation came about after the signing of the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur Agreement by the fifth Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Tuanku Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Badlishah on 28 January 1974. The proclamation, which was effective on 1 February 1974, Kuala Lumpur and the areas gazetted under Plan Gazette No. 383 formed the Federal Territory.

See also
 Kota Darul Ehsan
 Labuan
 Putrajaya
 Federal Territory Day

References

1970s in Kuala Lumpur
History of Selangor
1974 in Malaysia
1974 in politics
Politics of Malaysia


Antoine Ghanem (; 10 August 1943 – 19 September 2007) was a Lebanese politician and an MP in the Lebanese Parliament. He was also a member of the Kataeb party and the March 14 Coalition. He was killed on 19 September 2007 in a car bomb explosion in the Sin el Fil suburb of Beirut. He was the eighth anti-Syrian figure assassinated since the assassination of Rafik Hariri on 14 February 2005.

Early life and education
Ghanem was born in the Tohwita suburb of Beirut on 10 August 1943. He attended the Collège Notre Dame in Furn el Chebek and the Collège du Sacré-Cœur in Gemmayzeh, both private Catholic schools. After earning a degree in law from the Université Saint-Joseph in Beirut and the University of Lyon, he taught law for several years at the Lebanese University. He joined the Kataeb Party in 1961 and later became head of its Baabda District.

Political career
In 2000, Ghanem was elected to the Lebanese Parliament for Baabda constituency, running on the list of Druze leader Walid Jumblat. A member of the block of the "democratic meeting" Qornet Chehwan Gathering, he enjoyed nevertheless a certain autonomy considering his membership of the Kataeb Party. He supported Amine Gemayel in the political struggle within the Kataeb Party, countered the pro-Syrian president of the party Karim Pakradouni and posted himself as an important speaker within the reforming Movement of the Kataeb Party directed by Gemayel.

In September 2004, he voted against the extension of President Émile Lahoud's term. He actively participated in the Cedar Revolution after the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri.

He was re-elected in 2005 to his post of deputy and seat to the political council of the Kataeb Party, after the reunification of this party and the reconciliation between Gemayel and Pakradouni.

Personal life
Ghanem was married to Lolla Abdallah Neemeh. They had four children.

Assassination
Ghanem returned to Beirut from Abu Dhabi on 16 September 2007, just two days before the assassination. Like many other anti-Syrian legislators, he used to travel abroad during the summer months due to safety concerns. According to reports, nearly forty 14 March MPs including him traveled abroad after the assassination of Walid Eido and returned to Lebanon two days before the assassination. Ghanem and the other MPs stayed at the Phoenicia InterContinental Hotel under heavy security after their return.

The car-bomb that killed him along with at least six others, including his two bodyguards, one of whom is Antoine Daou, exploded at a junction of a main street filled with rush hour traffic in the densely populated and mostly Christian neighborhood of Horsh Tabet in Sin el Fil. The bomb was reported to be booby-trapped. Ghanem was at the age of 64.

Perpetrators
Kuwaiti newspaper Al Seyassah reported that the Ghanem assassination was a direct result of Syria re-opening its borders with Lebanon on 17 September 2007, two days before the assassination. According to Al Seyassah's sources inside Syria, the assassination was performed by Syrian intelligence, who continuously monitored Ghanem's movements. The agents rented two apartments, one near the residence of Ghanem in Qlei'at and the other near the crime scene in Sin el Fil. The sources revealed that the killers left Lebanon immediately after the assassination, completely disguised as Syrian workers.

Burial
Ghanem's body was buried in the Beirut suburb of Tohwita.

See also
 List of assassinated Lebanese politicians

References

1943 births
2007 deaths
Saint Joseph University alumni
University of Lyon alumni
Members of the Parliament of Lebanon
Kataeb Party politicians
Academic staff of Lebanese University
Assassinated Lebanese politicians
People murdered in Lebanon
Deaths by car bomb in Lebanon
Lebanese Maronites
20th-century Lebanese lawyers
2000s assassinated politicians in Asia

Antoine Ghanem


Alfred Henry Wilcox (1823-1883), sea captain, later Colorado River pioneer and steamboat and steamship entrepreneur, partner in the George A. Johnson & Company and of the Colorado Steam Navigation Company, banker and director of the California & Mexican Steam Ship Line.

Early life

Wilcox was born in Chatham, now East Hampton, Connecticut in 1823.  Becoming a sea captain in connection with the hydrographic service of the government.

California
In 1848, when he first came to California around Cape Horn, his ship brought California's first lighthouse.  In 1849, taking command of the 120-ton topsail schooner Invincible, Wilcox carried U. S. Army engineers to San Diego with the aim to divert the San Diego River from its outlet in San Diego Bay into False Bay, (now Mission Bay).  Upon his return to San Francisco he was ordered to carry relief supplies for starving 49ers on the wagon trails to California, up river to Sacramento.

Colorado River transport
On November 1, 1850, the Invincible was sent from San Francisco on a mission to deliver 10,000 rations to the garrison of the remote post of Fort Yuma on the Colorado River.  Captain Wilcox was in command of the 12–man crew, and Lt. George H. Derby was in command of the mission to see if the rations could be delivered by the schooner up the Colorado River from the Gulf of California.  Up to this time Fort Yuma had been supplied over land from San Diego, across the coastal mountains and the Colorado Desert.  This route was proving difficult and expensive, leading to a ration shortage at the fort.

The schooner arrived in San Diego to pick up the rations, then proceeded to the mouth of the Colorado River, stopping only at Cabo San Lucas and Guaymas.  The Invincible arrived at the river mouth on December 25.  Captain Wilcox then ascended the river but with difficulty.  Invincible drawing 8 feet of water was grounded at every ebb tide which was extreme in the Colorado River Delta.  On January 3, 1850, some 30 miles up river Captain Wilcox was forced to drop anchor, his way blocked by shoals too shallow to pass.  Local Cocopah people there that day agreed to carry a message to Fort Yuma of the arrival of the ship.

After waiting without answer to their message until 11 January, Derby, who due to an old and inaccurate British chart of the river mouth, believed the fort to be nearby instead of 120 miles away and attempted to continue up the river to reach the fort with the ship's longboat.  Two days later they met the fort commander, Major Samuel P. Heintzelman coming down the river in a boat.  Arraignments were made to unload the boats at the ship's anchorage on the shore of Sonora and loaded onto wagons from the fort on 28 January.  The Invincible returned to San Francisco.
  Subsequently, Wilcox was for many years stationed at San Diego.

In late 1852, Captain Wilcox joined George Alonzo Johnson and his partner Benjamin M. Hartshorne to form the George A. Johnson & Company and obtain the next contract to supply the fort.  Wilcox and his partners, all having learned a lesson from their failed attempts ascending the Colorado and with the successful example of the Uncle Sam, brought the parts of a more powerful side-wheel steamboat, the General Jesup, with them to the mouth of the Colorado from San Francisco.  There it was reassembled at a landing in the upper tidewater of the river and reached Fort Yuma, January 18, 1854.  This new boat, capable of carrying 50 tons of cargo, was very successful making round trips from the estuary to the fort in only four or five days.  Costs were cut to $75 per ton versus the $500 per ton cost of shipping over land.

As a result of the mining boom along the Colorado River and in the interior of Arizona Territory from 1861 to 1864, and the resulting profits of his steamboat company, Wilcox was becoming wealthy. On April 16, 1863, Wilcox married Maria Antonio Arguello one of the daughters of Santiago E. Arguello and moved south of San Diego, to a new house overlooking San Diego Bay, on the Rancho La Punta one of the Arguello family ranchos, on the road to what is now Tijuana, Mexico.  Wilcox and his wife had a son and two daughters.

Wilcox enjoyed sailing and in 1865 acquired a catboat and enlarged it to sloop rigging, as the Yacht Restless which he would sail up and down the bay between his Rancho La Punta and the city of San Diego.

Later life, ranching, banking and steamships
Two years after the competition of opposition steamboats was defeated and a monopoly on the river was achieved in 1867,  the George A. Johnson and Company brought in more partners and created the California Steam Navigation Company, which now included a steamship line that ran from San Francisco to connect with their steamboats at their port and shipyard at the mouth of the Colorado River at Port Isabel, Sonora.  This move doubled the revenue of the company.

That same year Wilcox purchased Rancho Santa Ysabel and eventually ran the largest sheep herd in San Diego County.  The following year the Julian Gold Rush began near Wilcox's ranch.  In 1872, Wilcox financed a wagon toll road to the gold fields from San Diego that was not only shorter than the old wagon road but also enabled heavy equipment to be brought to the mines.  Wilcox also joined in organizing the Commercial Bank of San Diego, and was a director and its president.  A few years later it was consolidated with another bank.

On May 21, 1877, just as the railroad reached the Colorado River, Wilcox and his partners had sold out their interest in the Colorado Steam Navigation Company to the Western Development Company, a holding company for the owners of the Southern Pacific Railroad.  Wilcox, Hartshorne and another partner John Bermingham, kept the steamship SS Newbern, and formed the California & Mexican Steamship Line to continue the still profitable portion of the coastal trade between San Francisco and the ports of La Paz, Mazatlán and Guaymas in Mexico.

In 1879, Captain Wilcox moved from San Diego to San Francisco.  Four years later, he died from a complication of several diseases he had been suffering from for several years, on August 15, 1883.

References

American businesspeople in shipping
Businesspeople from California
Sea captains
Steamship captains
1823 births
1883 deaths
History of the American West
People of the California Gold Rush
People from East Hampton, Connecticut
People from San Diego County, California
19th-century American businesspeople
People in 19th-century California

Alfred Henry Wilcox


Executive search (informally called headhunting) is a specialized recruitment service which organizations pay to seek out and recruit highly qualified candidates for senior-level and executive jobs across the public and private sectors, as well as non-profit organizations (e.g., President, Vice-president, CEO, and non-executive-directors). Headhunters may also seek out and recruit other highly specialized and/or skilled positions in organizations for which there is strong competition in the job market for the top talent, such as senior data analysts or computer programmers.

The method usually involves commissioning a third-party organization, typically an executive search firm, but possibly a standalone consultant or consulting firm, to research the availability of suitable qualified candidates working for competitors or related businesses or organizations. Having identified a shortlist of qualified candidates who match the client's requirements, the executive search firm may act as an intermediary to contact the individual(s) and see if they might be interested in moving to a new employer. The executive search firm may also carry out initial screening of the candidate, negotiations on remuneration and benefits, and preparing the employment contract.

In some markets, there has been a move towards using executive search for lower positions, driven by the fact that there are fewer candidates for some positions, even on lower levels than executive.

Executive search firms
An executive search firm is a type of professional service firm that specializes in recruiting executives and other senior personnel for their client companies in various industries. Executive search agents/professionals typically have a wide range of personal contacts in their industry or field of specialty; detailed, specific knowledge of the area; and typically operate at the most senior level of executive positions. Executive search professionals are also involved throughout the hiring process, conducting detailed interviews and presenting candidates to clients selectively, when they feel the candidate meets all stated requirements and would fit into the culture of the hiring firm. Executive search firms typically have long-lasting relationships with clients spanning many years, and in such cases the suitability of candidates is paramount. It is also important that such firms operate with a high level of professionalism and confidentiality.

When corporate entities elect to use an outside executive search firm, it is usually because they lack the internal research resources, professional networks, or evaluative skills to properly recruit for themselves. Using an outside firm also allows the corporate entity the freedom of recruiting from competitors without doing so directly, and the ability to choose among candidates that would not be available through internal or passive sourcing methodologies. Executive search firms are national and international. Many specialize in a particular business industry sector. The contractual relationship between client and executive search firm falls into two broad categories: contingent and retained. Contingent recruiters are paid only upon the successful completion of the "search assignment." Retained recruiters are paid for the process, typically earning a recruiting fee in three stages based on the anticipated compensation of the executive.

In 1959 the Association of Executive Search and Leadership Consultants (AESC) emerged to set the standards of quality and ethics for the executive search consulting trade. AESC Members range in size from large global firms and networks to boutique firms spanning more than 70 countries.

Retained search
High-end executive search firms get a retainer (up-front fee) to perform a specific search for a corporate officer or other senior executive position. Retained recruiters work for the organizations who are their clients, not for job candidates seeking employment, in some countries, such as the UK, recruiters are not legally permitted to charge candidates.

Delimited or engaged search
Another form of high-end executive search, delimited or engaged search, is often improperly categorized as retained search, although there are distinct differences. Similar to retained search firms, delimited/engaged search firms require an up-front fee before engaging the search. Unlike a conventional retainer, however, the delimited/engaged search commitment fee is refundable if the recruiter fails to achieve a hire or other deliverable specified in the contract. Moreover, the delimited/engaged search commitment fee does not follow the typical 1/3, 1/3, 1/3 model of retainers, but rather is a relatively small up-front fee which is discounted from the final placement fee of 25–35% of the successful candidate's first year compensation. Both retained and delimited/engaged searches involve partial payment prior to filling the job, and the contracted recruiter has the search exclusively. Therefore, the search can be customized to the client organization's needs, with the search professional providing a consultative service throughout the process. While both retained and delimited/engaged searches serve client employers rather than job-seeking executives, delimited/engaged search contracts always (as opposed to sometimes) state a future date when the project must be completed or the downpayment refunded.

Contingent search
As stated, contingent search firms are remunerated only upon the successful completion of the search—typically when the candidate accepts the position. These recruiters may earn from 20% to 35% of the candidate's first-year base salary or total remuneration as a hiring fee; the fee may also be calculated to include the candidate's (that is, the successful hire's) median or expected first-year bonus payout. In any case, the fee is (as always) paid by the hiring company, not the candidate/hire. Contingent firms in some markets may quote fees in the range of 12% to 20% as well.

Pros and cons
Clients (companies seeking to hire) often tend to work with contingent search firms when filling mid-level positions. As contingent search firms generally rely heavily on their contacts, and seldom work on an exclusive basis, it is not rare for a client to work with a large number of contingent recruiters on the same search at the same time, in order to maximize the volume of candidate (job seeker) resumes they receive. Beyond the increased volume of candidates that such an approach allows, contingent firms do not get paid until the placement is made (a candidate is successfully hired), and thus the search risk is shifted almost entirely to the search firms. Moreover, contingent search firms often work with clients on higher percentage fee basis, relative to retained and delimited search firms as they shoulder more risk. For senior level roles, clients often prefer to work with recruiters who have performed well in the past for them and usually will end up in the hands of a retained or delimited recruiter.  By working exclusively with one firm on such searches, the client generally develops a much deeper relationship with the recruiter, and receives a much higher level of service. With all methods, retained, delimited, and contingency, clients rely on search professionals to provide not just resumes, but also insightful, consultative information about the market in general, as well as additional tools such as psychometric profiling during the interview process.

A delimited search is often preferred by clients who are seeking a retainer-style service level, while not willing to accept the level of risk that retained search entails. While delimited search does entail up-front fees, they tend to be much smaller than total pre-placement fees that retained search entails. Moreover, delimited search professionals shoulder the risk of their own failure to execute the search within a specified timeframe, offering to refund the up-front fees in such an event. While delimited search is not as desirable for searches that are open-ended in nature, the "ticking clock" is often seen by clients as an incentive that motivates delimited search recruiters to stay more active and involved throughout the hiring process.

See also
 Employment agency
 List of executive search firms
 Onboarding
 Personnel selection
 Recruitment

References

Recruitment

Management consulting

pl:Headhunter

Executive search


Loncco was the name given to the peasants who lived in the rural area surrounding the city of Arequipa, Peru till the end of the 20th century. The word Loncco can also involve their particular culture, dialect and way of living. Lonccos' traditions and unique way of speaking have been featured in Arequipean traditional songs, in the form of  or Pampeñas.

References

Arequipa
History of Peru

Loncco


Norman Yoshio Mineta (, November 12, 1931 – May 3, 2022) was an American politician. A member of the Democratic Party, Mineta served in the United States Cabinet for Presidents Bill Clinton, a Democrat, and George W. Bush, a Republican.

Mineta was the mayor of San Jose from 1971 until 1975. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing California from 1975 until 1995. Mineta served as the United States Secretary of Commerce during the final months of Bill Clinton's presidency. He was the first person of East Asian descent to serve as a U.S. cabinet secretary.

As the United States Secretary of Transportation for President Bush, Mineta was the only Democratic cabinet secretary in the Bush administration. He oversaw the creation of the Transportation Security Administration in response to the September 11 attacks that had occurred early in his tenure. On June 23, 2006, Mineta announced his resignation after more than five years as Secretary of Transportation, effective July 7, 2006, making him the longest-serving Secretary of Transportation in the department's history. A month later, the public relations firm Hill+Knowlton Strategies announced that Mineta would join it as a partner. In 2010, it was announced that Mineta would join L&L Energy, Inc. as vice chairman.

Mineta died on May 3, 2022, from a heart ailment in Edgewater, Maryland, at the age of 90.

Early life and education
Mineta was born in San Jose, California, to Japanese immigrant parents Kunisaku Mineta and Kane Watanabe, who were barred from becoming American citizens at that time by the Asian Exclusion Act. During World War II, the Mineta family was interned for several years at Area 24, 7th Barrack, Unit B, in the Heart Mountain internment camp near Cody, Wyoming, along with thousands of other Japanese immigrants and Japanese Americans. Upon arrival to the camp, Mineta, a baseball fan, had his baseball bat confiscated by authorities because it could be used as a weapon. Many years later, after Mineta was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, a man sent Mineta a $1,500 bat that was once owned by Hank Aaron, which Mineta was forced to return as it violated the congressional ban on gifts valued over $250. Mineta said: "The damn government's taken my bat again."

While detained in the camp, Mineta, a Boy Scout, met fellow scout Alan Simpson, a future senator from Wyoming, who often visited the Boy Scouts in the internment camp with his troop. The two became close friends and remained political allies throughout their lives.

Mineta graduated from the University of California, Berkeley's School of Business Administration in 1953 with a degree in business administration. Upon graduation, Mineta joined the U.S. Army and served as an intelligence officer in Japan and Korea. He then joined his father in the Mineta Insurance Agency.

Career

Councilman and mayor of San Jose
In 1967, Mineta was appointed to a vacant San Jose City Council seat by mayor Ron James. He was elected to office for the first time after completing a term in the city council. He was elected vice mayor by fellow councilors during that term.

Mineta ran against 14 other candidates in the 1971 election to replace outgoing mayor Ron James. Mineta won every precinct in the election with over 60% of the total vote and became the 59th mayor of San Jose, the first Japanese-American mayor of a major American city. As mayor, Mineta ended the city's 20-year-old policy of rapid growth by annexation, creating development-free areas in East and South San Jose. His vice mayor Janet Gray Hayes succeeded him as mayor in 1975.

United States Congress
In 1974, Mineta ran for the United States House of Representatives in what was then . The district was previously the 10th District, represented by retiring 11-term Republican Charles Gubser. Mineta won the Democratic nomination and defeated State Assemblyman George W. Milias with 52 percent of the vote. He was reelected ten more times from this Silicon Valley-based district, which was renumbered as the 15th District in 1993, never dropping below 57 percent of the vote.

Mineta co-founded the Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus and served as its first chair. He served as chairman of the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure between 1992 and 1994. He chaired the committee's aviation subcommittee between 1981 and 1988, and chaired its Surface Transportation subcommittee from 1989 to 1991.

During his career in Congress, Mineta was a key author of the landmark Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991. He pressed for more funding for the Federal Aviation Administration. Mineta was a driving force behind the passage of H.R. 442, which became the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, a law that officially apologized for and redressed the injustices endured by Japanese Americans during World War II.

Private sector
Mineta resigned his seat mid-term to accept a position with Lockheed Martin in 1995. He chaired the National Civil Aviation Review Commission, which in 1997 issued recommendations on minimizing traffic congestion and reducing the aviation accident rate. The Clinton administration adopted many of the commission's recommendations, including reform of the Federal Aviation Administration to enable it to perform more like a business.

In 1999, Mineta received the L. Welch Pogue Award for Lifetime Achievement in Aviation.

Mineta was appointed to the board of directors of Horizon Lines effective January 1, 2007. He had formerly served on the board of AECOM Technology Corporation and was on the board of SJW Corp.

Secretary of Commerce
In 2000, President Bill Clinton nominated Mineta to serve as the U.S. Secretary of Commerce, making him the first Asian American to hold a presidential cabinet post. Clinton had wanted to nominate Mineta as U.S. Secretary of Transportation in 1992, but Mineta wanted to remain in Congress at that time.

Secretary of Transportation
Mineta was appointed United States Secretary of Transportation by President George W. Bush in 2001, a post that he was offered eight years earlier by Bill Clinton. He was the only Democrat to have served in Bush's cabinet and the first Secretary of Transportation to have previously served in a cabinet position. He became the first Asian American to hold the position, and only the fourth person to be a member of the cabinet under two presidents from different political parties (after Edwin M. Stanton, Henry L. Stimson and James R. Schlesinger). In 2004, Mineta received the Tony Jannus Award for his distinguished contributions to commercial air transportation.

Following Bush's reelection, Mineta was invited to continue in the position, and he did so until resigning in June 2006. When he stepped down on July 7, 2006, he was the longest-serving Secretary of Transportation since the position's inception in 1967.

September 11 attacks
Mineta's testimony to the 9/11 Commission about his experience in the Presidential Emergency Operations Center with Vice President Cheney as American Airlines flight 77 approached the Pentagon was not included in the 9/11 Commission Report. In one colloquy testified by Mineta, the vice president refers to orders concerning the plane approaching the Pentagon:

Commissioner Lee Hamilton queried if the order was to shoot down the plane, to which Mineta replied that he did not know that specifically.

Mineta's testimony to the commission on Flight 77 differs somewhat significantly from the account provided in the January 22, 2002, edition of The Washington Post, as reported by Bob Woodward and Dan Balz in their series "10 Days in September".

This same article reports that the conversation between Cheney and the aide occurred at 9:55 a.m., about 30 minutes later than the time that Mineta had cited (9:26 a.m.) during his testimony to the 9/11 Commission.

After hearing of Mineta's orders, Canadian transport minister David Collenette issued orders to ground all civilian aircraft traffic across Canada, resulting in Operation Yellow Ribbon. On September 21, 2001, Mineta sent a letter to all U.S. airlines forbidding them from practicing racial profiling or subjecting Middle Eastern or Muslim passengers to a heightened degree of pre-flight scrutiny. He stated that it was illegal for the airlines to discriminate against passengers based on race, color, national or ethnic origin, or religion. Subsequently, administrative enforcement actions were brought against three airlines based on alleged infringements of these rules, resulting in multimillion-dollar settlements. Mineta voiced his intention to "absolutely not" implement racial screenings in a 60 Minutes interview just after 9/11. He later recalled his decision "was the right thing [and] constitutional" based on his own experience as a member of those who had "lost the most basic human rights" as a result of the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II.

The Norman Y. Mineta San Jose International Airport in San Jose was named after Mineta in November 2001 while he was serving as Secretary of Transportation. The Mineta Transportation Institute, located at San Jose State University, and portions of California State Highway 85 are named after him.

White House Press Secretary Tony Snow announced on June 23, 2006, that Mineta would resign effective July 7, 2006, because "he wanted to." A spokesman said Mineta was "moving on to pursue other challenges." He left office as the longest-serving Secretary of Transportation in history.

After leaving the Bush administration

Hill+Knowlton announced on July 10, 2006, that Mineta would join the firm as vice chairman, effective July 24, 2006.

In 2005, Mineta received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member and Google cofounder Larry Page. In October 2006, Mineta won the Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy. In December 2006, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. In 2007, the Japanese government conferred upon him the Grand Cordon, Order of the Rising Sun.

On February 4, 2008, the day before the closely contested California Democratic primary, Mineta endorsed Barack Obama.

Beginning in the summer of 2008, Mineta began service as chairman of a panel of the National Academy of Public Administration overseeing a study of modernization efforts at the United States Coast Guard. Other notable members of the panel include former Office of Personnel Management director Janice Lachance and former NASA administrator Sean O'Keefe.

In June 2010, Mineta was named co-chair of the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative. On August 10, 2010, he was named vice chair of L&L Energy, Inc., which was headquartered in Seattle and operated coal mines and other facilities related to coal production in China.

Mineta was a recipient of the Chubb Fellowship at Yale University from 2015 to 2016.

Legacy
The Mineta Transportation Institute was named after him. It was established by Congress in 1991 as a research institute focusing on issues related to intermodal surface transportation in the United States. It is part of San Jose State University's Lucas Graduate School of Business in San Jose, California, and is currently directed by Karen Philbrick. In 2001, the San Jose International Airport adopted his name to honor him while he was serving as the US Secretary of Transportation.

In 2022, Congress renamed the Department of Transportation headquarters building as the William T. Coleman, Jr. and Norman Y. Mineta Federal Building, in honor of Mineta and another former Secretary, William Thaddeus Coleman Jr.

Personal life
Mineta's first marriage was to May Hinoki, which lasted from 1961 to 1986. In 1991, Mineta married United Airlines flight attendant Danealia "Deni" Brantner. Mineta had two children from his first marriage and two stepchildren from his second marriage. He had 11 grandchildren.

Mineta died on May 3, 2022, from a heart ailment in Edgewater, Maryland, at the age of 90.

See also

 List of United States political appointments across party lines
 List of Asian Americans and Pacific Islands Americans in the United States Congress

References

External links

 The Mineta Legacy Project

Norman Mineta at Find a Grave

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1931 births
2022 deaths
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
American mayors of Japanese descent
American military personnel of Japanese descent
American politicians of Japanese descent
Asian-American members of the United States House of Representatives
Berkeley Student Cooperative alumni
Burials at Oak Hill Memorial Park
California politicians of Japanese descent
Clinton administration cabinet members
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from California
George W. Bush administration cabinet members
Haas School of Business alumni
Japanese-American internees
Japanese-American members of the Cabinet of the United States
Mayors of San Jose, California
Members of the United States Congress of Japanese descent
Military personnel from California
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun
San Jose City Council members
Asian-American city council members
United States Army officers
United States Secretaries of Commerce
United States Secretaries of Transportation
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Members of Congress who became lobbyists

Norman Mineta


The Anglo-Siamese War (or Anglo-Thai War) was a brief state of war that existed between the English East India Company and Kingdom of Siam in 1687–88. Siam officially declared war against the Company in August 1687. No peace treaty was ever signed to end the war, but the Siamese revolution of 1688 rendered the issue moot.

The war resulted in part from the jostling of the great powers—England, the United Provinces and France—for trading influence in Siam. The immediate casus belli was the dispute between Siam and the Company over the actions of the Siamese officials at Mergui (Myeik), which the English considered piracy, and the English response, which included a naval blockade of Mergui. With the exception of the fighting at Mergui on 14 June 1687—which amounted to a massacre of English sailors on shore by the Siamese—the actual war was confined to commerce raiding.

Background

Siamese policy under Phaulkon
By 1681, Siamese foreign policy was in the hands of King Narai's Greek favourite, Constantine Phaulkon. One of Phaulkon's policies was to develop Siamese trade through the port of Mergui on the Bay of Bengal. This was the main Siamese port engaged in trade with the Coromandel Coast of India. This trade was traditionally conducted by Muslims from the Indian Kingdom of Golconda.

To displace the Indian influence, Phaulkon began constructing ships at Mergui. He manned them with English recruits and they sailed under the Siamese flag. The use of English sailors by Siam provoked conflict between the merchants of Golconda, used to dominating the trade of Mergui, and the East India Company, which possessed the Madras Presidency on the Coromandel Coast.

In 1681, the port official at Masulipatam, a port of Golconda, refused to supply cables to Samuel White, an English associate of Phaulkon's, and as a result White's ship foundered. In 1683, Phaulkon appointed another Englishman, Richard Burnaby, as governor of Mergui with White acting as shahbandar (harbourmaster) under him. Together they supervised a large ship-building programme. White, however, seems from the beginning to have used his position to avenge his grievance against Golconda. Burnaby, like Phaulkon, was a former Company employee. Another former Company employee, Thomas Ivatt, was appointed Siamese ambassador to Golconda.

War of reprisals against Golconda
In 1685, Burnaby and White began a series of reprisals against Indian shipping, Golconda in particular. Although Phaulkon ordered him to stop, White came up with various excuses to justify continuing his vendetta against Golconda. These were regarded as mere piracy by the Indians and the East India Company, who blamed Phaulkon and the Siamese government for the acts of their subordinates in Mergui. Golconda also blamed the Company for White's actions since he was an Englishman.

Company documents record White's various actions during his vendetta, including a naval bombardment of Masulipatam, the capture of several merchant vessels and the imprisonment of the crew of the Tiaga Raja, an Indian merchant vessel from Madras from which White seized £2,000 worth of goods during its stay in Mergui. He then seized the ship of the Armenian merchant John Demarcora, a resident of Madras.

Siamese–Company rift
The rift between the Siamese government and the Company was further aggravated by a personal dispute between Phaulkon and the President of Madras, Elihu Yale. Yale had been contracted by Phaulkon to provide some jewellery to King Narai. Phaulkon, however, considering Yale's bill outrageous, refused to receive the jewels when Yale's brother, Thomas, arrived in Ayutthaya. This embarrassment for the Company took place at the same time as the French Chaumont embassy was present (October 1685).

In July 1686, the Company was able to secure from King James II of England an order-in-council forbidding English subjects from serving aboard foreign ships in eastern waters. It did not arrive in Madras until January 1687. In November 1686, Phaulkon wrote to Père François de la Chaise, the confessor of Louis XIV of France, offering to hand over Mergui to the French in order to put an end to White's continued unauthorised piracy.

Open conflict

Blockade of Mergui and massacre of the English
By late 1686, the East India Company was already prosecuting a war specifically against Samuel White's vendetta. An expedition was dispatched from Madras in October 1686 to seize Negrais up the coast from Mergui to use as a base for combatting piracy. It left after the monsoon had changed and was forced to turn back. The campaign against Mergui got off to an inglorious start.

When the royal proclamation arrived in Madras in January 1687, it was decided to send the warships Curtana and James under the command of Anthony Weltden in order to collect the Englishmen at Mergui and take them out of the King of Siam's service. It was also decided that all ships at Mergui would be impounded in the port until King Narai paid £65,000 in damages for White's piracy.

Curtana and James arrived at Mergui in June 1687. All the Englishmen present, including White, expressed their intention to comply with the king's order. Although Weltden was under orders to blockade the port until October, when the change of monsoon would allow for his return, he immediately let down his guard. On the night of 14 June, while the English were being entertained on shore, the Siamese, under the leadership of the Governor of Tenasserim fired on the moored ships and the Siamese troops massacred the English. James was sunk. Weltden and White were among the few to escape the massacre. Reaching their ships Curtana and Resolution, they sailed them into the Mergui Archipelago to await the monsoon.

Siamese reaction
In response to Weltden's actions, Siam published an official declaration of war against the East India Company in August 1687. In the aftermath of the massacre, an English woman and her family were murdered by a Siamese balat of Mergui, upon refusing his advances. Upon hearing of this transgression, King Narai had the balat executed to demonstrate justice in defence of innocent English immigrants unaffiliated with the East India Company. The Governor of Tenasserim was likewise executed for the massacre.

While preparations were underway for the blockade of Mergui, the Loubère–Céberet embassy with a military component under Marshal Des Farges left France in March 1687 in order to take up Phaulkon's offer to occupy the port of Mergui and the city of Bangkok. The size of the French embassy and its intentions sparked fears of a Dutch declaration of war on Siam, but these came to nothing. The Dutch East India Company preferred to await the inevitable anti-foreign reaction to such a large French presence so near the capital (Bangkok was only  from Ayutthaya).

Unlike the Dutch, the East India Company, on learning of the departure of the French embassy, pressed James II to intervene to prevent the French acquisition of Mergui. The king sent instructions to Madras ordering the Company to seize the port. When these instructions arrived in August, Yale dispatched a frigate to reinforce Weltden and instruct him to occupy the city, unaware that Weltden had been chased from Mergui months earlier, that Siam had declared war on the Company or that a French governor, the Sieur du Bruant, had already arrived in Mergui. The frigate sailed into the port on 22 September and was promptly captured. Since the frigate had been in pursuit of a Siamese pirate vessel captained by an Englishman just before it reached Mergui, the royal proclamation of July 1686 had evidently been ignored after the Siamese attack on Weltden's force.

In October 1687, Weltden was finally able to return to Madras while White in the Resolution, with Weltden's permission, returned to England.

Results
The brief Anglo-Siamese war, which saw very little fighting, "died a natural death". No peace treaty was ever signed because the Company refused to drop its claim against the Siamese monarchy for £65,000 in damages. As a result of the war, the ports of Siam were closed to Company vessels until 1708, although the Company had resumed trade using foreign-flagged vessels as early as 1705.

White returned to England in 1688. His private secretary, Francis Davenport, was taken prisoner in Mergui. He wrote a pamphlet accusing White of piracy and corruption. White died in 1689 before he could be brought to trial.

See also
 Thailand–United Kingdom relations

References

Wars involving England
Wars involving the Ayutthaya Kingdom
Conflicts in 1687
17th century in the Ayutthaya Kingdom
Thailand–United Kingdom military relations

Anglo-Siamese War


Siswono Yudo Husodo (born 4 July 1943) is an Indonesian politician and businessman who was the Minister of Transmigration and Minister of Public Housing during the New Order era. He was a vice presidential candidate in the 1999 presidential vote and the 2004 presidential election.

Early life
Siswono was born in Long Iram in West Kutai Regency on 4 July 1943, during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia. He was of Javanese ancestry. The third child of ten, his father was a doctor who was assigned in Kalimantan. As a child, he followed his father's change of assignment, moving to Tenggarong and later Palu, where he attended kindergarten. By 1949, his family moved to Kendal where he attended elementary school. On 1958, he moved to Jakarta to attend high school, and by 1961 he enrolled at the Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB).

During his time studying at ITB, Siswono was part of GMNI (Gerakan Mahasiswa Nasional Indonesia, Indonesian National Students' Movement) and Barisan Soekarno - an organization that supported Sukarno, which was censured when Suharto took power. As a result, he was suspended from his studies for four years. During this time, he engaged in trading produce, namely selling garlic from East Java to Jakarta and Palembang. He was allowed to return to his studies in 1968.

Career
After graduating, Siswono started a construction firm PT Bangun Cipta Sarana along with his friends from ITB in 1969. The firm benefited from a construction boom during the Suharto period, and was given the contracts to build the graves of Sukarno and Hatta. Siswono eventually accepted an offer to become the Minister of Public Housing under Suharto's cabinet in 1988, and was reappointed as the Minister of Transmigration and Manpower in 1993.

Following the fall of Suharto, Siswono was the Chairman of the Indonesian Farmers Association, and he represented the "Business Group" in the People's Consultative Assembly between 1999 and 2004. He was considered as a likely vice presidential candidate in the 1999 vote, but won the fewest votes out of the five candidates (31 out of 613) and was dropped in the first round of voting. During this time, he was a member of Golkar.

For the 2004 presidential election, Siswono became the running mate to Amien Rais. Six political parties supported them, but the pair was eliminated in the first round of voting after only winning 14.66 percent of votes, placing them fourth.

Later in the 2009 legislative election, Siswono was elected to the People's Representative Council representing Central Java's 1st electoral district still as a Golkar candidate. He was part of the body's fourth commission and was deputy chairman of its honor council. He did not run for reelection in 2014, citing his age.

By 2017, he had joined the Nasdem Party and became the chairman of its advisory council until his resignation in 2022 citing age and health. He had also been the chairman of Pancasila University's foundation.

References

1943 births
Living people
Javanese people
People from East Kalimantan
Nasdem Party politicians
Members of the House of Representatives (Indonesia), 2009
Government ministers of Indonesia
Bandung Institute of Technology alumni

Siswono Yudo Husodo


Dunsany Castle (), Dunsany, County Meath, Ireland is a modernised Anglo-Norman castle, started c. 1180 / 1181 by Hugh de Lacy, who also commissioned the original Killeen Castle, nearby, and the famous Trim Castle. It is one of Ireland's oldest homes in continuous occupation, possibly the longest occupied by a single family, having been held by the Cusack family and their descendants by marriage, the Plunketts, from foundation to the present day. The castle is surrounded by its demesne, the inner part of the formerly extensive Dunsany estate. The demesne holds a historic church, a walled garden, a stone farm complex, and an ice house, among other features, and is home to a wide range of fauna.

Location
Dunsany Castle and demesne, and other remnants of the family estates, are situated in and near the townland of Dunsany, County Meath, between the historic town of Trim and Dunshaughlin. At nearby Dunsany Cross (short for crossroads) is a hamlet, with a post office store, Catholic church and primary school, a GAA pitch with a clubhouse and bar and a mix of private housing with a small local authority development. The former Dower House is located just east of the hamlet. The demesne can be reached from the N3 road and from Trim, and is signposted from the Navan Road, from Dunshaughlin and from Warrenstown, near the former railway station for the area, at Drumree. The next village is Kilmessan, and today Dunsany and Kilmessan together form a single Catholic parish.

History
To the left and right of the front of the current castle are two mounds, believed to be artificial constructions, at least one (to the east) possibly part of an earlier Irish fortification, which would explain the name of the district – Dunsany is Dún Samhain in Irish, and a dún is a fort.  It is believed that the eastern, or both of these, were later used as early Anglo-Norman points of defence, possibly on the motte and bailey style.  The western one, with a formation sometimes likened to two dunes, was memorialised by Oliver St John Gogarty.  There is a third mound further to the west also.

Dunsany Castle began with four stone towers, with walls between and a yard inside, in the late 12th century, construction being thought to have begun in 1180 on the orders of Hugh de Lacy. Foundations and the lower parts of the four main towers are likely original, and some interior spaces, notably an old kitchen, but much additional work has been carried out, especially in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the current castle is more than three times the size of the original.

The castle, along with Killeen Castle, was held by the Cusacks, initially on behalf of the de Lacys, and passed by marriage in the early 15th century to the Plunketts. Originally, it and Killeen lay on a single estate but the first generation of Plunketts gave Killeen to the eldest son, and Dunsany to the younger, Christopher, following which the estate was divided, and the Castle descended in the hands of the Barons of Dunsany, who enjoyed almost uninterrupted ownership and control, aside from issues around Oliver Cromwell's operations in Ireland (the then Lady Dunsany defended the castle against an initial approach but the family were later forced out in 1649, some dying on the way to Connaught), and the aftermath of some other troubles between Ireland and England. They were cousins of Saint Oliver Plunket.

The Dunsany Estate was reduced by the operation of the Land Acts in the late 19th and early 20th century but the castle remained surrounded by its original demesne, and other estate lands remain around the district, some adjacent to the demesne and some remote.

Much of the work of the writer Lord Dunsany was done at the Castle, notably in a room in one of the building's towers. The author commissioned a two-storey extension to one side of the rear of the castle in 1910. Designed by George Jack from the office of William Morris, it was built in an "Arts & Crafts" style by 1914 and contains a spacious billiard room, two bedrooms, and other facilities.

The castle was the scene for an early fashion show by Sybil Connolly, in 1953, which was featured on the cover of Life magazine. The dower house and its lands were sold in the latter half of the 20th century. Since the 1990s, work has been carried out to restore parts of the castle, and some of the Dunsany properties in the demesne, the hamlet at Dunsany crossroads, and in Trim.

The family's other castle, the largest in Ireland but a ruin, Trim Castle, was transferred to the State in 1993, such a transfer having been refused in the late 19th century.

Castle structure
The castle is entered through a projecting porch and a lobby with a worked plaster ceiling, which contain military memorabilia.  Beyond are the central hallway, featuring the principal stairway and a vaulted ceiling, and a private secondary hall. The ground floor holds the grand dining room, with portraits of past family members, the former estate office, and a fine arts and crafts billiards room.  Also present in the historic castle core, off a spinal corridor ("the passage"), are the ancient kitchen and a more modern one, a bedroom suite, and other rooms. The corridor in turn connects to buildings on the castle's internal yard, with living spaces and the gallery of the artist Edward Plunkett, the late 20th Lord Dunsany.

On the first floor of the historic castle are the library, and drawing-room, which has Stapleton plasterwork from 1780. The library, which may have been worked on by James Shiel, is in the "Gothic Revival" style, with a "beehive" ceiling. Also on this floor is a secondary stairway (where a "priest's hole" for hiding Catholic priests formerly existed). The third floor holds ornate bedrooms, some with attached bathrooms, and the principal one also with a dressing room.  One of the bedrooms is reputedly haunted.

Demesne

Walls, entrances and lodges

The demesne is surrounded by a drystone wall, much of which was built during the Great Famine as a relief work.  The wall is interrupted by two formal entrances, on the Dublin Road, a farm entrance on the same road, and a closed entrance near the former railway line and the Skane River, on the Glane Road.

The former main gateway, nearest to Dunshaughlin, leads to a long avenue, which abruptly reveals the castle to arrivals.  Built in its current form around 1830, it is in the neo-Gothic style, with a tower lodge, mock porticullis, and two sets of white gates, for a carriage entrance and a footpath. It displays the coat of arms of the 14th Lord Dunsany, quartered with those of his two wives.  It is disused since around 1960, and its carriageway is grown-over.  The main entrance to the grounds today, opposite a medieval pilgrim cross near Dunsany crossroads, has the appearance of a Gothic ruin but is a sham.  It conceals a residential gatehouse lodge, and was originally built for arrivals smaller than carriages, such as horse-buggies and carts, and riding parties.  Just inside this gate is the former Steward's House, a sunken stone-built structure, and just to the west on the public road is an access road for the demesne farm.

A third gateway, at Dunsany Bridge, over the River Skane, had a lodge made of black limestone, the Black Lodge, which was vandalised in the 1980s.  It displayed the coat of arms of the 14th Lord Dunsany and may have been the work of James Shiel.  The road facing it is said to be haunted by a headless horseman at night.

Church of St Nicholas ("The Abbey")
The Church of St Nicholas (of Myra), known locally as the Abbey, was built in the 1440s on the site of an earlier church (standing in 1305). It is now a National Monument, with remnants of lofts and living quarters, and inside and around are tombs of family members and local residents, including the 20th Lord Dunsany. It fell out of use, perhaps damaged by Cromwellian forces, and a new church was built at Dunsany Crossroads, but it is still consecrated.  It was partly restored for the filming of the wedding scene from the film Braveheart in 1994, and a wedding Mass was celebrated there (with a temporary roof installed) in the early 2000s, with the Bishop of Meath.  A feature of the church was a highly-decorated font.

Walled garden
There is a walled garden, around  in size, which as of 2000, still produced fruit and vegetables for the estate. A cottage, historically occupied by the senior gardener, is built into the walls of the garden.  Nearby are working beehives.

Other structures
Also within the demesne are stone-built farm and stable yards, an ice-house and wells.  There is a home within the stable yard.  There is also at least one ruined cottage near the walls.

As mentioned, mounds on either side of the castle are believed to be motte sites; the 19th Lord Dunsany is buried on one of them.

In front of the castle is a lawn and a ha-ha protective ditch, beyond which estate farmland begins.  Passing under one of the roads is a sunken path by which staff could discreetly move from the walled farmyard complex to some of the fields.

Lands
The lands contain a mix of farmland, marsh and mature mixed woodland; a flower garden also existed until 1950. As of 2021, parts are in the process of being rewilded by the 21st Lord Dunsany, Randal Plunkett. The lands are home to a range of wildlife, including, as of 2000, owls, pheasants, sparrowhawks, kestrels, herons, moorhens and jays, as well as rabbits and hares, foxes and badgers, squirrels, deer and otters.

Six stretches of woodland and many of the demesne fields have historically established names.

The River Skane runs through the woodland, in a stretch called the Railway Wood, alongside the old Dublin-Navan railway line.  It is a tributary of the River Boyne and did contain fish in the past.  It is joined near the Glane Road by the small River Gansey or Ganzey, from Killeen and Corballis, which crosses through Dunsany lands.

Access
The grounds are private and access normally requires prior arrangement. The castle can be visited on a certain number of days each year, by way of a guided tour, for a fee. Tours around the nature reserve with small groups are possible as of 2021, though places are very limited.

Points of note
The castle and demesne have been used for filming on occasions, for example for Braveheart (the wedding scene was filmed in the Church of St Nicholas, for example) and the remake of The Magnificent Ambersons.

References

External links
 Dunsany Castle
 Meath Tourism
 http://www.britainirelandcastles.com/Ireland/County-Meath/Dunsany-Castle.html

Archaeological sites in County Meath
Buildings and structures completed in the 12th century
Castles in County Meath
Castle, Dunsany
Dunsany
Norman architecture in Ireland
Edward Plunkett, 18th Baron of Dunsany

Dunsany Castle and Demesne


Andreas M. Antonopoulos (born 1972 in London) is a British-Greek Bitcoin advocate, tech entrepreneur, and author. He is a host on the Speaking of Bitcoin podcast (formerly called Let's Talk Bitcoin!) and a teaching fellow for the M.Sc. Digital Currencies at the University of Nicosia.

Early life and education
Antonopoulos was born in 1972 in London, UK, and moved to Athens, Greece during the Greek Junta. He spent his childhood there, and at the age of 17 returned to the UK. Antonopoulos obtained his degrees in Computer science and Data Communications, Networks and Distributed Systems from University College London.

Career

Nemertes Research
He was Senior Vice President and a Founding Partner with Nemertes Research, from 2003 until 2011. While there, Antonopoulos researched computer security, stating that the greatest threat to computer security was not experienced hackers, but overly complex systems that resulted from rapid change in business.

Bitcoin involvement
In 2012, Antonopoulos became enamored with Bitcoin. He eventually abandoned his job as a freelance consultant and started speaking at conferences about bitcoin, consulting for startups, and writing articles free of charge.

According to his podcast, Antonopoulos is a consultant on several bitcoin-related startups.

In January 2014, Antonopoulos joined Blockchain.info as chief security officer. In September 2014, he left the CSO role.

In April 2014, Antonopoulos organised a fundraising campaign for Dorian Nakamoto, who was identified in a Newsweek article as the creator of bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto. The reporting techniques used in the article were controversial among journalists and Bitcoin community members. The fundraiser, intended to assist Nakamoto after the attention he received as a result of the article, raised 50 bitcoins, worth US$23,000 at the time.

On 8 October 2014, Antonopoulos spoke in front of the Banking, Trade and Commerce committee of the Senate of Canada to address the senators' questions on how to regulate bitcoin in Canada.

In March 2016, the first edition of Mastering Bitcoin was released by Antonopoulos, in print and online, followed by a second edition in June 2017.

In December 2017, unsolicited donations of over 100 bitcoins were sent to Antonopoulos by over a thousand followers of his work, after Roger Ver made a public post to Twitter on 5 December questioning Antonopoulos's investment choices given his "eloquent" public speaking about bitcoin since 2012.

Bibliography

Books
Mastering Bitcoin: Unlocking Digital Currencies (2014, O'Reilly)
Mastering Bitcoin 2nd Edition: Programming the Open Blockchain (2017, O'Reilly)
Mastering Ethereum: Building Smart Contracts and dApps (2018, O'Reilly)
The Internet of Money (Volume 1) (2016, O'Reilly)
The Internet of Money (Volume 2) (2017, Merkle Bloom, self-published)
The Internet of Money (Volume 3) (2019, Merkle Bloom, self-published)

References

External links

Living people
1972 births
Place of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of University College London
Academic staff of the University of Nicosia
People associated with Bitcoin
British motivational speakers
British people of Greek descent
21st-century British male writers
21st-century Greek male writers
British technology writers
Greek technology writers
Businesspeople in information technology
People associated with cryptocurrency
Open source advocates

Andreas Antonopoulos


Robert W. Levy, Sr., known as Bob Levy (born May 16, 1947, in Atlantic City, New Jersey), is a Democratic politician and the former Mayor of Atlantic City, New Jersey. In September 2007, Levy disappeared from Atlantic City without telling the public or the press why he was leaving. His sudden absence sparked a controversy over who should become the acting mayor of Atlantic City. On October 10, 2007, attorneys for Levy announced his resignation, effective immediately.

Early life
Levy is a lifelong resident of Atlantic City. He became a lifeguard in 1960 and married in 1964 after graduating from Atlantic City High School. Levy married Hazel Washington, an African American woman, and experienced hostility from his own family for the interracial marriage.

Military career
Shortly after his marriage, Levy enlisted in the U.S. Army.  After basic and advanced infantry training at Fort Dix, New Jersey, basic airborne training at Fort Benning, Georgia, and an eight-week field communications course Levy was assigned to Fort Knox, Kentucky, as a field communications crewman. In August 1965 Levy was sent to Würzburg, Germany, before being assigned to the 1st Aviation Battalion, 1st Infantry Division in Vietnam. In April 1967 Levy returned to the United States and was assigned to Fort Hood, Texas. In 1970 Levy began his second tour in Vietnam. In June 1971 he came back to the U.S. and after leave became a tactical communications chief instructor for 10 months at Fort Dix. During his tours during the Vietnam War he was awarded two Bronze Stars. In June 1972 Levy began working as an army recruiting officer in Toms River, New Jersey, and later, starting in February 1974, Atlantic City. Levy was named Atlantic City's station commander in 1976 and in 1980 was assigned to 1st Battalion, 19th Field Artillery in Fort Carson, Colorado, and promoted to First Sergeant. Levy stayed in Colorado until 1982 when he returned to New Jersey at Fort Monmouth in September where he stayed until he retired in 1984.

Return to Atlantic City
After he retired Levy went back to being a lifeguard and in 1986 became the chief lifeguard and beach patrol chief. Between 1990 and 2003, appointed by then-Mayor Jim Whelan, Levy served as Atlantic City's Emergency Management Director. From 1998 to 2006 Levy headed the Department of Emergency Services. After being a lifelong Republican, Levy switched party affiliation to Democrat in 2004.

Levy entered the race for mayor of Atlantic City after City Council President Craig Callaway withdrew from the Democratic mayoral primary in 2005. With backing from Callaway and his supporters, Levy beat incumbent mayor Lorenzo T. Langford in the Democratic primary. Levy went on to easily win the mayoral election against independent candidate Joseph Polillo.

False claims of service and the federal investigation
As early as 1980, Levy began to claim he was a member of U.S. Army Special Forces. The claim was also on campaign literature during his 2005 campaign for mayor. After doubts of Levy's Green Beret service were expressed to The Press of Atlantic City by James Simmons, a Vietnam War veteran, in September 2006, the newspaper began investigating Levy's war records and discovered there was no record he was in the U.S. Special Forces. In November 2006 The Press of Atlantic City planned on publishing its findings and Levy admitted to the newspaper he was never in the U.S. Special Forces. Upon this information, federal investigators began to examine whether or not Levy properly obtained a Combat Infantryman Badge (CIB) that he used to obtain additional veterans' benefits. Levy admitted that he lied about receiving the CIB as well as Parachutist Badge or "jump wings". Levy also admitted that there were false entries on his official service record which he did not correct and that he used these false entries to obtain benefits.

Disappearance
In late September 2007, rumors began to emerge about the federal investigation and questions were raised about whether or not Levy would resign as mayor. On September 26, 2007, after signing seven ordinances into law, Levy left Atlantic City in a city-issued Dodge Durango for an unknown destination. Administration officials said Levy was on temporary medical leave, but refused to say where he went. His lawyer later revealed that Levy had checked into the Carrier Clinic in Belle Mead, New Jersey, about two hours north of Atlantic City. At the time of Mayor Levy's unexplained disappearance, Atlantic City Business Administrator Domenic Cappella told officials and the press that Levy had verbally designated him as acting mayor of Atlantic City.

During the Atlantic City Council meeting on October 3, 2007, both members of the public and the council demanded the Business Administrator yield the office of Acting Mayor of Atlantic City to the President of the City Council, William Marsh. On October 5, 2007, claiming that the "mysterious disappearance of Mayor Levy is now a national news story causing significant embarrassment and exposing the city to unwarranted risk", Councilman Bruce Ward filed suit in Superior Court asking for a declaratory judgment that the Office of Mayor of Atlantic City was vacant. That same day Governor Jon Corzine offered state assistance and staff to help the city, and stated that Levy's disappearance was "dysfunctional and chaotic behavior," and that "the situation today can't go on for an extended period of time.".

Resignation and aftermath
On October 9, a Superior Court Judge indicated she would rule on whether the mayor's seat was vacant or not by October 12, and administration officials released a letter from Levy's lawyer to the Business Administrator dated September 28 explaining that Levy had checked into the Carrier Clinic and was about to leave and spend time recovering at home. One day after this letter was released, Levy's lawyer announced that Levy had resigned, effective immediately. Levy's attorney cited health issues and the pending Federal Department of Veterans Affairs investigation for the resignation.

After pleading guilty of defrauding the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs in November 2007, Levy was sentenced to three years' probation and a US$5,000 fine, and ordered to pay over US$25,198 in restitution to the Department of Veterans Affairs. The July 25, 2008, ruling also required Levy to continue his court-ordered psychiatric treatment. The judge noted that Levy seems to be continuing to embellish his military record, by claiming he helped out the Pathfinders, which does not appear on his record.

References

1947 births
Living people
American fraudsters
Atlantic City High School alumni
Mayors of Atlantic City, New Jersey
New Jersey Democrats
New Jersey politicians convicted of crimes

Bob Levy (New Jersey politician)